bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re‐approaching the small island effect
Authors: Triantis K. A. , Vardinoyannis K. , Tsolaki E. P. , Botsaris I. , Lika K. , Mylonas M.
Published: March 2006

Aim  To propose a new approach to the small island effect (SIE) and a simple mathematical procedure for the estimation of its upper limit. The main feature of the SIE is that below an upper size threshold an increase of species number with increase of area in small islands is not observed.

Location  Species richness patterns from different taxa and insular systems are analysed.

Methods  Sixteen different data sets from 12 studies are analysed. Path analysis was used for the estimation of the upper limit of the SIE. We studied each data set in order to detect whether there was a certain island size under which the direct effects of area were eliminated. This detection was carried out through the sequential exclusion of islands from the largest to the smallest. For the cases where an SIE was detected, a log‐log plot of species number against area is presented. The relationships between habitat diversity, species number and area are studied within the limits of the SIE. In previous studies only area was used for the detection of the SIE, whereas we also encompass habitat diversity, a parameter with well documented influence on species richness, especially at small scales.

Results  An SIE was detected in six out of the 16 studied cases. The upper limit of the SIE varies, depending on the characteristics of the taxon and the archipelago under study. In general, the values of the upper limit of the SIE calculated according to the approach undertaken in our study differ from the values calculated in previous studies.

Main conclusions  Although the classical species–area models have been used to estimate the upper limit of the SIE, we propose that the detection of this phenomenon should be undertaken independently from the species–area relationship, so that the net effects of area are calculated excluding the surrogate action of area on other variables, such as environmental heterogeneity. The SIE appears when and where area ceases to influence species richness directly. There are two distinct SIE patterns: (1) the classical SIE where both the direct and indirect effects of area are eliminated and (2) the cryptic SIE where area affects species richness indirectly. Our approach offers the opportunity of studying the different factors influencing biodiversity on small scales more accurately. The SIE cannot be considered a general pattern with fixed behaviour that can be described by the same model for different island groups and taxa. The SIE should be recognized as a genuine but idiosyncratic phenomenon.
PC1/3 and PC2 Gene Expression and Post‐Translational Endoproteolytic Pro‐Opiomelanocortin Processing is Regulated by Photoperiod in the Seasonal Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Helwig M. , Khorooshi R. M. H. , Tups A. , Barrett P. , Archer Z. A. , Exner C. , Rozman J. , Braulke L. J. , Mercer J. G. , Klingenspor M.
Published: March 2006

A remarkable feature of the seasonal adaptation displayed by the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) is the ability to decrease food intake and body weight (by up to 40%) in response to shortening photoperiod. The regulating neuroendocrine systems involved in this adaptation and their neuroanatomical and molecular bases are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of photoperiod on the expression of prohormone convertases 1 (PC1/3) and 2 (PC2) and the endoproteolytic processing of the neuropeptide precursor pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) within key energy balance regulating centres of the hypothalamus. We compared mRNA levels and protein distribution of PC1/3, PC2, POMC, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (MSH), β‐endorphin and orexin‐A in selected hypothalamic areas of long day (LD, 16 : 8 h light : dark), short day (SD, 8 : 16 h light : dark) and natural‐day (ND, photoperiod depending on time of the year) acclimated Siberian hamsters. The gene expression of PC2 was significantly higher within the arcuate nucleus (ARC, P < 0.01) in SD and in ND (versus LD), and is reflected in the day length profile between October and April in the latter. PC1/3 gene expression in the ARC and lateral hypothalamus was higher in ND but not in SD compared to the respective LD controls. The immunoreactivity of PC1/3 cleaved neuropeptide ACTH in the ARC and PC1/3‐colocalised orexin‐A in the latyeral hypothalamus were not affected by photoperiod changes. However, increased levels of PC2 mRNA and protein were associated with higher abundance of the mature neuropeptides α‐MSH and β‐endorphin (P < 0.01) in SD. This study provides a possible explanation for previous paradoxical findings showing lower food intake in SD associated with decreased POMC mRNA levels. Our results suggest that a major part of neuroendocrine body weight control in seasonal adaptation may be effected by post‐translational processing mediated by the prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2, in addition to regulation of gene expression of neuropeptide precursors.
Suppression of nNOS expression in rat enteric neurones by the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products
Authors: Korenaga K. , Micci M.‐a. , Taglialatela G. , Pasricha P. J.
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Diabetes mellitus results in a loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the myenteric plexus but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that this may be mediated by advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs), a class of modified protein adducts formed by non‐enzymatic glycation that interact with the receptor for AGE (RAGE) and which are important in the pathogenesis of other diabetic complications. Whole mount preparations of longitudinal muscles with adherent myenteric plexus (LM‐MPs) from the duodenum of adult male rats were exposed to glycated bovines serum albumin (AGE‐BSA) or BSA for 24 h. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for mRNA showed a significant reduction in nNOS expression in LM‐MPs after exposure to AGE‐BSA. NO release, as measured by the Griess reaction, was also significantly reduced by AGE‐BSA. A neutralizing antibody against RAGE attenuated the reduction of nNOS protein caused by AGE‐BSA. Immunohistochemistry revealed co‐localization of RAGE expression with Hu, a marker for neuronal cells but not for S‐100, a glial marker. Advanced glycation end‐products reduce nNOS expression in the rat myenteric neurones acting via the receptor RAGE. Our results suggest novel pathways for disruption of the nitrergic phenotype in diabetes.
Prokineticin 1 inhibits spontaneous giant contractions in the murine proximal colon through nitric oxide release
Authors: Hoogerwerf W. A.
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Prokineticins are novel peptides with reported effects on gastrointestinal contractility. Prokineticin actions are mediated by distinct prokineticin receptors (PKR1 and PKR2). This study investigated the role of prokineticin 1 in colonic contractility as well as sites of expression of its receptor in the mouse proximal colon by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Prokineticin 1 suppressed giant contractions in circular muscle. The inhibitory effect of prokineticin 1 on giant contractions was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(omega)‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME). In vitro, prokineticin 1 stimulated nitric oxide release from longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus cultures. This effect was blocked by l‐NAME. PKR1 is expressed on myenteric plexus neurons and colocalizes with a small subset of nNOS expressing neurons. This study suggests that PKR1 mediates an inhibitory effect in vitro, most likely through direct or indirect stimulation of nitric oxide release. PKR1 and its natural ligand, prokineticin 1 may be important for modulation of colonic motility.
Challenges in drug development for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Part II: Visceral pain
Authors: Andresen V. , Camilleri M.
Published: March 2006

