bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weed management in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) after rice (Oryza sativa) in rice-wheat system in rainfed lowland
Authors: G. SINGH  , O.P. SINGH  , SHER SINGH  , KANTI PRASAD
Published: December 2023

To study the efficacy of different herbicides, tillage practices and weed control measures on late sown wheat ( Tr iticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol) field experiments were conducted during winter of 2004-05 to 2006-07 at Ghaghraghat (Bahraich) in Uttar Pradesh. Significantly lower density, weight, and nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with isoproturon + 2,4-D (0.75 + 0.6 kg/ha) resulting in higher mean grain yield (3.89 tonne /ha) and net income (Rs. 18,375/ha). Weed free treatment recorded the highest energy output and lowest energy use efficiency (EUE). Isoproturon + 2, 4-D resulted in the highest EUE and energy productivity followed by metribuzin. Conventional tillage (CT) significantly increased density and dry matter of weeds when compared with zero tillage (ZT), thus, ZT increased grain yield of wheat by 2.18% as compared to CT. Sulfosulfuron (25 g/ ha) recorded the lower density and dry weight of weeds and higher weed suppression efficiency (83.43%) fol- lowed by isoproturon + 2,4-D (81.04%). Application of isoprturon + 2,4-D produced significantly higher grain yield in ZT, and sulfosulfuron in CT. Irrespective of tillage, isoproturon + 2,4-D gave the highest net income (Rs 17.12 x 103/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.59). CT consumed 23.66% more energy than ZT. The EUE and energy productivity was highest with ZT and sulfosulfuron.
Effect of organic nutrient management on yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient balance sheet in scented rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: NIRU KUMARI  , ASHOK KUMAR SINGH  , S.K. PAL  , R.THAKUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ranchi during kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005, to identify suitable or- ganic nutrient management in scented rice for higher productivity, nutrient utilization and soil health. Scented rice ( Birsamati) grown with recommended inorganic fertilizer produced 20.09% higher grain yield when compared with the best organic source combination of green manuring (GM) @ 5 t/ha + FYM @ 10 t/ha (3.3 t/ha). The yield at- tributing characters also followed the trend of grain yield. Similarly, the uptake of N, P and K by rice grown with fertilizers was 31.69%, 25.98%, and 23.74% higher than GM + FYM. The maximum available N (277 kg/ha) and minimum N loss (3 kg/ha) was recorded from the plots that received GM 5 t/ha + BGA 10 kg/ha + Azotobacter @ 500 g/ha. Similarly maximum available P (24.7 kg/ha) and maximum gain in soil P (0.7 kg/ha), was recorded with the application of Karanj cake (KC) 2.5 t/ha. However, maximum available K (202 kg/ha) and maximum gain in soil K (2.0 kg/ha) was recorded from the plot receiving GM 5 t/ha + PS 10 t/ha. Among organic sources, GM + FYM fetched significantly higher net return (35, 975 Rs/ha) and B: C (2.61) when compared with rest of the or- ganic sources under test.
Influence of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on yield and economics of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: MANDHATA SINGH  , R.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2006 and 2007 to study the bio-efficacy of various herbicides on weeds, yield and economics of direct seeded rice. The weed flora emerged during experimentation were: grasses like Echinochloa colonum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cynodon dactylon; sedges like Cyper us rotundus, Cyperus ir ia, Fimbristylis miliaceae; and broad-leaved weeds like Eclipta alba and Ceasulia oxilar is. Rice estab- lished by drum seeding method had minimum density of grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds and dry weight of grasses (6.18 and 8.77 g/m2), sedges (3.32 and 4.97 g/m2), broad-leaved weeds (1.85 and 2.74 g/m2) at 45 and 60 DAS, N-P-K (4.09-1.53-4.49 kg/ha) uptake by weeds and maximum weed control efficiency (67.02%), grain yield (4.55 t/ha), net return (Rs 24,520) and benefit: cost ratio (1.76). Application of pretilachlor (0.75 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence) followed by 2,4-D (0.50 kg a.i./ha post-emergence) proved to be most effective in minimizing the density of weeds and their dry weight, and in enhancing the weed control efficiency (84.24%), grain yield (4.73 t/ ha), N-P-K uptake by crop, net return (Rs 26,110) and benefit: cost ratio (1.92).
Effect of different proportion of organic and inorganic nutrients on productivity and profitability of potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties in Meghalaya hills
Authors: L.K. BAISHYA  , M.KUMAR  , D.C. GHOSH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2005 and 2006 at Shillong in split plot design having three potato varieties in the main plots and six organic-inorganic nutrient combinations in the sub-plots with four replications. Among the varieties, Kufr i Megha recorded significantly higher tuber yield when compared with Kufri Giriraj and Kufri Jyoti. Number of tubers/plant, mean tuber weight, marketable and total tuber yield of potato increased significantly due to the use of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 120-52.4-50 kg N-P-K/ha or 75% RDF + 25% recommended dose of N (RDN) through FYM. The yield components and tuber yield decreased gradually as the crop received higher proportion of plant nutrients through FYM. Accordingly, substitution of RDN by FYM resulted in lower tuber productivity which was significantly lower than those of other organic-inorganic combinations except control. Kufri Megha receiving RDF or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through FYM produced the highest tuber yield (27.11/26.98 t/ha) among all treatment combinations. High net return was obtained from the crop receiving 100% RDF or 25% RDN through FYM + 75% RDF. Kufr i Megha at RDF or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through FYM may be recommended for better growth, higher tuber yield and greater net return from potato cultiva- tion in the North Eastern Hill Region of Meghalaya.
Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)maize (Zea mays) as influenced by methods of crop establishment, Zn and S application in rice
Authors: A.G. CHANDRAPALA  , M. YAKADRI  R. MAHENDER KUMAR  , G. BHUPAL RAJ
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2007-08 and 2008-09 at Hyderabad, to study the effect of three rice ( Or yza sativa L.) establishment methods [sowing of sprouted rice under puddle condition (DS) at 25 cm x 25 cm, system of rice intensification (SRI) seedlings transplanted at 25 cm x 25 cm and conventional transplanting (CT) at 20 cm x 15 cm] as main plots and five nutrient combinations (NPK, NPK + Zn, NPK + S, NPK + Zn + S and NPK + FYM ) in sub - plots on rice-maize ( Zea mays L.) sequence in a spilt plot design with treatments replicated thrice. On an average rice under SRI recorded the higher drymatter accumulation /hill, yield attributes and yield. On an average SRI rice maize sequence recorded the highest rice equivalent yield (11.37 t/ha on mean basis), net re- turns (58,346 Rs/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (BCR). Application of S, Zn and FYM improved significantly the pro- ductivity of rice and succeeding maize crop. Among nutrient management practices, NPK + Zn + S recorded higher grain yield (5.27 t/ha) and yield attributes during both years of rice cultivation, except that it was on par with NPK + FYM in 2008-09. Similar trend was also observed in uptake of nutrients. Based on the systems productivity (11.72 t/ha), net returns (58,983 Rs/ha), and BCR, NPK + Zn + S treatment excelled all other nutrient combina- tions. SRI method used 23 and 25% less water compared to CT and DS. NPK + FYM application to rice crop re- corded significantly highest quantity of available soil N, P and K content after crop harvest. While, highest avail- able soil S and Zn content was recorded by the treatments where in respective nutrients were applied in the previ- ous season to rice. Thus it is concluded that SRI rice maize is more productive, beneficial and efficient water user. Both Zn and S be applied to rice to raise the productivity of subsequent maize too.
Productivity of maize (Zea mays) wheat (Triticum aestivum) system under dif- ferent tillage and crop establishment practices
Authors: HARI RAM  , D.S. KLER  , YADVINDER SINGH  , KRISHAN KUMAR
Published: December 2023

The experiment with eight treatments: Flat conventional tillage (CT) in kharif followed by CT in rabi (CT/CT)], Flat CT/no tillage (NT) (CT/NT), NT/NT, NT + wheat straw mulch @ 5 t/ha(S)/NT (NT+S/NT), Fresh beds (FB)/flat CT (FB/CT), CT/FB, permanent beds (PB)/permanent beds (PB/PB) and PB+S/PB was conducted at PAU, Ludhiana during kharif and rabi seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-2005 in RBD with four replications. Straw mulching in PB+S/PB or NT+S/NT reduced the soil temperature and improved photosynthetically active radiation intercep- tion that however failed to increase yield of maize and wheat markedly. NT+S/NT and PB+S/PB in maize recorded 10.37 and 3.40% less consumptive use (CU) of water than CT/CT and FB/CT treatments, respectively during 2004. PB+S/PB treatment in wheat recorded significantly lower CU and higher water use efficiency (WUE) than all CT and NT treatments. Soil bulk density recorded in NT/NT (1.50 g/cm3) was significantly higher than CT/CT, FB/ CT, CT/FB, PB/PB and PB+S/PB treatments. On an average, the highest net returns (Rs 43,536/ha) were ob- served in NT/NT treatment. The minimum input energy and energy output/input ratio (13.82) was seen in PB/PB treatment while energy output (3,92,035 MJ/ha/year) was highest in NT+S/NT.
Nutrient management in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping system as affected by land configuration under limited irrigation
Authors: C.M. PARIHAR  , K.S. RANA  , S.R. KANTWA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 at New Delhi on a sandy-loam soil to assess the effect of two land configurations, viz. Flat (F) and Ridge & Furrow (R&F) sowing and five nutrient management treatments (control, 30 + 8.8 kg N +P/ha (50% recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. RDF), 60 + 17.6 kg N +P/ha (RDF), 50% RDF + FYM (6 t/ha) and FYM alone to pearlmillet ( Penisetum glaucum). Re- sidual effects of pearlmillet treatments on mustard ( Brassica juncea) were assessed at 50% RDF and RDF to mus- tard. Results revealed that R&F sowing and integrated nutrient management of 50% RDF + 6 t FYM to pearlmillet recorded higher yield of both pearlmillet and mustard over flat sowing and other fertility levels during both the years. Application of RDF to mustard improved the seed yield (1.31 t/ha) by 43.8 and 33.0% over control and 50% RDF. Ridge and furrow sowing and 50% RDF + FYM application recorded significantly higher N and P uptake by both the crops over flat sowing and other fertility levels, respectively.
