bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscape heterogeneity increases survival of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis juveniles in a frequently burned, humid savanna
Authors: Fill Jennifer M. , Tricone Fanny , Muschamp Mario , Crandall Raelene M. , Anderson Rick
Published: March 2022

We characterized Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis) seedling and juvenile survival in lowland Belizean savannas with respect to environment and fire regimes. Plants in open and densely wooded environments had lower survival after fire. We hypothesize that facilitative or correlative mechanisms might promote positive relationships between shrubs and pine survival.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
The role of harsh parenting practices in early‐ to middle‐childhood socioemotional development: An examination in the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Speyer Lydia Gabriela , Hang Yuzhan , Hall Hildigunnur Anna , Murray Aja Louise
Published: March 2022

Patterson's coercion model describes a gradual escalation in maladaptive parent–child transactions whereby externalizing behaviors lead to increases in maladaptive parenting and vice versa. The current study investigates the role of (predominantly mother‐reported) harsh parenting practices in the within‐person development of conduct problems, hyperactive/inattentive behaviors, and emotional problems. A random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model was fit across ages 3, 5, and 7 (N = 14,037, 49% female, 84% White) using the UK population‐representative Millennium Cohort Study. Findings support Patterson's coercion model, providing evidence for reciprocal within‐family relations between parenting practices and child behaviors. They suggest the importance of addressing parenting difficulties in families where children present with socioemotional difficulties in order to help prevent the accumulation of additional issues.
Single and partial tooth replacement with fixed dental prostheses supported by dental implants: A systematic review of outcomes and outcome measures used in clinical trials in the last 10 years
Authors: Sailer Irena , Barbato Luigi , Mojon Philippe , Pagliaro Umberto , Serni Lapo , Karasan Duygu , Cairo Francesco
Published: March 2022

Aim

To evaluate outcome measures, methods of assessment, and analysis in clinical studies on fixed single‐ and multiple‐unit implant restorations.

Materials and Methods

Three independent electronic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane) were done to identify prospective and retrospective clinical studies published from January 2011 up to June 2021 with ≥20 patients and minimum 1‐year follow‐up period on technical and clinical outcomes of implant‐supported single crowns (SCs) and partial fixed dental prostheses (P‐FDPs). An entire data extraction was performed to identify primarily the most reported outcome measures and later to define the choice of assessment methods of those outcome measures. The outcomes were analysed descriptively, and the strength of association was evaluated using the Pearson chi‐square test (p ≤ .05).

Results

In a total 531 studies, 368 on SCs (69.3%), 70 on P‐FDPs (13.1%), and 93 on both restoration types (17.5%) were included; 56.3% of all studies did not clearly define a primary outcome. The most frequent primary outcome was marginal bone level (MBL) (55.2%) followed by implant survival (5.3%), professional aesthetic evaluation (3.4%), and technical complications (2.1%). Peri‐implant indices were the most reported secondary outcome (55.1%), followed by implant survival (39.9%), MBL (36%), and implant success (26.4%). Prosthetic failure (seven studies [3.9%]) was one of the least reported outcome measures.

Conclusions

Outcome measures and their assessment methods showed high heterogeneity among studies. Primary outcomes were not often defined clearly, and the most frequently selected primary outcome was marginal bone loss. Prosthetic outcomes, implant survival, and patient‐related outcomes were only infrequently reported.
Postoperative rectovaginal fistula: Can colonic pull‐through delayed coloanal anastomosis avoid the need for definitive stoma? An experience of 28 consecutives cases
Authors: Blondeau Marc , Labiad Camélia , Melka Dan , de Ponthaud Charles , Giacca Massimo , Monsinjon Marie , Panis Yves
Published: March 2022

Aim

Management of rectovaginal fistula (RVF) remains a challenge, especially in cases of postoperative RVF as they are often large and surrounded by inflammatory and fibrotic tissue, making local repair difficult or even impossible. In this situation, colonic pull‐through delayed coloanal anastomosis (DCAA) could be an interesting option. The aim of this study was to assess the results of DCAA for RVF observed after rectal surgery.

Methods

All patients who underwent DCAA for RVF were reviewed. Success was defined as a patient without stoma and without any symptoms of recurrent RVF at the end of follow‐up.

Results

From January 2010 to December 2020, 28 DCAA were performed for RVF after rectal surgery for rectal cancer (n = 21) or endometriosis (n = 7). Ten patients (36%) had at least one previous local procedure before DCAA. DCAA was associated with temporary ileostomy in 22/28 cases (79%). After a mean follow‐up of 23 ± 23 (2–82) months, the success rate was 86% (24/28): three patients (11%) required a definitive stoma because of poor functional results (n = 1), chronic pelvic sepsis with anastomotic leakage (n = 1) or stoma reversal refused (n = 1). Another patient (3%) presented with recurrence of RVF, 26 months after DCAA. Although not significant, the success rate was higher in cases of DCAA with diverting stoma (20/22, 91%) than without (4/6, 67%) (p = 0.191).

