bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Influence of Spatial Fluctuations of the Water Inherent Optical Properties on the Energy of a Lidar Echo Signal Coming from a Water
Authors: Dolin L. S.
Published: August 2023

Theoretical models of the statistical characteristics of the lidar echo signal have been developed to interpret the results of optical sounding of heavily eutrophicated water bodies. Formulas are obtained for calculating the statistically average value and coefficient of variation of the energy of the elastic backscattering signal coming from the near-surface layer of water with randomly inhomogeneous absorption and scattering coefficients. Examples of the dependence of the indicated signal characteristics on the coefficients of variation of the optical characteristics of water are given. It has been established that fluctuations in the absorption coefficient lead to an increase in the average energy of the received signal, and fluctuations in the scattering coefficient to its slight decrease. A significant decrease in the average echo signal energy can be observed with cross-correlated fluctuations in the absorption and scattering coefficients, i. e. in the case when the attenuation coefficient fluctuates at a constant single scattering albedo. Considerations are made on how algorithms for estimating the average values of the optical characteristics of water and the parameters of their inhomogeneities from the average value and the coefficient of variation of the echo signal energy can be constructed.
Seasonal ice removal in the Barents Sea and its dependence on heat advection by Atlantic waters
Authors: Sumkina A. A. , Kivva K. K. , Ivanov V. V. , Smirnov A. V.
Published: August 2023

The Barents Sea is one of the key areas in the Arctic for monitoring of climate change. Although the Barents Sea is one of the Arctic seas, it is never completely covered with ice. One of the parameters characterizing the change in the ice regime is the date of ice retreat (DOR). The study is based on ice concentration data from the NOAA / NSIDC Climate Data Record (CDR) from 1979 to 2019 and the GLORYS12V1 ocean reanalysis data from 1993 to 2019. The analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of DOR for the Barents Sea using the HDBSCAN cluster analysis method made it possible to identify areas (clusters) with the synchronous dynamics of DOR. A number of the identified areas are located on the path of the Atlantic waters (AW) in the Barents Sea, which made it possible to relate the revealed temporal variability of the DOR to the variability of the AW transport across the western boundary of the sea. Over the entire Barents Sea, after 2003, there has been a steady trend in the timing of seasonal ice removal to earlier ones. At the same time, each of the six regions identified has its own dynamics and rate of changes in DOR. A noticeable effect of the advective heat flux across the western boundary of the Barents Sea on the DOR was revealed for areas in the central and eastern parts of the sea. At the same time, for different regions, the maximum correlation coefficient is observed at different time lags (from 0 to 6 months). The value of the time lag indirectly indicates the time the thermal signal travels the distance from the western boundary of the sea to the corresponding region. The continuing trend towards an increase in the duration of the ice–free season in the Barents Sea is one of the manifestations of the growing “Atlantification” of the East Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean which opens up new prospects for socio–economic activity in this Arctic region.
V. Relationships Between Bio-Optical Parameters of the Black Sea Waters and Spectral Reflectance Coefficient in Spring 2019
Authors: Korchemkina E. N. , Mankovskaya E. V.
Published: August 2023

The paper presents an analysis of field measurements of the spectral reflectance of the Black Sea and the bio-optical and colorimetric characteristics calculated from it, as well as chlorophyll concentrations and the Secchi disk depth. For the regions of the Black Sea with different characteristics, the averaged values of the calculated characteristics are presented: the effective and dominant wavelength in the reflectance spectrum, the purity of the water color. Using the previously developed bio-optical algorithm, the concentration of chlorophyll, absorption by dissolved organic matter, backscattering by suspended matter, and the vertical light attenuation coefficient were calculated.Inverse relationships are established between the Secchi disk depth and the maximum reflectance, as well as between the Secchi disk depth and the dominant wavelength. Linear relationships with high correlation coefficients are obtained between the surface chlorophyll concentration and the effective and dominant wavelength. A significant relationship was also established between the surface chlorophyll concentration and the maximum reflectance. Among the relationships between bio-optical and colorimetric parameters, a high correlation is observed between the vertical light attenuation coefficient and color purity.Chlorophyll concentrations calculated from the data of the spectral reflectance coefficient using a semi-analytical algorithm are in good agreement with the data of field measurements. Comparison of calculated and measured chlorophyll concentrations with satellite products of optical ocean color scanners shows an overestimation of chlorophyll concentrations by satellite data processing algorithms. The obtained correlations can be used in the future to assess bio-optical parameters in the northern part of the Black Sea.
Coupled modelling of wind waves and wave boundary layer
Authors: Fokina K. V. , Bulgakov К. Yu.
Published: August 2023

