bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions and relaxation dynamics of long decay time OAEs in audiometrically normal and impaired subjects
Authors: Sisto R. , Moleti A. , Lucertini M.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between hearing loss, detected by measuring the audiometric threshold shift, and the presence of long-lasting otoacoustic emissions, has been studied in a population of 66 adult males, by analyzing the cochlear response in the 80 ms following the subministration of a click stimulus. Most long-lasting OAEs are also recognizable as Synchronized Spontaneous OAEs (SSOAEs). The OAE characteristic decay times were evaluated according to the model by Sisto and Moleti [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1893 (1999)]. The starting hypothesis, confirmed by the results, is that long decay time and large equilibrium amplitude are both manifestations of the effectiveness of the active feedback mechanism. The prevalence and frequency distribution of long-lasting OAEs, and of their SSOAE subset, have been separately analyzed for normal and impaired ears. No long-lasting OAE was found within the hearing loss frequency range, but several were found in impaired ears outside the hearing loss range, both at lower and higher frequencies. This result suggests that the correlation between the presence of long-lasting OAEs and good cochlear functionality be local in the frequency domain. The monitor of the OAE decay time is proposed as a new possible method for early detecting hearing loss in populations exposed to noise.
Absorption of sound in the Martian atmosphere
Authors: Bass Henry E. , Chambers James P.
Published: July 2002

Future missions to the planet Mars might include microphones to listen for sounds in the tenuous Martian atmosphere. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is well established by previous missions and ground based observations. The dominant constituent is CO2 with a minor amount of N2 and Argon and smaller amounts of H2O. The factors important to compute the absorption of sound in a gas are reasonably well known, the most uncertain being the relaxation time of CO2 at the low temperatures encountered (200–300 K). By extrapolating higher temperature measurements of relaxation times, analytical expressions have been developed for the absorption due to viscosity and thermal conduction (classical absorption), rotational relaxation, and vibrational relaxation. Calculations are presented for a surface level pressure of 6 millibars (600 Pa). The absorption at mid-audio frequencies (500 Hz) is 0.03 (200 K) to 0.1 (300 K) Np/m. This is about 100–500 times greater than for the earth’s atmosphere (depending upon relative humidity).
Effects of an elastic membrane on tube waves in permeable formations
Authors: Liu Hsui-Lin , Johnson David Linton
Published: July 2002

The properties of tube wave (Stoneley wave) propagation in a fluid-filled borehole penetrating a permeable rock are modified by the presence of a mudcake which may form on the borehole wall. A theoretical description of these effects characterizes the bulk properties of the porous rock using the Biot theory and the mudcake as an elastic impermeable layer. A finite membrane stiffness simulates the mudcake partial sealing mechanism. Within the context of this model, the mudcake can reduce, but not eliminate, the permeability effects on the tube wave slowness and attenuation. Numerical examples relevant to a typical sandstone of porosity 20% and permeability 200 mD, show that (a) the membrane stiffness acts to reduce the permeability effect on slowness and on attenuation and (b) a finite thickness of mudcake shifts the phase slowness by a (nearly) frequency-independent amount, with little effect upon the attenuation. An expression for the low-frequency limit clarifies the important combinations of mudcake parameters.
Automatic parametrization of differentiated glottal flow: Comparing methods by means of synthetic flow pulses
Authors: Strik Helmer
Published: July 2002

The automatic parametrization of the first derivative of glottal flow is studied. Representatives of the two types of methods used most often for parametrization were tested and compared. The chosen representatives are all based on the Liljencrants–Fant model. As numerous tests were needed for a detailed comparison of the methods, a novel evaluation procedure is used which consists of the following stages: (1) use the Liljencrants–Fant model to generate synthetic flow pulses; (2) estimate voice source parameters for these synthetic flow pulses; and (3) calculate the errors by comparing the estimated values with the input values of the parameters. This evaluation procedure revealed that in order to reduce the average error in the estimated voice source parameters, the estimation methods should be able to estimate noninteger values of these parameters. The proposed evaluation method was also used to study the influence of low-pass filtering on the estimated voice source parameters. It turned out that low-pass filtering causes an error in all estimated voice source parameters. On average, the smallest errors were found for a parametrization method in which a voice source model is fitted to the flow derivative, and in which the voice source model is low-pass filtered with the same filter as the flow derivative.
New evolution equations for the nonlinear surface acoustic waves on an elastic solid of general anisotropy
Authors: Gusev Vitalyi E. , Lauriks Walter , Thoen Jan
Published: July 2002

New evolution equations for the nonlinear surface acoustic waves in anisotropic media are derived in the frame of the second-order elasticity theory. The proposed theory explicitly accounts for the possible significant difference of the depth structure of the nonlinear surface acoustic waves with the depth structure of the linear surface acoustic waves. The derived equations reduce to the form, recently obtained for the nonlinear Rayleigh surface acoustic waves in isotropic solids, when two partial waves (contributing to the surface acoustic wave propagating along a crystal axis in the basal plane of a cubic crystal) exhibit purely exponential decay in depth.
Rigorous solutions of acoustic wave diffraction by penetrable wedges
Authors: Budaev Bair V. , Bogy David B.
Published: July 2002

