bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multipolar moments of weak lensing signal around clusters
Authors: Gouin C. , Gavazzi R. , Codis S. , Pichon C. , Peirani S. , Dubois Y.
Published: September 2017

Context. Upcoming weak lensing surveys such as Euclid will provide an unprecedented opportunity to quantify the geometry and topology of the cosmic web, in particular in the vicinity of lensing clusters.

Aims. Understanding the connectivity of the cosmic web with unbiased mass tracers, such as weak lensing, is of prime importance to probe the underlying cosmology, seek dynamical signatures of dark matter, and quantify environmental effects on galaxy formation.

Methods. Mock catalogues of galaxy clusters are extracted from the N-body PLUS simulation. For each cluster, the aperture multipolar moments of the convergence are calculated in two annuli (inside and outside the virial radius). By stacking their modulus, a statistical estimator is built to characterise the angular mass distribution around clusters. The moments are compared to predictions from perturbation theory and spherical collapse.

Results. The main weakly chromatic excess of multipolar power on large scales is understood as arising from the contraction of the primordial cosmic web driven by the growing potential well of the cluster. Besides this boost, the quadrupole prevails in the cluster (ellipsoidal) core, while at the outskirts, harmonic distortions are spread on small angular modes, and trace the non-linear sharpening of the filamentary structures. Predictions for the signal amplitude as a function of the cluster-centric distance, mass, and redshift are presented. The prospects of measuring this signal are estimated for current and future lensing data sets.

Conclusions. The Euclid mission should provide all the necessary information for studying the cosmic evolution of the connectivity of the cosmic web around lensing clusters using multipolar moments and probing unique signatures of, for example, baryons and warm dark matter.
The Carnegie Supernova Project I
Authors: Taddia F. , Stritzinger M. D. , Bersten M. , Baron E. , Burns C. , Contreras C. , Holmbo S. , Hsiao E. Y. , Morrell N. , Phillips M. M. , Sollerman J. , Suntzeff N. B.
Published: September 2017

Stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) include H-poor (Type IIb), H-free (Type Ib), and He-free (Type Ic) events thought to be associated with the deaths of massive stars. The exact nature of their progenitors is a matter of debate with several lines of evidence pointing towards intermediate mass (Minit< 20 M⊙) stars in binary systems, while in other cases they may be linked to single massive Wolf-Rayet stars. Here we present the analysis of the light curves of 34 SE SNe published by the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I) that are unparalleled in terms of photometric accuracy and wavelength range. Light-curve parameters are estimated through the fits of an analytical function and trends are searched for among the resulting fit parameters. Detailed inspection of the dataset suggests a tentative correlation between the peak absolute B-band magnitude and Δm15(B), while the post maximum light curves reveals a correlation between the late-time linear slope and Δm15. Making use of the full set of optical and near-IR photometry, combined with robust host-galaxy extinction corrections, comprehensive bolometric light curves are constructed and compared to both analytic and hydrodynamical models. This analysis finds consistent results among the two different modeling techniques and from the hydrodynamical models we obtained ejecta masses of 1.1–6.2M⊙, 56Ni masses of 0.03–0.35M⊙, and explosion energies (excluding two SNe Ic-BL) of 0.25–3.0 × 1051 erg. Our analysis indicates that adopting κ = 0.07 cm2 g-1 as the mean opacity serves to be a suitable assumption when comparing Arnett-model results to those obtained from hydrodynamical calculations. We also find that adopting He i and O i line velocities to infer the expansion velocity in He-rich and He-poor SNe, respectively, provides ejecta masses relatively similar to those obtained by using the Fe ii line velocities, although the use of Fe ii as a diagnostic does imply higher explosion energies. The inferred range of ejecta masses are compatible with intermediate mass (MZAMS ≤ 20M⊙) progenitor stars in binary systems for the majority of SE SNe. Furthermore, our hydrodynamical modeling of the bolometric light curves suggests a significant fraction of the sample may have experienced significant mixing of 56Ni, particularly in the case of SNe Ic.
Early Dynamics of Interleukin-6 in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Ďuriš Kamil , Neuman Eduard , Vybíhal Václav , Juráň Vilém , Gottwaldová Jana , Kýr Michal , Vašků Anna , Smrčka Martin
Published: September 2017

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe condition associated with high mortality. Early brain injury (EBI) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of SAH, and inflammation is a major contributor to EBI. Inflammation is a widely studied topic in both experimental and clinical conditions; however, just a few clinical studies have focused primarily on the early inflammatory response after SAH, and detailed information about the association between the dynamics of early inflammatory response with main clinical characteristics is lacking. This study analyzes the early dynamics of inflammatory response after SAH and evaluates the possible associations between the markers of early inflammatory response and main clinical characteristics.

Patients and Methods A total of 47 patients with a diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH within the last 24 hours were enrolled in the study. All treatments, including treatment of aneurysm (surgery/coiling) and implantation of a drainage system (external ventricular drainage/lumbar catheter), were conducted in the same way as in other patients with this diagnosis. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected three times a day for 4 days. The dynamics of proinflammatory cytokines were assessed, and associations between levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and main clinical characteristics were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.

