bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Resistance Protein and P-glycoprotein Limit Sorafenib Brain Accumulation
Authors: Lagas Jurjen S. , van Waterschoot Robert A.B. , Sparidans Rolf W. , Wagenaar Els , Beijnen Jos H. , Schinkel Alfred H.
Published: January 2010

Sorafenib is a second-generation, orally active multikinase inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. We studied active transport of sorafenib in MDCK-II cells expressing human P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) or ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein) or murine Abcg2. Sorafenib was moderately transported by P-gp and more efficiently by ABCG2 and Abcg2. Because sorafenib is taken orally, we orally administered sorafenib to wild-type, Abcb1a/1b−/−, Abcg2−/−, and Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice, completely lacking functional Abcb1a/1b, Abcg2, or both, respectively, and we studied plasma pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation. The systemic exposure on oral administration was not different among all strains. However, brain accumulation was 4.3-fold increased in Abcg2−/− mice and 9.3-fold increased in Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice. Moreover, when wild-type mice were treated with sorafenib in combination with the dual P-gp and ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar, brain accumulation was similar to that observed for Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2−/− mice. These results show that the brain accumulation of sorafenib is primarily restricted by ABCG2. This contrasts with previous studies using shared ABCG2 and P-gp substrates, which all suggested that P-gp dominates at the blood-brain barrier, and that an effect of ABCG2 is only evident when both transporters are absent. Interestingly, for sorafenib, it is the other way around, that is, ABCG2, and not P-gp, plays the dominant role in restricting its brain accumulation. Clinically, our findings may be relevant for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma patients with central nervous system relapses, as a dual ABCG2 and P-gp inhibitor might improve the central nervous system entry and thereby the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(2); 319–26
Herbal Compound Farnesiferol C Exerts Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Activity and Targets Multiple Aspects of VEGFR1 (Flt1) or VEGFR2 (Flk1) Signaling Cascades
Authors: Lee Jae-Ho , Choi Sun , Lee Yoonji , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Kim Kwan-Hyun , Ahn Kyoo-Seok , Bae Hyunsoo , Lee Hyo-Jung , Lee Eun-Ok , Ahn Kwang-Seok , Ryu Shi Yong , Lü Junxuan , Kim Sung-Hoon
Published: January 2010

Farnesiferol C (FC) is one of the major compounds isolated from Ferula assafoetida, an Asian herbal spice used for cancer treatment as a folk remedy. Here, we examined the hypothesis that novel antiangiogenic activities of FC contribute to anticancer efficacy. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), exposure to the 10 to 40 μmol/L concentration range of FC inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tube formation, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2. In addition, FC inhibited the angiogenic sprouting of VEGF-treated rat aorta in an ex vivo model. Furthermore, FC inhibited the in vivo growth of mouse Lewis lung cancer allograft model by 60% (P < 0.001) at a daily i.p. dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight without any negative effect on the weight of the host mice. Immunohistochemistry staining showed decreased microvessel density (CD34) and proliferative index (Ki-67) without affecting the apoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling) index. Mechanistically, FC decreased the binding of VEGF to VEGFR1/Flt-1, but not to VEGFR2/KDR/Flk-1. In terms of early signaling, FC exerted a rapid inhibitory action (examined within 10 minutes) on VEGF-induced autophosphorylation of VEGFR1 without affecting that of VEGFR2. Nevertheless, FC decreased the phosphorylation of most of the kinases downstream of VEGFR2: focal adhesion kinase, Src, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-jun-NH2-kinase without affecting AKT. Computer simulation suggests that FC may inhibit Src or focal adhesion kinase protein activities directly through its docking to their ATP-binding sites. Taken together, the multitargeting actions of FC, particularly VEGFR1 inhibition, may make it a novel drug candidate to complement current VEGF/VEGFR2-targeting antiangiogenic modalities for cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(2); 389–99
Noncanonical Wnt11 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Migration
Authors: Toyama Takashi , Lee Han Chu , Koga Hironori , Wands Jack R. , Kim Miran
Published: January 2010

The canonical Wnt signaling is frequently activated due to overexpression and/or mutations in components of this pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the biological role of noncanonical Wnt-mediated signaling in HCC with respect to the signaling pathways involved and their physiologic function is unknown. Here, we report the role of Wnt11, a member of the noncanonical cascade, in hepatic oncogenesis. The expression levels of Wnt11 mRNA and protein were significantly downregulated in human HCC tumors compared with the adjacent uninvolved liver as measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. In human HCC cell lines, overexpression of Wnt11 activated protein kinase C signaling. Protein kinase C antagonized the canonical signaling through phosphorylation of β-catenin and reduced T-cell factor–mediated transcriptional activity, resulting in a decrease of cell proliferation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Wnt11 promotes RhoA/Rho kinase activation. We found that activated Rho kinase inhibited Rac1 to reduce cell motility and migration. These observations suggest a novel role for Wnt11 as a tumor suppressor during hepatocarcinogenesis because loss of expression promotes the malignant phenotype via both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Res; 8(2); 254–65
Green Tea Polyphenols Prevent UV-Induced Immunosuppression by Rapid Repair of DNA Damage and Enhancement of Nucleotide Excision Repair Genes
Authors: Katiyar Santosh K. , Vaid Mudit , van Steeg Harry , Meeran Syed M.
Published: January 2010

