bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEPUTAR SERTIFIKASI GURU
Authors: Siahaan Sudirman , Martiningsih Rr.
Published: September 2018

Kata-kata â€œGuru berarti digugu dan ditiruâ€ sering kita dengar diungkapkan. Guru dinilai sebagai seseorang yang dapat dipercaya, berdedikasi, dan berjasa bagi kemajuan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, guru layak ditiru dan dijadikan sebagai panutan. Sebagai guru seharusnya memperlihatkan perilaku yang bisa dipercaya dan diteladani. Sebagai profesional yang berkualitas, guru bukan hanya mampu mentransfer ilmu pengetahuan dan menerapkan sistem tertentu dengan berbagai seluk-beluknya tetapi memiliki kualifikasi yang dipersyaratkan dan secara terus-menerus berupaya meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemampuannya dalam membelajarkan peserta didiknya. Mengingat kualifikasi guru yang bervariasi dan mengacu pada Undang-Undang tentang Guru dan Dosen, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional menetapkan kebijakan di bidang sertifikasi tenaga pendidik di mana salah satu persyaratan untuk mengikutinya adalah memiliki kualifikasi akademik Strata-1 (S-1) atau Diploma IV (D-IV). Melalui tulisan ini, penulis mencoba berbagi pemikiran tentang sertifikasi guru, yang antara lain mencakup konsep sertifikasi, berbagai pendapat/ tanggapan guru, kendala atau kesulitan guru mengkuti kegiatan sertifikasi melalui jalur portofolio, dan saran-saran guru mengenai sertifikasi.
PERBANDINGAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN MENENGAH DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI SEGI DESAIN, METODOLOGIS, DAN EVALUASI, 1968â€“2006
Authors: Karnadi Karnadi
Published: September 2018

This qualitative descriptive research was trying to find the basic differences of national curriculum of primary and secondary school in Indonesia since 1968 until 2006. It was a library research, and conducted on September 2007 in Jakarta. The observed differences were curriculum design, methodological approach, and evaluation. One of factors of curriculum change was the differences of angle to see the education itself. The differences of curriculum design and methodological approach were structure of contents and the ways to implement the instructional in classes. Meanwhile, the differences of evaluation were the existence of instrument of evaluation and the way to evaluate the studentâ€™s instructional process and results.
PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA PADA MATERI BILANGAN PRIMA SISWA KELAS V SD AL MUSLIM SIDOARJO MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN VCD PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: Martiningsih Rr.
Published: September 2018

Salah satu faktor penyebab rendahnya kualitas pembelajaran adalah belum dimanfaatkannya berbagai sumber belajar secara maksimal, baik oleh guru maupun siswa. Dengan dimanfaatkannya berbagai sumber belajar,Â  siswa termotivasi untuk berpikir logis dan sistematik sehingga memiliki pola pikir yang nyata dan semakin mudah memahami hubungan materi pelajaran dengan alam sekitar serta kegunaan belajar dalam kehidupan sehariâ€“hari. Atas dasar pemikiran inilah, peneliti ingin mengetahui perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika siswa kelas V SD Al Muslim Sidoarjo sebelum dan sesudah memanfaatkan VCD Pembelajaran dalam pembelajaran matematika.Â  Disimpulkan adanya perbedaan hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas V SD antara yang diajar sebelum dan sesudah memanfaatkan VCD Pembelajaran. Perbedaan ini dikarenakan siswa dapat (1) mengembangkan kemampuan bernalar melalui pemanfaatan VCD Pembelajaran, (2) menunjukkan pemahaman konsep matematika yang dipelajari melalui tayangan VCD Pembelajaran sehingga mampu menjelaskan keterkaitan antar konsep, dan mengaplikasikan konsep atau algoritma, secara luwes, akurat, efisien, dan tepat dalam pemecahan masalah,Â  dan (3) menggunakan penalaran pada pola, sifat atau melakukan manipulasi matematika dalam membuat generalisasi, menyusun bukti atau menjelaskan gagasan dan pernyataan matematika berdasarkan pembelajaran melalui tayangan VCD Pembelajaran
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PENILAIAN BERDASARKAN FORTOPOLIO TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA
Authors: Astra I Made
Published: September 2018

Dengan diterapkannya di semua tingkat sekolah sekarang yaitu kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan, maka guru diharapkan bisa menerapkan kurikulum tersebut dengan baik. Demikian pula dalam hal penilaian guru dituntut mencari sistem penilaian yang tepat, supaya tidak merugikan semua siswa. Salah satu sistem penilaian yang perlu dicoba adalah penilaian berdasarkan fortopolio, yaitu penilaian yang menilai semua hasil kerja siswa. Atas dasar itu telah diteliti pengaruh penggunaan penilaian berdasarkan fortopolio terhadap hasil belajar fisika siswa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA YP UNJ terhadap siswa kelas XI. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperimen. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil yaitu ada peningkatan prestasi belajar fisika siswa dengan menggunakan penilaian berdasarkan fortopolio. Untuk itu para guru di sekolah bisa menggunakan cara penilaian tersebut terhadap anak didiknya.
KAJIAN LEARNING CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LCMS) DALAM KERANGKA DISAIN PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: Prawiradilaga Dewi Salma
Published: September 2018

