bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial genome of Anastatus fulloi (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea) and phylogenetic implications for Chalcidoidea
Authors: Yi Jiequn , Wu Han , Liu Jianbai , Li Jihu , Lu Yinglin , Zhang Yifei , Cheng Yinjie , Guo Yi , Li Dunsong , An Yuxing
Published: January 2022

The genus Anastatus comprises a large group of parasitoids, including several biological control agents in agricultural and forest systems. The taxonomy and phylogeny of these species remain controversial. In this study, the mitogenome of A. fulloi Sheng and Wang was sequenced and characterized. The nearly full-length mitogenome of A. fulloi was 15,692 bp, compromising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region (CR). The total A + T contents were 83.83%, 82.18%, 87.58%, 87.27%, and 82.13% in the whole mitogenome, 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and CR, respectively. The mitogenome presented negative AT skews and positive GC skews, except for the CR. Most PCGs were encoded on the heavy strand, started with ATN codons, and ended with TAA codons. Among the 3736 amino acid-encoding codons, TTA (Leu1), CGA (Arg), TCA (Ser2), and TCT (Ser2) were predominant. Most tRNAs had cloverleaf secondary structures, except trnS1, with the absence of a dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Compared with mitogenomes of the ancestral insect and another parasitoid within Eupelmidae, large-scale rearrangements were found in the mitogenome of A. fulloi, especially inversions and inverse transpositions of tRNA genes. The gene arrangements of parasitoid mitogenomes within Chalcidoidea were variable. A novel gene arrangement was presented in the mitogenome of A. fulloi. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 13 protein-coding genes of 20 parasitoids indicated that the phylogenetic relationship of 6 superfamilies could be presented as Mymaridae + (Eupelmidae + (Encyrtidae + (Trichogrammatidae + (Pteromalidae + Eulophidae)))). This study presents the first mitogenome of the Anastatus genus and offers insights into the identification, taxonomy, and phylogeny of these parasitoids.
T cell subtype profiling measures exhaustion and predicts anti-PD-1 response
Authors: Schillebeeckx Ian , Earls Jon , Flanagan Kevin C. , Hiken Jeffrey , Bode Alex , Armstrong Jon R. , Messina David N. , Adkins Douglas , Ley Jessica , Alborelli Ilaria , Jermann Philip , Glasscock Jarret I.
Published: January 2022

Anti-PD-1 therapy can provide long, durable benefit to a fraction of patients. The on-label PD-L1 test, however, does not accurately predict response. To build a better biomarker, we created a method called T Cell Subtype Profiling (TCSP) that characterizes the abundance of T cell subtypes (TCSs) in FFPE specimens using five RNA models. These TCS RNA models are created using functional methods, and robustly discriminate between naïve, activated, exhausted, effector memory, and central memory TCSs, without the reliance on non-specific, classical markers. TCSP is analytically valid and corroborates associations between TCSs and clinical outcomes. Multianalyte biomarkers based on TCS estimates predicted response to anti-PD-1 therapy in three different cancers and outperformed the indicated PD-L1 test, as well as Tumor Mutational Burden. Given the utility of TCSP, we investigated the abundance of TCSs in TCGA cancers and created a portal to enable researchers to discover other TCSP-based biomarkers.
Plumbing the uncertainties of solvothermal synthesis involving uranyl ion carboxylate complexes
Authors: Harrowfield Jack , Atoini Youssef , Thuéry Pierre
Published: January 2022

Uranyl ion complexes with long-chain, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands illustrate how solvo-hydrothermal synthetic conditions sometimes result in the formation of species different from those hoped for.
Proton leap: shuttling of protons onto benzonitrile
Authors: Pavković Nemanja , Milovanović Branislav , Stanojević Ana , Etinski Mihajlo , Petković Milena
Published: January 2022

The detailed description of chemical transformations in the interstellar medium allows deciphering the origin of a number of small and medium – sized organic molecules.
Polycation radius of gyration in a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL): the PIL melt is not a theta solvent
Authors: Wong Lucas N. , Jones Seamus D. , Wood Kathleen , de Campo Liliana , Darwish Tamim , Moir Michael , Li Hua , Segalman Rachel A. , Warr Gregory G. , Atkin Rob
Published: January 2022

The polycation has an expanded conformation in the polymeric ionic liquid poly(3MAPIm)TFSI consistent with good solvency.
Understanding the role of redox properties and NO adsorption over MnFeOx for NH3-SCR
Authors: Xu Qian , Li Zengyuan , Wang Li , Zhan Wangcheng , Guo Yanglong , Guo Yun
Published: January 2022

Widening the operational temperature window of the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 (NH3-SCR) is a challenge to meet the increasingly stringent emission control regulations for NOx.
MPSM-DTI: prediction of drug–target interaction via machine learning based on the chemical structure and protein sequence
Authors: Peng Yayuan , Wang Jiye , Wu Zengrui , Zheng Lulu , Wang Biting , Liu Guixia , Li Weihua , Tang Yun
Published: January 2022

