bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low CO2 results in a rearrangement of carbon metabolism to support C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Kustka Adam B. , Milligan Allen J. , Zheng Haiyan , New Ashley M. , Gates Colin , Bidle Kay D. , Reinfelder John R.
Published: July 2014

The mechanisms of carbon concentration in marine diatoms are controversial. At low CO2, decreases in O2 evolution after inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs), and increases in PEPC transcript abundances, have been interpreted as evidence for a C4 mechanism in Thalassiosira pseudonana, but the ascertainment of which proteins are responsible for the subsequent decarboxylation and PEP regeneration steps has been elusive.

We evaluated the responses of T. pseudonana to steady‐state differences in CO2 availability, as well as to transient shifts to low CO2, by integrated measurements of photosynthetic parameters, transcript abundances and quantitative proteomics.

On shifts to low CO2, two PEPC transcript abundances increased and then declined on timescales consistent with recoveries of Fv/Fm, non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and maximum chlorophyll a‐specific carbon fixation (Pmax), but transcripts for archetypical decarboxylation enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malic enzyme (ME) did not change. Of 3688 protein abundances measured, 39 were up‐regulated under low CO2, including both PEPCs and pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), whereas ME abundance did not change and PEPCK abundance declined.

We propose a closed‐loop biochemical model, whereby T. pseudonana produces and subsequently decarboxylates a C4 acid via PEPC2 and PYC, respectively, regenerates phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from pyruvate in a pyruvate phosphate dikinase‐independent (but glycine decarboxylase (GDC)‐dependent) manner, and recuperates photorespiratory CO2 as oxaloacetate (OAA).
Designing and implementing a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Manios Y. , Androutsos O. , Katsarou C. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Geyer C. , Moreno L. , Koletzko B. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

The development of the ToyBox‐intervention was based on the outcomes of the preliminary phase of the ToyBox‐study, aiming to identify young children's key behaviours and their determinants related to early childhood obesity. The ToyBox‐intervention is a multi‐component, kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention with a cluster‐randomized design, focusing on the promotion of water consumption, healthy snacking, physical activity and the reduction/ breaking up of sedentary time in preschool children and their families. The intervention was implemented during the academic year 2012–2013 in six European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain. Standardized protocols, methods, tools and material were used in all countries for the implementation of the intervention, as well as for the process, impact, outcome evaluation and the assessment of its cost‐effectiveness. A total sample of 7,056 preschool children and their parents/caregivers, stratified by socioeconomic level, provided data during baseline measurements and participated in the intervention. The results of the ToyBox‐study are expected to provide a better insight on behaviours associated with early childhood obesity and their determinants and identify effective strategies for its prevention. The aim of the current paper is to describe the design of the ToyBox‐intervention and present the characteristics of the study sample as assessed at baseline, prior to the implementation of the intervention.
Developing the intervention material to increase physical activity levels of European preschool children: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Duvinage K. , Ibrügger S. , Kreichauf S. , Wildgruber A. , De Craemer M. , De Decker E. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Zych K. , Mouratidou T. , Mesana Graffe M. I. , Manios Y. , Koletzko B. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

Early childhood is an important period for adopting positive health‐related behaviours. More than 95% of European preschool children attend kindergartens, making these settings ideal for the implementation of health promotion interventions. The ToyBox‐intervention addressed preschool children, their parents/caregivers and teachers. The aim of the intervention was to improve four energy balance‐related behaviours (i.e. healthy snacking, water consumption, physical activity and sedentary behaviour) by implementing a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain). The intervention material was developed following the intervention mapping protocol, taking into account local and cultural differences among the intervention countries. The present paper focuses on the development of the physical activity component of the intervention. Parental involvement was addressed by providing parents/caregivers with two newsletters, two tip cards and a poster. Teachers received a handbook with guidance on environmental changes in the classroom, 26 physical education sessions and suggestions for fun, interactive classroom activities aiming at total class participation to increase preschoolers' physical activity levels. The ToyBox‐intervention material was distributed according to a standard time frame. Teachers received their material prior to the start of the intervention and parents/caregivers received their material during the intervention when each energy balance‐related behaviour was implemented.
Concepts and strategies on how to train and motivate teachers to implement a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Payr A. , Birnbaum J. , Wildgruber A. , Kreichauf S. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , De Decker E. , De Craemer M. , Iotova V. , Manios Y. , Koletzko B. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