Performance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) - pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) system as influenced by phosphorus and zinc application to fenugreek
Authors: R. SAMMAURIA  , R.S. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications during winter and rainy seasons of 2003 to 2005 at Bikaner to study the effect of phosphorus (P) levels (0, 8.7, 17.5 and 26.2 kg/ha) and zinc [0, 2.5, 5.0 & 7.5 kg soil application, 0.25%, 0.5% ZnSO foliar spray once (45 DAS) twice (45 and 60 DAS)] applied to 4 fenugreek, on the performance of fenugreek ( Tr igonella foenum-graecum) - pearlmillet ( Pennisetum glaucum) cropping system. Application of 17.5 kg P/ha and 5.0 kg Zn/ha resulted in 24.7 and 14.7% higher seed yield of fenugreek, when compared with control (0.77 and 0.85 tonnes/ha). Residual effects of 26.2 kg P/ha and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha applied to fenugreek increased grain yield of pearlmillet by 62 and 22%, respectively. Application of 26.2 kg P/ ha and 7.5 kg Zn/ha to fenugreek significantly increased the content and uptake of P and Zn fenugreek and pearl millet. However, increasing levels of either of these two nutrients was found to have depressive effect on content and uptake of other by fenugreek. Combined application of 26.2 kg P/ha + 7.5 kg Zn/ha resulted in the highest yields of both the crops. The net returns and B: C ratios were also highest in 26.2 P and 7.5 kg Zn applied treat- ments.
Integrated use of crop residues and fertilizers for sustainability of potato (Solanum tuberosum) based cropping systems in Bihar
Authors: S.K. SINGH  , D. KUMAR  , S. S. LAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Patna for 4 years (2002-03 to 2005-06) on a fixed site to study the effect of crop residues(CR) recycling along with 2 levels of recommended dose of NPK fertilizers (RDF) i.e. RDF and 125% RDF in two potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) based cropping systems [potato-onion ( Allium cepa L.)-rice ( Or yza sativa L.) and potato-wheat ( Tr iticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol)-rice]. Incorporation of CR has im- proved the mean rice equivalent yields of system by 7.86% as compared to their removal (24.15 t/ha). Incorpora- tion of CR decreased the bulk density and increased infiltration rate, water holding capacity, microbial population, soil fertility than the initial values as compared to no residue treatment after four years of study. Increasing levels of RDF also increased the yield but did not show any significant effect on soil physico-chemical properties. Incor- poration of residues along with RDF improved the crop productivity in both the cropping systems and was at par with 125% RDF. The residue incorporation with NPK fertilizer resulted in the highest yield, nutrient uptake, im- proved residual soil fertility and soil microorganism status and ultimately high benefit: cost ratio.
Weed growth, yield and nutrient uptake in maize (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage, seed rate and weed control method
Authors: C.K. SARMA  , R.C. GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Pantnagar to study the effect of two tillage, three seed rate and four weed control methods on weed growth, yield and nutrient uptake in maize ( Zea mays L.). There was significant increase in grain yield with conventional tillage (23.5% on mean basis) due to reduced population and dry weight of weeds when compared with no-tillage (3.69 t/ha). Grain yield recorded with 24 kg seed/ha was significantly higher (10%) when compared with the yield recorded with 16 kg seed/ ha in 2005. However, net returns were higher in maize sown with a seed rate of 24 kg/ha in both the years. Similarly, two hand weedings at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher grain yield (26% in 2004 and 68% in 2005) and nutrient uptake and reduced the population and dry weight of weeds as compared to weedy check. Two hand weedings at 25 and 45 DAS with higher seed rate (24 kg/ha) under tilled condition ap- peared to be the best in producing yield of maize, reducing weed growth and for enhanced profits.
Evaluation of tillage system and herbicides on wheat (Triticum aestivum) performance under rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: N.K. CHOPRA  , NISHA CHOPRA
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted during winter seasons of 2001-02 and 2002-03 to evaluate the effect of tillage system and herbicides in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend, Fiori & Paol) under rice ( Oryza sativa L.) - wheat cropping system. Significantly lower weed density was recorded in zero tillage (ZT) when compared with conven- tional tillage (CT) whereas it remained at par with reduced tillage (RT). ZT reduced the density of Phalaris minor by 72.5 % but increased the density of Rumex maritimus by 126.4% when compared with CT. However, ZT sys- tem recorded 22.5 % higher weed dry weight when compared with CT due to germination of weeds along with wheat crop. Seed yield was not affected due to different tillage systems. Uncontrolled weeds caused 30% reduc- tion in wheat yield. Sole application of fenoxaprop p-ethyl (100 g/ha) and clodinafop propargyl (60 g/ha) were found effective against the grassy weeds only. The maximum reduction in weed density (90.7%) and weed dry matter (89.8%) was obtained with sequential application of fenoxaprop and clodinafop with metsulfuron due to control of complex weed flora. The seed yield in sequential application of fenoxaprop and clodinafop with metsulfuron remained at par when applied as tank mix with metsulfuron but was significantly higher (18.9 and 19.5%) than the sole application of fenoxaprop and clodinafop.
