bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How students perceive attending Church in Wales primary schools: A psychometric assessment of Section 50 inspection criteria
Authors: Francis Leslie J , Lankshear David W , Eccles Emma L
Published: November 2017

A sample of 4581 year 4, year 5 and year 6 students (8–11 years of age) attending Church in Wales primary schools completed six short scales designed to operationalise the Section 50 inspection criteria concerning aspects of the distinctiveness of Church school ethos and concerning school worship. The data demonstrated the internal consistency reliability of the six measures and showed more positive attitudes to be associated with being female, being younger, and attending Church. Overall, the students displayed positive attitudes toward school ethos, toward school experience, toward school teachers, toward relationships within school, and toward school and environment. Attitude toward school worship was less positive.
Influencing policy through Participatory Poverty Assessments: A theoretical and practical overview and assessment of a changing process
Authors: Agyarko Robert deGraft
Published: November 2017

Participatory inquiry, especially participatory rural appraisal as a qualitative assessment tool to understand the non quantifying aspects of poverty has gained mainstream acceptance. This inclusion of participatory and qualitative methods in country poverty analysis was initiated by the World Bank in the early 1990s upon recognition of the limitations of the income-consumption approach to poverty analysis and action. Many development practitioners and policy makers had acknowledged that a more complete understanding of poverty requires the inclusion of social factors and perspectives of the poor (Narayan et al, 2000). This qualitative-quantitative mix in poverty analysis has led to a broader and better understanding of the situation of the poor, culmination in a series of publications from the Bank on the Voices of the Poor. The recent Poverty Reduction Strategic Plans (PRSP) being conducted by many countries as part of their consultation with the poor of their countries to seek debt relief stems from this belief and recognition that these voices of the poor need to be adequately reflected in country plans and strategies to alleviate poverty. In this paper, the history of Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) is traced out by focusing on the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal as one of the main qualitative tools in including the voice of the poor in national poverty studies.
Age gap between the spouses in the Union Territory of Pondicherry
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Ramachandran S. , Subbiah A.
Published: November 2017

The data we report upon this paper-micro survey data from married female respondents in the Union Territory of Pondicherry-show that better socio-economic status of women is associated with a smaller age gap between the spouses. Female age at marriage, female educational level, women's occupatioal status and husband's educational level were found to be the principal determinants in that order. The first of these (female age at marriage) was a proximate determinant; it increased due to the effect of socio-economic variables, especially wife's education, wife's occupation and husband's education. Improvements in the socio-economic and demographic status of women are expected to narrow down the age gap, but not to completely eliminate it. Even in the European countries such a gap exists, tough in a smaller range.
Energy consumption in the rural sector : A case study of a village in West Bengal
Authors: Mitra Sujay
Published: November 2017

Fifty years after Independence, despite the efforts of planners, rural India suffers an acute energy shortage, as is attested by this case study of Village Singi. Various energy sources, needed for production, domestic use, lighting, transport etc. are discussed. The scarcity of energy is a fetter on the development of the village and has an adverse impact on the quality of life of the people, it is pointed out. The scenario of scarcity also has other consequences-there are indications of malpractices in the PDS, due to which scarce kerosene diverted to the black market; and poor households have to depend on firewood and dry leaves for cooking fuel, so trees are vanishing at an alarming rate and the social forestry programme in the area has suffered.
Political revival of casteism in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Saravanan Velayutham
Published: November 2017

This article attempts to analyse the behaviour of the ruling political parties and the consequences of emerging casteism in Tamil Nadu during the last thirty years of Dravidian rule in a historical perspective. It argues that, instead of getting eradicated, the caste system has got revived and vertical polarisation amongst castes has taken place in Tamil Nadu, which is undeniably a threat to the secular democratic system.
Adult education in India-policy & perspectives
Authors: Balakrishnan Rajiv
Published: November 2017

Adult Education in India has diverse colours-the country's ancient and rich oral tradition for the transmission of scriptural knowledge; Emperor Asoka's dissemination of the teachings of the Buddha through inscriptions on rocks and pillars; royal patronage in the medieval period to scholars, saints, teachers, artists and artisans for the spread of messages of peace and harmony; adult schools set up by British missionaries in an evangelical spirit, their efforts and those of ‘enlightened Indians and socially committed British officials’ to promote adult education; the adult education policy initiatives of the colonial government; the importance given to adult education by the leaders of the freedom movement; and, post independence, the Total Literacy Campaign's activist leanings, which galvanised women participants in the adult literacy classes in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, to mobilise against the evils of drunkenness, leading eventually to a State-wide ban on the manufacture and sale of liquor. Notwithstanding its promise, the Total Literacy Campaign, or TLC, was plagued by serious deficiencies. It struck a responsive chord in regions with a history of social reform movements, peasant organisations and working class struggle, but mobilisation was hindered by barriers of caste, class, gender, and feudalistic fetters in parts of the country; there were limits to how radical a government sponsored programme could be; bureaucratisation had taken firm root, with development issues eclipsed by the total literacy declaration; and while the TLC was civil-servant driven, the civil servant's training was not geared to inculcate the qualities that were needed to tap the potential for social mobilisation in a participatory mode.
Self-help groups under the women's development programme in Tamil Nadu: Achievements, bottlenecks and recommendations
Authors: Jothy K. , Sundar I.
Published: November 2017

