bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of mobile technologies on new graduate nurses’ perceived self-efficacy and clinical decision making: A report from a longitudinal study in Western Canada
Authors: Sedgwick Monique , Awosoga Olu , Grigg Lance
Published: November 2017

Healthcare environments require practitioners to competently and independently collect pertinent data, select appropriate key resources, prioritize information, solve problems, and make sound clinical decisions. The steady increase of health-related information implies a need for useful, practical Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools that easily provide nurses’ access to accurate evidence-based information. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of using mobile technologies at the point of care on new graduates’ perceived clinical decision making ability and associated level of self-efficacy over time. A longitudinal quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was used. A trend in the findings of this small study suggests that over time, using mobile technologies at the point of care did not enhance the participants’ perceived clinical decision making ability or self-efficacy in clinical decision making. Notwithstanding, the use of mobile technologies in the practice setting is wide spread. It, however, may be that the transition from student to graduate nurse is a significant enough event that seriously limits the useful influence of mobile devices and their associated applications on clinical decision making ability and self-efficacy.
Microbial Purification in Well-Water Using UV-Vis LEDs and Monitoring Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Authors: Sackey Samuel Sonko , Sefa-Ntiri Baah , Mensah-Amoah Patrick , Ntow Jonathan , Vowotor Michael Kwame , Huzortey Andrew , Akyea Angela
Published: November 2017

Well-water contaminated by microbial bacteria has been purified using LEDs radiating in the ultra-violet and visible spectral regions. The contaminated water sample was exposed to the LEDs in specially constructed chambers and the purification process carried on for 3 days. The efficiency of the process was determined using a 445 nm diode laser to induce fluorescence (LIF) and the monitoring of coliform bacteria count (Total coliform, Fecal coliform and Escherichia coli) as well as Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB). The LIF peak fluorescence intensities at 526 nm (Raman water peak) and dissolved organic matter fluorescence intensity at 550 nm were determined. Using the fluorescence intensity of purified drinking water as reference, a fluorescence intensity ratio was calculated. A decrease in this ratio with time, at the two wavelengths indicated a proof of purification. Using the values of the slopes, the red and green LEDs proved most efficient while the UV was the least. From the counts of coliform bacteria and THB, the light sources registered zero after the first day of purification, but counts were recorded thereafter for some of the bacterial for some light sources. This may be attributable to bio-films formation on internal surfaces of the purification chamber due to excessive temperatures. A reduction in fluorescence intensity observed in the sample stored in dark environment could be attributed to the stationary and logarithmic-decline phases of the growth curve of bacterial population. This purification technique is inexpensive and can easily be adapted for domestic water purification for reducing waterborne bacteria.
Evaluation of the BDNF, NGF, NT3 and NT4 Genes Expressions in the Brains of Neonatal Mice with Hypothyroidism
Authors: Adeli Bhroz Hamid Reza , Parivar Kazem , Amiri Iraj , Roodbari Nasim Hayati
Published: November 2017

Background and Aim: Thyroid is one of the endocrine glands, (T3 and T4) play a significant role in the development of prenatal brain and the following stages. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on the amount of expression of NT4, NT3, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain of one-day rat neonates with hypothyroidism.Materials and Methods: In total, 25 mature mice of Albino NMRI race were selected after mating, divided into three group, control, as well as low-dose and high-dose intervention groups. Samples of the control group received pure water during pregnancy, whereas subjects of the intervention group with low and high doses of the medication were administered with 20 mg and 100 mg methimazole powder (dissolved in 100 cc water), respectively. After child delivery, blood samples were obtained from mother mice to determine the level of T3 and T4 in blood serum. Following that, the brain of one-day mice were removed by surgery and assessed to determine the amount of expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF using the complete kit of RT-PCR.Results: Levels of T4 and T3 in the control group were 28 ug/dl and 1.59 ug/dl, respectively. In the low-dose intervention group, the amounts of the mentioned hormones were 8 ug/dl and 0.85 ug/dl, significantly, indicating a significant reduction in the expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF genes, compared to the control group. Moreover, T4 and T3 were 6 ug/dl and 0.79 ug/dl in the high-dose group, respectively, conveying a significant decrease in the expression of NT4, NT3, NGF and BDNF genes, compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Inleiding: beter zicht op de Nederlandse lokale democratie
Authors: van der Kolk Henk
Published: November 2017

