bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between the Romance of Collectivism and the Reality of Individualism
Authors: Fabricant Nicole
Published: August 2010

Landless Peasant Movement organizers in Bolivia recognize the ayllu as a historical memory rather than a lived reality, and it provides momentum for local-level efforts to reclaim land and productive resources from agrarian elites. Yet contradictions between the discourse of collectivism and the practice of power-hungry leaders, vertical forms of decision making, and competition for limited resources often characterize the movement’s political spaces and land-reform settlements. Instead of dismissing such tensions as negating the effectiveness of leftist politics in the twenty-first century, we must move toward understanding such friction as critical to movement building.
Migrants’ Voices
Authors: Kirshner Joshua
Published: August 2010

The regional autonomy movement based in Santa Cruz draws on long-standing regional divisions, and it has solidified amid the breakdown of the elite-led political party system and the national election of Evo Morales and the Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism—MAS). Critics and national government supporters view regional autonomy as a defensive stance taken by elites against the redistributive policies, expansion of indigenous sovereignty, and widening popular democracy under the MAS. But lowland regional leaders and elites have begun to present autonomy as inclusive and popular in order to broaden support and challenge the Morales government. Largely removed from debates over autonomy are migrants to the rapidly urbanizing city of Santa Cruz who in many cases experience uneven integration into host communities. Despite the autonomists’ efforts at fostering inclusion and popular buy-in, highland migrants’ support for autonomy is weak, while lowland migrants generally favor autonomy and skilled highlanders—more integrated into Santa Cruz—tend to support it conditionally. Migrants of all three groups perceive class disparities within the city to be as salient as regional and ethnic divisions.
Agrarian Capitalism and Struggles over Hegemony in the Bolivian Lowlands
Authors: Valdivia Gabriela
Published: August 2010

In 2006, President Morales announced that his administration would end land inequality in Bolivia. Agrarian elites in the lowlands department of Santa Cruz, known as the economic engine of Bolivian agriculture, strongly oppose this position and have vowed to counter it to safeguard the agrarian order. From visions of a capitalist moral compass of production to the promotion of sector unity to safeguard production, agrarian elites are seeking to maintain a hegemony that allows them to control the agrarian sector in the lowlands. Attention to the ways in which agrarian elites ground their struggles over agrarian hegemony is necessary for evaluating the possibilities for the resource democracy advocated by the current administration.
Psychosocial and Friendship Characteristics of Bully/Victim Subgroups in Korean Primary School Children
Authors: Shin Yoolim
Published: August 2010

This study investigated psychosocial and friendship characteristics of Korean children who engaged in bully/victim subgroups among their peer groups. The participants were 605 elementary school students in Bucheon City, Korea. The participants completed a peer nomination inventory as well as loneliness and social anxiety scales. Friendship quality was measured by self-reports. Significant differences in psychosocial characteristics were found among the bully/ victim subgroups and these differences were generally consistent with those in Western cultures. Moreover, children of the same bully/victim subgroups tend to befriend each other. Aggressive, passive victims and bullies were the same as normative contrasts with respect to conflict resolution and closeness/security, however, passive victims did not consider their friends as a significant source of help.
A Model for Predicting the Presence of School Psychology
Authors: Cook Clayton R. , Jimerson Shane R. , Begeny John C.
Published: August 2010

School psychology exists in many countries around the world; however, it is far from ubiquitous. The extant literature offers limited empirical information addressing why school psychology may be present in some countries but not in others. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative investigation examining four sociocultural and sociopolitical theories that may help to explain the presence of school psychology within countries around the globe. The results from this study examining 108 different countries revealed that although the socioeconomic development of a country is an important explanatory factor of the presence of school psychology, it does not fully explain the presence of school psychology. Specifically, variables measuring a country’s modern mass cultural values and legacy of expenditures on social programs were independently predictive of the presence of school psychology. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Anxiolytic-like effect induced by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, arachydonilcyclopropylamide (ACPA), in the rat amygdala is mediated through the D1 and D2 dopaminergic systems
Authors: Zarrindast Mohammad Reza , Mahboobi Sara , Sadat-Shirazi Mitra-Sadat , Ahmadi Shamseddin
Published: August 2010

