bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway plays multiple roles during gastrointestinal tract development
Authors: De Santa Barbara Pascal , Williams Jerrell , Goldstein Allan M. , Doyle Adele M. , Nielsen Corinne , Winfield Sarah , Faure Sandrine , Roberts Drucilla J.
Published: August 2005

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway plays an essential role during gastrointestinal (GI) tract development in vertebrates. In the present study, we use an antibody that recognizes the phosphorylated and activated form of Smad1, 5, and 8 to examine (by immunohistochemistry) the endogenous patterns of BMP signaling pathway activation in the developing GI tract. We show that the endogenous BMP signaling pathway is activated in the mesoderm, the endoderm, and the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the developing chick GI tract and is more widespread than BMP ligand expression patterns. Using an avian‐specific retroviral misexpression technique to activate or inhibit BMP signaling pathway activity in the mesoderm of the gut, we show that BMP activity is required for the pattern, the development, and the differentiation of all three tissue types of the gut: mesoderm (that forms the visceral smooth muscle), endoderm (that forms the epithelium), and ectoderm (that forms the ENS). These results demonstrate that BMP signaling is activated in all the tissue layers of the GI tract during the development and plays a role during interactions and reciprocal communications of these tissue layers. Developmental Dynamics 234:312–322, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel amplicons on the short arm of chromosome 7 identified using high resolution array CGH contain over expressed genes in addition to EGFR in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Rossi Michael R. , La Duca Jeffrey , Matsui Sei‐Ichi , Nowak Norma J. , Hawthorn Lesleyann , Cowell John K.
Published: August 2005

Amplification of a defined chromosome segment on the short arm of chromosome 7 has frequently been reported in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), where it is generally assumed that it is the result of over expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene that provides the selective pressure to maintain the amplification event. We have used high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to analyze amplification events on chromosome 7p in GBM, which demonstrates that, in fact, several other regions distinct from EGFR can be amplified. To determine the changes in gene expression levels associated with these amplification events, we used oligonucleotide expression arrays to investigate which of the genes in the amplified regions were also over expressed. These analyses demonstrated that not all genes in the amplicons showed increased expression, and we have defined a series of over expressed genes on 7p that could potentially contribute to the development of the malignant phenotype in these tumors. The global analysis of amplification afforded by aCGH analysis has improved our ability to define numerical chromosome abnormalities in cancer cells and has raised the possibility that genes other than EGFR may be important. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The in vitro growth and activity of sheep osteoblasts on three‐dimensional scaffolds from poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20%
Authors: Gugala Zbigniew , Gogolewski Sylwester
Published: August 2005

Critical‐size bone defects usually require the use of autogenous bone grafts to heal. Harvesting of bone is traumatic, and results in high morbidity of donor site. A potential alternative to bone graft may be a bone substitute with adequate biocompatibility and biological properties produced from ceramics and/or bioresorbable or biodegradable polymers. In the present study, sheep osteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone chips were seeded and cultured for 1, 2, and 3 weeks on porous poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20% scaffolds. The cell morphology was assessed from rhodamine staining and scanning electron microscopy, cell growth, and activity from the measurements of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein amount in the cell lysate, and mineral deposits from EDAX and van Kossa staining. The cells attached firmly to the scaffold walls, grew deeply into the pores, and exhibited morphology typical of osteoblasts. Mineralized noduli with a Ca/P ratio of 1.4 to 1.8 found in the scaffold indicated that the cells had maintained their osteoblastic phenotype. The amount of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the total amount of proteins increased with time of culturing, although at 3 weeks the cells did not yet reach the contact inhibition. These results demonstrate that three‐dimensional porous poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20% scaffolds provide a suitable substrate for the attachment and growth of primary osteoblasts, and might potentially be used as bone defect fillers and in the design of tissue‐engineered bone substitutes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Multidifferentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures
Authors: Yoneno Kiyoshi , Ohno Shigeru , Tanimoto Kotaro , Honda Kobun , Tanaka Nobuaki , Doi Takeyoshi , Kawata Toshitsugu , Tanaka Eiji , Kapila Sunil , Tanne Kazuo
Published: August 2005

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a great therapeutic potential resulting from their ability to differentiate into multiple tissues when cultured under specific conditions. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated whether or not MSCs exhibit a multidifferentiation potential in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures. This study was conducted to explore the multidifferentiation potential of MSCs cultured in three‐dimensional collagen gels. Human MSCs were cultured in 0.3% collagen gel for 20 days in chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM), and for 14 days in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM). Increases in GAG deposits, intensity of toluidine blue staining, and mRNA expressions of chondrogenic markers (type II collagen and type X collagen) were found in human MSCs cultured in the collagen gel maintained in CDM. Positive staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red, and increases in mRNA expressions of osteogenic markers (type I collagen, bone sialoprotein and ALP) were noted in the MSCs maintained in ODM. These findings emphasize that human MSCs have an ability to differentiate into both bone and cartilaginous tissues in three‐dimensional collagen gel cultures, indicating potential clinical applications of MSC transplant therapy with collagen gel as a scaffold for bone or cartilage regeneration in complicated tissue defects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Mercury (II) alters mitochondrial activity of monocytes at sublethal doses via oxidative stress mechanisms
Authors: Messer Regina L.W. , Lockwood Petra E. , Tseng Wan Y. , Edwards Kerry , Shaw Melissa , Caughman Gretchen B. , Lewis Jill B. , Wataha John C.
Published: August 2005

