bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Does the Literature Tell Us? Reviewing Literature Reviews on Information Behavior
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Bartlett Joan C.
Published: October 2021

Many reviews on information behavior have been published to date, however little research has been done to understand these reviews. To fill this gap, this poster reviewed 96 literature reviews in this field. The preliminary analysis uncovers several characteristics of literature reviews on information behavior: (1) these reviews have discussed two transformations in the history of information behavior; (2) current literature reviews focus on specialized areas of information behavior; (3) literature reviews have highlighted different issues in information behavior research, such as the quality of information and the practical contributions of research; (4) literature reviews keep summarizing and developing theories and models of information behavior. This preliminary analysis provides an overview of 30 years of literature reviews, showing what existing literature reviews have done. It identifies trends in information behavior research and may inspire what kinds of literature reviews are needed in the future.
An Exploratory Study on Chinese Preteens' Internet Use and Parental Mediation during the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Zhang Yanqiong , Tang Jianhao , Zhang Pengyi
Published: October 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to the closure of schools around the world. When children study online, parents are concerned about the impact of increased screen time on their children's physical and mental health. This poster reports results from a qualitative study of Chinese preteens’ Internet use and parental mediation during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Through interviews with eight parents of primary school students aged from 10 to 12, we found several problems with preteens’ Internet use, posing challenges for parental mediation. Parents have adopted stricter restrictive mediation strategies to reduce the impact of Internet addiction and implemented co‐use strategies to help preteens adapt to online learning.
Research on the Index for Evaluating Academic Activeness of Researchers
Authors: Zhao Rongying , Chang Ruru , Lu Lan , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Zhaoyang
Published: October 2021

Academic conferences can promote academic exchanges among researchers. As the core of academic conferences, they inject soul into academic conferences. Here, we put forward the evaluation of researchers' academic conference active degree from the perspective of participation. This paper mainly proposes to apply the “h‐index” and the “p‐index” to the active degree evaluation of researchers, which is a particularly simple and useful method to describe the scientific output of a researcher in academic meetings. The relevant indices are extended to the participation indices, forming the p‐index of participation. Introduce the participation rate to improve the original h‐index and form the h‐index of participation. The evaluation effect of each index is analyzed from the consistency, difference and correlation between them. The results support the conclusion that the p(p)‐index can well reflect the value of researchers' lifetime contribution, and the h(p)‐index can reflect the degree of loyalty of researchers better.
Gender Disparity in Expressed Emotions within Health‐Related Online Support Groups
Authors: Zhao Yuehua , Wang Hao , Deng Sanhong , Chen Ye
Published: October 2021

Online support groups offer a new way to users to communicate with others regarding certain health issues. Taking autism‐related support groups on Facebook as an example, we examine whether the expressed emotions differ between female and male users in online health‐related support groups and whether such gender disparity varied based on the topics of the groups. Experimental results reveal a significant gender difference of expressed emotions in the groups. We find that female users tended to express more positive emotions in the group discussions than the male group members did. In addition, users appeared to express different sentiments within the groups focused on various topics. Male users tend to convey more negative emotions in the group that related to treatment, while female users were more positive when posted in the research‐related group than male users were. This study is beneficial for tracking and moderating the emotional environment in online support groups.
Effect of Magnetic and Electric Fields on the AC Resistance of a Silicon‐on‐Insulator‐Based Transistor‐Like Device
Authors: Smolyakov Dmitry , Tarasov Anton , Shanidze Lev , Bondarev Ilya , Baron Filipp , Lukyanenko Anna , Yakovlev Ivan , Volochaev Mihail , Volkov Nikita
Published: October 2021

Herein, the AC magnetoresistance (MR) in the silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI)‐based Fe/Si/SiO2/p‐Si structure is presented. The structure is used for fabricating a back‐gate field‐effect pseudo‐metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) device. The effects of the magnetic field and gate voltage on the transport characteristics of the device are investigated. Magnetoimpedance value of up to 100% is obtained due to recharging of the impurity and surface centers at the insulator/semiconductor interface. A resistance variation of up to 1000% is found, which is caused by the voltage applied to the gate and the field effect on the band structure of the sample. Combining the magnetic and electric fields, one can either change the absolute value of the AC resistance while having the MR fixed or change the sign and character of the field dependence of the MR. The observed effects can be used in the development of magnetic‐field‐driven SOI‐based devices and high‐frequency circuits.
Hidden Markov model based filtering for singular semi‐Markov jump systems
Authors: Li Siyi , Lian Jie , Gong Liang
Published: October 2021