Abstract  There is a need to have predictive biomarkers to test novel experimental medicines in functional gastrointestinal disorders. The human pharmacodynamic models and biomarkers pertaining to two important conditions are reviewed in a two‐part article: functional dyspepsia (part I) and visceral pain (part II). With visceral pain models, the large coefficient of variation in sensation end points in human studies precludes definitive conclusions such as go/no go decisions or dose selection for phase IIb or III studies, unless very large numbers of patients are evaluated in phase IIA pharmacodynamic studies. This renders such pharmacological studies ambitious, or unachievable in a timely fashion. Moreover, the results of tests and clinical trials should be interpreted with greater knowledge of the drug pharmacokinetics, including the influence of CYP metabolism and potential drug interactions. Thus, it is important to identify valid biomarkers of visceral pain for the assessment of treatment response in pharmacodynamic studies. In this second part of a two‐part article, we shall discuss the special challenges in developing medications for visceral pain and the general importance of including pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic studies in drug development programmes.
Fusacarus australis sp. n., the first endemic species of Australian Glycyphagidae (Acari)
Authors: Halliday Bruce , Walter David E
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Fusacarus australis sp. n. (Acari: Glycyphagidae) is described from specimens from tree holes and rainforest litter in Lamington National Park, Queensland. This is the first record of Fusacarus Michael from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first Australian native species of Glycyphagidae. A key to the world fauna of Fusacarus is provided.
Four new species of the Australian Pamborus Latreille (Coleoptera, Carabidae) carabid beetles
Authors: Takami Yasuoki , Sota Teiji
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Based on an examination of the type specimens of all the known species of the genus Pamborus Latrielle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) four new Australian species are recognised and are described as: P. euopacus sp. n., P. moorei sp. n., P. monteithi sp. n and P. cooloolensis sp. n. In addition, Pamborus viridis Gory, P. opacus Géhin and P. subtropicus Darlington are also redescribed based on the type material and lectotypes are designated for the first two species.
Protective mechanisms for pupae ofPsyllaephagus bliteusRiek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the red‐gum lerp psyllid,Glycaspis brimblecombeiMoore (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)
Authors: Sullivan Daniel J , Daane Kent M , Sime Karen R , Andrews John W
Published: March 2006

Abstract Psyllaephagus bliteuswas imported from Australia in 1999 and released in California in 2000 as part of a classical biological control program targeting the red‐gum lerp psyllid,Glycaspis brimblecombei, which in California feeds mainly on red gum,Eucalyptus camaldulensisDehnh.Psyllaephagus bliteusis an internal parasitoid that delays development until the psyllid host reaches the late fourth or fifth instar. It pupates within the remains of the host, enclosed in three distinct layers. First, parasitisedG. brimblecombeiproduce lerps with basal walls that are significantly thicker than those of unparasitised psyllids. Second, the parasitised psyllid mummifies soon afterP. bliteusbegins to pupate. Third, a highly melanised pupal sheath is produced that completely envelops the pupalP. bliteus. Photographs are provided and observations on the pupal sheath, which has seldom been described for any parasitoid, are compared with earlier descriptions. We discuss the function of each of the three layers with respect to the protection of the immobileP. bliteuspupa from the environment or natural enemies.
First known gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Arecaceae: Normanbyomyia fructivora gen. & sp. n. damaging fruit of the black palm, Normanbya normanbyi, in tropical Australia
Authors: Kolesik Peter , Geyer Christian , Morawetz Wilfried
Published: March 2006

