bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing Enrollment of Blacks at a Predominately White Southern University: Perceptions and Characteristics of Black Graduates
Authors: White Anthony J. , Suddick David E. , Brown Sidney E.
Published: September 2011

This study surveyed 566 black college graduates for their perceptions for attracting more minority students to the University. Academic programs and location were critical factors noted. A majority (93%) of black alumni rated their educational experience good-to-excellent and 84% indicated they would attend the University again. The study suggests marketing techniques regarding admission should be changed to strategies emphasizing needs of the institution, e.g., use of black alumni, black professors, and black students.
Effect of Prior Exposure to Stimulus Material on Identification of Speakers' Sex, Height, and Weight
Authors: Coleman Ralph O. , Lass Norman J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine the effect of prior exposure to taped stimulus material on listeners' judgments of speakers' sex, height, and weight. Two series of listening experiments, one concerned with sex identification and one with height and weight identification, were conducted. Results indicate that prior exposure to stimulus material improved the accuracy of listeners' judgments of speakers' sex, height, and weight. However, they also indicate that it is not necessary to receive prior exposure to the complete set of stimuli to achieve accurate judgments. Prior exposure to the stimulus material improved listeners' confidence in their estimates of height and weight but not in their judgments of speakers' sex.
Ocular Dominance, Cognitive Strategy, and Sex Differences in Spatial Ability
Authors: Freedman Rita Jackaway , Rovegno Lisa
Published: September 2011

Ocular dominance, handedness, and cognitive strategy were assessed in relation to performance by 146 undergraduates on the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test. Higher spatial scores were found for right-eyed subjects, right-handed subjects, and males. These higher scoring groups reported using similar cognitive strategies. They counted blocks less, used their hands less, and pictured in their minds more than the left-eyed, left-handed and female subjects. Results confirm previous findings.
Reduced Accuracy of Classification with a Short Form of the Speech Sounds Perception Test
Authors: Snow W. G. , Sheese S.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to cross-validate the accuracy in classification of Golden and Anderson's (1977) abbreviated version of the Halstead Speech Sounds Perception Test. A relatively high correlation was obtained between their short form and the standard long form for a sample of 150 patients, aged 15 to 70 yr. However, the long form was more accurate in discriminating between 31 brain-damaged and 31 nonbrain-damaged patients. These results suggest that the use of the short form of this test may reduce accuracy of classification.
Social Visiting Preferences by Male Rats in an Open Field
Authors: Fitzpatrick David , Jones Joyce M. , Swyke C. M.
Published: September 2011

Male rats in an open field prefer the presence of female rats to any other stimulus objects. Individual differences in preferences were quite prevalent, and it is suggested that the existence of such differences be considered in future research designs.
Rorschach Indices of Children Classified as Hyperactive
Authors: Gordon Michael , Oshman Harvey
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach protocols of 20 boys (6 to 11 yr.) rated by their teachers as hyperactive and those of 20 nonhyperactive boys were compared along 16 indices, including R, P, M, FM, C, CF, FC, Sum C, A%, H%, F+%, Sum Shading, and the reaction times. The results suggested that children classified as hyperactive produce fewer movement ( M) and Human ( H) responses but a far greater percentage of Animal ( A) responses than the matched clinic control group. Age-related effects occurred within the hyperactive group such that younger hyperactives produced a higher Sum C, a lower H% and F +%, and had shorter reaction times than the older hyperactives. Findings were discussed in terms of the assessment of hyperactivity within a conceptual framework which regards impulsivity as a major underlying dimension.
Short-Term Retention of Temporal Information
Authors: Guay Michel , Bourgeois Joanne
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques. Visual time lengths of 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 20 sec. of rest, and 20 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold time lengths of 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. in memory for a period of 20 sec. of rest or 20 sec. of interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately. The variability between the 20 sec. of rest and the 20 sec. of interpolated activity retention intervals was similar. Two explanations for the lack of an interaction between time length and retention interval under the variable error were suggested. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Immediate reproduction of the retention interval had less mean constant error than 20 sec. of rest retention under the 32-sec. time length. That particular result was explained in perceptual terms.
Expression of Laterality and Recall of Early Education by Persons over Sixty-Two Years of Age
Authors: Van Camp Sarah S.
Published: September 2011

