bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD161 expression characterizes a subpopulation of human regulatory T cells that produces IL‐17 in a STAT3‐dependent manner
Authors: Afzali Behdad , Mitchell Peter J. , Edozie Francis C. , Povoleri Giovanni A.M. , Dowson Sophie E. , Demandt Laura , Walter Gina , Canavan James B. , Scotta Cristiano , Menon Bina , Chana Prabhjoat S. , Khamri Wafa , Kordasti Shahram Y. , Heck Susanne , Grimbacher Bodo , Tree Timothy , Cope Andrew P. , Taams Leonie S. , Lechler Robert I. , John Susan , Lombardi Giovanna
Published: May 2013

Treg cells are critical for the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are thus prime candidates for cell‐based clinical therapy. However, human Treg cells are “plastic”, and are able to produce IL‐17 under inflammatory conditions. Here, we identify and characterize the human Treg subpopulation that can be induced to produce IL‐17 and identify its mechanisms. We confirm that a subpopulation of human Treg cells produces IL‐17 in vitro when activated in the presence of IL‐1β, but not IL‐6. “IL‐17 potential” is restricted to population III (CD4+CD25hiCD127loCD45RA−) Treg cells expressing the natural killer cell marker CD161. We show that these cells are functionally as suppressive and have similar phenotypic/molecular characteristics to other subpopulations of Treg cells and retain their suppressive function following IL‐17 induction. Importantly, we find that IL‐17 production is STAT3 dependent, with Treg cells from patients with STAT3 mutations unable to make IL‐17. Finally, we show that CD161+ population III Treg cells accumulate in inflamed joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis and are the predominant IL‐17‐producing Treg‐cell population at these sites. As IL‐17 production from this Treg‐cell subpopulation is not accompanied by a loss of regulatory function, in the context of cell therapy, exclusion of these cells from the cell product may not be necessary.
Perfluoroarylation of Iron(II) Di‐ and Hexaiodoclathrochelates – Synthesis, X‐ray Structure, and Properties of the First Cage Complexes with Inherent Pentafluoro­phen­yl Substituent(s)
Authors: Varzatskii Oleg A. , Denisenko Irina N. , Volkov Sergey V. , Belov Alexander S. , Dolganov Alexander V. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Novikov Valentin V. , Bubnov Yurii N. , Voloshin Yan Z.
Published: May 2013

Perfluoroarylation of a known iron(II) diiodoclathrochelate precursor and its new n‐butylboron‐capped hexaiodomacrobicyclic analog with pentafluorophenylcopper(I) gave the first iron(II) cage complexes with inherent perfluoroaryl substituent(s). The complexes synthesized were characterized by elemental analysis, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, IR, UV/Vis, 1H, 11B, 19F, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The encapsulated iron(II) ions in the X‐rayed hexaiodo‐ and di‐ and hexa(pentafluorophenyl)ated iron(II) clathrochelates are located almost in the centers of their FeN6 coordination polyhedra. The geometry of the hexaiodoclathrochelate precursor is trigonal prismatic (TP, distortion angle φ = 4.5°), whereas the perfluoroarylated iron(II) clathrochelates are intermediate between a TP and a trigonal antiprism (TAP) (φ ≈ 25°). This rotation and expansion from TP to TAP polyhedra causes horizontal spreading, and the heights h decrease from 2.40 to 2.33–2.35 Å. Anodic ranges of the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for the pentafluorophenylated iron(II) clathrochelates contain one‐electron waves of the metal‐centered Fe2+/3+ oxidation, which are quasireversible in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) timescale. The potentials for the mono‐ and difunctionalized clathrochelates are only slightly different, as a result of steric hindrance between two pentafluorophenyl substituents in the same chelate ribbed fragment decreasing their conjugation with the polyazomethine clathrochelate framework and lowering the electronic effects. The cathodic ranges of these CVs contain irreversible waves for encapsulated metal‐centered Fe2+/+ reduction to anionic forms of the cage complexes that are unstable on the CV timescale.
Metal‐Free Michael‐Addition‐Initiated Three‐Component Reaction for the Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyridines: Scope, Mechanistic Investigations and Applications
Authors: Allais Christophe , Liéby‐Muller Frédéric , Rodriguez Jean , Constantieux Thierry
Published: May 2013

A metal‐free and completely regioselective three‐component synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines from 1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives and Michael acceptors has been achieved. Activated Michael acceptors, that is, β,γ‐unsaturated α‐oxo carbonyl derivatives, were utilized, allowing substitution at the 4‐position and remarkable functional diversity at the 2‐position of the pyridine ring. The scope and limitations of this environmentally friendly domino reaction are disclosed, with full experimental data, and the results of mechanistic investigations are discussed.
Do Restrictive and Bingeing/Purging Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa Differ on Central Coherence and Set Shifting?
Authors: Van Autreve Sara , De Baene Wouter , Baeken Chris , van Heeringen Cornelis , Vervaet Myriam
Published: May 2013

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with weak central coherence (CC) and weak set shifting (SS). The main aim of this study was to examine possible differences between restrictive AN (AN‐R) and bingeing/purging AN (AN‐BP) on these features.

