bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Consumer Innovativeness on Shopping Styles: A Case-Study of Limkokwing University Students (Botswana)
Authors: Jaiyeoba Olumide Olasimbo , Opeda Frederick Odongo
Published: December 2013

The unprecedented abundance of choice and retail outlets creates a massive array of choice for consumers most especially students. Innovative consumers are an important market segment. This paper seeks to investigate whether consumers’ innate innovativeness is associated with their shopping styles. Specifically, it aims to explore the relationship between two types of innovativeness (sensory innovativeness and cognitive innovativeness and consumer shopping styles). Indeed, the unprecedented abundance of choice and retail outlets creates a massive array of choice for consumers. Despite these significant changes in the commercial environment, very little is known about the decision making processes of consumers in developing countries, most especially in Botswana. Ostensibly, the paucity of research in this area hinders our understanding of consumer decision making processes. The paper integrates the consumer innovativeness and consumer shopping styles literature. A structural equation model was used to test the relationship between cognitive and sensory innovativeness and various shopping styles. Cognitive innovators are inclined to show shopping styles such as quality consciousness, price consciousness, and confusion by overchoice, while sensory innovators are inclined to have shopping styles such as brand consciousness, fashion consciousness, recreational orientation, impulsive shopping, and brand loyalty/habitual shopping. The research is based on a convenience sample of young consumers in Botswana. The findings of this research would hopefully help managers to develop a deeper insight into product development and marketing. Furthermore, since the youth market in Botswana represents an enormous opportunity for marketers, the paper provides valuable insights into this key market segment. It thus provides new insights into the shopping patterns of consumers who belong to different innovativeness types. It also makes a new contribution to the shopping styles literature by explicating potential antecedents to the various shopping styles among the largest private tertiary institution students in Botswana.
Racial Disparity in the Associations of Microalbuminuria and Macroalbuminuria with Odds of Hypertension: Results from the NHANES Study in the United States
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Liu Yali , Tsilimingras Dennis , Campbell Kendall M.
Published: December 2013

Background. Limited information is available on whether the associations of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria with the odds of hypertension differ among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics. Methods. Cross-sectional data of 24,949 participants aged ≥18 years were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2008. Odds ratios of hypertension for microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were estimated by conducting weighted multiple logistic regression models. Results. After adjustment for extensive confounding factors, microalbuminuria is 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.17, 1.80]), 2.07 (95% CI [1.52, 2.83]) and 2.81 (95% CI [2.06, 3.84]) times more likely to be associated with hypertension, and macroalbuminuria is 4.08 (95% CI [1.98, 8.38]), 8.62 (95% CI [3.84, 19.35]), and 4.43 (95% CI [2.13, 9.21]) times in non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics, respectively. The odds of hypertension for microalbuminuria (versus normalbuminuria) were 52% higher in non-Hispanic Blacks and 98% higher in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic Whites; the odds of hypertension for macroalbuminuria (versus normalbuminuria) did not differ among racial groups. Conclusion. Racial differences in the relation between microalbuminuria and hypertension are prevalent among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics. More screening efforts should be encouraged in normotensive non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics with microalbuminuria.
Shifts of Bacterioplankton Metabolic Profiles along the Salinity Gradient in a Subtropical Estuary
Authors: Urakawa Hidetoshi , Ali Jaffar , Ketover Rheannon D. J. , Talmage Spencer D. , Garcia Juan C. , Campbell Ian S. , Loh Ai Ning , Parsons Michael L.
Published: December 2013

Understanding the biodegradation potential of river bacterioplankton communities is crucial for watershed management. We investigated the shifts in bacterioplankton metabolic profiles along the salinity gradient of the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, Florida. The carbon source utilization patterns of river bacterioplankton communities were determined by using Biolog EcoPlates. The number of utilized substrates was generally high in the upstream freshwater dominated zone and low in the downstream zone, suggesting a shift in metabolic profiles among bacterioplankton assemblages along the estuarine gradient. The prokaryotic cell numbers also decreased along the estuarine salinity gradient. Seasonal and site-specific differences were found in the numbers of utilized substrates, which were similar in summer and fall (wet season) and winter and spring (dry season). Bacterioplankton assemblages in summer and fall showed more versatile substrate utilization patterns than those of winter and spring communities. Therefore, our data suggest that microbial metabolic patterns in the subtropical estuary are likely influenced by the water discharge patterns created by dry and wet seasons along the salinity gradient.
Acritarcos (grupo acritarcha evitt 1963): conceitos gerais, aplicações e importância na análise estratigráfica do intervalo pennsilvaniano e permiano da Bacia do Paraná
Authors: Félix Cristina Moreira , Souza Paulo Alves de
Published: December 2013

