bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of regional flood frequency analysis approaches in a simulation framework
Authors: Ganora D. , Laio F.
Published: July 2016

Regional frequency analysis (RFA) is a well‐established methodology to provide an estimate of the flood frequency curve at ungauged (or scarcely gauged) sites. Different RFA approaches exist, depending on the way the information is transferred to the site of interest, but it is not clear in the literature if a specific method systematically outperforms the others. The aim of this study is to provide a framework wherein carrying out the intercomparison by building up a virtual environment based on synthetically generated data. The considered regional approaches include: (i) a unique regional curve for the whole region; (ii) a multiple‐region model where homogeneous subregions are determined through cluster analysis; (iii) a Region‐of‐Influence model which defines a homogeneous subregion for each site; (iv) a spatially smooth estimation procedure where the parameters of the regional model vary continuously along the space. Virtual environments are generated considering different patterns of heterogeneity, including step change and smooth variations. If the region is heterogeneous, with the parent distribution changing continuously within the region, the spatially smooth regional approach outperforms the others, with overall errors 10–50% lower than the other methods. In the case of a step‐change, the spatially smooth and clustering procedures perform similarly if the heterogeneity is moderate, while clustering procedures work better when the step‐change is severe. To extend our findings, an extensive sensitivity analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of sample length, number of virtual stations, return period of the predicted quantile, variability of the scale parameter of the parent distribution, number of predictor variables and different parent distribution. Overall, the spatially smooth approach appears as the most robust approach as its performances are more stable across different patterns of heterogeneity, especially when short records are considered.
Neurofilament light chain: a biomarker for genetic frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Meeter Lieke H. , Dopper Elise G. , Jiskoot Lize C. , Sanchez‐Valle Raquel , Graff Caroline , Benussi Luisa , Ghidoni Roberta , Pijnenburg Yolande A. , Borroni Barbara , Galimberti Daniela , Laforce Robert Jr , Masellis Mario , Vandenberghe Rik , Ber Isabelle Le , Otto Markus , van Minkelen Rick , Papma Janne M. , Rombouts Serge A. , Balasa Mircea , Öijerstedt Linn , Jelic Vesna , Dick Katrina M. , Cash David M. , Harding Sophie R. , Jorge Cardoso M. , Ourselin Sebastien , Rossor Martin N. , Padovani Alessandro , Scarpini Elio , Fenoglio Chiara , Tartaglia Maria C. , Lamari Foudil , Barro Christian , Kuhle Jens , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , van Swieten John C.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as a potential biomarker in the presymptomatic stage and during the conversion into the symptomatic stage. Additionally, to correlate NfL levels to clinical and neuroimaging parameters.

Methods

In this multicenter case–control study, we investigated CSF NfL in 174 subjects (48 controls, 40 presymptomatic carriers and 86 patients with microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT), progranulin (GRN), and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) mutations), and serum NfL in 118 subjects (39 controls, 44 presymptomatic carriers, 35 patients). In 55 subjects both CSF and serum was determined. In two subjects CSF was available before and after symptom onset (converters). Additionally, NfL levels were correlated with clinical parameters, survival, and regional brain atrophy.

Results

CSF NfL levels in patients (median 6762 pg/mL, interquartile range 3186–9309 pg/mL) were strongly elevated compared with presymptomatic carriers (804 pg/mL, 627–1173 pg/mL, P < 0.001), resulting in a good diagnostic performance to discriminate both groups. Serum NfL correlated highly with CSF NfL (rs = 0.87, P < 0.001) and was similarly elevated in patients. Longitudinal samples in the converters showed a three‐ to fourfold increase in CSF NfL after disease onset. Additionally, NfL levels in patients correlated with disease severity, brain atrophy, annualized brain atrophy rate and survival.

Interpretation

NfL in both serum and CSF has the potential to serve as a biomarker for clinical disease onset and has a prognostic value in genetic FTD.
Improving the Enhanced Cognitive Interview With a New Interview Strategy: Category Clustering Recall
Authors: Paulo Rui M. , Albuquerque Pedro B. , Bull Ray
Published: July 2016

Increasing recall is crucial for investigative interviews. The enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) has been widely used for this purpose and found to be generally effective. We focused on further increasing recall with a new interview strategy, category clustering recall (CCR). Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the (i) ECI; (ii) revised enhanced cognitive interview 1 (RECI1) — with CCR instead of the change order mnemonic during the second recall; or (iii) revised enhanced cognitive interview 2 (RECI2) — also with CCR but conjunctly used with ‘eye closure’ and additional open‐ended follow up questions. Participants interviewed with CCR (RECI1 and RECI2) produced more information without compromising accuracy; thus, CCR was effective. Eye closure and additional open‐ended follow up questions did not further influence recall when using CCR. Major implications for real‐life investigations are discussed.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Quality Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Lasing from Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Authors: Zhang Qing , Su Rui , Liu Xinfeng , Xing Jun , Sum Tze Chien , Xiong Qihua
Published: July 2016

