bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVE EXERCISE BASED TRAINING INTERVENTIONS TARGETING INJURY PREVENTION IN TEAM-BASED SPORTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: O'Malley E , Murphy J , Gissane C , McCarthy-Persson U , Blake C
Published: March 2014

Background

Exercise-based training is proposed to aid injury prevention through enhanced neuromuscular-control and muscle strength.

Objective

To assess the effects of exercise-based interventions on injury incidence in team sports.

Design

Systematic review.

Setting

5 electronic databases were searched (12/01/13) returning 275 unique articles.

Participants

23 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving 21,479 participants were included.

Interventions

Multifaceted exercise programmes were tested against controls (normal practice) in 12 studies, 7 studies used a balance board, 3 studies targeted hamstring strength and 1 study examined eccentric training of the Achilles and patellar tendons.

Main outcome measurements

RCTs reporting overall or lower-limb injury incidence were included. Methodological quality of each trial was assessed using a tool developed by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma group (Goldman and Jones 2010). Meta-analysis was performed on homogenous studies using RevMan 5.1 software. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method in a random effects model.

Results

Pooled-analysis of multifaceted exercise programmes demonstrated a reduction in overall (RR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44–0.96, P=.03), knee (RR=0.79, 95% CI=0.63–0.99, P=.04), ACL (RR=0.51, 95% CI=0.28–0.93, P=.03) and ankle injury risk (RR=0.72, 95% CI=0.58–0.90, P=.003). Balance board interventions were shown to reduce hamstring (RR=0.22, 95% CI=0.05–1.02, P=.05) and ankle injury (RR=0.64, 95% CI=0.49–0.83, P=.001). Hamstring muscle training had no significant effect (RR=0.46, 95% CI=0.19–1.11, P=.09). Eccentric training of the Achilles and patellar tendons demonstrated an increased injury risk (RR=2.5, 95% CI=1.35- 4.61, P=.003).

Conclusions

Exercise-based interventions can reduce injury risk in team sports. Strategies are required to translate this evidence into practice.
LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES AMONG NIGERIAN MALE YOUTH FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Owoeye OBA , Akinbo SRA , Olawale OA , Tella BA
Published: March 2014

Background

Football (soccer) is the leading sport for participation among Nigerian youths. Studies on youth football injuries and their risk factors in Nigeria are lacking.

Objective

To assess the risk and pattern of lower extremity (LE) injuries in Nigerian male youth football players.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Sub-elite youth football.

Participants

The study involved 706 players (aged 17.67±1.11 years [14–19 years]) from 36 teams in the Premier League and League I of a Nigerian youth football league.

Interventions:

A structured questionnaire based on the FIFA Medical and Research Centre consensus for studies relating to football injuries was administered to players at a pre-season screening programme.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Information collected from the players included occurrence of time-loss LE injuries in the past 1 year, injury type, location, severity and exposure type. Furthermore, descriptive data on potential risk factors such as age, level and position of play, leg dominance and total number of matches played were documented.

Results

A total of 227 players sustained 307 time-loss LE injuries (range, 1–6 injuries) with an overall 1-year prevalence rate of 32.5%; equivalent to 1.4 injuries per player per year. There was no significant difference in injury prevalence between the Premier League and Division I players (P=.659). Injuries sustained were mostly located on the ankle (45.6%) and the knee joints (27.8%). Moderate injuries (48.5%) were mostly reported and more injuries were sustained during matches than training (P<.001). Exposure to high frequency of matches (>50 matches per year) (OR=2.49, P=.002) was significantly associated with injury occurrence.

Conclusions

There is a high risk of moderate and severe LE injuries among Nigerian male youth footballers, however, pattern of injuries are mostly consistent with literatures on football injuries. This study suggests the need for injury prevention and rehabilitation interventions for players.
SPORTS AND EXERCISE SAFETY IN FINLAND – LIVE: AN IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM TO SPORT CLUBS AND SCHOOLS
Authors: Parkkari J , Jussila AM , Oksanen R , Pasanen K , Kannus P
Published: March 2014

Background

Number of sports injuries has increased in Finland during the past decades. Today sports injuries are the most common injury type. Especially children and youth are at high risk.

Objective

The purpose of the LiVE program is to increase safety of sports and exercise in a nationwide setting.

Methods

Sports specific injury incidence, risk factors and mechanisms were studied. Two prevention RCT's have been carried out, one among female athletes (Pasanenet al.BMJ2008) and another among army recruits (Parkkariet al.BMC Medicine2011), and finally a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in September 2013 on all randomised controlled intervention trials aiming at the prevention of sports injuries (Leppänenet al.submitted). The effectiveness of following interventions was studied: insoles, external joint supports, training programmes, stretching, protective head equipment, modified shoes, and injury prevention videos.

Results

Implementation of the findings of the above noted studies is now conducted in two nationwide projects; Healthy Athlete (2006-) and Safety in Schools (2010-). The primary target groups are young athletes, their coaches and parents, elementary school pupils and their teachers. Programs main communication channels are websites: www.terveurheilija.fi and www.tervekoululainen.fi. So far, the prevention program has educated over 80 tutors who work in different organisations (e.g. Finnish Ice Hockey Association and Finnish Gymnastic Federation), built up sport safety networks, introduced itself to projects target groups in numerous events, and organized several seminars to improve safety in sports. LiVE websites have attracted 6000-9000 visitors per month each. RE-AIM analyses will be presented during the conference.

