bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Last Threshold
Authors: Dambricourt Malassé Anne
Published: April 2021

Anne Dambricourt Malassé argues for a morphological definition of Homo sapiens that allows us to see humans evolving through the straightening of the base of the skull, a result of the growing complexity of the nervous system, which led to a succession of threshold effects.
Decoding the Earliest Symbols
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: April 2021

What are the enigmatic abstract symbols found alongside pictorial representations of animals in many Ice Age caves? Ian Tattersall reviews Genevieve von Petzinger’s The First Signs: Unlocking the Mysteries of the World’s Oldest Symbols.
Not Only Us
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: April 2021

In his review of Robert Berwick and Noam Chomsky’s Why Only Us, biolinguist Cedric Boeckx argues for a fresh approach to the question at the heart of the book: “Are humans the only ones who possess language?”
Fiat recursio!
Authors: Lobina David , Brenchley Mark
Published: April 2021

David Lobina and Mark Brenchley review Tom Wolfe’s The Kingdom of Speech, arguing that most accounts of Chomsky’s concept of recursion are erroneous. By clarifying just what Chomsky meant by the term, they show that Everett’s (and Wolfe’s) critique of Chomsky becomes irrelevant.
Black as Death
Authors: Green Monica
Published: April 2021

A new account argues for the importance of climate and disease as forces shaping medieval Europe. Monica Green offers a detailed critique and reviews new research into the origins of the Black Death.
The Grand Illusion
Authors: Tye Michael
Published: April 2021

Daniel Dennett has a knack for telling many scientists what they want to hear: nothing in philosophy might cause them to lose sleep. They are right not to lose sleep, but not for the reasons provided. Michael Tye reviews From Bacteria to Bach and Back.
Beyond Gödel’s Time
Authors: Riggs Peter
Published: April 2021

The Gödel space-time model displays an intrinsic rotation of matter, which is responsible for some fascinating characteristics. It is a theoretical model of a possible, though not the actual, universe.
Dialectics of Darkness
Authors: Asprem Egil
Published: April 2021

On the persistence of magic in modernity: Egil Asprem reviews The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences by Jason Josephson-Storm.
The Smart Set
Authors: Huber Ludwig
Published: April 2021

Ludwig Huber, a cognitive biologist and professor at the Messerli Research Institute in Vienna, reviews Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal.
On Autopoiesis
Authors: Scarfe Adam
Published: April 2021

Autopoiesis points to the basic hows underlying the homeostatic far-from-equilibrium states internal to the physiological organism that allow it to persist as a whole in the face of entropy.
AS1411-functionalized delivery nanosystems for targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Safarzadeh Kozani Pooria , Safarzadeh Kozani Pouya , Malik Mohammad Tariq
Published: April 2021

Nucleolin (NCL) is a multifunctional nucleolar phosphoprotein harboring critical roles in cells such as cell proliferation, survival, and growth. The dysregulation and overexpression of NCL are related to various pathologic and oncological indications. These characteristics of NCL make it an ideal target for the treatment of various cancers. AS1411 is a synthetic quadruplex-forming nuclease-resistant DNA oligonucleotide aptamer which shows a considerably high affinity for NCL, therefore, being capable of inducing growth inhibition in a variety of tumor cells. The high affinity and specificity of AS1411 towards NCL make it a suitable targeting tool, which can be used for the functionalization of therapeutic payload-delivery nanosystems to selectively target tumor cells. This review explores the advances in NCL-targeting cancer therapy through AS1411-functionalized delivery nanosystems for the selective delivery of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents.
Síndrome de ligamento arcuato medio como diagnóstico diferencial de dolor abdominal. A propósito de dos casos.
Authors: Romero moreno S , De Vicente Ortega A , Arroyo Arguelles JM , Tercero Lozano M
Published: April 2021

El síndrome del ligamento arcuato medio es una patología infrecuente, que acontece tras la compresión extrínseca del tronco celiaco por parte de dicho ligamento. Generalmente se caracteriza por un cuadro de dolor abdominal recurrente, con acentuación postpandrial y en ocasiones asocia pérdida de peso, náuseas, vómitos y soplo en epigastrio, suponiendo en otros casos un hallazgo casual. La descompresión quirúrgica representa el tratamiento de elección, dejando el tratamiento endovascular para los casos persistentes o con estenosis residual. El tratamiento conservador se reserva para aquellos casos asintomáticos o leves. Presentamos dos casos leves, en los cuales se optó por un tratamiento expectante.
Sexually transmitted proctitis, a missing entity.
Authors: Abellán Alfocea P , Salvador Rodríguez L , Jiménez Rosales R
Published: April 2021

Presentamos el caso de una proctitis por citomegalovirus (CMV), adquirida por transmisión sexual, en un paciente inmunocompetente que de manera concurrente desarrolla a nivel cutáneo una sífilis secundaria. Las infecciones por transmisión sexual (ITS) son cada vez más frecuentes y el gastroenterólogo debe considerarlas ante un paciente con proctitis. Los agentes causales más frecuentes son Chlamydia Trachomatis, Gonococo, Virus Herpes Simple y Treponema Pallidum, sin embargo, también se debe valorar la infección por CMV incluso en inmunocompetentes. Ante un caso de proctitis adquirida por transmisión sexual, es importante, analizar la presencia de otras ITS para descartar coinfecciones, así como un adecuado asesoramiento para reducir el riesgo de transmisión.
FORCED DIFFUSION EQUATION WITH PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS TIME DELAY
Authors: Muminov M. , Radjabov T.
Published: April 2021

