bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Aging on Driving Performance
Authors: Mouloua Mustapha , Rinalducci Edward , Smither Janan , Brill J. Christopher
Published: January 2012

The current research investigated the effects of aging on driving performance. Perceptual measures included far and near point acuity, stereopsis, a measure of lateral and vertical phoria, color vision; and spatial contrast sensitivity. Cognitive functioning was examined using the Useful-Field-of-View (UFOV) Test. In addition, each driver completed a Driving Habits Questionnaire (DHQ). Although older drivers tended to have fewer collisions and exhibited better adherence to speed limits in a simulated driving task than did younger drivers, older drivers appear to be at a greater risk of having a collision, resulting from degraded divided and selective attention compared to the younger drivers.
Potential Intrusiveness of Aware Home Technology: Perceptions of Older Adults
Authors: Melenhorst Anne-Sophie , Fisk Arthur D. , Mynatt Elizabeth D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: January 2012

Older individuals in particular might benefit from an aware domestic environment. Yet, fear of intrusion is a potential barrier that might keep older adults from adopting smart technologies in the home. In this study, 44 participants (aged 65–75) were given a tour of the Georgia Tech Aware Home and shown five prototype smart home devices. The structured interviews after the tour yielded 2136 quotes containing the participants' opinions about living in a technology-rich home environment. A subset addressing technology intrusiveness of five devices is presented in this paper. The results show three domains of potential technology intrusion in the home as perceived by the older adults: physical obtrusiveness, invasion of privacy, and security risk. Technology intrusiveness represented 19% of the total technology judgments, but accounted for almost half of the negative judgments in general. The distribution of the participants' conditional statements (e.g., I wouldn't mind privacy intrusion if) suggested a careful weighing of potential intrusiveness against benefits such as prolonged independence for some of the devices in particular.
Effects of Computer Presentation Format on Learning in the Elderly
Authors: Shai Celeste Y. M. , Chau Albert W. L.
Published: January 2012

Younger and older adults studied two descriptions of the processes of measuring blood pressure and bees making honey under one of three experimental conditions: (a) text-only; (b) text plus narration; and (c) graphics plus narration. A control group without studying the materials was included in each age group. On verbal recall tests, the control group in both age groups performed more poorly than all the respective experimental groups, which were not different from each other. On transfer tests, the younger participants in the control group performed more poorly than all the experimental groups, which were not different from one another. For older participants, control group performed more poorly than text plus narration and graphics plus narration groups. Moreover, the text plus narration group performed better than the text-only group. These results revealed potential differences between the facilitations provided by verbal and non-verbal visual information for younger and older adults in learning novel information.
General Aviation Pilot Takeoff into Adverse Weather: The “Go/No-Go” Equation
Authors: Knecht William , Harris Howard , Shappell Scott
Published: January 2012

This exploratory study assessed pilot takeoff behavior into adverse weather. Sixty general aviation pilots were presented with three levels of simulated ground visibility (1, 3, 5 sm), two levels of cloud ceiling (1000′, 2000′), and two levels of real financial incentive (straight salary, salary + bonus for takeoff). Trends were found in regression analysis for a number of environmental predictors of takeoff, though not for personality or demographic predictors. Methodological and analytical concerns inherent to this type of study were encountered and identified.
Cognitive Tasks in Information Analysis: Use of Event Dwell Time to Characterize Component Activities
Authors: Sanquist Thomas F. , Greitzer Frank L. , Slavich Antoinette , Littlefield Rik , Littlefield Janis , Cowley Paula
Published: January 2012

Technology-based enhancement of information analysis requires a detailed understanding of the cognitive tasks involved in the process. The information search and report production tasks of the information analysis process were investigated through evaluation of time-stamped workstation data gathered with custom software. Model tasks simulated the search and production activities, and a sample of actual analyst data were also evaluated. Task event durations were calculated on the basis of millisecond-level time stamps, and distributions were plotted for analysis. The data indicate that task event time shows a cyclic pattern of variation, with shorter event durations (< 2 sec) reflecting information search and filtering, and longer event durations (> 10 sec) reflecting information evaluation. Application of cognitive principles to the interpretation of task event time data provides a basis for developing “cognitive signatures” of complex activities, and can facilitate the development of technology aids for information intensive tasks.
Developing a Formal Model of Human Memory in a Simulated Air Traffic Control Conflict Detection Task
Authors: Kwantes Peter J. , Neal Andrew , Loft Shayne
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the development of a formal model of conflict detection in a simulated air traffic control task. The model assumes that people rely on information from two sources when performing conflict detection tasks: perceptual cues, and memory for prior examples. The architecture of the memory system is based on Hintzman's (1986) Minerva 2 model, which is a multiple trace model of episodic and semantic memory. The model was able simulate the performance of naïve experimental participants on a conflict detection task. Aspects of human data that were simulated included differential effects of item repetition on reaction times and false alarm rates during training, and positive and negative transfer from prior examples at test.
RAFIV: A Method for Cognitive Usability Analysis
Authors: Diez Melanie , Sherry Lance , Boehm-Davis Deborah A.
Published: January 2012