Conclusions

Successful development and implementation of preventive strategies against sports injuries are likely to result in reduction in the absolute number of health problems in sports, decrease in training, work and school absenteeism, and reduction in medical costs.
LOW BACK PAIN IN YOUNG TEAM SPORT PLAYERS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Pasanen K , Rossi M , Heinonen A , Parkkari J , Kannus P
Published: March 2014

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint in general population affecting both genders and almost all age-groups. LBP is a common problem in sports as well, even in younger populations. LBP is prone to recur, thus there is a need for studies on the early phases of the problem in different sports.

Objective

To investigate the prevalence, nature, severity and risk factors of self-reported LBP in young team sport players.

Design

A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting

Finnish female and male basketball, floorball, ice hockey and volleyball teams.

Participants

This study is a part of an ongoing cohort study exploring risk factors for sports injuries. Players from 22 teams, a total of 464 young players (16±1.9 years), have been included.

Risk factor assessment

Players' gender, age, sport and family LBP history were assessed as risk factors.

Main outcome measurements

Prevalence of LBP provided by a standardized Nordic questionnaire. LBP was defined: ache, pain or discomfort of lumbar region with or without radiation to one or both legs.

Results

255 (54.9 %) of all players had suffered LBP during the previous year. 73 (15.7 %) had received medical attention for LBP. 51 players (11.0 %) had suffered over 4 weeks' total duration of pain symptoms during the previous year. 80 (17.2 %) reported missing training because of LBP. Male players had more time-loss from training due to LBP than females. Family history of LBP and higher age were associated with LBP in players.

Conclusions

Low back pain is a relatively common complaint in young team sport players. Preventive measures are needed to reduce low back pain in youth sports.
VISUAL ASSESSMENT OF ACL INJURY RISK: CAN EXPERTISE BE ACHIEVED?
Authors: Petushek E , Cokely E , Ward P , Krosshaug T , Myer G
Published: March 2014

Background

Identifying individuals with a high risk for ACL injury is important for injury prevention. Current screening methods exist but rely on expensive and time consuming biomechanical analysis, limiting large scale application.

Objective

The aim of this experiment was to investigate observational ACL injury risk assessment performance.

Design

Individual raters viewed 25 frontal plane video clips of female high school athletes performing a drop vertical jump. Five video clips were repeated. The decision task was to rate the athletes risk for an ACL injury on a 10 point scale (1=very low, 10=very high). Concurrent 3D peak knee abduction moment (KAM) was calculated for the video-taped athletes and served as the criterion for ACL injury risk level.

Setting

Raters viewed the video clips and responded using a computer.

Participants

A convenience sample of 40 allied health professionals/students served as raters.

Risk factor assessment

In order to perform signal detection analysis on the judgments, ratings greater than 5 were considered high risk.

Main outcome measurements

To assess judgment performance, Spearman rho (ρ), sensitivity (A') and decision bias (BD) were calculated. Intra-rater consistency was assessed by calculating typical error between the 5 repeated video clips. Rater performance was also compared to the ACL Nomogram (KAM prediction model).

Results

Correlation between continuous KAM and subjective ratings ranged from −0.16 to 0.39 (Nomogram ρ=0.64). However, the best performer (M.S. Physiotherapist) displayed a sensitivity value of 0.85 (BD=0.19) which was similar to the Nomogram measure of 0.97 (BD=−0.48). In general, intra-rater consistency was sufficient with 83% of raters displaying typical error values less than 1.

Conclusions

Superior performance during visual assessment of ACL injury risk appears to be difficult but achievable. Research describing expertise mechanisms is warranted.
HELMET USE AMONG SKIERS AND SNOWBOARDERS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Pfister K , Romanow N , Emery C , Meeuwisse W , Nettel-Aguirre A , Hagel B
Published: March 2014

Background

There is little information on ski/snowboard helmet prevalence at ski areas in southern Alberta, with no published reports on correct helmet fit or helmet standards.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of helmet use and correct helmet fit among skiers/snowboarders at an Alberta ski area.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting

An urban ski area in Alberta, Canada.

Participants

Skiers/snowboarders of all ages.

Risk factor assessment

Skiers/snowboarders were interviewed (n=914) and systematically observed (n=2014) at the ski area.

Main outcome measurements

Helmet use and correct helmet fit. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each outcome separately for interviews and systematic observations.

Results

Preliminary results for helmet use indicate that the likelihood of wearing a helmet is higher for those <13 years old (PR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.17) and for 13–17 year olds (PR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07–1.20) compared with older participants; skiing/snowboarding with adults (PR 1.24; 95% CI 1.11–1.40) vs. alone, and if adult companions were wearing a helmet (PR 3.01; 95% CI 1.71–5.30). Preliminary results for helmet fit indicate that the likelihood of wearing a helmet correctly increases if skiing/snowboarding with adults and children (PR 2.86; 95% CI 1.28–6.36) vs. no companions, and if the child was wearing a helmet (PR 4.45; 95%CI 1.22− 16.28). The likelihood of wearing a helmet correctly was lower for ages 13–17 (PR 0.80; 95% CI 0.69–0.93) compared with 18–54 and for snowboarders (PR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77–0.97) compared with skiers.