Abstract  A new species of gall midge, Normanbyomyia fructivora gen. & sp. n., was found infesting flowers and fruit of the black palm, Normanbya normanbyi (Arecaceae), in the tropical forest of north‐eastern Australia. Larvae of the gall midge live between the perianth and the young fruit causing abnormal fruit growth. Infested fruit are substantially smaller than healthy ones, fall off prematurely and decay on the ground without producing seedlings. Normanbyomyia, a new genus erected for the new species is placed within the supertribe Lasiopteridi and is characterised by a conspicuous female abdominal segment 8 that is inflated and strongly sclerotised, and wide male parameres that loosely sheath the aedeagus and bear no papillae. A key to Australian Lasiopteridi is provided. The new species becomes the first described gall midge that feeds on a plant from the palm family, Arecaceae.
Resistance of wild Lycopersicon species to the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Simmons Aaron T , Nicol Helen I , Gurr Geoff M
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species to potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was examined in a laboratory bioassay. Neonate P. operculella were placed on the foliage of accessions of L. hirsutum, L. hirsutum f. glabratum, L. pennellii, L. cheesmanii f. minor and L. esculentum for 48 h. At the end of this period, larval mortality, the numbers of larvae emigrating from, and mining into, the leaf surface were recorded as were leaf area and the densities of trichomes. Analysis by categorical logistic regression found accessions differed in levels of resistance to P. operculella (P < 0.001). Further analysis using generalised linear models showed mortality was associated with high densities of type VI and low densities of type V trichomes; emigration from the leaf was associated with high densities of type I and type VII trichomes; and the numbers of mines associated with low densities of type I and type VI trichomes and increased leaf area. Although results indicate that certain accessions of L. hirsutum and L. hirsutum f. glabratum may be most appropriate for inclusion in a breeding program aimed at introducing trichome‐based host plant resistance of wild Lycopersicon species into the tomato, further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms.
Studies on Kelly's citrus thrips, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): sex attractants, host associations and country of origin
Authors: Webster Kenneth W , Cooper Paul , Mound Laurence A
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Under controlled conditions of 25°C and 14 h light, adult Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) were observed to have a peak mating time at 17:00 h, this almost coinciding with the time of minimum feeding. Filter papers on which males had walked attracted both sexes, the attraction being strongest when the odour was collected during the mating period and subsequently offered during this period. Field observations indicate that males aggregate and that females approach such aggregations for mating. In Australia, in the vicinity of citrus orchards, this thrips is associated particularly with non‐Australian perfumed white flowers. However, recent collecting indicates that the species is widespread in south‐eastern coastal areas far distant from citrus cultivation, in the flowers of an Australian native plant, Myoporum insulare. Despite this host plant evidence, morphological evidence continues to suggest retention of the species in the northern hemisphere genus Pezothrips Karny, and thus the country of origin of the pest remains in doubt.
Canegrubs and cladistics: what story do adult, larval and ecological characters tell?
Authors: Allsopp Peter G , Lambkin Christine L
Published: March 2006

