bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Persistence Of Matter
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

EarlieR i expressed the opinion that any continuous portion of matter, even one which does not come under any sortal (and which does not, therefore, constitute a standard object), can perhaps be called an ‘‘object’‘ in one very broad, ordinary sense of that word. This is certainly a debatable point, and I do not intend to presuppose it in anything that follows. What seems less debatable, however, and more important, is the following proposition. Our ordinary concept of identity through time applies, in at least many typical cases, to portions of matter (whether or not these be called ‘‘objects’‘) that do not come under any sortals. And this immediately presents a difficulty, since sortal-coverage is, according to the foregoing account, an operative condition for the application of our full-blown identity concept.
Natural Kinds And Natural Units
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

A Natural kind, as this notion has been employed in some recent literature, is a class of things that it seems in some sense natural to bring together under a general concept. As Quinton puts this: ‘‘[T]he members of some of the collections of things which it is formally possible to construct must have a natural affinity for each other, there must be some collections of things which it is natural to class together in contrast to other collections whose association is arbitrary.’‘ Otherwise it seems that we could never even learn how to use a general term, for we would have no basis to extrapolate from old cases to new cases.
Enzyme Histochemical Detection of Neuronal mRNA
Authors: Baldino Frank , Robbins Elaine , Lewis Michael E
Published: November 2023

In situ hybridization histochemistry is a uniquely powerful tool for the study of gene expression in single neurons. Although this technique has often been used to confirm immunoreactive neurons as the actual site of biosynthesis of a specific peptide or protein, its greatest power is evident in studies of altered gene expression in development, pathology, or due to physiological or pharmacological manipulations. This chapter is designed to provide the reader with straightforward methods for carrying out in situ hybridization histochemistry with either chemically synthesized DNA probes or biosynthesized cRNA probes, using routine enzyme histochemical methods for detecting hybridized neurons. In addition, some recent advances in methodology and applications will be discussed briefly.
Characterization of the Receptor Complement of Individual Neurons Using Dual-Label In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
Authors: Petersen Sandra L , McCrone Sue
Published: November 2023

The availability of nonisotopic methods to detect specific mRNA sequences has facilitated the development of dual-label in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). In this chapter we describe a very sensitive dual-label ISHH method which uses a combination of cRNA probes prepared by in vitro transcription of two different cDNA fragments, one in the presence of S-UTP and the other in the presence of digoxigenin-UTP. Our focus is on how dual-label ISHH can be used in conjunction with other methods to determine how individual neurons or specific populations of cells are regulated transsynaptically.
Quantitative Fish Dynamics
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

This book serves as an advance This book serves as an advanced text on fisheries and fishery population dynamics and as a reference for fisheries scientists. It provides a thorough treatment of contemporary topics in quantitative fisheries science and emphasizes the link between biology and theory by explaining the assumptions inherent in the quantitative methods. The analytical methods are accessible to a wide range of biologists, and the book includes numerous examples. The book is unique in covering such advanced topics as optimal harvesting, migratory stocks, age-structured models, and size models.d text on fisheries and fishery population dynamics and as a reference for fisheries scientists. It provides a thorough treatment of contemporary topics in quantitative fisheries science and emphasizes the link between biology and theory by explaining the assumptions inherent in the quantitative methods. The analytical methods are accessible to a wide range of biologists, and the book includes numerous examples. The book is unique in covering such advanced topics as optimal harvesting, migratory stocks, age-structured models, and size models.
A New Home for a Career
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Hans Krebs arrived at Victoria Station in London at 7:45 a.m. on June 20, 1933. He had his books and his personal possessions, but very little money. Under German regulations he was permitted to bring less than 10 marks with him, and he had smuggled an additional 200 marks between the pages of his books.Hermann Blaschko met Krebs at the train and took him to the home of his aunt, Helene Nauheim, where he could stay for several days while he began to pursue the contacts he had made in advance. Krebs brought Blaschko up to date on the last stages of his departure from Freiburg and discussed the possibilities he had in Cambridge and Oxford. There was also time to talk shop.
The First Amendment and Its Interpretation
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

