bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plowing Trials for Afforestation in Newfoundland
Authors: Wilton W. C.
Published: February 2014

Trials with a Parkgate forestry plow were carried out on open heathlands and boglands during 1966 and 1967. Single-furrow plowing to a depth of 18 inches at 6-foot intervals was feasible on both land types. Production rates were approximately one acre in four hours on heath-land sites, and one acre in two hours on bogland sites. The factors affecting the production rates are density and height of ground cover, depth of matted raw humus, and frequency and size of boulders.
Northern Forest Management: Ends and Means
Authors: Pearse Peter H.
Published: February 2014

Forest management is a means to an end, not an end in itself. In the past, there has been much confusion among foresters over the objectives of forest management; our conventional wisdom has been based, variously, on the goals of full utilization, maximum wood growth, and equal annual harvests. These are technological goals, and our profession is beginning to recognize that they are not adequate guides to the design of forest management policies in the public interest.Forests are part of the total capital stock of our society. In the context of our economy as a whole, forests, along with all our other resources, contribute to our standard and quality of life. Good management involves using forests, and investing in them, in such a way and to such a degree that they will contribute the most social benefit.Maximization of the values generated by forest resources provides the only consistent and workable criterion for judging the appropriateness of management policies and practices. In the light of this objective, problems relating to the best standards of utilization, siviculture, and rates of harvest can be analyse using well established economic techniques. Optimum management will thus very widely in different circumstances, and will require flexibility of standards.In Canada's northern forests there is still time to avoid the mistakes we have made in management policies elsewhere. The framework of public policy within which private harvesters must operate is important; not only because forests are so important to our economy but also because the government is the landlord over most of our forests. Tenure policies must take account of the need for assured supplies of timber to justify heavy investment in utilization plant on the one hand, and the economic value of private competition for public timber on the other. Stumpage charges should be designed to encourage efficient utilization standards. Once the objective of maximizing forest values is accepted, the economic incentives of private harvesters can be harnessed to serve the public interest.
Decay in Advanced Alpine Fir Regeneration in the Kamloops District of British Columbia
Authors: Smith R. B. , Craig H. M.
Published: February 2014

The extent of decay in alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) advanced regeneration in the Kamloops District varied greatly among individual trees, but there was an overall increase in the volume and incidence of decay with increasing diameter and age, even within the same diameter class. Decay was most serious in trees with suspect indicators, of which the most reliable were conks, scars, broken tops and large or numerous branch stubs. The most important decay-causing fungi were Echinodontium tinctorium and Stereum sanguinolentum.Advanced regeneration in clear-cut areas was essentially decay free. This was attributed to the small size and young age of the understory at the time of release, and to the absence of injury from windfalls after logging. Where spruce (Picea engelmannii) — alpine fir stands are not cleanly logged, decay in residual alpine fir may be considerable. To reduce future decay losses, all residual trees over 6 inches dbh, and all smaller alpine fir with conks, broken tops, scars and large or numerous branch stubs should be felled after logging.
A Simplified Method of Sampling Logging Residue
Authors: Bailey G. R.
Published: February 2014

The line intersect technique for estimating the volume of logging residue was field tested in British Columbia from 1965 to 1967. Residual volumes could be satisfactorily estimated from two sets of sampling lines oriented at right angles. Angular orientation of the residue to the sampling lines could be represented by a constant factor on both tractor- and cable-logged areas.The only variable requiring measurement was the mean cross-sectional area of pieces intersected by a sampling line. When this was estimated by measuring the ends of each piece, the line-intersect method saved an average of 36 percent of the total sampling time required for volume estimation by conventional sample plots. A significant additional reduction in sampling time could be achieved by measuring the cross-sectional area of pieces at the plane of intersection with the sampling line. To avoid bias, this should be accompanied by a sub-sampling procedure involving measurement of end areas on 25 percent of the pieces. Using this sub-sampling procedure resulted in an average reduction of 55 percent of the plot-sampling time required.
A Method for Estimating Abundance of the Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, and Its Damage in Lodgepole Pine Stands
Authors: Cerezke H. F.
Published: February 2014

A sampling technique is described for estimating the abundance of the weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, in even-aged lodgepole pine stands. The percentage of trees currently infested is the basic measurement sought in the survey of a stand. Estimates of growth reduction (radial increment of stem, length of leader shoot) are given for young pine trees with 50% girdling damage. The relation between minimum weevil population level required to achieve 50% girdling and stand age class is described. This relation serves to establish a basis for gauging the severity of infestation.
Methods for Ensuring Additivity of Biomass Components by Regression Analysis
Authors: Kozak A.
Published: February 2014

In many forestry problems additive regression equations are expected because of the nature of the data. This paper discusses the reasons why one does or does not have these additive equations. Mathematical proofs of the theory are given, with a numerical example.
Economics of Reforestation
Authors: Nadeau Jean-Paul
Published: February 2014

