bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (b) 1/2007
Authors: Muñoz Alfonso , Christensen Niels E.
Published: December 2006

This issue of physica status solidi (b) contains the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on High Pressure Semiconductor Physics (HPSP‐12) which took place in Barcelona, Spain, on 31 July– 3 August 2006. The meeting was held at the CosmoCaixa Museum (see also the Conference Report and Concluding Remarks by M. Cardona at the end of this issue [1]). HPSP‐12 was a satellite conference to the 28th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors held in Vienna, Austria, 24–28 July 2006. Around 125 scientists were registered at HPSP‐12, and 89 papers were submitted to the Proceedings. These describe recent research on various physical properties under pressure like optical absorption, vibrational states, structural transformations, transport properties, electronic structures, superconductivity, among others. The materials and solid state systems examined include bulk, crystalline materials of various compositions, alloys (diluted nitrides), quantum‐well structures, quantum dots, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, microrods, devices like lasers, etc. Interesting results were presented in several experimental papers as well as in accounts of theoretical work.

HPSP‐12 was supported financially by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC), Obra Social Fundació “la Caixa”, Fundación BBVA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), m.t. Brandão España s.l., Generalitat Valenciana, Carburos Metálicos S.A., Universitat de València, and Universidad de La Laguna.

We are very grateful to the local organizers and thank the Program and International Advisory Committees. Not least, we thank the many reviewers who submitted their detailed referee reports within short notice.

The agreement with the publishers Wiley‐VCH on the publication of the proceedings of the HPSP conferences is very important, in particular because the papers are reviewed as for a usual international journal. This ensures a high standard of the accepted papers. However, the quality of the research presented is closely related to how the HPSP community itself defines the scope of its meetings. One might ask, whether the subjects, which in the past have been very successful in defining the programs of the HPSP conferences, could in part be exchanged with new fields in order to adjust more to new developments in condensed matter research. The next HPSP conference, number 13, will be held in Fortaleza, Brazil, 21–28 July 2008. This gives time for all of us to suggest new directions and offer assistance to the organizers (Chair: Prof. V. Lemos).

September 2006
Raman study of β‐Sr0.33V2O5 micro‐crystals under high pressure
Authors: Kontos A. G. , Lampakis D. , Popović Z. V. , Raptis Y. S. , Liarokapis E. , Isobe M. , Ueda Y.
Published: December 2006

The cover picture of the current issue relates to the article by A. G. Kontos et al. [1]. The authors study the phonon dynamics of the strontium vanadium oxide bronze β‐Sr0.33V2O5 by Raman spectroscopy at different temperatures under high pressure up to 5.7 GPa. The material, which undergoes a metal–insulator phase transition at TMI ≈ 165 K associated with charge ordering, consists of a V2O5 framework of three kinds of infinite double chains along the b‐axis with three different sites, V1, V2 and V3, for vanadium atoms in six‐fold octahedral and five‐fold coordination, respectively. The Sr cations are located at the sites in the tunnel formed by the V2O5 framework.

The corresponding author Yannis S. Raptis is Associate Pro‐ fessor at the Physics Department of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). His research interests include the study of optical and lattice‐dynamic properties of materials and their pressure dependence.

The article is a presentation from the 12th International Conference on High Pressure Semiconductor Physics (HPSP‐12)
held in Barcelona, Spain, 31 July–3 August 2006 whose proceedings are published in this issue of physica status solidi (b).
Simplest proof of the Jahn–Teller theorem for molecular systems
Authors: Pupyshev Vladimir I.
Published: December 2006

A new simple proof of the Jahn–Teller theorem for molecular systems is presented. The proof is based on some general properties of symmetric square representation characters that simplify their explicit treatment and minimize the use of tables. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
The effect of human resource management policies on organizational performance in Greek manufacturing firms
Authors: Katou Anastasia A. , Budhwar Pawan S.
Published: December 2006

This article investigates if human resource management (HRM) policies have an impact on organizational performance in the Greek manufacturing context. The research is based on a sample of 178 firms. The “universalistic model” of HRM is adopted to conduct the investigation. The results show strong support for the model, indicating that the HRM policies of recruitment, training, promotion, incentives, benefits, involvement, and health and safety are positively related with organizational performance. The study both contributes to HRM theory and has important implications for practitioners. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foreign direct investment: A strategic move toward sustainable free enterprise and economic development in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ramady Mohamed A. , Saee John
Published: December 2006

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been viewed in many circles as one of the key drivers for economic development. Irrespective of their ideological differences, most countries around the world have been competing to attract FDI. China, for example, is a country formally characterized by communist ideology. It has been highly proactive in formulating policies amenable to FDI so much so that in 2003, China overtook the United States as the biggest recipient of FDI, having attracted U.S. $53 billion from Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries and elsewhere.

