bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kajian Perspektif Hukum Terhadap Hak Atas Wilayah Serta Lingkungan Yang Sehat dan Bersih Bagi Masyarakat Pesisir
Authors: Permadi Iwan
Published: February 2017

Degradasi lingkungan sumber daya pesisir di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun semakin mengkhawatirkan.. Kerusakan  ekosistem terutama  pada mangrove, terumbu karang dan estuaria (muara sungai) banyak ditimbulkan oleh kegiatan destruktif di wilayah pesisir. Wilayah pesisir juga menjadi bagian dari sumber kehidupan dan penghidupan masyarakat,  apabila tidak dilindungi akan mengancam hilangnya hak atas lingkungan bagi masyarakat pesisir sendiri. Dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidup, rakyat harus ditempatkan sebagai kepentingan yang utama. Negara sepenuhnya berperan sebagai instrumen pengurus dan penyelenggara kebijakan yang ditujukan untuk melindungi dan memajukan hak asasi manusia atas lingkungan hidup Semua kerusakan  lingkungan pesisir tersebut adalah hasil interaksi antara manusia dengan sumber daya pesisir yang berlebihan dan tidak memperhatikan kaedah-kaedah kelestarian dan daya dukung lingkungannya. Pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan tersebut dapat dimaknai sebagai ancaman terhadap peradaban masyarakat pesisir yang akan mengarah pada pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia.Kata Kunci : Hak. Lingkungan, Masyarakat, Pesisir.
KINERJA APARAT PENEGAK HUKUM DALAM PENANGANAN PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Indrawan Rudy , Syaufi Ahmad
Published: February 2017

Efektifitas penegakan hukum harus memperhatikan dua hal yang sangat penting yaitu pertama faktor hukumnya dan yang kedua yaitu faktor penegak hukumnya. Artinya selain faktor hukumnya harus baik,  aparat penegak hukumnya juga  harus mampu bertindak secara profesional dan proporsional dalam penanganan perkara tindak pidana korupsi. Hasil Penelitian terhadap Kinerja Aparat Penegak Hukum Dalam Penanganan Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi Di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan menunjukkan bahwa Kinerja Aparat yang dalam hal ini Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan sudah memberikan hasil yang maksimal meskipun masih terdapat beberapa kendala. Terkait Model penegakan yang dapat diakomodasikan  dalam hal penanganan tindak pidana korupsi adalah model koordinatif dan model regulatif.
Transplantasi Hukum Pada Bank Syariah Di Indonesia
Authors: Pawestri Aprilina
Published: February 2017

Pengaruh global memiliki peran penting terhadap terbentuknya bank syariah di Indonesia yang dimulai dengan terbentuknya bank-bank islam. Pemikiran pembentukan hukum yang berbasis ekonomi syariah muncul pada tahun 1992. Pemerintah mendirikan Bank Muamalat sebagia suatu pentuk tuntutan akan bank syariah yang membebaskan diri dari ppraktik riba. Penerimaan akan hukum asing masuk ke Indonesia pun mengalami tahapa-tahapan. Disinilah transplantasi hukum terjadi, pengadopsian system ekonomi Islam pada bank syariah digunakan di Indonesia yang bukan merupakan negara islama. Dengan adanya Undang-undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 menguatkan diterimanya Hukum Ekonomi Islam sebagai hukum negara.Dalam perkembangannya bank syariah menunjukkan peningkatan dengan catatan terjadi peningkatan asset, pangsa pasar dan jumlah untuk kerja. Kata Kunci : Transpalansi, hukum, bank syariah
Urgensi Penyatuan Kewenangan Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Oleh Lembaga Peradilan (Judicial Review) Di Indonesia
Authors: Didin Syafik
Published: February 2017

Pemisahan kewenangan pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan antara Mahmakah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 24A ayat (1) dan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD Tahun 1945 tidaklah ideal, karena dapat menimbulkan problem hukum yang rumit, baik dari sisi filosofis, teoritis, maupun yuridis. Oleh karena itu integrasi kewenangan pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan oleh satu lembaga peradilan menjadi suatu kebutuhan konstitusional yang mendesak dalam rangka untuk memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum dan keadilan serta sebagai konsekuensi atas dianutnya teori hirarki norma hukum dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Kata kunci: pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan, integrasi kewenangan, hirarki norma hukum.
Pergeseran Pendekatan Ras Menjadi Kewarganegaraan Pada Hukum Perdata Tentang Orang (Telaah Sinkronisasi Ketentuan Subjek Hak Milik atas Tanah dengan Politik Hukum Kewarganegaraan)
Authors: Zulaekhah Siti
Published: February 2017

Politik hukum pengaturan tentang orang yang telah bergeser dari pendekatan ras (golongan penduduk) menjadi kewarganegaraan pascakemerdekaan Indonesia adalah adalah ketentuan tentang subjek Hak Milik atas Tanah sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1960 tentang Ketentuan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Melekat dalam ketentuan tersebut adalah persinggungan sistem kewarganegaraan dengan perkawinan campuran yang dalam iimpementasinya banyak menimbulkan permasalahan.Telaaah konseptual/ilmiah ini bertujuan, pertama mengungkap nilai-nilai yang melatarbelakangi perubahan  pengaturan tentang orang dari penggunaan pendekatan ras menjadi kewarganegaraan. Kedua, dasar perubahan pendekatan ras menjadi kewarganegaraan tersebut? Ketiga, menjelaskan ketentuan keselarasan subjek Hak Milik atas tanah dalam UUPA dengan politik hukum kewarganegaraan.Hasil telah akademik/konseptual menunjukkan, pengaturan hukum tentang orang dengan menggunakan pendekatan ras ditaltarbelakangi oleh nilai-nilai feodalisme , individualisme serta bersifat diskriminatif antargolongan penduduk  yang sengaja ditanamkan oleh kolonial. Sebaliknya, pendekatan kewarganegaraan didasari nilai-nilai nasionalisme atau rasa kebangsaan. Ketentuan subjek Hak Milik atas tanah dalam UUPA telah sejalan dengan politik hukum kewarganegaraan.Kata Kunci : Politik Hukum, Pendekatan ras, Pendekatan Kewarganegaraan, Perkawinan Campuran,Feodalisme, Nationalitas
Implikasi Kesepakatan ASEAN Banking Integration Framework (ABIF) terhadap Pembaruan Hukum Perbankan Indonesia
Authors: Handayani Tri
Published: February 2017