126 persons in three different senior citizen sites, aged 62 to 98 yr., were tested for hand and eye dominance and given a questionnaire concerning their early recollections of handedness and school experience. 40% showed cross-laterality. The group with the highest rate of cross-dominance (52%) was also the group having the highest mean age and the highest percent of college education. Pearsonian correlations indicated small but statistically significant relationships with age of reading 0.166 and eye dominance and ease of reading with writing 0.322 and with spelling 0.177. Ease of writing also had a small statistically significant correlation with ease of spelling 0.272. These findings were related to earlier studies of young children which suggested association of cross-laterality and socioeconomic condition.
Predictors of Mathematics Achievement in Jamaican Elementary School Children
Authors: Roach D. A.
Published: September 2011

In a study of 418 children in Grade 6 in Jamaica, West Indies the independent variables were sex, family size, birth order, occupational level, father's presence, preference for conceptual style, field dependence, reading achievement, and mental ability. Mathematics achievement was the dependent variable. Stepwise regression analysis yielded mental ability, reading achievement, and family size as the best predictors, in that order, of achievement in mathematics.
Verbal-Performance IQ-Discrepancy and Rhythm Test Performance
Authors: Moore Jeffrey L. , Hannay H. Julia
Published: September 2011

The Seashore Rhythm Test, Form A, was administered to 90 strongly right-handed undergraduates who were placed in one of three WAIS Verbal-Performance IQ-discrepancy groups: High Verbal, Equal, or High Performance. In each group were 15 men and women. Subjects also rated their use of two guessing strategies, a sequential strategy and a holistic strategy, in completing the rhythm test. The High Performance group made significantly lower scores than the High Verbal and Equal groups who performed similarly. 33% of the High Performance group were below the clinical cut-off for this test as opposed to only 3% of High Verbal and 10% of the Equal groups. All groups reported using the sequential strategy most frequently and equally.
Acquisition of Depth Discrimination in a Japanese Macaque: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fuji Ken'Ichi , Kojima Shozo
Published: September 2011

A training method of depth discrimination in a Japanese monkey was reported. Using a Howard-Dohlman type apparatus, the monkey was required to discriminate the distance of two rods. Observation distance was 785 mm and a tracking method was employed. Difference thresholds measured preliminarily were 23.6 mm and 77.1 mm for binocular and monocular conditions, respectively.
Eye-Color, Sex and Personality: A Case of Negative Findings for Worthy's Sociability Hypothesis
Authors: Robinson Thomas N.
Published: September 2011

A test of M. Worthy's hypothesis that eye-color is related to sociability and impulsivity was carried out using several standard personality measures with a sample of light- and dark-eyed male and female college students ( ns = 84 and 36, respectively). Although there were several significant findings for sex, there was none for eye color. The feasibility of using self-report measures in studies of eye-color was discussed.
Effects of Tasks Interpolated during Rest on Reminiscence for Pursuit-Rotor Performance and Inverted-Alphabet Printing: A Test of a Consolidation Theory of Reminiscence
Authors: St. James James D. , Day H. D.
Published: September 2011

As a test of a consolidation theory of reminiscence, 150 female college students practiced inverted-alphabet printing and the pursuit rotor for 5 min., rested for 20 min., and then practiced for 2 more min. During the rest period, some subjects rested while others performed reverse-cue rotary pursuit or mirror tracing. No reduction in reminiscence produced by tasks occurring during the rest period was found. While the failure to support a consolidation theory of reminiscence could not be explained, the possibility of sex differences in response to tasks occurring during the rest period was discussed.
Schema Theory: An Application to Integration of Fine and Gross Motor Skills of Young Children
Authors: Miller Susan E. , Krantz Murray
Published: September 2011

This study tested the extension of Schmidt's schema theory to the relationship between fine and gross motor skills. It was hypothesized that significant covariation would occur between isomorphic pairs of fine and gross motor skills. 52 children ranging in age from 29 to 63 mo. were tested on a series of 20 tasks. Each fine motor task was paired with an analogous gross-motor task having identical underlying cognitive elements but requiring different muscle groups for execution. When age was partialled out, the results showed significant covariation among 6 of 10 pairs of isomorphically related skills. In contrast, no consistent positive relationship among unrelated fine or gross motor skills was demonstrated. These findings support Schmidt's motor schema theory and suggest that the schema may function to integrate selected aspects of fine and gross motor skills of young children.
Cognitive Style as a Function of Ability
Authors: McCallum R. Steve
Published: September 2011

Studies of hemispheric specialization indicate that the left cerebral hemisphere is primarily responsible for logical analytical problem solving and the right for intuitive, holistic thinking. There has been some research support for the notion that left conjugate lateral-eye movements indicate right-hemispheric processing, and movements to the right, left-hemispheric activity. Other research efforts have offered no support for this view. The conflicting findings may result from the influence of confounding individual differences. The present study explored the influence of intelligence on direction of such eye movements during problem solving. The gifted, average, and retarded children tested did not differ with respect to direction of shifts of gaze as a function of intelligence. Thus, the premise that the individual difference variable of intelligence influences problem-solving style (as indicated by conjugate lateral eye movements) was not supported.
Comparison of Information-Processing Capacities in Young and Aged Subjects Using Reaction Times
Authors: Corpolongo Michael , Salmon Paul
Published: September 2011

