bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a practical spatial-spectral analysis protocol for breast histopathology using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Pounder F. Nell , Reddy Rohith K. , Bhargava Rohit
Published: January 2016

Breast cancer screening provides sensitive tumor identification, but low specificity implies that a vast majority of biopsies are not ultimately diagnosed as cancer. Automated techniques to evaluate biopsies can prevent errors, reduce pathologist workload and provide objective analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging provides both molecular signatures and spatial information that may be applicable for pathology. Here, we utilize both the spectral and spatial information to develop a combined classifier that provides rapid tissue assessment. First, we evaluated the potential of IR imaging to provide a diagnosis using spectral data alone. While highly accurate histologic [epithelium, stroma] recognition could be achieved, the same was not possible for disease [cancer, no-cancer] due to the diversity of spectral signals. Hence, we employed spatial data, developing and evaluating increasingly complex models, to detect cancers. Sub-mm tumors could be very confidently predicted as indicated by the quantitative measurement of accuracy via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The developed protocol was validated with a small set and statistical performance used to develop a model that predicts study design for a large scale, definitive validation. The results of evaluation on different instruments, at higher noise levels, under a coarser spectral resolution and two sampling modes [transmission and transflection], indicate that the protocol is highly accurate under a variety of conditions. The study paves the way to validating IR imaging for rapid breast tumor detection, its statistical validation and potential directions for optimization of the speed and sampling for clinical deployment.
Developing energy efficient lignin biomass processing – towards understanding mediator behaviour in ionic liquids
Authors: Eshtaya Majd , Ejigu Andinet , Stephens Gill , Walsh Darren A. , Chen George Z. , Croft Anna K.
Published: January 2016

Environmental concerns have brought attention to the requirement for more efficient and renewable processes for chemicals production. Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer, and might serve as a sustainable resource for manufacturing fuels and aromatic derivatives for the chemicals industry after being depolymerised. In this work, the mediator 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), commonly used with enzyme degradation systems, has been evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) for enhancing the oxidation of the non-phenolic lignin model compound veratryl alcohol and three types of lignin (organosolv, Kraft and lignosulfonate) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, ([C2mim][C2SO4]). The presence of either veratryl alcohol or organosolv lignin increased the second oxidation peak of ABTS under select conditions, indicating the ABTS-mediated oxidation of these molecules at high potentials in [C2mim][C2SO4]. Furthermore, CV was applied as a quick and efficient way to explore the impact of water in the ABTS-mediated oxidation of both organosolv and lignosulfonate lignin. Higher catalytic efficiencies of ABTS were observed for lignosulfonate solutions either in sodium acetate buffer or when [C2mim][C2SO4] (15 v/v%) was present in the buffer solution, whilst there was no change found in the catalytic efficiency of ABTS in [C2mim][C2SO4]–lignosulfonate mixtures relative to ABTS alone. In contrast, organosolv showed an initial increase in oxidation, followed by a significant decrease on increasing the water content of a [C2mim][C2SO4] solution.
Rutin protects against aging-related metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Li Tianyi , Chen Sufang , Feng Tao , Dong Jie , Li Yuanyuan , Li Hua
Published: January 2016

Aging is a complex process which is accompanied by multiple related chronic diseases.
A protective effect of anthocyanins and xanthophylls on UVB-induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Silván Jose Manuel , Reguero Marina , de Pascual-Teresa Sonia
Published: January 2016

Cyanidin-3-glucoside and zeaxanthin, alone or in combination, protect against UVB-induced retinal cells damage throw redox and MAPK activation regulation.
A series of selective and sensitive fluorescent sensors based on a thiophen-2-yl-benzothiazole unit for Hg2+
Authors: Mei Qunbo , Tian Ruqiang , Shi Yujie , Hua Qingfang , Chen Chen , Tong Bihai
Published: January 2016

Different types of fluorescent probes for Hg2+ based on the 5-thiophen-2-yl-benzothiazole derivatives (TBT, CTBT, DTBT and NTBT) were realized by changing the subsituents, including the fluorescence quenching probe, the fluorescence enhancement probe and the ratiometric fluorescent probe.
Highly efficient synthesis of LTA-type aluminophosphate molecular sieve by improved ionothermal method
Authors: Zhao Xinhong , Zhao Jiangbo , Chiang Chang-Yang , Li Zhengshan , Zhao Yu , Zhou Wuzong
Published: January 2016

An LTA-type aluminophosphate molecular sieve was synthesized under the conditions of a low ILs/Al2O3 ratio.
The use of isolated natural products as scaffolds for the generation of chemically diverse screening libraries for drug discovery
Authors: Barnes Emma C. , Kumar Rohitesh , Davis Rohan A.
Published: January 2016

This Highlight examines the use of isolated natural products as scaffolds in the semi-synthesis of drug discovery libraries, and the potential of this rarely used method to contribute to successful natural product library generation strategies.
Understanding properties of engineered catalyst supports using contact angle measurements and X-Ray reflectivity
Authors: Amama Placidus B. , Islam Ahmad E. , Saber Sammy M. , Huffman Daniel R. , Maruyama Benji
Published: January 2016

