bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Course for Training Nurse-therapists in Adult Behavioural Psychotherapy
Authors: Marks Isaac
Published: June 2009

British nursing has the honour of being the first profession to produce a nationally recognised syllabus in behavioural psychotherapy. This notable event is signalled by the approval of an 18-month course for the training of nurse-therapists in adult behavioural psychotherapy (course No. 650) by the Joint Board of Clinical Nursing Studies, which is responsible for post-certificate training of nurses in England and Wales. Some details of the syllabus appear in the appendix. The appearance of this course was the culmination of a three-year operational research program funded by the D.H.S.S. at the Maudsley Hospital. During that project a psychiatrist and psychologist trained five R.M.N. qualified nurses to become full-time therapists. In a final year of the program the trained nurse-therapists were seconded to four hospitals in the London area and to a General Practice Health Centre to see whether their therapeutic skills transferred to work in a new setting - they did.
A Brief Note on Self-Control
Authors: Marzillier John S.
Published: June 2009

Self-control is a difficult concept for behaviourists. The implication that we are exercising control over ourselves, rather than being controlled by our environment, appears to run counter to strict behaviourist doctrine. The spectre of mind-body dualism with homunculi sitting inside our head looms large on the horizon. The concept of the self as initiator and controller of our behaviour appears to break all the rules in the behaviourist book. Self-control, in this sense, is not only ‘mentalistic’ and ‘inferential’, it is also in danger of becoming ‘explanatory fiction’. Like the man who gives up smoking because of willpower, we can only infer his willpower from the behaviour it is designed to explain. Skinner (1953) has pointed out the dangers of using inferential concepts such as willpower and self-control. He and many other ‘radical behaviourists’ have strongly argued that there is no place for these concepts in scientific psychology.
The Roles of Models in Psychiatry
Authors: Meyer V.
Published: June 2009

The most important role of theoretical models available in psychiatry and psychology is to enable the therapist to “understand” the patient and take therapeutic action on the basis of this understanding. These models determine the nature of the interview, collection of data, conceptualisation of the data and therapeutic strategies to achieve specific goals. The types of knowledge provided by these models can be categorised along a continuum ranging from very subjective to that fulfilling scientific requirements.
A Behavioral Approach to the Modification of Rape
Authors: Marshall W. L. , Williams S.
Published: June 2009

This paper will describe a program whose framework is based on our research of the general characteristics of rapists, and on the results of individual behavioral analyses of over thirty five such individuals. Treatment is aimed at:

(1)reducing the incidence of habitual patterns of unacceptable sexual behavior using aversive therapy and covert sensitization where these two procedures attempt to modify the attractiveness of deviant fantasies.

(2)increasing the incidence of appropriate sexual behavior using various techniques such as: (a) orgasmic reconditioning to enhance the attractiveness of appropriate fantasies; desensitization to reduce heterosexual fearj social skill training involving modeling, videotaped role rehersal, and cue discrimination to reduce aggressiveness and inappropriate assertiveness; thought stopping to eliminate hostile thoughts; converant control to enhance self-esteemj and sex education. The specific content of each program is tailored to the individual's particular problems as revealed by a thorough analysis.
Relevance of Animal Learning Models to Behavioral Psychotherapy
Authors: Abramson Lyn Y.
Published: June 2009

Pavlov's words presaged a twentieth century development for study of human behavioural disorders: Animal learning models. In essence, animal modeling involves induction of disorders analogous to naturally occurring human psychopathologies in animal subjects. The goal, of course, is illumination of cause, cure, and prevention of human disorders. Historically, although Pavlov's (1941, 1966) discovery of “experimental neurosis” in dogs generated initial enthusiasm for animal modeling, the approach later fell into disrepute probably because the early animal experimentation was rather poor (McKinney, 1974). The experimental analyses of the apparently maladaptive animal behaviours were reasonably thorough, but the claim that they represented and/or analyzed some form of naturally occurring disorder was usually unconvincing. Currently, however, a resurgence of interest in the method of animal modeling coupled with increased concern by investigators to set down ground rules for evaluation of animal models is apparent in the recent compilation of several books on the subject (two still in press): Experimental psychopathology: Recent research and theory, Psychopathology: Experimental models, and Relevance of the Psychopathological animal model to the human.
Aspects of the Patient–Therapist Relationship.
Authors: Bancroft John
Published: June 2009

My topic is the relationship between patient and therapist that occurs in most types of one-to-one therapy involving behavioural principles, but also including therapy with couples and with co-therapists. I shall not deal with the realtionships involved in therapeutic groups or in the application of behaviour modification principles in institutional settings or classroom.
Experimental Psychology and Abnormal Behaviour
Authors: Morley Stephen
Published: June 2009

