bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple Circuit for the Measurement of the Intermittency Factor in a Turbulent Flow
Authors: Bradbury L. J. S.
Published: July 2016

A simple circuit is described which gives a direct meter reading of the intermittency factor in a turbulent flow. The operation and setting-up procedure of the instrument is discussed.
Vibration of Stiffened Plates
Authors: Wah Thein
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a general procedure for calculating the natural frequencies of rectangular plates continuous over identical and equally spaced elastic beams which are simply-supported at their ends. Arbitrary boundary conditions are permissible on the other two edges of the plate. The results are compared with those obtained by using the orthotropic plate approximation for the system
Laminar Flow in a Uniformly Porous Channel
Authors: Terrill R. M.
Published: July 2016

The flow in a two-dimensional channel with porous walls through which fluid is uniformly injected or extracted is considered. Following Berman, a solution is obtained giving a fourth-order non-linear differential equation which depends on a suction Reynolds number R. Numerical solutions of this equation have been obtained. Series solutions of this equation for small and large Reynolds number are given and are shown to give good agreement with the numerical solutions.
The Organizational Roots of Political Activism: Field Experiments on Creating a Relational Context
Authors: HAN HAHRIE
Published: July 2016

This article examines the role that democratic organizations play in fostering political activism in America. Activists make democracy work by attending meetings, engaging others, trying to make their voice heard, and participating in myriad other ways. Yet, we still need a deeper understanding of what role organizations play in cultivating that activism. The article presents data from three field experiments showing that creating a relational organizational context makes targets more likely to sign petitions, recruit others, and attend meetings. The article argues that civic organizations can have a powerful impact on activism. In doing so, it introduces a new set of variables related to organizational context to consider in understanding the sources of participation. The article thus extends a burgeoning body of experimental research on the social bases of voter turnout by examining not only voting but other forms of activism that are increasingly common modes of citizen involvement in the twenty-first century.
THEMERCURIOGUNFLINTS: A TECHNO-TYPOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: Biagi Paolo , Starnini Elisabetta , Beltrame Carlo
Published: July 2016

The discovery of the wreck of the brig Mercurio, which sank in 1812 in the waters of the north Adriatic, is of major significance for the study of Italic Kingdom vessels from the Napoleonic era. The underwater excavations carried out in 2004–11 led to the recovery of many small finds, among which are several gunflints of different size and shape. The Mercurio gunflints were produced mainly from blades using a technique in use in Britain and France, but also in the workshops of the Lessini Hills around Ceredo (Verona province, northern Italy). We suggest that the flint employed for their manufacture probably came from Monte Baldo, in the Trentino, or perhaps from the River Tagliamento, in Friuli. We can exclude the possibility that the specimens recovered from the shipwreck were made from French flint because of the typically north Italian manufacturing technique and the character of the grey Treveti-derived flint. Given the complexity of the period during which the Grado (or Pirano) battle took place, the study of even such small items can contribute to a better interpretation of the dramatic events that characterised the beginning of the nineteenth century in that part of the Mediterranean.
The effect of communicating the genetic risk of cardiometabolic disorders on motivation and actual engagement in preventative lifestyle modification and clinical outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Li Sherly X. , Ye Zheng , Whelan Kevin , Truby Helen
Published: July 2016

Genetic risk prediction of chronic conditions including obesity, diabetes and CVD currently has limited predictive power but its potential to engage healthy behaviour change has been of immense research interest. We aimed to understand whether the latter is indeed true by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating whether genetic risk communication affects motivation and actual behaviour change towards preventative lifestyle modification. We included all randomised controlled trials (RCT) since 2003 investigating the impact of genetic risk communication on health behaviour to prevent cardiometabolic disease, without restrictions on age, duration of intervention or language. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses for perceived motivation for behaviour change and clinical changes (weight loss) and a narrative analysis for other outcomes. Within the thirteen studies reviewed, five were vignette studies (hypothetical RCT) and seven were clinical RCT. There was no consistent effect of genetic risk on actual motivation for weight loss, perceived motivation for dietary change (control v. genetic risk group standardised mean difference (smd) −0·15; 95 % CI −1·03, 0·73, P=0·74) or actual change in dietary behaviour. Similar results were observed for actual weight loss (control v. high genetic risk SMD 0·29 kg; 95 % CI −0·74, 1·31, P=0·58). This review found no clear or consistent evidence that genetic risk communication alone either raises motivation or translates into actual change in dietary intake or physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disorders in adults. Of thirteen studies, eight were at high or unclear risk of bias. Additional larger-scale, high-quality clinical RCT are warranted.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-FIVE BANGLADESHI CHILDREN AND TREND OVER THE TWELVE-YEAR PERIOD 1996–2007
Authors: Mohsena Masuda , Goto Rie , Mascie-Taylor C. G. Nicholas
Published: July 2016

