bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the Determination of the Insolubility of Chemically Modified Cotton in Cuprammonium Hydroxide Solution
Authors: Schreiber Walter T.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for determining quantitatively that portion of a chemically modified cotton which is insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide solution. The samples were treated with cuprammonium hydroxide, then with ammonium hydroxide, followed in each instance by centrifuging and decanting. A filter aid was used to assist in bring ing about separation of the insoluble material and glucose was added to inhibit decom position.
A Study of the Weathering Character istics of Cotton Fabrics Containing Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Rose G.R.F. , Bayley C.H.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the effect of outdoor weathering on unbleached and bleached cotton duck treated with (1) copper carbonate and chromic oxide. (2) chromic oxide aftertreated with copper naphthenate and with copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate, and (3) chromium naphthenate mixed with copper naphthenate and copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate respectively: and unbleached cotton sheeting treated with a mixture of copper carbonate and chromic oxide.

The treatments were applied at two levels of copper for each compound and the chromium added so as to give ratios of Cr2O3:CuO at. above, and below unity.

The optimum ratio of approximately 1, found in the eartier work. was confirmed for all of the above mixtures of copper and chromium

Mixtures of copper and chromium in inorganic form seem to afford greater protection than organic mixtures or mixtures of inorganic chromium and organic copper.

Mixtures of chromic oxide and copper naphthenate were nearly as effective as the inorganic mixtures due. presumably. to the high degree of hydrolysis of the copper naphthenate. Copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate appears to be more effective when used in conjunction with chromium naphthenate.

The presence of noncellulosic material enhances the protective effect afforded by these mixtures as does also an increase in fabric weight.
The Effect of Cellulase on the Degree of Polymerization of Cellulose and Hydrocellulose
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Segal Leon , Tripp Verne W.
Published: March 2007

On acid hydrolysis of cotton, the degree of polymerization (DP) of the insoluble residue falls rapidly to a low level (leveling off DP). Continued hydrolysis results in further losses in weight, but the DP, and the micelle dimensions, remain unchanged. Immergut and Rånby [6] suggest that individual micelles at the leveling off DP disap pear in entirety; i.e., further action of acid yields soluble fragments only. The present investigation was undertaken to compare the action of enzymes on the micelles with that of acids. The study was broadened by the inclusion of hydrocelluloses from cottons treated in various ways, and further extended to include the parent materials from which the hydrocelluloses were prepared.
The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Wool and its Effect on Digestion by Insects
Authors: McPhee J.R.
Published: March 2007

Formaldehyde at pH 12 combines with at least 95% of the indole, 55% of the primary amid. 45% of the guanidyl, and 40% of the primary amino groups of wool in 30 min. at room temperature. No evidence for reaction with phenolic or glyoxaline groups has been obtained. Wool treated in this way is resistant to attack from newly hatched and fully active larvae of the clothes moth ( Tineola bisselliella Humm) and from newly hatched hut not fully active larvae of the furniture carpet beetle ( Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte). Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed. The treated wool shows increased resistance to alkali, acid, thioglycollate, trypsin, and soil micro-organisms. but the appearance, felting shrinkage, bursting strength, abrasion resistance, and yarn strength are unaltered.
The Saturation Regain of Viscose Rayon Deduced from Density and Swelling Data
Authors: Staples M.L.
Published: March 2007

The moisture regain of viscose rayon in a saturated atmosphere has been estimated from measurements of the longitudinal swelling of the fiber at relative humidities ranging from dryness to saturation (water immersion). The density of viscose as a function of the regain has also been determined.

From these data, the volume swelling and the swelling of the cross-sectional area of the fiber have been calculated. The latter values, at the saturation regain deduced from the axial swelling measurements, are in substantial agreement with values which other investigators have determined by quite different methods of measurement.
Urban School Reform from a Student-of-Color Perspective
Authors: Cooper Robert
Published: March 2007

The achievement gap between students of color and their White counterparts still exists. Identifying and understanding alterable factors in the schooling process that can help to close this gap is critical and has captured national attention. This article looks at one school community’s efforts to fundamentally alter the structure, curriculum, and instructional practices in ways that would help to provide greater educational opportunities for all students. Using heterogeneous grouping in tandem with curricular and pedagogical changes, the ninth-grade program at Liberty High School was modestly successful in creating a learning environment that was intellectually challenging and culturally enriching. Educators at Liberty High School believe such changes will lead to greater academic success for all students and particularly students of color.
A Black Woman Superintendent Tells
Authors: Grogan Margaret
Published: March 2007

