bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating place-based job creation programs in Japan
Authors: Kazekami Sachiko
Published: January 2017

First, this paper empirically evaluates the incidence of the Japanese place-based job creation program, which has rarely been studied in Japan. The program increases employment, especially in the agricultural, retail trade, and service sectors, which most treated municipalities promote. Second, this paper explores the municipalities that the program affects most. Those with large aging populations and those with small working age populations decrease the effects of the program. Third, this paper assesses the externality effect of this program and does not observe a strong reduction in sales, workers, or establishments in the neighboring municipalities of a treated municipality.
Training strategies and outcomes of ab interno trabeculectomy with the trabectome
Authors: Fallano Katherine , Bussel Igor , Kagemann Larry , Lathrop Kira L. , Loewen Nils A.
Published: January 2017

Plasma-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy with the trabectome was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2004 for use in adult and pediatric glaucomas. Since then, increased clinical experience and updated outcome data have led to its expanded use, including a range of glaucomas and angle presentations, previously deemed to be relatively contraindicated. The main benefits are a high degree of safety, ease, and speed compared to traditional filtering surgery and tube shunts. The increasing burden of glaucoma and expanding life expectancy has resulted in demand for well-trained surgeons. In this article, we discuss the results of trabectome surgery in standard and nonstandard indications. We present training strategies of the surgical technique that include a pig eye model, and visualization exercises that can be performed before and at the conclusion of standard cataract surgery in patients who do not have glaucoma. We detail the mechanism of enhancing the conventional outflow pathway and describe methods of visualization and function testing.
Blockchain protocols in clinical trials: Transparency and traceability of consent
Authors: Benchoufi Mehdi , Porcher Raphael , Ravaud Philippe
Published: January 2017

Clinical trial consent for protocols and their revisions should be transparent for patients and traceable for stakeholders. Our goal is to implement a process allowing the collection of patients’ informed consent, which is bound to protocol revisions, storing and tracking the consent in a secure, unfalsifiable and publicly verifiable way, and enabling the sharing of this information in real time. For that, we will built a consent workflow using a rising technology called Blockchain. This is a distributed technology that brings a built-in layer of transparency and traceability. Additionally, it removes the need for third parties, and gives participative control to the peer-to-peer users. From a more general and prospective point of view, we believe Blockchain technology brings a paradigmatical shift to the entire clinical research field. We designed a Proof-of-Concept protocol consisting of time-stamping each step of the patient’s consent collection using Blockchain; thus archiving and historicising the consent through cryptographic validation in a securely unfalsifiable and transparent way. For each revision of the protocol, consent was sought again. We obtained a single document, in a standard open format, that accounted for the whole consent collection process: timestamped consent status with regards to each version of the protocol. This document cannot be corrupted, and can be checked on any dedicated public website. It should be considered as a robust proof of data. In the future, we think that the complex data flow of a clinical trial can be tracked using Blockchain. Moreover, a blockchain core functionality, named Smart Contract, can help prevent clinical trial events not to happen in the right chronological order: including patients before they consented or analysing case report forms data before freezing the database. This will help reaching reliability, security, and transparency, and could be a consistent step towards reproducibility.
Red cell distribution width and mortality in pediatric sepsis
Authors: Devina Trina , Lubis Munar , Mutiara Erna , Yanni Gema Nazri , Saragih Rina Amalia C. , Trisnawati Yunnie , Lubis Aridamuriany Dwiputri , Amelia Putri
Published: January 2017

Background Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a hematological parameter routinely obtained as part of the complete blood count. Recently, RDW has emerged as a potential independent predictor of clinical outcomes in adults with sepsis. However, RDW as a mortality predictor in pediatric populations has not been well established.Objective To determine the relationship between RDW value and mortality outcomes in pediatric sepsis patients.Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 40 consecutive pediatric patients with sepsis admitted to the PICU from December 2013 to March 2014. All patients’ RDW were collected within 24 hours of sepsis diagnosis. We determined the association between RDW and hemoglobin (Hb) using Spearman’s correlation. The RDW values of 11.5-14.5% were considered to be normal while those > 14.5% were considered to be elevated. We compared mortality and PICU length of stay (LoS) between the normal and elevated RDW groups using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.Results The median age of patients was 34 months (range 2 months to 17 years). There were 28 (70%) male subjects. Subjects’ median RDW was 14.8% (range 11.2-27.8%) and was not correlated with Hb (r=0.056; P=0.73). Mortality rates in the normal and elevated RDW groups were 40% and 45%, respectively. There were no significant associations between RDW group and mortality (P=0.749) or PICU LoS (P=0.350).Conclusion Unlike in adults, RDW values are not correlated with mortality in pediatric sepsis patients.
Persistent proteinuria as an indicator of renal disease in HIV-infected children
Authors: Hisbiiyah Yuni , Prasetyo Risky Vitria , Puspitasari Dwiyanti , Soemyarso Ninik Asmaningsih , Moedjito Ismoedijanto , Noer Mohammad Sjaifullah
Published: January 2017