In this article, an attempt is made to critically examine aspects of FDI, especially with reference to economic development in Saudi Arabia. The research study in this article reports new research findings based on a survey of Saudi managers/enterprises that highlight the current status of FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In particular, the study finds that while Saudi managers generally welcome FDI into the country, at the same time, they do retain ambivalent attitudes toward its perceived benefits.
An evaluation of the perceptions and marketing practices of nontraditional exporters in Ghana
Authors: Owusu‐Frimpong Nana , Mmieh Frederick
Published: December 2006

This article evaluates the marketing practices of nontraditional exporters (NTEs) and their perceptions of the Ghanaian government's export promotional activities and prescribes a procedure for export promotion for the country. The result shows that from a sample of 92, over 73% of respondents are from woodwork, textiles, and agricultural production. NTEs account for over 24% of the country's total exports. The Ghana Export Promotions Council (GEPC) and exhibitions are perceived to be the most effective sources of information by the exporters. Evidence shows that exporters consider growth and profit opportunities that are proactive motives as the most important factors for initiating exporting. Over 50% of the respondents have no formal planning procedures or set of objectives, and about 13% achieve a turnover of over U.S.$6 million. The application of the marketing concept by the respondents is at an embryonic stage. The exporters consider high banking charges, low capacity usage, and poor technology as the major problems that affect their business operations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consumer change in Japan: A longitudinal study
Authors: Reid David McHardy
Published: December 2006

Japan has been in a recession for the better part of 15 years and has experienced some subtle and less subtle changes. The identification and interpretation of these developments offers challenges and opportunities. The research outlined in this article sets out to identify change and informs on the ever‐changing behavior of the Japanese consumer. It is based on a study of the pre‐ and postbubble changes in Japan at key epochs: 1990, 1995, 1998, and 2003. The study involved 80 personal interviews and meetings drawn from 67 organizations. The analysis, employing Grounded Theory, compares the current status with earlier intervals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investment dealers' ways of working: Integrating compensation with relational capital
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew P. , Kakabadse Nada K. , Lake Amielle
Published: December 2006

For the past 20 years, practitioner and academic research has highlighted that the performance of companies is linked to staff and management's ways of working, particularly in service‐oriented enterprises (A. P. Kakabadse, Savery, Kakabadse, & Lee‐Davies, 2006). Yet despite the monumental impact that financial institutions have on a nation's economy, few studies have examined the ways of working of investment dealers. In the finance literature, two distinct bodies of thought have endeavored to grasp the enigmatic nature of financial markets, investor behavior, and investment decision making. These are, on the one hand, the more traditional finance theories and, on the other, behavioral theories that examine, respectively, the quantitative and qualitative psychological attributes of individually driven investment decisions. Yet it appears that both areas do not meaningfully consider the impact of contextual dynamics on investment decisions (A. Kakabadse, 2000). In response, this article attempts to redress this imbalance by presenting emerging findings from 41 interviews with corporate finance specialists and managers employed in retail and institutional broker departments. Presented is an array of evidence highlighting that employees' ways of working are influenced by investment‐related demographics—namely, structure of compensation and the disciplined pursuit of relational capital. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Norge electronics (Portugal), S.A
Authors: McGuire Stephen J. J.
Published: December 2006

The case begins with the protagonist, João Silva, in Oslo for a meeting of personnel directors of the subsidiaries of a large Scandinavian multinational, Norge Electronics. Silva is the administrative director (Finance and Administration, HR, Legal) of the division's smallest subsidiary—Norge Electronics Portugal. Silva had been asked by the vice president of human resources to present to the personnel directors what has been achieved in Portugal. The evening before his presentation, Silva received a fax from a consultant he hired in Portugal with the preliminary results of a climate study. The consultant's report is not what Silva expected and, in fact, raises questions about the effectiveness of a series of change actions implemented over the past two years. The case describes in detail the actions taken by Silva to “professionalize” HR management in the Portuguese subsidiary. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Latin American financial markets
Authors: González Maximiliano
Published: December 2006

Harvey Arbeláez and Reid Click. 2005. Latin American
Financial Markets: Developments in Financial Innovations
(Vol. 5). Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. 445 pages.
ISBN: 0‐7623‐1163‐0.
The end1 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe coding for a DNase is identical with the pnu1 gene coding for an RNase
Authors: Kohli Jürg , Sakem Benjamin
Published: December 2006

The DNA nuclease activity encoded by the end1 gene, and its inactivation by mutation, was described in connection with the characterization of DNA topoisomerases in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Uemura and Yanagida, 1984). Subsequently, end1 mutant strains were used for the preparation of cell extracts for the study of enzymes and intermediates involved in DNA metabolism. The molecular identification of the end1 gene and its identity with the pnu1 gene is presented. The end1‐458 mutation alters glycine to glutamate in the conserved motif TGPYLP. The pnu1 gene codes for an RNase that is induced by nitrogen starvation (Nakashima et al., 2002b). Thus, the End1/Pnu1 protein, like related mitochondrial proteins in other organisms, is an example of a sugar‐non‐specific nuclease. The analysis of strains carrying a pnu1 deletion revealed no defects in meiotic recombination and spore viability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors involved in anaerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ishtar Snoek I. S. , Yde Steensma H.
Published: December 2006