Embora constituam palinomorfos de natureza biológica incerta, os acritarcos são comumente utilizados para fins bioestratigráficos e de interpretação paleoambiental, principalmente para os depósitos de idade entre o Cambriano e o Devoniano. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão atualizada sobre os aspectos morfológicos, classificação, distribuição estratigráfica e aplicações dos microfósseis de parede orgânica alocados neste grupo no âmbito das Geociências. Registros brasileiros são exemplificados, principalmente de bacias intracratônicas paleozoicas, com destaque para os depósitos pennsilvanianos e permianos da Bacia do Paraná. Como principais resultados obtidos para este intervalo na bacia, destacam-se: (i) muitos dos táxons identificados como acritarcos possivelmente têm parentesco com algas prasinofíceas e zignematáceas e (ii) a constatação de intervalos com associações abundantes em espécimes atribuídos aos gêneros Micrhystridium e Veryhachium, corroborando in terpretações prévias sobre um marco estratigráfico permiano de natureza marinha, incluindo depósitos da porção superior da Formação Palermo à porção mais inferior da Formação Irati. A revisão taxonômica revela um período de declínio acentuado da diversidade de espécies (blackout fitoplanctônico) para o Carbonífero e Permiano em nível mundial, principalmente considerando a riqueza em nível genérico, muito menor que aquela observada para os depósitos pré-carboníferos no Brasil e em outras partes do mundo.
Aplicação do Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP) no mapeamento de perigo de escorregamentos em áreas urbanas
Authors: Faria Daniela Gírio Marchiori , Augusto Filho Oswaldo
Published: December 2013

O método de mapeamento de perigo de escorregamentos em áreas urbanas mais utilizado atualmente no Brasil é o adotado pelo Ministério das Cidades. Com a finalidade de torná-lo mais sistemático e diminuir o grau de subjetividade na comparação e hierarquização dos setores de perigo, porém sem modificar sua abordagem fundamental, o presente trabalho propõe incorporar na análise o Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP). Para validar essa proposta foi realizado um ensaio de aplicação em áreas de risco a escorregamentos no Município de São Sebastião (SP), mapeadas anteriormente pelo Instituto Geológico da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo (IG/SMA/SP), segundo a abordagem tradicional, ou seja, sem a incorporação sistemática do AHP. Os resultados do mapeamento do IG para uma das áreas (Vila Baiana), exemplificada neste trabalho, foram mais conservadores que aqueles obtidos com a incorporação do método AHP. A sua aplicação diminuiu a subjetividade e evidenciou a facilidade e praticidade na ponderação dos indicadores na classificação do perigo. A análise das opiniões de três especialistas nos julgamentos paritários dos indicadores de perigo a escorregamentos mostrou não haver discrepâncias na classificação do perigo.
Efeito da adição de zeólita e vermiculita na lixiviação de potássio do solo
Authors: Wu Luis Fernando , Shinzato Mirian Chieko , Andrade Sandra , Franchi José Guilherme , Andrade Vanessa da Silva
Published: December 2013

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a lixiviação do potássio (K+) adicionado em um solo (Latossolo Vermelho) e avaliar a eficiência de retenção desse íon com a adição de minerais com elevada capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), como vermiculita e zeólita. Amostras de Latossolo Vermelho coletadas em Araraquara (SP) foram caracterizadas física, química e mineralogicamente. O solo possui textura argilosa, baixa acidez e é pobre em nutrientes e em minerais fontes de K+. A lixiviação de potássio nesse solo foi avaliada a partir de dois testes: (1) lixiviação de K+ em colunas preenchidas com solos, na presença de vermiculita ou zeólita e (2) incubação de solos com vermiculita e zeólita durante 30 dias para verificar a interação desses minerais com o K+ adicionado ao meio, na presença/ausência de Ca2+ (na forma de CaCO3). Os testes de lixiviação em colunas revelaram que a textura e a mineralogia do solo desempenham importante papel na retenção de K+, promovendo a rápida transferência de sua fase solúvel para a fase trocável. O latossolo perdeu, em média, somente 2% do total de K+ adicionado ao sistema e esse valor decresce para 1,6% na presença de vermiculita e 1,2% com zeólita. Nos testes de incubação também se observou que o K+ solúvel introduzido no meio é logo transferido para a fase trocável e a introdução de vermiculita e zeólita aumenta a taxa de sua retenção no solo. A presença de cálcio no meio, no entanto, não favorece a retenção de K+ pela vermiculita - que prefere reter cátions de maior valência como o Ca2+. O mesmo não acontece com a zeólita, cujos sítios de troca preferem cátions de menor valência como o K+. De forma geral, verificou-se que a adição de minerais com elevada CTC aumenta a disponibilidade de K+ na fase fixa, que pode servir de reserva desse íon, e ainda diminui a perda por lixiviação desse nutriente no solo.
Viatgers romàntics. Els viatges d’Alexander von Humboldt i de Charles Darwin
Authors: Sucarrats Riera Raimon
Published: December 2013

Tot i pertànyer a generacions diferents i representar formes diferents d’aproximació a l’estudi de la natura, Humboldt i Darwin comparteixen el fet de tenir en l’aventura individual d’un gran viatge iniciàtic la fita determinant de la seva fructífera carrera científica.
The Emergence of the Professional Field of Higher Education in Sweden
Authors: Agevall Ola , Olofsson Gunnar
Published: December 2013

