bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial characterization of long-term hydrological change in the Arkavathy watershed adjacent to Bangalore, India
Authors: Penny Gopal , Srinivasan Veena , Dronova Iryna , Lele Sharachchandra , Thompson Sally
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The complexity and heterogeneity of human water use over large
spatial areas and decadal timescales can impede the understanding of
hydrological change, particularly in regions with sparse monitoring of the
water cycle. In the Arkavathy watershed in southern India, surface water
inflows to major reservoirs decreased over a 40-year period during which
urbanization, groundwater depletion, modification of the river network, and
changes in agricultural practices also occurred. These multiple, interacting
drivers combined with limited hydrological monitoring make attribution of the
causes of diminishing water resources in the watershed challenging and impede
effective policy responses. To mitigate these challenges, we developed a novel,
spatially distributed dataset to understand hydrological change by
characterizing the residual trends in surface water extent that remain after
controlling for precipitation variations and comparing the trends with
historical land use maps to assess human drivers of change. Using an
automated classification approach with subpixel unmixing, we classified water
extent in nearly 1700 man-made lakes, or tanks, in Landsat images from 1973
to 2010. The classification results compared well with a reference dataset of
water extent of tanks (R2 = 0.95). We modeled the water extent of
42 clusters of tanks in a multiple regression on simple hydrological
covariates (including precipitation) and time.
Inter-annual variability in precipitation accounted for 63 % of the
predicted variability in water extent. However, precipitation did not exhibit
statistically significant trends in any part of the watershed. After
controlling for precipitation variability, we found statistically significant
temporal trends in water extent, both positive and negative, in 13 of the
clusters. Based on a water balance argument, we inferred that these trends
likely reflect a non-stationary relationship between precipitation and
watershed runoff. Independently of precipitation, water extent increased in a
region downstream of Bangalore, likely due to increased urban effluents, and
declined in the northern portion of the Arkavathy. Comparison of the drying
trends with land use indicated that they were most strongly associated with
irrigated agriculture, sourced almost exclusively by groundwater. This
suggests that groundwater abstraction was a major driver of hydrological
change in this watershed. Disaggregating the watershed-scale hydrological
response via remote sensing of surface water bodies over multiple decades
yielded a spatially resolved characterization of hydrological change in an
otherwise poorly monitored watershed. This approach presents an opportunity
to understand hydrological change in heavily managed watersheds where surface
water bodies integrate upstream runoff and can be delineated using satellite
imagery.
The effects of cushion's particle size and thickness on coefficient of restitution under the rockfall impacts
Authors: Zhu Chun , Wang Dongsheng , Xia Xing , Tao ZhiGang , He ManChao , Cao Chen
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Gravel cushion is widely used for rockfall prevention in open-pit mine to absorb energy, the energy-consumption and buffer mechanism of different thickness and particle size of gravel cushion under the impact effects are studied. A series of laboratory tests for different cushion are conducted, combining the blocks' volume and drop height. The First tests under the condition of same release height of rockfall are carried out, the results indicate that under the different impact energy, the change of cushion's thickness have an obviously different effects on the coefficient of restitution (COR) of cushion. The second tests under the condition of same cushion thickness are conducted, when the blocks of different radius colliding with the cushion of same thickness, the COR change range of blocks of a big radius is larger than those blocks with a relatively small radius. For further research the influence degree of cushion's particle size and thickness on the COR when rockfall moving through the cushion, based on orthogonal test principle, 32 orthogonal tests are conducted, the influence law of all factors on COR and damage depth L of cushion are explored. The test results show that the cushion's thickness h should be considered firstly during the process of the cushion design, and reasonable cushion not only effectively reduce COR, but also maintain its stability, which provides theoretical and practical basis for the wide application of cushion design to control rockfall.
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Silvia Penuela
Authors: Lau Rebecca
Published: January 2018

Dr. Silvia Penuela is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the University of Western Ontario. Her research is directed towards understanding the functions and mechanisms of a new family of channel-forming proteins known as Pannexins as well as their associations with and roles in melanoma and other skin cancers. Dr. Penuela also teaches a fourth-year Anatomy and Cell Biology course, “Translational Models of Cancer.”
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Graham Thompson
Authors: Nguyen Dana
Published: January 2018

Dr. Graham Thompson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Western Ontario. He completed his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Zoology at the University of Guelph, before going on to complete his PhD in Genetics and Evolution at LaTrobe University. He then went on to complete postdoctoral fellowships at James Cook University, Simon Fraser University and the University of Sydney. He currently teaches undergraduate biology courses, including Animal Behaviour, Behavioural Genetics, and Behavioural Ecology, as well as a graduate seminar course in Behavioural Ecology. His research focuses on the biological basis of insect social behaviour. Dana Nguyen, a member of the Academic Affairs Committee for WURJHNS, had the pleasure of interviewing Dr. Thompson to learn more about his career path and his research.
La influencia de las Artes como motor de bienestar: un estudio exploratorio
Authors: Calderón-Garrido Diego , Martín-Piñol Carolina , Gustems-Carnicer Josep , Portela-Fontán Ana
Published: January 2018

