bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globale Mundgesundheit im internationalen gesundheitspolitischen Rampenlicht – Herausforderungen und neue Chancen für nachhaltige Verbesserungen
Authors: Benzian Habib , Listl Stefan
Published: June 2021

Orale Erkrankungen sind ein signifikantes globales Gesundheitsproblem über alle Länder und Bevölkerungsgruppen hinweg. Mit fast 3,5 Mrd. Erkrankungsfällen (2017) sind so viele Menschen betroffen wie von keiner anderen Krankheitsgruppe. Die Haupterkrankungen sind unbehandelte Karies der bleibenden oder der Milchzähne, fortgeschrittene Parodontopathien, Zahnlosigkeit sowie Karzinome der Mundhöhle und Lippen. Bei weitgehend unverändert hoher globaler Prävalenz erhöhen durch Bevölkerungswachstum bedingte stark steigende Fallzahlen den Druck auf schwache oder überlastete Gesundheitssysteme, insbesondere in Ländern der unteren und mittleren Einkommensgruppen.

Dennoch wird der Mundgesundheit in vielen Ländern nur unzureichende Priorität eingeräumt und sie erhält als wichtiges Thema im gesundheitspolitischen Diskurs der deutschen und globalen Akteure nach wie vor wenig Aufmerksamkeit. Eine der fundamentalen Herausforderungen ist dabei die Gewährleistung eines allgemeinen und fairen Zugangs zu adäquater universeller Basisgesundheitsversorgung für alle Menschen ohne Verursachung von finanziellen Härten (Universal Health Coverage).

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen einführenden Überblick über die globalen Trends der weltweiten Krankheitslast der oralen Haupterkrankungen, die von starken Ungleichheiten geprägt sind. Verbesserungsansätze aus der bevölkerungsweiten Risikoreduktion und Prävention, der Versorgungsplanung sowie gesundheitspolitische Lösungen werden kurz vorgestellt. Dabei werden die im internationalen Diskurs wichtigen Themen angesprochen und die im Rahmen einer Lancet-Artikelserie zur globalen Mundgesundheit aus dem Jahr 2019 entwickelten Reformbereiche besprochen. Schließlich werden neue Initiativen diskutiert sowie Empfehlungen für die deutsche und internationale gesundheitliche Entwicklungspolitik gegeben, die in den kommenden Jahren die Situation der globalen Mundgesundheit entscheidend verbessern könnten.
Comparative studies on the durability and moisture performance of wood modified with cyclic N-methylol and N-methyl compounds
Authors: Emmerich Lukas , Ehrmann Alexander , Brischke Christian , Militz Holger
Published: June 2021

Glyoxal-based condensation resins like 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) have been used to modify wood and improve its resistance against decaying fungi. High biological durability of DMDHEU-treated wood has already been confirmed in laboratory and field tests in the past. However, the modes of protective action behind an improved decay resistance are not fully understood yet. Furthermore, it is questionable how the use of formaldehyde-poor N-methylol and formaldehyde-free N-methyl compounds instead of DMDHEU affects the moisture behavior and durability, respectively. In this study, wood blocks were treated with N-methylol (DMDHEU, methylated DMDHEU) and N-methyl compounds (1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea; DMeDHEU). Untreated and modified specimens were exposed to different moisture regimes and wood-destroying fungi in order to study the indicators that control changes in the wetting ability and decay resistance. Both N-methylol and N-methyl compounds decreased the water uptake and release and increased the durability of Scots pine sapwood from ‘not durable’ (DC 5) to ‘very durable to durable’ (DC 1–2). However, high fluctuations were observed in water uptake and release as well as mass loss (ML) caused by fungal decay, when modified specimens were tested without passing through a cold-water leaching. Consequently, a significant effect of the leaching procedure according to EN 84 on the durability classification could be established. The latter appeared more pronounced for treatments with N-methyl compounds compared to N-methylol compounds. Finally, wetting ability (kwa) and resistance indicating factors (kinh) enabled a forecast of high biological durability for both treatments with N-methylol and N-methyl compounds under real service life conditions.
A New Argument for the Groundedness of Grounding Facts
Authors: Correia Fabrice
Published: June 2021

Many philosophers have recently been impressed by an argument to the effect that all grounding facts about “derivative entities”—e.g. the facts expressed by the (let us suppose) true sentences ‘the fact that Beijing is a concrete entity is grounded in the fact that its parts are concrete’ and ‘the fact that there are cities is grounded in the fact that p’, where ‘p’ is a suitable sentence couched in the language of particle physics—must themselves be grounded. This argument relies on a principle,Purity, which states that facts about derivative entities are non-fundamental. Purity is questionable. In this paper, I introduce a new argument—the argument fromSettledness—for a similar conclusion but which does not rely on Purity. The conclusion of the new argument is that every “thick” grounding fact is grounded, where a grounding fact [F is grounded in G, H, …] is said to be thick when at least one of F, G, H, … is a fact—a condition that is automatically satisfied if grounding is factive. After introducing the argument, I compare it with the argument from Purity, and I assess its cogency relative to the relevant accounts of the connections between grounding and fundamentality that are available in the literature.
Combination chemotherapy versus temozolomide for patients with methylated MGMT (m-MGMT) glioblastoma: results of computational biological modeling to predict the magnitude of treatment benefit
Authors: Castro Michael , Pampana Anusha , Alam Aftab , Parashar Rajan , Rajagopalan Swaminathan , Lala Deepak Anil , Roy Kunal Ghosh Ghosh , Basu Sayani , Prakash Annapoorna , Nair Prashant , Joseph Vishwas , Agarwal Ashish , G Poornachandra , Behura Liptimayee , Kulkarni Shruthi , Choudhary Nikita Ray , Kapoor Shweta
Published: June 2021

