bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in ecological structure, function, and native species abundance between native and invaded Hawaiian streams
Authors: Holitzki Tara M. , MacKenzie Richard A. , Wiegner Tracy N. , McDermid Karla J.
Published: September 2013

Poeciliids, one of the most invasive species worldwide, are found on almost every continent and have been identified as an “invasive species of concern” in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Despite their global prevalence, few studies have quantified their impacts on tropical stream ecosystem structure, function, and biodiversity. Utilizing Hawaiian streams as model ecosystems, we documented how ecological structure, function, and native species abundance differed between poeciliid‐free and poeciliid‐invaded tropical streams. Stream nutrient yields, benthic biofilm biomass, densities of macroinvertebrates and fish, and community structures of benthic algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish were compared between streams with and without established poeciliid populations on the island of Hawai′i, Hawaii, USA. Sum nitrate (ΣNO3− = NO3− + NO2−), total nitrogen, and total organic carbon yields were eight times, six times, and five times higher, respectively, in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid‐free streams. Benthic biofilm ash‐free dry mass was 1.5× higher in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid‐free streams. Percentage contributions of chironomids and hydroptilid caddisflies to macroinvertebrate densities were lower in poeciliid streams compared to poeciliid‐free streams, while percentage contributions of Cheumatopsyche analis caddisflies, Dugesia sp. flatworms, and oligochaetes were higher. Additionally, mean densities of native gobies were two times lower in poeciliid streams than in poeciliid‐free ones, with poeciliid densities being approximately eight times higher than native fish densities. Our results, coupled with the wide distribution of invasive poeciliids across Hawaii and elsewhere in the tropics, suggest that poeciliids may negatively impact the ecosystem structure, function, and native species abundance of tropical streams they invade. This underscores the need for increased public awareness to prevent future introductions and for developing and implementing effective eradication and restoration strategies.
Carryover effects in amphibians: Are characteristics of the larval habitat needed to predict juvenile survival?
Authors: Earl Julia E. , Semlitsch Raymond D.
Published: September 2013

Carryover effects occur when experiences early in life affect an individual's performance at a later stage. Many studies have shown carryover effects to be important for future performance. However, it is currently unclear whether variation in later environments could overwhelm factors from an earlier life stage. We were interested in whether similar patterns would emerge under the same experimental design with similar taxa. To examine this, we implemented a four‐way factorial experimental design with different forestry practices on three species of anurans (each examined in different years) in the aquatic larval environment and terrestrial juvenile environment in outdoor mesocosms in central Missouri, USA. Using Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber mark–recapture models implemented in program MARK, we investigated whether one environment or both environments best predicted terrestrial juvenile survival. We found only limited evidence of carryover effects for one of three species in one time period. These were the effects of time to metamorphosis and body condition at metamorphosis predicting leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus) survival. However, both effects were counterintuitive and/or very weak. For wood frogs (L. sylvaticus), all of the variables predicting survival had confidence intervals that included zero, but very low survival may have limited our ability to estimate parameters. The terrestrial environment was important for predicting survival in both American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) and southern leopard frogs. The partial harvest forest tended to increase survival relative to control forest and early‐successional forest in American toads. Alternately, early‐successional forest with downed wood removed increased survival for leopard frogs, but this treatment was no different from control forest for American toads. Previous studies have shown negative effects of recent clearcuts on terrestrial amphibians. It appears that vegetative regrowth after just a few years can mitigate these initial negative effects. Our study shows that variation in later environments probably can overwhelm variation from earlier environments. However, previous evidence of carryover effects suggests that more research is needed to predict when carryover effects are likely to occur.
Assessing upstream fish passage connectivity with network analysis
Authors: McKay S. Kyle , Schramski John R. , Conyngham Jock N. , Fischenich J. Craig
Published: September 2013

