bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of computed tomography to compare two femoral head and neck excision ostectomy techniques as performed by two novice veterinarians
Authors: O’Donnell M. D. , Bobe G. , Scholz R. P. , Wiest J. E. , Nemanic S. , Warnock J. J.
Published: July 2015

Objectives: To compare the results of femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) ostectomy performed by two novice veterinarians using an osteotome and mallet or microsagittal saw.

Methods: In this ex vivo cadaveric study, hindlimbs of eight canine cadavers were randomized to FHNE with osteotome or micro sagittal saw as performed by two recently graduated veterinarians. The hindimbs were imaged by computed tomography (CT) before and after the osteotomy. Post FHNE CT images were evaluated by a board certified radiologist blinded to the ostectomy technique for assessment of the number of bone fragments, fissures, smoothness of osteotomy margination, and volume of residual fe-moral neck.

Results: Femoral head and neck excision performed with the osteotome produced more peri-ostectomy bone fragments, cortical fissures, irregular margins, and residual femoral neck volume, compared with osteotomy using a saw.

Clinical relevance: Compared to FHNE performed with a sagittal saw, osteotome FHNE resulted in a greater bone trauma and residual neck bone volume, which would require post-ostectomy modification in a clinical setting.
Intermolecular addition reactions of N-alkyl-N-chlorosulfonamides to unsaturated compounds
Authors: Heuger Gerold , Göttlich Richard
Published: July 2015

N-Alkyl-N-chlorosulfonamides add to alkenes under copper(I) catalysis. In reactions of styrene derivatives with terminal double bonds the addition products were obtained in excellent yield and high regioselectivity. Lower yields are obtained in addition reactions to non-aromatic alkenes. The reaction most likely proceeds via a redox catalysis and amidyl radicals, a concerted mechanism has been ruled out and a polar mechanism via chloronium ions would lead to the opposite regiochemistry.
Análisis de impactos ambientales producidos durante la fase de ejecución en edificación: operaciones de limpieza y recuperación de aguas de lavado de hormigones en España
Authors: Flores-Alés V. , Martín-del Río J. J. , Blasco-López F. J. , Alejandre F. J.
Published: July 2015

El presente trabajo evalúa aspectos ambientales durante la fase de ejecución de obra de edificación y analiza las posibilidades de reducción de impactos negativos. Se han estudiado factores ambientales asociados al uso y manipulación de los materiales, centrando la investigación en dos de los procesos cualitativamente más relevantes: las limpiezas de la obra y la recuperación de aguas de lavado de hormigones. En ambos casos se hace un análisis cualitativo de la incidencia ambiental; en el estudio de aguas de lavado se han analizado parámetros básicos (densidad por pesada diferencial, pH mediante pHmetría y composición química por fluorescencia de rayos X) de diez muestras procedentes de distintas obras para evaluar la calidad de los vertidos. Se proponen soluciones aplicables y mejoras tecnológicas (filtrado, neutralización,..) en obra con el fin de disminuir el volumen de sólidos arrastrados y mejorar la calidad del agua vertida.
Devonian micritic limestones used in the historic production of Prague hydraulic lime (‘pasta di Praga’): characterization of the raw material and experimental laboratory burning
Authors: Kozlovcev P. , Přikryl R.
Published: July 2015

The Devonian micritic limestones from the Prague Basin (Barrandian area, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), which were the primary raw material used for natural hydraulic lime burned in Prague, exhibit a feebly to eminently hydraulic character. Based on a laboratory experimental study, the burned product is composed of dominant free-lime (CaO) and/or portlandite (Ca(OH)2), larnite-belite (bicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2), and quartz (SiO2) - i.e. phases formed due to the decomposition of carbonate and quartz, present in the original limestones. Proportions of the newly formed phases depend on: the composition of the raw material, maximum burning temperature (the highest amount of larnite-belite appearing at a burning temperature of 1200 °C), and the granulometry of the experimental batches (a coarsely-ground batch exhibited a higher amount of larnite-belite compared to the finely-ground one). The presence of minor phyllosilicates in the raw material contributed to the formation of gehlenite, brownmillerite, wollastonite, calcium aluminate, and/or spurrite.
Extent of Systemic Spread Determines CD8+ T Cell Immunodominance for Laboratory Strains, Smallpox Vaccines, and Zoonotic Isolates of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Flesch Inge E. A. , Hollett Natasha A. , Wong Yik Chun , Quinan Bárbara Resende , Howard Debbie , da Fonseca Flávio G. , Tscharke David C.
Published: July 2015

CD8+ T cells that recognize virus-derived peptides presented on MHC class I are vital antiviral effectors. Such peptides presented by any given virus vary greatly in immunogenicity, allowing them to be ranked in an immunodominance hierarchy. However, the full range of parameters that determine immunodominance and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we show across a range of vaccinia virus strains, including the current clonal smallpox vaccine, that the ability of a strain to spread systemically correlated with reduced immunodominance. Reduction in immunodominance was observed both in the lymphoid system and at the primary site of infection. Mechanistically, reduced immunodominance was associated with more robust priming and especially priming in the spleen. Finally, we show this is not just a property of vaccine and laboratory strains of virus, because an association between virulence and immunodominance was also observed in isolates from an outbreak of zoonotic vaccinia virus that occurred in Brazil.
Multiple Cathepsins Promote Pro–IL-1β Synthesis and NLRP3-Mediated IL-1β Activation
Authors: Orlowski Gregory M. , Colbert Jeff D. , Sharma Shruti , Bogyo Matthew , Robertson Stephanie A. , Rock Kenneth L.
Published: July 2015