In this article, we study the boundary value problem (BVP) for forced diffusion equation with piecewise constant arguments. We give explicit formula for solving BVP. The problem of finding periodic solutions of some differential equations with piecewise constant arguments (DEPCA) is reduced to solving a system of algebraic equations. Using the method of finding periodic solutions of DEPCA, the solutions of BVP are given in several examples which are periodic in time.
New Possibilities in Cultural Consumption. The Effect of the Global Pandemic on Listening to Music
Authors: Váradi Judit
Published: April 2021

In this study, we address the impact of COVID-19 on classical music concerts. New forms of cultural consumption and their convenience have raised the question as to whether concert halls will still be needed in the future, and whether the audience will take on the extra time and effort to be present in person at a musical artistic event. In an analysis of international surveys, we formed an accurate picture of music listening habits in the period before and during the pandemic. We also administered a survey, completed by 134 music teachers. Although the findings cannot be generalised to society as a whole, the respondents in the sample are well acquainted with the artistic setting and possess sufficient prior experience, so their opinion is relevant to the topic. Despite the convenience of the online space and the rich selection of art available, the interviewed music teachers will still prefer live music events, which offer them a more profound experience.
Foreign Language Interpretation in Teaching Soloist Singing
Authors: Ujvárosi Andrea
Published: April 2021

The problems of singing in the original language have become a special feature of the soloist training in the Central and Eastern Europe. The linguistic aspects of soloist training is put to the test by international expectation that regards authentic singing in the original language as a natural part of professional efficiency. In this present paper we are looking for the answers to two questions. First, we examined what factors determine the choice of the language for vocal interpretation. Our second goal is to give an overview of a specific segment of today’s Hungarian students’ population in higher education. We examined institutional, personal and curricular components for perfecting singing in the original language. The empirical study field of our research was Hungary’s higher education institutions of music in the 2016/17 term. Our researches were based on two methodological techniques. Among the higher education instructors of solo singers we conducted structured interviews and students from six higher educational institutions with this profile were the respondents of our questionnaire. The quantitative analysis of the research unequivocally represented the stronger demand of students for the training of linguistic interpretation. Our empirical research showed that the language efficiency of the solo singer students does not meet professional expectations. Pronunciation, comprehension, vocabulary, command of language and intonation are not utilized while singing and using the mirror effect of singing in a foreign language does not help perfect language knowledge either.
Three pandemics at once: Noninfectious (cancer), infectious (COVID-19), and behavioral (hypokinesia)
Authors: Golubev Aleksey , Semiglazova Tatyana , Klyuge Valeriya , Kasparov Boris , Belyaev Aleksei M. , Anisimov Vladimir N.
Published: April 2021

The narrative review addresses the evidence that physical activity can improve the results of prevention and treatment and of the conditions that feature increased risks of their development with aging. The main attention is paid to cancer and problems arising because of physical activity limitations associated with COVID-19 pandemic. To promote physical activity, which is known to reduce the risks of COVID-19 complications and of cancer, it is important to help patients and physicians in understanding the reasons why physical activity can be beneficial, more than the pharmacological means thought to reproduce some of its effects, in cancer prevention and treatment upon all differences between the locations of tumors and the pathways of carcinogenesis. Therefore, the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the usefulness of physical activity in oncology are discussed. Based on this discussion, data on quantitative relationships between oncological risks, physical activity, and the use of its alleged pharmacological mimetics are addressed.
Results of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomies in patients with gastric cancer. Meta-analysis of Russian and European studies.
Authors: Panin Stanislav , Postolov Mihail , Beburishvili Andrey , Fedorov Andrey , Bykov Alexandr , Kovalenko Nadezhda , Zhavoronkova Viktoriya
Published: April 2021

Objective: to compare the results of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer according to Russian and European studies. Materials and methods: we searched the e-library, the Cochrane Library and PubMed. Literary references, tables of contents of specialized journals and protocols of research not yet completed have been studied. Statistical calculations (mean difference - MD, odds ratios - OR, 95 % confidence interval – 95 % CI) and meta-analysis graphs were performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results: ten primary sources met the inclusion criteria (4 researches from the Russian Federation and 6 from other European countries). Laparoscopic and open gastric resections did not differ in the number of lymph nodes removed (MD = ‒1.31, 95 % CI from 3.51 to 0.89, p = 0.24). At the same time, laparoscopic operations are accompanied by less intraoperative blood loss (MD = –163, 95 % CI ‒268 to ‒57, p = 0.002), and open operations are shorter (MD = –38, 95 % CI –71 to ‒17, p = 0.004). The period of hospital stay is shorter after laparoscopic resections (MD = –4.1, 95 % CI –8.02 to –0.14, p = 0.04). Differences in mortality are not statistically significant (OR = 0.83, 95 % CI from 0.45 to 1.54, p = 0.55), but significantly lower after laparoscopic operations (2.3 %, 12/516) than after open (3.4 %, 92/2702), as well as the frequency of complications - 31.8 % (153/481) and 35.7 % (935/2658), respectively (OR = 1.05, 95 % CI from 0.84 to 1.37, p = 0.67). The overall five-year survival rate after laparoscopic operations varies from 48.1 % to 63.6 %, after laparotomy - from 43.4 % to 55.7 %. However, scattered and incomplete information on long-term outcomes did not allow a formal meta-analysis on comparative survival at this stage. The high level of performance of technically complex surgical techniques made it possible to significantly reduce the differences in duration between open and laparoscopic interventions (RS = ‒27, 95 % CI from 77 to 22, p = 0.28) and the duration of inpatient treatment after minimally invasive operations (RS = - 8.97, 95 % CI from ‒13.48 to ‒4.47, p <0.0001) in the subgroup of domestic studies. Conclusion: the direct results of laparoscopic subtotal distal gastric resections in Russian and European studies do not differ in terms of the amount of harvested lymph nodes, the number of complications and postoperative mortality. It is difficult to reliably assess the life expectancy of patients due to the lack of sufficient information at this stage, which requires the continuation of further research.
Treatment algorithms for malignancies accompanied by pleural effusion
Authors: Arseniev Andrey , Nefedov Andrey , Barchuk Aleksey , Novikov Sergey , Barchuk Anton , Tarkov Sergey , Kanaev Sergey , Kosticyn Kirill , Nefedova Alina , Gagua Ketevan , Aristidov Nikolay
Published: April 2021