Methods

A total of 31 patients with AN‐R, 20 patients with AN‐BP and 26 healthy controls (HC) completed five neuropsychological tests (Block Design, Object Assembly, an adapted task‐switching paradigm, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test).

Results

Using Block Design and Object Assembly, indicative for CC, AN‐R patients performed significantly worse than AN‐BP patients and HC, without any difference between AN‐BP and HC. On SS measures, no group differences were observed.

Discussion

The results suggest that cognitive profiles of AN‐R and AN‐BP patients differ significantly on CC and not on SS. Our current findings support the idea that the two subtypes of AN have a distinctive underlying nature and might need a different approach in cognitive remediation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Food and thriving people: paradigm shifts for fair and sustainable food systems
Authors: Tansey Geoff
Published: May 2013

This article looks beyond the physical sciences to address the problems of hunger, malnutrition, and environmental degradation. It discusses the challenges and problems with global food security and where and why paradigm shifts are needed to meet those challenges in a fair and sustainable way. It discusses food's role as a satisfier of human need, the importance of history in aiding the understanding of contemporary challenges and the fundamental changes needed to achieve the goal of fair and sustainable food systems.
Validation of a novel very large eddy simulation method for simulation of turbulent separated flow
Authors: Han Xingsi , Krajnović Siniša
Published: May 2013

The paper describes the validation of a newly developed very LES (VLES) method for the simulation of turbulent separated flow. The new VLES method is a unified simulation approach that can change seamlessly from Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes to DNS depending on the numerical resolution. Four complex test cases are selected to validate the performance of the new method, that is, the flow past a square cylinder at Re = 3000 confined in a channel (with a blockage ratio of 20%), the turbulent flow over a circular cylinder at Re = 3900 as well as Re = 140,000, and a turbulent backward‐facing step flow with a thick incoming boundary layer at Re = 40,000. The simulation results are compared with available experimental, LES, and detached eddy simulation‐type results. The new VLES model performs well overall, and the predictions are satisfactory compared with previous experimental and numerical results. It is observed that the new VLES method is quite efficient for the turbulent flow simulations; that is, good predictions can be obtained using a quite coarse mesh compared with the previous LES method. Discussions of the implementation of the present VLES modeling are also conducted on the basis of the simulations of turbulent channel flow up to high Reynolds number of Reτ = 4000. The efficiency of the present VLES modeling is also observed in the channel flow simulation. From a practical point of view, this new method has considerable potential for more complex turbulent flow simulations at relative high Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite‐derived interannual ocean bottom pressure variability and its relation to sea level
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G. , Quinn Katherine J. , Ponte Rui M.
Published: May 2013

Knowledge of the relationship between bottom pressure pb and sea level ζ is important for understanding ocean circulation and climate. We use recent Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Release‐05 data along with altimetry to investigate the relationship between ζ and pb over long periods (>1 year) and large scales (>750 km). Elevated pb signals are observed over deep extratropical regions (e.g., Southern Ocean basins) and shallow or semi‐enclosed areas (e.g., Indonesian and Nordic seas). In these places, considerable ζ variance is explained by pb variance. Correlation between ζ and pb is significant in many regions, including instances of significant negative correlation suggestive of active baroclinic processes. Results exemplify the good quality of GRACE Release‐05 data and demonstrate that contemporary regional ζ variability cannot always be interpreted in terms of steric changes alone.
A role for prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins in hippocampal synaptic plasticity
Authors: Corcoran Alan , Kunze Reiner , Harney Sarah C. , Breier Georg , Marti Hugo H. , O'Connor John J.
Published: May 2013

Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) are key transcriptional regulators that play a major role in oxygen homeostasis. HIF activity is tightly regulated by oxygen‐dependent hydroxylases, which additionally require iron and 2‐oxoglutarate as cofactors. Inhibition of these enzymes has become a novel target to modulate the hypoxic response for therapeutic benefit. Inhibition of prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase domains (PHDs) have been shown to delay neuronal cell death and protect against ischemic injury in the hippocampus. In this study we have examined the effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibition on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were elicited by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Treatment of rat hippocampal slices with low concentrations (10 µM) of the iron chelator deferosoxamine (DFO) or the 2‐oxoglutarate analogue dimethyloxalyl glycine (DMOG) had no effect on fEPSP. In contrast, application of 1 mM DMOG resulted in a significant decrease in fEPSP slope. Antagonism of the NMDA receptor attenuated the effects of DMOG on baseline synaptic signalling. In rat hippocampal slices pretreated with DMOG and DFO the induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) by tetanic stimulation was strongly impaired. Similarly, neuronal knockout of the single PHD family member PHD2 prevented murine hippocampal LTP. Preconditioning of PHD2 deficient hippocampi with either DMOG, DFO, or the PHD specific inhibitor JNJ‐42041935, did not further decrease LTP suggesting that DMOG and DFO influences synaptic plasticity primarily by inhibiting PHDs rather than unspecific effects. These findings provide striking evidence for a modulatory role of PHD proteins on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of the vertebrate bone matrix: An expression analysis of the network forming collagen paralogues in amphibian osteoblasts
Authors: Aldea Daniel , Hanna Patricia , Munoz David , Espinoza Javier , Torrejon Marcela , Sachs Laurent , Buisine Nicolas , Oulion Silvan , Escriva Hector , Marcellini Sylvain
Published: May 2013

