bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aids Education for Drug Users: Existing Research and New Directions
Authors: Longshore Douglas
Published: November 2015

This article reviews research on AIDS education targeted to injection drug users in the United States. Findings provide a context for discussing substantive and methodological issues to be addressed in “second generation” research. Substantive issues include: situational and contextual factors affecting risk, patterns of relapse to high-risk behavior and relapse prevention strategies, the importance of isolating the effects of intervention components, outcomes of HIV antibody testing/counseling, and social policy alternatives for AIDS prevention. Methodological issues include: the role of experimental research, the value of combining ethnographic and survey methods, methods appropriate for research on subjective aspects of risk, and alternatives to risk measures based on self reports.
Adolescent Drug Use in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Grob Charles , de Rios Marlene Dobkin
Published: November 2015

An analysis is made of adolescent hallucinogenic plant ingestion during initiation rituals among Australian Aboriginal males, Tshogana Tsonga females and among Chumash youth of Southern California. This use pattern contrasts with abusive patterns of drug abuse found among American adolescents. Findings indicate the existence of managed altered states of consciousness in the tribal societies studied, where plant hallucinogens are given by elders to youth as part of an intensive, short-term socialization for religious and pedagogical purposes. The use of hypersuggestibility as a cultural technique to “normalize” youth in the tribal societies under study is analyzed in contrast to the role of pathology of drug ingestion patterns among American adolescents.
Marketing Activities: The Keystone of Capitalism — Increasing the Availability of Prescription Drugs through Pharmaceutical Promotion
Authors: Bleidt Barry
Published: November 2015

This article extolls the advantages of promotional efforts by the pharmaceutical industry, especially in providing information on technological advances, recently approved indications and new products. However, one aspect of marketing, price, is creating quite a controversy, especially since manufacturers are raising prices at rates several times that for general consumer goods. Additionally, the complex, multi-tier distribution network is causing problems by leaving some practitioners feeling that they are being unfairly disadvantaged in the marketplace, thereby, creating significant ill will.

In order for the industry to elicit pharmacy's help in future promotional activities, especially those aimed at the general public (such as wellness campaigns), it is going to have to get more pharmacists involved in the planning and implementation of such projects and pay more attention to how industry policies and actions impact on the profession (e.g., multi-tier pricing).
The Promotion of Medications for Personal and Social Problems
Authors: Montagne Michael
Published: November 2015

The issue of promoting medications for personal or social problems involves a difficult balance between medical definitions of what constitutes a disease and consumers' perceptions of what they want or need in the way of optimal health and well-being. There are certain symptom states and conditions that are poorly defined in terms of the biomedical model of disease. Other conditions, such as child abuse, ordinary stress and tension (“pressures of life”), small breasts, thinning hair, mental fatigue, and certain personal and social problems of life are often considered diseases by some (e.g., afflicted consumers, health product manufacturers and promoters), but not by others (e.g., health professionals, health insurance companies). The key concern is who determines what conditions are diseases to be addressed by medical care systems and public health efforts, and what conditions are problems and concerns better addressed by the family unit, social welfare agencies, religious groups, or society in general.
Pharmaceutical Promotion in the Third World
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: November 2015

The pharmaceutical industry is motivated by profit and it is the quest for ever larger sales and profits that determines how the industry promotes its products. The author analyzes the methods that drug companies use in marketing their drugs to doctors and consumers, and the consequences in terms of costs and health.

Some of the drugs advertised are valuable; others are irrational mixtures, useless or dangerous and should not be on the market. Even for products of proven worth, the companies have a double standard when it comes to promoting them in the Third World. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations does have a Code of Marketing Practice, but major weaknesses in the code render it almost impotent in regulating promotion. When consumers and health care professionals question the tactics of the industry, the response is usually to attack the credibility of the critics rather than to deal with the issues that they raise. Physicians and consumers are strongly influenced by pharmaceutical promotion, with all too predictable results: Doctors prescribe irrationally and consumers develop grossly distorted ideas about the value of modern medications. Reforms to promotional practices are possible, but may be beyond the resources of Third World countries. Achieving these reforms will require the efforts of Third World countries, progressive elements in the pharmaceutical industry, consumer and professional groups and some form of organized international support.
The Australian Debate about the Legalization of Heroin and other Illicit Drugs, 1988–1991
Authors: Hall Wayne
Published: November 2015