Conclusion

In cases of postoperative RVF, DCAA is a safe option which can avoid definitive stoma in the great majority of the patients. Concomitant use of a temporary stoma appears to slightly increase the success rate.
Histopathologic and genetic findings in atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumors and atypical pleomorphic fibromas
Authors: Kouhsari Laleh Montaser , LeBoit Philip E. , McCalmont Timothy H. , Hinds Brian , North Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2022

Background

Spindle cell lipomas, pleomorphic lipomas (SCL/PLs), and pleomorphic fibromas (PF) are tumors with loss of retinoblastoma (RB). The latest World Health Organization classification includes a category of atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumors (ASPLT), which encompasses tumors in this spectrum that show atypical histopathologic features. We have observed PFs that show similar atypical features.

Methods

Cases of SCL/PL and PF with atypical features were collected from tissue archives between 2010 and 2019. Genetic alterations were investigated using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).

Result

Of 15 cases found, most tumors were dermal based with fibrocytic or fibroadipocytic appearance and occasional lipoblasts. All cases had a high proliferation index with atypical mitotic figures in 71% of cases. Chromosome 13q loss was present in all cases with CGH data. Additional recurrent chromosomal losses included 17p, 16q, 17q, 20p, 4, and 10. No recurrence was found in limited follow‐up.

Conclusions

ASPLTs are characterized by loss of RB, prominent nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic activity including atypical mitotic figures, and genomic instability with multiple chromosomal aberrations. A similar group of tumors with these histopathologic features lacks lipomatous differentiation, and we propose the diagnosis of atypical PF as a fibromatous variant of ASPLT. Limited clinical follow‐up appears benign.
Capturing the active ingredients of paediatric neurorehabilitation
Authors: Whyte John
Published: March 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Forsyth et al. on pages 1168–1175 of this issue.
The 10‐year treatment outcome of open dialogue‐based psychiatric services for adolescents: A nationwide longitudinal register‐based study
Authors: Bergström Tomi , Seikkula Jaakko , Alakare Birgitta , Kurtti Mia , Köngäs‐Saviaro Päivi , Löhönen Elina , Miettunen Jouko , Mäkiollitervo Hannele , Taskila Jyri J. , Virta Katriina , Valtanen Kari
Published: March 2022

Aim

To evaluate the 10‐year treatment outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of adolescents' mental health treatment initiated under the social network‐oriented open dialogue (OD) approach.

Methods

This longitudinal register‐based study included all persons who, for the first time, received psychiatric treatment in Finland during the period 1 January 2003–31 December 2008, and who were aged 13–20 at onset (n = 44 868). The OD group included all persons whose treatment commenced in the Western Lapland catchment area (n = 780), this being the only region in Finland where OD covered the entire mental healthcare service at the time of inclusion. The comparison group (CG) included the rest of Finland (n = 44 088). The primary outcome variables were psychiatric treatment and/or disability allowances at the end of the 10‐year follow‐up, or death. The secondary outcome variables were treatment and disability expenses. Generalized linear models weighted by inverse probability of treatment were used to study the association between OD and the primary outcomes. Population proportions were used to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of the approaches.

Results

Treatment that commenced outside OD was associated with higher odds of continuing to receive treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4; 95%CI 1.2–1.6) and disability allowances (aOR 1.6; 95%CI 1.2–2.1) at the end of the 10‐year follow‐up. No significant difference in the mortality ratio emerged. The cumulative 10‐year expenses per capita were lower under OD.

Conclusions

OD associated with favourable long‐term outcomes, but due the observational design and possible residual confounding, further studies with a more robust research design are required.
The origins of global biodiversity on land, sea and freshwater
Authors: Román‐Palacios Cristian , Moraga‐López Daniela , Wiens John J.
Published: March 2022

Many biodiversity studies focus on explaining high tropical species richness, but an equally dramatic yet understudied pattern involves the divergent richness of land, sea and freshwater. Here, we reveal the origins of these richness differences among habitats across animals and plants. Most plant and animal species are terrestrial, although these habitats cover only ~28% of Earth's surface. Marine habitats have fewer species over a larger area (~70%). Freshwater habitats have relatively high richness and exceptional phylogenetic diversity given their tiny area (2%). The relative richness of habitats is related to variation in diversification rates. Based on ancestral reconstructions of habitat, we find that most marine species are descended from marine ancestors and most terrestrial species from freshwater ancestors. Yet, most extant animal richness in freshwater is derived from terrestrial ancestors. Overall, our results reveal the origins of fundamental but neglected biodiversity patterns, and highlight the conservation importance of freshwater habitats.
Physiology and aquaculture: A review of ion and acid‐base regulation by the gills of fishes
Authors: Zimmer Alex M. , Perry Steve F.
Published: March 2022