Conclusions

This information has the potential to influence policy regarding mandatory helmet use and may be used to educate those with an interest in helmet safety and the public on the use and correct use of a helmet.
DIMINISHED IMPACT ATTENUATION PROPERTIES OF TAEKWONDO AND BOXING HEADGEAR
Authors: Pieter W , O'Sullivan D , Fife G
Published: March 2014

Background

Only one study reported the impact attenuation of taekwondo headgear. Although Olympic boxing has discontinued the use of head protectors, similarities in designs are suggested to provide a framework for improving taekwondo helmets as a previous report determined poor testing results.

Objective

To assess attenuation of taekwondo and boxing headgear.

Design

Between-groups.

Setting:

Impact biomechanics laboratory.

Participants

Helmets approved by the World Taekwondo Federation and those by the International Boxing Association.

Risk Factor assessement

A standardized (ASTM F-2397) martial arts headgear striker was used to impart impacts to a 50thPercentile Male Hybrid III Dummy (Hybrid III) head and neck complex. All impacts were imparted with a terminal striking velocity of 5.0 m/s (max-min=5.15–4.75 m/s). Each headgear model (boxing: Adidas and Green Hills; taekwondo: Adidas and Nike) were fitted to the Hybrid III and impacted a total of 60 times to the left side of the headgear.

Main outcome measurements

Resultant linear acceleration (RLA).

Results

There was a significant difference in RLA between helmets (eta2=0.963, 95% CI: 0.881–0.987). Pairwise comparisons showed differences between the taekwondo Nike (129.48±8.18g) and boxing Green Hills helmets (109.48±10.11g) (d=2.19, 95% CI: –4.98–11.05). The boxing Adidas helmet (75.42±9.99g) recorded a higher RLA than its taekwondo counterpart (d=2.09, 95% CI: −6.67–5.82).

Conclusions

Both boxing and taekwondo helmets have a limited lifespan.
BEIGHTON SCORING OF JOINT LAXITY AND INJURY INCIDENCE IN ATHLETIC ADOLESCENT MALES
Authors: Rajeb A , Whiteley R
Published: March 2014

Background

The prevalence of Generalised Joint Laxity (GJL) in adolescent male athletes along with its relation to injury incidence in a sporting environment are unknown despite commonly held clinical and coaching beliefs. The degree of joint laxity is often measured using the Beighton scale which quantifies the presence of hyperlaxity in 9 clinically applied physical tests giving a score from 0–9. Two clinical categorisations are described defining GJL as a cut-off score of either 4 or 5/9.

Purpose

To prospectively examine the relation between joint laxity and injury in adolescent athletes participating in contact and, non-contact sports.

Methods

During routine pre-participation medical screening, 226 adolescent male athletes (mean age: 14.2 years SD: 1.7, Range: 10–18) at a Middle Eastern Athletic Academy had Beighton scores documented both as absolute values, and with both classifications. Athletes were considered as playing contact (Football and Combat sports) and Non-contact sports. Over the ensuing year, injuries related to sporting participation were recorded.

Results

The greatest relative risk for injury was found to be in participating in a contact sport (HRR: 1.58 [95% CI: 1.30–1.92]). Within the entire cohort, there was a very small, non-significant effect of Generalised Joint Laxity on injury incidence; HRR=1.004 (0.95–1.06), and no effect of injury severity according to laxity classification (P>.37).

Conclusion:

Generalised Joint Laxity is not related to a significantly elevated injury risk, or injury severity for these adolescent male athletes.
THE RUN CLEVER STUDY PROTOCOL: THE DESIGN OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Ramskov D , Sørensen H , Parner E , Nielsen R , Lind M , Rasmussen S
Published: March 2014

Background

Webpages, blogs and various magazines continuously publish “Start to Run” training programs with the purpose of guiding novice runners towards increased running performance and minimizing the risk of sustaining a running-related injury. However, to prescribe correct training guidelines, an understanding of the different training variables' effect on injury development is crucial.

Objective

The objective of the RUN-SAFE: Run Clever Study is to investigate the relationship between the emphasis in the training and the development of running-related injuries (RRI).

Hypothesis

Using a start to run program with a particular focus on distance is assumed to increase the risk of: patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band friction syndrome and patellar tendinopathy. While an emphasis on pace rather than distance is hypothesized to increase the risk of: Achilles tendinopathy, gastrocnemius injuries and plantar fasciitis.

Design

Randomized controlled trial with 6-months follow-up including 200 healthy novice runners.

Risk factor assessment

Participants are randomized into one of the following four start to run programs: 1) high intensity/low volume, 2) low intensity/Hhgh volume, 3) high intensity/high volume, 4 ) low intensity/low volume. Training data is gathered using GPS based watches or mobile phones during each training session and uploaded to a web-based training diary (http://www.runsafe.dk).

Outcome

The outcome of interest is RRI. An RRI is defined as any running-related musculoskeletal ailment of the lower extremity or back, causing a restriction of running for at least one week. If a participant is injured, an appointment for clinical examination is made through the online training diary.