Using a combination of contact angle measurements and X-ray reflectivity, new correlations between the physicochemical properties of pristine and engineered catalyst substrates and carbon nanotube growth behavior have been established. This study advances the use of a non-thermochemical approach for catalyst substrate engineering.
Distinct CPT-induced deaths in lung cancer cells caused by clathrin-mediated internalization of CP micelles
Authors: Liu Yu-Sheng , Cheng Ru-You , Lo Yu-Lun , Hsu Chin , Chen Su-Hwei , Chiu Chien-Chih , Wang Li-Fang
Published: January 2016

A chondroitin sulfate-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone), CP, was synthesized to encapsulate camptothecin (micelle/CPT) for tumor-targeting delivery. The therapeutic outcome of the micelle/CPT depends on internalization pathways and cell cycle arrest.
Improving nanoparticle diffusion through tumor collagen matrix by photo-thermal gold nanorods
Authors: Raeesi Vahid , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: January 2016

Denaturing collagen (I) by heat can enhance the transport of nanoparticles through tumor extracellular matrix.
Synthesis, radiolabeling with fluorine-18 and preliminary in vivo evaluation of a heparan sulphate mimetic as potent angiogenesis and heparanase inhibitor for cancer applications
Authors: Kuhnast B. , El Hadri A. , Boisgard R. , Hinnen F. , Richard S. , Caravano A. , Nancy-Portebois V. , Petitou M. , Tavitian B. , Dollé F.
Published: January 2016

A rationally designed, fully synthetic, octasaccharide-based, HS mimetic has been synthesized, in vitro characterized, labeled with fluorine-18, and in vivo imaged with PET in rats.
Syntheses, structures and properties of five entangled coordination polymers constructed with trigonal N-donor ligands
Authors: Chen Yu , Yang Juan , Wang Xi-Chi , Xu Yu-Ci , Xu Hui-Ling , Zeng Xiao-Shan , Xiao Dong-Rong
Published: January 2016

Five new entangled coordination polymers, which are based on large trigonal N-donor ligands and polycarboxylates, are reported. They display different entangled nets with self-penetrating, polythreading, interdigitation and interpenetration features.
One-pot synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide–gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Piao Yongzhe , Chen Biqiong
Published: January 2016

Reduced graphene oxide–gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels show a relatively high storage modulus and biodegradability, having potential in drug delivery and soft tissue engineering.
Fabrication of a resistive switching gallium oxide thin film with a tailored gallium valence state and oxygen deficiency by rf cosputtering process
Authors: Kura Chiharu , Aoki Yoshitaka , Tsuji Etsushi , Habazaki Hiroki , Martin Manfred
Published: January 2016

Resistive switching gallium oxide thin films with tailored oxygen deficiency and gallium valence state were fabricated by rf cosputtering of Ga2O3 and Cr.
Intercalation of the daphnetin–Cu(ii) complex with calf thymus DNA
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyue , Zhang Cen , Zhang Guowen , Liao Yijing
Published: January 2016

The daphnetin–Cu(ii) complex binds to the A–T bases region of ctDNA and causes cleavage of plasmid DNA.
Negative differential resistance in the I–V curves of Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN MIS structures
Authors: Shen Lingyan , Cheng Xinhong , Wang Zhongjian , Cao Duo , Li zheng Li zheng , Wang Qian , Zhang Dongliang , Li Jingjie , Yu Yuehui
Published: January 2016

Negative differential resistance is firstly observed in I–V characteristic of GaN MIS structure, which is induced by intervalley electron transfer.
Complexing agent study for environmentally friendly silver electrodeposition(ii): electrochemical behavior of silver complex
Authors: Liu Anmin , Ren Xuefeng , Zhang Jie , Li Deyu , An Maozhong
Published: January 2016

Silver deposition and electrochemical behaviors of silver complex in the environmentally friendly silver plating bath were studied.
Mix and match backbones for the formation of H-bonded duplexes
Authors: Iadevaia Giulia , Stross Alexander E. , Neumann Anja , Hunter Christopher A.
Published: January 2016

Six isomeric backbone combinations can be used interchangeably to construct stable H-bonded duplexes of similar stability.
Observation of quantum dynamical resonances in near cold inelastic collisions of astrophysical molecules
Authors: Costes Michel , Naulin Christian
Published: January 2016

Quantum resonances in inelastic collisions, predicted by theory and detected at low energies in a crossed-beam experiment, are reviewed.
Flexible paper electrodes constructed from Zn2GeO4 nanofibers anchored with amorphous carbon for advanced lithium ion batteries
Authors: Li Huan-Huan , Zhang Lin-Lin , Fan Chao-Ying , Wu Xing-Long , Wang Hai-Feng , Li Xiao-Ying , Wang Kang , Sun Hai-Zhu , Zhang Jing-Ping
Published: January 2016