This paper profiles self help groups under the women's development programme in Tamil Nadu (Mahalir Thittam), on the basis of indicators relating to districts covered, growth of self-help groups and members, per cent of SC/ST members, growth of savings and growth of internal lending and internal rotation. The paper ends with policy measures to overcome shortcomings.
Select bibliography on HIV/AIDS : 1991-2002 Talha Malik
Authors: Malik Talha
Published: November 2017

The scourge of AIDS has many facets, as this select bibliography attests. The key themes under which the titles are categorised are: ‘Care & Counselling', ‘Gender Concerns', ‘Impact on Children & Youth', ‘Information, Education & Communication', ‘Stigma, Human Rights and Legal Aspects', ‘Policy & Programmes', ‘Prevention & Treatment', ‘Sexuality’ & ‘Status as Epidemic'.
Iberian science: Reflections and studies
Authors: Portuondo María M
Published: November 2017

Over the last two decades early modern historical studies of science, medicine, and technology in the Iberian world have developed into a broad-ranging field with contributions from scholars coming from different historiographical traditions and building upon the solid scholarship of earlier generations. This special issue is an opportunity to explore the field, its recent trends, acknowledge new perspectives that have contributed to the field’s growth, and gauge future directions for the field. The six articles offer both reflections on the field’s historiography and serve as examples of work currently under way.
Mental Resilience of Crime Scene Investigators: How Police Officers Perceive and Cope With the Impact of Demanding Work Situations
Authors: Sollie Henk , Kop Nicolien , Euwema Martin C.
Published: November 2017

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the resilience of crime scene investigators (CSIs) in the Netherlands and how they perceive and cope with daily work stressors. Observational studies within five CSI teams and 35 semistructured interviews with investigators revealed that administrative accumulation, long and irregular working hours, confrontations with human suffering, decision making, and dirty and physically demanding circumstances at the crime scene can be very stressful. By employing strict management of thoughts, visualization, focus on sensemaking, sharing of emotions and responsibilities, and avoiding potentially distressing working situations, CSIs overcome the strain of forensic investigations. However, successful implementation of these resilience-enhancing strategies depends on the availability of several individual, team, and organizational resources. To reduce the risk of health problems and to stimulate positive functioning, these resources require permanent investment by police management and CSIs themselves.
Government career interests, perceptions of fit, and degree orientations
Authors: Bright Leonard
Published: November 2017

Scholars have long suggested that the degree orientations of public administration programs were related to the attitudes and behaviors of students, even though empirical research had failed to confirm this relationship. The purpose of this study was to re-examine this question from the standpoint of perceptions of fit. Using a sample of approximately 500 students enrolled in 26 master’s degree programs across the country, this study confirmed that the degree orientations of graduate programs were indirectly related to career preferences, through perceptions of fit in government organizations. Students who were enrolled in degree programs that required fewer core method related courses were associated with positive perceptions of their fit in government organizations, which subsequently was associated with a greater likelihood of seeking employment in local, state, or federal levels of government. The implications of this study for public administration programs and government service are discussed.
Untying the Ties That Bind: Dispositional and Relational Patterns of Negative Relational Disclosures and Family Members’ Feelings of Being Caught
Authors: Schrodt Paul , Afifi Tamara D.
Published: November 2017

This study examined the associations among family members’ reports of negative relational disclosures and their feelings of being caught. Participants included a mother, father, and young adult child from 170 families. Social relations analyses revealed positive associations between each family member’s actor effect for negative disclosures (i.e., each member’s individual disposition to perceive receiving negative disclosures across all family relationships) and their feelings of being caught between the other two members of the family triad. The child’s actor effect for receiving negative disclosures from parents was positively associated with both parents’ feelings of being caught between their child and spouse. Important patterns of association emerged between unique relationship effects of receiving negative disclosures and family members’ feeling caught. Whereas negative disclosures in parent–child dyads were positively associated with feeling caught (especially for mothers and children), in spousal dyads, they were inversely associated with feeling caught.
Neuronal Disorders: Studies of Animal Models and Human Diseases
Authors: Price Donald L. , Sisodia Sangram S. , Koo Edward H. , Muma Nancy A. , Kitt Cheryl A. , Walker Lary C. , Martin Lee J. , Troncoso Juan C. , Griffin John W. , Hoffman Paul N. , Cork Linda C.
Published: November 2017

The peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS) are comprised of assemblies of neurons that communicate via electrical and chemical signals. Different disease processes selectively affect specific populations of neurons and/or specific cell functions (i.e., “selective vulnerability” of neurons is a principal determinant of phenotypes of disease). New cellular and molecular biological approaches have begun to clarify some of the mechanisms of selective cell injury in human diseases and their animal models. Following a brief review of the normal biology of nerve cells, we use illustrations drawn from studies of experimental and human diseases to discuss the mechanisms of structural/chemical abnormalities that occur in a variety of neuronal disorders.
Quantitative Assessment of Inner Ear Pathology Following Ototoxic Drugs or Acoustic Trauma
Authors: Liberman M. Charles
Published: November 2017

Techniques currently used in the assessment of structural and/or functional damage to the peripheral auditory system are summarized. Two histological approaches are described: one which allows light microscopic evaluation of all structures of the auditory periphery, and a second which concentrates on the sensory cells and their innervation. The latter technique allows electron microscopic analysis of selected regions after a thorough light microscopic survey. Two electrophysiological methods are described as well: a single-fiber approach which provides detailed information about cochlear condition at all frequency locations and a simpler and faster evoked-potential approach which is well suited to screening for cochlear changes. The correlations between structural and functional changes arc described using examples from studies of acoustic injury of the inner ear.
An Interview with Elizabeth Grosz: ‘The Incorporeal’
Authors: Bell Vikki
Published: November 2017

In this interview with Vikki Bell, Elizabeth Grosz explains some of the key concepts and arguments in her book The Incorporeal (2017), including how this book sits with her earlier interventions, the appeal of Simondon’s concept of the pre-individual, Ruyer and the notion of directionality, and why reading the Stoics helps us understand current Deleuzian-inspired debates on immanent ethics.
Marionette Meshes: Modelling free-form architecture with planar facets
Authors: Mesnil Romain , Douthe Cyril , Baverel Olivier , Leger Bruno
Published: November 2017

We introduce an intuitive method, called Marionette, for the modelling of free-form architecture with planar facets. The method takes inspiration from descriptive geometry and allows to design complex shapes with one projection and the control of elevation curves. The proposed framework achieves exact facet planarity in real time and considerably enriches previous geometrically constrained methods for free-form architecture. A discussion on the design of quadrilateral meshes with a fixed horizontal projection is first proposed, and the method is then extended to various projections and patterns. The method used is a discrete solution of a continuous problem. This relation between smooth and continuous problem is discussed and shows how to combine the marionette method with modelling tools for smooth surfaces, like non-uniform rational basis spline or T-splines. The result is a versatile tool for shape modelling, suited to engineering problems related to free-form architecture.
The Punitive Woman? Gender Differences in Public Attitudes Toward Parole Among an Australian Sample
Authors: Dodd Shannon
Published: November 2017

Research exploring gender differences in public attitudes toward parole is limited, despite a large body of literature showing that men and women have diverging views on other criminal justice issues, including capital punishment and offender rehabilitation and treatment. Drawing on an Australian national survey of community views on parole, the current study examines whether men and women differ in their support for the release of prisoners on parole. The results indicate that gender does predict parole attitudes, with Australian women significantly more likely to hold nonsupportive views on parole than Australian men. The results also reveal that women are more likely to take a neutral position toward parole, rather than supporting it. Together, these findings indicate there may be something about being a woman in Australia that prevents one from being willing to support the early release of prisoners. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Victims’ Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders and Sex Offender Legislation
Authors: Spoo Susanne , Kaylor Leah E. , Schaaf Sarah , Rosselli Michelle , Laake Anniken , Johnson Christina , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: November 2017

It is commonly assumed that victims of sexual abuse feel more negatively toward sex offenders and advocate for harsher punishments than individuals who have not been victimized. This belief was examined by comparing attitudes toward sex offenders and their treatment, support of registration, notification, and residence restriction policies, as well as general knowledge about sex offenders between a sample of 129 individuals who reported sexual victimization and a sample of 841 individuals who did not report sexual victimization. Overall, we found that victims of sexual abuse reported more positive attitudes toward sex offenders and were more supportive of mandated treatment compared with nonvictims. However, while victims showed decreased support for the community notification laws, there were no differences in support of residence restrictions laws compared with those who reported no victimization. Finally, knowledge about sex offenders predicted attitudes regardless of victim status. These findings are discussed as they pertain to sex offender treatment and legislation.
Daily vision testing can expose the prodromal phase of migraine
Authors: McKendrick Allison M , Chan Yu Man , Vingrys Algis J , Turpin Andrew , Badcock David R
Published: November 2017

Background

Several visual tasks have been proposed as indirect assays of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation in migraine. This study aimed to determine whether daily measurement of performance on such tasks can reveal perceptual changes in the build up to migraine events.

