bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetative Compatibility Groups in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and F. oxysporum Non‐pathogenic to Chickpea
Authors: Nogales Moncada Ana M. , Jiménez Díaz Rafael M. , Pérez Artés Encarnación
Published: April 2009

Forty‐seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceris, representative of the different pathogenic races and originating from California, India, Tunisia and Spain, and twenty‐five non‐pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates obtained from chickpea roots in Algeria, Italy, Morocco, Pakistan and Spain, were analyzed for vegetative compatibility. Only one vegetative compatibility group (VCG) was found among the 47 isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, although some isolates failed to complement with one or more isolates in this VCG. Among the twenty five non‐pathogenic isolates, we found three multi‐member VCG, each group containing two to five isolates. Pathogenic and non‐pathogenic isolates complemented sporadically. Most of the non‐pathogenic isolates were compatible with a yellowing‐type low virulent F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris isolate (Foc USA 3/1 JG), thus suggesting the possibility of the existence of transition isolates between pathogenic and non‐pathogenic populations. Heterokaryon formation between compatible isolates was shown by both pathogenicity and molecular tests. The virulence pattern displayed by the heterokaryons indicated the presence of genetic factors controlling pathogenicity from both parental races. RAPD‐PCR analysis of total DNA of the heterokaryon also showed the presence of the two genomes in it. The existence of a single VCG in the F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris population support the hypothesis of its monophyletic origin.
Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated With Almond Diseases in Iran
Authors: Zirak L. , Bahar M. , Ahoonmanesh A.
Published: April 2009

In recent years, almond witches’‐broom disease has been prevalent in almond growing areas in the centre and south of Iran. Furthermore, almond trees showing different symptoms of phytoplasma diseases such as little leaf, leaf rolling, dieback of branches, rosette and yellowing were observed in the central regions of Iran. DNA isolated from symptomatic almond trees was used to amplify 16S rDNA and 16S‐23S rDNA intergenic spacer (IS) fragments by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma universal primer pairs (P1/P7, R16F2/R2, PA2F/R and NPA2F/R). Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomatic almonds in two major almond‐growing regions, Isfahan and ChaharMahal‐O‐Bakhtiari. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of nested PCR products using endonuclease enzymes HpaII and TaqI revealed that phytoplasmas associated with infected almonds are genetically different. Sequence analyses of amplified fragments of 16S rDNA and IS region indicated that the almond phytoplasmas in Iran are closely related to ‘Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium’, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii’. The phytoplasmas related to ‘Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ were more prevalent than other phytoplasmas in the central regions of Iran.
Application of ISSRs for cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships in rose
Authors: Crespel L. , Pernet A. , Le Bris M. , Gudin S. , Oyant L. Hibrand Saint
Published: April 2009

The inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was evaluated for its applicability to cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships in rose. Nine ISSR primers that revealed informative patterns were selected to fingerprint (by Resophor agarose gel electrophoresis) 33 cultivars, including unrelated cultivars, sports and offspring obtained by sexual propagation from the same initial variety. A total of 159 fragments were generated using these nine primers, 149 of which (93.7%) were polymorphic. All 33 rose cultivars, except for the known colour sports, were differentiated. A Jaccard’s dissimilarity coefficient matrix of the cultivars showed a low dissimilarity level between them (mean dissimilarity: 0.45). An unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic averages dendrogram and principal coordinates analysis separated them into four main groups according to their horticultural classification and pedigree. The ISSR technique is therefore a potentially useful tool for cultivar identification and assessing genetic relationships in rose because it is simple, fast, cost‐effective, reliable and highly discriminating.
Sclerosing haemangioma with lymph node metastasis
Authors: CHIEN Nai‐Chuan , LIN Chih‐Wen , TZENG Jeh‐En
Published: April 2009