The coupled wind-wave model is considered. The model includes two components: the 1-D wave boundary layer model and the 2-D wave model. The coupled model is used in two versions: in the presence and the absence of the wave produced momentum flux. A series of experiments was performed for different external parameters: wind speed at the upper boundary of the wave boundary layer and the inverse wave age. The vertical profiles of wind velocity, turbulent and wave produced momentum fluxes were studied and compared to the results obtained from the wave boundary layer model. The comparison showed that the results of coupled modeling coincide exactly with the results from the wave boundary layer model in the case of fully developed waves and differ significantly if developing waves are considered. It is demonstrated that wave produced momentum flux produces considerable deviations of the wind velocity profile in the lower part of the wave boundary layer from the logarithmic profile.
Topographic Factor and Limit Transitions in the Equations for Subinertial Waves
Authors: Gnevyshev V. G. , Travkin V. S. , Belonenko T. V.
Published: August 2023

In this paper, sub-inertial waves propagating on the Kuril shelf and the oceanic trench are considered. Against the background of a historical review of the beginning of the study of topographic waves and the appearance of relevant terms, a description of the features of wave propagation and the derivation of the main dispersion equations are given. We show that all variants of the topographic solutions presented in the article are basically based on the same dispersion relation: this is the dispersion relation for Rossby topographic waves. Two separate classes of localized solutions have been constructed: one is for the shelf, and the second, in fact, is also for the shelf, but which is commonly called trench waves. We demonstrate that the transverse wave number for trench waves is not independent, as for shelf waves, but is a function of the longitudinal wave number. In other words, Rossby topographic waves are two–dimensional waves, while shelf waves are quasi-one-dimensional solutions. The analytical novelty of the work consists of the fact that we can make crosslinking of trench and shelf waves. This fact was not presented in previous articles on this topic.
The Chlorophyll-a Content Distribution in the Atlantic Ocean in December 2019 — January 2020 according to Ship Measurements at the Different Hydrometeorological Conditions
Authors: Shtraikhert E. A. , Zakharkov S. P. , Salyuk P. A. , Ponomarev V. I. , Artemiev V. A. , Glukhovets D. I. , Latushkin A. A.
Published: August 2023

The horizontal and vertical chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl) distributions along the ship route of 79th cruise of R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” in the Atlantic Ocean in December 2019—January 2020 were obtained. Analysis of the observations was conducted for the biogeochemical provinces which were determined by means of the different hydrometeorological conditions for the phytoplankton community functioning.

Three methods of Chl measurements were applied: standard extraction method of the seawater samples, the fluorometer underway measurements in the flow-through water system at the depth of 5 m and in-situ profiling fluorometer measurements at stations. Also, measurements of the seawater temperature and salinity in the flow-through water system, the CTD and optical profiling, and ARGO floats were used.

The maximum Chl values in the near-surface ocean layer are observed at zones of divergence in the Canary upwelling systems (CNRY) (1.3 mg/m3) and in the Falkland (Malvinas) Current system (4.8 mg/m3), and also in the Drake Strait (1.2 mg/m3). The least Chl values (0.01–0.12 mg/m3) are observed in the tropical, equatorial areas and in the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclonic Gyre (SASTG) at the ship route.

Vertical Chl profiles with absence of the significant Chl maximum were found. In the CNRY region the Chl values were not changed much within the euphotic zone. While in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Drake Strait and in the offshore stream of the Falkland Current the quasi-homogeneous Chl profiles were observed in the upper layer which is almost 2 times deeper than the euphotic zone.

In the profiles with the significant local Chl maximum the most Chl value of 3.5 mg/m3 is observed at the depth about 12 m in the upwelling region on the Patagonian Shelf. In other regions the depth of Chl maximum localization (0.2–0.9 mg/m3) varies widely from 25 to 120 m. In the western part of the SASTG region the absolute Chl maxima were found at the depth of 120 m, that is deeper, then the euphotic zone which is equal to 100 m.
Method for Fast Measuring of Seawater-Leaving Radiance Spectra
Authors: Lee M. E. , Martynov O. V.
Published: August 2023

It is noted that the high instrumental accuracy of modern marine spectrophotometers for reflectance measurements is difficult to implement due to large methodological errors caused by the sea surface waves by weather conditions and illumination geometry. A two-beam spectrophotometer based on the use of a multi-channel photomultiplier eliminating the disadvantages is proposed. The design and operation principle of a spectrophotometer, developed on the basis of a compact high-aperture monochromator and a photometric unit, in which the channels of the upwelling radiation and the irradiance of the sea surface are located, are described. In the instrument, instead of absolute measurements, the light fluxes are compared in a differential photometer instead of absolute measurements in order to reduce methodological errors. The use of a differential photometer, which measures the spectral reflectance of water, can significantly increase the measurement accuracy, because does not require absolute calibration of optical channels. The use of a multichannel photomultiplier leads to an additional decrease in methodological errors by reducing the time of measurements of the seawater spectral reflectance and makes it possible to select a sufficient number of spectra in a large volume of data without interference from waves and lighting conditions. The photomultiplier signals are digitized using a compact USB ADC/DAC module with digital input/output functions. Amplified signals from photocathodes are received at the module input, the module output is connected to the USB input of a computer recording signals and controlling the spectrophotometer work.
Reconstructing the Parameters of Internal Tidal Bores in the Banda Sea from Satellite Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Novotryasov V. V. , Dubina V. A. , Mitnik L. M.
Published: August 2023