Life in the absence of molecular oxygen requires several adaptations. Traditionally, the switch from respiratory metabolism to fermentation has attracted much attention in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as this is the basis for the use of this yeast in the production of alcohol and in baking. It has also been clear that under anaerobic conditions the yeast is not able to synthesize sterols and unsaturated fatty acids and that for anaerobic growth these have to be added to the media. More recently it has been found that many more factors play a role. Several other biosynthetic reactions also require molecular oxygen and the yeast must have alternatives for these. In addition, the composition of the cell wall and cell membrane show major differences when aerobic and anaerobic cells are compared. All these changes are reflected by the observation that the transcription of more than 500 genes changes significantly between aerobically and anaerobically growing cultures. In this review we will give an overview of the factors that play a role in the survival in the absence of molecular oxygen. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible protein linker improves the function of epitope‐tagged proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sabourin Michelle , Tuzon Creighton T. , Fisher Timothy S. , Zakian Virginia A.
Published: December 2006

Epitope tagging permits the detection of proteins when protein‐specific antibodies are not available. However, the epitope tag can reduce the function of the tagged protein. Here we describe a cassette that can be used to introduce an eight amino acid flexible linker between multiple Myc epitopes and the open reading frame of a given gene. We show that inserting the linker improves the in vivo ability of the telomerase subunits Est2p and Est1p to maintain telomere length. The methods used here are generally applicable to improve the function of tagged proteins in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revised procedures for yeast metabolites extraction: application to a glucose pulse to carbon‐limited yeast cultures, which reveals a transient activation of the purine salvage pathway
Authors: Loret Marie Odile , Pedersen Lene , François Jean
Published: December 2006

In this study we have revised our original procedure of yeast metabolites extraction. We showed that: (a) less than 5% of intracellular metabolites leaks out during the step of rapid arrest of cellular metabolism by quenching yeast cells into a 60% methanol solution kept at −40 °C; and (b) with a few exception, the stability of metabolites were not altered during the 3 min boiling procedure in a buffered ethanol solution. However, there was a loss of external added metabolites of 5–30%, depending on the type of metabolites. This was mainly attributable to their retention on cellular debris after ethanol treatment, which prevented centrifugation of the cellular extracts before evaporation of ethanol. We further simplified our previous high‐performance ionic chromatography (HPIC) techniques for easier, more reliable and robust quantitative measurements of organic acids, sugar phosphates and sugar nucleotides, and extended these techniques to purine and pyrimidine bases, using a variable wavelength detector set at 220 and 260 nm in tandem with a pulsed electrochemical or suppressed conductivity detector. These protocols were successfully applied to a glucose pulse to carbon‐limited yeast cultures on purines metabolism. This study showed that glucose induced a fast activation of the purine salvage pathway, as indicated by a transient drop of ATP and ADP with a concomitant rise of IMP and inosine. This metabolic perturbation was accompanied by a rapid increase in the activity of the ISN1‐encoded specific IMP‐5′‐nucleotidase. The mechanism of this activation remains to be determined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment of MAL32‐encoded maltase on the outside of yeast cells improves maltotriose utilization
Authors: Dietvorst J. , Blieck L. , Brandt R. , Van Dijck P. , Steensma H. Y.
Published: December 2006

The fermentation of maltotriose, the second most abundant fermentable sugar in wort, is often incomplete during high‐gravity brewing. Poor maltotriose consumption is due to environmental stress conditions during high‐gravity fermentation and especially to a low uptake of this sugar by some industrial strains. In this study we investigated whether the use of strains with an α‐glucosidase attached to the outside of the cell might be a possible way to reduce residual maltotriose. To this end, the N‐terminal leader sequence of Kre1 and the carboxy‐terminal anchoring domain of either Cwp2 or Flo1 were used to target maltase encoded by MAL32 to the cell surface. We showed that Mal32 displayed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains was capable of hydrolysis of α‐1,4‐linkages, and that it increased the ability of a strain lacking a functional maltose permease to grow on maltotriose. Moreover, the enzyme was also expressed and found to be active in an industrial strain. These data show that expressing a suitable maltase on the cell surface might provide a means of modifying yeast for more complete maltotriose utilization in brewing and other fermentation applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Caribbean surface hydrography during the Pliocene shoaling of the Central American Seaway
Authors: Steph Silke , Tiedemann Ralf , Prange Matthias , Groeneveld Jeroen , Nürnberg Dirk , Reuning Lars , Schulz Michael , Haug Gerald H.
Published: December 2006