MPSM-DTI was developed for prediction of DTIs using chemical structures and protein sequences as features. Compared with other methods, MPSM-DTI reached considerable accuracy and addressed the dilemma of DTI prediction for brand new protein targets.
Activating the oxygen electrocatalytic activity of layer-structured Ca0.5CoO2 nanofibers by iron doping
Authors: Li Mingyu , Zhao Bote , Zhao Yun , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin
Published: January 2022

Layer-structured Ca0.5CoO2 nanofibers were synthesized using an electrospinning process, and the mass activity and intrinsic activity are dramatically enhanced with iron doping.
Aerobic BTEX biodegradation increases yield of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids from biotransformation of a polyfluoroalkyl surfactant, 6:2 FtTAoS
Authors: Olivares Christopher I. , Yi Shan , Cook Emily K. , Choi Youn Jeong , Montagnolli Renato , Byrne Adam , Higgins Christopher P. , Sedlak David L. , Alvarez-Cohen Lisa
Published: January 2022

The presence of BTEX in AFFF-impacted soils increased the yield of terminal transformation products from polyfluorinated surfactant 6:2 FtTAoS. Aromatic oxygenases are likely responsible for direct oxidation of the thioether moiety.
Probing the H–D isotopic exchange reaction in a liquid droplet via surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Maithani Sanchi , Maity Abhijit , Pradhan Manik
Published: January 2022

Isotope exchange phenomena probed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
Indium(iii)-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 3-arylhydrazonoindolin-2-ones and their fluorescent metal sensing studies
Authors: Devkota Shreedhar , Mohandoss Sonaimuthu , Lee Yong Rok
Published: January 2022

In(iii)-catalyzed strategy for the preparation of 3-arylhydrazonoindolin-2-ones from 3-diazoindoles is developed and used for Fe3+ and Hg2+ ion sensing.
Tracking the redox reaction-induced reconstruction of NiAu nanoparticles via environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Hao Ming , Li Hao , Liu Wei , Ma Tianyi , Liang Jinsheng , Sun Kai , Matsumoto Hiroaki , Wang Fei
Published: January 2022

In situ electron microscopy discloses atmosphere-dependent reconstruction of NiAu catalyst. The oxidation converts Ni–Au dumbbell into Ni@Au@NiO, while Ni@NiAu alloy forms under H2 reduction and exhibits better activity towards CO–NO reaction.
One-pot synthesis of polysulfonate by a cascading sulfur(vi) fluorine exchange (SuFEx) reaction and cyanosilylation of aldehyde
Authors: Li Zihao , Zhang Han , Zhang Xinqi , Wang Jiaxi , Wen Yeqian
Published: January 2022

Based on the cyanosilylation reaction of aldehyde, polysulfonate with CN substitution in the branched chain was synthesized in cascade with the SuFEx click reaction in a “one-pot” environment, which is simple and environmentally friendly.
Molybdenum and cobalt co-doped VC nanoparticles encapsulated in nanocarbon as efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Xiaoyi , Huang Jianfeng , Feng Liangliang , He Danyang , Liu Zixuan , Li Guodong , Zhang Ning , Feng Yongqiang , Cao Liyun
Published: January 2022

Molybdenum and cobalt co-doped VC nanoparticles encapsulated in nanocarbon (Mo, Co-VC@C) are successfully synthesized via a one-pot calcination route, exhibiting excellent electrocatalytic HER performance.
In situ synthesis of N-doped TiO2 on Ti3C2 MXene with enhanced photocatalytic activity in the selective reduction of nitrate to N2
Authors: Zheng Rui , Li Chunhu , Huang Kelei , Guan Ying , Wang Wentai , Wang Liang , Bian Junjie , Meng Xiangchao
Published: January 2022

Photocatalysis exhibits promise in the reduction of nitrates into harmless dinitrogen.
Fe incorporation-induced electronic modification of Co-tannic acid complex nanoflowers for high-performance water oxidation
Authors: Zhou Guangyao , Ma Yaru , Gu Chengjun , Yang Jun , Pang Huan , Li Jing , Xu Lin , Tang Yawen
Published: January 2022

Fe-Doped Co-tannic acid nanoflowers with the modified electronic structure exhibit excellent oxygen evolution performance.
Chemo-selective control of Ritter-type reaction by coordinatively unsaturated inorganic salt hydrates
Authors: Lai Huifang , Xu Jiexin , Lin Jin , Su Biling , Zha Daijun
Published: January 2022

We used a readily available water source, MgSO4·2H2O, to realize the control of the chemo-selectivity of the Ritter-type reaction efficiently.
Synthesis of N-fused dithia and dibenzi homoporphyrins
Authors: Sengupta Rima , Isar Prosenjit , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: January 2022

N-Fused dithia and dibenzi homoporphyrins have been reported and NMR spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and DFT/TD-DFT analyses suggested the non-aromatic nature of the molecules.
The effect of metacognition on students’ chemistry identity: the chain mediating role of chemistry learning burnout and chemistry learning flow
Authors: Guo Xipei , Deng Wenbo , Hu Kaifu , Lei Weina , Xiang Shuoqi , Hu Weiping
Published: January 2022

