bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Anisic Acid Derivatives from Endophytic Fungus Rhizopycnis vagum Nitaf22 and Their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Wang Ali , Li Peng , Zhang Xuping , Han Peipei , Lai Daowan , Zhou Ligang
Published: March 2018

Rhizopycnis acids A (1) and B (2), two new anisic acid derivatives, were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation cultures of Rhizopycnis vagum, an endophytic fungus isolated from the healthy tissues of Nicotiana tabacum. The structures of the two compounds were determined through a series of 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. Both compounds were the first anisic acid derivatives containing methylbutanoic/methylbutenoic acid group found in fungi. 1 and 2 displayed antibacterial activity against six tested bacteria with IC50 values in the range 16.1~81.3 μg/mL.
A Rapid and Semi-Quantitative Gold Nanoparticles Based Strip Sensor for Polymyxin B Sulfate Residues
Authors: Li Yue , Liu Liqiang , Song Shanshan , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai
Published: March 2018

Increasing attention is now being directed to the utilization of polymyxin B (PMB) as a last-line treatment for life-threatening infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, polymyxins resistance is also increasingly reported, leaving a serious threat to human health. Therefore, the establishment of rapid detection methods for PMB residues is highly essential to ensure public health. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (mAb; 2A2 and 3C6) were obtained using PMB-bovine serum albumin as the immunogen and PMB-ovalbumin as the coating antigen, which were prepared with N-(γ-maleimidobutyryloxy) succinimide ester and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agents, respectively. Through an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, resultant two mAbs were compared and the results indicated that 3C6 showed higher sensitivity with a half maximum inhibition concentration of 13.13 ng/mL. Based on 3C6, a gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based immunochromatographic test (ICT) strip was then established, the mechanism of which is that free PMB competes with the fixed coating antigen to combine with mAb labeled by AuNPs. Using ICT strip to detect milk and animal feed samples revealed the visible detection limits were 25 ng/mL and 500 μg/kg, respectively and the cutoff limits were 100 ng/mL and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. The ICT strip provides results within 15 min, facilitating rapid and semi-quantitative analysis of PMB residues in milk and animal feed.
Diet Quality and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bloom Ilse , Shand Calum , Cooper Cyrus , Robinson Sian , Baird Janis
Published: March 2018

The increasing recognition of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (muscle strength and physical performance), as a determinant of poor health in older age, has emphasized the importance of understanding more about its aetiology to inform strategies both for preventing and treating this condition. There is growing interest in the effects of modifiable factors such as diet; some nutrients have been studied but less is known about the influence of overall diet quality on sarcopenia. We conducted a systematic review of the literature examining the relationship between diet quality and the individual components of sarcopenia, i.e., muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, and the overall risk of sarcopenia, among older adults. We identified 23 studies that met review inclusion criteria. The studies were diverse in terms of the design, setting, measures of diet quality, and outcome measurements. A small body of evidence suggested a relationship between “healthier” diets and better muscle mass outcomes. There was limited and inconsistent evidence for a link between “healthier” diets and lower risk of declines in muscle strength. There was strong and consistent observational evidence for a link between “healthier” diets and lower risk of declines in physical performance. There was a small body of cross-sectional evidence showing an association between “healthier” diets and lower risk of sarcopenia. This review provides observational evidence to support the benefits of diets of higher quality for physical performance among older adults. Findings for the other outcomes considered suggest some benefits, although the evidence is either limited in its extent (sarcopenia) or inconsistent/weak in its nature (muscle mass, muscle strength). Further studies are needed to assess the potential of whole-diet interventions for the prevention and management of sarcopenia.
Hyperthermia-Triggered Gemcitabine Release from Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Iglesias G. , Reyes-Ortega Felisa , Checa Fernandez B. , Delgado Ángel
Published: March 2018

In this work a combined, multifunctional platform, which was devised for the simultaneous application of magnetic hyperthermia and the delivery of the antitumor drug gemcitabine, is described and tested in vitro. The system consists of magnetite particles embedded in a polymer envelope, designed to make them biocompatible, thanks to the presence of poly (ethylene glycol) in the polymer shell. The commercial particles, after thorough cleaning, are provided with carboxyl terminal groups, so that at physiological pH they present negative surface charge. This was proved by electrophoresis, and makes it possible to electrostatically adsorb gemcitabine hydrochloride, which is the active drug of the resulting nanostructure. Both electrophoresis and infrared spectroscopy are used to confirm the adsorption of the drug. The gemcitabine-loaded particles are tested regarding their ability to release it while heating the surroundings by magnetic hyperthermia, in principle their chances as antitumor agents. The release, with first-order kinetics, is found to be faster when carried out in a thermostated bath at 43 °C than at 37 °C, as expected. But, the main result of this investigation is that while the particles retain their hyperthermia response, with reasonably high heating power, they release the drug faster and with zeroth-order kinetics when they are maintained at 43 °C under the action of the alternating magnetic field used for hyperthermia.
Nature-Inspired Green Procedure for Improving Performance of Protein-Based Nanocomposites via Introduction of Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Stablized Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid
Authors: Jin Shicun , Li Kuang , Li Jianzhang
Published: March 2018

