bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus: History and Current Knowledge
Authors: Topi Skender , Gaxhja Elona , Charitos Ioannis Alexandros , Colella Marica , Santacroce Luigi
Published: August 2024

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of HCV remains high (around 1.5 million new patients every year), and 80% of patients with acute infection will progress to chronic hepatitis and develop cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Furthermore, some extrahepatic pathologies may be correlated with HCV (such as mixed cryoglobulinemia, porphyria cutanea tarda, lichen planus, glomerulonephritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin cell lymphoma, and others). In view of these secondary complications, together with the substantial risk of liver damage, the objective of this review was to research and suggest, based on the scientific evidence, the appropriate clinical use of drugs with direct antiviral action (AAD) according to the criteria of international medical organizations. This is to maximize the clinical benefits for patients and to facilitate access to DAA therapy for all patients with chronic hepatitis C. According to the WHO, no vaccine is currently available, and therapies using new antivirals and their combinations are now an effective and safer solution for patients than they have been in the past with the use of interferons. This study aims to analyse the history and knowledge of the pathogenic biomolecular mechanisms and current therapies for HCV.
A Public Mid-Density Genotyping Platform for Hexaploid Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam)
Authors: Zhao Dongyan , Sandercock Alexander M. , Mejia-Guerra Maria Katherine , Mollinari Marcelo , Heller-Uszynska Kasia , Wadl Phillip A. , Webster Seymour A. , Beil Craig T. , Sheehan Moira J.
Published: August 2024

Small public breeding programs focused on specialty crops have many barriers to adopting technology, particularly creating and using genetic marker panels for genomic-based decisions in selection. Here, we report the creation of a DArTag panel of 3120 loci distributed across the sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) genome for molecular-marker-assisted breeding and genomic prediction. The creation of this marker panel has the potential to bring cost-effective and rapid genotyping capabilities to sweetpotato breeding programs worldwide. The open access provided by this platform will allow the genetic datasets generated on the marker panel to be compared and joined across projects, institutions, and countries. This genotyping resource has the power to make routine genotyping a reality for any breeder of sweetpotato.
Identification of Laccase Genes in Athelia bombacina and Their Interactions with the Host
Authors: Sun Xiaonan , Yan Weiwei , Zhang Xinnan , Wang Wenhui , Jia Xiaohui
Published: August 2024

Laccase (LAC), a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase, is an important pathogenic factor of pathogenic fungi, and has been identified as an important virulence factor in numerous pathogenic fungi. LAC is encoded by a gene family and belongs to the class of multicopper oxidases. The study aimed to identify the LAC genes in Athelia bombacina (Link) Pers, and their interactions with the host. The expression levels of the LAC genes were quantified using RT-qPCR. The LAC activity, level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of protective enzymes in ‘Huangguan’ pears during the interaction were measured. The AbLac4 gene deletion mutant strain was constructed. Six LAC genes were identified in A. bombacina, distributed across three chromosomes. Interspecies collinearity analysis suggested that LAC genes could serve as crucial pathogenic factors in A. bombacina. The LAC gene family can be classified into three distinct subgroups. Among the subgroups, variations were observed in their characteristic sequences and conserved motifs. However, the LAC genes within the same subgroup exhibited a high degree of conservation. The genes showed diverse expression profiles, with their promoters harboring multiple stress-responsive elements. Signal peptide prediction showed that all LAC proteins, with the exception of the AbLac3 protein, possessed signal peptides, indicating that they are secretory proteins. The subcellular localization analysis showed that all LAC proteins may be localized extracellularly. RT-qPCR revealed differential expression patterns among LAC genes; specifically, AbLac1 and AbLac4 exhibited distinct expression dynamics during the infection process. The LAC activity first increased and then decreased, with the highest increase rate occurring in the early stage of culture. The MDA content and catalase (CAT) activity at the inoculated site were found to be significantly higher than the uninoculated control. In addition, the deletion of AbLac4 gene reduced the growth rate and pathogenic ability of A. bombacina. This investigation found that AbLac1 and AbLac4 may play pivotal roles in mediating host interactions, and the fruit may combat pathogen infection through increasing the activities of CAT, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase. This study provides valuable new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of A. bombacina, significantly contributing to the field.
Granzyme B Expression in Conjunctiva of Patients with Pterygium
Authors: Choi Yoojin , Samad Isa , Chakravarthy Harshini , Matsubara Joanne , Granville David J. , Yeung Sonia N.
Published: August 2024

Pterygium is often associated with chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and characterized by the overgrowth of conjunctiva and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Notably, several studies in the skin have demonstrated that chronic UV radiation can upregulate Granzyme B (GrB) expression and increase ECM degradation. The aim of this study was to compare GrB expression between pterygium and healthy controls and to further link this GrB expression to mast cells. Post-mortem pterygium tissues and conjunctival tissues from age-matched controls were used to assess GrB expression via immunofluorescence and microscopy. We found a significantly higher density of GrB+ cells from pterygium specimens compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, many of the GrB+ cells in pterygium specimens co-expressed tryptase, a mast cell marker. These findings suggest a role for conjunctival mast cell-secreted GrB in the pathogenesis of pterygium and highlight GrB as a possible therapeutic target in delaying or halting pterygium progression.
Selected Saliva-Derived Cytokines and Growth Factors Are Elevated in Pediatric Dentofacial Inflammation
Authors: Orzechowska-Wylęgała Bogusława , Wylęgała Adam , Fiolka Jolanta Zalejska , Czuba Zenon , Kryszan Katarzyna , Toborek Michał
Published: August 2024

