bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potocki–shaffer deletion encompassing ALX4 in a patient with frontonasal dysplasia phenotype
Authors: Ferrarini Alessandra , Gaillard Muriel , Guerry Frederic , Ramelli Gianpaolo , Heidi Fodstad , Keddache Caroline Verley , Wieland Ilse , Beckmann Jacques S. , Jaquemont Sébastien , Martinet Danielle
Published: December 2013

Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a genetically heterogeneous malformation spectrum with marked hypertelorism, broad nasal tip and bifid nose. Only a small number of genes have been associated with FND phenotypes until now, the first gene being EFNB1, related to craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) with craniosynostosis in addition, and more recently the aristaless‐like homeobox genes ALX3, ALX4, and ALX1, which have been related with distinct phenotypes named FND1, FND2, and FND3 respectively. We here report on a female patient presenting with severe FND features along with partial alopecia, hypogonadism and intellectual disability. While molecular investigations did not reveal mutations in any of the known genes, ALX4, ALX3, ALX1 and EFNB1, comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) techniques showed a large heterozygous de novo deletion at 11p11.12p12, encompassing the ALX4 gene. Deletions in this region have been described in patients with Potocki–Shaffer syndrome (PSS), characterized by biparietal foramina, multiple exostoses, and intellectual disability. Although the patient reported herein manifests some overlapping features of FND and PPS, it is likely that the observed phenotype maybe due to a second unidentified mutation in the ALX4 gene. The phenotype will be discussed in view of the deleted region encompassing the ALX4 gene. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aspects of health in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia: Indicators of stress in response to the intensification of rice agriculture
Authors: Clark Angela L , Tayles Nancy , Halcrow Siân E
Published: December 2013

Numerous bioarcheological investigations have suggested that as agriculture intensifies, levels of physiological stress and poor health increase. However, previous research in Southeast Asia suggests that a decline in health was not universal. This study aimed to provide the first investigation of human health during the intensification of rice agriculture in the large skeletal sample from the prehistoric site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand (1750–420 b.c.). Health was analysed using two indicators of childhood stress, the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a measure of early childhood stress, and stature, as a measure of late childhood stress, were collated for 190 adults. Sex‐specific diachronic relationships between the prevalence of LEH and stature were explored. For both sexes, initially the prevalence of LEH was found to decrease and then increase over time. Stature remained constant over time for males, although for females stature increased initially, then decreased. Early childhood stress was not significantly correlated with stature in females (P = 0.185), but high levels of LEH were unexpectedly correlated with taller male stature (P = 0.017). Our findings suggest an initial improvement in health during agricultural intensification at this site, likely related to a reduction in physiological perturbations and maintenance of a nutritious diet during this time. The subsequent deterioration in health may reflect geomorphologically and archaeologically indicated variation in environmental conditions and consequential sociocultural changes. We suggest that the sex‐differences in the relationship between stature and LEH may relate to the timing of stress and/or catch‐up growth. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:484–495, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Which Inorganic Structures are the Most Complex?
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: December 2013

The discovery of the diffraction of X‐rays on crystals opened up a new era in our understanding of nature, leading to a multitude of striking discoveries about the structures and functions of matter on the atomic and molecular scales. Over the last hundred years, about 150 000 of inorganic crystal structures have been elucidated and visualized. The advent of new technologies, such as area detectors and synchrotron radiation, led to the solution of structures of unprecedented complexity. However, the very notion of structural complexity of crystals still lacks an unambiguous quantitative definition. In this Minireview we use information theory to characterize complexity of inorganic structures in terms of their information content.
Highly Efficient Four‐Component Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: He Lin , Li Haoquan , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: December 2013

Given the importance of quinazolinones and carbonylative transformations, a palladium‐catalyzed four‐component carbonylative coupling system for the synthesis of diverse 4(3H)‐quinazolinone in a concise and convergent fashion has been developed. Starting from 2‐bromoanilines (1 mmol), trimethyl orthoformate (2 mmol), and amines (1.1 mmol), under 10 bar of CO, the desired products were isolated in good yields in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), BuPAd2 (6 mol %) in 1,4‐dioxane (2 mL) at 100 °C, using N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (2 mmol) as the base. Notably, the process tolerates the presence of various reactive functional groups and is very selective for quinazolinones, and was used in the synthesis of the precursor to the bioactive dihydrorutaempine.
Thermal and flammability performance of polypropylene composites containing melamine and melamine phosphate‐modified α‐type zirconium phosphates
Authors: Liu Deng , Cai Guipeng , Wang Juan , Tan Xiaofang , Lu Hongdian , Zhang Shiyun , Dai Qingqing
Published: December 2013

