bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Segmentation in the American Metropolis: Increasing Divergence in Economic Incorporation, 1980–1990
Authors: Logan John R. , Alba Richard D. , Dill Michael , Zhou Min
Published: June 2018

Based on the industrial sectors in which group members are concentrated, the ethnic economies of various racial and ethnic groups became more distinctive from one another during the 1980s. Non-Hispanic whites continued to dominate key sectors in every metropolitan area studied. Their withdrawal from some others, however, left openings for other groups in apparel manufacturing and in a variety of trade and personal service activities. The void was filled by selected immigrant groups who had already begun to establish enclave economies by 1980: especially Koreans, Chinese, and Cubans. As many as two-thirds of these groups’ members worked in their enclaves in some regions. At the same time, other immigrant and minority groups, especially blacks, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and Filipinos remained highly dependent on employment niches in the public sector or working for other groups in the private sector. The model of a dual city (with a mainly white core economy and a minority periphery) is losing its descriptive power due to the divergent paths taken by different nonwhite groups.
English Skills, Earnings, and the Occupational Sorting of Mexican Americans along the U.S.-Mexico Border
Authors: Dávila Alberto , Mora Marie T.
Published: June 2018

While English proficiency enhances labor market outcomes, its role in minority-language regions remains largely unexplored. Employing the U.S.-Mexico border as a minority-language region, we analyze whether English skills differently affect the earnings and occupational sorting of Mexican Americans along the border relative to their non-border peers. We find comparable English deficiency earnings penalties for Mexican immigrants, suggesting that this group responds to English-specific regional wage gaps. U.S.-born men, however, have a larger earnings penalty along the border, possibly reflecting natives’ relative immobility owing to strong geographic preferences. Occupational sorting exercises give credence to this interpretation for native Mexican American females.
The Determinants of Immigrant Self-Employment in Australia
Authors: Le Anh T.
Published: June 2018

This article applies both single cross-section and dual cross-section approaches to modeling the propensity to be self-employed among the foreign born in the Australian labor market. The results from a single cross-section regression indicate that educational attainment, Australian labor market experience, the availability of capital, marital status and job related characteristics are important influences on self-employment outcomes. The propensity to be self-employed among immigrants is shown to be enhanced by the existence of enclave markets. Ethnic enclaves created via a common language provide more relevant prospects for self-employment than does the concentration of immigrants by birthplace. However, enclave markets do not have a significant impact on the self-employment outcomes of the Australian-born children of immigrants. The dual cross-section approach shows that the cross-section self-employment growth among immigrants is predominantly an adjustment effect rather than a cohort effect.
Fertility and Multiculturalism: Immigrant Fertility in Australia, 1977–1991
Authors: Abbasi-Shavazi Mohammad Jalal , McDonald Peter
Published: June 2018

This article examines the fertility patterns of immigrant groups in Australia during the period, 1977–1991. In this period, the previous policies of assimilation or integration of immigrants into mainstream culture were set aside in favor of a policy of multiculturalism, one of the dimensions of which was support for maintenance of culture. The general finding of research relating to the period prior to multiculturalism was that immigrants adapted to Australian fertility patterns. This study examines whether immigrants and their children in the era of multiculturalism have been more likely to maintain the fertility patterns of their country of origin than was the case in the past. The study concludes that while adaptation to Australian patterns remains the dominant feature of the fertility patterns of immigrants, Italian and Greek Australians show evidence of cultural maintenance.
Beyond the Melting Pot 35 Years Later: On the Relevance of a Sociological Classic for the Immigration Metropolis of Today
Authors: Alba Richard
Published: June 2018

The following essays were originally presented at a symposium at the 1998 annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society. The charge to the authors was to revisit Beyond the Melting Pot, the classic statement about ethnicity, race, and the American city, first published in 1963, and to assess how well its interpretations apply to the contemporary immigration metropolis. The commentators included two New Yorkers (Nancy Foner and Philip Kasinitz), since New York City was the terrain of the book, and two non-New Yorkers (Elijah Anderson and Alejandro Portes). Their commentaries touch on many points in the immigration landscape of today, from immigration's impacts on African Americans to immigrant transnationalism, and identify a number of continuities and discontinuities between the contemporary metropolis and that of nearly four decades ago. Further, Nathan Glazer's response provides, for the first time in a widely accessible form, his reflections on how well the book's portrait and predictions have held up. I am grateful to the IMR editor, Lydio Tomasi, and the journal's board for the opportunity to present this symposium to readers.
The Spatial Association between U.S. Immigrant Residential Concentration and Environmental Hazards
Authors: Hunter Lori M.
Published: June 2018