A method was developed to prepare flexible paper electrodes constructed from Zn2GeO4 nanofibers anchored with ZGO/C-P which has long-term cycle stability and excellent rate capability.
Steering graphene quantum dots in living cells: lighting up the nucleolus
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Wang Yanan , He Hua , Chen Xin , Sun Xing , Sun Yawei , Zhou Guangjun , Xu Hai , Huang Fang
Published: January 2016

A novel graphene quantum dot capable of lighting up the nucleoli of living cells has been developed.
Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate and its alternatives on long-term potentiation in the hippocampus CA1 region of adult rats in vivo
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liu Wei , Niu Qiao , Wang Yu , Zhao Huimin , Zhang Huifang , Song Jing , Tsuda Shuji , Saito Norimitsu
Published: January 2016

With the limited but ongoing usage of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the health effects of both PFOS and its alternatives are far from being understood.
The urinary excretion of an organic anion transporter as an early biomarker of methotrexate-induced kidney injury
Authors: Severin María J. , Trebucobich Mara S. , Buszniez Patricia , Brandoni Anabel , Torres Adriana M.
Published: January 2016

Oat5 urinary excretion is a novel urinary biomarker for early detection of methotrexate-induced kidney injury.
The effect of 3-bromopyruvate on human colorectal cancer cells is dependent on glucose concentration but not hexokinase II expression
Authors: Ho Nelson , Morrison Jodi , Silva Andreza , Coomber Brenda L.
Published: January 2016

Cancer cells heavily rely on the glycolytic pathway regardless of oxygen tension. Hexokinase II (HKII) catalyses the first irreversible step of glycolysis and is often overexpressed in cancer cells. 3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) has been shown to primarily target HKII, and is a promising anti-cancer compound capable of altering critical metabolic pathways in cancer cells. Abnormal vasculature within tumours leads to heterogeneous microenvironments, including glucose availability, which may affect drug sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which 3BP acts on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with focus on the HKII/Akt signalling axis. High HKII-expressing cell lines were more sensitive to 3BP than low HKII-expressing cells. 3BP-induced rapid Akt phosphorylation at site Thr-308 and cell death via both apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms. Cells grown under lower glucose concentrations showed greater resistance towards 3BP. Cells with HKII knockdown showed no changes in 3BP sensitivity, suggesting the effects of 3BP are independent of HKII expression. These results emphasize the importance of the tumour microenvironment and glucose availability when considering therapeutic approaches involving metabolic modulation.
Sn‐doped ZnO thin‐film transistors with AZO, TZO and Al heterojunction source/drain contacts
Authors: Zhang Yi , Han Dedong , Huang Lingling , Dong Junchen , Cong Yingying , Cui Guodong , Zhang Xiaomi , Zhang Xing , Zhang Shengdong , Wang Yi
Published: January 2016

Bottom gate, top contact thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with transparent Sn‐doped zinc oxide as the active layer have been fabricated on glass substrate at room temperature. Indium tin oxide, alumni zinc oxide (AZO) and Al thin films serve as the source/drain (S/D) electrode. It turns out that devices with AZO S/D electrodes exhibit preferable properties such as a saturation mobility of 13.6 cm2/Vs, a subthreshold slope of 381 mV/decade, a Vth of 3.47 V and an on/off current ratio of 3.1 × 107. Moreover, the superior output characteristic and lower parasitic resistance demonstrate the excellent contact performance of the tin‐zinc oxide TFTs with AZO S/D electrodes.
Highly linear VCO for use in VCO‐ADCs
Authors: Babaie‐Fishani A. , Rombouts P.
Published: January 2016

A very simple ring‐oscillator voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) structure for use in VCO‐ADC applications is presented. It has a greatly improved linearity compared with previously published VCOs. Measurement results of a 1 V, 65 nm CMOS prototype confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Comparative performance analysis of jatropha, karanja, mahua, and polanga based biodiesel engine using hybrid genetic algorithm
Authors: Dhingra Sunil , Bhushan Gian , Dubey Kashyap Kumar
Published: January 2016

The nonedible based biodiesels (jatropha, karanja, mahua, and polanga) have been evaluated in a single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine for their performance, combustion, and emission parameters using hybrid response surface methodology-non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II technique. The sets of pareto optimum solutions for each biodiesel produced have also been presented in the form. Confirmation tests are also conducted at randomly selected few pareto solutions to check the authenticity of the results. None of the solutions is better than the other, and each solution has its own importance. The summary of desired performance, combustion, and emission parameters of produced biodiesels is presented for further use in the diesel engine. The results obtained are far reaching and they can be directly referred to for similar types of diesel engines.
A novel combined forecasting model for short-term wind power based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition and optimal virtual prediction
Authors: Liu Kaipei , Zhang Yachao , Qin Liang
Published: January 2016

