bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of social control theory to examine parent, teacher, and close friend attachment and substance use initiation among Korean Youth
Authors: Han Yoonsun , Kim Heejoo , Lee DongHun
Published: April 2016

Based on Hirschi’s social control theory (1969), this study examined the relationship between attachment (an element of social bonds) and the onset of substance use among South Korean adolescents. Using discrete-time logistic regression, the study investigated how attachment to parents, teachers, and close friends was associated with the timing of first alcohol and cigarette use. A nationally representative sample of Korean youth from five waves of the Korea Youth Panel Survey ( N = 3,449 at baseline) was studied. Higher levels of parent and teacher attachment were associated with delayed onset of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Attachment to close friends, however, was associated with earlier onset of substance use. These findings suggest that strategies for early substance use prevention should specifically target the relationships that youth develop with parents and teachers. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of managing youth’s relationships with close friends to prevent the inadvertent negative social influence of particular types of peers.
All Lives Matter, but so Does Race
Authors: Carney Nikita
Published: April 2016

This article demonstrates the ways in which youth of color played an active role in debates that erupted on Twitter following the tragic deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner in 2014. These debates on social media represent a larger struggle over discourse on race and racism across the nation. Drawing from critical theory and race theory, and engaging in the relatively new practice of using Twitter as a source of data for sociological analysis, this article examines Twitter as an emerging public sphere and studies the hashtags “#AllLivesMatter” and “#BlackLivesMatter” as contested signs that represent dominant ideologies. This article consists of a qualitative textual analysis of a selection of Twitter posts from December 3 to 7, 2014, following the nonindictments of officers in the murders of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. The debates on Twitter reveal various strategies that youth of color employed to shape the national discourse about race in the wake of these high-profile tragedies.
Predictors of changes in students’ motivational resilience over the school year
Authors: Pitzer Jennifer , Skinner Ellen
Published: April 2016

Students perform better in school to the extent they are able to engage fully, cope adaptively, and bounce back from obstacles and setbacks in their academic work. These three processes, which studies suggest are positively inter-connected, may comprise a self-sustaining system that enables motivational resilience. Using self-determination theory to frame hypotheses about such a motivational system, this study examined (1) whether a set of personal factors (self-perceptions of relatedness, competence, and autonomy), interpersonal resources (perceptions of teacher warmth, structure, and autonomy support), and emotional reactivity predicted changes in motivational resilience over the school year; (2) whether motivational resilience in turn predicted improvements in students’ achievement and also fed back to increases in their personal and interpersonal resources; and (3) whether teacher support could shift established motivational patterns. A latent path model depicting these processes showed a good fit with self-report data from 1020 students in Grades 3 through 6 collected in fall and spring of the same school year (including achievement data from a random subset, n = 365). Multiple regressions predicting changes from fall to spring refined the proposed model. Moreover, teacher support was crucial: Students who began the year with at-risk profiles, but also experienced high teacher support, ended the year on par with low-risk students; whereas students who began with resilient profiles but experienced low levels of teacher support ended the year at-risk. Discussion focused on identifying levers for intervention and the essential role teacher support plays in these dynamics.
Proceedings of the 2015 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium
Authors: Elmore Susan A. , Farman Cindy A. , Hailey James R. , Kovi Ramesh C. , Malarkey David E. , Morrison James P. , Neel Jennifer , Pesavento Patricia A. , Porter Brian F. , Szabo Kathleen A. , Teixeira Leandro B. C. , Quist Erin M.
Published: April 2016

The 2015 Annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri” was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the American College of Veterinary Pathologists/American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology/Society of Toxicologic Pathology combined meeting. The goal of this symposium is to present and discuss diagnostic pathology challenges or nomenclature issues. Because of the combined meeting, both laboratory and domestic animal cases were presented. This article presents summaries of the speakers’ talks, including challenging diagnostic cases or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included hepatocellular lesions, a proposed harmonized diagnostic approach to rat cardiomyopathy, crop milk in a bird, avian feeding accoutrement, heat exchanger in a tuna, metastasis of a tobacco carcinogen–induced pulmonary carcinoma, neurocytoma in a rat, pituicytoma in a rat, rodent mammary gland whole mounts, dog and rat alveolar macrophage ultrastructure, dog and rat pulmonary phospholipidosis, alveolar macrophage aggregation in a dog, degenerating yeast in a cat liver aspirate, myeloid leukemia in lymph node aspirates from a dog, Trypanosoma cruzi in a dog, solanum toxicity in a cow, bovine astrovirus, malignant microglial tumor, and nomenclature challenges from the Special Senses International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Group.
Learning in the Palaver Hut: The ‘Africa Study Visit’ as teaching tool
Authors: Ambrozy Maria , Harris David
Published: April 2016

