bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the ridge estimation of theConway‐MaxwellPoisson regression model with multicollinearity: Methods and applications
Authors: Sami Faiza , Amin Muhammad , Butt Muhammad Moeen
Published: July 2021

In data analysis, count data modeling contributing a significant role. The Conway‐Maxwell Poisson (COMP) is one of the flexible count data models to deal over and under dispersion. In the COMP regression model, when the explanatory variables are correlated, then the maximum likelihood estimator does not give efficient results due to the large standard error (SE) of the estimates. To overcome the effect of multicollinearity, we have proposed some ridge regression estimators in the COMP regression model by introducing dispersion parameter in the context of overdispersion, equidispersion, and underdispersion. The Iterative reweighted least method is used for the estimation of ridge regression coefficients in the COMP regression model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators, we use mean squared error (MSE) as the performance evaluation criteria. Theoretical comparison of the proposed estimators with the competitor estimators is made and conditions of efficiency have been derived. The proposed estimator is evaluated with the help of a simulation study and two real applications. The results of the simulation study and real applications show the superiority of the proposed estimator because the proposed estimator produces smaller MSE and SEs of the COMP regression estimates with multicollinearity.
A Purely Inorganic Quasi‐Keggin Polyoxometalate for Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Mei , Kang Run‐Kun , Wang Ji‐Lei , Li Jia‐Nian , Chen Qiao‐Ling , Xu Yan
Published: July 2021

A pure inorganic cluster, H47Na2Co4Mo24(PO4)11O72 ⋅ 15H2O (denoted as {Co4Mo24}), has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Notably, the assembly of a central {Co2PO4} tetrahedron and four peripheral {Co[P4Mo6]} fragments gives rise to a rare “quasi‐Keggin” structure of {Co4Mo24}, in which Co linkers continue to bridge adjacent substructures, resulting in the generation of 3D framework with large cavities. Benefitting from the combination of strong reductive {P4Mo6} units and Co active centers, the photocatalytic system with {Co4Mo24} as heterogeneous catalyst exhibits excellent activity for CO2 conversion to CO, offering the CO formation rate of 1848.3 μmol g−1 h−1 with high selectivity of 97.0 %. Besides, thermogravimetric and X‐ray diffraction analysis confirm that {Co4Mo24} can maintain stable during the photocatalytic reaction process.
Plant‐available soil nitrogen fluxes and turfgrass quality of Kentucky bluegrass fertilized with humic substances
Authors: Lindsey Alex J. , Thoms Adam W. , McDaniel Marshall D. , Christians Nick E.
Published: July 2021

High quality turfgrass requires adequate amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, excess N application can increase N losses via leaching and gaseous emissions. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEF) and humic substances have been used to decrease N losses to the environment. A two‐year field experiment was conducted on a native soil with Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to investigate if the addition of humic substances to fertilizers could be classified as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer. To determine this, the objectives were: a) to determine if incorporating humic substances will increase the plant‐available N collected on ion exchange membranes (IEM) over a growing season and b) to determine the N release (NR) curves of the fertilizer treatments using the mesh bag technique. Fertilizer treatments included humic‐coated urea (HCU), poly‐coated humic‐coated urea (PCHCU), urea + humic dispersing granules (HDG), poly‐coated sulfur‐coated urea (PCSCU), stabilized N, urea, and a nontreated control. Overall, the addition of humic substance to fertilizers did not improve turfgrass quality compared with fertilizers alone. Additionally, all fertilizer treatments had improved turfgrass quality relative to the nontreated control and provided acceptable turfgrass quality for almost all of the growing season. Over the growing season, PCHCU had 25% greater inorganic N captured on IEM compared with all other treatments. Both PCHCU and PCSCU show extended NR curves with PCHCU having a greater release period. In conclusion, PCHCU increased plant‐available N concentrations, released it slowly, and should be classified as an EEF.
Polymer Chemistry Applications of Cyrene and its Derivative Cygnet 0.0 as Safer Replacements for Polar Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Milescu Roxana A. , Zhenova Anna , Vastano Marco , Gammons Richard , Lin Shiliang , Lau Cher Hon , Clark James H. , McElroy Con R. , Pellis Alessandro
Published: July 2021

This study explores a binary solvent system composed of biobased Cyrene and its derivative Cygnet 0.0 for application in membrane technology and in biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters. Cygnet‐Cyrene blends could represent viable replacements for toxic polar aprotic solvents. The use of a 50 wt % Cygnet‐Cyrene mixture makes a practical difference in the production of flat sheet membranes by nonsolvent‐induced phase separation. New polymeric membranes from cellulose acetate, polysulfone, and polyimide are manufactured by using Cyrene, Cygnet 0.0, and their blend. The resultant membranes have different morphology when the solvent/mixture and temperature of the casting solution change. Moreover, Cyrene, Cygnet 0.0, and Cygnet‐Cyrene are also explored for substituting diphenyl ether for the biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters. The results indicate that Cygnet 0.0 is a very promising candidate for the enzymatic synthesis of high molecular weight polyesters.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Highly Potent Fungicidal Deoxy‐Hygrophorones
Authors: Ditfe Toni , Bette Eileen , N. Sultani Haider , Otto Alexander , Wessjohann Ludger A. , Arnold Norbert , Westermann Bernhard
Published: July 2021