Semiconductor micro/nano‐cavities with high quality factor (Q) and small modal volume provide critical platforms for exploring strong light‐matter interactions and quantum optics, enabling further development of coherent and quantum photonic devices. Constrained by exciton binding energy and thermal fluctuation, only a handful of wide‐band semiconductors such as ZnO and GaN have stable excitons at room temperature. Metal halide perovskite with cubic lattice and well‐controlled exciton may provide solutions. In this work, high‐quality single‐crystalline cesium lead halide CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) microcavities are synthesized by vapor‐phase van der Waals epitaxy method. The as‐grown perovskites show strong emission and stable exciton at room temperature over the whole visible spectra range. By varying the halide composition, multi‐color (400–700 nm).WGM excitonic lasing is achieved at room temperature with low threshold (~ 2.0 μJ cm−2) and high spectra coherence (~0.14–0.15 nm). The results advocate the promise of inorganic perovskites towards development of optoelectronic devices and strong light‐matter coupling in quantum optics.
Plasmon‐Induced Sub‐Bandgap Photodetection with Organic Schottky Diodes
Authors: Hou Ji‐Ling , Fischer Axel , Yang Sheng‐Chieh , Benduhn Johannes , Widmer Johannes , Kasemann Daniel , Vandewal Koen , Leo Karl
Published: July 2016

Organic materials for near‐infrared (NIR) photodetection are in the focus for developing organic optical‐sensing devices. The choice of materials for bulk‐type organic photodetectors is limited due to effects like high nonradiative recombination rates for low‐gap materials. Here, an organic Schottky barrier photodetector with an integrated plasmonic nanohole electrode is proposed, enabling structure‐dependent, sub‐bandgap photodetection in the NIR. Photons are detected via internal photoemission (IPE) process over a metal/organic semiconductor Schottky barrier. The efficiency of IPE is improved by exciting localized surface plasmon resonances, which are further enhanced by coupling to an out‐of‐plane Fabry–Pérot cavity within the metal/organic/metal device configuration. The device allows large on/off ratio (>1000) and the selective control of individual pixels by modulating the Schottky barrier height. The concept opens up new design and application possibilities for organic NIR photodetectors.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoset Composite with Near 100% Recyclability
Authors: Yu Kai , Shi Qian , Dunn Martin L. , Wang Tiejun , Qi H. Jerry
Published: July 2016

Both environmental and economic factors have driven the development of recycling routes for the increasing amount of composite waste generated. This paper presents a new paradigm to fully recycle epoxy‐based carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. After immersing the composite in ethylene glycol (EG) and increasing the temperature, the epoxy matrix can be dissolved as the EG molecules participate in bond exchange reactions (BERs) within the covalent adaptable network (CAN), effectively breaking the long polymer chains into small segments. The clean carbon fibers can be then reclaimed with the same dimensions and mechanical properties as those of fresh ones. Both the dissolution rate and the minimum amount of EG required to fully dissolve the CAN are experimentally determined. Further heating the dissolved solution leads to repolymerization of the epoxy matrix, so a new generation of composite can be fabricated by using the recycled fiber and epoxy; in this way a closed‐loop near 100% recycling paradigm is realized. In addition, epoxy composites with surface damage are shown to be fully repaired. Both the recycled and the repaired composites exhibit the same level of mechanical properties as fresh materials.
Commentary on the Future of Community Psychology: Perspective of a Research Community Psychologist
Authors: Milburn Norweeta G.
Published: July 2016

Community psychology is commented upon from the perspective of a community psychologist who was trained in the Community Psychology Program at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Her background and training are reviewed. A brief survey of research on homelessness as a frame for community psychology research is presented. Concluding remarks are provided on the future of research in community psychology.
Cortical blindness induced by hepatic encephalopathy: case report and review of published case reports
Authors: Cheng‐Tagome Shaohua , Yamamoto Akitaka , Suzuki Kei , Katayama Naoyuki , Imai Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

Case

Cortical blindness induced by hepatic encephalopathy is an extremely rare complication and its epidemiology has not been studied in great detail. We report a 63‐year‐old man with liver cirrhosis who developed sudden bilateral visual impairment.

Outcome

On arrival at hospital, the patient had orientation disturbance, slurred speech, and mild disturbance of consciousness with impaired vision (light sense). He had no focal neurological deficits except for bilateral blindness. Cerebral stroke was suspected, but imaging and ophthalmological examination did not reveal major abnormalities. An increased concentration of ammonia in blood suggested hepatic encephalopathy; a diagnosis of cortical blindness was proposed. His vision returned gradually with relief of hepatic encephalopathy.