What is behavioural psychotherapy? In the following note I do not intend to give a comprehensive answer to this question but rather to put forward a point of view and to illustrate it using one particular example. It appears that the term ‘behavioural psychotherapy’ has acquired a rather restricted meaning in the relatively short time it has been around. In many senses the term Behavioural has become synonymous with scientific i.e. the sort of knowledge gained by the application of experimental techniques to a problem. This I believe is all well and good. The restrictive aspect comes when we consider what sort of problems have been tackled in the ‘behavioural way’. On the whole it seems that we have concentrated on treatment aspects of psychotherapy and appear to have made substantial inroads into problems of therapy. We have now available a plethora of techniques e.g. systematic desensitisation, flooding, modeling, token economies, which had been demon-stated to be efficient in the past. In addition to this there has been a concerted effort to develop a method which enables a degree of experimental rigour to be introduced into the treatment of the individual case (see Mathews, 1975; Leitenberg, 1973).
Behaviour Modification in Education
Authors: Yule William , Berger Michael , Wigley Veronica
Published: June 2009

Judging from the interest that has been shown in our research project - the Teacher-Child Interaction Project - and from the number of requests we have had to talk to various groups all over the country, there is a growing awareness of the value of behaviour modification in education. However, the various groups interested in these developments seem isolated from each other, and have no obvious forum to discuss areas of mutual interest. It would seem to us that the B.A.B.P. could provide such a forum.
The Treatment and Follow-Up of a Number of Cases of Elective Mutism
Authors: Lowenstein L. F. , Lowenstein K.
Published: June 2009

Research into the problem of elective mutism and functional speech disorders has not been excessive during the past 10 years. Previous to this, however, Black (1966) drew attention to the fact that speech problems have occurred throughout history, and problems of stuttering were recorded in hieroglyphics by the ancient Egyptians.
The aetiology and Treatment of Sex Disorders: The Socio-Sexual Parameters of a male patient sample and the results of a programme using surrogate partner therapy.
Authors: Cole Martin
Published: June 2009

Information collected from approximately one hundred males with sex disorders was analysed in order to attempt to identify some of the causes of the more important sex dysfunctions in men. Those conditions receiving special attention were erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation and heterophobia. The information gathered comprised those parameters thought to be relevant from the patients' social, sexual and medical histories. Some thirty independent parameters were recorded including a limited psychometric assessment. Information on social class, education, family structure, parent-child relationships, traumatic experiences were quantified as far as possible and to this were added data from the patients sexual history; masturbation patterns, the frequency, pattern and variety of sexual outlet, the nature of his fantasies and so on. Information was also collected on somatotype, relevant medical indices, and smoking and alcohol consumption.
A Behavioural Approach to Remedial Reading
Authors: Levere Ruth
Published: June 2009

The prevalence of reading difficulties varies according to the definition of the problem used and the region in which the survey takes place. The methodologically sound epidemiological studies on the Isle of Wight (Rutter et al 1970) and in an Inner London Borough (Berger et al 1975), which investigated the presence of reading backwardness and specific reading retardation in 10 year olds, indicate the extent of reading problems in this country. Reading backwardness was defined as a level of reading attainment 28 months behind chronological age on the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (Neale 1958). Specific reading retardation refers to level of attainment 28 months below that expected taking IQ as well as chronological age into account. On the Isle of Wight 8.3% and 3.9% of 10 year olds were reading backward and reading retarded respectively. The corresponding figures for the Inner London Borough were 19.0% and 9.9%.
A Detailed Strategy for the Rapid Treatment of School Phobics
Authors: Blagg Nigel
Published: June 2009

School phobia has been the subject of more concern, interest and study than any other childhood phobia. Perhaps this is not surprising in view of the suffering and upset that the condition has caused to children, parents and teachers.
Behavioural Training Methods in a Higher Education Programme
Authors: Hutchison William R.
Published: June 2009

Behaviour Modification has been applied in education since the early days of operant Work. In the Beginning, almost all applications were with children, but in recent years research has begun on behaviour modification methods for training professional behaviour modifiers, including therapists (Matarazzo, 1971), teachers (Peck & Tucker, 1973), and parents (O'Dell, 1974). A few of these techniques have begun to replace the traditional “higher education” methods that still predominate in the training of behaviour modifiers at all levels. This paper will describe as a case study a training programme which is coordinated by this author.
Radical Behaviourist v Cognitive Psychology: a Pseudo-Quarrel?
Authors: Fennell M. J. V.
Published: June 2009

Data on the results of cognitive therapies and theoretical models to explain them are proliferating. Yet from the current state of the evidence it is clear that we have as yet been furnished far more richly with questions than answers. Watts (1977) has indicated some of the issues remaining. What relationship has cognitive behaviour therapy to cognitive psychology as a whole? What kind of cognitive processes is it concerned with? How should these be formulated and investigated? Can covert stimuli and behaviours be equated with overt, both functionally and formally? How far must the individual be aware of (able explicitly to discriminate and describe) covert processes? What is the use of imaginal stimuli in cognitive behaviour therapy? What kind of changes take place during it? The achievement of answers to these and related questions is more than likely to have been hindered than helped by the vituperative nature of the arguments raging between the radical behaviourist and cognitive fields.
The Treatment of Agoraphobia in General Practice
Authors: Johnston Marie
Published: June 2009

