bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Contribution toward Understanding of Cohesiveness in Small Groups
Authors: Gruen Walter
Published: September 2011

To highlight the importance of internal representations of group processes, group cohesiveness was investigated in two independent ways: by a behavioral measure and through cognitive impressions of members using four new measures designed to tap cognitive images of group structure and member interaction. Ten face-to-face groups, totalling 154 members, were carefully observed to obtain behavioral ratings of cohesiveness which were measured by a questionnaire. Two of the new measures correlated significantly with the behavior ratings, one relation was curvilinear, and one was contaminated by sex and age. Only one of eight previously reported cohesiveness tests correlated with the rating, and two others did when the sample was shrunk to seven more homogeneous groups. The results confirm the importance of cognitive mediators of group behavior, when real face-to-face groups are studied.
Effect of Event Run Structure on Prediction of Recursive Binary Sequences
Authors: Derks Peter L. , House Joyce L.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition and prediction of recursive sequences by 150 human Ss was examined in two experiments. In general, errors per response increased with alternations in the schedule. Cycles to solution tended to increase with an increased number of runs but was not clearly related to run length or heterogeneity. Two stages of acquisition were indicated. The response-recall stage was demonstrated by S's early approximation of run lengths. Furthermore, on most schedules errors per response approached a pre-solution minimum of one error per two alternations by the middle of the acquisition process. The associative hook-up, response-ordering stage of pattern acquisition was usually characterized by an all-or-none shift from run length matching to event matching.
Quick Test Performance by Institutional Retardates
Authors: Carlisle A. L.
Published: September 2011

For 106 retarded persons correlations between WAIS IQs and IQs for combined forms of the Quick Test were .68 (Verbal scale), .40 (Performance scale), and .64 (Full scale), which values are similar to previously reported ones of Methvin. The QT assesses reliably (.83) functional language ability.
Effects of Several Schedules of Knowledge of Results on Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Rosenstock Edward H. , Moore J. William , Smith Wendell I.
Published: September 2011

Four forms of a program in mathematics, each varying in the amount of confirmation provided, were utilized in an investigation of scheduling knowledge of results for learners. The schedules were unrelated to achievement.
Differences in Intermediary Metabolism in Mental Illness
Authors: Watson George
Published: September 2011

Exploratory tests of the hypothesis that enzymatic blocks due to unsuspected co-factor deficiencies might be a causal factor in functional mental illness revealed that treatment with certain vitamins or minerals in some instances could apparently make mentally ill Ss more ill. Extensive clinical tests led to separation of the principal vitamins and minerals into groups in terms of whether or not they would improve or worsen the condition of a given S. Two basic types of mentally ill Ss, Types I and II, and two corresponding types of vitamins and minerals were tentatively established. Blood studies revealed statistically significant differencees between Ss classified as Type I or as Type II, the greatest differences being found in the plasma pH and in the dissolved CO2 + H2CO3. Preliminary exploration of the effect of treatment indicates these variables co-vary with psychological status of S when given appropriate vitamins and minerals. Since Type 1 Ss showed an increase in dissolved CO2 + H2CO3 with treatment, it is suggested that they are slow oxidizers, and Type II Ss who show a decrease are fast oxidizers.
Establishment and Control of a Bar-Pressing Habit by Means of Fixed Interval ICSS Reinforcement
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , May James G. , Rye Merrill M.
Published: September 2011

13 rats were prepared with chronically indwelling electrodes, the exposed tips of which were in the vicinity of median forebrain bundle. In addition, 7 of these received septal lesions, 2 were inflicted with unilateral hippocampal lesions, and 2 sustained unilateral lesions of the anterior neocortex. The remaining two Ss received no further surgery beyond the electrode implant. All were trained to bar press for brain stimulation at crf, FI 10-sec., FI 20-sec., FI 40-sec., FI 60-sec., FI 90-sec., and FI 120-sec. reinforcement contingencies, respectively. Although the major outcome of the study was that bar pressing could be developed and maintained by FI ICSS in a manner similar to FI food reinforcement, there were several characteristics of the FI ICSS-controlled behavior which distinguished it from bar pressing controlled by FI food reward. (1) Even when an S had been exposed to FI ICSS for as many as 28 hr., it was necessary at the beginning of each daily session to “prime” and “retrain” S. (2) For FI 60 sec. to FI 120 sec. the over-all rate and coarse grain of the cumulative record of the ICSS sustained behavior was less pronounced than that characteristic of food-controlled fixed-interval. (3) The lesions situated in the septum, hippocampus, and cortex did not alter the FI performance to a noticeable extent.
The Yerkes-Dodson Law Repealed
Authors: Brown W. P.
Published: September 2011

1 There is a flaw

In the evidence for the Yerkes-Dodson Law.