Several studies undertaken over the past decade suggest that minority and lower-income communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards relative to the rest of the U.S. population, resulting in an issue of “environmental equity.” This research examines the equity issue in relation to the foreign born in the United States, making use of a county-level, nationwide, dataset reflecting sociodemographic characteristics and the presence of several environmental risk factors (toxic releases, hazardous waste generators, and Superfund sites). The results suggest that counties with higher proportions of immigrants and non-English speaking households are characterized by greater numbers of large quantity hazardous waste generators and proposed Superfund sites, two of the three incorporated measures of environmental risk. The later measure demonstrates the strongest relationship with immigrant presence.
A Liberal Argument for Border Controls: Reply to Carens
Authors: Isbister John
Published: June 2018

This note challenges Joseph H. Carens’ assertion that no comprehensive liberal case has been made against open borders. The heart of a liberal case against open borders is the distinction between the equal moral standing of all people on the one hand, and the requirement to provide equal treatment on the other. The first does not necessarily imply the second. Border controls in rich countries can be justified by liberals on the grounds that they protect the most disadvantaged residents of those countries.
Outsiders’ Business: A Critical Review of Research on Immigrant Entrepreneurship
Authors: Rath Jan , Kloosterman Robert
Published: June 2018

In the Netherlands, a significant proportion of the immigrant population has established itself as self-employed entrepreneurs in the past few years, a process which has caught the attention of researchers. This article critically examines the output of these researchers. It is concluded that although research in the Netherlands has brought to light a number of interesting facts, it has not contributed a great deal to our understanding of immigrant entrepreneurship. The harvest is one-sided, local and theoretically not very far-reaching. Research on immigrant entrepreneurship has been dominated by social scientists, who show a great deal of interest in ethnocultural characteristics and processes of ethnocultural incorporation. In so doing, they reduce immigrant entrepreneurship to an ethnocultural phenomenon existing within an economic and institutional vacuum. It is suggested that researchers seek linkages with the latest developments in international theory-building and that they pay more systematic attention to the structural changes in the urban economy and the institutional framework of the welfare state within which entrepreneurs operate.
Immigrants’ Pathways to Business Ownership: A Comparative Ethnic Perspective
Authors: Raijman Rebeca , Tienda Marta
Published: June 2018

This paper provides a comparative perspective of pathways to entrepreneurship among Hispanic (mostly Mexican), Korean, non-Hispanic white, and Middle-Eastern/South-Asian entrepreneurs to identify common and unique circumstances conducive to business ownership. A stratified random sample business survey conducted in an immigrant neighborhood in Chicago is analyzed, to determine whether employment in a co-ethnic firm and informal self-employment serve as a stepladder to business ownership. The blocked mobility hypothesis is examined by considering self-reports about reasons for becoming self-employed. Results show that the informal economy is a common pathway to steady self-employment for Hispanics, whereas entry through employment in a co-ethnic firm was more common among Koreans than immigrants from Mexico, the Middle East, and South Asia. Koreans see business ownership as a way to overcome blocked mobility, but virtually all desire their offspring to acquire “good jobs” in the open labor market. For Hispanics, business ownership is not solely an instrument for overcoming discrimination, but rather a strategy for intergenerational mobility.
A Validation of the Ethnosurvey: The Case of Mexico-U.S. Migration
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Zenteno René
Published: June 2018

This article evaluates the validity of the ethnosurvey as a method of demographic data collection by analyzing the representativeness of the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) as a source of information on Mexico-U.S. migration. After briefly delineating die philosophy, structure, and organization of the MMP's ethnosurvey design, we describe MMP's public use dataset as well as Mexico's Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica (ENADID) as a benchmark for its systematic evaluation. Although the MMP over-represents migrants in the western states and mid-sized communities, it yields a relatively accurate and valid profile of migrants to the United States. A comparison of multivariate models estimated using MMP and ENADID data suggests that whereas the former's sampling errors are small and yield biases that are substantively unimportant, the latter's potential for specification error and selection bias may seriously compromise results. Our comparison thus validates the ethnosurvey as an accurate and reliable method of data collection and the MMP as a good source of reasonably representative data on documented and undocumented migration to the United States.
The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization and Reform in Brazil
Authors: Perz Stephen G.
Published: June 2018

This article considers the rural exodus in Brazil between 1980 and 1991, a period of economic recession, globalization of agriculture, and neoliberal reforms. In this context, Brazil witnessed renewed capital penetration into agriculture, sustained employment growth in commerce and services, and rapid rural natural increase. As a result, rural populations in all regions of Brazil experienced losses due to net migration between 1980 and 1991 at a pace of over 1.4 million persons per year, a figure comparable to losses in previous decades. Further, rural-urban migration redistributed population to small urban areas as well as large metropolitan regions and included substantial interregional movement. These findings run counter to expectations, and the results suggest that rural-urban migration has proceeded in different historical and geographic contexts in Brazil.
Intercountry Adoption as a Migratory Practice: A Comparative Analysis of Intercountry Adoption and Immigration Policy and Practice in the United States, Canada and New Zealand in the Post W.W. II Period
Authors: Lovelock Kirsten
Published: June 2018