Las funciones del arte han sido objeto de estudio de numerosas investigaciones en las últimas décadas, aunque son pocos los estudios centrados en conocer la vinculación entre el arte y bienestar desde el punto de vista del sujeto participante. En este trabajo se muestran los resultados de un estudio descriptivo exploratorio correlacional que analiza la vinculación entre el arte y el bienestar mediante un cuestionario on-line ad hoc, aplicado a  462 personas de diferente edad, sexo, nivel de estudios y experiencia artística. Una amplia mayoría de ellas considera que el arte siempre puede mejorar su estado anímico siendo la música el arte preferido  para ello. Algunos consideran que el arte es más eficaz que otras técnicas como el deporte para crear bienestar aunque la mayoría prefiere combinarlo con otras disciplinas. Las personas con una formación o experiencia artística son más proclives a usar cualquier manifestación artística para crear el bienestar.
The Balance between Exceptional Cases and the Risk of Fake: An Ever Present Theme
Authors: Teresa Bianchi Maria
Published: January 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to show that the false in the budget is due to false accounting and not false evaluation.Design/methodology/approach: Research articles from the most relevant Italian and foreign journals, from the period when this phenomenon was studied by the doctrine, in favor of or against the reformed subject, to ensure a complete analysis of the case. Practical case refers to work experience from the author of the paper. The methodology used in the paper is that of qualitative analysis.Originality: The author proposes this paper because on this reform most of the doctrine has expressed often divergent opinion and the author wanted to clarify the phenomenon.Findings: The author demonstrates, by the case, that there are several ways to represent the business reality correctly and therefore that the false in the budget can be objectively present in the accounting and not in the valuation.
The Real Reasons for the Financial Crise in Greece Based on the Lord Momchil Dobrev-Halachev’s “Theory of Generate of Crises” and the Lord Momtchil Dobrev Halachev’s “Theory of Mafia”
Authors: Dobrev-Halachev Momtchil , Garibova Mariola
Published: January 2018

Lord Prof PhD Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev developed 2008 “Theory of generating of crises” and 2001 “Theory of the mafia”. Based on these two theories, this paper explanes the establishment of the financial crises in Greece.
Doar ou não doar
Authors: Rossato Gabriela Camponogara , Girardon-Perlini Nara Marilene Oliveira , Begnini Danusa , Beuter Margrid , Camponogara Silviamar , Flores Cintia Lovato
Published: January 2018

Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender los motivos que influyen en la toma de decisión para la donación de órganos de un familiar adulto. Se trata de un estudio de caso cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, realizado con tres familias de pacientes con diagnóstico de muerte encefálica (ME) ingresados en un hospital público del estado de Rio Grande do Sul. La recogida de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de septiembre a diciembre de 2013. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. Es evidente que las familias tienen motivos para aceptar o negar la donación de órganos. El motivo principal para rechazar la donación tiene que con ver el respeto a la voluntad del donante o por no saber cuál era su voluntad. Las razones para aceptar la donación se relacionan con la intención de ayudar a las personas y con cumplir con el deseo del familiar donante. Se destaca la necesidad de más estudios relacionados con el proceso que viven las famílias de las personas con muerte cerebral y el proceso de toma de decisión para comprender mejor las situaciones que atraviesan los membros durante este proceso.
O contexto e as implicações das decisões colegiadas para a formação do enfermeiro
Authors: Higashi Giovana Dorneles Callegaro , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini , Andrade Selma Regina de , Bettinelli Luiz Antonio
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el contexto y las implicaciones de las decisiones conjuntas para la formación del enfermero. Método: teoría en base a datos recogidos en entrevistas a 30 participadas entre enero y junio de 2012 en una institución pública de educación superior del sur de Brasil. Resultados: del análisis se extraen dos categorías: contextualizar el escenario en el que se producen las decisiones colegiadas y práctica docente en el curso de enfermería de la universidad: implicaciones en el entorno académico. Conclusión: se llega a la conclusión que el contexto está marcado por la diversidad, la pluralidad y la complementariedad de los opuestos que se negocian y dialogan y que dichas decisiones influyen en el proceso de formación. Sin embargo, es importante seguir los cambios internos y externos a la escena de la gestión universitaria, observar el compromiso social, la solidaridad, el diálogo, la democracia, las decisiones y acciones compartidas, así como el conflicto, el debate, lo contradictorio, la incertidumbre, el dominio, la ambigüedad y la complementariedad de los opuestos, sin reducir, aislar ni fragmentar.
Fatores intervenientes na formação de enfermeiros residentes
Authors: Oliveira Elias Barbosa de , Carvalho Renata dos Anjos Correa , Teixeira Elizabeth , Zeitoune Regina Célia Gollner , Sabóia Vera Maria , Gallasch Cristiane Helena
Published: January 2018