To call it “ubiquitous”

Is pretty iniquitous.
Pet Psychotherapy: Use of Household Pets in the Treatment of Behavior Disorder in Childhood
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

The use of pets in the therapeutic encounter brings a new dimension to child psychotherapy. A pet may be used as an aide by the clinician in his office and also introduced into the home situation.
The Question-Asking Behavior of Highly Creative and Less Creative Basic Business Teachers Identified by a Paper-and-Pencil Test
Authors: Torrance E. Paul , Hansen Ethel
Published: September 2011

From the total population of basic business teachers in a large metropolitan area, criterion groups of highly creative and less creative teachers were selected on the basis of a battery of pencil-and-paper tests of creative thinking abilities. Detailed classroom observations were made of the six highly creative and six less creative basic business teachers during five different class sessions distributed throughout a semester. A record was made of the questions asked by teachers during these five sessions and these were scored on the Burkhart-Bernheim measure of Divergent Power and classified as Divergent-Provocative or Factual-Reproductive. The questions asked by the highly creative teachers compared with those of the less creative ones were given higher scores on the Divergent Power criteria; a greater proportion of them were judged to be Divergent-Provocative and a smaller proportion of them were classified as Factual-Reproductive.
Further Evidence for Intrasession Decrements in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Runquist Willard N. , Towart Eileen
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 20 Ss were given 100 classical eyelid conditioning trials on each of five days. The groups formed a 2 × 2 design with CS Intensity and Room Illumination as the factors involved. Results showed: (1) an increase in CRs over days with more rapid conditioning in the dimmer room; (2) consistent decreases in CRs within sessions, more apparent with the dimmer CS; (3) consistent decreases in latency over trials within a session; and (4) over-all higher performance with the brighter CS.
Error Reduction by Pigeons on a Spatial Successive Reversal Task under Conditions of Non-Correction
Authors: Gossette Robert L. , Cohen Harvey
Published: September 2011

The performance of 5 pigeons on a successive spatial discrimination reversal task was studied over 29 reversals under conditions of non-correction. A significant reduction of errors occurred following an initial peak error score on the second reversal. Intra-problem error reduction was also significant, with errors remaining only during the initial trials of a session with continued reversal training. Terminal reversal performance approached one-trial reversal.
Relevance of Information and Accuracy of Interpersonal Prediction: A Methodological Note
Authors: Blanchard William A.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that, if the relevance of the information given to a judge with regard to the predictions he is asked to make is not controlled, it may serve as a confounding variable in studies of the prediction process. A possible method for dealing with this variable is outlined and evidence for its validity is presented. 58 judges predicted the responses of 8 targets to interest test items under two conditions: (1) where the information given them was relevant (valid) for the predictions to be made and (2) where the information was not relevant. The judges were highly accurate when the information was relevant but performed at chance level when the information was irrelevant.
Verbal Reinforcement and Attitude Change
Authors: Buckhout Robert , Rosenberg Milton J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of two types of verbal reinforcement on attitude change were studied in the context of a structured interview. Positive verbal reinforcement led to significant long-term affect change, while a combination of positive and negative reinforcement produced significant immediate modification of attitudes expressed in the interview.
Frequency of Stimulation during Early Life and Subsequent Emotionality in the Rat
Authors: Ader Robert
Published: September 2011

Between 1 to 10 and 22 to 32 days of age rats were subjected to 3 min. of handling or electric shock at frequencies of 0, ½, 1, 2, or 4 times daily. Frequency of stimulation exerted significant effects either independently or in interaction with the age at which the manipulation occurred. For animals manipulated during the first 10 days of life, the relationship between magnitude of stimulation and emotional reactivity was curvilinear; stimulation at frequencies of up to 2 periods per day reduced emotionality, whereas emotionality in animals receiving 4 periods of stimulation per day tended to return to the level shown by control animals.
Effects of Serial CS Presentation and other Characteristics of the CS on the Conditioned Avoidance Response
Authors: Levis Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Various characteristics of the CS were studied in a one-way delayed-avoidance situation with rats. Greater resistance to extinction was found when the CS-US interval consisted of two CS components presented in a serial order rather than one and when the CS was the onset of a physical stimulus rather than its offset. Duration of the CS did not produce any reliable difference in this study. The data were interpreted mainly by applying an extension of the Solomon and Wynne conservation of anxiety hypothesis.
Intelligence and Semantic Differential Discriminability
Authors: Stricker George , Zax Melvin
Published: September 2011

