bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interethnic Prejudice Against Muslims Among White Dutch Children
Authors: de Bruijn Ymke , Amoureus Chantal , Emmen Rosanneke A. G. , Mesman Judi
Published: March 2020

Interethnic prejudice in children has been studied mostly in the United States, but less often in Europe, where the public discourse is increasingly negative about ethnic minorities, especially the Muslim minority. This study examined in-group favoritism (White preference) and out-group rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent (representing the Muslim minority) among White children in the Netherlands. Social preference for and rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent are compared with preference for and rejection of Black children. Social preference and rejection were measured using a task in which participants were presented with pictures of children with different ethnic appearances, and asked to select who they wanted to (not) play with, (not) sit next to, and invite for their birthday party. In addition, maternal implicit prejudice against people of Middle Eastern descent and explicit attitudes toward their children’s interethnic contact were assessed. The study included 140 children aged 6 to 8 years ( M = 7.26, SD = 0.77) and their mothers. The results reveal both in-group favoritism and out-group rejection. The Middle Eastern out-group was preferred less than the Black out-group. Reporting absolutely no reservations about children’s interethnic contact by mothers was associated with less rejection of children of Middle Eastern descent. Findings reveal that young children already show interethnic prejudice and that particularly people of Middle Eastern descent are devalued. The results show that maternal acceptance of child interethnic contact seems to play a role, and provide starting points for further investigation of the relation between parental and child interethnic attitudes.
From Passion to Compassion: A Caring Inquiry into Creative Work as Socially Engaged Art
Authors: Alacovska Ana
Published: March 2020

This article considers the analytical potential of a concept of care that foregrounds human interdependencies, relational ties and the needs of others as the basis for action in analysing work, such as creative work, which is neither directly nor obviously associated with care provision. Work in the creative industries has recently become a central concern in sociology. Much of this scholarship reproduces or extends the idea of creative work as a paradigm of individualized work in contemporary societies that is characterized by high levels of worker autonomy, passion, self-expression and self-enterprise. This article challenges such theorizations by calling attention to the role of caring in creative work, understood both as an ontological phenomenon and as a relational practice of sustaining and repairing the world. Drawing on a qualitative study of socially engaged art in South-East Europe, I argue that creative work manifests itself as a labour of care and compassion.
Iconic Architecture and Middle-Class Politics of Memory in a Deindustrialized City
Authors: Hoekstra Myrte Sophie
Published: March 2020

Deindustrialized cities often struggle with developing a new economic base and place-based identity while also honouring the memory of the industrial past. In this process, local governments have used cultural branding and iconic architecture to present their city as a tourist destination and attractive location for capital investment. Such regeneration strategies have been critiqued as elite projects, divorced from a local sense of place and the everyday realities of residents experiencing ‘industrial ruination’. Yet, this need not always be the case. Focusing on one example of iconic architecture – the spectacular remaking of the railway station of Heerlen, a Dutch former coal-mining town – this article argues that middle-class memories of industrial Heerlen informed both the genesis of this project and its polarized reception by residents. The article demonstrates the linkages between historical and contemporary class divisions, resulting in a complex politics of memory at play within regeneration strategies.
Joy as a Virtue: The Means and Ends of Joy
Authors: King Pamela Ebstyne , Defoy Frederic
Published: March 2020

To grasp human flourishing and thriving, we must understand joy. However, no theoretical models explain the complexity of joy as a fruit of the Spirit, nor fully account for its impact on human life. We suggest that joy is best conceptualized as a virtue, a psychological habit, comprised of characteristic adaptations and given meaning by transcendent narrative identity. Thus joy involves knowing, feeling, and enacting what matters most. Developmental science and Christian theological approaches to teleology inform the ultimate ends to which joy is aimed. They suggest that telos, the purpose or goal of development, may be understood as a dynamic process that perpetuates human and social thriving and involves (1) the growing self, (2) mutually beneficial relationships, and (3) evolving moral guidelines that ensure an ongoing fit and flourishing of self and society. We synthesize developmental psychology, virtue science, and theology to propose a definition and framework for understanding the development of joy through thriving. In order to promote scholarship on joy and to elucidate its transformative nature, we discuss joy in light of discipleship, vocation, suffering, justice, and eschatology and identify issues for research.
Petroleum potential assessment using an optimized fuzzy outranking approach: A case study of the Red River petroleum system, Williston Basin
Authors: Hamzeh Mohamad , Karimipour Farid
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a new approach, called optimized fuzzy Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), based on combining fuzzy logic, an outranking method and the cuckoo search optimization algorithm to assess petroleum potential in a spatial framework. The approach brings together flexibility and simplicity to solve petroleum exploration problem under uncertainty using experts’ knowledge and the information associated with the discovered oil pools simultaneously. The characteristics of the essential elements of the petroleum system are used as key criteria in the model. To exemplify the approach, a case study was undertaken in the Red River petroleum system of the Canadian portion of the Williston Basin. Eight datasets related to the selected criteria were integrated by the optimized fuzzy PROMETHEE to create a map that makes it possible to identify the areas of highest petroleum potential. All discovered oil pools in the Red River petroleum system were used in the verification process. The results indicated that the proposed approach can deal effectively with incomplete data and imprecise information, and can be efficiently used in petroleum exploration, thereby reducing the cost and risk of exploration.
A Measure of Personality Change through Adjustment Training
Authors: Bauman Mary K.
Published: March 2020