Background

A randomized trial in glioblastoma patients with methylated-MGMT (m-MGMT) found an improvement in median survival of 16.7 months for combination therapy with temozolomide (TMZ) and lomustine, however the approach remains controversial and relatively under-utilized. Therefore, we sought to determine whether comprehensive genomic analysis can predict which patients would derive large, intermediate, or negligible benefits from the combination compared to single agent chemotherapy.

Methods

Comprehensive genomic information from 274 newly diagnosed patients with methylated-MGMT glioblastoma (GBM) was downloaded from TCGA. Mutation and copy number changes were input into a computational biologic model to create an avatar of disease behavior and the malignant phenotypes representing hallmark behavior of cancers. In silico responses to TMZ, lomustine, and combination treatment were biosimulated. Efficacy scores representing the effect of treatment for each treatment strategy were generated and compared to each other to ascertain the differential benefit in drug response.

Results

Differential benefits for each drug were identified, including strong, modest-intermediate, negligible, and deleterious (harmful) effects for subgroups of patients. Similarly, the benefits of combination therapy ranged from synergy, little or negligible benefit, and deleterious effects compared to single agent approaches.

Conclusions

The benefit of combination chemotherapy is predicted to vary widely in the population. Biosimulation appears to be a useful tool to address the disease heterogeneity, drug response, and the relevance of particular clinical trials observations to individual patients. Biosimulation has potential to spare some patients the experience of over-treatment while identifying patients uniquely situated to benefit from combination treatment. Validation of this new artificial intelligence tool is needed.
Cross-Modality Imaging of Murine Tumor Vasculature—a Feasibility Study
Authors: Zopf Lydia M. , Heimel Patrick , Geyer Stefan H. , Kavirayani Anoop , Reier Susanne , Fröhlich Vanessa , Stiglbauer-Tscholakoff Alexander , Chen Zhe , Nics Lukas , Zinnanti Jelena , Drexler Wolfgang , Mitterhauser Markus , Helbich Thomas , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Slezak Paul , Obenauf Anna , Bühler Katja , Walter Andreas
Published: June 2021

Tumor vasculature and angiogenesis play a crucial role in tumor progression. Their visualization is therefore of utmost importance to the community. In this proof-of-principle study, we have established a novel cross-modality imaging (CMI) pipeline to characterize exactly the same murine tumors across scales and penetration depths, using orthotopic models of melanoma cancer. This allowed the acquisition of a comprehensive set of vascular parameters for a single tumor. The workflow visualizes capillaries at different length scales, puts them into the context of the overall tumor vessel network and allows quantification and comparison of vessel densities and morphologies by different modalities. The workflow adds information about hypoxia and blood flow rates. The CMI approach includes well-established technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US), and modalities that are recent entrants into preclinical discovery such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM). This novel CMI platform establishes the feasibility of combining these technologies using an extensive image processing pipeline. Despite the challenges pertaining to the integration of microscopic and macroscopic data across spatial resolutions, we also established an open-source pipeline for the semi-automated co-registration of the diverse multiscale datasets, which enables truly correlative vascular imaging. Although focused on tumor vasculature, our CMI platform can be used to tackle a multitude of research questions in cancer biology.
Multiple Functional Brain Networks Related to Pain Perception Revealed by fMRI
Authors: Damascelli Matteo , Woodward Todd S. , Sanford Nicole , Zahid Hafsa B. , Lim Ryan , Scott Alexander , Kramer John K.
Published: June 2021

The rise of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has led to a deeper understanding of cortical processing of pain. Central to these advances has been the identification and analysis of “functional networks”, often derived from groups of pre-selected pain regions. In this study our main objective was to identify functional brain networks related to pain perception by examining whole-brain activation, avoiding the need for a priori selection of regions. We applied a data-driven technique—Constrained Principal Component Analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA)—that identifies networks without assuming their anatomical or temporal properties. Open-source fMRI data collected during a thermal pain task (33 healthy participants) were subjected to fMRI-CPCA for network extraction, and networks were associated with pain perception by modelling subjective pain ratings as a function of network activation intensities. Three functional networks emerged: a sensorimotor response network, a salience-mediated attention network, and the default-mode network. Together, these networks constituted a brain state that explained variability in pain perception, both within and between individuals, demonstrating the potential of data-driven, whole-brain functional network techniques for the analysis of pain imaging data.
Biologia Futura: is ADAM 17 the reason for COVID-19 susceptibility in hyperglycemic and diabetic patients?
Authors: Stepanova Ganna
Published: June 2021

