bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Position and structure of the Subtropical/Azores Front region from combined Lagrangian and remote sensing (IR/altimeter/SeaWiFS) measurements
Authors: Pingree Robin D. , Garcia-Soto Carlos , Sinha Bablu
Published: July 2002

The position and structure of the North Atlantic Subtropical Front is studied using Lagrangian flow tracks and remote sensing (AVHRR imagery: TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry: SeaWiFS) in a broad region (∼31° to ∼36°N) of marked gradient of dynamic height (Azores Current) that extends from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), near ∼40°W, to the Eastern Boundary (∼10°W). Drogued Argos buoy and ALACE tracks are superposed on infrared satellite images in the Subtropical Front region. Cold (cyclonic) structures, called ‘Storms’, and warm (anticyclonic) structures of 100–300 km in size can be found on the south side of the Subtropical Front outcrop, which has a temperature contrast of about 1°C that can be followed for ∼2500 km near 35°N. Warmer water adjacent to the outcrop is flowing eastward (Azores Current) but some warm water is returned westward about 300 km to the south (southern Counterflow). Estimates of horizontal diffusion in a Storm (D=2.2×102 m2 s−1) and in the Subtropical Front region near 200 m depth (Dx=1.3×104 m2 s−1, Dy=2.6×103 m2 s−1) are made from the Lagrangian tracks. Altimeter and in situ measurements show that Storms track westwards. Storms are separated by about 510 km and move westward at 2.7 km d−1. Remote sensing reveals that some initial structures start evolving as far east as 23°W but are more organized near 29°W and therefore Storms are about 1 year old when they reach the MAR (having travelled a distance of 1000 km). Structure and seasonality in SeaWiFS data in the region is examined.
Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to encystment and in vitro excystment of Parorchis acanthus (Digenea: Philophthalmidae)
Authors: MORLEY N.J. , CRANE M. , LEWIS J.W.
Published: July 2002

The toxicity of cadmium, zinc and cadmium/zinc mixtures at concentrations ranging from 1000 to 50000μg/l were investigated against cercariae and metacercariae of Parorchis acanthus obtained from the dog whelk Nucella lapillus. Cercarial encystment at concentrations of 25000μg/l or higher was significantly impaired by all test metals; however, at lower concentrations only zinc demonstrated toxicity. Mixtures of cadmium and zinc had a synergistic effect compared with single metal toxicity but only at 50000μg/l. Excystment in vitro was only significantly affected by cercariae exposed to cadmium/zinc mixtures whilst encysting. Twenty-four h exposures of fully formed cysts had no effect on excystment in vitro. Effects on in vitro excystment rates over a 2h period demonstrated widespread effects for cercariae-exposed P. acanthus. No effects were evident on excystment rates of cyst-exposed parasites.
Human Taenia eggs develop into cysticerci in scid
mice
Authors: ITO A. , CHUNG W. C. , CHEN C. C. , ITO M. , ENDO S. , OKAMOTO M. , FAN P. C.
Published: July 2002

The intermediate hosts for Taenia saginata and T.
solium are cattle and pigs (and humans for the latter), respectively.
In vitro-hatched (but not activated) oncospheres of both Asian
Taenia (T. saginata asiatica, a new subspecies of T.
saginata or T. asiatica, a new species) and T. solium
injected subcutaneously into the backs of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency
(scid) developed into fully matured cysticerci. Five-month-old
metacestodes of Asian Taenia had no hooklets and were bigger in
size than those previously reported and similar to those of T. saginata.
Their morphology suggested that the cysticerci were more advanced than
those in the intermediate host animals. It is suggested that scid
mice are valuable experimental animal models for studying human taeniid
cestode infections.
Temperature thresholds and statistical modelling of larval

Wuchereria bancrofti (Filariidea: Onchocercidae)

developmental rates
Authors: LARDEUX F. , CHEFFORT J.
Published: July 2002

Developmental rates for Wuchereria bancrofti larvae

maturing in the vector Aedes polynesiensis were estimated by analysing

stage-frequency data consisting of counts of larval stages in mosquitoes
reared

at 20, 22·5, 25, 27·5, 30 and 32 °C. Base

temperatures (i.e. low temperature thresholds) for W. bancrofti
development

were estimated by the x-intercept method

and the model of Lactin et al. (1995). Resulting values were similar
with

both methods and were ≈12·5 °C for microfilariae

(mf) in thorax, ≈17 °C for L1, 15·5 °C

for L2 and 16·5 °C for L3. Upper

thresholds estimated by the Lactin et al. model

were 29·3 °C for mf, 29·1 °C for L1, 32·2
°C

for L2 and 31·5 °C for L3.

