bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species richness and community structure of benthic macrofauna and megafauna in the deep‐sea chemosynthetic ecosystems around the Japanese archipelago: an attempt to identify priority areas for conservation
Authors: Nakajima Ryota , Yamakita Takehisa , Watanabe Hiromi , Fujikura Katsunori , Tanaka Katsuhiko , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Shirayama Yoshihisa
Published: March 2014

Aim

To characterize the species richness, endemism and community structure of benthic macro‐/megafauna in the deep‐sea chemosynthetic ecosystems around the Japanese archipelago and determine the conservation priority for deep‐sea chemosynthetic habitats.

Location

Twenty‐seven methane seeps from the Kuril–Japan Trench, Nankai Trough, Ryukyu Trench and Sagami Bay as well as 15 hydrothermal vents from the Izu–Bonin Arc and Okinawa Trough around the Japanese archipelago.

Methods

Species richness and the number of endemic species from 42 vents and seeps were examined using the distributional data of 155 mollusc, annelid and arthropod species. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify groups of sites with similar assemblage composition. Complementarity analysis was performed to determine the minimum number of sites required to conserve at least one population of all species for all 42 sites and for groups of sites detected by the multivariate analyses.

Results

The species richness of the deep‐sea chemosynthetic sites around the Japanese archipelago was higher in the Okinawa Trough and Sagami Bay where higher methane concentrations were observed. Eight distinct biogeographic regions were detected at the community level, and the community structure was classified according to the geological variables of depth and latitude. Complementarity analysis for all 42 sites indicated 21 sites for conservation, while that for each distinct biogeographic region indicated 30 sites for conservation.

Main conclusions

As unique communities exist in each geographically isolated region around the Japanese archipelago, priority areas should be identified for each type of bioregion for effective conservation. At least 30 (17 seeps and 13 vents) of 42 sites should be conserved to avoid the extinction of the local populations of deep‐sea chemosynthetic macro‐/megabenthos.
Assessing species vulnerability to climate and land use change: the case of the Swiss breeding birds
Authors: Maggini Ramona , Lehmann Anthony , Zbinden Niklaus , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Bolliger Janine , Schröder Boris , Foppen Ruud , Schmid Hans , Beniston Martin , Jenni Lukas
Published: March 2014

Aim

Climate warming and land use change represent a major challenge for both species and conservation managers. Temporally and spatially explicit projections of the future distribution of species have been extensively developed to support decision‐making in conservation. The aim of this study was to move beyond the simple projections of likely impacts of global change to identify the most vulnerable species. We suggest an original vulnerability index that integrates estimations of projected range change and different proxies of species resilience in a quantitative way. The proposed index is generally applicable, completely quantitative, and it allows ranking species so as to prioritize conservation actions.

Location

We illustrate the applicability of the vulnerability index using breeding birds in Switzerland as an example of conservation target.

Methods

The vulnerability index relies on five indicators quantifying different aspects of the projected change in distributional area, the reservoirs available for the species and their recent population trend. Species distribution was modelled using three different techniques (GAM, MARS and BRT) and then projected for 2050 and 2100 according to two different IPCC scenarios of climate change coupled with two regional land use scenarios to represent different magnitudes of the stressors and the range of possible outcomes.

Results

According to the different contributions of the base indicators, different patterns of vulnerability can be distinguished. In Switzerland, breeding birds inhabiting coniferous woodlands, alpine habitats and wetlands have significantly higher vulnerability to climate and land use change than species in other habitats.

Main conclusions

The proposed vulnerability index represents an early warning system as it identifies species that are currently not threatened, but are very likely to become so. As such, it complements the assessment of risk of species' extinction based on the Red List and on their international importance.
Does epilepsy in childhood affect cognitive development?
Authors: Karlsson Cassie , Dunn David
Published: March 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Rathouz et al. on pages
635–641 of this issue.
Impaired resolution of inflammation in human chronic heart failure
Authors: Reina‐Couto Marta , Carvalho Jorge , Valente Maria João , Vale Luís , Afonso Joana , Carvalho Félix , Bettencourt Paulo , Sousa Teresa , Albino‐Teixeira António
Published: March 2014

Background

Lipoxins (LXs) are proresolving and anti‐inflammatory eicosanoids whose role in chronic heart failure (CHF) pathogenesis has never been investigated. This study evaluated levels of LXs in CHF patients, its relationship with disease severity and correlation with established CHF biomarkers. The effect of low‐dose aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)] on the levels of LXs was also studied.

Materials and methods

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), 15‐epi‐lipoxin A4 (15‐epi‐LXA4) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration and activity were evaluated by immunoenzymatic and spectrophotometric assays in 34 CHF patients [New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I to IV]. B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin, myoglobin, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and uric acid (UA) were also analyzed.

