bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Robust Model Predictive Control for Virtual Coupling in Train Sets
Authors: Felez Jesus , Vaquero-Serrano Miguel Angel , de Dios Sanz Juan
Published: December 2022

In recent decades, the demand for rail transport has been growing steadily and faces a double problem. Not only must the transport capacity be increased, but also a more flexible service is needed to meet the real demand. Both objectives can be achieved through virtual coupling (VC), which is an evolution of the current moving block systems. Trains under VC can run much closer together, forming what is called a virtually coupled train set (VCTS). In this paper, we propose an approach in which virtual coupling is implemented via model predictive control (MPC). For this purpose, we define a robust controller that can predict, based on a dynamic model of the train, the state of the system at later moments of time and make the appropriate control decisions. A robust MPC (RMPC) is obtained by introducing two uncertain variables. The first uncertain variable is added to the acceleration equation of the dynamic model, while the second uncertain variable is used to define the uncertainty in the train positioning. To test the RMPC for virtual coupling, two simulation cases are performed for a metro line, analysing the influence of both the uncertainties. In all cases, the results obtained show a safer operation of the virtual coupling without significantly affecting the service.
Fixed-Time Incremental Neural Control for Manipulator Based on Composite Learning with Input Saturation
Authors: Fan Yanli , Huang Haiqi , Yang Chenguang
Published: December 2022

In this paper, an adaptive incremental neural network (INN) fixed-time tracking control scheme based on composite learning is investigated for robot systems under input saturation. Firstly, by integrating the composite learning method into the INN to cope with the inevitable dynamic uncertainty, a novel adaptive updating law of NN weights is designed, which does not need to satisfy the stringent persistent excitation (PE) conditions. In addition, for the saturated input, differing from adding the auxiliary system, this paper introduces a hyperbolic tangent function to deal with the saturation nonlinearity by converting the asymmetric input constraints into the symmetric ones. Moreover, the fixed-time control approach and Lyapunov theory are combined to ensure that all the signals of the robot closed-loop control systems converge to a small neighborhood of the origin in a fixed time. Finally, numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness of the fixed-time control and composite learning algorithm.
Pandemic vs. Post-Pandemic Airport Operations: Hard Impact, Slow Recovery
Authors: Kazda Antonin , Badanik Benedikt , Serrano Francisco
Published: December 2022

The elements of a new daily normal, airports need to face in post-pandemic operations, are massive flight delays, operational disruptions, and shortage of trained staff. The authors analysed the problems and reactions of airport human resources staff during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and their approach to the management of human resources after the remission of the pandemic. Additionally, this paper describes problems of airports during the recovery phase and increases the understanding of specific problems airports are facing due to lack of qualified staff in their post-pandemic recovery period. Critical areas, in which airports underperform are ground handling services and security checks of passengers. Staff recruitment is not capable of providing enough workers to do the job. This leads to flight cancellations and delays or unsatisfied passengers during check-in and security. On top of this, ground-handling services remain unattractive for newcomers due to poor working conditions, such as low wages and 7 days a week shift work. ‘Cross-training’, allowing airports to have employees shadow colleagues from other airport teams, or ‘employee sharing’ (with other airports) could help in reducing problems, with unavailability of trained staff, especially at smaller airports.
Reynolds Number Effect on Aerodynamic and Starting Characteristics of a Two-Dimensional Hypersonic Inlet
Authors: Liu Jun , Chen Jingzhe , Yuan Huacheng
Published: December 2022

The Reynolds number effect induced by model scaling and inflow conditions will affect the aerodynamic and starting characteristics of a two-dimensional hypersonic inlet. This effect is investigated through a numerical simulation method. First, the numerical simulation method is validated through experimental data. The static pressure from the numerical simulation method agreed well with wind tunnel tests. Then, this simulation method is used to study the Reynolds number effect on a two-dimensional hypersonic inlet caused by the model scaling and inflow conditions. The numerical simulation results indicate that as the Reynolds number decreases from 4.86 × 106 to 9.71 × 104 with model scaling increases from 1 to 1/50, the relative boundary layer thickness at the entrance of the inlet increases from 10.4% to 21.2%; as the flight altitude increases from 25.5 km to 36.5 km, which causes the Reynolds number to decrease from 5.67 × 106 to 1.07 × 106, the relative boundary layer thickness at the entrance of the inlet increases from 9.8% to 13.2%. Finally, the Reynolds number effect on the aerodynamics and starting characteristics caused by these two different factors are compared. The results show that the effect of scaling the model is similar to the effect of changing the altitude. As the relative boundary layer thickness increased by 1.0%, the total pressure recovery at the throat section decreased by 0.8%, and the inlet starting Mach number increased by 0.1.
What Was the Reason for the Durable Effect of Sr31 against Wheat Stem Rust?
Authors: Plotnikova Lyudmila , Pozherukova Violetta , Knaub Valeria , Kashuba Yuryi
Published: December 2022