In addition, an original method was devised for

computing the L3 upper threshold, by modelling L3 length shrinkage with

temperature. It gave a value of 31·4 °C. At

32 °C, L2 and L3 stages exhibited altered morphology, larvae being
shorter

and wider than expected. The model of Lactin

et al. described adequately the non-linear relationship between

developmental rate and temperature, but a linear degree-day

approach may be applied for temperatures below 27–28 °C.
The infectivity, growth, and virulence of the cestode
Schistocephalus solidus in its first intermediate host, the
copepod Macrocyclops albidus
Authors: WEDEKIND C.
Published: July 2002

In an experiment to study the infectivity, growth and virulence
of
Schistocephalus solidus in their first intermediate host,
copepods of the species Macrocyclops albidus were kept
singly and exposed to up to 9 coracidia. Eleven or 14 days post-infection
(p.i.) the presence and growth of the cestode larvae relative to
survival, growth and reproduction of their host
was determined. As expected, the probability of a copepod becoming infected
increased with increasing numbers of
parasites administered. However, the chances of a single coracidium
establishing in a copepod also increased with
increasing numbers of coracidia administered, which indicates that the
parasites profit from a dilution effect of the host's
defence. Copepod size or developmental stage had no significant effect
on
the infection, but 14 days p.i., constraining
effects of copepod size on the growth of the parasites were apparent.
Moreover, procercoids in multiple infections grew
smaller and developed their cercomer at a smaller size than those in
single infections. No significant effect of the parasite
on host mortality was found within the observation period. However, growth
between the 5th copepodid stage and adult
stage was negatively affected by infection. An infection with
S. solidus was also strongly linked with host reproduction:
infected females were more likely to bear an egg sac at the end of the
experiment than non-infected ones. These egg sacs,
however, contained fewer eggs.
Effect of praziquantel treatment on experimental porcine
Schistosoma japonicum infection
Authors: JOHANSEN M. V.
Published: July 2002

The aims of the study were to assess the effect of praziquantel
on
Schistosoma japonicum infection in pigs, and to elucidate
the level of resistance to reinfection after treatment. Pigs were given
a
single infection with S. japonicum followed by a
praziquantel treatment (40 mg/kg) week 8, reinfection week 12 and perfusion

week 20 post-primary infection. Relevant
control groups were included. Worm burdens, faecal and tissue egg counts,

gross- and histopathology of the liver and
specific liver enzymes were assessed. The results showed a 100% cure rate

of praziquantel against S. japonicum in pigs.
Worm nodules were present in equal numbers in the intestinal wall 4 and

14 weeks post-treatment. Treatment did not
significantly reduce the number of tissue eggs neither 4 nor 14 weeks
post-treatment. No worm nodules or worm-induced
lesions were found in the livers of the treated pigs and the levels of

liver enzymes were comparable in treated and non-treated infected pigs.

Periportal and septal fibrosis regressed following treatment. Faecal egg

counts were significantly
reduced 2 (56%) and 4 (82%) weeks after treatment. Challenge infection

4 weeks post-treatment did not result in
establishment of new worm pairs. Praziquantel proved to be highly effective

against S. japonicum in pigs without causing
pathological side-effects in the liver.
Detection of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan binding
proteins in the gut of the sandfly vector
Authors: DILLON R. J. , LANE R. P.
Published: July 2002

Binding to the midgut microvillar surface in the sandfly Phlebotomus
papatasi is a prerequisite for successful development
of Leishmania major within the gut of the vector. This paper describes
a method for detecting microvillar-associated
proteins which act as ligands for the parasite surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan
(LPG). Adhesion of LPG to
midgut proteins was visualized by probing midgut extracts with LPG using
a Western ligand blotting technique. Procyclic
L. major LPG bound to a microvillar polypeptide band of 65 kDa
(estimated in the non-reduced state) and bound variably
to several lower molecular weight bands, probably degradation products
or subunits of the primary binding polypeptides.
Specificity of binding was confirmed by co-incubating biotinylated LPG
with an LPG-specific mAb which resulted in a
great reduction in binding.
The complexity of the sylvatic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) revealed by the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-exon gene
Authors: FERNANDES O. , MANGIA R. H. , LISBOA C. V. , PINHO A. P. , MOREL C. M. , ZINGALES B. , CAMPBELL D. A. , JANSEN A. M.
Published: July 2002

American trypanosamiasis occurs in nature as a sylvatic cycle,
where Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with wild triatomines
and mammalian reservoirs, such as marsupials, rodents, armadillos and other
animals. Due to difficulties in trying to
isolate T. cruzi stocks from the sylvatic cycle, very few studies
have been performed in order to understand the parasite
infection in natural environments. Traditionally T. cruzi has
been considered to be composed of a highly heterogeneous
population of parasites. In contrast, the mini-exon and the 24Sα
rRNA gene loci have shown that T. cruzi stocks can be
clustered in 2 major phylogenetic groups: lineage 1 and lineage 2. In this
report, 68 recently isolated T. cruzi samples from
the sylvatic cycle belonging to different geographical areas in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, have been typed based on a variable
spot in the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-exon gene. Eight isolates
were from triatomines, 26 stocks were from
golden-lion tamarins, 31 from opossums, 2 from rodents and 1 from a three-toed
sloth. Thirty (44% – 30/68) isolates were
typed as lineage 1, while 36 (53% – 36/68) isolates were typed
as lineage 2. Two opossums presented mixed infection.
Therefore, 3% (2/68) of the isolates were typed as lineage 1+lineage
2. Using these geographical regions as models of
sylvatic environments, it was observed that 96% of the Didelphis marsupialis
were infected by lineage 2 isolates, while all
26 golden-lion tamarins were infected by lineage 1. The results show preferential
association of the 2 lineages of T. cruzi
with different hosts, composing the complexity of the sylvatic cycle.
Identification and characterization of excreted–secreted
products and surface coat antigens of animal and plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: DE MENDOZA M. E. LOPEZ , CURTIS R. H. C. , GOWEN S.
Published: July 2002

Nematode surface coat (SC) proteins and excreted–secreted
products (E–S) are likely to play important roles in the
host–parasite interaction and considerable similarities can be found
in SC proteins and E–S products from certain plant
and animal parasitic nematodes. Monoclonal antibodies raised to E–S
products of plant-parasitic nematodes were shown
to cross-react with E–S products and the surface coats of the animal
parasites Trichinella spiralis and Haemonchus contortus.

