bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euphausiids in the Coral and Tasman Seas during May 1972, I. Horizontal and Vertical Distribution
Authors: Griffiths FB
Published: November 2005

Thirty-three species belonging to seven genera of euphausiids were collected at two stations, 20� S.,153� E. and 33� 40'S.,153� E., during May 1972 off the east Australian coast. In all, 33 hauls at the northern station and 21 at the southern station were made with a mouth-opening-losing Tucker trawl at various depths between the surface and 400 m. The hauls were grouped into four time periods: dawn (0401-1000 h), noon (1001-1600 h), dusk (1601-2000 h) and midnight (2001-0400 h).
The mean number of euphausiids of all species was 20.78 per 1000 m³ at 33� 40's. and 18.34 per 1000 m³ at 20%. Night-time abundances were greater than day-time abundances at both stations. Twenty-five species were found at the northern station and 29 species at the southern station. Four species, Thysanopoda astylata, T. obtusifrons, T. monacantha, and Nernatoscelis atlantica, were found only at the northern station and eight species, Thysanopoda acutifrons, T. orientalis, Pseudeuphausia latifrons, Euphausia recurva, E. pseudogibba, E. similis variety armata, E. spinifera, and Nematoscelis megalops were found only at the southern station. Euphausia similis is reported from 20� CS..153� E. for the first time. The abundance of 14 species was large enough to allow examination of their diel migration patterns. Only one, Stylocheiron abbreviatum; did not show evidence of a diurnal migration pattern. Thysanoesa gregaria exhibited a probable reversed-migration pattern.
Euphausiids in the Coral and Tasman Seas during May 1972. II. Horizontal Distribution in relation to Circulation Patterns
Authors: Griffiths FB
Published: November 2005

An examination of the euphausiid species collected at two stations, 20� S.,153� E. and 33� 40'S.,153� E., during May 1972 showed that 21 of the 33 epipelagic and mesopelagic species were common to both stations. This suggests a high degree of water mass continuity between these two stations. This paper discusses the horizontal distribution of 10 species, divided into four groups, who show range extensions that are related to circulation patterns in the Coral and Tasman Seas. The presence of group A animals (Thysanopoda tricuspidata, Euphausia diomedeae, E. pseudogibba, and Nematoscelis gracilis) at the southern station supports the theory that there is a southward movement of South Equatorial water from between the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia to at least 33� 44'S. This water must have passed over, or close to the continental shelf, probably as part of the East Australian Current in order for the neritic Pseudeuphausia latrifrons (group B) to be caught at the southern station. The species present in group C (Euphausia similis and Thysanoessa gregaria) indicate there had been northern transport of central Tasman water to at least 20� S., possibly along 160� E. or further east. Finally, the group D species (Euphausia brevis, Nematoscelis atlantica and N. tenella) suggest there may have been some westwards flow from the west central Pacific region, possibly during the previous June-December period.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Muscle Tissue of 12 Species of Teleost from Cockburn Sound, Western Australia
Authors: Plaskett D , Potter IC
Published: November 2005

The wet and dry weight concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co have been measured in muscle tissue taken from 12 species of teleost caught in Cockburn Sound. The maximum concentration of each of the metals found in the fish was well below the values given in the National Health and Medical Research Council Standards and the Western Australian Food and Drug Regulations. Considering the rate at which metals are known to be discharged into the Sound the low concentrations found in fish flesh contrast with the appreciable rate at which metals are discharged and accumulate in certain regions of the Sound. Furthermore, the metal concentrations in fish flesh are many times lower than in invertebrates such as the mussel, Mytilus edulis. It is suggested that the low levels in fish flesh reflect both the relatively low rate at which heavy metals are accumulated by teleost muscle and also the movement pattern of fish within the polluted and relatively unpolluted regions of the Sound, and between the Sound and the Indian Ocean.
Mercury in Marine and Freshwater Fish of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Sorentino C
Published: November 2005

A survey was carried out of the mercury content of 19 fish species from 18 locations In the coastal and fresh waters of Papua New Guinea. Most commercial catches had total mercury contents well below the 0.5 �g/g limit recommended by the World Health Organization, the only exception being barramundi (Lates calcarifer) caught in the Fly River system. The presence of mercury in this river is discussed.
Estimation of Growth, Mortality and Yeild per Recruit of the Australian School Shark, Galeorhinus australis (Macleay), from Tag Recoveries
Authors: Grant CJ , Sandland RL , Olsen AM
Published: November 2005

A study of growth, mortality and yield per recruit of G. australis in south-eastern Australia has been undertaken. The species is long-lived, slow growing and has a low natural mortality rate. The fishery in Victoria was recently adversely affected by the imposition in 1972 of an upper size limit of 104 cm, in addition to an existing legal minimum length of 91 cm, to ensure that sharks with flesh mercury levels in excess of 0.5 �g/g were not taken for human consumption. More recent (1976) legislation altered these limits to a minimum length of 71 cm and a maximum length of 112 cm. This paper discusses the possible effects of increased exploitation within the length limitations which are currently operative on the availability of breeding stock of the school shark.
Distribution of Culicoides molestus (Skuse) (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in Man-made Canals in South-eastern Queensland
Authors: Kettle DS , Reye EJ , Edwards PB
Published: November 2005

