bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Erdbeben in Kandel/Südpfalz von 1880 und 1903
Authors: Barth Andreas
Published: November 2011

Die Erdbeben vom 24. Januar 1880 und 22. März 1903 sind die stärksten bekannten seismischen Ereignisse, die in der Südpfalz stattgefunden haben. Vor dem Hintergrund der erhöhten Aktivität auf dem Gebiet der tiefen Geothermie ist eine Neubewertung der historischen Beben von allgemeinem Interesse. Die Auswertung historischer Literaturquellen zeigt, dass das Erdbeben von 1880 eine Maximalintensität von I0 = V (nach EMS‐98) erzeugte, während das Ereignis von 1903 I0 = VI aufwies. Damit wurden beide Beben in der bisherigen Literatur um einen halben bzw. einen Intensitätsgrad überbewertet, was folglich zu einer Überschätzung der Magnitude führte. Aus den deutlich unterschiedlichen Spürbarkeitsradien beider Beben (49 km bzw. 30 km) und der Neubewertung der Intensität ergibt sich für das 1880er Beben eine Magnitude von ML 3,7 (MW 3,3) bei einer Herdtiefe von 14 km und für das 1903er Beben ML 3,9 (MW 3,6) bei einem sehr flachen Hypozentrum bei 2,5 km Tiefe. Die Epizentren lagen 1880 etwa 3 km nord‐nordöstlich von Kandel und 1903 in Kandel selbst.

Re‐evaluation of intensity and source parameters of the earthquakes in Kandel/Southern Palatinate in 1880 and 1903. The earthquakes of 24 January 1880 and 22 March 1903 are the strongest seismic events known for the region of Southern Palatinate (Upper Rhine Graben, Germany). Regarding the increased geothermal activity the re‐evaluation of the historic earthquakes is of general interest. The analysis of the historic literature reveals a maximum intensity I0 = V (EMS‐98) for the 1880 earthquake and I0 = VI for the event of 1903. Thus, for both seismic events the maximum intensity was overestimated in recent bulletins by one half and one whole grade, respectively. As a consequence, this also led to an overestimation of the magnitudes. The remarkable difference in the radius of perceptibility of both earthquakes (49 km and 30 km, respectively) in combination with the newly assigned intensities allows to estimate the magnitude of the event in 1880 to ML 3.7 (MW 3.3) at a hypocentral depth of 14 km; for the 1903 event a magnitude of ML 3.9 (MW 3.6) results for a shallow source at 2.5 km. The epicentres were approximately 3 km N‐NE of Kandel in 1880 and directly at Kandel in 1903.
Metabolic network modeling and simulation for drug targeting and discovery
Authors: Kim Hyun Uk , Sohn Seung Bum , Lee Sang Yup
Published: November 2011

Systems biology has greatly contributed toward the analysis and understanding of biological systems under various genotypic and environmental conditions on a much larger scale than ever before. One of the applications of systems biology can be seen in unraveling and understanding complicated human diseases where the primary causes for a disease are often not clear. The in silico genome‐scale metabolic network models can be employed for the analysis of diseases and for the discovery of novel drug targets suitable for treating the disease. Also, new antimicrobial targets can be discovered by analyzing, at the systems level, the genome‐scale metabolic network of pathogenic microorganisms. Such applications are possible as these genome‐scale metabolic network models contain extensive stoichiometric relationships among the metabolites constituting the organism's metabolism and information on the associated biophysical constraints. In this review, we highlight applications of genome‐scale metabolic network modeling and simulations in predicting drug targets and designing potential strategies in combating pathogenic infection. Also, the use of metabolic network models in the systematic analysis of several human diseases is examined. Other computational and experimental approaches are discussed to complement the use of metabolic network models in the analysis of biological systems and to facilitate the drug discovery pipeline.
Querying quantitative logic models (Q2LM) to study intracellular signaling networks and cell‐cytokine interactions
Authors: Morris Melody K. , Shriver Zachary , Sasisekharan Ram , Lauffenburger Douglas A.
Published: November 2011

Mathematical models have substantially improved our ability to predict the response of a complex biological system to perturbation, but their use is typically limited by difficulties in specifying model topology and parameter values. Additionally, incorporating entities across different biological scales ranging from molecular to organismal in the same model is not trivial. Here, we present a framework called “querying quantitative logic models” (Q2LM) for building and asking questions of constrained fuzzy logic (cFL) models. cFL is a recently developed modeling formalism that uses logic gates to describe influences among entities, with transfer functions to describe quantitative dependencies. Q2LM does not rely on dedicated data to train the parameters of the transfer functions, and it permits straight‐forward incorporation of entities at multiple biological scales. The Q2LM framework can be employed to ask questions such as: Which therapeutic perturbations accomplish a designated goal, and under what environmental conditions will these perturbations be effective? We demonstrate the utility of this framework for generating testable hypotheses in two examples: (i) a intracellular signaling network model; and (ii) a model for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cell‐cytokine interactions; in the latter, we validate hypotheses concerning molecular design of granulocyte colony stimulating factor.
Production of glucuronic acid‐based polysaccharides by microbial fermentation for biomedical applications
Authors: Cimini Donatella , De Rosa Mario , Schiraldi Chiara
Published: November 2011