The perennial controversy about the safety of mercury in dental amalgams has adversely affected the availability and the quality of dental care. Chronic Hg(II) blood concentrations above 300 nM are known to alter function of the nervous system and the kidney. However, the effects of blood concentrations of 10 to 75 nM, far more common in the general population, are not clear and mechanisms of any effects are not known. The monocyte is an important potential target of Hg(II) because of its critical role in directing inflammatory and immune responses. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that concentrations of Hg(II) of 10 to 300 nM alter monocyte activity via a redox‐dependent mechanism. Mitochondrial activity was used to establish inhibitory concentrations of Hg(II) following 6 to 72 h of exposures to THP1 human monocytic cells. Then subinhibitory concentrations were applied, and total glutathione levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. Antioxidants [N‐acetyl cysteine, (NAC); Na2SeO3, (Se)] and a pro‐oxidant (tert‐butylhydroquinone, tBHQ) were used to support the hypothesis that Hg(II) effects were redox‐mediated. After 72 h of exposure, 20 μM of Hg(II) inhibited monocytic mitochondrial activity by 50%. NAC mitigated Hg(II)‐induced mitochondrial suppression only at concentrations of greater than 10 μM, but Se had few effects on Hg‐induced mitochondrial responses. tBHQ significantly enhanced mitochondrial suppression at higher Hg(II) concentrations. Hg(II) concentrations of 75 and 300 nM (0.075 and 0.30 μM, respectively) significantly increased total glutathione levels, and NAC mitigated these increases. Se plus Hg(II) significantly elevated Hg‐induced total cellular glutathione levels. Increased ROS levels were not detected in monocytes exposed to mercury. Hg(II) acts in monocytic cells, at least in part, through redox‐mediated mechanisms at concentrations below those commonly associated with chronic mercury toxicity, but commonly occurring in the blood of some dental patients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Phosphoinositide 3‐kinaseγ (PI3Kγ) controls L‐type calcium current (ICa,L) through its positive modulation of type‐3 phosphodiesterase (PDE3)
Authors: Marcantoni Andrea , Levi Renzo Cesare , Gallo Maria Pia , Hirsch Emilio , Alloatti Giuseppe
Published: August 2005

The modulation of L‐type calcium current (ICa,L) is mainly due to mediators acting through activation of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR) and different protein kinases; among them, phosphoinositide 3‐kinaseγ (PI3Kγ) has been recently discovered to play an important role in the regulation of cardiac contractility and β‐adrenergic signal transduction. Recent reports have demonstrated that, in the heart, different subtypes of β‐adrenergic receptors are coupled to both Gi and/or Gs proteins. While β1‐adrenergic receptors (β1‐AR) couple only to Gs and evoke a strong ICa,L, β2‐adrenergic receptors (β2‐AR) can activate both Gs and Gi proteins and trigger only a limited ICa,L. Here we demonstrate that (i) PI3Kγ−/− ventricular myocytes are characterized by an higher basal ICa,L density, even if the responsiveness of adenylyl cyclase to Forskolin is comparable to that observed in PI3Kγ+/+ cardiomyocytes; (ii) both in basal conditions and after β‐AR stimulation, the activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 3 depends on PI3Kγ; (iii) in PI3Kγ−/− cardiac myocytes, specific stimulation of β2‐AR is followed by a increase in ICa,L stronger than in wild‐type controls. Taken together, our results suggest that the higher values of ICa,L observed both in basal conditions and after β‐AR stimulation in PI3Kγ−/− ventricular myocytes are mainly due to a positive modulation of PDE3 activity exerted by PI3Kγ. As observed in PI3Kγ−/− neonatal cardiomyocytes, cells lacking PI3Kγ are more sensitive to stimulation of β2‐adrenergic receptors. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 329–336, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myostatin auto‐regulates its expression by feedback loop through Smad7 dependent mechanism
Authors: Forbes Davanea , Jackman Mark , Bishop Amy , Thomas Mark , Kambadur Ravi , Sharma Mridula
Published: August 2005

