bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology, thermoelectric properties and wet‐chemical doping of laser‐sintered germanium nanoparticles
Authors: Stoib Benedikt , Langmann Tim , Petermann Nils , Matich Sonja , Sachsenhauser Matthias , Wiggers Hartmut , Stutzmann Martin , Brandt Martin S.
Published: November 2012

Porous, highly doped semiconductors are potential candidates for thermoelectric energy conversion elements. We report on the fabrication of thin films of Ge via short‐pulse laser‐sintering of Ge nanoparticles (NPs) in vacuum and study the macroporous morphology of the samples by secondary electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of undoped Ge is discussed in conjunction with the formation of a defect band near the valence band. We further introduce a versatile method of doping the resulting films with a variety of common dopant elements in group‐IV semiconductors by using a liquid containing the dopant atoms. This method is fully compatible with laser‐direct writing and suited to fabricate small scale thermoelectric generators. The incorporation of the dopants is verified by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and their electrical activation is studied by conductivity and thermopower measurements.
Thermal conductance of nanosize semiconductor pillars
Authors: Bartsch Thorben , Wetzel Alina , Sonnenberg David , Schmidt Matthias , Heyn Christian , Hansen Wolfgang
Published: November 2012

We study the thermal transport through only few nanometer long GaAs pillars. The pillars are epitaxially embedded between two otherwise isolated thermal reservoirs. Because of the short length and absence of defects and interfaces, the heat current through the pillars is free of distracting influences and perfectly controlled. This enables simple understanding of the observed thermal transport, regarding the pillars as ballistic thermal point contacts. The adjacent figure sketches a side view of the structures employed for the experiments. The thermal conductance of the pillars was measured with the 3ω method.

magnified image

Scheme of the investigated heterostructure with heater and thermal anchor.
Spectroscopy of Yb3+ in the disordered Na2/7Gd4/7MoO4 crystal with a scheelite‐type cation‐deficient structure
Authors: Zhao Wang , Zhou Wei‐wei , Wei Bo , Wang Guo‐fu
Published: November 2012

The creation of cation vacancies in the scheelite‐type framework leads to the formation of Na2/7Gd4/7MoO4 compound, where cationic sites are shared by Na+, Gd3+, and vacancies. The spectroscopic properties at ∼1 µm of this novel disordered Yb3+‐doped crystal, grown by the Czochralski method, have been investigated. The absorption and fluorescence spectra at 10 and 300 K provide the important information on the absorption and emission cross‐sections as well as the Stark energy‐level positions of Yb3+ ions in the crystal. The wavelength dependence of the gain cross‐section has been determined, which predicts a broad tuning range and potential sub‐100‐fs laser pulse generation. The laser parameters βmin, Isat, and Imin have been calculated, and the perspectives for applications as a laser‐active material have been discussed.
Compact two‐step laser time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer for in situ analyses of aromatic organics on planetary missions
Authors: Getty Stephanie A. , Brinckerhoff William B. , Cornish Timothy , Ecelberger Scott , Floyd Melissa
Published: November 2012

RATIONALE

A miniature time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer measuring 20 cm in length has been adapted to demonstrate two‐step laser desorption/ionization (LDI) in a compact instrument package for enhanced organics detection. Two‐step LDI decouples the desorption and ionization processes, relative to traditional LDI, in order to produce low‐fragmentation mass spectra of organic analytes. Tuning the UV ionization laser energy would allow control of the degree of fragmentation, which might enable better identification of constituent species.

METHODS

A reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer prototype was modified to allow a two‐laser configuration, with IR (1064 nm) desorption followed by UV (266 nm) postionization. A relatively low ion extraction voltage of 5 kV was applied at the sample inlet.

RESULTS

The instrument capabilities and performance were demonstrated with analysis of a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, representing a class of compounds important to the fields of Earth and planetary science. Two‐step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS) analysis of a model PAH, pyrene, was demonstrated, including molecular ion identification and the onset of tunable fragmentation as a function of ionizing laser energy. Mass resolution m/Δm = 380 at full width at half‐maximum was achieved for gas‐phase postionization of desorbed neutrals in this highly compact mass analyzer.

CONCLUSIONS

Achieving L2MS in a highly miniaturized instrument enables a powerful approach to the detection and characterization of aromatic organics in remote terrestrial and planetary applications. Tunable detection of molecular and fragment ions with high mass resolution, diagnostic of molecular structure, is possible on such a compact L2MS instrument. The selectivity of L2MS against low‐mass inorganic salt interferences is a key advantage when working with unprocessed, natural samples, and a mechanism for the observed selectivity is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous multiple mycotoxin quantification in feed samples using three isotopically labeled internal standards applied for isotopic dilution and data normalization through ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jackson Lewis C. , Kudupoje Manoj B. , Yiannikouris Alexandros
Published: November 2012

RATIONALE

Mycotoxins are typically present in grain and are also concentrated in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), common feed ingredients for food animals. The diversity of mycotoxins and feed matrices has made the routine detection and quantification of mycotoxins in feed both complex and prohibitively expensive.