Sterile particles induce robust inflammatory responses that underlie the pathogenesis of diseases like silicosis, gout, and atherosclerosis. A key cytokine mediating this response is IL-1β. The generation of bioactive IL-1β by sterile particles is mediated by the NOD-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, although exactly how this occurs is incompletely resolved. Prior studies have found that the cathepsin B inhibitor, Ca074Me, suppresses this response, supporting a model whereby ingested particles disrupt lysosomes and release cathepsin B into the cytosol, somehow activating NLRP3. However, reports that cathepsin B-deficient macrophages have no defect in particle-induced IL-1β generation have questioned cathepsin B’s involvement. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that multiple redundant cathepsins (not just cathepsin B) mediate this process by evaluating IL-1β generation in murine macrophages, singly or multiply deficient in cathepsins B, L, C, S and X. Using an activity-based probe, we measure specific cathepsin activity in living cells, documenting compensatory changes in cathepsin-deficient cells, and Ca074Me’s dose-dependent cathepsin inhibition profile is analyzed in parallel with its suppression of particle-induced IL-1β secretion. Also, we evaluate endogenous cathepsin inhibitors cystatins C and B. Surprisingly, we find that multiple redundant cathepsins, inhibited by Ca074Me and cystatins, promote pro–IL-1β synthesis, and to our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that cathepsin X plays a nonredundant role in nonparticulate NLRP3 activation. Finally, we find cathepsin inhibitors selectively block particle-induced NLRP3 activation, independently of suppressing pro–IL-1β synthesis. Altogether, we demonstrate that both small molecule and endogenous cathepsin inhibitors suppress particle-induced IL-1β secretion, implicating roles for multiple cathepsins in both pro–IL-1β synthesis and NLRP3 activation.
Restoration of CD4+ Responses to Copathogens in HIV-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Dependent on T Cell Memory Phenotype
Authors: Riou Catherine , Tanko Ramla F. , Soares Andreia P. , Masson Lindi , Werner Lise , Garrett Nigel J. , Samsunder Natasha , Abdool Karim Quarraisha , Abdool Karim Salim S. , Burgers Wendy A.
Published: July 2015

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) induces rapid suppression of viral replication and a progressive replenishment of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals. However, the effect of ART on restoring pre-existing memory CD4+ T cells specific for common copathogens is still unclear. To better understand the dynamics of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells during ART, we assessed the frequency, functional capacity, and memory profile of CD4+ T cells specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and CMV in 15 HIV-infected individuals before and 1 y after ART initiation. After ART initiation, the frequency of M. tuberculosis–specific CD4+ T cells showed little change, whereas CMV-specific CD4+ T cells were significantly lower (p = 0.003). There was no difference in the polyfunctional or memory profile of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells before and after ART. The replenishment of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells correlated with the memory differentiation profile of these cells prior to ART. Pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells exhibiting a late differentiated profile (CD45RO+CD27−) had a lower capacity to replenish (p = 0.019; r = −0.5) compared with cells with an early differentiated profile (CD45RO+CD27+; p = 0.04; r = 0.45). In conclusion, restoration of copathogen-specific memory CD4+ T cells during treated HIV infection is related to their memory phenotype, in which early differentiated cells (such as most M. tuberculosis–specific cells) have a higher replenishment capacity compared with late differentiated cells (such as most CMV-specific cells). These data identify an important, hitherto unrecognized, factor that may limit restoration of copathogen immunity in HIV-infected individuals on ART.
Regional centroid moment tensor solutions for eastern Canadian earthquakes: 2011-2013
Authors: Bent A L
Published: July 2015

Regional centroid moment tensor solutions have been determined for twenty-eight moderate-sized earthquakes in eastern Canada for the period 2011-2013. Three other earthquakes were evaluated but good quality solutions could not be obtained. The moment tensor
inversion method is used to determine the focal mechanism, depth and seismic moment of the earthquakes. These parameters, in turn, provide information about the seismotectonic environment in which the earthquakes occur and may help improve seismic hazard estimates. The purpose of this paper is not
to provide an in-depth analysis of any specific earthquake but to catalog the solutions and data used to obtain them to make them available for future research projects.
Socioeconomic factors contributing to exclusion of women from maternal health benefit in Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Oyewale Tajudeen O. , Mavundla Thandisizwe R.
Published: July 2015