This poem was composed from the interview data of a participant in a qualitative study on what it is like to be a woman superintendent. These are all her words. The author has rearranged them a little and added or deleted a preposition here and there. The author chose this method of representation to capture the superintendent’s original rhythms, images, and metaphors.
The Status of the Mastitubari
Authors: Lei-Lanilau Carolyn , Peyton-Caire Lisa , Perkins Judith
Published: March 2007

This kinesthetic piece evokes and provokes the reader into a visceral experience. This provocation is used to transfer the internal emotional reactions of women of color as they continue to face a world that does not recognize or value their worth as leaders.
Assessing Dispositions Toward Cultural Diversity among Preservice Teachers
Authors: Dee Jay R. , Henkin Alan B.
Published: March 2007

Teacher education interventions designed to help individuals acquire understandings and skills needed to work effectively with culturally diverse student populations may not have significant impact unless teachers as learners are willing to explore beyond the familiar comfort zone of the majority cultural status quo. The purpose of this study was to assess preservice teachers’ attitudes toward cultural diversity prior to their entry into multicultural education courses at an urban university. Respondents indicated strong support for implementing diversity issues in the classroom, and high levels of agreement with equity beliefs and the social value of diversity. They did not agree that assimilation to the dominant culture was a requisite for student success.
Political Dilemmas of Busing
Authors: Raffel Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Metropolitan Wilmington's schools will be desegregated in 1977 and 1978, after courtroom maneuvers and in spite of complications.
Urban Schools and Appalachian Children
Authors: Wagner Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

For decades, city schools have neglected children emigrating from Appalachia and their unique values and heritage.
Perceptions of Black Parents in an Undesegregated Subdistrict of an Integrated School System
Authors: Sobol Marion G. , Beck William W.
Published: March 2007

Black parents of children in segregated schools prefer desegregation, but dislike busing.
Academic Science, Policy Decisions, and Chi Square
Authors: Besag Frank P.
Published: March 2007

Chi square significance tests often overemphasize the strengths of relationships.
Rejoinder
Authors: Perry Roger H.
Published: March 2007

Author's Response.
Introducing Ethnic Materials to the Classroom
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: March 2007

There is a certain familiarity in the difficulties in Israeli schools in teaching about a minority's subculture.
Substitute Teaching
Authors: Clifton Rodney A. , Rambaran Rajkumar
Published: March 2007

For a substitute, teaching is often dreary. The commonplace is verified, and sociological explanations are provided.
The Buffalo Controlled Choice Plan
Authors: Rossell Christine H.
Published: March 2007

"Controlled choice" in Buffalo's school desegregation has been comparatively successfuL Schools have been effectively desegregated, enrollment is stable, resources are fairly distributed, schooling has been improved.
The Responsibility of Local School Boards
Authors: Rich John Martin
Published: March 2007

The responsibilities of school boards extend beyond budgets and test scores, but do have limits.
The Potentiality of the Israeli Youth Club as a Modernizing Agent
Authors: Dinai Amilia
Published: March 2007

To "modernize" is to socialize. A part of socialization was the changing of recreational patterns.
School Closing
Authors: Coitle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

An encounter with an English teacher, Mrs. Treadway, was a turning point for student Delmont Stafford.
Dual Standards among Teachers
Authors: Bingham Richard D. , Haubrich Paul A. , White Sammis B. , Zipp John F.
Published: March 2007

Some teachers would not send their children to the schools in which they taught because of school quality, school discipline, school desegregation.
The Politics of Funding At-Risk Programs in the 1990s
Authors: Polonio Narcisa A. , Williams Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

Implications and costs of stop-gap funding by colleges and universities for at-risk education; the necessity for restructuring and refunding.
Minority Recruitment in Teacher Education
Authors: Jacullo-Noto Joann
Published: March 2007

Innovation and resourcefulness are required to prepare minority group members to teach.
Chicago Experience with an Early Childhood Program
Authors: Fuerst J. S. , Fuerst Dorothy
Published: March 2007

This research on 680 inner-city children, most of whom are Black, exposed to an extended period of 4 to 6 years of early childhood education, shows that benefits seem to have lasted for the girls but much less so for the boys. However, reading scores for these Black girls and boys, at the time they finished the early childhood education, were very similar to one another and were equal to local and national norms, indicating that the problems of inadequate performance can be remedied by enough early childhood education. Later inadequacies are due to deficiencies occurring in later school years, resulting from mainstreaming and adverse social forces in the community.
Female Administrators in Urban Settings
Authors: Dardaine-Ragguet Patricia , Russo Charles J. , Harris J. John
Published: March 2007