Scores on the Emotional Factors Inventory administered at the beginning and at the close of 12 weeks of adjustment training were compared for 104 blind clients.

All diagnostic categories showed some tendency of the group to improve in adjustment.

Significant improvement was shown in the following areas: Feeling of Inadequacy, Attitudes re Blindness, Social Competency, and Sensitivity.

It seems reasonable to conclude that adjustment training, as it is organized in Pennsylvania, contributes somewhat toward better adjustment in all the areas measured by this inventory and that it causes significant improvement, measured in terms of the group, in the four areas just named.
The Discipline of Home Teaching
Authors: Dickinson Raymond M.
Published: March 2020

Home teaching is the unique contribution of services to blind persons to the general professional set of disciplines. The home teacher is a teacher of the skills needed by blind persons to function in a seeing world. He is a counselor, personal and professional, needed by blind persons to give information and assistance in developing attitudes to cope with that seeing world. He helps the community to understand its blind persons, teaches it how to assist them and to use them as responsible, contributing citizens. Its three main functions, therefore, are teaching, social rehabilitation, and public relations.

The teacher, then, is a necessary part of a rehabilitation team and is the advance agent of the agency for the blind and its services. The visually handicapped person who has a demonstrated interest in other visually handicapped persons, who is trained as a teacher and rehabilitation worker who speaks and writes well, who has ordinary handcraft skills, who has a spirit and willingness to serve, has the basic qualifications needed to do this important job. Let us stop trying to cover the waterfront with the home teacher and then condemning him for not having reached the professional level which our jack-of-all-trades concept has made impossible. He is a teaching counselor, not a mechanic, carpenter, seamstress, cook, cosmetician and heaven knows what else. Let him teach the skills needed by blind people to “see” —braille, the use of Talking Books, typewriting, simple crafts, and to take responsibility for filling his everyday living needs. If more skill is needed than these, let him use community volunteers or let the agency develop funds to pay for skilled services needed. If homemaking skills are needed by the blind housewife let her get these in a rehabilitation center; and, if this is not possible, let the agency pay a community person with these skills to work under the direction of the home teacher. If the service of a skilled craftsman is needed let the home teacher be free to locate the service and make it available to the client through the rehabilitation counselor. The same approach can be applied to teaching academic subjects, or obtaining highly skilled casework services.

If we limit the home teacher to these tasks, insist on their being performed and pay salaries consistent with the responsibilities and the techniques we are asking, the home teacher will be able to compete with other disciplines and be a real asset to the agency.

But our brief survey would not be complete without reference to that intangible quality known as the spirit of service which comes only from a sincere humanitarian desire to work with and serve other human beings in a natural, direct, give-and-take, though professional human relationship.
A Battery of Psychological Tests in rehabilitation services
Authors: Rothschild Jacob
Published: March 2020

A selection of psychological tests has been presented which form a battery for use in psychological examinations with blind persons. The goal of this battery is to include three areas of testing which consist of the following tests:

Intelligence testing: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Verbal Scale, with the eventual addition of the Performance Scale for Adult Blind; occasionally supplemented by the Hayes-Binet Intelligence Tests for the Blind and by other forms of the Wechsler tests.

Manual dexterity testing: Pennsylvania Bi-Manual Worksample; Purdue Peg-board; possibly supplemented by the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test and by the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test.