COVID-19 is a disease-causing current pandemic. It prevails in patients with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Renin–angiotensin system was identified as a center of COVID-19 pathophysiology. There is a current controversy concerning the usage of ACE inhibitors and AR blockers in patients with COVID-19. Multiple clinical trials are on the way to determine the effect of RAS blockers in patients with COVID-19. ACE2 receptor is thought to be the point of entry utilized by a coronavirus. However, other factors have been identified which potentially facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. ADAM17 could facilitate viral entry in hyperglycemic and diabetic patients. Insulin is an ADAM17 inhibitor. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 level is reduced in diabetic patients, contributing to the worst outcome for patients with poor glycemic control. The combined therapy of glycemic control and antioxidant response to oxidative stress could be explored in patients with COVID-19.
Tight bounds on the mutual coherence of sensing matrices for Wigner D-functions on regular grids
Authors: Bangun Arya , Behboodi Arash , Mathar Rudolf
Published: June 2021

Many practical sampling patterns for function approximation on the rotation group utilizes regular samples on the parameter axes. In this paper, we analyze the mutual coherence for sensing matrices that correspond to a class of regular patterns to angular momentum analysis in quantum mechanics and provide simple lower bounds for it. The products of Wigner d-functions, which appear in coherence analysis, arise in angular momentum analysis in quantum mechanics. We first represent the product as a linear combination of a single Wigner d-function and angular momentum coefficients, otherwise known as the Wigner 3j symbols. Using combinatorial identities, we show that under certain conditions on the bandwidth and number of samples, the inner product of the columns of the sensing matrix at zero orders, which is equal to the inner product of two Legendre polynomials, dominates the mutual coherence term and fixes a lower bound for it. In other words, for a class of regular sampling patterns, we provide a lower bound for the inner product of the columns of the sensing matrix that can be analytically computed. We verify numerically our theoretical results and show that the lower bound for the mutual coherence is larger than Welch bound. Besides, we provide algorithms that can achieve the lower bound for spherical harmonics.
Concepts and Terms for Addressing Disparities in Public Health Emergencies: Accounting for the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Social Determinants of Health in the United States
Authors: Levine Cheryl A. , Jansson Daire R.
Published: June 2021

Public health emergencies, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, highlight disproportionate impacts faced by populations with existing disparities. Concepts and terms used to describe populations disproportionately impacted in emergencies vary over time and across disciplines, but United States (US) federal guidance and law require equal access to our nation’s emergency resources. At all levels of emergency planning, public health and their partners must be accountable to populations with existing inequities, which requires a conceptual shift toward using the data-driven social determinants of health (SDOH). SDOH are conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. This article reviews the historic use of concepts and terms to describe populations disproportionately impacted by emergencies. It also recommends a shift in emergency activities toward interventions that target the SDOH to adequately address long-standing systemic health disparities and socioeconomic inequities in the United States.
On topological rank of factors of Cantor minimal systems
Authors: GOLESTANI NASSER , HOSSEINI MARYAM
Published: June 2021

A Cantor minimal system is of finite topological rank if it has a Bratteli–Vershik representation whose number of vertices per level is uniformly bounded. We prove that if the topological rank of a minimal dynamical system on a Cantor set is finite, then all its minimal Cantor factors have finite topological rank as well. This gives an affirmative answer to a question posed by Donoso, Durand, Maass, and Petite in full generality. As a consequence, we obtain the dichotomy of Downarowicz and Maass for Cantor factors of finite-rank Cantor minimal systems: they are either odometers or subshifts.
The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests
Authors: RENY TYLER T. , NEWMAN BENJAMIN J.
Published: June 2021

Does social protest following the police killing of unarmed Black civilians have a widespread “opinion-mobilizing” effect against the police? Or, does the racialized nature of these events polarize mass opinion based on standing racial and political orientations? To answer these questions, we use a large dataset comprised of weekly cross sections of the American public and employ a regression discontinuity in time (RDiT) approach leveraging the random timing of the police killing of George Floyd and ensuing nationwide protests. We find that the Floyd protests swiftly decreased favorability toward the police and increased perceived anti-Black discrimination among low-prejudice and politically liberal Americans. However, attitudes among high-prejudice and politically conservative Americans either remained unchanged or evinced only small and ephemeral shifts. Our evidence suggests that the Floyd protests served to further racialize and politicize attitudes within the domain of race and law enforcement in the U.S.
The Construction of “Native” Jews in Late Mandate Palestine: An Ongoing Nahda as a Political Project
Authors: Derri Aviv
Published: June 2021