Many indexes suggest the existence of the bifurcation of the education profession into teaching (female dominated) and administration (male dominated). For numerous reasons, much of the historical research in educational administration has been dominated by the male experience and perspective. It is common knowledge that women have been excluded from the administrative ranks and other positions of authority in education. What we have witnessed is an absence of women from power. Recently, however, research on women in administration, management, and leadership has received increased attention, due primarily to social changes in the past decade. For example, the number of females in the workforce has increased substantially. More women than ever before are pursuing advanced degrees, and there has been a noticeable shift of females into business rather than education. This article examines the legal, historical, and pervasive under representation of women in administration, paying particular attention to women in urban settings. It also suggests changes in law, practice, and policy that may help to redress the inequity in administration in urban settings.
Mental Frameworks of Mexican American and Anglo Elementary Principals
Authors: Campbell Trudya.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to identify and analyze the mental frame works of urban elementary school principals to determine whet her they differ on the basis of majority (Anglo) or minority (Mexican American) group membership. Interviews were conducted with five male informants from each of the two ethnic groups using open-ended questions concerning typical duties, role relationships, problems, decision making, changes, and training. Although findings indicated many similarities among all of the principals, differences between ethnic groups were noted in the areas of tasks, role relationships, changes, and value statements. Most notable was the pressure felt by Mexican American principals to act as role models.
Multicultural Education for The Dominant Culture
Authors: Houser Neil O.
Published: March 2007

This article synthesizes the literature in social and multicultural education and classic work in social psychology to examine philosophical, theoretical, and practical issues related to multicultural education for the dominant culture. Multicultural self-development is posited as an essential aspect of equity education for dominant-culture students. Through the social construction of a more multifaceted self students can begin to critically examine personal and historical perspectives and practices underlying the opportunity gap between dominant and dominated sociocultural groups. The developmental process is examined in detail. Discussion of implications for practice addresses student grouping and interaction, the development of an "emotionally safe, yet intellectually sound" classroom environment, and the construction of lessons specifically designed to promote multicultural development.
Child Rearing and Education in Urban Environments
Authors: Bright Josephine A. , Williams Christopher
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors use in-depth interviews of African American fathers in an urban setting to explore their fathering attitudes and behaviors. From the qualitative data, four general themes emerge: paternal beliefs and modes of functioning, strength and resiliency, racial socialization of children, and fathers as teachers in the home. The findings lend support to the burgeoning reconceptualization of the role of the Black father in urban America. The self-descriptions of African American fathers provide evidence that urban African American fathers are important, vital, and active forces in their children's achievement development.
Education and Culture
Authors: Dove Nah
Published: March 2007

From an African-centered perspective it has been observed that in Western-oriented societies, schooling is used as a site for inculcating values and beliefs antithetical to the well-being of African children. In this way, African energies and resources are more easily controlled to accommodate European interests. As bearers of culture, African mothers have herstorically provided the unrecognized leadership toward resisting this condition and therefore European domination. How are these mothers able to see outside Europe's debased construction of Africa and her people? This question raises issues around the ability of African people, particularly European trained educators, to critique the dominant culture's impact on their own intellectual development and, therefore, their allegiance to African people.
One Beige Crayon
Authors: Brieschke Patricia
Published: March 2007

A predominantly White group of 19 men and women educators in a graduate seminar on qualitative research methods explored the social construction of race through experiential learning of the interview method. They interviewed a primarily Black group of fellow educators, staff members, and students in their own schools. This critical analysis of students' struggles with knowledge construction reveals how educators talk about race and racism in the context of their personal and professional lives. The data suggested six ways in which race conflated with racism. In addition, racism was constructed as an exclusively Black and White experience and social agenda in public education.
Drifting Toward Mental Health
Authors: UNGAR MICHAEL , TERAM ELI
Published: March 2007

Interviews with 41 high-risk adolescents explained the link between the process of empowerment and mental health. Participants in this study demonstrated how aspects of power that enhance the construction of health-promoting identities form a base for personal and social resilience in youth. Without knowledge of postmodern theory, participants articulated the interdependence between their well-being and their capacity to influence the social discourses that construct their identities. As participants “drift” between these discourses, they seek the power to control the mental health resources required to maintain the identities that enhance their sense of well-being. Helping professionals can play an important role in this empowerment process by assisting high-risk youth redefine their personal narratives as health-seeking, in opposition to the stigmatizing stories others tell about them.
An Overview of the Effectiveness of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Models
Authors: MUCK RANDOLPH , ZEMPOLICH KRISTIN A. , TITUS JANET C. , FISHMAN MARC , GODLEY MARK D. , SCHWEBEL ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Recent reports describe alarming trends of adolescent drug use and a lack of treatment for substance use disorder symptoms. Early efforts in adolescent treatment relied on adult models that may not have considered the unique needs of adolescents. Recently, there has been an increased emphasis in developing intervention models designed specifically for adolescents. This article provides descriptions of current approaches to adolescent substance abuse treatment and summaries of research assessing the effectiveness of these models.
Moral Panic Over Youth Violence
Authors: WELCH MICHAEL , PRICE ERIC A. , YANKEY NANA
Published: March 2007