Most of the antibodies recognized carbohydrate epitopes but the activity
of 2 MAbs (IACR–CCNj.2a.15 and IACR-Misec.8D.3)
which recognized proteic epitopes in these nematodes were further characterized.
Antibody 2a.15 recognized
the SC and oral exudate of Meloidogyne incognita, T. spiralis
and H. contortus. This antigen was also
immunolocalized in the lining of the oesophagus and gut and in the exudate
present during ecdysis of H. contortus L3. Antibody

8D.3 reacted with the SC of these nematodes on cryosections but on live
nematodes the immunofluorescence was very
patchy and was shed from the nematode SC.
The systemic immune response of BALB/c mice infected
with larval Taenia crassiceps is a mixed Th1/Th2-type
response
Authors: TOENJES S. A. , SPOLSKI R. J. , MOONEY K. A. , KUHN R. E.
Published: July 2002

The subsets of lymphocytes and cytokines regulating the site-specific immune response in experimental cysticercosis
(Taenia crassiceps) are not known. This study investigated the cells present at the site of infection (PECs) using flow
cytometry and measured the cytokines produced by these cells through 50 days of infection. The results showed an
expansion of B220+CD5+, B220+CD5−,
αβTCR+CD4+ and CD8+ cells coincident with a transient increase in IL-10
production. After the initial increase, the percentage of B220+ CD5−
and helper T cells decreased with a concomitant decrease in IL-10 production. CD8+
T cells continued to increase throughout infection and γδTCR+ cells increased after
10 days of infection. PECs demonstrated an increased IFN-γ and IL-4 production throughout infection when stimulated
with larval antigens. Because a Th2-type polarization has been shown for spleen cells from infected BALB/c mice, cytokine
profiles of spleen cells and PECs in response to ConA and larval antigens were compared. ConA and antigen-specific
stimulation of spleen cells from 50-day-infected mice produced increased amounts of IL-10 while PECs showed a
decreased IL-10 production suggesting that anatomically distinct lymphoid populations produce different cytokines and
promote different types of responses. Surprisingly, late in infection the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in serum increased
substantially (460-fold and 100-fold, respectively). The systemic immune response of BALB/c mice during experimental
cysticercosis, therefore, is a mixed Th1/Th2-type response.
Longitudinal humoral immune responses of Indian leaf
monkey (Presbytis entellus) to Brugia malayi infection
Authors: MURTHY P. K. , TYAGI K. , GHOSH R. P. , MURTHY P. S. R. , CHATTERJEE R. K.
Published: July 2002

Humoral immune responses of the Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) experimentally infected with Brugia malayi and
exhibiting disease manifestations were studied. Microfilaraemia, filaria-specific IgG and circulating immune complexes
(CICs) were determined in the monkeys at different time-points after inoculation of B. malayi 3rd-stage larvae. Sera were
analysed for recognition pattern of adult parasite antigen molecules by immunoblotting. More than 60% of the infected
monkeys developed episodic or persistent limb oedema with or without fever and with low or no microfilaraemia. While
both CIC and filaria specific IgG levels were comparable in animals showing no disease symptoms (asymptomatics) and
some animals showing symptoms (symptomatics), IgG levels peaked during pre-patent stage in symptomatics and during
latent stage in asymptomatic animals. However, some of the symptomatic animals showed a low level of filaria-specific IgG
as compared to asymptomatic and other symptomatic animals. The immunoblot analysis showed non-reactivity of 17 and
55 kDa antigens with sera of symptomatic animals. The results thus suggest that humoral immune responses as measured
in the present study do not precede the development of the manifestations. However, 2 non-reactive antigen molecules
identified by symptomatic sera need further study to establish their possible involvement, if any, in the development
of acute disease manifestations in this model.
Apparent tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum in infants in
a highly endemic area
Authors: VOUNATSOU P. , SMITH T. , KITUA A. Y. , ALONSO P. L. , TANNER M.
Published: July 2002