Conclusion

Cortical blindness can be an initial symptom of hepatic encephalopathy without severe disturbance of consciousness, and can be misdiagnosed as cerebral stroke. Cortical blindness induced by hepatic encephalopathy has been reported in only 10 cases, including our patient, and merits further evaluation.
Perovskite SrCo0.9Nb0.1O3−δ as an Anion‐Intercalated Electrode Material for Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density
Authors: Zhu Liang , Liu Yu , Su Chao , Zhou Wei , Liu Meilin , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2016

We have synthesized and characterized perovskite‐type SrCo0.9Nb0.1O3−δ (SCN) as a novel anion‐intercalated electrode material for supercapacitors in an aqueous KOH electrolyte, demonstrating a very high volumetric capacitance of about 2034.6 F cm−3 (and gravimetric capacitance of ca. 773.6 F g−1) at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 while maintaining excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 95.7 % after 3000 cycles. When coupled with an activated carbon (AC) electrode, the SCN/AC asymmetric supercapacitor delivered a specific energy density as high as 37.6 Wh kg−1 with robust long‐term stability.
Optimizing a blend of a mixture slurry in chemical mechanical planarization for advanced semiconductor manufacturing using a posterior preference articulation approach to dual response surface optimization
Authors: Seo Jihoon , Lee Dong‐Hee , Lee Kangchun , Kim Kijung , Kim Kwang‐Jae
Published: July 2016

Semiconductors are fabricated through unit processes including photolithography, etching, diffusion, ion implantation, deposition, and planarization processes. Chemical mechanical planarization, which is essential in advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes, aims to achieve high planarity across the wafer surface. This paper presents a case study in which the optimal blend of mixture slurry was obtained to improve the two response variables (material loss and roughness) at the same time. The mixture slurry consists of several pure slurries; when all of the abrasive particles within the slurry are of the same size, the slurry is referred to as a pure slurry. The optimal blend was obtained by applying a multiresponse surface optimization method. In particular, the recently developed posterior approach to dual response surface optimization was employed, which allows the chemical mechanical planarization process engineer to investigate tradeoffs between the two response variables. The two responses were better with the obtained blend than the existing blend. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Natural History Supplement: Furthering Natural History Amongst Ecologists and Evolutionary Biologists
Authors: LoPresti Eric F. , Karban Richard , Robinson Moria , Grof‐Tisza Patrick , Wetzel William
Published: July 2016

Most ecologists and evolutionary biologists practice natural history, whether in the lab, field or greenhouse. This information generally does not get disseminated, especially in the short form journals that are increasing in popularity. We propose that papers include a natural history supplement to present data and observations which would otherwise remain in field notebooks, photographs or memory that have the potential to inform future investigations. The time for this small addition is upon us: we now have practically free publication space, statistical methods to integrate data across studies (meta‐analyses), and tools to rigorously analyze media files. With a minimum expenditure of effort, we can archive and make available this useful information and perhaps, in a small way, incentivize natural history to present and future generations of ecologists.
Facile Construction of Random Gene Mutagenesis Library for Directed Evolution Without the Use of Restriction Enzyme in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Jae‐Eung , Huang Rui , Chen Hui , You Chun , Zhang Y.‐H. Percival
Published: July 2016

A foolproof protocol was developed for the construction of mutant DNA library for directed protein evolution. First, a library of linear mutant gene was generated by error‐prone PCR or molecular shuffling, and a linear vector backbone was prepared by high‐fidelity PCR. Second, the amplified insert and vector fragments were assembled by overlap‐extension PCR with a pair of 5'‐phosphorylated primers. Third, full‐length linear plasmids with phosphorylated 5'‐ends were self‐ligated with T4 ligase, yielding circular plasmids encoding mutant variants suitable for high‐efficiency transformation. Self‐made competent Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) showed a transformation efficiency of 2.4 × 105 cfu/µg of the self‐ligated circular plasmid. Using this method, three mutants of mCherry fluorescent protein were found to alter their colors and fluorescent intensities under visible and UV lights, respectively. Also, one mutant of 6‐phosphorogluconate dehydrogenase from a thermophilic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica was found to show the 3.5‐fold improved catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) on NAD+ as compared to the wild‐type. This protocol is DNA‐sequence independent, and does not require restriction enzymes, special E. coli host, or labor‐intensive optimization. In addition, this protocol can be used for subcloning the relatively long DNA sequences into any position of plasmids.
Impact of age on adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection in patients with non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhai Xiaoyu , Yang Lu , Chen Sipeng , Zheng Qiwen , Wang Ziping
Published: July 2016

Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after radical surgery is known to improve the survival of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are few studies reporting the impact of age on the efficacy of ACT in NSCLC patients. All patients who received postoperative ACT in the Cancer Hospital, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, between 2001 and 2013 with complete records in the database of the hospital and met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study for analysis. The primary end point was disease‐free survival (DFS) in terms of age. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier estimates, log‐rank tests, and Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used, survival analysis and subgroup analysis of the match data were carried out. Of 1095 patients with stage IB to stage IIIA NSCLC who underwent radical resection, 865 cases who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Of them, 156 (18.0%) patients were 65 years old or older, and the remaining 709 (82.0%) patients were younger than 65. The DFS between the younger group and the elderly group was not significantly different neither before PSM (100.714 weeks [95% CI: 84.421, 117.007] vs. 99.571 weeks [95% CI: 82.621, 116.522]; P = 0.555) nor after PSM (104.857 weeks [95% CI: 81.495, 128.220] vs. 97.429 weeks [95% CI: 81.743, 113.114]; P = 0.328) using the Kaplan–Meier method.The results suggest that the benefit on DFS was similar regardless of age of NSCLC patients. ACT should not be withheld from elderly patients. However, these conclusions are limited by the nature of this retrospective study, and therefore prospective trials are required for further verification.
Engineering Large Animal Species to Model Human Diseases
Authors: Rogers Christopher S.
Published: July 2016