A well-known problem of acoustic wave propagation in two fluid wedges with different densities and wave speeds is addressed by a recently developed approach to more general problems of wave propagation in bi-material solid wedges. The obtained solutions are valid for arbitrary frequencies and the approach is also extendable to wedge structures in which one or both wedges support propagation of shear waves.
On pitch jumps between chest and falsetto registers in voice: Data from living and excised human larynges
Authors: Švec Jan G. , Schutte Harm K. , Miller Donald G.
Published: July 2002

The paper offers a new concept of studying abrupt chest–falsetto register transitions (jumps) based on the theory of nonlinear dynamics. The jumps were studied in an excised human larynx and in three living subjects (one female and two male). Data from the excised larynx revealed that a small and gradual change in tension of the vocal folds can cause an abrupt change of register and pitch. This gives evidence that the register jumps are manifestations of bifurcations in the vocal-fold vibratory mechanism. A hysteresis was observed; the upward register jump occurred at higher pitches and tensions than the downward jump. Due to the hysteresis, the chest and falsetto registers can be produced with practically identical laryngeal adjustments within a certain range of longitudinal tensions. The magnitude of the frequency jump was measured as the “leap ratio” F0F:F0C (fundamental frequency of the falsetto related to that of the chest register) and alternatively expressed as a corresponding musical interval, termed the “leap interval.” Ranges of this leap interval were found to be different for the three living subjects (0–5 semitones for the female, 5–10 and 10–17 for the two males, respectively). These differences are considered to reflect different biomechanical properties of the vocal folds of the examined subjects. A small magnitude of the leap interval was associated with a smooth chest–falsetto transition in the female subject.
On the correlation between orofacial movements, tongue movements, and speech acoustics
Authors: Jiang Jintao , Alwan Abeer , Keating Patricia , Bernstein Lynne
Published: July 2002

This study is a first step towards quantifying the relationship between external orofacial movements, tongue movements, and the acoustics (AC) of speech sounds. The database analyzed consisted of six sentences and 23 CV syllables spoken by a male and a female; each utterance was repeated eight times. A Qualysis (optical motion capture system) and an EMA (electromagnetic articulography) system were used to characterize orofacial and tongue movements, respectively; principal component analysis was applied to both types of data to reduce the dimensionality. Acoustic features were represented by linear spectral pairs. The datastreams were aligned using a synchronization technique, and a multilinear regression technique was applied to quantify the correlation between them. The results are in general agreement with the study of Yehia et al. [AVSP-1997, pp. 41–44], which examined two sentences by a male talker, but also shows that correlations are highly context and speaker dependent. On average, the highest correlations were found between the optical (orofacial) and EMA (tongue) features. The results and their implications will be discussed. [Work supported in part by NSF KDI award 9996088.]
Slip at polymer–polymer interfaces: Rheological measurements on coextruded multilayers
Authors: Zhao Rui , Macosko Christopher W.
Published: July 2002

Polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS), with closely matched viscosity, were coextruded into 8, 32, and 64 alternating layers. The apparent steady shear viscosity of these multilayer samples was measured with an in-line slit rheometer and with a parallel-plate rheometer. In both cases the apparent viscosity decreased with the number of layers providing strong evidence for interfacial slip. The velocity difference across the interface (interfacial slip velocity) versus shear stress, ΔVI(τ) was calculated from the apparent viscosity measurements. ΔVI(τ) showed sigmoidal behavior: a region of very low slip (< 10−3 μm) at low shear stress, a strongly increasing region at τ > 103 Pa followed by a linear region ΔVI=τ/β∞. These data could be fit with a modified Ellis model. The same function fit the different number of layers and both slit and parallel-plate data indicating ΔVI(τ) is a material property of the PP/PS pair. Slip was also observed in PS/PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) and PP/aPA (amorphous nylon) pairs. Addition of a premade P(S-b-EE) diblock copolymer to the PP/PS pair was able to suppress the interfacial slip but only after enough time for sufficient block copolymers to diffuse to the interfaces. The in situ formed graft copolymer of maleated PP with aPA at the interface of the PP/aPA pair directly suppressed the slip. Our results are in qualitative agreement with the theory of Furukawa (1989) and de Gennes (1992), which predicts fewer chain entanglements near the interface between two immiscible polymers, and thus a narrow region (∼ interfacial width) with lower viscosity. This lower viscosity is the cause of apparent interfacial slip. Goveas and Fredrickson (1998) extended these ideas to calculate the slip in a symmetric bilayer where both bulk and interface are Newtonian. Their results are in qualitative agreement with our observation but predict a stronger slip. Our results also indicate that the anomalously low viscosity reported by a number of researchers for immiscible polymer blends is due to interfacial slip. Blends of PP and PS show similar negative viscosity deviations to those reported but only at τ > 2000 Pa. No negative deviations were found for linear viscoelastic (low-stress) measurements.
Developing Velocity Profiles on the Downstream Side of a Contraction For Inelastic Polymer Solutions
Authors: Rama Murthy A. V. , Boger D. V.
Published: July 2002

