bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a More Complex Formulation of Rod-and Frame Performance in the Schizophrenias
Authors: Silverman Julian
Published: September 2011

An alternative to the “perceptual differentiation hypothesis” of rod-and-frame test (RFT) performance is necessary to explain low-error RFT scores among process schizophrenics (Sugerman & Cancro, 1968). Data are presented which suggest that schizophrenic Ss achieve low-error scores by minimally scanning background RFT cues rather than by differentiation of figure and background stimuli.
Associative Priming: Fact or Artifact
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

In a series of experiments on the remembering of a list of words, Schwartz and Rouse demonstrated what they call “associative priming.” By using a special multiple-choice recognition form on which the correct word was mixed with four of its associates they showed that, when Ss make errors, they are more likely to pick stronger associates. They attribute this to unconscious priming of associates. The present series of six experiments suggests that “priming” is an artifact of the multiple-choice form, that Ss grasp the rule by which the incorrect words were selected and apply it when they have forgotten a word.
Manifest Anxiety and Visual Acuity
Authors: Calhoun Joanne P. , Johnston James O.
Published: September 2011

21 high-anxiety and 21 low-anxiety Ss, as designated by the MAS, were tested on a visual acuity task. The stimuli were 33 circles. In some there was a small gap in the perimeter; others were closed. Ss task was to locate the position of the gap. The high-anxiety Ss had a mean error of 11.90 while the low-anxiety Ss had a mean error of 6.43 ( p < .01). These results confirm that high-anxiety Ss make more errors than low-anxiety Ss on a visual task.
Learning Component in Repetitive Maximal Static Contractions
Authors: Whitley Jim D. , Elliott Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2011

60 college men were given 12 trials on an unfamiliar and fairly complex test of static strength in a single testing period. 30 were allowed 1½ min. of rest between trials and the rest 3 min. It was hypothesized that individuals can learn how to exert force statically, i.e., significantly improve their strength scores, during practice on a test that requires the neuro-muscular integration of several muscle groups not commonly tested for strength. A second hypothesis was that there would be no difference in the amount learned between groups with 1½-min. and 3-min. rests. Results supported both hypotheses. The reliability of individual differences in learning scores was moderately high; r = .56 for single trials and .61 for a 2-trial average. Thus, individuals can learn how to exert force statically in an unfamiliar and fairly complex strength test and the influence of this learning effect can be determined, providing possible facilitative effects of training and inhibitory effects of fatigue are minimized.
Comment on Kobrick and Cahoon's “Correspondence of Brightness Enhancement to Cortical Alpha Rhythm”
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

The note comments on Kobrick and Cahoon's apparent misunderstanding of what brightness enhancement is, how it is related to the alpha rhythm, and upon their seemingly oversimplified view of the relation of neurophysiological records and sensory phenomena.
Ii. Points of View about Ufos: A Multidimensional Scaling Study
Authors: Saunders D. R. , Van Arsdale Peter
Published: September 2011

This study has isolated and identified five stereotypical points of view based on patterns of perceived similarities within a sample of 14 UFO reports. Using an improved individual differences approach to multidimensional scaling, numerical parameters and verbal caricatures have been developed for a four-dimensional “Prejudiced” viewpoint, a four or five-dimensional “Party Line” viewpoint, a six-dimensional “Skeptical” viewpoint, a six-dimensional “Believer” viewpoint, and a nine-dimensional “Contactee” viewpoint. The apparent assumptions and concerns of each viewpoint are delineated. The corresponding profiles of expressed UFO-related attitudes have been examined.
An Electronic Analog of the Analysis of Variance Model
Authors: Scott Thomas R. , Milligan W. Lloyd
Published: September 2011

A simple electronic circuit is described which simulates the analysis of variance model. The student or instructor can preset the circuit so that it will yield data, read from a milliameter, containing any desired mixture of main effect variance, interaction variance, and error for up to three variables.
Averaging vs Summation in Impression Formation
Authors: Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to assess the adequacy of an averaging vs a summation model of impression formation and to explore the effect of varying the degree of implication between impression stimuli. Ss rated their liking for several persons, each described by either one or two personality traits. The results of all three studies strongly supported an averaging model of impression formation rather than a summation model. Liking was less for a person described by a trait-pair containing a highly desirable and a moderately desirable trait than for a person described by only the highly desirable trait. There was no evidence that variation in the degree of implication between the traits in a pair had an effect on liking.
Relative Distance Cues and Perceived Size
Authors: Mc Dermott William P.
Published: September 2011

