bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental medication use and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Wen Wanqing , Shu Xiao Ou , Potter John D. , Severson Richard K. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Reaman Gregory H. , Robison Leslie L.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Few studies have examined the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with parental medication use. As part of a large case–control study conducted by the Children's Cancer Group, we evaluated the association between maternal and paternal medication use and the risk of ALL in offspring.

METHODS

Information on selected medication use in the year before and during the index pregnancy was obtained by telephone interview. Participants included 1842 children of 14 years or younger with newly diagnosed and immunophenotypically defined ALL and 1986 individually matched controls. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models and stratified by immunophenotypes of ALL and age at diagnosis of cases.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounders and other medication use, we found that maternal use of vitamins (odds ratio [OR] = 0.7, 99% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5–1.0) and iron supplements (OR = 0.8, 99% CI: 0.7–1.0) only during the index pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of ALL. Parental use of amphetamines or diet pills and mind‐altering drugs before and during the index pregnancy was related to an increased risk of childhood ALL, particularly among children where both parents reported using these drugs (OR = 2.8, 99% CI: 0.5–15.6 for amphetamines or diet pills, OR = 1.8, 99% CI: 1.1–3.0 for mind‐altering drugs). Stratified analyses showed that maternal use of antihistamines or allergic remedies and parental use of mind‐altering drugs were strongly associated with infant ALL, whereas patterns of association between childhood ALL and parental medication use did not influence markedly the immunophenotypic subgroup of ALL.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study suggest that certain parental medication use immediately before and during the index pregnancy may influence risk of ALL in offspring. Cancer 2002;95:1786–94. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10859
Second malignant neoplasms in long‐term survivors of osteosarcoma
Authors: Aung LeLe , Gorlick Richard G. , Shi Weiji , Thaler Howard , Shorter Nicholas A. , Healey John H. , Huvos Andrew G. , Meyers Paul A.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The authors investigated the incidence and relative risk of secondary malignant neoplasms in long‐term survivors of osteosarcoma.

METHODS

A comprehensive list of 509 patients with primary osteosarcoma treated at our institution between February 1973 and March 2000 was identified. All study patients received chemotherapy and/or surgery on one of six different protocols (T4, 5, 7, 10, 12, and CCG‐7921/POG‐9351). Chemotherapy was scheduled for up to 40 weeks with some variations in the actual treatment period and consisted of various combinations of the following agents: high‐dose methotrexate, doxorubicin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, vincristine, cisplatin, and ifosfamide.

RESULTS

Secondary malignant neoplasms (SMN) occurred in 14 of 509 patients. Only one had pulmonary metastasis at diagnosis and subsequent multiple recurrences that required thoracotomies and further modification of the chemotherapy regimen. The median age at diagnosis for osteosarcoma was 16.6 years (range, 3.1–74.4 years). The median follow‐up was 5.2 years (range, 0.1–25.0 years). The time interval from diagnosis of the primary osteosarcoma to the development of SMN was 1.3–13.1 years (median, 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6–9.6). The most common SMN occurred in the central nervous system (n = 4): anaplastic glioma, meningioma, high‐grade glioma, and maxillary astrocytoma. There were two cases of acute myeloid leukemia and one case each of myelodysplastic syndrome, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, high‐grade pleomorphic sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, breast carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The overall 5 and 10‐year cumulative incidences of SMNs were 1.4% ± 1.1% and 3.1% ± 1.8%. The standardized incidence ratio was 4.6 (95% CI, 2.53–7.78, P = 0.00001) for the cohort and 3.64 (95% CI, 1.82–6.52, P = 0.0007) when patients with a history of retinoblastoma or Rothmund‐Thomson syndrome were excluded.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall incidence of secondary malignancies in long‐term survivors of osteosarcoma was significantly higher than the expected incidence of cancer in the general population. However, the standardized incidence ratios were much lower than those reported for Hodgkin disease and retinoblastoma. Although additional follow‐up is warranted, the successes of current treatment regimens consisting of intensive, high‐dose chemotherapy in combination with topoisomerase II inhibitors outweigh the risks. Cancer 2002;95:1728–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10861
Progenitors in the postnatal cerebellar white matter are antigenically heterogeneous
Authors: Milosevic Ana , Goldman James E.
Published: October 2002

Progenitors that migrate through the white matter of the postnatal cerebellum give rise to cortical interneurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia. To determine whether this progenitor population is heterogeneous with respect to specific lineage markers, we infected progenitors in vivo with a retrovirus encoding the green fluorescent protein on postnatal day 4/5 and labeled them in situ with various antibodies 2 days postviral injection: the neuronal marker was the transcription factor SOX1; early oligodendroglial markers were chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antigen and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α. Markers for astroglial progenitors were vimentin, nestin, zebrin II, and the astroglial‐specific glutamate transporter subtype GLAST. None of the progenitors was doubly labeled with any combination of markers characteristic for different cell lineages. Most progenitors were not labeled with any of the various combinations of antibodies used. Progenitors did not express markers characteristic for mature astroglia (GFAP), oligodendroglia (CNPase), or neurons (MAP2). Thus, although these progenitors are morphologically indistinguishable, a minority expresses markers of early neuronal or glial lineages, suggesting that they begin to differentiate during migration. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:192–203, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic circuitry in the dorsal division of the cat medial geniculate nucleus
Authors: Coomes Diana L. , Bickford Martha E. , Schofield Brett R.
Published: October 2002