In this third part of the book, I explore constitutional principles for freedom of speech and press. What has been said up to now has relevance for any modern government, or at least any liberal democratic government. The remainder of the study directly concerns the law in the United States of America, though it has powerful implications for other constitutional regimes. This chapter outlines factors that are relevant when the First Amendment is interpreted and explores briefly the understanding of freedom of speech held at the time the amendment was adopted. The next chapter is a longer but still fairly summary account of the development of First Amendment law. These chapters are background for the analysis that follows, first of competing general approaches to First Amendment adjudication, and then of particular problems that have been the subject of discussion in Part II.
Agreements, Offers, Orders, Implementation, and Training
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter mainly concerns communications that I claim fall outside the cover­ age of the First Amendment because they are too far removed from ordinary statements of fact and value to deserve even moderately stringent constitutional protection. Utterances that aim for agreement to commit crimes, that order crimes, or that constitute part of an ordinary criminal effort, are outside the range of the free speech and free press clauses. I begin with kinds of communications that are strongly situation-altering, in the sense of that term developed in Chapters 3 and 4, and then turn to words that are used to implement criminal aims. As an adjunct to the last discusson, I also inquire whether actions that are concededly constitutionally protected, standing alone, may be used to count as overt acts in conspiracies or as evidence of a criminal purpose.
Anti-Realism, Inference, and the Logical Constants
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: November 2023

Complex sentences, and the sentential operators by means of which they are formed, are of great importance in the debate about ‘realist’ and ‘anti-realist’ conceptions of meaning. It is on the anti-realist’s ability to give an account of our understanding of complex sentences of various types that the most serious questions about the coherence of his position turn. This applies to tensed sentences and to those which describe psychological attitudes; most centrally, it applies to compound sentences formed by means of the truth-functional connectives, ‘not’, ‘and’, ‘if … then’, and ‘or’.
Realism, Quasi, or Queasy?
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

I have often introduced the position I call quasi-realism by a kind of flow chart. We start with a division. On the one hand there is theorizing about some area of our commitments (moral, aesthetic, conditional, causal, or whatever) by seeing them in terms of beliefs, answering to facts or possessed of truth conditions. We may say that this is the realist path, at this choice point, leaving it open whether later on there is room for anti-realist theorizing within this option. On the other hand there is theorizing about the same commitments by seeing them as something different: expressions of attitude, or of other dispositions, or of modes of acceptance of propositions, or of preparedness to adjust other beliefs in various ways, and so on. One voicing such a commitment is certainly expressing a facet of his cognitive or conative make-up, but it is one best theorized about in contrast with the more ordinary case of strict belief. In this scenario the word ‘commitment’ is of course intended to be entirely neutral. It is the word for whatever it is that might turn out to be best thought of as belief, or might turn out to be best theorized about as something else. Someone might be annoyed at this blanket use of the term: is it permissible to use it so that beliefs may turn out to be a proper subset of commitments? That will be decided by finding whether the division between attitudes and the rest on the one hand, and beliefs, can be sustained, so we should accept the term provisionally, in order to conduct just that enquiry.
A Modernized Edition
Authors: Weamys Anna
Published: November 2023

If I had not observed that the greatest humility reigns in the bosoms of the noblest personages, I should not presume to dedicate this most unworthy fabric to Your Honors, especially when I consider the poorness of my endeavors and admire the learned Sidney’s pastimes; whereof I beseech you charitably to believe that my ambition was not raised to so high a pitch, as the title now manifests it to be, until I received commands from those that cannot be disobeyed.
Biological Implications of Rugged Fitness Landscapes
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

We have now investigated in some detail the structure of multipeaked fitness landscapes. The present chapter begins to discuss the biological implications of such landscapes, for it is the fixed or deforming structures of fitness landscapes which are the nexus of adaptive evolution. The first sections of the chapter take up a number of phylogenetic implications of the fact that adaptive evolution occurs on rugged fitness landscapes. The second half of the chapter discusses the implications of rugged fitness landscapes for the flow of a population under the drives of mutation, recombination, and selection.
The Architecture of Genetic Regulatory Circuits and Its Evolution
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Cellular differentiation in plants and animals is a consequence of the capacity of genes to modify the activity of other genes. Thus different cell types, as noted in the introduction to Part III, differ largely because different sets of genes are active in them. As known since Jacob and Monod published their seminal work on the lactose operon (1961, 1963), however, and as stressed by Monod in his elegant Chance and Necessity (1971), the existence of allosteric interactions allows a molecule to control the activity of enzymes or other effector molecules bearing on the synthesis of molecules entirely unrelated to the controlling molecule. That is, this freedom allows the “cybernetic” aspect of genomic control systems to achieve arbitrary complexity.
Almost Pragmatism: The Jurisprudence Of Richard Posner, Richard Rorty, and Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

In The Problems of Jurisprudence,1 Richard Posner announces that he is a pragmatist, by which he means that he rejects many if not most of the goals of legal theory, and especially the chief goal of offering an account of the law that is at once comprehensively abstract, strongly normative, and predictive of outcomes, that is, of decisions and holdings. He begins by declaring that he will “argue against ‘artificial reason,’ against Dworkin’s “right answer’ thesis, against formalism, against overarching conceptions of justice such as ‘corrective justice,’ ‘natural law,’ and ‘wealth maximization’ ... against ‘strong legal positivism’ “ (26), and he ends by pro claiming that the search for “ an overarching principle for resolving legal disputes” (302) has failed and that “no keys were found” (455). The process of finding no keys gives the book its structure. In other treatises on jurisprudence the argument is built up step by step into what promises to be a magnificent edifice (or empire), but here “there is no edifice” (69), only the repeated attempt to lay still another foundation that is almost immediately found to be as “rotten” as the last one (392).
Milton, Thou shouldst Be Living At This Hour
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