Kesepakatan ASEAN Banking Integration Framework (ABIF) yang akan dilaksanakan pada Tahun 2020 akan mengubah tatanan hukum Perbankan Indonesia. UU No: 7 Tahun 1992 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU No: 10 Tahun 1998 Tentang Perbankan dianggap tidak dapat lagi digunakan sebagai payung hukum untuk mengatur perubahan aktivitas perbankan Indonesia, khususnya untuk memanfaatkan peluang bersaing dengan Bank-bank dari negara ASEAN yang akan beroperasi di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembaruan hukum perbankan yang dapat menjadi landasan hukum yang kokoh bagi aktivitas perbankan Indonesia untuk mempersiapkan diri guna mengantisipasi perkembangan perbankan global. Pemerintah telah menerbitkan UU No : 9 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pencegahan dan Penanganan Krisis Sistem Keuangan (UU PPKSK), yang merefleksikan pentingnya kebijakan makroprudensial untuk mecegah dan mengurangi risiko sistemik dan meningkatkan ketahanan sistem keuangan, yang sebagian besar merupakan kontribusi perbankan.Selain itu, pemerintah telah menggagas Rancangan UU Perbankan guna memenuhi standar regulasi yang dituntut dan diperlukan oleh perkembangan perbankan global.Kata kunci: perkembangan perbankan global, pembaruan hukum perbankan.
GESTÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO DE ÁREAS PÚBLICAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE BOM JESUS-PIAUÍ
Authors: Oliveira Robson José de , Silva Ana Lucia Alves da , Silva Elisabete Oliveira da , Sant'Anna Giovani Levi , França Luciano Cavalcante de Jesus
Published: February 2017

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a arborização nas áreas públicas no município de Bom Jesus, Sul do Piauí, enfocando a importância da arborização urbana, sua contribuição na qualidade de vida e manutenção do ecossistema urbano. Foram avaliadas três praças públicas dispostas em diferentes locais domunicípio. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado por meio de amostragem aleatória. A amostragem foi realizada com 11 indivíduos arbóreos, distribuídos em cinco espécies exóticas e seis nativas. Foram avaliados: infraestrutura das praças, espécie, fiação, vias e calçadas. Dentre os indivíduos avaliados, as espécies predominantes foram: Inga vera (Sombreiro) e Licania tomentosa (Oiti). Todos os indivíduos apresentaram algum grau de inadequação, estando alguns inseridos em locais com a presença de fiação, telefone público e em espaçamento de calçadaserrados.
ATIVIDADE AGRÍCOLA DO BREJO PARAIBANO: DECLÍNIO E TENDÊNCIAS ATUAIS
Authors: Sousa Davi Stefani , Pereira Walter Esfrain
Published: February 2017

A Microrregião do Brejo Paraibano, formada por oito municípios – Alagoa Grande, Alagoa Nova, Areia, Bananeiras, Borborema, Pilões e Serraria, apresenta relevo e posição geográfica que favorecem ao desenvolvimentoda agricultura. Com o objetivo de verificar de que forma o potencial agrícola do Brejo Paraibano está sendo aproveitado no processo de desenvolvimento sustentável de seu território, utilizaram-se dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Instituto de Desenvolvimento Municipal e Estadual (IDEME), do período de 2004 a 2013, referentes a área colhida, produção e valor da produção para avaliar suas variabilidades e tendências. Verificou-se que a atividade agrícola no Brejo Paraibano tem participação dominante da cana-de-açúcar (38,9%) e banana (33,2%) na produção e contribui no desempenho da agricultura paraibana, principalmente, através da lavoura permanente. Entretanto, constatou-se a redução da taxa média anual de crescimento geométricoda área colhida e da produção, tanto na lavoura permanente quanto na lavoura temporária, em todos os seus municípios e na maioria de seus produtos agrícolas.
ADUBAÇÃO E USO DE COBERTURA MORTA EM SORGO FORRAGEIRO
Authors: Dos Santos Samuel Dellane , De Sales Silva José Crisólogo , De Lima Pedro Queiroz , Neto Gilberto Gouveia , Carneiro Maria Do Carmo , Santos da Paz Sônia Maria
Published: February 2017

