bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic response and capacity of inelastic acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural elements subjected to building floor motions
Authors: Magliulo Gennaro , D'Angela Danilo
Published: January 2024

The paper investigates the seismic response of nonstructural elements (NEs), focusing on acceleration‐sensitive components housed in buildings, modelled as inelastic Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler (SDOF) systems. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is carried out considering (a) representative suites of building floor motions (real loading histories recorded within reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and table testing protocol inputs) and (b) a wide range of NE models (with elastic frequencies ranging within 1–9 Hz). The Ibarra‐Medina‐Krawinkler (IMK) model was implemented in OpenSees, defining the key modeling parameters according to the formulations provided by Lignos and Krawinkler. Both IDA curves and component (acceleration) amplification factor (CAF) are characterized, also considering statistical measures. The seismic capacity of the investigated NEs is estimated through fragility curves, accounting for five incremental damage states (DSs). The fragility parameters are correlated with the frequency of the NE models, and (statistical‐based) closed‐form capacity criteria are provided. The study provides a robust technical and scientific methodological framework for assessing the seismic capacity of NEs that can be modeled by inelastic SDOF systems. The findings have a potential major impact on both research and practice, enriching scientific knowledge and providing useful applicative tools. In particular, quantitative response and capacity measures are supplied, and the developed capacity criteria can be particularly useful for expeditious but reliable design and assessment, as well as for comparison purposes.
Piecewise circular interface construction using height functions
Authors: Maity Ram Kumar , Sundararajan T. , Velusamy K.
Published: January 2024

A piecewise circular interface construction (PCIC) method is described, where height functions based curvature estimates are directly utilised for accurate interface reconstruction under the framework of volume of fluid method. The present work is an attempt to develop a robust and accurate higher order interface reconstruction algorithm that is capable of accurate simulation of surface tension dominated flows. The proposed hybrid method (H‐PCIC) is thus able to take advantage of merits of both PCIC and HF methods, achieving at least second order convergence with respect to both interface reconstruction and curvature computation. This is in addition to the significantly superior quality of the reconstructed interface with respect to PLIC methods. This seamless blending of the HF and PCIC quantities is enabled by c0‐correction procedures applied to base PLIC and initial PCIC steps. More recent variants of the height function method with variable stencil size are used for calculation of radius of curvature. The capability of this proposed method towards simulation of flow problems within a well‐balanced two‐phase solver is established with help of multiple complex two‐phase flow problems. This validation exercise also demonstrates the capability of PCIC class of methods towards solutions of two‐phase flows with intricate physics.
Acute, subacute, and sub‐chronic toxicity evaluation of Bletilla formosana tubers in rats
Authors: Wang Yongchao , Zhang Jian , Zhao Tianrui , Cao Jianxin , Khan Afsar , Wang Zhengxuan , Liu Yaping , Cheng Guiguang
Published: January 2024

Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr. is an important economic medicinal and edible plant in China. Its tubers (BFTs) are traditionally consumed as a beverage and canned foods for promoting human health. In this paper, the nutrients, the contents of total phenol, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, and the safety and toxicity of BFT are determined. The chemical analysis reported that BFT is rich in proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, and trace elements. The acute (14 days), subacute (28 days), and sub‐chronic (90 days) toxicities of BFT were evaluated for the first time in female and male rats. An acute toxicity study showed that the female rats by single oral administrations of BFT with 10,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) did not have behavioral changes and mortality, indicating that 50% lethal dose (LD50) of BFT was over 10,000 mg/kg BW. Similarly, BFT at 5000 mg/kg BW for consecutive 28 and 90 days in rats was also not toxic for rats after the analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters. Additionally, there are no significant differences on the histopathological changes of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, ovary, or testis between the control and BFT groups. Our findings revealed that BFT with concentration of less than 5000 mg/kg BW are safe for the female or male rats, indicating that BFT could be regarded as a safe food source.
From co‐regulation to self‐regulation: Maternal soothing strategies and self‐efficacy in relation to maternal reports of infant regulation at 3 and 7 months
Authors: Kiel Natalie , Samdan Gizem , Wienke Annika S. , Reinelt Tilman , Pauen Sabina , Mathes Birgit , Herzmann Charlotte
Published: January 2024

This study, conducted in Germany, examines the role of maternal soothing strategies to explain the association of maternal self‐efficacy with infant regulation (crying and sleeping behavior). Questionnaire data of 150 mothers, living in Germany, with mixed ethnic and educational backgrounds were collected when infants were 3 and 7 months old. Two types of maternal soothing strategies were distinguished: close soothing, involving close physical and emotional contact, and distant soothing, involving physical and emotional distancing from the infant. A cross‐sectional SEM at 3 months indicated that maternal self‐efficacy is associated with reported infant regulation through distant soothing strategies. Low maternal self‐efficacy was associated with frequent maternal use of distant soothing, which in turn was related to reported infant regulation problems, that is, non‐soothability and greater crying frequency. Frequent use of close soothing was associated with reported infant sleeping behavior, that is, frequent night‐time awakenings. A longitudinal SEM further indicated that the effects of close soothing persisted at least until the infants' age of 7 months. The study showed how low maternal self‐efficacy, increased use of distant soothing, and reported early infant regulation problems are intertwined and that, due to their persisting positive effect on infant soothability, close soothing better supports infant development.
Morphology and distribution of sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of the adult bruchid beetles, Bruchidius coreanus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Peng Qi‐Yan , Xie Ming‐Hui , Pan Xiu‐Kui , Li You , Gao Lei , Xu Fangling , Wu Cheng‐Xu , Yang Mao‐Fa
Published: January 2024