Myostatin, a secreted growth factor, is a member of the TGF‐β superfamily and an inhibitor of myogenesis. Previously, we have shown that myostatin gene expression is regulated at the level of transcription and that myostatin is a downstream target gene of MyoD. Here we show that myostatin gene expression is auto‐regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Northern blot analysis indicated that there are relatively higher levels of myostatin mRNA in the biceps femoris muscle of cattle that express a non‐ functional myostatin allele (Belgian Blue) as compared to normal cattle. In contrast, addition of exogenous myostatin decreases endogenous myostatin mRNA. Consistent with this result, wild type myostatin protein is able to repress myostatin promoter activity via Activin type IIb receptor (ActRIIB) and ALK5 (P < 0.001). However, non‐functional myostatin (Piedmontese) failed to repress the myostatin promoter suggesting that myostatin auto‐regulates its promoter by negative feedback inhibition. Auto‐regulation by myostatin appears to be signaled through Smad7, since the expression of the inhibitory Smad7 is induced by myostatin and the over‐expression of Smad7 in turn inhibits the myostatin promoter activity (P < 0.001). In contrast down regulation of Smad7 by siRNA results in increased myostatin mRNA indicating that Smad7 is a negative regulator of myostatin gene expression. Consistent with these results, a decrease in Smad7 mRNA and concomitant increase in myostatin expression is seen in myotubes that express non functional myostatin. In addition, interference with myostatin signaling prevents the induction of Smad7 promoter activity by myostatin. Based on these results, we propose that myostatin auto‐regulates its gene expression through a Smad7 dependent mechanism in myogenic cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical properties of a novel nonlinear chromophore doped polymer and application for two‐photon microfabrication
Authors: Guo Fuquan , Guo Rui , Jiang Zhongwei , Zhang Qijin , Huang Wenhao , Guo Bin
Published: August 2005

One‐photon and two‐photon optical properties of a novel nonlinear chromophore 4,4′‐bis(triphenylamino‐trans‐styryl)‐biphenyl (BTSBP) doped polymethylmethacryate (PMMA) are presented. Two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross section (δ) of BTSBP was determined through the two‐photon‐induced fluorescence method by using Rhodamine B as a standard at the excitation wavelength of 800 nm pumped with a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. A three‐dimensional (3D) photonic crystal with a period of 4 µm was fabricated indicating BTSBP is an efficient photoinitiator for two‐photon microfabrication. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser‐reflectometry monitoring of the GaN growth by MOVPE using SiN treatment: study and simulation
Authors: Fitouri H. , Benzarti Z. , Halidou I. , Boufaden T. , Jani B. El
Published: August 2005

The SiN treatment of the sapphire substrate for GaN growth induces a spectacular effect on the in situ reflectometry monitoring signal. Different growth modes are observed. The evolution of the reflectometry signal is simulated by the scattering theory approximation. The point‐by‐point analysis reveals that the roughness (rms) increases in the first region where the growth mode is dominated by the formation of isolated and three‐dimensional hillocks. The rms attains a maximum value exceeding that authorized by the Rayleigh criteria. Another approach based on the effective medium approximation is used to simulate the entire reflectometry signal evolution. An effective refractive index and a growth rate profile are determined. The results obtained are in accordance with the observations done by the in situ ellipsometry monitoring. We have also studied the evolution of the defined recovery time as a function of the SiH4 flow rate and the SiN duration. Based on the concept of a nano‐epitaxial mask, induced by the SiN treatment of the sapphire surface, we have proposed a schematic model of the GaN growth that explains the recovery‐time behavior. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Behaviour of the 3C–SiC(100) c(2 × 2) (C‐terminated) and 3 × 2 (Si‐rich) surface reconstructions upon initial H2/CH4 microwave plasma exposures
Authors: Portail M. , Saada S. , Delclos S. , Arnault J. C. , Soukiassian P. , Bergonzo Ph. , Chassagne Th. , Leycuras A.
Published: August 2005

We present a comparative study of C‐terminated and Si‐rich 3C–SiC(100) surfaces exposed to a H2/CH4 microwave plasma used in diamond growth. Each surface is characterized before and after short plasma exposures using LEED, XPS and STM techniques. In both cases, a 5 minutes plasma exposure led to a 1 × 1 LEED pattern associated with a slight oxygen contamination as evidenced by XPS. However, upon additional annealings, the two surfaces exhibit very different behaviors. For the Si‐terminated 3 × 2 surface, a 1 × 1 → 2 × 1 transition occurring at 1173 K is observed while the initial c(2 × 2) surface reconstruction is restored at 1323 K for the C‐terminated surface. Furthermore, the XPS measurements show a correlation between oxygen surface release and LEED transitions. An atomic arrangement is observed by STM for the C‐terminated surface (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of phosphorus‐doped diamond using organophosphorus gases
Authors: Kato Hiromitsu , Yamasaki Satoshi , Okushi Hideyo
Published: August 2005

Phosphorus‐doped diamond films were grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition using organophosphorus gases, tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) and trimethylphosphine (TMP). The electronic properties are characterized based on secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Hall‐effect, and cathodoluminescence measurements and compared with data deduced for samples which have been doped using PH3. The technical potential of P‐doping using TBP is discussed and the high potential of TBP and TMP as alternative P precursors for P‐doping of diamond is shown. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DNA attachment to nanocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Wenmackers S. , Christiaens P. , Daenen M. , Haenen K. , Nesládek M. , van deVen M. , Vermeeren V. , Michiels L. , Ameloot M. , Wagner P.
Published: August 2005