The key person for the implementation of kindergarten‐based behavioural interventions is the kindergarten teacher. When conducting intervention studies in kindergartens, training sessions are needed to train and motivate kindergarten teachers for programme implementation. This paper presents the systematic development of the teachers' trainings executed in the ToyBox‐intervention – a kindergarten‐based and family‐involved obesity prevention programme for children aged 4–6. Based on concepts for the education of kindergarten teachers, on general strategies for successful programme implementation and on the ToyBox programme‐specific requirements, the aims of the teachers' trainings were defined and an overall concept was deduced. Regarding the concept for the ToyBox teachers' training sessions, it is concluded that the training modules should focus on presenting information on the practical implementation of the intervention. Furthermore, these modules should also include self‐efficacy enhancing components and should give kindergarten teachers opportunities to share experiences. Regarding the didactic methods applied in the ToyBox teachers' training sessions, constructivist learning approaches that facilitate active participation, reflective thinking and personal involvement were implemented. Emphasis was put not only on the content but especially on the didactic methods of teachers' trainings in order to enhance devotion to, and quality and sustainability of the ToyBox‐intervention.
Establishing a method to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. TheToyBox‐study
Authors: Pil L. , Putman K. , Cardon G. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Manios Y. , Androutsos O. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Zych K. , Góźdź M. , González‐Gil E. M. , De Miguel‐Etayo P. , Geyer C. , Birnbaum J. , Annemans L. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

Overweight and obesity in children are recognized as a major health problem. TheToyBox‐intervention was developed with the aim of preventing obesity in pre‐schoolers. Because it is increasingly important to inform policy makers not only on the effects of prevention interventions, but also on their costs and cost‐effectiveness, our purpose was to establish a method to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of theToyBox‐intervention. In order to estimate the long‐term impact of theToyBox‐intervention on health and societal costs, extrapolations of the intervention effect will be conducted to predict children's weight status (based on the body mass index) at adult age. Effects of the adult weight status on the prevalence of obesity‐related complications will be modelled through aMarkov model, with a total time horizon of 70 years and a cycle length of 1 year. The model will be conducted in sixEuropean countries participating in theToyBox‐intervention, based on country‐specific economic and epidemiological data. This study describes the methodological rationale and implementation of an analytic model to examine the cost‐effectiveness of theToyBox‐intervention for sixEuropean countries, in order to inform decision‐makers on the value for money of this intervention in the prevention of obesity in pre‐schoolers.
Reliability of anthropometric measurements inEuropean preschool children: theToyBox‐study
Authors: De Miguel‐Etayo P. , Mesana M. I. , Cardon G. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Góźdź M. , Socha P. , Lateva M. , Iotova V. , Koletzko B. V. , Duvinage K. , Androutsos O. , Manios Y. , Moreno L. A. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

TheToyBox‐study aims to develop and test an innovative and evidence‐based obesity prevention programme for preschoolers in sixEuropean countries:Belgium,Bulgaria,Germany,Greece,Poland andSpain. In multicentre studies, anthropometric measurements using standardized procedures that minimize errors in the data collection are essential to maximize reliability of measurements. The aim of this paper is to describe the standardization process and reliability (intra‐ and inter‐observer) of height, weight and waist circumference (WC) measurements in preschoolers. All technical procedures and devices were standardized and centralized training was given to the fieldworkers. At least seven children per country participated in the intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability testing. Intra‐observer technical error ranged from 0.00 to 0.03 kg for weight and from 0.07 to 0.20 cm for height, with the overall reliability being above 99%. A second training was organized forWCdue to low reliability observed in the first training. Intra‐observer technical error forWCranged from 0.12 to 0.71 cm during the first training and from 0.05 to 1.11 cm during the second training, and reliability above 92% was achieved. Epidemiological surveys need standardized procedures and training of researchers to reduce measurement error. In theToyBox‐study, very good intra‐ and‐inter‐observer agreement was achieved for all anthropometric measurements performed.
Designing and implementing teachers' training sessions in a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Androutsos O. , Katsarou C. , Payr A. , Birnbaum J. , Geyer C. , Wildgruber A. , Kreichauf S. , Lateva M. , De Decker E. , De Craemer M. , Socha P. , Moreno L. , Iotova V. , Koletzko B. V. , Manios Y. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

Since school‐based interventions are mainly delivered by the school staff, they need to be well‐trained and familiarized with the programme's aims, procedures and tools. Therefore, the institute, research group, governmental or non‐governmental body in charge of the coordination and implementation of the programme needs to devote time and resources to train the school staff before programme's implementation. This is particularly crucial in multi‐centre studies where more than one research teams are involved. Both research teams and school staff need to be trained, using standard protocols and procedures, to ensure that the intervention will be delivered in a standardized manner throughout the intervention centres. The ToyBox‐intervention, a multi‐component, kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention, focusing on water consumption, snacking, physical activity and sedentary behaviours in preschool children, was implemented over the academic year 2012–2013 in six European countries. As part of this intervention, three teachers' training sessions were delivered to motivate and train teachers in implementing the intervention. The local researchers were trained centrally before delivering the training sessions for the teachers and followed a common protocol using standardized presentations and procedures. The aim of the current paper is to describe the protocol and methodological issues related to the teachers' training sessions conducted within the ToyBox‐intervention.
Tools, harmonization and standardization procedures of the impact and outcome evaluation indices obtained during a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood: the ToyBox‐study
Authors: Mouratidou T. , Miguel M. L. , Androutsos O. , Manios Y. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Cardon G. , Kulaga Z. , Socha P. , Galcheva S. , Iotova V. , Payr A. , Koletzko B. , Moreno L. A. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