Results The CSF levels of IL-6 were massively increased initially after SAH (up to 72 hours) with an additional increase in later phases (after 72 hours), but there was high variability in IL-6 levels. A significant association was noted between the Glasgow Outcome Scale score and both overall levels of IL-6 (p = 0.0095) and their dynamics (p = 0.0208); the effect of the Hunt and Hess scale was borderline (p = 0.0887). No association was found between IL-6 levels and Fisher grade, modality of treatment (surgery, coiling, no treatment), and later development of cerebral vasospasm. Plasmatic levels of IL-6 increased slightly, but no significant association was found. The levels of IL-1β and TNFα were within the physiologic range in both CSF and plasma.

Conclusions Early dynamics of IL-6 in CSF are associated with a patient́s outcome. But it is difficult to use IL-6 alone for outcome prediction due to its high variability. The question is whether the dynamics of IL-6 could be used in combination with other early markers associated with brain injury. More detailed research is required to answer this question.
Robotic-Assisted Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy (RAMIE) with a Standardized Intrathoracic Circular End-to-side Stapled Anastomosis and a Team of Two (Surgeon and Assistant Only)
Authors: Hadzijusufovic Edin , Lang Hauke , Grimminger Peter
Published: September 2017

Robotic-assisted surgery is rapidly increasing, especially in general surgery. It has been shown for years that the minimal invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is possible using a robotic system, for example, da Vinci Xi, Intuitive Surgical. In the past, most robotic esophageal resections have been performed thoracoscopically, and the anastomosis was mostly sutured at the neck. Due to the increase of usable instruments and technical progress, it is possible to perform the total abdominothoracic esophagectomy with an intrathoracic sutured anastomosis robotically. In this article, we would like to present the standardized operation technique and tricks for the robotic-assisted (da Vinci Xi) Ivor Lewis MIE (RAMIE), especially the robotic technique in combination with a standardized intrathoracic circular end-to-side stapled esophagogastric anastomosis.
Neurosonologische Diagnostik in der Akutphase des Schlaganfalls ist Merkmal einer qualifizierten Versorgung
Authors: Schlachetzki Felix , Nedelmann Max , Poppert Holger , Saur Dorothee , Harloff Andreas , Liman Jan , Reinhardt Matthias , Stolz Erwin , Kaps Manfred
Published: September 2017

Die Untersuchung der hirnversorgenden Arterien mittels Doppler- und Duplexsonografie war bislang fester Bestandteil des bewährten Stroke-Unit-Konzepts. Dies hat sich mit der Neufassung der Schlaganfall-OPS geändert: neurosonografische Untersuchungen während der Stroke-Unit-Behandlung sind im Falle der Durchführung einer CT- bzw. MR-Angiografie nicht mehr gefordert.

Nach Eintritt eines ischämischen Schlaganfalls laufen im betroffenen Gefäßsegment und den dazugehörigen Kollateralwegen komplexe, individuell unterschiedliche, hämodynamische Umstellungsprozesse ab, die für das Schicksal des Patienten entscheidend sind. Verschlüsse können persistieren, partiell oder komplett rekanalisieren, kollateral kompensiert werden oder nach Rekanalisation wieder re-okkludieren. Diese Prozesse in den ersten Stunden können mittels Ultraschall wie mit keiner anderen Methode verfolgt werden. Je früher die Untersuchung erfolgt, desto aufschlussreicher sind die Befunde, desto besser ist das pathophysiologische Verständnis und desto größer ist der individuelle Nutzen für therapeutische Entscheidungen.

Vielfach werden CTA, MRA und Ultraschall in der Schlaganfallversorgung als kompetitive Methoden begriffen. In Wahrheit handelt es sich aber um komplementäre Verfahren, mit denen auf der Basis von sehr unterschiedlichen physikalischen Prinzipien Bilder erzeugt und Blutgefäße, Hirnperfusion und Blutflüsse dargestellt werden. Mit Blick auf eine spezielle klinische Fragestellung ist jeweils das eine oder andere Verfahren indiziert. Es obliegt dem klinisch verantwortlichen Neurologen hier die richtige Auswahl zu treffen und spezifische neurosonologische Kompetenz einzubringen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, Neurologinnen und Neurologen dazu zu motivieren, Neurosonologie speziell in der Akutphase des Schlaganfalls einzusetzen um sich selbst ein Bild zu machen, anstatt sich „ein Bild machen zu lassen“.
The Treatment and Prognosis of Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Gollwitzer Stephanie , Hamer Hajo
Published: September 2017

Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is defined as status epilepticus (SE) persisting over 60 min and resistant to treatment with benzodiazepines and non-sedating antiepileptic drugs. The term super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) refers to a refractory episode continuing under general anesthesia for more than 24 h. RSE is treated with a combination of non-sedating AED and i. v. anesthetics; first choice drugs are midazolam, propofol and thiopental. The management of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is challenging as clear evidence-based guidelines are lacking. Recommendations are mainly based on case reports and small case series. Therapeutic options include ketamine, inhalational anesthetics, steroids and immunoglobulins. Ketogenic diet, electroconvulsive therapy and epilepsy surgery are also considered as potentially effective. A promising new approach is the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. Mortality of RSE and SRSE is largely influenced by the etiology and is markedly higher as compared to non-refractory status epilepticus. It was reported to be about 30% and 50%, respectively.
Konservative Therapie degenerativer Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen Teil I – Pathogenese, Klinische Symptomatik und Diagnostik
Authors: Steinmetz Anke , Delank Stefan
Published: September 2017

