bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ekoinnowacje polskich przedsiębiorstw – dobre praktyki na przykładzie projektu GreenEvo – Akcelerator Zielonych Technologii
Authors: Rzeńca Agnieszka Ewa
Published: March 2016

Gospodarka zasobooszczędna wymusza rozwój nowoczesnych produktów i technologii środowiskowych. Transfer technologii oraz innowacje ekologiczne stają się warunkiem niezbędny dla osiągania celów ekologicznych, tj. oszczędnego zużycia materiałów, ograniczania poboru energii i emisji, odzyskiwania wartościowych produktów ubocznych oraz dają szanse rozwoju „zielonej gospodarki”. Unia Europejska wiąże duże nadzieje z dynamizacją sektora „zielonej gospodarki”, gdzie bardziej efektywna gospodarka zasobami powinna przyczynić się do wzrostu gospodarczego, tworzenia miejsc pracy i większej konkurencyjności, przy ograniczonych kosztach dla przedsiębiorstw, jak również znaczących korzyściach dla zdrowia i środowiska, niższych rachunkach za energię i nowych szansach dla innowacji i inwestycji.Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja potencjału ekoinnowacyjego polskich przedsiębiorstw oraz analiza jego zróżnicowań międzyregionalnych. Studium przypadku stanowi grupa przedsiębiorstw uczestniczących w projekcie Ministerstwa Środowiska GreenEvo – Akcelerator Zielonych Technologii.
Przeciętne dalsze trwanie życia w Polsce i jego determinanty.
Authors: Bojar Wioletta
Published: March 2016

W artykule podjęto próbę kwantyfikacji wpływu czynników środowiskowych oraz społeczno – ekonomicznych na przeciętne trwanie życia. Od 1992 r. obserwuje się intensywność tego zjawiska, będącego skutkiem spadku umieralności niemowląt, jak również postępu cywilizacyjnego i poprawy jakości życia. Zjawisko to wpływa na zmiany w liczbie i strukturze demograficznej ludności, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do przyrostu udziału osób starszych w populacji. W świetle poczynionych spostrzeżeń oszacowano modele makroekonomiczne, które pozwalają zrozumieć mechanizmy wpływu uwarunkowań zewnętrznych na procesy demograficzne.
DOMY MIĘDZYPOKOLENIOWE ODPOWIEDZIĄ NA STARZENIE SIĘ SPOŁECZEŃSTWA W XXI WIEKU
Authors: Labus Agnieszka Marzena
Published: March 2016

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy problematyki domów międzypokoleniowych, jako formy zamieszkania na miarę XXI wieku, odpowiadającej na współczesne wyzwania związane ze starzeniem się społeczeństwa oraz zróżnicowanymi sposobami i wzorami życia rodzinnego. Autorka opisuje ewolucję domu wielopokoleniowego w perspektywie kiedyś i dziś, a także poszukuje rozwiązań przestrzennych odpowiadającyh na nowe trendy i tendencje oraz potrzeby zróżnicowanego społeczeństwa. W artykule opisano problematykę domu międzypokoleniowego w odniesieniu do działań  polityki miejskiej tj. niemiecka inicjatywa opracowania rządowego programu „Mehrgenerationenhaus“, ale także struktury urbanistycznej i architektonicznej na przykładzie domu międzypokoleniowego „Generationenhaus Heslach“ w Stuttgarcie. Efektem badań są wnioski o charakterze społecznym, ekonomicznym i przestrzennym, a także odniesienie wyników do sytuacji w Polsce.
"Wyjątkowi" seniorzy w percepcji studentow
Authors: Leszczyńska-Rejchert Anna Maria
Published: March 2016

Osoby starsze są często postrzegane przez pryzmat negatywnych stereotypów starości. Aby zmienić nieco perspektywę spojrzenia na tę grupę wiekową, autorka artykułu podjęła się realizacji badań empirycznych, mających na celu ukazanie różnych wymiarów życia seniorów, których można uznać za „wyjątkowe” osoby starsze. Podmiotem badań byli studenci nauk społecznych Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie, którzy zgodzili się wybrać i opisać jedną osobę starszą, w ich opinii wyjątkową, oraz przeprowadzić z nią wywiad. Treść artykułu dotyczy pierwszej części badań, w której starano się ustalić jakie cechy „wyjątkowych” seniorów zauważają studenci oraz określić najczęściej występujące antystereotypy starości.
W poszukiwaniu intelektualnych źródeł koncepcji aktywnego starzenia się
Authors: Szukalski Piotr
Published: March 2016

Koncepcja aktywnego starzenia się staje się coraz bardziej popularna receptą na spodziewane problemy związane ze wzrostem odsetka osób starszych. Jest ona relatywnie świeżej daty, albowiem powstała w latach 1980., w określonym klimacie intelektualnym. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie genezy tego podejścia, poprzez wskazanie najważniejszych nurtów intelektualnych drugiej połowy XX w. oddziałujących na ostateczny kształt koncepcji aktywnego starzenia się. Omówiony został wpływ fenomenologii, gerontologii krytycznej, neoliberalizmu, podejścia procesualnego i zarządzania przyszłością.
Niesamodzielni A.D. 2035 – w poszukiwaniu sposobów i źródeł wsparcie
Authors: Szweda-Lewandowska Zofia
Published: March 2016

