bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of adverse events in small‐breed dogs treated with maropitant and a single dose of doxorubicin
Authors: Matsuyama Fukiko , Harada Kei , Fukazawa Eri , Ichimata Masanao , Nakano Yuko , Kobayashi Tetsuya
Published: May 2022

Background

The recommended doxorubicin (DOX) dose for small dogs is 1 mg/kg. Recent data suggest that DOX‐induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicosis can be reduced with maropitant treatment.

Objectives

To investigate the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in small‐breed dogs administered a single 25 mg/m2DOX followed by administration of maropitant (DOX25). The primary aim was to assess myelo‐ and GI toxicoses for 2 weeks after DOX administration. The secondary aim was to compare the incidence and grades of AEs found in the DOX25 group with a historical control group (DOX 1 mg/kg without administration of antiemetic or antidiarrheal medications).

Animals

Nineteen small‐breed tumor‐bearing dogs.

Methods

A prospective, observational study of tumor‐bearing dogs, weighing 5 to 10 kg, administered a single 25 mg/m2dose of DOX IV, followed by administration of maropitant for the next 5 days.

Results

Inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea were found in 7/19, 2/19, and 6/19 of the DOX25 dogs, respectively. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was 12/19 and 3/19, respectively. Most AEs were grades 1 and 2, except for grades 3 and 4 inappetence and neutropenia in 3 and 4 dogs, respectively. Furthermore, febrile neutropenia occurred in 3/19 dogs in the DOX25 group. All AEs between the DOX25 and historical control groups were not significantly different.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Vomiting and diarrhea were deemed acceptable with 25 mg/m2DOX followed by maropitant treatment in 5 to 10 kg dogs; however, additional supportive care might be needed for dogs with inappetence and neutropenia.
Online radicalization: Profile and risk analysis of individuals convicted of extremist offences
Authors: Kenyon Jonathan , Binder Jens F. , Baker‐Beall Christopher
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This study explores socio‐demographic profiles and offence histories of 235 individuals convicted of extremist offences in England and Wales who have shown different levels of Internet engagement in their pathway towards radicalization.

Methods

A comprehensive database of those convicted of extremist offences was developed by reviewing and coding content of specialist Structured Risk Guidance (SRG) and Extremism Risk Guidance (ERG22+) assessment reports, authored by professionals with access to a range of restricted information sources and direct contact with the individual concerned. This enabled a comparison of socio‐demographic profiles and offence histories for those who radicalized online, those who radicalized offline and those exposed to both online and offline influences. The analyses further integrated formal risk assessments contained in the reports.

Results

Findings show a comparatively small prevalence of exclusive online radicalization, but some online influence for the majority of all cases. Pronounced variations in the socio‐demographic profiles and offence histories for members of each radicalization pathway group were found. In addition, convicted extremists who radicalized online are assessed as having the lowest overall level of engagement with an extremist group or cause, along with the lowest levels of intent and capability to commit violent extremist acts.

Conclusions

Gaining a better understanding of the prevalence of online radicalization, and the profiles associated with it, informs the debate on whether extremist content and activities online influence violent extremist behaviour offline and helps to guide counter‐terrorism approaches and future policy in this area.
Teaching Key Stage 3 literature: the challenges of accountability, gender and diversity
Authors: Kneen Judith , Chapman Susan , Foley Joan , Kelly Lucy , Smith Lorna , Thomas Helena , Watson Annabel
Published: May 2022

This article presents the results of a study, conducted in parts of Wales and southwest England, focusing on what literature is being taught to learners aged 11–14 years. By exploring this area, we gain insight into influences on teacher choices and the challenges faced by teachers. Our research, which included a survey of over 170 teachers as well as teacher interviews, provides a snapshot of young people's experiences studying literature in the early secondary years (Key Stage 3). The results show that while some schools provide variety and diversity in their choice of texts and authors, the majority provide a limited diet of literature with texts mainly from male writers, with male protagonists. Girls are rarely the main focus. Nor do the majority of children study literature written by or about those from black and minority ethnic backgrounds, highlighting a lack of diversity. Literature teaching at Key Stage 3 is increasingly influenced by the demands of GCSE and exam accountability. We hope the study can act as a catalyst for discussion about what ought to be the purpose and focus of literature study in England, Wales and beyond.
Putative roles of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and biting midges (Culicoides spp.) as mechanical or biological vectors of lumpy skin disease virus
Authors: Paslaru Anca I. , Maurer Lena M. , Vögtlin Andrea , Hoffmann Bernd , Torgerson Paul R. , Mathis Alexander , Veronesi Eva
Published: May 2022

The stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) is considered as the main mechanical vector of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). In addition, the mosquito species Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) was shown to transmit the virus from donor to receptor animals. Retention of the virus for several days was shown for two additional tropical mosquito species and the biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). In the present study, viral retention for 10‐ or 7‐days post feeding on virus‐spiked blood through a membrane was shown for field‐collected Aedes japonicus and laboratory‐reared Culex pipiens, two widely distributed mosquito species in temperate regions. Viral DNA could be detected from honey‐coated Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards and shedded faeces for 1 or 4 days after an infectious blood meal was given to Ae. aegypti. Virus increase over time and virus dissemination was observed in laboratory‐reared C. nubeculosus, but the virus could be isolated from field‐collected biting midges only from the day of exposure to the blood meal. Thus, mosquitoes might serve as mechanical vectors of LSDV in case of interrupted feeding. A putative biological virus transmission by Culicoides biting midges, as suspected from field observations, deserves further investigations.
Extracellular ATP targets Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 to suppress mycotoxin stress‐induced cell death
Authors: Goodman Heather L. , Kroon Johan T. M. , Tomé Daniel F. A. , Hamilton John M. U. , Alqarni Ali O. , Chivasa Stephen
Published: May 2022

Extracellular ATP is a purinergic signal with important functions in regulating plant growth and stress‐adaptive responses, including programmed cell death. While signalling events proximate to receptor activation at the plasma membrane have been characterised, downstream protein targets and the mechanism of cell death activation/regulation are unknown.

We designed a proteomic screen to identify ATP‐responsive proteins in Arabidopsis cell cultures exposed to mycotoxin stress via fumonisin B1 (FB1) application.

Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 (RNS1) was identified by the screen, and transgenic plants overexpressing native RNS1 showed greater susceptibility to FB1, while a gene knockout rns1 mutant and antisense RNS1 transgenic plants were resistant to FB1‐induced cell death. Native RNS1 complemented rns1 mutants and restored the cell death response to FB1, while a catalytically inactive version of the ribonuclease could not. The FB1 resistance of salicylic acid (SA)‐depleted nahG‐expressing plants was abolished by transformation with native RNS1, but not the catalytically dead version.

The mechanism of FB1‐induced cell death is activation of RNS1‐dependent RNA cleavage, which is blocked by ATP via RNS1 suppression, or enhanced by SA through induction of RNS1 expression. Our study reveals RNS1 as a previously unknown convergence point of ATP and SA signalling in the regulation of stress‐induced cell death.
The Edinburgh feeding evaluation in dementia (EdFED) scale: A Turkish validity and reliability study
Authors: Uyar Fatma , Özmen Dilek , Watson Roger
Published: May 2022

Aim

The present study aimed to adapt the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED) Scale to Turkish.

Method

This methodological study was reported using STARD (The STAndards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy). The sample included 200 people with dementia. The data were obtained using the Personal Information Form, the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Scale, and the Mini Nutritional Assessment Test. For the Turkish adaptation of the scale, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), criterion validity (concurrent scale validity) and reliability analysis (Cronbach's α coefficient, item‐total score correlation) were performed, respectively.

Results

The three‐factor model in the original scale was verified. The content validity index was 0.95. The Cronbach's α coefficient factors were as follows: ‘Indicators of Patient Difficulty’ α = 0.81, ‘Patient's Need for Assistance’ α = 0.79 and ‘Indicators of Feeding Difficulty’ α = 0.64, respectively. When the CFA fit indexes were examined, the model fit values were good. The three‐factor structure was verified, compared with the original model and was compatible. No modification was needed in the model.

Conclusions

The Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Scale Turkish version provides reliable and valid measures of feeding difficulties in people with dementia. It has satisfactory psychometric properties and is suitable to use in clinical practice.

Implications for practice

Feeding is one of the most neglected subjects in caring for people with dementia. Screening is recommended to evaluate feeding and malnutrition, but, to our knowledge, there is no tool/scale to evaluate the feeding of the dementia patient in Turkish. The EdFED scale can serve healthcare professionals and caregivers as a practical tool for feeding difficulties in people with dementia.
Twenty Years Development of Tibial Cortex Transverse Transport Surgery in PR China
Authors: Liu Zheng , Xu Chao , Yu Yi‐kang , Tu Dong‐peng , Peng Yi , Zhang Bin
Published: May 2022

Tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) surgery is an extension of the Ilizarov technique. Based on the law of tension‐stress, its primary function is to rebuild microcirculation which can relieve ischemic symptoms and promote wound healing. It has received more and more scholars' attention and has experienced a series of changes for 20 years since it entered PR China. The mechanisms involved have gradually become clear, such as the reconstruction of the polarization balance of macrophages, the promotion of vascular tissue regeneration, and the mobilization and regulation of bone marrow‐derived stem cells. TTT technique is mainly used in the treatment of chronic ischemic diseases of the lower extremities. It has recently been successfully used in the treatment of primary lymphedema of the lower extremities. A series of improvements have been made in the external fixator's style, the size of skin incision and osteotomy, and distraction method. For example, the annular external fixator has been redesigned as a unilateral external fixator, and accordion technology has been introduced. For distraction methods after surgery, there was no uniform standard in the past. The technique can also be used in combination with other treatments to achieve better effects, such as interventional therapy, negative pressure sealed drainage, 3D printing technology, traditional Chinese medicine. Nevertheless, the surgery may bring some complications, such as secondary fracture, nail infection, skin necrosis at the surgical site, etc. Reports of complications and doubts about the technique have made the TTT technique controversial. In 2020, the relevant expert consensus was published with treatment and management principles, which might guide the better application and development of this technique.
Radiographic Assessment of Aseptic Loosening of Tumor‐Type Knee Prosthesis in Distal Femur
Authors: Li Zi‐ming , Yu Xiu‐chun , Zheng Kai
Published: May 2022

Objective

To measure the full‐length anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of lower limbs after the resection of a tumor in the distal femur and tumor‐type knee prosthesis replacement and to analyze the factors leading to aseptic loosening of the prosthesis.