In soil samples flooded for 18 h C. molestus larvae were scarce in the top 0.5 cm, most dense in 0.5-1.5 cm and most numerous in 1.5-8.5 cm depth. They were recovered from mean high water springs to mean tide level but were concentrated (87.6%) in a narrow zone above mean tide level and including mean high water neaps. There was no evidence that their distribution was influenced by remoteness from the main body of tidal water. Higher density fluids than normal, e.g. syrup, specific gravity > 1.3, were required to extract larvae of C. molestus.
The Reproduction of the Entozoic Nemertean Gononemertes australiensis Gibson (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea : Monostylifera) - Gonads, Gametes, Embryonic Development and Larval Development
Authors: Egan EA , Anderson DT
Published: November 2005

G. australiensis is an entozoic nemertean found in the atrium of the ascidian Pyura pachydermatina (Herdman) var. intermedia Herdman. The host is common in the low intertidal and shallow sublittoral waters of the Sydney region of New South Wales. The nemertean is dioecious and possesses numerous gonads. In mature female worms, oocytes at different stages of maturity are always found throughout the body. The more mature oocytes lie close to the gut. Each temporary gonad produces several oocytes. The mature male worms contain ripe testes close packed within the parenchymal tissue along the body. The spermatozoon of G. australiensis has a head 6.5 µm long and a tail 38 µm in length. The head is rod- shaped with a blunt simple acrosome. The base of the head is surrounded by a mitochondria1 bulge which also encloses the connecting piece. A close apposition between the nucleus and the mitochondrion occurs in this area. The sperm is intermediate in type between primitive and modified nemertean spermatozoa. The egg of G. australiensis is spherical, yolky, 0.18mm in diameter and surrounded by a glutinous membrane. Fertilization is external. Cleavage, gastrulation and later embryonic development are similar to those of other hoplonemerteans and the resulting larva is of the hoplonemertean type. The larva is free- swimming for 3-5 days before invading a host. Some features of larval structure and behaviour are specializations associated with the entozoic habit of the nemertean. The development of the larval ocelli, lost soon after host invasion, is one of these. The young larva is photopositive, but after the ocelli have formed it becomes photonegative. Older larvae respond to a water current by an attachment response. No stomodaeum is formed during embryonic or larval development and completion of the differentiation of the proboscis is delayed until host invasion takes place. The larva exists on yolk until this time. The resources of the larva are concentrated on host location rather than on the feeding, growth and continued development typical of the larvae of other free-living hoplonemerteans.
Sporadic Sea-level Oscillations along the Western Australian Coastline
Authors: Allison H , Grassia A
Published: November 2005

Sporadic sea-level oscillations were recorded on the Western Australian continental shelf. The largest oscillations with amplitudes up to 50 cm occur on the shelf between Perth and Geraldton. It is shown that magnification of the oscillation in this area is caused by resonance in a near-shore channel, formed by the shore and a submerged reef-chain parallel to the shore at an average distance of 5500 m offshore. The estimated resonance amplification factor is about 10. Predominant period of oscillations is about 30 min. Statistical analysis of the oscillations during the period between 1963 and 1978 indicated a significant correlation with solar activity. Seasonal variations in oscillation energy were found to have a significant peak during Southern Hemisphere winter months, when storms in the Indian and Southern Oceans are more frequent. This supports the hypothesis that the near-shore oscillations observed have the same 'excitation- from-the-ocean' resonance mechanism as that established by Miles and Munk for harbours.
Effect of EDTA on Growth of the Marine Diatom Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow
Authors: Canterford GS
Published: November 2005

The presence of a chelating agent such as EDTA was shown to be necessary for growth of D. brightwellii in SiO2, Stosch-modified Schreiber medium irrespective of initial cell concentration, temperature and illuminance. Growth increased with increasing EDTA concentration up to about 2 × 10-6M above which growth was independent of EDTA concentration. The reason for lack of growth of D. brightwellii in the absence of EDTA was investigated using various methods of sterilization, filtration and modification of the composition of culture media. Filtration of seawater may either remove essential constituents which may be replaced by EDTA or introduce contaminants such as heavy metals. From a model describing the speciation of heavy metals in the culture medium, it was concluded that the beneficial effect of added EDTA was not due to a reduction in metal toxicity.
Distribution and Dispersal of the Phyllosoma Larvae of the Western rock Lobster, Panulirus cygnus, in the South-eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Phillips BF , Brown PA , Rimmer DW , Reid DD
Published: November 2005