Pleural effusion accompanying malignant lesions of the pleura is often a marker of the spread of the tumour process. Effusion is associated with the limited opportunities of the local control and as a consequence with poor long-term results. The morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of the tumour are important prognostic and predictive factors that largely determine the therapeutic tactics. Clinical guidelines in the vast majority of cases with pleural effusion indicate that the treatment goal is palliation. The main goal in these patients is to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Asymptomatic pleural effusion does not require treatment. Thoracentesis or symptomatic drainage provides immediate relief. With low exudate volumes and accumulation rate, rare relapses and the expected response from the systemic treatment, or, on the other hand, a short expectancy of life, it is possible to limit the management of such cases with symptomatic drainage only. In selected individuals with pleural effusion minimally invasive or surgical interventions are also recommended. These include the installation of indwelling pleural catheters, the implementation of various pleurodesis techniques. In selected subgroups, the local control can reach 87-96%. The introduction of modern surgical techniques for pleural procedures has reduced the incidence of adverse events rate to 2,7-4%. There is no doubt that it is necessary to improve algorithms and search for alternate ve solutions, including those based on combined approaches to the treatment of patients with malignant neoplastic lesions of the pleura.
Efficiency integrated chemotherapy with EGFR receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and an activating EGFR gene mutation.
Authors: Laktionov Konstantin , Yudin Denis , Maevskaya Yuliya , Vladimirova Lyubov` , Marinov Dimitr , Ardzinba Merab , Abdullaev Amir , Popova Irina
Published: April 2021

The EGFR gene mutation occurs in 15% of patients with NSCLC. Tumors with such a molecular genetic profile are characterized by high sensitivity to therapy with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, the majority of EGFRm+ patients develop resistance to 1-2 generation TKI therapy after 9-13 months. In our study, we considered an integrated regimen combined use chemotherapy and targeted therapy as a possible way to overcome acquired tumor resistance to TKIs of 1–2 generations. The study included patients with IIIB / IV stages of NSCLC with activating EGFR mutations.  Initially there were two months of treatment by gefitinib 250 mg daily. Then, after a 2-week drug-free period, 3 cycles of paclitaxel 175 mg / m2 and carboplatin AUC5 were administrated at days 71-113. Thereafter, gefitinib was re-started on day 135 and continued until disease progression. The median PFS was 20.- months (16.0-23.9 months, CI 95%).  One -year progression-free survival (PFS) in patients who completed the chemotherapy stage was 79,6 %, two-year PFS - 38,9%. Brain metastases among patients with a progression of the disease were observed in 12 people (28.6%). The data obtained confirm the promise of using integrated chemotherapy with TKIs as a way to overcome the development of acquired resistance to TKIs of 1–2 generations.
Surgical approach with vascular reconstruction after an objective response to neoadjuvant therapy with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor: clinical case.
Authors: Levchenko Evgeny , Slugin Evgeny , Lopushanskaya Olga , Levchenko Nikita , Moiseenko Fedor , Imyanitov Evgeny , Khandogin Nikolay
Published: April 2021

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the neoadjuvant mode and reconstructive techniques in surgical practice may expand the indications for the surgery in the treatment of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) containing EGFR mutations.
Surgical treatment of a patient with papillary cancer, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland and a giant dermoid cyst of the neck
Authors: Golubtsov Andrew , Aladin Alexandr
Published: April 2021

The article presents a clinical observation and surgical treatment of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, thyroid adenoma and a giant dermoid cyst of the neck.
Rapid maturation and stabilisation of middle Archaean continental crust: the Akia terrane, southern West Greenland
Authors: Garde A.A. , Friend C.R.L. , Nutman A.P. , Marker M.
Published: April 2021