Fish aquaculture facilities strive to maintain abiotic conditions that optimise somatic growth. Two physiological systems that are critically linked to environmental abiotic factors are ion and acid‐base regulation. Given the detrimental effects of ionic and acid‐base imbalances coupled with the potential energetic costs of ion and acid‐base regulation, it is important to understand how changes in abiotic variables such as salinity, temperature and pH alter ionoregulatory and acid‐base physiology. The gill is the predominant site of ion and acid‐base regulation, two linked processes that are vital to the health of fishes. Most species maintain ion levels in the blood plasma within a narrow range, independent of external ion concentrations. In freshwater (FW), fishes must actively take up ions from their dilute environment to counteract passive ion losses, while in seawater (SW), ion excretion serves to counteract passive salt gain. Ion uptake (FW) and excretion (SW) are coordinated by different subtypes of ion‐transporting cells (ionocytes) expressed in the gill epithelium. In this review, we discuss the function of FW and SW ionocytes in the movement of ions across the gill epithelium and address other features of the gill that are integral to ionoregulation. We also discuss the mechanisms of acid‐base regulation by the gill, which is intimately related to ion regulation because it is coordinated by Na+‐ and Cl−‐linked fluxes of acid (H+) and base () equivalents. These fundamental physiological principles are integral in understanding how fishes in aquaculture respond to relevant disturbances that may occur under culture conditions.
Making Space in Geographical Analysis
Authors: Franklin Rachel S. , Delmelle Elizabeth C. , Andris Clio , Cheng Tao , Dodge Somayeh , Franklin Janet , Heppenstall Alison , Kwan Mei‐Po , Li WenWen , McLafferty Sara , Miller Jennifer A. , Munroe Darla K. , Nelson Trisalyn , Öner Özge , Pumain Denise , Stewart Kathleen , Tong Daoqin , Wentz Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2022

In this commentary we reflect on the potential and power of geographical analysis, as a set of methods, theoretical approaches, and perspectives, to increase our understanding of how space and place matter for all. We emphasize key aspects of the field, including accessibility, urban change, and spatial interaction and behavior, providing a high‐level research agenda that indicates a variety of gaps and routes for future research that will not only lead to more equitable and aware solutions to local and global challenges, but also innovative and novel research methods, concepts, and data. We close with a set of representation and inclusion challenges to our discipline, researchers, and publication outlets.
Geographies of climate change opinion
Authors: Tuitjer Leonie , Dirksmeier Peter , Mewes Lars
Published: March 2022

Climate change can only be tackled with public support for sustainable policies. Thus, public attitudes towards climate change matter. More than 3 decades of climate change opinion (CCO) research—conducted by geographers, environmental psychologists, behavioural scientists, sociologists etc.—have provided us with a wealth of information about which predictors shape public CCOs. This review synthesises these findings and highlights the different geographies (the self, the nation, the region, the digital) that emerge within this research. Given the increased importance of social media, virtual geographies of climate change scepticism are increasingly being identified. Our paper argues that new research agendas must be developed to address the meshwork of virtual space and small scale geographies (regions, towns, districts) in which CCOs are formed.
Outcomes of primary root canal therapy: An updated systematic review of longitudinal clinical studies published between 2003 and 2020
Authors: Burns Lorel E. , Kim Jimin , Wu Yinxiang , Alzwaideh Rakan , McGowan Richard , Sigurdsson Asgeir
Published: March 2022

Background

A comprehensive effort to evaluate outcomes of primary root canal therapy (RCT) between 1966 and 2002 was published by Ng et al. (2007, International Endodontic Journal, 40, 921; 2008, International Endodontic Journal, 41, 6). Changes in endodontic materials and treatment methods warrant an updated analysis of outcomes.

Objectives

This study aimed to (1) quantify the success rates of primary RCT published between 2003 and 2020; and (2) investigate the influence of some characteristics known/suspected to be associated with treatment outcomes.

Methods

An electronic search was performed in the following databases (01‐01‐2003 to 12‐31‐2020): Pubmed, Embase, CINHAL, Cochrane and Web of Science. Included study designs were longitudinal clinical studies (randomized control trials, cohort studies, retrospective observational studies). Studies with at least twelve‐months of post‐operative review and success rates based on clinical and radiographic criteria were analysed. The terms ‘strict’ (complete resolution of periapical lesion) or ‘loose’ (reduction in size of existing periapical lesion) were used to describe the outcome criteria. Weighted, pooled success rates were calculated. Random effects meta‐regression models were used to investigate potential sources of statistical heterogeneity. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate for quality assessment of the included studies.

Results

Forty‐two studies were included in the review. Meta‐analyses showed that the weighted pooled success rates were estimated to be 92.6% (95% CI: 90.5%–94.8%) under ‘loose criteria’ and 82.0% (95% CI: 79.3%–84.8%) under ‘strict’ criteria. The most significant areas of study heterogeneity were year of publication and qualification of operator. The majority (64.29%) of studies were considered to be of low quality of evidence.

Discussion

Biological factors continue to have the most significant impact on RCT outcomes. The technological method of instrumentation had no significant effect. The quality of evidence was based primarily on study design and only randomized control trials were considered to be ‘high’ quality of evidence.

Conclusions

The reported success rates show improvement over time. Weighted success rates for studies with a minimum of four‐years follow‐up had better outcomes, compared to those with less than four years, when ‘strict criteria’ were used.