RAFIV is a cognitive usability method that is based on the label-following heuristic found in the exploratory learning literature. This paper describes the empirical evidence and theoretical foundation for the RAFIV method, a five-stage model that describes a user's cognitive steps as they perform a task. The contributions of this method to the usability literature are discussed, as well as a comparison between RAFIV and other methods such as GOMS and the Cognitive Walkthrough.
Targeting the Right Level of Socio-Cognitive Analysis: Complex Problem Solving in High Performance Networks
Authors: Mirel Barbara , Johnson Nicholas , Deng Jing
Published: January 2012

Our study focuses on network engineers' experiences when they troubleshoot complex problems in distributed data and communication networks. Currently, these troubleshooters lack truly useful support for this complex problem solving. To identify socio-cognitive demands of this nonroutine troubleshooting, we conducted interviews with advanced network troubleshooters and analyzed transcripts of real time troubleshooting and post-mortem discussions among troubleshooters from diverse domains. Findings show that ad hoc cross domain collaborations are vital to the success of complex troubleshooting and that collaborators need better support for discussing responsibility in human and organizational terms and for recognizing strategic gaps, detailed issues and trade-offs they must negotiate for problem conditions.
Informing Design of a Command and Control Decision Support Interface through an Abstraction Hierarchy
Authors: Cummings M. L. , Guerlain Stephanie , Bass Ellen J.
Published: January 2012

The abstraction hierarchy can be used as a work domain analysis tool that provides a structured representation of a physical system under human supervisory control, and it aids in understanding complex human-machine interactions. The means-end relationships represented in the abstraction hierarchy provides a framework for highlighting areas that require knowledge-based reasoning through mapping processes and functions. These same abstract mappings can provide tangible insight into interface design relationships. We provide an example of using the abstraction hierarchy for this purpose in the development of a decision support tool for a military command and control interface. Allowing the abstraction hierarchy to inform interface design provides both an abstract and physical representation of system functional properties, which is especially critical in conceptualizing and designing an interface for a complex, time-pressured command and control domain.
On the Integration of Cognitive Work Analysis within a Multisource Information Fusion Development Methodology
Authors: Bisantz Ann M. , Rogova Galina , Little Eric
Published: January 2012

This research explored the means by which methods in cognitive engineering, namely, work domain analysis, could be used to provide input to the development of advanced information processing, or multisensor information fusion, algorithms. Specifically, a work domain analysis of an emergency management environment (in a post-earthquake context) was performed, and linked abstraction hierarchy models representing the emergency management and response system, the physical environment (e.g., buildings, transportation systems, civilians), and other goal directed agents (e.g., civilian responders and volunteers) were created. Outputs from that analysis (information requirements) were input to the design of the information processing algorithms, providing guidance as to the nature of information required by decision makers, which could be computed through fusion capabilities. This ongoing work thus presents an example of an integrated cognitive engineering/multisensor fusion methodology.
Perceptual and Cognitive Processes and the Movement of Combat Rifle Teams in Urban Terrain at Night
Authors: Sampson James B. , Statkus Michael J. , Woods Robert J. , Weismantel Julie T. , DuPont Frederick J.
Published: January 2012

Thirty-six infantry soldiers executed a series of exercises in a study of cognitive processes that influence combat tactical performance in urban terrain. Participants with varied levels of experience conducted nighttime missions to retrieve a hostage or valuable equipment. Teams were led by a Platoon Leader and Platoon Sergeant against a defending squad. Data were obtained from interviews, overhead videos, and questionnaires. Case-based evidence was collected on impact of site familiarity, military experience, and use of night-optical devices on performance. Comparisons with previous study show the effect of a number of variables on perceptions, planning, and tactical movement. Theoretical frameworks for interpreting data include theories of Control, Recognition Primed Decision Making, and Multiple Resources. Each of these account for some aspect of actions observed and the impact of prior experience, sensory-perceptual clarity, focus of attention, and time pressure on individual and unit performance.
Automating Terrain Analysis: Algorithms for Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
Authors: Grindle Charles , Lewis Michael , Glinton Robin , Giampapa Joseph , Owens Sean , Sycara Katia
Published: January 2012

