bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KONSTRUKSI FILSAFAT ISLAM TERHADAP FILSAFAT YUNANI DAN FILSAFAT BARAT MODERN
Authors: Jauhari Sofuan
Published: September 2021

In the academic world, there is often debate about the influence of Greek philosophy, Islamic philosophy, and modern Western philosophy on each other. Does Islamic philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy or vice versa? And does modern Western philosophy influenced by Islamic philosophy or vice versa? This paper aims to discuss the contribution of Islamic philosophy to the existence of Greek philosophy and modern Western philosophy. Through the literature review method, this paper finally resulted in the finding that both Greek philosophers, Muslim philosophers, and Modern Western philosophers had both been teachers and students for each other.
TRANSAKSI YANG DIHARAMKAN DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Rofik Eka Nur
Published: September 2021

Conceptually, this paper discusses the reasons for the prohibited transaction in Islam. Through a literature review, the writer found the reasons for the prohibition of a transaction in Islam, among others: 1) haram li dzatihi, such as buying and selling pork, buying and selling alcoholic drinks, buying and selling carcasses and other illicit goods. 2) Haram li ghairihi, that are included in those categories: first, violates the an taraa din minkum principles, such as fraud. Second, violates the laa thadhlimuun wa laa tudhlamuun principles, such as gharar, hoarding of merchandise, manipulate requests riba, gambling, and the practice of bribery. Third, transactions that the contracts incomplete. Fourth, brokers, simsar, and speculation.
PENGEMBANGAN MODUL ONLINE ZAT ADITIF DENGAN SELF REGULATED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: RATNAWATI RR. INDAH WAHJU
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk berupa modul online dengan Self Regulated Learning, yang teruji kelayakannya untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar dalam pembelajaran IPA kelas VIII pada materi zat aditif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Research and Development. Validasi media menggunakan lembar kelayakan yang dikembangkan oleh Pusmenjar. Uji coba media dilakukan 2 kali yang meliputi: uji keterbacaan terbatas terdiri dari 10 siswa dan uji keterbacaan luas yang terdiri dari 32 siswa. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VIII-A sejumlah 32 siswa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah diskriptif analitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan modul Zat Aditif dengan Self Regulated Learning memiliki validasi conten materi sebesar 91%, kesesuaian icon SRL 92%, kesesuian media 90%, uji terbatas 98%, uji luas 97%, dan nilai N-gain sebesar 0,772 masuk dalam kategori tinggi. Ketuntasan klasikal kelas VIII-A dengan menggunakan modul tersebut 97%. Modul online dengan self regulated learning efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Modul online ini tidak hanya berisi informasi, namun didalamnya terdapat arahan, tip dan trik untuk melakukan instruksi, memberikan pilihan strategi, dan ada komunikasi dengan pembaca. Selain itu juga dilengkapi dengan penguatan teori yang telah dipelajari serta contoh soal yang dapat digunakan untuk melatih kemandirian guna meningkatkan hasil belajar.
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION:
Authors:   Dr., Professor of the Department of International Relations, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, aymena@mail.ru, Kurmangali A. K.
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the theoretical and applied aspects of the issue of regional integration in political science. The authors made an attempt to analyze the nature and characteristics of the integration process in the Eurasian region. Various scientific points of view on the problem of integration are shown. The article compares the approaches to the study of regional integration presented in the article. In today's world. At the same time, the authors show possible prospects and further development of Eurasian integration in the context of the participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
EFFECTIVE USE OF ICT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC SKILLS
Authors:   Phd, senior teacher, Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan  e-mail: akshaimzh@gmail.com, Zhalalova A.
Published: September 2021

Today, there is the emergence of a large number of different ICTs and their wide application in the education process. A variety of training programs, different ways of presenting and perceiving information-all this is among them and is a necessary element of learning in the modern world. Moreover, their use in the classroom is a mandatory requirement prescribed in the state educational standard. The use of ICT is one of the most effective tools. Computer training programs allow you to train different types of speech activity and combine them in different combinations. The use of ICTs also contributes to the formation of sociolinguistic skills, to understand sociolinguistic phenomena, automate speech actions, create communicative situations, as well as ensure the implementation of an individual approach and the intensification of independent work of students.
FEATURES OF THE USE OF COMPARATIVE METHODS IN TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE «COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY»
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National pedagogical university, Rahimova G.D. ,   guleke_75@mail.ru
Published: September 2021