The large sums being spent annually on reforestation by provincial governments as well as the rationalization of budget planning warrant a re-evaluation of reforestation projects using economic criteria. This paper examines the direct and indirect returns from a stand of white spruce of site class I in two ways: that of present value and that of internal rate of return on the investment. The return is poor for the individual but it could increase considerably with participation by the State. Indirect benefits are sufficient to justify reforestation by the State. The allocation of reforestation costs among the various beneficiaries (the individual, federal, provincial and municipal governments) should be made in direct proportion to the benefits received. The State has a great responsibility in reforestation because of the long production period of the forests.
How much forest protection is needed?
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

The need to develop improved methods for damage appraisal and a desire for better understanding of the economics of forest protection are illustrated with some data on forest fires in British Columbia. 1912-1968. Fire suppression and general protection costs have increased very rapidly in recent years and may already have exceeded a level that can be justified easily, economically.
Predicting mortality for even-aged stands of lodgepole pine
Authors: (Jim) Lee Y.
Published: February 2014

A method is described for the prediction of future mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) for the estimation of net growth in planning of a timber management system. Data from British Columbia and Alberta lodgepole pine yield tables were applied to calculate regressions which estimate mortality. Comparisons between the actual and predicted mortality over a 5-year period for 2 sets of permanent sample plot data demonstrate that the method (with mean dbh as predictor) can be used with confidence for estimating future mortality. Percentage distribution of dead trees by dbh class is found to be approximately normal. Number of dead trees for each dbh class can be estimated using a normal distribution. An example shows the method for determining the number of expected dead trees, by dbh classes, for a 5-year period.
L'inoculation mycorrhizienne dans la production des plants forestiers
Authors: Fortin J. Andre , Pineau Marius
Published: February 2014

not available
Why classify forest land?
Authors: Rowe J. S.
Published: February 2014

not available
Insect pathogens and biological toxins in Canadian forestry practice
Authors: Cameron J. W. MacBain
Published: February 2014

not available
The public forester responds according to his goals
Authors: Young W.
Published: February 2014

not available
Environmental tolerances and visitor preferences for some forest recreation habitats in British Columbia
Authors: Smith J. Harry G. , Matthews J. Russel
Published: February 2014

not available
Dry matter distribution in jack pine stands in northern Ontario
Authors: Hegyi F.
Published: February 2014

not available
Opportunities for short rotation culture and complete utilization of seven northwestern tree species
Authors: Smith J. H. G. , DeBell D. S.
Published: February 2014

not available
Process control in forest harvesting
Authors: Newnham R. M.
Published: February 2014

not available
Forest management in view of death
Authors: Bell E. F. , Thompson E. F.
Published: February 2014

not available
Factors affecting the suckering of trembling aspen
Authors: Steneker G. A.
Published: February 2014

not available
New developments of water-borne preservatives for forest products
Authors: Clarke M. R. , Rak J. R.
Published: February 2014

A new heavy duty water-borne preservative system is described. The system is based on aqueous ammonia solution of inorganic salts with additives. The preservative formulation penetrates deeply into difficult-to-penetrate forest products and wood species and provides well balanced properties of treated wood. The preservative formulation is stable under processing conditions.
Planning toward an Ontario cottage policy
Authors: Jaakson Reiner
Published: February 2014

A 10-point plan is proposed as a debating target and the first step toward an Ontario cottage policy.
APPLICATION OF LARGE-SCALE PHOTOGRAPHY TO A FOREST INVENTORY
Authors: Aldred A. H. , Hall J. K.
Published: February 2014

For many years the Forest Management Institute has been developing a large-scale photography system for forest inventory. The role of this system is to replace most, but not all, of the ground work required to make sample plot estimates of species composition, measurements of tree variables such as height, diameter and volume and stand estimates such as stocking, basal area, volume and the distribution of trees by diameter and volume classes.The development of the method, until recently, concentrated mainly on overcoming technical problems limiting the accuracy of the tree measurements and the reliability of the species identification. Significant progress on such problems had led to a shift in emphasis to cost-efficiency considerations and the practical problems of implementing the method. This paper outlines the problems encountered in recent operational trials of the method, provides some results on production costs and indicates plans to overcome some of the remaining problems.
Metric forestry: A measure of progress
Authors: Keen Robert E.
Published: February 2014

The Canadian Metric Commission's committee organization and function are briefly described. The work of Sector Committees.8.1 – Forestry and 8.2 – Wood in particular, since their formation to date, is reported. Highlights of the four working groups of Sector Committee 8.1 – Forestry: Research, Inventory and Mapping, Scaling, and Planning are mentioned. Details are given of the first meeting of the Canadian Standards Association Committee on Scaling in Metric (SI) Units of Primary Forest Products. Recommendations of Sector Committee 8.2 – Wood are listed. Sector planning of conversion timing is discussed.
Ensemencement de pin gris : Résultats quinquennaux
Authors: Frisque Gilles
Published: February 2014