Terrain information supplies an important context for ground operations. The layout of terrain is a determining factor in arraying of forces, both friendly and enemy, and the structuring of Courses of Action (COAs). For example, key terrain, such as a bridge over an unfordable river, or terrain that allows observation of the opposing forces line of advance, is likely to give a big military advantage to the force that holds it. Combining information about terrain features with hypotheses about enemy assets can lead to inferences about possible avenues of approach, areas that provide cover and concealment, areas that are vulnerable to enemy observation, or choke points. Currently, intelligence officers manually combine terrain-based information, information about the tactical significance of certain terrain features as well as information regarding enemy assets and doctrine to form hypotheses about the disposition of enemy forces and enemy intent. In this paper, we present a set of algorithms and tools for automating terrain analysis and compare their results with those of experienced intelligence analysts.
Time in the Control of a Dynamic Environment
Authors: Jobidon Marie-Eve , Rousseau Robert , Breton Richard
Published: January 2012

Because of their intrinsic nature, it is fundamental to consider the temporal dimension when studying control in dynamic situations. However, the temporal aspect is often taken for granted and not accounted for in cognitive or control models. The present study aims to understand the role of temporal estimation in the control of a dynamic task, within the Contextual Control Model (COCOM). Particularly, the main objective is to evaluate how time pressure influences the estimation of available and required time. A dynamic situation, which includes two sub-tasks, the pursuit of a target and the avoidance of hostile contacts, is used. Results show that both available and required estimated times, as well as performance, decrease with increased time pressure. These findings suggest that when faced with a high level of time pressure, people adapt their strategies by giving up an offensive mode of control, in favor of a more defensive one, earlier in the game.
A New Look at the Dynamics of Human-Automation Trust: Is Trust in Humans Comparable to Trust in Machines?
Authors: Madhavan Poornima , Wiegmann Douglas A.
Published: January 2012

The trust placed in automated diagnostic aids by the human operator is one of the most critical psychological factors that influences operator reliance on decision support systems. Studies examining the nature of human interaction with automation have revealed that users have a propensity to apply norms of human-human interpersonal interaction to their interaction with ‘intelligent machines’. Nevertheless, there exist subtle differences in the manner in which humans perceive and react to automated aids compared to human teammates. The present review is focused on comparing the process of trust development in human-automation teams with that of human-human partnerships, specifically in the context of dyads that constitute a primary decision maker and either a human ‘advisor’ or an intelligent automated decision support system. A conceptual framework that synthesizes and contrasts the process of trust development in humans versus automation is proposed. Potential implications of this research include the improved design of decision support systems by incorporating features into automated aids that elicit operator responses that mirror responses in human-human interpersonal interaction.
Closing the Loop of an Adaptive System with Cognitive State
Authors: Dorneich Michael , Whitlow Stephen , Ververs Patricia May , Carciofini Jim , Creaser Janet
Published: January 2012

This paper describes an adaptive system that “closes the loop” by utilizing a real-time, directly sensed measure of cognitive state of the human operator. The Honeywell Augmented Cognition team has developed a Closed Loop Integrated Prototype (CLIP) of a Communications Scheduler, for application to the U.S. Army's Future Force Warrior (FFW) program. It is expected that in a highly networked environment the sheer magnitude of communication traffic could overwhelm the individual soldier. The CLIP exploits real-time neurophysiological and physiological measurements of the human operator in order to create a cognitive state profile, which is used to augment the work environment to improve human-automation joint performance. An experiment showed that the Communications Scheduler enabled higher situation awareness and message comprehension in high workload conditions. Based solely on cognitive state, the system inferred a subject's message comprehension and repeated unattended messages in the majority of cases, without yielding an unacceptably high false alarm rate.
PC-Based Tools to Improve Infantry Situation Awareness
Authors: Strater Laura D. , Reynolds Justus P. , Faulkner Laurie A. , Birch D. Kelby , Hyatt John , Swetnam Scott , Endsley Mica R.
Published: January 2012

It is widely recognized that Situation Awareness, SA, provides the foundation for decision making and action in numerous domains. As such, this research focused on developing a PC-based tool for training SA in Infantry Platoon Leaders. This Infantry Situation Awareness Training (ISAT) program developed two modules targeted at enhancing SA in Infantry Platoon Leaders. The SA Planner teaches time management and task prioritization skills, while the SA Trainer focuses more globally on developing knowledge bases and understanding the information requirements necessary to develop SA. Validation testing was conducted by giving the SA Trainer to a group of Royal Norwegian Naval cadets prior to combat fatigue exercises. Results suggested possible performance differences between cadets trained with the tool and those who were not. Additionally, trained cadets indicated that they expended more mental effort predicting what would happen next (level 3 SA) and determining how to best meet their mission goals.
Cognitive Analysis Methods for Control of Multiple Robots: Robotics on $5 a Day
Authors: Chadwick Roger A. , Gillan Douglas J. , Simon Dominic , Pazuchanics Skye
Published: January 2012

