bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RANCANG BANGUN PERANGKAT PEMBANGKIT PWM BIPOLAR
Authors: Fathoni Fathoni
Published: November 2019

Electrical power settings, both AC and DC can be done by linear or switching. Controlled loads may be motors, heating elements or incandescent lamps. Generally the efficiency of load power control by way of switching is better than linear way so the way switching is widely used today. Switching also allows for automatic, remote and wireless control In load power management system with microcontroller, PWM generator circuit output is used for control of power switch. The output pulse can be TTL standard or with lower amplitude and on the control of the H bridge circuit required bipolar PWM with additional dead band on each side of the pulse ride. The bipolar PWM generator designed in this study has an output with TTL standard with a dead band circuit and a short circuit protection for VCC = 5 volts and a ground path, Testing with no load and short circuit in low and high output states is as follows. VOL(min) = 0.4 volts, VOH(max) = 4.2 volts. The short circuit of output to high GND is 100 mA and short circuit current to VCC path at low output is 90 mA, The output frequency of bipolar pulses is, 50, 100, 1k, 10k and 20k Hz with 10μs dead band
SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN SURAT MASUK & SURAT KELUAR JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG BERBASIS WEB MELALUI JARINGAN INTRANET POLINEMA
Authors: Junus Mochammad
Published: November 2019

Surat adalah sarana komunikasi untuk menyampaikan informasi tertulisoleh suatu pihak kepada pihak lain dan juga berfungsi sebagai alatpengingat, Politeknik Negeri Malang (Polinema) adalah salah satuperguruan tinggi negeri vokasi yang terletak di Malang, Jawa Timur.Pada bidang Rekayasa terdapat salah satu jurusan yaitu Jurusan TeknikElektro. Persuratan dalam Jurusan Teknik Elektro berperan pentingdalam proses administrasi. Melihat pentingnya sebuah surat untukdikelola dengan baik maka penyajian informasi terbaru mengenaipengelolaan sangat penting karena memegang peran utama dalammenunjang pelaksanaan kegiatan dan fungsi-fungsi yang lain.Pengelolaan data surat pada suatu instansi yang tergolong besar tentumenjadi permasalahan, apabila dalam pengelolaan surat masihmenggunakan cara konvensional.Untuk itu, perlu adanya pemikiran bagi pengembangan suatu sistemyang efektif serta dianggap mampu membantu dalam menangani prosesadministrasi data surat yang meliputi penyimpanan, perubahan sertaketepatan dan kecepatan dalam penyajiannya. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Informan kunci padapenelitian ini adalah Ketua Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan informaninforman pendukung adalah pegawai yang menangani surat. Teknikpengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, dokumentasi danwawancara. Hasil yang didapatkan dari membangun sistem ini adalah adanya sisteminformasi yang menangani dokumen arsip surat masuk dan surat keluar,mempermudah untuk proses pengarsipan surat yang terintegrasi antarbagian dan adanya backup surat apabila surat asli hilang atau rusak..Perangkat lunak yang dibangun merupakan perangkat lunak yangberbasis web dan dibangun dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrogramanPHP dengan menggunakan framework CodeIgniter dan MySQL sebagaiDBMS. Hal tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu kegiatan pada JurusanTeknik Elektro Politeknik Negeri Malang.
IMPLEMENTASI DAN ANALISIS KENDALI KECEPATAN MOTOR BLDC 1 kW MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA PID
Authors: Ardiansyah Muchlis Dwi , Rohman Fatkhur
Published: November 2019

Pemanfaatan teknologi alternatif dalam bidang otomotif maupun otomasi industri menggunakan motor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) sudah banyak digunakan karena memiliki kelebihan dibanding dengan jenis mesin penggerak bertenaga elektrik lainnya. Namun motor BLDC masih memiliki beberapa kekurangan ketika menerima beban sehingga menyebabkan penurunan kecepatan putaran pada motor BLDC. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang dan mengaplikasikan sistem kendali kecepatan motor BLDC dengan kontrol Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) dan menentukan nilai parameter untuk mendapatkan persentase error steady state terkecil pada variasi  kecepatan dan beban motor BLDC. Metode pengambilan data diambil dengan cara memasukkan nilai parameter secara trial and error. Sebagai simulasi beban, motor BLDC dihubungkan dengan generator yang diberi beban berupa lampu yang divariasikan. Hasil pengujian mendapatkan pemodelan blok diagram PID dengan Matlab Simulink. Hasil parameter kontrol PID diperoleh nilai Kp = 1,5; Ki = 10,5 dan Kd = 0,04. Dengan nilai parameter tersebut motor BLDC dapat mempertahankan nilai set point dengan kestabilan yang tinggi (error steady state rendah).