The article is about a descriptive finding on the function of an LCMS used by the official website of the Department of Curriculum and Educational Technology, Faculty of Education, State University of Jakarta, www.courses.web-bali.net. Based on the observation, there are some principles that may be applied in uploading course content. They are topic analysis and message design principles which should intensively be applied during developing and structuring learning objects in a learning path. Chunk is the main concept in content development. Regarding copyright issue, all parties should respect to those who write or produce creative works accessible through online.
STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK KEGIATAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN (DIKLAT)
Authors: Waldopo Waldopo
Published: September 2018

Pada prinsipnya kegiatan pembelajaran dapat berlangsung di mana saja dan kapan saja dengan peserta didik yang beraneka ragam. Namun orang lebih banyak mengenal kegiatan pembelajaran yang berlangsung di bangku-bangku sekolah yang peserta didiknya siswa ataupun di bangkubangku kuliah yang peserta didiknya mahasiswa. Padahal masih banyak jenis kegiatan pembelajaran di luar itu. Salah satunya adalah kegiatan pembelajaran pada Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (Diklat). Diklat pada umunnya diikuti oleh orang dewasa tentu memerlukan strategi tersendiri. Dalam kegiatanÂ  pembelajaran di sekolah ataupun di bangku kuliah, hubungan antara guru/dosen dengan peserta didiknya pada umumnya masih dianggap â€œcentralâ€. Guru/dosen cenderung masih â€œditakutiâ€ oleh siswa/mahasiswa. Para siswa/mahasiswa pada umunya cenderung tidak berani berbeda pendapat dengan guru/dosennya walaupun kadangkala ilmu guru/dosen nya sudah ketinggalan jaman. Di sisi lain, guru/dosen cenderung dihinggapi sikap â€œarogansiâ€ intelektual, di mana ia merasa lebih tahu, lebih pintar dan tidak mau dikritisi oleh siswa/mahasiswanya. Berbeda dengan kegiatan pembelajaran pada Diklat, hubungan antara instruktur dengan peserta diklat merupakan hubungan yang sejajar dan hubungan yang lebih bersifat kemitraan. Pada Diklat lebih banyak dibutuhkan strtategi pembelajaran untuk orang dewasa (andragogi). Agar kegiatan Diklat dapat berhasil dengan baik, dibutuhkan strategi pembelajaran yang berbeda dengan strategi pembelajaran untuk anak sekolah ataupun untuk mahasiswa. Salah satu strategi yang harus diperhatikan adalah membuat peserta Diklat ikut terlibat aktif di dalamnya (involve) secara penuh. Instruktur bukan hanya dituntut untuk pandai menyampaikan materi Diklat dengan baik, tetapi juga dituntut untuk pandai membuat peserta Diklat terlibat aktif (involve) di dalamnya, sehingga peserta Diklat menjadi enjoy dan terinspirasi untuk menemukan sesuatu yang baru. Ada beberapa prinsip yang harus diperhatikan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran pada Diklat yaitu: memberi kesempatan kepada peserta Diklat untuk aktif, menciptakan kondisi sehingga tumbuh sikap saling menghormati (antara instruktur dengan instruktur; antara peserta dengan peserta; dan antara peserta dengan instruktur), menghargai perbedaan pendapat, pihak instruktur dan pengelola memfasilitasi terjadinya penemuan, menghindari hal-hal yang bersifat ancaman, dan adanya keterbukaan.
PENGARUH PENGORGANISASIAN MATERI FISIKA MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS INTRUKSIONAL TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA
Authors: Astra I Made , Alrasi Asep Saefuloh
Published: September 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengorganisasian materi Fisika menggunakan analisis intruksional terhadap hasil belajarÂ  Fisika siswa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen, yaitu suatu metode penelitian untuk melihat suatu hasil, dalam hal ini hasil belajar Fisika. Berdasarkan analisis dan perhitungan yang dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa peng-organisasian materi menggunakan analisis instruksional yang diterapkan di kelas eksperimen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji hipotesisÂ  dimana H0 ditolak, sedangkan H1 diterima untuk hasil belajar siswa. Dengan diterimanya H1, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa yang diajar dengan pengorganisasian materi menggunakan analisis intruksional lebih tinggi dari pada hasil belajar siswa dengan pengorganisasian materi menggunakan silabus.Sehubungan dengan itu, maka pengorganisasian materi mengguna-kan analisis intruksional dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Karena dengan materi yang terorganisir dengan baik dan sistematis dapat memudahkan siswa memahami materi dan memotivasi siswa untuk terus belajar, sehingga akhirnya tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai.
STREAMING RADIO EDUKASI: MEMFASILITASI MASYARAKAT MENGEDUKASI DIRI
Authors: Innayah Innayah innayah
Published: September 2018

