bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling in sawtooth substorms: a case study
Authors: Sandholt P. E. , Farrugia C. J.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In a case study we report on repetitive substorm activity during storm time which was excited during Earth passage of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) on 18 August 2003. Applying a combination of magnetosphere and ground observations during a favourable multi-spacecraft configuration in the plasma sheet (GOES-10 at geostationary altitude) and in the tail lobes (Geotail and Cluster-1), we monitor the temporal–spatial evolution of basic elements of the substorm current system. Emphasis is placed on activations of the large-scale substorm current wedge (SCW), spanning the 21:00–03:00 MLT sector of the near-Earth plasma sheet (GOES-10 data during the interval 06:00–12:00 UT), and magnetic perturbations in the tail lobes in relation to ground observations of auroral electrojets and convection in the polar cap ionosphere. The joint ground–satellite observations are interpreted in terms of sequential intensifications and expansions of the outer and inner current loops of the SCW and their respective associations with the westward electrojet centred near midnight (24:00 MLT) and the eastward electrojet observed at 14:00–15:00 MLT. Combined magnetic field observations across the tail lobe from Cluster and Geotail allow us to make estimates of enhancements of the cross-polar-cap potential (CPCP) amounting to ≈ 30–60 kV (lower limits), corresponding to monotonic increases of the PCN index by 1.5 to 3 mV m−1 from inductive electric field coupling in the magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) system during the initial transient phase of the substorm expansion.
Bone Defect Determines Acetabular Revision Surgery
Authors: García-Cimbrelo Eduardo , García-Rey Eduardo
Published: October 2014

Cup revision can be a highly complex operation depending on the bone defect. In acetabular defects of less than 30% (Paprosky types 1 and 2), porous hemispherical cementless cups fixed with screws give good results. Modern trabecular metal designs improve these good results. Morsellised allografts are useful for filling cavitary defects. In acetabular defects greater than 30% (Paprosky types 3A and 3B), impacted morsellised allografts with a cemented cup technique produce good results. Difficult cases with pelvic discontinuity require reconstruction of the acetabulum with acetabular plates or large cup-cages to solve these difficult problems.
An Update on Surgical Approaches in Hip Arthoplasty: Lateral versus Posterior Approach
Authors: Mukka Sebastian S. , Sayed-Noor Arkan S.
Published: October 2014

In this update we searched the literature about the outcome of the lateral versus posterior approach in hip arthoplasty for osteoarthritis (OA) and femoral neck fracture (FNF) patients. The available evidence shows that the use of posterior approach in OA patients is associated with lower mortality and better functional outcome while the use of lateral approach in FNF patients gives lower dislocation rate. We recommend therefore the use of posterior approach in OA patients and lateral approach in FNF patients.
Management Strategies for Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty. A Critical Appreciation of Problems and Techniques
Authors: Karachalios Theofilos , Koutalos Antonios , Komnos George
Published: October 2014

Infection is a devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Risk factors have been recognised and prevention is possible. The nature of the disease is heterogeneous and for satisfactory management one has to weigh factors related to pathogen, host, local soft tissue, bone stock, surgeon experience and financial resources. Available data in the current literature is of poor quality and there is a lack of data comparing different techniques. Referral of patients to dedicated departments with the appropriate facilities may be more appropriate.
Treatment of Failures Related to Articulation Material in THA. A Comprehensive Algorithm of Surgical Options and Open Questions
Authors: Zagra Luigi , Maccario Camilla , Mondini Andrea , Bianchi Luca
Published: October 2014

Total hip arthroplasty is considered one of the greatest advances in health care of the last century. More than one million THAs are estimated to be performed annually and an increasing number of revisions are expected in the future. Osteolysis and loosening are still the main reasons for failure, justifying the use of low-wear bearings.

The aim of this paper is to describe the mode of failure of the different couplings (polyethylene, cross-linked PE, metal, ceramic) and the options of treatment considering the various scenarios that the surgeon has to face nowadays in the case of failure related to articulation material. A comprehensive algorithm of treatment strategies is proposed based on the best current evidence and on the authors’ experience.

Periodical follow-up, indications for early revision, selection of proper surgical techniques and tribology are suggested. Nowadays, few rules are strongly recommended: trying to avoid any metal in case of failure of metal-on-metal; to avoid metal in fracture of ceramic; never to mix metals or ceramics from different manufactures. We aim to address a great number of open questions. There is still need for further research and evidences in this essential field of orthopaedic surgery.
Transcendental Meditation and the Remaking of an Iowa Farm Town
Authors: Weber Joseph
Published: October 2014

The Transcendental Meditation movement bought a bankrupt Presbyterian college in Fairfield, Iowa, in the 1970s and established its own university and settled a community of about two thousand followers there. The movement transformed the town's culture, politics, and social life. Followers, however, have grayed, and the movement's numbers nationwide have dwindled. Transcendental Meditation leader Maharishi Mahesh Yogi died in 2008. Now, like many other Utopian communities before it, the Fairfield group faces possible extinction. I look at the impact the community has had and ponder its likely future.
“There Is No Silence”:
Authors: Furlanetto Elton
Published: October 2014