Background Persistent proteinuria (microalbuminuria) has been reported to be a precursor of HIV-related renal disease. Screening allows for early management in order to prevent the progression of renal disease and decrease morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease in HIV. Several studies have been done on renal manifestation in HIV-infected children from American and African regions, but similar studies from Asia are lacking.Objective To determine the prevalence of persistent proteinuria in HIV-positive children on antiretroviral therapy (ARV) in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya.Methods A cross-sectional study on children with HIV and treated with  highly active antiretroviral therapy (HARRT) was done from August 2014 to February 2015. Microalbuminuria was measured by the ratio of urine albumin to creatinine (ACR), while proteinuria was measured by dipstick. Measurements were performed 3 times in 4-8 weeks. All subjects underwent complete evaluation of blood tests, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), CD4 counts, and urinalysis. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and logistic regression tests.Results Of 38 children on HARRT enrolled in this study, 2 subjects developed acute kidney injury (AKI), 4 subjects were suspected to have urinary tract infection (UTI), and 1 subject was suspected to have urinary tract stones. The prevalence of persistent microalbuminuria was 2.6%. There was no correlation between immunological status, WHO clinical stage, or duration of ARV and the incidence of persistent proteinuria (P>0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of persistent proteinuria is  lower in younger HIV-infected children at a non-advanced stage and HIV-infected children with normal immunological status who are on HAART. We provide baseline data on the renal conditions of HIV-infected children in the era of HAART, before tenovofir is  increasingly used as an antiretroviral therapy regimen in Indonesia.
Diabetic ketoacidosis with acute kidney injury in prepubertal children: a report on two cases
Authors: Andriyani Dwi , Wahyudhi Afriyan , Anggriawan Shirley Leonita
Published: January 2017

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a result of autoimmune damage, in which environmental factors are thought to trigger the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ß-cells.1,2 Worldwide, an estimated 65,000 children under 15 years of age develop type 1 diabetes mellitus each year.3 Approximately 30% of children who present with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).4 Himawan et al. reported a DKA prevalence of43.6% in girls.5 The long-term effects of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, chronic kidney disease (nephropathy), neuropathy, and dyslipidemia.2
Skor Prediksi Kematian Pneumonia pada Anak Usia di Bawah Lima Tahun
Authors: Latumahina Ambarsari , Triasih Rina , Hermawan Kristia
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada anak usia di bawah lima tahun di negara berkembang. Pengembangan sistem skor yang sederhana untuk memprediksi kematian pada pneumonia dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan menurunkan angka kematian anak akibat pneumonia.Tujuan. Menyusun skor prediksi kematian pada anak dengan pneumonia.Metode. Penelitian kohort retrospektif pada anak (umur 2 bulan sampai 5 tahun) yang dirawat di RSUP Dr. Sardjito dengan pneumonia sejak Januari 2009 sampai Desember 2014. Anak dengan rekam medis tidak lengkap atau dengan infeksi HIV dieksklusi. Digunakan metode Spiegelhalter Knill-Jones untuk penyusunan skor kematian. Prediktor kematian dengan likelihood ratio (LHR) ≤0,5 atau ≥2 dimasukkan dalam sistem skor. Cut off point dari skor total ditentukan dengan kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC).Hasil. Di antara 225 anak yang memenuhi kriteria, 42 (18,7%) meninggal. Prediktor kematian yang memenuhi kriteria LHR adalah usia <6 bulan (LHR 2,05), takikardia (LHR 2,11), saturasi oksigen (SpO2) <92% (LHR 2,54), anemia (LHR 0,38) dan leukositosis (LHR 2,04). Skor prediksi kematian terdiri atas usia (skor=5 bila usia <6 bulan dan 0 bila >6 bulan); frekuensi nadi skor=6 bila takikardia dan -8 bila normal); saturasi oksigen (skor=3 bila SpO2 <92% dan 0 bila SpO2 >92%); hemoglobin (skor=4 bila anemia dan -6 bila normal), leukosit (skor=3 bila leukosit dan 0 bila normal). Total skor >3 Mempunyai sensitivitas dan spesifitas terbaik, yaitu 85,7% dan 72,1%.Kesimpulan. Skor prediksi kematian pneumonia >3 dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kematian pada anak dengan pneumonia.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a 5-year-old boy - case report
Authors: Puri Pavan , Shaikh Sana , Kakade Adesh , Desai Rajiv , Rahinj Rahul , Shirsat Pankaj
Published: January 2017

