bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON POISONING BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Gallagher CH
Published: December 2007

The prior administration of the antioxidants α‐tocopherol acetate, sodium selenite or NN1‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) afforded protection to rats given lethal doses of carbon tetrachloride.

Under the experimental conditions DPPD appeared to be the most effective of the three antioxidants tested. A single dose of 100 mg. DPPD injected intraperitoneally at the same time as CCl4 was administered by stomach tube proved more effective than one dose of 95 international units of vitamin E given simultaneously with CCl4, or than a dose of 95 I.U. given simultaneously and another five hours later. Sodium selenite was less effective than the other two antioxidants.

When antioxidants were given, pyridine nucleotide concentrations in the liver were maintained despite the subsequent administration of CCl4., but in their absence concentrations of both oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides in the liver fell by more than 50 p.c. The loss of reduced pyridine nucleotides was completely prevented by DPPD, the only antioxidant studied in this regard, and the loss of oxidized pyridine nueleotides was largely prevented by DPPD or α‐tocopherol acetate and to a lesser degree by sodium selenite.

Three doses of 100 mg. DPPD at 48, 24 and 0 hours before rats were given 4 ml. CCl4/kg. prevented necrosis of liver cells and diminished the fatty change appreciably. A single dose of 100 mg. DPPD injected intraperitoneally 48 hours before 4 ml. CCl4/kg. also largely prevented hepatic necrosis and decreased the fatty change.
A NEW SPECIES OF BORRELIA (B. QUEENSLANDICA) FROM RATTUS VILLOSISSIMUS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Carley JG , Pope JH
Published: December 2007

Borrelia queenslandica, n. sp., was isolated from Rattux villosissimus Waite in northwestern Queensland. It produced a relapsing type of infection, sensitive to antibiotics, in laboratory rats and mice. Immunity developed after primary infection in mice. Guinea‐pigs and young chickens resisted infection but the organism could be maintained in embryonnted eggs. A human volunteer inoculated with 75–100 million B. queenslandica did not become infected.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ
Published: December 2007

Experiments have been performed with rats to investigate the effectiveness of the “mucosal block” theory in preventing absorption of excessive amounts of iron. Animals were given an iron solution in lieu of drinking water for four days and tracer doses of Fe59 were administered at various intervals after cessation of iron feeding. Absorption of Fe59 was measured by radioassay of the blood and organs of the animals. A comparison of the assays on iron‐fed and control animals shows that there was some reduction of iron absorption in the iron‐fed animals, especially during the first 24 hours, but that the preliminary iron feeding did not effectively prevent absorption at any time. The iron content of the mucosal cell does not appear to be the major factor determining the amount of iron in the rat.

In further experiments rats were injected with phenylhydrazine and Fe59 was administered while the haemoglobin value was normal but the rate of erythropoiesis raised (shown by an increase in reticulocytes). Under these conditions absorption of iron was considerably higher than in the untreated control animals. These results suggest that the rate of erythropoiesis may be an important factor in the regulation of iron absorption.
A PHAGOCYTOSIS‐PROMOTING SUBSTANCE PRESENT IN EOSINOPHILS
Authors: Bosworth Nola , Archer GT
Published: December 2007

A method is described for the isolation of eosinophils from the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Eosinophil granules were obtained from the isolated eosinophils. Lysis of eosinophil granules was found to be associated with the release from the granule of protein and peroxidase. The material released from eosinophil granules attached to foreign particles and the coated particles were readily ingested by mononuclear phagocytes.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE SPECIFICITY OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Auzins Ieva , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

Macrophages obtained from mice 24 hours after injection of lipopolysaccharide extracted from E. coli 2206 have been shown to be more phagocytic and bactericidal for opsonized E. coli 2206 than are macrophages obtained from normal mice. This increased cellular resistance has been shown to be non‐specific since the bactericidal activity of these macrophages is also greater than that of normal cells against Sal. typhimurium C5.

A correlation has been shown between this increased cellular resistance and the increased metabolic activity of these cells. Changes in metabolic activities of the macrophages have been measured in terms of the enzyme acid phosphatase.
SOME TISSUE CHANGES IN THE DOG FOLLOWING STILBOESTROL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Jabara Anne G
Published: December 2007

Dogs (18 female, 4 male) receiving subcutaneous depot injections of diethylstilboestrol at intervals of 4–6 weeks developed alopecia after 11 months. All areas except the head and distal parts of the legs were affected and the denuded skin became dry, scaly and excoriated. Microscopic changes were observed in all elements of the skin and the hair follicles were atrophic. The hair grew again 3–7 months after injections were stopped, and at necropsy 11–14½ months later the skin was histologically normal.

Other findings included testicular atrophy, a high incidence of inguinal hernia, and endometrial hyperplasia which progressed to a cystic stage and eventually to pyometra. When injections were stopped the endometrium regenerated after an interval the duration of which was independent of the duration of treatment or of total dose administered, but may have been related to the time taken to deplete the residual depot.

Treated dogs also showed an increase of pituitary acidophils and a reduction in basophils and chromophobes; these changes were reversed on hormone withdrawal.