This article investigates the hidden Markov model based filter design problem for the singular semi‐Markov jump systems (SSMJSs). The considered semi‐Markov process is a generalization of Markov process, which can eliminate the restriction on the exponential distribution of sojourn time. Besides, the hidden Markov model based filter is introduced to tackle the asynchronous phenomenons occurred between the system modes and filter modes. To ensure the stochastic stability of the SSMJSs and derive solvable filter parameters, a filter design technic is constructed. First, the direct evolution of the states between two arbitrary close time instants is constructed from the filtering error system according to slow‐fast decomposition, sufficient conditions are then proposed based on the consistent projector of the filtering error system and the constructed direct state evolution. Second, a new linear decoupling strategy is presented to deal with the coupled terms under the established stability conditions, which further derives the desired hidden Markov model based filter parameters. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Prescribed‐time stabilization ofp‐normal nonlinear systems by bounded time‐varying feedback
Authors: Zhang Kang‐Kang , Zhou Bin , Hou Mingzhe , Duan Guang‐Ren
Published: October 2021

This article studies the prescribed‐time stabilization problem ofp‐normal nonlinear systems by bounded time‐varying high‐gain feedback. A time‐varying bounded controller, which can achieve prescribed‐time stabilization, is designed via backstepping. Because of the usage of time‐varying high‐gain functions which grow unbounded as the time tends to the prescribed time, the usual separation technique is invalid. To solve this problem, a novel design scheme is proposed. It is shown that all of the closed‐loop trajectories convergence to the origin in prescribed time. Finally, a numerical example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Decentralized adaptive tracking control for nonlinear large‐scale systems with unknown control directions
Authors: Wang Ping , Yu Chengpu , Sun Jian
Published: October 2021

This article investigates decentralized adaptive tracking problems for nonlinear large‐scale systems with strong interconnections, unknown control directions and actuator faults. In the presence of measurable system states, a decentralized state feedback control algorithm with a certain inherent fault tolerance capabilities is developed using the dynamic surface control and adaptive techniques. Particularly, a special Nussbaum gain is introduced in the control laws to compensate unknown control directions and unknown bounds of actuator efficiency factor. Using the graph theory and Lyapunov analysis method, it is proved that the designed fault‐tolerant state feedback controller can drive the tracking error for each subsystem to a small neighborhood of the origin while keeping the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness for all other closed‐loop signals. When the system states are unmeasurable, an output feedback fault‐tolerant control framework is also formed by introducing a newK‐filters with adjustable parameters and constructing appropriate coordinate transformations. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed fault‐tolerant control algorithms is verified by simulating two system models.
Colorings, transversals, and local sparsity
Authors: Kang Ross J. , Kelly Tom
Published: October 2021

Motivated both by recently introduced forms of list coloring and by earlier work on independent transversals subject to a local sparsity condition, we use the semi‐random method to prove the following result. For any function satisfying as , there is a function satisfying as such that the following holds. For any graph H and any partition of its vertices into parts of size at least such that (a) for each part the average over its vertices of degree to other parts is at most d, and (b) the maximum degree from a vertex to some other part is at most , there is guaranteed to be a transversal of the parts that forms an independent set of H. This is a common strengthening of two results of Loh and Sudakov (2007) and Molloy and Thron (2012), each of which in turn implies an earlier result of Reed and Sudakov (2002).
Achieving ultra‐low friction of a‐C:H film grown on 9Cr18Mo steel for industrial application via programmable high power pulse magnetron sputtering
Authors: Sun Lei , Jia Qian , Zhang Bin , Gao Kaixiong , Tan Xin , Lai Zhenguo , Zhang Junyan
Published: October 2021

Owing to the high hardness and hydrogen passivation of carbon bonds, hydrogenated diamond‐like carbon (a‐C:H) film has shown promising potential to achieve ultra‐low friction and wear on steel surfaces. Here, a‐C:H film was successfully deposited on 9Cr18Mo steel via programmable high power pulse magnetron sputtering and potential application for industrial was evaluated. The a‐C:H films against different mating materials of GCr15 steel balls, Al2O3, Si3N4, ZrO2, and a‐C:H‐coated GCr15 balls all showed ultra‐low friction under a normal load of 5 N in a dry ambient air environment. Among them, self‐mating tribo‐system a‐C:H films on steel surfaces and a‐C:H‐coated steel balls achieve best friction performance; the principal reason is that both contacting surfaces coated with a‐C:H film have the lower electron affinities compared with other tribo‐systems. However, the differences of coefficient of friction (COF) for uncoated‐GCr15, Al2O3, ZrO2, Si3N4, and a‐C:H(GCr15) balls can be attributed to different sizes of clustering in wear debris. This work provides new insights on synthesis and industry application of the a‐C:H films with ultra‐low friction properties.
Probing Atomic‐Scale Fracture of Grain Boundaries in Low‐symmetry 2D Materials
Authors: Zhang Hui , Yu Yue , Dai Xinyue , Yu Jinshan , Xu Hua , Wang Shanshan , Ding Feng , Zhang Jin
Published: October 2021