Since 1988 a number of public figures in Australia have argued that prohibitions on the use of cannabis, cocaine, and heroin should be relaxed because current drug policies do not reflect the comparative risks of licit and illicit drug use, and many of the social costs of illicit drug use are consequences of prohibition. They have advocated a variety of proposals for reforming drug policy. Proponents of “controlled availability” have proposed that currently illegal drugs should be provided under medical supervision to persons who are dependent on them. Critics concerned about the social costs of drug policies have advocated policies to undercut the black market by increasing the availability of currently illicit drugs. The mechanisms proposed for achieving this end have included de facto and de jure decriminalization of drug use, and the provision of currently illicit drugs to licensed adults by a government monopoly. Despite a vigorous debate, drug policies have not changed because reformers have failed to convince the public that their policies will not increase the use of illicit drugs, and hence the prevalence of drug dependence and drug-related problems.
The Validity of Injection Drug Users Self-Reported Use of Opiates and Cocaine
Authors: Falck Russel , Siegal Harvey A. , Forney Mary Ann , Wang Jichuan , Carlson Robert G.
Published: November 2015

In a study examining the correspondence between self-reported drug use and drug urinalysis, 128 injection drug users (IDUs), who were subjects in an AIDS prevention research project, were asked to provide urine samples, which would be tested for the presence of the metabolites of opiates and cocaine. Ninety-five IDUs provided samples for testing. Of these, twenty IDUs (21.1%) who reported abstinence from opiates and cocaine for the six months prior to the completion of a follow-up questionnaire had their claims contradicted by urinalysis results. Logit regression analyses revealed that IDUs whose primary drug of choice was both crack and injected cocaine and those who were black were significantly more likely to have misrepresented their current drug use status than other groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.
HIV Risk Behavior and Beliefs of HIV-Seropositive Drug Users
Authors: Hartgers Christina , Krijnen Pieta , van den Hoek Johanna A.R. , Coutinho Roel A. , van der Pligt Joop
Published: November 2015

To assess HIV risk behavior, beliefs, attitudes and intentions among HIV-seropositive drug users (DUs), we studied 122 HIV-positive DUs (including ninety-five current injectors) participating in a longitudinal HIV-study among DUs in Amsterdam. All were familiar with their serostatus. Over a period of four months, 20% of the sample put others at risk of HIV infection, mainly through unsafe sex. Forty-nine percent think they might infect someone with HIV in the future, again mainly through unsafe sex. Although the majority intends to use condoms, self-efficacy and response efficacy is low; that is, many do not think they are able to use condoms when necessary and many have limited confidence in the efficacy of condoms in preventing HIV transmission. Correlates of HIV risk behavior were non-Dutch nationality and being a female prostitute. The results suggest that, next to efforts which aim to prevent new infections among HIV-negative injectors or sexual partners of injectors, prevention efforts should focus on HIV-seropositive DUs or former DUs.
Dubious Consensus: Support for Anti-Drug Policy among Dutch and Canadian University Students
Authors: Alexander Bruce K. , Lewis Colby , van Wijngaarden Jacqueline , van de Wijngaart Govert
Published: November 2015

Outside of the United States, how strong is public support for the severe anti-drug policies that have become the norm among Western nations? A fifty-item questionnaire revealed significantly stronger support among Canadian than among Dutch university students on many individual items and on four of five underlying factors. Notwithstanding the differences, both groups expressed a moderate degree of support for anti-drug policy. There were two indications, however, that the apparent support may be “soft” among these students. First, there was a marked polarization of opinion within both groups. Second, opinions changed markedly among Canadian students who completed a course that exposed them to criticism of current anti-drug policy. These findings raise the possibility that popular support for current anti-drug policy outside of the United States may not reflect a firm public consensus so much as the statistical average of divided populations that normally have little access to critical counterinformation.
The Focused Offender Disposition Program: Philosophy, Procedures, and Preliminary Findings
Authors: McBride Duane C. , Inciardi James A.
Published: November 2015

The Focused Offender Disposition (FOD) Program was established by the Bureau of Justice Assistance in 1988 as one of many responses to the growing numbers of drug-involved offenders coming to the attention of the criminal justice system. The basic purpose of FOD was to develop and test a needs assessment classification system that courts could use for directing drug offenders into the most appropriate type of treatment program. A secondary purpose was to examine the efficacy of urine monitoring as an alternative to treatment. The centerpiece of FOD was the Offender Profile Index (OPI), an assessment instrument that yielded a numerical score that suggested four alternative interventions — long-term residential treatment, short-term residential treatment, outpatient treatment, and urine monitoring only. This article offers some preliminary findings on the project and offers suggestions for the implementation of similar efforts.
The Social Organization of Crack Cocaine Use: The Cycle in One Type of Base House
Authors: Sterk-Elifson Claire , Elifson Kirk W.
Published: November 2015

