bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theories of Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Cargile Aaron Castelan , Bradac James J. , Cole Tim
Published: January 2006

Lay theory has contributed fundamentally to understanding various phenomena; however, it has not yet been applied to intergroup conflict. Using a series of increasingly structured tasks, the authors allowed college student respondents to report their ideas regarding the varieties of intergroup conflict that exist in their world and the causes of these types of clashes. A general theory of the causes underlying all forms of intergroup conflict emerged, as well as several distinct group-specific theories.
Have I Got Something to Tell You
Authors: Greene John O.
Published: January 2006

People think of things to say that they have never thought (or heard, or seen) before. Ideational dynamics is concerned with the processes that give rise to the ideas that shape overt verbal and nonverbal behavior. The focus of this article is on three specific problems of ideational dynamics: How do message-content ideations arise? What is the nature of these ideations as cognitive entities? and How do these ideations come to be manifested in overt behavior? This article overviews the implications of one particular theory, second generation action assembly theory (AAT2), for addressing these problems. AAT2 suggests that message-content ideations need not be propositional, that the abstract conceptions one is conscious of may not be related to the propositional content of his or her speech, that abstract conceptions need not be conscious to impact overt behavior, that message-relevant ideations may fail to be expressed in actual behavior, and that message-relevant ideations are malleable on a time scale shorter than is required for their enactment.
The Dynamic Nature of Deceptive Verbal Communication
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Qin Tiantian
Published: January 2006

Past research on verbal deception has found inconsistent patterns, possibly due to failure to consider the dynamic nature of interpersonal deception. The current investigation examined temporal changes and sequencing effects in truthful and deceptive responding on 23 linguistic measures. Interviewees responded to 12 questions during which they alternated between giving blocks of truthful and blocks of deceptive answers. Results showed significant variability in verbal behavior across the course of the interviewon virtually all measures. Deceptive responding differed from truthful responding depending on the truth-deception sequence and the phase of the interview. The truth-first order made it much easier for deceivers to approximate truthful discourse sooner. The existence of significant variability due to time and sequence has important implications for identifying reliable indicators of deception and for research paradigms used to investigate deceptive and truthful discourse.
Evaluations of Overhelping and Underhelping Communication
Authors: Ryan Ellen Bouchard , Anas Ann P. , Gruneir Andrea J. S.
Published: January 2006

Older adults and persons with disability experience communication predicaments involving inappropriate help. In a retail setting, the authors examined the meanings of overhelping and underhelping and how these may be affected by the recipient's age and (dis)ability status. Young adults ( n= 221) were presented with a picture of either a young or an older target seated in an armchair or a wheelchair. Participants then read three different conversations across which their target was addressed in professional, overhelping, or underhelping speech styles. Salesperson overhelping style was associated with the most exaggerated intonation. Compared to the professional, overhelping led to downgrading of customer satisfaction and salesperson effectiveness. “Blametherecipient” effects occurred in evaluations of both underhelped and overhelped customers. The customer in a wheelchair was rated more competent than the seated target regardless of age or salesperson style. Future research will focus on assertiveness options for managing needed or unwanted help.
Heterogeneity and Coordination of Blood Pressure in Neurosurgery
Authors: Moreira Tiago
Published: January 2006

Blood pressure is one of the key measurements taken in standard clinical examinations. Its importance has long been associated with the instrumental precision offered by the sphygmomanometer, which is supposed to have replaced other, more imprecise methods of blood pressure measurement, such as feeling the pulse with the finger. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a neurosurgical clinic, this paper explores the co-existence of the sphygmomanometer and the finger methods in practice. I argue that in neurosurgery these methods are both independent from and interdependent with each other: independent in the way they achieve different assessments of the patient’s blood pressure at the same time; and interdependent in the way the surgeon’s and anaesthetist’s measurements are dynamically linked with each other. The paper suggests that this particular form of coordination through heterogeneity might be described, borrowing from Michel Serres’ work, as mutual parasitism, and that this metaphor might be useful in rethinking the role of science - research, or ‘evidence’ - in medical practice.
The Context of Proving
Authors: Livingston Eric
Published: January 2006

Discussions of mathematical problem-solving and heuristic reasoning have typically examined how proofs that are already known might be found. This approach has at least three problems: first, provers engaged in discovering proofs for themselves cannot have this perspective; second, if a proof is difficult, formulaic strategies quickly run out; third, beginning with a proof already in-hand separates reasoning about a proof from the actual circumstances in which such reasoning occurs. As an alternative approach to the study of mathematical reasoning, this paper presents a detailed descriptive account of the work of finding a specific proof, including the shifting of perspectives, the wrong paths, the mistakes and the outright errors. Even the appearance of a sketched diagram or of a course of mathematical writing can suggest unanticipated possibilities for finding a proof. This material is used to illustrate the paper’s central claim - that the ways that provers go about working on proofs provide the context for continuing that work and for discovering the reasoning that a particular proof is then seen to require.
City as Truth-Spot
Authors: Gieryn Thomas F.
Published: January 2006

