bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple model of bedform migration
Authors: Bartholdy J. , Ernstsen V.B. , Flemming B.W. , Winter C. , Bartholomä A.
Published: June 2010

A model linking subaqueous dune migration to the effective (grain related) shear stress is calibrated by means of flume data for bedform dimensions and migration rates. The effective shear stress is calculated on the basis of a new method assuming a near‐bed layer above the mean bed level in which the current velocity accelerates towards the bedform crest. As a consequence, the effective bed shear stress corresponds to the shear stress acting directly on top of the bedform. The model operates with the critical Shields stress as a function of grain size, and predicts the deposition (volume per unit time and width) of naturally‐packed bed material on the bedform lee side, qbcrest. The model is simple, built on a rational description of simplified sediment mechanics, and its calibration constant can be explained in accordance with estimated values of the physical constants on which it is based. Predicted values of qbcrest correlate with measured values of bedform height multiplied by bedform migration rate with R2 = 0·83. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of turbulence on the transport of individual particles as bedload in a gravel‐bed river
Authors: Paiement‐Paradis Geneviève , Marquis Geneviève , Roy André
Published: June 2010

This study investigates the association between mean and turbulent flow variables and the movement of individual particles in a gravel‐bed river. The experimental design implemented in the Eaton‐North River (Québec, Canada) is based on the simultaneous observations at a high temporal resolution of both particle movements as bedload using an underwater video camera and of the streamwise and vertical flow velocity components using a vertical array of three electromagnetic current meters (ECMs). The frequency and distance of displacement of particles larger than 20 mm that were sliding or rolling on the bed were measured from a 10 minutes long film. Mean and turbulent flow properties obtained for periods without sediment transport are compared to those when particles were sliding and rolling. When particles are sliding, weak differences are present for the mean streamwise velocity and normal vertical stresses. Instantaneous Reynolds shear stresses are significantly lower for sliding events which was not expected but could be explained by the important dominance of Quadrant 3 events (inward interactions). When particles are rolling, only the vertical normal stresses show a weak difference from those observed in the absence of transport but they tend to occur when Quadrant 2 (ejections) dominate the flow field. For both sliding and rolling particles, vertical and/or streamwise fluid accelerations show high magnitude values when compared to periods without transport. For sliding particles, streamwise acceleration is mostly negative and combines most of the time with a positive vertical acceleration. For rolling particles, streamwise and vertical acceleration are predominantly of opposite sign. These results suggest that fluid acceleration or deceleration in the streamwise and vertical directions is affecting the pressure field around particles. In this study, fluid acceleration seems to play a more important role than Reynolds shear stress or normal stresses for bedload movements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The history of water salinity in the Pearl River estuary, China, during the Late Quaternary
Authors: Zong Yongqiang , Yu Fengling , Huang Guangqing , Lloyd Jeremy M. , Yim Wyss W.‐S.
Published: June 2010

This research reconstructed the Late Quaternary salinity history of the Pearl River estuary, China, from diatom records of four sedimentary cores. The reconstruction was produced through the application of a diatom–salinity transfer function developed based on 77 modern surface sediment samples collected across the estuary from shallow marine environment to deltaic distributaries. The statistical analysis indicates that the majority of sediment samples from the cores has good modern analogues, thus the reconstructions are reliable. The reconstructed salinity history shows the older estuarine sequence formed during the last interglacial was deposited under similar salinity conditions to the younger estuarine sequence, which was formed during the present interglacial. Further analysis into the younger estuarine sequence reveals the interplays between sea level, monsoon‐driven freshwater discharge, and deltaic shoreline movement, key factors that have influenced water salinity in the estuary. In particular, a core from the delta plain shows the effects of sea‐level change and deltaic progradation, while cores from the mouth region of the estuary reveal changes of monsoon‐driven freshwater discharge. This study demonstrates the advantages of quantitative salinity reconstructions to improve the quality of reconstruction and allow direct comparison with other quantitative records and the instrumentally observed values of salinity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transgressive dunefield landforms and vegetation associations, Doña Juana, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Hesp Patrick , Martinez Marisa , da Silva Graziela Miot , Rodríguez‐Revelo Natalia , Gutierrez Erika , Humanes Adriana , Laínez Daniela , Montaño Irene , Palacios Verónica , Quesada Agustín , Storero Lorena , Trilla Gabriela González , Trochine Carolina
Published: June 2010

