bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Washingtonians “Set New England Dance Crazy” (1927)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Black newspapers, Dave Peyton took note of Ellington’s rising fortunes, reproducing an arti cle by one “W.E.B.” that supposedly appeared in the New York Tribune.’ W.E.B.’s generous praise for the Washingtonians suggests the growing reputation of Ellington’s band some months before it entered the Cotton Club on 4 December 1927. Especially striking is W.E.B.’s favorable comparison of the Washingtonians to some of the leading white orches tras of the day. As a black bandleader, Ellington was moving into the position of pre-emi nence that a year or two earlier had been occupied by Fletcher Henderson.
Abbe Niles on Ellington (1929)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

From the mass of American music, or something, that has been thus passed through my ears, I select a few examples as the richest in the strangeness, the bitter, salty wit and humor, and the flashes of defiant, unwilling beauty which characterize good jazz; examples, in short, by hearing which anyone who will take the trouble may learn whether he likes jazz or not. They are presented, not as great music, nor as the American music, but as good jazz. Some are harsh, raucous and unrefined. Only two might be said to have individual importance.But they have ideas and vitality, of a peculiarly American flavor; and on the proposition that that flavor is worth knowing, I rest their case....
Ellington at the Palladium (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Well! he’s here! We have been reading about the Duke this last four or five years; he has become an almost legendary figure; it seemed impossible that we should ever see him in the flesh, or hear those amazing sounds other than via a gramophone. Yet, unbelievably, he is here.
On the Air in London (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The biggest thrill we have had for ages has come and gone! I refer, of course, to Duke Ellington’s broadcast from the studio on June 14th. The band’s pre cision and polish was even more marked on the air than it is on the records, and on the whole the programme was well chosen, comprising most of the numbers we wanted to hear at the Palladium, but didn’t. But with all that it was a disappointment.
Roger Pryor Dodge on Black and Tan Fantasy, from “Harpsichords and Jazz Trumpets” (1934)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Dodge built his discussion around solos he had notated from recordings. Although the musical examples are rough in form and contain errors-the theme, for example, should be in B-tlat minor, not major-they represent an early use of transcription for the purpose of jazz analysis. Dodge (1898-1974) was a dancer in ballet and vaudeville, later a critic who wrote on jazz from the mid-twenties through the fifties. His acquaintance with Bubber Miley dated from 1931 when the two performed together in Billy Rose’s show Sweet and Low. Dodge produced an early historiography of jazz, “Consider the Critics,” that appeared as the final chapter in Frederic Ramsey, Jr., and Charles Edward Smith’s Jazzmen (1939). Later he wrote for H.R.S. Rag, Jazz, The Record Changer, and other small jazz publications.’
Ellington in Down Beat: On Swing and Its Critics (1939)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

In the first, “Duke Says Swing Is Stagnant” (February), Ellington charts the growth of jazz and its “striving toward legitimate acceptance, in proportion to its own mer its.” He begins by stating that “swing,” as an offshoot of jazz, has been productive in raising the level of musicianship in bands and improving the public’s taste. Then abruptly he pro ceeds to criticize the commercialization that swing has introduced, claiming that the respon sibility for change lies with critics. Toward the end he discusses his own orchestra, taking care to separate out its repertory from familiar musical categories: “We are not interested primarily in the playing of jazz or swing music, but in producing musically a genuine contri bution from our race.”
The Parting of Ellington and Irving Mills (1939)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Yesterday, Thursday, Duke Ellington and his Band passed through London on their way home to New York. Off the S.S. “Britannia,” they arrived early in the morning at Tilbury and left Waterloo at 4.30 in the afternoon to board the “Ile de France” at Southampton, thereby concluding a European barn-storming tour which has taken in towns never before visited by a first-class band.
Wilder Hobson on Ellington, from Jazzmen (1939)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

One contributor, Wilder Hobson, documented the rise of hot jazz in New York, discuss ing Ellington’s orchestra as one of three important big bands to emerge there in the twenties (together with those of Fletcher Henderson and Luis Russell). Rex Stewart, trombonist Lawrence Brown, and clarinetist Barney Bigard. Also, this is certainly the most striking ensemble in jazz, with a brilliance, finish and ease resulting from long collaboration. Finally, I don’t know of any jazz orchestrator as musically fertile as Ellington. His ideas may seldom get sustained development, may often be loosely strung together and over-rich for the thematic material which is carrying them. But in an Ellington performance it is a rare three minutes in which something of orchestral fascination doesn’t occur.
Previews of the First Carnegie Hall Concert (1943) Helen Oakley (Dance) in Down Beat Howard Taubman in the New York Times Magazine
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