How does ‘place’ contribute to the credibility of scientific claims? The Chicago School of urban studies (1918-32) had close ties to the city for which it was named: its social scientists lived in Chicago, were affiliated with the University of Chicago, and made Chicago the object of almost all of their empirical research. In order for this city to become a legitimate source of claims about urban form and process, Chicago is textually made to oscillate between two available authorizing spaces. As a field-site, the city of Chicago becomes a found and uncorrupted reality, the singularly ideal place to do urban research, and requiring the analyst to get up-close and personal. As a laboratory, Chicago becomes a controlled environment where artificial specimens yield generalities true anywhere, requiring of the analyst distance and objectivity. The distinctive epistemic virtues of both field and laboratory are preserved as complementary sources of credibility, and Chicago becomes the right place for the job.
Circuits of Capital and Overproduction: A Marxist Analysis of the Present World Economic Crisis
Authors: Kettell Steven
Published: January 2006

At the present time the world economy continues to struggle amidst its worst slowdown in more than thirty years. Adopting a Marxist perspective, this article argues that these difficulties should be seen as the latest phase of an inherently recurring crisis of overproduction deriving from the capitalist mode of production itself. This is demonstrated through an examination of crises during the interwar and postwar periods and by setting the present crisis within this wider historical context.
Fictitious Capital, Real Debts: Systemic Illiquidity in the Financial Crises of the Late 1990s
Authors: Nesvetailova Anastasia
Published: January 2006

This article focuses on the issue of systemic illiquidity as a key component in the financial crises of the late 1990s. The article critically revisits Minsky's financial fragility hypothesis, advancing his insights into the analysis of crises in East Asia, Russia, and the United States in the late 1990s. Three key factors of these crises are identified and explored: financial liberalization, progressive illiquidity, and the debt burdens incurred during the periods of investor euphoria.
Unequal Exchange Without a Labor Theory of Prices: On the Need for a Global Marshall Plan and a Solidarity Trading Regime
Authors: Baiman Ron
Published: January 2006

A modified three-sector, two-good, Roemerian model, first developed by Hahnel (1980), is used to analyze different international trading regimes. “Free trade” leads to “unequal exchange,” which produces poverty in the South and unemployment in the North. “Fair trade” eliminates inequality but preserves a global division of labor that limits long-term development. A“global Marshall Plan” and a “ Solidarity trading regime” generate equitable and sustainable long-term development for the South and the North.
Cashing in on Shame: How the Popular “Tradition vs. Modernity” Dualism Contributes to the “HIV/AIDS Crisis” in Africa
Authors: Lauer Helen
Published: January 2006

Orthodox descriptions and treatment of Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis are subject to robust controversy among research experts and clinicians who raise questions about the tests used to define the crisis, the statistics used to document the crisis, and the drugs marketed to curtail it. Despite this critical scientific corpus, fanciful misconceptions about chronic illness and mortality in Africa are sustained by ahistorical and apolitical analyses misrepresenting Africans’ contemporary morality, social reality, and public health care needs.
Constructively Challenging Diverse Inner-City Youth's Beliefs About Educational and Career Barriers and Supports
Authors: Jackson Margo A. , Kacanski Jaclyn Mendelsohn , Rust Jonathan P. , Beck Sarah E.
Published: January 2006

This study examines school and work barrier beliefs about the limitations of education for future career rewards and perceived supports for attaining the educational and career aspirations of low-income, inner-city, African American, Hispanic/Latino(a), and Caribbean immigrant youth. The authors find that higher levels of school andwork barrier beliefs are associated with lower aspirations, particularly for minority youth who are less recent immigrants. The authors described workshops designed to constructively challenge counterproductive school and work barrier beliefs by expanding participants' learning about accessible sources of support for attaining their school, work, and life goals. Results indicate that participants endorse two types of support sources: contextual supports (relational and community resources accessible in their environments) and personal resources (psychological assets within the individual). The authors propose that personal resources be conceptualized from social learning theory as facilitative task approach skills (e.g., productive work habits, learning-oriented performance expectations, helpful cognitive processes, beneficial problem orientations, self-regulated emotional responses, and other personal assets).
Influential Factors Regarding the Career Development of African American College Students
Authors: Falconer Jameca W. , Hays Kimberly A.
Published: January 2006

Despite reporting greater needs for career planning information, African American students are often less likely to use the services available to them. Understanding the factors influencing the career development of African American students is therefore critical if these students are to succeed both academically and in theworld ofwork. This study explores the career influences of 13 African American college students in an attempt to gain knowledge about suggestions for improving career services for minorities at a large Midwestern university. Results also show that African American students would like to see more outreach, more peer guidance, and more visible and available career mentors. Results underscore the significance of mentors for African American students. Implications point to ways to strengthen career services for minority students in hopes that African American students will start to increase their use of these services.
Junior High School Students' Career Plans for the Future
Authors: Bardick Angela D. , Bernes Kerry B. , Magnusson Kris C. , Witko Kim D.
Published: January 2006