The focus of this article is on the distinctive features of the social organization of crack cocaine use in one type of setting. The activities of crack cocaine users can only be understood if one has knowledge of its social organization in specific settings. Extensive observation in four base houses and in-depth interviews with forty crack users who frequented houses were conducted in two metropolitan areas (Atlanta and New York City). Results show that base houses are a purposive setting in which a cycle of activities occurs. A typical cycle consists of six stages: getting together, getting ready, getting started, getting high, getting down, and getting out. The activities related to each stage have particular functions and are determined by a set of norms. The primary purpose of this article is to fill a gap in knowledge about the social organization of crack cocaine use in one type of setting.
Extent of Drug Abuse among Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Winters Ken C. , Weller Christine L. , Meland James A.
Published: November 2015

The extent of drug abuse problem severity was measured in a sample of juvenile detention detainees. Contrary to existing studies that mostly focus on drug use consumption patterns in juvenile detainees, the present study quantified problem severity based on an adolescent drug abuse scale score. Findings indicate that among valid questionnaires, about 50% of the juvenile detainees scored in a elevated range, indicating a possible need for drug abuse treatment. Issues related to the measurement of problem severity and resulting treatment needs of youth held in juvenile detention settings are discussed.
Alcohol and Homicide: Interviews with Prison Inmates
Authors: Spunt Barry , Goldstein Paul , Brownstein Henry , Fendrich Michael , Langley Sandra
Published: November 2015

In 1989 and 1990 interviews were conducted with 268 homicide offenders incarcerated in New York State correctional facilities for homicides that occurred in 1984. The primary purpose of these interviews was to obtain the offenders' own perspectives as to the drug relatedness of these homicides. In this article we report on data obtained during these interviews focusing on the relationship between alcohol and homicide. We show how interviews with prison inmates overcome some of the problems that exist with studies of the alcohol-homicide connection that rely on official record data. Among our findings are that 19% of the homicides were reported to be related to alcohol use, that the majority of these cases involved arguments or disputes, and that in about half of these cases the respondent was high on at least one other substance. We also examine the “alcohol-related” cases from the perspective of a tripartite conceptual framework that specifies the variety of ways that drugs and violence can be related. The methodological and policy implications of our findings are also discussed.
Influences Affecting Maintenance and Cessation of Narcotics Addiction
Authors: Bailey Richard C. , Hser Yih-Ing , Hsieh Shih-Chao , Anglin M. Douglas
Published: November 2015

A sample of 354 narcotics addicts remanded to the California Civil Addict Program (CAP) in 1962–64 was followed for over twenty-four years. Self-report data collected at initial treatment admission and in two follow-up interviews (1974–75 and 1985–86) included information on family history, patterns of drug use and criminal involvement, and other behaviors. The sample was classified into four exclusive groups: Winners (N=59), who had been abstinent from narcotics and other serious drug use and had not been involved in criminal activity during the thirty-six-month period prior to interview; Striving addicts ( N=46), who had been abstinent from narcotics use, but not necessarily other drugs, and had no incarceration for a period of twelve months prior to interview; Enduring addicts ( N=146), who had used narcotics and typically other drugs within the prior 12-month period, but had avoided incarceration; and Incarcerated addicts ( N=103), incarcerated at some time during the twelve-month period, and whose drug use was varied. Winners had generally negative familial experiences including little encouragement from parents, who in the main had adverse relationships, higher rates of sexual molestation, and were least happy in childhood. Despite this environment Winners evidenced early independence and self-confidence. Striving addicts were characterized by usually non-substance-using, church-going parents. Most had ceased narcotics use, but remained heavily involved with alcohol and marijuana. Enduring addicts, mostly from lower socioeconomic status families that exhibited extensive substance use and physical arguments, commonly accessed methadone treatment and avoided incarceration while persisting in narcotic addiction and crime. Incarcerated addicts, typically raised in dysfunctional, substance-using families, received the most parental caring along with the most severe punishment. They exhibited persistent involvement in crime, violence, and drug use.
Crack-Cocaine Use and Street Crime
Authors: Inciardi James A. , Pottieger Anne E.
Published: November 2015

Most existing research on the relationship between drug use and street crime relates to heroin users and thus predates the widespread availability of crack-cocaine; social science studies of crime among crack users are few in number and focus on a limited set of offense types. This article reports findings from interviews with 387 adult crack users in Miami, Florida, regarding their drug use and criminal histories and their current involvement in a broad range of criminal activities. Many significant differences are noted between the street and treatment subsamples, particularly an earlier drug and crime initiation and a more exclusive focus on one crime type — retail drug sales — among street respondents. Gender differences are markedly smaller, especially in the street sample. Comparisons are also made between the street sample and a similar sample of heroin users interviewed in Miami some ten years earlier.
Vulnerability to Narcotic Addiction: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Nurco David N. , Balter Mitchell B. , Kinlock Timothy
Published: November 2015