This article concerns the place of late Ottoman Jews in Palestine on the eve of the 1948 War. It focuses on Israel Ben-Zeʾev (Wolfensohn), a Jerusalem-born educator and Nahda intellectual who led a movement of self-identified “native” Jews, including both “Old Yishuv” Ashkenazim and Sephardim, to combat their marginalization by the Zionist institutions. I examine his lifetime struggle to advance the study of Arabic and “Arab Jews” (yahud ʿarab) under early Islam by creating institutions of knowledge production and educational programs modeled on those he knew from his early academic career in Cairo. It was in the context of these struggles that demands for separate political representation for native Jews and for a specialized field of Arab Jewish studies coalesced as part of a broader project of a shared Arab-Jewish cultural modernization. They culminated in 1948, when Ben-Zeʾev finally realized his Arabic library project, ironically using looted Palestinian books, only to see its destruction four years later by Zionist leaders and Hebrew University professors.
Empire after Liberalism: The Transatlantic Right and Identitarian War
Authors: VIALS CHRISTOPHER
Published: June 2021

American studies has developed excellent critiques of post-1945 imperial modes that are grounded in human rights and Enlightenment liberalism. But to fully gauge US violence in the twenty-first century, we also need to more closely consider antiliberal cultural logics. This essay traces an emergent mode of white nationalist militarism that it calls Identitarian war. It consists, on the one hand, of a formal ideology informed by Identitarian ethno-pluralism and Carl Schmitt, and, on the other, an openly violent white male “structure of feeling” embodied by the film and graphic novel 300, a key source text for the transatlantic far right.
What has comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge got to do with HIV testing among men in Kenya and Mozambique? Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Budu Eugene , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Armah-Ansah Ebenezer Kwesi , Mohammed Aliu , Adu Collins , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
Published: June 2021

People living with undiagnosed HIV are big contributors to the transmission of the virus. Although measures have been made to scale up HIV prevention and voluntary counselling and testing in sub-Saharan Africa, testing coverage remains low in many sub-Saharan African countries, including Mozambique and Kenya, where most people live with HIV/AIDS. Studies have shown that, in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, men are less likely to test for HIV compared with women. This study examined the relationship between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and HIV testing among men in Kenya and Mozambique. Data were from the men’s re-code file of the Demographic and Health Surveys of Mozambique and Kenya. Binary logistic regression models were generated and the results presented as crude odds ratios (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). The prevalences of HIV testing in Kenya and Mozambique were 80.1% and 46.7%, respectively. Men in Mozambique who had comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge (aOR=1.26, CI: 1.07–1.47) were more likely to test for HIV compared with their counterparts who had no comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge. In Kenya, men who had comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge (aOR=1.23, CI: 1.09–1.39) were more likely to test for HIV compared with their counterparts who had no comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge. This study found a statistically strong significant association between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and HIV testing among men in Kenya and Mozambique. To improve HIV testing rate among men, it is important that interventions are geared towards improving men’s comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge, perhaps by expanding HIV/AIDS education programmes and campaigns. This could improve HIV testing rates and ensure the realization of the global HIV/AIDS target of 95-95-95 by the year 2030.
Compressed sensorimotor-to-transmodal hierarchical organization in schizophrenia
Authors: Dong Debo , Yao Dezhong , Wang Yulin , Hong Seok-Jun , Genon Sarah , Xin Fei , Jung Kyesam , He Hui , Chang Xuebin , Duan Mingjun , Bernhardt Boris C. , Margulies Daniel S. , Sepulcre Jorge , Eickhoff Simon B. , Luo Cheng
Published: June 2021

Background

Schizophrenia has been primarily conceptualized as a disorder of high-order cognitive functions with deficits in executive brain regions. Yet due to the increasing reports of early sensory processing deficit, recent models focus more on the developmental effects of impaired sensory process on high-order functions. The present study examined whether this pathological interaction relates to an overarching system-level imbalance, specifically a disruption in macroscale hierarchy affecting integration and segregation of unimodal and transmodal networks.

Methods

We applied a novel combination of connectome gradient and stepwise connectivity analysis to resting-state fMRI to characterize the sensorimotor-to-transmodal cortical hierarchy organization (96 patients v. 122 controls).

Results

We demonstrated compression of the cortical hierarchy organization in schizophrenia, with a prominent compression from the sensorimotor region and a less prominent compression from the frontal−parietal region, resulting in a diminished separation between sensory and fronto-parietal cognitive systems. Further analyses suggested reduced differentiation related to atypical functional connectome transition from unimodal to transmodal brain areas. Specifically, we found hypo-connectivity within unimodal regions and hyper-connectivity between unimodal regions and fronto-parietal and ventral attention regions along the classical sensation-to-cognition continuum (voxel-level corrected, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The compression of cortical hierarchy organization represents a novel and integrative system-level substrate underlying the pathological interaction of early sensory and cognitive function in schizophrenia. This abnormal cortical hierarchy organization suggests cascading impairments from the disruption of the somatosensory−motor system and inefficient integration of bottom-up sensory information with attentional demands and executive control processes partially account for high-level cognitive deficits characteristic of schizophrenia.
How latent patterns of interprofessional working may lead to delays in discharge from hospital of older people living with frailty – ‘Patient more confused than usual?’
Authors: Redwood Sabi , Brant Heather , Maluf Adriano , Combes Gill , Neubauer Kyra , Thomas Clare , Damery Sarah , Murigu Nadine , Hill Elizabeth , Greenfield Sheila , Donovan Jenny L.
Published: June 2021