Transgressive dune fields often comprise a multiplicity of landforms where vegetation processes largely affect landform dynamics, which in turn, also affect vegetation processes. These associations have seldom been studied in detail. This paper examines four separate landform types in a complex coastal transgressive dunefield located in the central Gulf of Mexico, in order to assess the relationships between dunefield habitat, local environmental factors, vegetation associations and landform evolution. Topographic surveys using tape and clinometer were conducted in conjunction with vegetation survey transects at four locations across the Doña Juana dunefield. Vegetation surveys allowed the estimation of relative plant cover of each plant species found along the transects. A large variety of landforms were found at the Doña Juana Dunefield: deflation plains, gegenwalle (counter) ridges, transverse dune trailing ridges, blowouts and parabolic dunes, aklé (fish‐scale shaped) dunefields and precipitation ridges, with plant species associations developing on these different landforms equally variable. Flood tolerant species were located in the lower parts (deflation plain and gegenwalle ridges) whereas the older and dryer parts were covered by coastal matorral shrubs. Burial‐tolerant species were dominant in the most mobile areas (blowouts and aklé dunefield and margin). The dune trailing ridge, with relatively milder conditions, showed the highest richness, with no dominant species. A dual interaction was found such that colonizing species both create and affect topography, and in turn, topography determines vegetation association and succession patterns. In coastal dunes, the vegetation and abiotic environment (namely the different landforms and the inherent micronevironmental variability) interact tightly and generate a complex and highly dynamic biogeomorphic system where substrate mobility and colonization processes reinforce one another in positive feedback. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐runout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications
Authors: Jiskoot Hester
Published: June 2010

A rhomboidal shaped rockslide with a length of 2·2 km and an area of 1·35 km2 covers 30% of a small Clemenceau Icefield Group cirque glacier. By means of remote sensing, airborne photography, climate and seismic data analysis, the extent, timing, possible trigger mechanisms, and rockslide effects on the glacier are discussed. An ML 2·0 seismic event on 14 September 2000 represents the rockslide and has a spindle‐shaped waveform and high energy in the low frequencies. Based on a strong signal duration of 56–108 seconds the rockslide had an average runout velocity of 22–45 m s−1. Stress fatigue and a combination of rain and snow followed by rapid melt and night‐time freezing could have co‐triggered the slide. Additional seismic events with epicentres <40 km from the cirque were recorded 26 times since 1985 and range between ML 0·9–3·3, but none were caused by, or triggered, large mass movement.

With a rock source volume of 1·6 × 106 m3 and a deposited volume of 2–4 × 106 m3 the sum of bulking and entrainment is between 25% and 150%. Five melt seasons post‐event, levees 20–30 m wide tower 30 m over the surrounding glacier. Rockslide characteristics, and its Fahrböschung of 15° [height/length (H/L) = 0·28], indicate that this rockslide is quite typical for long‐runout rockslides on glaciers. However, the basal friction coefficient was higher than found on other glaciers and could relate to the presence of medial moraines transverse to the flowline and to pre‐slide debris‐cover. The difference between the coefficient of friction in the main flowline (0·11–0·14) and that in a lobe confined between two medial moraines (0·065) suggests that confinement increases mobility by 70–115%. Apart from reduced ablation under the rock debris, effects of the rockslide on the glacier were minimal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy challenges to the quality of child health services in Bulgaria
Authors: Rechel Boika , Spencer Nick , Blackburn Clare , Rechel Bernd
Published: June 2010

Background

Our study aimed to explore policy challenges to the quality of child health services in Bulgaria.

Methods

The study was based on qualitative in‐depth interviews, analysis of regulatory documents, and review of the literature. Respondents included policy‐makers, providers and users of health services, from both rural and urban areas.

Results

Problems identified included insufficient training of general practitioners, medical errors, delays in response to emergencies, inadequate information provided to patients, and underdeveloped child public health. A common view was that paediatricians provide better quality care than general practitioners. Respondents described a lack of clinical guidelines for rational use of pharmaceuticals, overprescribing of antibiotics, reliance on pharmaceutical companies for information, and unrestricted sales of drugs over‐the‐counter. ‘Clinical pathways’, introduced as a payment mechanism in hospitals, were perceived as lacking transparency, complicating clinical practice, and forcing doctors to record wrong diagnoses and conduct unnecessary investigations.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate the need to develop evidence‐based clinical guidelines for primary and secondary care, establish payment mechanisms that facilitate quality improvements, promote rational use of pharmaceuticals, improve continuing training of physicians and strengthen child public health. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of location on finding a job in the Paris region
Authors: Gobillon Laurent , Magnac Thierry , Selod Harris
Published: June 2010

Do spatial differences in unemployment duration reflect residential sorting or a true local effect? Focusing on the 1300 municipalities of the Paris region, we apply a methodology that disentangles individual and unspecified municipality effects. Estimating a proportional hazard model stratified by municipality and recovering a survival function for each municipality purged of individual observed heterogeneity, we show that local and individual characteristics add up in their contribution to unemployment duration. While only 30% of the spatial disparities in unemployment duration are explained by individual characteristics, 70% of the remaining disparities are captured by local indicators, mainly correlated with residential segregation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradable xylitol‐based elastomers: In vivo behavior and biocompatibility
Authors: Bruggeman Joost P. , Bettinger Christopher J. , Langer Robert
Published: June 2010