In a career marked by what some might describe as a succession of acts of hubris, let me remain in character by suggesting a connection between this moment and the moment of our profession as a whole. This is, to be sure, a glorification and a romanticization of the present occasion; but as my wife will tell you, it is an occasion I have been hoping for and preparing for ever since I saw the first televised presentation of the American Film lnstitute’s Lifetime Achievement Award. You know the one I mean: Jimmy Stewart or Jimmy Cagney or Bette Davis or Kirk Douglai; is honored by a series of embarrassing tributes by Jimmy Stewart or Jimmy Cagney or Bette Davis or Kirk Douglas. It turns out, every time, that this actor is the actor’s actor, the true professional, the one that every other actor wants to work with, the one every director wants to direct, the one without jealousy or temperament or unreasonable demands. These obligatory and unlikely characterizations of a virtue no one possesses are punctuated by film clips from the honoree’s greatest performances-loving close-ups of a face known to every American, moments of high drama cut and edited so as to produce an intensity even greater than that achieved in the “original” ten or twenty or forty years ago. and finally, the centerpiece of it all: the newly canonized or newly recanonized luminary is ushered to the podium amidst tumultuous applause; there he or she stands, head slightly bowed (you have to be able to see enough to extract from the occasion all the pleasure it affords), burdened by praise, overcome by emotion (one thinks of Julius Caesar three times breaking down in tears as he-because he?-refuses the crown), and faced with the sternest challenge of a long career, the challenge of responding to hyperbolic adulation with the appropriate measure of humility, an impossible task that is usually accomplished, when it is accomplished, by the substitution for humility of wit.
The Unbearable Ugliness Of Volvos
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

On a day in the mid-seventies-it may have varied in different parts of the country and at different universities-American academics stopped buying ugly Volkswagens and started buying ugly Volvos, with a few nonconformists opting for ugly Saabs. Now on the surface there would seem to be an obvious explanation for this shift in preference: on the one hand, graduate student stipends gave way to the more generous salaries of assistant and associate professorships; on the other, growing families required more than a rudimentary back seat. But the question remains, why Volvos? why not Oldsmobiles, or Chryslers, or Mercury station wagons? The answer, I think, is that Volvos provided a solution to a new dilemma facing many academics-how to enjoy the benefits of increasing affluence while at the same time maintaining the proper attitude of disdain toward the goods affluence brings. In the context of this dilemma, the ugliness of the Volvo becomes its most attractive feature, for it allows those who own one to plead innocent to the charge of really wanting it. There must be another reason for the purchase, in this case a reason provided conveniently by the manufac turer in an advertising strategy that emphasizes safety. We don’t buy these big expensive luxurious cars because we want to be comfortable or (God forbid) ostentatious; we buy them because we want to be safe. (I can only guess how many academics are now gobbling up overpriced Michelin tires reassured by a recent advertising campaign that they are purchasing family security rather than performance or glamour.)
Deciding the Undecidable: Wrestling with Hilbert’s Problems
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

In the year 1900, the German mathematician David Hilbert gave a dramatic address in Paris, at the meeting of the Second International Congress of Mathematicians-an address which was to have lasting fame and importance. Hilbert was at that point a rapidly rising star, if not superstar, in mathematics, and before long he was to be ranked with Henri Poincare as one of the two greatest and most influential mathematicians of the era. Like Poincare, Hilbert worked in an exceptional variety of areas. He had already made fundamental contributions to algebra, number theory, geometry, and analysis. After 1900 he would expand his researches further in analysis, then move on to mathematical physics and finally turn to mathematical logic. In his work, Hilbert demonstrated an unusual combination of direct intuition and concern for absolute rigor. With exceptional technical power at his command, he would tackle outstanding problems, usually with great originality of approach.
What Does Logic Have to Tell Us about Mathematical Proofs?
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

