bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicaciones de la tecnología blockchain en marketing
Authors: Huijbregts Jaén Patricia
Published: July 2021

El tema de la confianza cada vez tiene mayor peso en las preocupaciones del entorno de las empresas. Cada vez hay mayor desconfianza hacia las marcas e inquietudes sobre la seguridad y privacidad de los datos que los usuarios comparten en los medios digitales. Por otro lado, el consumidor de hoy presenta características más exigentes en cuanto a los productos y servicios que desea. El avance de la nueva tecnología blockchain con seguridad criptográfica sirve como capa de confianza que permite devolver al usuario control sobre sus datos. En este estudio se analiza la tecnología blockchain desde sus inicios, las ventajas que ofrece y las implicaciones de las diferentes aplicaciones en las actividades de marketing. Más específicamente, este estudio indica cómo blockchain impulsa la desintermediación y el diseño de nuevos modelos de negocio, ayuda a devolver la confianza en las marcas, potencia la transparencia y veracidad de la información, y permite entender mejor al consumidor y responder ante sus nuevas necesidades. El estudio continúa con los retos a los que se presenta blockchain y las conclusiones sobre la dirección en el desarrollo y adopción en las empresas.
Marzo-abril
Authors: Editor El
Published: July 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 653-654, 2003: 295-310.
Las elecciones del año 2003 y la "difícil combinación" institucional
Authors: Artiga-González Álvaro
Published: July 2021

En este trabajo, el autor hace una aproximación "institucionalista" a los desafíos que se plantean a los principales actores políticos del país, dado el resultado electoral del año 2003. Desde este punto de vista, ninguno de los partidos que gane las elecciones de 2004 tendrá, por sí mismo, una mayoría legislativa que le permita gobernar. Ello planteará la necesidad de practicar una política de alianzas, entre las diversas fracciones de la Asamblea Legislativa, elegida en marzo de 2003. En realidad, se trata de una práctica que vienen realizando los partidos ARENA y PCN, desde los años ochenta del siglo pasado. Un probable gobierno de izquierda también tendrá que recurrir a la práctica de alianzas amplias preelectorales y postelectorales. Así lo exige el diseño salvadoreño de las instituciones políticas, el cual combina: el presidencialismo con el multipartidismo. La representación proporcional y un alto nivel de polarización vuelven aún más difícil esta combinación. La investigación polirológica comparativa hecha sobre los casos latinoamericanos sugiere que la única forma de evitar las crisis institucionales, dada esta "difícil combinación", es mediante la constitución de gobiernos de coaliciones mayoritarias.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 653-654, 2003: 213-238.
Elecciones 2003
Authors: Alvarenga Luis , Rivas Jaime , Rodríguez Rommel , Zepeda Carlos
Published: July 2021

En las siguientes líneas se hace una aproximación general a las posibles implicaciones sociales, económicas y regionales de los resultados de las pasadas elecciones y a los probables escenarios que se generarían, en el ámbito legislativo y municipal, durante los próximos tres años. Los autores sostienen que no cabe esperar mayores modificaciones en el corto plazo, en respuesta a que la correlación de fuerzas en el seno legislativo permaneció intacta, a la proximidad de los comicios presidenciales y a la distribución del poder municipal. En cualquier caso, se avizoran intensos debates entre las fracciones legislativas mayoritarias, cuyos resultados incidirán en el avance, estancamiento o retroceso de cuestiones de interés social, económico y de alcance regional como el tratado de libre comercio con Estados Unidos, el Plan Puebla-Panamá y el Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 653-654, 2003: 277-293.
Mayo
Authors: Editor El
Published: July 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 655, 2003: 489-498.
Reflexiones y vivencias sobre "verdad, justicia y paz" en El Salvador
Authors: Juániz Maya José Ramón
Published: July 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 655, 2003: 484-488.
Construir la paz
Authors: Suira Arcinio
Published: July 2021

En este artículo, el autor reflexiona sobre el problema de la paz, en un pais en donde el principal obstáculo cultural para apropiarnos de las posibilidades de convivencia padfica es la creencia de que las relaciones pacíficas son utopía en El Salvador. Precisamente, las relaciones conflictivas se nos presentan cada día como realidad ineludible y son las que nos han motivado a reflexionar sobre la paz como un problema. Esta reflexión, por muy teórica que pueda parecer, es urgente, ya que en la medida en que tengamos no solo claridad, sino también argumentos sólidos para fundamentar y orientar nuestras acciones, de ese mismo modo nuestra cosecha en el campo de la construcción de paz será mayor a largo plazo. El acrual contexto mundial, donde el viejo adagio latino, "si quieres paz, prepárate para la guerra", está siendo puesto en acción, en la llamada guerra contra el terrorismo, nos invita también a reflexionar sobre la paz. Ojalá que esta reflexión ayude a darle un giro a la lógica contradictoria de este adagio latino y a tomar concienciade que si queremos la paz, tenemos que prepararnos para la paz.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 58, No. 655, 2003: 401-413.
FRENCH PROTESTANTISM AND ITS AMBIVALENT ATTITUDE TOWARD CULTURE
Authors: Wells Paul
Published: July 2021

Protestantism in France has an ambiguous attitude to the surrounding culture, because of its position as a small minority. The other forces present are Roman Catholic authoritarianism and the liberal free-thinking of Enlightenment humanism, represented by the likes of Voltaire and Rousseau. The paradox is that since the Revolution in 1789, which was anti-royal and anti-religious, when Protestantism has sided with the majority Roman Church it has undermined its Reformed identity, and when it has sided with libertarian free-thinking it has undermined its Christian identity. This remains a feature of French Protestantism until the present day. As a result of this tension, the thought of one of France’s greatest thinkers, John Calvin, became virtually unknown, not only in French culture and society as a whole, but also within French Protestantism itself.