This study uses the Comprehensive Career Needs Survey to assess the career plans of junior high school students in Southern Alberta, Canada. Junior high students are asked (a) what they plan to do after they leave high school; (b) their confidence in finding an occupation they enjoy, obtaining training or education, and finding work in their chosen occupation; (c) how important it is to work in their community; and (d) where they anticipate working. Results indicate that junior high students intend to pursue further education and work and are optimistic about achieving their career goals. Students would like to find employment in their community but are considering working provincially, nationally, or internationally. Results suggest that career planning programs need to begin at the junior high level and that junior high students need to be involved in career program planning and future needs assessments.
Factors Influencing High School Students to Persist in Aspirations of Teaching Careers
Authors: Mau Wei-Cheng J. , Mau Yun-Hwa
Published: January 2006

This study longitudinally tracks 10th grade students for 4 years regarding their persistence in aspirations of teaching careers using a nationally representative sample (National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988). Factors contributing to persistence in aspirations of teaching careers are examined based on the social-cognitive career theory (SCCT). Results suggest that there are racial differences in persistence in aspirations to teaching careers. Students who persist perform better on academic achievement, score higher on locus of control, and come from a family that had a higher socioeconomic status and a higher parental education level than students who do not persist. Results also suggest a good fit of the social-cognitive model in prediction of persistence in teaching aspirations.
Career Success Outcomes Associated With Mentoring Others
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Lentz Elizabeth , Day Rachel
Published: January 2006

The present study examines the relationship between four career success variables—salary, promotions, subjective career success, and job satisfaction— with experience as an informal mentor among employees of a health care organization. Regression results indicate that individuals who serve as a mentor to others report greater salary, greater promotion rates, and stronger subjective career success than do individuals without any experience as a mentor to others. The results provide preliminary evidence supporting the notion that career benefits are associated with serving as a mentor to others.
Work-Family Interface
Authors: Perrone Kristin M. , Ægisdóttir Stefanía , Webb L. Kay , Blalock Rachel H.
Published: January 2006

The objective of this study is to achieve a better understanding of the interrelationships between work and family commitment, work-family conflict, coping, and satisfaction with work and family roles. Super's life-span, life-space theory provides a framework for the study. Participants ( N= 154) are married, employed, college graduates who completed questionnaires regarding their work and family roles. A path model of work-family interface is proposed and tested against an alternative model. Results indicate that the proposed path model adequately fits the data, and this model is deemed better than the alternative model. Implications of the findings are discussed, and directions for future research are provided.
A Study of Organizational Effectiveness for National Olympic Sporting Organizations
Authors: Shilbury David , Moore Kathleen A.
Published: January 2006

This study applies the competing values approach (CVA) of organizational effectiveness to a sample of nonprofit Australian national Olympic sporting organizations (NOSOs). The purpose of the study was to determine the psychometric properties of the subscales developed within each of the four quadrants composing the CVA. Two hundred eightynine constituents from 10 NOSOs participated in this study. Initial factor analysis resulted in six of the eight theoretically derived cells in the CVAeach yielding one reliable factor. These were Flexibility, Resources, Planning, Productivity, Availability of Information, and Stability. The other two cells, Skilled Workforce and Cohesive Workforce, each produced a two-factor structure. To understand the relationship between these manifest factors (cells) and organizational effectiveness, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, which revealed that the rational-goal model, comprising Productivity and Planning, was the critical determinant of effectiveness in NOSOs.
Communalities and Distinctions in the Measurement of Organizational Performance and Effectiveness Across For-Profit and Nonprofit Sectors
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , Ramalho Nelson
Published: January 2006

The article analyzes the way academic scholarly works measure organizational outcomes, commonly reported as either organizational effectiveness or organizational performance (OEP). From the analysis of 149 scholarly publications published in the past decade, focusing on business organizations (100), on nonprofit organizations (21), and a mix of both (28), a set of criteria emerged. Overlapping common ground issues found for all the sectors include (a) efficiency and/or productivity, (b) growth and/ormarket share, (c) customer orientation, and (d) quality. Further measures (e.g., public image and/or reputation, social performance) fit specific sectors. A multivariate analysis showed three and two configurations of criteria for business and not-for-profit research, respectively. Results suggest a set of accepted, multidimensional, and universal criteria for measuring OEP. In choosing criteria for future studies, we recommend adopting such common ground, backed up by specific criteria when a certain sector is unique, to reflect convergence and divergence in OEP research.
Men's and Women's Volunteering: Gender Differences in the Effects of Employment and Family Characteristics
Authors: Taniguchi Hiromi
Published: January 2006

This study focuses on gender differences in the effects of employment and family characteristics on volunteering among White adults using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) 1995-1996. There is a statistically significant difference in the way employment status affects men's and women's volunteering behavior. Relative to full-time employment, part-time employment encourages women's volunteer work but not men’s, while unemployment exclusively inhibits men's volunteering. A significant gender difference is also in the effect of elderly care. Only among women is the time spent on elderly care significantly and negatively associated with volunteering. Women typically spend more time providing unpaid care to aging family members, and this will further contribute to the gender gap in volunteering among family caregivers to the elderly. Implications of these and related findings for volunteer work organizations are discussed.
Charity for Profit? Exploring Factors Associated with the Commercialization of Human Service Nonprofits
Authors: Guo Baorong
Published: January 2006