O Sorgo é um importante cereal para o plantio em regiões semiáridas, também como fonte alternativa na produção de alimentos para animais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar o desenvolvimento e bromatologia do sorgo com e sem Mulch em diferentes níveis de adubação. O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade com Lat 9°18‘59" SUL e Longitude 37°14‘79"Oeste, 735 m de altitude, situado na Serra do Poço, Poço das Trincheiras, Alagoas. Foram utilizadas sementes CV SF15. Com base em recomendações para os níveis de NPKpela fórmula 00-20-10. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizados DIC, sendo oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Tratamentos 1: Esterco de ovino; Tratamento 2: Esterco de ovino + Mulch; Tratamento 3: Uréia; Tratamento 4: Uréia + Mulch; Tratamento 5: NPK, Tratamento 6: NPK + Mulch; Tratamento 7: Testemunha sem cobertura; Tratamento 8: Testemunha + Mulch. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-knott a 5%de significância, utilizando-se o software estatístico SISVAR 5.3. Os níveis de FDN em T5 e T6 foram 716,4 e 700,6 g.kg -1 respectivamente. A proteína bruta apresentou maiores resultados nos tratamentos T6 e T8 com 99,9 g.kg -1 para ambos os tratamentos. Nas condições edafoclimáticas utilizadas no experimento todos os parâmetros estudados para a adubação e cobertura morta não foram significativos.
Leadership at Local Level: Approach to an Impact on the Democratization Processes in Latvia
Authors: Abolina Inese
Published: February 2017

The leader’s role is decisive when developing a strategic vision and strengthening democracy at local aswell as at highest level. Local government leaders should develop new approaches to further development, be able to adapt to the time of frequent change and thus enhance the effectiveness of organizations and leadership at local level.The aim of the paper is to examine the development of leaders’ skills and competences. Most often leadership skills are being developed at school, within NGOs and society. It is important to be organized and have good communication skills, be able to generate and disseminate ideas.Leaders’ characteristics, leadership skills and their development, future challenges are discussed in the first part of this paper.In the second part, the impact of local government leaders on democracy strengthening at local level areanalysed.This research shows that the activity of local government leaders has a huge impact on democratization processes in Latvia therefore motivation for further development, lifelong learning and competence development play a very important role.
Anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating azo dye containing wastewater: effect of high nitrate ions and salt
Authors: Assadi Ali , Naderi Morteza , Mehrasbi Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2017

In this work, the treatment of wastewater containing azo dye using anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) based on mixed culture for its efficacy in decolorization and reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) under different operational conditions has been analyzed. Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), salts content and nitrate ion concentration on the rate and extent of color and COD removal through 180 days containing steady-state and acclimation periods were investigated. Solid retention time was kept constant at 20 days in all experiments. Almost complete decolorization could be achieved at dye concentrations between 5 and 500 mg/L, but the removal of COD decreased gradually from 90 to 65% with increasing dye concentration. The results indicated that color was mainly removed under anaerobic conditions and it was almost filled out within 2–3 h of the anaerobic residence time with up to 98% decolorization efficiency. Besides, cutting the cycle time from 24 to 8 h does not have an effect on color removal. Increases in HRT provide enough time for partial mineralization of COD and intermediates in SBR system. The rates of color and COD removals decreased with increasing salt content and nitrate ion concentration in the feed wastewater.
Biosorption of textile dye reactive blue 221 by capia pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds
Authors: Gürel Levent
Published: February 2017

Peppers are very important foodstuffs in the world for direct and indirect consumption, so they are extensively used. The seeds of these peppers are waste materials that are disposed of from houses and factories. To evaluate the performance of this biomass in the treatment of wastewaters, a study was conducted to remove a textile dye, reactive blue 221, which is commercially used in textile mills. Raw seed materials were used without any pre-treatment. The effects of contact time, initial concentration of dye, pH and dose of biosorbent were studied to determine the optimum conditions for this biomass on color removal from wastewaters. The optimum pH value for dye biosorption was found to be 2.0. At an initial dye concentration of 217 mg L−1, treatment efficiency and biosorption capacity were 96.7% and 95.35 mg g−1, respectively. A maximum biosorption capacity of 142.86 mg g−1 was also obtained. Equilibrium biosorption of dye by capia seeds was well described by the Langmuir isotherm with a correlation coefficient above 99%. The biosorption process was also successfully explained with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. This biomass was found to be effective in terms of textile dye removal from aqueous solutions.
AKSJOLOGIA ROMANTYZMU WOBEC LITERATURY STAROPOLSKIEJ (WPROWADZENIE DO PROBLEMU)
Authors: Kuczera-Chachulska Bernadetta
Published: February 2017

Artukuł podejmuje problematykę aksjologii literatury polskiego romantyzmu wobec literatury staropolskiej.
STAROPOLSKIE ŹRÓDŁA ROMANTYCZNEGO OBRAZU PODOLA (WYBRANE PRZYKŁADY)
Authors: Ryba Renata
Published: February 2017

Old-Polish Sources of the Romantic Image of Podolia The article considers romantic preoccupations with the traditions of the Polish Republic of Nobles. The author indicates how the Romanticism authors reached out to the history of Podolia and how literary images of Podolia are rooted in texts from older periods. She never points to individual Old-Polish texts quoted by nineteenth-century authors; she highlights, instead, how Old-Polish literature dealing with Podolia and certain anti-Turkish texts inspired Romantic authors in general. The author pays particular attention to selected motifs from Old-Polish literature that used to be employed in Romantic texts to create historical image of Podolia; among these one can distinguish such motifs as the utility of Podolian lush nature, Turkish captivity (“jasyr”), Polish-Lithuanian Eastern borderlands knight, and the soil that is fecund yet scorched by war. The article discusses sixteenth- and seventeenth-century authors, including Bartosz Paprocki, Piotr Gorczyn, and Marcin Paszkowski as well as Romantic writers such as Maurycy Gosławski, Tymon Zaborowski, and Seweryn Groza.
ŚREDNIOWIECZNE INSPIRACJE W POEZJI CYPRIANA NORWIDA
Authors: Halkiewicz-Sojak Grażyna
Published: February 2017

