bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy barrier of bcc-fcc phase transition via the Bain path in Yukawa system
Authors: Kiyokawa Shuji
Published: May 2018

In the Yukawa system with the dimensionless screening parameter κ>1.5, when bcc-fcc transition occurs via Bain path, we show that spontaneous transitions do not occur even if the system temperature reaches the transition point of bcc-fcc because it is necessary to increase once the free energy in the process of transition from bcc to fcc through Bain deformation. Here, we refer the temporary increment of the free energy during Bain deformation as Bain barrier. Since there are the Bain barriers at the transitions between bcc and fcc phases, these phases may coexist as metastable state in the wide region (not a coexistence line) of κ and the coupling constant Γ. We study the excess energy of the system and the free energy difference between bcc and fcc phases by the Monte Carlo method, where the simulation box is divided into a large number of elements with small volume and a particle in the box is restricted be placed in one of these elements. By this method, we can tabulate the values of the interparticle potential and can calculate the internal energy fast and precisely.
Thermal conductivity of hexagonal Si, Ge, and Si1-xGex alloys from first-principles
Authors: Gu Xiaokun , Zhao C. Y.
Published: May 2018

Hexagonal Si and Ge with a lonsdaleite crystal structure are allotropes of silicon and germanium that have recently been synthesized. These materials as well as their alloys are promising candidates for novel applications in optoelectronics. In this paper, we systematically study the phonon transport and thermal conductivity of hexagonal Si, Ge, and their alloys by using the first-principle-based Peierls-Boltzmann transport equation approach. Both three-phonon and four-phonon scatterings are taken into account in the calculations as the phonon scattering mechanisms. The thermal conductivity anisotropy of these materials is identified. While the thermal conductivity parallel to the hexagonal plane for hexagonal Si and Ge is found to be larger than that perpendicular to the hexagonal plane, alloying effectively tunes the thermal conductivity anisotropy by suppressing the thermal conductivity contributions from the middle-frequency phonons. The importance of four-phonon scatterings is assessed by comparing the results with the calculations without including four-phonon scatterings. We find that four-phonon scatterings cannot be ignored in hexagonal Si and Ge as the thermal conductivity would be overestimated by around 10% (40%) at 300 K (900) K. In addition, the phonon mean free path distribution of hexagonal Si, Ge, and their alloys is also discussed.
Application of relativistic distorted-wave method to electron-impact excitation of highly charged Fe XXIV ion embedded in weakly coupled plasmas
Authors: Chen Zhanbin
Published: May 2018

The process of excitation of highly charged Fe XXIV ion embedded in weakly coupled plasmas by electron impact is studied, together with the subsequent radiative decay. For the target structure, the calculation is performed using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method incorporating the Debye-Hückel potential for the electron-nucleus interaction. Fine-structure levels of the 1s22p and 1s2s2p configurations and the transition properties among these levels are presented over a wide range of screening parameters. For the collision dynamics, the distorted-wave method in the relativistic frame is adopted to include the effect of plasma background, in which the interparticle interactions in the system are described by screened interactions of the Debye-Hückel type. The continuum wave function of the projectile electron is obtained by solving the modified Dirac equations. The influence of plasma strength on the cross section, the linear polarization, and the angular distribution of x-ray photon emission are investigated in detail. Comparison of the present results with experimental data and other theoretical predictions, when available, is made.
Radial elemental and phase separation in Ni-Mn-Ga glass-coated microwires
Authors: Shevyrtalov S. , Zhukov A. , Medvedeva S. , Lyatun I. , Zhukova V. , Rodionova V.
Published: May 2018

In this manuscript, radial elemental and phase separation in Ni-Mn-Ga glass-coated microwires with high excess Ni as a result of high-temperature annealing was observed. Partial manganese evaporation from the outer part of the metallic nucleus and glass melting results in the formation of manganese oxide at the surface. The lack of manganese due to its evaporation induces Ni3Ga formation in the intermediate part, while in the middle part of the metallic nucleus, the residual L21 phase with an average chemical composition of Ni60Mn9Ga31 remains. The layered structure exhibits soft ferromagnetic behavior below 270 K. The results were discussed taking into account the chemical composition, arising internal stresses, recrystallization, and atomic ordering.
Voltage control of magnetism in NiZn ferrite/mica/PMNPT heterostructure with giant tunability and narrow linewidth
Authors: Wang Xinjun , Chen Yunpeng , Chen Huaihao , Gao Yuan , He Yifan , Li Menghui , Lin Hwaider , Sun Neville , Sun Nian
Published: May 2018