Results

Patients were stratified into mild‐to‐moderate CHF (NYHA, classes I and II) and severe CHF (NYHA classes III and IV). Severe patients had lower plasma LXA4 (0·262 ± 0·034 vs. 0·362 ± 0·039 ng/mL, P < 0·05) and decreased urinary 15‐epi‐LXA4 levels (2·28 ± 0·44 vs. 4·88 ± 1·03 μg/day, P < 0·05) besides exhibiting increased plasma BNP (1464 ± 442 vs. 555 ± 162 pg/mL, P < 0·05) and MPO activity (45·15 ± 11·56 vs. 15·90 ± 2·80 μmol/min/mg protein, P < 0·05). Plasma LXA4 was inversely correlated with BNP, troponin, myoglobin, CRP, UA and MPO activity. ASA treatment was associated with higher urinary excretion of 15‐epi‐LXA4 (7·70 ± 1·48 vs. 2·06 ± 0·30 μg/day, P < 0·05) in mild‐to‐moderate CHF patients and lower BNP levels in both groups.

Conclusions

Higher severity of CHF is associated with reduced levels of LXs. Plasma LXA4 appears to be a valuable marker for risk stratification in CHF. Furthermore, the ASA‐related increase in urinary 15‐epi‐LXA4 suggests enhanced renal synthesis of this eicosanoid and may represent a disregarded benefit of ASA.
ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY AND THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY COLLEGES: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD EXPERIMENT
Authors: FAIRLIE ROBERT W. , GRUNBERG SAMANTHA H.
Published: March 2014

Access to information may represent an important barrier to learning about and ultimately transferring to 4‐year colleges for low‐income community college students. This article explores the role that access to information technology, in particular, plays in enhancing, or possibly detracting from, the transfer function of the community college. Using data from the first‐ever field experiment randomly providing free computers to students, we examine the relationships between access to home computers and enrollment in transferable courses and actual transfers to 4‐year colleges. The results from the field experiment indicate that the treatment group of students receiving free computers has a 4.5 percentage point higher probability of taking transferable courses than the control group of students not receiving free computers. The evidence is less clear for the effects on actual transfers to 4‐year colleges and the probability of using a computer to search for college information (which possibly represents one of the mechanisms for positive effects). In both cases, point estimates are positive, but the confidence intervals are wide. Finally, power calculations indicate that sample sizes would have to be considerably larger to find statistically significant treatment effects and reasonably precise confidence intervals given the actual transfer rate point estimates. (JEL J24, O33, I23, I24)
BH3‐only proteins – possible proapoptotic triggers for melanoma therapy
Authors: Plötz Michael , Eberle Jürgen
Published: March 2014

Despite recent developments for new targeted therapies in melanoma, as BRAF inhibitors and immune‐stimulating antibodies, tumor relapse frequently follows within less than a year. Therapy resistance is explained by defects in proapoptotic signalling. Thus, efficient induction of apoptosis in tumor cells appears as predominant therapeutic goal. In apoptosis control of melanoma, the balance between pro‐ and antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 proteins plays a decisive role. In particular, members of the subfamily of BH3‐only proteins function as proapoptotic triggers, and mimetics of these proteins are already in clinical trials in other cancers. Recent experimental work has revealed that the effects of different treatments in melanoma are related to the activation of BH3‐only proteins, and also the proapoptotic effects of BRAF inhibitors are prevented by knockdown of the BH3‐only protein Bim. Thus, melanoma therapy might be critically improved by the combination of survival pathway antagonists as BRAF inhibitors with BH3 mimetics.
Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects
Authors: Ockendon Nancy , Baker David J. , Carr Jamie A. , White Elizabeth C. , Almond Rosamunde E. A. , Amano Tatsuya , Bertram Esther , Bradbury Richard B. , Bradley Cassie , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Doswald Nathalie , Foden Wendy , Gill David J. C. , Green Rhys E. , Sutherland William J. , Tanner Edmund V. J. , Pearce‐Higgins James W.
Published: March 2014

Shifts in species' distribution and abundance in response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present the results of a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis investigating the frequency and importance of different mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes of North America and Europe; almost half investigated bird populations. We found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic mechanisms than direct, abiotic mechanisms as mediators of the impact of climate on populations. In addition, biotic effects tended to have greater support than abiotic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, the impact of climate was equally mediated by biotic and abiotic mechanisms, whereas for higher level consumers the mechanisms were most frequently biotic, such as predation or food availability. Biotic mechanisms were more frequently supported in studies that reported a directional trend in climate than in studies with no such climatic change, although sample sizes for this comparison were small. We call for more mechanistic studies of climate change impacts on populations, particularly in tropical systems.
Hooliganism and Demand for Football in Italy: Attendance and Counterviolence Policy Evaluation
Authors: Di Domizio Marco , Caruso Raul
Published: March 2014