 

The usage of alternative technology in the field of automotive and industrial automation using Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) has been widely used because it has advantages compared to other types of electric-powered drive engines. But the BLDC motor still has some disadvantages when receiving a load that causes a decrease in rotation speed on the BLDC motor. The purpose of the study is to design and apply a BLDC motor speed control system with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control and determine the parameter value to obtain the smallest error steady state percentage at a speed variation and motor load the BLDC. The method of retrieving data was taken by entering parameter values by trial and error. As a load simulation, the BLDC motor was connected to a generator that was given the load in the form of a varied lamp. The test results gets the PID block diagram modeling with Matlab Simulink. The results of the PID control parameter are Kp = 1.5; Ki = 10.5 and Kd = 0.04. With these parameter values, the BLDC motor can maintain the setpoint value with high stability (low steady-state error).
ANALISA INDEKS KEKUATAN SISTEM PADA SAAT TERJADI GANGGUAN DI PLTA POSO
Authors: Marwan Marwan , Ratnasari Ati Lolo , Akhmad Satriani Said
Published: November 2019

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai indeks kekuatan system (IKS) system kelistrikan Sulawesi Bagian Selatan. Untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian ini, simulasi sistem kelistrikan pada saat terjadi gangguan di PLTA Poso dengan menggunakan DigSilent. Simulasi dilakukan pada saat terjadi gangguan dalam dua waktu yang berbeda yaitu pada Waktu Beban Puncak (WBP) dan Luar Waktu Beban Puncak (LWBP) dengan tiga skenario gangguan yakni pada saat trip 1 unit, trip 2 unit dan trip 3 unit. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa besarnya nilai IKS dalam WBP sebesar 55,05 MW/Hz dan LWBP yaitu 47,19 MW/Hz.

 

The aim of this research to find out a value of electrical power system indeks (IKS) in South Sulawesi. To achieved this aim, simulation of the electrical system if an outage was occured in PLTA Pos under DgiSilent program. In this simulation, peak and off-peak season was chosen for the case study with three kinds of scenarious, such as: when 1 power plant was off, 2 power plant was off and 3 power plant was off, continuously. The result of research illustrated that a value of IKS for peak and off peka season were 55,05 MW/Hz and 47,19 MW/Hz.
APLIKASI MIKROKONTROLER DALAM SISTEM KONTROL DAN MONITORING ENERGI LISTRIK
Authors: Syamsuri Tresna Umar , Buwono Hendro , Amalia Rahma Nur
Published: November 2019

Sistem kontrol dan monitoring energi listrik menjadi hal yang krusial bagi konsumen listrik karena hal ini berkaitan dengan besarnya biaya energi listrik yang harus dibayarkan oleh konsumen. Penggunaan  mikrokontroler dalam sistem kontrol dan monitoring energi listrik adalah untuk mempermudah proses pengontrolan memproses data untuk dikonversikan menjadi daya listrik dan menyimpannya setiap waktu tertentu serta ditampilkan melalui LCD. Sistem kontrol dan monitoring energi listrik berbasis mikrokontroler ini sangat tepat untuk diterapkan pada suatu lokasi yang terdiri dari beberapa konsumen dengan kebutuhan yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh adalah lokasi kost atau penginapan dengan banyak kamar, lokasi usaha dengan beberapa kios dan lain-lain.  Alat ini bekerja dengan mengukur tegangan dan arus yang akan diolah datanya oleh mikrokontroler untuk dijadikan parameter menghitung dan membatasi energi listrik terpakai pada setiap pelanggan. Agar semua konsumen dapat termonitoring secara terpusat maka dibutuhkan personal komputer yang akan berkomunikasi dengan setiap mikrokontroler di masing-masing konsumen melalui komunikasi RS-485. Alat yang mempunyai presentase error pengukuran day asebesar 3.33 % ini akan dapat berkomunikasi maksimal 1,2 km, dan parameter energi listrik seperti tegangan, arus, daya listrik dapat dipantau dan dikendalikan dari jarak jauh melalui computer.

 

Electricity control and monitoring system becomes crucial for electricity consumers because it is related to the amount of electricity cost that must be paid by consumers. The use of microcontrollers in the control system and monitoring of electrical energy is to facilitate the process of controlling the data processing to be converted into electrical power and store it at any given time and displayed through the LCD. Control system and monitoring of microcontroller-based electrical energy is very appropriate to be applied to a location consisting of several consumers with different needs. For example is the location of boarding or lodging with many rooms, business locations with several kiosks and others. This tool works by measuring the voltage and current that will be processed by the microcontroller data to be used as parameters to calculate and limit the electrical energy used in each customer. In order for all consumers to be monitored centrally then it takes a personal computer that will communicate with each microcontroller in each consumer through RS-485 communications. The tool that has a percentage error of power measurement of 3.33% will be able to communicate a maximum of 1.2 km, and electrical energy parameters such as voltage, current, electrical power can be monitored and controlled remotely via computer
A Novel Multi-Objective Five-Elements Cycle Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Ye Chunling , Mao Zhengyan , Liu Mandan
Published: November 2019