In 1989, while reporting the well-publicized attack on a female jogger in New York City, the media discovered wilding, a newly stylized word used to describe sexual violence committed by a group of urban teens. Sociologically, the term wilding became particularly significant due to its racial connotation, perpetuating a stereotype of young Black (and Latino) males belonging to a dangerous class. This work explores the contours of moral panic over wilding by attending to elements of race, class, and fear of crime, especially as they manifest in the media. The findings contribute to a critical understanding of youth in society by offering an interpretation of wilding, a distinctive form of moral panic that symbolizes not only a threat to society at large but also to a political economy that reproduces racial and social disparities.
The Apathetic Majority
Authors: Rosenberg Riki R.
Published: March 2007

In Nationalist China, political science research projects are done in the library. Few professors are familiar with survey research field work, so popular in the West. Yet many political science students are eager to become acquainted with the new methods. In 1968, I was asked to teach a graduate seminar in "Western Methods of Political Science Research," a course that had never been offered before at National Taiwan University. In view of the interests of the students, it seemed logical not merely to teach general principles of survey design and statistics but actually to do a research project. After some discussion, the class decided to investigate student political participation, since the most accessible subjects for investigation were the young men and women at the University.
Predictive Variables of Violent Behavior in Adolescent Males
Authors: SALTS CONNIE J. , LINDHOLM BYRON W. , GODDARD H. WALLACE , DUNCAN STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship of previously determined predictors of general delinquency to violent behavior of African American and Caucasian males. Independent variables included multiple measures of family and individual variables. With the exception of family structure, results indicated that predictors of violent behavior are similar to predictors of general delinquency. Differences between African American and Caucasians are highlighted. Recommendations for future research and application to prevention and intervention program development are offered.
The Influence of Predictors on Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Graham Nanette
Published: March 2007

The findings of t tests on an adolescent sample in Charleston, South Carolina, indicated that, without adjustments, Whites were significantly higher than Blacks on socioeconomic status, cumulative grade point average, and drug modeling/attitudes favoring drug-use variables. Blacks were significantly higher on positive peer influence, commitment to education, belief in rules, self-efficacy expectations, parental supervision, and official reported conduct disorder variables. Further, Whites were significantly higher on prior-year cigarette, alcohol, hallucinogen, and marijuana use. Logistic regression analyses found that, after controlling for predictors, the race effect remained significant in the prediction of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. After controlling for predictors in the equation predicting hallucinogen use, however, the race of the adolescent did not remain significant. Further, across all drug-use categories, negative behavior and attitudes favoring drug use are the most important predictors of adolescent drug use for both Blacks and Whites.
Street Youths and Substance Use
Authors: BARON STEPHEN W.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the role that various background, labor market, and street lifestyle factors play in street youths' drug and alcohol use. Using a sample of 200 homeless male street youths, the researcher found that exposure to parental substance abuse increases street youths' risk of alcohol and hard-drug use. Further, histories of physical abuse are related to the use of psychedelic drugs. The data also indicate that long-term homelessness influences hard-drug use, whereas drug- and alcohol-using peers influence the use of alcohol, marijuana, and psychedelic drugs. Participation in property crime increases street youths' use of all types of drugs and alcohol, whereas drug distribution is linked to greater soft-drug use. Finally, job histories and depression are linked to alcohol and hard-drug use, whereas self-blame for unemployment increases alcohol use.
Dying for `Enduring Freedom': Accepting Responsibility for Civilian Casualties in the War against Terrorism
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines what moral theories are available to justify the harming of the innocent in war. Focusing on US conduct of the war against the Taliban and al-Qaeda, the article examines how far the US is responsible for the deaths of Afghan civilians. Although US actions have been justified in terms of respect for the Just War principle of non-combatant immunity, the article shows how this principle rested uneasily with alternative moral theories of war that influenced the process of target selection. These are the realist doctrine of necessity in war and Michael Walzer's theories of `supreme emergency' and `war is hell'. Just War theory, realism and `supreme emergency' acknowledge moral responsibility for a state's conduct of war. But the doctrine that `war is hell' seeks to transfer any responsibility for the cruelty of war to the enemy. The article argues that, whilst the Taliban and al-Qaeda are responsible for exposing Afghan civilians to US attacks, this does not absolve US political and military leaders of responsibility for their conduct of the war.
As Viewed from Europe: Transatlantic Sympathies, Transatlantic Fears
Authors: Wallace William
Published: March 2007