This review provides an overview of the properties, different biosynthetic machineries, and biotechnological production processes of four microbially derived glucuronic acid‐based polysaccharides that are of interest for diverse biomedical purposes. In particular, the utilization of hyaluronic acid and heparin sulfate in high‐value medical applications is already well established, whereas chondroitin sulfate and alginate show high potential within this ever‐growing field. Furthermore, new strategies exploiting genetically engineered microorganisms generated through improving naturally existing pathways or de novo designed ones are described. These new developments result in increased fermentation titers, and thereby, pave the way towards feasible, or at least improved, process economy. Moreover, these strategies also allow for the future possibility of producing tailor‐made biopolymers with specified characteristics, even novel molecules.
Specialization and integration of brain responses to object recognition and location detection
Authors: Pennick Mark R. , Kana Rajesh K.
Published: November 2011

Visual information is processed in the brain primarily through two distinct pathways, the dorsal and the ventral visual streams. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the specialization and integration of dorsal and ventral streams using tasks of object recognition and location detection. The study included 22 healthy adult volunteers who viewed stimuli consisting of grayscale photographs of common household objects presented in blocked design. Participants were asked to either recognize an object or to locate its position. While the location detection task elicited greater activation in the dorsal visual stream, recognizing objects showed greater activation in the middle occipital gyri, left inferior temporal gyrus, and in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The integration between dorsal and ventral brain areas was stronger during location detection than during object recognition. In addition, a principal components analysis found preliminary evidence for a group of regions, such as frontal and parietal cortex, working together in this task. Overall, the results of this study indicate the existence of specialized modules for object recognition and location detection, and possible interactions between areas beyond the visual cortex that may play a role in such tasks.
Antioxidants in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal cancer surgery
Authors: Szpetnar Maria , Matras Przemysław , Kiełczykowska Małgorzata , Horecka Anna , Bartoszewska Lidia , Pasternak Kazimierz , Rudzki Sławomir
Published: November 2011

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is essential for patients with postoperative impairing gastrointestinal function who are unable to receive and absorb oral/enteral feeding for at least 7 days. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the ethiopathogenesis of cancers. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid were studied in patients operated because of small intestine, colorectal or pancreatic cancer and subsequently receiving TPN in comparison with patients receiving standard nutrition after the operation. TAS level and GPx activity were decreased in patients with small intestine cancer but did not differ in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer before and after surgery. In all patient groups receiving TPN, superoxide dismutase activity after the surgery was kept at the same level as before. On the fifth day after the surgery, malondialdehyde concentration in each group was restored to the value observed before surgery. On the fifth day of TPN treatment, ascorbic acid concentration was increased in every group of patients.

TPN applied during the postoperative period alleviates oxidative stress resulting from surgery. In the case of small intestine cancer, the addition of vitamins and antioxidants to the nutrition mixture seems to result in depletion of antioxidant enzymes' activities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism‐Oriented Redesign of an Isomaltulose Synthase to an Isomelezitose Synthase by Site‐Directed Mutagenesis
Authors: Görl Julian , Timm Malte , Seibel Jürgen
Published: November 2011

An isomelezitose synthase was redesigned out of the sucrose isomerase from Protaminobacter rubrum for the synthesis of isomelezitose (6‐OF‐glucosylsucrose), a potential nutraceutical. The variants F297A, F297P, R333K, F321A_F319A and E428D catalyze the formation of isomelezitose in up to 70 % yield.
Interparental aggression and infant patterns of adrenocortical and behavioral stress responses
Authors: Towe‐Goodman Nissa R. , Stifter Cynthia A. , Mills‐Koonce W. Roger , Granger Douglas A. ,   The Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: November 2011

Drawing on emotional security theory, this study examined linkages between interparental aggression, infant self‐regulatory behaviors, and patterns of physiological and behavioral stress responses in a diverse sample of 735 infants residing in predominately low‐income, non‐metropolitan communities. Latent profile analysis revealed four classes of adrenocortical and behavioral stress‐response patterns at 7 months of age, using assessments of behavioral and cortisol reactivity to an emotion eliciting challenge, as well as global ratings of the child's negative affect and basal cortisol levels. The addition of covariates within the latent profile model suggested that children with more violence in the home and children who used less caregiver‐oriented regulation strategies were more likely to exhibit a pattern of high cortisol reactivity with moderate signs of distress rather than the average stress response, suggesting possible patterns of adaptation in violent households. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 685–699, 2012.
Self‐Assembled Submonolayer of β‐Cyclodextrins on Gold Electrode for the Selective Determination of 4‐Aminobiphenyl
Authors: Carrillo Idania , Quintana Carmen , Esteva Ana M. , Hernández Lucas , Hernández Pedro
Published: November 2011