240 Ss, subdivided by sex, intelligence (high and low) and grade level (fourth, eighth and twelfth), rated 10 Rorschach cards on each of 15 semantic differential scales. Each S's responses were summarized by the entropy statistic, H, as a measure of discriminability. Discriminability increased as a function of intelligence and of grade level, but not of sex, and there were no significant interactions. However, further analysis showed that the relationship between intelligence and discriminability only prevailed in Grades 4 and 8. Contradictions in the research literature can be resolved with some attention to sample size, age of Ss, stimulus condition, and response measures.
Effects of Quality and Quantity of Reinforcement Upon Response Rate in Acquisition and Extinction
Authors: Schaeffer Robert W. , Hanna Barbara
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of quality and quantity of reinforcement upon a lever-pressing response, within the context of repeated acquisition and extinction sessions. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley albino rats were subjected to a 2-by-3 experimental design which incorporated two levels of quality of reinforcement (8% and 32% sucrose pellets) and three levels of quantity of reinforcement (20, 40, or 80 pellets given in each acquisition session). Rate of responding during each acquisition session varied directly with sucrose content of the pellet, but was independent of number of reinforcements (pellets) received in each acquisition session. In extinction, total number of responses varied directly with both number of reinforcements and sucrose content of the pellet. Latency to the first lever-pressing response in both acquisition and extinction was found to be heterogeneous for all Ss and insensitive to variations in quantity and quality of reinforcement.
Effect of Three Types of Feedback on Concept Formation in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Salzberg Herman C. , Williams John T.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to measure the differential effects of reward, “wrong,” and white noise, presented singly and in all possible combinations, on the performance of chronic schizophrenics on a concept formation task. Wrong was found to be the most effective, white noise next, and reward the least effective. Feedback presented in pairs proved to be more effective than when presented singly. The results tended to support the conclusions that: (a) Learning of schizophrenics is influenced more by feedback for errors than by reward following correct responses. (b) A combination of cues is more effective than single cues. The findings were discussed in relation to previous theoretical explanations of psychological deficit in schizophrenics.
Reinforcement-Test Sequences in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Izawa Chizuko
Published: September 2011

To obtain evidence as to whether either learning or forgetting occurs on unreinforced trials and to adduce principles of optimal programming of reinforced (R) and test (T) trials, two experiments were planned each having four conditions with different repetitive R-T sequences: RTRT …, RRTRRT …, RTTRTT …, and RRTTRRTT. … 50 college students in each experiment learned 5 paired associates under each condition. Performance on successive Ts without intervening reinforcement suggested that neither learning nor forgetting occurred on Ts per se. However, the occurrence of Ts increased the effectiveness of subsequent Rs. A stimulus fluctuation model accounted for the major acquisition and retention phenomena, including the differential rates of learning under the different R-T sequences.
S-O-R and the Psychology of Human Learning
Authors: Noble Clyde E.
Published: September 2011

A frame of reference is presented for describing the empirical laws of human learning and performance in terms of stimulus (S), organismic (O), and response (R) variables. The relationship of experimentation to the discovery of laws and the construction of theories is outlined, and some problems connected with the objective specification of S, O, and R events are discussed. Learning as a systematic concept is treated at two definitional (formal vs operational) and two theoretical (Hull vs Estes) levels. An analysis of the hypothetical associative factor (Hall's H or Estes' x) reveals that it is basically a mathematical transformation of selected independent variables. Finally, a set of criteria is proposed by which the utility of theories of learning and performance may be evaluated.
Role-Deviant Behavior of Clients in Psychotherapy
Authors: Krause Merton S.
Published: September 2011

The recognition of client role-deviance requires an analysis of the client's role as it is determined by the therapist's treatment plans. The control of this deviance is necessary if these plans are to be realized. The most effective means of deviance control are those which are adapted to the sources of the particular deviant behavior. The relations among treatment goals, the client-roles they require, types of role-deviance, its sources and the means of controlling role-deviance are analyzed.
Attitude Change as a Function of Intensive Training, Dogmatism and Authoritarianism
Authors: Vacchiano Ralph B. , Schiffman David C. , Crowell Areta V.
Published: September 2011

The effects on attitude of an intensive training program for 55 graduate students, none of whom had taught before or attended courses in education, were measured with the MTAI. Females were found to change significantly in their attitudes, revealing greater permissiveness, while males showed no change in attitude. Initial scores on the MTAI were inversely and significantly related to authoritarianism and dogmatism (as measured by the California F Scale and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale). Attitude shifts as a function of training were significantly related to authoritarianism but not to dogmatism.
Effects of Postweaning Tactual Stimulation on Emotionality and Social Dominance in the Rat
Authors: Becker Gilbert , Flaherty Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

10 male rats were systematically handled for 30 days after weaning and compared with 10 controls. Experimental Ss were less timid (cage-emergence latency) and less fearful (reluctance to eat). When each experimental S was paired permanently with a control S and permitted to compete for food over 12 encounters, the experimental Ss won all 10 bouts of the first session. In the remaining 11 sessions, however, the frequencies of wins and losses fell close to chance expectation. Two interpretations of the transitory differences in dominance were posited in terms of (a) the decay of the effects of manipulation over long periods of time and (b) the temporary competition of greater social curiosity-timidity arousal and food-consummatory responses in the control Ss. It was suggested that the greater permanence of differences found when rotated-pair comparisons are used results from continual curiosity-timidity rearousal in control Ss. This rearousal is associated with the introduction of unfamiliar opponents on every trial.
Influence of Learning on Taste Preferences in the Rat: Reply to P. T. Young
Authors: Brookshire Kenneth H. , Schnorr John A.
Published: September 2011