This article presents an algorithm for estimating the vertical displacements of isopycn and horizontal current velocities caused by internal tidal borings from their manifestations in the roughness field on satellite images of the Banda Sea. The calculation algorithm is formulated within the framework of the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV), augmented with a term taking into account the cylindrical divergence. The coefficients of the KdV equation — quadratic nonlinearity, dispersion and tidal linear internal wave velocity — were calculated using the mean — climatic density profile in the Banda Sea. The leading soliton velocity and wavelength in the rear zone of the internal tidal borings were determined from satellite images. Using the proposed methodology, estimates of the maximum vertical displacement of the pycnocline/maximum amplitude of the leading soliton and the maximum velocity of surface currents induced by the internal tidal borings were obtained. It follows from the analysis of satellite images that the internal tidal borings in the Banda Sea are transformed under the action not only of nonlinearity and dispersion, but also of cylindrical divergence. It is shown in the framework of the knoidal model of internal tidal borings that in the process of evolution the energy of its leading and subsequent waves is attenuated due to the cylindrical divergence. This attenuation is estimated when the leading soliton travels a distance equal to twice the tidal period.
Trends in Changes in Primary Phytoplankton Production According to Remote Sensing Data in the Deep-Sea Region of the Black Sea for 1998–2015
Authors: Kovalyova I. V. , Finenko Z. Z. , Suslin V. V.
Published: August 2023

The analysis of long-term seasonal changes in the concentration of chlorophyll, the maximum rate of phytoplankton photosynthesis and water temperature in the surface layer of the open waters Black Sea from 1998 to 2015 has been carried out. The trends of these indicators were assessed. For the research, we used the data of satellite observations SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra. Typical positive temperature trends of 4 % in the deep-water western part of the sea. An annual temperature rise in deep-water areas was noted in the western cyclonic circulation by 0.038 °C. According to average annual data in other areas, no increase was found. The increase was mainly due to the winter season. Negative trends of primary phytoplankton production within 16.4–18.6 % of the initial level according to average annual values throughout the deep-water area. Significance level — p < 0.1. A decrease in primary production was observed in the summer. There were no statistically significant directional changes in 

chlorophyll concentration based on averaged data over 18 years. In different parts of the deep-sea area, the direction of interannual and seasonal changes in all indicators was similar. The emerging trend towards a decrease in phytoplankton productivity in recent years may lead to a restructuring of the phytoplankton community.
Beijing — Port-Arthur — Vladivostok: Organization of the Academy of Sciences’ Magnetic and Meteorological Observatories in the Far East in the 19th–Early 20th Сenturies
Authors: Feklova T. Yu.
Published: August 2023

The professional tool’s investigations of climate in the world began relatively recently. Since the second half of the XIX century Russia was one of the meteorological investigation’s leaders. Study of the history of meteorology in the Russian Far East and in China, systematization, and analysis of research results would be a great contribution to a better understanding of the importance of Russian research in the development of meteorology. The article discusses about the background of the creation of the observatory in Vladivostok. The author analyzed the chain of political and scientific decisions about the transfer of the magnetic and meteorological observatory of the Academy of Sciences from Beijing, through the plans of the creation an observatory in Port Arthur to the construction of an observatory in Vladivostok. In addition, the observatory’s budget and plans for its equipment are considered. Such materials are usually not the subject of close attention of researchers. In the historiography lacks an investigation about the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the development of a network of magnetic meteorological stations and observatories in the Russian Far East and in adjacent territories (Korea, China). The author introduced into scientific circulation new archival data from the Russian State Archive of the Navy and the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences.
Spectral Light Absorption Coefficient of Particles and Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Sea of Azov
Authors: Churilova T. Ya. , Efimova T. V. , Moiseeva N. A. , Skorokhod E. Yu.
Published: August 2023