Personality testing: Sacks’ Projective Sentence Completions, Auditory Sound Association Technique; possibly supplemented by the Auditory Projective Test.
A Study of the Incidence of Speech Deviations among Visually Handicapped Children
Authors: Miner L. E.
Published: March 2020

This report has attempted to investigate the incidence of speech deviations among visually handicapped children. Two hundred and ninety-three children were surveyed and 33.8 per cent were found to have some sort of speech deviation. This statistic is four to five times higher than the incidence in public schools, depending upon which study is used for comparison. The largest category of deviations was “articulations.” There was no statistical difference between the braille students and sight-saving students in terms of speech deviations. There was no statistical difference between the number of boys and girls in comparing speech deviations. More children had a diagnosis of retrolental fibroplasia than any other eye diagnosis. The incidence of retrolental fibroplasia has decreased significantly among the blind in the past five years. Consequently, it cannot be positively stated that there is a correlation between retrolental fibroplasia and speech deviations. It is interesting to note, however, that out of fourteen students having optic atrophy, thirteen had articulation problems. It is not known, unfortunately, how many out of the total number surveyed had optic atrophy. The mean age of the children with speech deviations is 10.1 years.

From this investigation it cannot be generalized that approximately one-third of all blind children have speech deviations. Numerous factors alter the interpretation of such a generalization. Both the Michigan and Illinois schools are residential schools. Perhaps the incidence might be different in day school programs. Nevertheless, it can be said that the incidence of speech deviations in visually handicapped children is higher than most estimates of defective speech in public school surveys.
A Service to Blind Clients
Authors: Arndt Hilda C. M.
Published: March 2020

To sum up, the case record should contain a sufficiently detailed report of the early contacts and of the worker's observations and findings so that it serves as a factual basis for sound evaluation of the client's problems, his motivation to seek help, and his capacities. The worker's understanding of the client and his problems should be clearly stated, together with the goals toward which he and the client will work and the plans by which it is hoped to attain them. Subsequent contacts can be recorded more briefly if they are related to this evaluation and plan. They should describe the activities of the client, the worker, and any teamwork with other helping persons, and should indicate the results achieved. Periodic re-evaluations of the goals and of helping methods used to achieve them should be included as we gain increased understanding of the client and his problems, as changes occur in his situation, or as movement or lack of movement toward the goals shows that a reassessment of the goals and methods is required. The maintenance of such a record necessitates alert and careful thought, but is essential in sustaining a purposeful, focused direction and in promoting effective partnership with the client and other team members.

The case record is a useful instrument for giving effective and efficient service. Like any instrument, its value depends largely on whether we understand its purpose and are willing to make full and appropriate use of its possibilities in all areas of our work.
Community Resources— and Volunteers
Authors: Sausser Doris P.
Published: March 2020

Use of community resources and volunteers is, seemingly, a little-used art in this specialized field. It is a recognized tendency on the part of other agencies to refer all blind persons to the specialized agency, even when they have acknowledged community responsibility to offer a particular service which could meet the blind person's need; also it is recognized that frequently there is a tendency on the part of these agencies to shunt blind persons into corners if they do make an effort to serve them. On the other hand, agencies serving blind persons have had the tendency to be overprotective and to hold their clients as close as a poker hand. Again I would say this is a two-way street, and should provide a challenge to us to interpret services; to continue to pressure agencies to extend their services in order to include blind persons with their sighted peers; and to take advantage, with imagination, of all potential resources. Home teachers can serve as consultants on the plus knowledge of needs created by the handicap of blindness, and as referral resources. They can interpret special needs of blind persons, decide ways in which other agencies can assist, and help to develop a different public attitude toward blindness. They cannot do all this unaided; attitudes toward using volunteers and involving other individuals and agencies stem from top administration—possibly they will have to do a selling job there, too!

The role of the volunteer is an important one if the volunteer is properly and planfully recruited, trained and supervised. Volunteers have been likened to “a highway to community understanding.” To paraphrase the Ladies Home Journal cliché—”Never underestimate the power of a woman”—I would say, “Never underestimate the power of a volunteer!”

There is a slowly growing appreciation on the part of staffs of specialized agencies serving the blind of the potential use of other community resources on behalf of their clients. By fostering this change of attitude, and by making full use of our volunteers, we can greatly increase and improve our service to our blind clients.
Multiple Disabilities-An Old Problem with a New Challenge
Authors: Wolf James M.
Published: March 2020

A review of related research from epidemiological surveys and other sources on multiple disabilities, specifically the mentally retarded-visually impaired diad, reveals the following:

1) Lack of a theoretical concept concerning the syndromes of multiple disabilities.

2) Confusion and lack of agreement on definitions, classifications, and terminology.

3) Inadequacy of a rationale by investigators in assigning priority to a disability.