The aim of this article is to assess the experiential learning environment of the African Study Visit (ASV). It presents a theoretically grounded analysis of the ASV. Although field visits are not a new phenomenon within Higher Education, they seem, but with few exceptions, to be considered as an add-on teaching method. By drawing from the experiential learning literature, we demonstrate that there are sound pedagogical reasons for incorporating field visits like the ASV into the curriculum as stand-alone components. Thus, the original contribution of this article is to place the ASV within the experiential learning literature such that the theoretical, practical and conceptual benefits for students are understood. Its significance is that this article offers a set of practices from an experiential learning perspective that can be used for deepening the levels of comprehension of political issues in Africa for international studies students.
‘All this is about is money and making sure that heads are on beds’
Authors: Gosling Helena
Published: April 2016

The aim of this article is to critically reflect upon some of the practical difficulties which surround the implementation of an outcome-focused payment initiative, colloquially referred to as Payment by Results (PbR), in a drug and alcohol service situated in the North of England. Drawing upon the findings of a longitudinal study in a residential rehabilitation service, the discussion illustrates some of the tensions and dilemmas which surround the introduction of increasingly business-orientated decisions within a person-centered environment that is designed to work alongside some of society’s most troubled and troublesome individuals. To conclude, the article suggests that financially-driven processes (such as PbR) commodify the rehabilitative ideal, making service users and practitioners alike increasingly accountable to a counterintuitive fiscal endeavour.
Learning From Simulation Design to Develop Better Experiential Learning Initiatives
Authors: Canhoto Ana Isabel , Murphy Jamie
Published: April 2016

Simulations offer engaging learning experiences, via the provision of feedback or the opportunities for experimentation. However, they lack important attributes valued by marketing educators and employers. This article proposes a “back to basics” look at what constitutes an effective experiential learning initiative. Drawing on the education literature, the article presents a set of propositions for the development of initiatives that deliver deep learning, promote engagement, and develop digital marketing and soft skills. The article notes the attributes of simulations that deliver effective experiential learning, but also where other formats may be superior to simulations, and advocates for an integrative approach. The article illustrates the application of these propositions, and integrative approach, to the development of a highly successful experiential learning initiative, the Google Online Marketing Challenge. The article concludes with the following recommendations for marketing educators engaged in experiential learning: students need to plan, execute, and assess their actions, which requires the provision of feedback mechanisms as part of the experience; the experience should be gamified to increase engagement; developers need to provide guidance and support, to both students and educators, to reduce extraneous cognitive load; the initiative needs to develop digital marketing literacy, as well as soft skills.
Rhythms, ageing and neighbourhoods
Authors: Lager Debbie , Van Hoven Bettina , Huigen Paulus PP
Published: April 2016

To demonstrate the potential of time in understanding older adults’ experiences of place, this paper draws attention to the everyday temporal dimensions of ageing in urban neighbourhoods. In this qualitative research, we utilise Lefebvre’s Rhythmanalysis to illustrate how the rhythmic orderings of people and place come into being and inform their experiences. Rhythmanalysis proved to be a useful tool in eliciting how the social construction of ageing in social policy, with its focus on activity and work, becomes embodied in older adults’ everyday lives in terms of how they value their own rhythms. The findings reveal how the contrasting daily rhythms of the older respondents and younger residents emphasise the slowness of the rhythms of later life. To counteract the negative connotations of these slowed rhythms, respondents sought temporal anchors that would enable them to experience daily life in their neighbourhood as eventful. That the rhythms of older and younger residents were not synchronised in time and space resulted in experiencing a ‘generational divide’ that emphasised respondents’ stasis in the neighbourhood. Our findings suggest that the everyday rhythms linked to urban ageing can evoke a sense of ‘otherness’ within a neighbourhood. In the future, a challenge for societies will be to prevent neighbourhoods from becoming ensembles in which older adults feel ‘out of sync’ and out of place.
Effects of Prophylactic Knee Bracing on Lower Limb Kinematics, Kinetics, and Energetics During Double-Leg Drop Landing at 2 Heights
Authors: Ewing Katie A. , Begg Rezaul K. , Galea Mary P. , Lee Peter V.S.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occur during landing maneuvers. Prophylactic knee braces were introduced to reduce the risk of ACL injuries, but their effectiveness is debated.

Hypotheses:

We hypothesized that bracing would improve biomechanical factors previously related to the risk of ACL injuries, such as increased hip and knee flexion angles at initial contact and at peak vertical ground-reaction force (GRF), increased ankle plantar flexion angles at initial contact, decreased peak GRFs, and decreased peak knee extension moment. We also hypothesized that bracing would increase the negative power and work of the hip joint and would decrease the negative power and work of the knee and ankle joints.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Three-dimensional motion and force plate data were collected from 8 female and 7 male recreational athletes performing double-leg drop landings from 0.30 m and 0.60 m with and without a prophylactic knee brace. GRFs, joint angles, moments, power, and work were calculated for each athlete with and without a knee brace.