Methods

A total of 26 cases of tumor‐type knee prosthesis replacement or revision due to the distal femoral tumor at our hospital from January 2007 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the loosening and unloosening groups depending on whether aseptic loosening occurred after surgery. Full‐length anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of lower limbs were used to measure bone resection length, length of prosthesis, distance of proximal apex of the medullary stem of the femoral prosthesis from the maximum arc of the anterior femoral arch, diameter of the medullary stem, etc. Data were analyzed, and the risk factors for aseptic loosening of the prosthesis were explored.

Results

The ratio of the prosthetic length to the femoral length (63.72 ± 5.21) and the ratio of the femoral medullary stem diameter to the femoral diameter (26.03 ± 8.45) were smaller in the loosening group than in the unloosening group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The distance between the apex of the medullary stem and the maximum arc of the anterior femoral arch was significantly shorter in the loosening group (3.47 ± 2.96) than in the unloosening group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The measurement of the lower limb alignment showed significant differences between the loosening and unloosening groups in terms of HKAA, mLDFA, and distance between the lower limb alignment and the center of the knee joint (p < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that less than 30% ratio between the medullary stem diameter and the femoral diameter, less than 3 cm distance between the apex of the medullary stem and the maximum curvature of the anterior arch of the femur, distance between the lower limb alignment and the center of the knee joint, and presence of varus knee and valgus knee after the surgery were the risk factors for aseptic loosening of the prosthesis.

Conclusions

The diameter of the femoral medullary stem of the prosthesis, the apex position of the prosthetic stem, and the lower limb alignment are the risk factors for aseptic loosening of the prosthesis.
Rapid and Severe Idiopathic Aseptic Necrosis of the Contralateral Femoral Head after Unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Su Qihang , Zhang Yi , Zhang Yuanzhen , Zhao Bin'an , Ge Heng'an , Wu Peng , Li Jun , Cheng Biao
Published: May 2022

Background

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a multifactorial disease, and agnogenic ONFH, otherwise known as idiopathic ONFH, is rare in clinic. Idiopathic ONFH that exhibits severe necrosis and progresses extremely rapidly is called rapidly destructive hip disease (RDHD). RDHD greatly affects patients but is rarely reported in clinical practice and literature.

Case Presentation

In this study, a 64‐year‐old male patient with complete collapse and necrosis of the right femoral head complicated with severe bone destruction at 10 months after left total hip arthroplasty (THA) was reported. The period from the intact structure of the right femoral head to the first discovery of its complete collapse, according to imaging results, was 7 months. The duration from the occurrence of symptoms in the right hip joint to the first discovery of complete collapse and necrosis of the femoral head was only 5 months. At present, the cause has not been determined based on medical history, symptoms, signs, imaging evaluation results, laboratory examination results, and pathological examination results, though it has been identified as severe idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head with rapid progression, or RDHD. Finally, right THA was performed, and a good outcome was observed in the patient at present.

Conclusions

As a rare hip joint disease, RDHD greatly influences the normal life of patients. RDHD of the contralateral side after unilateral THA is even scarcer. Left THA may be one of the important factors accelerating the necrosis of the right femoral head. Hopefully, with this case report, more attention will be paid to the contralateral hip joint in patients undergoing unilateral THA by clinicians and rehabilitation physicians, and a clinical reference will be provided for the research on RDHD.
Professional development leadership in turbulent times: Public administration symposium: Robust politics and governance in turbulent times
Authors: Lund Clara S. , Andersen Lotte B.
Published: May 2022

Intense turbulence means that parameters change, interdependencies unexpectedly become critical, and public organizations experience unpredictable tempo shifts. Existing studies have explored how public managers can exercise leadership specifically aimed at obtaining dynamic resilience, but more knowledge about leadership and turbulence intensity is needed. Combining existing theoretical knowledge about robust governance in turbulent times and in‐depth analysis of 31 interviews, we examine how public managers exercise professional development leadership in situations where events, demands, and support interact in variable, inconsistent, unexpected, and unpredictable ways. We find it highly relevant for public managers to both develop and (de)activate professional norms and knowledge in such situations, implying that professional development leadership is important in turbulent times.
Genome‐wide analyses of PAM‐relaxed Cas9 genome editors reveal substantial off‐target effects by ABE8e in rice
Authors: Wu Yuechao , Ren Qiurong , Zhong Zhaohui , Liu Guanqing , Han Yangshuo , Bao Yu , Liu Li , Xiang Shuyue , Liu Shuo , Tang Xu , Zhou Jianping , Zheng Xuelian , Sretenovic Simon , Zhang Tao , Qi Yiping , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2022