Soy protein isolate (SPI) provides a potential alternative biopolymer source to fossil fuels, but improving the mechanical properties and water resistance of SPI composites remains a huge challenge. Inspired by the synergistic effect of natural nacre, we developed a novel approach to fabricate high-performance SPI nanocomposite films based on 2D graphene (G) nanosheets and 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) using a casting method. The introduction of web-like NFC promoted the uniform dispersion of graphene/CNTs in the biopolymer matrix, as well as a high extent of cross-linkage combination between the fillers and SPI matrix. The laminated and cross-linked structures of the different nanocomposite films were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images. Due to the synergistic interactions of π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding between the nanofillers and SPI chains, the tensile strength of SPI/G/CNT/NFC film significantly increased by 78.9% and the water vapor permeability decreased by 31.76% in comparison to neat SPI film. In addition, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light barrier performance, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity of the films were significantly improved as well. This bioinspired synergistic reinforcing strategy opens a new path for constructing high-performance nanocomposites.
Special Issue “Ageing Population Risks”
Authors: Shevchenko Pavel
Published: March 2018

n/a
Conductometric Sensor for PAH Detection with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as Recognition Layer
Authors: Latif Usman , Ping Liu , Dickert Franz
Published: March 2018

A conductometric sensor based on screen-printed interdigital gold electrodes on glass substrate coated with molecularly imprinted polyurethane layers was fabricated to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. The results prove that screen-printed interdigital electrodes are very suitable transducers to fabricate low-cost sensor systems for measuring change in resistance of PAH-imprinted layers while exposing to different PAHs. The sensor showed good selectivity to its templated molecules and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.3 nmol/L e.g., for anthracene in water which is lower than WHO’s permissible limit.
Visualization of Concrete Slump Flow Using the Kinect Sensor
Authors: Kim Jung-Hoon , Park Minbeom
Published: March 2018

Workability is regarded as one of the important parameters of high-performance concrete and monitoring it is essential in concrete quality management at construction sites. The conventional workability test methods are basically based on length and time measured by a ruler and a stopwatch and, as such, inevitably involves human error. In this paper, we propose a 4D slump test method based on digital measurement and data processing as a novel concrete workability test. After acquiring the dynamically changing 3D surface of fresh concrete using a 3D depth sensor during the slump flow test, the stream images are processed with the proposed 4D slump processing algorithm and the results are compressed into a single 4D slump image. This image basically represents the dynamically spreading cross-section of fresh concrete along the time axis. From the 4D slump image, it is possible to determine the slump flow diameter, slump flow time, and slump height at any location simultaneously. The proposed 4D slump test will be able to activate research related to concrete flow simulation and concrete rheology by providing spatiotemporal measurement data of concrete flow.
Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions
Authors: Sanchez-Iborra Ramon , Sanchez-Gomez Jesus , Ballesta-Viñas Juan , Cano Maria-Dolores , Skarmeta Antonio F.
Published: March 2018

New verticals within the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm such as smart cities, smart farming, or goods monitoring, among many others, are demanding strong requirements to the Radio Access Network (RAN) in terms of coverage, end-node’s power consumption, and scalability. The technologies employed so far to provide IoT scenarios with connectivity, e.g., wireless sensor network and cellular technologies, are not able to simultaneously cope with these three requirements. Thus, a novel solution known as Low Power - Wide Area Network (LP-WAN) has emerged as a promising alternative to provide with low-cost and low-power-consumption connectivity to end-nodes spread in a wide area. Concretely, the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology is one of the LP-WAN platforms that is receiving greater attention from both the industry and the academia. For that reason, in this work, a comprehensive performance evaluation of LoRaWAN under different environmental conditions is presented. The results are obtained from three real scenarios, namely, urban, suburban, and rural, considering both dynamic and static conditions, hence a discussion about the most proper LoRaWAN physical-layer configuration for each scenario is provided. Besides, a theoretical coverage study is also conducted by the use of a radio planning tool considering topographic maps and a precise propagation model. From the attained results, it can be concluded that it is necessary to evaluate the propagation conditions of the deployment scenario prior to the system implantation in order to reach a compromise between the robustness of the network and the transmission data-rate.
ISBDD Model for Classification of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Li Na , Xu Zhaopeng , Zhao Huijie , Huang Xinchen , Li Zhenhong , Drummond Jane , Wang Daming
Published: March 2018

The diverse density (DD) algorithm was proposed to handle the problem of low classification accuracy when training samples contain interference such as mixed pixels. The DD algorithm can learn a feature vector from training bags, which comprise instances (pixels). However, the feature vector learned by the DD algorithm cannot always effectively represent one type of ground cover. To handle this problem, an instance space-based diverse density (ISBDD) model that employs a novel training strategy is proposed in this paper. In the ISBDD model, DD values of each pixel are computed instead of learning a feature vector, and as a result, the pixel can be classified according to its DD values. Airborne hyperspectral data collected by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor and the Push-broom Hyperspectral Imager (PHI) are applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Results show that the overall classification accuracy of ISBDD model on the AVIRIS and PHI images is up to 97.65% and 89.02%, respectively, while the kappa coefficient is up to 0.97 and 0.88, respectively.
A Novel Sidelobe Reduction Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Sidelobe Correction Using D-SVA for Squint SAR Images
Authors: Liu Min , Li Zhou , Liu Lu
Published: March 2018