Effect of Trichoderma inoculated trash, nitrogen level and biofertilizer on performance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in calcareous soils of Bihar
Authors: S.K. THAKUR  , C.K. JHA  , GEETA KUMARI  , V.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 2006-07 to 2008-09 at Sugarcane Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar to study the effect of Trichoderma inoculated trash, nitrogen level and biofertilizer on yield, nutrient uptake, juice quality of sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) and soil nutrient availability in calciorthents. Trash was inoculated with Trichoderma viride @ 500 g/t, one week before planting and applied @ 10 t/ha alone or in conjunction with different levels of N (75,112.5 and 150 kg/ha). Application of trash alone increased the mean cane yield by 1.8% over control (45.4 t/ha) and with N levels 75,112.5 and 150 kg/ha, increase in cane yield were 5.5, 3.3 and 0.8%, respectively over N applied alone. Trash applied with 75,112.5 and 150 kg N/ha improved the organic carbon by 8.2, 11.3 and 13.6%, respectively over N applied alone while, available N by 7.0, 10.3 and 8.6%, P by 2.9, 7.6 and 4.6% and K by 7.4, 4.6 and 5.3%, respectively. Addition of trash and biofertilizer alongwith recommended dose of nitrogen (150 kg/ha) gave the highest net income (Rs. 22,832/ha) and B:C ratio (1.43). Hence, addition of Tricho- derma inoculated trash @10 t/ha alongwith 150 kg N/ha and Azotobacter @ 4 kg/ha were found beneficial for sus- taining soil health, enhancing sugarcane productivity and getting higher net returns.
Direct and residual effects of integrated sulphur fertilization in maize (Zea mays)- chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system on Typic Ustochrept
Authors: Ch. SRINIVASARAO  , MASOOD ALI  , S. VENKATESWARLU  , T.R. RUPA  , K.K. SINGH  , SUMANTA KUNDU  , J.V.N.S. PRASAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi season of 2000-04 at Indian Institute of Pulses Re- search, Kanpur to find out the performance of maize ( Zea mays L.)-chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) cropping se- quence with sulphur fertilization along with farmyard manure (FYM). Inorganic S at 0 and 20 kg/ha was applied during kharif maize cultivation and in rabi season, three levels of S (0, 10 and 20 kg/ha) were applied with 2 levels of FYM (0 and 4 t/ha). Maize grain yield increased by 0.59 t with the application of 20 kg S/ha over control (1.99 t/ ha). Significant positive effects of 20 kg/ha of S as manifested on growth, yield attributes, yield, S uptake, S utiliza- tion and economics of maize were not further carried over to following chickpea crop. However, in chickpea nodu- lation, grain and straw yield, protein content, and S uptake significantly increased due to application of sulphur along with FYM application. Higher mean nodule number (19.38), nodule dry weight (0.213 g/plant), grain yield (1.69 t/ha), straw yield (1.78 t/ha), and S uptake (15.6 kg/ha) was found with the 20 kg/ha of S fertilization. But utili- zation of added S decreased with increased S supply. Net return and return per rupee investment of the system also increased due to application of S and FYM to chickpea.
Agronomic and economic evaluation of alternative cropping systems for FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) on Vertisols of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: S. KASTURI KRISHNA  , S.V. KRISHNA REDDY  , P. HARISHU KUMAR  , V. KRISHNAMURTHY  , M. NAGESWARA RAO
Published: December 2023

There is scope in tobacco growing regions for cultivation of maize and soybean during kharif on rainfed vertisols. Conserving soil moisture and reducing soil moisture losses during preparatory tillage and sowing of rabi crops is a great challenge for successful crop production on rainfed vertisols. Therefore, present field experiment conducted in kharif and rabi of 2002-03 to 2004-05 at Rajahmundry, to evaluate alternative cropping systems to FCV tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). Results revealed that the mean tobacco leaf-equivalent yield (TLEY) of sys- tem and net returns were higher by 28.6 and 65.2% in maize ( Zea mays L.) based sequences as compared to those in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] based sequences (777 kg/ha and Rs 26,389/ha). Maize based crop se- quences recorded significantly higher soil pH and available P, while soybean based crop sequences recorded higher organic C, available N and K. Minimum tillage recorded significantly higher TLEY and net returns than zero tillage. Amongst different rabi crops, fallow-tobacco and sequential tobacco recorded significantly higher TLEY of system and net returns. Among rabi sequential grain crops, highest mean TLEY and net returns were recorded in redgram [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] followed by chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). It was concluded that fallow-to- bacco is most profitable however; kharif maize with minimum tillage of rabi crops viz. redgram, chickpea and horsegram is next best option in Vertisols of Andhra Pradesh.
Effect of organic manure and sulphur fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping system
Authors: R.A. JAT  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

There is large number of sulphur(S) sources available in the country and their efficiency need to be evaluated. In view of the meager information available on sulphur nutrition in a popular intercropping system of pigeonpea + groundnut. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropping system to FYM and S fertilization. Ap- plication of FYM at 5.0 t/ha significantly increased the yield and yield attributes, nutrient (NPK) uptake in pigeonpea and groundnut, system productivity (1.71 t/ha), net returns (Rs 18,287) and available S in soil after har- vest (15.72 kg/ha). However, B: C ratio was higher with crop receiving no FYM. Intercropping failed to influence the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake in pigeonpea, however, system productivity, net income and B: C ra- tio was higher in pigeonpea + groundnut system. The available soil S after harvest of crop(s) was lower in pigeonpea + groundnut system (13.11 kg/ha) when compared with sole pigeonpea (17.06 kg/ha). Application of sulphur at 35 and 70 kg/ ha, being on par, recorded significant increase in yield and nutrient uptake in pigeonpea and groundnut, system productivity and total net income over no S. The available soil S after harvest of crop (s) was higher with 70 kg S/ha. The S use efficiency indices were higher at lower i.e. 35 kg S/ha. Among the sources of sulphur, cosavet recorded higher yield and yield attributes, nutrient uptake and S use efficiency. However, the highest soil available S at harvest (19.34 kg/ha) was recorded with elemental S applied at 70 kg/ ha, while the highest net income (Rs 20,431) and B: C ratio (2.0) were achieved with gypsum at 35 kg S/ha.
