bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sugar, Stress, and Metabolism
Authors: Price Candice A. , Epel Elissa S.
Published: September 2024

Abstract :Excess sugar alters homeostatic mechanisms regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as hunger and appetite. These pathways are also affected by the metabolic “stress” hormone cortisol. Thus, acute and chronic stress may interact with sugar consumption to further dysregulate metabolic homeostasis. This chapter reviews how added sugar intake, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)—the single largest and most well-studied source of added sugars—increases risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, while also increasing appetite and failing to suppress hunger. Chronic psychological stress alters neuro satiety and appetitive pathways in a similar way as sugar, promoting hedonic eating behaviors (the desire to consume highly palatable foods). The combination of stress and sugar is of high relevance to addiction. Rodent models show that psychological stress with sugar intake induces what looks like food addiction behavior. In humans, chronic stress is associated with dampened reward signaling, suggesting that when chronically stressed individuals consume sugar, hedonic feeding behavior is reinforced in order to restore the dopaminergic reward response. Together, these findings suggest that while excessive sugar alone can increase reward drive, chronic stress may synergize this relationship and lead to habitual overeating and consequently reduced sensitivity to sweet taste. Therefore, synergistic effects of chronic stress and high sugar intake contribute to the phenotype of compulsive sugar consumption. Although there remain significant gaps in understanding the synergistic effects of sugar and stress, disparities linked to psychological stress and sugar consumption appear to play significant roles in driving preventable social and race-based health disparities in the United States.
Comorbidity of Food Addiction and Behavioral Addictions
Authors: Lucas Ignacio , Testa Giulia , Fernández-Aranda, Fernando , Jiménez-Murcia Susana
Published: September 2024

Behavioral addictions (BA) are recurrent patterns of behaviors characterized by lack of self-control, compulsive engagement, and craving states that usually lead to negative consequences and frequently present comorbidity for more than one addiction. Gambling disorder (GD) is the only BA included in the in the main section of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), but there are other behaviors that can also be associated to a BA, such as video game addiction, internet addiction, sexual addiction, compulsive buying, or sports addiction. All these BAs share similar patterns of lack of control over a specific behavior, craving, emotional dysregulation, tolerance, salience, withdrawal, and repetitive engagement in the maladaptive behavior—characteristics also present in food addiction (FA). This chapter summarizes the current evidence about the shared presence of FA and different types of BA. As expected, most of the studies about FA and BA focused on the comorbid presence of FA and GD. Patients diagnosed with GD have a higher risk of presenting FA than the general population. GD and FA may share common transdiagnostic factors that may be favoring the presence of this comorbidity. Current evidence also highlights the common factors of FA with other types of BA, such as internet addiction or sports addiction. Overall, the existing literature provides a preliminary approach to the association between FA and different types of BA; however, further research will be necessary to precisely define the relationships among these conditions.
Dopamine Magnitude and Timing in Food Reward
Authors: Leslie Emma H. , Kelly Amber , DiFeliceantonio Alexandra G.
Published: September 2024

Whether foods can have similar addictive potential as certain drugs is a topic of considerable debate. It is well established that all addictive drugs lead to increased dopamine in the striatum; however, so does ingestion of food. Often the magnitude of this dopamine release in the striatum is seen as evidence that foods cannot have the same addictive potential as certain drugs. Here, we explore how the magnitude of the dopamine response differs between commonly used drugs and foods, delivered orally and intragastrically. Further, we examine a second important characteristic in a substance’s addictive potential: the speed at which it affects the brain. We conclude that foods can evoke a similar magnitude of dopamine efflux as nicotine and alcohol, and processed foods in particular may have higher addictive potential, as their signals can reach the brain more rapidly.
Food Reinforcement Architecture
Authors: Burger Kyle S. , Papantoni Afroditi
Published: September 2024

Few reward-related theories of obesity incorporate aspects of decision-making processes and habit formation that drive eating behavior. Decision-making is governed by reinforcement-based learning processes that, when malfunctioning, create the foundation for unregulated, hedonically motivated behaviors, such as overeating. The proposed model, food reinforcement architecture, incorporates heterogeneities in reinforcement learning and decision-making modeling, basic and clinical research, neuroscience, and psychology to establish a framework for risk factors for impulsive and compulsive eating which may lead to food abuse and obesity. Identification of aberrant reinforcement learning processes and decision-making control systems may serve as markers of overeating and obesity risk, providing an opportunity for early intervention.
Negative Emotional Side of Food Addiction
Authors: Zorrilla Eric P. , Koob George F.
Published: September 2024