UV radiation–induced immunosuppression has been implicated in the development of skin cancers. Green tea polyphenols (GTP) in drinking water prevent photocarcinogenesis in the skin of mice. We studied whether GTPs in drinking water (0.1-0.5%, w/v) prevent UV-induced immunosuppression and (if so) potential mechanisms of this effect in mice. GTPs (0.2% and 0.5%, w/v) reduced UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in response to a contact sensitizer in local (58-62% reductions; P < 0.001) and systemic (51-55% reductions; P < 0.005) models of CHS. Compared with untreated mice, GTP-treated mice (0.2%, w/v) had a reduced number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer–positive (CPD+) cells (59%; P < 0.001) in the skin, showing faster repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and had a reduced (2-fold) migration of CPD+ cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes, which was associated with elevated levels of nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes. GTPs did not prevent UV-induced immunosuppression in NER-deficient mice but significantly prevented it in NER-proficient mice (P < 0.001); immunohistochemical analysis of CPD+ cells indicated that GTPs reduced the numbers of UV-induced CPD+ cells in NER-proficient mice (P < 0.001) but not in NER-deficient mice. Southwestern dot-blot analysis revealed that GTPs repaired UV-induced CPDs in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA)–proficient cells of a healthy person but did not in XPA-deficient cells obtained from XPA patients, indicating that a NER mechanism is involved in DNA repair. This study is the first to show a novel NER mechanism by which drinking GTPs prevents UV-induced immunosuppression and that inhibiting UV-induced immunosuppression may underlie the chemopreventive activity of GTPs against photocarcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 179–89
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Preinvasive Breast Cancer in a Her-2/Neu Mouse Model
Authors: Tran-Thanh Danh , Buttars Stephen , Wen Yanxia , Wilson Christine , Done Susan J.
Published: January 2010

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of preinvasive breast cancer. Several molecular alterations have been identified in DCIS. Among them, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) overexpression has been shown in 60% to 80% of DCIS cases. Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits COX-2. In this study, we evaluated whether COX-2 inhibition by celecoxib can reduce the incidence of preinvasive breast cancer and its progression to invasive breast cancer in a mouse model exhibiting a similar phenotype to human solid-pattern DCIS. We have used the mouse model mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu to investigate this possibility. These mice carry a rat Her-2/Neu transgene and are known to develop DCIS-like lesions. Our results showed that celecoxib (500 ppm) given as prophylaxis was neither able to prevent tumor development nor delay tumor appearance compared with untreated mice. Furthermore, when the drug was given early in tumorigenesis, it did not reduce the progression of preinvasive to invasive tumors nor prevent lung metastasis. Reduction of prostaglandin levels was, however, achieved in mammary tumors of treated mice. In addition, celecoxib treatment caused an increase in apoptosis and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in treated animals. Our results contrast with some previously published studies and highlight the complexity of the relationship between COX-2 and breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 202–11
A Phase 2a Study of Topical Perillyl Alcohol Cream for Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer
Authors: Stratton Steven P. , Alberts David S. , Einspahr Janine G. , Sagerman Paul M. , Warneke James A. , Curiel-Lewandrowski Clara , Myrdal Paul B. , Karlage Kelly L. , Nickoloff Brian J. , Brooks Chris , Saboda Kathylynn , Yozwiak Michael L. , Krutzsch Mary F. , Hu Chengcheng , Lluria-Prevatt Maria , Dong Zigang , Bowden G. Timothy , Bartels Peter H.
Published: January 2010

