bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parthenium hysterophorus-derived iron-coated biochar: a sustainable solution for nitrate and phosphate removal from water
Authors: islam Izaz ul , Ahmad Mushtaq , Shah Behzad , Ahmad Hafiz Muhammad , Janiad Sara , Shah Nasrullah , Yabalak Erdal
Published: June 2024

Water bodies face severe pollution from industrial operations and other human activities, endangering biotic life worldwide. Nitrate and phosphate contamination poses a significant challenge globally. This study focuses on developing an efficient adsorbent, derived from Parthenium hysterophorus (P. hysterophorus), for nitrate and phosphate removal from water. Biochar, termed P. hysterophorus stem biochar (SBC), was prepared at 650℃ and further coated with iron, creating iron-coated stem biochar (ICSBC), to enhance adsorption potential. SEM, TEM, EDX, and FTIR analyses characterized raw and coated biochars. Comparative adsorption studies revealed that P. hysterophorus ICSBC exhibited high adsorption capacity (nitrate = N = 77.17 mg/g, phosphate = P = 83.93 mg/g) and removal efficiency (nitrate = 88.19%, phosphate = 95.89%). Batch experiments explored the effects of contact time, adsorbent loading, pH, and initial concentration. Kinetic and equilibrium models demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models best fit the data (R2 values: N = 0.9644, P = 0.98122, N = 93.68, P = 92.97, respectively). ICSBC’s favorable attributes, including strong adsorption, low cost, and eco-friendliness, position it as an ideal adsorbent for nitrate and phosphate removal from contaminated water.

Graphical abstract
A review of soil pollution by potentially toxic elements and remediation strategies in copper mining areas in Iran
Authors: Rouhani A. , Hejcman M. , Trögl J.
Published: June 2024

With a substantial rise in both domestic and worldwide copper mining rates over the past decade, Iran has become a major producer of copper in the Middle East. The increasing need for copper-based products in a variety of industries, including as information technology, electronics, transportation, and construction, is driving this rise. However, the expansion of copper mining activities has led to environmental degradation, particularly in mining sites where potentially hazardous elements (PTEs) have contaminated the soil. Despite these significant environmental impacts, they have often been overlooked, posing long-term environmental challenges as copper extraction continues. This research extensively reviews the literature (from 2000 to 2023) on soil contamination in Iran’s copper mining districts, focusing on PTEs. It evaluates the extent of potentially hazardous elements’ pollution in soils, comparing findings with global data, and explores remediation strategies employed in these regions. Results suggest that studies predominantly center around the Sarcheshmeh copper mine, highlighting copper, lead, and molybdenum as dominant PTE pollutants. Phytoremediation emerges as the primary remediation method used in these areas, indicating Iran's sustainable approach to addressing potentially hazardous elements’ contamination. This review recommends comprehensive monitoring of PTEs across all Iranian copper mines and further exploration of native plant species that successfully grow and stabilize potentially hazardous elements grow in copper mining areas remediation.
Vitamin D and Toxic Metals in Pregnancy - a Biological Perspective
Authors: Fisher Mandy , Weiler Hope A. , Kuiper Jordan R. , Borghese Michael , Buckley Jessie P. , Shutt Robin , Ashley-Martin Jillian , Subramanian Anita , Arbuckle Tye E. , Potter Beth K. , Little Julian , Morisset Anne-Sophie , Jukic Anne Marie
Published: June 2024

Purpose of Review

To discuss the potential biological mechanisms between vitamin D and toxic metals and summarize epidemiological studies examining this association in pregnant women.

Recent Findings

We identified four plausible mechanisms whereby vitamin D and toxic metals may interact: nephrotoxicity, intestinal absorption of metals, endocrine disruption, and oxidative stress. Few studies have examined the association between vitamin D and toxic metals in pregnant women. North American studies suggest that higher vitamin D status early in pregnancy are associated with lower blood metals later in pregnancy. However, a trial of vitamin D supplementation in a pregnant population, with higher metal exposures and lower overall nutritional status, does not corroborate these findings.

Given ubiquitous exposure to many toxic metals, nutritional intervention could be a means for prevention of adverse outcomes. Future prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship and clarify the directionality of vitamin D and metals.
Risk of Anaphylaxis Associated with Cold Urticaria
Authors: Bizjak Mojca , Rutkowski Krzysztof , Asero Riccardo
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

Cold-induced anaphylaxis (ColdA) is a poorly understood form of anaphylaxis that occurs in patients with cold urticaria (ColdU). This comprehensive review aims to deepen the understanding of ColdA. It emphasizes the identification of high-risk ColdU patients susceptible to ColdA and provides recommendations for their effective management.

Recent findings

Recent studies, including the large international COLD-CE study, have identified clinical features of ColdU patients associated with increased ColdA risk. These individuals can now be recognized through routine clinical assessments. Key diagnostic indicators for assessing ColdU and the risk of ColdA include oropharyngeal/laryngeal symptoms and positive standard local cold provocation tests. ColdA has been defined as acute cold-induced involvement of the skin and/or visible mucosal tissue accompanied by cardiovascular manifestations, difficulty breathing, or gastrointestinal symptoms, but a universally accepted definition is lacking. Additionally, ColdA has recently been recognized as an indication for prescribing adrenaline (epinephrine) autoinjectors, marking a significant advancement in disease management.