The ToyBox‐intervention is a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention targeting multiple lifestyle behaviours in preschool children, their teachers and their families. This intervention was conducted in six European countries, namely Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain. The aim of this paper is to provide a descriptive overview of the harmonization and standardization procedures of the baseline and follow‐up evaluation of the study (and substudies). Steps related to the study's operational, standardization and harmonization procedures as well as the impact and outcome evaluation assessment tools used are presented. Experiences from the project highlight the importance of safeguarding the measurement process to minimize data heterogeneity derived from potential measurement error and country‐by‐country differences. In addition, it was made clear that continuing quality control and support is an important component of such studies. For this reason, well‐supported communication channels, such as regular email updates and teleconferences, and regular internal and external meetings to ensure smooth and accurate implementation were in place during the study. The ToyBox‐intervention and its harmonized and standardized procedures can serve as a successful case study for future studies evaluating the efficacy of similar interventions.
Process evaluation design and tools used in a kindergarten‐based, family‐involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox‐study
Authors: Androutsos O. , Apostolidou E. , Iotova V. , Socha P. , Birnbaum J. , Moreno L. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Koletzko B. , Manios Y. ,   ToyBox‐study group
Published: July 2014

Process evaluation (PE) is used for the in‐depth evaluation of the implementation process of health promotion programmes. The aim of the current paper was to present the PE design and tools used in the ToyBox‐intervention. The PE design was based on a three‐step approach, including the identification of ToyBox‐specific PE elements (step 1), the development of PE tools and harmonization of procedures (step 2), and the implementation of PE using standardized protocol and tools across the intervention countries (step 3). Specifically, to evaluate the implementation of the intervention, teachers' monthly logbooks were recorded (dose delivered, fidelity, dose received); post‐intervention questionnaires were completed by parents/caregivers and teachers (dose received); participation and attrition rates were recorded (recruitment, reach); and audit questionnaires and retrospective information on weather conditions were collected (physical and social environment within which the intervention was implemented). Regarding the teachers' training sessions, the researchers who performed the trainings completed evaluation forms and documented teachers' attendance after each training (dose delivered, fidelity, dose received) and teachers completed evaluation forms after each training (dose received). The PE performed in the ToyBox‐intervention may contribute in the evaluation of its effectiveness, guide the revision of the intervention material and provide insights for future health promotion programmes and public health policy.
The use of Google Glass for airway assessment and management
Authors: Spencer Rebecca J. , Chang Philip H. , Guimaraes Alexander R. , Firth Paul G.
Published: July 2014

Currently, information about airway assessment and tracheal intubation is communicated verbally or in writing. Google Glass can record this information in real time with minimal disruption to work flow, using standard operating room lighting.
Effect of Immunosuppressants Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil on the Keratinocyte UVB Response
Authors: Ming Mei , Zhao Baozhong , Qiang Lei , He Yu‐Ying
Published: July 2014

Nonmelanoma skin cancer, derived from epidermal keratinocytes, is the most common malignancy in organ transplant recipients, causes serious morbidity and mortality, and is strongly associated with solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Preventing and treating skin cancer in these individuals has been extraordinarily challenging. Following organ transplantation, the immunosuppressants are used to prevent graft rejection. Until now, immunosuppression has been assumed to be the major factor leading to skin cancer in this setting. However, the mechanism of skin carcinogenesis in organ transplant recipients has not been understood to date; specifically, it remains unknown whether these cancers are immunosuppression‐dependent or ‐independent. In particular, it remains poorly understood what is the mechanistic carcinogenic action of the newer generation of immunosuppressants including tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Here, we show that tacrolimus and MMF impairs UVB‐induced DNA damage repair and apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, tacrolimus inhibits UVB‐induced checkpoint signaling. However, MMF had no effect. Our findings have demonstrated that tacrolimus and MMF compromises proper UVB response in keratinocytes, suggesting an immunosuppression‐independent mechanism in the tumor‐promoting action of these immunosuppressants.
Invasive pneumococcal disease following adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Torda A. , Chong Q. , Lee A. , Chen S. , Dodds A. , Greenwood M. , Larsen S. , Gilroy N.
Published: July 2014

Background

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) recipients are at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We investigated the incidence and risk factors of IPD in alloHSCT recipients from 4 regional transplant centers over an 11‐year period. This study aimed to inform future improvements in post‐transplant care.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective nested 1:2 case–control study in patients aged ≥18 years who underwent alloHSCT between 2001 and 2011 in 4 major allogeneic transplant centers. Controls were matched with IPD cases on the basis of conditioning intensity and donor relationship (related or unrelated). Demographics and clinical characteristics of cases and controls were summarized. Univariate analysis of risk factors in matched case–control sets, and multivariate conditional logistic regression to control for confounding, were performed.