Performance of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) based intercropping systems
Authors: R.S. MEHTA  , S.S. MEENA  , M.M. ANWER
Published: December 2023

There is need to enhance production of food grains, oilseed, pulses, spices, fruits and vegetables. Higher sys- tem productivity can be realized with the integration of different crops without compromising the yield of base crops. Hence a field experiment on effect of intercropping system on growth, yield and system productivity was conducted at National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer, Rajasthan during rabi 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07. The experiment comprising of 13 treatments viz., sole coriander, sole onion, sole garlic, sole carrot, cori- ander + garlic (1:1), coriander + garlic (1:2), coriander + garlic (2:2), coriander + carrot (1:1), coriander + carrot (1:2), coriander + carrot (2:2), coriander + onion(1:1), coriander + onion (1:2) and coriander + onion (2:2) was laid in randomized block design with three replications. Based on three year study it was observed that growth param- eters, yield attributes and seed yield of coriander recorded was higher with coriander + intercrops in 1:1 ratio. The association of carrot with coriander at all ratios proved superior over onion and garlic. Besides sole cropping, the yield of intercrops recorded was higher 1:2 ratio as compared to 1:1 and 2: 2 but yield attributes of these inter- crops obtained was higher in 1:1 ratio.. The highest coriander equivalent yield (2.11 t/ha), net return (Rs 50,701 / ha) and B:C ratio (2.16) was exhibited by 1:1 ratio followed by 2:2 ratio. Coriander + carrot with all ratios gave higher coriander equivalent yield, net return, benefit cost ratio and land equivalent ratio over coriander inter- cropped with onion/garlic. Thus coriander + carrot in 1:1 ratio is best for realizing higher system productivity and profitability.
Effect of different combinations of organic materials and biofertilizers on productivity, grain quality and economics in organic farming of basmati rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: M.R. DAVARI  , S.N. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during crop year of 2006 and 2007 to find out a suitable combination of organic materials and biofertilizers for organic farming of basmati rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with six replications. Treatments consisted of seven combinations of different organic materials and biofertilizers [control, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), FYM + wheat residue (WR), VC + WR, FYM + WR + biofertilizers (B) and VC + WR + B. FYM and VC were applied on nitrogen basis @ 60 kg/ha, whereas WR was applied at 6 t/ha. For biofertilizers, blue green algae, cellulolytic culture and phosphorus solubilising bacteria were used. Application of FYM or VC signifi- cantly increased growth parameters and yield attributes of rice over control which led to 23-34% increase in grain yield and 14-18 % increase in net profit but had no significant effect on grain quality of basmati rice. Combination of FYM + WR or VC + WR resulted in higher increase in growth and yield attributing characters of rice than FYM or VC alone and increased grain yield over control by 38-49% and net profit by 25-31%. The combinations of FYM + WR + B and VC + WR + B resulted in highest increase growth and yield attributing characters of rice and in- creased grain yield of basmati rice over control by 51-58%, and net return by 37-47%. These combinations were significantly superior to all other combinations in all the growth and yield parameters, yield, net profit and grain quality of basmati rice and thus hold a great promise in organic farming of basmati rice.
Rice (Oryza sativa)-based farming systems for livelihood improvement of Indian farmers
Authors: I.C. MAHAPATRA  , U.K. BEHERA
Published: December 2023

Farming system research is a multi-disciplinary holistic approach to solve the problems of small and marginal farms. Small and marginal farmers are the core of the Indian rural economy constituting 80% of the total farming community but possessing only 36% of the total operational land. The declining trend of per caput land availability poses a serious challenge to the sustainability and profitability of farming. Under such conditions, it is appropriate to integrate land-based enterprises, viz. dairy, fishery, poultry, duckery, apiary, field and horticultural crops within the farm, with the objective of generating adequate income and employment for these small and marginal farmers and thereby improved livelihoods. The production system adopted during Green Revolution has been explorative and the natural resources like soil and water were subjected to immense pressure beyond carrying capacity. As a result sustainability of agricultural production system and the farming system is in crises. This suggests the urgent need of integrated farming system development where the various components of the farming system may be in- tegrated to improve productivity and profitability as well as resource conservation along with maintenance of the environment. Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) occupies a position of overwhelming importance in Asian agriculture and it constitutes the bulk of the Asian diet. For many people in the poor countries, rice is the main source of energy, and it plays an important role in providing livelihood to the Asian population. It is largely grown in Asia (90% area) under diverse conditions of soil, climate, hydrology and topography. Rice farming is the single most important source of employment and income for the majority of rural people in these regions. Among the various farming system options in rice ecologies, rice fish farming has great potential particularly in eastern India in view of the resources, food habits and other socio-economic conditions. Ricefish diversified farming system with the integra- tion of compatible components, such as improved varieties of rice, fish, prawn, pulses, oilseeds, horticultural crops, agroforestry, mushroom, poultry, duckery, goatery, floriculture, apiculture etc. can increase the farm pro- ductivity, besides farm employment over traditional rice farming. There exist chain of interactions and flow of re- sources among the different enterprises in a integrated farming system. To make farming profitable and improve resource use efficiency at the farm level, the synergy among interacting components of farming system needs to be exploited. In this paper focus is on different aspect of rice-based farming system involving methodology, deter- minants, and forms of rice-based farming systems and their impact on livelihood of farming communities.