Unnecessarily delayed discharges from hospital of older people living with frailty can have negative consequences for their health and add significant costs to health services. We report on an ethnographic study at two English hospitals and their respective health and social care systems where we followed 37 patient journeys. The study aim was to understand why delays occur. Our findings indicate that working practices in the study hospitals may have inadvertently contributed to delays. While many pieces of patients’ clinical and social information were collected, recorded and accessed in different ways by different professionals, to facilitate a discharge, these pieces needed to be re-found, integrated and re-constructed. A key component of this process was information related to patients’ social, family and functional background. This was often missing, not accessed or perceived to be of low value compared to other more readily available clinical information. Patients’ re-construction was thus often incomplete, or insufficient to reduce the clinical and prognostic uncertainty associated with frailty and to manage risks inherent in older people's discharge. Where this key component was present and integrated into decision-making in multi-disciplinary team working, uncertainty and risk were managed more constructively and sometimes avoided an escalation of care needs.
Modulation of intestinal stem cell homeostasis by nutrients: a novel therapeutic option for intestinal diseases
Authors: Wang Dan , Li Pei , Odle Jack , Lin Xi , Zhao Jiangchao , Xiao Kan , Liu Yulan
Published: June 2021

Intestinal stem cells, which are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation to mature cell types, are responsible for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Recent evidence indicates that these processes are mediated, in part, through nutritional status in response to diet. Diverse dietary patterns including caloric restriction, fasting, high-fat diets, ketogenic diets and high-carbohydrate diets as well as other nutrients control intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation through nutrient-sensing pathways such as mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated kinase. Herein, we summarise the current understanding of how intestinal stem cells contribute to intestinal epithelial homeostasis and diseases. We also discuss the effects of diet and nutrient-sensing pathways on intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, as well as their potential application in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.
Onset of substance use: Deviant peer, sex, and sympathetic nervous system predictors
Authors: Hinnant J. Benjamin , Gillis Brian T. , Erath Stephen A. , El-Sheikh Mona
Published: June 2021

We evaluated whether the association between deviant peer affiliation and onset of substance use is conditional upon sex and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reactivity as measured by pre-ejection period (PEP). Community-sampled adolescents (N = 251; M = 15.78 years; 53% female; 66% White, 34% Black) participated in three waves. PEP reactivity was collected during a mirror star-tracer stress task. Alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, or any substance use, as well as binge drinking and sexual activity involving substance use were outcomes predicted by affiliation with deviant peers and two- and three-way interactions with sex and PEP reactivity. Probability of substance use increased over time, but this was amplified for adolescents with greater deviant peer affiliation in conjunction with blunted PEP reactivity. The same pattern of results was also found for prediction of binge drinking and sexual activity involving substance use. Findings are discussed in the context of biosocial models of adolescent substance use and health risk behaviors.
CRIMINALIZED SUBJECTIVITY
Authors: Clair Matthew
Published: June 2021

Over the period of mass criminalization, social scientists have developed rigorous theories concerning the perspectives and struggles of people and communities subject to criminal legal control. While this scholarship has long noted differences across racial groups, it has yet to fully examine how racism and criminalization interrelate in the making of criminalized people’s perspectives and their visions for transforming the legal system. This article engages with Du Boisian sociology to advance a theory of subjectivity that is attuned to the way criminalization reproduces the subjective racial order and that aims to uncover subaltern strategies and visions for transforming the structure of the law and broader society. Through a critical review of interpretive scholarship across the social sciences and an original analysis of interviews with a diverse sample of criminal defendants conducted in the early years of the Black Lives Matter movement, I illustrate how a Du Boisian approach coheres existing theories of criminalized subjectivities, clarifies the place of White supremacy and racism, and provides a theory of legal change rooted in ordinary people’s experiences and needs. I introduce the concept oflegal envisioning, defined as a social process whereby criminalized people and communities imagine and build alternative futures within and beyond the current legal system. Du Boisian sociology, I conclude, provides the methodological and theoretical tools necessary to systematically assess legal envisioning’s content and to explain its contradictions, solidarities, and possibilities in overlooked yet potentially emancipatory ways.
Efficacy of tiafenacil applied preplant alone or mixed with metribuzin for glyphosate-resistant horseweed control in soybean
Authors: Westerveld David B. , Soltani Nader , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: June 2021

