bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes, Practices, and Recommendations by Obstetricians About Infant Feeding
Authors: Howard Cynthia R. , Schaffer Stanley J. , Lawrence Ruth A.
Published: April 2007

Background:

Little information is available about the degree to which obstetricians promote breastfeeding through patient care practices and educational activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes, practices, and recommendations of obstetricians regarding infant feeding selection.

Methods:

A written survey was mailed to 148 obstetrician/gynecologists in Monroe County, New York (78% response rate, n= 116).

Results:

Of the 104 physicians in active obstetric practice, 86 percent conducted prenatal discussions about infant feeding with patients, 80 percent recommended breastfeeding, and 68 percent were commonly contacted postpartum by patients to address breastfeeding questions. Overall, 57 percent routinely incorporated these breastfeeding supportive practices into their prenatal and postpartum patient care. Attitudes about obstetric responsibility for infant feeding counselings and about the importance of counseling independently predicted the provision of these services. Infant feeding information was given to patients by 98 percent of obstetricians; 75 percent used written and 39 percent used videotaped materials. Formula company‐produced infant feeding literature (41%), pregnancy literature (57%), and free formula offers (61%) were commonly used. Of those surveyed, 58 percent lacked training and 22 percent reported inadequate training in infant nutrition.

Conclusions:

Although most obstetricians in Monroe County provide infant feeding education and recommend breastfeeding, most report that their training about infant nutrition is inadequate, and they distribute infant formula company materials and offers to patients. Such discrepancies in patient care are inconsistent with promoting breastfeeding as optimal infant nutrition. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
The Frequency of Coitus During Breastfeeding
Authors: Visness Cynthia M. , Kennedy Kathy I.
Published: April 2007

Background:

New mothers and clinicians would benefit from an understanding of typical sexual behavior during breastfeeding. Unfortunately, little information is available about both the typical length of time to resumption of coitus and the frequency of sexual relations during breastfeeding. This paper describes the commencement and frequency of coitus among breastfeeding women in a variety of settings.

Methods:

The analysis draws on data from two separate research studies. The first was undertaken in three sites (Birmingham, United Kingdom; Montreal, Canada; Sydney, Australia), the purpose of which was to correlate natural observations of fertility with the underlying hormonal profile among breastfeeding women using the sympto‐thermal method of natural family planning. The second was a clinical trial of the lactational amenorrhea method of family planning conducted in Manila, the Philippines.

Results:

Coital frequency reported by these populations of breastfeeding women appears to be lower than that reported in other studies for married women in general. As other research demonstrated, we found coital frequency and postpartum resumption of coitus to be associated with age, but not with the number of children in the household.

Conclusions:

A better understanding of the level of sexual activity among breastfeeding women could inform and improve programs that offer postpartum support and counseling about family planning. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
Combining Cross‐Sectional and Prospective Data Methods to Improve Transition Parameter Estimation for Characterizing the Accumulation of HIV‐1 Drug Resistance Mutations
Authors: Healy Brian , De Gruttola Victor , Pagano Marcello
Published: April 2007

Summary The order and rate of acquisition of HIV drug resistance mutations have been estimated from longitudinal and cross‐sectional data using Markov models and branching trees, respectively. This article proposes methods that make use of both longitudinal and cross‐sectional data simultaneously by employing link functions between the two parameter sets. Most functions that link the two parameter sets also depend on the time on treatment before the start of the study—information that may not be available. Nonetheless, under certain assumptions, some link functions eliminate the dependence on time. Using such functions, the two sources of information can be combined to improve the precision of parameter estimation. The method also accommodates error in the link functions from uncertainty in the assumptions required for the links or other reasons. These methods are applied to data from AIDS Clinical Trial Group protocol 398, a randomized comparison of mono‐ versus dual‐protease inhibitor use in heavily treatment experienced HIV patients. Combining the two sources of information allows detection of differences between rates of transition that are not detectable using prospective data alone.
Nitridation of Silica to an α‐Silicon Nitride Nanorod Using NaNH2 in the Autoclave at 700°C
Authors: Zhu Lingling , Chen Luyang , Huang Tao , Qian Yitai , Gu Yunle
Published: March 2007

α‐silicon nitride nanorods have been synthesized through solid‐state reduction–nitridation of silica using NaNH2 as both a reductant and a nitriding reagent. X‐ray powder diffraction patterns show that the products have a hexagonal phase with lattice parameters a=7.767 Å and c=5.630 Å. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the as‐synthesized products are pure nanorods with an average size about 30 nm in diameter and 400 nm in length. X‐ray photoelectron spectra indicate that the molar ratio of Si/N is 2.988:4. Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum yields a strong Si–N absorption at 926 cm−1 that may be a red shift due to size effect.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia Nanocrystallites
Authors: Zhu Hongliang , Yang Deren , Xi Zhenqiang , Zhu Luming
Published: March 2007

This work focuses on the synthesis of tetragonal zirconia (ZrO2) nanocrystallites with diameters of 5 nm by a simple hydrothermal process in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. Structural characterization of the ZrO2 products using X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the predominant crystal phase was the tetragonal phase. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images further showed that that the diameter of the majority of the tetragonal ZrO2 nanocrystallites was <5 nm. Furthermore, we discussed the mechanism of the hydrothermal process and the critical roles of hydrazine hydrate in the hydrothermal formation of the small‐sized ZrO2 nanocrystallites.
In Situ Bone‐Like Apatite Formation From a Bioeutectic® Ceramic in SBF Dynamic Flow
Authors: De Aza A. H. , Velásquez P. , Alemany M. I. , Pena P. , De Aza P. N.
Published: March 2007

