bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peroxidase/monoclonal antibody conjugates for the study of hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Moscoso Hugo , Kiefer Charles R. , Shyamala M. , Garver Fred A.
Published: March 2007

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to normal human hemoglobins (Hbs) A and F and to variant Hbs C and G‐Philadelphia were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and used in qualitative or quantitative enzymelinked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Conjugates with output molar HRP/IgG ratios close to 2.0 had higher avidity for the cognate antigens than those with ratios above or below 2.0. The analytical sensitivities of the conjugates ranged from 0.2 to 4 ng of hemolysate containing the target hemoglobin, and it was not related to the input or the output HRP/IgG ratios. The overall imprecision for the qualitative ELISA was below 8%, and the accuracy for the identification of Hbs C and G‐Philadelphia was 100% as compared with established methods. Quantitative determinations of HbA based upon direct dose‐response curves showed an analytical sensitivity of 1% and an imprecision ≪ 11%. The most significant application of the HbA assay was in the differential diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies associated with partial or total suppression of HbA synthesis. Competitive dose‐response curves for the HRP/ anti‐γ conjugate allowed the quantification of HbF in the clinically significant range of 0.5‐10%, with an imprecision ≪12%. It is concluded that the incorporation of HRP/mAb conjugates into the ELISA technique offers a simpler, more rapid, yet specific alternative for the measurement of hemoglobins. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between human sperm hypo‐osmotic swelling test and other semen parameters
Authors: Al‐Mogazy Hassan M. , Al‐Khadra Samih , Kenawy Gaafar , Al‐Zeftawy Ali , Mostafa Taymour , Attia Ahmed , Attia Abdalla M.
Published: March 2007

Ninety semen samples from male patients were studied. They were classified into 4 different groups; normospermic fertile, oligospermia, asthenospermia, and oligoasthenospermia. In addition to routine semen analysis, the hypo‐osmotic swelling test was done for all these samples, measuring total protein and specific gravity. A significant positive correlation was observed between percent sperm swelling and its motility, its total protein, and specific gravity. Also a significant negative correlation was noticed between percent sperm swelling and its count. Although there were overlapping ranges, different groups showed significant relations of percent sperm swelling among themselves.

It is postulated that the sperm quality and not its quantity is the cornerstone of the hypoosmotic test and that the physico‐chemical properties of the sperm influences its swelling. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycoconjugates of Trypanosoma cruzi: A 74 kD antigen of trypomastigotes specifically reacts with lytic anti‐α‐galactosyl antibodies from patients with chronic Chagas disease
Authors: Almeida Igor C. , Krautz Greice M. , Krettli Antoniana U. , Travassos Luiz R.
Published: March 2007

Protective, lytic antibodies are believed to be correlated with active Typanosoma cruzi infection. In patients with chronic infection, antibodies lysing trypomastigote forms recognize chiefly α‐galactosyl structures at the parasite surface. The target molecules on cell‐derived trypomastigotes that react with anti‐α‐galactosyl antibodies (anti‐Gal) from patients with chronic Chagas disease were investigated. Glycoconjugates were isolated from trypomastigotes and shown to absorb purified Chagasic (Ch) anti‐Gal effectively as well as lytic antibodies from Ch sera. Active fractions were F2 (74 kD and 95.6 kD) and F3 (120–200 kD). A differential reactivity with antibodies from untreated Ch patients (trypanolytic) and from treated, presumably cured, individuals (not trypanolytic) was evident using F2 and F3 antigenic fractions. No cross‐reactivity with heterologous sera (other infections) was observed. The F2 glycoconjugate (mostly 74 kD) can be used in the diagnosis of active Chagas infection, replacing the quantitative determination of complementmediated lysis. With the present sample of patients' sera and normal human sera, it showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein 1: Its purification and application in clinical medicine
Authors: Itoh Yoshihisa , Ishii Shuichi , Okutani Ryuta , Asano Yasushi , Kawai Tadashi
Published: March 2007

Protein 1 (P1) is a low‐molecular‐weight protein recently isolated from the urine of patients with chronic renal failure. Its molecular weight is 14 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and pl 4.7 on isoelectric focusing. We purified this protein, characterized its physicochemical properties, and analyzed its amino acid sequences to show that it is probably identical to human lung Clara cell 10 kDa protein. Its monoclonal antibody was prepared, and a reliable enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay employing the sandwich method was developed and used to investigate distribution and variation in concentration of P1 in various body fluids under an array of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Clinical studies indicated that, as is the case with other proteins of low molecular weight, the main catabolic site of P1 of plasma origin is the kidney: P1 is filtered by the renal glomeruli and reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Unabsorbed P1 is thus excreted into the urine. This protein is also synthesized in the genital tissues of males, however, from which it is also excreted into the urine. Clinical data obtained in our study of this protein is summarized here, and an attempt is made to determine the potential value of this protein in laboratory medicine. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic production of prostate specific antigen by a breast tumor metastatic to the ovary
Authors: Yu H. , Diamandis E. P. , Levesque M. , Sismondi P. , Zola P. , Katsaros D.
Published: March 2007