Grain boundaries (GBs) play a central role in the fracture of polycrystals. However, the complexity of GBs and the difficulty in monitoring the atomic structure evolution during fracture greatly limit the understanding of the GB mechanics. Here, in situ aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations are combined to investigate the fracture mechanics in low‐symmetry, polycrystalline, 2D rhenium disulfide (ReS2), unveiling the distinctive crack behaviors at different GBs with atomic resolution. Brittle intergranular fracture prefers to rip through the GBs that are parallel to the Re chains of at least one side of the GBs. In contrast, those GBs, which do not align with Re chains on either side of the GBs, are highly resistant to fracture, impeding or deflecting the crack propagation. These results disclose the GB type‐dependent mechanical failure of anisotropic 2D polycrystals, providing new ideas for material reinforcement and controllable cutting via GB engineering.
Arrested Coalescence of Ionic Liquid Droplets: A Facile Strategy for Spatially Organized Multicompartment Assemblies
Authors: Feng Kai , Gao Ning , Li Wenyun , Dong Hao , Sun Fuwei , He Guokang , Zhou Kang , Zhao Hongwei , Li Guangtao
Published: October 2021

Multicompartment assemblies attract much attention for their wide applications. However, the fabrication of multicompartment assemblies usually requires elaborately designed building blocks and careful controlling. The emergence of droplet networks has provided a facile way to construct multiple droplet architectures, which can further be converted to multicompartment assemblies. Herein, the bind motif‐free building blocks are presented, which consist of the hydrophobic Tf2N−‐based ionic liquid (IL) dissolving LiTf2N salt, that can conjugate via arrested coalescence in confined‐space templates to form IL droplet networks. Subsequent ultraviolent polymerization generates robust free‐standing multicompartment assemblies. The conjugation of building blocks relies not on the peripheral bind motif but on the interfacial instability‐induced arrested coalescence, avoiding tedious surface modification and assembly process. By tuning structures of templates and building blocks, multicompartment assemblies with 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D structures are prepared in a facile and high‐throughput way. Importantly, the bottom‐up construction enables modular control over the compositions and spatial positions of individual building blocks. Combining with the excellent solvency of ILs, this system can serve as a general platform towards versatile multicompartment architectures. As demonstrations, by tailoring the chambers the multicompartment assemblies can spatiotemporally sense and report the chemical cues and perform various modes of motion.
Frustrated Lewis Pairs Constructed on 2D Amorphous Carbon Nitride for High‐Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CH4
Authors: Du Lina , Gao Bo , Tian Qingyong , Zheng Xiaoli , Liu Wei , Chang Hongwei , Yan Pengfei , Xu Qun
Published: October 2021

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into high value‐added fuels paves a new avenue for alleviating the energy crisis and green‐house effect, yet it is still challenging to achieve a highly active photocatalyst with high selectivity. Herein, for the first time, a facile structural engineering strategy is developed to construct tunable frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) on 2D amorphous graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) via the introduction of boric acid with the assistance of supercritical CO2, wherein the FLPs are composed of B(OH)2 groups (Lewis acid sites) and adjacent NHx (Lewis base sites). Ideally, the synergetic effects of the FLPs on the 2D amorphous C3N4 can help to efficiently adsorb, activate, and reduce CO2 to CH4 with enhanced selectivity of ≈96.0%.
Heterostructures Built through Site‐Selective Deposition on Anisotropic Plasmonic Metal Nanocrystals and Their Applications
Authors: Yang Xueqing Q. , Lu Yao , Liu Yi , Wang Jing , Shao Lei , Wang Jianfang F.
Published: October 2021

Plasmonic heterostructures composed of plasmonic metal nanocrystals (NCs) and semiconductors or metals have been attracting extensive attention due to their extraordinary properties and potential applications. Site‐selective deposition of semiconductors or metals on anisotropic plasmonic metal NCs delivers more advantages than the core@shell nanostructure counterparts. The obtained heterostructures are generally called anisotropic plasmonic heterostructures. They have been used in many research fields, including optoelectronics, biotechnologies, catalysis, and light harvesting. Herein, recent advancements on anisotropic plasmonic heterostructures are comprehensively summarized. The unique plasmonic properties of anisotropic metal NCs and various types of deposited materials are reviewed. The preparation strategies and applications of anisotropic plasmonic heterostructures with partially deposited functional materials are then thoroughly described. Site‐selective overgrowth of a semiconductor or metal component on plasmonic metal NCs can be achieved through galvanic replacement, capping agent‐directed synthesis, surface‐protected growth, and so on. According to their excellent properties, anisotropic plasmonic heterostructures enable applications in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopies, plasmon‐enhanced fluorescence, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, as well as photothermal conversion and therapy. A detailed overview of future research perspectives toward the exploration of new properties and new applications of anisotropic plasmonic heterostructures, turning these distinctive nanomaterials into practically useful technologies, is provided.
Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Selective Oxidation of Small Organic Molecule as Anodic Reaction to Boost CO2 Electrolysis
Authors: Tian Jianjun , Cao Changsheng , Ma Dong-Dong , Han Shu-Guo , He Yingchun , Wu Xin-Tao , Zhu Qi-Long
Published: October 2021