In a previous study, a new ceramic material (Bioeutectic®), prepared by slow solidification through the eutectic temperature‐composition region of the wollastonite–tricalcium phosphate system, was found to be bioactive in static‐simulated body fluid. The eutectic material reacts by dissolving the pseudowollastonite phase and forming a hydroxyapatite‐like porous structure by a pseudomorphic transformation of the tricalcium phosphate lamellae, which in turn mimics porous bone. Later, a hydroxyapatite‐like layer is formed by precipitation on the surface of the material. In the present study, the bioactivity of the Bioeutectic® material was assessed in dynamic simulated body fluid in order to improve the ingrowth of new bone into implants (osteointegration). Samples of the material were soaked for 2 weeks in a dynamic simulated body fluid (1 mL/min) at 37°C. The experiment showed that there is no precipitation of hydroxyapatite‐like layer on the surface of a the material. Otherwise, a complete transformation of the eutectic material takes place, giving rise to a hydroxyapatite artificial porous bone. The dynamic model used in this study may be better than the usual static immersion model in imitating the physiological condition of bone‐like apatite formation.
Nano‐TiO2‐Coated Unidirectional Porous Glass Structure Prepared by Freeze Drying and Solution Infiltration
Authors: Deng Zhen‐Yan , Fernandes H. R. , Ventura J. M. , Kannan S. , Ferreira José M. F.
Published: March 2007

A unidirectional porous glass structure coated with a nanometer TiO2 thin film on pore walls was successfully fabricated by a two‐step process. Firstly, a water‐based slurry of sheet glass was frozen while controlling the growth direction of ice crystals, and then sublimation of the ice under vacuum formed the green body. The green body was subsequently sintered to produce porous glass with unidirectional pores. Secondly, the sintered porous glass was infiltrated by a titanium (IV) butoxide solution, and then dried and calcined at a moderate temperature to generate a nanometer TiO2 film on pore walls. The present porous glass with nanometer TiO2 has more total surface area than the TiO2 film on glass plates, which is believed to be more effective in the phtotocatalysis application for air or water purification.
Physical Aging of Arsenic Trisulfide Thick Films and Bulk Materials
Authors: Wang Rong‐Ping , Rode Andrei , Madden Steve , Luther‐Davies Barry
Published: March 2007

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed at different heating rates under nonisothermal conditions to probe the glass transition kinetics of As2S3 bulk glass and thick films. We found that, for films, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases with increasing annealing temperature, and sharp crystalline‐like melting endothermic peaks appear in samples annealed at 160°C. Such sharp endothermic peaks could also be found for samples annealed at 140°C for 300 h, indicating a very slow crystallization process. The activation energy for the molecular motions and rearrangements around Tg could be estimated as 2.12 eV for films and 2.3 eV for the bulk, respectively.
Management of smoking patients by specialist periodontists and hygienists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dalia D. , Palmer R. M. , Wilson R. F.
Published: April 2007

Objective: To assess the management of patients who are current smokers in dental practice.

Materials and methods: A postal questionnaire to the 243 periodontists on the UK specialist register and 239 randomly selected hygienists on the General Dental Council register.

Results: Eighty per cent of both groups responded. There were significant demographic differences between the two groups of respondents: 88% of periodontists were in specialist practice and/or hospital or university departments, while 89% of hygienists were in general dental practice. Periodontists routinely asked their patients about smoking 99% of the time, hygienists 89%. More than 5 min. was spent advising a smoker patient by 35% of periodontists and 19% of hygienists. A proportion of both groups claimed to have had some recognized training in quit smoking (44% and 39%). When asked about the oral conditions of their smoking patients, 26% of periodontists stated that these patients did not have poorer oral hygiene, while 67% of hygienists thought that they did. While the majority of both groups discussed the oral effects of smoking, less than two‐thirds discussed methods of giving up.

Conclusion: Both periodontists and hygienists are generally aware of the problems of treating smokers, and accordingly ask and advise their patients. However, lack of time and poor patient response may inhibit active involvement in assisting patients to quit smoking.
Reproductive strategies in small populations: using Atlantic salmon as a case study
Authors: Juanes F. , Perez J. , Garcia‐Vazquez E.
Published: March 2007

Abstract –  Wild salmonid populations with only a few breeding adults may not exhibit a significant reduction in genetic variability compared with larger populations. Such an observation suggests that effective population sizes are larger than population size estimates based on direct adult counts and/or the mating strategy maximises outbreeding, contributing to increased heterozygosity. In the case of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations, stratification by age classes and sexes on the spawning grounds avoids inbreeding and increases genetic variability. We studied the breeding composition of four Spanish salmon populations. Over a 7‐year period we concluded that the probability of within‐cohort mating is very low: females generally reproduce after two sea‐winters whereas males reproduce mostly as one sea‐winter (grilse) and/or mature parr. Considering different levels of contribution of mature parr to spawning derived from field surveys, we developed a simple model for estimating effective population sizes and found that they doubled with 65% parr contribution expected for rivers at this latitude (43°N), and ranged from 100–800 individuals. The effect of between‐cohort mating was modelled considering different ranges of differences in allele frequencies between cohorts and resulted in 28–50% increases in heterozygosity when considering a 65% parr contribution. The complex mating strategy of Atlantic salmon contributes to explain the high levels of genetic variability found for small populations of this species. This model can probably be extended to other animal species with mating strategies involving different cohorts.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Brubacher John S. , Stiles Lindley J. , Tingley Donald F.
Published: April 2007

FOUR PHILOSOPHIES—AND THEIR PRACTICE IN EDUCATION AND RELIGION. By J. Donald Butler.