We have recently reported that about 30% of breast tumors produce prostate specific antigen (PSA). We examined here, 99 primary ovarian cancer tumors and found relatively low levels of PSA in only three tumors. One patient with metastatic ovarian cancer from a primary breast tumor, produced relatively high levels of PSA and responded well to antiestrogen treatment although she was steroid receptor‐negative. Another patient with metastatic ovarian cancer from a primary breast tumor did not produce PSA and did not respond to treatment although she was steroid hormone receptor‐positive. This data describe for the first time, ectopic PSA production by a breast tumor at the ovarian metastatic site and further support the view that PSA is a favourable prognostic indicator in breast cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid fluorometric assay for mitochondrial proton adenosine triphosphatase activity for assessment of viability of liver graft tissue
Authors: Seya Kazuhiko , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Watanabe Nobuyuki , Shibuya Hiroshi , Taguchi Yoshio , Mori Shozo
Published: March 2007

We developed an improved determination method of mitochondrial proton adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the liver. The activity was measured fluorometrically with a 3,3′‐dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide (diS‐C3(5)), which is excited at 625 nm and emits fluorescence at 670 nm. This dye transmits the electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The fluorescence intensity of diS‐C3(5) with mitochondria (100 μl, 4–16 mg/ml protein) in a 2 ml potassium buffer (pH 7.4) was regarded as a standard electric potential. After confirming the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by succinic acid (9 μmol), we inhibited the chain by antimycin A (1.25 μg). Fluorescence intensity decreased by adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) (2 μmol) and oligomycin (25 μg) inhibited this depression. The value of mitochondrial proton ATPase activity was calculated as a percentage of the fluorescence intensity change by ATP per the standard electric potential. The activity of mitochondrial proton ATPase in the normal fresh rat livers was 50.3 ± 2.2%. Good correlation (r2 = 0.807) between two methods for mitochondrial proton ATPase activity, our newly developed method and a conventional colorimetric method, was obtained in the rat livers with various conditions. This method has advantages that the proton ATPase activity can be measured in intact mitochondria, and all procedures can be completed within 40 min. It is suitable for the determination of mitochondrial viability of liver graft in the hepatic resections and transplantations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein e genotyping methods for the clinical laboratory
Authors: Maekawa Baku , Cole Thomas G. , Seip Richard L. , Bylund David
Published: March 2007

To select the best method for detecting apolipoprotein E (apo E) genotypes determined by the three common alleles ϵ2, ϵ3 and ϵ4, we compared the radiolabeled allele‐specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probe assay and the nonisotopic restriction isotyping assay. Leukocytic DNA was extracted from the blood of 93 patients after which the region containing two mutation points coding amino acid residues 112 and 158 was amplified by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplified DNA fragments were spotted on nylon membranes, then hybridized for the ASO probe assay. The amplified DNA fragments were also digested with restriction endonuclease HhaI, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the restriction isotyping assay. The apo E genotypes determined by both methods for every specimen studied were in complete agreement. Although the radiolabeled ASO probe method was 10 times more sensitive than restriction isotyping on polyacrylamide gel, the two were comparable in accuracy. Additionally, because it is simpler to perform, is less time consuming, and is less expensive, we conclude that the restriction isotyping assay is the more suitable of these two methods for use in a clinical laboratory.©1995 wiley‐Liss, inc.
Bioassay vs. immunoassay for quantification of interleukin‐6 in biological fluids
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Dedoussis George V. Z. , Baxevanis Constantin N. , Papamichail Michail
Published: March 2007

As several possible prognostic and therapeutic applications of interleukin‐6 are currently under trial, the available methods for its quantification in biological fluids should be evaluated. In this report, the 7TD1 hybridoma bioassay is compared to an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of interleukin‐6 in serum and plasma of normal subjects and patients with cancer, sepsis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as in malignant pleural effusions and culture supernatants. The results show a good correlation between the two methods in all cases. Mean values of the examined groups were statistically different between the assays only in the case of septic patients. This may be attributed either to the influence of other molecules on the assays or to the nonlinearity of the dose‐response curves. Since immunoassays are easier to perform, it seems that they are more suitable for routine use, the bioassay being preferable in cases where increased sensitivity is required.
Analysis of whole‐blood cyclosporin g by liquid chromatography in renal transplant recipients
Authors: McBride James H. , Kim Steaven S.
Published: March 2007