This is a report of fieldwork methodology and preliminary findings from a controlled retrospective study of vulnerability to narcotic addiction comparing three groups of males closely matched by neighborhood, age, and race: a community-wide sample of narcotic addicts; a nonaddicted control sample of age-eleven peer associates of the addicts; and a nonaddicted community control sample of age-eleven peers who did not associate with the addicts. Fieldwork experience and preliminary findings suggest a strong selective association between friendship and deviance among narcotic addicts and their age-eleven associates — a relationship that is much less common in the two control groups, particularly community controls. Association with older deviants was also more characteristic of addicts than for the peer or community controls. Experience in the study also attests to the feasibility and merit of capturing historical data via retrospective, reconstructive sampling methods.
Assessing Drug and Alcohol Treatment Needs of General and Special Populations: Conceptual, Empirical and Inferential Issues
Authors: Florentine Robert
Published: November 2015

“Needs assessments” have become increasingly important in guiding resource allocations to publicly funded drug and alcohol treatment programs. Although technical progress in conducting needs assessments in recent years has occurred, virtually all approaches used to identify treatment needs of general and special populations suffer from conceptual, empirical, and inferential problems. This article clarifies the more important problems and offers recommendations about how to improve needs assessments.
Accommodating Religious Users of Controlled Substances: A Model Amendment to the Controlled Substances Act
Authors: Boire Richard Glen
Published: November 2015

The relationship between religious experience and alternative states of consciousness is as old as humanity itself. From time immemorial, visionary states have been entered through the ritual use of mind-changing substances. Despite the uncontrovertedfact that particular substances have been used for thousands of years to achieve religious experiences and insights, the federal drug laws fail to accommodate religiously motivated users. The purpose of this article is to present a model from which such a nonsectarian accommodation may be developed, while retaining the federal scheme for the strict control of drugs.
Social Policies against Drug Abuse in Italy: An Overview and Evaluation
Authors: Contri Fernanda
Published: November 2015

Continuously changing social drug policies pose problems in presenting an homogeneous picture of the current situation in Italy. The Consolidation Act was passed three years ago, and in 1993 a national referendum substantially modified the 1989 law. Goals have been reached regarding coordination of repressive action at an international level, and a National Fund for the Fight against Drugs was established. Efforts have been made to coordinate a unitary, although not standardized, policy among different authorities involved in anti-drug activities. A prevention “culture” has been implemented, recognizing the basic role of the family in primary education, increasing activities from the first years of school, as well as improving programs for educators at the university level. Great efforts are also being made to achieve better coordination in the field among the various social services. Monitoring studies are in development.
The Psychopathology of Drug Addiction: A Review
Authors: Cancrini Luigi
Published: November 2015

The psychopathology of drug addiction is reviewed. Empirical research data on a time span of more than twelve years are presented. The data support a four-type-based classification of drug abusers, and the family structure underlining such personality types is analyzed. Clinical cases are presented. Type A addicts (adjustment disorders) present an evident relation between the external event, psychic trauma, and drug-abusing behavior. Type B (neurotic disorders) have a tendency to reduce internal anxiety by drug abuse, and their personal problems may be covered by drug use. Type C (psychosis and borderline) are an heterogeneous group, where often drug use can create a intense experience of inner freedom. Type D (sociopathic personality disorders) often express their psychic conflicts by means of serious acting-out, and come from families were “nonexistent” marriages were established. Intervention in public health services is examined, as well as the evolution of the addiction depending on the typology. The special cases of information on HIV infection prevention and overdose risk are also evaluated. It is concluded that the typology of drug addicts may shed light on prevention and therapy, whereas more specific therapeutic programs are needed.
Immunological, Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of an HIV-1 Positive Drug Abuser Cohort
Authors: Mezzaroma Ivano , D'Offizi Gianpiero , Pinter Elena , Ferrara Rosetta , Rosso Rosamaria , Guerra Emma , Ricci Giovanni , Carta Maria , Angelini Silvia , Aiuti Fernando
Published: November 2015

We analyzed a cohort of intravenous drug abusers with HIV-1 disease attending our institute in the years 1985–1993. We focused particular attention on the epidemiological analysis of patients, and their clinical, immunological and infectious conditions. The significance of biological markers, particulary CD4+ lymphocyte count and the occurence of other viral infections such as Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex virus and Hepatitis B and C viruses in the progress of HIV-1 disease were evaluated. At least two-thirds of the patients at different stages of HIV-1 were treated with antiretroviral drugs: zidovudine (AZT) from 1987 up to the present and more recently didanosine (DDI) alone or in combination with AZT. Psychological and behavioral aspects of our HIV-1 infected drug abusers, in particular needle exchange and condom use, were analyzed.
Perceived Risks and Criminal Justice Pressures on Middle Class Cocaine Sellers
Authors: Waldorf Dan , Murphy Sheigla
Published: November 2015