A recent article by Young presented data from two experiments on the preference behavior of rats given a choice between distilled water and tap water. His interpretation of these results and the results of prior published reports is critically examined.
Conditioning and Transfer Effects of Verbally Reinforcing Choices of Personality Statements
Authors: Stollak Gary E.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of (1) reinforcement on Ss' choices of selected EPPS statements, (2) high or low correlation between the EPPS and ACL on transfer effects from EPPS conditioning to ACL performance, and (3) the differences in the reinforceability of EPPS needs high or low on a social desirability (SD) hierarchy. Ss with either high or low EPPS-ACL correlations were assigned to a group which either received E silence, verbal reinforcement (VR) given from behind S, or VR and expressive movements (VR + EM) given in view of S. Results indicated significant conditioning effects even in Ss who denied E's influence, but there were no significant differences between VR and VR + EM, and no significant changes in ACL performance. The influence of the SD variable was also observed.
Effect of Escape versus Non-Escape Responses from the Goal Box during Extinction
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Carlson Nils James
Published: September 2011

Animals were trained in a runway under conditions of food reward and extinguished under conditions which either allowed escape into a second runway or resulted in confinement in the empty goal box (Non-escape group). The hypothesis derived from Hullian theory stated that an Escape group which was forced to perform twice the work of a Non-escape group for an equal number of non-reinforced trials would extinguish faster. The alternative hypothesis derived from elicitation theory predicted the reverse because the Escape group is allowed a compatible escape response from the frustrating situation while the Non-escape group can only make incompatible responses in the nonreinforced goal box which will interfere with the original learned response. The Hullian hypothesis was supported only on the first day of extinction. The following days the Escape group increased their running speed and data supported the elicitation theory. The Non-escape group also failed to extinguish which is hard to explain in terms of either theoretical system. It was suggested that a frustration drive theory might better account for the data.
Psychology of the Scientist: XVI. Experience of E as a Variable in Reducing Experimenter Bias
Authors: Ingraham Larry H. , Harrington Gordon M.
Published: September 2011

Although E bias has been experimentally induced and its effects discussed, few attempts have been made to explain it or to study it when E simultaneously runs all experimental conditions. In this study 27 naive Es conditioned fictitiously typed “bright” and “dull” rats for bar-pressing. Six Es ran only “bright” Ss, 6 Es ran only “dull” Ss, and 15 Es ran both types. The mean differences among groups were not significant, although there was evidence that Es were biased and those who ran both conditions showed attenuated differences. The negative results were attributed to a long pretraining period for Es, and the bias present was explained as an initial and not continuing response to conformity stimuli in an ambiguous situation.
The Activation of Habits
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents data from three sets of experiments on simple runway and barpress performance by the rat. The results are interpreted as offering support for the hypothesis that the response-specific associative and activating components of motivated behavior are independently manipulable, and that it is essentially a decrement in the activating component which accounts for the decrement in performance typically shown in extinction. The implications of this view, especially for a reconceptualization of the habit construct, are outlined. Although the research here reported is concerned with extinction, where the separability of the two components is most readily demonstrated, the hypothesis also necessarily pertains to acquisition. It holds that during acquisition of an instrumental appetitive response an organism not only learns how to respond but also develops a motivation to respond. Research is now underway on the determinants of the acquisition of this activating component. Definitive statements are not yet feasible but it may be hoped that data on the acquisition process complementary to those reported for extinction will eventually provide a more satisfactory account of the learning-motivation interaction than is at present available in the orthodox learning theories.
An Idiot Savant on the WAIS?
Authors: Luszki Walter A.
Published: September 2011

The test performance and behavior of a 32-yr.-old retarded male are described as illustrative of the unusually high skill occasionally seen in a person who scores below normal intellectually. Relevant supporting literature is cited.
Judgment of Evaluative Balance in Sentences
Authors: Zippel Bert
Published: September 2011

Eight examples each of eight sentence types were generated by combining positively or negatively evaluated concepts as sentence subjects and objects with the verbs love and hate. Correct judgment of evaluative balance or imbalance of the sentences by 42 male and 42 female Ss decreased as the number of negatively evaluated concepts in the sentences increased.
Relation of Age and Education to Attitudes toward Mental Illness
Authors: Clark A. W. , Binks Noel M.
Published: September 2011

Using the Custodial Mental Illness Ideology Scale as a measuring instrument with 56 Ss, it was found that low age and high education were related to a liberal attitude toward mental illness.
Empirical Estimates of Intercorrelations among the Components of Scores on Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H. , Rehm Hubert H. , Elmore William
Published: September 2011

