bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIVE POTENCY OF ADRENAL CORTICOIDS BY THE THYMUS INVOLUTION METHOD
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

An adrenal corticoid which has an α-ketolic grouping at C17, a ketone or β-hydroxyl at C11, a ketone at C3, and a double bond in the 4,5 position is able to involute the thymus gland of the weanling rat. The thymolytic activity of an 11-oxycorticosteroid is increased approximately 3 to 3.5 times by the addition of an α-hydroxyl at C17. The ability of a 17-hydroxycorticosteroid to cause thymic atrophy is enhanced 1.2 times by acetylation at C21, 1.5 times by replacement of a ketone at C11 with β-hydroxyl group, 4 to 5 times by the formation of a 1,2 double bond, and 8 to 10 times by the introduction of a fluorine atom in the α position at C9. The potency of Δ1-11-oxycorticosteroids relative to naturally occurring corticoids is significantly greater when the steroids are injected in an aqueous medium than when they are given in corn oil. The relative activities of adrenal corticoids as determined by the thymus involution method do not differ significantly from those obtained by other glucocorticoid bio-assays.
ELECTROPHORESIS OF AUTOPROTHROMBIN AND BIOTHROMBIN
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Abe Takeshi , Fenichel Richard L.
Published: October 2017

Concentrates of biothrombin and autoprothrombin were prepared from purified prothrombin and subjected to electrophoresis. The mobility of biothrombin is less than that of prothrombin. The mobility of autoprothrombin is less than that of biothrombin. The biothrombin and autoprothrombin preparations examined were not electrophoretically homogeneous. Prothrombin dissociates during electrophoresis at high voltage gradients. Since this does not occur with biothrombin and autoprothrombin, it seems likely that electrophoretically homogeneous derivatives of prothrombin can be obtained with further purification work.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDES
Authors: Folch J. , LeBaron F. N.
Published: October 2017

The name of inositol phosphatides or phosphoinositides is given to a rather heterogeneous group of substances having in common the presence of inositol, phosphoric acid, and fatty acid(s) among their constituents. The first evidence of their natural occurrence was obtained by Anderson, in 1930, who showed their presence in the lipides of the tubercle bacillus. Since then they have been found in many animal and vegetable tissues, and some of them have been isolated as relatively pure compounds. The majority, if not all of them, are acidic substances which, when prepared by the use of neutral solvents, are obtained as monophosphates of inorganic bases. The constituent inositol is present as a monoester of phosphoric acid, except in the case of brain diphosphoinositide, where it occurs as inositol metadiphosphate. With one possible exception, phosphoinositides contain 1 mole of glycerol per mole of inositol; less commonly, they contain carbohydrates and amines. While valuable information has been obtained on certain details of their chemical structure, in no case has the identification of a phosphoinositide been completed.
THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF LEARNING
Authors: Burns B. Delisle
Published: October 2017

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PHARMACOLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON MENTATION AND EMOTIONS
Authors: Cleghorn R. A.
Published: October 2017

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THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON FORMATION OF CELLULOSE AND XYLAN FROM LABELED MONOSACCHARIDES IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-xylose-2-C14, D-xylose-5-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucitol-1-C14, D-mannitol-1-C14, D-arabitol-1-C14, and D-arabitol-5-C14 were administered to wheat plants. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a period of metabolism varying from 2 to 23 hr. D-Mannitol and D-arabitol were not converted to either cellulose or xylan while D-arabinose was utilized slightly. The other compounds gave rise to both labelled cellulose and xylan. The glucose and xylose, obtained from the cellulose and xylan respectively, were degraded by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Glucose and glucuronolactone were equally good precursors of xylan and were superior to the other compounds tried. They appeared to give rise to units for xylan formation by loss of carbon-6. Free xylose was converted to xylan units only after an extensive rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, such as occurred in the conversion of xylose to cellulose units. A hypothetical outline of polysaccharide synthesis, involving uridine diphosphate glucose as the central intermediate, is suggested to explain the data.
THE CAUSE OF REFLEX AFTERDISCHARGE IN THE FROG'S SPINAL CORD
Authors: Burns B. Delisle
Published: October 2017

It is usually assumed that spinal reflex afterdischarge in the decerebrate or spinal animal is due to functional circuits of interneurons around which excitation can "chase its own tail" until fatigue brings the process to an end. This hypothesis has been tested in the frog. Reflex afterdischarge of motoneurons innervating the biceps femoris was produced by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral foot. After the end of reflex stimulation, but during the afterdischarge, a direct single stimulus was applied to the animal's spinal cord. A strength of stimulus (of duration greater than five milliseconds) could always be found which would terminate the afterdischarge abruptly. This strong stimulus did not halt the afterdischarge by producing transient damage to the neurons of the cord, for when the stimulus was given during stimulation of the foot, there was no interruption of either reflex response or afterdischarge. Such experimental results are consistent with Forbes' hypothesis of reverberatory circuits.
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE ACTIVITY OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Solvonuk P. F. , McRae Sheila C. , Collier H. B.
Published: October 2017