Human service nonprofits are becoming increasingly involved with selling services and other commercial activities. There has been a debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the transition of human service nonprofits. A path model was constructed to understand factors associated with the commercialization of human service nonprofits. The model was tested using the data collected from 67 human service nonprofits. The model showed an overall statistical fit. It was found that commercial revenues were negatively associated with donative revenues. Higher levels of commercial income can significantly contribute to an organization's self-sufficiency, ability to attract and retain staff, and reputation. However, commercial revenues do not make a significant contribution to the organization's ability to attract donors and volunteers, mission, and service delivery when the effects of other variables are controlled for. Limitations of the data and methodology used for this study are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Shapers of Southern History
Authors: Badger Tony
Published: January 2006

A British historian of the American South examines the forces of contingency and the stimulus of teaching that led him to become a historian of the United States and, in particular, the American South. Belonging to a generation of British historians who aimed to make their work indistinguishable from their American counterparts, he has been forced to confront the argument that his outsider status has indeed made a difference to the way he considers a region that has prided itself on its own sense of history. He argues that he has perhaps been able to offer some insights that challenge comfortable ‘celebratory’ notions of the region’s recent past.
Mathematics Belongs in a Liberal Education
Authors: Mumford David
Published: January 2006

In higher education today, mathematics has been marginalized: except to a tiny elite, it is either taught as a tool required for the study of other sciences or it is entirely absent. Yet mathematics has been and is an essential ingredient in our understanding and mastery of the physical world, our economic life, our information technology and, increasingly, the workings of biology. Its key insights belong in the toolkit of all educated people. Unfortunately, present-day school instruction isolates mathematics from the tangible things that were its historical roots: the geometry and physics of the world, data and commerce, chance and randomness. We will look at the history of mathematics in western culture, the nature of the present-day alienation of our society from mathematics and suggest some ideas for bridging this gap.
Letting the Drama into Group Work
Authors: Crossley Tracy
Published: January 2006

The article examines conflict avoidance in performing arts group work and issues arising in relation to teaching and learning. In group theory, conflict is addressed largely in terms of its detrimental effects on group work, and its constructive potential is often marginalized. Similarly, undergraduate students usually interpret ‘effective collaboration’ as implying the need to avoid conflict and engage in concurrence-seeking in order to maximize their grades. I argue that this can limit the learning benefits of their group practice. In particular, I explore the link between conflict avoidance and ‘groupthink’. Drawing on examples of teaching practice in devised theatre, the article considers how conflict can have a productive impact upon the creative process. From the positions of both student and tutor, I examine ways in which constructive controversy can be fostered through a process-focused approach to teaching and learning.
A-level English Literature and the Problem of Transition
Authors: Atherton Carol
Published: January 2006

This article considers the transition from A-level to degree-level study from the schoolteacher’s point of view. It highlights the conflicting subject philosophies that exist at A level, and the resistance to the revised English of Curriculum 2000 that has been apparent in debates about the nature of English Literature post-16. Its main argument is that teachers of English in higher education need to be alert to these issues in order to understand the difficulties that first-year students often experience, recognizing that the ‘problem of transition’ is as much a problem of epistemology as of pedagogy.
The Folk Dance as Theatrical Performance and the Training of Dance Teachers
Authors: Filippou Filippos , Serbezis Vasilis , Harahousou Yvonne , Kabitsis Christos , Koleta Maria , Varsami Dimitra , Varsami Helene , Davoras Demos
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study is to examine whether the education of dance teachers at the Departments of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (DPESS), and their background of knowledge, meets the requirements of traditional Greek dance performance by dancing groups. The study was based mainly on bibliographical research about the stage performance of folk dancing and the training of dance teachers in Greece and abroad (in former-Yugoslavia and Finland). Also taken into consideration are the curricula of the DPESS of Athens, Thessalonica, Komotini, Serres and Trikala for the academic year 2001-2002. In conclusion, we can say that: (a) the training of the dance teacher, with regard to methodology, the techniques of research and an anthropological approach to dance, is satisfactory; and (b) there are no courses on directing, choreography and costume design, all of them necessary for the theatrical presentation of traditional dances.
ethnographic approaches to child care research
Authors: Buchbinder Mara , Longhofer Jeffrey , Barrett Thomas , Lawson Peter , Floersch Jerry
Published: January 2006