Recently, large magnetoelectric coupling of a spinel/piezoelectric heterostructure has been reported. However, the linewidth of the spinel is very large due to lattice mismatch when ferrite is directly deposited on piezoelectric substrates. This indicates a large magnetic loss, which impedes the spinel/piezoelectric heterostructure from useful device applications. Mica is a well-known 2D material, which can be split manually layer by layer without the substrate clamping effect. In this report, NiZn ferrite was deposited on a mica substrate by a spin-spray deposition technique. Spin-spray deposition is a wet chemical synthesis technique involving several chemical reactions for generating high-quality crystalline spinel ferrite films with various compositions directly from an aqueous solution. The thickness of ferrite is 2 μm, and the linewidth of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is 115 Oe which is suitable for RF/microwave devices. The large FMR field tuning of 605 Oe was observed in NiZn ferrite/mica/PMN-PT heterostructures with minimal substrate clamping effect by reducing the thickness of the mica substrate. These multiferroic heterostructures exhibiting combined giant magnetoelectric coupling and narrow ferromagnetic resonance linewidth offer great opportunities for flexible RF magnetic devices.
Impact of grain-based ethanol production on the cattle feedlot industry in eastern Australia: grain supply
Authors: Hunter R. A. , Kennedy P. M. , Sparke E. J.
Published: May 2018

Statistical data from the years 1998–2005 were used to investigate the capacity of the grain industry in eastern Australia to supply the grain necessary for inclusion of 10% ethanol in petrol (E10), in addition to the demands of grain for feedlot cattle. Evidence is provided that the variations in grain yields and grain consumption by cattle in these years are representative of the on-going situation and that interpretations and conclusions have continuing relevance. During 1998–2005, annual production of cereal grains in eastern Australia varied between 10 and 25 million tonnes. Similar fluctuations (11 and 27 million tonnes) in annual grain yields were observed between 2006 and 2014. The Australian potential requirement for E10 ethanol is ~2500 ML annually, with a grain usage of 6.1–7.6 million tonnes depending on the grain sources used. Established national grain demand for ruminant and monogastric livestock, human consumption and other domestic uses is ~7.5 million tonnes per year. In years of average or higher grain yields in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, the combined grain surpluses are more than sufficient for E10 ethanol to be produced domestically. In the years of the lowest grain yields, the surplus over more traditional usages is sufficient to satisfy only 50% of potential demand for E10. The greatest densities of feedlot cattle are in south-eastern Queensland, northern New South Wales and in the Murrumbidgee region of southern New South Wales. On a regional basis, the grain surplus to feedlot demand in most years in south-eastern Queensland is not sufficient to satisfy requirement for ethanol production without competition for grain. In years of highest yields, the grain surplus was sufficient for a 240-ML ethanol plant. Northern New South Wales could support at least two 400-ML plants in years of average and above yields, once established grain demands are met. The grain shortfall in years of lowest yield for one 400-ML plant is about half a million tonnes. Grain surpluses in average years in the Murrumbidgee region are sufficient to support at least one 400-ML plant. In years of lowest yield, only a 160-ML plant could be supported without competition for grain.
Liquid-Crystalline Properties of Thioesters
Authors: Petersen Anne Ugleholdt , Jevric Martyn , Mandle Richard J. , Kilde Martin Drøhse , Jørgensen Frederik P. , Goodby John W. , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: May 2018

An extension of a new method for forming thioesters with mesomorphic properties has been described, whereby the treatment of aryl tert-butylthioethers with long-chain acid chlorides in the presence of bismuth triflate afforded simple derivatives in good yields. This method in the case of 1-cyanoazulenes was, however, complicated by a competitive Friedel–Crafts-type acylation side reaction at the 3-position. Long-chain derivatives of cyanobiphenyl attached through a thioester linkage exhibited mesophases comparable with their ester analogues. The use of shorter chains to decorate the cyanobiphenyl moiety did not produce mesophasic behaviour, unlike their ester analogues. The cyanobiphenyl derivatives showing mesophasic behaviour were studied by small-angle X-ray diffraction, showing alignment for molecules possessing a smectic A phase. It was found that the layer spacing in the smectic A phase was ~1.5 times the length of the molecule, owing to antiparallel pairing arising from π-stacking between neighbouring units. Calculations suggest these derivatives should exhibit large dielectric anisotropy; however, instability made an exact value difficult to determine. For potential use in a liquid crystal display (LCD), the thioester holds some promise, although this may be limited by the relative stability of the thioester functionality.
High-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence screening of Setaria viridis for mutants with altered CO2 compensation points
Authors: Coe Robert A. , Chatterjee Jolly , Acebron Kelvin , Dionora Jacqueline , Mogul Reychelle , Lin HsiangChun , Yin Xiaojia , Bandyopadhyay Anindya , Sirault Xavier R. R. , Furbank Robert T. , Quick W. Paul
Published: May 2018