METHODS

Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole detection (UPLC/ESI‐TQD) (tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS) with 13C‐labeled isotopic dilution was used to analyze internal standard isotopologues of three mycotoxin molecules, as well as 29 other structurally differing mycotoxin molecules from four common feed matrices: corn, wheat, barley, or DDGS. Mycotoxins were extracted via a single‐step procedure using a mixture of acetonitrile/water/formic acid. Labeled isotopologues were used as a surrogate to account for extraction quality and as internal standards for the evaluation of the feed matrix signal suppression/enhancement (SSE) contributed by each mycotoxin and by each matrix. The SSE was corrected by matrix‐matched calibration with blank certified reference feed material.

RESULTS

The limits of detection for individual mycotoxins in buffer ranged from 0.01 to 206.7 µg/mL but could increase by up to four times depending on the matrix effect. The accuracy and precision were enhanced by the use of isotopically labeled standards. The recoveries were somewhat negatively affected by the SSE contributed by each matrix. Each mycotoxin was successfully detected and assigned to one of four SSE categories: high (–66%), intermediate (–48%), low (–19%) signal suppression and signal enhancement (> +300%).

CONCLUSIONS

An improved LC/MS method was validated, which offers a practical and economical means for large‐scale detection and quantification of multiple mycotoxins in common animal‐feed matrices, including DDGS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big Ideas Behind Daily 5 and CAFE
Authors: Boushey Gail , Moser Joan
Published: November 2012

The Daily 5 and CAFE were born out of The Sister's research and observations of instructional mentors, their intense desire to be able to deliver highly intentional, focused instruction to small groups and individuals while the rest of the class was engaged in truly authentic reading and writing, and their understanding that a one size fits all approach wasn't working. The Daily 5, which is essentially a structure for organizing the literacy block. Many educators will recognize that it is simply a workshop approach with two or three cycles imbedded. What sets the Daily 5 apart from other approaches is the system for teaching independence, what students are doing, and what teachers are doing, during the literacy block.

CAFÉ composes the content within The Daily 5 Structure. It is the assessment, data analysis and instructional piece that make high academic achievement truly possible for all.
Close Reading In Elementary Schools
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy
Published: November 2012

Close reading is a recommended instructional approach to meet the challenges of teaching complex texts. But close readings are more common in high school and college than in elementary schools. In this article, we identify the components of close reading that were developed after a group of elementary school teachers observed their colleges in high school. In addition, we focus on the modifications necessary to implement close reading in elementary schools.
Helping Children Become More Knowledgeable Through Text
Authors: Neuman Susan B. , Roskos Kathleen
Published: November 2012

With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards, curriculum resources are shifting from an emphasis on literary texts to a greater focus on informational texts. Although we need to understand the intention of these new Common Core State Standards, and the important drive toward greater content knowledge for all students, we must be wary of the pendulum shifting too far in one direction. Content‐rich instruction is important at all grade levels, and there are many different types of texts that can support it. Text sets that include challenging and informational content using multiple genre on a common topic can support students' developing knowledge networks, reading skills and content‐area learning.
What Matters Most: My Thoughts on Literacy Instruction
Authors: Gray Stacey
Published: November 2012

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
The radiation pattern of a QCD antenna in a dense medium
Authors: Mehtar-Tani Yacine , Salgado Carlos A. , Tywoniuk Konrad
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We calculate the radiation spectrum off a
$ q\overline{q} $
pair of a fixed opening angle
$ {\theta_{{q\overline{q}}}} $
traversing a medium of length L. Multiple interactions with the medium are handled in the harmonic oscillator approximation, valid for soft gluon emissions. We discuss the time-scales relevant to the decoherence of correlated partons traversing the medium and demonstrate how this relates to the hard scale that govern medium-induced radiation. For large angle radiation, the hard scale is given by
$ {Q_{\mathrm{hard}}}=\max \left( {r_{\bot}^{-1 },{Q_s}} \right) $
, where
$ {r_{\bot }}={\theta_{{q\overline{q}}}}L $
is the probed transverse size and Q

s
is the maximal transverse momentum accumulated by the emitted gluon in the medium. These situations define in turn two distinct regimes, which we call “dipole” and “decoherence” regimes, respectively, which are discussed in detail. A feature common to both cases is that coherence of the radiation is restored at large transverse momenta, k
⊥ > Q
hard.
Preparation of a New Type of Polyamidoamine and Its Application for Soy Flour‐Based Adhesives
Authors: Gui Chengsheng , Liu Xiaoqing , Wu Di , Zhou Tuo , Wang Guyue , Zhu Jin
Published: November 2012