Results

In 23 alloHSCT recipients, 26 IPD episodes were identified. The cumulative incidence over 11 years was 2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–3.15) and the incidence density 956 per 100,000 transplant years of follow‐up (95% CI 580–1321). Multivariate risk factor analysis and backwards elimination showed a significant positive association between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), hyposplenism/asplenia, and IPD, whereas trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) was associated with lower odds of IPD cases. Of alloHSCT recipients with IPD, 38.5% required intensive care, and, of deaths documented in cases over the period of review, 30% were attributable to IPD. Serotypes causing IPD matched currently available vaccines in 15/22 (68.1%) episodes.

Conclusions

The incidence of IPD in alloHSCT recipients is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with rates of disease being many fold higher than the general population. Patients with evidence of hyposplenism/asplenia define a high‐risk group in the alloHSCT population for IPD, and the independent association with IPD and MMF in the adjusted model from this study requires further evaluation. The occurrence of post‐transplant IPD may be reduced by measures such as vaccination with both 13‐valent and 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccines. TMP/SMX prophylaxis for the prevention of PJP may offer incidental protection against IPD in alloHSCT recipients.
Three missense mutations found in the KEL gene lead to Kmod or K0 red blood cell phenotypes
Authors: Matteocci Antonella , Mancuso Tommaso , Moscetti Alessandra , Collaretti Angela , Castagna Katiuscia , Spaccino Cinzia , Hutchinson Tyler , Grammatico Paola , Pierelli Luca
Published: July 2014

Background

The KEL gene is highly polymorphic. It presents two major alleles, KEL1(K) and KEL2(k), but a variety of mutations give rise to weakened (Kmod phenotype) or lack (K0 phenotype) of Kell antigen expression. Recently, the use of advanced DNA‐based techniques has greatly increased our understanding of the Kell blood group system.

Study Design and Methods

Three blood samples that had shown discordant results between the serologic and molecular typing for k were investigated by DNA sequencing. Two of these samples were also subjected to studies of adsorption and elution.

Results

After sequencing the whole KEL gene, we found three new missense mutations: c.455A>G (p.Tyr152Cys) at Exon 5, c.2111A>C (p.Pro704His) at Exon 19, and c.1726G>C (p.Gly576Arg) at Exon 16. So far, no known clinical implications are associated with these mutations. Further investigation by adsorption and elution methods has defined that c.455A>G and c.1726G>C resulted in K0 phenotype, while c.2111A>C encoded a Kmod phenotype.

Conclusion

Molecular investigation is an important complement to routine serologic analyses of Kell antigens. Discrepancies between genotype and phenotype may reveal the presence of Kmod or K0 phenotypes. Our description of three new KEL alleles suggests a role for a wider diagnostic approach to typing of the Kell system.
Skin equivalent tensional force alters keloid fibroblast behavior and phenotype
Authors: Suarez Edna , Syed Farhatullah , Rasgado Teresa A. , Walmsley Alan , Mandal Parthasarathi , Bayat Ardeshir
Published: July 2014

Skin tension may influence keloid scar behavior, development, and spreading, e.g., butterfly‐shaped keloid disease in the sternum. Here, we developed a three‐dimensional (3D) in vitro model to mimic in vivo tension and evaluate keloid fibroblast (KF) behavior and extracellular matrix synthesis under tension. In vivo skin tension measured in volunteers (n = 4) using 3D image photogrammetry enabled prediction of actual force (35 mN). A novel cell force monitor applied tension in a fibroblast‐populated 3D collagen lattice replicating the in vivo force. The effect of tension on keloid (n = 10) fibroblast (KF) and normal skin (n = 10) fibroblasts (NF) at set time points (6, 12, and 24 hours) was measured in Hsp27, PAI‐2, and α2β1 integrin, tension‐related genes demonstrating significant (p < 0.05) time‐dependent regulation of these genes in NF vs. KF with and without tension. KF showed higher (p < 0.05) proliferation post‐tension. Knockdown of all three genes in 24 and 48 hours with and without tension showed significant down‐regulation in NF vs. KF. Additionally, we show significant (p < 0.05) modification of the expression of extracellular matrix‐related genes post‐tension following down‐regulation of Hsp27, PAI‐2, or α2β1 integrin. Finally, we demonstrate significant alteration in NF compared with KF morphology following knockdown. In conclusion, this study shows induction of tension‐related genes expression following mechano‐regulation in KFs, with potential relevance to its development and therapy.
Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Moving Webs in Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing
Authors: Lu Youwei , Pagilla Prabhakar R.
Published: July 2014