With the urgent goal of increasing student retention within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, STEM identity is highlighted as a powerful source of student persistence. Since chemistry is an important part of the STEM discipline, a growing body of research has focused on chemistry identity. However, we currently know very little about how to improve students’ chemistry identity. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the mechanisms of metacognition, learning burnout, and learning flow in identity in the context of chemistry, further providing suggestions for the advancement of students’ chemistry identity. Based on previous studies, the current study hypothesized that chemistry learning burnout and flow would play a chain mediating role in the relationship between metacognition and chemistry identity. A sample of 594 tenth-grade students completed questionnaires for the assessment of the four main variables in this study. The results showed that (1) metacognition, chemistry learning burnout, and chemistry learning flow significantly predicted students’ chemistry identity after the effect of gender was controlled; (2) both chemistry learning burnout and chemistry learning flow played separate mediating roles in the relationship between metacognition and chemistry identity; and (3) the chain mediating effect of metacognition → chemistry learning burnout → chemistry learning flow → chemistry identity was significant. These findings imply that embedded metacognitive prompts, decreased learning burnout, and increased flow experience are vastly helpful in developing learners’ chemistry identity. Finally, we further highlight the educational implications of the findings of this study and propose lines of future research.
Co-liquefaction of sewage sludge with wheat straw in supercritical water – potential for integrating hydrothermal liquefaction with wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Bhatwadekar Swanand , Conti Federica , Sharma Kamaldeep , Lozano Eliana Maria , Toor Saqib Sohail , Pedersen Thomas Helmer
Published: January 2022

Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represents a source of feedstock for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which in turn offers a sustainable alternative to valorize this societal waste.
The tin(ii) precursor is an active site to determine the crystal framework in CsSnI3 perovskite
Authors: Kim Yu Jin , Kang Dong-Won
Published: January 2022

Control of the Sn2+ site in the CsSnI3 perovskite is the main factor in the determination of its crystal framework. A new ATMS anion provides a well-controlled Sn2+-based crystal phase.
A coumarin-based fluorescent probe with 4-phenylselenium as the active site for multi-channel discrimination of biothiols
Authors: Chen Xiang-Gen , Mei Yuan , Song Qin-Hua
Published: January 2022

A sensitive fluorescent probe was constructed for discriminative detection of biothiols by introducing 4-phenylselenium into a coumarin.
Construction of GSH-triggered cationic fluoropolymers as two-in-one nanoplatforms for combined chemo-gene therapy
Authors: Zhan Yu-Rong , Tan Juan , Hei Meng-Wei , Zhang Shi-Yong , Zhang Ji , Yu Xiao-Qi
Published: January 2022

It was demonstrated that the gene-drug co-delivery system involving the GSH-responsive cationic fluoropolymer could inhibit tumor growth more effectively than individual gene or drug therapy.
Correction: The importance of phase equilibrium for doping efficiency: iodine doped PbTe
Authors: Male James , Agne Matthias T. , Goyal Anuj , Anand Shashwat , Witting Ian T. , Stevanović Vladan , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: January 2022

Correction for ‘The importance of phase equilibrium for doping efficiency: iodine doped PbTe’ by James Male et al., Mater. Horiz., 2019, 6, 1444–1453, DOI: 10.1039/C9MH00294D.
Poly(N-cyanoethylacrylamide), a new thermoresponsive homopolymer presenting both LCST and UCST behavior in water
Authors: Audureau Nicolas , Coumes Fanny , Rieger Jutta , Stoffelbach François
Published: January 2022

Novel dual thermoresponsive N-cyanoethylacrylamide (CEAm)-based (co)polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization display a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in water.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis carbon and nitrogen metabolic fluxes
Authors: Xu Ye , . Pooja , Borah Khushboo
Published: January 2022

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most formidable pathogens causing tuberculosis (TB), a devastating infectious disease responsible for the highest human mortality and morbidity. The emergence of drug resistant strains of the pathogen has increased the burden of TB tremendously and new therapeutics to overcome the problem of drug resistance are urgently needed. Metabolism of Mtb and its interactions with the host is important for its survival and virulence; this is an important topic of research where there is growing interest in developing new therapies and drugs that target these interactions and metabolism of the pathogen during infection. Mtb adapts its metabolism in its intracellular niche and acquires multiple nutrient sources from the host cell. Carbon metabolic pathways and fluxes of Mtb has been extensively researched for over a decade and is well-defined. Recently, there has been investigations and efforts to measure metabolism of nitrogen, which is another important nutrient for Mtb during infection. This review discusses our current understanding of the central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and metabolic fluxes that are important for the survival of the TB pathogen.
Molecular regulation of autophagosome formation
Authors: Hu Yan , Reggiori Fulvio
Published: January 2022

Macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, is a degradative process conserved among eukaryotes, which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy lead to numerous human diseases, including various types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The hallmark of autophagy is the de novo formation of autophagosomes, which are double-membrane vesicles that sequester and deliver cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. The mechanism of autophagosome biogenesis entered a molecular era with the identification of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Although there are many unanswered questions and aspects that have raised some controversies, enormous advances have been done in our understanding of the process of autophagy in recent years. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the molecular regulation of autophagosome formation, with a particular focus on budding yeast and mammalian cells.
Contributions of Counseling and Sound Generator Use in Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: Treatment Response Dynamics Assessed in a Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Formby Craig , Yang Xin , Scherer Roberta W.
Published: January 2022

Purpose:

Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) has been widely used for 30 years, but its efficacy and the component contributions from counseling and sound therapy remain controversial. The purpose of this secondary analysis from the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Trial (TRTT) was to compare treatment response dynamics for TRT (counseling and conventional sound generators) with partial TRT (pTRT; counseling and placebo sound generators) and standard of care (SOC; a patient-centered counseling control).