W 2014 roku – zgodnie z danymi Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego – odsetek osób w wieku 60 i więcej wyniósł w Polsce 21,5%, a 2040 już co trzecia osoba będzie miała 60 lat lub więcej. Jeszcze szybciej wzrastać będzie odsetek osób najstarszych w wieku 80 lat i więcej. Akceleracja procesu starzeni się populacji sprawi, że zwiększać się będzie zapotrzebowanie na usługi opiekuńcze i wsparcie w codziennym funkcjonowaniu. Celem artykułu jest oszacowanie zapotrzebowania na usługi opiekuńcze oraz wskazanie możliwych źródeł wsparcia i różnych sposobów jego udzielania.
At A Crossroad: The U.S. Economy
Authors: Crawford Peggy J. , Young Terry
Published: March 2016

The U.S. economy stands at a crossroad.  Which path will it take – the one that leads to sustainable growth, recession or inflation?  This paper will examine market imbalances which may indicate the future economic direction.
A Note On The Adoption Of The Euro Compared To The Adoption Of Federal Money In The United States
Authors: Nogler George E. , Armstrong John A.
Published: March 2016

This paper compares and contrasts the experience of the European Community in creating a single monetary unit (the Euro) from the currencies of a dozen participating member states to the experience of the United States in creating a single monetary unit (the dollar) across the former colonies after the American Revolution.  The European Community was able to merge the member state currencies in a period of 23 years, while the United States experience lasted over 75 years.  By extensively reviewing the experience of the United States through contemporaneous textbooks, two factors are identified which may account for this difference.  First, the existence of a central bank, and second, the universal adoption of decimal currencies, which began with the United States experience.
The Subprime Mortgage Lending Collapse: Should We Have Seen It Coming?
Authors: Hojnacki Jared E. , Shick Richard A.
Published: March 2016

The subprime mortgage lending crisis and the decline in housing values has profoundly affected the worlds’ financial markets.  Financial institutions have ceased to exist, others have come under the U.S. government’s control, the future survival of others has been threatened and the U.S. government is proposing the greatest financial rescue operation since the Great Depression.  Profound changes in the financial markets have occurred and the markets will never be quite the same again.  This paper presents the argument that this collapse should have been foreseen by tracing and comparing the development and decline in the subprime auto lending market in the 1990’s to the development and decline of the subprime mortgage lending market.   While the effects of the subprime mortgage crisis are greater and farther reaching than those of the subprime auto lending market, there is no question that the similarities are plain to be seen and that the current crisis should come as no surprise.
An Evaluation Of A Public Energy Loan Program: The Characteristics Influencing Inquiry And Participation By Firms
Authors: DiFurio Ferdinand G. , Vinuya Ferdinand
Published: March 2016

Public programs designed to subsidize the use of energy conserving technologies are becoming widely used policy initiatives targeting both the public and private sector. Proponents of such initiatives point to its win-win nature of promoting energy conservation:  it not only benefits the economy as a whole, but also allows private benefits to accrue to program participants.  This paper attempts to identify the firm-level and regional characteristics that influence the likelihood of participation for firms in a public energy loan program.  The results show that the loan amount requested by firms is inversely related to participation.  Participation falls with proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations when compared with charitable associations, non-profits and government entities.  Those companies benefiting the most from small changes in energy efficiency exhibit a significant increase in participation rates.  Firms located in metropolitan areas are associated with increased participation when compared with their non-metropolitan counterparts.  There is also evidence that program inquiries move with interest rates, suggesting that during periods of rising rates, companies may seek out the program's reduced interest rate to subsidize investment projects.  Policymakers may use these findings to better understand how energy-related issues apply to the profit-maximizing decision of the firm.
Effects Of Patent Pools On Innovation Investment Ex Ante Perspectives
Authors: Kwon Young-Kwan , Kim Yeonbae , Kim Tai-Yoo , Song Yongil
Published: March 2016