The present paper aims to describe the work of a behaviourally oriented psychologist in the treatment of agoraphobia, the most common single problem referred in two years' work in primary care. Apart from its high frequency, agoraphobia has a particular relevance to the general practice settings as it is a problem which relates very specifically to the patient's home environment. A recent study by Mathews et al., (in press) found that a home-based treatment of agoraphobia produced at least as much improvement as clinic based treatments and required less therapist time. One might expect that a psychologist operating from the local health centre might achieve many of the advantages of such a program with a possible decrease in therapist time as travelling is reduced.
Seasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Indonesian Seas
Authors: Kida S. , Richards K. J.
Published: June 2009

The response of the Indonesian Seas to the monsoonal winds is investigated using a regional ocean model with an emphasis on understanding the mechanisms behind the observed seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variability. Understanding the seasonal SST variability in the Indonesian Seas is crucial for understanding tropical climate variability since atmospheric deep convection is located directly above these seas. Our model results suggest that the monsoonal winds play a dominant role in creating the spatial SST variability and are responsible for inducing about half of the basin‐averaged SST variability. The remaining half is found to be caused by conditions in surface heating, which is brought about by radiation and atmospheric temperature and humidity. The northwesterly wind during Austral summer is roughly uniform over the basin so wind mixing occurs roughly uniformly and no significant spatial SST variability is forced. The southeasterly wind during Austral winter, on the other hand, has a significant spatial variation with a maximum wind speed located in the middle of the basin. This spatial variability causes Ekman upwelling and downwelling in the north and south of the Indonesian Seas, respectively, and establishes a cold SST region in the northeast. The presence of the shallow shelf region in the east is also found critical to the formation of this cold SST event. Without the shelf, lateral advection of warm water from the west will trap the cold SST region to the eastern boundary.
Light‐induced ozone depletion by humic acid films and submicron aerosol particles
Authors: D'Anna Barbara , Jammoul Adla , George Christian , Stemmler Konrad , Fahrni Simon , Ammann Markus , Wisthaler Armin
Published: June 2009

The interactions of ozone with submicron particles and films consisting of humic acids of various origins were investigated under near‐ultraviolet and visible irradiation using aerosol and coated wall flow‐tube systems. Ozone loss to these surfaces was strongly activated in the presence of irradiation. Under simulated atmospheric conditions with respect to irradiance, relative humidity, and O3 mixing ratios, the reactive uptake coefficients of the coatings ranged from γ ∼ 10−6 (in the dark) to γ ∼ 10−4 (under near‐UV and visible irradiation) and were inversely dependent on the ozone mixing ratio in the 20‐ to 270‐ppbv range. For the aerosol experiment the uptakes were an order of magnitude smaller. Light and ozone exposure promoted emissions of volatile organic compounds including small aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexanal, octanal, nonanal), methanol, and acetone. These results together suggest the existence of photoinduced ozone removal at the surface of various humic substances, which may be a potentially important ozone sink in the continental boundary layer and can represent a possible pathway for processing the organic aerosol.
Stratospheric gravity wave characteristics and seasonal variations observed by lidar at the South Pole and Rothera, Antarctica
Authors: Yamashita Chihoko , Chu Xinzhao , Liu Han‐Li , Espy Patrick J. , Nott Graeme J. , Huang Wentao
Published: June 2009

We present an observational study of stratospheric gravity wave spectra and seasonal variations of potential energy density at the South Pole (90°S) and Rothera (67.5°S, 68.0°W), Antarctica. The gravity wave spectra are derived from the atmospheric relative density perturbation in the altitude range of 30–45 km measured by an iron Boltzmann lidar. The ground‐relative wave characteristics obtained at each location are comparable, with an annual mean vertical wavelength of ∼4.1 km, vertical phase speed of ∼0.7 m s−1, and period of ∼104 min. Approximately 44% of the observed waves show an upward phase progression while the rest display a downward phase progression in ground‐based reference for both locations. Gravity wave potential energy density (GW‐EP) at Rothera is ∼4 times higher than the South Pole in winter but is comparable in summer. Clear seasonal variations of GW‐EP are observed at Rothera with the winter average being 6 times larger than that of summer. The seasonal variations of GW‐EP at the South Pole are significantly smaller than those at Rothera. The absence of seasonal variations in wave sources and critical level filtering at the South Pole is likely to be responsible for the nearly constant GW‐EP. The minimum critical level filtering in winter at Rothera is likely to be a main cause for the winter enhanced GW‐EP, as this would allow more orography‐generated waves to reach the 30 to 45 km range. The stratospheric jet streams may also contribute to the winter enhancement at Rothera.
La Niña Modoki impacts Australia autumn rainfall variability
Authors: Cai W. , Cowan T.
Published: June 2009

Both El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and ENSO Modoki affect Australian rainfall but the commonalities and contrasts of their impacts have not been fully explored. We show that both types feature a strong asymmetry between impacts of La Niña and El Niño in austral autumn (March–May); the La Niña‐Australian rainfall teleconnection is statistically significant, whereas the El Niño‐Australian rainfall relationship is not. A La Niña Modoki cold anomaly near the Dateline is effective in shifting convection westward, causing an autumn rainfall increase over northwestern Australia extending to the northern Murray‐Darling Basin, rather than over the east as in a conventional La Niña. During an El Niño Modoki, the tendency for lower Australian rainfall is far weaker. The asymmetry explains the strong inter‐ENSO variations in rainfall anomalies, including 1983, when a strong El Niño residual was associated with a wet autumn. Our results highlight the importance of considering the influence from La Niña Modoki in predicting ENSO's impacts.
Influence of condensate evaporation on water vapor and its stable isotopes in a GCM
Authors: Wright Jonathon S. , Sobel Adam H. , Schmidt Gavin A.
Published: June 2009