ColdA is a major and potentially life-threatening concern for a subset of ColdU patients. Early recognition of high-risk patients, coupled with education and preparedness of both patients and healthcare providers, is crucial for effectively managing this challenging condition. Further research is needed to expand understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of ColdA, identify potential cofactors influencing ColdA, and improve disease-management strategies.
Infection of tomato in Iraq with tomato leaf curl Palampur virus and multiple variants of tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Authors: Al-Waeli Muhannad , Shahmohammadi Niayesh , Tavakoli Susan , Dizadji Akbar , Kvarnheden Anders
Published: June 2024

Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) and tomato leaf curl disease (TLCD) cause serious losses in tomato production, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In 2014–2015, tomato samples with TYLCD/TLCD-like symptoms were collected from different provinces of Iraq and infection with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) identified. To study the diversity of TYLCV, DNA of eight positive samples from this survey was used for rolling-circle amplification, cloning and sequencing. Pairwise nucleotide sequence comparisons with complete genomes showed that the Iraqi TYLCV isolates belonged to the strains TYLCV-IL and TYLCV-Mld. In a phylogenetic analysis, the Iraqi TYLCV-IL isolates grouped into three distinct clades, consisting of TYLCV-IL (A) and the two new variants TYLCV-IL (D) and TYLCV-IL (E). The Iraqi isolate of TYLCV-Mld grouped into the newly proposed TYLCV-Mld (D) variant. For one sample, sequencing also revealed co-infection with tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV). The phylogenetic tree of ToLCPalV DNA-A showed a close relationship between the isolates of different hosts from Iraq and Iran. No evidence of recombination was detected in ToLCPalV DNA-A, but recombination was observed for the TYLCV isolates. The results indicate that there is a high diversity of TYLCV in Iraq, including new variants, that is partly shared with Kuwait and countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Occurrence of multiple TYLCV variants and ToLCPalV can act as a potential threat to tomato production in Iraq.
Die Rolle der Konzeption ‚Lesen durch Schreiben‘ für Rechtschreib- und Leseleistungen, Selbstkonzept und Lernfreude im ersten und zweiten Schuljahr
Authors: Hess Miriam , Denn Ann-Katrin , Widmer Anna-Katharina , Lipowsky Frank
Published: June 2024

Im Beitrag wird anhand einer Stichprobe von 31 Lehrpersonen und 507 Lernenden untersucht, welche Effekte die Orientierung von Lehrpersonen an der Konzeption ‚Lesen durch Schreiben‘ unter Kontrolle von Voraussetzungen der Lernenden sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur auf die Lese- und Rechtschreibleistung, das Selbstkonzept im Lesen und Schreiben sowie die Lernfreude in den ersten beiden Schuljahren hat. Während sich auf die Rechtschreibleistung negative Effekte zeigen, sind die Effekte auf das Selbstkonzept im Schreiben positiv ausgeprägt. Im Bereich Lesen ergeben sich weder für die Leistung noch für das Selbstkonzept bedeutsame Effekte. Die Lernfreude von Kindern, deren Lehrpersonen sich stärker an ‚Lesen durch Schreiben‘ orientieren, ist in der Tendenz etwas höher ausgeprägt.
“How About Being Trustworthy Rather Than Asking Families to Trust?”: A Prerequisite for Child Protection Authorities Partnering with Indigenous Communities
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie , Ivec Mary
Published: June 2024

Australia’s Indigenous children are 12 times more likely than non-Indigenous children to be in out-of-home care, a rate that has been increasing. Since 2009, government policies have committed to keeping children safe in families through support, early intervention, and Indigenous self-determination. Action has not matched policy. Quantitative and qualitative survey data from third parties (n = 29 Indigenous and n = 358 non-Indigenous) are analysed with a view to understanding expectations and visions for reform. Third parties expressed distrust and resistance toward child protection authorities. Indigenous third parties more so. Achieving reform objectives depends on child protection authorities initiating relational repair with third parties through addressing ritualism, implementing policy and investing in genuine partnering. Indigenous third parties, in addition, identified institutional racism and cultural disrespect as obstacles to reform.
Harmonizing Quality Improvement Metrics Across Global Trial Networks to Advance Paediatric Clinical Trials Delivery
Authors: Attar Sabah , Price Angie , Hovinga Collin , Stewart Breanne , Lacaze-Masmonteil Thierry , Bonifazi Fedele , Turner Mark A. , Fernandes Ricardo M.
Published: June 2024

Background

Despite global efforts to improve paediatric clinical trials, significant delays continue in paediatric drug approvals. Collaboration between research networks is needed to address these delays. This paper is a first step to promote interoperability between paediatric networks from different jurisdictions by comparing drivers for, and content of, metrics about clinical trial conduct.

Methods

Three paediatric networks, Institute for Advanced Clinical Trials for Children, the Maternal Infant Child and Youth Research Network and conect4children, have each developed metrics to address delays and create efficiencies. We identified the methodology by which each network identified metrics, described the metrics of each network, and mapped consistency to come to consensus about core metrics that networks could share.