Introduction: a better view of Dutch local democracy

Tom van der Meer (University of Amsterdam) and Henk van der Kolk (University of Twente) are the guest editors of this special issue on local electoral research in the Netherlands. In the introduction Henk van der Kolk describes the background of the first Local Electoral Research (LKO) performed in the Netherlands in 2016. Weighted data were used from the representative LISS-panel existing of 5000 households from all over the Netherlands. The LKO could become an instrument to obtain an integral view of the state of the local democracy from the perspective of the citizen. The articles in this special issue show on the basis of the LKO data to what extent the two divergent views of local democracy correspond with the facts. The first view is that of a local democracy standing close to its citizens, the other view is that of a local government as a derivative of national government.
Uitdagingen voor bestuur en politiek op gemeenteniveau: het burgerperspectief
Authors: van der Waal Jeroen , Broekema Babs , Steenvoorden Eefje
Published: November 2017

Challenges for administration and politics at the municipal level: the citizen perspective

For the legitimacy and ability of governments it is crucial to have insight in the worries of citizens about society and politics. In the Netherlands these worries are at the national level systematically mapped by the Dutch Social and Cultural Planning Agency (SCP) through their Continuous Research Citizen Perspectives (COB) for almost ten years now. At the local level there is a lack of information about what worries citizens. Insight in locally experienced problems will probably become even more important in the coming years because of the recent decentralizations of national governmental tasks to the municipalities. This article investigates which problems citizens perceive in their municipalities based on an analysis of data from the Local Electoral Research (LKO). The authors find a number of striking differences with the problems that are perceived at the national level in the same period. The municipal issues citizens mention offer opportunities, but they also point to the limited impact force of the municipal level of government. All in all the research findings are indicative of a substantial added value of the LKO with respect to the already longer running COB.
Simulação de Monte Carlo para construção de gráficos de controle no processo de carregamento de etanol no setor sucroalcooleiro
Authors: Silva Priscila Cristina , Sassi Renato José
Published: November 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a simulação de Monte Carlo para construção de gráficos de controle no processo de carregamento de etanol de uma empresa do setor sucroalcooleiro. O estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando simulação de Monte Carlo atrelada à distribuição triangular, e o resultado usado na definição dos limites superiores e inferiores dos gráficos de controle construídos de modo a identificar falhas no processo de carregamento de etanol. O experimento foi conduzido com informações de uma empresa de etanol situada no noroeste paulista, que forneceu parte de sua base de dados com os tempos de espera dos caminhões em cada etapa do processo de carregamento com destino às distribuidoras localizadas em cidades distintas. Concluiu-se que a metodologia aplicada foi satisfatória na análise das cidades atípicas, permitindo visualização prática e precisa para identificar falhas ou atrasos no processo e, consequentemente, reduzir a dispersão do tempo de carregamento de etanol entre as distribuidoras.
Procedimento de registro dos parâmetros intervenientes na logística reversa em uma farmácia hospitalar
Authors: Dos Reis Camila Candida Compagnoni , Moro Matheus Fernando , Flores Sandrine De Almeida , Yui Kao Pei , Weise Andreas Dittmar
Published: November 2017

Os estabelecimentos assistenciais à Saúde são de extrema relevância para a economia nacional e para a qualidade de vida da população. Considerando-se a alta demanda de recursos e o baixo investimento no setor da saúde, este se apresenta altamente atrativo aos estudos de melhorias de operações, pois há registros de elevados índices de desperdício, acarretando aumento dos custos operacionais. Nesta pesquisa, aplicada em uma unidade hospitalar situada na Região Oeste do Paraná, Brasil, visa-se identificar o que motiva o retorno dos medicamentos na farmácia hospitalar, sistematizando um procedimento para registro dos parâmetros de devolução desses medicamentos. Verificou-se que o hospital apresenta um processo de logística padronizado, contudo, não implantado em todos os seus setores. Observou-se que o principal motivo de devolução de medicamentos para os dois blocos em estudo foi “A critério médico/Se necessário”. Sendo necessária a mensuração e identificação dos motivos de devoluções em fluxo contínuo, para a melhora do processo logístico interno do hospital.
A unified approach to model peripheral nerves across different animal species
Authors: Giannessi Elisabetta , Stornelli Maria Rita , Sergi Pier Nicola
Published: November 2017