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are considered a spectrum of acute life-threatening mucocutaneous reaction that differ only in severity, often induced by drugs. Varicella-zoster virus has been rarely reported as an etiological agent in TEN. Our case report highlights the association of varicella-zoster virus and TEN in a 5-year-old boy.Keywords: Life-threatening, Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Varicella-zoster virus.
Effect of thermocycling to adhesive interface of enamel analyzed by polarized light microscopy
Authors: Gonçalves Rafael Simões , Da Silva Naiara Montes , Watanabe Mauricio Umeno , Shinohara Mirela Sanae
Published: January 2017

Objective: The less aggressive demineralization of enamel by self-etching systems results in greater staining, marginal leakage, and failure in their restorations, so this study aimed to assess the silver nitrate infiltration and tag formation of the enamel/adhesive interface. Material and Methods: Two hundred enamel fragments were randomly assigned into 10 groups according to the adhesive system (Single Bond Adper Plus-(SB), Clearfil Tri-S Bond-(CF), or Scotchbond Universal-(SBU)) and enamel surface (ground-(ge), unground-(ue), phosphoric acid etching-(pha), or none) (n=10): (SB-ue), (SB-ge), (CF-ue), (CF-ge), (CF-ue/pha), (CF-ge/pha), (SBU-ue), (SBU-ge), (SBU-ue/pha), and (SBU-ge/pha). Half of the restored samples were submitted to thermocycling. Four slices of 1.0mm/sample were obtained to evaluate tag formation and silver nitrate infiltration. All of the specimens were examined with Polarized Light Microscopy, and the percentage of infiltration was quantified. Results: No interactions were found among the three factors. The adhesive and aging exhibited an interaction. Significant differences were found only after thermocycling: the SB and SBU-etched groups had decreased infiltration compared with the other groups. The tag length after etching was higher for ge compared with ue, regardless of the adhesive system. Conclusion: The self-etching techniques resulted in significantly less tag formation compared with the conventional technique.KeywordsAdhesives; Aging; Dental enamel; Microscopy, polarization; Silver nitrate.
Home range of a male jaguar spatially associated with the landfill of the city of Playa del Carmen, Mexico
Authors: González-Gallina Alberto , Hidalgo-Mihart Mircea G. , Pérez-Garduza Freddy , Iglesias-Hernández Jesús A. , Oliveras de Ita Adán , Chacón-Hernández Andrés , Vázquez-Zúñiga Octavio
Published: January 2017

Understanding how jaguars (Panthera onca) adapt to disturbed landscapes, especially urbanized areas, can help us prevent adverse situations, thus reducing conflict, and perhaps even achieve coexistence with these predators. Playa del Carmen, a city located in the middle of a natural corridor linking two jaguar conservation units (JCUs; Sian Ka’an and Yum Balam), is facing intense pressure from tourism-related city growth. From January 2013 to March 2014, we tracked an adult male jaguar using a satellite collar and found that the presence of the Playa del Carmen landfill had a clear influence on a male jaguar’s home range and movements. We observed that this particular jaguar had the smallest seasonal home range and core areas reported in the literature (particularly during the dry season in 2013, where the home range was only 16.22 km2 and the core area was 2.5 km2) and also that the seasonal core areas overlapped with the area covered by the landfill (with a number of important locations within the landfill). Our results showed that male jaguars are surviving in areas previously not considered as jaguar habitat and are taking advantage of the human resources within. We hope that these results encourage more jaguar studies to be carried out in areas disturbed by human activities.
Drying Behavior of Mature Fine Tailings Pre-Dewatered With Super-Absorbent Polymer (SAP): Column Experiments
Authors: Roshani A. , Fall M. , Kennedy K.
Published: January 2017

Laboratory column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of super-absorbent polymer (SAP) on the drying behavior (e.g., dewatering, strength, suction, settlement) of mature fine tailing (MFT). Four experimental columns filled in two different stages with dewatered MFT of 1 wt. % SAP were subjected to atmospheric drying. Moreover, four additional columns (control columns) filled with raw MFT (not pre-dewatered with SAP) were also subjected to drying. The rate of evaporation, drainage, settlement and evolution of suction, strength and void ratio were monitored or determined in a 30-day period. Promising results have been obtained. The results show that the rate of evaporation for SAP pre-dewatered samples was lower than that of raw MFT. Cumulative water lost via evaporation decreased from 13 kg for raw MFT to 7.2 kg for pre-dewatered MFT, which is because of the lower water content of the pre-dewatered MFT. Water drainage for pre-dewatered MFT showed 82 % reduction in comparison with raw MFT within the test period. This finding suggests that the use of SAP pre-dewatered method could considerably reduce the seepage of toxic water from the tailings and MFT impoundments. Developed suction in the first lift showed a sharp reduction by loading the second lift because of redistribution of pore water but this effect was temporary and developed suction in the second lift gained strength. Vane shear strength of pre-dewatered MFT after 30 days was around 3.6 kPa and 7.3 kPa for 5-cm (bottom) and 15-cm heights, respectively, and the strength of the upper parts reached 2.3 MPa. SAP pre-dewatered MFT had a much higher strength increase rate at early ages than the raw MFT. After 10 days of drying, the undrained shear strength at all column heights exceeded or was close to the 1-year value (5 kPa) required by environmental regulations set by the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB). This could have significant practical implication with respect to accelerating the dewatering process and consolidation of MFT, thus increasing the pace of reclamation, reducing the cost of the tailing management and reducing the environmental footprint of heavy oil operations.
Interrelationships of Flat Rigid Dilatometer Parameters With Unconfined Compression Test Results
Authors: Aziz M. , Akbar A.
Published: January 2017