The formation of an inclusion complex between 4‐aminobiphenyl (4‐AB) and β‐cyclodextrin molecules (β‐CD), allows the use of thiolated β‐CDs as chemi‐adsorbed material on a Au electrode as a self‐assembled submonolayer for the selective square wave voltammetric determination of 4‐AB. The submonolayer was characterized by reductive desorption and an association constant of 1.2×104 L/mol was obtained. The optimization of variables yielded a linear dependence of ip/4‐AB concentration in the range of 10−5 to 10−4 mol/L. The selectivity of the method was evaluated in the presence of other aromatic amines obtaining better results with the modified electrode. This methodology was applied to the voltammetric determination of 4‐AB in wastewater samples.
Application of Modified Tafel Analysis to the Identification of Corrosion Products on Archaeological Metals Using Voltammetry of Microparticles
Authors: Doménech Antonio , Doménech‐Carbó María Teresa , Pasies Trinidad , Bouzas María Carmen
Published: November 2011

An operational modification of Tafel analysis, applied to the intermediate region of square wave voltammetric curves, devoted to the identification of corrosion products on archaeological metal, is described. This is based on the voltammetry of microparticles methodology using conventional abrasive conditioning of the electrode, as well as ‘one‐touch’ and layer‐by‐layer techniques. The proposed methodology is applied to the identification of copper and silver corrosion products in mediaeval silver‐copper coins from the Libertad street hoard in Valencia (Spain).
Electron microprobe monazite geochronology of granitic intrusions from the Montes de Toledo batholith (central Spain)
Authors: Orejana David , Merino Enrique , Villaseca Carlos , Pérez‐Soba Cecilia , Cuesta Andrés
Published: November 2011

U–Th–Pb monazite dating by electron microprobe has been applied to three peraluminous granitic intrusions of the western Montes de Toledo batholith (MTB). Back scattered electron images of monazite crystals reveal a variety of internal textures: patchy zoning, overgrowths around older cores and unzoned crystals. On the basis of their zoning pattern and chemical composition, two monazite domains can be distinguished: (1) corroded cores and crystals with patchy zoning, exhibiting relatively constant Th/U ratios and broadly older ages, and (2) unzoned grains and monazite rims, with variable Th/U ratios and younger ages. The first monazite group represents inherited domains from metamorphic sources, which accounts for pre‐magmatic monazite growth events. Two average ages from Torrico and Belvís de Monroy granites (333 ± 18 and 333 ± 5 Ma, respectively) relate these cores to a Viséan extensional deformation phase. The second group represents igneous monazites which have provided the following crystallization ages for the host granite: 298 ± 11 Ma (Villar del Pedroso), 303 ± 6 Ma (Torrico) and 314 ± 3 Ma (Belvís de Monroy). Two main magmatic pulses, the first about 314 Ma and the second at the end of the Carboniferous (303–298 Ma), might be envisaged in the western MTB. While Belvís de Monroy leucogranite is likely a syn‐ to late‐tectonic intrusion, the Villar del Pedroso and Torrico plutons represent post‐tectonic magmas with emplacement ages similar to those of equivalent intrusions from nearby Variscan magmatic sectors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological response of endothelial cells to diamond‐like carbon‐coated NiTi alloy
Authors: Hang Ruiqiang , Zhang Ming , Ma Shengli , Chu Paul K.
Published: November 2011

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings were deposited on nearly equiatomic nickel‐titanium (NiTi) alloy by arc‐enhanced magnetron sputtering. The microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, surface free energy, protein adsorbance, and leach amount of Ni ions were assessed by Raman spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements, micro BCA™ protein assay kit, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The biological response of the endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated by cell adhesion, morphology, viability, and expression levels of thrombogenicity‐related genes. Our results show that the DLC coatings inhibit the release of Ni ions from the NiTi substrate effectively thus enhancing its biosafety. The easy adhesion, elongated morphology, and high viability of ECs on the DLC coatings suggest fast endothelialization after implantation and so application of DLC coatings improves the surface properties of NiTi in cardiovascular applications. The relationship between the surface characteristics, Ni leaching, and concomitant biological response are discussed in details. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Modulation of angiogenesis by dietary phytoconstituents in the prevention and intervention of breast cancer
Authors: Reuben Sharon C. , Gopalan Ashwin , Petit Danielle M. , Bishayee Anupam
Published: November 2011

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths for women in the United States and the rest of the world. About 8% of women develop breast cancer during the course of their lives. Dietary habits are closely associated with both the risk and progression of breast cancer. Dietary agents have accumulated increasing importance with regards to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. One such manner by which these compounds can target breast cancer development and progression is through interference with the angiogenic pathways. Angiogenesis is an intricate process that involves the development of new capillaries from previously existing blood vessels. Disruption of this pathway, therefore, provides a novel and effective avenue for therapeutic intervention of breast cancer. Various phytochemicals found in the diet kill breast cancer cells in vitro and prevent as well as suppress breast cancer progression in various preclinical animal models. This review examines the value of dietary phytoconstituents in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer through modulation of the intricate and complex process of angiogenesis. In addition, the potential benefits, challenges, and future directions of research on anti‐angiogenic dietary phytochemicals in the prevention and intervention of breast cancer are also addressed.
On the minimum cut separator problem
Authors: Ben‐Ameur Walid , Didi Biha Mohamed
Published: November 2011