KEYWORDS: Protestant, Reformed, French, Catholic
POWER PLAY IN THE CHURCH? THE CASE OF 1 TIMOTHY 2:8–15
Authors: Van Houwelingen P.H.R
Published: July 2021

Thinking in terms of ecclesiastical power as a negative force has often found a breeding ground in the Pastoral Epistles. To what extent is that justified? This article examines a passage that always comes up when the position of women in the church is discussed: 1 Timothy 2:8−15. Three aspects will be considered consecutively: power, powerlessness, and authorised power.

Power says something about the underlying problem that Timothy faced: the male/female relationship in the Ephesian congregation threatened to degenerate into a power struggle. Powerlessness refers to the story of Adam and Eve mentioned in verses 13−15. The Genesis narrative recounts human weakness, which in 1 Timothy becomes a sort of triptych about Eve and creation, Eve and the fall, and Eve and redemption. Authorised power is the way in which the problematic situation in Ephesus was regulated with apostolic authority, to create space for the trustworthy Word.

Paul’s instructions about the behaviour of women could nowadays easily be considered a kind of misogynistic power play. However, the apostle should be interpreted on his own terms. This is true both for his social context and for his missionary drive.

KEYWORDS: power, man, woman, congregation, Paul
CAUSAS DOS DESVIOS ORÇAMENTAIS DESFAVORÁVEIS E OS SEUS CONSTRUCTOS: O CASO DOS PROJETOS DAS EMPRESAS DE CONSTRUÇÃO PORTUGUESAS
Authors: Capembute Mendes Caropul , Couto João Pedro , Vaz Ferreira José , Mendes Eulino
Published: July 2021

As empresas de construção preocupam-se cada vez mais com novas orientações estratégicas e formas de gestão dos orçamentos dos projetos para melhorarem a sua competitividade e sustentabilidade. Nesta linha de pensamento, procurou-se analisar a relação dos constructos que determinam as causas dos desvios orçamentais desfavoráveis nos projetos das empresas de construção Portuguesas. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram adotados métodos e técnicas de investigação quantitativa. Os resultados apresentados no estudo mostram uma elevada correlação entre os cinco constructos de primeira ordem  (ambiente interno, ambiente externo, tempo/atraso, complexidade do projeto e financiamento do projeto), fundamentada pela revisão da literatura, justificam a compreensão relativa à identificação dos fatores que determinam as causas dos desvios orçamentais desfavoráveis nos projetos das empresas de construção Portuguesa. De salientar que, os objetivos traçados para este estudo foram alcançados ao disponibilizar os conhecimentos complementares nesta área de investigação, não apenas em termos científicos, mas também em termos práticos.
Response of black carbon and aerosol absorption measuring instruments to laboratory-generated soot coated with controlled amounts of secondary organic matter
Authors: Kalbermatter Daniel M. , Močnik Griša , Drinovec Luka , Visser Bradley , Röhrbein Jannis , Oscity Matthias , Weingartner Ernest , Hyvärinen Antti-Pekka , Vasilatou Konstantina
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We report on an inter-comparison of black carbon and aerosol absorption measuring instruments with laboratory-generated soot particles coated with controlled amounts of secondary organic matter (SOM). The aerosol generation setup consisted of a miniCAST 5201 Type BC burner for the generation of soot particles and a new automated oxidation flow reactor based on the micro smog chamber (MSC) for the generation of SOM from the ozonolysis of α-pinene. A series of test aerosols were generated with elemental to total carbon (EC/TC) mass fraction ranging from about 90 % down to 10 % and single scattering albedo (SSA) from almost 0 to about 0.7. A dual-spot aethalometer AE33, a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX, 870 nm), a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP), a prototype photoacoustic instrument and two prototype photo-thermal interferometers (PTAAM-2λ and MSPTI) were exposed to the test aerosols in parallel. Significant deviations in the response of the instruments were observed depending on the amount of secondary organic coating. We believe that the setup and methodology described in this study can easily be standardized and provide a straightforward and reproducible procedure for the inter-comparison and characterisation of both filter-based and in situ BC-measuring instruments based on realistic test aerosols.
Million-year-scale alternation of warm–humid and semi-arid periods as a mid-latitude climate mode in the Early Jurassic (late Sinemurian, Laurasian Seaway)
Authors: Munier Thomas , Deconinck Jean-François , Pellenard Pierre , Hesselbo Stephen P. , Riding James B. , Ullmann Clemens V. , Bougeault Cédric , Mercuzot Mathilde , Santoni Anne-Lise , Huret Émilia , Landrein Philippe
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Clay mineral and stable isotope (C, O) data are reported
from the upper Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of the Cardigan Bay Basin
(Llanbedr–Mochras Farm borehole, northwestern Wales) and the Paris Basin
(Montcornet borehole, northern France) to highlight the prevailing
environmental and climatic conditions. In both basins, located at similar
palaeolatitudes of 30–35∘ N, the clay mineral assemblages
comprise chlorite, illite, illite–smectite mixed layers (R1 I-S), smectite,
and kaolinite in various proportions. Because the influence of burial
diagenesis and authigenesis is negligible in both boreholes, the clay
minerals are interpreted to be derived from the erosion of the Caledonian
and Variscan massifs, including their basement and pedogenic cover. In the
Cardigan Bay Basin, the variations in the proportions of smectite and
kaolinite are inversely related to each other through the entire upper
Sinemurian. As in the succeeding Pliensbachian, the upper Sinemurian
stratigraphic distribution reveals an alternation of kaolinite-rich
intervals reflecting strong hydrolysing conditions and smectite-rich
intervals indicating a semi-arid climate. Kaolinite is particularly abundant
in the upper part of the obtusum zone and in the oxynotum zone, suggesting more intense
hydrolysing conditions likely coeval with warm conditions responsible for an
acceleration of the hydrological cycle. In the north of the Paris Basin, the
succession is less continuous compared to the Cardigan Bay Basin site, as
the oxynotum zone and the upper raricostatum zone are either absent or highly condensed. The
clay assemblages are dominantly composed of illite and kaolinite without
significant stratigraphic trends, but a smectite-rich interval identified in
the obtusum zone is interpreted as a consequence of the emersion of the London–Brabant Massif following a lowering of sea level. Following a slight negative carbon isotope excursion at the obtusum–oxynotum zone transition, a long-term decrease in δ13Corg from the late oxynotum–early raricostatum zones is
recorded in the two sites and may precede or partly include the negative
carbon isotope excursion of the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian Boundary Event, which is
recognised in most basins worldwide and interpreted to signify a late pulse
of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province volcanism.
Reconstruction of the magnetic connection from Mercury to the solar corona, during events in the solar proton fluxes observed by MESSENGER
Authors: Ippolito Alessandro , Plainaki Christina , Zimbardo Gaetano , Alberti Tommaso , Massetti Stefano , Milillo Anna , Orsini Stefano
Published: July 2021