Dentofacial inflammation resulting from untreated dental caries is a serious disease that can spread to deeper tissues of the neck and face. This study aimed to analyze salivary cytokine profiles as potential biomarkers of acute odontogenic infections in children. The study group consisted of 28 children aged 3–17 years old with acute dentofacial infections (DI) and a control group (caries experience, CE) of 52 children aged 4–17 years old with uncomplicated dental caries. The cytokine profile was analyzed using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex kit in the saliva of children in both groups. The levels of IL-4, IL-15, FGF-2, G-CSF, and PDGF-BB were significantly increased in children with dentofacial infections compared to the control group. In contrast, the levels of other cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ, did not show statistically significant differences between these two groups. IL-4, IL-15, FGF-2, G-CSF, and PDGF-BB may serve as potential selective biomarkers of inflammation of the oral cavity in children. These biomarkers can be useful in identifying and monitoring the progress and treatment of bacterial infections resulting in dentofacial inflammation.
Virtual Screening and Validation of Affinity DNA Functional Ligands for IgG Fc Segment
Authors: Yang Qianyu , Liu Zhiwei , Xu Xinrui , Wang Jiang , Du Bin , Zhang Pengjie , Liu Bing , Mu Xihui , Tong Zhaoyang
Published: August 2024

The effective attachment of antibodies to the immune sensing interface is a crucial factor that determines the detection performance of immunosensors. Therefore, this study aims to investigate a novel antibody immobilization material with low molecular weight, high stability, and excellent directional immobilization effect. In this study, we employed molecular docking technology based on the ZDOCK algorithm to virtually screen DNA functional ligands (DNAFL) for the Fc segment of antibodies. Through a comprehensive analysis of the key binding sites and contact propensities at the interface between DNAFL and IgG antibody, we have gained valuable insights into the affinity relationship, as well as the principles governing amino acid and nucleotide interactions at this interface. Furthermore, molecular affinity experiments and competitive binding experiments were conducted to validate both the binding ability of DNAFL to IgG antibody and its actual binding site. Through affinity experiments using multi-base sequences, we identified bases that significantly influence antibody-DNAFL binding and successfully obtained DNAFL with an enhanced affinity towards the IgG Fc segment. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the targeted design of higher-affinity DNAFLs while also presenting a new technical approach for immunosensor preparation with potential applications in biodetection.
Low Testosterone and High Leptin Activate PPAR Signaling to Induce Adipogenesis and Promote Fat Deposition in Caponized Ganders
Authors: Lei Mingming , Li Yaxin , Li Jiaying , Liu Jie , Dai Zichun , Chen Rong , Zhu Huanxi
Published: August 2024

Low or insufficient testosterone levels caused by caponization promote fat deposition in animals. However, the molecular mechanism of fat deposition in caponized animals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomics and transcriptomic profiles of adipose tissues and study the effect of testosterone and leptin on the proliferation of adipocytes. We observed a significant enlargement in the areas of adipocytes in the abdominal fat tissues in capon, as well as increased luciferase activity of the serum leptin and a sharp decrease in the serum testosterone in caponized gander. Metabolomics and transcriptomic results revealed differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed metabolites with enhanced PARR signal pathway. The mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in goose primary pre-adipocytes were significantly upregulated with high leptin treatment and decreased significantly with increasing testosterone dose. Hence, reduced testosterone and increased leptin levels after caponization possibly promoted adipocytes proliferation and abdominal fat deposition by altering the expression of PPAR pathway related genes in caponized ganders. This study provides a new direction for the mechanism through which testosterone regulates the biological function of leptin and fat deposition in male animals.
Comparative Chloroplast Genomes Analysis Provided Adaptive Evolution Insights in Medicago ruthenica
Authors: Zhang Tianxiang , Li Manman , Zhu Xiaoyue , Li Shuaixian , Guo Meiyan , Guo Changhong , Shu Yongjun
Published: August 2024