4) Conflicting viewpoints concerning which facilities are most appropriate and the extent and availability of such facilities.

5) Inconsistencies in reported incidence and prevalence rates.

6) Lack of a precise methodology for teaching children with multiple disabilities.

The educational problem presented by children who have multiple disabilities is as old as man's attempt to provide services to exceptional children. For far too many years special educators have been dealing with handicapped children in a unitary fashion. Special classes have been organized, classified, and categorized according to a primary schema of disabilities which has little meaning for educational planning and remediation. There is urgent need for additional research in all aspects of multiple disabilities. The results of this research will have immediate and serious implications for organizing instruction and teacher training in the rapidly growing field of special education.
Some Observations on Peripatology
Authors: Auzenne George R.
Published: March 2020

Peripatology is a most valuable and fundamental aspect of services for blind persons. But it must be kept in its proper perspective by both the peripatologist and the employer. The peripatologist is at all times a part of a team, no matter what the setting. Unless he can meaningfully utilize the services of teachers, caseworkers, rehabilitation counselors, etc., the end result will be lopsided, no matter how effective the teaching.

The involvement of the community in the rehabilitation of the blind person is imperative. The effectiveness of the rehabilitation team is determined only when the client returns to his community. Public education, needless to say, is most important. But public education should take the form of involvement of the public, not merely lecturing. Involvement can take no better form than that of the peripatologist demonstrating and teaching relatives, classroom teachers, nursing home staff, or others the proper techniques for orientation and mobility. This by no means affects the usefulness of the mobility instructor, but rather enhances his role as a responsible member of the community working towards a clearer understanding of the problems of those who are visually handicapped.
The Expression of Emotion by the Blind
Authors: Clark Leslie L.
Published: March 2020

This is the first half of a two-part article on the expression of emotion. The second half will appear in next month's issue.
Tactual Maps with Interchangeable Parts
Authors: Chang Carolyn , Johnson Daniel E.
Published: March 2020

□ A new tool, a tactual map or chart with interchangeable pieces, has been created for teachers of the blind. The chart can be used to teach general principles of the geography of foot travel, and it can be used to diagram actual specific situations. Because it is light weight and portable, one set of materials can serve many students who are taught in different locations. The materials are relatively permanent, but can be used in infinite combinations and for many purposes in addition to orientation and mobility. With it the instructor can test the student's orientation and his grasp of concepts. The flexible chart challenges but does not restrict the instructor's ingenuity in developing his own modifications and uses. To the best of our knowledge, it is a genuine innovation in the field of education of the blind.
Research on Criteria for Measuring Mobility Readiness of Adventitiously Blind Adults
Authors: Patton William E.
Published: March 2020

□ This research on the dynamics of readiness for mobility service had two major research goals, to attempt to identify specific dynamic factors of readiness of adventitiously blind adults and to construct an instrument for measuring total readiness.

Fourteen criteria were found to have a positive relationship to both the readiness score and the actual subsequent performance score. A readiness instrument composed of eight criteria was found to have a positive correlation with performance, significant to less than the .01 level.

This research study appears to have identified important specific factors related to readiness for mobility service. Although the relationship between the resulting research instrument and performance does suggest its usefulness in assessing readiness, further research is indicated.
Present-Day Concepts and Practices of Rehabilitation Teaching
Authors: Crawford Frances
Published: March 2020

□ It has been the purpose of this paper to discuss some of the major concepts which have determined and shaped our present-day practices in rehabilitation teaching. Let us remember that we are teaching individuals who differ in abilities and needs, but who have resources within themselves which can be utilized in the rehabilitative process. The subject matter we teach is centered around those daily living activities which are particularly applicable to the needs of individual clients in their environmental settings. The methods and techniques we have suggested here are tools designed to help the teacher in teaching individuals more effectively. When our clients learn to live again without sight through achieving a degree of self-dependence which is comfortable and satisfying to them, both personally and socially, then we, as rehabilitation teachers, will have met our objective.
Community Resources Used by the Rehabilitation Teacher
Authors: Johnson Suzanne
Published: March 2020

□ It is hoped that this brief description of community resources which were utilized in one state district by one rehabilitation teacher during a single year will suggest further possibilities to others. These resources generally fall into three categories, educational, material, and recreational with occasional overlapping (certain recreational pursuits for example, also involve new skills). No attempt has been made to determine which resouces were most successful or useful; the intention has simply been to provide an illustrative survey of resource possibilities.
The Effect of Circumstantial Rejection on Infant Behavior
Authors: Tait Perla
Published: March 2020