In 1967 a demonstration of aerial seeding was carried out on a 23-year-old burn on the Quebec North Shore using treated jack pine seeds. The 320-acre (130-ha) area was scarified with shark-fin barrels and tractor pads. Scarification cost was high due to a very dense, resistant layer of ericaceous shrubs which developed after the fire. Thirty-six thousand viable seeds per acre (89,000/ha) were sown during the fall.One year after seeding, there were 1,350 jack pine seedlings per acre (3335/ha) with a stocking of 53%. Five years after seeding, there were 2,633 jack pine seedlings per acre (6506/ha) with a stocking of 61%. Germination occurred throughout the 5-year period after seeding.
Quelques essais d'inoculation mycorrhizienne
Authors: Richard Claude
Published: February 2014

Tests of mycorrhizal inoculations were made in containers (greenhouse and propogation area) and in the nursery. Several types of inoculum were tested: forest humus, spores, pure cultures on wheat grains, on agar medium and on a mixture of vermiculite and peat. The inoculum on wheat grains gave good results in the nursery while in containers spores were the most efficient in producing mycorrhizae.
Etude économique des plantations de Grand'Mère 10 ans après fertilisation
Authors: Gagnon J. D. , Conway J. M. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: February 2014

The profitability of an aerial fertilization, in the Grand'Mère white spruce plantations, is considered in the light of results from a 10-year manual fertilization trial (1962-1972). In the fall of 1972, the additional wood volume associated with the best four treatments — K2, N2K2, N1K1, and K1 — exceeds that of non-treated plots by 27,8, 26,9, 14,7 and 12,6 cubic meters per hectare respectively (4,0, 3,8, 2,1 and 1,8 cunits per acre). It was then postulated that similar results could be obtained by means of aerial fertilization. Then, the economic assessment, based on current (1975) prices obtained from the most reliable sources of supply and services, was made by taking into account all costs that would be involved in producing by means of aerial fertilization the same extra wood volume realized by manual fertilization.The assessment shows that treatments with 224 kg/ha (200 lb/acre) and 112 kg ha (100 lb/acre) of potassium sulphate were the most profitable by producing fertilizer-grown wood at costs of $6.72 and $7.47 per cunit on the stump while the profitability level was established in 1962 by the Consolidated Co. at $10.000 per cunit. In 1973, this level was raised to $15.00 and in 1975 it reached $18.00 per cunit according to the company. There would appear to be a sufficient cost advantage to justify the application of potassium fertilizer. Fertilization where nitrogen is included should not be considered at Grand'Mère because of the high price of urea (45% N) — $220.00 per ton in January 1975.
Peat Wedges Aid Seedling Establishment on Shallow Soil
Authors: Stroempl George
Published: February 2014

Tree planting experiments were established in south-eastern Ontario on old pastures with shallow soil over limestone bedrock known to have frequent moisture deficits during the growing seasons. Wedge-shaped pieces of solid peat, saturated with water, were placed at the bottom of a planting hole to supply water to the roots during the early stages of growth and prevent dessiccation during severe drought conditions. The survival of trees planted with peat wedges was higher than those planted without, particularly in the year when soil moisture was most frequently within the wilting range. Additional experience is needed to realize the full potential of this method.
La photographie aérienne couleur infrarouge à petite échelle et l'inventaire des dégâts causés par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette
Authors: Beaubien J.
Published: February 2014

Since 1970 northeastern North America has experienced a spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak. In Quebec, at the end of 1974, some tree mortality was reported for an area of approximately 3 million acres (1,200,000 ha) of pulpwood stands while severe defoliation occurred over 33 million acres (13,300,000 ha). In an effort to improve current methods used to estimate the extent of forest insect damage over large areas, a remote sensing study was initiated with high altitude color-IR aerial photographs (scale 1:60,000) taken over the Gaspé peninsula in mid-August 1974. Cumulative past feeding was apparent at this period of the summer, as almost all current year chipped needles had fallen. Only very severe damage of one year feeding or more could be identified on the images. Colour variations due to stand characteristics such as density, age, rate of growth, prevent the detection of lighter damage on high-altitude CIR photographs. The relative importance of these factors is discussed. For instance a moderately defoliated dense stand can easily be confused with a more open healthy one. It seems that the two main stand characteristics affecting color tonality are density and length of annual shoot growth which is mainly function of age and site quality. Forest insect damage has been more successfully detected on large (up to 1:2,000) or medium (1:4,000-1:12,000) photo-scales. Normal color film may give better information on defoliation levels. As long as objectives are met, the smallest possible photo scale should be used since cost is reduced because fewer photographs have to be purchased and handled during photo-interpretation work.
Growth Response of Spruce and Fir to Release from Suppression
Authors: Crossley D. I.
Published: February 2014