The changing structure of the Swedish university system has shaped its corps of university teachers. The analytical device used to demonstrate this connection is the changing social functions of Swedish universities which serve as the lens through which we understand this change. We argue for five successive and historically added layers of functions: the training of church officials, state functionaries, experts of the industrial society, the welfare professions, and, finally, the mass of employees of the “knowledge society.” Each new function is superimposed on the existing ones, adding to the complexity of tasks, areas of knowledge, and teacher categories in the universities. The position of the university as the arbiter of the highest form of knowledge, the internal differentiation of the field of higher education, and the growth and stratification of its teaching corps are three main building blocks for this history of the Swedish system of higher education.
The Professional Landscape: The Historical Development of Professions in Sweden
Authors: Brante Thomas
Published: December 2013

This special issue of Professions & Professionalism seeks to explain the transition of occupations from non-professions to professions and the conditions and causes that generate professions (i.e., the bases of professionalization). Empirically, we use the histories of the Swedish professions, positing that these histories have several close similarities (and, of course, differences) with those of other nations, thus making this project of international interest. Theoretically, we define a number of general concepts that are employed to explain the processes of professionalization. The most general concept, which covers the professional layer, is called the professional landscape. It is divided into a number of professional fields and generations, creating a typology of professions. The fields that are presented, together with the professions assuming key positions in the fields, are technology, health, social integration, social regulation, education, and academia. The historical emergence of the fields and the transition from occupation and pre-profession to full profession are outlined.
Seabed fluid expulsion along the upper slope and outer shelf of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin
Authors: Brothers D. S. , Ruppel C. , Kluesner J. W. , ten Brink U. S. , Chaytor J. D. , Hill J. C. , Andrews B. D. , Flores C.
Published: December 2013

Identifying the spatial distribution of seabed fluid expulsion features is crucial for understanding the substrate plumbing system of any continental margin. A 1100 km stretch of the U.S. Atlantic margin contains more than 5000 pockmarks at water depths of 120 m (shelf edge) to 700 m (upper slope), mostly updip of the contemporary gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Advanced attribute analyses of high‐resolution multichannel seismic reflection data reveal gas‐charged sediment and probable fluid chimneys beneath pockmark fields. A series of enhanced reflectors, inferred to represent hydrate‐bearing sediments, occur within the GHSZ. Differential sediment loading at the shelf edge and warming‐induced gas hydrate dissociation along the upper slope are the proposed mechanisms that led to transient changes in substrate pore fluid overpressure, vertical fluid/gas migration, and pockmark formation.
A possible explanation on the changes in the spatial structure of ENSO from CMIP3 to CMIP5
Authors: Yeh Sang‐Wook , Ham Yoo‐Geun , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: December 2013

This study examines changes in the structure of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude using the historical climate simulations of the World Climate Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase‐3 and phase‐5 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). The analysis focuses on the “so‐called” Bjerknes feedback. The Bjerknes feedback affects the sea surface temperature (SST) variability differently between the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. In the CMIP5 models, the strength of the Bjerknes feedback is associated with the amplitude of ENSO, whereas the changes in the strength of Bjerknes feedback are not associated with changes in ENSO amplitude in CMIP3 CGCMs. The relationship between the Bjerknes feedback and the SST anomaly variance is suggested as a possible explanation for the eastward shift in the SST anomaly variance in CMIP5 relative to CMIP3.
Equatorial broad plasma depletions associated with the enhanced fountain effect
Authors: Lee Woo Kyoung , Kil Hyosub , Kwak Young‐Sil , Paxton Larry J. , Zhang Yongliang , Galkin Ivan , Batista Inez S.
Published: December 2013

Broad plasma depletions (BPDs), plasma depletions whose longitudinal width is over several hundred kilometers, have been detected in the equatorial F region by low‐earth‐orbit satellites during both magnetically quiet and magnetically disturbed periods. A few hypotheses were suggested to explain the creation of BPDs, but the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is still under debate. We investigate the origin of BPDs by analyzing the simultaneous in situ and optical observations of the ionosphere on 30 May 2003 (Kp = 8+), 24 April 2012 (Kp = 7−), and 31 October 2012 (Kp = 0+). BPDs on 30 May 2003 were detected by the Republic of China Satellite‐1 at an altitude of 600 km, and BPDs on the other days were detected by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite near an altitude of 400 km. Our results show that the detection of BPDs is closely associated with background ionospheric morphology; BPDs are detected on the days when the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) is intense and the crests of the EIA have moved poleward. Measurements of upward plasma motion support the existence of ionospheric uplift at BPD locations. These observations and the detection of BPDs near the magnetic equator lead to the interpretation that the satellite detection of BPDs during those 3 days is likely related to the uplift of the F peak height above the satellite orbits.
Physical properties and brittle strength of thermally cracked granite under confinement
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Qiong , Schubnel Alexandre , Fortin Jérôme , Guéguen Yves , Ge Hong‐Kui
Published: December 2013