As one of the most promising renewable energy, wind energy plays a vital role in optimizing the configuration of energy resources in power system nowadays. However, wind generation with the intermittent and uncertain characteristics has brought new challenges for the integration of large-scale wind power into power system. Consequently, the accurate forecasting of wind power is the most effective and applicable solution to meet the challenges. A novel combined forecasting approach is proposed by integrating the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) technique and the combination of individual forecasting methods based on optimal virtual prediction for the purpose of improving the short-term wind power prediction performance. There are three steps in this presented approach. First, EEMD is adopted to decompose the original wind power series into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue. Second, the prediction of each IMF is achieved by using four individual methods, and the prediction of the residue is obtained from the nonlinear grey Bernoulli model based on particle swarm optimization. Finally, the combined forecasting model based on optimal virtual prediction is developed, and the weight matrix in this model is optimized by a self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm, which aims to minimize the forecasting errors at the virtual prediction points. The real wind power data from a wind farm in China are used to verify the performance of the proposed model, and the simulation results show that this model has demonstrated the optimal forecasting accuracy and robustness compared with other forecasting models, which is a promising alternative for short-term wind power forecasting.
Local probe microscopic studies on Al-doped ZnO: Pseudoferroelectricity and band bending at grain boundaries
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Basu Tanmoy , Som Tapobrata
Published: January 2016

In this paper, based on piezoforce measurements, we show the presence of opposite polarization at grains and grain boundaries of Al-doped ZnO (AZO). The polarization can be flipped by 180° in phase by switching the polarity of the applied electric field, revealing the existence of nanoscale pseudoferroelectricity in AZO grown on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate. We also demonstrate an experimental evidence on local band bending at grain boundaries of AZO films using conductive atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The presence of an opposite polarization at grains and grain boundaries gives rise to a polarization-driven barrier formation at grain boundaries. With the help of conductive atomic force microscopy, we show that the polarization-driven barrier along with the defect-induced electrostatic potential barrier account for the measured local band bending at grain boundaries. The present study opens a new avenue to understand the charge transport in light of both polarization and electrostatic effects.
Ferroelectricity emerging in strained (111)-textured ZrO2 thin films
Authors: Fan Zhen , Deng Jinyu , Wang Jingxian , Liu Ziyan , Yang Ping , Xiao Juanxiu , Yan Xiaobing , Dong Zhili , Wang John , Chen Jingsheng
Published: January 2016

(Anti-)ferroelectricity in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible binary oxides have attracted considerable research interest recently. Here, we show that by using substrate-induced strain, the orthorhombic phase and the desired ferroelectricity could be achieved in ZrO2 thin films. Our theoretical analyses suggest that the strain imposed on the ZrO2 (111) film by the TiN/MgO (001) substrate would energetically favor the tetragonal (t) and orthorhombic (o) phases over the monoclinic (m) phase of ZrO2, and the compressive strain along certain ⟨11-2⟩ directions may further stabilize the o-phase. Experimentally ZrO2 thin films are sputtered onto the MgO (001) substrates buffered by epitaxial TiN layers. ZrO2 thin films exhibit t- and o-phases, which are highly (111)-textured and strained, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Both polarization-electric field (P-E) loops and corresponding current responses to voltage stimulations measured with appropriate applied fields reveal the ferroelectric sub-loop behavior of the ZrO2 films at certain thicknesses, confirming that the ferroelectric o-phase has been developed in the strained (111)-textured ZrO2 films. However, further increasing the applied field leads to the disappearance of ferroelectric hysteresis, the possible reasons of which are discussed.
Simultaneous achievement of high dielectric constant and low temperature dependence of capacitance in (111)-oriented BaTiO3-Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-BiFeO3 solid solution thin films
Authors: Kimura Junichi , Chentir Mohamed-Tahar , Shimizu Takao , Uchida Hiroshi , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: January 2016

The temperature dependence of the capacitance of (111)c-oriented (0.90–x)BaTiO3-0.10Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-xBiFeO3 solid solution films is investigated. These films are prepared on (111)cSrRuO3/(111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrates by the chemical solution deposition technique. All the films have perovskite structures and the crystal symmetry at room temperature varies with increasing x ratio, from pseudocubic when x = 0–0.30 to rhombohedral when x = 0.50–0.90. The pseudocubic phase shows a high relative dielectric constant (εr) (ranging between 400 and 560 at room temperature and an operating frequency of 100 kHz) and a low temperature dependence of capacitance up to 400°C, while maintaining a dielectric loss (tan δ) value of less than 0.2 at 100 kHz. In contrast, εr for the rhombohedral phase increases monotonically with increasing temperature up to 250°C, and increasingly high tan δ values are recorded at higher temperatures. These results indicate that pseudocubic (0.90–x)BaTiO3-0.10Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-xBiFeO3 solid solution films with (111) orientation are suitable candidates for high-temperature capacitor applications.
A predictive model for transferability of plastic deformation through grain boundaries
Authors: Tsuru T. , Shibutani Y. , Hirouchi T.
Published: January 2016