The United States immigration and intercountry adoption policies and practice are compared with those of Canada and New Zealand. In the post World War II period, both the United States and Canada have been significant as receiving countries for intercountry adoptees, while New Zealand has proportionately been one of the least significant receiving countries in the West. Intercountry adoptions were addressed in legislation and incorporated into immigration criteria and procedures in the immediate post war period in response to the displaced children of Europe. The early immigration legislation for the migration of children for adoption tended to be reactive and temporary. By the 1970s, there was an increased demand for intercountry adoption, and permanent provisions were established in immigration legislation and criteria. Despite the endorsement of this practice through immigration policy, no national policy corollary that addressed the welfare of these children emerged in the United States or Canada. In contrast, in New Zealand, immigration policy and criteria has been shaped by a national policy on intercountry adoption as a practice since the 1960s. This article traces the development of immigration policy and intercountry adoption policy and practice in all three countries. It is argued that ultimately, with respect to policy priorities and practice, all three countries have prioritized national needs and well being over the ‘needs and welfare’ of child migrants for adoption.
Immigration and the Boundaries of Citizenship: The Institutions of Immigrants’ Political Transnationalism
Authors: Itzigsohn José
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the emergence and the institutional structure of contemporary immigrants’ transnational politics. It poses three questions: 1) How is transnational politics structured? 2) How can we explain the current emergence of transnational political linkages? 3) Who participates and who benefits from political transnationalism. The article focuses on the cases of the Dominican Republic, Haiti and El Salvador and argues that they share an institutional pattern of transnational politics in which there are three main actors: the state apparatus of the country of origin; the political parties of the country of origin; and migrant organizations in the country of reception. The article links the rise of this pattern of transnational politics to the need of the states of origin to guarantee the flow of remittances, the organization of immigrants in the country of reception, and the consolidation of competitive politics in democratic regimes. Although the analysis is based on the experiences of Latin American and Caribbean countries and their emigrants in the United States, the article argues that this institutional pattern may transcend this particular region.
Immigration and Pluralism in Canada
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2018

Historiquement, le Canada est dualiste dans sa langue et son héritage culturel aussi bien que dans la structure de ses institutions. Toutefois, l'immigration a donné lieu à un pluralisme culturel et à d'autres phénomènes de différentiation sociale, de stratification et de redistribution écologique. Des termes comme ceux d'“assimilation” et d'“intégration” ne sont pas appropriés lorsqu'ils s'appliquent au nombre croissant d'immigrants “de passage” qui sont caractéristiques d'une société post-industrielle. L'ajustement social et économique des immigrants d'après-guerre au Canada est étudié à la lumière de ces considérations et des résultats de plusieurs enquêtes.
Characteristics of Puerto Rican Migrants to, and from, the United States
Authors: Sandis Eva E.
Published: June 2018

The objective of this paper is to assess the current state of our knowledge about the socio-economic and motivational characteristics of Puerto Rican migrants to, and from, the United States mainland. Focusing on these characteristics of the migrants makes it possible to determine the significance of the migration for Puerto Rico, by indicating which population segments the Island is losing, and gaining. It also enables one to see the significance of the move for the migrants themselves. Perhaps a social mobility process is involved, in which the more motivated migrate to the mainland to improve their socio-economic status, and the most successful return to Puerto Rico.
Mexican Americans and Cities: A Study in Migration and the Use of Formal Resources
Authors: Moore Joan W.
Published: June 2018

The paper explores the circumstances under which Los Angeles Mexican American men turn to formal or informal, Mexican or non-Mexican resources. Formal sources are most likely to be utilized for advice or help in dealing with the city government, second with regard to money problems, third with regard to politics, and least likely for personal problems. Formalization of resources is associated with length of residence in the city, but birthplace shows a different pattern. The data do not support the theoretical notion that urbanization is associated with abandonment of primary-group resources for this population. In fact, native Angelenos, with greater access to “cheaper” gemeinschaft resources, tend to adhere to them. The findings have implications for theories of urbanism as well as understanding of Mexican Americans.
Push/Pull in Recent Mexican Migration to the U.S.
Authors: Jenkins J. Craig
Published: June 2018