Generalized or focal atrophy of the pancreas occurred in four of the longer surviving dogs; this was regarded as a toxic effect of stilboestrol.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , van den Brenk HAS
Published: December 2007

The Evans Blue dye technique has been used to determine the increase in capillary permeability in lungs of rats subjected to pure oxygen under pressure at 60 p.s.i. gauge (OHP). Considerable leakage of plasma during exposure to OHP was found. Haemoglobin in lung tissue also increased markedly during OHP treatment. Blood removed from the left ventricle showed an increase in the haematocrit value, red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration after OHP. Of the amounts of fluids entering the lungs a total of 56 p.c. was attributable to plasma of which 18 p.c. represented a gain in blood volume. The remaining gain in weight of 44 p.c. was due to a protein‐free fluid. The sequence and relative amounts of fluids entering the lung are discussed.
THE LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA TO KILLING BY MACROPHAGES OR ACIDIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Looke Ene , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

Several species of bacteria have been tested for their sensitivity to the bactericidal action of both acidic conditions and mouse peritoneal macrophages, to see if there was any correlation between these two. It was found, on the contrary, that one of the most acid resistant strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was as susceptible to killing by macrophages as a strain of V. cholerae which was acutely acid sensitive.
METHODS IN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF VIRUSES
Authors: Webster RG , Laver WG , de St.Groth S Fazekas
Published: December 2007

Methods for labelling antibody with iodine (131I) or sulphur (35S) are described. Starting with the cheapest radioactive compounds, the proposed techniques are simple enough to allow preparation of labelled antibody in any biological laboratory. The final product is serologically unaltered and thus suited to the study of immunologie interactions in dilute systems or in micro‐quantities.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF ANOXIC SWELLING OF LIVER SLICES
Authors: Goodey RJ , Singh BN
Published: December 2007

The water content of rat‐liver slices increased from 70·0 p.c. to 75·6 p.c. when they were incubated in oxygen and to 79·3 p.c. when they were incubated in nitrogen. When slices which had become swollen during incubation in nitrogen were re‐incubated in small volumes of oxygenated media the slices lost water until they contained as much as slices incubated from the outset in oxygen.

The density of a small volume of medium in which swollen slices had been re‐incubated in oxygen was less than that of a similar volume in which swollen slices had been re‐incubated in nitrogen (without losing water). The differences in density were not completely explained.
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF A THIOXANTHINE UPON THE HEART OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM , Elliott RB , Kneebone GM
Published: December 2007

3‐Isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐6‐thioxanthine (M & B 5924), when given intravenously in a dose of 1·0 mg./Kg. to anaesthetized, but otherwise intact dogs, gave statistically significant increases in respiratory rate, respiratory volume, oxygen consumption, carbon‐dioxide production and pulse rate. Femoral and pulmonary arterial pressures decreased, as did the calculated total peripheral resistance.

Coronary blood flow and cardiac metabolic rates for oxygen and carbon dioxide increased. Cardiac efficiency and coronary vascular resistance decreased.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL RAT AORTA
Authors: Ham Kathryn N
Published: December 2007

Normal rat aorta has been examined under the electron microscope. Elastic laminae of the media are relatively smooth on the surfaces adjacent to endothelium or adventitia but highly branched and irregular on the surfaces adjoining muscle cells. In suitably stained preparations, the vesicular character of elastin may be seen. The smooth muscle cells of aortic media differ from those in other organs in their cytoplasmic constituents and in their relations to one another. They attach to neighbouring elastic laminae by morphologically characteristic devices but have no such attachment to adjoining muscle cells. The connective tissue spaces among cells contain many collagen fibrils and fragments of elastin. The endothelium rests on a narrow connective tissue space containing fine fibrils and has no basement membrane. Otherwise it resembles endothelium in smaller vessels. The adventitia is composed chiefly of large collagen fibres interspersed with a few capillaries and fibroblasts.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ , Brading Ilse , George EP
Published: December 2007

Groups of rats were injected with “Imferon” and with red cells to increase the storage iron. After seven weeks a tracer dose of iron‐59 was given to each animal and three weeks later the percentage of the dose in the blood, liver and spleen was determined by radioassay. Compared with control animals, decreased absorption of iron‐59 was found in the rats loaded with “Imferon” and with red cells. This suggests that the size of the iron stores is an important factor regulating iron absorption. Some of the unrecovered red cell iron was in tissues other than those assayed, but a large amount was probably lost from the body during the experimental period. These considerations also applied to the “Imferon” injected animals, but in addition some of the “Imferon” was still present in the mesenteric lymph tissues.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF RAT AORTA IN EXPERIMENTAL LATHYRISM
Authors: Ham Kathryn N
Published: December 2007

Electron microscopic study of lathyrous aorta has confirmed and extended earlier reports of increased collagen and intercellular substance in the aortic wall. This substance appears to coat elastic laminae and to project between the cells. The anatomical relations of muscle cells and elastic fibre are disrupted and changes in collagen fibrils characteristic of lathyrism are commonly seen. Changes described in the muscle cells are interpreted as being consistent with a high level of secretory activity in the early stages, but later they more resemble a degenerative change.
DECREASE OF HAEM A CONTENT IN THE HEART MUSCLE OF COPPER‐DEFICIENT SWINE
Authors: Lemberg R , Newton N , Clarke L
Published: December 2007

Two samples of heart muscle from copper‐deficient pigs and a control sample from a normal pig were analysed for haem a and protohaem content firstly by spectrophotometric determination of the mixture of the two haemochromes and secondly by separation of the two free porphyrins by fractional extraction from ether by hydrochloric acid.