THE TEACHER IN SCHOOL AND SOCIETY. By Harold Rugg and B. Marian Brooks.

THE LETTER OF ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. Edited by Eva Ingersoll Wakefield.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Good H. G. , Hagen Chrles M.
Published: April 2007

FIFTY YEARS OF AMERICAN EDUCATION A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND CRITICAL APPRAISAL. By Edgar W. Knight.

ROADS TO AGREEMENT: SUCCESSFUL METHODS IN THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN RELATIONS. By Stuart Chase, in collaboration with Marian Tyler Chase.
Book Reviews
Authors: Connel W. F. , Aschner Marry Jane
Published: April 2007

Educational Freedom in an Age of Anxiety. Twelfth Yearbook of the John Dewey Society, ed.

Freedom, Power, and democratic Planning. By K. Mannheim, Internat. Lib. of Sociol. & Soc. Reconstr.

Improving Teaching‐Learning Processes. By Ray H. Simpson.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: SUN H. C.
Published: April 2007

COMMENTS ON BROUDY'S Building a Philosophy of Education.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Spalding Willard B. , HENCLEY STEPHEN P.
Published: April 2007

The Politics of Education in the Local Community. Robert S. Cahill and Stephen P. Hencley, Editors.

The Political Power and Educational Decision‐Making. By Ralph B. Kimbrough.
Black Non‐Standard English and the Standard of “Ordinary Language”
Authors: BROYER JOHN ALBIN
Published: April 2007

Review of Teaching Black Children To Read edited by Joan C. Baratz and Roger W. Shuy.
Readings in the Philosophy of Education: A study of Curriculum*
Authors: O'LEARY P. T.
Published: April 2007

Review Article—Philosophy and the Curriculum* Review of Jane R. Martin (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Education: A Study of Curriculum.
The Emergence of Herbart' “Mind”
Authors: McMURRARY FOSTER
Published: April 2007

Review of Harold B. Dunkel, Herbart and Herbartianism: An Educational Ghost Story
PLACENTAL AND FOETAL WEIGHTS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLOANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES AND MULTIPARITY IN MICE
Authors: Breyere Edward J. , Zarick Pamela P. , Griffin Bill R.
Published: April 2007

The effects of varying degrees of multiparity on placental and foetal weights were examined in BALB/c female mice pregnant by either BALB/c or C3H males. Continual decreases in placental weights are observed through third pregnancies followed by progressive increases in both syngeneic and allogeneic placentas. In syngeneic pregnancies, foetal weights are generally proportional to placental weights, but those of allogeneic pregnancies tend to oppose placental weights. Evidence is presented that placental weights are also influenced by foetus‐specific antigens and the genotype of previous litters. In this strain combination, placental weights reflect changes in maternal reactivity different from those previously reported with tumour allografts.
HL‐A AND DISEASE THE DETECTION OF ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Edwards J. H.
Published: April 2007

Some problems in the detection and estimation of associations between multiallelic systems, such as HL‐A, and disease are discussed and a simple, but slightly conservative, method of analysis is advanced which allows a simple method of display.
GENE EXPANSION AND ANTIBODY VARIABILITY
Authors: Wang An‐Chuan , Fudenberg H. Hugh
Published: April 2007

The amino acid sequence near the N‐terminus of a human immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chain has been determined. This sequence is more homologous to avian Ig L chains than to human Ig L chains, and defines an additional variable (V‐) region subgroup designated as VλVI. These data also suggest that all vertebrates share large numbers of Ig V‐region genes and that 'species‐specific’residues reflect the expression in different species of different sets of V‐region genes. Control at a level equivalent to ‘regulatory genes’* determines which genes are expressed. Our findings raise a question concerning the possible role of redundant DNA, in that at least some of the ‘nonsense’ DNA in one species may actually be 'sense’DNA in another. We hypothesize that in evolution‘gene expansion’is a regular mechanism for the generation of new genes and that different members of a given group of repetitious genes are expressed in different species. Such a phenomenon is basically similar to the‘mechanism’controlling the differential expression of genes during embryonic differentiation. Our hypothesis differs from the previous version of the germ‐line hypothesis proposed for genetic control of antibody variability which involves ‘sudden excessive gene expansion and contraction’. Evidence suggesting that the‘gene expansion’mechanism may also be applicable to a lesser degree to other gene systems is briefly reviewed and discussed.
A SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SHEEP LEUCOCYTE ANTIGENS
Authors: Ford C. H. J.
Published: April 2007