The emergence of vertebrates is closely associated to the evolution of mineralized bone tissue. However, the molecular basis underlying the origin and subsequent diversification of the skeletal mineralized matrix is still poorly understood. One efficient way to tackle this issue is to compare the expression, between vertebrate species, of osteoblastic genes coding for bone matrix proteins. In this work, we have focused on the evolution of the network forming collagen family which contains the Col8a1, Col8a2, and Col10a1 genes. Both phylogeny and synteny reveal that these three paralogues are vertebrate‐specific and derive from two independent duplications in the vertebrate lineage. To shed light on the evolution of this family, we have analyzed the osteoblastic expression of the network forming collagens in endochondral and intramembraneous skeletal elements of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. Remarkably, we find that amphibian osteoblasts express Col10a1, a gene strongly expressed in osteoblasts in actinopterygians but not in amniotes. In addition, while Col8a1 is known to be robustly expressed in mammalian osteoblasts, the expression levels of its amphibian orthologue are dramatically reduced. Our work reveals that while a skeletal expression of network forming collagen members is widespread throughout vertebrates, osteoblasts from divergent vertebrate lineages express different combinations of network forming collagen paralogues. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 375–384, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controls of earthquake faulting style on near field landslide triggering: The role of coseismic slip
Authors: Tatard L. , Grasso J. R.
Published: May 2013

We compare the spatial distributions of seven databases of landslides triggered byMw=5.6–7.9 earthquakes, using distances normalized by the earthquake fault length. We show that the normalized landslide distance distributions collapse, i.e., the normalized distance distributions overlap whatever the size of the earthquake, separately for the events associated with dip‐slip, buried‐faulting earthquakes, and surface‐faulting earthquakes. The dip‐slip earthquakes triggered landslides at larger normalized distances than the oblique‐slip event of Loma Prieta. We further identify that the surface‐faulting earthquakes of Wenchuan, Chi‐Chi, and Kashmir triggered landslides at normalized distances smaller than the ones expected from theirMw ≥ 7.6 magnitudes. These results support a control of the seismic slip (through amplitude, rake, and surface versus buried slip) on the distances at which landslides are triggered. In terms of coseismic landslide management in mountainous areas, our results allow us to propose distances at which 95 and 75% of landslides will be triggered as a function of the earthquake focal mechanism.
Assessing the characteristics of extreme precipitation over northeast China using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis
Authors: Du Haibo , Wu Zhengfang , Zong Shengwei , Meng Xiangjun , Wang Lei
Published: May 2013

Extreme climate events have inflicted severe and adverse effects on human life, social economy, and natural ecosystems. In this study, the precipitation time series from a network of 90 weather stations in Northeast China (NEC) and for the period of 1961–2009 are used. An objective method, the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method, is applied to determine the thresholds of extreme events. Notable occurrence frequency and strong intensity of extreme precipitation (EP) mainly occur in Liaoning Province and the piedmont regions in Changbai Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. Generally, EP frequency shows a nonsignificant negative trend, whereas EP intensity has a weak and nonsignificant positive trend for the entire NEC in the period of 1961–2009. To assess EP severity, we propose an EP severity index (EPSI) combining both EP frequency and intensity, rather than separately analyze the EP frequency or intensity. Spatial gradients of EPSI are observed in northeast‐southwest and northwest‐southeast directions over NEC. The EPSI in northwestern and southeastern NEC are low (0.02–0.3), whereas high EPSI (0.34–0.83) occurs in the southwestern and northeastern portions of the region. Higher EPSI (0.4–0.83) occurs in southern Liaoning Province, which decreases along the southwest‐northeast direction. The spatial patterns of EPSI are associated with the circulation over East Asia. Areas that have a short distance from sea and that locate in the windward slope of mountain will probably accompany high EP severity over NEC.
A canopy radiative transfer scheme with explicit FAPAR for the interactive vegetation model ISBA‐A‐gs: Impact on carbon fluxes
Authors: Carrer Dominique , Roujean Jean‐Louis , Lafont Sébastien , Calvet Jean‐Christophe , Boone Aaron , Decharme Bertrand , Delire Christine , Gastellu‐Etchegorry Jean‐Philippe
Published: May 2013