Given G = (V,E) an undirected graph and two specified nonadjacent nodes a and b of V, a cut separator is a subset F =δ (C) ⊆ E such that a,b∈V / C and a and b belong to different connected components of the graph induced by V / C. Given a non‐negative cost vector
\documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}c\in\mathbb{R}^{|E|}_{+}\end{align*} \end{document}, the cut separator problem is to find a cut separator of minimum cost. This new problem can be seen as a generalization of the vertex separator problem. In this article, we give a polynomial time algorithm for this problem. We also present six equivalent linear programming formulations, and we show their tightness. Using these results we obtain an explicit short polyhedral description of the dominant of the cut separator polytope. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Branch‐and‐cut and hybrid local search for the multi‐level capacitated minimum spanning tree problem
Authors: Uchoa Eduardo , Toffolo Túlio A. M. , de Souza Mauricio C. , Martins Alexandre X. , Fukasawa Ricardo
Published: November 2011

We propose algorithms to compute tight lower bounds and high quality upper bounds (UBs) for the multilevel capacitated minimum spanning tree problem. We first develop a branch‐and‐cut algorithm, introducing some new features: (i) the exact separation of cuts corresponding to some master equality polyhedra found in the formulation; (ii) the separation of Fenchel cuts, solving LPs considering all the possible solutions restricted to small portions of the graph. We then use that branch‐and‐cut within a GRASP that performs moves by solving to optimality subproblems corresponding to partial solutions. The computational experiments were conducted on 450 benchmark instances from the literature. Numerical results show improved best known (UBs) for almost all instances that could not be solved to optimality. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Hui , Pan Qinmin , Hammond Michael , Rempel Garry L.
Published: November 2011

Poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) (PMMA–NBR) core–shell structured nanoparticles were prepared using a two‐stage semibatch microemulsion polymerization system with PMMA and NBR as the core and shell, respectively. The Gemini surfactant 12‐3‐12 was used as the emulsifier and found to impose a pronounced influence on the formation of core–shell nanoparticles. The spherical morphology of core–shell nanoparticles was observed. It was found that there exists an optimal MMA addition amount, which can result in the minimized size of PMMA–NBR core–shell nanoparticles. The formation mechanism of the core–shell structure and the interaction between the core and shell domains was illustrated. The PMMA–NBR nanosize latex can be used as the substrate for the following direct latex hydrogenation catalyzed by Wilkinson's catalyst to prepare the PMMA–HNBR (hydrogenated NBR) core–shell nanoparticles. The hydrogenation rate is rapid. In the absence of any organic solvent, the PMMA–HNBR nanoparticles with a size of 30.6 nm were obtained within 3 h using 0.9 wt % Wilkinson's catalyst at 130 °C under 1000 psi of H2. This study provides a new perspective in the chemical modification of NBR and shows promise in the realization of a “green” process for the commercial hydrogenation of unsaturated elastomers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Engineering a sharp physiological transition state for poly(n‐isopropylacrylamide) through structural control
Authors: Chang Kai , Dicke Zachary T. , Taite Lakeshia J.
Published: November 2011

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm), a well‐studied, biologically inert polymer that undergoes a sharp aqueous thermal transition at 32 °C, has been a subject of widespread interest for possible biological applications. A major hindrance to its successful application is due to the difficulty of maintaining a sharp transition when the polymer is modified for a physiological transition temperature, especially in isotonic solutions. Current copolymer blends raise the transition temperature but also make the transition significantly broader. We have combined the use of reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with tacticity control to synthesize well‐defined pNIPAAm that demonstrates sharp transitions under physiological conditions. By selecting a RAFT agent with appropriate end groups, controlling molecular weight, and increasing the racemo diad content, we were able to increase the thermal transition temperature of pure pNIPAAm to a sharp transition at 37.6 °C under isotonic conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
White organic light‐emitting diodes based on C545T doped emitting system
Authors: Lin Hua‐Ping , Zhou Fan , Li Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Wen , Zhang Liang , Jiang Xue‐Yin , Zhang Zhi‐Lin , Zhang Jian‐Hua
Published: November 2011

Fluorescent white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with single‐emitting layer (EML) and double‐EML structures were demonstrated using a 2,3,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1,1,7,7,‐tetramethyl‐1H,5H,11H‐10(2‐benzothiazolyl)quinolizine‐[9,9a,1gh]coumarin (C545T) doped emitting system. With the incorporation of double‐EML structure, white emission with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of (0.331, 0.335) and luminous efficiency of 8.04 cd/A was obtained. Moreover, WOLED with a single‐EML structure shows superior electroluminescence performances such as lower voltage, higher luminance, and enhanced power efficiency. These improvements are attributed to its high energy transfer ability via the intermediation of C545T. The Forster's radius was given to clarify the actual energy transfer process.
Monolithic integration of semipolar pyramidal LEDs with tailored wavelengths
Authors: Sugiyama Masakazu , Fujiwara Tatsuki , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: November 2011