Stems that are below merchantable size in climax spruce-fir stands in Alberta are generally of advanced age and are the result of long periods of suppression. The response of these stems to release from severe competition is of significance from the standpoint of a second crop. This study of the response of residual black spruce, white spruce, and alpine fir in a climax stand on North Western Pulp and Power Ltd.'s limits in west central Alberta was conducted in the tenth year following harvest. Representative trees were studied and the resulting data on the immediate and sustained response to release from suppression strongly suggest that they can be safely regarded as second growth.
Five-Year Field Performance of Pine and Spruce Styroplugs in Alberta
Authors: Johnson H. J. , Walker N. R.
Published: February 2014

In 1970 the styroplug system of reforestation was field-tested for the first time in Alberta. Five-year field survival was good to excellent except in areas where rabbit populations were high. Height growth during the period was considered acceptable, and frost heaving was not a problem.
Viability of Black Spruce Seed in or on a Boreal Forest Seedbed
Authors: Fraser J. W.
Published: February 2014

An informal experiment on the viability of black spruce (Picea mariana) [Mill.] B.S.P.) seed in or on a boreal forest seedbed indicates that seeds which do not germinate lose their ability to do so some time between 10 and 16 months after seeding. Foresters are cautioned that black spruce cutovers which have not regenerated one year after harvesting that eliminates seed-bearing trees should be seeded artificially or planted. Areas which have not regenerated one year after direct seeding should be reseeded.
Effects of Seedbed Density and Nursery Fertilization on Survival and Growth of White Spruce
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Bowdery L.
Published: February 2014

The effects of seedbed densities and fertilizer levels on growth in the nursery and on performance after planting of 3-0 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were studied in an experiment started in 1965. Seedbeds were thinned at 1-0 to densities of 15 and 30 trees per ft2 (161 and 322 per m2). Fertilizer treatments consisted of 'control' (no further treatment after 1-0), 'normal' (the recommended level for top dressing from soil and plant analyses) and 'double' (twice the recommended amounts).Results five years after outplanting showed much benefit from thinning to 15 trees per ft2 (161 per m2) at both nurseries. Normal fertilizer applications at Midhurst gave small benefit over the controls but the double fertilizer gave increased growth (aggregate height) up to 15%. At Orono the normal fertilizer treatment gave more benefit but doubling it gave only a small additional increase. The need for field test plots to study the effectiveness of the fertilizer program is stressed.
Evaluating Public Forestry Investments in British Columbia: The Choice of Discount Rates
Authors: Manning G. H.
Published: February 2014

In the face of a growing demand for wood fibre from British Columbia forests, intensive public-sector forestry investments may be required. That these investments must compete with others, which may not have as their major objective economic optimization, makes analysis and comparison on a common basis difficult. The choice of discount rate to be used in analysis is critical. One solution is a dual rate approach, with a "social discount rate" being used for long range investments affecting future generations, and a more normal rate being used for harvest scheduling.
The Role of Urban Forestry in Regional Landscape Design
Authors: Hirvonen H. E.
Published: February 2014

The urban forester has a vital role to play in the land use planning process of peri-urban regions, He gathers and synthesizes data on pertinent physical and biological parameters and integrates these parameters into workable units for interpretive purposes. A sound understanding and proper manipulation of naturally occurring vegetation can not only enhance the final regional design but serves as a valuable tool in the communicative process amongst the urban forester, land planner and the general populace. Experience gained in urban forestry programs undertaken in southwestern British Columbia, indicates that the manner of presentation of technical data is at least as important as the understanding of that data for landscape design purposes.
Communications Among Researchers and Practitioners
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Sullivan Alfred D.
Published: February 2014

If useful research results are to be put into practice more effectively, communications between forestry managers and researchers must be improved. Although there is no general way to close this communications gap, it may at least in part be bridged by closer manager-researcher cooperation, increased emphasis on management-research interpreters, and more effective presentations and publications.
Poor Vertical Root Development May Contribute to Suppression in a Red Pine Plantation
Authors: Fayle D. C. F.
Published: February 2014