Cyclosporin G (CsG) is less nephrotoxic than Cyclosporin A (CsA) and is undergoing clinical trials for use as an immunosuppressive agent after renal transplantation. In this study, CsG was measured by a rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique in blood samples (n=107) received from renal transplant recipients. The HPLC assay proved to be analytically suitable in that it was sensitive, linear, and precise and had high recovery (102%). However, interference was observed from some potentially co‐administered drugs such as calcitriol, ferrous sulfate, hydrazaline, and minoxidil. The HPLC assay for CsG correlated well with a FPIA (Abbott TDx), FPIA = 0.964 (HPLC) + 33.59, r = 0.9819, Sy/x = 36.66 for patients receiving a low dose of CsG (5 mg/kg/day) and a high dose (10 mg/kg/day). Furthermore, the HPLC technique was capable of measuring predictable CsG concentrations when the drug was tapered to lower doses at various stages of the 16 week clinical trial. The HPLC for CsG has the further advantage that the same system and mobile phase can be used to measure CsA while using CsC as the interval standard.
Significance of aneuploidy in non‐hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Vučković J. , Forenpoher G. , Marušić M. , Užarević B. , Sabioncello A. , Štula N. , Dubravčć M.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of aneuploidy was determined by flow cytometric analysis in paraffin‐embedded tumor samples of 125 patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). There were 48 low‐grade (LG) and 77 high‐grade (HG) tumors. Aneuploidy was found in 34 (27%) NHL, 15 (31%) LG, and 19 (25%) HG tumors. The analysis of patient survival showed a significantly better survival of patients with LG than HG NHL, but the presence of aneuploidy did not influence the survival on the level of all patients, patients with LG or patients with HG NHL. In patients with LG NHL a tendency of diploid vs. aneuploid patients to survive longer was observed, but only at P = 0.056 significance level.
Immunoreactive prostate‐specific antigen in lung tumors
Authors: Levesque Michael , Yu He , D'Costa Mario , Tadross Latif , Diamandis Eleftherios P.
Published: March 2007

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate. PSA is currently used clinically to diagnose and monitor prostate carcinoma. In previous work we have demonstrated that 30% of breast tumors and, more rarely other tumors, contain significant amounts of PSA. PSA appears to be a favorable prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Here, using a sensitive assay, we demonstrated for the first time that lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas also contain PSA. PSA in lung tumor extracts was present mainly in its 33 KDa form (free PSA), at levels measurable by commercial methods. The presence of PSA was associated more closely with male patients and adenocarcinomas. The physiological role of PSA in lung tissue and the prognostic significance of PSA in lung cancer remain to be determined. These and our previous data as well as reports by other groups support the view that PSA is a ubiquitous biochemical marker of steroid hormone action.
Simultaneous age‐related depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production correlate with age‐related glutamate excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Parihar Mordhwaj S. , Brewer Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

Mitochondria are implicated in glutamate excitotoxicity by causing bioenergetic collapse, loss of Ca2+homeostasis, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all of which become increasingly important clinically with age. Little is known about how aging affects the relative importance of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ROS production. To determine aging affects on ΔΨmand ROS production in individual somal and axonal/dendritic mitochondria, we compared ROS production while simultaneously monitoring ΔΨmbefore and after glutamate treatment of live neurons from embryonic (day 18), middle‐aged (9–12 months), and old (24 months) rats. At rest, old neuronal mitochondria 1) showed a higher rate of ROS production that was particularly strong in axonal/dendritic mitochondria relative to that in middle‐age neurons, 2) were more depolarized in comparison with neurons of other ages, and 3) showed no differences in ROS or ΔΨmas a function of distance from the nucleus. All ΔΨmgrouped into three classes of high (less than –120 mV), medium (–85 to –120 mV), and low (greater than –85 mV) polarization that shifted toward the lower classes with age at rest. Glutamate exposure dramatically depolarized the ΔΨmin parallel with greatly increased ROS production, with a surprising absence of an effect of age or distance from the nucleus on these mitochondrial parameters. These data suggest that old neurons are more susceptible to glutamate excitotoxicity because of an insidious depolarization of ΔΨmand rate of ROS generation at rest that lead to catastrophic failure of phosphorylative and reductive energy supplies under stress. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of methods for the determination of available lysine value in animal protein concentrations
Authors: Hussein Laila A.
Published: March 2007

A comparison was made between Carpenter's, Erbersdobler's and Rao's methods for the evaluation of available lysine in nine different protein concentrates. The use of methanol is not recommended as a solvent for the FDNB reagent. Measurement at 360 nm gives erroneously higher results. The separation of εDNP‐lysine was best on column chromatography.
The fatty acid composition of the main phospholipid fractions of the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and adult sheep
Authors: Body Denis R. , Shorland F. Brian
Published: March 2007

The fatty acid composition has been determined on phosphatidyl choline, phos‐phatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin fractions earlier isolated from the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and of adult Romney sheep.

The major proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (17 to 43%) fraction and this was reduced in the phosphatidyl choline (7 to 25%) and sphingomyelin (1 to 4%) fractions. These features are in keeping with the results for mammalian tissues generally. The phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions were further characterised by the low content of palmitic acid (<8%) compared with 25 to 30 % in the phosphatidyl choline fractions and 29 to 52% in the sphingomyelin fractions and by the occurrence of cyclopropane fatty acids. Consistent with the findings of other workers on mammalian tissues, the sphingomyelin fractions contained a relatively high content (16 to 27%) of higher w‐saturated fatty acids including 22:0,23:0,24:0 and 25:0 and of tetracos‐14‐enoic (24:1 ω9) acid (5 to 16%). The total amounts of acids above C20 tended to vary inversely with the levels of palmitic acid whereas the levels of stearic acid were relatively constant at 13 to 17%.