Abstract Melolonthine scarabs, canegrubs, are the most important pests of Australian sugarcane. The 19 species are sometimes viewed as one pest; however, these species are quite diverse, are placed in four genera and a number of species‐groupings in one of those genera, show different life histories and adult behaviours, and some have distinct soil‐type preferences. Three questions concerning relationships between the canegrubs were addressed here. First, the relationships suggested by a taxonomic revision of the whole tribe based on adult characters were generally confirmed through phylogenetic analysis. Second, neither the larval characters nor the ecological characters show similar distinct phylogenetic patterns; more characters are needed to resolve the relationships. Third, the analysis of a combination of adult, larval and ecological characters, the ‘total evidence’ approach, does give a more robust phylogenetic arrangement than that derived from only adult characters. This analysis strengthens the understanding of the relationships among canegrubs and provides the basis for improved management systems for these pests.
Modelling the potential spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (red imported fire ant) in Australia
Authors: Scanlan Joe C , Vanderwoude Cas
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Quantifying the potential spread and density of an invading organism enables decision‐makers to determine the most appropriate response to incursions. We present two linked models that estimate the spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (red imported fire ant) in Australia based on limited data gathered after its discovery in Brisbane in 2001. A stochastic cellular automaton determines spread within a location (100 km by 100 km) and this is coupled with a model that simulates human‐mediated movement of S. invicta to new locations. In the absence of any control measures, the models predict that S. invicta could cover 763 000–4 066 000 km2 by the year 2035 and be found at 200 separate locations around Australia by 2017–2027, depending on the rate of spread. These estimated rates of expansion (assuming no control efforts were in place) are higher than those experienced in the USA in the 1940s during the early invasion phases in that country. Active control efforts and quarantine controls in the USA (including a concerted eradication attempt in the 1960s) may have slowed spread. Further, milder winters, the presence of the polygynous social form, increased trade and human mobility in Australia in 2000s compared with the USA in 1940s could contribute to faster range expansion.
The influence of soil type and moisture on pupal survival of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Hulthen Andrew D , Clarke Anthony R
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Larvae of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, pupate in the soil, but the influence of soil variables on B. tryoni pupal mortality is not known. For other tropical tephritid species, soil moisture has been identified as a major pupal mortality factor. In the laboratory, we tested the effects of soil moisture and soil type on pupal survival through a factorial experiment which used three soil types (loamy sand, loam, sandy clay) and seven soil moisture levels (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 100%). Minor, but significant, differences in pupal mortality were observed between the soil types, but the most significant factor affecting pupae was extremes of soil moisture. Eighty‐five percent pupal mortality occurred at 0% soil moisture and 30% mortality at 100% soil moisture: very low levels of mortality occurred at all intermediate levels. We detected a significant interaction between soil type and moisture level but cannot explain it. In a follow‐up experiment, we demonstrated that prepupal wandering larvae of B. tryoni could discriminate between different moisture levels, with significantly greater pupation in loam soil at 75% soil moisture than at either 0% or 100% soil moisture. Results are used to modify a pupal mortality/soil moisture equation used in a recently published DYMEX model of B. tryoni population dynamics.
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): can wheat stubble protect cotton plants against attack?
Authors: Cleary Amanda J , Cribb Bronwen W , Murray David A H
Published: March 2006

Abstract  When investigating strategies for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) control, it is important to understand oviposition behaviour. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was sown into standing wheat (Triticum astivum L.) stubble in a closed arena to investigate the effect of stubble on H. armigera moth behaviour and oviposition. Infrared cameras were used to track moths and determine whether stubble acted as a physical barrier or provided camouflage to cotton plants, thereby reducing oviposition. Searching activity was observed to peak shortly before dawn (03:00 and 04:00 h) and remained high until just after dawn (4 h window). Moths spent more time resting on cotton plants than spiralling above them, and the least time flying across the arena. While female moths spent more time searching for cotton plants growing in wheat stubble, the difference in oviposition was not significant. As similar numbers of eggs were laid on cotton plants with stubble (3.5/plant SE ±0.87) and without stubble (2.5/plant SE ±0.91), wheat stubble does not appear to provide camouflage to cotton plants. There was no significant difference in the location of eggs deposited on cotton plants with and without stubble, although more eggs were laid on the tops of cotton leaves in wheat stubble. As the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs laid on the cotton plant is a crucial component of population stability, eggs laid on the upper side of leaves on cotton plants may be more prone to fatalities caused by environmental factors such as wind and rain. Therefore, although stubble did not influence the number of eggs laid, it did affect their distribution on the plant, which may result in increased mortality of eggs on cotton plants sown into standing wheat stubble.
Characteristics and outcome of unplanned extubation in ventilated preterm and term newborns on a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: VELDMAN ALEX , TRAUTSCHOLD TINA , WEIß KATJA , FISCHER DORIS , BAUER KARL
Published: March 2006

Background : Unplanned extubation events (UEE) are a serious hazard to patient safety, especially on a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where reestablishing a secure airway can be difficult. The following study was undertaken to analyze characteristics of UEE and develop prevention strategies.

Methods : A retrospective cohort study on a level III single center NICU was undertaken. Patient records of a 12‐month period from December 2003 to December 2004 were analyzed using a standardized evaluation form. Fischer's exact t‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐Ranked Sum test were used for statistical analysis.

Results : One hundred and four neonates with a total ventilation time of 14 495 h were included in this study. Of these patients 12 UEE were observed (1 UEE/1208 h of ventilation time). Neither median birth weight [1445 g (range 460–4650) vs 1755 g (range 460–3570 g)] nor median gestational age [31.5 weeks (range 25.6–39.6 weeks) vs 32.7 weeks (range 23.9–41.5 weeks)] differed significantly between neonates with UEE compared with the total group. When the UEE occurred, the neonates were cared for by experienced nursing staff with a median of 10 years nursing experience. The workload for the individual nurse was high: during shifts when UEE happened, each nurse had to take care of 3.85 patients (range 1.8–5 patients). This workload was higher than the average of 3 (range 1.6–6) patients/nurse during the study period. The most frequently reported reason for UEE was difficult fixation of the tracheal tube (TT) (four patients), followed by handling of the infant by nursing staff or physiotherapy (two patients) or an active infant in whom dislocation of the TT occurred without external manipulations (three patients). In three instances, the reason for the UEE was not documented.