In the present study the influence of the dopaminergic system(s) of the amygdala on the anxiolytic-like effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, arachydonilcyclopropylamide (ACPA), in male Wistar rats was investigated. An elevated plus-maze test of anxiety was used to assess anxiety-like behaviors. The results showed that bilateral intra-amygdala injections of ACPA (0.125, 1.25 and 5 ng/rat) and the mixed dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine, at different doses (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat) increased percentage open arm time (%OAT) and percentage open arm entries (%OAE), indicating an anxiolytic-like effect for both of the drugs. In contrast, intra-amygdala administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.5 and 1 µg/rat) and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (2 and 3 µg/rat) decreased %OAT and %OAE, suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect for both of the drugs. Interestingly, pretreatment with a sub-effective dose of apomorphine (0.0005 µg/rat) increased, while SCH23390 (0.25 µg/rat) and sulpiride (1.5 µg/rat) decreased the anxiolytic-like effect of ACPA. It can be concluded that the dopaminergic system of the amygdala may be involved, at least partly, in the anxiolytic-like effects induced by ACPA in the rat amygdala.
The Effect of Culture on the Academic Honesty of Marketing and Business Students
Authors: Payan Janice , Reardon James , McCorkle Denny E.
Published: August 2010

Two trends in marketing higher education include (a) growing opportunities for intercultural encounters in the classroom and (b) a growing concern about student academic honesty. Research regarding the relationship between specific cultural measures and academic honesty is sparse in the context of marketing and business programs in higher education. This study surveys marketing and business college students from 13 different countries about their perceptions of questionable behaviors concerning academic honesty and measures Hofstede’s commonly studied cultural dimension of individualism/ collectivism as a direct test of the cultural hypotheses presented. As predicted, collectivist business students are more tolerant than individualist business students concerning questionable academic behaviors that are unilateral (e.g., copying material/ papers from the Internet or looking at another student’s exam without the knowledge of the other student), collaborative (e.g., getting exam questions/answers from others or free riding in a group), and delaying (e.g., requesting due date/exam date delays or assignment extensions with false information). In alignment with the theory of reasoned action, results also show that a positive attitude about the value of teamwork (relative to individual work) mediates the effect between collectivism and questionable academic behaviors that are collaborative. The results and recommendations are particularly relevant to marketing educators teaching beginners to advanced courses in a culturally diverse classroom.
Novel Laboratory Mouse Papillomavirus (MusPV) Infection
Authors: Ingle A. , Ghim S. , Joh J. , Chepkoech I. , Bennett Jenson A. , Sundberg J. P.
Published: August 2010

Most papillomaviruses (PVs) are oncogenic. There are at least 100 different human PVs and 65 nonhuman vertebrate hosts, including wild rodents, which have species–specific PV infections. Florid papillomatosis arose in a colony of NMRI- Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu(nude) mice at the Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer in India. Lesions appeared at the mucocutaneous junctions of the nose and mouth. Histologically, lesions were classical papillomas with epidermal hyperplasia on thin fibrovascular stalks in a verrucous pattern. Koilocytotic cells were observed in the stratum granulosum of the papillomatous lesions. Immunohistochemically, these abnormal cells were positive for PV group-specific antigens. With transmission electron microscopy, virus particles were observed in crystalline intranuclear inclusions within keratinocytes. The presence of a mouse PV, designated MusPV, was confirmed by amplification of PV DNA with degenerative primers specific for PVs. This report is the first of a PV and its related disease in laboratory mice.
Dr Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying about Methodology and Love Writing
Authors: Vrasti Wanda
Published: August 2010

This rejoinder pays special attention to two of Jason Rancatore’s main points of criticism: that I advance a purist notion of ethnography and that ethnography is a data-collection method like any other. Firstly, I defend my earlier interdisciplinary reading of ethnography, arguing that, while anthropology does not maintain a monopoly over the ‘pure’ or ‘proper’ dispensation of ethnography, the history and complexity of this practice cannot be grasped in its entirety unless we engage its ‘home field’ of anthropology. Secondly, I approach ethnography as a critique of the way in which knowledge is commonly produced and communicated within social science research. Rather than obsessing over questions of research design, ethnography is an exercise in being truthful about the distance we travel from research questions to finished manuscript, with all its doubts, epiphanies and improvisations. If the case of ethnography and IR is a strange one, as Rancatore suggests, it is because the contribution of ethnography continues to be assessed in terms of the purchase power it has for disciplinarity and not in light of the avenues it opens for making academic writing useful to a wider variety of purposes and audiences.
The Bus Owner, the Bus Driver, and His Lover
Authors: Villarreal Ana T.
Published: August 2010