Masalah yang menjadi fokus kajian adalah mengenai bagaimana masyarakat terfasilitasi untuk mengedukasi dirinya dan salah satu di antaranya adalah melalui kehadiran Streaming Radio Edukasi. Streaming Radio Edukasi menyajikan berbagai konten/materi layanan pendidikan secara online yang dapat diakses masyarakat di mana dan kapan saja. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan konten/materi pendidikan apa saja di antara yang disajikan melalui Streaming Radio Edukasi yang banyak diminati masyarakat pendengar dan kemungkinan faktor-faktor penyebabnya. Streaming Radio Edukasi dikatakan memfasilitasi masyarakat pendengar mengedukasi dirinya dikarenakan melalui pemanfaatan konten/materi pendidikan yang disajikan, tidak hanya khasanah pengetahuan masyarakat yang bertambah tetapi juga akumulasi informasi tentang perkembangan kekinian. Pertambahan khasanah pengetahuan dan akumulasi informasi masyarakat terjadi dalam bentuk (1) perolehan informasi tentang kebijakan dan perkembangan pembangunan pendidikan, peninggalan sejarah, pendidikan karakter, pengetahuan umum (ensiklopedi populer), dan tempat-tempat wisata di wilayah ASEAN, (2) tersedianya waktu berkonsultasi tentang seputar kesehatan, bimbingan mata pelajaran yang di UN-kan dan materi pelajaran sekolah, dan (3) keteladanan para pahlawan nasional dan orang-orang sukses, dan (4) apresiasi terhadap perkembangan sastra Indonesia, kisah perjalanan karir musisi legendaris, karya musik generasi muda, dan karya atau kemampuan anak-anak.Â
Guru Dan Portal Rumah Belajar
Authors: Supandri Supandri -
Published: September 2018

Adapun tujuan membahas dalam judul tulisan Â ini adalah Â membahas GuruÂ Â dan Portal Rumah Belajar. Berikut Â kutipan dari Himpunan Peraturan Tentang Guru Kemdikbud Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Dasar, 2013 bahwa Â Guru adalah predikat pendidik profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada anak usia dini, jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar dan pendidikan menengah. Sedangkan Portal Rumah Belajar Â merupakan pintu besar layanan pembelajaran yang telah menyediakan Â sistem manajemen pembelajaran atau lebih dikenal dengan Learning Management Syistem (LMS) adalah suatu perangkat lunak atau softwareÂ untuk keperluan Â administrasi,dokumentasi, laporan sebuah kegiatan, kegiatan belajar mengajar dan kegiatan secara onlineÂ yang terhubung secara langsung keÂ internetÂ dan materi pelatihan yang semuanya dilakukan secara Â online.(Rumah Belajar Pustekkom Kemdikbud 2014).
BAHAN AJAR FLIPBOOK ONLINE MATAKULIAH PTI MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Arifitama Budi
Published: September 2018

Pendidikan merupakan salah satu fondasi dari berdirinya sebuah bangsa, bangsa yang maju selalu diiringi dengan tingkat pelaksanaan pendidikan yang baik. Sayangnya, di Indonesia penerapan teknologi dalam pelaksanaan proses belajar mengajar di dalam kelas, masih tergolong minim dan konvensional, dengan menggunakan cara tatap muka dan presentasi, sehingga membatasi peserta didik kerap bosan dan tidak tercapinya transfer knowledge yang baik. Melihat permasalahan tersebut maka dibutuhkan inovasi di bidang teknologi agar dapat meningatkan proses transfer knowledge dan rasa ingin tahu oleh peserta didik. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengembangan materi ajar pada flipbook dengan pendekatan teknologi augmented reality. Teknologi augmented reality digunakan sebagai inovasi dalam proses pembelajaran dengan cara menampilkan objek pada materi matakuliah seolah-olah nyata sehingga peserta didik mampu melakukan interaksi dan meningkatkan rasa keingintahuan dari peserta didik.
PEMBELAJARAN RAGAM KELAS/ TINGKATAN (Multigrade Teaching) DI SEKOLAH DASAR (SD): Konsep dan Penerapannya
Authors: Siahaan Sudirman
Published: September 2018