Of the 12 UEE observed in 10 patients, three required immediate reintubation, five were managed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure and four did not require further respiratory support. Of those who required support, FiO2 increased by 14% over baseline compared with the FiO2 prior to UEE.

Conclusions : Inadequate TT fixation could be identified as the main contributor to UEE and should be targeted in prevention strategies. The reintubation rate after UEE was only 25%. Overall, UEE did not result in an adverse outcome in terms of mortality. Length of stay on NICU was significantly longer in UEE patients.
Unusual complication during pediatric thoracoscopy
Authors: MUKHTAR AHMED M. , DESSOUKY NABIL M.
Published: March 2006

A small infant with congenital cystic adenomatoid was scheduled for thoracoscopic resection of the lung cyst. During carbon dioxide insufflation, there was a sharp rise of endtidal carbon dioxide which was followed by marked hypoxemia and bradycardia due to occlusion of the tracheal tube with blood. The plan changed to open thoracotomy and total pneumonectomy. Despite several reports, which addressed successful thoracoscopic cystic lung resection, its safety remain to be determined.
Charge density alterations in human hair fibers: an investigation using electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Longo V. M. , Monteiro V. F. , Pinheiro A. S. , Terci D. , Vasconcelos J. S. , Paskocimas C. A. , Leite E. R. , Longo E. , Varela J. A
Published: March 2006

Synopsis

A new method for high‐resolution analyses of hair surface charge density under ambient conditions is presented in this paper. Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used here to analyze changes in surface charge density in virgin hair, bleached hair, and hair treated with a cationic polymer. The atomic force microscopy technique is used concomitantly to analyze morphological changes in hair roughness and thickness. The EFM images depict exactly how the polymer is distributed on the surface of the hair fiber. The EFM's powerful analytical tools enabled us to evaluate the varying degrees of interaction between the hair fiber surface charge density and the cationic polymer. The surface charge density and the polymer's distribution in the hair fibers are presented in the light of EFM measurements.
Study on the transferability of the time temperature superposition principle to emulsions
Authors: Muehlbach M. , Brummer R. , Eggers R.
Published: March 2006

Synopsis

The instability of emulsions is basically clarified by a phase separation. The separated phase can either cream or sediment. Destabilization is mostly compounded by coalescence and gives a first indication through extension of droplets. In the cosmetics industry as well as many other branches of industry such as the food industry and paint and coatings industry, product stability is one of the most important quality criteria. Many stability tests have already been performed with the widest variety of methods from different fields of technology. In research and development it is especially important to obtain quick results on the stability of a formulation. Such results represent a tool that can help developers find an optimal formulation in a short time. In addition, they can shorten development times, leading to quicker introduction of a product in the market. Moreover, they can help to reduce storage stability tests to minimum, making less climatized rooms, space and work required to predict shelf‐lives. The cycle test is an example of such a method developed in the field of rheology [1]. In this test the sample is subjected to continuously changing temperatures and its behavior observed. However, other methods can also conceivably used to predict stabilities. The aim of this work is to find a new model to predict the long‐term stability. This model should be based on empirical data and it should determine the applicability of the time temperature superposition (TTS) principle to emulsions.
Simultaneous enhancement of cosmetic function and feel via molecular investigation of stickiness
Authors: Kudoh H. , Iyanagi H. , Yoshizawa K. , Okura S. , Nakamae K.
Published: March 2006

Moisturizing performance is often a very important factor in cosmetics. However, incorporating high concentrations of moisturizing agents often causes products to become sticky, a feel that consumers dislike. We suspected that the reason why high moisturizer content generates strong stickiness is that the polar group of the molecule is exposed at the surface. Thus, we began with a hypothesis that stickiness could be prevented through coexistence with a substance minimizing the exposure of polar group. Using glycerine as a moisturizing agent, we screened a large number of conventional materials for reducing stickiness but failed to find an effective compound. We then considered the use of a polymer for this purpose and synthesized a custom‐made polymer, polyoxyethylene methacrylate 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate fluoroalkyl acrylate copolymer (Polymer SR). Our experiments revealed that Polymer SR reduces the stickiness of glycerine by forming a hydrophobic film without hindering moisturizing performance. To clarify the mechanism by which Polymer SR reduces stickiness, we investigated the interaction between the Polymer SR and glycerine in solution using NMR and static light scattering measurements. We learned that Polymer SR and glycerine form a complex via hydrogen bonding of glycerine that results in orientation of the hydrophobic group of Polymer SR towards the outside. Subjective sensory tests supported the hypothesis that this hydrophobic orientation was maintained on the dermal surface even after application to skin. We believe that by taking into account the intended function and feel our technique for reducing the stickiness of moisturizers can be adopted for use with other substances and will contribute to future cosmetic research.
Control of melanosome transfer by promoting shrinkage or expansion of melanocyte dendrites
Authors: Tada A. , Kanamaru A. , Ito Y.
Published: March 2006