Inspired by the mechanism of generation and restriction among five elements in Chinese traditional culture, we present a novel Multi-Objective Five-Elements Cycle Optimization algorithm (MOFECO). During the optimization process of MOFECO, we use individuals to represent the elements. At each iteration, we first divide the population into several cycles, each of which contains several individuals. Secondly, for every individual in each cycle, we judge whether to update it according to the force exerted on it by other individuals in the cycle. In the case of an update, a local or global update is selected by a dynamically adjustable probability P s ; otherwise, the individual is retained. Next, we perform combined mutation operations on the updated individuals, so that a new population contains both the reserved and updated individuals for the selection operation. Finally, the fast non-dominated sorting method is adopted on the current population to obtain an optimal Pareto solution set. The parameters’ comparison of MOFECO is given by an experiment and also the performance of MOFECO is compared with three classic evolutionary algorithms Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (MOPSO), Pareto Envelope-based Selection Algorithm II (PESA-II) and two latest algorithms Knee point-driven Evolutionary Algorithm (KnEA) and Non-dominated Sorting and Local Search (NSLS) on solving test function sets Zitzler et al’s Test suite (ZDT), Deb et al’s Test suite (DTLZ), Walking Fish Group (WFG) and Many objective Function (MaF). The experimental results indicate that the proposed MOFECO can approach the true Pareto-optimal front with both better diversity and convergence compared to the five other algorithms.
Consensus Procedures in Oncological Imaging: The Case of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Fanti Stefano , Oyen Wim , Lalumera Elisabetta
Published: November 2019

Recently, there has been increasing interest in methodological aspects of advanced imaging, including the role of guidelines, recommendations, and experts’ consensus, the practice of self-referral, and the risk of diagnostic procedure overuse. In a recent Delphi study of the European Association for Nuclear Medicine (EANM), panelists were asked to give their opinion on 47 scientific questions about imaging in prostate cancer. Nine additional questions exploring the experts’ attitudes and opinions relating to the procedure of consensus building itself were also included. The purpose was to provide insights into the mechanism of recommendation choice and consensus building as seen from the experts’ point of view. Results: Regarding the factors likely to influence the willingness to refer a patient for imaging, the most voted were incorporation into guidelines and data from scientific literature, while personal experience and personal relationship were chosen by a small minority. Regarding the recommendations more relevant to prescribe an imaging procedure, it resulted the incorporation into guidelines promoted by scientific societies (59% of votes); these guidelines also resulted the more trusted. With respect to patients’ preferences considered when prescribing an imaging procedure, the most voted was accuracy, resulted more important than easy access and time to access to the procedure. The majority of the experts expressed the opinion that there is a scarce use of imaging procedures in prostate cancer. With respect to the most relevant factor to build consensus, it resulted the transparency of the process (52% of votes), followed by multidisciplinarity of contributors. The main obstacle to incorporation of modern imaging procedures into guidelines resulted the lack of primary literature on clinical impact. Conclusions: Firstly, the panelists portray themselves as having Evidence-Based Medicine oriented and scientifically inclined attitudes and preferences. Secondly, guidelines and recommendations from scientific societies, especially clinical ones, are positively taken into account as factors influencing decisions, but panelists tend to consider their own appraisal of the scientific literature as more relevant. Thirdly, in respect of overuse, panelists do not think that advanced diagnostic procedures are overutilized in the specific case of Prostate Cancer, but rather they are underutilized.
Optic Pathway Glioma in Type 1 Neurofibromatosis: Review of Its Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Assessment, and Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Cassina Matteo , Frizziero Luisa , Opocher Enrico , Parrozzani Raffaele , Sorrentino Ugo , Viscardi Elisabetta , Miglionico Giacomo , Midena Edoardo , Clementi Maurizio , Trevisson Eva
Published: November 2019

Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a dominantly inherited condition predisposing to tumor development. Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is the most frequent central nervous system tumor in children with NF1, affecting approximately 15–20% of patients. The lack of well-established prognostic markers and the wide clinical variability with respect to tumor progression and visual outcome make the clinical management of these tumors challenging, with significant differences among distinct centers. We reviewed published articles on OPG diagnostic protocol, follow-up and treatment in NF1. Cohorts of NF1 children with OPG reported in the literature and patients prospectively collected in our center were analyzed with regard to clinical data, tumor anatomical site, diagnostic workflow, treatment and outcome. In addition, we discussed the recent findings on the pathophysiology of OPG development in NF1. This review provides a comprehensive overview about the clinical management of NF1-associated OPG, focusing on the most recent advances from preclinical studies with genetically engineered models and the ongoing clinical trials.
Breast Cancer in Young Women: Status Quo and Advanced Disease Management by a Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Approach
Authors: Kudela Erik , Samec Marek , Kubatka Peter , Nachajova Marcela , Laucekova Zuzana , Liskova Alena , Dokus Karol , Biringer Kamil , Simova Denisa , Gabonova Eva , Dankova Zuzana , Biskupska Bodova Kristina , Zubor Pavol , Trog Daniela
Published: November 2019