The nutritional status of under-five-year-old children is a sensitive indicator of a country’s health status as well as economic condition. The objectives of this study were to analyse trends in the nutritional status in Bangladeshi children over the period 1996–2007 and to examine the associations between nutritional and socioeconomic status variables. Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys (BDHS) were the source of data, and a total of 16,278 children were examined. The Z-scores of the children were analysed as continuous as well as categorical variables (stunted, underweight and wasted). The socioeconomic status variables used were region, urban–rural residence, education and occupation of the parents, house type and household possession score. A series of General Linear Model and Sequential Linear and Binary Logistic Regression analyses were done to assess the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and nutritional status. The trends of Z-scores were analysed by survey, as well as by child birth cohort. Region, house type, educational level of parents and household possession score showed significant associations with all three Z-scores of children after removing the effects of age, period of DHS and other explanatory variables in the model. No significant sex difference was observed between any of the Z-scores. There were improvements in mean WAZ and HAZ between 1996 and 2007 but deterioration in mean WHZ over this period. The obesity rate was below 2% in 2007, although the absolute numbers of obese children had nearly doubled in this 12-year period. Children from poorer households showed greater improvement than their better-off counterparts. The study reveals that over the years there has been substantial improvement in nutritional status of under-five children in Bangladesh and the main gains have been amongst the lower socioeconomic groups; it is also evident that malnutrition in Bangladesh is a multidimensional problem, like poverty itself, and warrants a proper policy mix and programme intervention.
Are Ex Ante CEO Severance Pay Contracts Consistent with Efficient Contracting?
Authors: Cadman Brian D. , Campbell John L. , Klasa Sandy
Published: July 2016

Efficient contracting predicts that ex ante severance pay contracts are offered to chief executive officers (CEOs) as protection against downside risk and to encourage investment in risky projects with a positive net present value (NPV). Consistent with this prediction, we find that ex ante contracted severance pay is positively associated with proxies for a CEO’s risk of dismissal and costs the CEO would incur from dismissal. Additionally, we show that the contracted severance payment amount is positively associated with CEO risk taking and the extent to which a CEO invests in projects that have a positive NPV. Overall, our findings imply that ex ante severance pay contracts are consistent with efficient contracting.
Fataluku
Authors: Heston Tyler M. , Locke Stephanie
Published: July 2016

Fataluku ([fataluku], ISO 639-3: ddg) is a language spoken by approximately 37,000 people on the eastern end of Timor-Leste (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016). Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, is an independent nation that occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor in island Southeast Asia, which it shares politically with Indonesia in the west. Timor is located north of Australia, between the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Bali in the west and New Guinea in the east.
R. L. Goodstein and the Mathematical Association
Authors: Price Mike , Walmsley Mary
Published: July 2016

The Mathematical Association was established in 1871 as the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching (AIGT). Gradually through the nineteenth century, the AIGT broadened its range of mathematical concerns beyond those of an essentially anti-Euclid pressure group. Its forms of professional support developed to include meetings, presentation of papers and publications, and its own journal,The Mathematical Gazette, was launched in 1894 [1]. By this time the AIGT had also started to build a small collection of books and periodicals, which was initially boosted by the donation of mainly geometrical texts from its first President, T. A. Hirst (1830-1892). By 1897 the AIGTcouid comfortably change its name to the Mathematical Association (MA), advertised as ‘an association of teachers and students of elementary mathematics’ [2].
R. L. Goodstein and mathematical logic
Authors: Hoare Graham
Published: July 2016

Born in London, Reuben Louis Goodstein (1912-1985) completed his secondary education at St Paul's School and in 1931 proceeded to Magdalene College, Cambridge, with a Major Open Scholarship to read mathematics. He graduated in 1933 having taken firsts in Parts I and II of the Mathematical Tripos. From 1933 to 1935 his research on transfinite numbers was supervised by Professor J. E. Littlewood. He took a MSc and left Cambridge in 1935 to take up an appointment as lecturer in pure and applied mathematics at Reading University, a position he held until late 1947. While undertaking a strenuous teaching load at Reading his research interests were developing and for this work he received a PhD from the University of London in 1946, which was supervised by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Regular Polyhedral Clones
Authors: Shephard G. C.
Published: July 2016

For any polyhedron (3-polytope) P in ordinary three-dimensional space let S(P) denote its surface, that is, the union of its (closed) 2-faces. If P1 and P2 are given polyhedra, they are said to be clones of each other if there exists an isometry which maps S(P1) onto S(P2). In practical terms, this means that if one makes a paper model of one of the polyhedra, say P1 then, ignoring the ‘creases’ corresponding to the edges of P1, S(P1) can be changed into S(P2) without any stretching or cutting.
3D Generalisations of Viviani's theorem
Authors: Villiers Michael De
Published: July 2016

“The ambitious learner should carefully study a new fact; he should turn it over and over, consider it under various aspects, scrutinize it from all sides … Moreover, he should try to expand and enlarge any newly acquired knowledge by application, generalization, specialization, analogy, and in all other ways.” [1]