Common wheat cultivars have been protected from stem rust for several decades worldwide by the Sr31 resistance gene transferred from Secale cereale L. (cv. Petkus). In 1998, Sr31 was overcome in Uganda by the Ug99 race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn. (Pgt). The Ug99 race and its derivatives have spread widely in Africa, neighboring regions and Europe. However, Sr31 remains effective in other areas of the world, including Russia. To breed wheat with durable resistance, it is promising to research the resistance mechanisms of nonhost species and introgressive cultivars. The aim of the research was to estimate the resistance of S. cereale and Triticum aestivum cultivars with Sr31 to stem rust and to study the mechanisms of incompatibility of Pgt with plants at the cellular level. The research was carried out in Western Siberia (Russia, Omsk region) in 2018–2022. Rye and wheat with Sr31 (cvs. Kavkaz, Seri 82, Bacanora (=Kauz’s’), NIL Thatcher TcLr26/Sr31) were resistant at the stages of seedling and adult plant, and cv. PWB343 was more susceptible to disease. Cytological studies have shown that Pgt died on the rye plants on the surface, and cv. Petkus intensively suppressed the development of the appressoria necessary to penetrate into tissues. Wheat cultivars inhibited the Pgt development mainly on the surface and while it attempted to penetrate into the stomata (pre-haustorial resistance). It has been demonstrated that Pgt has to adapt step-by-step to the surface and tissue properties for compatible interaction, which may be the reason for the durable effectiveness of Sr31.
Opportunities to Improve Effectiveness of Pollination of Blueberry CV. ‘Bluecrop’
Authors: Bieniasz Monika Elżbieta , Konieczny Anna Maria
Published: December 2022

In the production of blueberries, pollination is a key factor determining high quality yield. Problems with the process of pollination in blueberries occurs frequently. Lack of the effective pollination results in a lower yield and production of small fruits with low commercial value. The experiment described in this paper was carried out to test the effect of titanium organic complex (TOC) on the pollination and fertilization processes, seed formation, fruit setting and fruit development of blueberry in two consecutive years. The experiment consisted of two experimental factors: pollination type (self or open pollination) and application of TOC or lack of it. The presented study proves that TOC stimulates pollen adhesion and germination on the stigma, fruit setting, seed setting and fruit development. In self-pollinated flowers, the use of TOC increased the mass of each berry by 28% (in the first year) and 26% (in the second year), compared to non-treated plants. In open pollinated flowers, the application of TOC increased fruit mass by 38% (in the first year) and 29% (in the second year), compared to non-treated plants. Therefore, TOC may be treated as a substance stimulating the total fruit yield and mass of individual fruit.
Rice Cultivar Renewal Reduces Methane Emissions by Improving Root Traits and Optimizing Photosynthetic Carbon Allocation
Authors: Li Siyu , Chen Lu , Han Xian , Yang Kai , Liu Kun , Wang Jun , Chen Yun , Liu Lijun
Published: December 2022

Cultivar renewal (CR) contributes greatly to rice yield increase in China and even in the world. However, few studies were focused on the impact and mechanism of CR on field methane (CH4) emissions. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using 14 typical japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin of China during the last 70 years. The grain yield, root morphophysiological traits and their relationships with CH4 emissions were examined. The results showed that the grain yields of cultivars in the 1960–2010s increased by 18.8–93.9% while the CH4 emissions decreased by 9.5–41.2% compared with the 1950’s cultivars. The daily and cumulative CH4 emissions during the panicle differentiation stage (PD) were reduced significantly, which contributed greatly to the CH4 mitigation of the whole growing season. The CR notably increased root biomass, root/shoot ratio, root oxidation activity, and the total organic carbon in root exudates (ETOC), and decreased the ratios of ETOC/yield, ETOC/root biomass and ETOC/shoot biomass. Nitrogen fertilizer applied during panicle differentiation could improve the root physiology and decrease the ETOC/yield and ETOC/root, therefore reducing CH4 emissions. Our findings illustrated that CR reduced CH4 emissions by improving root traits and by optimizing the photosynthate allocation to biomass and grain yields. Applying nitrogen fertilizer during panicle differentiation could further mitigate the CH4 emissions in paddies.
Detection of Hub QTLs Underlying the Genetic Basis of Three Modules Covering Nine Agronomic Traits in an F2 Soybean Population
Authors: Fu Mengmeng , Qi Bo , Li Shuguang , Xu Haifeng , Wang Yaqi , Zhao Zhixin , Yu Xiwen , Pan Liyuan , Yang Jiayin
Published: December 2022