Sociologists of service work have firmly established that clients may become crucial allies for either workers or managers at conflict throughout the labor process. However, less attention has been given to how these colluding relations may extend beyond the limits of a service interaction. An ethnographic approach into the nature of the alliances between bus drivers and their passengers in Monterrey, Mexico, revealed a subterranean gender system that systematically structured workers’ struggle against management in ways that have not been considered by the sociology of service work. How might personal, emotional, and sexualized connections weave into class struggle? In this article, the author traces a series of strategies and counterstrategies developed by male bus owners and bus drivers in their quest for control over profit, highlighting the gendered motivations and means that sustain this gendered class struggle. The article concludes with a hypothetical overview of the contradictory ways class and gender systems may be articulated and how further research along these lines might deepen the understanding of class struggle.
When Caring and Surveillance Technology Meet
Authors: Brown Kenneth , Korczynski Marek
Published: August 2010

There is an important research gap regarding how the service triangle in care work is affected by the use of surveillance technology. This article addresses this gap by reporting quantitative and qualitative research undertaken in three U.K. local government home care organizations. Through regression analysis, it is found that discretionary effort is positively related, and organizational commitment negatively related, to information technology as a controlling force and management hindering the delivery of client services. The qualitative research triangulates these findings and offers complementarity by showing that workers continued to give discretionary effort in order to maintain the delivery of meaningful care to clients, even as they lowered their commitment to the organization. The conclusion draws out the implications of these findings for understanding of the social relations of the service triangle in contemporary society.
Regulation of waste and waste management in Turkey
Authors: Gören Sami , Özdemir Feyza
Published: August 2010

Industrial and technological developments have increased rapidly throughout the world including Turkey. Furthermore, the population of Turkey is also increasing and the ever-increasing consumption creates larger amounts of waste materials and adversely affects the environment and human health. The development of a waste management and disposal system has become necessary in all countries of the world. As part of the process of seeking entry to the European Union, Turkey continues to prepare the necessary legislation to satisfy European Union regulations for the disposal of solid waste, packaging waste, biodegradable waste and medical waste materials within the framework of the strategy. An integrated waste management system is necessary for each town in Turkey that is suitable for the different contents and increasing amounts of waste produced. In the present study, Turkey’s geographical regions were examined in terms of population and the total amount of solid waste generated in each province to produce detailed data for the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry. As a result of this study, it is understood that Turkey has drawn up a ‘road map’ which will be followed by the 2008—2012 Waste Management Action Plan. To achieve this, the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry, Turkey and the municipalities must fulfill the tasks that have been allocated to them. Turkey will attain the European Union standards for waste management if these tasks lead to the achievement of the targets within the action plan.
Factors Associated With Breastfeeding Duration Among Connecticut Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participants
Authors: Haughton Jannett , Gregorio David , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael
Published: August 2010

This retrospective study aimed to identify factors associated with breastfeeding duration among women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) of Hartford, Connecticut. The authors included mothers whose children were younger than 5 years and had stopped breastfeeding (N = 155). Women who had planned their pregnancies were twice as likely as those who did not plan them to breastfeed for more than 6 months (odds ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-4.64). One additional year of maternal age was associated with a 9% increase on the likelihood of breastfeeding for more than 6 months (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.17). Time in the United States was inversely associated with the likelihood of breastfeeding for more than 6 months (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.99). Return to work, sore nipples, lack of access to breast pumps, and free formula provided by WIC were identified as breastfeeding barriers. Findings can help WIC improve its breastfeeding promotion efforts. J Hum Lact. 26(3):266-273.
Working-Class Job Loss, Gender, and the Negotiation of Household Labor
Authors: Legerski Elizabeth Miklya , Cornwall Marie
Published: August 2010

Scholars see the gendered division of household labor as a stronghold of gender inequality. We explore changes in household labor and gender relations when conservative, working-class families experience employment disruptions. Using data from 49 qualitative interviews conducted with men and women following the forced unemployment of breadwinning husbands, we observe some change in gendered household labor but conclude that a significant degendering of housework is thwarted by institutional-, interactive-, and individual-level processes. At the institutional level, the lack of well-paying jobs and the persistent gendering of household tasks discourage change. At the individual level, challenges to gendered identities encourage a reinforcement of traditional gender ideologies. At the interactional level, women’s responsibility for care work and the meaning of paid work for unemployed husbands forestall the adjustment of tasks.
Children’s Surnames, Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Nugent Colleen
Published: August 2010

This content analysis examines online accounts of choices of marital and child surnames to understand the predominance of exclusively patrilineal surnames. I demonstrate how surnaming processes present the classic tension between commitment to self and others as moral dilemmas of self versus family, children, and spouse. Social and cultural mechanisms create an either/or exclusive framing and a false dichotomy where women’s selves and others’ needs are incompatible. I also show how some parents reconceptualize family, children, and expectations for men and women, which helps reconfigure dilemmas into a both/and inclusive framework and permits outcomes integrating self, family, children, and partnership. This study illustrates how maintaining a system that promotes giving fathers’ surnames to children as the only proper choice feeds the inertia of micro- and macro-structures that reflect and reinforce gendered differences in moral responsibility regarding self-sacrifice for family, children, and spouses.
Anticipating Infertility
Authors: Martin Lauren Jade
Published: August 2010