In this article, melamine (MA) and melamine phosphate (MP) have been intercalated into α‐type zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP) interlayer spaces. The structure and thermal properties of the corresponding powders, MA‐ZrP and MP‐ZrP, were ascertained by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Furthermore, polypropylene (PP) and its intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composites containing the two organically modified α‐ZrP powders using maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (JPP) as compatibilizer were fabricated by melt blending. The results from TGA and cone calorimetry demonstrated that PP/JPP and PP/JPP/IFR composites containing MA‐ZrP and MP‐ZrP exhibited better thermal stability and burning behavior in comparison with their corresponding counterparts, PP/JPP and PP/JPP/IFR, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40254.
The use of plant cell wall–degrading enzymes from newly isolated Penicillium ochrochloron Biourge for viscosity reduction in ethanol production with fresh sweet potato tubers as feedstock
Authors: Huang Yuhong , Jin Yanling , Shen Weiliang , Fang Yang , Zhang Guohua , Zhao Hai
Published: December 2013

Penicillium ochrochloron Biourge, which was isolated from rotten sweet potato, can produce plant cell wall–degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) with high viscosity reducing capability for ethanol production using fresh sweet potato tubers as feedstock. The enzyme preparation was characterized by a broad enzyme spectrum including 13 kinds of enzymes with the activity to hydrolyze cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, and protein. The maximum viscosity‐reducing capability was observed when the enzyme preparation was obtained after 5 days of fermentation using 20 g/L corncob as a sole carbon source, 4.5 g/L NH4NO3 as a sole nitrogen source, and an initial medium pH of 6.5. The sweet potato mash treated with the enzyme preparation exhibited much higher fermentation efficiency (92.58%) compared with commercial cellulase (88.06%) and control (83.5%). The enzyme production was then scaled up to 0.5, 5, and 100 L, and the viscosity‐reducing rates were found to be 85%, 90%, and 91%, respectively. Thus, P. ochrochloron Biourge displays potential viscosity‐reducing capability for ethanol production.
Conversations in Cardiology
Authors: Kern Morton J. , Applegate Robert J. , Bell Malcolm , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Butman Samuel M. , Bach Richard G. , Kaul Prashant , Klein Lloyd W. , Krucoff Mitchell W. , Moore Joseph A. , Price Matthew J. , Rao Sunil V. , Stone Gregg W. , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: December 2013

Bridging for antiplatelet therapy remains a subject of debate with data favoring GP blockers but at a risk of bleeding. This Conversation in Cardiology addresses a key and often asked question about use of alternatives to P2Y12 agents in patients requiring surgery within 6 months after drug eluting stent implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative Breakdown of Iodoalkanes to Catalytically Active Iodine Species: A Case Study in the α‐Tosyloxylation of Ketones
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Vallcorba Oriol , Vallribera Adelina , Shafir Alexandr , Pleixats Roser , Rius Jordi
Published: December 2013

Catalysis of the oxidative processes by iodoarenes has become a promising direction in synthesis. The mechanism, involving the well‐known isolable hypervalent iodine species, is generally limited to aromatic iodides, since the corresponding aliphatic species are normally highly unstable. Nevertheless, in this work catalytic amount of several primary, secondary or tertiary iodoalkanes were found to promotes the α‐tosyloxylation of a range of ketones with RSO3H, including aliphatic sulfonates. The process, was found to proceed through the oxidative breakdown of the iodoalkane to an inorganic catalytic species (likely IO− or IO2−), thus falling within the previously described catalysis using molecular iodine or inorganic iodides. The catalyst eventually becomes deactivated through the precipitation of an iodine overoxidation product, the structure of which was solved ab initio from the powder diffraction data as a hitherto unreported phase of the iodic acid (HIO3).
Promotion Effects of Sn on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate at Rh Nanoparticles
Authors: Siriwatcharapiboon W. , Kwon Y. , Yang J. , Chantry R. L. , Li Z. , Horswell S. L. , Koper M. T. M.
Published: December 2013

We present a comparative study of the activity and selectivity of Rh/C nanoparticles and Sn‐modified Rh/C nanoparticles towards electrocatalytic nitrate reduction in sulfuric acid. Electrochemical techniques, combined with more direct analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry and ion chromatography, were applied to analyse the products obtained during the reaction. Online electrochemical mass spectrometry was employed to detect volatile products, such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2). The combination of online sample collection to the electrochemical cell and offline ion chromatography allows the quantitative analysis of non‐volatile products, such as ammonium (${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^ + }$) and hydroxylamine (NH3OH+). Non‐volatile products can be detected during nitrate reduction at Rh/C electrodes. The catalytic activity of Rh/C electrodes can be enhanced by Sn modification. N2O is the dominant volatile product at SnRh/C electrodes. ${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^ + }$ is the main ionic product at the Rh/C electrodes, whereas modification by Sn also leads to the formation of NH3OH+.
High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Graphene‐Wrapped Li4Ti5O12 and Activated Carbon
Authors: Kim Haegyeom , Park Kyu‐Young , Cho Min‐Young , Kim Mok‐Hwa , Hong Jihyun , Jung Sung‐Kyun , Roh Kwang Chul , Kang Kisuk
Published: December 2013