Deciphering the genetic basis underlying agronomic traits is of importance for soybean improvement. However, covariation, modulated by genetic correlations between complicated traits via hub QTLs, commonly affects the efficiency and accuracy of soybean improvement. The goals of soybean improvement have nearly all focused on agronomic traits, including yield, plant type traits, and seed-related traits especially. To decipher the hub QTLs of yield, plant type, and seed, nine pertinent traits of an F2 population (181 plants) derived from a cross between KeXin No.03 and JiDou 17, which were different in multiple traits such as plant height, seed protein, and 100-seed weight, were investigated with a high-density genetic map covering 2708.63 cM. A highly significant negative phenotypic correlation (−0.95) was found between seed protein (Pro) and seed oil (Oil). A total of 35 final QTLs after combining the ones closely linked physically were identified for eight traits explaining from 0.10% to 24.63% of the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) using composite interval mapping (CIM) and inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) procedures, and 13 QTLs were novel genes. A genomic region on chromosome 14 (qPro14, qOil14.2, and qSw14) was associated with three seed-related traits based on the relationship within and among the three trait modules. In addition, four genomic regions were detected as hub QTLs which linked to the seed-related module and plant-type model, including the E loci (E1 and E2). From the QTL results, 31 candidate genes were annotated, including the verified genes E1, E2, and QNE1, and they were grouped into three categories of biological processes. These results illustrate the genetic architecture as correlations among various soybean traits, and the hub QTLs should provide insights into the genetic improvement of complex traits in soybean.
Toxicity and Preventive Activity of Chitosan, Equisetum arvense, Lecithin and Salix Cortex against Plasmopara viticola, the Causal Agent of Downy Mildew in Grapevine
Authors: Llamazares De Miguel Diego , Mena-Petite Amaia , Díez-Navajas Ana María
Published: December 2022

Grapevine, a crop of global economic importance, is annually affected by diseases that can compromise the quality and quantity of the harvest, producing large economic losses. Downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & de Toni is one of the most important diseases in the vineyard. To fight this pathogen, winegrowers often rely on conventional chemical fungicides or copper-based formulations, whose use is determined to be reduced by the European Commission due to their environmental consequences. Hence, alternative plant protection products (PPP) in grapevine must be considered and studied. In this context, we selected several alternative commercial products, based on basic substances (BS) or low-risk active substances (LRAS), to evaluate their suitability to deal with P. viticola. We measured the preventive activity of the products, both in vitro and in planta, as well as their toxicity against the sporangia and zoospores of the pathogen. Results showed that four commercial products were effective against the pathogen directly and preventively, being composed of approved basic substances, more concretely, chitosan, Equisetum arvense, lecithins, and Salix cortex. Among those, the products composed of lecithins and Salix cortex were the most toxic and active preventively. Therefore, these basic substances should be promoted in the vineyard as an alternative to conventional treatments in order to transition to a more sustainable viticulture.
Seasonal and Soil Use Dependent Variability of Physical and Hydraulic Properties: An Assessment under Minimum Tillage and No-Tillage in a Long-Term Experiment in Southern Italy
Authors: Popolizio Stefano , Stellacci Anna Maria , Giglio Luisa , Barca Emanuele , Spagnuolo Matteo , Castellini Mirko
Published: December 2022

Defining the optimal sampling time across the growing season is crucial to standardize sampling protocols for soil physical status monitoring and to achieve comparable results under different experimental conditions and on different sites. In this study, the seasonal variability of soil physical and hydraulic properties under two conservative soil management strategies, minimum tillage and no-tillage, was evaluated in a long-term field experiment. On two sampling dates, autumn 2021 and summer 2022, soil bulk density (BD) and volumetric soil water content at the time of the experiments (θi) were measured in each experimental unit and Beerkan infiltration experiments were performed. The soil water retention curve and the hydraulic conductivity function were then estimated using the Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters (BEST) methodology. In this way, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and a set of capacitive indicators—plant available water capacity (PAWC), soil macroporosity (PMAC), air capacity (AC) and relative field capacity (RFC)—were obtained. Results underlined the role of soil moisture conditions as a main factor affecting variability in soil physical properties. Different soil moisture under autumn and summer samplings significantly affected BD (1.0093 and 1.1905 g cm−3, respectively, in autumn and summer) and Ks (0.0431 and 0.0492 mm s−1). Relationships observed between BEST-derived variables, such as PMAC (or AC) and RFC, and measured variables, such as BD, showed consistent results, with increases in PMAC to BD decreases. However, a comparison of capacity-based indicators obtained by BEST with those obtained from measured soil water retention curves, in a previous year but under comparable soil conditions, highlighted some discrepancies. This finding drives the focus towards the need to use more robust datasets deriving from experimental measurements or from coupling information obtained from measured and estimated data. Finally, this study provided further evidence that, in the long-term field experiment investigated, the two soil management systems allowed keeping the values of key soil physical quality indicators, such as bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity, within the optimal or near- optimal reference ranges.
Dissipation, Residue Behavior and Dietary Risk Assessment of Difenoconazole on Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)
Authors: Su Long , Zhao Jia , Liao Chanjuan , Wang Han , Xiong Sheng , Deng Yaocheng , Gong Daoxin
Published: December 2022