This is a report of a qualitative study of the perceived risks and criminal justice pressures experienced by middle class cocaine suppliers. In-depth interviews with eighty ex-sellers indicate that most feel that they can avoid arrest by controlling the networks of buyers they sell to and do not believe that the police, police investigations, RICO laws and the activities of the IRS are any real threat. In general, they were much more concerned about informants, disgruntled customers and robberies than the police. Very often the sellers own drug abuse was a regular unanticipated risk that caused them to give up drug sales more than criminal justice pressures.
Acceptance and Implementation of Eap Core and Noncore Tasks
Authors: Evans Barbara L. , Trice Harrison M.
Published: November 2015

This study explores the attitudes of aspiring and practicing EAP workers toward twenty EAP job tasks — ten that conform to the EAP core tasks and ten that do not. Implementation of the EAP core and noncore tasks is also examined. Findings suggest that although the EAP core tasks are widely accepted, EAP workers implement, in practice, several noncore tasks as often as some of the core tasks. These data also suggest that assisting workers with substance abuse problems continues to be a central theme in employee assistance practice.
The Elephant That No One Sees: Natural Recovery among Middle-Class Addicts
Authors: Granfield Robert , Cloud William
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the characteristics of middle-class alcoholics and drug addicts who terminate their addictions without the benefit of treatment. Using what is commonly referred to as “natural recovery” processes, respondents terminated their addictions without formal treatment or self-help group assistance. Data for this study are based on in-depth interviews with 46 alcoholics and drug addicts who were identified through snowball sampling techniques. First, we examine the postaddict identities of our respondents to see how they view themselves in relation to their addictive past. Next, we explore the reasons respondents gave for avoiding treatment and self-help groups. We then examine the factors in our respondents' lives that promoted natural recovery. Finally, this paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of our findings to clinical treatment and social policy.
Factors Associated with Needle Exchange Use in East Harlem, New York City
Authors: Tortu Stephanie , Deren Sherry , Beardsley Mark , Hamid Rahul
Published: November 2015

The research reported in this paper focused on out-of-treatment injection drug users recruited from the streets of East Harlem, New York City. Drug use was verified by urinalysis and HIV testing was offered. The research compared self-reported users and non-users of needle exchange programs (NEPs) on sociodemographic variables, HIV-related risk behaviors, and selected health variables. Results indicated that being White and having been incarcerated were the sociodemographic variables most strongly associated with NEP use. Other findings include the following: (l)compared to other groups, Puerto Ricans were most likely to be non-users of NEPs; (2) there were no significant differences between NEP users and non-users in reported injection risks, but NEP users reported significantly less unprotected sex; and (3) health data indicated that almost 50% of those tested were HIV infected and many had histories of sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis.
The Pharmacy Profession's Reaction to Substance Abuse among Pharmacists: The Process and Consequences of Medicalization
Authors: Dabney Dean , Heffington Thomas R.
Published: November 2015

This analysis traces the evolution of the pharmacy profession's reaction to problematic drug and/or alcohol use among its members. Historical events, scholarly literature, and the prevailing attitudes and perceptions of the pharmacy profession's governing bodies are drawn upon to illustrate how the profession has come to adopt a medical model orientation to the problem. The underlying assumptions and implications of this medical model orientation are critically considered as they relate to the profession's social control of existing drug and or alcohol use. It is suggested that the pharmacy profession and the scholarly community reconsider the way in which they approach the issue of impaired pharmacists. Specifically, the pharmacy profession needs to closely consider the impact that macro-level issues such as the conditions within the work environment and the processes of professional as well as occupational socialization have upon the nature and dynamics of ubstance abuse among its members.
Day Reporting Centers as an Alternative for Drug Using Offenders
Authors: McBride Duane , VanderWaal Curtis
Published: November 2015

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the development, implementation, and effectiveness of a day reporting center (DRC) for drug- using offenders in Cook County, Illinois. At the time of the evaluation, the program primarily offered services to African Americans with limited education and job experience and extensive histories of opiate and cocaine use. The analysis showed that while in the program, participants reduced their drug use, significantly improved the rate of their appearance for court dates, and had a very low rate of arrests on new charges. It was also found that the program had difficulties in integrating its services with other community services after participants left the program. Conclusions support the use of day reporting programs for drug-using offenders as an effective means to reduce drug use. It was also concluded that it was crucial to integrate this type of pre-trial service with other needed community services.
Mapping Techniques to Improve Substance Abuse Treatment in Criminal Justice Settings
Authors: Pitre Urvashi , Dees Sandra M. , Dansereau Donald F. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: November 2015