On the 23rd of January, 1943, Duke Ellington is contracted to appear on the stage of New York’s Carnegie Hall to perform an initial American concert presentation of his own works. The occasion will mark the first public per formance of the long attended, widely discussed Tone Parallel, the latest and to date most significant work yet delivered from the pen of the famed negro composer.
Ellington: “Certainly It’s Music!” (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Whoever started the rumor the music of Duke Ellington bears some resem blances to the compositions of such masters as Bach, Ravel and Stravinsky always puzzles me. Even though I appreciate the compliment, no amount of self-examination seems to bear out the contention. Having been asked to base this article on the relationship between my own work and that of the classical composers, I find it necessary to make a few perhaps dangerous comparisons. Since I am not running for public office, however, I shall content myself with praising my “loyal opposition” and leaving such matters as musical evalua tions to my readers.
Alec Wilder on Ellington (1948)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Twenty years is a long time in the career of any man, especially a career involving so fluctuating a field as popular music. It is all of twenty years since I first heard the music of Duke Ellington, and it has been, for most of that time, so much a source of delight to me that I’ve never consciously criticized it. I only listened and was pleased. From the Cotton Club days down through all the recordings, I’ve listened and been happy or sad, according to the Duke and his moods.
An African View of Ellington (1955)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

To cure [Fara’s] depression, a group of friends decided to offer him some distraction. So it was that they took him one evening to the Salle Pleyel where Duke Ellington was presenting a gala program of American Negro music. They reached the concert hall at about nine p.m. To get good seats they had paid dearly, despite their meager scholarship stipends. Fara looked around with the eyes of one from another world. Jacqueline’s death, changing the normal course of his life, was also changing his perceptions. Huge white silk curtains hid the stage. In the hall he could see Frenchmen, foreigners, and among the latter, many Anglo-Saxons.
Selections from the Jazz Review (1959)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Much has already been written about how the Ellington orchestra reflects the styles of the men within the band; how at an Ellington rehearsal the composition and orchestration occur simultaneously; how an arrangement usually doesn’t get written into the Ellington book until a certain amount of experimentation has taken place before live audiences; how Duke builds his arrangements around the strengths and weaknesses of his orchestra members; and how the force of his own personality seems to bring out the best in each single man yet moulds him to advantage into the orchestral whole. These factors contribute to the intangibles that defy the printed word or note.
Pete Welding: “On the Road with the Duke Ellington Orchestra” (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Breakfast in the early afternoon, a long ride to the night’s engagement, meals bolted, a wearying ride back to the drab Chicago hotel where the band was staying. A rough way of life. As the strangeness of the situation wore off, I was able to observe the men in the band with a new awareness. I saw that every one of them is a strong personality, an individualist fiercely determined to preserve his own identity.
Ellington with Stanley Dance: “The Art is in the Cooking” (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington’s frequently expressed impatience with categorization in jazz is jus tified, or made understandable, by both his band and music. Neither belongs under any of the flags of convenience flown on the angry seas of criticism. Dixieland, traditional, Chicago style, hot, swing, Kansas City, bop, progressive, modern, cool, it, so that when we did play loud it would seem as though we were playing louder than we actually were.
Dan Morgenstern on The Ellington Era (1963)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

For many years jazz had to fight an uphill battle for official recognition as a bona-fide “art form.” In light of the current state of affairs in the jazz world, this recognition might well appear to some observers as a mixed blessing indeed. It has largely removed jazz from its original context-the functionality of entertainment and dance music-and has placed this music and its creators adrift in the aesthetic, philosophic, semantic and economic miasms which constitute the contemporary environment of art and “art appreciation.”
Rex Stewart at a Recording Session for the First Sacred Concert (1966)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

It is many years now [1945) since I was a member of the Duke Ellington band, but I still retain strong sentimental ties and old friendships with the group. So, when I heard that the band was scheduled to record here in Los Angeles one evening recently, I arrived a few minutes before starting time just as the bus disgorged the men. Strangely enough and very different from when I was a member, they began right on schedule.
Gary Giddins on the Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1976)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The posthumous works of no major contemporary artist have inspired greater interest than Duke Ellington’s, except perhaps for Hemingway’s. The ‘60s saw a stunning rejuvenation in Ellington the composer and the result was both a series of sacred concerts and the far more ecumenical suites based on geo graphical motifs. Three of the most ambitious and successful works issued on record during the last decade of his life were “The Far East Suite,” “Ad Lib on Nippon,” and “The Latin American Suite.” But there were other suites and extended works that have never appeared on record. Moreover, there were rumors of major pieces which Ellington committed to tape but never or rarely performed. It isn’t generally known what was preserved and what wasn’t. In the past, he had neglected to get studio time for “The Deep South Suite” and, more incredibly, the complete “Black, Brown and Beige,” so how can we be sure we’ll ever hear “Timon of Athens,” “Murder in the Cathedral,” or “The Goutelas Suite?”
Stanley Dance: “The Funeral Address” (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