Animal models are an important resource for studying human diseases. Genetically engineered mice are the most commonly used species and have made significant contributions to our understanding of basic biology, disease mechanisms, and drug development. However, they often fail to recreate important aspects of human diseases and thus can have limited utility as translational research tools. Developing disease models in species more similar to humans may provide a better setting in which to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments. This unit provides an overview of the history of genetically engineered large animals and the techniques that have made their development possible. Factors to consider when planning a large animal model, including choice of species, type of modification and methodology, characterization, production methods, and regulatory compliance, are also covered. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Depletion of Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Single‐Cell RNA‐Sequencing Library
Authors: Fang Nan , Akinci‐Tolun Rumeysa
Published: July 2016

Recent advances in single‐cell RNA sequencing technologies have revealed high heterogeneity of gene expression profiles in individual cells. However, most current single‐cell RNA‐seq methods use oligo‐dT priming in the reverse transcription steps and detect only polyA‐positive for more accuracy, since there are also polyA‐positive non‐coding RNAs transcripts, not other important RNA species, such as polyA‐negative noncoding RNA. Reverse transcription using random oligos enables detection of not only the noncoding RNA species without polyA tails, but also ribosomal RNA (rRNA). rRNA comprises more than 90% of the total RNA and should be depleted from the RNA‐seq library to ensure efficient usage of the sequencing capacity. Commonly used hybridization‐based rRNA depletion methods can preserve noncoding RNA in the standard RNA‐seq library. However, such rRNA depletion methods require high input amounts of total RNA and do not work at the single‐cell level or with limited input DNA. This unit describes a novel procedure for RNA‐seq library construction from single cells or a minimal amount of RNA. A thermostable duplex‐specific nuclease is used in this method to effectively remove ribosomal RNA sequences following whole‐transcriptome amplification and sequencing library construction. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction to Gene Editing and Manipulation Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
Authors: Newman Martin , Ausubel Frederick M.
Published: July 2016

Until very recently, the prospect of introducing mutations or exogenous DNA sequences at precise locations in the genomes of plants and animals was difficult, if not impossible. This rapidly changed with the demonstration that the type II CRISPR‐Cas complex, a bacterial anti‐viral surveillance system, could be engineered into a simple and robust platform for introducing double‐stranded DNA breaks at nearly any position of plant and animal genomes. The prospect of efficiently creating tailored changes to a gene of interest is revolutionizing biomedical research, allowing exciting new questions to be asked. This overview introduces CRISPR‐Cas technology as a tool for molecular biology and briefly discusses the advantages of this method over earlier techniques, as well as unique opportunities to create new avenues of research. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New Horizons for Perovskite Solar Cells Employing DNA‐CTMA as the Hole‐Transporting Material
Authors: Yusoff Abd. Rashid bin Mohd , Kim Jeongmo , Jang Jin , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: July 2016

Invited for this month′s cover are the groups at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Kyung Hee University, who successfully applied DNA as the hole‐transporting layer in a perovskite solar cell. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600288.
Early weaning impairs a social contagion of pain‐related stretching behavior in mice
Authors: Kikusui Takefumi , Ishio Yukino , Nagasawa Miho , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Mogi Kazutaka
Published: July 2016

Pain sensitivity in mice can be modulated through exposure to familiar individuals. This phenomenon is considered a form of emotional contagion, thought to be an evolutionary precursor of empathy in mammals. In particular, mother–infant interactions early in life can considerably alter empathy development. Here, we demonstrated that pairs of mice that were simultaneously administered with a noxious stimulus (acetic acid) exhibited more pain‐related behaviors than when one of the pair was treated with a noxious stimulus. However, these differences disappeared when mice were separated from the dam 1 week earlier than the typical weaning age. Even when mice were alone, when treated with acetic acid, early weaning decreased their pain response. These results suggested that the disruption of mother–infant bonding through early weaning impairs pain contagion and modulates sensitivity to pain.
Highly sensitive avidin‐biotin ELISA for detection of nandrolone and testosterone in dietary supplements
Authors: Jurášek Michal , Göselová Sandra , Mikšátková Petra , Holubová Barbora , Vyšatová Eva , Kuchař Martin , Fukal Ladislav , Lapčík Oldřich , Drašar Pavel
Published: July 2016