September 11 briefly brought European governments into an unprecedented degree of solidarity with the United States. NATO's invocation of Article 5, however, did not lead either to a revitalization of the Alliance or a transformation of the Atlantic relationship. Long-term trends since the end of the cold war have reduced the centrality of Europe to American foreign policy. European governments are uncomfortably aware of their relative weakness compared to the USA, above all in military capability, and of their lack of influence over a self-confident and self-contained US foreign policy debate.
The Conditions of Fruitfulness of Theorizing About Mechanisms in Social Science
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

Mechanisms in a theory are defined here as bits of theory about entities at a different level (e.g., individuals) than the main entities being theorized about (e.g., groups), which serve to make the higher-level theory more supple, more accurate, or more general. The criterion for whether it is worthwhile to theorize at lower levels is whether it makes the theory at the higher levels better, not whether lower-level theorizing is philosophically necessary. The higher-level theory can be made better by mechanisms known to be inadequate in the discipline dealing with the lower level. Conditions for the usefulness of lower-level theorizing are proposed, with many examples from various social and physical sciences.
Causal Thinking and Its Anthropological Misrepresentation
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: March 2007

The study of causal inferences is an essential part of the study of other cultures. It is therefore crucial to describe the cognitive mechanisms whereby subjects are led to find specific causal explanations plausible and "natural." In the anthropological literature, specific causal connections are described as the result produced by applying a general "conception of causation" or some general "theories" to specific events; the essay aims to show that these answers are either trivial or false. The "naturalness" of explanations must be examined in the context of concept acquisition and belief-fixation. On the basis of an ethnographic example, it is possible to show how certain presumptions (e.g., about the use of certain categories as natural kind terms) can be involved in the processes whereby certain explanations are made cognitively salient.
Destigmatizing the Stigma of Self in Garfinkel's and Goffman's Accounts of Normal Appearances
Authors: Travers Andrew
Published: March 2007

Accounts of normal appearances in Goffman's Stigma and Garfinkel's "Passing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an Intersexed Person" are compared. It is found that in these two classic interactionist texts the formulation of stigma requires the production of normal appearances that occlude interactants' selves. In effect, selves are stigmatized. The essay reads Goffman and Garfinkel in terms of each other, and in certain emergent paradoxes rediscovers the missing (stigmatized) selves.
Popper Revisited, or What Is Wrong With Conspiracy Theories?
Authors: Pigden Charles
Published: March 2007

Conpiracy theories are widely deemed to be superstitious. Yet history appears to be littered with conspiracies successful and otherwise. (For this reason, "cock-up" theories cannot in general replace conspiracy theories, since in many cases the cock-ups are simply failed conspiracies.) Why then is it silly to suppose that historical events are sometimes due to conspiracy? The only argument available to this author is drawn from the work of the late Sir Karl Popper, who criticizes what he calls "the conspiracy theory of society" in The Open Society and elsewhere. His critique of the conspiracy theory is indeed sound, but it is a theory no sane person maintains. Moreover, its falsehood is compatible with the prevalence of conspiracies. Nor do his arguments create any presumption against conspiracy theories of this or that. Thus the belief that it is superstitious to posit conspiracies is itself a superstition. The article concludes with some speculations as to why this superstition is so widely believed.
Establishing Critical Turning-Points in Temporal Variation
Authors: Jarvis George K.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents several methods of analyzing a time series in conjunction with variables which are available only for census years. Within the framework of diffusion theory, the time series of automobile registrations per capita is examined first in terms of the existence, extent, and pattern of variation over the years 1910 to 1969. By means of simple graphic techniques, measures of central tendency, interannual correlations, and smallest-space analysis, turning-points in temporal variation are established. Cross-sectional path analysis with collateral social and economic variables at these important junctures permits substantive interpretation of the pattern of automobile diffusion in the United States.
Comparing Regression Coefficients Across Subsamples
Authors: COHEN AYALA
Published: March 2007