Results:

Prophylactic knee bracing increased the hip flexion angle at peak GRF by 5.56° ( P < .001), knee flexion angle at peak GRF by 4.75° ( P = .001), and peak hip extension moment by 0.44 N·m/kg ( P < .001). Bracing also increased the peak hip negative power by 4.89 W/kg ( P = .002) and hip negative work by 0.14 J/kg ( P = .001) but did not result in significant differences in the energetics of the knee and ankle. No differences in peak GRFs and peak knee extension moment were observed with bracing.

Conclusion:

The application of a prophylactic knee brace resulted in improvements in important biomechanical factors associated with the risk of ACL injuries.

Clinical Relevance:

Prophylactic knee braces may help reduce the risk of noncontact knee injuries in recreational and professional athletes while playing sports. Further studies should investigate different types of prophylactic knee braces in conjunction with existing training interventions so that the sports medicine community can better assess the effectiveness of prophylactic knee bracing.
Preservice Teachers’ Introduction to Computing
Authors: Cetin Ibrahim
Published: April 2016

Computational thinking has been gaining new impetus in the academic community and in K-12 level education. Scratch is a visual programming environment that can be utilized to teach and learn introductory computing concepts. There are some studies investigating the effectiveness of Scratch for K-12 level education. However, studies that have been conducted at the collegiate level, especially in the context of preservice computing teacher education, are very rare. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Scratch-based instruction on preservice teachers’ understanding of basic programming concepts and their attitudes toward programming. In the present study, a mixed method design was utilized. In the first phase of the study, the data were collected using an achievement test, a practice test, and a computer programming attitude scale. In the second phase of the study, data were collected through a semistructured interview. The results of the study indicated that preservice teachers in Scratch-based instruction had significantly better understanding of basic computing concepts. Qualitative data indicated that Scratch-based instruction was useful in constructing a more meaningful learning environment for preservice teachers. The results of this study have implications for researchers and preservice computing teacher educators when designing an introductory computing course.
The Association Between Clusterin and APOE Polymorphisms and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease in a Turkish Cohort
Authors: Alaylıoğlu Merve , Gezen-Ak Duygu , Dursun Erdinç , Bilgiç Başar , Hanağası Haşmet , Ertan Turan , Gürvit Hakan , Emre Murat , Eker Engin , Uysal Ömer , Yılmazer Selma
Published: April 2016

Previous studies have demonstrated that clusterin ( CLU), which is also known as apolipoprotein J, is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the association between rs2279590, rs11136000, and rs9331888 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CLU and apolipoprotein E ( APOE) genotypes in a cohort of Turkish patients with late-onset AD (LOAD). There were 183 patients with LOAD and 154 healthy controls included in the study. The CLU and APOE polymorphisms were genotyped using the LightSNiP assay. The “GG” genotype of rs9331888 was significantly more frequent in patients with LOAD. The “CC” genotype of the SNP was significantly more frequent in controls. The rs9331888 “GG” genotype in patients and the “CC” genotype in controls were significantly higher in non-∊4 allele carriers of APOE. The haplotype analysis showed the CLU “GCG” haplotype was a risk haplotype. Our findings indicate the rs9331888 SNP of CLU is associated with LOAD independent of APOE.
Are Vancomycin Trough Concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L Associated With Increased Attainment of an AUC/MIC ≥ 400 in Patients With Presumed MRSA Infection?
Authors: Hale Cory M. , Seabury Robert W. , Steele Jeffrey M. , Darko William , Miller Christopher D.
Published: April 2016

Purpose:

To determine whether there is an association between higher vancomycin trough concentrations and attainment of a calculated area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥400.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted among vancomycin-treated adult patients with a positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culture. Attainment of a calculated AUC/MIC ≥400 was compared between patients with troughs in the reference range of 15 to 20 mg/L and those with troughs in the following ranges: <10, 10 to 14.9, and >20 mg/L. Nephrotoxicity was assessed as a secondary outcome based on corrected average vancomycin troughs over 10 days of treatment.

Results:

Overall, 226 patients were reviewed and 100 included. Relative to troughs ≥10, patients with vancomycin troughs <10 mg/L were 73% less likely to attain an AUC/MIC ≥400 (odds ratio [OR] 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.75). No difference was found in the attainment of an AUC/MIC ≥400 in patients with troughs of 10 to 14.9 mg/L and >20 mg/L when compared to patients with troughs of 15 to 20 mg/L. The mean corrected average vancomycin trough was higher in patients developing nephrotoxicity compared to those who did not (19.5 vs 14.5 mg/L, P < .001).