Hydrologic connectivity is critical to the structure, function, and dynamic process of river ecosystems. Dams, road crossings, and water diversions impact connectivity by altering flow regimes, behavioral cues, local geomorphology, and nutrient cycling. This longitudinal fragmentation of river ecosystems also increases genetic and reproductive isolation of aquatic biota such as migratory fishes. The cumulative effects on fish passage of many structures along a river are often substantial, even when individual barriers have negligible impact. Habitat connectivity can be improved through dam removal or other means of fish passage improvement (e.g., ladders, bypasses, culvert improvement). Environmental managers require techniques for comparing alternative fish passage restoration actions at alternative or multiple locations. Herein, we examined a graph‐theoretic algorithm for assessing upstream habitat connectivity to investigate both basic and applied fish passage connectivity problems. First, we used hypothetical watershed configurations to assess general alterations to upstream fish passage connectivity with changes in watershed network topology (e.g., linear vs. highly dendritic) and the quantity, location, and passability of each barrier. Our hypothetical network modeling indicates that locations of dams with limited passage efficiency near the watershed outlet create a strong fragmentation signal but are not individually sufficient to disconnect the system. Furthermore, there exists a threshold in the number of dams beyond which connectivity declines precipitously, regardless of watershed topology and dam configuration. Watersheds with highly branched configurations are shown to be less susceptible to disconnection as measured by this metric. Second, we applied the model to prioritize barrier improvement in the mainstem of the Truckee River, Nevada, USA. The Truckee River application demonstrates the ability of the algorithm to address conditions common in fish passage projects including incomplete data, parameter uncertainty, and rapid application. This study demonstrates the utility of a graph‐theoretic approach for assessing fish passage connectivity in dendritic river networks assuming full basin utilization for a given species, guild, or community of concern.
Larval exposure to predator cues alters immune function and response to a fungal pathogen in post‐metamorphic wood frogs
Authors: Groner Maya L. , Buck Julia C. , Gervasi Stephanie , Blaustein Andrew R. , Reinert Laura K. , Rollins-Smith Louise A. , Bier Mark E. , Hempel John , Relyea Rick A.
Published: September 2013

For the past several decades, amphibian populations have been decreasing around the globe at an unprecedented rate. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungal pathogen that causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians, is contributing to amphibian declines. Natural and anthropogenic environmental factors are hypothesized to contribute to these declines by reducing the immunocompetence of amphibian hosts, making them more susceptible to infection. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced in the granular glands of a frog's skin are thought to be a key defense against Bd infection. These peptides may be a critical immune defense during metamorphosis because many acquired immune functions are suppressed during this time. To test if stressors alter AMP production and survival of frogs exposed to Bd, we exposed wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles to the presence or absence of dragonfly predator cues crossed with a single exposure to three nominal concentrations of the insecticide malathion (0, 10, or 100 parts per billion [ppb]). We then exposed a subset of post‐metamorphic frogs to the presence or absence of Bd zoospores and measured frog survival. Although predator cues and malathion had no effect on survival or size at metamorphosis, predator cues increased the time to metamorphosis by 1.5 days and caused a trend of a 20% decrease in hydrophobic skin peptides. Despite this decrease in peptides determined shortly after metamorphosis, previous exposure to predator cues increased survival in both Bd‐exposed and unexposed frogs several weeks after metamorphosis. These results suggest that exposing tadpoles to predator cues confers fitness benefits later in life.
Topography‐ and management‐mediated resource gradients maintain rare and common plant diversity around paddy terraces
Authors: Uematsu Yuta , Ushimaru Atushi
Published: September 2013

Examining the causes of interspecific differences in susceptibility to bidirectional land‐use changes (land abandonment and use‐intensification) is important for understanding the mechanisms of global biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that rare (endangered) plant species prefer wet and oligotrophic areas within topography‐ and management‐mediated resource (soil water content, nutrient, and aboveground biomass) gradients, making them more susceptible to both abandonment and use‐intensification of agricultural lands. We demonstrated that topography and management practices generated resource gradients in seminatural grasslands around traditional paddy terraces. Terraced topography and management practices produced a soil moisture gradient within levees and a nutrient gradient within paddy terraces. Both total and rare species diversity increased with soil water content. Total species diversity increased in more eutrophied areas with low aboveground biomass, whereas rare species diversity was high under oligotrophic conditions. Rare and common species were differentially distributed along the human‐induced nutrient gradient, with rare species preferring wet, nutrient‐poor environments in the agricultural landscapes studied. We suggest that conservation efforts should concentrate on wet, nutrient‐poor areas within such landscapes, which can be located easily using land‐use and topography maps. This strategy would reduce the costs of finding and conserving rare grassland species in a given agricultural landscape.
Bringing the Parent Back into Decisions about Nighttime Care
Authors: Middlemiss Wendy
Published: September 2013

New parents often have many questions and concerns about how to help their children grow strong and healthy. Unfortunately, when it comes to nighttime care, healthcare providers often tell parents what to do rather than discussing options. Healthcare providers might give parents specific
advice about how to handle nighttime wakings, for example, without inquiring about parents’ beliefs and preferences. When healthcare providers simply tell parents what to do, parents may choose to ignore the advice if it is not consistent with their beliefs and preferences. When parents and
healthcare providers do not communicate, parents do not get the information they need to cope with some of the more challenging aspects of infancy, including nighttime waking. This article presents information on how to bring parents back into decisions about nighttime care by discussing issues
more broadly, addressing parents’ concerns regarding responsiveness, and focusing on the essentials of infant safety and health. When lactation consultants can have open discussions with parents, parents gain the tools they need to make decisions that best fit their families’ needs.
Changes in Day 1 Post-Operative Intraocular Pressure Following Sutureless 23-Gauge and Conventional 20-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Gosse Emily , Newsom Richard , Hall Peter , Lochhead Jonathan
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims:

The benefits associated with transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy techniques are continuing to be defined. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of extreme changes in day 1 intraocular pressure (IOP) following 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy compared with conventional 20-gauge vitrectomy.