We present a study conducted on a number of selected events characterised by a significant increase in the solar proton fluxes measured by FIPS-MESSENGER during the period 2011-2013. For each of them, the magnetic connection between Mercury and the solar corona (Source Surface Field @2.5 RS) has been reconstructed, in order to identify the possible source of the accelerated particles on the solar surface. The transport of the magnetic field lines in the heliosphere is here evaluated with a Monte Carlo code that computes a random displacement at each step of the integration along the Parker magnetic field model. Such displacement is proportional to a “local” diffusion coefficient, which is a function of the fluctuation level and magnetic turbulence correlation lengths. The simulation is tailored to the specific events by using the observed values of solar wind velocity and magnetic fluctuation levels.
Meteoroids as Source for Mercury’s exosphere
Authors: Moroni Martina , Milillo Anna , Mura Alessandro , André Nicolas , Alberti Tommaso , Mangano Valeria , Massetti Stefano , Orsini Stefano , Aronica Alessandro , Plainaki Christina , Kazakov Adrian , De Angelis Elisabetta , Rispoli Rosanna , Sordini Roberto
Published: July 2021

The study of the meteoroid environment for particles with masses in the 1 μg - 10 g range is relevant to planetary science, space weathering of airless bodies and their upper atmospheric chemistry. For the case of airless bodies as Mercury, meteoroids hit their surfaces directly, producing impact debris and contributing to shape their thin exospheres.Mercury is a unique case in the solar system: absence of an atmosphere and the weakness of the intrinsic magnetic field. The Hermean exosphere is continuously eroded and refilled by interactions between plasma and surface, so the environment is considered as a single, unified system surface- exosphere-magnetosphere. The study of the generation mechanisms, the compositions and the configuration of the Hermean exosphere will provide crucial insight in the planet status and evolution. A global description of planet’s exosphere is still not available: missions visited Mercury and added a consistent amount of data, but still the actual knowledge about the morphology of this tenuous atmosphere is anyway poor. The ESA BepiColombo mission will study Mercury in details, by orbiting around the planet from 2025. For this reason, it is important to study the planet exospheric density and to develop a modelling tool ready for testing different hypothesis on the release mechanisms and for interpreting future observational data.In this work we focus the attention on one of the processes responsible of the Mercury’s Ca exosphere formation: micro-meteoroids impact vaporization (MMIV) from the planetary surface. A prototype of the Virtual Activity (VA) SPIDER (Sun-Planet Interactions Digital Environment on Request) services is used as a Monte Carlo three-dimensional model of the Hermean exosphere to simulate the bombardment of Mercury’s surface by micrometeorites from different sources, as Jupiter Family Comets (JFCs), Main Belt Asteroids (MBA), Halley Type and Oort Cloud Comets (HTCs and OCCs), and to analyze particles ejected. We study how the impact vapor varies with heliocentric distance and the high impact velocity of these particles makes them critical for the morphology of Mercury exosphere, demonstrating a persistent enhancement of dust/meteoroid at dawn, which should be responsible of the dawn–dusk asymmetry in Mercury’s Ca exosphere. The Sun Planet Interactions Digital Environment on Request (SPIDER) Virtual Activity of the Europlanet H2024 Research Infrastucture is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149.
Ice-Giants Net Flux Radiometer for Heat Flux Measurements
Authors: Aslam Shahid , Calcutt Simon , Gorius Nicolas , Irwin Patrick , Nehmetallah George , Quilligan Gerard , Tran Dat
Published: July 2021