Creatine phosphokinase activity was demonstrated in hemolyzates of rabbit and rat erythrocytes, but it was not present in significant amounts in human erythrocytes. Activity of the enzyme was followed by photometric estimation of the creatine liberated in the transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to adenosine diphosphate. The enzyme was inhibited by mercurials, heavy-metal ions, and iodoacetate, and evidently possesses free thiol groups. It required for its activation a divalent cation, such as Mg++ or Ca++, but neither Na+ nor K+ had any effect.
STUDIES OF CERTAIN ANTIHISTAMINES AS ANTAGONISTS OF THE HYPERTENSIVE AND ANGIOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE IN THE RAT
Authors: Skelton Floyd R.
Published: October 2017

Three antihistamine agents, Phenergan, Benzodionole, and Trimeton have been studied for their ability to antagonize the hypertensive and cardiovascular-renal effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate in the unilaterally-nephrectomized, salt-treated, castrate male rat. In the order named all compounds produced only slight inhibition of the hypertensive and cardiotrophic action of desoxycorticosterone acetate and afforded virtually no protection against either the nephrotrophic or angiotoxic effects of this steroid as seen in the kidney, heart, and pancreatic, arterioles.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE RAT: EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT FOR EIGHT DAYS ON THE AMOUNTS AND P32-LABELLING OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: Nicholls Doris , Heagy F. C. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

The incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the lipid P and ribonucleotide P of the adrenal glands of rats exposed to cold (3 ± 1 °C.) for eight days was measured 16 hr. after the P32 injection. In the cold-exposed animals, there was a decrease in the specific activity of both the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P and also a decrease in the specific activity of the lipid P and the ribonucleotide P relative to that of the inorganic P of the adrenal. The cold exposure caused an increase in the amounts of lipid P, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per pair of adrenals. There was an increase in the ratio lipid P: DNA-P, but no change in the ratio RNA-P: DNA-P. Calculation showed that the cold exposure caused a decrease in the percentage renewal rate of both lipid P and ribonucleotide P, most of which could be attributed to the increased amounts of lipid P and ribonucleotide P present at the beginning of the isotope experiment. However, when allowance for this was made by calculating the renewal rates of the P of the phospholipid and RNA per pair of adrenals, the values remained slightly less in the cold-exposed animals.
IDENTIFICATION OF A HYPERGLYCEMIC FACTOR IN URINE
Authors: Moya F. , Szerb J. C. , MacIntosh Margaret
Published: October 2017

The precipitate obtained by the addition of two volumes of ethanol to acidified human urine (APU) has been previously found to be hypotensive and hyperglycemic when injected into rabbits. The experiments reported show that the hypotensive action of APU is not inhibited by atropine or antihistamine compounds. Following preincubation for one minute, a mixture of blood serum and APU contracts the guinea pig ileum. This action is not inhibited by atropine, antihistamine compounds, or soybean trypsin inhibitor. APU, per se, is not a smooth-muscle stimulant. Following prolonged incubation with serum, APU loses its hypotensive and hyperglycemic properties. Padutin, a commercial preparation of the hypotensive agent kallikrein, has been shown to be hyperglycemic in the rabbit and this action can be prevented by ergotamine. The experiments reported indicate that the hypotensive agent present in APU is probably kallikrein and that it is indirectly responsible for the hyperglycemic response elicited by the extract. From the chemical properties of kallikrein it appears likely that it is responsible for the reported hyperglycemic action of urinary extracts prepared by a variety of procedures.
THE ABSORPTION OF LABELLED GLUCOSE, SODIUM GLUCURONATE, AND GLUCURONE FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE RAT
Authors: Packham Marian A.
Published: October 2017

The absorption of labelled glucose, sodium glucuronate, and glucurone from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was studied by measuring the amount of C14 remaining in the tract at various times after oral administration. The rate of expiration of labelled carbon dioxide was also determined. Glucose was rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, but sodium glucuronate and glucurone behaved similarly and did not begin to disappear from the gut until they had reached the large intestine. The results of these and previous experiments led to the conclusion that very little glucuronate was absorbed as such but that most of it was changed into other compounds before absorption.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON NORMAL AND ON POLIOMYELITIS INFECTED TISSUE CULTURES: III. ENZYME ASSAYS ON HOMOGENATES OF SURVIVING NORMAL RHESUS KIDNEY. EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC NUTRIENT MIXTURES
Authors: Kovacs Ernest
Published: October 2017

Investigation of enzyme systems in normal tissues is the main subject of this communication. The activity of phosphatases, nucleotidases, and nucleases was explored in "brei" prepared with water, physiological salt mixtures, and synthetic media used for tissue cultivation, to compare the influence of these diluents. The depression of acid phosphatase by medium 597, noted previously in cells growing in vitro, was confirmed in fresh tissue and definitely proved on purified enzyme. Alkaline phosphatase was activated by the same synthetic medium. Differences in kinetics were observed when the effect of medium 597 was examined on 5-nucleotidase concentrate of Russel's viper venom and on pentanucleotidase of fresh kidney. Crystalline RNA-se was inhibited, in a manner similar to the nucleases of kidney extracts. Both phosphomonoesterases were enhanced by the less complex nutrient 697. The deterioration of DNA-se in medium 199 upon storage was striking. Significant observations were gathered on enzymes of concentrated and very diluted (1: 1600) tissue homogenates, on extracts, and on isolated enzymes of various grades of purity.
THE ACTION OF FACTOR I ON CERTAIN INVERTEBRATE ORGANS
Authors: Florey Ernst
Published: October 2017

