bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Модели корпоративных рейтингов для развивающихся рынков
Authors: Карминский Александр Маркович
Published: November 2018

Автор: Александр Маркович Карминский - Национальный Исследовательский Университет "Высшая Школа Экономики". Электронная почта: akarminsky@hse.ru
В работе рассматриваются особенности существующей системы корпоративных рейтингов и специфика развития соответствующих эконометрических моделей рейтингов для предприятий на развивающихся рынках. В качестве объясняющих переменных используются финансовые индикаторы, индикаторы финансового рынка, а также макроэкономические и отраслевые факторы в разрезе отдельных стран. Рассматриваются и моделируются рейтинги международных агентств Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investors Service и Fitch Ratings. Оценивается предсказательная сила полученных моделей. Обсуждаются результаты сравнения рейтингов трех ведущих международных агентств.
Реакция рынка на объявление о приобретении компаний открытого и закрытого типов
Authors: Чиркова Елена Владимировна , Чувствина Елена Валерьевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Елена Владимировна Чиркова - Национальный Исследовательский Университет "Высшая школа экономики". Электронная почта: evchirkova@gmail.com
Елена Валерьевна Чувствина НИУ ВШЭ
В статье представлены результаты исследования избыточной доходности в сделках по покупке открытых и закрытых компаний на развивающихся рынках капитала. В рамках исследования была проведена эмпирическая проверка зависимости избыточной доходности покупателя от факторов, влияющих на скидку при приобретении частной компании, и размера «переплаты» за компанию-цель по сравнению со среднеотраслевыми мультипликаторами. Скидка при покупке закрытой компании определялась как разница между ценой сделки и ценой, рассчитанной исходя из средних мультипликаторов по публичным компаниям-аналогам. Кроме того, была проанализирована способность рынка отличать сделки с «ложной» мотивацией, в частности сделки, целью которых может являться распространение более высокого мультипликатора компании-покупателя на компанию-цель.
Влияние поведенческих аспектов на структуру капитала российских публичных компаний
Authors: Гайфутдинова Наиля Сергеевна , Кокорева Мария Сергеевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Кокорева Мария Сергеевна - доцент, преподаватель, НИУ ВШЭ, заместитель руководителя школы финансов, научный сотрудник научно-учебной лабаратории корпоративных финансов, директор совместной образовательной программы подготовки бакалавров по направлению "Экономика" УрГУ и НИУ ВШЭ. Электронная почта: maria_kokoreva@mail.ru

Наиля Сергеевна Гайфутдинова НИУ ВШЭ

В данной статье представлены результаты эмпирического тестирования применимости поведенческих концепций структуры капитала для объяснения формирования структуры капитала российскими компаниями. На выборке 50 крупных публичных компаний за 2003–2009 годы продемонстрирована несостоятельность теории отслеживания рынка в объяснении структуры капитала российских компаний. При этом результаты исследования не позволяют отвергнуть значимость модели информационных каскадов и гипотез, связанных с влиянием личных качеств менеджера, при выборе долговой нагрузки компании.
Исследование факторов, влияющих на инвестиционную активность компаний
Authors: Черкасова Виктория Артуровна , Теплова Ольга Юрьевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Виктория Артуровна Черкасова НИУ ВШЭ vcherkasova@hse.ru
Ольга Юрьевна Теплова
В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к проблеме выбора уровня инвестиций компании: выявлен ряд факторов, влияющих на инвестиционную активность компании; проанализировано влияние доходности на инвестиции (ROI), на инвестиционную политику. Проведен обзор экономических исследований о детерминантах инвестиционной политики компаний, рассмотрены различные подходы к расчету ROI. Представлены основные шаги и результаты эмпирического исследования, основанного на данных российских компаний.
Развитие стейкхолдерского подхода в методологии финансового анализа: гармоничная компания
Authors: Ивашковская Ирина Васильевна
Published: November 2018

Автор: Ирина Васильевна Ивашковская НИУ ВШЭ iivashkovskaja@hse.ru
В статье рассматривается авторская концепция гармоничной компании, отвечающая принципам стейкхолдерского подхода к фирме. Обосновано положение о формировании архитектуры капитала, представляющей собой новый тип структуры капитала фирмы.  Показано, что архитектура капитала  предполагает новое стоимостное мышление и  оценку изменений стоимости для стратегических нефинансовых стейкхолдеров,  а также  требует новых инструментов для  финансовых измерений.
Управление финансами в отельном бизнесе: базовый подход и особенности применения зарубежного опыта
Authors: Багаева Ксения Олеговна
Published: November 2018

Автор: Ксения Олеговна Багаева

В статье рассматриваются основы управления финансами в отельном бизнесе и предлагаются рекомендации по применению зарубежного опыта во внедрении системы управленческого учета, показателей эффективности бизнеса, анализа расходов и ценообразования с учетом особенностей и сложностей отельного бизнеса.
Методологические подходы к формированию инновационных кластеров в контексте обеспечения сбалансированного регионального развития
Authors: Климова Татьяна Брониславовна , Бондарева Яна Юрьевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Татьяна Брониславовна Климова НИУ «БелГУ»

Яна Юрьевна Бондарева НИУ «БелГУ»