Sclerosing haemangioma (SH) of the lung is an intrapulmonary tumour composed of polygonal and cuboidal cells arranged in a heterogeneous pattern. SH is generally regarded as benign or very low‐grade; only rarely have cases of lymph node metastasis been reported. We report a case of SH with metastasis to the regional lymph nodes in an 18‐year‐old male, whose left lung tumour was identified incidentally on routine CXR. The left upper lobe was removed and the regional lymph nodes dissected. The tumour consisted of proliferative cuboidal and polygonal cells arranged in a papillary pattern within the sclerotic stroma. Subcapsular metastasis was observed in a lymph node. SH with lymph node metastasis was diagnosed. The patient was disease‐free at follow up after 2 years. Lobectomy with nodal dissection is suggested for the treatment of pulmonary SH, especially in the case of large tumours with enlargement of regional lymph nodes. Investigation of more cases and long‐term follow up are necessary to assess the clinical significance of lymph node metastasis.
Metastasis of malignant melanoma in the ureter: Possible algorithms for a therapeutic approach
Authors: Gakis Georgios , Merseburger Axel S , Sotlar Karl , Kuczyk Markus A , Sievert Karl‐Dietrich , Stenzl Arnulf
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  We report on the very rare case of a patient with a malignant melanoma in the right ureter initially hospitalized for colic pains. Ureterorenoscopy revealed a pigmented solid mass adherent to the mid‐ureteral wall. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical examination of the biopsy specimen demonstrated a malignant neoplasia with HMB45, Melan A and S100 positivity establishing the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma. Hence, partial ureterectomy was performed with no further evidence of disease at the time of surgical intervention. Subsequently, multiple metastases in the renal pelvis and ureter led to secondary nephroureterectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with complete excision of the ureteral orifice. Secondary metastatic lesions of the urinary bladder wall were completely resected followed by dacarbazine‐based chemotherapy and resection of retroperitoneal recurrences. Based on this case as well as on recent published reports, we propose a possible algorithm for the treatment of metastatic melanoma of the upper urinary tract.
A case report: Primary extragonadal yolk sac tumor of penile shaft in a 2‐year‐old child
Authors: Nakazawa Ryuto , Soneda Shun , Kinoshita Akitoshi , Kitagawa Hiroaki , Koike Junki , Chikaraishi Tatsuya
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  A 2‐year‐old boy, who had the chief complaints of penile swelling and pain, was brought to the hospital by his mother. Penile contusion/trauma was suspected and he was admitted the same day to undergo emergency surgery to eliminate hematoma. The surgery revealed that the origin of the bleeding was not trauma but a tumor lesion of the penile shaft. It was histopathologically identified as a yolk sac tumor and no tumorous lesions were found except that in the penis. Therefore the patient was diagnosed as definitely having a yolk sac tumor originating in the penis. The patient received four cycles of cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin treatment as adjuvant chemotherapy. Although it was impossible to completely resect the tumor, cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin chemotherapy was effective and a complete response was achieved. We plan to carefully monitor the patient in the future.
Association between cholesterols, homocysteine and silent brain infarcts
Authors: Öncel Ç. , Demir S. , Güler S. , Cenikli U. , Tabak E. , Kıroğlu Y.
Published: April 2009

Background:  The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between total plasma homocysteine, cholesterol levels, vitamin B12, folate, thyroid hormones, urea, ferritin, uric acid, C‐reactive protein, cardiovascular risk factors and silent brain infarct (SBI) in patients without any neurological disorder. Whether the factors of interest were associated with SBI is investigated.

Methods:  One hundred and forty‐two subjects with a mean age of 52.1 ± 13.1 years (21–87 years) without any history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack and neurological abnormality were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. The subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and blood chemistry determinations. Student’s t‐test was used to compare differences in means of laboratory results between the groups with and without SBI. The χ2‐test was used for categorized variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of SBI.

Results:  The group comprised 56 men and 86 women. SBI were found in 40 patients (28%). The low‐density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in the infarct group (P = 0.019), homocysteine concentrations were significantly higher in the men‐infarct group (P = 0,029) and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the women‐infarct group than the women non‐infarct group (P = 0.006).

Conclusion:  Serum low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and homocysteine levels were associated with SBI.
Barriers to the implementation of evidence in osteoporosis treatment in hip fracture
Authors: Levinson M. R. , Clay F. J.
Published: April 2009

An audit at a private tertiary hospital showed low rates of assessment and treatment of osteoporosis in minimal trauma patients of hip fracture. A survey sent to all doctors involved in hip fracture care to establish medical beliefs about effective management of osteoporosis in minimal trauma hip fracture patients showed a lack of ownership for investigation and beliefs influencing treatment choices. Understanding the barriers to the translation of evidence into practice is vital to improve patient care.
Use of premedication for intubation in tertiary neonatal units in the United Kingdom
Authors: CHAUDHARY RAJIV , CHONAT SATHEESH , GOWDA HARSHA , CLARKE PAUL , CURLEY ANNA
Published: April 2009

Background:  Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy are frequently performed procedures in neonatal intensive care. These procedures represent profoundly painful stimuli and have been associated with laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hemodynamic changes, raised intracranial pressure and an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. These adverse changes can cause significant neonatal morbidity but may be attenuated by the use of suitable premedication.

Aims:  To evaluate current practices for premedication use prior to elective intubation in UK tertiary neonatal units.

Methods:  Telephone questionnaire survey of all 50 tertiary neonatal units in the UK.

Results:  Ninety percent of units report the routine use of sedation prior to intubation and 82% of units routinely use a muscle relaxant. Morphine was the most commonly used sedative and suxamethonium was the most commonly used muscle relaxant. Approximately half of the units also used atropine during intubation. Seventy seven percent of units had a written policy for premedication. Ten percent of the units did not routinely use any sedatives or muscle relaxants for elective intubation.