The material strengths of polycrystalline metals have been widely predicted according to the grain size, where yield stress is governed by slip transfer through the grain boundary (GB). The transferability of a dislocation across a GB is enormously important in the deformation process as well as the interaction between a dislocation and GB. This paper proposes a new criterion for the transferability of dislocations through a GB that considers both the intergranular crystallographic orientation of slip systems and the applied stress condition. Atomistic simulations were carried out to investigate the slip transfer event of simple bicrystals composed of Σ3(1̄12) GB than Σ3(1̄11) GBs under uniaxial deformation and to illustrate the availability of this criterion. As a result, in contrast to the predictions of conventional criteria such as the M-value, dislocations propagated more easily across the Σ3(1̄11) and Σ3(1̄12) GB under given stress states, reflecting a larger L′-value of Σ3 bicrystal associated with higher transferability.
Towards a revised climatology of summertime dimethylsulfide concentrations and sea–air fluxes in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Jarníková Tereza , Tortell Philippe D.
Published: January 2016

Environmental context
The trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) is emitted from surface ocean waters to the overlying atmosphere, where it forms aerosols that promote cloud formation and influence Earth’s climate. We present an updated climatology of DMS emissions from the vast Southern Ocean, demonstrating how the inclusion of new data yields higher regional sources compared with previously derived values. Our work provides an important step towards better quantifying the oceanic emissions of an important climate-active gas.

Abstract
The Southern Ocean is a dominant source of the climate-active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) to the atmosphere. Despite significant improvements in data coverage over the past decade, the most recent global DMS climatology does not include a growing number of high-resolution surface measurements in Southern Ocean waters. Here, we incorporate these high resolution data (~700000 measurements) into an updated Southern Ocean climatology of summertime DMS concentrations and sea–air fluxes. Owing to sparse monthly data coverage, we derive a single summertime climatology based on December through February means. DMS frequency distributions and oceanographic properties (mixed-layer depth and chlorophyll-a) show good general coherence across these months, providing justification for the use of summertime mean values. The revised climatology shows notable differences with the existing global climatology. In particular, we find increased DMS concentrations and sea–air fluxes south of the Polar Frontal zone (between ~60 and 70°S), and increased sea–air fluxes in mid-latitude waters (40–50°S). These changes are attributable to both the inclusion of new data and the use of region-specific parameters (e.g. data cut-off thresholds and interpolation radius) in our objective analysis. DMS concentrations in the Southern Ocean exhibit weak though statistically significant correlations with several oceanographic variables, including ice cover, mixed-layer depth and chlorophyll-a, but no apparent relationship with satellite-derived measures of phytoplankton photophysiology or taxonomic group abundance. Our analysis highlights the importance of using regional parameters in constructing climatological DMS fields, and identifies regions where additional observations are most needed.
Investigating diet and diet switching in green turtles (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Prior Bonita , Booth David T. , Limpus Colin J.
Published: January 2016

Understanding the dietary ecology of animals provides information about their habitat requirements, facilitating informed conservation. We used last-bite diet and stable isotope analysis to assess the diet of juvenile and adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at two different habitats located 10 km apart within Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia. Last-bite diet analysis indicated that turtles had distinctly different diets in these two habitats: in one the diet was dominated by red macroalgae and in the other the diet was dominated by seagrass. Only juveniles (n = 12) were caught in the habitat where red macroalgae dominated the diet, while both juveniles (n = 9) and adults (n = 38) were captured in the habitat where seagrass dominated the diet. In the seagrass habitat there was no difference in diet between juveniles and adults, and no difference in diet between adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 21).
Because the red macroalgae and seagrass had distinctly different carbon stable isotope ratios, it was possible to detect a change in diet by comparing the carbon stable isotope ratio between serum and epidermal tissue sampled from the same turtle. In this region, a switch in diet would reflect a shift in foraging habitat. Such comparisons indicate that ~50% of turtles switched diet, and therefore changed foraging habitat between the time when blood serum and epidermis were formed. This implies that switching foraging habitat by green turtles within this region is a common occurrence, which is somewhat surprising because previously it was thought that foraging green turtles had high site fidelity with relatively small home ranges.
Tandem photoaffinity labeling of a target protein using a linker with biotin, alkyne and benzophenone groups and a bioactive small molecule with an azide group
Authors: Anabuki Tomoaki , Tsukahara Miu , Matsuura Hideyuki , Takahashi Kosaku
Published: January 2016

A novel linker containing biotin, alkyne and benzophenone groups (1) was synthesized to identify target proteins using a small molecule probe. This small molecule probe contains an azide group (azide probe) that reacts with an alkyne in 1 via an azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. Cross-linking of benzophenone to the target protein formed a covalently bound complex consisting of the azide probe and the target protein via 1. The biotin was utilized via biotin–avidin binding to identify the cross-linked complex. To evaluate the effectiveness of 1, it was applied in a model system using an allene oxide synthase (AOS) from the model moss Physcomitrella patens (PpAOS1) and an AOS inhibitor that contained azide group (3). The cross-linked complex consisting of PpAOS1, 1 and 3 was resolved via SDS–PAGE and visualized using a chemiluminescent system. The method that was developed in this study enables the effective identification of target proteins.
Dispositional Probabilities
Authors: Fetzer James H.
Published: January 2016