Modern logic provides a theoretical analysis of mathematics which cuts across its traditional subdivisions into algebra, geometry, analysis, etc. Actually, there is no single logical theory but a variety of such whose aim is to model the reasoning of, say, an idealized platonistic (set-theoretical) mathematician or an idealized constructivist mathematician at work in one of these areas of mathematics. What is common to the various theories is the use of formal systems to describe that activity, namely, as being one of drawing consequences within a specified class of symbolic expressions called formulas from certain formulas called axioms by use of certain specified rules of inference. Some logicians call themselves formalists and think that there is nothing more to mathematics than what is pictured as the production of derivations within formal systems. But those who take seriously the platonistic, constructivist, or other such views (for example, finitist, predicativist, etc.) also concern themselves with the meaning of what is expressed in formal languages. There is then the question as to which choices of axioms and rules are legitimate and-in case the systems are incomplete-how they might be legitimately extended. This leads one into controversial areas of the foundations of mathematics. I stress here the syntactic (formal) aspect as opposed to the semantic (and/or foundational) aspect of the logical description of mathematical activity. This is more neutral territory, but one within which there are a number of notions and results concerning the logical structure of mathematical proofs that are relevant to the remarks by Y. Manin in “Digression: proof” (Manin 1977, pp. 48-51). It should be added that I found those remarks both refreshing and stimulating.
Infinity in Mathematics: Is Cantor Necessary? (Conclusion)
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

By Godel’s doctrine I mean the view first enunciated in footnote 48a of Godel (1931) that the “true reason” for the incompleteness phenomena is that “the formation of ever higher types can be continued into the transfinite,” both in systems explicitly using types and in systems of set theory such as ZF for which the (cumulative) type structure is implicit in the axioms. For, as Godel says, the “undecidable propositions constructed here become decidable whenever appropriate higher types are added.” Since the undecidable propositions are of finitary character, Godel ‘s doctrine says in effect that the unlimited transfinite iteration of the power-set operation is necessary to account for finitary mathematics.
Mind And Order In The Universe
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

There are times when nature appears to revel in chaos and destruction. Breaking abruptly into the reassuring rhythm of quiet days and peaceful nights, a summer storm can suddenly materialize out of a blue and tranquil sky, shattering it like a fine crystal bowl into a thousand shards. Last summer I saw such a storm descend on gentle Ohio countryside. It was late afternoon; the sun, low in the sky, had been flooding the fields with warm evening light, gilding the little pond with its soft fringe of bull­rushes and willow trees. All at once dark cumulus clouds ap­peared on the western horizon, blocking out the light; the storm descended with an earth-shaking clap of thunder and swiftly turned the landscape into a torn and turbulent scene. Lightning rent open the boiling sky; the air was filled with flying leaves and branches. Sheets of raindrops, driven by wind gusts, fell like daggers on the field of ripening wheat which just a little while before had been rippling beneath the caress of a summer breeze. Clouds of thistledown, torn from the plants, were plas­tered in gray lumps against the treetrunks and fence posts and windowpanes.
Implications For The Future Of Man
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

The lines quoted above were written in 1883 by a man whose intellectual imagination placed him at least a century ahead of his time. Grandson of Erasmus Darwin, first cousin to Charles Darwin, Galton is best known as the founder of the science of eugenics. The idea that mankind could be improved by genetic control is still considered a radical proposal today. In another revolutionary insight Galton recognized the remarkable phenomenon of whole-making and the mysterious relationship between the whole and its parts. “We as yet understand nothing,” he wrote, “of the way in which our conscious selves are related to the separate lives of the billions of cells of which the body of each of us is composed. We only know that the cells form a vast nation, some members of which are always dying and others growing to supply their place, and that the continual sequence of these multitudes of little lives has its outcome in the larger and conscious life of the man as a whole.” Galton suggested that mankind may become part of an even more important whole the cosmic mind. This is a thought that is just beginning to take shape in some of the most forward-looking philosophies of the present day.
Experimental Physiology and the Medical Context
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

