bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bound morphemes, coordination and bracketing paradox
Authors: FUKUSHIMA KAZUHIKO
Published: July 2002

Elements necessary for a proper interpretation of a sentence can sometimes be
missing from the ‘surface’ representation involving coordination (ellipsis, gapping,
etc.). Though different methods have been proposed to recover missing elements, it
is not clear how such recovery can be accomplished when they correspond to bound
morphemes. Assuming lexicalism, this paper shows how such missing elements are
recovered semantically without employing empty place holders, abstract functional
categories or invisible movement. Bound verbal morphemes in Japanese introduced
here give rise to morpho-semantico bracketing paradoxes which prove to be
problematic for a syntactic view of morphology.
State-owned enterprises and privatisation in Ghana
Authors: Appiah-Kubi Kojo
Published: July 2002

Between 1987 and 1999, Ghana's privatisation programme generated revenues for the government equivalent to about 14 per cent of GDP from a moribund public sector which had previously been dependent on state subventions, and thus succeeded in fulfilling a key role in easing the fiscal crisis and in fostering the Structural Adjustment Programme. The big question remained, however, whether the privatisation process would help the growth of Ghana's economy and help maximise political gains. This article reviews the experience of Ghana in privatising public enterprises, and assesses the impact of the ongoing privatisation programme on the Ghanaian economy. It suggests that, in spite of the high proceeds, the net direct revenues from privatisation have been relatively modest, due to the high outstanding credit sales, the high costs of divestiture and high outstanding liabilities of privatised firms. It also appears that the programme has placed too much emphasis on public finance rationalisation and faith in the market system, and too little on sociopolitical and regulatory issues. Equally, the inadequate attention given to post-privatisation regulation of privatised businesses, and the use of the divestiture programme as a political patronage instrument to reward the regime's friends and political insiders, has conferred limited success for privatisation in achieving its goal of enhancing efficiency, private sector investment and employment.
Aid and complicity: the case of war-displaced Southerners in the Northern Sudan
Authors: Duffield Mark
Published: July 2002

The paper is concerned with the unintended consequences of aid as a relation of governance: in this case, the failure of aid agencies to improve the lot of displaced Southerners living in North Sudan after more than a decade of engagement. It is argued that aid, as a governance relation, is complicit with wider forms of oppression to which Southerners are subject. The aid-based IDP (Internally Displaced Person) identity, for example, resonates with state forms of deculturation. At the same time, developmental ideas of self-sufficiency articulate with the commercial need for cheap agricultural labour. Developmental strategies have tended to reinforce the subordination of displaced Southerners rather than enhancing their autonomy. Examples of this collateral effect are examined in relation to share-cropping, food aid, debt and asset stripping. The paper ends by calling into question the appropriateness of aid as a vehicle for a shared duty of care.
Physical interpretation of the Padé approximation of the plasma dispersion function
Authors: TJULIN ANDERS , ERIKSSON ANDERS I. , ANDRÉ MATS
Published: July 2002

It is shown that using Padé approximants in the evaluation of the
plasma dispersion function Z for a Maxwellian plasma is equivalent to the exact
treatment for a plasma described by a ‘simple-pole distribution’, i.e. a
distribution function that is a sum of simple poles in the complex velocity plane
(v plane). In general, such a distribution function will have several zeros on the
real v axis, and negative values in some ranges of v. This is shown to be true for
the Padé approximant of Z commonly used in numerical packages such as
WHAMP. The realization that an approximation of Z is equivalent to an
approximation of f(v) leads the way to the study of more general distribution
functions, and we compare the distribution corresponding to the Padé
approximant used in WHAMP with a strictly positive and monotonically
decreasing approximation of a Maxwellian.
Plasma stochasticity and modulational
interactions of waves associated with lower-hybrid resonance
Authors: POPEL S. I.
Published: July 2002

The stochastic properties of a plasma are taken into account in
the
consideration
of the modulational interactions of waves associated with lower-hybrid
(LH)
resonance. The limits of applicability of the theory of weak plasma turbulence
in the description of the modulational processes are found. It is demonstrated
that the development of the modulational instability of waves with frequencies
at the LH resonance results in a rapid decrease in stochasticity. This
effect is
associated with the formation of coherent structures due to the modulational
interactions. Eventually a state with local minima of entropy in places
where
the coherent structures are located is formed. The description of the interaction
between waves and particles in the coherent structures is discussed.
Comment on ‘Boundary conditions for surface
waves propagating along the interface of plasma
flow and free space’
Authors: SHOUCRI MAGDI
Published: July 2002

The dispersion relation and boundary conditions for surface waves
propagating
on the plane interface between a vacuum and a drifting plasma have recently

been derived by Lee and Cho [J. Plasma Phys.58,

409 (1997)]. It is the purpose
of the present comment to show that the boundary conditions and dispersion

relation are incorrect.
Waves in a time-dependent magnetized electron–positron plasma
Authors: ROWE E. T.
Published: July 2002