Aiming at monolithic in‐plane integration of light emitters with multiple wavelengths in a designed manner, InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on the semipolar planes of GaN hexagonal pyramids were grown in selective growth windows surrounded by the masks with varied widths (40‐240 μm). Growth rate of the pyramid was modulated by a factor of 3 with an increase in the mask width. Its tendency was in accordance with the accumulation of a precursor in the vicinity of the selective area, which was numerically estimated assuming vapour‐phase diffusion and surface incorporation of the precursor. Peak wavelength modulation in both cathode luminescence and electro luminescence from the MQWs were observed, and both peaks exhibited similar dependencies on the mask width, which was related to an increase in the thickness of InGaN wells. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved surface morphology and mobility of AlGaN/GaN HEMT grown on silicon substrate
Authors: Zhu Xueliang , Ma Jun , Huang Tongde , Li Ming , Wong Ka Ming , Lau Kei May
Published: November 2011

High mobility AlGaN/GaN HEMT was grown on silicon substrates by MOCVD. Smooth and crack‐free wafers were obtained by implementation of an AlN/AlGaN super‐lattice interlayer. We also found that the carrier gases have a great influence on the surface morphology of the AlGaN barrier. With a proper ratio of carrier gases, the AlGaN surface is significantly improved. With other optimized growth conditions, the electron mobility of HEMT can be as high as 1650 cm2/Vs. HEMT devices are also fabricatied and the reverse biased gate leakage current was reduced to 6.5 μA/mm at Vgs = ‐35 V. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Large coseismic displacements and tall buildings
Authors: Ventura Carlos E. , Archila Manuel , Bebamzadeh Armin , Liam Finn W. D.
Published: November 2011

Seismic demands imposed on tall buildings are sensitive to long‐period ground motions. A source of these motions can be near‐fault effects: rupture directivity and fling step (large coseismic displacements). The potential adverse effects of near‐fault motions on structures have been attributed to rupture directivity in previous studies. However, the influence of large coseismic displacement on tall building seismic response has not been widely investigated. This study explores the influence of coseismic displacements on the nonlinear response of tall buildings. Several nonlinear time history analyses were performed to evaluate the response of a reinforced concrete tall building to coseismic displacements. The ground motions used for these analyses were recorded in the proximity of faults where large coseismic displacements have been observed. Recorded motions from the Landers earthquake (1992), Kocaeli earthquake (1999), Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Chi‐Chi earthquake (1999) were selected for this study. The results from a parametric study of the response of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system showed that the influence of the fling on the system response is dependent on (a) the ratio of fling rise time to the fundamental period of the system and (b) the yielding resistance of the structure. At the onset of yielding, the fling step can further drive the system into very large displacements. The results from the case study indicate a significant increase on the seismic response of a tall building when the fling effect is included in the ground motions. This issue is a concern for tall buildings in regions where faults are not mapped to a great extent and near‐fault fling effect could be produced by a large magnitude earthquake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binäre Lanthan‐Stannide mit Sn:La‐Verhältnissen nahe 1:1 – Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen, Chemische Bindung
Authors: Dürr Ines , Röhr Caroline
Published: November 2011

Four binary lanthanum stannides close to the 1:1 ratio of Sn:La were synthesized from mixtures of the elements. The structures of the compounds have been determined by means of single‐crystal X‐ray data. The low temperature (α) form of LaSn (CrB‐type, orthorhombic, space group Cmcm, a = 476.33(6), b = 1191.1(2), c = 440.89(6) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0247), crystallizes with the CrB‐type. The structure exhibits planar tin zigzag chains with a Sn–Sn bond length of 299.1 pm. In contrast to the electron precise Zintl compounds of the alkaline earth elements, additional La–Sn bonding contributions become apparent from the results of band structure calculations. In the somewhat tin‐richer region, the new compound La3Sn4 (orthorhombic, space group Cmcm, a = 451.45(4), b = 1190.44(9), c = 1583.8(2) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0674), crystallizing with the Er3Ge4 structure type, exhibits Sn3 segments of the zigzag chains of α‐LaSn together with a further Sn atom in a square planar Sn coordination with increased Sn–Sn bond lengths. In the Lanthanum‐richer region, La11Sn10 (tetragonal, space group I4/mmm, a = 1208.98(5), c = 1816.60(9) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0325) forms the undistorted tetragonal Ho11Ge10 structure type. Its structure, which contains isolated Sn atoms, [Sn2] dumbbells and planar [Sn4] rings is related to the high temperature (β) form of LaSn. The structure of β‐LaSn (space group Cmmm, a = 1766.97(6), b = 1768.28(5), c = 1194.32(3) pm, Z = 60, R1 = 0.0453), which forms a singular structure type, can be derived from that of La11Sn10 by the removal of thin slabs. Due to the different stacking of the remaining layers, planar [Sn4] chain segments and linear [Sn–Sn–Sn] anions are formed as additional structural elements. The chemical bonding (Sn–Sn covalent bonding, Sn–La contributions) is discussed on the basis of the simple Zintl concept and the results of FP‐LAPW calculations (density of states, band structure, valence electron densities and electron localization function).
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of RuII Complexes with Trimethylsilylethinylamidinate Ligands
Authors: Seidel Wolfram W. , Dachtler Woldemar , Pape Tania
Published: November 2011