The chemopreventive and antitumor properties of perillyl alcohol (POH) that were studied preclinically indicate that topical POH inhibits both UVB-induced murine skin carcinogenesis (squamous cell tumor models) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene–induced murine melanoma (transgenic models involving tyrosinase-driven Ras). A previous phase 1 clinical trial in participants with normal-appearing skin showed that topical POH cream was well tolerated at a dose of 0.76% (w/w). Here, we performed a 3-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial of two different doses of topical POH in individuals with sun-damaged skin. Participants applied POH cream twice daily to each dorsal forearm. Baseline and end-of-study biopsies were taken from each participant to evaluate whether the topical application of POH was effective in reversing actinic damage as evidenced by normalization of quantitative skin histopathologic scores and change in nuclear chromatin pattern as measured by karyometric analysis. There was a borderline reduction in the histopathologic score of the lower-dose POH group compared with the placebo (P = 0.1), but this was not observed in the high-dose group. However, in the high-dose group, a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of nuclei deviating from normal was observed by the use of karyometric analysis (P < 0.01). There was no statistical significance shown in the lower-dose group. No changes were observed in p53 expression, cellular proliferation (by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression), or apoptosis in either treatment group compared with the placebo group. These results suggest that whereas our karyometric analyses can detect a modest effect of POH in sun-damaged skin, improved delivery into the epidermis may be necessary. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 160–9
Synergistic Effects of Combined Phytochemicals and Skin Cancer Prevention in SENCAR Mice
Authors: Kowalczyk Magdalena C. , Kowalczyk Piotr , Tolstykh Olga , Hanausek Margaret , Walaszek Zbigniew , Slaga Thomas J.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of our study was to determine the inhibitory effect of combined phytochemicals on chemically induced murine skin tumorigenesis. Our hypothesis was that concurrent topical and dietary treatment with selected compounds would lead to more efficient prevention of skin cancer. We tested ellagic acid and calcium D-glucarate as components of diets, while resveratrol was applied topically; grape seed extract was applied topically or in the diet. The 4-week inflammatory-hyperplasia assay based on the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)–induced skin carcinogenesis model in SENCAR mice was used. We have found that all the selected combinations caused a marked decrease of epidermal thickness compared with the DMBA-treated group and also with groups treated with a single compound and DMBA. All combinations of resveratrol with other compounds showed a synergistic effect on hyperplasia and Ha-ras mutations. Skin tissue of mice receiving the combinations showed decreased cell proliferation and Bcl2 expression; decreased p21, a regulator of cell cycle; and decreased marker of inflammation cyclooxygenase-2. All the selected combinations diminished the DMBA-induced mRNA expression of the CYP1B1 level, and also caused a marked decrease of proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-fos, components of transcription factor activator protein. In conclusion, all combinations showed either additive or synergistic effects and their joint actions allowed for decreasing the doses of the compounds. Especially, resveratrol combinations with ellagic acid, grape seed extract, and other phytochemicals are very potent inhibitors of skin tumorgenesis, based on the suppression of epidermal hyperplasia as well as on the modulation of intermediate biomarkers of cell proliferation, cell survival, inflammation, oncogene mutation, and apoptosis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(2); 170–8
Functional Adiponectin Resistance at the Level of the Skeletal Muscle in Mild to Moderate Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Van Berendoncks An M. , Garnier Anne , Beckers Paul , Hoymans Vicky Y. , Possemiers Nadine , Fortin; Dominique , Martinet Wim , Van Hoof Viviane , Vrints Christiaan J. , Ventura-Clapier Renée , Conraads Viviane M.
Published: January 2010

Background—

Adiponectin is an antiinflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and antiatherogenic adipocytokine that plays a fundamental role in energy homeostasis. In patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), high circulating adiponectin levels are associated with inverse outcome. Recently, adiponectin expression has been identified in human skeletal muscle fibers. We investigated the expression of adiponectin, the adiponectin receptors, and genes involved in the downstream lipid and glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of patients with CHF.

Methods and Results—

Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis muscle) were obtained from 13 patients with CHF and 10 healthy subjects. mRNA transcript levels of adiponectin, adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), and downstream adiponectin-related enzymes were quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Adiponectin expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with CHF was 5-fold higher than in healthy subjects (
P
<0.001), whereas AdipoR1 was downregulated (
P
=0.005). In addition, the expression of the main genes involved in downstream pathway (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α [PPAR-α] and both AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 and -α2 subunits) as well as their target genes in lipid (acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase C-14 to C-12 straight chain) and glucose metabolism (hexokinase-2) were significantly reduced in CHF. The strong positive correlation found between AdipoR1 and PPAR-α/AMP-activated protein kinase gene expression was confirmed in PPAR-α null mice, suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of adiponectin in the skeletal muscle.

Conclusions—

Despite increased adiponectin expression in the skeletal muscle, patients with CHF are characterized by downregulation of AdipoR1 that is most probably linked to deactivation of the PPAR-α/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. These facts suggest functional adiponectin resistance at the level of the skeletal muscle in CHF.
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Physical Function and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Witham Miles D. , Crighton Linda J. , Gillespie Neil D. , Struthers Allan D. , McMurdo Marion E.T.
Published: January 2010

Background—

Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, commonly found in older patients with heart failure, may contribute to the chronic inflammation and skeletal myopathy that lead to poor exercise tolerance. We tested whether vitamin D supplementation of patients with heart failure and vitamin D insufficiency can improve physical function and quality of life.

Methods and Results—

In a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with systolic heart failure aged ≥70 years with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) received 100 000 U of oral vitamin D2 or placebo at baseline and 10 weeks. Outcomes measured at baseline, 10 weeks, and 20 weeks were 6-minute walk distance, quality of life (Minnesota score), daily activity measured by accelerometry, Functional Limitations Profile, B-type natriuretic peptide, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Participants in the vitamin D group had an increase in their 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels compared with placebo at 10 weeks (22.9 versus 2.3 nmol/L [9.2 versus 0.9 ng/mL];
P
<0.001) and maintained this increase at 20 weeks. The 6-minute walk did not improve in the treatment group relative to placebo. No significant benefit was seen on timed up and go testing, subjective measures of function, daily activity, or tumor necrosis factor. Quality of life worsened by a small, but significant amount in the treatment group relative to placebo. B-type natriuretic peptide decreased in the treatment group relative to placebo (−22 versus +78 pg/mL at 10 weeks;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—

Vitamin D supplementation did not improve functional capacity or quality of life in older patients with heart failure with vitamin D insufficiency.