В статье рассматриваются методологические подходы к формированию инновационных кластеров, как формы, усиливающей взаимосвязанность и взаимодополняемость отраслей в инновационно-ориентированном пространстве, в контексте обеспечения сбалансированного развития региональной экономики.
Факторы, влияющие на размер премии за контроль
Authors: Родионов Иван Иванович , Перевалова Ксения Александровна
Published: November 2018

Автор: Иван Иванович Родионов - Национальный Исследовательский Университет "Высшая школа экономики". Электронная почта: irodionov@hse.ru
Вопросы введения и установления размера премий и скидок за контрольный характер пакета акций относятся к фундаментальным проблемам оценки стоимости бизнеса. Размер премии за контроль может значительно повлиять на рыночную стоимость оцениваемого бизнеса или пакета акций. В каждом конкретном слу­чае размер премии за контроль зависит от множества специфических для каждого вида бизнеса факторов: внутренних особенностей, таких как удельный вес оцениваемого пакета акций, степень концентрации акционерного капитала, режим голосования, и внешних, таких как правовая форма предприятия или законодательные ограничения. Данная статья посвящена обзору и анализу этих и других факторов, которые прямо или косвенно влияют на размер премии за контрольный характер пакета акций.
Сравнение силы взаимосвязи показателей экономической прибыли и рыночной стоимости акций
Authors: Блинов Станислав Сергеевич , Найденова Юлия Николаевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Юлия Николаевна Найденова НИУ ВШЭ yunaydenova@hse.ru
Станислав Сергеевич Блинов НИУ ВШЭ
В работе представлен теоретический обзор двух моделей: экономической добавленной стоимости и модели Эдвардса–Белла–Ольсона. Ключевое различие между ними заключается в том, что EVA рассчитывается на основе инвестированного капитала, тогда как экономическая прибыль, определяемая по модели EBO, – на основе собственного капитала. В связи с этим была выдвинута гипотеза о том, что экономическая прибыль, определяемая по модели EBO, лучше объясняет капитализацию компании и рыночную добавленную стоимость, чем EVA. Полученные выводы свидетельствуют о том, что оба показателя имеют более слабую взаимосвязь с рыночной капитализацией компании, чем традиционные показатели отчетности (а именно чистая прибыль, EAT). Однако при этом показатель экономической прибыли, рассчитанный по модели EBO, значительно превосходит EVA и EAT в способности объяснять рыночную добавленную стоимость.
Корпоративное управление и операционная эффективность российских компаний
Authors: Степанова Анастасия Николаевна , Кузьмин Сергей Александрович
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Анастасия Николаевна Степанова НИУ ВШЭ, anstepanova@hse.ru
Сергей Александрович Кузьмин НИУ ВШЭ
В этой статье изучается влияние качества корпоративного управления в российских компаниях на их операционную эффективность, измеренную граничными методами (DEA и SFA). Качество корпоративного управления фиксируется с помощью оригинального рейтинга корпоративного управления, методология которого раскрывается в данной работе. На выборке из 54 российских компаний авторы тестируют предложенную модель операционной эффективности и выявляют высокий уровень значимости качества корпоративного управления.
О подходах к оценке собственником компании инвестиционной эффективности его персональной деятельности по управлению бизнесом
Authors: Королев Виталий Альфредович , Мамонтов Дмитрий Сергеевич
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Дмитрий Сергеевич Мамонтов НИУ ВШЭ

Виталий Альфредович Королев НИУ ВШЭ

Данная статья посвящена решению проблемы оценки эффективности деятельности собственников бизнеса.Модели, разработанные в рамках статьи, включают показатель эффективности, который впервые рассматривается в качестве базового индикатора для принятия собственником решения о формате своего участия в управлении компанией и зависит не только от измеримых денежных инвестиций, но также от инвестиций личного времени собственника в бизнес.При рассмотрении моделей также приводится рациональное объяснение принятия собственниками решения об отходе от текущего управления компанией, что часто наблюдается на практике.Особое внимание уделено разграничению трех базовых функций собственников компании: предпринимательской деятельности, операционной деятельности и контроля над менеджментом.
Модель Линтнера: пример развивающихся рынков капитала
Authors: Пирогов Никита Константинович , Кравчук Дмитрий Васильевич
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Никита Константинович Пирогов - НИУ ВШЭ. Электронная почта: npirogov@hse.ru
Дмитрий Васильевич Кравчук НИУ ВШЭ
Модель Линтнера является одной из классических методологий анализа дивидендной политики. В данной работе была предпринята попытка оценить модель Линтнера для четырех наиболее быстро развивающихся стран: Бразилии, России, Индии и Китая (BRIC), а также сравнить с результатами оценки модели для развитого рынка США. По результатам работы стоит отметить, что дивидендная политика в развивающихся странах имеет схожие тенденции, отличающиеся высокой скоростью приспособления к целевому дивиденду и малой долей прибыли, направляемой на дивиденды, что отличается от преобладающих тенденций дивидендной политики компаний США.
Финансовый рычаг, доходность и отраслевая специфика: эмпирическое исследование сделок слияний и поглощений
Authors: Аглиарди Элеттра , Лукьянова Ирина
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Элеттра Аглиарди НИУ ВШЭ

