bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF INDEX OF RESILIENCE FOR SURFACE WATER IN WATERSHEDS
Authors: Ortega Diego Javier , Pérez David A. , Américo Juliana H. P. , De Carvalho Sergio L. , Segovia Jorge A.
Published: April 2020

This work aimed to propose an instrument to represent the sensitivity, fragility, adaptability and the risk of pollution of water resources, by measuring and identifying indexes and indicators that assign characteristics to a certain area (basin). This research consists of three steps: the first was based on the recollection of data needed to execute this proposal. The second, we applied the used indexes and indicators into this research. The third sought to determine, identify and understand the impacts produced, the fragility generated to ecosystems due to pollution levels found. Through this methodological proposal, we sought to know the changes of the resistance potential, the negative impact on aquatic ecosystems and the ease in which they can be self-Debug- water resources. It was indicated that the resilience index of surface water resources (IR), in which he presented are examples applied in two watersheds, highlighting that this index can be applied at any scale.
ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)
Authors: Masmoudi Rachid , Kettab Ahmed , Brémond Bernard
Published: April 2020

Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.
PAIR INFLUENCE OF WIND SPEED AND MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE ON OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT OF HUMID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Sangkertadi Sangkertadi , Syafriny Reny
Published: April 2020

The purposes of this article is to explore knowledge of outdoor thermal comfort in humid tropical environment for urban activities especially for people in walking activity, and those who stationary/seated with moderate action. It will be characterized the pair influence of wind speed and radiant temperature on the outdoor thermal comfort. Many of researchers stated that those two microclimate variables give significant role on outdoor thermal comfort in tropical humid area. Outdoor Tropical Comfort (OTC) model was used for simulation in this study. The model output is comfort scale that refers on ASHRAE definition. The model consists of two regression equations with variables of air temperature, globe temperature, wind speed, humidity and body posture, for two types of activity: walking and seated. From the results it can be stated that there is significant role of wind speed to reduce mean radiant temperature and globe temperature, when the velocity is elevated from 0.5 m/s to 2 m/s. However, the wind has not play significant role when the speed is changed from 2 m/s to 3.5 m/s. The results of the study may inspire us to implement effectiveness of electrical-fan equipment for outdoor space in order to get optimum wind speed, coupled with optimum design of shading devices to minimize radiant temperature for thermal comfort.
MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS FROM IMPERVIOUS URBAN STREETS
Authors: Juchen Carlos Roberto , Poleto Cristiano , Vilas Boas Marcio Antonio , Juchen Rodrigo Trevisani
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to determine the granulometric and mineralogical composition and the contents of trace elements Cr, Ni and Pb in sediments collected in impermeable streets located in the urban perimeter of Toledo PR, Brazil. The mineralogical analyses were performed by a diffractometer, the granulometric by integrated sieving methods and laser diffraction, trace elements in sediment quartered fractions by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). It was concluded that the sediments with an average granulometric greater than 0.09 mm and finer fractions represented by the clay. The mineralogy identified ferruginous substances characteristics of Distroferric Red Latosol - DRL with high presence of quartz and diopside. Statistically it was shown that the concentrations of the trace elements in sediment samples had a significant enrichment for Chromium and Nickel in the central area’s streets and the Lead in lower concentrations in the streets of the periphery areas. The sediments have an average particle size with diameters greater than 0.09 mm, represented by sand, and the fine sediments represent 2 to 6% of samples. The software indicated that the sediments are from different anthropogenic sources. The diffractograms show peaks for quartz and diopside. The enrichment for trace elements was significant for chromium and nickel on the downtown area streets.
HOLISTIC STRATEGY FOR URBAN DESIGN: A MICROCLIMATIC CONCERN TO SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Swapan Abu Yousuf
Published: April 2020

The paper investigates the compatibility study and proposal for public space design strategy for Agrabad central business district area at Chittagong, Bangladesh. It examines the daylight factors, shadow parameters and thermal analysis to examine the performance level of proposed public spaces. The mentioned analysis leaned to optimized solutions through application of a thermal simulation program named ECOTECT. In the long run an overview of conclusions with design guideline from the investigated outcomes is cited. Findings from this investigation indicate possible optimized solution for Agrabad Central Business District (CBD). Resilient urban design concerns about the quality of built environment. Consideration of micro climatic factors can contribute to achieve sustainable and comfortable outdoor environment for better urban design. Learning from the global practice and application in a local context requires deeper understanding and knowledge. Traditional urban design methods cannot meet the needs of the citizens. This paper therefore provides a resilient analysis evolved from the local aspects, derived from Carmona’s ‘Values of urban design’. This work intends to open up a new frontier in the field of sustainable built enviroment, and expects to be useful for readers interested in urban design or related fields.
LOW COST POTENTIAL INFILTRATION ESTIMATION FOR WET TROPICAL WATERSHEDS FOR TERRITORIAL PLANNING SUPPORT
Authors: Dos Santos Franciane Mendonça , Lollo José Augusto
Published: April 2020