Avidin‐biotin technology was used for the implementation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (AB‐ELISA) as a sensitive method for the detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) present in dietary supplements. Using click chemistry, novel haptens (linker‐optimized biotinylated nandrolone (NT) and testosterone (T) at positions C‐3 and C‐17, respectively) were designed and synthesized to be then applied as four different immobilized competitors in a proposed set of four indirect competitive AB‐ELISAs. Four rabbit polyclonal antibodies of various specificities were prepared using four different immunogens synthesized from C‐3 and C‐17 carboxymethyloxime and hemisuccinate derivatives of NT and T, respectively. Assembled AB‐ELISAs were characterized to establish method parameters such as a half‐maximum inhibition concentration (0.18–12.99 ng/mL), limit of detection (0.004–0.032 ng/mL) and linear working range (the best with 0.02–1.38 ng/mL). The stability of the set simulating storage in different conditions was demonstrated. Cross reactivity (CR) was tested for 59 steroids including both endogenous and synthetic analogues in four assembled AB‐systems. The focus was placed on the practical use of the method in detection of various AAS in 49 samples of counterfeit dietary supplements. The concordance between ultra high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS) and the CR corrected data from AB‐ELISA indicated the potential of this method even to quantification of T propionate, NT phenyl propionate, and NT decanoate in such a complex matter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous silicon mass spectrometry as an alternative confirmatory assay for compliance testing of methadone
Authors: Guinan Taryn M. , Neldner Declan , Stockham Peter , Kobus Hilton , Della Vedova Christopher B. , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: July 2016

Porous silicon based surface‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (pSi SALDI‐MS) is an analytical technique well suited for high throughput analysis of low molecular weight compounds from biological samples. A potential application of this technology is the compliance monitoring of opioid addiction programmes, where methadone is used as a pharmacological treatment for drugs such as heroin. Here, we present the detection and quantification of methadone and 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) from water and clinical samples (saliva, urine, and plasma) from opioid dependent participants using pSi SALDI‐MS. A one‐step solvent phase extraction using chloroform was developed for the detection of methadone from clinical samples for analysis by pSi SALDI‐MS. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) was used as a comparative technique for the quantification of methadone from clinical saliva and plasma samples. In all cases, we obtained a good correlation of pSi SALDI‐MS and LC‐MS results, suggesting that pSi SALDI‐MS may be an alternative procedure for high‐throughput screening and quantification for application in opioid compliance testing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The legitimizing role of accent on discrimination against immigrants
Authors: de Souza Luana Elayne Cunha , Pereira Cicero Roberto , Camino Leoncio , de Lima Tiago Jessé Souza , Torres Ana Raquel Rosas
Published: July 2016

This article analyses the influence of accent on discrimination against immigrants by examining the hypothesis that accent leads to discrimination only in more prejudiced individuals, merely because people speaking with a native accent are perceived to be better qualified than those whose accent is non‐standard. In Study 1 (N = 71), we found that only prejudiced individuals use accent to discriminate against immigrants. In Study 2 (N = 124), we replicated this effect and found that the influence of accent on discrimination is mediated by the perceived quality of the accent. Study 3 (N = 105) replicated the previous results even after controlling for the effect of stereotyping. These results are the first experimental illustration of the hypothesis that accent triggers intergroup discrimination only among prejudiced individuals because they evaluate native accents as being qualitatively better than accents of immigrants, thereby legitimizing ingroup bias.
Effects of temperature and equivalence ratio on mass balance and energy analysis in loblolly pine oxygen gasification
Authors: Abdoulmoumine Nourredine , Kulkarni Avanti , Adhikari Sushil
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and equivalence ratios (ERs) on the distribution of products (primary gases carbon monoxide [CO], H2, CH4, CO2), gas phase contaminants (tar, NH3, HCN, H2S, HCl), char, carbon, and inorganics), and energy flows on an oxygen‐blown bubbling fluidized bed gasifier system using loblolly pine. The goal and value of this study was to provide quantitative and qualitative performance analysis and data for process engineering and optimization of these fledgling biomass conversion systems. As temperature and ER increased, mass balance closures also increased from 94.73% to 96.72% for temperature and 89.82–96.93% for ER. In addition, the carbon closures ranged from 80.77% to 92.29% and from 79.09% to 87.13% as temperature and ER increased, respectively. Carbon conversion efficiency to gas product ranged from 72.26% to 84.32% as temperature increased and from 72.26% to 84.66% as ER increased. Carbon flow analysis showed that the char product streams retained 10.26–6.94% and 8.82–2.13% of the carbon fed to the gasifier as temperature and ER increased, respectively. The carbon content in the liquid condensate was minimal compared to the carbon in other product streams and accounted for less than 0.1% of the carbon input to the gasifier at all conditions. The cold and hot gas efficiencies increased from 56.12% to 67.45% and from 67.51% to 83.83% as temperature increased due to higher production of CO and hydrogen (H2). In contrast, cold and hot gas efficiencies decreased from 63.85% to 52.84% and from 78.06% to 73.00% as ER increased, respectively, due to enhanced oxidation of gas products resulting in a net decrease in heating value.
Leakage currents precede short circuits in PVC‐insulated cable when exposed to external radiant heat
Authors: Iwashita Tomoyasu , Keller Michael R. , Hagimoto Yasuaki , Sugawa Osami
Published: July 2016