Replacing anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with the oxidation of small organic molecules in CO2 electrolysis is an ingenious strategy to reduce the energy consumption while produce valuable anodic products instead of low‐value O2. Herein, an advanced CO2 electrolysis system constructed by replacing OER with selective methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is reported as a proof‐of‐concept, which achieves the yielding of value‐added products in both cathode and anode. Notably, the MOR over a self‐supported NiCo‐based metal–organic framework‐derived anode (NiCo‐NF‐ET) only needs 1.291 V to reach a high current density of 100 mA cm−2, which is about 346 mV lower than that of OER. Simultaneously, formate can also be produced with the Faradaic efficiencies approaching to 100%. Consequently, in comparison with the conventional CO2 electrolysis system, integrating cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with anodic MOR can lead to the reduction of about 880 mV to deliver the current density of 30 mA cm−2, while without compromising the selectivity of the products in both electrodes. Herein, the great potential to increase the economic benefits of CO2 electrolysis via the rational design of nonprecious electrocatalysts and participated anodic oxidation reactions is shown.
Experimental investigation on reinforced concrete beams subjected to axial compressive and shear forces
Authors: Wahbi Amal , Pham Duc Toan , Hassen Ghazi , Garnier Denis , de Buhan Patrick
Published: October 2021

This paper presents two experimental campaigns carried out on 36 reinforced concrete (RC) beams (with and without shear reinforcement) subjected to a three‐point bending loading with a shear force on the one hand, an axial compressive load and a negative bending moment applied at each end of the beams on the other hand. Such a loading configuration makes it possible to investigate the influence of both axial compression and negative bending moment on the shear capacity of RC beams. For each campaign, three values of axial compressive force were studied, and the test beams were divided into two series with low and high negative bending moment. During the tests, Digital Image Correlation technique was used to capture the cracking evolution of the specimens. Besides, the experimental shear strengths of the beams are confronted to the predictions of Eurocode 2 in order to assess its practical validity. Finally, a semi‐analytical method proposed by Wahbi et al. 2021 (A failure criterion for RC beams subjected to axial and transverse loadings) for evaluating the resistance domain of RC elements subjected to transverse and axial loads, is extended in this paper to take into account the negative bending moment and compared to the experimental results.
Genetic basis for lentil adaptation to summer cropping in northern temperate environments
Authors: Haile Teketel A. , Stonehouse Robert , Weller James L. , Bett Kirstin E.
Published: October 2021

The continued success of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genetic improvement relies on the availability of broad genetic diversity, and new alleles need to be identified and incorporated into the cultivated gene pool. Availability of robust and predictive markers greatly enhances the precise transfer of genomic regions from unadapted germplasm. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for key phenological traits in lentil were located using a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) population derived from a cross between an Ethiopian landrace (ILL 1704) and a northern temperate cultivar (CDC Robin). Field experiments were conducted at Sutherland research farm in Saskatoon and at Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada during 2018 and 2019. A linkage map was constructed using 21,634 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on seven linkage groups (LGs), which correspond to the seven haploid chromosomes of lentil. Eight QTL were identified for six phenological traits. Flowering‐related QTL were identified at two regions on LG6. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes were annotated within the flowering time QTL interval based on the lentil reference genome. Similarly, a major QTL for postflowering developmental processes was located on LG5 with several senescence‐associated genes annotated within the QTL interval. The flowering time QTL was validated in a different genetic background indicating the potential use of the identified markers for marker‐assisted selection to precisely transfer genomic regions from exotic germplasm into elite crop cultivars without disrupting adaptation.
The use of telmisartan in combination therapy in the management of nephrotic syndrome due to non‐immune‐mediated glomerulonephropathy in a young cat
Authors: Casado Bregón David , Cianciolo Rachel E. , Smith Victoria A.
Published: October 2021

An 8‐month‐old male castrated domestic shorthair was referred with anorexia, polydipsia, lethargy and diarrhoea, which progressed to marked subcutaneous oedema. The cat had hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, proteinuria and oedema; clinicopathological findings consistent with severe protein‐losing nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome. Histopathology of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous renal biopsies identified marked podocyte injury with associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a condition rarely reported in cats. The cat fully recovered following medical management with prednisolone and telmisartan, with the resolution of proteinuria.
New fractional model for 2 dimensional half space problem with in the theory of generalized thermoelastic diffusion
Authors: Hussein Eman M.
Published: October 2021

In this manuscript, the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory is modified by using fractional derivatives. The revised equation is employed to study a two‐dimensional problem of the axisymmetric temperature distribution during a half space with a permeating substance in touch with the bounding plane. The surface of the half space is taken into account to be traction‐free and subject to an axisymmetric temperature distribution. Laplace and Hankel transformation techniques are used. The analytical solution within the transform domain is obtained by an immediate method. By employing a numerical method supported the Fourier expansion technique, the inverse of the double transforms is often obtained. Numerical results for the temperature, displacement, stress, concentration, and chemical potential are administered and represented graphically. The figures show some comparisons to estimate the impact of fractional parameter on all research areas.
Kappa but not delta or mu opioid receptors form homodimers at low membrane densities
Authors: Cechova Kristina , Lan Chenyang , Macik Matus , Barthes Nicolas P. F. , Jung Manfred , Ulbrich Maximilian H.
Published: October 2021