Interpretations of the “alien invasion” of illegal Mexican immigrants center around two positions: a “push” and a “pull” theory. Treating the migration as a labor migration, a set of hypotheses is tested dealing with economic conditions in the U.S. and Mexico for the 1948–1972 period. The “push” of conditions in Mexico accounts better for the migration than the “pulls” of economic opportunity in the U.S. The out-migration is traced to institutional changes deriving from economic development in Mexico, especially to governmental policies fostering private agricultural development and discouraging peasant agriculture.
Change in the Economic Absorption of a Cohort of Inmigrant Mexican Americans and Negroes between 1960 and 1971
Authors: Davison Victoria F. , Shannon Lyle W.
Published: June 2018

Survey research and other data were obtained on 280 Mexican Americans, 280 Negroes, and 413 Anglos in Racine, Wisconsin in 1960. Interviews were conducted with 75% of the original respondents and surviving spouses or children for data on an additional 20% in 1971. During the 11-year period economic differences between Anglos on the one hand and Negroes and Mexican Americans on the other hand remained essentially the same or slightly increased on the most crucial measures of occupation and income, whereas measured differences in level of living and home conditions tended to either remain fairly stable or to decrease. Differences between Mexican Americans and Negroes tended to decrease in all areas.
Return Migration to Israel
Authors: Toren Nina
Published: June 2018

After surveying the historical and legal background of the return migration to Israel, the empirical investigation reported in this paper—based on a random sample of Israeli citizens who returned during 1970 from the U.S., Canada, and France—addressed itself to the subject of motivations to migrate. The analysis has shown that the attraction that Israel has for its citizens residing abroad is primarily associated with patriotic commitments and family ties, whereas forces pushing people from other countries play only a minor role in return migration to Israel. The Israeli Government plan of granting special economic benefits to returnees during 1968–1970 did not achieve its designated purpose.
Occupation and Housing Adjustment of Migrants to Surabaya, Indonesia: The Case of a Second City
Authors: McCutcheon Laurie
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the adjustment of migrants to Surabaya with respect to occupation and housing characteristics. Surabaya, the second largest in Indonesia after Jakarta, had a population of 1.5 million in 1971. Between 1961 and 1971, Surabaya grew at an annual rate of 4.3 percent, but much of this growth was due to annexation of adjacent districts. The growth within constant 1961 boundaries was only 2.8 percent per year compared to 4.6 percent for Jakarta and even higher rates for capital cities in other Asian countries. However, of the total growth to Surabaya within constant boundaries, net migration has been estimated to account for 44 percent, with natural increase accounting for the rest (derived from Speare, 1976, Table 1). Surabaya's position as a provincial capital, its lower growth rate, and probably slower development make the results of this study of adjustment an interesting comparison relative to the three other capital cities represented in this group of papers.
Guest Workers as an Automatic Stabilizer of Cyclical Unemployment in Switzerland and Germany
Authors: Kuhn W.E.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the effect of varying the employment of foreign workers as an economic stabilization device in two highly industrialized West European countries: Germany and Switzerland. Discussing the migrant worker fluctuations in Switzerland, the author concludes that such a stabilization is not yet possible.
Mexican Women Adapt to Migration
Authors: Melville Margarita B.
Published: June 2018

Qualitative studies of migration cover a wide range of concerns. The research reported here deals primarily with the mental stress of acculturation which results from the processes of migration. The authors study has focused on recent Mexican female migrants to the City of Houston and seeks to determine the strategies used by these migrants to cope with the stress of migration. As a principal caus of stress, however, the undocumented status of twenty-one out of forty six of the respondents was revealed during the course of the interviews.
The Role of Two Newspapers in the Assimilation of Italians in Buenos Aires and São Paulo, 1893–1913
Authors: Baily Samuel L.
Published: June 2018

Focusing on the Italian language press in Argentina and Brazil, this article explores the role of the foreign language press in the immigrant process of acculturation. Specifically, the author evaluates La Patria degli Italiani of Buenos Aires and Fanfulla of São Paulo. These two papers, in their respective communities, retained the largest circulation and were generally acknowledged to be the most influential. The author probes the Italian communities in each country, examines the functions of the newspapers and estimates their respective influence.
Toward a Structural Analysis of Illegal (Undocumented) Immigration
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: June 2018

In his introduction to this issue of IMR which attempts to understand more fully different aspects of undocumented immigration, the guest editor situates the articles in the present context of research and policy, and complements them by summarizing some of the ideas common to all and by analyzing, on their basis, the significance of the current Administration's plan to deal with the illegal flow.
A Comparative Study of the Initial Adjustment of Immigrant Schoolchildren in Australia
Authors: Taft Ronald
Published: June 2018