The transition from casual drug use to addiction involves a shift from positive to negative reinforcement. This “negative emotional” shift also is implicated in food addiction. Palatable food initially elicits pleasurable, comforting effects that can mitigate stress responses. But, repeated, intermittent intake can downregulate brain reward pathways and recruit brain circuitry, yielding tolerance, negative emotional behavior when the food is not eaten, and palatable food-seeking despite aversive consequences. The results support an affective dysregulation model whereby intake becomes obligatory to prevent negative emotions, highly comorbid with addiction-like eating. Negative emotions also may trigger impulsive palatable food intake via negative urgency. Neurobiological changes associated with addiction-like eating involve several neurobiological changes implicated in substance use disorders, including corticotropin-releasing factor, hypocretin, dopamine, opioid, and endocannabinoid systems within mesolimbic dopamine, extended amygdala, and inhibitory frontal circuitry. Here, we synthesize conceptual and empirical contributions to illuminate the “negative emotional side” in food addiction.
Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Animal Models
Authors: Grimm Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2024

Uncontrolled eating shares many attributes with behaviors typically associated with drug addiction. It is reasonable to assume that some aspects of uncontrolled food seeking and taking, as with uncontrolled drug seeking and taking, are due to maladaptive changes in the brain reward system. In our laboratory, we study relapse to sucrose seeking in a rat model of addiction. We have found that rats will respond progressively more for a sucrose-paired stimulus over several weeks of forced abstinence from sucrose self-administration. The effect, an “incubation of craving” is similar to what we and others have characterized in rats that had self-administered cocaine. Incubation of sucrose craving is robust and appears to be related to abstinence-dependent changes in brain dopamine, glutamate, and opiate systems. We hope that further characterization of the incubation of craving will yield novel behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches for disorders of eating.
Glycemic Load and Food Addiction
Authors: Lennerz Belinda S.
Published: September 2024

In analogy to the pharmacokinetics of addictive substances, foods with high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) elicit a rapid rise and fall in metabolites with direct and indirect signaling upon the mesolimbic reward system and have been implied in food addiction. After ingestion of high GI/GL meals, blood glucose and insulin concentrations rise and fall quickly, triggering shifts in other metabolic fuels and hormones. These shifts are exaggerated in individuals with metabolic vulnerability (i.e., high early insulin secretion) and have been linked with negative consequences including increased food intake and weight-loss failure. Both glucose and insulin signal upon the mesolimbic system that processes food reward and addiction. As such, high GI/GL meals may trigger an exaggerated postprandial response in these areas, akin to addictive substances. Indeed, animal studies imply that sucrose—a high GL sugar—plays a role in addiction formation. Moreover, most trigger foods of human food addiction have high GI/GL (for example candy, ice cream, fast food); and human neuroimaging studies have shown heightened mesolimbic activation in response to insulin, glucose, and high GI/GL test meals. As such, behavioral self-report and imaging studies point toward a role of high GI/GL foods—via metabolic shifts—in addiction formation. Research is needed to assess interactions of GI/GL with other nutrients (e.g., fat, protein), chemicals, and hedonic food properties that may serve as enhancing factors.
Savor the Flavor
Authors: Dus Monica
Published: September 2024

Taste is a key determinant of dietary choices shaped by both genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Early exposure to flavors during gestation and infancy shapes flavor preferences that may skew preference for foods later in life. However, diet composition during adulthood also plays a role. Different dietary levels of dietary sugar and sodium recalibrate taste sensation, reducing or enhancing sweetness and saltiness. In turn, these chemosensory changes can influence food choice and intake by modifying the body's ability to use taste cues for satiety. This bidirectional relationship between diet and taste suggests that adjusting our dietary habits can retrain our taste buds, offering a potential strategy for improving nutrition and preventing metabolic disease.
Food Addiction and Obesity Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Paslakis Georgios , Halbeisen Georg , Agüera Zaida , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Fernández-Aranda Fernando
Published: September 2024

Food addiction (FA) is highly prevalent among individuals with obesity (OB). The presence of FA in individuals with OB has been associated with higher food intake, increased general psychopathology, and poorer quality of life. FA has also been associated to the outcomes of behavioral weight loss as well as bariatric surgery treatments, and has therefore been considered a potential target for psychotherapeutic interventions. This chapter summarizes the current evidence on the prognostic role of FA for OB-related treatment outcomes. We have identified a series of examples of adverse effects of pre-treatment FA on the outcomes of behavioral weight loss and bariatric surgery treatments, but overall findings remain heterogeneous. We note the scarcity of evidence and the fact that existing studies lack sample diversity, compare different numerical group sizes, and rarely control for treatment variance. Moreover, with notable exceptions, few studies have addressed different phenotypes among FA-positive individuals, highlighting untapped research potential. We conclude that the prognostic relevance of FA for the outcomes following OB-targeting interventions is subject to ongoing research and warrants further investigation.
Is Food Marketing Feeding Americans’ Sugar Habit?
Authors: Harris Jennifer L. , Jensen Melissa
Published: September 2024