Studies of a single operator controlling multiple robots were designed (1) to identify problems caused by perceptual and cognitive factors and (2) to propose interface concepts to reduce the problems. The studies used innovative techniques at extremely low cost. Existing artifacts, i.e., commercially-available video games played over local area networks, provided a rich source of data on control of one or multiple semi-autonomous entities with a minimum of development. Psychological theories regarding various attributes of robotic operation, including perception, navigation, motion control, and information display are embedded in such artifacts. Custom scenarios involving multiple robots controlled by a single operator were developed to facilitate switching between tasks and, in some cases, cooperative use of the multiple robots. Findings include data on navigation difficulty, task switching strategies, mode errors, and perceptual confusion regarding multiple viewpoints.
LCD vs. CRT: Effects on Performance of Office Work
Authors: Bangor Aaron
Published: January 2012

The present display technology transition in computing from CRT to LCD monitors poses many human factors research questions. In this study, computer monitor technologies were compared, using two CRT and two active-matrix LCD monitors under four lighting levels. Ten participants took part in a 4times4 within-subjects experimental design where they performed word processing, data entry, and web-browsing tasks. Results show that one of the LCD monitors was associated with poorer performance on the word processing task than an equivalent grouping of the other three monitors. Thus, it is concluded that active-matrix LCD monitors are capable of equitable performance with the traditional CRT technology, but it is uncertain whether the technologies themselves are equivalent. Lighting was another significant effect, with the dark (0 lux) and very bright (1200 lux) conditions causing poorer performance. There was no interactive effect between monitors and lighting. The battery of tasks used in this study, representative of office work, is also discussed.
Do Alternate Orientations of Navigation and Content Impact the Usability of Handheld Applications?
Authors: Catani Michael , Gobert Danielle , Tullis Tom
Published: January 2012

This study explored the effect of displaying sideways navigation and content in graphical applications for handheld devices. Because these devices can be easily rotated during use, alternate orientations for screen elements may be acceptable. Participants performed tasks on prototypes emulating a wireless brokerage application presented on a Pocket PC handheld device. The prototypes differed in the orientation of the main navigation bar (top, sideways-left, sideways-right). Within each navigation condition, two prototypes displayed charts and tables in either a standard or sideways orientation. Results indicated that, as a function of navigation or chart and table orientation, there were no significant differences in task completion, time on task, number of screens navigated during tasks, or mean responses to a subjective evaluation questionnaire. These findings suggest that alternate presentations of navigation and content elements do not have a detrimental effect on the usability of handheld applications.
Psychomotor Efficiency in Users of Notebook Input Devices: Confirmation and Restrictions of Fitts' Law as an Evaluative Tool for User-Friendly Design
Authors: Sutter Christine , Ziefle Martina
Published: January 2012

On the basis of Fitts' law the present study examined the psychomotor efficiency for 20 experienced users of force- (trackpoint) and motion-input (touchpad) devices in clicking and dragging tasks. Beyond task difficulty the impact of input modality, practice, and task type was investigated. On the one hand, the results support Fitts' law since performance data of both input devices fitted satisfyingly with Fitts' predictions. Motion-input was found to be very robust towards task difficulty, especially in dragging tasks. On the other hand, the results were incompatible to Fitts' assumptions as target size and distance did not equally contribute to task difficulty but rather target size was a stronger contributor. Thus, the effective task difficulty in small targets was notably underestimated. For user-friendly interfaces, button widths of over 0.5 cm should be provided, especially when distances farther than 7.5 cm are inevitable.
Eye Movement and Reaction Time are Both Important in Assessment of Dialog Box Usability
Authors: Walker Bruce N. , Stanley Raymond M.
Published: January 2012

Traditional usability metrics (accuracy and reaction time) were combined with eye movement patterns to study button placement and highlighting in dialog boxes. Participants made button-click responses based on the contents of the dialog box text. Traditional measures and eye movement patterns yielded different results: Reaction time analyses suggested placing the correct button to the left; eye movement patterns suggested placing the correct button on the right. This study demonstrated that eye movements are a rich source of information for usability research, provided theoretical guidelines for future research, and showed the strengths and weaknesses of eye tracking in comparison to more traditional usability metrics. In addition, it provided empirical support for eye movement heuristics that are often implemented in visual interface design, showing that the search patterns for dialog boxes follow a reading pattern.
Comparison of Child and Adult Anthropometry: Considerations for Input Device Design
Authors: Blackstone J. M. , Johnson P. W.
Published: January 2012