Vincenzo Viviani, a 17th century mathematician, proved that the sum of the (perpendicular) distances from a point within an equilateral triangle to its sides is constant as shown in Figure 1. The theorem, named after him, generalises to polygons that are equilateral or equi-angled, or to 2n-gons with opposite sides parallel. Viviani's theorem is easily proved by summing the areas of triangles APB, BPC and CPA, equating to the area of the triangle ABC, and then simplifying to obtain h1 + h2 + h3 = H, where H is the altitude of ABC.
On static equilibrium of a hemispheroid
Authors: De Subhranil
Published: July 2016

In the course of a coffee-table conversation with my friends regarding the nature of static equilibrium of different solid objects the situation involving a uniform hemisphere came up. Intuition (and perhaps experience) tells that a uniform hemisphere as shown in Figure 1 resting on a flat surface will be at stable equilibrium, and so will an oblate hemispheroid as shown in Figure 2. Things get complicated when we move to a prolate hemispheroid like the one shown in Figure 3, for the nature of its equilibrium is less obvious. The intuition does come to mind though that if the prolate hemispheroid is made indefinitely taller, keeping its equatorial radius fixed, then the equilibrium should eventually become unstable. Intrigued, we decided to probe into the matter quantitatively.
Codes, not ciphers
Authors: Baylis John
Published: July 2016

This article is written as a companion piece to the recent account of cryptography in [1]. The aim will be similar—to explain the meaning and principles of coding, give some implementations that are feasible at school and early undergraduate level, and give a flavour of the types of mathematics involved.

2. Cryptography and coding—What's the difference?

Cryptography concerns the transmission of secret or sensitive information in such a way that if intercepted en route by an ‘enemy’, that enemy will be incapable of understanding it and therefore be prevented from using it for any political, financial, military or other advantage.
Forming groups with 4 × 4 matrices
Authors: Harris J. R.
Published: July 2016

The three Pauli matrices are normally given [1] as the 2 × 2 matrices:

where ‘i’ is the usual complex number imaginary unit.

These matrices obey the relations a2 = I = b2 = c2(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix), as well as the anticommutation relations:

Within the quantities ia,ib and ic,i is a scalar multiplier of the 2 × 2 Pauli matrices and, of course, commutes with each of a, b, c.
Slide rules, nomograms and additive functions
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: July 2016

Older readers will remember using a slide rule to carry out multiplication and division in the days before calculators. There was also a graphical tool called a nomogram, which was used for evaluating certain functions. Although such devices have little practical use nowadays, I was interested in investigating which classes of functions with two independent variables could be calculated using this type of device.

Figure 1 shows how a slide rule was used to multiply 3 by 4 (or equivalently to divide 12 by 4). To do this, you align the 1 on the upper scale with the 3 on the lower scale and then read off the value below the 4 on the upper scale to get 12 (or, for division, you line up the 4 above the 12 and read off the answer 3 on the lower scale).
Pell Walks
Authors: Koshy Thomas
Published: July 2016

Like Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers are a fertile ground for creativity and exploration. They also have interesting applications to combinatorics [1], especially to the study of lattice paths [2, 3], as we will see shortly.

Pell numbers Pn and Pell-Lucas numbers Qn are often defined recursively [4, 5]:

where n ≥ 3. They can also be defined by Binet-like formulas:
A direct derivation of the Catalan formula
Authors: Leversha Gerry
Published: July 2016

Many readers will be familiar with the sequence of Catalan numbers {Cn: n ≥ 0} and the formula

with its alternative form

These can be proved by using recurrence relations, generating functions or André's reflection principle. A good reference for all of these methods is Martin Griffiths' book [1].

However, none of these approaches strikes me as being naturally combinatorial. A formula such as (1) is often derived by making a list of all the ways of doing something, and then subdividing this list into classes of equal size, so that either one class consists entirely of ‘valid’ cases or there is exactly one ‘valid’ case in each list.
On proving certain optimisation theorems in plane geometry
Authors: Grattan-Guinness I.
Published: July 2016

A pleasurable aspect of mathematics and its teaching is to review the diversity of ways in which theorems are proved. Especially in elementary branches, there are various kinds of proof: using (or avoiding) spatial geometry, analytic or coordinate geometry, common algebra, vectors, abstract algebras, matrices, determinants, the differential and integral calculus, and maybe mixtures thereof. Further, sometimes a proof of one kind is elegant while another is clumsy, or one proof of a theorem suggests why it follows while another proof is not perspicuous. There is also the question of whether a proof is direct or indirect (for example, proofby contradiction).
Frieze groups, cylinders, and quotient groups
Authors: Beardon A. F.
Published: July 2016

This paper is about the classification of frieze groups. A frieze is a decorative strip of paper (or wood, stone,…) on which a pattern is produced by the periodic repetition of a picture along the strip. A symmetry of a frieze is an isometry of the plane that leaves the pattern unchanged, and a frieze group is the group of symmetries of some frieze. A popular exercise is to start with a given frieze and then try to identify its frieze group. However, in order to do this we need to know that there are only seven possible frieze groups, and what these groups are. Seven friezes, with different frieze groups, are illustrated below, in such a way that each pattern is invariant under the same translation, namely x → x + 1. Our task is to show that (up to a change in the motif, and a simple change of coordinates in the plane) these are the only frieze patterns.
Mathematics, a third way
Authors: Ormell Christopher
Published: July 2016