Tiafenacil is a recently developed protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide from the pyrimidinedione chemical class that is proposed for use as a preplant (PP) burndown in soybean. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed is a troublesome weed often found in no-till systems that can dramatically reduce soybean yield; control in soybean has been variable. Five field experiments were conducted over 2019 and 2020 in commercial soybean fields with GR horseweed to determine the biologically effective dose (BED) of tiafenacil and tiafenacil + metribuzin and to compare their efficacy to currently accepted industry standard herbicide treatments in identity-preserved (IP, non-GMO), GR, and glyphosate/dicamba-resistant (GDR) soybean systems. There was no soybean injury with treatments evaluated. The calculated doses of tiafenacil for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed control were 21, 147, and >200 g ai ha−1, respectively, at 8 wk after application (WAA). Lower doses were calculated with the addition of metribuzin (400 g ai ha−1) to tiafenacil for 50% and 80% control, with no dose of tiafenacil + metribuzin providing 95% control. Tiafenacil + metribuzin at 25 + 400 and 50 + 400 g ai ha−1 controlled GR horseweed 88% and 93%, respectively, which was similar to the industry standards of saflufenacil + metribuzin (25 + 400 g ai ha−1) and glyphosate/dicamba + saflufenacil (1,200/600 + 25 g ai ha−1) that provided 98% and 100% control, respectively, at 8 WAA. This study presents the potential utility of tiafenacil + metribuzin as a GR horseweed management strategy in soybean.
Immunomodulatory role and potential utility of various nutrients and	dietary components in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Yaseen Muhammad Osama , Jamshaid Humzah , Saif Arifa , Hussain Talib
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Recently, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome cornoavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a great perturbation all around the globe and has many devastating effects on every aspect of life. Apart from the oxygen therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Remdesivir and Dexamethasone have been proven to be efficacious against COVID-19, along with various vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibody cocktail therapy for Regeneron. All of these are currently at different stages of clinical trials. People with weak immunity are more prone to a severe infection of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, early and judicious nutritional supplementation along with pharmacological treatment and clinician collaborations are critical in restituting the current situation. Nutritional supplements help in acquiring strong immunity to prevent the progression of disease any further. Vitamin C, vitamin D, selenium, zinc and many other nutritional and dietary supplements inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines during a viral infection and prevents several unwanted symptoms of infection. Many dietary components like citrus fruits, black elderberry, ginger, and probiotics have the ability to attack viral replication. These supplements can also tame the overriding immune system during coronavirus infection. Keeping in view these facts, nutritional and dietary supplements can be used along with other management modalities. These nutritional and dietary supplements are potential candidates to curb the convulsive unfolding of novel COVID-19, in combination with other standard treatment protocols. In this review, various search engines were used to exploit available literature in order to provide a comprehensive review on nutritional and dietary supplements with respect to the viral infections. It will also provide a brief overview on some of the clinical trials that are in progress to assess the role of nutritional supplements, either alone or in combination with other pharmacological drugs, in fight against COVID-19.
Einen Weg für sich finden
Authors: Bötel Nora , Schulz Michael , Wabnitz Pascal , Jørgensen Rikke , Nienaber André
Published: June 2021

Im ersten Teil des Artikels wurde die Methode GSD beschrieben. In diesem zweiten Teil des Artikels wird anhand eines Fallbeispiels die Umsetzung in der Praxis dargestellt. Dieses erfolgt am Beispiel der Anwendung von zwei Arbeitsblättern zur Reflexion. Bei dem ersten Arbeitsblatt steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, welche Phasen in Bezug auf die Erkrankung erlebt worden sind. Die Patient_innen werden gebeten, eine Zeitleiste auszufüllen. Beim zweiten Arbeitsblatt geht es um die Erfahrungen mit Therapieempfehlungen für das persönliche Alltagsleben.
Resolving the graft ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver transplantation at the single cell resolution
Authors: Wang Linhe , Li Jie , He Shuai , Liu Yang , Chen Haitian , He Shujiao , Yin Meixian , Zou Dawei , Chen Shirui , Luo Tao , Yu Xinyu , Wan Xuesi , Huang Shunwei , Guo Zhiyong , He Xiaoshun
Published: June 2021

Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) remains the major reason for impaired donor graft function and increased mortality post-liver transplantation. The mechanism of IRI involves multiple pathophysiological processes and numerous types of cells. However, a systematic and comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profile of intrahepatic cells during liver transplantation is still unclear. We performed a single-cell transcriptome analysis of 14,313 cells from liver tissues collected from pre-procurement, at the end of preservation and 2 h post-reperfusion. We made detailed annotations of mononuclear phagocyte, endothelial cell, NK/T, B and plasma cell clusters, and we described the dynamic changes of the transcriptome of these clusters during IRI and the interaction between mononuclear phagocyte clusters and other cell clusters. In addition, we found that TNFAIP3 interacting protein 3 (TNIP3), specifically and highly expressed in Kupffer cell clusters post-reperfusion, may have a protective effect on IRI. In summary, our study provides the first dynamic transcriptome map of intrahepatic cell clusters during liver transplantation at single-cell resolution.
Financing a sustainable ocean economy
Authors: Sumaila U. Rashid , Walsh Melissa , Hoareau Kelly , Cox Anthony , Teh Louise , Abdallah Patrízia , Akpalu Wisdom , Anna Zuzy , Benzaken Dominique , Crona Beatrice , Fitzgerald Timothy , Heaps Louise , Issifu Ibrahim , Karousakis Katia , Lange Glenn Marie , Leland Amanda , Miller Dana , Sack Karen , Shahnaz Durreen , Thiele Torsten , Vestergaard Niels , Yagi Nobuyuki , Zhang Junjie
Published: June 2021