Changes in fatty acid composition with age were generally not marked but the tissues of the foetus were distinguished from those of the foetus were distinguished from those of the adult by their substantial amount of eicosa‐5,8,11‐trienoic (20:3 ω9) acid together with relatively low contents of linoleic (18:2 ω6) and linolenic (18:3 ω3) acids and to a leser extent by reduced level of acids of the ω3 series. This was particularly reflected by the ratios of ω6/ω3 C20 + C22 acids in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions, the valucs for the foetal rumen and abomasum tissues being 1.03 and 1.07, respectively, compared with corresponding values of 0.78 and 0.72 found in adult sheep.

The results are consistent with a requirement for C20 and C22 polyunsaturated acids of the ω3 and ω6 series and some penetration of maternal fatty acids through the placenta. The resemblance between the fatty acid make‐up and composition of foetal and maternal phospholipids suggests the possibiligy of transference of intact or lyso‐phospholipids from the mother to the foetus through the placenta. However, such a possibility is counter‐indicated by consideration of previous work using labelled intermediates and by the mechanism of conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids requiring their CoA derivatives in the formation of the corresponding polyunsaturated C20 + C22 acids. Nevertheless, the sharp cut‐off of exogenous maternal fatty acids from the foetal triglycerides and their inclusion in the foetal phospholipids are not readily explainable.
Characteristics of pectinesterase isolated from bramley apple waste
Authors: King Karen
Published: March 2007

Pectinesterase was isolated from Bramley apple waste (peel, cores and offcuts) and its characteristics were determined. Optimum pectinesterase activity was obtained between pH 7.0 and 9.5 and activity was still detectable at 5.0. The enzyme was stable over a wide pH range in the presence of substrate, with over 90% of the activity retained after 5 min at pH 2.5. Pectinesterase activity increased with temperature up to 60°. Activation energy was calculated at 32 kJ mol−1 K−1 between 20 and 50°. Optimum activity was obtained in sodium chloride concentrations between 0.025 and 0.20 M with activity declining at higher salt concentrations. A Km of 0.044% apple pectin and a Vmax of 9.52 units g−1 DM were obtained for one specific enzyme extract.
Interrelationship of nitrogen nutrition with maize (Zea mays) grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and grain quality
Authors: Tsai C Y , Dweikat I , Huber D M , Warren H L
Published: March 2007

Eight maize (Zea mays L) hybrids were grown under five N levels with or without the nitrification inhibitor, nitrapyrin (2‐chloro‐[6‐trichloro‐methyl] pyridine), to evaluate N interactions relative to yield performance, N use efficiency, grain protein concentration, and kernel texture. Results indicate that maize hybrids can be grouped into three categories based on grain yield: (1) low N‐responsive types which reach their maximum yield with 134 kg ha−1 of applied N; (2) intermediate types that respond to moderate N levels (134 to 201 kg N ha−1); and (3) high N‐responsive types that respond to higher levels of N (201 kg N ha−1). High N‐responsive types, in general, increased yield with nitrapyrin treatment at all levels of N. Crop N utilisation efficiency for high N‐responsive hybrids decreased, but was static for low N‐responsive hybrids as N fertiliser increased. In general, as the grain yield of a hybrid increased in response to N, the concentration of protein in the kernel increased; although grain yields and protein concentration are negatively correlated among hybrids. Increased kernel translucence, an indicator of kernel hardness induced by N fertiliser, correlated highly positive with zein proteins. Isoelectric focusing analysis showed that increases in zein were primarily due to a quantitative increase in α‐ and γ‐zein polypeptides. This study indicates that hybrids are different in their N requirements for maximum yield. Low N conditions not only restrict grain yield but also affect kernel textural quality.
Twin‐screw extrusion of two pea varieties: Effects of temperature and moisture level on antinutritional factors and protein dispersibility
Authors: van der Poel A (Thomas)F B , Stolp Willem , Van Zuilichem Dick J
Published: March 2007

A series of tests was made with two varieties of pea (Pisum satirum L) to measure the effects of extrusion temperature (105–140°C) and moisture level (14‐33%) on the level of antinutritional factors (ANF).

Twin‐screw extrusion cooking of peas showed the dependence of proteinaceous ANF (such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins) on the processing variables used. For the round‐seeded pea variety (Finale), the moisture level as well as the temperature proved to be an important variable, although inactivation of trypsin inhibitor activity was complete for all processing conditions investigated. For the wrinkle‐seeded pea (var C306), the temperature used during extrusion cooking largely inactivated ANF.