The incidence of fever among infants in the village of Idete in the Morogoro region of Tanzania was analysed in relation
to densities of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the peripheral blood. Parasite densities in both fever cases and in
asymptomatic infants, were compared and a Bayesian non-parametric mixture decomposition algorithm was used to
estimate the proportion of fevers attributable to malaria and hence the incidence of clinical malaria. Age group-specific
densities of peripheral parasitaemia showed little seasonality, but the clinical malaria incidence showed a clear peak in the
wet season in children aged less than 9 months. Estimates of the parasitaemia-specific incidence of clinical malaria were
used to quantify apparent tolerance of parasites, and indicated that clinical episodes occurred on average at lower parasite
densities during the wet season than in the dry season. These patterns could reflect differences in levels of anti-toxic
immunity, but the nature of the seasonal differences supports the alternative explanation that the variation in apparent
tolerance may be an effect of changes in the ratio of peripheral parasite densities to the sequestered mass.
Protective immunity to erythrocytic Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection involves IFNγ-mediated responses and a cellular infiltrate to the liver
Authors: BALMER P. , ALEXANDER J. , PHILLIPS R. S.
Published: July 2002

IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) deficient mice and IL-4 deficient mice were infected with blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS
in order to analyse the role of Th1 (IFNγ) and Th2 (IL-4)-associated cytokines in the development of protective immunity
to the parasite. A high mortality rate and failure to reduce the primary parasitaemia to subpatent levels was observed in
the IFNγR deficient mice. IL-4 deficient mice controlled a primary P. chabaudi AS infection in a similar manner to
control mice and no mortality was observed. IFNγR deficient mice had a reduction in parasite-specific IgG and a
significantly increased level of total IgE compared to control mice. There was no reduction in the level of parasite-specific
IgG in IL-4 deficient mice. Cytological analysis of the cells present in the spleen and liver during the primary parasitaemia
revealed a reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the liver at the
peak of parasitaemia in both IFNγR deficient mice and IL-4 deficient mice compared to control mice. Adoptive transfer
studies demonstrated that cells isolated from the liver at day 11 post-infection could confer some protective immunity to
P. chabaudi AS infection.
The Case for Time Travel
Authors: Dowe Phil
Published: July 2002

This idea of time travel has long given philosophers difficulties. Most recently, in his paper ‘Troubles with Time Travel’ William Grey presents a number of objections to time travel, some well known in the philosophical literature, others quite novel. In particular Grey's ‘no destinations’ and ‘double occupation’ objections I take to be original, while what I will call the ‘times paradox’ and the ‘possibility restriction argument’ are versions of well known objections. I show how each of these can be answered, thereby defending the plausibility of time travel.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression
among Italian Nazi concentration camp survivors: a
controlled study 50 years later
Authors: FAVARO A. , RODELLA F. C. , COLOMBO G. , SANTONASTASO P.
Published: July 2002

Background. The study aimed to assess the current and
lifetime rates of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MDD) among Nazi concentration camps
survivors.

Methods. We investigated 51 Italian political deportees and
47 Resistance Movement veterans who
reported traumatic experiences during active service. The Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV was used to assess the presence of PTSD and MDD. The
Dissociative Experiences Scale and the
shorter version of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist were also administered.

Results. The lifetime rates of PTSD and MDD were 35·3%
and 45·1% respectively among
deportees and 4·3% and 6·4% among former partisans. The current
rates for PTSD and MDD were
25·5% and 33·3% among deportees and 4·3% and 4·3%
among former partisans. Dissociative
symptoms were more severe among deportees than among Resistance movement
veterans.

Conclusions. Concentration camp internment, even for political
reasons, appears to have severe
long-term psychiatric consequences.
Abraham in a different voice: rereading Fear
and Trembling with care
Authors: LEE JUNG H.
Published: July 2002

This paper recasts the normative shape of Fear and Trembling by
presenting an ‘ethical reading’ based on an ethic of care. It will be argued that
Abraham's response represents a commitment to sustain and deepen his
fundamental relationship with God, to make absolute his relation to the Absolute.
Since most readers tend to focus myopically on ‘the trial’ itself, apart from the
context and history of the God-relationship, the proffered interpretations tend
inevitably to distort the nature and significance of Abraham's form of life. By
remembering the pattern of attachment between God and Abraham, I think that a
different normative picture will emerge, one which can be expressed in the
grammar of care.
WITTGENSTEIN AND TOLSTOY: THE AUTHENTIC ORIENTATION
Authors: THOMAS EMYR VAUGHAN
Published: July 2002

Many philosophers as well as many non-philosophers assume that there is no
problem about just what religious belief is. They assume that it is something
its adherents would like treated along the lines of (if not wholly in the same
way as) any other form of belief. But because religious belief does not relate
to any empirical entity or person then the belief element in it is conceived of
as directed to some trans-empirical or metaphysical realm.

Both Tolstoy and Wittgenstein conceived of religious belief in a very
different way from this. They conceded, I believe, that some forms of
religious belief do seem to be directed at some apparently trans-empirical
Being. However, for them, the genuine religious spirit involves something else.
We can best appreciate their shared conception in terms of what I shall call
an ‘authentic orientation to the world’.