Hybridizing battery and supercapacitor technologies have the potential to overcome the limitations of the currently prevailing energy‐storage systems. Combining high‐power capacitive electrodes from supercapacitors with the high‐energy intercalation electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries provides the opportunity to create a single device that can deliver both high energy and high power. Although energy densities in such hybrid systems easily exceed those found in supercapacitors, the kinetic imbalance between capacitive and intercalation electrodes remains a bottleneck to achieving the desired performance. This imbalance is eliminated through the use of graphene‐wrapped Li4Ti5O12 from a simple, one‐step process as a high‐power anode in a new hybrid supercapacitor. The new hybrid supercapacitors are capable of delivering a high specific energy of up to 50 Wh kg−1 and can even maintain an energy of approximately 15 Wh kg−1 at a 20 s charge/discharge rate.
Chromatographic Separation and Assignment of Absolute Configuration of Hydroxywarfarin Isomers
Authors: Regalado Erik L. , Sherer Edward C. , Green Mitchell D. , Hendersonl Derek W. , Thomas Williamson R. , Joyce Leo A. , Welch Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

The absolute configuration of several hydroxywarfarin isomers was assigned using a comparison of elution order on chiral stationary phases, optical rotation, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra, with confirmation of assignments made by comparison between experimental and calculated CD spectra and selective synthesis of hydroxywarfarin isomers from enantiopure warfarin using human liver microsomes. Chirality 26:95–101, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Envelope tracking using transient waveform switching shaping supply modulation
Authors: Modi Sankalp , Balsara Poras , Eliezer Oren
Published: December 2013

A novel supply modulation scheme for envelope tracking for a power amplifier in a transmitter is proposed, which follows a control principle that is fundamentally different from the existing ones. Instead of regulating the supply modulator's output in accordance with a given reference signal, the system utilizes a look‐ahead window and synthesizes pulses for the supply modulator such that its output tracks the envelope of the radio frequency signal amplified by the power amplifier, while minimizing its switching rate. Simulation results for a 5 MHz Long Term Evolution signal with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation indicates that the proposed technique provides very high average efficiency (84%) while maintaining a very low ratio between the switching frequency and the envelope bandwidth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motion adaptive video coding scheme for time‐varying network
Authors: Bhuyan M. K. , Chakraborty B. K.
Published: December 2013

Adaptive video coding algorithms can encode a video stream dynamically on the basis of the amount of bandwidth available in a network. In this paper, a novel approach for adaptive video coding based on look‐up tables has been proposed. On the basis of the network conditions, the proposed codec estimates quantization parameter (QP) and also the spatial resolution for a group of pictures from the look‐up table. Then, QP for each frame is estimated on the basis of the motion content in each frame. More motion leads to more burden of bits while encoding the motion vectors. Also, quantization noise is less prominent in high‐motioned frames than frames possessing low motion information because of the temporal masking phenomenon of the human eyes. So, the main trick of the proposed scheme is to assign higher QP to the frames having higher motion than those having less motion. This method also reduces the requirement of excess bits for encoding of motion vectors having higher motion content. Additionally, QP is adjusted on the basis of the buffer availability in order to avoid bit loss error. Experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed codec. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent structural and functional insights into the family of sodium calcium exchangers
Authors: Sharma Vishal , O'Halloran Damien M.
Published: December 2013

Maintenance of calcium homeostasis is necessary for the development and survival of all animals. Calcium ions modulate excitability and bind effectors capable of initiating many processes such as muscular contraction and neurotransmission. However, excessive amounts of calcium in the cytosol or within intracellular calcium stores can trigger apoptotic pathways in cells that have been implicated in cardiac and neuronal pathologies. Accordingly, it is critical for cells to rapidly and effectively regulate calcium levels. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), Na+/Ca2+/K+ exchangers (NCKX), and Ca2+/Cation exchangers (CCX) are the three classes of sodium calcium antiporters found in animals. These exchanger proteins utilize an electrochemical gradient to extrude calcium. Although they have been studied for decades, much is still unknown about these proteins. In this review, we examine current knowledge about the structure, function, and physiology and also discuss their implication in various developmental disorders. Finally, we highlight recent data characterizing the family of sodium calcium exchangers in the model system, Caenorhabditis elegans, and propose that C. elegans may be an ideal model to complement other systems and help fill gaps in our knowledge of sodium calcium exchange biology. genesis 52:93–109. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Investigation of Capacitors for Flying Capacitor Converters
Authors: Obara Hidemine , Kamaga Masamu , Ito Takumi , Sato Yukihiko
Published: December 2013