Method:

The TRTT randomized 151 participants with primary tinnitus (
no significant hearing or sound tolerance problems
) to TRT, pTRT, or SOC, each of which encouraged use of enriched environmental sound. The primary outcome, mean change in Tinnitus Questionnaire score assessed at baseline and follow-up across 18 months, was normalized for a common baseline and fitted with an exponential model. Time constants were estimated to quantify and compare the treatment response dynamics, which were evaluated for statistical significance using bootstrap analyses.

Results:

The change in response to TRT took less time to achieve than that for either pTRT or SOC, as demonstrated by time for normalized Tinnitus Questionnaire scores to decline to 63% and 99% of baseline TRT values: 1.2 months (95% CI [0.2, 1.9]) and 5.7 months (95% CI [0.9, 9.0]), respectively. Corresponding SOC values were 2.7 months (95% CI [1.5, 4.1]) and 12.4 months (95% CI [6.9, 19.0]), while those for pTRT were 2.2 months (95% CI [1.2, 3.4]) and 10.1 months (95% CI [5.7, 15.9]). The differences were significant for TRT versus SOC (
p
= .020), borderline significant for TRT versus pTRT (
p
= .057), but nonsignificant for pTRT versus SOC (
p
= .285). The magnitude of the asymptotic treatment response did not differ significantly among groups.

Conclusion:

Sound generator use in TRT increases treatment efficiency (beyond any advantage from enriched environmental sound) without affecting treatment efficacy (determined by counseling).
Clinical Impact Requires Clinical Practice Research
Authors: Utianski Rene L. , Spencer Trina D. , Wallace Sarah E.
Published: January 2022

Purpose:

The extent to which research impacts clinical practice is directly related to the availability, accessibility, and relevance of clinical practice research (CPR). The purpose of this article is to describe some of the current barriers to CPR in communication sciences and disorders and review the resources available to support clinical practice researchers.

Results:

Considerations related to CPR are numerous and relate to its availability, relevance, and accessibility. There are longstanding challenges with the CPR pipeline, which include challenges getting researchers involved in conducting CPR, acquisition of funding to support CPR grant proposals, recognition of the validity and role of less traditional research paradigms in which some CPR is conducted, and publishing and disseminating CPR. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has developed a number of resources to support the development, execution, dissemination, and utilization of CPR in speech-language pathology and audiology.

Conclusions:

Clinicians, researchers, and clinician-scientists alike are encouraged to explore ASHA's CPR resources and initiatives. The outcomes of ASHA programs are encouraging in that researchers who participate in CPR initiatives are largely successful in obtaining funding for CPR. This is promising evidence that the availability, relevance, and accessibility barriers to CPR can be mitigated, which will ultimately lead to improved uptake and impact of CPR.
Federated learning over wireless backhaul for distributed micro‐Doppler radars: Deep learning aided gradient estimation
Authors: Yang Yunji , Hong Yong‐gi , Park Jaehyun
Published: January 2022

When micro‐Doppler (MD) radars are distributed, a federated learning strategy over wireless backhaul links is developed for motion classification. Specifically to identify the human motion, a common convolutional neural network (CNN) model is shared for all the distributed radars (i.e. clients) and it is trained through the federated learning strategy over wireless backhaul connected to the main server. In the proposed system, a main bottleneck is the estimation of local gradients for CNN training at the server, which are transferred from distributed radars over the wireless backhaul link. To overcome it, a deep learning (DL) aided gradient estimation algorithm is proposed, in which the deep neural networks (DNNs) for encoding local gradient vectors at the distributed radars and the DNN for decoding (i.e. estimating) them at the server are jointly trained in an end‐to‐end autoencoder‐based learning strategy. To avoid the inter‐client interference over the wireless backhaul link, the DNN structure for the gradient estimation algorithm with the orthogonal multiple access is proposed, in which the proposed DNN effectively learns the encoding/decoding at the transceiver over wireless backhaul. By exploiting the experimental data measured through the USRP‐based MD radars, the authors validate the motion classification performance of the proposed federated learning strategy and DL aided gradient estimation over the wireless backhaul link.
Indonesia paleotsunami database as an effort to reduce the tsunami disasters in Indonesia
Authors: Ibtihaj Ihda , Suparno Supriyanto , Rizqy Septyandy Muhammad , Abdul Jabbar Gamma , Rani Puji Astuti Tri
Published: January 2022