My purpose in this paper is to elucidate just what this ‘authentic
orientation’ consists of and to show how it can be said to be
something that both
Tolstoy and Wittgenstein had essentially the same view of.
KIERKEGAARD'S PHILOSOPHICAL FRAGMENTS: A CLARIFICATION
Authors: HARRISON VICTORIA S.
Published: July 2002

For Søren Kierkegaard, ‘How is it possible for one
to

become a disciple?’ was the fundamental question. The Philosophical

Fragments, first published in

1844 under the pseudonym of Johannes Climacus, propounds a hypothetical

metaphysical framework within which an answer to this question is

formulated. This framework is usually construed simply as a general account

of what must be the case if Christianity is true. But this has given rise
to some

perplexity regarding how the Climacian framework is to be interpreted.
This

is the result of the failure to take into account the specific function
which it

is meant to serve – namely, as the framework for ascertaining how
becoming

a disciple is a possibility. My present objective is not to pass any judgement

on the adequacy of this framework as a model purporting to represent reality.

Rather, I shall simply attempt a consistent elucidation of the framework

which Climacus presents; and in so doing, I indicate the way in which,
given

this framework, the question ‘How is it possible for one to become

a disciple?’ is to be answered – what I shall call

‘the Climacian answer’.

Part 1 of this article provides a basic account of the framework by

explaining its key concepts and their relationship to one another. I then

employ this account as the foundation for the thesis developed in Part
2:

namely, that, for Climacus, faith is the condition of discipleship. In

conclusion, I outline the answer which, on my interpretation, Kierkegaard's

Climacian framework yields to the question ‘How is it possible for
one to

become a disciple?’
Reply to Levine
Authors: WOLTERSTORFF NICHOLAS
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to show that, though Levine

frequently states

that Divine Discourse is full of fundamental errors,

he does little by way of proving his

point. In particular, I defend the claim in Divine

Discourse that divine speech is

not a species of revelation. I rebut Levine's account

of the significance of Biblical

scholarship, defend my interpretation of Ricoeur and my

remarks on entitlement.
Local-global interactions and the role of mesoscopic (intermediate-range) elements in brain dynamics
Authors: Freeman Walter J. , Kozma Robert
Published: July 2002

A unifing theory of spatiotemporal brain dynamics should incorporate multiple spatial and temporal scales. Between the microscopic (local) and macroscopic (global) components proposed by Nunez, mesoscopic (intermediate-range) elements should be integral parts of models. The corresponding mathematical formalism requires tools of nonlinear dynamics and the use of aperiodic (chaotic) attractors. Some relations between local-mesoscopic and mesoscopic-global components are outlined.
Not all neighborhood effects are created equal
Authors: Newman Rochelle S.
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler provide two possible explanations for neighborhood effects. The first suggests that nonwords that are more similar to words tend to activate those words more than do less similar nonwords, and the second is based on sequential probabilities between phonemes. Unfortunately, neither explanation is sufficient to explain all reported neighborhood effects.
Sexual strategic pluralism through a Brunswikian lens
Authors: Figueredo Aurelio José , Jacobs W. Jake
Published: July 2002

Genes controlling the choice of sexual strategy must be sensitive to critical environmental contingencies, including the presence of other strategically relevant genetic traits. To determine which strategy works best for each individual, one must assess both its environment and itself within that environment. Psychosexual development involves an assessment of sociosexual affordances, strategically calibrating optimal utilization of physical and psychosocial assets.
Analyses of mating differences within-sex and between-sex are complementary, not competing
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , LeBlanc Gregory J. , Michalski Richard L. , Weekes Viviana A.
Published: July 2002

Analyses of between-sex differences have provided a powerful starting point for evolutionarily informed work on human sexuality. This early work set the stage for an evolutionary analysis of within-sex differences in human sexuality. A comprehensive theory of human sexual strategies must address both between-sex differences and within-sex differences in evolved psychology and manifest behavior.
The magical number 4 in vision
Authors: Scholl Brian J. , Xu Yaoda
Published: July 2002

Some of the evidence for a “magical number 4” has come from the study of visual cognition, and Cowan reinterprets such evidence in terms of a single general limit on memory and attention. We evaluate this evidence, including some studies not mentioned by Cowan, and argue that limitations in visual processing are distinct from those involved in other memory phenomena.
Experimental pain models and clinical chronic pain: Is plasticity enough to link them?
Authors: Marchettini Paolo , Lacerenza Marco , Formaglio Fabio
Published: July 2002

The central hyperexcitability observed in animal models
supports a pathophysiological explanation for chronic human pain.
Novel information on cholecystokinin (CCK) upregulation offers a
rationale for reduced opioid response in neuropathic pain. However,
the basic information provided by scientists should not lead
clinicians to equate experimental models to chronic human conditions.
Clinicians should provide careful reports and attempt to classify
pathophysiologically clinical conditions that have so far been grouped
generically. [blumberg et al.; coderre & katz;
dickenson; wiesenfeld-hallin et al.]
Self-deceiving intentions
Authors: Martin Mike W.
Published: July 2002

Contrary to Mele's suggestion, not all garden-variety
self-deception reduces to bias-generated false beliefs (usually held
contrary to the evidence). Many cases center around self-deceiving
intentions to avoid painful topics, escape unpleasant truths, seek
comfortable attitudes, and evade self-acknowledgment. These
intentions do not imply paradoxical projects or contradictory belief
states.
So much easier to attack straw men
Authors: Byrne Richard W.
Published: July 2002