Melanosomes synthesized within melanocytes are transferred to keratinocytes through melanocyte dendrites, resulting in a constant supply of melanin to the epidermis which determines skin pigmentation. Theoretically, if we can find an effective way to control this supply of melanin to the epidermis, skin colour could be darkened or lightened. The objective of this study was to find safe and effective methods to inhibit or promote melanosome transfer by the shrinkage or expansion of melanocyte dendrites. Methylophiopogonanone B and centaureidin inhibited melanosome transfer to keratinocytes as well as melanocyte dendrite outgrowth. Methylswertianin and comfrey extract promoted not only melanosome transfer to keratinocytes but also expansion of melanocyte dendrites. Methylophiopogonanone B and centaureidin suppressed pigmentation in a three‐dimensional skin culture model through the inhibition of melanocyte dendrite outgrowth. Methylswertianin and comfrey extract activated pigmentation in a three‐dimensional skin culture model by expansion of melanocyte dendrites. Our experimental findings suggest the possibility of manipulating human skin colour by controlling melanosome transfer to cause shrinkage or expansion of dendrites. A combination of effective agents, in addition to the ones identified in this work, could result in the creation of very unique cosmetic products that would precisely control the darkening or lightening of skin tone.
Technological strategies to improve photostability of a sunscreen agent
Authors: Perugini P. , Vettor M. , Tursilli R. , Scalia S. , Genta I. , Modena T. , Pavanetto F. , Conti B.
Published: March 2006

Due to the reduction of the ozone layer, there is an increasing need of effective UV protection systems with minimized side‐effects. Trans‐2‐ethylhexyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate (trans‐EHMC) represents one of the most widely used sunscreen compound. Several studies demonstrated that trans‐EHMC is unstable following UV irradiation both in solution and in emulsion formulations. Moreover, various reports of photocontact sensitization induced by trans‐EHMC have appeared in the literature. Consequently, in order to ensure adequate efficacy and safety for this sunscreen agent, there is a need for new carrier systems to enhance trans‐EHMC photostability. In the present study the photostability of the filter in different formulation types (emulsion–gel, gel and emulsion) with various ingredients is evaluated. In addition, nanoparticles based on poly‐D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) as carrier for trans‐EHMC are investigated. The influence of nanoparticle matrix on the photochemical stability of the sunscreen agent is also presented. The results obtained demonstrated that PLGA nanoparticles are effective in reducing the light‐induced degradation of the sunscreen agent. Moreover, the choice of formulation type and the excipients used play an important role in order to obtain a stable cosmetic product containing trans‐EHMC.
Basic knowledge on cosmetic dermatitis and its future aspects
Authors: Nakayama H.
Published: March 2006

Common cosmetic dermatitis is composed of mainly chronic irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and pigmented cosmetic dermatitis. Special types include atopic contact dermatitis due to cosmetics, complication of corticosteroid dermatosis, and eyelid dermatitis. Common cosmetic sensitizers are various fragrances, pigments and base components. The best treatment to stop the recrudescence of cosmetic dermatitis is to perform patch testing to discover causative allergens for the patients, so that allergen control becomes possible later. It has been the only effective method to perfectly cure the disastrous pigmented cosmetic dermatitis with Mongoloids in the past. The avoidance of very allergenic fragrances (class A fragrances in the table) and two pigments, D&C Red No.31 and Yellow No.11 is essential to reduce cosmetic dermatitis of the consumers. The introduction of guidelines to avoid strong sensitizers is recommended. Recently, eyelid dermatitis due to allergy or irritation has been common and rubbing itchy eyelids has led to blindness due to retinal abrasion. Adding various plant components seemed to have increased the irritation, and it is better to be avoided hereafter.
Shear viscosity of concentrated spherical silica suspension – effect of polymethylsiloxane surface treatment
Authors: Hamamoto A. , Nogami N. , Muller S. J.
Published: March 2006

In determining the formulation of cosmetics dispersed in powder, it is very important to discover the rheological behavior of the suspension. In the case of concentrated particle suspension, it is known that the remarkable behavior of the rheology, which is different from the dilution system, is shown in ways such as shear thickening. In this report, the rheological behaviors of a concentrated spherical silica particle system were investigated in terms of particle–particle and particle–medium interaction. In the case of an aqueous medium, shear thickening occurred under certain conditions. It is noteworthy that the pH of an aqueous medium far from the isoelectric point (pH 4) of silica particles resulted in a decrease in shear viscosity η due to an increase in the double‐layer repulsion. In addition, the rheological behaviors of suspension using the silica particles, which were treated with polydimethylsiloxane and methylhydrogen polysiloxane as the solvent system, were investigated. Shear thickening disappeared in all of the solvent systems, and polydimethylsiloxane system showed lower viscosity than the methylhydrogen polysiloxane system. The surface treatment, which affects the shear viscosity, is changed not only by the particle–particle interaction but also the particle–medium interaction.
Polymerization of a water‐swellable microgel by a novel inverse microemulsion polymerization and its application as a viscosity thickener for cosmetics
Authors: Kaneda I. , Sogabe A. , Nakajima H.
Published: March 2006