Initial stem and root growth of trees that became suppressed within 30 years in a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation were poorer than those that became codominants. Stem and horizontal root extension improved later but then declined. The likelihood of suppression may have been initiated at or before planting. Inadequate development, perhaps through chance, of vertical roots that could tap moisture-holding layers at the 2.8 m depth in the well-drained loamy sand soil contributed to the suppression process.
Intensive Forestry on the West Coast
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Intensive forestry on Canada's West Coast has some impressive accomplishments but re-investments of timber capital must increase many times to meet future needs. Intensive forest management requires greatly increased inputs of labour, capital, and knowledge in order to enhance the amount and value of yields from an ultimately limited land base. Attractive incentives must be developed for private land owners and users of public forest lands to sustain current yields of wild stands, to avoid a falldown in harvest as surplus old growth values are liquidated, and to make up for withdrawals from the land base and complications of timber management.Since 1912-13 direct B.C. government forest revenues have exceeded expenditures to 1976 by $847 million. British Columbians and many other Canadians are therefore deeply in debt to the forests of British Columbia, and soon should re-invest past surpluses to help build a base for even greater returns in future.Past trends, the current situation, relation to other areas, costs, responses, sources of funds, multiple use implications, alternatives, research needs, and incentives, are discussed with special reference to the Vancouver Forest District.
Effect of Rotation Length on Productivity of Aspen Sucker Stands
Authors: Berry A. B. , Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Repeated harvesting of young aspen sucker stands at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station indicated that biomass production cannot be sustained on rotations of up to ca. 10 years. Results for longer periods are not yet available but growth trends point to at least 15 years as the minimum rotation age.
Biogeoclimatic Classification of Forests in Alberta
Authors: Kojima S. , Krumlik G. J.
Published: February 2014

A research project on biogeoclimatic classification, currently in progress in Alberta, is expected to establish an ecological zonation of the province in terms of biogeoclimatic zones and a forest classification in terms of plant associations. It will also provide basic information on the structure, ecological characteristics, behavior, and productivity of forest ecosystems. Such a system will be of great value in developing improved forest management and practices, identifying problem areas, and guiding future research efforts.
Méthodes de Coupe et de Préparation du Terrain Pour Favoriser la Régénération Naturelle de Quelques Tremblaies de L'Est du Québec
Authors: Doucet René
Published: February 2014

Aspen reproduction was measured following conventional clearcuts, complete clearcuts, and/or the application of treatments designed to increase the production of root suckers. Regeneration was more than adequate following complete clearcuts, provided that the original stands contained at least 5 m2/ha of basal area in aspen uniformly distributed over the area to be regenerated. When aspen distribution was not adequate, even a stocking of 65 p. 100 could mean that fairly large gaps existed in the regeneration.
The Role of Vegetation Analysis in Land Classification
Authors: Damman A. W. H.
Published: February 2014

Environmental factors important in controlling the vegetation pattern change in nature with the scale of observation. Failure to recognize this has been a major stumbling block in carrying out reconnaissance surveys. Vegetation analysis can contribute most in 1) detailed ecological surveys at scales below 1:50,000, to recognize differences in soil moisture and fertility, microclimate, and history of disturbance, and 2) at reconnaissance levels to indicate changes in regional climate. This paper discusses vegetation properties which are useful in detecting and mapping vegetation patterns at various scales. To detect changes in regional climate, a study of the vegetation of comparable parent materials and topographic sites is essential. Vegetation criteria indicative of climatic changes of different magnitudes are discussed.
Computerized Inventory Systems for Forest Fire Equipment and Personnel
Authors: Middleton L. J. , Kourtz P. H.
Published: February 2014

A computerized inventory system has been designed to meet the equipment control requirements of provincial forest fire management agencies. The system supplies decision-makers with current locations, status and quantities of up to 50 equipment types. Updates and reports are made inexpensively on a regional fire center's remote terminal connected to a remote mini computer. Field testing has been carried out for two fire seasons. Future work will be aimed at developing an inventory control system that integrates district and regional level equipment inventories.A fire control personnel record keeping program is also described. This program supplies decision-makers with the current availability, experience and work history for up to 500 persons. Over the past 2 years this program has been useful for finding, hiring and paying part-time fire fighting personnel.
Lumber Yields from Sweepy Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Dobie J. , Middleton G. R.
Published: February 2014

Studies of the effect of sweep on lumber yields from lodgepole pine logs and tree lengths were conducted at two sawmills in the British Columbia Interior. Recovery decreased as sweep increased in both logs and tree lengths and bucking losses from the latter were quite severe at one mill. Although the two mills had different recovery levels, the effect of sweep was similar in both cases.A rule of thumb was derived relating sweep/diameter ratio to lumber yields.
Ecological Site Classification Activities in Oregon and Washington
Authors: Franklin Jerry F.
Published: February 2014

Major ecological site classification programs in Oregon and Washington are briefly described. Federal agency programs are most important the largest being the U.S. Forest Service effort in community classification. Programs emphasize manager recognition of types and include only limited mapping.
Is Moss Necessary in All Nursery Stock Packaging?
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