Degenerative Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen sind durch natürliche Abnutzungs- und Alterungsprozesse gekennzeichnet. Sie nehmen ihren Ursprung mit Abnahme des Flüssigkeitsgehalts der Bandscheiben ab dem 2. Lebensjahrzehnt, sind jedoch nicht automatisch mit klinischen Symptomen vergesellschaftet. Degenerative Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen können durch Schmerzen symptomatisch werden und zu neurologischen Ausfällen führen. Allerdings können bislang nur für weniger als 15% der Rückenschmerzen spezifische Ursachen beschrieben werden, in der Mehrheit der Fälle liegt ein nicht-spezifischer Kreuz- bzw. Rückenschmerz vor. Für die Chronifizierung des nicht-spezifischen Rückenschmerzes spielen insbesondere psychosoziale Faktoren eine große Rolle.

Ziel der Diagnostik muss die Abgrenzung spezifischer Rückenschmerzentitäten vom nicht-spezifischen Kreuzschmerz sein. Deren Basis besteht in einer ausführlichen Schmerzanamnese inklusive der Erhebung spezifischer Warnsignale (sogenannte red und yellow flags) und einer manualmedizinisch-neuroorthopädischen Untersuchung, welche ggf. durch radiologische Untersuchungen ergänzt wird. Bei Hinweisen auf psychosoziale Einflussfaktoren ist eine Multimodale Diagnostik unter Einbeziehung einer psychologischen Diagnostik anzustreben.
Quantifizierung des Mistellektins I aus Mistelextrakt-Fertigarzneimitteln
Authors: Mulsow Katharina , Delebinski Catharina , Seifert Georg , Melzig Matthias
Published: September 2017

Die Anwendung der Mistel (Viscum album L.) in der komplementären Krebstherapie ist ein etabliertes Verfahren mit großer Akzeptanz bei den Patienten. Zurzeit gibt es in Deutschland fünf Mistelpräparate, die sich im Herstellungsprozess und in der Art des Wirtsbaums unterscheiden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Quantifizierung eines der vermutlichen Hauptwirkungskomponenten Mistellektin I mit zwei verschiedenen Varianten eines ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay). Es wurden sowohl die A-Kette als auch das Hololectin (A-B-Kette) bestimmt. Deutliche Unterschiede im Mistellektingehalt zwischen den einzelnen Fertigarzneimitteln konnten je nach herstellerspezifischem Fertigungsprozess und Art des Wirtsbaums ermittelt werden.
Pflanzliche Arzneimittel: Aktuelle Anforderungen an die Prüfung auf Kontaminationen
Authors: Steinhoff Barbara
Published: September 2017

Interessenkonflikt

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Corrigendum to: Structural Variations to the 9-N-Methyladeninium Diterpenoid Hybrid Commonly Isolated from Agelas Sponges
Authors: Calcul Laurent , Tenney Karen , Ratnam Joseline , McKerrow James H. , Crews Phillip
Published: September 2017

Four novel 9-N-methyladeninium diterpenoids, agelasine M (3), 2-oxo-agelasine B (4), gelasine A (5), and gelasine B (6) accompanied by the known-agelasine B (1) and F (2) were isolated from the marine sponge Agelas sp. collected in Papua New Guinea. Compounds 3?6 represent higher unsaturated 9-N-methyladeninium bicyclic diterpenoid derivatives including 5 and 6 as unusual norditerpenoid-agelasines. Their structures were elucidated through detailed physical data analyses and comparison with literature properties. All pure compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against Trypanosoma brucei as well as for cytotoxicity against Jurkat cells.
Analysis of Thiol-sensitive Core-cross-linked Polymeric Micelles Carrying Nucleoside Pendant Groups using 'On-line' Methods: Effect of Hydrophobicity on Cross-linking and Degradation
Authors: Blunden Bianca M. , Thomas Donald S. , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: September 2017

Amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared via reversible–addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and their synthesis, cross-linking, and degradation were studied using on-line monitoring. The focus of this work is the systematic alteration of the hydrophobic block using copolymers based on 5′-O-methacryloyluridine (MAU) and styrene at different compositions to determine the effect of the copolymer composition on the properties of the micelle. A poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PEGMA) macroRAFT agent was chain extended with a mixture of styrene and MAU. In both systems, an increasing fraction of styrene was found to reduce the rate of polymerization, but the functionality of the RAFT system was always maintained. The amphiphilic block copolymers were dialyzed against water to generate micelles with sizes between 17 and 25 nm according to dynamic light scattering (DLS). Increasing styrene content lead to smaller micelles (determined by DLS and transmission electron microscopy) and to lower critical micelle concentrations, which was measured using surface tensiometry. The micelles were further stabilized via core-cross-linking using bis(2-methacroyloxyethyl) disulfide as crosslinker. NMR analysis revealed a faster consumption of crosslinker with higher styrene content. These stable cross-linked micelles were investigated regarding their ability to degrade in the presence of dithiothreitol as a model reductant. Increasing the styrene content resulted in a faster degradation of the cross-linked micelles into unimers.
Oxidative Damage of Thymidines by the Atmospheric Free-Radical Oxidant NO3•
Authors: Wille Uta , Goeschen Catrin
Published: September 2017