Methods:

Fifty consecutive 23-gauge and 50 consecutive 20-gauge cases were included; eyes with a history of previous vitreoretinal surgery were excluded. 23-gauge surgery was completed with passive fluid air exchange where no long acting tamponade was indicated. The surgery remained sutureless unless a leak was visible at the end of the procedure. Data were collected by retrospective case note review. Statistical analysis was carried out using Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests.

Results:

Twenty-two percent (11/50) of 23-gauge vitrectomies required suturing of one or more ports. On the first post-operative day hypotony (IOP<5mmHg) occurred in 1/50 eyes in the 20- and 23-gauge groups. Raised pressure (IOP>21mmHg) occurred in 30% (15/50) of eyes in the 20-gauge group and 8% (4/50) of eyes in the 23-gauge group; IOP>30mmHg only occurred in the 20-gauge group (3/50).

Conclusion:

Fluid air exchange following 23-gauge vitrectomy is associated with very low risk of day 1 hypotony. This predominantly sutureless technique appears to reduce the incidence and magnitude of early post-operative IOP elevation compared with conventional 20-gauge vitrectomy.
Obesity and Hormonal Contraceptive Efficacy
Authors: Robinson Jennifer A , Burke Anne E
Published: September 2013

Obesity is a major public health concern affecting an increasing proportion of reproductive-aged women. Avoiding unintended pregnancy is of major importance, given the increased risks associated with pregnancy, but obesity may affect the efficacy of hormonal contraceptives by altering how these drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized or eliminated. Limited data suggest that long-acting, reversible contraceptives maintain excellent efficacy in obese women. Some studies demonstrating altered pharmacokinetic parameters and increased failure rates with combined oral contraceptives, the contraceptive patch and emergency contraceptive pills suggest decreased efficacy of these methods. It is unclear whether bariatric surgery affects hormonal contraceptive efficacy. Obese women should be offered the full range of contraceptive options, with counseling that balances the risks and benefits of each method, including the risk of unintended pregnancy.
Transforming Women's Oral–systemic Health Through Discovery, Development and Delivery
Authors: Daley Ellen M , DeBate Rita D , Vamos Cheryl A , Thompson Erika L , O'Connell Erin
Published: September 2013

Due to the complexity of women's health issues that involve the interplay between oral and systemic health, a multidisciplinary approach to research and practice is critical to ensure health and quality of life among women across the lifespan. The 2nd Annual Conference entitled ‘Transforming Women's Health: Discovery, Development and Delivery of the Oral–Systemic Connection’, was held in Tampa (FL, USA) on 26–27 January 2013. The conference addressed complex oral–systemic women's health issues structured by three organizational pillars: discovery, development and delivery, with overarching topic areas of oral human papillomavirus infection, autoimmune conditions and the Affordable Care Act. This conference served as an effective method for bringing together multiple disciplines to discuss emerging women's health issues.
“Is This Really What I Voted For?” – On The Legitimacy Of European Integration
Authors: Kerikmäe Tanel , Nyman-Metcalf Katrin , Papageorgiou Ioannis
Published: September 2013

This paper discusses the problems and dangers of proceeding with European integration without facing a transparent constitutional debate. The crucial issue demanding clarity is whether the current integration in the form of the EU shall be seen within the framework and concepts of public international law or within those of constitutional law. The authors argue that more intensive integration cannot be achieved on the basis of undermining rule of law and democracy by vacillating between different international law or constitutional law models of proceeding without taking any clear standpoint.
Initial Findings of Breast Cancer Risk Factors from a Survey Conducted at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital
Authors: Dzervite Agnese , Pranka Maruta , Lace Tana , Rungule Ritma , Gardovskis Janis , Miklasevics Edvins
Published: September 2013

Introduction. Several risk factors for breast cancer have been documented based on epidemiological studies conducted over the last several decades - familial history of breast cancer, particular gene mutations, early menarche, late menopause, late age at first childbirth, use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, absence of breastfeeding, alcohol use, smoking, obesity and physical inactivity.

Aim of the study. Register data on breast cancer risk factors among the Latvian population and analyze it in relation to age of diagnosis.

Materials and methods. This paper presents quantitative survey data collected from April 2010 to June 2011 at the Pauls Stradins Clinical University hospital from 150 patients undergoing breast cancer treatment.