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between stadium attendance, hooliganism and counter-violence policy measures in Italian Serie A. In particular, this paper analyses the impact of counter-hooliganism policies adopted in 2007 on the quantity of game tickets sold. The counter-hooliganism measures, grounded on an entry card, namely a ‘fidelity card’, were designed to keep out hooligans from stadiums so favouring the attendance of either occasional spectators or uncommitted fans. According to our econometric investigation the expected substitution between committed fans and uncommitted fans did not take shape. In sum, the ‘fidelity card’ did not turn to be successful if evaluated on the average attendance perspective.
The fish oil ingredient, docosahexaenoic acid, activates cytosolic phospholipase A2 via GPR120 receptor to produce prostaglandin E2 and plays an anti‐inflammatory role in macrophages
Authors: Liu Yueqin , Chen Li‐Yuan , Sokolowska Milena , Eberlein Michael , Alsaaty Sara , Martinez‐Anton Asuncion , Logun Carolea , Qi Hai‐Yan , Shelhamer James H.
Published: March 2014

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the major ingredients of fish oil and has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory properties mediated through the GPR120 receptor. Whether cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and lipid mediators produced from cPLA2 activation are involved in the anti‐inflammatory role of DHA in macrophages has not been reported. We report here that DHA and the GPR120 agonist, GW9508, activate cPLA2 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2), and cause prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and in human primary monocyte‐derived macrophages. DHA and GW9508 activate cPLA2 via GPR120 receptor, G protein Gαq and scaffold protein β‐arrestin 2. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 activation is involved in DHA‐ and GW9508‐induced cPLA2 activation, but not p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. The anti‐inflammatory role of DHA and GW9508 is in part via activation of cPLA2, COX‐2 and production of PGE2 as a cPLA2 inhibitor or a COX‐2 inhibitor partially reverses the DHA‐ and GW9508‐induced inhibition of lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin‐6 secretion. The cPLA2 product arachidonic acid and PGE2 also play an anti‐inflammatory role. This effect of PGE2 is partially through inhibition of the nuclear factor‐κB signalling pathway and through the EP4 receptor of PGE2 because an EP4 inhibitor or knock‐down of EP4 partially reverses DHA inhibition of lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin‐6 secretion. Hence, DHA has an anti‐inflammatory effect partially through induction of PGE2.
Individual Differences in Infant Oculomotor Behavior During the Viewing of Complex Naturalistic Scenes
Authors: Wass Sam V. , Smith Tim J.
Published: March 2014

Little research hitherto has examined how individual differences in attention, as assessed using standard experimental paradigms, relate to individual differences in how attention is spontaneously allocated in more naturalistic contexts. Here, we analyzed the time intervals between refoveating eye movements (fixation durations) while typically developing 11‐month‐old infants viewed a 90‐min battery ranging from complex dynamic to noncomplex static materials. The same infants also completed experimental assessments of cognitive control, psychomotor reaction times (RT), processing speed (indexed via peak look during habituation), and arousal (indexed via tonic pupil size). High test–retest reliability was found for fixation duration, across testing sessions and across types of viewing material. Increased cognitive control and increased arousal were associated with reduced variability in fixation duration. For fixations to dynamic stimuli, in which a large proportion of saccades may be exogenously cued, we found that psychomotor RT measures were most predictive of mean fixation duration; for fixations to static stimuli, in contrast, in which there is less exogenous attentional capture, we found that psychomotor RT did not predict performance, but that measures of cognitive control and arousal did. The implications of these findings for understanding the development of attentional control in naturalistic settings are discussed.
Exploring the prevalence of skin tears and skin properties related to skin tears in elderly patients at a long‐term medical facility in Japan
Authors: Koyano Yuiko , Nakagami Gojiro , Iizaka Shinji , Minematsu Takeo , Noguchi Hiroshi , Tamai Nao , Mugita Yuko , Kitamura Aya , Tabata Keiko , Abe Masatoshi , Murayama Ryoko , Sugama Junko , Sanada Hiromi
Published: March 2014

The identification of appropriate skin tear prevention guidelines for the elderly requires clinicians to focus on local risk factors such as structural alterations of the epidermis and dermis related to skin tears. The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to explore the prevalence of skin tears and to explore skin properties related to skin tears in elderly Japanese patients at a long‐term medical facility. After doing the prevalence study, 18 participants with skin tears and 18 without were recruited and an evaluation of their skin properties using 20‐MHz ultrasonography, skin blotting and also Corneometer CM‐825, Skin‐pH‐meterPH905, VapoMeter, Moisture Meter‐D and CutometerMPA580 was undertaken. A total of 410 patients were examined, the median age was 87 years and 73·2% were women. The prevalence of skin tears was 3·9%, and 50% of skin tears occurred on the dorsal forearm. The changes in skin properties associated with skin tears included increased low‐echogenic pixels (LEP) by 20‐MHz ultrasonography, decreased type IV collagen and matrix metalloproteinase‐2, and increased tumour necrosis factor‐α by skin blotting. In conclusion, this study suggests that increased dermal LEP, including solar elastosis, may represent a risk factor for skin tears; this indicates that skin tear risk factors might not only represent chronological ageing but also photoageing.
Modelling genetic evaluation for dressage in Pura Raza Español horses with focus on the rider effect
Authors: Sánchez Guerrero M.J. , Cervantes I. , Valera M. , Gutiérrez J.P.
Published: March 2014