Results

Metric selection was driven by site quality improvement in one network (11 metrics), by network performance in one network (13 metrics), and by both in one network (five metrics). The domains of metrics were research capacity/capability, site identification/feasibility, trial start-up, and recruitment/enrolment. The network driven by site quality improvement did not have indicators for capacity/capability or identification/feasibility. Fifteen metrics for trial start up and conduct were identified. Metrics related to site approvals were found in all three networks. The themes for metrics can inform the development of ‘shared’ metrics.

Conclusion

We found disparity in drivers, methodology and metrics. Tackling this disparity will result in a unified approach to addressing delays in paediatric drug approvals. Collaborative work to define inter-operable metrics globally is outlined.
Saffron of Taliouine and new extension areas in Morocco: farmers surveys and physicochemical analysis
Authors: Khoulati Amine , Abousalim Abdelhadi
Published: June 2024

Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, is a local product of socio-economic importance for developing many rural areas of Morocco, of which Taliouine is the main production area. The views on factors affecting the quality and yield of farmers practicing saffron cultivation are of great importance, and there is currently no research on this topic in the literature. This work aims to evaluate the quality of saffron samples collected at Taliouine (4 samples) and the main extension areas (4 samples) and to survey producers on the characteristics of quality and the main factors involved. The physicochemical analyses were carried out according to the technical specifications of the ISO/TS 3632-2 standard, making it possible to classify the samples according to the Moroccan standard: NM 08.1.037/2007, in categories I or II. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between $${\text{E}}_{440\text{ nm }}^{1{\%}}$$

E

440

nm

1
%

(specific crocin extinction) ranging from 313.77 to 351.36 of the four samples from the Taliouine area and the $${\text{E}}_{440\text{ nm }}^{1{\%}}$$

E

440

nm

1
%

varying from 204.04 to 492.87 of the four samples from the other regions, between the $${\text{E}}_{257\text{ nm}}^{1{\%}}$$

E

257

nm

1
%

(specific picrocrocin extinction) of the four samples of the Taliouine zone changing from 138.06 to 169.39 and the $${\text{E}}_{257\text{ nm}}^{1{\%}}$$

E

257

nm

1
%

ranging from 134.90 to 219.18 of the four samples from the other zones and finally between the $${\text{E}}_{330\text{ nm}}^{1{\%}}$$

E

330

nm

1
%

(specific safranal extinction) varying from 65.93 to 101.63 of the four samples from the Taliouine zone and the $${\text{E}}_{330\text{ nm}}^{1{\%}}$$

E

330

nm

1
%

of the four samples of the other zones ranging from 89.98 to 119.04. It should be noted that the sample from abroad is fraudulent and non-compliant for almost all the chemical characteristics. Cross-analysis of producer survey data and chemical analysis showed the presence of correlations between stigma length and altitude (r = 0.763*), between crocin content and altitude (r = 0.856*), and between safranal content and humidity (r = 0.722**). According to the producers, the yield remains influenced by the size of the bulbs and the leading cultural practices.

Graphical Abstract
Identifying citrus self-incompatibility genotypes (S-genotypes) and discovering self-compatible mutants
Authors: Cai Guanghua , Song Dan , Peng Kang , Hu Jianbing , Chen Peng , Chen Chuanwu , Ye Junli , Xie Zongzhou , Deng Xiuxin , Chai Lijun
Published: June 2024

Utilizing 32 previously identified S ribonuclease (S-RNase) gene sequences and abundant citrus resources, this study designed specific primers for 10 S-RNase genes. A total of 32 pairs of primers were used to analyze the self-incompatibility genotypes (S-genotypes) of 241 citrus resources, encompassing 105 mandarins, 47 pummelos, 69 oranges, and 20 lemons and citrons. These results provide theoretical guidance for parent selection in production and breeding programs. Among the 215 samples analyzed, two normal S-genotypes were identified, while no S-genotypes were detected in three samples. Notably, 21 samples, primarily citrons, exhibited amplification of only one S-genotype. Additionally, two pummelo samples showed amplification of three S-genotypes each. The integration of S-genotype and selfing phenotype identification revealed five newly discovered self-compatible mutated materials: Changsha ‘Shatian’ pummelo, large-fruited red pummelo, slender leaf ‘Mangshanyegan’, ‘Shatangju’, and W. Murcott. These findings provide valuable resources for investigating the self-compatibility mechanism in citrus.
The Nature and Nurture of Talent
Authors: Dai David Yun
Published: June 2024

Prepare for a captivating journey into the depths of human potential and excellence in this scholarly work. Within these pages, discover evolving complexity theory (ECT), a unified theory of talent development that integrates a rich body of research and explores a wide array of talent-related phenomena. This theory challenges conventional wisdom, shifting the focus from genetics and environmental factors to the dynamic interplay of self-organized development and real-time person–environment interactions. This book provides a practical roadmap, emphasizing actions over genetic determinants, guiding readers toward the attainment of higher levels of excellence. Departing from traditional perspectives, Dr. Dai envisions human development as a self-organized journey toward higher coherence, reframing talent development as active participation in sociocultural activities from which one's individuality evolves, and directions and purposes are crystalized. Written in an engaging and narrative style, this work is essential reading for researchers, students, and professionals seeking a deeper understanding of human potential.
Analyzing the Contribution of Moisture Sources to Precipitation Changes Under 1.5/2.0°C Stabilized Warming Scenarios: A Study Over Northwest China
Authors: Zhang Mi , Wang Shuyu , Wang Shuangshuang , Zhou Weidan , Tang Jianping , Luo Shuangyi , Niu Xiaorui
Published: June 2024