PAM‐relaxed Cas9 nucleases, cytosine base editors and adenine base editors are promising tools for precise genome editing in plants. However, their genome‐wide off‐target effects are largely unexplored. Here, we conduct whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) analyses of transgenic plants edited by xCas9, Cas9‐NGv1, Cas9‐NG, SpRY, nCas9‐NG‐PmCDA1, nSpRY‐PmCDA1 and nSpRY‐ABE8e in rice. Our results reveal that Cas9 nuclease and base editors, when coupled with the same guide RNA (gRNA), prefer distinct gRNA‐dependent off‐target sites. De novo generated gRNAs by SpRY editors lead to additional, but insubstantial, off‐target mutations. Strikingly, ABE8e results in ~500 genome‐wide A‐to‐G off‐target mutations at TA motif sites per transgenic plant. ABE8e’s preference for the TA motif is also observed at the target sites. Finally, we investigate the timeline and mechanism of somaclonal variation due to tissue culture, which chiefly contributes to the background mutations. This study provides a comprehensive understanding on the scale and mechanisms of off‐target and background mutations occurring during PAM‐relaxed genome editing in plants.
Extraversion and External Efficacy: The Moderating Role of Corruption
Authors: Cawvey Matthew
Published: May 2022

Perceptions of governmental responsiveness matter because of their influence on the willingness of citizens to participate in politics and thereby express their interests and hold policymakers accountable. Where do external efficacy attitudes emerge? In recent years, scholars have examined this question by turning to personality traits, especially extraversion. Extant studies reveal a positive relationship between extraversion and external efficacy, but thus far they have focused on high‐income democracies. How consistent are findings across countries with varying levels of political and economic development? In my view, the answer depends on the level of corruption and its implications for external efficacy. Where low (high) levels of bribery and other forms of malfeasance enable (impede) public influence on governmental decision‐making, greater levels of extraversion will increase (decrease) perceptions of governmental responsiveness. I test my hypothesis with three sources of nationally representative survey data that include countries from North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean. My results have implications for the quality of democracy.
Ion transporters and their regulatory signal transduction mechanisms for salinity tolerance in plants
Authors: Joshi Shubham , Nath Jhilmil , Singh Anil Kumar , Pareek Ashwani , Joshi Rohit
Published: May 2022

Soil salinity is one of the most serious threats to plant growth and productivity. Due to global climate change, burgeoning population and shrinking arable land, there is an urgent need to develop crops with minimum reduction in yield when cultivated in salt‐affected areas. Salinity stress imposes osmotic stress as well as ion toxicity, which impairs major plant processes such as photosynthesis, cellular metabolism, and plant nutrition. One of the major effects of salinity stress in plants includes the disturbance of ion homeostasis in various tissues. In the present study, we aimed to review the regulation of uptake, transport, storage, efflux, influx, and accumulation of various ions in plants under salinity stress. We have summarized major research advancements towards understanding the ion homeostasis at both cellular and whole‐plant level under salinity stress. We have also discussed various factors regulating the function of ion transporters and channels in maintaining ion homeostasis and ionic interactions under salt stress, including plant antioxidative defense, osmo‐protection, and osmoregulation. We further elaborated on stress perception at extracellular and intracellular levels, which triggers downstream intracellular‐signaling cascade, including secondary messenger molecules generation. Various signaling and signal transduction mechanisms under salinity stress and their role in improving ion homeostasis in plants are also discussed. Taken together, the present review focuses on recent advancements in understanding the regulation and function of different ion channels and transporters under salt stress, which may pave the way for crop improvement.
Female Representation and Violence in the Ceremonial Entries of the Italian Wars
Authors: Reid Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

This essay considers the gendered implications of female representation in the ceremonial entries of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) in light of the events' hyper‐masculine martial context. It takes a holistic approach, uncommon in entry scholarship, by considering the thematic intersections between entry decorations, participation, performance, and commemoration. Visually rendered and embodied performances of political allegory, and written accounts of these displays, reveal an underlying threat of gendered violence. Female personifications of cities, like male‐authored accounts of the cities' women, framed the female body in relation to the male gaze, often to reinforce the entrant's masculinity. This study finds that different modalities of female representation across ceremonial entries utilized allegorical and patriarchal dynamics which were underwritten by the threat of gendered violence.
Atypical ooid diversity in the Upper Cretaceous Yacoraite Formation, Argentina
Authors: Coppa Vigliocco Ariadna , Astini Ricardo A. , Gomez Fernando J.
Published: May 2022