Data on the phyllosoma larvae of P. cygnus caught on seven cruises carried out between April 1976 and January 1977 off the west coast of Australia are presented and discussed. The studies were undertaken to determine the length of the plankton cycle, the distribution of the phyllosoma in the south-eastern Indian Ocean and the extent of the offshore dispersal. Analyses showed the average length of the planktonic life to be less than one year and probably between 9 and 11 months. After hatching most early phyllosoma were transported offshore. Few larvae remained on or near the continental shelf. The maximum westward extent of the phyllosoma distribution of P. cygnus was not determined because significant numbers of phyllosoma were still found as far offshore as 99� 001E. (1500 km offshore), the furthest station sampled. The phyllosoma were distributed over an extensive area of the south-eastern Indian Ocean, and there were few stations beyond the continental shelf between 24� 30'S. and 35� 00'S., from 99� 00'E. to 115� 00'E., during midwinter, at which phyllosoma were not caught. The highest densities of mid-and late-stage phyllosoma occurred between 111� 00' E. and 104� 00' E. (between 375 and 1030 km offshore), at 29� 30'S. The area of greatest abundance was due west of the approximate centre of the adult distribution on the coast. The significance of the circulation of the south-eastern Indian Ocean in the transport of the larvae is discussed.
Estimates of the Size of First Maturity of the Western Rock Lobster, Panulirus cygnus, Using Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Authors: Grey KA
Published: November 2005

The size of first maturity of P. cygnus has been estimated using the intersect analysis method and shown to be applicabIe to males as well as females which are smaller than males at this stage of development. The method which is based on significant differences between slopes of regression lines also demonstrated variation in size of maturity of males within the coastal population. Estimates were in close agreement with those obtained by examination of gonad material.
Skeletal, Morphology of Coral Reef Sponges: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Wilkinson CR
Published: November 2005

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the form and arrangement of skeletal components in intact specimens of four Great Barrier Reef sponges. The four sponges contain markedly different skeletal components and compositions, typical of the wide genetic diversity in the Porifera. The nature of the sponge skeleton has an influence on the habitat ranges of these sponges. Pericharax heteroraphis and Jaspis stellifera contain no spongin and occur in less turbulent areas, whereas the fibrous sponges Neofibularia irata and Ircinia wistarii occur in more turbulent regions. Different skeletal elements are used by sponges to form similar structures. In spiculated sponges, the major canals are strengthened with spicules, whereas in I. Wistarii spongin filaments perform the same role. The thickened ectosome in two sponges consists of a collagen matrix with embedded solid particles, being either spicules or incorporated foreign matter. Fibrillar collagen is an important component in binding spicules and in increasing the structural rigidity of the mesohyl.
Natural Sex Inversion in the Giant Perch (Lates calcarifer)
Authors: Moore R
Published: November 2005

A detailed examination of the sexuality of L. calcarifer led to the conclusion that it was a protandrous hermaphrodite. The smaller length classes are almost exclusively male, the percentage of females increasing with increased total length. Length frequencies, calculated from the dissection of 5202 mature specimens, give a male mode at 89.5 cm and a much smaller female one at 101.5 cm. The overall sex ratio is 3.8:1 in favour of males. There is a small proportion of primary females and also the possibility that some males do not undergo the change to female. Biopsy experiments were used to confirm protandric sex inversion. As the gonads of L. calcarifer are strongly dimorphic, inversion of sex requires a complete reorganization of gonad structure as well as function. Few hermaphrodite gonads were detected, this being attributed to a rapid transition phase from male to female and the lack of sampling during the period when transitions are most likely to occur.
Relationship between nephelometric turbidity and scattering coefficients in certain Australian waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

It has been shown for five water bodies in the southern tablelands of New South Wales that there is a linear relationship between the nephelometric turbidity measured on water samples, and the value of 2RαK; where Rα is the asymptotic (maximum) value of underwater irradiance reflectance. and K is the vertical attenuation coefficient of irradiance, both measured in situ. An earlier theoretical analysis had shown that 2RαK should be equal to bb′, a new scattering parameter of the water, referred to as the asymptotic backscattering coefficient. The observed relationship between turbidity and 2RαK supports the interpretation of this latter parameter in terms of the scattering properties of the water. It is here proposed that bb′ (i.e. 2RαK) provides a useful alternative measure of light scattering by different waters. Theoretical calculations, using published data for underwater radiance distribution and volume scattering function for other water bodies, have been used to determine the ratios of the asymptotic backscattering coefficient, bb′. to the normal backscattering and total scattering coefficients (bb and b), for different types of water. The relationships which have been found may be used to obtain approximate values for these fundamental, but hard to measure. scattering coefficients.
Lee's phenomenon in the western subspecies of the Australian salmon, Arripis trutta esper
Authors: Stanley CA
Published: November 2005

Lee's phenomenon is apparent in scale readings of the western subspecies of A. trutta esper. A hypothesis involving a progressive eastward decrease in growth rate of fish from juvenile areas coupled with the progressive entry of these fish into the adult fishing area is advanced to explain the appearance of the phenomenon. The phenomenon can be included under the effects of biased sampling, although not in the normally accepted sense. Here it is apparently caused in the adult fishery by the selective arrival of fish with progressively slower growth rates, and in juvenile areas by the selective departure of faster-growing fish. If the hypothesis is correct this type of situation may occur in other species exhibiting a cline in growth rate that migrate from nursery areas to a separate spawning or adult area.
Reproductive cycles and fecundities of two species of Siphonaria (Mollusca : Pulmonata) in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Creese RG
Published: November 2005