A biochemical method to immobilize DNA on synthetic diamond for biosensor applications is developed. Nanocrystalline diamond is grown using microwave plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition. On the hydrogen‐terminated surface 10‐undecenoic acid is tethered photochemically under 254 nm illumination, followed by 1‐ethyl‐3‐[3‐dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide crosslinker‐mediated attachment of amino modified DNA. The attachment is functionally confirmed by comparison of supernatant fluorescence and gel electrophoresis. The linking procedure allowed for 35 denaturation and rehybridisation steps. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inelastic light scattering of hydrogen containing open‐cage fullerene ATOCF
Authors: Rafailov P. M. , Thomsen C. , Bassil A. , Komatsu K. , Bacsa W.
Published: August 2005

We report Raman measurements on Aza‐Thia Open‐Cage Fullerene (ATOCF) containing hydrogen molecules. We analyze the spectral bands of empty and H2‐filled ATOCF and compare them with Raman spectra ofpristine C60. We find a large number of additional bands due to the lower symmetry of ATOCF and detect the hydrogen stretching vibration of the caged H2 molecules. Depending on their environment significant band broadening is observed.

magnified image

ATOCF molecule containing H2.

(© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progresses in III‐nitride distributed Bragg reflectors and microcavities using AlInN/GaN materials
Authors: Carlin J.‐F. , Zellweger C. , Dorsaz J. , Nicolay S. , Christmann G. , Feltin E. , Butté R. , Grandjean N.
Published: August 2005

We propose to use lattice‐matched AlInN/GaN to replace the Al(Ga)N/GaN material system for III‐nitride Bragg reflectors, despite the poor material quality of AlInN reported until very recently. We report an improvement of AlInN material that allowed for successful fabrication of a microcavity light emitting diode, a distributed Bragg reflector with 99.4% reflectivity and microcavities with a quality factor over 800. These results establish state‐of‐the‐art values for III‐nitrides, and announce the future importance of AlInN in GaN‐based optoelectronics. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High efficiency planar MCLEDs
Authors: Joray R. , Stanley R. P. , Ilegems M.
Published: August 2005

The physics of microcavities have been a subject of intense study over the past 25 years. This work stimulated a large body of experimental and theoretical work on the optimization of the light extraction properties of light‐emitting diodes. Not only has this led to the current high efficiency microcavity LEDs but also to the high brightness LEDs based on other approaches, which are presently available on the market. An overview of the state of the art of planar semiconductor microcavity LEDs will be presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special issue: Semiconductor Microcavities
Authors: Deveaud Benoit
Published: August 2005

This special issue of physica status solidi (b) honours the work of Marc Ilegems, Director of the Institute for Micro‐ and Optoelectronics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale) in Lausanne. Many colleagues and friends have contributed articles to this issue which presents important developments in the field of microcavity‐polariton physics such as parametric amplification, Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton‐polaritons as well as growth and characterization of microcavity structures.

Guest Editor of the present issue is Benoit Deveaud, who is head of a research group for optical studies in condensed matter, especially in the ultrafast time domain. His focus of research is the understanding of the interaction of light with semiconductors in general and with semiconductor nanostructures in particular.

The cover picture of the current issue depicts a computed Rayleigh figure showing the letters M. I., the initials of Marc Ilegems. For more details on resonant Rayleigh scattering induced by artificial or natural defects see the article by Ciuti and Carusotto [1].
Recent Developments in Nanofabrication Using Focused Ion Beams
Authors: Tseng Ampere A.
Published: August 2005

Focused ion beam (FIB) technology has become increasingly popular in the fabrication of nanoscale structures. In this paper, the recent developments of the FIB technology are examined with emphasis on its ability to fabricate a wide variety of nanostructures. FIB‐based nanofabrication involves four major approaches: milling, implantation, ion‐induced deposition, and ion‐assisted etching of materials; all these approaches are reviewed separately. Following an introduction of the uniqueness and strength of the technology, the ion source and systems used for FIB are presented. The principle and specific techniques underlying each of the four approaches are subsequently studied with emphasis on their abilities of writing structures with nanoscale accuracy. The differences and uniqueness among these techniques are also discussed. Finally, concluding remarks are provided where the strength and weakness of the techniques studied are summarized and the scopes for technological improvement and future research are recommended.
Synthesis of Fullerene‐Like Tantalum Disulfide Nanoparticles by a Gas‐Phase Reaction and Laser Ablation
Authors: Schuffenhauer Christoph , Parkinson Bruce A. , Jin‐Phillipp Neng Yun , Joly‐Pottuz Lucile , Martin Jean‐Michel , Popovitz‐Biro Ronit , Tenne Reshef
Published: August 2005