This is an interview with Marge Piercy that took place in October 2012 on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Some New 2-[1-Heptyl-3-(4- methoxybenzyl)-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]acetohydrazide Derivatives
Authors: Bekircan Olcay , Mentese Emre , Ulker Serdar
Published: October 2014

In the present investigation, the key intermediate acetohydrazide derivative 5 was synthesized starting from 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (1) by a four-step reaction. Thiosemicarbazides 6a-f and arylidenehydrazide derivatives 8a-d were obtained from compound 5. The cyclization of compounds 6a-f in the presence of NaOH resulted in the formation of compounds 7a-f. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectral studies. The compounds were tested for their anti-lipase, anti-α-glucosidase and anti-mycobacterial activities. Compounds 6b and 8c exhibited excellent anti-lipase activity, and compound 8d showed excellent anti-a-glucosidase activity. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited good antituberculosis activity
Crystal Structure of 2,4-Bis(2,5-dipropyloxyphenyl)-6-phenylpyridine
Authors: Hormaza Angelina , Schollmeyer Dieter , Meier Herbert
Published: October 2014

2,4-Bis(2,5-dipropyloxyphenyl)-6-phenylpyridine (6), obtained by a one-pot reaction of enone 3, ketone 4 and ammonium acetate (5), is characterized by its molecular structure in the crystalline state, which deviates far from planarity. The interplanar angles of the three benzene rings amount up to 46° in relation to the central pyridine ring
Ternary Bismuthides Li3REBi2 (RE=Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd) with Li3LaSb2- type Structure
Authors: Winter Florian , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: October 2014

The ternary lithium bismuthides Li3REBi2 (RE=Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd) were synthesized from the elements in sealed niobium ampoules and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. They crystallize with the Li3LaSb2-type structure, space group P3̅m1
New Mono- and Bisdesmosidic Triterpene Glycosides from Pittosporum angustifolium Lodd
Authors: Bäcker Christian , Jenett-Siems Kristina , Siems Karsten , Wurster Martina , Bodtke Anja , Niedermeyer Timo H. J. , Lindequist Ulrike
Published: October 2014

Fifteen new mono- and bisdesmosidic triterpene saponins, named pittangretosides J, K, M, Q- Z, A1, and B1, along with three known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Pittosporum angustifolium. By spectroscopic, mass spectrometric and chemical evidence, their structures were established as glycosides of A1- and R1-barrigenol, barringtogenol C and camelliagenin A backbones
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Ordering Transitions in CeNiIn4, EuNiIn4 and EuCuIn4
Authors: Schnelle Walter , Kremer Reinhard K. , Hoffmann Rolf-Dieter , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: October 2014

Polycrystalline CeNiIn4 was prepared by arc-melting of the elements and subsequent annealing at 970 K in vacuum. EuNiIn4 and EuCuIn4 were synthesized from the elements by reactions in sealed tantalum tubes. These indium-rich compounds crystallize with the YNiAl4-type structure which was refined for EuCuIn4 from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data: Cmcm, a=450:04(9), b=1698:7(4), c = 740:2(2) pm, wR2 = 0:0606, 495 F2 values, 24 variables. The EuCuIn4 structure is built up from a complex three-dimensional [CuIn4] polyanion (265 - 279 pm Cu-In and 296 - 331 pm In- In) in which the europium atoms occupy distorted hexagonal channels. The Eu-Eu distances within these channels (450 pm) are significantly shorter than the distances between Eu atoms in neighboring channels (552 pm). The magnetic properties and the specific heats of the europium compounds have been investigated. Both europium compounds show the magnetism of divalent Eu ions and antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures. EuCuIn4 is magnetically ordered via a surprisingly complex sequence of three transitions
Regular Consumption of Sauerkraut and Its Effect on Human Health: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Raak Christa , Ostermann Thomas , Boehm Katja , Molsberger Friedrich
Published: October 2014

Background:

Sauerkraut is one of the most common and oldest forms of preserving cabbage and can be traced back as a food source to the 4th century BC. It contains a large quantity of lactic acid and tyramines, as well as vitamins and minerals, and has few calories.

Objective:

We aimed to provide an overview regarding the evidence of the effects of sauerkraut on human health by means of a bibliometric analysis.

Methodology:

Electronic databases (Medline, AMED, CamBase, CamQuest, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, the Karger-Publisher and the Thieme-Publisher databases) were searched from their inception until September 2012.

Results:

The search revealed 139 publications ranging over a 90-year period from 1921 to 2012. The majority of publications originated from Europe (48.6%), followed by the United States (30.7%) and Asia (10%). More than half of the research (56.8%) focused on food analysis, and 23.7% evaluated the impact of sauerkraut on health, including risk factors or digestive well-being. Direct research in humans was almost constant over time at about 11.5%. The studies found that sauerkraut induced inflammation locally, but repeated intake may result in diarrhea. Some studies pointed out anticarcinogenic effects of sauerkraut, while others concentrated on the interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

Discussion:

Sauerkraut, one of the oldest traditional foods, has a variety of beneficial effects on human health. However, unwanted effects such as intolerance reactions must be considered when dealing with sauerkraut as a functional food.
Motives As Predictors Of Facebook Addiction: Empirical Evidence From Somalia
Authors: Dhaha Ismail Sheikh Yusuf Ahmed , Igale Abdikarim Barqadle
Published: October 2014