Effects of thermal crack damage on the rupture processes of a fine‐grained granite were investigated under triaxial stress, under water (wet) and argon gas (dry) saturated conditions, and at room temperature. Thermal cracking was introduced by slowly heating and cooling two samples of La Peyratte granite up to 700°C, which were compared to two intact specimens. For each rock sample, a hydrostatic test was first carried up to 90 MPa effective pressure (5 MPa constant pore pressure). The samples were then deformed to failure at a constant strain rate of 2.10−6s−1, at 30 MPa effective pressure. Our results show that (1) permeability of heat‐treated specimens was 4–5 orders of magnitude larger than that of intact specimens at low effective mean pressure; (2) nevertheless, at our experimental conditions (2.10−6 s−1), thermal cracking had no significant influence on the brittle strength; (3) similarly, no obvious water weakening effect was observed; (4) however, with increasing stress, elastic anisotropy appeared at lower differential stress in heat‐treated specimens than in intact ones, but close to failure, the magnitude of P wave anisotropy was approximately the same for both types of specimens; (5) acoustic emission hypocenter locations and P wave velocity anisotropy in the basal plane demonstrate that strain localization started right at the onset of dilatancy for heat‐treated specimens, later in the intact specimens; and (6) inverting wave velocities for crack density, we show that failure was reached for vertical crack densities of 0.35 for dry specimens and possibly 0.5 for water‐saturated specimens.
Decadal water‐property trends in the California Undercurrent, with implications for ocean acidification
Authors: Meinvielle M. , Johnson Gregory C.
Published: December 2013

This study uses data along the West Coast of North America to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of water properties to around 500 m depth. The analysis uses potential density (
) as the vertical coordinate and bottom depth and latitude as the horizontal coordinates. The study uses historical data from the World Ocean Database 2009 from 25°N to 50°N and 1950–2012 for a large‐scale analysis of water‐property spatial structure and temporal trends in the California Current System (CCS), finding significant trends from 1980 to 2012 along density surfaces near the core of the California Undercurrent (CUC), including decreasing dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, increasing warmth and salinity, and decreasing potential vorticity. All these changes are consistent with an increasing influence of Pacific equatorial waters with time. Mixing characteristics along the core of the CUC (
) reveal that the 1980–2012 trends in the water‐mass properties in the CUC are mostly consistent with a northward shift of these properties, with additional decreases in DO concentration. These modifications are associated with the shoaling and strengthening of the CUC. The changes also imply increased ocean total (natural and anthropogenic) acidification, as the trend in the DO concentration is consistent with a natural decrease in pH all along the CUC, suggesting that significantly more acidic waters are feeding upwelling onto the shelf around 2012 than around 1980.
Lagrangian evolution of DMS during the Southern Ocean gas exchange experiment: The effects of vertical mixing and biological community shift
Authors: Yang M. , Archer S. D. , Blomquist B. W. , Ho D. T. , Lance V. P. , Torres R. J.
Published: December 2013

Concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are highly variable in time and space. What is driving the variability in DMS(P), and can those variability be explained by physical processes and changes in the biological community? During the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment (SO GasEx) in the austral fall of 2008, two 3He/SF6 labeled patches were created in the surface water. SF6 and DMS were surveyed continuously in a Lagrangian framework, while direct measurements of air‐sea exchange further constrained the gas budgets. Turbulent diffusivity at the base of the mixed layer was estimated from SF6 profiles and used to calculate the vertical fluxes of DMS and nutrients. Increasing mixed layer nutrient concentrations due to mixing were associated with a shift in the phytoplankton community structure, which in turned likely affected the sulfur dynamics on timescales of days. DMS concentration as well as air‐sea DMS flux appeared to be decoupled from the DMSP concentration, possibly due to grazing and bacterial DMS production. Contrary to expectations, in an environment with high winds and modest productivity, physical processes (air‐sea exchange, photochemistry, vertical mixing) only accounted for a small fraction of DMS loss from the surface water. Among the DMS sinks, inferred biological consumption most likely dominated during SO GasEx.
The effects of turbulence on the microphysics of mixed‐phase deep convective clouds investigated with a 2‐D cloud model with spectral bin microphysics
Authors: Benmoshe N. , Khain A. P.
Published: December 2013

Multiple recent studies investigate the effects of turbulence on collisions of cloud droplets. It was shown that turbulence typical of cumulus clouds increases the collision rate between cloud droplets several times. The turbulent‐induced collision enhancement decreases the time and the height of raindrops formation. In the present study, the potential effect of turbulence on the microstructure of mixed‐phase deep convective clouds is investigated. Effects of turbulence‐induced enhancement of the collision rate between ice particles as well as between ice particles and water drops are investigated by means of the Hebrew University Cloud model with spectral bin microphysics. Simulations of isolated deep convective mixed‐phase clouds were performed under different aerosol conditions. It is shown that turbulence may have a substantial impact on the microphysical structure of mixed‐phase convective clouds. At the same time, turbulence impact on accumulated rain amount from a single cloud is not very significant.
Seasonal ventilation of the stratosphere: Robust diagnostics from one‐way flux distributions
Authors: Orbe Clara , Holzer Mark , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Waugh Darryn W. , Li Feng , Oman Luke D. , Newman Paul A.
Published: December 2013