Motivated by the discovery of the C60 molecule (buckminsterfullerene), the search for inorganic counterparts of this closed‐cage nanostructure started in 1992 with the discovery of nested fullerene‐like nanoparticles of WS2. Inorganic fullerene‐like (IF) materials have since been found in numerous two‐dimensional compounds and are available in a variety of shapes that offer major applications such as in lubricants and nanocomposites. Various synthetic methodologies have been employed to achieve the right conditions for the constricted or templated growth needed for the occurrence of this new phase. In this study, IF‐TaS2 is produced from a volatile chloride precursor in the gas phase and in small yield by room temperature laser ablation both in argon and in liquid CS2. For the gas‐phase reaction, a high yield of IF nanoparticles was obtained between 400 and 600 °C with a low concentration of the precursor gas. The average size and the yield of the IF‐TaS2 nanoparticles decrease with temperature. Above 600 °C, IF nanoparticles were found in low yields and at sizes below 20 nm. The stability of the IF nanoparticles produced by the gas‐phase reaction is discussed in the light of two existing theoretical models. Laser ablation in argon leads to IF nanoparticles filled with clusters of TaS2. Agglomeration of the nanoparticles can be avoided by laser ablation in liquid CS2.
Between authorial intent and indeterminacy: the incarnation as an invitation to human–divine discourse
Authors: Meadowcroft Tim
Published: August 2005

There has been a range of philosophical and linguistic responses to the phenomenon of indeterminacy and the place of authorial intention in the hermeneutical task. In the face of these responses, others have developed various theological responses to the problem, responses which this paper refers to collectively as ‘believing criticism’. A theological undergirding for all such approaches may be found in the application of the incarnation to an understanding not only of the nature of the Christian scriptures but also of the interpretative process itself. This application enhances our appreciation of the role both of divine intention in the divine discourse evident in the Bible and of the contextualised response to that discourse, and provides further impetus for those who would argue that both intention and indeterminacy must be recognised in the apprehension of meaning. This is in tune with an epistemology of ‘personal knowledge’ as espoused by Michael Polanyi.
‘Judicious narratives’, or ethnography as ecclesiology
Authors: Scharen Christian Batalden
Published: August 2005

Ethnography ought to be a means of doing theology. Following debates over John Milbank's influential work Theology and Social Theory, the paper responds to criticism that Milbank's church is too idealised, a critique that Milbank accepts, saying that his work requires ‘supplementation by judicious narratives’. The thesis of the paper proposes that ethnography provides the most robust corrective to the problem of too formal an ecclesiology, thus offering just the sort of ‘judicious narratives’ that can make such ecclesiology more recognisably real. Drawing on the author's research, such an approach is modelled by suggesting that a sense of ‘communal identity’ stands as a complex and crucial element in practical ecclesiology.The last chapter of Theology and Social Theory requires (infinite) supplementation by judicious narratives of ecclesial happenings which would alone indicate the shape of the Church we desire.
‘Ich sah mit Staunen’: reflections on the theological substance of Barth's early hermeneutics
Authors: Wood Donald
Published: August 2005

This paper offers a reading of two representative texts – the 1917 lecture ‘Die neue Welt in der Bibel’ and the preface to the first Römerbrief – that seeks to highlight the theological basis of Barth's early characterisation of the task of biblical interpretation. It further suggests that by describing the engagement of the contemporary reader with scripture in terms drawn from the text itself, Barth makes a distinctive and still relevant contribution to church's attempt to account for its reading practices.
Priests of creation, mediators of order: the human person as a cultural being in Thomas F. Torrance's theological anthropology
Authors: Flett Eric G.
Published: August 2005

Salient features of Thomas F. Torrance's theological anthropology are presented in order to recommend that he be read as not only a scientific theologian, but also a theologian of culture. It will be shown that Torrance understands the imago Dei to imply a cluster of relations and dynamics that suggest the human person is essentially a socio-cultural being, created in a particular way in order to fulfil a particular task. An interpretative proposal is then made suggesting that this feature of his anthropological thought may be usefully applied in order to understand more fully the goals and objectives of his theological and scientific work.
Called by name: contemporary Christian anthropology
Authors: McArdle Patrick
Published: August 2005

The paper argues that Christian theological anthropology is best understood, in the contemporary world, in terms of relationships. Human persons are formed in and through sedimented interactions with other persons. In the paper these interactions are considered against the backdrop of the concept of naming. In being named we are invited into relationships of increasing intimacy in which we are challenged to reveal more of who we are and what our name genuinely means. In each interaction it is possible to be embraced or to be rejected. Embrace encourages greater openness to relational interaction; rejection encourages closure and an unwillingness to open ourselves to further hurt and pain. It is possible to reflect on the use and power of names in the Bible where narratives using names can be read as models of the creative and redemptive activity of God. Gen 2–3 is examined as a 'case study' of this theory and then linked to other significant instances of naming in the Bible to demonstrate that this reading is a legitimate one. There are quite profound implications of thinking about theological anthropology in this way: challenges to our understanding of personhood, styles of ministry, sin and atonement and perhaps most of all to our view of God – the divine person who in revealing the divine name in every age invites humanity to enter into the divine life.
Analysis of a hepatitis C screening programme for US veterans
Authors: ZUNIGA I. A. , CHEN J. J. , LANE D. S. , ALLMER J. , JIMENEZ-LUCHO V. E.
Published: August 2005