Older subjects are compared to younger subjects on four reaction time tasks. Utilizing a model proposed by Teichner and Krebs (1974), four simple tasks were evolved to estimate: simple reaction time, response selection, stimulus-response translation, and stimulus-stimulus translation. Results indicated that the time difference found between the elderly and young subjects on a simple RT task was relatively equivalent to the time differences found on tasks isolating the components of response selection and stimulus-response translation. However, on a task necessitating a stimulus-stimulus translation the elderly showed a significantly greater increment in RT than found on the previous three tasks. It was concluded that the elderly have no relative difficulty making judgments in terms of the number of response choices and when the information for a judgment has direct relevance to the response choice. When the information for a judgment does not have direct relevance to the decision, it is difficult for elderly persons to use this information adequately.
Differences in Task and Use of Language: A Study of Lateral Eye Movement
Authors: Katz Joan , Salt Patricia
Published: September 2011

The lateral eye movements of 25 right-handed, native-English speakers 18 to 30 yr. of age were recorded. Both task and individual differences in the utilization of cerebral hemispheres were found. Earlier findings of task differences in the direction of eye movements for verbal and spatial questions were confirmed, and previous evidence of the involvement of the right hemisphere with “unpleasant” emotion was supported. No differences in performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test were found between consistent and inconsistent eye movers. Individual differences between right-eye movers and left-eye movers were found in their choice of college majors, Scholastic Aptitude Test performance, and in their course preferences. The current study also presents evidence of differences in language use by adults which seem related to cerebral hemispheric activity.
Complexity of Context and Orientation of Figure in the Corridor Illusion
Authors: Fineman Mark B.
Published: September 2011

12 subjects judged the magnitude of the corridor illusion as two independent variables were manipulated, complexity of context and orientation of the target figures. The contexts included a complete corridor, one with vertical elements deleted, and one having but two converging lines. Figures embedded within these contexts were thin black lines oriented either vertically or horizontally. Although the context had a significant effect upon the magnitude of the illusion, orientation of the judged lines did not. These results suggest that it is legitimate to use the corridor illusion to illustrate size-distance relationships.
Effect of Trainer's Presence and Response-Contingent Feedback in Biofeedback-Relaxation Training
Authors: Hamberger L. Kevin , Lohr Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of a trainer's presence vs a trainer's absence on subject-controlled, response-contingent relaxation training. Ten college students each received either frontalis EMG biofeedback training with trainer present, biofeedback training with trainer absent or information/placebo control with a trainer present. The relaxation procedure included a .5-hr baseline session and five .5-hr. training sessions. Analysis indicated that the biofeedback groups showed greater within-session reduction of EMG activity than the control condition but did not differ from each other. Post-session EMG levels across training sessions showed a significant decrease for all three groups. However, the two biofeedback groups relaxed more across sessions than did the control group and the two biofeedback groups did not differ from each other. Subjective ratings showed that subjects in all conditions became more relaxed both within and across sessions. The results indicate that a trainer's presence is not crucial in facilitating subject-controlled, response-contingent relaxation training.
An Experimental Study of Individualized Learning/Instruction in Copying, Tracking, and Handwriting Based on Feedback Principles
Authors: Søvik Nils
Published: September 2011

During the last 10 to 15 yr. the stressing of individualized instructions has caused a reorganization of some schools, curricula, and instructional methods. Different theoretical approaches have been used for developing individualized instruction programmes in reading, spelling, and writing. The present experimental study of individualized instruction in copying, tracing, tracking, and handwriting was based on theoretical feedback principles. Close relationships between visuo-motor ability, copying, tracing, tracking, and writing performances were hypothesized and so were the main effects of the experimental programme with concern to the educational, psychomotor skills in question. In general, the predictions were confirmed by data in the present study in which 36 third-graders participated. Some additional information was presented, e.g., significant interaction between the experimental programme and subjects' writing skills was found for tracing only.
Extreme Constriction of Figure Size as a Personality Trait Indicator on Memory-For-Designs
Authors: Persinger Bill D. , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