Multilevel converters can essentially reduce harmonics even when their switching frequency is low. Among the various topologies of the multilevel converters, flying capacitor converters are considered to be promising converters for realizing high power density. However, the main circuit of the flying capacitor converters has many capacitors. Therefore, in this study, the volume of the capacitors in the flying capacitor converters is determined by taking into consideration the allowable ripple voltage and temperature rise in the capacitor. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 81–91, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22361
Water Treatment Using Discharge Generated in Cavitation Field with Micro Bubble Cloud
Authors: Ihara Satoshi , Hirohata Taiki , Kominato Yuichi , Yamabe Chobei , Ike Hideaki , Hakiai Kazunori , Hirabayashi Kazuya , Tamagawa Masaaki
Published: December 2013

A new method of wastewater treatment using electric discharge in the water cavitation field formed by a large number of micro bubbles generated by high‐speed water flow is proposed in this paper. Indigo carmine solution, which is a type of dye, with a concentration of 9 mg/liter was used as the specimen solution for demonstration of water treatment. The total volume of solution and the average speed of solution in the cavitation field were 20 liters and about 7.4 m/s, respectively. An absorbance decrease rate of 96% was obtained in 50 min of treatment time at the electrode distance of 2 mm and discharge power of 16 W. It was also found that the efficiency of decolorization was improved by changing the electrode location. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 1–10, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22483
Novel prostate acid phosphatase‐based peptide vaccination strategy induces antigen‐specific T‐cell responses and limits tumour growth in mice
Authors: Saif Jaimy M. S. , Vadakekolathu Jayakumar , Rane Shraddha S. , McDonald Danielle , Ahmad Murrium , Mathieu Morgan , Pockley A. Graham , Durrant Lindy , Metheringham Rachael , Rees Robert C. , McArdle Stephanie E. B.
Published: December 2013

Treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer remain limited and rarely curative. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a prostate‐specific protein overexpressed in 95% of prostate tumours. An FDA‐approved vaccine for the treatment of advanced prostate disease, PROVENGE® (sipuleucel‐T), has been shown to prolong survival, however the precise sequence of the PAP protein responsible for the outcome is unknown. As the PAP antigen is one of the very few prostate‐specific antigens for which there is a rodent equivalent with high homology, preclinical studies using PAP have the potential to be directly relevant to clinical setting. Here, we show three PAP epitopes naturally processed and presented in the context of HHDII/DR1 (114–128, 299–313, and 230–244). The PAP‐114‐128 epitope elicits CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell‐specific responses in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, when immunised in a DNA vector format (ImmunoBody®), PAP‐114‐128 prevents and reduces the growth of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate‐C1 prostate cancer cell‐derived tumours in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This anti‐tumour effect is associated with infiltration of CD8+ tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and the generation of high avidity T cells secreting elevated levels of IFN‐γ. PAP‐114‐128 therefore appears to be a highly relevant peptide on which to base vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Role of Nlrp6 and Nlrp12 in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis
Authors: Chen Grace Y.
Published: December 2013

There has been significant interest in understanding how interactions between the host immune system and the gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis. Recent data suggest that the Nod‐like receptor (NLR) family of PRRs regulate both the composition of the gut microbiota and innate immune signaling pathways that prevent pathologic intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. In this review, we will focus on NLRP6 and NLRP12, two members of the NLR family that have emerged as important players in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, and discuss the signaling pathways engaged by these receptors as well as the current models of how these receptors protect against the development of colitis and tumorigenesis.
Luminescent AgAu Alloy Clusters Derived from Ag Nanoparticles – Manifestations of Tunable AuI–CuI Metallophilic Interactions
Authors: Krishnadas Kumaranchira R. , Udayabhaskararao Thumu , Choudhury Susobhan , Goswami Nirmal , Pal Samir Kumar , Pradeep Thalappil
Published: December 2013

Luminescent AgAu alloy quantum clusters are synthesized by a simple method that utilizes the galvanic reduction of polydisperse plasmonic silver nanoparticles. The clusters are characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Selective and tunable quenching of cluster luminescence by CuII ions is observed and depends highly on the solvent as well as the protecting ligands. Metal‐ion selectivity is exclusively caused by metallophilic interactions with the cluster core, and the tunability depends on the nature of the protecting ligands as well as solvent effects. Detailed XPS and time‐resolved luminescence measurements reveal that the tunability of luminescence quenching is achieved by the systematic variation of the metallophilic interactions between the AuI ions of the alloy cluster and CuI ions formed by the reduction of CuII ions by the cluster core. This is the first report of tunable metallophilic interactions between monolayer‐protected quantum clusters and a closed‐shell metal ion. We hope that these results will draw more attention to the field of quantum cluster–metal ion interactions and provide useful insights into the stability of these clusters, origin of their intense luminescence, mechanisms of metal‐ion sensing, and also help in the development of methods for tuning their properties.
A fixed‐grid b‐spline finite element technique for fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Rüberg T. , Cirak F.
Published: December 2013