Node-link mapping, a graphic representation tool, was used to improve mandated substance-abuse treatment in a 4-month residential criminal justice program. Three hundred eighty probationers (residents) were randomly assigned to either mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. Compared to those in standard counseling, residents receiving mapping gave more favorable evaluations to their group meetings, counselors, co-residents, and security staff. They also rated themselves higher on treatment effort and self-efficacy measures than did their counterparts. These findings suggest that mapping-enhanced counseling fosters more effective communication during meetings, promotes stronger therapeutic alliances, and thus enhances the perceptions of the effectiveness of the program and of the people associated with it.
The Irish Dimension to Drug Use and HIV in Britain
Authors: O'Brien Oonagh , Tierney Luke
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on the issues facing Irish drug users who have migrated to Britain. The main finding is that a number of changes in relation to drug use occur as a result of migration itself. These are both harm increasing and harm reducing, but a majority of respondents self-reported harm-increasing changes in drug use particularly in relation to HIV infection.

Irish drug users have close networks of friends and relatives that they can access when they come to Britain. However, there is evidence that they are reluctant to approach services. When they did so Irish drug users traveled long distances in London to go to services that were known to work with their community.

Together with the multiplicity of problems associated with migration that are described in this paper, the findings show that Irish drug users are a highly vulnerable group within the British drug-using population.
An Economic Analysis of Drug Use and Crime
Authors: Mocan H. Naci , Corman Hope
Published: November 2015

This paper aims to demonstrate how economists approach the investigation of the relationship between drug use and criminal activity. The economic model of crime does not treat criminal activity as deviant behavior, but it considers it as a reaction of individuals to prices and incentives. Drug use has a place in this framework because, in addition to a potential pharmaceutical effect, drug use may affect criminal behavior because of the interaction between drug prices, drug consumption and drug profits. The paper presents statistical problems in uncovering causal relationships between crime and its determinants.
A Survey of Economic Models of Addictive Behavior
Authors: Grossman Michael , Chaloupka Frank J. , Anderson Richard
Published: November 2015

In economic analyses of addictive behavior, the consumption of a certain good is termed to be an addiction if an increase in past consumption of the good leads to an increase in current consumption. From policy, legal, and public health perspectives, addictive goods are of interest because the consumption of many of these goods harms the consumer and others. The U.S. government and those of many other countries have chosen to regulate such addictive substances as cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana by means of policies that raise their prices. Consequently, the responsiveness of these substances to price is an important parameter in determining the optimal level of taxation or the impacts of legalization of cocaine or marijuana. The economics of addiction is very relevant to these issues because recent theoretical advances predict that addictive goods should be more sensitive to price than previously believed. Current empirical studies confirm this prediction.
Smoking and other Risky Behaviors
Authors: Hersch Joni , Viscusi W. Kip
Published: November 2015

To better understand the causes of smoking behavior, this paper examines the differences in risk-taking behavior by smokers in other domains. Smokers are less likely to perform preventive health activities such as seatbelt use, flossing, and checking their blood pressure. They choose riskier jobs, are more likely to be injured on their jobs controlling for objective measures of risk, are more likely to have an accident at home, and are more likely to have an accident overall. These choices do not stem from any greater economic payoff to smokers taking risks. Indeed, smokers are willing to work at hazardous jobs for less pay per unit risk than nonsmokers. On average, smokers place a monetary value on the risk of job injury that is roughly half that of nonsmokers. The greater risk taking of smokers reflects a broad pattern of behavior and is not restricted to smoking decisions.
A Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis of Drunk-Driving Policies
Authors: Kenkel Donald
Published: November 2015

Social cost-benefit analysis (CBA) offers a framework for societal decisions about drunk-driving policies. An effective drunk-driving policy reduces the extra fatal risks drunk drivers impose on others. This risk reduction can be valued as the expected number of lives saved multiplied by the dollar value of a statistical life. Drunk-driving policies create social costs because when resources are used to combat drunk-driving, they can not be used in the production of other goods and services. Complications considered include the distinction between private versus external benefits and costs, the roles of poor information and irrationality, constraints on public sector budgets, and what costs should be included. Social CBA can not make difficult policy decisions easy, but does help clarify the tradeoffs involved as policy makers pursue the worthy goal of improving traffic safety by reducing drunk-driving.
HIV Risk Behaviors of Gay and Bisexual Male Methamphetamine Users Contacted through Street Outreach
Authors: Reback Cathy J. , Grella Christine E.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the characteristics of 908 gay and bisexual male drug users contacted over a 12-month period through a street outreach HIV risk-reduction program in Hollywood, California. Over one-third (37 percent) of the contacted individuals reported using methamphetamine in the previous 30 days; over half of these (58 percent) reported injection drug use. Compared with the non-methamphetamine users, the methamphetamine users were more likely to be white, to engage in sex work, to inject drugs, and to have sex partners who injected drugs. The methamphetamine users were also less likely to have used condoms when engaged in high-risk sexual behavior and were more likely to have used other drugs within the previous 30 days than the non-users. Methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual males compounds risk for HIV, and risk-reduction interventions to this population should address both high-risk drug and sexual behaviors within the broader context of gay male communities.
Developmental Patterns Associated with the Onset of Drug Use: Changes in Postulated Mediators during Adolescence
Authors: McNeal Ralph B. , Hansen William B.
Published: November 2015