The study reported in this paper investigates the nature of the stresses on immigrant schoolchildren, newly arrived in Australia, and the degree and type of maladjustments which become evident. The author examines, then, the adjustment path (improving, deteriorating, or curved) in an effort to determine whether the ease of adjustment for the three national groups under study is a function of their relative facility with the English language.
Dominican Family Networks and United States Immigration Policy: A Case Study
Authors: Garrison Vivian , Weiss Carol I.
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an analysis of the acculturative process of one Dominican family, focusing on the adaptation of extended families to United States immigration policy, and the implications these adaptations may hold for the traditional Dominican family. It is the contention of this paper that the definition of “family” according to United States immigration regulations does not reflect the cooperating kin group which is the “family” in Dominican culture and this gives rise to the need for a variety of extra-legal immigrant adaptive strategies
Language and Identity: Haitians in New York City
Authors: Buchanan Susan Huelsebusch
Published: June 2018

Like other newcomers to American society, Haitians resettling in New York City have experienced conflicts over social identity and status. It is the contention of this article that Haitians express these conflicts in their controversies over language usage. The argument is presented through an analysis of a dispute over the primary language — Haitian Creole or French — to be used in the Catholic Mass conducted at a Brooklyn church. The language issue also serves as a vehicle for debate over leadership within the Haitian milieu and representation within American society.
Labor Migration Policy in Colombia
Authors: Mármora Lelio
Published: June 2018

Awareness of the potential impact of emigration on the sending country has been increasing in Latin America during the 1970s. Colombia is the first country in Latin America with high emigration rates that has begun to develop a systematic immigration policy. The policy consists of programs aimed at retaining potential emigrants, channelling and regularizing migratory flows, and providing assistance to migrant workers and their families. This article discusses the context and application of these programs.
Economic Growth and Immigration in Venezuela
Authors: Sassen-Koob Saskia
Published: June 2018

Changes in immigration flows and policy in the last three decades are linked to differences in the level and types of economic growth in Venezuela. This provides an historical context within which to locate the post-1973 rise in immigrant entries and policy changes which have led to a definition of immigration as the import of foreign workers. These changes were generated by the unusually high economic growth rates made possible by the increase in the international price of oil, Venezuela's major export.
Immigrant Workers in the Buenos Aires Labor Market
Authors: Marshall Adriana
Published: June 2018

During the 1960s, immigrants from neighboring countries to Argentina became increasingly attracted to the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. This movement paralleled that of internal migrants. In some ways the incorporation of these groups into the labor market of Buenos Aires are similar; however, immigrants are disproportionately situated in manual positions in general and in the construction and domestic service sector in particular. This paper documents the position of migrant groups in the employment structure of Buenos Aires and explores the complex interaction between the migratory process and the demand for labor in construction and domestic service.
The Effect of Emigration upon Socioeconomic Structure: The Case of Paraguay
Authors: Gillespie Francis , Browning Harley
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an analysis of the Paraguayan emigration to Argentina, by area of emigration, the size of the flow and the structural factors fostering the movement. Finally, the authors elaborate upon the effects of this migration upon the Paraguyan socioeconomic structure.
Patterns of U.S. Migration from a Mexican Sending Community: A Comparison of Legal and Illegal Migrants
Authors: Reichert Josh , Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2018

This paper analyzes differences between legal and illegal Mexican migration to the United States as reflected by the migrant population of a rural, mestizo town in Michoacán, Mexico, in which 75 percent of families send migrants north on a periodic basis. Data collected during 1977–78 on a total town population numbering 2,621 inhabitants indicated that immigration stutus plays a key role in determining the size and composition of migrating parties, the duration of time spent away from home, and frequency of movement while in the United States. Compared to illegal migrants, it was found that legal migrants, or holders of U.S. resident visas, tended to migrate in larger groups and were much more likely to be accompanied by wives, children, and non-working dependents. The average period of time spent away from home by legal migrants each year also tended to be significantly less than that of illegals. Finally, legal migrants demonstrated far greater mobility while in the United States than illegals, both in terms of distances traveled and frequency of movement.
Immigrants and Associations: Their Role in the Socio-Political Process of Immigrant Worker Integration in West Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Schmitter Barbara E.
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an analysis of the way “secondary political rights” have been used in two of Europe's foremost labor importing countries: West Germany and Switzerland. It focuses on structural possibilities that could provide avenues for participation to the migrants and on nonwork related organizational structures that can potentially provide important links between migrants and the larger sociopolitical structure of the host country that are absent from labor market and work related structures.
Ethnic Community Mother Tongue Schools in the U.S.A.: Dynamics and Distributions
Authors: Fishman Joshua A.
Published: June 2018

This study of ethnic community mother tongue schooling reveals a large increase in the present number of such schools in the United States and urges understanding and appreciation of these schools. The author concludes that the ethnic community mother tongue school moderates and modulates ethnic uniqueness while it channels Americanness via the community's own institutions.
Jordanian Emigration: An Analysis of Migration Data
Authors: Hammouda Ahmad A.
Published: June 2018