Perspectives

Currently the evidence-based knowledge on the relation between training variables and injury development is very limited. Hopefully, the present study provides useful guidelines for all people engaged in running, particularly regarding how to minimize injury risk by modifying training variables.
THE EFFICACY OF COMPREHENSIVE WARM-UP PROGRAM IN MALE ADOLESCENT FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Saho Y , Haruyasu K , Nakahori C , Matsuda T , Nakajo S , Shimada M , Kobayashi T , Fukubayashi T
Published: March 2014

Background

FIFA 11+ program has been shown to reduce injury risk in female football players but has not been evaluated in an Asian male adolescent players.

Objective

To investigate the effects of the FIFA 11 + on injury risk in a Japanese male adolescent football players.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

6 Japanese U-18 (age: 16–18) and U-15 (age: 13–15) football teams followed for three seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012). The 2010 season, players completed the usual warm-up as control group, whereas the 2011 and 2011 players performed the FIFA 11+ throughout the entire season as intervention group.

Participants

A total 986 male athletes (age: 12–18 years).

Interventions

FIFA 11+program was conducted twice a week or more in entire season in 2010 and 2011.

Main outcome measurements

Injury rate during football (match and training), match and training were reported as the number of injuries per 1000 player-hours.

Results

The injury rate during football, match, and training in the control season were 4.0, 8.9, and 3.4 injuries per 1000 player-hours and 2.0, 4.4, and 1.5 injuries per 1000 player-hours in the intervention season. The intervention season had reductions in relative risk (RR) of game of 29% (RR=0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.664 −0.747), of match of 46% (RR=0.54, 95% CI=0.477–0.611), and of training of 28% (RR=0.72, 95% CI=0.674–0.768). The injury rate of lower extremity was reduced significantly in intervention season compared with control season.

Conclusions

The FIFA 11+ program reduced overall injury risk and lower extremity injury risk in a Japanese male adolescent football players.
EVALUATION OF A NEW QUADRICEPS STRENGTHENING EXERCISE FOR THE PREVENTION OF SECONDARY CARTILAGE INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH PCL INSUFFICIENCY: COMPARISON OF TIBIAL MOVEMENT IN PRONE AND SITTING POSITIONS DURING THE EXERCISE
Authors: Sakai T , Koyanagi M , Nakae N , Kimura Y , Sanada Y , Nakamura N , Nakata K
Published: March 2014

Background

Quadriceps strengthening exercise is recommended for patients with PCL insufficiency (PCLI), but posterior sag may occur under the influence of gravity in general leg extension in the sitting position (LES). We hypothesized that leg extension in the prone position (LEP) would be a safe strengthening exercise because the tibia is repositioned in patients with PCLI.

Objective

To compare tibial displacement (step off: SO) between LEP and LES, in order to verify the safety of LEP.

Design

Quasi-experimental study.

Setting

Controlled laboratory research.

Patients

6 patients with PCL insufficiency (SO 2.9±1.6 mm).

Interventions:

LEP and LES were performed for isometricstrengthening with a flexion angle of the knee of 60 degrees and consistent force of knee extension. SO was measured on lateral X-P images of the knee. Differences in tibial movement between LEP and LES were evaluated using a paired t-test (P<0.05).

Main outcome measurement

SO measured by digitized XP.

Results

At the start position of LES, the tibia of all subjects was displaced posteriorly, and the tibia moved anteriorly 7.1±3.1 mm upon contraction of the quadriceps. In contrast, at the start position of LEP, the tibia was not displaced posteriorly in any subjects (SO=− 2.9±2.7 mm). Furthermore, there was significantly less anterior movement of the tibia during LEP (2.8±3.5 mm) than during LES (P<.05).

Conclusions

Since LES produced excessive anterior movement of the tibia upon contraction of the quadriceps, secondary cartilage injury may occur because of increased compression and shear force. In contrast, the repositioning of the tibia in LEP by gravity indicates it could be a safe quadriceps strengthening exercise for PCL insufficiency.
THE EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL LECTURE ON REDUCING REINJURY AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Sato K , Tsuchiya A , Kanisawa I , Takahashi K , Sakai H , Nagamine T
Published: March 2014

Background

Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programs have been published, little is known about ACL reinjury prevention after ACL reconstruction. On the other hand, we have held educational lectures for patients before undergoing ACL reconstruction.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine if this lecture was effective in reducing the reinjury rate.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Clinical setting with competitive and recreational athletes.

Participants

452 patients that underwent anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons in our hospital between 2010 and 2012, participated in this study. Exclusion criteria consisted of bilateral ACL injuries and revision surgery. Two hundred fifty two patients (122 men, 130 women, mean age=27.8 years) who attended the lecture were defined as the intervention group. Two hundred patients (118 men, 82 women, mean age=26.5 years) who didn't attend the lecture were defined as the control group.

Intervention

Knee anatomy, operative procedure, postoperative rehabilitation, and risk of reinjury were explained in the two hour lecture.

Main outcome measures

Standard reinjury rate and the reinjury rate within one year after surgery were investigated and compared between the groups using the chi-square test (P<.05).

Results

Reinjury occurred in 8 patients (3.2%) in the intervention group, and 9 patients (4.5%) in the control group. No significant difference between the groups was observed. Reinjury within one year after surgery occurred in 3 patients (1.2%) in the intervention group, and 9 patients (4.5%) in the control group. There was a significant difference between the groups (P=.029).