Clinical Trial Registration—

www.controlled-trials.com. Identifier: ISRCTN51372896.
Clinical Feasibility of a Fully Automated 3D Reconstruction of Rotational Coronary X-Ray Angiograms
Authors: Neubauer Anne M. , Garcia Joel A. , Messenger John C. , Hansis Eberhard , Kim Michael S. , Klein Andrew J.P. , Schoonenberg Gert A.F. , Grass Michael , Carroll John D.
Published: January 2010

Background—

Although fixed view x-ray angiography remains the primary technique for anatomic imaging of coronary artery disease, the known shortcomings of 2D projection imaging may limit accurate 3D vessel and lesion definition and characterization. A recently developed method to create 3D images of the coronary arteries uses x-ray projection images acquired during a 180� C-arm rotation and continuous contrast injection followed by ECG-gated iterative reconstruction. This method shows promise for providing high-quality 3D reconstructions of the coronary arteries with no user interaction but requires clinical evaluation.

Methods and Results—

The reconstruction strategy was evaluated by comparing the reconstructed 3D volumetric images with the 2D angiographic projection images from the same 23 patients to ascertain overall image quality, lesion visibility, and a comparison of 3D quantitative coronary analysis with 2D quantitative coronary analysis. The majority of the resulting 3D volume images were rated as having high image quality (66%) and provided the physician with additional clinical information such as complete visualization of bifurcations and unobtainable views of the coronary tree. True-positive lesion detection rates were high (90 to 100%), whereas false-positive detection rates were low (0 to 8.1%). Finally, 3D quantitative coronary analysis showed significant similarity with 2D quantitative coronary analysis in terms of lumen diameters and provided vessel segment length free from the errors of foreshortening.

Conclusions—

Fully automated reconstruction of rotational coronary x-ray angiograms is feasible, produces 3D volumetric images that overcome some of the limitations of standard 2D angiography, and is ready for further implementation and study in the clinical environment.
Disentangling the Web: A Guide to Online Resources for Theology
Authors: Patrick Meriel
Published: January 2010

The Internet offers a vast wealth of academic material, but the sheer quantity of information available can mean that locating relevant, high-quality resources is a formidable task. This article provides an overview of some key websites for theologians, including academic gateways (which offer hand-picked lists of sites for a particular field), library catalogues, and bibliographic databases. Details are also given of some of the growing number of full-text resources that are appearing on the Web (both those available to members of subscribing institutions and those which are freely available to all): collections of classic works, online critical editions, electronic journals, eprint repositories, plus contemporary scholarship and reference works offered by commercial publishers. The article concludes with a brief look at manuscript digitisation projects, interactive sites, the possibilities for communicating with other scholars via discussion lists and blogs, and resources for those involved in teaching.
Jack Clemo: Poet, Novelist and Autobiographer
Authors: Symons Andrew C.
Published: January 2010

Jack Clemo was born at Goonamarris, near St. Austell, Cornwall, in 1916. He died at Weymouth in 1994. This study is an investigation of Clemo’s beliefs and writings. It rejects the notion of Clemo as a Calvinist. The work is based on visits to Jack Clemo from 1975 to 1993 and on correspondence from 1975 to 1994.
Effects of Milnacipran on Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Participants
Authors: Periclou Antonia , Palmer Robert H. , Zheng Hongjie , Lindamood Charles
Published: January 2010

Milnacipran is approved for management of fibromyalgia in the United States. In this double‐blind, placebo‐ and active drug‐controlled study (N = 100), effects of supratherapeutic doses of milnacipran on cardiac repolarization were evaluated in healthy volunteers. The primary outcome was the largest mean difference between milnacipran and placebo in time‐matched baseline‐adjusted QT interval corrected for heart rate using an individual correction formula (QTcNi). In addition, data were analyzed using the Fridericia formula (QTcF) and a post hoc piecewise QTcNi analysis based on a dichotomous cut of RR interval data at 800 ms. Moxifloxacin (400 mg single dose) was used to establish assay sensitivity. Using the QTcNi method, the largest difference in baseline‐adjusted QTcNi between milnacipran 300 mg bid and placebo was −4.7 ms (90% confidence interval [CI]: −9.4 to −0.1), indicating no QT prolongation. Analysis using the Fridericia formula (QTcF) showed a maximum adjusted mean change of +7.7 ms, but QTcF versus RR interval plots indicated overcorrection with this method. The piecewise QTcNi correction method demonstrated a more accurate correction for drug‐induced heart rate increase; mean baseline‐adjusted between‐group difference was +0.9 ms (90% CI: −6.6 to 8.3). The results suggest that milnacipran would not significantly affect cardiac repolarization at clinically relevant therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations.
Employment Status and Commitment to Work in Professions
Authors: Abrahamsen Bente
Published: January 2010