The most commonly used curing agents for soy‐based adhesives are polyamines, which have the problem of low solid content and/or high viscosity. To overcome this problem, a new type of polyamidoamine (PADA) resin was synthesized and applied to soy flour‐based adhesives to improve their water resistance. The PADA solution obtained had a high solid content of 50 wt% and low viscosity of 270 cP. The optimum weight ratio of soy flour/PADA/maleic anhydride to prepare adhesive was 40/7/1.68. The wet strength of plywood prepared at the optimum weight ratio was 0.82 MPa, which meant the plywood could be used as type II plywood according to the Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846.7‐2004. The results of water‐insoluble solid content measurement and SEM observation demonstrated that cured soy flour–PADA–maleic anhydride adhesive had a 16 % greater water‐insoluble solid content than soy flour–NaOH adhesive. The cross‐linking network formed by the reactions of PADA and MA would increase the water‐insoluble solid contents and improve water resistance of cured soy flour‐based adhesives.
Influence of Disperse Phase Characteristics on Stability, Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Emulsions Containing Cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Bilbao‐Sainz Cristina , Chiou Bor‐Sen , Du Wen‐Xian , Gregorsky Kay S. , Orts William J.
Published: November 2012

Cinnamaldehyde was delivered in emulsion form using Acetem 90‐50K as a carrier and Tween 60 as emulsifier. Cinnamaldehyde interacted with Acetem 90‐50K by forming H‐bonds. The effect of disperse phase characteristics on storage stability, physical and antimicrobial properties was investigated. A storage test of emulsions was carried out for 15 days at two temperatures (22 and 4 °C). Emulsions and nano‐emulsions showed higher stability at 22 °C than at 4 °C. Nano‐emulsions displayed excellent stability versus creaming and coalescence after 15 days storage at 22 °C (z‐avg <100 nm). Physical properties were greatly affected by droplet size and concentration. Emulsions became less viscous, more transparent and darker as the droplet size or concentration decreased. The antimicrobial activity was measured against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was highly resistant to cinnamaldehyde compared to L. monocytogenes. Incubation with cinnamaldehyde at 2.5 mM caused the complete inactivation of L. monocytogenes after 1 day and of E. coli after 9 days. There was no difference in the antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde due to different droplet sizes (~80 and ~5,000 nm).
The President's Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789–2002
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey E.
Published: November 2012

Jeffrey E. Cohen asks why US presidents send to Congress the legislative proposals that they do and what Congress does with those proposals. His study covers nearly the entire history of the presidency, from 1789 to 2002. The long historical scope allows Cohen to engage competing perspectives on how the presidency has developed over time. He asks what accounts for the short- and long-term trends in presidential requests to Congress, what substantive policies and issues recommendations are concerned with, and what factors affect the presidential decision to submit a recommendation on a particular issue. The President's Legislative Policy Agenda, 1789–2002 argues that presidents often anticipate the Congressional reaction to their legislative proposals and modify their agendas accordingly.
The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
Authors: Cooley Alison E.
Published: November 2012

This book advances our understanding of the place of Latin inscriptions in the Roman world. It enables readers, especially those new to the subject, to appreciate both the potential and the limitations of inscriptions as historical source material, by considering the diversity of epigraphic culture in the Roman world and how it has been transmitted to the twenty-first century. The first chapter offers an epigraphic sample drawn from the Bay of Naples, illustrating the dynamic epigraphic culture of that region. The second explores in detail the nature of epigraphic culture in the Roman world, probing the limitations of traditional ways of dividing up inscriptions into different categories, and offering examples of how epigraphic culture developed in different geographical, social and religious contexts. It examines the 'life-cycle' of inscriptions - how they were produced, viewed, reused and destroyed. Finally, the third provides guidance on deciphering inscriptions face-to-face and handling specialist epigraphic publications.
Statistical Principles for the Design of Experiments
Authors: Mead R. , Gilmour S. G. , Mead A.
Published: November 2012

This book is about the statistical principles behind the design of effective experiments and focuses on the practical needs of applied statisticians and experimenters engaged in design, implementation and analysis. Emphasising the logical principles of statistical design, rather than mathematical calculation, the authors demonstrate how all available information can be used to extract the clearest answers to many questions. The principles are illustrated with a wide range of examples drawn from real experiments in medicine, industry, agriculture and many experimental disciplines. Numerous exercises are given to help the reader practise techniques and to appreciate the difference that good design can make to an experimental research project. Based on Roger Mead's excellent Design of Experiments, this new edition is thoroughly revised and updated to include modern methods relevant to applications in industry, engineering and modern biology. It also contains seven new chapters on contemporary topics, including restricted randomisation and fractional replication.
The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran
Authors: Ansari Ali M.
Published: November 2012