from the Akia terrane, southern West Greenland, supported by Sm-Nd isotope geochemistry, document its middle Archaean accretional history and provide new evidence about the location of its northern boundary. Zircon populations in grey gneiss and inherited zircons in granite show that magmatic accretion of new continental crust, dominated by intrusion of tonalite sheets in a convergent island arc setting, occurred between c. 3050 and 3000 Ma, around and within a c. 3220 Ma continental core. In the central part of the terrane, tonalite sheets were intercalated with older supracrustal rocks of oceanic affinity by intrusion, thrusting and folding during the Midterhøj and Smalledal deformation phases of Berthelsen (1960). Continued tonalite injection led to a thermal maximum with granulite facies conditions at c. 2980 Ma, dated by metamorphic zircons in grey gneiss. The metamorphic maximum was contemporaneous with upright, angular folds of the Pâkitsoq deformation phase. Within a few million years followed high-grade retrogression and intrusion of two large dome-shaped tonalite-granodiorite complexes, granites s.l. derived from remobilisation of grey gneiss, and post-kinematic diorite plugs. Whereas the relative chronology of these events is firmly established from field observations, zircons from the post-granulite facies intrusions all yielded statistically indistinguishable emplacement ages of c. 2975 Ma. These results show that crustal growth occurred in several short-lived events starting at c. 3220 Ma, and that final maturation and stabilisation of new, thick continental crust took place rapidly (within c. 20 Ma) at c. 2975 Ma.
DIMINUTIVES AS A MEANS OF POLITENESS IN RUSSIAN
Authors: Фуфаева И.В.
Published: April 2021

В статье подробно рассматривается роль диминутивов как средства вежливости в русском языке. Диминутивы, не выражающие значения малого размера, характерны для русского языка и выполняют в нем ряд функций. Одной из таких функций является маркирование вежливости. Исторически диминутивы играли роль этикетного средства в формальном деловом языке Московской Руси, но за исключением этой эпохи диминутивы служат средством вежливости только в неформальном стиле. Вежливые диминутивы востребованы в различных дискурсах и ситуациях: просьбы, угощения, для манифестации скромности при упоминании о своем произведении, в общении покупателя и продавца, для эвфемистической замены номинаций дефектов внешности и пр. Хотя роль диминутивов как средства вежливости более свойственна речи за рамками кодифицированного языка, они используются и в разговорном стиле литературного языка. В целом роль диминутивов как средства вежливости в русском языке можно признать устойчивой. Очевидно, она базируется на разнообразной и при этом специфической прагматике этих образований, которые способны выражать позитивное отношение, заботу, преуменьшать степень чего-либо нежелательного, например, дефекта внешности. При этом обязательность этих единиц в речи зависит от эпохи и стилистической принадлежности речевого акта.

The article discusses in detail the role of diminutives as a means of politeness in the Russian language. Diminutives that do not express the meaning of small size are very characteristic of the Russian language and perform a number of functions. One of these functions is the marking of politeness. Historically, diminutives played the role of an etiquette in the formal language of Muscovite Rus, but with the exception of this period, diminutives serve as a means of politeness only in an informal style. Polite diminutives are in demand in various discourses and situations: requests, treats, for the manifestation of modesty when mentioning their work, in the communication between the buyer and the seller, for the euphemistic replacement of nominations for defects in appearance, etc. Although the role of diminutive labyrinths as a means of politeness is more characteristic of the framework of a codified language, they are also used in the colloquial manner of the literary language. In general, the role of diminutives as a means of politeness in the Russian language can be considered stable. Obviously, it is based on the diverse and, at the same time, specific pragmatics of these formations, which are capable of expressing a positive attitude, care, and underestimating the degree of something undesirable, for example, a defect in appearance. Moreover, the obligatory nature of these units in speech depends on the period and stylistic affiliation of the speech act.
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF SERBIAN RUSSIAN LANGUAGES TEACHERS
Authors: Меденица Л. , Матрусова А.Н.
Published: April 2021

В статье излагаются результаты исследования проблем преподавания русского языка в сербских школах до и с началом пандемии COVID-19. Авторы отмечают сохраняющиеся проблемы мотивации школьников, технического обеспечения преподавателей и учащихся и ИКТ-грамотности.

The paper presents the resulst of two studies surviving the challenges of Serbian teachers of Russian language before and after Covid-19 pandemic. The authors draw attention to the problem of motivation, technical equipment of teachers and students and computer literacy.
Pengaruh Loan To Deposit Ratio Dan Tingkat Suku Bunga Kredit Terhadap Return On Asset
Authors: Wulandari Dini , Sipahutar Mangasa Augustinus
Published: April 2021

Bank is a financial institution that serves as a financial intermediary, which means collecting funds from the public and channel them back to the community in the form of loans.

          This research Using data from published financial statements and published from Indonesian banks in the period 2015-2019. Using data from Quarterly. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis to determine how much the relationship between one variable to another variable. In addition, the test results can be concluded by the multivariate coefficient that LDR has a positive effect and no significant effect on ROA, while lending rates have a significant negative effect on ROA.

 

Keywords: Return On Assets (ROA), Loan to deposit Ratio (LDR), Credit interest rate level
INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND POLYMERIZATION DEGREE OF CELLULOSE IN BARK AND WOOD FROM SCOTS PINE
(PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) STEM
Authors: Krutul Donata , Radomski Andrzej , Antczak Andrzej , Drożdżek Michał , Kłosińska Teresa , Szadkowska Dominika , Zawadzki Janusz
Published: April 2021