Based on naturally occurring hygrophorones, racemic di‐ and mono‐hydroxylated cyclopentenones bearing an aliphatic side chain have been produced in short synthetic sequences starting from furfuryl aldehyde. For the series of dihydroxylated trans‐configured derivatives, an Achmatowicz‐rearrangement and a Caddick‐ring contraction were employed, and for the series of trans‐configured mono‐hydroxylated derivatives a Piancatelli‐rearrangement. All final products showed good to excellent fungicidal activities against the plant pathogens B. cinerea, S. tritici and P. infestans.
Synthesis of Mg2Ni using stoichiometric and superstoichiometric compositions for hydrogen storage applications
Authors: Sharma Bipin , Tiwari Saurabh , Sharma Pratibha
Published: July 2021

A Mg2Ni intermetallic compound was synthesized through a mechanochemical route using both stoichiometric and slightly superstoichiometric mixtures of Mg and Ni. The former composition was processed by mechanical alloying, followed by annealing, while the latter composition using high‐energy ball milling. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the effect of the annealing temperature and holding time on the phase abundance and surface morphology. The sample with a stoichiometric ratio of Mg and Ni was ball‐milled under the argon atmosphere for 20 hours. The XRD pattern for this unannealed ball‐milled alloy had no evidence of Mg2Ni phase formation. Mg2Ni phase formation was obtained on subsequent heat treatment of the sample. The heat treatment parameters, such as annealing temperature and holding time, were optimized to get the maximum yield of Mg2Ni. The optimum temperature for annealing was found to be 480°C, with a holding time of 1 hour, and the phase abundance under these conditions of Mg2Ni was 52.9%. The yield of Mg2Ni increased with holding time. For 10 hours of holding time, the optimal yield of Mg2Ni (66.9%) was achieved. In the superstoichiometric ratio of Mg and Ni, the Mg2Ni phase was obtained in only 5 hours using high‐energy ball milling. The microstructure of alloy synthesized under an optimal set of conditions was studied using SEM.
The X factor: A robust and powerful approach to X‐chromosome‐inclusive whole‐genome association studies
Authors: Chen Bo , Craiu Radu V. , Strug Lisa J. , Sun Lei
Published: July 2021

The X‐chromosome is often excluded from genome‐wide association studies because of analytical challenges. Some of the problems, such as the random, skewed, or no X‐inactivation model uncertainty, have been investigated. Other considerations have received little to no attention, such as the value in considering nonadditive and gene–sex interaction effects, and the inferential consequence of choosing different baseline alleles (i.e., the reference vs. the alternative allele). Here we propose a unified and flexible regression‐based association test for X‐chromosomal variants. We provide theoretical justifications for its robustness in the presence of various model uncertainties, as well as for its improved power when compared with the existing approaches under certain scenarios. For completeness, we also revisit the autosomes and show that the proposed framework leads to a more robust approach than the standard method. Finally, we provide supporting evidence by revisiting several published association studies. Supporting Information for this article are available online.
Contribution of Dufour and Soret effects on hydromagnetized material comprising temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity
Authors: Naseem Tahir , Nazir Umar , Sohail Muhammad
Published: July 2021

The present flow model includes the flow modeling of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) for variable thermal transport of heat energy in Newtonian fluid considering fundamental transport models in view of energy, mass, and momentum. The developing model of PDEs based on physical boundary conditions is solved numerically using the shooting approach. Flow in porous medium has applications in several industry mechanisms. The current research is done to address the transport phenomenon in a hydromagnetized flow model in a porous stretching sheet. Mass and heat transport is modeled via temperature‐dependent models of thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient. The involvement of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, Dufour, and Soret effects is considered. The flow presenting expression has been modeled via boundary layer approximation, and the flow is produced due to the experimental stretching sheet. The governing equations have been approximated numerically via the shooting method. The efficiency of the scheme is established, including a comparative study. The graphical work is simulated according to ranges of various parameters while ranges of and are considered. Moreover, a decline in velocity field is recorded against the escalating values of porosity parameter and magnetic parameter.
Tumor promoting capacity of polymorphonuclear myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and their neutralization
Authors: Groth Christopher , Weber Rebekka , Lasser Samantha , Özbay Feyza Gül , Kurzay Annina , Petrova Vera , Altevogt Peter , Utikal Jochen , Umansky Viktor
Published: July 2021

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent a highly immunosuppressive population that expands in tumor bearing hosts and inhibits both T and NK cell antitumor effector functions. Among MDSC subpopulations, the polymorphonuclear (PMN) one is gaining increasing interest since it is a predominant MDSC subset in most cancer entities and inherits unique properties to facilitate metastatic spread. In addition, further improvement in distinguishing PMN‐MDSC from neutrophils has contributed to the design of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current view on the origin of PMN‐MDSC and their relation to classical neutrophils. Furthermore, we outline the metastasis promoting features of these cells and promising strategies of their targeting to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Labour supply, service intensity, and contracts: Theory and evidence on physicians
Authors: Fortin Bernard , Jacquemet Nicolas , Shearer Bruce
Published: July 2021