The flat dilatometer has been frequently used for soil investigations in engineering practice because of its simplicity, rapid and repetitive use. This paper described the calibration of a flat rigid dilatometer (NDMT) in a low to medium plasticity cohesive soil. The discussion concentrated on the comparison of soil classification, unit weight, undrained shear strength, and stiffness of the soil determined through NDMT tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. Based on the geotechnical characterization of the test bed, an attempt was made to establish the usefulness of NDMT for in situ testing of widespread cohesive soil deposits in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Correlations have been proposed between NDMT parameters and UCS test results to estimate necessary soil properties for site characterization and design of foundations on such soils.
El posmarxismo como clave de lectura de la crítica e historia literarias latinoamericanas: el caso de José Carlos Mariátegui
Authors: Laverde Ospina Alfredo
Published: January 2017

El presente trabajo se propone explicitar la necesidad efectuar lecturas de inspiración posmarxista de la teoría, la crítica, la historiografía y las historias de la literatura latinoamericanas con miras al establecimiento de una tradición de diversas vertientes que, tejidas de continuidades, discontinuidades y rupturas, ha apostado a la construcción de un pensamiento latinoamericano en torno al fenómeno estético-literario y cuyo objetivo ha sido el de participar en la configuración democrática y pluralista en los ámbitos políticos y culturales del Continente.
Apuntes para una genealogía del racismo de Estado: Argentina entre la comunidad organizada y la tiranía depuesta (1943-1958)
Authors: Otero Rocío Soledad
Published: January 2017

En el siguiente escrito me propongo analizar algunas dimensiones concernientes al problema de la evolución del Estado en la Argentina entre los años 1943 y 1958, con el fin de poner en evidencia la emergencia de una matriz estatal de carácter racista en la tramitación de las diferencias políticas. El trabajo consta de cuatro partes. En la primera, procuraré mostrar el surgimiento de la cuestión de las poblaciones y la gestión de lo masivo como preocupación central del Estado entre los años 1943 y 1945. En la segunda, intentaré analizar las concepciones acerca del Estado y la nación entre los años 1945 y 1955. En la tercera, analizaré algunos elementos del proyecto “des-peronizador” de la dictadura instalada en 1955 y los distintos mecanismos institucionales que se implementaron desde el Estado para soterrar de manera definitiva a la identidad peronista. Finalmente, a partir del entrecruzamiento de diversos aportes teóricos, intentaré llegar a algunas conclusiones tendientes a poner en evidencia la emergencia histórica de una forma de racismo de Estado en el país.
Eufemismos para el hambre: saber médico, mortalidad infantil y desnutrición en Colombia, 1888-1940
Authors: Márquez Valderrama Jorge Humberto , Gallo Vélez Oscar
Published: January 2017

Este artículo analiza los discursos médicos del periodo 1888-1940 sobre mortalidad infantil en Colombia. Las relaciones entre malnutrición, morbilidad y mortalidad infantil constituyen uno de los problemas más destacados del campo médico-higienista colombiano. La objetivación médica de esas relaciones involucró higiene, teoría microbiana, puericultura, eugenesia y pediatría moderna. Estos conocimientos produjeron matices en la etiología de la mortalidad infantil y en las explicaciones médicas de los cuadros epidemiológicos de las cuatro primeras décadas del siglo XX. Aquí se presenta una contribución a la historia de la relación entre malnutrición, morbilidad y mortalidad infantil en Colombia.
Ciencia y moral cristiana: fundamentos médicos para la promoción del discurso de la heterosexualidad en Colombia entre 1880 y 1930
Authors: Cardona Adriana Hidalgo , Quevedo Cerquera Lina
Published: January 2017

Entre 1880 y 1930, la medicina colombiana conjugó en su práctica elementos de la ciencia y la moral cristiana para criminalizar, rechazar y, en menor medida, patologizar prácticas sexuales no ortodoxas. Lo que subyace a esto es la promoción y defensa de la procreación, la monogamia, la diferenciación sexual y dominación de la mujer, que en conjunto no es otra cosa que la promoción y defensa de la heterosexualidad, entendida como discurso histórico de saber-poder sobre la sexualidad y los placeres que tiene efectos materiales sobre la experiencia de los sujetos. A partir de una revisión de la producción científica médica de la época, la legislación civil y el peritaje médico contenido en los archivos judiciales, se muestra cómo la medicina promovió el discurso de la heterosexualidad en el país, teniendo como base los discursos positivistas y evolucionistas sociales que promulgaron prácticas eugenésicas e higienistas.
Soil–structure interaction in a combined pile–raft foundation – a case study
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Patil Milind , Choudhury Deepankar
Published: January 2017