Recently Patent Pooling has a fast growing interest as a good alternative means to decrease transaction costs between IPRs owners and promote technology commercialization and diffusion. In this paper we attempt to shed light on the effects of patent pooling on the ex-ante innovation investment or incentive using the game theoretical economic model. We generalize the model by including many vertical integrated firms, research laboratories, and specialized manufacturing firms. Main results of this paper are: 1) Patent Pools can affect on the innovation incentives of vertically integrated firms(I-firms) and of research laboratories(R-firms) differently, and the effect depends on the number of I-firms owning essential  patents and the number of specially manufacturing firms(M-firms). But in the presence of many I-firms owning essential patents, the instruction of patent pooling increases  I-firms’ ex-ante innovation incentive or investments with independence of M-firms. 2) There is strategic complementary relationship between innovation investments of I-firms and those of R-firms, so I-firms’ increased ex-ante innovation investments make R-firms’ ex-ante innovation investments increasing. 3) In the case of R-firms maximizing private profit, the best aspect is to license independently their patent technology when I-firms make up patent pools. But this aspect is not desirable for I-firms because I-firms’ gross profit is smaller than that of I-firms which license their patent technologies independently. However, we show that in the cases of many I-firms owning essential patent technologies, patent pools including only I-firms(IP) or all upstream firms(CP) can affect asymmetrically on the I-firms’ or R-firms’ innovation investments. Nonetheless, any types of patent pools make the innovation investments of I-firms and R-firms higher than those of all firms which license independently. In summary, nowadays under general aspects that production of final goods requires many complex technologies and that many I-firms and R-firms attend R&D for essential technologies, competition authorities’ deregulation for patent pooling or government policy supporting the patent pooling can promote upstream firms’ innovation incentives or investments and compulsory licensing about R-firms is not necessary for enhancing upstream firms’ innovation investments or incentives..
MIS Faculty Perceptions Regarding The Reengineered Organizational & End-User Information Systems Curriculum In Information Technology Education
Authors: Hunt C. Steven , Kelley George , Green David , Smith Lola B.
Published: March 2016

The Office Systems Research Association’s recent revision of the Organizational End-User Information Systems (OEIS) curriculum model provides an opportune setting for determining the value of the model regarding undergraduate education in end-user information systems. This study follows an established method for examining IS curriculum perceptions by MIS faculty in hopes of providing a realistic snapshot of the model’s strengths and weaknesses to aid the actual decision and implementation process of end-user information systems undergraduate curricula. Key findings regarding the perceived importance of the curriculum objectives are reported as well as conclusions, implications and suggestions for future research in end-user information systems.  Feedback from MIS faculty regarding possible methods for integrating enterprise systems concepts (ERP) are also reported. MIS academicians have shown that the model curriculum and the associated content objectives do indeed have value and is of considerable importance. In addition to its importance, the faculty validated and solidified that the curriculum does have merit in preparing OEIS undergraduate students for participation, as end user support personnel, in a digital, knowledge-based economy of unbridled change.
Improved Customer Service Using RFID Technology
Authors: Jaska Patrick , Johnson Don Bosco Adarsh , Nalla Jithender , Reddy Nandikonda Vinod Kumar , Tadisina Raghavender
Published: March 2016

Customer service is an important aspect of the service supply chain. Radio frequency identification (RFID) can be used to improve customer service in the service supply chain.  This paper examines the use of RFID in the service supply chain by examining case studies and illustrating RFID usage with respect to both internal and external customer service.
An Examination Of Underreporting Of Time And Premature Signoffs By Internal Auditors
Authors: Ling Qianhua (Q) , Akers Michael D.
Published: March 2016

The passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) heightened the importance of internal controls and accordingly, a key control - the internal audit function.  Consequently, management and external auditors have both increased their reliance on internal auditors’ work.  While there has been considerable research regarding the impact of the underreporting of time and premature sign-offs on the external audit, there has only been one study that has examined the impact of these two items on the internal auditors’ work.  Such research is dated (1994) and prior to the passage of SOX.  We surveyed members of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) in the Midwest to examine their behavior and perceptions regarding these two items.  The respondents in our study believe the underreporting of time is unethical and is supported by their reporting of all time worked, even if such time exceeded the budget.  Our findings also show that the respondents feel premature sign-offs are unethical and result primarily from lack of professional skepticism and inadequate training.  Increasing training in audit areas and improving communications within the audit team are possible solutions to reduce premature sign-offs.  Premature sign-offs are more likely to occur in operational audits and to a lesser degree in financial audits and compliance audits.
Frecuencia de control prenatal inadecuado y de factores asociados a su ocurrencia
Authors: Arispe Claudia , Salgado Mary , Tang Giuliana , González Carmen , Rojas José Luis
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de pacientes con control prenatal (CPN) inadecuado y los factores asociados a dicho evento. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal donde se entrevistó a puérperas en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia entre agosto 2010 y enero 2011, y se revisó la historia clínica y carnet materno perinatal (CLAP). Se definió CPN inadecuado al incumplimiento del número mínimo y cronograma de visitas propuesto por el Ministerio de Salud. Se compararon factores epidemiológicos, maternos y socioeconómicos entre grupos de gestantes con CPN adecuado e inadecuado.Resultados: Se incluyeron 384 puérperas, 66,05% recibieron 6 ó más controles prenatales y sólo 7,36% tuvo CPN adecuado. Ciento cuarenta y cinco puérperas tuvieron su primer CPN antes de las 12 semanas. Los factores que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de CPN inadecuado fueron paridad mayor a 2 (p=0,02) y no planificación de la gestación (p=0,003). Conclusiones: El porcentaje de CPN inadecuado fue elevado. El CPN inadecuado se asoció con paridad mayor a 2 y gestación no planificada. (Rev Med Hered 2011;22:169-175).
Comentario a la carta "El problema de la nomenclatura de la enfermedad no es falta de ella, sino la falta de aplicación".
Authors: León Barúa León Barúa
Published: March 2016