It was a single honour for an Englishman (and a contributor to this magazine from its first issue) to be called upon to deliver the eulogy to Duke Ellington in New York’s Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine, which is nearly as big as St. Peter’s. That was what happened to Stanley Dance on May 27th, 1974, when Duke Elling ton’s funeral service took place.
Max Harrison: “Some Reflections on Ellington’s Longer Works” (1964; revised 1991)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

In the following essay, the English critic Max Harrison explores Ellington’s various solu tions to the problem of writing longer works, focusing on three pieces from the thirties Creole Rhapsody, Reminiscing in Tempo, Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue-and viewing them as formal models that Ellington retooled (or abandoned) later in his career. Particularly valuable are Harrison’s efforts to treat the subject within the broader context of jazz history and, beyond that, in relation to European art music.
Ralph Ellison: “Homage to Duke Ellington on His Birthday” (1969)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Special ceremony marking Ellington’s seventieth birthday was held at the White House on 29 April 1969. Many musicians and dignitaries attended, and Ellington later described the event with delight, recalling how President Nixon had played“Happy Birthday” and Willie “The Lion” Smith had performed wearing his trademark derby.’ Two days earlier, the distinguished writer Ralph Ellison had offered the following tribute to Ellington in the Washington Star. Interweaving personal reflections with a probing analysis.
Billy Strayhorn Interviewed by Bill Coss (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

For nearly everyone interested in jazz, the names Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn are, if not synonymous, at least inextricably connected. But the connection is not as close, though it is unique, as might be assumed. This is no parallel of Damon and Pythias, though the loyalty of one to the other is strong. Nor is this an example of Abbott and Costello, with only one straight man, or Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy.
Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

The principal contention of this collection of essays is that the American Civil War was the real American Revolutionary War—as far-reaching in its results as the English Revolution of the seventeenth century and the French Revolution of the eighteenth century—and that Abraham Lincoln was the catalyst for this revolution.
Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

The foremost Lincoln scholar of a generation ago, James G. Randall, considered the sixteenth president to be a conservative on the great issues facing the country, Union and slavery. If conservatism, wrote Randall, meant “caution, prudent adherence to tested values, avoidance of rashness, and reliance upon unhurried, peaceable evolution, [then] Lincoln was a conservative.
English Aristocratic Women, 1450–1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

English Aristocratic Women combines a collective portrait of aristocratic women with an analysis of the particular, class-specific form of patriarchy and gender relations that flourished among the upper classes in Yorkist and early Tudor England. The first book on the subject based on extensive archival research, it examines the apparent contradiction between the patriarchal institutions that shaped women’s lives and the wide range of their activities, control of resources, and power over themselves and members of their families. It demonstrates that the roles of aristocratic wives, mothers, and wideows constituted careers for women that had as much public and political significance and were as crucial for the survival and prosperity of their families and class as the careers of their husbands. They managed their families’ property and households; arranged the marriages and careers of their children; created, sustained, and exploited the client-patron relationships that were an essential element in politics at the regional and national levels and in the power of individual families; and, finally, managed the transmission and distribution of property from one generation to another, since most wives outlive their husbands. For women from the inner circle of court families, careers at court expanded and supported these roles. As in all careers, aristocratic women gained prestige, authority, power, and financial rewards for their activities. Recognising the full significance of aristocratic women’s careers revises our understanding of Yorkist and early Tudor politics. In addition, the centrality of their roles means that reconstructing their activities creates a vivid picture of every aspect of aristocratic domestic, familial, economic, and political life.
“Your Body Belongs to You”
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

On New Year’s Eve,1930, in Rome, Pope Pius XI issued an encyclical denouncing birth control and abortion. A clear attack on the “new woman” and the “new” smaller family of the 1920s, Casti Connu.bii (On Christian Marriage) insisted on women’s subordinate position within the family and condemned non-procreative sex and the false freedom of female emancipation. The pope reminded states of their obligation to protect the weak and unborn, and specifically warned against the “pernicious practice” of eugenics.
Forbidden Love
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

The abortion campaign wound down as the Weimar Republic lurched toward its chaotic final year. Weakened by spiraling unemployment and the bitter divisions between Communists and Social Democrats, the working-class movement with which sex reform was so tightly linked fragmented further, even as some urban neighborhoods settled into a state of virtual civil war between Nazis and Communists. The social welfare institutions, which were the focus of so much sex reform effort and ire, unraveled while trying to cope with mounting social and economic tensions.
Consolidation and Expansion of the Dominion: The Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act, 1918-1924
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