Ирина Лукьянова НИУ ВШЭ

В данной статье рассматривается влияние сделок слияний и поглощений на уровень долговой нагрузки компании, взаимосвязь между долговой нагрузкой и возможностями роста и то, каким образом меняется поведение покупателей в зависимости от принадлежности компании к той или иной отрасли. Мы также исследовали то, как распределительные характеристики доходности (среднее, волатильность, асимметрия, корреляция) влияют на слияния и наличие связи между методом оплаты сделок и снижением риска. Мы обнаружили, что компаниям из высокотехнологичных отраслей с более высокими возможностями роста свойственна пониженная долговая нагрузка. Отрасли с большими возможностями роста обладают в основном недостаточно высоким финансовым рычагом, в то время как отрасли с небольшими возможностями роста – чересчур высоким. У большинства компаний в отрасли промышленных товаров и финансовом секторе наблюдается рост волатильности доходности акций после слияния, сопровождающийся снижением асимметрии распределения доходностей. В наукоемких отраслях, за исключением химической промышленности, наблюдается уменьшение как волатильности, так и асимметрии распределения доходности после слияния.
Модель диагностики риска банкротства предприятий авиационно-промышленного комплекса
Authors: Жданов Василий Юрьевич , Афанасьева Ольга Анатольевна
Published: November 2018

Авторы: Василий Юрьевич Жданов НИУ ВШЭ

Ольга Анатольевна Афанасьева

В статье рассматриваются недостатки использования зарубежных моделей диагностики риска банкротства для прогнозирования банкротства предприятий авиационно-промышленного комплекса (авиапредприятий), а также обосновываются преимущества использования логистических регрессионных моделей (logit-модели) по сравнению с моделями, построенными с помощью множественного дискриминантного анализа (MDA-модели). Разрабатывается logit-модель для диагностики риска банкротства авиапредприятий.
Internal Inconsistency of Downside CAPM Models
Authors: Cheryomushkin Sergey
Published: November 2018

Author: Sergey Vasilyevich Cheremushkin - National Research University "Higher School of Economics"

There is little criticism of downside measures approach to estimating risk premiums. Instead, this model attracted attention of both academics and practitioners. For example, Abbas et al (2011) refer to DCAPM as “long-awaited solution for asset pricing problem”. Estrada (2006, 2007), Post and Vliet (2004) and some other researchers claim that downside approach is often preferable to the traditional CAPM. At the same time they keep silence about limitations of the model. This paper intends to fill the gap. It shows that downside CAPM approach produces instable results. Although there are various versions of downside risk measurement approaches, the focus of this paper is estimation of assets’ betas and risk premiums. Therefore we limit our review with DCAPM approach, which is the most popular today and is advised as a preferable method of estimating risk premiums at emerging markets. In this context the most critical issue is estimation of security characteristic line and the marginal contribution of an asset’s risk into the risk of benchmarking market portfolio.We construct a portfolio of two assets using different weights and calculate its true semideviation and semideviation according to DCAPM framework. Then we change data to obtain scenarios with different correlations between asset returns and repeat simulation across different weights with new data. The simulation shows that if the assets are perfectly positively correlated the DCAPM’s estimation percentage error is zero, and if the assets are perfectly negatively correlated the DCAPM’s estimation percentage error can approach infinity. If the assets have zero correlation, the percentage error is quite significant (may reach 15% in the simulation under appropriate weights). The magnitude of the estimation error varies both with correlation between data, weights of the assets and the data themselves. So the algorithm cannot provide reliable estimates. Such results imply that downside beta is unreliable measure of security systematic risk.
Modelo analítico sobre los conflictos intergubernamentales por el agua en la cuenca Lerma, México
Authors: Rojas-Ramírez José Juan Pablo
Published: November 2018

Se explica el conflicto por el agua a través de un modelo analítico elaborado a partir de diferentes posturas disciplinares del conflicto social y político, con el fin de contribuir al poder explicativo de la teoría del conflicto social. Para tal efecto se recurre al análisis de caso. Como conclusión se obtuvo que usar un modelo como procedimiento heurístico facilita la comprensión el conflicto intergubernamental por el agua a partir del establecimiento de cadenas causales.
Multiobjective Robust Controller Synthesis for Nonlinear Mechanical System
Authors: Degtyarev G. L. , Faizutdinov R. N. , Spiridonov I. O.
Published: November 2018

In the paper multiobjective robust controller synthesis problem for nonlinear mechanical system described by Lagrange’s equations of the second kind is considered. Such tasks have numerous practical applications, for example in controller design of robotic systems and gyro-stabilized platforms. In practice, we often have to use uncertain mathematical plant models in controller design. Therefore, ensuring robustness in presence of parameters perturbations and unknown external disturbances is an important requirement for designed systems. Much of modern robust control theory is linear. When the actual system exhibits nonlinear behavior, nonlinearities are usually included in the uncertainty set of the plant. A disadvantage of this approach is that resulting controllers may be too conservative especially when nonlinearities are significant. The nonlinear H∞ optimal control theory developed on the basis of differential game theory is a natural extension of the linear robust control theory. Nonlinear theory methods ensure robust stability of designed control systems. However, to determine nonlinear H∞-control law, the partial differential equation have to be solved which is a rather complicated task. In addition, it is difficult to ensure robust performance of controlled processes when using this method. In this paper, methods of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems are used to synthesize robust control law. It is shown, that Lagrange system may be adequately represented in the form of quasi-LPV model. From the computational point of view, the synthesis procedure is reduced to convex optimization techniques under constraints expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Measured parameters are incorporated in the control law, thus ensuring continuous adjustment of the controller parameters to the current plant dynamics and better performance of control processes in comparison with H∞-regulators. Furthermore, the use of the LMIs allows to take into account the transient performance requirements in the controller synthesis. Since the quasi-LPV system depends continuously on the parameter vector, the LMI system is infinite-dimensional. This infinitedimensional system is reduced to a finite set of LMIs by introducing a polytopic LPV representation. The example of multiobjective robust control synthesis for electro-optical device’s line of sight pointing and stabilization system suspended in two-axes inertially stabilized platform is given.
Research of K∞-Robust Systems with Constrained Control
Authors: Rustamov G. A. , Farchadov V. G. , Rustamov G. R.
Published: November 2018