Conclusion

Although no statistical difference in reinjury rate was observed between groups, the patients who attended the lecture had significantly lower rate of reinjury within one year after surgery than the patients who did not.
YOUNG FEMALE ATHLETES HAVE CHANGED CONSIDERABLY IN THE TWO YEARS AFTER BASELINE EVALUATION IN A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Shima Y , Kitaoka K , Nakase J , Goshima K , Takahashi R , Toratani T , Kosaka M , Ohashi Y , Tsuchiya H , Munehiro T , Aiba T
Published: March 2014

Background

A 3-year prospective cohort study has been initiated in Japanese young female handball and basketball players to identify risk factors for non-contact ACL injuries. Although we examined the baseline data of the players at their first year of high school, it raises concern about the use of the individual baseline data as the characteristics of the players (might be identified as a risk factor) in cases where the players get injured during their senior year of high school.

Objectives

To compare the player's data examined at the first year and the senior year of high school.

Design

Case-control study.

Participants

21 of 84 high school female players (handball: 4 players, basketball: 17 players) who participated in our prospective cohort study.

Methods

Body compositions, static balance (locus length per unit area examined by stabilometer), dynamic balance (star excursion balance test; SEBT), isokinetic hamstrings/quadriceps strength, isometric hipabduction strength, hamstrings flexibility, knee laxity (KT1000), navicular drop, generalized joint laxity (Beighton index), and psychological-competitive ability (DIPCA-3) were examined.

Results

Significantly better result of isokinetic hamstrings/quadriceps strength, isometric hip abduction strength, and hamstrings flexibility were found at the senior. Significantly lower result of navicular drop was found at the senior. No significant differences were found between the groups in body compositions, static and dynamic balance, and DIPCA-3. Generalized joint laxity in the senior was significantly higher level of the index than that at the first.

Conclusions

During two years after baseline evaluation, the players increased their hip and knee strength without matching increases of static and dynamic balance ability. Considering that even generalized joint laxity which assumed to be consistent had changed, careful interpretation is needed to use the baseline data as a risk factor in a prospective cohort study.
BIOMECHANICAL ASYMETRIES AND SPINAL LOADING IN ELIT ROWERS WITH AND WITHOUT LOW BACK PAIN
Authors: Steenman K , Wielaard K , Lezeman H , Hofmijster M , Faber G , Dieen J
Published: March 2014

Background

Being the first most common site for injury in junior elite (24.2%) and elite rowers (31.8%), low back pain (LBP) prevalence is still increasing. Of the rowers with LBP, 15.8% report LBP to be the reason to end their rowing careers. However, the exact extent of the factors associated with this problem is not well understood, making management and prevention of LBP in elite rowers difficult.

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish whether spinal loading, mediolateral seat drift, and asymmetry in force generation between left and right legs during an incremental rowing performance was more prominent in rowers with a history of low back pain (LBP) as compared to a control group of rowers without LBP.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Laboratory setup, elite rowers.

Patients

This study examined forty-two elite rowers (21 with a history of LBP; 21 without).

Risk factor assessment

A 3-D motion analysis system was used during an incremental protocol on an instrumented rowing ergometer to measure spinal loading, mediolateral seat drift, and left-right leg force generation.

Main outcome measurements

Mediolateral seat drift in millimeters, spinal loading in Newton and difference between left and right leg force generation in Newton. T-test and Man Whitney U tests where used to compare data of the two groups.

Results

Significant differences in mediolateral seat drift were shown between groups in the first two steps of the protocol (step 1: U:130 Z:-2.277 with P=.023; step 2: U:116 Z: −2.629 with P=.09). No significant difference was found in spinal loading or left-right leg force generation.

Conclusions

The greater mediolateral seat drift in rowers with a history of LBP is a start for preventing en managing LBP in elite rowers. But first, future research should focus on the origin of this mediolateral seat drift.
BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE – THE INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS INJURY
Authors: Timmins R , Porter K , Williams M , Shield A , Opar D
Published: March 2014

Background

A history of hamstring strain injury (HSI) has been indicated as a primary risk factor for a future injury. It is unknown whether a prior strain influences the architectural characteristics of the hamstring.

Objective

To determine if alterations occur to the architecture of the long head (BFlh) muscle in those with a history of strain injury to this muscle.

Design

Reliability and retrospective case-control study design.

Setting

Clinical setting with recreationally active males and elite Australian Footballers.

Participants

31 males (Australian Footballers n=14, recreational males n=17). Of the 31 participants, 18 had a prior unilateral HSI, whereas the other 13 formed an uninjured control group.

Risk factor assessment

The independent variables were muscle fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA) and thickness (MT)).

Main outcome measure

The BFlh muscle architecture of both limbs was assessed utilising B-mode ultrasound (General Electric Vivid-i) whilst rested in a prone position. The scan site was determined as 50% of the distance between the ischial tuberosity and the lateral knee joint line. The hypothesis prior to recruitment was that a history of injury would result in a reduction of FL and MT and an increase in PA. Reliability was assessed at a second time point within ten days of the initial visit and was determined utilising intra-class correlations (ICC).