Why does healthcare of breast cancer (BC) patients, especially in a young population, matter and why are innovative strategies by predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) strongly recommended to replace current reactive medical approach in BC management? Permanent increase in annual numbers of new BC cases with particularly quick growth of premenopausal BC patients, an absence of clearly described risk factors for those patients, as well as established screening tools and programs represent important reasons to focus on BC in young women. Moreover, "young" BC cases are frequently "asymptomatic", difficult to diagnose, and to treat effectively on time. The objective of this article is to update the knowledge on BC in young females, its unique molecular signature, newest concepts in diagnostics and therapy, and to highlight the concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine with a well-acknowledged potential to advance the overall disease management.
Abrupt Change in a Subtidal Rocky Reef Community Coincided with a Rapid Acceleration of Sea Water Warming
Authors: Bianchi Carlo Nike , Azzola Annalisa , Parravicini Valeriano , Peirano Andrea , Morri Carla , Montefalcone Monica
Published: November 2019

Seawater warming is impacting marine ecosystems, but proper evaluation of change requires the availability of long-term biological data series. Mesco Reef (Ligurian Sea, Italy) offers one of the longest Mediterranean data series on sessile epibenthic communities, based on underwater photographic surveys. Photographs taken in four stations between 20 m and 40 m depth allowed calculating the percent cover of conspicuous species in 1961, 1990, 1996, 2008, and 2017. Multivariate analysis evidenced an abrupt compositional change between 1990 and 1996. A parallel change was observed in Ligurian Sea temperatures. Two invasive macroalgae (Caulerpa cylindracea and Womersleyella setacea) became dominant after 1996. Community diversity was low in 1961 to 1996, rapidly increased between 1996 and 2008, and exhibited distinctly higher values in 2008–2017. A novel community emerged from the climate shift of the 1990s, with many once characteristic species lost, reduced complexity, biotic homogenization, greater diversity and domination by aliens. Only continued monitoring will help envisage the possibility for a reversal of the present phase shift or for further transformations driven by global change.
Old Processes, New Movements: The Inclusion of Geodiversity in Biological and Ecological Discourse
Authors: Boothroyd Anne , McHenry Melinda
Published: November 2019

There exists substantial variation in the qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the concept of geodiversity and its embedded elements and values. The resulting divergence and ambiguity in applications of the term constrain its present use as an operationalized concept in nature conservation research and discourse, unlike its seemingly analogous biotic term, ‘biodiversity’. This paper presents findings from a critical literature review of 299 academic journal articles and texts that define geodiversity values, or otherwise incorporate geodiversity or its derived elements and values as components of conservation. Contrary to previous suggestions, we have found that most geoscientists have united behind a single definition of geodiversity and applied it frequently in their primary and applied, geotouristic, research. Qualitative elements of geodiversity, including system support values and aesthetic appeals within nature conservation, have been largely confined to geoconservation and geoscientific literature and are nearly absent from biological discourse. Encouragingly, however, we have observed a more recent increase in research pertaining to quantitative interpretations of abiotic geodiversity elements and their relationship with the spatial distribution and abundance of species. Although the inclusion of geodiversity elements (quantitative and qualitative) in conservation assessment and biodiversity research has been and remains far less universal than for biodiversity elements, there is strong potential for further unification of these two concepts, especially though collaborative quantitative research. The more that geodiversity is discussed outside of geographic and geoscientific disciplines, broader recognition and validated use of the concept of geodiversity will be used in the understanding, interpretation, and protection of patterns and processes at the landscape scale.
A Review of Heat Pump Systems and Applications in Cold Climates: Evidence from Lithuania
Authors: Valancius Rokas , Singh Rao Martand , Jurelionis Andrius , Vaiciunas Juozas
Published: November 2019

Similar to other cold climate countries, space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) accounts form the largest share of household energy demand in Lithuania. Heat pump technology is considered to be one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been finding their way into the Lithuanian market since 2002, and currently there are many good practice examples present in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. Heat pump use is economically advantageous in the Baltic Region, and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factor (SPF) ranges within 1.8 and 5.6. The lower SPF values are typically attributable to air source heat pumps, whereas the higher efficiency is achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While the traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, there is a slow uptake of new technologies, such as solar-assisted heat pumps, absorption heat pumps and heat pumps integrated into foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls. This paper provides a critical review of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a cold climate case study to overview the market trends within the European context. Potential trends for the heat pump technology development in terms of application areas, cost-benefit predictions, as well as environmental aspects, are discussed.
State-of-Health Estimation of Li-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle Using IndRNN under Variable Load Condition
Authors: Venugopal Prakash , T. Vigneswaran
Published: November 2019