A heat transfer model that can predict the temperature distribution in moving flexible composite materials (webs) for various heating/cooling conditions is developed in this paper. Heat transfer processes are widely employed in roll-to-roll (R2R) machines that are used to perform processing operations, such as printing, coating, embossing, and lamination, on a moving flexible material. The goal is to efficiently transport the webs over heating/cooling rollers and ovens within such processes. One of the key controlled variables in R2R transport is web tension. When webs are heated or cooled during transport, the temperature distribution in the web causes changes in the mechanical and physical material properties and induces thermal strain. Tension behavior is affected by these changes and thermal strain. To determine thermal strain and material property changes, one requires the distribution of temperature in moving webs. A multilayer heat transfer model for composite webs is developed in this paper. Based on this model, temperature distribution in the moving web is obtained for the web transported on a heat transfer roller and in a web span between two adjacent rollers. Boundary conditions that reflect many types of heating/cooling of webs are considered and discussed. Thermal contact resistance between the moving web and heat transfer roller surfaces is considered in the derivation of the heat transfer model. Model simulations are conducted for a section of a production R2R coating and fusion process line, and temperature data from these simulations are compared with measured data obtained at key locations within the process line. In addition to determining thermal strain in moving webs, the model is valuable in the design of heating/cooling sources required to obtain a certain desired temperature at a specific location within the process line. Further, the model can be used in determining temperature dependent parameters and the selection of operating conditions such as web speed.
Study on the Allowable Temperature for Preventing Over Welding During Thermal Welding of Polyethylene Pipe
Authors: Zheng Jinyang , Zhong Sijia , Shi Jianfeng , Guo Weican
Published: July 2014

Polyethylene (PE) pipe material may degrade into lower carbon number volatiles quickly during thermal welding when the welding temperature rises up to very high temperature. However, PE may also degrade into lower molecular weight (MW) polymer when subjected to a lower temperature. As a result, determination of the allowable temperature during thermal welding is crucial for guaranteeing the quality of welding joint. In this paper, a typical commercial PE100 material was chosen to conduct thermogravimetic analysis (TGA) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests. The thermal degradation behavior of PE100 was investigated in dynamic and isothermal mode. The composition of the residue after thermal degradation was also analyzed through MW and MW distribution (MWD) measurements. Based on the experimental results, the initial temperature of thermal degradation with volatilization was derived and the thermal degradation process was studied in detail. To limit the degree of thermal degradation within a certain range during thermal welding of PE pipe, the allowable welding temperature for typical commercial PE100 material was determined.
A Survey of Modeling and Control Issues for Piezo-electric Actuators
Authors: Cao Y. , Chen X. B.
Published: July 2014

Piezo-electric actuators (PEAs) have been widely used in nanopositioning applications due to their high stiffness, fast responses, and large actuating forces. However, the existence of nonlinearities such as hysteresis can greatly deteriorate their performance and, as such, modeling and control of PEAs for improved performance has drawn considerable attention in the literature. This paper presents a brief survey of recent achievements in modeling and control of PEAs as well as the relevant issues that remain to be resolved. Specifically, various methods for modeling hysteresis, creep, and vibration dynamics in PEAs are examined, followed by a discussion of the issues leading to modeling errors. Recently reported PEA control schemes are surveyed along with their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges associated with control problems are also discussed.
Effect of Centrifugal Force on Turbulent Premixed Flames
Authors: Briones Alejandro M. , Sekar Balu , Erdmann Timothy
Published: July 2014