Waves in a magnetized electron–positron plasma, supporting
a large-amplitude
electric field E0 of superluminal phase speed, are

considered. The case of perturbations
with the same phase speed as the large-amplitude wave can be treated
exactly, and we restrict our attention to this case,
obtaining analytical results. The
exact analytical results provide insight into the effect of the magnetic
field and
the large-amplitude wave on the harmonic structure of the perturbations.
Three
solutions are found for waves polarized perpendicular to
E0. Waves are amplitude-modulated for weak magnetic

fields (relative to the strength of the large-amplitude
wave) and frequency-modulated for strong magnetic fields. This suggests
that frequency
modulation may be relevant to pulsars.
British Military Information Management Techniques and the South Asian Soldier: Eastern India during the Second World War
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanjoy
Published: July 2002

This article examines the dissemination of military propaganda and the operation of censorship structures within the Indian Army ‘units’—a term used in historically contemporary documentary sources to denote regiments, divisions or battalions—serving in the eastern provinces of the subcontinent during the Second World War. Instead of presenting propaganda as merely being misleading information, this work operates with Philip Taylor's interpretation of it being a combination of ‘facts, fiction, argument or suggestion’, and concentrates instead on unravelling its form and the intent behind its deployment. Moreover, the often artificial distinction between ‘propaganda’ and ‘counter-propaganda’ is avoided, since the many wartime British public relations projects in South Asia that were aimed at contradicting particular enemy claims were very frequently represented as having other concerns. Particular attention is devoted to describing the military's attitudes towards policies of propaganda and information between 1942 and 1945, as these years saw Eastern India, defined in wartime official documents as being comprised of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, the eastern districts of the United Provinces and the sparsely populated frontier areas bordering Burma, develop into an important base of operations against the Japanese armies located in Southeast Asia.
A Patristic Perspective on Pauline περιαυτολογια
Authors: MITCHELL MARGARET M.
Published: July 2002

Contemporary scholars, extending back to Hans Windisch's 1924 commentary on 2 Corinthians, have pointed to parallels between Paul's language of ‘boasting’ in 2 Cor 11–12 and Plutarch's treatise de laude ipsius. But would an ancient reader have made this connection between Paul's letters and discussions about self-praise (περιαυτολογια) in ancient rhetorical and philosophical writings? This paper demonstrates that John Chrysostom, the rhetorically trained Antiochene, did just that, particular in his fifth oration de laudibus sancti Pauli, where he defends Paul's ‘speech about himself’ on precisely the grounds Plutarch allowed for inoffensive boasting in his famous treatise.
AΘANAΣIA / ANAΣTAΣIΣ: THE ROAD NOT TAKEN
Authors: MARROW STANLEY B.
Published: July 2002

In this essay in speculative biblical theology on immortality/resurrection, the anthropological presuppositions need to be examined in both Hebrew and Greek usages, requiring an understanding of the absolute nature of death in its biblical context. While the notion of the resurrection took hold in post-Exilic Palestine, Socrates exulted in the immortality of his soul and the body–soul dichotomy, in terms of which early Christianity read the NT. Yet the NT itself neither teaches nor presupposes this immortality of the soul, but rather that identifiably the same ‘I’, who dies wholly and totally, is raised up to a newness of life, a new creation.
Manipulation of a mollusc by a trophically transmitted
parasite: convergent evolution or phylogenetic inheritance?
Authors: THOMAS F. , POULIN R.
Published: July 2002

We investigated the influence of infection by the trematode
Curtuteria australis on the burrowing behaviour of its
intermediate host, the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi. Laboratory

experiments and field observations revealed that
cockles, unable to bury completely or even partially under the sediment,

have a reduced foot length compared with buried
individuals. The ability to bury proved to be highly repeatable in
field experiments: cockles found at the surface and
transplanted to an experimental area did not bury themselves, and cockles

found buried stayed buried when relocated. All
metacercariae of C. australis were found strictly in the foot
and
for each of 3 samples collected in different sites, there was
a negative and significant relationship between the relative length of
the
foot and the parasite load. A predation test
conducted under natural conditions indicated that cockles with the stunted

foot and the altered behaviour are significantly
more susceptible to predation by aquatic birds than other cockles. Given

that the definitive host of C. australis is an
oystercatcher, we first discuss our results in the context of
transmission strategy. Comparisons with other studies on more
or less related trematode species parasitic in bivalves and evolving under

similar constraints for their transmission, shed
light on the origin of this adaptation in C. australis.
Observations on the mechanism of eggshell formation in
the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica
Authors: COLHOUN L. M. , FAIRWEATHER I. , BRENNAN G. P.
Published: July 2002