The article examines the features of the discipline of comparative sociology. In the process of mastering the discipline, first of all, the author expresses the opinion that the discipline is taught with a deep understanding of its features. In many fields of science, especially in the natural, social and human sciences, special attention is paid to the specifics of the comparative method, which is first used in research. In particular, the author will try to reveal the features of the application of J.S. Mill’s method of gauche induction in sociology. The author emphasizes that before embarking on a research, a research scientist must first analyze what and how to analyze a given problem. The author points out that comparative research in the social sciences is much more difficult. A researcher of social problems must pay attention to the volatility of society, which means that the object of research also changes. Mill’s research methods are consistent with experiments in experimental sciences. It’s application in sociological sciences leads to some difficulties in work. Because society is always changing, and with it the way of life. The fact social change is also reflected in social progress is likely to mean the instability of the research subject.
APPROACHES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION BY USING STYLISTIC DEVICES: SOCIAL ASPECTS
Authors:   Dr., Professor, Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan,  e-mail:  sauleaskarova77@gmail.com, Askarova S.A. , Boltabekova А.А. ,   Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: akerke.boltabekova@gmail.com
Published: September 2021

The science of society is commonly referred to as sociology. From a scientific standpoint, it investigates social institutions. Social institutions are also studied from a scientific standpoint in literature. As a result, it is regarded as a type of sociology. Sociologists use literature to investigate various elements of social life. The paper discusses broadly debated topics including such as sociology and the literature's deep interrelatedness. The sociology of literature is a subfield of sociology that studies the link between a work of literature and the social framework in which it is produced. Furthermore, the essay examines stylistic techniques and their influence on sociology via literature, providing instances of connections within sociology and literature.
Pułapki niehierarchiczności
Authors: Zawadzka Anna
Published: September 2021

Polish feminist and/or queer groups increasingly endorse the non-hierarchical approach as a working method and a key element of becoming politicized. This approach also tends to serve as a way for such groups to distinguish themselves from other - legally formalized - entities functioning in the same field, such as foundations and associations. Within the Polish queer community, the non-hierarchical approach is presented as a remedy for all forms of domination and injustice, which this community has been mobilized to dismantle. Meanwhile, by replacing formal structures with spontaneously generated bonds of friendship, the groups that embrace the non-hierarchical approach can actually harbor hidden forms of inequality, generating non-democratic practices and condoning the unequal division of labor. An additional problem with the non-hierarchical approach is that, as a stance based on communication and consensus rather than rivalry and winning, it is associated with a traditionally understood "femininity." Thus in initiatives organized around the critique of traditional gender roles (such as feminist and queer groups) this stance is often paradoxically easier to embrace than the need for a clear assignment of functions and responsibilities, despite the fact that the participants of such groups perceive it as a higher stage of development leading to fully egalitarian relations.
Czy onanista to też Polak? Debata o masturbacji 1993-1994
Authors: Kościańska Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

In 1993, Mariusz Szczygieł published in Gazeta Wyborcza an article entitled Polish Onanism, discussing the issue of masturbation in Poland, including a detailed description of The Onanist Manifesto, a book by Artur Krasicki who in a satiric fashion argues for masturbation. Szczygieł's article archived a lot of attention. Readers expressed their dissatisfaction by returning the issue of paper and sending letters to the editor. Articles harshly criticizing both Szczygieł and Krasicki were published in Gazeta Wyborcza and elsewhere. Kinga Wiśniewska-Roszkowska and Wanda Półtawska, highly influential Catholic authors and medical doctors, employing the discourses of medicine, psychology, science and religion, argued that masturbation was unhealthy and constituted a threat to the Polish nation. This paper analyses texts by Szczygieł and Krasicki as well as reactions to them and places them in the context of the debate over cultural and sexual citizenship, very vivid in the early 1990s, just after the downfall of real socialism in Poland. It argues that the heated reactions to the texts presenting masturbation as healthy and normal were not only due to the fact that masturbation is perceived as an improper topic for a daily newspaper, but also because Szczygieł and Krasicki, by promoting non-hetero, non-reproductive sex, destabilized the heteronormative concept of citizenship (the Catholic authors implied that only those married with children or those who are on their way to achieving this status could be considered Poles). From today's perspective, one might argue that Szczygieł and Krasicki together with many others dedicated to the struggle over sexual and reproductive rights contributed to at least partial redefinition of cultural citizenship in Poland.
Romans czy rodzina? Małżeństwo urfi a wyobrażenia o nim zachodnich turystek w Egipcie
Authors: Górak-Sosnowska Katarzyna , Klimiuk Maciej
Published: September 2021

Unofficial marriage (Arabic nikah ‘urfi, zawag ‘urfi) is an innovation used primarily in Egypt. In view of the high cost of marriage, ‘urfi’s role is instrumental in religiously legitimising a relationship. At the same time it is a step to enter the true, i.e. official, marriage. The ‘urfi institution has been applied over the last few years to relationships between Western female tourists and local men within so-called sex tourism or romance. The article analyses ways of understanding and perception of ‘urfi marriage by Western female tourists. The source material consists of the women’s online posts on forums devoted to intimate touristic contacts between European women and Arabs. Several types of the narrative can be specified, such as the partner’s sexual potential, urfi as the tool of discrediting Western women engaged in the model, legitimacy for having sex, or impure intentions of habib (‘lover’). Family affairs are of minimal importance in the discourse, which emphasises instrumental nature of the relationship.
‘Sexuality is fluid’, or or is it? An analysis of television’s The L Word from the perspectives of gender and sexuality
Authors: Kuorikoski Nina
Published: September 2021