The effect of centrifugal force on flame propagation velocity of stoichiometric propane–, kerosene–, and n-octane–air turbulent premixed flames was numerically examined. The quasi-turbulent numerical model was set in an unsteady two-dimensional (2D) geometry with finite length in the transverse and streamwise directions but with infinite length in the spanwise direction. There was relatively good comparison between literature-reported measurements and predictions of propane–air flame propagation velocity as a function of centrifugal force. It was found that for all mixtures the flame propagation velocity increases with centrifugal force. It reaches a maximum, then falls off rapidly with further increases in centrifugal force. The results of this numerical study suggest that there are no distinct differences among the three mixtures in terms of the trends seen of the effect of centrifugal force on the flame propagation velocity. There are, however, quantitative differences. The numerical model is set in a noninertial, rotating reference frame. This rotation imposes a radially outward (centrifugal) force. The ignited mixture at one end of the tube raises the temperature and its heat release tends to laminarize the flow. The attained density difference combined with the direction of the centrifugal force promotes Rayleigh–Taylor instability. This instability with thermal expansion and turbulent flame speed constitute the flame propagation mechanism towards the other tube end. A wave is also generated from the ignition zone but propagates faster than the flame. During propagation the flame interacts with eddies that wrinkle and/or corrugate the flame. The flame front wrinkles interact with streamtubes that enhance Landau–Darrieus (hydrodynamic) instability, giving rise to a corrugated flame. Under strong stretch conditions the stabilizing equidiffusive-curvature mechanism fails and the flame front breaks up, allowing inflow of unburned mixture into the flame. This phenomenon slows down the flame temporarily and then the flame speeds up faster than before. However, if corrugation is large and the inflow of unburned mixture into the flame is excessive, the latter locally quenches and slows down the flame. This occurs when the centrifugal force is large, tending to blowout the flame. The wave in the tube interacts continuously with the flame through baroclinic torques at the flame front that further enhances the above mentioned flame–eddy interactions. Only at low centrifugal forces, the wave intermingles several times with the flame before the averaged flame propagation velocity is determined. The centrifugal force does not substantially increase the turbulent flame speed as commented by previous experimental investigations. The results also suggest that an ultracompact combustor (UCC) with high-g cavity (HGC) will be limited to centrifugal force levels in the 2000–3000 g range.
Characterization of Ultrasonic Metal Welding by Correlating Online Sensor Signals With Weld Attributes
Authors: Shawn Lee S. , Shao Chenhui , Hyung Kim Tae , Jack Hu S. , Kannatey-Asibu Elijah , Cai Wayne W. , Patrick Spicer J. , Abell Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2014

Online process monitoring in ultrasonic welding of automotive lithium-ion batteries is essential for robust and reliable battery pack assembly. Effective quality monitoring algorithms have been developed to identify out of control parts by applying purely statistical classification methods. However, such methods do not provide the deep physical understanding of the manufacturing process that is necessary to provide diagnostic capability when the process is out of control. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical correlation between ultrasonic welding signal features and the ultrasonic welding process conditions and ultimately joint performance. A deep understanding in these relationships will enable a significant reduction in production launch time and cost, improve process design for ultrasonic welding, and reduce operational downtime through advanced diagnostic methods. In this study, the fundamental physics behind the ultrasonic welding process is investigated using two process signals, weld power and horn displacement. Several online features are identified by examining those signals and their variations under abnormal process conditions. The joint quality is predicted by correlating such online features to weld attributes such as bond density and postweld thickness that directly impact the weld performance. This study provides a guideline for feature selection and advanced diagnostics to achieve a reliable online quality monitoring system in ultrasonic metal welding.
Bus networks as graphs: new connectivity indicators with operational characteristics
Authors: Quintero-Cano Liliana , Wahba Mohamed , Sayed Tarek
Published: July 2014

A transit network, visualized as a graph, can be evaluated using indicators such as connectivity, coverage, directness, and complexity, among others, based on the relationships between network elements. This study focuses on the analysis of interconnected and operationally complicated bus networks, a shortcoming of existing approaches tailored to simpler, metro networks. A new procedure is proposed for drawing bus networks as graphs, by disaggregating them into sub-networks at the traffic analysis zone level. As well, improved network connectivity indicators are proposed which incorporate the influence of bus operational characteristics. The effect of bus route transfers is analyzed by introducing intermediate walking transfer edges. The contribution of this research will provide transit agencies with quantitative measures to analyze the network characteristics and the related operational attributes at a zonal sub-network level across the agency’s coverage area. The proposed methodology was demonstrated by applying it to the Greater Vancouver Regional District public transportation system.
BoR: BAG-OF-RELATIONS FOR SYMBOL RETRIEVAL
Authors: SANTOSH K. C. , WENDLING LAURENT , LAMIROY BART
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we address a new scheme for symbol retrieval based on bag-of-relations (BoRs) which are computed between extracted visual primitives (e.g. circle and corner). Our features consist of pairwise spatial relations from all possible combinations of individual visual primitives. The key characteristic of the overall process is to use topological relation information indexed in BoRs and use this for recognition. As a consequence, directional relation matching takes place only with those candidates having similar topological configurations. A comprehensive study is made by using several different well-known datasets such as GREC, FRESH and SESYD, and includes a comparison with state-of-the-art descriptors. Experiments provide interesting results on symbol spotting and other user-friendly symbol retrieval applications.
A SELF-DIRECTED METHOD FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING A MODIFIED TOP-DOWN REGION DIVIDING APPROACH
Authors: WEHNER WALTER S. , SHIH FRANK Y.
Published: July 2014