□ In summary, mastery of the environment, which appears to be a source of trouble for the blind infant, can only be obtained by spontaneous exploration of the environment. The willingness to explore the environment can only be accomplished if there is a secure mother-infant relationship. The relationship between the blind child and his mother is complex. In addition to identified behavior patterns of rejection of the blind child by the mother, more subtle forms of behavior may, unknowingly on the part of the mother, be interpreted by the child in such a way that the end product is similar to that of rejection. This rejection, or seeming rejection, may result in anti-exploratory behavior (stereotyped rhythms or blindisms) which may be an active regression to the safety of the blind child's own world. This anti-exploratory behavior is, therefore, substituted for, or at least interferes with, the utilization of that behavior which would ordinarily lead to mastery of the environment and a reduction of the fear of the unknown.

In conclusion, a simplistic view of blindisms and of rejection by the mother of a blind child is not conducive to the development of desirable behavior changes. The key to the formulation of a specific plan of action by which the mother of the blind child may more effectively cope with the problems inherent in raising a blind child in a visually oriented world may be found in a depth analysis of mothering patterns.
Mannerisms in the Congenitally Blind Child
Authors: Knight John J.
Published: March 2020

□ In summary: (1) Mannerisms are behaviors that the blind child uses to cope with tensions created by situations of frustration, fear, excitement, stimulation deficit, physical activity deprivation, insecurity, etc. (2) The blind child resorts to mannerisms, which are non-instrumental gross motor behaviors learned during early infancy, when he does not have a set of strong instrumental coping behaviors. (3) The blind child's lack of vision impedes the development of essential instrumental behaviors that are learned during infancy, such as reaching and crawling. (4) The blind infant must be given assistance which will enable him to develop each of his instrumental behaviors more completely, especially during the critical period of development for each behavior.
The Blind Social Worker and the Client-Worker Relationship
Authors: Dechaine Lucy
Published: March 2020

□ Blindness itself is not a handicap in casework. It becomes a handicap when the social worker is uncomfortable about it and unable to deal with whatever problems, real or felt by clients, it produces. The blind caseworker must be constantly attuned to his environment. For example, when I heard the footsteps of a psychotic client turning away from my office instead of turning into it, I immediately called her back to the correct doorway. A blind social worker's attitude towards himself is the key factor in his ability to use himself effectively in a casework relationship. This is not the total answer, of course, since clients’ deep feelings and strong defenses sometimes make handling of the problem very difficult. Nor is it a final answer, since the relevance of a social worker's blindness to casework practice is a question which must be dealt with again and again, hopefully with progressively greater insight by every blind social worker.
Jogging and the Blind Veteran
Authors: Webster Richard W.
Published: March 2020

A discussion of the introduction of jogging as a recerational activity at the V.A. Blind Rehabilitation Center at West Haven, Connecticut. The specific, easy-to-learn techniques to be used by a sighted person acting as guide for a blind jogger are explained. Jogging is shown to be a practical, inexpensive activity that should be available to those blind persons who might be interested in it.
Status Quo: A Synonym for Compromise
Authors: Krebs Bernard M.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1,000 words in length.
Auditory Maps: An Orientation Aid for Visually Handicapped Persons
Authors: Blasch Bruce B. , Welsh Richard L. , Davidson Terry
Published: March 2020

Auditory maps, recorded on cassette tapes, can be used to provide a visually handicapped person who is fully trained in the use of long-cane or dog-guide mobility skills with a verbal description to orient him to a specific travel area (district map) or step-by-step instructions to guide him to a particular objective (route map). It is suggested that the information included on such maps can best be prepared by an orientation and mobility specialist and that the content of the map can be best expressed using one or more of the following orientation reference systems: ego-centric, topo-centric, cartographic, and polar-centric. Suggestions are made for the use of specific mobility techniques and recordings of particular sound cues that might be encountered. Sample scripts for auditory district and route maps are included. The relative merits of auditory vs. other types of maps are fully discussed, as are the wide variety of potential uses of such recorded travel aids.
Braille Tests with Tactual “Response Buttons” Allow for Unaided Test-Taking
Authors: Davidson Terry
Published: March 2020

To enable a blind subject to take tests without the use of a reader or recorder, the author has developed a system for forming a “response button” in the thermoformed plastic sheet on which the questions and choice of responses are reproduced in braille. The response buttons are formed by placing small wooden dowel-plugs on the master braille copy. The blind subject then merely depresses the domed button next to the response of his choice. The tests are re-usable; the dowel-plugs also can be re-used in the making of new tests.
A Diversified Cooperative Work-Experience Program for Blind and Multiply Handicapped Blind Students
Authors: Tremble Judith T. , Campbell Lawrence F.
Published: March 2020