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the thalamus. We used postembedding immunocytochemistry to examine the synaptic organization of GABA‐positive profiles in the dorsal superficial subdivision of the cat medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). Three groups of GABA‐positive profiles participate in synapses: axon terminals, dendrites, and presynaptic dendrites. The presynaptic GABA‐positive terminals target mainly GABA‐negative dendrites. The GABA‐positive postsynaptic profiles receive input primarily from GABA‐negative axons. The results indicate that the synaptic organization of GABA‐positive profiles in the dorsal superficial subdivision of the MGN nucleus is very similar to that in other thalamic nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:45–56, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PSA‐NCAM immunocytochemistry in the cerebral cortex and other telencephalic areas of the lizard Podarcis hispanica: Differential expression during medial cortex neuronal regeneration
Authors: Ramirez‐Castillejo Carmen , Nacher Juan , Molowny Asuncion , Ponsoda Xavier , Lopez‐Garcia Carlos
Published: October 2002

The lizard medial cortex, a region homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus, shows postnatal neurogenesis and the surprising ability to replace its neurons after being lesioned specifically with the neurotoxin 3‐acetylpyridine. As the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM) is expressed during neuronal migration and differentiation, we have studied its distribution in adult lizards and also during the lesion‐regeneration process. In the medial cortex of control animals, many labeled fusiform somata, presumably corresponding to migratory neuroblasts, appeared in the inner plexiform layer. There were also scattered immunoreactive granule neurons in the cell layer. Double immunocytochemistry with 5′‐bromodeoxyuridine revealed that some of the PSA‐NCAM–expressing cells in the inner plexiform and cell layers were generated recently. PSA‐NCAM immunoreactivity was also present in the dorsomedial, dorsal, and lateral cortices, as well as in the dorsal ventricular ridge, the nucleus accumbens, and the nucleus sphericus. Twelve hours after the injection of 3‐acetylpyridine, some medial cortex granule neurons appeared degenerated, although some of them still expressed PSA‐NCAM. One to 2 days after the injection, most granule neurons appeared degenerated and no PSA‐NCAM immunoreactivity was detected in the medial cortex cell layer. Four to 7 days after treatment, abundant labeled fusiform cells populated the inner plexiform layer and some immunoreactive somata were seen in the cell layer. Fifteen to 30 days after the neurotoxin injection, the number of PSA‐NCAM expressing granule neurons augmented considerably and the level was still above control levels in lizards that survived 42 days. Our results show for the first time the expression of PSA‐NCAM in a reptile brain, where it appears to participate in the migration and differentiation of granule neurons during adult neurogenesis and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:145–156, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quality‐of‐service‐based framework for creating distributed heterogeneous software components
Authors: Raje Rajeev R. , Bryant Barrett R. , Olson Andrew M. , Auguston Mikhail , Burt Carol
Published: October 2002

Component‐based software development offers a promising solution for taming the complexity found in today's distributed applications. Today's and future distributed software systems will certainly require combining heterogeneous software components that are geographically dispersed. For the successful deployment of such a software system, it is necessary that its realization, based on assembling heterogeneous components, not only meets the functional requirements, but also satisfies the non‐functional criteria such as the desired quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a framework based on the notions of a meta‐component model, a generative domain model and QoS parameters is described. A formal specification based on two‐level grammar is used to represent these notions in a tightly integrated way so that QoS becomes a part of the generative domain model. A simple case study is described in the context of this framework. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation of atypical patterns encountered when using a flow cytometry–based method to detect residual leukocytes in leukoreduced red blood cell components
Authors: Janatpour K. , Paglieroni T. G. , Schuller L. , Foley K. , Rizzardo T. , Holland P. V.
Published: October 2002

Background

Universal leukoreduction of blood components is becoming the standard of care. Flow cytometry methods are being used for quality control of the leukoreduction process.

Methods

We provide an atlas of atypical flow cytograms generated by a commercial LeucoCOUNT™ assay that was used to enumerate residual leukocytes in leukoreduced red blood cell components. Numeric results are derived from a flow cytogram generated by the assay.