We present a self-directed method for image segmentation using a modified top-down region dividing (TDRD) approach. The TDRD-based image segmentation method solves some of the issues with histogram and region growing-based segmentation techniques. The process is efficient and achieves proper results without over segmentation or spatial-structure destruction. In this paper, we examine seven user-defined parameters of the method. These parameters are converted from human inputs to values derived from in-class information created by the algorithm allowing for autonomous image segmentation, without the need of human input or feedback. Our new autonomous implementation also reduces the computational complexity of the algorithm. This reduction will produce significant savings for the total number of computations the algorithm needs to perform image segmentation. Experimental results show that the images using these new derived values yield superior results as compared to other methods, including the original TDRD method. We compare our results visually and numerically based on the within-class standard deviation (WCSD) and the number of connected components (NCC).
Groups and semigroups defined by colorings of synchronizing automata
Authors: D'Angeli Daniele , Rodaro Emanuele
Published: July 2014

In this paper we combine the algebraic properties of Mealy machines generating self-similar groups and the combinatorial properties of the corresponding deterministic finite automata (DFA). In particular, we relate bounded automata to finitely generated synchronizing automata and characterize finite automata groups in terms of nilpotency of the corresponding DFA. Moreover, we present a decidable sufficient condition to have free semigroups in an automaton group. A series of examples and applications is widely discussed, in particular we show a way to color the de Bruijn automata into Mealy automata whose associated semigroups are free, and we present some structural results related to the associated groups.
Do Entrepreneurial Companies Make Good Corporate Citizens? Exploring the Relationships Between Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, and Corporate Citizenship
Authors: Sung Chang Soo , Choi David Y. , Kim Daeeop , Lee Woo Jin
Published: July 2014

Do entrepreneurial companies make responsible corporate citizens? In this paper, we examine the relationship between companies' entrepreneurial orientation and their corporate citizenship. An empirical study consisting of 261 South Korean firms reveals that entrepreneurial orientation does not have direct causal effect on corporate citizenship. Analysis also shows that market orientation has full mediation effect between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate citizenship. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial companies may indeed act more responsibly if they are also market oriented. Practical implications are discussed.
The Individual's Perceived Environment as an Antecedent of Academic Entrepreneurship: Multiple Case Studies of Thai University Researchers
Authors: Sooampon Sutti , Igel Barbara
Published: July 2014

This study investigates the individual researcher's perceived environment as a pre-condition of entrepreneurship within the university. Our objective is to identify the micro-level antecedents that shape a university researcher's decision about whether to embark on an entrepreneurial venture. We conducted a series of both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial case studies through in-depth interviews with six university researchers. The comparative case data generated inclusive descriptions of the social conditions surrounding the researchers and their individual characteristics as criteria for explaining their decisions on whether to become entrepreneurs. Our findings add to the macro-perspectives typically discussed, and advance knowledge of the entrepreneurial university by incorporating the individual's perceived environment as a micro-level condition for academic entrepreneurship. Drawing on the context of Thailand's emerging economy, in which social inequality exists alongside growth, our findings shed light on the university researcher's entrepreneurial role as a leader for social change through the commercialisation of science and technology research.
Corporate Bankruptcy, Soft Budget Constraints, and Business Group Affiliation: Evidence from Indian Firms
Authors: Komera Surenderrao , Lukose P. J. Jijo
Published: July 2014

We examine the ex-ante performance of 1185 firms that filed for bankruptcy between 1992 and 2009. Evidence suggests that firm specific poor operating performance and industry wide distress are the principal causes (contributing 42% each for cash flow shortfall) of corporate distress. We observe vitiating investment, operating, and financing performance of the sample firms starting from four years prior to their bankruptcy. Further, we report less severe decline in capital expenditure in the case of state controlled firms and business group affiliated firms, indicating the presence of "soft budget constraints" among the sample firms. Logistic regression, estimating firm level distress probabilities offer indirect evidence for "risk sharing argument" among business group affiliates.
Security Issuances in Hot and Cold Markets
Authors: Maung Min
Published: July 2014

Overwhelming evidence indicates that firms time market conditions to issue equity. I investigate the motivations for security issuances in hot and cold markets. While it is commonly believed that firms tend to exploit overvaluations to issue equity and overinvest in so-called 'hot' markets, which often results in lower future returns, I show that security issuances in certain periods with lower adverse selection costs are motivated by fundamentals such as capital expenditures and financial constraints, and that these issuances can create shareholder wealth. In contrast, firms that issue equity during periods of high sentiment experience a decline in future returns.
Thermodynamically controlled Diels–Alder reaction of 12-N-methylcytisine: A DFT study
Authors: Borisevich Sophia S. , Kovalskaya Alena V. , Tsypysheva Inna P. , Khursan Sergey L.
Published: July 2014