A perennial leguminous forage, Medicago ruthenica has outstanding tolerance to abiotic stresses. The genome of Medicago ruthenica is large and has a complex genetic background, making it challenging to accurately determine genetic information. However, the chloroplast genome is widely used for researching issues related to evolution, genetic diversity, and other studies. To better understand its chloroplast characteristics and adaptive evolution, chloroplast genomes of 61 Medicago ruthenica were assembled (including 16 cultivated Medicago ruthenica germplasm and 45 wild Medicago ruthenica germplasm). These were used to construct the pan-chloroplast genome of Medicago ruthenica, and the chloroplast genomes of cultivated and wild Medicago ruthenica were compared and analyzed. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses revealed two main clades of 61 Medicago ruthenica germplasm chloroplast genomes, distributed in eastern and western regions. Meanwhile, based on chloroplast variation information, 61 Medicago ruthenica germplasm can be divided into three genetic groups. Unlike the phylogenetic tree constructed from the chloroplast genome, a new intermediate group has been identified, mainly consisting of samples from the eastern region of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi Province, and Hebei Province. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 29 genes were upregulated and three genes were downregulated. The analysis of these genes mainly focuses on enhancing plant resilience and adapting adversity by stabilizing the photosystem structure and promoting protein synthesis. Additionally, in the analysis of adaptive evolution, the accD, clpP and ycf1 genes showed higher average Ka/Ks ratios and exhibited significant nucleotide diversity, indicating that these genes are strongly positively selected. The editing efficiency of the ycf1 and clpP genes significantly increases under abiotic stress, which may positively contribute to plant adaptation to the environment. In conclusion, the construction and comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of 61 Medicago ruthenica germplasm from different regions not only revealed new insights into the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Medicago ruthenica germplasm, but also highlighted the importance of chloroplast transcriptome analysis in elucidating the model of chloroplast responses to abiotic stress. These provide valuable information for further research on the adaptive evolution of Medicago ruthenica.
One-Step Genetic Modification by Embryonic Doral Aorta Injection of Adenoviral CRISPR/Cas9 Vector in Chicken
Authors: Qin Chao , Jiang Shengyao , Xu Ke , Zhu Jianshen , Wang Liyuan , Yang Wenhao , Xiao Fuquan , Yang Kaixuan , Huang Qizhong , Meng He
Published: August 2024

In the avian species, genetic modification by cell nuclear transfer is infeasible due to its unique reproductive system. The in vitro primordial germ cell modification approach is difficult and cumbersome, although it is the main method of genetic modification in chickens. In the present study, the adenoviral CRISPR/Cas9 vector was directly microinjected into the dorsal aorta of chicken embryos to achieve in vivo genetic modification. The results demonstrated that keratin 75-like 4 (KRT75L4), a candidate gene crucial for feather development, was widely knocked out, and an 8bp deletion was the predominant mutation that occurred in multiple tissues in chimeras, particularly in the gonad (2.63–11.57%). As we expected, significant modification was detected in the sperm of G0 (0.16–4.85%), confirming the potential to generate homozygous chickens and establishing this vector as a simple and effective method for genetic modification in avian species.
Immunoregulatory Cells and Cytokines Discriminate Disease Activity Score 28-Remission Statuses and Ultrasound Grades in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Non-High Disease Activity
Authors: Liou Lieh-Bang , Fang Yao-Fan , Tsai Ping-Han , Chen Yen-Fu , Chang Che-Tzu , Chen Chih-Chieh , Chiang Wen-Yu
Published: August 2024