This article discusses the new reproductive technology of egg freezing in the context of existing literature on gender, medicalization, and infertility. What is unique about this technology is its use by women who are not currently infertile but who may anticipate a future diagnosis. This circumstance gives rise to a new ontological category of “anticipated infertility.” The author draws on participant observation and a qualitative analysis of scientific, mainstream, and marketing literature to identify and compare the representation of two different candidates for egg freezing: women with cancer and healthy young women. Although both populations experience anticipated infertility, their dichotomous portrayals as appropriate candidates are demonstrative of gender norms linking women to motherhood. Egg freezing is a concise illustration of how the medicalization of women’s bodies and bodily processes masks a host of cultural anxieties about aging, illness, reproduction, and risk.
Does No Child Left Behind Really Capture School Quality? Evidence From an Urban School District
Authors: Price Heather E.
Published: August 2010

Before revising the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation under the new administration, policy makers need to be informed as to whether or not the NCLB labeling formula adequately distinguishes good-quality schools from poor-quality schools. This study tests this question, using rich descriptive data for Milwaukee’s urban school district (MPS). Alternative indicators of school quality, the NCLB subgroup test failure measure and a standardized testing proficiency measure, are used as comparison measures to illustrate the discrimination embedded in the current formula used by the Department of Education.
Local belonging and ‘geographies of emotions’: Immigrant children’s experience of their neighbourhoods in Paris and Berlin
Authors: den Besten Olga
Published: August 2010

This article argues that a sense of local belonging and emotional attitudes to one’s neighbourhood are inherently interconnected. It explores immigrant children’s emotional experiences of their neighbourhoods in Paris and Berlin through subjective maps drawn by the children. The article highlights the social and spatial nature of immigrant children’s belongings, and how their different emotional geographies are connected to differential access to material resources, extra-curricular education and their migration histories.
Successful adaptation among Sudanese unaccompanied minors: Perspectives of youth and foster parents
Authors: Luster Tom , Qin Desiree , Bates Laura , Rana Meenal , Jung Ah Lee
Published: August 2010

This study explores the adaptation of unaccompanied Sudanese refugee minors resettled in the US. Seven years after resettlement, in-depth interviews were conducted with 19 Sudanese youths and 20 foster parents regarding factors that contributed to successful adaptation. The youths emphasized personal agency and staying focused on getting an education. Foster parents emphasized the contribution of youths’ developmental histories to individual differences in personal attributes that, with contextual supports, influenced their trajectories after resettlement. Parents and youths differed in their views on the role that mental health and cultural obligations to family members in Africa played in successful adaptation.
Home journeys: Im/mobilities in young refugee and asylum-seeking women’s negotiations of home
Authors: Sirriyeh Ala
Published: August 2010

Research with refugees and asylum seekers tends to be divided into research with adults or research with children under the age of 18. This is despite relational approaches to studying age that contest such dichotomous and fixed understandings of ‘life-stages’. This article seeks to provide an insight into the experiences of young women who in legal, policy and migration research terms are placed along the borders of this category divide. The article explores the experiences of young (16- to 25-year-old) refugee and asylum-seeking women in the UK and examines the role of im/mobility in their negotiations of home.
Children moving ‘home’? Everyday experiences of return migration in highly skilled households
Authors: Hatfield Madeleine E.
Published: August 2010

Through its focus on children and return migration, this article addresses two invisibilities within migration research. It presents the experiences of children as equal movers in returning households, drawing on research with them in their domestic spaces. Exploring how children negotiate coming ‘home’ and highlighting their experiences from their own perspective promotes an understanding of the everyday practices that underpin return migration. It reveals differences between children and their parents to highlight what can be lost in accounts of migration through the exclusion of children’s experiences. In particular, it shows how children engage in more mobile, transient and smaller-scale homemaking practices.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Silicone Resin with Silphenylene Units in Si–O–Si Backbones II
Authors: Wu Chao-Bo , Jin Yu-Hong , Li Wei , Gao Da-Hai , Jia Meng-Qiu
Published: August 2010