Results. A small correlation could be seen between age and patient menarche (0.1541; p=0.0749), as well as menopause onset (0.1286; p<0.0001). Hormonal replacement did not show any correlation with age, yet hormonal contraceptives had a moderate correlation with a statistical significance (-0.4988; p=0.0001). Lifestyle risk factors had higher correlations with age of diagnosis than reproductive factors. A moderate correlation could be seen for age and smoking (-0.37289; p<0.0001). A similar moderate correlation existed for age and use of alcohol (-0.31095; p=0.0012). Our survey found that no significant correlation exists between age of diagnosis and number of pregnancies, number of births and number of abortions. We found no significant correlation between age and length of breast feeding.

Conclusions. From current available data gathered in our study it can be concluded that for the Latvian population breast cancer risk is more associated with lifestyle factors than reproductive
Variations in Lower Limb Deep Venous Anatomy in Latvia
Authors: Krievins Dainis , R Regina Zarina , Savlovskis Janis , Dombure Polina
Published: September 2013

Introduction. During the last several decades there have been many new methods introduced for the treatment of lower limb chronic venous insufficiency (laser, foam, subendothelial and thermal coagulation methods). Venous system of lower limbs often presents anatomic variations including venous duplications. Knowledge of venous system variations in the lower limb area is of particular importance due to correct interpretation of imaging in relation to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). There was only a small number of studies published on anatomic variations of venous system in the lower limbs. To the best of our knowledge there have been no previous studies on anatomic variations of lower limb deep venous system performed in Latvia.

Aim of the study. To retrospectively review of 216 patients (432 lower limbs) phlebograms in order to establish deep venous system anatomic variations in Latvian population and compare our results to other publications.

Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms performed at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital (Riga, Latvia) of 216 patients treated in different ortopedic centers of Latvia during 2009 and 2012. Assessment made using DICOM Synedra view personal software. Study protocol was developed for definition of veins and assessment of phlebogram images in accordance with anatomic definitions used in previous studies. Two independent radiologists assessed data. Visualised duplications in the deep venous system of both lower limbs in patients were registered (common iliac vein, external iliac vein, common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein). Blood vessels have been listed as single, double or triple / complex. The presence of DVT was recorded upon assessment of phlebograms. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM). Parametric data comparison performed using Student t-test and ANOVA. Non-parametric data comparison performed using chi-square and Mann Whitney tests. Data comparison type was assessed using Kolmogorova-Smirnovs test. The results are presented as the average ± standard deviation.

Results. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms was performed in 216 patients. Average age of the patients was 34.4 years (range 19-90). 101 patients were female (47%) and 115 (53%) were male with no statistical venous variation differences found between two genders, which is explained by both age and gender (p > 0.05). Analysis of calf vein, popliteal vein and femoral venous variations provided a strong correlation between larger number of duplications in one limb and possibility of such variations in the other limb of the same patient (all p < 0.001).

Conclusion. We conclude that there are frequent anatomic variations in SFV and popliteal veins seen in Latvian population. All patients included in this study had high DVT risk, much higher than in the average Latvian population. In almost every sixth Latvian person there is some form of deep veins hypoplasia found.
Orphan Drugs in Surgery
Authors: Logviss Konstantins , Krievins Dainis , Purvina Santa
Published: September 2013

Introduction. Rare diseases, also called orphan diseases, are life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions of different origin. Majority of them are genetic disorders, others being rare cancers, congenital malformations, autoimmune, toxic and infectious diseases. Rare conditions may also be related to surgery, e.g. acute sensorineural hearing loss after surgery induced acoustic trauma, scarring post glaucoma filtration surgery, and short bowel syndrome following intestinal surgery. Besides, surgery as a specific area for orphan drugs, has not been studied yet in Latvia.

Aim of the study. This study aims to determine orphan drugs associated with surgery (used pre-, during or post-surgery) and their availability and access in Latvia.

Materials and methods. European register of designated orphan medicinal products and EMA approved Summary of Product Characteristics were analyzed, to find orphan drugs with approved labeled indications related to surgery. Drug availability and access in Latvia were determined, by using data available from State Agency of Medicines of Latvia and National Health Service. A literature review was performed to compare Latvian situation in field of orphan medicines with other European countries.

Results. 15 orphan drugs were identified, 8 of them (53.3%) indicated for different kinds of tumors. 6 drugs (40%) are available in Latvia, including one drug (6.7%) included in the reimbursement list.