It is not clear whether immunoregulatory cytokines and cells are associated with Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) scores and ultrasound grades/scores. Here, we investigated the relationships between immunoregulatory cytokines or cells and different DAS28 scores or ultrasound grades/scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study enrolled 50 RA patients (with 147 visits) who had remission/low/moderate DAS28-ESR scores (92% in remission and low disease activity) at baseline. Blood was collected and an ultrasound was performed three times in a year. Percentages of regulatory B cells and T regulatory type 1 cells and M2 macrophage numbers in the blood were examined. Plasma levels of 10 immunoregulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-27, IL-35, TGF-β1, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were assessed using ELISA assay. The correlations of cytokines and cells with different DAS28 scores and ultrasound grades were investigated, and cytokines and cells were compared between different categories of DAS28 scores and ultrasound grades. Plasma TGF-β1 levels were higher in the DAS28-ESR < 2.6 (remission) subgroup than in the DAS28-ESR ≥ 2.6 (nonremission) subgroup (p = 0.037). However, plasma TGF-β1 levels were higher in the high ultrasound grade subgroup than those in the low ultrasound grade subgroup (p = 0.007). The number of M2 macrophages was lower in the DAS28-MCP-1 < 2.2 subgroup than in the DAS28-MCP-1 ≥ 2.2 subgroup (p = 0.036). The levels of TGF-β1, sTNF-R2, IL-10, and IL-27 were higher in patients with high ultrasound grades than in those with low ultrasound grades. IL-27 was also higher in the nonremission DAS28-ESR subgroup than the remission one (p = 0.025). Moreover, sTNF-R1 levels in the 2011 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) remission subgroup were significantly lower than in the 2011 ACR/EULAR nonremission subgroup (p = 0.007). This trend was reflected in that lower sTNF-R1 levels correlated with low DAS28-MCP-1 scores (rho = 0.222, p = 0.007). We conclude that high plasma TGF-β1 levels indicate the DAS28-ESR remission (<2.6) subgroup and the high ultrasound grade subgroup. IL-27 probably connects the nonremission DAS28-ESR to high ultrasound grades. Low sTNF-R1 levels probably link low DAS28-MCP-1 scores with the 2011 ACR/EULAR remission subgroup. It suggests that incongruent immuno-inflammatory abnormalities exist between DAS28 scores and ultrasound grades, and are also dissimilar among various DAS28-formula categories. Therefore, this study may provide a basis for further research into individual cytokines and immunoregulatory cells behind each DAS28 formula and ultrasound grades/scores.
Advancements in Telomerase-Targeted Therapies for Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pennisi Giovanni , Bruzzaniti Placido , Burattini Benedetta , Piaser Guerrato Giacomo , Della Pepa Giuseppe Maria , Sturiale Carmelo Lucio , Lapolla Pierfrancesco , Familiari Pietro , La Pira Biagia , D’Andrea Giancarlo , Olivi Alessandro , D’Alessandris Quintino Giorgio , Montano Nicola
Published: August 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary CNS tumor that is highly lethal in adults and has limited treatment options. Despite advancements in understanding the GBM biology, the standard treatment for GBM has remained unchanged for more than a decade. Only 6.8% of patients survive beyond five years. Telomerase, particularly the hTERT promoter mutations present in up to 80% of GBM cases, represents a promising therapeutic target due to its role in sustaining telomere length and cancer cell proliferation. This review examines the biology of telomerase in GBM and explores potential telomerase-targeted therapies. We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA-P guidelines in the MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases, from January 1995 to April 2024. We searched for suitable articles by utilizing the terms “GBM”, “high-grade gliomas”, “hTERT” and “telomerase”. We incorporated studies addressing telomerase-targeted therapies into GBM studies, excluding non-English articles, reviews, and meta-analyses. We evaluated a total of 777 records and 46 full texts, including 36 studies in the final review. Several compounds aimed at inhibiting hTERT transcription demonstrated promising preclinical outcomes; however, they were unsuccessful in clinical trials owing to intricate regulatory pathways and inadequate pharmacokinetics. Direct hTERT inhibitors encountered numerous obstacles, including a prolonged latency for telomere shortening and the activation of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The G-quadruplex DNA stabilizers appeared to be potential indirect inhibitors, but further clinical studies are required. Imetelstat, the only telomerase inhibitor that has undergone clinical trials, has demonstrated efficacy in various cancers, but its efficacy in GBM has been limited. Telomerase-targeted therapies in GBM is challenging due to complex hTERT regulation and inadequate inhibitor pharmacokinetics. Our study demonstrates that, despite promising preclinical results, no Telomerase inhibitors have been approved for GBM, and clinical trials have been largely unsuccessful. Future strategies may include Telomerase-based vaccines and multi-target inhibitors, which may provide more effective treatments when combined with a better understanding of telomere dynamics and tumor biology. These treatments have the potential to be integrated with existing ones and to improve the outcomes for patients with GBM.
Exploring Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: An In-Depth Analysis
Authors: Blaga Florin Nicolae , Nutiu Alexandru Stefan , Lupsa Alex Octavian , Ghiurau Nicu Adrian , Vlad Silviu Valentin , Ghitea Timea Claudia
Published: August 2024

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in all medical fields is currently gaining popularity (1). PRP is a biological product that can be defined as a segment of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with a platelet concentration level above the baseline (2). The fact that it has uses in tissue regeneration and wound healing has caught the eye of orthopedic surgeons as well, as intra-articular treatments have continued to evolve. Its benefits in the treatment of different osteoarticular pathologies are of great interest in the evolving orthopedic community, targeting mostly knee osteoarthritis, meniscus and ligament injuries (3). The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the current uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pathology and to provide clinical feedback on its uses in the fields of orthopedic and sports medicine practice (4). We proceeded in studying 180 titles and abstracts eligible for inclusion. Compared to alternative treatments, PRP injections greatly improve the function of the knee joint.
Utilizing WFSim to Investigate the Impact of Optimal Wind Farm Layout and Inter-Field Wake on Average Power
Authors: Li Guohao , Zhang Lidong , Zhang Duanmei , Yang Shiyu , Zhao Yuze , Tao Yongzheng , Han Jie , Wang Yanwei , Zhang Tengyu
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive study on optimizing wind farm efficiency by controlling wake effects using the WFSim dynamic simulation model. Focusing on five key factors—yaw wind turbine position, yaw angle, wind farm spacing, longitudinal wind turbine spacing, and yaw rate—we qualitatively analyze their individual and combined impact on the wind farm’s wake behavior and mechanical load. Through a quantitative approach using the orthogonal test method, we assess each factor’s influence on the farm’s overall power output. The findings prioritize the following factors in terms of their effect on power output: yaw wind turbine position, yaw angle, wind farm spacing, longitudinal spacing, and yaw rate. Most significantly, this study identifies optimal working conditions for maximizing the wind farm’s average power output. These conditions include a wind turbine longitudinal spacing of 7.0D, a wind farm spacing of 15.0D, a yaw angle of 30°, and a yaw rate of 0.0122 rad/s, with the first and second rows of turbines in a yaw state. Under these optimized conditions, the wind farm’s average power output is enhanced to 35.19 MW, marking an increase of 2.86 MW compared to the farm’s original configuration. Additionally, this paper offers an analysis of wake deflection under these optimal conditions, providing valuable insights for the design and management of more efficient wind farms.
Influence of Intrinsic Oceanic Variability Induced by a Steady Flow on the Mediterranean Sea Level Variability
Authors: Gnesotto Michele , Pierini Stefano , Zanchettin Davide , Rubinetti Sara , Rubino Angelo
Published: August 2024