Indonesia’s tectonic activity is one of the most active in the world. These conditions make Indonesia prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis are large ocean waves that are formed through several processes such as underwater earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic activity, and asteroid impacts. Indonesia has been hit by various tsunami events. However, not all characteristic tsunami events are well known and recorded. Knowing the characteristics of a tsunami occurrence is very important to understand the frequency and intensity of tsunamis in the present. This research create a WebGIS database for paleotsunami in Indonesia. Tsunami incident data comes from literature related to tsunami events such as books, journals, reports, final projects, and others. Making WebGIS in this study will be developed using website programming, namely HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The research results obtained 302 tsunami data. The period of tsunami in this research is from Late Miocene to the last tsunami in 2018. The WebGIS created presents a database of tsunami events in Indonesia, a dashboard of Indonesian tsunami statistics, and a tsunami learning educational feature. It is hoped that the results of this database will serve as a means of information for future paleotsunami research needs and as a means of education regarding the potential for tsunamis in Indonesia.
The damage effect on the structural capacity of school building columns due to tsunami inundation in Banda Aceh city after 16 years
Authors: Raihanda Bunga , Abdullah
Published: January 2022

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused catastrophic damage to buildings and infrastructure in Banda Aceh. The impact and damage depended on several factors such as the distance of the area from the coast. It was reported that in Banda Aceh, the tsunami wave inundation reached the city center and affected over a third of the population. Due to priority reasons at the time, although the structure was submerged in tsunami inundation, numerous public facilities including school buildings still in use without any proper repair. This study aims to determine the effect of column damage due to the tsunami inundation on the strength of the building. The school building of SMPN 6 Banda Aceh is selected as the case study. Seven analysis cases were carried out to simulate the degradation of the column cross-section caused by tsunami inundation. The reduction of the column cross-section was determined from 5 to 25% with increments of 5%. The analysis results revealed that the decrease in strength has occurred from the case of 5% degradation and the vulnerability started to increase with the increase of degradation level. In the case of 25% degradation, 90% of the structure’s column was at an unsafe level.
Modeling search and rescue, medical disaster team response and transportation of patients in Ishinomaki city after tsunami disaster
Authors: Mas Erick , Egawa M.D. Shinichi , Sasaki M.D. Hiroyuki , Koshimura Shunichi
Published: January 2022

The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake caused massive devastation and numerous affected people. In particular, the Ishinomaki area of the Miyagi Prefecture was one of the hardest hit areas during the event. In addition, due to tsunami inundation, several medical facilities were destroyed or inactive at the time. The Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital served as the last bastion to respond and attend injuries and illnesses in the disaster. We aim to build an agent-based model of triage and transportation of patients to the hospital. The individual and joint activities of response teams were considered to build the agent architecture and they were incorporated into the model. We model the first three days of response activities within the central Ishinomaki area and evaluated the number of patients transported to the hospital including their evaluated health status. We discuss here the case closest to the 2011 event and evaluate the strategies for search and rescue and patient transportation to speed up medical response in the aftermath of a disaster.
Exploiting Performance Analysis of Redundant System (KM+1S)
Authors: Goyal Nupur , Ram Mangey
Published: January 2022

The present investigation seeks the steady state availability, reliability and mean time to failure of the 1-out-of (k + 1): G redundant system. A system having k active units (kM) and one unit (1S) as a warm standby redundancy have considered. The effects of various parameters on reliability measures have been analyzed by deriving two models. Model I is designed as a reliability model and Model II for steady state availability. The assumptions have been made that the detected faults in the redundant system is covered imperfectly. The Markov process, supplementary variable technique, Laplace transformation are adopted to determine the transient behavior of the system. Presented results based on numerical data to demonstrate the practical utilization of the developed models. This study is very helpful for the engineers to design a highly reliable redundant system with high profit in the industry.
Making it happen: data practices and the power of diplomacy among Danish organ transplant coordinators
Authors: Jensen Anja M. B.
Published: January 2022

Danish transplant coordinators handle all data and logistics involved with the removal and transfer of organs from the body of an organ donor into several recipients in other Scandinavian hospitals. This entails a wide range of data work, not only in relation to sudden organ donation cases, but also to documenting transplantations, providing feedback on donation outcomes, and facilitating the data needed by surgeons or other health professionals. This article investigates the data practices of organ transplant coordinators through the lens of diplomacy. Based on participant observation and interviews among Danish transplant coordinators, I focus on the cross-disciplinary relations and negotiations characterizing organ exchanges and show how datafication in itself is not enough to ensure smooth transplantation processes. Organ transplantation depends on the diplomatic social skills of the coordinator and the personal relationships between coordinators, surgeons and ICU staff. By bringing into focus the power of diplomacy, I conceptualize these structurally invisible efforts enabling organ donation and its associated data practices. Diplomacy enables us to recognize and understand the relational efforts and aspects of datafication, and the tremendous amount of work and social skill that go into producing and exchanging data in contemporary healthcare.
Theoretical investigations on x-ray transport in radiation transport experiments on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility
Authors: Meng Guangwei , She Jun , Song Tianming , Yang Jiamin , Wang Min
Published: January 2022