This study was developed at Caçula stream watershed of Ilha Solteira (Brazil) for potential infiltration estimation based on digital cartography. These methods aim at low-cost and quick analysis processes in order to support the territorial planning. The preliminary potential infiltration chart was produced using ArcHydro and pedological information of the study area. The curve-number method (Soil Conservation Service) was used to determine the potential infiltration combining information related to land-use and soil types in the watershed. We also used a methodology that assumes being possible to evaluate potential infiltration of a watershed combining average annual rainfall, land-use and watershed natural attributes (geomorphology, geology and pedology). Results show that ArcHydro is efficient for a preliminary characterization because it shows flow accumulation areas, allowing higher potential of degradation areas in terms of floods, mass movement and erosion. As land-use classes have significant weight in Soil Conservation Service method assessing potential infiltration, this method allow us to evaluate how land-use changes affect water dynamic in the watershed. The propose based on natural environment attributes enables to determine the homologous infiltration areas based on a higher number of natural characteristics of the area, and thereby obtain a result that is closer to the local conditions and, consequently for degradation surface processes identification.
PREDICTIVE MODELLING OF TRAFFIC FLOWFLOW IN AKURE, NIGERIA: UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN FOCUS
Authors: Owolabi Adebayo Oladipo , Oyedepo Olugbenga Joseph , Okoko Enobong Etim
Published: April 2020

Unsignalized intersections namely two-way stop-controlled intersection (TWSC) and all-way stop-controlled intersection (AWSC) are widely used in Akure. Five intersections consisting of three Tee and two Cross that were critical to traffic flow in the study area were selected for study. Data on geometric features were collected using odometer, while traffic parameters were captured and metered using cine camera placed at a vantage point from the road section during peak and off-peak periods on week days. Traffic flows at the intersections were expressed as functions of traffic characteristics and geometric features of the approaches; while the effect of distances of intersections before and after the intersections studied were also incorporated as a correction factors in the models. The models were developed using multiple linear regression technique with the aid of SPSS software and validated with empirical data other than those used for model calibration. Adjusted R2 values of 0.881 and 0.882 were obtained for Tee and Cross intersections respectively for peak period, while 0.938 and 0.940 respectively were obtained for the off-peak period. These indicate that the flow models are very robust in replicating the observed data. The predictive models have the potential to accurately estimate traffic flow at intersections in the study area and other cities of the world with similar traffic conditions.
The Trinitarian and Christological Minnemystik of the Flemish beguine Hadewijch of Antwerp (fl. 1240)
Authors: Beukes Johann
Published: April 2020

This article provides an original reappraisal of the notion of Minnemystik in the work of the 13th-century Flemish beguine Hadewijch of Antwerp (fl. 1240), with specific reference to its Trinitarian and Christological orientations. After an introduction to the nature and origins of Hadewijch’s work, relating to the discovery of four extant manuscripts (MS.A [2879–2880], MS.B [2877–2878], BS.C and the incomplete MS.D [385 II]) in Belgium in 1838, followed by an elucidation of the experience-driven epistemology of the Victorians Richard of St Victor (d. 1173) and Hugo of St Victor (1079–1141) as her key early scholastic influences, Hadewijch’s Minnemystik is distinguished from Wesenmystik, as encountered in the mystical work of her French contemporary and beguine counterpart, Marguerite Porete (1250–1310). From this discursive basis, Hadewijch’s Minnemystik is reassessed and represented as pertinently Trinitarian and Christological in orientation, and therefore as a theological (and not merely an enticing ‘mystical-sexual’) presentation from the 13th century.
Editorial Introduction: Evidence Based Practice
Authors: Pillay Mershen
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Evidence-based Practice in Speech Language Pathology: Scaling Up
Authors: Justice Laura M.
Published: April 2020