Results

Three types of atypical flow cytogram patterns were observed during process validation or routine quality control of leukoreduced red blood cell components. (a) Fixation artifact: Fixation of control or test samples can alter the staining intensity compared with fresh cells. (b) “Rain” pattern: Flow cytometry methods count slightly damaged leukocytes not removed during leukoreduction. Slightly damaged leukocytes appear on a flow cytogram like “rain” falling from a well‐defined “cloud” of intact residual leukocytes. Discrepancies between automated flow cytometry results and subjective manual counting methods can occur. (c) Autofluorescence‐debris pattern: Cell debris and age‐related changes in the sample can cause shifts in the fluorescence staining pattern, resulting in erroneous test results.

Conclusion

Review of flow cytograms is essential for accurate reporting of flow cytometry–based methods for enumerating residual leukocytes in leukoreduced blood components. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:254–260, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance-based variable selection for scoring models
Authors: Malthouse Edward C.
Published: October 2002

The performance of a direct marketing scoring model at a particular mailing depth, d, is usually measured by the total amount of revenue generated by sending an offer to the customers with the 100 d% largest scores (predicted values). Commonly used variable selection algorithms optimize some function of model fit (squared difference between training and predicted values). This article (1) discusses issues involved in selecting a mailing depth, d, and (2) proposes a variable selection algorithm that optimizes the performance as the primary objective. The relationship between fit and performance is discussed. The performance-based algorithm is compared with fit-based algorithms using two real direct marketing data sets. These experimental results indicate that performance-based variable selection is 3–4% better than corresponding fit-based models, on average, when the mailing depth is between 20% and 40%.
A PWM rectifier/inverter system capable of suppressing both harmonics and EMI
Authors: Ogasawara Satoshi , Fujikawa Masato , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: October 2002

This paper proposes a new PWM rectifier/inverter system that is capable of suppressing not only supply harmonic currents but also electromagnetic interference (EMI). The conversion system consists of a PWM rectifier and inverter, and an active common‐noise canceler (ACC) which has been proposed by the authors. The ACC developed for this system is characterized by the sophisticated connection of a common mode transformer which can compensate for common mode voltages produced by both the PWM rectifier and inverter. As a result, the size of the common mode transformer can be reduced to one‐third, compared with the previously proposed ACC. A prototype PWM rectifier/inverter system (2.2 kW) has been implemented and tested. Some experimental results show reduction characteristics of the supply harmonic current and EMI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 59–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10062
Screening the Hanford tanks for trapped gas
Authors: Whitney Paul , Chen Guang
Published: October 2002

The Hanford Site is home to 177 large, underground nuclear waste storage tanks. This article describes a screening study carried out in the mid 1990s that used the tank waste level measurements to assess the tanks for potential flammable gas hazards. At the time of the study, 25 of the 177 tanks were on the flammable gas watch list. The use of this monitoring data provided additional insight, resulting in operational changes on the Hanford site.

The waste level measurements used in this study were made primarily to monitor the tanks for leaks and intrusions. Four measurement devices are widely used in these tanks. Three of these measure the level of the waste surface. The remaining device measures from within a well embedded in the waste, thereby monitoring the liquid level even if the liquid level is below a dry waste crust. The data from each of the four measurement devices were utilized in this investigation.

The analytic method used for this screening was to look for an inverse correlation between waste level measurements and ambient atmospheric pressure. If the waste level in a tank decreases with an increase in ambient atmospheric pressure, then the compressibility may be attributed to gas trapped within the waste. In this article, this methodology is not used to estimate the volume of gas trapped in the waste. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rank kriging for characterization of mercury contamination at the East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Authors: Singh Ashok K. , Ananda M. M. A.
Published: October 2002

The spatial interpolation method of kriging, originally developed for estimation of ore reserves in mining and prediction in meteorology, is an important geostatistical tool for characterization of a Superfund site. Point kriging uses an estimated variogram to compute the best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE) of contaminant concentration at an unsampled location. When the contaminant concentration data is heavily skewed, the data are typically log‐transformed and kriging is performed on the transformed data. The results obtained from kriging the log‐transformed data are then back‐transformed. This back‐transformation formula involves not only the estimated log‐transformed values but also their kriging standard deviations (ksd). This method of kriging, referred to in the geostatistical literature as log‐normal kriging, was initially used to characterize the East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) Superfund site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The back‐transformed values for the EFPC site produced estimates of mercury contamination that were orders of magnitude higher than the maximum observed mercury concentration at the site. The method of rank variogram modeling/rank kriging was developed by the authors to estimate mercury contamination at the EFPC site. We present the method of rank variogram modeling/rank kriging, illustrate it with an example, and briefly describe the kriging results obtained for the EFPC site.