En este estudio se buscó analizar los factores que interfieren negativamente en la formación del enfermero residente desde la perspectiva de los egresados de un programa de residencia en enfermería hospitalaria. Método cualitativo, descriptivo en el cual se utilizó la técnica de entrevistas a 25 egresados de un programa de residencia de un hospital universitario durante el segundo semestre de 2014. Del análisis de contenido de las declaraciones se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: la rotación de personal resultante de la precarización del trabajo en el hospital escuela y las condiciones laborales inadecuadas en términos de insumos materiales perjudican la formación, el desempeño y la calidad del cuidado ofrecido por el residente; factores que acarrean insatisfacción y frustración con el proceso de formación. Se llega a la conclusión que como la residencia en enfermería es una excelente metodología de enseñanza teórica y práctica, la institución debería realizar todos los esfuerzos posibles a fin de garantizar condiciones favorables a la seguridad en el desempeño y calidad de los cuidados proporcionados.
Vivência de crianças com câncer sob assistência paliativa em uma casa de apoio
Authors: França Jael Rúbia Figueiredo de Sá , Silva Eliane Cristina da , Machado Karine Oliveira Alves , Oliveira Thaís Costa de , Silva Maria de Fátima de Oliveira Coutinho da , Freire Maria Eliane Moreira
Published: January 2018

O diagnóstico de câncer desencadeia uma série de experiências estressantes e cheias de sofrimentos para a criança e sua família, pois envolve tratamento prolongado e doloroso. Nessa perspectiva, morar numa casa de apoio torna-se uma opção para garantir e facilitar o acesso de crianças ao tratamento curativo e paliativo, quando suas famílias não residem próximas do hospital. Desse modo, objetivou-se com este estudo compreender a vivência de crianças com câncer sob assistência paliativa em uma casa de apoio, à luz da teoria do cuidado humano. Trata-se de estudo de campo de natureza qualitativa do qual participaram 11 crianças elegidas por critério de suficiência e as quais se encontravam acolhidas no Núcleo de Apoio à Criança com Câncer. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se uma adaptação da técnica do desenho-história, cujos depoimentos foram gravados e posteriormente transcritos. A análise se deu por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo e à luz da teoria do cuidado humano. A partir dessa emergiram duas categorias. Concluiu-se, a partir desses resultados, que o brincar, o carinho, a atenção e o diálogo, bem como um ambiente acolhedor, tornam-se ferramentas fundamentais no enfrentamento da doença pela criança, auxiliado-a durante toda a sua vivência na casa de apoio.
Formação dialógica e participativa na enfermagem
Authors: Winters Joanara Rozane Da Fontoura , Prado Marta Lenise do , Waterkemper Roberta , Kempfer Silvana Silveira
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: Identificar cómo los alumnos de un curso de grado en enfermería de una universidad pública del sur de Brasil perciben las metodologias empleadas en su proceso de formación y su contribución al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico-reflexivo y creativo. Método: Investigación cualitativa en base al referente de Paulo Freire. En el estudio participaron 11 estudiantes de enfermería del último año. Los datos fueron recogidos durante el primer semestre de 2012 mediante entrevistas individuales, con guión semiestructurado y analizados desde la propuesta de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Surgieron los siguientes temas para análisis: la formación como proceso dialógico y participativo (que incluye: el profesor se preocupa por el alumno y por el proceso de aprendizaje) y las metodologías activas me estimularon a "buscar el conocimiento". El análisis muestra que la formación en enfermería es dialógica y participativa, y que los profesores se preocupan por el aprendizaje del alumno. Conclusión: el uso de metodologías innovadoras y la resolución de problemas ayudan a construir conocimiento. La estrecha relación entre el profesor y el alumno es fundamental en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, en el que el profesor asume el papel de facilitador y el alumno de protagonista en su proceso de aprendizaje.
Validação da síndrome metabólica e de seus componentes autodeclarados no estudo cume
Authors: Miranda Aline Elizabeth da Silva , Ferreira Adaliene Versiani Matos , Oliveira Fernando Luiz Pereira de , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Bressan Josefina , Pimenta Adriano Marçal
Published: January 2018

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez de los diagnósticos autodeclarados de síndrome metabólico (SM) y de sus componentes por los participantes de la Cohorte de Universidades Mineras (CUME). Para este estudio fue aleatoriamente seleccionada una submuestra de 172 participantes de la cohorte (33 hombres y 139 mujeres, edad 38 ± 11 años). La presencia de SM fue definida según los criterios de la International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Los datos de peso, altura, presión arterial, concentración sérica de glucosa, triglicéridos y HDL-c fueron autodeclarados en un cuestionario en línea de la cohorte y las mismas variables fueron evaluadas presencialmente mediante un protocolo estandarizado en laboratorios de las instituciones de enseñanza superior involucradas en el proyecto. Los datos autodeclarados y evaluados se compararon mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI), el coeficiente Kappa (k) y las diferencias entre medidas autodeclaradas y evaluadas según la metodología de Bland y Altman. Las prevalencias de la SM fueron del 4,7% y del 5,2% de acuerdo con los datos autodeclarados y evaluados, respectivamente. El coeficiente Kappa entre diagnósticos de SM autodeclarado y constatado fue 0,814, indicando concordancia casi perfecta, situación similar a la observada para la obesidad (k = 0,882). Los demás componentes de SM presentaron concordancias moderadas (k = 0,41 a 0,60). Los CCI también indicaron una excelente concordancia para peso, estatura, IMC y HDL-c, respectivamente, 0,989, 0,995, 0,983 y 0,761. La glucosa presentó baja concordancia (CCI: 0,336). Se concluye que los participantes del proyecto CUME proporcionaron información válida para los diagnósticos autodeclarados de SM y sus componentes.
Neurochemistry of Neurochemicals: Messengers of Brain Functions
Authors: Uddin Md. Sahab , Mamun Abdullah Al , Kabir Md. Tanvir , Nasrullah Md. , Wahid Ferdous , Begum Mst. Marium , Labu Zubair Khalid , Rahman Md. Sohanur , Islam Md. Tanjir , Amran Md. Shah , Abdel-Daim Mohamed M.
Published: January 2018

Neurochemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur in the brain and nervous system. This section of study determines how neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. The brain transfers numerous chemical information via neurons to communicate. The main role of neurochemistry activities takes place in the brain, which allows it to perform numerous actions. Foundation of brain is a little bit different from man to man and several things can play a role in the levels of various neurotransmitters in the brain. It is supposed that differences in brain chemistry may accountable for a variety of behavioral disorders. A particular cell called neurons is the basis of brain. Neurotransmitters have the capability that it can trigger when ordered to do so, along with receptors for specific neurotransmitters. By sending messages with neurotransmitters to signal various cell activities, brain perform its functions. Neurotransmitter spreads chemical messages from neuron to neuron to broadcast certain work and thus it works. A neuron may accept many chemical messages, both positive and negative from the other neurons contiguous it. They are accountable to get the neuron to reply in different ways, or they may work combine to produce a certain effect. Since all of this occurs just within a split second, the neurotransmitter must be cleared away rapidly so that the same receptors can be activated again and again. Psychoactive drugs work by briefly influencing a man's neurochemistry, which thusly causes changes in a man's mind-set, cognition, perception and behavior. Neuropeptides are endogenous protein molecules that are utilized for neuronal signaling. These molecules exert more prolonged and diverse effects on behavior than neurotransmitters. Therefore the objective of this appraisal is to show study of the brain’s chemical makeup especially neurotransmitters, psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides and their activities to nervous tissue.
La traducción de las referencias a la variedad diatópica en el doblaje al español
Authors: Uclés Ramada Gloria
Published: January 2018

El presente estudio analiza los procedimientos empleados en el doblaje al español de España de material audiovisual de ficción cuando se produce una referencia explícita a la variedad diatópica, lo que supone un problema de traducción. Para ello, se ha recogido un corpus de películas y series de televisión en sus versiones original (inglés) y doblada (español de España), en el que aparecen potenciales problemas de traducción a causa de la mención explícita a la variación diatópica. A partir de los datos recopilados en ambas versiones se constata la existencia de un número limitado de patrones a la hora de traducir este fenómeno. Una vez identificados y cuantificados dichos patrones, se establece una propuesta clasificatoria que agrupa las soluciones adoptadas por los traductores en varias categorías estratégicas. Asimismo, el estudio constata que dichas soluciones se emplean tanto de manera aislada como combinada.
Social factor comparisons of noun and verb insertion patterns in Spanish and English bilingual clauses
Authors: Smith Daniel
Published: January 2018

This paper compares noun and verb insertion in bilingual clauses in a Spanish and English bilingual data corpus collected in northeast Georgia (U.S.A.).   Even though Myers-Scotton and Jake (2014) have given grammatical reasons why verbs theoretically can be as easily inserted as nouns, most bilingual data corpora, from many different language contact settings, show that far more nouns than verbs of one language are inserted into clauses of the other language.  The northeast Georgia Hispanic community data set examined here is no exception. Analysis of the northeast Georgia data reveal that some social factors are associated with higher EL verb use. Children, who have more English proficiency in general than adults, insert more verbs into bilingual clauses than adults.  Female gender, higher socio-economic status, and other than Mexican national origin are also associated with higher EL verb use.
Te lo pido por favor: Estrategias de cortesía de hablantes de herencia del español mexicano
Authors: Escalante Chelsea
Published: January 2018

El presente estudio analiza la realización de peticiones de 30 alumnos universitarios que han adquirido el español como lengua de herencia y compara sus estrategias de cortesía lingüística con las estrategias producidas en las peticiones de 30 nativo-hablantes del norte de México. Este análisis se realiza en el momento en que estos alumnos se enfrentan con la tarea de escribir a interlocutores hipotéticos que representan diferentes grados de poder y distancia social. Las peticiones se analizan de acuerdo a cuatro medidas de cortesía lingüística: (1) la forma de tratamiento, (2) la franqueza del acto principal, (3) el uso de las estrategias de cortesía positiva y (4) el uso de las estrategias de cortesía negativa. Se observa que los participantes siguen la norma monolingüe en cuanto al tratamiento y la formación del acto principal de la petición, exhibiendo variación estilística según las dinámicas de poder y distancia social del interlocutor, pero que hay diferencias sutiles en el uso de estrategias positivas y negativas en comparación a los nativo-hablantes, lo cual apoya la inclusión de la instrucción pragmática explícita en la enseñanza de español como lengua de herencia
Los procedimientos de atenuación en las series televisivas españolas entre humorismo y construcción del ethos
Authors: Mapelli Giovanna
Published: January 2018