Evidence-based practice is a process to which clinical professionals adhere when making decisions concerning the assessment or treatment o f a given condition. Within the field of speech-language pathology, it is increasingly advocated as best practice. As our profession seeks to transform itself from one that is primarily craft-based to one that relies on evidence-based processes, it must develop and implement a series of structures that will foster this transformation. This article describes three specific structures that are increasingly available within the field of speech-language pathology in the United States to guide transformation of the profession: systematic reviews and meta-analyses, treatment studies, and clearing houses. Without these structural supports, it is unlikely that evidence-based practice can be scaled u pin a way that has positive impacts on practice.
Digit Speech Reception Threshold Testing in Tswana/English Speakers
Authors: Khoza Katijah , Ramma Lebogang , Mophosho Munyane , Moroka Duduetsang
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to establish whether digit stimuli offer a more accurate measure for Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) testing when assessing first-language Tswana (or Setswana), second-language English speakers, as compared to an English word list (CID W-1) and a Tswana word list. Forty Tswana first language speaking participants (17 males and 23 females) aged between 18 and 25 years, participated in this study. All participants were undergraduate students at a tertiary institution in Johannesburg, Gauteng. This study utilized a quantitative single group correlation design which allowed for a comparison between three SRT scores (CID-SRT, T-SRT, and D-SRT). Participants underwent basic audiological assessment procedures comprising of otoscopy, tympanometry, conventional pure tone audiometry and SRT testing. SRT measures were established using monitored live voice testing. Basic audiometric data were descriptively analyzed to ensure that hearing function was with in normal limits, and PTA-SRT averages and means were calculated. Furthermore, analysis of the SRT-PTA correlation data was conducted through the use of the non-parametric Spearman's correlation co efficient and linear regression. Results from this study were statistically significant (p .05) and indicated that digit-pairs were not the most effective stimuli for establishing SRT, compared to the CIDW-1 and Tswana word lists. On the contrary, findings of the current study revealed that PTA-SRT comparison was best in Tswana (r= 0 .62), followed very closely by CID W-1 (r = 0.61), and lastly digit- pairs (r = 0.60). The results however, confirm the efficacy of using digit pairs as alternative stimuli when more appropriate speech stimuli for the establishment of SRT are unavailable, as the correlation between SRT for digit pairs and PTA was also a strong one (r= 0.60). Linear regression analyses indicated that all three lists were acceptable speech stimuli for the population under investigation with the standard error of estimate being significantly smaller than the 5dB-stepused to collect the data (1.62 for Tswana, 3.56 for CID W-1, and 3.80 for digit-pairs).
Research Needs In Speech Pathology In South Africa
Authors: Bauman S. , Aron M.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Assessing Thermomechanical Fatigue of a Cast Aluminum Alloy Cylinder Head of an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Liu Yi , Annabattula Pallavi , Mirmiran Seyed , Zhang Lin , Chen Jim , Gaikwad Surendra , Singh Kanwerdip
Published: April 2020

Cast aluminum alloys are used for cylinder heads in internal combustion engines to meet low weight and high strength (lightweight) design requirements. In the combustion chamber, the alloy experiences harsh operating conditions; i.e., temperature variation, constrained thermal expansion, chemical reaction, corrosion, oxidation, and chemical deposition. Under these conditions, thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage arises in the form of mechanical damage, environmental (oxidation) damage, and creep damage.

In the present work, several important properties that influence the TMF life of the cylinder head have been identified through TMF and finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that improving the strength at high temperatures helps improve TMF life on the exhaust side of the head. On the other hand, improving strength and ductility extend TMF life at low temperature on the intake side. Based on Neu-Sehitoglu TMF damage model, environmental (oxidation) damage is responsible for more than 80% of the total damage on the exhaust side. On the intake side, environmental factors are again a significant contributor to overall damage, but produce a smaller portion of total damage as compared to the exhaust side. Damage due to creep, relative to other categories of damage, is minimal and can therefore be neglected. Environmental (oxidation) damage is strongly influenced by the activation energy for oxidation. A small increase of the activation energy significantly increases the TMF life. The activation energy for oxidation is closely related to the chemical composition of the alloy and the kinetics of oxidation of each element in the alloy. FEA and TMF analysis facilitate optimized selection of target alloys that meet TMF life expectations as engine output increases.
On the Development of Optimal Hardware and Software Architectures for Propulsion Domain Control
Authors: McAslan Steven , Norris Robert
Published: April 2020

The modern automobile consists of a series of functional systems which implement the features of the vehicle and which are often connected via electronic networks. The function of each block in a system is often controlled or implemented by an electronic processor. In practice the existing architectures of both the network and processors is a consequence of the gradual introduction of electronics to a previously mechanical implementation and therefore tend to favour a flat network of cooperating peers and processors with hardware functions that are highly specific to the function required. New architectural approaches are now being evaluated to remove the limitations brought by the existing approach and in particular to address the changes in the propulsion system caused by the introduction of electric drive components. In this paper we describe the historical evolution of vehicle architectures towards domain control topologies and how this evolution has affected the functionality that is required in each functional block. From this starting point we consider the specific requirements that apply to the propulsion domain and consider the effect that these have on the software and hardware implementation of new modules. Finally, the paper considers how the internal architecture of a microprocessor can be developed to provide an optimal environment for software features and development flow. Elements considered in this discussion include leveraging existing software, the impact of electrification, scalable processing capability, facilitation of independent development environments and the implementation features that allow assurance of the safety, security and functional needs of modules operating in the propulsion domain.
Money Market Instruments and Nigeria Inflation Rate: A Time Series Study
Authors: Umasom Philip
Published: April 2020