Methods

Visual performance was measured daily at home in 16 non-headache controls and 18 individuals with migraine using a testing protocol on a portable tablet device. Observers performed two tasks: luminance increment detection in spatial luminance noise and centre surround contrast suppression.

Results

Luminance thresholds were reduced in migraine compared to control groups ( p < 0.05), but thresholds did not alter across the migraine cycle; while headache-free, centre-surround contrast suppression was stronger for the migraine group relative to controls ( p < 0.05). Surround suppression weakened at around 48 hours prior to a migraine attack and strengthened to approach their headache-free levels by 24 hours post-migraine (main effect of timing, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Daily portable testing of vision enabled insight into perceptual performance in the lead up to migraine events, a time point that is typically difficult to capture experimentally. Perceptual surround suppression of contrast fluctuates during the migraine cycle, supporting the utility of this measure as an indirect, non-invasive assay of the balance between cortical inhibition and excitation.
Separation Anxiety and Actual Separation Experiences during Childhood in Patients with Panic Disorder
Authors: Bandelow Borwin , Tichauer Gabriel Álvarez , Späth Corinna , Broocks Andreas , Hajak Göran , Bleich Stefan , Rüther Eckart
Published: November 2017

Objective:

The association between separation anxiety in childhood and actual separation experiences during childhood has not yet been investigated in patients with panic disorder.

Methods:

In 115 patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia and in 124 control subjects without a history of psychiatric illness, we assessed separation anxiety during childhood, retrospectively, using DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria and the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI). In addition, actual separation experiences from age 0 to 15 years were assessed, retrospectively.

Results:

A total of 22.6% of the patients and 4.8% of the control subjects fulfilled both DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for childhood separation anxiety (χ2 =11.8; P < 0.0001). Further, 57.4% of the patients and 37.9% of the control subjects reported actual separation experiences during their childhood (χ2 = 9.09, P < 0.003). Separation anxiety and actual separation experiences, however, were independent of each other.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that separation anxiety during childhood is not a consequence of actual traumatic separation experiences in panic disorder patients.
Left Medial Temporal Cytosolic Choline in Early Onset Depression
Authors: Kusumakar Vivek , MacMaster Frank P , Gates Larry , Sparkes Sandra J , Khan Shakeela C
Published: November 2017

Objective:

Previous studies have linked the choline (Cho) resonance seen in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to major depressive disorder (MDD). We endeavoured to clarify the possible involvement of cytosolic choline in the amygdala (anterior medial temporal region) of juvenile subjects with MDD.

Method:

A total of 11 age- and sex-matched MDD and control pairs aged 14 to 18 years participated in long-echo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) of the amygdala. Compounds available include N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), creatine–phosphocreatine (Cr) and choline-containing compounds.

Results:

Subjects with depression demonstrated lower left amygdala Cho–Cr ratios, compared with control subjects (paired t = 2.624, df 10, P = 0.025). Left amygdala NAA–Cr and right amygdala Cho–Cr and NAA–Cr did not differ significantly between subjects with depression and control subjects. In subjects with depression, simple regression revealed a negative trend between left amygdala Cho–Cr and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score (F = 3.509, P = 0.098). Right amygdala NAA–Cr and Cho–Cr did not differ significantly.

Conclusion:

Cytosolic choline appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of early-onset MDD, likely secondary to corticosteroid-neuroendocrine-driven changes.
The Relationship Between Maternal Domestic Violence and Infant and Toddlers’ Emotional Regulation: Highlighting the Need for Preventive Services
Authors: Geyer Chelsea , Ogbonnaya Ijeoma Nwabuzor
Published: November 2017

In an effort to further understand the impact of domestic violence (DV) on infant and toddlers’ development, this research utilized data from the second cohort of National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II) to examine the relationship between maternal DV and infant and toddlers’ emotional regulation, and determine whether mothers’ receipt of DV services mediated this relationship. The sample was limited to children aged 0 to 3 years and included (a) infants less than 1 year old ( n = 603), (b) infants 1 to less than 2 years old ( n = 310), and (c) toddlers 2 to 3 years old ( n = 268). Infant/toddlers’ emotional regulation was measured using mothers’ response on the How My Infant/Toddler/Child Usually Acts questionnaire. In addition, data were collected to assess whether (a) active DV was present during the time of the Child Protective Services (CPS) investigation and (b) mothers received DV services during the past year. Study research questions were examined using a series of multiple regression analyses. Mediation was tested based on Baron and Kenny’s recommended model for establishing mediation. The mediational model was not found to be significant; however, a positive relationship existed between maternal DV and emotional regulation among infants aged less than 1 year old (β = 1.61, p = .039). There were no statistically significant relationships between DV and emotional regulation in the other age groups. These findings highlight the need to provide CPS-involved families victimized by DV with services that focus on preventing poor infant emotional regulation.
Exploring the Contextual Influences on Adolescent Career Identity Formation: A Qualitative Study of Hong Kong Secondary Students
Authors: Xu Huixuan , Lee John Chi-Kin
Published: November 2017