Changes in precipitation and its causes under future warming scenarios in Northwest China are of great concern. Based on the dynamical downscaling results of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), this study quantitatively identified the contribution of local evaporation and external moisture transport to future precipitation changes in western and eastern Northwest China (WNWC and ENWC) by calculating the precipitation recycling ratio (PRR). The results showed that the WRF could reasonably reproduce the observed spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and evaporation during the historical reference period of 1985–2014. Under the 1.5 and 2.0°C stabilized warming scenarios from 2071 to 2100, there is a stronger precipitation growth in WNWC than in ENWC, and the PRR generally increases in WNWC and decreases in ENWC. Further analysis indicates that external moisture transport is the dominant contributor to the increased precipitation in all cases with its contribution exceeding 70%, while the difference of precipitation growth in two sub‐regions arises from the summer moisture transport at the southern boundary as the inflow in WNWC and outflow in ENWC. Compared to the negligible contribution of evaporation in ENWC (less than 7%), evaporation contributes more than 23% to the precipitation increase in WNWC under future warming scenarios, which may be related to the strong land‐atmosphere coupling there. Furthermore, an additional warming of 0.5°C leads to an increase in precipitation for both sub‐regions, which is mainly due to the contribution of external moisture transport.
Magnetic Storm‐Time Red Aurora as Seen From Hokkaido, Japan on 1 December 2023 Associated With High‐Density Solar Wind
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Nishitani Nozomu , Keika Kunihiro , Amano Takanobu , Seki Kanako
Published: June 2024

We report a citizen science‐motivated study on the cause of an unusually bright red aurora as witnessed from Hokkaido, Japan during a magnetic storm on 1 December 2023. The auroral brightness of 5 kR is unusual for the Dst index peak of only −107 nT. In spite of the moderate storm amplitude, the extremely high solar wind density of >50/cc and dynamic pressure of >25 nPa caused the aurora oval extension to 53 magnetic latitudes (L = 2.8). We discuss that the drift loss of the ring current particles across the small‐size magnetopause is important, and Hokkaido was at the right position to see the direct effect of the large particle injection of the storm‐time substorm.
Organic-inorganic hybrid piezotronic bipolar junction transistor for pressure sensing
Authors: Iranmanesh Emad , Liang Zihao , Li Weiwei , Liao Congwei , Jin Shunyu , Liu Chuan , Wang Kai , Zhang Shengdong , Doumanidis Charalampos , Amaratunga Gehan A. J. , Zhou Hang
Published: June 2024

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), wearable sensors are playing an increasingly important role in daily monitoring of personal health and wellness. The signal-to-noise-ratio has become the most critical performance factor to consider. To enhance it, on the one hand, good sensing materials/devices have been employed; on the other hand, signal amplification and noise reduction circuits have been used. However, most of these devices and circuits work in an active sampling mode, requiring frequent data acquisition and hence, entailing high-power consumption. In this scenario, a flexible and wearable event-triggered sensor with embedded signal amplification without an external power supply is of great interest. Here, we report a flexible two-terminal piezotronic n-p-n bipolar junction transistor (PBJT) that acts as an autonomous and highly sensitive, current- and/or voltage-mediated pressure sensor. The PBJT is formed by two back-to-back piezotronic diodes which are defined as emitter-base and collector-base diodes. Upon force exertion on the emitter side, as a result of the piezoelectric effect, the emitter-base diode is forward biased while the collector-base diode is reverse biased. Due to the inherent BJT amplification effect, the PBJT achieves record-high sensitivities of 139.7 kPa-1 (current-based) and 88.66 kPa-1 (voltage-based) in sensing mode. The PBJT also has a fast response time of <110 ms under exertion of dynamic stimuli ranging from a flying butterfly to a gentle finger touch. Therefore, the PBJT advances the state of the art not only in terms of sensitivity but also in regard to being self-driven and autonomous, making it promising for pressure sensing and other IoT applications.
Dietary resistant starch enhances immune health of the kidney in diabetes via promoting microbially-derived metabolites and dampening neutrophil recruitment
Authors: Snelson Matthew , Deliyanti Devy , Tan Sih Min , Drake Anna M. , de Pasquale Cassandra , Kumar Vinod , Woodruff Trent M. , Wilkinson-Berka Jennifer L. , Coughlan Melinda T.
Published: June 2024

Background

Dietary-resistant starch is emerging as a potential therapeutic tool to limit the negative effects of diabetes on the kidneys. However, its metabolic and immunomodulatory effects have not yet been fully elucidated.

Methods

Six-week-old db/db mice were fed a diet containing 12.5% resistant starch or a control diet matched for equivalent regular starch for 10 weeks. db/m mice receiving the control diet were utilised as non-diabetic controls. Freshly collected kidneys were digested for flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations. Kidney injury was determined by measuring albuminuria, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Portal vein plasma was collected for targeted analysis of microbially-derived metabolites. Intestinal histology and tight junction protein expression were assessed.