This study empirically examined the effectiveness of money market instruments on Nigerian inflation rate. The objective is to investigate the existing relationship between money market instruments and Nigerian inflation rate, data was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. Multivariate model were formulated having Inflation Rate (INFR) as the function of Percentage of Treasury Bills to Gross Domestic Product (TB/GDP), Percentage of Stabilization Securities to Gross Domestic Product (STS/GDP), Percentage of Treasury Certificate to Gross Domestic Product (TC/GDP), Percentage of Eligible Development Stock to Gross Domestic Product (EDS/GDP), Percentage of Central Bank of Nigeria Short Term Fund to Gross Domestic Product (CBNSF/GDP) and Percentage of Call Money Scheme to Gross Domestic Product (CMS/GDP). The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) properties of co integration, Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root, Granger Causality Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine the relationship between the money market instruments and Nigerian inflation rate. Findings revealed that money market instruments are statistically significant in explaining variation in Nigerian inflation rate. We therefore recommend that the money market should well be structured, properly managed and its operational efficiency enhanced to achieve the monetary policy objective of price stability.
Analysis of ECJ case law on discriminatory treatment of cross-border inheritance tax
Authors: Luchena Gracia
Published: April 2020

Recently, the European Commission has launched a package which deals with issues of double taxation and discriminatory tax treatment in the area of inheritance and estate tax. In the paper the Commission discusses ten cases in which the European Court of Justice examined the inheritance tax rules of Member States. In eight out of the ten cases it concluded that the Member States in question breached EU rules on the free movement of capital and/or freedom of establishment. For example, on the 3rd of September 2014, the ECJ entered/made a judgment resolving that the Spanish Inheritance Tax should impose restrictions on the free movement of capital, one of the fundamental principles of the EU’s Single Market. Taking into consideration the merits of the case the Court of Justice finally concluded that the situations between resident and non-resident taxpayers or between goods located in Spain or abroad are comparable and that therefore the applicable tax treatment should be the same.
Rethinking the potency of ICAO SARPS on global reduction of aviation emission and protection of global environment
Authors: Murgan Murtala , Hamid Abdul , Mustapha Maizatun
Published: April 2020

The Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) of Annex 16 Vol. II, Chicago Convention 1944, are created and adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), for the purpose of regulating aircraft emission in the civil aviation sector. The creation of ICAO standard and Recommended Practices on aviation environment came up in 1981, following the declaration in Article 2(2) of Kyoto protocol to UNFCCC that developed countries of (Annex I parties), shall pursue limitation or reduction of emission of greenhouse gases from aviation by working through the international civil aviation organization (ICAO). However, while the SARPS have been recognized by ICAO and the contracting states as the sole international regulations for reduction of aviation emission, the SARPs are also known to have some limitations on reduction of aviation emission. This paper therefore examines the capacity of SARPs Annex 16 Vol II of Chicago Convention 1944 to make effective reduction in international reduction of aviation emission for protection of environment. This involves identifying the strength and limitations of ICAO SARPs on reduction of aviation emission as well as making recommendations for improved performance. A qualitative-doctrinal research approach is adopted where by the bulk of analysis on the study is based on information from library research materials the study concludes the ICAO SARPs have more limitations than strength and would require some improvement for achieving a more effective reduction in aviation emission.
Educação Patrimonial com adolescentes de bairros periféricos de Belém do Pará como estratégia de valorização da memória cultural
Authors: Montalvão Dariane Martins , Barbosa Helena Doris De Almeida
Published: April 2020

O artigo apresenta resultados do projeto de extensão Educação Patrimonial a partir do Lazer e Recreação com os Adolescentes do Projeto Pro Paz nos Bairros, desenvolvido pela Faculdade de Turismo da Universidade Federal do Pará, em parceria com o Pro Paz nos Bairros. Tendo como objetivo a valorização do patrimônio histórico-cultural de Belém, como estratégia à efetivação da cidadania por meio da educação patrimonial, o projeto foi desenvolvido com 260 adolescentes em condição de vulnerabilidade social atendidos pelo Pro Paz. Baseado na tríade pesquisa, ensino e extensão, promoveu palestras, rodas de conversas, jogos, dinâmicas, exibição de filmes e visitas monitoradas ao patrimônio da cidade. Os questionários de sondagem, a observação direta e o feedback dado pelos integrantes permitiram compreender a realidade sociocultural desses jovens, bem como construir um novo olhar sobre o patrimônio de Belém e sobre o lazer na cidade.
Estudar estrutura da língua: a atividade extensionista e a EaD como espaços de democratização do conhecimento
Authors: Bertollo Daniele , Corbari Alcione Tereza , Cavalcante Higor Miranda , Ramos Quézia Cavalheiro Mingorance
Published: April 2020