This paper draws on Marcia and Porfeli’s identity status models to examine the relationship between adolescent career identity formation and its contextual aspects. Focus group interviews were conducted with 26 students at two Hong Kong senior secondary schools. It was found that most participants exhibited the career identity statuses of achievement, searching moratorium, or moratorium towards the end of school. Influences that were identified from family, school, and social culture varied across individuals with different career identity statuses. By reporting the findings from an East Asian school setting, the paper provides theoretical and practical implications for career development for senior secondary school students.
Comparison of Medication History Accuracy Between Nurses and Pharmacy Personnel
Authors: Bowman Connor , McKenna Jennifer , Schneider Phil , Barnes Brian
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

To evaluate the differences in medication history errors made by pharmacy technicians, students, and pharmacists compared to nurses at a community hospital.

Methods:

One hundred medication histories completed by either pharmacy or nursing staff were repeated and evaluated for errors by a fourth-year pharmacy student. The histories were analyzed for differences in the rate of errors per medication. Errors were categorized by their clinical significance, which was determined by a panel of pharmacists, pharmacy students, and nurses. Errors were further categorized by their origin as either prescription (Rx) or over the counter (OTC). The primary outcome was the difference in the rate of clinically significant errors per medication. Secondary outcomes included the differences in the rate of clinically insignificant errors, Rx errors, and OTC errors. Differences in the types of errors for Rx and OTC medications were also analyzed. Additionally, the number of patients with no errors was compared between both groups.

Results:

The pharmacy group had a lower clinically significant error rate per medication (0.03 vs 0.09; relative risk [RR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.020-0.093; P = .003). For secondary outcomes, the pharmacy group had a lower total error rate (0.21 vs 0.36, RR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.041-0.255; P = .007), Rx error rate (0.09 vs 0.27, RR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.071-0.292; P = .002), and OTC error rate (0.24 vs 0.46; RR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.057-0.382; P = .009) per medication. The pharmacy group completed 20% more medication histories without Rx errors ( P = .045) and 25% more histories without OTC errors ( P = .041).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated that expanded use of pharmacy technicians and students improves the accuracy of medication histories in a community hospital.
Burnout in HIV/AIDS Volunteers: A Sociocultural Analysis Among Latino Gay and Bisexual Men and Transgender People
Authors: Molina Yamile , Dirkes Jessica , Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: November 2017

Understanding factors associated with burnout among HIV/AIDS volunteers has long-ranging implications for community organizations and prevention. Using a cross-sectional sample of Latino gay/bisexual men and transgender people ( N = 309), we assess potential correlates of burnout identified by multiple theories, including factors associated with volunteering (experiences, motives) and contextual factors (stigma, sense of community). Reporting negative volunteering experiences was positively associated with burnout, while being motivated by personal HIV/AIDS experiences and having a greater sense of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people (GLBT) community was negatively related to burnout. The study highlights central challenges and opportunities to retain volunteers from marginalized communities.
Dynamic response analysis of a ball-end milling cutter and optimization of the machining parameters for a ruled surface
Authors: Li Maoyue , Huang Jingang , Ding Wenbin , Liu Xianli , Li Lei
Published: November 2017

Cutter displacements and deflections induce a significant amount of surface error in machined thin-walled parts and are a major obstacle to achieving higher productivity in a five-axis milling operation. In this study, a milling force model for the five-axis flank milling process was established and implemented by calculating and simulating the cutter dynamic displacement to investigate the dynamic response of ruled surface impeller blades in the milling process. A machining trajectory and related machining parameters were selected to calculate the dynamic milling forces in the X and Y directions for each analysis time using the calculation method. Using ANSYS software, the milling forces in three directions were input into the finite element model of the ball-end milling tool. The deformation was analyzed using post-processing for the ruled surface milling. Then, the milling parameters related to the dynamic displacement of the tool in the side milling blade were trained and optimized using a back-propagation neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm during the side milling of the ruled surface. In addition, processing experiments were performed based on the optimized parameters. The blade roughness tests indicated that the surface quality was considerably improved after optimization, thus verifying the feasibility of the optimization method.
Influence of single and dual cryogenic jets on machinability characteristics in turning of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Mia Mozammel , Dhar Nikhil Ranjan
Published: November 2017