As I write (Spring 2012) I am aware that I have been a member of the Mathematical Association for fifty years. I joined during the annual conference in 1962 when Dr Combridge was the main figure in the society. The highlight was a session at the conference (at King's College, London) by Geoffrey Matthews showing how matrices might be introduced into the school curriculum. Some treated this as hilarious, others as a signpost to the future. My friend Frank Budden and I regarded it as a premature ploy, which, we thought, might not tum out to be such a good idea. We subsequently wrote a successful book Mathematics through Geometry (1964) arguing in detail why the modem mathematics revolution—which was then gathering pace—might end in tears. We identified spatial imagination as the heartland of mathematics, and contrasted it with a denial of spatial imagination in the abstract calculi which were all the vogue at the time.
Integrating expressions of the form and others
Authors: Trainin J.
Published: July 2016

In an earlier communication to the Gazette [1], the authors in effect showed, in a somewhat complicated manner, how to evaluate the integral One can show in a simpler manner, however, how to evaluate, for integers n and m, a more general integral of the form where n ≥ m, provided that if m = 1, then n is odd.

In addition, the final section to this article shows how to extend the procedure to include integrals for which m does not even have to be an integer, and also how to integrate where such an integral converges.
Rugby conversions: a 3-dimensional model
Authors: Crilly Tony , Pryor Alan
Published: July 2016

From which position on a rugby pitch should a player choose to kick in order to convert a try? The problem is to find the optimal distance from the try-line conforming to a geometrical constraint: Law 13 of the Rugby Union code stipulates, ‘after a try has been scored, the scoring team has the right to take a place kick or drop kick at goal, on a line through the place where the try was scored’.

The mathematical problem is not new and has been treated in the Gazette on several occasions [1, 2, 3], and in each case the modelling has been in two dimensions, taking a planar view of the pitch. Figure 1 represents this ‘planar model’.
(The Bride's Chair)2
Authors: Lord Nick , Rigby John , Quadling Douglas
Published: July 2016

This story begins in Nick Lord's workshop session at the Joined Up Mathematics conference at Keele in April 2008. He had decided to talk about Figure 1 and the results concerning it featured in [1]. He was also having an interesting e-mail exchange with Douglas Rogers, who pointed out that iterating such constructions twice produced a triangle homothetic to the original. The exchange focused on the analogous iterated Vecten configuration which John Mason recently discussed in [2]; but Nick could not see a similarly quick argument for the results in [1], which he thus set as a ‘homework problem’ for the workshop participants.
Sums of powers of integers – how Fermat may have found them
Authors: Burn Bob
Published: July 2016

On 22 September 1636, Fermat wrote to Roberval, [I, FO.II.XIII, p.71], saying that he had found the quadrature of an infinite number of curves. He named in particular the ‘solid parabola’, y = x3, and said that his method was different from Archimedes‘ quadrature of the parabola. He invited Roberval to share his thoughts on this and other matters.

On 11th October 1636, Roberval replied to Fermat [1. FO.II.XIV, p.75], indicating his method for determining the quadrature of the ‘solid parabola’ and extending it to the quadrature of y = x4 and y = x5.
Reference gene selection and RNA preservation protocol in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, for gene expression studies
Authors: MCINTOSH CATRIONA H. , BAIRD JOHN , ZINSER ERICH , WOODS DEBRA J. , CAMPBELL EWAN M. , BOWMAN ALAN S.
Published: July 2016

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is a major pest species on companion animals thus of significant importance to the animal health industry. The aim of this study was to develop sampling and storage protocols and identify stable reference genes for gene expression studies to fully utilize the growing body of molecular knowledge of C. felis. RNA integrity was assessed in adult and larvae samples, which were either pierced or not pierced and stored in RNAlater at ambient temperature. RNA quality was maintained best in pierced samples, with negligible degradation evident after 10 days. RNA quality from non-pierced samples was poor within 3 days. Ten candidate reference genes were evaluated for their stability across four group comparisons (developmental stages, genders, feeding statuses and insecticide-treatment statuses). Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 60S ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19) and elongation factor-1α (Ef) were ranked highly in all stability comparisons, thus are recommended as reference genes under similar conditions. Employing just two of these three stable reference genes was sufficient for accurate normalization. Our results make a significant contribution to the future of gene expression studies in C. felis, describing validated sample preparation procedures and reference genes for use in this common pest.
Ian Whitaker (1928–2016)
Authors: Small Dan
Published: July 2016