At the present, there are no satisfactory engineering solutions related to the synthesis of robust regulators taking into account the constraints on control. In this connection, it is important to study the influence of saturation effect of the controller on the robust properties of systems. In this paper, this problem is considered in connection with K∞-robust control systems with a high gain. It is shown that in control limit systems, in particular, K∞-robust systems at the initial instant of time, the control assumes an excessively large value. This ensures the robustness of the dynamic mode. The reason for this feature is related to the fact that at the initial instant of time the initial conditions has a great importance. The main reason for the deterioration of robust properties is due to the tight control in the initial time interval. Provision of robustness of the static mode does not require great control efforts. For the first time, using computer graphics in a three-dimensional coordinate system, taking into account the time, a visual representation of the sections of phase trajectories pertaining to different types of movements is given: rapid motion from an arbitrary initial state that ensures hitting the imaging point into the degenerate trajectory; slow motion along this trajectory; steady-state motion within the specified accuracy. For the limit control systems, an integral robustness estimate is proposed, which consists in calculating the integral of the absolute value of the slow motion trajectory. This indicator characterizes the discrepancy (dispersion) of the real trajectory with respect to the limiting trajectory. The reliability of theoretical reasoning is confirmed by solving a model problem in the block-vision environment of Matlab/Simulink.
Synthesis and Approximation of Control in Adaptive Cruise Control Systems of Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Volkov V. G. , Demyanov D. N.
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we consider the problem of the development of an algorithm of the adaptive cruise control functioning operating in the conditions of powertrain gear ratio varying in a wide range and vehicle velocity changing. The functioning of a classical cruise control system is generally based on the usage of a PID-controller with constant coefficients. However, despite the easiness of its tuning and physical realization and also its relatively high robustness this class of control devices cannot guarantee the cruise control system optimal functioning in all driving conditions because the plant is not timeinvariant and linear. To overcome the above shortcomings, in this research we consider the possibility of neural network realization of a commercial vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm.

In this paper, we propose the mathematical model of a commercial vehicle longitudinal motion designed for the control system analysis and synthesis. We carry out the PI-controller coefficients tuning to control the vehicle longitudinal velocity in various driving conditions of a commercial vehicle. We show that the controller coefficients vary according to a rather complex law. Therefore, we propose the algorithm of the adaptive cruise control functioning based on the approximation of the controller coefficients by the artificial neural network. The network used is the multilayer perceptron and it has ten neurons in the hidden layer to provide the high quality of the approximation. We carry out the training of the neural network by the Levenberg-Marquardt method with a sample of a total volume of 500 points, obtained using standard methods of controller synthesis. We verify the correctness of the obtained results through the computer simulations of the vehicle acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h, proving that the PI-controller coefficients, providing the required transient responses, significantly vary depending on the current state of the vehicle. The approach of the PI-controller coefficients approximation presented in this paper may be further used in the design of adaptive control systems able to function effectively in various operating modes.
A Comparative Study for an Inverse Kinematics Solution of an Aerial Manipulator Based on the Differential Evolution Method and the Modiﬁ ed Shufﬂ ed Frog-Leaping Algorithm
Authors: Ibrahim I. N.
Published: November 2018

This paper focuses on the real-time kinematics solution of an aerial manipulator mounted on an aerial vehicle, the vehicle’s motion isn’t considered in this study. Robot kinematics using Denavit-Hartenberg model  was presented. The fundamental scope of this paper is to obtain a global online solution of design configurations with a weighted specific objective function and imposed constraints are fulfilled. Acknowledging the forward kinematics equations of the manipulator; the trajectory planning issue is consequently assigned to on an optimization issue. Several types of computing methods are documented in the literature and are well-known for solving complicated nonlinear functions. Accordingly, this study suggests two kinds of artificial intelligent techniques which are regarded as search methods; they are differential evolution (DE) method and modified shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (MSFLA). These algorithms are constrained metaheuristic and population-based approaches. moreover, they are able to solve the inverse kinematics problem taking into account the mobile platform additionally avoiding singularities since it doesn’t demand the inversion of a Jacobian matrix. Simulation results are carried out for trajectory planning of 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematically aerial manipulator and confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of the supposed methods.
Development of a Non-hazardous Path Planning Algorithm for Mars Rover in Real Terrain Enviroment
Authors: Wang G. , Fomichev A. V.
Published: November 2018