Conclusions. Oncology is the biggest therapeutic area of orphan drugs. Majority of orphan drugs are not available in Latvia, moreover those drugs that are available are often not accessible.
Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (Igf1) and its Receptor (Igfr1) in Two Extremely Pre-Term Placentas
Authors: Kreicberga Ilze , Pilmane Mara , Rezeberga Dace
Published: September 2013

Today extremely premature children readily survive; good quality of life can be reached only with research and technology based approaches, therefore understanding of molecular processes taking place in pre-term placentas can be of practical value both for neonatology and pediatric surgery, as complications of prematurity quite often require surgical interventions. The present case report describes the expression of one of the most significant growth factors IGF1 and its receptor IGFR1 in placentas after extremely pre-term deliveries of 22 and 23 gestational weeks and their correlations with clinical findings of corresponding extremely premature children. Significantly more beneficial clinical course is represented by a child with clinically less advantageous situation: smaller gestational age (22w versus 23 w) and birthweight (540g v. 650g), born in the first vaginal delivery (v. repeated delivery) and recently ruptured membranes (v. PPROM > 72 hours). Placental cells of this child contained abundance of IGF1 and IGFR1 positive structures (v. few structures in the other one), possibly revealing better protective features of placenta, improving survival capabilities of the neonate in cases of extreme prematurity.
Application of Cervicocapital Endoprosthesis in Treatment of Pathological Fracture of the Humerus
Authors: Lolans Peteris , Vecina Rota
Published: September 2013

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common malignant tumours of osseous tissue, where localisation of the tumour in the proximal third part of the humerus is the third most frequent (6). Prosthesing of the teenager’s right humerus after pathological fracture was done with cervicocapital or Moore endoprosthesis. This endoprothesis developed for the treatment of femoral neck fracture and using for hip hemiarthroplasty. After 10 years the patient has suffered fracture of periprosthesis, osteosynthesis has been performed. Within 2 months after osteosynthesis the patient has regained the previous functional level without complications
European Union Water Policy in Aspect of Rural Areas Development
Authors: Pierzgalski Edward
Published: September 2013

Agriculture and environment are among others the most important priorities of the European Union. Agriculture is strongly influenced by the state of the environment, including water resources. In addition to many other policies, the EU water policy is crucial for the sustainable development of rural areas. Directives are the main tools for implementation of water policy. This article contains an overview of the directives on aspects of quality and quantity of water resources. Within the paper three most important agricultural areas of the Directive are characterized: the Water Framework Directive, the Floods Directive and the Nitrates Directive. Presented mandatory EU action aimed at their implementation and the problems associated with it. Current proposals for changes in the EU water policy are described.
Mitigating Against Epistemic Injustice in Educational Research
Authors: Frank Jeff
Published: September 2013

In this article, I argue that Harvey Siegel correctly points out the limitations of epistemic diversity in educational research. Building from Siegel’s analysis, I argue that we need to move away from the language of epistemic diversity and to the language of epistemic injustice. Epistemic injustice allows us to do the work that epistemic diversity sets out to do—that is, creating more inclusive epistemic practices that lead to more accurate descriptions of the world—without leading to the untenable and unjustified conclusions that follow from using the language of epistemic diversity. Drawing on recent work in feminist epistemology, I describe epistemic injustice and argue for its significance. I conclude by drawing out the implications of epistemic injustice for educational researchers.
Is There Empirical Evidence That Charter Schools “Push Out” Low-Performing Students?
Authors: Zimmer Ron W. , Guarino Cassandra M.
Published: September 2013

A major concern among opponents to charter schools is whether these schools will serve all students. Some have raised concerns that charter schools will “push out” low-achieving students in hopes of improving the schools’ academic profile while minimizing costs by educating fewer challenging students. In this article, we use data from an anonymous major urban school district to examine whether we see exit patterns consistent with the claim that charter schools are more likely to push out low-achieving students than are traditional public schools (TPSs). Overall, we find no empirical evidence to support the notion of push-out.
Cavum Vergae with Transient Loss of Conciousness in a Child: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review
Authors: Uduma FU , Adams N
Published: September 2013

Cavum vergae is a triangular fluid filled cavity posterior to foramen of Monro. They are seen in premature and term infants up to 2 months of age. It is of little clinical significance. Our patient is a 14year old girl with cavum vergae diagnosed with brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. These investigations were sequel to episodes of headache and one hour loss of consciousness with no antecedent complaints. Since no complicating evidence of hydrocephalus was seen, she was managed symptomatically. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8107   Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.73-76
Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes among Pregnant Women in Owerri Municipal Council, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Nwaokoro JC , Emerole CO , Ibe SNO , Amadi AN , Dozie INS
Published: September 2013