Biodegradable elastomers based on polycondensation reactions of xylitol with sebacic acid, referred to as poly(xylitol sebacate) (PXS) elastomers have recently been developed. We describe the in vivo behavior of PXS elastomers. Four PXS elastomers were synthesized, characterized, and compared with poly(L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). PXS elastomers displayed a high level of structural integrity and form stability during degradation. The in vivo half‐life ranged from approximately 3 to 52 weeks. PXS elastomers exhibited increased biocompatibility compared with PLGA implants. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Development of a three‐dimensional model for rapid evaluation of bone substitutes in vitro: Effect of the 45S5 bioglass
Authors: Alno Nora , Jegoux Franck , Pellen‐Mussi Pascal , Tricot‐Doleux Sylvie , Oudadesse Hassane , Cathelineau Guy , De Mello Gilbert
Published: June 2010

The evaluation of innovative bone substitutes requires the development of an optimal model close to physiological conditions. An interesting alternative is the use of an immortalized cell line to construct multicellular spheroids, that is, three‐dimensional (3D) cultures. In this study, a modified hanging drops method has resulted in the generation of spheroids with a well‐established human fetal osteoblasts line (hFOB 1.19), and tests have been focused on the effect of 45S5 bioglass ionic dissolution products in comparison with two‐dimensional (2D) cultures. Depending on cell culture type, quantitative analysis (cell proliferation, viability/cytotoxicity, and cellular cycle) and qualitative analysis (electron microscopy and genes expression) showed a differential effect. Cell proliferation was enhanced in 2D‐conditioned cultures in accordance with literature data, but decreased in 3D cultures submitted to the same conditions, without change of gene expression patterns. The decrease of cell proliferation, observed in conditioned spheroids, appears to be in agreement with clinical observations showing the insufficiency of commercially available bioglasses for bone repairing within nonbearing sites, such as periodontal defects or small bone filling, in general. Therefore, we suggest that this model could be adapted to the screening of innovative bioactive materials by laboratory techniques already available and extended monitoring of their bioactivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Tailoring nanocrystalline diamond coated on titanium for osteoblast adhesion
Authors: Pareta Rajesh , Yang Lei , Kothari Abhishek , Sirinrath Sirivisoot , Xiao Xingcheng , Sheldon Brian W. , Webster Thomas J.
Published: June 2010

Diamond coatings with superior chemical stability, antiwear, and cytocompatibility properties have been considered for lengthening the lifetime of metallic orthopedic implants for over a decade. In this study, an attempt to tailor the surface properties of diamond films on titanium to promote osteoblast (bone forming cell) adhesion was reported. The surface properties investigated here included the size of diamond surface features, topography, wettability, and surface chemistry, all of which were controlled during microwave plasma enhanced chemical‐vapor‐deposition (MPCVD) processes using CH4‐Ar‐H2 gas mixtures. The hardness and elastic modulus of the diamond films were also determined. H2 concentration in the plasma was altered to control the crystallinity, grain size, and topography of the diamond coatings, and specific plasma gases (O2 and NH3) were introduced to change the surface chemistry of the diamond coatings. To understand the impact of the altered surface properties on osteoblast responses, cell adhesion tests were performed on the various diamond‐coated titanium. The results revealed that nanocrystalline diamond (grain sizes <100 nm) coated titanium dramatically increased surface hardness, and the introduction of O2 and NH3 during the MPCVD process promoted osteoblast adhesion on diamond and, thus, should be further studied for improving orthopedic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Synthesis of acrolein by gas‐phase dehydration of glycerol over silica supported Bronsted acidic ionic liquid catalysts
Authors: Munshi Mudassir K. , Lomate Samadhan T. , Deshpande Raj M. , Rane Vilas H. , Kelkar Ashutosh A.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Glycerol has become readily available as a byproduct from the biodiesel industry. High functionality and relatively low price make it a potential building block to produce value‐added derivatives such as acrolein.

RESULTS: Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was performed over several silica supported Brønsted acidic ionic liquids as catalysts. All the catalysts prepared were active for the synthesis of acrolein (conversion of glycerol was observed in the range 35–90% with selectivity to acrolein in the range 29–58%).

CONCLUSIONS: Catalyst prepared from triphenyl (3‐sulfopropyl) phosphonium 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate gave good activity and selectivity at 4 h reaction time. The conversion of glycerol decreased with increase in glycerol concentration. Higher temperature (325 °C) resulted in significantly lower conversion as well as selectivity to acrolein. With the use of two additional traps cooled to − 7 °C, the selectivity to acrolein increased significantly for good catalysts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of A/O‐MBR for treatment of digestate from anaerobic digestion of cow manure
Authors: Gong Weijia , Li Wenzhe , Liang Heng
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely used as an animal manure bioconversion technology. However, the effluent obtained from the digester during the wet‐AD process requires to be treated carefully before discharge if AD technology is to be developed as an effective and environmentally advantageous animal manure treatment.