Developing velocity profiles on the downstream side of a 2 to 1 contraction were measured using a technique involving streak photography. The test fluids employed were water and squeous solutions of Methocel. The flow properties of all fluids were measured using an R16 Weissenberg rheogoniometer, with the shear stress-shear rate data being fitted by a power-law model. The results indicate that the velocity profile at the entrance of a 2 to 1 contraction is uniform for 0.585⩽n⩽1.00 and 20⩽NRe′⩽1942 and that the analysis presented by Collins and Schowalter can be used to accurately predict the entry length requirements on the downstream side of a 2 to 1 contraction. Photographs of the flow field through the contraction at low Reynolds numbers clearly show the presence of a stationary vortex on the upstream side of the contraction when axial diffusion of momentum is significant. The stationary vortex is absent at higher Reynolds numbers when the effect of axial diffusion of momentum can be neglected.
Computation of Thermodynamic Oxidation Potentials of Organic Solvents Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: Zhang Xuerong , Pugh James K. , Ross Philip N.
Published: July 2002

Ethers and organic carbonates are commonly used as solvents in lithium battery electrolyte. It is important to determine the oxidation potentials of these organic solvents due to the high cathode potential (∼5 V) in many of these batteries. There are significant variations in the reported oxidation potentials for electrolytes containing these solvents. The factors contributing to the variation include the type of salt used in the electrolyte, composition of the electrode, and a somewhat arbitrary determination of the oxidation potential from the anodic cutoff current. We report here the application of density functional theory (DFT) to calculate solvent oxidation potentials assuming oxidation occurs via one-electron transfer to form the radical cation. No specific ion-ion, ion-solvent, or ion-electrode interactions are included. These values are then compared to the experimental observations. Eleven solvent molecules are studied: 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, diethylcarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and catechol carbonate. Optimized geometries of the radical cations correlate well with the fragmentation patterns observed in mass spectrometry. The oxidation potentials of saturated carbonates are calculated to be approximately 1 V higher than the organic ethers, which is consistent with reported literature values. Quantitative comparison with experiment will require more careful measurements to eliminate other oxidation reactions and a standardized procedure for determining the oxidation potential. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Recovery Characteristics of Hydrogen-Damaged  ( Pb , La )  ( Zr , Ti )  O 3 Capacitors with Pt and IrO2 Top Electrodes
Authors: Yoon Soon-Gil , Kingon A. I.
Published: July 2002

The effect of hydrogen on ferroelectric properties was investigated for

(
Pb
,
La
)
(
Zr
,
Ti
)

O

3

 
(
PLZT
)

films with Pt and

IrO

2

top electrodes. The P-E hysteresis loop and fatigue properties of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor are completely recovered by recovery anneal at 700°C in

O

2

ambient after a hydrogen-forming gas anneal. On the other hand,

IrO

2

/
PLZT
/
Pt

capacitor after recovery anneal does not show a complete recovery for ferroelectric properties. The

IrO

2

top electrode in the

IrO

2

/
PLZT
/
Pt

capacitor is completely reduced to Ir metal in 4%

H

2

at 300°C and then change to the

IrO

2

/
Ir

complex phase after recovery anneal at 700°C in

O

2

ambient. The ferroelectric properties of PLZT capacitors greatly depend on the residual hydrogen near the film/top electrode interface after recovery anneal. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Valosin‐containing protein regulates the stability of fused in sarcoma granules in cells by changing ATP concentrations
Authors: Yasuda Kyota , Watanabe Tomonobu M. , Kang Myeong‐Gyun , Seo Jeong Kon , Rhee Hyun‐Woo , Tate Shin‐ichi
Published: April 2022

Fused in sarcoma (FUS), a DNA/RNA‐binding protein, undergoes liquid‐liquid phase separation to form granules in cells. Aberrant FUS granulation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We found that FUS granules contain a multifunctional AAA ATPase, valosin‐containing protein (VCP), which is known as a key regulator of protein degradation. FUS granule stability depends on ATP concentrations in cells. VCP ATPase changes the FUS granule stability time‐dependently by consuming ATP to reduce its concentrations in the granules: VCPs in de novo FUS granules stabilize the granules, while long‐lasting VCP colocalization destabilizes the granules. The proteolysis‐promoting function of VCP may subsequently dissolve the unstabilized granules. We propose that VCP colocalized to the FUS granules acts as a timer to limit the residence time of the granules in cells.
Classification of biological signals and time domain feature extraction using capsule optimized auto encoder‐electroencephalographic and electromyography
Authors: Sharma Neeraj , Ryait Hardeep Singh , Sharma Sudhir
Published: April 2022

Electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) signal classification seem to be a modulus topic in engineering and the medical field. The nature of the EEG and EMG signal is non‐stationary, noisy and high dimensional. The intrusion of noise in the signal may distress movement recognition. A novel methodology is being developed in this research to deal with these issues. Here, the EEG and EMG signals are recorded using the BCI2000 system. The proposed model comprises three phases: pre‐processing, feature extraction (FE), and motion classification. The pre‐processing method can be used to enhance visual appearances and the quality of the signal. The hybrid discrete wavelet based delayed error normalized least mean square error (DWT‐DENLMS) is introduced to eliminate the presence of motion artifacts in the recorded EEG and EMG signal. After pre‐processing, the recorded signals are combined and forwarded to the FE stage. The hybrid Dual tree complex wavelet transforms based on Walsh Hadamard transform (DTCWT‐WHT) is proposed to extract the indispensable time domain features from the combined biological signal. The hybrid capsule transient autoencoder (HCTAE) algorithm is proposed to classify the motion recognition (T0‐rest, T1‐left fist and both fists, and T2‐right fist, both feet). The error in the network model is diminished by transient search optimization (TSO) strategy. The Python platform is used to implement the developed approach, and the performance of the optimized classification approach yields accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and specificity of 98.51%, 97.25%, 97.94%, 97.58% and 98.94%, respectively.
Development of 3D‐Printed Glasses for Color Vision Deficiency
Authors: Alam Fahad , Salih Ahmed E. , Elsherif Mohamed , Butt Haider
Published: April 2022

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is a common ocular disorder that hampers patients’ color distinction capabilities, causing difficulties in their daily life routine. Till date, a CVD cure is not developed, and treatment courses, such as gene therapy, are yet to be applied on humans. Hence, patients opt for wearable visual aids such as tinted glasses/contact lenses, which achieve the latter by filtering out problematic wavelengths for blue–yellow (440–500 nm) and red–green (540–580 nm) CVD patients, thus, enabling them to distinguish between the colors. Herein, the development of 3D printed glasses for color blindness management is reported. A commercially available highly transparent resin (>95%) is utilized, and two wavelength filtering dyes, with absorption ranges of 550–580 and 440–510 nm, respectively, are mixed with the resin. The tinted glasses are successfully 3D printed using Masked SLA 3D printer; dyes incorporated within the glasses exhibit high stability over 1‐week period. The manufactured glasses successfully block more than 50% of the undesired wavelengths along with showing high transparency (>85%) to the remaining portion of the visible light spectrum. When using the developed glasses, volunteers show substantial improvements in Ishihara test scores, which signify the potential of these glasses as CVD wearables.
Macro‐ and Nano‐Porous 3D‐Hierarchical Carbon Lattices for Extraordinarily High Capacitance Supercapacitors
Authors: Katsuyama Yuto , Haba Nagihiro , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Iwase Kazuyuki , Kudo Akira , Honma Itaru , Kaner Richard B.
Published: April 2022

Supercapacitors, which can be charged/discharged rapidly, play important roles in a sustainable society. Thick electrodes can reduce the ratio of inactive components in the overall cell while simultaneously improving energy and power densities. However, thick electrodes induce longer ion diffusion pathways, and capacitance drops dramatically after a certain thickness. To overcome this, precisely designed macro‐ and nano‐porous 3D‐hierarchical carbon lattices, where ions can diffuse freely inside the electrode, are prepared by combining an inexpensive stereolithography‐type 3D printer, whose resolution is 50 µm, with a simple CO2 activation process. The activated 3D carbon lattice with a 66% burn‐off ratio (3D‐CL‐A66%) has ordered macropores (≈150 µm) and uniform nanopores (2–3 nm), exhibiting a maximum areal capacitance of 5251 mF cm–2 at 3 mA cm–2. Furthermore, manganese oxide is electrochemically deposited on 3D‐CL‐A16% for 8 min (3D‐CL‐A16%‐MnO2‐8 min), increasing the areal capacitance by 2.5‐times. Finally, an all‐3D‐printed asymmetric 1.8 V supercapacitor is prepared by combining 3D‐CL‐A16%‐MnO2‐8 min and 3D‐CL‐A66% as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, demonstrating a maximum energy density of 0.808 mWh cm–2 at a power density of 2.48 mW cm–2. The achieved values are one of the highest areal energy and power densities reported so far.
Bronze‐Phase TiO2 as Anode Materials in Lithium and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Suzhe , Wang Xiaoyan , Qi Ruoxuan , Cheng Ya‐Jun , Xia Yonggao , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Hu Xile
Published: April 2022

Titanium dioxide of bronze phase (TiO2(B)) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative lithium/sodium‐ion battery anode due to its excellent operation safety, good reversible capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, several intrinsic critical drawbacks, including moderate electrochemical kinetics and unsatisfactory long cyclic stability, significantly limit its practical applications. It is crucial to develop reliable strategies to resolve these issues to advance the TiO2(B) based materials into practical applications in lithium/sodium‐ion batteries. In this review, both the theoretical and experimental investigations on the TiO2(B) based materials over the last few decades are chronically elaborated. Insights on the general and detailed evolution trends of the research on TiO2(B) anodes are provided. The review also points to future directions for the TiO2(B) anode research to advance the practical application of TiO2(B) anodes.
Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition for Designer's Functional Metal–Organic Materials
Authors: Multia Jenna , Karppinen Maarit
Published: April 2022