This study reports on ooid diversity from different lithotypes of the Yacoraite Formation (Salta Group basin) in the Central Andes of north‐west Argentina. The ooids display a variety of internal and external morphologies that may be deployed as proxies for seawater chemistry and hydrodynamic processes. A short review of nomenclature problems is first discussed, followed by presentation of a two‐fold quantitative and qualitative methodology. Our proposed classification addresses internal and external ooid characters in order to understand growth in response to various environmental processes at an individual particle level. This classification allows discrimination between a variety of morphologies, but also evaluation of the complexity of the processes involved in ooid formation as seen in the fossil record. This study evaluates whether the ooids present within the Yacoraite Formation share similarities with ooids formed in marine versus marine lagoon and/or lacustrine environments. A possible lacustrine interpretation finds its origin in the diverse assemblage of ooid morphotypes present, which exceeds the variations described for marine ooids. However, growth paths and occurrence of various compound morphologies point to intense marine recycling, suggesting little accommodation. Together with other sedimentological characteristics, for example, bi‐directional cross‐bedding, tidal shoals, hummocky cross‐stratification and exposure surfaces, these features suggest that marine processes had an impact on the sediments. Therefore, the ooid assemblage of the Cretaceous Yacoraite Formation was most likely formed in a shallow coastal lagoon in the framework of an epicontinental sea that at times experienced marine flooding events. A detailed evaluation of processes involved in oolite formation is needed in order to improve the stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental understanding of ooid formation through time. This includes examining alternating constructive and destructive stages, early binding and cementation, reworking, recycling and averaging processes.
Stable, longitudinal relations between early paternal supportive parenting and preschool‐age children's self‐regulation
Authors: Feldman Julia S. , Shaw Daniel S. , Nordahl Kristin Berg , Backer‐Grøndahl Agathe , Nærde Ane
Published: May 2022

The present study assessed longitudinal relations between paternal supportive parenting in infancy (12 months) and toddlerhood (36 months) and children's observed self‐regulation skills at preschool age (48 months) in a large sample of Norwegian families (N = 771; 48% girls, 52% boys, 28% experienced some socioeconomic risk). After accounting for child sex, socioeconomic risk (6 and 12 months), and observed maternal supportive parenting (24 moths), structural equation modeling revealed that observed paternal supportive parenting with children at 36, but not 12, months was independently associated with a latent factor representing children's observed self‐regulation skills at 48 months. Further, a significant indirect pathway emerged such that paternal supportive parenting at 12 months was associated with children's self‐regulation skills at 48 months, via paternal supportive parenting at 36 months. Results are discussed with implications for supporting paternal caregiving during infancy to promote children's emerging self‐regulation skills.
Drivers of soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization change after litter management at a subtropical Chinese sweetgum tree plantation
Authors: He Yiting , Wang Yong , Jiang Yi , Yin Guoping , Cao Shunping , Liu Xiongsheng , Wang Renjie , Wu Zijian , Chen Fengfan
Published: May 2022

Leaf litter decomposition transfers elements from litter to soils that are essential for regulating nutrient cycles in plantation ecosystems, especially carbon and nitrogen. However, soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in response to tree litter management remains insufficiently researched. We conducted a one‐year field experiment at a fast‐growing sweetgum tree plantation to evaluate the effects of leaf litter management on soil available nutrients, respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization rate. Three leaf litter treatments were applied, which were: (1) natural input (control); (2) double input and (3) non‐input. It was found that the double input treatment increased soil inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen, but had little effect on microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon or dissolved organic nitrogen compared with natural input. The non‐input treatment caused dissolved organic carbon to decrease compared with natural input. The respiration rate increased in the double input treatment, with a positive priming effect observed. Soil net ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates also increased in the double input treatment in specific seasons. Meanwhile, positive linear relationships between respiration rate and all nitrogen transformation rates were observed for all treatments. Soil temperature was found to be an important prediction factor for predicting the respiration rate and mineralization as seasonal variations, but not for litter‐induced fluctuations. Soil water content and mineral nitrogen were the primary drivers of litter‐induced change to the respiration rate, whereas mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass were primary drivers of mineralization change. These results suggest that changes in soil nitrogen mineralization rate are strongly associated with the soil respiratory process, resulting in a potentially strong plant–soil feedback mechanism.
Discovery of a novel HLA‐B*40 allele, HLA‐B*40:02:01:30 in a Japanese individual
Authors: Khor Seik‐Soon , Omae Yosuke , Tokunaga Katsushi
Published: May 2022

HLA‐B*40:02:01:30 differs from HLA‐B*40:02:01:01 by one nucleotide in 3′UTR at position 2869.
Theorising approaches to social movement spatialities: Local and global contestations of neoliberal water services
Authors: Magdahl Jørgen Eiken
Published: May 2022