Ian Whitaker (1928–2016). Dr. Ian (Rice) Whitaker (Fig. 1) died on 19 May 2016 at his home in White Rock, British Columbia, Canada. He was a Professor Emeritus from Simon Fraser University and a key anthropological authority on circumpolar peoples. His wife Martha, daughter Kythe, son Ronan and grandchildren Dana, Brittany and Devon survive him. He was born in Nottingham, United Kingdom on 4 July 1928 to Thomas Rice and Gertrude Whitaker (33rd Baroness de la Ville de Beuge) (Lumley 2007). After his initial education at the University of St. Andrews, he went on to earn a B.A. and M.A. at the University of Cambridge and a Dr. Phil. at the University of Oslo.
Machine learning, statistical learning and the future of biological research in psychiatry
Authors: Iniesta R. , Stahl D. , McGuffin P.
Published: July 2016

Psychiatric research has entered the age of ‘Big Data’. Datasets now routinely involve thousands of heterogeneous variables, including clinical, neuroimaging, genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and other ‘omic’ measures. The analysis of these datasets is challenging, especially when the number of measurements exceeds the number of individuals, and may be further complicated by missing data for some subjects and variables that are highly correlated. Statistical learning-based models are a natural extension of classical statistical approaches but provide more effective methods to analyse very large datasets. In addition, the predictive capability of such models promises to be useful in developing decision support systems. That is, methods that can be introduced to clinical settings and guide, for example, diagnosis classification or personalized treatment. In this review, we aim to outline the potential benefits of statistical learning methods in clinical research. We first introduce the concept of Big Data in different environments. We then describe how modern statistical learning models can be used in practice on Big Datasets to extract relevant information. Finally, we discuss the strengths of using statistical learning in psychiatric studies, from both research and practical clinical points of view.
Enjoying the third age! Discourse, identity and liminality in extra-care communities
Authors: WEST KAREN , SHAW RACHEL , HAGGER BARBARA , HOLLAND CAROL
Published: July 2016

Extra-care housing has been an important and growing element of housing and care for older people in the United Kingdom since the 1990s. Previous studies have examined specific features and programmes within extra-care locations, but few have studied how residents negotiate social life and identity. Those that have, have noted that while extra care brings many health-related and social benefits, extra-care communities can also be difficult affective terrain. Given that many residents are now ‘ageing in place’ in extra care, it is timely to revisit these questions of identity and affect. Here we draw on the qualitative element of a three-year, mixed-method study of 14 extra-care villages and schemes run by the ExtraCare Charitable Trust. We follow Alemàn in regarding residents' ambivalent accounts of life in ExtraCare as important windows on the way in which liminal residents negotiate the dialectics of dependence and independence. However, we suggest that the dialectic of interest here is that of the third and fourth age, as described by Gilleard and Higgs. We set that dialectic within a post-structuralist/Lacanian framework in order to examine the different modes ofenjoymentthat liminal residents procure in ExtraCare's third age public spaces and ideals, and suggest that their complaints can be read in three ways: as statements about altered material conditions; as inter-subjective bolstering of group identity; and as fantasmatic support for liminal identities. Finally, we examine the implications that this latter psycho-social reading of residents' complaints has for enhancing and supporting residents' wellbeing.
Reduced damage and epiphyll cover of leaves ofKorthalsiarattans that hostCamponotusants in the rain forest of Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Miler Krzysztof , Yahya Bakhtiar Effendi , Czarnoleski Marcin
Published: July 2016

Many species of palm produce chambers called domatia that are used by ants as nesting spaces. However, the ecological nature of this association is not well understood, and the information on palm–ant interactions is primarily anecdotal. Here, we conducted a field study in the secondary forest of the Danum Valley Conservation Area, Malaysian Borneo, on 41 individuals of the rattanKorthalsia furtadoana. All studied plants showed signs of a past or present partnership with domatia-nesting ants, as indicated by entry holes in domatia. In 14 plants, our physical disturbance of a stem provoked the appearance of patrolling ants ofCamponotussp. We compared the leaf conditions of rattans with and without patrolling ants, testing whether the presence of ants is linked to improved leaf health. The leaflets of plants with patrolling ants were significantly less physically damaged and less covered by epiphylls. On average, 19% of the leaflets of plants with patrolling ants were damaged (52% in plants without patrolling ants), and the epiphyll cover of their leaflets was 0.2 on our scale of 0–4 (1.3 in plants without patrolling ants). Our results suggest that this poorly studied plant–ant association has a mutualistic character. It seems that the ants take advantage of the nesting space created by the plant partner, while the plants gain protection for their photosynthetic apparatus against herbivores and epiphylls.
Effects of forest and cave proximity on fruit set of tree crops in tropical orchards in Southern Thailand
Authors: Sritongchuay Tuanjit , Kremen Claire , Bumrungsri Sara
Published: July 2016