The haem a content was found greatly decreased in copper‐deficiency. The low haem a content could be due either to a rôle of copper in haem a synthesis (as distinct from the synthesis of the whole enzyme) or to a rôle of copper in the biosynthesis of the holoenzyme at an early stage. It appears possible to ascribe the loss of activity of cytochrome oxidase in copper‐deficiency entirely to this factor and this loss therefore cannot prove that copper is necessary for cytochrome oxidase activity, although it does not exclude this possibility.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT LYMPHOID ORGANS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Warner NL , Szenberg A , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

The development of lymphoid tissue in the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken has been prevented by the injection in ovo of testosterone propionate. A small proportion of the hatched chickens were also shown to have a complete atrophy of the thymic cortex.

The immunological responses of these hormonally‐treated chickens have been studied using several types of antigenic challenge.

In birds deprived of all bursal lymphoid tissue, but still possessing a normal thymus, no circulating antibody was detected after challenge with five classical antigens. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin or vaccinia virus were nearly completely inhibited. However, the rejection time of random skin homografts, and the production of lesions on the CAM by the blood cells of these birds were completely normal.

In birds showing a complete atrophy of the thymic cortex as well as of bursal lymphoid tissue, the rejection of skin homografts was also prevented, although the production of CAM lesions by blood cells was still normal.

It was concluded that in the chicken there are two and possibly three primary levels of lympbocytopoiesis, each controlling populations of cells concerned with different types of immunological response.
ORNITHOSIS IN FERAL PIGEONS
Authors: Cook Ian
Published: December 2007

Serological evidence of ornithosis was found in 56 p.c. of 57 feral pigeons (Columba livia) trapped at Ipswich, Queensland.

Virus strains isolated in mice from four of eleven pools of pigeon organs were identified as members of the psittacosis‐lymphogranuloma group by complement‐fixation tests and are considered to be strains of ornithosis virus. Inclusion bodies could not be demonstrated in mice following intraperitoneal injection of the virus, but were readily demonstrated following its intracerebral inoculdation.

Pigeons at Ipswich provide a reservoir of ornithosis virus and a potential source of human infection.
METHODS FOR THE SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE IODINE‐CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Wellby Maurice L
Published: December 2007

A method of extracting and identifying the individual iodine‐containing amino acids in plasma is described. It makes use of an anion exchange resin (Dowex 1) for the extraction of the iodinated compounds, paper chromatography for their separation and the application of the ceric sulphate‐arsenious acid reaction for their detection on the chromatogram. The method makes possible the chemical detection of 0·5 μg./100 ml. of diiodotyrosine (DIT) and 0·5 μg./100 ml. of thyroxine (T4) in 6 ml. of plasma. No evidence of decomposition of T4 or T3, either radioactively labelled or not, was found during the procedure. The behaviour of related iodine‐containing amino acids and other compounds such as chloride and thiouracil derivatives were also investigated.
THE ZIMMERMANN REACTION
Authors: Roy Alexander B
Published: December 2007

The specificity of the Zimmermann reaction has been investigated using a range of substituted 17‐oxosteroids. It has been shown that 16‐halogenated 17‐oxosteroids give the reaction but that an alkyl or a hydroxyl group at position 16 prevents the reaction, as also does unsaturation in the d ring of the steroid. During the reaction with 16‐halogenated 17‐oxosteroids halogen is eliminated. The Zimmermann compounds from a number of steroids have been isolated and partly purified. From spectroscopic studies it is suggested that structures (II) and (IV) below represent the ionised and unionised compounds respectively.
STUDIES ON THE FRACTIONS OF THE VENOM OF THE SEA SNAKE ENHYDRINA SCHISTOSA
Authors: Carey JE , Wright EA
Published: December 2007

The toxic factor of the venom of Enhydrina schistosa has been isolated by dialysis and column chromatography. The results demonstrate that the lecithinase activity of the whole venom is not associated with the toxic fraction.

Antiserum to the toxic factor will neutralise the toxicity of large doses of the whole venom.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF SERUM FOLIC ACID ACTIVITY
Authors: Davis RE , Kelly A
Published: December 2007

A microbiological assay for serum folic acid activity using Lactobacillus casei as the test organism is described. The method uses ascorbic acid to protect the folic acid‐like activity of serum and is sensitive enough to differentiate between sera from normal and folic acid‐deficient subjects without overlap. One hundred normal sera have been assayed and fall within the range 2·7–18·5 mμg./ml. There does not appear to be a significant difference between male and female serum levels.
A COMPARISON OF THE METABOLISM OF PALMITIC, OLEIC AND LINOLEIC ACIDS INCORPORATED INTO CHYLOMICRON TRIGLYCERIDES
Authors: Simpson‐Morgan MW , Morris Bede
Published: December 2007

The metabolism of chylomicron triglycerides containing predominantly palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids has been studied in intact rats and in isolated perfused rats’ livers using 14C‐labelled chylomicrons. In intact rats infused continuously with labelled chylomicrons the rate of excretion of 14CO2reached a relative plateau during the second hour of the infusion. The rate of excretion of 14CO2 in the third and fourth hours of the infusion showed that about 40 p.c. of the labelled fat was converted to CO2 as it was infused. It was found that significantly less palmitic acid was oxidized to CO2 than oleic or linoleic acids. This difference was, however, small. About 4 p.c. of the radioactivity of the infused labelled fat underwent recycling and subsequent oxidation once the relative plateau was reached.

