bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insertion reactions of nitrosobenzene and ketenes into silaaziridines
Authors: Brook Adrian G , Habtemariam Abraha
Published: November 2003

Nitrosobenzene, trimethylsilyl ketene, and diphenylketene insert into the ring of silaaziridines to yield relatively unstable 5-membered heterocyclic ring systems. The new compounds, which have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, arise from two different modes of insertion into the ring SiN bond, leading to compounds with an exocyclic C=N bond (from nitrosobenzene) or two exocyclic C=C bonds (from the ketenes).Key words: silaaziridines, ring insertion, nitrosobenzene, ketenes, heterocyclic rings.
Dichloro(diphosphine)(2-pyridyl-ketone)ruthenium(II) complexes
Authors: Queiroz Salete L , Batista Alzir A , de Araujo Marcio P , Bianchini Roberto C , Oliva Glaucius , Ellena Javier , James Brian R
Published: November 2003

Described are the synthesis and characterization of Ru(II) complexes of the type RuCl2L2(N-O), where L2is either 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) or (PPh3)2, and N-O represents chelated 2-benzoylpyridine (2-bzpy) or 2-acetylpyridine (2-acpy); the Ru presursors used were [RuCl2(dppb)]2(µ-dppb) or RuCl2(PPh3)3. The crystal structure of cis-RuCl2(dppb)(2-bzpy) is presented, and three other RuCl2L2(N-O) complexes with cis-chlorines are isolated and characterized spectroscopically; of the trans-dichloro species, RuCl2(PPh3)2(N-O) complexes are isolated, while the corresponding dppb species are characterized in situ. In all cases, thermodynamically stable cis-complexes are formed from initially formed trans-species.Key words: ruthenium, phosphines, 2-benzoylpyridine, 2-acetylpyridine, X-ray structures.
Band-gap tuning by solid-state intercalations of Mg, Ni, and Cu into Mo3Sb7
Authors: Soheilnia N , Dashjav E , Kleinke H
Published: November 2003

Mo3Sb7was synthesized by heating the elements in the stoichiometric ratio in a sealed silica tube at 700 °C. The title compounds AδMo3Sb7(A = Mg, Ni, Cu) were prepared by annealing prereacted Mo3Sb7with different amounts of A in powder form between 500 and 750 °C. According to our single-crystal structure studies, the A atoms can be intercalated in small amounts into the cubic voids of the Mo3Sb7structure without noticeable symmetry changes (space group Im[Formula: see text]m). The different cations cause different band-gap decreases that depend on the element as well as its concentration.Key words: thermoelectrics, band-gap tuning, intercalation, antimonide, electronic structure.
X-ray diffraction and solid-state119Sn CP-MAS NMR studies of some triaryltin(IV) chlorides
Authors: Geller Jordan M , Butler Ian S , Gilson Denis FR , Morin Frederick G , Wharf Ivor , Bélanger-Gariépy F
Published: November 2003

The solid-state119Sn cross-polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of a series of triaryltin chlorides of the form Ar3SnCl have been acquired. The indirect spin-spin coupling constants (J(119Sn-35Cl)), quadrupolar-dipolar shifts (d(119Sn-35Cl)), and the119Sn chemical shift tensors were extracted. For the spectrum of triphenyltin chloride (I) the validity of the first-order perturbation approximation was tested by comparing results of both the perturbation and cubic-equation approaches and a variable-temperature NMR study undertaken to investigate the influence of the previously reported molecular motion in the solid. The X-ray crystal structures of the tris(o-tolyl)tin chloride (II) and tris(p-tolyl)tin chloride (IV) complexes have been examined. They belong to the monoclinic and triclinic space groups P21/n and P[Formula: see text], respectively, which are different from the previously reported tris(m-tolyl)tin chloride (III) complex, which crystallizes in the space group R3 and has threefold molecular symmetry. The structures and NMR properties of the complexes with meta-substituents are quite different from those with ortho- or para-substituents having axially symmetric shift tensors with small spans and larger J values.Key words: aryltin chlorides, magic angle spinning NMR, tin-chlorine spin-spin coupling,119Sn chemical shift tensor, crystal structure.
Synthesis and molecular structures of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) diimine complexes possessing fluoroalkyl ligands
Authors: Hughes Russell P , Ward Antony J , Rheingold Arnold L , Zakharov Lev N
Published: November 2003