Sidelobe reduction is a very primary task for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Various methods have been proposed for broadside SAR, which can suppress the sidelobes effectively while maintaining high image resolution at the same time. Alternatively, squint SAR, especially highly squint SAR, has emerged as an important tool that provides more mobility and flexibility and has become a focus of recent research studies. One of the research challenges for squint SAR is how to resolve the severe range-azimuth coupling of echo signals. Unlike broadside SAR images, the range and azimuth sidelobes of the squint SAR images no longer locate on the principal axes with high probability. Thus the spatially variant apodization (SVA) filters could hardly get all the sidelobe information, and hence the sidelobe reduction process is not optimal. In this paper, we present an improved algorithm called double spatially variant apodization (D-SVA) for better sidelobe suppression. Satisfactory sidelobe reduction results are achieved with the proposed algorithm by comparing the squint SAR images to the broadside SAR images. Simulation results also demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.
The Dynamic Photometric Stereo Method Using a Multi-Tap CMOS Image Sensor
Authors: Yoda Takuya , Nagahara Hajime , Taniguchi Rin-ichiro , Kagawa Keiichiro , Yasutomi Keita , Kawahito Shoji
Published: March 2018

The photometric stereo method enables estimation of surface normals from images that have been captured using different but known lighting directions. The classical photometric stereo method requires at least three images to determine the normals in a given scene. However, this method cannot be applied to dynamic scenes because it is assumed that the scene remains static while the required images are captured. In this work, we present a dynamic photometric stereo method for estimation of the surface normals in a dynamic scene. We use a multi-tap complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to capture the input images required for the proposed photometric stereo method. This image sensor can divide the electrons from the photodiode from a single pixel into the different taps of the exposures and can thus capture multiple images under different lighting conditions with almost identical timing. We implemented a camera lighting system and created a software application to enable estimation of the normal map in real time. We also evaluated the accuracy of the estimated surface normals and demonstrated that our proposed method can estimate the surface normals of dynamic scenes.
A Novel Anti-Spoofing Solution for Iris Recognition Toward Cosmetic Contact Lens Attack Using Spectral ICA Analysis
Authors: Hsieh Sheng-Hsun , Li Yung-Hui , Wang Wei , Tien Chung-Hao
Published: March 2018

In this study, we maneuvered a dual-band spectral imaging system to capture an iridal image from a cosmetic-contact-lens-wearing subject. By using the independent component analysis to separate individual spectral primitives, we successfully distinguished the natural iris texture from the cosmetic contact lens (CCL) pattern, and restored the genuine iris patterns from the CCL-polluted image. Based on a database containing 200 test image pairs from 20 CCL-wearing subjects as the proof of concept, the recognition accuracy (False Rejection Rate: FRR) was improved from FRR = 10.52% to FRR = 0.57% with the proposed ICA anti-spoofing scheme.
Multi-User Low Intrusive Occupancy Detection
Authors: Pratama Azkario , Widyawan Widyawan , Lazovik Alexander , Aiello Marco
Published: March 2018

Smart spaces are those that are aware of their state and can act accordingly. Among the central elements of such a state is the presence of humans and their number. For a smart office building, such information can be used for saving energy and safety purposes. While acquiring presence information is crucial, using sensing techniques that are highly intrusive, such as cameras, is often not acceptable for the building occupants. In this paper, we illustrate a proposal for occupancy detection which is low intrusive; it is based on equipment typically available in modern offices such as room-level power-metering and an app running on workers’ mobile phones. For power metering, we collect the aggregated power consumption and disaggregate the load of each device. For the mobile phone, we use the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) nodes deployed around workspaces to localize the phone in a room. We test the system in our offices. The experiments show that sensor fusion of the two sensing modalities gives 87–90% accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Homelessness Pathways for Australian Single Mothers and Their Children: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Warburton Wayne , Whittaker Elizabeth , Papic Marina
Published: March 2018

There is increasing concern about family homelessness. Homeless mothers and their children are one of society’s most disadvantaged and at-risk populations. However, very little Australian research exploring mothers’ views on their homelessness experiences exists. Using semi-structured interviews with 14 mothers and four agency staff, this study explored homeless Australian mothers’ pathways into and out of homelessness, their specific needs and the services and supports that were (or would have been) most helpful. In this sample of single mothers and their children, early experiences of homelessness and domestic violence contributed most commonly to homelessness episodes. Almost immediate engagement with welfare agencies seemed to be protective against re-experiencing homelessness, however Australian restrictions on length of program involvement and limited housing options for mothers exiting homelessness programs, may place such mothers and their children at high risk of re-entering homelessness. Younger mothers had greater needs and benefited most from personalised one-on-one support that addressed key parenting and life skills. The implications of these findings are considered in relation to service delivery to this vulnerable group and avenues for future research are noted.
Towards a Social-Ecological Urbanism: Co-Producing Knowledge through Design in the Albano Resilient Campus Project in Stockholm
Authors: Erixon Aalto Hanna , Marcus Lars , Torsvall Jonas
Published: March 2018