Data on constriction of figures in the Memory-For-Designs from a previous study were re-analyzed using protocols which exhibited very frequent reduction in size. High constrictors (13 to 15 constricted designs) were compared to moderate constrictors (6 to 8 constricted figures) and to low constrictors (0 to 2 constricted figures). Analysis indicated that high constrictors were significantly different from low constrictors on two 16 PF variables. These differences, however, were not considered to be clinically, i.e., interpretively, significant. Even with extreme constriction, these data are consistent with previous research.
Do We Dream during Sleep? Evidence for the Goblot Hypothesis
Authors: Hall Calvin S.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to find evidence for the hypothesis that we dream while we are waking up and not while we are asleep. 217 dreams recorded during a 2-yr. period by a man were analyzed for elements which reflected the influence of external and internal stimuli present at the time he was awakening. A number of correlations between dream content and stimuli was found. This finding suggests that dreams may be formed during the period of awakening.
Note on Statistical Regression
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Even when the average performance and variability of a group are identical on a pretest and a posttest, the scores of some subjects are likely to change substantially. The percentage of subjects whose scores may be expected to change by any given amount is a simple function of the correlation between the pretest and posttest scores. Two examples were given in which the results obtained agreed closely with those “predicted” on the basis of the pretest-posttest correlation. Understanding regression effects will help investigators guard against misinterpretation of their data.
Relationship between Origin Climate, Perceived Responsibility, and Grades
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Woodward Helen R.
Published: September 2011

This study examined relationships proposed by DeCharms' (1976) model of educational motivation. Specific behaviors of teachers are thought to induce a sense of personal causation in pupils, enhance feelings of academic responsibility, and motivate performance. Such an environment is termed an origin climate. The Origin Climate Questionnaire and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire were administered to 137 eighth graders and 96 eleventh graders. Course grades also were obtained from the teachers. Attributed responsibility and grades were positively correlated with pupils' perceptions of the extent to which their classrooms reflected an origin climate.
Encoding of Semantic Word Relationships during Verbal Learning
Authors: Bolton Martin
Published: September 2011

This study examined the differential impact among semantic word relationships, i.e., superordinate, subordinate, and attribute, in the usefulness of forming a trace for verbal recognition. Besides examining the impact of semantic word relationships, the ability of the subject to use such relationships in a verbal learning task was also studied. A 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design was applied to the three types of word relationships, three types of instructions to use one of the three word relationships deliberately, and the effect of one or two presentations of target items on the word list. Reaction times were used to check differences in the correct response “No” to distractors on a recognition task that varied according to semantic word relationships to the target word in the word list. Reaction times were further analyzed to see if the semantic instructions for encoding to the subjects differed and whether the number of presentations produced differences in reaction time. There was a significant effect for the type of semantic relationship that a distractor had and for semantic encoding instructions to the subject. However, there was no significant difference between one or two presentations. The interaction of type × criterion (practice) seemed to indicate that the encoding preference for certain semantic relationships did shift between practice trials.
Serial Checking of Letter Targets
Authors: Tone Tatsuo
Published: September 2011

A total of 24 subjects quickly and correctly checked target Zs in a letter array in order of location. Zs were embedded in angular, round, and mixed angular and round nontarget letters. Checking rate decreased as visual difficulty increased but increased as the number of letters interposed between adjacent targets increased. Time per letter computed for a span, which included a target and interposed letters preceding the target, varied as a function of checking the order of targets. The trend of the variation in rate differentiated among spans of different length and was also influenced by the visual difficulty. This differentiation might represent subject's unintended strategy for the task.
Comparison of Visual Responses of Female Observers to Clothing over Time
Authors: De Long Marilyn Revell , Salusso-Deonier Carol , Larntz Kinley
Published: September 2011

Two groups of females ( n = 35, n = 36) completed a semantic differential instrument in response to 10 slides of fashionable dress. The response sessions were separated by 12 wk. to determine the effect of change in fashion on group response to identical stimuli. Responses were analyzed for similarity in use of word pairs via principal component analysis. The first component explained the largest proportion of variance and was interpreted as evaluative while subsequent components were informational. Profiles of word-pairs identified through a multivariate analysis of variance indicated a consistent difference between responses of groups which was keyed to word-pairs reflecting recent changes in fashion.
Conservatism, Birth Order, Leadership, and the Aggression of Canadian Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Russell Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

Teams from the 10 provinces, the Yukon, and Northwest Territories competing in the annual Canada Winter Games served as subjects ( N = 203) in an investigation of the relationships of conservatism, birth order, and leadership to aggression. C-Scale scores were negatively related to coaching staffs' ratings of players' aggression though unrelated to two behavioral measures. Birth order was unrelated to aggression but later borns were more conservative and of lesser stature than firstborns. Conservatism bore no relationship to leadership although leaders were less aggressive in their play than teammates.
Correlations of Scores on Embedded Figures and Mirror Tracing with Preclinical Technique Grades and Pmat Scores of Dental Students
Authors: Wilson Stephen , Suddick Richard P. , Shay Jeffrey S. , Hustmyer Frank E.
Published: September 2011