Plioceneδ18O records of shallow and deep dwelling planktonic foraminifers from the Caribbean (Ocean Drilling Program sites 999 and 1000), the tropical east Pacific (sites 1241 and 851), and the Atlantic (site 925, Ceara Rise, and site 1006, western Great Bahama Bank) were used to examine Atlantic‐Caribbean‐Pacific atmospheric and oceanic linkages associated with the progressive closure of the Central American Seaway (5.5–3 Ma). Comparisons indicate the development of an inner‐Caribbean salinity gradient in the mixed layer and salinity changes on precessional periodicities after 4.4 Ma (site 1000), when the Pacific‐Caribbean throughflow became significantly restricted. The high‐amplitude variability in salinity is also observed at site 1006, monitoring the Caribbean outflow into the Atlantic. Comparisons of Caribbean and Atlantic planktonicδ18O records suggest the North Atlantic subtropical gyre as a major source for high‐salinity surface waters. Precession‐induced variations in the volume transport of Pacific surface water masses through the Panamanian Seaway are considered a main factor to explain the Caribbean salinity minima. Results from a coupled climate model point to changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation state as a potential trigger for changes in the amount of Pacific inflow into the Caribbean.
Lithospheric structure of the Aegean obtained from P and S receiver functions
Authors: Sodoudi F. , Kind R. , Hatzfeld D. , Priestley K. , Hanka W. , Wylegalla K. , Stavrakakis G. , Vafidis A. , Harjes H.‐P. , Bohnhoff M.
Published: December 2006

Combined P and S receiver functions from seismograms of teleseismic events recorded at 65 temporary and permanent stations in the Aegean region are used to map the geometry of the subducted African and the overriding Aegean plates. We image the Moho of the subducting African plate at depths ranging from 40 km beneath southern Crete and the western Peloponnesus to 160 km beneath the volcanic arc and 220 km beneath northern Greece. However, the dip of the Moho of the subducting African plate is shallower beneath the Peloponnesus than beneath Crete and Rhodes and flattens out beneath the northern Aegean. Observed P‐to‐S conversions at stations located in the forearc indicate a reversed velocity contrast at the Moho boundary of the Aegean plate, whereas this boundary is observed as a normal velocity contrast by the S‐to‐P conversions. Our modeling suggests that the presence of a large amount of serpentinite (more than 30%) in the forearc mantle wedge, which generally occurs in the subduction zones, may be the reason for the reverse sign of the P‐to‐S conversion coefficient. Moho depths for the Aegean plate show that the southern part of the Aegean (crustal thickness of 20–22 km) has been strongly influenced by extension, while the northern Aegean Sea, which at present undergoes the highest crustal deformation, shows a relatively thicker crust (25–28 km). This may imply a recent initiation of the present kinematics in the Aegean. Western Greece (crustal thickness of 32–40 km) is unaffected by the recent extension but underwent crustal thickening during the Hellenides Mountains building event. The depths of the Aegean Moho beneath the margin of the Peloponnesus and Crete (25–28 and 25–33 km, respectively) show that these areas are also likely to be affected by the Aegean extension, even though the Cyclades (crustal thickness of 26–30 km) were not significantly involved in this episode. The Aegean lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) mapped with S receiver functions is about 150 km deep beneath mainland Greece, whereas the LAB of the subducted African plate dips from 100 km beneath Crete and the southern Aegean Sea to about 225 km under the volcanic arc. This implies a thickness of 60–65 km for the subducted African lithosphere, suggesting that the Aegean lithosphere was not significantly affected by the extensional process associated with the exhumation of metamorphic core complexes in the Cyclades.
Scattering of barotropic Rossby waves by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Owen G. W. , Willmott A. J. , Abrahams I. D.
Published: December 2006

This study examines the interactions between barotropic Rossby waves and a zonal current, with particular reference to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). In the high latitude of the Southern Ocean, the effect, which provides the restoring mechanism for Rossby waves, is relatively weak, resulting in barotropic waves that are extremely long, with periods of the order of 1 week or longer. We model the interactions between the current and the waves using the linearized potential vorticity (PV) equation with the inclusion of background PV terms corresponding to a barotropic zonal flow of finite width. An analytical solution is found for the simplest, piecewise‐linear flow and numerical solutions obtained for more realistic, smoothly varying flows. The results show that, in general, the long waves are not appreciably modified or reflected by the shear flow, except in the case where the wave is incident at an oblique angle. Wave reflection is also more pronounced for shorter waves, such as Rossby waves having eastward group velocity or the case where the wave frequency is just below the cutoff frequency.
Intraseasonal variability of sea‐ice concentration in the Antarctic with particular emphasis on wind effect
Authors: Baba Kenji , Minobe Shoshiro , Kimura Noriaki , Wakatsuchi Masaaki
Published: December 2006