â€œPembelajaran Ragam Kelas/Tingkatan (PRK/T)â€ tidak hanya terdapat di negara-negara yang sedang berkembang tetapi banyak juga di negara-negara maju. Pada umumnya, model â€œPembelajaran Ragam Kelas/Tingkatan (PRK/T)â€ banyak diterapkan di Sekolah Dasar (SD). Artinya, banyak SD yang dikelola oleh beberapa orang guru dan bahkan oleh seorang guru (one-teacher school). Sedangkan lazimnya SD menerapkan sistem guru kelas (classroom teachers). Mengingat siklus atau masa belajar di SD berlangsung selama 6 (enam) tahun, maka ada 6 tingkatan (kelas) yang harus dilalui setiap siswa selama belajar di SD, yaitu dimulai dari kelas/tingkat 1 (grade 1) sampai dengan kelas/tingkat 6 (grade 6). Karena itu, setidak-tidaknya setiap SD dikelola oleh seorang Kepala Sekolah dan dibantu oleh 6 guru (1 + 6). Namun tidak semua SD dapat menerapkan model SD (1+6) terutama di negara-negara yang sedang berkembang dan miskin. â€œPembelajaran ragam kelas/tingkatanâ€ telah diterapkan di beberapa negara, seperti: Amerika Serikat, Australia, Cina, Finlandia, Indonesia, Inggris, Jepang, Jerman, dan Kanada. Dalam kaitan ini, konsep tentang â€œpembelajaran ragam kelas/ tingkatanâ€ (multigrade teaching) dan berbagai pemikiran/ permasalahan yang terkait akan dibahas di dalam tulisan ini sebagai kontribusi terhadap penyelenggaraan SD model â€œpembelajaran ragam kelas/tingkatanâ€.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BAHAN BELAJAR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PADA MATAKULIAH RANGKAIAN DASAR LISTRIK
Authors: Wadjdi Faried
Published: September 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh pemberian bahan ajar terhadap hasil belajar pada matakuliah rangakain dasar listrik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Jakarta pada bulan Agustus 2003 sampai dengan September 2004. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen. Langkah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan membuat dua kelompok sampel, kelompok X1 diberikan bahan ajar, dan kelompok X2 ditugaskan membaca buku literatur diperpustakaan. Sebelum pengujian hipotesis dilakukan uji persyaraatan. Ujian persyaratan analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Uji normalitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji lilliefors, sedangkan uji homogenitas dengan menggunakan c2 Dari hasil uji normalitas pada taraf signifikan a = 0.05 diperoleh Lhitung < Lhitung atau 0.1721 < 0.190, maka dapat dinyatakan data penelitian berdistribusi normal. Dari hasil uji homogenitas dilakukan dengan c2 pada taraf signifikan a = 0.05 diperoleh Lhitung < Ltabel atau 0.1767 < 0.190 Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan mengunakan t-tes diperoleh thitung sebesar 1,43 dan bila dikonsultasikan pada tabel distribusi t pada taraf signifikan a = 0.05 diperoleh ttabel 0.05: (38) = 1.68, atau thitung < ttabel , 1,43 < 1,48, berarti pengaruh pemberian
MATERI MATEMATIKA YANG BELUM DIKUASAI SISWA: Analisis Hasil Ujian Nasional Paket A, B, dan C Tahun 2003/2004
Authors: Safari Safari
Published: September 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab permasalahan berikut. Materi-materi mana yang belum dikuasai siswa pesersta ujian nasioal Paket A, B, dan C tahun 2003/2004 untuk mata pelajaran Matematika? Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskriptif dari 40 butir soal mata pelajaran Matematika yang masing-masing dijawab oleh peserta Paket A= 12855 siswa, Paket B= 35497 siswa, Paket C IPA= 413 siswa, maka diperoleh tiga hasil penelitian seperti berikut ini. Pertama, penguasaan materi Matematika pada Paket A yang kurang dari 50% adalah 14 (35%) materi, penguasaan materi 50%-70% adalah 16 (40%) materi, dan penguasaan materi di atas 70% adalah 10 (25%) materi. Kedua, penguasaan materi Matematika pada Paket B yang kurang dari 50%Â  adalah 11 (28%) materi, penguasaan materi 50%-70% adalah 22 (55%) materi, dan penguasaan materi di atas 70% adalah 7 (17%) materi. Ketiga, penguasaan materi Matematika pada Paket C IPA yang kurang dari 50%Â  adalah 31 (77,5%) materi, penguasaan materi 50%-70% adalah 9 (22,5%) materi, dan penguasaan materi di atas 70% adalah 0 (0%) materi.Â  Untuk mengetahui nama-nama kemampuan/materi yang dimaksud, pembaca dapat membaca pada hasil penelitian ini. Selamat membaca!
PERKEMBANGAN EMOSI MANUSIA
Authors: Susanti Rini
Published: September 2018

Emosi mempunyai peranan penting dalam kehidupan manusia karena mempengaruhi penyesuaian pribadi dan sosial. Pertumbuhannya bervariasi pada semua orang. Emosi dikendalikan oleh proses kematangan dan belajar. Katarsis emosi membersihkan seseorang dari energi yang tidak tersalurkan. Dia mencegah ledakan emosi yang dapat menimbulkan penolakan sosial.
Potential of Mimosa pudica leaf in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in rat
Authors: Zaware Bharati , Gilhotra Ritu , Chaudhari Sanjay Ravindra
Published: September 2018

The aim of present investigation was to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the rat model. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into nine groups with six animals in each group. The rats received seven days of pretreatment with chloroform, ethyl acetate or ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica. For induction of ulcerative colitis, rats were administered with 2 mL of 4% acetic acid solution intrarectally. Ulcer index, macroscopical study of the colon, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels in colon tissue and blood, and histopathology of the colon tissue were studied. Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused increased ulcer index, colonic myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. Pretreatment with M. pudica ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg) significantly lowered the ulcer index, colonic myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde as compared with the standard drug prednisolone. The present investigation demonstrates that the ethanol extract of M. pudica leaf is effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

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Effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on myocardial oncosis and autophagy in ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart
Authors: Tang Qi Feng , Xie Yang , Xie Hong , Jiang Wen Qiang , Fang Zhi Yuan
Published: September 2018

The effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on myocardial oncosis and autophagy were studied in 32 isolated rat heart of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The hearts were perfused by: a) Sham surgery group, b) simple sevoflurane group, c) simple ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R) group, and d) sevoflurane postconditioning group. The ratios between the gray density values of the target bands to the gray density value of GADPH were used to reflect the Beclin-1, LC3II/I, and porimin expression levels. The LC3II/I level in the sevoflurane postconditioning group was lower than the level in the I/R group. The porimin level in the sevoflurane postconditioning group was lower than the level in the I/R group. The myocardial infarction range in the sevoflurane postconditioning group (33 ± 5%) was significantly diminished compared with the range in the I/R group (53 ± 6%) (p<0.05). Sevoflurane decreased the occurrence of oncosis and alleviated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting MPTP opening.