To assist with efforts to engineer a C4 photosynthetic pathway into rice, forward-genetic approaches are being used to identify the genes modulating key C4 traits. Currently, a major challenge is how to screen for a variety of different traits in a high-throughput manner. Here we describe a method for identifying C4 mutant plants with increased CO2 compensation points. This is used as a signature for decreased photosynthetic efficiency associated with a loss of C4 function. By exposing plants to a CO2 concentration close to the CO2 compensation point of a wild-type plant, individuals can be identified from measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence. We use this method to screen a mutant population of the C4 monocot Setaria viridis (L.)P.Beauv. generated using N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Mutants were identified at a frequency of 1 per 157 lines screened. Forty-six candidate lines were identified and one line with a heritable homozygous phenotype selected for further characterisation. The CO2 compensation point of this mutant was increased to a value similar to that of C3 rice. Photosynthesis and growth was significantly reduced under ambient conditions. These data indicate that the screen was capable of identifying mutants with decreased photosynthetic efficiency. Characterisation and next-generation sequencing of all the mutants identified in this screen may lead to the discovery of novel genes underpinning C4 photosynthesis. These can be used to engineer a C4 photosynthetic pathway into rice.
Fructan dynamics and antioxidant capacity of 4-day-old seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars during drought stress and recovery
Authors: Nemati Farnoosh , Ghanati Faezeh , Gavlighi Hassan Ahmadi , Sharifi Mohsen
Published: May 2018

One of the inevitable consequences of drought stress is enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fructan might function as effective candidate for capturing ROS in a wide range of stresses. Herein, 4-day-old seedlings of drought-tolerant and -sensitive wheat cultivars were exposed to drought stress for 7 days by water cessation, followed by further 7 days re-watering. The content, metabolism, related enzymes activity, degree of polymerisation (DP) and antioxidant capacity of fructan were compared in the two cultivars. High resolution HPAEC-PAD analysis of fructan showed an increase in the activities of fructan: fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-FFT) in the tolerant cultivar and sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and 1-FFT in the sensitive cultivar under drought condition. The activity of fructan exohydrolase (FEH) did not show any significant change in tolerant cultivar, but decreased in a sensitive one. In comparison with the sensitive cultivar, the tolerant one accumulated fructan (0.9% of dry matter) with higher degree of polymerisation (10.67 ± 1.1), accompanied by increased OH radical scavenging activity, during drought condition. In regard to the fact that OH radical is the most prevalent ROS in damaging membrane lipids, the results suggest that fructans play a crucial role in the tolerance of wheat seedlings against drought stress.
Projecting wildfire emissions over the south-eastern United States to mid-century
Authors: Shankar Uma , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , McKenzie Donald , Talgo Kevin , Xiu Aijun , Omary Mohammad , Baek Bok Haeng , Yang Dongmei , Vizuete William
Published: May 2018

Wildfires can impair human health because of the toxicity of emitted pollutants, and threaten communities, structures and the integrity of ecosystems sensitive to disturbance. Climate and socioeconomic factors (e.g. population and income growth) are known regional drivers of wildfires. Reflecting changes in these factors in wildfire emissions estimates is thus a critical need in air quality and health risk assessments in the south-eastern United States. We developed such a methodology leveraging published statistical models of annual area burned (AAB) over the US Southeast for 2011–2060, based on county-level socioeconomic and climate projections, to estimate daily wildfire emissions in selected historical and future years. Projected AABs were 7 to 150% lower on average than the historical mean AABs for 1992–2010; projected wildfire fine-particulate emissions were 13 to 62% lower than those based on historical AABs, with a temporal variability driven by the climate system. The greatest differences were in areas of large wildfire impacts from socioeconomic factors, suggesting that historically based (static) wildfire inventories cannot properly represent future air quality responses to changes in these factors. The results also underscore the need to correct biases in the dynamical downscaling of wildfire climate drivers to project the health risks of wildfire emissions more reliably.
Corrigendum to: Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu
Authors: Brown Peter R. , Aplin Ken P. , Hinds Lyn A. , Jacob Jens , Thomas Sarah E. , Ritchie Barbara J.
Published: May 2018

Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.
Transcriptomic context of
DRD1
is associated with prefrontal activity and behavior during working memory
Authors: Fazio Leonardo , Pergola Giulio , Papalino Marco , Di Carlo Pasquale , Monda Anna , Gelao Barbara , Amoroso Nicola , Tangaro Sabina , Rampino Antonio , Popolizio Teresa , Bertolino Alessandro , Blasi Giuseppe
Published: May 2018