In 1976 a test was started to examine the need for sphagnum moss in Kraft-polyethylene bags containing bare-root nursery stock of white spruce, white pine and red pine. The test involved comparisons of overwinter frozen storage (190 to 201 days at −2 °C), spring cool storage (24 to 26 days at 2 °C) and spring unrefrigerated storage (13 to 16 days at air temperature in shade). A comparison was also made of the Kraft-polyethylene bag and the polybin container for the storage of white spruce. The effects were examined in terms of survival and growth in the second year after outplanting.The results showed that sphagnum moss in the containers was of no benefit under the conditions of the experiment. Overwinter frozen storage and spring cool storage were successful for white spruce and white pine. Red pine did not store successfully overwinter, probably because the stock was of poor quality (off-balance). The polybin was particularly successful for packaging and storage of white spruce.
Survival and Growth of Red Pine Planted on a Hardwood Site – A Second Look
Authors: Stone Douglas M.
Published: February 2014

A 55-year-old stand of second-growth northern hardwood growing on a well-drained sandy loam soil was converted to red pine to compare with an adjacent 1929 plantation. Part of the plantation was cleaned during the second and third growing seasons and second-year survival was 72%. In the non-cleaned portion, which is reverting to maple sprouts, aspen suckers, brush, and weeds, pine survival was 38%. Annual height growth averaged 15.0 and 8.1 cm (6.0 and 3.2. in.), respectively. Differences in early success of the two plantings are attributed to: 1) greater competition after clearing pole-size hardwoods; 2) larger tops and better developed root systems of 2-1-2 transplants used in 1929; 3) planting in prepared spots in 1929; and 4) above normal growing season precipitation during 1929, and below normal in 1976. Converting pole-size northern hardwoods to red pine will be difficult and expensive. Competing vegetation will be the most serious problem, particularly on good hardwood sites. Investments in converting hardwoods to red pine should be concentrated in poor quality stands on well drained soils with a site index for maple of 50 or less.
Vulnerability of Fir-Spruce Stands During Uncontrolled Spruce Budworm Outbreaks: A Review and Discussion
Authors: MacLean David A.
Published: February 2014

The concept of vulnerability to spruce budworm refers to the probability of tree mortality resulting from a given level of budworm attack. This paper reviews and analyses available information from the literature on stand vulnerability and timing of mortality during several budworm outbreaks. Timing of mortality during outbreaks appears to be fairly straightforward when considered in a general sense, with trees usually starting to die after four or five years of severe defoliation. Prediction of the total expected mortality in a given stand is more difficult, however, and attempts to relate mortality to stand characteristics have not shown strong relationships. Nevertheless, the data analysed suggest that for approximation purposes in a management sense, we can probably treat mortality during uncontrolled budworm outbreaks as a host-density dependent process. This is particularly so for fir in mature stands, where mortality approaches 100%, while fir in immature stands and spruce show lower, more variable mortality rates.
A Practical Solution to Douglas-Fir Seed Orchard Pollen Contamination
Authors: Fashler A. M. K. , Devitt W. J. B.
Published: February 2014

Based on work by Silen and Keane (1969), research was carried out in the early 1970's to evaluate the effectiveness of delaying reproductive bud development in a Douglas-fir seed orchard by cooling the trees with water spray. The results from these first trials indicated a 10 to 14 day delay in reproductive bud opening giving up to 85% control of local pollen contamination. A solid set irrigation system was then installed for flower bud cooling and was applied to the 1976 and 1978 seed orchard cone crops. In both years phenological and pollen flight data showed results similar to the trials; the operational cooling treatment kept the female reproductive buds unopened through the major portion of the local pollen flight period in approximately 76% of the Douglas-fir clones in the orchard. No adverse side effects have been observed. Calculation of the heat sum and threshold temperatures for Douglas-fir reproductive buds will provide a means to measure the amount of cooling achieved through irrigation and a method to calibrate the irrigation system for most efficient use. The expense of water-cooling as a solution to pollen contamination is justified by the value of the improved seed derived from seed orchard production. The investment is also off-set by the selection of a multi-purpose system that can be applied for irrigation, fertilization and frost protection as well as cooling. Another advantage of the water-cooling is a decrease in the amount of insect infestation in the orchard trees.
Equations for Estimating Bark Volume and Thickness of Commercial Trees in British Columbia
Authors: Kozak A. , Yang R. C.
Published: February 2014

Volume and thickness of bark were studied for 32 species groups of British Columbia. Over 32,000 trees constituted the data base to derive bark volume equations. Because of its simplicity and good predictive power, the equation of Vb = a'HTbDBHcBTd is recommended for bark volume prediction. The possibility to develop bark taper equations and to estimate bark thickness at any given height above breast height were also investigated.
Frost Rings Formed in 14-m Tall Red Pine
Authors: Fayle David C. F.
Published: February 2014