The author begins with underscoring Norwid’s defence of the intellectual achievements of the Middle Ages in part XII of Rzecz o wolności słowa. It prompts her to speculate about the importance and trajectories of reflections on the Middle Ages in Norwid’s poetry in general. Subsequently, Halkiewicz-Sojak casts the topic against the background concerning the romantic fascination with the Medieval tradition and specifically Polish difficulties in adapting the European (northern) variation of that current. On the one hand, Norwid’s considerations upon Godfred’s attitudes in Tasso’s Jersusalem Delivered and Cervantes’s Don Quixote lead to the conclusion that a nineteenth-century poet can only repeat Cervantes’s character’s gestures; therefore, for the author the Medieval props will be the book and the candle rather than a continuation of chivalrous adventures. On the other hand, Norwid – especially in the early drama mystery plays – conjures up poetic worlds of the Slavic Middle Ages and focuses his attention on the Christian initiation of the Slavdom.
OD PÓŹNEGO WORONICZA DO WCZESNEGO WITTGENSTEINA. KARIERA PIEŚNI O WIKLEFIE I WIKLEFA W XIX-WIECZNEJ POLSCE
Authors: Zieliński Jan
Published: February 2017

The article is interested in following the history of the reception of the exceptional example of fifteenth-century poetry in Polish Pieśń o Wiklefie by Jędrzej Gałka of Dobczyn in the period between the discovery of the text in 1815 and the beginning of the First World War. The author discusses the reception of Pieśń o Wiklefie in later works of the Enlightenment poets as well as in texts by Mickiewicz and Norwid (the latter was friends with the poet Antoni Czajkowski, whose father first published Pieśń o Wiklefie). The article concludes with a discussion of the intellectual contacts between the logician Michał Dziewicki – one of the publishers of Wycliffe’s works – and Wittgenstein, who served in the military in Cracow.
MICKIEWICZ I TREMBECKI – JESZCZE RAZ (JUŻ SIĘ Z POGODNYCH NIEBIOS…)
Authors: Chachulski Tomasz
Published: February 2017

This short sketch focuses on the excerpt from Adam Mickiewicz’s early poem „Już się z pogodnych niebios…” (1818), where the young poet specifies the rules of receiving new members into the Philomath Society (Towarzystwo Filomatów). Mickiewicz drew the basic motif of that part of the poem from the last section of Stanisław Trembecki’s Classicist descriptive poem Sofijówka (verses 425nn). What in an Enlightenment poem characterised by clearly libertine and pro-Russian tendencies served the representative of the Stanislavian times to build an individual microethics programme which was concerend exclusively with one’s closest circle and their attitude towards themselves, in a programmatic poem by a young Romantic became a set of rules to select righteous and trustworthy poeple who would not take fright in front of adversities and would resist a variety of pressures. Trembecki’s poem, however, also contained yearning for a forseeable future and nostalgia for what had been lost.
Foreword
Authors: Gonzalez-Ayala Julian
Published: February 2017

As it is well established, the second law of thermodynamics is a cornerstone of natural
sciences. However, its impressive consequences cannot be considered as a closed issue.
Despite having been established more than one hundred years ago, it still surprises us with its
extensive reach and profound results, many times associated with simple and elegant
arguments. Indeed, it is probable that its actual form will not change in its essential meaning
even within the context of new possible scientific paradigms that will emerge during the
development of science. This is the reason why it has fascinated the greatest minds for over a
century. Its reach spreads all over the sciences: in the diffusion of an ink drop in a glass of
water, in the chemical reactions inside of living things, attached to evolutionary processes; it
may even be connected with the answer to the question: why do we live in a 3-dimensional
space? The reason behind the wide reach of thermodynamics is that almost all phenomena
around us can be summarized as how energy is transformed. Nature is strongly related to
equilibrium and optimization, and despite the particularities of every field of knowledge,
these two ingredients, in one way or another, will remain present. In this sense, it is a relevant
task to bring thermodynamics and specially the concept of entropy closer to all the disciplines
of science. The actual technological and industrial needs, everyday more demanding, require
the compromise of the scientific community to work together, within interdisciplinary efforts,
to understand and look for the better way to deal with the environmental impact and the best
energy management in the new technologies, as well as establishing linkages between
theoretical models and the real world.

I applaud the diversity of approaches in which knowledge is transmitted, especially those,
such as this work, that look for the integration of people from different fields and levels of
expertise in the subject. In this text, you will find a broad discussion of the second law of
thermodynamics and entropy, focusing on the concepts and their understanding, but without
losing formality. I personally enjoyed the actual and fresh perspective of this text and I’m sure
that, as a reader of this book, you will find out strong elements to deepen your understanding
of entropy.
Introduction
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Basic concepts are defined, such as what thermodynamics aims to, what a system is, which are the state functions that characterize it, what a process is.
More a Matter of Lost Work Than of Waste Heat
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

It is further highlighted that the concept of work represents a more general
way to see what entropy is. That is, the idea of work offers a better framework to
understand entropy. A fundamental observation in classical mechanics is that a system
is at equilibrium when no work can be done by it. The capability of a system to do
work is inversely linked to its stability, which then can be considered to be equivalent
to the inertness of the system. Thus, equilibration, stability and inertness are all aspects
of the same feature of a system, and such feature is measured in terms of entropy. An
equilibrated, stable, and inert system has the highest value of entropy it can reach, and
any departure from these conditions results in a decrease of entropy. Therefore, work
availability and entropy are inversely linked: the maximal entropy is attained when no
work can be done.
Entropy in Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