The institutionalization of experimental physiology at the University of Heidelberg occurred within a medical context. Helmholtz had been the favored candidate in part because of his reputation in medical circles, his position was in the medical faculty, and the same year of his appointment the government totally revamped the rules and regulations dictating the examination and licensing requirements for anyone wishing to practice medicine in the state. Academically trained physicians throughout Germany had been fighting since the mid-1840s to raise educational standards and tighten the examination and licensing requirements. One of their major goals was to replace the multiple categories of health-care practitioners with a single unified profession of highly trained physicians. Several states had already begun to comply. In 1852, for example, Prussia abolished its tripartite classification of physicians into doctors, surgeons of the second class, and surgeons of the first class, replacing it with a single category of university educated physicians.1 In 1858 Baden followed suit, but it added a provision not yet required anywhere else: in stipulating the course of study university students were to follow, it made two semesters in the laboratory-one in chemistry and the other in physiology-a prerequisite for anyone wishing to practice medicine in the state.
Socratic Epistemology
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Socratic scholars have often expressed puzzlement at what Socrates says about human epistemic possibilities and his own epistemic states.1 Their puzzlement is understandable, for the texts themselves are quite confusing. On the one hand, Socrates frequently proclaims his own ignorance;2 on the other, he occasionally, but quite explicitly, claims to know something and even more often appears to assert opinions with the utmost confidence. Socrates claims both that he is the wisest of men (Ap. 23b2–4) and that he is “wise in no way great or small” (Ap. 2lb4–5). It is possible that the apparent incoherence of Socrates’ various claims is quite real; even the most careful philosophers sometimes err, if only by overstating their position. Perhaps Plato is not always careful to provide Socrates with a consistent position. Perhaps Socrates gets caught up in his own rhetoric and exaggerates his real view. Perhaps he is occasionally confused. But one should not too easily be discouraged by the appearance of paradox; something important might be at work beneath it, which once seen would both dissolve the appearance of inconsistency and edify the one who got beyond that appearance.
The Palms The Amazon
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The palms are among the most abundant diverse, and important families of plants found in the Amazon. This book, based on extensive field work, provides a systematic treatment of all the palms that occur naturally in the Amazon region. Information is presented genus by genus, by species, and variety. There are keys to genera. Each species is described, its distribution, habitat, and ecology are reviewed, and its common names and uses given. The systematic account is preceded by chapters on the physical setting of the Amazon region (geology, climate, etc.), and notes on the palm family. There is a historical review of the botanists who collected and studied palms, together with a discussion of their species concepts. This book provides a definitive account of the ecology, uses, biogeography, and taxonomy of all 135 species of Amazon palms, for botanists, ecologists, agronomists, and conservation biologists.
Palm Collectors, Palm Botanists, and Species Concepts
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The starting point of modern botanical systematics, the classification of plants, was 1753, the year in which Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) published his Species Plantarum.There he began the practice of using a binomial system to name species and of placing supposedly related species in groups. Linnaeus knew few palms and included only nine species in his work, one of which was a cycad and none of which were from the New World. He at least recognized, however, that palms formed a natural group, the Palmae. Linnaeus’s son Carl (1741-1783) was the first botanist to use the binomial system to describe an Amazon palm. In 1781, he published Mauritia flexuosa.He was also, unwittingly, the first botanist to emphasize the importance of field work in palm systematics. He did not see Mauritiain the field, and described it as having almost no leaves: “Valde singularis haec arbor fere aphylla” (This tree is alone in being nearly leafless) (Linnaeus, 1781). The first botanists actually to collect Amazon palms, at least those from the northern fringe of the region, were Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and Aime Bonpland (1773-1858).* These celebrated naturalists traveled in the New World between 1799 and 1804. They reached San Carlos de Rio Negro in southern Venezuela and investigated the Rio Casiquiare, which links the Orinoco with the Amazon. Humboldt was greatly impressed by palms. Unlike Linnaeus’s son, he saw Mauritia flexuosagrowing in the wild and wrote of the dependence of Indian tribes on it: “The benefits of It is possible that the first botanist to collect Amazon palms may have been Alexandre Ferreira (1756-1815). He traveled extensively in the Amazon region of Brazil between 1783 and 1792, 10 years before Humboldt and Bonpland (Ferreira, 1972; see also Prance, 1971). To be both patriotic and pedantic, however, I should point out that Sir Walter Ralegh collected a fruit of Mauritia flexuosafrom South America and brought it back to England in 1595 (Humboldt, 1850).
Substance and the First Analogy
Authors: Van Cleve James
Published: November 2023

The stretch of the Critique of Pure Reason containing Kant’s proofs of the First and Second Analogies of Experience has been hailed as “one of the great passages in modern philosophy.” This chapter and the next are devoted to the exposition and critical assessment of Kant’s proofs.
Truth in Law: A Modal Account
Authors: Patterson Dennis
Published: November 2023

In one way or another, each of the perspectives considered in the earlier chapters of this book attempts to explain the truth of propositions of law in terms of conditions (e.g., communal agreement) or states of affairs (moral reality) that make the proposition in question true. For various but quite related reasons, this approach to the nature of truth in law has been rejected. The present chapter starts us down the road to an alternative account of the nature of truth in law.