Conclusions:  In comparison with data from a 1998 survey, our study demonstrated an increase in the number of units that have adopted a written policy for premedication use, and in the number routinely using premedication drugs for elective intubation. There remains little consensus as to which drugs should be used and in what dose.
The new air‐QTM intubating laryngeal airway for tracheal intubation in children with anticipated difficult airway: a case series
Authors: JAGANNATHAN NARASIMHAN , ROTH ANDREW G. , SOHN LISA E. , PAK THOMAS Y. , AMIN SAPAN , SURESH SANTHANAM
Published: April 2009

The air‐Q intubating laryngeal airway (ILA) is a new supraglottic airway device which may overcome some limitations inherent to the classic laryngeal mask airway for tracheal intubation. We present a case series of patients with anticipated difficult airway in whom the air‐Q ILA was successfully used as a conduit for fiberoptic intubation.
Does elevated testosterone result in increased exposure and transmission of parasites?
Authors: Grear Daniel A. , Perkins Sarah E. , Hudson Peter J.
Published: April 2009

Male‐biased infection is a common phenomenon in vertebrate‐parasite systems and male‐biased transmission has been experimentally demonstrated. One mechanism that is hypothesized to create male‐biased transmission is the immuno‐suppressive effect of testosterone because it increases susceptibility to infection. Testosterone also influences host behaviour and, consequently, may increase exposure to parasites. To test how testosterone could increase exposure and transmission, we undertook a longitudinal mark‐recapture study where we experimentally elevated testosterone levels in wild male rodents. Individuals in control populations reduced the average number of contacts over the treatment period, while populations with experimentally elevated testosterone levels maintained the number of contacts between hosts. As a result, the transmission potential was higher in testosterone treated populations compared to controls. Our results indicated that males with high‐testosterone levels alter the population‐level contacts, producing different social networks and increasing transmission potential compared to those where testosterone is at background levels.
Carotenoids provide the major antioxidant defence in the globally significant N2‐fixing marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium
Authors: Kelman Dovi , Ben‐Amotz Ami , Berman‐Frank Ilana
Published: April 2009

Photosynthetic oxygen‐evolving microorganisms contend with continuous self‐production of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species. The deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species are exacerbated for cyanobacterial nitrogen‐fixers (diazotrophs) due to the innate sensitivity of nitrogenase to oxygen. This renders incompatible the processes of oxygen‐evolving photosynthesis and N‐fixation. We examined total antioxidative potential of various diazotrophic and non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria. We focused on Trichodesmium spp., a bloom‐forming marine diazotroph that contributes significantly to global nitrogen fixation. Among the species tested, Trichodesmium possessed the highest antioxidant activity. Moreover, while proteins constituted the dominant antioxidative component of all other cyanobacteria tested, Trichodesmium was unique in that small‐molecule natural products provided the majority of antioxidant activity, while proteins constituted only 13% of total antioxidant activity. Bioassay‐guided fractionation followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography profiling of antioxidant purified fractions identified the highly potent antioxidant all‐trans‐β‐carotene, and small amounts of 9‐cis‐β‐carotene and retinyl palmitate. Search of the Trichodesmium genome identified protein sequences homologous to key enzymes in the β‐carotene to retinyl palmitate biosynthetic pathway, including 33–37% identity to lecithin retinol acyltransferase. The present study demonstrates the importance of carotenoids in Trichodesmium's arsenal of defensive compounds against oxidative damage and protection of nitrogenase from oxygen and its radicals.
Co‐occurrence of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in a meromictic lake, Lake Cadagno (Switzerland)
Authors: Halm Hannah , Musat Niculina , Lam Phyllis , Langlois Rebecca , Musat Florin , Peduzzi Sandro , Lavik Gaute , Schubert Carsten J. , Singha Bärbel , LaRoche Julie , Kuypers Marcel M. M.
Published: April 2009

The nitrogen cycling of Lake Cadagno was investigated by using a combination of biogeochemical and molecular ecological techniques. In the upper oxic freshwater zone inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low (up to ∼3.4 μM nitrate at the base of the oxic zone), while in the lower anoxic zone there were high concentrations of ammonium (up to 40 μM). Between these zones, a narrow zone was characterized by no measurable inorganic nitrogen, but high microbial biomass (up to 4 × 107 cells ml−1). Incubation experiments with 15N‐nitrite revealed nitrogen loss occurring in the chemocline through denitrification (∼3 nM N h−1). At the same depth, incubations experiments with 15N2‐ and 13CDIC‐labelled bicarbonate, indicated substantial N2 fixation (31.7–42.1 pM h−1) and inorganic carbon assimilation (40–85 nM h−1). Catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that the microbial community at the chemocline was dominated by the phototrophic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium clathratiforme. Phylogenetic analyses of the nifH genes expressed as mRNA revealed a high diversity of N2 fixers, with the highest expression levels right at the chemocline. The majority of N2 fixers were related to Chlorobium tepidum/C. phaeobacteroides. By using Halogen In Situ Hybridization‐Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (HISH‐SIMS), we could for the first time directly link Chlorobium to N2 fixation in the environment. Moreover, our results show that N2 fixation could partly compensate for the N loss and that both processes occur at the same locale at the same time as suggested for the ancient Ocean.
Medicine and management in a comparative perspective: the case of Denmark and England
Authors: Kirkpatrick Ian , Jespersen Peter Kragh , Dent Mike , Neogy Indareth
Published: April 2009