Conclusion:

Achieving vancomycin serum trough concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L did not result in an increased attainment of the AUC/MIC target relative to troughs of 10 to 14.9 mg/L but may increase nephrotoxicity risk.
Highly soluble phenylethynyl-endcapped imide oligomers derived from thioetherdiphthalic anhydride isomers
Authors: Sun Lu , Wang Wei , Chen Guofei , Fang Xingzhong
Published: April 2016

Novel imide oligomers (calculated molecular weights: 1250–5000 g mol−1) based on the mixture of thioetherdiphthalic anhydride isomers ( m-TDPA) with 2-phenyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether ( p-ODA) in the presence of 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride (PEPA) as reactive endcapping agent were prepared. Then pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was introduced to the polymerization of m-TDPA/ p-ODA (mole m-TDPA:molePMDA = 1:1). The effect of molecular weights and polymer chemical structures of the aromatic oligomers on their processability and solubility as well as the thermal and mechanical properties of the thermal-cured polyimides (PIs) was systematically investigated. All the oligomers showed good solubility (more than 30 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and very low melt viscosities. The minimum melt viscosities of Oligo-5 was 61.5 Pa s at 321°C. The melt viscosity of the oligomers increased with the increase of molecular weight. After thermally curing at 370°C for 1 h, the thermoset PIs exhibited good thermal properties. The glass transition temperatures of oligomers measured by differential scanning calorimetry were in the range of 264–337°C, and the temperature of 5% weight loss was higher than 505°C. The cured films also demonstrated good mechanical properties with tensile strength and modulus greater than 52 MPa and 2.9 GPa, respectively.
Optimal flank wear in turning of Inconel 625 super-alloy using ceramic tool
Authors: Jahanbakhsh M , Akhavan Farid A , Lotfi Mohammad
Published: April 2016

Rapid tool wear is one of the major machinability aspects of nickel-based super alloys. In this article, the effect of cutting parameters on material removal rate and tool wear of a whisker ceramic insert in turning of Inconel 625 was examined. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were applied to measure and study tool wear mechanism. Response surface method was used to develop a mathematical model which confirmed by experimental tests. The statistical analysis done by analysis of variance showed that depth of cut is the most effective factor on the tool wear. Experiments showed that increment of feed rate had an insignificant effect on the progress of flank wear, and it is an important controlling factor when material removal rate is considered as a desired output. Finally, optimized cutting condition is presented in this work.
Design of an improved surgical instrument for the removal of bladder tumours
Authors: Barnes Spencer C , Shepherd Duncan ET , Espino Daniel M , Bryan Rik T , Viney Richard , Patel Prashant
Published: April 2016

The aim of this work was to design an add-on instrument that could potentially decrease the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The current surgical approach permits spilled tumour cells to disseminate within the bladder, re-implant and cause tumour recurrence. An add-on instrument has been designed in the form of an opening cone intended to provide space for surgery and yet reduce tumour cell spillage and dissemination. A prototype was manufactured using the shape memory metal Nitinol which was activated using an electrical current to facilitate opening and supplemented with latex to provide a sealed environment. The prototype was tested in comparable surgical conditions utilising porcine bladder wall and blue dye to simulate tumour cells. It was demonstrated that the vast majority of dye was retained within the device, supporting the proposed aim.
A composite indicator for short-term diffusion forecasts of renewable energy technologies – the case of Germany
Authors: Boie Inga , Ragwitz Mario , Held Anne
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates the impact of energy policy and the regulatory environment on the deployment of technologies based on renewable energy sources in Germany and presents a model to forecast future renewable energy technology diffusion. Our concept is based on the development of a composite indicator for renewable energy diffusion with a focus on wind energy (onshore) and photovoltaic. The approach has three major components: in-depth, semi-structured interviews with renewable energy developers and energy sector stakeholders to identify the major drivers and barriers (determinants) for renewable energy diffusion in the case study country; an EU-wide, questionnaire-based survey to understand the relevance (weights) of the individual determinants; and an analysis of past renewable energy diffusion patterns resulting in the deduction of a model for short-term renewable energy technology diffusion forecasts. Results demonstrate the substantial impact of economic and non-economic framework conditions on the diffusion of photovoltaic and wind energy in Germany. Furthermore, the use of composite indicators for renewable energy technology diffusion analyses proves to be a promising approach.
Organizational Trust and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
Authors: Singh Upasana , Srivastava Kailash B.L.
Published: April 2016

The present study has explored the relationship between certain organizational-level factors, such as perceived organizational support (POS), procedural justice (PJ) and communication, as determinants of organizational trust (OT) and their impact on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The data were collected from 303 respondents from top, middle and lower managerial levels, belonging to various companies in manufacturing and services sector. Standard scales were used to assess OT and its antecedent and consequent factors. The results showed that antecedent variables did help in enhancing the level of OT. The presence of OT is positively associated with all the dimensions of OCB revealed by the members of the organization. Organizational trust also partially mediated the relationship between the organizational-level factors and OCB. In view of these results, it was suggested that organizations should facilitate the process leading to trust in management, so that employees are better engaged in extra-role behaviour resulting in increased individual and organizational effectiveness.
Delusional infestation: the case for improved mental state testing
Authors: O’Connell Jessica E , Jackson Henry J
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

Delusional infestation may present as a primary disorder or secondary to another disorder (e.g. schizophrenia). In this report we focus on the issue of inadequacies in mental state examinations leading to diagnostic uncertainty.