Los diálogos de las series televisivas son un ejemplo de “oralidad recitada” (Nencioni, 1976), no espontánea, ya que proceden de un texto escrito, el guion. Sin embargo, para que los intercambios resulten más verosímiles y dinámicos, se intentan reproducir muchos de los elementos típicos de la conversación coloquial, entre ellos, los procedimientos atenuadores (Briz, 1998; Albelda, 2010).
Si se considera que la atenuación es una estrategia dentro de la actividad argumentativa y conversacional que busca la aceptación del oyente, y que consiste en suavizar, restar fuerza ilocutiva, reparar, no expresar todo lo que se quiere dar a entender (Briz, 2003; Briz y Albelda, 2013), puede ser un recurso que respalda la ironía y la comicidad de estos formatos (Ruiz Gurillo, 2012, 2013). Por otro lado, el recurso de la atenuación concurre en la construcción del ethos (Charaudeau y Maingueneau, 2002; Amossy, 2010), en la imagen discursiva de sí que sitúa al personaje en un imaginario discursivo que corresponde a un estereotipo. Dentro del marco teórico pragmalingüístico y mediante un análisis cualitativo, vamos a identificar qué estrategias atenuadoras se emplean y con qué funciones en doce guiones de la serie española Aída, emitida por Telecinco.
On the morphological variability of Ichniotherium tracks and evolution of locomotion in the sistergroup of amniotes
Authors: Buchwitz Michael , Voigt Sebastian
Published: January 2018

Ichniotherium tracks with a relatively short pedal digit V (digit length ratio V/IV < 0.6) form the majority of yet described Late Carboniferous to Early Permian diadectomorph tracks and can be related to a certain diadectid clade with corresponding phalangeal reduction that includes Diadectes and its close relatives. Here we document the variation of digit proportions and trackway parameters in 25 trackways (69 step cycles) from nine localities and seven further specimens with incomplete step cycles from the type locality of Ichniotherium cottae (Gottlob quarry) in order to find out whether this type of Ichniotherium tracks represents a homogeneous group or an assemblage of distinct morphotypes and includes variability indicative for evolutionary change in trackmaker locomotion. According to our results, the largest sample of tracks from three Lower Permian sites of the Thuringian Forest, commonly referred to Ichniotherium cottae, is not homogeneous but shows a clear distinction in pace length, pace angulation, apparent trunk length and toe proportions between tracks from Bromacker quarry and those from the stratigraphically older sites Birkheide and Gottlob quarry. Three Late Carboniferous trackways of Ichniotherium with relatively short pedal digit V from Haine's Farm, Ohio, and Alveley near Birmingham, United Kingdom, that have been referred to the ichnotaxa "Baropus hainesi", "Megabaropus hainesi" and "Ichniotherium willsi", respectively, share a marked outward rotation of foot imprints with respect to walking direction. Apart from this feature they are in many aspects similar to the Birkheide and Gottlob records of Ichniotherium cottae. With the possible exception of the Maroon Formation (Early Permian, Colorado) sample, Early Permian Ichniotherium trackways with a relatively short pedal digit V fall into the morphological spectrum of the three well defined 'Hainesi-Willsi', 'Birkheide-Gottlob' and 'Bromacker' morphotypes. With their more obtuse pace angulations and higher body-size-normalized pace and stride lengths the Bromacker type tracks imply higher walking speeds of their trackmakers compared to all other Ichniotherium tracks. More generally, a trend towards higher locomotion capability from the last common ancestor of all Ichniotherium producers to the last common ancestor of all "Ichniotherium with relatively short pedal digit V" and from the latter to the trackmakers of the mid-Early Permian Bromacker type can be deduced – with the reservation that overall sample size is relatively small, making this scenario a preliminary assessment. Whether the presumed advancements represent a more general pattern within diadectomorphs, remains open until the non-European Ichniotherium trackway record improves. Ichnotaxonomic implications are discussed.
aPKC-mediated displacement and actomyosin-mediated retention polarize Miranda in Drosophila neuroblasts
Authors: Hannaford Matthew Robert , Ramat Anne , Loyer Nicolas , Januschke Jens
Published: January 2018

Cell fate assignment in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates often hinges on the unequal distribution of molecules during progenitor cell division. We address asymmetric fate determinant localization in the developing Drosophila nervous system, specifically the control of the polarized distribution of the cell fate adapter protein Miranda. We reveal a step-wise polarization of Miranda in larval neuroblasts and find that Miranda’s dynamics and cortical association are differently regulated between interphase and mitosis. In interphase, Miranda binds to the plasma membrane. Then, before nuclear envelope breakdown, Miranda is phosphorylated by aPKC and displaced into the cytoplasm. This clearance is necessary for the subsequent establishment of asymmetric Miranda localization. After nuclear envelope breakdown, actomyosin activity is required to maintain Miranda asymmetry. Therefore, phosphorylation by aPKC and differential binding to the actomyosin network are required at distinct phases of the cell cycle to polarize fate determinant localization in neuroblasts.
Naked mole-rat mortality rates defy Gompertzian laws by not increasing with age
Authors: Ruby J Graham , Smith Megan , Buffenstein Rochelle
Published: January 2018