The research was carried out based on the results of measuring the concentration of chlorophyll-a (TChl-a), spectral coefficient of light absorption by phytoplankton, non-algal particles (NAP) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the southern part of the Sea of Azov in different seasons from 2016 to 2020. New data for the Sea of Azov on the variability of the spectral coefficient of light absorption by all optically active components have been obtained. A high (more than an order of magnitude) variability of all studied parameters was shown. The seasonal dynamics of TChl-a shows maxima in winter and summer. A relationship between the phytoplankton absorption and TChl-a has been revealed, which is described by a power function. Significant seasonal differences (two or more times) between the coefficients in the equation for parametrization of light absorption by phytoplankton were revealed. The NAP and CDOM light absorption were parametrized, the ranges of variability of the absorption 

coefficient and the exponential slope were revealed, and their seasonal dynamics was shown. Annual variability of absorption coefficient of NAP and CDOM was opposite to the annual cycle of TChl-a. The NAP and CDOM absorption coefficients increased after phytoplankton blooms, when TChl-a decreased. The relative contribution of phytoplankton, NAP, and CDOM to the total absorption by particles and dissolved matter at 440 nm varied significantly over the year. The share of phytoplankton was maximum in winter and summer, while in spring and autumn the maximum contribution to absorption was made by CDOM and NAP.
Simulation of Oil Spill Trajectory and Fate at the Southern Entrance of the Suez Canal, Red Sea, Egypt
Authors: Abdallah I. M. , Chantsev V. Y.
Published: August 2023

The Suez Canal suffers from heavy maritime traffic, especially oil tankers, due to its strategic location between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. As a result, it is prone to accidental oil spills, which might obstruct the maritime lane via the canal and severely harm the marine and coastal ecosystems. This study aims to forecast an oil spill trajectory and fate under the influence of different wind regimes using the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) and the Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS2) models to define the potentially affected regions. Hence, four scenarios were simulated, assuming a spill of one thousand metric tons of Arabian light crude oil into the seawater about two kilometers from the Suez Canal’s southern entrance. The results highlight that wind direction and sea currents substantially affect the movement of oil spills. The trajectory maps show that the north-west wind forces the spilled oil to move toward the southeast direction, threatening the navigation lane through the Suez Canal and about 38 km of beaches south of the canal, which has several vital projects such as the Ayoun Mousse power plant and a lot of resorts. In the case of northern winds, the oil moved south in the center of the Gulf, which may allow response teams more time to clean up the spill. However, in the case of north-east winds, the oil drifted southwesterly and threatened the Green Island and western shores of the Gulf, which has many tourist villages. About a quarter of the oil evaporated, and more than two-thirds of the oil emulsified in all four scenarios. For the first time, this study has provided an understanding of oil spill forecasting and trajectory modeling for the Suez Canal’s southern entrance. Also, it can be considered a prediction tool for Egypt’s policymakers and Suez Canal Authority (SCA) to develop adequate and practical strategies to mitigate crude oil spill consequences.
Sensitivity of Seawater Temperature and Salinity to their Restoring Times, Appending in the Boundary Conditions for these Variables at the Free Surface of the Laptev Sea in the No-Ice Period
Authors: Kagan B. A. , Sofina E. V.
Published: August 2023

In order to study sensitivity of seawater temperature and salinity in the no-ice Laptev Sea to their restoring times, appending in the boundary conditions for these variables at the free surface, the 3D finite-element hydrostatic model QUODDY-4 and the indirect means of describing internal tidal waves have been applied. The latter is based on the use of the corrected eddy diffusivity representing the sum of the same uncorrected diffusivity and the diapycnal diffusivity. The first of them characterizes the influence of non-tidal factors, computed using 2.5-level eddy closure scheme, the second, determined by the ratio of internal tidal waves induced baroclinic tidal energy dissipation to the buoyancy frequency in square, the influence of purely tidal factor. The estimate of this dissipation obtained from a solution of auxiliary problem on the internal tidal waves dynamics and energetics is attached. Seawater temperature and salinity in the subsurface and near-bottom layers of the Sea and also their vertical distributions along the 120E meridional transection obtained for the strong, moderate, and mixed restoring times are discussed. As a result, it is clarified that seawater temperature and salinity are weakly sensitive to changes in the restoring time. The saying follows from a comparison of model averaged (over a chosen period and by the Sea area) values of seawater temperature and salinity, and from their local vertical profiles, computed with regard to accepted estimates of the restoring time.
The model of radar observation of the surface vibration waves generated by earthquake source (ground vibrator)
Authors: Karpov I. O. , Pereslegin S. V.
Published: August 2023

This research article is continuation case study based on a model of radar monitoring of vibration waves occurring on the sea surface near the source of a bottom earthquake. The vibration wave is generated parametrically, has near (hydrodynamic) and far (sound) components. The amplitude of the near (generating) wave depends on the bottom vibrator parameters and the depth of the bottom, the far wave propagates in the waveguide formed by the surface and the flat bottom. The vibrator will be installed at a shallow depth (30 m) and the modern aircraft radar will be used to create amplitude and velocity radar images during the experiment. The length of the generated vibration wave will be ~1.5 cm, which corresponds to the frequency of the generating wave ~30 Hz and the “resonant” wave of the radar with a length of ~3 cm (radar X-band). The possibility of monitoring vibration waves in the amplitude and velocity channels of the SAR (synthetic aperture radar) in L, P and UHF-bands is estimated. Also, the expected view of the SAR images is shown. Calculations of the necessary parameters of the aircraft radar are provided, including algorithms for processing the initial signal when creating amplitude and velocity radar images of vibration waves.
Qualitative estimation of modeled Snell’s window stereo imagery for wind wave profile retrieval
Authors: Molkov A. A.
Published: August 2023