Experiments exploring the propagation of heat waves within cylindrical CH foams were performed on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility in 2012. In this paper, the radiation fluxes out of CH foam cylinders at different angles are analyzed theoretically using the two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code LARED-R. Owing to the difficulty in validating opacity and equation of state (EOS) data for high-Z plasmas, and to uncertainties in the measured radiation temperature Tr and the original foam density ρ0, multipliers are introduced to adjust the Au material parameters, Tr, and ρ0 in our simulations to better explain the measurements. The dependences of the peak radiation flux Fmax and the breakout time of the heat wave thalf (defined as the time corresponding to the radiation flux at half-maximum) on the radiation source, opacity, EOS, and ρ0 scaling factors (ηsrc, ηop, ηeos, and ηρ) are investigated via numerical simulations combined with fitting. Then, with the uncertainties in the measured Tr and ρ0 fixed at 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively, experimental data are exploited as fiducial values to determine the ranges of ηop and ηeos. It is found that the ranges of ηop and ηeos fixed by this experiment overlap partially with those found in our previous work [Meng et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 092704 (2013)]. Based on the scaled opacity and EOS parameters, the values of Fmax and thalf obtained via simulations are in good agreement with the measurements, with maximum errors ∼9.5% and within 100 ps, respectively.
LithPulser: An open-source pulse generator with 1 ns time resolution based on the Red Pitaya STEMlab 125-10 featuring real-time conditional logic for experimental control
Authors: Reisenbauer S. , Behal P. , Wachter G. , Trupke M.
Published: January 2022

Many experiments in the physical sciences require high temporal resolution on multiple control channels and can benefit from conditional logic control of the experimental sequence patterns. We present LithPulser, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based open-source digital pulser solution with 1 ns time resolution on 14 digital output channels. The pulser is set up on the affordable Xilinx Zynq-7010 FPGA in the form of the Red Pitaya STEMlab board 125-10. It offers up to 125 MHz bandwidth and a sequence duration of up to 4.2 s and features 16 sequence play control, including a conditional logic module reactive to input events in real-time. LithPulser is designed for a trial until success experimental use case.
The kinetic Alfvén-like nature of turbulent fluctuations in the Earth's magnetosheath: MMS measurement of the electron Alfvén ratio
Authors: Roberts O. W. , Narita Y. , Nakamura R. , Vörös Z. , Verscharen D.
Published: January 2022

The Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission is used to investigate turbulent fluctuations in the Earth's magnetosheath. The unique combination of multiple spacecraft and high time resolution plasma and electromagnetic field data provided by MMS makes it an ideal mission to study the nature of turbulence and energy conversion. The multiple spacecraft allow the determination of the wavevector directions and plasma frame frequencies of the fluctuations. Moreover, the particle velocities allow the determination of the ion and electron Alfvén ratios, giving an additional diagnostic to reveal the nature of the turbulent fluctuations. Finally, the currents (determined from plasma moments) and the three-dimensional electric field measurements allow the determination of a scale-dependent energy conversion rate. The results reveal that the fluctuations predominantly have kinetic Alfvén wave-like properties at wavenumbers near kρi∼1 (where ρi is the ion gyroradius) and that Landau damping is an important pathway for converting energy.
Lower hybrid drift wave motion at a dayside magnetopause x-line with energy conversion dominated by a parallel electric field
Authors: Marshall A. T. , Burch J. L. , Reiff P. H. , Webster J. M. , Denton R. E. , Rastaetter L. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Russell C. T. , Gershman D. J.
Published: January 2022

On December 4, 2017 at approximately 6:15:38 UTC, magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) encountered a reconnecting current sheet near the dayside magnetopause. MMS2 passed through the current sheet just sunward of the southward-moving x-line and observed the crescent-shaped electron velocity distributions associated with reconnection. Additionally, MMS2 observed anti-correlated oscillations in the Hall electric field EN and in the parallel electric field Eǁ at a frequency just below the lower hybrid (LH) frequency. These oscillations appear to be LH drift waves (also called corrugations), which have previously been observed along the dayside magnetopause but were not seen to cause the same kinds of oscillations in the electric field components as observed in this event. It appears that MMS2 periodically crosses a separatrix between the region where EN dominates and a different region where Eǁ dominates at the wave frequency likely due to the wave motion. We also observe energy conversion dominated by Eǁ and veǁ, mostly in the L-direction, in this region as opposed to the reconnection electric field EM and meandering electrons moving in the M-direction as is typically observed during reconnection near an x-line.
Phase separation and spreading dynamics of French vinaigrette
Authors: Benabdelhalim H. , Brutin D.
Published: January 2022

Phase separation can be observed when vinaigrette is poured on a kitchen plate under certain conditions. The phase separation in vinaigrette, which comprises olive oil, vinegar, and mustard for stabilization and taste, is characterized by the outward spreading of olive oil from the main film. This phase separation and the phenomena that trigger it were investigated in this study. Moreover, the spreading dynamics of the vinaigrette were examined by analyzing the spreading factor and its rate. The spreading of different formulations of the vinaigrette was probed in this regard by varying the mass concentration of vinegar from 10% to 40% and the amount of mustard from 0.1 to 0.5 g. The emulsion films were placed on a white tile substrate with similar characteristics to those of a kitchen plate at 21 °C and a relative humidity of 50%. The spreading dynamics followed two distinct regimes; increasing the vinegar concentration of mustard-free formulations led to decreases in the spreading factor of the first regime and the spreading rate. The addition of mustard had a similar effect on the spreading factor of the first regime. The variations in these two parameters were related to changes in the system viscosity. The latter was found to be a function of the mustard and vinegar concentrations. Phase separation occurred at vinegar concentrations below 30% because of a competition between the spreading and the existing instabilities in the vinaigrette. This phenomenon did not affect spreading dynamics.
Simulation-based study of single-event burnout in 4H-SiC high-voltage vertical superjunction DMOSFET: Physical failure mechanism and robustness vs performance tradeoffs
Authors: McPherson Joseph A. , Woodworth Andrew A. , Paul Chow T. , Ji Wei
Published: January 2022