Results

Resistant starch limited the development of albuminuria in db/db mice. Diabetic db/db mice displayed a decline in portal vein plasma levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which was increased with resistant starch supplementation. Diabetic db/db mice receiving resistant starch had a microbially-derived metabolite profile similar to that of non-diabetic db/m mice. The intestinal permeability markers lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide binding protein were increased in db/db mice consuming the control diet, which was not seen in db/db mice receiving resistant starch supplementation. Diabetes was associated with an increase in the kidney neutrophil population, neutrophil activation, number of C5aR1+ neutrophils, and urinary complement C5a excretion, all of which were reduced with resistant starch. These pro-inflammatory changes appear independent of fibrotic changes in the kidney.

Conclusions

Resistant starch supplementation in diabetes promotes beneficial circulating microbially-derived metabolites and improves intestinal permeability, accompanied by a modulation in the inflammatory profile of the kidney including neutrophil infiltration, complement activation, and albuminuria. These findings indicate that resistant starch can regulate immune and inflammatory responses in the kidney and support the therapeutic potential of resistant starch supplementation in diabetes on kidney health.
Quantitative MRI at 7-Tesla reveals novel frontocortical myeloarchitecture anomalies in major depressive disorder
Authors: Heij Jurjen , van der Zwaag Wietske , Knapen Tomas , Caan Matthan W. A. , Forstman Birte , Veltman Dick J. , van Wingen Guido , Aghajani Moji
Published: June 2024

Whereas meta-analytical data highlight abnormal frontocortical macrostructure (thickness/surface area/volume) in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the underlying microstructural processes remain uncharted, due to the use of conventional MRI scanners and acquisition techniques. We uniquely combined Ultra-High Field MRI at 7.0 Tesla with Quantitative Imaging to map intracortical myelin (proxied by longitudinal relaxation time T1) and iron concentration (proxied by transverse relaxation time T2*), microstructural processes deemed particularly germane to cortical macrostructure. Informed by meta-analytical evidence, we focused specifically on orbitofrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices among adult MDD patients (N = 48) and matched healthy controls (HC; N = 10). Analyses probed the association of MDD diagnosis and clinical profile (severity, medication use, comorbid anxiety disorders, childhood trauma) with aforementioned microstructural properties. MDD diagnosis (p’s < 0.05, Cohen’s D = 0.55–0.66) and symptom severity (p’s < 0.01, r = 0.271–0.267) both related to decreased intracortical myelination (higher T1 values) within the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a region tightly coupled to processing negative affect and feelings of sadness in MDD. No relations were found with local iron concentrations. These findings allow uniquely fine-grained insights on frontocortical microstructure in MDD, and cautiously point to intracortical demyelination as a possible driver of macroscale cortical disintegrity in MDD.
Can antimicrobial photodynamic therapy serve as an effective adjunct protocol for disinfecting the necrotic root canal system? A randomized controlled study
Authors: Barazy Remy , Alafif Hisham , Achour Hassan , Al-Aloul Ahmad , Alsayed Tolibah Yasser
Published: June 2024

Background

Bacterial infection plays an important role in persistent periapical lesions and inadequate disinfection of root canals is considered the biggest factor responsible for endodontic treatment failure. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has become the latest choice to eradicate microorganisms in root canals.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in bacterial count reduction compared to Passive Ultrasonic Activation (PUI) and Ca(OH)2 dressings.

Materials and methods

Forty-five anterior single canal teeth with medium-sized periapical lesions (2–5 mm) were divided into three groups according to the disinfecting technique (each group consists of 15 canals with 1:1:1 allocation ratio): Group A: Ca(OH)2 dressing. Group B: Passive Ultrasonic Activation (PUI). Group C: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). Direct bacterial viable count method was used to count the colonies forming units (CFU) before and after the disinfecting and the bacterial count reduction was estimated, the statistical analysis was performed at a 95% confidence level using the Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

aPDT showed no statistically significant difference when compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation (P > 0.05) but showed higher and more promising results when compared to Ca(OH)2 dressings (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

aPDT has the ability and effectiveness as a disinfecting technique in necrotic and infected root canals.

Clinical significance of the study

The results of this clinical trial provide that aPDT can be considered an adjunct method for root canal disinfection with the same effectiveness as passive ultrasonic irrigation.
LAPTM4B counteracts ferroptosis via suppressing the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of SLC7A11 in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yan Ruyu , Liu Dan , Guo Hongjuan , Liu Minxia , Lv Dongjin , Björkblom Benny , Wu Mingsong , Yu Hongtao , Leng Hao , Lu Bingxiao , Li Yuxiang , Gao Miaomiao , Blom Tomas , Zhou Kecheng
Published: June 2024