Opioid receptors (ORs) have been observed as homo- and heterodimers, but it is unclear if the dimers are stable under physiological conditions, and whether monomers or dimers comprise the predominant fraction in a cell. Here, we use three live-cell imaging approaches to assess dimerization of ORs at expression levels that are 10–100 × smaller than in classical biochemical assays. At membrane densities around 25/µm2, a split-GFP assay reveals that κOR dimerizes, while µOR and δOR stay monomeric. At receptor densities < 5/µm2, single-molecule imaging showed no κOR dimers, supporting the concept that dimer formation depends on receptor membrane density. To directly observe the transition from monomers to dimers, we used a single-molecule assay to assess membrane protein interactions at densities up to 100 × higher than conventional single-molecule imaging. We observe that κOR is monomeric at densities < 10/µm2 and forms dimers at densities that are considered physiological. In contrast, µOR and δOR stay monomeric even at the highest densities covered by our approach. The observation of long-lasting co-localization of red and green κOR spots suggests that it is a specific effect based on OR dimerization and not an artefact of coincidental encounters.
SYL3-k increases style length and yield of F1 seeds via enhancement of endogenous GA4 content in Oryza sativa L. pistils
Authors: Dang Xiaojing , Zhang Yuanqing , Li Yulong , Chen Siqi , Liu Erbao , Fang Bingjie , Liu Qiangming , She Dong , Dong Zhiyao , Fan Zhilan , Li Dalu , Wang Hui , Zhu Shangshang , Hu Xiaoxiao , Li Yanhui , Jiang Jianhua , Hong Delin
Published: October 2021

Key message

SYL3-k allele increases the outcrossing rate of male sterile line and the yield of hybrid F1 seeds via enhancement of endogenous GA4 content in Oryza sativa L. pistils. The change in style length might be an adaptation of rice cultivation from south to north in the northern hemisphere.

The style length (SYL) in rice is one of the major factors influencing the stigma exertion, which affects the outcross rate of male sterile line and the yield of hybrid F1 seeds. However, the biological mechanisms underlying SYL elongation remain elusive. Here, we report a map-based cloning and characterisation of the allele qSYL3-k. The qSYL3-k allele encodes a MADS-box family transcription factor, and it is expressed in various rice organs. The qSYL3-k allele increases SYL via the elongation of cell length in the style, which is associated with a higher GA4 content in the pistil. The expression level of OsGA3ox2 in pistils with qSYL3-k alleles is significantly higher than that in pistils with qSYL3-n allele on the same genome background of Nipponbare. The yield of F1 seeds harvested from plants with 7001SSYL3−k alleles was 16% higher than that from plants with 7001SSYL3−n allele. The sequence data at the qSYL3 locus in 136 accessions showed that alleles containing the haplotypes qSYL3AA, qSYL3AG, and qSYL3GA increased SYL, whereas those containing the haplotype qSYL3GG decreased it. The frequency of the haplotype qSYL3GG increases gradually from the south to north in the northern hemisphere. These findings will facilitate improvement in SYL and yield of F1 seeds henceforward.
Solutions to the Hull–Strominger System with Torus Symmetry
Authors: Fino Anna , Grantcharov Gueo , Vezzoni Luigi
Published: October 2021

We construct new smooth solutions to the Hull–Strominger system, showing that the Fu–Yau solution on torus bundles over K3 surfaces can be generalized to torus bundles over K3 orbifolds. In particular, we prove that, for $$13 \le k \le 22$$

13
≤
k
≤
22

and $$14\le r\le 22$$

14
≤
r
≤
22

, the smooth manifolds $$S^1\times \sharp _k(S^2\times S^3)$$

S
1

×

♯
k

(

S
2

×

S
3

)

and $$\sharp _r (S^2 \times S^4) \sharp _{r+1} (S^3 \times S^3)$$

♯
r

(

S
2

×

S
4

)

♯

r
+
1

(

S
3

×

S
3

)

, have a complex structure with trivial canonical bundle and admit a solution to the Hull–Strominger system.
Hotter droughts alter resource allocation to chemical defenses in piñon pine
Authors: Trowbridge Amy M. , Adams Henry D. , Collins Adam , Dickman Lee Turin , Grossiord Charlotte , Hofland Megan , Malone Shealyn , Weaver David K. , Sevanto Sanna , Stoy Paul C. , McDowell Nate G.
Published: October 2021