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) for high‐quality conformal inorganic thin films is one of the cornerstones of modern microelectronics, while molecular layer deposition (MLD) is its less‐exploited counterpart for purely organic thin films. Currently, the hybrid of these two techniques, i.e., ALD/MLD, is strongly emerging as a state‐of‐the‐art gas‐phase route for designer's metal–organic thin films, e.g., for the next‐generation energy technologies. The ALD/MLD literature comprises nearly 300 original journal papers covering most of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, 3d transition metals, and lanthanides as the metal component and a variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and natural organic components. Some of these ALD/MLD processes yield in situ crystalline coordination‐polymer‐ or metal–organic‐framework‐like structures. Another attractive aspect is that many of the metal–organics realized through ALD/MLD are fundamentally new materials, and even unaccessible through conventional synthesis. Here, the current state of research in the field is presented, by i) providing a comprehensive account of the ALD/MLD processes so far developed, ii) addressing the constraints/possibilities for growing in situ crystalline metal–organic films, iii) highlighting some intriguing ALD/MLD materials and their application potential, and iv) making a brief outlook to the future perspectives and challenges in the field.
Integrating Terminal CoBrn Salts into a 2D Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymer to Promote the β‐(E)−Selective Hydroboration of Alkynes
Authors: Jia Jun‐Song , Wu Tai‐Xue , Fu Yi‐Jia , Hu Zhi‐Rong , Tang Hai‐Tao , Pan Ying‐Ming , Huang Fu‐Ping
Published: April 2022

In the present study, 2D Co(II) coordination polymers (CP‐1), which integrate terminal CoBrn (CoBr2 and CoBr3) sites immobilized on the framework, are synthesized at the gram level. As a special heterogeneous catalyst, CP‐1 shows regioselectivity (β:α>99:1) and stereoselectivity (only E configuration) in the hydroboration of alkynes. The hydroboration reaction conditions are mild and cover a broad substrate range (31 examples). In addition, the heterogeneous catalyst can be recycled for at least five times.

magnified image
Influence of Molecular Weight of Polymer Electret on the Synaptic Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Performance
Authors: Wang Le , Zheng Chaoyue , Fu Jingwei , Hua Jing , Chen Jiefeng , Gao Jincheng , Ling Haifeng , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei
Published: April 2022

Chargeable polymer electret‐based organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) memory devices are attractive for intrinsically flexible artificial synapse. However, the effects of molecular weight (Mw) of polymer electret on the charge trapping properties, especially the implementation of synaptic functions, are not yet well‐understood. In this work, the authors study pentacene‐based synaptic OFET memory made from two different molecular weight polymer electrets, with poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the case study. Utilizing the synergistic effect of smooth surface morphology, higher polymer chain‐end density and lower dielectric constant, OFET memory device with lower Mw PVK electret showed a larger memory window (28.2 V) and faster write speed (1 ms) compared to that with higher Mw PVK. Benefiting from its charge‐trapping ability, the synaptic OFETs with lower Mw PVK delivered a better modulation of synaptic weight. The co‐modulation of photonic and electric operations enabled the reconfigurable short‐term plasticity and long‐term plasticity (LTP) in lower Mw PVK devices, further leading to the STP‐based emulation of visible color recognition and LTP‐based neural network simulation. This work enlightens a detailed understanding of the molecular weight‐dependent charge trapping behavior for the future integration of visible information sensing‐memory‐processing in optoelectronic OFET memory.
Combined medical therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: Systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Chitsuthipakorn Wirach , Hoang Minh P. , Kanjanawasee Dichapong , Seresirikachorn Kachorn , Snidvongs Kornkiat
Published: April 2022

Background

Antihistamines (ATH) and intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are primary treatments for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). When monotherapy of either primary treatment fails to control symptoms, combined medical therapy is an option. In this meta‐analysis we assessed the additional effects of different medical combinations compared with primary treatments.

Methods

Systematic searches on PubMed and EMBASE were updated on November 4, 2021. Randomized, controlled trials comparing the effects of combinations with monotherapy were included. There were 7 comparisons: (1) ATH‐decongestant vs ATH; (2) ATH‐leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) vs ATH; (3) INCS‐ATH vs INCS; (4) INCS‐LTRA vs INCS; (5) INCS‐decongestion vs INCS; (6) INCS‐saline irrigation vs INCS; and (7) ATH‐saline irrigation vs ATH. Data were pooled for meta‐analysis. Outcomes were composite nasal symptom score, composite ocular symptom score, quality of life (QoL), and adverse events.