In health systems around the world the current trend has been for doctors to increase their participation in management. This has been taken to imply a common process of re‐stratification with new divisions emerging between medical elites and the rank and file. However, our understanding of this change remains limited and it is open to question just how far one can generalise. In this paper we investigate this matter drawing on path dependency theory and ideas from the sociology of professions. Focusing on public management reforms in the hospital sectors of two European countries – Denmark and England – we note similarities in the timing and objectives of reforms, but also differences in the response of the medical profession. While in both countries new hybrid clinical management roles have been created, this process has advanced much further and has been more strongly supported by the medical profession in Denmark than in England. These findings suggest that processes of re‐stratification are more path dependent than is frequently acknowledged. They also highlight the importance of national institutions that have shaped professional development and differences in the way reforms have been implemented in each country for explaining variation.
Functions of health fatalism: fatalistic talk as face saving, uncertainty management, stress relief and sense making
Authors: Keeley Bethany , Wright Lanelle , Condit Celeste M.
Published: April 2009

Much research on fatalism assumes that fatalistic statements represent a global outlook that conflicts with belief in the efficacy of health behaviours. Other scholars have suggested a more contextual approach, suggesting that fatalism fulfils personal and social functions. This study analyses 96 in‐depth lay interviews in the US, most with low‐income members of the general public, about four diseases: heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes and depression. Within these interviews, fatalistic statements always occurred alongside statements endorsing the utility of behaviours for protecting health. This usage pattern suggests that these statements may have useful functions, rather than being simply a repudiation of the utility of health choices. We examine four functions that are suggested by previous researchers or by the participants’ comments: stress relief, uncertainty management, sense making and (less strongly) face saving. As these themes indicate, individuals often make fatalistic statements to express an understanding of locally or broadly limiting factors for health efficacy, including genes, spiritual agents, prior behaviours, personality, and other factors.
The ‘actualities’ of knowledge work: an institutional ethnography of multi‐disciplinary primary health care teams
Authors: Quinlan Elizabeth
Published: April 2009

This study is set against the backdrop of the evolving order of a health care system in a province implementing a set of concurrent reforms. The study investigates how ‘knowledge work’ of multi‐disciplinary health care teams is actually done and how it is co‐ordinated across sites. Knowledge work involves three processes: the creation of new knowledge during the transfer of knowledge, in the context of the application of knowledge to their collective clinical decision‐making. Institutional ethnography is used to explore the social and institutional forces that shape the knowledge work of health care providers in and across multi‐disciplinary teams by way of examining how the texts trans‐locally organise the formation and functioning of multi‐disciplinary teams. The study confirms that in the course of their collective clinical decision‐making, teams’ dialogical exchange facilitates the articulation of tacit knowledge and opens up the communicative space for the creation of new knowledge. In addition to this confirmatory finding, the study contributes to the existing health‐related knowledge management by illustrating the importance of the social, communicative aspects of the knowledge processes, and in particular, the relationship between knowledge and the social organisation of power.
A composite indicator dimension reduction procedure with application to university student satisfaction
Authors: Marozzi Marco
Published: April 2009

Universities play a central role within society and should provide high quality services to students. Therefore, a careful evaluation of university services is necessary. This evaluation is complex because it involves many partial aspects and can be assessed through a composite indicator. In this paper, we propose a simple method for reducing the number of partial aspects underlying a composite indicator. A practical application to data from a sample survey conducted on the last year students of the University of Padova is discussed. This survey considered the quality of many services, lecture rooms, library services, computer classrooms, reading rooms in libraries, study rooms, structure of exams, student socialization, reached skills and so forth. The method has been compared with principal component analysis. The results show that our method is worthy of consideration as it is markedly simpler to be applied than the other dimension reduction methods and requires milder assumptions.
Islam, politics, anthropology
Authors: Soares Benjamin , Osella Filippo
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we consider anthropology's long and, at times, problematic engagement with the study of Islam and Muslim societies. Specifically, we reflect critically on ongoing anthropological debates about the relationship between Islam and politics and suggest new terms of analysis. Although we pay attention to the state and formal politics, involving various social actors and organizations, we are also interested in everyday politics and micropolitics, arenas where anthropology proves especially adept. It is at the intersection of these multiple levels and where the field of politics is constituted in practice that we situate the analytical focus of the anthropology of Islam and politics in this Special Issue of theJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.