Beverage marketing directly undermines public health efforts to reduce sugary drink consumption by young people. Companies spend billions in marketing that promises emotional, social, and physical benefits from consuming highly sweetened beverages. Sugary drink marketing directly targets children, from toddlers through adolescents, as well as parents with messages that imply health and nutrition benefits for young children. Further, disproportionate marketing of sugary drinks to Black and Hispanic youth exacerbates health disparities affecting communities of color. Moreover, highly marketed drinks often contain caffeine and non-nutritive sweeteners, in addition to added sugar, further fueling a potentially addictive process. Companies promise to address the negative impact of sugary drink marketing to children through industry self-regulation, but these initiatives have had minimal impact. Consumer advocacy and government policy actions are necessary to reduce sugary drink consumption by young people and effectively overcome America’s sugary drink habit.
Food Insecurity
Authors: Leung Cindy W. , Wolfson Julia A.
Published: September 2024

Food insecurity, a socioeconomic condition of limited resources to purchase adequate food, is a serious and persistent public health concern in the United States. The physical, behavioral, and psychological consequences of food insecurity are numerous and well-documented. In this chapter, we describe links between food insecurity and food addiction, and posit that stress is the main mechanism through which food insecurity is causally related to food addiction via increased risk of disordered eating and poor nutritional quality. In addition, we argue that the historical, policy, and structural factors, including structural racism, that shape current food environments exacerbate food insecurity risk and the mechanisms by which the experience of food insecurity can lead to food addiction. Finally, we highlight policy and structural interventions needed to address the underlying societal inequities and injustices that form the root causes of food insecurity. Numerous factors, including historical policies that shaped current-day “food swamp” environments and current socioeconomic factors, influence disparate risk of food insecurity among structurally marginalized communities. Emerging evidence suggests that lack of consistent access to enough healthy food, stress about being able to afford enough to eat, and cycles of food abundance and food scarcity could trigger disordered eating behaviors and poor nutrition, leading to food addiction. Although more research on the link between food insecurity and food addiction is needed, particularly the role of stress and ultra-processed foods, upstream policy approaches are critical to addressing the structural determinants of food insecurity.
Devotional Crossings/Water
Authors: Pintchman Tracy
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the lives of several individuals in both India and the United States who were involved in the construction and ongoing existence of the Parashakthi Temple in Pontiac, Michigan. The chapter employs the framing of Arjun Apppadurai’s “scapes,” adding to Appadurai’s original list two more: sacroscape and shaktiscape. For those responsible for creating and maintaining the Parashakthi Temple, what has come to distinguish temple space more than anything else is its vital role in anchoring the Goddess’s shaktiscape on both gross and subtle levels. It is the place where people encounter ideas, objects, and other people in ways that spark miracles and facilitate the Goddess’s intervention in their lives. The narratives presented here may be taken collectively as a way of framing translocal processes that offers an alternative to the ubiquitous economic paradigm that tends to inform discourse about globalization.
Postscript
Authors: Pintchman Tracy
Published: September 2024

This chapter explains why the author hesitates to call the Parashakthi Temple a “diaspora” Hindu temple. The term “diaspora” originated as a way of describing settlements of Jews outside of the traditional Jewish homeland of Palestine after the Babylonian exile. Hence, it described a people who were exiled from their native land but who shared a common religious and cultural heritage. The term has proliferated in academic settings and across disciplines, not always with a clear sense of what exactly the term means. This chapter argues that the Parashakthi Temple operates in a translocal, iterative/creative, “third space” register that bears the traces of both American and Hindu religious and cultural worlds but gives rise to something new in a way that displaces the histories that constitute it. The term “diaspora” does not capture these dynamics.
Redistributing boundaries, capitals, and labour
Authors: Owen Lara
Published: September 2024

Enclosure relies on boundaries, fences, limits. Both the cup and the policy recast historic boundaries related to menstruation. These innovations made it possible to speak about menstruation more freely, absolving participants of the privacy regime surrounding it. Being able to speak, breaking free of menstrual shame and inhibition, and having needs taken seriously, in turn reshaped social and cultural capitals surrounding menstruation. This new articulation of needs and experience and the concomitant rise in menstrual capitals was part of an overall shift in the personal and organizational ‘permission field’, reshaping menstrual enclosure and organizational embodiment norms more broadly. This chapter looks at what the two case studies show about the ways menstrual innovations redraw boundaries of work and non-work, exploring arguments of menstruation as reproductive labour that also requires extra labour to be compliant with menstrual respectability. It explores ways in which menstrual innovations contribute to a redistribution of resources, along with assumptions of capital accumulation and normative practices controlling and organizing labour.
The movement towards a menstrual commons
Authors: Owen Lara
Published: September 2024