On a qualitative level, the possibilities of using optical stereo images of the sea surface, registered from under the water, are considered in relation to the problem of remote diagnostics of waves. The task is implemented in a numerical experiment using a stereo image model of the Snell’s window (underwater image of the sky) for a given relief of the sea surface. The influence of the camera parameters, observation geometry, illumination and excitement on the quality of constructing disparity maps, necessary to restore the distances to the sighted elements of the sea surface, is analyzed. Recommendations on the methodology of a full-scale experiment in order to test the proposed method are formulated.
Regime of Reservoir: Experience in Modeling Riverbed Processes with a Movable Bed
Authors: Rakhuba A. V. , Shmakova M. V.
Published: August 2023

The paper presents the results of the interrelated calculation of the unsteady uneven movement of the river flow and the re-formation of the bottom of the largest flowing Kuibyshev reservoir in Eurasia in different phases of water content. These calculations are based on the hydrodynamic model “Wave” and algorithms for calculating solid runoff (analytical formula for sediment flow rate), changes in the transport potential of the flow and, as a result of the latter, changes in the bottom marks. In this case, the dynamics of the bottom marks is taken into account in subsequent calculations and is one of the arguments of the model. Based on the model calculations, the spatial distribution of bottom sediments in the water area of the reservoir was investigated and maps of accumulation and erosion of the bed in different phases of water content were constructed. It is shown that for the entire calculation period, an uneven redistribution of sediments in the reservoir is observed: erosion occurs in the upper part, and accumulation occurs in the middle and lower parts. In general, for the Kuibyshev reservoir, the contribution to siltation only by river sediment is insignificant. On average, over the 150-day modeling period for the entire reservoir water area, sediment accumulation is 0.5 mm/period. The weak dynamics of currents in the vast water area of the reservoir reaches does not contribute to active channel transformations. The most intensive processes of bottom transformation occur in places of narrowing of the water area, where the contribution of the non-stationary regime to the formation of the bottom relief during the rise and fall of the flood is best expressed. More full-flowing years will also lead to a more intensive redistribution of solid runoff and bottom sediments coming from the upper strata.
Different approaches to numerical modeling of sea waves
Authors: Chalikov D. V.
Published: August 2023

The main approaches in direct modeling of surface waves based on complete equations of dynamics of the inviscid liquid with a free surface are briefly considered. Most of the models are intended for study of the applied and engineering problems. It is assumed that the main model is written in the curvilinear coordinate system where the height is counted off from wave surface. In the two-dimensional periodic formulation, when using a conformal system, the problem is reduced to the system of one-dimensional equations that can be easily solved using Fourier-transform method. For three-dimensional waves such simplifications do not exist, thus, the vertical velocity on the surface is calculated by solving a three-dimensional Poisson equation or using a surface integral method. An approximate scheme based on the two-dimensional equations is considered. The scheme allows reproducing the statistical mode of waves with high accuracy consistent with the similar results obtained from the accurate three-dimensional model.
Algorithms for Evaluation of Biooptical Characteristics in the Gulf of Finland Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions
Authors: Vazyulya S. V. , Sheberstov S. V.
Published: August 2023

The paper presents the results of testing the possibility of using empirical orthogonal functions to develop algorithms for estimating the concentration of chlorophyll a and suspended matter, the biomass of cyanobacteria in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. To develop the algorithms, we used an array of data from field measurements of the subsurface radiance reflectance in 2012–2014, carried out simultaneously with the determination of bio-optical characteristics. It turned out that in the case of the concentration of chlorophyll a and suspended matter, such algorithms can be created not only using the hyperspectral radiance reflectance, but also for the spectral channels of satellite color scanners MODIS and OLCI. An estimation of the cyanobacteria biomass with the empirical orthogonal functions method is not applicable in the case of using satellite channels. A study of the possibility of the most prone to atmospheric correction errors shortwave MODIS channels exclusion was also made. It turned out that the concentration of chlorophyll a is more sensitive to such exclusion than the concentration of suspended matter. Validation on a MODIS data showed that empirical orthogonal functions algorithms give results no worse than regression ones.
Akhi A.V. Efficiency of Identification of Complex Noise-Like Signal Classes by Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Simultaneous Presentation Spatial Uncertainty
Authors: Akhi A. V.
Published: August 2023