This federally-funded program provides both individualized classroom preparation for the world of work and carefully selected placements in part-time jobs on and off campus. The curriculum includes academic subjects, work skills development, training in specialty areas, and on-the-job services during the work-experience phase. Both training and placement activities are carried out in cooperation with community-based and state-operated programs.
Teaching Blind Illiterates to Read
Authors: Stocker Claudell S.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons Contributions should be approximately 350-1,000 words in length
A Statement of the Needs of Blind and Visually Impaired Individuals
Authors: Connor Gordon B. , Muldoon John F.
Published: March 2020

After defining blindness and visual impairment, and noting that either may be present congenitally or occur later in life (adventitious), the authors identify three interdependent levels which descriptions of blind and visually impaired persons should include—the physiological, the personal, and the social. Needs shared by all such individuals include assistance in mobility, communication, information collection, physical expression, and psychological functioning. This is followed by detailed discussions of the needs of congenitally blind, adventitiously blind, congenitally visually impaired, and adventitiously visually impaired persons on each of the three levels of analysis at various ages throughout life or at various periods following the onset of the handicap.
The Integrated Resource Room for Visually Impaired Children
Authors: O'brien Rosemary
Published: March 2020

The resource room program conducted by the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools is designed to provide visually impaired children enrolled in regular classrooms with individual instruction in the special skills they require, including listening and study skills, special apparatus and braille codes, typing, orientation and mobility, low vision aids, and counseling and tutoring. The author, who is coordinator of the program, discusses the process of selecting the school within the system where the program is to be located, the criteria for admitting children to the program, and the use of staff—the resource room teacher, educational aide, and others. The positive effects of the program on the children are also presented.
Explorations in Rapid Reading in Braille
Authors: McBride Vearl G.
Published: March 2020

In one of several recent two-week workshops, blind and visually handicapped persons have increased their braille reading speed from an average of 138 words per minute to 710. The techniques, which vary with the individual readers, are developed through a series of exercises involving the rapid scanning of each page, using one or both hands and from one to six fingers. Comprehension is affected only slightly.
Evaluating the Work Potential of Blind Multiply Handicapped Persons for the Manufacture of Bath Perfume
Authors: Benton R. B. , Permenter N. A. , Baylor J. , McLelland P.
Published: March 2020

To evaluate the work potential of blind, severely retarded, multiply handicapped persons, a model project involving the manufacture of bath perfume was established within an already existing program. Fifteen clients attempted to master one or more of the five work-station tasks in the operation (mixing, bottle filling, capping, labeling, and boxing). There were 48 successes in 58 attempts, for an 83-percent success rate. Of those successes, 75 percent were accomplished in only one two-hour working day.
The Development of a Vocational Program in a Residential School for the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Coker D. Gary
Published: March 2020

The career education curriculum, which should be educational, personal-social, and vocational, aims at informing the student about the world of work, teaching him flexibility in work roles, and stressing the importance of leisure activities. Such goals can be pursued through technical training or through a work experience program. The Tennessee School for the Blind has an open-enrollment work experience program that is correlated with classroom work. Continued community involvement, so necessary to the success of such a program, is the responsibility of a school staff member.
The Planning and Implementation of a Sex Education Program for Visually Handicapped Children in a Residential Setting
Authors: Holmes Ruth V.
Published: March 2020

Careful planning is necessary to establish a constructive, comprehensive, and developmental program in sex education for visually handicapped children and youth which is designed to inform and guide, yet has enough flexibility to recognize and meet highly individualized needs, and which allows the wholesome, healthy growth of the personal sexual self in the home and in society. Considerations must be given to staffing, budget, curriculum, materials, and models, as well as to the development of understanding and good communication with the home and among all staff members directly involved or in peripheral areas. Seven years of experience with such a program in a residential setting has produced observed profitable results.
Teaching Multiply Handicapped Blind Persons in a State Hospital
Authors: Wilson Diana A.
Published: March 2020

The multiply handicapped blind residents of state institutions are in need of an alternative program of education. The multiplicity of their handicaps makes it necessary to tailor a program for almost every individual. A compensatory education program for 14 blind retarded youths in a state institution is described. Teaching suggestions and guidelines are presented. Recreational skills are emphasized, not only to develop meaningful and enjoyable use of leisure time, but to combat the dehumanization so frequently found.
The Tactile Vision Substitution System: Applications in Education and Employment
Authors: Scadden Lawrence A.
Published: March 2020