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, necessitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Lysosome Associated Protein Transmembrane 4B (LAPTM4B) is involved in biological processes critical to cancer progression, such as regulation of solute carrier transporter proteins and metabolic pathways, including mTORC1. However, the metabolic processes governed by LAPTM4B and its role in oncogenesis remain unknown. In this study, we conducted unbiased metabolomic screens to uncover the metabolic landscape regulated by LAPTM4B. We observed common metabolic changes in several knockout cell models suggesting of a role for LAPTM4B in suppressing ferroptosis. Through a series of cell-based assays and animal experiments, we demonstrate that LAPTM4B protects tumor cells from erastin-induced ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LAPTM4B suppresses ferroptosis by inhibiting NEDD4L/ZRANB1 mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the cystine-glutamate antiporter SLC7A11. Furthermore, metabolomic profiling of cancer cells revealed that LAPTM4B knockout leads to a significant enrichment of ferroptosis and associated metabolic alterations. By integrating results from cellular assays, patient tissue samples, an animal model, and cancer databases, this study highlights the clinical relevance of the LAPTM4B-SLC7A11-ferroptosis signaling axis in NSCLC progression and identifies it as a potential target for the development of cancer therapeutics.
Ultrathin skin-conformable electrodes with high water vapor permeability and stretchability characteristics composed of single-walled carbon nanotube networks assembled on elastomeric films
Authors: Horii Tatsuhiro , Yamashita Kai , Ito Marimo , Okada Kei , Fujie Toshinori
Published: June 2024

Herein, we report on conductive ultrathin films (nanosheets) with the characteristics of stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. The films are fabricated by combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets). An increase in the number of SWCNT coatings increases both the thicknesses and densities of the SWCNT bundles. The SBS nanosheets coated with three layers of SWCNTs (i.e., SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets) show comparable sheet resistance to the SBS nanosheets coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) (PEDOT:PSS) containing 5 wt.% butylene glycol (i.e., PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets). In addition, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets exhibit significantly reduced elastic moduli and increased elongations at break compared to the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets. Furthermore, the calculated water vapor transmission ratio of the 210-nm-thick SBS nanosheets (268,172 g m−2 (2 h)−1) is greater than that of the filter paper (6345 g m−2 (2 h)−1). The SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets attached to model skin show high tolerances to bending and artificial sweat at different pH values (i.e., the electrical resistance changes ~1.1 times). Finally, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheet is applied to detect the surface electromyogram from the forearm of a subject. This nanosheet displays a signal-to-noise ratio similar to that of the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheet.
Gliovascular transcriptional perturbations in Alzheimer’s disease reveal molecular mechanisms of blood brain barrier dysfunction
Authors: İş Özkan , Wang Xue , Reddy Joseph S. , Min Yuhao , Yilmaz Elanur , Bhattarai Prabesh , Patel Tulsi , Bergman Jeremiah , Quicksall Zachary , Heckman Michael G. , Tutor-New Frederick Q. , Can Demirdogen Birsen , White Launia , Koga Shunsuke , Krause Vincent , Inoue Yasuteru , Kanekiyo Takahisa , Cosacak Mehmet Ilyas , Nelson Nastasia , Lee Annie J. , Vardarajan Badri , Mayeux Richard , Kouri Naomi , Deniz Kaancan , Carnwath Troy , Oatman Stephanie R. , Lewis-Tuffin Laura J. , Nguyen Thuy ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Carrasquillo Minerva M. , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Petersen Ronald C. , Jr Jack Clifford R. , Kantarci Kejal , Murray Melissa E. , Nho Kwangsik , Saykin Andrew J. , Dickson Dennis W. , Kizil Caghan , Allen Mariet , Ertekin-Taner Nilüfer
Published: June 2024

To uncover molecular changes underlying blood-brain-barrier dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease, we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing in 24 Alzheimer’s disease and control brains and focused on vascular and astrocyte clusters as main cell types of blood-brain-barrier gliovascular-unit. The majority of the vascular transcriptional changes were in pericytes. Of the vascular molecular targets predicted to interact with astrocytic ligands, SMAD3, upregulated in Alzheimer’s disease pericytes, has the highest number of ligands including VEGFA, downregulated in Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes. We validated these findings with external datasets comprising 4,730 pericyte and 150,664 astrocyte nuclei. Blood SMAD3 levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease-related neuroimaging outcomes. We determined inverse relationships between pericytic SMAD3 and astrocytic VEGFA in human iPSC and zebrafish models. Here, we detect vast transcriptome changes in Alzheimer’s disease at the gliovascular-unit, prioritize perturbed pericytic SMAD3-astrocytic VEGFA interactions, and validate these in cross-species models to provide a molecular mechanism of blood-brain-barrier disintegrity in Alzheimer’s disease.
Unequal distributions of crowdsourced weather data in England and Wales
Authors: Brousse Oscar , Simpson Charles H. , Poorthuis Ate , Heaviside Clare
Published: June 2024

Personal weather stations (PWS) can provide useful data on urban climates by densifying the number of weather measurements across major cities. They do so at a lower cost than official weather stations by national meteorological services. Despite the increasing use of PWS data, little attention has yet been paid to the underlying socio-economic and environmental inequalities in PWS coverage. Using social deprivation, demographic, and environmental indicators in England and Wales, we characterize existing inequalities in the current coverage of PWS. We find that there are fewer PWS in more deprived areas which also observe higher proportions of ethnic minorities, lower vegetation coverage, higher building height and building surface fraction, and lower proportions of inhabitants under 65 years old. This implies that data on urban climate may be less reliable or more uncertain in particular areas, which may limit the potential for climate adaptation and empowerment in those communities.
Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of alkenyl aza-heteroarenes using hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Wen Hao-Chen , Chen Wei , Li Meng , Ma Chen , Wang Jian-Fei , Fu Aiping , Xu Shi-Qi , Zhou Yi-Feng , Ni Shao-Fei , Mao Bin
Published: June 2024