A mechanism for eggshell production in Schistosoma mansoni has
been proposed
(Wells & Cordingley, 1991), and suggests
that the release of eggshell protein globules from the vitelline cells

occurs under alkaline conditions within the ootype
followed by their subsequent fusion to form the eggshell. Fusion and
tanning of these components produces eggshell
which autofluoresces. The present study was carried out to determine
whether a similar process operates in Fasciola
hepatica. A number of drug treatments were used to disrupt key
steps in the maturation of vitelline cells. Treatment with
the calcium ionophore lasalocid (1×10−5m)
led
to the premature release of eggshell globules from the vitelline cells
but
not their fusion. Incubation in monensin (1×10−6m),

a sodium ionophore and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
(5×10−2m),
a weak base, resulted in the premature fusion of eggshell protein globules

within the vitelline cells and premature tanning
of the eggshell protein material. The copper-containing enzyme, phenol
oxidase,
is thought to be involved in the tanning
process during the production of eggs. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC,
1×10−3m) is a phenol oxidase inhibitor
and
treatment with this compound, in combination treatments with monensin and

NH4Cl, prevented fusion of the vitelline
cell globules and tanning of the shell protein material. The results of

the study suggest that the mechanism for eggshell
formation in F. hepatica is similar to that proposed for
S. mansoni and may be common to other trematodes as well.
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis: antibody detection, with
notes on parasitological and antigen detection methods
Authors: HAMILTON J. V. , KLINKERT M. , DOENHOFF M. J.
Published: July 2002

Schistosomiasis remains a serious world-wide public health problem with a still unfulfilled need for routine cost-effective
methods of diagnosis. Such methods are required not only for people in endemic areas, but increasingly for tourists who
may have become infected during visits to such places. This article reviews the wide range of immunoassays and antigenic
preparations that have been shown to have potential for diagnosis of schistosomiasis by the indirect method of antibody
detection. Antigens in native form derived from cercariae, adult worms and eggs are considered, as well as schistosome
antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology and the schistosome cross-reactive antigen, keyhole limpet haemocyanin
(KLH). Respective advantages and disadvantages of antibody detection, circulating antigen detection and
parasitological methods of diagnosis are analysed. It is suggested that due to the relative insensitivity of both parasitology
and antigen detection, antibody detection methods could find increasing use in situations of low infection intensity.
An improved method to distinguish Entamoeba histolytica
and Entamoeba dispar
Authors: GOMES M. A. , PESQUERO J. B. , FURST C. , VALLE P. R. , PESQUERO J. L. , SILVA E. F.
Published: July 2002

A 482 base pair gene fragment from samples of amoebae E. histolytica and E. dispar was amplified by PCR. The
amplification products of fragments from the 2 species of amoebae presented differences in mobility in non-denaturing
polyacrylamide gel, probably due to sequence-dependent conformational alterations in the DNA fragments. The method
described here permits E. histolytica and E. dispar to be distinguished with greater sensitivity and rapidity.
Desiccation stress of entomopathogenic nematodes induces the accumulation of a novel heat-stable protein
Authors: SOLOMON A. , SALOMON R. , PAPERNA I. , GLAZER I.
Published: July 2002

The present study describes a novel heat-stable, water-stress-related protein with a molecular mass of 47 kDa (designated
Desc47) in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (IS-6). The protein was accumulated about 10-fold (from
7·84±1·85 to 74·09±4·35% relative content level [RCL]) in dehydrated clumps of infective juveniles (IJs), which had lost
34·4% of their initial water content (from 65·1±1·7% to 42·7±0·72%) in a desiccation-tolerance-inducing treatment
(97% relative humidity [RH] for 3 days). The appearance of Desc47 was accompanied by trehalose accumulation (from
300 to 600 mg trehalose/g protein) during the process of inducing the IJs into a quiescent anhydrobiotic state. A second
cycle of IJ dehydration did not alter the RCL of Desc47 (79·3% for the first cycle and 73·3% for the second cycle). Desc47
retained its high RCL (69·7%) in rehydrated active IJs for 3 days, reaching 51·2% of its initial RCL only after a week.
No homology to other known proteins was found by mass-spectrometry electrospray-ion-trap analysis. However, of the
5 sequences obtained from the protein (ranging from 11 to 21 amino acids), the 21-amino-acid peptide
NVASDAVETVGNAAGQAG(D/T)AV showed excellent homology (74% identity in 19 amino acids) to
the cold-responsive protein COR14b (g6564861) from Triticum aestivum. In the Caenorhabditis elegans predicted proteome
database search, the N21 yielded the first-best identity score (59% identity in 17 amino acids) to the CE-LEA homologue
protein (g2353333). In plants, COR and LEA are related proteins, heat-stable, which are expressed in response to both
dehydration and cold acclimation. The implication of the involvement of Desc47 and the osmoprotectant trehalose in the
desiccation-tolerance mechanisms of S. feltiae is discussed.
Colour Wars: Dividing the Spoils
Authors: Leon Mark
Published: July 2002

It is argued that there is much to be said for a fairly standard interpretation of the thesis that colour, unlike shape, is a subjective or phenomenal property of objects. But if this fairly standard thesis fails to do justice to the ‘objective’ aspect of colour, and justice in this regard is called for, then it is argued we can settle for less; we can settle for the strategy of ‘dividing the spoils’ between subjective and objective accounts. But it is also argued that if we do settle for this, we need to realise that the same ‘egalitarian’ division cannot be made in application to the primary properties. And that it is argued is the insight at the heart of the traditional account.
Did the Greeks Discover the Irrationals?
Authors: Hugly Philip , Sayward Charles
Published: July 2002