This study analyses a screening programme for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among US veterans in a suburban Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in New York. This is the first study examining all 11 potential risk factors listed in the 2001 National U.S. Veterans Health Administration Screening Guidelines. A retrospective study was conducted of 5400 veterans ‘at risk’ of HCV, identified through a questionnaire in this institution's primary-care outpatient departments between 1 October 2001 and 31 December 2003. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to identify independent predictors of infection. Of 2282 veterans tested for HCV, 4·6% were confirmed by HCV PCR to be HCV infected. In the multivariate model developed, injection drug use, blood transfusion before 1992, service during the Vietnam era, tattoo, and a history of abnormal liver function tests were independent predictors of HCV infection. Our data support considering a more targeted screening approach that includes five of the 11 risk factors.
Impact of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the summer climate in the western North Pacific during 1997–1998
Authors: Lu Riyu , Dong Buwen
Published: August 2005

The summers of 1997 and 1998 were characterized by large anomalous atmospheric circulations in the tropical western Pacific, which in turn were associated with anomalous atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the adjacent areas. We use an atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the role of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the anomalous atmospheric circulations and associated precipitation in the tropics in these two summers. It is found that the circulation and rainfall anomalies are well reproduced when the model is forced with the observed global SSTs. A further experiment is performed to investigate the role of the SST anomalies in the Atlantic. In summer 1997, the Atlantic SST anomalies, compared with the SST anomalies outside the Atlantic, play a secondary role in influencing the circulation and rainfall anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and Pacific. By contrast, it shows that the SST anomalies in the Atlantic play a comparable role to those outside the Atlantic in influencing the circulation and rainfall anomalies in the remote tropics in summer 1998. In this summer, equatorial stationary waves, similar to a Kelvin wave and a Rossby wave, are clearly illustrated by the results implied by the Atlantic SST anomalies. The eastward equatorial stationary wave extends into the tropical western Pacific, and suppresses the atmospheric convection in the intertropical convergence zone in the Indian Ocean and Pacific. The evidence presented here for the role of Atlantic Ocean conditions on summer climates suggests that attention should be paid to accurate simulation of the Atlantic Ocean state as well as the states of the Pacific and Indian oceans in developing a seasonal forecasting system.
Legendre coding for digital ionosondes
Authors: Huang J. , MacDougall J. W.
Published: August 2005

A 1019 bit Legendre code was evaluated for use in digital ionosondes. Experimental testing was done using the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI). Theoretically, the 1019 Legendre code autocorrelation function of this new sequence has very low peak sidelobe level of −32.6 dB, and the system signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) will be improved by 30 dB compared with a single pulse code. Field experiments were done near London, Ontario, Canada, using two CADIs in a bistatic arrangement with 20 km spacing. The experimental results agreed with the theoretical estimation (with ∼1 dB error), but a 10 Hz frequency difference between the two computers' reference frequencies, which showed up as a Doppler shift in ambiguity function, necessitated additional signal processing to get optimal performance. The experimental measurements showed that the system was able to get ionospheric echoes with very low power transmission (1 W peak) at a quiet receiving site because of the high system SNR.
Continental collision with finite indenter strength: 2. European Eastern Alps
Authors: Robl Jörg , Stüwe Kurt
Published: August 2005

Comparison of the results of a thin viscous sheet model with the velocity field determined by GPS stations in the Alpine‐Pannonian realm shows that the Adriatic plate is only slightly stronger than the Eastern Alps. The observed velocity field is best approximated with a Newtonian fluid. However, this scenario must be fairly recent, as the overall geometry of the orogen can only be reproduced if the rheology contrast was about 1:10 before the late Miocene. The boundary conditions for this model are tested against the orientation of the intraplate stress field and are robust for Argand numbers between 1 and 5. We conclude that the convergence rate between the Adriatic and European plates must have slowed since the Miocene and that the present‐day eastward extrusion of the Eastern Alps is largely due to lateral escape and only to a minor degree due to gravitational collapse. Scaled viscosities of the Eastern Alps are on the order of 1023 Pa s.
Dynamics of biogenic gas bubbles in peat: Potential effects on water storage and peat deformation
Authors: Kellner E. , Waddington J. M. , Price J. S.
Published: August 2005

Dynamics of biogenic bubbles in peat soils were studied at a field site in southern Québec, Canada. The maximum gas content measured in this study varied spatially with a maximum seasonal increase in volumetric gas content of 0.15. The size of changes in total gas content of a 1 m deep profile was comparable to the seasonal water storage change. Changes in bubble volume in the saturated zone alter the water table level and, consequently, the water content in the unsaturated zone and the apparent water budget. In highly compressible soils (and floating root mats), buoyancy forces from bubbles also cause relations between the surface and the water table to change. These effects cannot be omitted in modeling the hydrology of peatlands. Our results indicate a great spatial variability of trapped bubbles. Using pressure transducers sealed to the surface, we found pressure deviations indicating small areas closed off by bubbles clogging the pores. The hydrological influence of these areas may be considerable as they may restrict or deflect water flows. Open pipe piezometers did not show these pressure deviations, possibly because the closed zones were too small to influence the head in pipes or because of less amount of gas close to the pipe screen.
Community Input Sought on U.S. Space Weather Program
Authors: Cole Stephen
Published: August 2005