Agradezco su amable invitación para hacer un comentario sobre la carta que les fue enviada con el título que aparece arriba mencionado. Los sistemas creados para precisar la nomenclatura y la clasificación de los problemas de salud, tales como el CIE, los DSM, y los Consensos Roma, son muy rígidos y, además, como siempre los he calificado, cuadriculados.
Infecciones intrahospitalarias: Un círculo vicioso.
Authors: Castañeda-Díaz Milagros , Poma-Ortíz Jaquelyn
Published: March 2016

Con relación al artículo de Hidalgo y col  publicado en la Revista Médica Herediana, volumen 22, número 2, 2011 donde se describen la frecuencia de infecciones hospitalarias en un hospital nivel IV, quisiéramos agregar que dado que es un tema relevante es necesario recalcar su importancia como indicador de calidad de atención en los diferentes hospitales y también diferentes niveles de atención.
Glomerulopatía membranosa secundaria a infección por Citomegalovirus. Reporte de un caso.
Authors: Loza-Munarriz Reyner , Enriquez María , Apaza Fernando , Mayo Nancy , Miyahira Juan
Published: March 2016

Las causas más frecuentes de síndrome nefrótico en niños son la nefropatía de cambios mínimos y laglomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria; las formas secundarias son poco frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de unniño de 5 años y 7 meses de edad, con síndrome nefrótico resistente a corticoides, en quién la biopsia renal mostrónefropatía membranosa con cambios citopáticos focales en las células tubulares, compatibles con citomegalovirus.La inmunofluorescencia mostró depósitos de IgM y C3 en el mesangio. La proteinuria remitió con la terapia conganciclovir intravenoso, valganciclovir vía oral y ciclofosfamida vía oral.
Development of a Thermal Wellbore Simulator With Focus on Improving Heat-Loss Calculations for Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage Steam Injection
Authors: Xiong Wanqiang , Bahonar Mehdi , Chen Zhangxin
Published: March 2016

Typical thermal processes involve sophisticated wellbore configurations, complex fluid flow, and heat transfer in tubing, annulus, wellbore completion, and surrounding formation. Despite notable advancements made in wellbore modeling, accurate heat-loss modeling is still a challenge by use of the existing wellbore simulators. This challenge becomes even greater when complex but common wellbore configurations, such as multiparallel or multiconcentric tubings, are used in thermal processes such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD).

To improve heat-loss estimation, a standalone fully implicit thermal wellbore simulator is developed that can handle several different wellbore configurations and completions. This simulator uses a fully implicit method to model heat loss from tubing walls to the surrounding formation. Instead of implementing the common Ramey (1962) method for heat-loss calculations, which has been shown to be a source of large errors, a series of computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) models are run for the buoyancy-driven flow for different annulus sizes and lengths and numbers of tubings. On the basis of these CFD models, correlations are derived that can conveniently be used for the more-accurate heat-loss estimation from the wellbore to the surrounding formation for SAGD injection wells with single or multiple tubing strings. These correlations are embedded in the developed wellbore simulator, and results are compared with other heat-loss-modeling methods to demonstrate its improvements. A series of validations against commercial simulators and field data are presented in this paper.
History Matching and Forecasting Tight Gas Condensate and Oil Wells by Use of an Approximate Semianalytical Model Derived From the Dynamic-Drainage-Area Concept
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Qanbari F..
Published: March 2016

Recently, low-permeability (tight) gas condensate and oil reservoirs have been the focus of exploitation by operators in North America. Multifractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) producing from these reservoirs commonly exhibit long periods of transient flow, during which two-phase flow of oil and gas begins because of well flowing pressures dropping to less than saturation pressure. History matching and forecasting of such wells can be rigorously performed by use of numerical simulation, but this approach requires significant data and time to set up. Analytical methods, although requiring fewer data and less time to apply, have historically been developed only for single-phase-flow scenarios. In this work, a novel and rigorous analytical method is developed for history matching and forecasting MFHWs experiencing multiphase flow during the transient and boundary-dominated flow periods.

The distance-of-investigation (DOI) concept has been used for many years in pressure-transient analysis to estimate distances of reservoir boundaries to wells, among other applications. In the current work, the DOI concept is used to estimate dynamic drainage area (DDA) to forecast tight gas condensate and oil wells; a linear flow geometry is assumed. During transient flow, the DDA is calculated at each timestep by use of the linear-flow DOI formulation; a multiphase version of the linear-flow productivity-index (PI) equation and material-balance equations for gas, condensate, and oil are solved iteratively for pressure, saturation, and fluid-production rate. The PI equations for gas and oil use pseudopressure, which is evaluated with saturation/pressure relationships derived from pressure/volume/temperature data. For boundary-dominated flow, when the drainage area is static, the inflow equations are again coupled with material balance for both phases.