In codominant and suppressed trees in two red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in Simcoe County, Ontario, frost rings had formed at the start of most annual rings in the two internodes below the current leader until the trees were nearly 14-m tall. None occurred in the current shoot growth or below the sixth internode. They seldom formed when the stem radius (inside bark) exceeded 2 cm.
Some Factors Influencing Cone Production on Young Black Spruce in New Brunswick
Authors: Simpson J. D. , Powell G. R.
Published: February 2014

Ten young black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) plantations in northern and central New Brunswick were examined to de termine the influence of aspect, slope, tree age and tree height on pollen-cone and seed-cone production. It was found that a greater proportion of trees growing on southerly aspects produced pollen cones and seed cones than trees growing on northerly aspects. Trees growing on southerly aspects bore 2.5 and 5 times more seed cones and pollen cones, respectively, than trees growing on northerly aspects. Cone production on south-sloping sites was approximately double that on level sites. The number of seed cones was most significantly correlated with tree height. The number of pollen cones was most significantly correlated with number of seed cones.
How Seedbed Density Can Affect Nursery Stock Costs
Authors: Wynia A. , McClain K. M.
Published: February 2014

Controlling seedbed density is a practical and dependable method to regulate seedling morphology but low densities significantly affect nursery stock production costs. How production costs are affected by seedbed density with particular reference to the grading operation is examined. After the spring lift 3 + 0 black spruce which were raised at three seedbed densities were graded to achieve medium size stock with cull trees being further classified according to defect. Lowest cull was recorded for medium density seedlings at 31% followed by the high and low density treatment at 34.2% and 39.5% respectively. Total variable costs of production associated with the low, medium and high densities were $83.83, $47.10 and $31.19 per M. respectively. It is concluded that the greater costs of growing seedlings at low seedbed densities must be balanced against plant performance, otherwise there is little incentive for low density production.
Sap Production of Paper Birch in the Tanana Valley, Alaska
Authors: Ganns Richard A. , Zasada John C. , Phillips Carrol
Published: February 2014

Average sap production by paper birch (Betula papyrifera) ranged from 6 to 35 kg per tree during 2 years of observations. Production during 1977 was 175 percent higher than in 1976. The average carbohydrate concentration of sap was.9 percent and it consisted of 49 percent fructose, 33 percent glucose and 18 percent sucrose.
Growth of Clumped vs. Equally Spaced Trees
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Fifteen-year results are presented for a thinning experiment made in 13-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), designed to compare growth of trees in 4-tree clumps with that of uniformly spaced trees, in both cases growing at 890 stems/ha. By the end of the period, average crown size, form class and height were about the same for both stands, but growth by trees in clumps had been less for dbh and for basal area and total volume per hectare. Clumped trees had a significant tendency to lean away from each other. It was concluded that control of inter-tree spacing at planting or thinning is justified to the extent that clumps of more than three adjacent trees be avoided.
White Pine Blister Rust in British Columbia I. The Possibilitties of Control by Branch Removal
Authors: Hunt R. S.
Published: February 2014

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. ex Rab.) branch cankers on 12- to 30-year-old western white pines (Pinus monticula Dougl.) in British Columbia were measured for distance from the stem, and cankers on branches and stems were measured for height above ground. Most stem cankers originated from branch cankers within 60 cm of the stem and within 2.5 m of the ground. Trees on slopes tended to have cankers higher into the crown than those on flat sites. Removal of lower branches from young western white pines will greatly reduce the possibility of death from blister rust infection. Treatment recommendations are given for western white pine as a minor or major component of the stand. Keywords: Cronartium; Pinus monticola
Determination of Wood Specific Gravity in Standing White Spruce Using a Pilodyn Tester
Authors: Micko Michael M. , Wang Eugene I. C. , Taylor Fred W. , Yanchuk Alvin D.
Published: February 2014

A simple spring-load pin-ejecting instrument, the "Pilodyn", was used to assess wood specific gravity of standing white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees. Pin penetrations in both debarked and unpeeled trees were compared with outerwood specific gravity determined from actual core samples taken near the Pilodyn test spots. High degrees of correlation were found for Pilodyn penetration measurements and the outerwood specific gravities. The Pilodyn tester can be used in tree specific gravity estimation as part of a selection program for tree improvement.
Spacing and Age Effects on Biomass Production in Red Pine Plantations
Authors: Alemdag I. S. , Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Data and wood samples were collected from 155 trees in 16 high-survival, unthinned plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) near Chalk River, Ontario, aged 27 to 54 years, with initial spacings of from 1.52 × 1.52 m to 4.27 × 4.27 m. Following standard weighing and drying procedures, ovendry mass values of the whole tree and or their individual components were calculated, and regressions developed to relate mass values to stem dimensions of diameter breast height (d) and total height (h), and to determine what effects the initial spacing and stand age had on those relations. Single-tree equations based simply on d and h gave satisfactory mass estimates only for the whole tree and for the component stem bark. For other components the addition of spacing and age showed successive improvements in the estimates over those provided by d2h alone.
Coming To Grips With Wood Quality
Authors: Kellogg Robert M.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a discussion of the problems and opportunities in incorporating a consideration of wood quality into a tree improvement program. Attention is focused on the characteristic of wood density. The economic effect of a small (2%) change in western hemlock wood density as a raw material for pulp or lumber in Coastal British Columbia is predicted. Wood density as a selection criterion in a breeding program is of secondary importance to wood volume, but the potential loss in value and productivity through not considering wood density is simply too great to ignore.
An Equation for Estimating Total Volume of Both Stands and Single Trees of Black Spruce
Authors: Evert F.
Published: February 2014