Vegetation attributes impact the Earth's carbon, water, and energy budgets by controlling the exchanges between the lower atmosphere and the continental biosphere. One of the most important factors is the distribution of the absorbed fraction of solar radiation within vegetation as it constrains the photosynthesis rate. The Interactions Surface‐Biosphere‐Atmosphere, CO2‐responsive (ISBA‐A‐gs) interactive vegetation model developed at Meteo‐France is particularly well designed to simulate the vegetation fluxes. A new radiation transfer scheme for the canopy has been designed and implemented in ISBA‐A‐gs, which adopts a self‐shading approach. This means that the incoming solar fluxes at the top of the canopy will hit a number of canopy layers prior to reaching the soil background. The photosynthesis model calculates the net assimilation of CO2 of each canopy layer using the absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux of the layer. Integration is carried out to obtain a quantitative estimate of the total net assimilation for the whole canopy layer by summing the contribution of each canopy sublayer. Assessment of the vegetation transmittance and canopy light response is then performed. Quantitative estimates of the impact on gross primary production (GPP) in local stations are presented. Also, global estimates of the fraction of absorbed PAR modeled with ISBA‐A‐gs are shown. This study demonstrates the added value of the upgraded canopy radiation transfer model for the simulation of GPP.
3 Tesla 1H MR spectroscopy of hip bone marrow in a healthy population, assessment of normal fat content values and influence of age and sex
Authors: Pansini Vittorio , Monnet Aurélien , Salleron Julia , Hardouin Pierre , Cortet Bernard , Cotten Anne
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To evaluate in a healthy population normal spectroscopic fat content (FC) values of the hip bone marrow and to assess the influence of age and sex on bone marrow conversion.

Materials and Methods

Eighty volunteers (40 men; 40 women; ages: 20–60 years; divided into four consecutive groups) underwent acetabulum, femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, and diaphysis localized 1H MR spectroscopy. FC values of each anatomical site were obtained according to the following formula: Fat content = CH2/(CH2 + Water)*100. To assess bone marrow conversion, a spectroscopic conversion index (SCI) was calculated as FC neck/FC greater trochanter.

Results

FC values showed a gradient as follows: greater trochanter > femoral head > femoral neck > diaphysis > acetabulum in every age group both in men and in women. SCI increased with age both in men and women, showing lower values in women for every age group.

Conclusion

We obtained normal spectroscopic FC values from different areas of the hip, according to age and sex. These values may be used as reference values to evaluate, by the means of 1H MR spectroscopy, pathological conditions affecting hip bone marrow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:369–376. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Method development: Raman spectroscopy‐based histopathology of oral mucosa
Authors: Cals Froukje L. J. , Bakker Schut Tom C. , Koljenović Senada , Puppels Gerwin J. , de Jong Robert J. Baatenburg
Published: May 2013

An earlier and more accurate detection of (small) cancerous and precancerous lesions in the oral cavity is essential to improve the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Raman spectroscopy is being pursued as a potential method to realize this improvement, since the technique provides objective information on a biochemical level and can be used for real‐time guidance of the diagnostic procedure.

Since oral mucosal tissue is inhomogeneous and comprises different layers and histological structures, a good understanding of the signal contributions of the individual layers and structures is required for an accurate interpretation of in vivo tissue spectra measurement volumes. The aim of this study was to create a standardized method to collect and analyse the spectral contributions of individual histopathological structures in oral mucosa.

The method is based on Raman microspectroscopic mapping of unstained frozen tissue sections and subsequent histopathological annotation of the features in the resulting Raman images. The obtained annotated reference spectra were used as input in an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis in order to determine the spectral characteristics and variance within one histo(patho)logical structure.

The described method resulted in an annotated database of Raman spectral characteristics of individual histopathological structures encountered in oral tissue. This database can be used as input for the development of classification and quantification algorithms, in order to achieve a high specificity and sensitivity for clinical diagnostic instruments. Additionally, this database can be used to optimize the exact location and measurement volume of in vivo measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS Study on the Guest Exchange Process of Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Crystalline Complex Formation with Triethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Kaneko Fumitoshi , Seto Naoki , Sasaki Keita , Sakurai Shinichi , Kimura Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2013

Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) forms cocrystals with a variety of chemical compounds. The guest molecules can be easily replaced with other kinds of molecules under certain conditions. The guest‐exchange process, on exposure to liquid triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), is followed by time‐resolved simultaneous small‐angle and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering to clarify the structure changes in molecular‐level and higher‐order structures. It is clarified that the exchange from the original guest chloroform to the new guest TEGDME takes place mainly after a certain incubation time, in parallel with the expansion of the lamellar period. The occurrence of the ϵ cocrystal during this process and the influence of the amount of chloroform on the incubation time are also studied.

magnified image
Classic models for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Sourbron Steven P. , Buckley David L.
Published: May 2013

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) is a functional MRI method where T1 ‐weighted MR images are acquired dynamically after bolus injection of a contrast agent.

The data can be interpreted in terms of physiological tissue characteristics by applying the principles of tracer‐kinetic modelling. In the brain, DCE‐MRI enables measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability–surface area product (PS) and the volume of the interstitium (ve). These parameters can be combined to form others such as the volume‐transfer constant Ktrans, the extraction fraction E and the contrast‐agent mean transit times through the intra‐ and extravascular spaces.