Facebook (FB) has increasingly become an essential part of the lives of people, particularly youths. Youths use this site extensively, mainly for fun, interacting with friends, making new friends, and keeping in touch with old friends. FB has become a big part of their daily routine, sometimes influencing them to neglect their duties and responsibilities. Guided by the uses and gratifications theory, the present study investigates the motives for using Facebook and their effect on the addiction to the site among Somali youths. The study employed a quantitative method by adopting an online survey to collect data. The data was collected for a period of one month by posting a questionnaire on Facebook walls. A total of 327 respondents participated in the study. The results suggest that there is a significant relationship between FB motives and FB addiction. Furthermore, the results of the multiple regression analysis suggest that motives related to political (ß=.142, p=.016), social interaction (ß=.203, p=.002), and entertainment (ß=.329, p=.000) significantly contributed to FB addiction among the youths. Among the motives, entertainment and social interaction were the best predictors of FB addiction. Implications, future research scope, and contributions of the study are also discussed.
Both Sides Now
Authors: Edmondson Emma K.
Published: August 2024

In this narrative medicine essay, a pediatric and internal medicine physician and her husband reach a difficult crossroads upon learning that their unborn daughter has a severe heart defect.
Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health and Presenting Characteristics for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments
Authors: Ong Sally S. , Tran Diep , Westlund Erik , Ahmed Ishrat , Russell Gregory B. , Gonzales Anthony , Handa James T. , Cai Cindy X.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Functional outcomes after repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) are highly dependent on baseline visual acuity and foveal status. Adverse social determinants of health (SDOH) can present barriers to timely presentation for repair and limit vision outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate the association between neighborhood-level SDOH with baseline severity (visual acuity and fovea status) of RRD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective cohort study that included adult patients 18 years and older who underwent primary repair of uncomplicated RRD at the Wilmer Eye Institute from January 2008 to December 2018. Study data were analyzed from December 2023 to April 2024.

Exposures

The census block group of patient home addresses were matched to multiple neighborhood-level SDOH including the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), per capita income, percentage of renters, percentage of rent burden, percentage of people using a food assistance program, percentage of uninsured individuals, mode of transportation to work, distance to the nearest transit stop, total road density, National Walkability Index, Index of Medical Underservice score, and aggregate cost of medical care.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Odds of presenting with vision worse than 20/40 or fovea-involving RRD using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and insurance.

Results

A total of 700 patients (mean [SD] age, 57.9 [12.4] years; 432 male [61.7%]) were included. Every decile increase in ADI, indicating more socioeconomic disadvantage, was associated with an increased odds of presenting with worse visual acuity and fovea-involving RRD (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24; P = .004 and OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.22; P = .005, respectively). Each $1000 increase in per capita income was associated with lower odds of presenting with worse vision (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99; P = .001). Every 1% increase in percentage of workers who drove to work was associated with an increased odds of presenting with worse vision and fovea-involving RRD (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P = .005 and OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P = .04, respectively).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this cohort study suggest that patients with a residence in neighborhoods with more socioeconomic deprivation or a higher percentage of workers who drove to work were more likely to present with more severe RRD even after accounting for multiple individual-level characteristics. These findings support consideration of public policy changes to address the barriers faced by patients residing in certain neighborhoods who seek prompt surgical intervention for RRD to reduce health disparities in RRD outcomes.
Oxidative stress and aging: synergies for age related diseases
Authors: Santos Daniela F. , Simão Sónia , Nóbrega Clévio , Bragança José , Castelo‐Branco Pedro , Araújo Inês M. ,   ALFA Score Consortium
Published: August 2024

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function and underlies several disabilities, including the increased sensitivity of cells and tissues to undergo pathological oxidative stress. In recent years, efforts have been made to better understand the relationship between age and oxidative stress and further develop therapeutic strategies to minimize the impact of both events on age‐related diseases. In this work, we review the impact of the oxidant and antioxidant systems during aging and disease development and discuss the crosstalk of oxidative stress and other aging processes, with a focus on studies conducted in elderly populations.
Socioeconomic status moderates associations between hippocampal development and cognition in preterms
Authors: Konrad Julia , Guo Ting , Ufkes Steven , Selvanathan Thiviya , Sheng Min , Al‐Ajmi Eiman , Branson Helen M. , Chau Vann , Ly Linh G. , Kelly Edmond N. , Grunau Ruth E. , Miller Steven P.
Published: August 2024

Objective

The hippocampus plays a critical role in cognitive networks. The anterior hippocampus is vulnerable to early‐life stress and socioeconomic status (SES) with alterations persisting beyond childhood. How SES modifies the relationship between early hippocampal development and cognition remains poorly understood. This study examined associations between SES, structural and functional development of neonatal hippocampus, and 18‐month cognition in very preterm neonates.

Methods

In total, 179 preterm neonates were followed prospectively. Structural and resting‐state functional MRI were obtained early‐in‐life and at term‐equivalent age (median 32.9 and 41.1 weeks post‐menstrual age) to calculate anterior and posterior hippocampal volumes and hippocampal functional connectivity strength. Eighteen‐month cognition was assessed via Bayley‐III. Longitudinal statistical analysis using generalized estimating equations, accounting for birth gestational age, post‐menstrual age at scan, sex, and motion, was performed.