The comparison of regression coefficients across subsamples is relevant to many studies. Often, the same regression model is fitted to several subsamples and the question arises whether the effect of some of the explanatory variables, as expressed by the linear model, is the same for all subsamples. Because there are sometimes misunderstandings as to the statistical procedure which ought to be applied and consequently, wrong formulae are sometimes adopted by researchers. The purpose of this article is to describe in detail the relevant statistical procedures, together with the assumptions underlying the statistical tests. Some examples are quoted, in which wrong formulae were applied. It is demonstrated how the adoption of the wrong formulae might lead to mistaken conclusions.
The R2 Ridge Trace in 2SLS Regression Estimation
Authors: LEE WAN FUNG , BULCOCK JEFFREY W. , LUK WO SHUN
Published: March 2007

Although the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator has several desirable properties, and thus is a preferred method of equation estimation, it is nevertheless extremely sensitive to multicollinearity. In recent years, ridge regression (RR) has become a popular approach for coping with multicollinearity because it usually generates smaller estimator variance than least squares methods. In theory, then, two-stage ridge regression (2SRR) should also generate smaller estimator variance than 2SLS. Although it is well known that the R2 goodness of fit decreases as the biasing parameter, k, introduced by RR estimation increases, it is less well known that for 2SRR estimation the reverse may be true; and, within a range of modest k-values, as the k increases so does the R2 goodness of fit. Using this property of 2SRR, we addressed the question of whether in the presence of multicollinearity the 2SRR estimator would generate better-fitting models than the 2SLS estimator. Comparisons were made for seven RR methods; the R2 ridge trace results demonstrated that the incorporation of RR into 2SLS estimation could significantly improve the goodness of fit of an equation.
Platonic and Operational True Scores in Covariance Structure Analysis
Authors: SOBEL MICHAEL E. , ARMINGER GERHARD
Published: March 2007

Bielby (1986) argues that conventional practices for normalizing latent variable models can lead the applied researcher astray. He presents two examples to show how this may occur. In the first example, he considers the regression of income on education. In the second, he considers a panel model of attitude stability. He concludes that “explicit calibration of measurements” is as critical in sociological work as it is in the physical sciences. The primary purpose of this note is to distinguish between Platonic and operational true scores, to discuss the implications of this distinction in factor analysis, and to show how external information can be brought to bear on some of the problems raised by Bielby. Specifically, we show how external information can be incorporated into a covariance structure model to identify and estimate the parameters of the structural model linking education and income. Secondarily, we briefly discuss Bielby's panel model of attitude stability. Bielby tends to treat this example as if the true scores of interest are conceptually the same as those in the education-income example. If this is the case, he is arguing for a Platonic conception of attitude, an argument he should explicitly acknowledge and make, because this is not the usual conception of attitude in empirical research. If this is not the case, however, Bielby's example is not convincing.
Response Effects Over Time:
Authors: SCHUMAN HOWARD , SCOTT JACQUELINE
Published: March 2007

Two split-ballot experiments on attitude questions—one on inclusion or exclusion of “don't know” options and one on agree/disagree versus forced-choice format—were included in the General Social Survey in 1974 and replicated in 1982. Response effects occurred in each experiment in 1974 and were generally replicated in 1982, but the effects do not interact with time. Despite the significant response effects, both forms for each experiment yield similar conclusions about change over time, as long as question wording is kept constant. However, a borderline interaction with education in the 1974 data for the agree/disagree versus forced-choice experiment replicates more clearly in 1982, indicating that the two forms yield different conclusions about the relation of the question content to education.
Computer-Assisted Coding of Textual Data
Authors: Franzosi Roberto
Published: March 2007

This article presents the problems involved in implementing a semantic grammar on a computer. Semantic grammars provide powerful content analysis schemes for collecting data from textual sources (e.g., newspapers). Semantic grammars organize information hierarchically and relationally. The hierarchical organization of the data provides a simple way of aggregating information, and the relational organization of information provides explicit links between the basic elements of the grammar. These characteristics and the linguistic underpinnings of semantic grammars suggest a variety of features that a software of data collection based on a semantic grammar should have. These features are illustrated with respect to data entry, data aggregation, and data verification. It is argued that the complexity of semantic grammars as content analysis schemes, coupled with the on-line capacity of computers to perform data quality checks, produces richer and more reliable data than do traditional content analysis methodologies. It is shown that despite such data complexity, the relational organization of coded output provided by a semantic grammar allows researchers to retrieve data in highly flexible ways using powerful relational data base management systems.
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Authors: Browne Michael W. , Cudeck Robert
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, with optimally chosen but unknown parameter values, to the population covariance matrix. The second is overall error which involves the fit of the model, with parameter values estimated from the sample, to the population covariance matrix. Measures of the two types of error are proposed and point and interval estimates of the measures are suggested. These measures take the number of parameters in the model into account in order to avoid penalizing parsimonious models. Practical difficulties associated with the usual tests of exact fit or a model are discussed and a test of “close fit” of a model is suggested.
The FC1 Rule of Identification for Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: DAVIS WALTER R.
Published: March 2007