The propensity interpretation poses an intriguing alternative to the frequency definition for the explication of probability as a physical magnitude. It is intended to provide an explicitly dispositional account of this concept within the context of statistical laws. First systematically advocated by Karl Popper, it has been endorsed - in one form or another - by Ian Hacking and D. H. Mellor, among others. The purpose of this paper is, first, to distinguish two rather different formulations of the propensity construct (which we shall refer to as the ‘long run’ and ‘single case’ concepts); second, to explain away some of the objections that, prima facie, might be thought to undermine an explication of this kind; and, third, to analyze the inadequacies of a single case dispositional account that fails to take seriously the concept of probability as a statistical disposition.
Einstein and the Lorentz-Poincaré Theory of Relativity
Authors: Giannoni Carlo
Published: January 2016

The title of this paper has reference to the well known remark which Whittaker has made about Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity in his book History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. In the Chapter entitled ‘The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz’ he writes as follows: “In the autumn of the same year… Einstein published a paper which set forth the relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz with some amplifications, and which attracted much attention… In this paper Einstein gave the modifications which must now be introduced into the formulae for aberration and the Doppler effect.” The question with which I am concerned in this paper is whether from a strictly empirical point of view Whittaker's assessment is correct.
Is ‘Congruence’ a Peculiar Predicate?
Authors: Massey Gerald J.
Published: January 2016

The logical status of spatial and temporal congruence has been much debated. Recently the topic of debate has shifted from the alleged conventionality of congruence to the alleged eccentricity of congruence predicates. For example, espousing a point of view suggested to him by Nuel Belnap, Adolf Grünbaum has recently remarked that the predicate ‘x is (spatially) congruent to y’ deviates from the ‘classical account’ of the interrelations between the intensional and extensional components of the meaning of a predicate. By the classical account (hereafter CA), Grünbaum means the rather common view that the extension of a predicate is completely determined by its intension. Contrary to CA, Grünbaum maintains that “the fact that ‘being spatially congruent’ means sustaining the relation of spatial equality does not suffice at all to determine its extension uniquely in the class of spatial intervals.”
The Rise and Fall of Geometrodynamics
Authors: Stachel John
Published: January 2016

One thing that everyone can agree on is that the subject of geometrodynamics, whatever we interpret it as covering, is inseparably associated with the name of John Wheeler. To discuss the history and current status of geometrodynamics thus necessitates the discussion of the evolution of Wheeler's ideas on the subject. This is not meant to detract, in any way, from the fact that he has been ably assisted in his intellectual Odyssey by a distinguished group of co-workers; most prominently by Charles Misner, whom we have been fortunate to hear today on the subject. Since Professor Wheeler has recently indicated his abandonment of major features of the original geometrodynamic program, as I shall discuss later, I hope he will forgive me the rather dramatic title I have chosen for my talk.
Is Scientific Realism a Contingent Thesis?
Authors: Bradie Michael
Published: January 2016

In his book, The Structure of Science, E. Nagel pontifically handed down the judgment that the dispute between scientific instrumentalism and scientific realism resolved into an issue over ‘preferred modes’ of speech. Nagel argued that any realistic interpretation of formulation of a scientific theory could, by an appropriate switch from the material to the formal mode of speech, be converted into an instrumentalistic interpretation. Thus, the basic issue dividing the instrumentalists and realists, i.e., the ontological status of theoretical entities, whether and in what sense they existed and were real, was declared to be a pseudo-issue. In the interim, despite the high interest in the formalization of theories, a movement that could only serve the instrumentalist or neutralist camp, scientific realism, although pronounced dead, has refused to lie down.
Realist Foundations of Measurement
Authors: Byerly Henry C.
Published: January 2016

A not uncommon conclusion of philosophers studying the conceptual foundations of measurement is that scales of measurement, though subject to requirements of consistency, convenience, and simplicity, are essentially based upon conventions, and thus cannot be said to refer to relationships among existing quantities. Brian Ellis, for example, in one of. the most searching contemporary analyses of measurement concepts, claims that

certain metaphysical presuppositions made by positivists and nonpositivists alike, have played havoc with our understanding of many of the basic concepts of measurement, and concealed the existence of certain more or less arbitrary conventions. ([4], p. 3)

Some aspects of measurement are clearly conventional in the strong sense of resting on essentially arbitrary agreements. Thus to ask which of the scales of temperature, Centigrade or Fahrenheit, is the ‘true’ scale would be like asking which are the true words for the first three integers - ‘one, two, three’ or ‘eins, zwei, drei’.
Metaphorical Models of Mastery: or, How to Learn to do the Problems at the End of the Chapter of the Physics Textbook
Authors: Petrie Hugh G.
Published: January 2016

Without question, one of the most important cluster of issues in recent philosophy of science has centered around the attack on the rigid positivist distinction between theory and observation or between a theoretical language and an observational language. Kuhn, Feyerabend, Hanson, Toulmin, and Polanyi are all names closely associated with one version or another of this attack. All have argued that observational categories are essentially theory-determined and there is no determinate observational base, or neutral observational language. Thus at least the positivist account of the objectivity of scientific knowledge would seem to be seriously threatened by the thesis of the theory-ladenness of observation. For without an independently accessible observational base against which to test scientific theories, wherein would objectivity consist ?