Based on the necessity of a solid study on the orientation of liquid nitrogen jets in turning, this study investigates the specific cutting energy, surface roughness, chip morphology, chip–tool interface temperature, tool life, and wear of coated carbide tool under the single and duplex jets liquid nitrogen for congenial turning of a hard-to-cut superalloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The single jet was aimed at rake face, whereas the duplex jets were impinged at rake and flank surfaces, simultaneously. Results showed that the later coolant employment method ensured the most favorable machining characteristics, which can be accredited to the extreme cooling by liquid nitrogen jets, in terms of reduced specific cutting energy, temperature, roughness, and admittedly, an increased life of tools. The duplex liquid nitrogen jets prolonged tool life by 60% and 30% compared to dry and single jet assistance, respectively. However, no visible difference in chip formation has been noticed. In recapitulation, the duplex liquid nitrogen jets are established as sustainability promoter as—tool life is increased thus tool cost is reduced, required energy is lessened, temperature is pacified, surface quality is improved, and above all, favorable machinability of Ti-6Al-4V superalloy is attained.
Excitochemical-Induced Trophic Bridging Directs Axonal Growth of Transplanted Neurons to Distal Target
Authors: Zhou Feng C. , Chiang Yung H.
Published: November 2017

Brain grafts directly placed in their target regions often lack proper connections and normal regulation. When brain grafts are placed in their ontogenetic normal area, the axonal outgrowth of grafts to distal target regions is a major obstacle. We previously demonstrated that directional axonal growth of grafts can be facilitated by laminin. In this study we demonstrated that excitochemicals induced trophic environment can be strategically used as a bridge to guide transplanted neurons to innervate a distal target of millimeter distance, and has a unique effect on fiber expansion in the target region. To distinguish dopamine (DA) growth from that of transplants, 6-hydroxydopamine was unilaterally injected into medial forebrain bundle to remove dopamine innervation to the striatum. Ibotenic acid (IB), kainic acid (KA), or phosphate buffer (vehicle) were micro-injected through a glass-pipet to make a 7 mm long tract between the substantia nigra and the striatum in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gestational 14-15 days brainstem slurry was transplanted either in the same or a separate tract into nigra at the bottom of the bridge. All transplants survived with abundant serotonin (5-HT) and DA neurons. Traceable DA fibers formed distinct bundles from grafts along the length of IB/KA tracts. Upon arrival at their major target regions, fibers from bundles were capable of leaving the tracts, and reinnervating the DA-vacated striatum. The 5-HT fibers formed bundles similar to DA fibers but left the tract earlier upon arrival at their major target the globus pallidus and when arriving at the striatum and cortex. Fibers from grafts with vehicle tracts grew randomly and not into the tract. These results indicate that the trophic effects of chemical lesioning serves as a remarkably effective axonal guidance for more than one type of fetal neuron to innervate distal brain regions. This method has great potential in directing fibers in many transplant models.
Role of Micro-Chimerism in Inducing Immunological Tolerance by Intraportal Injection of Donor Spleen Cells in Rats
Authors: Nagano Hiroaki , Tanigawa Takahiko , Yoshida Tetsuya , Ota Hirofumi , Akagi Kenzo , Hasuike Yasunori , Gotoh Mitsukazu , Nishisho Isamu , Monden Morito
Published: November 2017

Recently, we reported that intraportal (IP) injection of donor spleen cells (SPCs) prevented liver allograft rejection. Moreover, we developed a new method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and demonstrated micro-chimerism (MC) at the DNA level in the spleen 14 days after IP injection. In the present study, the long-term presence of injected allogeneic SPCs was investigated at the cellular level by immunofluorescence staining as well as the DNA level using RFLP analysis. Male ACI (RT1arats were used as the donors and Lewis (RT11) rats as the recipients. After DNA preparation from the lymphoid organs, RT1Bβ domain 1 region was amplified by PCR, and RFLP analysis was performed with PVuII restriction enzyme. In the immunofluorescence staining, the monoclonal antibody, MN4-91-6, was used to detect the injected donor ACI SPCs in a frozen specimen. We did not detect MC in Lewis rats intravenously injected with 5 x 107ACI SPCs on day 14. On the other hand, stable chimerism in the spleen was observed in intraportally injected rats up to 28 days after injection at not only the DNA level but also the cellular level. No chimerism was detected in other organs (including the thymus, lymph nodes, and liver). In conclusion, the long-term presence of injected allogeneic SPCs in the spleen was demonstrated after IP injection but not after IV injection, and this phenomenon may be one of the mechanisms involved in portal venous immunosuppression.
Evaluation of soluble solids of curry soup containing coconut milk by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sirisomboon Panmanas , Nawayon Jutarat
Published: November 2017