This article presents the findings from a review of ethnographic approaches to child care research. Ethnographic research has enhanced researcher and practitioner understandings of the child care environment by providing entry into the child care center as an important site not only of development and education, but also of social reproduction and enculturation. The extant research is summarized by identifying four dominant perspectives for viewing non-parental child care: (1) caregiver-centered, (2) mother-centered, (3) child-centered, and (4) societal. This article argues that studying the perspectives of caregivers, mothers, and children in isolation limits understandings of child care experience, since experience is shaped by continuous interactions among participants. We suggest that a more holistic ethnographic approach could enhance child care practice by increasing understanding of the relationships among caregivers, mothers, and children, and how these relationships influence children’s social and emotional development. The article concludes with a proposed agenda for ethnographic research on child care.
the contested terrain of teachers detecting and reporting child abuse and neglect
Authors: Walsh Kerryann , Farrell Ann , Bridgstock Ruth , Schweitzer Robert
Published: January 2006

This article establishes the important role of early childhood teachers in child abuse and neglect and argues for empirical research into their practice of detecting, and reporting, known or suspected child abuse and neglect in a State with new and unique reporting obligations for teachers. It emphasizes the practical value of such research for the early childhood profession and ultimately for the children in their care.
Taxonomy and pathogenesis of the Burkholderia cepacia complex
Authors: Mahenthiralingam E , Vandamme P
Published: January 2006

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are susceptible to chronic respiratory infection with a number of bacterial pathogens. The Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria are problematic CF pathogens because (i) they are very resistant to antibiotics, making respiratory infection difficult to treat and eradicate; (ii) infection with these bacteria is associated with high mortality in CF; (iii) they may spread from one CF patient to another, leading to considerable problems for both patients and carers; and (iv) B. cepacia complex bacteria are difficult to identify and nine new species have now been found to constitute isolates originally identified as ‘B. cepacia’ based on their phenotypic properties. Here we review the changes that have occurred in the taxonomy of the B. cepacia complex and the pathogenic factors these bacteria possess. While the taxonomy of the B.cepacia complex has advanced considerably with the development of accurate methods for their identification, the pathogenic mechanisms employed by these CF pathogens are only just beginning to be explored at the molecular level. Several virulence factors have been defined for B. cenocepacia (the dominant CF pathogen within the complex); however, knowledge of the disease mechanisms employed by other B. cepacia complex species is limited. The recent determination of the complete genome sequences for several of the B. cepacia complex species should greatly enhance our ability to study these problematic CF pathogens.
Dyspnea as clinical indicator in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Schlecht N F , Schwartzman K , Bourbeau J
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dyspnea and functional, psychosocial and quality of life parameters among persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 90 stable COPD patients recruited from a specialized respiratory clinic. Dyspnea was measured using the ATS-DLD-78 questionnaire modified dyspnea scale (1- 5 scale).Physical and functional evaluation included spirometry and six minute walking tests. Subjects then completed five psychological questionnaires: the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Index, the NEO-Five Factor Personality Inventory,and the Interpersonal Relationships Inventory. Patients also completed two disease-specific health related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaires: St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ). Subjects were predominantly male (n = 65) with a meanage of 68 years (standard deviation 7.6). Over half (54%) the patients reported severe dyspnea (grade 5), and a quarter (24%) reported moderate dyspnea (grade 3-4). Mean FEV1 was 37.8 ± 14.8% predicted. The mean total SGRQ score was 49 ± 16 and the CRQ total score was 4.2 ± 0.9. Dyspnea severity was associated with poorer HRQL scores and decreased physical performance. Based on linear regression, dyspnea scores - but not spirometric values - also correlated with indices of anxiety, depression, and neuroticism. Dyspnea correlated more strongly with HRQL and with indices of anxiety and depression than spirometric values.Although spirometry is often used to evaluate disease severity, dyspnea which is a patient centered outcome better reflect overall disease impact among COPD patients.
Indications for manual lung hyperinflation (MHI) in the mechanically ventilated patient with chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
Authors: Ntoumenopoulos G
Published: January 2006

Manual lung hyperinflation (MHI) can enhance secretion clearance, improve total lung/thorax compliance and assistin the resolution of acute atelectasis. To enhance secretion clearance in the intubated patient, the evidence highlights the need to maximize expiratory flow. Chronic pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) have often been cited as potential precautions and/or contra-indications to the use of manual lung hyperinflation (MHI). There is an absence of evidence on the effects of MHI in the patient with COPD. Research on the effects of mechanical ventilation in the patient with COPD providesa useful clinical examination of the effect of positive pressure on cardiac and pulmonary function. The potential effects of MHI in the COPD patient group were extrapolated on the basis of the MHI and mechanical ventilation literature. There is the potential for MHI to have both detrimental and beneficial effects on cardiac and pulmonary functionin patients with COPD. The potential detrimental effects of MHI may include either, increased intrinsic peep throughinadequate time for expiration by the breath delivery rate, tidal volume delivered or through the removal of appliedextemal PEEP thereby causing more dynamic airway compression compromising downward expiratory flow, which may also retard bronchial mucus transport. MHI may also increase right ventricular after load through raised intrathoracic pressures with lung hyperinflation, and may therefore impair right ventricular function in patients with evidence of cor pulmonale. There is the potential for beneficial effectsfrom MHI in the intubated COPD patient group (i.e., secretion clearance), but further research is required, especially on the effect of MHI on inspiratory and expiratory flowrate profiles in this patient group. The more controlled delivery of lung hyperinflation through the use of the mechanical ventilator may be a more optimal means of providinglunghyperinflation and shouldbe furtherinvestigated.
Oxygen tubing lengths and output flows: implications for patient care
Authors: Cullen D L , Koss J A
Published: January 2006