This study longitudinally examines the changes in key mediators for adolescent substance use. Previous research and intervention strategies typically target mediators as important foci for program intervention. Findings presented here indicate that while some deterioration of key mediators occurs developmentally among all adolescents, the deterioration is more severe for students that initiate substance use. Furthermore, the rate of deterioration associated with the onset of substance use is more evident for some mediators (e.g. normative beliefs, commitment and lifestyle incompatibility) than for others (e.g. goal-setting and self-esteem). Finally, evidence indicates that the mediators that suffer the greatest deterioration significantly vary across substance. In other words, the degree of deterioration in mediators that should have a substantial influence on adolescent substance use varies across alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and inhalant use. Implications for program development and intervention strategies are discussed in light of these findings.
Attention and Learning Disordered Children: A Review of Theory and Remediation
Authors: Harris Larry P.
Published: November 2015

This is a review of the pivotal position accorded attentional deficits in explaining the inferior school-related performances of the mild-to-moderate LD, ED, and MR child. Problems in defining attention are discussed and an operational definition is given which lists those behaviors commonly associated with (1) adaptation to classroom environments, which lead to (2) correct student responses to pertinent, task-relevant stimuli. Orientation response and stimulus selection theories are summarized, and three common methods of remediation — drug therapy, reduced environmental stimulation, and operant conditioning — are examined to determine their efficacy. While each method was found to reduce maladaptive behaviors (e.g., motor restlessness, eyes and ears involved off-task, irrelevant talking), none of them lead to significant increases in correct academic work. Several interpretations of this finding and its import for special educators are listed.
A Comparison of Learning Disabled Adolescents with Normal Learners on an Anaphoric Pronominal Reference Task
Authors: Fayne Harriet R.
Published: November 2015

This study investigated whether differences exist between learning disabled and nonhandicapped adolescents in their comprehension of pronoun-antecedent relationships. A pronoun reference task was administered to learning disabled, nonacademic, and academic 10th and 11th graders in a middle-class, suburban high school. There were significant differences between the performance of the LD and the nonhandicapped groups, but no differences were found between the low and average nondisabled groups. Results indicated that LD students may have specific comprehension difficulties that are related to their inattention to integrative cues in text.
What Makes an In-Service Program Click?
Authors: Lyon Ralph M.
Published: November 2015

In-service programs are in operation, or are springing up, wherever teachers are at work. Mr. Lyon, Dean, State Teachers College, Livingston, Alabama, undertakes to put his finger on some of the elements which make for success, where success is attained in this rapidly expanding educational effort. It is refreshing to note that he seeks evaluations by professional workers engaged at different levels and in different types of service. A cross-sectional rather than a specialized point of view is the interesting result.
An Index to Measure Contingency of English Sentences
Authors: Becker Selwyn W. , Bavelas Alex , Braden Marcia
Published: November 2015

Several indexes to measure contingency of sentences were constructed by considering nouns, repeated nouns, and total number of words. Contingency was operationally defined as reconstructibility in order to test the several indexes against a criterion. The best form of the index was then selected and retested. The contingency ranking, based on the index, of ten sections of text correlated 0 84 with the reconstructibility ranking. It was concluded that the index is a valid initial approximation to a measure of contingency if contingency is defined as reconstructibility.
The New Breed of Band Director … Thinks Realistically
Authors: Gibbs Robert A.
Published: November 2015

The following triptych of articles on the band curriculum has penetrating implications for choral conductors and orchestral directors as well as bandsmen. The terms “chorus” and “orchestra” could easily be substituted for “band” in many of the statements that follow, for directors of all these groups are equally vulnerable to many of the problems voiced here and may welcome some of the solutions. Nevertheless, it is the band that has traditionally held a position of prominence in the curriculum, and as such it has often been looked upon as the measure of music education. Perhaps it is left to the band once again to lead music education to another level of refinement, since its area is a principal focus of interest and concern.—Ed.
Internal Volume in Fibers
Authors: Quynn Richard G.
Published: November 2015

The amount and size distribution of internal volume, or pore space, is related to many important fiber properties such as diffusion, swelling, accessibility to reagents, and mechanical properties. A high-pressure mercury porosimeter has been applied to fibers to yield direct information about total pore volume and pore size distribution, and indirect information about the geometry of the pore structure.