Methods:

Case studies were identified for this review through searching the academic databases MedLine, PSYCInfo and PubMed. We developed a template that contained 36 headings and independently examined each case study report. Our percentage agreement for the first 42 case studies we reviewed was 91%.

Results:

We identified diagnostic uncertainty due to inadequacies in the reporting of mental state examinations.

Conclusions:

Clinicians need to provide mental state information to an adequate standard that would allow confirmation of a diagnosis of delusions of infestation or exclude other possibilities.
Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) reveals associations with herpesviral infection
Authors: Shilton Catherine M. , Jerrett Ian V. , Davis Steven , Walsh Susan , Benedict Suresh , Isberg Sally R. , Webb Grahame J. W. , Manolis Charlie , Hyndman Timothy H. , Phalen David , Brown Gregory P. , Melville Lorna
Published: April 2016

Since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. We describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories between 2005 and 2014. The first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and/or pharyngitis (CP), primarily in hatchlings. Herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected by PCR directly from conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue, in 21 of 39 cases of CP (54%), compared with 9 of 64 crocodiles without the syndrome (14%, p < 0.0001). Chlamydiaceae were detected by PCR in conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue of 55% of 29 CP cases tested, and of these, 81% also contained herpesvirus. The second syndrome occurred in juveniles and growers exhibiting poor growth, and was characterized histologically by systemic lymphoid proliferation and nonsuppurative encephalitis (SLPE). Herpesviruses were isolated or detected by PCR from at least 1 internal organ in 31 of 33 SLPE cases (94%) compared with 5 of 95 crocodiles without the syndrome (5%, p < 0.0001). The third syndrome, characterized by multifocal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis (LNS), occurred in 6 harvest-sized crocodiles. Herpesviruses were isolated from at least 1 skin lesion in 4 of these 6 cases. Although our study revealed strong associations between herpesvirus and the CP and SLPE syndromes, the precise nature of the role of herpesvirus, along with the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the syndromes, requires further investigation.
Cysticercus fasciolaris infection in wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Korea and formation of cysts by remodeling of collagen fibers
Authors: Lee Byung-Woo , Jeon Byung-Suk , Kim Hak-Soo , Kim Hyeon-Cheol , Yoon Byung-Il
Published: April 2016

Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis, is commonly encountered in rodents. In our study, 287 wild rats ( Rattus norvegicus) in South Korea were examined in 2010 and 2011. Of 287 rats, 97 (33.8%) were infected with C. fasciolaris. A strong positive correlation was found between the host body weight and prevalence in both sexes, regardless of the year of collection. The liver was the most common habitat of the parasite, and the lung was the most frequent ectopic region, followed by mesentery, pleura, abdominal wall, and kidney. The lesions of the affected organs were generally characterized by well-developed cysts, each containing a larva. However, the cysts within kidney and abdominal wall were poorly organized, filled with abscess, and lacked larvae. Collagen types I and III, but not type IV, played significant roles in constructing the cysts at differential stages, addressed by immunohistochemistry. During cyst wall development, both collagen types contributed equally to cyst formation at the early stage, whereas collagen type I was the major component at the late stage ( p < 0.05). In early-stage cysts, distribution of collagens was interestingly differential depending on the development stage, as collagen type I was localized in the outer layer and type III was located in the inner layer. Our results suggest that an appropriate remodeling process of collagen fibers is necessary for C. fasciolaris to build the well-conditioned cysts in the target organs for survival.
Toward a More Just Approach to Poverty Simulations
Authors: Browne Laurie P. , Roll Susan
Published: April 2016

Poverty simulations are a promising approach to engaging college students in learning about poverty because they provide direct experience with this critical social issue. Much of the extant scholarship on simulations describe them as experiential learning; however, it appears that educators do not examine biases, assumptions, and traditions of power inherent in some traditional approaches. This is particularly problematic with poverty simulations because they are tools designed to specifically address systems of inequality and oppression. This case study describes an attempt to implement a poverty simulation and measure its longitudinal effectiveness and uses findings from this study to examine poverty simulations as contexts for experiential learning. It is argued that, when implemented without critical consideration, simulations might actually perpetuate inequality rather than empower students to address poverty through civic action.
Perceptions of Individual and Family Functioning Among Deployed Female National Guard Members
Authors: Kelly Patricia J. , Cheng An-Lin , Berkel LaVerne A. , Nilsson Johanna
Published: April 2016