Peripheral nerves are extremely complex biological structures. The knowledge of their response to stretch is crucial to better understand physiological and pathological states (e.g., due to overstretch). Since their mechanical response is deterministically related to the nature of the external stimuli, theoretical and computational tools were used to investigate their behaviour. In this work, a Yeoh-like polynomial strain energy function was used to reproduce the response ofin vitroporcine nerve. Moreover, this approach was applied to different nervous structures coming from different animal species (rabbit, lobster,Aplysia) and tested for different amount of stretch (up to extreme ones). Starting from this theoretical background, in silico models of both porcine nerves and cerebro-abdominal connective ofAplysiawere built to reproduce experimental data (R2 > 0.9). Finally, bi-dimensional in silico models were provided to reduce computational time of more than 90% with respect to the performances of fully three-dimensional models.
How can we reliably identify a taxon based on humeral morphology? Comparative morphology of desmostylian humeri
Authors: Matsui Kumiko
Published: November 2017

Desmostylia is a clade of marine mammals belonging to either Tethytheria or Perissodactyla. Rich fossil records of Desmostylia were found in the Oligocene to Miocene strata of the Northern Pacific Rim, especially in the northwestern region, which includes the Japanese archipelago. Fossils in many shapes and forms, including whole or partial skeletons, skulls, teeth, and fragmentary bones have been discovered from this region. Despite the prevalent availability of fossil records, detailed taxonomic identification based on fragmentary postcranial materials has been difficult owing to to our limited knowledge of the postcranial diagnostic features of many desmostylian taxa. In this study, I propose the utilization of diagnostic characters found in the humerus to identify desmostylian genus. These characters can be used to identify isolated desmostylian humeri at the genus level, contributing to a better understanding of the stratigraphic and geographic distributions of each genus.
Off-label treatment in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: De Oliveira Andrade Luis Jesuino , Santos França Larissa , Santos França Luciana , Vinhaes Bittencourt Alcina Maria , Santos França Caroline
Published: November 2017

Introduction: The prescribing a drug without the indications for which the drug was originally approved by regulators is internationally known as prescribing “off-label”. Objective: To describe the off-label therapy in diabetic retinopathy, reported international scientific literature, through an integrative bibliographical review. Method: Integrative review by searching the Medline international database for review of manuscripts. Results: A total 852 scientific productions were identified, and 37 studies were selected by contain information about the off-label therapy in diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: The practice of off-label prescribing in diabetic retinopathy has benefits, and in some situations is the only treatment available.
Testes de memória explícita em pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico: Implicações para a prática clínica
Authors: Campos Tania Fernandes , Melo Luciana Protásio , Brasileiro Ana Carolina Lima , Galvão Ana Cláudia Morais
Published: November 2017

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Introdução: Dentre os pacientes com Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE), cerca de 20% a 50% apresentam comprometimento na memória explícita. Objetivo: comparar o desempenho de pacientes e saudáveis em testes de memória explícita, de acordo com o tipo de evocação, livre e por reconhecimento. Métodos: Foram avaliados 6 pacientes e 6 indivíduos saudáveis. Os participantes observaram, em uma tela de computador, uma série de 8 figuras, uma após a outra, depois referiram quais figuras foram visualizadas anteriormente, de forma livre e por reconhecimento quando misturadas a 8 novas figuras. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA. Resultados: Os dois grupos apresentaram média de acertos significativamente menor na evocação livre do que no reconhecimento. Entre as figuras, observou-se maior acerto nas de objetos/animais e um menor índice nas de atividades funcionais. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam a necessidade de utilizar diferentes tipos de figuras e evocação na avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com AVE.
Prevalência de constipação intestinal em pacientes com obesidade acompanhados no ambulatório de um Hospital Pediátrico
Authors: Felippi Renata Serravalle , Franca Rita , Silva Luciana Rodrigues , Marques Cibele Dantas
Published: November 2017