We present a fixed‐grid finite element technique for fluid–structure interaction problems involving incompressible viscous flows and thin structures. The flow equations are discretised with isoparametric b‐spline basis functions defined on a logically Cartesian grid. In addition, the previously proposed subdivision‐stabilisation technique is used to ensure inf–sup stability. The beam equations are discretised with b‐splines and the shell equations with subdivision basis functions, both leading to a rotation‐free formulation. The interface conditions between the fluid and the structure are enforced with the Nitsche technique. The resulting coupled system of equations is solved with a Dirichlet–Robin partitioning scheme, and the fluid equations are solved with a pressure–correction method. Auxiliary techniques employed for improving numerical robustness include the level‐set based implicit representation of the structure interface on the fluid grid, a cut‐cell integration algorithm based on marching tetrahedra and the conservative data transfer between the fluid and structure discretisations. A number of verification and validation examples, primarily motivated by animal locomotion in air or water, demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric Evaluation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Authors: Sharma Meeta , Singh Onkar
Published: December 2013

Thermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant depends strongly on a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which is the link between the gas turbine‐based topping cycle and steam turbine‐based bottoming cycle. This work is based upon the design of physical parameters of a HRSG. In this article, the physical parameters of a HRSG have been considered to study their implications on HRSG design by comparing the existing plant design with an optimized plant design. Thermodynamic analysis of HRSG for the two designs gives important outcomes which are useful for power plant designers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21106
Herpes simplex virus: Prevalence in placental tissue and incidence in neonatal cord blood samples
Authors: Finger‐Jardim Fabiana , Teixeira Lisiane Ortiz , de Oliveira Gisele Rodrigues , Barral Maria Fernanda Martínez , da Hora Vanusa Pousada , Gonçalves Carla Vitola , Soares Marcelo Alves , de Martinez Ana Maria Barral
Published: December 2013

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, with HSV‐2 being primarily associated with genital infections. HSV‐2 is believed to account for the majority of cases of neonatal herpes, which may cause diverse of complications in infected newborns. The present study sought to estimate the prevalence of HSV‐2 in placental tissue samples and the incidence of HSV‐2 in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. Placental tissue samples from 201 women (maternal‐side and fetal‐side = 402 specimens) and 184 neonatal cord blood samples, all collected at the obstetric ward of a University hospital were studied. HSV‐2 was detected by means of nested PCR. The prevalence of HSV‐2 in placental samples was 9.0% (n = 18), and the incidence of neonatal HSV‐2 infection was 1.1% (n = 2). All HSV‐2‐positive patients were asymptomatic at the time of delivery and none reported genital herpes. Women with a time between rupture of membranes and delivery of ≥360 min had an approximately fourfold risk of HSV‐2 infection in the placental tissue (95% CI 0.93–5.66, P = 0.01). These results suggest that HSV‐2 is present in the placenta of asymptomatic women and that a risk of transmission to the neonate exists. New strategies must be implemented for the management of asymptomatic patients who are capable of transmitting the virus to the newborn. J. Med. Virol. 86:519–524, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supervisor–Subordinate Relationship, Differentiation, and Employee Creativity: A Self‐Categorization Perspective
Authors: Zhao Hongdan , Kessel Maura , Kratzer Jan
Published: December 2013

This study seeks to explore the effect of the quality of supervisor–subordinate relationship (i.e., leader–member exchange; LMX) on employee creativity by examining a moderated‐mediation model. The model focuses on the mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of perceived LMX differentiation in influencing the mediation. Using a time‐lagged research design, we collected data from 358 supervisor–subordinate dyads in a large Chinese diversified company. As predicated, we found that (a) perceived insider status mediated the positive relationship between LMX and employee creativity; and (b) perceived LMX differentiation moderated the strength of the mediated relationship between LMX and employee creativity via perceived insider status, such that the mediated relationship is stronger under high‐perceived LMX differentiation than under low‐perceived LMX differentiation.
The Role of Identity Integration in Enhancing Creativity Among Mixed‐Race Individuals
Authors: Tendayi Viki G. , Williams May Liang J.
Published: December 2013

Identity integration among bicultural individuals refers to the perception that their two cultural identities are compatible. Previous research has shown that identity integration is likely to lead to enhanced creativity. However, this research was conducted among first‐ and second‐generation immigrants, but not among mixed‐race individuals. The current research examined identity integration and creativity among mixed‐race individuals. We also explored the role of integrated identity experiences at home. We found that identity integration was related to increases in creativity; and this was partly mediated via integrated identity experiences at home. Our findings suggest that positive bicultural experiences at home may create a context for the individual to integrate their biracial identities; and this is ultimately beneficial for creativity.
Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry techniques: The current status and future prospective
Authors: Ding Xuelu , Duan Yixiang
Published: December 2013

Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry is emerging as a frontier technology for direct analysis of sample that employs low‐energy plasma as the ionization reagent. The versatile sources of ambient mass spectrometry (MS) can be classified according to the plasma formation approaches; namely, corona discharge, glow discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, and microwave‐induced discharge. These techniques allow pretreatment‐free detection of samples, ranging from biological materials (e.g., flies, bacteria, plants, tissues, peptides, metabolites, and lipids) to pharmaceuticals, food‐stuffs, polymers, chemical warfare reagents, and daily‐use chemicals. In most cases, plasma‐based ambient MS performs well as a qualitative tool and as an analyzer for semi‐quantitation. Herein, we provide an overview of the key concepts, mechanisms, and applications of plasma‐based ambient MS techniques, and discuss the challenges and outlook. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 449–473, 2015.
A multiscale mass scaling approach for explicit time integration using proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: de Frías G. J. , Aquino W. , Pierson K. H. , Heinstein M. W. , Spencer B. W.
Published: December 2013

One of the main computational issues with explicit dynamics simulations is the significant reduction of the critical time step as the spatial resolution of the finite element mesh increases. In this work, a selective mass scaling approach is presented that can significantly reduce the computational cost in explicit dynamic simulations, while maintaining accuracy. The proposed method is based on a multiscale decomposition approach that separates the dynamics of the system into low (coarse scales) and high frequencies (fine scales). Here, the critical time step is increased by selectively applying mass scaling on the fine scale component only. In problems where the response is dominated by the coarse (low frequency) scales, significant increases in the stable time step can be realized. In this work, we use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to build the coarse scale space. The main idea behind POD is to obtain an optimal low‐dimensional orthogonal basis for representing an ensemble of high‐dimensional data. In our proposed method, the POD space is generated with snapshots of the solution obtained from early times of the full‐scale simulation. The example problems addressed in this work show significant improvements in computational time, without heavily compromising the accuracy of the results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bird Bone Remains from the 11th and 12th Centuries Settlement of Piatra Frecatei (Dobrudja, Romania) in the Context of Early Medieval Sites in Southeast Romania
Authors: Gál E. , Stanc S. M.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, the avian bones identified from the 11th and 12th centuries settlement of Piatra Frecatei in Dobrudja (Southeast Romania) are presented. The results are put in context with data from other two coeval sites in the region. Among the 86 bird bones representing 3.7% of the total animal bone assemblage, domestic hen was the most frequent species by 61 bones (71%) and 13 specimens (59.3%). The wild species include birds that live in the aquatic environment evidencing that fowling took place in the vicinity of site, and most probably was connected to fishing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SULF2 strongly prediposes to fasting and postprandial triglycerides in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hassing H. Carlijne , Surendran R. Preethi , Derudas Bruno , Verrijken An , Francque Sven M. , Mooij Hans L. , Bernelot Moens Sophie J. , Hart Leen M.'t , Nijpels Giel , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Williams Kevin Jon , Stroes Erik S. G. , Van Gaal Luc F. , Staels Bart , Nieuwdorp Max , Dallinga‐Thie Geesje M.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Hepatic overexpression of sulfatase‐2 (SULF2), a heparan sulfate remodeling enzyme, strongly contributes to high triglyceride (TG) levels in obese, type 2 diabetic (T2DM) db/db mice. Nevertheless, data in humans are lacking. Here, the association of human hepatic SULF2 expression and SULF2 gene variants with TG metabolism in patients with obesity and/or T2DM was investigated.

Methods

Liver biopsies from 121 obese subjects were analyzed for relations between hepatic SULF2 mRNA levels and plasma TG. Associations between seven SULF2 tagSNPs and TG levels were assessed in 210 obese T2DM subjects with dyslipidemia. Replication of positive findings was performed in 1,316 independent obese T2DM patients. Postprandial TRL clearance was evaluated in 29 obese T2DM subjects stratified by SULF2 genotype.

Results

Liver SULF2 expression was significantly associated with fasting plasma TG (r = 0.271; P = 0.003) in obese subjects. The SULF2 rs2281279(A>G) SNP was reproducibly associated with lower fasting plasma TG levels in obese T2DM subjects (P < 0.05). Carriership of the minor G allele was associated with lower levels of postprandial plasma TG (P < 0.05) and retinyl esters levels (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings implicate SULF2 as potential therapeutic target in the atherogenic dyslipidemia of obesity and T2DM.
Prenatal β‐thalassemia carrier screening in Australia: healthcare professionals' perspectives of clinical practice
Authors: Cousens Nicole E. , Gaff Clara L. , Delatycki Martin B. , Metcalfe Sylvia A.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To gain a better understanding of healthcare professionals' practice and attitudes regarding prenatal β‐thalassemia carrier screening in Australia.