If we are to promote urban sustainability and resilience, social-ecological knowledge must be better integrated in urban planning and design projects. Due to gaps in the two cultures of thinking that are associated with the disciplines of ecology and design, such integration has, however, proven to be challenging. In mainstream practice, ecologists often act as sub-consultants; they are seldom engaged in the creative and conceptual phases of the process. Conversely, research aiming to bridge the gap between design and ecology has tended to be dominated by a relatively static and linear outlook on what the design process is, and what it could be. Further, few concrete examples of the co-production of ecological and design knowledge exist. In this paper, we give an account of a transdisciplinary design proposal for Albano Resilient Campus in Stockholm, discussing how design—seen as a process and an assemblage of artifacts—can act as a framework for co-producing knowledge and operationalizing concepts of resilience and ecosystem services. Through a design-based and action-oriented approach, we discuss how such a collaborative design process may integrate ecological knowledge into urban design through three concrete practices: (a) iterative prototyping; (b) generative matrix models; and, (c) legible, open-ended, comprehensive narratives. In the conclusion, we sketch the contours of a social-ecological urbanism, speculating on possible broader and changed roles for ecologists, designers, and the associated actors within this framework.
Cuckoo Search Algorithm with Lévy Flights for Global-Support Parametric Surface Approximation in Reverse Engineering
Authors: Iglesias Andrés , Gálvez Akemi , Suárez Patricia , Shinya Mikio , Yoshida Norimasa , Otero César , Manchado Cristina , Gomez-Jauregui Valentin
Published: March 2018

This paper concerns several important topics of the Symmetry journal, namely, computer-aided design, computational geometry, computer graphics, visualization, and pattern recognition. We also take advantage of the symmetric structure of the tensor-product surfaces, where the parametric variables u and v play a symmetric role in shape reconstruction. In this paper we address the general problem of global-support parametric surface approximation from clouds of data points for reverse engineering applications. Given a set of measured data points, the approximation is formulated as a nonlinear continuous least-squares optimization problem. Then, a recent metaheuristics called Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) is applied to compute all relevant free variables of this minimization problem (namely, the data parameters and the surface poles). The method includes the iterative generation of new solutions by using the Lévy flights to promote the diversity of solutions and prevent stagnation. A critical advantage of this method is its simplicity: the CSA requires only two parameters, many fewer than any other metaheuristic approach, so the parameter tuning becomes a very easy task. The method is also simple to understand and easy to implement. Our approach has been applied to a benchmark of three illustrative sets of noisy data points corresponding to surfaces exhibiting several challenging features. Our experimental results show that the method performs very well even for the cases of noisy and unorganized data points. Therefore, the method can be directly used for real-world applications for reverse engineering without further pre/post-processing. Comparative work with the most classical mathematical techniques for this problem as well as a recent modification of the CSA called Improved CSA (ICSA) is also reported. Two nonparametric statistical tests show that our method outperforms the classical mathematical techniques and provides equivalent results to ICSA for all instances in our benchmark.
Rotating Quark Stars in General Relativity
Authors: Zhou Enping , Tsokaros Antonios , Rezzolla Luciano , Xu Renxin , Uryū Kōji
Published: March 2018

We have built quasi-equilibrium models for uniformly rotating quark stars in general relativity. The conformal flatness approximation is employed and the Compact Object CALculator (cocal) code is extended to treat rotating stars with surface density discontinuity. In addition to the widely used MIT bag model, we have considered a strangeon star equation of state (EoS), suggested by Lai and Xu, that is based on quark clustering and results in a stiff EoS. We have investigated the maximum mass of uniformly rotating axisymmetric quark stars. We have also built triaxially deformed solutions for extremely fast rotating quark stars and studied the possible gravitational wave emission from such configurations.
Multifractal Comparison of Reflectivity and Polarimetric Rainfall Data from C- and X-Band Radars and Respective Hydrological Responses of a Complex Catchment Model
Authors: Paz Igor , Willinger Bernard , Gires Auguste , Ichiba Abdellah , Monier Laurent , Zobrist Christophe , Tisserand Bruno , Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia , Schertzer Daniel
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a comparison between C-band and X-band radar data over an instrumented and regulated catchment of the Paris region. We study the benefits of polarimetry and the respective hydrological impacts with the help of rain gauge and flow measurements using a semi-distributed hydrological model. Both types of radar confirm the high spatial variability of the rainfall down to their space resolution (1 km and 250 m, respectively). Therefore, X-band radar data underscore the limitations of simulations using a semi-distributed model with sub-catchments of an average size of 2 km. The use of the polarimetric capacity of the Météo-France C-band radar was limited to corrections of the horizontal reflectivity, and its rainfall estimates are adjusted with the help of a rain gauge network. On the contrary, no absolute calibration and scanning optimisation were performed for the polarimetric X-band radar of the Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (hereafter referred to as the ENPC X-band radar). In spite of this and the fact that the catchment is much closer to the C-band radar than to the X-band radar (average distance of 15 km vs. 35 km, respectively), the latter seems to perform at least as well as the former, but with a higher spatial resolution. This was best highlighted with the help of a multifractal analysis, which also shows that the X-band radar was able to pick up a few rainfall extremes that were smoothed out by the C-band radar.
Rehabilitation Planning of Water Distribution Network through a Reliability—Based Risk Assessment
Authors: D’Ercole Marianna , Righetti Maurizio , Raspati Gema , Bertola Paolo , Maria Ugarelli Rita
Published: March 2018