In experiments with perfused livers there was no significant difference in the rate of uptake or oxidation of palmitic, oleic or linoleic acids incorporated into chylomicrons. Significantly more linoleic acid than oleic or palmitic acid was incorporated into the phospholipids of the perfusate. The results showed that the rate of oxidation of palmitic, oleic or linoleic acids incorporated into chylomicrons can be used as a measure of the overall rate of oxidation of chylomicron triglycerides.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ
Published: December 2007

The mean haemoglobin value of a group of rats was increased by transfusions of concentrated red cells. Absorption from a test dose of iron‐59 was significantly less than the amount absorbed by untreated control animals. The reduced absorption may be a direct result of the polycythaemia or the result of the depressed erythropoietic activity following the transfusion.

Rats exposed to an atmosphere with a reduced oxygen content absorbed more iron than did rats breathing air or air with 5 p.c. CO2. Hypoxia may act directly on the intestinal mucosal cell or through an intermediary compound.
THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF THE RABBIT PAPILLARY MUSCLE PREPARATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE FREQUENCY AND PATTERN OF STIMULATION
Authors: Bautovich G , Gibb DB , Johnson EA
Published: December 2007

The relationship between peak tension developed during a twitch in isolated rabbit papillary muscle and the frequency and pattern of stimulation has been examined. The muscle was subjected to a short train of stimuli followed by n single α‐stimulus; this pattern of stimuli was repeated at regular intervals. The experimental variables were the frequency and number of stimuli in the train, the time interval after the end of the train and the α‐stimulus, and the rest period between each stimulus pattern. The peak tension of the response to the α‐stimulus as a function of these four variables was determined in a number of ways and a tentative mathematical model is formulated which describes this aspect of the results.

The response to the stimuli of the train is considered in relationship to the model and the form of model which could describe these and other results is discussed.
EFFECTS OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cooper GN , West Dawn
Published: December 2007

Using an in vitro phagocytic system, stimulation of macrophage activity following exposure of mouse peritoneal cells to glyceryl trioleate (triolein) suspension has been found. The stimulation is time‐ and dose‐dependent, maximum effects on 2 × 106 cells being obtained with 50 μg. triolein for 60 minutes. Larger doses of triolein are not immediately stimulatory but following prolonged incubation the cells eventually develop significant activity. The stimulation is due to contact between the cells and triolein particles and is independent of the degree of opsonization of the organisms by normal animal sera.
THE ANTAGONISM OF METHYL PHENIDATE AND IPRONIAZID TO BULBOCAPNINE CATATONIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Glow Peter H
Published: December 2007

There is a striking similarity in the psychomotor effects of reserpine and bulbocapnine. Details are given for a simple behavioural test for measuring psychomotor activity. It was found that methyl phenidate has some potency as an antagonist to the catatonic‐like action of bulbocapnine. Iproniazid was ineffective.
ACTIVATION OF HAGEMAN FACTOR BY SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Margolis J
Published: December 2007

The effect of suspensions of saturated fatty acids or oleic acid on the coagulation of plasma and on the release of plasma kinin was determined by quantitative methods. The activity of the saturated series (C8‐C22) increases enormously with the length of the carbon chain. Oleic acid is practically inactive. Evidence is presented that the reaction is mediated by adsorption and activation of Hageman factor by the fatty acid micelles. The differences between the activity of the fatty acids are related to the physical conditions at the surface of the particles.
HAEMADSORPTION BY UNINOCULATED CULTURES OF MONKEY KIDNEY EPITHELIUM
Authors: White David O
Published: December 2007

A high proportion of the batches of monkey kidney cells commercially available in Australia carry a haemadsorbing virus, the properties of which are described. The virus appears to be identical with or very closely related to SV‐5. Since diagnostic laboratories usually rely on the haemadsorption technique for the isolation of the viruses of para‐influenza, influenza and mumps from the respiratory tract of man and animals, the presence of this agent may seriously complicate the interpretation of results. The problem can be partially overcome by the routine incorporation of SV‐5 antiserum in cell culture media. However, since SV‐5 appears also to cause human infection, it is not practicable to try to isolate this virus from man in tissue which already contains it. For this and other reasons discussed it is suggested that monkey kidney can no longer be considered the tissue of choice for the isolation of respiratory viruses and should be replaced by another cell type.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , van den Brenk HAS
Published: December 2007

The dehydrogenase activities of rat lung, brain and liver were measured before and after exposure of rats to oxygen at 60 p.s.i. gauge pressure (OHP). The rate of methylene blue coupled oxidation of lung tissue was progressively decreased by OHP with an approximately 50 p.c. decline in activity following one hour exposure of animals to OHP. Pentobarbital sodium or cysteamine, administered prior to exposure to OHP, prevented the inhibition of enzyme activity. Death by anoxia had no effect on the dehydrogenase activity of lung tissue.