Les auteurs s’intéressent ici à la longue, et parfois problématique histoire, de l’étude de l’islam et des sociétés musulmanes par l’anthropologie. L’accent est mis plus précisément sur une réflexion critique relative aux débats anthropologiques actuels sur les liens entre islam et politique, et sur l’exploration de nouveaux termes d’analyse. Tout en prêtant de l’attention à l’État et aux institutions politiques, impliquant différents acteurs sociaux et organisations, nous nous intéressons également à la politique au quotidien et à la micropolitique, domaines dans lesquels l’anthropologie s’avère particulièrement compétente. C’est à l’intersection de ces multiples niveaux, et là où le champ du politique est constitué dans la pratique, que nous situons le point focal de l’analyse anthropologique de l’islam et du politique dans ce numéro spécial duJournal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.
Between dialogue and contestation: gender, Islam, and the challenges of a Malian public sphere
Authors: De Jorio Rosa
Published: April 2009

This paper examines how Islam has become a widely used idiom in discussions about gender in Mali. It foregrounds ordinary Malians' and particularly women's reflexive engagements with broadly debated religious and political questions. Centred on a 2004 five‐day conference on gender issues, this paper examines the forms of Muslim women's involvement in the Malian public sphere, some of the challenges these women encounter, and their discursive attempts to reconcile their emancipatory agendas with their identities as Muslims.

L’article analyse la façon dont l’islam est devenu un mot très employé dans des discussions portant sur le genre au Mali. Il sous‐tend la réflexion des Maliens ordinaires, et en particulier des femmes, sur lesquestions religieuses et politiques les plus débattues. Centré sur une conférence de cinq jours qui s’est tenue en 2004 sur les questions de genre, l’auteur examine les formes d’engagement des femmes musulmanes dans la sphère publique malienne, quelques‐unes des difficultés qu’elles rencontrent et leurs tentatives discursives de concilier leurs mots d’ordre d’émancipation et leurs identités de femmes musulmanes.
Piety politics and the role of a transnational feminist analysis
Authors: Deeb Lara
Published: April 2009

This paper draws on the ethnographic case of pious Shi‘i Muslim gender activists in Lebanon in order to argue for the necessity of considering transnational discourses on gender and Islam in our analyses of piety. Based upon field research conducted inal‐Dahiya –the southern suburb of Beirut – since 1998, the paper examines pious Shi‘i women's engagements with transnational discourses about gender roles and stereotypes about Muslim women. The paper excavates a Hizbullah Women's Committee seminar during which reformulated Islamic models of womanhood as well as models associated with ‘the West’ were discussed in relation to women's participation in the public sphere. The paper suggests that political and social contexts are critical aspects of modern formations of piety, and that scholarship should aim towards multifaceted and non‐reductive analyses that incorporate transnational discursive and political‐economic contexts into discussions of piety politics in ways that are not necessarily constitutive and that are always contextually contingent.

Le présent article est consacré au cas ethnographique de féministes chiites pieuses au Liban et se veut un plaidoyer pour la prise en compte des discours transnationaux sur le sexe et l’islam dans les analyses de la piété. Sur la base de recherches sur le terrain menées àal‐Dahiya, dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth, depuis 1998, l’auteur examine l’engagement de femmes chiites pieuses dans le discours transnational sur les rôles et stéréotypes de genre concernant les femmes musulmanes. L’analyse prend appui sur un séminaire du Comité des femmes du Hezbollah, au cours duquel des modèles islamiques reformulés de la condition féminine et des modèles associés à« l’Occident »étaient débattus en relation avec la participation des femmes aux affaires publiques. L’auteur suggère que les contextes politique et social sont cruciaux dans la formation moderne de la piété et que les études doivent tendre vers des analyses non réductrices, portant sur de multiples aspects, qui intègrent les contextes discursifs et politico‐économiques transnationaux dans la discussion de politiques de la piété, selon une approche qui ne soit pas nécessairement constitutive et toujours contextualisée.
Mukadas's struggle: veils and modernity in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: McBrien Julie
Published: April 2009

When Mukadas Kadirova changed her mode of dress as an act of religious devotion, she and her family – the self‐proclaimed (former) epitome of modern, Soviet citizenry – were confronted with conflicting normative systems. Was Mukadas still a modern woman? Was the family? And what was modernity anyway, they asked: socialist ideals, capitalist consumption, or pious women fashionably tying their headscarves? This paper, based on fourteen months of fieldwork in Kyrgyzstan, examines Mukadas's religious transformation; her attempts to map this alteration onto the shifting discursive and material realities of the post‐Soviet period; and her play with variant notions of modernity. Mukadas's struggle ultimately shows that while modernity is often characterized by a linear, forward‐looking gaze, experiences of modernity are not always marked by this progressive ‘onward’ sense. Modernity can be simultaneously past, present, and future.