The first full-length study of Iranian nationalism in nearly five decades, this sophisticated and challenging book by the distinguished historian Ali M. Ansari explores the idea of nationalism in the creation of modern Iran. It does so by considering the broader developments in national ideologies that took place following the emergence of the European Enlightenment and showing how these ideas were adopted by a non-European state. Ansari charts a course through twentieth-century Iran, analysing the growth of nationalistic ideas and their impact on the state and demonstrating the connections between historiographical and political developments. In so doing, he shows how Iran's different regimes manipulated ideologies of nationalism and collective historical memory to suit their own ends. Drawing on hitherto untapped sources, the book concludes that it was the revolutionary developments and changes that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century that paved the way for later radicalisation.
A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820
Authors: Thornton John K.
Published: November 2012

A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820 explores the idea that strong links exist in the histories of Africa, Europe and North and South America. John K. Thornton provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the Atlantic Basin before 1830 by describing political, social and cultural interactions between the continents' inhabitants. He traces the backgrounds of the populations on these three continental landmasses brought into contact by European navigation. Thornton then examines the political and social implications of the encounters, tracing the origins of a variety of Atlantic societies and showing how new ways of eating, drinking, speaking and worshipping developed in the newly created Atlantic World. This book uses close readings of original sources to produce new interpretations of its subject.
The Economic History of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Bulmer-Thomas Victor
Published: November 2012

This book examines the economic history of the Caribbean in the two hundred years since the Napoleonic Wars and is the first analysis to span the whole region. It is divided into three parts, each centered around a particular case study: the first focuses on the nineteenth century ('The Age of Free Trade'); the second considers the period up to 1960 ('The Age of Preferences'); and the final section concerns the half century from the Cuban Revolution to the present ('The Age of Globalization'). The study makes use of a specially constructed database to observe trends across the whole region and chart the progress of nearly thirty individual countries. Its findings challenge many long-standing assumptions about the region, and its in-depth case studies shed new light on the history of three countries in particular, namely Belize, Cuba and Haiti.
Social Inclusion of People with Disabilities
Authors: Rimmerman Arie
Published: November 2012

Social inclusion is often used interchangeably with the terms social cohesion, social integration and social participation, positioning social exclusion as the opposite. The latter is a contested term that refers to a wide range of phenomena and processes related to poverty and deprivation, but it is also used in relation to marginalised people and places. This book consists of two parts: the first aims to review the domestic and international historical roots and the conceptual base of disability, as well as the expressions of social exclusion of people with disabilities that interfere in their efforts to exercise their rights in society. It offers a comprehensive review of social and legal approaches to social exclusion and inclusion. The second part introduces and analyses domestic and international social and legal strategies to promote social inclusion for people with disabilities.
Paul the Apostle
Authors: Harrill J. Albert
Published: November 2012

This book is a controversial new biography of the apostle Paul that argues for his inclusion in the pantheon of key figures of classical antiquity, along with the likes of Socrates, Alexander the Great, Cleopatra and Augustus. It first provides a critical reassessment of the apostle's life in its historical context that focuses on Paul's discourse of authority, which was both representative of its Roman context and provocative to his rivals within Roman society. It then considers the legend that developed around Paul as the history of his life was elaborated and embellished by later interpreters, creating legends that characterized the apostle variously as a model citizen, an imperial hero, a sexual role model, an object of derision and someone to quote from. It is precisely this rewriting of Paul's history into legend that makes the apostle a key transformative figure of classical antiquity.
The Lives of Sumerian Sculpture
Authors: Evans Jean M.
Published: November 2012

This book examines the sculptures created during the Early Dynastic period (2900–2350 BC) of Sumer, a region corresponding to present-day southern Iraq. Featured almost exclusively in temple complexes, some 550 Early Dynastic stone statues of human figures carved in an abstract style have survived. Chronicling the intellectual history of ancient Near Eastern art history and archaeology at the intersection of sculpture and aesthetics, this book argues that the early modern reception of Sumer still influences ideas about these sculptures. Engaging also with the archaeology of the Early Dynastic temple, the book ultimately considers what a stone statue of a human figure has signified, both in modern times and in antiquity.
From Far Formosa
Authors: Mackay George Leslie
Published: November 2012

First published in 1896 and based on extracts from diaries, notes and reports, this work, edited by J. A. Macdonald, tells of the nearly three decades that George Mackay (1844–1901) spent on the island of Formosa (now Taiwan). In 1872 the Canadian Presbyterian priest arrived in northern Taiwan and set up a new missionary station. Within a month of his arrival he had made his first convert, a Chinese named Giam Chheng Hoa. Mackay married a local woman, with whom he had three children, and made numerous trips around the island, founded a hospital and established a college. He also gathered specimens of local fauna and flora that formed the cornerstone of a museum. Mackay offers vivid descriptions of Formosan geography, culture and animal life; his interpretation of the syncretic 'heathenism' of Formosa as a 'dark damning nightmare' is characteristic of the Western viewpoint of his time.
Oscar Wilde and Ancient Greece
Authors: Ross Iain
Published: November 2012