Background Gestational diabetes is emerging as a serious public health problem in Nigeria where the largest number of people with diabetes in Africa occurs. Current studies in Nigeria give an overall prevalence of gestational diabetes as 13.4% among pregnant women with unidentified risk factors. Aims and Objectives This study aimed at investigating the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes. Materials and Methods A cross-section analytical study design was adopted for this research and comprising a total of 100 pregnant women receiving ante-natal health care service at the Federal Medical Center, Owerri. A structured questionnaire including a set of detailed pre-determined questions was administered on the subjects. Data collected were analyzed statistically, using chi-square and T test. Results The results obtained suggest that there is a significant relationship (p<0.05) between previous macrosomic baby, parity, previous history of caesarean section, family history of diabetes and occurrence of gestational diabetes, respectively. However, there is no significant relationship (p>0.05) between history of miscarriages and stillbirth, socioeconomic status and occurrence of gestational diabetes. A family history of diabetes is independently and significantly associated with the development of gestational diabetes itself even after adjusting for other risk factors. Conclusion This study will be a working tool to guide obstetricians and midwives in counseling and advising women of their risk of developing GDM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8302 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.39-46
Post Keratoplasty Keratitis with Pandrug Resistant Pseudomonas spp. Showing False Susceptibility to Carbapenems
Authors: Gupta Munesh K , Banerjee Tuhina , Patel Saurabh K , Nath Gopal , Chandra Abhisekh , Tilak Ragini
Published: September 2013

Pandrug resistant Pseudomonas keratitis is an emerging cause of bacterial keratitis challenging clinicians for prompt and prudent treatment to avoid disaster of loss of eye. We report two cases of pandrug resistant keratitis following penetrating keratitis caused by Pseudomonas spp. It was only after a detailed laboratory characterization of the isolates that revealed their pandrug resistant character and helped in successful management of the condition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8366 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.70-72
Dyslipidemia and its Relationship with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Selected Population of Siliguri City, West Bengal, India.
Authors: Banerjee Ritam , Bhattacherjee Sharmistha , Ray Kuntala , Roy Jayanta Kumar , Datta Saikat , Banerjee Indrajit
Published: September 2013

Background: Dyslipidemia, one of the classical Framingham risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, accounts significantly to the rise of non communicable diseases in India. Urbanization, along with greater consumption of dietary fats and decreased physical activity, has led to an increase in this problem manifold. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among urban adults of Siliguri city, West Bengal and to identify the cardio-vascular risk factors associated with it. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among the 226 adults aged ≥20yrs in an urban area of Siliguri city, West Bengal, India. Data was collected by detailed history and physical examination; biochemical measurements were done using standards procedures. Dyslipidemia was defined by the presence of one or more than one abnormal serum lipid concentration. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test, t test and logistic regression analysis using SPSS 20 software (Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Dyslipidemia was prevalent among 78.4 % of the total study subjects. Dyslipidemia was more in males than in females & in both males and females it was more prevalent in the age group 40 -59 years than in any other age group. It was associated with higher odds of major cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, hyperglycemias, and tobacco use. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia remains a significant and growing problem in this part of the country. The reduction in the disease burden will require changes in life style as well as in national policies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8474 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.1-8
Screening of Hyperglycemic Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Arya Awadhesh Kumar , Bihari Ritwiz , Pokharia Deepa , Kumar Hemant , Tripathi Kamlakar
Published: September 2013

Background & objectives: It is a prospective, randomized, controlled study involving adults admitted to medical Intensive care unit (ICU) who were receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods: On admission, patients were randomly assigned to receive intensive insulin therapy (maintenance of blood sugar at a level between 80 and 110 mg/dl) and were found to have hyperglycemic. We study the clinical profile of critically ill hyperglycemic patients and associated metabolic profiles of all such patients were analyzed in relation to final outcome. Results: The benefit of intensive insulin care was from 8.0 percent with conventional treatment to 4.6 percent (P<0.04, with adjustment for sequential analyses). Intensive insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose at or below 110mg per deciliter reduced the morbidity and motility among critically ill patients in the surgical intensive care unit. Hyperglycemia was present in 38% of patient admitted to the hospital, of whom 26% had a known history of diabetes, and 12% had no history of diabetes before admission. Interpretation & conclusions: New hyperglycemic patients had a longer length of hospital stay, a higher admission rate to an intensive care unit, and were less likely to be discharged to home, frequently requiring transfer to an intermediate care unit. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8507   Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.63-69
Time Elapsed from Onset of Symptoms to Diagnosis of Gonorrhoea in Swedish Patients, 1999-2009
Authors: Sharma Arpana , Velicko Inga , Kader Manzur , Ahmad Meraj
Published: September 2013