We present the evolving design of an Ice-Giants Net Flux Radiometer (IG-NFR) [1][2][3], onboard a probe, Fig. 1, for in-situ measurements of the upward and downward heat flux in seven spectral channels as a function of altitude/pressure. These in situ probe measurements, will improve our understanding of energy balance and interior heat flux [4] and provide a reference profile to lift ambiguities inherent to remote observations [5].The IG-NFR, Fig. 2, is designed to (i) accommodate seven filter bandpass channels (ii) measure up and down radiation flux in a 10° FOV for all channels in parallel; (iii) measure a change of flux of at least 0.5 W/m2 per decade of pressure; (iv) view five distinct view angles (±80°, ±45°, and 0°); (v) use application specific integrated circuit technology for the detector readout; (vii) be able to integrate radiance for 2 s or longer, and (vi) sample calibration targets every 19 s (assuming 100 m/s descent rate). Uncooled thermopile detectors are chosen for good detection sensitivity of radiation flux. A close hexagonal packing arrangement of Winston cones gives seven channels, with each Winston cone designed to give a 10° clear FOV. The Winston cone non-imaging optics, detectors and filters are all housed in a micro-vessel with CVD diamond and sapphire windows. The evacuated micro-vessel mitigates rapid excursions of temperature during the probe descent. A stepper motor with the aid of a gearbox rotates the micro-vessel, to each of the five view angles, so that the micro-vessel diamond windows have an unobstructed view through apertures in the mechanical enclosure into the atmosphere. The mechanical enclosure accommodates five apertures, hot and cold targets for radiometric calibration for each sequence of measurements (5-views). [1] Aslam, S., et al., (2018). 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, Volume: LPI Contrib. No. 2083, 2675[2] Aslam, S., et al., (2019). International Planetary Probe Workshop 2019, Oxford, UK[3] Aslam, S., et al., (2020). Space Science Reviews, 216(1)[4] Irwin, P. G. J., et al., (2020). EPSC 2020-306, online[5] Mousis, O., et al., (2018). Planetary and Space Science 155:12-4
Zonal Profiles of Jupiter's Tropospheric Abundances from Near-Infrared Juno JIRAM Spectroscopy
Authors: Melin Henrik , Fletcher Leigh , Irwin Patrick , Grassi Davide
Published: July 2021

The polar orbit of the Juno spacecraft provides an unprecedented view of Jupiter's atmosphere as it passes above the cloud tops every 53 days. The spectrum in the near infrared is dominated by reflected sunlight from aerosols (both condensate clouds and hazes) in the troposphere, as well as absorptions by the molecular species present. In addition, thermal emission longward of 4.5 µm provides access to the gaseous composition and aerosols below the top-most clouds.  Of particular importance in shaping the spectra are ammonia, phosphine and water, in addition to minor contributions from species such as arsine, germane and carbon monoxide. These regions also include emissions by ionospheric H3+. Here, we produce meridionally averaged zonal profiles from the Juno-JIRAM observations obtained during PJ3, which provide almost complete latitude coverage. To analyse the observations, we use the radiative transfer and retrieval code NEMESIS (Irwin et al., 2008), which has been updated to cover this wavelength with the latest line-data from HITRAN. Our aim is to analyse both the reflected-sunlight region (2-4 µm) and the thermal emission region (4-5 µm) simultaneously for the first time, building on the work of Grassi et al. (2019) and Grassi et al. (2020).  We investigate the appropriate set of aerosol and haze layers, starting with NH4SH at 1.3 bars, NH3 and 0.7 bars and two grey hazes: one in the troposphere and one in the stratosphere.  The optical properties of these aerosols are tested to find the optimal cloud structure to reproduce the full JIRAM spectrum. From the retrievals of the zonally-averaged spectra we investigate whether spatial variations of tropospheric composition are truly required to fit the data, comparing gaseous contrasts to the expected circulation patterns associated with Jupiter’s belts and zones.
“The sky in your living room”: a streaming format for live astronomy events
Authors: Mantovani Giulia , Mignone Claudia , Di Giacomo Federico , Duras Federica , Giacomini Livia , Bardelli Sandro , Filippelli Gianluigi
Published: July 2021