From his boyhood Oscar Wilde was haunted by the literature and culture of ancient Greece, but until now no full-length study has considered in detail the texts, institutions and landscapes through which he imagined Greece. The archaeology of Celtic Ireland, explored by the young Wilde on excavations with his father, informed both his encounter with the archaeology of Greece and his conviction that Celt and Greek shared a hereditary aesthetic sensibility, while major works such as The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest maintain a dynamic, creative relationship with originary texts such as Aristotle's Ethics, Plato's dialogues and the then lost comedies of Menander. Drawing on unpublished archival material, Oscar Wilde and Ancient Greece offers a new portrait of a writer whose work embodies both the late-nineteenth-century conflict between literary and material antiquity and his own contradictory impulses towards Hellenist form and the formlessness of desire.
The Journals of John McDouall Stuart during the Years 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1862
Authors: Stuart John McDouall
Published: November 2012

John McDouall Stuart (1815–66) was a surveyor and a pioneering explorer of Australia. Born in Scotland, he emigrated in 1839 to Australia where he worked in surveying and made many expeditions into the outback. The treks he undertook from 1858 to 1862 are the focus of this account, published in 1864, and are compiled from Stuart's notes by William Hardman (1828–90). During these periods of exploration he managed - though suffering from scurvy - to cross the continent, and he also discovered various rivers and geographical features. Hardman's account uses Stuart's journals to give an account of six historic and often gruelling expeditions. The first was to the north-west; the following two were explorations around Lake Torrens; the fourth was an attempt to find the centre of the territory; a fifth involved a forced retreat after an aboriginal attack; and in the final one Stuart traversed the continent.
Chemistry and the Environment
Authors: Harnung Sven E. , Johnson Matthew S.
Published: November 2012

This textbook presents the chemistry of the environment using the full strength of physical, inorganic and organic chemistry, in addition to the necessary mathematics and physics. It provides a broad yet thorough description of the environment and the environmental impact of human activity using scientific principles. It gives an accessible account while paying attention to the fundamental basis of the science, showing derivations of formulas and giving primary references and historical insight. The authors make consistent use of professionally accepted nomenclature (IUPAC and SI), allowing transparent access to the material by students and scientists from other fields. This textbook has been developed through many years of feedback from students and colleagues. It includes more than 400 online student exercises that have been class tested and refined. The book will be invaluable in environmental chemistry courses for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and professionals in chemistry and allied fields.
History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: November 2012

Leslie Stephen (1832–1904) was a writer, philosopher and literary critic whose work was published widely in the nineteenth century. As a young man Stephen was ordained deacon, but he later became agnostic and much of his work reflects his interest in challenging popular religion. This two-volume work, first published in 1876, is no exception: it focuses on the eighteenth-century deist controversy and its effects, as well as the reactions to what Stephen saw as a revolution in thought. Comprehensive and full of detailed analysis, this is an important work in the history of ideas. Volume 1 contains a thorough discussion of the arguments for and against deism. The debate is placed in a wider philosophical context and the works of Descartes, Locke and Hume are all discussed in detail. The volume concludes with an examination of theological thought at the end of the century.
Iconographic Method in New World Prehistory
Authors: Knight, Jr Vernon James
Published: November 2012

This book offers an overview of iconographic methods and their application to archaeological analysis. It offers a truly interdisciplinary approach that draws equally from art history and anthropology. Vernon James Knight, Jr begins with an historiographical overview, addressing the methodologies and theories that underpin both archaeology and art history. He then demonstrates how iconographic methods can be integrated with the scientific methods that are at the core of much archaeological inquiry. Focusing on artifacts from the pre-Columbian civilizations of North and Meso-American sites, Knight shows how the use of iconographic analysis yields new insights into these objects and civilizations.
Jewish Identities in Postcommunist Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Gitelman Zvi
Published: November 2012

Before the USSR collapsed, ethnic identities were imposed by the state. This book analyzes how and why Jews decided what being Jewish meant to them after the state dissolved and describes the historical evolution of Jewish identities. Surveys of more than 6,000 Jews in the early and late 1990s reveal that Russian and Ukrainian Jews have a deep sense of their Jewishness but are uncertain what it means. They see little connection between Judaism and being Jewish. Their attitudes toward Judaism, intermarriage and Jewish nationhood differ dramatically from those of Jews elsewhere. Many think Jews can believe in Christianity and do not condemn marrying non-Jews. This complicates their connections with other Jews, resettlement in Israel, the United States and Germany, and the rebuilding of public Jewish life in Russia and Ukraine. Post-Communist Jews, especially the young, are transforming religious-based practices into ethnic traditions and increasingly manifesting their Jewishness in public.
How to Prepare a Scientific Doctoral Dissertation Based on Research Articles
Authors: Gustavii Björn
Published: November 2012