Results

SES, measured as maternal education level, modified associations between anterior but not posterior hippocampal volumes and 18‐month cognition (interaction term p = 0.005), and between hippocampal connectivity and cognition (interaction term p = 0.05). Greater anterior hippocampal volumes and hippocampal connectivity were associated with higher cognitive scores only in the lowest SES group. Maternal education alone did not predict neonatal hippocampal volume from early‐in‐life and term.

Interpretation

SES modified the relationship between neonatal hippocampal development and 18‐month cognition in very preterm neonates. The lack of direct association between maternal education and neonatal hippocampal volumes indicates that socio‐environmental factors beyond the neonatal period contribute to modifying the relationship between hippocampal development and cognition. These findings point toward opportunities to more equitably promote optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants.
Two‐Photon‐Activated Heavy‐Atom Free AIEgen for Highly Efficient Type I Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Ji , Ou Xinwen , Wang Kaizhen , Wang Ke , Gui Lijuan , Song Fengyan , Chen Chao , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Yuan Zhenwei , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: August 2024

The therapeutic efficacy of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) largely depends on the reactive oxygen species production, types, and tissue penetration depth. Particularly in malignant tumors, hypoxia is widely recognized as a major obstacle for PDT. Herein, a two‐photon‐excitable heavy‐atom free photosensitizer PNF is designed. PNF can be used as a type‑I photosensitizer to overcome the limitations of PDT in treating hypoxic tumors. The photosensitizer PNF exhibits distinct aggregation‐induced emission characteristics and can generate O2•− and OH• through type I photochemical processes upon 808 nm laser irradiation. The two‐photon‐activated PDT induced by PNF disrupts cellular redox homeostasis, and increases levels of lipid peroxidation, leading to apoptosis, as well as ferroptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this synergistic treatment strategy in inhibiting the growth of hypoxic cancer cells and tumors.
Fluorine‐Mediated Electronic Modulation Optimizes Ru─H Bond Desorption Enabling Stable Hydrogen Evolution at Industrial‐Level Current Densities
Authors: Liu Wenqian , Chen Qianwei , Shang Yuxin , Liu Fan , He Ruilin , Zhang Jieyu , Li Qiulin , Chai Hui , Tan Yangyang , Bao Shu‐Juan
Published: August 2024

Rapid performance degradation in alkaline hydrogen evolution catalysts, attributed to low intrinsic activity and bubble‐shielding effects under high current densities, poses a significant obstacle to achieving industrial hydrogen production. In response, a novel phosphorus‐doped activated carbon‐loaded ruthenium cobalt fluoride‐based heterostructured catalyst (Ru‐CoF2@PAC) is developed. Acting as an “electron trader”, this catalyst leverages the exceptional electron‐donating capability of fluoride anions bound to cobalt, effectively bringing the d‐band center of the Ru site close to the Fermi level. This optimizes the adsorption energy of the H intermediate (Ru‐H) in the Vomer step, subsequently facilitating rapid H conversion (H→H*). Moreover, the incorporated fluorine enhances catalyst hydrophilicity, significantly improving bubble diffusion kinetics at the catalyst surface and catalytic stability when operated under high current density. Remarkably, the Ru‐CoF2@PAC catalyst loaded with 1.1 wt.% Ru requires only 27 mV to achieve the 10 mA cm−2 current density needed to split water under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits exceptional stability during at least 140 h of operation at 1200 mA cm−2 with negligible degradation. This study provides valuable insights for guiding the development of durable catalysts suitable for large‐scale industrial hydrogen production.
Halogen‐Mixed 1D CsPbIBr2 Photodetectors for Enhanced Ultraweak Light Detection
Authors: Wang Qianjin , Xiang Zhilin , Yang Peizhi , Liu Yingkai , Tan Qiuhong
Published: August 2024

Metal halide perovskites recently have emerged as a promising candidate for photodetection due to their exceptional photoelectric performance. However, the high dark current in these materials has hindered their practical application to imaging. In this study, a novel halogen‐mixed CsPbIBr2 microwire photodetector that has a remarkable reduction of dark current by over 100‐fold (compared to CsPbBr3), along with a substantial increase in photocurrent, which yields a significantly improved on/off ratio of 6.56 × 104, is developed. More importantly, the halogen‐mixed perovskite photodetector exhibits enhanced photodetection performance, including a high responsivity of 133 A W−1 and a remarkable specific detectivity of 4.02 × 1012 Jones even under ultraweak light conditions as low as 4.5 nW cm−2. More specifically, high‐resolution images are successfully obtained under ultraweak light conditions. The combined analysis of experimental results and first‐principles calculation attribute the excellent performance of the CsPbIBr₂ microwire photodetector to a significant reduction in dark current by suppressing ion migration and increasing carrier effective mass, and a remarkable increase in photocurrent resulting from reduced bandgap and enhanced light absorption, as compared to CsPbBr3. This research represents a significant advancement in the development of high‐performance 1D perovskite‐based photodetectors, with promising implications for ultra‐weak light imaging applications.
Tailoring Optical Properties of Rare‐Earth Doped Oxyfluoride Glass‐Ceramics by Tuning Crystal Structure
Authors: Li Zhencai , Hu Jie , Du Zijuan , Ge Xuan , Jensen Lars R. , Zhou Dacheng , Yang Yong , Smedskjaer Morten M. , Qiu Jianbei , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: August 2024