We explore and elucidate physical failure mechanisms in a 4H-SiC, high voltage, superjunction (SJ) vertical DMOSFET from a single heavy ion strike using three-dimensional electro-thermal transient simulations. The single-event burnout (SEB) failure is thermal runaway from second breakdown, initiated by impact ionization and terminated with mesoplasma formation, at the center of the P-pillar/N+ substrate interface. We also demonstrate that the SEB performance of this SiC SJ DMOSFET is insensitive to the pillar width but sensitive to the strike location with ion strike at the P-pillar causing SEB at a lower blocking voltage than at the N-pillar. Compared to commercially available 1.2 kV blocking-rated non-SJ DMOSFETs, which have been demonstrated to survive SEB up to 525 V, the SJ DMOSFET increases SEB survival threshold voltage (VSEB) by a factor of 2.2, making it close to 1200 V, while the on-resistance is increased by only 11%. Using our recently developed figure of merit (FoM), which considers the trade-off between VSEB and on-state performance, we find that the SiC SJ DMOSFET achieves a FoM that is 14 times better, making it superior to conventional 1.2 kV SiC DMOSFETs for long-term radiation-tolerant operation in space applications.
Manipulation of the high-order harmonic generation in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride by two-color laser field
Authors: Kong Xiao-Shuang , Liang Hao , Wu Xiao-Yuan , Geng Lei , Yu Wan-Dong , Peng Liang-You
Published: January 2022

We theoretically investigate the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of the monolayer hexagonal boron nitride by two-color laser pulses, based on the ab initio time-dependent density-functional theory. We find that the waveform of the two-color laser field can dramatically control the harmonic spectrum. The two-color laser field can enhance the harmonic radiation more efficiently than the monochromatic pulse laser with the same incident energy. We investigate the influence of incident laser pulse parameters on the harmonic radiation, such as the relative phase of the two-color field, the amplitude ratio between component electric fields, and the laser orientation. We show that the HHG spectrum is controlled by both the electric field and the vector potential. The electronic band structure and the laser-matter energy transfer play an important role in determining the laser polarization for optimal HHG in the hBN crystal. Our work supplies a scheme to manipulate HHGs in two-dimensional materials and provides a potential methodology for the generation of intense extreme-ultraviolet pulses.
The ultrafast nonradiative processes and photodissociation dynamics investigation of S1 state in propanal
Authors: Wang Yanmei , Wei Jie , Cao Ling , Zhang Bing , Zhang Song
Published: January 2022

The ultrafast nonradiative dynamics in the S1 electronic excited state and the corresponding photodissociation dynamics in propanal molecules have been studied with time-resolved photoelectron imaging and time-of-flight mass spectrometry at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm. The population of the S1 state undergoes ultrafast internal conversion (IC) to the highly vibrationally hot S0 state in a timescale of <100 fs and nonradiative deactivation by intersystem crossing (ISC) to triplet T1 state occurring with a time constant of about several hundreds of femtoseconds. The ISC process is then followed by the dissociation on the T1 surface because the excitation energy is higher than the dissociation barrier along the C–C(HO) bond length coordinate. The dissociation product of the CHO radical has an appearance time of about 540 fs, which agrees well with the measured ISC relaxation time constant of 430 fs. The CO molecule is proposed to form at about 170 fs after the excitation, supporting the dissociation mechanism via the molecular channel following the IC decay of the S1 state. The energy of the first excited electronic state of the C3H6O+ is obtained to be 12.25 eV.
Dense velocity reconstruction from particle image velocimetry/particle tracking velocimetry using a physics-informed neural network
Authors: Wang Hongping , Liu Yi , Wang Shizhao
Published: January 2022

The velocities measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) commonly provide sparse information on flow motions. A dense velocity field with high resolution is indispensable for data visualization and analysis. In the present work, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) is proposed to reconstruct the dense velocity field from sparse experimental data. A PINN is a network-based data assimilation method. Within the PINN, both the velocity and pressure are approximated by minimizing a loss function consisting of the residuals of the data and the Navier–Stokes equations. Therefore, the PINN can not only improve the velocity resolution but also predict the pressure field. The performance of the PINN is investigated using two-dimensional (2D) Taylor's decaying vortices and turbulent channel flow with and without measurement noise. For the case of 2D Taylor's decaying vortices, the activation functions, optimization algorithms, and some parameters of the proposed method are assessed. For the case of turbulent channel flow, the ability of the PINN to reconstruct wall-bounded turbulence is explored. Finally, the PINN is applied to reconstruct dense velocity fields from the experimental tomographic PIV (Tomo-PIV) velocity in the three-dimensional wake flow of a hemisphere. The results indicate that the proposed PINN has great potential for extending the capabilities of PIV/PTV.
Consistent hydrodynamics of ferrofluids
Authors: Fang Angbo
Published: January 2022