We present an analysis of the seasonally varying ventilation of the stratosphere using one‐way flux distributions. Robust transport diagnostics are computed using GEOSCCM subject to fixed present‐day climate forcings. From the one‐way flux, we determine the mass of the stratosphere that is in transit since entry through the tropical tropopause to its exit back into the troposphere, partitioned according to stratospheric residence time and exit location. The seasonalities of all diagnostics are quantified with respect to the month of year (a) when air enters the stratosphere, (b) when the mass of the stratosphere is partitioned, and (c) when air exits back into the troposphere. We find that the return flux, within 3 months since entry, depends strongly on when entry occurred: (34±10)% more of the air entering the stratosphere in July leaves poleward of 45°N compared to air that enters in January. The month of year when the air mass is partitioned is also found to be important: The stratosphere contains about six times more air of tropical origin during late summer and early fall that will leave poleward of 45° within 6 months since entering the stratosphere compared to during late winter to late spring. When the entire mass of the air that entered the stratosphere at the tropics regardless of its residence time is considered, we find that (51±1)% and (39±2)% will leave poleward of 10° in the Nothern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), respectively.
A new estimate of the China temperature anomaly series and uncertainty assessment in 1900–2006
Authors: Wang Jinfeng , Xu Chengdong , Hu Maogui , Li Qinxiang , Yan Zhongwei , Zhao Ping , Jones Phil
Published: December 2013

While global warming during the last century has been well recognized, the magnitude of the climate warming in regions such as China over the past 100 years still has some uncertainty due to limited observations during the early years. Several series of temperature anomalies for the 20thcentury in China have been independently developed by different groups. The uncertainty arises mainly from the sparse observations before 1950, where statistics are sensitive to the small and potentially biased sample. In this study, BSHADE‐MSN (Biased Sentinel Hospitals Areal Disease Estimation and Means of Stratified Nonhomogeneous Surface), a combination of two novel distinct statistical methods that are applicable with different sample situations to a spatial heterogeneous surface, is applied to estimate annual mean temperature anomalies for China. This method takes into account prior knowledge of geographical spatial autocorrelation and nonhomogeneity of target domains, remedies the biased sample, and maximizes an objective function for the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) of the regional mean quantity. For the period 1900–1999, the overall trend estimated by BSHADE‐MSN is 0.80°C with a 95% confidential interval between 0.41°C and 1.18°C. This is significantly lower than that calculated by Climate Anomaly Method (CAM) and Block Kriging. The new temperature anomaly series for China exhibits slightly warmer conditions for the period before 1950 than existing studies. All the methods applied so far agree well with each other for the period after 1950, when there are sufficient stations across the country for the estimation of temperature anomaly series. Cross validation shows that the new regional mean temperature anomaly series has smaller estimation error variance and higher accuracy than those based on the other methods assessed in this study.
Comparison of magnetic perturbation data from LEO satellite constellations: Statistics of DMSP and AMPERE
Authors: Knipp D. J. , Matsuo T. , Kilcommons L. , Richmond A. , Anderson B. , Korth H. , Redmon R. , Mero B. , Parrish N.
Published: December 2013

During the past decade engineering‐grade magnetic field measurements from the low Earth orbiting (LEO) Iridium constellation of communication satellites have been available to the geospace science community as a tool to map field‐aligned currents. The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) applied to Iridium measurements markedly improved the temporal and spatial resolution of these data. We developed new methods to compare data from the latest improvement to AMPERE with those from a constellation of four LEO Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft that carry high‐resolution magnetometers. To perform the comparisons, we transformed all data to a common coordinate frame and altitude (110 km) and developed a means of computing spacecraft magnetic conjunctions. These conjunctions yield discrepancies in the magnetic field perturbations measured at each proximate spacecraft. During the geomagnetic disturbance of 29–30 May 2010, the vector differences in the horizontal perturbations at closest approach (typically a few tens of kilometers) had mean, median, and standard deviation values of 132 nT, 112 nT, and 90 nT, respectively. The DMSP spacecraft tend to report larger perturbations in the northern polar cap and cusp regions, especially during active intervals. We attribute some of the differences to limitations of spacecraft‐attitude knowledge that propagate into AMPERE data. Overall, for the magnetic storm, we provide clear evidence that AMPERE data can provide high‐resolution auroral zone data in good agreement with DMSP data for use in data assimilation algorithms. Such dual‐use commercial data can provide important global augmentation to the nation's space weather monitoring capabilities.
Aggressive effects of prioritizing popularity in early adolescence
Authors: Cillessen Antonius H.N. , Mayeux Lara , Ha Thao , de Bruyn Eddy H. , LaFontana Kathryn M.
Published: December 2013

This study examined the moderating effects of prioritizing popularity on the association between early adolescents' popularity and their aggressive, leadership, and prosocial behaviors with peers. Participants were 288 14‐year‐olds from The Netherlands who completed a sociometric instrument and an assessment of how much they prioritized popularity over other personal goals. Results indicated that prioritizing popularity was distinct from actual popularity in the peer group. Further, prioritizing popularity moderated the association of popularity with aggressive and leadership behaviors, with adolescents who were both popular and who prioritized popularity being particularly aggressive and scoring high on leadership behaviors. This trend was especially true for boys. The same moderating effect was not found for prosocial behaviors. Motivational and social‐cognitive factors in the dynamics of peer popularity are highlighted. Aggr. Behav. 40:204–213, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compositionally Modulated Magnetic Epitaxial Spinel/Perovskite Nanocomposite Thin Films
Authors: Kim Dong Hun , Aimon Nicolas M. , Sun Xueyin , Ross Caroline A.
Published: December 2013