The reproductive cycles of Siphonaria denticulata and S. virgulata were determined by measuring the length or weight of the spawn of each species. S. denticulara lays a typical. coiled, gelatinous egg ribbon, cemented to the rocky substratum. S. virgulata lays a globular egg mass which is released directly into the water. This latter form of spawning is apparently unique amongst pulmonate molluscs. S. denticulata has a long breeding season, extending from November-December to the following April-May. Spawning usually occurs every 2 weeks for large adults, but smaller (i.e. younger) limpets spawn less frequently. Periods of spawning correspond to periods of full or new moons. The exact length of the breeding season of S. virgulata is unknown. Estimates of fecundity were obtained from counts of eggs within egg masses. There were differences in the fecundity of S. denticulata between localities, but S. denticulata and S. virgulata from the same locality had similar fecundities for similar-sized animals. Egg ribbons of S. denticulata experimentally placed high on the shore were found to suffer higher mortality from desiccation than those lower on the shore. This may explain why S. virgulata, which generally lives higher on the shore than its congener, has pelagic egg masses.
Review of Australian Microvelia Westwood (Hemiptera : Veliidae) with a description of two new species from eastern Australia
Authors: Malipatil MB
Published: November 2005

All known species of Microvelia occurring in Australia, including Tasmania and Lord Howe Island, are reviewed. M. australica Bergroth and M. halei Esaki are synonymized with M. oceanica Distant. Two new species, M. distincta and M.fluvialis, and a new subspecies. M. fluvialis weiri, are described from eastern Australia. Available bio-ecological information is provided for five species and a key is given to species and subspecies.
Phosphate distribution in Bass Strait and south-eastern Australian coastal waters.
Authors: Smith JD , Longmore AR
Published: November 2005

Waters off south-eastern Australia, including Bass Strait, were analysed for dissolved phosphate. Concentrations in mid Bass Strait varied over the range 8.2-15.4 mg P m3. total dissolved phosphate, and 4.5-8.7 mg P m-3 dissolved inorganic phosphate. The effect of phosphate-rich Port Phillip Bay water was detectable for about 15 nautical miles offshore in Bass Strait. The warmer and less saline waters off the eastern Australian coast contained about half the levels of dissolved phosphate found in Bass Strait waters, and a greater proportion was present as dissolved inorganic phosphate.
Growth of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, cultivated in Tasmania. I. Intertidal stick culture
Authors: Summer CE
Published: November 2005

Growth of Pacific oyster spat caught commercially in intertidal zones of the River Tamar was monitored for
6 months. After 90 days Tamar spat had a mean length of 14.3 mm. Reduced growth rates with falling water
temperatures were noted.
Oysters transferred to the Pipeclay Lagoon lease grew to 75 mm length and 52 mm width in only 12
months. Average live weight was 42.8 g and drained flesh weight 6.3 g. Seasonal differences in growth were
apparent with major shell increases in autumn months. Shell width increased preferentially over length in
winter but thereafter was always less. In contrast to other reported studies, summer growth rates were
markedly reduced. Exposure to high air temperatures coupled with reproductive activity may be responsible.
Growth of oysters during the second year on the growing lease was reduced but followed similar patterns
to the previous year. At termination of study, 28-month-old oysters averaged 89.9 mm length and 61.7 mm
width, had a live weight of 69.1 g and a drained flesh weight of 13.3 g.
Fish of Trinity Inlet system of north Queensland with notes on the ecology of fish faunas of tropical Indo-Pacific estuaries
Authors: Blaber SJM
Published: November 2005

The fish faunas of tropical Trinity estuary and adjacent Trinity Bay are described. The fauna of the estuary is compared with that of other tropical Indo-Pacific estuaries and is found to be similar: all are dominated by juvenile marine fish. Numbers of planktivores are high and swimming prawns are an important food for many species. Absence of extensive shallow areas and a low biomass of benthic animals in Trinity estuary apparently limits the numbers of benthic feeding fish. Piscivores are few in the estuary and mainly represented by juveniles. Trinity Bay has fewer species represented by juveniles than the estuaries. higher numbers of piscivores, mainly adults, and fewer planktivores. The species diversity of Mugilidae in all areas is probably influenced by substrate diversity. Physical data indicate that substrate, turbidity and depth, together with relatively calm water in estuaries, affect the distribution ofjuvenile marine fish. If Trinity Bay is representative of areas of open water adjacent to tropical estuaries, the significantly lower numbers of piscivores in the estuaries may increase their advantage as sanctuaries for juvenile fish.
Alterations to the relative species-abundance of ascidians and barnacles in a fouling community due to screens
Authors: Marshall JI , Rowe FWE , Fisher RP , Smith DF
Published: November 2005

The species composition and abundance of a community of fouling organisms can be altered by shielding the surface to be settled with fibreglass screen of 1.0 mm mesh size. Settlement and survival of two barnacle species is nearly precluded, while that of the ascidians Pyura praeputialis, Styela plicata, S. pedata and Diplosoma listerianum and of several bryozoan species is greatly enhanced. S. pedata was found to survive almost exclusively on screened plate surfaces.
Community structure of the fauna associated with the coral Pocillopora damicornis (L.) on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Austin AD , Austin SA , Sale PF
Published: November 2005