North American television series The L Word (USA 2004-present) tells the story of a group of lesbian and bisexual women living in Los Angeles. The current article offers a close reading of the first two seasons of the series, analysing them from the perspectives of both feminist theory and queer theory. It demonstrates that even though the series deconstructs the normative boundaries of both gender and sexuality, it can also be said to maintain the ideals of a heteronormative society. The argument is explored by paying attention to several aspects of the series. These include the series' advertising both in Finland and the United States and the normative femininity of the lesbian characters. In addition, the article aims to highlight the manner in which the series depicts certain characters which can be said to stretch the normative boundaries of gender and sexuality. Through this, the article strives to give a diverse account of the series' first two seasons and further critical discussion of The L Word and its representations.
Modele nienormatywnych rodzin w dyskursie polskich tele-sag
Authors: Arcimowicz Krzysztof
Published: September 2021

In Poland, TV sagas are the most popular programmes that focus the attention of millions of viewers every day. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of seven TV series (M jak miłość, Na dobre i na złe, Barwy szczęścia, Klan, Plebania, Samo życie, Na Wspólnej) leads to the conclusion that the notion of family in TV sagas is one of crucial values and constitutes the central element of the discourse. It is worth adding that particular family models take various positions in the discourse. The most prominent is nuclear family based on marriage. Non-normative family structures, such as mono-parental childless married couples as well as couples cohabiting are not actually stigmatised but usually hold less important place in the structure of the series. The discourse concerning family is limited inasmuch as in the series there are no “classical” family patchworks, polyamorous relationships, or LAT and DINKS relationships. In the series under scrutiny here there appear no transsexual families or lesbian relationships. I managed to identify just one homosexual family made up of gays. It is also significant to add that all the Polish series perpetuate stereotypes of non-normative sexuality and gender.
Empire of Desires: History and Queer Theory in an Age of Global Affect
Authors: Chiang Howard Hsueh-Hao
Published: September 2021

This paper surveys the current state of queer studies and argues that epistemological historicism be brought back to bear on queer theoretical analyses, particularly in order to address the challenges of accounting for the globalization and transnationalism of sexuality. The paper proposes that this can be done by, first, "giving up” certain intellectual preoccupations, including (1) the interpretation of the nineteenth-century "Great Paradigm Shift” as a historical succession of sexual "acts” by sexual "identities,” (2) the conviction that whatever modes of temporality queer theory argues for ultimately lack coherency or some kind of linear regularity, and (3) the idealist assumption that whatever queer theorists are deconstructing, denormalizing, or denaturalizing can be somehow conceptually sealed from their simultaneous constructions, normalizations, and naturalizations. Allowing history to serve some trans-formative purposes for queer theory can be accomplished accordingly by "opening up” the parallel doors, such as (1) by bringing epistemological issues back into the theorization of queer subjectivities, (2) by making generalizations more willingly about changes and continuities across not just geographical space but also time, and (3) by being more ethically concerned with the imperialist nature and consequences of queer theoretical critique.
The Limits of Virtual Memory
Authors: Beauchamp Toby
Published: September 2021

In November of 1999, one year after the brutal murder of Rita Hester, a black transsexual woman in Boston, Massachusetts, transgender activists in Boston and San Francisco organized a candlelight vigil in Hester's memory to raise awareness of anti-trans violence. Hester's murder came just six weeks after Matthew Shepherd was killed in Wyoming, a murder case that lit up the U.S. news media and drew international attention. In contrast, Hester's death was overlooked in most mainstream media, and local news sources - even those self-identified as gay - repeatedly referred to Hester as "he” and insisted on using her birth name, putting "Rita” in quotes. Such media representation, along with minimal police response to Hester's case, prompted the initial memorial on the first anniversary of her death. Alongside the vigil, the individuals behind Gender Education and Advocacy (GEA), a national Internet-based non-profit organization, set up a new component on their website, gender.org: "Remembering Our Dead.” The site, which lists information about individuals who have died as a result of anti-trans violence, is intended to call attention to the system of transphobia and to publicly memorialize those lives lost to it. Eight years later, the vigil has grown into an annual, international event. The dual nature of the Day of Remembrance - existing both on the Internet as an ongoing obituary and in "real life” as a collection of local memorial services - makes it an especially rich site for analysis. I am interested here in the Day of Remembrance as a cultural project of public mourning and memorial, a project invested in uniting trans communities through a shared sense of vulnerability and through a seemingly unconstrained mode of communication technology: cyberspace. In this article, I am concerned with the relationships between memorials, nationalisms, and state violences, and how these relationships are at work in the Day of Remembrance specifically. How does a public demonstration of grief also function as a citizen-making project? How might appeals to the state for justice and for human rights reinforce U.S. nationalism, despite the memorial's intent to unite trans people across national borders? Moreover, in what ways is cyberspace cast as the primary tool that enables the memorial project to cross those borders? In pursuing these questions through the specific site of the Transgender Day of Remembrance, I wish to argue broadly that the cyber memorial, while appearing to transcend social and cultural differences, in fact is intimately tied to nationalisms and state violences - indeed, it is the very refusal to critically engage with these concepts, and to attend to the ways that national identities and relations of power unevenly affect trans subjectivities and communities, that helps position the memorial as a nationalist project.
Lesbijki, geje i ich dzieci – różnorodność form rodzinnych
Authors: Majka-Rostek Dorota
Published: September 2021