There is great interest in self‐assembled oxide vertical nanocomposite films consisting of epitaxial spinel pillars in a single crystal perovskite matrix, due to their tunable electronic, magnetic, and multiferroic properties. Varying the composition or geometry of the pillars in the out‐of‐plane direction has not been previously reported but can provide new routes to tailoring their properties in three dimensions. In this work, ferrimagnetic epitaxial CoFe2O4, MgFe2O4, or NiFe2O4 spinel nanopillars with an out‐of‐plane modulation in their composition and shape are grown in a BiFeO3 matrix on a (001) SrTiO3 substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Changing the pillar composition during growth produces a homogeneous pillar composition due to cation interdiffusion, but this can be suppressed using a sufficiently thick blocking layer of BiFeO3 to produce bi‐pillar films containing for example a layer of magnetically hard CoFe2O4 pillars and a layer of magnetically soft MgFe2O4 pillars, which form in different locations. A thinner blocking layer enables contact between the top of the CoFe2O4 and the bottom of the MgFe2O4 which leads to correlated growth of the MgFe2O4 pillars directly above the CoFe2O4 pillars and provides a path for interdiffusion. The magnetic hysteresis of the nanocomposites is related to the pillar structure.
Copper(I)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Trifluoromethyl Ketones for Use in Continuous Reactors
Authors: Correia Camille A. , McQuade D. Tyler , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: December 2013

A copper(I)/N‐heterocyclic carbene complex‐catalyzed addition of terminal alkynes to trifluoromethyl ketones at low loading is described. The developed process functions well using a range of terminal alkynes but functions best when an aryl trifluoromethyl ketone is used. This substrate scope is well‐suited for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as efavirenz. In this vein, we demonstrate that the described method can be translated into a flow process laying the framework for a completely continuous synthesis of efavirenz in the future.

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Insights into the industrial growth of cyanobacteria from a model of the carbon‐concentrating mechanism
Authors: Clark Ryan L. , Cameron Jeffrey C. , Root Thatcher W. , Pfleger Brian F.
Published: December 2013

With the advent of modern bioengineering tools, photosynthetic organisms are increasingly being engineered to produce chemicals from CO2 sources, thereby creating a potential route of sustainable chemical production. Cyanobacteria have evolved a carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables growth at low‐environmental carbon concentrations. However at high‐carbon concentrations these benefits may not outweigh synthesis costs. Here, mass transport and kinetic modeling analyses were performed on two species of cyanobacteria as well as a hypothetical no‐CCM mutant. Modeling results correlated with published experimental data. Three conclusions were drawn from the analysis. Carboxysome geometry was unimportant due to the fast relative rate of diffusion of carbon species. Interspecies variations were largely due to active
transporters. The no‐carboxysome cell approaches the wild‐type at 10% CO2. Therefore, in high CO2 environments the carboxysome and active bicarbonate transporters provide no benefit and a metabolic advantage could be achieved by eliminating the energy‐intensive CCM proteins. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1269–1277, 2014
Bulk coarse particle arching phenomena in a moving bed with fine particle presence
Authors: Wang Dawei , Fan Liang‐Shih
Published: December 2013

Bridging or arching of flowing solids particles is a serious hazard in the operation of moving bed systems. The mechanics of the arching has been extensively analyzed in the context of particle discharge from a hopper with conical geometry by considering the particulate layer stress distribution. However, bridging can also occur in a moving bed system with cylindrical geometry during the continuous mass flow of solids particles. Experimental work conducted in this study reveals that the appearance of solids bridging is normally accompanied by the presence of fine particles in the coarse moving particles as well as by the countercurrent interstitial gas flow. In this study, a stress analysis of the layered particles distributed in a cylindrical, vertical moving bed that flows downward opposing to upward flow of the interstitial gas is developed to quantify the bridging phenomenon. The analysis takes into account of the effects of presence of fine powder in the coarse particle flows and properties, such as particle‐size distribution, bed voidage, and interstitial gas flow rate. The experimental validation of the present stress analysis for moving bed systems with varied fine and coarse particle concentration distributions, and interstitial gas velocities is also conducted. The stress distributions of the particles under flowing and arching conditions are obtained. An arching criterion is formulated, which indicates that the critical radius of the standpipe to avoid arching phenomenon is only related to the property of the bulk solids in the present geometric configuration of the flow system. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 881–892, 2014
Orthopedics management of acromicric dysplasia: Follow up of nine patients
Authors: Klein Céline , Le Goff Carine , Topouchian Vicken , Odent Sylvie , Violas Philippe , Glorion Christophe , Cormier‐Daire Valérie
Published: December 2013

Acromicric dysplasia (AD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, short extremities, stiff joint and skeleton features including brachymetacarpia, cone‐shaped epiphyses, internal notch of the femoral head, and delayed bone age. Recently, we identified fibrillin 1 (FBN1) as the disease gene of AD. The aim of our study was to further describe the long‐term follow up of AD patients with an emphasis on orthopedic management. Nine patients with FBN1 mutations were included in the study ranging in age from 5.5 to 64 years. For all, detailed clinical and radiological data were available. Results: Birth parameters were always normal and patients progressively developed short stature <−3 SD. Carpal tunnel syndrome was observed in four patients. We found discrepancy between the carpal bone age and the radius and ulna epiphysis bone ages, a variable severity of hip dysplasia with acetabular dysplasia, epiphyseal and metaphyseal femoral dysplasia resembling Legg–Perthes–Calvé disease and variable pelvic anteversion and hyperlordosis. Orthopedic surgery was required in two patients for hip dysplasia, in one for limb lengthening and in three for carpal tunnel syndrome. Our observations expand the AD phenotype and emphasize the importance of regular orthopedic survey. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Behavior of an N‐heteropentacene
Authors: Li Gang , Gao Junkuo , Zhang Qichun
Published: December 2013