In a previous investigation (McDermott, 1965) individual cues to distance were found to have little effect on size perception. An explanation of these findings was sought by investigating (1) the effect of differences in distance information in the standard and comparison fields and (2) testing the effect of relative distance cues on the perception of size. Size judgments of a standard object were made under two comparison field conditions, with only relative distance cues present and with only absolute distance cues present. The results of this experiment were essentially the same as those in the earlier work.
Perception Bibliography: LXIV. Psychological Abstracts, 1944, Volume 18
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

70 references to work on perception are listed alphabetically.
Lateral Preferences in Normal Children
Authors: Groden Gerald
Published: September 2011

Laterality preferences of 145 normally-achieving school children are reported and discussed.
Visual Operational Feedback and Design of Vehicle Front-End Illumination for Night Driving Performance
Authors: Kao Henry S. R. , Nagamachi Mitsuo
Published: September 2011

Visual operational feedback in vehicular control is the spatial difference between the roadway path and the positional changes of the vehicle in motion. A previous study showed that elimination of such feedback by obscuring the visibility of vehicle front and rear ends degraded driving accuracy. The hypothesis tested in the present study is that increasing visual operational feedback by illuminating certain points of the hood would facilitate safe and accurate driving performance at night. Three red-light indicators were designed as cursors in operator-vehicle-road tracking. Results confirmed the assumptions.
Mental Ability, Reaction Time, Perceptual Motor and Motor Abilities in Handicapped Children
Authors: Groden Gerald
Published: September 2011

54 outpatient children of a mental retardation facility were administered tests of reaction time and simple and complex motor skills. The relationship between reaction time and mental age was eliminated when the complex, but not the simple, motor skills were held constant.
Inter-Rater Reliability of Scoring Goodenough-Harris Drawings by Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: Yater Allan C. , Barclay Allan G. , Mc Gilligan Robert
Published: September 2011

Drawings of 50 culturally deprived children were examined to investigate inter- and intra-rater reliabilities for scoring the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test. Two naive raters taught themselves the method and then scored the sample of drawings. Significant ( p < .001) Pearsonian correlations between the scores of the two raters were .951 for the man drawing, .954 for the woman, and .938 for the self. In addition, significant coefficients ( p < .001) of intra-rater reliability ranged from .750 to .917 across drawings. The data suggested that the GHDT was reliably scored by naive raters who were allowed to train themselves and that the scoring criteria were applied consistently to the alternate forms of the test.
Weber's Law and Signal Detection Theory
Authors: Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this note is to show how Weber's constant is related to the parameters of signal detection theory. An empirical check verified the derivations.
Multidimensional Similarity of Letters
Authors: Kuennapas Teodor , Janson Anne-Jeanette
Published: September 2011

28 lower-case letters of the Swedish alphabet were studied by the method of multidimensional similarity analysis. 57 Ss participated in the experiment. 9 factors were found. Factor I is called ‘t’ or ‘Vertical linearity,’ Factor II: ‘o’ or ‘Roundness,’ Factor III: ‘n’ or ‘Parallel vertical linearity,’ Factor IV: ‘i’ or “Vertical linearity with dot,’ Factor V: ‘p’ or ‘Roundness attached to vertical linearity,’ Factor VI: ‘k’ or ‘Vertical linearity with crossness,’ Factor VII: ‘a’ or ‘Roundness attached to a hook,’ Factor VIII: V or ‘Angularity open upward’ and Factor IX: ‘z’ or ‘Zigzaggedness.’ ‘Vertical linearity’ and ‘Roundness’ are the most important of these factors and account for a considerable portion of the similarity among many letters.
Effect of Turbidity on Judgments of Distance Underwater
Authors: Ann Jo , Kinney S. , Luria S. M. , Weitzman Donald O.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of the distance of an underwater target at various locations were obtained as a function of water-clarity. When the target was close to S, its distance was underestimated. Judgments changed to overestimation as the actual physical distance was increased. Estimates were invariably greater in turbid water than in clear water. These data resolve the apparent conflict between expectations from optical considerations and actual distance estimates made in natural waters.
The Orienting Response as a Nonverbal Measure of Neurological Extinction
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Midgley Peter , Ackerland Valerie , Nies Richard , Hord David
Published: September 2011

Detection and localization of tactile stimulation in neurological patients is typically evaluated through verbal report. This approach is limited, especially in evaluating perceptual distortions, some of which may have a primarily psychological rather than physiological explanation. An alternative approach, based on the orienting response as measured by the galvanic skin response (GSR), was evaluated for its equivalence to verbal report. Its efficacy was explored in measuring face-hand extinction in which sensation on the hand is masked when face and hand are touched simultaneously. The GSR to single stimulations of the cheek was habituated and then simultaneous stimulation of the cheek and hand was given. Ss were dichotomized on the basis of their verbal report as to whether they reported feeling the touch on the hand. The 12 Ss reporting only face stimulation (extinction), showed no new orienting response, but a large response was evoked in 12 Ss reporting both touches. This measure might provide basic insight into paradoxical clinical phenomena such as hysterical anesthesia, allesthesia, and unilateral right-left disorientation.
Psychological Differentiation and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Karp Stephen A. , Silberman Lester , Winters Stephen
Published: September 2011