A number of philosophers of science have rallied to the defense of objectivity against the threat posed by the thesis of the theory-ladenness of observation. One of the earliest defenses and still one of the most reasonable and persuasive was offered by Israel Schemer in his book, Science and Subjectivity.
Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and Science Education
Authors: Palter Robert
Published: January 2016

Since I have had the privilege of reading the remarks of my fellow-symposiasts before writing out my own, I should like to begin by making the briefest of comments on each of their contributions. Professor Petrie raises the Kantian-like question of how science education is possible – or, more precisely, how, if all observation is theory-laden, science education is possible. His intriguing answer is that “Science education is possible with the aid of the humanistic tool of metaphor.” I find it difficult to asses this formulation without further examples of its concrete application to actual pedagogical problems in the natural sciences.
Causes and Deductive Explanation
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: January 2016

According to the backing law account of causation a singular causal claim is to be analyzed (or “justified”) by reference to a suitable nomic theory which, together with the given singular statement describing a cause, deductively supports or explains the statement describing the effect. This backing law (or deductive-nomological) account of singular causation has recently become the target of several kinds of criticism. First, the possibility of giving a detailed and elaborate account of the required nomic or explanatory backing has been doubted. Secondly, it has been claimed that the deductive-nomological account is bound to lead to unacceptable ontological difficulties (see Kim [1969] and [1973a]). Thirdly, it has been argued that the backing law account fails to give a satisfactory analysis of certain conditional or counterfactual aspects of causation (see Lewis [1973b]). Fourthly, it has been claimed that this approach does not work at least within the social and historical sciences as there are no laws and theories of the required sort to be found there.
Integrating the Philosophy and the Social Psychology of Science or a Plague on Two Houses Divided
Authors: Mitroff Ian I.
Published: January 2016

A few years ago at the conclusion to one of his papers, Norwood Russell Hanson wrote:

… scientific observation and scientific interpretation need neither be joined nor separated. They are never apart, so they need not be joined. They cannot, not even in principle, be separated, and it is conceptually idle to make the attempt. Observation and interpretation are related symbiotically so that each conceptually sustains the other, while separation kills both. This will not be news to any practicing scientist, but it may seem heretical indeed to certain philosophers of science for whom Analysis has, alas, become indistinguishable from Division (1967, p. 99).

While not everyone would agree with Hanson regarding the role of observation and interpretation, I have often wondered what would have happened had Hanson attempted to make the same argument regarding the philosophy and the social psychology of research, if indeed he would have been inclined to attempt such an argument at all.
The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Hardegree Gary M.
Published: January 2016

In the present paper I describe a general formal semantic scheme for the interpretation of quantum mechanics (QM) , and on the basis of this scheme I examine the modal interpretation of QM — both the Copenhagen and the anti-Copenhagen variants — proposed by van Fraassen [19, 20, 21], This is intended to be a fragment of a larger work [12] which additionally investigates a number of closely related interpretations, including ones proposed by Bub and Demopoulos [1, 2, 3, 4], Fine [5, 6], and Krips [16, 17].

Formal semantically speaking (see, e.g., Thomason [18]), a logic L may be characterized as an ordered pair , where SYN is the underlying syntax (language) of L, and SEM is the semantics of L, which consists of a class of semantic assignments on SYN.
Ayer and Russell on Naive Realism
Authors: Bradie Michael
Published: January 2016

In his book, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage, A. J. Ayer takes issue with Russell's defense of scientific realism and his rejection of naive realism. ([1], pp. 126f.) Russell's position is succinctly stated in An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth ([3], p. 13) as follows:

Scientific scripture, in its most canonical form is embodied in physics ( including physiology). Physics assures us that the occurrences which we call ‘perceiving objects’ are at the end of a long causal chain which starts from the objects, and are not likely to resemble the objects except, at best, in certain very abstract ways. We all start from ‘naive realism, i. e. , the doctrine that things are what they seem. We think that grass is green, that stones are hard, and that snow is cold.
Catastrophe Theory: A Preliminary Critical Study
Authors: Sussmann Héctor J.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this work Is to present a sketchy description of Catastrophe Theory (CT), as well as a critical analysts of some of Its alleged applications. Our paper must not be regarded as a complete study of all the uses of the theory, since only some of them will be discussed. The choice of what to Include has been made by taking Into account limitations of space, the author's fields of expertise, and his philosophical biases. Because of the author's biases - his “neo-posftivist, Popperian” view of science - it was decided not to include an analysis of the applied work of Rene Thorn, except for one example which is only used for Illustrative purposes. Because of the author's Interest In the uses of Mathematics In the social sciences, only the applications to political science, sociology and economics will be studied here.
How to Begin Again: Medical Therapies for the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Wartofsky Marx W.
Published: January 2016

The philosophy of medicine has been granted a temporary visiting pass to the hallowed halls of the philosophy of science. The visitor is bound by rules, of course: e.g., visiting hours must not interfere with the working hours of the staff; proper decorum must be observed at all times—no loud or disturbing noises are allowed; above all, no kibitzing!