Only a few months after the United States officially entered World War I, a newspaper in New York reported on Julia Lathrop’ s leadership at the Children’ s Bureau. “Out through the south and west;’ the article began, “her army of trained women is moving on the households of the poor, attacking the city and village that does riot insure its babies pure milk “ The report continued: “Miss Lathrop has a brigade of home education workers in the field. Armed with working models of outdoor cribs, fireless cookers and iceless ice boxes, they are invading homes having babies, teaching mothers to make and use these baby-saving devices’.
The Voices That Are Gone
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

In this unique and readable study, Jon Finson views the mores and values of nineteenth-century Americans as they appear in their popular songs. The author sets forth lyricists’ and composers’ notions of courtship, technology, death, African Americans, Native Americans, and European ethnicity by grouping songs topically. He goes on to explore the interaction between musical style and lyrics within each topic. The lyrics and changing musical styles present a vivid portrait of nineteenth-century America. The composers discussed in the book range from Henry Russell (“Woodman, Spare That Tree”), Stephen Foster (“Oh! Susanna”), and Dan Emmett (“I Wish I Was in Dixie’s Land”), to George M. Cohan and Maude Nugent (“Sweet Rosie O’Grady”), and Gussie Lord Davis (“In the Baggage Coach Ahead”). Readers will recognize songs like “Pop Goes the Weasel,” “The Yellow Rose of Texas,” “The Fountain in the Park,” “After the Ball,” “A Bicycle Built for Two,” and many others which gain significance by being placed in the larger context of American history.
The Henrician Schism
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

Despite the efforts of Rome to set up a papal hierocracy in England during the early middle ages, the Crown had gained a great deal of control over the English Church during the later middle ages. Evidence of that control is abundant by the beginning of the sixteenth century. For example, nominees of the king filled the bishoprics and minor benefices most of the time. Moreover, very few appeals could go from English courts to the papal curia without the king’s permission. But in one important area Henry VIII did not control the Church: appeals to Rome in matrimonial cases. When Henry decided to divorce Catherine of Aragon and to wed Anne Boleyn, he and his ministers formulated a theory of royal supremacy based upon an “imperial” concept of immunity from all papal control.
Nurturance or Negligence: Maternal Psychology and Behavioral Preference Among Preterm Twins
Authors: Mann Janet
Published: November 2023

In my study of these high-risk preterm infants, I was often struck by the extraordinary efforts some mothers made to care for, stimulate, and love their infants. In contrast, many social scientists (myself included) have also often observed parental neglect, abuse, or infanticide directed toward premature or high-risk infants. The enormous individual variation in parental care under such adverse perinatal conditions is intriguing. While some social scientists have linked infant prematurity to child maltreatment (e.g., Burgess & Conger, 1978; Burgess & Garbarino, 1983; Friedrich & Boriskin, 1976), others have emphasized the increased or even excessive stimulation and nurturance that mothers of premature infants provide (e.g., Field, 1977; Goldberg & Divitto, 1983).
Environmental Preference in a Knowledge Seeking, Knowledge-Using Organism
Authors: Kaplan Stephen
Published: November 2023

If an individual from outer space were to hire a consultant in order to learn about what sort of creatures these earthlings be, the particular scholarly expertise of the consultant could have a substantial effect on the nature of the report. Given the current configuration of academic disciplines, it is not hard to imagine that a consultant affiliated with one group of scholars might emphasize such themes as sexuality, warfare, and deception. Alternatively it would not be surprising to find a consultant who would place primary emphasis on humans as processors of information, as builders of knowledge structures. Such a scholar might emphasize themes such as attention, memory, and limited processing capacity.
The Evolution of Psychodynamic Mechanisms
Authors: Nesse Randolph M , Lloyd alan T
Published: November 2023

As cognitive psychologists ask more about the origins and functions of mental mechanisms, they turn to evolutionary theory (Boden, 1987; Buss, 1984; Cosmides & Tooby, 1987; Tooby, 1985). As evolutionists ask more about the mental mechanisms shaped by natural selection, they turn to cognitive psychology (Barkow, 1984; Craw ford, Smith, & Krebs, 1987; Symons, 1987, 1989). This converging focus on human information-processing mechanisms may give new significance to psychodynamics. Cognitive and evolutionary psychologists may find in psychodynamics careful descriptions of traits that may closely match the functional subunits of the mind that they are seeking. Psychodynamic psychologists and psychiatrists may find in evolutionary psychology new possibilities for a theoretical foundation in biology.
Interchangeability of Punishments in Practice
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