For 20 dental students the relationships of field dependency, scores on the dental admissions test, grades in technique courses, and time and error scores on mirror-tracing tests were studied. Significant correlations (–.48, –.58, –.65) were found between field-dependency scores and scores on the perceptual-motor abilities subtest of the Dental Admissions Test and between mirror-tracing test and pre-clinical operative grades (–.53). These preliminary results indicate that study of the perceptual-cognitive styles of dental students is warranted to evaluate the potential utility of these measures in counseling and admissions. The mirror-tracing tests appear to have potential advantages as objective measures of psychomotor skills and learning ability.
Teachers' Expectations for Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Children in Mainstreamed Physical Education Classes
Authors: Martinek Thomas J. , Karper William B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the differences of 27 handicapped and 27 non-handicapped youngsters in terms of the teachers' expectation for their physical performance, social relations, cooperative behavior and ability to reason during physical education instruction. Marched pairs of handicapped and non-handicapped elementary school-aged children were taught by three elementary physical education specialists in mainstreamed physical education classes. At the beginning of the fall term, teachers were asked to rate their students according to how they expected them to perform in terms of the four expectancy variables. All three teachers had significantly lower expectations for the handicapped students' social relations with peers than the non-handicapped. Non-significant differences were found for the remaining expectancy variables.
Effects of Different Types of Music on Physical Strength
Authors: Pearce Kathy A.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether different kinds of music have differential effects on arousal as measured by grip strength, subjects' initial grip strength was measured and then their grip strength was measured while they listened to stimulative music, sedative music, and silence. Analyses of variance indicated that listening to sedative music decreased strength relative to silence, while listening to stimulative music had no effect on grip strength relative to silence.
Ranking Social Stigma: Would You Want One for a Friend
Authors: Lietz Jeremy J.
Published: September 2011

Higher ranks were assigned by 49 male and 68 female undergraduates to conditions over which persons have no control and lower ranks to criminal, immoral, and deviant behavior. Sex, ethnicity, and educational setting contributed to differences.
Sex of Experimenter and Effects of Pretest Interactions on Approaching a Snake by Fearful Female Subjects
Authors: Somervill John W. , Mullenberg Stephen A. , Benz Blair L. , Chaisson Marcia
Published: September 2011

96 female students in introductory psychology were selected by a screening procedure to ensure moderate to strong fearfulness of snakes. Each subject was assigned to one of eight groups according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (attractive male or female experimenter; a modeling or no-modeling condition, and a pretest condition in which subjects either remained alone in a room or conversed with the experimenter for 7 min.). The only significant finding was that subjects showed significantly greater approach with modeling than without and with a male experimenter.
Architectural Judgment: Effects of Design Differences in Products and Judges
Authors: Peterson John M.
Published: September 2011

It is widely believed that good designers are the best judges of architectural design. In the present study 27 architecture students rated 15 architectural designs by other students. The instructors' ratings were criteria. As predicted, good student designers were not more accurate than poor student designers, and they erred in opposite directions; average students were most accurate. Contrary to expectation, poor designs were, on the average, most accurately rated, but they also provided the greatest disagreement. A post hoc factor analysis of the data is discussed.
Actuarial Assessment of Wechsler Verbal-Performance Scale Differences as Signs of Lateralized Cerebral Impairment
Authors: Leli Dano A. , Filskov Susan B.
Published: September 2011

Long-standing clinical lore holds that a discrepancy between Wechsler-Bellevue (W-B) Verbal/Performance Scale weighted scores is a more sensitive sign of lateralized brain damage than a discrepancy between Verbal/Performance Scale IQ. To assess this question, two step-wise discriminant functions using W-B Verbal and Performance Scale weighted scores (Function 1) and IQs (Function 2) as independent variables were derived and cross-validated on right- and left-hemisphere-lesioned subjects. Cross-validation hit rates were statistically comparable though disappointingly low (Function 1–67%, Function 2–64 %). These results do not support the clinical lore which favors a weighted discrepancy score over an IQ-discrepancy as a sign of lateralized cerebral impairment.
Sociocultural Correlates of Divergent-Processing Ability in Two Populations
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2011