A silicone resin with silphenylene units in Si—O—Si backbones was prepared through hydrolysis-polycondensation of self-synthesized 1,4-bis(diethoxymethylsilyl)benzene (BDSB) and other alkoxysilanes. The structure and properties of this novel silicone resin were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). The results of GPC, IR and NMR showed that silphenylene units had been successfully incorporated into the backbones of silicone resin. TG analyses reveal that silicone resin with silphenylene units in its backbones had a higher heat resistance than the usual methyl phenyl silicone resin. SEM results demonstrated that this silicone resin could form a full and uniform film, and its clear paints were able to stand temperatures below 350 °C. EIS analysis revealed that clear paints of this silicone resin have good resistance to corrosion.
Backstage Discourse and the Emergence of Organizational Voices: Exploring Graffiti and Organization
Authors: Islam Gazi
Published: August 2010

The current study focuses on organizational bathroom graffiti in an urban coffee house, proposing that this form of communication forms constitutes an alternative public sphere for expressive and political voices. Public bathroom graffiti is interesting due to its unique spatial and textual affordances. In particular, anonymity of such spaces promotes voice and dialogue while insulating actors from social conformity pressures. This discursive relation to space produces dense and polyphonic communicative acts, allowing authors to tackle important social and organizational questions, engage in self-conscious reflection, and express taboo emotions. A 3-year study of organizational graffiti is presented, followed by a description of how the graffiti studies composed an expressive political space within the organization. Implications of the graffiti included the decentralized production of organizational voices, the problematizing of the notions of public and private, and the possibilities of political expression within organizational spaces.
Obama and the White Vote
Authors: Donovan Todd
Published: August 2010

This article draws on the racial threat thesis to test if white voters who lived in areas with larger African American populations were less receptive to Barack Obama in 2008. Racial context is found to structure white voters’ evaluations of Obama and, thus, affect where the Democrats gained presidential vote share over 2004. The overall Democratic swing was lower in states where a white Democrat (Hillary Clinton) had more appeal to white voters than Obama. Obama increased the Democrats’ share of the white vote, but gains were associated with positive evaluations of Obama among white voters in places with smaller African American populations. The likelihood that a white voter supported Obama also decreased as the African American population of the respondent’s congressional district increased. The results are relevant to discussions of the future of the Voting Rights Act and to conceptions of a “postracial” America.
Neighborhoods in the Wake of the Debacle: Intrametropolitan Patterns of Foreclosed Properties
Authors: Immergluck Daniel
Published: August 2010

A key aspect of the U.S. subprime crisis was the accumulation of vacant, foreclosed properties in many neighborhoods and localities. This article describes zip-code-level patterns of foreclosed homes, or what are typically called “real estate owned” (REO) properties, at the peak of the subprime crisis in late 2008 and estimates a model of REO accumulation from 2006 to 2008. Three key findings emerge. First, during the peak of the subprime foreclosure crisis in late 2008, large central cities, on average, experienced higher levels of REO per mortgageable property than suburban areas. This contradicts some suggestions that the crisis was primarily centered in suburban or exurban communities. Second, the suburbanization of REO varied across two key types of metropolitan areas, with boom—bust regions experiencing more suburbanization than weak- or mixed-market metros. Finally, determinants of zip-code-level REO accumulation included high-risk lending activity and the age of housing stock. After controlling for these and other variables, neither the central city versus suburban location of a zip code nor the proportion of residents commuting over 30 minutes was significantly associated with REO growth. The intrametropolitan location of a zip code appears to have been a less important factor in REO growth than the fact that a large amount of development in newer communities was financed during the subprime boom.
Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, sorafenib, dasatinib, and imatinib) on blood glucose levels in diabetic and nondiabetic patients in general clinical practice
Authors: Agostino Nicole M , Chinchilli Vernon M , Lynch Christopher J , Koszyk-Szewczyk Anita , Gingrich Rebecca , Sivik Jeffrey , Drabick Joseph J
Published: August 2010

Tyrosine kinase is a key enzyme activity utilized in many intracellular messaging pathways. Understanding the role of particular tyrosine kinases in malignancies has allowed for the design of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which can target these enzymes and interfere with downstream signaling. TKIs have proven to be successful in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and other malignancies. Scattered reports have suggested that these agents appear to affect blood glucose (BG). We retrospectively studied the BG concentrations in diabetic (17) and nondiabetic (61) patients treated with dasatinib (8), imatinib (39), sorafenib (23), and sunitinib (30) in our clinical practice. Mean declines of BG were dasatinib (53 mg/dL), imatinib (9 mg/dL), sorafenib (12 mg/dL), and sunitinib (14 mg/dL). All these declines in BG were statistically significant. Of note, 47% (8/17) of the patients with diabetes were able to discontinue their medications, including insulin in some patients. Only one diabetic patient developed symptomatic hypoglycemia while on sunitinib. The mechanism for the hypoglycemic effect of these drugs is unclear, but of the four agents tested, c-kit and PDGFRβ are the common target kinases. Clinicians should keep the potential hypoglycemic effects of these agents in mind; modification of hypoglycemic agents may be required in diabetic patients. These results also suggest that inhibition of a tyrosine kinase, be it c-kit, PDGFRβ or some other undefined target, may improve diabetes mellitus BG control and it deserves further study as a potential novel therapeutic option.
Self-Regulation of Emotion, Functional Impairment, and Comorbidity Among ChildrenWith AD/HD
Authors: Anastopoulos Arthur D. , Smith Taylor F. , Garrett Melanie E. , Morrissey-Kane Erin , Schatz Nicole K. , Sommer Jennifer L. , Kollins Scott H. , Ashley-Koch Allison
Published: August 2010