The possibility of dolphin’s auditory system to solve the complex problem of identifying and classifying noise-like signals according to certain invariant features is considered under conditions of spatial uncertainty of their simultaneous presentation. There was studied the ability of bottlenose dolphins, which were trained to recognize and classify such signals, to select a certain class of signals from several that sound simultaneously. The dolphin had to recognize a positive class signal with a pair of simultaneously sounding signals: positive-negative (alternative choice) and with simultaneously sounding three signals: positive-negative-negative (multiple choice). It’s shown that the dolphin effectively solves the problem with a simple alternative choice of two signal sources, at the limit of reliability when choosing from three sources and unreliable when choosing from more sources.
Modeling of Hydrodynamic and Lithodynamic Coastal Processes in the Harbour Area
Authors: Anshakov A. S.
Published: August 2023

One of the problems in the design of ports is the assessment of coastal sediment movements near structures. The article presents materials for assessing the impact of port facilities on the processes of coastal erosion/accumulations in the area of Gelendzhik Bay (Black Sea). All the main processes of interaction of waves, currents and sediment movement occur in the coastal zone, therefore, the study presents the possibilities of complex application of hydrodynamic and lithodynamic models. In this work, the wind wave models Wave Watch III and SWAN were used. As the initial data, the data of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis of wind fields in the period from 1989 to 2012 were used. To simulate currents, sediment transport and lithodynamic processes, a model of two-dimensional COASTOX–CUR currents generated by waves and wind, COASTOX-SED sediment transport together with the COASTOX–MORPHO bottom reshaping model was used. In the simulation scenario, a sequence of the 5 strongest storms from the period under consideration was considered. Analysis of washout zones/accumulations have shown that areas of intensive bottom reshaping are associated with the most intense currents. It is shown that the construction of the port facilities will not have a significant impact on the lithodynamic processes in the Gelendjik bay.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Kader Posyandu dalam Mencegah Stunting
Authors: Oematan Grouse , Oematan Gustaf , Aspatria Utma
Published: August 2023

Posyandu cadres have a role in delivering basic health services to pregnant women, infants, toddlers, children and families. Cadres are an integral part of posyandu management in the community. Good knowledge and skills are needed to support the duties of a cadre. This service activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of posyandu cadres in Tanah Putih Village. There were 12 participants in this activity. Increasing the knowledge and skills of cadres is carried out through counseling and simulations. Based on the results of evaluating the level of knowledge regarding stunting, the first 1000 days of life (HPK), monitoring of child growth and development as well as the skills of cadres regarding filling out the health card (KMS) experienced a significant increase.
HPLC Sample Prep and Extraction SOP v1.3 for Fungi
Authors:   Introspective Arts LLC, Annunziato Dominick
Published: August 2023

medicine, industry, and biotechnology. Fungi produce a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, antibiotics, antifungals, immunomodulators, anticancer agents, enzymes, and vitamins. However, these compounds are often locked inside the fungal cell wall, which is composed of chitin, a tough substance that is dif�icult to digest by humans1. Therefore, it is essential to have a good extraction technique that can break down the chitin and release the valuable compounds from the fungi, this is especially essential in the laboratory for accurate lab assays and potency determination during routine HPLC chromatography analysis. During licensure and/ or certi�ication any given lab will be required to take a pro�iciency test which gauges the lab’s pro�iciency at measuring a given matrices for accurate evaluation. They evaluate our abilities to run the gear and accurately measure the potency of what was extracted; however, at the time of this writing none existed for extraction of the fungal material itself, so this remains a variable between testing labs. It is important that we openly share our extraction techniques for evaluating fungi materials speci�ically for the clean extraction of active alkaloids for which potency can be measure via chromatography and/or spectrometry devices. In this way hopefully creating less variables between testing lab and more concise results. In this paper, we present a novel sample prep and extraction technique for fungi that uses speci�ic solvent composition in conjunction with M.A.E (microwave assisted extraction) in 75% methanol , 25% water which helps break the cell wall to release the compounds. Also used is an ultrasonication unit and vortex mixer. Our technique quickly releases all the available alkaloids for accurate chromatography measurements in just two hours, forty-�ive minutes with minimal handling. We demonstrate the effectiveness and ef�iciency of our technique by applying it to magic mushroom fruit bodies for the extraction of tryptamines namely psilocybin and its active derivative psilocin; however, this technique can be used for other species of fungi and compounds like Cordyceps/ cordycepin or Lions’ mane/ erinacines, etc.. We also compare our technique with other popular methods in terms of extraction techniques, digestion times and solvent compositions. Our results show that our technique is superior to the others in terms of time and effectiveness while pulling all the active compounds and not degrading them. Our extraction technique for fungi chromatography analysis offers a new and improved way to access the natural products of fungi and explore their potential for various biotechnological applications. We hope that our technique will inspire further research and innovation in the field of fungal extraction and natural product.
Does Savings Culminate in Economic Growth? An Investigation Using Cointegrating Regression
Authors:   Akwa Ibom State University, Obio-Akpa Campus, Nigeria., Okon Utuk Ime
Published: August 2023