Forty‐eight leucocytotoxic antisera obtained from parous ewes and from the recipients of osteoarticular and skin allografts were tested with a panel of leucocytes from unrelated sheep. Computer analysis of the serological data and limited adsorption studies have enabled the tentative identification of twenty‐one sheep leucocyte antigens. By adsorption erythrocytes have been shown to lack these antigens. It is postulated that the antigens belong to one or possibly more system(s) for which the term ShL‐A is proposed.
IMMUNOGENETIC PROPERTIES OF SL‐A INHIBITOR SUBSTANCES IN SERUM OF PIGS*
Authors: Cwik S. , Schmid D. O.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and twelve pig sera were screened for their inhibitory properties to cytolytic reactions of eighteen reagents obtained after skin grafting. All of the tested pig sera discriminately inhibited the cytotoxicity of various reagents, which clearly demonstrated that the inhibitions are of defined specificities. This could be confirmed in pig families. In a number of instances serum contained inhibitors of such specificities that were not detectable on the lymphocyte membrane of the animal the serum was taken from. The aim of this study was not to identify the specificities involved. Nevertheless the SL‐A3 specificity was observed in serum of eighty‐four out of 112 animals, whereby the SL‐A3 antigen was detectable on the lymphocyte membrane of only fourteen of those animals. The occurrence of histocompatibility inhibitors in serum of pigs is of importance in experimental organ grafting and in immunizations of animals when reagents of certain specificities are attempted to be produced. Granulocytes appear also to be furnished with cell bound histocompatibility antigens.
GENETIC STUDIES OF SHEEP LEUCOCYTE ANTIGENS
Authors: Ford C. H. J.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐two cytotoxic anti‐leucocyte antisera, possibly identifying twenty‐one leucocyte antigens in the sheep, have been used to type forty sheep families. It has been demonstrated that the antigens are under genetic control and that they are not Y‐linked. A difference in antigen frequency in different breeds is indicated.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MNSs‐BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Knott H.
Published: April 2007

Experimental data are discussed which indicate that one alkali‐labile tetrasaccharide present on each MN‐glycoprotein subunit is part of the M‐ and N‐antigen receptor site. It is concluded therefore that the difference between M‐ and N‐antigens resides in the amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein. Based on the different topographical distribution of the MNSs‐receptors within the membrane an explanation for the cross‐reaction of anti‐N reagents with ordinary M‐erythrocytes is proposed.
HL‐A TYPING IN AN INBRED POPULATION IN A SWISS ALPINE VILLAGE: FIESCHERTAL
Authors: Van der Does J. A. , Van Leeuwen A. , Jeannet M. , Nijenhuis L. , Van Loghem E. , Khan P. Meera , Bernini L. , Bohnhof‐Pallfy M. , Volken B. , Gabb B. W. , Van Rood J. J.
Published: April 2007

In a population of 164 very closely related members of a Swiss alpine village, the HL‐A system and seven other immunogenetic systems were studied. The two main techniques of lymphocytotoxicity and leuco‐agglutination were used in two different laboratories for the HL‐A serology. The W4(4a) and W6(4b) antigens are especially emphasized, and discrepancies between the two techniques discussed. The use of large families proved valuable for the definition of several previously ill defined anitgens.
MLC TYPING IN HL‐A IDENTICAL NON‐SIBLING PAIRS IN AN INBRED POPULATION
Authors: Van der Does J. A. , Van Leeuwen A. , Van Rood J. J.
Published: April 2007

Mixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) tests were performed between HL‐A identical non‐sibling members of an inbred population. Three pairs were known to be related, and the descent of chromosomes is followed by both HL‐A serology and MLC tests. The implication of a high frequency of negative MLC tests between HL‐A identical non‐sibling pairs in this population as compared with other populations is discussed.
COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF THY‐1.1 AND THY‐1.2 ANTIGENS
Authors: Staines N. A. , O'Neill G. J.
Published: April 2007

The immunogenicity of Thy‐1 antigens was examined using the Thy‐1 congenic mouse strains A and A/Thy‐1.1. A disequilibrium of response was found between these strains. A strain mice rejected skin grafts and produced high titres of antibody to lymphoid cells from A/Thy‐1.1 strain mice. However, in the reverse combination grafts were not rejected nor was there any significant antibody response. A/Thy‐1.1 mice did not respond to Thy‐1.2 antigen when it was presented on an H‐2 allogeneic background (A·SW strain) but did respond to it when non‐H‐2 incompatibilities were involved (B10·A strain donor). We postulate the existence of Ir gene(s) for the response to Thy‐1.2 antigens which are linked to H‐2. The failure of A/Thy‐1.1 strain mice to respond to Thy‐1.2 antigens in the absence of carrier determinants is the result of a deletion (in the germ line) of the appropriate Ir gene itself resulting from the long association of the H‐2a haplotype of the A mouse (donor of the genetic background of A/Thy‐1.1 strain) with the Thy‐1.2 gene.
SDS‐POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS FROM S‐s‐U‐ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Issitt P. D. , Allen F. H.
Published: April 2007

It is shown that S‐s‐U‐erythrocytes have no detectable PAS‐3, B‐ and C‐glyco‐protein bands which are demonstrable by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of red cell membranes and subsequent PAS‐staining. PAS‐1 and ‐2 are normal with respect to electrophoretic mobility and staining intensity. The staining intensity of PAS‐3, B and C from heterozygous defective erythrocytes is about half of normal. One S‐s‐U+ blood sample did not differ from the S‐s‐U‐bloods.
I REGION ASSOCIATED HISTOINCOMPATIBILITY WITH ABSENCE OF ACCELERATED REJECTION OF SECOND SET SKIN GRAFTS DETECTED IN TESTS WITH A NEW HAPLOTYPE, H‐2dx
Authors: Zachařová Gisela , Renčková Ľuba , Dux Anna , Démant P.
Published: April 2007

H‐2 typing of two inbred mouse strains, GRS I/A and LIS/A, revealed that they both carry the same, previously unknown haplotype, designated H‐2dx. The H‐2dx haplotype has the K region allele identical or very similar to that of H‐2d, however it differs from H‐2d at the I region genes and has none of the D region alleles previously described in inbred mouse strains.