RESULTS: An anoxic/aerobic‐membrane bioreactor(A/O‐MBR) system has been developed for digestate treatment in an AD system treating cow manure. The performance of the A/O‐MBR system in terms of removal of nitrogen, COD and phosphorus were investigated. Results indicated that the average removal efficiencies of NH4‐N+, COD and PO43−‐P were 98.1%, 96.3% and 76.6%, respectively. The fouled membrane from the A/O‐MBR system was cleaned effectively using NaOH and a 30h soak time.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that it is technically feasible to use the A/O‐MBR for the treatment of digestate from a cow manure AD system, and can provide an environmentally acceptable way for the application of wet‐AD in animal manure treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A simple and versatile protocol for the preparation of 1,3‐functionalized heterocycles utilizing benzoylpyruvates
Authors: Nolsöe Jens M. J. , Ertan Anne , Svensson Mats , Weigelt Dirk
Published: June 2010

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Acid‐mediated condensation between benzoylpyruvates and various dinucleophiles in alcoholic solvent furnished the heterocyclic imprint in moderate to good yield. Combining a range of symmetric as well as nonsymmetric nitrogen/nitrogen or nitrogen/carbon centered dinucleophiles resulted in excellent regioselectivity. γ‐Difunctionalized fused pyrimidines, pyridazines, and pyridines were produced in this manner. The protocol was designed to obviate chromatographic purification. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Insurance status and hospital care for myocardial infarction, stroke, and pneumonia
Authors: Hasan Omar , Orav E. John , Hicks LeRoi S.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND:

Despite widely documented variations in health care outcomes by insurance status, few nationally representative studies have examined such disparities in the inpatient setting.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether there are insurance‐related differences in hospital care for 3 common medical conditions.

DESIGN AND SUBJECTS:

Retrospective database analysis of 154,381 adult discharges (age 18‐64 years) with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, or pneumonia from the 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS).

MEASUREMENTS:

For each diagnosis, we compared in‐hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and cost per hospitalization for Medicaid and uninsured patients with the privately insured.

RESULTS:

Compared with the privately insured, in‐hospital mortality among AMI and stroke patients was significantly higher for the uninsured (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.24‐1.85] for AMI and 1.49 [1.29‐1.72] for stroke) and among pneumonia patients was significantly higher for Medicaid recipients (1.21 [1.01‐1.45]). Excluding patients who died during hospitalization, LOS was consistently longer for Medicaid recipients for all 3 conditions (adjusted ratio 1.07, 95% CI [1.05‐1.09] for AMI, 1.17 [1.14‐1.20] for stroke, and 1.04 [1.03‐1.06] for pneumonia), although costs were significantly higher for Medicaid recipients for only 2 of the 3 conditions (adjusted ratio 1.06, 95% CI [1.04‐1.09] for stroke and 1.05 [1.04‐1.07] for pneumonia).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this nationally representative study of working‐age Americans hospitalized for 3 common medical conditions, significantly lower in‐hospital mortality was noted for privately insured patients compared with the uninsured or Medicaid recipients. Interventions to reduce insurance‐related gaps in inpatient quality of care should be investigated. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Aid and economic growth: Sensitivity analysis
Authors: Gyimah‐Brempong Kwabena , Racine Jeffrey S. , Gyapong Anthony
Published: June 2010

This paper uses panel data from 77 developing countries, two measures of aid, and a dynamic panel data (DPD) estimator to investigate the effects of aid on economic growth. We find that the relationship between income growth and aid is quadratic in nature. We find a negative partial growth effect of aid at low levels of aid but a positive effect when the ratio of aid to gross national income (GNI) reaches a threshold of between 6.6 and 14.4per cent. We find a positive and significant relationship between aid and physical capital investment. Accounting for indirect effects through investment, we find a positive growth effect at all levels of aid. These results are robust to the measurement of aid, the policy environment, income levels and region. Our results differ from much of the earlier research but are consistent with research that calls for increased aid to developing countries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE DETERMINANTS OF INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY. MORE ON THE DEBATE
Authors: Alonso José Antonio , Garcimartín Carlos
Published: June 2010

This paper provides new evidences about the determinants of institutional quality. Prior to implementing our empirical research, we discuss the criteria that should be used to judge the quality of institutions. Then, we identify the factors that, according to these criteria, determine institutional quality. The results obtained in the estimated model enable to draw some interesting conclusions. Firstly, development level determines institutional quality: the highest the former, the highest the latter. Secondly, income distribution conditions institutional quality. Thirdly, a sound tax system is positively associated with institutional quality improvement. Taxes provide the necessary revenue to generate quality institutions and create a narrower and more demanding relation between State and citizens. Finally, education improves institutional quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHOOSING THE CURRENCY STRUCTURE OF FOREIGN‐CURRENCY DEBT: A REVIEW OF POLICY APPROACHES
Authors: Melecky Martin
Published: June 2010