This paper utilizes a log-linear model to analyze data of “The Multipurpose Household Survey; Jordanians Abroad 1975”. The findings indicate that the Jordanian emigrants are mainly young males (15–34 years of age) from the Amman District, most of whom have obtained the secondary school certificate. Only 41 percent of the emigrants left Jordan to work abroad. And only one person out of each 5.6 households left Jordan to live abroad.
Familism and Structural Assimilation of Mexican Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Tienda Marta
Published: June 2018

The relationship between geographic mobility, kinship ties and social status is examined in this article using data for a sample of 820 Mexican immigrants aged 18–60 who were interviewed upon legal entry to the U.S. in late 1973–74 and reinterviewed three years later. An attempt is made to determine whether and how the maintenance of kinship ties influences the integration of immigrants during the period immediately following emigration.
Refugees and International Cooperation
Authors: Melander Göran
Published: June 2018

This article explores three ways in which to solve a refugee problem: voluntary repatriation; integration in the country of refuge; and resettlement in a third country. The two latter cases both presuppose that asylum is granted.
Part II: The Analytic Framework: Exile and Resettlement: Refugee Theory
Authors: Kunz Egon F.
Published: June 2018

This article extends the analysis of factors affecting refugee outcomes to those areas preceding and succeeding flight. Thus, although the refugee situations may appear unique, the study and analysis of recurring elements offer explanations of the events actually observed and enable one to predict the course which future events may take.
Framing Refugees as Clients
Authors: de Voe Dorsh Marie
Published: June 2018

This article examines attempts and workings of various organizations engaged in international charity and refugee programs and the reactions of Tibetan refugees in particular.
Canada's Response to Refugees
Authors: Lanphier C. Michael
Published: June 2018

This paper traces types and numbers of refugees to Canada since World War II. As policy and practices have evolved considerably in that period a brief review of key developments precedes the discussion of Canada's response to the current refugee situation.
Canadian Immigration and Ethnic History in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Palmer Howard
Published: June 2018

This article presents a brief review of the literature on Canadian immigration and ethnic history for the decade of the 1970s through 1980. The literature surveyed is for those groups other than the original British and French colonizers or various native peoples.
The Rural Exodus in Mexico and Mexican Migration to the United States
Authors: Arizpe Lourdes
Published: June 2018

During the 1950s, labor conditions in the United States attrated Mexican migrants, mostly from rural areas, in sharply fluctuating patterns of active recruitment, laissez-faire or repatriation. Because these two movements have varied simultaneously and because they are interrelated, it has been assumed that the rural exodus in Mexico generally explains the flow of migrants across the border to the United States. This article argues that they must be analyzed instead as two distinct movements. Data presented show that most of the migrants created by the prevailing conditions in Mexican rural villages settle within Mexico, and that only specific types of migrants are attracted over the border.
The Relationship of U.S. Aid, Trade and Investment to Migration Pressures in Major Sending Countries
Authors: Morrison Thomas K.
Published: June 2018

It has often been suggested that U.S. foreign economic policies, including the areas of aid, trade and investment, could be utilized to influence migration pressures in major sending countries. This study explores the feasibility of this proposition by examining the linkages between these U.S. economic instruments and migration “push” factors. These linkages are shown to be indirect, are often quite complex, and the final impact on migration, except perhaps in the long run, is probably small in most cases.
The Political Impact of Foreign Labor: A Re-evaluation of the Western European Experience
Authors: Miller Mark J.
Published: June 2018

Foreign workers in Western Europe generally have been portrayed as powerless and voiceless. Especially for contemporary Marxists, foreign labor policy is seen as serving to reinforce the political status quo. This article suggests that foreign workers in Western Europe participate politically more often and in more diverse ways than generally thought. Their participation often is politically disruptive and has contributed to the growing perception that the sociopolitical costs of foreign labor policy outweigh its economic benefits.
Migration, Crisis and Theoretical Conflict
Authors: Bach Robert L. , Schraml Lisa A.
Published: June 2018

This essay examines the nature of the distinction between the equilibrium and historical-structuralist postions on migration as presented in the preceding article by Charles Wood. Rather than as paradigmatic confrontation, we reexamine their theoretical and political differences historically and in the context of the current world economic crisis. We discuss his proposal to focus on households as a strategy for integrating the two perspectives and for advancing an historical-structuralist understanding of migration and social change.
Migration within the Periphery: Haitian Labor in the Dominican Sugar and Coffee Industries
Authors: Grasmuck Sherri
Published: June 2018