Registration

PROSPERO database (CRD42021226311).
Hidradenitis suppurativa: racial and socioeconomic considerations in management
Authors: Choi Ellie C. E. , Phan Phillip H. C , Oon Hazel H.
Published: March 2022

Studies on hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) have found an increased prevalence of HS in skin of color and lower socioeconomic status patients, although the reasons for these differences are unclear. Demographic and therapeutic studies of HS originate primarily from developed Western countries, and data from low‐ and medium‐income countries (LMIC) remain comparatively limited. In this review paper, we discuss differences in clinical presentation and comorbidities between racial and socioeconomic subpopulations and describe the genetic, biomedical, psychosocial, and ecological factors that may explain the associations between HS and skin of color and socioeconomic status. We highlight biomedical treatment considerations for LMIC including cost effective and less complex treatment strategies. We touch on population‐based strategies to address the social determinants of health in HS management and discuss additional challenges arising from the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Managing disruption risk in competing multitier supply chains
Authors: Li Yi , Zheng Rui , Guo Ju'e
Published: March 2022

This paper studies the sourcing problem of two competing manufacturers in two supply chains. Each supply chain consists of a Tier 0 manufacturer, a Tier 1 supplier, and a pair of Tier 2 suppliers with different disruption probabilities. The two manufacturers are engaged in Cournot competition. The two Tier 1 suppliers that serve different manufacturers may procure from different or the same Tier 2 suppliers. We investigate the impact of upstream supply chain structures on the manufacturers' performance by comparing two representative configurations: the paralleled supply chain configuration, which has no overlap in Tier 2 suppliers, and the overlapped supply chain configuration, which has the same Tier 2 suppliers. We derive the manufacturers' equilibrium sourcing strategies in the two configurations. When the more reliable Tier 2 supplier is quite reliable or the more unreliable Tier 2 supplier is very unreliable, both manufacturers offer a low wholesale price to induce their Tier 1 suppliers for single sourcing. When the more reliable Tier 2 supplier is not sufficiently reliable and the more unreliable Tier 2 supplier is not that unreliable, both manufacturers offer a high wholesale price to induce their Tier 1 suppliers for dual sourcing. There are also certain conditions under which one manufacturer chooses the high‐price sourcing strategy and the other one chooses the low‐price sourcing strategy. Besides, we demonstrate that competition decreases the manufacturers' incentives to induce dual sourcing. In a more competitive market, the manufacturers prefer less overlap in their upper suppliers. Finally, we conduct several extensions to show the robustness of our findings.
What the curtains do not shield: A phenomenological exploration of patient‐witnessed resuscitation in hospital. Part 2: Healthcare professionals' experiences
Authors: Fiori Martina , Coombs Maureen , Endacott Ruth , Cutello Clara A. , Latour Jos M.
Published: March 2022

Aims

To explore healthcare professionals' experiences of patient‐witnessed resuscitation in hospital.

Design

Descriptive phenomenology.

Methods

Healthcare professionals involved in hospital resuscitation activities were recruited from medical, intensive care, resuscitation and education departments in a university hospital in England. Data were collected through face‐to‐face and focus group interviews, between August 2018 and January 2019. Data were analysed using Giorgi's phenomenological approach.

Results

Nine registered nurses, four healthcare assistants and seven doctors participated in four individual interviews and three focus groups. Findings were related to three themes: (1) Protecting patients from witnessing resuscitation: healthcare professionals used curtains to shield patients during resuscitation, but this was ineffective. Thus, they experienced challenges in explaining resuscitation events to the other patients and communicating sensitively. (2) Emotional impact of resuscitation: healthcare professionals recognized that witnessing resuscitation impacted patients, but they also felt emotionally affected from performing resuscitation and needed coping strategies and support. (3) Supporting patients who witnessed resuscitation: healthcare professionals recognized the importance of patients' well‐being, but they felt unable to provide effective and timely support while providing life‐saving care.

Conclusion

Healthcare professionals involved in hospital resuscitation require specific support, guidance and education to care effectively for patients witnessing resuscitation. Improving communication, implementing regular debriefing for staff, and allocating a dedicated professional to support patients witnessing resuscitation must be addressed to improve clinical practice.

Impact

The WATCH study uncovers patients' and healthcare professionals' experiences of patient‐witnessed resuscitation, a phenomenon still overlooked in nursing research and practice. The main findings highlight that, in common with patients, healthcare professionals are subject to the emotional impact of resuscitation events and encounter challenges in supporting patients who witness resuscitation. Embedding the recommendations from this research into clinical guidelines will impact the clinical practice of healthcare professionals involved in hospital resuscitation and the quality and timeliness of care delivered to patients.
miR‐126‐5p enhances radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting EZH2 via the KLF2/BIRC axis
Authors: Han Fushi , Huang Dongdong , Meng Jinqian , Chu Jiapeng , Wang Meng , Chen Shuzhen
Published: March 2022