It is known that oxyfluoride glasses can be used as the host for fluoride crystals that feature promising optical properties. This work demonstrates that the optical properties of the Er3+‐Yb3+ co‐doped oxyfluoride precursor glass‐ceramic (PGC) can be tailored by changing crystal structure through chemical variation (LaF3/BaF2 = 0, 1/3; YF3/LaF3 ratios = 0, 2/7, 4/7, 6/7, 1) and heat treatment. The strong correlations between the crystallization behavior, microstructure, and optical properties are revealed. It is found that the precipitated crystals such as BaF2, Ba2LaF7, Ba2‐xLa1‐xYxF7‐2x (0 < x <1), and BaYF5 are uniformly distributed in the glass matrices of PGC. Upon heat‐treatment, the crystallinity of PGC increases, whereas the crystal type remains unchanged. Both the up‐conversion luminescence and optical transmittance of the samples strongly depend on the substitution of one type of fluoride for another. Moreover, by taking advantage of the effect of crystal structure on the cross‐relaxation propensity of Er3+ ions, it is feasible to tune the up‐conversion luminescence color from green to light yellow. It is unveiled that the enhanced cross‐relaxation arises from lattice shrinkage. This work provides guidance for optimizing the optical properties of rare‐earth‐doped oxyfluoride glass ceramics.
Decarboxylative Aminomethylation of Ferulic Acids via Visible‐Light‐Promoted Flavin Photocatalysis and its Application in the Synthesis of Anti‐Inflammatory Lead Compounds
Authors: Wang Lin , Lv Xinye , Huang Lei , Yang Yingxue , Ge Xiaomei , Zeng Jianguo , Cheng Pi
Published: August 2024

Herein, we report a protocol for the direct visible‐light‐promoted decarboxylative aminomethylation of ferulic acid with N‐aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines under air atmosphere. The current protocol uses naturally available ferulic acid as coupling partner, the inexpensive organic photocatalyst riboflavin tetraacetate (RFTA) as photocatalyst and molecular oxygen as oxidant, which is suitable for late‐stage functionalization of complex nitrogen‐containing molecules. This methodology further demonstrated its utility by the protecting‐group‐free semi‐synthesis of natural alkaloids maclekarpine E and by assessing the anti‐inflammatory activity of its analogues.
Novel Composite of Iron Oxide and Cyclodextrin for Effective Removal of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Chishti Aadil Nabi , Wang Peisen , Gautam Jagadis , Chen Ming , Ni Lubin , Diao Guowang
Published: August 2024

Organic pollutants negatively impact the environment, including air, water, soil, and living organisms. These pollutants come from various sources, including industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. Removing organic pollutants from the environment is a difficult task and requires a combination of prevention and innovative strategies. Herein a novel nanocomposite consisting of beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) modified silver (Ag@β‐CD) and gold (Au@‐β‐CD) nanoparticles (NPs) attached on the surface of Fe3O4@TiO2 core–shell structure with an average 530 nm diameter in an eco‐friendly environment is presented. In the first step, Au@‐β‐CD and Ag@‐β‐CD are synthesized, and the core–shell structure is modified by these nanoparticles. The catalytic activities of the synthesized nanocomposite are investigated for the reduction of RhB and 4‐NP and the photodegradation of MB. The synthesized composite shows the highest catalytic performance in the reduction of RhB and 4‐NP and photodegradation of MB, and the reactions are completed in 75, 45 s, and 16 min with a rate constant (k) 0.03 ± 0.005 s−1, 0.07 ± 0.01 s−1, and 0.25 ± 0.07 min−1, respectively. The reduction and photodegradation reactions follow the first‐order rate law. The catalyst is reused for six cycles after separation from the reaction system by an external magnetic field.
Gold Nanoparticles Monolayer Based Field‐Effect Molecular Sensors
Authors: Abbas Yawar , Deader Firdous Ahmad , Qurashi Ahsanulhaq , Al‐Qutayri Mahmoud , Chan Vincent , Rezeq Moh'd
Published: August 2024

The rapid and efficient sensing mechanism of molecules and bimolecular species is crucial for healthcare, biomedical, and safety applications. Such sensors need to be robust and able to measure low concentrations of molecular species. Utilizing the intriguing effect of the enhanced electric field from charged gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs), due to their extremely small size, on the Schottky barrier narrowing and the energy band bending at the interface with Si substrates, a novel sensitive molecular sensor is developed, and presented herein. This is achieved by forming a strip of Au‐NPs monolayer between two metal electrodes on a thin native oxide layer (≈2nm), covering the surface of an n‐type silicon substrate. The high electric field on the negatively charged monolayer of Au‐NPs leads to the depression of the conduction band, thus a tunneling channel of electrons is formed under the monolayer of NPs and beneath the silicon oxide layer. The depth of this tunneling channel can be regulated by modulating the net charge, hence the electric field, on the NPs when they are exposed to various polar or charged molecules. This effective nano‐sensing platform can be explored for the detection and analysis of various molecules of interest.
DNA‐encoded plasmonic bubbles aggregating dual‐microRNA SERS signals for cancer diagnosis
Authors: Yang Yu , Lu Hao , Fang Dan , Zhang Yuyuan , Tang Yuteng , Zhao Songsong , Yan Jun , Qin Xiaojie , Shen Jianlei , Yang Fan
Published: August 2024