The log‐normal probability model is routinely applied in statistical analysis of contaminant concentration data as well. The upper confidence limit (UCL) for log‐normally distributed data is typically calculated by using the H‐statistics based formula. The UCL of the mean at times turns out to be orders of magnitude higher than the maximum observed contaminant concentration. An example is presented to illustrate this unreasonable behavior of the H‐UCL formula. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contending with space–time interaction in the spatial prediction of pollution: Vancouver's hourly ambient PM10 field
Authors: Zidek Jim , Sun Li , Le Nhu , Özkaynak Halûk
Published: October 2002

In this article we describe an approach for predicting average hourly concentrations of ambient PM10 in Vancouver. We know our solution also applies to hourly ozone fields and believe it may be quite generally applicable. We use a hierarchical Bayesian approach. At the primary level we model the logarithmic field as a trend model plus Gaussian stochastic residual. That trend model depends on hourly meteorological predictors and is common to all sites. The stochastic component consists of a 24‐hour vector response that we model as a multivariate AR(3) temporal process with common spatial parameters. Removing the trend and AR structure leaves ‘whitened’ time series of vector series. With this approach (as opposed to using 24 separate univariate time series models), there is little loss of spatial correlation in these residuals compared with that in just the detrended residuals (prior to removing the AR component). Moreover our multivariate approach enables predictions for any given hour to ‘borrow strength’ through its correlation with adjoining hours. On this basis we develop a spatial predictive distribution for these residuals at unmonitored sites. By transforming the predicted residuals back to the original data scales we can impute Vancouver's hourly PM10 field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using spatial models and kriging techniques to optimize long‐term ground‐water monitoring networks: a case study
Authors: Cameron Kirk , Hunter Philip
Published: October 2002

In a pilot project, a spatial and temporal algorithm (geostatistical temporal–spatial or GTS) was developed for optimizing long‐term monitoring (LTM) networks. Data from two monitored ground‐water plumes were used to test the algorithm. The primary objective was to determine the degree to which sampling, laboratory analysis, and/or well construction resources could be pared without losing key statistical information concerning the plumes. Optimization of an LTM network requires an accurate assessment of both ground‐water quality over time and trends or other changes in individual monitoring wells. Changes in interpolated concentration maps over time indicate whether ground‐water quality has improved or declined. GTS separately identifies temporal and spatial redundancies. Temporal redundancy may be reduced by lengthening the time between sample collection. Spatial redundancy may be reduced by removing wells from the network which do not significantly impact assessment of ground‐water quality.

Part of the temporal algorithm in GTS involves computation of a composite temporal variogram to determine the least redundant overall sampling interval. Under this measure of autocorrelation between sampling events, the lag time at which the variogram reaches a sill is the sampling interval at which same‐well measurements lack correlation and are therefore non‐redundant. The spatial algorithm assumes that well locations are redundant if nearby wells offer nearly the same statistical information about the underlying plume. A well was considered redundant if its removal did not significantly change: (i) an interpolated map of the plume; (ii) the local kriging variances in that section of the plume; and (iii) the average global kriging variance. To identify well redundancy, local kriging weights were accumulated into global weights and used to gauge each well's relative contribution to the interpolated plume map. By temporarily removing that subset of wells with the lowest global kriging weights and re‐mapping the plume, it was possible to determine how many wells could be removed without losing critical information.

Test results from the Massachusetts Military Reserve (MMR) indicated that substantial savings in sampling, analysis and operational costs could be realized by utilizing GTS. Annual budgetary savings that would accrue were estimated at between 35 per cent and 5 per cent for both LTM networks under study.Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete filtering of numerical solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Bürgel A. , Sonar T.
Published: October 2002

In the framework of finite volume approximations to the Euler equations of gas dynamics we introduce computationally cheap difference schemes in addition with efficient discrete filter operators correcting discrete values locally. After presentation of a classical discrete filter algorithm we describe for the first time the implementation of a TV filter, originally developed in signal and image processing, in the context of hyperbolic conservation laws on unstructured grids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic adaptivity for the finite element solutions of three‐dimensional convection‐dominated problems
Authors: Walkley Mark , Jimack Peter K. , Berzins Martin
Published: October 2002

Convection‐dominated problems are typified by the presence of strongly directional features such as shock waves or boundary layers. Resolution of numerical solutions using an isotropic mesh can lead to unnecessary refinement in directions parallel to such features. This is particularly important in three dimensions where the grid size increases rapidly during conventional isotropic refinement procedures. In this work, we investigate the use of adaptive finite element methods using anisotropic mesh refinement strategies for convection‐dominated problems. The strategies considered here aim to resolve directional features without excessive resolution in other directions, and hence achieve accurate solutions more efficiently. Two such strategies are described here: the first based on minimization of the least‐squares residual; the second based on minimizing a finite element error estimate. These are incorporated into an hr‐adaptive finite element method and tested on a simple model problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Block preconditioners for the discrete incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Elman Howard C. , Silvester David J. , Wathen Andrew J.
Published: October 2002