In electric vehicles (EVs), battery management systems (BMS) carry out various functions for effective utilization of stored energy in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among numerous functions performed by the BMS, estimating the state of health (SOH) is an essential and challenging task to be accomplished at regular intervals. Accurate estimation of SOH ensures battery reliability by computing remaining lifetime and forecasting its failure conditions to avoid battery risk. Accurate estimation of SOH is challenging, due to uncertain operating conditions of EVs and complex non-linear electrochemical characteristics demonstrated by LIBs. In most of the existing studies, standard charge/discharge patterns with numerous assumptions are considered to accelerate the battery ageing process. However, such patterns and assumptions fail to reflect the real world operating condition of EV batteries, which is not appropriate for BMS of EVs. In contrast, this research work proposes a unique SOH estimation approach, using an independently recurrent neural network (IndRNN) in a more realistic manner by adopting the dynamic load profile condition of EVs. This research work illustrates a deep learning-based data-driven approach to estimate SOH by analyzing their historical data collected from LIBs. The IndRNN is adapted due to its ability to capture complex non-linear characteristics of batteries by eliminating the gradient problem and allowing the neural network to learn long-term dependencies among the capacity degradations. Experimental results indicate that the IndRNN based model is able to predict a battery’s SOH accurately with root mean square error (RMSE) reduced to 1.33% and mean absolute error (MAE) reduced to 1.14%. The maximum error (MAX) produced by IndRNN throughout the testing process is 2.5943% which is well below the acceptable SOH error range of ±5% for EVs. In addition, to demonstrate effectiveness of the IndRNN attained results are compared with other well-known recurrent neural network (RNN) architectures such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). From the comparison of results, it is clearly evident that IndRNN outperformed other RNN architectures with the highest SOH accuracy rate.
Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Cinnamomum camphora in South China Revealed by EST-SSR Markers
Authors: Zhong Yongda , Yang Aihong , Li Zhiting , Zhang Hui , Liu Lipan , Wu Zhaoxiang , Li Yanqiang , Liu Tengyun , Xu Meng , Yu Faxin
Published: November 2019

Cinnamomum camphora is a valuable broad-leaf tree indigenous to South China and East Asia and has been widely cultivated and utilized by humans since ancient times. However, owing to its overutilization for essential oil extraction, the Transplanting Big Trees into Cities Program, and over deforestation to make furniture, its wild populations have been detrimentally affected and are declining rapidly. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 180 trees sampled from 41 populations in South China were investigated with 22 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. In total, 61 alleles were harbored across 180 individuals, and medium genetic diversity level was inferred from the observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and Nei’ gene diversity (GD), which were 0.45, 0.44, and 0.44, respectively. Among the 41 wild populations, C. camphora had an average of 44 alleles, 2.02 effective alleles, and He ranging from 0.30 (SC) to 0.61 (HK). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 17% of the variation among populations and the average pairwise genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) between populations was 0.162, indicating relatively low genetic population differentiations. Structure analysis suggested two groups for the 180 individuals, which was consistent with the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA). Populations grouped to cluster I were nearly all distributed in Jiangxi Province (except population XS in Zhejiang Province), and cluster II mainly comprised populations from other regions, indicating a significant geographical distribution. Moreover, the Mantel test showed that this geographical distance was significantly correlated with genetic distance. The findings of this research will assist in future C. camphora conservation management and breeding programs.
Using UAV Multispectral Images for Classification of Forest Burn Severity—A Case Study of the 2019 Gangneung Forest Fire
Authors: Shin Jung-il , Seo Won-woo , Kim Taejung , Park Joowon , Woo Choong-shik
Published: November 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing has limitations in acquiring images before a forest fire, although burn severity can be analyzed by comparing images before and after a fire. Determining the burned surface area is a challenging class in the analysis of burn area severity because it looks unburned in images from aircraft or satellites. This study analyzes the availability of multispectral UAV images that can be used to classify burn severity, including the burned surface class. RedEdge multispectral UAV image was acquired after a forest fire, which was then processed into a mosaic reflectance image. Hundreds of samples were collected for each burn severity class, and they were used as training and validation samples for classification. Maximum likelihood (MLH), spectral angle mapper (SAM), and thresholding of a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used as classifiers. In the results, all classifiers showed high overall accuracy. The classifiers also showed high accuracy for classification of the burned surface, even though there was some confusion among spectrally similar classes, unburned pine, and unburned deciduous. Therefore, multispectral UAV images can be used to analyze burn severity after a forest fire. Additionally, NDVI thresholding can also be an easy and accurate method, although thresholds should be generalized in the future.
Genomic Variance and Transcriptional Comparisons Reveal the Mechanisms of Leaf Color Affecting Palatability and Stressed Defense in Tea Plant
Authors: Wang Xuewen , Liu Ben-ying , Zhao Qingshi , Sun Xuemei , Li Youyong , Duan Zhifen , Miao Xinli , Luo Shan , Li Jianbin
Published: November 2019