This book has outlined the new constellation of a menstrual commons with the potential to translate into a strengthening solidarity to women everywhere. Such a solidarity suggests a force that can restrain free market neoliberal capitalism and redraw the (gendered) borders of capitalism’s reach. But this apparent progression is not without contradiction and complication: while the women in the case studies might appear to be engaged in radical innovations, they may still be behaving as good neoliberal subjects, now burdened with an individualized sustainability/lifestyle agenda on top of the need to conceal, pass, and dissemble. Any innovation growing in the soil of neoliberalism will be influenced by neoliberal capitalist imperatives. The innovations studied in this book demonstrate the tension between ideals and pragmatism in movements that position themselves as progressive. They show how menstrual innovations can be radical in outcomes and illustrate the possibility of initiatives that fundamentally redistribute versus those that paper over the cracks. Yet, as this book has shown, they also indicate ways in which such changes can fail to directly confront underlying stigma, and risk reinforcing it. Stigma is one of the ways in which socioeconomic divisions are enacted and perpetuated. So, understanding the ways in which stigma, of any kind, is reproduced is a key element in meeting the challenge of ensuring positive social development. The study of menstruation, currently undergoing a great churn of change, is one way we can develop more understanding of the relationship between stigma, economics, and society.
Introduction
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C.
Published: September 2024

The introductory chapter gives a survey of modern approaches to book 10 of the Iliad, also known as the Doloneia (“the rhapsody of Dolon”), as well as a presentation of the organization of this monograph. Concerning methodology, the Introduction aims to clarify how we should be discussing issues about the unity of composition that lie at the heart of the question of authenticity. It includes an overview of the current status of research on Iliad 10, including the application of intertextual neoanalysis. A concluding section outlines the themes surveyed in this volume chapter by chapter in its aim to offer a systematic study of the Homeric Doloneia.
A Second Thematic Approach
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C.
Published: September 2024

Chapter 3 revisits one of the main arguments of many modern commentators of book 10 of the Iliad who treat the fact that Rhesus’ horses are not used by Diomedes in the chariot race in the funeral games for Patroclus (Iliad 23) as a strong indication that the Doloneia is a major interpolation. By widening the interpretive lens, the chapter reconsiders the function of horses in the Iliad, discusses certain fallacies of modern scholarship with respect to the horses of Rhesus, and explores why Diomedes, who has already (in book 5) acquired Aeneas’ semi-divine horses, will use them to win the chariot race in Iliad 23. The dense nexus of intratextual references, backward and forward thematic associations, and verbal resonances between the Doloneia and the Iliad shows that book 10 and the rest of the epic share the same sophisticated technique of allusion. Furthermore, it is suggested that, with respect to the absence of Rhesus’ horses from the chariot race in book 23, the Iliadic epic tradition manipulates audience expectations and employs a policy of exclusion that amount to making a reference by refusing reference. The suppression of a feature such as Rhesus’ splendid horses from a context in which their use would be expected constitutes a type of statement towards both the kind of warfare promoted by the Iliad and the epic tradition in which this type of warfare would have been at home.
The Alleged Un-Iliadic Features of Iliad 10
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C.
Published: September 2024

Chapter 4 discusses three of the main arguments that scholars have employed against the authenticity of Iliad 10, i.e. speeches, the exotic aspect as indicated by the themes of arming and clothing, and the alleged non-observation of Zielinski’s Law. Concerning the speeches, it is argued that they are marked by a lack of or weak representation of the internal structuring of other Iliadic speeches, whereas their outer organization and clustering are not different from the rest of the epic. This blurred picture, which is partly un-Iliadic and partly Iliadic, stems from the process of shaping the Doloneia. The addition of the Rhesus episode and the various changes that were made to the earlier form of the Dolon episode must have happened soon before the writing down of the Iliad, when there was not enough time for the full accommodation of the new version to the Iliadic norm. The textualization of the Iliad limited the time available for a complete entextualization of the Doloneia, with the result that Iliad 10 strikes one as not fully accommodated to the Iliad as a whole. As regards clothing and arming, it is argued that the special clothing of certain heroes is narratively exploited by a combined examination with other Iliadic passages, whereas the unusual picture given in book 10 regarding arming is due to the theme of ambush. With respect to Zielinski’s Law, it is claimed, based on several examples, that book 10 does not differ from other books of the Iliad.
Comparative Material
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C.
Published: September 2024