The costs of extrusion vary considerably according to the processing conditions and are confined to the desired objectives of extrusion cooking. The objectives, in terms of the inactivation rates for pea ANF, must therefore, be clearly defined and based on threshold levels established from experiments with monogastric animals. Regression models for the inactivation of ANF are given to facilitate the choice of twin‐screw extrusion‐cooking variables for the upgrading of the nutritional value of pea protein.
Effect of processing conditions on the oxidation of cholesterol in ghee
Authors: Kumar Naresh , Singhal O P
Published: March 2007

The cholesterol oxidation products (COP) in fat‐rich dairy products were identified and quantified. Fresh cream contained no COP whereas fresh butter contained trace levels of 7β‐hydroxy‐ and 5,6α‐epoxycholesterol. Low levels of various major COP were present in ghee (clarified butter fat). Intermittent heating and frying of ghee induced severe oxidation of cholesterol and a number of COP were detected by GC and TLC. Most atherogenic COP. viz 25‐hydroxycholesterol and cholestantriol, were formed more in intermittently heated ghee (8.1‐9.2% of the total COP) than in fried ghee samples (7.1 %).
Effect of cerium addition on microstructure and corrosion resistance of die cast AZ91 magnesium alloy
Authors: Song Y.L. , Liu Y.H. , Wang S.H. , Yu S.R. , Zhu X.Y.
Published: March 2007

A novel AZ91 Ce containing magnesium alloy characterized by excellent corrosion resistance is fabricated by adding rare earth Ce (cerium) in the form of a Mg‐Ce master alloy. The metallographic investigation shows that Ce added to AZ91 can obviously decrease the size of β‐Mg17Al12 and forms Al11Ce3 intermetallic compounds in the shape of fine needles. The corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements indicate that the corrosion resistance of AZ91 Ce containing magnesium alloy is obviously higher than that of AZ91. Furthermore, increasing the content of Ce in the magnesium alloy can further enhance the corrosion resistance. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that Ce can be incorporated into corrosion products in the form of CeO2 in the course of corrosion. Based on the preliminary analysis, the addition of Ce can improve the corrosion resistance of AZ91 by decreasing the size of β‐Mg17Al12 and enhancing the protective effectiveness of corrosion products.
Application of X‐ray tomography for the verification of corrosion processes in chloride contaminated mortar
Authors: Beck M. , Goebbels J. , Burkert A.
Published: March 2007

Within the scope of examinations at steel specimens embedded in chloride contaminated mortar for the first time X‐ray tomography was used to analyse the areas, damaged by chloride induced corrosion. Damaged areas with dimensions of a few μm could be detected. The results from the X‐ray tomography were verified by inspection of surfaces of the bars after removing the cover mortar.
Improved reflow and viability in reperfused ischemic rat island groin flaps using dexamethasone
Authors: Dolan Robert W. , Kerr Donald C. , Arena Sebastian
Published: March 2007

Reperfusion injury and the no‐reflow phenomenon are manifestations of a complex series of events that culminate in an acute inflammatory reaction within reperfused tissue. Antiinflammatory therapy attenuates ischemia‐reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on blood flow and viability of ischemic rat island groin flaps. Thirty‐three mature male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. The flaps were subjected to 8 hr of ischemia in the control and treatment groups. Fluorescein studies were performed, and flap viability was assessed. Twenty‐four hour fluorescence (after reperfusion) correlated very closely with the percentage of eventual flap viability. The blood flow and viability of the treatment group flaps were significantly better than those in the ischemic control group. Dexamethasone significantly improved ischemic flap survival in the rat 8 hr ischemic island groin flap model in our study. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revascularisation versus reconstruction of degloving injuries of the heel: Case report
Authors: Graf Peter , Kalpen Axel , Biemer Edgar
Published: March 2007

The anatomy of heel vascularization implies that there is a high risk of necrosis if degloved soft tissue is only sutured back to its former position. Two patients who had sustained similar degloving injuries of the heel are presented. One of them was treated by primary revascularization and the other by secondary reconstruction with a dorsalis pedis flap. The postoperative outcome was investigated to show the value of the salvage operation. Dynamic pressure distribution gait analysis was performed barefoot and in the shoe to investigate postoperative weightbearing on the reconstructed areas. In contrast to the heel reconstruction with the dorsalis pedis flap, the revascularized original heel was stable without development of soft tissue lesions. The salvaged original heel tissue enabled a physiologic pressure distribution beneath the heel and a more physiological rollover process of the foot, comparable to the contralateral foot. In degloving injuries of the heel, revascularization of the soft tissue should be considered whenever possible. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplantation of reproductive organs
Authors: Lee Sun , Mao Lan , Wang Yuqin , D'silva Milbhor , Yoo Chang H. , Wolf Paul , Chung Won S. , Takahashi Eisuke , Chung Do Young , Gittes Ruben F.
Published: March 2007