Background: An understanding of the predictive effect of socioeconomic characteristics (SECs) of women on maternal healthcare service utilisation is essential in order to maximise maternal health benefits and outcomes for the newborn.Objectives: To describe how SECs of women contribute to their exclusion from maternal health benefits in Abuja Municipal Areas Council (AMAC) in Abuja, Nigeria.Method: A non-experimental, facility-based cross-sectional survey was done. Data were collected from 384 respondents using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The participants were sampled randomly at antenatal care (ANC) clinics in the five district hospitals in AMAC. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and measures of inequality. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between SECs (predictors) and maternal healthcare service utilisation.Results: There were differentials in the utilisation of maternal healthcare services (ANC, delivery care, post natal care [PNC] and contraceptive services) amongst women withdifferent SECs; and the payment system for maternal healthcare services was regressive. There were inconsistencies in the predictive effect of the SECs of women included in this study (age,education, birth order, location of residence, income group and coverage by health insurance) on maternal healthcare service utilisation when considered independently (bivariate analysis) as opposed to when considered together (logistic regression), with the exception of birth order, which showed consistent effect.Conclusion: SECs of women were predictive factors of utilisation of maternal healthcare services. There is a need for targeted policy measures and programme actions toward multiple SECs of women in their natural co-existing state in order to optimise maternal health benefits.
The many facets of mercury(II) in one-dimensional halide-bridged polymers of d10 metal cations with N-benzopyridine and pyrazine type ligands
Authors: Slabbert Cara
Published: July 2015

No abstract available
The Eigenfunctions and Exact Solutions of Discrete mKdV Hierarchy with Self-Consistent Sources via the Inverse Scattering Transform
Authors: Li Q. , Zhang J. B. , Chen D. Y.
Published: July 2015

Another form of the discrete mKdV hierarchy with self-consistent sources is given in the paper. The self-consistent sources is presented only by the eigenfunctions corresponding to the reduction of the Ablowitz-Ladik spectral problem. The exact soliton solutions are also derived by the inverse scattering transform.
Asymptotic Expansions and Extrapolations ofH1-Galerkin Mixed Finite Element Method for Strongly Damped Wave Equation
Authors: Shi Dongyang , Tang Qili , Liao Xin
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a high-accuracyH1-Galerkin mixed finite element method (MFEM) for strongly damped wave equation is studied by linear triangular finite element. By constructing a suitable extrapolation scheme, the convergence rates can be improved from𝒪(h) to𝒪(h3) both for the original variableuinH1(Ω) norm and for the actual stress variablep= ∇utinH(div;Ω) norm, respectively. Finally, numerical results are presented to confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis and excellent performance of the proposed method.
Payment for Health Care and Perception of the National Health Insurance Scheme in a Rural Area in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adewole David A. , Adebayo Ayodeji M. , Udeh Emeka I. , Shaahu Vivian N. , Dairo Magbagbeola D.
Published: July 2015

Health insurance coverage of the informal sector is a challenge in Nigeria. This study assessed the methods of payment for health care and awareness about the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) among members of selected households in a rural area in the southwest of Nigeria. Using a multistage sampling technique, a semi-structured, pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 345 households. The majority of the people still pay for health care by out-of-pocket (OOP) method. Awareness about the NHIS in Nigeria was poor, but attitude to it was encouraging; and from the responses obtained, the people implied that they were willing to enroll in the scheme if the opportunity is offered. However, lack of trust in government social policies, religious belief, and poverty were some of the factors that might impede the implementation and expansion of the NHIS in the informal sector. Stakeholders should promote socioculturally appropriate awareness program about the NHIS and its benefits. Factors that might present challenges to the scheme should be adequately addressed by the government and other stakeholders associated with prepayment schemes in Nigeria.
Determinants of Utilization of Health Extension Workers in the Context of Scale-Up of Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illnesses in Ethiopia
Authors: Shaw Bryan , Amouzou Agbessi , Miller Nathan P. , Tsui Amy O. , Bryce Jennifer , Tafesse Mengistu , Surkan Pamela J.
Published: July 2015

Ethiopia has invested significant resources in integrated community case management (iCCM) of childhood illness. In Oromia Region, iCCM scale-up was phased in, allowing for comparisons between districts providing iCCM and routine services. We assessed the determinants of utilization of health extension workers (HEWs) delivering iCCM services at rural health posts by caregivers of sick, under-five children in a cross-sectional survey. We found low utilization of HEWs with only 9.3% of caregivers of a child sick with diarrhea, fever, and/or pneumonia in the previous 2 weeks taking their child to HEWs in both iCCM and routine areas. There was a higher likelihood of utilization of HEWs in iCCM areas (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.97–2.12; P = 0.07), but this effect disappeared after accounting for confounders. In iCCM areas, maternal education, illness type, and distance were associated with utilization. Perceptions of illness severity and service quality were the primary reasons given for not utilizing the health post. Our findings suggest that though iCCM is reaching some vulnerable populations, there remain significant barriers to use of HEWs delivering iCCM services. Efforts for demand generation and minimization of remaining barriers are urgently needed for the sustained success of the iCCM strategy in Ethiopia.
Impact of Global Health Research Training on Career Trajectories: The Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program
Authors: Heimburger Douglas C. , Carothers Catherine Lem , Blevins Meridith , Warner Tokesha L. , Vermund Sten H.
Published: July 2015