Factor I, prepared from beef brain, has been applied to a number of invertebrate organs and physiological preparations. It was found to antagonize the effect of acetylcholine in some preparations while it imitated it in others. The discussion of the results of this investigation as well as of previous findings leads to the assumption that factor I may be classified with the many pharmacological agents which affect cholinergic mechanisms and that it is likely to be a transmitter substance of inhibitory neurons.
PAROTID SECRETION OF IODIDE
Authors: Ferguson Marion H. , Naimark A. , Hildes J. A.
Published: October 2017

Parotid juice from normal human subjects was collected by means of suction cups over the parotid papillae. The iodide content of the secretion was determined at various flow rates with and without the oral administration of potassium iodide, ammonium thiocyanate, and methimazole (Tapazole, Lilly), as these drugs are known to influence iodide metabolism in the thyroid gland. An inverse curvilinear relationship was found between the concentration of iodide and the rate of parotid secretion. Potassium iodide by mouth increased the concentration of parotid juice iodide in the same proportion as the increase in blood level of iodide. The amount of iodide secreted by the parotid glands was depressed by the administration of thiocyanate but was not influenced by the administration of methimazole.
MAINTENANCE OF BODY TEMPERATURE OF RESTRAINED ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS EXPOSED TO COLD: EFFECT OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES
Authors: Iampietro P. F. , Fregly M. J. , Buskirk E. R.
Published: October 2017

Experiments were performed to determine the role of the adrenal glands in the maintenance of colonic temperature of rats which were restrained and exposed to air at 5 °C. Colonic temperature decreased linearly with time in the cold air; hence, colonic cooling rate (CCR) was adopted as a measure of response to cold. Bilateral adrenalectomy increased CCR. Administration of cortisone acetate, adrenal cortical extract (ACE) or desoxycorticosterone acetate to adrenalectomized rats decreased CCR. Maximal decrease occurred with administration of 1.00 mgm. cortisone/rat/day or 0.25 ml. ACE/rat/day; higher doses of each hormone were less and less effective in returning CCR toward that of sham-operated rats. An adrenalectomized rat could not be rendered normal with respect to CCR no matter what dose of either ACE or cortisone was administered. In contrast, only the highest dose of DOCA administered (4.0 mgm./rat/day) significantly reduced CCR to that of sham-operated rats. The cooling test is similar to the standard growth test in that the response to administration of cortisone and ACE passes through a maximum and then declines with increasing dosage. The lower colonic temperature of adrenalectomized rats in air at 25 °C. was returned to that of sham-operated rats when cortisone (1.00 mgm. or more) or ACE (0.25 ml. or more) was administered; however, colonic temperature did not appear either to increase incrementally or to pass through a maximum with increasing doses of either hormone. DOCA had no effect on initial colonic temperature. Untreated adrenalectomized rats rarely survived lowering of colonic temperature to 22.5 °C; hence, the minimum colonic temperature to which adrenalectomized rats can be cooled and subsequently survive is considerably above that for normal rats (LD50 15.3 °C). Administration of any of the above hormones increased survival even in those doses which did not affect CCR.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ADMINISTRATION ON ARTERIOVENOUS GLUCOSE DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLOXAN-DIABETIC DOG
Authors: Gray Doris E. , DeLuca H. A.
Published: October 2017

It has been reported by others and confirmed by the present workers that following the intravenous administration of insulin in the normal animal, the glucose concentration in venous blood may exceed that of arterial blood giving rise to a negative arteriovenous difference. The simultaneous administration of glucose enhances this effect. The present investigators have extended this work to the alloxan-diabetic animal (dog) and have shown that large negative arteriovenous blood glucose differences are obtained following administration of insulin and glucose. These differences are too great and too consistent to allow the contention that negative arteriovenous differences are simply the result of analytical errors.
RESIDUAL AIR DETERMINATION
Authors: Kovach John C. , Baker Earl , Etebar Hamid
Published: October 2017

A simple method is presented of revealing and calculating any "switch-over" error in the determination of the residual lung volume. Our method is shown of avoiding the possibility of error in the alveolar nitrogen sample caused by the creation of a negative pressure in a patient with a low expiratory capacity. Through the use of tables a simplified method of accurately calculating residual volumes is presented.
THE POTASSIUM UPTAKE AND RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF ISOLATED FROG SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE PRESENCE OF INSULIN AND LACTATE
Authors: Manery J. F. , Gourley D. R. H. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: October 2017