A first generation of tracer‐kinetic models for DCE‐MRI was developed in the early 1990s and has become a standard in many applications. Subsequent improvements in DCE‐MRI data quality have driven the development of a second generation of more complex models. They are increasingly used, but it is not always clear how they relate to the models of the first generation or to the model‐free deconvolution methods for tissues with intact BBB. This lack of understanding is leading to increasing confusion on when to use which model and how to interpret the parameters.

The purpose of this review is to clarify the relation between models of the first and second generations and between model‐based and model‐free methods. All quantities are defined using a generic terminology to ensure the widest possible scope and to reveal the link between applications in the brain and in other organs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between cancer‐related fatigue and personality in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Shu‐Hong , He Guo‐Ping , Jiang Ping‐Lan , Tang Li‐Li , Feng Xiao‐Min , Zeng Cui , Wang Guo‐Fei
Published: May 2013

Background

This study aimed to explore the relationship between cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) and personality in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted to study the relationship between CRF and personality in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy. CRF and personality were measured by the cancer fatigue score and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, respectively.

Results

A total of 300 breast cancer patients who had received chemotherapy were recruited to this study. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scores of psychoticism, introversion, and extroversion in the patients were lower than the norm level (p < 0.01), but those of neuroticism and lie were higher than the norm level (p < 0.01). Multivariate analyses showed positive correlation between psychoticism and affective fatigue, neuroticism and total fatigue, and physical fatigue and cognitive fatigue. Multivariate analyses also showed negative correlation between introversion or extroversion and total fatigue, physical fatigue or affective fatigue, and lie and total fatigue or cognitive fatigue.

Conclusions

There was CRF in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy. Psychoticism, extroversion/introversion, neuroticism, and lie are correlated with CRF in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration and the Employer Perspective: Pitfalls and Potentials for a Future Research Agenda
Authors: Scott Sam
Published: May 2013

There is a pervasive economic rationale behind all forms of labour migration. The paper identifies an emergent but still quite limited body of research that engages with and explores this rationale. More specifically, it is interested in research looking at contemporary patterns and processes of migration from the perspective of employers and employment agencies. There has to date been no attempt to review employer‐based research on migration or to identify emergent narratives that could help to guide future academic enquiry. The paper addresses this omission by highlighting five embryonic employer‐orientated migration research themes. It begins, however, by noting some of the limitations of employer‐based empirical research. These limitations, it is argued, are significant but not insurmountable and should not be used as an excuse to overlook employers' role in shaping, and often fundamentally underpinning, the demand for immigration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of hydrogenated AlN as an anti‐reflective coating and for the effective surface passivation of silicon
Authors: Krugel Georg , Sharma Aashish , Wolke Winfried , Rentsch Jochen , Preu Ralf
Published: May 2013

Stacks of aluminum oxide and silicon nitride are frequently used in silicon photovoltaics. In this Letter, we demonstrate that hydrogenated aluminum nitride can be an alternative to this dual‐layer stack. Deposited on 1 Ω cm p‐type FZ silicon, very low effective surface recombination velocities of 8 cm/s could be reached after firing at 820 °C. This excellent passivation is traced back to a high density of fixed charges at the interface of approximately –1 × 1012 cm–2 and a very low interface defect density below 5 × 1010 eV–1 cm–2. Furthermore, spectral ellipsometry measurements reveal that these aluminum nitride layers have ideal optical properties for use as anti‐reflective coatings. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF MISSOURI RIVER RECREATION: ESTIMATES FROM THE MISSOURI RIVER PUBLIC USE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Treiman T. B. , Sheriff S. L. , Renken R. B. , Loomis J.
Published: May 2013

Exit interviews with visitors were used to estimate public use on and along 811 miles of the Missouri River from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to the river's mouth near St. Louis, Missouri, during a 13‐month period in 2004 and 2005. We estimated both types and amount of public use and the economic value of the river to the users. Economic values of recreation to the public were estimated using both the Travel Cost Method (TCM) and the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). For these public access and areas, an estimated 2 042 980 individual visits were made to the river, with total economic benefits of the river to users estimated at $12.79 per individual visit (TCM) and $23.65 per individual visit (CVM).We discuss methodological differences between the two methods and the potential utility of this information to river management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Electron Density Studies of Inorganic Materials
Authors: Stokkebro Schmøkel Mette , Overgaard Jacob , Brummerstedt Iversen Bo
Published: May 2013