A systematic evaluation of child and adult anthropometry was carried out in order to determine anthropometric differences that may impact the design of computer input devices. Hand strength and the anthropometric measurements of shoulder breadth, hand length, hand breadth and finger width were compared among adults and 5, 10 and 14-year-old children. On average, children were 60% the size of adults at age 5 and 86% the size by age 14. The proportional size difference was relatively constant across the anthropometric measurements analyzed. At age 5, there was virtually no overlap in the size distribution between adults and children; by age 10, about 20% of the adult and child population were the same size, and by age 14, about 60% of the adult and child population were similar in size. When comparing hand strength, on average adults were five times stronger than 5-year-old children. The 5-fold strength difference and lack of overlap in the size distributions between young children and adults may have some bearing on the appropriateness of children using adult size devices when they start to use computers in schools.
Keypads for the Elderly
Authors: Mortimer D. Cleve , Evans A. William , Brill J. Christopher , Clark Bryan , Stanney Kay M.
Published: January 2012

Age-related physical and sensory decrements can influence user requirements for consumer technologies. The present study investigated several factors related to keypad design, a common means of interfacing with a variety of consumer systems ranging from mobile phones to ATMs. Participants performed a series of data entry tasks using an experimental keypad and a standard keypad. Performance data and subjective ratings were collected. The results suggest that performance was generally better when using the experimental keypad versus a standard keypad. In addition, participants preferred using the experimental keypad to a standard keypad. The results suggest that further consideration of age-related sensory and performance decrements is necessary when designing keypad interfaces. Based on these data, a series of guidelines for keypad design were developed.
Usability and Database Design Dependencies in a Department of Defense Application
Authors: Giurelli Beth L. , Katz Susan
Published: January 2012

User interface issues as well as application development issues related to the interdependency between usability goals and database design goals are described in the context of an on-going project funded by a Department of Defense organization. Examples of usability and database dependencies in the areas of data access, data granularity and multiple data formats are explained, and the impact of these issues on the project is described. The importance of early user profile analysis and task analysis is emphasized within the context of application-specific database modeling and system architecture needs. A high level knowledge of database issues proved to be useful tools for the human factors engineer in making contributions to the usability-cost tradeoff, and in facilitating collaboration and team work. These concepts are described within the context of usability goals.
Expected Usability Magnitude Estimation
Authors: Rich Aaron , McGee Mick
Published: January 2012

Usability measures typically focus on actual user experiences while largely ignoring the impact of user expectations. User expectations provide insight into overall usability, user satisfaction, and priority of usability problems. Beyond test results, communicating user expectations can offset the negative connotation many development teams have of usability by showing examples where expectations are exceeded. This paper describes the expected Usability Magnitude Estimation (UME) method to assess user expectations in usability tests. The method is more valid, robust, and theoretically based than existing methods. It allows measurement of expectations that is easy to administer, simple to analyze, and provides actual and expected usability ratings along the same ratio scale of usability. Expectation data is used to classify tasks into empirically derived design strategy groupings based on refined theory. Overall, the method positively contributes to usability results and development team relationships.
A Persona-Centric Approach to Developing Complex Computer Systems: Lessons from the Field
Authors: D'Souza Melroy E. , Lincoln Nancy H.
Published: January 2012

Enterprise server systems, such as e-mail servers, database servers, and e-commerce servers, are the heart and soul of businesses throughout the world. They are complex back-end systems that typically fall under the realm of system administrators and developers, and drive many of the front-end client applications used by the billions of end-users in businesses on a regular basis. It is critical that these complex systems be easy to learn, install, use, troubleshoot, maintain, and upgrade. This paper describes our experience using a persona-based approach to develop complex e-business server systems. It provides an overview of personas and their benefits, the approach we took to create them and enable their adoption, and the lessons we learned that may be adapted by human factors professionals in different industries. The personas we created increased the product team's awareness of our target server audience, as well as their needs, skill levels and goals. The adoption of our personas has been fairly widespread, influencing everything from feature-based user-interface design decisions to far-reaching strategic planning for our next major product release.
A Cognitive Analysis of Equation Reading Applied to the Development of Assistive Technology for Visually-Impaired Students
Authors: Barraza Paula , Gillan Douglas J. , Karshmer Arthur , Pazuchanics Skye
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this research was to investigate the perceptual and cognitive processes involved in equation reading to apply that knowledge to the development of assistive technology for blind equation readers. The research used a process tracing observational study, three experiments, and an eye-tracking study to examine several hypotheses about equation reading: people (1) read equations from left to right, one element at a time, (2) back scan when reading equations, (3) substitute the outcome of a parenthetical expression for the initial elements, and (4) scan the entire equation before element by element reading to create a schematic structure. The process tracing study provided evidence for all of the hypotheses, with the experiments supporting the first three hypotheses, but not the fourth. These results have been implemented in assistive software for visually-impaired users, the Math Genie – an auditory browser.
Third Annual User-Centered Product Design Award
Authors: McMullin Dianne L. , Caplan Stan
Published: January 2012