Bruchidius coreanus is a serious pest on Gleditsia sinensis Lam during seed storage, causing significant losses to their yield in southwest China. To gain insight into their behavioral mechanisms, the external morphology, ultrastructure, and distribution of sensilla on antennae, maxillary palps, and labial palps of both male and female B. coreanus were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that both male and female adults had serrated antennae comprising a scape, a pedicel, and nine flagellomeres (F1–F9). There were eight types and seven subtypes of antenna sensilla observed in both sexes, including Böhm sensilla (BS), two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC1 and SC2), two subtypes of sensilla trichodea (ST1 and ST2), three subtypes of sensilla basiconica (SB1, SB2, and SB3), sensilla auricillica (SA), sensilla styloconicum (SS), capitate pegs (CP), and sensilla cavity (SCa). The average length of BS and ST (ST1 and ST2) showed significant differences between males and females. Furthermore, the number of SC (SC1 and SC2), ST1, and SCa differed significantly between the sexes. Four types of sensilla were found on the maxillary palps and labial palps, with the length of ST on these palps significantly differing between males and females. Additionally, SS on male labial palps was significantly longer than in females. The number of SC significantly differed between the male and female maxillary palps and labial palps, while ST and SS showed significant differences in the maxillary palps. These findings will contribute to further electrophysiological recording and behavioral research.

Research Highlights

The external morphology and distribution of various sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps, and labial palps of Bruchidius coreanus were described.

Eight types and seven subtypes of antenna sensilla were observed on the antennae, while four types of sensilla were observed on the maxillary palps and labial palps.

The capitate pegs were found exclusively on the antennae of female B. coreanus.
Renal replacement therapy prior to liver transplant and inpatient mortality in patients without advanced kidney disease: A nationwide study
Authors: Ali Hassam , Moond Vishali , Lawson Cameron , Budh Deepa , Ohri Ritika , Patel Pratik , Jun Wong Yu , Rodriguez‐Zarate Eduardo , Mohan Babu P.
Published: January 2024

Background and Aim

The utility of renal replacement therapy (RRT) before liver transplant (LT) in patients without end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) or advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD‐IV/V) is debatable and lacks data support. We aimed to evaluate the impact of RRT on patients undergoing LT.

Methods

We used the National Readmission Database (2016–2019) to identify all index hospitalizations undergoing RRT before LT (cases). A matched comparison cohort of similar hospitalizations without RRT before LT was identified (controls) after 1:1 propensity score matching for age, gender, and available comorbidities.

Results

We matched 364 cases (RRT before LT) to 364 controls (LT without prior RRT). There was no statistical difference in all‐cause inpatient mortality (4.9% vs 3.6% P = 0.4). A significantly greater proportion of cases were associated with ICU admission (40.7% vs 17.0%, P < 0.001) and RRT requirement post LT (100% vs 17%, P < 0.001). There was no difference in 30‐ (hazard ratio [HR] 1.1, 0.4–2.6), 60‐ (HR 0.9, 0.4–1.8), or 90‐day (HR 0.8, 0.4–1.6) inpatient mortality between the groups. Also, 180‐day survival estimates were comparable (P = 0.5). The results were similar in patients with no chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKD‐III.

Conclusion

RRT prior to LT, in patients without advanced CKD or ESRD, was associated with greater instances of ICU stay and need for future RRT. Also, 30‐, 60‐, and 90‐day inpatient mortality rates were similar, and 180‐day survival estimates were comparable.
Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the nervous system of adult Renicola parvicaudatus (Digenea: Renicolidae)
Authors: Denisova Sofia A. , Shchenkov Sergei V. , Lebedenkov Vladimir V.
Published: January 2024

The digenean complex life cycle includes various morphological forms with different locomotory and behavioral activities, and the functional specialization of their nervous system is of importance for the transmission of these parasites. Adult digeneans acquire many adaptive features associated with the final settlement in a vertebrate host. Our study describes the general morphology and ultrastructure of the nervous system of the adult renicolid digenean Renicola parvicaudatus parasitizing the renal tubules of herring gulls. Using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods, we identified the distinctive characteristics of ganglia and synapses in the studied species. A comparative analysis of the organization of the nervous system of adult individuals and their continuously‐swimming stylet cercariae revealed a number of stage‐related differences in the composition of ganglia, the distribution of serotonin‐ and FMRFamide‐immunoreactive neurons, the cytomorphology of neuron somata and free sensory endings. Thus, in adults, the presence of FMRFamide‐positive neuron somata, accessory muscle bundles in the ganglionic cortex, and eight types of neuronal vesicles was detected, but no glia‐like elements were identified. Their neurons are characterized by a larger volume of cytoplasm and also show greater ultrastructural diversity. Although the sensory papillae of adults do not vary in their external morphology as much as those of larvae, their sensory bulbs are more diverse in cytomorphology. Following our previous data on the “support” cell processes related to various tissues of the larvae and considered as glia‐like structures, we also briefly present the identified features of the parenchyma, attachment organs and excretory system of adult individuals. The excretory system of adult R. parvicaudatus is characterized by the presence of unique terminal cells with several flame tufts, which are not typical either for the larvae of this species or for other digeneans studied so far. We also used molecular phylogenetic analysis to clarify species identification.
Liver T1 Mapping Derived From Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Potential Prognostic Marker in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Diao Yike , Xu Yuanwei , Guo Jiajun , Li Weihao , Li Yangjie , Wan Ke , Sun Jiayu , Han Yuchi , Chen Yucheng
Published: January 2024