Rather than dealing with the important issues in the
interpretation of behavioural data, Heyes seems only to reiterate
lessons well-learned before she first reviewed the topic of primate
deception. She also appears to misrepresent a series of published
analyses. Despite her emphatic denials, the commonsense view is the
best: informed observations and experiments can both provide evidence
of theory of mind.
The corpus callosum: More than a passive “corpus”
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: July 2002

Fitch & Denenberg provide excellent evidence for the
existence of dynamically complex interactions between the structural
and functional development of the nervous system. They are to be
congratulated for showing how subtle social variables (e.g., handling)
may not only influence hormonal “cascade effects” on the
developing nervous system, but may also alter the structure of brain
tissue, such as the corpus callosum.
Raising the profile of the anterior thalamus
Authors: Dalrymple-Alford John C. , Gifkins Anna M. , Christie Michael A.
Published: July 2002

Three questions arising from Aggleton & Brown's
target article are addressed. (1) Is there any benefit to considering
the effects of partial lesions of the anterior thalamic nuclei (AT)?
(2) Do the AT have a separate role in the proposed extended
hippocampal system? (3) Should perirhinal cortex function be
restricted to familiarity judgements?
Aggression in female mammals: Is it really rare?
Authors: Brain Paul F.
Published: July 2002

The view that female mammals are more docile appears to
arise in part from imposing human values on animal studies. Many
reports of sexual dimorphism in physical aggression favouring the
male in laboratory rodents appear to select circumstances where that
expectation is supported. Other situations that favour the expression
of conflict in females have been (until recently) relatively little
studied. Although female rodents generally do not show the
“ritualised” forms of conflict that characterise male
sexual competition, they can use notably damaging strategies
(especially if they are of short duration). Such considerations might
weigh in the selection of strategies by our own species.
Grounded in perceptions yet transformed into amodal symbols
Authors: Gabora Liane
Published: July 2002

Amodality is not incompatible with being originally
derived from sensory experience. The transformation of perceptual
symbols into amodal abstractions could take place spontaneously
through self-organizing processes such as autocatalysis. The
organizational role played by “simulators” happens
implicitly in a neural network, and quite possibly, in the brain
as well.
What about sex differences? An adaptationist perspective on “the lines of causal influence” of personality systems
Authors: MacDonald Kevin
Published: July 2002

The evolutionary theory of sex implies a theoretically
principled account of the causal mechanisms underlying personality
systems in which males pursue a relatively high-risk strategy compared
to females and are thus higher on traits linked to sensation seeking
and social dominance. Females are expected to be lower on these traits
but higher on traits related to nurturance and attraction to long-term
relationships. The data confirm this pattern of sex differences. It is
thus likely that these traits have been a focus of natural selection
rather than the traits of gregarious/aloof and arrogant/unassuming
hypothesized by Depue & Collins.
Is depression a dysfunction in self-regulating the brain/behavior system for approach?
Authors: Strauman Timothy J.
Published: July 2002

This commentary examines the implications of the Depue
& Collins model for the etiology and treatment of depression,
specifically, whether it can account for findings concerning
neurobiological, behavioral, and phenomenological facets of
depression. Drawing upon the construct of self-regulation,
I explore the fit of the model to current knowledge about depression,
conceptualized as a dysfunction within a hypothetical brain/behavior
system for maximizing positive outcomes.
Is visual recognition entirely impenetrable?
Authors: Rosenfeld Azriel
Published: July 2002

Early vision provides general information about the
environment that can be used for motor control or navigation
and more specialized information that can be used for object
recognition. The general information is likely to be insensitive
to cognitive factors, but this may not be entirely true for the
information used in model-based recognition.
Implicit knowledge as automatic, latent knowledge
Authors: Vokey John R. , Higham Philip A.
Published: July 2002

Implicit knowledge is perhaps better understood as latent
knowledge so that it is readily apparent that it contrasts with explicit
knowledge in terms of the form of the knowledge representation,
rather than by definition in terms of consciousness or awareness. We
argue that as a practical matter any definition of the distinction
between implicit and explicit knowledge further involves the notion
of control.
Decision-making in the Swiss Energy Policy Elite
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter , Jegen Maya
Published: July 2002

This paper analyzes choices concerning the increase of energy efficiency made by the Swiss energy policy elite; it is based on interviews with 240 of its members. It starts from the assumption that choices depend on characteristics of the actors involved (their membership in policy coalitions, their core beliefs etc.), the characteristics of the instruments (in particular their familiarity and the extent to which they impose constraints upon the coalitions involved) and of the policy context (policy equilibrium vs. rapid change). Depending on these characteristics, actors are expected to make choices which are to a greater or lesser degree value-rational or instrumentally rational. The results of the present analysis indicate that, rather than being exclusive alternatives, the two types of rationality often complement each other in choices among policy instruments. We hope that they provide a promising opening in the often rather sterile debate between advocates of the rational choice approach and practitioners of more classical approaches of policy analysis.
LULI activities in the field of high-power laser–matter
interaction
Authors: GAUTHIER J.-C. , AMIRANOFF F. , CHENAIS-POPOVICS C. , JAMELOT G. , KOENIG M. , LABAUNE C. , LEBOUCHER-DALIMIER E. , SAUTERET C. , MIGUS A.
Published: July 2002