Este artigo objetiva apresentar o projeto de extensão Morfologia básica da língua portuguesa: estrutura e formação da palavra, desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (campus de Cascavel),bem como refletir sobre a potencialidade da tecnologia na formação inicial e continuada do professor e no movimento de aproximação entre universidade e comunidade. A atividade extensionista teve início em 2018, como projeto piloto,tendo por objetivo central construir e implementar um curso voltado à socialização do conhecimento sobre o nível mórfico da língua portuguesa; em 2019, teve seu status alterado para ‘projeto permanente’, passando a ser ofertado anualmente. Seu potencial como ferramenta de difusão do conhecimento relativo à estrutura da língua portuguesa levou a alterações metodológicas de maneira a se transformar em uma atividade realizada integralmente a distância. Além de estar contribuindo para a formação inicial e continuada de professores de todo o território nacional, tem desempenhado importante papel na formação dos professores formados e em formação que participam da equipe proponente.
Desenvolvimento de uma unidade demonstrativa de produção agroecológica de leite em assentamento rural
Authors: Bridi Ana Maria , Muniz Carolina Amália de Souza Dantas , Schuntzemberge Amanda Massaneira de Souza , Santana Laís Sodre , Santos Évelyn Rangel dos , Vargas Tainá Scabori , Marinho Thamires Aparecida , Bumbieris Junior Valter Harry , Galbeiro Sandra
Published: April 2020

Objetivou-se relatar as atividades desenvolvidas pelo projeto de extensão no Assentamento Rural Eli Vive, demonstrando a integração entre discentes, docentes e assentados. O projeto foi coordenado pelo Grupo PET (Programa de Educação Tutorial) do Curso de Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, sendo realizado no assentamento Eli Vive, município de Londrina (PR), utilizando a metodologia “Planejamento Estratégico Participativo”, durante os anos de 2014a 2018. Foram realizadas visitas técnicas e atividades sobre temas que envolvem a cadeia produtiva de leite. Foi implementada uma Unidade Demonstrativa de Produção de Leite em Pastagem. Também foram desenvolvidas atividades visando à produção de alimentos para o rebanho e confeccionado um manual técnico “Produção Agroecológica de Leite’’. Com o presente projeto, foi possível detectar e solucionar problemas, buscar inovações de baixo custo para o sistema de produção, implementar aspectos agroecológicos de produção e capacitar os assentados,beneficiando a produtividade e a qualidade do produto final e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos assentados.
Compliant in principle! and in practice? Internal audit at listed companies in the Netherlands: beyond compliance with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code
Authors: Bogtstra Robert , Garretsen Inge , Renes Remko
Published: April 2020

The revised Dutch Corporate Governance Code of 2016 (hereafter “the Code”) comprises provisions regarding the existence of an internal audit function. Following the comply or explain principle of the Code, Euronext Amsterdam listed companies with a registered office in the Netherlands either have established an internal audit function or have to explain why they did not.

Our research shows that the number of listed companies with an internal audit function has since grown. In 2016 53% of Euronext Amsterdam listed companies with their registered office in the Netherlands have established an internal audit function; in 2018 this figure is 64%. More than half of these listed companies have an in-house independent internal audit function, whereas other companies have internal audit functions with different characteristics, such as a combined internal audit and risk management function or have outsourced the internal audit function.

The majority of the companies without an internal audit function provide inadequate arguments for this absence. They thereby do not meet the standards as set forth in the Code. In most cases, the argument for not having an internal audit function is: “the organization is too small”. This is not a valid argument, as the Code specifically addresses this situation stating that in case the size of a company is not suited for an internal audit function, outsourcing may be an appropriate alternative.

We conclude that management boards should give this topic better thought and give better insight in their judgement by explaining the arguments. We therefore advocate that the principle of “comply or explain” should be “comply and explain”. Such is the case in the South African corporate governance code (King IV). The effect will be that management boards mindfully have to elaborate on how they obtain independent assurance on the company’s governance, risk management and control systems.
Gedragspatronen bij doofheid voor risicowaarschuwingen – Patronen van dynamiek in de relatie tussen managers en interne auditors
Authors: Nuijten Arno , van Twist Mark , Hilhorst Cokky
Published: April 2020