Video Clip of Methodology:

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Nasogastric Tube Feeding Practice and Associated Complication in stroke Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Kazi Mohibur , Khan Sharif Uddin , Hasan ATM Hasibul , Islam Sirajee Shafiqul , Chowdhury Rajib Nayan , Patwary Md Khairul Kabir , Mohammad Elyas Dewan , Khan Mohammed Abdul Momen , Hossain Md Amir , Azam Md Bakhtiar , Hasanat Md Aminul
Published: September 2018

Background: Nasogastric tube feeding is an integral part of management of stroke patients with feeding difficulties.Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nasogastric tube feeding practice and its complication on stroke patients.Methodology: One hundred (100) adult patients aged ≥ 18 years with stroke were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of stroke was established by the clinical presentation, neuroimaging. Patients requiring nasogastric tube feeding was included in the study. They were thoroughly examined for any complications from possible use of nasogastric tube. Their caregivers were also thoroughly interviewed using a standard preformed questionnaire regarding any complications as well. Results: A total number of 100 patients were recruited for this study. In this study population, 63.0% patients had ischaemic stroke; 26.0% had haemorrhagic stroke and 9.0% population had sub-arachnoid haemorrhage. The most common indication for NG feeding was difficulty in swallowing (39.0%) followed by semi consciousness (26.0%), unconsciousness (22.0%), inability to maintain feed (10.0%). About 71.0% of the patients had complications from NG tube feeding such as nasal irritation (53.0%), electrolyte imbalance (43.0%), aspiration pneumonia (40.0%) and diarrhea (38.0%).Conclusion: Nasal irritation, aspiration pneumonia, electrolyte imbalance, diarrhea are common complications associated with NG tube feeding which in part may be related to faulty feeding technique.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2018;4(1): 23-27
Content Validity of Level Two of the Royal Air Force Aircrew Conditioning Programme
Authors: Slungaard Ellen , Green Nicholas D. C. , Newham Di J. , Harridge Stephen D. R.
Published: September 2018

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of flight-related neck pain in all Royal Air Force (RAF) aircrew is 66% and 70% in UK fast-jet aircrew. The RAF Aircrew Conditioning Programme (ACP) has been designed to enhance pilot performance through reducing fatigue and strain injuries, particularly
to the neck. Content validity of the ACP was assessed to determine the appropriateness for delivery to aircrew.METHODS: Six international medical experts reviewed level two of the ACP, which is delivered to student aircrew who have completed basic instruction in cervical spine stability,
core stability and initial technique instruction for strength training. Content validity on overall exercise approach (5 items) and specific exercise session (24 items) was rated on a 4-point Likert-type ordinal scale for Relevance and Simplicity. Four reviewers had experience of delivering
an exercise program to aircrew. The item-content validity index (I-CVI) was the proportion of experts rating an item/exercise as acceptable (score 3-4) while protocol-CVI was the average I-CVI across items.RESULTS: Of the suggested exercise sessions, 20 reached an excellent I-CVI
(1.00) for Relevance (4 reached acceptable I-CVI (0.83)), and 21 reached an excellent I-CVI (1.00) for Simplicity (3 reached acceptable I-CVI (0.83)). Protocol-CVI for the ACP was excellent for Relevance (0.90) and good for Simplicity (0.83). The need for sufficient supervision during
the exercises was recommended for safe exercise execution and to maintain adherence.CONCLUSION: The ACP demonstrated excellent relevance for the target population. The aircrew require additional supervision with the more complex neck exercises to enhance simplicity with the ACP.Slungaard
E, Green NDC, Newham DJ, Harridge SDR. Content validity of level two of the Royal Air Force Aircrew Conditioning Program. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(10):896–904.
Spatial Disorientation Influences on Pilots’ Visual Scanning and Flight Performance
Authors: Ledegang Wietse D. , Groen Eric L.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND: Adequate instrument scanning is considered an important countermeasure against spatial disorientation (SD). Remarkably, literature on the relation between SD and pilots’ visual scanning is scarce. The objective of this simulator study was to investigate the
influence of SD on pilots’ visual scanning and flight performance.METHODS: In a ground-based SD simulator, 10 novice military pilots were asked to manually fly 3 circuits. Unknowingly to the pilots, the final circuit contained one visual and four vestibular SD events. Simulator
motion, flight performance, pilots’ gaze direction, and control inputs were recorded and analyzed. Afterwards the pilots filled in a questionnaire about their recognition of events.RESULTS: Three of the five SD events significantly affected pilots’ flight performance
and gaze behavior. First, the false horizon during the cloud leans induced an unintended roll rate, 0.41 ± 0.36° · s−1, when the pilots were looking out the window. Second, the Coriolis illusion caused a 0.44 ± 0.18 s delay in the first glance to the
attitude indicator and triggered an unintended roll rate, 1.25 ± 1.33° · s−1, and bank angle deviation of 3.4 ± 3.7° during the coordinated turn. Third, the somatogravic illusion affected pilots’ pitch inputs on the stick, but this seems
to be confounded by inaccurate simulation of the illusion.DISCUSSION: This study provides direct experimental evidence that SD can evoke inappropriate control inputs and can influence the pilots’ scanning behavior, even when SD is not recognized. We conclude that gaze tracking
provides useful feedback on the pilot’s instrument scan during SD simulator training when using appropriate scenarios and simulator motion.Ledegang WD, Groen EL. Spatial disorientation influences on pilots’ visual scanning and flight performance. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(10):873–882.
Financial and Energetic Optimization of Greek Buildings Insulation
Authors: Mitsopoulos Georgios , Bellos Evangelos , Tzivanidis Christos
Published: September 2018