A DFT study was performed for the Diels–Alder traction of 12-N-methylcytisine with a number of dienophiles (in boiling toluene under atmospheric pressure), namely, N-phenylmaleimide, maleic anhydride, 2,4-benzoquinone, tetracyanoethylene and methyl methacrylate. It was shown that 12-N-methylcytisine selectively reacts with these dienophiles, only the reaction with N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) resulting in the formation of thermodynamically stable adducts, which is consistent with experimental data. This selectivity of 12-N-methylcytisine is attributable to the difference between the properties of the listed dienophiles, which is confirmed by the relative reactivity indices calculated within the framework of the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases (HSAB) theories, the thermodynamic and activation parameters of the forward and retro-Diels–Alder reactions. According to analysis of the theoretical results, NPM is characterized by high chemical potential, hardness close to that of 12-N-methylcytisine, and commensurable heights of the activation barriers for the forward and reverse Diels–Alder reactions and also forms stable [4+2] adducts.
Theoretical study of spectroscopic constants and anharmonic force field of formaldehyde
Authors: Wang Xuejun , Wang Meishan , Yang Chuanlu , Li Jing , Tong Dianmin
Published: July 2014

The equilibrium geometries of formaldehyde are optimized with B3LYP, B3PW91 and MP2 methods employing three basis sets 6-311++G(2d,2p), aug-cc-pVTZ and cc-pVTZ, respectively, which agree well with the corresponding experimental and previous theoretical data. The best optimized geometries are obtained at the theoretical level B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. Basing on the calculated equilibrium geometries, the spectroscopic constants and anharmonic force field of H 2 CO are investigated. The results show that DFT method is superior to MP2 method at the calculation of spectroscopic constants and force constants of H 2 CO . The vibration–rotation interaction constants and fundamental vibrational wave numbers of H 2 CO are firstly theoretically calculated. The Coriolis coupling constants, cubic force constants and most of quartic force constants are firstly theoretically predicted.
Sol–gel synthesis, structural and electrical properties of Li2CoSiO4 cathode material
Authors: Świętosławski Michał , Molenda Marcin , Natkański Piotr , Kuśtrowski Piotr , Dziembaj Roman , Gajewska Marta
Published: July 2014

Polyanionic cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries start to be considered as potential alternative for layered oxide materials. Among them, Li 2 CoSiO 4, characterized by outstanding capacity and working voltage, seems to be an interesting substitute for LiFePO 4 and related systems. In this work, structural and electrical investigations of Li 2 CoSiO 4 obtained by sol–gel synthesis were presented. Thermal decomposition of gel precursor was studied using EGA (FTIR)-TGA method. Chemical composition of the obtained material was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The morphology of β- Li 2 CoSiO 4 was studied using transmission electron microscopy. High temperature electrical conductivity of Li 2 CoSiO 4 was measured for the first time. Activation energies of the electrical conductivity of two Li 2 CoSiO 4 polymorphs (β and γ) were determined. The room temperature electrical conductivity of those materials was estimated as well.
The TG/HDL-C Ratio Might Be a Surrogate for Insulin Resistance in Chinese Nonobese Women
Authors: He Jiyun , He Sen , Liu Kai , Wang Yong , Shi Di , Chen Xiaoping
Published: July 2014

Obejective. To examine the discriminatory power of triglyceride (TG) and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) for insulin resistance (IR) in a normoglycaemic Chinese population.Methods. The data were collected from 711 individuals. The normoglycaemic individuals were eventually included in the study (n= 533, age: 62.8 ± 6.6 years, male: 56.8%), who were with a fasting plasma glucose < 6.1 mmol/L and without a history of diabetes. IR was defined as the upper quintile (≥1.6) of homeostasis model assessment of IR. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) was used to examine the discriminatory power.Results. The discriminatory power of TG/HDL-C for IR was acceptable in women with a BMI < 24 kg/m2or waist circumference < 80 cm (AROCs: 0.718 and 0.713, resp.); however, the discriminatory power was not acceptable in the obese women. TG/HDL-C was not an acceptable marker of IR in men. The discriminatory power of TG for IR was not acceptable in both men and women.Conclusions. The discriminatory power of TG/HDL-C for IR differs by gender and obesity index in the normoglycaemic Chinese population, and TG/HDL-C could discriminate IR in the nonobese and normoglycaemic women.
Comparing the Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Micallef-Trigona Beppe
Published: July 2014

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the longest standing psychiatric treatment available and has unequivocal benefit in severe depression. However this treatment comes with a number of side effects such as memory impairment. On the other hand, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a relatively new form of treatment which has been shown to be efficacious in patients suffering from a number of psychopathologies, including severe depression, with few reported side effects. Due to its potential therapeutic efficacy and lack of side effects, rTMS has gained traction in the treatment of depression, with a number of authors keen to see it take over from ECT. However, it is not clear whether rTMS represents a therapeutic alternative to ECT. This meta-analysis will therefore compare the “gold standard” treatment for severe depression, with the relatively new but promising rTMS. A literature search will be performed with the intention to include all randomised clinical trials. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the antidepressant efficacy between the two types of treatment modalities. Statistical analysis of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores will be performed.