The present work explains the use of a piled-raft foundation in a raw materials storage building in South Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province of Vietnam. The proposed foundation comprises an 81 m by 55·5 m raft that connects 581 precast hollow concrete piles 20 m long with 400 mm outer diameter. The proposal takes into consideration a specific in situ soil profile and a loading scenario. After the effectiveness of a single bay of the foundation had been checked, the entire foundation system was modelled using finite-element-based geotechnical software to enable a detailed soil–structure interaction analysis. Field pile load test data were used to validate the finite-element model. Various loading conditions, such as all compartments full to all compartments empty, were considered in the analysis. The results of the analyses indicate the importance of the raft in sharing 23–31% of the total vertical load. The results obtained – such as vertical settlement, differential settlement, tilt in the raft and axial load in the piles – were used in the final design. These results can also be used in similar practical applications.
Modelling the effect of density on the unimodal soil-water characteristic curve
Authors: Wijaya M. , Leong E. C.
Published: January 2017

Research has shown that the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is dependent on the density of the soil; therefore, using a single SWCC based on one density is insufficient to describe the SWCC of soil in the field, which may have significant density variation. In order to take into account the effect of density on the SWCC, soils of different densities need to be tested, and this is impractical. In this note, an equation which can account for the effect of density on a unimodal SWCC plotted in terms of gravimetric water content by determining only one SWCC is proposed. The proposed equation was verified using data from this study as well as other published data.
Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin with a complex chemical structure and various non-anticoagulant properties
Authors: Zyryanov S K , Ushkalova E A
Published: January 2017

The paper discusses the non-anticoagulant properties of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin and their relation to their chemical structures. It is emphasized that enoxaparin has multiple, often interrelated, non-anticoagulant effects that can complement its antithrombotic activity and enhance the efficiency of therapy in patients receiving the drug for various indications. The realization of these effects requires the complex structure with the standard distribution of molecular weight (Mw) (average Mw, about 4500 Da, as well as Mw of less than 2000 Da (68%), and more than 8000 Da (
The values of cardio-ankle vascular and ankle-brachial indices in patients with carbohydrate metabolic disorders: The ESSE-RF study in the Kemerovo Region
Authors: Sumin A N , Bezdenezhnykh N A , Fedorova N V , Shcheglova A V , Indukaeva E V , Artamonova G V
Published: January 2017

Aim. To investigate factors associated with pathological cardio-ankle vascular and ankle-brachial indices (CAVI and ABI) in patients with carbohydrate metabolic disorders (CMD). Subjects and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the framework of the multicenter epidemiological study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF) in March to October 2013. The standard ESSE-RF protocol was extended by an additional study of peripheral arterial stiffness, by estimating CAVI and ABI automatically. A sample of 1619 people was formed in several stages, in which 311 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes were identified and divided into 3 groups: 1) 41 patients with pathological CAVI values (≥9.0); 2) 241 with normal CAVI (
Small bowel injuries due to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antiplatelet therapy. Approaches to prevention and treatment
Authors: Drapkina O M , Korneeva O N
Published: January 2017

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small bowel injuries (NSAID enteropathies) become clinically important. Videocapsule endoscopy shows that the small bowel is involved in NSAID-related gastrointestinal tract (GIT) injury in almost two-thirds of all cases. Due to a large number of patients who receive NSAIDs, combined antiplatelet therapy, or long use anticoagulants, GIT injury prevention becomes an actual problem. Treatment for NSAID enteropathy is different from that for NSAID gastropathy. In NSAID enteropathy, it is advisable to use drugs that are able to increase the production of prostaglandins and mucus, to restore intestinal epithelial permeability, and to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Rebamipide that produces many pleiotropic effects and also has cytoprotective properties may become the drug of choice for treating patients with NSAID enteropathy. In addition, rebamipide has no effects on various cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems, by reducing the risk of drug interactions.
Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport
Authors: Reddy S , Coopoo Y
Published: January 2017

Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes.
Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions.
Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive.
Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18
Isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards
Authors: Du Toit DE , Olivier P , Grenfell L , Eksteen B
Published: January 2017