This article presents data on the employment of Haitian labor in the sugar and coffee sectors in the Dominican economy. The Haitian cyclical pattern of migration is related to the enclave pattern of development as it has occurred in the Dominican Republic. The common features of both coffee and sugarcane production which stimulate the reliance on cheap foreign labor are discussed. Consideration is given to the differential impact of a “relative labor scarcity” in a peripheral society as compared to the relative labor shortages which appear in the secondary sectors of the core economies.
Interviewing Undocumented Immigrants: Methodological Reflections Based on Fieldwork in Mexico and the U. S.
Authors: Cornelius Wayne A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses data collection methods and basic issues of research strategy in field studies of unapprehended illegal immigrants living in the United States. It suggests ways to increase the reliability and validity of interview responses. Necessary modifications in format and style of interviews are described. An annotated bibiliography of recent field studies of undocumented immigrants is provided.
Benefits of Migration as a Personal Strategy in Nazaré, Portugal
Authors: Mendonsa Eugene L.
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the causes, patterns and results of involvement in international wage labor migration for Nazaré, a Portuguese fishing village and tourist resort. Some migrate permanently, others return to invest locally, and yet others only work abroad part of each year. Data indicate that international migration is a successful strategy for coping with a restrictive local opportunity structure. International migrants have more income, savings, capital goods, consumer goods and automobiles than non-migrants or those who only migrate within Portugal.
Recent Trends in Hispanic Immigration to the United States
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Schnabel Kathleen M.
Published: June 2018

Recent patterns of Hispanic immigration to the United States are examined using INS data. From 1960 to 1978 Hispanic immigration increased signficantly, reflecting the general acceleration in total immigration to the United States. Demographic trends reveal that Hispanic immigrants are increasingly working-age women. Their occupation composition is primarily blue collar, with operatives emerging as the predominant job category during the 1970s. Hispanic immigrants settle disproportionately in a small number of immigrant-receiving states, and within these states, in a restricted set of urban areas. These locations tend to be major centers of Hispanic population and culture in the U.S. Thus, patterns of Hispanic immigration indicate that its effects will be concentrated within the low-skill segment of particular urban labor markets which already contain large numbers of Hispanic workers.
Cohort Size Effects and Migration
Authors: Wilson Franklin D.
Published: June 2018

This article explores whether changes in the size of cohorts entering the labor force affect the propensity to migrate and the socioeconomic circumstances of migrants at destination. The flow of young in-migrants to large SMSAs declined during the 1965–76 period, but the relative socioeconomic standing of migrants at destination was unaffected by either cohort size or regional differentials in economic growth. It is suggested that a significant reduction in the volume of migration among members of the baby boom cohort was the primary adjustment mechanism, hence reducing the need for degrading the opportunities available to migrants.
High Level Manpower Movements in Northwest Europe and the Role of Careers: An Explanatory Framework
Authors: Salt John
Published: June 2018

This article works towards a theoretical explanatory framework for analyzing the geographical patterns of labor flows between the industrial countries of Western Europe. The framework proposed is based on the disaggregated nature of the modern labor market, in which specialist skills and training result in a workforce segmented into self-contained noncompeting groups. It is applied to the migration within Northwest Europe of high level manpower, especially those moving within multinational organizations.
Migrant Employment and the Recession — the Case of the Irish in Britain
Authors: Kirwin F.X. , Nairn A.G.
Published: June 2018

The past decade has witnessed a substantial contraction in the size of the Irishborn community in Britain. This paper uses shift share analysis to assess the extent to which job losses amongst the Irish in Britain over the years 1971–1977 may have induced return migration to Ireland. The article concludes that such “push” factors are likely to have been relatively weak in comparison to the ‘pull’ of an Irish economy considerably more buoyant than that of Britain.
Marriage Migration, A Neglected Form of Long-Term Mobility: A Case Study from Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Watts Susan J.
Published: June 2018

A case study of a Yoruba city of pre-colonial origin, Ilorin, Nigeria, reveals a movement of rural women to marry into wealthy polygymous compounds in the city and the return of some of these women to their rural natal compounds later in life. This movement may be an explanation for the high proportion of women in indigenous towns, and perhaps also in some newer medium-sized settlements. It can also be seen as a reflection of the unequal and exploitive relationship between the towns and their rural hinterland.
Haitian Emigration in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Perusek Glenn
Published: June 2018

Standard migration theories see receiving countries as the dynamic agent which pull migrants to them. These theories, while useful for explaining many cases, appear inadequate for the case of labor migration from Haiti to Cuba and the Dominican Republic in the early twentieth century. This article examines this history and offers an alternative theoretical framework for explaining this migration flow. It is argued that the prime cause of migration from Haiti is factors in the sending country.
Employment Predictors among Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Strand Paul J.
Published: June 2018