The synthesis of chiral α-azaheteroaryl oxiranes via enantioselective catalysis is a formidable challenge due to the required complex stereoselectivity and diverse N-heterocyclic structures. These compounds play a crucial role in developing bioactive molecules, where precise chirality significantly influences biological activity. Here we show that using chiral phosphoric acid as a catalyst, our method efficiently addresses these challenges. This technique not only achieves high enantio- and diastereoselectivity but also demonstrates superior chemo- and stereocontrol during the epoxidation of alkenyl aza-heteroarenes. Our approach leverages a synergistic blend of electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, enabling the effective activation of both substrates and hydrogen peroxide. The resulting chiral oxiranes exhibit enhanced diversity and functionality, aiding the construction of complex chiral azaaryl compounds with contiguous stereocenters. Kinetic and density functional theory studies elucidate the mechanism, highlighting chiral phosphoric acid’s pivotal role in this intricate enantioselective process.
CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 regulates immunity in a cell-autonomous manner via ligation of FcγRIIB
Authors: Bennion Kelsey B. , Liu Danya , Dawood Abdelhameed S. , Wyatt Megan M. , Alexander Katie L. , Abdel-Hakeem Mohamed S. , Paulos Chrystal M. , Ford Mandy L.
Published: June 2024

The regulatory circuits dictating CD8+ T cell responsiveness versus exhaustion during anti-tumor immunity are incompletely understood. Here we report that tumor-infiltrating antigen-specific PD-1+ TCF-1− CD8+ T cells express the immunosuppressive cytokine Fgl2. Conditional deletion of Fgl2 specifically in mouse antigen-specific CD8+ T cells prolongs CD8+ T cell persistence, suppresses phenotypic and transcriptomic signatures of T cell exhaustion, and improves control of the tumor. In a mouse model of chronic viral infection, PD-1+ CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 also negatively regulates virus-specific T cell responses. In humans, CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 is associated with poorer survival in patients with melanoma. Mechanistically, the dampened responsiveness of WT Fgl2-expressing CD8+ T cells, when compared to Fgl2-deficient CD8+ T cells, is underpinned by the cell-intrinsic interaction of Fgl2 with CD8+ T cell-expressed FcγRIIB and concomitant caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis. Our results thus illuminate a cell-autonomous regulatory axis by which PD-1+ CD8+ T cells both express the receptor and secrete its ligand in order to mediate suppression of anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity.
Optimizing 5’UTRs for mRNA-delivered gene editing using deep learning
Authors: Castillo-Hair Sebastian , Fedak Stephen , Wang Ban , Linder Johannes , Havens Kyle , Certo Michael , Seelig Georg
Published: June 2024

mRNA therapeutics are revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry, but methods to optimize the primary sequence for increased expression are still lacking. Here, we design 5’UTRs for efficient mRNA translation using deep learning. We perform polysome profiling of fully or partially randomized 5’UTR libraries in three cell types and find that UTR performance is highly correlated across cell types. We train models on our datasets and use them to guide the design of high-performing 5’UTRs using gradient descent and generative neural networks. We experimentally test designed 5’UTRs with mRNA encoding megaTALTMgene editing enzymes for two different gene targets and in two different cell lines. We find that the designed 5’UTRs support strong gene editing activity. Editing efficiency is correlated between cell types and gene targets, although the best performing UTR was specific to one cargo and cell type. Our results highlight the potential of model-based sequence design for mRNA therapeutics.
A non-B DNA binding peptidomimetic channel alters cellular functions
Authors: Paul Raj , Dutta Debasish , Mukhopadhyay Titas Kumar , Müller Diana , Lala Binayak , Datta Ayan , Schwalbe Harald , Dash Jyotirmayee
Published: June 2024

DNA binding transcription factors possess the ability to interact with lipid membranes to construct ion-permeable pathways. Herein, we present a thiazole-based DNA binding peptide mimic TBP2, which forms transmembrane ion channels, impacting cellular ion concentration and consequently stabilizing G-quadruplex DNA structures. TBP2 self-assembles into nanostructures, e.g., vesicles and nanofibers and facilitates the transportation of Na+ and K+ across lipid membranes with high conductance (~0.6 nS). Moreover, TBP2 exhibits increased fluorescence when incorporated into the membrane or in cellular nuclei. Monomeric TBP2 can enter the lipid membrane and localize to the nuclei of cancer cells. The coordinated process of time-dependent membrane or nuclear localization of TBP2, combined with elevated intracellular cation levels and direct G-quadruplex (G4) interaction, synergistically promotes formation and stability of G4 structures, triggering cancer cell death. This study introduces a platform to mimic and control intricate biological functions, leading to the discovery of innovative therapeutic approaches.
Environmental, economic, and social sustainability in aquaculture: the aquaculture performance indicators
Authors: Garlock Taryn M. , Asche Frank , Anderson James L. , Eggert Håkan , Anderson Thomas M. , Che Bin , Chávez Carlos A. , Chu Jingjie , Chukwuone Nnaemeka , Dey Madan M. , Fitzsimmons Kevin , Flores Jimely , Guillen Jordi , Kumar Ganesh , Liu Lijun , Llorente Ignacio , Nguyen Ly , Nielsen Rasmus , Pincinato Ruth B. M. , Sudhakaran Pratheesh O. , Tibesigwa Byela , Tveteras Ragnar
Published: June 2024