The ocean, which regulates climate and supports vital ecosystem services, is crucial to our Earth system and livelihoods. Yet, it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. A healthy ocean that supports a sustainable ocean economy requires adequate financing vehicles that generate, invest, align, and account for financial capital to achieve sustained ocean health and governance. However, the current finance gap is large; we identify key barriers to financing a sustainable ocean economy and suggest how to mitigate them, to incentivize the kind of public and private investments needed for topnotch science and management in support of a sustainable ocean economy.
A single atom change turns insulating saturated wires into molecular conductors
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Kretz Bernhard , Adoah Francis , Nickle Cameron , Chi Xiao , Yu Xiaojiang , del Barco Enrique , Thompson Damien , Egger David A. , Nijhuis Christian A.
Published: June 2021

We present an efficient strategy to modulate tunnelling in molecular junctions by changing the tunnelling decay coefficient,β, by terminal-atom substitution which avoids altering the molecular backbone. By varying X = H, F, Cl, Br, I in junctions with S(CH2)(10-18)X, current densities (J) increase >4 orders of magnitude, creating molecular conductors via reduction ofβfrom 0.75 to 0.25 Å−1. Impedance measurements show tripled dielectric constants (εr) with X = I, reduced HOMO-LUMO gaps and tunnelling-barrier heights, and 5-times reduced contact resistance. These effects alone cannot explain the large change inβ. Density-functional theory shows highly localized, X-dependent potential drops at the S(CH2)nX//electrode interface that modifies the tunnelling barrier shape. Commonly-used tunnelling models neglect localized potential drops and changes inεr. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that$$\beta \propto 1/\sqrt{{\varepsilon }_{r}}$$β∝1/εr, suggesting highly-polarizable terminal-atoms act as charge traps and highlighting the need for new charge transport models that account for dielectric effects in molecular tunnelling junctions.
The zinc-finger protein Red1 orchestrates MTREC submodules and binds the Mtl1 helicase arch domain
Authors: Dobrev Nikolay , Ahmed Yasar Luqman , Sivadas Anusree , Soni Komal , Fischer Tamás , Sinning Irmgard
Published: June 2021

Cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are rapidly degraded by the nuclear exosome in a process requiring the RNA helicase Mtr4 and specific adaptor complexes for RNA substrate recognition. The PAXT and MTREC complexes have recently been identified as homologous exosome adaptors in human and fission yeast, respectively. The eleven-subunit MTREC comprises the zinc-finger protein Red1 and the Mtr4 homologue Mtl1. Here, we use yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays to derive a detailed interaction map. We show that Red1 bridges MTREC submodules and serves as the central scaffold. In the crystal structure of a minimal Mtl1/Red1 complex an unstructured region adjacent to the Red1 zinc-finger domain binds to both the Mtl1 KOW domain and stalk helices. This interaction extends the canonical interface seen in Mtr4-adaptor complexes. In vivo mutational analysis shows that this interface is essential for cell survival. Our results add to Mtr4 versatility and provide mechanistic insights into the MTREC complex.
Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Stefanic Polonca , Belcijan Katarina , Kraigher Barbara , Kostanjšek Rok , Nesme Joseph , Madsen Jonas Stenløkke , Kovac Jasna , Sørensen Søren Johannes , Vos Michiel , Mandic-Mulec Ines
Published: June 2021

Bacillus subtilis is a soil bacterium that is competent for natural transformation. Genetically distinct B. subtilis swarms form a boundary upon encounter, resulting in killing of one of the strains. This process is mediated by a fast-evolving kin discrimination (KD) system consisting of cellular attack and defence mechanisms. Here, we show that these swarm antagonisms promote transformation-mediated horizontal gene transfer between strains of low relatedness. Gene transfer between interacting non-kin strains is largely unidirectional, from killed cells of the donor strain to surviving cells of the recipient strain. It is associated with activation of a stress response mediated by sigma factor SigW in the donor cells, and induction of competence in the recipient strain. More closely related strains, which in theory would experience more efficient recombination due to increased sequence homology, do not upregulate transformation upon encounter. This result indicates that social interactions can override mechanistic barriers to horizontal gene transfer. We hypothesize that KD-mediated competence in response to the encounter of distinct neighbouring strains could maximize the probability of efficient incorporation of novel alleles and genes that have proved to function in a genomically and ecologically similar context.
Programming nonreciprocity and reversibility in multistable mechanical metamaterials
Authors: Librandi Gabriele , Tubaldi Eleonora , Bertoldi Katia
Published: June 2021

Nonreciprocity can be passively achieved by harnessing material nonlinearities. In particular, networks of nonlinear bistable elements with asymmetric energy landscapes have recently been shown to support unidirectional transition waves. However, in these systems energy can be transferred only when the elements switch from the higher to the lower energy well, allowing for a one-time signal transmission. Here, we show that in a mechanical metamaterial comprising a 1D array of bistable arches nonreciprocity and reversibility can be independently programmed and are not mutually exclusive. By connecting shallow arches with symmetric energy wells and decreasing energy barriers, we design a reversible mechanical diode that can sustain multiple signal transmissions. Further, by alternating arches with symmetric and asymmetric energy landscapes we realize a nonreciprocal chain that enables propagation of different transition waves in opposite directions.
Optimizing vaccine allocation for COVID-19 vaccines shows the potential role of single-dose vaccination
Authors: Matrajt Laura , Eaton Julia , Leung Tiffany , Dimitrov Dobromir , Schiffer Joshua T. , Swan David A. , Janes Holly
Published: June 2021