During the last year, the outreach community had to rearrange the way of communicating science and resort to new tools for education in schools. In particular, the impossibility of organizing public events has encouraged the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) to find an alternative way to engage remotely with the general public and students. The team of EduINAF, the official INAF online magazine for education and public outreach, has developed a new format for live streaming events, titled “The sky in your living room” (“Il cielo in salotto”), to be organised around specific astronomy events such as eclipses, comets, different Moon phases, etc. The format has been designed to be centred around a live stream of telescope observations, which takes advantage of INAF’s network of observatories spread all over the Italian peninsula. The images of those telescopes are commented live by the INAF researchers, presenting the latest scientific results about the topic selected for each specific event. The team running these events has researched several options to find the best and simplest technical tools for live streaming by using only a computer and an internet connection. In this talk, we will present the first live event of the format, organized for the Super Moon of the 26th of May, with a focus on both its educational and outreach contents and possible fallouts, and on the technical and communicative solutions chosen for the streaming, including lessons learnt that could be of interest to colleagues organising similar events in other countries.
Performance simulations tools for Space Telescopes applied to Ariel space mission.
Authors: Mugnai Lorenzo V. , Pascale Enzo , Edwards Billy , Papageorgiou Andreas , Sarkar Subhajit
Published: July 2021

Since the very early phases of designing and developing space instruments, we need fast and reliable tools to validate and optimise the projects. In the framework of the Ariel Space Mission, we developed novel, versatile tools to estimate space instruments performance. ExoSim, a transiting exoplanet observation simulator, is a time domain simulator for space telescopes, that has been developed inside the Ariel framework, but already adapted to both HST and JWST, proving its versatility and its capability to accurately predict science products. It can be used to develop the data reduction pipeline, and to optimise systematics removal techniques.ArielRad, the Ariel radiometric model, is a simulator able to accurately predict the telescope performance in observing a candidate target for all the mission photometric and spectroscopic channels. The software inputs are a target description and a parameterization of the payload, allowing the investigation of different design performance. The software is also able to simulate entire target lists, predicting the observing time and the resulting SNR vs wavelength. Analysing 1000 candidate targets in a 20 minutes time scale, it allows the validation of different observational strategies. The software architecture is based on ExoRad 2, that is publicly available and can be easily adapted to perform the same tasks for other future space missions.
A target list for observing habitable exomoons
Authors: Dobos Vera , Haris-Kiss András
Published: July 2021

There is no confirmed exomoon discovery up to date, and a possible explanation for this is the lower probability of stable moon orbits around close-in planets which are often easier to observe (Barnes & O'Brien 2002). We provide a target list for observations listing known exoplanets which might host habitable moons on stable orbits. For this, we investigate the habitability of hypothethical moons that are on stable orbits around known exoplanets. To determine their habitability, we calculate the incident stellar radiation and the tidal heat flux that might arise in moons depending on their orbital and physical parameters. Our target list contains interesting observation targets which might help in detecting the first habitable exomoon.
Ground-based measurements of HCl abundance at the cloud top of Venus
Authors: Sato Takao , Sagawa Hideo
Published: July 2021

The atmosphere of Venus can be vertically divided into three regions with different chemical conditions. High temperature and pressure and the absence of effective photolysis processes are dominant in the lower atmosphere up to 60 km. The middle atmosphere between 60 and 110 km is controlled by photochemistry driven by solar UV radiation. In the upper atmosphere above 110 km, dissociation, ionization, and ionospheric reactions are important processes.HCl is the primary chlorine reservoir in the Venus’ atmosphere below 110 km. Highly reactive chlorine species (ClOx) is produced by solar UV photolysis of HCl and has been proposed to play an important role in catalysis of CO and O recombination to CO2, thereby stabilizing the CO2 atmosphere. Chlorine chemistry is also linked to sulfur chemistry and its understanding is necessary to explain the observed vertical distribution of SO2.Interestingly, there is a large inconsistency between the HCl abundances measured by spacecraft and ground-based telescopes. The SOIR instrument onboard Venus Express measured its abundance as less than ~50 ppb at the cloud top (~70 km) increasing with altitude, reaching to 1 ppm in the upper atmosphere (~110 km) [Mahieux et al., 2015]. Such a vertical trend conflicts with the results obtained by sub-mm ground-based observations which inferred a vertically constant profile (up to ~80 km) [Sandor and Clancy, 2012]. Near-infrared ground-based observations also showed the HCl abundance at the cloud top as ~500 ppb [Iwagami et al., 2008; Krasnopolsky, 2010], which are nearly one order of magnitude larger than the SOIR results. The reason for this inconsistency has not been understood yet.In order to re-examine HCl abundance at the cloud top, we carried out a high-resolution spectroscopy of Venus’ dayside at wavelengths of 3.580-3.934 μm with IRTF/iSHELL on August 5-7, 2018 and August 18-20, 2020 (UT). Venus was near its greatest eastern and western elongations, respectively, in the observation periods. Taking the full advantages of iSHELL’s high spectral resolution of R ~ 75,000, iSHELL resolved individual HCl lines with sufficient separation from terrestrial lines. We analyzed three cross-dispersed echelle orders (orders 141, 142, and 144). For each order, retrievable lines of HCl35, HCl37, and O16C12O18 were included. With using radiative transfer modeling, HCl35 and HCl37 abundances were derived after cloud top altitude was retrieved from several O16C12O18 lines. Our preliminary results showed that HCl abundance at the cloud top is at least larger than 100 ppb and does not vary with the observation period (i.e., no difference between the morning and evening hemispheres).In this presentation, we show latitudinal distribution of HCl abundance and its isotopic (HCl35/HCl37) ratio at the cloud top, retrieved from the iSHELL spectra and compare them with the previous studies.
The EduINAF revolution: how to transform a pandemic crisis in an outreach opportunity
Authors: Giacomini Livia , Boccato Caterina , Filippelli Gianluigi , Sandrelli Stefano
Published: July 2021