The mononuclear amidinate complexes [(η6‐cymene)‐RuCl(1a)] (2) and [(η6‐C6H6)RuCl(1b)] (3), with the trimethylsilyl‐ethinylamidinate ligands [Me3SiC≡CC(N‐c‐C6H11)2]– (1a–) and[Me3SiC≡CC(N‐i‐C3H7)2]– (1b–) were synthesized in high yields by salt metathesis. In addition, the related phosphane complexes[(η5‐C5H5)Ru(PPh3)(1b)] (4a) [(η5‐C5Me5)Ru(PPh3)(1b)] (4b), and [(η6‐C6H6)Ru(PPh3)(1b)](BF4) (5‐BF4) were prepared by ligand exchange reactions. Investigations on the removal of the trimethyl‐silyl group using [Bu4N]F resulted in the isolation of [(η6‐C6H6)Ru(PPh3){(N‐i‐C3H7)2CC≡CH}](BF4) (6‐BF4) bearing a terminal alkynyl hydrogen atom, while 2 and 3 revealed to yield intricate reaction mixtures. Compounds 1a/b to 6‐BF4 were characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 31P) and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses, including X‐ray diffraction analysis of 1b, 2, and 3.
Living Donor Right Hepatectomy Using the Hanging Maneuver by Glisson’s Approach Under the Upper Midline Incision
Authors: Kim Seong Hoon , Kim Young Kyu
Published: November 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to introduce an advanced technique for the best living donor right hepatectomy (LDRH) using the hanging maneuver by Glisson’s approach under an upper midline incision.

Methods

From January 2005 to February 2010, a total of 196 consecutive LDRHs have been performed at the National Cancer Center, Korea. To assess the overall outcomes of LDRH done with two significant technical developments—the upper midline incision and the initial Glisson’s approach—we performed a comparative analysis involving all consecutive living donors, who we divided into three groups based on the two technical modifications over 5 years.

Results

Compared with the previous two groups, the third group of 32 consecutive living donors, from September 2009 to February 2010, demonstrated shorter operative time, shorter duration of hospital stay, and lower complication rate with no operative mortality, major morbidity, blood transfusion, or reoperation. All donors were fully recovered and returned to their previous activities.

Conclusions

This LDRH using the hanging maneuver by Glisson’s approach can be completed safely and effectively with good outcomes through an upper midline incision above the umbilicus, which may be a new milestone toward the best LDRH that donor surgeons can pursue.
Pressure Ulcer Prevalence and Risk Factors During Prolonged Surgical Procedures
Authors: Primiano Mike , Friend Michael , McClure Connie , Nardi Scott , Fix Lisa , Schafer Marianne , Savochka Kathlyn , McNett Molly
Published: November 2011

Pressure ulcer formation related to positioning while in the OR increases the length of hospital stay and hospital costs, but there is little evidence documenting how positioning devices used in the OR influence pressure ulcer development when examined with traditional risk factors. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify the prevalence of and risk factors associated with pressure ulcer development among patients undergoing surgical procedures lasting longer than three hours. Participants included all adult same‐day admission patients scheduled for a three‐hour surgical procedure during an eight‐month period (N = 258). Data were gathered preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively on pressure ulcer risk factors. Bivariate analyses indicated that the type of positioning (ie, heels elevated) (χ2 = 7.897, P = .048), OR bed surface (ie, foam table pad) (χ2 = 15.848, P = .000), skin assessment in the postanesthesia care unit (χ2 = 41.652, P = .000), and male gender (χ2 = 6.984, P = .030) were associated with pressure ulcer development. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the use of a foam pad (β = 2.691, P = .024) and a lower day‐one Braden score (β = .244, P = .003) were predictive of pressure ulcers.
An Early Alamannic Brooch from Yorkshire
Authors: Swanton M. J.
Published: November 2011

In a recent account of the sixth-century Anglian cemetery at Londesborough in the Yorkshire Wolds, one curious piece of bronze from a female's grave was inadequately described merely as ‘perhaps an unusual type of buckle’. Too late for publication in that report a small group of parallel objects came to my notice, the existence of which has since been corroborated by Dr. Roes's recognition of a complete class of early continental quoit brooches, of which this group forms one variant. In fact, the fragmentary Londesborough piece (fig. i (4)) appears to be identical with an uncommon early Alamannic or Marcomannic group of thistle-shaped annular brooches.
The Excavation of the Henge Monument at Durrington Walls, Wiltshire, 1966
Authors: Wainwright G. J.
Published: November 2011

The earliest record of the Henge at Durrington Walls, in the parish of Durrington, Wiltshire (SU. 150437) (location map, fig. 1), is that made in the early nineteenth century by Sir Richard Colt Hoare (1812, p. 169). Today, the bank and ditch of the henge have been largely either ploughed flat or masked by comparatively modern accumulations of plough-soil and there is little to indicate to the casual visitor that these degraded earthworks represent all that is left of the largest henge monument in Britain.
A Late-Roman Silver Ingot from Kent
Authors: Painter K. S.
Published: November 2011