Objective. To generate isokinetic neck strength norms for schoolboy rugby forwards.
Design. Two hundred and eight schoolboys (17.21 – 1.03 years, mean – standard error of the mean (SEM), chosen from a population of under-19 first and second XV rugby players, participated in this study. The subjects were assessed anthropometrically and isokinetically according to a set protocol. The isokinetic assessment of neck strength was performed with the use of a specially designed stabilising chair and halo. The subjects performed a single maximal exertion set, consisting of 3 repetitions, through each of the cervical spinal movements in the sagittal and frontal planes. The data were analysed statistically according to positional categories (front-, second-, and back-row forwards), and were used to generate Stanine tables of normative data concerning the force characteristics of the cervical spine.
Results. The front-row forwards produced the largest amounts of force during the measurement of peak torque flexion (PTF = 30.00 – 1.39 Nm) and peak torque extension (PTE = 55.26 – 1.42 Nm). Conversely, the second-row forwards performed the best during the measurement of lateral flexion peak torque to the right (PTR = 53.71 – 1.51 Nm) and lateral flexion peak torque to the left (PTL = 52.92 – 1.63 Nm) in the frontal plane. The front-row forwards were the most powerful in all the neck movements measured (power generated at 0.2 seconds during flexion (PowF) = 101.54 – 6.43 W, power generated at 0.2 s during extension (PowE) = 167.31 – 8.03 W, power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the right (PowR) = 211.92 – 7.44 W, and power generated at 0.2 s during lateral flexion to the left (PowL) = 194.81 – 7.73 W). However, further analysis of the data revealed that few statistically significant differences (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) existed between the positional categories for the measured variables of peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, peak torque to body mass ratio and cervical range of motion.
Conclusion. It appears that the various positional categories have not undergone the expected neck strength adaptations to meet the unique requirements of each position. The generation of neck strength normative data allows for the effective and quantified comparison of neck strength variables, enabling more effective injury prevention and rehabilitation.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 19-26
Case Report: Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament of the shoulder
Authors: De Villiers RVP , De Beer JF , Van Rooyen K , Huijsmans PE , Roberts CP , Du Toit DF
Published: January 2017

A 24-year-old rugby player presented to an orthopaedic surgeon with a history of dislocation of the left shoulder. It reduced spontaneously and dislocated again later during the same match.
On examination there was no residual instability, but the apprehension test for anterior instability was positive. Speed s test as well as O Brien s test for SLAP (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear) lesions were negative. There were no signs of rotator cuff tear or impingement.
South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 27-28
Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among adolescent squash players in the Western Cape
Authors: Meyer L , Van Niekerk L , Prinsloo E , Steenkamp M , Louw Q
Published: January 2017

Objective. To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among adolescent squash players in the Western Cape.
Design. A retrospective descriptive survey was conducted during the first week of May 2006. Three schools were randomly selected from a list of the top 10 schools in the
Western Cape high school squash league of 2005, with 106 squash players aged 13 - 18 years participating in the study.
Setting. Injury data were collected for 106 players at three schools randomly selected from a list of the top 10 schools in the Western Cape high school squash league of 2005.
Interventions. An adapted structured self-administered questionnaire based on a previously validated musculoskeletal injury questionnaire was used to collect the data.
Main outcome measures. The main variables investigated were prevalence, mechanism and injury site of musculoskeletal squash injuries.
Results. Twenty-nine per cent of the players (N = 31) reported that they had sustained a squash injury in the 4 weeks prior to data collection. A total of 48 injuries were
reported by the injured players. The most common injuries included those of the thigh (19%), shoulder (13%) and lower back (13%). Forty-two per cent of players reported
no specific mechanism of injury, but experienced pain not associated with a traumatic injury only while playing squash.
Conclusion. A relatively high prevalence of squash injuries was found. This preliminary study serves as a baseline for future research. Areas for further investigation were identified and this could lead to the implementation of preventive programmes and education to prevent injuries among adolescent squash players. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 3-8
Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma
Authors: Edwards A
Published: January 2017

Optimal application of neurocognitive testing in concussion management: A professional dilemma
A review of cricket injuries and the effectiveness of strategies to prevent cricket injuries at all levels
Authors: Stretch RA
Published: January 2017

Objective. This review evaluates the scientific research on cricket injuries, including long-term injury surveillance studies, the consensus statement paper for injury surveillance, specific counter-measures to reduce the risk of cricket injuries and finally identifies areas of future concern.
Results. The literature shows that three major cricketplaying countries, Australia, England and South Africa, have collected long-term injury data. While these sets of
data show definite trends, it was not always possible to make direct comparisons between data collected in various countries. As a result a consensus statement paper
with regards to definitions and methods to calculate injury rates, incidence and prevalence was developed. The first study using this newly accepted injury surveillance method
showed injury patterns in West Indies domestic and national cricket teams. There have been three primary studies carried out with regards to interventions aimed at
reducing the risk of injury to fast bowlers. These included a coaching interventions programme, the use of a bowling aid in an attempt to modify bowling technique and a
study that evaluated the recommended bowling workloads in young cricketers. The implications of the changes to the laws relating to the bowling action and the increased
usage of the sliding stop in fielding are reviewed.
Conclusion. From the review it is evident that there is a need to continue with injury surveillance, as well as a need to continue with and increase the number of studies that
evaluate the efficacy of intervention strategies in order to reduce the risk of injury to cricketers. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (5) 2007: pp. 129-132
Sporting myths: the REAL role of lactate during exercise
Authors: Mann T
Published: January 2017