A study of semantic divergent-processing ability using student ( n = 297) and adult ( n = 66) samples yielded positive correlations between this construct and childhood magazine reading, childhood special training, and childhood group memberships. Positively related to divergent-processing ability were the adulthood variables of magazine readership and group membership (within the student sample) and radio listenership and magazine readership (within the adult sample). Formal education was also found positively associated with divergent processing among the adults.
Increasing Slowed Operant Responding of Schizophrenics under a Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Two procedures were evaluated in terms of their ability to modify the slowed responding of schizophrenics under an FR 40 schedule. FR 40 response rates increased when schizophrenics were instructed to earn a minimum number of reinforcements or to imitate the rate of responding of someone shown earning that minimum number of reinforcements. The greater increase in FR 40 responding occurred under the latter procedure.
Spontaneous Reference Systems in Individuals
Authors: Haller Otto
Published: September 2011

In a series of five experiments the referencing function of spatial structures was investigated. The problem was (a) to determine whether subjects' effective frames of reference and their object figures could be experimentally identified, (b) to determine whether the analyses developed for this purpose were adequate, and (c) to determine some conditions of frames of reference. Graduate and undergraduate students were asked to reconstruct and to recall multiply-embedded figures viewed earlier. In these figures the spatial orientation of the figure elements was manipulated. Both reconstruction and recall errors were analyzed to identify subjects' effective frames of reference and their object figures. A single-subject design was used throughout. Frames of reference and their objects could be identified in Exp. 1. This experiment also showed the appropriateness of the analyses. Exp. 2 indicated that embedding figures provide one condition for identifying frames of reference. Exps. 3 to 5 demonstrated that changes in element figures, measurement, and reduction of trials and number of elements did not eliminate frames of reference. Differences in types of frames of reference were found. These differences were interpreted to indicate that some subjects use content, others formal schema (referents) to evaluate spatial orientation.
Psychometric Properties of Two Measures of Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Pearson Linda Brownlee , Dunnick Belinda Fay , Ford Theresa Marie
Published: September 2011

Howard's Maze Test and Maw and Maw's Which-to-Discuss Test were individually administered to 25 educable mentally retarded junior high school students. Although the internal consistency of both tests was acceptably high (.81 and .90, respectively), scores were essentially unrelated to a host of demographic and other types of variables. Moreover, the correlation between scores on the two instruments was only –.06. It was suggested that the tests might better be described as measures of diversive curiosity and specific curiosity, respectively, than as measures of intrinsic motivation.
Use of a Test of Psychomotor Ability in an Expanded Role
Authors: Gloss David S. , Wardle Miriam Gayle
Published: September 2011

To examine the use of a test of psychomotor ability of disabled persons, a group of 118 persons with permanent impairment of one hand were given the disability rating together with the O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test. Scores showed a substantial correlation of .69 between these two instruments. Scores on the Finger Dexterity Test were strongly correlated to the activities of daily living subscale of the Hand Disability Rating Scale (.88), while rating of disability was not. Age appeared unrelated to either test or disability scores.
Response to Body Rotation and Tendency to Mystical Experience
Authors: Swartz Paul , Seginer Lise
Published: September 2011

A group of 60 university students, 30 men and 30 women, completed Hood's Mysticism Scale, Research Form D (M Scale) and performed a motor skills task following body rotation. Subjects with the strongest tendency to mystical experience exhibited least destability, although only for the women was the association statistically significant. Women as a group scored higher on the M Scale and performed better in the motor skills task.
Tardive Dyskinesia and Perceptual Dysfunction
Authors: Donnelly Edward F. , Jeste Dilip V. , Wyatt Richard Jed
Published: September 2011