From 2004 to 2012, the Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars/Fellows Program (FICRS-F) provided 1-year research training opportunities for U.S. and international doctoral “Scholars” and postdoctoral “Fellows” at low- and middle-income country (LMIC) centers. We collected data prospectively and then surveyed a representative sample of 100 alumni (94% response), assessing Program impacts on their careers and collaborations. Frequently, collaborations continued beyond the formal training period with U.S.- (63%) and site-based mentors (66%). U.S. Fellows reported the highest post-training focus on research (88 on a 100-point scale), and the highest Program impact on competitiveness for career or training positions and choices of post-training topics and institutions (95 points). Interest in global health research increased markedly during the training period, especially for LMIC trainees, and was sustained post-training. LMIC alumni reported a significantly higher focus on global health and research than did U.S. alumni. Alumni reported that their mentored research training had a substantial impact on their career trajectories.
Shigellosis in Subjects with Traveler's Diarrhea Versus Domestically Acquired Diarrhea: Implications for Antimicrobial Therapy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Surveillance
Authors: Toro Carlos , Arroyo Ana , Sarria Ana , Iglesias Nuria , Enríquez Ana , Baquero Margarita , de Guevara Concepción Ladrón
Published: July 2015

An increase of sexually transmitted shigellosis is currently being reported in developed countries. In addition, travel-related shigellosis can introduce resistant strains that could be disseminated within this new scenario. Epidemiological features and antimicrobial susceptibility of shigellosis depending on where infection was acquired were investigated. From 2008 to 2013, subjects with shigellosis were studied. Patients were classified according to acquisition of Shigella as traveler's diarrhea (TD) or domestically acquired diarrhea (DAD). Ninety cases of shigellosis were identified: 76 corresponding to the TD group and 14 to the DAD group. In the DAD group, most of patients were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), being shigellosis associated to male sex (P = 0.007) and HIV infection (P < 0.0001). S. sonnei (47.8%) and S. flexneri (42.2%) were the predominant species. The highest resistance was detected for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (81.8%), followed by ampicillin (AMP) (37.8%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (23.3%). Resistant Shigella strains were more frequent in subjects with TD than those with DAD, although only for CIP the difference was significant (P = 0.034). Continuous monitoring of patients with shigellosis is necessary to control the spread of resistant Shigella strains and for effective therapy. Men with shigellosis who have not traveled to an endemic area should be screened for HIV infection.
Plant surface reactions: an ozone defence mechanism impacting atmospheric chemistry
Authors: Jud W. , Fischer L. , Canaval E. , Wohlfahrt G. , Tissier A. , Hansel A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations are considered a toxic threat to plants, responsible for global crop losses with associated economic costs of several billion dollars per year. Plant injuries have been linked to the uptake of ozone through stomatal pores and oxidative damage of the internal leaf tissue. But a striking question remains: how much ozone effectively enters the plant through open stomata and how much is lost by chemical reactions at the plant surface? In this laboratory study we could show that semi-volatile organic compounds exuded by the glandular trichomes of different Nicotiana tabacum varieties are an efficient ozone sink at the plant surface. In our experiments, different diterpenoid compounds were responsible for a strongly variety dependent ozone uptake of plants under dark conditions, when stomatal pores are almost closed. Surface reactions of ozone were accompanied by prompt release of oxygenated volatile organic compounds, which could be linked to the corresponding precursor compounds: ozonolysis of cis-abienol (C20H34O) – a diterpenoid with two exocyclic double bonds – caused emissions of formaldehyde (HCHO) and methyl vinyl ketone (C4H6O). The ring-structured cembratrien-diols (C20H34O2) with three endocyclic double bonds need at least two ozonolysis steps to form volatile carbonyls such as 4-oxopentanal (C5H8O2), which we could observe in the gas phase, too. Fluid dynamic calculations were used to model ozone distribution in the diffusion limited leaf boundary layer under daylight conditions. In the case of an ozone-reactive leaf surface, ozone gradients in the vicinity of stomatal pores are changed in such a way, that ozone flux through the open stomata is strongly reduced. Our results show that unsaturated semi-volatile compounds at the plant surface should be considered as a source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds, impacting gas phase chemistry, as well as efficient ozone sink improving the ozone tolerance of plants.
Solar-wind control of plasma sheet dynamics
Authors: Myllys M. , Kilpua E. , Pulkkinen T.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to quantify how solar-wind conditions affect the energy and plasma transport in the geomagnetic tail and its large-scale configuration. To identify the role of various effects, the magnetospheric data were sorted according to different solar-wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters: speed, dynamic pressure, IMF north–south component, epsilon parameter, Auroral Electrojet (AE) index and IMF ultra low-frequency (ULF) fluctuation power. We study variations in the average flow speed pattern and the occurrence rate of fast flow bursts in the magnetotail during different solar-wind conditions using magnetospheric data from five Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission spacecraft and solar-wind data from NASA's OMNIWeb. The time interval covers the years from 2008 to 2011 during the deep solar minimum between cycles 23 and 24 and the relatively quiet rising phase of cycle 24. Hence, we investigate magnetospheric processes and solar-wind–magnetospheric coupling during a relatively quiet state of the magnetosphere. We show that the occurrence rate of the fast (|Vtail| > 100 km s−1) sunward flows varies under different solar-wind conditions more than the occurrence of the fast tailward flows. The occurrence frequency of the fast tailward flows does not change much with the solar-wind conditions. We also note that the sign of the IMF BZ has the most visible effect on the occurrence rate and pattern of the fast sunward flows. High-speed flow bursts are more common during the slow than fast solar-wind conditions.
Seagrass beds as ocean acidification refuges for mussels? High resolution measurements of pCO2 and O2 in a Zostera marina and Mytilus edulis mosaic habitat