This paper examines different ways of studying – and thereby understanding – social movement spatialities. For more than a decade, literature on the geographies of social movements has explored the multiple spatialities of mobilisation, using concepts like scale, network, place, and territory. Drawing on existing contributions, the study provides a critical engagement that differentiates between several forms of research agendas involving contrasting epistemologies. This engagement contributes to opening up a conceptualisation of multiple analytical approaches by (1) analysing wider processes and political goals spanning different movements, characterised as ‘cross‐cutting spatialities’; (2) studying the more specific and diverse spatiotemporal realities within particular movement cases, which describe their ‘complex‐situated spatialities’; and (3) considering how inherent tensions arise between the different political practices of specific movements, displaying ‘contradictory spatialities’. The reading of these approaches is framed within a relational perspective that employs them in an empirical study of local and global struggles against neoliberalised urban water services. The paper explores the spatial practices of an urban place‐based movement struggle in Johannesburg and a global labour union federation for public service workers – representing two vantage points in the fight for water justice and the human right to essential services. The study demonstrates how the analytical approaches inform one another through complementary but also contrasting perspectives on movement politics.
The trade impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Liu Xuepeng , Ornelas Emanuel , Shi Huimin
Published: May 2022

Using a gravity‐like approach, we study how COVID‐19 deaths and lockdown policies affected countries’ imports from China during 2020. We find that a country's own COVID‐19 deaths and lockdowns significantly reduced its imports from China, suggesting that the negative demand effects prevailed over the negative supply effects of the pandemic. On the contrary, COVID‐19 deaths in the main trading partners of a country (excluding China) induce more imports from China, partially offsetting countries’ own effects. The net effect of moving from the pre‐pandemic situation to another where the main variables are evaluated at their 2020 mean is, on average, a reduction of nearly 10% in imports from China. There is also significant heterogeneity. For example, the negative own effects of the pandemic vanish when we restrict the sample to medical goods and are significantly mitigated for products with a high ‘work‐from‐home’ share or a high contract intensity for products exported under processing trade and for capital goods. We also find that deaths and lockdowns in previous months tend to increase current imports from China, partially offsetting the contemporaneous trade loss, suggesting that trade is not simply ‘destroyed,’ but partially ‘postponed’.
The multilateral trade policy of the Arab league countries: An empirical investigation
Authors: Benaddi Atika , Silva Peri
Published: May 2022

Our paper examines the effects of various features of the Arab League's trade policy (different preferential trade agreements, presence of tariff water, and market power) on the multilateral tariffs applied by its member countries. To carry out our study, we collected product‐level data from 1998 to 2015 with information on applied most‐favoured nations (MFN) tariffs, preferential tariffs, bound tariffs, import trade values, and market power for eleven members of the Arab League countries. Overall, our results suggest that preferential agreements have a building block effect on multilateral tariffs because Arab League members tend to lower their applied MFN tariffs as they grant enhanced preferential access to their partners. Moreover, we find that forming a customs union (CU) among Arab League members led to a lower degree of external trade liberalisation than forming a free trade area (FTA). Importantly, we find that a high degree of importer market power strengthens the building block effect of forming preferential trade agreements.
English and Japanese Resultatives Resultative Constructions vs. Lexical Resultatives
Authors: Hamamoto Hideki
Published: May 2022

Linguistic expressions describing a situation where an action brings about a result are called resultative expressions or resultatives. Of resultatives, those based on construction are resultative constructions. English resultative constructions are considered a family extending from core cases to peripheral and idiomatic instances. On the other hand, contrary to ordinary opinions, the Japanese language lacks explicit resultative constructions. Its resultative expressions are limited to pseudo-resultatives and resultative verbal compounds. Resultative expressions can be of two types; those whose causal relation derives from construction and those whose causal relation derives from a word. English has these two resultatives, but Japanese has only the latter. In other words, when viewed from the origin of where the causal relationship represented by CAUSE comes from, resultatives can be divided into those whose CAUSE originates lexically and those whose CAUSE originates from the construction. English has both types, while Japanese has only the lexically originated causal relationship. This paper examines this issue in detail.
Quantification of cardiac and respiratory modulation of axonal activity in the human vagus nerve
Authors: Patros Mikaela , Ottaviani Matteo M. , Wright Leah , Dawood Tye , Macefield Vaughan G.
Published: May 2022

We recently documented the first microelectrode recordings from the cervical vagus nerve in awake humans. Here we aimed to quantify cardiac and respiratory modulation of vagal activity to assess the feasibility of targeting axons supplying the heart and airways. Multi‐unit activity was recorded from 43 sites in 19 healthy participants in the left (n = 10) and right (n = 9) vagus nerves with ECG, continuous non‐invasive blood pressure and respiration. Cross‐correlation histograms were constructed between axonal spikes and the R‐waves or the peaks of inspiration. The latencies for the peak in cardiac modulation showed a bimodal distribution: while the majority of sites (72%) had peak latencies that preceded the R‐wave by up to 550 ms (mean ± SD, −300 ± 178 ms), 12 sites had latencies of up to 250 ms following the R‐wave (64 ± 87 ms). Interestingly, the majority of sites with negative latencies (68%) were found in the left nerve whereas most of those with positive latencies (75%) were found in the right. Conversely, on average the peak of respiratory modulation straddled the peak of inspiration. Sites showing respiratory modulation were more prevalent and showed stronger modulation than those with cardiac modulation: calculated for sites with modulation indices ≥15%, the median cardiac and respiratory modulation indices were 23.4% (n = 17) and 44.5% (n = 35), respectively. We conclude that, despite the fact that much of the vagus nerve supplies the gut, cardiac and respiratory modulation of vagal nerve activity can be identified through invasive recordings in awake humans.