The article-based thesis is becoming increasingly common, especially in the 'hard' sciences such as biology, medicine and technology, and is beginning to replace the traditional monograph. Format guidelines vary among universities. This is the first book to summarise the main features, showing the PhD student how to prepare a thesis in such a format. The suggestions are highly practical; both its good and bad examples from published theses support the author's wise advice on all aspects of such theses. Poor figures are not only scrutinised in detail but also redrawn for comparison. Guidance also covers the issues of reprint permissions and copyright. This informative and accessible book, from the author of How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper, has been developed through the author's extensive teaching experience in scientific writing and also his experience as a journal editor. It is therefore an indispensable guide to article-based thesis success.
The Essential Dimension of Stacks of Parabolic Vector Bundles over Curves
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dhillon Ajneet , Lemire Nicole
Published: November 2012

We find upper bounds on the essential dimension of the moduli stack of parabolic vector bundles over a curve. When there is no parabolic structure, we improve the known upper bound on the essential dimension of the usual moduli stack. Our calculations also give lower bounds on the essential dimension of the semistable locus inside the moduli stack of vector bundles of rankrand degreedwithout parabolic structure.
Temporal distributions of microplankton populations and relationships to environmental conditions in Jiaozhou Bay, northern China
Authors: Jiang Yong , Xu Henglong , Zhu Mingzhuang , Al-Rasheid Khaled A.S.
Published: November 2012

To analyse temporal distributions of microplankton populations and relationships to environmental conditions in marine ecosystems, a dataset of microplankton communities was investigated using a range of statistical methods. A total of 164 microplankton species comprising 100 microalgae and 64 ciliates were identified from 120 samples, respectively. Both planktonic microalga and ciliate assemblages showed temporal patterns and were significantly correlated between their temporal variations in abundance. The microplankton communities were characterized by 14 ciliates (e.g. Strombidium sulcatum, Tintinnopsis tubulosoides and Strombidium cheshiri) and 18 microalgae (e.g. Skeletonema costatum and Alexandrium tamarense). Multiple regression analyses showed that the interspecies correlations among these dominant species represented a complex network with a clear seasonal shift. Temporal pattern of microplankton communities was significantly correlated with the environmental variables such as temperature, salinity and nitrate nitrogen. The results suggest the clear species distribution and temporal dynamics of microplankton communities in response to environmental changes, and multivariate statistical approaches were a useful tool to reveal the species distribution patterns and complex microplanktonic interspecies correlations in marine ecosystems.
Archeolourinia shermani, a new genus and species of Louriniidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from a Caribbean mesophotic zone
Authors: Corgosinho P.H.C. , Schizas N.V.
Published: November 2012

Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are found on the insular and continental slopes of Caribbean islands and comprise mainly scleractinian corals, sponges and macroalgae. These species provide habitat for a highly diverse and specialized crustacean fauna. A new genus and species of the family Louriniidae is described from samples taken from an MCE in south-west Puerto Rico. The new taxa can be diagnosed by: body elongate, almost cylindrical and with inconspicuous podoplean boundary between prosome and urosome; double genital somite with a discontinuous chitinized cuticular ridge; telson short with rectangular anal operculum; furca short; rostrum sinusoidal, well defined at the base; antennules 7-segmented with aesthetasc on the fourth segment; antenna with a brush-like basal seta and an abexopodal seta, exopod 1-segmented with 2 setae; endopod with 7 elements (1 geniculate seta and 1 modified inner spine); maxilliped well developed, prehensile, composed of syncoxa, basis, one segmented endopod and one claw-like apical seta; leg 1 endopod 3-segmented, first segment with a modified inner seta; legs 2, 3 and 4 with 2-segmented endopod with inner seta on the first segment; leg 5 basendopod fused, well developed with 4 setae, exopod well developed, with 5 setae; leg 6 represented by a single seta; and genital slits wide apart. The new genus and species can be confidently assigned to the family Louriniidae on the basis of the following synapomorphies: rostrum well-developed with rounded tip; antennule of female 7-segmented; mandible palp reduced; maxillule endopod and exopod absent; maxillae endopodite 2 represented by 3 setae; leg 5 basoendopod of female confluent, intercoxal sclerite absent, exopod 1-segmented; eggs retained in a single ventral egg sac; telson shorter than last urosomite; and furca short and with 6 setae.
Trends and biases in the listing and recovery planning for threatened species: an Australian case study
Authors: Walsh Jessica C. , Watson James E. M. , Bottrill Madeleine C. , Joseph Liana N. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: November 2012