LULI will play an important role as a major laser
ICF and IFE support facility in Europe after recent or
future changes (ASTERIX-Garching, CEA-Limeil) in large
laser system programs. We will review the research activities
which have been carried out at LULI during the last 2 years
both in the nanosecond regime and in the subpicosecond
ultraintense regime. As part of the LULI upgrade project,
a new 30-J, 300-fs, 100-TW ultraintense laser chain has
been commissioned in 1997. This laser has allowed the first
complete demonstration of wakefield electron acceleration
and is presently used to study new concepts in laser fusion
and laser–plasma interaction experiments in the relativistic
regime.
Multiple-goal priority considerations of redundant manipulators
Authors: Cheng Fan-Tien , Shih Ming-Shan
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a systematic algorithm, the Parallel Scheme, is
proposed to solve the multiple-goal problem of redundant manipulators.
It can adaptively adjust all the weighting factors of the corresponding
goals according to their individual needs. Therefore, conflicts due to
redundancy competition are resolved. To upgrade the redundancy-release
capability of the original Parallel Scheme, the Improved Parallel Scheme
is also developed by using the exponential function to adjust the weightings.
The Improved Parallel Scheme is shown to improve both the redundancy-release
capability and the weighting-adjustment capability while retaining all the
merits of the original Parallel Scheme.
How far do tests of musical ability shed light on the nature of musical intelligence?
Authors: Murphy Christopher
Published: July 2002

This article suggests that traditional conceptions of musical ability, as advanced in the psychometric tradition of psychology, tell us very little about the nature of musical behaviour and how it is developed. The psychometric tradition, with its view that musical ability is innate rather than learned, has exerted a powerful and potentially damaging influence on the practice of music education over the past fifty or so years. It is only relatively recently, mainly in the field of Developmental Psychology, that these ideas have been challenged. In contrasting theories advanced by different psychological schools the article gives a broader perspective to the psychological debate on human intelligence / musical ability and shows the context in which musical behaviour might be viewed as a distinct or even autonomous form of intelligence – a ‘way of knowing’. It suggests that musical thinking should be considered as an ‘intellectual’ as well as aesthetic mode of thought and that musical ability, in the traditional sense, has little educational utility or relevance to music as a curriculum subject in schools.
The Logic of Backwards Inductions
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: July 2002

Backwards induction is an intriguing form of argument. It is used in a number of different contexts. One of these is the surprise exam paradox. Another is game theory. But its use is problematic, at least sometimes. The purpose of this paper is to determine what, exactly, backwards induction is, and hence to evaluate it. Let us start by rehearsing informally some of its problematic applications.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SWEDEN
Authors: Carlsson Per , Jonsson Egon , Werkö Lars , Banta David
Published: July 2002

Sweden has a welfare system that is based on the fundamental principle that all

citizens are entitled to good health and medical care, regardless of where they live or what their

economic circumstances are. Health and medical care are considered to be public sector

responsibilities. However, there is growing interest in establishing more private alternatives

to public care. An important characteristic of the Swedish healthcare

system is its decentralization, with a major role for county councils.

County councils are now merging into larger administrative units (region). The whole

Swedish system is in the process of reform, mainly because of perceptions that it was too

rigid and had insufficient patient orientation. An important factor in the reforms is that

power in the system will be even more decentralized and will have greater public input. This change is seen

as calling for increased central follow-up and evaluation of matters such as social, ethical, and

economic aspects. Although the state has decentralized control, it still attempts to control

the general direction of the system through regulation, subsidy, recommendations, and

guidelines. An important actor in the system is the Swedish Council on Technology

Assessment in Health Care (SBU). SBU began in 1987 with assessments of health

technologies, but its success has recently led policy makers to extend its coverage to dental

care. Health technology assessment is increasingly visible to policy makers, who find it useful in decision

making.
TELEMEDICINE
Authors: Watts Leon A. , Monk Andrew F.
Published: July 2002

The results of a field study of three sites that used video to link primary
care medical centers to hospitals are reported. The analysis was concerned
with identifying the people involved, the tasks carried out in collaboration
at each end of the link, and how the different communications facilities
helped or hindered. The results are summarized as six task characteristics and
their design implications for this model of telemedical consultation are
discussed.
CONSISTENT ESTIMATION IN COINTEGRATED VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE
MODELS WITH NONLINEAR TIME TRENDS IN COINTEGRATING RELATIONS
Authors: Saikkonen Pentti
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the consistency of the Gaussian maximum
likelihood estimator in a cointegrated vector autoregressive
model with nonlinear time trends in cointegrating relations.
The results are proved in a coordinate free framework that
readily allows for general nonlinear parameter restrictions
and makes it possible to show the consistency of reduced
form parameter estimators without assuming identifiability
of underlying structural parameters. Various consistency
results for structural parameter estimators can then be
obtained by imposing suitable identification conditions
for the parameters of interest but not necessarily for
nuisance parameters. Orders of consistency are also obtained
because they are needed to develop a related asymptotic
theory of statistical inference.
THE BEHAVIOR OF FORECAST ERRORS FROM A NEARLY INTEGRATED
AR(1) MODEL AS BOTH SAMPLE SIZE AND FORECAST HORIZON BECOME
LARGE
Authors: Kemp Gordon C.R.
Published: July 2002