Two studies were performed to evaluate the hypothesis that field dependence and related cognitive abilities do not differ with socioeconomic status. 6 subtests of the WISC (3 verbal and 3 performance) were administered to middle- and lower-class boys, together with a measure of field dependence (Embedded figures) and a measure of sophistication-of-body concept. Two adult male groups (middle and lower class) were given the Embedded-figures test. The hypothesis was substantially supported for both adult and child samples. Only on Block Design, a test which correlates highly with measures of field dependence, did performance differ significantly by social class. The patterning of cognitive abilities was highly similar for middle- and lower-class boys, with Block Design providing the only serious discrepancy.
Short-Cut Solution for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test with Large and Unequal Sample Sizes
Authors: Herrick Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A graphical solution for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with large and unequal sample sizes is presented.
Evaluation of Roe's Theory Using the Hand Test
Authors: Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

Roe theorizes that occupational choice is a function of the individual's Environmental-Interpersonal orientation. A projective technique, the Hand Test, was used to determine whether the magnitude of projected interpersonal responses was related to occupational status. Engineers were compared with life insurance managers and bank employees. These samples (which were drawn for other research purposes) and the samples of normal Ss from the Hand Test manual generally supported Roe's proposal.
A Conceptual Guide to Friendship Formation
Authors: Fiebert Martin S. , Fiebert Paula B.
Published: September 2011

Treating friendship formation as a subclass of interpersonal attraction, this paper suggests the relevant dependent variables and definitional elements in friendship states and presents a conceptual guide to models of friendship formation. Two dimensions considered crucial for the friendship state are (1) commitment or loyalty which may be viewed as a continuum of resistance to dissolution of the relationship and (2) mutual desire to explore intra-individual behaviors as well as vital aspects of the relationship. Variables considered relevant to the second dimension include: (a) a tendency to accept aspects of the negative self-concept of the other, (b) a willingness to risk self-disclosure, (c) an attempt mutually to fulfill needs, and (d) a mutual modification of constructs, attitudes, and values. Within the general area of interpersonal relations and group behavior, friendship formation focuses on select dynamics and antecedents of dyadic attraction. Importance of physical and social proximity is recognized. Four models are presented as all inclusive, but not mutually exclusive: (1) incremental, (2) shared stress, (3) perceived similarity, and (4) perceived need complementarity.
Type of Contact as a Factor in Attitudes of College Counselors toward the Physically Disabled
Authors: Palmerton Keith E. , Frumkin R. M.
Published: September 2011

When 81 college counselors were questioned about the type of contact they had with the physically disabled and how this related to their attitudes toward such persons, those counselors who had favorable attitudes were likely to be those who enjoyed their contact, did not find it easy to avoid contact, and had available alternative job opportunities with the non-disabled.
Variation in Motivational Level and Inter-Species SDR Performance Differences among Closely Related Avian Species
Authors: Gossette Robert L. , Hood Patricia
Published: September 2011

Past work has suggested that successive reversal learning might be a valuable methodology for the calibration of inter-species performance differences. However, recent work has revealed that such learning is importantly influenced by variation in drive ( D) and incentive ( K) levels. To determine whether previously reported inter-species differences might have been the result of failure to equate D and K across species the reversal performances of Ringneck doves and pigeons on a spatial task were compared under two levels of D and one level of K.
Identification with the Aggressor through Figure Drawings
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that identification with the “aggressor” would be more easily accomplished than would identification with the victim (“aggressed”) or his parent, heights of “self,” “murderer,” “victim,” and “victim's parent” drawings by 40 male and 40 female college students were compared. The resulting lack of difference between self and murderer drawings, and the significantly smaller (when compared to the self) victim and parent drawings, partially supported the hypothesis. In view of only males showing a predominance of same sex drawings of the murderer, caution was suggested in interpreting the results as conclusive evidence of support of the hypothesis.
Effects of Body Awareness and Aggressive Activation on Ego Functioning of Schizophrenics
Authors: Spiro Robert H. , Silverman Lloyd H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of bodily self-awareness and aggressive activation on the ego functioning of schizophrenics. 36 hospitalized male schizophrenics were seen in a balanced design for a control condition, a condition involving a “self-awareness manipulation” intended to reduce ego disturbance and a condition involving subliminal aggressive stimulation intended to increase disturbance. In response to the self-awareness condition, there was a significant improvement in ego functioning on two of six variables investigated, i.e., reduced pathological thinking on a story recall test and increased cognitive efficiency on a card-sorting test. After the aggressive condition there was significantly more ego disturbance on two of the six variables, i.e., increased pathological non-verbal behavior and reduced memory accuracy on the story recall test. These data were seen as offering support for (1) the thesis of Austin DesLauriers that increasing bodily self-awareness can be therapeutic for schizophrenics and (2) the formulation of Robert Bak and other psychoanalytic writers that implicates conflict over aggression as underlying ego disturbance in schizophrenia.
Motivation and the Human Monitor: I. The Effect of Contingent Credit
Authors: Halcomb Charles G. , Blackwell Peggy
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to test the hypothesis that relevant incentives would result in improved performance on a visual monitoring task. Course credit was used as an incentive due to its apparent relevance for the college population. Two groups of Ss were employed. One group received credit made contingent on performance; the other group received credit for participation. The contingent group performed at a higher level than did the non-contingent group. Level of performance for both groups was high, suggesting that a relevant incentive can be effective in maintaining a high level of performance over time.
Note on Seasonal Variations in Catecholamine Output
Authors: Johansson Gunn , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Lambert William W.
Published: September 2011