The structure and composition of the infauna of the coral P. damicornis in the Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef, is examined. A total of 40 coral heads were sampled from four localities on two reefs and 951 individuals of 101 species were extracted. This is five times the species collected from P. damicornis in previous studies. A comprehensive species list is provided. Infauna was dominated by only a few species, 20 species accounting for 78% of individuals and 36 species recorded only as single individuals. Crustacea was the dominant taxon present, comprising 72% of species and 86% of individuals. Number of species and number of individuals show significant regressions with size of coral heads. Differences in physical environment at the four sites did not affect species diversity within coral heads. However, several common species only occurred within particular habitats. Species diversity is discussed briefly in relation to the behaviour of resident symbionts, random pelagic settlements of larvae, the size of target corals and habitat heterogeneity in coral heads.
Distribution of intertidal benthic algae in the vicinity of Townsville, tropical Australia
Authors: Ngan Y , Price IR
Published: November 2005

The vertical and horizontal distribution of 144 benthic marine algal taxa (25 of the Chlorophyta, 21 of the Phaeophyta, 92 of the Rhodophyta and 6 of the Cyanophyta) in the intertidal region in the vicinity of Townsville was investigated. The distribution patterns are discussed in relation to the zonation of animal species in the region and compared with information available for other tropical shores.
Australian species of the genus Anisocentropus McLachlan (Calamoceratidae : Trichoptera)
Authors: Neboiss A
Published: November 2005

In Australia, 10 species of the genus Anisocentropus are now recognized. Of these. six new species, A. corvinus, A. eungellus, A. kirramus, A. muricatus, A, torulus and A. valgus, are described. All but one species, A. banghaasi, are endemic to Australia.
The Crustacean Isopod Genus Gnathia Leach from Queensland Waters with Descriptions of Nine New Species
Authors: Holdish DM , Harrison K
Published: November 2005

Eight species of the isopod genus Gnathia are currently known from Australian waters. Intensive sampling of various littoral and shallow-water habitats in Queensland has revealed the presence of nine new species. G. biorbis, sp. nov., G. falcipenis, sp. nov., G. meticola, sp. nov., G. asperifrons, sp. nov., G. cornuta, sp. nov., G. variobranchia, sp. nov. and G. (Elaphognathia) forceps, sp. nov. occur eulittorally in dead coral, permanent and semipermanent wood and empty barnacle tests; G. (E.) rimifrons, sp. nov. and G. (E.) bifurcilla, sp. nov. occur in shallow-water sediments at depths of 6-18 m. In addition, G. calmani Monod, previously known only off Victoria, is recorded from dead coral on the reef at Heron I., Qld. The need for more intensive sampling of the marine infauna of Queensland is stressed, as is the importance of cryptic habitats, such as dead coral, to the smaller elements of the macrofauna.
Scomberomorus munroi, a new species of Spanish mackerel from Australia and New Guinea
Authors: Collette BB , Russo JL
Published: November 2005

S. munroi, sp. nov.. is described from northern Australia and southern Papua New Guinea. It has been confused with S. niphonius of the north-western Pacific because both are spotted species with many (19-22) dorsal spines. S. niphonius is unique among the 18 species of the genus in having a straight intestine; S. munroi, like most other species of Scomberomorus, has two loops and three limbs to the intestine. S. munroi has more vertebrae (50-52) than S. niphonius (48-50) and most other species of Australian Scomberomorus (S. commerson 42-46, S. queenslandicus 48-49, S. semifasciatus 44-46), except for S. multiradiatus from Papua New Guinea (55-56). S. munroi has a deeper body and a longer postorbital distance than S. niphonius.
Electromagnetic Tracking of Rock Lobsters (Jasus novaehollandiae)
Authors: Ramm DC
Published: November 2005

A new method is described for tracking rock lobsters in habitats where the use of radio or ultrasonic telemetry is not feasible. Electromagnetic tags, weighing 8 g in seawater and characterized by the repetition rate of their pulse train, were fixed to the carapace of rock lobsters. Any tagged individual could be located and identified within the range of detection of a receiver connected to a loop antenna which could be either portable or permanently installed on the sea floor. Results showing movements of J. novaehollandiae in a coastal lagoon are presented.
Comparative study of the cranial morphology of the labrids Choeroden venustus and Labroides dimidiatus and the scarid Scarus fasciatus (Pisces : Perciformes) I. Head skeleton
Authors: Tedman RA
Published: November 2005

The cranial osteology of C. venustus, L. dimidiatus and S. fasciatus is described. C. venustus and L. dimidiatus possess three features characteristic of the family Labridae: protrusible upper jaws, the ascending process of the maxilla longer than the alveolar process, and the alveolar process of the premaxilla attached by fibrous tissue to the distal end of the maxilla which in turn is fastened to the ascending process of the dentary. The neurocranium of C. venustus shows several features involved in strengthening the skull to withstand the strong forces applied during feeding when crushing molluscs, barnacles and crabs as well as turning over slabs of coral. The forward movement of jaws and eyes have permitted L. dimidiatus to feed by picking small organisms off the general body surface, pharynx, gills and buccal cavity of host fish. S.fasciatus has at least three features characteristic of scarids: fused teeth on the premaxillae and dentary, a premaxilla firmly attached to the maxilla, and a secondary joint between the dentary and articular producing a compound lever type of articulation for the lower jaw. Several modifications help strengthen the upper and lower jaws and enable S. fasciatus to feed by scraping pieces of algae and coral fragments from the surfaces of coral rocks.
Population ecology of the intertidal anemone Actinia tenebrosa. IV. Growth rates and longevities
Authors: Ottaway JR
Published: November 2005