The direct effect of condensate evaporation on atmospheric water vapor and its isotopic composition is assessed in a climate model. The model contains two parallel hydrologic cycles, an active one which influences the model physics and dynamics and a passive one which does not. Two model simulations are performed, one in which passive cloud and precipitation can evaporate and one in which they cannot. The active hydrologic cycles, and thus the simulated circulations and temperatures, are identical in both simulations. Eliminating passive condensate evaporation reduces the specific humidity in the passive cycle by around 5%; this reduction varies from a few percent to 25% of the control value, depending on location. Zonal mean water vapor in the lower and middle troposphere is enriched in HDO relative to the control case, and is depleted in the upper troposphere.
Rock seismic anisotropy of the low‐velocity zone beneath the volcanic front in the mantle wedge
Authors: Michibayashi Katsuyoshi , Oohara Tatsuya , Satsukawa Takako , Ishimaru Satoko , Arai Shoji , Okrugin Victor M.
Published: June 2009

Peridotite xenoliths derived from the low velocity zone beneath the Avacha frontal volcano, Kamchatka, preserve a‐axis slip fabrics, comparable with those in xenoliths from the back‐arc region of the NE Japan. Although low‐velocity zones are commonly attributed to zones of partially melted mantle, migration of the melt does not erase the existing olivine fabrics and related seismic anisotropies. These anisotropies may counteract the anisotropies associated with c‐axis slip fabrics, if they exist, along the slab or in the high‐pressure zone.
Climatology of the mean total electron content derived from GPS global ionospheric maps
Authors: Liu Libo , Wan Weixing , Ning Baiqi , Zhang Man‐Lian
Published: June 2009

We analyzed 11 years' (1998–2008) worth of the total electron content (TEC) data derived at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from Global Positioning System (GPS) observations to investigate the overall climatological features of the ionosphere in a new way. The global ionospheric maps (GIM) of JPL TEC are averaged globally and over low‐, middle‐, and high‐latitude ranges in the southern (northern) hemisphere and both hemispheres to identify their capability of capturing the overall features of the ionosphere. These mean TEC data show strong annual/semiannual, solar cycle, and 27‐day variations. The mean TEC presents stronger solar activity sensitivity at lower‐latitude bands. Moreover, the saturation effect exists in these mean TEC versus solar index F10.7, more pronounced at low latitudes, while the mean TEC increases faster with higher solar EUV fluxes, being evident at high latitudes. The annual asymmetry (differences in June and December solstices) can be detected in the mean TEC averaged globally and at low latitudes under all solar epochs as well as at middle and high latitudes under most solar activities. The hemispheric asymmetry of the TEC in conjugate hemispheres follows the control of solar declination. Both the hemispheric differences and annual asymmetry are more marked with increasing solar activity. The annual components of the mean TEC are stronger in the southern hemisphere, and the semiannual components are of similar phases and comparable amplitudes in conjugate hemispheres, which suggest close couplings of the ionosphere in both hemispheres. Further, the mean TEC averaged in one hemisphere can reliably be used as ionospheric indices to monitor the solar activity variabilities and to capture the overall climatological features of the ionosphere over specified regions, while it should be cautioned that the mitigation of the dominant annual components with opposite phases in conjugate hemispheres leaves a significant semiannual component in the mean TEC averaged in both hemispheres, especially under low solar activity.
Changes in wave climate over the northwest European shelf seas during the last 12,000 years
Authors: Neill S. P. , Scourse J. D. , Bigg G. R. , Uehara K.
Published: June 2009

Because of the depth attenuation of wave orbital velocity, wave‐induced bed shear stress is much more sensitive to changes in total water depth than tidal‐induced bed shear stress. The ratio between wave‐ and tidal‐induced bed shear stress in many shelf sea regions has varied considerably over the recent geological past because of combined eustatic changes in sea level and isostatic adjustment. In order to capture the high‐frequency nature of wind events, a two‐dimensional spectral wave model is here applied at high temporal resolution to time slices from 12 ka BP to present using paleobathymetries of the NW European shelf seas. By contrasting paleowave climates and bed shear stress distributions with present‐day conditions, the model results demonstrate that, in regions of the shelf seas that remained wet continuously over the last 12,000 years, annual root‐mean‐square (rms) and peak wave heights increased from 12 ka BP to present. This increase in wave height was accompanied by a large reduction in the annual rms wave‐induced bed shear stress, primarily caused by a reduction in the magnitude of wave orbital velocity penetrating to the bed for increasing relative sea level. In regions of the shelf seas which remained wet over the last 12,000 years, the annual mean ratio of wave‐ to (M2) tidal‐induced bed shear stress decreased from 1 (at 12 ka BP) to its present‐day value of 0.5. Therefore compared to present‐day conditions, waves had a more important contribution to large‐scale sediment transport processes in the Celtic Sea and the northwestern North Sea at 12 ka BP.
Glucocerebroside: an evolutionary advantage for patients with Gaucher disease and a new immunomodulatory agent
Authors: Ilan Yaron , Elstein Deborah , Zimran Ari
Published: June 2009