A historical review of the literature concerning replantation and transplantation of reproductive organs has included studies from this laboratory, using rats, over the past 25 years. From the basic observation of ischemic and traumatic injury due to the transplantation, syngeneic testicle transplants, resulting in a partner's impregnation and histological restoration of the testicles, led to human testicular transplantation. As to the ovarian transplants, granulosa‐theca cell tumors may transform into malignancies if followed for a prolonged period as intrasplenic ovaries, and high doses (15 to 20 mg/kg b.w.) of azathioprine can produce such malignant tumors in a shorter period. By caval‐portal shunt, ovarian hormones enter directly into the portal blood stream and no typical granulosa‐theca cell tumors were produced, owing to the fact that the liver cannot degrade all the hormones secreted by both ovaries. While en‐bloc vagino‐utero‐ovarian transplantation in the rat is possible, no impregnation has been yet achieved. Finally, it is hypothesized that those who have acquired microsurgical techniques and have a full understanding of the anatomy of the reproductive system will not only be able to perform replantation of the penis, but also will be capable of allogeneic transplantation of genital organs, whether ethically approved or not, and sooner than one may think. In such cases a penile part may be obtained at a sex‐change surgery or from a cadaveric donor, similar to other vital organ transplantation practices. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphometric examinations of free revascularised iliac crest bone after transplantation for mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Leimbruckner Bernhard D. , Dielert Eckhard , Wolf Konrad
Published: March 2007

At the present time the vascularised bone graft is the best procedure for reconstruction of mandibular defects in poor recipient tissues. We obtained 23 drill biopsies from different regions of vascularised bone transplants during the removal of the osteosynthesis plates from 14 patients who had poor recipient tissues. For comparison, we took five biopsies from the native iliac crest and eight biopsies from six patients with avascular bone transfer into unimpaired surrounding tissues. Microradiographs of the bone preparations were used for a computerised semi‐automatic morphometric analysis. We evaluated the volumetric density (VV, %) and the mean trabecular diameter (D‐TRAB, μm). In the central regions, the revascularised transplants decreased in volumetric density and in mean trabecular diameter. Compared with the average values of iliac crest bone, the avascular grafts increased in both parameters. The revascularised grafts showed significantly lower volumetric density and significantly lower mean trabecular diameters in the central regions than in the regions near to the mandibular stump. The avascular grafts actually showed the reverse effect. The results are discussed with particular reference to the quality of the recipient tissues, to the maintenance of graft viability, to functional stress, and to the design of the transplant. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neo‐endothelialisation of PTFE microvascular grafts: A five‐year experience
Authors: Lanzetta Marco , Owen Earl R.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a 5‐year experience of the implantation of 1 mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis in rodents. By evaluating the implanted grafts at different intervals, the process of neo‐endothelial healing can be divided into six phases: Platelet Aggregation Phase (Stage I); Fibrin Network Phase (Stage II); Bridging Phase (Stage III); Progression Phase (Stage IV‐A); Transmural Migration Phase (Stage IV‐B) (only in optimal grafts, with thin wall and long fibril length); Intimal Closure Phase (Stage V); and Endothelial Thromboresistance Phase (Stage VI). Grafts with 60 or 90 μm fibril length offer enough “anchoring space” for the ingrowth of neo‐endothelium and they act as a framework for the neo‐endothelial invasion. Furthermore, this type of material allows intramural migration and penetration of cellular elements. In particular, a network of capillaries traversing the graft wall and opening eventually on the luminal surface can provide multiple sources of neo‐endothelium, contributing to the development of the inner neoendothelial lining. Scanning electron microscopy can favourably assist in the evaluation of different types of PTFE grafts, with regard to their fibril length, diameter, and wall thickness. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterotopic microvascular epiphyseal plate transplantation: A new model using the rabbit metatarsal
Authors: Stevens David , Bowen Vaughan A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop a new vascularized epiphyseal plate model in the New Zealand White rabbit using a metatarsal epiphyseal plate having limited longitudinal growth potential. Such a model could be utilized in various experiments aimed at manipulating epiphyseal plate growth. The viability of the harvested live subject grafts was demonstrated with continued epiphyseal uptake during Tc99‐MDP radionuclide bone scanning. The currently described models used in epiphyseal transplant research all involve long bone epiphyseal plates with significantly greater growth potential than the new metatarsal model. This new model therefore fills a void in the field by allowing investigators to transplant a growth plate with limited growth potential into any heterotopic site and study the effects of various hormonal and physical influences upon epiphyseal plate growth performance. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gracilis donor site morbidity
Authors: Carr Michele M. , Manktelow Ralph T. , Zuker Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

Donor site morbidity in 104 cases of gracilis free tissue transfer was examined through a retrospective chart review and mail survey. Fifty‐one females and 53 males with an average age of 23 years comprised the study group. Forty‐three were under age 18. In‐hospital donor site complications occurred in 10 patients. There was excessive pain in 4, wound infections in 3, hemorrhage in 2, and temporary nerve palsy in 1. Early complications were more common in the pediatric group. Sixty‐two surveys were returned from patients detailing late complications where they graded parameters between 0 and 10 where 0 was “none” and 10 was “worst imaginable.” The highest average score was 5.12 reported for noticeability of the scar. There was a significant difference between adults and children for sensitivity, tightness, noticeability, and ugliness of the scar. More than half the respondents had no complaints about their donor site scar. Fifteen percent of patients reported temporary reduction of leg strength with a mean duration of 6 months. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural course of postsurgical adhesions
Authors: Bakkum Erica A. , Trimbos‐Kemper Trudy C. M.
Published: March 2007