An N‐heteropentacene, 1,2,5,6‐tetra(5‐hexylthiophene‐2‐yl)‐hexaazapentacene (4HP), was synthesized through one‐step cyclocondensation reaction. The binding behavior of 4HP toward various cations (Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Cu2+ Fe3+, Hg2+, K+, Li+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2) was investigated by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. 4HP demonstrated a selective and sensitive response towards Cu2+ ion, and the detection limit reached 1.2 μM in N,N‐dimethylformamide solution.
Photo‐Cross‐Linking Probes for Trapping G‐Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Verga Daniela , Hamon Florian , Poyer Florent , Bombard Sophie , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule
Published: December 2013

We have developed a straightforward synthetic pathway to a set of six photoactivatable G‐quadruplex ligands with a validated G4‐binding motif (the bisquinolinium pyridodicarboxamide PDC‐360A) tethered through various spacers to two different photo‐cross‐linking groups: benzophenone and an aryl azide. The high quadruplex‐versus‐duplex selectivity of the PDC core was retained in the new derivatives and resulted in selective alkylation of two well‐known G‐quadruplexes (human telomeric G4 and oncogene promoter c‐myc G4) under conditions of harsh competition. The presence of two structurally different photoactivatable functions allowed the selective alkylation of G‐quadruplex structures at specific nucleobases and irreversible G4 binding. The topology and sequence of the quadruplex matrix appear to influence strongly the alkylation profile, which differs for the telomeric and c‐myc quadruplexes. The new compounds are photoactive in cells and thus provide new tools for studying G4 biology.
Formylborane Formation with Frustrated Lewis Pair Templates
Authors: Sajid Muhammad , Kehr Gerald , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Erker Gerhard
Published: December 2013

Boranes R2BH react with carbon monoxide by forming the respective borane carbonyl compounds R2BH(CO). The formation of (C6F5)2BH(CO) derived from the Piers borane, HB(C6F5)2, is a typical example. Subsequent CO‐hydroboration does not take place, since the formation of the formylborane is usually endothermic. However, an “η2‐formylborane” was formed by CO‐hydroboration with the Piers borane at vicinal phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) templates. Subsequent treatment with pyridine liberated the intact formylborane from the FLP framework, and (pyridine)(C6F5)2BCHO was then isolated as a stable compound. This product underwent typical reactions of carbonyl compounds, such as Wittig olefination.
Dehydrierende Meyer‐Schuster‐Umlagerung: Gold‐katalysierte Synthese von Alkinen
Authors: Yu Yang , Yang Weibo , Pflästerer Daniel , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2013

Leicht zugängliche Propargylester werden durch eine oxidative Gold‐katalysierte Reaktion in die invertierten Alkinylketone überführt. Der Gagosz‐Katalysator in Kombination mit PhI(OAc)2 erweist sich als das beste System für diese Umwandlung, und 18 Beispiele mit Ausbeuten bis zu 80 % werden beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass die Dreifachbindung im Produkt durch Eliminierung aus einer Vinylgold‐Zwischenstufe entsteht. Formal ist diese neue Reaktion eine dehydrierende Meyer‐Schuster‐Umlagerung.
Oxidative Addition von 2‐Halogenazolen – direkte Synthese von Palladium(II)‐Komplexen mit protischen NH,NH‐funktionalisierten NHC‐Liganden
Authors: Das Rajorshi , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: December 2013

Die Chemie der N‐heterocyclischen Carbene (NHCs) wird von N,N′‐dialkylierten oder ‐diarylierten Derivaten dominiert. Derartige Carbenliganden werden normalerweise durch C2‐Deprotonierung von Azoliumkationen oder durch reduktive Entschwefelung von Azol‐2‐thionen erhalten. Wir beschreiben hier eine einfache Prozedur für die Synthese von Komplexen mit NH,NH‐NHC‐Liganden, die durch oxidative Addition von 2‐Halogenazolen an Komplexe mit nullwertigen Übergangsmetallen erhalten werden.
Metal–Organic Organopolymeric Hybrid Framework by Reversible [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Park In‐Hyeok , Chanthapally Anjana , Zhang Zhenjie , Lee Shim Sung , Zaworotko Michael J. , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: December 2013