Background: Gonococcal infection remains an important public health problem worldwide. The incidence of reported gonorrhoea cases in Sweden raised by 32%, from 5.9 to 7.8 cases per 100,000 in 2001 to 2008.The aim of this study is to estimate the lag time or time elapsed between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of gonorrhoea, and to identify the factors associated with diagnostic delay in a sample of reported gonorrhoea cases in Sweden. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using all reported gonorrhoea cases at the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) from the time period 1999-2009. Total number of cases included in final analysis was 2161. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test and multiple linear regression analysis were applied for data analysis. Results: The mean lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of gonorrhoea was 12.3 ± 18.8 days. There was a significant association of lag time with sex, region, type of clinics and type of specimen and year of diagnosis. In multivariate analysis with adjusted model, type of specimen was found to have independent effect on lag time and there was a significant interaction observed between region and sex indicating difference between sexes was due to difference in regions. Conclusion: The result of our study revealed a significant delay in establishing a diagnosis in Gonorrhoea patient sample in Sweden. The variables influencing this delay in diagnosis should be addressed to shorten the lag time leading to an early diagnosis and a proper treatment in our patients. However, more research needs to be carried out in this area to better understand the factors at work. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i1.8513 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.5(1) 2014 pp.20-28
Policy Commentary/Commentaire BC’s Carbon Tax Shift Is Working Well after Four Years (Attention Ottawa)
Authors: Elgie Stewart , McClay Jessica
Published: September 2013

British Columbia’s introduction in 2008 of a revenue-neutral carbon tax shift was controversial. This analysis compares changes in fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and gross domestic product (GDP) between British Columbia and the rest of Canada. It finds that in the four years since the tax was introduced, British Columbia’s per capita consumption of fuels subject to the tax has declined by 19 percent compared to the rest of Canada. At the same time, its economy has kept pace with the rest of Canada. British Columbia’s experience mirrors the European experience with carbon tax shifting and should inform the federal debate on climate change policy.
GHG Mitigation Policies and Employment: A CGE Analysis with Wage Rigidity and Application to Canada
Authors: Dissou Yazid , Sun Qian
Published: September 2013

We use a general equilibrium framework to assess the impact of carbon mitigation policies in the presence of labour market rigidities. We analyze the impact of reducing CO2 emissions in a cap-and-trade system and the implications of different revenue-recycling options. Our results suggest that the policy has a negative impact on employment and welfare when permit revenues are recycled as lump-sum transfers to households. Using the carbon proceeds to reduce payroll tax achieves better outcomes, as the benefits outweigh the pure abatement cost. Moreover, using permit revenues to reduce payroll tax of low-skill workers alone represents the best option.
Feto-maternal Outcomes in Cesarean Section Compared to Vaginal Delivery in Eclamptic Patients in a Tertiary Level Hospital
Authors: Begum Sheuly , Islam Ferdousi , Jahan Arifa Akter
Published: September 2013

Background: Over  half-a-million women die each year  from pregnancy-related  causes, and  99 percent of these occur in developing countries. In Bangladesh though maternal mortality  rate (MMR) declined  significantly  around 40% in  the  past  decade,  still  eclampsia  accounts  for 20% of maternal deaths. Eclampsia is uniquely a disease of pregnancy, and the only cure  is  delivery  regardless  of  gestational  age.  A  rational  therapy  for  general  management  of  hypertension and convulsion has been established in Bangladesh by the Eclampsia Working  Group.  But  controversy  still  exists  regarding  obstetric  management. Objective: To  evaluate  the  feto-maternal  outcome  in  cesarean  section  compared  to  vaginal  delivery  in  eclamptic  patients. Materials  and  Methods: This  prospective  cohort  study  was  conducted  in  the  department of Obstretics & Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College & Hospital (DMCH), from  January to December 2011. A total 100 eclamptic women with term pregnancy and live foetus  were purposively included in the study (Group I, 50 patients with vaginal delivery and Group  II, 50 with cesarean section). Results: Out  of these 100 patients 56% were aged <20 years,  71%  were  primigravida  and  77%  were  from  low  socioeconomic  status.  Sixteen  percent  patients from vaginal delivery group and 18% from cesarean section group had no antenatal  care. The mean gestational age was about 38 weeks in two groups. No significant difference  was found between the two groups regarding blood pressure, proteinuria, consciousness level  and convulsion. Recurrence of convulsion occurred in 30% patients of vaginal delivery group  compared  to  6%  in  cesarean  section  group.  Maternal  complications  such  as  postpartum  hemorrhage,  cerebrovascular  accident,  renal  failure,  obstetric  shock  and  abruptio  placenta  were  higher  among  vaginal  delivery  group  patients  (46%)  than  cesarean  section  patients  (16%).  Maternal  mortality  was 6% in  the  vaginal  delivery  group  and  none  in  the  cesarean  section  group.  Regarding  fetal  outcome,  stillbirth  was  20%  after  vaginal  delivery  and  6%  after cesarean section,  the result was statistically  significant.  Birth asphyxia was less  in  the  cesarean  section  group  (23.4%)  than  in  vaginal  delivery  group  (60%)  and  this  was  statistically  significant. Conclusions:  The  result  of  the  present  study  shows  a  better  feto- maternal outcome in the cesarean section group than in the vaginal delivery group. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 77-83 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16128
Efficacy of Immunodiagnosis of Falciparum Malaria at Different Levels of Parasitemia
Authors: Ahmed Mejbah Uddin , Hossain Mohammad Akram , Khan Abul Hossain , Ahmed Salah Uddin
Published: September 2013