Chapter 8 embarks on a comparative examination of the Doloneia, the massacre at night in book 10 of the Mahābhārata, and Aeneid 1 (Aeneas observing the paintings on the walls of the Temple of Juno in Carthage), Aeneid 2 (Virgil’s narrative on the sack of Troy), and Aeneid 9 (the Nisus and Euryalus episode). The comparison between book 10 of the Mahābhārata and book 10 of the Iliad discloses their sharing of a stable set of features. It also allows us to see that the conditions that should be met in this type of story for the execution of a night attack are like those that exist after Iliad 9. They pertain to the lack of a major hero who can defeat the enemy in combat and the realization that this goal can only be achieved through treachery. As regards Virgil, who is operating as a neoanalyst avant la lettre, it is claimed that he is doing the same thing that happened in the process of the evolution and shaping of the Doloneia. Virgil offers a working analogy for the argument of the shaping of the Doloneia by the gradual influence of episodes such as the theft of the Palladium, Coroebus, and the sack of Troy, which belong to the last phase of the Trojan War and may have featured in pre-Homeric oral epic.
The Contagion of Attitude
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

Part Two, Motion, continues here with a consideration of art’s use of the energy (both kinetic and potential) of bodily postures or attitudes. We learn postures, essential to our habituation, by watching other human bodies. The orientation of posture is complexly integrated into physical and spiritual exercises in many religions, and the ductility of poems is illuminated by an understanding of those traditions. For instance, John Milton’s Paradise Lost organizes its morality around two iconic postures, to fall and to stand, the latter elaborated in his sonnet on his blindness. His endowment of these human postures with dense historical and moral meanings is already evident in his early epitaph on Shakespeare, where Milton suggests a version of the ritual of building a memorial or temple in the heart (Chapter 3). The epitaph seems to allude to the possibly Shakespearean inscription on the tomb of the Stanley family in Tong Castle, where a triple pun on “stand” structures both the verse and the architecture. A powerful standing posture is paradoxically built into the prone figures there, as it is in most effigies in the medieval tradition of tomb sculpture. Donne’s “Goodfriday, 1613. Riding Westward” exploits this traditional paradox of postures further. Both in poetry and in sculpture like Donne’s own memorial in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, art’s ductus draws on compression and embodied energy to generate action.
Sensation and Emotion
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

“Sensation and Emotion: Shattered Grief” is the opening chapter of Part IV, Ductility and Genre: The Case of Elegy, a section which explores elegiac ductus, the sequence of experiences elegies instruct us to enact and inhabit, and proposes that ductus provides a strong new account of genre. This first chapter considers the elegy and its ductile patterns in a case study of John Milton’s Lycidas. The sensational effect of densely packed, notably undigested allusion in Lycidas is painfully (and pleasurably) bewildering for us as readers. It gives us an exercise in medieval meditatio: the dissociation—the psychological decomposition—to which writers subject themselves while reading in preparation for composing new work. Lycidas correlates this dissociative process of composition with the psychological dismemberment of grief. The poem doesn’t put us through the unsettling paces of such passions in order to resolve them but instead offers to make them meaningful by threading these sensations into our own histories of reading. Grief in Milton’s elegy is virtual, a process of poetics, not repaired or made whole but constellated and embellished as its shards are inscribed among the fragments of a seventeenth-century education.
Meaning and Emotion
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

Part Four finishes with an essay on the tradition of elegy before and after Milton: Chapter 8 studies Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Book of the Duchess” and probes the appearance of emotion in art to consider what it accomplishes. Received accounts that see the elegy as undertaking the “work” of mourning fail to account for the lived temporality of human grief and the complexity of art’s invocation of emotion. In conversation with the primary critics on elegy, this chapter proposes that the distinction between what we normally call grief and the virtual grief that appears in poetic tradition is unacknowledged by current genre theory and criticism but illuminated by an interpretation of the ductus that elegies share. Beginning with Chaucer’s markedly architectural poem and touching on elegies by Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, W. H. Auden, and others, the chapter shows how elegy gets between pain and its management by ideological cultural concepts of emotion, shattering us and moving us to “roam,” in Chaucer’s redolent word, among possible diagnoses, social forms, and futures of human mourning.
Presence
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

The final chapter develops the topic of Part Five’s “Virtual Injuries and Rewards” by turning to Kara Walker’s ephemeral installation, A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby, a project that prominently cites medieval sculpture and ceremony. This both majestic and repellent confectionary sphinx, created in a decommissioned sugar warehouse in Brooklyn, embodies a sculptural ductus designed to reconfigure its viewers’ sensory experiences of sugar and of their own bodies. The monumental Sugar Baby issues a riposte to the rapacious Robert E. Lee monument in Richmond (discussed in the Introduction). At the same time that Sugar Baby evokes injurious cultural ghosts, it activates our proprioception and becomes a vibrant participant in our habitus. Its ambivalent evocations of disgust and cuteness combine in a ductus designed to bring its viewers to experience the virtual and real injuries we carry, produce, and perpetuate. Like the sphinx it echoes, Sugar Baby is an engine of presence, designed to make us aware of our sensory and social experience, to acknowledge its historicity while at the same time become more capable of unfixing its apparently inevitable meanings.
Introduction: The Long March Out of Slavery in Union Blue
Authors: Lande Jonathan
Published: September 2024