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the reduced activity of a lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside (GC). The relatively high prevalence of this disease within an ethnic group is believed to reflect a selective advantage. Treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is safe and effective in ameliorating the primary symptoms of the disease, yet there have been reports that some patients on ERT have developed type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, malignancies and central nervous system disorders. A series of animal studies suggest that these complications may be related to the reduction of GC levels by the enzyme administered. GC has been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect through the promotion of dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. The break down of GC to ceramide can underline part of these findings. Clinical trials suggested a beneficial effect of GC in type 2 diabetes or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review of the data from animal models and humans proposes that the increased level of GC may provide an evolutionary advantage for patients with GD. Indirectly, these data support treating symptomatic patients with mild/moderate GD with low‐dose ERT and re‐evaluating the use of ERT in asymptomatic patients.
Coupled-surface investigation of the photodissociation of NH3(Ã): Effect of exciting the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes
Authors: Bonhommeau David , Valero Rosendo , Truhlar Donald G. , Jasper Ahren W.
Published: June 2009

Using previously developed potential energy surfaces and their couplings, non-Born–Oppenheimer trajectory methods are used to study the state-selected photodissociation of ammonia, prepared with up to six quanta of vibrational excitation in the symmetric (ν1) or antisymmetric (ν3) stretching modes of NH3(Ã). The predicted dynamics is mainly electronically nonadiabatic (that is, it produces ground electronic state amino radicals). The small probability of forming the excited-state amino radical is found, for low excitations, to increase with total energy and to be independent of whether the symmetric or antisymmetric stretch is excited; however some selectivity with respect to exciting the antisymmetric stretch is found when more than one quantum of excitation is added to the stretches, and more than 50% of the amino radical are found to be electronically excited when six quanta are placed in the antisymmetric stretch. These results are in contrast to the mechanism inferred in recent experimental work, where excitation of the antisymmetric stretch by a single quantum was found to produce significant amounts of excited-state products via adiabatic dissociation at total energies of about 7.0 eV. Both theory and experiment predict a broad range of translational energies for the departing H atoms when the symmetric stretch is excited, but the present simulations do not reproduce the experimental translational energy profiles when the antisymmetric stretch is excited. The sensitivity of the predicted results to several aspects of the calculation is considered in detail, and the analysis leads to insight into the nature of the dynamics that is responsible for mode selectivity.
On the imaginary-real ratio rule of power spectra
Authors: Qian Min-Ping , Xie Jian-Sheng
Published: June 2009

The power spectra of real observables for continuous-time systems driven by L2-exponential ergodic stationary Markov processes are investigated. We find the necessary and sufficient condition for the power spectra to be monotonic/nonmonotonic, which includes the famous imaginary-real ratio rule as a special case. We also give some examples as applications.
A theory for the high-field current-carrying capacity of one-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Jena Debdeep
Published: June 2009

It is shown that current saturation in semiconducting carbon nanotubes is indistinguishable from metallic nanotubes if the carrier density is above a critical value determined by the bandgap and the optical phonon energy. This feature stems from the higher number of current-carrying states in the semiconducting tubes due to the van Hove singularity at the band edge. Above this critical carrier density, the ensemble saturation velocity at high fields is found to be independent of the bandgap, but strongly dependent on the carrier density, explaining recent observations. The results derived are valid in the limit of ultrafast electron-optical phonon interaction and diffusive transport at high electric fields. The analytical results derived are then applied to one-dimensional (1D) semiconducting graphene nanoribbons as well as semiconductor nanowires with parabolic bandgap. A generalized concept of phonon-limited saturation currents in high-field transport in 1D structures emerges from these considerations.
Low frequency noise in amorphous silicon thin film transistors with SiNx gate dielectric
Authors: Rumyantsev S. L. , Jin Sung Hun , Shur M. S. , Park Mun-Soo
Published: June 2009

The analysis of experimental data following the McWhorter model for the low frequency noise in amorphous Si thin film transistors (TFTs) with SiNx gate dielectric revealed relatively low density of traps Nt≈1019 (cm3 eV)−1. This value is close to the lower limit ever reported for amorphous and polycrystalline Si TFTs. Trap density only slightly increases with the increase of the gate voltage, i.e., approaching the conduction band edge.
Scaling of the vortex-liquid resistivity and temperature and magnetic field dependent activation energy in Ho doped (Bi, Pb)-2212 superconductor
Authors: Vinu S. , Sarun P. M. , Shabna R. , Biju A. , Syamaprasad U.
Published: June 2009