A range of Pt-diimine complexes possessing fluoroalkyl and hydrofluoroalkyl ligands were synthesized from the readily prepared [Pt(diimine)Me2] complexes and the appropriate iodofluoroalkane. For complexes with diimine ligands containing substituents in the 2,6-positions of the aryl group, Pt(II) complexes were obtained due to in situ reductive elimination of MeI, while for complexes with diimine ligands of smaller steric demands (possessing substituents in the 3,5-positions or the 4-position), Pt(IV) complexes were obtained. Attempts to convert the Pt(IV) complexes to the desired Pt(II) species via reductive elimination of MeI, methane, or ethane resulted in either no reaction or degradation of the starting complex. Fluoroalkyl(methyl)platinum(II) complexes were then converted to the fluoroalkyliodoplatinum(II) complexes via addition of I2 or by reaction with aq HI. Several complexes have been characterized crystallographically.Key words: fluoroalkyl, organometallic synthesis, structure, platinum.
Remnant Lipoprotein-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Involves Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation
Authors: Kawakami Akio , Tanaka Akira , Chiba Tsuyoshi , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Shimokado Kentaro , Yoshida Masayuki
Published: November 2003

Background—

Remnant lipoproteins (RLPs) have been shown to play a causative role during atherosclerosis. Furthermore, it is known that vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is crucial for the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. We examined the direct effect of RLPs on the proliferation and signal transduction of SMCs.

Methods and Results—

Incubation in the presence of RLPs (20 mg cholesterol per dL) for 48 hours induced rat aortic SMC proliferation (2.3-fold over medium alone). RLPs also induced the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in SMCs, which was followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Moreover, the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) as well as the shedding of membrane-bound soluble heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was observed after RLP treatment of SMCs, whereas PKC inhibitors and metalloprotease inhibitors inhibited RLP-induced EGF receptor transactivation and HB-EGF shedding in SMCs. Furthermore, anti-HB-EGF neutralizing antibody inhibited RLP-induced EGF receptor transactivation. Phosphorylation of EGF receptor and HB-EGF shedding were also observed in the aortas of apolipoprotein E–knockout mice but not in those of C57BL6 mice.

Conclusions—

These results suggest that RLPs transactivate EGF receptor via PKC and HB-EGF shedding from SMCs, resulting in SMC proliferation.
Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Maison Patrick , Chanson Philippe
Published: November 2003

Background—

Growth hormone (GH) treatment may improve morphological and functional cardiac parameters in adults with GH deficiency (GHD). However, clinical trials reported to date involved few patients and yielded variable effects.

Methods and Results—

We systematically reviewed blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of GH treatment in adults with GHD and open studies in patients with GHD before and after GH treatment, evaluating the effects of GH on cardiac parameters assessed by echocardiography. Sixteen trials (9 blinded and 7 open), involving a total of 468 patients, were identified in 3 bibliographic databases. GH dosage, duration of treatment, and study populations varied among the studies. We conducted a combined analysis of effects on left ventricular mass (LVM), interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW), left ventricular end-systolic (LVESD) and diastolic (LVEDD) diameters, stroke volume, E/A ratio, isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), and fractional shortening. Overall effect size was used to evaluate significance, and weighted mean difference between GH and control was given to appreciate size of the effect. GH treatment was associated with a significant increase in LVM: +10.8 (SD: 9.3) g (
P
=0.02); IVS: +0.28 (0.38) mm (
P
<0.001), LVPW: 0.98 (0.22) mm (
P
=0.05), LVEDD: +1.34 (1.13) mm (
P
<0.001), and stroke volume: +10.3 (8.7) mL (
P
<0.001). A trend toward a difference in fractional shortening was observed: +1.1 (1.1)% (
P
=0.06). Overall effect sizes were not significant for LVESD, E/A, and IRT.

Conclusions—

GH treatment is associated with a significant positive effect on LVM, IVS, LVPW, LVEDD, and stroke volume, as assessed by echocardiography, in adults with GHD.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Saad Eduardo B. , Rossillo Antonio , Saad Cynthia P. , Martin David O. , Bhargava Mandeep , Erciyes Demet , Bash Dianna , Williams-Andrews Michelle , Beheiry Salwa , Marrouche Nassir F. , Adams James , Pisanò Ennio , Fanelli Raffaele , Potenza Domenico , Raviele Antonio , Bonso Aldo , Themistoclakis Sakis , Brachmann Joannes , Saliba Walid I. , Schweikert Robert A. , Natale Andrea
Published: November 2003

Background—

Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a complication of ablation for atrial fibrillation. The impact of different ablation strategies on the incidence of PV stenosis and its functional characterization has not been described.

Methods and Results—

PV isolation was performed in 608 patients. An electroanatomic approach was used in 71 and circular mapping in 537 (distal isolation, 25; ostial isolation based on PV angiography, 102; guided by intracardiac echocardiography, 140; with energy delivery based on visualization of microbubbles, 270). Severe (≥70%) narrowing was detected in 21 patients (3.4%), and moderate (50% to 69%) and mild (<50%) narrowing occurred in 27 (4.4%) and 47 (7.7%), respectively. Severe stenosis occurred in 15.5%, 20%, 2.9%, 1.4%, and 0%, respectively. Development of symptoms was correlated with involvement of >1 PV with severe narrowing (
P
=0.01), whereas all patients with mild and moderate narrowing were asymptomatic. In the latter group, lung perfusion (V/Q) scans were normal in all but 4 patients. All patients with severe stenosis had abnormal perfusion scans.