Difenoconazole is a triazole germicide that is usually applied to prevent fungal diseases on crops with high efficiency and safety. Jujube is a spiny Rhamnaceous plant that originated in China more than 4000 years ago and is extensively cultivated in northern China nowadays. To evaluate the safety of difenoconazole in jujube, supervised field trials were carried out in six provinces of China, and the final residue and dissipation behavior of difenoconazole on jujube were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that when addition levels were 0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg·kg−1, average recoveries of the aforementioned method for difenoconazole in jujube can be put into the range of 73–108%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3–9%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for this method was 0.02 mg·kg−1. In the final residue test, difenoconazole was sprayed to deal with the jujube at 100 and 150 mg·kg−1 doses twice or three times, respectively, while the dissipation test was applied only once at a 150 mg·kg−1 dose. Final residue testing results have revealed that when jujube samples were harvested and tested at 7, 14, and 21 days post-application, difenoconazole residues in samples were 0.11–1.59, 0.05–0.77, 0.04–0.63 mg·kg−1, respectively. The dissipation testing results showed that the digestion process of difenoconazole in jujube tends to be a gradual reduction process and the dynamic regularity of the residue dissipation proves consistent with the first-order dynamics reaction equation. The half-life (t1/2) for difenoconazole residue dissipation in Qingdao and Yuncheng was 13.1 days and 16.5 days, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) was 84.9% lower than 100%, showing that dietary intake risk to difenoconazole was acceptable and the maximum residue limit (MRL) of difenoconazole on jujube is recommended to be 2 mg·kg−1.
The Application of Fertilizer Phosphorus Affected Olsen P and the Phosphorus Fractions of Hedley Method in Black Soil
Authors: Sun Fengxia , Sun Nan , Ma Xingzhu , Zhou Baoku , Zhu Ping , Gao Hongjun , Xu Minggang
Published: December 2022

Olsen phosphorus (Olsen P) is an important indicator of soil labile phosphorus. Determining the effect of fertilization on Olsen P and P fractions (labile phosphorus, medium labile phosphorus and stable phosphorus) can guide the application of phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the changes of Olsen P and P fractions and the influencing factors under long-term fertilization. This study investigated changes in Olsen P and P fractions in haplic phaeozems soils (0–20 cm) in two 30-year fertilization sites (Harbin, Gongzhuling) of northern China. Four treatments were examined: treatment with no fertilizer or manure (CK), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), and manure, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (MNPK). The results showed that after NK application, Olsen P decreased by an average of 1.5 mg kg−1 for every 100 kg ha−2 of soil phosphorus lost due to continuous phosphorus uptake by the crop; with NPK, Olsen P increased by an average of 17.6 mg kg−1 for every 100 kg ha−2 of P surplus; with MNPK, the increase curve of Olsen P was similar to an S-curve with periods of rapid growth and periods of equilibrium. In the equilibrium period of Olsen P, the equilibrium values were 52.0 and 156.2 mg kg−1 in Harbin and Gongzhuling. After 20 years of long-term different fertilization, labile P (LP), medium labile P (MLP) and stable P (SP) decreased by 21.1, 16.6 and 15.1 mg kg−1 on average for the treatment without P application (NK), and the percentage decreases were 2.8, 5.7 and 2.1%, respectively. With the treatment of NPK, LP and MLP increased by 25.5 and 79.2 mg kg−1, and the percentage increases were 1.8 and 16.1%. With the treatment of MNPK, the increase in LP and MLP was significantly higher than that with NPK. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) had the greatest effects on Olsen P and P fractions and the total contribution rate was >40%. In summary, fertilization system caused significant changes in Olsen P and P fractions. After about 20 years of long-term combined application of MNPK, the growth of Olsen P can be kept constant. SOC and TN had important effects on Olsen P and P fractions in black soil. Therefore, the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be adjusted according to the type and time of fertilization in black soil in order to avoid waste of phosphorus fertilizer.
Evaluation of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation for Environmentally Sustainable Weed Management
Authors: Khadka Ram B. , Sanabria-Velazquez Andres D. , Cardina John , Miller Sally A.
Published: December 2022

In anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD), soil amended with a carbon source undergoes anaerobic conditions accompanied by changes in microbial community composition and an increase in the concentration of organic acids, primarily acetic and butyric acids, and gases that are deleterious to plant pathogens, insects, and potentially to weeds. The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of ASD with different carbon sources on inactivation of propagules of a variety of weed species. Germination and viability of propagules of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), common pokeweed (Phytolacca decandra L.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale (Weber)), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were tested using different rates of four carbon sources: molasses, wheat bran, mustard greens biomass, and raw chicken manure. Wheat bran was the most effective carbon source for inactivation of all weed propagules, followed by molasses and mustard greens biomass. Carbon sources were mixed with soil, which was irrigated to saturation and covered with plastic to promote anaerobic conditions for three weeks. Chicken manure inactivated all the tested species except A. retroflexus compared to the anaerobic control. Rates of carbon sources applied in soil were weakly but significantly correlated (r > 0.42 and p < 0.04) with weed seed mortality or germination inhibition (E. crus-galli) for all the tested carbon sources and weed species except for chicken manure for C. album, A. retroflexus, and S. nigrum. Laboratory tests to confirm organic acid toxicity showed that 1000 µL L−1 acetic plus 1000 µL L−1 butyric acids for at least 60 h inhibited of sprouting of C. esculentus tubers and E. crusgalli seeds, whereas 120 h or exposure was required to inhibit C. album seed germination. Anaerobic soil disinfestation effectively suppressed weed seed germination and viability when wheat bran, molasses and mustard greens biomass were used as carbon sources. This approach could be adopted for weed management in organic systems or any farming system where priority is given to environmentally sustainable practices.
Compatibility Study between Fenbendazole and Polymeric Excipients Used in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using Thermal and Non-Thermal Analytical Techniques
Authors: Bezerra Gilberto S. N. , Moritz Vicente F. , de Lima Tielidy A. de M. , Colbert Declan M. , Geever Joseph , Geever Luke
Published: December 2022