Evaluation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) and non-Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hybrids under varied planting time
Authors: K. SANKARANARAYANAN  , C.S. PRAHARAJ  , P. NALAYINI  , N. GOPALAKRISHNAN
Published: December 2023

A field trial was carried out under irrigated situation during the fall seasons i.e. between August and February of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Coimbatore to evaluate the performance and suitability of popular Bt and non-Bt hybrids (MECH 162 Bt and MECH 162 non Bt) on both optimum and delayed planting conditions under four dates of sow- ing (15 August, 1 and 15 September, and 1, October). Timely planting of Bt hybrid on 15 August produced signifi- cantly higher seed cotton yield (2.05 t/ha) and associated traits. The result revealed that seed cotton yields were similar under Bt (MECH 162 Bt) when sown either on 1 or 15 September and that of non-Bt (MECH 162 non Bt) sown on 15 August. The study also suggested that Bt cotton hybrid could be staggered planted from 15 August to 15 September without significant reduction in yield. Higher yield of MECH 162 Bt was also apparent under late planting condition (1 October) over its isogenic non-Bt as the former recorded significantly (42.5%) higher yield (1.47 t/ha) over the latter (1.04 t/ha). Bt cotton matured early in the season (with higher Bartletts index) and re- tained higher number of bolls, which resulted in increased sink strength and seed cotton yield. However, elevated performance in fibre yields due to sowing time differences or Bt gene per se (MECH 162 Bt versus its non-Bt) could hardly influence the more resilient quality traits except 2.5% span length. Highest net return ( 35,550/ha) and benefit cost ratio (BCR, 1.63) were also calculated with 15 August planting with the Bt hybrid. Even under late sown condition economic advantage of Bt hybrid was evident from increased net return (11.6%) and BCR (37%). Irrespective of dates of sowing, incorporation of Bt gene onto non-Bt hybrid increased gross return, net return and BCR by 15.6, 36.4 and 144.3% respectively. A Regression equation involving yield (Y), maximum air temperature (T ), rainfall (RF) and RH (Y=117.4+0.06359 T (0-45 DAS) - 0.04716 RH 07 22 (46-90 DAS) - 0.03115 RF(1-2 max max weeks) was validated for yield prediction using chi-square test.
Effect of chemical defoliation on boll opening percentage, yield and quality parameters of Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: RAJNI  , J.S. DEOL  , A.S. BRAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif of 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of chemical defoliation on boll opening percentage (BOP), yield and quality parameters of Bt Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experi- ment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications comprising twelve treatments, viz. control, thidiazuron 100, 150 and 200 g/ha, ethrel 1.0 and 1.5 l/ha applied at 40 or 60 BOP and gramoxone (paraquat) 1.0 l/ha applied after first picking. Defoliation with ethrel 1.5 l/ha at 60 BOP resulted in higher number of picked bolls/plant and BOP when compared with control. However, maximum seed cotton yield was obtained with ethrel at 1.0 l/ha (2.27 and 1.96 t/ha) and it was followed by thidiazuron 100 g/ha (2.21 and 1.92 t/ha) applied at 60 BOP. Gramoxone (paraquat) application at 1.0 l/ha after first picking failed to exert any significant influence on seed cotton yield and yield contributing characters. The B:C ratio of thidiazuron 100 g/ha at 60 BOP was compara- tively higher when compared with rest of the defoliation treatments. Seed index, lint index, ginning-outturn, oil content (%) in seeds and fibre quality parameters, viz. 2.5 % span length, fibre bundle strength and fibre fineness were not significantly influenced by any of the defoliation treatment.
Effect of planting material and seed rate in pit planted sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) in sub-tropical India
Authors: MEHAR CHAND  , ANIL KHIPPAL  , SAMAR SINGH  , ROSHAN LAL  , RAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

To find out the optimum and economic viable planting material and seed rate in pit method of planting in sugar- cane ( Saccharum spp.), a field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at Karnal. Experiment consisting of fourteen treatments (two budded setts and pre-germinated cane settlings planted in pits @ 12,15,18,21 and 24 or at double their rates in single budded setts) was laid out in randomized block de- sign with 3 replications. Double budded setts and pre-germinated cane settlings produced higher cane and sugar yield when compared with planting of single budded setts. Planting materials of 21 double budded setts, 21 cane settlings and 42 single budded setts /pit being at par produced significantly higher cane yield, sugar yield and re- turns over their corresponding lower rates of planting materials. Planting of 12 two budded setts or settlings/pit or 24 single budded setts recorded the lowest cane yield, sugar yield, net returns and B: C ratio.