In all, 82 adults and about 600 juvenile A tenebrosa were tracked for up to 3 years These intertidal sea anemones were free-living on the rocky coast at Kaikoura, New Zealand Regular measurements of column diameters were taken for 2 years Annual growth increments were small for all sizes of A. tenebrosa observed most increments were in the range -2 to 4 mm of column diameter per year, with the smallest anemones havmg the fastest relative mean growth rates From the growth data, A tenebrosa reaches a column diameter of 40 mm in 8-66 years after settlement From mortality data, the observed adults have a predicted mean longevity of at least 50 years and a predicted maximum longevity of at least 210 years.
Identification of natural 'Yanco' × 'Boolara' hybrids of the carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Mulley JC , Shearer KD
Published: November 2005

The geographic distributions of the Yanco and Boolara populations of C. carpio began to overlap in Australia in about 1972. The identification of F1 individuals on the basis of electrophoretic evidence suggests that these distinct populations have started to interbreed.
Hydrodynamics of a tidal creek-mangrove swamp system.
Authors: Wolanski E , Jones M , Bunt JS
Published: November 2005

A mathematical model is proposed for the movement of water and sediments in Coral Creek. a tidal creek surrounded by thickly vegetated mangrove wamps in Missionary Bay at the northern end of Hinchinbrook Island, northern Queensland. It is shown that a net down-stream longitudinal current through mangrove swamps exists and is responsible for rapidly carrying away organic detritus (e.g. fallen tree leaves) to the ocean, thereby enhancing the export of nutrients from mangrove swamps. The asymmetry between ebb and flood currents contributes to the maintenance of a deep self-sustaining drainage channel. even in the presence of a large sediment input from surrounding coastal waters. The size and geometry of the drainage channel are related to vegetation density in mangrove swamps. Evapotranspiration from mangroves in Coral Creek is responsible for the existence of a longitudinal salinity gradient. The evapotranspiration rate could be as large as 3 cm,'day. Residual currents are clockwise in Missionary Bay and explain the overall patterns of scour and deposition in the bay.
Resonance of Poincaré waves on a continental shelf
Authors: Buchwald VT
Published: November 2005

The response of a continental shelf to incident Poincaré waves in a homogeneous ocean rotating about a vertical axis is considered, linear friction being incorporated in the model. The shelf is shown to resonate at the usual 'quarter-wavelength' frequencies, but surprisingly, the maximum energy absorption at resonance occurs for a particular value of the relation between the friction parameter and the shelf geometry.
Aspects of the population dynamics and ecology of the white spotted stingaree, Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon, in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Authors: Edwards RRC
Published: November 2005

The ages of U. paucimaculutus were determined using sections of the centra of the vertebrae; as many as 10 age classes were present. Females grow to a greater length (57.3 cm) than males (42.8 cm) and live to a greater age. The sex ratio in the population is approximately unity. Parturition was observed in females 34 cm long. or 3 years of age. Fecundity is estimated as a maximum of 12 offspring per year for females older than 7 years. Biomass of the population appears to be higher in summer than in winter and suggests seasonal migration or changes in behaviour patterns in relation to trawls. The diet of juveniles consists primarily of amphipods and isopods, but that of adults consists mainly of polychaetes and caridean and brachyuran crustaceans.
Mercury levels in six species of Australian commercial fish
Authors: Chvojka R , Williams RJ
Published: November 2005

The total mercury content of six species of Australian commercial fish (John dory. Zeus faber: mirror dory. Zenopsis nebulosus; tiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni; rubberlip morwong, Nemadactylus douglasii; jackass morwong, Nemadactylus macroprerus; and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata) is reported. Total mercury content is regressed against fish length and the resultant equations and correlation coefficients are presented for each species. A length-frequency histogram derived from the Sydney Fish Market data and a length-mercury content curve are plotted as an overlay for each of the six species. The integrated average mercury content (mg/kg) has been calculated for each species and these are as follows: sand whiting, 0.08; rubberlip morwong, 0.13; tiger flathead, 0.14; John dory, 0.14; mirror dory, 0.15; and jackass morwong, 0.16. The graphical method adequately demonstrates the relationship between mercury levels and the commercial size range of particular species.
Habitat requirements and distribution of Engaeus cisternarius and three subspecies of Parastacoides tasmanicus (Decapoda : Parastacidae), burrowing crayfish from an area of south-western Tasmania
Authors: Richardson AMM , Swain R
Published: November 2005