The main question in the article is to what degree underemployed and overemployed professionals are committed to the profession and the organization which employs them. Ten professional groups are included in the study and more than one in four respondents are either underemployed or overemployed. The results show that overemployment affects commitment to the profession and the organization negatively. Unexpectedly, underemployed professionals do not report weaker commitment either to the profession or to the organization compared to colleagues who work an equal but preferred number of hours.
A Critical Review of Expatriate Adjustment Research Through a Multiple Stakeholder View: Progress, Emerging Trends, and Prospects
Authors: Takeuchi Riki
Published: January 2010

This article is a critical review of the expatriate adjustment literature that focuses on studies that have considered other stakeholders in addition to expatriates themselves. To highlight current knowledge in this area, the most important, implicit assumptions that scholars seem to have made and that may have restricted the theoretical and empirical advancement of the literature are delineated. By focusing on these assumptions, this article underscores the importance of other stakeholders in influencing or being influenced by expatriates. This article also highlights three theoretical perspectives as exemplars to extend the existing literature. By so doing, this review identifies gaps and stimulates new research directions on expatriate adjustment.
Material and Spiritual Conceptions of Development
Authors: Noy Darren
Published: January 2010

The contemporary world is experiencing a global revival of the public role of religion in shaping modern politics, public policy and social welfare. Correspondingly, a growing group of development scholars and practitioners have sought to understand the intersection of religion and the global development enterprise. However, scholars have yet to fashion an empirically grounded, synthetic framework for analyzing the range of approaches to development, both material and spiritual, that are at play in the world today. This article presents such a framework, drawing on 200 interviews with development practitioners sampled from across nine countries in the global south.
Modeling the hierarchical structure of personality-attachment associations: Domain diffusion versus domain differentiation
Authors: Sibley Chris G. , Overall Nickola C.
Published: January 2010

This study examined the extent to which personality traits and attachment orientations within distinct relationship domains (romantic, familial, and friendship) exhibited diffuse versus differentiated associations with attachments toward specific persons (e.g., current romantic partner, mother, best friend). The results were consistent with a hierarchically organized model of the attachment representational network containing global (personality) and specific (attachment) components. Autonomous and sociotropic personalities (controlling for the Big Five) were diffusely associated with attachments toward specific persons across domains, whereas domain-specific attachments were associated with specific attachments only within corresponding domains. Domain-specific attachment representations mediated the links between autonomy and sociotropy and relationship-specific attachments within corresponding domains. Autonomy and sociotropy capture global summaries of the same regularities in responding that underlie the attachment system.
From strangers to friends: The interpersonal process model of intimacy in developing interracial friendships
Authors: Shelton J. Nicole , Trail Thomas E. , West Tessa V. , Bergsieker Hilary B.
Published: January 2010

We examine the processes involved in the development of interracial friendships. Using Reis and Shaver’s intimacy model, we explore the extent to which disclosure and perceived partner responsiveness influence intimacy levels in developing interracial and intraracial friendships. White and ethnic minority participants completed diary measures of self and partner disclosure and partner responsiveness every two weeks for 10 weeks about an in-group and an out-group person whom they thought they would befriend over time. The results revealed that perceived partner responsiveness mediated the relationships between both self and partner disclosure and intimacy in interracial and intraracial relationships. The implications of these results for intergroup relations are discussed.
Balance of power and influence in relationships: The role of self-monitoring
Authors: Oyamot Clifton M. , Fuglestad Paul T. , Snyder Mark
Published: January 2010

The present investigation examines how self-monitoring relates to (i) perceived balance of power and influence in close relationships and (ii) the association between perceived power balances and relationship quality. Two hundred twenty-seven participants (M = 19 years; 164 women, 63 men) completed the 18-item Self-monitoring Scale, measures of perceived balance of power and influence in their romantic relationships, and measures of relationship quality (e.g. closeness, satisfaction). Low self-monitors tended to perceive symmetrical influence, and their relationship quality was highest in symmetrical relationships. In contrast, high self-monitors were more likely to perceive asymmetrical influence; however, the negative association between asymmetrical influence and relationship quality was attenuated. We discuss how interpersonal power and influence concerns may manifest themselves in the social worlds of low and high self-monitors.
Aspects of performance on line graph description tasks: influenced by graph familiarity and different task features
Authors: Xiaoming Xi
Published: January 2010