One of the most controversial areas in macroeconomics is the saving–growth nexus. This study is an attempt to examine this relationship in the case of Nigeria. Time series data over the period 1981 to 2020 were used. The analysis was based on Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen cointegration test, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) technique, and Pairwise Granger Causality tests. The results of the DOLS estimation techniques for cointegrating regression show a positive relationship between gross domestic savings (InGDS) and gross domestic product growth (InGDP) (economic growth) in the long run. The results supported the neoclassical viewpoint that saving rate is positively or directly related to the Gross Domestic Product. However, the Pairwise Granger Causality Tests showed no causality between InGDS and InGDP. Nonetheless, policy makers in the country need to stimulate savings the more in order to further increase economic growth. They should encourage the integration of the formal and informal sectors as this would have a strong positive impact on domestic savings. This will deepen the financial sector and assist in mobilizing the much needed savings that will engender investment and growth in Nigeria. In the same vein, policies should be pursued to reduce real interest rate so as to increase private sector investment.
The Pioneer Newspaper and the Coverage of Rural Development Issues in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Authors:   Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam, Nigeria, Effiong Umoren Philomena , Aniefiok Udonquak Aniekan ,   University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Published: August 2023

This study was designed to assess how ThePioneer newspaper covered rural development issues in Akwa Ibom State from 1st January to December 31st 2021. The content analysis research method was used and population of the study was 122 issues which 55 issues served as the sample size. Ten content categories were identified: education, politics, business/economy, agriculture, health, science/technology, crime/security, environment, religion and welfare. Units of analysis were news, features, comments/opinions, interviews, pictures and tables/illustrations. The findings revealed that rural development issues in Akwa Ibom State did not enjoy any appreciable form of prominence (front page) from The Pioneer newspaper as only 12 and 8 (4% and 2.6%) news stories appeared on the front and back pages of the newspaper respectively while 287 (93.5%) reports on rural development issues were on the inside pages of the newspaper. Second, rural development issues did not feature frequently in the newspaper as only 17% of each issue was devoted to rural development issues. Third, rural development issues were not in-depthly reported with only 842 (25.5%) paragraphs published in feature articles, 1834 (55.3%) for news stories, while 525 (15.8%) and 112 (3.4%) paragraphs were on interviews and comments/opinions respectively. Based on the findings, it is recommended that newspapers should give prominence, frequency and depth to the coverage of the rural development issues in other to help set the agenda for discourse and also fulfil their sacred social responsibility to society as it is expected.
Interrogating the Role of Indigenous Interest Groups in Mitigating Electoral Violence in Nigeria
Authors:   Obong University, Obong Ntak, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, M. Emah Ekere , Idongesit Oyosoro Felix ,   Veritas University, Abuja
Published: August 2023

Since the country's return to a democratic system in May 1999, Nigeria's history is rich with instances of election violence and conflicts. There is evidence in Akwa Ibom State that elections pose a threat to the state's stability and security due to the possibility of election violence. Studies have demonstrated that free and fair elections reduce conflict and produce trustworthy leadership. Using the Etim-Ekpo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State as a case study, this paper examines the influence of indigenous interest groups in the reduction of electoral violence in Nigeria. The research design for this study was a case study. Dialectical Materialism: The J-Curve Hypothesis of Unfulfilled Hopes, a radical political-economic framework, and pluralist theories were investigated for the study's background. Seventy (n = 70) purposefully selected participants, including members of youth or interest groups, community leaders, and security professionals, provided data. Eighty percent of the responders were male, while twenty percent were female. The ages of respondents ranged between 18 and 48 years, and thematic analyses provided answers to five research questions. Political party/candidate competitiveness, arms proliferation, and unemployed youths as political thugs caused electoral violence. Election violence included gunshots, kidnappings, and vote box theft. Finally, indigenous interest groups could reduce electoral violence by working with state actors on peace-building strategies, mobilizing, educating, and involving youth in the electoral process and election security, supporting efforts to change the "Electoral Act" to favor online voting and mail-in ballots, and collaborating on water education. All governments should support alternative voting procedures, weapons control, and amnesty programs to map and check small arms. Nigeria's national, state, and local governments could prevent election violence via peace-building.
The Moderating Role of Public Administration in Accounting Profit and Internet-based Environmental Disclosures in Nigeria: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies
Authors:   Akwa Ibom State University, Etim Uwah Uwem , Effiong Ibanga Sunday ,   Akwa Ibom State University
Published: August 2023