Results

The assessment of the architectural characteristics of the BFlh was shown as reliable whilst in a rested state (FL and PA ICC=0.97, MT=0.96). PA's (P=.001) and FL's (P=.013) were significantly less in the previously injured BFlh then the contralateral uninjured limb. Muscle thickness was not significantly different (p=0.466).

Conclusions

Ultrasound is a reliable measure of architectural characteristics in the BFlh. A previously injured BFlh displays reductions in FL and increases in PA. These variations may partly explain the high rate of recurrence of HSI's.
DOES LATERALITY EXIST DURING SIDE STEP CUTTING MANEUVER?
Authors: Urabe Y , Some K , Syo I , Jynpei S , Noriaki M , Eri F , Nobuaki M , Takahiko Y , Hiroshi S
Published: March 2014

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in left leg more frequently than in right legs, but the cause for this observation is not clear. So, it is interesting to analyze the difference of causes of ACL injury between both legs.

Objective

To compare the difference of left and right knee joint kinematics during a 90°direction side step cutting (SSC) maneuver. The hypothesis was that smaller maximum knee flexion and larger knee valgus in left knee.

Design

Repeated measures design.

Setting

Laboratory setting.

Subjects

Included were 14 female collegiate basketball athletes with no orthopaedic diagnosis in the lower extremities. Their average age, height, weight and length of career as basketball athletes were 21.0 years, 160.1 cm, 54.5 kg, and 6.2 years, respectively. This study was approved by the institutional review board.

Inteventions

All subjects were right dominant and kicked the ball with their right legs.

Main outcome measurements

Motion of each subject during 90° SSC was recorded by a 6 high-speed (200 frames/s) CCD camera system (Ditect, Japan) and 3D analyzed with knee kinematics. Each subject performed 5 trials after sufficient practice, and the average of knee joint angle displacements were calculated. The power for each analysis of variance was not less than 0.75 if the effect size was more than 0.80.

Results

The result showed a bimodal curve of peak knee valgus in both knees. Maximum flexion occurred at stop phase after initial contact of the subjects' leg on floor, and maximum valgus occurred almost simultaneously. There was no significant difference of angular displacement between both knees. However, there was a tendency that smaller maximum flexion and larger valgus were observed in left knee compared with right.

Conclusions

Although there was no significant differences between right and left leg, small flexion and large valgus angle were observed in left knee.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOWER LIMB BIOMECHANICS DURING SINGLE LEG SQUAT WITH RUNNING AND CUTTING TASKS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Alenezi F , Herrington L , Jones P , Jones R
Published: March 2014

Background

The need to develop screening tests to find athletes who maybe predisposed to knee injuries is of prime importance in order to design individualised intervention programmes. Previous research has found 3D joint kinematics of the hip and knee during a single leg squat (SLS) to be related to those during jogging (Whatmanet al., 2011). Thus, further investigation as a potential screening test is warranted.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between peak 3D kinematic variables during SLS with those occurring during running (RUN) and 90° cutting (CUT) tasks.

Design

A correlational study.

Setting

Undertaken in the human performance laboratory at the University of Salford.

Participants

15 recreational athletes, 7 males and 8 females, (age 25.2±5.1 years; height 1.6±7.38 m; and mass 67.6 ±10.93 kg) were recruited.

Interventions

A ten-camera motion analysis system (Qualisys) and a force platform (AMTI) were used to collect kinematic variables during SLS, RUN, & CUT tasks. Visual 3D (C-Motion, USA) was used to process all data. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the association between 3D variables among the three tasks.

Main outcome measurements

Hip and knee joint angles.

Result

SLS was strongly correlated to run in knee valgus and hip internal rotation (r=0.70 and 0.76, respectively), and showed moderate correlation with knee external rotation (0.42).

SLS and CUT were moderate to strongly correlate to each other in knee valgus, knee flexion, and hip internal rotation (r=0.54, 0.69, and 0.54, respectively), and moderately in hip flexion (r=0.38).

Discussion

The findings of this study provide evidence that performance of SLS relates to performance of other tasks (running and cutting). In those individuals displaying poor motion (excessive angles) during SLS this is likely to be predictive of poor motion during running and cutting, so could negate the need for assessing individuals during these tasks.
DOES TYPE 1 DIABETES AFFECT ACHILLES TENDON RESPONSE TO A 10KM RUN?
Authors: Wong A , Docking S , Cook J , Gaida J
Published: March 2014

Background

Hyperglycaemia accelerates collagen cross-linking in tendons, which may manifest as an increased thickness or as an altered response to load. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a unique population exhibiting hyperglycaemia independent of obesity and low physical activity. Ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) quantifies the structural integrity of a tendon based on the alignment of collagen, represented as echo-types (I-IV).

Objective

To measure achilles tendon response to a 10km run among individuals with T1DM and controls.

Design

In this case-control study, UTC scans were taken at day 0, 2, 4 after a 10 km run. Analysis of UTC scans was performed in a blinded fashion.

Setting

Social running club for people with T1DM.

Participants

Individuals with T1DM (n=7) were diagnosed 13±12 years ago. Control participants (n=10) had no diagnosis or family history of T1DM. Participants all regularly ran ≥5 km in a recreational capacity with an average weekly distance of 18±3 km. VISA-A scores were 94±11 (T1DM) and 94±10 (control).