The specific context for this chapter is constitutional argument. As will be seen, the argument under consideration sweeps far more broadly than—and is in no way limited to—constitutional law. The argument begins with the central problematic of constitutional law, the legitimacy of judicial review. In his first book of constitutional theory, Constitutional Fate, Philip Bobbitt argued that the debate over the legitimacy of judicial review proceeds from a faulty premise. Despite seemingly deep and irreconcilable divisions of opinion, all sides to the debate are wedded to a false premise: that the key to the propriety of judicial review lies in a theory oflegitimacy. In other words, in the absence of a theory of legitimacy, judicial review cannot be justified.
Postmodern Jurisprudence
Authors: Patterson Dennis
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, I have considered the leading contemporary answers to the question of what it means to say that a proposition of law is true. With one exception, all the views discussed proceed from a “modernist” perspective on the question of truth. From the modernist point of view, “truth” names a relation between an asserted proposition and some state of affairs that makes the proposition true. The view I identify as “postmodern” rejects the project of unraveling the connection between propositions and what makes them true. From a postmodernist point of view, to say that some proposition is true is to say that “a sufficiently well placed speaker who used the words in that way would be fully warranted in counting the statement as true of that situation.” The first part of this chapter is devoted to providing an account of modernism and postmodemism.
Preface
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

The following Poems were written at several Times, and on several Subjects: If the Ladies, for whom they are chiefly design’d, and to whose Service they are intirely devoted, happen to meet with any thing in them that is entertaining, I have all I am at. They were the Employment of my leisure Hours, the innocent Amusement of a solitary Life: In them they’ll find a Picture of my Mind, my Sentiments all laid open to their View; they’ll sometimes see me cheerful, pleas’d, sedate and quiet; at other times griev’d, complaining, struggling with my Passions, blaming my self, endeavouring to pay a Homage to my Reason, and resolving for the future, with a decent Calmness, and unshaken Con- io stancy, and a resigning Temper, to support all the Troubles, all the uneasinesses of Life, and then by unexpected Emergencies, unforeseen Disappointments, sudden and surprizing Turns of Fortune, discompos’d, and shock’d, till I have rallied my scatter’d Forces, got new Strength, and by making an unweary’d Resistance, gain’d the better of my Afflictions, and restor’d my Mind to its former Tranquillity.
Of Humility
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Of all the Virtues which adorn the humane Nature, there is none more amiable than Humility:‘Tis the most charming Ornament of the Mind, that which gives the finishing Stroke to all its other Perfections; it invites the admiring Spectator, and joins Love with Veneration; while Pride,like the fiery Guardian of Paradise,keeps us at a Distance, and mixes Fear and Aversion with the Honours we pay the Great.
Of Death
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Since I’ve a long time thought, that the Fear of Death is the occasional Cause of the greatest part of those mean dishonourable Actions which are done in the World; none will, I believe, think it a Misemployment of my time, seriously to consider, what ‘tis renders it so formidable, makes it so dreadful not only to the Vicious, but also to the Goods as are accommodated to Rational Beings, and perfective of their Nature: such as will contribute to my present Happiness and future Felicity, to my unspeakable Satisfaction here, and the transporting Delights of a blessed Eternity: Where Night her sable Wings shall ne’er display, Nor rising Vapours hide refulgent Day; Where Health, and Peace, and Pleasures all divine, Shall mix their Charms, shall all in one combine, Then dart themselves into each happy Breast, And give them Raptures not to be exprest; Inebriating Joys, too great for Sense, Which heav’nly Forms can only bear, and God dispense; Where Hopes shall cease, and Wishes have an end, And our Fruitions our Desires transcend; Where no Disgusts, no Griefs, shall Entrance find, Nothing disturb the Quiet of the Mind; Where Death’s unknown, and Life is only found, Where with immortal Wreaths the Good are crown’d, And all together join in Songs of Praise, Together tune their sweet melodious Lays; The grateful Tribute of their Voices bring, And find no other Business, but to Love and Sing.
Of Friendship
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Among the numerous Blessings which our bountiful Creator has bestow’d on Humane Kind, there’s none in which a pious and well-regulated Soul takes a greater Complacency, than in the Union she has with such as by their acquir’d Excellencies approach nearest to Perfection; that is, such as by a constant Contemplation of Truth, a steady Adherence to the Dictates of Reason, and a chearful and unweary’d Exercise of Virtue, have enlarg’d their Views, enlighten’d their Understandings, freed their Minds from Prejudices, from mean, narrow, and unbecoming Sentiments, from false Notions of Things, and who by submitting their Passions to the Government of their nobler and more exalted Faculties, have obtain’d a happy, an unshaken Serenity, an inward Purity, a great, firm and well-grounded Satisfaction, and who, without being byass’d by Interest, elated by Pride, made restless by Ambition, cramp’d by Avarice, or sour’d by Envy, are sweetly and gently led on to a Degree of Eminence, resembling, as near as may be, that of the Divine Nature.
On The Creation And Expansion Of Registers: Sports Reporting In Tok Pisin
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines a case of register creation in Tok Pisin, an English-based pidgin/creole spoken in Papua New Guinea, which has come to serve as the most important lingua franca spoken by more than a million people in a highly multilingual society. The register in question is sports reporting, as found in the news paper Wantok. Begun in 1970 and published weekly, it is the country’s most important secular publication and the only newspaper appearing today in Tok Pisin. All of the early written materials in Tok Pisin, which date from the 1920s, and the majority of published works today are religious in nature. Wantok carries most of the features one would expect of a newspaper: world and local news, letters to the editor, and so on. More recently, however, new items have appeared such as sports reports. The emergence of new registers and genres is a manifestation of more general stylistic expansion that has accompanied the nativization of the language over the past few decades.