This paper investigated the relationship between corporate profitability and web-based environmental disclosure in Nigeria. The manufacturing sector, representing the real sector of the Nigerian economy was selected, and the role of public administration as a moderating factor was considered as a variable. The study adopted the quantitative panel methodology of the ex post facto and correlational research design. Secondary data were extracted from the fact books of the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the period, 2014 and 2019. The 83 manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange represented the population of the study. The sample used was 69. Three hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Multiple and simple regression analyses were used on the data collected to find the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings indicated an insignificant negative relationship between web-based environmental disclosure (WED) and earnings per share (EPS) on one hand and an insignificant positive relationship between WED and return on asset (ROA) on the other. It was recommended that quoted firms can use the findings of the study to enhance their disclosure of environmental incidents while government policies should strengthen regulatory bodies to carry out their oversight functions. Listed firms should own websites and dedicate separate pages on their corporate websites solely for reporting environmental events.
Re-thinking the Legislature-Executive Relations and the Nigeria's Foreign Policy in the First Eight Years of Fourth Republic
Authors:   Rivers State University, Nkpolu – Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Egobueze Anthony , Kia Bariledum ,   Rivers State University. Nkpolu – Oroworukwo, C. Nwaoburu Lucky ,   Rivers State University, Nkpolu – Oroworukwo
Published: August 2023

This paper examined the legislative/executive brouhaha and Nigeria’s foreign policy, 1999 – 2007. The restoration of democratic rule in May, 1999 was a watershed in Nigeria's foreign policy. A new constitutional democracy headed by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo was born and the symbol of democracy, the legislation at both the national and sub – national levels was constituted. The premonition that Nigeria might once again bounce back to prominent global reckoning was obvious from the volume of goodwill that General Abubakar's transition programme generated in the country with the enthronement of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo as President and Commander In Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. Not too long after the inauguration of the government, the Legislature and the Executive brouhaha ensured and this had implications for both domestic and foreign policies of the Country. Methodologically, the paper adopted secondary data and content analysis in the scrutiny of the data. The study observed the absence of due process in policy formulation and implementation, amongst others were the major causes of ruckus Legislature and the Executive and recommended effective consultations and accountability as the remedy for rumpus.
Illegal Migration and the Reshaping of Foreign Policies of Destination Countries: The Case of United States of America
Authors:   Rivers State University, Nkpolu Orowurokwo, Port Harcourt, Kia Bariledum , Okoro Abeki Sunny ,   University of Africa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Published: August 2023

Illegal migration is a global phenomenon that has affected the International community and relations among nations. Migration is the movement of people from place to place and has existed since the history of Man. Migration is also a means of economic survival and of power struggle. It becomes illegal when people enter other countries without permission. Illegal migration, therefore, means the movement of persons from their own country to another nation across the borders through ways that are in violation of the destination country’s immigration rules. This has been on the rise in recent times particularly among migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, to more developed countries in the West and from research Nigerians make up a large proportion of these undocumented migrants. The rising number of these undocumented immigrants has impacted significantly on international relations worldwide and has made the issue of migration a major concern in international relations and international law. The study relied on secondary data and reviewed extensively literature on the subject and analyzed it using content analytical approach. From the analysis, the study revealed that illegal migration particularly from Africa greatly influenced US foreign policy on migration in recent times. Given the zero tolerance policy on illegal migration by US, the study recommends amongst others that Safe and legal migration avenues should be established and extended to illegal migrants and refugees resettled in receiving countries. Again, there should be renewed cooperation between the receiving countries and source countries so that adequate help and succour can be provided to illegal migrants who voluntarily return.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR QUR’AN HADIS MATERI GHARIB MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING
Authors: Supiyatun Siti
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar Qur’an Hadis siswa kelas IX pada materi gharib sebagai materi yang akan diteliti. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IX A MTsN 5 Malang Semester II tahun pelajaran 2020/2021 melalui model pembelajaran discovery learning. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode test (yaitu pre-test dan post-test pada setiap siklus) dan observasi terhadap aktivitas siswa secara langsung. hasil tes berupa 10 butir soal untuk siklus I dan siklus II, semuanya valid. Sehingga jumlah butir yang terpakai untuk selanjutnya diujikan adalah sama bentuk namun berbeda lafadz. Dari Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini diperoleh hasil dalam bentuk peningkatan aktivitas siswa pada siklus I aktivitas siswa rata-rata 63,6% pada siklus II menjadi 88%, dan nilai hasil belajar yang diukur dari nilai tes siswa siklus I rata-rata 62,8% pada siklus II rata-rata nilai menjadi 81,6%, dengan ketuntasan belajar di siklus I 13% pada siklus II menjadi 87,5%. Jadi dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar Qur’an Hadis siswa kelas IX A MTsN 5 Malang pada materi gharib setelah menggunakan metode pembelajaran discovery learning.