Many countries rely on formal legislation to protect and plan for the recovery of threatened species. Even though the listing procedures in threatened species legislation are designed to be consistent for all species there is usually a bias in implementing the laws towards charismatic fauna and flora, which leads to uneven allocation of conservation efforts. However, the extent of bias in national threatened species lists is often unknown. Australia is a good example: the list of threatened species under the Environmental Protection and Biological Conservation Act has not been reviewed since 2000, when it was first introduced. We assessed how well this Act represents threatened species across taxonomic groups and threat status, and whether biases exist in the types of species with recovery plans. We found that birds, amphibians and mammals have high levels of threatened species (12–24%) but < 6% of all reptiles and plants and < 0.01% of invertebrates and fish are considered threatened. Similar taxonomic biases are present in the types of species with recovery plans. Although there have been recent improvements in the representation of threatened species with recovery plans across taxonomic groups, there are still major gaps between the predicted and listed numbers of threatened species. Because of biases in the listing and recovery planning processes many threatened species may receive little attention regardless of their potential for recovery: a lost opportunity to achieve the greatest conservation impact possible. The Environmental Protection and Biological Conservation Act in Australia needs reform to rectify these biases.
Identification and characterization of a cDNA clone-encoding antigen of Eimeria acervulina
Authors: ZHU HUILI , XU LIXIN , YAN RUOFENG , SONG XIAOKAI , TANG FANG , WANG SONG , LI XIANGRUI
Published: November 2012

Eimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a major disease affecting the poultry industry. So far, only a few antigen genes of E. acervulina have been reported. In this study, a clone, named as cSZ-JN2, was identified from a cDNA expression library prepared from E. acervulina sporozoite stage with the ability to stimulate the chicken immune response. The sequence analysis showed that the open reading fragment (ORF) of cSZ-JN2 was 153 bp in size and encoded a predicted protein of 50 amino acids of Mr 5·3 kDa. BLASTN search revealed that cSZ-JN2 had no significant homology with the known genes of E. acervulina or any other organism (GenBank). The recombinant cSZ-JN2 antigen expressed in E. coli was recognized strongly by serum from chickens experimentally infected with E. acervulina. Immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against recombinant cSZ-JN2 indicated that this protein was expressed in sporozoite and merozoite developmental stages. Animal challenge experiments demonstrated that the recombinant protein of cSZ-JN2 and DNA vaccine carrying cSZ-JN2 could significantly increase the average body weight gains, decrease the mean lesion scores and the oocyst outputs of the immunized chickens and presented anti-coccidial indices of more than 165. All the above results suggested that the cSZ-JN2 was a novel E. acervulina antigen and could be an effective candidate for the development of a new vaccine against E. acervulina infection.
Alteration in mononuclear cell subpopulations in dogs immunized with gentamicin-attenuatedLeishmania infantum
Authors: DANESHVAR HAMID , SEDGHY FARNAZ , DABIRI SHAHRIAR , KAMIABI HOSSEIN , MOLAEI MOHAMMAD M. , PHILLIPS STEPHEN , BURCHMORE RICHARD
Published: November 2012

The impact of immunization with gentamicin-attenuatedLeishmania infantum(H-line) on the immunophenotypic profile of popliteal lymph node (PLN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the dogs infected withL. infantumwild-type (Group WT), there was a significantly higher percentage of CD4+, CD44+T cells and CD14+, MHC-II+cells and a lower percentage of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in PLN of the immunized dogs withL. infantumH-line (Group H). The percentage of CD4+and CD8+T cells in PBMCs of immunized dogs was higher than that in dogs of Group WT. The CD4:CD8 ratio in PLN of dogs of Group H was significantly higher than that in dogs of Group WT. A significantly higher percentage of CD21+B cells and a lower percentage of CD79b+cells were found in PLN of the immunized dogs compared with dogs of Group WT. Immunohistochemical investigation showed no parasites in the PLN of immunized dogs whereas there were parasites in the PLN of 60% of dogs infected withL. infantumWT. In this study, the immunophenotypic profile of mononuclear cells of the immunized dogs correlates with cellular immunity.
Time trends in coroners' use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005
Authors: Gunnell D. , Bennewith O. , Simkin S. , Cooper J. , Klineberg E. , Rodway C. , Sutton L. , Steeg S. , Wells C. , Hawton K. , Kapur N.
Published: November 2012

Background

Official suicide statistics for England are based on deaths given suicide verdicts and most cases given an open verdict following a coroner's inquest. Previous research indicates that some deaths given accidental verdicts are considered to be suicides by clinicians. Changes in coroners' use of different verdicts may bias suicide trend estimates. We investigated whether suicide trends may be over- or underestimated when they are based on deaths given suicide and open verdicts.