A popular view is that the great discovery of Pythagoras was that there are irrational numbers, e.g., the positive square root of two. Against this it is argued that mathematics and geometry, together with their applications, do not show that there are irrational numbers or compel assent to that proposition.
First Person Epistemology
Authors: Stevenson Leslie
Published: July 2002

I argue that the distinction between first-person present and other-directed contexts of justification throws new light on epistemology. In particular, it has implications for the relations between justification, knowledge and truth, the debate between externalism and internalism, and the prospects for reflective equilibrium. I suggest that to focus on the third-person questions about knowledge or justification is to risk missing the main point of epistemology, namely to help us make reflective judgments about what to believe.
The childhood and family background of women
with clinical eating disorders: a comparison with
women with major depression and women without
psychiatric disorder
Authors: WEBSTER J. J. , PALMER R. L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Childhood antecedents are often put forward as being of possible aetiological
significance for both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Method. Comparisons were made of groups of women with eating disorders with groups of women
with major depression or without current psychiatric disorder, using the Childhood Experience of
Care and Abuse interview (CECA).

Results. Women with bulimia nervosa (or mixed bulimia and anorexia nervosa) tended to report
more troubled childhood experiences than did women from the non-morbid comparison group. In
this respect, they resembled those with major depression. In contrast, those with anorexia nervosa
resembled the non-morbid women rather than the other psychiatric groups.

Conclusions. Adversity in childhood as measured by the CECA may play a part in the causation of
bulimia nervosa but not of anorexia nervosa. It remains possible that more specific or subtle family
influences may be relevant.
AT THE CENTRE OF KIERKEGAARD: AN OBJECTIVE ABSURDITY
Authors: MILLER ED. L.
Published: July 2002

No one doubts that Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific
Postscript is one of the
most important, one of the most artistically contrived, and certainly one of
the wittiest works in the history of philosophy. Further, the Postscript has
often been accorded a kind of centrality in the Kierkegaardian corpus.
Kierkegaard himself seems to have assigned it some such role. He informs
the reader in the ‘First and Last Declaration’ that he
originally intended the
Postscript to be his last word before retiring from his authorship
(hence part of the significance of the word ‘concluding’). In The Point of View for My
Work as an Author he himself calls it both ‘the turning-point’
(repeatedly) and
‘the middle point’ in the sense that ‘this work concerns
itself with and sets
“the Problem”, which is the problem of the whole authorship: how to
become a Christian’. Aside from the way in which Kierkegaard may have
conceived the Postscript as being central or
pivotal to his whole enterprise,
certainly scholars have sometimes treated the Postscript
as, at least in some
ways, his magnum opus and summum verbum – as I would
also. But our concern
here is not with the centrality of the Postscript but
with the centrality within
the Postscript. Most everyone would, I think, acknowledge that a central
section of the Postscript may be identified, though
I would go farther and
claim that within this a central, pivotal, solitary
statement may be identified.
US Social Welfare Policy: The Reagan Record and Legacy
Authors: O'CONNOR JOHN
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the Reagan administration's

attack on the US welfare

system during the 1980s. The paper considers the origins, provisions

and impact of Reagan's three major pieces of retrenchment legislation:

the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, the Social Security

Amendments of 1983, and the Family Support Act of 1988. It is argued

that Reagan's record in retrenching welfare was limited in budgetary

terms, but was successful in making welfare programmes more restrictive.

Reagan's welfare legacy is assessed in terms of his attempts at

restructuring social provision and shifting the welfare debate to the right.

The paper concludes by asserting that Reagan's critique of, and attack

on, social provision was accepted by his presidential successors, George

Bush and Bill Clinton.
Karl Kroeber,Artistry in Native American myths.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Pp. xii, 292. Hb $35.00, pb
$12.00.
Authors: Bringhurst Robert
Published: July 2002

Karl Kroeber is a distinguished professor of English at
Columbia University and the son of a distinguished anthropologist,
Alfred Louis Kroeber. He has been listening to Native American
stories since his boyhood, and writing about them (side
by side with his work on the English Romantics) for roughly
twenty years. An anthology he edited in 1981, Traditional
American Indian literatures: Texts and interpretations,
taught me much when it appeared, and a statement Kroeber
made in the introduction to that volume has stayed with
me ever since. “It is our scholarship,” he
wrote, “not Indian literature, which is primitive
or underdeveloped.”
ALLIANCES AND MISALLIANCES IN THE POLITICS OF THE UNION
Authors: Cullen L.M.
Published: July 2002

THE Union has been little studied; its undoing on the other hand has been much debated. One reason for the contrast is of course that the Union was later seen by many as uncongenial; another was that the methods of securing it seemed on a universal telling clear cut: it was, or so it was said, achieved by corruption and was intensely unpopular. In Lecky's view, for instance, `The measure was an English one, carried without a dissolution and by gross corruption, in opposition to the majority of the free constituencies and to the great preponderance of the unbribed intellect of Ireland.'
THE CATHOLICS AND THE UNION
Authors: Geoghegan Patrick M.
Published: July 2002

IN late-1800, after the passing of the Union, Lord Cornwallis wrote a carefully argued paper on Catholic emancipation in which he posed the chilling question:

What then have we done? We have united ourselves to a people whom we ought in policy to have destroyed.