The longest-lived rodent, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), has a reported maximum lifespan of >30 years and exhibits delayed and/or attenuated age-associated physiological declines. We questioned whether these mouse-sized, eusocial rodents conform to Gompertzian mortality laws by experiencing an exponentially increasing risk of death as they get older. We compiled and analyzed a large compendium of historical naked mole-rat lifespan data with >3000 data points. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed a substantial portion of the population to have survived at 30 years of age. Moreover, unlike all other mammals studied to date, and regardless of sex or breeding-status, the age-specific hazard of mortality did not increase with age, even at ages 25-fold past their time to reproductive maturity. This absence of hazard increase with age, in defiance of Gompertz’s law, uniquely identifies the naked mole-rat as a non-aging mammal, confirming its status as an exceptional model for biogerontology.
Activation of Toll-like receptors nucleates assembly of the MyDDosome signaling hub
Authors: Latty Sarah Louise , Sakai Jiro , Hopkins Lee , Verstak Brett , Paramo Teresa , Berglund Nils A , Cammarota Eugenia , Cicuta Pietro , Gay Nicholas J , Bond Peter J , Klenerman David , Bryant Clare E
Published: January 2018

Infection and tissue damage induces assembly of supramolecular organizing centres (SMOCs)), such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) MyDDosome, to co-ordinate inflammatory signaling. SMOC assembly is thought to drive digital all-or-none responses, yet TLR activation by diverse microbes induces anything from mild to severe inflammation. Using single-molecule imaging of TLR4-MyDDosome signaling in living macrophages, we find that MyDDosomes assemble within minutes of TLR4 stimulation. TLR4/MD2 activation leads only to formation of TLR4/MD2 heterotetramers, but not oligomers, suggesting a stoichiometric mismatch between activated receptors and MyDDosomes. The strength of TLR4 signalling depends not only on the number and size of MyDDosomes formed but also how quickly these structures assemble. Activated TLR4, therefore, acts transiently nucleating assembly of MyDDosomes, a process that is uncoupled from receptor activation. These data explain how the oncogenic mutation of MyD88 (L265P) assembles MyDDosomes in the absence of receptor activation to cause constitutive activation of pro-survival NF-κB signalling.
Are pumas subordinate carnivores, and does it matter?
Authors: Elbroch L. Mark , Kusler Anna
Published: January 2018

Background

Interspecific competition affects species fitness, community assemblages and structure, and the geographic distributions of species. Established dominance hierarchies among species mitigate the need for fighting and contribute to the realized niche for subordinate species. This is especially important for apex predators, many of which simultaneous contend with the costs of competition with more dominant species and the costs associated with human hunting and lethal management.

Methods

Pumas are a widespread solitary felid heavily regulated through hunting to reduce conflicts with livestock and people. Across their range, pumas overlap with six apex predators (gray wolf, grizzly bear, American black bear, jaguar, coyote, maned wolf), two of which (gray wolf, grizzly bear) are currently expanding in North America following recovery efforts. We conducted a literature search to assess whether pumas were subordinate or dominant with sympatric apex predators, as well as with three felid mesocarnivores with similar ecology (ocelot, bobcat, Canada lynx). We also conducted an analysis of the spatial distributions of pumas and their dominant sympatric competitors to estimate in what part of their range, pumas are dominant versus subordinate.

Results

We used 64 sources to assess dominance among pumas and other apex predators, and 13 sources to assess their relationships with felid mesocarnivores. Evidence suggested that wolves, grizzly bears, black bears, and jaguars are dominant over pumas, but that pumas are dominant over coyotes and maned wolves. Evidence suggested that pumas are also dominant over all three felid mesocarnivores with which they share range. More broadly, pumas are subordinate to at least one other apex carnivore in 10,799,252 (47.5%) of their 22,735,268 km2range across North and South America.

Discussion

Subordinate pumas change their habitat use, suffer displacement at food sources, likely experience increased energetic demands from harassment, exhibit increased starvation, and are sometimes directly killed in competitive interactions with dominant competitors. Nevertheless, we lack research clearly linking the costs of competition to puma fitness. Further, we lack research that assesses the influence of human effects simultaneous with the negative effects of competition with other sympatric carnivores. Until the time that we understand whether competitive effects are additive with human management, or even potentially synergistic, we encourage caution among managers responsible for determining harvest limits for pumas and other subordinate, apex carnivores in areas where they are sympatric with dominant species. This may be especially important information for managers working in regions where wolves and brown bears are recolonizing and recovering, and historic competition scenarios among multiple apex predators are being realized.
Role of Hydro-Dissection Facilitated Monopolar Cauterization Dissection Technique on Separation of the Greater Omentum From the Superior Layer of the Transverse Mesocolon During D2 Radical Gastrectomy
Authors: Orman Suleyman , Bostanci Erdal Birol , Karaman Kerem , Ozer Ilter , Ulas Murat , Ercan Metin , Akoglu Musa
Published: January 2018