Results

Fifty‐three studies were included. Compared with ATH alone, the ATH‐decongestant combination improved composite nasal symptoms; ATH‐LTRA improved nasal symptoms in patients with perennial AR; and ATH‐nasal saline improved both symptoms and QoL. Compared with INCS alone, the INCS‐intranasal ATH combination improved nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms, and QoL; INCS‐LTRA improved ocular symptoms but not nasal symptoms; and INCS‐nasal saline improved QoL but not symptoms. There were no additional effects observed from adding oral ATH or topical decongestant to INCS.

Conclusion

After ATH monotherapy fails to control symptoms, addition of decongestant, saline, or LTRA can improve the outcomes. When INCS monotherapy is ineffective, addition of intranasal ATH can improve nasal symptoms; LTRA can improve ocular symptoms, and saline irrigation can improve QoL.
Bosonization for beginners — refermionization for experts
Authors: von Delft Jan , Schoeller Herbert
Published: April 2022

This tutorial review gives an elementary and self‐contained derivation of the standard identities (ψη(x) ∼ Fη e, etc.) for abelian bosonization in 1 dimension in a system of finite size L, following and simplifying Haldane's constructive approach. As a non‐trivial application, we rigorously resolve (following Furusaki) a recent controversy regarding the tunneling density of states, ρdos(ω), at the site of an impurity in a Tomonaga‐Luttinger liquid: we use finite‐size refermionization to show exactly that for g = 1/2 its asymptotic low‐energy behavior is ρdos(ω) ∼ ω. This agrees with the results of Fabrizio & Gogolin and of Furusaki, but not with those of Oreg and Finkel'stein (probably because we capture effects not included in their mean‐field treatment of the Coulomb gas that they obtained by an exact mapping; their treatment of anti‐commutation relations in this mapping is correct, however, contrary to recent suggestions in the literature). — The tutorial is addressed to readers with little or no prior knowledge of bosonization, who are interested in seeing “all the details” explicitly; it is written at the level of beginning graduate students, requiring only knowledge of second quantization, but not of field theory (which is not needed here). At the same time, we hope that experts too might find useful our explicit treatment of certain subtleties that can often be swept under the rug, but are crucial for some applications, such as the calculation of ρdos(ω) — these include the proper treatment of the so‐called Klein factors that act as fermion‐number ladder operators (and also ensure the anti‐commutation of different species of fermion fields), the retention of terms of order 1/L, and a novel, rigorous formulation of finite‐size refermionization of both F e—iΦ(x) and the boson field Φ(x) itself.
Localization behavior of vibrational modes
Authors: Bunde Armin , Kantelhardt Jan W. , Schweitzer Ludwig
Published: April 2022

After a short introduction into percolation theory we discuss the localization behavior of vibrational modes of infinite percolation clusters above the critical concentration in two and three dimensions. Results from level statistics show that all eigenstates are localized in d = 2, including the low frequency phonon states. In d = 3 there is evidence for a localization‐delocalization transition. But contrary to the common view this transition occurs for frequencies above the phonon‐fracton crossover giving rise to a new regime of extended fracton states.
Low temperature behavior of the thermopower in disordered systems near the Anderson transition
Authors: Villagonzalo C. , Römer R.A.
Published: April 2022

We investigate the behavior of the thermoelectric power S in disordered systems close to the Anderson‐type metal‐insulator transition (MIT) at low temperatures. In the literature, we find contradictory results for S. It is either argued to diverge or to remain a constant as the MIT is approached. To resolve this dilemma, we calculate the number density of electrons at the MIT in disordered systems using an averaged density of states obtained by diagonalizing the three‐dimensional Anderson model of localization. From the number density we obtain the temperature dependence of the chemical potential necessary to solve for S. Without any additional approximation, we use the Chester‐Thellung‐Kubo‐Greenwood formulation and numerically obtain the behavior of S at low T as the Anderson transition is approached from the metallic side. We show that indeed S does not diverge.
Critical level statistics at the Anderson transition in four‐dimensional disordered systems
Authors: Zharekeshev I.Kh. , Kramer B.
Published: April 2022

The level spacing distribution is numerically calculated at the disorder‐induced metal–insulator transition for dimensionality d = 4 by applying the Lanczos diagonalisation. The critical level statistics are shown to deviate stronger from the result of the random matrix theory compared to those of d = 3 and to become closer to the Poisson limit of uncorrelated spectra. Using the finite size scaling analysis for the probability distribution Qn(E) of having n levels in a given energy interval E we find the critical disorder Wc = 34.5 ± 0.5, the correlation length exponent ν = 1.1 ± 0.2 and the critical spectral compressibility κc ≈︂ 0.5.
Energy level statistics at the metal‐insulator transition in the Anderson model of localization with anisotropic hopping
Authors: Milde F. , Römer R.A.
Published: April 2022

Recently, a metal‐insulator transition (MIT) was found in the anisotropic Anderson model of localization by transfer‐matrix methods. This MIT has been also investigated by multifractal analysis and the same critical disorders Wc have been obtained within the accuracy of the data. We now employ energy level statistics to further characterize the MIT. We find a crossover of the nearest‐neighbor level spacing distribution from the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble at small disorder indicating metallic behavior to the Poisson distribution at large disorder characteristic for localized states. An analysis of the system size dependence of the spectral rigidity confirms the values of Wc found previously.
Luttinger‐liquid features in the resonant Raman spectra of quantum wires
Authors: Sassetti M. , Kramer B.
Published: April 2022