These are the best of times and the worst of times for intermediate punishments. Prison crowding and fiscal concerns have forced attention on the development of punishments that do not require provision of more prison beds. Across the country, many jurisdictions are responding by creating sentencing programs aimed at preventing or reducing crowding by keeping newly convicted criminals out and by releasing previously sentenced prisoners. From the perspective of institution-building, narrowly conceived, these are good times for intermediate punishments.
A German Amsterdam
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

Hamburg in the eighteenth century witnessed a period of political quiescence and economic ferment. In the hundred years after 1715, Hamburg experienced alternating waves of great prosperity and deep depression as the city groped for its place in an immature and still highly unstable world economy. Underneath the surface of civil peace ran forces of economic change that transformed the urban environment, ruptured older social bonds, and, in the next century, upended the traditional political balance. By the 1770s, Hamburg had become a principal trade entrecote in northern Europe, engaging in extensive overseas commerce on a scale unimagined fifty years earlier.
The Injury Fact Book
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive but concise reference that documents the nature and importance of the injury problem in the United States. For each of more than sixty causes of injury, data are presented by age, race, sex, geographic area, urban/rural residence, and per capita income. This second edition includes new chapters on injuries related to sports, work, aviation, and large trucks. Also new are many analyses subdivided by four racial groups as well as age and sex, made possible by the use of mortality data from a seven year period. The updated analyses of time trends throughout the book document major reductions in death rates over the past decade. As a statistical compilation, the book offers users a quick reference to valuable detail, much of which would otherwise be inaccessible. It also discusses reasons for many of the extreme differences among groups of people in injury death rates and describes promising avenues to prevention. This accessible, readable reference will be valuable to public health personnel, physicians, epidemiologists, safety planners and policy makers.
Fires, Burns, and Lightning
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Burns and fires are surpassed only by motor vehicle crashes, falls and drownings as a cause of unintentional injury death. In recent years, they have caused about 5,000 deaths annually. This figure does not include deaths related to arson or suspicious circumstances, estimated at about 300 annually, and about 150 burn deaths of suicidal intent (Table 12-1). Deaths associated with postcrash fires are counted among deaths from motor vehicle and airplane crashes.
Prostitution and the Law
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

This chapter approaches medieval understandings of feminine sexuality by looking at what different jurisdictions thought they were regulating when they legislated about whoredom, and how and why they attempted to control it. Law is one of the most powerful means any society has at its disposal to control behavior. This is not only because legislation can prohibit particular acts (with greater or lesser degrees of effectiveness), but also because simply by establishing what kind of behavior is deviant, it asserts power over those who practice that behavior. Law does not emerge on its own; society creates it, and law reflects that society’s needs, assumptions, and mores. By being enshrined in the law, these assumptions and mores become increasingly clear, tangible, and entrenched. Whereas attitudes and conventions may evolve on their own, law requires formal action if it is to change. It provides a fixed, codified point, usually presented in carefully chosen language, to which people can refer. Laws about whoredom are thus powerful tools for delimiting appropriate feminine behavior. Whatever opprobrium society chooses to heap on anyone labeled a whore gains force when it is backed by legal clout. In medieval English law, however, neither prostitution nor whoredom was ever formally defined. There were no official registers of prostitutes as there were, for example, under the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s. The application of the legal category “whore” to women other than commercial prostitutes blurred the boundaries between the latter group and deviant women generally, just as the Contagious Diseases Acts functioned to control not only prostitutes but all poor women through the involuntary registration as a prostitute of any woman the authorities deemed immoral.
Estranged Bedfellows
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

The Anglo-French clash in the Middle East during the Second World War not only marked a turning point in the region's political development, but also became a sticking point in wartime relations between the two powers. British and Free French troops united to seize control of the Vichy regime's Middle Eastern possessions in a bloody campaign in 1941. But the alliance was an uneasy one, as the British tried to enlist the growing forces of Arab nationalism to wrest control of Syria and Lebanon from the Free French. The European alliance against the Germans was repeatedly strained by mutual suspicion in a colonial conflict which both powers were bound to lose. Drawing on newly opened archival sources, Roshwald skilfully clarifies the complex mixture of colonial political manoeuvres, personal clashes, and Arab nationalism that shaped this critical period in Middle Eastern history.
Popular Musics Of the Non-Western World
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Reflecting the growing interest in popular music from the developing world, this unique book is the first to examine all major non-Western music styles, from increasing familiar genres like reggae and salsa, to the lesser-known regional styles of Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, non-Western Europe (Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal), Asia, and the Near East.
The Non-Arab Middle East
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Turkey's musical heritage-one of the richest of the non-Western world-is remarkable for its diversity and for the influence it has exerted on the cultures of its neighbors. The legacy of extended Ottoman rule is clear in the urban musics of Greece, Yugoslavia, and other Balkan coun­tries, as in the art music of the Arab world, which developed hand-in­hand with Turkish classical music during the several centuries of Turk­ish rule. At present, Turkish popular music, although little known in the West, finds substantial audiences in Greece, Israel, and elsewhere, and flourishes with great vitality in West Germany as well as Turkey.
South Asia
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