The efficient and effective management of existing water distribution systems (WDSs) faces challenges related to aging of infrastructure, population growth, extended urbanization, climate change impacts and environmental pollution. Therefore, there is a need for integrated solutions that support decision makers to plan today potential interventions, considering the possible consequences and variations in mid- and long-term perspectives. This study is a part of a more comprehensive project, where advanced hydraulic analysis of WDS is coupled with a dynamic resources input-output analysis model. The proposed modeling solution provides a robust tool to support planning of intervention actions and can be applied to optimize the performance of a water supply system considering energy consumption and environmental impacts. This paper presents an application of the proposed method in pipe rehabilitation/replacement planning, maximizing the network mechanical reliability and minimizing the risk of unsupplied water demand and pressure deficit evaluated at nodal level, under given economic constraints.
Islam et gouvernement du peuple
Authors: Urvoy Dominique
Published: March 2018

Les textes fondamentaux de l'islam (Coran et hadîths) définissent une conception hiérarchique du politique issue de la volonté de faire du Prophète un arbitre y compris sur le temporel. La revendication d'un caractère démocratique pour l'islam originel repose sur l'idée de consultation (shûra), laquelle est seulement une adaptation d'une pratique anté-islamique. Le Coran lui-même n'y fait allusion qu'en lui enlevant toute portée politique (XLII, 36-39), ou en conservant celle-ci uniquement comme une concession destinée à éviter les défections (III, 159).
Le monde rural pakistanais et la démocratie
Authors: Etienne Gilbert
Published: March 2018

Après bien des aléas, le Pakistan est entré en démocratie à partir des élections de 1988. Deux traits saillants apparaissent : le poids du monde rural, en gros les deux tiers de la population, le poids des grands propriétaires fonciers dans les campagnes, dans la vie politique aux deux niveaux provincial et national. Prise dans son ensemble la société n'est pas statique et de nouvelles forces se manifestent. Néanmoins, il faudra du temps pour faire reculer l'influence des landlords, d'autant plus que la situation politique et économique n'est guère stable.
La clandestinité
Authors: Benbassa Esther
Published: March 2018

Après l'avènement de la République kémaliste, de type exclusiviste, le judaïsme turc se coupa officiellement du cadre organ isationnel du mouvement sioniste, ce qui n'empêcha pas le maintien d'un sionisme clandestin. Comment mener des activités d'encadrement, de propagande, d'endoctrinement, d'apprentissage dans un tel contexte ? Comment un sionisme effectif aurait-il pu se développer, lorsqu'on sait aussi que les dirigeants sionistes s'intéressaient relativement peu aux Juifs locaux après le démembrement de l'Empire à la suite de la Première Guerre mondiale ? Dans la clandestinité, il y avait peu de possibilités de formation pionnière et autres pour préparer l'émigration des locaux. On peut ainsi parler ici d'un sionisme sans idéologie. Les années qui précédèrent le kémalisme ne furent pas suffisantes pour imprégner la population du message idéologique du sionisme. Reste qu'à la fondation de l'État d'Israël environ 30 000 Juifs y émigrent. Comment expliquer cet exode ? L'article tente de répondre à cette question. EB
Turkish-Israeli Relations
Authors: Güvendiren Ekrem
Published: March 2018

Le premier ambassadeur de Turquie en Israël, poste créé seulement en 1992, évoque sa vision des relations entre les deux pays. EB.
Les Azéris de Géorgie : Quelles perspectives d'intégration ?
Authors: Serrano Sylvia
Published: March 2018

En l'absence de conflits ouverts ou de revendications séparatistes, la communauté azérie de Géorgie est peu étudiée. Pourtant, forte de 370 000 habitants, elle constitue l'une des principales minorités ethniques, après les Russes et les Arméniens. Les Azéris jouent un rôle d'autant plus grand qu'ils sont fortement implantés dans une région stratégique qui leur permet de contrôler les axes traversant la Géorgie vers l'Arménie. Alors que la Géorgie indépendante tente de se construire sur le modèle de l'Etat-Nation, les minorités sont confrontées à une nouvelle donne et n'ont d'autres choix que l'intégration. Même si la législation en vigueur se veut protectrice de leurs droits, les politiques mises en œuvre sont impuissantes à lutter contre une marginalisation grandissante, dont témoignent les indicateurs démographiques et sociaux. La persistance du problème linguistique, la sous-représentation dans les instances du pouvoir, des comportements politiques particuliers sont autant de signes de la difficulté des Azéris à devenir des citoyens à part entière de la République géorgienne. En l'état, ils préfèrent se placer sous la protection de l' Azerbaïdjan pour promouvoir leurs revendications, au risque d'alimenter la méfiance dont ils sont déjà l'objet. SS.
Les réfugiés et l'action humanitaire en Transcaucasie post-soviétique : enjeux politiques et considérations historiques
Authors: Kevonian Dzovinar
Published: March 2018

Dzovinar Kevonian, «Les réfugiés et l'action humanitaire en Transcaucasie post-soviétique : enjeux politiques et considérations historiques», pp 65-87.