A comprehensive review of the 10‐year‐old program is underway to quantify and document progress toward meeting its goals.
Influence of capillarity on a simple harmonic oscillating water table: Sand column experiments and modeling
Authors: Cartwright Nick , Nielsen Peter , Perrochet Pierre
Published: August 2005

Comprehensive measurements of the water table response to simple harmonic forcing at the base of a sand column are presented and discussed. In similar experiments, Nielsen and Perrochet (2000) observed that fluctuations in the total moisture were both damped and lagged relative to the water table fluctuations. As a result, the concept of a complex effective porosity was proposed as a convenient means to account for the damping and phase lag through its magnitude and argument, respectively. The complex effective porosity then enables simple analytical solutions for the water table (and total moisture) dynamics including hysteresis. In this paper, these previous experiments are extended to cover a wider range of oscillation frequencies and are conducted for three well‐sorted materials with median grain diameters of 0.082, 0.2, and 0.78 mm, respectively. In agreement with existing theory, the influence of the capillary fringe is shown to increase with the oscillation frequency. However, the complex effective porosity model corresponding to the classical Green and Ampt (1911) capillary tube approximations is shown to be inadequate when compared to the data. These limitations are overcome by the provision of an empirical, frequency‐dependent complex effective porosity model fit to the data. Using measured moisture retention parameters, numerical simulation of the data solving a nonhysteretic van Genuchten–Richards' equation type model is unable to replicate the observations. Existing results of a hysteretic numerical model are shown to be in good agreement with the extended database.
Structural determinants of joint venture performance
Authors: Hennart Jean‐François , Zeng Ming
Published: August 2005

In this paper we sketch a theory of the motives of alliances and joint ventures, deduce the reasons for their instability, and discuss the structural factors that affect their performance. We argue that the alliance literature, by focusing on knowledge internalization, has given short shrift to the empirically more important motive of knowledge access, a strategy we call ‘cooperative specialization’. Cooperative specialization allows firms to pool their competencies with those of their partner and to specialize in what they do best, but it also exposes them to opportunism. We discuss how such opportunism can be checked by proper structural design. The main issue is how to reward partners for their contribution to the alliance, and two main contractual forms are possible, ex ante and residual‐sharing contracts, a category which includes equity joint ventures. Focusing on the latter, we investigate how various structural solutions can be used to align the interests of the joint venture partners.
Alliance structure and process: will the two research streams ever meet in alliance research?
Authors: Contractor Farok J
Published: August 2005

The objective of this paper is to offer some reflections on the state of research in the alliance field and to comment on the Hennart and Zeng, and Salk papers, which are part of this issue. The implicit questions addressed are whether structure or process matters more in explaining alliance performance, whether academic research under‐represents processual and behavioral studies on the motivations and mindsets of alliance executives, and whether the two research streams can ever meet. Doing research in the alliance field is a particularly difficult task because of the wide range of structures or organizational forms, a large variety of motivations for alliance formation, and multiplicity of roles played by alliance partners. Since the underlying question is whether structure or process matter more in explaining performance or success, the paper first reviews our current ability to measure alliance performance. It then reviews alliance structure research, as well as process‐oriented, micro‐level studies to date, and suggests areas where our understanding is still to be developed. The paper concludes by outlining research domains which combine the two research streams, (1) In terms of how alliance structure can affect post‐formation partner behaviors and joint managerial processes, and (2) How negotiations processes at the formation stage influence the alliance structure that the parties agree upon.
Comment on “The interaction of error fields and resistive wall modes” [Phys. Plasmas 11, 1019 (2004)]
Authors: Strait E. J. , Garofalo A. M. , Okabayashi M.
Published: August 2005

Experimental evidence from DIII-D shows that the resistive wall mode can be stabilized by plasma rotation, contrary to the interpretation of the data suggested by Gimblett and Hastie [Phys. Plasmas 11, 1019 (2004)].
A phase-space approach to the T1⇝S radiationless decay in benzene: The effect of deuteration
Authors: Zamstein N. , Kallush S. , Segev B.
Published: August 2005

The influence of full deuteration on the T1⇝S0 intersystem crossing in benzene is studied by a phase space approach. A full treatment of all the vibrational modes in the molecule leads to a ratio of the rate between the two isotopomers which is very close to the experimental value. Several aspects of the results are compared to previous estimates, and the effects of anharmonicity on the rates and accepting modes are examined. This first successful application of the method to a real physical system encourages the possibility of establishing a routine procedure for simple calculations of tranistion rates even for relatively large molecules.
The first hyperpolarizability of p-nitroaniline in 1,4-dioxane: A quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics study
Authors: Jensen Lasse , van Duijnen Piet Th.
Published: August 2005