When the H‐2dx haplotype was used in F1 complementation tests, it failed to prevent rejection of B10.D2 skin grafts by (GR × B10.A)F1 and (LI × B10.A)F1 recipients, as well as rejection of R103 grafts by (GR × 2R)F1, (LI × 2R)F1, (GR × B10)F1, and (LI × B10)F1 recipients. In all these combinations, the donor and the recipients were matched at the K and D regions, but differed at the I region. The mean rejection time was 12 days (beginning) and 15.9 days (end of rejection).

The second set skin grafts were rejected at approximately the same speed as the first set skin grafts, and after their rejection a cytotoxic antibody, most likely anti‐Ia, was found in the serum of the recipient mice. The absence of accelerated second set skin graft rejection in the I region incompatibility observed in these experiments is in sharp contrast to the extremely fast rejection of K or D region incompatible second set skin grafts. This lack of demonstrable anamnestic response is either due to the presence of enhancing antibodies, or to an inherently inferior capacity of I region incompatibility to elicit, in vivo, an effective anamnestic response.
ACTIVATED T LYMPHOCYTES EXPRESS NEW SURFACE DETERMINANTS WHICH REACT WITH HETEROLOGOUS ANTI‐B CELL SERUM
Authors: Schirrmacher V. , Festenstein H.
Published: April 2007

Surface determinants on activated mouse T lymphocytes were investigated in a new radioassay. Activated cells were selectively labelled with 14C‐thymidine and then treated with specific antibody and complement followed by trypsinization to disrupt the membranes and release radiolabelled DNA from specifically lysed cells (14C‐thymidine release assay).

T lymphocytes were activated in vitro (MLC and PHA) or in vivo (skin sensitization with oxazolone) and characterized by their sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of anti‐θ serum. These cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effect of R anti‐MIg, a purified polyvalent anti‐mouse immunoglobulin serum, but were lysed by treatment with R anti‐MBLA, a rabbit anti‐mouse B lymphocyte serum. This cytotoxic activity could be absorbed with spleen cells from nude (nu/nu) mice but not with thymocytes. Furthermore, pretreatment of lymph node cells with R anti‐MBLA and complement before stimulation with PHA led to an increased PHA response, indicating that the serum reacted with normal B but not T lymphocytes. When these activated purified T lymphocytes were treated with R anti‐MBLA, as much 14C‐thymidine was released from these cells as from unpurified control cells (>70%). The percentage of 14C‐thymidine released from activated T cells by treatment with either anti‐θ serum or R anti‐MBLA was surprisingly similar and no significant additive effect was observed when the cells were treated with both antisera together. LPS activated B lymphocytes showed a different reactivity pattern with the antisera: they were lysed by R anti‐MBLA but not by anti‐θ serum while R anti‐MIg had an intermediate cytotoxic effect.

An interpretation of these findings is offered which suggests that transformation of T lymphocytes is accompanied by derepression of certain genetic information and by the expression of new surface determinants, some of which may be identical with determinants which are otherwise expressed only on normal B lymphocytes.
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) POLYMORPHISMS IN RABBIT I. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RABBIT AND HUMAN SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
Authors: Børresen Anne‐Lise
Published: April 2007

Different classes of rabbit serum lipoprotein were prepared by ultracentrifugal flotation at densities 1·006, 1·063 and 1·21 g/ml. Agarose gel electrophoresis on rabbit whole serum and the serum fractions with different densities showed that this technique separates the different lipoprotein classes reasonably well.

The electrophoretic mobility of the different lipoprotein classes of rabbit serum seems to be similar to that of the human lipoproteins, with the exception of α1‐lipoprotein which had a greater mobility than human α1‐lipoprotein.

The chemical composition of rabbit high density lipoprotein (HDL) was fairly similar to that of human HDL although the former seems to be richer in triglycerides.

HDL was, after isolation by ultracentrifugal flotation at density 1·21, delipidated and submitted to gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 in 8 m urea. The major protein fraction of rabbit apo HDL corresponds in elution volume to that of the major fraction of human apo HDL, apoA‐I. A protein fraction corresponding to human apoA‐II does not seem to be present in rabbit HDL in demonstrable amounts. The rabbit protein fraction sometimes appearing in the area corresponding to human apoA‐II could not be found to be affected by the reduction and alkylation method after which humana poA‐II splits into two identical chains.
JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS: HLA‐ANTIGEN FREQUENCIES DEPENDENT ON THE AGE OF ONSET OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Schernthaner G. , Ludwig H. , Mayr W. R.
Published: April 2007

A close correlation between juvenile diabetes mellitus and HLA‐B8, HLA‐BW15 and HLA‐CW3 was found. Association of these antigens with juvenile diabetes mellitus was closely dependent on the ages of onset of the disease. Frequencies of BW15 and CW3 showed a remarkably low incidence in the childhood diabetics (0–15 years old) and were found increased in the patients with later (16 years or older) onset diabetes. HLA‐B8 frequencies were found increased in all the groups of diabetics with different ages of onset. These findings point to the importance of HLA‐B8 in childhood and HLA‐B8, BW15 and CW3 in the later onset juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JOD).
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS VII. TENTATIVE MODEL FOR THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Authors: iii Gill Thomas J. , Kunz Heinz W.
Published: April 2007