This study investigated mechanisms for the intraseasonal variability of sea‐ice concentration in the Antarctic, using Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis of daily sea‐ice concentration data during the period 1992 through 2001 derived from images of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). The first CEOF mode clearly showed that the large amplitudes of sea‐ice concentration occur in the marginal sea‐ice zone of the western Antarctic. The first mode also revealed the existence of eastward propagating phases with a period of 10–20 days in the western Antarctic. Regression analysis of meridional wind velocity onto the temporal coefficient of the first CEOF mode showed that the spatial phase of the meridional wind velocity precedes that of sea‐ice concentration by about 90 degrees, indicating that the maximum change of sea‐ice concentration occurs at the maximum wind velocity. From data analyses of ice‐drifting velocity and simple sea‐ice model results, it is suggested that thermodynamical effects such as sea‐ice production are likely to contribute dominantly to the intraseasonal variability of sea‐ice concentration in the marginal sea‐ice zone of the western Antarctic.
Modeling the northern Adriatic double‐gyre response to intense bora wind: A revisit
Authors: Kuzmić Milivoj , Janeković Ivica , Book Jeffrey W. , Martin Paul J. , Doyle James D.
Published: December 2006

A combination of recent intensive observations and simulations with two numerical models is used to revisit the issue of the northern Adriatic response to strong bora episodes. New observed and simulated data reinforce the view that an episode of strong bora wind provokes a double‐gyre (cyclonic, Trieste, and anticyclonic, Rovinj) response north of the Po Delta ‐ Pula line. During an intense bora episode, both measured and modeled statistics picture a downwind, highly polarized, and almost depth‐independent flow within the Trieste gyre NW arm. Its NE arm maintains a sharp polarization and strong depth dependence while exhibiting lower speeds, with models in good accord with observations. The current statistics for Rovinj gyre provide lower maximum and average speed values and less polarized but still rather depth‐independent flow, while exhibiting clockwise rotation. The north arm of the Senj gyre (positioned south of the Po Delta–Pula line) enjoys more lateral freedom, and exhibits less rectilinear flow. Our review reinforces the notion that modeling studies based on ECMWF wind forcing fail to properly take into account the orographic control of the Dinaric Alps, and to produce correct bora‐induced gyral pattern. The COAMPS® model successfully simulated the onset, duration, and decay of the wind peaks, but exhibited a tendency to overpredict the strength of the bora wind. Our simulations have identified the shallow NW coastal strip as an important source of colder water observed in a sequence of remotely sensed SST fields derived from AVHRR data.
Capturing the morphology of long‐duration negative ionospheric disturbances using an empirical pattern recognition method
Authors: Fotiadis D. N. , Kouris S. S.
Published: December 2006

On the basis of an ionospheric definition of disturbed conditions independent of any causative mechanism, a feature‐guided pattern recognition method reveals the dominant morphology of long‐duration negative foF2 disturbances. A catalogue of negative disturbances lasting more than 24 hours is compiled from hourly foF2 data from 75 ionosonde stations and three solar cycles. Disturbances in each month and station are handled separately, and four local time intervals of disturbance commencement are considered. A median disturbance profile is produced only when a minimum occurrence probability holds. The time window under morphological investigation is selected such that nonsystematic features, precursor phenomena, and poststorm effects are not included in analysis. The disturbance patterns, first grouped according to major characteristic features and then fitted with simple mathematic functions, are described by a range of the normalized deviation of hourly foF2 to its corresponding monthly median and are provided to radio users along with their distribution in space and time. The present model is a nonconditional stand‐alone model which may, in the event of an ionospheric disturbance at a certain location, predict its further development.
AGU Plan
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2006

AGU programs and activities are guided by a plan adopted by Council.The plan is a living document created from input provided by the policy and operating committees, Sections, and Focus Groups. The chart below is an overview of the major sectors of the plan: Goals, Objectives, and Strategies.

Goals are giant steps on the way to the Union's vision of the future. They do not change significantly in content from one planning horizon to the next. Achievement is expected to occur on a time horizon of a decade or more.
Mars and mine dumps
Authors: Burt Donald M. , Wohletz Kenneth H. , Knauth L. Paul
Published: December 2006

Abundant sulfates appear to exist on the surface of Mars and have commonly been attributed to a planet‐wide volcanogenic ‘acid fog’—where clouds of acid mist react directly with surface rocks or acidify surface waters—from which the sulfates precipitated [e.g., Clark and Baird, 1979]. In particular, Meridiani Planum, a plain located just south of the Martian equator, hosts many sulfate minerals.

Squyres et al. [2004, 2006] and Squyres and Knoll [2005] hypothesized that the sulfate minerals there, particularly acid sulfates such as jarosite, precipitated from high concentrations of sulfuric acid in flowing and standing water and groundwater. However, such explanations are problematic, because magnesia and alkali‐bearing minerals in the basaltic regolith should have been able to neutralize sulfuric acid rapidly, making precipitation of acid sulfates such as jarosite impossible.
Coordination of U.S. river science
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: December 2006

The U.S. Geological Survey is well‐poised to lead a national river science initiative but will need to expand its monitoring efforts and determine how to coordinate interdisciplinary research across USGS and other government agencies, according to a recent report from a committee of the U.S. National Academies.