Analysis of the products formed in the reaction of nitrate radicals, NO3
•, with the N- and O-methylated and acetylated thymidines 1a and 1b revealed, for the first time, insight regarding how this important atmospheric free-radical oxidant can cause irreversible damage to DNA building blocks. Mechanistic studies indicated that the initial reaction step likely proceeds via NO3
• induced electron transfer at the pyrimidine ring, followed by deprotonation of the methyl group at C5. The oxidation ultimately leads to formation of nitrates 2, aldehydes 4 and, in the case of high [NO3
•], also to carboxylic acids 5. In addition to this, through a very minor pathway, loss of the methyl group at C5 also occurred to give the respective 2′-deoxyuridines 6. The nitrates 2 are highly labile compounds that undergo rapid hydrolysis during work-up and purification of the reaction mixtures, which could lead to serious misinterpretation of the experimental findings and reaction mechanism. Products resulting from NO3
• addition to the C5=C6 double bond in the pyrimidine ring were not observed. Also, no reaction of NO3
• with the 2′-deoxyribose moiety was detected.
Recent Advances in Mapping the Sub-cellular Distribution of Metal-Based Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Wedlock Louise E. , Berners-Price Susan J.
Published: September 2017

There are increasing reports of novel metal-based chemotherapeutics that have either improved cancer cell selectivity, or alternative mechanisms of action, to existing anticancer drugs, and techniques are required for determining their sub-cellular molecular targets. Imaging methods offer many distinct advantages over destructive fractionation techniques, including the preservation of useful morphological information; however, mapping the intracellular distribution of metal ions inside tumour cells still remains challenging. Recent advances in three modes of imaging are discussed in this review, with a particular focus on the application to metal-based cancer chemotherapy – fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy (including energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM)), and a new technique, Nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS).
Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Sulfonated Porous Carbon Derived from Biomass
Authors: Wang Qiufeng , Hao Jiaqi , Zhao Zhenbo
Published: September 2017

In this study, a series of sulfonated carbon solid acid catalysts was prepared by a template method using fructose as the carbon source and zinc chloride as the catalyst and template. The reaction involving fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was investigated using these catalysts with microwave assistance in dimethyl sulfoxide. The influence of different catalysts, catalyst amount, microwave power, fructose content, and reaction temperature, as well as the reusability of the catalyst, were investigated. The prepared catalysts were characterised by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurement, and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia gas, and the total numbers of surface acid sites of these carbon-based solid acid catalysts were analysed by chemical adsorption–desorption of ammonia along with the standard curve for ammonia. The results revealed that the C2-SO3H catalyst exhibited the best activity. A 5-HMF yield of 87 % and fructose conversion of 99 % were achieved at 170°C in DMSO after 3 min. The microwave-assisted synthetic strategy was advantageous compared with the traditional method because this approach could shorten the total reaction time.
Use of epidermal mucus in elasmobranch stable isotope studies: a pilot study using the giant manta ray (Manta birostris)
Authors: Burgess K. B. , Guerrero M. , Richardson A. J. , Bennett M. B. , Marshall A. D.
Published: September 2017

Stable isotope analysis of tissues with different turnover rates allows for a broader temporal view of a species’ feeding habits. Epidermal mucus is a rapid to medium turnover ‘tissue’ in teleost fish, but its use in elasmobranch dietary studies is unknown. In the present study, we conducted stable isotope analysis on mucus and muscle from the giant manta ray Manta birostris. Mucus δ13C values were depleted and closer to surface zooplankton δ13C values compared with muscle, whereas there was no significant difference in δ15N values between these two tissue types. Using diet tissue discrimination factors from the literature, there was no significant difference in the expected prey profile between muscle and epidermal mucus. However, a broader range in δ13C values of expected prey was shown for mucus compared with muscle. The results suggest that if M. birostris mucus is indicative of recent dietary intake, resource use during aggregative behaviour off Ecuador is broader, but with no obvious resource switching. The present study is the first example of using bulk stable isotope analysis to evaluate mucus to investigate feeding ecology in elasmobranchs. However, the time course for the change in mucus isotope signature still needs to be determined through controlled feeding studies in an aquarium setting.
Ecological niche differentiation of ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria in acidic soils due to land use change
Authors: Dai Shenyan , Liu Qian , Zhao Jun , Zhang Jinbo
Published: September 2017

Nitrification can be driven by either ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) or ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and is a central process in the nitrogen cycle. However, to date, it is not clear how the ecological niche differentiation of AOB and AOA are affected by land use and management changes in strongly acidic soils in subtropical China. In this study, three different land-use acidic soils – forest, upland, and paddy soils – were collected and a DNA Stable-Isotope Probing experiment performed to determine the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to ammonia oxidation in these soils. The results showed that AOA, but not AOB, amoA genes were detected in 13C-labelled DNA in the forest and paddy soils; however, only AOB amoA genes were detected in 13C-labelled DNA in the upland agricultural soils. The growth and activity of AOA and AOB in the different land-use soils provided direct evidence for the shift in roles for AOA and AOB in ammonia oxidation. AOA played the predominant role in ammonia oxidation in acidic forest and paddy soils. However, AOB, not AOA, mainly regulated the ammonia oxidation in acidic upland agricultural soils. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AOA members within the marine Group1.1a-associated lineage dominated nitrification in the forest and paddy soils. Ammonia oxidation in the upland soil was catalysed by Nitrosospira cluster 3-like AOB. The moisture condition was likely the main reason inducing the ecological niche differentiation between upland and paddy soils; and AOA was more suitable for growth in the flooded, low oxygen conditions.
The effect of iconicity flash blindness
Authors: Diatka Vojtěch , Milička Jiři
Published: September 2017