College students were instructed to indicate on various multiple-choice tests whether they “knew the answer” or “guessed” each item, and the results were treated as estimated true and error components of scores. The values of the intercorrelations of these components were similar to those given by a computer program described previously. The values found for all tests were consistent with the assumption that test scores consist of both independent and non-independent components of error and that the non-independent error component is relatively large.
Development of Conditioned Behaviors in the Infant Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Mehr Gilbert W. , Garcia-Rodriquez Consuelo
Published: September 2011

Infant monkeys were placed on a conditioned avoidance ( CAR), conditioned emotion ( CER), or pseudo-conditioned avoidance response (Pseudo- CAR) schedule. The CAR Ss were started on Day 1, Day 31, or Day 61; the CER Ss, at Day 1 or Day 31; and the Pseudo- CAR Ss, at Day 1. All were reintroduced into the situation for 5-day sessions at 30-day intervals until 90 days of age. Relevant comparisons of the groups indicated that: (1) CAR was readily established in the newborn; (2) the efficiency of CAR was cumulative and dependent upon experience alone; (3) the efficiency of CER was age-dependent with a maximum at 60 or 90 days of age; (4) the establishment of CAR does not depend upon previously established CER
An Attempt to Extend Spence's Hypothesis of the Restricting Effects of Awareness
Authors: Lux Kenneth
Published: September 2011

It has been hypothesized that a preconscious (unverbalized) word has greater influence on recall than a conscious (verbalized) word. This was tested using a chained word association procedure in which S produced a chain of associates to a stimulus word. The “awareness hypothesis” was tested in those response chains in which one of the two highest value associates of the stimulus word was given as the first response in the chain. The other associate was assumed to be primed by the stimulus word and in the preconscious state. It was found, contrary to the “awareness hypothesis,” that the verbalized associates had greater influence than unverbalized ones on later responses in the chain. This result was taken to limit the scope of the “awareness hypothesis.” It was noted that previous work had used a stronger criterion for a word's being in the preconscious than was used here.
Physiological Reactivity to Sensory Stimulation as a Measure of Personality
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

6 introverts and 6 extraverts were tested with respect to the increment of salivary activity as a consequence of (a) putting 4 drops of lemon juice on their tongues and (b) having them swallow 4 drops of lemon juice. Under condition (a) introverts salivated significantly more than extraverts; under condition (b) extraverts salivated significantly more than introverts. Pavlov's theory of transmarginal inhibition was suggested as a possible explanation of this reversal.
Review of Recent Research on Hypnotic Learning
Authors: Treloar William W.
Published: September 2011

Hypnosis as a psychological tool in learning has generated controversial findings and conflicting opinions among current psychologists in both clinical and experimental settings. These findings are presented, illustrating the main points of the controversy, followed by a methodological critique which emphasizes the salient features of the disagreements.
Conditioned Suppression: Comments on Lyon's Reply
Authors: Blackman Derek
Published: September 2011

Comments on Lyon's reply (1967) to an earlier paper (Blackman, 1966) are presented.
Transfer of Verbal Conditioning to Non-Verbal Behavior
Authors: Phelan Joseph G. , Hekmat Hamid , Tang Terry
Published: September 2011

In this study neutral syllables pre-rated on Osgood's semantic differential scale were presented as names of blocks. After negative meaning was associated with the syllable XEH Ss re-rated the syllables on three descriptive scales. This conditioning of meaning was established by using unpleasant, weak, and mixed weak-unpleasant evaluative words. These affects were shown to be conditionable to the syllable XEH, to be transferable to a wooden block named XEH, and to be able to modify S's non-verbal behavior toward the labeled object, block XEH. The application of such words as negative reinforcers in psychotherapy was endorsed.
Stanford-Binet and Goodenough-Harris Test Performances of Head Start Children
Authors: Olivier K. , Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

The characteristics of revised Stanford-Binet (S-B) and Goodenough-Harris protocols (GHDT) were investigated for 188 culturally disadvantaged children. These children scored in the low normal level of intelligence, girls were superior to boys, and whites were superior to Negroes. Further, a race and sex analysis indicated white females showed functional superiority relative to Negro male and female children while there were no differences between white male children and Negro male or female children. Also, the S-B and the GHDT did not correlate highly, suggesting that different skills are required by the two tests. An item analysis of the S-B suggested that for this population most of the items are correctly placed for age.
Stimulus Ambiguity, Discrepant Information, and Task Importance in Opinion Structure and Change
Authors: Terris William , Smouse Albert D.
Published: September 2011