Deforestation and forest fragmentation are contributing to declines in crop pollinator populations worldwide. Several studies have examined the impact of forest proximity on plant pollination ecology, but concentrated on single crop species. However, it can be more informative to investigate multiple crop and pollinator species in a community, because different pollinator groups may respond differently to forest distance. We evaluated flower visitor diversity, visitation frequency, and fruit set for three crop species (rambutan, durian and mango) in 10 pairs of mixed fruit orchards. Each pair consisted of one orchard near to (< 1 km) and one orchard far from (> 7 km) the forest edge. Rambutan fruit set was significantly influenced by distance to forest. The main visitors of rambutan flowers were stingless bees. In contrast, the dominant visitors to durian and mango flowers were nectarivorous bats and flies, respectively, and the fruit set of these crops were not significantly influenced by distance to forest. However, durian fruit set was negatively affected by distance to the nearest cave inhabited by nectarivorous bats. This study demonstrates that both caves and forests can be important pollinator sources for agricultural crops, and that the dispersal success of pollinators is related to isolation from source habitats. Maintaining forest patches and limestone karsts may provide stepping stones across fragmented landscapes, and attract greater numbers of pollinators to agricultural areas.
Characterizations of bounded mean oscillation through commutators of bilinear singular integral operators
Authors: Chaffee Lucas
Published: July 2016

We characterize bounded mean oscillation in terms of the boundedness of commutators of various bilinear singular integral operators with pointwise multiplication. In particular, we study commutators of a wide class of bilinear operators of convolution type, including bilinear Calderón–Zygmund operators and the bilinear fractional integral operators.
Exploratory social network analysis and gene sequencing in people who inject drugs infected with hepatitis C virus
Authors: WANG Y. , TAN X. D. , ZHOU C. , ZHOU W. , PENG J. S. , REN Y. S. , NI Z. L. , LIU B. , YANG F. , GAO X. D.
Published: July 2016

Social networks facilitate the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who inject drugs (PWID). The aim of this study was to assess how certain network structural characteristics are related to HCV infections in PWID and to determine the most susceptible individuals for HCV transmission in a network of PWID. PWID (N= 80) from central China were recruited from a previous follow-up case-control study. Demographic and behavioural information was obtained from a computerized database for each group. HCV RNA was extracted from blood specimens. Sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree and to determine genetic distances. Socio-metric social links were established between participants. Network measures were calculated using UCINET. Three HCV genotypes were identified, covering five subtypes. The density of the social networks for the whole sample (N= 80), case group (n= 31) and control group (n= 49) was 0.038, 0.054 and 0.008, respectively. PWID infected with HCV were in frequent contact with others within their group. There were four pairs of nodes with genotypic distances of 0.000 that were identified and clustered in subtypes 6a and 1b; each subject pair was linked and found in one clique. Three of the five most active nodes were infected with HCV. These three nodes served as a bridge, contributing to the connection of other nodes. These findings identify susceptible individuals for HCV transmission in PWID based on their frequent contact with others in the network. These results provide data that could be used for modelling HCV transmission patterns and in public health policies.
Current evidence on the association of the metabolic syndrome and dietary patterns in a global perspective
Authors: Hosseini Zeinab , Whiting Susan J. , Vatanparast Hassan
Published: July 2016

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a key indicator of two main causes of death worldwide: CVD and diabetes. The present paper aimed to perform a review of the population-based research on the association of dietary patterns and the MetS in terms of methodology and findings. For the purpose of the present study, a scoping literature review was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and hand searching in Google Scholar. Thirty-nine population-based studies were selected. Most of these studies used the factor analysis method and thea prioridietary approach, which had been initially extracted viaa posteriorimethods such as using the Mediterranean dietary pattern. The main finding was that following the Mediterranean or similar ‘healthy’ pattern reduced risk of the MetS, while following a ‘Western’ pattern increased risk of the MetS. The methodological approach in determining the dietary pattern of a population, whethera prioriora posteriori, should be chosen based on the purpose of the research. Overall, evidence suggests a diet based on the components of the Mediterranean diet and the avoidance of the ‘Western’ diet can aid in preventing the MetS.
Conflicting visions of renewal in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, 1950–1968
Authors: GRANTMYRE LAURA
Published: July 2016

Visual representations of the Lower Hill District created by Pittsburgh's redevelopment coalition and by neighbourhood insiders reveal the conflicting ways redevelopers and residents understood older neighbourhoods and their redevelopment. Redevelopers’ maps and photographs of the Lower Hill documented the neighbourhood's densely built-up blocks and intermixture of land uses as definitive examples of blight that threatened downtown's economic health. Models and architectural sketches of the Civic Arena – the jewel of the Lower Hill's redevelopment plan – promised to wipe away blight and renew the city. Redevelopers distributed their imagery through brochures and the city's daily press. Framed by captions labelling the Lower Hill a ‘blight’ and the Civic Arena a ‘wonder of the modern world’, these images helped sell the public on redevelopment. Lower Hill insiders, most notably the city's African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier, and the Courier’s lead photographer, Charles ‘Teenie’ Harris, envisioned the Lower Hill and its redevelopment differently. Harris and the Courier criticized the neighbourhood's dilapidated housing but celebrated its thriving social life. They also supported redevelopment but saw it primarily as a route to new jobs and improved housing for Hill residents. After the Civic Arena opened in 1961, redevelopment failed to deliver more jobs or better housing because redevelopers’ worldview prioritized the built over the social environment. Hill District residents, led by the Courier, reacted to these shortcomings with visual protests pairing redevelopers’ favourite symbol of progress – the brand new Civic Arena – with symbols of racial injustice. By spotlighting the inequalities that undergirded redevelopers’ vision for the city, these protests stopped redevelopment from spreading further into the Hill in 1968.
Do not hear, see, or speak: views of older residents and their adult children about the nursing unit in the continuing care retirement community
Authors: Ayalon Liat
Published: July 2016