Females currently make up 15% of U.S. military service members. Minimal attention has been paid to families of female National Guard members who have been deployed and their subsequent reintegration challenges. This cross-sectional Internet-based survey of female members of four National Guard units compared those who were and were not deployed. Instruments, guided by the variables of the Family Resilience Model, measured individual, family, and deployment-related factors. Bivariate analysis and ordinal logistic regression were done to assess differences between the groups. Of the 239 National Guard members surveyed, deployed women ( n = 164) had significantly higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; p < .001) and lower coping skills ( p = .003) than non-deployed women ( n = 75). Perceptions of overall family functioning were higher among deployed when compared with never deployed women. Results indicate community interventions that focus on strengthening coping skills of female Guard members would be useful for this population.
No Quick Fixes
Authors: Rodgers Melissa A. , Grisso Jeane Ann , Crits-Christoph Paul , Rhodes Karin V.
Published: April 2016

Community health workers (CHWs) provide peer support in diverse health care settings, but few studies have evaluated CHW interventions for intimate partner violence (IPV). We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of CHW outreach in four urban community health clinics and characterized the experiences and barriers to providing safe and effective services for women experiencing IPV. CHWs successfully enrolled and engaged IPV victims, who indicated satisfaction and increased safety with program participation. However, complex psychosocial barriers prevented many from achieving safety and security. More work is needed to assess the impact of well-integrated IPV-trained CHWs in primary care medical homes.
Music-based iPad app preferences of young children
Authors: Burton Suzanne L. , Pearsall Aimee
Published: April 2016

Music-based technology is frequently included in early childhood classrooms as an attempt to incorporate music education in the curriculum. However, there is a lack of research that addresses the educational benefits of music-based tablet applications (apps) for young children. Researchers in this study explored the preferences of 4-year-old children ( N = 16) for music-based apps in a preschool setting. They found that children preferred those apps that had a high frequency of visual stimulation, were easy to navigate, and/or had familiar music. Although children in the study engaged in social interaction, there was a lack of outward musical behavior. It is anticipated that a knowledge of children’s preferences for music apps will assist with the provision of developmentally appropriate and interactive music-based technology for young children. Additionally, understanding the qualities of music apps that are most likely to promote musical responses (such as singing, rhythmically chanting, moving, or combinations thereof) may help developers create music-based technology that will provide the maximum educational benefits for young children.
Power and group work in physical education
Authors: Barker Dean , Quennerstedt Mikael
Published: April 2016

Group work is used in physical education (PE) to encourage student-directed, collaborative learning. Aligned with this aim, group work is expected to shift some power from teacher to students and enable students to make decisions and co-construct meaning on their own. There are, however, very few investigations focusing on power in group work situations in PE, with most research focusing on learning and content. Assumptions about the nature of power and its mechanisms have been largely implicit. The purpose of this paper was consequently to explore power relations in PE group work. To do this, we have drawn primarily on observational data of three groups working together to choreograph a dance performance in a Swedish PE lesson. A small amount of pre- and post-lesson interview material is used as a complementary data source. Michel Foucault’s notion of power as action-on-action is used to identify different types of power relations in this group work. Four specific kinds of relations are presented concerning: (1) the students’ task; (2) other cultures; (3) gender; and (4) interactions with one another. These relations suggest that power relations are not simply created locally between group members, nor are power relations only a function of the members’ proficiency in the task. In these respects, the results encourage a reconsideration of learning in group work and open up new avenues for further research. The paper is concluded with practical considerations that relate to common assumptions about student power, teacher authority and the potential benefit of ambiguous tasks in group work.
How to structure group work? Conditions of efficacy and methodological considerations in physical education
Authors: Lafont Lucile , Rivière Camille , Darnis Florence , Legrain Pascal
Published: April 2016

This article is grounded in social constructivist perspectives of learning: its purpose is to provide an overview of the ‘ Interactions Sociales et Acquisition’ (ISA) [Social Interactions and Acquisition] French group’s research that examines how a peer-assisted learning (PAL) group context facilitates students’ acquisition of motor and social skills in physical education (PE). Issues addressed include the pairing of students in dyads and how training them to endorse tutor and tutee roles facilitates students to work in small groups. The effects of peer interaction on social relations and the inclusion of students with special needs are also overviewed. Findings regarding the influence of student interactions on learning were derived using a variety of data collection methodologies, including quantitative data used to test the effectiveness of various interactive procedures and qualitative analyses of verbal protocols to better understand the interactive dynamics involved in such learning devices. The ISA work highlights the complementary value of both of these methodological approaches for studying group work effects. ISA findings suggest that PE teachers prepare students for functional interaction group work by taking into consideration the students’ characteristics (like gender or desire for control) in the constitution of dyads and then effectively training the tutors to deliver the expected content. Cooperative learning (CL) contexts also provided a viable alternative for facilitating the inclusion of students with disabilities or those with lower initial skill levels.
Productive disciplinary engagement within didactical transactions
Authors: Amade-Escot Chantal , Bennour Nabila
Published: April 2016