Method

Qualitative study with semi‐structured interviews of healthcare professionals (obstetricians, general practitioners, midwives, genetic counselors, and hematologists) involved in prenatal thalassemia carrier screening in public and private practice.

Results

Twenty‐three healthcare providers were interviewed and several themes emerged. Participants described and acknowledged inconsistencies in the β‐thalassemia screening processes, such as variability in ordering the tests, communicating the diagnosis, and action taken after diagnosis. They indicated a preference for more structure and valued the importance of screening guidelines but many of those involved in ordering the screening test were unaware of their availability. These healthcare professionals recognized they lacked knowledge regarding the screening process, and many had not undertaken education activities in this area in recent times. There were mixed views about the consent process, particularly at which stage this should be obtained, and what information is provided.

Conclusions

β‐thalassemia screening in Victoria occurs with apparent lack of awareness of guidelines and an acknowledged preference for a more systematic process and educational support. Informed consent was not considered an important component of this screening process. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Novel and Emerging Oral Anticoagulants for Secondary Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Ganetsky Valerie S. , Hadley Diane E. , Thomas Tyan F.
Published: December 2013

Dual antiplatelet therapy has become a mainstay of long‐term management of patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Mortality for these patients remains high despite current evidence‐based treatment strategies. The coagulation cascade plays a role in the pathophysiology of ACS, and trials with warfarin in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy have found decreased rates of ischemic events at the expense of increased bleeding risk. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in the direct factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor and direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) categories have been evaluated in combination with standard post‐ACS therapy. Rivaroxaban, a FXa inhibitor, reduced the rates of ischemic events but increased major bleeding rates. Apixaban did not decrease the rates of ischemic events and also increased major bleeding rates. Other FXa inhibitors have not been studied in the long‐term management of ACS (e.g., otamixaban), are not currently being studied in ongoing phase III trials (e.g., TAK‐442), or have been discontinued by the manufacturer (e.g., darexaban). The DTI dabigatran had a 2‐ to 4‐fold increased risk of major bleeding with unclear benefit for reducing ischemic events. The factor IXa inhibitor pegnivacogin is an RNA‐based aptamer that has been studied in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization but has not been studied for long‐term post‐ACS management. The European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis recommends the use of newer antiplatelet agents over addition of NOACs. Additional guidelines are available to guide management in patients requiring triple antithrombotic therapy but do not provide definitive recommendations on NOACs. Many questions remain about the place of NOACs for long‐term post‐ACS management. Recent trials have evaluated double versus triple antithrombotic therapy to balance efficacy and bleeding risk, but they did not include NOACs. It also remains unclear if NOACs hold a place in post‐ACS therapy in the era of more potent antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor.
Synthesis of new amphiphilic water‐stable hyperbranched polycarbosilane polymers
Authors: Moreno Silvia , Lozano-Cruz Tania , Ortega Paula , Tarazona M Pilar , de la Mata F Javier , Gómez Rafael
Published: December 2013

New amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers possessing hydrophobic skeletons and hydrophilic terminal groups have been prepared and characterized. The synthetic strategy involved the formation of a new stable matrix with aromatic units within a carbosilane backbone, as well as the use of a classical polycarbosilane matrix. Both of them with allyl groups on the surface have narrow polydispersity values. Molecular weight and polydispersity of the hyperbranched polymers were obtained using gel permeation chromatography with multi‐angle light scattering, and determination of the average number of functional groups present on the surface was achieved using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The introduction of ionic groups was carried out via thiol–ene reactions with various thiol derivatives. The thermal properties of the polymers were also analysed using differential scanning calorimetry and zeta potential measurements. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
The interfacial effect of TiO2–Ag core–shell micro‐/nanowires on poly(arylene ether nitrile)
Authors: Huang Xu , Feng Mengna , Liu Xiaobo
Published: December 2013

Novel TiO2–Ag core–shell micro‐/nanowires (TiO2 shell coating on Ag core) have been successfully prepared via a solvent–thermal method. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the micro‐/nanowires were composed of Ag, Ti and O elements, and Ag was face‐centered cubic whereas TiO2 was mainly amorphous. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy results showed that most of the TiO2 bristles were perpendicular to and uniformly studded on the surface of the Ag cores. Subsequently, TiO2–Ag/poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) composite films were prepared via a solution‐casting method in order to investigate the effect of TiO2–Ag on the PEN matrix. SEM images showed that there was good interfacial adhesion between fillers and PEN matrix owing to the special bristle‐like structure. Thermal analysis results showed that the TiO2–Ag/PEN composite films possessed excellent thermal properties endowed by the PEN matrix. The dielectric constant of the composite films increased to 9.3 at 100 Hz when the TiO2–Ag loading reached 40 wt%. Rheology measurements revealed that the network formed by TiO2–Ag was sensitive to shear stress and nearly time independent. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of ABA‐type triblock copolymers derived from polyimide and poly(2‐methyl‐2‐adamantyl methacrylate)
Authors: Ando Shota , Koyama Yusuke , Miyata Sou , Sato Shuichi , Kanehashi Shinji , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: December 2013