Insulin (5.0 × 10−2 units per ml.) and lactate (5.0 × 10−3 M) caused an uptake of potassium by intact frog skeletal muscles in vitro, and a concomitant loss of potassium from the medium surrounding the muscles; this fluid was Ringer's solution containing 2.1 meq. of potassium per liter. Thus a movement of potassium against a high concentration gradient has been demonstrated. In general, the conditions under which potassium uptake occurred stimulated the oxygen consumption of the muscles. Monoiodoacetic acid (2.5 × 10−4 M) abolished the effect of insulin on the potassium uptake and greatly reduced its effect on the oxygen consumption.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DIURETICS IN THE RAT
Authors: McColl J. D. , Parker J. M. , Ferguson J. K.W.
Published: October 2017

The diuretic response of the male and the female rat to aminophylline has been studied when these animals were pretreated with various concentrations of sodium chloride solution. A linear log dose – response curve was obtained over the dose range employed with male rats pretreated with 0.45% and 2% saline. Male rats exhibited a diuresis with 4% saline which was not increased by aminophylline. Female rats showed diuresis but the responses were more variable for almost all combinations of electrolyte load and xanthine dose. When they were pretreated with 0.45% and 2% saline, aminophylline caused some additional production of urine but this was much less regular than that observed with males. The variation in response to aminophylline after 4% saline was very marked but the trend suggested that the xanthine had a diuretic effect at the high dose. The diuretic responses to a xanthine, a mercurial, and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor type of diuretic were compared in the male rat. Peak responses were smallest after the mercurial diuretic and greatest with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
ERUCIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL EXCRETION IN THE RAT
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Noble R. L.
Published: October 2017

Erucic acid has been found to increase the excretion of endogenously produced cholesterol in the rat with little change in the cholesterol concentration in the carcass except for increased concentrations in the adrenals and liver. The fecal cholesterol was identified by melting point and infrared spectrum after isolation by chromatography on alumina. It does not appear to originate in the liver since no increase was observed in the biliary excretion of cholesterol. Other homologues of oleic acid, namely eicosenoic and nervonic acid, produced similar changes in fecal cholesterol excretion, although oleic acid itself had little effect. A series of saturated fatty acids from butyric (C4) to behenic (C22) were tested and the longer chain members found to cause some increase in cholesterol excretion. Ester cholesterol accounted for much of the observed increases but varied greatly in the experiments with unsaturated fatty acids. A preparation of cerebrosides from beef spinal cord also increased the amount of cholesterol excreted in the feces. The fatty acid fraction from this preparation gave a similar result, although the cerebrosides gave rise mainly to free cholesterol and the fatty acid fraction to ester cholesterol.
DETAILED STUDY OF A PURIFIED URINARY ALDOSTERONE FRACTION
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech J. , Steyermark Paul R. , Koiw Erich , Genest Jacques , Jones R. Norman
Published: October 2017

Extensive purification of an aldosterone fraction obtained after two chromatographic separations (Zaffaroni's propylene glycol/toluene system and Bush C system) from crude neutral extract is described. Highly purified aldosterone was isolated in four instances. At least four other compounds which may be related to aldosterone were found in this fraction. A procedure is proposed for the isolation and determination of highly purified aldosterone.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMINS K ON THE PROTHROMBIN AND PROCONVERTIN LEVELS OF CHOLECYSTNEPHROSTOMIZED DOGS
Authors: Fisher L. M. , Millar G. J. , Jaques L. B.
Published: October 2017

Six dogs were prepared with permanent biliary fistulae by cholecystnephrostomy. Chronic bile lack in these animals led to the development of a bleeding tendency and to a significant drop in the levels of proconvertin and prothrombin. A comparison was made of the relative effectiveness of the K-vitamins administered orally and intravenously in restoring the plasma levels of prothrombin and proconvertin. Vitamin K3 (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, menadione) and Synkavite (2-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone diphosphoric ester tetrasodium salt) were found to be more effective and rapid in returning prothrombin and proconvertin values to normal than vitamin K1 (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-napthoquinone) when given orally on an equimolar basis. Intravenously vitamins K1, K2 (2-methyl-3-difarnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), K3, and Synkavite had approximately the same molar biological activity in the immediate correction of prothrombin and proconvertin levels but the effect was less prolonged in the case of vitamin K3, and was only transient with Synkavite. Observations were made of pathological changes in the livers of these animals.
THE NON-ENZYMIC REDUCTION OF TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE TO TRIMETHYLAMINE, DIMETHYLAMINE, AND FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Vaisey E. B.
Published: October 2017

Trimethylamine oxide at temperatures between 22°–24 °C. is readily reduced by cysteine in the presence of iron or hemoglobin as a catalyst. Trimethylamine is the major product of this reduction, but appreciable amounts of dimethylamine and formaldehyde are also formed. The maximum reduction of trimethylamine oxide is between pH 7 and 8. Glutathione could not replace cysteine as a reducing agent, neither could copper or manganese replace iron compounds as catalysts. Larger amounts of iron (Fe++) could also reduce trimethylamine oxide with the formation of the above products. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed.
THE EFFECT OF AUREOMYCIN ON THE PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Downie H. G.
Published: October 2017