No decrease in the rate of methylene blue coupled oxidation occurred in brain or liver tissue of rats exposed to OHP.
PAS‐POSITIVE RETICULUM CELLS IN THE THYMUS CORTEX OF HIGH AND LOW LEUKAEMIA STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Ishidate M
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the size, frequency and histochemical reactions of PAS‐positive reticulum cells in the thymus cortex of high‐ and low‐leukaemia strain mice.

In high‐leukaemia strain thymus glands there were three times as many mitoses in lymphocytes surrounding these cells as in lymphocytes elsewhere in the thymus. The incidence of early stages of mitosis was also higher in PAS cell‐associated mitoses than in mitoses elsewhere in the thymus. In low‐leukaemia strain thymus glands the association of PAS cell and lymphocyte mitoses was less evident.

The development of PAS cells in thymus grafts was related to the age of the thymus graft and not affected by circulating factors in the host animal.
SERUM VITAMIN B12 CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE
Authors: Pitney WR
Published: December 2007

A survey of serum vitamin B12 concentrations has been performed on aborigines living in the following four areas of Western Australia: Warburton Range, Derby, Halls Creek and North Kimberley. In each area, serum B12 concentrations showed a range and mean greater than that of a white control population. In each area, values approximated to a normal logarithmic distribution. There was no correlation between serum B12 concentration and age, sex, lactation, yaws infection, the concentration of serum protein fractions and irondeficiency anaemia. It is considered probable that the high serum B12 levels are due to an increased amount of B12 binding protein in the plasma and related in some way to the altered plasma protein synthesis in the aborigine.
PANTOTHENIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 IN THE LIVER OF SHEEP
Authors: Dawbarn Mary C , Forsyth Heather , Kilpatrick Diana
Published: December 2007

Ten ewes were fed for nine months on a cobalt‐deficient ration of wheaten hay chaff and gluten. Four of the animals were given cobalt throughout the whole period. The remaining six animals were given cobalt for the last two months only. Three of the ewes in the + cobalt group were pair fed with three in the ‐ cobalt group.

Biopsy samples of liver were taken at the beginning and end of the nine months period and at three intermediate times. Vitamin B12 was measured in the liver samples by the L. leichmannii assay method. Pantothenic acid was measured by means of microbiological assays with L. plantarum and L. casei. Total pantothenic acid, which was taken as a measure of coenzyme A, was measured after splitting its bound forms with alkaline phosphatase and a pigeon liver enzyme preparation. Free pantothenic acid, measured in half the liver plugs, averaged 2·5 p.c. of the total pantothenic acid (range 0·6–4·3 p.c.).

Deprivation of cobalt led to a marked lowering of liver vitamin B12 (from a mean value of 1·05 μg./gm. to a mean value of 0·12 μg./gm. in 6 months. The mean concentration rose to 0·48 μg./gm. two months after administration of cobalt.

In six months of cobalt deprivation the pantothenic acid concentration in the livers of all the deficient sheep rose, the mean increase being 70 p.c. This change was reversible; two months after giving cobalt the pantothenic acid concentration had fallen again.

Statistical analysis of the data for the pair‐fed sheep showed that there was a highly significant difference between the pantothenic acid concentrations in the livers of the sheep in the positive and negative groups, when the latter had been cobalt‐deficient for six months and seven months. The elevated pantothenic acid concentration was associated with a vitamin B12, concentration of about 0·1 μg./gm. of liver.

There was no great or consistent difference between pantothenic acid measurements made by the two microbiological assay methods.
THE STAPHYLOCOCCAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT
Authors: Pawlyszyn G
Published: December 2007

Staphylococcus albus has a genus specific component, probably a polysaccharide, which has the property of sensitising sheep and mouse erythrocytes for haemagglutination and of producing an interference type of protection in mice. Antibodies to this component can be detected in sera of rabbits immunised with either Staphlyococcus aureus or Staphylococcus albus.

Although both albus and aureus strains could produce the “interference” effect, only the latter organism was found to be able to produce protective antibodies. Such antibodies could be removed from the immune serum by absorption with Staphylococcus albus organisms, suggesting that this strain possesses a hapten‐like substance which is a part of the complete protective antigen present in the aureus strain. The possibility that the hapten‐like substance is the component which produces interference protection is being considered.
THE STAPHYLOCOCCAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT
Authors: Pawlyszyn G , Gulasekharam J
Published: December 2007

An injection of bacterial supernatant from pathogenic or non‐pathogenic staphylococci produces in mice a high degree of early and transient protection against staphylococcal infection and a low degree of protection against infection by other organisms. Similar results were obtained with purified fractions of the staphylococcal supernatant. A Pseudomonas preparation, however, gave an equally high degree of protection against staphylococcal and Bacillus friedlander infections.

Mice protected with staphylococcal supernatant, when given an injection of zymosan 24 hours before being subsequently infected, showed a marked decrease of resistance to staphylococcal infection and an increase of resistance to infection by B. friedlander. Similar treatment with zymosan had little effect on the degree of protection in mice immunised with Pseudomonas culture supernatant. Zymosan alone, given under the conditions of the above test, had no effect on the susceptibility of the mice to staphylococcal or B. friedlander infection.