The pine stems were cut from three different polluted environments – Ist trees degradation degree (weak pollution), IInd trees degradation degree (strong pollution) and IIIrd trees degradation degree (connected with very strong pollution). On the basis of obtained results it was stated that environmental pollution caused changes in late wood participation, as well as distribution of cellulose on the stem cross- and longitudinal section. It also changed cellulose content
in bark from the butt-end section, which was about 26% regardless the degradation degree.
The environmental pollution caused also an increase of viscometric average polymerization degree of cellulose in heartwood in relation to heartwood adjacent sapwood and sapwood from
butt-end section. Regardless the degradation degree, cellulose polymerization degree in heartwood adjacent sapwood from the middle part of the stem was higher in comparison to sapwood and heartwood. Moreover, the environmental pollution caused the increase of viscometric average polymerization degree of cellulose in bark. The polymerization degree of cellulose in bark from the butt-end section of IIIrd degradation degree stems was 22% and 23% higher in comparison
to the Ist and IInd degradation degree.
CHANGES IN GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE OF THERMALLY TREATED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) AND SESSILE OAK (QUERCUS PETRAEA L.) WOOD AND THEIR EXPLANATION USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Orémusová Emília , Výbohová Eva
Published: April 2021

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood were thermally treated in an oven at the temperatures of 160°C, and 200°C under atmospheric pressure in
the presence of air for 3 and 9 hrs. The mass loss and gross calorific value were determined. Non-treated wood samples achieved a gross calorific value of 22 193 J.g-1 for pine wood and 19 277 J.g-1 for oak wood. Whereas the calorific value of pine wood with increasing severity of treatment decreased, in the case of oak it increased. The mass loss increased with increasing treatment severity by both wood species. Mentioned differences in pine and oak wood behaviour using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were explained. In the case of pine wood with increasing temperature and time of exposure a decrease of resin acids was observed. This may be contributed to decrease in GCV. In the case of oak wood, mainly at temperature of 200°C the degradation of hemicelluloses was observed that results in relative increasing in the lignin content with followed increase in the GCV.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FLAME RETARDANT TREATMENTS ON THE COMBUSTIBILITY OF BAMBOO FILAMENT
Authors: Li Chunyan , Zhou Xinjie , Yang Changhao , Li Hui , Yu Lili , Fei Benhua
Published: April 2021

Bamboo filaments were treated with boric acid and borax (the mass ratio of 1:1,
the concentration of 20%) with four different treatment methods including atmospheric immersion, cold and hot bath immersion, vacuum impregnation and vacuum-pressure impregnation. The different treatment methods on the boron loading were analyzed and
the corresponding flame resistance of bamboo filaments were evaluated by the cone analysis. The results showed that suitable treatment method with optimized processing indexes, such as hot and cold bath immersion in the condition of 100°C/2 h and 20°C/2 h with 3 cycles, was more credible to accelerate the percentages of boron loading in the bamboo filaments, and the lowest result was found in the samples with vacuum impregnation. Compared to the untreated samples, the heat and smoke release would be decreased significantly, especially for the samples with the promising hot and cold treatment, and promising pressure treatment, attributed to the more stable boron fixed in the bamboo filaments.
POROSITY AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT AND ANCIENT BURIED PHOEBE ZHENNAN WOOD DETERMINED BY MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY
Authors: Zhang Jialin , Xiao Hui , Chen Yuzhu , Qi Jinqiu , Xie Jiulong
Published: April 2021

The porosity and pore size distribution of recent and ancient buried Phoebe zhennan are studied in this paper by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results show that
the micropore and mesopore diameters of recent and buried wood are mainly distributed in range of 40.3 nm and 183.1 nm respectively, while the macropore in 45276.6 nm and
3503.9 nm separately. For both samples, the pores with diameters below 349.9 nm account for about 60% of the total intrusion volume, and contribute more than 98% of the surface area. The cumulative pore area of recent wood is slightly greater and the pore diameter ranges from 50.3 nm to 349.9 nm. While the cumulative pore area of buried wood is significantly larger than and the pore diameter ranges until 50.3 nm. These results can provide information for further investigations on the sorption behaviour and the liquid permeability of ancient buried wood.
Rancangan Dan Penggunaan Sistem Student Intership Monitoring Application (Sima) untuk Manajemen Program Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan
Authors: Manu Gerlan Apriandy
Published: April 2021

Perkembangan teknologi yang berkembang saat ini sangat mendukung dalam proses pengawasan (monitoring) mahasiswa Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL). Monitoring Program PPL pada Universitas Citra Bangsa dilakukan oleh Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) dilaksanakan masih dalam bentuk konvensional. Mahasiswa belum terkontrol secara langsung oleh Dosen Pembimbingnya. Sebagian besar mahasiswa yang ditempatkan di sekolah mitra dikontrol dan diawasi oleh Guru Pamong secara rutin. Dosen Pembimbing hanya sewaktu-waktu melakukan pengontrolan ke sekolah mitra. Oleh karena itu peneliti merasa perlu untuk mengembangkan sistem informasi yang dapat mengontrol dan mengawasi proses bisnis Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan yang disebut Student Intership Monitoring Application (SIMA). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif dan metode pengumpulan data dengan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Metode pengembangan sistem menggunakan metode prototype. Desain perancangan sistem menggunakan Unified Modelling Language (UML) berupa Use Case Diagram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SIMA dapat melakukan pengontrolan dan pengawasan proses bisnis Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan di FKIP Universitas Citra Bangsa. Dengan SIMA dapat membagi Dosen Pembimbing dan Guru Pamong per mahasiswa PPL. Mahasiswa PPL dapat melaporkan kegiatan rutin ke sistem untuk diawasi dan dikontrol oleh para Dosen Pembimbing maupun Guru Pamong. Manajemen PPL dapat berlangsung dengan baik yang melibat interaksi antara mahasiswa, guru pamong, dosen pembimbing, bag keuangan, pimpinan program studi dan pimpinan fakultas.
Direction of development of leader education and training of the ROK Army
Authors: Kang Yongkwan , Lee Seungje
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted to explore the direction of the development of leader education and training that has a profound effect on the level of combat power in the army. To this end, a survey of 1,110 active and non-commissioned officers and interviews with 15 lieutenants who had experiences in leader education and training were conducted to identify and analyze their perceptions of the current leader education and training program. The study analyzed the leader development of the US Army, which was the model on which the leader education and training program of the ROK Army was based. The present study proposed the development directions of the army leader education and training; ‘reviewing the term ‘leader’’, ‘reviewing the criteria and guidelines for classification of education and training’, ‘preparing standardized educational materials and sharing system’, and ‘developing principles for leader education and training’. The Army recognized the importance of the role of leaders in education and training, and made great efforts to improve the level of leaders. However, the perception of leaders who are actually subject to leader education and training, and research on the US Army have not been conducted. This study is of great significance as it is the first to fundamentally look back on leader education and training of the ROK Army and present the direction of its development.
The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles incombating illegal bunkering activities in the Niger Delta regions of Nigeria
Authors: Dada Kayode Sunday John , Akila Jechoniah
Published: April 2021