The Tactile Vision Substitution System converts the visual image from a narrow-angle television camera to a tactual image on a five-jnch square, loo-point display of vibrators placed against the abdomen of the blind person. This arrangement allows for the free use of the hands at the same time that the machine is in use. The possible applications of the system in education include the teaching of certain spatial concepts, e.g., monocular cues, and as an attachment to a microscope to allow for the examination of slides. In employment, the system could be used in those jobs in electronics requiring the use of an oscilloscope (to which it can be attached) or in assembly work involving the microscope, e.g., microcircuitry.
An Eye to Change: Transactional Analysis in Rehabilitation
Authors: Thomson Solveig H. , Mosher John R.
Published: March 2020

Transactional analysis (TA) is being introduced to the fields of disability and rehabilitation. It differs from other approaches in its emphasis on educating clients; concentrating on present behaviors; the active, action approach of counselor and client; the therapeutic contract; and having fun. Human hungers for stimulation or strokes, life position, and time structuring are discussed and related to blind persons. The four forms of analysis (structural, transactional, game, and script) are presented with examples relating to blindness and with a sampling of some of the techniques of analysis. Some of the efforts to apply TA to rehablitation by the authors and others are discussed briefly.
Houseparents’ Expectations: A Crucial Variable in the Performance of Blind Institutionalized Children
Authors: Mayadas Nazneen S.
Published: March 2020

The study to test the degree of relationship between the blind child's performance and expectations of houseparents, the most significant others in the institutionalized child's life, supported the hypothesis that houseparents’ influence on behavior was statistically significant. The author contends that it is of utmost importance, therefore, that houseparents and other significant personnel be selected carefully and receive continued training. They must become familiar, through role-taking, with the world of the blind, and blind and sighted together must determine behavioral expectancies for the blind child.

But in human kindness there is a paradox; that which it seeks to help it can also destroy.

—Chevigny, 1946
The Rehabilitation Aide Project
Authors: Scheffel Robert R.
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this program was to determine the feasibility of utilizing trained paraprofessionals to provide specific aspects of orientation and mobility and rehabilitation teaching services to selected visually handicapped persons. After a three-month academic phase and a three-month internship, follow-up data showed good performance ratings (2.41 on a scale of 1.00 to 3.00) and agency satisfaction with the aides. It was concluded that the aide could be used to increase the delivery of orientation and mobility and rehabilitation teaching services.
Tactile and Visual Reading
Authors: Hampshire Barry E.
Published: March 2020

Based on a review of the literature on reading, including the details of its information processing aspects and the role of the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory, it is concluded that both visual and tactile reading involve the same basic processes. Taking into account what is known about visual reading and the results of recent experiments on the sense of touch, it is suggested that certain simplifications in the braille code and changes in the mode of presentation (dynamic-rhythmic rather than spatial) would considerably improve the efficiency of braille reading.
Career Education in 1975
Authors: Wurster Marion V.
Published: March 2020

The new emphasis in American primary and secondary schools on career education has led to a flurry of activity to insure that blind and visually handicapped students have equal access to the growing literature on learning about and preparing for the world of work. Ohio State University and the State of Texas have begun preparing such materials. The American Foundation for the Blind, through its specialist in career education and its Task Force on Career Education, has played an advocacy role in this movement. A mini-project, in progress, is testing the use of career education units in the curricula of six residential schools for the blind.
Early Childhood Services for Visually Impaired Children: A Model Program
Authors: O'Brien Rosemary
Published: March 2020

A program of services for young visually impaired children and their parents, including diagnosis and intervention strategies, was established with a three-year grant under Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools. The program includes a full spectrum of educational services for the children and counseling and training for the parents. Based upon independent validation by the U.S. Office of Education, the project is now a fully-funded part of the vision services provided by the school system and serves as a national demonstration site. Project materials, including assessment booklets, intervention manuals, and a social services document, are currently being field tested in various parts of the United States.
Comprehensive Low Vision Care: Part Two
Authors: Friedman Dagmar B. , Kayne Herbert L. , Tallman Carter B. , Asarkof John E.
Published: March 2020