We develop asymptotic approximations to the distribution
of forecast errors from an estimated AR(1) model with no
drift when the true process is nearly I(1) and both
the forecast horizon and the sample size are allowed to increase
at the same rate. We find that the forecast errors are the sums of two
components that are asymptotically independent. The first is
asymptotically normal whereas the second is asymptotically nonnormal.
This throws doubt on the suitability of a normal approximation
to the forecast error distribution. We then perform a Monte
Carlo study to quantify further the effects on the forecast
errors of sampling variability in the parameter estimates
as we allow both forecast horizon and sample size to increase.
Partitioning of the understorey light environment by two Amazonian treelets
Authors: Terborgh John , Mathews Jeffrey
Published: July 2002

Primary tropical forests comprise a mosaic of mature, gap and building phase patches, resulting in great spatial variation in the distribution of foliage. Light may consequently penetrate into the forest interior over a wide range of angles. It thus seems possible that understorey tree species might be adapted for distinct understorey light conditions. At the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Madre de Dios, Peru, there are two understorey treelets distinguished by contrasting crown architectures. One, Neea chlorantha (Nyctaginaceae), possesses a much-branched superstructure and displays a smoothly contoured shell of drooping elliptical leaves. The other, Rinorea viridifolia (Violaceae), displays planar arrays of horizontally-oriented obovate leaves held on whorls of stiffly radiating horizontal branches.

With the aid of hemispherical photography and the program CANOPY, the light environment at large within a 2.25-ha permanent tree plot, and above and below the crowns of Neea and Rinorea treelets, was investigated. Available light (measured as uncorrected indirect site factor (ISFU) in CANOPY) at control points showed a log-linear increase with height from 2.1 to 14.2 m. The relative amount of lateral illumination also increased with height. Photographs were taken just above and below the crowns of 50 Neea and 50 Rinorea treelets. Neea crowns were more effective at intercepting light from overhead sources, whereas Rinorea crowns were more effective at intercepting light from lateral sources. Adult Neea and Rinorea treelets occurred at locations in the forest where they were exposed to differing angular distributions of incident light, suggesting that the two species were engaged in a form of resource partitioning, a conclusion that is in conflict with the non-equilibrium model of tropical forest tree species diversity. It is suggested that tropical tree species diversity is, at least in part, a product of adaptive specialization to a spatially heterogeneous light environment.
The marriage of female foundlings in nineteenth-century Italy
Authors: KERTZER DAVID I. , SIGLE WENDY
Published: July 2002

The large-scale abandonment of infants in the European past has
attracted a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years. Its staggering
dimensions in many countries of Europe, as recently as the nineteenth
century, have prompted some uncomfortable rethinking about family life
and parent–child (and especially mother–child) relations in
the past.
Studies of abandonment have contributed to our understanding not only
of gender ideology and gender relations, but also of the roles played by
state and Church in regulating sexuality and family life.

Yet research on abandoned children to date has had a limited focus.
The great bulk of the literature looks at the process of abandonment itself,
the terrifyingly high mortality of the foundlings in infancy, and the
process by which foundling homes placed their wards in rural foster
homes. Perhaps because of the notoriously high mortality of the
abandoned babies – though also no doubt due to the greater difficulty
of
generating suitable data from the archives – little attention has
been paid
to those foundlings who survived childhood. Typical is the admission
found in the major study of foundling homes in Portugal: ‘The fate
of the
few foundlings who reached adulthood is unknown.’

Yet through the nineteenth century – which provides our focus
here –
large numbers of foundlings did reach adulthood, and a variety of public
authorities were very much concerned about just what kinds of adults they
became. Even in determining the placement of infants with wetnurses,
foundling home authorities considered the long-term implications for
their future as adults. The widespread aversion to placing abandoned
infants with wetnurses in the cities was linked to both a belief that the
city
was corrupt and was likely to produce less wholesome adults than a rural
upbringing and to a concern that concentrating a large number of
propertyless, family-less foundlings in the city might well create an adult
population that would pose a threat to public order.
The land market of a Pennine manor: Slaidburn, 1650–1780
Authors: FRENCH H. R. , HOYLE R. W.
Published: July 2002

The quantitative study of English land markets in the three centuries after
the close of the middle ages is still in its infancy. The medievalists,
exploiting the conveyances of customary tenants recorded in manorial
court rolls, have shown how issues such as the devolution of land within
families, the frequency with which land was sold and the behaviour of the
land market at moments of demographic or economic stress can be
addressed by the analysis of such data either aggregatively or by looking
at the landholding histories of individual participants in the land market.
Early modernists have invariably approached the study of the land market
in a non-quantitative fashion, usually as part of an attempt to make
observations about some other characteristic of English history. Stone
looked at the land market in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
as part of his campaign to prove that the aristocracy was in decline,
Macfarlane to show that the property-holding behaviour of the English
was ‘individualistic’, Habbakuk to explore the strategies by which the
English aristocracy maintained its supremacy and Mingay and others to
settle the debate about the effect of enclosure on the small landowner.
The early modern land market has rarely, if ever, been seen as worthy of
discussion in its own right.