Background: Among the several human species of malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum can cause severe infection and if left untreated, there may be fatal complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment have been proposed to reduce the morbidity and mortality from malaria. Objective: To assess the diagnostic efficacy of antigen detection by immunochromatographic test (ICT) at different levels of parasitemia for diagnosis of malaria. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College for a period of one year from July 2005 to June 2006. A total of 98 clinically suspected malaria patients were included in this study. Peripheral blood films (PBF) were examined under microscope and parasite count/?L of blood was performed. Subsequently ICT for malaria antigen was done for each case. Results: Out of 59 cases positive by microscopic examination of blood films, 54 cases had parasitemia >600 parasites/?L of blood and all these cases were positive by ICT for malaria antigen. Rest 5 cases showed parasitemia <600 parasites/?L of blood and one case was found positive by ICT for malaria antigen. Conclusion: Immunochromatographic test can be used for early diagnosis of malaria with hyperparasitemia, especially for cerebral malaria. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 88-90 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16130
A 29-Year-Old Male with Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy
Authors: Khondker Lubna , Khan Md. Shirajul Islam , Husain Md. Anwar
Published: September 2013

Leprosy (Hansens disease) is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease that primarily affects the peripheral nerves, skin, upper respiratory tract mucosa, eyes and certain other tissues. It is diagnosable and curable if recognized early and treated adequately. A twenty nine-year-old male from Jessore, Bangladesh reported in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh with the complaints of multiple erythematous, large, raised and circumscribed lesions with loss of sensations on different parts of the body, especially distal portions of all four limbs for last eight months. Subsequently he developed ulcers on the anesthetic fingers due to smoking and few ulcerative lesions on both feet. Skin examination revealed multiple erythematous, large nodular lesions on both sides of the cheek and forehead, multiple erythematous, indurated, large plaques with raised margin and central clearing on the trunk, waist and all four limbs, few satellite lesions around the large plaques on the trunk, few hypopigmented patches and plaques on buttock and lower limbs, multiple painless ulcers on dorsal surface of fingers of both hands, both lateral malleoluses and right sole. On examination of peripheral nerves, left great auricular nerve, both ulnar nerves and both common peroneal nerves were moderately enlarged and tender. Slit skin smear for AFB (modified Z-N stain) was done and revealed that there were large number of acid and alcohol-fast bacilli arranged in straight and curved parallel bundles with globular masses (cigar-bundle appearance), morphologically resembling Mycobacterium leprae. Skin biopsy for histopathological examination revealed extensive infiltration of macrophages in the dermis, separated from epidermis by narrow grenz zone, with destruction of skin adnexa. Few foci of poorly defined granuloma in dermis were also noted. The patient was managed with rifampicin, clofazimine, dapsone, prednisolone and omeprazole. Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 109-112 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16134
Acute Retrograde Jejunogastric Intussusception
Authors: Perveen Irin , Rahman Mufti Munsurar
Published: September 2013

Journal of Enam Medical College; Vol 3 No 2 July 2013; Page 117-119 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i2.16136
Magnetic Nanosystem for Cancer Therapy Using Oncocalyxone A, an Antitomour Secondary Metabolite Isolated from a Brazilian Plant
Authors: Barreto Antônio , Santiago Vivian , Freire Rafael , Mazzetto Selma , Denardin Juliano , Mele Giuseppe , Cavalcante Igor , Ribeiro Maria , Ricardo Nágila , Gonçalves Tamara , Carbone Luigi , Lemos Telma , Pessoa Otília , Fechine Pierre
Published: September 2013

This paper describes the investigation and development of a novel magnetic drug delivery nanosystem (labeled as MO-20) for cancer therapy. The drug employed was oncocalyxone A (onco A), which was isolated from Auxemma oncocalyx, an endemic Brazilian plant. It has a series of pharmacological properties: antioxidant, cytotoxic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiplatelet. Onco A was associated with magnetite nanoparticles in order to obtain magnetic properties. The components of MO-20 were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, TEM and Magnetization curves. The MO-20 presented a size of about 30 nm and globular morphology. In addition, drug releasing experiments were performed, where it was observed the presence of the anomalous transport. The results found in this work showed the potential of onco A for future applications of the MO-20 as a new magnetic drug release nanosystem for cancer treatment.