Objective: This study investigated the role of self-regulation of emotion in relation to functional impairment and comorbidity among children with and without AD/HD. Method: A total of 358 probands and their siblings participated in the study, with 74% of the sample participants affected by AD/HD. Parent-rated levels of emotional lability served as a marker for self-regulation of emotion. Results: Nearly half of the children affected by AD/HD displayed significantly elevated levels of emotional lability versus 15% of those without this disorder. Children with AD/HD also displayed significantly higher rates of functional impairment, comorbidity, and treatment service utilization. Emotional lability partially mediated the association between AD/HD status and these outcomes. Conclusion: Findings lent support to the notion that deficits in the self-regulation of emotion are evident in a substantial number of children with AD/HD and that these deficits play an important role in determining functional impairment and comorbidity outcomes.
Efficacy of Atomoxetine in Children With Severe Autistic Disorders and Symptoms of ADHD
Authors: Charnsil Chawanun
Published: August 2010

Objective: This study aims to examine the efficacy of atomoxetine in treating symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with severe autistic disorder. Method: Children with severe autistic disorder who had symptoms of ADHD were given atomoxetine for 10 weeks. The efficacy of atomoxetine was evaluated by using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) to rate ADHD symptoms at baseline, week 6, and week 10. The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scale was used as secondary outcome to assess the overall improvement of the children’s development at week 10. Results: A total of 12 children participated in this study. Although CGI-I scores showed improvement at week 10, the ABC hyperactivity subscale did not show a significant improvement of the ADHD symptoms at baseline ( M = 33.89) compared to those at week 10 ( M = 31.78, p = .62). Conclusion: Atomoxetine did not benefit children with severe autistic disorder who have ADHD symptoms.
Coexisting Psychiatric Problems and Stressful Life Events in Adults With Symptoms of ADHD—A Large Swedish Population-Based Study of Twins
Authors: Friedrichs Bettina , Igl Wilmar , Larsson Henrik , Larsson Jan-Olov
Published: August 2010

Objective: To explore the associations of subtypes of adult ADHD with other psychiatric problems, stressful life events, and sex differences. Method: Odds ratios were calculated using information from 17,899 participants from a population-based survey of adult twins born in Sweden between 1959 and 1985. Results: Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were associated with an increased risk for symptoms of (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]): generalized anxiety disorder (5.6 [4.3; 6.5]), major depression (2.8 [2.4; 3.2]), bipolar disorder (8.0 [5.1; 12.6]), obsessive-compulsive disorder (3.9 [3.1; 4.9]), and alcohol dependence (2.6 [2.2; 3.1]). Symptoms of ADHD were found to be associated with an increased risk for stressful life events (1.8 [1.3; 2.4]). No significant difference in comorbidity was observed between the two sexes. Conclusion: Both women and men with ADHD are at increased risk for symptoms of other psychiatric disorders. They are also at increased risk for stressful life events.
Understanding the Effects of Post-Service Experience Surveys on Delay and Acceleration of Customer Purchasing Behavior: Evidence From the Automotive Services Industry
Authors: Dholakia Utpal M. , Singh Siddharth S. , Westbrook Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Service businesses today make extensive use of post-service experience surveys to obtain feedback from customers on service quality, satisfaction, and future repurchase behavior. Recent research has found that such surveys have the potential to evoke question-behavior effects (QBE) on participating customers and moreover suggests its impact on firm revenues is positive. However, our findings indicate that the effects may not always be beneficial. The research the authors report is set in the automotive quick lube industry and comprises two field experiments and a lab experiment. The authors find that customers participating in firm-sponsored surveys delay immediate service repurchases, thus reducing cash flows, but also accelerate subsequent ones in the following periods. Our results are explained by the inferences that customers make as they participate in such surveys, which affect customer behavior in a complex manner, and provide an additional mechanism to understand the operation of QBEs. One important caution emerging from this finding is that service firms conducting satisfaction surveys for tracking purposes on an ongoing basis should be careful not to survey customers too often.
HLA-DRB1*1501 intensifies the impact of IL-6 promoter polymorphism on the susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in an Iranian population
Authors: Shahbazi M. , Ebadi H. , Fathi D. , Roshandel D. , Mohamadhosseni M. , Tahmasebi A. , Shahbazi S. , Zamani M. , Rashidbaghan A.
Published: August 2010