The aim of this research was to do a feasibility study of near infrared spectroscopy to evaluate soluble solids of curry soup containing coconut milk. The soup samples were collected from mixing tanks, water adjusting tanks, an ultra-high temperature process line and laminated cartons. There were also soluble solids adjusted samples by adding or reducing coconut sugar where the curry was made from the same recipe as in the processing line but increasing 30, 60 and 90% coconut sugar and reducing 30, 60 and 90% coconut sugar from normal. There were 119 samples in total. Sample was scanned with an FT-NIR spectrometer. A prediction model for soluble solids was established using near infrared spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares regression. When validated using a set of test samples, the model developed using spectra pretreated by min-max normalization in the range 9403.8–6094.3 cm−1, provided a coefficient of determination (r2), root mean square error of prediction, bias and ratio of performance to interquartile of 0.92, 1.0°Brix, 0.1°Brix and 2.4, respectively. It showed the potential of using near infrared spectroscopy to evaluate soluble solids in curry soup. With further development using more natural samples, a more robust model could be achieved to evaluate soluble solids in curry soup in a processing factory.
Detection of pits and pit fragments in fresh cherries using near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Liang PS , Moscetti R , Massantini R , Light D , Haff Ron P
Published: November 2017

Near infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength region from 800 to 2600 nm was evaluated as the basis for a rapid, nondestructive method for the detection of pits and pit fragments in fresh cherries. Partial least squares discriminant analysis following various spectral pretreatments was applied to spectra of cherries with either no pit, a whole pit, a half pit, or a quarter pit to test various classification schemes. An iterative algorithm tested all combinations of pretreatments and parameters as input to the partial least squares discriminant analysis. In addition, a step forward feature selection algorithm was used to identify the most significant wavebands in order to isolate small sets (<10) of spectral bands that represent the entire spectra. The highest accuracy was achieved for a binary model in which the samples were combined into only two classes (no pit versus whole pit + half pit + quarter pit) using all features (reflection at each wavelength) with no false positive error, 4% false negative error, and 98% overall accuracy. Overall accuracy of the same model was reduced only slightly to 96% when employing only the four most significant features. Accuracy declined when models attempted to separate the classes of fragments, with the lowest being 92, 83, 86, and 99% accuracy, respectively, in discriminating no pit, quarter pit, half pit, and whole pit classes separately. The high accuracy achieved under the binary model using only four features indicates that reflection of light at specific near infrared wavelengths is a suitable basis for high-speed, nondestructive detection of pits and pit fragments in cherries.
An Analysis of Sectoral Diversity in India and its Determinants
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K.
Published: November 2017

This article studies the degree of sectoral diversity across regions in India and examines its determinants. We construct a diversity index to represent sectoral diversity using information on the industry of work of the individuals across 14 industry sectors for 2011–2012 and compare with values for 2004–2005. We examine the relationship of diversity and indicators related to scale economies and skill intensity using ordinary least squares at a cross-sectional level as well as pooled estimates over the two time periods both at the state and the NSS region level. We argue and establish that the Indian regional economy is characterized by a trend towards high levels of sectoral diversity. Contrary to many strands of the literature, we provide empirical evidence that scale economies, as represented by the traditional parameters of size, cannot be used as a proxy for sectoral diversity. Skill intensity, on the other hand, emerges as a significant determinant of sectoral diversity particularly in the case of coastal regions. Regions with high sector diversity are characterized by a move towards higher skill levels, greater share of regular employment and a move away from labour-intensive production, thus clearly highlighting the importance of the labour and technology matching process.

JEL Classification: R12, R32
Material distributions
Authors: Jiménez Víctor Manuel , de León Manuel , Epstein Marcelo
Published: November 2017

The concept of material distribution is introduced as describing the geometric material structure of a general non-uniform body. Any smooth constitutive law is shown to give rise to a unique smooth integrable singular distribution. Ultimately, the material distribution and its associated singular foliation result in a rigorous and unique subdivision of the material body into strictly smoothly uniform components. Thus, the constitutive law induces a unique partition of the body into smoothly uniform sub-bodies, laminates, filaments and isolated points.
Nutritional and bioactive compounds of commercialized algae powders used as food supplements
Authors: Martínez–Hernández Ginés B , Castillejo Noelia , Carrión–Monteagudo María del M , Artés Francisco , Artés-Hernández Francisco
Published: November 2017

The main nutritional/bioactive compounds (protein; aminoacids, AA; fucose; minerals; vitamins B12 and C; and total phenolic content, TPC) of nine commercial algae powders, used as food supplements, were studied. Undaria pinnatifida showed the highest protein/aminoacid contents (51.6/54.4 g 100 g–1). Among brown macroalgae, Himanthalia elongata showed the highest fucose content (26.3 g kg−1) followed by Laminaria ochroleuca (22.5 g kg−1). Mineral contents of 15–24% were observed in the algae, being particularly excellent sources of iodine (69.0–472.0 mg kg−1). Porphyra spp. and Palmaria palmata showed the highest vitamin B12 contents (667–674 µg kg−1). Vitamin C ranged among 490.4–711.8 mg kg–1. H. elongata showed the highest total phenolic content (14.0 g kg–1). In conclusion, the studied algae are excellent sources of protein, AA, minerals, vitamin C and some of them presented particularly high vitamin B12 and fucose contents, which may have a potential use as food supplements.
Increased Beta Activity Links to Impaired Emotional Control in ADHD Adults With High IQ
Authors: Li Hui , Zhao Qihua , Huang Fang , Cao Qingjiu , Qian Qiujin , Johnstone Stuart J. , Wang Yufeng , Wang Changming , Sun Li
Published: November 2017