Hemorrhage into the jejunum and ileum, especially in those areas where there were ingesta, was observed in an earlier study designed to standardize a method for the production of hemorrhagic shock in the rat. This type of lesion might permit entry of bacteria and toxins, thus fatally increasing the strain on the animal. In the present study aureomycin was administered orally, 50 mgm. daily in a single dose for three days, and the rats were submitted to the standardized shock procedure. In a second series the same procedure was followed but a fourth dose of 50 mgm. of aureomycin was administered five hours before hemorrhage. None of the indices measured indicated that aureomycin used in such a manner was effective in reducing the mortality, or the hemorrhage into the bowel.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ADMINISTERED VITAMIN K1-C14 IN RATS
Authors: Taylor J. D. , Millar G. J. , Jaques L. B. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: October 2017

Radioactive vitamin K1-C14 was administered orally, intramuscularly, and intravenously to albino rats and the distribution of radioactive C14 determined. Isotope dilution studies were performed to ascertain the degree to which the vitamin K1-C14 was present in unchanged form in some tissues. Regardless of the route of administration, radioactivity was deposited in all the tissues. The liver accumulated the largest amounts of radioactivity but the spleen had a much higher specific activity following intravenous administration of the vitamin. Radioactivity could be detected in the liver for as long as 12 days after administration. When the log of the dose of vitamin K1-C14 (5.6–82 mgm./kgm.) was plotted against the log of the vitamin K1 equivalent in the various tissues a straight line relationship was obtained. The per cent of the injected dose present in the tissues 24 hr. after injection was as follows: liver 2.8, skeletal muscle 12.2, small intestine and contents 2.5, bile 26, feces 6.2, urine 0.98. The per cent of such activity present as unchanged vitamin K1-C14, as judged by isotope dilution tests, was liver 78, skeletal muscle 74, small intestine and contents 15, bile 1.5, feces 6.5, and urine 0.0.
ETHYLENE METABOLISM IN TOMATO FRUIT: I. RELATIONSHIP OF ETHYLENE EVOLUTION TO FRUIT RESPIRATION AND RIPENING
Authors: Spencer Mary S.
Published: October 2017

Ripening tomatoes were found to possess a climacteric peak in carbon dioxide production which was accompanied by evolution of ethylene. When the fruit was placed in oxygen, ripening and evolution of ethylene were accelerated in proportion to the increase in respiration. Peaks in carbon dioxide and ethylene evolution occurred not only when the fruit ripened, but also afterwards, during senescence. On the other hand, young, green fruit possessed a pronounced peak in carbon dioxide evolution without changes in color or texture or evolution of significant amounts of ethylene. Thus a series of waves in carbon dioxide production occurred as the tomato developed, ripened, and aged. Waves in ethylene evolution accompanied the carbon dioxide once the ripening process began. Evolution of large amounts of ethylene appeared to be associated with changes in the metabolic pathway that occurred with ripening, rather than being an accompaniment for increased respiration at any stage in the development of the fruit.
EFFECT OF ALLOXAN, INSULIN, AND THYROXINE ON CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS BY RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

The in vitro effect of alloxan and insulin on the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids from 1-C14-sodium acetate by rat liver homogenates has been examined. Alloxan caused a reduction in the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol, fatty acids, and C14O2, but an increase in the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. The addition of insulin to homogenates caused a reduction in cholesterol synthesis but an increase in fatty acid synthesis both for normal and diabetic animals. Homogenates from thyrotoxic rats exhibited a marked reduction in cholesterol synthesis when compared with normal animals. C14O2production by homogenates from starved rats was appreciably lower than for those from normal animals. With this exception no appreciable difference was found in the oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide, or C14O2production in homogenates from normal, starved, thyroxine-treated, or diabetic animals. Synthesized cholesterol was found to be located principally in the particulate matter of the homogenates after they had been incubated with 1-C14-sodium acetate. Homogenates from starved rats showed no greater tendency to degrade preformed cholesterol during incubation than did those from normal rats.
THE METABOLISM OF URACIL
Authors: Goldman Jerrold G. , Schein Arnold H. , McKay Bruce
Published: October 2017

Oxygen uptake could not be demonstrated when uracil, uridine, or uridylic acid and various supplements were incubated with rat liver preparations. Attention was directed towards the likelihood that the initial step of uracil catabolism in mammals is a reduction such as occurs in yeasts. Various techniques were employed to measure the possible reduction of uracil to 4,5-dihydrouracil but no experimental evidence was uncovered that this latter compound was formed. While Canellakis has recently shown that the reaction uracil → 4,5-dihydrouracil does take place in mammalian tissues and that TRPH is required, this requirement must be specific since addition of DPNH in the experiments described below was without effect. A small fraction of the ureido carbon (C-2) of uracil-2-C14was released as carbon dioxide by rat liver slices. None of the results obtained can be reconciled with the oxidative pathway for uracil catabolism in mammals proposed by Cerecedo.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF QUERCETIN IN BUCKWHEAT: PART I
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Watkin J. E. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