To evaluate the natural course of postsurgical adhesion formation, a descriptive animal study was performed in a standardized rat adhesion model, involving the uterine horn and peritoneal side wall. Extent and type of postsurgical adhesion formation was evaluated at increasing postoperative time intervals up to 1 year, both through inter‐ and intra‐animal observations (laparotomy and repeated‐laparotomy group). The extent of the adhesions was found to be similar while the type of the adhesions changed markedly, especially during the early observation periods. From day 1 until 1 month post‐operatively, the adhesions became increasingly more organized and vascular and were separable with sharp dissection only. From the present study it was concluded that spontaneous lysis of postsurgical adhesions, once they are established, does not seem to occur. The most optimum time for surgical intervention when scheduled to lyse newly formed adhesions will be between 8 days and 1 month after the initial procedure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advanced non‐animal microsurgical exercises
Authors: Crosby Nancy L. , Clapson J. Brian , Buncke Harry J. , Newlin Leonard
Published: March 2007

For the novice microsurgeon, suturing simple lines on a static model ill prepares them for the technically difficult live model that is to follow. A practice card was therefore designed to make the transition easier. The basic building block is rubber glove sutured to form a simple tube. From this point, progressive exercises are carried out. These are (1) simple suturing, (2) tube anastomosis, (3) end‐to‐end anastomosis, (4) end‐to‐side anastomosis, (5) side‐to‐side anastomosis, (6) inequality of diameters, and (7) free graft placement. Since the student is faced with problems that are challenging and progressively complex, a noticeable improvement is seen in their skills. These models introduce the student to planning and instrumentation that they would deal with in the clinical situation. Once the student has mastered these exercises, he/she is ready to advance to the rat model. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7)
Authors: Rafi Mohamed M. , Shafaie Yassaman
Published: March 2007

Lutein is an oxycarotenoid primarily found in dark‐green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. Other dietary sources which contain moderate amounts of lutein include corn, egg yolks, and fruits like oranges and kiwi. Although a number ofin vivostudies have demonstrated the anti‐inflammatory effect of lutein, itsin vitroanti‐inflammatory molecular mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, we have investigated thein vitroanti‐inflammatory effect of lutein using LPS‐stimulated mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). The inhibition of LPS‐stimulated nitric oxide (NO) was measured and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was assessed at the mRNA and protein levels in mouse macrophage cells after treatment with lutein. Lutein decreased the LPS‐induced NO production by 50% compared to LPS alone. Real‐time PCR analysis showed a 1.9‐fold reduction in iNOS expression at the mRNA level. Western blotting revealed that lutein decreased LPS‐induced iNOS expression at the protein level by 72.5%. The results of this study suggest the anti‐inflammatory properties of lutein demonstrated by the decrease in the expression of iNOS at the mRNA and protein levels in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.
Application ofin vivo NMR spectroscopy to cancer
Authors: Evanochko William T. , Ng Thian C. , Glickson Jerry D.
Published: March 2007

A critical review is presented of NMR spectroscopic studies of isolated tumor cells, excised tumors, and in vivo tumors. Although the majority of the studies examined deal with 31P NMR spectroscopy, the potential utility of multinuclear NMR investigations is emphasized. A major theme of this review is the evaluation of the potential applications of in vivo NMR spectroscopy to experimental tumor biology and to the clinical diagnosis and management of cancer. Data are presented demonstrating that this method may prove useful in distinguishing between relatively well vascularized aerobic tumors and poorly vascularized hypoxic tumors. This could provide a basis for identifying tumors responsive to X radiation or hyperthermia. Preliminary experiments point to the possibility that in vivo NMR spectroscopy will be capable of detecting tumor response to chemotherapy, X radiation, and hyperthermia and may also detect drug‐induced toxicity to tissues vital to the survival of the host.
Comparison of NMR imaging and aortography for preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Evancho Andrew M. , Osbakken Mary , Weidner William
Published: March 2007

Seven patients (five male and two female, age range from 50 to 88) with angiographic proven abdominal aortic aneurysms were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (1.5‐kG system) of the abdomen. Images were obtained in transverse, coronal, and saggital planes with three radiofrequency pulse sequences [saturation recovery (SR), inversion recovery (IR), and spin echo (SE)]. All of the aneurysms were identified as to site and relative size with MR images. The lumen in which there was rapidly flowing blood was always dark (low intensity), whereas the aneurysmal area which contained presumed clot or slow flowing blood was brighter (high intensity) on SR images. Although the size, location, and relationship to other blood vessels was best demonstrated on aortography, MR images provided similar information in all cases. MR imagescorrectly demonstrated thrombus in six cases. In conclusion, MR imaging provides a clear delineation of the anatomy of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In addition, it can provide information concerning tissue type, i. e., it distinguished clot from moving blood. It may be possible in the future to further characterize atherosclerotic and other pathological changes in vessel architecture by using various pulse sequences and timing parameters to provide in vivo histological typing.
NMR compartmentalization of free water in the perfused rat heart
Authors: Mauss Y. , Grucker D. , Fornasiero D. , Chambron J.
Published: March 2007