Committee Chair Don Siegel,a hydrogeologist in the Department of Earth Sciences at Syracuse University, N.Y., said that the USGS has unique strengths—including a reputation for providing high‐quality, unbiased data and expertise in many areas of river science—that would allow the agency to look at whole river systems at multiple scales and across state boundaries.
Fifty years of ocean observations in the Pacific Northeast
Authors: Whitney Frank , Tortell Philippe
Published: December 2006

Ocean Station Papa, at 50°N, 145°W in the Alaska Gyre (Figure 1), started as a weather station in the 1940s. In 1956, oceanographers began collecting a suite of standard measurements from the cool subarctic waters at Ocean Station Papa (OSP), including temperature, salinity, oxygen, and plankton.Three years later, a series of sampling stations was added along the 1400‐kilometer ‘Line P’ from the Canadian coast to OSRto aid in understanding ocean variability.

From 1956 to 1981, weather ships made the transit to and from OSP every six weeks, resulting in high temporal resolution sampling. The weather ship era ended in 1981 when satellites began providing better data for forecasting ocean weather. Since then, Canadian research vessels have continued to sample along Line P two to five times each year. In this recent era, transport of carbon within the ocean has become a major research focus.
Share your opinion with other Eos readers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: December 2006

AGU has initiated online moderated discussions of topics introduced in Eos. The three initial topics for discussion are: Eos's publication of comments on the award to Michael Crichton
Funding a Capitol cause
Authors: O'Riordan Catherine
Published: December 2006

Contributions to AGU's Capitol Cause Fund have been instrumental in efforts to inform members of the U.S. Congress and their staffs about a range of Earth and space science issues. Since its inception in 2004, these funds have provided support for AGU to conduct a number of educational briefings on Capitol Hill. These have included briefings about background levels of ozone in the atmosphere; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) process; two AGU position statements: Human Impacts on Climate, and Renewing Investment in Ocean Research; and the AGU white paper Hurricanes and the Gulf Coast: Science and Sustainable Rebuilding.

More than 3,000 AGU members contribute annually to the Capitol Cause fund. Their support helps sustain efforts to deliver sound science to Capitol Hill and to communicate directly with policy makers. Additional funds are needed to expand activities and member involvement.
Solar and anthropogenic forcing of tropical hydrology
Authors: Shindell Drew T. , Faluvegi Greg , Miller Ron L. , Schmidt Gavin A. , Hansen James E. , Sun Shan
Published: December 2006

Holocene climate proxies suggest substantial correlations between tropical meteorology and solar variations, but these have thus far not been explained. Using a coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐composition model forced by sustained multi‐decadal irradiance increases, we show that greater tropical temperatures alter the hydrologic cycle, enhancing the climatological precipitation maxima in the tropics while drying the subtropical subsidence regions. The shift is enhanced by tropopause region ozone increases, and the model captures the pattern inferred from paleoclimate records. The physical process we describe likely affected past civilizations, including the Maya, Moche, and Ancestral Puebloans who experienced drought coincident with increased irradiance during the late medieval (∼900–1250). Similarly, decreased irradiance may have affected cultures via a weakened monsoon during the Little Ice Age (∼1400–1750). Projections of 21st‐century climate change yield hydrologic cycle changes via similar processes, suggesting a strong likelihood of increased subtropical drought as climate warms.
A possible cause of a regional climate model's failure in simulating the east Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Zhong Zhong
Published: December 2006

The Regional Climate Model RegCM3 has been integrated to simulate the east Asian summer monsoon in 1994 with three cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs), respectively. Comparisons between simulations and observations suggest that the model can reproduce the regional circulation systems basically with all three individual CPSs. However, it is not so well when tropical cyclones (TCs) are active over the Western Pacific Ocean (WPO). The model exhibits a common feature when TCs are over WPO in model domain, which gives an anticyclonic circulation difference over WPO, and two cyclonic circulation differences centered over eastern China/Yellow Sea and Japan/WPO to the east of Japan, depending on the adopted CPS. With a smaller model domain, the model can give a more reasonable result over east Asia forced by reanalysis data. We argue that the unsuccessful simulations in summertime over east Asia are partly caused by the models' failure to capture the features of TCs over WPO.
Wind reduction by aerosol particles
Authors: Jacobson Mark Z. , Kaufman Yoram J.
Published: December 2006

Aerosol particles are known to affect radiation, temperatures, stability, clouds, and precipitation, but their effects on spatially‐distributed wind speed have not been examined to date. Here, it is found that aerosol particles, directly and through their enhancement of clouds, may reduce near‐surface wind speeds below them by up to 8% locally. This reduction may explain a portion of observed “disappearing winds” in China, and it decreases the energy available for wind‐turbine electricity. In California, slower winds reduce emissions of wind‐driven soil dust and sea spray. Slower winds and cooler surface temperatures also reduce moisture advection and evaporation. These factors, along with the second indirect aerosol effect, may reduce California precipitation by 2–5%, contributing to a strain on water supply.
A possible mechanism for the eastward shift of interannual NAO action centers in last three decades
Authors: Luo Dehai , Gong Tingting
Published: December 2006