Catecholamine excretion during night rest was examined in 92 men and 93 women. Adrenaline excretion was significantly higher during winter (December to February) than during spring (March to April), while noradrenaline excretion did not appear to vary with time of year.
Background Area, Pattern Height and Discrimination Learning for the Hooded Rat: Preliminary Findings and Methodological Comments
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Stein Andrew I.
Published: September 2011

To separate effects of background size from pattern height, hooded rats were trained with: (a) patterns centered on large backgrounds, (b) patterns lowered on large backgrounds, (c) patterns centered on small backgrounds. For the first condition, patterns were higher than for the last two conditions. For the last 2 conditions, background areas were different, but pattern heights were identical. No differences in learning were seen for these last 2 conditions and both resulted in better learning than the centered patterns on large backgrounds. It was concluded that decreasing background size, when patterns are centered, improves learning indirectly by either (a) decreasing pattern height or (b) increasing the contiguity of S's response to critical pattern features.
Perception Revisited
Authors: Malott Richard W.
Published: September 2011

A “theoretical” analysis was made of plausible operant conditioning procedures which might be used with animal subjects in studying a wide variety of topics, ranging from perception to verbal behavior. This was done to show that the concepts of “discrimination” and “generalization” form a common methodological base which may unify these, and other, diverse topics.
Differences in Spatial Discrimination Reversal Learning for Mice Genetically Selected for High Brain Weight and Unselected Controls
Authors: Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

Spatial reversal learning was explored for mice genetically selected for high brain weight and unselected control mice with lower brain weights. Original learning and two reversals were presented in a water maze. There were no differences for original learning, but the high brain-weight mice were superior to the unselected controls for both reversals. Since all controls had lower brain weights than the highs, it was concluded that these data support a positive relation between brain size and spatial reversal learning.
Asymmetry of the Trait Inference Process in Impression Formation
Authors: Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

Symmetry of the trait inference process was studied by having Ss rate how much trait X implied trait Y and how much trait Y implied trait X for each of 36 pairs of traits. Desirability of the traits ranged from very high to very low. The relationship between traits within a pair was varied from consistent to highly inconsistent. Differences between the implication ratings for the two orders of presentation revealed that a definite asymmetry in the strength of the inference existed. The direction of the asymmetry varied as a function of the degree of inconsistency between traits within pairs. The results were discussed in terms of a differential discounting process.
Affective Preference for Card IV or VII of the Rorschach as Related to Sex and Age
Authors: Levy Nissim
Published: September 2011

Responses of 2800 boys and girls from kindergarten through Grade 12 showed boys and girls respond differently to Rorschach Cards IV and VII. Responses increase with age.
Relation between Equivalence Range and Concept Formation Ability in Brain-Damaged Patients
Authors: Olson Jim L. , Goldstein Gerald , Neuringer Charles , Shelly Carolyn H.
Published: September 2011

30 brain-damaged and 30 non-brain-damaged Ss were administered two tests of equivalence range (ER), and a simple and complex concept formation problem. It was hypothesized that the brain-damaged Ss would have narrower ERs and poorer concept-formation ability than the non-brain-damaged Ss, and that there would be a positive relationship between breadth of ER and concept-formation ability. Full support was found for the first hypothesis, but the second one was only supported for the simple conceptual task. It was concluded that a broad ER may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for efficient concept formation.
Color Preferences: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Choungourian A.
Published: September 2011

308 American and Lebanese male and female Ss at different age and educational levels expressed their preferences for 8 Ostwald colors (red, orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, green-blue, blue, and purple) through the method of paired comparisons. The main findings indicate that green was significantly not preferred at earlier developmental stages while significantly preferred at a later adult age.
Discrete-Trial Motor Learning: Influence of Practice on Individual Differences and Intra-Individual Variability
Authors: Carron Albert V.
Published: September 2011