The Product Design Technical Group (formerly the Consumer Product Technical Group) sponsored the third annual user-centered product design competition emphasizing product design and the methods used to specify and achieve the design. Emphasis was placed on innovative and user-centered approaches to Human Factors and Industrial Design.
User-Centered Design of a Wall Clock
Authors: Schmidt Kristi E. , Hossoy Ilkin
Published: January 2012

An analytical approach to the user-centered design of a wall clock utilizing an engineering model, a cost model, and a marketing model is demonstrated. An engineering model is used to optimize the design with respect to material use and functionality. A cost model considers fixed and variable costs for the producer. The marketing model utilizes preference data collected from a discrete choice conjoint analysis survey and analyzed with the logit model to represent user preferences quantitatively in the form of demand curves. The survey explores tradeoffs among four product characteristics (face diameter, frame width, font style, and font size) and price. The engineering, cost, and marketing models are integrated and the design is optimized to maximize profit by considering tradeoffs among design requirements, cost, price, and product characteristics. Cluster analysis defines three market segments within the survey preference data and solutions are optimized for each of the three market segments.
Evaluation of Mobile Based Consumer Products: Key Usability Factors and Evaluation Framework
Authors: Yun Myung Hwan , Ji Yong-Gu , Lee Joohwan , Choi Young-June
Published: January 2012

The importance of usability has been increasingly recognized due to the enlargement, convergence and complication of product functions. Usability is becoming a key factor in determining the success of a product, so that users can understand how to operate it and benefit from the functionality it offers. In this study, usability evaluation plan and procedures for mobile products are given, based on the usability evaluation framework of everyday products that is under debate currently in the Europe. Suggested framework can be used as a tool for enhancing the usability of mobile products from the initial product development stage to the product review stage
How Knowledgeable are Salespeople About the Usability of Their Merchandise?
Authors: Carswell C. Melody , Lio Cindy , McNally Jennifer
Published: January 2012

Salespeople (selling dryers, cell phones, recliners, or jewelry) in 25 stores were asked to recommend products they believed to be easy to use. They were also asked which products or features were most likely to be helpful to customers with specific physical, cognitive, or sensory limitations. There was little consensus across salespeople selling the same product. There were surprising omissions and some examples of incorrect claims. Further, salespeople largely ignored (or were unaware of) design features that enhance sensory and cognitive usability. The majority of claims dealt with product features that purportedly reduce physical strain.
Application of Universal Design Principles in the Design of a Self-Checkout System
Authors: Bajaj Komal , Mirka Gary A. , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Khachatoorian Haig
Published: January 2012

A study was conducted to explore the use of universal design principles in the redesign of a grocery store self-checkout system – focusing on the accessibility for wheelchair users. Two checkout stations were built: one was a dimensionally accurate model of an existing system and the other was a redesign of this system, using universal design principles. Five wheelchair users and ten non-wheelchair users performed simulated self-checkout activities, using both checkout stations. The dependent variables were productivity, shoulder and torso posture, and users' subjective assessment. Results indicated that productivity was not significantly affected by checkout station type and posture was significantly improved – peak shoulder angle was reduced by 64% in wheelchair users and by 69% in the non-wheelchair group, and peak sagittal angle (forward lean) of the torso was reduced by 66.5% for wheelchair-users. Subjective feedback from both user groups showed a preference for the redesigned checkout station
Space Requirements for Wheeled Mobility Devices
Authors: Steinfeld Edward , Paquet Victor , Feathers David
Published: January 2012

Research on the size of wheeled mobility devices in the UK and Canada suggests that the dimensions for “clear floor area” of wheeled mobility devices as specified in U.S. standards are too small. Anthropometric research was conducted to verify that findings in other countries are relevant for the U.S. Findings support increasing the clear floor area dimensions. To provide universal access to buildings, it is necessary to exceed the current requirements of minimum standards until they are revised to reflect the increased size of wheeled mobility devices.
Human Factors in Public Facilities Design
Authors: Mendat Christina C. , Ward Shanna J. , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: January 2012

This article describes research examining people's perception of public facilities to show how consumers' beliefs can be used for environmental design and maintenance. In this study, beliefs about the negative aspects of public restroom environments were investigated. A total of 199 participants rated the level of various elements relevant to safety, design, and security. Cleanliness, better ventilation, and better maintenance were perceived as the greatest problems of public restroom designs. In general, females gave higher ratings. Many of the problem factors can be addressed using HF/E expertise.
Individual Differences Related to Shooting Performance, in a Police Night-Training Shooting Exercise
Authors: Stafford S. C. , Oron-Gilad T. , Szalma J. L. , Hancock P. A.
Published: January 2012