There is equivocal evidence for a relationship between neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Using the Bender-Gestalt test as the dependent measure, we hypothesized that a group of chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia would show more perceptual dysfunction than those without. Our results supported this hypothesis. CNS dysfunction is discussed in terms of a possible predisposition to tardive dyskinesia.
Influence of Different Types of Physical Fatigue on a Visual Detection Task
Authors: Fleury Michelle , Bard Chantal , Jobin Jean , Carrière Lise
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different types of physical fatigue—past demand for exertion—on the performance of a visual detection task performed with and without masking. 31 male subjects were first administered a VO2 max test and familiarized with the detection task. They were divided into two groups to control potential effects of masking. They were subjected to three experimental treatments involving the utilization of different sources of energy: (a) a short anaerobic alactacid effort recruiting phosphocreatine, (b) a supramaximal effort (anaerobic lactacid) recruiting glycogen without oxygen, and (c) a progressive (partially anaerobic) effort recruiting glycogen and oxygen. All three were performed on a treadmill. Blood samples were collected for the anaerobic lactacid and the partially anaerobic exercises. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the detection task. A2 × 3 × 2 × 8 analysis of variance, with repeated measures on the last three factors, was applied to the data (mask/no mask × type of exercise × pre-post performance measures × location of the letter to be detected). No significant difference was found for either the main effects or interactions, except for the location of the letter and the mask/no-mask condition. It appears therefore that a physically fit population (X̅V̇O2max = 62.39 ml kg−1 × min−1) shows no detectable decrement in a perceptual task performed after fatiguing exercises recruiting various types of energy sources.
Analysis of Observers' Responses to the Rogers. Perls, and Ellis Films
Authors: Gustavson John. L. , Cundick Bert P. , Lambert Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Transcripts of filmed interviews by Rogers, Ellis, and Perls were classified as to verbal response categories proposed by Goodman and Dooley. Later the films were shown to 80 college undergraduates who filled out semantic differential scales at various points during the films. The three filmed therapists were rated significantly differently on the semantic differential categories of competence, benevolence, client's feelings, and therapeutic atmosphere. Each filmed therapist used significantly different patterns of verbal interaction. Stepwise regressions were calculated to determine the categories of verbal response which would account for the ratings of the undergraduate observers.
Test of Weiss and Miller's Social Facilitation Hypothesis: Are Audiences Aversive?
Authors: Sanchez Heriberto , Clark Nathan T.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to explore Weiss and Miller's extension of Zajonc's social facilitation theory. Subjects were given a choice of working on two equally attractive tasks in the presence or absence of an audience. The results indicate that subjects more frequently chose to work without an audience. This finding supports the aversive-drive notion of observation by an audience as proposed by Weiss and Miller and suggests that the social facilitation phenomenon could be extended by using a relevant drive paradigm in contrast to the irrelevant drive paradigm of traditional research on social facilitation.
Effect on Reading Comprehension of Training to Automaticity in Word-Reading
Authors: Spring Carl , Blunden Dale , Gatheral Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

Automaticity training, aimed at decreasing latencies to read a specific set of words, was given to an experimental group of third-graders. A control group of third-graders was not given this training. Following training, the cloze method was used to test the reading comprehension of texts composed from the training words. No evidence was found to support the hypothesized positive transfer of automaticity training to reading comprehension. Possible interpretations of this result are discussed.
Differences between Left- and Right-Handers on a Measure of Creativity
Authors: Newland G. Anthony
Published: September 2011

The literature reports a number of differences both psychological and physiological between left- and right-handed individuals. Creativity was investigated as another dimension for which differences may exist, based on the belief that the left-handed are challenged by an environment mostly organized for the right-handed and make special adaptations that may signal creative behavior. A figural form of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking was used to measure creativity on 192 participants, 96 left-handed and 96 right-handed individuals. A multivariate analysis indicated that the left-handed demonstrated greater creativity than the right-handed on all four scales of the Torrance test; females scored higher than males, and college-educated subjects scored higher than those with no college.
A Confound in the Standard Control Condition of the Stroop Experiment
Authors: Zajano Michael J. , Hoyceanyls Elaine M. , Ouellette Jeanne F.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to investigate the magnitude of the confound in the standard control condition of the Stroop experiment. The confound resides in the fact that only color changes from one item to the next in the control condition, whereas both color and configuration of the items that represent color change in the usual experimental conditions. The results of both experiments showed small but significant increases in color-naming time when both colors and non-verbal shapes changed from one item to the next. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of factors in selective attention in the color-naming task. While response competition appears to be the more substantial source of interference in Stroop color-word effects, a smaller but more general source of interference due to selective attention appears in whole-list tasks with more than one dimension of item-to-item change.
Goal-Setting and Task Persistence
Authors: Singer Robert N. , Korienek Gene , Jarvis David , McColskey Dale , Candeletti Glenn
Published: September 2011

Goal-setting as an effective technique for improving performance has been determined but its value in increasing persistence at practicing a task when unlimited practice time and alternative activities are available has yet to be established. 28 subjects were placed in a goal-setting or a control group. They were allowed to make as many attempts as they wanted to learn a complicated photoelectric mirror maze. The group provided with short- and long-term goals persisted longer at the task than the control group.
Lexical Decisions and Knowledge of Orthographic Structure in Skilled and Less Skilled College Readers
Authors: Yelen Delphine , Forbach Gary B.
Published: September 2011