The systems we can directly see are composed of huge numbers of particles.
So, the properties of these systems are obtained as statistical averages of the effects of
their particles. This casts a conceptual bridge between the macroscopic world wherein
we observe systems with their overall properties and the microscopic world where
particles with their own properties dominate the scene. Statistical mechanics shows that
the former world is determined by what happens in the latter, and this approach
provides a better, finer understanding of what’s going on at the macroscopic level and
why.
From Nature’s Tendency To Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Some processes happen spontaneously. What, at a macroscopic level,
appears as a nature’s tendency, is an effect of the complex statistical behaviour of the
microscopic particles: their overall net effect emerges at the macroscopic level as a
spontaneous force that determines if and how a system can spontaneously change, and
if and toward which direction a process is therefore started.
Boltzmann Entropy & Equilibrium in Non-Isolated Systems
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

The microscopic approach of statistical mechanics has developed a series of
formal expressions that, depending on the different features of the system and/or
process involved, allow for calculating the value of entropy from the microscopic state
of the system. This value is maximal when the particles attain the most probable
distribution through space and the most equilibrated sharing of energy between them.
At the macroscopic level, this means that the system is at equilibrium, a stable
condition wherein no net statistical force emerges from the overall behaviour of the
particles. If no force is available then no work can be done and the system is inert. This
provides the bridge between the probabilistic equilibration that occurs at the
microscopic level and the classical observation that, at a macroscopic level, a system is
at equilibrium when no work can be done by it.
The Probabilistic Driver and the Role of Restraints
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

The probabilistic distributions of matter and energy give the direction
toward which processes spontaneously tend to go. However, every existing process is
presently in force because of some kinetic barrier or restraint that operated in the past:
were it not for kinetic restraints (and constraints that were eventually removed by past
processes), all the ongoing processes, and their causal antecedents, had already
occurred billions of years ago. The role of constraints and restraints is therefore
fundamental to establish the actual direction a real process can take, as well as its
velocity.
The Motional Effector
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

According to the second law of thermodynamics every spontaneous change,
or process, is associated with an increase in entropy. Although the probabilistic
distributions of particles and energy give the possible direction of a process, its
occurrence is enabled by the motional energy of the particles. Even particles, however,
are subjected to constraints of motion that slow down the attainment of some possible
changes and thereby reduce their probability of occurrence, especially if alternative
pathways to increase entropy are possible and can be accessed faster. Kinetic restraints
are therefore key determinants of which processes are activated among the different
possible ones.
Spreading & Sharing is a Common Outcome of a Physical Function Levelling Down Available Energy
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Entropy has been defined as a probabilistic function of energy spreading and
sharing, and most often this description provides a straightforward way to
conceptualize entropy. It is shown that, more in general, the spreading and sharing of
energy is a common outcome of a physical function levelling down available energy.
The latter, as formulated by a mathematical term called the “Boltzmann factor”,
originates from the equilibration of forces at the microscopic level and is effected by
the net levelling force that results as statistical outcome of all the microscopic forces
and that always pushes the system towards the dynamic equilibrium. This net levelling
force is the rationale for which work can be done at a macroscopic level, and its
derivation from the microscopic world explains why it is linked to equilibration and
therefore to entropy increase.
Some Special Instances of Entropy Change
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

A few particular phenomena are quite difficult to frame into the fundamental
equation, nonetheless they can be interpreted to the light of the general idea of
statistical mechanics that any system and any overall change tend to the most probable
state, i.e., a state that is microscopically equilibrated and then macroscopically stable.
Quantization
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Entropy quantification can be performed under the assumption that both the
position of a particle in space and its level of energy can be defined as corresponding to
one among many enumerable states, even if their number is hugely high. This means
that, if absolute values of entropy have to be computed, neither energy nor space should
be continuous variables, even though entropy changes can be calculated in any case.
Remarkably, quantum theory just says that’s the case, because at a very short scale both
energy and space seem to behave like discrete quantities rather than as continuous ones.
So, a general string theory, which represents the evolution of quantum theory, appears
to be the natural, preferable theoretical framework for the definition of entropy.
Outlines of a Verbal Account of the Thermodynamic Entropy for a Pedagogical Approach
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Starting from the observation of spontaneous phenomena, it can be
envisioned that, with time, every isolated system tends to settle into the most
equilibrated, stable, and inert condition. In the very long term, this is the most probable
state of a system. This can be shown to be a universal law, the second law of
thermodynamics, defined as “the tendency to the most probable state”. Thereafter, it is
intuitive that “a function that measures the equilibration, stability, and inertness of a
system” is maximized by the second law. This function is called entropy.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, POTATO VARIETIES, AND THE ORIGIN OF CYST ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF Globodera rostochiensis (PENGARUH SUHU, VARIETAS KENTANG, DAN ASAL SISTA TERHADAP BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI Globodera rostochiensis)
Authors: Nurjanah Nurjanah , Trisyono Y. Andi , Indarti Siwi , Hartono Sedyo
Published: February 2017

Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis [Wollenweber] Behrens) is a nematode species of worldwide regulatory concern. This nematode caused serious economic of potato losses in Indonesia. This research studied by factorial designed to evaluated the effect of temperature (10, 20, and 30ºC), potato varieties (`Granola´, `Margahayu´, and `Cipanas´), and origin of cyst (West, Central, and East Java) on reproductive biology of G. rostochiensis in the growth chamber. The research was conducted by observed of produced the new cyst number, reproduction fitness, survival, fecundity, and multiplication of G. rostochiensis. The result showed that all of the potato varieties were infected by G. rostochiensis when they were grown at the temperature ranging of 20 and 30ºC but not at 10ºC. The optimum temperature for maximum number of cysts with the highest reproduction factor, survival, fecundity and multiplication rate for all populations was 20ºC. The origin of cyst did not have any effect on the reproductive rate. The temperature of 20ºC provided is best environment for the life of G. rostochiensis on Granola. Nematoda sista kentang (Globodera rostochiensis [Wollenweber] Behrens) adalah spesies nematoda yang mendapatkan perhatian khusus di seluruh dunia. G. rostochiensis menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang serius pada pertanaman kentang di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh perbedaan suhu (10, 20, dan 30ºC), varietas kentang (Granola, Cipanas, dan Margahayu), dan asal sista (Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur) terhadap biologi reproduksi G. rostochiensis di growth chamber menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah sista baru, kemampuan reproduksi, daya tahan hidup, keperidian dan multiplikasi G. rostochiensis. Seluruh varietas kentang yang diuji terserang G. rostochiensis pada suhu 20 dan 30ºC kecuali pada suhu 10ºC. Kisaran suhu optimum untuk memperoleh jumlah sista baru yang maksimum dengan kemampuan reproduksi, daya tahan hidup, keperidian dan multiplikasi untuk semua populasi adalah 20ºC. Asal sista tidak berpengaruh terhadap biologi reproduksi yang diteliti. Kentang varietas Granola yang ditanam pada suhu 20ºC merupakan inang yang sesuai untuk kehidupan G. rostochiensis.
De espacios y violencias: vida cotidiana de jornaleras en comunidades del noroeste de México
Authors: Aranda Gallegos Patricia
Published: February 2017

El objetivo del presente estudio cualitativo es describir y analizar la situación de la violencia comunitaria, desde la perspectiva de mujeres jornaleras, en colonias y poblados cercanos a los campos agroindustriales en donde ellas habitan y laboran en Baja California, Sonora y Sinaloa. En los discursos de las entrevistadas sobresalen las relaciones de violencia que acontecen en espacios públicos como caminos, calles y parques, y que consisten en agresiones de tipo y gravedad muy diversos hacia su persona, familiares o vecinos. Señalan algunos problemas estructurales como: a) económicos, debido a los salarios bajos que las obligan a extender sus jornadas laborales y a disminuir el cuidado de los hijos; b) urbanísticos, ante la carencia de parques en donde los hijos puedan divertirse sanamente; c) de impunidad y corrupción policiaca y d) falta de recursos y capacitación adecuada en las instituciones que atienden estas problemáticas. Su historia de migración reciente requiere la construcción de nuevas redes sociales de apoyo y de configurar un espacio como parte de su identidad. En este contexto de relaciones, la organización social se vuelve clave en la defensa de derechos. En sus discursos se enfatiza el agravamiento de las formas de violencia en general y hacia las mujeres, en particular las del crimen organizado que se cobra vendettas, y refuerza la cosificación ya existente de las mujeres en los “ajustes de cuentas.”
SEKILAS MENGENAL AT-TAFSIR AL-ADABI AL-IJTIMA'I
Authors: Ghafir Abd
Published: February 2017

Kemu'jizatan dan keluarbiasaan al-Qur'an terletak bukan saja pada seluruh kandungan misinya, akan tetapi juga terletak pada seluruh gaya bahasa yang dimilikinya. Dari aspek  seluruh kandungan misinya, al-Qur'an mengatur, memberi petunjuk dan memberikan solusi untuk semua problematika aspek kehidupan manusia, baik ketika manusia menjalani hidup di dunia maupun ketika bagaimana ia harus mempersiapkan kehidupan akhiratnya. Tidak ada satu aspekpun dari kehidupan manusia yang luput dari misi al-Qur'an.            Hanya saja fakta mujmalitas al-Qur'anlah ynag kadang-kadang menjadi hambatan untuk menggali dan memahaminya. Namun para Mufassirin paham benar bahwa al-Qur'an itu sendiri memberikan ruang yang sangat lebar untuk mencari jalan bagaimana seharusnya agar mereka dapat  menggali dan memahaminya dengan baik, benar dan jelas. Dengan berbagai latar belakang kehidupan sosial dan kemampuan intelektual mereka, diupayakanlah cara-cara menggali dan memahaminya, sehingga lahirlah apa yang disebut dengan Mufassirin dan Tafsirnya.            الأداب الإجتماعى التّفسير, adalah salah satu bentuk dari yang lahir tersebut, dan kelahirannya legitimit, sebab banyak ayat-ayat al-Qur'an yang menunut manusia agar mempergunakan akal-pikirannya untuk berfikir atas segala sesuatu, bahkan intuisipun dituntut hal yang sama. Tuntutan itulah sebenarnya yang menjadi dasar sebagian para ulama Mufassirin mengambil bentuk   الأداب الإجتماعى التّفسير sebagai pilihan dalam upaya menggali dan memahami misi al-Qur'an.            Di sisi lain kemu'jizatan dan keluarbiasaan al-Qur'an dari segi gaya bahasa al-Qur'an yang memliki nilai sastra yang amat tinggi, sebenarnya sekaligus sebagai tandingan atas syair-syair bahasa Arab yang terdapat dalam masyarakat Arab, yang terkenal memiliki nilai sastra yang tinggi pada waktu itu. Sehingga wajarlah kalau dari segi gaya bahasanya saja, al-Qur'an sebagai mu'jizat yang luarbiasa        Menyadari seluruh kandungan misi al-Qur'an dan  keindahan gaya bahasa dalam al-Qur'an, maka para Mufassirin الأداب الإجتماعى التّفسير tergugah untuk mengembangkan penafsiran mereka dengan gaya bahasa yang indah, tanpa mengabaikan norma-norma yang dikendaki oleh misi al-Qurian itu sendiri
DINAMIKA KRITERIA PENENTUAN AWAL BULAN QAMARIAH DALAM PENANGGALAN UMM AL-QURA' SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Aris Nur
Published: February 2017