Authors: Saderne V. , Fietzek P. , Aßmann S. , Körtzinger A. , Hiebenthal C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. It has been speculated that macrophytes beds might act as a refuge for calcifiers from ocean acidification. In the shallow nearshores of the western Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea), mussel and seagrass beds are interlacing, forming a mosaic habitat. Naturally, the diverse physiological activities of seagrasses and mussels are affected by seawater carbonate chemistry and they locally modify it in return. Calcification by shellfishes is sensitive to seawater acidity; therefore the photosynthetic activity of seagrasses in confined shallow waters creates favorable chemical conditions to calcification at daytime but turn the habitat less favorable or even corrosive to shells at night. In contrast, mussel respiration releases CO2, turning the environment more favorable for photosynthesis by adjacent seagrasses. At the end of summer, these dynamics are altered by the invasion of high pCO2/low O2 coming from the deep water of the Bay. However, it is in summer that mussel spats settle on the leaves of seagrasses until migrating to the permanent habitat where they will grow adult. These early life phases (larvae/spats) are considered as most sensitive with regard to seawater acidity. So far, the dynamics of CO2 have never been continuously measured during this key period of the year, mostly due to the technological limitations. In this project we used a combination of state-of-the-art technologies and discrete sampling to obtain high-resolution time-series of pCO2 and O2 at the interface between a seagrass and a mussel patch in Kiel Bay in August and September 2013. From these, we derive the entire carbonate chemistry using statistical models. We found the monthly average pCO2 more than 50 % (approx. 640 μatm for August and September) above atmospheric equilibrium right above the mussel patch together with large diel variations of pCO2 within 24 h: 887 ± 331 μatm in August and 742 ± 281 μatm in September (mean ± SD). We observed important daily corrosiveness for calcium carbonates (Ωarag and Ωcalc < 1) centered on sunrise. On the positive side, the investigated habitat never suffered from hypoxia during the study period. We emphasize the need for more experiments on the impact of these acidic conditions on (juvenile) mussels with a focus on the distinct day-night variations observed.
Experiments on sensitivity of meridional circulation and ozone flux to parameterizations of orographic gravity waves and QBO phases in a general circulation model of the middle atmosphere
Authors: Koval A. V. , Gavrilov N. M. , Pogoreltsev A. I. , Savenkova E. N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Many atmospheric global circulation models have large biases in predicting meridional and vertical winds and fluxes of gas species in remote regions such as the middle and upper atmosphere. In this study, we make sensitivity simulations to recognize the role of vital processes associated with dynamical coupling between different atmospheric layers, namely dynamical and thermal impacts of mesoscale orographic gravity waves (OGWs) generated by the Earth's topography and changes from the easterly to westerly QBO phases in the lower equatorial atmosphere. We improved parameterizations of OGW dynamical and thermal effects and QBO flows and implemented them into a general circulation model of the middle and upper atmosphere used in different countries. With this model, we study the sensitivity of meridional circulation and vertical velocity to stationary OGWs and to changes in QBO phases at altitudes up to 100 km in January. We also considered respective changes in vertical ozone fluxes in the atmosphere. Accounting stationary OGW effects gives changes up to 40 % in the meridional velocity and associated ozone fluxes in the stratosphere. Transitions from the easterly to westerly QBO phase in tropics may significantly alter the meridional and vertical circulation of the middle atmosphere at middle and high latitudes: up to 60 % from the peak respective values. The improved parameterizations of OGW and QBO effects have impacts on other features of the general circulation model, improving the simulation of general circulation, planetary and tidal wave coupling in the lower, middle and upper atmosphere.
Bio-optical characterization and light availability parametrization in two glacial melt water influenced estuary systems (West-Greenland)
Authors: Holinde L. , Zielinski O.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Estuary systems are well-defined semi-enclosed systems which are strongly influenced by their terrestrial and marine boundaries. In this paper we investigate the bio-optical conditions in the water column of two neighboring estuary systems, Uummannaq Fjord and Vaigat–Disko Bay, in West Greenland. Though close to each other, the systems differ by their hydrographic structure influencing the bio-optical conditions and subsequently the biological activities. Both systems show high inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPMi) concentrations near freshwater respective melt water influxes (max. of 15.28 mg L−1 at the surface) and low colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM@350 nm, < 1.50 m−1) abundance throughout the estuaries. Chlorophyll as an indicator of phytoplankton was solely high in the Vaigat (max. of 11.44 μg L−1) representing the outflow arm of the Disko Bay. Light penetration depth as indicated by the 1 % depth of Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) was dominated by chlorophyll and SPMi alike and reached from 12.2 to 41.2 m. Based on these characteristics an effective two component parameterization for the diffuse attenuation coefficient kPAR was developed enabling to model light penetration depth as a relevant factor for bio-optical studies in Arctic environments under glacial melt water influence.
Analysis of soil moisture condition under different land uses in arid region of Horqin Sandy Land, northern China
Authors: Niu C. , Musa A. , Liu Y.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Land use plays an important role in controlling spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture by influencing infiltration rates, runoff, and evapotranspiration, which is substantive meaning to crop growth and vegetation restoration in semiarid environments, such as the Horqin Sandy Land in north China. However, few studies have been conducted comparing differences of dynamics of soil water conditions and the responses of soil water to precipitation infiltration under different land use types in this semiarid region. Five different land use types were selected to analyze soil moisture variations in relation to land use patterns during the growing season of two years. Results showed that soil moisture condition was affected by different land uses in semi-arid sandy land. The order of soil moisture (from high to low) among different land uses was grassland, cropland, poplar land, inter-dunes and shrub land. The temporal variations of soil moisture in different land uses were not always consistent with the rainfall due to the dry sequence. Moreover, soil water in surface, root zone and deep soil layer indicated statistical difference for different land covers. Meanwhile, temporal variations of soil moisture profile changed with precipitation. However, in deep soil layer, there was a clear lag in response to precipitation. In addition, seasonal variations of profile soil moisture were classified into two types: increasing and waving types. And the stable soil water layer was at 80–120 cm. Furthermore, the infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation under all land uses. This study provided an insight into the implications for land and agricultural water management in this area.
Iconografía, estereotipos y manipulación fotográfica de la belleza femenina
Authors: Martínez-Oña M.Mar , Muñoz Muñoz Ana M.
Published: July 2015