Motivated by cognitive theories of graph comprehension, this study systematically manipulated characteristics of a line graph description task in a speaking test in ways to mitigate the influence of graph familiarity, a potential source of construct-irrelevant variance. It extends Xi (2005), which found that the differences in holistic scores on graph tasks with varying characteristics, although significant, were small. Using an analytic scoring approach, it re-examined how visual chunks in line graphs and planning time influenced some specific components of examinees’ performance on line graph description tasks. The analytic dimensions examined were determined based on results of previous studies and hypotheses about the relationships among visual chunks, planning, graph familiarity, and features of elicited discourse. It was found that participants less familiar with graphs described the line graphs in a less organized fashion and that their descriptions were weaker in content. Graph familiarity thus introduced construct-irrelevant variance. However, providing planning time and using less complex graphical displays improved the fluency, organization and content of the elicited oral discourse and helped lessen the influence of graph familiarity, thus enhancing the validity of this task. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
A survey of aviation English tests
Authors: Alderson J. Charles
Published: January 2010

The Lancaster Language Testing Research Group was commissioned in 2006 by the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) to conduct a validation study of the development of a test called ELPAC (English Language Proficiency for Aeronautical Communication), intended to assess the language proficiency of air traffic controllers. As part of that study, Internet searches for other tests of air traffic control identified a number of tests but found very little evidence available to attest to the quality of these tests. Therefore, it was decided to conduct an independent survey of tests of aviation English, since the consequences of inadequate language tests being used in licensing pilots, air traffic controllers and other aviation personnel are potentially very serious. A questionnaire was developed, based on the Guidelines for Good Practice of the European Association for Language Testing and Assessment (EALTA, 2006), and sent to numerous organizations whose tests were thought to be used for licensure of pilots and air traffic controllers. Twenty-two responses were received, which varied considerably in quantity and quality. This probably reflects a variation in the quality of the tests, in the availability of evidence to support claims of quality, and in low awareness of appropriate procedures for test development, maintenance and validation.

We conclude that we can have little confidence in the meaningfulness, reliability, and validity of several of the aviation language tests currently available for licensure. We therefore recommend that the quality of language tests used in aviation be monitored to ensure they follow accepted professional standards for language tests and assessment procedures.
Assessing the accuracy and consistency of language proficiency classification under competing measurement models
Authors: Bo Zhang
Published: January 2010

This article investigates how measurement models and statistical procedures can be applied to estimate the accuracy of proficiency classification in language testing. The paper starts with a concise introduction of four measurement models: the classical test theory (CTT) model, the dichotomous item response theory (IRT) model, the testlet response theory (TRT) model, and the polytomous item response theory (Poly-IRT) model. Following this, two classification procedures are presented: the Livingston and Lewis method for CTT and the Rudner method for the three IRT-based models. The utility of these models and procedures are then evaluated by examining the accuracy of classifying 5000 language test takers from a large-scale language certification examination into two proficiency categories.

The most important finding is that the testlet format (multiple questions based on one prompt), which language tests usually rely on, has a great impact on the proficiency classification. All testlets in this study show a strong testlet effect. Hence, the TRT model is recommended for proficiency classification. Using the standard IRT model would inflate the classification accuracy due to the underestimated measurement error. Meanwhile, using the Poly-IRT model would give slightly less accurate classification results. Concerning the CTT model, while its classification accuracy is comparable to that of the TRT, there exists considerable inconsistency between their classification results.
Socialism and National Identity in Alsace from Reichsland to République, 1890-1921
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: January 2010

This article traces the evolution of socialism in Alsace through an analysis of socialist attitudes towards the nation and region. After Alsace’s annexation into Prussia in 1871, socialism in the province developed under the auspices of the German social democracy. This did a great deal to integrate Alsatian workers into a wider national political culture, while local militants retained the symbols and language of the French revolutionary tradition. Such flexibility eased the transition from German to French rule when the province was returned to France after the First World War. However, this flexibility also masked a range of contradictions in the socialist analysis. These contradictions meant that during the later years of annexation, during the War and the Revolution of 1918, the Alsatian socialist idea of the nation was still being shaped and contested. At the Tours Congress, the party’s militants explicitly stated their attitudes towards Alsace, France and Germany, yet the tensions resulting from their dual heritage were never satisfactorily resolved. The result was the clash of expectations, and of political cultures, which characterizes French governmental attempts to reintegrate its lost provinces. The discussion here addresses the evolution, articulation and application of Alsatian socialist attitudes towards nation and region as their province was transferred from German Reichsland to French République.
Morphological and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Spontaneous Mammary Gland Tumors in the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Suárez-Bonnet A. , Martín de las Mulas J. , Millán M. Y. , Herráez P. , Rodríguez F. , Espinosa de los Monteros A.
Published: January 2010

Ten spontaneous mammary gland tumors affecting guinea pigs (GP) were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. Histologically, 3 were benign (2 simple adenomas and 1 benign mixed tumor) and 7 were malignant (1 simple solid carcinoma and 6 simple tubulopapillary carcinomas). Immunohistochemical data revealed the glandular immunoprofile of all the tumors and suggested their ductal origin on the basis of cytokeratin 20 expression. Interestingly, cytokeratin 7 was detected in basal/myoepithelial cells. Further, all tumors were positive for type α estrogen and progesterone receptors, suggesting a role for steroid hormones in the development of these neoplasias in GP. This article describes the morphological and immunohistochemical features of the normal mammary gland and spontaneous mammary gland tumors in GP.
Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Slauson D. O. , Hobbs C. H. , Crain C.
Published: January 2010