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Key points

Intraneural recordings from the cervical vagus were obtained in awake humans via tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the nerve through ultrasound guidance.

Cross‐correlation analysis of multi‐unit vagal activity revealed cardiac and respiratory modulation, from which the amplitude and latency of the peaks could be computed.

The magnitude of the cardiac modulation (23%) was weaker than that of the respiratory modulation (45%).

The latencies for the peak in cardiac modulation showed a bimodal distribution: the majority of sites (72%) had peak latencies that preceded the R‐wave, while the remainder had latencies that followed the R‐wave.

The majority of sites with negative latencies (68%) were found in the left nerve whereas most of those with positive latencies (75%) were found in the right.

On average the peak of respiratory modulation coincided with the peak of inspiration.
The utility of flow cytometry for the detection of tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Torres Ximena , De Los Reyes Iliana , Vizcaíno Martha , Guzmán Paula Carolina , Campos Alba , Peñalosa Niyireth , Uribe Ana María , Saavedra Carlos , Romero Martha , Cuéllar Gina , Martin Liliana , Rodriguez Paula , Cardozo Claudia , Quijano Sandra
Published: May 2022

Central nervous system infiltration by acute leukemia is a poor prognosis variable, and conventional cytology is the gold standard for its diagnosis; the technique is highly specific but not sensitive. To improve the diagnosis, flow cytometry has been used in different studies, showing greater sensitivity in the detection of leukemic cells. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of tumor cells by flowcytometry and conventional cytology, in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with acute leukemia as well as its relationship with clinical and biological parameters. In total, 156 CSF samples from 55 children with acute leukemia were studied. We found the following results: FCM-/CC- 131/156; FCM+/CC- 19/156; FCM-/CC+ 0; FCM+/CC+ 1/156; FC-/CC suspicious 1/156; and FCM+/CC suspicious 4/156. Patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and FCM+ showed a lower response to steroid-treatment, abnormal karyotype, neurological symptoms, and worse relapsefree survival. Patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and FCM+ demonstrated association with thrombocytopenia. In conclusion, flow cytometry has greater sensitivity for the detection of tumor infiltration in cerebrospinal fluid, a finding that correlates with prognostic parameters in patients with acute leukemia.
Metamaterials you can talk to: Speech recognition with elastic neural networks
Authors: Dubcek Tena , Moreno-Garcia Daniel , Villanueva Luis Guillermo , van Manen Dirk-Jan , Robertsson Johan , Serra Garcia Marc
Published: May 2022

To detect spoken commands, smart devices (for example, a speaker with Alexa or Siri) continuously convert acoustic waves to electronic signals, translate them into the digital domain, and analyze them in a signal processor. Each of these steps constantly consumes energy, imposing the need for tethered operation or large batteries. We propose to solve this problem using elastic neural networks, metamaterials consisting of arrays of coupled (potentially nonlinear) resonators. The frequencies and couplings of the resonators are optimized to maximise the speech classification accuracy (energy transmitted when excited with one word but not another). Even in purely linear metastructures, we observe binary classification accuracies exceeding 90% for a large number of pairs of words. This is demonstrated on a dataset from a large and diverse group of speakers. To attain these results, we have developed refined modelling techniques involving localised oscillations and machine learning. A unique feature of metamaterial-based speech processing is that speech classification is entirely passive, requiring no external energy. This is possible due to the very low energy dissipation of elastic waves.
High-Throughput Chemical Screen Identifies a 2,5-Disubstituted Pyridine as an Inhibitor of Candida albicans Erg11
Authors: Du Bois Antonia C. , Xue Alice , Pham Chester , Revie Nicole M. , Meyer Kirsten J. , Yashiroda Yoko , Boone Charles , Nodwell Justin R. , Stogios Peter , Savchenko Alexei , Robbins Nicole , Iyer Kali R. , Cowen Leah E.
Published: May 2022

Pathogenic fungi represent a serious but underacknowledged threat to human health. The treatment and management of these infections relies heavily on the use of azole antifungals, a class of molecules that contain a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring and inhibit the biosynthesis of the key membrane sterol ergosterol.
Cenozoic delamination of the southwestern Yangtze craton owing to densification during subduction and collision
Authors: Wang Jun , Wang Qiang , Xu Chuan-Bing , Dan Wei , Xiao Zhuo , Shu Chutian , Wei Gangjian
Published: May 2022