A weakly nonlinear North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) model proposed recently by Luo et al. (2006) is used to examine the dynamical processes that dominate the eastward shift of the NAO action centers of interannual variability. It is shown that in a weak mean westerly flow the NAO pattern can exhibit a westward shift due to the eddy forcing from high‐frequency transient eddies. Such an eddy‐induced westward shift can become rather pronounced if the transient eddies are rather strong. However, if the mean westerly flow is enhanced considerably the NAO pattern undergoes an eastward shift because the mean flow‐induced eastward shift exceeds the westward shift. This result suggests that the eastward shift of the NAO centers of action of interannual variability during the period after 1980 is probably due to an increase in the strength of the zonal mean westerly winds in the North Atlantic region.
Effects of the 11‐year solar cycle on the Earth atmosphere revealed in ECMWF reanalyses
Authors: Suh Y.‐C. , Lim G.‐H.
Published: December 2006

We analyzed the averages and differences of the time‐mean fields for the positive and negative anomaly years of southerlies for the area between 20°W–60°W and 5°S–5°N, reproduced from the three harmonics near the 11‐year solar cycle. In the positive years of the southerlies or sunspots, the intensification of convection reduced the ozone‐mixing ratio in the tropical troposphere. Such intensification might accompany the expansion of the area subjected to convection and/or the increase of the height and strength of individual convections. Relative humidity increases in the surface layer and near the tropical tropopause level. Our results provide a support for the effects of the solar cycle on the troposphere through the convection that affects the phase change of water vapor in the tropical atmosphere as well as rather direct impacts on the tropical stratosphere ozone. The tropical Atlantic decadal oscillation has a three‐dimensional structure extending through the entire depth of troposphere.
Whistler critical Mach number and electron acceleration at the bow shock: Geotail observation
Authors: Oka M. , Terasawa T. , Seki Y. , Fujimoto M. , Kasaba Y. , Kojima H. , Shinohara I. , Matsui H. , Matsumoto H. , Saito Y. , Mukai T.
Published: December 2006

The ‘whistler critical Mach number’, Mcritw, is one of the dimensionless parameters that characterizes collisionless shocks. Originally, it was introduced to indicate the critical point above which whistler waves do not propagate upstream. Indeed our analysis of Geotail data at the Earth's bow shock shows intense whistler waves in the sub‐critical regime, MA < Mcritw, but not in the super‐critical regime. In this paper, we further report that Mcritw seems to regulate the electron acceleration efficiency at the shocks. At the shock transition layer it is found that the spectral index Γ of electron energy spectra defined by f(E) ∝ E−Γ is distributed between 3.5 and 5.0 in the sub‐critical regime, while the hardest energy spectra with Γ = 3–3.5 are detected in the super‐critical regime. We discuss a possible relationship between Mcritw and the electron acceleration.
Change of topographic control on the extent of cirque glaciers since the Little Ice Age
Authors: López‐Moreno J. I. , Nogués‐Bravo David , Chueca‐Cía Javier , Julián‐Andrés Asunción
Published: December 2006

This paper analyses the influence of topography on the extent of cirque glaciers for four different stages since the Little Ice Age (LIA). The study focuses on a Pyrenean massif affected by a marked glacial shrinkage. Modeled distributed probabilities of glacier development during each stage from terrain characteristics enabled us to: (1) quantify the percentage of variance of the glacier distribution explained by topography; (2) assess the influence of individual variables on ice extent at each stage; and (3) identify those areas most vulnerable to ice degradation during the subsequent stage. Results show that topography has a greater influence on ice extent during times of warmer climate. In addition, the relative role of the different topographic variables changed over time. The probabilities of ice existence predicted by the models for subsequent stages are in good agreement with the observed paths of glacier retreat. Thus, topography should be considered a key factor in further research into the impact of climate change on glacier evolution.
Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessment of magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions: A case study of mutant magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Kopp Robert E. , Nash Cody Z. , Kobayashi Atsuko , Weiss Benjamin P. , Bazylinski Dennis A. , Kirschvink Joseph L.
Published: December 2006

Ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FMR) can be used to measure the effective magnetic field within a sample, including the contributions of both magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic interactions. One particular use is in the detection of magnetite produced by magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria produce single‐domain particles with narrow size and shape distributions that are often elongated and generally arranged in chains. All of these features are detectable through FMR. Here, we examine their effects on the FMR spectra of magnetotactic bacteria strains MV‐1 (which produces chains of elongate magnetite crystals), AMB‐1 (which produces chains of nearly equidimensional magnetite crystals), and two novel mutants of AMB‐1: mnm13 (which produces isolated, elongate crystals) and mnm18 (which produces nearly equidimensional crystals that are usually isolated). Comparison of their FMR spectra indicates that the positive magnetic anisotropy indicated by the spectra of almost all magnetotactic bacteria is a product of chain alignment and particle elongation. We also find correlations between FMR properties and magnetic measurements of coercivity and magnetostatic interactions. FMR thus provides a rapid method for assessing the magnetic properties of assemblages of particles, with applications including screening for samples likely to contain bacterial magnetofossils.
Middepth equatorial tracer tongues in a model of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Eden Carsten
Published: December 2006