Results of these investigations suggest that the staphylococcus has a specific component, which enables it to stimulate a protective mechanism which is different from that involved in the non‐specific resistance induced by Gram‐negative organisms.
EXAMINATION OF THE ALKALOIDS OF LUPINUS DIGITATUS FORSK. FOR HEPATOTOXIC EFFECTS IN THE RAT
Authors: Peterson JE
Published: December 2007

The alkaloids d‐epilupinine, d‐epilupinine‐N‐oxide and LV‐1 from Lupinus digitatus Forsk., the West Australian blue lupin, were administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection three times weekly at dose rates of 0·1 and 0·33 LD50 (based on acute toxicity) for periods of 6 to 25 weeks. Particular examination was made for evidence of hepatotoxic effects. None of the alkaloids produced liver damage in rats on a normal diet or on a diet restricted in its content of lipotropic factors. These findings are discussed in relation to lupinosis of sheep.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF THE AVIAN EGG
Authors: van Deth JHMG
Published: December 2007

The concentrations and total amounts of glucose in the different parts of the avian egg were measured during incubation. Eggs of Pekin‐Campbell ducks and of Australorp and White Leghorn chickens were used. Although there were differences between the species examined the general trend was the same. The results suggest that glucose is not the only source of energy during the beginning embryonic development. The glucose concentrations in blood, amniotic and allantoic fluids start at a high level, fall to a lower level, which is maintained for a week, and then rise again during the last period of incubation. The maximum amounts of glucose and of water in the amniotic and allantoic fluids occur at different stages of incubation. The formation and resorption of the amniotic fluid are discussed in relation to these data.
THE ADHESION OF LEUCOCYTES TO VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: McGovern VJ , Bloomfield D
Published: December 2007

Injury, traumatic or by injection of chemical substances, to the adventitia of the rat's femoral vein was followed after 11/2 hours by aggregation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the apparently normal endothelial surface of the vessel. Sub‐thrombotic injury to the endothelium, however, was followed by adhesion of leucocytes almost immediately to the injured area and within 30 minutes, leucocytes adhered also to apparently normal endothelium in the line of flow immediately beyond the injured area. These observations lead to the supposition that the aggregation of leucocytes upon apparently normal endothelium may be due to a substance released from the site of injury which either confers upon the endothelial surface an attraction for leucocytes or else neutralizes the power to repel them.
THE ACTIONS OF TACRINE AND AMIPHENAZOLE ON ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM IN THE GUINEA PIG ILEUM
Authors: de la Lande IS , Porter RB
Published: December 2007

Tacrine and amiphenazole increase the excitability of the electrically‐stimulated ileum and restore excitability after depression by morphine. These effects are accompanied by inhibition of cholinesterase. Neither drug prevents the inhibitory action of morphine on acetylcholine release; hence it is concluded that the interaction of morphine and amiphenazole or tacrine on the electrically‐stimulated ileum is non‐specific, and in the case of tacrine, results from its effects on cholinesterase.

The evidence that the excitatory action of amiphenazole on the ileum is a consequence of its action on cholinesterase is less clear. The drug does not increase sensitivity to acetylcholine, and instead depresses its output. Although tacrine also depresses the output of acetylcholine the effect is seen only in concentrations approximately one thousandfold greater than those producing equivalent inhibition of cholinesterase.

Attention is drawn to the kinetics of inhibition of cholinesterase by tacrine as a factor which may influence its physiological actions.
PREPARATION OF A SUBSTANCE HAVING COLICIN F ACTIVITY FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI C.A. 42
Authors: Reeves PR
Published: December 2007

Colicin F from E. coli C.A.42 has been purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography to 4 × 105 units/mg. This purified material contained approximately 75 p.c. protein and 10 p.c. carbohydrate and was almost homogeneous by starch gel electrophoresis.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF LEUCOCYTIC EMIGRATION AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN RAT SKIN
Authors: Hurley JV
Published: December 2007

A combined histological and electron microscopic study of the process of leucocytic emigration in rat skin induced by intradermal injection of homologous serum has been made. By the intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of carbon black and mercuric sulphide it has been shown that leucocytes may pass through the vessel wall with no concurrent escape of injected particles, and presumptively of plasma proteins. That is, total dissociation between leucocytic emigration and vascular permeability has been demonstrated.

Similar studies following histamine injection have confirmed previous reports that “gaps” form between adjacent endothelial cells in vessels in a state of increased permeability. These “gaps” do not allow leucocytes to emigrate in the absence of the appropriate specific stimulus.