Background

Hepatic alterations are common aftereffects of heart failure (HF) and ventricular dysfunction. The prognostic value of liver injury markers derived from cardiac MRI studies in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients is unclear.

Purpose

Evaluate the prognostic performance of liver injury markers derived from cardiac MRI studies in DCM patients.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Three hundred fifty‐six consecutive DCM patients diagnosed according to ESC guidelines (age 48.7 ± 14.2 years, males 72.6%).

Field Strength/Sequence

Steady‐state free precession, modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery T1 mapping and phase sensitive inversion recovery late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences at 3 T.

Assessment

Clinical characteristics, conventional MRI parameters (ventricular volumes, function, mass), native myocardial and liver T1, liver extracellular volume (ECV), and myocardial LGE presence were assessed. Patients were followed up for a median duration of 48.3 months (interquartile range 42.0–69.9 months). Primary endpoints included HF death, sudden cardiac death, heart transplantation, and HF readmission; secondary endpoints included HF death, sudden cardiac death, and heart transplantation. Models were developed to predict endpoints and the incremental value of including liver parameters assessed.

Statistical Tests

Optimal cut‐off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden method. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard. Discriminative power of models was compared using net reclassification improvement and integrated discriminatory index. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

47.2% patients reached primary endpoints; 25.8% patients reached secondary endpoints. Patients with elevated liver ECV (cut‐off 34.4%) had significantly higher risk reaching primary and secondary endpoints. Cox regression showed liver ECV was an independent prognostic predictor, and showed independent prognostic value for primary endpoints and long‐term HF readmission compared to conventional clinical and cardiac MRI parameters.

Data Conclusions

Liver ECV is an independent prognostic predictor and may serve as an innovative approach for risk stratification for DCM.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the energy metabolism of selenite‐rich amaranth
Authors: Mu Mao , Lu Yunmei , Liao Haolin , Huang Renhua
Published: January 2024

A series of pot trials were undertaken to examine the impact of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), namely Glomus mosseae (G.m), Glomus etunicatum (G.e), Corymbiglomus tortuosum (C.t), and the combined application of Glomus etunicatum and Corymbiglomus tortuosum (G.e + C.t), on the energy metabolism of amaranth plants grown in soil enriched with selenite at a concentration of 0.5 mg kg−1. The inoculation of four AMFs resulted in an increase in both amaranth biomass and selenium (Se) content in leaves. The activities of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase + 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were observed to decrease when AMFs were inoculated, as compared with the absence of AMF inoculation. The inoculation with G.m, C.t, and G.e + C.t resulted in an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity; however, the inoculation with G.m, G.e, and G.e + C.t led to an increase in ascorbate oxidase activity. Furthermore, the inoculation of all four AMFs resulted in an increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity and the concentrations of oxidized coenzyme I (NAD) and reduced coenzyme I (NADH). The polyphenol oxidase activity of amaranth plants increased when inoculated with G.m and G.e, whereas it decreased when inoculated with C.t and G.e + C.t. Furthermore, the application of all four AMF treatments resulted in a reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and energy charge. It was worth mentioning that there was a clear inverse relationship between the energy charge and the biomass, Se concentration in the leaves. The findings presented in this research indicated that AMF may have an impact on energy metabolism and ultimately the biomass of amaranth by influencing the uptake of Se.
Clinical and Anatomical Variation During Assessment of Maximum Glottic Angle
Authors: DeChance Daniel , Frank Ethan , Dehom Salem , Watson WayAnne , Simmons Ethan , Krishna Priya D. , Crawley Brianna
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Quantitative measurement and analysis of glottic abduction is used to assess laryngeal function and success of interventions; however, the consistency of measurement over time has not been established. This study assesses the consistency of glottic abduction measurements across visits in healthy patients and anatomic factors impacting these measurements.

Methods

Review of patients with two sequential flexible stroboscopic exams over seven months from 2019–2022. Images of maximal glottic abduction were captured and uploaded into and measured with ImageJ. Cadaver heads were used to assess the impact of visualization angles on glottic measurements with a monofilament inserted into the supraglottis of each cadaver as a point of reference. Comparisons were done with a paired T‐test, T‐test, or Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients and twenty‐six cadaveric exams were included. Absolute change in maximum glottic abduction angle (MGAA) was 6.90° (95% CI [5.36°, 8.42°]; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in change in MGAA by gender or age. Twenty percent of patients had a change of at least 25% in their MGAA between visits. Absolute differences in glottic angle between nasal side for cadaveric measurements was 4.77 ± 4.59° (p < 0.005)—2.22° less than the change in MGAA seen over time (p = 0.185).