Significance

Dopamine D
1
receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for working memory (WM). However, it is unknown how D
1
-related genetic background mediates differences in WM performance between humans. Furthermore, previous studies did not consider that
DRD1
is likely part of a coregulated molecular network, which may contribute to WM performance and its underlying neural correlates. The key of this research is the identification of a relationship between genetically predicted coexpression and WM processing. In particular, genetically predicted greater
DRD1
-related coexpression was associated with lower PFC activity and higher WM performance, indicating greater WM efficiency. Our findings may help to link gene expression with brain activity and to develop WM-enhancing drugs by differentiating individuals based on their genetic background.
Flow-induced phase separation of active particles is controlled by boundary conditions
Authors: Thutupalli Shashi , Geyer Delphine , Singh Rajesh , Adhikari Ronojoy , Stone Howard A.
Published: May 2018

Significance

Active particle suspensions comprise energy-consuming and hydrodynamically interacting units, such as swimming microorganisms, autophoretic colloids, and active droplets. Though it is now recognized that emergent self-organization in such systems is driven by their spontaneous hydrodynamic flow, it is still not well-understood how the modification of this flow by confining boundaries impacts self-organization. Here we combine experiments, theory, and simulations to elucidate the effect of boundaries on the spontaneous flow in a suspension of active emulsion droplets. Our results establish a widely applicable paradigm for flow-induced phase separation in active fluids and offer routes to manipulating their microstructure.
Time-evolving genetic networks reveal a NAC troika that negatively regulates leaf senescence in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Hyo Jung , Park Ji-Hwan , Kim Jingil , Kim Jung Ju , Hong Sunghyun , Kim Jeongsik , Kim Jin Hee , Woo Hye Ryun , Hyeon Changbong , Lim Pyung Ok , Nam Hong Gil , Hwang Daehee
Published: May 2018

Significance

Leaf senescence is regulated in a complex manner, involving time-dependent interactions with developmental and environmental signals. Genetic screens have identified key regulators of senescence, particularly late-stage senescence regulators. Recently, time-course gene-expression and network analyses, mostly analyses of static networks, have predicted many senescence regulators. However, senescence is defined by time-evolving networks, involving the temporal transition of interactions among senescence regulators. Here, we present time-evolving networks of NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) transcription factors, central regulators of leaf senescence in
Arabidopsis
, via time-course gene-expression analysis of NACs in their mutants. These time-evolving networks revealed a unique regulatory module of NACs that controls the timely induction of senescence-promoting processes at a presenescent stage of leaf aging.
Continuity in foreign language education in Australia
Authors: Caruso Marinella , Brown Josh
Published: May 2018

This article discusses the validity of the bonus for languages other than English (known as the Language Bonus) established in Australia to boost participation in language education. In subjecting this incentive plan to empirical investigation, we not only address a gap in the literature, but also continue the discussion on how to ensure that the efforts made by governments, schools, education agencies and teachers to support language study in schooling can have long-term success. Using data from a large-scale investigation, we consider the significance of the Language Bonus in influencing students’ decisions to study a language at school and at university. While this paper has a local focus – an English-speaking country in which language study is not compulsory – it engages with questions from the broader agenda of providing incentives for learning languages. It will be relevant especially for language policy in English speaking countries.
Dancing through the waves of feminism
Authors: Tsiakalou Ourania
Published: May 2018

This article makes use of Roman Jakobson’s articulation of intersemiotic translation (Jakobson 1959). Taking the work of two different choreographers and dancers – Martha Graham and Marie Chouinard – to be instances of intersemiotic translation, I explore the cultural discourses they have produced in terms of the ways gender and sexuality emerge in the translations in question. The analysis sets the dance performances in the framework of feminist translation as articulated by Luise von Flotow (1991) and queer translation or queeriture, which I have articulated elsewhere (Tsiakalou 2013). These frameworks arise from two different and successive movements in translation and translation studies, which follow the “passage” from second-wave feminism to third-wave feminism or queer theory.
Defending either a personal or an assigned standpoint
Authors: Salminen Timo , Marttunen Miika
Published: May 2018

This study clarifies whether a specific type of role play supports upper secondary school students’ collaborative argumentation. Data consist of 12 dyadic face-to-face and 12 chat debates. Data analysis focused on the quality of students’ argumentation. Comparisons were made between students who defended standpoints at variance with their personal opinions on the topics, between the two study modes and topics, and by gender. When the students defended a standpoint differing from their personal opinion, the male students engaged in counterargumentation more often than the female students. When, in turn, the students defended their personal standpoint, they produced both counterargumentative and non-argumentative speech turns equally often, and their arguments were more poorly elaborated than when they defended an assigned standpoint. The study suggests that role play in which both counterargumentation and students’ personal standpoints on an issue are taken into account is a viable means to support students’ high quality argumentation.
Reporting vs. pretending. Degrees of identification in role play and reported speech
Authors: Köder Franziska
Published: May 2018