In our experiment, the Saussurean postulate of arbitrariness has been empirically tested in order to see whether it can be applied to all words to the same extent. Three hundred participants were asked to match Czech words with their Hindi translations. One set of words was randomly chosen from a Hindi corpus (set A); the second set consisted of both randomly chosen words and words categorized as ideophones (set B). The participants were successful in matching both sets (the lower level of the confidence interval is about 7% above random guessing), and their performance showed unexpected patterns: For one, not only iconic properties (the sound qualities) but also iconic structures such as reduplication are an important distinctive features, and recipients are able to exploit this. Moreover, even words considered to be non-iconic (set A) apparently contain a degree of iconicity, which participants are able to draw upon. However, participants appear to lose this ability when non-iconic words are presented in the context of words with evidently abundant iconicity (set B). The effect resembles the accommodation process which is known for other senses; therefore, we call the effect “Iconicity flash blindness”.
Toward a theory of poetic iconicity
Authors: Freeman Margaret H.
Published: September 2017

Studies of iconicity in poetry have tended to focus on its linguistic manifestations. In contrast, I ask what is iconicity’s role in poetry? By exploring the ways iconicity is understood in semiotics, linguistics, religion, and popular discourse, and how poetry constitutes the subliminal sensory-emotional feelings we experience through its material forms, I conclude that iconicity is the motivating force for poetry. Its effect is to produce the complex blend that creates a poem as an icon of reality. In this paper, I focus on one aspect of poetic iconicity: the creation of ontological semblance in Brendan Galvin’s poem “Flute”.
Deleuze and the Baroque diagram
Authors: Conley Tom
Published: September 2017

In Gilles Deleuze’s writings the diagram is protean form, at once a compositional principle, a philosophical operative, and a creative process. Mixing writing and drawing, the diagram is an intermediary shape between an object conceived and an object realized. A composition of abstract traits, lines, zones, and even patches of color, its generative character is the object of Deleuze’s readings of Francis Bacon’s paintings (in Logique de la sensation), while its poetic, political and philosophical virtue is studied in his work on Michel Foucault (especially Foucault, published in 1986), for whom the diagram is a map of possibility, of a devenir exceeding an “archive” or historical repository of forms. Diagrams inhere in the very texture of Deleuze’s writing, notably where he appeals to his mentor-poets, Henri Michaux and Herman Melville. For this end a study of the cartographic “diagram” of the Galapagos in Melville’s “Encantadas” (of the Piazza Tales) caps this short essay.
The role of iconicity in package design
Authors: Shibata Ayako
Published: September 2017

This paper demonstrates how iconicity functions in the contemporary marketing of Japanese traditional confectionery (wagashi) brands by analysing package designs. Two different brands, Toyara and Higashiya, are used to identify how company policies are embodied in the packages. The results show that (1) four different alphabets function differently to mirror their intrinsic meanings and images; (2) there are iconic resemblances in their forms to convey the company images and policies; and (3) a package is iconic to a product in a new type of wagashi brand. In consequence, I mean to illustrate that in the contemporary wagashi marketing iconicity is an important medium not only to attract the customers by its aesthetic features but also to create a new image, ‘Wa-Modern (modernised Japaneseness)’, which is now the trend applied to various product design contexts in Japanese society.
Iconization of sociolinguistic variables
Authors: Jeong Sunwoo
Published: September 2017

This study examines the interaction between linguistic variables and other semiotic resources in the visual media. It argues that many of the suprasegmental variables in classic Hollywood cinema iconically and sound-symbolically represent the major archetypes of the era, namely, the femme fatale, the dumb blonde, and the screwball heroine. It also argues that other visual, cinematic devices worked to actively develop and fortify this iconic relation. Due to this iconization process, the underlying ideologies behind the linguistic variables were more easily naturalized, enabling their wider dissemination. The evidence for this argument comes from acoustic and statistical analyses of pitch and voice quality variables produced by actresses portraying the three archetypes. The quantitative approach combined with additional qualitative analyses of relevant pitch contours and film scenes show the systematic difference between the archetypes in the usage of these variables, and demonstrate the iconic link between linguistic variables, archetypes, and film imagery.
Iconicity, ambiguity, interpretability
Authors: Tabakowska Elżbieta
Published: September 2017

The paper argues that diagrammatic iconicity can be used in discourse as a means to elicit “covert” meanings of expressions, by evoking associations with other expressions that differ in meaning but are built according to the same structural schemas. The more strongly entrenched the expression thus evoked (proverbs being a case in point), the higher the probability that the association will be recognized and the “covert” meaning brought to the fore. It is claimed that interpretability of expressions that involve diagrammatically iconic associations is a matter of degree and that it can be measured along scales based on pragmatic parameters of the contexts of discourse.
‘Knowledge’, curriculum and social justice
Authors: Wrigley Terry
Published: September 2017