We develop a consistent hydrodynamic theory for ferrofluids that can be concentrated, strongly interacting, and polydisperse. We analyze the dynamics of ferrocolloids under imposed flow and magnetic field, from micro-, meso-, and macroscopic points of view. We settle the long-standing debate on the correct reactive contribution to magnetization dynamics near or far from equilibrium. We obtain a fundamental mesoscopic rotational fluctuation-dissipation relation, linking vortex viscosity and rotational self-diffusivity and with far-reaching consequences on ferrofluid hydrodynamics. It distinguishes from the traditional Stokes–Einstein–Debye relation that only applies to dilute and noninteracting systems. Furthermore, it is used to infer the size of structure units whose rotational diffusion is responsible for the primary Debye peak of water. The characteristic hydrodynamic radius is estimated to be ∼0.18 nm, considerably larger than the geometrical radius of water molecules. This is in contrast to the result obtained by naively employing the Stokes–Einstein–Debye relation. We revisit the magnetoviscous effect in ferrofluids and obtain novel expressions for the rotational viscosity, shedding new light on the effects of inter-particle correlations and particle packing. In particular, previous models usually confuse solvent vorticity with suspension vorticity and do not yield the actual rotational viscosity measured in experiments. We compare our theoretical predictions with recent simulations and find quantitatively good agreements. Our work is to be a cornerstone for understanding ferrofluid dynamics and of considerable importance to various applications. It can be also valuable for studying the hydrodynamics of other structured fluids.
High-pressure phase behaviors of titanium dioxide revealed by a Δ-learning potential
Authors: Lee Jacob G. , Pickard Chris J. , Cheng Bingqing
Published: January 2022

Titanium dioxide has been extensively studied in the rutile or anatase phase, while its high-pressure phases are less well-understood, despite that many are thought to have interesting optical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. First-principles methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), are often used to compute the enthalpies of TiO2 phases at 0 K, but they are expensive and, thus, impractical for long time scale and large system-size simulations at finite temperatures. On the other hand, cheap empirical potentials fail to capture the relative stabilities of various polymorphs. To model the thermodynamic behaviors of ambient and high-pressure phases of TiO2, we design an empirical model as a baseline and then train a machine learning potential based on the difference between the DFT data and the empirical model. This so-called Δ-learning potential contains long-range electrostatic interactions and predicts the 0 K enthalpies of stable TiO2 phases that are in good agreement with DFT. We construct a pressure–temperature phase diagram of TiO2 in the range 0 < P < 70 GPa and 100 < T < 1500 K. We then simulate dynamic phase transition processes by compressing anatase at different temperatures. At 300 K, we predominantly observe an anatase-to-baddeleyite transformation at about 20 GPa via a martensitic two-step mechanism with a highly ordered and collective atomic motion. At 2000 K, anatase can transform into cotunnite around 45–55 GPa in a thermally activated and probabilistic manner, accompanied by diffusive movement of oxygen atoms. The pressures computed for these transitions show good agreement with experiments. Our results shed light on how to synthesize and stabilize high-pressure TiO2 phases, and our method is generally applicable to other functional materials with multiple polymorphs.
Experimental investigation of chaotic induced-charge electro-osmosis
Authors: Zhao Lingqi , Zhong Xin , Feng Huicheng
Published: January 2022

Near-surface chaotic induced-charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) was numerically predicted on a metallic cylinder some years ago [Davidson et al., “Chaotic induced-charge electro-osmosis,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 128302 (2014)]. However, no systematic experimental investigation has yet been conducted on this problem. In this paper, we experimentally observed that ICEO is stable in weak electric fields and becomes chaotic in strong electric fields. Unlike the numerical prediction, the observed chaotic ICEO is irregular and unstable across the whole velocity field. The chaotic ICEO flow pattern varies significantly with time. The chaos degree grows upon increasing the electric field. Moreover, the critical electric field at which the ICEO transits from the stable to chaotic state shows a dependence on the sodium chloride concentration and electric field frequency. The new findings can contribute to the understanding of ICEO and facilitate the development of ICEO-based micro- and nano-fluidic applications.
Ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics of λ-DNA upon low energy proton irradiation
Authors: Deng Zun-Yi , Hu Zhihua , Feng Hong-Jian
Published: January 2022

Direct ionizing damage and indirect secondary electron damage play important parts in the cell death under ion beam radiation. Depending on the real-time time-dependent density functional theory, we study the physical and chemical properties of the normal (α-) and mutant DNA (λ-DNA) in the process of low energy proton irradiation. The mutation of base pair causes the change in local chemical environment of DNA molecule and further changes the charge density of trajectory, proton–DNA interaction energy, force and track for moving proton, energy deposition, and the secondary electron evolution. The layered discrete charge in the intruding direction results in a spatial insensitivity of the electrons on the base pair to the energetic ion. The abnormal energy deposition for λ-DNA is ascribed to the mutation of the charge density and the nucleus–nucleus interaction potential. A more stable bond is formed between the mutant base pairs for λ-DNA, and there exists a flow of secondary electrons on the phosphate backbone under the ion beam radiation, resulting in a subsequent indirect chemical damage. These results provide an understanding for the central role of the physical states in radiation-induced cell death and a theoretical reference to improve the success rate of ion beam radiotherapy.