We examine the convergence characteristics of iterative methods based on a new preconditioning operator for solving the linear systems arising from discretization and linearization of the steady‐state Navier–Stokes equations. For steady‐state problems, we show that the preconditioned problem has an eigenvalue distribution consisting of a tightly clustered set together with a small number of outliers. These characteristics are directly correlated with the convergence properties of iterative solvers, with convergence rates independent of mesh size and only mildly dependent on viscosity. For evolutionary problems, we show that implicit treatment of the time derivatives leads to systems for which convergence is essentially independent of viscosity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conservative pressure‐correction method for the Euler and ideal MHD equations at all speeds
Authors: van der Heul D. R. , Vuik C. , Wesseling P.
Published: October 2002

To efficiently compute weakly compressible magnetohydrodynamic flows in astrophysical applications, approximate low Mach number reduced forms of the compressible MHD equations are frequently used. This is because standard characteristic‐based schemes for the full compressible MHD equations are inefficient and inaccurate for computing low Mach number magnetohydrodynamic flow, as a result of the increasing stiffness and weakening pressure/density coupling of the equations when M ↓ 0. Furthermore, these schemes are colocated, so that additional and artificial measures have to be taken to ensure solenoidality of the magnetic field. We present a new method with a staggered spatial discretization and a pressure‐correction solution algorithm that is more suitable for computing weakly compressible MHD flow, because of its Mach‐uniformity and efficient and accurate handling of the solenoidality constraint on the magnetic field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subcellular localization of the BRCA1 gene product in mitotic cells
Authors: Lotti Lavinia Vittoria , Ottini Laura , D'Amico Cristina , Gradini Roberto , Cama Alessandro , Belleudi Francesca , Frati Luigi , Torrisi Maria Rosaria , Mariani‐Costantini Renato
Published: October 2002

The product of the hereditary breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is a multifunctional protein involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity, in transcriptional coactivation, and in the control of cell growth. BRCA1‐deficient cells manifest chromosomal instability. During mitosis, BRCA1 is known to interact with γ‐tubulin in the centrosomes, key elements of the mitotic spindle. Using confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy, we investigated the distribution of endogenous BRCA1 relative to mitotic spindle markers in breast cancer cells. By confocal analysis, BRCA1 and β‐tubulin colocalized to microtubules of the mitotic spindle and to the centrosomes. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed these results and further revealed that BRCA1 and α‐tubulin codistributed to the walls of the centrioles and to pericentriolar fibers at centrosomes. During chromatid segregation, codistribution was also detected along individual spindle microtubules and at sites of insertion of microtubules on chromosomes. At cytokinesis, BRCA1 and α‐tubulin codistributed to the midbody. Coimmunoprecipitation supported the association of full‐length BRCA1 with α‐ and β‐tubulin. These results are consistent with an involvement of BRCA1 in the dynamics of the mitotic spindle and in the segregation of duplicated chromosomes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of emotion‐oriented care on elderly people with cognitive impairment and behavioral problems
Authors: Schrijnemaekers Veron , van Rossum Erik , Candel Math , Frederiks Carla , Derix Mayke , Sielhorst Hilde , van den Brandt Piet
Published: October 2002

Objective

This study investigates the effects of emotion‐oriented care on the behavior of elderly people with cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. This approach is mainly based on the validation approach, but also uses insights from other approaches like reminiscence and sensory stimulation.

Methods

16 Homes for the aged with structured day care units were randomly allocated to an intervention or control group. 151 Residents with cognitive impairment and behavioral problems were included in the study. The eight intervention homes received a training program with regard to emotion‐oriented care. In the eight control homes usual care was continued. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months of follow‐up (assessment by caregivers and relatives). The primary outcome measure was the change in behavior of the residents.

Results

The results of multilevel analyses (overall, subgroup and per protocol) showed no statistically significant, nor clinically relevant effects in favor of the intervention group on the behavioral outcome measures.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence yet to justify the implementation of emotion‐oriented care on a large scale. Additional studies are needed in which special attention is given to the implementation process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing institutional sources of scholarly productivity in human resource development from 1995 to 2001
Authors: Chermack Thomas J. , Lynham Susan A.
Published: October 2002

This article is intended as a step in determining the highest procedures of scholarship in human resource

development. This analysis adds to the existing body of literature on excellent sources of HRD scholarship by

analyzing proceedings of the Academy of Human Resource Development conferences and reporting on the top

institutions according to the number of first‐author publications from each institution. In addition,

this article provides the most written‐about topics in HRD according to the number of papers published on

these topics in the AHRD conference symposia. The importance of this analysis is its contribution to identifying

criteria for determining outstanding sources of HRD scholarship.
Frequent inactivation of the p73 gene by abnormal methylation or LOH in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Martinez‐Delgado Beatriz , Melendez Barbara , Cuadros Marta , Jose Garcia Maria , Nomdedeu Josep , Rivas Carmen , Fernandez‐Piqueras Jose , Benítez Javier
Published: October 2002