Leaves are one of the most important organs of plants, and yet, the association between leaf color and consumable traits remains largely unclear. Tea leaves are an ideal study system with which to investigate the mechanism of how leaf coloration affects palatability, since tea is made from the leaves of the crop Camellia sinensis. Our genomic resequencing analysis of a tea cultivar ZiJuan (ZJ) with purple leaves and altered flavor revealed genetic variants when compared with the green-leaf, wild type cultivar YunKang(YK). RNA-Seq based transcriptomic comparisons of the bud and two youngest leaves in ZJ and YK identified 93%, 9% and 5% expressed genes that were shared in YK- and ZJ-specific cultivars, respectively. A comparison of both transcript abundance and particular metabolites revealed that the high expression of gene UFGT for anthocyanin biosynthesis is responsible for purple coloration, which competes with the intermediates for catechin-like flavanol biosynthesis. Genes with differential expression are enriched in response to stress, heat and defense, and are casually correlated with the environmental stress of ZJ plant origin in the Himalayas. In addition, the highly expressed C4H and LDOX genes for synthesizing flavanol precursors, ZJ-specific CLH1 for degrading chlorophyll, alternatively spliced C4H and FDR and low photosynthesis also contributed to the altered color and flavor of ZJ. Thus, our study provides a better molecular understanding of the effect of purple coloration on leaf flavor, and helps to guide future engineering improvement of palatability.
Increased Leaf Nicotine Content by Targeting Transcription Factor Gene Expression in Commercial Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Liu Hai , Kotova Tatyana I. , Timko Michael P.
Published: November 2019

Nicotine, the most abundant pyridine alkaloid in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), is a potent inhibitor of insect and animal herbivory and a neurostimulator of human brain function. Nicotine biosynthesis is controlled developmentally and can be induced by abiotic and biotic stressors via a jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signal transduction mechanism involving members of the APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) families. AP2/ERF and bHLH TFs work combinatorically to control nicotine biosynthesis and its subsequent accumulation in tobacco leaves. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the tobacco NtERF32, NtERF221/ORC1, and NtMYC2a TFs leads to significant increases in nicotine accumulation in T2 transgenic K326 tobacco plants before topping. Up to 9-fold higher nicotine production was achieved in transgenics overexpressing NtERF221/ORC1 under the control of a constitutive GmUBI3 gene promoter compared to wild-type plants. The constitutive 2XCaMV35S promoter and a novel JA-inducible 4XGAG promoter were less effective in driving high-level nicotine formation. Methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment further elevated nicotine production in all transgenic lines. Our results show that targeted manipulation of NtERF221/ORC1 is an effective strategy for elevating leaf nicotine levels in commercial tobacco for use in the preparation of reduced risk tobacco products for smoking replacement therapeutics.
HisCoM-PAGE: Hierarchical Structural Component Models for Pathway Analysis of Gene Expression Data
Authors: Mok Lydia , Kim Yongkang , Lee Sungyoung , Choi Sungkyoung , Lee Seungyeoun , Jang Jin-Young , Park Taesung
Published: November 2019

Although there have been several analyses for identifying cancer-associated pathways, based on gene expression data, most of these are based on single pathway analyses, and thus do not consider correlations between pathways. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical structural component model for pathway analysis of gene expression data (HisCoM-PAGE), which accounts for the hierarchical structure of genes and pathways, as well as the correlations among pathways. Specifically, HisCoM-PAGE focuses on the survival phenotype and identifies its associated pathways. Moreover, its application to real biological data analysis of pancreatic cancer data demonstrated that HisCoM-PAGE could successfully identify pathways associated with pancreatic cancer prognosis. Simulation studies comparing the performance of HisCoM-PAGE with other competing methods such as Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Global Test, and Wald-type Test showed HisCoM-PAGE to have the highest power to detect causal pathways in most simulation scenarios.
How Attitudes toward Alcohol Policies Differ across European Countries: Evidence from the Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS)
Authors: Kilian Carolin , Manthey Jakob , Moskalewicz Jacek , Sieroslawski Janusz , Rehm Jürgen
Published: November 2019