Se estudian las tendencias en investigación que se han desarrollado en relación con la iconografía, estereotipos y el concepto de belleza femenina. El objetivo es proponer una mirada unificadora sobre la imagen de las mujeres, su iconografía, estereotipos y belleza. Temas que se interrelacionan a través de una misma dicotomía positiva y negativa, presente en la representación de las mujeres a lo largo de la Historia. Actualmente reflejada en el mercado publicitario con la imagen de la mujer ama de casa en contraposición con la mujer objeto de deseo, vida privada y pública. Para ello, se revisa la bibliografía más reciente publicada en torno a estos tres temas.
Evaluation of milk yield in tsigaiewes by somatic cell count
Authors: Vršková Martina , Tančin Vladimí­r , Kirchnerová Katarí­na , Sláma Petr
Published: July 2015

The objective of our research was to study daily milk production which was affected by somatic cell count (SCC). The study was performed on a selected flock of purebred Tsigai ewes (326 animals). Regular milk yield recording was performed during the evening milking in around the middle of April, May and June. Milk samples were analyzed for basic milk composition (fat, protein and lactose) and somatic cells count. SCC were evaluated using decadic logarithm (logSCC).According to animals, the dairy ewes were divided into the four groups on the basis of individual SCC (G1 = SCC <100 × 103 cells.mL-1, G2 = SCC between 100 – 300 × 103 cells.mL-1, G3 = SCC between 300 – 600 × 103 cells.mL-1, G4 = SCC >600 × 103 cells.mL-1 to study the frequency of distribution of animals in selected group of ewes throughout experimental period. The average daily milk production in selected flock of Tsigai was 421.02 mL. We reached the highest daily milk production in April 476.40 ml and the highest content of fat and protein in June, while milk production was the lowest. From this flock of purebred Tsigai 76% of eweswere belowSCC 300 × 103 cells.mL-1. This SCC indicated a good health status of experimental ewes, at which 61% sheep were at the first lactation. We found a tendency to lower milk production by a higher SCC. With the increasing SCC decreased lactose content from 4.78% (G1) to 4.32% (G4). Reduced lactose content refers to the occurrence of mastitis and there is a need for performing bacteriological examination in milk.
The quality of processed cheeses and cheese analogues the same brand domestic and foreign production
Authors: Bezeková Jana , Čanigová Margita , Ducková Viera , Kročko Miroslav , Kocáková Renáta
Published: July 2015