During an extensive survey of the crayfish fauna of the lower catchments of the Gordon River, south-western Tasmania. two species of crayfish were collected: Engaeus cisternarius and three subspecies of Parastacoides tasmanicus (P. t. tasmanicus, P. t. inermis and P. t. insignis). From this survey and an intensive study in a small area of the Olga River valley, distinct habitat preferences of each of the forms were recognized. E. cisteinavius was restricted to the areas north and west of the Gordon River where it was found only in clay and sandy soils under rainforest. P. t. tasmanicus was found in waterlogged soils, peats and sands on valley floors covered either with wet sedgeland or rainforest. P. t. inermis was found in two disjunct habitats: well- drained slopes and hillsides covered in heath vegetation. and under rocks in small creeks in rainforests. P. t. insignis occupied an intermediate habitat between P. t. tasmanicus and the non-creek dwelling, P. t. inermis, but was restricted geographically to the extreme south-west of the study area. The taxonomic status of the P. tasmanicus subspecies is discussed.
Spatial and temporal distribution of early-stage phyllosoma of westren rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus
Authors: Rimmer DW
Published: November 2005

Time-series sampling for early-stage phyllosoma of P. cygnus was carried out off the western coast of Australia near the centre of the population of breeding adults. Hatching occurred from November through February in 1973-74 and 1974-75. Spatial distribution of the larvae was similar between the two seasons studied. The density of newly hatched (stage I) phyllosoma was greatest along the off-shore portion of the continental shelf. The majority of larvae moved off shore soon after hatching and the relative abundance of stages 11 and 111 increased with distance off shore. An off-shore extension of the sampling yielded an estimated minimum net rate of off-shore transport of 5.25 km,day for the stage I phyllosoma taken at the station farthest off shore. In 1973-74. larval release increased gradually from a low level in November to a peak in mid January. In 1974-75 larval release commenced at least a month earlier and peaked in late November, tapered off through December, and peaked again in mid January. Water temperature correlated with temporal differences in larval release. Warmer temperatures early in the 1974-75 season apparently induced the onset of breeding early enough to permit a second breeding by some females. There appeared to be no periodicity of hatching related to the lunar cycle. The distribution of early-stage phyllosoma was patchy and the impact of patchiness on quantitative sampling is discussed.
Molluscan assemblages on an intertidal sandflat in Princess Royal Harbour, Westren Austrailia
Authors: Wells FE , Roberts D
Published: November 2005

The molluscan fauna of an intertidal sand beach in Princess Royal Harbour, W.A.. is divided into two
associations. The upper association, located between +0.10 and +0.59 m relative to tidal datum, is
characterized by Hydrococcus graniformis and Batillariella estuarina. The lower assemblage, between +0.09
and -0.29 m is dominated numerically by Zeacumantus diemenensis and Katelysia scalarina. The
assemblages are equivalent to the midlittoral- and sublittoral-fringe groupings described on both sandy and
rocky shores by other authors. There is no supralittoral-fringe component in the molluscan fauna ofprincess
Royal Harbour. The break between the two assemblages occurs at + 0.1 m, just below the minimum tide
level in the area. Possible reasons for the zonation patterns are discussed and compared with other studies of
intertidal zonation on sandy shores.
Effect of otter prawn trawling on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum in a New South Wales estuary
Authors: Gibbs PJ , Collins AJ , Collett LC
Published: November 2005

The effect of the use of otter trawling gear (of the type commonly employed for prawn fishing in New South
Wales estuaries) on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum was studied. The effect was assessed by direct
quantitative sampling of the macrobenthos at three treatment sites and one control site on three occasions:
before and after intensive trawling, prior to the opening of the commercial prawning season. and again at the
close of the commercial season. Underwater observations of otter trawl nets were also made. The similarity
of sites was examined using numerical clustering techniques as a preliminary step to statistical comparisons
of epifaunal, infaunal and 'whole' faunal community indices (No. of individuals. No. of species and Shannon
species diversity) by analysis of variance. From both the quantitative sampling and underwater
observations, it was shown that the otter praazn trawling gear used did not cause any detectable changes in
the macrobenthic fauna of the trawl grounds.
Ferromanganese concretions in Tasmanian lakes
Authors: Tyler PA , Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

Discoid ferromanganese concretions on pebble nuclei, resembling those found elsewhere in the world. occur
in a number of Tasmanian lakes. Those from the now-flooded Lake Pedder had distinctive Mn/Fe ratios.
The genesis of concretions is a subject of debate, but the botrpoidai nature of the oxide rims and the
occurrence of globular encrustations of gelatinous cyanobacteria and bacteria on pebbles suggest microorganisms
are responsible.
Diet of Pseudaphritis urvillii (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pisces : Bovichthyidae) from south-eastren Tasmania
Authors: Hortle ME , White RWG
Published: November 2005

Numerical and volumetric analyses were conducted on the gut contents of 698 specimens of P. urdlii taken
from 10 streams in south-eastern Tasmania. P. uidlii is shown to be a generalized carnivore eating a wide
range of benthic animals. Information is given on the variation in diet with season and fish size. A
comparison is made of the diets of fish from estuarine and freshwater sites on one river.
Observations on length-weight relationships and distribution of the red spot king prawn, Penaeus longistylus Kubo, in Western Australian waters
Authors: Penn JW
Published: November 2005

The morphological characteristics relating to length and weight for the previously rare P. longistylus are described. The distribution of the species along the Western Australian coastline and its preference for coral and other benthic habitat types is discussed.
Bathymetric changes in three estuaries of the central New South Wales coast
Authors: Bryant E
Published: November 2005