In contemporary surveillance and reconnaissance efforts, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely deployed in dangerous, low-altitude regions where manned aircrafts cannot navigate easily because of their size, purchasing costs for environmental remote sensing, monitoring, and combat mission for military operations. As UAVs are used in compromising situations, they are designed to be low cost in the event of failed recovery process and there is increased operational flexibility for military applications and non-military development. This paper provides an overview of the use of UAVs in combating illegal bunkering activities. It classifies these vehicles based on performance and size. The paper seeks to proffer potential solutions for its adoption in the Niger Delta for forestalling security, monitoring and surveillance of multinational oil companies’ pipelines operating in the region, tactical responses by security agencies to address emergency situations of oil spillage, and illegal bunkering activities for the promotion of the nation’s economic development.
A historical evaluation of the Battle of Pyongyang in the Korean War through a tactical fault analysis
Authors: Park Jisoo
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to consider the ‘Battle of Pyongyang’ of the I Corps during the Korean War from the historical point of view. This study argues that there are some limit to the U.N. military’s ‘Battle of Pyongyang’ that it failed to maximize the benefits of recapturing Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. And this can be evidenced by some notable tactical faults that the 1 Corps has caused in ‘Battle of Pyongyang’. First, the I Corps (America’s First Corps) excessively delayed its time during the ‘Battle of Pyongyang’. Second, the 24th U.S. Infantry Division was excluded from the ‘Battle of Pyongyang’ and failed to concentrate its combat capabilities. Third, I Corps did not besiege the North Korean army, and North Korean could escape from Pyongyang. The I Corps was fiercely competitive to arrive in Pyongyang first, and failed to make efforts to contribute to higher-level operations. In conclusion, this study finds some lesson from the I Corps’s tactical faults behind the glory of ‘Battle of Pyongyang’.
Yeni Kurumsal Kuram Bağlamında Hibrit Örgütlerde İşe Alım ve Sosyalizasyon Politikaları
Authors: OKTAR Ömer Faruk , DOĞAN Binali
Published: April 2021

Son yıllarda yeni kurumsal kuram kapsamında yapılan çalışmalarda aktörün pasif bir role sahip olmadığı aksine kurumları etkileme ve değiştirme gücüne sahip olduğu görüşü öne çıkmıştır. Bu görüş beraberinde kurumsal mantık literatürünü de getirmiştir. Çünkü kurumsal mantıklar aktörlerin davranışlarını meşrulaştıran ve aktörün gücünü aldığı zemin niteliğindedir. Farklı kurumsal mantıkların varlığı ise örgütlerin birden çok kurumsal mantığa yanıt vermesini gerekli kılmıştır. Hibrit örgütler de bu plüralistik yapıdaki kurumsal mantıklara bir yanıt niteliğinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada bir hibrit örgütlerde sürdürülebilirliğin nasıl sağlandığı, işe alım ve sosyalizasyon politikalarının nasıl oluşturulduğu ve bu süreçlerin nasıl işlediği keşfedilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma amacı doğrultusunda yeni kurumsal kuram ve hibrit örgütler, hibrit örgütlerde sürdürülebilirlik politikaları incelenmiş, ardından işe alım ve sosyalizasyon politikaları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı bir olguyu keşfetmek olduğu için nitel araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak mülakat ve doküman analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın birincil kaynağını yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat formları ile yapılan görüşmeler; ikincil kaynağını ise örgütlerin faaliyet raporları, bilançoları ve diğer çeşitli dokümanlar oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler MAXQDA 2020 ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ilgili literatürde de vurgulandığı gibi işe alım ve sosyalizasyon politikalarının sürdürülebilirliği sağlama hususunda en kritik unsurlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak işe alım ve sosyalizasyon politikalarının niteliğine göre eğitim ve iş yapış biçimlerinin de farklılaştığı gözlenmiştir.
Türkiye Ekonomisinde İhracat ve Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla Arasındaki Uzun Dönem İlişkisi
Authors: AYDIN Atilla
Published: April 2021