Starting from the constraints and incentives that cause countries to issue debt in foreign currency, this paper provides an overview of policy approaches for choosing the optimal currency structure of sovereign foreign‐currency debt. The objective of sovereign debt managers generally includes both risk and cost minimisation, while constraints to foreign‐currency debt allocation originate in the parameters of the domestic macroeconomy, the shocks it faces and the initial conditions. Overall, the main parameters that drive the solutions for optimal currency allocation of foreign‐currency debt are the covariances of macrovariables with exchange rates and the variances of different exchange rates. Both the covariances and the exchange rate volatility can be deceptive when a fixed exchange rate regime is maintained, however. To adequately capture the expected covariances in the context of managed exchange rate regimes, we suggest that sovereign debt managers work with equilibrium instead of actual exchange rates. For the same reason and because the estimates of relative exchange rate variances should be forward looking, we suggest using synchronisation indicators in the policy analysis to better capture the underlying drivers of exchange rate volatility across currencies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence of substance P in bone repair under different load comparison of straight and angulated fracture in rat tibia
Authors: Li Jian , Ahmed Mahmood , Bergstrom Jonas , Ackermann Paul , Stark André , Kreicbergs Andris
Published: June 2010

Substance P (SP) has been shown in vitro to stimulate both formation and resorption of bone. This seemingly contradictory observation could be explained by in vivo variations in skeletal loading and rate of bone turnover, features which may be explored during different phases of fracture healing. In 50 SD rats, the right tibia was fractured and fixed with an intramedullary pin in straight alignment and in anterior angulation resulting in a convex and concave side under different load. Fracture repair was assessed by radiography, histology, and semi‐quantitative immunohistochemistry of SP nerve fiber occurrence at days 7, 21, 35, 56, and 84 post‐fracture. During regeneration, days 7–35, abundant SP‐nerve ingrowth was observed in the fracture callus reaching a side‐symmetrical peak at day 21 in straight fractures. In angulated fractures, the SP peak was also observed at day 21 on the concave loaded side, but not until day 35 on the convex unloaded side. Each SP‐peak coincided with cortical bridging. During remodeling, days 35–84, a side‐symmetrical disappearance of SP‐positive fibers was seen in straight fractures. The same pattern was seen on the concave loaded side of angulated fractures. However, on the convex unloaded side, where resorption now took place, SP‐fibers remained until the end of the experiment. Our study suggests that neuronal SP during bone regeneration has a stimulatory role on bone formation, while during remodeling increased SP fiber density in unloaded areas may be related to bone resorption. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1643–1650, 2010
Collagen and mineral deposition in rabbit cortical bone during maturation and growth: Effects on tissue properties
Authors: Isaksson Hanna , Harjula Terhi , Koistinen Arto , Iivarinen Jarkko , Seppänen Kari , Arokoski Jari P.A. , Brama Pieter A. , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Helminen Heikki J.
Published: June 2010

We characterized the composition and mechanical properties of cortical bone during maturation and growth and in adult life in the rabbit. We hypothesized that the collagen network develops earlier than the mineralized matrix. Growth was monitored, and the rabbits were euthanized at birth (newborn), and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 18 months of age. The collagen network was assessed biochemically (collagen content, enzymatic and non‐enzymatic cross‐links) in specimens from the mid‐diaphysis of the tibia and femur and biomechanically (tensile testing) from decalcified whole tibia specimens. The mineralized matrix was analyzed using pQCT and 3‐point bend tests from intact femur specimens. The collagen content and the Young's modulus of the collagen matrix increased significantly until the rabbits were 3 months old, and thereafter remained stable. The amount of HP and LP collagen cross‐links increased continuously from newborn to 18 months of age, whereas PEN cross‐links increased after 6 months of age. Bone mineral density and the Young's modulus of the mineralized bone increased until the rabbits were at least 6 months old. We concluded that substantial changes take place during the normal process of development in both the biochemical and biomechanical properties of rabbit cortical bone. In cortical bone, the collagen network reaches its mature composition and mechanical strength prior to the mineralized matrix. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1626–1633, 2010
Electrochemical functionalisation of SWNTs with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) evidenced by anti‐Stokes/Stokes Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Baltog Ioan , Baibarac Mihaela , Lefrant Serge , Mevellec Jean Yves
Published: June 2010

The capability of anti‐Stokes/Stokes Raman spectroscopy to evaluate chemical interactions at the interface of a conducting polymer/carbon nanotubes is demonstrated. Electrochemical polymerisation of the monomer 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on a Au support covered with a single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) film immersed in a LiClO4/CH3CN solution was carried out. At the resonant optical excitation, which occurs when the energy of the exciting light coincides with the energy of an electronic transition, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) deposited electrochemically as a thin film of nanometric thickness on a rough Au support presents an abnormally intense anti‐Stokes Raman spectrum. The additional increase in Raman intensity in the anti‐Stokes branch observed when PEDOT is deposited on SWNTs is interpreted as resulting from the excitation of plasmons in the metallic nanotubes. A covalent functionalisation of SWNTs with PEDOT both in un‐doped and doped states takes place when the electropolymerisation of EDOT, with stopping at +1.6 V versus Ag/Ag+, is performed on a SWNT film deposited on a Au plate. The presence of PEDOT covalently functionalised SWNTs is rationalised by (1) a downshift by a few wavenumbers of the polymer Raman line associated with the symmetric CC stretching mode and (2) an upshift of the radial breathing modes of SWNTs, both variations revealing an interaction between SWNTs and the conjugated polymer. Raman studies performed at different excitation wavelengths indicate that the resonant optical excitation is the key condition to observe the abnormal anti‐Stokes Raman effect. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weather broadcasting and training in the late twentieth century: the meteorologist's view
Authors: Giles Bill
Published: June 2010