It is widely thought that oceanic subduction can trigger cratonic keel delamination, but the southwestern Yangtze craton (SYC; southwestern China) lost its lower keel during Cenozoic continental collision. The upper mantle beneath the thinned SYC contains its incompletely delaminated keel, which has high-velocity seismic anomalies. Combining geophysical observations with the geochemistry of Eocene mafic potassic lavas derived from the SYC mantle at different depths, we suggest that the deep (~130 km) delaminated lithosphere was more fertile and dense, with low-forsterite (Fo; molar 100 × Mg/[Mg + Fe] = 91.3) and high-δ18O (5.9‰) olivine, than the shallow (~55 km) intact lithosphere (Fo = 94.2; δ18O = 5.2‰), although both were rehydrated and oxidized. The deep keel underwent strong refertilization and densification owing to the addition of Fe-rich basaltic melts during earlier oceanic subduction. Subduction-driven refertilization and subsequent collision-driven cooling caused cratonic keel delamination due to compositional and thermal densification rather than hydration- or oxidation-induced rheological weakening. Our study provides an example of Cenozoic cratonic keel delamination in a collisional orogen and highlights the key roles of compositional and thermal densification in delamination during subduction and collision.
A tropically hot mid-Cretaceous North American Western Interior Seaway
Authors: Jones Matthew M. , Petersen Sierra V. , Curley Allison N.
Published: May 2022

The mid-Cretaceous thermal maximum (KTM) during Cenomanian to Santonian times from ca. 100 to 83 Ma is considered among Earth's warmest sustained intervals of the Phanerozoic. The time interval is also characterized by major paleoceanographic changes in the form of an oceanic anoxic event and the flooding of epicontinental seaways, such as the Western Interior Seaway in North America. We report carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) paleotemperatures (TΔ47) of the KTM measured from Cenomanian oyster fossils of the Western Interior Seaway. Following screening of specimens for carbonate diagenesis and exclusion of geographic zones with evidence consistent with solid-state Δ47 reordering, a mean TΔ47 of 28–34 °C (95% confidence interval for the standard error of mean) for primary oyster calcite quantifies extreme mid-latitude warmth in North America. When combined with existing Campanian and Maastrichtian marine TΔ47 records, the new data constrain Late Cretaceous temperature trends underlying the evolution of North American faunal and stratigraphic records. These TΔ47 data from the peak KTM highlight the potential of this proxy to quantitatively resolve the upper thermal limits of Phanerozoic greenhouse climates.
Complete chloroplast genome of Gentianopsis barbata and comparative analysis with related species from Gentianaceae
Authors: Feng Zhan , Zheng Yan , Jiang Yuan , Miao Yujing , Luo Guangming , Huang Linfang
Published: May 2022

Gentianopsis barbata is an essential medicinal plant in China with high ornamental and medicinal values. Unfortunately, the study of the chloroplast genome of this plant still has a gap. This study sequenced and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of G. barbata. The complete chloroplast genome of G. barbata is a typical circular structure of 151 123 bp. It consists of a large single-copy region (82 690 bp) and a small single-copy region (17 887 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (25 273 bp), which covers 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. The long repeat sequence analysis showed that the P-type (palindromic) sequences were the major long repeat sequences. Thirty-seven simple sequence repeats were identified, most of which were single nucleotides. The Bayesian inference tree, maximum likelihood tree, and neighbor-joining tree suggested that G. barbata is grouped with Gentianopsis grandis and Gentianopsis paludosa. The divergence time analysis showed that G. barbata diverged at 1.243 Mya. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes can reveal interspecific diversity, and regions with high variation can be used to develop molecular markers applicable to various research areas. Our results provide a new insight into plastome evolution and a valuable resource for further studies on G. barbata.
Softly-broken $$A_4$$ or $$S_4$$ 3HDMs with stable states
Authors: de Medeiros Varzielas Ivo , Ivo Diogo
Published: May 2022

We study multi-Higgs models with a triplet of $$A_4$$

A
4

or $$S_4$$

S
4

symmetry that is softly-broken. Focusing on parameters that softly break the respective symmetries but preserve the directions of the vacuum expectation values of the triplet we analyse the masses of physical states and discuss their decays. In contrast with previously studied symmetries, we find some cases with stable states that are protected by residual symmetries left unbroken by both the soft-breaking parameters and by the vacuum.
Multi-Attention Residual Network for Image Super Resolution
Authors: Chang Qing , Jia Xiaotian , Lu Chenhao , Ye Jian
Published: May 2022

Recently, many studies have shown that deep convolutional neural network can achieve superior performance in image super resolution (SR). The majority of current CNN-based SR methods tend to use deeper architecture to get excellent performance. However, with the growing depth and width of network, the hierarchical features from low-resolution (LR) images cannot be exploited effectively. On the other hand, most models lack the ability of discriminating different types of information and treating them equally, which results in limiting the representational capacity of the models. In this study, we propose the multi-attention residual network (MARN) to address these problems. Specifically, we propose a new multi-attention residual block (MARB), which is composed of attention mechanism and multi-scale residual network. At the beginning of each residual block, the channel importance of image features is adaptively recalibrated by attention mechanism. Then, we utilize convolutional kernels of different sizes to adaptively extract the multi-attention features on different scales. At the end of blocks, local multi-attention features fusion is applied to get more effective hierarchical features. After obtaining the outputs of each MARB, global hierarchical feature fusion jointly fuses all hierarchical features for reconstructing images. Our extensive experiments show that our model outperforms most of the state-of-the-art methods.