Background: The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. It is well documented that amount of IL-6 is increased in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. A single nucleotide polymorphism at position -174 in the IL-6 gene promotor appears to influence IL-6 expression. Recently, several researchers have focused on HLA-DRB alleles, specifically HLA-DRB1*1501, as a potential risk allele in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To investigate the possible influence of IL-6/-174 polymorphisms on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and its integration with HLA-DRB1*1501. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 345 patients with multiple sclerosis and 426 control subjects.

Method: The SSP-PCR method was used to determine genotypes and Fisher’s exact test was applied to determine differences between groups. HLA-DRB1*1501 was observed more frequently among multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy subjects (45% and 34%, respectively; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2—2.2, p = 0.0018). At the IL-6/-174 position, the G allele had higher frequency among multiple sclerosis patients compared with controls (77% and 70%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1—1.8, p = 0.0038). This difference was more significant among HLA-DRB1*1501-positive patients and controls (81% and 67%, respectively; OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5—2.5, p < 0.0001).

Results: Our results have shown that the G allele at the IL-6/-174 promoter polymorphism may be associated with development of multiple sclerosis in this population, and may be strengthened by HLA-DRB1*1501.

Conclusions: We suggest more studies to confirm these results in other populations.
Serum antibodies to conformational and linear epitopes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are not elevated in the preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chan A. , Decard BF , Franke C. , Grummel V. , Zhou D. , Schottstedt V. , Toyka KV , Hemmer B. , Gold R.
Published: August 2010

Background: The proposed predictive value of serum anti-myelin antibodies for the development of multiple sclerosis after a first clinically isolated syndrome was recently challenged.

Objective: To investigate myelin autoantibodies before first disease manifestation using different detection methods.

Methods: Patients with multiple sclerosis who had donated blood at a time prior to development of clinically isolated syndrome were identified via the German National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Control sera were obtained from age- and gender-matched blood donors. IgG-/IgM-antibodies against the extracellular part of native, cell surface-expressed myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein were detected by flow cytometry. Antibodies against linear epitopes were identified by immunoblot using recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (aa1-125) and human myelin basic protein preparations.

Results: Fifty eight serum samples from 25 patients covering an interval of 7.3 years—2 months prior to disease onset were available. Longitudinal investigations were performed in 19 patients (2—14 samples per patient, 7 years—2 months prior to disease onset). No significant differences in the prevalence or titres of anti-myelin antibodies were detected between sera of preclinical individuals and healthy donors by either flow cytometry or immunoblot. There was no correlation between interval before clinically isolated syndrome and autoantibody status. Occurrence of antibodies was not associated with symptomatology/severity of clinically isolated syndrome.

Conclusion: Neither anti-myelin autoantibodies against cell surface-expressed native myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein nor against linear epitopes have a predictive or discriminative role during the preclinical disease phase for developing clinically isolated syndrome or multiple sclerosis later in life.
Improving the translational hit of experimental treatments in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Vesterinen Hanna M , Sena Emily S , ffrench-Constant Charles , Williams Anna , Chandran Siddharthan , Macleod Malcolm R
Published: August 2010

Background: In other neurological diseases, the failure to translate pre-clinical findings to effective clinical treatments has been partially attributed to bias introduced by shortcomings in the design of animal experiments.

Objectives: Here we evaluate published studies of interventions in animal models of multiple sclerosis for methodological design and quality and to identify candidate interventions with the best evidence of efficacy.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature describing experiments testing the effectiveness of interventions in animal models of multiple sclerosis was carried out. Data were extracted for reported study quality and design and for neurobehavioural outcome. Weighted mean difference meta-analysis was used to provide summary estimates of the efficacy for drugs where this was reported in five or more publications.

Results: The use of a drug in a pre-clinical multiple sclerosis model was reported in 1152 publications, of which 1117 were experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). For 36 interventions analysed in greater detail, neurobehavioural score was improved by 39.6% (95% CI 34.9—44.2%, p < 0.001). However, few studies reported measures to reduce bias, and those reporting randomization or blinding found significantly smaller effect sizes.