I will look at the language of sports reporting through samples from an early year of Wantok, 1982, and later years, 1987 and 1990 (see the Appendix for two short sample texts). My discussion will focus on the lexical and syntactic features which make this register distinctive. I will also consider the extent to which conventionalization of this register can be detected in the later reports. Finally, I address the question of the extent to which the similarities of sports reporting in English and Tok Pisin are due primarily to the diffusion of conventions for the register across language boundaries, or to more general constraints imposed by the context of situation, subject matter, and so forth.
Metals in Cuticular Structures
Authors: Schofield Robert M S
Published: November 2023

Inorganic building materials have shaped the evolution of groups such as mollusks, vertebrates, and radiolarians. The functional and evolutionary significance of the calcium and silicon minerals filling the shells, skeletons, and teeth of these and many other organisms is well explored. In contrast, the significance of a distinct inorganic structural material that is also widely employed has not yet been explored. This alternative structural material is distinguished from space-filling calcium and silicon biomineralizations by relatively low tissue concentrations of less common elements such as manganese, copper, and zinc.
Loops, Polymer Statistics, and Helix-Coil Transitions
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

As seen in the previous chapter, proteins follow scaling laws for collapsed polymers. These extremely compact structures have a mass fractal dimension of 3. The scaling laws of polymer physics were derived for extremely high molecular weight homopolymers that show no branching. Perhaps it is fortuitous that proteins have a scaling law similar to collapsed polymers? The diverse nature of amino acid side­ chains allows for a number of different types of interaction between subunits. Consequently, most proteins show loop structures. Covalently attached loops can be formed as a result of disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues. Often, the protein will fold back on itself and form hydrogen bonds. The presence of such loop structures presents another question. Perhaps proteins are really extended polymers forming loops? Maybe the loop structures give an anomalously high fractal dimension? Tlhe answer to these questions can be found in cell renormalization studies of looped polymers (Family, 1982, 1984). This simple and elegant renormalization technique will be explored later in this chapter.
Chaos in Biochemical Systems
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

Chaos is a companion discipline to fractals. In the popular science literature, chaos and fractals are used almost interchangeably. Yet they are distinct topics that borrow heavily from each other. Fractals are used to describe complex topographies, whether they be temporal or spatial. Chaos, on the other hand, is concerned with the dynamical processes that show an exquisite sensitivity to initial conditions and which can generate complex fractal topographies in phase space. The language of fractals provides a natural descriptor for chaotic systems. Chaotic behavior has appeared in a number of biological settings (see May, 1976; Bassingthwaighte et al., I 994) and may confer specific physiological advantages. The goal of the present chapter is to provide the reader with a nonmathematical entree into the subject and to discuss how fractal patterns arise naturally in chaotic systems. The emphasis will be on biochemical systems the chemical kinetics of which have been reasonably well defined. There are now a large number of introductory treatments of chaos, but Baker and Gollub’s book (1990) remains one of the more attractive and approachable. For more mathematical treatments, see Rasband (1990) and the rigorous treatment by Lichtenberg and Lieberman (1983). For discussions of chaos in chemical and biochemical systems see the edited volume by Field and Gyogyi (1993), the monograph by Bassingthwaighte et al. (1994), and the introductory texts by Scott (1991) and Gray and Scott (1990).
Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Mancosu Paolo
Published: November 2023

The seventeenth century saw dramatic advances in mathematical theory and practice. With the recovery of many of the classical Greek mathematical texts, new techniques were introduced, and within 100 years, the rules of analytic geometry, geometry of indivisibles, arithmetic of infinites, and calculus were developed. Although many technical studies have been devoted to these innovations, Mancosu provides the first comprehensive account of the relationship between mathematical advances of the seventeenth century and the philosophy of mathematics of the period. Starting with the Renaissance debates on the certainty of mathematics, Mancosu leads the reader through the foundational issues raised by the emergence of these new mathematical techniques, including the influence of the Aristotelian conception of science in Cavalieri and Guldin, the foundational relevance of Descartes’ Geometrie, the relation between geometrical and epistemological theories of the infinite, and the Leibnizian calculus and the opposition to infinitesimalist procedures. In the process Mancosu draws a sophisticated picture of the subtle dependencies between technical development and philosophical reflection in seventeenth century mathematics.
Introduction
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