Cuttings of Fagopyrum tataricum were allowed to metabolize various labelled compounds for 24 hours in the light. Quercetin was then isolated and degraded by alkaline hydrolysis of its pentamethyl ether into veratric acid (ring B plus carbon 2) and 2′-hydroxy-2,4′,6′-trimethoxyacetophenone (ring A plus carbons 3 and 4). Eleven amino acids, including tyrosine, were poor precursors of quercetin as were also protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Shikimic acid, phenylalanine, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and cinnamic acid were very good precursors followed by (in decreasing order of effectiveness) caffeic acid (fair), sinapic acid, m-methoxycinnamic acid, and ferulic acid (very poor). Quercetin formed from β- or ring-labelled cinnamic acid gave labelled veratric acid on degradation, and that from α- or carboxyl-labelled cinnamic acid gave labelled 2′-hydroxy-2,4′,6′-trimethoxyacetophenone. Two-ninths of the activity of quercetin formed from uniformly labelled phenylalanine was found in the acetophenone derivative and seven-ninths in the veratric acid. These results show that C6.C3 compounds are used with the carbon skeleton unchanged for the synthesis of ring B and carbons 2, 3, and 4 of quercetin and that the ring hydroxylation pattern of the compound used determines its effectiveness. None of the compounds were good precursors of ring A.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF QUERCETIN IN BUCKWHEAT: PART II
Authors: Watkin J. E. , Underhill E. W. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

Various C14-labelled compounds were administered to Fagopyrum tataricum. After allowing 24 hours for metabolism the quercetin was isolated and degraded, by a modified alkaline fusion, into phloroglucinol (ring A) and protocatechuic acid (ring B plus carbon 2). Uniformly labelled sucrose or C14O2 (assimilated photosynthetically) formed quercetin equally labelled in the A and B rings, but sodium acetate-1-C14 (or acetate-2-C14) gave quercetin labelled almost entirely in ring A. Isotope competition experiments indicated meso-inositol and phloroglucinol were not precursors of ring A. The biosynthesis of quercetin from C14O2 or acetate required the combined action of stem and leaves. Light was not required for synthesis of quercetin from acetate.
FRACTIONATION OF LIVETIN AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF THE α- AND β-COMPONENTS
Authors: Martin W. G. , Vandegaer J. E. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

Livetin, the major water-soluble protein of hen egg yolk, was found to contain three major components having mobilities of −6.3, −3.8, and −2.1 cm.2sec.−1volt−1at pH 8, µ 0.1, and these have been designated α-, β-, and γ-livetin respectively. The α- and β-livetins were separated and purified electrophoretically after removal of γ-livetin by precipitation from 37% saturated ammonium sulphate or 20% isopropanol. The α-, β-, and mixed livetins resembled pseudoglobulins in solubility but γ-livetin was unstable and this loss of solubility has, so far, prevented its characterization. Molecular weights determined by light scattering, osmotic pressure, and Archibald sedimentation procedure yielded respectively: 8.7, 7.8, and 6.7 × 104for α-livetin, and 4.8, 5.0, and4.5 × 104for β-livetin. Under suitable conditions of sedimentation and electrophoresis, egg yolk has been shown to contain three components having the same behavior as the three livetins of the water-soluble fraction.
SENSITIZATION BY INSULIN TO THE DEXTRAN "ANAPHYLACTOID" REACTION
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Langlois Y.
Published: October 2017

A single subcutaneous injection of crystalline insulin (20 units) sensitizes considerably the rats to the dextran "anaphylactoid" reaction. This is a type of acute serous inflammation. Insulin precipitates the reaction after a very small dose of dextran (0.05–0.01 ml., 6% solution) has been injected into a "shock organ". Without insulin, such small doses of dextran are quite ineffective. Insulin also precipitates the reaction when dextran (1.0 ml., 6% solution) is injected peripherally on the back. In this site and at this dose, it rarely produces the reaction in normal rats. The sensitization manifests itself despite a cortisone pretreatment.
THE EFFECTS OF TREMATODE INFECTION ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE FROG
Authors: Frank George B.
Published: October 2017

While studies were being performed on the electrical properties of frog muscle, trematode larvae suddenly appeared in the muscles of all the frogs that could be obtained. Further studies using these infected muscles showed that the presence of the parasites had considerably upset the physiological activity of these muscles. The sodium and potassium ion concentrations of both muscle and plasma from infected frogs were found to be considerably higher than values reported for normal frogs. The tendency for the recorded potentials, which were initially low, to reach normal values when the infected muscles were kept in Ringer's solution, plus the increased ionic concentrations found in the infected frogs, indicate that the parasites did not have a direct effect on the muscle fibers. In some manner the parasites seem to have considerably upset the water balance mechanisms of the frog.
THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON THE INCORPORATION OF ACETATE-1-C14INTO CHOLESTEROL IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Dugal Louis-Paul , Saucier Guy
Published: October 2017