Paper ini adalah archival research dengan content analysis sebagai metodenya yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dinamika yang terjadi pada kriteria penentuan awal bulan qamariah penanggalan Umm al-Qura Saudi Arabia. Berdasarkan data-data baik yang berupa dokumen atau tulisan anggota komisi supervisor penanggalan Umm al-Qura' dan korespondensi yang dilakukan dengan informan kunci, ditemukan bahwa: Pertama, dinamika kriteria penentuan awal bulan qamariah dalam penanggalan Umm al-Qura' merupakan produk dialog antar tiga kepentingan, yaitu: 1) kepentingan modernisasi birokrasi pemerintahan yang diwakili oleh kerajaan, 2) kepentingan syariat yang diwakili oleh ulama yang berbasis rukyat murni, dan 3) kepentingan ilmiah-astronomis yang diwakili oleh ilmuan di KACST. Dialog antar tiga kepentingan tersebut tidak terjadi sebelum 1393 H karena penanggalan Umm al-Qura' sebelum tahun tersebut merupakan penanggalan bulanan dengan kriteria rukyat. Pasca oil booming dan modernisasi birokrasi pemerintahan, penanggalan berbasis rukyat tidak lagi memadahi. Pemerintah Saudi Arabia membutuhkan sistem organisasi waktu jangka panjang berbasis tahunan. Persoalan ini membawa penanggalan Umm al-Qura' harus merubah kriterianya dari rukyat kepada kriteria hisab astronomis. Dialog antar tiga kepentingan di atas mulai muncul pada 1393 H, ketika Fad}l Ahmad diminta oleh pemerintah Saudi Arabia mengkompilasi penanggalan Umm al-Qura' untuk beberapa tahun ke depan. Fadl Ahmad sebagai seorang astronom menawarkan konjungsi sebelum pukul 00:00 GMT berbasis Universal Time (UT). Pada saat itu, kriteria tawaran Fadl Ahmad bisa diterima oleh para ulama, namun hanya sementara, karena pada tahun 1422 H kriteria penanggalan Umm al-Qura' diganti dengan Moonset after Sunset di Mekah. Ulama menolak dengan tegas penggunaan waktu UT (00:00 GMT) yang mereka anggap sebagai sistem waktu orang kafir, mereka menginginkan waktu Islam, maka waktu Mekah (zona +3) dijadikan sebagai referensinya. Kriteria konjungsi juga diganti karena seringkali hilal baru terlihat satu atau dua hari setelah tanggal yang ditentukan pada penanggalan Umm al-Qura'. Ketidaksinkronan antara penanggalan Umm al-Qura' pada periode kedua ini dengan praktek rukyat di Saudi juga menjadi dasar perubahan tersebut. Pada tahun 1423 H, kriteria penanggalan Umm al-Qura' mengalami perubahan lagi. Konjungsi yang pada periode ketiga (1420 H-1422H) dihilangkan, digunakan lagi. Kriteria penanggalan Umm al-Qura' pada periode ini terdiri dari dua parameter astronomis yaitu konjungsi sebelum Magrib dan Moonset after Sunset di Mekah. Kriteria ini sering disebut dengan wila>dah al-hilal syar’iyyan. Kedua, astronom dalam keanggotaan komisioner memegang peran penting dalam rumusan kriteria penentuan awal bulan dalam penanggalan Umm al-Qura' dalam setiap periode perkembangannya.
KONSTRUKSI HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH DALAM FIQH ANGGARAN YANG BEBASIS AKUNTANSI SYARIAH
Authors: Arwani Agus
Published: February 2017

The current global economic developments have implications for the welfare state. Limits and strength of the nation-state is fading, dispersed to the locality, independent organizations, civil society bodies supra-national (such as NAFTA or the European Union), and multinational corporations. Iin his book Mishra “Globalization and Welfare State” that globalization has limited the capacity of the nation-state in conducting social protection. One mode of latent corruption done is to inflate the budget or mark-up budget of raising the budget value than the actual value. Problems in this paper how the economic law of Islam respond to the phenomenon of corruption budget? How urgency and fiqh function of the budget in anticipation of corruption in Indonesia?. Through the budget, organization communicates management plans to all members of the organization, coordinating the activities of various parts of the organization, assigning responsibility to the manager, also obtained a commitment from the manager which is the basis for evaluating the performance of managers. Efforts should be made to anticipate and eradicate corruption in Indonesia, not merely intensified the inspection, investigation and arrest criminals only. Efforts to combat corruption and anticipation is not just by intensifying the campaign to strengthen a person's moral values. But building a budget fiqh ala Indonesia as a system for monitoring and controlling the budget both formal and community mechanisms, it should be held, despite the efforts of relatively still questionable results. It can happen because it will be many challenges and obstacles of the parties who are familiar with corruption. Solutions to uphold the integrity of the zone free / corruption of an institution by using sharia accounting principles in the management of the budget. Concrete forms of accounting shari'ah should be able to present a financial statement or budget management that is based on fairness, honesty, and truth as a form of implementation of the responsibility to fellow human beings and execution of commands (liabilities) of God.
KONSEPSI HUKUM WARIS ISLAM DAN HUKUM WARIS ADAT (Analisis Kontekstualisasi dalam Masyarakat Bugis)
Authors: Fikri & Wahidin Fikri & Wahidin
Published: February 2017