Türkiye ekonomisinde 1980 sonrasında yaşanan liberalleşme süreciyle birlikte büyüme modeli olarak ihracata dayalı büyüme modeli benimsenmiştir. 1980 yılına kadar bazı dönemler daha liberal, bazı dönemler daha devletçi ekonomi politikaları uygulanmıştır. İhracat politikaları da uygulanan ekonomik politikalara göre şekillenmiştir. 1980 öncesi son yirmi yıl ithal ikameci sanayileşme politikası izlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ekonomisi için ihracat ile GSYİH arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkisini saptamaktır. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin 1923-2019 arasındaki GSYİH ve ihracat verileri ABD doları olarak kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle, Türkiye’de tarih boyunca uygulanan iktisat politikaları çerçevesinde ihracatın gelişimi incelenmiş ve GSYİH ile ihracat arasındaki ilişkinin ipuçları aranmıştır. Analiz bölümünde ise ekonometrik çalışma yapılmış ve ihracat ile GSYİH arasında bir uzun dönem ilişki bulunmamıştır. İhracatın ekonomik büyüme kaynağından çok ithalatın finansmanı açısından önemli bir iktisadi değişken olarak ele alınması, bu çalışmanın önemli bir çıktısını oluşturmaktadır.
Balanced Scorecard’ın Kurum Performansına Etkisi
Authors: YARALI Cihan , ERGUN Huseyin
Published: April 2021

Balanced Scorecard; alanyazında çoğunlukla performans yönetim sistemlerinden Kurumsal Performans veya Dengeli Kurum Karnesi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Örgütlerin, stratejik planlamaları çerçevesinde benimsenen misyon ve vizyon ile uyumlu ve gelecek odaklı bir yaklaşım ile ilerlemenin sağlanması şeklinde kavram daha geniş bir boyutta ele alınabilir. Araştırmada öncelikle Balanced Scorecard’ın ne hakkında olduğu, boyutları (finans, müşteri, iç süreçler ve öğrenme ve gelişme), uygulanmasında rol alan aktörler, ürettiği çıktılara ulaşmayı sağlayan strateji haritaları ve nasıl oluşturulduğuna dair bilgiler literatür çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Balanced Scorecard örgütlerin gelecek perspektiflerine ivme kazandırmak ve geliştirilen stratejileri organizasyonun merkezine yerleştirmek amacı ile bir performans ölçüm sistemi olarak öne çıkmıştır. Balanced Scorecard terimi, 1997 yılında Harvard Business Review’da, “son 75 yılda 20. yy’ın en etkili fikirlerinden” birisi olarak yer almış ve Kaplan ile Norton tarafından geliştirilerek örgütlerin başarılı olmasına yardımcı olup sektör uygulayıcılarına katkı sağlamıştır. Aynı zamanda Balanced Scorecard’ın başarılı bir şekilde uygulanması kurumsal stratejiler ile desteklenmektedir. Geliştirilen sistemin zamanla çeşitli uygulamaları ve varyasyonları ortaya çıkmıştır. Balanced Scorecard, boyutları arasında neden sonuç bağlantılarının kurulması ile örgüt stratejileri doğrultusunda net bir şekilde tanımlanan misyonun, vizyonun, stratejik hedeflerin tepe yönetiminden tabana benimsenip uyumlaştırılmasını kolaylaştırdığından örgütlere büyük katkı sağlamaktadır. Balanced Scorecard, örgütsel teoride ve yaklaşımlarda, tamamlayıcı rol üstlenirken sektör uygulayıcılarının karar alma mekanizmalarında yol göstericidir. Bu çalışmada Balanced Scorecard, teorik çerçevede detaylı olarak incelenmiş ve farklı bakış açıları ile değerlendirilerek kavrama derinlik kazandırılmıştır. Özellikle, örgütlerin performans hedeflerine ulaşabilmeleri için Balanced Scorecard boyutlarının, çalışmada bahsi geçen ölçekler ile aralıklı olarak ölçümlenmesi ve elde edilen bulguların alanyazına uygun olacak şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.
VEHICLE–PEDESTRIAN INTERACTIONS INTO AND OUTSIDE OF CROSSWALKS: EFFECTS OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
Authors: Bella Francesco , Silvestri Manuel
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to analyse the driver’s behaviour during the interaction with a pedestrian crossing into and outside the zebra crossing, and evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that provided to the driver an auditory alert, and a visual alert to detect the pedestrian. 42 participants joined the experiment conducted using the fixed-base driving simulator of the Department of Engineering (Roma Tre University). They experienced different crossing conditions (legal and illegal) and ADAS conditions (no ADAS, visual warning and auditory warning) in an urban scenario. The parameters Time-To-Arrive (TTA) and Speed Reduction Time (SRT) were obtained from the drivers’ speed profiles in the last 150 m in advance of the conflict point with the pedestrian. Results clearly showed the criticality of illegal crossings. When the pedestrian crossed outside of the crosswalk, the highest number of collision occurred and the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) returned significant effects on both the dependent variables TTA and SRT, highlighting the higher criticality of the vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the more abrupt yielding manoeuvre. Positive effects (the vehicle–pedestrian interaction was less critical and the yielding manoeuvre was smoother) emerged for both the driver assistance systems, although not statistically significant. Besides, both the driver assistance systems positively affected the behaviour of the average cautious drivers. No significant effects of the warning systems were recorded on the aggressive drivers, which because of their behavioural characteristics ignored the warning alarm. In addition, no significant effects of the warning systems were recorded for the very cautious drivers, which adjusted their behaviour even before the alarm trigger. Finally, the outcomes of the questionnaire submitted to the participants highlighted the clear preference for the auditory warning, probably because of the different physical stimuli that are solicited by the warning signal. The results confirm that adequate pedestrian paths should be planned to avoid jaywalker conditions, which induce the driver to assume critical driving behaviour and provide useful findings of the effectiveness of driver assistance systems for pedestrian detection.
A LAMOST BHB Catalog and Kinematics Therein. I. Catalog and Halo Properties
Authors: Vickers John J. , Li Zhao-Yu , Smith Martin C. , Shen Juntai
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we collect a sample of stars observed both in LAMOST and Gaia, which have colors implying a temperature hotter than 7000 K. We train a machine-learning algorithm on LAMOST spectroscopic data which has been tagged with stellar classifications and metallicities, and use this machine to construct a catalog of blue horizontal branch stars (BHBs), together with metallicity information. Another machine is trained using Gaia parallaxes to predict absolute magnitudes for these stars. The final catalog of 13,693 BHBs is thought to be about 86% pure, with σ
[Fe/H] ∼ 0.35 dex, and σ