That Cornwallis, one of the leading proponents of both the Union and Catholic emancipation, should have put the question in such stark terms is revealing. For him, Union without emancipation was worthless; the government would not secure the loyalty of the country, and there would never be a genuine uniting of the peoples on the two islands. The lord-lieutenant's analysis summed up the challenge facing the government towards the end of 1800: how to reconcile the claims of the Catholics with the fears of the Protestants before the beginning of the united kingdom on 1 January. This was a critical issue, because over the previous two years the government had tried to make the Union appear all things to all men, and all creeds. For some, the Union was supported because it seemed to be the best mechanism for securing Catholic emancipation; for others it was welcomed as a way of closing the door on the Catholics for ever. The political crisis of 1801 was a direct result of this confusion and culminated in both the collapse of the ministry and the end of Cornwallis's hopes of making the Union complete.
Neuroanatomy and function in two visual systems
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: July 2002

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology are insufficient to specify function. Modeling is essential to elucidate function, but psychophysics is also required. An example is the cognitive and sensorimotor branches of the visual system: anatomy shows direct cross talk between the branches. Psychophysics in normal humans shows links from cognitive to sensorimotor, but the reverse link is excluded by visual illusions affecting the cognitive system but not the sensorimotor system.
Reversing figure and ground in the rationality debate: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: DeKay W. Todd , Haselton Martie G. , Kirkpatrick Lee A.
Published: July 2002

A broad evolutionary perspective is essential to fully reverse figure and ground in the rationality debate. Humans' evolved psychological architecture was designed to produce inferences that were adaptive, not normatively logical. This perspective points to several predictable sources of errors in modern laboratory reasoning tasks, including inherent, systematic biases in information-processing systems explained by Error Management Theory.
REM sIeep = dreaming: The never-ending story
Authors: Cavallero Corrado
Published: July 2002

It has been widely demonstrated that dreaming occurs throughout human sleep. However, we once again are facing new variants of the equation “REM sleep = Dreaming.” Nielsen proposes a model that assumes covert REM processes in NREM sleep. I argue against this possibility, because dream research has shown that REM sleep is not a necessary condition for dreaming to occur.

[Nielson]
Reinforcement and punishment: Dissociable systems for action and emotion?
Authors: Killcross Simon
Published: July 2002

Rolls presents a theory of emotion based on the premise that emotions are evoked by events that are capable of being instrumental reinforcers and punishers. As support for this theory is drawn almost entirely from experiments in non-human primates, valuable insights into the relationship between punishment and reinforcement systems, and the nature of instrumentality, may have been overlooked.
The understanding/acceptance principle: I understand it, but don't accept it
Authors: Hardman David
Published: July 2002

Can the understanding/acceptance principle help us to decide between alternative normative theories? There is little evidence that this principle can successfully be applied; there are no strong normative statements in Stanovich & West's target article. There is also no evidence for success of rational norms when applied to real life decisions.
Two compartmental models of EEG coherence and MRI biophysics
Authors: Thatcher R. W. , Gomez-Molina J. F. , Biver C. , North D. , Curtin R. , Walker R. W.
Published: July 2002

Studies have shown that as MRI T2 relaxation time lengthens there is a shift toward more unbound or “free-water” and less partitioning of the protein/lipid molecules per unit volume. A shift toward less water partitioning or lengthened MRI T2 relaxation time is linearly related to reduced high frequency EEG amplitude, reduced short distance EEG coherence, increased long distance EEG coherence, and reduced cognitive functioning (Thatcher et al. 1998a; 1998b).
Localist models are already here
Authors: Ohlsson Stellan
Published: July 2002

Localist networks are symbolic models, because their nodes refer to extra-mental objects and events. Hence, localist networks can be combined with symbolic computations to form hybrid models. Such models are already familiar and they are likely to represent the dominant type of cognitive model in the next few decades.
Differences, games, and pluralism
Authors: McCain Roger A.
Published: July 2002

While concurring that the evidence from individual differences supports a Meliorist view in the rationality debate, this commentary suggests that (1) the evidence does not clearly support a two-systems interpretation against an interpretation in terms of idiosyncratic differences in mental models, and that (2), especially where interactional processing is concerned, evidence from experimental game theory should also be considered.
No compelling evidence against feedback in spoken word recognition
Authors: Tanenhaus Michael K. , Magnuson James S. , McMurray Bob , Aslin Richard N.
Published: July 2002

Norris et al.'s claim that feedback is unnecessary is compromised by (1) a questionable application of Occam's razor, given strong evidence for feedback in perception; (2) an idealization of the speech recognition problem that simplifies those aspects of the input that create conditions where feedback is useful; (3) Norris et al.'s use of decision nodes that incorporate feedback to model some important empirical results; and (4) problematic linking hypotheses between crucial simulations and behavioral data.
Diversity in reasoning and rationality: Metacognitive and developmental considerations
Authors: Moshman David
Published: July 2002