Establishing the identification of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model continues to be one of the most difficult tasks in structural equation modeling. Proving the identification of such models algebraically is both error prone and time consuming. Unfortunately, very few general rules of identification exist for CFA models and they are limited to simple models that do not allow for correlated errors. This article presents a new, highly general, sufficient condition of identification for CFA models with a factor complexity of one. This rule places no limits on the number of latent variables or number of indicator variables and allows for extremely complex error structures. The ease and generality of this test is demonstrated by identifying a number of substantive and hypothetical models.
Properties of a Latent Trait Reliability Coefficient
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. , BASSIN EDWARD L. , SCHUESSLER KARL F.
Published: March 2007

This article takes as its point of departure a coefficient for gauging the reliability of composites based on a fitting of a logit model with normal prior to dichotomous items pertaining to social attitudes (abortion) and/or life feelings (alienation). The effect of item locations on that coefficient relative to that of item slopes is analyzed by means of simulated data. The sampling variation to which that coefficient is subject is investigated by Monte Carlo methods and by sampling theory; procedures for taking that variation into account are presented and illustrated. Discussion includes remarks on the following topics: sample size, sample design, missing responses, number of response categories, time-dependent reliability, group differences in reliability, random versus fixed effects.
Modeling Manifest and Latent Dimensions of Association in Two-Way Cross-Classifications
Authors: ELIASON SCOTT R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author develops a model that combines the RC(M) association model with the linear-by-linear association model for the analysis of two-way contingency tables. This combination provides a useful extension of both models that is applicable under many research conditions. A primary advantage of the model is that it allows the researcher to assess the influence of manifest factors on the row/column association while controlling for significant latent effects. The model also enables a partitioning of the association into that percentage due to the manifest component(s) and that percentage due to the latent component(s). Data from the 1991 General Social Survey are used to construct a cross-classification of occupations by job-related responsibilities which, in turn, is used to develop and illustrate (a) interpretation of parameter estimates, (b) row/column distance measures and plots in oblique space, and (c) a partitioning of the explained association in the table.
Choosing a Measure of Occupational Standing
Authors: WARREN JOHN ROBERT , SHERIDAN JENNIFER T. , HAUSER ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

Does the choice of measure of occupational standing affect inferences about gender differences in occupational attainment? The authors use data from the 1994 General Social Survey and the 1986-1988 Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyze the role of gender in the process of occupational attainment 15 times, each time using a different measure of occupational standing. Composite indexes of occupational standing are too heterogeneous to be useful in studies of occupational stratification, especially studies of gender differences. Women often have higher levels of education than men in the same occupation, while the opposite is true for earnings. Thus, using a composite index, the relative standing of men's and women's occupations is an arbitrary function of the weights given to occupational education and earnings. It is preferable to index occupations separately by each of their socioeconomic characteristics, or to use other, more direct measures of occupational characteristics.
Globalisation, environmental protest, locality and modernity
Authors: Bapat Jyotsna
Published: March 2007

The national identity of citizens and economic growth are given primacy by the state over the claims of the local communities to their natural resources. The only exception is when local claims are articulated in terms of a 'moral economy'. It is when local communities articulate their rights to local resource exploitation as being subsistence-based, that they are able to catapult a local issue into a national issue. The article deals with the case of an amusement park and related social protest. In this instance, the strategy of articulating a local issue in environmental terms through the mass media proved to be a partially successful strategy. It achieved three things. First, the community was effectively able to resist the domination of the promoters of the amusement park. Second, they were able to force the higher-level bureaucracy, in this instance a central government ministry, to address their issues. Finally, the local bureaucracy had to back the community demand, for a short while at least. The community could not, however, succeed in meeting all its demands in the long run.
Thoreau on Democratic Cultivation
Authors: WALKER BRIAN
Published: March 2007

None is so poor that he need sit on a pumpkin.