The body of work described in this research paper evaluates the compatibility between Fenbendazole (Fen), which is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic with promising antitumor activity, and three polymeric excipients commonly applied in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The assessment of binary mixtures was performed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry to predict physical and/or chemical interactions, followed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to confirm or exclude any interactions. Thermal studies suggested the presence of interactions between Fen and P 407, PCL, and PLA. To validate these data, XRD showed that Fen is compatible with PCL and PLA, suggesting some interaction with P 407. FTIR demonstrated that PCL and PLA can establish physical interactions with Fen; moreover, it suggested that P 407 interacts not only physically but also chemically, which was later proved by HPLC to be only new intermolecular interactions. This work supports the further application of P 407, PCL, and PLA for the development of new medicinal and veterinary formulations containing Fen, since they do not affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the active ingredient and consequently its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
Salt Eustress Induction in Red Amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus) Augments Nutritional, Phenolic Acids and Antiradical Potential of Leaves
Authors: Sarker Umakanta , Ercisli Sezai
Published: December 2022

Earlier researchers have highlighted the utilization of salt eustress for boosting the nutritional and phenolic acid (PA) profiles and antiradical potential (ARP) of vegetables, which eventually boost food values for nourishing human diets. Amaranth is a rapidly grown, diversely acclimated C4 leafy vegetable with climate resilience and salinity resistance. The application of salinity eustress in amaranth has a great scope to augment the nutritional and PA profiles and ARP. Therefore, the A. gangeticus genotype was evaluated in response to salt eustress for nutrients, PA profile, and ARP. Antioxidant potential and high-yielding genotype (LS1) were grown under four salt eustresses (control, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM NaCl) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) in four replicates. Salt stress remarkably augmented microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP of A. gangeticus leaves in this order: control < low sodium chloride stress (LSCS) < moderate sodium chloride stress (MSCS) < severe sodium chloride stress (SSCS). A large quantity of 16 PAs, including seven cinnamic acids (CAs) and nine benzoic acids (BAs) were detected in A. gangeticus genotypes. All the microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP of A. gangeticus under MSCS, and SSCS levels were much higher in comparison with the control. It can be utilized as preferential food for our daily diets as these antiradical compounds have strong antioxidants. Salt-treated A. gangeticus contributed to excellent quality in the end product in terms of microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP. A. gangeticus can be cultivated as an encouraging substitute crop in salt-affected areas of the world.
Impact of Glyphosate on the Development of Insulin Resistance in Experimental Diabetic Rats: Role of NFκB Signalling Pathways
Authors: Prasad Monisha , Gatasheh Mansour K. , Alshuniaber Mohammad A. , Krishnamoorthy Rajapandiyan , Rajagopal Ponnulakhmi , Krishnamoorthy Kalaiselvi , Periyasamy Vijayalakshmi , Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: December 2022

Glyphosate, an endocrine disruptor, has an adverse impact on human health through food and also has the potential to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to metabolic diseases. Glyphosate consumption from food has been shown to have a substantial part in insulin resistance, making it a severe concern to those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, minimal evidence exists on how glyphosate impacts insulin-mediated glucose oxidation in the liver. Hence the current study was performed to explore the potential of glyphosate toxicity on insulin signaling in the liver of experimental animals. For 16 weeks, male albino Wistar rats were given 50 mg, 100 mg and 250 mg/kg b. wt. of glyphosate orally. In the current study, glyphosate exposure group was linked to a rise in fasting sugar and insulin as well as a drop in serum testosterone. At the same time, in a dose dependent fashion, glyphosate exposure showed alternations in glucose metabolic enzymes. Glyphosate exposure resulted in a raise in H2O2 formation, LPO and a reduction in antioxidant levels those results in impact on membrane integrity and insulin receptor efficacy in the liver. It also registered a reduced levels of mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) with concomitant increase in the production of proinflammatory factors such as JNK, IKKβ, NFkB, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α as well as transcriptional factors like SREBP1c and PPAR-γ leading to pro-inflammation and cirrhosis in the liver which results in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Our present findings for the first time providing an evidence that exposure of glyphosate develops insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by aggravating NFkB signaling pathway in liver.
Dioscin Protects against Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Reducing Ferroptosis and Apoptosis through Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling
Authors: Wang Shuang , Zheng Yingce , Jin Shengzi , Fu Yunwei , Liu Yun
Published: December 2022