The vortex-liquid resistivity close to the vortex glass to liquid transition region is analyzed in detail for Ho doped (Bi, Pb)-2212 superconductor. A large broadening of resistive transition in magnetic field is observed, which is a direct evidence for the thermal fluctuation in the vortex system, and hence the modified vortex glass to liquid transition theory is used to calculate the temperature and magnetic field dependent activation energy U0(B,T). The resistivity shows a glassy behavior even at higher temperature and magnetic field for the Ho stoichiometry x=0.075, which is believed to come mainly from the point defect brought about by the doped Ho atoms in the (Bi, Pb)-2212 system. The results also show that the glass transition temperature (Tg), magnetic field dependent activation energy U0(B), and U0(B,T) values are maximum for x=0.075, which shows that the flux lines are effectively pinned and the vortices are in glassy state for this sample, and the enhancement due to Ho doping has both scientific and technological importance. Also, the scaling of vortex-liquid resistivity obtained in the presence of magnetic field is quite useful for better understanding of the behavior of the vortex liquid in high temperature superconductors.
Direct growth of transparent conducting Nb-doped anatase TiO2 polycrystalline films on glass
Authors: Yamada Naoomi , Hitosugi Taro , Kasai Junpei , Hoang Ngoc Lam Huong , Nakao Shoichiro , Hirose Yasushi , Shimada Toshihiro , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: June 2009

This paper proposes a novel sputter-based method for the direct growth of transparent conducting Ti1−xNbxO2 (TNO) polycrystalline films on glass, without the need for any postdeposition treatments, by the use of an initial seed-layer. Anatase TNO epitaxial films grown on LaAlO3 (100) substrates under a reducing atmosphere exhibited a low resistivity (ρ) of (3–6)×10−4Ωcm. On glass, however, highly resistive rutile phase polycrystalline films (ρ∼100Ωcm) formed preferentially under the same conditions. These results suggest that epitaxial stabilization of the oxygen-deficient anatase phase occurs on lattice-matched substrates. To produce a similar effect on a glass surface, we deposited a seed-layer of anatase TNO with excellent crystallinity under an increased oxygen atmosphere. As a result, anatase phase TNO polycrystalline films could be grown even under heavily reducing atmospheres. An optimized film exhibited ρ=1.1×10−3Ωcm and optical absorption lower than 10% in the visible region. This ρ value is more than one order of magnitude lower than values reported for directly deposited TNO polycrystalline films. This indicates that the seed-layer method has considerable potential for producing transparent conducting TNO polycrystalline films on glass.
Interfacial, electrical, and spin-injection properties of epitaxial Co2MnGa grown on GaAs(100)
Authors: Damsgaard C. D. , Hickey M. C. , Holmes S. N. , Feidenhans'l R. , Mariager S. O. , Jacobsen C. S. , Hansen J. B.
Published: June 2009

The interfacial, electrical, and magnetic properties of the Heusler alloy Co2MnGa grown epitaxially on GaAs(100) are presented with an emphasis on the use of this metal-semiconductor combination for a device that operates on the principles of spin-injection between the two materials. Through systematic growth optimization the stoichiometry in the bulk Co2MnGa can be controlled to better than ±2%, although the interface is disordered and limits the spin-injection efficiency in a practical spintronic device irrespective of the half-metallic nature of the bulk metal. Molecular beam epitaxial growth was monitored in situ by reflection high energy electron diffraction and the bulk composition was measured ex situ with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The Co2MnGa L21 cubic structure is strained below a thickness of 20 nm on GaAs(100) but relaxed in films thicker than 20 nm. Electrical measurements on the Co2MnGa reveal general characteristics of a disordered electron system with insulating behavior for layer thicknesses <4 nm. Thicker layers show a negative magnetoresistance with extraordinary Hall effect constants up to 30 Ω T−1. Spin polarization transfer across the interface between Co2MnGa and GaAs is approximately 6.4% at 5 K in the current of a GaAs p-i-n diode even with compositional disorder at the interface.
A biomolecular detection method based on charge pumping in a nanogap embedded field-effect-transistor biosensor
Authors: Kim Sungho , Ahn Jae-Hyuk , Park Tae Jung , Lee Sang Yup , Choi Yang-Kyu
Published: June 2009

A unique direct electrical detection method of biomolecules, charge pumping, was demonstrated using a nanogap embedded field-effect-transistor (FET). With aid of a charge pumping method, sensitivity can fall below the 1 ng/ml concentration regime in antigen-antibody binding of an avian influenza case. Biomolecules immobilized in the nanogap are mainly responsible for the acute changes of the interface trap density due to modulation of the energy level of the trap. This finding is supported by a numerical simulation. The proposed detection method for biomolecules using a nanogap embedded FET represents a foundation for a chip-based biosensor capable of high sensitivity.
Photodissociation dynamics of IrBr62− dianions by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Rensing Christian , Ehrler Oli T. , Yang Ji-Ping , Unterreiner Andreas-Neil , Kappes Manfred M.
Published: June 2009