The South Asian subcontinent, comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka, encompasses a great diversity of musical cultures and styles. The multitude of folk music traditions reflect the linguistic, ethnic, class, regional, and religious diversity of the South Asian population, now surpassing one billion. The South Asian aristoc­racies sustain two "Great Traditions" of art music, the Hindustani, or North Indian, and the Karnatak, or South Indian.
The Pacific
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

The cultures of the Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian Pacific represent a formidable diversity with respect to language, religion, his­tory, and music, as well as racial origins. At the same time, a degree of cultural affinity and similar socio-historical developments in the twen­tieth century have contributed to the evolution of a set of popular music styles that can be accommodated into a relatively unified continuum of pan-Pacific styles. In the use of simple three-part vocal harmonies, most of these musics reflect the impact of the Protestant missionaries, who popularized hymn singing throughout much of the Pacific since the early nineteenth century.
An Ambivalent Zionist Leadership
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Britain’s declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 com plicated the Zionist position toward aliyah bet. It created paradoxes of basic interests: an opposition to British White Paper policy and a strong support and identification with Great Britain in its war against Nazi Germany. Since aliyah bet was the principal means of Zionist opposition to British policy, its continuation following the start of the war was a source of debate among Zionists.
Revisionist Aliyah
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the ambivalence that plagued the Jewish Agency, the Haganah, and the Mossad, the Revisionist movement unequivocally supported the idea of Aliyah bet. Revisionist leaders voiced no qualms about having to resort to unorthodox methods, and the potential damage to Zionist political interests did not worry them. The Revisionist movement was in extreme opposition to the Zionist policy conducted by the labor coalition.
Nazi Expulsion Policy: Berthold Storfer and the Immigration
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

During late 1938 and 1939, a consensus emerged among the various Nazi agencies regarding the Jews residing within the borders of the Reich: the Nazis determined that these Jews should be forcibly expelled rather than quarantined internally or deported to Reich-held territories. The policy of forced emigration was part of the Reich’s overall strategy in preparation for war.
After the Sinking of the Struma
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

The Struma disaster did not stop Jews from trying to leave Rumania. The same forces that motivated desperate Jewish escape measures in 1941 were still evident in 1942. The British indeed hoped that the Struma’s fate would deter other Jews from taking such a course, but that was not to be. As long as the Rumanians allowed Jews to depart, Jews sought every available escape route.
Aliyah and Rescue: The Case of Bulgarian Jewry, 1943
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

In December 1942, when extermination of the Jews became public knowledge and when the British foreign secretary took the floor in the House of Commons to condemn Nazi genocide, about half of the Palestine immigration certificates allotted to Jews under the White Paper of 1939 had not yet been utilized. British immigration policy, wartime conditions, and the Final Solution had combined to create a situation in which 34,000 certificates were still avail able fifteen months before the end of the five-year limit.
Assaultive Violence
Authors: Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A
Published: November 2023

Assaultive violence is a very serious public health problem in the United States, with consequences of psychological and social dysfunction as well as injury and death. Assaultive violence includes both nonfatal and fatal interpersonal violence where physical force or other means is used by one person with the intent of causing harm, injury, or death to another. Homicide is death due to injuries inflicted by another person with intent to harm, injure, or kill by any means. In 1986 homicide was the twelfth leading cause of death overall in the United States and the leading cause of death for black men aged 15–34. In addition, in the United States, homicide was the fourth leading cause of potential years of life lost-an index that measures the number of years of productive life lost to society through the deaths of persons who died before reaching age 65. This highlights the important impact of this problem on our nation’s youth.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Finkelhor David
Published: November 2023