In the last year, the world experimented a world crisis that changed the approach to science communication and the needs of the worldwide audiences. EduINAF, the online monthly magazine of the National Institute for Astrophysics, dedicated in Italy to science education and public outreach, reacted to this pandemic undergoing a process of deep restructuring that led to new, effective forms and approaches to science communication, education and outreach.

In this talk we will analyze EduINAF's last year of activity, showing the increase in online readers and analyzing them in detail, focusing on the substantial changes in their requests, expectations and reactions due to lockdown and to a changed school and society.
We will also present and analyze some of the innovative and interactive educational initiatives and tools and new editorial contents that have been proposed as an opportunity for this changing world and that we will continue to use in the future. 

In this presentation we will present the online archive of thematic online educational resources that was born with pandemic and that now hosts more than 200 resources. We will describe in detail the competitions and collaborative online calls to readers that, in the last year, have seen the participation of thousands of wanna-be astronomers, poets and artists from our audience. We will focus on innovation in education, both talking about innovative approaches to education and about innovative technical solutions and tools, such as Virtual Reality and how it can be used in astronomy education. Finally, we will also introduce INAF Online Labs, the outreach hands-on laboratories that were born in EduINAF as an answer to online Science Festivals.
Many of the tools and initiatives introduced in this talk will be presented more in deep in related talks at EPSC 2021.
 V1298 Tau: The story of warm gas giants orbiting an adolescent star
Authors: Barat Saugata , Desert Jean-Michel , Jacobs Bob , Panwar Vatsal
Published: July 2021

We are presenting the first atmospheric study of a young transiting exoplanet. We focus on the V1298 Tau system, which contains 4 giant transiting planets that orbit the young (23Myr) T Tauri star V1298 Tau. We have observed one primary transit of planet V1298 Tau b with HST to learn about its atmospheric properties.  This planet is ideally suited for atmospheric studies using transmission spectroscopy since it is a warm gas giant (Teq=677 K) with a very large atmospheric scale height (~250 km).

From theoretical models we expect strong water absorption features in its transmission spectra. However, this planet is particularly interesting since it is expected to be undergoing atmospheric 'erosion' due to high XUV flux from its host star and its internal heat of formation, and show how our observations can constrained the escape rate.  The V1298 Tau system is also interesting for the study of comparative exoplanetology between four freshly formed planets as their atmospheres are expected to carry fossil signatures of the planetary disk from which they formed. As a follow-up of the HST observations, we are scheduling observations planets b and c with JWST+NIRSpec in transmission as part of a GO-1 accepted proposal. V1298 Tau is an active star and we find signatures of bright spots and flares on the stellar surface with the HST+WFC3 observations, and emphasise the challenges that the stellar activity poses for such system. In this poster, we present results from the current programs and highlight the scientific interests of this system.
Dynamic modeling of ion sputter yields in agreement with recent experimental data
Authors: Jäggi Noah , Biber Herbert , Szabo Paul , Vorburger Audrey , Mutzke Andreas , Aumayr Friedrich , Wurz Peter , Galli André
Published: July 2021

Atmosphere-free celestial bodies are constantly irradiated by solar wind or magnetospheric ions. In the case of Mercury, the intrinsic magnetic field, although weak, leads to localized plasma precipitation around the magnetospheric cusps and nightside precipitation below the magnetotail [1, 2, 3]. The material ejected by the impacting ions (sputtering) thereby contributes to the exosphere and magnetosphere surrounding Mercury [4, 5, 6]. Magnetospheric ions originate from ionization of exospheric atoms or ions directly sputtered from the surface. Those can become part of the magnetospheric plasma, and have trajectories that lead them back to Mercury’s surface [7, 8]. We explored different scenarios of the sputtering of Mercury’s surface with a strong focus on dynamic surface alteration and sputtering. This includes time varying inputs from varying solar wind conditions as well as contributions of secondary ions originating from Mercury’s exosphere and magnetosphere. We rely on the dynamic sputter model SDTrimSP [9] and compare the simulation results with more simplistic TRIM [10] simulations as well as recent laboratory results of solar wind ion sputtering on Mercury analogues [11, 12, 13].  [1] Winslow, R.M., et al. (2017). J. Geophys.Res.-Space, 122(5), 4960–4975. [2] Winslow, R.M., et al.  (2014). Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(13), 4463–4470.[3] Schmidt, C.A. (2013). J. Geophys.Res.-Space, 118(7), 4564–4571. [4] Killen, R.M., & Ip, W. H. (1999). Rev. Geophys., 37(3), 361–406.[5] Raines, J.M., et al. (2016). Plasma Sources of Solar System Magnetospheres (pp. 91–144). Springer.[6] Wurz, P., et al., (2019). J. Geophys. Res., 124, 2603–2612.[7] Yagi, M., et al. (2017). J. Geophys.Res.-Space, 122(11), 10,990-11,002. [8] Delcourt, D.C., et al. (2003). Ann. Geophys., 21(8), 1723–1736.[9] Mutzke, A., et al. (2019). SDTrimSP Version 6.00. Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik.[10] Ziegler, J.F., et al. (2010). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 268, 1818–1823. [11] Jäggi, N., et al. (2021). Icarus, 365, 114492. [12] Biber H., et al. (2020). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 480, 10. [13] Szabo, P.S., et al. (2018). Icarus, 314, 98–105.
The effect of Europa's perturbed electromagnetic fields and induced dipole on energetic proton depletions in the Alfvén wings
Authors: Huybrighs Hans , Blöcker Aljona , Roussos Elias , Van Buchem Christiaan , Futaana Yoshifumi , Goetz Charlotte , Holmberg Mika , Witasse Olivier
Published: July 2021