Background. Lactate or, as it was customarily known, ‘lactic acid’ was one of the first molecules to attract the attention of early exercise scientists, mainly because blood lactate concentration could be measured and was shown to increase with increasing exercise intensity. This connection resulted in lactate being associated with numerous other events associated with high-intensity exercise including muscle cramps, fatigue, acidosis and post-exercise muscle soreness. Nobel prize-winning research by AV Hill and Otto Meyerhof provided a rational explanation linking lactate to anaerobiosis and acidosis, which resulted in this relationship being widely accepted as fact. It was only following isotopic tracer studies of George Brooks and others that the true role of lactate during rest and exercise was revealed. Conclusions. Lactate is now acknowledged as an important intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism, taken up from the blood by tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle as a substrate for oxidation. Furthermore, lactate formation consumes a proton, thereby buffering against muscle acidosis. For this reason, lactate production forms an essential aid to endurance performance rather than a hindrance.
Tune in while you tune out
Authors: Lambert M
Published: January 2017

Tune in while you tune out
Profile of medical and injury consultations of Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad, Athens 2004
Authors: Derman WE
Published: January 2017

Objective. This descriptive study was undertaken to document the nature of medical and injury consultations of the athletes and officials of the South African Team at the 2004 Olympic Games, and to provide data for planning future events.
Setting. South African medical facility, 2004 Olympic Games, Athens, Greece.
Methods. Total number of consultations and diagnoses were ascertained from medical logs and patient files which were completed daily by the members of the medical team. A retrospective clinical audit of medical records was then undertaken and the data were then compared with similar data collected during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Acute and chronic-soft tissue (muscle strain, ligament sprain, tendon injury, contusion or laceration)
and bony injury were analysed in terms of nature of injury, grading of severity and anatomical region injured. Main outcome measures. Number of consultations due to medical
complaints or injuries among athletes and officials.
Results. A total of 180 medical consultations were logged during the time in Athens while 348 consultations were logged in Sydney. The daily consultation rate was 6 per day in Athens compared with 13 per day in Sydney. In Athens, 84% of consultations were with athletes and the remainder (16%) with officials – this was similar to Sydney. The most common medical complaints in Athens were dermatological (16%), ENT (13%), and respiratory (8%) in nature, which contrasts with the profile of consultations in Sydney (ENT 18%; neurological system 16% and respiratory 16%). Acute injury and chronic injury accounted for 26% and 14% of consultations respectively. In Athens, the most common acute and chronic injuries were soft-tissue injuries. The most common acute injury regions were the foot and ankle (25%), upper leg (17%) and knee (17%). A total 77% of acute injuries were grade I, 17% grade II and 6% grade III in severity. The most common
chronic injury regions were foot and ankle (32%), lumbar spine (32%), and shoulder (11%). These injury profiles were similar to those documented in Sydney 2000.
Conclusions. Injury and illness complaints of the South African team were fewer in Athens 2004 compared with those documented during Sydney 2000. This can be attributed to local environmental conditions and travel across time zones. These data should be useful for planning medical services for future multicoded events. The analysis of the nature of consultations suggests that it should be a prerequisite for physicians travelling
with a multi-coded events team to have broad knowledge of both medical and injury management of athletes. Specifically, a sound knowledge of the management of soft-tissue injury is an important prerequisite for the personnel of the medical team. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 72-76
Locomotor training as part of a rehabilitation programme for patients with spinal cord injury - a case study
Authors: Parr BM , Gamieldien R , Davies SEH
Published: January 2017

No Abstract South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (3) 2008: pp. 91-92
Incidence of injuries among male soccer players in the first team of the University of the Free State in the Coca Cola League – 2007/2008 season
Authors: Balley R , Erasmus L , Lottich L , Theron N , Joubert G
Published: January 2017

No Abstract.
BokSmart: medical management of suspected serious acute spinal cord injuries in rugby players
Authors: Dunn R
Published: January 2017