Tasks in the adult reasoning literature are designed so that heuristic processing leads one astray and adequate rule-based processing requires explicit knowledge about applicable logical and quasi-logical norms. Other research, however, indicates that appropriate rule-based inferences can be automatic. Individual differences in rationality are largely due to differences in developmental progress toward metacognitive understanding of both heuristic and rule-based inferences.
Prototypes and portability in artificial neural network models
Authors: Shultz Thomas R.
Published: July 2002

The Page target article is interesting because of apparent coverage of many psychological phenomena with simple, unified neural techniques. However, prototype phenomena cannot be covered because the strongest response would be to the first-learned stimulus in each category rather than to a prototype stimulus or most frequently presented stimuli. Alternative methods using distributed coding can also achieve portability of network knowledge.
Is synchronization necessary and is it sufficient?
Authors: Amit Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

The strong coupling of binding to cross-correlations is
methodologically problematic. A completely unstructured network of
neurons can produce cross-correlations very similar to the measured
ones, and yet they have little dynamic effect.
If the base rate fallacy is a fallacy, does it matter how frequently it is committed?
Authors: Adler Jonathan E.
Published: July 2002

In many base rate studies, a judgment is required for which
the base rates are relevant, and subjects do not use them. It is
inferred that the base rates are ignored; I question this inference.
Second, I argue that the base rate fallacy is not less significant for
what it reveals about human reasoning, if it occurs less frequently
than has been alleged.
Central excitation and inhibitory mechanisms and neuroplasticity are also manifested in trigeminal nociceptive pathways
Authors: Hu James W. , Sessle Barry J.
Published: July 2002

Central sensitization and related neurochemical mechanisms
are also induced in V nociceptive pathways after craniofacial injury
or inflammation. Their characteristics raise additional possibilities
that may explain some of the phenomena outlined by coderre
& katz, dickenson, and wiesenfeld-hallin et
al. They also underscore the need for therapeutic approaches to
reduce nociceptive inputs to the CNS or their neuroplastic effects
which can potentially enhance post-traumatic pain.
Functional memory: A developmental perspective
Authors: Nelson Katherine
Published: July 2002

The functional theory of memory set out in Glenberg's
target article accords with recent proposals in the developmental
literature with respect to event memory, conceptualization, and
language acquisition from an embodied, experiential view. The
theory, however, needs to be supplemented with a recognition
of the sociocultural contribution to these cognitive processes and
emerging structures.
Information theory: The Holy Grail of cortical computation?
Authors: Stone James V.
Published: July 2002

Simple hypotheses are intrinsically attractive, and, for this
reason, need to be formulated with utmost precision if they are to
be testable. Unfortunately, it is hard to see how Phillips &
Singer's hypothesis might be unambiguously refuted. Despite
this, the authors have provided much evidence consistent with the
hypothesis, and have proposed a natural and powerful extension for
information theoretic approaches to learning.
Analytic isomorphism and speech perception
Authors: Appelbaum Irene
Published: July 2002

The suggestion that analytic isomorphism should be rejected
applies especially to the domain of speech perception because (1) the
guiding assumption that solving the lack of invariance problem is the
key to explaining speech perception is a form of analytic isomorphism,
and (2) after nearly half a century of research there is virtually no
empirical evidence of isomorphism between perceptual experience and
lower-level processing units.
Doubts about a unified cognitive theory of taxonomic knowledge and its memic status
Authors: Ellen Roy
Published: July 2002

The evidence for a panhuman, cognitively rooted, essence-based
concept of basic natural kind and for certain prototypical phenomenal
forms is increasingly compelling, but there remain doubts as to
whether these two elements combine with a principle of taxonomy
to form a unified, domain-specific theory in the way Atran claims.
The appropriateness of the notion of meme can also be questioned,
as can the assertion that humans are always grouped in ethnobiological
classifications in unambiguous contrast to other animals.
Female and flexible?
Authors: Stewart Jane
Published: July 2002

The fact that the female mammalian brain remains responsive
to estrogens throughout life may open the way for other instigators of
neuronal plasticity, making the female brain different from that of
the male in its response to the actions of a number of hormones, to
injury and to aging.
Mapping Millikan's conceptual work onto (empirical) work by psychologists
Authors: Komatsu Lloyd K.
Published: July 2002

There are three points of difference between psychologists'
assumptions and those that Millikan suggests:
(1) concepts as representations versus concepts as reflecting
a capacity; (2) concepts having a role in categorization and
inference versus a role in reidentification; and (3) the “basic
level” as an aspect of the “vertical” dimension
of categories versus being a kind of category, on a par with natural
kinds.
Fantasy, females, sexuality, and testosterone
Authors: Kemper Theodore D.
Published: July 2002

(1) Mazur & Booth do not explain precontest rise in
testosterone. Anticipatory T rise may result from fantasized
dominance scenarios. (2) Mazur & Booth conclude that females
do not experience the dominance–T rise effect. The data are
insufficient for this judgment. (3) Mazur & Booth misstate my
position on T and sexuality. I offer an emendation and
correction.
Representations, computation, and inverse ecological optics
Authors: Neumann Heiko
Published: July 2002