Observational estimates of middepth tracer tongues in the equatorial Atlantic are reviewed and are compared with results from several eddy‐resolving model simulations. Local maxima of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations along the equator at around 1500 m depth are related to mean eastward jet structures in the models at similar depth ranges and can also be identified in several simulated tracer distributions. Similar to the observations, strong eastward jets are located in the simulations 1°–2° north and south of the equator. The model simulations show, in addition, consistent with the CFC observations, weaker jets at around 4°–6°N/S and 8°–10°N/S, suggestive of a large‐scale alternating eastward/westward current system in the western tropical Atlantic in this depth range. Lagrangian transport estimates in the model using float diagnostics show a transport of 1–3 Sv in each of the eastward jets 1°–2°N/S off the equator compared to 3–12 Sv throughflow into the South Atlantic, with no seasonal cycle apparent in the transport fractioning. Comparing different model solutions reveals the choice of the subgrid‐scale mixing parameterization as important for the amplitudes of the jets. Enhanced (reduced) diapycnal mixing is related to stronger (weaker) jets.
Nighttime ozone profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars on Envisat
Authors: Kyrölä E. , Tamminen J. , Leppelmeier G. W. , Sofieva V. , Hassinen S. , Seppälä A. , Verronen P. T. , Bertaux J. L. , Hauchecorne A. , Dalaudier F. , Fussen D. , Vanhellemont F. , d'Andon O. Fanton , Barrot G. , Mangin A. , Theodore B. , Guirlet M. , Koopman R. , de Miguel L. Saavedra , Snoeij P. , Fehr T. , Meijer Y. , Fraisse R.
Published: December 2006

The Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument on board the European Space Agency's Envisat satellite measures ozone and a few other trace gases using the stellar occultation method. Global coverage, good vertical resolution and the self‐calibrating measurement method make GOMOS observations a promising data set for building various climatologies. In this paper we present the nighttime stratospheric ozone distribution measured by GOMOS in 2003. We show monthly latitudinal distributions of the ozone number density and mixing ratio profiles, as well as the seasonal variations of profiles at several latitudes. The stratospheric profiles are compared with the Fortuin‐Kelder daytime ozone climatology. Large differences are found in polar areas and they can be shown to be correlated with large increases of NO2. In the upper stratosphere, ozone values from GOMOS are systematically larger than in the Fortuin‐Kelder climatology, which can be explained by the diurnal variation. In the middle and lower stratosphere, GOMOS finds a few percent less ozone than Fortuin‐Kelder. In the equatorial area, at heights of around 15–22 km, GOMOS finds much less ozone than Fortuin‐Kelder. For the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, there has previously been no comprehensive nighttime ozone climatology. GOMOS is one of the first new instruments able to contribute to such a climatology. We concentrate on the characterization of the ozone distribution in this region. The monthly latitudinal and seasonal distributions of ozone profiles in this altitude region are shown. The altitude of the mesospheric ozone peak and the semiannual oscillation of the number density are determined. GOMOS is also able to determine the magnitude of the ozone minimum around 80 km. The lowest seasonal mean mixing ratio values are around 0.13 ppm. The faint tertiary ozone peak at 72 km in polar regions during wintertime is observed.
Estimating the dynamics of ecosystem CO2 flux and biomass production in agricultural fields on the basis of synergy between process models and remotely sensed signatures
Authors: Inoue Yoshio , Olioso Albert
Published: December 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of synergy between biophysical/ecophysiological models and remote sensing for the dynamic estimation of biomass and net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEECO2). We obtained a long‐term data set of micrometeorological, plant, and remote sensing measurements over well‐managed uniform agricultural fields. The NEECO2 was measured using the eddy covariance method (ECM), and remote sensing signatures were obtained using optical and thermal sensors. A soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model was linked with remotely sensed signatures for the simulation of CO2 and water fluxes, as well as biomass, photosynthesis, surface temperatures, and other ecosystem variables. The model was calibrated and validated using an 8‐year data set, and the performance of the model was excellent when all necessary input data and parameters were available. However, simulations using the model alone were subject to great uncertainty when some of the important input/parameters such as soil water content were unavailable. Dynamic optimization of parameter/input for the SVAT model using remotely sensed information allows us to infer the target parameters within the model or unknown inputs for the model through iterative optimization procedures. A robust relationship between the leaf area index (LAI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was derived and used for optimization. Our results showed that simulated biomass and NEECO2 agreed well with those measured using destructive sampling and the ECM, respectively. Remotely sensed information can greatly reduce the uncertainty of simulation models by compensating for insufficient availability of data or parameters. This synergistic approach allows the effective use of infrequent and multisource remote sensing data for estimating important ecosystem variables such as biomass growth and ecosystem CO2 flux.