Among the most debated environmental effects of global warming is sea level rise, whose consequences are believed to exert a large influence on vast coastal areas in the next decades and hence contribute to determining near-future societal developments. The observed variability of the sea level is complex, as it is composed of large inhomogeneous, mostly nonlinear temporal and spatial fluctuations. In the Mediterranean Sea, multiannual as well as multidecadal sea level variability is observed, which has been ascribed to different steric and non-steric phenomena. Possible tipping points, uncertain climate feedback, and future human policies contribute to rendering sea level rise predictability intricate. Here, for the first time, correlations between observed and simulated data demonstrates that, in the Mediterranean Sea, oceanic intrinsic variability merely induced by the steady motion of the water masses inflowing and outflowing the basin is able to produce multiannual, sub-basin SSH variability consistent with altimetrically observed SSH. This study contributes to the recognition of the role played by steadily induced oceanic intrinsic variability in the observed long-term Mediterranean dynamics and paves the way to establish a better constraint to the uncertainties inherent in sea level rise predictability.
Intraoperative Iris Behavior during Phacoemulsification Maneuvers in Rabbits Treated with Selective α1-Blocker, 5α-Reductase Inhibitor, or Anxiolytic Medication
Authors: Horvath Karin Ursula , Vultur Florina , Voidazan Septimiu , Simon Valentin , Rusu Alexandra Cristina
Published: August 2024

This prospective, experimental study aims to evaluate the association between administration of α-blocker, 5α-reductase inhibitor, or anxiolytic medications and intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) using a rabbit animal model. A total of 31 Metis rabbits were distributed into four groups as follows: 10 rabbits given tamsulosin, 10 rabbits given finasteride, 5 rabbits who received lorazepam, and 6 treatment-naive animals in the control group. Dosing was calculated according to body surface area ratio of man to rabbit, with a dosing duration of 43 days for all groups. Phacoemulsification maneuvers were performed by a single surgeon, who was blinded to group allocation. Any intraoperative billowing of the iris was noted and subsequently graded from 0 to 3. Higher incidences of iris billowing were found in the tamsulosin-dosed animals [OR = 8.33 (CI 95% 0.63–110.09)], (p = 0.13), the finasteride group [OR = 11.6 (CI 95% 0.92–147.6)], (p = 0.11), and the lorazepam group [OR = 7.5 (CI 95% 0.45–122.8)], (p = 0.24), as opposed to the control. Administration of α-blocker tamsulosin, 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride, or anxiolytic medication lorazepam induces altered intraoperative iris behavior. These results correspond with previous studies and further solidify the hypothesis that systemic medication, administered both long and short-term, influences surgical parameters in cataract surgery. The present study can become the basis for further clinical or experimental research.
The Evaluation Value of Non-Invasive Indices of Arterial Stiffness in the Early Stage of Coronary Artery Disease: Preliminary Results from an Exploratory Study
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhang Hui , Uchida Kotaro , Sugawara Takuya , Minegishi Shintaro , Doi Hiroshi , Nakashima-Sasaki Rie , Chen Lin , Ishigami Tomoaki
Published: August 2024

Background: Recently, the arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) and arterial pressure volume index (API) have been used to evaluate arterial stiffness and endothelial function. As arterial stiffness and endothelial injury are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), these two indexes are therefore expected to predict and evaluate the future risk of CAD and cardiovascular events before clinical manifestations. Methods: A total of 90 consecutive patients with coronary angiography (CAG) were enrolled. After excluding normal patients and acute coronary syndrome patients, forty-seven patients with CAD and thirty-two patients with coronary atherosclerosis, and baseline characteristics data were collected. A multifunctional blood pressure monitoring device, AVE-1500 (Shisei Datum, Tokyo, Japan), was used to measure the AVI and API before CAG, and immediately and 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after CAG and (or) PCI in all the selected participants. Results: After adjusting for various variables using stepwise multiple linear regression analyses, we found that the AVI in the CAD subjects was significantly higher than that in the coronary atherosclerosis subjects before CAG (p = 0.02), immediately after CAG/PCI (p = 0.01), and 48 h after CAG/PCI (p = 0.01), whereas the AVI decreased 24–48 h rather than immediately after CAG/PCI in the CAD group. Moreover, we also found that the API clearly changed in both groups during the periprocedural period of CAG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: In accordance with the results, we propose that the API and AVI may be useful for predicting the early stage of CAD and may be promising as indicators to assess the effect of early revascularization.
Improving Wheat Yield with Zeolite and Tillage Practices under Rain-Fed Conditions
Authors: Hassan Mehmood ul , Shah Syed Tanveer , Basit Abdul , Hikal Wafaa M. , Khan Mushtaq Ahmad , Khan Waleed , Tkachenko Kirill G. , Brini Faiçal , Said-Al Ahl Hussein A. H.
Published: August 2024