The article concerns issues related to same-sex parenting. Families made up of lesbians and gays raising children are a challenge for traditional sociological definitions of family. First, the author will present suggestions as to new definitions that would perhaps be more adequate to the present times. Then, she will quote some basic data that emerge from the research on same-sex parents and their children. Additionally, some statements of Polish lesbians and gays about their attitude towards same-sex parenting will be introduced.
Queer Temporalities, Queerer Bodies and Jeanette Winterson’s ”The Stone Gods”
Authors: Shannahan Dervla
Published: September 2021

The task of imagining a world where everyone is queer has been taken up by Jeanette Winterson in The Stone Gods. Aside from the texts' value as an absorbing, eloquent piece of contemporary fiction, The Stone Gods can be read in engagement with many current debates; indeed it seemingly draws much of its content from queer and literary theories. The recent anti-social turn in queer theory has recast the meaning of queerness; works such as Edelman's No Future have raised questions about the social role(s) of queerness, of queering as strategy, and of queer futurities. The thorough work of theorists drawing on post-colonial theory has further underlined how homonormativities can overlap and be strengthened by affirming existing lines of inequality, functioning as ''contingent upon the segregation and disqualification of racial and sexual others from the national imaginary'' (Puar 2). This article discusses Jeanette Winterson's contribution to this debate. It argues that The Stone Gods answers the call to imagine a world where everyone is queer (along particular, delineated lines) and thrusts us forwards into a social futurity where there really is no future. Whilst the text responds to multiple other themes and concerns - most notably the ecological disasters lingering in current global destructive practices, the rise of surveillance culture and corporate sponsored biopolitical agendas - the textual toying with sexual identities and ethics are the main foci of this paper. As this issue of InterAlia is devoted to exploring the anti-social thesis or turn within queer studies, I suggest that Winterson's text ultimately answers many of the questions that it poses.
Is there a gay bias in queer studies?
Authors: Koltzenburg Claudia , Shecter Jenny , Skowron Karolina , Lizurej Marzena , Sikora Tomasz , Szot Wojciech , Kostrzewa Yga
Published: September 2021