Based on linked administrative and survey panel data, we analyse the labour supply behaviour of physicians who could adopt either a standard fee‐for‐service contract or a mixed remuneration (MR) contract. Under MR, physicians received a per diem and a reduced fee for services provided. We present estimates of a structural discrete choice model that incorporates service intensity (services provided per hour) and contract choice into a labour supply framework. We use our estimates to predict (ex ante) the effects of contracts on physician behaviour and welfare, as measured by average equivalent variations. The supply of services is reduced under an MR contract, suggesting incentives matter. Hours spent seeing patients is less sensitive to incentives than the supply of services. Our results suggest that a reform forcing all physicians to adopt the MR system would have substantially larger effects on physician behaviour than were measured under the observed reform. A pure salary (per diem) reform would sharply reduce services but would increase time spent seeing patients.
CRISPR‐Cas9–Mediated Genome Editing Confirms EPDR1 as an Effector Gene at the BMD GWAS‐Implicated ‘STARD3NL’ Locus
Authors: Pippin James A , Chesi Alessandra , Wagley Yadav , Su Chun , Pahl Matthew C , Hodge Kenyaita M , Johnson Matthew E , Wells Andrew D , Hankenson Kurt D , Grant Struan F A
Published: July 2021

Genome‐wide–association studies (GWASs) have discovered genetic signals robustly associated with BMD, but typically not the precise localization of effector genes. By intersecting genome‐wide promoter‐focused Capture C and assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC‐seq) data generated in human mesenchymal progenitor cell (hMSC)‐derived osteoblasts, consistent contacts were previously predicted between the EPDR1 promoter and multiple BMD‐associated candidate causal variants at the ‘STARD3NL’ locus. RNAi knockdown of EPDR1 expression in hMSC‐derived osteoblasts was shown to lead to inhibition of osteoblastogenesis. To fully characterize the physical connection between these putative noncoding causal variants at this locus and the EPDR1 gene, clustered regularly interspaced short‐palindromic repeat Cas9 endonuclease (CRISPR‐Cas9) genome editing was conducted in hFOB1.19 cells across the single open‐chromatin region harboring candidates for the underlying causal variant, rs1524068, rs6975644, and rs940347, all in close proximity to each other. RT‐qPCR and immunoblotting revealed dramatic and consistent downregulation of EPDR1 specifically in the edited differentiated osteoblast cells. Consistent with EPDR1 expression changes, alkaline phosphatase staining was also markedly reduced in the edited differentiated cells. Collectively, CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing in the hFOB1.19 cell model supports previous observations, where this regulatory region harboring GWAS‐implicated variation operates through direct long‐distance physical contact, further implicating a key role for EPDR1 in osteoblastogenesis and BMD determination. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Independent External Validation of FRAX and Garvan Fracture Risk Calculators: A Sub‐Study of the FRISBEE Cohort
Authors: Baleanu Felicia , Iconaru Laura , Charles Alexia , Kinnard Virginie , Fils Jean‐François , Moreau Michel , Karmali Rafik , Surquin Murielle , Benoit Florence , Mugisha Aude , Paesmans Marianne , Laurent Michaël R , Bergmann Pierre , Body Jean‐Jacques
Published: July 2021

Probabilistic models including clinical risk factors with or without bone mineral density (BMD) have been developed to estimate the 5‐ or 10‐year absolute fracture risk. We investigated the performance of the FRAX and Garvan tools in a well‐characterized population‐based cohort of 3560 postmenopausal, volunteer women, aged 60 to 85 years at baseline, included in the Fracture Risk Brussels Epidemiological Enquiry (FRISBEE) cohort, during 5 years of follow‐up. Baseline data were used to calculate the estimated 10‐year risk of hip and major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) for each participant using FRAX (Belgium). We computed the 5‐year risk according to the Garvan model with BMD. For calibration, the predicted risk of fracture was compared with fracture incidence across a large range of estimated fracture risks. The accuracy of the calculators to predict fractures was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). The FRAX tool was well calibrated for hip fractures (slope 1.09, p < 0.001; intercept −0.001, p = 0.46), but it consistently underestimated the incidence of major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) (slope 2.12, p < 0.001; intercept −0.02, p = 0.06). The Garvan tool was well calibrated for “any Garvan” fractures (slope 1.05, p < 0.001; intercept 0.01, p = 0.37) but largely overestimated the observed hip fracture rate (slope 0.32, p < 0.001; intercept 0.006, p = 0.05). The predictive value for hip fractures was better for FRAX (AUC: 0.841, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.795–0.887) than for Garvan (AUC: 0.769, 95% CI 0.702–0.836, p = 0.01). The Garvan AUC for “any Garvan” fractures was 0.721 (95% CI 0.693–0.749) and FRAX AUC for MOFs was 0.708 (95% CI 0.675–0.741). In conclusion, in our Belgian cohort, FRAX estimated quite well hip fractures but underestimated MOFs, while Garvan overestimated hip fracture risk but showed a good estimation of “any Garvan” fractures. Both models had a good discriminatory value for hip fractures but only a moderate discriminatory ability for MOFs or “any Garvan” fractures. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Universal two‐point interaction of mediator KIX with 9aaTAD activation domains
Authors: Hofrova Alena , Lousa Petr , Kubickova Monika , Hritz Jozef , Otasevic Tomas , Repko Martin , Knight Andrea , Piskacek Martin
Published: July 2021