Implicit and explicit filling-in phenomena should be
distinguished. Blind spot phenomena and mechanisms of boundary
completion can be accounted for by implicit filling-in. Surface
regions are “painted” with perceptual quantities,
such as brightness, by explicit filling-in. “Filling-in”
and “finding-out” relate to different computational
tasks. Mechanisms of purposive computation (e.g., for navigation)
evaluate local measurements, thus “finding out”;
whereas mechanisms for grasping might require passive reconstruction,
thus “filling in.”
Semantic realism, rigid designation, and dynamic semantics
Authors: ter Meulen Alice G. B.
Published: July 2002

Semantic realism fits Millikan's account of kind terms in
its focus on information-theoretic abilities and strategic ways of
gathering information in human communication. Instead of the
traditional logical necessity, we should interpret rigid designation
in a dynamic semantics as a legislative act to constrain possible ways
in which our belief may change.
Inductive strategy and statistical tactics
Authors: Snow Paul
Published: July 2002

Chow ably defends classical significance testing by relating
this method to venerable principles for inductive reasoning.
Chow's success does not preclude the use of other approaches
to statistical reasoning, which is fortunate not only for Bayesian
rivals, but even for some fellow classicists.
The Cartesian Broadway
Authors: Tyler Christopher W.
Published: July 2002

Although Pessoa, Teller & Noë make excellent points
concerning the need for a mechanism of filling-in, they throw out the
baby of neural specificity with the bathwater of isomorphism and the
homuncular observer. The core act of perception is sensory processing
by a stationary observer and does not require overt behavioral
interaction with the environment. The complexity of intracortical
interconnectivity does not preclude local specificity in the
representation of higher-order stimulus properties.
Grammars rule O.K.
Authors: Malcolm Neil Law
Published: July 2002

Colours are not the sorts of thing that are amendable to traditional forms of scientific explanation. To think otherwise is to mistake their ontology and ignore their normativity. The acquisition and use of colour categories is constrained by the logic of colour grammars.
Memory systems, frontal cortex, and the hippocampal axis
Authors: Parker Amanda
Published: July 2002

Three comments are made. The proposal that recollection and
familiarity-based recognition take different thalamic routes does not
fit recent experimental evidence, suggesting that mediodorsal thalamus
acts in an integrative role with respect to prefrontal cortex. Second,
the role of frontal cortex in episodic memory has been understated.
Third, the role of the hippocampal axis is likely to be the
computation and storage of ideothetic information.
Memorial states of awareness versus volitional control: The role of task differences
Authors: Kinoshita Sachiko
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner's analysis provides a clear theoretical
justification for using a demonstration of volitional control as a
criterion for conscious awareness. However, in memory tasks, the
converse does not hold: A phenomenological awareness of a memory episode
can arise involuntarily, even when the task does not require retrieval
of the episode. The varying amounts of volitional retrieval required by
different memory tasks need to be recognized.
Applying a theory of implicit and explicit knowledge to memory research
Authors: Mulligan Neil W.
Published: July 2002

This commentary discusses how Dienes & Perner's
theory of implicit and explicit knowledge applies to memory research.
As currently formulated, their theory does seem to account
simultaneously for population dissociations and dissociations between
conceptual and perceptual priming tasks. In addition, the specification
of four distinct memorial states (correlated with different recognition
test responses) faces important methodological challenges.
Phenomenal experience and science: Separated by a “brick wall”?
Authors: Pauen Michael
Published: July 2002

Palmer's principled distinction between first-person experience and scientific access is called into question. First, complete color transformations of experience and memory may be undetectable even from the first-person perspective. Second, transformations of (say) pain experiences seem to be intrinsically connected to certain effects, thus giving science access to these experiences, in principle. Evidence from pain research and emotional psychology indicates that further progress can be made.
An externalist approach to understanding color experience
Authors: Ross Peter W.
Published: July 2002

Palmer demarcates the bounds of our understanding of color experience by symmetries in the color space. He claims that if there are symmetries, there can be functionally undetectable color transformations. However, even if there are symmetries, Palmer's support for the possibility of undetectable transformations assumes phenomenal internalism. Alternatively, phenomenal externalism eliminates Palmer's limit on our understanding of color experience.
Neuronal connectivity, regional differentiation, and brain damage in humans
Authors: Zaidel Dahlia W.
Published: July 2002

When circumscribed brain regions are damaged in humans,
highly specific impairments in language, memory, problem solving,
and cognition are observed. Neurosurgery such as “split
brain” or hemispherectomy, for example, has shown that
encompassing regions, the left and right cerebral hemispheres,
each control human behavior in unique ways. Observations stretching
over 100 years of patients with unilateral focal brain damage have
revealed, without the theoretical benefits of “cognitive
neuroscience” or “cognitive psychology,” that
human behavior is indeed controlled by the brain and its neurons.
Asymptotic physical measures for nearly Brownian skew products
Authors: JI CHUANSHU , MOLINEK DONNA
Published: July 2002