L'arrière-plan historique et la longue durée conduisent en ce qui concerne la question des réfugiés en Transcaucasie à s'interroger sur ces ressemblances vécues, ressenties ou instrumentalisées entre des périodes historiques dont la mise en parallèle est fréquente. L'étude des perceptions et de la mémoire collective permet de mieux saisir une subjectivité agissante qui constitue également un instrument politique. De manière plus générale, l'approche alarmiste des "nouveaux conflits" et de l'action humanitaire au milieu des années 90 tient semble-t-il davantage à la phase de transition historique avec laquelle elle coïncide qu'à une complexité intrinsèque nouvelle. La région considérée atteste de ce flottement caractéristique d'une période transitionnel le des relations internationales à laquelle sont venus s'ajouter les éléments permanents (les enjeux géostratégiques) et les caractères particuliers (poids de l'arrière-plan historique, caractères de la construction étatique) dans un contexte marqué par la transnationalisation et la redéfinition du territoire. CPC
Le statut juridique du travailleur migrant turc devant le juge communautaire
Authors: Akdag Sevki
Published: March 2018

Şevki Akdağ, «Le statut juridique du travailleur migrant turc devant le juge communautaire», pp 235-259.

Les relations entre l'Union européenne et la Turquie sont basées sur un accord d'association, dit accord d'Ankara, signé le 12 septembre 1963 et entré en vigueur le 1er décembre 1964. Cet accord est complété par la signature, le 23 novembre 1970, d'un protocole additionnel. A l'origine, l'objectif premier de l'association était de préparer l'adhésion de la Turquie à la Communauté économique européenne. Ensuite, le volet social de ces textes devait faciliter la liberté de circulation des personnes : l'entrée libre de la main d'œuvre turque sur le territoire communautaire, au plus tard le 30 novembre 1986. La conjoncture n'a pas permis la réalisation de ces deux grands projets. C'est alors qu'un organe politique mixte, le Conseil d'association CEE-Turquie, est intervenu sur un autre terrain, plus juridique cette fois, pour défendre les droits des travailleurs turcs vivant au sein de la Communauté. Ce conseil a adopté successivement la décision n° 1/80 et la décision n° 3/80 du 19 septembre 1980. Le but est d'améliorer la situation des ressortissants turcs déjà régulièrement installés sur le marché du travail des Etats membres. La décision n° 1/80 précise les droits des travailleurs turcs en matière d'emploi. Les droits conférés (renouvellement du permis de travail, l'octroi du permis de séjour) placent les travailleurs turcs dans une situation privilégiée par rapport aux autres ressortissants extra¬ communautaires. La décision n° 3/80 est relative à l'application des régimes de sécurité sociale des Etats membres aux travailleurs turcs et aux membres de leur famille. Concrètement, il s'agit de l'application aux ressortissants turcs du principe de l'égalité de traitement en matière de protection sociale. Finalement, ce sont les recours individuels basés sur ces instruments juridiques et les arrêts de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes qui vont faire naître un véritable statut juridique pour les travailleurs turcs. En réconnaissant que le droit issu du droit d'association CEE-Turquie fait partie intégrante du droit communautaire et a un effet direct, la Cour a développé une jurisprudence très protectrice pour les Turcs vivant en Europe. Cet article tente de démontrer comment une juridiction européenne réussit à rendre effectif un droit positif, d'abord octroyé, puis ignoré par les politiques des Etats membres et les institutions de la Communauté. SA
Le point sur les alphabets utilisés pour les langues turciques
Authors: Uhres Johann
Published: March 2018

Johann Uhres, «Le point sur les alphabets utilisés pour les langues turciques», pp 287-320.

Dans le monde turcophone, de nombreux systèmes d'écriture ont été utilisés ou le sont encore aujourd'hui ; ils dépendent essentiellement de la situation politique. Au XXe siècle, l'intervention de l'État s'est accrue, et de nombreux changements d'alphabet ont eu lieu. Lorsque l'empire soviétique s'effondre, les peuples turcophones qui y vivaient s'émancipent de la Russie. Ils sont nombreux à envisager de marquer ce changement politique par l'abandon du cyrillique. Ils sont encouragés à adopter la graphie latine par des intellectuels turcs, relayés par la diplomatie turque. Désireuses d'affirmer leur indépendance, certaines républiques ex-soviétiques élaborent un alphabet qui leur est propre. D'autres, au contraire, renoncent à changer d'alphabet, en fonction de leurs relations avec la Russie. JU
Introduction : portée et limites de la notion de diaspora
Authors: Centlivres Pierre
Published: March 2018