The introduction contends that the stories of Civil War deserters offer more than interesting anecdotes about individuals during war. Although deserters were but a small part of Civil War armies, their experiences yield insights into developments during the war that cannot be seen by looking at soldiers who followed their duties each day and fought heroically. Specifically, the stories of those called deserters who had been enslaved reveal that the men continued struggling to become free after having enlisted. These men treated military service as empowering. As empowered and newly freed laborers, they agitated to shape their lives in the US Army by decamping and then defending their actions in the courts-martial and from military prisons. Their efforts show that the process of emancipation continued in the US Army.
“Bound for Freedom’s Light”: Enlisting and Emancipating Men in the US Army
Authors: Lande Jonathan
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the enlistment of Black men, the part racial ideas played in the formation of the United States Colored Troops (USCT), and how the US Army became a space where emancipation unfolded. First, this chapter explores the decisions of Black men, freeborn and formerly enslaved, to join the US Army during the Civil War. It shows that, although their decisions overlapped, they were not the same. For the enslaved, the army became the site of their ongoing struggle for freedom. The chapter then turns to the entrenched racial animus toward Black men and how widespread concerns about Black violence and cowardice among white Americans came to shape USCT leadership. Lastly, it reveals that officials placed white men in leadership roles of the USCT, and these officers saw the army as an institution to control emancipation.
“Parts of the Gigantic Machine of Death”: Adapting and Reacting to US Army Discipline
Authors: Lande Jonathan
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the experiences of soldiers facing harsh discipline within the US Army during the Civil War. It compares how freeborn white soldiers, freeborn Black soldiers, and formerly enslaved Black soldiers approached military discipline, ranging from verbal reprimands to executions, as they transitioned from civilians into soldiers. The chapter shows that men understood discipline within their prewar lives as well as their views of the war. Each man had different prewar experiences with violence and racism, and they had distinct expectations about what service meant. As a result, they responded distinctly to the harsh discipline common within the nineteenth-century US Army.
“Ought Not to Be in Prison”: Petitioning State Officials for Freedom during Incarceration
Authors: Lande Jonathan
Published: September 2024

This chapter traces the experiences and examines the appeals of formerly enslaved men imprisoned by the US Army for desertion or absence without leave. If convicted in the courts-martial, US Army soldiers ended up in prisons around the wartime South, often in the same prisons as Confederates captured in battle. From these prisons, US Army convicts penned letters appealing for release. Incarcerated formerly enslaved men joined this effort. They wrote petitions requesting release, pointing to the contributions they could make to the war and to the Reconstruction of the wartime South. Some said they needed to return home to help their families or that they ran from unfair officers. They also argued that their actions should not be punished, contending that their flight was appropriate. In making these claims, the soldiers contested incarceration as a legitimate punishment and demanded that the state respect their contributions to the war to save the Union.
Conclusion: The War for Liberation within the Ranks
Authors: Lande Jonathan
Published: September 2024

The conclusion shows that once-enslaved soldiers continued their struggle to become free in the armed forces. The men did not see their so-called desertions as criminal acts. Instead, they understood their unauthorized leaves as legitimate means of exercising their freedom. Their stories reveal that not all Black Civil War soldiers were combat-tested freedom fighters. But the decamping soldiers were nonetheless freedom fighters. The enlisted freedom seekers who took unsanctioned leaves attempted to shape their relationship with the US government after enlistment, specifically by using tools developed to ameliorate the conditions of slavery. Their experiences broaden the history of Black Civil War service to show that the march out of slavery did not end upon enlistment. The war for liberation continued within the ranks.
Moving Pictures
Authors: Astle Randy
Published: September 2024

This chapter focuses attention on the cinematic drive by Latter-day Saint directors to document themselves and the world. Analyzing a long list of notable titles ranging from the inception of film to YouTube clips today, the chapter highlights a peculiar Mormon insistence on film’s potential to testify even as each film must navigate the tension between subjective and objective images anchored in the creative possibilities of cinematic fiction to the allegedly more authoritative genre of documentary. The chapter argues that some of the greatest Mormon films reveal there is no Mormon aesthetic mode or “subjectivity” but rather a host of individual perspectives that offer truth in their difference.
Establishing Zion
Authors: Whitaker Evans Ashlee
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers how art not only documented the Mormon community in the second half of the nineteenth century but also served to create that very community. By analyzing portraiture’s connection to the representation of authority, landscape painting’s connection to work and cultivation, and lastly the relationship of panorama to depictions of suffering and pilgrimage, the chapter highlights the role of art in the maintenance of communitas. The term “communitas” is meant to capture the ways a group of people feel bonded together in experiences and ideology, rather than wider social norms. These three artistic modes coincide with three guiding principles within Latter-day Saint theology and cultural practice and served to scaffold the emergence of the early community of Saints.
Defining the Mormon Landscape
Authors: Swensen James
Published: September 2024