ABA‐type triblock copolymers derived from 4,4‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine and 2‐methyl‐2‐adamantyl methacrylate (2‐MAdMA) were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. The component ratios of polyimide (PI) and poly(2‐MAdMA) (PMAdMA) were about 8/2, 6/4 and 3/7, as determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The film structure of the triblock copolymers was dependent on the PI structure. Hydrophobicity increased as the component ratio of PMAdMA increased. Based on TGA, three‐step decomposition behaviors of all triblock copolymers derived from PI and PMAdMA in nitrogen and air atmosphere were observed. The gas permeability of the triblock copolymers was lower than that of PI. This finding can be attributed to the decrease in fractional free volume by the adamantane component and the decrease in permeability of the triblock copolymers compared with PI. The dielectric constant of the triblock copolymers was lower than that of PI. The dielectric constant was dependent on molar volume and molar porlarizability, and the dielectric constant derived from the symmetric structure of adamantane was reduced. The ABA‐type triblock copolymers derived from PI and PMAdMA can be considered as new polymer materials with high hydrophobicity, high H2/CO2 selectivity and low dielectric constant. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Cell surface protein glycosylation in cancer
Authors: Christiansen Maja N. , Chik Jenny , Lee Ling , Anugraham Merrina , Abrahams Jodie L. , Packer Nicolle H.
Published: December 2013

Glycosylation of proteins is one of the most important PTMs, with more than half of all human proteins estimated to be glycosylated. It is widely known that aberrant glycosylation has been implicated in many different diseases due to changes associated with biological function and protein folding. In cancer, there is increasing evidence pertaining to the role of glycosylation in tumour formation and metastasis. Alterations in cell surface glycosylation, particularly terminal motifs, can promote invasive behaviour of tumour cells that ultimately lead to the progression of cancer. While a majority of studies have investigated protein glycosylation changes in cancer cell lines and tumour tissue for individual cancers, the review presented here represents a comprehensive, in‐depth overview of literature on the structural changes of glycosylation and their associated synthetic enzymes in five different cancer types originating from the breast, colon, liver, skin and ovary. More importantly, this review focuses on key similarities and differences between these cancers that reflect the importance of structural changes of cell surface N‐ and O‐glycans, such as sialylation, fucosylation, degree of branching and the expression of specific glycosyltransferases for each cancer. It is envisioned that the understanding of these biologically relevant glycan alterations on cellular proteins will facilitate the discovery of novel glycan‐based biomarkers which could potentially serve as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of cancer.
Introduction to Special Issue: A Review of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and Physical Therapy over the Years
Authors: Escorpizo Reuben , Bemis‐Dougherty Anita
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization was developed as a common framework to understand health and to describe the impact of health condition on functioning. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the literature on the use of the ICF in physical therapy practice and research.

Methods

We performed a scoping‐narrative review and searched for relevant English language articles from 2001 to 2012 in multiple databases that included MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Our keywords for the search consisted of [‘physical therapy’ OR ‘physiotherapy’] AND [‘ICF’]. All types of articles were considered.

Results

We found 268 articles; out of which, 79 were reviewed. The years with most publications were 2011 (n = 16), 2008 (n = 15) and 2010 and 2012 (both with n = 13). Publications mostly came from the United States with 27% of the articles. The journal Physical Therapy leads with almost a third of ICF‐related physical therapy publications. The ICF has been mostly used in studies of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions. We found a wide array of application of the ICF in research, clinical practice and teaching (classroom and clinical education). Emerging topics included using the ICF in resource allocation and prevention and wellness.

Conclusion

The use of the ICF in physical therapy practice and research is promising and continues to evolve. With recent developments in ICF‐based measurement and integration in assessment tools for use in the clinics, research and teaching, the need to show the added value of using the ICF in practice and research remains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heating and melting of plasma‐born hydrogenated silicon clusters by reactions with atomic hydrogen
Authors: Thi Le Ha‐Linh , Forero‐Martinez Nancy C. , Vach Holger
Published: December 2013

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to investigate quantitatively “realistic” heating and melting processes of plasma‐born hydrogenated silicon clusters due to reactions with atomic hydrogen in a plasma reactor. For H‐exposure processes, we have chosen one hydrogenated amorphous silicon cluster (Si15H10) and the 1 nm hydrogenated silicon nanocrystal Si29H24. Our results indicate that the average energy resulting from each H‐atom reaction is about the same for both the amorphous and the initially crystalline clusters before the clusters start undergoing their structural transition from the solid to the liquid state. We show that the melting temperature of the Si29H24 nanocrystal is between 1621 and 1668 K and that its complete phase transition takes about 15 ps after the melting temperature is reached.