This article considers the place of knowledge in developing a socially just curriculum. It pursues the unusual route of a critique of Social Realism, a small but influential tendency in curriculum studies which claims that knowledge has been squeezed out by recent curriculum reforms and that there has been a descent into relativism. This paper shares the Social Realist view that ‘powerful knowledge’ is needed, and particularly by disadvantaged or marginalised young people. However, it critiques Social Realism's limited definition of ‘powerful knowledge’, arguing that for knowledge to be truly powerful, it must open up issues of power and inequality. It contests the Social Realist argument that critical pedagogy which begins from a subaltern stance is intrinsically relativist, arguing instead that alternative perspectives can help uncover concealed truths and break through hegemonic paradigms and ideologies. It argues that this is entirely compatible with a Critical Realist epistemology. Furthermore, the paper presents reasons why a socially just curriculum needs to draw upon the vernacular knowledge of marginalised groups as well as the canonical knowledge of academic disciplines to produce truly powerful knowledge and a social justice curriculum.
Drafting the ‘time space’. Attitudes towards time among prep school students
Authors: Darmon Muriel
Published: September 2017

This article investigates the ‘time space’, defined following Bourdieu as a set of distinct and coexisting attitudes toward time related to individuals’ social positions. Based on an ethnographic study of French ‘prep schools’ (classes préparatoires aux Grandes écoles), it sheds light on the specific temporal culture of these schools (the routinization of urgency and ‘temporal panic’) but shows the existence of different attitudes toward time among students. These variations can then be explained by the volume of capital possessed by students, thus differentiating those who can ‘master time’ and those who ‘suffer’ it. But the article also aims at unveiling ‘timestyles’ which, like lifestyles, would be connected to the compositions of students’ capital (economic versus cultural) and not only to its volume.
Dominant immunosuppression of dendritic cell function by prostate‐cancer‐derived exosomes
Authors: Salimu Josephine , Webber Jason , Gurney Mark , Al‐Taei Saly , Clayton Aled , Tabi Zsuzsanna
Published: September 2017

Exosomes are a distinct population of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin with a protein repertoire similar to the parent cell. Although tumour‐derived exosomes harbour immunosuppressive characteristics, they also carry tumour antigens and thus potentially contribute to immune activation. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of prostate cancer exosomes on tumour antigen cross‐presentation. DU145 cells, transduced with shRNA to knockdown Rab27a (DU145KD) that inhibits exosome secretion, triggered significantly stronger tumour‐antigen‐specific T cell responses when loaded onto dendritic cells (DC) than control DU145 cells. Enhanced T cell response was prevented by adding purified exogenous DU145 exosomes to DU145KD cells, demonstrating that the dominant effect of tumour exosomes is immunosuppression and not antigen delivery. CD8+ T cell responses were impaired via exosomal regulation of DC function; exosomes triggered the expression of CD73, an ecto‐5‐nucleotidase responsible for AMP to adenosine hydrolysis, on DC. CD73 induction on DC that constitutively express CD39 resulted in an ATP‐dependent inhibition of TNFα‐ and IL‐12‐production. We identified exosomal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a potential driver of CD73 induction, as inhibition of PGE2 receptors significantly reduced exosome‐dependent CD73 induction. The results reveal a hitherto unknown suppression of DC function via exosomal PGE2, adding a new element to tumour exosome–immune cell cross‐talk.

Abbreviations: AMP: adenosine monophosphate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BLCL: B lymphoblastoid cell line; CME: exosomes enriched from cell line conditioned media; DC: dendritic cell; DMSO: dimethyl‐sulfoxide; DU145C: DU145 cells with irrelevant knockdown control; DU145KD: DU145 cells with Rab27a knockdown; ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GM‐CSF: granulocyte‐monocyte colony stimulating factor; HLA: human lymphocyte antigen; IL: interleukin; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; mfi: mean fluorescence intensity; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PBS: phosphate buffer solution; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TRF: time‐resolved fluorescence.
Cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle enrichment for protein biomarker discovery in neurological disease; multiple sclerosis
Authors: Welton Joanne L. , Loveless Samantha , Stone Timothy , von Ruhland Chris , Robertson Neil P. , Clayton Aled
Published: September 2017