This chapter addresses the role of photography in constructing and imposing the notion of a “Mormon landscape,” beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing throughout the twentieth. Though photography has a history of being associated with truth, the chapter discusses it as a place-making medium with the ability to name and claim a space or to demolish its existence. Early Latter-day Saint photographers and later artists, such as Dorothea Lange, understood the land and architecture in different ways. Their use of photography offers provocative insights into recording, representing, and possessing physical space through aesthetic practices.
The Piety of Perspective
Authors: Kamana Allred Mason
Published: September 2024

In an international turn that diversifies and deepens Western-centric narratives of Mormon cinema, this chapter analyzes lesser-known Mormon feature films produced between the years 1970 and 2020 to demonstrate the global reach as well as the exclusions of Latter-day Saint film history. Filmmakers influenced by the Latter-day Saint experience employed a variety of creative techniques to affect audiences without adopting the more gratuitous depictions of sex, violence, or sentimentality, in what can be described as a “positive theology of embodiment.” In turn, the chapter underscores a strategy of depicting bodies and media within an aesthetic regime that resonates with Latter-day Saint themes.
“Who Did I Leave Out and Should Have Included?”
Authors: Paulsen Howe Laura
Published: September 2024

This chapter brings institutional critique to the collecting and exhibition practices of the LDS faith by tracing a history of the triennial International Art Competition. Beginning in 1987, the competition was an attempt to globalize the church. As it continued over the years, organizers became more aware of barriers to entry, such as they type of media they were asking for and linguistic considerations, resulting in an attempt at more inclusive guidelines and practices that reflected the global character of its members. By emphasizing the competition’s limitations—even as the competition sought to broaden its horizons with an increasingly international pool of contributors in the twenty-first century—this chapter acknowledges the challenges faced by religious and art institutions in their efforts to both represent and create the cultures they engage.
Pop Convergence
Authors: Gabrillo James
Published: September 2024

Pop Convergence explores the contemporary pop music and related multimedia cultures of Manila, the center for commercial entertainment industries in the Philippines. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the country was recovering from decades of political mayhem and economic turbulence against a backdrop of swelling class divide and the maturation of mass media. Distinct from the somberness of nationalist anthems, Western music covers, and protest songs of previous years, the creative industries of new-millennium Manila generated a multimedia movement emphasizing kitsch, parody, and overstatement. These works, the book claims, can be read as complex expressions of consumer fatigue, ironic self-consciousness, and instinctive reclamation of social power by the creative working class. This entertainment industry developed a buoyant system of mass culture, filtered through the demands of postcolonial, postmodern Manila’s broadening capitalist media enterprises. Pop Convergence locates the hallmarks and contributions of this scene within an assortment of platforms—on screens, via streams, and on the streets—to explore musical sequences in cinema, reality-television spectacles, melismatic power ballads, song-and-dance contests, musical comedy bars, and viral virtual sensations. Dissecting these arenas for moments of musical articulation and negotiation, the book metaphorizes the interplay within Manila’s contemporary networks of artistic production, power, and spectatorship as a complex patchwork of convergence. This multimedia patchwork is framed not simply as culmination of tradition stained by outside influence but as fascinating force resulting from endless confrontation.
Appeals of the Mainstream
Authors: Gabrillo James
Published: September 2024

This chapter maps out Manila’s mainstream entertainment networks, surveying the major figures and institutions from the contemporary musical multimedia industries, led by the opening case study of national superstar Vice Ganda. It introduces the book’s applications of the concept of pop convergence to represent the patchworks of aesthetic, style, subject, tone, theme, source, and medium embodied by the case studies explored throughout the book. Further, the chapter chronicles the relevant historical and social circumstances that contributed to the development of Manila’s popular cultures. It also highlights the study’s multi-sited field, featuring examples from the music, film, television, live performance, and digital industries. Pop Convergence provides a detailed analysis of contemporary creative production and musical participation, yielding a nuanced understanding of deep-rooted convergences of identity, culture, and consumption at the turn of the twenty-first century.
Spectacles of Song and Dance
Authors: Gabrillo James
Published: September 2024