Risk factor assessment

The independent variable was diagnosis of T1DM (yes/no). HbA1c and blood glucose were also measured.

Main outcome measurements

Tendon response to a 10km run measured with UTC was defined as the key outcome variable before data collection.

Results

Baseline structure was the same in control and T1DM groups for all UTC four echo-types (I-IV) and for anteroposterior thickness (P>.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed within each group in response to the run.

Conclusions

A novel finding that Achilles tendon baseline structure and response to a 10 km run over 4-days is the same in controls and T1DM. This suggests that T1DM individuals who are regularly physically active do not undergo the same structural changes to their Achilles tendon as previously demonstrated in the general diabetic population.
INJURY RATES, MECHANISMS, AND RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY IN YOUTH ROCK CLIMBERS
Authors: Woollings K , McKay C , Kang J , Meeuwisse W , Emery CA
Published: March 2014

Background

Participation in rock climbing has grown globally in recent years. In 2010, the International Federation of Sport Climbing was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee as part of the Olympic Family. Although some studies exist describing adult sport climbing injuries, few have examined injury in youth climbers.

Objective

To examine incidence, mechanisms, and risk factors for injury in 11- to 19-year-old recreational and elite sport climbers and boulderers.

Design

Cross-sectional study design.

Setting

Elite and recreational youth climbers were recruited from climbing facilities across Alberta, Canada.

Participants

Male and female climbers, aged 11-19 years, recruited from competitive junior teams and from recreational programs at each gym. In total, 285 participants were approached and 116 (41%) completed an anonymous questionnaire.

Risk factor assessment

Potential risk factors included climbing level, age, sex, height, weight, grade at which subjects climbed, injury in a sport other than climbing, risk-taking behaviours, socioeconomic status, climbing disciplines performed, participation in sports other than climbing, helmet use, preventive taping, use of cool-down, and climbing exposure hours.

Main outcome measurements

The primary outcome measure was climbing injury. Medical attention injuries and injuries resulting in time loss from climbing were also measured.

Results

The incidence rate of climbing injury was 4.44 injuries/1000 climbing hours (95% CI; 3.74, 5.23). Sprains and strains were the predominant injury type, and the primary mechanism of injury was repetitive overuse, followed by falls. Hands and fingers were the most commonly injured locations. Older age (15–19-year-olds), injury in a sport other than climbing, and preventive taping were shown to be risk factors for injury.

Conclusions

Climbing injury incidence rates are high in youth climbers. Findings are consistent with climbing injury studies in adults. Potential modifiable risk factors warrant further investigation in order to inform development of future injury prevention strategies.
THE EFFECT OF FIFA 11+ AS AN INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM IN YOUTH FUTSAL PLAYERS
Authors: Zein MI , Kurniarobbi J , Agung N
Published: March 2014

Background

Futsal is a high risk sport, especially in youth level. But none has studied the application ofFIFA 11+, the football injury prevention program among youth futsal players in Indonesia.

Objective

To determine the effectiveness ofFIFA 11+in improving physical fitness components affecting injury risks among youth futsal players.

Design

This experimental study was recruiting two groups of youth futsal players by doing purposive/judgmental random sampling to the senior high school futsal teams in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Setting

High school futsal league.

Participants

The subjects were high school students participating in the school futsal team. From the total of 28 subjects (15 subjects in the experiment group and 13 in control group), 8 subjects were dropping out, leaving 9 subjects in the experiment group and 11 in the control group for the final analysis.

Risk factor assessment

The experiment (EXP) group underwentFIFA 11+training twice per week for four weeks while the control (CON) group underwent routine futsal training. Both groups performed physical fitness tests before and after the intervention. Changes in performance (pre- vs. post-intervention) for each group were analyzed using dependent t-test (P<.05). Change in performance of each group were compared using independent t-test (P<.05).

Main outcome measurements

Core strength (evaluated using plank test), leg power (vertical jump test) and agility (Illinois agility test).

Results:

The core strength (P=.007) and agility (P=.01) of the EXP group increased significantly, while no change were observed in the CON group. The increase of agility in EXP group was found to be significantly different compared to the one in CON group (P=.039).

Conclusions:

FIFA 11+can improve certain physical fitness components that contribute in preventing injury. Thus it is recommended to addFIFA 11+to the routine futsal training as an injury prevention programTable 1

Pre-post intervention result.

.
HAMSTRING MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING HIGH-SPEED OVERGROUND RUNNING: IMPACT OF PREVIOUS STRAIN INJURY
Authors: Bourne M , Opar D , Shield A
Published: March 2014

Background

Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are a common and recurrent complaint in sport, with most insults occurring during high-speed overground running.

Objective

To determine, during high-speed overground running, the spatial patterns of hamstring muscle voluntary activation (VA) in limbs with and without a history of HSI.

Design

Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting

Elite and sub-elite level track and field (T&F).

Participants

Five healthy, elite (n=4) and sub-elite (n=1) level T&F athletes, with a history of unilateral HSI were recruited (average time of 6.5±3.9 months post-injury; average age 20±1.8 years; stature 182.1±6.5 cm and mass 78.3±4.8 kg).