Conclusion

Maximal glottic abduction angles varied significantly between visits. Factors considered to be contributing to the differences include different viewing windows between examinations due to the position and angulation of the laryngoscope and changes in patient positioning, intra‐ and inter‐rater variations in measurement, and patient effort.

Level of Evidence

N/a Laryngoscope, 134:2793–2798, 2024
Real‐Time Laryngeal Cancer Boundaries Delineation on White Light and Narrow‐Band Imaging Laryngoscopy with Deep Learning
Authors: Sampieri Claudio , Azam Muhammad Adeel , Ioppi Alessandro , Baldini Chiara , Moccia Sara , Kim Dahee , Tirrito Alessandro , Paderno Alberto , Piazza Cesare , Mattos Leonardo S. , Peretti Giorgio
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the potential of deep learning for automatically delineating (segmenting) laryngeal cancer superficial extent on endoscopic images and videos.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted extracting and annotating white light (WL) and Narrow‐Band Imaging (NBI) frames to train a segmentation model (SegMENT‐Plus). Two external datasets were used for validation. The model's performances were compared with those of two otolaryngology residents. In addition, the model was tested on real intraoperative laryngoscopy videos.

Results

A total of 3933 images of laryngeal cancer from 557 patients were used. The model achieved the following median values (interquartile range): Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) = 0.83 (0.70–0.90), Intersection over Union (IoU) = 0.83 (0.73–0.90), Accuracy = 0.97 (0.95–0.99), Inference Speed = 25.6 (25.1–26.1) frames per second. The external testing cohorts comprised 156 and 200 images. SegMENT‐Plus performed similarly on all three datasets for DSC (p = 0.05) and IoU (p = 0.07). No significant differences were noticed when separately analyzing WL and NBI test images on DSC (p = 0.06) and IoU (p = 0.78) and when analyzing the model versus the two residents on DSC (p = 0.06) and IoU (Senior vs. SegMENT‐Plus, p = 0.13; Junior vs. SegMENT‐Plus, p = 1.00). The model was then tested on real intraoperative laryngoscopy videos.

Conclusion

SegMENT‐Plus can accurately delineate laryngeal cancer boundaries in endoscopic images, with performances equal to those of two otolaryngology residents. The results on the two external datasets demonstrate excellent generalization capabilities. The computation speed of the model allowed its application on videolaryngoscopies simulating real‐time use. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the role of this technology in surgical practice and resection margin improvement.

Level of Evidence

III Laryngoscope, 134:2826–2834, 2024
Middle Ear Ossicular Joint Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Histopathological Study
Authors: Shimura Tomotaka , Keskin Yilmaz Nevra , Rajan Dilshan , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Da Costa Monsanto Rafael
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Although previous research has indicated inner ear changes in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, no prior study has explored the middle ear, particularly the ossicles and their joints, in DM patients. This study aimed to investigate whether type 2 DM is associated with middle ear changes, specifically affecting the ossicular chain and joints.

Methods

This study included 47 ears from 25 patients with DM (male = 13, female = 12, age: 51.0 ± 20.5) and age‐ and sex‐matched controls (male = 10, female = 10, age: 54.8 ± 15.9) (sex; p = 1.000, Age; p = 0.991). Otopathological evaluations of the auditory ossicles and incudomalleolar joint (IMJ) were performed using light microscopy.

Results

In the IMJ of DM cases, malleus hyalinized cartilage (Malleus hC) and incus hyalinized cartilage (Incus hC) were significantly increased compared with control cases (Malleus hC; DM, 34.17 ± 9.71 μm vs. control 21.96 ± 4.16 μm, p < 0.001) (Incus hC; DM 35.11 ± 10.12 μm vs. control 22.42 ± 4.368 μm, p < 0.001). In addition, bone‐line distance was significantly longer than in DM cases than control cases (DM 266.72 ± 59.11 μm vs. control 239.81 ± 35.56 μm p = 0.040). On the other hand, joint discus distance was longer in the control group than in DM cases (DM 96.84 ± 36.80 μm vs. Control 113.63 ± 23.81 μm, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

This study reveals a notable increase in the hyalinized cartilage layer and bone‐line distance accompanied by reducing joint discus distance within the IMJ in DM cases. These findings suggest that DM may influence microjoints, such as the IMJ, and potentially impact auditory function.