College students were classified as either skilled or less skilled readers on the basis of reading comprehension scores and were then asked to judge whether high-frequency words, low-frequency words, orthographically legal nonwords, and orthographically illegal nonwords were words or nonwords. Skilled readers were significantly faster than less skilled readers on this task for all stimulus categories, but the largest differences between groups were found for low-frequency words and legal nonwords. Differences between the groups were larger for orthographically illegal nonwords than for high-frequency words. It was concluded that less skilled college readers do not use orthographic structure as an aid in lexical decisions as well as skilled readers and that their ability to decode even high-frequency words is not as automatic as that of the skilled readers.
Interaction of Sensory Feedback: A Child-Adult Comparison of Oral Sensory and Temporal Articulatory Function
Authors: Crary Michael A. , Fucci Donald J. , Bond Zinny S.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have demonstrated a systematic increase in lingual sensory thresholds and a temporal articulatory reorganization in subjects speaking under exposure to auditory masking. These data suggest that auditory and lingual sensory feedback systems exist in a balanced interaction specific to the oral articulations involved in speech production. The present study attempted to gain additional information on this proposed interaction. Lingual sensory and temporal articulatory measurements were obtained from 10 adults' and 10 children under each of four feedback conditions: (1) normal feedback, (2) exposure to binaural auditory masking during speech, (3) topical application of anesthesia to the lingual dorsum prior to speech, and (4) combined masking and anesthesia. Analysis indicated that children had lower lingual sensory thresholds than adults in all conditions and that they were more susceptible to the disruption of auditory feedback. Also, measurements of durations of vowels indicated no age-related differences with durations in both groups increasing when auditory feedback was impaired.
Durations of Recognition for Single Letters, with and without Visual Masking, by Dyslexics and Normal Readers
Authors: Grosser George S. , Trzeciak Gerda M.
Published: September 2011

Two sets of letters, i.e., those subject to reversal/rotation such as b, d, p, and q, and others, e, i, u, w, x, and o, were tachistoscopically presented singly to 15 normal readers (aged 6 to 14 yr.) and 29 dyslexic children (aged 7 to 13 yr.). Half the presentations were subject to masking by visual noise. Contrary to a prediction based on temporal-sequencing deficiency, the dyslexics required a significantly longer time than normals for recognition. This occurred under both the masked and non-masked conditions. Reversible/rotational letters gave more difficulty than other letters only when masked, for both normals and dyslexics. This supports the hypothesis that these letters have no special relation to dyslexia. The view that dyslexia is a developmental anomaly was supported by the finding of a significant correlation between recognition-speed and age for the normal readers only.
Variations in Perception of Clothing as a Function of Dress Form and Viewers' Social Community
Authors: Noesjirwan J. A. , Crawford J. M.
Published: September 2011

The study tested the prediction that social attributions made on the basis of clothing cues vary both as a function of the dress form and as a function of the particular social community of the viewer. A 4 by 4 factorial design was employed with students from one of 4 different faculties responding to a questionnaire about a photograph portraying one of 4 types of dress. While clothing conveys a variety of social meanings, the meaning attributed depends on the context of the viewers' social framework of interpretation.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIX. John Edward Tong 1921–1980
Authors: Piggins David , Leigh Gillian
Published: September 2011

The career and contributions to psychology of John Edward Tong (1921–1980) are given in this obituary.
VI. What You are
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

A simple statement of basic considerations, structure and organizational principles of nature sets the beginning of understanding of the human.
Accuracy of Perception of Attitude: An Intergenerational Investigation
Authors: Kurlychek Robert T. , Trepper Terry Steven
Published: September 2011

A group of 23 college students and a group of 21 60 + -yr.-olds responded to the Purpose-in-Life Test and the Collette-Lester Fear of Death Scale, both subjectively and in a manner they perceived the other generation would respond. Actual differences were found on two of the five measures; the older generation reported significantly higher purpose in life and less fear of personal death. Both groups rated the other as having less purpose in life and more fear of death and dying. The 60 + -yr.-old group was accurate in perceiving the college students' feeling of purpose in life, elevation of fear of personal death, and level of fear of the death of another, while the students accurately predicted the older group's ratings on the scales designed to measure the fear of dying of oneself and the feat of another's dying. A significant positive correlation was found between the raters' subjective response to Feat of Death of Others and their perceptions of the probable response of the other generation. Results, interpretations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Birth Complications and Self-Reported Sleep Behavior
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Gomez Steven , Gonzales Linda , Kuroda Max , Reyes Joe R.
Published: September 2011

The self-reported sleep behaviors of a group of 190 students who reported that they had experienced birth complications were compared with the responses of a group of 1,347 students who had reported no birth complications. We observed that the former group reported shorter durations of habitual sleep, i.e., 7.1 vs 7.3 hr., tended to fall more frequently into the extreme intervals on a continuum of sleep duration and were more likely to express dissatisfaction with the quality of their sleep than were the latter group.