The mechanism of how and when an arcing short or a physical short occurs on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)‐insulated cable when exposed to radiant heat flux has been found experimentally. How this mechanism acts on the size of the resulting arc beads is also considered. As a physical short usually changes into an arcing short in an instant, it is difficult to determine which type of short circuit occurs as the first phenomenon. To solve this difficulty, a short circuit current was limited to the order of an ampere, which is large enough to trigger an arcing short, and short circuit tests were conducted with a PVC‐insulated cable. Before an arcing short, a small amount of leakage current in the order of milliamperes was observed flowing through PVC insulation, which gradually increased and finally turned into an arc. On the other hand, no leakage current was observed before a physical short. These results indicate the following mechanism: When PVC insulation between conductors in a cable melts when a heat flux is applied, conductors often come close to and into contact with each other. In this case, the leakage current is unrecognizably small because the PVC insulation is not yet carbonized and still has a high resistivity. Meanwhile, when conductors do not come into contact with each other, PVC insulation is gradually carbonized and the leakage current increases until an arcing‐through‐char occurs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source function and plane waves: Toward complete bader analysis
Authors: Tantardini Christian , Ceresoli Davide , Benassi Enrico
Published: July 2016

The source function (SF) is a topological descriptor that was introduced and developed by C. Gatti and R.W. Bader in 1998. The SF describes the contribution of each atom to the total electron density at a given point. To date, this descriptor has only been calculable from electron densities generated by all‐electron (AE) methods for the investigation of single molecules or periodic systems. This study broadens the accessibility of the SF, offering its calculation from electron densities generated by plane wave (PW) methods. The new algorithm has been implemented in the open source code, CRITIC2. Our novel approach has been validated on a series of test systems, comparing the results obtained at PW level with those previously obtained through AE methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Following Inspiration: A Conversation With Former First Lady Rosalynn Carter
Authors: Parham William D. , Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S.
Published: July 2016

Our distinguished guest for the 3rd installment in this inaugural Hearing our Elders series is former First Lady Rosalynn Carter. Mrs. Carter is arguably among the most active former First Ladies since she and her husband, the 39th President of the United States, James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, left the White House in 1981. The zeitgeist of the mid‐1950s through the 1970s provides the context that frames Mrs. Carter's responses to questions about her involvement in the mental health movement that continues to the present day. The historical as well as contemporary social and political environments relative to understanding and appreciating mental health and wellness in the United States, then and now, are explored and illuminated in portions of the interview with Mrs. Carter. The interview revealed 6 critical themes: really listening with an empathic ear, resilience/persistence, commitment across time, thinking like a global citizen, a quiet‐storm leadership style, and self‐discovery in service to others.

Nuestra distinguida invitada en la 3ª entrega de esta serie inaugural de Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores es la ex Primera Dama Rosalynn Carter. La señora Carter es sin duda una de las ex primeras damas más activas desde que en 1981 dejó la Casa Blanca junto con su marido, el 39° Presidente de los Estados Unidos James Earl “Jimmy” Carter. El espíritu cultural del periodo entre la mitad de la década de los años 50 hasta los 70 proporciona el contexto en el que se enmarcan las respuestas de la señora Carter a preguntas sobre su implicación en el movimiento para la salud mental que continúa hasta hoy. Los entornos social y político de ayer y hoy, tanto en su perspectiva histórica como contemporánea, y cómo estos se relacionan con la comprensión y valoración de la salud y bienestar mental en los Estados Unidos se exploran e ilustran en varios segmentos de la entrevista con la señora Carter. Esta entrevista reveló 6 temas críticos: la escucha con atención y empatía, la resiliencia/persistencia, el compromiso a lo largo del tiempo, el pensamiento como ciudadanos globales, un estilo de liderazgo firme pero calmado, y el autodescubrimiento a través del servicio a otros.
Validation of a Standardized Multiple‐Choice Multicultural Competence Test: Implications for Training, Assessment, and Practice
Authors: Gillem Angela R. , Bartoli Eleonora , Bertsch Kristin N. , McCarthy Maureen A. , Constant Kerra , Marrero‐Meisky Sheila , Robbins Steven J. , Bellamy Scarlett
Published: July 2016

The Multicultural Counseling and Psychotherapy Test (MCPT), a measure of multicultural counseling competence (MCC), was validated in 2 phases. In Phase 1, the authors administered 451 test items derived from multicultural guidelines in counseling and psychology to 32 multicultural experts and 30 nonexperts. In Phase 2, the authors administered the top 50 discriminative items to licensed mental health professionals (N = 227) and compared MCPT scores to external indicators of MCC. Evidence was found for the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the MCPT.