300 college males were tested on a discrete-trial motor-learning task (the peg turn) to examine the effects of practice under massing and distribution of practice upon individual differences and intra-individual variability. Massed and distributed practice did not have differential effects on these sources of variability. With practice, individual differences decreased early and then remained unchanged while intra-individual variability was substantially unchanged.
Preference for Consistent and Inconsistent Information in Impression Formation
Authors: Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to extend Dustin and Baldwin's (1966) model of impression formation to sets of six traits. Ss rated the probability that three undesirable traits (U) would describe a person, given that he possessed three desirable traits (D). Ss then rated their liking for the person, assuming that he actually did possess all six traits. The results showed a curvilinear relationship between probability ratings and liking ratings, thus only partially supporting the model. When the perceived relation between D and U traits was relatively improbable, the greater the improbability, the greater the liking. When the perceived relation was relatively probable, the greater the probability, the greater the liking. The results supported both a need for novelty and a need for consistency hypothesis.
A New Theory of Post-Rest Upswing or “Warm-up” in Motor Learning
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Post-rest upswing in motor learning is traditionally explained in psychological terms, i.e., either as a regaining of “set” or as extinction of SIR. It is suggested that physiological evidence points to an alternative, namely a true “warming-up” of the muscles involved in the work under consideration. The hypothesis is shown to explain certain otherwise puzzling features of “warm-up” in pursuit rotor performance.
Conditioning the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Fishkin Steven M.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to condition the aftereffect of a rotating spiral a tone was paired, in a series of training trials, with the presentation of a spiral figure. Three types of pairing were explored: (a) tone presented during rotation of the spiral and also during the following aftereffect period, (b) tone presented during the aftereffect period only, (c) tone presented during the aftereffect period only, but the aftereffect was phenomenally absent. In comparisons with a no-tone control condition, condition (c) above showed clearest evidence of conditioning on subsequent test trials.
Comparison of Five Methods of Presenting the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Lester Gene
Published: September 2011

Fifty undergraduate women were tested with 5 versions of the Rod-and-frame Test. One method yielded a significantly smaller variance than any other. The same method also gave a smaller frame effect than has previously been noted for female Ss.
Analysis of Reversal and Non-Reversal Training: Further Examination of the Retention Decrement Hypothesis
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Recently the retention-decrement hypothesis has been advanced to account for the reduction in errors over successive discrimination reversals (SDR). According to this hypothesis, error reduction results from increasing amounts of proactive interference that weakens the preference transferred from problem to problem. However, intra-problem transfer of a preference is also presumably weakened. Thus, in a 2-day design, errors on the first day of each reversal (R days) should show a gradual decline, but errors on the second (non-reversal) day should gradually increase across problems. To test the generality of the convergence of R and NR error functions, SDR data from 18 vertebrate species, obtained on a spatial and brightness task, were analyzed. In no instance was convergence of R and NR curves shown. Methodological conditions that might account for this discrepancy are discussed.
Auditory and Visual Perceptual Skills Related to the Reading Performance of Disadvantaged Boys
Authors: Bruininks Robert H.
Published: September 2011

To determine the nature and magnitude of the relationships between selected auditory and visual perceptual abilities and reading performance of 105 disadvantaged boys analyses assessed (a) the magnitude of the relationships, (b) the extent to which the relationships were linear, and (c) the extent to which the correlations were independent of verbal intelligence. Relationships between perceptual skills and reading performance were low to moderate in magnitude and did not depart significantly from linearity. The correlations between the two attributes decreased substantially when the influence of verbal intelligence was held constant. It was concluded that auditory and visual perceptual skills appear more related to the acquisition of early reading skills than to their subsequent elaboration.
Relation of Phonetic Contrasts to Greenberg and Jenkins's Scale
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

Smith and Koutstaal (1969) obtained reports of the English words closest to Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 CCVCs. The phonetic contrasts of the reported English words and the CCVCs were scaled on a phonetic contrast scale, PCS. The PCS values correlated .86 with the S values of the CCVCs and .88 with mean language distance judgments reported by Greenberg and Jenkins (1964). The hypothesis remains tenable that phonetic contrasts are another correlate of Greenberg and Jenkins' S scale.
Changes in Person Perception as a Function of Dress
Authors: Hamid Paul N.
Published: September 2011

8 photographs of adolescents under 4 conditions of dress were rated by 30 male and 30 female students on 10 concepts. An analysis of variance showed extreme responding in rating the opposite sex, but the major proportion of variance was attributable to this effect in interaction with dress condition.
Personality Traits of College Women in Beginning Swimming
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Harris Marjorie M.
Published: September 2011