Solid bubbles have expanded the SERS assay toolbox, but their detection performance in biofluids is still hampered by the irrational design of the plasmonic sensing interface. A plasmonic bubble aggregate‐driven DNA‐encoded SERS assay is reported here that enables simultaneous, ultrasensitive, and specific detection of multiple miRNAs in blood samples for accurate cancer diagnosis. In this assay, the buoyancy of plasmonic bubbles allows them to self‐aggregate at a droplet apex for SERS reconfiguration, form single‐layer bubble aggregates with plasmonic nanogaps, and prevent the coffee ring effect during evaporation assembly. Furthermore, DNA‐encoded plasmonic bubbles seamlessly couple with dual‐color catalytic hybridization assembly to amplify the specific miRNA‐responsive Raman signal, and function as both an analyte concentrator and a Raman signal aggregator without external forces. Using these merits, this magnet‐free, portable assay achieves femtomolar dual‐miRNA quantitation with single‐base resolution, simultaneous miRNA detection across four cell lines, and accurate cancer diagnosis (AUC = 1) via analyzing 40 blood samples with machine learning, thus providing a promising tool for clinical diagnosis.
A metabolic perspective on polyploid invasion and the emergence of life histories: Insights from a mechanistic model
Authors: Milosavljevic Silvija , Kauai Felipe , Mortier Frederik , Van de Peer Yves , Bonte Dries
Published: August 2024

Premise

Whole‐genome duplication (WGD, polyploidization) has been identified as a driver of genetic and phenotypic novelty, having pervasive consequences for the evolution of lineages. While polyploids are widespread, especially among plants, the long‐term establishment of polyploids is exceedingly rare. Genome doubling commonly results in increased cell sizes and metabolic expenses, which may be sufficient to modulate polyploid establishment in environments where their diploid ancestors thrive.

Methods

We developed a mechanistic simulation model of photosynthetic individuals to test whether changes in size and metabolic efficiency allow autopolyploids to coexist with, or even invade, ancestral diploid populations. Central to the model is metabolic efficiency, which determines how energy obtained from size‐dependent photosynthetic production is allocated to basal metabolism as opposed to somatic and reproductive growth. We expected neopolyploids to establish successfully if they have equal or higher metabolic efficiency as diploids or to adapt their life history to offset metabolic inefficiency.

Results

Polyploid invasion was observed across a wide range of metabolic efficiency differences between polyploids and diploids. Polyploids became established in diploid populations even when they had a lower metabolic efficiency, which was facilitated by recurrent formation. Competition for nutrients is a major driver of population dynamics in this model. Perenniality did not qualitatively affect the relative metabolic efficiency from which tetraploids tended to establish.

Conclusions

Feedback between size‐dependent metabolism and energy allocation generated size and age differences between plants with different ploidies. We demonstrated that even small changes in metabolic efficiency are sufficient for the establishment of polyploids.
Construction of New Heterocyclic System, Imidazo[4,5‐d]thiazolo[4,3‐b]oxazole, via Cascade Reaction of Thioglycolurils with α‐Bromoketones
Authors: Vinogradova Ekaterina E. , Karnoukhova Valentina A. , Kravchenko Angelina N. , Gazieva Galina A.
Published: August 2024

A method for the synthesis of new heterocyclic system representatives, i. e. imidazo[4,5‐d]thiazolo[4,3‐b]oxazole derivatives, by the reaction of thioglycolurils with α‐bromoketones has been developed. The reaction includes a cascade one‐pot S‐alkylation/nucleophilic addition/ring‐opening/ring‐closing process. This protocol is compatible with a broad scope of α‐bromoketones, diastereoselectively affording diverse products with 3aS*,4aR*,8aR*‐imidazo[4,5‐d]thiazolo[4,3‐b]oxazole core in 40–76 % yields.
Temporo‐frontoparietal hypoconnectivity as a biomarker for isolated language impairment in mild cognitive impairment: A cross‐cohort comparison
Authors: Huang Lin , Hu Wenjing , Cui Liang , Zhang Zhen , Lu Yao , Li Qinjie , Huang Qi , Wang Luyao , Jiang Jiehui , Guo Qihao ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: August 2024

INTRODUCTION

Whether brain functional connectivity (FC) is consistently disrupted in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with isolated language impairment (ilMCI), and its potential to differentiate between MCI subtypes remains uncertain.

METHODS

Cross‐sectional data from 404 participants in two cohorts (the Chinese Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Study and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) were analyzed, including neuropsychological tests, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), cerebral amyloid positivity, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) status.

RESULTS

Temporo‐frontoparietal FC, particularly between the bilateral superior temporal pole and the left inferior frontal/supramarginal gyri, was consistently decreased in ilMCI compared to amnestic MCI (aMCI) and normal controls, which was correlated with semantic impairment. Using mean temporo‐frontoparietal FC as a classifier could improve accuracy in identifying ilMCI subgroups with positive cerebral amyloid deposition and APOE risk alleles.