p73 is a candidate tumor suppressor and imprinted gene that shares significant homology with the p53 gene. It is located on 1p36, a region frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other tumors. To investigate the pattern of inactivation of this gene in human lymphomas, we studied 59 tumors to identify abnormal methylation in exon 1 and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at this locus. p73 was methylated in 13/50 (26%) B cell lymphomas. There was no evidence of p73 methylation in the 9 T cell lymphomas analyzed. Burkitt's lymphomas showed the highest proportion of methylated cases (36%), although this alteration also affected other aggressive lymphomas such as diffuse large cell and some marginal zone lymphomas. LOH at the p73 locus was detected in 4/34 (11%) B and 1/9 (11%) T cell lymphomas. The p73 expression analysis showed absence or low level of p73 product in methylated lymphomas, whereas p73 was always detected in unmethylated tumors. We found monoallelic expression in normal peripheral blood samples, consistent with imprinting. None of the tumors showed LOH and methylation of the remaining allele simultaneously, suggesting that alteration of the expressed allele could lead to the total inactivation of the gene. Our results show that deletion or methylation of the p73 gene could be important mechanisms in suppressing p73 expression in B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myc protein is differentially sensitive to quinidine in tumor versus immortalized breast epithelial cell lines
Authors: Melkoumian Zaroui K. , Martirosyan Anna R. , Strobl Jeannine S.
Published: October 2002

Quinidine regulates growth and differentiation in human breast tumor cells, but the immortalized mammary epithelial MCF‐10A cell line is insensitive to quinidine. We found that a morphologically similar differentiation response was evoked by quinidine and c‐myc antisense oligonucleotides in MCF‐7 cells and this prompted us to investigate the actions of quinidine on c‐myc gene expression. Myc protein levels were suppressed in human breast tumor cell lines, but not in MCF‐10A cells, an observation that supports the hypothesis that suppression of c‐myc gene expression is involved in the preferential growth and differentiation response of breast tumor cells to quinidine. Quinidine reduced c‐myc mRNA levels in MCF‐7 cells. Acute induction of c‐myc mRNA by estradiol, as well as the c‐myc response to sub‐cultivation in fresh serum and H‐ras driven elevations in c‐myc mRNA were depressed by 50–60% in the presence of quinidine. Quinidine decreased c‐myc promoter activity in MCF‐7 cells in a transient reporter gene assay and a 168 bp region of human c‐myc promoter (−100 to +68 with respect to the P1 promoter) was sufficient to confer responsiveness to quinidine. Quinidine is a potential lead compound for developing pharmacological agents to regulate Myc. In addition, the study of quinidine‐regulated events is a promising approach to unravel differentiation control pathways that become disrupted in breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of combined quercetin and coenzyme Q10 treatment on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Coldiron Allan D. , Sanders Ruth A. , Watkins John B.
Published: October 2002

Reactive oxygen species may be actively involved in the genesis of various pathological states such as ischemia‐reperfusion injury, cancer, and diabetes. Our objective was to determine if subacute treatment with combined antioxidants quercetin and coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg/day ip for 14 days) affects the activities of antioxidant enzymes in normal and 30‐day streptozotocin‐induced diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats. Quercetin treatment raised blood glucose concentrations in normal and diabetic rats, whereas treatment with coenzyme Q10 did not. Liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues were excised and the activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and concentrations of oxidized and reduced glutathione were determined. In the liver of diabetic rats, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of both oxidized and reduced glutathione were significantly decreased from the nondiabetic control, and these effects were not reversed when antioxidants were administered. In kidney, glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly elevated in the diabetic rats as compared to nondiabetic rats, and antioxidant treatment did not return the enzyme activity to nondiabetic levels. In heart, catalase activity was increased in diabetic animals and restored to normal levels after combined treatment with quercetin and coenzyme Q10. Cardiac superoxide dismutase was lower than normal in quercetin‐ and quercetin + coenzyme Q10‐treated diabetic rats. There were no adverse effects on oxidative stress markers after treatment with quercetin or coenzyme Q10 singly or in combination. In spite of the elevation of glucose, quercetin may be effective in reversing some effects of diabetes, but the combination of quercetin + coenzyme Q10 did not increase effectiveness in reversing effects of diabetes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:197–202, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10035
Effects of β‐carotene on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Maritim Alice , Dene Barbara A. , Sanders Ruth A. , Watkins John B.
Published: October 2002

Increasing interest in the role of oxidative stress and β‐carotene in disease and prevention led us to examine the results of β‐carotene's administration in diabetic rats, a model for high‐oxidative stress. In this experiment, amounts of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and glutathione disulfide, and activity levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase were measured in the liver, kidney, and heart of Sprague‐Dawley rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes, and after treatment with 10 mg/kg/day of β‐carotene for 14 days. β‐Carotene treatment resulted in the reversal of the diabetes‐induced increase in hepatic and cardiac catalase activity, the decreased levels of glutathione disulfide in the heart, and the increased cardiac and renal levels of lipid peroxidation. Treatment with β‐carotene exacerbated the increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the heart and the decreased catalase activity in the kidneys. In contrast to reduced hepatic glutathione levels in untreated diabetic rats, β‐carotene treatment increased glutathione levels in diabetic rats. Increased hepatic γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity in diabetic rats was not reduced by treatment. Thus, β‐carotene therapy for 14 days prevented/reversed some, but not all, diabetes‐induced changes in oxidative stress parameters. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:203–208, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10038
Does the SEC think we're close to globalized accounting?
Authors: Rouse Robert W.
Published: October 2002

Many have long argued that a common, global‐wide set of accounting principles would encourage

cross‐border offerings. We'd have easier access to foreign financial markets—and vice versa.