The most important parameter in the design of the building envelope is the insulation thickness, because it dramatically influences the heating and cooling loads. The objective of this study is the investigation of different insulation scenarios for the four climate zones of Greece and, more specifically, the cities Heraklion, Athens, Thessaloniki, and Florina. The insulation thickness is examined up to 8 cm and the optimum thickness is determined by the minimization of the simple payback period in order to design a cost-effective system. Moreover, the primary energy consumption, the heating/cooling loads, and the equivalent CO2 emissions are calculated. Furthermore, a multi-objective evaluation procedure of the various insulated scenarios is conducted in order to show the relationship between the energetic and the financial optimization. Generally, it is found that the optimum insulation thickness is around 4 cm for all the climate zones using financial criteria, while the energy criteria indicate higher thicknesses. These results can be applied to the suitable design of Greek residential buildings.
Evaluation of Some State-Of-The-Art Wind Technologies in the Nearshore of the Black Sea
Authors: Onea Florin , Rusu Liliana
Published: September 2018

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the nearshore wind resources in the Black Sea area by using a high resolution wind database (ERA-Interim). A subsequent objective was to estimate what type of wind turbines and wind farm configurations would be more suitable for this coastal environment. A more comprehensive picture of these resources was provided by including some satellite measurements, which were also used to assess the wind conditions in the vicinity of some already operating European wind projects. Based on the results of the present work, it seems that the Crimea Peninsula has the best wind resources. However, considering the current geopolitical situation, it seems that the sites on the western part of this basin (Romania and Bulgaria) would represent more viable locations for developing offshore wind projects. Since there are currently no operational wind projects in this marine area, some possible configurations for the future wind farms are proposed.
A Study on the Strategy for Departure Aircraft Pushback Control from the Perspective of Reducing Carbon Emissions
Authors: Zhu Xinhua , Li Nan , Sun Yu , Zhang Hongfei , Wang Kai , Tsai Sang-Bing
Published: September 2018

In order to reduce the taxiing time of departing aircraft and reduce the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of the aircraft, Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was taken as an example to study the control strategy for aircraft departure. In this paper, the influence of the number of departure aircraft on the runway utilization rate, the takeoff rate, and the departure rate of flight departures under the conditions of airport runway capacity constraints are studied. The influence of factors, such as the number of departure aircraft, the gate position of the aircraft, and the configuration of airport arrival and departure runways, on the aircraft taxiing time for departure is analyzed. Based on a multivariate linear regression equation, a time prediction model of aircraft departure taxiing time is established. The fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of aircraft are calculated. The experimental results show that, without reducing the utilization rate of the runway and the departure rate of flights, implementing a reasonable pushback number for control of departing aircraft during busy hours can reduce the departure taxiing time of aircraft by nearly 32%, effectively reducing the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions during taxiing on the airport surface.
The Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Screening for Migrants in the EU/EEA: A Systematic Review
Authors: Greenaway Christina , Makarenko Iuliia , Abou Chakra Claire Nour , Alabdulkarim Balqis , Christensen Robin , Palayew Adam , Tran Anh , Staub Lukas , Pareek Manish , Meerpohl Joerg J. , Noori Teymur , Veldhuijzen Irene , Pottie Kevin , Castelli Francesco , Morton Rachael L.
Published: September 2018

Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is a public health priority in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Migrants account for a disproportionate number of HCV cases in the EU/EEA (mean 14% of cases and >50% of cases in some countries). We conducted two systematic reviews (SR) to estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HCV screening for migrants living in the EU/EEA. We found that screening tests for HCV are highly sensitive and specific. Clinical trials report direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapies are well-tolerated in a wide range of populations and cure almost all cases (>95%) and lead to an 85% lower risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and an 80% lower risk of all-cause mortality. At 2015 costs, DAA based regimens were only moderately cost-effective and as a result less than 30% of people with HCV had been screened and less 5% of all HCV cases had been treated in the EU/EEA in 2015. Migrants face additional barriers in linkage to care and treatment due to several patient, practitioner, and health system barriers. Although decreasing HCV costs have made treatment more accessible in the EU/EEA, HCV elimination will only be possible in the region if health systems include and treat migrants for HCV.
Socioeconomic Status in Adolescents: A Study of Its Relationship with Overweight and Obesity and Influence on Social Network Configuration
Authors: Arias Natalia , Calvo María Dolores , Benítez-Andrades José Alberto , Álvarez María José , Alonso-Cortés Beatriz , Benavides Carmen
Published: September 2018

Socioeconomic status (SES) influences all the determinants of health, conditioning health throughout life. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity in adolescence through an analysis of the patterns of contact between peers as a function of this parameter. A cross-sectional study was performed, analyzing a sample of 235 students aged 14 to 18 and 11 class networks. Social network analysis was used to analyze structural variables of centrality from a sociocentric perspective. We found that adolescents with a medium-low SES presented a two-fold higher probability of being overweight, but we did not detect any differences in the configuration of their social networks when compared with those of normal-weight adolescents. However, we did find significant differences in the formation of networks according to SES in the overall sample and disaggregated by gender, whereby adolescents with a high SES in general presented a higher capacity to form wider social networks. Elucidating the relationship between SES and overweight and its influence on social network formation can contribute to the design of preventative strategies against overweight and obesity in adolescents, since their social environment can provide them with several resources to combat excess weight.
Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders
Authors: Brådvik Louise
Published: September 2018

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Emergency Department Discharge Outcome and Psychiatric Consultation in North African Patients
Authors: Keidar Osnat , Jegerlehner Sabrina N. , Ziegenhorn Stephan , Brown Adam D. , Müller Martin , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Srivastava David S.
Published: September 2018