Syrian hamsters developed spontaneous renal lesions that resembled those of arteriolar nephrosclerosis in man, and differed from other spontaneously occurring or virus-induced renal diseases in other rodent species. Morphologic changes were mainly degenerative with little cellular exudation and were associated with histologic changes in the intrarenal vasculature. The renal lesions were progressive, often fatal and sometimes were complicated by glomerular amyloidosis with the nephrotic syndrome and uremia. Endstage kidneys often had fibrinoid necrosis of intrarenal arterioles and thus resembled lesions characteristic of the malignant phase of human essential hypertension. Fibrinoid necrosis of small arterioles was common in the uterus, ovaries or testes of affected animals; it was less frequent in mesenteric or coronary vessels. Cardiac thrombosis, often involving the left atrium or left atrioventricular valves, also was common. Changes occurred earlier and often were more severe in females than in males. This disease was a major cause of morbidity and mortality and hampered life-span studies.
Cryptosporidiosis in Immunodeficient Arabian Foals
Authors: Snyder S. P. , England J.J , McChesney A. E.
Published: January 2010

Five of six immunodeficient Arabian foals that died of adenoviral infection were found to be infected with an intestinal coccidian of the genus Cryptosporidium. Various developmental stages of the organism were found in the microvillous border of the intestinal mucosa. The foals had diarrhea but it was not possible to separate the effects of the Cryptosporidial infection from those of the concomitant adenoviral enteritis.
Primary Neoplasms of the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Nasopharynx in the Dog: A Report of 16 Cases from the Files of the AFIP
Authors: Confer A. W. , DePaoli A.
Published: January 2010

Sixteen cases of primary neoplasms of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx in the dog were reviewed from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). The mean age of affected dogs was 9.5 years. The presenting clinical signs were epistaxis, nasal discharge or facial swelling. Eleven of the affected dogs were purebred. Three of these were Collies and two German Shepherds. The nasal cavity was involved most often. All neoplasms were malignant (11 carcinomas and five sarcomas), and there was invasion of the adjacent bony structures in most dogs. Tumors were classified according to prominent cell type and degree of differentiation into respiratory epithelial carcinoma (four), adenocarcinoma (one), squamous cell carcinoma (one), muco-epidermoid carcinoma (two), undifferentiated carcinoma (three), chondrosarcoma (three) and undifferentiated sarcoma (two).
Microscopic and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Kudoa Infection in a Butterfly Fish (Chaetodon)
Authors: Voelker F. A. , Kassel S. H. , Weinberg H. D. , McKee A. E.
Published: January 2010

Myxosporidiosis of the skeletal muscle was diagnosed in a pearl scale butterfly fish ( Chaetodon). On the basis of light and electron microscopy, the infectious agent was though to be a Kudoa. The muscle had fusiform cysts containing myxosporidian organisms within hypertrophied fibers. Ultrastructural features of the kudoa organisms were four external shell valves joined by suturai planes. Internally, four pyriform polar capsules with polar filaments were anterior to the sporoplasm.
Mediastinal Parathyroid Adenocarcinoma in a Dog
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , MacEwen K. G. , Erlandson R. A. , Lieberman P. H. , Liu S.K.
Published: January 2010

A tumor in the anterior mediastinum was found in an adult male German Shorthaired Pointer. The dog presented with hypercalcemia that varied with the removal and recurrence of the tumor. The neoplasm was characterized by an encapsulated multilobed grey-white soft mass with stroma, and the recurrent tumor infiltrated veins and the heart. The tumor consisted of groups of clear cells with well outlined cytoplasmic boundaries separated by thin vascular stroma. These cells had few organelles, scattered clumps of glycogen, clear cytosol and prominent infolding and interdigitating plasma membranes and desmosomes. The clinical, light and electron microscopic features were consistent with a functional neoplasm of parathyroid tissue origin.
Transmissible Congenital Demyelinating Encephalopathy of Lambs
Authors: Clarke G. L. , Osburn B. I.
Published: January 2010

Twenty-two fetal lambs were inoculated in utero with tissue suspension prepared from lambs born with weakness, incoordination and clonic tremor. Clinically, affected newborn lambs had clonic tremor, were generally weak and had abnormally pigmented hairy fleece. The inoculation resulted in a disseminated encephalomyelitis with secondary teratologic changes in a significant number of fetuses. The mononuclear inflammatory changes were most obvious 14 days after inoculation, after which there was rapid resolution. Changes seen at birth were chronic astrocytosis with neuron loss in the spinal cord and cerebellar dysplasia. Single radioimmunodiffusion studies showed consistently low IgG in infected fetuses and high IgG in lambs at birth.
Pathological Changes in the Small Intestine of Neonatal Calves with Enteric Colibacillosis
Authors: Pearson G. R. , McNulty M. S. , Logan E. F.
Published: January 2010