Pierre Centlivres, «Portée et limites de la notion de diaspora», pp. 5-12

Le thème des diasporas rend compte aussi bien de la permanence et des transformations de collectivités issues de dispersions anciennes que de l'apparition de nouvelles communautés transnationales, qu'elles soient des migrations laborieuses à l'origine ou des mouvements dus aux guerres et aux révolutions. Il s'agit d'un domaine interdisciplinaire par excellence, fédérant les apports de diverses disciplines : science politique, géographie, anthropologie et sociologie. Le dossier présenté ici devrait contribuer à une réflexion renouvelée sur les diasporas, et sur des notions telles que celles d'identité, d'appartenance et de nationalisme. Il devrait aussi mettre à la disposition des lecteurs des CEMOTI les clés permettant de comprendre un grand nombre de situations liées à la crise des Etats-nations, et à l'extension des réseaux planétaires. PC
Hellénisme et diaspora grecque. De la Méditerranée orientale à la dimension mondiale
Authors: Bruneau Michel
Published: March 2018

Michel Bruneau, «Hellénisme et diaspora grecque. De la Méditerranée orientale à la dimension mondiale», pp. 33-56

L'ensemble des populations se réclamant d'une identité grecque, l'Hellénisme, a toujours connu la dispersion et le morcellement politique sur la longue durée. Une diaspora grecque intellectuelle et marchande s'est formée à la fin de l'empire byzantin en Europe, dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée et de la mer Noire jusqu'au début du XXe siècle, relayée par l'émigration de réfugiés chassés par les désastres et génocides de la fin de l'Empire ottoman, puis par celle des travailleurs migrants attirés par les pays industrialisés du Nouveau Monde et de l'Europe occidentale. L'État-nation grec créé au XIXe siècle selon un modèle né en Occident, n'a jamais pu concentrer ni retenir sur son territoire la totalité des Grecs dont la diaspora mondiale constituée par des communautés très autonomes, rassemblant des familles éclatées, conserve une certaine cohésion grâce à l'Église orthodoxe du Patriarcat Œcuménique de Constantinople. La diaspora représente aujourd'hui un enjeu essentiel pour l'État-nation qui voudrait pouvoir compter sur son appui non seulement économique mais aussi politique. Mais l'avenir de cette diaspora, située majoritairement dans des pays anglo-saxons économiquement prospères, et celui de sa relation avec son État-nation dépendent de l'évolution de son identité. Celle-ci est étroitement liée à la combinaison des "iconographies" des sociétés et territoires d'origine et de celles des pays d'accueil, compte tenu de la disparition durable d'apports migratoires provenant des territoires historiques de l'Hellénisme. Les Grecs américains, canadiens ou australiens seront-ils de plus en plus des Américains, Canadiens, Australiens orthodoxes d'origine grecque, de moins en moins concernés par le sort d'un petit État balkanique ? Ce n'est pas certain. MB
La diaspora meskhète face aux défis de la transition post-soviétique
Authors: Adam Ségolène
Published: March 2018

Ségolène Adam, «La diaspora meskhète face aux défis de la transition post-soviétique», pp. 1 12-132.

Originaires de Géorgie, les Meskhètes sont un peuple turcophone et musulman au destin particulier. La diaspora meskhète est née dans le contexte de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, victime de la vision ethno-nationaliste des dirigeants soviétiques. Pour ces déportés meskhètes, la chute de l'URSS ouvre les portes de la «prison des peuples» et fait naître l'espoir du retour sur leurs terres. SA
Les fondements historiques de l'Etat-Nation en Azerbaïdjan
Authors: Çağla Cengiz
Published: March 2018

Le réformisme djédidiste, qui a fleuri à l'époque de la désintégration de l'Empire russe, a produit des changements dans les domaines éducatif, culturel et social et il a préparé les fondements du nationalisme moderne de P Azerbaïdjan. Concentrés autour du parti Mousavat et son leader Mehmet Emin Resulzade, les nationalistes azerbaïdjanais ont défendu les thèmes comme la démocratie, la justice sociale et l'autonomie territoriale. Grâce à la disposition des classes sociales et à la prolifération intellectuelle orientée vers la modernité, le nationalisme azerbaïdjanais a pu devenir l'acteur principal de la scène politique qui précède l'intervention bolchévique de 1920. Dans ce processus, l'identité nationale azérie, définie par les liens de l'histoire, de la culture et de la langue, était perçue comme une des premières préoccupations des masses ; le mouvement s'était orienté vers la fondation d'un État-nation indépendant. L'indépendance a duré à peine deux ans. Comme le nouvel État-nation en formation n'était pas soutenu par la conjoncture internationale, elle était écrasée en 1920 par les forces soviétiques conformément à une entente turco-soviétique. CÇ
La question de l'adhésion de Chypre à l'Union européenne et le problème de la république turque de Chypre-Nord
Authors: Suvarierol Semin
Published: March 2018