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and there is currently no effective means to prevent it. Dioscin is naturally present in the dioscoreaceae plants and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we found that dioscin is protective against cisplatin-induced AKI. Pathological and ultrastructural observations revealed that dioscin reduced renal tissue lesions and mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, dioscin markedly suppressed reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in the kidneys of AKI rats and increased the contents of glutathione and catalase. In addition, dioscin dramatically reduced the number of apoptotic cells and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in rat kidneys and human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK2). Conversely, the protein levels of anti-ferroptosis including GPX4 and FSP1 in vivo and in vitro were significantly enhanced after dioscin treatment. Mechanistically, dioscin promotes the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus and regulates the expression of downstream HO-1 to exert renal protection. However, the nephroprotective effect of dioscin was weakened after inhibiting Nrf2 in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, dioscin exerts a reno-protective effect by decreasing renal oxidative injury, apoptosis and ferroptosis through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, providing a new insight into AKI prevention.
SLC7A11 as a Gateway of Metabolic Perturbation and Ferroptosis Vulnerability in Cancer
Authors: Lee Jaewang , Roh Jong-Lyel
Published: December 2022

SLC7A11 is a cell transmembrane protein composing the light chain of system xc−, transporting extracellular cystine into cells for cysteine production and GSH biosynthesis. SLC7A11 is a critical gateway for redox homeostasis by maintaining the cellular levels of GSH that counter cellular oxidative stress and suppress ferroptosis. SLC7A11 is overexpressed in various human cancers and regulates tumor development, proliferation, metastasis, microenvironment, and treatment resistance. Upregulation of SLC7A11 in cancers is needed to adapt to high oxidative stress microenvironments and maintain cellular redox homeostasis. High basal ROS levels and SLC7A11 dependences in cancer cells render them vulnerable to further oxidative stress. Therefore, cyst(e)ine depletion may be an effective new strategy for cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of the SLC7A11 inhibitors or cyst(e)inase has been established in many preclinical studies but has not reached the stage of clinical trials for cancer patients. A better understanding of cysteine and SLC7A11 functions regulating and interacting with redox-active proteins and their substrates could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Therefore, this review intends to understand the role of cysteine in antioxidant and redox signaling, the regulators of cysteine bioavailability in cancer, the role of SLC7A11 linking cysteine redox signaling in cancer metabolism and targeting SLC7A11 for novel cancer therapeutics.
Selected Indices of Anaerobic Capacity and Their Changes during Special Judo Fitness Tests at Different Ambient Temperatures Performed among Judo Athletes
Authors: Pałka Tomasz , Lech Grzegorz , Pilch Wanda , Tota Łukasz , Koteja Piotr , Tyka Anna , Czech Piotr , Rydzik Łukasz , Ambroży Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

Background: Thermoregulatory processes play an important role during athletic competition. When athletes compete in an elevated ambient temperature, metabolic processes in their bodies become intensified. The main objective of the study was to determine changes in anaerobic total work (TW) and relative peak power (RPP) during a special judo fitness test at different ambient temperatures performed among judo athletes. Methods: The study included 15 judo athletes aged 20.7 ± 2.0 years, with a body height of 178 ± 6.3 cm, body mass totalling 76.3 ± 12.6 kg, VO2max at 43.2 ± 7.8 mL·kg−1, and peak power of 12.1 W·kg−1. A complete set of results was obtained for 10 athletes. In the main part of the examinations, judo athletes performed five sequences (7.20 min each), alternating efforts on a leg cycle and arm cycle ergometer in a thermal chamber at 21 ± 0.5 °C and 31 ± 0.5 °C. The efforts differed from typical interval exercise by alternating upper- and lower-limb efforts, as well as with regard to the duration of those efforts. Each sequence was followed by a 15 min interval for rest. In each sequence, subjects performed four anaerobic tests with the upper and lower limbs. Results: In the first of five series of efforts performed with the lower limbs (LL) at an ambient temperature of 21 °C, statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between the mean RPP values recorded during the first and third and fourth repetitions, and between the second versus third and fourth repetitions. Statistically significant differences were also observed between the first and fourth efforts performed by the LL at 31 °C (p < 0.001) and between the second and third performed using the upper limbs (UL) at an ambient temperature of 21 °C Conclusions: Varying ambient thermal conditions do not affect the size of generated relative peak power or the volume of work performed in pulsating anaerobic exercise.
Design Optimization of the Magnet-Free Synchronous Homopolar Motor of a Subway Train
Authors: Dmitrievskii Vladimir , Prakht Vladimir , Kazakbaev Vadim , Anuchin Alecksey
Published: December 2022