Radiotherapy is a common method for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, but it often fails due to the relative non‐susceptibility of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiation. We aimed to discuss the related mechanisms by which miR‐126‐5p might mediate radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells. The binding affinity between miR‐126‐5p and EZH2 and between KLF2 and BIRC5 was identified using multiple assays. A549 and H1650 cells treated with X‐ray were transfected with miR‐126‐5p mimic/inhibitor, oe‐EZH2, or si‐KLF2 to detect cell biological functions and radiosensitivity. Finally, lung adenocarcinoma nude mouse models were established. miR‐126‐5p and KLF2 were poorly expressed, while EZH2 and BIRC5 were upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cells. miR‐126‐5p targeted EZH2 to promote the KLF2 expression so as to inhibit BIRC5 activation. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments verified that elevated miR‐126‐5p inhibited cell migration and promoted apoptosis to enhance the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiotherapy via the EZH2/KLF2/BIRC5 axis. Collectively, miR‐126‐5p downregulated EZH2 to facilitate the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiotherapy via KLF2/BIRC5.
Reply to: “Comment on: Falls in older adults after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction”
Authors: Goldstein David W. , Hajduk Alexandra M. , Song Xuemei , Tsang Sui , Geda Mary , McClurken James B. , Tinetti Mary E. , Krumholz Harlan M. , Chaudhry Sarwat I.
Published: March 2022

This letter comments on a letter by Avci et al.
Use of antiretroviral therapy in nursing home residents with HIV
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Shireman Theresa I. , Meyers David J. , Zullo Andrew , Lee Yoojin , Wilson Ira B.
Published: March 2022

Background

Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) are essential HIV care. As people living with HIV age and their presence in nursing homes (NHs) increases, it is critical to evaluate the quality of HIV care. We determine the rate of ART use and examine individual‐ and facility‐level characteristics associated with no ART use in a nationally representative long‐stay NH residents with HIV.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all long‐stay Medicare fee‐for‐service NH residents (2013–2016) with HIV who had a valid Minimum Data Set assessment. Residents were followed from long‐stay qualification until death, Part D disenrollment, transfer from long‐term care to another healthcare setting, or December 31, 2016. We identified individual and facility characteristics that were associated with non‐use of ART using generalized estimating equation logistic regression.

Results

Exactly 4171 eligible HIV+ residents from 2459 NHs were included in our study. Only 36% (1507 of 4171) received any ART regimen during an average of 11.6 months of observation. Older age, females, white race, receipt of Medicare skilled nursing benefits, and some major cardiometabolic comorbidities and mental health conditions were associated with non‐ART use. Rates of non‐ART use did not vary significantly by residents' end‐of‐life status (p = 0.21). Residents in facilities with a higher HIV concentration [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 3.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.13–5.48] and an AIDS unit (adjOR 2.51; 95% CI 1.92–3.30) had higher odds of using an ART.

Conclusions and Implications

The rate of ART use by HIV+ long‐stay NH residents was low. Facilities' experience with HIV played an important role in ART receipt. Interventions to improve rates of ART use in NHs are urgently needed to ensure optimal health outcomes.
Osteohistology of the hyperelongate hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus cazaui (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): Implications for soft tissue reconstruction and functional significance
Authors: Cerda Ignacio A. , Novas Fernando E. , Carballido José Luis , Salgado Leonardo
Published: March 2022

Dicraeosaurid sauropods are iconically characterized by the presence of elongate hemispinous processes in presacral vertebrae. These hemispinous processes can show an extreme degree of elongation, such as in the Argentinean forms Amargasaurus cazaui, Pilmatueia faundezi and Bajadasaurus pronuspinax. These hyperelongated hemispinous processes have been variably interpreted as a support structure for a padded crest/sail as a display, a bison‐like hump or as the internal osseous cores of cervical horns. With the purpose to test these hypotheses, here we analyze, for the first time, the external morphology, internal microanatomy and bone microstructure of the hemispinous processes from the holotype of Amargasaurus, in addition to a second dicraeosaurid indet. (also from the La Amarga Formatin; Lower Cretaceous, Argentina). Transverse thin‐sections sampled from the proximal, mid and distal portions of both cervical and dorsal hemispinous processes reveal that the cortical bone is formed by highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone interrupted with cyclical growth marks. Obliquely oriented Sharpey's fibres are mostly located in the medial and lateral portions of the cortex. Secondary remodelling is evidenced by the presence of abundant secondary osteons irregularly distributed within the cortex. Both anatomical and histological evidence does not support the presence of a keratinized sheath (i.e. horn) covering the hyperelongated hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus, and either, using a parsimonious criterium, in other dicraeosaurids with similar vertebral morphology. The spatial distribution and relative orientation of the Sharpey's fibres suggest the presence of an important system of interspinous ligaments that possibly connect successive hemispinous processes in Amargasaurus. These ligaments were distributed along the entirety of the hemispinous processes. The differential distribution of secondary osteons indicates that the cervical hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus were subjected to mechanical forces that generated higher compression strain on the anterior side of the elements. Current data support the hypothesis for the presence of a ‘cervical sail’ in Amargasaurus and other dicraeosaurids.
Morphological comparison of masseter muscle fibres in the mandibular rest and open positions using diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Sugano Takehiko , Ogawa Toru , Yoda Nobuhiro , Hashimoto Teruo , Shobara Kenta , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Kawashima Ryuta , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: March 2022

Background

The masseter muscle has a complicated multipennate internal structure and exhibits functional differentiation when performing various stomatognathic functions. It is important to understand the internal structural changes of the muscle during functioning to elucidate characteristic muscle disorders such as local myalgia. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may be useful for investigating the internal structural features of muscle.