Between July 1970 and July 1973, a total of 1,118 patients were seen at the Vision Rehabilitation Clinic, a part of the Gundersen Eye Clinic, Boston University Medical Center. The visual function of approximately 75 percent of all patients was significantly improved with visual aids and counseling. This high rate of success was the result of innovative programs of social service and counseling integrated into a multidisciplinary approach to low vision care. Although operating the clinic in a hospital setting results in high overhead, the participation of residents in ophthalmology in the activities of the clinic was found to be so important as to warrant its continuation there.
Itinerant Low Vision Services
Authors: Carter Kent D. , Carter Constance A.
Published: March 2020

The itinerant education concept proves helpful in providing visually impaired individuals with comprehensive low vision services, because visual screenings, training, and follow-up care can be provided on a regular basis within the student's own environment. Close cooperation among low vision clinic staff, classroom teachers, parents, ancillary personnel, and low vision educational consultants develops quality low vision service through a professional team approach. Such an approach is presently functioning successfully in the state of New Hampshire. To implement this approach, itinerant teachers with training and experience in the field of low vision are badly needed. It is recommended that universities, in cooperation with low vision clinics, seek ways of implementing such training in their present programs.
Introduction to Assessment and the Blind
Authors: Monbeck Michael E. , Mulholland Mary Ellen
Published: March 2020

The paper describes the history of the development of the special issue of the New Outlook for the Blind on assessment and the blind; how and why the subjects included were chosen; the general aspects of assessment that must be considered regardless of the specific aspect involved; questions about assessment that need to be resolved.
Developmental Needs in Blind Infants
Authors: Dubose Rebecca F.
Published: March 2020

Developmental needs of blind infants require additional training procedures that enlightened parents can provide if they are made aware of the needs before the child passes critical learning periods. Physical, cognitive-adaptive, and social-emotional needs are cited and suggestions for meeting these needs are presented.
Blindness and Early Development: Issues in Research Methodology
Authors: Warren David H.
Published: March 2020

An examination of the research models used extensively with the blind child and various kinds of methodological weakness that decrease the value of research. Specific problems areas discussed include subject size and description, statistical methods, random selection problems, control groups. Finally, a research model for the future is proposed. The model is hierarchical, that is, research on a characteristic that includes attention to etiology and real-life behavior along with evaluation. Finally, some remaining problems are discussed.
Physiological Measures as a Means of Assessing Reactions to the Disabled
Authors: Vander Kolk Charles J.
Published: March 2020

Some thoughts on individuals’ reactions to the disabled are presented. Movement toward a model that encompasses psychodynamic, environmental, as well as physiological factors, is suggested. Evaluation of reactions to the disabled is also discussed, with an example of a current study employing the Psychological Stress Evaluator to measure stress in relation to 11 disabilities, including blindness. Stress reactions were found to vary between individuals, and certain disabilities elicited stress more often than others. Rating of disabilities according to relative desirability was not always congruent with the degree of stress elicited. Results and suggestions for further studies are discussed.
The Problem of Adult Learning Deficiencies in Rehabilitation … What's the Solution?
Authors: Wacker Charles H.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Legal Implication of Solo Experiences in Orientation and Mobility Training
Authors: Bina Michael J.
Published: March 2020

Orientation and mobility instructors, administrators, and members of the legal profession were surveyed to obtain information on the use of “solo” travel experience during training and to examine the instructor's liability in case of student injury. A list of precautions was developed to protect the student and also to reduce the possibility of the instructor's being sued for negligence. Since no actual legal suit was found in the survey or in the literature, legal opinion is given on a hypothetical case. Guidance was also obtained from court decisions where instructors of sighted children had been sued for negligence.
Orientation and Mobility Adaptations and Modifications for the Experientially Deprived Adult
Authors: Blakeslee Raymond
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Parental Assistance in Orientation and Mobility Instruction
Authors: Wardell Kent Tyler
Published: March 2020

Parents of blind children can give important support to the professional orientation and mobility specialist, especially if they familiarize themselves with the various aspects of an orientation and mobility course of instruction. The use of occlusion is especially helpful in giving parents first hand experience with the skills the children will be taught. Suggestions are provided for parental assistance in the areas of basic skills, concept development, motor development, and long cane training.
Para-Professionals in Mobility: Long-Term Implications
Authors: Jacobson William H.
Published: March 2020

The role of the para-professional in the modern orientation and mobility program is discussed. A brief history of the mobility profession is recounted to give a proper perspective in which to view present and future trends. The para-professional is then compared with his professional counterpart, the certified orientation and mobility specialist. The attitudes, duties, and goals of the mobility specialist and his profession are explored in relationship to those of the para-professional. The author concludes that the profession is too young and the historical trend too contradictory to permit acceptance of para-professionals in the mobility program at this time.