Heat and drought affect plant chemical defenses and thereby plant susceptibility to pests and pathogens. Monoterpenes are of particular importance for conifers as they play critical roles in defense against bark beetles. To date, work seeking to understand the impacts of heat and drought on monoterpenes has primarily focused on young potted seedlings, leaving it unclear how older age classes that are more vulnerable to bark beetles might respond to stress. Furthermore, we lack a clear picture of what carbon resources might be prioritized to support monoterpene synthesis under drought stress. To address this, we measured needle and woody tissue monoterpene concentrations and physiological variables simultaneously from mature piñon pines (Pinus edulis) from a unique temperature and drought manipulation field experiment. While heat had no effect on total monoterpene concentrations, trees under combined heat and drought stress exhibited ~ 85% and 35% increases in needle and woody tissue, respectively, over multiple years. Plant physiological variables like maximum photosynthesis each explained less than 10% of the variation in total monoterpenes for both tissue types while starch and glucose + fructose measured 1-month prior explained ~ 45% and 60% of the variation in woody tissue total monoterpene concentrations. Although total monoterpenes increased under combined stress, some key monoterpenes with known roles in bark beetle ecology decreased. These shifts may make trees more favorable for bark beetle attack rather than well defended, which one might conclude if only considering total monoterpene concentrations. Our results point to cumulative and synergistic effects of heat and drought that may reprioritize carbon allocation of specific non-structural carbohydrates toward defense.
Do different growth rates of trees cause distinct habitat qualities for saproxylic assemblages?
Authors: Runnel Kadri , Stephan Jörg G. , Jonsell Mats , Kutser Kadi , Lõhmus Asko , Strengbom Joachim , Tamm Heidi , Ranius Thomas
Published: October 2021

In production forests, a common silvicultural objective is enhancing tree growth rates. The growth rate influences both mechanical and biochemical properties of wood, which may have an impact on dead wood inhabiting (i.e. saproxylic) species. In this study, we tested for the first time whether tree growth rates affect dead-wood associated assemblages in general and the occurrence of red-listed species in particular. We sampled saproxylic beetles (eclector traps) and fungi (DNA metabarcoding of wood samples) in dead trunks of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which had different growth rates within the same hemiboreal forests in Sweden. A high proportion of fungi showed a positive association to increasing tree growth. This resulted in higher fungal richness in fast-grown trees both at the trunk scale and across multiple studied trunks. Such patterns were not observed for saproxylic beetles. However, a set of species (both beetles and fungi) preferred slow-grown wood. Moreover, the total number of red-listed species was highest in slow-grown trunks. We conclude that dead wood from slow-grown trees hosts relatively fewer saproxylic species, but a part of these may be vulnerable to production forestry. It implies that slow-grown trees should be a target in nature conservation. However, where slow-grown trees are absent, for instance in forests managed for a high biomass production, increasing the volumes of dead wood from fast-grown trees may support many species.
Comparative activity of newer β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients hospitalized with pneumonia in European medical centers in 2020
Authors: Sader Helio S. , Carvalhaes Cecilia G. , Shortridge Dee , Castanheira Mariana
Published: October 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were consecutively collected from patients with pneumonia in 29 medical centers in 2020 and susceptibility tested by broth microdilution method. Ceftazidime-avibactam (95.5% susceptible), imipenem-relebactam (94.3% susceptible), and ceftolozane-tazobactam (93.3% susceptible) were the most active compounds after colistin (99.5% susceptible). Susceptibility rates for the β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BL/BLIs) varied against isolates resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, imipenem, and/or ceftazidime. Ceftazidime-avibactam was the most active BL/BLI against resistant subsets from Western Europe, whereas imipenem-relebactam was slightly more active than other BL/BLIs against resistant subsets from Eastern Europe. Susceptibility rates were markedly lower in Eastern Europe than Western Europe.
ModelSet: a dataset for machine learning in model-driven engineering
Authors: López José Antonio Hernández , Cánovas Izquierdo Javier Luis , Cuadrado Jesús Sánchez
Published: October 2021

The application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to address problems related to model-driven engineering (MDE) is currently hindered by the lack of curated datasets of software models. There are several reasons for this, including the lack of large collections of good quality models, the difficulty to label models due to the required domain expertise, and the relative immaturity of the application of ML to MDE. In this work, we presentModelSet, a labelled dataset of software models intended to enable the application of ML to address software modelling problems. To create it we have devised a method designed to facilitate the exploration and labelling of model datasets by interactively grouping similar models using off-the-shelf technologies like a search engine. We have built an Eclipse plug-in to support the labelling process, which we have used to label 5,466 Ecore meta-models and 5,120 UML models with its category as the main label plus additional secondary labels of interest. We have evaluated the ability of our labelling method to create meaningful groups of models in order to speed up the process, improving the effectiveness of classical clustering methods. We showcase the usefulness of the dataset by applying it in a real scenario: enhancing the MAR search engine. We useModelSetto train models able to infer useful metadata to navigate search results. The dataset and the tooling are available athttps://figshare.com/s/5a6c02fa8ed20782935cand a live version athttp://modelset.github.io.
Matrix sketching for supervised classification with imbalanced classes
Authors: Falcone Roberta , Anderlucci Laura , Montanari Angela
Published: October 2021