Using the bosonization technique, we develop a theory for the Raman scattering of the interacting electrons in quantum wires. The energy spectra of the collective excitations in a two‐subband model are given. The density correlation functions for the Raman cross section are calculated. The charge and spin density excitations observed in recent Raman experiments are identified. Hitherto unexplained “single particle excitations” which appear near resonance and are independent of the relative polarization of incoming and scattered light are shown to originate in higher order spin density excitations, which can be evaluated due to the bosonization. For the intraband excitations, the peak strengths in the Raman cross section as a function of the frequency of the incoming light is explicitely calculated. Power law behaviors depending on the strength of the interaction are predicted.
Exciton dispersion in quantum wells
Authors: Siarkos A. , Runge E. , Zimmermann R.
Published: April 2022

We present for the first time numerical calculations of the center‐of‐mass (c.o.m.) dispersion of an exciton in a quantum well using a finite‐differences method. The coupling of heavy‐ and light‐hole bands is accounted for in →k · →p‐theory, while the conduction band dispersion is assumed parabolic. We motivate a suitable choice of the c.o.m. coordinate system, which increases remarkably the numerical accuracy for finite c.o.m. wavevector. The desired eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the involved huge matrices are calculated with modern iterative sparse matrix solvers. Results are shown for the example case of a GaAs/Ga7Al3As 〈100〉 quantum well.
Critical and off‐critical singularities in disordered quantum magnets
Authors: Rieger H.
Published: April 2022

We study disordered systems at and near quantum phase transitions, which are transitions at zero temperature that are driven by quantum instead of thermal fluctuations. Special emphasis is put on the so‐called Griffiths‐McCoy regions surrounding these transitions in magnetic systems, where various susceptibilities are found to be divergent for T → 0 without the system being critical. We present a phenomenological picture for uncorrelated and weakly or strongly correlated disorder and check it for various models. In higher dimensions the phenomena seem to be connected to a percolation transition.
Numerical tests of conjectures of conformal field theory for three‐dimensional systems
Authors: Weigel Martin , Janke Wolfhard
Published: April 2022

The concept of conformal field theory provides a general classification of statistical systems on two‐dimensional geometries at the point of a continuous phase transition. Considering the finite‐size scaling of certain special observables, one thus obtains not only the critical exponents but even the corresponding amplitudes of the divergences analytically. A first numerical analysis brought up the question whether analogous results can be obtained for those systems on three‐dimensional manifolds.

Using Monte Carlo simulations based on the Wolff single‐cluster update algorithm we investigate the scaling properties of O(n) symmetric classical spin models on a three‐dimensional, hyper‐cylindrical geometry with a toroidal cross‐section considering both periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions. Studying the correlation lengths of the Ising, the XY, and the Heisenberg model, we find strong evidence for a scaling relation analogous to the two‐dimensional case, but in contrast here for the systems with antiperiodic boundary conditions.
Quantile motion of electromagnetic waves in wave guides of varying cross section and dispersive media
Authors: Dahmen H.D. , Gjonaj E. , Stroh T.
Published: April 2022

We discuss applications of the quantile concept of trajectories and velocities to the propagation of electromagnetic signals in wave guides of varying cross section. Quantile motion is a general description of the transport properties of measurable quantities in quantum mechanics as well as in classical electrodynamics. In the latter case we consider the quantile motion of electromagnetic energy as the direct result of a physical measurement. In this sense the quantile velocity corresponds to the electromagnetic signal velocity. We show that this signal velocity is always smaller than the speed of light in vacuum.
Are predicted superluminal tunneling times an artifact of using the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation?
Authors: Leavans C.R. , Sala Mayato R.
Published: April 2022

For many approaches to timing electrons scattering from an electrostatic potential barrier there are simple realistic situations, involving barrier heights and incident electron kinetic energies both many orders of magnitude less than the rest energy mc2, for which the calculated mean transmission times imply superluminal velocities. The question of whether or not this is an artifact of using the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation is investigated for the Bohm trajectory and Salecker‐Wigner quantum clock approaches.
Negative time delays in one dimensional absorptive collisions
Authors: Muga J.G. , Palao J.P.
Published: April 2022

Quantum scattering resonances are generally associated with a positive time delay. An example of anomalous negative time delay in resonance scattering is provided. The effect is due to an absorbing, negative imaginary part in the interaction potential.
Minimum tunneling time in quantum motion
Authors: Bracher C. , Kleber M.
Published: April 2022

Starting out with the dwell time approach by Smith for stationary one‐dimensional tunneling problems, we introduce the notion of the minimum tunneling time required for traversal through an arbitrary potential barrier. The newly devised time scale is based on a simple variational principle and presents a strictly local quantity not depending on the asymptotics of the potential distribution. Its properties are illustrated using the customary square barrier as an example. The minimum tunneling time approach cannot support the existence of superluminal velocities in barrier penetration.
The velocities of light in modified QED vacua
Authors: Scharnhorst K.
Published: April 2022