A stand volume equation is presented for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)B.S.P.), based on a sample of 785 felled trees. To ensure that the equation will provide accurate estimates of the volume of both variously stocked stands and of individual trees, stand volume was expressed as the sum of individual tree volumes without direct reference to the size of the area that the trees occupy. The equation will reduce the problem of forecasting stand volume to the simpler problem of forecasting separately the individual components in the stand-volume equation.
Erosion and Sediment Control At Road-Stream Crossings
Authors: Rothwell R. L.
Published: February 2014

The effectiveness of a "brush mulch" to control erosion and sediment at road-stream crossings was evaluated by measurement and comparison of upstream and downstream suspended sediment. The brush mulch consisted of logging debris, such as branches, tree tops and logs 2-15 cm in diameter, laid on the ground to intercept and to slow overland flow and to trap sediment. Two treatments were defined and tested. Treatment no. 1 was a brush mulch and grass-fertilizer mixture applied by hydroseeding to three bare soil road-stream crossings. Treatment no. 2 was a grass-fertilizer mixture applied by hydroseeding to another three road-stream crossings.Total seasonal and storm sediment production for mulched and unmulched crossings averaged 31 and 37, and 566 and 2297 kg/day/ha, respectively. Tests showed significant differences between treatments for both seasonal and storm sediment production. The levels of significance were low because of high variability in sediment production among treatments and road crossings. Frequent onsite inspections during storm and nonstorm conditions, however, identified sources of variability and supported a final conclusion that the brush mulch was effective for erosion and sediment control at road-stream crossings.
Quality Control in the Production of Forest Planting Stock
Authors: Burdett A. N.
Published: February 2014

Plantation performance depends on the outcome of an interaction between the stock planted and its environment. Immediately after planting, it is the degree to which stock is pre-adapted to site conditions (i.e., its phenotype), rather than its genetic potential for adaptation to environment (i.e., its genotype) which has the greatest influence on performance. The purpose of a stock quality control system is to ensure that stock has phenotypic characteristics which adapt it to the planting site. Thus a prerequisite to the creation of an effective quality control system is the definition of stock quality standards which specify the phenotypic characteristics of stock adapted to the conditions of normal use. Physiological principles provide a basis for such standards but they must be refined through trial and error. Thus feedback on the performance of stock conforming to current standards is one key to the development of appropriate stock quality standards. Another is research to determine the causes of unsatisfactory performance. With these sources of information it is possible to modify stock standards or site treatments in a way that improves the cost-effectiveness of regeneration efforts. Culling, the traditional method of quality control, can reduce stock heterogenity, but it cannot transform poor stock into good. Often, therefore, the attainment of a desired quality standard requires an overall improvement in the quality of nursery output. The only practical way of doing this is to modify the nursery environment including cultural and handling practices.
Predicting Tree Mortality Induced by Spruce Budworm: A Discussion
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Forest managers have expressed the need for guidelines that would predict, up to 5 years, the annual spruce budworm damage on a stand basis. Reasons why reliable prediction is generally not possible are discussed. It is suggested that long-term management programs, that would take into consideration periodic losses resulting from recurring budworm outbreaks and that would be based on regional differences in the vulnerability of fir-spruce stands, should be implemented. Key words: Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana; forest management; tree mortality; defoliation; stand vulnerability, balsam fir, Abies balsamea.
Some Observations on Forestry in China, 1983
Authors: Rowe J. Stan
Published: February 2014

Based on a one-month trip to northeast China in June of 1983 and on recent articles by returned travellers, a brief survey of afforestation, reforestation and amenity plantings is presented. The diversity of trees and of the flora in general far exceeds that of Canada and the United States, though several thousand years of use has drastically reduced the native cover. China's problems of forest reconstitution and forest management are formidable compared with those of North America. Nevertheless, the drive and determination of the people to green up the country again with trees is an inspiration to all who value forests. Key Words: Reforestation, afforestation, amenity planting, forest geography, forest ecology, People's Republic of China, Manchuria, Jilin Province.