One of the most intractable difficulties facing traditional theism is the problem of evil, according to which the belief that God is all-powerful and perfectly good is problematic, given the kinds of evil found in our world. Within those versions of theism of a Judaic heritage—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—is an especially compelling version of the problem of evil. In addition to the evils that are commonly experienced, in many such traditions a different kind of evil is said to be true of our world. That special kind of evil regards the afterlife, in which some humans are with God forever and some are in hell, which is an excruciatingly bad thing; according to the standard traditions, being in hell is the worst thing that could ever happen to anyone. As with less horrendous evils, the first question is how such an evil is, or could be, justified. The theological portrayals of hell make this question the most difficult for the theist to address. Ordinary pain and evil, it may be thought, can be accounted for if events in the future “make up for” what leads to them, but the evil of hell leads nowhere; at no point in the future will something of value make up for the evil of hell or will some reward be granted to those who endure the suffering of hell. Hell is apparently paradigmatic as an example of truly pointless, gratuitous evil. Thus arises the problem of hell.
The Strong View of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

Before we move into the substance of this chapter, a few words of explanation about the strong view are in order. First, different pictures of hell are compatible with these theses. For example, some hold that the denizens of hell are actively tormented by fire, whereas others consider separation from certain blessings associated with heaven to be punishment enough.1 In either case, the theory is committed to the list and therefore subscribes to the strong view of hell. Second, although many Christians hold that all persons in hell receive the same punishment, this interpretation is not the only one possible. It is, however, the most demanding version to defend. I begin by considering what I call “the equal punishment version of the strong view,” which involves a commitment to (Hl)-(H4) in such a way that all persons in hell receive the same punishment. We shall investigate varieties of the strong view that do not maintain equality of punishment in hell after discussing this strong view. The third and final preliminary point about the strong view concerns a trivial way to avoid that view, which I propose to ignore here. Many Christians have maintained the doctrine of the harrowing of hell, according to which Christ, between his death and his resurrection, preached to the inhabitants of hell, securing the release of many through their faith in him and his message. This view involves a denial of the No Escape Thesis, although it is quite weak. Such Christians have also held that the harrowing of hell is a unique and unrepeatable event.
Kantian Critiques of the Phenomenological Argument
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

Besides utilitarianism, the normative standpoint that has been the main source of opposition to the idea of inescapable moral wrongdoing has been that of Kant and positions inspired by Kant. In this chapter I consider Kantian arguments against RT and in particular Kantian critiques of the phenomenological argument for RT. The chapter has two main parts. In the first three sections I focus on Kant himself. It is clear that Kant rejects any form of genuine moral conflict and hence that he rejects inescapable moral wrongdoing. Yet there is a central idea in Kant, that of respect for persons as ends in themselves, that has some similarity to the responsibilities to persons account and that might be thought to allow for the possibility of inescapable moral wrongdoing. I argue that Kant does not allow for this because he interprets respect for persons as ends in light of his conception of moral law as modeled on physical law. In addition, I maintain that Kant’s position is ultimately inadequate because, despite the concept of respect for persons as ends, Kant’s understanding of the moral law has the effect of significantly displacing persons as direct objects of moral concern.
Smoking Cessation
Authors: Hays J Taylor , Hurt Richard D , Dale Lowell C
Published: November 2023

Tobacco has been used in the Americas in various forms for centuries. The first references to tobacco smoking are found in the accounts of New World explorers during the sixteenth century (US DHSS 1992). During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tobacco was a major cash crop in the American colonies, with expansion of tobacco product manufacturing in the United States through the beginning of the Civil War. The manufactured cigarette is a recent phenomenon, having been introduced in the 1880s. During the early part of the twentieth century, manufactured cigarettes became the predominant form of tobacco consumed in the United States. The consumption of cigarettes has increased rapidly during this century; the greatest increase was noted during World War II (US DHSS 1989). By 1963, annual per capita cigarette consumption reached its maximum at 4,300 per adult but has steadily declined since then.

Smoking prevalence among different groups has also changed dramatically in re cent decades. In 1955 approximately 39% of all American adults were smoking and a peak prevalence of 41% was reached in 1965 (Fiore 1992a). In 1955 twice as many men were smoking as women (53% and 24%, respectively), but by 1965 the smoking prevalence among women had increased to 34%, while the prevalence among men remained stable. Since 1965, there has been a steady decline in smoking prevalence in both sexes, although the rate of decline in men has been about three times that in women. In 1991 approximately 26% of American adults were smokers, including 28% of all men and 24% of women (CDC 1993a). Smoking prevalence was highest among lower socioeconomic groups and among those with high-school education or less. The changing demographics of smokers is most dramatically illustrated by the smoking prevalence among college graduates (13.6%) compared to those with high-school education or less (30%) in 1991 (CDC 1993a).