In order to fulfill the corresponding task successfully, a crucial issue should be addressed is the path planning for the exploration of the Mars surface owing to the environmental features of the tough terrain. Traditional path planning algorithms, such as the A* algorithm and the improved A* algorithm — the algorithm D* and the Field D*, which have been successfully implemented on the planetary rover during the expeditions of the Moon and Mars, have the problem of finding the shortest optimal path. One of the more effective algorithms derived from the modified A* refers to the Basic Theta* or the Lazy Theta* algorithms, which are faster any-angle path planning. Additionally, the algorithms can find shorter routes. In this paper, derived from a comprehensive comparison of the existing algorithms (A*, Basic Theta* and Lazy Theta*), a novel modification of the Lazy AT methodology is proposed to reduce the calculation time and obtain a shorter path. Based on the analysis of the surface feature of the Mars topography, the corresponding safety indicator is discussed. The principal hazards of the wheeled vehicles during the exploration on the surface of the Mars are the slopes and the obstacles. According to the requirements for avoiding obstacles as well as the exploration stability of the Mars rover in the period of the exploration, the following topographic coefficients have been chosen to develop the hazard indicator, i.e., the inclination angle of the terrain, the surface roughness and the height difference of the terrain. In addition, to obtain a safe trajectory in algorithm Lazy AT on the Mars surface, the terrain hazard indicator (risk indicator) for the modification of the Risk Lazy AT algorithm is also proposed in this paper. The comparing analysis modeling results of the Risk Lazy AT and Lazy Theta* has shown that our proposed algorithm Risk Lazy AT can guarantee the safety movement of a mobile object during the exploration on the surface of the planet. In light of the real-world surface features of the Mars terrain, the digital map of the planet’s surface has been developed and the spatial routing of the rover has been tested with our novel proposed algorithm, so-called Risk Lazy AT.
Measuring System of Air Parameters of the Helicopter with a Stationary Receiver a Flow, Ion-Label and Aerometric Measurement Channels
Authors: Soldatkin V. M. , Soldatkin V. V. , Nikitin A. V. , Ariskin E. O.
Published: November 2018

It is shown that the known limitations on the measurement of air parameters on board the helicopter due to significant aerodynamic disturbances introduced by inductive flows of vortex column of main rotor. This determines the need to create the means of measurement, taking into account the aerodynamics and dynamics of the helicopter flight. The known direction of overcoming these limitations is the use for measuring the information of aerodynamic field of vortex column of main rotor and its perception by means of the stationary multi-functional aerometric receiver. However, the need to protect a large number of full-pressure tubes installed in the flow channel of the multifunctional aerometric receiver, strict requirements for the identity and stability of the characteristics of the large number aerometric channels, complicate the design, reduce reliability, increase cost, inhibit the use of the air parameters measurement system on helicopters of various classes and purposes. Principles of construction, functional scheme, features of perception of primary information of measuring system of air parameters of the helicopter with the stationary receiver of a stream, ion-label and aerometric measuring channels are showed. Algorithms for processing primary information at various stages and flight modes, including: in the parking lot before the launch of the power plant and when rotating the rotor, when taxiing and maneuvering on the earth’s surface, on takeoff and landing modes and when flying at low speeds, at flight speeds, when the stationary receiver of primary information leaves the zone of the vortex column of the rotor using ion-label and aerometric measuring channels, are presented. It is shown that the proposed approaches to the construction, models and algorithms for processing the primary information of the measuring system air parameters of helicopter with ion-label and aerometric measurement channels allow to determine the speed and direction of the wind vector, altitude-velocity parameters of motion relative to the environment and atmospheric parameters in a wide range of helicopter operation, which determines its competitive advantages in solving problems of piloting and provide the flight safety of helicopters of different classes and purposes.
Healthcare workers: occupational carcinogenic factors and cancer risk
Authors: Solenova L. G. , Nekrasova L. A.
Published: November 2018

The number of healthcare workers is over two million in Russia. Many of them are exposed to hazardous physical, chemical and biological occupational factors acting along with psychological strain. The results of large epidemiological studies carried out in various countries revealed greater cancer risk in physicians and nurses: cancer of the breast, skin, brain and other sites. Higher cancer risk of lung, breast, uterine, ovary, brain is considered to be associated with ionizing radiation. The female healthcare workers who handle antineoplastic drugs showed a greater risk of birth defects in offspring, spontaneous abortions and breast cancer. In Russia, the growing number of accidents among healthcare workers following transmission of infection by carcinogenic biological factors such as HBV and HIV is observed. Higher risk of reproductive impairments, hyperplasia of the breast and uterine tissues, breast cancer are revealed in nurses working the night shift. In Russia, there is lack of epidemiological studies of cancer risk among healthcare workers, the number of medical personal exposed to occupational carcinogens is unknown. That all does not show the actual situation in our country and does not allow setting priorities in cancer prevention among medical workers.
Relation of EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling components with tamoxifen efficacy in patients with estrogen-dependent breast cancer
Authors: Dronova T. A. , Babyshkina N. N. , Zavyalova M. V. , Patalyak S. V. , Slonimskaya E. M. , Cherdyntseva N. V. , Kzhyshkowska J. G.
Published: November 2018