Conclusions—

V/Q scans are useful to assess the functional significance of PV stenosis. Mild and moderate degrees of PV narrowing are not associated with development of symptoms and seem to have no or minimal detrimental effect on pulmonary flow. The incidence of severe PV stenosis seems to be declining with better imaging techniques to ensure ostial isolation and to guide power titration. Mild narrowing 3 months after ablation does not preclude future development of severe stenosis and should be assessed with repeat imaging studies.
Signaling Mechanisms That Mediate Nitric Oxide Production Induced by Acetylcholine Exposure and Withdrawal in Cat Atrial Myocytes
Authors: Dedkova Elena N. , Ji Xiang , Wang Yong Gao , Blatter Lothar A. , Lipsius Stephen L.
Published: November 2003

Fluorescence microscopy and the NO-sensitive indicator 4,5-diaminofluorescein were used to determine the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on intracellular NO (NO
i
) in cat atrial myocytes. Field stimulation (1 Hz) of cells or exposure of quiescent cells to ACh (1 to 10 μmol/L) had no effect on NO
i
. However, in field-stimulated cells, ACh exposure increased NO
i
, and ACh withdrawal elicited an additional, prominent increase in NO
i
production. During ACh exposure, addition of 1 μmol/L atropine increased NO
i
production similar to ACh withdrawal. ACh-induced increases in NO
i
were reduced by prior exposure to 1 mmol/L extracellular Ca
2+
([Ca
2+
]
o
) and prevented by 0.5 mmol/L [Ca
2+
]
o
, 1 μmol/L verapamil, 1 μmol/L atropine, 10 μmol/L L-
N
5
-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine, 10 μmol/L W-7, or incubating cells in pertussis toxin or 10 μmol/L LY294002 (inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). Switching to 0.5 mmol/L [Ca
2+
]
o
during ACh withdrawal prevented the additional increase in NO
i
. ACh exposure increased phosphorylation (Ser
473
) of protein kinase B (Akt), and this effect was blocked by LY294002 and unaffected in low (0.5 mmol/L) [Ca
2+
]
o
. Confocal microscopy revealed that ACh exposure increased NO
i
at local subsarcolemmal sites, and ACh withdrawal additionally increased NO
i
by recruiting additional subsarcolemmal release sites. Disruption of caveolae by 2 mmol/L methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished ACh-induced NO
i
production. We conclude that in cat atrial myocytes, ACh stimulates NO
i
release from local subsarcolemmal sites. ACh-induced increases in NO
i
requires both muscarinic receptor–mediated G
i
protein/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling and voltage-activated Ca
2+
influx for stimulation of calmodulin-dependent endothelial NO synthase activity. Increases in NO
i
elicited by ACh withdrawal result from the recovery of Ca
2+
influx after ACh inhibition. NO signaling elicited by ACh withdrawal stimulates rapid recovery from cholinergic atrial inhibition.
Prospective Study of Major and Minor ST-T Abnormalities and Risk of Stroke Among Japanese
Authors: Ohira Tetsuya , Iso Hiroyasu , Imano Hironori , Kitamura Akihiko , Sato Shinichi , Nakagawa Yuko , Naito Yoshihiko , Sankai Tomoko , Tanigawa Takeshi , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Iida Minoru , Shimamoto Takashi
Published: November 2003

Background and Purpose—

The association between minor ST-T abnormalities and stroke incidence has not been well elucidated. We sought to examine the relationship between nonspecific minor or major ST-T abnormalities and the incidence of stroke among Japanese men and women.

Methods—

A 15.4-year prospective study was conducted with 10 741 men and women aged 40 to 69 years in 4 Japanese communities. Electrocardiograms were taken at baseline and were read according to the Minnesota Code. The incidence of stroke was ascertained using systematic surveillance.

Results—

During the 15.4-year follow-up, 602 strokes (339 ischemic strokes, 129 intracerebral hemorrhages, 80 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 54 unclassified strokes) occurred. Both men and women with major ST-T abnormalities had approximately 3-fold higher age-adjusted relative risk and 2-fold higher multivariate-adjusted relative risk of total stroke than did those without such abnormalities. Men with minor ST-T abnormalities had a 2.3-fold higher age-adjusted relative risk of total stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, than did those without such abnormalities. After we adjusted further for hypertension category, the relative risk for minor ST-T abnormalities was reduced substantially but remained statistically significant: 1.8 (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.4) for total stroke, 1.9 (95%CI, 1.3 to 2.8) for ischemic stroke, and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0 to 3.0) for hemorrhagic stroke. For women, however, there was no relation between minor ST-T abnormalities and stroke incidence.