Weather forecasts on BBC radio and television are recognized as the bench mark by which all other weather broadcasts in the United Kingdom are judged. Having spent many years at the BBC Weather Centre, as forecaster and senior meteorologist, the author reflects on the development of television weather forecasts on the national, licence fee funded, broadcaster in the United Kingdom. The period referred to in the paper saw technology evolve rapidly with television weather graphics at the forefront of the technological revolution. Changes in the recruitment and training of forecasters over time are discussed, giving an insight into the behind the scenes evolution of the workings of television and radio weather broadcasts. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of plant‐derived polyphenols on TNF‐α and nitric oxide production induced by advanced glycation endproducts
Authors: Chandler Dave , Woldu Ameha , Rahmadi Anton , Shanmugam Kirubakaran , Steiner Nicole , Wright Elise , Benavente‐García Obdulio , Schulz Oliver , Castillo Julián , Münch Gerald
Published: June 2010

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate on protein deposits including the β‐amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. AGEs interact with the “receptor for advanced glycation endproducts”, and transmit their signals using intracellular reactive oxygen species as second messengers. Ultimately, AGEs induce the expression of a variety of pro‐inflammatory markers including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Antioxidants that act intracellularly, including polyphenols, have been shown to scavenge these “signaling” reactive oxygen species, and thus perform in an anti‐inflammatory capacity. This study tested the pure compounds apigenin and diosmetin as well as extracts from silymarin, uva ursi (bearberry) and green olive leaf for their ability to attenuate AGE‐induced NO and TNF‐α production. All five tested samples inhibited BSA‐AGE‐induced NO production in a dose‐dependent manner. Apigenin and diosmetin were most potent, and exhibited EC50values ∼10 μM. In contrast, TNF‐α expression was only reduced by apigenin, diosmetin and silymarin; not by the bearberry and green olive leaf extracts. In addition, the silymarin and bearberry extracts caused significant cell death at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL and ≥50 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that plant‐derived polyphenols might offer therapeutic opportunities to delay the progression of AGE‐mediated and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts‐mediated neuro‐inflammatory diseases including Alzheimer's disease.
The sharp end: Real life challenges in a complex activity space
Authors: Thomas Keith T. , Walker Allan D.
Published: June 2010

Many forces are at play beneath the public face of organizations and particular tensions emerge when policy rhetoric encounters organizational and leadership reality. These inherent contextual tensions are explored at the sharp or operational end of leadership, the organizational space where policies are implemented, values enacted and practices evidenced. The sharp end leaves little room for intellectual introspection or detailed post hoc analysis favoured by those more detached from the action. However, the sharp end does provide a useful position from which to explore the so‐called ‘crisis of leadership ethics’. Describing a complex activity space, this paper highlights how individual biases, group dynamics and countervailing forces shape behaviour, and their collective influence can often derail well‐intentioned actions by creating irrational moments that spiral out of control.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bolstering unethical leaders: The role of the media, financial analysts and shareholders
Authors: Chen Stephen
Published: June 2010

This paper examines factors that contribute to financial misreporting by companies and the role played by the character of the CEO, financial analysts, the media and shareholders in bolstering unethical leadership in companies. Through the use of computer simulation models, it shows how a combination of CEO narcissism, financial incentives, shareholder expectations and media praise as well as unethical leadership, can do much to explain some of the findings highlighted in recent high profile financial accounting scandals.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balance of pro‐ versus anti‐angiogenic splice isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor as a regulator of neuroblastoma growth
Authors: Peiris‐Pagès Maria , Harper Steven J , Bates David O , Ramani Pramila
Published: June 2010