In both role play and reported speech, the actual speaker purports to present the speech of someone else. I analyse and compare the different perspectives that are involved in role play utterances and direct and indirect speech reports. I argue for a conceptual distinction between role play utterances and speech reports and discuss three criteria to distinguish them: (a) metalinguistic marking, (b) communicative intention, and (c) embodiment. Based on this analysis, I propose a hierarchy of identification with the other person, in which role play exhibits the highest degree of identification and indirect speech the lowest.
Text metaphtonymy
Authors: Denroche Charles
Published: May 2018

This article starts by looking at the various ways metonymic and metaphoric thinking, as independent phenomena, organize text at discourse level. The literature on metaphor in discourse is classified under three broad categories, ‘metaphor clusters’, ‘metaphor chains’ and ‘extended metaphor’, while the less extensive body of research on metonymy in discourse is analyzed into parallel categories, ‘metonymy clusters’, ‘metonymy chains’ and ‘extended metonymy’. The article goes on to look at the ways in which metonymy-in-discourse and metaphor-in-discourse phenomena combine in making meaning at text level. The interplay of metonymy and metaphor in discourse, referred to here as ‘text metaphtonymy’, is explored under headings adapted fromGoossens (1990), namely, ‘metaphor within metonymy’ and ‘metonymy within metaphor’. The ways in which metonymy and metaphor combine at discourse level are shown to be varied and intricate. This has implications for applied linguists working with text. The direction further work in this area might take is indicated.
Metaphor-enriched social cognition and spatial bias in the courtroom
Authors: Winter Bodo , Daguna Joshua , Matlock Teenie
Published: May 2018

It is known that courtroom decisions can be influenced by subtle psychological biases, such as asking leading questions. Informed by metaphor research on the connection between spatial proximity and intimacy (e.g., ‘we areclose’, ‘their views arefar apart’), this paper reports four experiments that look at the potential role of psychological biases arising from the spatial layout of a courtroom. In particular, we ask the question: Does being close or far to a defendant influence one’s reasoning about who is likely to win or lose a court case? Working with an American (jury-based) legal system as an example, our experiments manipulated the physical distance between the jury box and the defendant’s table as shown on images of a courtroom. Across several manipulations, we discovered that participants judged the defendant to be more likely to win when the defendant’s table was located close to the jury box. These studies are in line with the research on ‘metaphor-enriched social cognition’, showing that the way we talk about relationships in terms of space corresponds to social reasoning in a spatial world.
“It’s like herding butterflies”
Authors: Marhula Joanna
Published: May 2018

This study focuses on simile in real language use. More specifically, it examines the explanatory power of similes in dialogic interaction where speakers are trying to bring their intimate experiences closer to others. The material under analysis comes from BBC Radio 4 “Woman’s Hour” programmes and is characterized by a relatively high simile frequency compared with other spoken genres, for example, academic lectures (Low, 2010). In view of this fact, the study aims to explore the discourse functions of similes in radio talk: are they one-off rhetorical figures which cater for local discourse needs only, or do they also form extensive explanations with more global discourse functions? Apart from examining how simile-type comparisons are employed in radio conversations, the study also explores the interplay between similes and metaphors as well as their complementary role in realizing communicative discourse goals.
Nationalism and gender in the representation of non-Japanese characters’ speech in contemporary Japanese novels
Authors: Suzuki Satoko
Published: May 2018

This study demonstrates that two types of language ideologies (linguistic nationalism and feminine language normativity) influence how Japanese contemporary novels represent non-Japanese characters’ speech. It investigates the role of gender and observes that novelists only infrequently assign highly gendered utterance-final forms to non-Japanese characters when they speak in Japanese. This tendency is more salient among the representations of male non-Japanese characters. Masculine expressions seem to belong to a set of linguistic resources that are considered available only to the Japanese. This exclusivism, i.e., linguistic nationalism, might explain the lack of highly masculine forms among non-Japanese characters in novels. As for the relatively frequent assignment of gendered language for female characters, the normativity of feminine language makes it part of the basic language of all female speakers including non-Japanese individuals. In addition, feminine expressions are not as strongly associated with authenticity as masculine expressions.
A genre-pragmatic analysis of Arabic academic book reviews (ArBRs)
Authors: Al-Ali Mohammed Nahar
Published: May 2018