On the 16 PF 176 novice female swimmers were differentiated from 264 females enrolled in other courses (basic movements, tennis, golf) generally as being introverted.
Abstract Ability and Stereotypy of Drawings
Authors: Renner Vivian
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that, when intelligence is held constant, persons with a high capacity for abstract thinking will synthesize many images to depict an “average” or “generalized” man in human figure drawings while persons with less capacity for abstraction will more likely represent a “stereotyped” man in their drawings. Ss were 70 male high school students. The criterion for capacity to abstract was the Similarities subtest of the WAIS. The results support the hypothesis.
Closure Flexibility, Field Dependence and Student Leadership
Authors: Daugherty Robert A. , Waters Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have indicated that leaders and non-leaders differ in perceptual modes and in particular on the field-dependence dimension. It was hypothesized in this study that student leaders are more field independent than student non-leaders on a college campus. The results were in the predicted direction, though not to an extent to give statistical support to the hypothesis.
Cardiac Responsivity to Tactile Stimulation in Waking and Sleeping Infants
Authors: Lewis Michael , Dodd Cornelia , Harwitz Marcia
Published: September 2011

The role of state in determining a psychological or physiological response is not disputed. However, few studies using neonates and young infants have given much attention to this variable. This study was designed to investigate state differences in the newborn's cardiac response to a tactile stimulus. The results indicated: (1) The infant when asleep showed significantly different cardiac response than when awake. This replication demonstrates that an infant's state must be considered in any work using HR response. (2) In the present study, 6 cardiac response parameters were observed, and it was clear that not all these measures of the cardiac response yield similar results and that the response parameter E chooses to use will determine the degree of habituation found and the nature of the response curve. (3) In general, there were differences in habituation between the waking and sleeping infant.
Critique of Heron's Directional-Reading Conflict Theory of Scanning
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Heron (1957) proposed a theory of scanning of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical stimuli. It provided a unifying framework to interpret the disparate results obtained when a target is exposed such that half of it is in the left visual field and half in the right visual field, and when arrays are presented laterally, i.e., either in the right or left field. The theory basically holds that eye-movement tendencies established through reading are also operative in covert scanning because tachistoscopically exposed material is encoded in a manner similar to the way it is read. This paper accepts this position but offers a critical evaluation of Heron's ideas as to the manner in which these tendencies function. This discussion and a reexamination of the role of these tendencies in reading lead to the conclusion that they operate sequentially, not simultaneously, as Heron contended. A slight modification in Heron's theory is offered in light of this conclusion.
Relationship between EEG Activation and Reaction Time
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between RT and EEG activation, as defined by measurements of both amplitude and frequency (period) of waves from the dominant hemisphere, was investigated. A 250-c/sec. tone that was presented without a preparatory warning signal was the stimulus. Within-subject correlations from 99 Ss supported the hypothesis of an association between EEG activation and behavioral arousal. Frequency of the waves was a better predictor of RT than amplitude.
Measurement of Motor Activity in Human Subjects
Authors: Pope Lillie , Pope Martin
Published: September 2011

A behavior recorder was developed to measure the types and duration of specific aspects of the behavior of human Ss. This instrument makes possible a more quantitative analysis of Ss' motor activity.
Response Sets on the Rod-and-Frame Test in Neurologically Impaired Ss
Authors: Trites Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

30 male and 30 female patients with confirmed central nervous system pathology were administered the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) as part of an extensive neuropsychological evaluation. The RFT data were examined for the presence of response sets. While sex groups did not display as strong a tendency toward response sets as did a college group, they matched a technical engineering group more closely. The tendency to favor the left side of the vertical noted in earlier studies was not observed in the neurologically impaired groups. Instead, they had a strong tendency to err in the direction of the frame. The possible relationship between psychometric intelligence and response sets was discussed as well as some of the possible underlying visual perceptual mechanisms that may contribute to response sets on the RFT.
Sequence of Sets Underlying Adaptive Behaviors
Authors: Unal Cavit
Published: September 2011

Adaptive behavior develops as a result of interaction among sequential set patterns. S persists in his response, then reverses it, and finally resolves the problem. As S's rigidity in persistence and reversal decreases, his adaptiveness increases.
Expression of Aggression toward the Physically Handicapped
Authors: Titley Robert W. , Viney Wayne
Published: September 2011