Background. It is generally accepted that crosstalk between the growth factor receptor and ER pathways implicated in tamoxifen resistance. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between mRNA level, protein expression and gene polymorphism of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling components with tamoxifen efficacy in patients with estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Materials and methods. The study included 95 breast cancer patients who had received adjuvant tamoxifen, of which 31 patients developed recurrence/metastasis after tamoxifen treatment (tamoxifen resistance group), 64 patients did not develop any diseases progression (tamoxifen sensitive group) during the 5 years of follow-up. Genotypes for ESR1 (rs2077647, rs2228480, rs1801132), EGFR (rs1468727, rs2227983), AKT1 (rs1130233) and PTEN (rs11202592) were analyzed using a TaqMan assay. Using reverse transcription-PCR, the relative expression of mRNA for ESR1, EGFR, AKT1 and PTEN was determined. ERα, EGFR, Akt (pS473) and PTEN expression level was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated by Kaplan – Meier analysis. Results. The minor allele of ESR1 rs2077647 was more prevalent in tamoxifen sensitive tumors compared to tamoxifen resistant tumors (p = 0.044). We found high AKT1 mRNA expression level in tamoxifen sensitive group compared with tamoxifen resistance patients (7.27 ± 5.29 and 0.02 ± 0.01, respectively, p = 0.014). ESR1 rs2228480 was significantly associated with tamoxifen resistance (p = 0.028). EGFR and Akt (pS473) protein expression level was significantly higher in the tamoxifen resistance group compared to tamoxifen sensitive breast cancer patients (p = 0.006 and 0.037, respectively). Patients carrying mutant genotypes of ESR1 rs2228480 had a poorer progression-free survival than those carrying wild and heterozygous variants (log rank p = 0.043). Positive EGFR tumor expression as well as positive Akt (pS473) expression were significantly associated with shorter PFS (log rank p = 0.014 and 0.048, respectively). Conclusion. Polymorphic sites of the ESR1 gene, AKT1 mRNA expression, EGFR expression level and Akt (pS473) protein expression can be potential molecular markers associated with tumor sensitivity/resistance to tamoxifen treatment.
Molecular and genetic diversity in melanoma of eye
Authors: Mazurenko N. N. , Tsyganova I. V. , Nazarova V. V. , Utyashev I. A. , Orlova K. V. , Ponkratova D. A. , Martinkov D. V. , Demidov L. V.
Published: November 2018

Background. Ocular melanoma is the most common cancer of adult eye and is represented by two main subtypes of uveal (UM) and conjunctival (CM) melanoma with distinct clinical (frequency, localization, histology) and genomic features. The objective is to compare molecular and genetic characteristics of tumors in patients with melanoma of the eye. Materials and methods. In this study molecular profiling of 78 tumors including 73 UM (choroidea, ciliar body and iris) and 5 СM, was evaluated. DNA was isolated from tumor cells collected by macrodissection of FEPE sections of tumor biopsies using proteinase K. The following genes were studied by Sanger sequencing: GNAQ, GNA11, KIT, BRAF, NRAS. Results. Mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 were found in 81 % (59/73) of UM, in 42 % (31/73) and 38 % (28/73) of cases correspondently. GNAQ mutations were more frequent in primary UM (63 %), while GNA11 mutations dominated in metastatic UM (42 %). There was а correlation between frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations and histologic type of UM. GNAQ mutations were identified in 55 % of spindle cell UM, while GNA11 mutations were more frequent in epithelioid cell UM (42 %). There were no differences in frequency of GNAQ/GNA11 mutations in UM of patients of different age (younger and elder 50 years). There was no statistically difference in UM patient outcome with GNAQ or GNA11 mutations. We also detected 3 UM with KIT mutations and 2 UM with BRAF mutations. There was no big difference in frequency of «driver mutations» in UM of choroidea, ciliar body and iris. Molecular profiling of conjunctival melanoma (CM) resembles that of cutaneous melanoma of skin: in 3 (60 %) CM BRAF V600E was identified and in 1 (20 %) – NRAS Q61K. Conclusion. Genetic analysis reveals wide diversity of melanoma of eye and is important for it characterization and treatment.
Cytotoxic cationic peptides as а ligands for receptor nucleolin
Authors: Lushnikova A. A. , Kostarev A. V. , Ponkratova D. A. , Onyan A. V. , Glubokova E. G. , Andreev S. M.
Published: November 2018

Background. Chaperone proteins nucleolin (NCL, or C23) and nucleophosmin (NPM, or B23) regulate key cell functions. The most tumors are characterized by over-expression of these proteins, especially in cell nuclei and on the сell surface, as NCL. Differential expression of NCL/NPM in tumor and normal cells is the basis of selective cytotoxicity of cationic peptides – expected ligands for these proteins. Objective. Analysis of the interactions between nucleolin and some peptides with high nonspecific toxicity for tumor cells. Materials and methods. The interaction of 4 previously characterized cationic peptides with nucleolin dimer was analyzed by pair molecular docking using Maestro 11 program. Results and conclusion. It is shown that these peptides can associate with receptor nucleolin molecules, forming energy-stable complexes. In the active centre of NCL molecule were found, at least, 7 positions of amino acids, which bind to the tested peptides at a high frequency (43–100 %). This indicates the conservative structure of dimer NCL, its stable binding to peptide ligands and the possibility of design the optimal structure of cationic peptides that induce tumor cell death due to competing binding to the target proteins.
Epstein–Barr virus in the ethnic Tatars population: the infection and sequence variants of LMP1 oncogene
Authors: Smirnova K. V. , Senyuta N. B. , Botezatu I. V. , Dushenkina T. E. , Lubenskaya A. K. , Frolovskaya A. A. , Petrov S. V. , Lichtenstein A. V. , Gurtsevitch V. E.
Published: November 2018