The influx of Indochinese refugees into the United States since 1975 has forced policy development in various resettlement areas. Considerable emphasis has been placed on employment and employment barriers. This article investigates the refugee employment process. A multivariate model is used to distinguish employed from unemployed refugees. Early arrivals, recent arrivals, and each of the four major ethnic groups is investigated separately.
Colombian Emigration: A Research Note on its Probable Quantitative Extent
Authors: Diaz-Briquets Sergio , Frederick Melinda J.
Published: June 2018

This note has two objectives. One is to provide a brief overview of quantitative estimates of Colombian emigration, including formal attempts to estimate the volume of net emigration. The second objective is to update the existing estimates with more recent data (in a highly speculative fashion). The goals of the note are modest. We attempt to summarize existing evidence while providing a brief discussion of how the estimates were preapred. Some of the estimates we discuss involve a very laborious methodology impossible to summarize in a few paragraphs. The ultimate goal of the exercise is to derive a “plausible” estimate of the extent of Colombian net emigration in 1980, although no claim is made that this estimate is correct or final. A more definitive estimate will not be available until after the careful and detailed evaluation of the 1980 round of censuses, although even these data will fail to yield answers to many questions related to the volume of Colombian emigration.
Adhesive Sociocultural Adaptation of Korean Immigrants in the U.S.: An Alternative Strategy of Minority Adaptation
Authors: Hurh Won Moo , Kim Kwang Chung
Published: June 2018

Adhesive adaptation is conceptualized as a particular mode of adaptation in which certain aspects of the new culture and social relations with members of the host society are added on to the immigrants’ traditional culture and social networks, without replacing or modifying any significant part of the old. In light of this conceptual framework, various patterns of Korean immigrants’ adaptation in the U.S. are examined. For data collection, 615 Korean immigrants in the Los Angeles area were interviewed in 1979. Findings indicate that the immigrants’ strong and pervasive ethnic attachment is unaffected by their length of residence in the U.S., socioeconomic status and cultural and social assimilation rates. The adhesive mode of adaptation is thus empirically confirmed by this study. Theoretical and practical implications of this adhesive adaptation are discussed in the conclusion.
Illegals and Expulsion in Africa: The Nigerian Experience
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti
Published: June 2018

That undocumented migration persists and is widespread in Africa is due to a number of interrelated factors: the absence of barriers or, arbitrariness of national frontiers; the large stretch of unpoliced borders; ignorance about the existence of borders; and the absence or inadequacy of migration laws and regulations in both the country of origin and destination (ICM. 1983). Thus, in Africa in particular, the national frontiers which divide social, ethnic and economic communities inadvertently give rise to undocumented migration; in most cases it is difficult to know when a traveler actually crosses international borders.
An Elusive Concept: The Changing Definition of Illegal Immigrant in the Practice of Immigration Control in the United Kingdom
Authors: Couper Kristin , Santamaria Ulysses
Published: June 2018

This article examines the changing concepts in United Kingdom immigration practice where immigration control at the port of entry has extended to internal control within the United Kingdom, the burden of proof of legality of status being increasingly upon the immigrant, against a background of administrative, rather than criminal justice.
Undocumented Migration to Venezuela
Authors: Van Roy Ralph
Published: June 2018

In 1980 Venezuela took concrete steps to regularize the undocumented migrant population. While the number responding to the amnesty was small relative to expectations, the majority of illegals appeared to have regularized their status. For the first time it was possible to assess objectively the characteristics of the undocumented population. Moreover, the problem of illegal migrants seems to have been temporarily solved, a result of both the amnesty and the country's declining economic activity.
Methods of Analysis of Illegal Immigration into the United States
Authors: Briggs Vernon
Published: June 2018

A major barrier to the discussion of the scope and impact of illegal immigration on the American economy has been the inadequacy of existing data. Although data problems are not unique to this topic, the limited availablity of macro-data on the size of the annual flows and of the accumulated stock of individuals as well as of micro-data on their influences on selected labor markets has been effectively used to forestall policy reform efforts.
Geographic Distribution of Undocumented Immigrants: Estimates of Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 Census by State
Authors: Passel Jeffrey S. , Woodrow Karen A.
Published: June 2018

This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 census for each state and the District of Columbia. The estimates, which indicate that 2.06 million undocumented aliens were counted in the 1980 census, are not based on individual records, but are aggregate estimates derived by a residual technique. The census count of aliens (modified somewhat to account for deficiencies in the data) is compared with estimates of the legally resident alien population based on data collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in January 1980. The final estimates represent extensions to the state level of national estimates developed by Warren and Passel (1984). Estimates are developed for each of the states for selected countries of birth and for age, sex, and period of entry categories.

The article describes the origins of the undocumented alien population, as well as some of their demographic characteristics. Some of the implications of the numbers and distribution of undocumented aliens are also discussed.