In this work we have investigated the first hyperpolarizability of pNA in 1,4-dioxane solution using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model. The particular model adopted is the recently developed discrete solvent reaction field (DRF) model. The DRF model is a polarizable QM/MM model in which the QM part is treated using time-dependent density-functional theory and local-field effects are incorporated. This allows for direct computation of molecular effective properties which can be compared with experimental results. The solvation shift for the first hyperpolarizability is calculated to be 30% which is in good agreement with the experimental results. However, the calculated values, both in the gas phase and in solution, are by a factor of 2 larger than the experimental ones. This is in contrast to the calculation of the first hyperpolarizability for several small molecules in the gas phase where fair agreement is found with experimental. The inclusion of local-field effects in the calculations was found to be crucial and neglecting them led to results which are significantly larger. To test the DRF model the refractive index of liquid 1,4-dioxane was also calculated and found to be in good agreement with experiment.
Theoretical study of the reactivity of cesium with benzene and graphitic CxHy clusters
Authors: Martínez José I. , López María J. , Alonso Julio A.
Published: August 2005

The adsorption of a Cs atom on planar (C6H6 and C24H12) and nonplanar (C20H10 and C21H9) carbon clusters has been studied using the density-functional theory, with the local-density approximation and atomic pseudopotentials. Binding energies as a function of separation have been calculated for several configurations of the Cs atom on the different substrates. The adsorption on sites above the center of carbon rings is more stable than adsorption on top of carbon atoms and C–C bonds. In the case of the curved clusters, adsorption on the concave side is preferred compared to the convex side. The Cs bonding is stronger on the nonplanar clusters. The strength of the binding energy depends on two effects: the magnitude of the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of the substrate, and the energy of the valence state of Cs relative to the LUMO of the substrate. Due to a favorable relative position of those two energy levels, charge transfer occurs from Cs to the two nonplanar clusters, and this provides an ionic contribution to the bonding. The analysis of the electronic density redistribution and of the local Fukui functions helps in the interpretation of the charge transfer and the reactivity.
Enhancement of backward-wave interaction by external feedback
Authors: Han S. T. , Jang K. H. , So J. K. , Park G. S. , Ryskin N. M.
Published: August 2005

Enhancement of backward-wave interaction by additional feedback was experimentally demonstrated adopting an external energy recovery scheme. The experimental observation was confirmed by particle-in-cell simulation. Measured efficiency improved in accordance with the strength of external feedback at the optimal phase, which is attributed universally to the increase of the normalized current defined by the ratio of the beam current to the start-oscillation current, regardless of each assigned feedback power level. This is a promising aspect to overcome the practical problems of low available current concomitant with the scaling of dimensions for generation of extremely high frequencies.
Trap concentration dependence of percolation in doped small molecule organic materials
Authors: Weise Wieland , Keith Torsten , von Malm Norwin , von Seggern Heinz
Published: August 2005

The thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique is used to investigate the effect of doping of organic glassy thin films of the hole transport material N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (α-NPD) with various concentrations of 4,4′,4″-tris(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine (1-NaphDATA). The mobility is estimated from current-voltage characteristics. At small dopant concentrations a TSC peak appears at about 200K. Increasing the dopant concentration to about 4vol% leads to a peak shift towards higher temperatures, related to decreasing mobility. When increasing the dopant concentration further, the peak shifts again to lower temperatures towards the peak position for pure 1-NaphDATA. The energy distribution of the trap structure is obtained utilizing the fractional TSC technique. In accordance to a higher-lying highest occupied molecular-orbital level of 1-NaphDATA as compared to the α-NPD matrix, the activation energy of a deep trap level of about 0.5eV was reported previously for low doping concentrations up to a few percent. At higher dopant concentrations the deep traps vanish from the trap structure. The behavior can be interpreted as a change from a trap-controlled transport for small doping concentrations to a percolating transport on the dopant molecules themselves. It is shown that the onset of percolation at rather low concentrations can be explained by hopping including not only nearest neighbors.
Propagation of hydromagnetic waves in a two-population plasma system consisting of anisotropic relativistic and nonrelativistic polytropic fluids
Authors: Kumar S. , Kalra G. L.
Published: August 2005

The paper discusses the propagation of waves and instabilities in a plasma model which consists of the concatenation of two magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluids, one of which is relativistic and has anisotropic pressure components given by double adiabatic equations derived by Gedalin [Phys. Rev. E 47, 4354 (1993)] while the other one has pressure components given by generalized polytropic laws. The polytropic laws, though empirical, are useful in that the appropriate values of the polytropic indices enable one to apply the treatment to a variety of situations ranging from an anisotropic ultrarelativistic plasma to an ordinary nonrelativistic isotropic plasma. A linearized analysis is carried out and the dispersion relation is derived using the normal mode technique. The dispersion relation, which gives numerous earlier results in special cases, is discussed both analytically as well as numerically for parameters which simulate cosmic rays and the background interstellar plasma as two MHD components. An additional mode of propagation that arises due to the concatenation of the MHD components is the only mode which transports energy in the direction perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field. Situations where this model supports instabilities are also discussed.