Evidence Level

N/A Laryngoscope, 134:2871–2878, 2024
Tracing the fate of seabird‐derived nitrogen in a coral reef using nitrate and coral skeleton nitrogen isotopes
Authors: Choisnard Noémie , Duprey Nicolas Noel , Wald Tanja , Thibault Martin , Houlbrèque Fanny , Foreman Alan D. , Cuet Pascale , Guillaume Mireille M. M. , Vonhof Hubert , Sigman Daniel M. , Haug Gerald H. , Maguer Jean‐François , L'Helguen Stéphane , Martínez‐García Alfredo , Lorrain Anne
Published: January 2024

Seabirds transfer nutrients from the ocean to their nesting island, potentially altering nitrogen (N) cycling within adjacent terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Yet, the processes involved in seabird‐N transfer along the land–sea continuum remain elusive. Using δ15N and δ18O measurements of groundwater nitrate, we demonstrate the role of brackish groundwater located within a coral island's landmass as a major reservoir of nitrate (at millimolar levels). Nearly all of the total dissolved seabird‐derived N leaching into the groundwater (mostly ammonium and uric acid) is converted to nitrate by nitrification, as supported by the relatively low δ18O of the groundwater nitrate (3.97‰ ± 0.30‰). Comparison of nitrate δ15N and δ18O suggests that little denitrification takes place within the groundwater lens, implying that the high δ15N of groundwater nitrate (13.73‰ ± 0.05‰) derives from the high trophic position of seabirds and postdepositional processes that increase the δ15N of seabird excreta. Seawater and coral skeleton samples from a reef flat exposed to groundwater had higher δ15N values than at sites devoid of groundwater influence, indicating that the main source of N at the latter site was the Subtropical Upper Water, while the groundwater nitrate dominated the exposed reef flat N pool up to 200 m from shore. In addition, these results indicate that coral‐bound δ15N can detect seabird‐derived nitrate δ15N, raising opportunities to reconstruct historical seabird‐N inputs to coral reefs in relation to climatic and other changes, such as the introduction of invasive species.
An assessment of pitting corrosion in anodized aluminum alloys: It might not be what it seems
Authors: de Sousa Araujo João Victor , Milagre Mariana Xavier , Zhou Xiaorong , Costa Isolda
Published: January 2024

In this study, special attention was given to the characterization of pits on the anodized aluminum alloy (Al–Zn–Mg–Cu) with an anodic aluminum oxide formed in tartaric sulfuric acid. Anodic polarization in 0.1 mol L−1 NaCl solution was used to initiate pitting corrosion in the anodized alloy. Pit characteristics, such as morphology and depth, were evaluated by using optical microscopy and optical profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The methodology adopted in this study revealed severe under‐film pitting due to highly occluded conditions and showed that the extent of the under‐film pitting is significantly greater than the size of pit mouth observed from the surface.
Corrosion behavior of riveted joints with electrophoretic treatment in neutral salt spray environment
Authors: Qin Qingyu , Tang Bowei , Wei Chaozhong , Zhang Fahui , Wei Boxin
Published: January 2024

This study delves into the corrosion behavior of riveted joints with electrophoretic treatment in a neutral salt spray environment using tensile test and surface analysis. The results showed that the open‐circuit potentials of the dual‐phase steels (590DP and 780DP) exceeded those of the AlSi10MnMg‐T7 and JDA1b die‐casting aluminum alloys by 100 mV, and exceeded that of the AA6063‐T6 extruded aluminum alloy by 50 mV. AlSi10MnMg‐T7 and JDA1b die‐casting aluminum alloys were more susceptible to corrosion in contrast to the AA6063‐T6 extruded aluminum alloy. The corrosion mechanism of the steel/aluminum riveted joints was not only galvanic corrosion but also oxygen concentration polarization. Over the 720‐h corrosion period, the failure loads of the riveted joints were not reduced at all. On the contrary, they increased at least 17% for the two‐sheet self‐piercing riveting (SPR) joints, 6% for the three‐sheet SPR joints, and 4% for the flow drill screw joints.
Soybean Isoflavones Ameliorates Lactation Performance in Postpartum Mice by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Regulating Gut Microflora
Authors: Shao Yuexin , Yu Yan , Pang Shilong , Ge Liyan , Shi Huaiping
Published: January 2024

Postpartum dysgalactiae syndrome (PPDS) is one of the key issues affecting breastfeeding, usually occurring as breast swelling, a low milk yield, and at length a stop of breast milk secretion. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diet therapy in treating or preventing PPDS. This study aims to analyze the effect of soybean isoflavone (SIF), a natural estrogen found in plants, on postpartum lactation performance in mice and to evaluate its potential as a treatment for PPDS. Adult female BALB/c mice at 8 weeks of age (25 ± 3 g) are randomly divided into four groups fed with different levels of SIF and a normal diet for 14 days. SIF (0, 50, 100, 200 mg kg‐1 BW) is provided via intra‐gastric route to the experimental mice. Using a high‐throughput sequencing of microbial diversity and mammary gland metabolites, it is found that SIF‐treated mice potentially show an improved milk performance via enhanced antioxidant capacity and altered gut microbiota. SIF from plant sources at a high dosage promotes the lactation in normal postpartum mice.
Compact dual‐band balanced bandpass filter with controllable passbands using coplanar waveguide spiral cross resonators
Authors: Ren Baoping , Wang Yufan , Guan Xuehui , Wan Shaopeng , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: January 2024

In this article, a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW) spiral cross resonators (SCRs) is introduced for creating a dual‐band balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with adjustable passbands. The resonant properties of the SCRs in both the differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) are scrutinized. Furthermore, DM bisection offers two distinct parameters for internal coupling adjustment, enabling independent passband width control. A novel grounding wire feeding arrangement matches the external Q factor of the dual DM passbands. An additional stepped‐impedance short‐circuited conducting stub between resonators prevents excessive coupling while obtaining moderate bandwidths. Inherent CM suppression can be attained by distinguishing CM resonant frequencies distinct from the DM frequencies. To validate the design, a dual‐band balanced BPF designed and fabricated to operate at 2.42 and 5.2 GHz exhibits closely matching measured results compared to the simulated ones.
Myelin bilayer mapping in the human brain in vivo
Authors: Baadsvik Emily Louise , Weiger Markus , Froidevaux Romain , Schildknecht Christoph Michael , Ineichen Benjamin Victor , Pruessmann Klaas Paul
Published: January 2024

Purpose

To quantitatively map the myelin lipid‐protein bilayer in the live human brain.