Background: Historical wisdom has recommended up to 50 ft (15.24 m) of tubing based on the oxygen cylinder delivery system. Yet, many individuals may store their stationary systems in one area of the home and conduct their activities at distances by adding additional tubing. The aim of this study was to discriminate at what lengths clinically relevant decreases in flow greater than 20% occurred. Methods: Plastic tubing was added at 25 ft (7.62 m)intervals connected via a swivel adapter up to 200 ft (60.96 m) to a cylinder, concentrator and liquid stationary oxygen system to simulate a home oxygen environment. Flowsof 1-5 L/min were set then measured via the Timemeter 200 after each segment of additional tubing. Results: Output from the cylinder with regulator/flowmeter was greatly diminished as tubing and flowrate was increased which resulted in clinically significant reductions in flow at 2 L/min for tubing lengths greater than 100 ft (30.48 m). The oxygen concentrator had little flow reduction at 1 or 2 L and more flow loss at higher tubing lengths with 3, 4 and 5 L/min. Liquid oxygen was only mildly reduced at 125 ft(38.10 m) of tubing and 4 or 5 L of flow. Neither the concentrator nor liquid oxygen delivery units had flow reductions greater than 13.5 and 4.0%, respectively, at 2 L/min with 200 ft (60.96 m) of tubing. Summary and Recommendations: Tubing length up to 200 ft (60.96 m) could be utilized for providing patient home oxygen with Puritan Bennett style liquid oxygen. We recommend consideration of tubing lengths up to 200 ft (60.96 m) and up to 3 L/min or 100 ft (30.48 m) at 4-5 L/min for Invacare 5 and similar oxygen concentrators; however flow delivery should be verified by the manufacturer. The cylinder regulator/flowmeter system suffered the greatest flow loss. Flows of 1-2 L/min can be clinically maintained with up to 100-ft (30.48 m) oftubing. This study brings clarity of when tubing can be lengthened which may enhance movement within the home and lessen constraints.
Nonspherical and Octopus-like Poly(methyl methacrylate) Particles Prepared by Seeded Dispersion Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Li-min , Shi Shan , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Kubota Hitoshi
Published: January 2006

Nonspherical and octopus-like particles were prepared for the first time in one-component system by seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on spherical and micron-sized polyMMA (PMMA) seed particles. The essential synthesis conditions and formation mechanism were discussed.
Bio-inspired Materials for Electron Donors and Charge-transfer Complex Formation Based on the Imidazopyrazinone Luciferin Core
Authors: Suzuki Mai , Fujii Takashi , Nogami Takashi , Hirano Takashi , Ishida Takayuki
Published: January 2006

The electron-donating properties of 2-phenyl- and 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones were confirmed by the oxidation potentials. The 1/1 molecular complex from the former and TCNQ was characterized by means of X-ray crystallographic analysis, and the charge-transfer degree was estimated to be 16% from the IR nitrile stretching bands.
Importance of Blocking Layers at Conducting Glass/TiO2 Interfaces in Dye-sensitized Ionic-liquid Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Jiangbin , Masaki Naruhiko , Jiang Kejian , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo
Published: January 2006

Thin Nb2O5 film works as a potential blocking layer when deposited between fluorine-doped tin oxide and nanocrystalline TiO2 layer, improving Voc and conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells using ionic liquid electrolytes.
Adsorptive Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Calix[4]crown Oligomer: Significant Improvement of Removal Efficiency by Oligomerization
Authors: Tsue Hirohito , Takimoto Tatsuya , Kikuchi Chieko , Yanase Haruna , Ishibashi Koichi , Amezawa Koji , Miyashita Hideaki , Miyafuji Hisashi , Tanaka Shunitz , Tamura Rui
Published: January 2006

Adsorptive removal of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by finely powdered calix[4]crown oligomers has been studied. Batch adsorption experiments and electron microscope measurements demonstrated that morphology of the adsorbents played a central role in the control of the present adsorption behavior.
Platinum Layer Formation on a Self-assembled Monolayer by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Qu Deyu , Uosaki Kohei
Published: January 2006

A platinum metal-self-assembled monolayer (SAM)–gold substrate sandwich structure without a short circuit between the two metals was successfully constructed by electrochemical deposition of platinum on top of a 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT) SAM-covered Au(111) substrate. Deposition of Pt was carried out by electrochemical reduction of Pt ions, which were adsorbed on free thiol end groups of the BDMT SAM, in a Pt ion-free sulfuric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the reduction of the adsorbed Pt ions to metallic platinum on top of the SAM. After a cathodic potential scan of the Pt–SAM–Au electrode to −1.25 V in 0.1 M KOH solution, a typical cyclic voltammogram of the Au(111) electrode was obtained, showing that the BDMT SAM was reductively desorbed with a Pt layer and that no platinum was deposited directly on the Au(111) surface.
Synthesis of Coordinatively Unsaturated Cobalt(II)–Alkyl Complexes Bearing Phosphorus-bridged [1.1]Ferrocenophanes
Authors: Imamura Yuki , Mizuta Tsutomu , Miyoshi Katsuhiko , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: January 2006