QED vacua under the influence of external conditions (background fields, finite temperature, boundary conditions) can be considered as dispersive media whose complex behaviour can no longer be described in terms of a single universal vacuum velocity of lightc. Beginning in the early 1950's (J.S. Toll), quantum field theoretic investigations have led to considerable insight into the relation between the vacuum structure and the propagation of light. Recent years have witnessed a significant growth of activity in this field of research. After a short overview, two characteristic situations are discussed: the propagation of light in a constant homogeneous magnetic field and in a Casimir vacuum. The latter appears to be particularly interesting because the Casimir vacuum has been found to exhibit modes of the propagation of light with phase and group velocities larger thancin the low frequency domain ω ≪mwheremis the electron mass. The impact of this result on the front velocity of light in a Casimir vacuum is discussed by means of the Kramers‐Kronig relations.
Causality in the natural sciences
Authors: Weingartner P.
Published: April 2022

The paper discusses the concept of causality first in the philosophical tradition especially in Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and Leibniz, secondly in Classical Physics and thirdly in Modern Physics.
On the application of the Kramers‐Kronig relations to the interaction time problem
Authors: Gasparian V. , Schön G. , Ruiz J. , Ortuño M.
Published: April 2022

It is shown that the two components of the complex characteristic interaction time τ(ω) = τ1(ω) — iτ2(ω) for classical electromagnetic waves with an arbitrary shaped barrier are not entirely independent quantities, but are connected by the Kramers‐Kronig relations. The corresponding macroscopic sum rule for the complex time is also derived. An analogy between the interaction time problem and an electrical circuit with capacitive and conducting components is established from which we propose that the effective crossing time should be the maximum of the two components.
Quantizing gravity and spacetime: Where do we stand ?
Authors: Ne'eman Yuval
Published: April 2022

We review five possible solutions to the riddle posed by Quantum Gravity: (1) Gravity should stay as a classical theory (L. Rosenfeld); (2) Quantum Gravity requires a formalism which will take the human mind (or the intelligent observer) into account, resolving at the same time the riddle of the collapse of the wave function/state vector in Quantum Mechanics in general (Penrose); (3) Perturbative Quantization; (4) Hamiltonian Quantization (Dirac, Ashtekar); (5) String Theory. We also discuss the quantization of spacetime.
Nonuniqueness of memories
Authors: Čápek V.
Published: April 2022

Nature prefers infinite to finite order perturbation theories. That is why we studied the exciton dynamics in a simple model of the interacting exciton‐phonon system again, by a tricky form of the Tokuyama‐Mori method yielding a natural way of including higher‐order terms and avoiding the problem of memories. Physically reasonable solution for site‐occupation probabilities corresponding to previous results is then used in an inverse manner to deduce the exciton memories able to reproduce them. We found that: 1. Thus determined memories are not unique. 2. Their different forms reconcile different conjectures about structure of the exciton memory functions. 3. The markovian approximation to the resulting Generalized master equations fails even when the memories decay much faster than the solution. 4. In connection with that, the Förster transfer rate formula together with the current Markov understanding of the exciton transfer becomes dubious.
Scattering of neutrons on a Bose condensate
Authors: Baranov D.B. , Kozlov Z.A. , Siurakshina L.A. , Yarunin V.S.
Published: April 2022

The spectrum of noncondensate excitations in neutron scattering on bosons is obtained in the framework of the Bogoliubov models both for liquid 4He and a dilute gas. The problem is solved using a path‐integral representation of the partition function of the system. We describe the influence of scattering of neutrons on a Bose condensate in a stationary (time‐independent) picture in the Gibbs equilibrium ensemble. This influence is a stationary boson response, and it depends on the initial neutron momentum k, transfer momentum p, and the neutron‐boson interaction λ, which is related to the scattering length. The contribution of the neutrons to the initial Bogoliubov spectrum is found to be important for “quasi‐elastic” scattering on the noncondensate, while the contribution of deep inelastic scattering is small; no contribution from elastic scattering on the Bose condensate is found. In the case of liquid Helium, the response is unlikely to be observable for all values p. On the other hand, for a gas one may expect a visible effect, in particular for a small momentum transfer p and a small density of the Bose condensate ϱ.
Quantum motion of electrons in topologically distorted crystals
Authors: Bausch Richard , Schmitz Rudi , Turski Łukasz A.
Published: April 2022

For the description of the long‐wavelength quantum states of electrons in crystals with topological defects we establish a general framework on the basis of the continuum theory of defects. The resulting one‐particle Schrödinger equation lives on a Riemann‐Cartan manifold, representing the distorted crystal, and consists of two parts. All effects due to the topology of the defects are contained in the first part which has a covariant form and describes the purely geometric particle motion. The second part is non‐covariant and derives from deformation‐dependent tunneling rates of the particle which e.g. are responsible for the existence of bound states to edge dislocations.