The new method is validated against numerical simulation, covering a wide range of fluid properties and operating conditions. The new method matches the simulation acceptably for all cases studied. Field examples of MFHWs are also analyzed to demonstrate the practical applicability of the approach. The three liquid-rich shale examples analyzed were also chosen to represent a wide range of fluid properties. In all cases, acceptable history matches are achieved.

The new analytical forecasting/history-matching procedure developed in this work provides a practical alternative to numerical simulation for tight gas condensate and oil experiencing two-phase flow during the transient-flow period. The method, which does not rely on Laplace-space solutions, is conceptually simple to understand, easy to implement, and avoids the inconvenience of Laplace-space inversion.
Analysis of energy efficiency and energy consumption costs: a case study for regional wastewater treatment plant in Malaysia
Authors: Ramli Nor Azuana , Abdul Hamid Mohd Fairuz
Published: March 2016

The objective of this study is to analyze the possibilities of increasing energy efficiency in the central region wastewater treatment plant by focusing on two aspects: biogas production and prediction of energy production. The analysis is based on one of the biggest central region wastewater treatment plants in Malaysia. After studying the energy efficiency, which consists of optimization of energy consumption and enhancing gas generation, the prediction of power consumption is performed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The prediction results are compared with the linear regression method. Comparison shows that even though the total cost of savings is greater by using linear regression, the prediction through ARIMA is more accurate and has smaller root mean square error. The implementation of these two aspects managed to increase energy efficiency by 10% of energy recovery that could further reduce electricity cost and reduction of sludge cake disposal off site. The study recommends other aspects, such as modification in setting up the frequency of variable speed drive for aerators and blowers and optimizing number of feeds into train unit processes within aeration tanks in increasing energy efficiency.
Discretionary Aggregation
Authors: Ebert Michael , Simons Dirk , Stecher Jack D.
Published: March 2016

We study a disclosure decision for a firm's manager with many sources of private information. The presence of multiple numerical signals provides the manager with an opportunity to hide information via aggregation, presenting net amounts in order to show information in its best light. We show that this ability to aggregate fundamentally changes the nature of voluntary disclosure, due to the market's inability to verify that a report is free of strategic aggregation. We find that, in equilibrium, the manager fully discloses if and only if the manager's private information makes the firm look sufficiently weak. By separating bad news from good news, a disaggregate report informs the market of as much offsetting news as possible, revealing how close the news is to a neutral benchmark. The result is, therefore, pooling at the top and separation at the bottom, the opposite of what transpires with a single news source.

JEL Classifications: M41; D82; D83.
In vitro biocompatibility of nickel-titanium esthetic orthodontic archwires
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Valletta Rosa , Bucci Rosaria , Rivieccio Virginia , Galeotti Angela , Michelotti Ambrosina , D’Antò Vincenzo
Published: March 2016

Objective: 

To investigate the cytotoxicity of nickel-titanium (NiTi) esthetic orthodontic archwires with different surface coatings.

Materials and Methods: 

Three fully coated, tooth-colored NiTi wires (BioCosmetic, Titanol Cosmetic, EverWhite), two ion-implanted wires (TMA Purple, Sentalloy High Aesthetic), five uncoated NiTi wires (BioStarter, BioTorque, Titanol Superelastic, Memory Wire Superelastic, and Sentalloy), one β-titanium wire (TMA), and one stainless steel wire (Stainless Steel) were considered for this study. The wire samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (0.1 mg/mL) for 1, 7, 14, and 30 days. The cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (α  =  .05).

Results: 

The highest cytotoxic effect was reached on day 30 for all samples. The archwires exhibited a cytotoxicity on HGFs ranging from “none” to “slight,” with the exception of the BioTorque, which resulted in moderate cytotoxicity on day 30. Significant differences were found between esthetic archwires and their uncoated pairs only for BioCosmetic (P  =  .001) and EverWhite (P < .001).

Conclusions: 

Under the experimental conditions, all of the NiTi esthetic archwires resulted in slight cytotoxicity, as did the respective uncoated wires. For this reason their clinical use may be considered to have similar risks to the uncoated archwires.
Role of Physical Therapists in Reducing Hospital Readmissions: Optimizing Outcomes for Older Adults During Care Transitions From Hospital to Community
Authors: Falvey Jason R. , Burke Robert E. , Malone Daniel , Ridgeway Kyle J. , McManus Beth M. , Stevens-Lapsley Jennifer E.
Published: March 2016

Hospital readmissions in older adult populations are an emerging quality indicator for acute care hospitals. Recent evidence has linked functional decline during and after hospitalization with an elevated risk of hospital readmission. However, models of care that have been developed to reduce hospital readmission rates do not adequately address functional deficits. Physical therapists, as experts in optimizing physical function, have a strong opportunity to contribute meaningfully to care transition models and demonstrate the value of physical therapy interventions in reducing readmissions. Thus, the purposes of this perspective article are: (1) to describe the need for physical therapist input during care transitions for older adults and (2) to outline strategies for expanding physical therapy participation in care transitions for older adults, with an overall goal of reducing avoidable 30-day hospital readmissions.
The impact of access to an ultrasonic scaring device on human fear of wolves
Authors: Johansson Maria , Frank Jens
Published: March 2016