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common extracranial tumour of childhood. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the growth and development of NB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most potent stimuli of angiogenesis, has been studied extensively in vitro. VEGF165 has been shown to be the predominant angiogenic isoform expressed in NB cell lines and tumours. In this study, we investigated the anti‐angiogenic isoform of VEGF‐A, generated from distal splice site selection in the terminal exon of VEGF (VEGF165b) and shown to be down‐regulated in epithelial malignancies. The expression of both the pro‐ (VEGFxxx) and the anti‐angiogenic (VEGFxxxb) isoforms was compared in a range of NB and ganglioneuroma (GN) tumours. Whereas VEGFxxxb and VEGFxxx were both expressed in GN, specific up‐regulation of the VEGFxxx isoforms was seen in NB at RNA and protein levels. Highly tumourigenic NB cell lines also showed up‐regulation of the angiogenic isoforms relative to VEGFxxxb compared to less tumourigenic cell lines, and the isoforms were differentially secreted. These results indicate that VEGF165 is up‐regulated in NB and that there is a difference in the balance of isoform expression from anti‐angiogenic VEGF165b to angiogenic VEGF165. Treatment with recombinant human VEGF165b significantly reduced the growth rate of established xenografts of SK‐N‐BE(2)‐C cells (4.24 ± 1.01 fold increase in volume) compared with those treated with saline (9.76 ± 3.58, p < 0.01). Microvascular density (MVD) was significantly decreased in rhVEGF165b‐treated tumours (19.4 ± 1.9 vessels/mm3) in contrast to the saline‐treated tumours (45.5 ± 8.6 vessels/mm3). VEGF165b had no significant effect on the proliferative or apoptotic activity, viability or cytotoxicity of SK‐N‐BE(2)‐C cells after 48 h. In conclusion, VEGF165b is an effective inhibitor of NB growth. These findings provide the rationale for further investigation of VEGF165b in NB and other paediatric malignancies. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helical opposition in poly(2‐methoxyaniline) by tuning the concentration of salts in reaction solution
Authors: Yuan Guo‐Li , Liu Chen , Kuramoto Noriyuki , Yang Zhong‐Fang
Published: June 2010

The synthesis and application of helical polyaniline derivatives (PANIs) have attracted much interest. However, most of these syntheses have been carried out in organic solutions. In our previous reports, helical PANIs were successfully realized in aqueous solution. Because helical architecture in the backbones of PANIs is an induced rather than the natural arrangement, it is significant to study the change in helicity in aqueous solution, especially opposition or reversion. One excess‐handed helicity was induced in poly(2‐methoxyaniline) (PMOA) by electrochemical polymerization of 2‐methoxyaniline at pH = 2.5 in the presence of protonated β‐cyclodextrin sulfate (CDS− H+). When 0.04 mol L−1 NaCl was added to the reaction solution, the PMOA backbone took on an opposite excess of one‐handed helicity, which was confirmed by induced circular dichroism. Such a result originates from the dynamic switch between electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The helix‐inducing process in PMOA depends on the interaction between PMOA and chiral CDS. Due to the competition of Na+ Cl− with PMOA+ CDS−, the electrostatic interaction between PMOA and CDS is limited or weakened. Thus, the slightly preferred interaction between them switches from electrostatic to hydrogen bonding. Simultaneously, the interaction positions and distance are changed. The changed steric hindrance induces PMOA into adopting an opposite excess‐handed helicity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteome analysis of brain in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Fazeli Abolhassan Shahzadeh , Nasrabadi Davood , Sanati Mohammad Hossein , Pouya Alireza , Ibrahim Saleh M. , Baharvand Hossein , Salekdeh Ghasem Hosseini
Published: June 2010

Multiple sclerosis is considered a prototype inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is one of the best‐characterized animal models of multiple sclerosis. Comprehensive understanding of gene expression in EAE can help identify genes that are important in drug response and pathogenesis. We applied a 2‐DE‐based proteomics approach to analyze the protein expression pattern of the brain in healthy and EAE samples. Of more than 1000 protein spots we analyzed, 70 showed reproducible and significant changes in EAE compared to controls. Of these, 42 protein spots could be identified using MALDI TOF‐TOF‐MS. They included mitochondrial and structural proteins as well as proteins involved in ionic and neurotransmitter release, blood barriers, apoptosis, and signal transduction. The possible role of these proteins in the responses of mice to animal models of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
Inhibition of photosynthesis and modification of the wheat leaf proteome by Ptr ToxB: A host‐specific toxin from the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis
Authors: Kim Yong Min , Bouras Noureddine , Kav Nat N. V. , Strelkov Stephen E.
Published: June 2010

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, is an important foliar disease of wheat. The fungus produces the host‐specific, chlorosis‐inducing toxin Ptr ToxB. To better understand toxin action, we examined the effects of Ptr ToxB on sensitive wheat. Photosynthesis, as measured by infrared gas analysis, declined significantly within 12 h of toxin treatment, prior to the development of chlorosis at 48–72 h. Analysis by 2‐DE revealed a total of 102 protein spots with significantly altered intensities 12–36 h after toxin treatment, of which 66 were more abundant and 36 were less abundant than in the buffer‐treated control. The identities of 47 of these spots were established by MS/MS, and included proteins involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, and the stress/defense response. Based on the declines in photosynthesis and the identities of the differentially abundant proteins, we hypothesize that Ptr ToxB causes a rapid disruption in the photosynthetic processes of sensitive wheat, leading to the generation of ROS and oxidative stress. Although the photoprotective and repair mechanisms of the host appear to initially still be functional, they are probably overwhelmed by the continued production of ROS, leading to chlorophyll photooxidation and the development of chlorosis.
Investigation of ice‐wedge infilling processes using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, crystallography and occluded gases (O2, N2, Ar)
Authors: St‐Jean Mélanie , Lauriol Bernard , Clark Ian D. , Lacelle Denis , Zdanowicz Christian
Published: June 2010