Quand Mukadas Kadirova a changé de tenue vestimentaire pour manifester sa dévotion religieuse, elle‐même et sa famille, incarnation autoproclamée (mais révolue) de la citoyenneté soviétique moderne, se sont trouvées face à un conflit de leurs systèmes normatifs. Mukadas était‐elle encore une femme moderne ? Sa famille était‐elle moderne ? Et pour commencer, qu’est‐ce que la modernité : les idéaux socialistes, le consumérisme capitaliste ou des femmes pieuses qui nouent coquettement leur foulard ? Basé sur quatorze mois de travail de terrain au Kirghizstan, l’article examine la transformation religieuse de Mukadas, ses tentatives d’ajuster ce changement aux réalités discursives et matérielles mouvantes de l’ère postsoviétique, et son maniement de différentes notions de la modernité. Le dilemme de Mukadas montre, en fin de compte, que bien que la modernité soit souvent présentée comme un regard projeté vers l’avant, elle n’est pas toujours marquée, en réalité, par cette impression progressive de « marche en avant ». La modernité peut tout à la fois être le passé, le présent et l’avenir.
Genealogy of the Islamic state: reflections on Maududi's political thought and Islamism
Authors: Ahmad Irfan
Published: April 2009

According to the conventional wisdom, there is no separation between religion and the state in Islam. Ernest Gellner thus asserted that Islam ‘was the state from the very start’. Most readings of ‘Islamic fundamentalism’ aver that since Islam fuses religion and politics, the idea of the state flows from the inner logic of Islam. Challenging this explanation, I argue that the state became central to Islamism not because of theology. Rather, the configuration of modern political formations – particularly the unprecedented interventionist role of the modern state in everyday life – catalysed the state to become central in Islamist thought. To trace the genealogy of the Islamic state, I draw on the life of Maududi, arguably the most influential ideologue of Islamism in the twentieth century. In a context where the colonial Indian state had begun to impact deeply on individual and collective lives, Maududi interpreted Islam to equate it with the state.

De l’avis général, il n’y a pas de séparation entre la religion et l’État dans l’islam. Ernest Gellner a pu ainsi affirmer que l’islam «était l’État dès le commencement ». La plupart des lectures du « fondamentalisme islamique » maintiennent que puisque l’islam fusionne religion et politique, l’idée de l’État découle de la logique interne de l’islam. Remettant en question cette explication, l’auteur fait valoir que ce n’est pas à cause de la théologie que l’État est devenu central dans l’islamisme ; c’est plutôt la configuration des formations politiques modernes – notamment l’interventionnisme sans précédent de l’État dans la vie de tous les jours – qui a contribuéà focaliser la pensée islamiste sur l’État. Pour remonter dans la généalogie de l’État islamique, l’auteur s’inspire de la vie de Maududi, qui fut probablement l’idéologue de l’islamisme le plus influent du XXesiècle. A une époque où l’État indien colonial commençait à peser lourdement sur la vie des individus et de la collectivité, c’est lui qui interpréta l’islam comme équivalent de l’État.
Market Islam in Indonesia
Authors: Rudnyckyj Daromir
Published: April 2009

This paper argues that in contemporary Indonesia development is increasingly being posed as an ethical, rather than a political and economic, problem. I demonstrate this change by describing one of several moderate Islamic ‘spiritual reform’ movements that are active in state‐owned enterprises, government offices, and private companies. These initiatives combine business management principles and techniques from popular life‐coaching seminars with Muslim practice. I term this assemblage ‘market Islam’ and contrast it with what has been labelled ‘civil Islam’. I argue that market Islam seeks less to create commensurability between Islam and democracy and is instead designed to merge Muslim religious practice and capitalist ethics. Market Islam is thus less concerned with state power and the articulation of politics and religion, and more focused on eliciting the ethical dispositions conducive to economic liberalism. It is thus designed to create a form of effective self‐management by making ‘people better from the inside’ and ‘breaking boundaries’ that are seen to afflict Indonesian development, such as those between Indonesia and other countries, between religion and work, and between individuals and the corporations for which they work. I conclude that market Islam is neither fundamentalist nor conservative, but rather involves breaking a series of boundaries that were constitutive of Indonesian modernity.

Le présent article soutient que dans l’Indonésie contemporaine, le développement est de plus en plus présenté comme un problème éthique plus que politique et économique. L’auteur met en évidence ce changement en décrivant l’un des multiples mouvements de « réforme spirituelle » islamiques modérés à l’œuvre dans les entreprises d’État, les administrations et les sociétés privées. Ces initiatives combinent les principes et techniques de gestion d’entreprise issues de séminaires de coaching populaires avec la pratique de l’islam. L’auteur désigne cet assemblage par l’appellation « islam de marché» et le confronte à l’islam dit « civil ». Il affirme que l’islam de marché essaie non pas de créer des repères communs entre l’islam et la démocratie, mais de fusionner pratique religieuse musulmane et éthique capitaliste. L’islam de marché s’intéresse donc moins à la puissance de l’État et à l’articulation de la politique et de la religion qu’à la mise en place des dispositions éthiques conduisant au libéralisme économique. Il est donc conçu pour créer une forme d’autogestion efficace, en « rendant les gens meilleurs de l’intérieur » et en « brisant les barrières » qui grèvent le développement de l’Indonésie : barrières entre l’Indonésie et les autres pays, entre religion et travail, entre les individus et les entreprises pour lesquelles ils travaillent. L’auteur conclut que l’islam de marché n’est ni fondamentaliste ni conservateur, mais vise plutôt à abattre diverses cloisons inhérentes à la modernité en Indonésie.
Islam and the politics of enchantment
Authors: Starrett Gregory
Published: April 2009