Three neonatal calves, protected from colisepticaemia by intravenously administered immunoglobulin M, were infected orally with Escherichia coli type 0101K?(A). All calves developed severe enteric colibacillosis. When they were 4 days old stunting and fusion of villi were seen in the distal half of the small intestine and were associated with adhesion of the challenge organism to the mucosa. Two uninfected control calves kept under similar conditions, did not develop diarrhoea and had no lesions.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Experimentally-induced HEV Encephalitis
Authors: Meyvisch C. , Hoorens J.
Published: January 2010

A gnobiotic piglet, was inoculated intracerebrally with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain VW572). Mononuclear cells formed vascular cuffs and were disseminated in the brain parenchyma. A few neurons were surrounded by the same kind of cells. Virus particles morphologically similar to Coronavirus particles were found in the cytoplasm of both chromatolytic light neurons and hyperchromic dark neurons. The particles were in vesicles of distended endoplasmic reticulum and in the hypertrophied Golgi apparatus.
Fish Oil-induced Yellow Fat Disease in Rats I. Histological Changes
Authors: Danse L. H. J. C. , Verschuren P. M.
Published: January 2010

Yellow fat disease was induced in young rats given a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with 15% fish oil. The changes in adipose tissue of this oil-induced disorder were different from those of natural yellow fat disease in horse, pig and mink. In the natural disease all fat depots had the early stage of yellow fat disease with interstitial lipofuscin-laden macrophages exclusively. In the rat, however, this change was seen only in the subcutaneous fat depot. Moreover, affected adipose tissue of animals with natural disease had extensive fibrosis, but in the rat fibrosis was always absent.

Rats with fish oil-induced yellow fat disease had degenerative changes in various fat depots that occurred at various times but in the horse, pig and mink fat depots were affected simultaneously. Lipofuscin accumulated in the reticuloendothelial system in rats. Accumulation in spleen and liver was dependent on vitamin E deficiency, but only the accumulation in the Kupffer cells was correlated with yellow fat disease.

Lipofuscin accumulation in the mesenteric lymph node did not depend on vitamin E deficiency.
Fish Oil-induced Yellow Fat Disease in Rats; II. Enzyme Histochemistry of Adipose Tissue
Authors: Danse L. H. J. C. , Steenbergen-Botterweg W. A.
Published: January 2010

Adipose tissue in various stages of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in the rat had the same acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity pattern as similar stages of the disorder in mink and pig. A weak acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity was seen in interstitial lipofuscin-laden macrophages in “stage M” yellow fat disease without fat cell degeneration. Activity of these macrophagic enzymes increased when there was fat cell degeneration (“stage S” and “stage E” yellow fat disease). This different phosphatase activity in the same cell type may result from phagocytosis of substrates with variable digestibility.

Macrophages directly surrounding affected fat cells in steatitis areas (“stage S” and “stage E”) had strong acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity. As in the pig, increased 5-nucleotidase activity was found in affected fat cells, which probably indicates plasma membrane damage.

Increased nonspecific esterase activity occurred around affected fat cells. Only a small part of this esterase activity originated from inflammatory cells. This indicates that an increase of esterase activity in degenerating adipose tissue may be an endogeneous process in this tissue.
California Goats with a Disease Resembling Enzootic Ataxia or Swayback
Authors: Cordy D. R. , Knight H. D.
Published: January 2010

In a retrospective study typical signs and lesions of enzootic ataxia or swayback were found in 16 young dairy goats from eight widely scattered herds in California. In addition to the constant appearance of chromatolytic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord, and myelin deficiency in certain tracts of the cord, cerebellar hypoplasia was found frequently. Liver copper was subnormal in six of nine kids tested. The disease is viewed as a developmental defect in which failure of neuronal perikaryon metabolism leads to distal axonopathy with secondary demyelination.
A Sarcocystis-like Protozoon in a Sheep with Lymphadenopathy and Myocarditis
Authors: Landsverk T. , Gamlem H. , Svenkerud R.
Published: January 2010

A generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes was found in an emaciated adult ewe. Additional autopsy findings included tiny grey-white necrotic foci in the heart muscle, aspiration pneumonia and diffuse pleuritis. Light microscopy showed a generalized lymphadenopathy with Perilymphadenitis, depletion of lymphocytes and histiocytosis of the lymph node. In histiocytes and vascular endothelial cells of lymph nodes, septal capillary endothelium of lungs and capillary endothelium of myocardium, early stages of a protozoan parasite were found. In the myocardium, there were many foci of necrosis, some of which contained young cysts in the periphery. These cysts were morphologically similar to those of Sarcocystis. Electron microscopy of the early protozoan stages yielded evidence of schizogony and formation of merozoites.