In male castrated albino rats the incorporation of C14from acetate-1-C14into the cholesterol of the liver, the adrenals, and the heart is significantly increased as compared to the incorporation found in the same tissues of control animals. The metabolic C14O2originating from the injected acetate is not affected by castration, nor is the total activity of the urine. There is, incidentally, a significant increase in adrenal weight following castration.
MECHANISM OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF MYCELIAL GLUCOSAN FROM PENTOSES BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: Sumere C. F. van , Shu Ping
Published: October 2017

The biosynthesis of mycelial glucosan from glucose-1-C14, xylose-1-C14, and ribose-1-C14 by Aspergillus niger was studied. The results indicate that the pentoses were converted to glucose via transketolase, transaldolase, and iso-merase reactions, followed by polymerization to form mycelial glucosan. The difference in labeling of glucose from ribose as compared with xylose suggests that D-arabitol may be involved as an intermediate in ribose metabolism.
DISTRIBUTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Rochefort G. J. , Saffran M.
Published: October 2017

The highly vascular, anteromedial zone of hog and beef pituitary glands, which is rich in basophilic cells, contains a concentration of ACTH from 4 to 13 times that found in the rest of the adenohypophysis. The concentration of ACTH can be correlated (r = 0.96) with the relative proportion of basophilic cells, supporting the view that the pituitary basophiles are the source of ACTH. The distribution of both basophiles and ACTH in the rat adenohypophysis is more uniform than in hog or beef glands. The posterior lobe of all species examined (rat, hog, beef, and man) contains small, but significant, amounts of ACTH.
THE SECRETION OF IODIDE IN SALIVA
Authors: Burgen A. S. V. , Seeman P.
Published: October 2017

Iodide accumulation by the dog parotid gland continues during rest as well as during secretion. On stimulation of the gland this iodide appears as a brief transient iodide concentration that merges into a lower steady level. The amount of iodide accumulated depends on the duration of the rest period and reaches a limiting value with a half time of ~ 10 minutes. Both transient and steady state saliva/plasma concentration ratios are readily reduced by increased plasma I′ and by CIO4′. The residual iodide secretion after depression by CIO4′ behaves like iodide secretion by the submaxillary gland. This gland has no iodide concentrating system. Iodide clearance values are high and of the order of the estimated total blood flow. Evidence is presented that iodide is concentrated by the duct system and that the ducts have a very high blood flow.
THE BIOASSAY OF INSULIN BY THE COMPENSATION METHOD
Authors: Macallum A. Bruce
Published: October 2017

The compensation principle developed by Bouckaert and de Duve (1) during an investigation of the action of insulin was modified for use as a method for the bioassay of insulin. This method has the advantage that the blood sugar level is maintained within physiological limits, thus eliminating the possibility that the action of the insulin might be modified by the elaboration in the test animal of homeostatic factors that regulate the blood sugar concentration.Dry, crystalline zinc insulin preparations from three British and three American sources were investigated. Using the new method, the strength of each preparation in units per milligram was found to correspond with the strength of the international standard and also with the certified strength of the preparations as supplied by the manufacturers from results of assay by the pharmacopoeial method.
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS: THE STARVATION BLOCK
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Partial localization of the metabolic block in cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate by starved rat liver homogenates has been achieved. Experimental evidence indicates that this block is located in the biosynthetic pathway between β-hydroxy-β-methyl glutaric acid and squalene. Fractionation and comparative chromatographic examination of incubated homogenates from starved and normal rats failed to reveal any accumulation of an appreciably radioactive intermediate as a result of the blocked biosynthetic pathway in the starved animal. A strongly labelled acidic compound has been isolated in minute amounts from incubated homogenates of both starved and normal rats. This is readily incorporated into cholesterol by liver homogenates from normal, but not from starved rats. Its identity has as yet not been established.
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR FATTY ACID INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Wood J. D. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Further investigations have been carried out on the fatty acid inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates. A correlation appears to exist between cholesterol inhibition and the elongation of the carbon chain of saturated fatty acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Neither saturated nor unsaturated fatty acids interfere with the formation of acetyl CoA by liver homogenate. The stage where acetoacetate is formed from acetyl CoA is suggested as a possible site for inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by fatty acids.
DETERMINATION OF Δ4-3-KETOSTEROIDS BY MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSORBANCE OF THEIR 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES
Authors: McKinley W. P. , Devlin W. F.
Published: October 2017

A rapid, sensitive method suitable for the quantitative determination of ethisterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, and progesterone is described. The method involves the extraction of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of the steroid from the excess dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent with cyclohexane and measurement of the absorbance of the resulting yellow cyclohexane extract. The method has been used in the analysis of a number of tablets and aqueous suspensions containing a mixture of one of these Δ4-3-ketosteroids and other ingredients.
ISOLATION OF LABELLED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID PHOSPHORUS BY A MODIFIED SCHMIDT AND THANNHAUSER PROCEDURE
Authors: Daoust R. , Hooper Catherine E. Stevens
Published: October 2017