With the exception of some inferences that can be drawn from previous literature, little is known about the expression of aggression toward the physically disabled. In this study, Ss ostensibly delivered electric shock to confederate “shock recipients” who played the role of both physically normal and physically handicapped individuals. Male “shock administrators” aggressed more than females in general. Male administrators delivered more shock toward disabled than to normal recipients while female administrators delivered more shock to normal than to disabled recipients. Female administrators delivered more shock to males than females while male administrators delivered more shock to females than males. Alternative methodologies to investigate these variables were presented.
Effects of Incentives and Primary and Secondary Group Interaction on Learning a Complex Maze
Authors: Sage John N.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that primary or friendship groups under selected incentive conditions would stimulate their members to greater efforts in learning a human locomotor maze than would secondary groups and that groups whose members were paid for mean group performance would evidence greater maze learning than would groups whose members were paid for individual time. 6 5-man primary groups and 6 5-man secondary groups were given the purpose of improving performance on 6 trials while moving blindfolded through a maze. On the basis of final trial performance, Ss received differential payment. Data indicated strong support for the first hypothesis and did not support the second.
Moving and Nonmoving Visual Stimuli: A Reaction Time Study
Authors: Fairbank Benjamin A.
Published: September 2011

Various considerations suggest that the perception of movement may be mediated at either of two levels, retinal or central, depending on characteristics of the stimulus. Under such a scheme the mediation of apparent movement should be central. One experiment implies that apparent movement may be coded as movement at the retinal level. These considerations permit predictions concerning reaction times. Present data show no difference in reaction time to real movement, stroboscopic movement, and simple flashes, all of 50 msec. duration.
Tonic and Phasic Events during Sleep: Psychological Correlates and Implications
Authors: Molinari Sergio , Foulkes David
Published: September 2011

The most widely accepted model of sleep in recent years has been one which draws qualitative distinctions between stage REM and NREM sleep. This conceptualization is now challenged by a tonic-phasic model which contrasts sleep periods of no phasic activation with those of phasic activation, regardless of their status on the REM-NREM dichotomy. This paper describes an experimental test of two hypotheses about sleep mentation based upon the tonic-phasic model: 1. phasic and nonphasic episodes within stage REM are associated with qualitatively different mental activity and 2. nonphasic stage REM is associated with mental activity qualitatively similar to that of NREM sleep. 10 Ss were studied for 4 nights each, with a grand total of 160 awakenings distributed among stage REM-phasic, stage REM-nonphasic, NREM sleep, and sleep onset. Analysis focused upon the last preawakening experience S could recall. Both hypotheses were supported: REM-phasic awakenings were associated with reports of Primary Visual Experience (PVE), REM-nonphasic and NREM awakenings with reports of Secondary Cognitive Elaboration (SCE), with sleep-onset awakenings intermediate in the incidence of PVE and SCE. Considerable discussion is devoted to some of the more general implications of the tonic-phasic model for the study of sleep and sleep mentation.
Eye Movements during Anagram Tasks
Authors: Boersma Frederic J. , Muir Walter , Wilton Keri , Barham Richard
Published: September 2011

5-letter anagram problems were presented to field-independent and field-dependent Ss and their corneally reflected EMs were examined concomitantly. The data suggest that field-independent Ss are apt to spend less initial time examining specific letters than field-dependent Ss and that males are more deliberate in their visual search than females. The results are discussed in terms of two factors reflecting analytical perception, number of shifts between letters and mean latency to first 5 looks.
Effect on a Set of Self-Rating ‘Thermometer’ Scales of Knowledge of Previous Responses
Authors: Pan Lynn
Published: September 2011

The effect of knowledge of previous responses on the self-rating of a set of ‘thermometer scales’ has been investigated in a small number of dermatological out-patients. Informed Ss tended to show larger differences in scores between successive occasions than uninformed Ss, and it is suggested that this might be due to finer discrimination.
Automating the Hidden and Embedded Figures Tests
Authors: Brinton George , Rouleau Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A system is described for automatic presentation of the hidden-figures test and embedded-figures test. The apparatus consists of an automatic slide projector and modular logic system.
Longitudinal Analysis of Intellectual and Educational Achievement Change in Culturally Deprived, Emotionally Disturbed Boys
Authors: Talmadge Max , Hayden Benjamin S. , Schiff Donald
Published: September 2011

The research was conceived as a longitudinal study to determine the influence of residential treatment on changes in intellectual and school functioning in a group of 85 disturbed and deprived boys. While IQ and achievement progress was significant for the group, analyses by diagnostic category and initial achievement level indicated differential trends. Additional analyses suggested that the experience of deprivation produces a greater negative effect on school achievement than intelligence. In terms of predicting progress in school, initial Full Scale IQ was found to be the best aid to prognosis. No relationship was observed between initial achievement scores and eventual scholastic gain.
Effect of Short-Term Sensory Restriction on Tachistoscopic Recognition Threshold: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Brosziewski M. , Gutkin T. , Milstein S. L. , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