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing food production technology, but there are significant concerns related to its environmental impact and adverse social effects. We examine aquaculture outcomes in a three pillars of sustainability framework by analyzing data collected using the Aquaculture Performance Indicators. Using this approach, comparable data has been collected for 57 aquaculture systems worldwide on 88 metrics that measure social, economic, or environmental outcomes. We first examine the relationships among the three pillars of sustainability and then analyze performance in the three pillars by technology and species. The results show that economic, social, and environmental outcomes are, on average, mutually reinforced in global aquaculture systems. However, the analysis also shows significant variation in the degree of sustainability in different aquaculture systems, and weak performance of some production systems in some dimensions provides opportunity for innovative policy measures and investment to further align sustainability objectives.
Calcifediol boosts efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine by upregulating genes promoting memory T cell responses
Authors: Saroha Himanshu Singh , Bhat Swati , Das Liza , Dutta Pinaki , Holick Michael F. , Sachdeva Naresh , Marwaha Raman Kumar
Published: June 2024

The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD) vaccine has emerged as a pivotal tool in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. In our previous study eligible subjects were supplemented with calcifediol, a direct precursor to the biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol with an objective to enhance the immunogenicity of the COVISHIELD vaccine. Herein we investigated the effects of calcifediol supplementation on gene expression profiles in individuals who received the COVISHIELD vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from vaccinated individuals with and without calcifediol supplementation at baseline, 3rd and 6th month, and the gene expression profiles were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed distinct patterns of gene expression associated with calcifediol supplementation, suggesting potential molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of calcifediol in improving the efficacy of COVISHIELD vaccine via augmentation of T cell activation, proliferation and T cell memory responses. Additionally, there was upregulation of NOD like receptor, JAK/STAT and TGF beta signaling pathways. Calcifediol supplementation in vaccinated individuals also downregulated the pathways related to the Coronavirus disease. Taken together, our findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling and vaccine-induced immune responses and offer another approach in improving vaccination induced antiviral responses.
Proteomic analysis reveals dynamic changes in cloacal fluid composition during the reproductive season in a sexually promiscuous passerine
Authors: Míčková Kristýna , Jelínek Václav , Tomášek Oldřich , Stopková Romana , Stopka Pavel , Albrecht Tomáš
Published: June 2024

Cryptic female choice (CFC) is a component of postcopulatory sexual selection that allows females to influence the fertilization success of sperm from different males. While its precise mechanisms remain unclear, they may involve the influence of the protein composition of the female reproductive fluids on sperm functionality. This study maps the protein composition of the cloacal fluid across different phases of female reproductive cycle in a sexually promiscuous passerine, the barn swallow. Similar to mammals, the protein composition in the female reproductive tract differed between receptive (when females copulate) and nonreceptive phases. With the change in the protein background, the enriched gene ontology terms also shifted. Within the receptive phase, distinctions were observed between proteomes sampled just before and during egg laying. However, three proteins exhibited increased abundance during the entire receptive phase compared to nonreceptive phases. These proteins are candidates in cryptic female choice, as all of them can influence the functionality of sperm or sperm-egg interaction. Our study demonstrates dynamic changes in the cloacal environment throughout the avian breeding cycle, emphasizing the importance of considering these fluctuations in studies of cryptic female choice.
The sociodemographic correlates of conspiracism
Authors: Enders Adam , Klofstad Casey , Diekman Amanda , Drochon Hugo , Rogers de Waal Joel , Littrell Shane , Premaratne Kamal , Verdear Daniel , Wuchty Stefan , Uscinski Joseph
Published: June 2024

Despite hundreds of studies examining belief in conspiracy theories, it is still unclear who—demographically—is most likely to believe such theories. To remedy this knowledge gap, we examine survey data containing various operationalizations of conspiracism across diverse sociopolitical contexts. Study 1 employs a 2021 U.S. survey (n = 2021) to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics and beliefs in 39 conspiracy theories. Study 2 similarly employs a survey of 20 countries (n = 26,416) and 11 conspiracy theory beliefs. Study 3 reports results from a 2020 U.S. survey (n = 2015) measuring perceptions about which groups are engaging in conspiracies. Study 4 interrogates data from nine U.S. surveys (2012–2022; n = 14,334) to examine the relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and generalized conspiracy thinking. Study 5 synchronizes studies 1–4 to provide an intersectional analysis of conspiracy theory belief. Across studies, we observe remarkably consistent patterns: education, income, age (older), and White identification are negatively related to conspiracism, while Black identification is positively related. We conclude by discussing why conspiracy theories may appeal most to historically marginalized groups and how our findings can inform efforts to mitigate the negative effects of conspiracy theories.