The discovery of disease biomarkers, along with the use of “liquid biopsies” as a minimally invasive source of biomarkers, continues to be of great interest. In inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most obvious biofluid source. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also present in CSF and are thought to be potential “biomarker treasure chests”. However, isolating these CSF‐derived EVs remains challenging. This small‐scale pilot study developed and tested a protocol to enrich for CSF‐EVs, both in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) CSF and controls. These were subsequently compared, using an aptamer based proteomics array, SOMAscan™. EVs were enriched from RRMS patient (n = 4) and non‐demyelinating control (idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (n = 3)) CSF using precipitation and mini size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). EV‐enriched fractions were selected using pre‐defined EV characteristics, including increased levels of tetraspanins. EVs and paired CSF were analysed by SOMAscan™, providing relative abundance data for 1128 proteins. CSF‐EVs were characterised, revealing exosome‐like features: rich in tetraspanins CD9 and CD81, size ~100 nm, and exosome‐like morphology by TEM. Sufficient quantities of, SOMAscan™ compatible, EV material was obtained from 5 ml CSF for proteomics analysis. Overall, 348 and 580 proteins were identified in CSF‐EVs and CSF, respectively, of which 50 were found to be significantly (t‐test) and exclusively enriched in RRMS CSF‐EVs. Selected proteins, Plasma kallikrein and Apolipoprotein‐E4, were further validated by western blot and appeared increased in CSF‐EVs compared to CSF. Functional enrichment analysis of the 50 enriched proteins revealed strong associations with biological processes relating to MS pathology and also extracellular regions, consistent with EV enrichment. This pilot study demonstrates practicality for EV enrichment in CSF derived from patients with MS and controls, allowing detailed analysis of protein profiles that may offer opportunities to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in CNS inflammatory diseases.
The limited role of galaxy mergers in driving stellar mass growth over cosmic time
Authors: Martin G. , Kaviraj S. , Devriendt J. E. G. , Dubois Y. , Laigle C. , Pichon C.
Published: September 2017

A key unresolved question is the role that galaxy mergers play in driving stellar mass growth over cosmic time. Recent observational work hints at the possibility that the overall contribution of ‘major’ mergers (mass ratios ≳ 1 : 4) to cosmic stellar mass growth may be small, because they enhance star formation rates by relatively small amounts at high redshift, when much of today’s stellar mass was assembled. However, the heterogeneity and relatively small size of today’s data sets, coupled with the difficulty in identifying genuine mergers, makes it challenging to empirically quantify the merger contribution to stellar mass growth. Here, we use Horizon-AGN, a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation, to comprehensively quantify the contribution of mergers to the star formation budget over the lifetime of the Universe. We show that (1) both major and minor mergers enhance star formation to similar amounts, (2) the fraction of star formation directly attributable to merging is small at all redshifts (e.g. ∼35 and ∼20 per cent at z ∼ 3 and z ∼ 1, respectively) and (3) only ∼25 per cent of today’s stellar mass is directly attributable to galaxy mergers over cosmic time. Our results suggest that smooth accretion, not merging, is the dominant driver of stellar mass growth over the lifetime of the Universe.
GOLDRUSH. II. Clustering of galaxies at z ∼ 4–6 revealed with the half-million dropouts over the 100 deg2 area corresponding to 1 Gpc3
Authors: Harikane Yuichi , Ouchi Masami , Ono Yoshiaki , Saito Shun , Behroozi Peter , More Surhud , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Toshikawa Jun , Lin Yen-Ting , Akiyama Masayuki , Coupon Jean , Komiyama Yutaka , Konno Akira , Lin Sheng-Chieh , Miyazaki Satoshi , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Shibuya Takatoshi , Silverman John
Published: September 2017

We present clustering properties from 579492 Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ∼ 4–6 over the 100 deg2 sky (corresponding to a 1.4 Gpc3 volume) identified in early data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. We derive angular correlation functions (ACFs) for the HSC LBGs with unprecedentedly high statistical accuracies at z ∼ 4–6, and compare them with the halo occupation distribution (HOD) models. We clearly identify significant ACF excesses in 10″ < θ < 90″, the transition scale between one- and two-halo terms, suggestive of the existence of the non-linear halo bias effect. Combining the HOD models and previous clustering measurements of faint LBGs at z ∼ 4–7, we investigate the dark matter halo mass (Mh) of the z ∼ 4–7 LBGs and its correlation with various physical properties including the star formation rate (SFR), the stellar-to-halo mass ratio (SHMR), and the dark matter accretion rate ($\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$) over a wide mass range of Mh/M⊙  = 4 × 1010–4 × 1012. We find that the SHMR increases from z ∼ 4 to 7 by a factor of ∼4 at Mh ≃ 1 × 1011 M⊙ , while the SHMR shows no strong evolution in the similar redshift range at Mh ≃ 1 × 1012 M⊙ . Interestingly, we identify a tight relation of SFR$/\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$–Mh showing no significant evolution beyond 0.15 dex in this wide mass range over z ∼ 4–7. This weak evolution suggests that the SFR$/\skew4\dot{M}_{\,\rm h}$–Mh relation is a fundamental relation in high-redshift galaxy formation whose star formation activities are regulated by the dark matter mass assembly. Assuming this fundamental relation, we calculate the cosmic star formation rate densities (SFRDs) over z = 0–10 (a.k.a. the Madau–Lilly plot). The cosmic SFRD evolution based on the fundamental relation agrees with the one obtained by observations, suggesting that the cosmic SFRD increase from z ∼ 10 to 4 − 2 (decrease from z ∼ 4–2 to 0) is mainly driven by the increase of the halo abundance (the decrease of the accretion rate).
Involvement of signal peptidase I in Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm formation
Authors: Aynapudi Jessica , El-Rami Fadi , Ge Xiuchun , Stone Victoria , Zhu Bin , Kitten Todd , Xu Ping
Published: September 2017