El Test de Consejería Multicultural y Psicoterapia (MCPT, por sus siglas en inglés), una medida de la competencia en consejería multicultural (MCC, por sus siglas en inglés) fue validado en dos fases. En la Fase 1, los autores administraron 451 elementos del test derivados de las pautas multiculturales en consejería y psicología a 32 expertos multiculturales y 30 no expertos. En la Fase 2, los autores administraron los 50 elementos más discriminativos a profesionales licenciados de la salud mental (N = 227) y compararon los puntajes del MCPT con indicadores externos de MCC. Se hallaron evidencias de la validez del constructo y la fiabilidad de la consistencia interna del MCPT.
Molecular detection and characterization through analysis of the hexon and fiber genes of Adenoviruses causing conjunctivitis in Tunisia, North Africa
Authors: Fedaoui Nadia , Ben Ayed Narjess , Ben Yahia Ahlem , Hammami Walid , Matri Leila , Nacef Leila , Triki Henda
Published: July 2016

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common causes of conjunctivitis. This study describes the epidemiological features and characterizes by phylogenetic analysis HAdVs isolated from patients with conjunctivitis in Tunisia, North Africa. Data on out‐patients presenting with conjunctivitis during 2 years (2012–2013) were analyzed. Conjunctival swabs obtained from 240 patients were assessed for the presence of HAdVs by PCR amplification on the fiber and hexon genes. Positive PCR products, together with those of nine viral isolates from previous years, were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. Conjunctivitis represented 11.5% of all reasons of consultations with a slight increase between mid‐March and mid‐June. Sixty‐five percent of samples (n = 156) revealed positive by at least one PCR test. PCR amplification in the hexon gene was slightly more sensitive as compared to the fiber gene. Genotyping in the two genomic regions gave concordant results for almost all isolates. HAdV‐D8 was the most predominant genotype (87.6%) and was detected continuously from 2000 to 2013. Minor co‐circulating genotypes including HAdV‐E4, HAdV‐B3, HAdV‐B55, and HAdV‐D37 were identified; most of them were detected by amplification in the hexon gene. In conclusion, this work reports molecular data on adenoviral conjunctivitis from a region where such information is scarce and contributes to a better knowledge of the worldwide distribution of causative genotypes. It revealed a predominance and endemic circulation of HAdV‐D8, a genotype that was mainly reported from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. It shows that PCR amplification in two different genomic regions enhances the sensitivity of HAdV detection in clinical samples and the identification of minor genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 89:304–312, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on College Student Development: A Seven‐Vectors Perspective
Authors: Goldberg Daniel B.
Published: July 2016

The application of theory in this article expanded on Chickering and Reisser's () 7‐vectors framework by considering the effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on the normal experience of student development in higher education. The article includes an overview of the prevalence and effects of CSA and a case study of a college student survivor of CSA.
Humanistic Values in Traditional Healing Practices of Curanderismo
Authors: Chávez Thomas A.
Published: July 2016

Traditional healing practices continue to meet the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of cultural groups across the globe. Curanderismo is a traditional healing practice that meets such needs among Mexican and Mexican American communities. This article briefly demonstrates the shared fundamentals between curanderismo in its contemporary form and humanistic thought.
Fusion angle affects intervertebral adjacent spinal segment joint forces—Model‐based analysis of patient specific alignment
Authors: Senteler Marco , Weisse Bernhard , Rothenfluh Dominique A. , Farshad Mazda T. , Snedeker Jess G.
Published: July 2016

This study addresses the hypothesis that adjacent segment intervertebral joint loads are sensitive to the degree of lordosis that is surgically imposed during vertebral fusion. Adjacent segment degeneration is often observed after lumbar fusion, but a causative mechanism is not yet clearly evident. Altered kinematics of the adjacent segments and potentially nonphysiological mechanical joint loads have been implicated in this process. However, little is known of how altered alignment and kinematics influence loading of the adjacent intervertebral joints under consideration of active muscle forces. This study investigated these effects by simulating L4/5 fusions using kinematics‐driven musculoskeletal models of one generic and eight sagittal alignment‐specific models. Models featured different spinopelvic configurations but were normalized by body height, masses, and muscle properties. Fusion of the L4/5 segment was implemented in an in situ (22°), hyperlordotic (32°), and hypolordotic (8°) fashion and kinematic input parameters were changed accordingly based on findings of an in vitro investigation. Bending motion from upright standing to 45° forward flexion and back was simulated for all models in intact and fused conditions. Joint loads at adjacent levels and moment arms of spinal muscles experienced changes after all types of fusion. Hypolordotic configuration led to an increase of adjacent segment (L3/4) shear forces of 29% on average, whereas hyperlordotic fusion reduced shear by 39%. Overall, L4/5 in situ fusion resulted in intervertebral joint forces closest to intact loading conditions. An artificial decrease in lumbar lordosis (minus 14° on average) caused by an L4/5 fusion lead to adverse loading conditions, particularly at the cranial adjacent levels, and altered muscle moment arms, in particular for muscles in the vicinity of the fusion. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:131–139, 2017.
The importance of C, N and P as driver for bacterial community structure in German beech dominated forest soils
Authors: Bergkemper Fabian , Welzl Gerhard , Lang Friederike , Krüger Jaane , Schloter Michael , Schulz Stefanie
Published: July 2016