Conclusions—

Minor ST-T abnormalities have predictive value for the risk of total stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, among middle-aged Japanese men, as do major ST-T abnormalities for both sexes.
(Mis)Managing Diversity: Worker Rights and US Trade Policy
Authors:   Elliott
Published: November 2003

The metaphor of the two-level game has been used to describe the process whereby political leaders find themselves negotiating simultaneously at the domestic and international tables when trying to reach international cooperative agreements. This article examines the role of domestic politics in the US debate over trade policy in recent years. Specifically, the article analyzes the bargaining between the Clinton administration and the US Congress over the appropriate role for labor (and environmental) issues in trade negotiations in the context of the debate over so-called ``fast-track'' negotiating authority. The article then goes on to analyze how the domestic politics of this issue could affect an international negotiation over worker rights in the World Trade Organization.
Weak Powers and Globalism: The Impact of Plurality on Weak-Strong Negotiations in the International Economy
Authors:   Singh
Published: November 2003

Can developing countries effect outcomes in their favor in negotiations with developed countries? This article shows that as global politics move toward a multi-issue `diffusion of power' in which states and other actors interact in a considerably less hierarchical fashion than one characterized by a state-centric security-dominated distribution of power, developing countries are afforded negotiation processes they lacked earlier. First, the negotiation environment is changing. Developing countries are negotiating in scenarios increasingly marked by pragmatic `rules of the game' rather than authoritative or confrontational scenarios of earlier periods. Developing country alternatives have also improved in the diffusion of power. Second, developing countries can now use a host of negotiation tactics effectively. These include inclusion/agenda setting, trade-offs/issue-linkages, coalition building, technocratic and legalistic strategies and direct lobbying in other countries. The article emphasizes the links between issue-specific power structures and negotiation processes and draws attention to the underlying historical context in which these structures and processes arise. Several examples from bilateral and multilateral negotiations are introduced in the article although these examples do not constitute empirical proof of this article's conceptual arguments. In conclusion, given diffusion of power and the resulting pluralism, developing countries are not completely resigned to global liberalism without effecting anything in their favor. Global liberalism is thus not just a top-down process – it can be amended from below. Negotiations matter.
Informed Consent: A Negotiated Formula for Trade in Risky Organisms and Chemicals
Authors:   Wolf
Published: November 2003

Informed consent is at the center of the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent and the Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety. Consistent with the idea of a negotiation ``formula,'' it encapsulates the principles underlying parties' demands by balancing the efficiency of unconstrained trade with ethically charged support for autonomy and self-determination. As a negotiated rule, informed consent translates the formula into specific procedural requirements based on risk assessment. Parties' fundamental interest to enhance food security via the two treaties is used to illustrate both the principle and rule aspects of informed consent. In addition, the value of formula analysis in negotiation theory is investigated. The article supports increased attention to informed consent in international relations, to the merits of formula analysis, and to the possibility of better understanding a fundamental objective such as food security through a formula-guided analysis of these and related negotiated outcomes.
Trust or Contract?Negotiating Formal and Informal Agreements in the Arab-Israeli Peace Process
Authors:   Mishal,   Morag
Published: November 2003

Contracts and Trust are ends of a continuum on which negotiations and interstate relations are based. Both arrangements are common in political negotiation and they played a significant role in Israel's peace negotiations with Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority. Contractual relationships are more likely in the case of states with a traditionally hierarchical order whereas trust plays an important role in relations with states based on a traditionally networked system. As boundaries within societies and between states and communities become increasingly blurred, there is a greater need to approach negotiated issues between states by simultaneously exploring contract and trust dimensions.
Sri Lanka's Prolonged Ethnic Conflict: Negotiating a Settlement
Authors:   de Silva
Published: November 2003

Negotiations to resolve Sri Lanka's prolonged and deep-rooted ethnic conflict have a long history. The negotiations fall into two categories: those conducted locally between parties to the dispute, and those negotiated with the presence and under the auspices of a regional power, India in this instance. There have been several sets of negotiations of the first category, none of them successful. The Indian mediation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict which began in the early 1980s and lasted eight years, provides a classic study in the perils involved when a regional power seeks to negotiate and impose a settlement in an ethnic conflict in a neighboring state. That coercive intervention, with its ambiguous and eventually contradictory objectives, failed in almost all of its aims. Entering the dispute as a mediator with the avowed objective of protecting the interests of Sri Lanka's Tamil minority, the Indian army eventually fought the principal representatives of Tamil separatism on Sri Lankan soil, a unique example of an external mediator's unintended transformation into a combatant. The failure of this enterprise aggravated the island's ethnic conflict, far from resolving it. It left successive Sri Lankan governments first negotiating with the most violent and intransigent of the Tamil separatist groups, and then continuing a military struggle once the negotiations failed. The Sri Lankan situation provides insights into the difficulties faced by democratically elected governments in dealing with a separatist movement captured by the most violent group within it, a group that has systematically marginalized its rivals and driven the traditional democratic forces among the Tamils to the periphery of the political system.The new Sri Lanka government elected in December 2001, like its immediate predecessor, is intent on negotiations with the Tamils with the assistance of a Norwegian facilitator. There is little reason to be optimistic about the outcome of such efforts given the dismal record of previous episodes of negotiation between the Sri Lankan government and the principal Tamil separatist group.
Thoughts on How to Organize a Data Set on Diplomatic Methods of Conflict Management
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2003