Objectives

To evaluate the features of masseter muscle fibres in human participants using DTI fibre tractography, and to elucidate the structural differences in the masseter muscle between the mandibular rest and open positions.

Methods

Five healthy men (age 31 ± 7 years) underwent DTI and T1‐weighted MRI of the right masseter muscle in the mandibular rest and open positions. MR images were used as a reference for muscle layer segmentation (superficial, intermediate, and deep). DTI fibre tractography of the masseter muscle was performed and the orientation of the DTI fibres was analysed in each layer using coordinates based on the Frankfurt horizontal plane.

Results

The DTI fibre orientation of the deep layer significantly changed between the mandibular rest and open positions in the frontal plane (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). However, no significant change was found in the superficial and intermediate layers.

Conclusion

DTI fibre tractography confirmed regional differences in the orientation change of the masseter muscle fibres between different mandibular positions. The results may support the existence of functional partitioning inside the masseter muscle and suggest that DTI may be useful for the evaluation of muscle fibres in multipennate muscles.
Alcohol‐related hepatocellular carcinoma is a heterogenous condition: Lessons from a latent class analysis
Authors: Costentin Charlotte E. , Minoves Mélanie , Kotzki Sylvain , Farges Olivier , Goutté Nathalie , Decaens Thomas , Bailly Sébastien
Published: March 2022

Background

Alcohol‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (AL‐HCC) poor prognosis has been attributed to diagnosis at a later stage. However, host factors and specific health trajectories have been associated with severe outcomes in alcohol‐related liver disease. We hypothesize AL‐HCC is not a homogeneous condition but encompasses subgroups yielding different outcomes.

Aims

Our aim was to provide a first attempt at a clinical phenotyping of AL‐HCC.

Methods

We analysed data for the calendar years 2007–2013 from the French nationwide administrative hospital database. We selected patients with AL‐HCC only. Clustering of AL‐HCC phenotypes was performed by latent class analysis (LCA).

Results

The study included 11 363 patients with AL‐HCC, mainly male (89.6%), median age 67 years [IQR: 61; 74] of which 71.2% had at least one metabolic comorbidity. Five phenotypes were identified. Phenotype 1 (41.4%) displayed high rates of unrecognized cirrhosis prior to HCC diagnosis (81%), low rates of metabolic comorbidities (diabetes 13%), and mostly compensated liver disease at HCC diagnosis while the four other phenotypes displayed high rates of metabolic comorbidities (diabetes up to 100%), various patterns of liver disease trajectories and overall 42% unrecognized cirrhosis. In adjusted survival analysis, compared to phenotype 1, risk of death after HCC diagnosis was significantly different for all phenotypes.

Conclusion

LCA uncovers AL‐HCC is a heterogeneous condition with distinct phenotypes yielding specific survival outcomes. Frequent unrecognized cirrhosis prior to HCC underlines the urgent need for implementing strategies to identify the underlying liver disease prior to HCC onset in patients with documented alcohol use disorders and metabolic comorbidities.
Multiple types of genomic variation contribute to adaptive traits in the mustelid subfamily Guloninae
Authors: Derežanin Lorena , Blažytė Asta , Dobrynin Pavel , Duchêne David A. , Grau José Horacio , Jeon Sungwon , Kliver Sergei , Koepfli Klaus‐Peter , Meneghini Dorina , Preick Michaela , Tomarovsky Andrey , Totikov Azamat , Fickel Jörns , Förster Daniel W.
Published: March 2022

Species of the mustelid subfamily Guloninae inhabit diverse habitats on multiple continents, and occupy a variety of ecological niches. They differ in feeding ecologies, reproductive strategies and morphological adaptations. To identify candidate loci associated with adaptations to their respective environments, we generated a de novo assembly of the tayra (Eira barbara), the earliest diverging species in the subfamily, and compared this with the genomes available for the wolverine (Gulo gulo) and the sable (Martes zibellina). Our comparative genomic analyses included searching for signs of positive selection, examining changes in gene family sizes and searching for species‐specific structural variants. Among candidate loci associated with phenotypic traits, we observed many related to diet, body condition and reproduction. For example, for the tayra, which has an atypical gulonine reproductive strategy of aseasonal breeding, we observed species‐specific changes in many pregnancy‐related genes. For the wolverine, a circumpolar hypercarnivore that must cope with seasonal food scarcity, we observed many changes in genes associated with diet and body condition. All types of genomic variation examined (single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene family expansions, structural variants) contributed substantially to the identification of candidate loci. This argues strongly for consideration of variation other than single nucleotide polymorphisms in comparative genomics studies aiming to identify loci of adaptive significance.
Seeing China differently: National contestation in Taiwan's LGBTQ (tongzhi) movement
Authors: Chen‐Dedman Adam
Published: March 2022