Spin‐lattice (T1) and spin‐spin (T2) relaxation times have been measured on perfused rat hearts under two experimental conditions. T1 exhibits a monoexponential decay. On the other hand T2 has a decay with two components: a short one T2s and a long one T21. These facts have been discussed according to cross‐relaxation and a bicompartmen‐talization of tissue assuming a slow exchange model for spin‐spin relaxation and a fast exchange model for spin‐lattice relaxation. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the perfusion solution decreased the absolute density proton of the T2s compartment reflecting the loss of its water content. The paramagnetic ion manganese diminishes the values of T1 and those of the long component T21 without affceting its short component. Therefore the short component could be assigned to intracellular and the long component to extracellular free water. The extracellular T2 (459 ms) is approximatively 10‐fold higher than the intracellular T2 (45 ms) With images of “pure T2” such a difference could be useful to enhance the contrast between organs and the surrounding liquid or between organs with different water compartmentalization.
Field inhomogeneity correction and data processing for spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Maudsley A. A. , Hilal S. K.
Published: March 2007

To obtain separate NMR images of spatially resolved high‐resolution chemical‐shift information the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneity must be accounted for. A suitable correction method is described which relies on first generating a plot of the magnetic field distribution. Using these data the spectroscopic imaging data can be processed to display the spatial distributions of separate resonances without distortion from field inhomogeneity. The field plot is obtained by using the same data acquistion sequence while imaging a phantom object or in particular cases the plot may be derived from the spectroscopic imaging data set itself. The correction procedure is illustrated using proton in vivo imaging of a cat. Some additional data processing techniques are presented which offer alternative methods of displaying spectroscopic imaging data.
Interpolative computation of spin‐lattice relaxation times from signal ratios
Authors: Lin Max S.
Published: March 2007

An iterative linear interpolation is described for computing T1 estimates from imagesignal ratios that are monotonous functions of T1. Whether the function decreases or increases with T1, the same algorithm deseribed applies. The iterative process converges readily. Narrowing the whereabouts of T1 sought in lookup tables to T1 regions just small enough to require only a few subsequent interpolations tends to shorten overall T1 image computing time. Used with imaging methods for which the function is readily evaluated, the iterative interpolation allows a rapid and precise T1 computation compatible with variable choice of pulse‐sequence parameters. The flexibility is suitable to stochastic analysis of T1 measurement from signal ratios. Examples of applications to computing the stocbastic uncertainty represented either by crude indicators or by standard statistical quantities are given. A method of stochastic simulation yielding the statistical quantities is described.
Acquistion and Accuracy in Rapid NMR Imaging Methods
Authors: Twieg Donald B.
Published: March 2007

The echo‐planar imaging method (EPI) and its variants can acquire data sufficient to form an image in a much shorter time than the Fourier or projection‐reconstruction methods. Fundamental requirements on gradient waveforms and signal sampling are discussed for EPI and SEPI (a variant using sinusoidal gradient waveforms), based on thek‐trajectory formulation of acquisition in NMR imaging. Using a new simulation method, image defects in EPI and SEPI are demonstrated which result from failure to meet these requirements. Faithful rendition of theoretically ideal gradient waveforms places severe demands on gradient system response in rapid imaging. It is shown, however, that nonideal gradient system response need not degrade images if appropriate reconstruction computations are used. Transfer functions and noise power spectra are derived for EPI and SEPI, and the ratio of these two functions is used to derive ideal observer signal‐to‐noise ratios for simple visual interpretive tasks. It is shown that ideal observer performance can differ significantly between EPI and SEPI for some visual tasks, using the same NMR imaging system.© 1985 Academic Press,Inc.
Ferromagnetic contrast agents: A new approach
Authors: Renshaw Perry F. , Owen Charles S. , McLaughlin Alan C. , Frey Terrence G. , Leigh John S.
Published: March 2007

Most contrast agents used in NMR imaging studies to date have been paramagnetic. However, it is also possible to obtain selective contrast with a ferromagnetic agent, and these agents are potentially more sensitive than paramagnetic compounds because of their large magnetic moments. The water relaxation ability of ferromagnetic, albumin‐coated magnetite (Fe3O4) particles has been investigated. These particles are quite effective at reducing both T1 and T2 at relatively low particle concentrations. The potential applications of these particles include improved visualization of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract, as well as specific targeting and detection of small tumors or other cells with unique surface receptors. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.