Studies in Europe have found that immigrants, compared to the local population, are more likely to seek out medical care in Emergency Departments (EDs). In addition, studies show that immigrants utilize medical services provided by EDs for less acute issues. Despite these observed differences, little is known about the characteristics of ED use by North African (NA) immigrants. The main objective of this study was to examine whether there were differences in ED discharge outcomes and psychiatric referrals between NA immigrants and Swiss nationals. A retrospective analysis was conducted using patient records from NA and Swiss adults who were admitted to the ED of the University Hospital in Bern (Switzerland) from 2013–2016. Measures included demographic information as well as data on types of admission. Outcome variables included discharge type and psychiatric referral. A total of 77,619 patients generated 116,859 consultations to the ED, of which 1.1 per cent (n = 1338) were consultations by NA patients. Compared to Swiss national patients, NA patients were younger, with a median age of 38.0 (IQR 28–51 years vs. 52.0 (IQR 32–52) for Swiss and predominantly male (74.4% vs. 55.6% in the Swiss). NA patient admission type was more likely to be “walk-in” or legal admission (7.5% vs 0.8 in Swiss,). Logistic regressions indicated that NA patients had 1.2 times higher odds (95% CI 1.07–1.40, p < 0.003) of receiving ambulatory care. An effect modification by age group and sex was observed for the primary outcome “seen by a psychiatrist”, especially for men in the 16–25 years age group, whereby male NA patients had 3.45 times higher odds (95% CI: 2.22–5.38) of having being seen by a psychiatrist. In conclusion differences were observed between NA and Swiss national patients in ED consultations referrals and outcomes, in which NA had more ambulatory discharges and NA males, especially young, were more likely to have been seen by psychiatrist. Future studies would benefit from identifying those factors underlying these differences in ED utilization.
The Pathways of the iRFP713 Unfolding Induced by Different Denaturants
Authors: Stepanenko Olesya V. , Stepanenko Olga V. , Kuznetsova Irina M. , Turoverov Konstantin K.
Published: September 2018

Near-infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR FPs) based on the complexes of bacterial phytochromes with their natural biliverdin chromophore are widely used as genetically encoded optical probes for visualization of cellular processes and deep-tissue imaging of cells and organs in living animals. In this work, we show that the steady-state and kinetic dependencies of the various spectral characteristics of iRFP713, developed from the bacterial phytochrome RpBphP2 and recorded at protein unfolding induced by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), guanidine thiocyanate (GTC), and urea, differ substantially. A study of the unfolding of three single-tryptophan mutant forms of iRFP713 expectedly revealed that protein unfolding begins with the dissociation of the native dimer, while the monomers remain compact. A further increase in the denaturant concentration leads to the formation of an intermediate state of iRFP713 having hydrophobic areas exposed on the protein surface (I). The total surface charge of iRFP713 (pI 5.86) changes from negative to positive with an increase in the concentration of GdnHCl and GTC because the negative charge of glutamic and aspartic acids is neutralized by forming salt bridges between the carboxyl groups and GdnH+ ions and because the guanidinium cations bind to amide groups of glutamines and asparagines. The coincidence of both the concentration of the denaturants at which the intermediate state of iRFP713 accumulates and the concentration of GdnH+ ions at which the neutralization of the surface charge of the protein in this state is ensured results in strong protein aggregation. This is evidently realized by iRFP713 unfolding by GTC. At the unfolding of the protein by GdnHCl, an intermediate state is populated at higher denaturant concentrations and a strong aggregation is not observed. As expected, protein aggregates are not formed in the presence of the urea. The aggregation of the protein upon neutralization of the charge on the macromolecule surface is the main indicator of the intermediate state of protein. The unfolded state of iRFP713, whose formation is accompanied by a significant decrease in the parameter A, was found to have a different residual structure in the denaturants used.
From Implantation to Birth: Insight into Molecular Melatonin Functions
Authors: Carlomagno Gianfranco , Minini Mirko , Tilotta Marco , Unfer Vittorio
Published: September 2018

Melatonin is a lipophilic hormone synthesized and secreted mainly in the pineal gland, acting as a neuroendocrine transducer of photoperiodic information during the night. In addition to this activity, melatonin has shown an antioxidant function and a key role as regulator of physiological processes related to human reproduction. Melatonin is involved in the normal outcome of pregnancy, beginning with the oocyte quality, continuing with embryo implantation, and finishing with fetal development and parturition. Melatonin has been shown to act directly on several reproductive events, including folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, and corpus luteum (CL) formation. The molecular mechanism of action has been investigated through several studies which provide solid evidence on the connections between maternal melatonin secretion and embryonic and fetal development. Melatonin administration, reducing oxidative stress and directly acting on its membrane receptors, melatonin thyroid hormone receptors (MT1 and MT2), displays effects on the earliest phases of pregnancy and during the whole gestational period. In addition, considering the reported positive effects on the outcomes of compromised pregnancies, melatonin supplementation should be considered as an important tool for supporting fetal development, opening new opportunities for the management of several reproductive and gestational pathologies.
Unexpected Resistance to Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Nitrogen Pyramidal Amides Based on the 7-Azabicyclic[2.2.1]heptane Scaffold
Authors: Ocampo Gutiérrez de Velasco Diego Antonio , Su Aoze , Zhai Luhan , Kinoshita Satowa , Otani Yuko , Ohwada Tomohiko
Published: September 2018