A water‐swellable microgel was polymerized in the inverse micelle of a nonionic surfactant, namely a confined space. The microgel was polymerized using 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid, dimethyl‐acrylamide, and methylene‐bis‐acrylamide. To determine a suitable polymerization system that appeared W/O microemulsion at around 65 degrees, the phase diagram of the pseudo‐ternary system was studied. The microgel polymerized in the system was isolated by a reprecipitating method; consequently the samples were obtained as powder. The rheological properties of the microgel were studied after re‐dispersing the powder sample in an aqueous medium. The viscosity‐thickening effect of the crosslinked microgel was higher than that of the non‐crosslinked sample. Moreover, a suitable crosslinking ratio was confirmed. The viscosity thickening effects of the microgel under various pH, salt concentration, and alcohol concentration conditions were also investigated. The study revealed that the microgel can be considered as a multi‐purpose viscosity thickener for cosmetics.
The preparation of visible emulsions and its applications to cosmetics
Authors: Okamoto Tohru , Matsushita Yuji , Matsuura Eiko , Masuda Masaru
Published: March 2006

We developed a preparation method for visible emulsion droplets (0.05–3 mm) consisting of a solid type oil and a liquid type oil. It was found that (1) using amphiphiles as the solid oil gave a spherical and visible sized particle and (2) behenyl alcohol was the most preferable amphiphile to make a large sized particle. DSC measurement and microscopic observation of the particle showed that the amphiphilic solid oil built a shell on the outer side of the particle and the shell protected the emulsion against aggregation and coalescence. It was found that the preparation of an extremely large emulsion could create innovative functions in the cosmetic field. The visible sized emulsion could provide a freshening feel in the early stages of the application and an emollient feel after rubbing into the skin. Furthermore, since this emulsion could protect an unstable lipophilic material from hydrolysis, it offers a suitable storage for useful cosmetic ingredients such as lipophilic drugs and hydrophobic powders.
Employment status, psychiatric disability and quality of life: comparison of men and women with schizophrenia in Malaysia
Authors: Mubarak AR
Published: March 2006

This study explores the association between employment opportunities, psychiatric disability and quality of life of male and female patients with schizophrenia. The data were collected from 100 male and 100 female patients and their primary caregivers through personal interviews. The Disability Assessment Schedule and the Quality of Life Interview were used to collect the data. The results of the present study indicate that a large number of both the men and women were unemployed, although they suffered from only mild psychotic symptoms and had no or only minimum psychiatric disability. However, in almost all areas and levels of psychiatric disability, a significantly higher number of men than women were employed. However, the subjective Quality of Life of the employed men was significantly lower than that of the unemployed. Keeping in mind these two results, the present study argues that there is minimal community recognition in Malaysia for the employment potential of people with schizophrenia. The study also argues that policy makers must legislate to create more appropriate workplaces for the mentally ill. People with schizophrenia are entitled to just and fair treatment, and workplaces should be made attractive to them.
Adherence to treatment in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Richards HL , Fortune DG , Griffiths CEM
Published: March 2006

Non‐adherence to medication is a chronic problem that impacts on healthcare professionals and patients alike. In psoriasis, a condition that presents patients with frequent and disabling physical, psychological and social effects, studies consistently suggest that up to 40% of patients do not use their medication as directed. Thus it is probable that poor adherence contaminates the clinical picture of response effectiveness in everyday practice. This educational paper reviews research that investigates adherence to medication in patients with psoriasis. It provides an overview of contributing factors and mediating variables. It is proposed that three specific facets appear to optimize patient adherence: an effective doctor–patient relationship; optimism with the treatment prescribed; and a limited ‘nuisance’ value of treatment in terms of side‐effects and hassle of use. Various strategies to address adherence are suggested and it is argued that in order to enhance our understanding of adherence in patients with psoriasis, there needs to be an increasing focus on patients’ beliefs about their condition and its management.
Tristimulus algorithm of colour matching for precoloured fibre blends based on the Stearns–Noechel model
Authors: Rong L I , Feng G U
Published: March 2006

Prediction of the formula for matching a given colour standard by blending predyed fibres is of considerable importance to the textile industry. This kind of formulation lacks a computer‐aided tool to assist colourists to find a good recipe to reproduce a target colour. In this study a tristimulus colour‐matching algorithm based on the Stearns–Noechel model is proposed. This algorithm was run to predict recipes for 54 viscose blends. Colour differences between the original blend samples and the blend samples prepared according to the matched recipes were measured and expressed in CIELab 1976 units (D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer). Used in the classical way, in which the parameter M (the empirical constant in the Stearns–Noechel model) equals 0.09, the maximum colour difference is 2.16 CIELab units. The average computed colour difference is 0.69 CIELab units. It is demonstrated that the algorithm can be used in colour matching of fibre blends. A new method to acquire the set of M values is proposed in this study.
Fixation of a tetraethylene pentamine dye on cotton and silk by bifunctional crosslinkers
Authors: Tang Yanfeng , Li Yingling , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Dang Nanyan , Liang Xiaofen
Published: March 2006