The North American public sphere is suffused with claims and counter‐claims about the relationship between Islam and violence. Schools and publishers have responded with training programmes for teachers and curriculum units for students introducing them to the Middle East and its dominant religious tradition. Such programmes are often accused by local parents and national intellectuals of pandering to Muslim sensitivities by whitewashing distasteful historical events and even proselytizing young people. Focusing on a 2002 lawsuit filed against California's Byron Union School District, by parents upset by a classroom role‐playing exercise on Islam, this paper argues that political fears about terrorist infiltration into US society are building on powerful emotional and cultural concerns about the nature of ritual and the spiritual safety of children exposed to information about other religions. By encouraging public education as a response to political and cultural tensions, educators may in fact be heightening the public's concerns about Islam as a comprehensive threat.

Dans la sphère publique nord‐américaine, on entend dire tout et son contraire à propos de la relation entre l’islam et la violence. En réponse, les écoles et les éditeurs ont produit des programmes de formation des enseignants et des unités d’enseignement présentant le Moyen Orient et sa tradition religieuse dominante. Les parents, au niveau local, et les intellectuels au niveau national accusent souvent ces programmes de flatter la susceptibilité musulmane en occultant les événements historiques déplaisants, et même de faire du prosélytisme auprès des jeunes. En se concentrant sur un procès intenté en 2002 au district scolaire de Byron Union en Californie par des parents troublés par un jeu de rôles en classe sur le thème de l’islam, l’auteur affirme que les craintes politiques d’infiltration terroriste dans la société américaine s’enracinent dans de puissantes inquiétudes émotionnelles et culturelles relatives à la nature du rituel et à la sécurité spirituelle des enfants exposés à des informations sur d’autres religions. En encourageant la sensibilisation publique en réponse aux tensions politiques et culturelles, les éducateurs pourraient en réalité attiser les craintes d’une opinion publique qui perçoit dans l’islam une menace omniprésente.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF DISADVANTAGE IN RURAL SCOTLAND
Authors: PACIONE MICHAEL
Published: April 2009

In the United Kingdom, despite the social legislation of the post‐war era, poverty and deprivation remain the daily experience of many citizens. Large numbers of the disadvantaged live in rural areas, yet most research attention has been focused on conditions in urban Britain, and in particular on the main cities of England. This research employs a multi‐scale multi‐indicator approach and data extracted from the latest Census of Population to identify the nature, intensity and incidence of disadvantage in rural Scotland. The empirical findings are of both academic and policy relevance. Finally, a five‐dimensional conceptual framework is presented as a guide for future research into the geography of rural disadvantage.
THE KEEP JEEP IN TOLEDO CAMPAIGN: A LOST OPPORTUNITY FOR THE WHEELS OF CHANGE?
Authors: MCCARTHY LINDA
Published: April 2009

In 1996, Chrysler announced plans to build a replacement plant within 50 miles of its existing Toledo Jeep facilities. In theory, this presented an opportunity for alternatives to expensive ‘all or nothing’ individual competition; in practice, Toledo and other governments in the northwest Ohio/southeast Michigan region entered into the usual cutthroat contest when transnational corporations solicit incentive offers from across the United States. Chrysler's desire to remain within the region provides a unique context for analysing the opportunities and challenges associated with regional co‐operation as an alternative to individual competition. In investigating the extent to which localities can co‐operate and reduce wasteful incentives, this paper also identifies how the opportunities for such co‐operation are limited. The research highlights the need to better incorporate this kind of region – without internal political coherence despite locational proximity – into conceptualisations and empirical analyses of regional co‐operation, particularly with respect to issues of scale and conflict.
LANGUAGE, EDUCATION AND THE NEW SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: GILMARTIN MARY
Published: April 2009

Issues of language and education are central to the process of nation building in the new South Africa. In this paper, I examine the rhetoric and the practice of the intersections of South Africa's language and education policies. While early education policy documents are predicated on the need to reassert the importance of African languages in relation to English and Afrikaans, the official languages during apartheid, these discourses of language equality are now being replaced with discourses of utility. I examine this change at the level of national policy, and also in practice in the province of Mpumalanga, where English is increasingly coming to dominate the spaces of education, and Afrikaans and African languages are becoming more marginalised. I argue that this policy shift and related practices fundamentally undermine broader claims to racial and ethnic equality in the new South Africa.
IN/VISIBLE GEOGRAPHIES: ABSENCE, EMERGENCE, PRESENCE, AND THE FINE ART OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION
Authors: BAIN ALISON L.
Published: April 2009