At the initial stages of organizing a data generation effort it is useful to think through the theoretical foundations for the data and the range of questions to which the data could be brought to bear. There are four areas where data on diplomatic interventions should prove particularly fruitful: (1) the notion of “ripe moments,” (2) sequencing of escalation and deescalation, (3) differing ideas about the outcome of diplomatic efforts, and (4) capturing the process of negotiation. A theoretical construct is discussed that can guide the generation of data on negotiations and point toward operational indicators of negotiation consistent with these constructs. Of particular importance, moreover, is a coherent focus on the outcome of the process to be recorded. There is considerable merit in designing a data set that allows testing of ideas about how diplomacy works. In effect, organizing a data generation effort in a manner that captures the essence of the bargaining process (concessions, ideal points, reservation points, etc.) can greatly enhance our knowledge of conflict management.
Concluding Note
Authors:   Telhami
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Is There a U.S. Negotiating Style?
Authors: Druckman
Published: November 2003

In this final essay, a number of issues are raised about depicting negotiating behavior in terms of national styles. Although many of the previous commentaries describe particular characteristics of a U.S. style, these are unlikely to be inherent attributes of negotiators from that country. Rather, a nation's approach to negotiation is better understood in terms of the situation confronting its negotiators. For example, behavior thought to reflect "style" may be a result of power differences between the nations in a particular negotiation. Negotiators from different nations may react to the same situation in similar ways due to shared socializing experiences. Systematic research is needed to distinguish among the various possible sources for negotiating behavior. It should be guided by a framework that places culture among the panoply of influences on negotiating behavior. And it should consist of research designs that compare different national delegations and employ a variety of methodological strategies.
The Stockholm Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe
Authors: Goodby  , Barry
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The General Motors-Toyota Joint Venture, 1982-84
Authors: Cuneo  , Glynn Jr.  , Weiss  , Meigher  , Chai  , Hogan
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Some Determinants of the Oslo Breakthrough
Authors: Kelman
Published: November 2003

The breakthrough character of the Oslo agreement is attributed to the mutual recognition between the State of Israel and the PLO and the opening of direct negotiations between them. The parties were induced to go to Oslo and negotiate an agreement there by macro-level forces evolving over some time: Long-term changes, going back to the 1967 War, and short-term strategic and domestic-political considerations, resulting from the Gulf War and the end of the Cold War, created new interests that persuaded them of the necessity of negotiating a compromise; and unofficial interactions between the two sides over the course of two decades persuaded them of the possibility of doing so. Once the parties decided to negotiate, the micro-process provided by Oslo, with its peculiar mixture of track-one and track-two elements, contributed to the success of the negotiations. Key elements included secrecy, the setting, the status of the initial participants, the nature of the third party, and the nature of the mediation process. Finally, what made the accord viable were some of its main substantive features, including the exchange of letters of mutual recognition, the distinction between the interim and the final stage, and the territorial base and early empowerment of the Palestinian Authority.
Evaluating Programs Designed to Teach International Content and Negotiation Skills
Authors: Torney-Purta
Published: November 2003

The first purpose of this article is to describe the steps for conducting a simple evaluation (usable in a variety of different types of courses and programs). The second purpose is to report results from an evaluation of the ICONS Computer-Assisted Simulation, designed to teach both international concepts and content (declarative knowledge) and negotiation strategies and skills (procedural knowledge) to university students. Several techniques are described, including rating scales, open-ended questions scored for elaboration, concept maps, and computer-assisted data collection. Two groups of students differing in type of participation were identified in the evaluation of the ICONS simulation. The first (and largest group) became highly involved in the program and valued learning from the innovative technology used; the second (and much smaller group) was less involved and preferred learning from traditional methods such as lectures and reading. Notes about tactics and decisions involved in planning and implementing the evaluation are included.
Intergovernmental Conferences and European Integration: Negotiating the Amsterdam Treaty
Authors: Lodge
Published: November 2003

This article raises some of the major issues posed by the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which negotiated difficult institutional reform problems. Institutional reform continues to preoccupy the governments, even after signing the Amsterdam Treaty which was agreed upon at the 1996 IGC. It is a recurrent subject for negotiation and is likely to be a lead agenda item to be negotiated at the next IGC.
Bargaining over Power and Policy: The CAP Reform and Agricultural Negotiations in the Uruguay Round
Authors: Landau
Published: November 2003

The CAP reform had been on the EC agenda for several years, however the Community appeared powerless in dealing with the situation, especially when the Uruguay Round of negotiations created an additional level of complexity. Conceptual tools can help unravel this complexity. Policy networks capture the interplay between various actors and institutions. Each has strategies and strives for its own interests. The Commission and the Council of agricultural ministers were important actors in this on-going process of negotiation which characterizes the EU decision-making process. Coalitions are also a key element in explaining the process and outcomes of the CAP reform and the agricultural negotiations in the Uruguay Round.
Greenpeace and the Dumping of Waste at Sea: A Case of Non-State Actors' Intervention in International Affairs
Authors: Parmentier
Published: November 2003