Background:

The present study evaluated views of continuing care retirement community (CCRC) residents and their adult children concerning the nursing unit (NU) within the CCRC.

Methods:

Qualitative interviews with older adults and their adult children were conducted. Analysis consisted of 187 interviews with older adults and their adult children over a period of up to six years. Analysis relied on constant comparisons within the same interview, over interviews of the same person over time, and between CCRC residents and their adult children. Major themes were identified to construct a coherent storyline.

Results:

The NU was viewed as a different universe that should be avoided at all costs. This was attributed to: (1) the association of the NU with one's impending decline and dependence and (2) beliefs about substandard care in the NU.

Conclusions:

The findings point to the ambivalence expressed by CCRC residents and their adult children concerning the NU, even though to some degree, the NU represents the main reason for the transition to a CCRC.
PTSD treatment in light of DSM-5 and the “golden hours” concept
Authors: Carmi Lior , Fostick Leah , Burshtein Shimon , Cwikel-Hamzany Shlomit , Zohar Joseph
Published: July 2016

One of the main changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was the separation of Stress Related Disorders from the Anxiety chapter. This separation paves the way to examine the unique characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (ie, identifiable onset, memory processes, etc) and related neural mechanisms. The time that elapses between the traumatic event and the manifestation of the disorder may also be addressed as the “golden hours,” or the window of opportunity in which critical processes take place and relevant interventions may be administrated.
Frontal and Temporal Structural Connectivity Is Associated with Social Communication Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Rigon Arianna , Voss Michelle W. , Turkstra Lyn S. , Mutlu Bilge , Duff Melissa C.
Published: July 2016

Objectives:Although it has been well documented that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in communication impairment, little work to date has examined the relationship between social communication skills and structural brain integrity in patients with TBI. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between self- and other-perceived communication problems and white matter integrity in patients with mild to severe TBI.Methods:Forty-four individuals (TBI=24) and people with whom they frequently communicate, as well as demographically matched normal healthy comparisons (NC) and their frequent communication partners, were administered, respectively, the La-Trobe Communication Questionnaire Self form (LCQ-SELF) and Other form (LCQ-OTHER). In addition, diffusion tensor imaging data were collected, and fractional anisotropy (FA) measures were extracted for each lobe in both hemispheres.Results:Within the TBI group, but not within the NC group, participants who were perceived by their close others as having more communication problems had lower FA in the left frontal and temporal lobes (p<.01), but not in other brain regions.Conclusions:Frontotemporal white matter microstructural integrity is associated with social communication abilities in adults with TBI. This finding contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms leading to communication impairment following TBI and can inform the development of new neuromodulation therapies as well as diagnostic tools. (JINS, 2016,22, 705–716)
Energy intake, energy required and mortality in an older population
Authors: Lee Paul H , Chan Choi-Wan
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The present study evaluated the association between energy intake, energy required and mortality in older adults.

Design

A cohort study with a mean of 10·67 (sd 4·74) years of follow-up. Participants completed a 24 h dietary recall. Energy required per day was computed by BMR. Deaths through 2006 were identified from the National Death Index. A Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of quantiles of energy intake and energy required on all-cause and CVD mortality, adjusting for demographics, socio-economic status and co-morbidity.

Setting

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 1988–1994.

Subjects

A total of 4846 participants aged 60 years or above were analysed.

Results

Within the follow-up period, there were a total of 2954 deaths (61·0 %), 51·9 % were caused by CVD. Relative to those in quartile 1 of energy intake, only quartile 4 was associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality with HR of 0·86 (95 % CI 0·77, 0·96, P=0·006) and 0·76 (95 % CI 0·65, 0·89, P=0·001), respectively. On the other hand, relative to those in quartile 1 of energy required, all quartiles of participants had a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. The interaction effects between energy intake and energy required with all-cause and CVD mortality were insignificant (P=0·70 and 0·61, respectively).

Conclusions

Independent of energy required, higher energy intake was associated with lower HR of both all-cause and CVD mortality in older adults.
Food insecurity and diabetes self-management among food pantry clients
Authors: Ippolito Matthew M , Lyles Courtney R , Prendergast Kimberly , Marshall Michelle Berger , Waxman Elaine , Seligman Hilary Kessler
Published: July 2016

Objective

To examine the association between level of food security and diabetes self-management among food pantry clients, which is largely not possible using clinic-based sampling methods.