Synchronous homopolar motors have no permanent magnets and their excitation winding is fixed at their stator. However, they can be a good alternative to induction and permanent magnet motors in traction applications requiring a wide constant power speed range. They provide an excitation flux control and a highly reliable brushless rotor design. This article presents the procedure and results of optimizing a 370 kW synchronous homopolar motor for driving subway train. The optimization procedure was developed to take into account the subway train moving trajectory. The analysis considers only a limited number of steady-state operating points of the motor to reduce computation time. The optimization results show a significant improvement of the target parameters of the traction drive. The optimization makes it possible to significantly reduce the losses in the operating cycle, as well as the torque ripple of the motor and the current rating of the traction inverter.
Implementation of the XR Rehabilitation Simulation System for the Utilization of Rehabilitation with Robotic Prosthetic Leg
Authors: Shim Woosung , Kim Hoijun , Lim Gyubeom , Lee Seunghyun , Kim Hyojin , Hwang Joomin , Lee Eunju , Cho Jeongmok , Jeong Hyunghwa , Pak Changsik , Suh Hyunsuk , Hong Joonpio , Kwon Soonchul
Published: December 2022

With the recent development of a digital rehabilitation system, research on the rehabilitation of amputees is accelerating. However, research on rehabilitation systems for patients with amputation of the lower extremities is insufficient. For the rehabilitation of amputees, it is important to maintain muscle mass through the improvement of muscle movement memory, continuous rehabilitation learning, and motivation to improve efficiency. The rehabilitation system in a virtual environment is convenient in that there is no restriction on time and space because rehabilitation training of amputees is possible without removing/attaching general prosthetic legs and robot prosthetic legs. In this paper, we propose an XR rehabilitation system for patients with lower extremity amputation to improve the motivational aspect of rehabilitation training. The proposed method is a system that allows patients and clinical experts to perform rehabilitation in the same environment using two XR equipment called HoloLens 2. The content was provided in the form of a game in which the number of movements of amputees was allocated as scores to enhance rehabilitation convenience and motivation aspects. The virtual 3D model prosthetic leg used in-game content worked through the acquisition and processing of the patient’s actual muscle EMG (ElectroMyoGraphy) signal. In order to improve reactivity, there was a time limit for completing the operation. The classified action should be completed by the amputee within the time limit, although the number of times set as the target. To complete the operation, the amputee must force the amputation area to exceed an arbitrarily set threshold. The evaluation results were evaluated through an independent sample t-test. we contribute to the development of digital rehabilitation simulation systems. XR rehabilitation training techniques, operated with EMG signals obtained from actual amputation sites, contribute to the promotion of rehabilitation content in patients with amputation of the lower extremities. It is expected that this paper will improve the convenience and rehabilitation of rehabilitation training in the future.
Creep Simulation and Validation for a Finite Element Analysis of Expanded Polystyrene-Based Cushioning Systems
Authors: Park Jong Min , Lee Gun Yeop , Kim Dong Hyun , Jung Hyun Mo
Published: December 2022

The creep strain resistance of expanded polystyrene (EPS) is important; thus, time-dependent creep properties of EPS have been of significant interest. This study is a part of the computer-aided engineering (CAE) prediction-technology development for the inclination of unitized loads of packaged appliances applied to EPS-based cushioning systems. Creep properties are validated to ensure finite element analysis (FEA) reliability regarding the creep behavior of EPS-based cushioning systems. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio (EPS elastic properties) as well as creep properties (plastic properties) were measured. The EPS density range was 16–30 kg/m3, and the temperature range was 0–60 °C. Because the measured mechanical properties were not temperature-dependent, only their density dependence was analyzed. The EPS behavior, measured over 12 h, exhibited a significant creep amount and rate, depending on the applied stress level. FEA was performed on 7-day-long EPS creep, using the measured EPS elastic and plastic properties. The FEA and experimental results were strongly concordant. These EPS creep validation results are expected to improve the reliability of FEA for creep behavior studies of EPS-based cushioning systems.
Numerical Analysis on Spanwise Correlation of Vortex-Induced Force of Split Double-Box Beam
Authors: Dong Lin , Jia Jie , Zhang Lixin
Published: December 2022

The vortex-induced force of bridges is not synchronized along the span direction. The spatial correlation of vortex-induced force becomes obvious when the span of the bridge structure gradually increases, and the mass gradually decreases. Therefore, it is important to study the spanwise correlation of vortex-induced forces of long-span bridges to ensure the accuracy of the prediction of vortex-induced vibration response of bridges. The study established and improved the theory and experimental research methods for vortex-induced vibration analysis of large-span bridges by discussing the spanwise correlation during vortex-induced vibration of the split double-box beam. Taking Xihoumen Bridge as the object, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) numerical models of the scaled-down sections were designed and established based on the ANSYS Fluent platform and the RANS SST turbulence model. Based on the Newmark-β algorithm, a User Defined Function (UDF) was written for vortex vibration calculation, the three-dimensional bypass of the split double-box beam in static conditions and vortex-induced vibration of the split double-box beam of which were calculated, and the spanwise correlations of the aerodynamic coefficients, the surface pressure coefficients, and the wake wind velocity of the main girder section were analyzed for the static and vibration states of the bridge. The results show that the self-excited force of the split double-box beam in vortex-induced vibration improved its spanwise correlation. Compared with those in a static state, the spanwise correlation of the lift coefficient and torque coefficient increased by 55% and 87%, respectively, and the resistance coefficient increased by more than 10 times. The correlation of the pressure coefficients increased by 153%. The correlation of wake wind velocity increased by 37% in the along-wind direction and that in the across-wind and vertical-wind direction increased by more than 10 times. The accuracy of the numerical simulation results was verified by comparing the pressure distribution and pressure spanwise correlation of the main beam with field-measured data.
Nutrient Composition, Antioxidant Activities and Glycaemic Response of Instant Noodles with Wood Ear Mushroom (Auricularia cornea) Powder
Authors: Zakaria Muhammad Kamil , Matanjun Patricia , George Ramlah , Pindi Wolyna , Mamat Hasmadi , Surugau Noumie , Seelan Jaya Seelan Sathiya
Published: December 2022