This study aims to investigate the rhetorical genre components and the pragmatic evaluation options used to articulate the communicative function of ArBR genre, and find out how these generic and evaluation options contrast with those reported in other languages and cultures. To this end, a corpus of 50 book reviews written by 50 Arab reviewers was collected and analyzed within the rhetorical components developed and applied byMotta-Roth (1998)to English book reviews. The present study drew onHyland (2000),Gea Valor (2000–2001),Moreno and Suárez (2008a)andAlcaraz-Ariza (2010)in order to examine how the qualities of ArBRs are evaluated and in which terms (i.e., criticism or praise). The results indicated that the Arab reviewers employed additional sub-moves that have not been used by other researchers. Unlike English book reviewers, Arab reviewers try to avoid criticism. Instead, they usually devote most of their book reviews to describe and summarize uncritically although critical appraisal is supposed to be the backbone of this genre. These purposive generic component preferences and evaluation tendencies can be explained with reference to the goal of the academic community and the writing culture that constrain Arab reviewers' academic behavior. I hope that the results of this study will provide graduate students and novice researchers with further awareness of the acceptable generic strategies, the linguistic choices and pragmatic evaluative options that can be used to write an evaluation of a piece of research.
Prospect development of local beef cattle from South Kalimantan as supporting to food sovereignty in Indonesia
Authors: Rahmatullah S N , Sulaiman A , Askalani  , Azizi N M K
Published: May 2018

Development production of Indonesia local cattle didn’t balance increasing of consumption livestock in Indonesian so that’s makes imports are still high both local beef production. Indonesian local cattle is one of cattle the largest contributed the national meat production of ruminant particular group of cattle so that the livestock has the potential to be developed as a profitable business if doing of farmer. One of advantages is potential areas in South Kalimantan mainly swamp lands was very large. It’s one effort in national promoting food sovereignty programme and the provinces especially about introduction of Indonesian local cattle in the swamp area are also important. Availability of region in South Kalimantan spacious and great forage production, then prospects for cattle productivity there is huge so that’s can even increase income for farmers. The programme more serious support from the governance of South Kalimantan province to develop Indonesian local cattle in swamp area and in that’s a real policy for encouraging farmers to maintain Indonesian local cattle to make sustainable food in Indonesia.
Correct Laminar Positioning in the Neocortex Influences Proper Dendritic and Synaptic Development
Authors: Martineau Fanny Sandrine , Sahu Surajit , Plantier Vanessa , Buhler Emmanuelle , Schaller Fabienne , Fournier Lauriane , Chazal Geneviève , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Represa Alfonso , Watrin Françoise , Manent Jean-Bernard
Published: May 2018

The neocortex is a 6-layered laminated structure with a precise anatomical and functional organization ensuring proper function. Laminar positioning of cortical neurons, as determined by termination of neuronal migration, is a key determinant of their ability to assemble into functional circuits. However, the exact contribution of laminar placement to dendrite morphogenesis and synapse formation remains unclear. Here we manipulated the laminar position of cortical neurons by knocking down doublecortin (Dcx), a crucial effector of migration, and show that misplaced neurons fail to properly form dendrites, spines, and functional glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. We further show that knocking down Dcx in properly positioned neurons induces similar but milder defects, suggesting that the laminar misplacement is the primary cause of altered neuronal development. Thus, the specific laminar environment of their fated layers is crucial for the maturation of cortical neurons, and influences their functional integration into developing cortical circuits.
An Exploration of Smoking-to-Vaping Transition Attempts Using a “Smart” Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
Authors: Blank Mei-Ling , Hoek Janet , George Mark , Gendall Philip , Conner Tamlin S , Thrul Johannes , Ling Pamela M , Langlotz Tobias
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are used to aid smoking cessation attempts; however, many smokers continue to smoke while using an ENDS (dual use). Although uncertainty remains regarding whether specific ENDS patterns hinder or support successful smoking cessation, recent advances in “smart” technology allow passive and active recording of behaviors in real time, enabling more detailed insights into how smoking and vaping patterns may coevolve. We describe patterns of ENDS initiation, and subsequent use, including any changes in cigarette consumption, among daily smokers using a “smart” ENDS (S-ENDS) to quit smoking.

Method

An 8-week long mixed-methods feasibility study used Bluetooth-enabled S-ENDS that passively recorded real-time device use by participants (n = 11). Daily surveys administered via smartphones collected data on self-reported cigarette consumption.

Results

All 11 participants were dual users, at least initially, during their quit attempt. We observed three provisional vaping and smoking patterns: immediate and intensive ENDS initiation coupled with immediate, dramatic, and sustained smoking reduction, leading to smoking abstinence; gradual ENDS uptake with gradual smoking reductions, leading to daily dual use throughout the study period; and ENDS experimentation with return to exclusive smoking. For six participants, the patterns observed in week 1 were similar to the vaping and smoking patterns observed throughout the rest of the study period.

Conclusion

Technological advances now allow fine-grained description of ENDS use and smoking patterns. Larger and longer studies describing smoking-to-vaping patterns, and estimating associations with smoking outcomes, could inform ENDS-specific cessation advice promoting full transition from smoking to exclusive ENDS use.