The increase of wolves in Scandinavia is associated with socio‐ecological conflicts, and the conservation and management of this species is as much a political and socio‐cultural challenge as a biological matter. One component in this conflict is people's feeling of fear, but there have been very few evaluations of management interventions aimed at addressing human fear of wolves. Based on the theory of human—environment interaction, this paper presents a first attempt to evaluate the effect of introducing a hand‐held ultrasonic scaring device. A total of 27 persons living in wolf territories had access to the device for six months. No significant effect on participants' appraisal of wolves, trust in managing authorities, or selfreported fear could be identified. The investigated psychological variables were stable over time in a reference sample of people in the large‐carnivore counties (n = 202). The introduction of the device was largely rejected by the public. In‐depth interviews with 10 persons who declined the invitation to have access to the device revealed that the device was considered an irrelevant solution to the conflict between humans and wolves, and that people lacked trust in the technology. It is concluded that the potential in using an ultrasonic device to reduce fear of wolves seems very limited in the present context. Further interventions to address human fear must be identified in dialogue with the people affected, and should preferably be based on psychological principles.
Rate of perioperative neurological complications after surgery for cervical spinal cord stimulation
Authors: Chan Andrew K. , Winkler Ethan A. , Jacques Line
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Cervical spinal cord stimulation (cSCS) is used to treat pain of the cervical region and upper extremities. Case reports and small series have shown a relatively low risk of complication after cSCS, with only a single reported case of perioperative spinal cord injury in the literature. Catastrophic cSCS-associated spinal cord injury remains a concern as a result of underreporting. To aid in preoperative counseling, it is necessary to establish a minimum rate of spinal cord injury and surgical complication following cSCS.

METHODS

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) is a stratified sample of 20% of all patient discharges from nonfederal hospitals in the United States. The authors identified discharges with a primary procedure code for spinal cord stimulation (ICD-9 03.93) associated with a primary diagnosis of cervical pathology from 2002 to 2011. They then analyzed short-term safety outcomes including the presence of spinal cord injury and neurological, medical, and general perioperative complications and compared outcomes using univariate analysis.

RESULTS

Between 2002 and 2011, there were 2053 discharges for cSCS. The spinal cord injury rate was 0.5%. The rates of any neurological, medical, and general perioperative complications were 1.1%, 1.4%, and 11.7%, respectively. There were no deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

In the largest series of cSCS, the risk of spinal cord injury was higher than previously reported (0.5%). Nonetheless, this procedure remains relatively safe, and physicians may use these data to corroborate the safety of cSCS in an appropriately selected patient population. This may become a key treatment option in an increasingly opioid-dependent, aging population.
Pipeline Embolization Device for small paraophthalmic artery aneurysms with an emphasis on the anatomical relationship of ophthalmic artery origin and aneurysm
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J. , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Foreman Paul M. , Chua Michelle H. , Harrigan Mark R. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Patel Aman B. , He Lucy , Fusco Matthew R. , Mocco J , Winkler Peter A. , Patel Apar S. , Thomas Ajith J.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Contemporary treatment for paraophthalmic artery aneurysms includes flow diversion utilizing the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED). Little is known, however, about the potential implications of the anatomical relationship of the ophthalmic artery (OA) origin and aneurysm, especially in smaller aneurysms.

METHODS

Four major academic institutions in the United States provided data on small paraophthalmic aneurysms (≤ 7 mm) that were treated with PED between 2009 and 2015. The anatomical relationship of OA origin and aneurysm, radiographic outcomes of aneurysm occlusion, and patency of the OA were assessed using digital subtraction angiography. OA origin was classified as follows: Type 1, OA separate from the aneurysm; Type 2, OA from the aneurysm neck; and Type 3, OA from the aneurysm dome. Clinical outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale, and visual deficits were categorized as transient or permanent.

RESULTS

The cumulative number of small paraophthalmic aneurysms treated with PED between 2009 and 2015 at the 4 participating institutions was 69 in 52 patients (54.1 ± 13.7 years of age) with a male-to-female ratio of 1:12. The distribution of OA origin was 72.5% for Type 1, 17.4% for Type 2, and 10.1% for Type 3. Radiographic outcome at the last follow-up (median 11.5 months) was available for 54 aneurysms (78.3%) with complete, near-complete, and incomplete occlusion rates of 81.5%, 5.6%, and 12.9%, respectively. Two aneurysms (3%) resulted in transient visual deficits, and no patient experienced a permanent visual deficit. At the last follow-up, the OA was patent in 96.8% of treated aneurysms. Type 3 OA origin was associated with a lower rate of complete aneurysm occlusion (p = 0.0297), demonstrating a trend toward visual deficits (p = 0.0797) and a lower rate of OA patency (p = 0.0783).