Adequate separation of the omentum from the transverse colon mesentery, during D2 radical gastrectomy, is usually difficult and often time-consuming due to anatomic variations. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the electrocautery dissection technique with hydrodissection-facilitated electrocauterization for the separation of the greater omentum from the superior layer of the transverse mesocolon in gastric cancer patients undergoing D2 radical gastrectomy. The time taken to separate the greater omentum from the superior layer of the transverse mesocolon, and the number and extension of iatrogenically-created mesocolonic defects were assessed. Forty patients were prospectively randomized into 2 groups. Separation of the greater omentum from the superior layer of the transverse mesocolon was achieved in Group I (n = 20) patients by the monopolar cauterization dissection technique whereas in Group II (n = 20) patients by the hydrodissection-facilitated monopolar cauterization. No significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), type of surgical technique, or the number of resected lymph nodes (P > 0.05). The difference between the 2 dissection techniques was not statistically significant when compared according to the number of iatrogenic mesocolonic defects, extension of the defects, or the time period required for the separation of greater omentum from the superior layer of the transverse mesocolon (P > 0.05). The overall survival was not significantly different between the 2 dissection techniques (P > 0.05). Hydrodissection is a safe technique that can be applied as an adjunct to electrocauterization to facilitate the dissection in the correct plane during resection of the mesogastrium.
Negative Effect of Calcination to Catalytic Performance of Coal Char-loaded TiO2 Catalyst in Styrene Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant
Authors: Nurhadi Mukhamad , Kusumawardani Ratna , Nur Hadi
Published: January 2018

The research of negative effect of calcination to catalytic performance of coal char-loaded TiO2 catalyst in styrene oxidation with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant has successfully done. The effects of calcination step to catalyst properties were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), X-ray Difraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic performance of the catalysts has been investigated in styrene oxidation with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The catalytic study showed the calcination step influenced to catalytic properties and could decrease the catalytic performance of coal char-loaded TiO2 catalyst in styrene oxidation.
Catalytic Properties of Alumina-Supported Ruthenium, Platinum, and Cobalt Nanoparticles towards the Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone
Authors: Rekkab-Hammoumraoui Ilhem , Choukchou-Braham Abderrahim
Published: January 2018

A series of metal-loaded (Ru, Pt, Co) alumina catalysts were evaluated for the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane using tertbutylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant and acetonitrile or acetic acid as solvent. These materials were prepared by the impregnation method and then characterized by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), H2 chemisorption, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). All the prepared materials acted as efficient catalysts. Among them, Ru/Al2O3 was found to have the best catalytic activity with enhanced cyclohexane conversion of 36 %, selectivity to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone of 96 % (57.6 mmol), and cyclohexane turnover frequency (TOF) of 288 h-1.
Methyl Violet Degradation Using Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Over Graphite/PbTiO3 Composite
Authors: Purnawan Candra , Wahyuningsih Sayekti , Nawakusuma Vaishnavita
Published: January 2018

Photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methyl violet dye using Graphite/PbTiO3 composites has been conducted. The purposes of this research were to examine photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methyl violet using Graphite/PbTiO3 composite. Synthesis of         Graphite/PbTiO3 composite was successfully performed via sol-gel method by mixing graphite powder, titanium tetra isopropoxide precursor solution (TTIP) and Pb(NO3)2. The Graphite/PbTiO3 composites were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD diffractogram and IR spectrum of Graphite/PbTiO3 composite revealed all characteristic peak of graphite and PbTiO3. Photocatalytic degradation process showed that Graphite/PbTiO3 composite with ratio 1/1 decreased concentrations of methyl violet up to 92.20 %. While photoelectrocatalytic degradation processed for 30 minutes at neutral pH and 10 V voltage degraded the methyl violet until 94 %. However, the photoelectrocatalysis is still not significance to improve methyl violet degradation compared with photocatalysis.
Green Polymerization of Hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane Using an Algerian Proton Exchanged Clay Called Maghnite-H+
Authors: Kherroub Djamal Eddine , Belbachir Mohammed , Lamouri Saad
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to synthesize polydimethylsiloxanes by heterogeneous catalysis, based on the polymerization of the hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane (D8) by an environment-friendly solid catalyst (Maghnite-H+). Maghnite-H+ is a natural Algerian clay of the montmorillonite type, prepared by activation with sulfuric acid, the impact of this activation was observable in the XRD spectrum, by the increase in the interlayer spacing (d001) resulting from the intercalation of hydronium ions between layers. The molecular structure of the obtained polymer was determined by different chemical methods of analysis such as IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The thermal behavior of the polysiloxane obtained was confirmed by DSC. In order to achieve the best possible yield and at the same time to get a polymer of high molecular mass, the operating conditions have been set at t = 8 h and T = 70 °C after the reaction was repeated several times. The average molecular mass and the polydispersity index were measured by GPC. A reaction mechanism has been suggested to show the action of the Maghnite-H+ during the reaction.
Structural basis of the specific interactions of GRAS family proteins
Authors: Hakoshima Toshio
Published: January 2018