DISCUSSION

Temporal‐frontoparietal hypoconnectivity was observed in individuals with ilMCI, which may reflect semantic impairment and serve as a valuable biomarker to indicate potential mechanisms of underlying neuropathology.

Highlights

Temporo‐frontoparietal hypoconnectivity was observed in impaired language mild cognitive impairment (ilMCI).

Temporo‐frontoparietal hypoconnectivity may reflect semantic impairment.

Temporo‐frontoparietal functional connectivity can classify ilMCI subtypes.
Design and validation of the ADNI MR protocol
Authors: Arani Arvin , Borowski Bret , Felmlee John , Reid Robert I. , Thomas David L. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Stables Lara , Buckner Randy L. , Jung Youngkyoo , Tosun Duygu , Weiner Michael , Jack Clifford R. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2024

Phase four of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI4) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols aim to maintain longitudinal consistency across two decades of data acquisition, while adopting new technologies. Here we describe and justify the study's design and targeted biomarkers. The ADNI4 MRI protocol includes nine MRI sequences. Some sequences require the latest hardware and software system upgrades and are continuously rolled out as they become available at each site. The main sequence additions/changes in ADNI4 are: (1) compressed sensing (CS) T1‐weighting, (2) pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL) on all three vendors (GE, Siemens, Philips), (3) multiple‐post‐labeling‐delay ASL, (4) 1 mm3 isotropic 3D fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, and (5) CS 3D T2‐weighted. ADNI4 aims to help the neuroimaging community extract valuable imaging biomarkers and provide a database to test the impact of advanced imaging strategies on diagnostic accuracy and disease sensitivity among individuals lying on the cognitively normal to impaired spectrum.

Highlights

A summary of MRI protocols for phase four of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI 4).

The design and justification for the ADNI 4 MRI protocols.

Compressed sensing and multi‐band advances have been applied to improve scan time.

ADNI4 protocols aim to streamline safety screening and therapy monitoring.

The ADNI4 database will be a valuable test bed for academic research.
A Computation‐Guided Design of Highly Defined and Dense Bimetallic Active Sites on a Two‐Dimensional Conductive Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient H2O2 Electrosynthesis
Authors: Li Zhenxin , Jia Jingjing , Sang Zhiyuan , Liu Wei , Nie Jiahuan , Yin Lichang , Hou Feng , Liu Jiachen , Liang Ji
Published: August 2024

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−‐ORR) provides an alternative method to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone method. Metal macrocycles with precise coordination are widely used for 2e−‐ORR electrocatalysis, but they have to be commonly loaded on conductive substrates, thus exposing a large number of 2e−‐ORR‐inactive sites that result in poor H2O2 production rate and efficiency. Herein, guided by first‐principle predictions, a substrate‐free and two‐dimensional conductive metal–organic framework (Ni‐TCPP(Co)), composed of CoN4 sites in porphine(Co) centers and Ni2O8 nodes, is designed as a multi‐site catalyst for H2O2 electrosynthesis. The approperiate distance between the CoN4 and Ni2O8 sites in Ni‐TCPP(Co) weakens the electron transfer between them, thus ensuring their inherent activities and creating high‐density active sites. Meanwhile, the intrinsic electronic conductivity and porosity of Ni‐TCPP(Co) further facilitate rapid reaction kinetics. Therefore, outstanding 2e−‐ORR electrocatalytic performance has been achieved in both alkaline and neutral electrolytes (>90 %/85 % H2O2 selectivity within 0–0.8 V vs. RHE and >18.2/18.0 mol g−1 h−1 H2O2 yield under alkaline/neutral conditions), with confirmed feasibility for water purification and disinfection applications. This strategy thus provides a new avenue for designing catalysts with precise coordination and high‐density active sites, promoting high‐efficiency electrosynthesis of H2O2 and beyond.
In situ Generation of Cyclohexanone Drives Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Phenol to Nylon‐6 Precursor
Authors: Jia Shunhan , Wang Ruhan , Jin Xiangyuan , Liu Hanle , Wu Limin , Song Xinning , Zhang Libing , Ma Xiaodong , Tan Xingxing , Sun Xiaofu , Han Buxing
Published: August 2024

Coupling in situ generated intermediates with other substrates/intermediates is a viable approach for diversifying product outcomes of catalytic reactions involving two or multiple reactants. Cyclohexanone oxime is a key precursor for caprolactam synthesis (the monomer of Nylon‐6), yet its current production uses unsustainable carbon sources, noble metal catalysts, and harsh conditions. Herein, we report the first work to synthesize cyclohexanone oxime through electroreduction of phenol and hydroxylamine. The Faradaic efficiency reached 69.1 % over Cu catalyst, accompanied by a corresponding cyclohexanone oxime formation rate of 82.0 g h−1 gcat−1. In addition, the conversion of phenol was up to 97.5 %. In situ characterizations, control experiments, and theoretical calculations suggested the importance of balanced activation of water, phenol, and hydroxylamine substrates on the optimal metallic Cu catalyst for achieving high‐performance cyclohexanone oxime synthesis. Besides, a tandem catalytic route for the upgrading of lignin to caprolactam has been successfully developed through the integration of thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and Beckmann rearrangement, which achieved the synthesis of 0.40 g of caprolactam from 4.0 g of lignin raw material.
Contributions of Multi‐Method Geophysical Survey to Archaeological Research at the Battlefield of Waterloo
Authors: Williams Duncan , Bosquet Dominique , Pollard Tony , Welham Kate , Eve Stuart , De Smedt Philippe
Published: August 2024