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan hukum waris dalam masyarakat Bugis dan membandingkan antara penerapan hukum waris Islam dengan hukum waris adat dalam pembagian waris di kalangan masyarakat muslim di wilayah tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis permasalahan tersebut adalah deskriptif-komparatif, yaitu mendeskripsikan fenomena pelaksanaan pembagian harta warisan dalam masyarakat Bugis dengan menggunakan sampel tiga kelurahan, yaitu Kelurahan Watang Bacukiki, Kelurahan Lemoe, serta Kelurahan Galung Maloang dan kelurahan Lompoe. Tahap selanjutnya yaitu membandingkan pelaksanaan pembagian harta warisan di wilayah tersebut, apakah menggunakan hukum Islam ataukah hukum adat. Hasil temuan menyatakan bahwa ada di antara warga di ketiga wilayah tersebut masih mempertahankan hukum adat dalam pembagian harta warisan yaitu peralihan harta warisan terjadi saat pewaris masih hidup (hibah) dan jumlahnya sama antara ahli waris laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, ada di antara warga masyarakat di wilayah tersebut yang tetap mempertahankan hukum Islam dalam pembagian harta warisan, yaitu dengan membaginya setelah pewaris meninggal dunia.Kata Kunci: hukum waris Islam, hukum waris adat, Bugis
Total spray tray (TST) for distillation columns: A new generation tray with lower pressure drop
Authors: Ran Wang , Jinliang Tao , Yanli Ling , Feng Wei , Jidong Liu
Published: February 2017

As a critical gas-liquid contact component, trays play an important role in the performance of distillation column. In this paper, the hydrodynamics of a new type of tray, the total spray tray (TST), were investigated. Taking air-water as the working medium, the pressure drop with different F0 was tested under atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that there is no flooding with the tray and thus the wider operation flexibility can be provided by TST. Furthermore, the pressure drop of TST is much lower than that of other trays. The above properties of TST would benefit the production expansion and energy decreasing in distillation operation greatly.
Vascular Effects of Obestatin in Lean and Obese Subjects
Authors: Schinzari Francesca , Veneziani Augusto , Mores Nadia , Barini Angela , Di Daniele Nicola , Cardillo Carmine , Tesauro Manfredi
Published: February 2017

Obese patients have impaired vasodilator reactivity and increased endothelin 1 (ET-1)–mediated vasoconstriction, two abnormalities contributing to vascular dysfunction. Obestatin, a product of the ghrelin gene, in addition to favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, has shown nitric oxide (NO)–dependent vasodilator properties in experimental models. Given these premises, we compared the effects of exogenous obestatin on forearm flow in lean and obese subjects and assessed its influence on ET-1–dependent vasoconstrictor tone in obesity. In both lean and obese participants, infusion of escalating doses of obestatin resulted in a progressive increase in blood flow from baseline (both P < 0.001). This vasodilation was predominantly mediated by enhanced NO activity, because NG-monomethyl-l-arginine markedly blunted the flow response to obestatin in both groups (both P < 0.05 vs. saline). In obese subjects, antagonism of ETA receptors by BQ-123 increased forearm flow during saline (P < 0.001) but did not induce additional vasodilation (P > 0.05) during obestatin. Circulating obestatin levels were not different between lean and obese participants (P = 0.41). Our findings indicate that obestatin causes NO-dependent vasodilation in the human circulation. This effect is preserved in obesity, where it is accompanied by reduced ET-1–mediated vasoconstriction. These latter observations make obestatin a promising target for vascular prevention in obesity and diabetes.
Direct Substrate Delivery Into Mitochondrial Fission–Deficient Pancreatic Islets Rescues Insulin Secretion
Authors: Kabra Uma D. , Pfuhlmann Katrin , Migliorini Adriana , Keipert Susanne , Lamp Daniel , Korsgren Olle , Gegg Moritz , Woods Stephen C. , Pfluger Paul T. , Lickert Heiko , Affourtit Charles , Tschöp Matthias H. , Jastroch Martin
Published: February 2017

In pancreatic β-cells, mitochondrial bioenergetics control glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Mitochondrial dynamics are generally associated with quality control, maintaining the functionality of bioenergetics. By acute pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, we demonstrate in this study that mitochondrial fission is necessary for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse and human islets. We confirm that genetic silencing of Drp1 increases mitochondrial proton leak in MIN6 cells. However, our comprehensive analysis of pancreatic islet bioenergetics reveals that Drp1 does not control insulin secretion via its effect on proton leak but instead via modulation of glucose-fueled respiration. Notably, pyruvate fully rescues the impaired insulin secretion of fission-deficient β-cells, demonstrating that defective mitochondrial dynamics solely affect substrate supply upstream of oxidative phosphorylation. The present findings provide novel insights into how mitochondrial dysfunction may cause pancreatic β-cell failure. In addition, the results will stimulate new thinking in the intersecting fields of mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics, as treatment of defective dynamics in mitochondrial diseases appears to be possible by improving metabolism upstream of mitochondria.