A late-Roman silver ingot from Kent has recently come to light. It weighs one Roman pound and is stamped EX OFF CVRMISSI. All such ingots seem likely to have been distributed as imperial donatives to troops in the fourth century. They are related to presentation silver plate and other gifts of this type, and more than forty silver ingots are now known from the European Roman provinces. The only other known stamp by Curmissus—or perhaps the curator missionum—is on a broken ingot in the hoard from Coleraine, Co. Londonderry.
A Socketed Iron Axe from Maids Moreton, Buckinghamshire, with a note on the type
Authors: Manning W. H. , Saunders C.
Published: November 2011

The socketed iron axe from Maid's Moreton is the largest example of a group of at least 21 such axes found in the British Isles. They can be divided into two classes by the presence, or absence, of a loop on the side of the socket. The looped form is the commonest and of British origin; the unlooped axes can be compared to Continental examples. The dating evidence for these axes is inadequate but does suggest that they were in use throughout the whole of the pre-Roman Iron Age. The shaft hole axe is less common than the socketed axe in the pre-Roman Iron Age and appears to have been introduced late in the period.
The Late Iron Age Metalwork from Bulbury, Dorset
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2011

The collection of iron, bronze, and glass found in Bulbury, Dorset, in 1881 is discussed in detail. It is considered to date to the early first century A.D.

The nature of the deposit is uncertain, but the possibility is examined that the finds divide into three categories: (a) fittings of a male burial, (b) fittings of a female burial, and (c) an ironsmith's stock in trade. Further excavation is called for.
A Bronze Mount from Mâcon: A Miniature Masterpiece of the Celtic Iron Age Reappraised
Authors: Megaw J. V. S.
Published: November 2011

In 1872 there came into the possession of the British Museum a small bronze fitting. In length 71 mm. and cast in a single piece, one end is in the shape of a bovine head, the other being a ring set at right-angles to the head, the shank having the appearance when viewed from the side of being bent back on itself to complete the circle; the maximum outer diameter of this ring is 27 mm. The animal's brow is defined by a double ridge which forms the lip of a question-mark-shaped socket whose body is represented by the top of the fitting. The shank has a diamond cross-section swelling gently from the moulded lips of the ring up into the head. The ridge on the rear surface sweeps out towards the top giving the end a triangular section. The casting is technically not wholly successful; the base of the ring has a stress fracture, there is a weak point at the top of the ring, and the sockets in the head (recently filled in with candle-wax) and on the return foot of the ring seem to be due in part to faulty pouring into the mould; certainly in the latter case there seems never to have been any intention to form an inlay setting although there is another possible use (see p. 28 below). Otherwise it must be said that the surface of the bronze has a fine finish with little or no sign of subsequent tooling.
The Norman Bank of Colchester Castle
Authors: Cotton M. Aylwin
Published: November 2011

During the excavations at Colchester in 1950, in Insula 22 of the Colonia, the Norman Bank was sectioned. An account has been given of the underlying Roman structures, but not of the later phases of this earthwork. They consisted of the Norman Bank itself and a later make-up.
The Greek Metrological Relief in Oxford
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: November 2011

The demeanour of the figure represented on the Greek metrological relief in the Ashmolean Museum indicates that it must have been made before the Athenian decree regulating weights and measures, variously dated between 449 and 420 B.C. All the dimensions of the slab imply the use of a cubit of 52·3 cm, the length of the Egyptian royal cubit which in a Greek context suggests a provenance on Samos. Finally, the slab was not used for the practical purpose of comparing or checking measures. The width and the angle of the surface point to its being set over a door, perhaps the entrance to a room devoted to the control of weights and measures.
Excavations at Gloucester, 1971–1973: Second Interim Report
Authors: Hurst Henry
Published: November 2011

The work of 1971–3 has produced a variety of important results. The Roman defences and defended area sequences set out in the first report have been confirmed with modifications of detail. New evidence has been found for the nature and extent of the Roman city outside the defended area: there are now the first hints of Roman planning in the St. Catherine Street—Hare Lane area and in Lower Northgate Street there was at least one monumental building and a street-side colonnade. Sub-Roman occupation has been recorded at 13–17 Berkeley Street. New evidence has been obtained for the possible first phase of Gloucester castle and the development of the medieval defences. The excavated evidence for the medieval occupation at 13–17 Berkeley Street has been combined with, and partly reinterpreted in the light of documentary evidence. At 82–4 Northgate Street the standing remains of a sixteenth-century and later building were recorded and its site excavated and related to documentary evidence. In the light of new discoveries, accounts are also given of St. Bartholemew's Hospital, the river Severn, and its two main medieval bridges within the city bounds.
The products of a medieval tile kiln at Bawsey, King's Lynn
Authors: Eames Elizabeth
Published: November 2011

In 1843 Daniel Gurney, Esq., F.S.A., discovered the site of a medieval kiln at Bawsey, near King's Lynn in Norfolk. It is known that local tradition had preserved the memory of such a kiln, because the Rev. J. H. Bloom, writing a history of Castle Acre, which was published in 1843 before he knew of the discovery of the site, remarked that tradition said that the priory of Castle Acre possessed a kiln at Bawsey near Lynn. John Gough Nichols, writing two years later in 1845, describes the discovery as follows: ‘Near Lynn in Norfolk was a manufactory of tiles which occur at various places in that neighbourhood. They are of the ordinary form but small, about 4½ inches square, and generally embossed in relief, no second material being inserted to restore a smooth surface.… A considerable quantity of these tiles, together with the kiln in which they were made, has been found at Bawsey near Lynn, and many of them have been placed over the fireplace of the inhabited room at Rising Castle, to which they were presented by Daniel Gurney, Esq., F.S.A. of North Runcton.’ The tiles at Castle Rising are still there, others recovered at the same time are in King's Lynn Museum, and still others found their way to the British Museum in 1855 as the gift of Sir Henry Ellis.
Early Anglo-Saxon inlaid metalwork
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: November 2011