Increased understanding of the stress and performance effects of gun range drills with police officers is of importance for law enforcement trainers. Seventy-one police officers participated in routine night shooting drills over a two week period as part of regular training regimen. This paper examines the effects of two shooting range tasks on police officer's time perception, individual differences, and shooting performance. Theoretical considerations led to the hypothesis that performance changes under stress may be related to distortions in the perception of time. However, the results of this study do not provide strong evidence for nomothetic effects of time distortion. Rather, it is more likely a function of individual differences. Future studies will examine potential individual differences variables that influence the relation between time distortion under stress and task performance.
Motivational Factors Underlying Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems in Polish Industry
Authors: Podgórski Daniel
Published: January 2012

Effective implementation in Poland of occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation based on European Union (EU) directives requires a promotion of OSH management systems (OSH MS). To this end, a series of voluntary standards has been adopted, setting forth OSH MS specifications and guidelines. However, the number of enterprises implementing OSH MS has been increasing slowly, which calls for a national policy on OSH MS promotion. In order to provide input data for the development of this policy, a survey was conducted in a group of 40 enterprises with OSH MS. The survey was aimed at identification of motivational factors underlying OSH MS implementation decisions. The results indicate the required actions. The main ones include increasing workers' participation in OSH activities and increasing the role of the National Labour Inspectorate in OSH MS promotion.
Using Kinematics to Assess Software Usability and Ergonomic Risk Factors
Authors: Guarascio-Howard Linda , Gray Robert
Published: January 2012

Over fifty percent of the workforce utilize the computer and suffer health problems that include musculoskeletal disorders and physical discomfort (Newburger, 1999 and Work Loss Data Institute, 2001). Professionals from disciplines of human factors and ergonomics address computer issues independently. Usability and user interface issues are identified in the software development stage focusing on the users ability to perceive and understand the designed functions. Ergonomic professionals are involved in usability after implementation and upon complaints and user injury. The focus of ergonomics is to evaluate extreme postures, resulting from design that cause stress to the body. By using motion analysis, usability studies are enriched by identifying extreme movements in completing system tasks. In this paper we will present a novel method that utilizes the kinematics of the user's hand and wrist movements to simultaneously evaluate physical strain and usability.
Toward the Construction of an Efficient Set of Robot Arm Operator Performance Metrics
Authors: Akagi Tyler M. , Schlegel Robert E. , Shehab Randa L. , Gilliland Kirby , Fry Tamy L. , Hughes Quintin
Published: January 2012

As part of a larger project to identify and validate relevant quantitative measures of robot arm operator proficiency, fifteen metrics of arm maneuvering and hand controller performance were defined and measured for 3-DOF translational movement tasks. Twelve freshly trained operators provided performance data for seven target-acquisition task scenarios involving a variety of distance combinations along the X, Y, and Z axes. Metrics included indicators of task component times, distance traveled, inefficient (inverse) motion, maximum velocities, amount of multi-axis control, and input control onset times along the three axes. Pairwise correlations of all measures and scatter plots of variables yielding strong intercorrelations were examined to determine the potential underlying causes of the significant relationships. By identifying subsets of metrics with explainable co-dependencies, the overall metric set can be reduced to a limited number of key metrics that serve as effective discriminators of operator performance.
Trait-Based Individual Differences on Discomfort Glare Rating Responses and Related Visual Contrast Sensitivity
Authors: Lockhart Thurmon E. , Mekaroonreung Haruetai
Published: January 2012