Alcohol policy endorsements have changed over time, probably interacting with the implementation and effectiveness of alcohol policy measures. The Standardized European Alcohol Survey (SEAS) evaluated public opinion toward alcohol policies in 20 European locations (19 countries and one subnational region) in 2015 and 2016 (n = 32,641; 18–64 years). On the basis of the SEAS report, we investigated regional differences and individual characteristics related to categories of alcohol policy endorsement. Latent class analysis was used to replicate cluster structure from the SEAS report and to examine individual probabilities of endorsement. Hierarchical quasi-binomial regression models were run to analyze the relative importance of variables of interest (supranational region, gender, age, educational achievement, and drinking status) on class endorsement probability, with random intercepts for each location. The highest support for alcohol control policies was recorded in Northern countries, which was in contrast to the Eastern countries, where the lowest support for control policies was found. Across all locations, positive attitudes toward control policies were associated with the female gender, older age, and abstaining from alcohol. Our findings underline the need to communicate alcohol-related harm and the implications of alcohol control policies to the public in order to increase awareness and support for such policies in the long run.
Promoting Factors for Physical Activity in Children with Asthma Explored through Concept Mapping
Authors: Brons Annette , Braam Katja , Timmerman Annieck , Broekema Aline , Visser Bart , van Ewijk Bart , Terheggen-Lagro Suzanne , Rutjes Niels , van Leersum Hellen , Engelbert Raoul , Kröse Ben , Chinapaw Mai , Altenburg Teatske
Published: November 2019

For children with asthma, physical activity (PA) can decrease the impact of their asthma. Thus far, effective PA promoting interventions for this group are lacking. To develop an intervention, the current study aimed to identify perspectives on physical activity of children with asthma, their parents, and healthcare providers. Children with asthma between 8 and 12 years old (n = 25), their parents (n = 17), and healthcare providers (n = 21) participated in a concept mapping study. Participants generated ideas that would help children with asthma to become more physically active. They sorted all ideas and rated their importance on influencing PA. Clusters were created with multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The researchers labelled the clusters as either environmental or personal factors using the Physical Activity for people with a Disability model. In total, 26 unique clusters were generated, of which 17 were labelled as environmental factors and 9 as personal factors. Important factors that promote physical activity in children with asthma according to all participating groups are asthma control, stimulating environments and relatives, and adapted facilities suiting the child’s needs. These factors, supported by the future users, enable developing an intervention that helps healthcare providers to promote PA in children with asthma.
The Washington State Environmental Health Disparities Map: Development of a Community-Responsive Cumulative Impacts Assessment Tool
Authors: Min Esther , Gruen Deric , Banerjee Debolina , Echeverria Tina , Freelander Lauren , Schmeltz Michael , Saganić Erik , Piazza Millie , Galaviz Vanessa E. , Yost Michael , Seto Edmund Y.W.
Published: November 2019

Communities across Washington State have expressed the need for neighborhood-level information on the cumulative impact of environmental hazards and social conditions to illuminate disparities and address environmental justice issues. Many existing mapping tools have not explicitly integrated community voice and lived experience as an integral part of their development. The goals of this project were to create a new community–academic–government partnership to collect and summarize community concerns and to develop a publicly available mapping tool that ranks relative environmental health disparities for populations across Washington State. Using a community-driven framework, we developed the Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map, a cumulative environmental health impacts assessment tool. Nineteen regularly updated environmental and population indicators were integrated into the geospatial tool that allows for comparisons of the cumulative impacts between census tracts. This interactive map provides critical information for the public, agencies, policymakers, and community-based organizations to make informed decisions. The unique community–academic–government partnership and the community-driven framework can be used as a template for other environmental and social justice mapping endeavors.
The Dynamics of Changes and Spatial Differences in the Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating Environmental Performance in Poland: Current State
Authors: Senetra Adam , Pawlewicz Katarzyna , Pawlewicz Adam
Published: November 2019

Socioeconomic development and consumption are among the key drivers of environmental degradation. Legal measures and the appropriate funding are required to effectively protect the natural environment. The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of changes and spatial differences in the measures undertaken to protect and improve the quality of the environment. A set of indicators for evaluating environmental performance was developed and tested on Poland as an example. The relevant data are publicly available in statistical databases. Proposed indicators can be modified for use in other countries by incorporating country-specific characteristics. The environmental protection activities implemented in Polish voivodeships at the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) 4 level (counties) in three financial frameworks (2004–2006, 2007–2013 and 2014–2017) were analyzed against the base year (2003). A total of 27 variables divided into four categories were analyzed: (1) water and wastewater management and water conservation, (2) waste management and protection of the Earth’s surface, (3) air pollution and climate control, (4) nature conservation and promotion of pro-environmental behaviors. A Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating Environmental Performance (SIEEP) was developed based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Based on the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, the analyzed counties were divided into four typological classes reflecting the values of the SIEEP. The research showed that the implementation of environmental protection measures financed from public funds minimizes the negative impact of human activities on the environment. Positive changes in the values of the analyzed variables and a steady increase in the number of counties with high values of the SIEEP testify to the above.
Method Validation and Dissipation Behaviour of Dimethyl Disulphide (DMDS) in Cucumber and Soil by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kaium Abdul , Cao Junli , Liu Xingang , Xu Jun , Dong Fengshou , Wu Xiaohu , Zheng Yongquan
Published: November 2019