The SEC seems to agree. But how much progress have we made, from the SEC's point of view?

© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ensuring the benefits of requiring supplier capability analysis
Authors: Weinstein Larry , Bukovinsky David , Shaffer Tom
Published: October 2002

The assumed trade‐off between cost and quality often brings CFOs, controllers, and management accountants

into the process of selecting and certifying suppliers. After all, high‐quality products cannot be produced

from poor‐quality components. Capability analysis can be an effective tool for monitoring a supplier's

ability to meet its quality requirements. Therefore, accountants should help ensure three things: that a

supplier's process is capable, that the supplier uses a valid sampling plan, and that the process is stable

and predictable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of down‐regulation of L‐type Ca2+ channel in the proliferating smooth muscle cells of rat aorta
Authors: Ihara Eikichi , Hirano Katsuya , Hirano Mayumi , Nishimura Junji , Nawata Hajime , Kanaide Hideo
Published: October 2002

The mechanism of down‐regulation of L‐type Ca2+ channel (L‐VOC) was investigated in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture. On culture days 3–5, the cells actively incorporated the 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxy‐uridine (BrdU), and did not respond to K+ depolarization nor express α1C subunit of L‐VOC. At confluence on day 8, BrdU incorporation decreased, and the cells up‐regulated α1C subunit mRNA, expressed α1C subunit protein at cell periphery, and responded to K+ depolarization. Treating the proliferating cells on day 3 with serum‐free media or 10 μM PD98059, a MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, for 2 days induced the expression of α1C subunit protein and the responsiveness to K+ depolarization. However, the serum starvation, but not PD98059, decreased the BrdU incorporation and increased the α1C subunit mRNA. It is concluded that the expression of L‐VOC is substantially suppressed in the proliferating cells due to two mechanisms; a MAP kinase‐mediated post‐transcriptional down‐regulation and the transcriptional down‐regulation by additional mitogenic signals. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 242–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Completing Latin squares: Critical sets
Authors: Horak P. , Aldred R. E. L. , Fleischner H.
Published: October 2002

It is shown that a critical set in a Latin square of order n≥8 has to have at least $\left \lfloor {4n-8}\over {3}\right\rfloor$ elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 419–432, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10028
Hepatitis E antibody profiles in serum and urine
Authors: Joshi M.S. , Walimbe A.M. , Arankalle V.A. , Chadha M.S. , Chitambar S.D.
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate anti‐HEV antibody profiles in urine specimens in comparison to corresponding serum samples to assess the utility of urine as a clinical specimen. Paired serum and urine specimens from 71 hepatitis E patients, 33 non‐E hepatitis patients, 63 patients with nonhepatic diseases, and 26 healthy individuals were tested by recombinant HEV protein (55 kD)‐based indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Uronegativity for anti‐HEV IgM was noted in 71 (100%) serologically confirmed patients with hepatitis E. Hepatitis E patients (10/10) showed urinary absence or very low levels of total IgM by capture ELISA, suggesting absence or low levels of filtration, and/or local synthesis, and/or transudation of IgM in urine during infection. When these patients were tested for total IgG and IgA, microquantities of immunoglobulins were noted in all urine samples (10/10 for each). However, the proportions of uropositivity for anti‐HEV IgG and IgA in hepatitis E patients were low and indicated only 21.42% and 49.33% concordance with seropositivity, respectively. Control groups also showed low and variable uropositivity for anti‐HEV IgG and IgA. Overall, HEV‐specific antibodies exhibited by serum in recent and past infections were not found in urine. The study demonstrated the inadequacy of urine specimens for detection of hepatitis E antibodies. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:137–142, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Employing racemic precursors in directed biosynthesis of 6‐dEB analogs
Authors: Leaf Timothy , Burlingame Mark , Desai Ruchir , Regentin Rika , Woo Elaine , Ashley Gary , Licari Peter
Published: October 2002