The nine‐amino‐acid activation domain (9aaTAD) is defined by a short amino acid pattern including two hydrophobic regions (positions p3‐4 and p6‐7). The KIX domain of mediator transcription CBP interacts with the 9aaTAD domains of transcription factors MLL, E2A, NF‐kB, and p53. In this study, we analyzed the 9aaTADs‐KIX interactions by nuclear magnetic resonance. The positions of three KIX helixes α1–α2–α3 are influenced by sterically‐associated hydrophobic I611, L628, and I660 residues that are exposed to solvent. The positions of two rigid KIX helixes α1 and α2 generate conditions for structural folding in the flexible KIX‐L12‐G2 regions localized between them. The three KIX I611, L628, and I660 residues interact with two 9aaTAD hydrophobic residues in positions p3 and p4 and together build a hydrophobic core of five residues (5R). Numerous residues in 9aaTAD position p3 and p4 could provide this interaction. Following binding of the 9aaTAD to KIX, the hydrophobic I611, L628, and I660 residues are no longer exposed to solvent and their position changes inside the hydrophobic core together with position of KIX α1–α2–α3 helixes. The new positions of the KIX helixes α1 and α2 allow the KIX‐L12‐G2 enhanced formation. The second hydrophobic region of the 9aaTAD (positions p6 and p7) provides strong binding with the KIX‐L12‐G2 region. Similarly, multiple residues in 9aaTAD position p6 and p7 could provide this interaction. In conclusion, both 9aaTAD regions p3, p4 and p6, p7 provide co‐operative and highly universal binding to mediator KIX. The hydrophobic core 5R formation allows new positions of the rigid KIX α‐helixes and enables the enhanced formation of the KIX‐L12‐G2 region. This contributes to free energy and is the key for the KIX‐9aaTAD binding. Therefore, the 9aaTAD‐KIX interactions do not operate under the rigid key‐and‐lock mechanism what explains the 9aaTAD natural variability.
Parent and teacher educational expectations and adolescents' academic performance: Mechanisms of influence
Authors: Benner Aprile D. , Fernandez Celeste C. , Hou Yang , Gonzalez Chelsea Smith
Published: July 2021

The current study investigated how parents' and teachers' educational expectations both directly and indirectly shaped young people's academic outcomes in a nationally‐representative sample of high school students (Education Longitudinal Study;N = 9654 adolescents). Higher parent and math teacher expectations in 10th grade were associated with better 12th grade math scores and higher grade point averages, math course‐taking sequence, and educational attainment two years post‐high school. High parent expectations generally magnified the particularly strong positive effects of high math teacher expectations, and there was some evidence of variation in links between adult expectations and outcomes by both student race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Parents' educational involvement at school, teacher‐student relationships, and school‐parent communication mediated the links between adult educational expectations and academic outcomes.
Associations between emotional responses to the Trump presidency and activism among underrepresented college students
Authors: Albright Jamie N. , Hurd Noelle M.
Published: July 2021

In the current study, we explored emotions related to the Trump presidency and their associations with types of activism among a sample of underrepresented college students. Participants in the current study included 303 underrepresented college students. We conducted structural equation modeling to assess associations between negatively valenced emotions in reaction to the Trump presidency and specific types of activism. Three categories of activism emerged: resource mobilization, collective action, and higher‐accessibility activism. We found that anger was most consistently associated with participation in various types of activism. Fear was positively associated with participation in collective action, but only among those who felt personally affected by the Trump presidency. Among those who did not feel personally affected by the Trump presidency, sadness was associated with less frequent participation in higher‐accessibility activism. Findings lend support to the notion that distinct emotional responses are associated with different types of political engagement.
Investigation of the psychiatric factors that determine the fear of COVID‐19 in healthcare workers and hospital staff in a university hospital in Turkey
Authors: Karadem Fevziye B. , Demirdaş Arif , Işık Ümit , Kılıç Faruk
Published: July 2021

To examine the association of health and hospital workers' fears of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) with anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, depression, and sociodemographic variables during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A total of 527 participants (237 men/289 women) were included, 222 of the participants were doctors, 99 nurses, 22 assistant health personnel, and 182 hospital personnel without health education. Participants filled in the sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index‐3, and Fear of COVID‐19 Inventory. In linear regression analysis, independent predictors of the fear of COVID‐19 were determined as Beck Anxiety Inventory (p < 0.001), Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.001), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index‐3 Physical subscale (p = 0.001). The fear of COVID‐19 is associated with the physical subscale of anxiety, depression, and anxiety sensitivity.
The I COPPE Scale Short Form for measuring multidimensional well‐being: Construct validity and reliability from US, Argentinian, and Italian large samples
Authors: Esposito Ciro , Di Napoli Immacolata , Di Martino Salvatore , Prilleltensky Isaac , Arcidiacono Caterina
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to present a short form of the I COPPE scale of multidimensional well‐being. We conducted two studies, which include four samples collected across three countries, namely United States, Argentina, and Italy. In the pilot study we tested during the data analysis phase whether it was feasible to reduce the full I COPPE scale by omitting the items dealing with past well‐being. Prompted by the positive results of the pilot study, we launched a final validation study with a sample of 2682 Italian people who completed the I COPPE scale short form, which is designed without items referring to past well‐being. Results from a series of confirmatory factor analyses show that the I COPPE scale short form presents acceptable levels of construct validity and reliability. Moreover, the 7‐factor correlated‐trait model proved to be the best fit for the data. We discuss advantaged of using the I COPPE scale short form along with limitations and future recommendations.
Trends in coverage and reimbursement for reproductive genetic counseling in New Jersey by multiple payers from 2010 to 2018
Authors: Spinosi Francesca , Khan Shama , Seymour Christine , Ashkinadze Elena
Published: July 2021