The presence of imbalanced classes is more and more common in practical applications and it is known to heavily compromise the learning process. In this paper we propose a new method aimed at addressing this issue in binary supervised classification. Re-balancing the class sizes has turned out to be a fruitful strategy to overcome this problem. Our proposal performs re-balancing through matrix sketching. Matrix sketching is a recently developed data compression technique that is characterized by the property of preserving most of the linear information that is present in the data. Such property is guaranteed by the Johnson-Lindenstrauss’ Lemma (1984) and allows to embed an n-dimensional space into a reduced one without distorting, within an $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-size interval, the distances between any pair of points. We propose to use matrix sketching as an alternative to the standard re-balancing strategies that are based on random under-sampling the majority class or random over-sampling the minority one. We assess the properties of our method when combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), classification trees (C4.5) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) on simulated and real data. Results show that sketching can represent a sound alternative to the most widely used rebalancing methods.
Cadophora luteo-olivacea isolated from apple (Malus domestica) fruit with post-harvest side rot symptoms in northern Italy
Authors: Amaral Carneiro Greice , Walcher Magdalena , Baric Sanja
Published: October 2021

Recently, Cadophoraluteo-olivacea has been reported as a post-harvest pathogen of side rot of apple (Malusdomestica) in Latvia, and of pear (Pyruscommunis) in Italy and the Netherlands. In 2018 and 2019, in South Tyrol (northern Italy) 11 fungal cultures, identified as C.luteo-olivacea based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer region) sequence data, were obtained from apple fruit displaying post-harvest side rot symptoms. The fruit were sampled in packinghouses representing different apple growing areas of South Tyrol. For a more accurate taxonomic assignment, two additional molecular genetic loci, β-tubulin (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α), of seven isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on multi-locus DNA sequence data confirmed that isolates from apple fruit with side rot symptoms indeed represented C.luteo-olivacea. A pathogenicity test performed on apple fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ confirmed the virulence of a representative isolate. So far, C.luteo-olivacea represents a minor post-harvest pathogen of apple but considering the losses that this fungus can cause to other crops, the awareness about this potential apple disease should be raised.
Uncertainty Assessment for Very High Temperature Thermal Diffusivity Measurements on Molybdenum, Tungsten and Isotropic Graphite
Authors: Hay Bruno , Beaumont Olivier , Failleau Guillaume , Fleurence Nolwenn , Grelard Marc , Razouk Refat , Davée Guillaume , Hameury Jacques
Published: October 2021

The French National Metrology Institute LNE has improved its homemade laser flash apparatus in order to perform accurate and reliable measurements of thermal diffusivity of homogeneous solid materials at very high temperature. The inductive furnace and the associated infrared (IR) detection systems have been modified and a specific procedure for the in situ calibration of the used radiation thermometers has been developed. This new configuration of the LNE’s diffusivimeter has been then applied for measuring the thermal diffusivity of molybdenum up to 2200 °C, tungsten up to 2400 °C and isotropic graphite up to 3000 °C. Uncertainties associated with these high temperature thermal diffusivity measurements have been assessed for the first time according to the principles of the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM). Detailed uncertainty budgets are here presented in the case of the isotropic graphite for measurements performed at 1000 °C, 2000 °C and 3000 °C. The relative expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) of the thermal diffusivity measurement is estimated to be between 3 % and 5 % in the whole temperature range for the three investigated refractory materials.
Projection-Based Local and Global Lipschitz Moduli of the Optimal Value in Linear Programming
Authors: Cánovas M. J. , Gisbert M. J. , Klatte D. , Parra J.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we use a geometrical approach to sharpen a lower bound given in [5] for the Lipschitz modulus of the optimal value of (finite) linear programs under tilt perturbations of the objective function. The key geometrical idea comes from orthogonally projecting general balls on linear subspaces. Our new lower bound provides a computable expression for the exact modulus (as far as it only depends on the nominal data) in two important cases: when the feasible set has extreme points and when we deal with the Euclidean norm. In these two cases, we are able to compute or estimate the global Lipschitz modulus of the optimal value function in different perturbations frameworks.
Evaluation of Digital Drawing Tests and Paper-and-Pencil Drawing Tests for the Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Studies
Authors: Chan Joyce Y. C. , Bat Baker K. K. , Wong Adrian , Chan Tak Kit , Huo Zhaohua , Yip Benjamin H. K. , Kowk Timothy C. Y. , Tsoi Kelvin K. F.
Published: October 2021