North American and northern European evidence suggests present infilling of estuaries with marine sediment as sea level has continued to rise. Along the New South Wales coast such infilling mainly has ended because sea levels have been stable since 6500 B.P. Bathymetric changes for the period 1868-1974 in three estuaries on the central coast of New South Wales show considerable contrast due to varying estuarine dynamics and sediment availability. Changes in Botany Bay have now stabilized or tended towards slight erosion (- 1332-1547 cm3 m-2 year-1) while changes within Port Jackson seaward of Bradley's Head (-7694 cm3 m-2 year-1) can be linked to dredging activities this century. In Broken Bay, substantial accretion has occurred at the ocean entrance (7684 cm3 m-2 year-1) and around Brisk Bay (5430 cm3 m-2 year-1). The former accretion can be attributed to movement of sediment landward of the 20-m contour under waves characteristic of the present wave regime, and to availability of sediment from adjacent semi-compartmentalized beaches. Such sediment movement and reservoirs do not exist at nearly as large a scale at the mouths of the other two Sydney estuaries. The latter accretion is coincident with the boundaries of marine sand intrusion up the estuary and of fluvial transport seawards. Because bathymetric change in areas of Broken Bay affected by ocean swell can be linked to wave hydrodynamics, changes in the wave climate such as increased storminess can lead to general bottom erosion. Such changes can also exacerbate erosion within Port Jackson and Botany Bay.
Eutrophication study of Lake Daylesford, Victoria
Authors: Bales JL , Curtin GK , Campbell IC , Hart BT
Published: November 2005

The occurrence of algal blooms in Lake Daylesford (area 11.6 ha; maximum depth 9 m) each summer in recent years was investigated. Surface water temperature of the lake varied from 7 to 25�C. The lake which is fed by Wombat Creek, a small permanent stream, was cheimomictic with stratification occurring between summer and early autumn. In most years classical 'turnover' would be unlikely; rather, epilimnetic water would be flushed from the lake by inflowing creek waters approximately 12 times per year. Surface waters were always well oxygenated but the hypolimnion was anoxic between December 1976 and March 1977. Transparency was greatest in winter and early spring and least in summer and early autumn, this reduction being caused by autochthonously produced algal matter and allochthonously derived suspended material. Incommon withmany other Australian lakes, Lake Daylesford had ashallow euphoticzone 1-2 m deep that would limit phytoplankton production. In March and June 1977, over 99% of the incident visible light was absorbed in the top 1 m of the water column. The lake was classified as eutrophic on the basis of chlorophyll a levels. productivity, total phosphorus loadings and algal species. Chlorophyll a levels ranged from < 1 �g 1-1 in June 1977 to 79 �g 1-1 in February 1977; the productivity maximum was 210 mg C m-3 day-1 (560 mg O2, m-3 day-1) in March 1977 and the estimated total phosphorus loading was 2.8 g P m-2 year-1. The algal community was dominated by three genera: the blue-green alga Anabaena, the euglenoid Trachelomonas and the diatom Asterionella. Evidence suggests that reduction of the phosphorus loading to the lake will do much to eliminate the annual algal blooms. Provision of sewerage facilities for the township of Daylesford may achieve the required reduction. The lake sediments contain elevated levels of phosphorus, mainly a result of past discharges of waste material from a potato-processing factory; the contribution of this sediment phosphorus to the water column is unknown but should be investigated.
Studies of the hydrobiology of a tropical lake in north-western Queensland. II. Seasonal changes in thermal and dissolved oxygen characteristics
Authors: Finlayson CM , Farrell TP , Griffiths DJ
Published: November 2005

The stratification characteristics of Lake Moondarra (24�34'S.,139�35'E.), a man-made lake in north- western Queensland, have been studied. Evidence is presented that the lake approximates the warm polymictic type in which no persistent thermal stratification ever develops. During the cooler months, thermal stratification breaks down during the night; in the warmer months, the intense rainstorms prevent the establishment of a persistently stratified water column. The shallowness of the lake relative to its surface areaand the prevailing environmental conditions ensure that extensive periods of oxygen depletion do not develop in the water column. It is concluded that a strong and prolonged period of thermal stratification, with subsequent serious effects of the availability of dissolved oxygen in the deeper layers, would only arise if, in a particular year. there were no significant rainstorms.
Limnological survey of eight billabongs in the Magela Creek catchment, Northern Territory
Authors: Hart BT , McGregor RJ
Published: November 2005

A 6-week survey of the physicochemical limnology of eight billabongs in the Magela Creek catchment of the Northern Territory was conducted between December 1977 and January 1978. This covered the important period corresponding to the end of the dry season and the commencement of the wet season. Each billabong was sampled approximately weekly. At the end of the dry season. the billabongs' waters had elevated conductivity and turbidity, and generally higher sodium, potassium. chloride, phosphate, nitrate and chlorophyll a concentrations. They were generally slightly acidic and. in some. the bottom water was anaerobic. With the commencement of the wet season. the billabongs were flushed and a significant improvement in water quality was noted. Temperature. dissolved oxygen and redox potential data were used to tentatively classify these billabongs as polymictic. Under certain circumstances mixing did not occur for several days. during which time the bottom waters became significantly depleted in dissolved oxygen. On the basis of limited nutrient and chlorophyll a data, the billabongs at the end of the dry season appear to be mesotrophic.