Results for a variety of natural and synthetic fibers are given. Examples are shown of pore structures arising from wet spinning, freeze-drying, and hot drawing in several experimental fibers.
Structure and Properties of Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Rollins Mary L. , Moore Anna T. , Tripp Verne W.
Published: November 2015

Photomicrographs of chemically modified cotton fibers, illustrating the alterations in the fine structure that were caused by the treatments, are shown. An attempt is made to correlate structural changes in the fiber with changes in such fiber and fabric properties as breaking strength, elongation, and dry and wet wrinkle recovery.
The Bonding of Phenols to Cotton with Zirconium Acetate
Authors: Gonzales Elwood J. , Welch Clark M. , Guthrie John D.
Published: November 2015

Zirconium acetate binds certain phenols to cotton to impart a high degree of rot resistance. Pentachlorophenol, pentabromophenol, methylenebis( p-chlorophenol), and p-hydroxyphenylmercuric chloride have been applied in this way, either as the free phenols or as their sodium salts.

This type of treatment has advantages over the simple deposition of phenols on cotton in that the bound phenols are resistant to extraction with water and organic solvents and to removal by abrasion. Besides being rot resistant, the treated fabrics exhibited a good hand, noticeable water repellency, and increased breaking strength, although their tearing strength was usually decreased. Fabrics having appreciable flame resistance resulted when sodium pentabromophenate was applied. Increased weight, softness, and water repellency were obtained on boiling the treated fabrics in soap solutions. This is evidence of an exchange of stearate anions for acetate anions in the polymeric zirconium oxyacetate matrix on the fabrics.
Some Properties of 50/50 Nylon/Cotton and Nylon/Viscose Blends: Part I: The Strength and Air Permeability of Fabrics Varying in Construction
Authors: Krasny J. F. , Groh G. J. , Yelland W. E. C.
Published: November 2015

About thirty experimental nylon/cellulosic fiber blend fabrics were constructed to study the effects of the following variables: cotton vs ordinary and modified viscose; intimate vs plied yarn blends; weave, yarn number and spacing, and twist; untreated vs heavily resin-treated samples, with various add-ons of softener.

The grab strength of the nylon/cotton intimate blend fabrics could be related to the weight of the stressed yarn system by the equation:

Grab strength, lb = 0.0087 den/in. — 15 (corr. coeff. 0.95)

There was no significant effect of the fabric construction or resin treatment on this relationship. The points representing nylon/viscose intimate blend fabrics were generally quite close to this line, but those for nylon/cotton plied yarn blend fabrics followed an equation with the same slope but with an intercept of +30; thus, at an average, they had 45 lb more grab strength than comparable intimate blend fabrics.

The tear strength of the untreated, nylon/cotton intimate blend fabrics followed the relationship

Tear strength, lb = 0.00036 den/in. — 0.3 (corr. coeff. 0.74)

The points above this line were generally those representing satins and relatively coarse yarns; those below, 2/1 twills and plain weave fabrics and/or relatively fine yarns. The same slope with an intercept of −2.5 lb and a correlation coefficient of 0.91 were obtained after resin treatment, indicating an average strength loss of 2.2 lb, and a much smaller effect of fabric construction. The nylon/cotton plied yarn blend and the nylon/viscose intimate blend fabrics had higher tear strength than their nylon/cotton intimate blend counterparts.

The air permeability of the blends which contained viscose was generally higher than that of their cotton-containing counterparts. In all blends, the air permeability was reduced by the resin treatment. Within each blend, the air permeability was essentially a function of the closeness with which a fabric construction approached the limit of weavability. Relatively low twist (twist multiplier 3.05) lowered the air permeability but did not affect the grab or tear strength in these fabrics.
Effect of Light upon Wool: Part III: Post-Irradiation Loss of Color in the Dark after “Germicidal” UV Exposure
Authors: Launer Herbert F.
Published: November 2015

The green color acquired by wool during irradiation with Germicidal ultraviolet in air was found to “fade” rapidly in the dark in post-irradiation reactions. The loss of color, resulting in a pale yellow, is due to the practically complete disappearance of the orange absorption band and the partial disappearance of the violet-blue absorption band, which together cause the green color. Both absorbers disappear in thermal reactions by reacting with water vapor and/or oxygen at rates governed by the concentration of these gases and by the temperature of the wool. The energy of activation of the reaction governing the disappearance of the orange absorber is approximately 12,000 calories. This report, in showing the considerable activity in wool after the initiating uv has been discontinued, provides an example in the neglected field of post-irradiation effects.