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between Trait-based Individual differences (neuroticism and extraversion) on glare subjective responses and contrast sensitivity performance when exposed to same manipulated glare conditions. An attempt was made to explore the relationship between the glare subjective responses and actual contrast sensitivity. Thirty-six individuals (9 high neuroticism scorers, 9 low neuroticism scorers, 9 high extraversion scorers, and 9 low extraversion scorers) were tested on subjective discomfort glare rating responses and visual contrast sensitivity. The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) was used to assess trait-based individual differences, while the subjective glare experience was examined utilizing modified glare De Boer discomfort rating scale. The visual performance was measured through the contrast sensitivity level using adjustable contrast level of the Landolt's C target. Results indicated significant effect of extraversion trait on rating response while insignificant effect on visual related performance. The relationship between rating response and visual performance was also found to be quite minimal. In conclusion, the expected model was supported but only on the extraversion trait. Overall, the research was directed towards improving our understanding of influencing factors on the experience of discomfort glare, which may eventually have practical implications in the design of glare measurement methods, training and selection of drivers and workers who work under conditions of glare.
Augmented Cognition: Developing and Testing a Physiology-Based Task Adaptation System
Authors: Fishel Stephanie R. , Owens Justin M. , Muth Eric R. , Hoover Adam W. , Rand Jeromie R.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine if an individual's performance could be improved by integrating physiological arousal data with a computer task, specifically a video game, which increased or decreased in difficulty based on the person's physiological status. Ninety-nine participants (80 males; 19 females) were included in the data analyses. The mean age of the included participants was 21.9 years (SD = 2.6). Using cardiac inter-beat interval (IBI) data each individual's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was derived and used to objectively assess the parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system. The RSA data were continuously converted into a standardized arousal score. In the condition of interest, Auto, the difficulty of the computer game was continuously manipulated based on the real-time arousal score of the participant. Subjective arousal data were also collected verbally throughout each experimental session. It was hypothesized that manipulating the difficulty of the computer game such that arousal was maintained at an optimal level would result in better performance compared to yoked and manual control of game difficulty. Results showed that automated task difficulty manipulation actually resulted in lower performance scores compared to yoked assistance manipulation, and tended to result in lower scores compared to manual assistance manipulation.
Field Independence and Spatial Ability in the Search for the Presence and Absence of Features
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth A. , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: January 2012

The present study examined whether search times for the presence and absence of features are moderated by the ability to perceive parts of the visual field separate from their background (field dependence/ independence) and spatial ability. Participants were administered the WAIS and the GEFT and divided into field dependent and independent groups. They then searched displays for targets with and without a specific feature. It was expected that field independent individuals would have faster search times for targets that lacked a feature because of more efficient serial processing mechanisms. Although there was a trend for faster response times to feature absent targets among field independent individuals, it was not significant. Instead, spatial ability was significantly correlated with feature absent search times. These findings suggest that the WAIS may be a useful selection instrument for jobs that require serial visual processing.
Stress Effects on Soldier Performance
Authors: Burke C. Shawn , Hancock Peter , Hancock Peter , Szalma Jim , Oron-Gilad Tal , Warm Joel , Burke Shawn , Harris Wayne , Bowers Clint
Published: January 2012

The complexity of the modern battlefield requires that significant practice and training must be provided to ensure success in situations where failure is not an option. Performance within these environments occurs against a background of threat which ensures that acute and chronic forms of stress are a constant presence. However, there remain many questions to be answered regarding the impact of stress on soldier performance. The proposed panel is comprised of experts whom have generated work from disparate paradigmatic perspectives to study the issues related to stress and human performance within the laboratory as well as the field. The panel's goal is to present/discuss critical issues that confront those who wish to understand soldier performance under stress. Although we focus on the soldier, in principle, our work can apply to any individual who finds themselves faced with decision uncertainty in ambiguous situations in which flawed performance can have serious consequences.
Muscular Activity during Masonry Work at Various Heights
Authors: Anton Dan , Rosecrance John , Cook Thomas
Published: January 2012

Masons frequently work with their shoulders elevated and often complain of upper extremity pain. Little is known about the muscular effects of masonry work. The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscular activity while masons laid concrete block at various heights.

Sixteen experienced male masons constructed a 2.4 m wide and 1.4 m high wall using concrete block. Surface electromyography (EMG) was sampled from the extensor and flexor forearm, and the upper and low back via telemetry. EMG amplitude was determined for the first, third, and seventh courses of block. Analyses of variance were used to test for significance.

There were no significant differences in the courses for the forearm extensors, forearm flexors, and right low back EMG. Significant differences were found for the bilateral upper trapezius and left lower back, with higher amplitudes at course 7. In this study, masons were exposed to more load in the upper back while laying block at higher courses.
An Analysis of Task-Based Worker Self-Assessments of Force
Authors: Ebersole Marissa L. , Armstrong Thomas J.
Published: January 2012

Worker self-assessments are an important tool for assessing force and effort in physical work. This study uses maximal grip exertions on a dynamometer to calibrate the workers before rating various tasks' force requirements on a 0 to 10 visual analog scale. 78 workers were selected on 58 different jobs at an automotive assembly plant and asked to rate the separate tasks and the job as a whole. Their peak force ratings (6+2.5) were significantly higher than those estimated by trained observers (4.7+1.1), however they used a larger range of values on the force scale suggesting they were more sensitive to subtle changes. Worker ratings were also sensitive to Hand Activity Level (HAL) changes. Workers on the same job selected the same task to define peak force 86.4% of the time. In conclusion, worker self-ratings can be helpful tool in identifying tasks with high force requirements.