We investigate energetic proton depletions during Europa flybys E17 and E25A* by the Galileo mission. Energetic ion observations along trajectories like those of E17 & E25A are suitable for isolating the characteristics of the global configuration of the interaction region of Europa (or any Galilean moon) with the Jovian magnetosphere. Both of these flybys passed through Europa’s Alfvén wings further away from the moon, where ionospheric effects are small.We simulate the measured flux with a Monte Carlo particle tracing code and investigate the effect of the following factors: inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields, Europa's induced dipole, atmospheric charge exchange and plumes.We find that the homogeneous fields do not explain the Galileo data. We propose that the perturbed fields associated with the Alfvén wings affect the proton depletions. The inhomogeneous fields and induced dipole alter the pitch angle distribution of the depletion along the trajectory. The plumes that are investigated in this study have a minor effect on the proton depletions compared to the inhomogeneous fields and Alfvén wings. The contribution of atmospheric charge exchange to the depletion is negligible for these flybys. Finally, we compare the simulations to the measured proton flux and discuss the contribution of the effects we have considered.* E25A is a segment of the Io flyby I25
Are Opening Angles in Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Overestimated?
Authors: Wardenier Joost , Parmentier Vivien
Published: July 2021

Transmission spectroscopy has been integral to the atmospheric characterisation of transiting exoplanets – constraining their chemical abundances and temperature profiles. However, transit spectra are often interpreted using 1D models of the atmosphere, and this can lead to biased inferences in retrievals. Especially on tidally locked planets, which have a permanently irradiated dayside and a permanently dark nightside, atmospheric variations along the line of sight can be substantial. In order to assess whether a 1D model suffices, or whether a 3D model is needed to interpret observational data, one requires an estimate of the planet’s opening angle. This is the angle subtended by the atmospheric region that contributes to the observation along the line of sight, as seen from the centre of the planet. In this talk, we show that the opening angles that have been computed in previous works are likely an overestimation of the true opening angles. This is because the maximum and minimum pressure probed by transit observations do not lie on the same transit chords. Using two different methods, we re-evaluate the opening angles for a large number of atmospheres with different scale heights and planetary radii. We also present a new analytical formula to estimate the more realistic size of the opening angle.
Enabling in situ Raman Spectroscopic Exploration of Icy Worlds: Ultra-Violet Detector Innovation for Raman Exploration and CharacTerization (UV-DIRECT) of Ocean Worlds.
Authors: Bower Dina , Aslam Shahid , Hewagama Tilak , Gorius Nicolas , Sampath Anand , Schuster Jonathan , Smith Jeremy , Trieu Quang , Kelley Stephen , Nehmetallah Georges
Published: July 2021

Icy worlds of the outer solar system contain tantalizing evidence of habitability and potential life. These bodies also present extra exploration challenges due to the harsh environmental conditions at the surfaces. Thus, robust and reliable detectors are necessary for the in situ spectroscopic identification of astrobiologically relevant compounds deposited on the icy surface, entrained in thick atmospheres, or rafted in plumes. In addition, the distinction between prebiotic, extant, and relict organic molecules in such environments is needed to address life detection goals. The Ultra-Violet Detector Innovation for Raman Exploration and CharacTerization (UV-DIRECT) of ocean worlds project focuses on the development SiC- avalanche photodiode (APD) technology for UV-Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. Si-based Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) have been developed for time resolved Raman spectroscopy in recent years, but SiC (Silicon Carbide) APD detectors have advantages over them. Our detector is an ultra-compact, radiation and temperature tolerant, visible blind device that has high quantum efficiency (QE) in the DUV (~260 nm) but poorer performance in the near ultraviolet (NUV) between 300-340nm that is important for Raman Spectroscopy. Our approach to improve this combines a series of numerical models with laboratory testing to enhance the QE response and ultimately the single photon detection efficiency in the NUV (~340 nm). Raman spectroscopy has established itself in current missions as an information-rich, non-contact, non-destructive method for identifying and characterizing inorganic and organic compounds in a wide variety of planetary materials. UV/NUV-Raman spectroscopy is well-suited to characterizing plume materials and surface ice deposits, since it especially sensitive to organic compounds and inorganic salts improved sensitivity due to the combination of resonance effects and the lack of background fluorescence and less risk of sample damage compared to excitation with wavelengths
Planetary sciences artfully told
Authors: Gardiol Daniele , Ottavi Fabbrianesi Claudio ,   Il Piccolo Teatro d'Arte
Published: July 2021