Child sexual abuse is sexual contact with a child that occurs as a result of force or in a relationship where it is exploitative because of an age difference or caretaking responsibility. There were an estimated 155,900 cases of child sexual abuse identified by professionals in 1986, a 221 percent increase over 1980. However, research on this subject is difficult, scarce, and extremely variable in quality.
Ethical Issues in HIV Testing During Pregnancy
Authors: Walters Leroy
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into five sections. The first section outlines the pertinent empirical assumptions underlying the analysis. This section is necessary because some aspects of the ethical analysis may be contingent on a particular fact situation. The second section considers the major parties affected by HIV testing decisions made during pregnancy and examines the first of three central ethical questions surrounding prenatal HIV testing-the potential benefits and harms of testing. The third examines whether testing programs should be voluntary or mandatory. The fourth section analyzes who should be tested. The pregnant woman is clearly the primary focus of this section, but the fetus, the genetic father, health-care workers involved in the care of the pregnant woman, and society at large will also be considered. The final section comments on the social matrix of the prenatal testing question in the United States.
The Comparative Method as Heuristic
Authors: Nichols Johanna
Published: November 2023

Non linguists are not always able to distinguish easily between genetic groupings established by the comparative method and those proposed on other grounds. A much-publicized recent example is Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1988), where the very deep macro groupings the authors assume for languages of the Pacific and New World are treated as the same kind of grouping as Indo-European or Uralic. Another example is Renfrew 1991, where, following IllicSvityc, Nostratic is described as based on the same comparative method as lndo-European (1991: 6). More tangential to linguistic questions, Stoneking and Cann (1989), analyzing mitochondrial DNA divergences in human populations, estimate the rate of evolution by assuming that Papua New Guinea, Australia, and North America each constitutes a single population of a single age. This amounts to an implicit assumption that each of these areas was colonized only once, an assumption compatible with the linguistic macro groupings of Indo-Pacific, Australian, and Amerind. In these and other works, non linguists working on human prehistory assume or implicitly assume that macro groupings are the same kind of entity as families like ludo-European, that they are established by the same comparative method as lndo-European was, and that the received view in linguistics takes them as established or plausible. Works like these, or the macro groupings they assume, are cited with approval in popular works such as Turner 1988 and Gould 1991.
Early Germanic Umlaut and Variable Rules
Authors: Durie Mark
Published: November 2023

The comparative method assumes that sound change is a regular process, in the sense that it affects all instances of a given allophone or phoneme in a particular context, rather than proceeding on a word by word or random basis. As a consequence, in describing phonological change, the classical procedure involves writing rules which take the form: In such-and-such an phonological context, such-and-such a change takes place. In the sense that such statements are categorical, that is intended to apply to all cases which satisfy the structural description, they model regular changes. In practice, it is the experience of every comparative linguist that even the best rule system will be come up against a corpus of ‘exceptions’: cases that do not fit the rule. The historical linguist will seek to explain or motivate these exceptions in a number of ways: There may be borrowings involved; there may be specific morphological (e.g. analogical) processes at work; particular kinds of expressive effects may have applied; certain types of change such as haplology or metathesis are widely recognized to be inherently irregular; and the exceptions may be items of small grammatical categories that often manifest exceptional changes (e.g. pronouns). A discussion of explanations for some such ‘irregularities’ is provided by Lyle Campbell in this volume.
Invasion and coevolution
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Economic development and human population growth are shrinking natural habitat and changing its geometry. From an airplane one easily sees disjointed fragments of forests and plains that were continuous stretches of natural habitat a few years ago.
Origin of the Caribbean
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The Anolis lizards found throughout the islands of the Caribbean and in Central America may serve as “living strata.” Here, information about eastern Caribbean anoles is offered to help reconstruct the origin of the Lesser Antillean Island Arc inrdation to Puerto Rico and the Netherlands-Venezuelan Antilles. This chapter is taken primarily from [285]; a preliminary account appeared in [288].
Fantasy and Reality in History
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

In Fantasy and Reality in History, Peter Loewenberg brings what the discipline of psychoanalysis has learned about human conduct and the irrational to bear on the analysis and writing of history. The result is a remarkable series of studies on individual and social anxiety, racism and nationalism, and crisis management. First examining early twentieth century Z”urich and the first practitioners of psychoanalysis--Freud, C.G. Jung, Karl Abraham, and others--to establish the discipline’s understanding of the unconscious and how it functions, Loewenberg then explores the tensions in the lives and politics of modern political leaders. The great British Liberal Prime Minister Walther Rathenau, and the Russian fascist demagogue Vladimir Zhirinovsky are among those studied. In each of these interconnected essays, Fantasy and Reality in History makes readily evident the advantages, and unique insights, that psychoanalytical techniques can provide in the examination of history. Loewenberg’s blend of clinical and historico-political methods not only produces new exciting research, but demonstrates how it is done.
Absolutism And Ruling Class
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