Internal auditors worden geacht aan de bel te trekken als zij constateren dat de organisatie onaanvaardbare risico’s loopt, bijvoorbeeld bij een falend IT-project. Managers luisteren lang niet altijd naar dergelijke risicowaarschuwingen die ze krijgen van hun interne auditafdeling. Soms negeren ze die gewoon volkomen. Dat wordt in de literatuur het deaf effect genoemd. Internal auditors staan dan voor een dilemma: uit het oogpunt van effectiviteit zijn zij geneigd acties te nemen om het deaf effect op te lossen en tegelijkertijd kunnen deze acties de relatie met het management onder druk zetten. In dit artikel beschrijven we de resultaten van een onderzoek bij dergelijke IT-projecten en belichten wijde dynamiek die optreedt in de auditor-managerrelatie als het deaf effect zich manifesteert, en de manager dus niet luistert naar de risicowaarschuwingen van de auditor. Het onderzoek omvat twaalf cases en laat zien dat drie categorieën acties te onderscheiden zijn die auditors nemen wanneer zij geconfronteerd worden met het deaf effect. Ook onderscheiden wij een viertal patronen van dynamiek in de relatie tussen de auditor en de manager.
Tracking water masses using passive-tracer transport in NEMO v3.4 with NEMOTAM: application to North Atlantic Deep Water and North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water
Authors: Stephenson Dafydd , Müller Simon A. , Sévellec Florian
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Water mass ventilation provides an important link between the atmosphere and the global ocean circulation. In this study, we present a newly developed, probabilistic tool for offline water mass tracking. In particular, NEMOTAM, the tangent-linear and adjoint counterpart to the NEMO ocean general circulation model, is modified to allow passive-tracer transport. By terminating dynamic feedbacks in NEMOTAM, tagged water can be tracked forward and backward in time as a passive dye, producing a probability distribution of pathways and origins, respectively. To represent surface (re-)ventilation, we optionally decrease the tracer concentration in the surface layer and track this concentration removal to produce a ventilation record. Two test cases are detailed, examining the creation and fate of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water (NASMW) and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in a 2∘ configuration of NEMO run with repeated annual forcing for up to 400 years. Model NASMW is shown to have an expected age of 4.5 years and is predominantly eradicated by internal processes. A bed of more persistent NASMW is detected below the mixed layer with an expected age of 8.7 years. It is shown that while model NADW has two distinct outcrops (in the Arctic and North Atlantic), its formation primarily takes place in the subpolar Labrador and Irminger seas. Its expected age is 112 years.
Catchment-scale drought: capturing the whole drought cycle using multiple indicators
Authors: Gibson Abraham J. , Verdon-Kidd Danielle C. , Hancock Greg R. , Willgoose Garry
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Global agricultural drought policy has shifted towards promoting drought preparedness and climate resilience in favor of disaster-relief-based strategies. For this approach to be successful, drought predictability and methods for assessing the many aspects of drought need to be improved. Therefore, this study aims to bring together meteorological and hydrological measures of drought as well as vegetation and soil moisture data to assess how droughts begin, propagate and subsequently terminate for
a catchment in eastern Australia. For the study area, 13 meteorological drought periods persisting more than 6 months were
identified over the last 100 years. During these periods, vegetation health, soil
moisture and streamflow declined; however, all of the indicators recovered quickly
post-drought, with no evidence of extended impacts on the rainfall–runoff
response, as has been observed elsewhere. Furthermore, drought initiation and
propagation were found to be tightly coupled to the combined state of
large-scale ocean–atmosphere climate drivers (e.g., the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode), whereas
termination was caused by persistent synoptic systems (e.g., low-pressure
troughs). The combination of climatic factors, topography, soils and
vegetation are believed to be what makes the study catchments more resilient to drought than others in eastern Australia. This study diversifies traditional approaches to studying droughts by quantifying the catchment response to drought using a range of measures that could also be applied in other catchments globally. This is a key step towards improved drought management.
Ground subsidence due to the backfill pressure in tunnel boring machine
Authors: Ahn Chang-Kyun , Lee Seok-Won
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In shield tunnel boring machine constructions, backfill
pressure affects surface settlement and the stability of other underground
structures nearby. Therefore, it is essential to pre-calculate backfill
pressure in the design stage. This study examines and compares the seven
internationally known backfill pressure calculation theories and calculates
and analyzes the backfill pressures in six virtual ground conditions. The
calculated backfill pressure increased as the ground cover increased, but
the increase rate decreased. Also, this study performs a numerical analysis
to identify the impact on ground settlement and tunnel crown settlement. In
the end, settlement was more impacted by face pressure than backfill