Alkylation of a tetrahedral cobalt(II)–dichloro complex bearing a sterically demanding and electron-donating diphosphine chelate gave a corresponding dialkyl-complex, which is the first coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(II)-(diphosphine)(dialkyl) complex isolated and characterized by X-ray analysis. This complex is expected to serve as a model intermediate in the cobalt(II)-catalyzed Heck-type reactions.
Development of a 5′-Nuclease Real-Time PCR Assay Targeting fliP for the Rapid Identification of Burkholderia mallei in Clinical Samples
Authors: Tomaso Herbert , Scholz Holger C , Al Dahouk Sascha , Eickhoff Meike , Treu Thomas M , Wernery Renate , Wernery Ulrich , Neubauer Heinrich
Published: January 2006

Background: Burkholderia mallei is a potential biological agent that causes glanders or farcy in solipeds, a disease notifiable to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). The number of reported outbreaks has increased steadily during the last decade, but diagnosis is hampered by the low bacterial load in infected tissues and excretions.

Methods: We developed a B. mallei-specific 5′-nuclease real-time PCR assay that targets the fliP gene of B. mallei and includes an internal amplification control. Specificity was assessed with 19 B. mallei strains, 27 Burkholderia pseudomallei strains, other Burkholderia strains of 29 species, and clinically relevant non-Burkholderia organisms.

Results: Amplification products were observed in all B. mallei strains but in no other bacteria. The linear range of the B. mallei real-time PCR covered concentrations from 240 pg to 70 fg of bacterial DNA/reaction. The detection limit was 60 fg of B. mallei DNA. The clinical applicability of the assay was demonstrated by use of organ samples from diseased horses of a recent outbreak that was reported to the OIE by the United Arab Emirates in 2004.

Conclusions: Compared with conventional PCR, our rapid 5′-nuclease real-time PCR assay for the specific identification of B. mallei has a lower risk of carryover contamination and eliminates the need for post-PCR manipulations. This real-time PCR assay also shortens the turnaround time for results and has the potential for automation.
Time Profile of Appearance and Disappearance of Circulating Placenta-Derived mRNA in Maternal Plasma
Authors: Chiu Rossa WK , Lui Wing-bong , Cheung Mei-chun , Kumta Nihal , Farina Antonio , Banzola Irina , Grotti Silvia , Rizzo Nicola , Haines Christopher J , Lo YM Dennis
Published: January 2006

Background: Fetal RNA of placental origin has been detected in the plasma of pregnant women, but the timing of the first appearance and the detailed kinetics of postdelivery clearance of such circulating RNA have not been studied.

Methods: To address the timing of the first appearance of circulating placental RNA, we collected serial maternal blood samples from 47 women who had conceived by assisted reproductive procedures. To address the postdelivery clearance kinetics, we collected serial postdelivery blood samples from 6 pregnant women who had delivered by cesarean section. Placenta-derived transcripts were sought by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.

Results: The earliest gestational age at which human placental lactogen and human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit mRNAs were detectable in a proportion of the pregnant women was the 4th week of gestation. The postdelivery study indicated that the median apparent half-life for the clearance of human placental lactogen mRNA was 14 min.

Conclusions: Placenta-derived mRNA can be found in maternal plasma from very early on in gestation, suggesting a possible role for early noninvasive prenatal diagnosis or monitoring. The rapid kinetics of circulating placental mRNA suggest that its plasma concentrations may be used to monitor recent physiologic or pathologic events.
A szociális megismerés neurobiológiai háttere
Authors: Kéri Szabolcs
Published: January 2006

A mindennapi megismerés legfontosabb aspektusai a self és a társas környezet vonatkozásában szerveződnek. Hogyan vagyunk képesek intencionális cselekvések létrehozására és ezek külső történésektől való megkülönböztetésére? Milyen szerepet játszik a testünkből érkező impulzusok idegrendszeri leképezése az éntudat és a társas jelzések észlelésének kialakulásában? Hogyan formálódik meg az interszubjekti­vitásra és az empátiára való képesség? Miként tudunk a fizikai valóságtól elvonatkoztatva mások hitéről és szándékáról elképzeléseket kialakítani (mentalizáció)? Az újabb neuropszichológiai és funkcionális képalkotó eljárásokat alkalmazó vizsgálatok az intencionalitás és a cselekvések monitorozásában részt vevő mechanizmusok alapjaként a homloklebeny különböző részei és a szenzoros kéreg közötti funkcionális kapcsolatokat tárták fel. A szociális jelzések feldolgozásában olyan specifikus területek játszanak szerepet, mint az amygdala vagy a halántéklebeny felső-hátsó része, míg a homloklebeny belső része a mentalizációs funkciókra specializálódott. Végül az agy számos területén találhatunk tükörsejteket, amelyek az intencionális cselekvések alkalmával és azok megfigyelésekor, imitációjakor is aktivitást mutatnak, megteremtve az interszubjektivitás és végeredményben a mimetikus kultúra biológiai alapját. E területek közül néhány részt vesz a nyelvi szerveződés kialakulásában is. A szociális kog­ní­ció neurobiológiai alapjainak feltérképezése szemléletformáló és vitaalapot kínáló hatásán felül új lehetőséget nyújt a pszichiátriai zavarok megértéséhez is.
A verbális munkamemória magyar nyelvű vizsgálóeljárásai
Authors: Racsmány Mihály , Lukács Ágnes , Németh Dezső , Pléh Csaba
Published: January 2006