Ss given initial instructions intended to either maximize or minimize the perceived importance of the experiment subsequently made anonymous written estimates of the mean as well as the highest and lowest values the mean could assume for a critical list of numbers having a mean of 88 but one of four standard deviations. In addition, Ss were exposed to either high or low discrepant information from confederates of E. The main results were that the estimate of mean varied as a function of the size of the confederates' discrepant estimates but not as a function of stimulus ambiguity. Moreover, the range of estimated possible means (highest minus lowest possible mean) varied directly as a function of both stimulus ambiguity and the magnitude of the discrepant information.
Some Vicissitudes of Chain P-Factor Analysis: Criterion of Meaningfulness
Authors: Howard Kenneth I. , Hill James A.
Published: September 2011

In a Chain P-factor analysis the elimination of the between person variance reduces the contribution of “true score” variance to the true score-total score variance ratio based on the reduced scores. Factors which emerge in such an analysis may unduly reflect the influence of error variance and demand caution in their interpretation. An expanded criterion of meaningfulness was proposed which contrasted an obtained solution with a randomly generated solution under the null hypothesis that independent judges could not do better than chance in distinguishing the real factors from the random ones. A Chain P-analysis of real data gathered from 45 female patients, tested after each of 10 successive psychotherapy sessions, was contrasted with a parallel analysis of Monte-Carlo data. Four judges significantly discriminated the real factors from the random factors in a paired comparison task. The results strengthened the credibility of the Chain P-analysis and established the usefulness of an expanded criterion of meaningfulness.
Anxiety and Humanization
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Traditionally and historically anxiety has been associated with the disruptive symptoms of psychopathology. An absence of anxiety has been related to psychopathic personality and to personality inhibition or alienation. Our society currently fosters impersonality, isolation of feelings from behavior and awareness, and relatively diminished anxiety. As a result, conditions of impaired humanization and interference with the process of identity formation are present. Humanization may be dependent upon sufficient anxiety to permit socialization and consequent caring about oneself and others. Social action programs are presented as anxiety-stimulants and as therapeutic for both individuals and social problems.
Replacement Behavior following Deprivation of Food, Water, Running, or Light
Authors: Lockard Robert B.
Published: September 2011

In 4 separate experiments albino rats were allowed to stabilize in rate on an activity (eating, drinking, light-exposure, or running), after which they were deprived of that activity for a time ranging from 2 to 8 days for different groups. The intent of the methodology was to apply the classical test for “drive”—increased comsummatory behavior following deprivation—to 4 different response measures and to examine in detail the time-course of deficit elimination. Food and water deficits were replaced in an orderly fashion requiring about 3 wk. for completion. Deficits of running activity were not replaced. Compensation for deficits of light was intermediate, showing a little replacement on the first day after deprivation, but no clear evidence of replacement thereafter.
Social Desirability and Marital Happiness
Authors: Cone John D.
Published: September 2011

Data from a study by Dymond (1954) which showed personality differences between groups of happily and unhappily married couples are reanalyzed in terms of social desirability (SD). The happy and unhappy groups are shown to have mean rates of SD responding of .73 and .46, respectively ( t = 12.095, p < .0001, df = 14).
Analysis of Three Stimulation-Seeking Scales
Authors: McCarroll James E. , Mitchell Kevin M. , Carpenter Ronda J. , Anderson J. P.
Published: September 2011

3 measures of stimulation seeking were administered to 128 pre-freshman students and 97 general psychology students. Normative data were provided and compared with previous data. Significantly higher means and correlations among scales were obtained for the general psychology students than for the pre-freshman students. It is possible that the Sensation-seeking Scale (SSS) tends to measure more variable characteristics than SVS or CSI. However, it is equally possible that these differences may be due to lack of reliability of the SSS or the insensitivity of the other two to change. Which of the possibilities may be or is the case is not evident from these data.
Delayed Reward, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance: A within-Type Design
Authors: Wike Edward L. , Mellgren Roger L. , Cour Carole A.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were done on delayed reinforcement and extinction using a within-group design in training. Entering one alley of a Grice discrimination apparatus led to immediate reward, while entering the other led to 40-sec. delays either on 50% of the trials (Exps. I and II) or on 100% of the trials (Exp. III). Half of Ss were extinguished in the non-delay alley, half in the delay alley. Half of Ss in each extinction group were extinguished without delay-box confinement, half with 40-sec. delay-box confinement on 50% of the trials (Exps. I and II) or 100% of the trials (Exp. III). In all three experiments Ss learned to discriminate between the delay and non-delay alleys. In Exp. I Ss ran significantly faster in extinction in the non-delay alley. The same trend was evident in Exps. II and III. Thus, the results were in the opposite direction to those which have been found in between-group studies. In Exp. III Ss with 100% delay-box confinement in extinction ran slower (.10 > p > .05) than Ss without confinement.
Duration of Delay, Delay-Box Confinement, and Runway Performance
Authors: Wike Edward L. , McWilliams Junko
Published: September 2011