Processed cheeses belong to Slovakia favorite dairy products. Processed cheeses are made from natural cheeses. In recent years the trend is to replace natural cheeses with other raw materials of non-dairy nature. The composition of the processed cheese analogues is not in many countries defined by legislation. The objective of this study was to determine and compare chemical properties (fat, dry matter, fat in dry matter, NaCl) two samples of processed cheeses (C, D - Veselá krava) and two samples cheese analogues (A, B - Kiri) the same brand domestic and foreign production. The evaluated was taste of processed cheeses and cheese analogues, too. Chemical analysis and sensory analysis were repeated four times. The results of chemical analysis shows that all rated samples processed cheeses made on Slovakia fulfilled demands declared (dry matter and fat in dry matter) as producers provided on the label. The most commonly fluctuate content of NaCl from 1 to 1.24 g.100g-1. The higher coefficient of variation in the determination of NaCl (3.88%) was found in processed cheeses made in France. Processed cheese and cheese analogues made in France had not specified parameters for dry matter and fat in dry matter on the label. For production cheese analogues Kiri made in Slovakia was used different raw material than Kiri made in France. The taste of products was determined by descriptors - salty, slightly sweet, milky, buttery-creamy, fatty, sour, bitter, and unknown. The interesting that Kiri made in Slovakia had stronger milky and buttery-creamy taste than cheese analogue Kiri made in France. Significant differences were found in the slighty sweet taste of processed cheeses, the most points won processed cheese Veselá krava made in Slovakia.
Occurrence of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the milk and milk products
Authors: Lačanin Ines , Dušková Marta , Kladnická Iva , Karpí­šková Renáta
Published: July 2015

Enterococcus spp. is the most controversial group of lactic acid bacteria that have been for years ascribed with beneficial or detrimental role in food and feed. The aim of our study was to monitor the occurrence of Enterococcus spp. as the indicator of the contamination from collected samples of raw cow's milk, goat's colostrum and whey (n = 186). Cultures of enterococci were cultivated and purified and identified by the genus-specific and species-specific PCR method (n = 230). Among suspected isolates in total 222 isolates (96.5%) were identified as Enterococcus spp. The results were the same in all samples separately, more than 90% each of them were positive to Enterococcus spp. The results of counting the number of cultivated colonies showed that the largest number of enterococci is found in the samples of whey taken after the process of electrodialysis and the smallest in the native whey sample. From collected whey samples, 64 samples (90%) were PCR positive for enterococci species. Afterwards within the identification of several selected isolates that were identified, as Enterococcus spp. by the species-specific PCR method the most frequently presented in all of isolates was Enterococccus faecalis. Apparently the presence of enterococci was detected in all samples, but in amounts that aren't hazardous for human health. Although enterococci are oportunistic pathogens, it seems that they occur frequently in foods (especially fermented) in large numbers.
Comparison of the yeast microbiota of different varieties of cool-climate grapes by PCR-RAPD
Authors: Drożdż Iwona , Makarewicz Małgorzata , Sroka Paweł , Satora Paweł , Jankowski Paweł
Published: July 2015

The yeast microbiota occurring on different varieties of grapes grown in cool-climate is not completely researched. Therefore, its identification is important to research. On the other hand, yeasts occurring in these fruits can be potentially used as starter cultures to obtain particularly demanded features in the production of wine. In addition, rapid methods for yeast identification allow to eliminate the contamination with pathogenic yeasts, which could cause the loss of wine production. The aim of the study was to isolate and identify the yeasts occurring on the surface of the different varieties of white and red grapes, grown in cool-climate of Poland. Also, the aim was to compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of yeasts on the tested grapes. The 84 cultures of yeasts were isolated, that were initially macroscopic and microscopic analyzed and the purity of cultures was rated on the WL medium. Identification of yeasts by PCR-RAPD was carried using the M13 primer. In the PCR-RFLP method ITS1 and ITS4 primers, as well as restriction enzymes HhaI, HinfI, HaeIII, were used. Preliminary identification of yeasts by standard methods produced results very different from the results obtained by molecular methods. Among the isolated microorganisms yeasts were dominating, but bacteria and molds were also present. Using the PCR-RAPD method most strains of yeasts were identified. Yeast microflora of different varieties of white and red grapes was very similar as the same species of yeasts were identified. Yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces were present in all varieties of grapes. The Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Rhodotorula minuta, Pichia kluyveri, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were identified by PCR-RAPD. 4 of the 33 tested strains of yeasts were identified by PCR-RFLP. By PCR-RAPD only Hanseniaspora uvarum was identified. The quantity and quality of microorganisms living on the surface of grape fruits is very important for the process of winemaking. Yeasts influence the course of alcoholic fermentation, the flavor, aroma, and thus the quality of the produced wine. To a large extent their presence depends on the condition of the surface of the fruit. Many researchers reported significant differences between yeast microflora in grapes of Mediterranean and cool-climate vineyards. As they are expected to affect the final wine properties precise researching of the microflora of cool-climate grapes may lead to the isolation of new species of yeasts and thus the wines with unique characteristics can be obtained.
Adaptability of grades and hybrids of tangerine in a subtropical zone of Russia
Authors: Abilphazova Julia , Belous Oksana
Published: July 2015