Auricularia cornea, or wood ear mushroom (WEM), is an edible macrofungus that is popular as a delicacy and for various biological activities. This study aims to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro antioxidant activities and the effect on postprandial blood glucose in human subjects after consuming instant noodles incorporated with 5% WEM powder. The proximate composition of WEM powder was 9.76% moisture, 2.40% ash, 7.52% protein, 0.15% fat, 37.96% crude fibre, 42.21% carbohydrate, and a total dietary fibre was 69.43%. Meanwhile, the proximate composition of 5% WEM noodles was 10.21% moisture, 2.87% ash, 11.37% protein, 0.16% fat, 5.68% crude fibre and 68.96% carbohydrates, while the total dietary fibre was 13.30%. The mineral content of WEM powder in decreasing order: potassium > calcium > magnesium > sodium > iron > zinc > manganese > copper > selenium > chromium. The incorporation of 5% WEM powder significantly (p < 0.05) reduced carbohydrates and increased the ash, crude fibre and total dietary fibre, antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of the instant noodles. Furthermore, the incorporation of 5% WEM significantly increased potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc content. The addition of WEM powder reduced the postprandial glycaemic response and produced a moderate glycaemic index (GI). In conclusion, the incorporation with WEM powder could be an effective way of developing nutritious and low GI instant noodles, thus, improving nutrient intake and human health.
Parabolic Dish Collector as a New Approach for Biochar Production: An Evaluation Study
Authors: El-Gamal Eman H. , Emran Mohamed , Elsamni Osama , Rashad Mohamed , Mokhiamar Ossama
Published: December 2022

The main factors influencing biochar properties are feedstock biomass and pyrolysis operational conditions. A solar parabolic dish collector was proposed as a new green approach to the pyrolysis process. The technique of this reactor was designed to produce biochar from sesame feedstock (SF) by concentrating solar radiation. This research aims to compare the main physical and chemical properties of biochar produced by the solar reactor to those of the conventional reactor (muffle furnace, SB-3). Biochar produced by the parabolic dish collector was a heterogeneous brown color. Depending on color intensity, biochar was divided into the biochar formed around the inner sidewalls of the internal chamber (SB-1) and the biochar formed in the upper part of the internal chamber (SB-2). Generally, the physiochemical properties of the SB-2 biochar were similar to the SB-3 biochar, while SB-1 biochar was similar to SF. This was because the temperature distribution was not uniform in the solar reactor. The proposed solar parabolic dish collector needs some modifications to upgrade the biochar production to be close to that produced by the electric instrument. SB-2 is preferred as a soil amendment depending on its pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), elemental composition, ion molar ratio (H/C, O/C, and (O+N)/C), and acidic functional groups.
Nutrition for Increased Adaptive Capacity, Better Sports Performance and Improved Quality of Life
Authors: Latkov Nikolay Yurievich , Dzhatdoeva Diana Tokhtarovna , Tokhiriyon Boisjoni , Lapina Valentina , Poznyakovsky Valeriy Mikhailovich , Dzhabrailov Yusup Mohambekovich , Sorokopudova Olga Anatolyevna , Karanina Elena Valeryevna , Kotandzhyan Asya Valentinovna , Kalitskaya Victoria Vyacheslavovna
Published: December 2022

The present study discusses foods for professional athletes since sports nutrition is the foundation of effective performance. A dietary supplement complex designed for ski orienteers, swimmers, road cyclists, and biathletes is described. The composition of the dietary supplement complex with directed influence on metabolic processes, intensity, and training load is given. All the ingredients for this complex are selected, taking into account their synergistic effect and safety. The manufacturing process, with its gentle process conditions like granulation at 40 °C, drying at 60 °C, and a relatively short manufacturing time, ensures the safety of biologically active ingredients and their functional properties. The manufacturing company is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certified and meets the General Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements. The clinical trials were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the dietary supplement complex. The findings indicate increased adaptation to training, enhanced recovery, and balanced emotional state. The benefits of adding the dietary supplement complex to eating plans of sportsmen are listed.