When Greenpeace proposed for the first time that nuclear and chemical industries should stop taking ships out to sea to dump or burn their waste, these industries claimed that these environmental requirements were impossible to meet. Twenty years later, what Greenpeace proposed then has become international policy. The emergence of NGOs in international affairs is one of the novelties of the last couple of decades. But while intergovernmental fora where environmental issues are discussed have proliferated considerably in the last decade, NGOs still have limited resources. They cannot be present everywhere and at all times.
Confronting the Nuclear-Armed States in International Negotiating Forums: Lessons for NGOs
Authors: Burroughs  , Cabasso
Published: November 2003

The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is examined in nuclear weapons related negotiations in the 1990s regarding the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), and the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such negotiations have been an occasion for NGOs to voice public aspirations for an end to the nuclear threat, and in this way to help stimulate some progress, but generally not to influence substantively the terms of the instruments under negotiation. An NGO initiative led to the failed PTBT Amendment Conference which however helped to spur the eventual successful negotiation of the CTBT. At the NPT Extension Conference, one coalition of NGOs assisted in the achievement of US government objectives of obtaining indefinite extension and commitments to negotiation of a CTBT and a fissile materials production cutoff. Other NGOs advocating the abolition of nuclear weapons failed to decisively affect the outcome of the Conference, but the experience served as the catalyst for the development of an ongoing large international network. NGOs seeking the express criminalization of the employment of nuclear weapons in the ICC Statute succeeded only in preserving issues with regard to indiscriminate weapons for future negotiations. NGOs' access to the negotiations regarding the CTBT and NPT was extremely limited. Effectiveness of NGOs in this field could be enhanced by increasing access; by forming closer working relationships with states supporting nuclear disarmament; and by intensifying the interaction between NGO advocacy at the national and international levels.
International Law for Antarctica, second edition, edited by Francesco Francioni and Tullio Scovazzi
Authors:   Rinzema
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Health and Continued Residence Reason or Pretext
Authors: van Krieken
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Medical Examinations Preceding Employment and/or Private Insurance: A Proposal for European Guidelines
Authors: Gevers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
One Patent a Day Keeps the Doctor Away? Patenting Human Genetic Information and Health Care
Authors: Bostyn
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A Comparative Analysis of Research Ethics Review Mechanisms and the ICH Good Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Hirtle  , Sprumont  , Lemmens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Recommendation No. R (99) 4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Principles Concerning the Legal Protection of Incapable Adults, an Introduction in Particular to Part V Interventions in the Health Field
Authors: Jansen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Medical Aid in Dying under Danish Law: Mainly Regarding Living Wills and Other Forms of Renouncing Life Prolonging Treatment
Authors: Vestergaard
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Health and Continued Residence: Some Reflections
Authors: Flinterman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Euthanasia in England — A Law Lacking Compassion?
Authors: Grubb
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Doctor's Duty to Maintain Confidentiality ("Medical Secret") in Switzerland; What Attitude Should the Practitioner Adopt When Authorities or Outside People Ask for Information About a Patient?
Authors: Guillod  , Martin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Towards a Human Rights — Based Contraceptive Policy; A Critique of Anti-Sterilisation Law in Poland
Authors: Rutkiewicz
Published: November 2003

Sterilisation is one of the safest, most effective and most widely used method of family planning in the world. However, it is illegal and inaccessible in Poland. This paper argues that implications of the anti-sterilisation policy in Poland amount to a violation of human rights, especially the right to respect for private and family life and the right to equality. It also explores this question with regard to the right to health. In particular, the argument goes, the rights-based challenges to the criminal prohibition of sterilisation require a gender-sensitive perspective on contraceptive policy that recognises the intimate connection between reproductive choice and the status of women. Certain concerns associated with contraceptive sterilisation (e.g. fear of abuse or post-sterilisation regret) would be addressed more appropriately by less restrictive measures that respect rights of individuals and better respond to their needs - in particular a system of counselling, confining decisions about sterilisation to the doctor-patient level and basing them on free and informed choice. The paper concludes that sterilisation policy should be part of the comprehensive reproductive health policy built upon respect for human rights and principles of equality and public health, as opposed to the present Polish government's policy, which is ideologically driven and does not conform to international standards.
Patient's Rights in Russia
Authors: Tsyboulsky
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Council of Europe
Authors: Hart
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Involuntary Commitment in Health Care; An Analysis of the Status and Rights of Involuntarily Treated Psychiatric Patients in Comparison with Patients Treated Involuntarily under Other Acts
Authors: Kaltiala-Heino  , Välimäki
Published: November 2003