Methods

This goal was pursued by integrating a multi‐TE acquisition approach targeting ultrashort T2 signals with voxel‐wise fitting to a three‐component signal model. Imaging was performed at 3 T in two healthy volunteers using high‐performance RF and gradient hardware and the HYFI sequence. The design of a suitable imaging protocol faced substantial constraints concerning SNR, imaging volume, scan time, and RF power deposition. Model fitting to data acquired using the proposed protocol was made feasible through simulation‐based optimization, and filtering was used to condition noise presentation and overall depiction fidelity.

Results

A multi‐TE protocol (11 TEs of 20–780 μs) for in vivo brain imaging was developed in adherence with applicable safety regulations and practical scan time limits. Data acquired using this protocol produced accurate model fitting results, validating the suitability of the protocol for this purpose. Structured, grainy texture of myelin bilayer maps was observed and determined to be a manifestation of correlated image noise resulting from the employed acquisition strategy. Map quality was significantly improved by filtering to uniformize the k‐space noise distribution and simultaneously extending the k‐space support. The final myelin bilayer maps provided selective depiction of myelin, reconciling competitive resolution (1.4 mm) with adequate SNR and benign noise texture.

Conclusion

Using the proposed technique, quantitative maps of the myelin bilayer can be obtained in vivo. These maps offer unique information content with potential applications in basic research, diagnosis, disease monitoring, and drug development.
How vulnerable is an undirected planar graph with respect to max flow
Authors: Balzotti Lorenzo , Franciosa Paolo G.
Published: January 2024

We study the problem of computing the vitality of edges and vertices with respect to the ‐max flow in undirected planar graphs, where the vitality of an edge/vertex is the ‐max flow decrease when the edge/vertex is removed from the graph. This allows us to establish the vulnerability of the graph with respect to the ‐max flow. We give efficient algorithms to compute an additive guaranteed approximation of the vitality of edges and vertices in planar undirected graphs. We show that in the general case high vitality values are well approximated in time close to the time currently required to compute ‐max flow . We also give improved, and sometimes optimal, results in the case of integer capacities. All our algorithms work in space.
Investigation of low‐velocity impact behaviors of polymer composites reinforced with different natural fiber fabrics
Authors: Demir Mert , Ekici Recep
Published: January 2024

In this study, the low‐velocity impact behavior of polymer composites produced separately by reinforcing with natural fiber fabrics such as linen, hemp, jute, and bamboo was investigated for three different thicknesses (2.5 ± 0.1, 5 ± 0.1, and 7.5 ± 0.1 mm) by vacuum infusion method. Low‐speed impact tests were performed at three different energy levels of 20, 35, and 50 J by striking the geometric center of the composite samples with a hemispherical impactor. The impact strengths of the composites were evaluated by comparing the contact force‐displacement, contact force‐time graphs, and impacted sample images. The types of damage occurring in each experimental sample were evaluated. Increasing the thickness had a positive effect on the impact strength of the composites. When the thickness of the composite plates increases, the peak contact force increases, the displacement decreases and capacity to carry impact loads increases due to the increased stiffness of the composites. However, except for the damaged 5 ± 0.1 mm thick bamboo and jute samples, the energy absorption ability of the samples generally increases with the increase of impact energy. Bamboo, jute, and hemp reinforced samples with a thickness of 2.5 ± 0.1 mm were completely perforated under 20 J impact energy. Also, it was determined that linen reinforced composites have the best impact resistance among natural fabric reinforced composites.

Highlights

Low‐velocity impact behavior of natural fiber fabric reinforced PMCs was studied.

The impact strength of PMCs increased as the thickness increased.

Linen reinforced composites had the best impact resistance.

The main damage modes are matrix cracking and delamination at low‐impact energies.