Lack of consistent insurance coverage for genetic counseling services billed under Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 96040 creates a barrier for access to this service. This retrospective study examined coverage and reimbursement for reproductive genetic counseling encounters billed under CPT code 96040 as a professional fee over an eight‐year period at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, a regional perinatal center in New Jersey, a state requiring licensure. Descriptive statistics were tabulated to assess the disparity between Medicare/Medicaid, Managed Care Medicaid, and commercial insurance payers, including how often encounters were covered and if reimbursed, at what percentage of the amount billed. A comparison of individual plan types (Health Maintenance Organization, Point of Service, and Preferred Provider Organization) was carried out. Overall trends in reimbursement were assessed across payers. The study found 61% of 60‐min encounters billed to Medicare/Medicaid, Managed Care Medicaid, and commercial insurance payers received coverage. Of all covered 60‐min encounters billed to Managed Care Medicaid and commercial insurance payers, an average of 36% of the amount billed was reimbursed. Medicare/Medicaid encounters were never reimbursed. Commercial insurance covered 65% of encounters billed but this varied between payers. Across all payers, an overall downward trend of reimbursement was demonstrated over the eight‐year period. Lack of consistent service coverage creates a barrier and patients cannot universally access genetic counseling services. Steps to improve coverage need to include passing of legislation, notably the next bill to replace the former H.R. 3235, ‘Access to Genetic Counselor Services Act of 2019’ and provisions within third‐party payers that allow for credentialing of genetic counseling providers.
Polygenic risk in familial breast cancer: Changing the dynamics of communicating genetic risk
Authors: Gregory Gillian , Das Gupta Kuheli , Meiser Bettina , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine , Geelan‐Small Peter , Kaur Rajneesh , Scheepers‐Joynt Maatje , McInerny Simone , Taylor Shelby , Antill Yoland , Salmon Lucinda , Smyth Courtney , Young Mary‐Anne , James Paul A , Yanes Tatiane
Published: July 2021

Hereditary breast cancer is associated with known genetic changes: either variants that affect function in a few rare genes or an ever‐increasing number of common genomic risk variants, which combine to produce a cumulative effect, known as a polygenic risk (PR) score. While the clinical validity and utility of PR scores are still being determined, the communication of PR is a new challenge for genetic health professionals. This study investigated how PR scores are discussed in the familial cancer clinic compared with a previous study assessing the communication of monogenic risk (MR) for breast cancer. Sixty‐five PR consultations between genetic health professionals and women at familial risk of breast cancer were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded using a methodology adapted from the MR study. Analysis of consultations shows that while there were similarities in communicating MR and PR, the complexity and novelty of the polygenic information influenced the style of counseling used by genetic health professionals toward a teaching model of genetic counseling, rather than a patient‐centered approach. In particular, compared to MR consultations, in PR consultations significantly fewer counselees (a) were asked about their reasons for attending genetic counseling; or (b) had their information preferences, decision‐making style, medical knowledge, understanding, or concerns checked. In conclusion, it is anticipated that PR scores will become part of standard clinical practice. Thus, it will be important for all genetic health professionals to be appropriately educated so that they can tailor their communication to meet patient needs.
Utility of Quantitative T2‐Mapping Compared to Conventional and Advanced Diffusion Weighted Imaging Techniques for Multiparametric Prostate MRI in Men with Hip Prosthesis
Authors: Sathiadoss Paul , Schieda Nicola , Haroon Mohammad , Osman Heba , Alrasheed Sumaya , Flood Trevor A. , Melkus Gerd
Published: July 2021

Background

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is fundamental for prostate cancer (PCa) detection with MRI; however, limited by susceptibility artifact from hip prosthesis.

Purpose

To evaluate image quality and ability to detect PCa with quantitative T2‐mapping and DWI in men with hip prosthesis undergoing prostate MRI.

Study Type

Prospective, cross‐sectional study.

Population

Thirty consecutive men with hip replacement (18 unilateral, 12 bilateral) undergoing prostate MRI from 2019 to 2021.

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T; multiparametric MRI (T2W, DCE‐MRI, echo‐planar [EPI]‐DWI), T2‐mapping (Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill), FOCUS‐EPI‐DWI, PROPELLER‐DWI.

Assessment

Five blinded radiologists independently evaluated MRI image quality using a 5‐point Likert scale. PI‐RADS v2.1 scores were applied in four interpretation strategies: 1) T2W‐FSE+DCE‐MRI+EPI‐DWI, 2) T2W‐FSE+DCE‐MRI+EPI‐DWI+FOCUS‐EPI‐DWI, 3) T2W‐FSE+DCE‐MRI+EPI‐DWI+PROPELLER‐DWI, 4) T2W‐FSE+DCE‐MRI+EPI‐DWI+T2‐maps. Five‐point confidence scores were recorded.