The significance of the findings on the function of the several layers of the wall of small blood vessels is discussed.
A PLAQUE ASSAY METHOD FOR MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Austin FJ
Published: December 2007

A method of obtaining plaques with the virus of Murray Valley encephalitis (M.V.E.) is described. Although not as sensitive as mouse titration, the dose response relationship and the uniformity of the tissue culture system make it a satisfactory method for the assay of M.V.E. virus.
THE MICRO‐DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
Authors: Watson D , Stevenson MEK
Published: December 2007

A detailed examination of four modern manual methods for determining blood glucose is presented, and the effects of preservatives, anticoagulants, drugs and some reducing or interfering substances on the estimations are indicated. On grounds of precision, reliability and simplicity, the o‐amino‐toluene condensation method of Hultman and the glucose oxidase‐tolidine method of Watson are the most satisfactory and the Cu‐reduction method of Nelson the least satisfactory means of determining blood sugar in the clinical laboratory. Blood cells from normal and diabetic patients contain 65 p.c. (± 10 p.c.) of the glucose concentration found in the blood plasma of the same subject.
AN UNDESCRIBED UNILATERAL OCULAR REFLEX IN THE DOGFISH SQUALUS ACANTHIAS L.
Authors: Bell JP , Satchell GH
Published: December 2007

In the dogfish Squalus acanthias, touching or stroking the cornea or the skin around and rostral to the orbit caused the eye to flick towards the caudal margin. The response was strictly ipsilateral and was caused by a contraction of the external rectus muscle. The reflex latency determined from the oscillographic display of strain gauge recordings was 24·3, ± 1·1 msecs, at 15°C. The latency calculated to the time of onset of the muscle action potential was 14·9 ± 0·1 msecs. The eye movements followed a repeated tap stimulus of 10/sec. and showed a ripple of movement on a sustained deviation at 30/sec. The adequate stimulus for the reflex was brushing or tapping: sustained pressure, vibration and heat were not effective. Repetition of the stimulus evoked a facilitated response; evidence is presented that points to a peripheral facilitation at the neuromuscular junction and a central facilitation at interneurons in the central reflex pathway.

Eye protective reflexes in two other sharks are described. In Galeorhinus australis Macleay, the eye was covered by a well‐developed nictitating membrane. In Cephaloscyllium isobella Broussonet, the eye was closed mainly by an upward movement of the lower lid. The reflexogenic and facilitatory zones of these two species are described. The reflex in S. acanthias is compared with the sensory blink reflex in higher vertebrates, and it is suggested that the abduction of the eye in this fish serves to protect the cornea from mechanical damage.
THE ESTIMATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Hudson Bryan , Coghlan John , Dulmanis Ausma , Wintour Marelyn , Ekkel Ida
Published: December 2007

A method is described for the estimation of free testosterone in human peripheral plasma. This method which uses the double isotope dilution derivative principle with C14‐testosterone as marker steroid, H3‐acetic anhydride as deriving agent, shows normal male levels to range from 0.49–0.98 μg./100 ml. and females from less than 0.05 μg./1OO ml. to 0.31 μg./100 ml. The results obtained by this method have been compared with those given by other techniques for the estimation of this steroid hormone.
IRON IN RUMINANT NUTRITION
Authors: Underwood EJ , Morgan EH
Published: December 2007

The concentrations of total liver storage (non‐haem) iron, of the forms of this iron, and of plasma iron and total iron‐binding capacity, were determined in healthy adult sheep and cattle of both sexes.

Individual variability in total non‐haem liver iron and in the water‐soluble (presumably ferritin) and water‐insoluble (haemosiderin) fractions of this iron was found to be high in both sexes of both species. Differences between the sexes were not significant but total storage iron and ferritin iron levels were significantly higher in sheep than in cattle. From two‐thirds to three‐quarters of the total storage iron occurred in water‐soluble form. This was assumed to be ferritin, although attempts to isolate this compound were unsuccessful.

Plasma iron and total iron‐binding capacity concentrations and percentage saturation values were found to be of the same order as those found previously for sheep and cattle and for other species. Evidence was obtained that plasma iron concentrations and percentage saturation values are significantly higher in ewes than in rams.
IN VITRO PHAGOCYTIC AND BACTERICIDAL ABILITY OF ALVEOLAR AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES OF NORMAL RATS
Authors: Pavillard ERJ
Published: December 2007

Techniques are described for preparing monolayers of normal rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. A comparison has been made of the relative bactericidal power of these phagocytes against two species of organisms. It has been shown that alveolar macrophages are less able to kill E. coli and S. aureus in vitro than are peritoneal macrophages. Other differences have been measured between these two types of cell; acid phosphatase and lysozyme levels were both found to be considerably higher in the lung macrophages. The part played by normal alveolar phagocytes in immunity is discussed, and it is suggested that present criteria for characterising components of the RES may be inadequate since “RE” cells may differ functionally and physiologically from one organ to another within the same animal.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON EXPERIMENTAL BLOOD ETHYL ALCOHOL LEVELS IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Robertson JS , Kosche ER
Published: December 2007

In a controlled experiment using 86 pairs of male white mice matched for weight, the blood alcohol level after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol was slightly but significantly elevated in animals in which a closed fracture of the femur was produced at the time of the alcohol injection. Significant elevation of blood alcohol was present at half an hour after alcohol injection and was still present three hours after injection. Blood alcohol levels in both injured and control animals decreased linearly at the same rate with the logarithm of time, but the regression line of the blood alcohol levels of the injured animals was higher than that of the control animals.
STUDIES ON PLASMA KININS
Authors: Margolis J , Bishop Elizabeth A
Published: December 2007

Release of vasodilator peptides (collectively known as “plasma kinin”) from human plasma was measured using synthetic bradykinin as a reference standard.