Archaeological prospection is continually expanding into new frontiers, examining increasingly large areas, diverse environmental contexts and varying site types. One area that has received only limited focus is historic battlefields. This paper presents results from large‐scale geophysical surveys (> 100 ha) at the Napoleonic battlefield of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium, using fluxgate magnetometry and frequency‐domain electromagnetic induction. Despite its international historical significance, professional archaeological research at the battlefield is still in its infancy. We demonstrate how important insights can be gained by using geophysical methods for identifying features and artefacts related to the battle and for developing an understanding of the various influences acting on the present landscape. The largest survey of its kind undertaken on a single battlefield site, this approach holds particular potential for battlefield archaeology, given the subtle and low‐density nature of the sought‐after targets and the extensive area of the site. Such an approach can mitigate (though not entirely resolve) challenges of resolution and scale associated with other methods of investigation. Using a representative range of examples from Waterloo, we consider successes and challenges in undertaking geophysical surveys on battlefield sites. An integrated approach that incorporates targeted sampling and other forms of ancillary data is emphasized for a more robust interpretation of noninvasive sensor data.
Combinatorial effect of Apigenin‐resveratrol on white adipocyte plasticity and trans‐differentiation for activating lipid metabolism
Authors: Sreekumar Sreelekshmi , Kiran Manikantan Syamala
Published: August 2024

Inducing browning in white adipocytes has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for addressing obesity. Bioactive that modulate the WAT microenvironment to induce trans browning in white adipocytes have been explored as a strategy to control unregulated lipid storage. However, relying on a single bioactive for modulating lipid metabolism has proven insufficient in obese individuals during human trials, because these compounds primarily activate a single biochemical pathway in promoting browning. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on targeting multiple pathways to ensure a safe and effective browning process. The present study investigated the combinatorial effect of bioactives namely Apigenin and Resveratrol for activating multiple pathways for effective trans‐browning of white adipocytes. The combination was seen to promote the browning more effectively than the single bioactive, as the combination simultaneously activated multiple signaling pathways to induce angiogenesis‐mediated browning in primary white adipocytes isolated from obese mice. Activation of PI3K signaling via estrogen receptor‐α‐dependent pathway resulted in simultaneous activation of angiogenesis and trans browning in white adipocytes. The study provides valuable insights into the potential use of bioactives in combination with therapeutic intervention to improve the overall health of obese subjects by enhancing lipid metabolism by activating trans‐differentiation of white adipocytes.
Use of tRNA gene barriers improves stability of transgene expression in CHO cells
Authors: Sizer Rebecca E. , Ingram Richard M. , Swan Caroline , Biggs Emma K. , Pybus Leon P. , White Robert J.
Published: August 2024

Instability of transgene expression is a major challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry, which can impact yields and regulatory approval. Some tRNA genes (tDNAs) can resist epigenetic silencing, the principal mechanism of expression instability, and protect adjacent genes against the spread of repressive heterochromatin. We have taken two naturally occurring clusters of human tDNAs and tested their ability to reduce epigenetic silencing of transgenes integrated into the genome of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We find sustained improvements in productivity both in adherent CHO‐K1 cells and in an industrially relevant CHO‐DG44 expression system (Apollo X, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies). We conclude that specific tDNA clusters offer potential to mitigate the widespread problem of production instability.
Integrating serum metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology to reveal the potential mechanism of Shengmai Jianghuang San in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zeng Siying , Zhu Yuanchao , Su Chao , Jiang Ziqing , You Yanyi , Zhu Daoqi , Fan Qin
Published: August 2024

Shengmai Jianghuang San (SMJHS) is a traditional Chinese herbal compound reported to inhibit Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) progression and enhance radiosensitivity. However, the specific active ingredients and regulatory mechanisms of SMJHS against NPC, particularly under hypoxic conditions, remain unclear. In this study, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were gavaged with Shengmai Jianghuang San (SMJHS), and their blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive orbitrap MS/MS was used to identify the metabolite profiles of SMJHS drug‐containing serum. A molecular network of the active compositions in SMJHS targeting NPC was constructed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. The HIF‐1α/VEGF pathway was in key positions. The effects of SMJHS on the proliferation, migration, and radiosensitivity of hypoxic NPC cells were assessed by in vitro experiments. NPC cell lines stably overexpressing HIF‐1α were established using a lentivirus to investigate the regulation of HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling in hypoxic NPC cells by SMJHS. Through a combination of network pharmacological analysis, cellular biofunctional validation, and molecular biochemical experiments, our study found that SMJHS had an anti‐proliferative effect on NPC cells cultured under hypoxic conditions, inhibiting their migration and increasing their radiosensitivity. Additionally, SMJHS suppressed the expression of HIF‐1α and VEGFA, exhibiting potential as an effective option for improving NPC treatment.