Design

Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting

Community-based food pantries in California, Ohio and Texas, USA, from March 2012 through March 2014.

Subjects

Convenience sample of adults with diabetes queuing at pantries (n1237; 83 % response). Sampled adults were stratified as food secure, low food secure or very low food secure. We used point-of-care glycated Hb (HbA1c) testing to determine glycaemic control and captured diabetes self-management using validated survey items.

Results

The sample was 70 % female, 55 % Latino/Hispanic, 25 % white and 10 % black/African American, with a mean age of 56 years. Eighty-four per cent were food insecure, one-half of whom had very low food security. Mean HbA1cwas 8·1 % and did not vary significantly by food security status. In adjusted models, very-low-food-secure participants, compared with both low-food-secure and food-secure participants, had poorer diabetes self-efficacy, greater diabetes distress, greater medication non-adherence, higher prevalence of severe hypoglycaemic episodes, higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, more medication affordability challenges, and more food and medicine or health supply trade-offs.

Conclusions

Few studies of the health impact of food security have been able to examine very low food security. In a food pantry sample with high rates of food insecurity, we found that diabetes self-management becomes increasingly difficult as food security worsens. The efficacy of interventions to improve diabetes self-management may increase if food security is simultaneously addressed.
MOMA: the challenge to search for organics and biosignatures on Mars
Authors: Goetz W. , Brinckerhoff W. B. , Arevalo R. , Freissinet C. , Getty S. , Glavin D. P. , Siljeström S. , Buch A. , Stalport F. , Grubisic A. , Li X. , Pinnick V. , Danell R. , van Amerom F. H. W. , Goesmann F. , Steininger H. , Grand N. , Raulin F. , Szopa C. , Meierhenrich U. , Brucato J. R. ,   the MOMA Science Team
Published: July 2016

This paper describes strategies to search for, detect, and identify organic material on the surface and subsurface of Mars. The strategies described include those applied by landed missions in the past and those that will be applied in the future. The value and role of ESA's ExoMars rover and of her key science instrument Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) are critically assessed.
The nutritional quality of foods carrying health-related claims in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia and the United Kingdom
Authors: Kaur A , Scarborough P , Hieke S , Kusar A , Pravst I , Raats M , Rayner M
Published: July 2016

Backgroung/Objectives:

Compares the nutritional quality of pre-packaged foods carrying health-related claims with foods that do not carry health-related claims.

Subject/Methods:

Cross-sectional survey of pre-packaged foods available in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia and the United Kingdom in 2013. A total of 2034 foods were randomly sampled from three food store types (a supermarket, a neighbourhood store and a discounter). Nutritional information was taken from nutrient declarations present on food labels and assessed through a comparison of mean levels, regression analyses and the application of a nutrient profile model currently used to regulate health claims in Australia and New Zealand (Food Standards Australia New Zealand’s Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion, FSANZ NPSC).

Results:

Foods carrying health claims had, on average, lower levels, per 100 g, of the following nutrients, energy—29.3 kcal (P<0.05), protein—1.2 g (P<0.01), total sugars—3.1 g (P<0.05), saturated fat—2.4 g (P<0.001), and sodium—842 mg (P<0.001), and higher levels of fibre—0.8 g (P<0.001). A similar pattern was observed for foods carrying nutrition claims. Forty-three percent (confidence interval (CI) 41%, 45%) of foods passed the FSANZ NPSC, with foods carrying health claims more likely to pass (70%, CI 64%, 76%) than foods carrying nutrition claims (61%, CI 57%, 66%) or foods that did not carry either type of claim (36%, CI 34%, 38%).

Conclusions:

Foods carrying health-related claims have marginally better nutrition profiles than those that do not carry claims; these differences would be increased if the FSANZ NPSC was used to regulate health-related claims. It is unclear whether these relatively small differences have significant impacts on health.
Cryo-EM structure of aerolysin variants reveals a novel protein fold and the pore-formation process
Authors: Iacovache Ioan , De Carlo Sacha , Cirauqui Nuria , Dal Peraro Matteo , van der Goot F. Gisou , Zuber Benoît
Published: July 2016

Owing to their pathogenical role and unique ability to exist both as soluble proteins and transmembrane complexes, pore-forming toxins (PFTs) have been a focus of microbiologists and structural biologists for decades. PFTs are generally secreted as water-soluble monomers and subsequently bind the membrane of target cells. Then, they assemble into circular oligomers, which undergo conformational changes that allow membrane insertion leading to pore formation and potentially cell death. Aerolysin, produced by the human pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, is the founding member of a major PFT family found throughout all kingdoms of life. We report cryo-electron microscopy structures of three conformational intermediates and of the final aerolysin pore, jointly providing insight into the conformational changes that allow pore formation. Moreover, the structures reveal a protein fold consisting of two concentric β-barrels, tightly kept together by hydrophobic interactions. This fold suggests a basis for the prion-like ultrastability of aerolysin pore and its stoichiometry.