A verbális munkamemória feladata a „beszédszerű”információk átmeneti tárolása és frissítése, kapacitásában jelentős egyéni különbségek figyelhetőek meg, amelyek egy sor kognitív funkció működését modulálják. A verbális munkamemória kapacitásának felmérésére számos diagnosztikai eszköz vált széles körben alkalmazottá, de ezek magyar nyelvű változatai eddig csak szórványos kísérleti vizsgálatokban láttak napvilágot. A verbális munkamemória-tárolási és -frissítési komponensei rendkívüli módon érzékenyek az adott információ hosszúságára, kimondási idejére, fonológiai szerveződésére, így az elsősorban angol nyelvű eszközök mutatói csak korlátozottan voltak használhatóak a magyar nyelvű vizsgálatok számára. Kutatócsoportunk ezt a hiányt pótolta, amikor elkészítette a három legismertebb verbális munkamemória-feladat: a számterjedelmi teszt, az álszóteszt és az olvasásterjedelmi teszt magyar nyelvű változatait. Ebben a tanulmányban a feladatsorokkal együtt közreadjuk a feladatokkal kapcsolatos normatív adatokat is.
Egy interdiszciplináris csizma a társadalom-lélektan asztalán?
Authors: Hain Ferenc
Published: January 2006

A tanulmány Barabási Albert László Behálózvacímű kötetéhez kapcsolódva mutatja be a hálózati gondolkodást, illetve áttekinti annak interdiszciplináris hatókörét, pszichológiai és szociálpszichológiai relevanciáját. Példaként a vonatkozó szociológiai kapcsolódási lehetőségeket számba véve fogalmazódik meg, hogy a kortárs szociálpszichológia nem reflektálja ezt a megközelítést. Ez egyfelől azért meglepő, mert a hálózati megközelítés eredendően az emberek közötti társas kapcsolatokról való gondolkodásban gyökeredzik - és ilyen módon alapvetően szociálpszichológiai illetékességű -, másfelől pedig azért, mert a kialakulásában több szociálpszichológus is jelentős szerepet játszott. Az ellentmondásos helyzetet a szociálpszichológia történetének csoportkutatási fejezetét röviden áttekintve értelmezi a tanulmány, Mérei szociometriai módszerének újragondolásával pedig lehetőséget ajánl a szociálpszichológia saját hagyományaihoz és interdiszciplináris (újra)kapcsolódásához.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Ádám György , Pléh Csaba , Vörös Zsófia
Published: January 2006

Klinikai vitairatból orvostörténeti munka [GeorgesCanguilhem: A normális és a kóros] (Ádám György)A kettős agy egysége [HámoriJózsef: Az emberi agy aszimmetriái] (Pléh Csaba)Az információs társadalom [ManielCastells: Az információ kora: Gazdaság, társadalom és kultúra - A hálózati társadalom kialakulása. I. kötet] (Vörös Zsófia)A gyermeki agy és a lélek [CsépeValéria: Kognitív fejlődés-neuropszichológia] (Pléh Csaba)
Prespawning Movement of Wild and Hatchery Fall Chinook Salmon Adults in the Snake River
Authors: Connor William P. , Garcia Aaron P.
Published: January 2006

We used radiotelemetry to describe the prespawning movement of adult fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (5 wild males, 4 wild females, and 27 hatchery females) in the Snake River. We characterized the migratory phase as consecutive detections made in an upstream direction after radio‐tagging and release. A transition from the migratory phase to the search phase was usually observed after wild adults passed their natal rearing areas and after hatchery adults passed the locations where they were released as subyearlings. This provided evidence for successful imprinting. A similar level of exposure to riverine habitat during a sensitive period coinciding with the parr–smolt transformation was a plausible explanation for this imprinting. The search phase was usually characterized by a series of downstream and upstream excursions ending with spawning site selection. Hatchery females moved an average of four to five times farther and two to three times more frequently than wild fish during these excursions. Available measures of genetic lineage, environmental conditions, and competition did not fully explain this pattern. We hypothesize that hatchery females moved farther and more frequently than wild adults partly because hatchery females had difficulty locating and identifying suitable spawning habitat as a result of hatching and early rearing in captivity.