Organic polymers are usually amorphous or possess very low crystallinity. The metal complexes of organic polymeric ligands are also difficult to crystallize by traditional methods because of their poor solubilities and their 3D structures can not be determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography owing to a lack of single crystals. Herein, we report the crystal structure of a 1D ZnII coordination polymer fused with an organic polymer ligand made in situ by a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of a six‐fold interpenetrated metal–organic framework. It is also shown that this organic polymer ligand can be depolymerized in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) fashion by heating. This strategy could potentially be extended to make a range of monocrystalline metal organopolymeric complexes and metal–organic organopolymeric hybrid materials. Such monocrystalline metal complexes of organic polymers have hitherto been inaccessible for materials researchers.
Overcoming the Unexpected Functional Inversion of a PqsR Antagonist in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An In Vivo Potent Antivirulence Agent Targeting pqs Quorum Sensing
Authors: Lu Cenbin , Maurer Christine K. , Kirsch Benjamin , Steinbach Anke , Hartmann Rolf W.
Published: December 2013

The virulence regulator PqsR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as an attractive target for attenuating the bacterial pathogenicity without eliciting resistance. However, despite efforts and desires, no promising PqsR antagonist has been discovered thus far. Now, a surprising functionality change of a highly affine PqsR antagonist in P. aeruginosa is revealed, which is mediated by a bacterial signal molecule synthase and responsible for low cellular potency. Blockade of the susceptible position led to the discovery of the first antivirulence compound that is potent in vivo and targets PqsR, thus providing a proof of concept for this novel antivirulence therapy.
Dehydrogenative Meyer–Schuster‐Like Rearrangement: A Gold‐Catalyzed Reaction Generating an Alkyne
Authors: Yu Yang , Yang Weibo , Pflästerer Daniel , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2013

Easily accessible propargylic esters are converted to the inverted alkynyl ketones in an oxidative gold‐catalyzed reaction. Gagosz’s catalyst in combination with PhI(OAc)2 is the best system for this conversion and 18 examples with yields up to 80 % are reported. The results indicate that the triple bond in the product is formed by elimination from a vinylgold intermediate. In a formal sense the new conversion overall is a dehydrogenative Meyer–Schuster rearrangement.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Ophiodilactone A and (−)‐Ophiodilactone B
Authors: Matsubara Takaaki , Takahashi Keisuke , Ishihara Jun , Hatakeyama Susumi
Published: December 2013

The first asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐ophiodilactone A and (−)‐ophiodilactone B, isolated from the ophiuroid (Ophiocoma scolopendrina), is reported. The key features of the synthesis include the highly stereocontrolled construction of the structurally congested γ‐lactone/δ‐lactone skeleton through an asymmetric epoxidation, diastereoselective iodolactonization, and intramolecular epoxide‐opening with a carboxylic acid, and biomimetic radical cyclization of ophiodilactone A to ophiodilactone B.
The Strongest Brønsted Acid: Protonation of Alkanes by H(CHB11F11) at Room Temperature
Authors: Nava Matthew , Stoyanova Irina V. , Cummings Steven , Stoyanov Evgenii S. , Reed Christopher A.
Published: December 2013

What is the strongest acid? Can a simple Brønsted acid be prepared that can protonate an alkane at room temperature? Can that acid be free of the complicating effects of added Lewis acids that are typical of common, difficult‐to‐handle superacid mixtures? The carborane superacid H(CHB11F11) is that acid. It is an extremely moisture‐sensitive solid, prepared by treatment of anhydrous HCl with [Et3SiHSiEt3][CHB11F11]. It adds H2O to form [H3O][CHB11F11] and benzene to form the benzenium ion salt [C6H7][CHB11F11]. It reacts with butane to form a crystalline tBu+ salt and with n‐hexane to form an isolable hexyl carbocation salt. Carbocations, which are thus no longer transient intermediates, react with NaH either by hydride addition to re‐form an alkane or by deprotonation to form an alkene and H2. By protonating alkanes at room temperature, the reactivity of H(CHB11F11) opens up new opportunities for the easier study of acid‐catalyzed hydrocarbon reforming.
Photoactivity of Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites modulated by TiO2 nanofillers
Authors: Li Yonghui , Chen Caihong , Li Jun , Susan Sun Xiuzhi
Published: December 2013

Photoactivity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites is of great interest for rational design of products for either short‐term/single‐use or long‐term/durable applications. We prepared PLA/TiO2 nanocomposite films through a solution mixing/film casting method. Results showed that photodegradability/photostability of PLA could be well modulated by selecting appropriate TiO2 nanofillers. TiO2 nanoparticles and nanowires were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in color, weight, structure, thermal stability, and phase transitions of PLA and nanocomposite films before and after UV irradiation were evaluated to study photoactivity characteristics. Pure PLA exhibited moderate photodegradability, but the photodegradability and photostability of PLA nanocomposites (PNA) were significantly enhanced by NanoActive (NA) TiO2 nanoparticles and A type TiO2 nanowires, respectively. Pure PLA had a weight loss of 27% after 38 days of UV irradiation. The weight loss of photodegradable (PD) PNA (PNA = PLA with 1% NA TiO2) reached 38%, whereas that of photostable (PS) nanocomposites (P3AW) (P3AW = PLA with 3% A type TiO2 nanowire) was only 5%. PD PLA exhibited characteristic peaks of carboxylic acid OH stretching and CC double bond after UV irradiation in Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, whereas spectra of PS PLA remained almost the same. Thermal decomposition temperatures, glass transition temperatures, and melting temperatures of PD PLAs decreased dramatically after UV irradiation, but no obvious changes were observed for those of PS PLAs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40241.