In this study, a useful analytical method was developed and validated for measuring the residues of dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) in cucumbers and soil by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The dissipation dynamics and residual levels of DMDS in cucumber and soil were also studied in Shandong, Jilin, and Hebei provinces by using this method. Dichloromethane was selected and used as the extraction solvent to extract the target pesticide from the soil and cucumber samples. The soil and cucumber samples were cleaned up by the combination of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and biochar. The average recoveries of the DMDS in cucumbers and soil were in the range of 84–101.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.7–4.9%, when they spiked at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg DMDS respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was 0.05 mg/kg. First-order and second-order kinetic equations were used to fit dissipation data. Results show that the half-lives of DMDS in the soil at Shandong, Jilin, and Hebei were 1.63–4.47 days, 1.96–6.49 days, and 1.35–2.51 days, respectively. The final residues of DMDS were less than 0.05 mg/kg in cucumbers and 0.36 mg/kg in the soil. The dissipation rates of DMDS in different soils were different. The method provides a basis for the risk assessment of DMDS in cucumber and soil.
Associations of Sedentary Behavior with Physical Fitness and Academic Performance among Chinese Students Aged 8–19 Years
Authors: Huang Xin , Zeng Nan , Ye Sunyue
Published: November 2019

Background: Existing evidence regarding how time spent on various types of sedentary behavior (SB) in relation to physical fitness (PF) and academic performance (AP) in children and adolescents is limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the associations of SB types with PF and AP among 8–19-year-old Chinese students. Methods: A total of 1164 students were recruited from five schools in Zhejiang province, China. Children’s SB was assessed by a valid questionnaire and AP was represented by scores on four courses. PF was measured by Chinese National Student PF Standard battery. The associations were assessed using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, school, grade, and class. Results: Students’ screen-based SB was observed to be negatively associated with PF in girls (p < 0.05). Screen-based SB was inversely associated with AP in both girls and boys (p < 0.001). The significant interaction between weekdays and weekends, and SB on AP was observed in girls (p < 0.001). On weekends, screen-based SB ≥ 6 h/day (<3 h/day as reference group) was significantly and negatively associated with AP (p < 0.01 for both sex). Conclusions: Longer screen-based SB, especially on weekends, was related to poorer AP in 8–19-year-old Chinese students. Our findings suggest that restrictions on any type of screen-based SB for leisure on weekends are beneficial to AP in Chinese students.
Study on the Pressure Bearing Capability of Folded Multi-Port Flat Tube
Authors: Tang Ding , Chen Xiaole , Zhao Leilei , Zou Tianxia , Wang Huamiao , Li Dayong , Peng Yinghong , Wu Peidong
Published: November 2019

The pressure bearing capability of a folded multi-port flat tube (MPFT), which has the advantage of retaining the corrosion property of corrosion resistant materials, was investigated in this study with both a burst pressure test and finite element simulation. Results show that the folded tube’s failure is mainly caused by the breaking of the inner ribs. Instead of detecting inner pressure, the bulging ratio, which is supposed to be small under service pressure, rises rapidly before failure. Therefore, it is suggested to use bulging ratio to visibly determine the working status of folded MPFTs. Based on FE simulations, the pressure bearing capability of the folded MPFT was improved by optimizing the relevant folding parameters. In addition, the influence of in-plane bending was also investigated. It is found that the folded MPFTs can still retain most of the pressure bearing capability after in-plane bending.
Towards Optimization of Surface Roughness and Productivity Aspects during High-Speed Machining of Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Abbas Adel T. , Sharma Neeraj , Anwar Saqib , Hashmi Faraz H. , Jamil Muhammad , Hegab Hussien
Published: November 2019

Nowadays, titanium alloys are achieving a significant interest in the field of aerospace, biomedical, automobile industries especially due to their extremely high strength to weight ratio, corrosive resistance, and ability to withstand higher temperatures. However, titanium alloys are well known for their higher chemical reactive and low thermal conductive nature which, in turn, makes it more difficult to machine especially at high cutting speeds. Hence, optimization of high-speed machining responses of Ti–6Al–4V has been investigated in the present study using a hybrid approach of multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis (MOORA) integrated with regression and particle swarm approach (PSO). This optimization approach is employed to offer a balance between achieving better surface quality with maintaining an acceptable material removal rate level. The position of global best suggested by the hybrid optimization approach was: Cutting speed 194 m/min, depth of cut of 0.1 mm, feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, and cutting length of 120 mm. It should be stated that this solution strikes a balance between achieving lower surface roughness in terms of Ra and Rq, with reaching the highest possible material removal rate. Finally, an investigation of the tool wear mechanisms for three studied cases (i.e., surface roughness based, productivity-based, optimized case) is presented to discuss the effectiveness of each scenario from the tool wear perspective.