Effect of green manuring and zinc fertilization on productivity and nutrient uptake in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: VIJAY POONIYA  , YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi of 2008-09 and 2009-10 for two consecutive years at New Delhi; to study the effect of summer green manuring crops in conjunction with zinc (Zn) fertilization on pro- ductivity and nutrient uptake of Basmati rice ( Oryza sativa L.) - wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] cropping sequence. Among the summer green manuring crops, dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) Pers accumulated significantly higher dry matter (7.41 t/ha) and N (180.5 kg/ha) than mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Signifi- cantly higher grain yield (3.64 t/ha), N and Zn uptake of Basmati rice recorded when it was grown after incorpora- tion of Sesbania aculeata as compared with cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and summer fallow. Application of 2.0% zinc-enriched urea (ZEU) ZnSO .H O recorded the highest 4 2 grain yield (3.79 t/ha) of Basmati rice as compared to remaining treatments closely followed by 2.0% ZEU (ZnO). The highest N (159.7 kg/ha) and Zn (3085.3 g/ha) uptake in Basmati rice was recorded with 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO .H O) followed by 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) and 0.2% foliar spray of ZnSO .H O. Wheat recorded significantly 4 2 4 2 higher grain yield (3.09 and 3.20 t/ha), N and Zn uptake due to residual effect of summer green manuring crops and Zn fertilization. Significantly higher available nutrients (NPK and Zn) in soil after harvest of Basmati rice was recorded with Sesbania aculeata green manuring and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO .H O) Zn fertilization treatment under 4 2 Basmati rice-wheat cropping system. The highest productivity of Basmati rice-wheat cropping system was re- corded after incorporation of Sesbania aculeata and application of 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO .H O). 4 2
Effect of tillage and sowing methods on productivity, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivam) cropping system
Authors: A.K. JHA  , M.L. KEWAT  , V.B. UPADHYAY  , S.K. VISHWAKARMA
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were carried out from 2004-05 to 2008-09 at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the four tillage practices (direct seeding in dry fields, direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder, manual transplanting, and mechanical transplanting) in rice and four sowing methods (conventional till sowing, zero till sowing, strip till sowing and bed planting) in wheat on productivity, economics and energetics of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) - wheat ( Triticum aestivam L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder gave significantly higher grain yield of rice (5.70 t/ha), followed by direct seeding under dry field (5.32 t/ha) and mechanical transplanting (5.21 t/ha), whereas the lowest yield was re- corded in manual transplanted rice (5.11 t/ha). The wheat sown after dry seeding of rice in dry field produced sig- nificantly higher grain yield (4.26 t/ha) than other sowing methods of rice. In wheat, strip till drilling recorded the highest values of yield attributing characters and grain yield (4.56 t/ha) than other methods of sowing. Conse- quently, strip till sown wheat after preceding rice grown under direct seeding of sprouted seeds in puddled field by drum seeder produced higher combined grain yields for entire cropping system in rice equivalent yield (11.88 t/ ha), net monetary returns ( 49,116/ha) and B: C ratio (3.2), when compared with other methods of sowing . More- over, direct seeding of sprouted seeds of rice followed by strip till sowing of wheat gave higher water productivity and energetics than that of other combinations of tillage and sowing methods by ensuring timely and cheep sow- ing without sacrificing the crop yields.
Performance of four intercropping systems under variable monsoon onset condi- tions in rainfed semi-arid region of Rajasthan
Authors: S.N. PRASAD  , R.K. SINGH  , ASHOK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

To provide a contingency cropping plan for the rainfed areas of hot semi-arid region of south-eastern Rajasthan a four seasons (2003 to 2007) kharif field experiment evaluated four intercropping systems viz. sorghum [ Sor- ghum bicolor (L.) Monech] + pigeon pea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] (1:1), pigeon pea + black gram ( Vigna mungo L.) (1:2), castor ( Ricinus communis L.) + green gram [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] (1:2) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] + pigeon pea (4:1) under three dates of sowing, viz. first (normal) and third week of July, and first week of August. Four years mean pigeon pea grain equivalent data showed that sorghum + pigeon pea is the most re- munerative cropping system under normal monsoon conditions but the crop yields sharply decline with the de- layed onset of monsoon. The two week delayed planting of castor + green gram system did not show any yield re- duction while four weeks delayed planting reduced yield by 16% only as against corresponding yield reduction by 9 and 54%, 25 and 46% and 28 and 57% for sorghum + pigeon pea, pigeon pea + black gram and soybean + pi- geon pea intercropping systems respectively. Results indicated that if the monsoon onset is delayed by two weeks either castor + green gram or sorghum + pigeon pea should be the preferred cropping systems, whereas under four week delayed onset of monsoon situation only castor + green gram intercropping system has potential to maintain acceptable yield levels.
Sequential application of metribuzin on weed control, growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: M.D. TUTI  , T.K. DAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for two years at New Delhi to evaluate sequential applications [pre-emer- gence followed by ( fb) post-emergence] of metribuzin on weed control in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] . Re- sults indicated that metribuzin at 0.5 kg/ha as pre-emergence resulted in more suppression of Trianthema portulacastrum L., Cyperus rotundus L. and grasses, and caused a significant reduction in total weed population and dry weight. Highest weed control efficiency (WCE) of 83.6% and 73.9%, respectively at 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) was resulted from this treatment followed by metribuzin 0.25 kg/ha pre-emergence fb 0.1 kg/ha at 20 DAS with volume rate of 200 l/ha. Metribuzin 0.25 kg/ha pre-emergence fb metribuzin (0.1 kg/ha, 200 l/ha, 20 DAS) was the next best combination resulting higher soybean yield through concurrent reduction in weed growth. Excluding weed-free check, the highest net returns ( 4,691/ha), net benefit:cost ratio (0.43) were obtained under metribuzin 0.5 kg/ha pre-emergence.