Statistical Analysis

ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis with pair‐wise comparisons by Wilcoxon sign‐rank, and paired t‐tests, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Cohen's Kappa (k) for PI‐RADSv2.1 scoring and proportion of correctly classified lesions tabulated for pathology‐confirmed cases with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

For all radiologists, T2‐map image quality was significantly higher than EPI‐DWI, FOCUS‐EPI‐DWI, and PROPELLER‐DWI and similar (P = 0.146–0.706) or significantly better (for two readers) than T2W‐FSE and DCE‐MRI.

PI‐RADS v2.1 agreement improved comparing strategy A (k = 0.46) to strategy B (k = 0.58) to strategy C (k = 0.58) and was highest with strategy D which included T2‐maps (k = 1.00). Radiologists' confidence was significantly highest with strategy D. Strategies B and C had similar confidence (P = 0.051–0.063) both significantly outperforming strategy A.

Twelve men with 17 lesions had pathology confirmed diagnoses (13 PCa, 4 benign). Strategy D had the highest proportion of correctly classified lesions (76.5–82.4%) with overlapping 95% confidence intervals.

Data Conclusion

T2‐mapping may be a valuable adjunct to prostate MRI in men with hip replacement resulting in improved image quality, higher reader confidence, interobserver agreement, and accuracy in PI‐RADS scoring.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Evaluation of ethnic influence in the application of a hepatocellular carcinoma predictive model for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Wei Mike T. , Le Michael H. , Landis Charles , Trinh Huy , Wong Grace , Le An , Zhang Jian , Cheung Ramsey , Nguyen Mindie H.
Published: July 2021

Currently, there is no well‐established algorithm predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in untreated hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. We aimed to validate an algorithm (risk evaluation of viral load elevation and associated liver disease/HCV [REVEAL‐HCV]: age, AST, ALT, HCV RNA, HCV genotype, and cirrhosis) developed in Taiwanese patients. We analyzed 1381 (50.1% White, 14.7% Hispanic, 13.8% Asian of diverse origin, and 7.8% African American) adult treatment‐naïve HCV patients (no viral co‐infection, no HCC within 6 months) at 4 U.S. and one Hong Kong centers (11/1994–10/2017). Compared to the non‐Asian cohort, the Asian cohort had a higher percentage of patients in the low‐risk group (46.1% vs. 26.1%) and a lower percentage in the high‐risk group (12.0% vs. 20.3%, p < 0.01). Overall, 5‐year HCC incidence were 1.75%, 4.71%, and 24.4% for low, medium, and high‐risk patients, respectively (p < 0.0001). For the overall cohort, area under receiving operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for HCC prediction were 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72–0.93), 0.82 (95% CI: 0.75–0.88), and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77–0.89) for 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year HCC risk, respectively. There was a slightly lower AUROC for Asians compared to the non‐Asian cohort at 3 years (0.75 vs. 0.83) and 5 years (0.78 vs. 0.84), though this was not statistically significant. In multivariable analysis, we found male sex, presence of metabolic syndrome as well as the risk score categories to be independently associated with HCC but not ethnicity. The REVEAL‐HCV risk score has good validity for both Asian and non‐Asian populations. Further studies should consider additional factors, such as sex, metabolic syndrome, and treatment status.
Impact of postoperative complications on long‐term survival after esophagectomy in older adults: A SEER‐Medicare analysis
Authors: Sesti Joanna , Almaz Biruk , Bell Jaimie , Nguyen Andrew , Bamboat Zubin , Lackey Adam , Langan Russell C. , Turner Amber L. , Hilden Patrick , Paul Subroto
Published: July 2021

Background

Esophagectomy is a complex procedure associated with a high rate of postoperative complications. It is not clear whether postoperative complications effect long‐term survival. Most studies report the results from single institutions.

Methods

We examined the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database to assess whether long‐term overall and cancer‐specific mortality of patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer is impacted by postoperative complications.

Results

Nine hundred and forty patients underwent esophagectomy from 2007 to 2014, of which 50 died, resulting in a cohort of 890 patients. Majority were males (n = 764, 85.8%) with adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus. Almost 60% of the group had no neoadjuvant therapy. Four hundred and fifty‐five patients had no major complications (51.1%), while 285 (32.0%) and 150 (16.9%) patients had one, two, or more major complications, respectively. Overall survival at 90 days was 93.1%. Multivariate analysis of patients followed up for a minimum of 90 days demonstrated that the number of complications was significantly associated with decreased overall survival but no impact on cancer‐specific survival.