The most popular use of the Pura Raza Español horse in sport is for dressage competitions. Tests on young sport horses were first established in 2004 in Spain to collect data for the genetic evaluation of this breed's suitability for dressage. The aim of this study was to compare eight different models to find out the most appropriate way to include the rider in the genetic evaluation of dressage. A progressive removal of systematic effects from model was also analysed. A total of 8867 performance records collected between 2004 and 2011 from 1234 horses aged between 4 and 6 years old were used. The final score in the dressage test was used as the performance trait. The pedigree matrix contained 8487 individuals. A BLUP animal model was applied using a Bayesian approach with TM software. The horse's age, gender, travelling time, training level, stud of birth and event were included as systematic effects in all the models. Apart from the animal and residual effects that were present in all models, different models were compared combining random effects such as the rider, match (i.e. rider–horse interaction) and permanent environmental effects. A cross‐validation approach was used to evaluate the models' prediction ability. The best model included the permanent environmental, rider and match random effects. As far as systematic effects are concerned, the event or the stud of birth was essential effects needed to fit the data.
Comparative proteomic analysis of human lung telocytes with fibroblasts
Authors: Zheng Yonghua , Cretoiu Dragos , Yan Guoquan , Cretoiu Sanda Maria , Popescu Laurentiu M. , Wang Xiangdong
Published: March 2014

Telocytes (TCs) were recently described as interstitial cells with very long prolongations named telopodes (Tps; www.telocytes.com). Establishing the TC proteome is a priority to show that TCs are a distinct type of cells. Therefore, we examined the molecular aspects of lung TCs by comparison with fibroblasts (FBs). Proteins extracted from primary cultures of these cells were analysed by automated 2‐dimensional nano‐electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D Nano‐ESI LC‐MS/MS). Differentially expressed proteins were screened by two‐sample t‐test (P < 0.05) and fold change (>2), based on the bioinformatics analysis. We identified hundreds of proteins up‐ or down‐regulated, respectively, in TCs as compared with FBs. TC proteins with known identities are localized in the cytoskeleton (87%) and plasma membrane (13%), while FB up‐regulated proteins are in the cytoskeleton (75%) and destined to extracellular matrix (25%). These identified proteins were classified into different categories based on their molecular functions and biological processes. While the proteins identified in TCs are mainly involved in catalytic activity (43%) and as structural molecular activity (25%), the proteins in FBs are involved in catalytic activity (24%) and in structural molecular activity, particularly synthesis of collagen and other extracellular matrix components (25%). Anyway, our data show that TCs are completely different from FBs. In conclusion, we report here the first extensive identification of proteins from TCs using a quantitative proteomics approach. Protein expression profile shows many up‐regulated proteins e.g. myosin‐14, periplakin, suggesting that TCs might play specific roles in mechanical sensing and mechanochemical conversion task, tissue homoeostasis and remodelling/renewal. Furthermore, up‐regulated proteins matching those found in extracellular vesicles emphasize TCs roles in intercellular signalling and stem cell niche modulation. The novel proteins identified in TCs will be an important resource for further proteomic research and it will possibly allow biomarker identification for TCs. It also creates the premises for understanding the pathogenesis of some lung diseases involving TCs.
Increasing risk of diabetes mellitus according to liver function alterations in electronic workers
Authors: Lee Kyoungho , Han Joohee , Kim Soo‐Geun
Published: March 2014

Aims/Introduction

We sought to determine the association between change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and levels of liver enzymes, such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gamma‐glutamyltransferase, from health examinations.

Materials and Methods

A total of 9,393 health screen examinees with no evidence of viral hepatitis, liver diseases, abnormal liver function and diabetes in their past disease history were enrolled in the present study. All the participants underwent three health examinations. Group 1 and 4 were stationary groups of those with normal liver enzyme levels in the first and second health examinations (G1), and abnormal liver enzyme levels in the first and second health check‐up (G4). Groups 2 and 3 were altered groups of those with abnormal liver enzyme levels in the first health examination, which became normal in the second health examination (G2), and from a normal liver enzymes level to an abnormal liver enzymes level (G3).

Results

FPG levels were elevated in male participants (P < 0.01), and were related to old age (P < 0.01), drinking (P < 0.01), smoking (P < 0.01) and so on. There was a strong relationship between FPG levels in the last health examination and altered liver function enzyme levels from the first health examination to the second check‐up. In other words, group 4 had the highest level of FPG compared with the other groups (G1 < G2 < G3).