A number of international legal and ethical guidelines attempt to safeguard patients' rights in various health care areas. On the national level, health care legislation defines the rights of different patient groups more concretely in everyday practice. In general, the right to decide about one's own treatment — and to refuse treatment — is considered to be of the greatest importance. Several patient groups can, however, be treated involuntarily. In addition to minors, psychiatric patients in certain situations form a group of patients whose own will can be overridden in health care. In Finland also intoxicant abusers, the mentally retarded and patients suffering from certain communicable diseases can in special situations be taken into involuntary care. This article discusses the differences between the status and rights of involuntarily treated patients in different social and health care acts in Finland. Several paragraphs of the laws studied were identified that assign more rights to patients treated involuntarily under the Act on Social Work with Intoxicant Abusers and the Act on Special Care for the Retarded than to involuntary psychiatric patients. The practical implications of this article will be discussed.
Reform of Health Insurance in Switzerland
Authors:   Schneider
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Health and Eugenics Practices: Looking Towards the Future
Authors: Romeo-Casabona
Published: November 2003

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Human Rights Law and Safe Motherhood
Authors: Cook
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
P.V., P.V. and M.V. v Ostermundigen and Bern: a Right to a Subsistence Minimum Under the ECHR?
Authors: Forder
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Legal Protection of Human Research Subjects in Europe
Authors: Sprumont
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Role of the Law with Respect to Self-testing
Authors: Gevers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Article 18 of the European Biomedicine Convention: What Impact on Assisted Reproduction?
Authors: Gunning
Published: November 2003

The European Biomedicine Convention was opened for signature in April 1997. It has now been signed by 24 member states of the Council of Europe and ratified by three. To come into force it needs to be ratified by five countries of which four must be member states. Article 18 of the Convention addresses research on embryos in vitro. It forbids the creation of embryos for research and, where the law allows research, requires the adequate protection of the embryo. The term 'adequate protection' is ambiguous and is not defined. Only signatories who have law in force at the time of signature which is not in conformity with the Convention may have a reservation against this article. The creation of embryos for research is still necessary for the advancement of assisted reproduction techniques, for the understanding of human embryological development and for the development of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Less than half of the countries of the European Union have relevant legislation and there is little consistency of approach. Of the signatories to the Convention, only three have legislation which may permit the creation of embryos for research, only six have any relevant legislation. This begs the question of how assisted reproduction techniques are to advance in those countries which prohibit research, or have signed the convention prior to legislation, without turning infertile couples themselves into the unwitting subjects of research or experimental therapy.
Deviance Reporting as a Tool in Continuous Quality Improvement. Regulation and Stimulation through Legislation
Authors: Eggen  , Eliassen
Published: November 2003

Since 1994 all Norwegian hospitals have to report events of deviance (i.e. events that caused or might cause harm to any patient) to the "Database for Reported Events" of the Norwegian Board of Health. In 1997 in total 4,433 events were reported, of these 620 had 'major negative effect to the patient', while 113 were classified as unnatural deaths. Huge differences exist in the frequencies of hospitals' deviance reporting, ranging from less than one to more than 100 reports per 100.000 patient days.The regulation by law to report any major deviance event, enforces the local quality improvements in the hospital. The dialogue within and with the hospitals is stressed, to ensure the continuous quality improvement 'within service'. The legal regulations cause fear of sanctions from national authorities — which is not the purpose for the national system for deviance reporting. So far, the obligation to report to the national database seems to stimulate and fertilise the local handling of deviance events within the hospitals, as the number of events reported is steadily increasing.A survey including all hospitals and their owners indicate that the hospital managers only to some degree actually use the experiences gained through deviance reporting to stimulate continuous quality improvement, as the feed-back loop is not used systematically. The knowledge on infirmities, reported as deviance events, is only rarely taken into consideration in long-term planning and budgeting by the hospital owners.
Recommendation No. R(98) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Concerning the Ethical and Organisational Aspects of Health Care in Prison
Authors: Kelk
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Poland's First National Forum on Law and Medicine
Authors: Sokalska
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Icelandic Health Sector Database
Authors: Arnardóttir  , Björgvinsson  , Matthíasson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Round Table: Positions and Reactions of the Public Actors
Authors: Ewen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Charlesworth, H. and Chinkin, C., The Boundaries of International Law. A Feminist Analysis
Authors:   Kouvo
Published: November 2003

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Peter Nygh, Autonomy in International Contracts
Authors:   Bogdan
Published: November 2003

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Birgit Lindsnaes, Lone Lindholt and Kristine Yigen, National Human Rights Institutions: Articles and Working Papers
Authors:   Carver
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Committee against Torture, Communication No. 149/1999: A.S. v. Sweden
Authors:   Nilsson
Published: November 2003

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Elements of Nordic Practice 2000: Sweden
Authors:   Magnuson
Published: November 2003

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Brad R. Roth, Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law
Authors:   Hannikainen
Published: November 2003