Conclusions

Our population‐based analysis with its inherent limitations suggests that patients undergoing esophagectomy who experience complications have worse overall survival but not cancer‐specific survival if they survive at least 90 days from the date of surgery.
Electromagnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction based on polyaniline‐coated magnetite/silica materials for the determination of Sudan red I in drinks
Authors: Sun Youqing , Guo Yugao , Ren Jianpo , Ji Lieyi , Zhang Qingyin
Published: July 2021

By replacing the permanent magnet with an electromagnet, traditional magnetic solid‐phase extraction was developed into electromagnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction. A simple operation of power on and off can realize the separation of adsorbents from solutions easily. The improvement makes it possible for the automation of the determination of Sudan Red I by high‐performance liquid chromatography. After series of optimization, a trace amount of Sudan red I was well‐determined, and excellent linearity was achieved in the range of 0.005 to 1 mg/L with the correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.997. The limit of detection with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 was found to be 0.001 mg/L. The spiked recoveries of Sudan red I for the samples ranged from 93.6 to 104.9%. Moreover, the adsorbent could be recycled at least ten times. The results show that the electromagnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography is a rapid, eco‐friendly, effective, and sensitive determination method with fascinating automation potential and high practical applicability.
Evaluation of Ascending Aortic Longitudinal Strain Via Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Patients Complicated by Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Wu Juan , Pei Yongkai , Wang Yanli , Ji Jiamei , Gong Min , Gu Wenhui , Wu Haibo , Jiang Yanru , Wu Jun
Published: July 2021

Objective

To explore the value of ascending aortic longitudinal strain (LS) in identification of hypertensive (HP) patients with a high risk of type A aortic dissection (AAD).

Methods

Total 40 primary HP patients with AAD (group C), 80 selected age‐ and sex‐matched primary HP patients (group A, normal‐sized ascending aorta (AA), n = 40; group B, dilated AA, n = 40) and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Brachial blood pressures were measured, and the aortic stiffness index (β) determined by M‐mode analysis was calculated as a conventional parameter of arterial stiffness. The LS of the anterior and posterior ascending aortic wall (AW‐LS and PW‐LS) were determined.

Results

Compared to the control group (34.21 ± 5.25%), the mean LS of AA in HP patients (group A 28.6 ± 5.95%; group B 23.64 ± 4.98%; group C 17.93 ± 3.96%; P < .001) were significantly reduced. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the mean LS (OR 0.719, 95% CI 0.615–0.839, P < .001) and pulse pressure (PP) (OR 1.055, 95% CI 1.006–1.106, P = .028) were identified as independent predictors of AAD in HP patients. The AUC of mean LS combined with PP reached 0.926 (sensitivity, 95.0%; specificity, 82.5%), which was higher than the mean LS, PP, stiffness index, and ascending aortic diameter (AAd) separately. Besides, the AW‐LS and PW‐LS were negatively correlated with the AAd, stiffness index, stroke volume, systolic blood pressure, and PP, respectively (P < .001).

Conclusion

The LS of AA evaluated by two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography decreased significantly along with the expansion of aortic lumen and the occurrence of AAD in HP patients. It is also an independent predictor of AAD in HP patients.
How the Reactive End Group of Macro‐RAFT Agent Affects RAFT‐Mediated Emulsion Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Cao Junpeng , Tan Yingxin , Chen Ying , Zhang Li , Tan Jianbo
Published: July 2021

Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)‐mediated emulsion polymerization is an emerging method in which macro‐RAFT agents are chain extended with hydrophobic monomers in water to form block copolymer nano‐objects. However, almost all RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerizations are limited to AB diblock copolymers by using monofunctional macro‐RAFT agents with non‐reactive end groups. In this study, the first investigation on how the reactive end group of macro‐RAFT agent affects RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization is reported. Three macro‐RAFT agents with different end groups are synthesized and employed in RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization. Effects of end groups on morphologies of block copolymer nano‐objects and polymerization process are studied. Block copolymer nano‐objects prepared by using an asymmetric difunctional macro‐RAFT agent can be functionalized by further chain extension on the surface. It is expected that the current study will not only expand the scope of RAFT‐mediated emulsion polymerization, but also provide a novel strategy to prepare functional polymer nanoparticles.
AAPM Task Group 241: A medical physicist’s guide to MRI‐guided focused ultrasound body systems
Authors: Payne Allison , Chopra Rajiv , Ellens Nicholas , Chen Lili , Ghanouni Pejman , Sammet Steffen , Diederich Chris , ter Haar Gail , Parker Dennis , Moonen Chrit , Stafford Jason , Moros Eduardo , Schlesinger David , Benedict Stanley , Wear Keith , Partanen Ari , Farahani Keyvan
Published: July 2021

Magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a completely non‐invasive technology that has been approved by FDA to treat several diseases. This report, prepared by the American Association of Physicist in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 241, provides background on MRgFUS technology with a focus on clinical body MRgFUS systems. The report addresses the issues of interest to the medical physics community, specific to the body MRgFUS system configuration, and provides recommendations on how to successfully implement and maintain a clinical MRgFUS program. The following sections describe the key features of typical MRgFUS systems and clinical workflow and provide key points and best practices for the medical physicist. Commonly used terms, metrics and physics are defined and sources of uncertainty that affect MRgFUS procedures are described. Finally, safety and quality assurance procedures are explained, the recommended role of the medical physicist in MRgFUS procedures is described, and regulatory requirements for planning clinical trials are detailed. Although this report is limited in scope to clinical body MRgFUS systems that are approved or currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States, much of the material presented is also applicable to systems designed for other applications.
Local and parallel finite element methods based on two‐grid discretizations for unsteady convection–diffusion problem
Authors: Li Qingtao , Du Guangzhi
Published: July 2021