Biofilm accounts for 65–80 % of microbial infections in humans. Considerable evidence links biofilm formation by oral microbiota to oral disease and consequently systemic infections. Streptococcus sanguinis, a Gram-positive bacterium, is one of the most abundant species of the oral microbiota and it contributes to biofilm development in the oral cavity. Due to its altered biofilm formation, we investigated a biofilm mutant, ΔSSA_0351, that is deficient in type I signal peptidase (SPase) in this study. Although the growth curve of the ΔSSA_0351 mutant showed no significant difference from that of the wild-type strain SK36, biofilm assays using both microtitre plate assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed a sharp reduction in biofilm formation in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain and the paralogous mutant ΔSSA_0849. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed remarkable differences in the cell surface morphologies and chain length of the ΔSSA_0351 mutant compared with those of the wild-type strain. Transcriptomic and proteomic assays using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, respectively, were conducted on the ΔSSA_0351 mutant to evaluate the functional impact of SPase on biofilm formation. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis revealed a number of proteins that were differentially regulated in the ΔSSA_0351 mutant, narrowing down the list of SPase substrates involved in biofilm formation to lactate dehydrogenase (SSA_1221) and a short-chain dehydrogenase (SSA_0291). With further experimentation, this list defined the link between SSA_0351-encoded SPase, cell wall biosynthesis and biofilm formation.
Stochastic microbial community assembly decreases biogeochemical function
Authors: Graham Emily B. , Stegen James C.
Published: September 2017

Ecological mechanisms influence relationships among microbial communities, which in turn impact biogeochemistry. In particular, microbial communities are assembled by deterministic (e.g., selection) and stochastic (e.g., dispersal) processes, and the relative influence of these two process types is hypothesized to alter the influence of microbial communities over biogeochemical function, which we define generically to represent any biogeochemical reaction of interest. We used an ecological simulation model to evaluate this hypothesis. We assembled receiving communities under different levels of dispersal from a source community that was assembled purely by deterministic selection. The dispersal scenarios ranged from no dispersal (i.e., selection-only) to dispersal rates high enough to overwhelm selection (i.e., homogenizing dispersal). We used an aggregate measure of community fitness to infer its biogeochemical function relative to other communities. We also used ecological null models to further link the relative influence of deterministic assembly to function. We found that increasing rates of dispersal decrease biogeochemical function by increasing the proportion of maladapted taxa in a local community. Niche breadth was also a key determinant of biogeochemical function, suggesting a tradeoff between the function of generalist and specialist species. Together, our results highlight the influence of spatial processes on biogeochemical function and indicate the need to account for such effects in models that aim to predict biogeochemical function under future environmental scenarios.
Some surprising facts about working time accounts and the business cycle in Germany
Authors: Balleer Almut , Gehrke Britta , Merkl Christian
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Working time accounts (WTAs) allow firms to smooth hours worked over time. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether this increase in flexibility has also affected how firms adjust employment in Germany over the business cycle.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses rich microeconomic panel data and fixed effects estimations to compare the employment adjustment of firms with and without WTAs.

Findings

The authors show that firms with WTAs show a similar separation and hiring behavior in response to revenue changes as firms without WTAs. One possible explanation is that firms without WTAs used short-time work (STW) to adjust hours worked instead. However, the authors find that firms with WTAs use STW more than firms without WTAs.

Originality/value

These findings call into question the popular hypothesis that WTAs were the key driver of the unusually small increase in German unemployment in the Great Recession.
New job matches and their stability before and during the crisis
Authors: Nagore García Amparo , van Soest Arthur
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Using administrative data from the Spanish Social Security Administration, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the nature and stability of job matches starting during the economic boom in 2005 and during the recession in 2009.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors compare the individual, job, and firm characteristics in the two samples and estimate a competing risk model distinguishing job-to-job, job-to-unemployment, and other transitions.

Findings

The authors find that job-to-job transitions are pro-cyclical, while unemployment transitions are counter-cyclical. Individuals most affected by the economic crisis tend to be young males, living in regions with high unemployment rates, with low qualifications and working in manual occupations (particularly construction), and (especially Spanish speaking) immigrants.

Originality/value

The positive relation between job stability and firm size is stronger during the recession than during the boom.
Guanxi and operational performance: the mediating role of supply chain integration
Authors: Feng Mengying , Yu Wantao , Chavez Roberto , Mangan John , Zhang Xumei
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend prior supply chain research by empirically exploring the relationship among guanxi, supply chain integration (SCI), and operational performance. More specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of SCI.

Design/methodology/approach

Ordinary least square regression is used to analyze survey data collected from 126 automobile manufacturers in China.

Findings

The results reveal a significant positive relationship between guanxi and SCI, and that SCI is significantly and positively related to operational performance. The authors’ findings further suggest that guanxi indirectly affects operational performance through SCI.

Practical implications

The empirical findings imply that it is vital for managers to recognize the important mediating role of dynamic SCI capabilities.

Originality/value

As a fundamental Chinese cultural norm, guanxi can be critical in a supply chain context. Although previous research has identified the importance of guanxi and SCI in improving firm performance, far less attention was given to the study of the mediating effect of SCI on the guanxi-performance relationship. This study thus fulfills the research gap by providing an initial empirical examination of the mediating role of SCI in China’s automotive industry.