Effect of phosphorus enriched vermicompost on juice quality, ethanol yield and nutrient balance in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Y.M. RAMESHA  , SHARANAPPA  , K.N. KALYANA MURTHY  , H.G. SANNATHIMMAPPA
Published: December 2023

The work on enrichment of rock phosphate with vermi-compost and use of VAM is limited. Therefore, an ex- periment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in sandy clay loam soil at Kathalagere, Karnataka to study the effect of phosphorus enriched vermin-compost on juice quality, ethanol yield and nutrients balance in soil after harvest of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. Results revealed that, application of 125 kg N + 50 kg K + vermi-compost enriched (VCE) with rock phosphate (RP), phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and vescular arbuscolor mycorrhiza (VAM) resulted significantly higher grain (178 and i .72 t'ha), millable stalk (30.7 and 29.6 t/ha), juice (10,472 and 9,934 1/'ha), ethanol yield (492.2 and 465.2 b'ha), net returns ( 23,844/ha and 22,461/ha) and ratio (259 and 2.5) during 2008 and 2009, respectively and which was on par with the appli- cation of 125 kg N + 50 kg K + VCE with RP and PSB, Whereas, application of 50 kg N + 20 kg K + VCE with RP, PSB, VAM and Azatobacter recorded significantly lower grain, millable stalk, juice, ethanol yield, net returns and B:C ratio. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by crop was significantly higher with the applica- tion of 25 kg N + 50 kg K + VCE with RP, PSB and VAM during both the years of experimentation.
Long-term effect of nutrient management and rainfall on pod yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in groundnutbased cropping systems
Authors: R.S. JAT  , DEVI DAYAL  , H.N. MEENA  , VIRENDRA SINGH  , M.V. GEDIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2008 on fixed site at the research farm of Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh (Gujarat) to develop a sustainable nutrient management schedule for groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)based cropping systems, and to find out the influence of seasonal rainfall on pod yield of groundnut. Combination of 14 treatments of inorganic nutrients (100% RDF and 50% RDF) and farmyard manure (5 t/ha) were applied to groundnut and the component crops of groundnut-wheat and groundnut-wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol]-greengram [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] cropping systems. Integrated use of or- ganic and inorganic nutrients (FYM 5 t/ha+50% RDF) to kharif groundnut recorded significantly higher pod yield (1,037 kg/ha) and the total system productivity in terms of groundnut equivalent yield (2,187 kg/ha) over the use of inorganic nutrients. This combination also recorded higher sustainable yield index and predictability over the use of inorganic nutrients across the experimental period. Among cropping systems, the total system productivity was significantly higher in groundnut-wheat-green gram cropping systems 2.34 + GPEY/ha with the integrated use of organic and inorganic nutrients. The rainfall in June had a significant effect on pod yield of groundnut when sup- plied with both organic and inorganic nutrients (FYM 5 t/ha+50% RDF). Depending upon the amount and period, rainfall received in the months of June and July had a positive effect on pod yield of groundnut, however, August and September rainfall showed negative effect.
Productivity and nutrient uptake of Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as influenced by precision in application of irrigation and fertilizer
Authors: P.D. BHALERAO  , G.S. GAIKWAD  , S.R. IMADE
Published: December 2023

Drip irrigation and fertigation has much scope in increasing the productivity of water and yield per unit area. Therefore, present field experiment was conducted from 2007-08 to 2009-10 at Akola (Maharashtra) to compare irrigation based on crop evapo-transpiration (Etc) and fertilizer through drip system against conventional irriga- tion and fertilizer application methods in Bt-cotton hybrid ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Results indicated that sched- uling of irrigation at 1.0 Etc and application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (125: 62.5: 62.5 kg NPK/ha) through drip, recorded highest seed cotton yield (2.17 t/ha), which was at par with 0.8 Etc with 125% RDF (2.02 t/ha). The yield enhancement due to drip system was 10.53, 11.49 and 12.39 % at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 Etc. respectively when compared with application of irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio. The water requirement at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 was 75.8, 96.4 and 177.7 mm/ha respectively, compared to 183.6 mm/ha under 0.6 IW/CPE ratio. Uptake of N, P and K was found maximum with irrigation applied at 1.0 Etc. along with 125% RDF (125:62.5:62.5 kg NPK/ha).
Available soil moisture and yield of rainfed hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as influenced by rainwater conservation practices
Authors: JAGVIR SINGH  , K.S. BHASKAR  , P.R. BHARAMBE
Published: December 2023

To assess the effect of moisture conservation techniques for enhancement of soil moisture and yield of hybrid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) under rainfed conditions, a field experiment was conducted during the rainy ( kharif ) seasons of three consecutive years 2004, 2005 and 2006 on vertisols, at Nagpur. The treatments com- prised of six soil moisture conservation practices viz., opening of furrows in each row, in alternate row, tied hoe- ing, three intercrops with cotton viz. soybean ( Glycine max L.), blackgram ( Phaseolus mungo L.) and greengram ( Phaseolus radiatus L.) with one flat bed system (no moisture conservation). Three years study revealed that highest seed cotton yield (1.43 tonne/ha) and cotton equivalent yield (1.95 tonne/ha) with higher net returns of `26,491/ha and B:C ratio value of 2.92 was obtained with intercropping system of cotton + green gram compared to sole cotton on flat bed system with 1.20 tonne/ha seed cotton yield and net returns of ` 11550/ha). During the period of sowing to flowering stage of cotton, the available soil moisture were found higher at surface soil by 9% due to intercropping system as compared to flat bed system and declined to the increasing depth of soil.