Wheat is the most consumed crop worldwide. Zeolite application combined with good tillage practices are good combinations that provide better soil conditions for wheat crops. Zeolite also provides a good layer for carbon to be absorbed into the soil and can retain carbon for hundreds of years. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of tillage practices and zeolite treatments on soil carbon retention and wheat crop productivity. Arranging the treatments implemented according to a factorial randomized block design which includes three replications. Tillage treatments include three levels vis: T1= 6 tillage practices with the help of cultivator (farmer practice/control), T2 (minimum tillage), and T3 (2 cultivation with cultivator + Mold-board plough). The zeolite applications consist of four levels: Z1 = 0, Z2 = 5, Z3 = 10 and Z4 = 15 t ha−1. The effect of the interaction between zeolite treatments and tillage practices on various factors related to soil and crops such as emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), dissolved organic carbon, soil organic carbon, and the productivity and components of wheat productivity. Zeolite applied at 10 t ha−1 in combination with minimum tillage gave significant differences in terms of CO2 emission, dissolved organic carbon, and on soil organic carbon. The experimental results showed that minimum CO2 emission (25.43 and 31.12 (kg CO2-C ha−1 h−1), dissolved organic carbon (4.80 and 4.90 g C kg−1), soil organic carbon (7.88 and 7.97 g C kg−1), plant height (92.14 and 92.97 cm), spike length (11.88 ad 12.11 cm), number of spikelets (20.11 and 20.98), number of tillers (278.65 and 283.93) per unit area, 1000 grain weight (50.74 and 51.54 g), biological yield (8134.87 and 8187.38 kg ha−1) and grain yield (2984.28 and 3028.96 kg ha−1) and harvest index (36.69 and 37.04%) of wheat was observed in zeolite applied at 10 t ha−1 with minimum tillage practice (T2 × Z3) compared to control and other treatments for both the years, respectively. It is therefore concluded that minimum tillage should be practiced in wheat crops with the application of zeolite at 10 t ha−1 to obtain better yield and soil carbon retention under rain-fed conditions.
Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures
Authors: Fang Zhisheng , Zhang Shiyi , Qi Wenjie , Fan Yingfang , Shah Surendra P. , Zheng Junjie
Published: August 2024

Mixing cement with seawater will cause the hydration process of cement to be different from that of ordinary cement, which will significantly affect cement’s mechanical properties and durability. This article investigates the effects of chloride ion concentration, curing temperature, and nano-metakaolin content on the evolution process of Friedel’s salts and ettringite (AFt) crystals in cement pastes. The study was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury-intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results show that chlorine salt can increase the production of Friedel’s salt and ettringite, and the delayed AFt production increases by up to 27.95% after the addition of chlorine salt, which has an adverse effect on cement-based materials. Increasing the curing temperature and increasing the nano-metakaolin dosage increased the generation of Friedel’s salt and decreased the delayed AFt generation, which resulted in a decrease in the length and diameter of the AFt crystals. After 28 days of high-temperature curing and the addition of nano-metakaolin, Friedel’s salt production increased by 13.40% and 14.34%, respectively, and ettringite production decreased by 9.68% and 7.93%, respectively. Increasing the curing temperature and adding nano-metakaolin can reduce the adverse effect of delayed ettringite increases due to chloride ion binding.
Crashworthiness Performance and Multi-Objective Optimization of Bi-Directional Corrugated Tubes under Quasi-Static Axial Crushing
Authors: Zou Liuxiao , Wang Xin , Wang Ruojun , Huang Xin , Li Menglei , Li Shuai , Jiang Zengyan , Yin Weilong
Published: August 2024

Longitudinal corrugated tubes (LCTs) exhibit stable platform force under axial compression but have low specific energy absorption. Conversely, circumferential corrugated tubes (CCTs) offer higher specific energy absorption but with unstable platform force. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a novel bi-directional corrugated tube (BCT) that amalgamates the strengths of both the CCT and LCT while mitigating their weaknesses. The BCT is formed by rolling a bi-directional corrugated structure into a circular tubular form. Numerical simulations of the BCT closely align with experimental results. The study further examines the influence of discrete parameters on the BCT’s performance through simulations and identifies the tube’s optimal design using the integral entropy TOPSIS method. A full factorial experimental approach is then employed to investigate the impact of radial amplitude, axial amplitude, and neutral surface diameter on the crushing behavior of the BCT, comparing it with the CCT and LCT. The results reveal that increasing Ai enhances the axial resistance of the structure, while increasing Aj reduces the buckling effect, resulting in a higher specific energy absorption and lower ultimate load capacity for the BCT compared to the CCT and LCT. A simultaneous multi-objective optimization of the CCT, LCT, and BCT confirms that the BCT offers superior specific energy absorption and ultimate load capacity. The optimal configuration parameters for the BCT have been determined, providing significant insights for practical applications in crashworthiness engineering.
Evaluation of Material Integrity Using Higher-Order Harmonic Generation in Propagating Shear Horizontal Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Radecki Rafał , Staszewski Wiesław J.
Published: August 2024