In this article, some local and parallel finite element methods are proposed and investigated for the time‐dependent convection–diffusion problem. With backward Euler scheme for the temporal discretization, the basic idea of the present methods is that for a solution to the considered equations, low frequency components can be approximated well by a relatively coarse grid and high frequency components can be computed on a fine grid by some local and parallel procedure at each time step. The partition of unity is used to collect the local high frequency components to assemble a global continuous approximation. Theoretical results are obtained and numerical tests are reported to support the theoretical findings.
Lipophagy and prostate cancer: association with disease aggressiveness and proximity to periprostatic adipose tissue
Authors: Fontaine Alix , Bellanger Dorine , Guibon Roseline , Bruyère Franck , Brisson Lucie , Fromont Gaelle
Published: July 2021

The prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which is believed to play a role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Cancer cells can take up lipids from the microenvironment and store them in lipid droplets (LDs). Fatty acids released from LDs are used by PCa cells as preferential metabolic fuels to provide energy and promote cancer progression. Recently, fatty acids have been associated with autophagy, a cellular recycling pathway. Lipophagy is a selective form of autophagy involved in LD degradation, the role of which in PCa progression remains unknown. Here, we explored markers of autophagy and lipophagy in human PCa tissues in correlation with factors of aggressiveness, and we evaluated the influence of PPAT adipocytes on autophagy and lipophagy. We analyzed markers of autophagy (p62, LC3), lipid droplets (PLIN and Oil Red O), androgen receptor (AR), proliferation (Ki67), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (Zeb1) on 465 PCa samples. Co‐cultures of PCa cell lines PC3 and 22RV1 with adipocytes isolated from patients' PPAT were used to analyze the influence of PPAT on autophagy and lipophagy in vitro. In human PCa tissues, we observed a correlation between markers of LD and those of autophagy, which are associated with clinical and biological factors of disease aggressiveness. In addition, PLIN staining was associated with AR expression. In locally advanced PCa, p62, LC3, and PLIN were increased in extraprostatic areas where cancer cells are in contact with PPAT. Co‐culture of PCa cell lines with adipocytes decreased autophagy activity and increased LD flux in PC3 cells. These results suggest an active process of lipophagy in PCa, linked to disease aggressiveness, to the proximity of PPAT, and induced in vitro in co‐culture with adipocytes. Lipophagy is therefore likely to be a crucial player in PCa progression. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance assessment of bare and anti‐reflective coated CdTe photovoltaic systems in comparison to multicrystalline Si in Brazil
Authors: Pires Anelise Medeiros , Braga Marília , Rüther Ricardo
Published: July 2021

The performance of three ground‐mounted fixed‐tilt photovoltaic (PV) systems installed at the Solar Energy Research LaboratoryFotovoltaica/UFSC in Florianópolis, southern Brazil (27°S, 48°W, Cfa Köppen‐Geiger climate classification), were analyzed in this paper. This study compares the performance of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin‐film PV modules (both with and without an anti‐reflective coating [ARC]) and multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) PV systems over two full years of continuous operation. Furthermore, the paper presents a literature review on previous studies that investigated the main environmental parameters that affect the performance of CdTe and m‐Si PV systems. Results revealed that throughout the period analyzed, the CdTe with ARC PV system presented the best performance, with an overall annual energy yield 5% higher than the reference mc‐Si PV system. In order to evaluate the performance behavior of the three PV systems under study, the main environmental parameters that affect the efficiency of PV systems were analyzed: temperature, spectrum, angle of incidence, weak‐light responsivity, and soiling impact. Irradiation levels for all PV systems were identical, as they are all operating at the same site. Temperature followed by spectral content of sunlight presented the highest impacts on performance, resulting in estimated overall performance gains of 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively, for the CdTe systems. These findings are consistent with our previous research, showing that CdTe has a performance advantage over traditional monofacial crystalline silicon technologies in warm and sunny climates.
Optimizing the self‐assembly of conjugated polymers and small molecules through structurally programmed non‐covalent control
Authors: Mullin William J. , Sharber Seth A. , Thomas Samuel W.
Published: July 2021

Organic conjugated polymers and oligomers are key electronic materials for applications such as transistors, photovoltaics, and light emitting devices due to their potential for solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and precise structure‐based tuning compared to inorganic materials. In dilute environments, the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers are largely governed by their constitutional structure and, to a lesser degree, their solution‐state intramolecular configuration. In the solid state, intramolecular conformation and intermolecular electronic coupling impact these properties substantially, especially in relation to device performance. Therefore, an increasingly important area of research concerning conjugated materials is developing design strategies aimed at optimizing the solid‐state packing for electronic applications. Programming solid‐state packing arrangements through discrete non‐covalent interactions is an emerging strategy within the context of conjugated polymers. This review focuses on the use of the two most prevalent discrete and directional interactions used to dictate the self‐assembly of conjugated polymers and oligomers—hydrogen bonds and chalcogen bonds. We also discuss how these design motifs can imbue conjugated materials with appealing physical properties while simultaneously retaining or improving electronic capabilities.