Implications

The use of an S-ENDS that recorded real-time device use among daily smokers engaged in a quit attempt provides insight into patterns and trajectories of dual use (continuing to smoke while using ENDS), and the possible associations between ENDS initiation, subsequent use, and smoking cessation outcomes. Such work could support more targeted cessation counseling and technical advice for smokers using ENDS to quit smoking, reduce the risk of users developing long-term dual use patterns, and enhance the contributions ENDS may make to reducing smoking prevalence.
Microsurgical Resection of Glomus Jugulare Tumors With Facial Nerve Reconstruction: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cândido Duarte N C , de Oliveira Jean Gonçalves , Borba Luis A B
Published: May 2018

Paragangliomas are tumors originating from the paraganglionic system (autonomic nervous system), mostly found at the region around the jugular bulb, for which reason they are also termed glomus jugulare tumors (GJT). Although these lesions appear to be histologically benign, clinically they present with great morbidity, especially due to invasion of nearby structures such as the lower cranial nerves. These are challenging tumors, as they need complex approaches and great knowledge of the skull base. We present the case of a 31-year-old woman, operated by the senior author, with a 1-year history of tinnitus, vertigo, and progressive hearing loss, that evolved with facial nerve palsy (House-Brackmann IV) 2 months before surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans demonstrated a typical lesion with intense flow voids at the jugular foramen region with invasion of the petrous and tympanic bone, carotid canal, and middle ear, and extending to the infratemporal fossa (type C2 of Fisch's classification for GJT). During the procedure the mastoid part of the facial nerve was identified involved by tumor and needed to be resected. We also describe the technique for nerve reconstruction, using an interposition graft from the great auricular nerve, harvested at the beginning of the surgery. We achieved total tumor resection with a remarkable postoperative course. The patient also presented with facial function after 6 months. The patient consented with publication of her images.
The efficacy of electrical spinal fusion stimulators on fusion rates: a meta-analysis
Authors: Hijji Fady Y. , Narain Ankur S. , Haws Brittany E. , Khechen Benjamin , Bohl Daniel D. , Kudaravalli Krishna T. , Yom Kelly H. , Singh Kern
Published: May 2018

Background:

Previous studies have investigated the clinical effectiveness of electrical stimulation. However, minimal aggregate data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) exist to determine the overall efficacy of stimulators on spinal fusion outcomes. Thus, a meta-analysis of RCTs was undertaken to elucidate the effect of spinal fusion stimulators on fusion rates after spinal fusion procedures.

Methods:

This meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RCTs that compared fusion rates between cohorts receiving either electrical stimulation or a placebo/control following spinal fusion were included. Studies were obtained from literature searches of PubMed and MEDLINE databases. Articles without 1 yr follow-up or complete randomization were excluded. The primary outcome was fusion rate. A meta-analysis on relative risks for fusion was performed. The summary estimate was derived using Mantel-Haenszel methods.

Results:

Out of six RCTs, fusion rates ranged from 35.4% to 90.6% in stimulation groups, and 33.3% to 92.8% in control groups. There was no significant difference in fusion rates between spinal stimulator and control groups (P=0.067). Four of six studies exhibited a variety of study population characteristics, including a mixture of primary and revision spinal fusions, single-level and multi-level procedures, and electrical stimulation types.

Conclusions:

The results from the present study suggest no significant effect of spinal fusion stimulators on rates of spinal fusion when compared to control treatments. Physicians should use caution when interpreting these studies. Further RCTs demonstrating uniformity are necessary to better understand the effects of electrical stimulators on spinal fusion.
Methods of fixation used in management of femoral neck fractures in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Abdel Rahman Amr Farouk , Gouda Ayman , Ibrahim Ramy
Published: May 2018

Background:

Femoral neck fractures in adults younger than 50 yr old are uncommon and often result from high-energy trauma. They account for only 2-3% of all femoral neck fractures. Femoral neck fractures in young adults are associated with a high incidence of femoral head osteonecrosis and nonunion. Dynamic hip screw, multiple cannulated screws, and a Targon® femoral neck (TFN) plate can be used in management. A systematic review of the literature was done to evaluate which technique is best.

Methods:

After literature search, 11 articles were found and were reviewed to evaluate final outcome of fixation of femoral neck fractures using dynamic hip screw, multiple cannulated screws, or a TFN plate.

Results:

After evaluation of all studies, the incidence of nonunion, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, implant failure, and reoperation were almost equal in both dynamic hip screw and TFN plate groups, while it was much higher in the patient group fixed with multiple cannulated screws.