In this paper I draw on interviews with professional visual artists in Toronto, Canada to reconstruct an occupation‐specific reading of the urban landscape. I use a detailed examination of one specific occupational identity to reveal the intricate relationship between self, work, and context at different spatial scales. The underlying mechanism that supports the articulation and negotiation of artistic identities, I argue, is the sustained tension between absence and presence, visibility and invisibility within different spaces of the urban fabric.
EUROPEAN UNION: ECONOMIC CONVERGENCEVERSUS SOCIAL MOBILITY
Authors: CHOI CHONG JU , CHENG PHILIP , HILTON BRIAN
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the economic convergence of the European Union in terms of the effects of European Monetary Union (EMU), which began in 1999 and possible conflict with, ‘social mobility’ in Europe. Our focus is on the low rate of mobility in the labour market. We assume that this is due to psychological and social aspects.
MAPPING INNOVATION: REGIONAL DIMENSIONS OF INNOVATION AND NETWORKING IN THE NETHERLANDS1
Authors: BRUIJN P.J.M. DE
Published: April 2009

The paper addresses spatial patterns of innovation and partnership in innovation processes in the Netherlands, building on the Netherlands’ part of the Community Innovation Survey, conducted by Statistics Netherlands. Innovation is analysed from a system perspective, addressing both input factors (education levels of human resources and R&D), throughput factors (partnership with regionally, nationally and internationally based partners) and output factors (results in terms of the launching of new products on the market and/or the implementation of new processes in production). Our descriptive analyses at detailed spatial levels (four‐digit postal code areas) provide indications that the relation between input factors and results of innovation processes is highly differentiated across regions. Furthermore, international connectivity seems to be strongly connected to the results of innovation processes, whereas the relation between regional clustering and innovative output appears rather weak.
INTERREGIONAL KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS AND OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE IN A MODEL OF FREE TRADE AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH*
Authors: Davis Colin R.
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT A two region model of horizontal innovation with free trade and occupational choice is used to examine the spatial patterns of innovation and manufacturing industry in interior and core‐periphery long‐run equilibria. The inclusion of skill heterogeneity among workers creates a tension between stabilizing productivity effects that coincide with reallocations of workers across industries, and destabilizing productivity effects that arise with localized stocks of knowledge capital. We find that while core‐periphery equilibria are always saddlepath stable, interior equilibria are saddlepath stable when knowledge spillovers exceed a threshold level but are unstable otherwise. In addition, incorporating skill heterogeneity into the model allows for interior equilibria with asymmetric shares for innovation and industry.
EVIDENCE OF POLITICAL YARDSTICK COMPETITION IN FRANCE USING A TWO‐REGIME SPATIAL DURBIN MODEL WITH FIXED EFFECTS*
Authors: Elhorst J. Paul , Fréret Sandy
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT This research proposes a two‐regime spatial Durbin model with spatial and time‐period fixed effects to test for political yardstick competition and exclude any other explanation that might produce spatial interaction effects among the dependent variable, the independent variables, or the error term. The study also derives the maximum likelihood estimator and variance–covariance matrix of the parameters of this model. Data pertaining to welfare spending by 93 departments in France during 1992–2000 provide significant empirical evidence in support of political yardstick competition. Departments governed by a small political majority mimic neighboring expenditures on welfare to a greater extent than do departments governed by a large political majority.
SOSA'S MOORE AND THE NEW DOGMATISTS
Authors: NUCCETELLI SUSANA
Published: April 2009

Abstract: Some seventy years ago, G. E. Moore invoked his own sensory experience (as of a hand before him in the right circumstances), added some philosophical analysis about externality, and took himself to have offered his “Proof” of the existence of an external world. Current neo‐Mooreans either reject completely the standard negative assessment of the Proof or qualify it substantially. For Sosa, the Proof can be persuasive, but only when read literally as offering reasons for the conclusion that there is at least one external object—rather than that the prover is justified in believing, or even knowing, that there is at least one external object. Sosa, then, is a neo‐Moorean—though not of the sort we might expect in light of the ongoing debate about the Proof. I argue that Sosa needs to say more about the circularity often thought to vitiate the Proof before we can accept his view.
SOSA ON EPISTEMIC CIRCULARITY AND REFLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE
Authors: LEMOS NOAH
Published: April 2009

Abstract: Ernest Sosa has done important work on epistemic circularity, epistemic virtue, and reflective knowledge. He holds that epistemic circularity need not be vicious and need not prevent us from knowing that our ways of forming beliefs are reliable. In this article, I briefly explore Sosa's defense of this view and raise some questions about what is required for reflective knowledge.
EXTERNAL REASONS
Authors: LUBIN DEAN
Published: April 2009

Abstract: In this article I consider Bernard Williams's argument against the possibility of external reasons for action and his claim that the only reasons for action are therefore internal. Williams's argument appeals to David Hume's claim that reason is the slave of the passions, and to the idea that reasons are capable of motivating the agent who has them. I consider two responses to Williams's argument, by John McDowell and by Stephen Finlay. McDowell claims that even if Hume is right, there might nevertheless be external reasons. Finlay also claims that external reasons exist but, rejecting the connection between reasons and motivation, claims that they don't matter—that is, aren't motivationally significant for the agent whose reasons they are. Although I reject aspects of McDowell's and Finlay's arguments, I argue that external reasons do exist and in particular that any agent has an external reason to satisfy the preconditions of his or her agency.