Four crosslinkers were synthesised by the reaction of 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2,4,6‐triazine and polyethylene glycol. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra and mass spectra. A tetraethylene pentamine dye was crosslinked to cotton and silk via covalent bonds by the crosslinking dyeing process. The effects of pH, temperature, concentration and the chain length of the crosslinkers on the dye fixation were investigated in detail. The fixation of the dye using the crosslinkers on cotton and silk was >97%, and the infrared spectra of cotton, the dyed cotton and the crosslinked dyed one were compared with each other, which indicated that a covalent bond had been formed between the crosslinking dyes and fibres through the crosslinkers.
Theoretical study of the influence of dispersion factor on dye transport during the dyeing process
Authors: Zhao X , Wardman R H , Shamey R
Published: March 2006

During dyeing, dispersive flow is assumed to reduce the concentration gradient of dye liquor flowing through a yarn package, resulting in a more even distribution of dye in the liquor within the package. However, little is known about the degree of significance of dispersive transport, as a proportion of the total transport of dye. This study investigates the influence of dispersion on dye transport during dyeing, based on a finite element method approach utilised in a mathematical model. The model has been applied to establish the influence of several parameters during the course of the dyeing process. This study theoretically discusses the role of dispersion on the rate of dyeing and the uniformity of dye distribution.
Colour and COD removal from textile effluent by coagulation and advanced oxidation processes
Authors: Solmaz Seval Kutlu Akal , Birgül Aşkın , Üstün Gökhan Ekrem , Yonar Taner
Published: March 2006

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of coagulation, Fenton's oxidation (Fe2+/H2O2) and ozonation for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from biologically pretreated textile wastewater. FeSO4 and FeCl3 were used as coagulants at varying doses and varying colour removal efficiency was measured. For the Fenton process, COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 78% and 95% for the Fenton process, and to be 64% and 71% for the Fenton‐like process (Fe3+/H2O2), respectively. Ozonation experiments were conducted at different initial pH values and fixed ozone doses. Ozonation resulted in 43% COD and 97% colour removal whereas these rates increased to 54% and 99% when 5 mg/l hydrogen peroxide was added to the wastewater before ozonation at the same dose. The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.
The use of alternative medicine for the treatment of insomnia in the elderly
Authors: CHERNIACK E. Paul
Published: March 2006

Insomnia is a frequent problem among the elderly, for which patients often self‐medicate. The use of alternative medicine by individuals worldwide, including the elderly, is increasing and insomnia is a common reason for its use. Conventional treatments do not benefit all, and there is uncertainty about the effects of their long‐term use. Many alternative therapies have been considered for the treatment of sleep disorders in published medical reports. These consist of pharmacological therapies, including melatonin, valerian, lavender, hops, kava, Chinese and Japanese herbal compounds, pyridoxine, St John's wort and German chamomile, and non‐pharmacological therapies, including massage, acupuncture, music therapy, tai chi, magnetism and white noise. Comparison of these treatments, either with each other or with conventional therapies, is difficult because many studies inadequately define insomnia, have few subjects or lack randomization or controls. Many have not been tested specifically on elderly subjects. As a result of the problems in the trials of these treatments, drawing a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of these therapies is difficult. Melatonin appears to be the most promising. It has been shown to produce some limited benefit by studies to date, although it has not been investigated in enough appropriate subjects to definitively conclude that there is a benefit at a sufficiently low risk. A promising role for melatonin might be in the treatment of elderly people with sleep‐phase disorders. Other pharmacological treatments with potential await well‐designed studies on the elderly. There are many non‐pharmacological therapies that offer the potential advantages of a low side‐effect profile, but the investigations of these have been even less rigorous.
Olfactory dysfunction in dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia
Authors: MOTOMURA Naoyasu , TOMOTA Yoji
Published: March 2006

Background:  Olfactory function in vascular dementia has not been extensively investigated to date. We studied olfactory function in vascular dementia (VD) and dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT).

Methods:  We studied olfactory functioning in 12 patients suffering from dementia of Alzheimer's type, 11 patients with vascular dementia and 30 normal subjects. For these subjects we examined a 12‐item version of the Pennsylvania smell identification test and mini‐mental state examinations. These three groups were matched for age, sex and educational level.

Results:  Although the dementia scores were comparable in the DAT and VD groups, the smell identifications were low in DAT patients compared with VD patients and normal control subjects.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the smell identification test may be useful in differential diagnosis between DAT and VD patients