Objective: The present study investigated the neuropathology of everyday-life executive function (EF) deficits in adults with ADHD with high IQ. Method: Forty adults with ADHD with an IQ ≥ 120 and 40 controls were recruited. Ecological EFs were measured, and eyes-closed Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals were recorded during a resting-state condition; EEG power and correlations with impaired EFs were analyzed. Results: Compared with controls, the ADHD group showed higher scores on all clusters of EF. The ADHD group showed globally increased theta, globally decreased alpha, and increased central beta activity. In the ADHD group, central beta power was significantly related to emotional control ratings, while no such correlation was evident in the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that resting-state beta activity might be involved in the neuropathology of emotional control in adults with ADHD with high IQ.
Occult Massive Visceral Fat Necrosis Following Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Khedr Salwa , Piskorski Anna , Bingham Adrienne R , Goldstein Justin , Laptook Abbot R , De Paepe Monique E
Published: November 2017

Therapeutic hypothermia (head or whole-body cooling) improves survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in term newborns with moderate-to-severe encephalopathy. Hypothermia treatment is well tolerated; the most common side effect is thrombocytopenia. In about 1% of infants, focal subcutaneous fat necrosis has been reported. We describe a case of clinically unsuspected massive visceral fat necrosis in a term infant with Apgar score 0 at 1 min (“resuscitated apparently stillborn” infant) who was treated with therapeutic hypothermia for 72 h and expired on the 25th day of life following a neonatal course complicated by severe encephalopathy, pulmonary artery hypertension, persistent thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia, and severe basal ganglia-thalamic abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Postmortem examination revealed extensive visceral (brown) fat necrosis, involving thoracic, abdominal, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue, with distinctive sparing of the subcutaneous (white) fat. The fulminant—yet clinically occult—visceral fat necrosis seen in this case suggests that (lesser degrees of) fat necrosis may go unrecognized in hypoxic-ischemic newborns, especially in those treated with hypothermia, and underscores the importance of close monitoring of encephalopathic newborns both in the short and long terms for complications of fat necrosis (hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis).
“I Know She Loves It”: Narrative Analysis of One Man’s Justifications for Reproductive Control in an Intimate Relationship
Authors: Thaller Jonel
Published: November 2017

This study provides a close narrative analysis of one man’s justification for gaining reproductive control over an intimate partner. Frequent narrative disjunction, or inconsistency within narrative accounts, permeates the subject’s description of his intimate relationship. Further, the way in which he struggles to justify his “head of household” status reveals a tension between the dominant gender narrative he strives to uphold and his actual experiences. As evidenced, men can evoke the discourse of patriarchy against their own best interests and to the detriment of their intimate relationships. However, narrative disjunctions indicate an opening through which change can occur, pointing to specific areas where the cultural ideals of masculinity strain against the realities of practical life. Recognizing that narratives are deliberately and artificially crafted, one can begin to discern the tensions between the personal and the social in identity maintenance and can begin to generate useful narratives that challenge dominant ideologies.
Serum Lipid Profile Constituents as Markers of Cardiovascular Morbidity in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Kirmizis Dimitrios , Koutoupa Evangelia , Tsiandoulas Apostolos , Valtopoulou Aphroditi , Niavis Georgios , Markou Phani , Barboutis Konstantinos
Published: November 2017

We designed the present case-control study in order to examine the validity of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, B, apoB/apoA-I ratio and Lp(a) as alternative markers of cardiovascular morbidity in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). Twenty-five HD patients (18 males, mean age 63, range 52–69 years) comprised the group with prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 50 HD patients (35 males, mean age 62, range 40–77 years) with non evident cardiovascular disease history constituted the second study group. Patients with CVD had significantly higher concentrations of serum apoB, apoB/apoA-I ratio and Lp(a), and lower levels of apoA-I compared to patients without incident CVD. All three parameters studied were correlated with cardiovascular morbidity, i.e. apoA-I negatively and apoB and apoB/apoA-I ratio positively (r = −0.6, P < 0.05; r = 0.659, P < 0.01; and r = 0.614, P < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, logCRP exhibited as well a significant positive correlation with cardiovascular morbidity (r = 0.704, P < 0.001), not this being the case for Lp(a) which was not found to exhibit such a correlation (r = 0.05, P = NS). Among them, apoB and apoB/apoA-I ratio exhibited the characteristics most coherent to CVD. The age- and sex-adjusted OR for the presence of CVD was 2.3 and 2.0, respectively, which remained independent of any confounding effect of inflammation. In conclusion, serum apoB levels and apoB/apoA-I ratio exhibit characteristics of credible independent markers of in HD patients.