Conclusions: EAE has proven to be a valuable model in elucidating pathogenesis as well as identifying candidate therapies for multiple sclerosis. However, there is an inconsistent application of measures to limit bias that could be addressed by adopting methodological best practice in study design. Our analysis provides an estimate of sample size required for different levels of power in future studies and suggests a number of interventions for which there are substantial animal data supporting efficacy.
Widening the Psychiatric Gaze: Reflections on PsychoDoctor, Depression, and Recent Transitions in Japanese Mental Health Care
Authors: Vickery Ken
Published: August 2010

Japan has one of the world’s highest rates of psychiatric institutionalization, and popular images of mental health care and public attitudes toward mental illness there have been stigmatized for decades. However, there are transitions underway that are reshaping the mental health care landscape as well as affecting public representations of mental illness. Those transitions include attempts to promote community-based care, move away from long-term hospitalization, reduce stigma, increase utilization of services, and bring clinical psychological services under the national health insurance umbrella. This article discusses one cultural representation in which those transitions are brought into relief: a 2002 television series entitled PsychoDoctor that portrayed the clinical practice of a psychiatrist. The article analyzes the messages inherent in the series about the nature of mental illness, the everyday-ness of sufferers, and the expanded repertoire of treatments now available. In so doing, the article suggests that the efforts of progressive clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, and mental health activists to put forth new images of mental illness and mental health care are now having a degree of success in the arena of popular culture.
Resistant hypertension as a pointer to unsuspected Cushing’s syndrome in patients with diabetes: three case reports
Authors: Hewapathirana Niranjala , Page Simon
Published: August 2010

Secondary causes of diabetes are uncommon but early recognition is important so that patients receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Cushing’s syndrome is a rare disorder which is associated with weight gain, diabetes and hypertension. Since obesity is common in type 2 diabetes, a diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome may be easily overlooked. Herein we describe resistant/refractory hypertension as a clinical clue to suspect Cushing’s syndrome in patients with diabetes.
DIAMAP: an innovative blueprint for the future of diabetes research in Europe
Authors: Halban Philippe A. , Hills Sarah
Published: August 2010

The challenge of rising mortality and morbidity from diabetes and its complications will only be met through greater investment in research. European expertise is well placed to play a leading role in this effort particularly if integrated, coordinated and supported by adequate funding and more rational use of these funds. A Road Map for Diabetes Research in Europe (DIAMAP) has charted a route for diabetes research in Europe encompassing molecules to clinical sciences. This review describes how the road map has undergone public consultation and produced recommendations to guide the direction of research and address the ‘roadblocks’ that delay or prevent the translation of research into patient benefits. The map has been based on a survey of current European diabetes research and funding. Two databases collecting information on research activity and funding are intended to remain open as a resource for the diabetes research community. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2010:10:200—202.
Sentiment, care, and respect
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: August 2010

Michael Slote proposes a rethinking of moral education from the perspective of a normative ethics of care combined with his distinctive sentimentalist metaethics. I raise questions concerning the role of empathy in Slote’s picture and argue that empathy is related to respect and sentiments through which we hold ourselves and one another accountable. Care in the sense of benevolent concern is a fundamentally different attitude from (recognition) respect: whereas the former is focused on its object’s well-being, the latter responds to a person’s dignity and authority to make claims and demands of us.
Michael Slote and ‘Sentimentalist moral education’
Authors: Wren Thomas
Published: August 2010

Although I think most of what Michael Slote asserts in his article ‘Sentimentalist moral education’ is correct, I worry about three important ideas that are conspicuous by their absence. The first is the possibility that human emotions and feelings are inherently cognitive, which is never considered in his psychological account of empathy. The second is that his metaethical claim that ‘our very understanding of moral terms and moral principles rests on a foundation of empathy’ fails to recognize the culture-specific character of the very concept of morality. My third misgiving is that Slote overstates the now-standard distinction between the ethics of care and the ethics of principles, which I argue is a matter of emphasis, not opposition, especially in the context of moral education.
Whose custody is it, anyway?: ‘Homeschooling’ from a parens patriae perspective
Authors: Blokhuis J.C.
Published: August 2010

Proponents of ‘homeschooling’ routinely claim it is legal for parents to rear their children as they see fit. This view ignores the parens patriae doctrine — the primary legal basis for the judicial regulation of custody and the legislative enactment of compulsory schooling laws for the benefit of all children. This article challenges claims that ‘homeschooling’ is legal (without qualification) with evidence of the continuing vitality of the parens patriae doctrine in two North American jurisdictions. In New York and Ontario, where ‘homeschooling’ is not statutorily prohibited, the state through its legislative and judicial organs continues to limit the custodial authority of ‘homeschooling’ parents on the ground that children’s independent welfare and developmental interests include exposure to public formative influences.