Material nonlinearity is explored for the assessment of structural integrity. Crack–wave interactions are of particular interest. The major focus is on higher-order harmonics, generated in propagating shear horizontal (SH) waves. These harmonics are generated due to global material nonlinearity and local effects such as fatigue cracks. The theoretical background of the proposed method is explained. The method is examined using numerical simulations and experimental tests. The former involves the Local Interaction Simulation Approach (LISA), implemented for the nonlinear shear horizontal wavefield. The latter is based on a high-frequency shear excitation approach. Experimental tests are conducted using a series of beam specimens with fatigue cracks. Low-profile, surface-bonded piezoceramic shear actuators are used for excitation. The excitation frequency is selected to minimize the number of generated modes in the examined specimens. Nonlinear ultrasonic responses are collected using a non-contact laser vibrometer. The results show that higher-order harmonic generation—based on shear horizontal wave propagation—can be used for crack detection in the presence of global material nonlinearity.
Correlations between the Aging Behavior and Finite Element Method Simulation of Three Silicone Elastomers
Authors: Marl Svenja , Ni Xiaofei , Hornig Tobias , Spieker Christian , Giesen Ralf-Urs , Heim Hans-Peter , Fister Michael
Published: August 2024

The material parameters required to describe material behavior can change with the age of the components due to chemical and physical aging processes. The finite element method (FEM) is a tool for designing components for later use. The aim of this study is to correlate the change in the mechanical properties of silicone elastomers from standard tests over a longer period of time with the parameters of the Mooney–Rivlin model. To date, there are no publications on the development of the Mooney–Rivlin parameters of silicone elastomers over a storage period. For this purpose, the Shore A hardness, rebound elasticity, compression set and tensile properties were investigated over an aging period of approx. 200 days on two liquid silicone rubbers (LSRs) and one room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber. Depending on the silicone elastomer used, different trends in the characteristic values can be observed over the storage period. In general, increases in the Shore A hardness, rebound resilience and stress at a 100% strain with a decrease in the compression set can be determined. In addition to standard tensile tests, the material’s multiaxial behavior under tension was probed, and it was found that the similarly stress at a 100% strain increased. Finite element simulations verified the standard tensile test and corresponding Mooney–Rivlin model parameters. These parameters from the uniaxial tensile were validated in the multiaxial behavior, and the model’s accuracy in representing material properties and the influence of aging on the FEM simulation were affirmed.
Adaptive Mission Abort Planning Integrating Bayesian Parameter Learning
Authors: Ma Yuhan , Wei Fanping , Ma Xiaobing , Qiu Qingan , Yang Li
Published: August 2024

Failure of a safety-critical system during mission execution can result in significant financial losses. Implementing mission abort policies is an effective strategy to mitigate the system failure risk. This research delves into systems that are subject to cumulative shock degradation, considering uncertainties in shock damage. To account for the varied degradation parameters, we employ a dynamic Bayesian learning method using real-time sensor data for accurate degradation estimation. Our primary focus is on modeling the mission abort policy with an integrated parameter learning approach within the framework of a finite-horizon Markov decision process. The key objective is to minimize the expected costs related to routine inspections, system failures, and mission disruptions. Through an examination of the structural aspects of the value function, we establish the presence and monotonicity of optimal mission abort thresholds, thereby shaping the optimal policy into a controlled limit strategy. Additionally, we delve into the relationship between optimal thresholds and cost parameters to discern their behavior patterns. Through a series of numerical experiments, we showcase the superior performance of the optimal policy in mitigating losses compared with traditional heuristic methods.
The Discovery and Characterization of a Potent DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptide from Oysters for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Based on Computational and Experimental Studies
Authors: Chen Zhongqin , Su Xiaojie , Cao Wenhong , Tan Mingtang , Zhu Guoping , Gao Jialong , Zhou Longjian
Published: August 2024

The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a promising approach for regulating the blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Oysters, rich in functional peptides, contain peptides capable of inhibiting DPP-IV activity. This study aims to identify the hypoglycemic peptides from oysters and investigate their potential anti-T2D targets and mechanisms. This research utilized virtual screening for the peptide selection, followed by in vitro DPP-IV activity assays to validate the chosen peptide. Network pharmacology was employed to identify the potential targets, GO terms, and KEGG pathways. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to provide virtual confirmation. The virtual screening identified LRGFGNPPT as the most promising peptide among the screened oyster peptides. The in vitro studies confirmed its inhibitory effect on DPP-IV activity. Network pharmacology revealed that LRGFGNPPT exerts an anti-T2D effect through multiple targets and signaling pathways. The key hub targets are AKT1, ACE, and REN. Additionally, the molecular docking results showed that LRGFGNPPT exhibited a strong binding affinity with targets like AKT1, ACE, and REN, which was further confirmed by the molecular dynamics simulations showcasing a stable peptide–target interaction. This study highlights the potential of LRGFGNPPT as a natural anti-T2D peptide, providing valuable insights for potential future pharmaceutical or dietary interventions in T2D management.
Is Raman Spectroscopy of Fingernails a Promising Tool for Diagnosing Systemic and Dermatological Diseases in Adult and Pediatric Populations?
Authors: Tabasz Teresa , Szymańska Natalia , Bąk-Drabik Katarzyna , Damasiewicz-Bodzek Aleksandra , Nowak Agnieszka
Published: August 2024