Rats ( N=69) were trained in a runway under 0-, 10-, and 20-sec. delays and extinguished with 0-, 10-, 20-sec. delay-box confinements using one trial/day in each stage of the experiment. Duration of delay in training was inversely related to running speed in acquisition and in extinction. Duration of confinement in extinction was inversely related to running speed in extinction. Increases in delay from training to extinction led to faster extinction; decreases in delay to slower extinction.
Dimensions of Psychopathology in Middle Childhood
Authors: Miller Lovick C.
Published: September 2011

Factorial studies of psychopathology of childhood have revealed from 2 to 14 factors. To be useful, some consensus as to the appropriate number of factors or a means of relating factors must be found. A method is proposed which relates major and minor factors in a meaningful and logical way. 8 principal component factors were extracted and converted to scales from checklist protocols of 263 disturbed male children between 5 and 12 yr. of age. The 8 scales were re-factored to reveal 3 second-order factors. The first-order factors were shown to be psychologically and statistically related to the second-order factors. Second-order factoring appears to provide a method for: relating broad and narrow band factors, permitting the addition of new factors, and setting an upper limit to the number of factors which can be obtained. Implications of the findings for the development of a nosology are considered.
Effects of Bedding Material on Survival Probability, Body Weight and Open-Field Behaviour in Rat
Authors: Satinder K. Paul
Published: September 2011

On several measures a group of 8 female rats reared with bedding material performed better than a group of 8 reared without bedding. Changes in weight were related to open-field testing and to presence of bedding material.
Survey of Discriminatory Beliefs and Attitudes toward Employment of Socially Disadvantaged Groups
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

The general results of a survey of discriminatory beliefs and attitudes concerning the employment of various disadvantaged groups were reported. Discriminatory beliefs and attitudes were classified under 12 heuristic categories.
Infantile Body Temperature Loss in Rats: Effects of Duration of Cold Exposure, Rate of Heat Loss, Level of Hypothermia, and Rewarming on Later Emotionality
Authors: Hutchings Donald E.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are described which investigated the effects of several parameters of body temperature, including rate of temperature loss, duration of cold exposure, level of hypothermia, and rewarming on later emotionality. Experimental controls permitted independent assessment of the effects of manipulation or “extra-stimulation,” as well as the possible role of differential maternal response to the chilled litter. The data demonstrated that (1) the rate of body temperature loss and the duration of cold exposure are major independent variables, (2) their effect on emotionality is curvilinear, (3) response to early cold exposure is sex dependent, and (4) manipulation or “extra-stimulation” and maternal mediation are inadequate to explain the observed effects. on the basis of these findings, an underlying mechanism involving the thermoregulatory response to cold is suggested.
Multi-Dimensional Approach to the Experimental Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Effect of a Blunder on the Attractiveness of a Competent other
Authors: Kiesler Charles A. , Goldberg Gordon N.
Published: September 2011

Factor-analysis was used to explore the feasibility of a multidimensional approach to the study of interpersonal attraction in an experimental context. S completed a battery of attraction items concerning an O he heard on tape. In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, O either blundered or not, was the same age or older than 5, and held similar or different opinions. These attraction ratings were then factor-analyzed and factor scores later used in analyses of variance for experimental conditions. The two factors extracted were related to socio-emotional and task-related aspects of interpersonal attraction. Interestingly enough, the Similarity dimension was significant on both of these independent factors. The study provides support for a multi-dimensional conceptualization of interpersonal attraction.
Motives for College Attendance
Authors: Hartman Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Motives for college attendance were compared for male and female college freshmen at a resident, private college (80 males, 80 females) and at a commuter, state university (77 males, 62 females). Ss were administered a 19-statement rating scale. There were no apparent sex differences within each group. Desire to satisfy parental demands was a much stronger motivational factor for resident, private college students and a desire to make more money was rated as a much stronger motivational factor by the commuter, public college group.
Inhibiting Effects of Attempts to Verbalize on Attainment and Use of Complex Conjunctive Concepts
Authors: Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

For 90 college students, matched for SAT scores, there was differentiation of ability to identify correctly complex conjunctive concepts in a card-sorting task, as demonstrated by ability to learn the concepts to an errorless trial and to apply the newly formed concepts to other materials. Some Ss were able to learn the concepts to an errorless trial and to apply each concept to new sorts but were then unable to verbalize correctly those rules they had just employed. The same Ss who had previously learned an equivalent principle for sorting in one situation, then having tried unsuccessfully to verbalize the concept which they had just employed, were unable to apply the same principle in a new, equivalent situation.
Deprivation and Radiant Heat Reinforcement
Authors: Barofsky Ivan
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 10 rats each were fed ad lib. or in a manner to maintain them 10, 20, or 30% below their free-feeding body weight. Each animal was closely clipped and exposed to the cold (2°C) with radiant heat reinforcement available. Results show that the frequency of radiant heat reinforcement did not vary as a function of deprivation level; however, as the intensity of the radiant heat reinforcement was decreased, the frequency of radiant heat reinforcements increased.
A Psychological Screening Test Form for Children Suspected of Mental Retardation
Authors: Boyd Vick , Means John R.
Published: September 2011