Commentaries sent via email, noted down during a debate in UFA, Warsaw, June 2009, or found on the web.
Methane (CH4) sources in Krakow, Poland: insights from isotope analysis
Authors: Menoud Malika , van der Veen Carina , Necki Jaroslaw , Bartyzel Jakub , Szénási Barbara , Stanisavljević Mila , Pison Isabelle , Bousquet Philippe , Röckmann Thomas
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from human activities are a threat to the resilience of our current climate system. The stable isotopic composition of methane (δ13C and δ2H) allows us to distinguish between the different CH4 origins. A significant part of the European CH4 emissions, 3.6 % in 2018, comes from coal extraction in Poland, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) being the main hotspot. Measurements of CH4 mole fraction (χ(CH4)), δ13C, and δ2H in CH4 in ambient air were performed continuously during 6 months in 2018 and 2019 at Krakow, Poland, in the east of the USCB. In addition, air samples were collected during parallel mobile campaigns, from multiple CH4 sources in the footprint area of the continuous measurements. The resulting isotopic signatures from sampled plumes allowed us to distinguish between natural gas leaks, coal mine fugitive emissions, landfill and sewage, and ruminants. The use of δ2H in CH4 is crucial to distinguish the fossil fuel emissions in the case of Krakow because their relatively depleted δ13C values overlap with the ones of microbial sources. The observed χ(CH4) time series showed regular daily night-time accumulations, sometimes combined with irregular pollution events during the day. The isotopic signatures of each peak were obtained using the Keeling plot method and generally fall in the range of thermogenic CH4 formation – with δ13C between −59.3 ‰ and −37.4 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) and δ2H between −291 ‰ and −137 ‰ Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW). They compare well with the signatures measured for gas leaks in Krakow and USCB mines. The CHIMERE transport model was used to compute the CH4 and isotopic composition time series in Krakow, based on two emission inventories. The magnitude of the pollution events is generally underestimated in the model, which suggests that emission rates in the inventories are too low. The simulated isotopic source signatures, obtained with Keeling plots on each simulated peak, indicate that a higher contribution from fuel combustion sources in the EDGAR v5.0 inventory would lead to a better agreement than when using CAMS-REG-GHG v4.2 (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service REGional inventory for Air Pollutants and GreenHouse Gases). The isotopic mismatches between model and observations are mainly caused by uncertainties in the assigned isotopic signatures for each source category and the way they are classified in the inventory. These uncertainties are larger for emissions close to the study site, which are more heterogenous than the ones advected from the USCB coal mines. Our isotope approach proves to be very sensitive in this region, thus helping to evaluate emission estimates.
Morning boundary layer conditions for shallow to deep convective cloud evolution during the dry season in the central Amazon
Authors: Henkes Alice , Fisch Gilberto , Machado Luiz A. T. , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Observations of the boundary layer (BL) processes are analyzed statistically for dry seasons of 2 years and in detail, as case studies, for 4 shallow convective days (ShCu) and 4 shallow-to-deep convective days (ShDeep) using a suite of ground-based measurements from the Observation and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon 2014/5) Experiment. The BL stages in ShDeep days, from the nighttime to the cloudy mixing layer stage, are then described in comparison with ShCu days. Atmospheric thermodynamics and dynamics, environmental profiles, and surface turbulent fluxes were employed to compare these two distinct situations for each stage of the BL evolution. Particular attention is given to the morning transition stage, in which the BL changes from stable to unstable conditions in the early morning hours. Results show that the decrease in time duration of the morning transition on ShDeep days is associated with high humidity and well-established vertical wind shear patterns. Higher humidity since nighttime not only contributes to lowering the cloud base during the rapid growth of the BL but also contributes to the balance between radiative cooling and turbulent mixing during nighttime, resulting in higher sensible heat flux in the early morning. The sensible heat flux promotes rapid growth of the well-mixed layer, thus favoring the deeper BL starting from around 08:00 LST (UTC−4 h). Under these conditions, the time duration of morning transition is used to promote convection, having an important effect on the convective BL strength and leading to the formation of shallow cumulus clouds and their subsequent evolution into deep convective clouds. Statistical analysis was used to validate the conceptual model obtained from the case studies. Despite the case-to-case variability, the statistical analyses of the processes in the BL show that the described processes are very representative of cloud evolution during the dry season.