The field of queer/sexuality studies in Taiwan was pioneered in the 1990s by a group of mainly second‐generation descendants of Chinese civil war migrants (waishengren) who have problematised and disparaged the post‐martial law Taiwanisation of identity and politics. Despite the seminal nature of their ‘sex positive’ work that challenged many cultural orthodoxies, subsequent sociopolitical developments strengthening civil society, visibility of and human rights protections for tongzhi (LGBTQ) citizens, the consolidation of Taiwanese identity, and the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) acceleration of revanchist hostility towards Taiwan over the past two decades have coalesced to forge unequivocal rifts between them and a new generation of Taiwanese sexuality scholars and activists. This rupture highlights how “Taiwan's sex/gender/sexualities knowledge production and reproduction have long been intertwined with the [contentious] politics of nationhood, nation‐building, and nationalism” (Kao, 2019). In probing these interstices, this article proposes a decolonial approach to tongzhi identity politics in Taiwan.
Leaps in innovation and the Bannister effect in contests
Authors: Wooten Joel O.
Published: March 2022

This paper explores how innovation breakthroughs can stimulate future progress in individual innovation. It does this by introducing a new contest mechanism—one that shows signals of performance can yield information about the solution space. Simply put, observing another's high performance is a clue that can lead solvers to devise ways of achieving their own breakthroughs. Using a unique dataset of predictive modeling contests from Kaggle, we use 25,898 distinct attempts at innovation to highlight this new learning effect in contests and show how discontinuous leaps in innovation (as opposed to incremental steps) result in different outcomes. We achieve this by exploiting differences in the problem complexity. First, we find that leaps increase rates of entry and improve overall contest performance in complex problems. This effect applies not only to the best‐performing solvers but also to trailing solvers. Second, we provide evidence that suggests solvers actually change their approach and tackle innovation problems differently after a leap. This adds a new understanding about innovation contests and their incentives and has implications for contest design.
Bone mineral density in very low birthweight adults—A sibling study
Authors: Sandboge Samuel , Kuula Juho , Björkqvist Johan , Hovi Petteri , Mäkitie Outi , Kajantie Eero
Published: March 2022

Background

Children and adults born very low birthweight (VLBW, <1500 g) at preterm gestations have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone mineral content (BMC) than those born at term, but causality remains unknown.

Objectives

Our aim was to assess BMD and BMC in adults born at VLBW in a sibling comparison setting to account for shared genetic and environmental confounders.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study of 77 adults born VLBW and 70 same‐sex term‐born siblings at mean age of 29 years. The primary outcome variables were BMD Z‐scores, and BMC, of the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and whole body, measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. We analysed data by linear mixed models.

Results

The VLBW adults had a 0.25 (95% CI 0.02, 0.47) Z‐score unit lower femoral neck BMD, and 0.35 (95% CI 0.16, 0.54) grams lower femoral neck BMC than their term‐born siblings, after adjustment for sex, age, and maternal smoking. Additional adjustment for adult body size attenuated the results. Lumbar spine, and whole body BMC were also lower in the VLBW group.

Conclusions

Individuals born at VLBW had lower BMC values at all three measurement sites, as well as lower femoral neck BMD Z‐scores, compared to term‐born siblings, partly explained by their smaller adult body size, but the differences were smaller than those reported previously with unrelated controls. This suggests that genetic or environmental confounders explain partly, but not exclusively, the association between preterm VLBW birth and adult bone mineralisation.
The chemotype core collection of genus Nicotiana
Authors: Drapal Margit , Enfissi Eugenia M. A. , Fraser Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Sustainable production of chemicals and improving these biosources by engineering metabolic pathways to create efficient plant‐based biofactories relies on the knowledge of available chemical/biosynthetic diversity present in the plant. Nicotiana species are well known for their amenability towards transformation and other new plant breeding techniques. The genus Nicotiana is primarily known through Nicotiana tabacum L., the source of tobacco leaves and all respective tobacco products. Due to the prevalence of the latter, N. tabacum and related Nicotiana species are one of the most extensively studied plants. The majority of studies focused solely on N. tabacum or other individual species for chemotyping. The present study analysed a diversity panel including 17 Nicotiana species and six accessions of Nicotiana benthamiana and created a data set that effectively represents the chemotype core collection of the genus Nicotiana. The utilisation of several analytical platforms and previously published libraries/databases enabled the identification and measurement of over 360 metabolites of a wide range of chemical classes as well as thousands of unknowns with dedicated spectral and chromatographic properties.
Co-deriving the Formulas for Centripetal Acceleration and Mass-Spring Period
Authors: Eichenlaub Mark
Published: March 2022

There is a close connection between simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion. This connection is widely taught and included in standard textbooks. Here, we exploit this connection to simultaneously derive two results from introductory mechanics: the period of a mass- spring system and the centripetal acceleration formula.Previously published derivations of the centripetal acceleration formula often rely on calculus, either via explicit computation or arguing geometrically about limits. One approach relies entirely on the kinematics of vectors, without invoking limits. Our approach likewise does not use limits, but is rooted in dynamics.
Stimulus context affects the phonemic categorization of temporally based word contrasts in adult cochlear-implant users
Authors: Xie Zilong , Anderson Samira , Goupell Matthew J.
Published: March 2022