Most COVID-19 vaccines require two doses, however with limited vaccine supply, policymakers are considering single-dose vaccination as an alternative strategy. Using a mathematical model combined with optimization algorithms, we determined optimal allocation strategies with one and two doses of vaccine under various degrees of viral transmission. Under low transmission, we show that the optimal allocation of vaccine vitally depends on the single-dose efficacy. With high single-dose efficacy, single-dose vaccination is optimal, preventing up to 22% more deaths than a strategy prioritizing two-dose vaccination for older adults. With low or moderate single-dose efficacy, mixed vaccination campaigns with complete coverage of older adults are optimal. However, with modest or high transmission, vaccinating older adults first with two doses is best, preventing up to 41% more deaths than a single-dose vaccination given across all adult populations. Our work suggests that it is imperative to determine the efficacy and durability of single-dose vaccines, as mixed or single-dose vaccination campaigns may have the potential to contain the pandemic much more quickly.
Nanoscale architecture of a VAP-A-OSBP tethering complex at membrane contact sites
Authors: de la Mora Eugenio , Dezi Manuela , Di Cicco Aurélie , Bigay Joëlle , Gautier Romain , Manzi John , Polidori Joël , Castaño-Díez Daniel , Mesmin Bruno , Antonny Bruno , Lévy Daniel
Published: June 2021

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are subcellular regions where two organelles appose their membranes to exchange small molecules, including lipids. Structural information on how proteins form MCS is scarce. We designed an in vitro MCS with two membranes and a pair of tethering proteins suitable for cryo-tomography analysis. It includes VAP-A, an ER transmembrane protein interacting with a myriad of cytosolic proteins, and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a lipid transfer protein that transports cholesterol from the ER to the trans Golgi network. We show that VAP-A is a highly flexible protein, allowing formation of MCS of variable intermembrane distance. The tethering part of OSBP contains a central, dimeric, and helical T-shape region. We propose that the molecular flexibility of VAP-A enables the recruitment of partners of different sizes within MCS of adjustable thickness, whereas the T geometry of the OSBP dimer facilitates the movement of the two lipid-transfer domains between membranes.
Adaptive and multifunctional hydrogel hybrid probes for long-term sensing and modulation of neural activity
Authors: Park Seongjun , Yuk Hyunwoo , Zhao Ruike , Yim Yeong Shin , Woldeghebriel Eyob W. , Kang Jeewoo , Canales Andres , Fink Yoel , Choi Gloria B. , Zhao Xuanhe , Anikeeva Polina
Published: June 2021

To understand the underlying mechanisms of progressive neurophysiological phenomena, neural interfaces should interact bi-directionally with brain circuits over extended periods of time. However, such interfaces remain limited by the foreign body response that stems from the chemo-mechanical mismatch between the probes and the neural tissues. To address this challenge, we developed a multifunctional sensing and actuation platform consisting of multimaterial fibers intimately integrated within a soft hydrogel matrix mimicking the brain tissue. These hybrid devices possess adaptive bending stiffness determined by the hydration states of the hydrogel matrix. This enables their direct insertion into the deep brain regions, while minimizing tissue damage associated with the brain micromotion after implantation. The hydrogel hybrid devices permit electrophysiological, optogenetic, and behavioral studies of neural circuits with minimal foreign body responses and tracking of stable isolated single neuron potentials in freely moving mice over 6 months following implantation.
Nanomolar phosphate supply and its recycling drive net community production in the subtropical North Pacific
Authors: Hashihama Fuminori , Yasuda Ichiro , Kumabe Aki , Sato Mitsuhide , Sasaoka Hiroshi , Iida Yosuke , Shiozaki Takuhei , Saito Hiroaki , Kanda Jota , Furuya Ken , Boyd Philip W. , Ishii Masao
Published: June 2021

Seasonal drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the subtropical upper ocean makes a significant contribution to net community production (NCP) globally. Although NCP requires macronutrient supply, surface macronutrients are chronically depleted, and their supply has been unable to balance the NCP demand. Here, we report nanomolar increases in surface nitrate plus nitrite (N+N, ~20 nM) and phosphate (PO4, ~15 nM) from summer to winter in the western subtropical North Pacific. Molar ratios of upward fluxes of DIC:N+N:PO4to the euphotic zone (< 100 m) were in near-stoichiometric balance with microbial C:N:P ratios (107~243:16~35:1). Comparison of these upward influxes with other atmospheric and marine sources demonstrated that total supply is largely driven by the other sources for C and N (93~96%), but not for P (10%), suggesting that nanomolar upward supply of P and its preferential recycling play a vital role in sustaining the NCP.