CONCLUSIONS

Pipeline embolization treatment of small paraophthalmic aneurysms is safe and effective. An aneurysm where the OA arises from the aneurysm dome may be associated with lower rates of aneurysm occlusion, OA patency, and higher rates of transient visual deficits.
Spinal cord stimulation for recurrent tethered cord syndrome in a pediatric patient: case report
Authors: Tyagi Rachana , Kloepping Carolyn , Shah Shruti
Published: March 2016

The authors present a patient with a lipomyelomeningocele and worsening back pain due to recurrent tethered cord syndrome. Because of the increased risk and unlikely improvement in symptoms with repeated surgical untethering, she was offered an alternative treatment with a trial of dorsal spinal cord stimulation. She had an excellent response to the percutaneous trial, and a permanent implant was placed, with good initial results. The authors review her case as well as the treatment options, indications, and outcomes for recurrent tethered cord syndrome.
Macrocephaly in infancy: benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces and subdural collections
Authors: Tucker Jacqueline , Choudhary Arabinda Kumar , Piatt Joseph
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) is a common finding on imaging studies indicated by macrocephaly in infancy. This finding has been associated with the presence of subdural fluid collections that are sometimes construed as suggestive of abusive head injury. The prevalence of BESS among infants with macrocephaly and the prevalence of subdural collections among infants with BESS are both poorly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the relative frequencies of BESS, hydrocephalus, and subdural collections in a large consecutive series of imaging studies performed for macrocephaly and to determine the prevalence of subdural fluid collections among patients with BESS.

METHODS

A text search of radiology requisitions identified studies performed for macrocephaly in patients ≤ 2 years of age. Studies of patients with hydrocephalus or acute trauma were excluded. Studies that demonstrated hydrocephalus or chronic subdural hematoma not previously recognized but responsible for macrocephaly were noted but not investigated further. The remaining studies were reviewed for the presence of incidental subdural collections and for measurement of the depth of the subarachnoid space. A 3-point scale was used to grade BESS: Grade 0, < 5 mm; Grade 1, 5–9 mm; and Grade 2, ≥ 10 mm.

RESULTS

After exclusions, there were 538 studies, including 7 cases of hydrocephalus (1.3%) and 1 large, bilateral chronic subdural hematoma (0.2%). There were incidental subdural collections in 21 cases (3.9%). Two hundred sixty-five studies (49.2%) exhibited Grade 1 BESS, and 46 studies (8.6%) exhibited Grade 2 BESS. The prevalence of incidental subdural collections among studies with BESS was 18 of 311 (5.8%). The presence of BESS was associated with a greater prevalence of subdural collections, and higher grades of BESS were associated with increasing prevalence of subdural collections. After controlling for imaging modality, the odds ratio of the association of BESS with subdural collections was 3.68 (95% CI 1.12–12.1, p = 0.0115). There was no association of race, sex, or insurance status with subdural collections. Patients with BESS had larger head circumference Z-scores, but there was no association of head circumference or age with subdural collections. Interrater reliability in the diagnosis and grading of BESS was only fair.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study confirms the association of BESS with incidental subdural collections and suggests that greater depth of the subarachnoid space is associated with increased prevalence of such collections. These observations support the theory that infants with BESS have a predisposition to subdural collections on an anatomical basis. Incidental subdural collections in the setting of BESS are not necessarily indicative of abusive head injury.
Tokyo Bay as a productive landscape
Authors: Sand Jordan
Published: March 2016

In the large body of research on the relationship between cities and their hinterlands, the role of bodies of water as productive resources has often been overlooked. Tokyo presents the case of a city whose bay has played an indispensable role in the growth of the city, in perceptions of the cityscape and, most importantly, in provisioning the urban population. This essay examines the management of bay fisheries from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries to show how the character of the political regime governing the city shaped the way that fishing communities and the urban consumer population exploited and enjoyed the urban aquascape.
Interweaving country and city in the urban design of Savannah, Georgia
Authors: Gobel David
Published: March 2016

The city of Savannah, Georgia, has been praised for its harmonious blend of rural and urban qualities. What is often forgotten, however, is that the urban plan that was finally realised in the nineteenth century differs fundamentally from the original plan created by James Oglethorpe. The changes made to the plan over about a century, moreover, reflect not only demographic and economic realities, but also changing attitudes about the relationship between the rural and the urban. This paper explores the transformation of the Savannah plan from the end of Trustee rule to the middle of the nineteenth century by focusing on the use of the town common as an expansion zone, the replication of wards and squares, and its systematic tree-planting programme. Savannah's urban plan and its garden-like qualities are as much products of this long process of transformation as they are of the founders' original vision. The resulting plan offers a model for weaving together city and country that is compelling and deserving of careful study by contemporary urban designers.
Urban air pollution and
The Country and the City
Authors: Cavert William
Published: March 2016