This paper relates to students’ productive disciplinary engagement (PDE) within the teaching of gymnastics in Tunisia. Students’ engagement is investigated from the pragmatist and social-interactionist perspective of the didactic joint action framework in conjunction with productive disciplinary engagement. Data were collected through ethnographic observations using video recordings and teacher interviews during a 12th grade gymnastics unit conducted by a female teacher in a senior high school. Analyses of students’ actions were carried out during significant episodes when they worked without the direct presence of the teacher. The study draws attention to how breaches of the didactic contract initiated by students promote knowledge content development and how students contribute to the situated didactic process. The analyses of students’ contrasted cases (two high-skilled, two low-skilled students) highlight how students actively participate in shaping their learning. The discussion points out some generic patterns that keep students engaged in a PDE. The paper is concluded with a consideration of the utility of the two theoretical frameworks for understanding student learning in physical education lessons.
From Barbie to the oligarch’s wife: Reading fantasy femininity and globalisation in post-Soviet Russian women’s magazines
Authors: Porteous Holly
Published: April 2016

This article demonstrates how an analysis of fantasy femininity sheds light on how norms of gender, class and national identity reflect global and local cross-cultural currents in post-Soviet Russia. Drawing on a discourse analysis of women’s magazines and in-depth interviews with readers, it shows how, in the globalised post-Soviet cultural landscape, fantasy femininity represents both change and continuity. Feminine archetypes in women’s magazines, from fairytale princesses to Barbie dolls, reflect a wider post-Soviet cultural hybridisation and are an example of how Western women’s magazines have adapted to the Russian context. Furthermore, the article highlights readers’ ambiguous attitudes towards post-Soviet cultural trends linked to perceived Westernisation or globalisation, such as individualism, conspicuous consumption and glamour.
Clay-shoveler’s fracture: A snapshot
Authors: Toman E , Beaven A , Harland S , Porter K
Published: April 2016

The clay-shoveler’s fracture is a stable oblique fracture through the spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra, classically C6 or C7. Diagnosed on plain radiograph, computed tomography and occasionally magnetic resonance imaging, the injury is most commonly seen in road traffic collisions in the modern-day. A stable injury, the clay-shoveler’s fracture is managed non-operatively and requires symptomatic treatment only. This short article examines the history surrounding the injury and provides a comprehensive overview of the clay-shoveler’s fracture for the non-spinal surgeon.
Theoretical investigation on wave propagation in embedded DWBNNT conveying ferrofluid via stress and strain–inertia gradient elasticity
Authors: Ghorbanpour Arani A , Jalilvand A , Haghparast E
Published: April 2016

In the present study, wave propagation characteristics of double-walled boron nitride nanotubes (DWBNNTs) conveying ferrofluid is investigated. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanofluid is selected as a conveying fluid which reacted in presence of magnetic field. Shear effects of surrounded medium are taken into account using Pasternak model. Stress and strain–inertia gradient elasticity theories are used due to their capability to interpret size effect. Based on Hamilton’s principle and employing Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko and Reddy beam models, wave equations of motion in double-walled boron nitride nanotubes are derived and solved by harmonic solution. Regarding the various types of flow regimes in fluid–structure interaction, the upstream and downstream phase velocities of double-walled boron nitride nanotubes conveying ferrofluid are calculated. A detailed parametric study is conducted to clarify the influences of the beam models, size effect theories, magnetic field, surrounding elastic medium and fluid velocity on the wave propagation of double-walled boron nitride nanotubes conveying ferrofluid. The results indicated that in lower wave numbers, the effect of flowing fluid and the difference between the upstream and downstream phase velocities were considerable. The results of this work can be used in design and manufacturing of nanopipes and nanovalves conveying fluid flow to avoid water hammer phenomenon.
The effects of exercise modality and intensity on energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory response in adults with obesity and treated obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Evans Rachael A. , Dolmage Thomas E. , Robles Priscila G. , Brooks Dina , Goldstein Roger S.
Published: April 2016