Several lines of evidence are presented which support a tentative model of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The serologically defined (SD), lymphocyte defined (LD) and immune response (Ir) loci are separate but linked, and there are probably two loci controlling the serologically defined antigens. The MHC in the rat appears to resemble that in the human more than that in the mouse.
LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE LOCI OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN FAMILIES WITH A RECOMBINATION IN THE HLA REGION
Authors: Bijnen A. B. , Schreuder Ieke , Khan P. Meera , Allen F. H. , Giles C. M. , Los W. R. T. , Volkers W. S. , van Rood J. J.
Published: April 2007

A number of families with an established recombination in the major histo‐compatibility complex has been investigated for markers known to be coded by genes of this linkage group. The results provide further data on the relative position of the loci for HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐D, Bf, Chido, Rodgers and PGM3 on chromosome 6. A positive lodscore for linkage between HLA and blood group P was found; lodscores between HLA and nineteen other markers were negative.
HL‐A8 AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS
Authors: Scott B. B. , Cooke E. Mary , Hambling M. H. , Rajah S. M. , Swinburne M. L. , Losowsky M. S.
Published: April 2007

The possession of the histocompatibility antigen HL‐A8 has been correlated with serum levels of antibodies to gluten and a variety of other dietary, viral, and bacterial antigens and autoantigens. The only significant correlation with HL‐A8 was of raised levels of gluten antibody. Thus it seems that HL‐A8 may be associated with an enhanced immune response specifically to gluten, and not with a generally enhanced immunological responsiveness as has been suggested.
HL‐A ANTIGENS IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Macurová Helena , Ivašková Eva , Havelka S. , Iványi P.
Published: April 2007

HL‐A antigens were examined in sixty‐two patients, thirty‐one boys and thirty‐one girls, diagnosed as having JRA. HL‐A 27 was the only antigen with a significantly increased frequency. This increase concerned predominantly male patients in whom the disease developed at the beginning of puberty. In this group of sixteen boys, the polyarticular form was more frequent and tended to be associated with sacroiliitis, while the rheumatoid factor was negative in all but one. The frequency of HL‐A 27 in this group was 62.5%.

The patients were also examined by the lymphotoxic test with anti‐H‐2 allo‐immune sera known to exhibit a high degree of association with some HL‐A antigens. On JRA lymphocytes these associations were confirmed for HL‐A 2 and anti‐H‐2f and for HL‐A 27 and anti‐H‐2p. The strongest reactions were observed with lymphocytes from male patients around the age of puberty. These data indicate that steroid hormones influence the expressivity of some HL‐A‐associated cell plasma membrane structures.
EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALO‐MYELITIS IN MICE: GENETIC CONTROL OF SUSCEPTIBILITY*
Authors: Bernard C. C. A.
Published: April 2007

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in inbred and congenic strains of mice by injection of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with pertussis vaccine. Genetic analyses showed that susceptibility to EAE in mice was inherited as a dominant trait and was in part controlled by genes located in the centromeric half of the H‐2 complex.

Mice with EAE developed cell‐mediated immune responsiveness to basic protein of myelin (BPM), as judged by the macrophage migration inhibition assay, using peritoneal exudate cells; this was not observed with mice of resistant strains. However, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells of both susceptible and resistant strains was significantly inhibited in the presence of purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis. Thus, the genes involved in the control of susceptibility to EAE also influence T cell responsiveness to BPM. Antibody to BPM, as judged by radioimmunoassay, was detected in susceptible and resistant strains but there was no correlation between the presence or levels of antibody and susceptibility or resistance to EAE. It is suggested that resistance to EAE is associated with failure of T cells to recognize and/or respond to the encephalitogenic determinant of the BPM molecule.
STUDIES ON THE MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN DEFECT OF En(a‐) ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Leikola J. , Wagstaff W. , Landfried K.
Published: April 2007

Discontinuous sodium dodecylsulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by periodic acid/Schiff or Coomassie staining and densitometry, spectrophotometric and gas‐liquid chromatographic carbohydrate analyses as well as heterophile agglutinins are employed to study the nature of the membrane glycoprotein defect in En(a–) erythrocytes from Finland and England, heterozygous Ena red cells from Finland and the erythrocytes of two individuals from Switzerland. The results suggest that En(a–) cells lack the major membrane sialoglycoprotein, the so‐called MN glycoprotein. Heterozygous Ena erythrocytes from Finland and those from Switzerland have only about half of the normal amount of MN glycoprotein. The molecular weight of the major Coomassie staining membrane protein (component III) is increased by approx. 5000 and 3000 daltons in En(a–) and the other red cells respectively. Some aspects of this membrane defect are discussed.
STUDIES ON H‐2 SPECIFICITIES ON MOUSE TUMOUR CELLS BY A NEW MICRORADIOASSAY*
Authors: Garrido F. , Schirrmacher V. , Festenstein H.
Published: April 2007

Seven mouse tumour cell lines of different aetiology and origin were tested for the expression of surface alloantigens using twenty‐four well defined H‐2 allo‐antisera and anti‐Thy 1.2. We used a new radioassay that involves antibody‐complement treatment of the tumour target cells followed by postlabelling the surviving tumour cells with 14C‐thymidine. With a relatively high frequency the anti‐H‐2 sera were reacting differently with the tumour cells than with respective tive syngeneic lymphoid cells. Thirty‐six anomalous reactions out of 129 investigated were detected. Absorbtion experiments performed with H‐2 antigen positive or negative lymphoid cells revealed a striking similarity between these extra‐specificities and H‐2 specificities of foreign haplotypes. The results are discussed in relation to the biological importance of the extra‐specificities, both with regard to origin (derepression) and function (transplantation antigen properties).
MULTIPLE FOREIGN NON‐H‐2 DETERMINANTS ON THE SURFACE OF A CHEMICALLY‐INDUCED MURINE SARCOMA*
Authors: Invernizzi G. , Carbone G. , Meschini Angela , Parmiani G.
Published: April 2007