Digital drawing tests have been proposed for cognitive screening over the past decade. However, the diagnostic performance is still to clarify. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance among different types of digital and paper-and-pencil drawing tests in the screening of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Diagnostic studies evaluating digital or paper-and-pencil drawing tests for the screening of MCI or dementia were identified from OVID databases, included Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Studies evaluated any type of drawing tests for the screening of MCI or dementia and compared with healthy controls. This study was performed according to PRISMA and the guidelines proposed by the Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. A bivariate random-effects model was used to compare the diagnostic performance of these drawing tests and presented with a summary receiver-operating characteristic curve. The primary outcome was the diagnostic performance of clock drawing test (CDT). Other types of drawing tests were the secondary outcomes. A total of 90 studies with 22,567 participants were included. In the screening of MCI, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the digital CDT was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.75 to 0.92) and 0.92 (95% CI = 0.69 to 0.98), respectively. For the paper-and-pencil CDT, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of brief scoring method was 0.63 (95% CI = 0.49 to 0.75) and 0.77 (95% CI = 0.68 to 0.84), and detailed scoring method was 0.63 (95% CI = 0.56 to 0.71) and 0.72 (95% CI = 0.65 to 0.78). In the screening of dementia, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the digital CDT was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.72 to 0.90) and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.79 to 0.92). The performances of the digital and paper-and-pencil pentagon drawing tests were comparable in the screening of dementia. The digital CDT demonstrated better diagnostic performance than paper-and-pencil CDT for MCI. Other types of digital drawing tests showed comparable performance with paper-and-pencil formats. Therefore, digital drawing tests can be used as an alternative tool for the screening of MCI and dementia.
Shared action: An existential phenomenological account
Authors: Knudsen Nicolai
Published: October 2021

Drawing on recent phenomenological discussions of collective intentionality and existential phenomenological accounts of agency, this article proposes a novel interpretation of shared action. First, I argue that we should understand action on the basis of how an environment pre-reflectively solicits agents to behave based on (a) the affordances or goals inflected by their abilities and dispositions and (b) their self-referential commitment to a project that is furthered by these affordances. Second, I show that this definition of action is sufficiently flexible to account for not only individual action (in which both (a) and (b) refer only to an individual) but also several distinct subtypes of shared action. My thesis is that behaviour counts as shared action if and only if it is caused by a solicitation in which either (a) the goals, or (b) the commitments, or both (a) goals and (b) commitments are joint, i.e., depend on several individuals. We thereby get three distinct subtypes of shared actions: (i) jointly coordinated individually committed action, (ii) individually coordinated jointly committed action, and (iii) jointly coordinated jointly committed action.
Decision-making in international organizations: institutional design and performance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Squatrito Theresa , Tallberg Jonas , Lundgren Magnus
Published: October 2021

International organizations (IOs) experience significant variation in their decision-making performance, or the extent to which they produce policy output. While some IOs are efficient decision-making machineries, others are plagued by deadlock. How can such variation be explained? Examining this question, the article makes three central contributions. First, we approach performance by looking at IO decision-making in terms of policy output and introduce an original measure of decision-making performance that captures annual growth rates in IO output. Second, we offer a novel theoretical explanation for decision-making performance. This account highlights the role of institutional design, pointing to how majoritarian decision rules, delegation of authority to supranational institutions, and access for transnational actors (TNAs) interact to affect decision-making. Third, we offer the first comparative assessment of the decision-making performance of IOs. While previous literature addresses single IOs, we explore decision-making across a broad spectrum of 30 IOs from 1980 to 2011. Our analysis indicates that IO decision-making performance varies across and within IOs. We find broad support for our theoretical account, showing the combined effect of institutional design features in shaping decision-making performance. Notably, TNA access has a positive effect on decision-making performance when pooling is greater, and delegation has a positive effect when TNA access is higher. We also find that pooling has an independent, positive effect on decision-making performance. All-in-all, these findings suggest that the institutional design of IOs matters for their decision-making performance, primarily in more complex ways than expected in earlier research.
On the discovery and enactment of positive socio-ecological tipping points: insights from energy systems interventions in Bangladesh and Indonesia
Authors: Tàbara J. David , Lieu Jenny , Zaman Rafia , Ismail Cynthia , Takama Takeshi
Published: October 2021

Notions, such as leverage points, sensitive interventions, social tipping points, transformational tipping points, and positive tipping points, are increasingly attracting attention within sustainability science. However, they are also creating confusion and unresolved questions about how to apply these concepts when dealing with urgent global challenges such as rapid decarbonisation. We propose a relational methodology aimed at helping how to identify and support the emergence of positive ‘Social-Ecological Tipping Points’ (SETPs) that could bring about sustainability transformations. Our approach emphasises the need to pay attention to processes of social construction and to time dynamics. In particular, in a given social-ecological system, three key moments need to be considered: (1) The building of transformative conditions and capacities for systemic change, (2) A tipping event or intervention shifting the system towards a different trajectory or systems’ configuration, and (3) the structural effects derived from such transformation. Furthermore, we argue that the discovery and enactment of positive SETPs require considering multiple ontological, epistemological, and normative questions that affect how researchers and change agents define, approach, and assess their systems of reference. Our insights are derived from examining the implementation of household renewable energy systems at regional level in two rural areas of Indonesia and Bangladesh.