Conclusions

An association was observed between FPG levels and abnormal liver function in manufacturing workers. Abnormal liver function can be closely associated with the development of diabetes.
An Assessment of the Nonparametric Approach for Evaluating the Fit of Item Response Models
Authors: Liang Tie , Wells Craig S. , Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: March 2014

As item response theory has been more widely applied, investigating the fit of a parametric model becomes an important part of the measurement process. There is a lack of promising solutions to the detection of model misfit in IRT. Douglas and Cohen introduced a general nonparametric approach, RISE (Root Integrated Squared Error), for detecting model misfit. The purposes of this study were to extend the use of RISE to more general and comprehensive applications by manipulating a variety of factors (e.g., test length, sample size, IRT models, ability distribution). The results from the simulation study demonstrated that RISE outperformed G2 and S‐X2 in that it controlled Type I error rates and provided adequate power under the studied conditions. In the empirical study, RISE detected reasonable numbers of misfitting items compared to G2 and S‐X2, and RISE gave a much clearer picture of the location and magnitude of misfit for each misfitting item. In addition, there was no practical consequence to classification before and after replacement of misfitting items detected by three fit statistics.
Multidimensional CAT Item Selection Methods for Domain Scores and Composite Scores With Item Exposure Control and Content Constraints
Authors: Yao Lihua
Published: March 2014

The intent of this research was to find an item selection procedure in the multidimensional computer adaptive testing (CAT) framework that yielded higher precision for both the domain and composite abilities, had a higher usage of the item pool, and controlled the exposure rate. Five multidimensional CAT item selection procedures (minimum angle; volume; minimum error variance of the linear combination; minimum error variance of the composite score with optimized weight; and Kullback‐Leibler information) were studied and compared with two methods for item exposure control (the Sympson‐Hetter procedure and the fixed‐rate procedure, the latter simply refers to putting a limit on the item exposure rate) using simulated data. The maximum priority index method was used for the content constraints. Results showed that the Sympson‐Hetter procedure yielded better precision than the fixed‐rate procedure but had much lower item pool usage and took more time. The five item selection procedures performed similarly under Sympson‐Hetter. For the fixed‐rate procedure, there was a trade‐off between the precision of the ability estimates and the item pool usage: the five procedures had different patterns. It was found that (1) Kullback‐Leibler had better precision but lower item pool usage; (2) minimum angle and volume had balanced precision and item pool usage; and (3) the two methods minimizing the error variance had the best item pool usage and comparable overall score recovery but less precision for certain domains. The priority index for content constraints and item exposure was implemented successfully.
Reversal of reduced parvalbumin neurons in hippocampus and amygdala of Angelman syndrome model mice by chronic treatment of fluoxetine
Authors: Godavarthi Swetha K. , Sharma Ankit , Jana Nihar Ranjan
Published: March 2014

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by autism, intellectual disability and motor disturbances. The disease is primarily caused by the loss of function of maternally inherited UBE3A. Ube3a maternal‐deficient mice recapitulates many essential feature of AS. These AS mice have been shown to be under chronic stress and exhibits anxiety‐like behaviour because of defective glucocorticoid receptor signalling. Here, we demonstrate that chronic stress in these mice could lead to down‐regulation of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala from early post‐natal days. Down‐regulation of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons number could be because of decrease in the expression of parvalbumin in these neurons. We also find that treatment with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, results in restoration of impaired glucocorticoid signalling, elevated serum corticosterone level, parvalbumin‐positive interneurons and anxiety‐like behaviours. Our findings suggest that impaired glucocorticod signalling in hippocampus and amygdala of AS mice is critical for the decrease in parvalbumin interneurons number, emergence of anxiety and other behavioural deficits and highlights the importance of fluoxetine in the recovery of these abnormalities.

image

This report showed that the reduction of parvalbumin (PV) in hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA) along with altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling from early post‐natal days results in stress and anxiety in AS mice. Fluoxetine treatment rescues GR signalling and PV expression and partially restores anxiety‐like behaviour. These findings suggest critical evaluation of anxiety and therapeutic implication of fluoxetine in AS patients.
Fixing Consumer Protection Laws So Borrowers Understand Their Payment Obligations
Authors: SOVERN JEFF
Published: March 2014

The millions of consumers who defaulted on their mortgages in recent years should all have received disclosures mandated by the federal Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), which requires that lenders inform borrowers of certain loan terms including monthly payments required. Yet many of those borrowers seem not to have understood what their payment obligations were. In fact, TILA, which was intended to enable consumers to borrow wisely, not only failed the subprime borrowers in that goal, but was interpreted to require lenders to provide misleading disclosures that might have persuaded borrowers that their loans were more affordable than they would turn out to be. This article attempts to substantiate the claim that the laws in place during the years in which the subprime loan buildup occurred did not provide the aid consumers needed in making borrowing decisions, and explores strategies to improve the disclosure environment.
ASSESSING THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF DEFENSE ACTIVITIES: A SURVEY OF METHODS
Authors: Droff Josselin , Paloyo Alfredo R.
Published: March 2014

Defense activities exercised in a specific region may alter the region's economic performance. An accurate assessment of the potential economic impacts of defense activities is a valuable undertaking to enable regional planners to prepare for changes. The variety in the methods (among others, input–output models, economic base models, Keynesian regional multipliers, fixed‐effects estimators, and case‐study approaches) inspired by geography, sociology, and political science can pose a dilemma. We detail the historical and theoretical background of each method, as well as select exemplary cases where these methods were applied. By examining old and “new” methods, we aim to construct a typology that could be valuable to all stakeholders. In this sense, defense economics can also contribute to the allied social sciences by outlining evaluation methods that may be applicable to other fields.
Erythropoietin attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in Schwann cells isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Yu Ting , Li Lei , Bi Yanwen , Liu Zhen , Liu Huaxiang , Li Zhenzhong
Published: March 2014

Objectives

High glucose-evoked oxidative stress and apoptosis within Schwann cells (SCs) are mechanisms facilitating the procession of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Although erythropoietin (EPO) was demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, the effects of EPO on glucose-evoked oxidative stress and apoptosis of SCs remain unknown.