We have used femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the photodissociation dynamics of doubly charged anions IrBr62− after excitation at hνpump=1.6 eV and with a detachment photon energy of hνprobe=4.8 eV. Excited state dynamics proceed by successive decay of the initially excited state, by way of an intermediate and back to the electronic ground state. This is associated with lifetimes of τ1=2.1±0.3 ps and τ2=21±2 ps, respectively. After nonadiabatic relaxation, the internal energy of the dianion is sufficiently large to induce fragmentation and delayed emission of Br− over the repulsive Coulomb barrier with a 79±21 ps time constant. As both fragments are negatively charged, Coulomb repulsion at early times (and correspondingly small separations) is reflected in the transient photoelectron spectra. Analysis of both shifts and intensities of the time-dependent bromide detachment features allows determination of the shape of the dissociation barrier. A lower limit of the outer height was retrieved from the kinetic energy release of KER≥1.6 eV. Modeling of the dissociation rate with statistical rate theory results in an inner barrier height of ERCB=0.95 eV.
Width of reaction zones in A+B→C type reaction-diffusion processes: Effects of an electric current
Authors: Martens K. , Droz M. , Rácz Z.
Published: June 2009

We investigate the effects of an electric current on the width of a stationary reaction zone in an irreversible A−+B+→C reaction-diffusion process. The ion dynamics of electrolytes A≡(A+,A−) and B≡(B+,B−) is described by reaction-diffusion equations obeying local electroneutrality and the stationary state is obtained by employing reservoirs of fixed electrolyte concentrations at the opposite ends of a finite domain. We find that the width of the reaction zone decreases when the current drives the reacting ions toward the reaction zone while it increases in the opposite case. The linear response of the width to the current is estimated by developing a phenomenological theory based on conservation laws and on electroneutrality. The theory is found to reproduce numerical solutions to a good accuracy.
Static dielectric properties of polarizable ion models: Molecular dynamics study of molten AgI and NaI
Authors: Bitrián Vicente , Alcaraz Olga , Trullàs Joaquim
Published: June 2009

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the static dielectric response function of systems of ions with inducible point dipoles is derived. It is shown that the static longitudinal dielectric function is determined by spatial correlations of both charge and dipole-moment density fluctuations. Moreover, it is deduced that the long-wavelength behavior of the charge structure factor for polarizable ion systems is different from that for systems of rigid ions. Molecular dynamics simulation results of rigid and polarizable ion models for molten AgI and NaI are reported.
Solution of the fractional Langevin equation and the Mittag–Leffler functions
Authors: Camargo R. Figueiredo , Chiacchio Ary O. , Charnet R. , Capelas de Oliveira E.
Published: June 2009

We introduce the fractional generalized Langevin equation in the absence of a deterministic field, with two deterministic conditions for a particle with unitary mass, i.e., an initial condition and an initial velocity are considered. For a particular correlation function, that characterizes the physical process, and using the methodology of the Laplace transform, we obtain the solution in terms of the three-parameter Mittag–Leffler function. As particular cases, some recent results are also presented.
Hopf algebras for ternary algebras
Authors: Goze M. , Rausch de Traubenberg M.
Published: June 2009

We construct a universal enveloping algebra associated with the ternary extension of Lie (super)algebras called Lie algebra of order three. A Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem is proven is this context. It this then shown that this universal enveloping algebra can be endowed with a structure of Hopf algebra. The study of the dual of the universal enveloping algebra enables to define the parameters of the transformation of a Lie algebra of order of 3. It turns out that these variables are the variables which generate the three-exterior algebra.
Improving field emission properties of GaN nanowires by oxide coating
Authors: Tang Cen-Cun , Xu Xue-Wen , Hu Long , Li Yang-Xian
Published: June 2009

We compared the field emission properties of the following four types of nanowires: GaN nanowire, Ga2O3 nanowire, GaN nanowire with Ga2O3 coating, and Ga2O3 nanowire with GaN coating. The turn-on field values for the GaN, Ga2O3, GaN/Ga2O3, and Ga2O3/GaN nanowires are 4.3, 6.2, 4.7, and 2.6 V/μm, respectively. It has been found that the oxide coatings effectively improve the field emission capability of GaN nanowires, while the nitride coatings depress electron emission of Ga2O3 nanowires. The corresponding Fowler–Nordheim analysis revealed that the field emission improvement is attributed to the electron accumulation on the coated oxide particles and the interfacial electron redistribution in the nanoscale hetero-structure which results in the shift of Fermi level and the changes of work functions.
Controlling molecular rotational population by wave-packet interference
Authors: Wu Chengyin , Zeng Guiping , Gao Yunan , Xu Nan , Peng Liang-You , Jiang Hongbing , Gong Qihuang
Published: June 2009

We propose a control scheme for selecting populations of molecular rotational states by wave-packet interference. A series of coherent rotational wave packets is created by nonadiabatic rotational excitation of molecules using two strong femtosecond laser pulses. By adjusting the time delay between the two laser pulses, constructive or destructive interference among these wave packets enables the population to be enhanced or suppressed for a specific rotational state. The evolution of the rotational wave packet with selected populations produces interference patterns with controlled spatial symmetries. This method provides an approach to prepare a molecular ensemble with selected quantum-state distributions and controlled spatial distributions under field-free condition.
Coupled microsphere clusters for detecting molecule’s dipole moment orientation
Authors: Guzatov Dmitry V. , Woggon Ulrike
Published: June 2009