By immunizing BALB/c (H‐2d mice against normal tissues from C57BL/6J (H‐2b), C3Hf (H‐2k) and DBA/2 (H‐2d), but not from AKR (H‐2k) strains, resistance was induced to the subsequent challenge of the ‘syngeneic’ methyl‐cholanthrene‐induced BALB/c sarcoma ST5; lymph node cells from allo‐immune BALB/c mice were also able to exert a parallel cytotoxic effect against in vitro cultured ST5 cells. The involvement of foreign H‐2 specificities in the observed cross‐reactions was ruled out by absorptions of H‐2 monospecific sera and by the interallelic combinations used, thus suggesting that non‐H‐2 histocompatibility antigens were responsible for the above findings.

By using the indirect isotopic antiglobulin assay, BALB/c anti‐C57BL/6J and anti‐C3Hf polyspecific sera were found to bind specifically to cultured ST5 cells. C57BL/6J and C3Hf, but not DBA/2, lymph node cells were able to absorb the anti‐ST5 activity of the anti‐C57BL/6J serum. These results indicated that ST5 cells expressed on their surface at least two different sets of foreign non‐H‐2 antigens: one shared by C57BL/6J and C3Hf tissues, and detected by both cell‐mediated and serological techniques; the other one belonging to DBA/2 tissues, and revealed mainly at the cell‐mediated level.
COINCIDENT EFFECT IN THE GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION OF BALB/c LYMPHOID CELLS DERIVED FROM MICE IMMUNE EITHER TO ALLOGENEIC NORMAL TISSUE OR TO SYNGENEIC CHEMICALLYINDUCED FIBROSARCOMATA
Authors: Parmiani G. , Invernizzi G.
Published: April 2007

By using the graft‐versus‐host reaction (GVHR) based on the spleen enlargement test of Simonsen (1962), lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immune to syngeneic ST2 or ST5 sarcomata were shown to behave like BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 lymphocytes in specifically increasing the GVHR in (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 newborns as compared with non‐immune BALB/c cells. No such effect was evident when BALB/c anti‐ST2 or anti‐ST5 lymphoid cells were given to (BALB/c × C3Hf)F1 and to (BALB/c × AKR)F1 mice; anti‐ST5 lymphocytes were also ineffective into (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 newborns in which anti‐ST2 lymphocytes were able to increase the GVHR over the background induced by non‐immune BALB/c cells. A third immunogenic BALB/c fibrosarcoma C‐1 was able to activate syngeneic lymphocytes which gave an augmented GVHR in (BALB/c × C3Hf)F1 and (BALB/c × AKR)F1 but not in the other hybrids. The efficacy of BALB/c anti‐ST2 or ‐ST5 lymphocytes in reproducing a BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 like anamnestic response in (BALB/c × DBA/2)F1 mice support previous findings indicating that non‐H‐2 alien histocompatibility antigens of the DBA/2 strain, are expressed on these tumour cells. The GVHR induced by lymphoid cells immune to C‐1 tumour are also in keeping with serological and transplantation studies (reported elsewhere) indicating the expression of foreign H‐2k antigens on this sarcoma.
EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN MICE: ANTIGEN BINDING LYMPHOCYTES TO BASIC PROTEIN OF MYELIN IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT STRAINS
Authors: Bernard C. C. A. , Roberts Isabel M. , Mackay I. R.
Published: April 2007

Antigen‐binding lymphocytes (ABL) to basic protein of myelin (BPM) were demonstrable in the thymus and spleen of various strains of mice. Counts of ABL did not differ in strains resistant and susceptible to EAE, and did not differ when human or murine 125I‐labelled BPM was used as a labelled antigen to detect ABL. After injection with mouse spinal cord and adjuvants, under conditions known to be immunogenic and encephalitogenic for susceptible strains of mice, counts of ABL increased two‐ to four‐fold in susceptible strains but did not increase in resistant strains. Antigen binding could not be accounted for by the attachment to cells of cytophilic antibody with specificity for BPM, because such antibody was seldom demonstrable even after immunization. Inferences from the study were: (i) that tolerance (non‐responsiveness) to certain autoantigens at least must depend on control over continually present antigen‐reactive lymphocytes rather than on any lack of capacity to recognize antigen; (ii) differences in susceptible and resistant strains are evident after, rather than before, immunization.
HUMAN IgG3 ALLOTYPES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A NEW ALLOTYPE RELATED TO G3m(g) (G3m21)
Authors: Loghem Erna van , Blanc Madeleine , Lange Gerda De
Published: April 2007

The IgG3 allotype described as L1 (Blanc et al., 1976) occurs on the CH3 region of G3m(g) proteins, in contrast to G3m(g) that is known to be present on the CH2 region. G3m(g) and L1 are, as a rule, present on the same γ3 heavy chain, just like the G3m(b) subspecificities of the CH2 region, (b1) and (b4), with those of the CH3 region (b0), (b3) and (b5).