Injury to the spinal cord with paralysis during rugby is rare but remains an emotionally charged issue, especially at schoolboy level. The game has evolved over the years with rule changes to reduce injury risk. Scrums were originally perceived as the high-risk phase of play and rule changes in the early 1990s have reduced the number of scrums per game by as much as 40%. Over time the ferocity of play has also increased with bigger, fitterplayers and possibly more at stake with professionalism. Catastrophicinjury rates are low but still occur. Although risk and injury cannot be totally avoided in a contact sport, it does appear that there are deficits in the management of this risk and subsequent injury.SA Rugby has introduced an educational programme (BokSmart) to increase the level of understanding by players and support staff. This article was prepared for the BokSmart programme in an effort to highlight the deficits and provide a basic understanding of spinal injury.Terminology, diagnosis and appropriate investigations are dealt with. The early emergency management is discussed as would occur at the first medical point of contact. This allows standardisation of injury assessment so communication between personnel is clear.An algorithm has been suggested to provide an appropriate management strategy should an injury occur.
The power of sport
Authors: Lambert M
Published: January 2017

The power of sport
Attitudes and perceptions towards performanceenhancing substance use in Johannesburg boys high school sport
Authors: Gradidge P , Coopoo Y , Constantinou D
Published: January 2017

Introduction. The environment of youth sport in South Africa has transformed considerably, where adolescent athletes are faced with more pressure from coaches, peers and parents to perform well. Some of the athletes are using nutritional supplements or prohibited means such as doping to cope with these pressures and gain an edge in competition. Objectives. In view of the lack of literature investigating the use of doping in South African adolescents, the objective of the study was to determine the attitudes and perceptions of male adolescent athletes regarding performance-enhancing substance (PES) use. Methods. The design of the study was cross-sectional and used a self-administered questionnaire. A sample of participants was obtained from male adolescent high school athletes involved in 1st and 2nd high school sports teams in Johannesburg boys high schools. Participants were invited to volunteer to participate in the study. Questionnaires were completed under conditions that were similar to an examination situation. Demographic data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results. The majority (91%) of the athletes indicated a belief that the number of athletes using PES in sport is increasing. Eightyfour per cent of them felt that there was pressure placed on them to use PES to win. Only 55% of respondents believed that doping tests would prohibit the use of banned substances and 91% did not believe that the sale of prohibited substances should be banned. The majority (88%) believed there is a need for further education. Conclusion. Although there is enormous pressure on high school boys to use PES, their knowledge is lacking, especially with regard to doping in sport.
Forecasting South Africa’s performance at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Authors: Ramchandani GM , Wilson DJ
Published: January 2017

Objectives. This paper predicts South Africa’s performance at the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games. Methods. Potential scenarios are developed based on South Africa’s previous performances. Results. South Africa will win up to 15 gold medals and 43 medals in total. Conclusions. After Delhi 2010, the actual results should be examined to verify the forecasts.
Sternal stress fracture in a gymnast: A case report and literature review
Authors: Hassan I , Ramagole DA , Janse van Rensburg DC , Grant CC , Collins R
Published: January 2017

No Abstract.
4th Clinical Sports Medicine Conference – Injury Prevention and Protection of the Health of the Athlete, 13 - 15 October 2010, Cape Town
Authors: . .
Published: January 2017

4th Clinical Sports Medicine Conference – Injury Prevention and Protection of the Health of the Athlete, 13 - 15 October 2010, Cape Town
Mechanisms of the training response in patients with peripheral arterial disease – a review
Authors: Parr B , Albertus-Kajee Y , Derman EW
Published: January 2017

Exercise training has proved to be a beneficial treatment for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) suffering from the symptom of intermittent claudication. The mechanism by which symptomatic improvement occurs is unclear. The review summarises the mechanism of the training response in patients with PAD, focusing on improvements in bloodflow as well as biochemical, muscle recruitment and psychological adaptations. Possible areas of future research are suggested.
Resistance training and changes to plasma lipoproteins in postmenopausal women
Authors: Viljoen JE , Christie CJ
Published: January 2017

Objectives. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Methods. Twenty-six female participants aged 50 - 75 years were selected from the population of Grahamstown, South Africa. All participants were previously sedentary and possessed at least one lipid profile abnormality but were otherwise healthy. Pretests included a sub-maximal stress test, stature, mass, central and limb girths as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a total blood lipid profile. Participants took part in a 24-week progressive resistance training programme, consisting of three supervised sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes. Participants were not permitted to lose more than 10% of initial body mass during the 24-week study. All pre-test measures, excluding the stress test and the OGTT, were repeated every 4 weeks for the duration of the study. Results. Body mass, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio did not change. Girth measures at mid-humerus, chest, waist, hip, mid-quadricep and mid-gastrocnemius all decreased significantly (p<0.05). LDL-cholesterol increased significantly over the course of 24 weeks (3.61 mmol.l-1 to 4.07 mmol.l-1), as did total cholesterol (5.81 mmol.l-1- 6.24 mmol.l-1). Triglyceride concentration remained unchanged and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly between the pre-test measure (1.55 mmol.l-1) and the measure after 6 months (1.42 mmol.l-1). Conclusion. The blood lipid profile in a sample of postmenopausal women was not positively affected by a progressive resistance training programme over a 24-week period.