Level 2 processor and auxiliary data for ESA Version 8 final full mission analysis of MIPAS measurements on ENVISAT
Authors: Raspollini Piera , Arnone Enrico , Barbara Flavio , Bianchini Massimo , Carli Bruno , Ceccherini Simone , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dehn Angelika , Della Fera Stefano , Dinelli Bianca Maria , Dudhia Anu , Flaud Jean-Marie , Gai Marco , Kiefer Michael , López-Puertas Manuel , Moore David P. , Piro Alessandro , Remedios John J. , Ridolfi Marco , Sembhi Harjinder , Sgheri Luca , Zoppetti Nicola
Published: September 2021

Abstract. High quality long-term data sets of altitude-resolved measurements of the atmospheric composition are important because they can be used both to study the evolution of the atmosphere and as a benchmark for future missions. For the final ESA reprocessing of MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) on ENVISAT (ENViromental SATellite) data, numerous improvements were implemented in the level 2 (L2) processor Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM) version 8.22 (V8) and its auxiliary data. The implemented changes involve all aspects of the processing chain, from the modelling of the measurements with the handling of the horizontal inhomogeneities along the line of sight to the use of the Optimal Estimation for retrieving the minor species, from a more sensitive approach to detect the spectra affected by clouds to a refined method for identifying low quality products. Improvements in the modelling of the measurements were obtained also with an update of the used spectroscopic data and of the databases providing the a priori knowledge of the atmosphere. The HITRAN_mipas_pf4.45 spectroscopic database was finalised with new spectroscopic data verified with MIPAS measurements themselves, while recently measured cross-sections were used for the heavy molecules. The so-called IG2 data set, containing the climatology used by MIPAS L2 processor to generate the initial guess and interfering species profiles when the retrieved profiles from previous scans are not available, was improved taking into account the diurnal variation of the profiles defined using climatologies from both measurements and models. Horizontal gradients were generated using ECMWF ERA-Interim data closest in time and space to the MIPAS data. Further improvements in the L2 V8 products derived from the use of the L1b V8 products, which were upgraded to reduce the instrumental temporal drift and to handle the abrupt changes in the calibration gain. The improvements introduced into the ORM V8 L2 processor and its upgraded auxiliary data, together with the use of the L1b V8 products, lead to the generation of the MIPAS L2 V8 products that are characterised by an increased accuracy, better temporal stability, and a greater number of retrieved species.
The S2M meteorological and snow cover reanalysis over the French mountainous areas, description and evaluation (1958–2020)
Authors: Vernay Matthieu , Lafaysse Matthieu , Monteiro Diego , Hagenmuller Pascal , Nheili Rafife , Samacoïts Raphaëlle , Verfaillie Deborah , Morin Samuel
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This work introduces the S2M (SAFRAN - SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus - MEPRA) meteorological and snow cover reanalysis in the French Alps, Pyrenees and Corsica, spanning the time period from 1958 to 2020. The simulations are made over elementary areas, referred to as massifs, designed to represent the main drivers of the spatial variability observed in mountain ranges (elevation, slope and aspect). The meteorological reanalysis is performed by the SAFRAN system, which combines information from numerical weather prediction models (ERA-40 reanalysis from 1958 to 2002, ARPEGE from 2002 to 2020) and the best possible set of available in-situ meteorological observations. SAFRAN outputs are used to drive the Crocus detailed snow cover model, which is part of the land surface scheme SURFEX/ISBA. This model chain provides simulations of the evolution of the snow cover, underlying ground, and the associated avalanche hazard using the MEPRA model. This contribution describes and discusses the main climatological characteristics (climatology, variability and trends), and the main limitations of this dataset. We provide a short overview of the scientific applications using this reanalysis in various scientific fields related to meteorological conditions and the snow cover in mountain areas. An evaluation of the skill of S2M is also displayed, in particular through comparison to 665 independent in-situ snow depth observations. Further, we describe the technical handling of this open access data set, available at this address: http://dx.doi.org/10.25326/37#v2020.2. Scientiﬁc publications using this dataset must mention in the acknowledgments: "The S2M data are provided by Météo-France - CNRS, CNRM Centre d’Etudes de la Neige, through AERIS" and refer to it as Vernay et al. (2020).
A dataset of microphysical cloud parameters, retrieved from Emission-FTIR spectra measured in Arctic summer 2017
Authors: Richter Philipp , Palm Mathias , Weinzierl Christine , Griesche Hannes , Rowe Penny M. , Notholt Justus
Published: September 2021