Substitution of racemic diketide thioesters for optically pure compounds in precursor‐fed fermentations was investigated. These substrates were shown to be as effective as optically pure materials in diketide‐fed fermentation processes for producing analogs of 6‐deoxyerythronolide B. However, since half of the racemic mixture is not utilizable for polyketide biosynthesis, higher total levels of diketide are required. Toxicity to cells was evident at high diketide concentrations. In fermenters, exhaust gas analysis was used to indicate the optimal time for diketide addition. While both enantiomers were shown to disappear from cultures at similar rates, the presence of unincorporated enantiomer had minimal effect on polyketide production within a range of feed concentrations. Use of racemic diketide thioesters was successful and dramatically reduced the cost of the fermentation process.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of an aerobic selector on copper and hexavalent chromium biosorption by activated sludge
Authors: Alkan Ufuk , Cindoruk Sıddık , Taşdemir Yücel , Colby Christopher
Published: October 2002

The influence of an aerobic selector on biosorption of Cu and Cr(VI) by activated sludge was studied. In‐vitro batch adsorption tests were performed using sludge harvested from bench‐scale activated sludge systems. Metal biosorption by activated sludge was rapid with equilibrium usually reached within an hour. Adsorption behaviour closely followed a Freundlich isotherm model. Experimental data suggested that an aerobic selector increased the biosorption of the metal ions by activated sludge, confirming observations by others in a similar study but with different heavy metals. Freundlich isotherms indicated that the biosorption capacity of activated sludge was increased by 15% for Cu and 30% for Cr(VI). Activated sludge from both systems had a greater biosorption capacity for Cu than for Cr(VI). The effects of pH and sludge concentration were also investigated. The results indicate that these parameters may influence the biosorption characteristics of activated sludge.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological alterations induced by loud noise in the myocardium: The role of benzodiazepine receptors
Authors: Gesi Marco , Fornai Francesco , Lenzi Paola , Ferrucci Michela , Soldani Paola , Ruffoli Riccardo , Paparelli Antonio
Published: October 2002

Noise represents an environmental stress factor affecting several organs and apparati, including the cardiovascular system. In experimental animals undergoing noise exposure, subcellular myocardial changes have been reported, especially at mitochondrial level; in particular, after 6 hours of exposure only the atrium exhibited significant mitochondrial alterations, whereas after 12 hours as well as subchronic exposure both atrium and ventricle were damaged. The first part of the present article overviews the experimental evidence on effects of noise on the myocardium. In the second part, the review analyzes the role of benzodiazepine receptors and the potential efficacy of benzodiazepine ligands in preventing the mitochondrial damage induced by noise exposure. Drugs acting at both central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors significantly prevent this damage. Differences in the amount and the duration of the protective effect might depend on variability in the potency and pharmacokinetics of the specific drug. The effects of the combined treatment with selective and non‐selective peripheral benzodiazepine ligands on noise stimulation are discussed at biochemical level reviewing studies on the effects of noise exposure on mitochondrial fractions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:136–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total relative displacement of vertex permutations of K
Authors: Reid K. B.
Published: October 2002

Let α denote a permutation of the n vertices of a connected graph G. Define δα(G) to be the number $\sum |d(x,y)-d(\alpha (x),\alpha(y))|$, where the sum is over all the $\left({n \atop 2} \right)$ unordered pairs of distinct vertices of G. The number δα(G) is called the total relative displacement of α (in G). So, permutation α is an automorphism of G if and only if δα(G) = 0. Let π(G) denote the smallest positive value of δα(G) among the n! permutations α of the vertices of G. A permutation α for which π(G) = δα(G) has been called a near‐automorphism of G [2]. We determine π(K) and describe permutations α of K for which π(K) = δα(K). This is done by transforming the problem into the combinatorial optimization problem of maximizing the sums of the squares of the entries in certain t by t matrices with non–negative integer entries in which the sum of the entries in the ith row and the sum of the entries in the ith column each equal to ni,1≤i≤t. We prove that for positive integers, n1≤n2≤…≤nt, where t≥2 and nt≥2,

where k0 is the smallest index for which n = n+1. As a special case, we correct the value of π(Km,n), for all m and n at least 2, given by Chartrand, Gavlas, and VanderJagt [2]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 85–100, 2002
Gas‐phase reactivity of the OP(OCH3)2+ phosphonium ion with aliphatic esters in a quadrupole ion trap. Spontaneous elimination of ketenes
Authors: Leclerc Eric , Taphanel Marie‐Hélène , Morizur Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2002

Ion–molecule reactions between the OP(OCH3)2+ phosphonium ions and five aliphatic esters (methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl 2‐methylpropionate, methyl butyrate and ethyl acetate) were performed in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The OP(OCH3)2+ phosphonium ions, formed by electron ionization from neutral trimethyl phosphite, were found to react with aliphatic esters to give an adduct ion [RR′CHCOOR″, OP(OCH3)2]+, which loses spontaneously a molecule of ketene CH2CO or substituted ketenes RR′CCO. Isotope‐labeled methyl acetate was used to elucidate fragmentation mechanisms. The potential energy surface obtained from B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) calculations for the reaction between OP(OCH3)2+ and methyl acetate is described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.