Parmi tous les problèmes que le cinquième élargissement de l'Union européenne engendre, Chypre constitue un cas unique, étant un candidat politiquement problématique à cause de la division de l'île. Lorsque les négociations d'adhésion à l'Union procèdent en plein élan avec les Chypriotes grecs, étant les représentants du seul État reconnu de la République de Chypre, les Chypriotes turcs se trouvent de plus en plus exclus du proccessus d'intégration à l'UE, surtout depuis que la candidature de la Turquie est officialisée lors du sommet du Conseil européen d'Helsinki. Les perceptions de la perspective d'adhésion au sein de la République turque de Chypre-Nord sont variables. D'un côté, telle qu'elle existe aujourd'hui, elle exerce un attrait économique, mais aussi une menace à la sécurité et aux droits politiques de la communauté chypriote turque. De l'autre côté, il y a la grande majorité des Chypriotes turcs pour lesquels l'UE représente une grande opportunité à ne pas manquer, voire une dernière porte d'espoir. À l'origine de toutes ces réticences et enthousiasmes reste le conflit chypriote qui pèse lourd sur l'adhésion de Chypre à l'UE, tout comme il pèse sur la population de l'île, ainsi que sur tous les acteurs qui y sont impliqués. SS
The literacy corps in Pahlavi Iran (1963-1979) : political, social and literary implications
Authors: Sabahi Farian
Published: March 2018

This article is an investigation into the Literacy Corps which took place within the White Revolution implemented in Iran from 1963 to 1979 during the reign (1941-1979) of the late Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. According to the Literacy Corps programme, young men holding the diploma of secondary education (mainly urban middle-class youth) were given the option of serving in the Literacy Corps instead of spending two years in the regular army. This article argues that the Literacy Corps had an impact not only on the literacy rate of the Iranian population living in rural areas, but also on the perception of the regime by the corpsmen themselves. In fact, while employed in the villages, some of the educated urban youth involved in the Literacy Corps read revolutionary poetry and prose, kept notes and gradually developed their own political views. According to the author's findings, the Literacy Corps helped the growing of political ideas which went against the regime and eventually exploded into the Islamic Revolution of 1979. SFS
Masal Evi Children, Folktales, and the Marmara Earthquake
Authors: Birkalan Hande
Published: March 2018

Après les séismes qui ont frappé la Turquie, le 17 août et le 12 novembre 1999, l'AFEMOTI a lancé une campagne d'aide pour les enfants victimes de ces catastrophes. Une partie des fonds récoltés a été allouée au projet de «Maison des contes » (Masal Evi). On trouvera ici un premier bilan de cette action par Hande Birkalan qui pilote le projet. Cela permet de prendre connaissance de l'action que l'Association éditrice de la publication soutient et dont il a été fait état dans les derniers numéros des Cahiers. CPC
L'importance du facteur politique dans le développement du Triangle d'Or et du Croissant d'Or
Authors: Chouvy Pierre-Arnaud
Published: March 2018

Si la consommation de drogues est un phénomène des sociétés humaines primitives, ou dites telles, qui présentent une dimension d'universalité, la guerre en est un autre. C'est la dimension politique du recours à l'économie des drogues illicites dans les deux espaces majeurs de production d'opiacés d'Asie, le Triangle d'Or et le Croissant d'Or, qui est donc au centre de ce travail. Depuis l'instauration des mouvements prohibitionnistes, relevant d'une décision politique par excellence, jusqu'à l'instrumentalisation stratégique de l'économie de la drogue par certains acteurs étatiques et non-étatiques, c'est de l'importance du facteur politique dans l'émergence, le développement et la pérennisation des deux espaces dont il s'agit ici. PAC
Le Pape à Athènes. Une main tendue à l'orthodoxie
Authors: Montclos Christine de
Published: March 2018

Etape marquante que celle du pape à Athènes : ardemment souhaitée par l'évêque de Rome et acceptée sans empressement par le Saint Synode de l'Eglise grecque, dans le but clairement et fréquemment exprimé de mettre un terme aux divisions des églises chrétiennes. Ce qui s'est dit et fait à cette occasion n'est pas sans incidences sur l'avenir d'une Union européenne que l'évolution politique permet d'ouvrir aux pays de confession orthodoxe. CdM
Principaux courants et associations de l'islam français
Authors: Cesari Jocelyne
Published: March 2018

On trouvera ici un exposé des principaux regroupements musulmans en France avec leur origine, leur consistance, leur orientation) ainsi qu'un point sur le problème délicat de l'évaluation du nombre de musulmans présents sur le territoire français.
Recognising Muslims : Religion, Ethnicity and Identity Politics In Britain
Authors: Mcloughlin Seán
Published: March 2018

In this short paper I want to trace the emergence and maturation of a Muslim identity politics in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s. I begin, before the events of the Rushdie Affair in 1989, with an examination of the first crystallisation of Muslim assertiveness on the local level, with special reference to the city of Bradford in West Yorkshire. Bradford is currently home to around 80 000 Muslims who make up 16% of the total population and over half of all numbers in key inner city wards. Throughout the 1980s Bradford became something of an icon of multiculturalism in Britain with its recognition of Muslim 'rights' in the public space and especially state education. My paper continues with an exploration of why, by the time of the Rushdie Affair, there was a need for Muslim identity politics to shift to the national level. This is followed by some reflections on the Rushdie Affair itself, during which I highlight the different orientations of some of the Islamic organisations presently represented in Britain. Elite Muslim organisations tend to be politically engaged on the national level but lack in substantial support at the grassroots. By contrast, other movements with power-bases in mosque networks routinely combine devotionalism or scripturalism with an ethnic orientation towards the Indian-subcontinent. The final part of my paper concerns the increasing recognition of Muslims as 'Muslims' on a national level in the decade or so between the Rushdie Affair and September 1 1 2001. SM