To inform recommendations for the exercise component of a healthy lifestyle intervention for adults with obesity and treated obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), we investigated the total energy expenditure (EE) and cardiorespiratory response to weight-supported (cycling) and unsupported (walking) exercise. Individuals with treated OSA and a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer and a treadmill to determine the peak oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. Participants subsequently completed two endurance tests on each modality, matched at 80% and 60% of the highest [Formula: see text] determined by the incremental tests, to intolerance. The cardiorespiratory response was measured and total EE was estimated from the [Formula: see text]. Sixteen participants completed all six tests: mean [SD] age 57 [13] years and median [IQ range] BMI 33.3 [30.8–35.3] kg/m2. Total EE during treadmill walking was greater than cycling at both high (158 [101] vs. 29 [15] kcal; p < 0.001) and moderate (178 [100] vs. 85 [59] kcal; p = 0.002) intensities, respectively, with similar cardiorespiratory responses and pattern of EE during rest, exercise and recovery. Contrary to current guidelines, walking might be the preferred training modality to achieve the combination of weight loss and increased cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with obesity and treated OSA.
Women Leaders in China
Authors: Wang Jia , Shirmohammadi Melika
Published: April 2016

The Problem

Leadership research has received extensive attention; however, leadership research that focuses on women is still not part of the mainstream. Furthermore, our current knowledge about leadership is primarily built upon studies situated in the Western context. As a result, while we know much about leadership in general, our understanding of women leadership in a non-Western setting, specifically in China, is still limited.

The Solution

This scoping study was conducted to provide a holistic and balanced picture of women leadership progress in China through a literature review. By focusing on women leaders in China, we intend to extend our current understanding of the leadership phenomenon beyond the Western context and the mainstream research foci.

The Stakeholders

Developing women leaders is a collaborative effort, requiring multiple stakeholders. For China, findings from this research will benefit national policymakers, organizational leaders, human resource development practitioners, and women leaders. It will also inform Western organizations and managers who will interact with women leaders in China, as well as all scholars who pursue this line of inquiry.
Restless Legs Syndrome Following Lung Transplantation
Authors: Menninga Nathan J. , Rohde Kalynn A. , Schlei Zachary W. , Katers Krista M. , Weber Ashley K. , Brokhof Marissa M. , Hawes Donald S. , Radford Kelly L. , Francois Mary L. , Cornwell Richard D. , Benca Ruth , Hayney Mary S. , Dopp John M.
Published: April 2016

Context:

Complications following lung transplantation are common and significantly reduce quality of life, and increase morbidity and mortality. Increasing evidence suggests sleep disorders are prevalent following lung transplantation, but factors associated with their development are not known.

Objectives:

We sought to evaluate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a lung transplant population and determine if a relationship exists between RLS and exposure to immunosuppressant medications.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

Subjects were recruited through the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics Lung Transplant Clinic (N = 125). Participants (N = 81) completed sleep questionnaires, including the four RLS diagnostic criteria, insomnia severity index, and Sheehan disability scale. Cumulative tacrolimus exposure was determined in 62 subjects by calculating an area under the curve (AUC) to assess for a relationship with restless legs syndrome.

Results:

Prevalence of RLS was 35 percent. Cumulative mean ± SEM tacrolimus exposure was similar in patients with RLS versus those without RLS (17446±1855 ng days/mL vs. 15303 ± 1643 ng days/mL, respectively; p = 0.42). Insomnia severity index scores (12.5 ± 1.0 vs 6.8 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001) and Sheehan disability scores (7.8 ± 1.3 vs 3.6 ± 0.6, p = 0.003) were significantly higher in those with vs those without RLS symptoms, respectively.

Conclusions:

Our data confirms increased prevalence of RLS following lung transplantation reported by previous studies. RLS symptoms were not related to estimated tacrolimus exposure. Predictors of RLS following lung transplantation need to be further investigated to better identify and control RLS symptoms and reduce associated insomnia and disability.
Comprehensive Treatment
Authors: Neer Sandra M. , Trachik Benjamin , Munyan Benson G. , Beidel Deborah C.
Published: April 2016

This clinical case describes the assessment and treatment of Roger, a 31-year-old veteran who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition to combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Roger presented with a conversion disorder (globus pharyngeus) and avoidance of consuming solid food without also consuming alcohol. A multicomponent treatment program for PTSD, trauma management therapy (TMT), was provided 5 times per week over a 3-week period. TMT included daily-exposure therapy (EXP) as well as daily social and emotion regulation (SER) group therapy to target anger, social withdrawal, and depression. In addition to TMT, exposure to food consumption in the absence of alcohol was provided in the final week. PTSD symptoms were assessed via semi-structured interview and self-report measures, while food intake was assessed via behavioral observation. PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) decreased from 63 at pre-treatment to 17 at post-treatment, indicating that Roger no longer met criteria for PTSD. Exposure to food intake was equally successful with Roger consuming full meals (e.g., hamburger and french fries) without consuming alcohol. This case study exemplifies the successful use of intensive exposure therapy to target comorbid anxiety-based disorders in a short period.