A follow-up study, employing a modified stimulus presentation procedure, provided further evidence in support of an earlier finding indicating that a 5-min. period of either sensory or perceptual deprivation does not produce a significant lowering of the tachistoscopic recognition threshold for digits.
Effects of Different Payoff Matrices on Arithmetical Estimation Tasks: An Attempt to Produce “Rationality”
Authors: Lieblich Israel , Lieblich Amia
Published: September 2011

5 experiments were conducted in an attempt to produce a shift in the decision pattern in a forced-choice arithmetical estimation task. The expected shift was related to a change in the payoff matrix attached to the possible outcomes of the decision. The experiments varied in the amount of payoff, clarity of the explanation of the payoff matrix, difficulty of the task, feedback after decision and the length of decision time. None of these manipulations produced the expected rational shift. The role of payoff matrices in decisions in tasks involving skill is discussed.
Hemispheric Differences in Reaction Time to Verbal and Non-Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Karp Eric , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

It has been argued that the brain hemispheres are functionally asymmetrical in their ability to process verbal and non-verbal materials. The correctness of this generalization was tested by studying reaction times to the monaural presentation of verbal and non-verbal stimuli in young normal adults. Systematic differences in reaction times were obtained for the two ears, but these differences did not depend upon the verbal or non-verbal character of the stimuli. Rather, speed of response appeared to be related to stimulus properties within the verbal and non-verbal categories and not to the classification of the stimuli as verbal or non-verbal.
Relations among Five Basic Tests of Behavior
Authors: Sabatino David A. , Becker John T.
Published: September 2011

Tests assumed to measure 5 basic behaviors were administered to 169 elementary children. The purpose was to determine the correlational consistency as a measure of construct-validity for each test at the various age levels.
Time Expression of Red and Blue
Authors: Smets Gerda
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that an observer perceives the time interval spent before a red colour stimulus as shorter than objectively the same time interval spent watching a blue colour stimulus. The hypothesis was supported.
Note on Headache, Personality Traits and Visual Performance at Altitude
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

Increases in visual acuity and brightness sensitivity from sea level to altitude were inversely related to severity of headache at altitude. Specific personality traits also appear to be related to the vision variables.
A Problem for Koehler's Theory of Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

Consideration of Koehler's theory of figural aftereffects in the light of research on the alternation of Rubin's reversible figure indicates a serious problem for the theory which seems to have been overlooked. There is considerable evidence for the dominance of the narrower sector of the Rubin reversible figure. Yet, satiation theory would appear to predict the opposite effect under prolonged inspection.
Xerography as a Model of the Visual System
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Xerography has been suggested as a model of the perceptual processes of the visual system. The adequacy of the model was tested in two areas, simultaneous brightness contrast and geometric illusions. Results fail to support the model.
Re-Examination of Meaningfulness in Luminous Design Phenomena
Authors: Colaizzi Paul Francis
Published: September 2011

Previous studies concerning the influence of stimulus meaningfulness on perceptual stability have yielded conflicting data owing to both equivocal definitions of meaningfulness and uncontrolled variations in stimuli. In this study, increasing degrees of stimulus meaningfulness were defined in terms of a corresponding increase in the number of perceptual modalities with which Ss had access to an otherwise invariant stimulus. The stimulus was a luminous 25¢ coin presented in a dark room, and associated with one of three degrees of meaningfulness. 3 groups of male and female undergraduates, assigned meaningfulness conditions, depressed a key at the occasions and for the durations of stimulus fragmentation. Frequency and duration measures of fragmentation indicated that stimulus meaningfulness increases perceptual stability, and these findings clarify some aspects of previous reports.
On Reconciling the “Multidimensional” and “Unitary” Concepts of Brain Damage
Authors: Adams Jerry
Published: September 2011

One major area of continuing controversy among psychologists attempting to develop useful techniques for diagnosing organicity is that involving the “unitary” and “multidimensional” concepts of brain damage (BD). Some of the sources of this apparent conflict were reviewed in order to clarify the points of contention. A rationale for a conceptual system and a research methodology were developed, in an attempt to reconcile the two notions; these were based on research literature ‘indicating that the specificity of deficits in the performance of BD patients is a function both of the locus, extent, and type of lesion and of the “complexity” of the test task itself. The Canter Background Interference Procedure was suggested as a potentially fruitful instrument with characteristics which hold promise for furthering the reconciliation between the two concepts.
Dadta III: An on-Line Computerized System for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Authors: Pribram Karl H.
Published: September 2011

A fully computerized, low-cost behavioral testing device is described which has been in continuous operation for 3 yr. Named DADTA III (Discrimination Apparatus for Discrete Trial Analysis) it is characterized by flexibility, available software (programs), and on-line data analysis capability. The operation of the setup is detailed, the experiments completed to date are reviewed and an example of work in progress (ROC analysis) is presented.