Non-planar amides are usually transitional structures, that are involved in amide bond rotation and inversion of the nitrogen atom, but some ground-minimum non-planar amides have been reported. Non-planar amides are generally sensitive to water or other nucleophiles, so that the amide bond is readily cleaved. In this article, we examine the reactivity profile of the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane amides, which show pyramidalization of the amide nitrogen atom, and we compare the kinetics of the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the benzamides of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and related monocyclic compounds. Unexpectedly, non-planar amides based on the 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane scaffold were found to be resistant to base-catalyzed hydrolysis. The calculated Gibbs free energies were consistent with this experimental finding. The contribution of thermal corrections (entropy term, –TΔS‡) was large; the entropy term (ΔS‡) took a large negative value, indicating significant order in the transition structure, which includes solvating water molecules.
Removal Properties of Anionic Dye Eosin by Cetyltrimethylammonium Organo-Clays: The Effect of Counter-Ions and Regeneration Studies
Authors: Kooli Fethi , Liu Yan , Abboudi Mostafa , Rakass Souad , Oudghiri Hassani Hicham , Ibrahim Sheikh Muhammad , Al-Faze Rawan
Published: September 2018

The organo-clays (OCs) were prepared by a cation exchange reaction between surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium, C16TMA) from different counterions (Bromide, Chloride, and Hydroxide). The effect of the counterions was investigated on the physico-chemical properties of the prepared organo-clays. The highest uptake of organic cations (1.60 mmol/g) was achieved using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide solution and the lowest value (0.93 mmol/g) was obtained after modification with cetyl trimethylammonium hydroxide solution starting from the same initial ratio of mmol/g of clay greater than 2.40. The arrangement of C16TMA cations within the interlayer space was assumed to be perpendicular with a tilt angle of 32° to the plane of clay sheets instead of being parallel to the clay surface using C16TMAOH solution at the same ratio. Different techniques were used to characterize these materials. The thermal stability of these organ-clays was investigated using an in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The decomposition of the surfactant moiety occurred at temperatures higher than 215 °C and was accompanied with a shrinkage of the basal spacing value to 1.42 nm. These materials were applied in the removal of an acid dye “eosin.” The removed amount of eosin depended on the initial concentrations and the content of surfactants in the organo-clays. The removal of eosin was found to be an endothermic process. The maximum amount of 90 mg/g was achieved. The preheated treatment temperature of two selected OCs did affect the removal properties of eosin. A progressive reduction was observed at temperatures higher than 200 °C. The regeneration of spent OCs was studied and acceptable removal efficiency was maintained after 4 to 6 cycles depending on the used initial concentrations.
Isolation of Novel Sesquiterpeniods and Anti-neuroinflammatory Metabolites from Nardostachys jatamansi
Authors: Yoon Chi-Su , Kim Dong-Cheol , Park Jin-Soo , Kim Kwan-Woo , Kim Youn-Chul , Oh Hyuncheol
Published: September 2018

Nardostachys jatamansi contains various types of sesquiterpenoids that may play an important role in the potency of plant’s anti-inflammatory effects, depending on their structure. In this study, five new sesquiterpenoids, namely kanshone L (1), kanshone M (2), 7-methoxydesoxo-narchinol (3), kanshone N (4), and nardosdaucanol (5), were isolated along with four known terpenoids (kanshone D (6), nardosinanone G (7), narchinol A (8), and nardoaristolone B (9)) from the rhizomes and roots of Nardostachys jatamansi. Their structures were determined by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. Among the nine sesquiterpenoids, compounds 3, 4, and 8 were shown to possess dose-dependent inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, compounds 3, 4, and 8 exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, these compounds were shown to inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκB-α and blocking NF-κB translocation. In conclusion, five new and four known sesquiterpenoids were isolated from Nardostachys jatamansi, and compounds 3, 4, and 8 exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells through inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Targeted Neurotransmitters Profiling Identifies Metabolic Signatures in Rat Brain by LC-MS/MS: Application in Insomnia, Depression and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Xu Huarong , Wang Zhenru , Zhu Lin , Sui Zhenyu , Bi Wenchuan , Liu Ran , Bi Kaishun , Li Qing
Published: September 2018

Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies have suggested that insomnia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression are mutually interacting conditions and frequently co-occur. The monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter systems in central nervous system were involved in the examination of neurobiological processes of this symptom complex. However, few studies have reported systematic and contrastive discussion of different neurotransmitters (NTs) changing in these neurological diseases. Thus, it is necessary to establish a reliable analytical method to monitoring NTs and their metabolite levels in rat brain tissues for elucidating the differences in pathophysiology of these neurological diseases. A rapid, sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of the NTs and their metabolites, including tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), glutamic acid (Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat brain tissues. The mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.01% formic acid in water was performed on an Inertsil EP C18 column, and the developed method was validated well. Results demonstrated that there were significant differences for 5-HT, DA, NE, Trp, Tyr and ACh between model and control group in all three models, and a Bayes linear discriminant function was established to distinguish these three kinds of nervous system diseases by DA, Tyr and ACh for their significant differences among control and three model groups. It could be an excellent strategy to provide perceptions into the similarity and differentia of mechanisms from the point of NTs’ changing in brain directly and a new method to distinguish insomnia, depression and AD from view of essence.