As the impact energy increases, perforation and fiber breakage or separations are observed.
Registration of ‘MN‐Torgy’ spring wheat with moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight and adult plant resistance to Ug99 stem rust
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Wiersma J. J. , Reynolds S. K. , Conley E. J. , Stuart N. , Caspers R. , Kolmer J. A. , Rouse M. N. , Jin Y. , Dill‐Macky R. , Smith M. J. , Dykes L.
Published: January 2024

‘MN‐Torgy’ (Reg. no. CV‐1203, PI 698205) hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) was released by the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 because of its high grain yield, disease resistance, and end‐use quality characteristics. MN‐Torgy is a medium‐maturity cultivar with above average plant height despite containing the semi‐dwarfing allele Rht24b. MN‐Torgy has moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) and good resistance to prevalent races of pathogens causing leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) and is well adapted to the north‐central United States. MN‐Torgy also has good adult plant resistance to the Ug99 family of stem rust races.
Fewer systematic prostate core biopsies in clinical stage T1c prostate cancer leads to biochemical recurrence after brachytherapy as monotherapy
Authors: Ozawa Yu , Nohara Sunao , Nakamura Ken , Hattori Seiya , Yagi Yasuto , Nishiyama Toru , Yorozu Atsunori , Monma Tetsuo , Saito Shiro
Published: January 2024

Background

After brachytherapy, fewer prostate biopsy cores at diagnosis can underestimate the pathological characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa) with lower concordance, resulting in improper treatment, particularly in patients with low‐risk nonpalpable cT1c PCa. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the number of biopsy cores at diagnosis and long‐term clinical outcomes after brachytherapy for cT1c PCa.

Methods

We reviewed 516 patients with localized cT1c PCa with Gleason scores of 3 + 3 = 6 or 3 + 4 = 7 who underwent brachytherapy as monotherapy without hormonal therapy between January 2005 and September 2014 at our institution. Clinical staging was based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer manual for staging. Thus, the cT1c category is based solely on digital rectal examination. The primary outcome was biochemical recurrence (BCR). Based on the optimized cutoff value for biopsy core number obtained from receiver operating characteristic analysis, patients were divided into the biopsy cores ≤8 (N = 123) and ≥9 (N = 393) groups. The BCR‐free survival rate was compared between the groups. Prognostic factors for BCR were evaluated, including age, initial prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, positive core rate, PSA density, prostate magnetic resonance imaging findings, and biopsy core number.

Results

The median patient age was 66.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 61.0–71.0 years), and the median follow‐up time was 11.1 years (IQR: 9.5–13.3 years). The median number of core biopsies was 12 (IQR: 9–12). The area under the curve was 0.637 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53–0.75), and the optimal biopsy core cutoff value for BCR prediction was 8.5 (sensitivity = 43.5%, specificity = 77.1%). Although fewer patients had Gleason scores of 3 + 4 = 7 (19/123 [15%] vs. 125/393 [32%], p < 0.02) in the biopsy cores ≤8 group, the 10‐year BCR‐free survival rate was significantly lower in the biopsy cores ≤8 group than in the biopsy cores ≥9 group (93.8% vs. 96.3%, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that a lower biopsy core number (hazard ratio: 0.828, 95% CI: 0.71–0.97, p < 0.03) and a Gleason score of 3 + 4 = 7 (hazard ratio: 3.26, 95% CI: 1.37–7.73, p < 0.01) significantly predicted BCR.

Conclusions

A low number of prostate core biopsies results in worse BCR‐free survival after brachytherapy as monotherapy in patients with cT1c PCa.
What is the value of rotations to insecticide resistance management?
Authors: Madgwick Philip G , Kanitz Ricardo
Published: January 2024

Rotations have been the cornerstone of insecticide resistance management for many decades. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the use of insecticide mixtures, particularly based on new theoretical models. Here, we present a perspective on the value of rotations to insecticide resistance management, focusing on the interpretation of influential theoretical models. The principles of resistance management have previously been reduced to moderation, saturation and multiple attack. Alongside mixtures and mosaics, rotations have been presented as a strategy of multiple attack in using more than one insecticide. Three explanations have been offered for how rotations delay resistance evolution: counterselection from resistance cost, the relaxation of selection and intergenerational redundant kill. We show that all three explanations can make sense of the comparison of rotations with another resistance‐management strategy but have failed to elucidate the principle at work. Overall, we argue that rotations work by moderation, delaying resistance to insecticides through the use of each insecticide less over time. We suggest that the principles of resistance management are recast as moderation, saturation and redundancy. When rotations and mixtures are not conceptualised as competing methods of multiple attack, these strategies can more obviously work together through the complementary principles of moderation and redundancy. Whether solo products or a mixture of products are used, rotations are an effective method of risk management, preserving the arsenal of all effective insecticides for longer. A successful resistance‐management plan should make appropriate use of all the principles of resistance management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Theoretical study on initial decomposition paths of energetic materials featuring RDX ring
Authors: Shang Fangjian , Shi Yanlin , Wang Caifeng , Liu Huaxin , Lv Meiheng
Published: January 2024

The molecular properties of RDX are affected by the introduction of different functional groups, and the decomposition process of these analogues is studied in this paper. DFT method is used to study the initial decomposition reaction paths of 30 high energy materials based RDX skeleton. In the nitro cleavage reaction, the energy barrier become relatively low by introducing CH(NO2)2 or C(NO2)3 groups on the C site of the six membered ring. In the ring opening reaction, the ring opening process is easier to proceed by introducing NH2 or NHNH2 groups on the C site of the six membered ring.
Structural connectivity of 18‐Crown‐6/H+/L‐tryptophan noncovalent complexes in gas phase and in solution: Delineating host–guest–solvent interactions in solution from gas phase structures
Authors: Oh Young‐Ho , Oh Han Bin , Lee Sungyul
Published: January 2024