pressure in the unsaturated and saturated ground conditions. Also, as the
ground cover increased, the impact of backfill pressure decreased, and as
the applied face pressure decreased, the impact of backfill pressure
increased.
A reanalysis of the collapse of the Heidegroeve: subsidence over an abandoned room and pillar mine due to previously unknown mine workings underneath
Authors: Bekendam Roland Frits
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In the region of Maastricht, both in the Netherlands and
in Belgium, about 400 room and pillar mines have been excavated in weak
Upper-Cretaceous limestones. Pillar instability has resulted in a number of
large-scale collapses and serious surface subsidence with faulting and
sinkhole formation. The Heidegroeve used to be a very stable mine for more
than 50 years, until pillars started to fracture and spall unexpectedly in
the summer of 1987. The collapse of the abandoned mine occurred in June
1988, and was initially detected when faults and sinkholes had formed at the
surface. Originally it was postulated that just creep deformation inside this mine
was the main cause. However, a stability analysis revealed that all pillars
inside the collapse area showed sufficient safety factors and should still
be intact, while the weakest part, with several pillars of insufficient
strength, had been fractured but is still standing. In the vicinity of the
collapse area mines have been excavated at a lower level. Therefore it was
postulated that the collapse of the Heidegroeve was related to an unknown
and inaccessible continuation of these mine workings underneath. Indeed,
recent, rather adventurous fieldwork revealed a downward collapse-induced
fault giving access to open galleries and collapse structures about 3.5 m
below the Heidegroeve. Inside the collapse area of the Heidegroeve itself,
accessible through openings between the debris fragments, severe tilting of
gallery floors was observed, which was probably brought about by punching of
pillars of the lower mine. This case study with an unusual result shows that great care must always be
taken in the analysis of the stability of mines and the assessment of the
risk of surface subsidence.
Factors controlling natural subsidence in the Po Plain
Authors: Bruno Luigi , Campo Bruno , Costagli Bianca , Stouthamer Esther , Teatini Pietro , Zoccarato Claudia , Amorosi Alessandro
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Understanding the causes and mechanisms of land
subsidence is crucial, especially in densely populated coastal plains. In
this work, we calculated subsidence rates (SR) in the Po coastal plain,
averaged over the last 5.6 and 120 kyr, providing information about land
movements on intermediate (103–105 years) time scales. The calculation
of SR relied upon core-based correlation of two lagoon horizons over tens of
km. Subsidence in the last 120 kyr appears to be controlled mainly by the
location of buried tectonic structures, which in turn controlled
sedimentation rates and location of highly compressible depositional facies.
Numerical modelling shows that subsidence in the last 5.6 kyr is mainly due
to compaction of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits (uppermost 30 m).
Effect of brine injection into shallow formation on land subsidence in the Southern Kanto gas field, in Japan
Authors: Kawano Kenjiro , Iwamoto Hiroshi , Murai Daisuke , Egami Takahiro , Shimamoto Tatsuo , Hayashi Yuji , Nakagawa Tsutomu
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Our association plans to construct in situ formation
deformation monitoring wells for shallow formation. In the pilot test,
production and injection will be conducted to make the formation deform.
Based on the result of the pilot test, we will investigate whether the
compaction behavior was perfectly elastic or not. In addition, we plan to
conduct coring and core tests to obtain rock properties. In the future, we would like to select the suitable constitutive equation
for this gas field based on the obtained data and construct a prediction
methodology to control subsidence. Once the land subsidence control
technology is established in this study, it is expected that reservoir
management for production will be performed.
Characteristics of consolidation settlements and sedimentary environments of the late Pleistocene–Holocene deposits in the Mekong Delta and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Truong Minh Hoang , Nguyen Dinh Thanh
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The report displays the characteristics of sedimentary environments,
consolidation and consolidation settlements of the late Pleistocene–Holocene
deposits in the Mekong Delta (MD) and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. The
report furthermore discusses the influences of sedimentary environments on
the consolidation properties and the resulting complex and large consolidation
settlements. They cause land subsidence and uneven settlements of
foundations in HCMC and the MD. They have especially combined with the
unsuitable plans, land use like land fill in the lower land, rivers and
ponds in the delta and increase in sea level by the global climatic change.
As a result, it is very difficult to improve waterlogged areas in HCMC and
the MD by the rain and tide waters. It is also not easy to propose a standard
strategy for the management, planning and construction of these areas.
Assessment of subsidence and consolidation of dredger fill area based on SBAS-InSAR and laboratory tests
Authors: Yu Qing-bo , Wang Qing , Yan Xue-xin , Yang Tian-liang , Chen Jian-ping , Yao Meng , Zhou Kai , Huang Xin-lei
Published: April 2020