In the context of a project of narration of astrophysical themes through Cinema and Theater, we will tell the story of the birth of a documentary film on the discovery of the Cavezzo Meteorite, made by the PRISMA fireball network in January 2020. The Italian National Institute for Astrophysics and the theater company Il Piccolo Teatro d'Arte have created a documentary that brings the voices of the protagonists of the discovery together with the mythical, historical and poetic narration of the meteoric phenomenon in a broad sense, with the aim of obtaining an involvement of the audience on both sound science and emotionality. 
Time-series and Phase-curve Photometry of the Episodically Active Asteroid (6478) Gault in a Quiescent State Using APO, GROWTH, P200, and ZTF
Authors: Purdum Josiah , Lin Zhong-Yi , Bolin Bryce , Sharma Kritti , Choi Philip , Bhalerao Varun , Hanus Josef , Kumar Harsh , Quimby Robert , Van Roestel Joannes , Zhai Chengxing , Fernandez Yanga , Lisse Carey , Bodewits Dennis , Fremling Christoffer , Golovich Nathan , Hsu Chen-Yen , Ip Wing-Huen , Ngeow Chow-Choong , Saini Navtej ,   the ZTF NEA follow-up team
Published: July 2021

We observed the episodically active asteroid (6478) Gault in 2020 with multiple telescopes in Asia and North America and found that it is no longer active after its recent outbursts at the end of 2018 and the start of 2019. The inactivity during this apparition allowed us to measure the absolute magnitude of Gault of Hr = 14.63 ± 0.02, Gr = 0.21 ± 0.02 from our secular phase-curve observations. In addition, we were able to constrain Gault’s rotation period using timeseries photometric lightcurves taken over 17 hr on multiple days in 2020 August, September, and October. The photometric lightcurves have a repeating
Dynamical effect on the Venusian thermal structure simulated by a general circulation model
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Takaya Kotaro , Takagi Masahiro , Sugimoto Norihiko , Imamura Takeshi , Sagawa Hideo , Tellmann Silvia , Pätzold Martin , Matsuda Yoshihisa , Häusler Bernd , Limaye Sanjay , Choudhary Raj Kumar , Antonita Maria
Published: July 2021

Distributions of temperature and static stability in the Venus atmosphere consistent with recent radio occultation measurements are reproduced using a general circulation model. A low-stability layer is maintained at low- and mid-latitudes at 50–60 km altitude and is sandwiched by high- and moderate-stability layers extending above 60 and below 50  km, respectively. In the polar region, the low-stability layer is located at 46–63 km altitude and the relatively low-stability layer is also found at 40–46 km altitude. To investigate how these thermal structures form, we examine the dynamical effects of the atmospheric motions on the static stability below 65 km altitude. The results show that the heat transport due to the mean meridional circulation is important at low-latitudes. At mid- and high-latitudes, meanwhile, the baroclinic Rossby-type wave plays an important role in maintaining the thermal structure. In addition, appreciable equatorward heat transport is found to maintain the deep and low-stability layer in the polar region, which might be induced by the interaction between the baroclinic Rossby-type wave in the low-stability layer and the trapped Rossby-type wave below it.
Moist convection in the 24degree N jet: modelling the convective plume formation with the EPIC model
Authors: Sankar Ramanakumar , Palotai Csaba , Klare Chloe
Published: July 2021

Observations of the jovian atmosphere over the last few decades have revealed a plethora of planetary scale disturbances which lead to a disruption of the chromophoric and dynamical structure of the atmosphere at the latitude that form in. These outbreaks occur every few years, forming from small localized plumes, and result in the generation of unique cloud features that persist for a short while after the plume formation (Sanchez-Lavega et al 2017, Fletcher et al 2017). The initial plumes are thought to be driven by latent heat release from the deep water layer, making these outbreaks an important feature in the study of the deep jovian atmosphere.Since it is difficult to directly observe and study the dynamics of the deeper layer, due to the presence of upper level clouds, we use the Explicit Planetary hybrid-Isentropic Coordinate (EPIC) General Circulation Model (GCM) (Dowling et al 2006) to study the dynamics of these plumes. We vary the abundance of the water in the deep layers, and investigate its effects on the plume formation and the subsequent cloud features. With the addition of a new sub-grid scale moist convective scheme (Sankar et al 2020), we investigate the resulting convective storm intensity and upwelling mass flux, in an effort to constrain the dynamics and volatile structure of the water cloud layer. We present our results from the addition of this scheme as well as applications to the 24deg N jet region. 