This book is the first comprehensive examination of the Russian ruling élite and its political institutions during an important period of state building, from the emergence of Russia on the stage of world politics around 1700 to the consolidation of its position after the victory over Napoleon. Western scholarship has focused on the great rulers of the period, Peter, Catherine, and Alexander, neglecting the lesser nobility on whose support these rulers relied. LeDonne not only gives a full chronological account of the development of bureaucratic, military, economic, and political institutions in Russia during this period, but also skilfully analyses the ways in which local agencies and the ruling classes exercised control and shared power with the absolute monarchs. The book will substantially revise scholars’ views of the nature of political power in imperial Russia.
Courts And Procedures
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Without a tradition of political and scholarly debate and a social and territorial differentiation favoring the emergence of conflicting interests seeking resolution in a national jurisprudence, the Russian judiciary remained in an amorphous state. The political order was no Rechtsordnung, a legal system in which the cultivation and the application of power had become secondary;’ it was instead one in which the subjective and arbitrary preferences of ruler and ruling elite were accepted as legal norms, and those of the ruling class overrode the claims of the dependent population.
The Odyssey of Homer
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

The fruit of four years’ work, Lawrence published his translation of Homer’s epic under the pseudonym of T. E. Shaw, after George Bernard Shaw. Reading like a novel, it was described in the New York Herald Tribune as ‘perhaps the most interesting translation of one of the world’s most interesting books’, while the Book of the Month Club News called it ‘one of the notable books of our time’.
Book II
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

So soon as rosy-fingered morning came forth from the first grey dawn, the beloved son of Odysseus sprang from bed, dressed, threw the sling of his cutting sword over one shoulder, and tied the rich sandals round his nimble feet: stately as a God he stepped out and down from his bed-chamber. On the moment he had called his heralds and told them to sound, with their ringing voices, the assembly amongst the long haired Achaeans.
Book IX
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

Many-Sided Odysseus then began : “ Lord Alcinous, most eminent, we are in very deed privileged to have within our hearing a singer whose voice is so divinely pure. I tell you, to my mind the acme of intelligent delight is reached when a company sits feasting in some hall, by tables garnished with bread and meat, the while a musician charms their ears and a cup-bearer draws them wine and carries it round served ready for their drinking. Surely this, as I say, is the best thing in the world.
The Genetics of Longevity in Humans
Authors: Turner Trudy R , Weiss Mark L
Published: November 2023

Few topics of human biology attract more general attention than “aging.” Yet knowledge of the determinants and variability in aging parameters are severely limited. In large part this deficiency results because we lack a clear picture as to what constitutes “aging,” why it occurs and why individuals age at different rates. In this paper we review some of the theories concerning the genetics of aging. Additionally, we review the limited literature on the anthropological genetics of aging. For this purpose, we define anthropological genetics as aspects of heredity which are of anthropological significance. This is a much broader definition than the generally accepted restriction to the genetics of small populations, associated aspects of demography, and an emphasis on within and between population variability. This extended definition is largely a result of the minimal literature on anthropological genetics of aging in any narrower sense. Of prime interest in this regard are questions as to why some individuals or populations live longer than others.
Primate Gerontology: An Emerging Discipline
Authors: DeRousseau C Jean
Published: November 2023

The field of primate aging is in its infancy, although there have been several reviews and edited volumes describing age-related changes in old primates (Bowden, 1979; Davis and Leathers, 1985; Pavelka and Fedigan, 1991). The field has grown along with primatology in general from description through explanation to experimentation, but it still lacks a cohesive framework. In this paper I review the major sources of data on aging in non-human primates, and identify three themes within primatology with direct or indirect significance to human aging. These themes are also evolutionary in nature and may help to define a true “primate gerontology.” They are: behavior and physiology; nutrition and aging; and life history.
Chronic Degenerative Diseases and Aging
Authors: Crews Douglas E , Gerber Linda M
Published: November 2023

One goal of biological anthropology is to explore and document human biological variation within and between populations. Longevity and patterns of chronic degenerative diseases vary across today’s many populations and the likelihood is that they have varied throughout hominid evolution. Where life expectancy is low, the constellation of infectious, parasitic, and nutritional disease, poor maternal conditions, congenital childhood diseases, and accidents contribute overwhelmingly to morbidity and mortality. In contrast, where longevity extends to the seventh and eighth decades, a group of conditions, collectively identifiable as chronic degenerative diseases, lead morbidity and mortality statistics.
Nutrition and Aging: lntraindividual Variation
Authors: Stini William A
Published: November 2023

Although it would not be accurate to characterize human dietary versatility as unique, it is nonetheless true that the human digestive system is remarkably tolerant with respect to the range of foods that can be processed to extract the nutrients needed to sustain homeostasis. A survey of dietary practices among human populations, past and present, would reveal some that are almost totally vegetarian while others are, or have been in the recent past, nearly totally carnivorous.