Abstract. With the development of economy, land reclamation by dredger fill has become an effective measure to alleviate the shortage of land resources. However, the accompanying subsidence has always been a challenge to the safe use of soil in dredger fill area. In this study, Chongming East Shoal, China, where dredger filling activities are going on in recent years was selected as the study area. SBAS-InSAR was applied to monitor the variation of land subsidence and deformation in the recent two years. Furthermore, a total of 25 undisturbed soil samples including dredger fill and underlying soil were collected from 5 boreholes (maximum depth 55 m), and the land at each borehole had different a formation time. The physical properties and compressibility were tested by laboratory tests. Results show that for the current state, fast to slow subsidence velocity was observed in the reclamation area close to the coastline, which is controlled by building load and geological features of soil layers. The building load is the main factor affecting the land subsidence and special attention should be paid. It is the poor drainage condition of the soil layer in the offshore area resulting in slow subsidence. Consolidation degree and final settlement of soil can be obtained from monitoring data of land subsidence. Based on the settlement-time curve obtained by SBAS-InSAR, the estimated final settlement of typical settlement area is −27.03 to −38.96 mm, and the corresponding consolidation degree is 58.95 % on average. It still takes a long time to achieve stability. In conclusion, land subsidence is essentially the macro-accumulation of drainage consolidation of all the soil layers, so it is controlled by soil structure and engineering geological properties of both dredger fill and underlying soil layer. The research combined with field investigation, laboratory testing can provide a mechanism explanation for monitoring results. Future research will focus on longer monitoring time and a higher sampling frequency to enrich and improve the research.
Experimental study on mechanism for pumping-induced land subsidence
Authors: Zhang Yun , He Guofeng , Wu Jichun , Zhu Zhiduo , Yan Xuexin , Yang Tianliang
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Groundwater pumping can cause severe land subsidence, yet the mechanisms
have not been completely clear. A laboratory physical model test was done to
investigate the mechanism for pumping-induced land subsidence. In the model
test, a model well was installed and pumpage through the well was taken.
During and after pumping, the soil displacement and the pore water pressure
were documented. The pore water pressure within the pumped sand layer
decreased immediately after pumping and recovered immediately after stopping
pumping, while the pore water pressure in the neighboring silty clay layers
first increased and then decreased with pumping, and first decreased and
then increased after pumping was stopped and groundwater level in the sand layer recovered.
The duration within which the pore water pressure in the silty clay
increased when pumping was increasingly great with the distance from the
pumped sand layer. The compaction of the neighboring silty clay first
occurred near the interface between the silty and sand layers, and the silty
clay expanded vertically within some zones. The test results indicate that
the mechanism for land subsidence is complex. Due to their low permeability,
aquitard units may expand in a period when groundwater is withdrawn from the
neighboring aquifer units, and they may compact when groundwater is
recharged into the neighboring aquifer units. This is one of the reasons for
the lagging compaction of aquitard units.
Numerical simulation of land subsidence above an off-shore Adriatic hydrocarbon reservoir, Italy, by Data Assimilation techniques
Authors: Frigo Matteo , Ferronato Massimiliano , Gazzola Laura , Teatini Pietro , Zoccarato Claudia , Antonelli Massimo , Corradi Anna Antonia Irene , Dacome Maria Carolina , De Simoni Michela , Mantica Stefano
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The numerical prediction of land subsidence above producing reservoirs can be affected by a number of uncertainties, related for instance to the deep rock constitutive behavior, geomechanical properties, boundary and forcing conditions, etc.
The quality and the amount of the available observations can help reduce such uncertainties by constraining the numerical model outcome and providing more reliable estimates of the unknown governing parameters. In this work, we address the numerical simulation of land subsidence above a producing hydrocarbon field in the Northern Adriatic, Italy, by integrating the available monitoring data in the computational model with the aid of Data Assimilation strategies. A preliminary model diagnostic analysis, i.e. the χ2-test, allows for identifying the most appropriate forecast ensemble. Then, a Bayesian approach, i.e. the Red Flag technique, and a smoother formulation, i.e. the Ensemble Smoother, provide a significant reduction of the prior uncertainties.
The experiment developed on a real-world gas field confirms that the integration of monitoring observations with classical geomechanical models is a valuable approach to improve the reliability of land subsidence predictions and to exploit in a systematic way the increasing amount of available measurement records.
DInSAR data assimilation for optimising maintenance at transition zones between bridges and road embankments: a numerical study
Authors: Giangreco Claudio , Venmans Arjan A. M. , Peduto Dario
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Transition zones between bridges and embankments are the most maintenance-prone locations in the road network of The Netherlands due to the very compressible soft soil layers that are widespread in the subsoil of the country. This aspect causes (differential) settlements at the ground
surface, damage and maintenance costs for the road owner, and delays to road users. This paper provides the proof-of-concept of an innovative multi-source data-driven method based on the assimilation of both conventional settlement plate and satellite DInSAR data in numerical
geotechnical modelling with the aim of supporting informed maintenance
decisions.