A three-sphere microsphere cluster is proposed as sensor of the dipole moment orientation of molecules or nanocrystals. A single dipole source of electromagnetic radiation adsorbed on the surface of one of the microspheres excites the whole, weakly coupled microsphere cluster and creates a field in all neighboring spheres. Since the maximal values of the relative intensity of the field modes and the spatial field distribution depends on the orientation of the radiation source, a second microsphere of the cluster can be used as a sensing sphere to measure in situ almost background-free the molecule’s optical dipole moment orientation.
Resonant enhancement of second order sideband generation for intraexcitonic transitions in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells
Authors: Wagner M. , Schneider H. , Winnerl S. , Helm M. , Roch T. , Andrews A. M. , Schartner S. , Strasser G.
Published: June 2009

We present an experimental study on efficient second order sideband generation in symmetric undoped GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells. A near-infrared laser tuned to excitonic interband transitions is mixed with an in-plane polarized terahertz beam from a free-electron laser. The terahertz beam is tuned either to the intraexcitonic heavy-hole 1s-2p transition or to the interexcitonic heavy-hole light-hole transition. We find strong evidence that the intraexcitonic transition is of paramount influence on n=±2 sideband generation, leading to an order-of-magnitude resonant enhancement of the conversion efficiency up to 0.1% at low temperature. At room temperature, the efficiency drops only by a factor of 7 for low terahertz powers.
Direct observation of nonlinear acoustoelastic hysteresis in kinking nonlinear elastic solids
Authors: Finkel P. , Zhou A. G. , Basu S. , Yeheskel O. , Barsoum M. W.
Published: June 2009

Herein we report on direct experimental observation of nonlinear hysteretic ultrasonic wave transmission through the kinking nonlinear elastic solids Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2 under bias-stress loading. We observed two characteristic regimes; up to strain ≈2×10−4, the ultrasound attenuation increased strongly and linearly with strain. At higher strains, the attenuation was fully reversible and hysteretic as the compressive stresses were cycled. This hysteretic behavior was attributed to interaction of the acoustic waves with dislocations in the incipient kink bands, the micromechanism believed to be responsible for the concomitant hysteretic stress-strain loops. The relevance of these findings to possible sensor applications is briefly discussed.
Amplified spontaneous emission in the spiropyran-biopolymer based system
Authors: Mysliwiec Jaroslaw , Sznitko Lech , Bartkiewicz Stanislaw , Miniewicz Andrzej , Essaidi Zacaria , Kajzar Francois , Sahraoui Bouchta
Published: June 2009

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) phenomenon in the 6-nitro-1′,3′,3′-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indolin] organic dye dispersed in a solid matrix has been observed. The biopolymer system deoxyribonucleic acid blended with cationic surfactant molecule cetyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride served as a matrix. ASE appeared under sample excitation by UV light pulses (λ=355 nm) coming from nanosecond or picosecond neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers and has been reinforced with green (λ=532 nm) light excitation followed UV light pulse. The ASE characteristics in function of different excitation pulse energies as well as signal gain were measured.
Bistable Abrikosov vortex diode made of a Py–Nb ferromagnet-superconductor bilayer structure
Authors: Carapella G. , Granata V. , Russo F. , Costabile G.
Published: June 2009

We report magnetotransport measurements on Py/Nb bilayers patterned in a Hall strip geometry, with Permalloy allowing a weak stripe domain regime. After application of a weak magnetic field in the plane of the bilayer perpendicular to the transport current, the strip behaves as a bistable superconducting diode and a nonvolatile superconducting valve as well. The observed behavior can be accounted for by the stray fields at the edges of the strip that modulate the distribution of the stray fields from the stripe domains in the ferromagnetic layer, generating an asymmetric and bistable magnetic forces background for the Abrikosov vortices moving in the superconducting layer.
Particle pinch and collisionality in gyrokinetic simulations of tokamak plasma turbulence
Authors: Angioni C. , Candy J. , Fable E. , Maslov M. , Peeters A. G. , Waltz R. E. , Weisen H.
Published: June 2009

The generic problem of how, in a turbulent plasma, the experimentally relevant conditions of a particle flux very close to the null are achieved, despite the presence of strong heat fluxes, is addressed. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of plasma turbulence in tokamaks reveal a complex dependence of the particle flux as a function of the turbulent spatial scale and of the velocity space as collisionality is increased. At experimental values of collisionality, the particle flux is found close to the null, in agreement with the experiment, due to the balance between inward and outward contributions at small and large scales, respectively. These simulations provide full theoretical support to the prediction of a peaked density profile in a future nuclear fusion reactor.
Spin-polarized edge and transport in graphene nanoscale junctions
Authors: Guo Jing , Ouyang Yijian
Published: June 2009

By simulating spin transport through graphene nanoscale junctions, which have been fabricated recently, we show that the junction can conduct a spin-polarized current even without an external field. Conduction through the conduction subband results in an opposite type of spin filtering from conduction through the valence subband. The junction is magnetic with a nonzero total spin that depends on the junction geometry. The qualitative conclusions remain the same no matter a one-side armchair edge junction or a zigzag edge junction is considered.