Several families were investigated that showed inheritance of rare combinations of IgG3 allotypes. The data obtained are suggestive for notation of L1 as (g5), since L1 probably occupies a position antithetical to (b5).

The relation of amino acid substitutions to allotypes and isoallotypes is discussed.
LINKAGE STUDIES WITH C6
Authors: Hobart M. J. , Cook P. J. L. , Lachmann P. J.
Published: April 2007

The common structural variants of C6 have been used to study the linkage relations of the locus in human pedigrees. Linkage between C6 and RH, Fy, ACP1, MNSs, Jk, HLA, ABO, ESD, Hp, ADA, GPT, Gc, Pi, Gm and Km has been excluded at recombination fractions at least as great as 0.1 in the male.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INHERITED Hl 1 AND R 67 ANTIGENS ON RABBIT SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) PARTICLES
Authors: Børresen Anne‐Lise
Published: April 2007

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the distribution of Hl 1 antigen and R 67 antigen on high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were conducted on six rabbit sera. The Hl 1 antigen showed non‐identity with A‐I‐containing HDL particles, and antiserum to Hl 1 did not remove A‐I‐containing HDL particles. The R 67 antigen showed partial identity with A‐I‐containing HDL particles. Antiserum to R 67 antigen removed 30–40% of A‐I‐containing HDL particles from the sera of animals which were heterozygous for R 67, and 65% of the A‐I‐containing HDL particles from the serum of one R 67 homozygous animal.
INTERCELLULAR ADHESIVENESS OF H‐2 IDENTICAL AND H‐2 DISPARATE CELLS
Authors: Zelený V. , Matoušek V. , Lengerová Alena
Published: April 2007

Using a 2 times 2 design, the collection rates of cells from radioactively labelled single‐cell suspensions on cell‐coated collecting surfaces were tested for a possible H‐2 effect on intercellular adhesiveness. By a statistical procedure, the undesirable variability in the suspension and/or in the collecting surface could be eliminated, and the H‐2 specific net effect estimated. In this way it was possible to detect (even on the background of a large non‐specific variability) significant reductions of the allogeneic collection rates (i.e. between cells which differed only in their H‐2 haplotypes) as compared to the syngeneic standards. It is concluded that cells of a given H‐2 haplotype have preferential adhesiveness to syngeneic cells.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INHERITED H1 1 AND R 67 ANTIGENS OF RABBIT SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
Authors: Børresen Anne‐Lise , Kindt T. J. , Berg K.
Published: April 2007

Purification and characterization of the Hl 1 antigen revealed a polypeptide with molecular weight of 20,000 by gel filtration. The peptide contained 20% neutral sugar and 4.5% neuraminic acid. Amino acid analysis as well as the Nterminal sequence for thirteen amino acid residues and three C‐terminal amino acids were determined. Difference index analysis gave an indication that the H1 1 polypeptide is unique.

Purification of R 67 antigen did not give a pure polypeptide in sufficient amount to do chemical analysis. A crude fraction of R 67 antigen had three bands on SDS‐PAGE, all with R67 antigenic activity. The crude fraction contained 10% neutral sugar and 3.5% neuraminic acid. No N‐ or C‐terminal amino acids could be determined for the crude fraction of R 67 antigen.
MEASLES ANTIBODIES AND HLA
Authors: Haverkorn M. J. , Norrby E.
Published: April 2007

Blood samples were collected from healthy twin pairs of the same sex, living in the same households and attending the same schools. The occurrence of HLA antigens and seven red cell antigens was determined. The serum titres of antibodies against three different components of measles virus were measured by haemagglutination inhibition, by haemolysis inhibition and by nucleocapsid complement fixation tests. The variability of titres within twin pairs was significantly greater among seventy dizygotic twins than among seventy monozygotic twins, suggesting an influence of genetic factors on the measles antibody response. However, no evidence for a genetic linkage between HLA loci and the loci involved in the antibody response was apparent, since the variability of antibody titres among eighteen dizygotic pairs with common HLA haplotypes was about similar to that among twenty‐three pairs with different haplotypes. A possible association between antibody titres and HLA‐A3 and B7 antigens was also analysed in the present material. The comparisons were made between groups of single individuals in the twin pairs. The presence or absence of HLA‐A3 antigen did not significantly influence the mean titres of groups. However, in two out of six comparisons, the mean antibody titre was significantly higher in the group of individuals who had HLA‐B7.
THE EFFECT OF ENZYMES ON THE BLOOD FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FV SYSTEM OF BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: April 2007

Treatment of cattle red cells (CRC) with proteases and neuraminidase revealed at least one trypsin‐ or pronase‐sensitive type and a protese‐resistant type of sialoglycoprotein.

The antigen F itself and the antigen IM in the F/F and F/V type of CRC were associated with the protease‐resistant glycoprotein. Moreover, they were demonstrable in the agglutination test, but only after treatment with proteases. The antigen V, allelic to F, was, however, associated with a pronase‐sensitive protein and the antigen IM in the V/V type of CRC with a trypsin‐ or pronasesensitive glycoprotein. The antigen N′ was inactivated by chymotrypsin or pronase, irrespective of whether it was transmitted with the F or with the V.

While the antigens IM, N′ and the antigen reacting with rabbit serum, in addition to the antigen F in the F/F type of CRC, showed no or only very weak (titre 1:2) reactions, these same antigens, in addition to the antigen V in the V/V type of CRC, all showed high titres (1: 32 to 1: 128) in the anti‐globulin test.