Building from Raymond Williams'
The Country and the City
, this article examines the uses of urban smoke pollution as a symbol of the city, in particular of London. It argues that authors in early modern Britain used smoke as a metaphor for urban life, whether they found that life to be characterised by greed and ambition or by sophistication and politeness. Because London burned a significant amount of mineral coal during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, its uniquely smoky skies allowed air pollution to symbolise the city and its people, manners and style. The city was, as Williams argued, the indispensable counterpart to the country, and was often represented as abounding in the work that had been so carefully evacuated from writing about country life. Coal smoke helped define the city as the opposite of the country, as an unnatural space of care and of labour.
Making garbage, making land, making cities: A global history of waste in and out of place
Authors: Hill Sarah
Published: March 2016

The modern 'sanitary landfill', pioneered in the United States, is a unique solution to a universal problem of cities: where to put the waste generated by their citizens. It purposefully attempts a permanent separation of people from their byproducts and represents a rupture in both US and world urban history. After a brief excursus on the long history of middens using the example of Çatalhöyük, one of the world's oldest cities, this article explores historical waste-disposal practices in three US cities (New York, Chicago and El Paso), showing how garbage was an integral part of a strategy of creating new land for these cities to expand onto. Waste was thus a tool for the (symbolic and literal) production of usable urban place. By contrast, one of the broadest, most invisible impacts of today's sanitary landfill is that it breaks this spatial and material cycle, instead producing empty ex-urban space.
Multiple Controlled Random Testing
Authors: Mrozek Ireneusz , Yarmolik Vyacheslav
Published: March 2016

Controlled random tests, methods of their generation, as well as their application to the testing of both hardware and software systems are discussed. Available evidences suggest that high computational complexity is one of the main drawback of these methods. Therefore we propose a technique to overcome this problem. In the paper, we introduce the concept of multiple controlled random tests ( MCRT) and examine various numerical characteristics in terms of the development of those tests. We prove the effectiveness of the Euclidean distance, as well as we propose an easy computational method of its calculation, in the process of constructing MCRT. The presented approach is evaluated through the experimental study in the context of testing of Random Access Memory (RAM).
Symbolic universal composability
Authors: Böhl Florian , Unruh Dominique
Published: March 2016

We introduce a variant of the Universal Composability framework (UC; Canetti, FOCS 2001) that uses symbolic cryptography. Two salient properties of the UC framework are secure composition and the possibility of easily defining security by giving an ideal functionality as specification. These advantages are now also available in a symbolic modeling of cryptography, allowing for a modular analysis of complex protocols.

We furthermore introduce a new technique for modular design of protocols that uses UC but avoids the need for powerful cryptographic primitives that often comes with UC protocols; this “virtual primitives” approach is unique to the symbolic setting and has no counterpart in the original computational UC framework.
Mashic compiler: Mashup sandboxing based on inter-frame communication
Authors: Luo Zhengqin , Fragoso Santos José , Almeida Matos Ana , Rezk Tamara
Published: March 2016

Mashups are a prevailing kind of web applications integrating external gadget APIs often written in the JavaScript programming language. Writing secure mashups is a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of existing gadget APIs, the privileges granted to gadgets during mashup executions, and JavaScript’s highly dynamic environment. We propose a new compiler, called Mashic, for the automatic generation of secure JavaScript-based mashups from existing mashup code. The Mashic compiler can effortlessly be applied to existing mashups based on a wide-range of gadget APIs. It offers security and correctness guarantees. Security is achieved via the Same Origin Policy. Correctness is ensured in the presence of benign gadgets, that satisfy confidentiality and integrity constraints with regard to the integrator code. The compiler has been successfully applied to real world mashups based on Google maps, Bing maps, YouTube, and Zwibbler APIs.
Current Translational Research and Murine Models For Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Rodrigues Merryl , Echigoya Yusuke , Fukada So-ichiro , Yokota Toshifumi
Published: March 2016

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Mutations in the DMD gene result in the absence of dystrophin, a protein required for muscle strength and stability. Currently, there is no cure for DMD. Since murine models are relatively easy to genetically manipulate, cost effective, and easily reproducible due to their short generation time, they have helped to elucidate the pathobiology of dystrophin deficiency and to assess therapies for treating DMD. Recently, several murine models have been developed by our group and others to be more representative of the human DMD mutation types and phenotypes. For instance, mdx mice on a DBA/2 genetic background, developed by Fukada et al., have lower regenerative capacity and exhibit very severe phenotype. Cmah-deficient mdx mice display an accelerated disease onset and severe cardiac phenotype due to differences in glycosylation between humans and mice. Other novel murine models include mdx52, which harbors a deletion mutation in exon 52, a hot spot region in humans, and dystrophin/utrophin double-deficient ( dko), which displays a severe dystrophic phenotype due the absence of utrophin, a dystrophin homolog. This paper reviews the pathological manifestations and recent therapeutic developments in murine models of DMD such as standard mdx (C57BL/10), mdx on C57BL/6 background (C57BL/6- mdx), mdx52, dystrophin/utrophin double-deficient ( dko), mdx βgeo, Dmd-null, humanized DMD ( hDMD), mdx on DBA/2 background (DBA/2 -mdx), Cmah-mdx, and mdx/mTRKO murine models.