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Collaboration, Cosmopolitanism and Complicity
Authors:   Pahuja,   Buchanan
Published: November 2003

In this article, the authors use their experience of a collaboration as a vehicle for thinking critically about the uneasy relationship between the practices and products of internationally oriented legal scholars situated in the North. They use tools drawn from feminist theory to tease out in particular, some of the perils in the turn to cosmopolitanism as a response to globalization, and explore the way in which this mirrors a cosmopolitan urge both embedded in international legal discourse and at play in the self-constitution of the international lawyer (including themselves). They then draw on feminist and other critical theories to ask whether a conceptual reconfiguration of a `critical cosmopolitanism' can offer a useful alternative to the old view. They remain wary about whether any reconfigurations with a `global' scale can overcome the problems which inhere in purportedly transformative western scholarship generally, and so conclude somewhat circumspectly, emphasizing the need to frame their approach reflexively and to focus on changes they could make to their everyday practices of teaching and research to reduce the risk of complicity with the unacknowledged parochialism of cosmopolitanism.
The International Fact-Finding Commission According to Art. 90 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and its Potential Enquiry Competence in the Yugoslav Conflict
Authors: Reinisch
Published: November 2003

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Book Review
Authors: Conlon
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Hague Convention on Child Abduction of 1980 and Its Implementation in Finland
Authors: Savolainen
Published: November 2003

Finland ratified the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in 1994. The Convention was implemented by making use of the so-called transformation techniques, i.e. by drafting and adopting Finnish internal law provisions deemed to be necessary for the proper implementation of the international obligations under the Hague Convention. The overall aim of the implementation provisions has been to make the practical application of the Convention as effective and speedy as possible and for this purpose to go even further than necessarily required. The most important features of these national arrangements are the following: – The Hague Convention rules on the return of an abducted child have been made retroactive. – Only one court, the Court of Appeal of Helsinki, is competent to receive applications and make orders for the return of children. Besides, an order for the return is always immediately enforceable, unless the Supreme Court, upon appeal, orders the stay of enforcement. – The `fundamental principles' exception in Article 20 of the Convention cannot be invoked against the application in Finnish return proceedings. According to Article 20 the return of the child can be refused where the return would not be permitted by the fundamental principles relating to the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of the requested State. The first cases indicate that the retroactive application of the Convention provided by the Finnish Act has been less successful. The courts have shown obvious reluctance towards the ordering of the return in these cases whereas in the `new' cases the Court of Appeal as well as the Supreme Court have generally followed the spirit of the Convention in a loyal manner.
Yuwen Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining, The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Beyond.
Authors: Mahmoudi
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Tatsuro Kunugi, Makoto Iokibe, Takahiro Shinyo and Kohei Hashimoto, Towards a More Effective UN: Research Project on a More Effective United Nations and Japan's Options (Statement and Supplementary Explanations)
Authors: Conlon
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Sexual Rights as Human Rights – Protected under Existing Human Rights Treaties?
Authors: Scheinin
Published: November 2003

Existing case law under human rights treaties, in particular Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, includes several findings and interpretations related to sexual rights. The sexual identity and orientation of a person, as well as his or her sexual autonomy and integrity have found protection under the right to respect for one's private and family life. Among other important treaty provisions giving protection to sexual rights in the framework of international human rights law are the prohibition of torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment, the prohibition of discrimination, the right to a fair trial and the right to marry and to found a family. Under humanitarian law rape, one of the main forms of violations of sexual integrity and autonomy, is defined as a crime against humanity, with the consequence of individual criminal responsibility arising. Rape committed by a public official during detention has been defined as form of torture by the European Court of Human Rights. Positive state obligations exist under the right to respect for an individual's private life to sanction rape or other breaches of sexual autonomy and integrity when committed by other private individuals. Sexual identity and its manifestations, again, enjoy protection under the right to private and family life, as has been shown by international case law related to homosexuality and transsexualism. Here, the autonomous and independent non-discrimination clause in Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a basis for further guarantees.
Defining and Delineating the Right to Reproductive Choice
Authors: Packer
Published: November 2003

While the notion of a prescribed set of `reproductive rights' has been advanced in various contexts, particularly in the agendas for action adopted at the United Nations conferences held in Cairo (1994) and Beijing (1995), these rights as a group remain controversial. This can be partly explained by their poor definition and often tenuous legal grounding, opening the door to easy criticism. Clarification of the essential content and scope of protection offered under existing international human rights law would be helpful. In this article, the definition of reproductive rights in the Beijing Platform for Action is critically scrutinized, leading to the conclusion that only four of the so-called `reproductive rights' are provided in existing international human rights instruments. These four may be seen as forming a bundle of inseparable rights which the author refers to as the composite right to reproductive choice. The special conflict which can arise between two members of a couple who, while bearing equal rights to reproductive choice, may hold differing views and have opposing desires regarding reproduction is also examined, specifically in relation to the role of the State in resolving the potential for the violation of one individual's right to reproductive choice by another individual.