Methods

Primary cultured SCs isolated from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathic rats and normal control rats were exposed to high or normal glucose condition with or without EPO incubation for 72 h. Cell viability, apoptotic rate, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, total glutathione (GSH) level, EPO mRNA and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) mRNA levels were assayed.

Key findings

SCs from diabetic rats showed a lower cell viability and a higher apoptotic rate. High glucose culture condition elevated ROS level and diminished total GSH level of SCs. EPO improved cell viability and decreased cell apoptotic rate of SCs. EPO also elevated total GSH level and decreased intracellular ROS level. SCs from diabetic rats exhibited higher EPO mRNA and EPOR mRNA levels than SCs from normal control rats.

Conclusions

The data of this study offered fresh viewpoints for interpreting the pathogenesis of DPN and novel pharmacological principles implicit in the therapeutic effect of EPO.
Effects of brefeldin A on the endomembrane system and germ tube formation of the tetraspore of Gelidium floridanum (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae)
Authors: Simioni Carmen , Rover Ticiane , Schmidt Éder C. , de L. Felix Marthiellen R. , Polo Luz Karime , Santos Rodrigo dos , Costa Giulia Burle , Kreusch Marianne , Pereira Debora T. , Ouriques Luciane C. , Bouzon Zenilda L.
Published: March 2014

Gelidium floridanum W.R. Taylor tetraspores are units of dispersal and are responsible for substrate attachment. This study aimed to examine evidence of direct interaction between germ tube formation and Golgi activity during tetraspore germination of G. floridanum. After release, the tetraspores were incubated with brefeldin A (BFA) in concentrations of 4 and 8 μM over a 6 h period. The controls and treatments were analyzed with light, fluorescence (FM4‐64 dye) and transmission electron microscopy. In the control samples, the Golgi bodies were responsible for germ tube formation. In contrast, BFA‐treated samples were observed to inhibit spore adhesion and germ tube formation. These tetraspores also showed an increase in volume (≥30 μm width). BFA treatment also resulted in the disassembly of Golgi cisternae and the formation of vesiculated areas of the cytoplasm, blocking the secretion of protein and amorphous matrix polysaccharides. When stained with FM4‐64, the control samples showed fluorescence in the apical region of the germ tube, but the treated samples showed an intense fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm. From these results, we can conclude that the germ tube is formed by the incorporation of vesicles derived from Golgi. Thus, vesicle secretion and Golgi organization are basic processes and essential in adhesion and tube formation. By blocking the secretion of protein and amorphous matrix polysaccharides, BFA treatment precluded tetraspore germination.
Phylogenetic analyses reveal three new genera of the Campanulaceae
Authors: WANG Qiang , MA Xin‐Tang , HONG De‐Yuan
Published: March 2014

The genus Codonopsis has been controversial in its circumscription. In the strict sense, the genus consists of three subgenera, Codonopsis, Pseudocodonopsis, and Obconicicapsula. Recent molecular and palynological analyses suggest that the latter two subgenera and Cod. purpurea Wall. are separated from rest Codonopsis. In the present study, extensive observations were carried out in wild populations and on more than 800 specimens of subg. Pseudocodonopsis, subg. Obconicicapsula, and Cod. purpurea. Their chromosome numbers were counted for the first time. Recent palynological and molecular data were also analyzed and reevaluated. Our integrated phylogenetic analyses revealed that the three groups are distinct from the rest of Codonopsis. Furthermore, they are also distinct from each other, and cannot be circumscribed in a single genus. Therefore, three new genera are here proposed based on molecular phylogenetics, palynology, cytology, and external morphology. New combinations are made in the present article.
Enhanced brain small‐worldness after sleep deprivation: a compensatory effect
Authors: Liu Huan , Li Hong , Wang Yulin , Lei Xu
Published: March 2014