Henry Thoreau, Walden
Habits of the Head
Authors: Schneck Stephen Frederick
Published: March 2007

Nothing conceivable is so petty, so insipid, so crowded with paltry interestsin one word, so anti-poeticas the life of a man in the United States. [Tocqueville];1

Anyone who allows the growing respectability of mass culture to seduce him into equating a popular song with modem art because of a few false notes squeaked by a clarinet; anyone who mistakes a triad studded with "dirty notes" for atonality, has already capitulated to barbarism. Art which has degenerated to culture pays the price of being all the more readily confused with its own waste-products as its aberrant influence grows. Education, traditionally the privilege of the few, is paid its due by self-conscious illiteracy which proclaims the stupor of tolerated excess to be the realm of freedom. Rebelling feebly, they are always ready to duck, following the lead of jazz, which integrates stumbling and coming-too-soon into the collective march lock-step. [Adorno];
Hobbes and the Foole
Authors: HOEKSTRA KINCH
Published: March 2007

Answere not a foole according to his folly, lest thou also be like unto him.

Answere a foole according to his folly, lest hee be wise in his owne conceit.

Proverbs 26:4-5
Fright Reactions to Television
Authors: VALKENBURG PATTI M. , CANTOR JOANNE , PEETERS ALLERD L.
Published: March 2007

Using telephone interviews with a random sample of Dutch children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, the authors investigated (a) the prevalence of television-induced fright, (b) whether the fear-inducing capacity of different types of television content (interpersonal violence, fantasy characters, war and suffering, and fires and accidents) is associated with the child's age and gender, and (c) how boys and girls in different age groups cope with their television-induced fears. Thirty-one percent of the children reported having been frightened by television during the preceding year. Both children's television-induced fears and their coping strategies to reduce such fears varied by age and gender.
Determinants of Equivocation
Authors: BELLO RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that other than avoidance-avoidance binds, researchers have largely ignored possible antecedents of interpersonal equivocation. It then attempts to demonstrate experimentally the existence of other such antecedents. Participants responded to scenarios that manipulated the level of situational formality (informal or formal) and interaction phase (initial or middle). These responses were scaled for degree of equivocation. In addition, participants completed a modified version of the MAT-50, a measure of ambiguity tolerance (AT). Moderated regression analyses indicated that participants equivocated more in informal situations and that AT interacted with formality level and interaction phase to influence equivocation. Specifically, those lower in AT equivocated more in informal situations and during the initial phase of conversations.
Critiquing the Image
Authors: LESHNER GLENN
Published: March 2007

Television political advertising has been criticized for focusing too much on candidates' image rather than on their issue positions. Yet, image advertising has been largely ignored by the press as a source for news stories. This study examined the effects of a proposed type of television adwatch story—one that critiqued political advertisements that focused on a candidate's image. Image adwatches produced less positive candidate evaluations than the control group, which saw no adwatches. This pattern did not hold for issue adwatches. Participants did not apply information from either the issue or image adwatch to ads that were different from those critiqued in the adwatches. Recall of the ad was lower for issue adwatches, but only when they critiqued a different ad. Participants did not penalize journalists for their image adwatch stories. Findings are discussed in an information processing perspective.
An Information-Processing Approach to Participation in Small Groups
Authors: BONITO JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of quantity and commonality of information, as well as the influence of attitudes toward group work, on participation in small groups. Prior to discussion, participants were asked individually to write a psychological profile of a target person and to respond to a series of questions about working in groups. Profiles were coded for quantity and commonality of information. Participants were then assigned to three-person groups and asked to develop a consensus profile of the same target person. Discussions were coded for substantive and nonsubstantive contributions. Results indicated a positive actor effect for information quantity on substantive contributions, as well as positive actor and partner effects for commonality of information on both substantive and nonsubstantive participation. The attitudinal variables marginally affected participation. Discussion focuses on information pooling and stereotypes, and it argues for a dynamic model of information use and storage as an area of future research.
Internet Connectedness and Inequality
Authors: JUNG JOO-YOUNG , QIU JACK LINCHUAN , KIM YONG-CHAN
Published: March 2007

This article presents the Internet Connectedness Index (ICI), a measure for monitoring long-term inequalities in the quality of Internet connections among users, especially in terms of whether Internet connections will enhance the chances of people's upward mobility. This index is preferable to more established digital divide measures (e.g., gadgetry ownership or time online) for research on how the Internet is being incorporated into a world of structural inequalities. The ICI utilizes conventional time, history, and context measures, but goes beyond them to capture the scope and centrality of Internet incorporation into the everyday lives of diverse social groups. The validity and robustness of ICI vis-á-vis conventional ownership and time online measures are demonstrated in this article. In addition, the authors discuss theoretical, methodological, and policy implications based on the results. The analytical data are drawn from the Communication Technology and Community Program's Metamorphosis Project, an inquiry into the communication infrastructures of seven ethnically marked residential areas in Los Angeles.