Under optimal conditions an equivalent of 3–4 μg, of bradykinin/ml. of plasma can be recovered. As the kinin is liberated its precursor (kininogen) is quantitatively exhausted. Trypsin and glandular kallikreins (as in saliva or urine) release the maximal amount of kinin and consume all of the precursor. In this they differ from plasma kallikrein whose activation is initiated by contact with foreign surfaces, organic solvents, and acidification, These “intrinsic” mechanisms are dependent on the presence of Hageman factor (also required for blood clotting) and “component A”, which can be identified with plasma kallikreinogen. Activated component A (i.e. plasma kallikrein) releases 1–1.5 μg. of kinin/ml. in a rapid reaction with approximately one‐third of kininogen. It is suggested that this is the precursor of nonapeptide only and corresponds to “component B”. In the other 2/3 of kininogen the kinin is bound as a decapeptide which can either be released as such (by glandular kallikreins) or serve as another source of the nonapeptide (with trypsin). The affinity of plasma kallikrein for this substrate is very low.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF RABBIT PAPILLOMA
Authors: White David O , Huebner Robert J , Rowe Wallace P , Traub Renée
Published: December 2007

Methods for the accurate assay of rabbit papilloma virus and its antibody are described. Viral infectivity is titrated by a technique in which up to fifty discrete tumours may be counted on a single inoculation site. Neutralizing antibody is measured with considerable accuracy by determining the dilution of serum producing a 50 p.c. reduction in tumour count. A complement fixation test designed to economize on reagents permits the quick and accurate titration of RPV antigen and antibody.

Some of the relationships between tumours, infectious virus, antigen and antibody in naturally and experimentally infected rabbits are examined.
AUTOANTIBODIES PRODUCED AGAINST MOUSE ERYTHROCYTES IN NZB MICE
Authors: Long Gwenneth , Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

Serological studies have been carried out in the NZB/BL strain of mice which develop an autoimmune disease spontaneously. Incomplete antibodies were detected on the red blood cell using the direct Coombs test, and in the sera using the indirect Coombs test and papain‐treated red cells. The hypothesis that all the antibodies are directed towards the same antigen, a species specific component of the red blood cell, and the many implications of this, are discussed in relation to the results of the serological tests.
THE EFFECT OF BILE SALTS ON CONTRACTION OF VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Laurence BH , Simmonds WJ
Published: December 2007

Sodium taurocholate, 0·125 to 2·0 mg./ml. bath fluid, reversibly inhibited isometric contractions of rat's ileum in response to Ach, 10−8 to 10−4. The degree of inhibition depended on the relative proportions of the two substances. In depolarizing solution, K2SO4‐Ringer, taurocholate inhibited the Ach response of rat's ileum, rat's uterus and circular muscle of toad's stomach. In calcium‐free K2SO4‐Ringer taurocholate inhibited calcium contractures in these three preparations. It is suggested that taurocholate may interfere with a mechanism coupling excitation to contraction and involving calcium.
DETECTION OF AN AVIRULENT VIRUS APPARENTLY RELATED TO FRIEND VIRUS
Authors: Pope JH
Published: December 2007

The WM1‐B strain of Friend virus was originally recovered from mice which had been inoculated with WM1 virus. The question of relationship between the two strains was examined.

Antisera prepared in stock C3H mice against either WM1‐B or WM1 virus neutralized WM1‐B virus but not WM1 virus. Q.I.M.R. mice infected with WM1 virus were resistant to superinfection with WM1‐B virus. These two findings indicated that a relationship existed between some component of the WM1 line and the leukaemogenic component of the WM1‐B line.

By treatment of WM1‐B virus with C3H antiserum to WM1 virus, a strain of WM1 virus was obtained which did not produce antibodies to WM1‐B virus in C3H mice and did not protect Q.I.M.R. mice against challenge with WM1‐B virus, but which did produce the lymphoid hyperplasia typical of WM1 virus infection. This pure WM1 strain was still free of relationship to WM1‐B virus at the 8th passage.

The original WM1 line therefore contained two viruses. One (WM1 virus) caused lymphoid hyperplasia in Q.I.M.R. mice, while the other (an avirulent variant of WM1‐B virus) caused no signs but was detectable by means of neutralization and protection tests.

Seventeen wild mice were studied virologically. Strains of virus resembling pure WM1 virus were isolated from two wild mice, and an avirulent strain related to WM1‐B virus was obtained from a third, while both viruses were isolated from three other wild mice.

These results support the view that WM1 virus and the avirulent form of WM1‐B virus are distinct.

It was concluded that an avirulent virus, which is apparently related to Friend virus, occurs in wild mice in Queensland.
THE REDUCTION OF THE PRESSOR ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN SODIUM‐DEFICIENT CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Coding JR , Munro JA , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

The pressor effect of intravenous infusion of antiotensin II in sheep was greatly reduced by sodium deficiency. There was a similar reduction in the pressor effect of Neosynephrine, Aramine and adrenaline. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of the proposition that angiotensin II is the aldosterone stimulating hormone.

In sodium depletion catecholamines in low doses produced cardiac dysrhythmias.