The electron density of a molecular scale system is probably the most information‐rich observable in natural science, and experimental electron density determination based on X‐ray diffraction is a strong field of modern crystallography. Most studies concern small molecule organic or metal‐organic crystals, and indeed the experimental method and the subsequent data modeling and analysis have become a very versatile tool for such systems. However, inorganic materials in the form of high‐symmetry dense solids, often with extended structures and containing heavy atoms, represent one of the most serious challenges to the X‐ray electron density technique. For inorganic materials the scattering from the valence electrons is minute compared with the core electron scattering, and systematic errors such as extinction and absorption can be severe. In some sense studies of inorganic materials can be used as a benchmark for the current level of electron density analysis using X‐ray diffraction. Here we discuss the special challenges that face X‐ray electron density studies of inorganic materials. We discuss the special experimental requirements – basically the ideal X‐ray electron density experiment shines stable, intense, high energy, monochromatic X‐rays on minute single crystals at the lowest possible temperature, and the diffracted intensities are recorded on detectors with low background noise and large dynamic range. We also address the specific problems encountered when modeling very diffuse valence electrons in heavy atoms. Furthermore, for light atom materials topological analysis is often used as an analysis tool to extract information e.g. about chemical bonding, but for inorganic materials many of the commonly used descriptors are less informative, and other approaches are called for.
A Metallosupramolecular Octahedron Assembled from Twelve Copper(I) Metal Ions and Six 4,4′‐(1,2‐Phenylene)bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ide) Ligands
Authors: Grzywa Maciej , Bredenkötter Björn , Denysenko Dmytro , Spirkl Sebastian , Nitek Wojciech , Volkmer Dirk
Published: May 2013

The novel coordination compound [CuI12(C16H16N4)6]·8DMAc, (2), (DMAc = N, N‐dimethylacetamide) was prepared in solvothermal or microwave assisted reaction. It contains four metallamacrocyclic trinuclear copper(I) pyrazolate coordination units, which occupy four (opposite) faces of an imaginary metallosupramolecular octahedron. Six (4,4′‐(1,2‐phenylene)bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ide) ligands (L12–) are placed at the corners of the octahedron. Crystals of the free ligand H2L1 [1,2‐bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)benzene, (1)], and [CuI12(C16H16N4)6]·8DMAc (2), were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analyses. Lingand 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, with: a = 9.0118(9), b = 14.0075(11), c = 11.7484(11) Å, β = 104.945(5)°, V = 1432.9(2) Å3, space group P21/c (no. 14). Compound 2 crystallizes in the tetragonal system, with: a = b = 19.506(5), c = 42.888(5) Å, V = 16318(6) Å3, space group I41/amd (no. 141). Compound 2 represents a porous structure, where each metallosupramolecular octahedron encloses a solvent‐filled cavity of 889 Å3 (accounting for 6 DMAc molecules, 21.8 % of the cell volume). The incomplete crystal packing arrangement of adjacent [CuI12(C16H16N4)6] moieties in addition leads to solvent‐filled interstitial voids accounting to 8.1 % of the cell volume. Removing solvent molecules in vacuo is accompanied by reversible structural changes, leading to a partial loss of porosity, as revealed by Ar‐BET sorption analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were further characterized by elemental and thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, FTIR‐, UV/Vis‐ and fluorescence spectroscopy. Preliminary results on the activation of molecular oxygen by compound 2 are presented.
Halogen Bonding in the Assembly of a 1D Cadmium(II) Polymer Based on Chlorendic Acid (HET)
Authors: Cui Pei‐Pei , Cui Lun‐Feng , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Sun Dao‐Feng
Published: May 2013

A new complex based on chlorendic acid (HET), [Cd8(HET)8(DMF)4(H2O)12]·8DMF (1) was synthesized by liquid evaporate method from the mixture of HET and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O. Single crystal X‐ray analysis reveals that the structure of complex 1 features a one‐dimensional (1D) wave chain that is further assembled into three‐dimensional (3D) framework directed by supramolecular interactions, including hydrogen bond, Cl···Cl halogen bond, and so on. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metal‐organic coordination polymer based on chlorendic acid (HET). The luminescent property and thermal stability of complex 1 were also discussed.
Influence of Prophylactic Neck Dissection on Rate of Retreatment for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Hartl Dana M. , Mamelle Elisabeth , Borget Isabelle , Leboulleux Sophie , Mirghani Haïtham , Schlumberger Martin
Published: May 2013

Background

Prophylactic neck dissection (PND) for papillary thyroid cancer is controversial. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of PND on the rate of retreatment.

Methods

In this retrospective case‐control study, papillary thyroid carcinomas >10 mm without ultrasonographic evidence of nodal disease (cN0) were treated with total thyroidectomy (TT) or TT with bilateral central compartment PND. All received postoperative radioactive iodine (131I) and were followed for at least 1 year. We compared the rate of retreatment (surgery or 131I).

Results

Altogether, 246 patients (mean age 46 years, 78 % women) underwent TT (n = 91) or TT + PND (n = 155). The groups were similar in age, sex, tumor size, and follow‐up (median 6.3 years) (p > 0.05). Overall, 11 (12 %) of the patients in the TT group underwent reoperation in the central compartment for recurrence versus 3 (2 %) in the TT + PND group (p < 0.001). There were 1.18 administrations of 131I for the TT group versus 1.08 for the TT + PND group (p = 0.08). The average cumulative dose of 131I was 3.9 ± 1.8 GBq for the TT group and 3.8 ± 1.3 GBq for the TT + PND group (p = 0.52). Actuarial (Kaplan‐Meier) 5‐year retreatment rates were 14.7 % in the TT group and 6.5 % in the TT + PND group (p = 0.01, log‐rank). The rate of permanent recurrent nerve paralysis was 2 % for the TT group and 1 % for the TT + PND group (p = 0.98). The rates of permanent hypoparathyroidism were 7 versus 3 %, respectively (p = 0.12).