Among several environmental factors shaping soil microbial communities the impact of soil nutrients is of special interest. While continuous application mainly of N and P dramatically shifts community composition during fertilization, it remains unclear whether this effect is consistent in generic, unfertilized beech forest ecosystems of Germany, where differences in nutrient contents are mostly a result of the parental material and climatic conditions. We postulate that in such ecosystems nutrient effects are less pronounced due to the possibility of the soil microbiome to adapt to the corresponding conditions over decades and the vegetation acts as the major driver. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the bacterial community composition in five different German beech dominated forest soils, representing a natural gradient of total‐ and easily available mineral‐P. A community fingerprinting approach was performed using terminal‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, while abundance of bacteria was measured applying quantitative real‐time PCR. Bacterial communities at the five forest sites were distinctly separated, with strongest differences between the end‐members of the P‐gradient. However the majority of identified microbial groups (43%) were present at all sites, forming a core microbiome independent from the differences in soil chemical properties. Especially in the P‐deficient soil the abundance of unique bacterial groups was highly increased, indicating a special adaption of the community to P limitation at this site. In this regard Correspondence Analysis elucidated that exclusively soil pH significantly affected community composition at the investigated sites. In contrast soil C, N and P contents did mainly affect the overall abundance of bacteria.
Label‐free SERS monitoring of hydride reduction catalyzed by Au nanostars
Authors: König Matthias , Radojcic Aleksandar , Schlücker Sebastian , Xie Wei
Published: July 2016

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising molecular spectroscopic technique to study chemical reactions catalyzed by nobel metal nanoparticles. Herein, the Au nanostar (NS)‐catalyzed hydride reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol chemisorbed at the metal/solution interface was followed by SERS. By developing a simple two‐step route, we demonstrated shape‐controlled synthesis and morphology‐dependent catalytic activity of AuNSs. The kinetic SERS monitoring of the reaction on the Au surface indicates that the catalytic activity of the AuNSs correlates with the sharpness of their tips. This is consistent with the known size‐dependent catalytic activity of small AuNPs. In contrast to the complex bifunctional nanostructures reported previously, this work shows that AuNSs are bifunctional nanostructures suitable for investigating Au‐catalyzed reactions. A proposed electron transfer mechanism explains the reduction of 4‐nitrothiophenol to 4‐aminothiophenol on AuNS tips where –NO2 groups have no direct contact with the catalyst. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seed Mass, Shape and Dormancy in Arid Temperate Degraded Grassland in Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Wang Zhengning , Qian Jianqiang , Liu Bo
Published: July 2016

Extensive studies have been conducted on the relationship between seed mass, shape and persistence in soil. However, the relationship between seed mass, shape and dormancy remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the possible relationship of seed mass and shape with dormancy in 124 plant species from different families, differing in their growth forms, in an arid temperate degraded grassland in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. One‐tailed t‐test was applied to assess the differences in seed mass and shape between dormant and non‐dormant species. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to determine whether divergence within individual clades between dormant and non‐dormant seeds was associated with seed mass or seed shape. Our results indicate that the dormant seeds were heavier than 1 mg. Species with dormant seeds had significantly larger seed mass than those with non‐dormant seeds (one‐tailed t‐test = −3·56, p = 0·0005), but there was no significant difference in seed shape between them (one‐tailed t‐test = 0·86, p = 0·195). Furthermore, the relationship between seed mass, shape and dormancy was observed to be linked to phylogeny. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibrin Association at Hybrid Biointerfaces Made of Clot‐Binding Peptides and Polythiophene
Authors: Puiggalí‐Jou A. , del Valle Luis J. , Armelin Elaine , Alemán Carlos
Published: July 2016

The properties as biointerfaces of electroactive conducting polymer–peptide biocomposites formed by poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and CREKA or CR(NMe)EKA peptide sequences (where Glu has been replaced by N‐methyl‐Glu in the latter) have been compared. CREKA is a linear pentapeptide that recognizes clotted plasma proteins and selectively homes to tumors, while CR(NMe)EKA is an engineer to improve such properties by altering peptide–fibrin interactions. Differences between PEDOT‐CREKA and PEDOT‐CR(NMe)EKA reflect dissemblance in the organization of the peptides into the polymeric matrix. Both peptides affect fibrinogen thrombin‐catalyzed polymerization causing the immediate formation of fibrin, whereas in the absence of thrombin this phenomenon is only observed for CR(NMe)EKA. Consistently, the fibrin‐adsorption capacity is higher for PEDOT‐CR(NMe)EKA than for PEDOT‐CREKA, even though in both cases adsorbed fibrin exhibits round‐like morphologies rather than the characteristic fibrous structure. PEDOT‐peptide films coated with fibrin are selective in terms of cell adhesion, promoting the attachment of metastatic cells with respect to normal cells.

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