Method

Possible suicides assessed by 12 English coroners in 1990/91, 1998 and 2005 and assigned open, accident/misadventure or narrative verdicts were rated by three experienced suicide researchers according to the likelihood that they were suicides. Details of all suicide verdicts given by these coroners were also recorded.

Results

In 1990/91, 72.0% of researcher-defined suicides received a suicide verdict from the coroner, this decreased to 65.4% in 2005 (ptrend < 0.01); equivalent figures for combined suicide and open verdicts were 95.4% (1990/91) and 86.7% (2005). Researcher-defined suicides with a verdict of accident/misadventure doubled over that period, from 4.6% to 9.1% (p < 0.01). Narrative verdict cases rose from zero in 1990/91 to 25 in 2005 (4.2% of researcher-defined suicides that year). In 1998 and 2005, 50.0% of the medicine poisoning deaths given accidental/misadventure verdicts were rated as suicide by the researchers.

Conclusions

Between 1990/91 and 2005, the proportion of researcher-defined suicides given a suicide verdict by coroners decreased, largely due to an increased use of accident/misadventure verdicts, particularly for deaths involving poisoning. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of ‘accidental’ deaths by poisoning with medicines in the statistics available for monitoring suicides rates.
Preconceptions about institutionalisation at public nursing homes in Spain: views of residents and family members
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍN BEATRIZ , MARTÍNEZ-ANDRÉS MARÍA , CERVERA-MONTEAGUDO BEATRIZ , NOTARIO-PACHECO BLANCA , MARTÍNEZ-VIZCAÍNO VICENTE
Published: November 2012

The aim of this article was to ascertain nursing home residents' preconceptions about institutionalisation and analyse the causes and circumstances of and the justification for their admission. Grounded theory was used to design and analyse a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews in a theoretical sampling of 20 persons aged over 65 years with no cognitive impairment, and eight proxy informants of residents with cognitive impairment, institutionalised at a public nursing home in Spain. Our analysis revealed that preconceptions about nursing homes differ between residents and relatives, and are strongly influenced by the views held by society about such centres and by previous experiences. Regarding the causes and circumstances underlying nursing home placement, while the principal cause of institutionalisation among residents with cognitive impairment was the ineffectiveness of informal care systems, in the case of residents without cognitive impairment reasons tended to revolve around two main themes: social causes (loneliness, not be a burden to the others, household-related, comfort and absence of relatives in the vicinity), and limitations in physical functioning, with the former predominating. This study shows society's perception of such centres and the circumstances surrounding admission. These points of view are useful for analysing why informal care systems prove inadequate, and are crucial for designing programmes targeted at acceptance and successful adaptation to institutionalisation when this becomes necessary.
Sergei Tret'iakov's Roar, China! between Moscow and China
Authors: Gamsa Mark
Published: November 2012

The writer, poet and dramatist Sergei Tret'iakov was a central figure of the early Soviet literary and artistic avant-garde. Born in 1892 in Kuldiga, a town in what is now Latvia and was then the Governorate of Courland, one of the three Baltic provinces of the Russian empire, he was educated in prerevolutionary Riga and Moscow. Fluent also in Latvian and German, he started out as a poet in Russian and came under the influence of futurism when living in Vladivostok in 1919. During the Russian Civil War, Tret'iakov spent several months in Harbin, Tianjin, and Beijing in 1920 and 1921, and he returned to China as a teacher of Russian at Peking University between 1924 and 1925. The mid-1920s were also his most productive period as a writer for the theatre. Back in the Soviet Union, he went on to write experimental documentary prose, reportage and film scenarios while making radical statements in literary theory. He collaborated closely with the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930), the cinema director Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948) and the theatre director Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874–1940), and as a translator and critic he brought the plays and poetry of Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956) to Soviet readers.
Repositioning the Dutch in the Atlantic, 1680–1800
Authors: Oostindie Gert , Roitman Jessica Vance
Published: November 2012

After some decades of historical debate about the early modern Atlantic, it has become a truism that the Atlantic may better be understood as a world of connections rather than as a collection of isolated national sub-empires. Likewise, it is commonly accepted that the study of this interconnected Atlantic world should be interdisciplinary, going beyond traditional economic and political history to include the study of the circulation of people and cultures. This view was espoused and expanded upon in the issue of Itinerario on the nature of Atlantic history published thirteen years ago—the same issue in which Pieter Emmer and Wim Klooster famously asserted that there was no Dutch Atlantic empire. Since this controversial article appeared, there has been a resurgence of interest among scholars about the role of the Dutch in the Atlantic. With Atlantic history continuing to occupy a prominent place in Anglo-American university history departments, it seems high time to appraise the output of this resurgence of interest with an historiographical essay reviewing the major works and trends in the study of the Dutch in the Atlantic.