Objective of the investigation was to study the infection of ethnic Tatars with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and to analyze the genetic structure of the oncogene of the virus, the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), in the virus strains of Tatar origin. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were samples of boucle flushes of 60 students from the Kazan State Medical University who are ethnic Tatars (Tatars no less than in the 3rd generation). Amplified from DNA of boucle flushes the nucleotide sequences of the LMP1 samples translated into DNA amino acid sequences, have undergone classification based on the well-known and widely used in literature the R.H. Edwards et al. classification. Results. The analysis of nucleotide and deductive amino acid sequences of the 41 LMP1 amplicons revealed their homology with only three gene variants from the R.H. Edwards et al. classification (1999): 95.8/A (29.3 %; 12/41), Med– (14.6 %; 6/41) and China1 (7.3 %, 3/41). Such variants of LMP1 as Alaskan, Med+, Chinа2, China3 and NC, were not found. Among the LMP1 samples of Tatar origin in 20 cases (48.8 %), the composition of the mutations found did not allow them to be assigned to any of the oncogene variants listed above. Out of this number, in 7 (17.1 %) cases a mono group of LMP1 samples was found, differing not only from representatives of the Slavs, inhabitants of the European part of Russia, but also from other Kazan samples, and was designated as LMP1-TatK. The remaining 13 samples of LMP1 (31.7 %), not belonging to any of the known classifications, formed the group designated by us as an LMP1 group beside the classification (LMP1BC). Conclusion. Continuation of the study of the molecular-biological and functional properties of LMP1 in TatK and BC groups, which constitute 48.8 % of the number of gene samples studied, and an analysis of the peculiarities of the ethnic Tatar genotype, will probably help to clarify whether certain EBV strains influence morbidity and mortality in Tatar population with malignant neoplasms, which include EBVassociated cases.
Interrelation of HPV-infection of endometry carcinoma and its clinical-morphological features
Authors: Zykova T. A. , Moiseenko T. I. , Frantsiyants E. M. , Vovkochina M. A.
Published: November 2018

Background. There are contradictory data on the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the tumor tissue in endometrial cancer (EС). Objective: to assess HPV infection rates in EC tumor tissues and to establish the relationship between the status of HPV infection and tumor morphological characteristics. Materials and methods. 57 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of EC patients aged 47–78 years were studied. HPV DNAs were found in 54.4 % of samples. Results and conclusion. We did not reveal an association between the HPV tumor status and age, metastasis or invasion depth. However, there was an interdependence between HPV infection and some morphological characteristics of the tumor: its histological type (adenocarcinomas with squamous cell differentiation were HPV-positive 1.8 times more frequent compared to adenocarcinomas without one; in the first case, tumor tissues were more often infected with HPV 16, and in the second case with HPV 18); tumor grade (in the total cohort and in serous-papillary adenocarcinomas, tumors with higher grades were more often HPV-infected: from 0 to 81.8 % and from 0 to 100 % respectively); disease stage (in the total cohort the percentage of HPV-positive tumors in stage II was 2.4 times and in stage III – 1.6 times higher than in stage I, and stage IA tumors were HPV-positive 2.3 times more often than IB tumors); type of tumor growth (tumors with infiltrative growth type were HPV-positive 1.7 times more often than with exophytic growth, and 2.2 times more often than with mixed growth). The achieved results do not allow us to conclude with confidence that HPV is the main tumor forming factor in EC.
Clinical, morphological, and molecular genetic predictors of metastatic lesions in the regional lymph nodes in breast cancer
Authors: Dergunova Yu. A. , Podionov V. V. , Bozhenko V. K. , Kometova V. V. , Dardyk M. V.
Published: November 2018

Despite the sufficient amount of data accumulated in the literature, there are still no factors, on the basis of which it would be possible to estimate the regional lymph nodes status in breast cancer with a high degree of accuracy. The review presents literature data relating to the influence of clinicopathological, molecular-biological and genetic characteristics of primary tumor on lymph node metastases. Data of 66 foreign and Russian articles are included.
Ability to form duplexes as a factor of intracellular microRNA distribution
Authors: Kuzmichev S. A. , Komelkov A. V. , Tchevkina E. M.
Published: November 2018