The source and mechanism of infill of ice wedges of various ages (modern to Pleistocene) were examined for sites in the western Arctic. Several techniques were employed, including stable O‐H isotope and crystallographic analyses of the ice, and gas composition (O2, N2 and Ar) analyses of air entrapped in the ice. The results indicate that climatic and site‐specific conditions may influence the source of infilling during ice‐wedge growth, so that wedge ice in wet and dry environments exhibits different characteristics. For example, Vault Creek tunnel (Alaska) ice wedges, dating from the Late Pleistocene, a cold and dry period, preserved stable O‐H isotopes and gas compositions similar to those expected for ice formed by snow densification. In contrast, ice wedges from the Old Crow region (Yukon), dating from the Late Holocene, preserved isotopic and gas compositions more comparable with those expected for ice formed by the freezing of liquid water. In both ice‐wedge types, the δ(O2/Ar) values are much lower than both dissolved and atmospheric values, which may be due to the respiration of microorganisms living within ice bubbles or interstitial water at the grain boundaries. The elevated δ18OO2 (up to 16‰) of the occluded gases supports the occurrence of microbial respiration. However, the δ(N2/Ar) values do not appear to have been affected by biological processes, and as such are reflective of the infilling processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MDockPP: A hierarchical approach for protein‐protein docking and its application to CAPRI rounds 15–19
Authors: Huang Sheng‐You , Zou Xiaoqin
Published: June 2010

A hierarchical approach has been developed for protein‐protein docking. In the first step, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)‐based docking algorithm is used to globally sample all putative binding modes, in which the protein is represented by a reduced model, that is, each side chain on the protein surface is represented by its center of mass. Compared to conventional FFT docking with all‐atom models, the FFT docking method with a reduced model is expected to generate more hits because it allows larger side‐chain flexibility. Next, the filtered binding modes (normally several thousands) are refined by an iteratively derived knowledge‐based scoring function ITScorePP and by considering backbone/loop flexibility using an ensemble docking algorithm. The distance‐dependent potentials of ITScorePP were extracted by a physics‐based iterative method, which circumvents the long‐standing reference state problem in the knowledge‐based approaches. With this hierarchical protocol, we have participated in the CAPRI experiments for Rounds 15–19 of 11 targets (T32‐T42). In the predictor experiments, we achieved correct binding modes for six targets: three are with high accuracy (T40 for both distinct binding modes, T41, and T42), two are with medium accuracy (T34 and T37), and one is acceptable (T32). In the scorer experiments, of the seven target complexes that contain at least one acceptable mode submitted by the CAPRI predictor groups, we obtained correct binding modes for four targets: three are with high accuracy (T37, T40, and T41) and one is with medium accuracy (T34), suggesting good accuracy and robustness of ITScorePP. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selectivity of chlorantraniliprole to parasitoid wasps
Authors: Brugger Kristin E , Cole Peter G , Newman Ingrid C , Parker Nathaniel , Scholz Brad , Suvagia Pankaj , Walker Graham , Hammond Timothy G
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide registered for use in vegetables, fruits, grains and turf against a variety of insect pests. The objective of this article is to summarize results of acute toxicity testing of chlorantraniliprole on seven species of parasitic wasps with wide geographic distribution and relevance to different crops and integrated pest management (IPM) programmes.

RESULTS: Tier‐1, worst‐case laboratory studies evaluated wasp survival and reproduction following different exposure concentrations and scenarios to chlorantraniliprole (i.e. fresh‐dried spray deposits on glass plates, direct contact, ingestion, egg card, dipped leaf residue bioassays, sprayed mummies). No statistically significant effects on adult survival, percentage parasitism or emergence were observed following exposures to chlorantraniliprole compared with controls.

CONCLUSION: Chlorantraniliprole was harmless to the parasitoid wasp species tested according to IOBC classification criteria (<30% effects) and may be a useful tool in IPM programmes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of phenylpyridyldiketopyrrolopyrrole interaction with hydrogen in gas and in acids
Authors: Salyk Ota , Vyňuchal Jan , Kratochvílová Irena , Todorciuc Tatiana , Pavluch Jiří , Toman Petr
Published: June 2010

In this work, we applied experimental and theoretical techniques to study the influence of hydrogenation on the electrical properties of a derivative of diketodiphenylpyrrolopyrrole – phenylpyridyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (PPDP). From the experimental results and theoretical models it follows that the suitable reaction of PPDP with hydrogen can modulate the material electronic properties (ionization potential (IP), surface potential, conductivity).