Cochlear-implant (CI) users rely heavily on temporal envelope cues for speech understanding. This study examined whether their sensitivity to temporal cues in word segments is affected when the words are preceded by non-informative carrier sentences. Thirteen adult CI users performed phonemic categorization tasks that present primarily temporally based word contrasts: Buy-Pie contrast with word-initial stop of varying voice-onset time (VOT), and Dish-Ditch contrast with varying silent intervals preceding the word-final fricative. These words were presented in isolation or were preceded by carrier stimuli including a sentence, a sentence-envelope-modulated noise, or an unmodulated speech-shaped noise. While participants were able to categorize both word contrasts, stimulus context effects were observed primarily for the Buy-Pie contrast, such that participants reported more “Buy” responses for words with longer VOTs in conditions with carrier stimuli than in isolation. The two non-speech carrier stimuli yielded similar or even greater context effects than sentences. The context effects disappeared when target words were delayed from the carrier stimuli for ≥75 ms. These results suggest that stimulus contexts affect auditory temporal processing in CI users but the context effects appear to be cue-specific. The context effects may be governed by general auditory processes, not those specific to speech processing.
Genome-wide screening identifies Polycomb repressive complex 1.3 as an essential regulator of human naïve pluripotent cell reprogramming
Authors: Collier Amanda J. , Bendall Adam , Fabian Charlene , Malcolm Andrew A. , Tilgner Katarzyna , Semprich Claudia I. , Wojdyla Katarzyna , Nisi Paola Serena , Kishore Kamal , Roamio Franklin Valar Nila , Mirshekar-Syahkal Bahar , D’Santos Clive , Plath Kathrin , Yusa Kosuke , Rugg-Gunn Peter J.
Published: March 2022

Uncovering the mechanisms that establish naïve pluripotency in humans is crucial for the future applications of pluripotent stem cells including the production of human blastoids. However, the regulatory pathways that control the establishment of naïve pluripotency by reprogramming are largely unknown. Here, we use genome-wide screening to identify essential regulators as well as major impediments of human primed to naïve pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. We discover that factors essential for cell state change do not typically undergo changes at the level of gene expression but rather are repurposed with new functions. Mechanistically, we establish that the variant Polycomb complex PRC1.3 and PRDM14 jointly repress developmental and gene regulatory factors to ensure naïve cell reprogramming. In addition, small-molecule inhibitors of reprogramming impediments improve naïve cell reprogramming beyond current methods. Collectively, this work defines the principles controlling the establishment of human naïve pluripotency and also provides new insights into mechanisms that destabilize and reconfigure cell identity during cell state transitions.
m
6
A mRNA modification maintains colonic epithelial cell homeostasis via NF-κB–mediated antiapoptotic pathway
Authors: Zhang Ting , Ding Chenbo , Chen Huifang , Zhao Jun , Chen Zhejun , Chen Baiwen , Mao Kaiqiong , Hao Yajuan , Roulis Manolis , Xu Hao , Kluger Yuval , Zou Qiang , Ye Youqiong , Zhan Meixiao , Flavell Richard A. , Li Hua-Bing
Published: March 2022

Colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction is one of the major causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying mucosal barrier dysfunction are poorly understood.
N
6
-methyladenosine (m
6
A) mRNA modification is an important modulator of epitranscriptional regulation of gene expression, participating in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, the function of m
6
A modification in colonic epithelial cells and stem cells is unknown. Here, we show that m
6
A modification is essential for maintaining the homeostatic self-renewal in colonic stem cells. Specific deletion of the methyltransferase 14 (
Mettl14
) gene in mouse colon resulted in colonic stem cell apoptosis, causing mucosal barrier dysfunction and severe colitis. Mechanistically, we revealed that
Mettl14
restricted colonic epithelial cell death by regulating the stability of
Nfkbia
mRNA and modulating the NF-κB pathway. Our results identified a previously unidentified role for m
6
A modification in colonic epithelial cells and stem cells, suggesting that m
6
A modification may be a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
A localized DNA finite-state machine with temporal resolution
Authors: Liu Lan , Hong Fan , Liu Hao , Zhou Xu , Jiang Shuoxing , Šulc Petr , Jiang Jian-Hui , Yan Hao
Published: March 2022

The identity and timing of environmental stimulus play a pivotal role in living organisms in programming their signaling networks and developing specific phenotypes. The ability to unveil history-dependent signals will advance our understanding of temporally regulated biological processes. Here, we have developed a two-input, five-state DNA finite-state machine (FSM) to sense and record the temporally ordered inputs. The spatial organization of the processing units on DNA origami enables facile modulation of the energy landscape of DNA strand displacement reactions, allowing precise control of the reactions along predefined paths for different input orders. The use of spatial constraints brings about a simple, modular design for the FSM with a minimum set of orthogonal components and confers minimized leaky reactions and fast kinetics. The FSM demonstrates the capability of sensing the temporal orders of two microRNAs, highlighting its potential for temporally resolved biosensing and smart therapeutics.