Background. The regulation of the content of mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in different cell compartments – the nucleus (N) and the cytoplasm (C) – makes it possible to control their availability for participation in RNA-mediated interference processes. Structurally different miRNAs, processed from different precursors (pre-miRNA), can form duplexes between molecules containing complementary sequences. The appearance of such duplexes can be considered as one of the mechanisms of miRNA activity regulation in respect to their target mRNAs. Objectives. Analysis of the miRNA distribution between nucleus and cytoplasm depending on the energy of duplex formation. Materials and methods. Data on the content of different miRNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm in two cell lines of different origin: 5-8F of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and postmitotic neurons of the cerebral cortex of rat – has been used. The miRNA sequences used for analysis were taken from the miRBase database, version 22. Bioinformatic analysis of miRNA sequences for detection of molecules capable of forming miRNA duplexes and determination of their minimal free energy (MFE) of formation was carried out with the help of programs: RegRNA, version 2.0, and RNAup. Results. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the intracellular distribution N/C of different miRNAs depending on the energy of duplex formation was performed. Results of bioinformatic analysis of miRNA sequencing in 5-8F cells of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma showed that miRNAs capable of forming high-energy, i. e. more stable, duplexes, accumulate in the cytoplasm, while miRNAs forming low-energy duplexes have a larger N/C value, i. e. the level of these miRNAs is higher in the nucleus. In addition, we show that N/C distribution of miRNAs capable of forming high-energy duplexes is independent from the presence of certain short motifs, that are supposedly associated with their nuclear localization. Conclusion. The revealed enrichment of the pool of cytoplasmic miRNAs by molecules capable of forming more energetically stable duplexes may represent an additional mechanism of regulating miRNA activity in respect to their target mRNAs due to the sequestration of miRNA duplexes in the cytoplasm preventing miRNA interaction with mRNAs.
Lecciones aprendidas en mayo del 68. La fugaz repolitización de la arquitectura moderna europea.
Authors: Franco Santa Cruz David
Published: November 2018

Las protestas de mayo del 68 en París constituyeron un punto de inflexión para la cultura europea moderna, sirviendo de caldo de cultivo en la formulación de una nueva crítica al rol de la arquitectura en la sociedad. En este contexto se impulsó, especialmente por parte de arquitectos jóvenes y estudiantes, una transformación radical de los métodos de enseñanza de arquitectura y de los valores de la profesión, que se habían ido estableciendo en el contexto de la Europa moderna desde la posguerra. Este artículo estudia uno de los episodios más significativos de esta transformación que, en resumen, implicaba una repolitización de la práctica arquitectónica, y una recuperación de los valores sociales que habían inspirado a las primeras vanguardias.
El último viaje de los Baby Boom. Vida y muerte del espacio público en el cine de los años 60-70.
Authors: Gravalos Lacambra Ignacio , Lus Arana Luis Miguel , Pérez-Moreno Lucía C.
Published: November 2018

La generación nacida al final de la II Guerra Mundial llegó a su juventud arrastrada por la inercia del optimismo tecnocrático que había desarrollado la generación anterior. En un contexto de bonanza económica, la juventud se rebeló contra el sistema generando una nueva sensibilidad que daría lugar a diferentes respuestas contraculturales. En estos intentos de cambiar la sociedad, las ciudades asistieron a una recodificación de los espacios públicos. El espacio urbano, desacreditado bajo los ecos de “la muerte de la calle” promulgada por Le Corbusier, se reactivó como escenario de protesta y acción. Sin embargo, este resurgir de lo público se diluyó rápidamente al compás del desencanto juvenil. Una vez confirmada la imposibilidad de transformar el sistema, se produjo una búsqueda de otros territorios que el cine interpretó bajo dos estrategias: por un lado, la producción de espacios urbanos totalmente inhóspitos y desolados; por otro lado, un repliegue hacia lo individual reflejado en nuevas formas de habitar. Pequeñas comunidades, comunas y la vuelta a una vida rural controlada serán respuestas que, lejos de construir un ámbito público, resultarán finalmente el argumento que estaba buscando el sistema para la destrucción y reconfiguración del dominio público. El cine de finales de los años sesenta y principios de los setenta muestra el desencanto del final de un deseo que acaba identificándose con una iconografía de la destrucción, desamparo y vacío.
GERMINAL MUTATIONS IN HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION GENES IN A POPULATION OF PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC CANCER: A SINGLE CENTRE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Pokataev I. A. , Popova A. S. , Abramov I. S. , Emelyanova M. A. , Nasedkina Т. V. , Lyubchenko L. N. , Bazin L. S. , Artamonova E. V. , Fedyanin M. Yu. , Menshikova S. Ph. , Tjulandin S. A.
Published: November 2018

Objective.To estimate the frequency of germline mutations in homologous recombination genes in a population of patients with pancreatic cancer and to assess the possibility to predict the risk of mutation carriage based on the clinical and anamnestic data.

Materials and methods.The study included patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, blood samples of which were taken to detect clinically significant germline mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, BLM, NBS1, and PALB2 genes. Clinical data and family history data were collected for each patient.

Results.The study included 99 patients. Mutations in BRCA1 gene were detected in 4 % of cases, in CHEK2 gene – in 2 %. No mutations were detected in the BRCA2, as in BLM, NBS1, and PALB2 genes. Localization of primary tumor, presence of distant metastases, stage of disease, family history of malignant neoplasms did not correlate with the risk of BRCA1 mutation (p>0.05). The patient’s eligibility for NCCN criteria for BRCA1 gene mutation diagnosis proved to be a significant marker of germline mutation presence (p=0.043).

Conclusions.NCCN criteria for genetic testing are the best predictor of BRCA1 germline mutation in patients with pancreatic cancer.