One of the techniques employed by the Anglo-Saxon jeweller has hitherto been ignored, or at least passed over as being foreign, and the intention here is to bring it to more general notice. The relevant material is more plentiful than has been suspected, and a closer examination of objects already in museums or now being taken from the earth will aid investigations, and perhaps increase the value of the objects themselves as exhibits. Further studies in the subject may provide useful additions to the defective criteria perforce used in dating early Anglo-Saxon objects.
A Panel of Thirteenth-Century Stained Glass from Canterbury in America
Authors: Caviness Madeline Harrison
Published: November 2011

In November 1924 Professor A. Kingsley Porter gave to the William Hayes Fogg Art Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a medallion of stained glass which was alleged to have come from Canterbury Cathedral. The foreman of the cathedral glassworks has now identified this panel as one which was given or sold without authorization to a collector early in the 1920's. Now the panel must be attached to a series in the cathedral. This provides an occasion for a brief reconsideration of the style and date of the Canterbury windows.
Castle Tower, Penmaen: A Norman Ring-work in Glamorgan
Authors: Alcock Leslie , Talbot E. J.
Published: November 2011

Castle Tower, a ring-work of Norman character, was shown by excavation to have two main structural phases, dated by pottery to XII—early XIII century A.D. In the first phase, there was an elaborate timber gate-tower, and wooden buildings in the interior. After the gate had been burned down, the entrance was refashioned in stone, and a dry stone hall was constructed.
The Alfred Jewel and Sight
Authors: Bakka Egil
Published: November 2011

The Alfred jewel, found in 1693 in Newton Park near the Island of Athelney in Somerset, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is one of the most famous pieces of late Saxon jewellery. It is an intriguing object which has never been satisfactorily explained. The main facts and theories about it are conveniently summarized in the booklet by Miss Joan Kirk (now Mrs. J. R. Clarke) published by the Ashmolean Museum. This present note is mainly concerned with the use of the Alfred jewel and the Minster Lovell jewel, an object of similar character also described in Miss Kirk's booklet, and with the interpretation of the human figure contained in the Alfred jewel.
The Ruined Church of Stone-by-Faversham
Authors: Fletcher Eric , Meates Lt.-Col. G. W.
Published: November 2011

This article contains a report of excavations conducted in 196J and ig68 at the ruined church (or chapel) of Stone-by-Faversham, Kent. They were designed to establish whether or not the central part of the building (subsequently the western part of a medieval chancel) was an original Roman structure. The evidence, derived from the type of construction, an opus signinum floor, from the coins, burials, and pottery found in association with the building, all indicate that in origin it was either a mausoleum, or possibly a martyrium, probably datingfrom thefourth century A.D.

A Roman structure subsequently incorporated into a Christian church is unique in this country. The question as to when and how this transformation occurred is discussed in the context ofthepossible survival of Christianity in Sub-Roman Kent, and of St. Augustine's mission. Further excavation revealed foundations of a pre-Conquest wooden nave, and throws fresh light on the methods used by the Anglo-Saxons in building wooden churches.
A souterrain identified in Angus
Authors: Wainwright F. T.
Published: November 2011

During 1949 three souterrains were revealed and recognized in Angus. The excavation of two of them, Ardestie and Carlungie I, extended over three years (1949-51) and full reports are in preparation. Both Ardestie and Carlungie I have been completely excavated, both now lie open for inspection, and both are preserved as ancient monuments under the guardianship of the Ministry of Works. The third site is Carlungie II. Its fate has been very different. After a short exploratory excavation the structure was reburied, and there is nothing above ground to catch the eye.
The technique of Greek black and terra sigillata red
Authors: Bimson Mavis
Published: November 2011

Classical pottery such as terra sigillata has no parallel in the post-classical world, and was studied by scholars for many years before the methods of its manufacture were known. It is remarkable that practically none of the research on the technical aspect was carried out in England, and, in spite of their great interest, the processes involved still seem to be little understood here. It is the purpose of this paper to review these processes, to show how various misconceptions have arisen in regard to them, and also to suggest some more probable explanations in the light of work done recently at the British Museum laboratory.
‘Turris Fortissima’: A Baroque Design and Drawing by John Talman (1677–1726)
Authors: Pierce S. Rowland
Published: November 2011

The drawing of this astounding design is in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries of London. It is in pen and ink (black and brown) with sepia and watercolour washes, with some gold added; there are some setting-out lines and underdrawing in pencil and at the foot of the drawing is a drawn scale of approximately eight feet to one inch. The drawing is executed on a wove paper which is in five pieces, the whole now mounted on linen; there appears to be nothing on the back of the paper.