The DNA phosphorus fraction of tissues was isolated by the method of Schmidt and Thannhauser modified so that the DNA phosphorus fraction attains a state of purity satisfactory for studies with radiophosphorus. This procedure was submitted to a series of test experiments. The results suggested that the DNA isolated by the procedure is practically free from contamination by other phosphorus-containing fractions, namely acid-soluble phosphorus, phospholipids, ribonucleic acid, and phosphoproteins. The modified method seems reliable for estimating the specific activity of DNA phosphorus following the administration of radiophosphorus to animals.
MARINE FISH MUSCLE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: Bluhm H. M. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: October 2017

The muscles of six species of North Pacific ocean fish contained from 42 to 142 μg. per 100 mg. wet weight of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and from 0.2 to 2.5 μg. per 100 mg. of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The molar ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases in lingcod and sockeye salmon muscle RNA was: adenine, 1.0; guanine, 2.0; cytosine, 1.0; and uracil, 1.25. Chemical analysis of isolated lingcod muscle RNA indicated that it was a comparatively pure product and was free, or practically free, from protein and amino acids.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY CHOLINE AND PROTEIN ON THE LEVEL OF PHOSPHOLIPID IN THE SERUM OF THE RAT
Authors: Rosenfeld Bruno , Lang Jessie M.
Published: October 2017

Albino rats weighing 180–200 g. were fed diets containing 5, 9, and 19% protein. The influence of these diets, both with and without additional choline, on the level of serum phospholipid was measured and it was found that only in the presence of dietary choline, an increase of the protein content of the diet caused an elevation of the level of phospholipid in the serum. Measurement of the effect of the interval after feeding showed a significant decrease of serum phospholipid 16 hours after the removal of the choline-containing food. In choline deficiency no such effect was found. Measurement of the influence of duration of choline deficiency on the level of phospholipid in serum revealed an immediate fall to a lower level at the onset of the deficiency. This change was complete before a significant rise of the level of total liver lipids was apparent.
SEX HORMONE CONTROL OF THE ZINC CONTENT OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Millar M. Jean , Elcoate P. V. , Mawson C. A.
Published: October 2017

Gonadotrophins and testosterone propionate, administered by subcutaneous injection into immature rats, were found to produce marked increases in the size, zinc concentration, and rate of zinc-65 uptake of the dorsolateral prostate glands. Oestrogen treatment produced a reduction in gland size but no change in the zinc concentration or in the rate of zinc-65 uptake.These results are compared with the findings of other workers and possible reasons for some of the observed differences are discussed. It is postulated that under normal physiological conditions, the male sex hormone is the major factor which controls the accumulation and maintenance of a high concentration of zinc in the dorsolateral prostate of the rat. The accumulation or loss of zinc is not necessarily closely linked with gland growth.
COMPARISON OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN BLOOD SERUM WITH LIPID CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN CORONARY ARTERIES: (A SECOND INTERIM REPORT)
Authors: Paterson J. C. , Derrick J. B. D.
Published: October 2017

This report, which is concerned with only one facet of the serum lipid/atherosclerosis problem, gives the results of a comparison of the levels of total serum cholesterol, determined serially during life in 88 patients, with the concentrations of total lipid extracted from large segments of the coronary arteries of the same patients after death and autopsy. No significant relationships have been encountered in individuals between 60 and 89 years of age whether the comparisons were made on the entire series of cases or on cases in the same age group at the time of death. The data in younger individuals were inadequate for statistical analysis. Terminal loss of weight from wasting disease processes had no significant relationship to the concentration of lipid in the coronary arteries of the entire series of cases, or of cases in the same age group. In general, the ante-mortem serum cholesterol levels of the 88 patients were found to be remarkably constant over periods of as long as four years.
THE DETERMINATION OF GALACTOSE IN SMALL AMOUNTS OF BLOOD
Authors: Robinson H. M. Czajkowska , Rathbun J. C.
Published: October 2017

A method for the determination of blood galactose in 0.1 ml. samples was developed in which the glucose is removed by treatment with yeast. Modified dilutions of Somogyi and Nelson reagents are used and the non-fermentable sugar is determined colorimetrically at 680 millimicrons. A comparison of three protein precipitants led to the choice of tungstic acid. The range covered by the method is 6–50 mg. %, corresponding to 2–16 micrograms of galactose per sample.
THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS WITH ORAL TOLBUTAMIDE
Authors: Gold Allen
Published: October 2017

Experience in the treatment of 76 diabetic patients with tolbutamide is described. In 25 patients the drug was discontinued after trials of from 1 week to several months because of poor diabetic control. These treatment failures could be divided into: Group A, completely unresponsive to tolbutamide; Group B, showing hypoglycemic response in the presence of exogenous insulin only; and Group C, responsive in the absence of added insulin, but response inadequate for proper diabetic control.Fifty-one patients who would otherwise have needed insulin were considered adequately controlled on diet and tolbutamide, 1.0 to 3.0 g. daily. No toxic effects were observed. Patients who responded to the drug had a higher mean age, a shorter duration of diabetes, and a lower mean insulin dose. Many exceptions to these individual criteria occurred.It is the author's opinion that oral tolbutamide is established as an adequate replacement for insulin injections in a large proportion of diabetics in the older age group.