This chapter chronicles the trend of comedic and melodramatic song-and-dance sequences in mainstream Philippine cinema that converged sonic, visual, and choreographic ostentation and unexpected timing while referencing local and foreign sources. It features close readings of contemporary mainstream films produced from the 1990s until today that exemplified various forms of convergence. The chapter develops the concept of the song-and-dance sequence as imagined space manufactured through plot manipulation, breaking of the fourth wall, and musical spectacle. These musical numbers accordingly enable catharsis in character development, cinematic pacing, and viewer perception. Song-and-dance sequences are depicted as conscious pastiche of musical multimedia: multi-layered imagined arenas ultimately critiqued as phony spaces of fantasy and escapism, featuring musical moments whose improbability and artifice the viewers overlook for the sake of entertainment.
Measuring and Managing Workplace Religious Discrimination
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Daniels Denise , Scheitle Christopher P
Published: September 2024

Religious discrimination is present and pervasive in the workplace and can be experienced by people from all religious groups as well as by those who are not religious. Members of minority religious groups (in a region or occupation) experience more religious discrimination than those who belong to the majority religious group. Such experiences are associated with many negative outcomes at work, including job dissatisfaction, disengagement, and burnout. Religious discrimination is hard to address. But organizational leaders can take steps to disrupt the conditions for religious discrimination through setting behavioral expectations, providing clear reporting procedures for violations, and fostering conversation and inclusivity.
Introduction
Authors: Mack Kenneth W. , Katz Cogan Jacob
Published: September 2024

This introduction summarizes and analyses the collective implications of the essays collected in In Between and Across: Legal History without Boundaries, for the purpose of introducing new readers to the field of legal history, summarizing the field’s current developments, and charting its future direction. It argues that, collectively, the essays stand for the proposition that legal history has made itself into an influential field over the past generation by its use of the study of law, broadly conceived, to help scholars traverse boundaries that once separated fields of inquiry from one another. Legal history, it argues, has helped to link together the historical study of empires with microhistory, the revived study of political history with narratives of everyday life, and the study of transnational trends with an engagement with phenomena that are quite local. It contains work by both relatively junior scholars and senior figures in the field. It argues that nearly all fields of history are now engaged in what might be termed legal history. Legal history, it argues, now engages with fields as diverse as transnational history, the history of capitalism, slavery and racial capitalism, the long history of the carceral state, and the revived study of political history. The essays might be grouped under three broad and overlapping frameworks: the political economy of time, the rethinking of the spatial dimensions of history, and the redrawing of the boundaries between law/legal phenomena and other features of society.
Private Law, Public Welfare, Marital Ideals, and the Gender Binary … or, What I Learned at the Socio-Legal Revolution
Authors: Kornbluh Felicia
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the combination of privilege and subordination toward men and fathers in late-twentieth and twenty-first-century public policy in the United States. It argues that legal histories of marriage and families are vital guides to understanding this mix, especially as it has shaped the legal and political treatment of low-income and Black men. It argues, too, that the mix of a traditional male-female gender hierarchy and a punitive approach to fatherhood, which were evident in “welfare reform” policies from the 1990s-2010s, represent evidence that what Hendrik Hartog termed the “long nineteenth century” of common-law coverture may have lasted into the twenty-first century. The piece underlines the significance for contemporary legal and public policy studies of the blended methodological approach that Hartog and other historians of his generation developed, which treated coverture as a cultural and social institution, defined by binary gender stereotypes and defining them, and invited a similarly blended and complexly historical approach to law and policy more generally.
South Asians at the Inns of Court
Authors: Sharafi Mitra
Published: September 2024

Thousands of law students from across the British Empire (particularly India) attended London’s Inns of Court to become elite courtroom lawyers or barristers circa 1900. Their time at the Inns was as much about socialization into an imperial profession as it was about the acquisition of technical skills. This chapter explores the limits of the imperial lawyering project through Inner Temple disciplinary proceedings against two South Asians. The unusual cases of pseudo-Theosophist A.K. Ghose and nationalist revolutionary Shyamji Krishnavarma shed light on the imperial legal profession’s views of race, mendacity, education, and colonialism. Redemption was a central theme in both cases, whether as a key part of the individual’s own narrative (Ghose) or as a way of reinterpreting the case a century later (Krishnavarma).
How Children Grow to Love Stories
Authors: Reese Elaine
Published: September 2024

Children develop an interest in stories of all kinds from the earliest days of life as a result of both genetic and environmental processes. Lower prenatal testosterone levels predict an early interest in people over objects, and temperamental tendencies to enjoy quiet activities over active play lead to increased interest in books and conversations. Joint-attention skills also lead to increased parent–child interactions during book-reading and reminiscing about personal experiences, which in turn support children’s oral language and socioemotional skills. Visual media can foster prosocial behavior in children, but TV/movies do not promote children’s oral language and socioemotional skills to the same degree as do high-quality parent–child conversations. Because gender differences exist in many of these factors, these combined influences lead to girls’ superior reading skills in early primary school.