The plant‐specific GAI‐RGA‐and‐SCR (GRAS) family of proteins function as transcriptional regulators and play critical roles in development and signalling. Recent structural studies have shed light on the molecular functions at the structural level. The conserved GRAS domain comprises an α‐helical cap and α/β core subdomains. The α‐helical cap mediates head‐to‐head heterodimerization between SHR and SCR GRAS domains. This type of dimerization is predicted for the NSP1‐NSP2 heterodimer and DELLA proteins such as RGA and SLR1 homodimers. The α/β core subdomain possesses a hydrophobic groove formed by surface α3‐ and α7‐helices and mediates protein–protein interactions. The groove of the SHR GRAS domain accommodates the zinc fingers of JKD, a BIRD/IDD family transcription factor, while the groove of the SCL7 GRAS domain mediates the SCL7 homodimerization.
Understanding the Evolution of an Oceanic Intraplate Volcano From Seismic Reflection Data: A New Model for La Réunion, Indian Ocean
Authors: Lebas E. , Le Friant A. , Deplus C. , de Voogd B.
Published: January 2018

High‐resolution seismic reflection profiles gathered in 2006 on La Réunion submarine flanks and surrounding abyssal plain, enabled characterization of the seismostratigraphy architecture of the volcaniclastic apron. Four seismic units are defined beyond the edifice base: (1) a basal unit, interpreted as pelagic sediment predating La Réunion volcanism; (2) a second unit showing low‐ to medium‐amplitude reflections, related to La Réunion emergence including the submarine explosive phase; (3) a high‐amplitude seismic unit, associated with subaerial volcanic activity (i.e., mature island stage); and (4) an acoustically transparent unit, ascribed to erosion that currently affects the volcanic complex. Two prominent horizons delineate the base of the units II and III marking, respectively, the onset of La Réunion seamount explosive activity and the Piton des Neiges volcanic activity. Related isopach maps demonstrate: (1) the existence of a large proto‐Piton des Neiges volcano during the first building phase of the volcanic complex, and (2) the central role of the Piton des Neiges volcano during the second phase. Shield growth stage of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano is also captured in the upper part of the volcaniclastic apron, attesting to its recent contribution. Seismic facies identified in the apron highlight a prevalence of sedimentary and reworking processes since the onset of the volcanism compared to catastrophic flank collapses. We present here a new model of evolution for La Réunion volcanic complex since the onset of the volcanism and argue that a major proto Piton des Neiges‐Piton des Neiges volcanic complex controls La Réunion present‐day morphology.
Pressure and Stress Prediction in the Nankai Accretionary Prism: A Critical State Soil Mechanics Porosity‐Based Approach
Authors: Flemings Peter B. , Saffer Demian M.
Published: January 2018

We predict pressure and stress from porosity in the Nankai accretionary prism with a critical state soil model that describes porosity as a function of mean stress and maximum shear stress, and assumes Coulomb failure within the wedge and uniaxial burial beneath it. At Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1174 and 808, we find that pore pressure in the prism supports 70% to 90% of the overburden (λu = 0.7 to 0.9), for a range of assumed friction angles (5–30°). The prism pore pressure is equal to or greater than that in the underthrust sediments even though the porosity is lower within the prism. The high pore pressures lead to a mechanically weak wedge that supports low maximum shear stress, and this in turn requires very low basal traction to remain consistent with the observed narrowly tapered wedge geometry. We estimate the décollement friction coefficient (μb) to be ~0.08–0.38 (ϕb′ = 4.6°–21°). Our approach defines a pathway to predict pressure in a wide range of environments from readily observed quantities (e.g., porosity and seismic velocity). Pressure and stress control the form of the Earth's collisional continental margins and play a key role in its greatest earthquakes. However, heretofore, there has been no systematic approach to relate material state (e.g., porosity), pore pressure, and stress in these systems.
Compressible Flow Phenomena at Inception of Lateral Density Currents Fed by Collapsing Gas‐Particle Mixtures
Authors: Valentine Greg A. , Sweeney Matthew R.
Published: January 2018

Many geological flows are sourced by falling gas‐particle mixtures, such as during collapse of lava domes, and impulsive eruptive jets, and sustained columns, and rock falls. The transition from vertical to lateral flow is complex due to the range of coupling between particles of different sizes and densities and the carrier gas, and due to the potential for compressible flow phenomena. We use multiphase modeling to explore these dynamics. In mixtures with small particles, and with subsonic speeds, particles follow the gas such that outgoing lateral flows have similar particle concentration and speed as the vertical flows. Large particles concentrate immediately upon impact and move laterally away as granular flows overridden by a high‐speed jet of expelled gas. When a falling flow is supersonic, a bow shock develops above the impact zone, and this produces a zone of high pressure from which lateral flows emerge as overpressured wall jets. The jets form complex structures as the mixtures expand and accelerate and then recompress through a recompression zone that mimics a Mach disk shock in ideal gas jets. In mixtures with moderate to high ratios of fine to coarse particles, the latter tend to follow fine particles through the expansion‐recompression flow fields because of particle‐particle drag. Expansion within the flow fields can lead to locally reduced gas pressure that could enhance substrate erosion in natural flows. The recompression zones form at distances, and have peak pressures, that are roughly proportional to the Mach numbers of impacting flows.