Conclusions

Five‐year retreatment rates were lower in patients treated with PND, with no added permanent morbidity.
Genetic Risk Assessment for Women with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Referral Patterns and Outcomes in a University Gynecologic Oncology Clinic
Authors: Petzel Sue V. , Vogel Rachel Isaksson , Bensend Tracy , Leininger Anna , Argenta Peter A. , Geller Melissa A.
Published: May 2013

Little is known about genetic service utilization and ovarian cancer. We identified the frequency and outcome of genetic counseling referral, predictors of referral, and referral uptake for ovarian cancer patients. Using pathology reports, we identified all epithelial ovarian cancer patients seen in a university gynecologic oncology clinic (1/04–8/06). Electronic medical records (EMR) were used to document genetic service referral, time from diagnosis‐to‐referral, point‐in‐treatment at referral, personal/family cancer history, demographics, and genetic test results. Groups were compared using chi‐squared and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and t‐tests for continuous variables. The study population consisted of 376 women with ovarian cancer, 72 (19 %) of who were referred for genetic counseling/testing, primarily during surveillance. Of those referred, 42 (58 %) had personal or family genetic counseling and 34 (47 %) were ultimately tested or identified due to known family mutation. Family history and prior cancer were associated with referral. Family history, living in a larger community, higher‐stage disease, and serous histology were associated with undergoing genetic counseling. Risk assessment identified 20 BRCA1/2 (5.3 %) and 1 HNPCC (0.3 %) mutation carriers. Based on recent estimates that 11.7–16.6 % of women with ovarian cancer are BRCA carriers and 2 % are HNPCC carriers, results suggest under‐identification of carriers and under‐utilization of genetic services by providers and patients. Interventions to increase medical providers’ referrals, even in a specialized oncology clinic, are necessary and may include innovations in educating these providers using web‐based methods. Ease of referral by the introduction of an electronic cancer genetic referral form represents another new direction that may increase genetic risk assessment for high‐risk women with ovarian cancer.
The new great game in Central Asia post 2014: The US “New Silk Road” strategy and Sino-Russian rivalry
Authors: Kim Younkyoo , Indeo Fabio
Published: May 2013

With the planned US and NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2014 looming ever closer, and Central Asia’s own future increasingly in doubt, major powers are all competing to enhance their influence in Central Asia. 2014 may mark a regional tipping point, but none can accurately predict how the regional balance might shift after the NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan. During 2009–2010, the signs of growing Russian dependence on China in terms of economy and energy were palpable, as were the signs of China successfully subordinating Russia to its Central Asian economic agenda. In 2011–2012, it was difficult to see Russia simply acquiescing in its subordination to China without reacting to that situation negatively. Since 2011, to avoid this dependence on China, Russia has vigorously pushed for its regional integration schemes. 2011 marked the launch of the US “New Silk Road” initiative. Great power regional integration schemes, however, undermine both regional and national development.
Women's Associations and the Emergence of a Social State: Protection for Mothers and Children in Buenos Aires, 1920–1940
Authors: TOSSOUNIAN CECILIA
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the women's association movement in Buenos Aires between 1920 and 1940, and its connection with the emergence of a social state. Subsidised by the state, associations led by upper-class women provided a significant number of social assistance services to mothers, working women and children, and had a notable impact on the design of social policy. While historiography concurs that by 1930 the significance of this charitably oriented women's movement had started to decline, being replaced by public welfare services, this paper seeks to question such a conclusion by analysing three of the most important women's social welfare associations in the period and showing how, having become the maternal face of the state, they retained a central role in the provision of social assistance until well into the 1930s, thus helping to prevent the state from becoming a ‘colossal bureaucratic machine’.
Novel word retention in sequential bilingual children
Authors: KAN PUI FONG
Published: May 2013

Children's ability to learn and retain new words is fundamental to their vocabulary development. This study examined word retention in children learning a home language (L1) from birth and a second language (L2) in preschool settings. Participants were presented with sixteen novel words in L1 and in L2 and were tested for retention after either a 2-month or a 4-month delay. Results showed that children retained more words in L1 than in L2 for both of the retention interval conditions. In addition, children's word retention was associated with their existing language knowledge and their fast-mapping performance within and across language. The patterns of association, however, were different between L1 and L2. These findings suggest that children's word retention might be related to the interactions of various components that are operating within a dynamic system.
Financial intermediation and late development in Meiji Japan, 1868 to 1912
Authors: Tang John
Published: May 2013

Was nineteenth-century Japan an example of finance-led growth? Using a new panel data set of firms from the Meiji period (1868–1912), this article tests whether financial sector development influenced extensive firm activity across industries and locations. Results from a two-stage least squares first difference model suggest that financial intermediation is associated with additional net firm establishment, particularly in light manufacturing sectors like textiles. The overall effect is muted in the latter part of the period and among peripheral regions, which may underscore the respective roles of institutions and agglomeration economies in later stages of development.
A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM practice ‐ Abstract of the London discussion
Authors: Cantle Neil
Published: May 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:

AllanN., CantleN., GodfreyP. and YinY.A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM practice.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S135732171200030X
SOME ISOMORPHISMS IN DERIVED FUNCTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Authors: KHASHYARMANESH K. , KHOSH-AHANG F.
Published: May 2013

Let $R$ be a commutative Noetherian ring, $M$ be a finitely generated $R$-module and $\mathfrak{a}$ be an ideal of $R$ such that $\mathfrak{a}M\not = M$. We show among the other things that, if $c$ is a nonnegative integer such that ${ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{i} (M)= 0$ for all $i\lt c$, then there is an isomorphism $\mathrm{End} ({ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{c} (M))\cong { \mathrm{Ext} }_{R}^{c} ({ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{c} (M), M)$; and if $c$ is a nonnegative integer such that ${ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{i} (M)= 0$ for all $i\not = c$, there are the following isomorphisms:

(i) $~\quad{ H}_{\mathfrak{b}}^{i} ({ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{c} (M))\cong { H}_{\mathfrak{b}}^{i+ c} (M)$ and

(ii) $\quad{ \mathrm{Ext} }_{R}^{i} (R/ \mathfrak{b}, { H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{c} (M))\cong { \mathrm{Ext} }_{R}^{i+ c} (R/ \mathfrak{b}, M)$

for all $i\in { \mathbb{N} }_{0} $ and all ideals $\mathfrak{b}$ of $R$ with $\mathfrak{b}\supseteq \mathfrak{a}$. We also prove that if $\mathfrak{a}$ and $\mathfrak{b}$ are ideals of $R$ with $\mathfrak{b}\supseteq \mathfrak{a}$ and $c: = \mathrm{grade} (\mathfrak{a}, M)$, then there exists a natural homomorphism from $\mathrm{End} ({ H}_{\mathfrak{a}}^{c} (M))$ to $\mathrm{End} ({ H}_{\mathfrak{b}}^{c} (M))$, where $\mathrm{grade} (\mathfrak{a}, M)$ is the maximum length of $M$-sequences in $\mathfrak{a}$.
Self-assembly of tholins in environments simulating Titan liquidospheres: implications for formation of primitive coacervates on Titan
Authors: Kawai Jun , Jagota Seema , Kaneko Takeo , Obayashi Yumiko , Yoshimura Yoshitaka , Khare Bishun N. , Deamer David W. , McKay Christopher P. , Kobayashi Kensei
Published: May 2013

Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a thick atmosphere containing nitrogen and methane. A variety of organic compounds have been detected in the atmosphere, most likely produced when atmospheric gases are exposed to ultraviolet light, electrons captured by the magnetosphere of Saturn and cosmic rays. The Cassini/Huygens probe showed that the average temperature on the surface of Titan is 93.7 K, with lakes of liquid ethane and methane. Sub-surface mixtures of liquid ammonia and water may also be present. We have synthesized complex organic compounds (tholins) by exposing a mixture of nitrogen and methane to plasma discharges, and investigated their interactions with several different liquids that simulate Titan's liquidosphere. We found that coacervates formed when tholins were extracted in non-polar solvents followed by exposure to aqueous ammonia solutions. The results suggest that coacervates can self-assemble in Titan's liquidosphere which have the potential to undergo further chemical evolution. Similar processes are likely to occur in the early evolution of habitable planets when tholin-like compounds undergo phase separation into microscopic structures dispersed in a suitable aqueous environment.
Clinical Use of Self-Reports to Measure CBT Program Outcomes
Authors: Constantino Diane Parris , Eger Sara , Matthies Melanie
Published: May 2013

In this paper, we explore the treatment effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in a group therapy environment with 11 adults between the ages of 20 and 70 years old. We used the Clinical Use of Self-Report (SSI-4; Riley, 2009) to measure change following a 10-week program. Analysis of self-report measures before and after the program indicated that seven participants showed moderate-to-strong improvement in their overall test scores after completing CBT with increased effect size observed for response to strangers and authority figures.
Initial Counseling With Parents of Preschoolers who Stutter: Enhancing Graduate Students’ Skills Using Simulated Caregivers
Authors: Gregg Gregg
Published: May 2013

No other therapeutic approach to stuttering in general has achieved the consensus of support given to parental involvement in the clinical management of early childhood stuttering. In most cases, this involvement begins with and is based on information received during the initial evaluation. This extremely important initial step in the therapeutic process often can prove difficult for beginning clinicians, especially because of the current landscape of graduate clinical training opportunities. In this manuscript, I will provide a framework for the use of simulated caregivers in the process of enhancing the parent counseling skills during an initial evaluation of graduate students in communication sciences and disorders. Though the field of communication disorders has come late to the idea of using simulated patients, there is a rich and varied literature on this teaching tool in other healthcare fields (e.g., nursing, medicine, psychology). What follows is a review of: (a) the factors affecting graduate training in fluency, (b) the need for better training in parent counseling during the preliminary stages of working with preschool CWS, and (c) a possible framework for this incorporating this training in a tightly-controlled clinical opportunity.