Assessment of risk factors

Functional MRI was performed on participants thighs before and after 3 sets of 6, 40m sprints (30s rest between reps; 1 min rest between sets). T2 relaxation times of all hamstring muscles (biceps femoris long (BFlh) and short head (BFsh); semitendinosus (ST); semimembranosus (SM)), were measured at rest and immediately after the running protocol.

Main outcome measurements

The percentage change in T2 relaxation time for each hamstring muscle, in both the previously injured and contralateral uninjured limbs.

Results

For the spatial analysis of uninjured limbs, no significant differences were observed in the percentage increase in T2 relaxation for any muscles (BFlh vs ST, P=.07; BFlh vs BFsh, P=.66; BFlh vs SM, P=.08; BFsh vs ST, P=.08; BFsh vs SM, P=.54; SM vs ST, P=.57). However, previously injured hamstring muscles displayed significantly smaller increases in T2 relaxation time compared with homonymous muscles in the uninjured contralateral limb (mean difference=–8.1%, 95% CI=-16.5 to -0.3%, P=.02).

Conclusions

These preliminary findings indicate that the hamstrings of uninjured limbs are activated somewhat uniformly during high-speed overground running however, following an HSI, VA is chronically reduced in the previously injured muscle.
SIGNS OF MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN ACTIVE DUTY US MARINES CAN BE MEASURED WITH BRAIN MRI MAGNETO-ENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Authors: Britt E , Diwaker M , Baker D , Chang D , Huang M
Published: March 2014

Background

Concussions are a leading cause of sustained physical, cognitive and emotional impairment in both athletes and military personnel. A pathological feature is disinhibited brain frontal and temporal lobe function, with impaired attention, memory, judgment, emotional regulation and decision-making.

Objective

Conventional neuroimaging has limited ability to detect structural abnormalities in mTBI. Alternatively, a neuroimaging biomarker using MRI magneto-encephalograpy (MEG) is capable of mapping brain wave activity in mTBI. The objective was to use MEG technology to study brain function during a computerized “Go-No Go” vigilance and reaction test in military personnel.

Design

Prospective, case series clinical study.

Setting

Active duty infantrymen from the US Marine Corps explosive ordnance disposal program (high concussion risk).

Participants

37 male subjects, tested (summer of 2013) during pre-deployment training at Camp Pendleton, CA.

Assessment of risk factors

The subjects completed neuroimaging, neurocognitive assessment and clinical interviews. Each provided data on mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and had a MEG scan while performing the neurocognitive Go-NoGo test.

Main outcome measurements

1) Motor cortex, frontal and temporal lobe activation, 2) commission errors (reacting when not supposed to), 3) PTSD and mTBI scoring.

Results

The Go stimulus activated the motor cortex exclusively, while the NoGo stimulus activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left mediolateral temporal lobe (MLTL) exclusively. There were statistically significant negative correlations between: DLPFC and commission errors, and MLTL and Clinican-Administered PTSD scale.

Conclusions

MEG imaging showed regional brain activation patterns during functional tests requiring the individual to act, or to repress action. Lower activation of the frontal and temporal lobes was associated with more errors of inhibition, and greater fear symptoms. These structure-function relationships of the brain may be useful to predict concussion risk or monitor recovery. The subjects were deployed overseas (Fall 2013), and will be retested post-deployment (expected Spring 2015).
NORMATIVE VALUES FOR THE SCAT3 IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
Authors: Brooks A , MacDonald K , Wasylyk N , Hetzel S , McGuine T
Published: March 2014

Background

Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3) was published March 2013 to allow more complete clinical assessment of concussed athletes.

Objective

Establish normative SCAT3 values in adolescent athletes.

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

7 Wisconsin high schools.

Participants

758 (187 Female, 571 Male) athletes (age 15.9±1.1 yrs.) in 19 sports.

Risk factor assessment

SCAT3 administered summer 2013. Subjects reported previous SRC history in past 12 months.

Main outcome measurements

Total symptoms (TS, 0–22), symptom severity (SS, 0–132), total Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC, 0–30), Orientation (OR, 0–5), Immediate Memory (IM, 0–15), Concentration (CO, 0–5), Delayed Recall (DR, 0–5), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS, 0–20). T-tests (P<.05) used to test for differences based on sex and previous history of SRC.

Results

Mean scores (95% CI) were: TS 1.32 (1.31–1.33); SS 2.15 (1.80–2.48); total SAC 26.12 (25.90–26.26); OR 4.69 (4.64–4.72); IM 14.25 (14.15–14.31); CO 3.25 (3.15–3.33); DR 3.93 (3.85–3.99); BESS 13.46 (13.05–13.79). No difference in baseline scores by sex: SS (P=.51), IM (P=.37), CO (P=.30), DR (P=.19), BESS (P=.98). Males had higher TS (1.41 vs 1.04, P=.05) and lower total SAC (26.02 vs 26.4, P=.03), and OR (4.66 vs 4.76, P=.02). No difference in baseline scores by previous SRC history for total SAC (P=.18), OR (P=.57), IM (P=.13), CO (P=.69), DR (P=.53), BESS (P=.06). Athletes with previous SRC reported higher TS (1.91 vs 1.25, P=.01) and SS (3.33 vs 2.0, P=.02).

Conclusions

Normative SCAT3 values in adolescent athletes vary by gender and previous SRC history.