We study asymptotic physical measures in certain dynamical systems formed by a skew product. The skew product is formed by two ‘nice’ systems via a skewing function which is asymptotically Brownian. In this setting, no analogue of the Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure exists.
Products of random mappings
Authors: LUENBERGER DAVID G.
Published: July 2002

Suppose that $X^1,X^2,\dotsc$ is a stationary stochastic process of positive $k\times k$ matrices, and let ${}^nY^1=X^nX^{n-1}\dots X^1$ be the corresponding product matrices. For a special case, Bellman showed that the elements $[{}^nY^1]_{ij}$ converge in the sense that $n^{-1}\mathrm{E}\{\log[{}^nY^1]_{ij}\}\rightarrow a$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$. The constant $a$ is independent of $i$ and $j$. Bellman also conjectured that, asymptotically, the $n^{-1/2}\{\log[{}^nY^1]_{ij}-na\}$ terms are distributed according to a normal distribution with a common variance, independent of $ij$. Later Furstenberg and Kesten generalized and strengthened Bellman's result and established the validity of his conjecture.

This paper extends these results to the case of nonlinear mappings that are monotonic and homogeneous of degree one on $R^k_+$. Specifically, given a stationary process $H^1,H^2,\dots$ of such mappings, we define the composite mappings ${}^nF^1(\cdot)=H^n(H^{n-1}(\dots (H^1(\cdot))\dots)$. Under appropriate conditions, the components $[{}^nF^1(x^0)]_i$ have the property that, almost surely, $n^{-1}\log[{}^nF^1(x^0)]_i\rightarrow a$ independent of $x^0$ and $i$. Furthermore the components $n^{-1/2}\{\log[{}^nF^1(x^0)]_i-na\}$ are asymptotically distributed according to a normal distribution with a common variance.
Local connectedness of the Julia set of the family $z^m(z^n-b)$
Authors: RABII MARYAM
Published: July 2002

We study the local connectedness of the Julia set of the family $f_b(z)=z^m(z^n-b)$. Assuming that the Julia set is connected and depending on whether $m=1$ or $m>1$, a sufficient condition for the local connectivity of the Julia set is obtained. This complements the known results of Yoccoz–Hubbard–Branner for $m=n=1$.
Circle expanding maps and symmetric structures
Authors: CUI GUIZHEN
Published: July 2002

A conjugacy between two uniformly asymptotic affine circle expanding maps is symmetric if they have the same eigenvalues along corresponding periodic points.
Factors and subfactors arising from inductive limits of interval algebras
Authors: DOROFEEV SERGEY , THOMSEN KLAUS
Published: July 2002

We investigate a natural connection between inductive limits of $C^*$-algebras, ergodic theory and the theory of subfactors.
Religious Belief and Activity and its Influence on
Remission Time for Depressed Elders with Medical-Surgical Diagnoses
Authors: ETTEN MARY JEAN
Published: July 2002

Koenig, H. G., George, L. K. and Peterson, B. L. 1998. Religiosity
and remission of depression in medically ill older adults. American
Journal of Psychiatry 155:4, 536–42.
International migration in later life:
social care and policy implications
Authors: BLAKEMORE KEN
Published: July 2002

An increasing number of older people are international migrants. Even where
older people have not been migrants themselves, it is increasingly likely that
international migration will touch their personal lives, either through
significant family members or through their own decisions to resettle in later
life. Despite the growing importance of long-distance travel and resettlement
in other countries, however, the relationship between migration and ageing is
a relatively neglected topic in gerontology. Using the examples of migrants in
minority ethnic communities, this paper proposes a typology or scheme with
which to relate (a) the principal reasons for migration earlier in the lifecourse
to (b) the range of possibilities for migration which may face older people in
later life. Conclusions about care needs and identity are discussed with
reference to older migrants in ethnic minorities in Britain. It is argued that the
‘minority migrant’ example (while a distinctive experience in each community)
has important lessons for, and applications to, understanding general
patterns of international migration in later life.
Dangerous ontologies: the ethos of survival and ethical theorizing in International Relations
Authors: ODYSSEOS LOUIZA
Published: July 2002

The article responds to a recent call for a more systematic interrogation of the persistence of the dichotomous relation between ethics and International Relations. The addition of ethics into International Relations, it has recently been claimed, has left unquestioned the ethical assumptions encompassed in the ‘agenda’ of International Relations itself. Thus, the article examines the ethics implicit in the ‘agenda of IR’ and, in so doing, considers the condition of possibility for a movement beyond the dichotomy ‘ethics and IR’ and towards ‘an ethical International Relations’. To achieve this task the article calls for an understanding of ethics as ethos. It further illustrates how the ‘dangerous ontology’ of realist IR is discursively created through an exposition of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan and Carl Schmitt's The Concept of the Political. In this anarchical ontology of danger an ‘ethos of survival’ has come to be the relational framework through which the other is conceptually encountered as an enemy. Subsequently, the article considers what repercussions this ethos has for the reception of ethics into IR.