G
∼ 0.31 mag. These values are confirmed via comparison to globular clusters, although a covariance error seems to affect our magnitude and abundance estimates. We analyze a subset of this catalog in the Galactic Halo. We find that BHB populations in the outer halo appear redder, which could imply a younger population, and that the metallicity gradient is relatively flat around [Fe/H] = −1.9 dex over our sample footprint. We find that our metal-rich BHB stars are on more radial velocity dispersion-dominated orbits (β ∼ 0.70) at all radii than our metal-poor BHB stars (β ∼ 0.62).
Late-time Radio and Millimeter Observations of Superluminous Supernovae and Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications for Central Engines, Fast Radio Bursts, and Obscured Star Formation
Authors: Eftekhari T. , Margalit B. , Omand C. M. B. , Berger E. , Blanchard P. K. , Demorest P. , Metzger B. D. , Murase K. , Nicholl M. , Villar V. A. , Williams P. K. G. , Alexander K. D. , Chatterjee S. , Coppejans D. L. , Cordes J. M. , Gomez S. , Hosseinzadeh G. , Hsu B. , Kashiyama K. , Margutti R. , Yin Y.
Published: April 2021

We present the largest and deepest late-time radio and millimeter survey to date of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) to search for associated nonthermal synchrotron emission. Using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we observed 43 sources at 6 and 100 GHz on a timescale of ∼ 1–19 yr post-explosion. We do not detect radio/millimeter emission from any of the sources, with the exception of a 6 GHz detection of PTF10hgi, as well as the detection of 6 GHz emission near the location of the SLSN PTF12dam, which we associate with its host galaxy. We use our data to place constraints on central engine emission due to magnetar wind nebulae and off-axis relativistic jets. We also explore nonrelativistic emission from the SN ejecta, and place constraints on obscured star formation in the host galaxies. In addition, we conduct a search for fast radio bursts (FRBs) from some of the sources using VLA phased-array observations; no FRBs are detected to a limit of 16 mJy (7σ; 10 ms duration) in about 40 minutes on source per event. A comparison to theoretical models suggests that continued radio monitoring may lead to detections of persistent radio emission on timescales of ≳ a decade.
The Spatial Distributions of Blue Main-sequence Stars in Magellanic Cloud Star Clusters
Authors: Yang Yujiao , Li Chengyuan , Grijs Richard de , Deng Licai
Published: April 2021

The color–magnitude diagrams of young star clusters show that, particularly at ultraviolet wavelengths, their upper main sequences (MSs) bifurcate into a sequence comprising the bulk population and a blue periphery. The spatial distribution of stars is crucial to understanding the reasons for these distinct stellar populations. This study uses high-resolution photometric data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope to study the spatial distributions of the stellar populations in seven Magellanic Cloud star clusters. The cumulative radial number fractions of blue stars within four clusters are strongly anticorrelated with those of the high mass ratio binaries in the bifurcated region, with negative Pearson coefficients <−0.7. Those clusters are generally young or in an early dynamical evolutionary stage. In addition, a supporting N-body simulation suggests that the increasing percentage of blue MS stars from the cluster centers to their outskirts may be associated with the dissolution of soft binaries. This study provides a different perspective to explore the MS bimodalities in young clusters and adds extra puzzles. A more comprehensive study combined with detailed simulations is needed in the future.
Normativité particulière sur la communicatio in sacris
Authors: Ruyssen Georges-Henri
Published: April 2021

La communicatio in sacris est principalement réglée par le can. 844/ CIC et son canon équivalent dans le CCEO , le can. 671. Ces canons, après avoir rappelé dans leur premier paragraphe le principe d’exclusivité, légifèrent dans les paragraphes qui régissent l’accès aux sacrements de l’Eucharistie, de la pénitence et de l’onction des malades : premièrement par des fidèles catholiques auprès de ministres non catholiques (can. 844, § 2/ CIC et 671, § 2/ CCEO ) et deuxièmement par des frères séparés auprès de ministres catholiques (can. 844, § 3 et 4/ CIC , et 671, § 3 et 4/ CCEO ). Puisque la communicatio in sacris se situe dans la sphère de l’action œcuménique de l’Église, l’auteur procède en deux étapes : premièrement, il analyse de manière générale ou abstraite la compétence des évêques et des Conférences épiscopales pour élaborer une normativité particulière en la matière et deuxièmement, il se penche sur quelques exemples concrets de telles normes, qui se veulent plutôt des directives pastorales sans être nécessairement des normes de droit particulier dans le sens canonique du terme.