We investigate the structural correlation of noncovalent crown ether/H+/L‐tryptophan (CR/TrpH+) host–guest complexes in the solution phase with those in the gas phase generated through electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) techniques. We perform quantum chemical calculations to determine their structures, relative Gibbs free energies, and infrared spectra. We compare the calculated infrared (IR) spectra with the IR multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectra observed for the 18‐Crown‐6/TrpH+ complex by Polfer and co‐workers [J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 1181–1188] for assigning the IR bands. We observe that the carboxyl group remains “naked,” lacking hydrogen bonding with the CR unit in the gas phase, and that this most stable conformer originates from the corresponding lowest Gibbs free energy structure in solution. Based on these findings, we propose that gas phase host–guest complexes directly correlate with those in solution, reinforcing the possibility of obtaining invaluable information about host–guest–solvent interactions in solution from the structure of the host–guest pair in the gas phase.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors may mitigate loss of skeletal muscle mass in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroko , Mandai Shintaro , Shikuma Satomi , Kimura Mai , Toma Hayato , Sakaguchi Yuki , Kimura Moe , Ota Jun , Chiba Yoshihiko , Sakai Keigo , Horiuchi Susumu , Adachi Susumu , Uchida Shinichi
Published: January 2024

Background

Chronic kidney disease patients particularly with renal anaemia hyporesponsive to erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) are at a greater risk of having skeletal muscle mass (SMM) loss. Hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitor (HIF‐PHI), a novel therapeutic agent for renal anaemia, potentially promotes angiogenesis, muscle repair, and homeostasis. However, effects of HIF‐PHIs on SMM remain unknown.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study enrolled 292 Japanese adults receiving maintenance haemodialysis at our dialysis centre. The dataset included 11 patients who received daprodustat for 6 months or longer during 1 December 2020 through 30 June 2022. From the previously published pooled cohort, we enrolled 281 participants from 1 August 2018 to 31 July 2019 prior to the approval of HIF‐PHIs for renal anaemia. SMM was assessed using modified creatinine index (mg/kg/day) calculated by age, sex, serum creatinine, and single‐pool Kt/V. Annual changes of SMM [ΔSMM (%)] were analysed with the least squares regression model and mixed‐effects model during 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up period.

Results

The median age of the participants was 63 years [interquartile range (IQR), 54–71 years], and 33% were female. The median ΔSMM levels (IQR) in the least squares regression model were 4.0% (−1.7% to 9.3%) in the HIF‐PHI group, 0.20% (−2.1% to 2.1%) in the no ESA group, and −0.94% (−3.0% to 1.3%) in the high ESA group using darbepoetin equivalent to 20 μg or more per week. Those in the mixed‐effects model were −1.7% (−1.2% to 3.8%), 0.09% (−1.4% to 1.3%), and −0.74% (−2.0% to 0.8%), respectively. The multivariable linear regression models revealed that HIF‐PHI use was associated with greater ΔSMM compared with the high ESA group [coefficient, 3.737; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.216–6.258 in the least squares regression model or coefficient, 1.635; 95% CI, 0.068–3.201 in the mixed‐effects model, respectively].

Conclusions

HIF‐PHI use led to greater ΔSMM in maintenance haemodialysis patients. HIF‐PHIs may minimize loss of SMM in patients with end‐stage kidney disease and renal anaemia.
Spatial patterns in occupancy and density of larval lampreys in freshwater habitats restored to a Stage 0 condition
Authors: Harris Julianne E. , Clemens Benjamin J. , Helstab Joseph M. , Burns Paul , Blanchard Monica R. , Skalicky Joseph J. , Mayes Christopher , Bodiford Logan
Published: January 2024

We examined occupancy and density of larval lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp.) in two rivers in Oregon (USA) restored to a Stage 0 condition 1–5 years prior, using a multiscale occupancy model and a zero‐inflated Poisson mixture model. We sampled lampreys using backpack electrofishing in randomly distributed, paired, 1‐m2 quadrats and recorded environmental data. Probabilities of occupancy and density were higher when water velocity was low, the substrate was noncompacted, and sediment was dominated by fines (<4 mm). At mean water depth (0.34 m) and velocity (0.09 m/s), estimated densities in occupied quadrats were 4.8 lampreys/m2 (95%: 3.4–6.9) when the substrate was compacted, and fines were not dominant, and 21.1 lampreys/m2 (95%: 17.7–25.3) when the substrate was noncompacted and fines were dominant. Probabilities of detecting occupancy in a 1‐m2 quadrat sampled by backpack electrofishing were 0.76 (95%: 0.64–0.87) when captured after visual observation and 0.80 (95%: 0.71–0.88) with blind sweeps (i.e., constantly moving the net regardless of observation). The probability of capturing a single lamprey in a quadrat sampled by blind sweeps was 0.32 (95%: 0.27–0.37). Sampling in paired 1‐m2 quadrats facilitated concurrent examination of patterns in occupancy and density while accounting for capture probability, which could aid temporal monitoring of restored habitats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document occupancy and estimate densities of larval lampreys in habitats that underwent valley floor restoration to Stage 0. We observed both lamprey genera within 5 years of restoration. Aquatic restoration that increases low‐velocity, noncompacted, fine sediment habitats could benefit lampreys.