Background: Raman spectroscopy is a well-known tool used in criminology, molecular biology, and histology. It is also applied to diagnose bone mineral disorders by taking advantage of the similarity of the structure of keratin and bone collagen. Raman spectroscopy can also be used in dermatology and diabetology. The purpose of the present review is to critically evaluate the available research about the use of Raman spectroscopy in the mentioned areas of medicine. Methodology: PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed articles on the subject of use of Raman spectroscopy in bone mineral disorders, dermatology, and diabetes mellitus. Results: Nail keratin and bone collagen are related structural proteins that require disulfide bond for structural stability. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy of keratin may have potential as a diagnostic tool for screening bone quality and distinguishing patients at risk of fracture for reasons different from low bone mineral density (BMD) in the adult women population. Raman spectroscopy can also investigate the changes in keratin’s structure in nails affected by onychomycosis and distinguish between healthy and onychomycosis nail samples. It could also reduce the need for nail biopsy by distinguishing between dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic agents of onychomycosis. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy could expedite the diagnostic process in psoriasis (by assessing the secondary structure of keratin) and in diabetes mellitus (by examining the protein glycation level). Conclusions: In adult populations, Raman spectroscopy is a promising and safe method for assessing the structure of fingernails. However, data are scarce in the pediatric population; therefore, more studies are required in children.
Markers of Mitochondrial Injury and Neurological Outcomes of Comatose Patients after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Živanović Ina , Miš Katarina , Pirkmajer Sergej , Marić Ivica , Goslar Tomaž
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: Most patients who are successfully resuscitated from cardiac arrest remain comatose, and only half regain consciousness 72 h after the arrest. Neuroprognostication methods can be complex and even inconclusive. As mitochondrial components have been identified as markers of post-cardiac-arrest injury and associated with survival, we aimed to investigate cytochrome c and mtDNA in comatose patients after cardiac arrest to compare neurological outcomes and to evaluate the markers’ neuroprognostic value. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 86 comatose post-cardiac-arrest patients and 10 healthy controls. Cytochrome c and mtDNA were determined at admission. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured after 72 h. Additional neuroprognostication methods were performed when patients remained unconscious. Cerebral performance category (CPC) was determined. Results: Cytochrome c was elevated in patients compared to healthy controls (2.029 [0.85–4.97] ng/mL vs. 0 [0.0–0.16], p < 0.001) but not mtDNA (95,228 [52,566–194,060] vs. 41,466 [28,199–104,708] copies/μL, p = 0.074). Compared to patients with CPC 1–2, patients with CPC 3–5 had higher cytochrome c (1.735 [0.717–3.40] vs. 4.109 [1.149–8.457] ng/mL, p = 0.011), with no differences in mtDNA (87,855 [47,598–172,464] vs. 126,452 [69,447–260,334] copies/μL, p = 0.208). Patients with CPC 1–2 and CPC 3–5 differed in all neuroprognostication methods. In patients with good vs. poor neurological outcome, ROC AUC was 0.664 (p = 0.011) for cytochrome c, 0.582 (p = 0.208) for mtDNA, and 0.860 (p < 0.001) for NSE. The correlation between NSE and cytochrome c was moderate, with a coefficient of 0.576 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cytochrome c was higher in comatose patients after cardiac arrest compared to healthy controls and higher in post-cardiac-arrest patients with poor neurological outcomes. Although cytochrome c correlated with NSE, its neuroprognostic value was poor. We found no differences in mtDNA.
Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Geochronology of the NYF Pegmatites, Jiaolesayi, Northern Qaidam Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Long , Pei Xianzhi , Gao Yongbao , Li Zuochen , Liu Ming , Jing Yongkang , Wang Yuanwei , Chen Kang , Deng Nan , Zhang Yi , Wu Junwei
Published: August 2024

A significant amount of pegmatite has been discovered on the northwest margin of the Qaidam basin. Among this, the Jiaolesayi pegmatite, located in the northwestern margin of the Quanji Massif (Oulongbuluke micro-continent), shows rare element mineralization potential. Detailed field investigations, along with mineralogical, geochemical, and zircon U-Pb geochronological studies, were carried out on the pegmatite. The results show that the Jiaolesayi pegmatite is syenite, without obvious compositional zoning in the outcrop. It exhibits a peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline nature with strong depletions in Eu, Sr, Ba, Ti, and P, and high contents of Nb, Ta, Y, Ti, U, Th, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), which are primarily concentrated in allanite-(Ce), euxenite-(Y), limonite, thorite, and zircon. The geochemical and mineralogical features of the syenite pegmatite indicate it belongs to the euxenite-type in the rare element class (REE) of the NYF family, with the characteristic accessory mineral being euxenite-(Y). Its 10,000 Ga/Al ratios (2.46 to 2.96), Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (998 to 6202 ppm), Y/Nb ratios (0.62 to 0.75), and Yb/Ta ratios (0.80 to 1.49) show an affinity with A1-type granite. Zircons from the syenite sample yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 413.6 ± 1.4 Ma, while the elevated U and Th concentrations in the zircons and Th/U ratios (0.04 to 0.16) suggest the possible influence of hydrothermal processes in the late-stage fractional crystallization. In the context of the regional tectonic evolution, the syenite pegmatite may have formed from a basic alkaline magma derived from an OIB-like melt with minor crustal contamination, under the post-collisional extension setting.