A form to be used for summarizing psychological data gathered in screening clinics for mental retardation is described.
Judging Initial in-Therapy Behavior
Authors: Carter Ross E.
Published: September 2011

20 clinical graduate students were asked to rate initial interviews of a single client using Kirtner and Cartwright's scale for predicting length and outcome of therapy. Both audio and video methods of presenting the interviews were used. Kirtner and Cartwright's finding that particular scale items discriminated among clients was partially supported. The lack of over-all significant findings did not allow for a comparison of audio and video methods of presentation.
Functionally Independent Construction (FIC): Studies of Consistency
Authors: Landfield A. W. , Danforth W. J. , Baugh L. J.
Published: September 2011

Data from three studies are presented which support the relative consistency, over time, of a Personal Construct organization score. Other evidence is cited supporting the hypothesis that effective functioning may be related to greater integration of Personal Constructs.
On the Confounding of Creativity Contexts: Maslow's Psychology of Science
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach framework distinguishes between the novelty and the personal-subjective meaning contexts of creativity. This note uses the distinction to critique Maslow's Psychology of Science, possibly shedding light thereby on Murphy's dissatisfaction with the book's epistemology.
A Short Form of Pari to Assess Authoritarian Attitudes toward Child Rearing
Authors: Cross Herbert J. , Kawash George F.
Published: September 2011

The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) was revised and shortened in an attempt to assess authoritarianism and warmth. A factor analysis demonstrated the logic of combining the scales into these two factors. The relationship between these factors and authoritarianism was explored by testing 46 college students with the PARI short form and both forms of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) steropathy scales. Both PARI factors were significantly related to authoritarianism measured as a cluster of attitudes (Form I of the SSRC) but not as a personality variable (Form P of the SSRC). The over-all pattern of results suggests that the new short-form PARI is a useful technique for assessing authoritarian attitudes toward childrearing.
Note on Form Class Clustering with Children
Authors: Tillman M. H. , Bradley Michael
Published: September 2011

A two-list clustering task was used to study the use of form class cues in children's oral recall. List I contained six monosyllabic words in each of three form class categories: transitive verbs, nouns, and adjectives. From List I a second list was derived by replacing transitive verbs with intransitive verbs and retaining the same nouns and adjectives. Stimulus-list words elicited as responses by other stimulus-list words had an average association value less than 2%. Results indicated the obtained level of clustering was low for the block presentation and was not associated with age, list, trials, or homogeneous responses to word-association stimuli.
Instructional Set and Social Desirability Scale Values
Authors: Carr John E.
Published: September 2011

Instructional set affects endorsement of personality items, but its effect on the social desirability scale values (SDSV) of such items is unknown. The results suggest that probability of endorsement of a personality item may be altered in response to the influence of set upon perceived SDSV of trait items.
Auditory Prompting in Assessing Availability of Responses in Recall
Authors: Silverstein Albert
Published: September 2011

A measurement procedure was described for assessing response-availability in a quantitatively continuous fashion, based upon the use of auditory prompts and the assumption that the greater the amplitude of prompting required the less available is the response. Experimental data showed the signal-to-noise ratio of auditory prompts required for recall was inversely related to the number of practice trials. Those items which Ss never correctly anticipated during training required a higher prompting level than those which had been anticipated at least once. Successive recall opportunities without prompting did not improve the level of recall.
Note on Levy's Methodological Review of Studies on Short-Forms of the WAIS
Authors: Holmes Douglas S.
Published: September 2011

It is contended that only some of Levy's criticisms are appropriate to the studies reviewed. Others reflect a misconception of the purpose and function of studies on WAIS short-forms.
Semantic Differential Response Bias in Psychopathic, Delinquent, and Normal Boys
Authors: Walkey Frank H. , Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

To test the notion that extreme responding on Semantic Differential scales is related to maladjustment 3 groups of 12-yr.-old boys rated socially meaningful Semantic Differential Concepts. A psychopathic delinquent and non-psychopathic delinquent group checked the neutral space more frequently than a control “normal” group.
Modes of Encounter
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Two fundamental modes of human-being-in-the-world are distinguished. In the particulate mode engagement is with objects in their specificity. In the transcendent mode, which establishes the person in phenomenal union with the world, transactions are with qualities and conditions qua qualities and conditions. To each mode a distinctive field-character attaches, differing in the elements of articulatedness, continuity, and in the logic of event inclusion. Knowing in the transcendent mode is of oneness and proceeds through immediate apprehension. Certain transcendent encounters are in their possibility ontological in nature. Such define the compass of universal human experience. Interpretable as transcendent transactions are Maslow's “peak-experience” and Buber's “I-Thou” encounter.