Sleep deprivation has a variable impact on extrinsic activities during multiple cognitive tasks, especially on mood and emotion processing. There is also a trait‐like individual vulnerability or compensatory effect in cognition. Previous studies have elucidated the altered functional connectivity after sleep deprivation. However, it remains unclear whether the small‐world properties of resting‐state network are sensitive to sleep deprivation. A small‐world network is a type of graph that combines a high local connectivity as well as a few long‐range connections, which ensures a higher information‐processing efficiency at a low cost. The complex network of the brain can be described as a small‐world network, in which a node is a brain region and an edge is present when there is a functional correlation between two nodes. Here, we investigated the topological properties of the human brain networks of 22 healthy subjects under sufficient sleep and sleep‐deprived conditions. Specifically, small‐worldness is utilized to quantify the small‐world property, by comparing the clustering coefficient and path length of a given network to an equivalent random network with same degree distribution. After sufficient sleep, the brain networks showed the property of small‐worldness. Compared with the resting state under sufficient sleep, the small‐world property was significantly enhanced in the sleep deprivation condition, suggesting a possible compensatory adaptation of the human brain. Specifically, the altered measurements were correlated with the neuroticism of subjects, indicating that individuals with low‐levels of neuroticism are more resilient to sleep deprivation.
A FREQUENCY DOMAIN APPROACH FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF SPATIO‐TEMPORAL STATIONARY RANDOM PROCESSES
Authors: Rao Tata Subba , Das Sourav , Boshnakov Georgi N.
Published: March 2014

A frequency domain methodology is proposed for estimating parameters of covariance functions of stationary spatio‐temporal processes. Finite Fourier transforms of the processes are defined at each location. Based on the joint distribution of these complex valued random variables, an approximate likelihood function is constructed. The sampling properties of the estimators are investigated. It is observed that the expectation of these transforms can be considered to be a frequency domain analogue of the classical variogram. We call this measure frequency variogram. The method is applied to simulated data and also to Pacific wind speed data considered earlier by Cressie and Huang (1999). The proposed method does not depend on the distributional assumptions about the process.
Interobserver variability in transient elastography analysis of patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Perazzo Hugo , Fernandes Flavia F. , Gomes Amanda , Terra Carlos , Perez Renata M. , Figueiredo Fátima A. F.
Published: March 2014

Background & Aims

Transient elastography based on liver stiffness measurement is a non‐invasive method to assess hepatic fibrosis. However, interobserver variability has led to controversy over its use in fibrosis evaluation. To evaluate the interobserver variation in transient elastography in chronic hepatitis C.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study, analysing findings from two experienced operators who each assessed 195 patients by transient elastography on the same day. Liver stiffness measurement used to define fibrosis stages, based on METAVIR score, was: <7.1 as F0F1, 7.1–9.4 as F2, 9.5–12.4, as F3 and >12.4 kPa as F4. We also assessed interobserver variation in identification of potential oesophageal varices screening based on transient elastography.

Results

The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.940 (95% CI 0.863–0.967) and measurements made by operators correlated [Spearman's ρ = 0.924; P < 0.001]. However, the median liver stiffness measurement assessed by first operators was higher (11.5 vs 9.8 kPa; P < 0.001). The discordance between operators was 35% for at least one stage of fibrosis and 5% for two or more stages. Interobserver reliability values were κ = 0.61 for fibrosis stages F ≥ 2 and κ = 0.80 for cirrhosis. Among the 74 patients determined to have cirrhosis by at least one operator, there was considerable discordance in identification of those with indication for oesophageal varices screening (κ values from 0.13 to 0.61) according to several cut‐offs.

Conclusion

Although a high correlation of liver stiffness measurement between operators, interobserver variability in transient elastography was not negligible. This method should not be used as the only screening tool for oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C.
Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Kwak Min‐Sun , Kim Donghee , Chung Goh Eun , Kim Won , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan
Published: March 2014

Background & Aims

Limited evidence supports a role for physical activity (PA) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) independent of visceral obesity or/and insulin resistance. We investigated the association between PA and NAFLD while considering visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and insulin resistance in a large general population.

Methods

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed based on typical ultrasonographic findings. A detailed PA questionnaire included type, frequency, duration and length of time that the subject engaged in PA. PA was determined by a metabolic equivalent. VAT was evaluated by computed tomography taken at the umbilicus level.

Results

A total of 3718 subjects were enrolled in the analysis. After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, soft drink and coffee consumption, the total PA was inversely associated with NAFLD [4th quartile (highest activities), odds ratio (OR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–0.85; 3rd quartile, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.93 vs. 1st quartile (lowest activities), P for trend <0.001]. After further adjusting for VAT or insulin resistance or both (P for trend = 0.027, 0.001 and 0.040 respectively), this relationship was slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant. The leisure‐time PA and weighted PA also had inverse associations with NAFLD independent of the VAT or insulin resistance or both.