Abstract. A dataset of microphysical cloud parameters from optically thin clouds, retrieved from infrared spectral radiances measured in summer 2017 in the Arctic, is presented. Measurements were conducted using a mobile Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer which was carried by the RV Polarstern. This dataset contains retrieved optical depths and effective radii of ice and water, from which the liquid water path and ice water path are calculated. These water paths and the effective radii are compared with derived quantities from a combined cloud radar, lidar and microwave radiometer measurement synergy retrieval, called Cloudnet. Comparing the liquid water paths from the infrared retrieval and Cloudnet shows significant correlations with a standard deviation of 8.60 g · m−2. Although liquid water path retrievals from microwave radiometer data come with a uncertainty of at least 20 g · m−2, a significant correlation and a standard deviation of 5.32 g · m−2 between the results of clouds with a liquid water path of at most 20 g · m−2 retrieved from infrared spectra and results from Cloudnet can be seen. Therefore, despite its large uncertainty, the comparison with data retrieved from infrared spectra shows that optically thin clouds of the measurement campaign in summer 2017 can be observed well using microwave radiometers within the Cloudnet framework. Apart from this, the dataset of microphysical cloud properties presented here allows to perform calculations of the cloud radiative effects, when the Cloudnet data from the campaign are not available, which was from the 22nd July 2017 until the 19th August 2017. The dataset is published at Pangaea (Richter et al., 2021).
Quantifying time-variant travel time distribution by multi-fidelity model in hillslope under nonstationary hydrologic conditions
Authors: Mao Rong , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Luo Xin , Li Hailong
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The travel time distribution (TTD) is a lumped representation of groundwater discharge and solute export responding to rainfall. It reflects the mixing process of water parcels and solute particles of different ages and characterizes reactive transport progress in hillslope aquifers. As a result of the mixing process, groundwater leaving the system at a certain time is an integration of multiple water parcels of different ages from different historical rainfall events. Under nonstationary rainfall input condition, the TTD varies with transit groundwater flow, leading to the time-variant TTD. Most methods for estimating time-variant TTD are constrained by requiring either the long-term continuous hydrogeochemical data or the intensive computations. This study introduces a multi-fidelity model to overcome these limitations and evaluate time-variant TTD numerically. In this multi-fidelity model, groundwater age distribution model is taken as the high-fidelity model, and particle tracking model without random walk is taken as the low-fidelity model. Non-parametric regression by non-linear Gaussian process is applied to correlate the two models and then build up the multi-fidelity model. The advantage of the multi-fidelity model is that it combines the accuracy of high-fidelity model and the computational efficiency of low-fidelity model. Moreover, in groundwater and solute transport model with low P\\'eclet number, as the spatial scale of the model increases, the number of particles required for multi-fidelity model is reduced significantly compared to random walk particle tracking model. The correlation between high and low-fidelity models is demonstrated in a one dimensional pulse injection case. In a two dimensional hypothetical model, convergence analysis indicates that the multi-fidelity model converges well when increasing the number of high-fidelity models. Error analysis also confirms the good performance of the multi-fidelity model.
Trends and variability in snowmelt in China under climate change
Authors: Yang Yong , Chen Rensheng , Liu Guohua , Liu Zhangwen , Wang Xiqiang
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Snowmelt is a major fresh water resource, and quantifying snowmelt and its variability under climate change is necessary for planning and management of water resources. Spatiotemporal changes in snow properties in China have drawn wide attention in recent decades; however, country-wide assessments of snowmelt are lacking. Using precipitation and temperature data with a high spatial resolution (0.5 seconds, approximately 1 km), this study calculated the monthly snowmelt in China for the 1951–2017 period using a simple temperature index model, and the model outputs were validated using snowfall, snow depth, snow cover extent and snow water equivalent. Precipitation and temperature scenarios developed from five CMIP5 models were used to predict future snowmelt in China under three different representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The results showed that the mean annual snowmelt in China from 1951 to 2017 was 2.41 × 1011 m3. The mean annual snowmelts in Northern Xinjiang, Northeast China, and the Tibetan Plateau – China’s three main stable snow cover regions – were 0.18 × 1011 m3, 0.42 × 1011 m3 and 1.15 × 1011 m3, respectively. From 1951 to 2017, the snowmelt increased significantly in the Tibetan Plateau and decreased significantly in North, Central and Southeast China. In the whole of China, there was a decreasing trend in snowmelt, but this was not statistically significant. The mean annual snowmelt runoff ratios were generally more than 10 % in almost all third-level basins in West China, more than 5 % in third-level basins in North and Northeast China, and less than 2 % in third-level basins in South China. From 1951 to 2017, the annual snowmelt runoff ratios decreased in most third-level basins in China. Under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the projected snowmelt in China in 2030s (2050s, 2090s) may decrease by 13.4 % (16.3 %, 13.8 %), 19.1 % (19.8 %, 22.5 %), 17.1 % (24.7 %, 42.8 %) compared with the historical period (1951–2017), respectively. Most of the projected mean annual snowmelt runoff ratios in third-level basins in different decades (2030s, 2050s and 2090s) were lower than those in the historical period. Low temperature regions can tolerate more warming, and the snowmelt change in these regions is mainly influenced by precipitation; however, the snowmelt change in warm regions is more sensitive to temperature increases. The spatial variability of snowmelt changes may lead to regional differences in the impact of snowmelt on water supply.
A study on the drag coefficient in wave attenuation by vegetation
Authors: Zhang Zhilin , Huang Bensheng , Tan Chao , Cheng Xiangju
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based
resource providing a myriad of services for human beings and the
environment, such as dissipating incoming wave energy and protecting coastal
areas. For understanding wave height attenuation by vegetation, there are
two main traditional calibration approaches to the drag effect acting on the
vegetation. One of them is based on the rule that wave height decays through
the vegetated area by a reciprocal function and another by an exponential
function. In both functions, the local wave height reduces with distance
from the beginning of the vegetation depending on damping factors. These
two damping factors, which are usually obtained from calibration by measured
local wave height, are linked to the drag coefficient and measurable
parameters, respectively. So the drag coefficient that quantifies the effect
of the vegetation can be calculated by different methods, followed by
connecting this coefficient to hydraulic parameters to make it predictable.
In this study, two relations between these two damping factors and methods
to calculate the drag coefficient have been investigated by 99 laboratory
experiments. Finally, relations between the drag coefficient and relevant
hydraulic parameters were analyzed. The results show that emergent
conditions of the vegetation should be considered when studying the drag
coefficient; traditional methods which had overlooked this condition cannot
perform well when the vegetation was emerged. The new method based on the
relation between these two damping factors performed as well as the
well-recognized method for emerged and submerged vegetation. Additionally,
the Keulegan–Carpenter number can be a suitable hydraulic parameter to
predict the drag coefficient and only the experimental setup, especially the
densities of the vegetation, can affect the prediction equations.
Środowisko szkolne w narracjach uczniów z Zespołem Aspergera
Authors: Moszyńska Małgorzata
Published: September 2021