Results of researches of various cultivars and hybrids of tangerine growing in the conditions of the humid subtropics of Russia and possessing valuable physiological and biochemical markers are presented in article. The stress factors limiting cultivation of tangerine culture in Krasnodar region are defined. The assessment of the water saving and enzymes activity in tangerine leaves is given. Changes of physiological parameters at influence of a stressful factor are shown. The analysis of water deficiency is revealed existence of essential distinctions between cultivars and hybrids. Change of thickness of a leaf blade of tangerine is the important diagnostic characteristic testifying the ability of leaf tissues to accumulate and keep water. Researches are showing that difference between catalase action of cultivars and hybrids are insignificant. Strengthening of enzyme activity can testify to bigger violation of a functional state of plant cultivars in comparison with the hybrides. Water deficiency and drought resistance coefficient can be used for diagnostics of stability of tangerine to hydrothermal factors. Correlation coefficients between the studied markers were calculated and regression models of their interrelation were given. So, there was a high correlation between thickness of a leaf blade and water deficiency index; close correlation between water deficiency and thickness of a leaf blade, as well as dependence of average degree on water deficiency and catalase activity were noted. There were revealed tangerine cultivars and hybrids which are stable in in the changing environmental conditions and have high biochemical value of fruits.
Dietary patterns and lifestyle of patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Lorková Marta , Kopčeková Jana , Gažarová Martina , Habánová Marta , Chlebo Peter , Magula Daniel , Mrázová Jana
Published: July 2015

Civilization diseases, including cardiovascular, are major health problems in current modern society. Numerous studies provided sufficient evidence that variety of risk factors are involved in cardiovascular diseases formation. Of the most important is the lifestyle that largely contributes to our health, up to 50 - 60%. Lifestyle includes all modifiable risk factors that together affect the development of these diseases. In our study we searched and evaluated the nutritional parameters and lifestyle of patients hospitalized in Cardiocentre Nitra. In order to obtain the necessary information we chose the questionnaire method. In our survey 194 patients were included, of which 155 were men (79.89%) and 39 (20.11%) women. These patients were hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction diagnosis. The vast majority of patients had overweight and obesity caused by improper eating habits. The high prevalence of overweight, BMI in the range 25 - 30 kg/m2, was also confirmed as statistically significant, p <0.05 (P=0.02). BMI over 25 kg/m2 was present in 85% of men and 80% of women. The consumption of selected food commodities with evidence of a positive or negative impact on the emergence of acute myocardial infarction was not statistically significant (p >0.05) when evaluating dietary habits. But we can confirm too frequent consumption of chicken at the expense of other types of meat and relatively frequent consumption of fish (once a week). We recorded the preference of semi-skimmed dairy products, but also high and inappropriate consumption of full-fat dairy products in men and women (37% and 17.8%, respectively). Daily intake of fruits and vegetables was in 85.9% of women and 64.7% of men. Everyday intake of bread and pastries was confirmed by 100% of respondents. Lifestyle was evaluated according to the presence of smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Up to 60.5% of men and 26.4% of women admitted smoking, while 34.6% of men and 7.5% women ended up with the habit after myocardial infarction. The excessive alcohol consumption was not detected in the study group. Approximately 67% of men and 56% of women carry out an easier walking and moderate physical activity while taking into account their health status.
From Sound to Significance: Exploring the Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Reactions to Music
Authors: Juslin Patrick N. , Barradas Gonçalo , Eerola Tuomas
Published: July 2015

A common approach to studying emotional reactions to music is to attempt to obtain direct links between musical surface features such as tempo and a listener’s responses. however, such an analysis ultimately fails to explain why emotions are aroused in the listener. in this article we explore an alternative approach, which aims to account for musical emotions in terms of a set of psychological mechanisms that are activated by different types of information in a musical event. this approach was tested in 4 experiments that manipulated 4 mechanisms (brain stem reflex, contagion, episodic memory, musical expectancy) by selecting existing musical pieces that featured information relevant for each mechanism. the excerpts were played to 60 listeners, who were asked to rate their felt emotions on 15 scales. skin conductance levels and facial expressions were measured, and listeners reported subjective impressions of relevance to specific mechanisms. results indicated that the target mechanism conditions evoked emotions largely as predicted by a multimechanism framework and that mostly similar effects occurred across the experiments that included different pieces of music. we conclude that a satisfactory account of musical emotions requires consideration of how musical features and responses are mediated by a range of underlying mechanisms.
Rivaroxaban versus high dose nadroparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty
Authors: Thermann H. , Heckmann F. , Heckmann M.
Published: July 2015

Deep-vein thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism are major complications in total joint arthroplasty of the lower limbs. New oral anticoagulants are increasingly prescribed as thromboprophylaxis due to their simple administration and encouraging phase III marketing studies.

In this observational study, we compared the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban with nadroparin in 1302 unselected patients receiving hip or knee arthroplasty.

Venous thrombembolism occurred in 3.3% (2.3%; 4.7%, 95% CI, n = 838) of patients receiving rivaroxaban and in 4.3% (2.7%; 6.7%, 95% CI, n = 464) of patients receiving nadroparin resulting in an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 1.0% (–1.4%; 3.3%, 95% CI).

With an odds ratio of 0.6 (0.4; 1.0, 95% CI), rivaroxaban was associated with a decreased perioperative drop in haemoglobin exhibiting an improved thromboprophylactic profile when compared to high dose nadroparin. Furthermore, transfusion rates were 8.8% (−2.7%; 19.9%, 95% CI) lower in patients receiving rivaroxaban. However, as previous studies have shown, low preoperative haemoglobin remains the most predictive factor for postoperative transfusions (OR: 2.4 [1.3; 4.4, 95% CI]).