Such cautions, I would agree, are most appropriate. For the visitor is obstreporous, ill-mannered and even subversive. Moreover, the visitor has a history of being recalcitrant to the imposition of laws, and can't be trusted to abide by the house rules. Therefore, one should be wary of such a guest in the house of philosophy of science. For though its halls are hallowed, we have discovered that its walls are hollowed, and may not long continue to bear the weight put upon them.
The Philosophical Richness of Technology
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: January 2016

Headline, 20th July, 1976: VIKING I LANDS ON MARS. Certainly a triumph of space technology. But philosophically significant? Doubtful, but then we should not look for philosophy in material objects other than human brains. If we look for philosophy at the right spots in the technological process we are bound to find some, for there is philosophy in or behind every piece of human knowledge and in or behind every step of rational action.

We shall find philosophy, for instance, in the policy making that ended up in the decision to build and send off Viking I, as well as in the technological research that went into the implementation of that decision—and I am using the term ‘philosophy’ in its technical acceptation not in the popular one. Indeed one of the assumptions in planning the Viking I venture was that there might be life on Mars after all.
Are There Any Philosophically Interesting Questions in Technology?
Authors: Black Max
Published: January 2016

One is tempted to begin with the infuriating philosophical ploy, “It all depends upon what you mean by ‘philosophy’ and by ‘technology’.” Those two words are in fact used in such fluctuating, imprecise, and implicitly controversial ways, that I am uncertain about the topic of this discussion. On being asked by an interviewer whether he minded answering questions, a great man said “No, I don't mind. If I can't answer a question, I shall give you an answer to some other question.” In this spirit, one might substitute for the question assigned to us the following one: “Can anybody identified as a ‘philosopher’ hope to contribute to understanding, and perhaps ultimately improving, whatever it is that people refer to as ‘Technology’?” In trying to answer this question, I shall outline my own conception of the tasks of a useful philosophy of technology.
Carnap's Sprachanschauung Circa 1932
Authors: Coffa J. Alberto
Published: January 2016

Around 1932 Carnap's philosophical development reached a point of equilibrium from which he would no longer depart significantly. The basic items of the conception of knowledge which he came to endorse at that time were three: a variety of reductionistic empiricism which he had illustrated in the Aufbau; a rejection of standard correspondence theories of truth (together with what looked like an endorsement of coherentism); and a syntactical understanding of the nature of philosophical activities. To many philosophers, even those whom Carnap considered his teachers or his allies, this set of views seemed absurd and incoherent. Russell saw in them a neo-neo-Platonism, inspired by a superstitious awe of language ([27], pp. 21, 141;, Schlick saw in them the irony of extreme rationalism stemming from extreme empiricism ([28], p. 69); and some Polish philosophers said they were “too sober” to share Carnap's views ([22], p. 233).
Statistical Mechanics and the Philosophy of Science: Some Historical Notes
Authors: Brush Stephen G.
Published: January 2016

Statistical mechanics, in its broad sense, means the study of properties of bulk matter, assuming it to be composed of large numbers of particles. While each particle obeys the laws of mechanics — classical, quantum, or relativistic, whichever may be appropriate — the application of statistical methods avoids the need for considering the motion of each particle in detail, and suggests that the system as a whole has certain simple regularities. Many of these regularities were first explained (or even predicted) with the help of the kinetic theory of gases, an early version of statistical mechanics in which intuitive physical ideas based on special molecular models were applied to systems of particles whose encounters are relatively infrequent. The more general theory, developed by Maxwell, Boltzmann, and Gibbs, attempts to deal with a broad class of mechanical systems, using consistent statistical postulates.
Comments on the Papers of Brush and Tisza
Authors: Shimony Abner
Published: January 2016

Most of what I have to say concerns Tisza's conceptual analysis [12], but I should like to begin with an appreciation of Brush's historical essay [2], Accurate historical information about a science is usually illuminating not only about the process of discovery but also about the subject matter itself. I think that this statement is especially true for statistical mechanics, in which the problems that the founding fathers were concerned with are still not completely solved, and I certainly feel that this historical essay has helped me to understand the subject matter of statistical mechanics better than before.

There are several remarks in Brush's essay concerning epistemology and methodology, some of which seem to me correct but others not.
Non-local Hidden Variable Theories and Bell's Inequality
Authors: Bub Jeffrey , Shiva Vandana
Published: January 2016

The conceptually puzzling features of quantum mechanics as a statistical theory all have their source in the impossibility of relating the probability assignments defined by the quantum state to distributions over determinate values of the physical magnitudes. While some interpretations of quantum mechanics, as well as “hidden variable” modifications of the theory, have proposed several constructions for assigning values to magnitudes (beyond the value assignments defined by the quantum state alone), a variety of theorems exist which impose severe restrictions on such theoretical constructions.

This note will deal with Bell's proof (in [2]), that any hidden variable theory satisfying a physically reasonable locality condition is characterized by an inequality which is inconsistent with the quantum statistics. Bell's result has initiated a series of experiments designed to refute the entire class of local hidden variable theories. We show that Bell's inequality actually characterizes a feature of hidden variable theories which is much weaker than locality in the sense considered physically motivated.