Problematyka monografii doskonale wpisuje się w zapotrzebowanie na wiedzę o Zespole Aspergera. Ma ona szansę dotrzeć do szerokiego grona odbiorców – badaczy podejmowanych kwestii, pedagogów, w tym pedagogów specjalnych, nauczycieli, pracowników resortu zdrowia i pomocy społecznej oraz osób z innych (niekoniecznie naukowych) powodów nią zainteresowanych, np. rodziców/opiekunów osób z zespołem Aspergera czy zróżnicowanych specjalnościowo profesjonalistów sięgających do zagadnień z obszaru autyzmu i zespołu Aspergera w celu poszukiwania możliwych rozwiązań organizacyjnych i programowych w szeroko rozumianej edukacji i rehabilitacji osób z tym zaburzeniem.
A Case Study on reading habits of University students
Authors: Amin Iqra , Bakhsh Allah
Published: September 2021

Learning through reading is the fundamental process. A case study was conducted on the students of UAF Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh to examine the reading habits and academic performance. All the students of this campus are considered for the population of the study. The data was collected through an interview and focus group discussion from the sample (N=200) and quantitatively analyzed with the statistical approach such as, Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SSPS). The study revealed that the only 22.0% students read the relevant syllabus books and 17.5% students read the outside the syllabus books, while the vast majority 78.0% and 82.5% didn’t read syllabus and outside syllabus books respectively. They found that the positive association exists between the reading habit of students and academic performance. It is recommended that the students should be encouraged by the parents and teachers to increase reading habits and provide easy access to books.
Correlation of the Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio with Malignancy Status in Thyroid Nodule
Authors: Maulana Agus , Susilo Dwi Hari , Wibowo Marjono Dwi
Published: September 2021

Background: Thyroid nodules are very common, found in more than 50% of patients when using ultrasonography. While the prevalence of thyroid nodules in the population is increasing, only 5% to 10% harbor malignant disease. Still, there is a pressing need to correctly identify the nature of thyroid nodules, because thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and often presents in thyroid nodules. Inflammation plays a critical role in many aspects of cancer, including tumor development, progression, clinical presentations, and prognosis. The neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple index of systemic inflammatory response1,2. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio with malignancy status of thyroid nodules.
Methods: One hundred two cases of benign and malignant thyroid nodule were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated neutrophil lymphocyte ratio with result post-operative pathological anatomy. Complete blood counts with differential counts were taken before operation. NLR was calculated by dividing preoperative neutrophil count with lymphocyte count. Sample were categorized into low grade (NLR < 1,91) and high grade (NLR ≥ 1,92).
Results: There was statistically significant difference of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio between benign thyroid nodule and malignant thyroid nodule (p=0,001).
Conclusion: NLR is easily accessible tests that can be automatically calculated from complete blood count without additional cost in differentiation of malignant thyroid nodule from benign nodule in the preoperative period.

Keywords: Thyroid nodule; neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; malignancy.
Acute Vestibular Syndrome in Cerebellar Infarction: A Case Report
Authors: Lestari Diayanti Tenti , Hidayati Hanik Badriyah
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) is characterized by rapid onset of vertigo, nausea and vomiting, and gait unsteadiness in association with head motion intolerance and nystagmus, lasting days to weeks. Although the majority of AVS patients have acute peripheral vestibulopathy, some may also have brainstem or cerebellar strokes. Cerebellar infarctions sometimes only cause vertigo. The Head Impulse Test, skew deviation, and nystagmus testing provide for great sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between peripheral vestibular impairment and stroke.
Case: A 41-year-old male patient suffered from acute-onset vertigo and dizziness about 5 hours before admission, which started when he started doing his morning routine. Patients also feel gait unsteadiness and almost fall to the left side. There was no weakness in extremities, skew face or slurred speech. Patient's neurological status showed the cerebellar examination was positive left dysmetria, left dysdiadochokinesia, the Romberg test open eye fell to the left, normal Head Impulse Test (HIT), with horizontal bidirectional nystagmus and negative skew deviation test. Cerebellum infarction was discovered using computed tomography imaging. After passing through the acute stroke period, patients are offered symptomatic therapy in the form of betahistine, antiplatelet medication, and vestibular rehabilitation planning. On the tenth day after the onset, the patient's symptoms began to improve.
Conclusion: Proper diagnosis of acute vestibular syndrome will guide the necessary tests. The HINTS oculomotor test at the bedside can detect acute vestibular stroke.

Keywords: acute vestibular syndrome, vertigo, cerebellum, HINTS
Law Enforcement against the Implementation of the Provisions Payment of Workers’ Wages is Reviewed from Aspects of Employment Criminal Law
Authors: Nurhayati Siti , . Sumarno
Published: September 2021

Wage problems are the most commonly disputed issues between workers and employers, which can result in disharmony in employment relationships. For the workers / workers see wages as a source of income to meet the needs of life and family, while on the part of employers see wages as one of the burdens that must be borne because it is part of the cost of production. Employers who pay wages lower than the minimum wage are part of the criminal law of the employment field. The position of employment law in the field of criminal law needs to be applied so that criminal matters related to employment can be enforced on this civilized and civilized earth. Doctrinal research type, normative juridical. The results obtained from this study that wage payments below the District Sector Minimum Wage (UMSK) are not only sanctioned by the company but also subject to criminal sanctions in accordance with Article 88E paragraph (2) juncto Article 185 of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Copyright Work. The reason for wage payment under UMSK is due to the situation and condition of the company that is not financially able to make a joint agreement between workers / workers and the company can’t be legally allowed The Company has not filed a suspension of wage payments under UMSK to the Department of Manpower and Transmigration, so the Company's actions are contrary to the legislation and null and void and the Court can impose a prison sentence of 2 (two) years in prison and a fine of Rp. 200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah).

Keywords: Law Enforcement, Wage Payment, Criminal Employment.