Conclusions

This study showed an inverse association between various types of PA and the prevalence of NAFLD in a dose‐dependent manner that was independent of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. This finding suggests a beneficial association between PA and NAFLD.
Bacterial abundance on the skin, gills and intestines of Cyprinus carpio in Lake Naivasha, Kenya: Implications for public health and fish quality
Authors: Donde Oscar O. , Ojwang William O. , Muia Anastacia W. , Wanga Lucy A.
Published: March 2014

Cyprinus carpio is the most important fish species in the Lake Naivasha fishery, comprising 51% of the total catch in the lake. Microflora, especially enteric bacteria of human or animal origin, are the causative agent for fish contamination and spoilage. Poor sanitation standards and poor sewage treatment and disposal methods within Lake Naivasha and its catchment pose a great threat for degrading the quality of C. carpio. The potential impact is rejection of the fish in the local, regional and international markets, risking the collapse of the Lake Naivasha fishery. This study determined the bacterial quality of water and C. carpio from three different sites within Lake Naivasha, namely Malewa River mouth, sewage discharge point and a mid‐lake site, based on plate count techniques. Physicochemical parameters characterizing the lake water also were also measured in situ. This study results indicated that both the fish and water in Lake Naivasha exhibited poor bacterial quality. All the physicochemical parameters were within the recommended range for fish culture, although they also were conducive to the proliferation of bacteria. Most of the sampling sites exhibited significant spatial variation in their bacterial abundance (P < 0.05). The sewage discharge sampling site exhibited the highest mean density values for bacterial densities and clearly degrade the quality of the fish in the lake. Proper sewage treatment, and the installation of modern sanitation facilities, is recommended to improve the bacterial quality of the fish.
Spatial variations in nutrients and other physicochemical variables in the topographically closed Lake Baringo freshwater basin (Kenya)
Authors: Ouma Henry , Mwamburi Job
Published: March 2014

Spatial physicochemical parameters were determined from 39 sampling sites distributed throughout Lake Baringo during December 2010. Mean values of temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and electrical conductivity decreased successively with depth, while the pH remained constant. Only the turbidity values increased marginally with depth. Of the surface water parameters, mean (range) values of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electrical conductivity, water transparency and turbidity were 6.9 (4.5–8.4) mg L−1, 8.3 (7.8–8.5), 573 (556–601)μS cm−1, 33 (28–37) cm and 43.3 (32.7–54.6) NTU, respectively. Mean and range values of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate‐nitrogen(NO3‐N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4‐N), total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were 788.4 (278–4486) μg L−1, 4.5 (2.4–10.0) μg L−1, 42.6 (33.8–56.3) μg L−1, 102.9 (20.3–585.3) μg L−1 and 23.5 (15.2–30.5) μg L−1, respectively. Dissolved silica concentrations ranged from 19.7 to 32.7 mg L−1, with a mean value of 24.7 mg L−1. The chlorophyll‐a concentrations were quite low, ranging from 1.4 to 4.9 μg L−1, with a mean value of 4.2 μg L−1. In contrast to previous reported values, a key finding in the present study is a relatively high water transparency, indicating a relatively clear water column, due possibly to the fact that the sampling was conducted during the dry period. The nutrient levels remained low, and the chlorophyll‐a concentration also was an almost all time low value. A TP value of 20 μg L−1 and higher confirms strongly eutrophic conditions prevailing in the lake, with an extremely low potential for fish production and low species diversity, consistent with other studies. The results of the present study, therefore, reinforce the database for future management and monitoring plans for the Lake Baringo ecosystem, which lies adjacent to known geothermally active zones and a saline Lake Bogoria.
Determining the spatial variation of phosphorus in a lake system using remote sensing techniques
Authors: Albert Moses Sheela , Janaki Letha , Joseph Sabu , Kizhur Kandathil Ramachandran
Published: March 2014

Lakes are versatile ecosystems, with eutrophication being a serious problem affecting their condition and trophic status. Eutrophication can lead to an over‐abundance of macrophytes in lakes, producing favourable conditions for mosquito larvae. Increased eutrophication is attributed in most to excessive phosphorus concentrations in lake water. Satellite imagery analysis now plays a prominent role for quickly assessing water quality over a large area. The present study is an attempt to illustrate the variation of phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations in Akkulam–Veli Lake, Kerala, India, using Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS P6‐ LISS III) imagery. A multiple regression equation derived using radiance in the red and MIR bands in the imagery was found to yield superior results for predicting the phosphate concentration, whereas a simple regression equation using radiance in red band was found to yield good results for the total phosphorus concentration in lake water. Accordingly, the trophic status of the lake system can be determined easily from satellite imagery in this manner.
Optimal Two‐part Tariff Licensing Mechanisms
Authors: San Martín Marta , Saracho Ana I.
Published: March 2014

This paper studies the optimal two‐part tariff licensing contract for an internal patentee in a differentiated Cournot duopoly. We find that the type of the royalty payment, whether ad valorem or per‐unit, that it is optimal for the patentee depends on the kind of goods produced in the industry, more precisely on whether they are substitutes or complements and on the degree of product differentiation. We also find that licensing always increases social welfare, although it may hurt consumers.
Baccharis paucicostata sp. nov. (subgen. Baccharis; Compositae–Astereae) from Argentina
Authors: Müller Jochen , Giuliano Daniel A.
Published: March 2014

Baccharis paucicostata Joch. Müll. & Giuliano from the Andes of Argentina is here described as a new species and illustrated. Characters for delimitation from similar species and known data on distribution and habitat are provided.