Conclusions:

Dynamic hip screw fixation had a low incidence of complications in the final outcome when compared with multiple cannulated screws. Further study was needed for application of the TFN plate.
A Primer on the Acute Management of Intravenous Extravasation Injuries for the Plastic Surgeon
Authors: Maly Connor , Fan Kenneth L. , Rogers Gary F. , Mitchell Benjamin , Amling June , Johnson Kara , Welch Laura , Oh Albert K. , Chao Jerry W.
Published: May 2018

Intravenous therapy is a common practice among many specialties. Intravenous therapy extravasation is a potential complication to such therapy. Hospitals without a dedicated wound care team trained in these interventions will often default to plastic surgical consultation, making an understanding of available interventions essential to the initial evaluation and management of these injuries. The goal of this article was to provide plastic surgeons and health care providers with a general overview of the acute management of intravenous infiltration and extravasation injuries. Though the decision for surgical versus nonsurgical management is often a clear one for plastic surgeons, local interventions, and therapies are often indicated and under-utilized in the immediate postinfiltration period. Thorough knowledge of these interventions should be a basic requirement in the armamentarium of plastic surgery consultants.
The Role of CD44 and RHAMM in Endometrial (Endometrioid Type) Cancer: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Klarić Marko , Haller Herman , Brnčić Fischer Alemka , Babarović Emina , Prijić Aleksandra , Eminović Senija
Published: May 2018

Hyaluronan controls cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation, and it is involved in tumor invasion. The extracellular matrix containing hyaluronan regulates cell behavior via cell surface receptors such as CD44 and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM, CD168). We investigated the expression of CD44 and RHAMM in tissue samples of endometrial cancer and the relation of their expression with clinicopathologic parameters of patients. In order to evaluate the value of CD44 and RHAMM as prognostic factors, we investigated the relation of their expression with patients’ survival. Our results demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with the depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion (LVSI), The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage of disease, and, in the case of RHAMM expression, a significant correlation with histologic tumor grade as well. CD44 expression was present in the cell membrane in all cases, but in a proportion of tumors in the cytoplasm as well. In this group of patients, we noticed a significantly greater number of cases with deeper myometrial invasion and LVSI. Finally, we sorted out the group of tumors with simultaneous strong CD44 and strong RHAMM expression, and found a statistically significant correlation with the depth of myometrial invasion and LVSI. Using an univariate analysis, we demonstrated that, in our sample of patients, CD44 expression showed a statistically significant influence on patients’ 5-year survival. However, using a multivariate Cox regression analysis, neither CD44 nor RHAMM confirmed themselves as independent prognostic factors.
Clinical and Economic Value of p16INK4a for the Differential Diagnosis of Morphologic Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2
Authors: Fishkel Vanina S. , Monge Fernando C. , von Petery Felicitas M. , Tapper Karen E. , Peña Teresa M. , Torres Florencia , Poletta Fernando A. , Elgart Jorge F. , Avagnina Alejandra , Denninghoff Valeria
Published: May 2018

The detection of high-grade intraepithelial lesions requires highly sensitive and specific methods that allow more accurate diagnoses. This contributes to a proper management of preneoplastic lesions, thus avoiding overtreatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the value of immunostaining for p16INK4a in the morphologic assessment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 lesions, to help differentiate between low-grade (p16-negative) and high-grade (p16-positive) squamous intraepithelial lesions. The direct medical cost of the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 morphologic lesions was estimated. A retrospective observational cross-sectional study was carried out. This study analyzed 46 patients treated with excisional procedures because of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 lesions, using loop electrosurgical excision procedures. Immunostaining for the biomarker was performed. For the estimation of overtreatment, percentages (%) and their 95% confidence interval were calculated. Of the 41 patients analyzed, 32 (78%) showed overexpression of p16 and 9 (22%) were negative (95% confidence interval, 11%-38%). Mean follow-up was 2.9 years, using cervical cytology testing (Pap) and colposcopy. High-risk human papillomavirus DNA tests were performed in 83% of patients. These retrospective results reveal the need for larger biopsy samples, which would allow a more accurate prediction of lesion risk. Considering the cost of p16 staining, and assuming the proper management of the low-grade lesion, an average of US$919 could be saved for each patient with a p16-negative result, which represents a global direct cost reduction of 10%.
The GroEL chaperonin: a protein machine with pistons driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis
Authors: Lorimer George H. , Fei Xue , Ye Xiang
Published: May 2018

In response to the binding of ATP, the two heptameric rings of the GroEL chaperonin protein interact with one another in a negatively cooperative manner. Owing to the helix dipole, the positively charged nitrogen of glycine 88 at the N-terminus of helix D binds to oxygen atoms on the
β
and
γ
phosphorus atoms of ATP. In apo-GroEL, the nucleotide-binding sites of different rings are connected to one another by the interaction of the ɛ-amino group of lysine 105 of one helix D across the twofold axis with the negatively charged carbonyl oxygen atom of alanine 109 at the C-terminus of the other helix D. Upon binding ATP, the K105–A109 salt bridge breaks and both helices move apart by approximately 3.5 Å en bloc toward the ATP. Upon hydrolysis of ATP, the helices return to their original position. The helices thus behave as pistons, their movement being driven by the binding and hydrolysis of ATP.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Allostery and molecular machines’.