A constipação intestinal é um problema freqüente na infância assim como a obesidade, que vem crescendo e se tornando um dos maiores desafios para o pediatra. Objetivo: estudar a freqüência de obstipação intestinal em pacientes obesos pediátricos e descrever suas características clínicas. Métodos: estudo descritivo no qual 77 crianças atendidas no ambulatório de obesidade do Centro Pediátrico Professor Hosannah de Oliveira (CPPHO), com idades entre 6 e 17 anos compuseram a amostra. O IMC foi adotado para classificar obesidade e sobrepeso. Os critérios para definir obstipação foram baseados nos Critérios de Roma III. Resultados: a prevalência de constipação instestinal foi de 15,5%. Dos 77 pacientes, 12 apresentavam freqüência fecal menor ou igual a 3 vezes por semana, dor ao defecar, fezes endurecidas, pétreas ou em cíbalos , ou presença de sangue. Conclusão: esse estudo mostra que há uma relação importante entre obesidade e constipação. Essa relação é importante pelo alto risco de desenvolver problemas psicosociais e doenças orgânicas como diabetes, hiperlipidemia, hipertensão arterial, esteatohepatite.
Escleroterapia de hemangioma em borda lateral de língua: relato de caso
Authors: Rocha Alexandre Berno M. da , Sant’Anna Fernanda Braga , Fernandes Itana S. , Azoubel Eduardo , Araújo Roberto Paulo Correia de
Published: November 2017

Os hemangiomas são lesões vasculares benignas que muitas vezes ocorrem na cavidade bucal podendo apresentar crescimento progressivo e sangramentos inesperados de difícil controle, quando expostos a traumas. Diversas formas de tratamento estão descritas na literatura, sendo mais comumente utilizada a cirurgia excisional e a escleroterapia. Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico de hemangioma em língua num paciente adulto portador desta lesão desde o nascimento. Metodologia: paciente do sexo feminino, 53 anos, portador de hemangioma situado na região lateral esquerda da língua, caracterizado pelo crescimento espontâneo e histórico de duas ressecções cirúrgicas com recidivas em um curto intervalo de tempo, foi submetido a procedimentos de escleroterapia através da aplicação intralesional do oleato de monoetanolamina a 5% diluído em glicose a 50% por três ciclos de seis aplicações do quimioterápico, com intervalo de quatro meses entre os ciclos. Resultados: finda as intervenções, o acompanhamento pós-escleroterapia do paciente durante cinco anos revelou êxito do tratamento realizado, uma vez que após este período inexistem sinais clínicos de recidiva. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo expressam a eficácia da escleroterapia realizada com o uso do oleato de monoetanolamina associado à adoção de um método não invasivo. 
Comorbidade entre Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo e Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada: um estudo de caso
Authors: Hemanny Curt , De Sena Eduardo Pondé , Dunningham William Azevedo
Published: November 2017

Introdução: O Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC) caracteriza-se pela presença de obsessões e compulsões, enquanto o Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG) é caracterizado pela presença de preocupações excessivas e ansiedade elevada. Estudos apontam comorbidade frequente entre TOC e de TAG, pelo fato de ambas apresentarem sintomas de ansiedade, provenientes das obsessões e preocupações, além de afetarem a qualidade de vida dos acometidos por essas psicopatologias. Objetivo: Descrever, por meio de um relato de caso clínico, a comorbidade entre o TOC e o TAG. Metodologia: Estudo de caso clínico de um paciente de ambulatório de transtornos ansiosos. Foi realizada entrevista semiestruturada para avaliar a presença de obsessões e preocupações e obter o diagnóstico de transtornos mentais. Também foram aplicados inventários de ansiedade, qualidade de vida, habilidades sociais e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. Resultados: O paciente apresenta sofrimento significativo associado às obsessões e preocupações. Os inventários também apontaram baixa qualidade de vida, ansiedade e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos com intensidade de moderados

a graves, baixas habilidades sociais. Conclusão: A comorbidade entre esses transtornos estão associadas ao pior prognóstico e ao aumento da ansiedade proveniente das obsessões e preocupações. Discutiram-se as características clínicas desses transtornos.
Utilização de nanobiomateriais na regeneração óssea: uma revisão baseada em ensaios clínicos
Authors: Vasconcelos Luisa Queiroz , Da Silva Suelen Cristina , Dos Santos George Gonçalves , Rosa Fabiana Paim
Published: November 2017

Objetivo: contextualizar, por meio de revisão de literatura, a utilização dos nanobiomateriais para a regeneração óssea, na últimadécada. Metodologia: Selecionaram-se artigos originais publicados na base de dados online US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), mediante os filtros Clinical trial, full text, published in the last 10 years. Resultado: Dos 18 artigos selecionados na busca, 16 foram utilizados para compor esta revisão. Conclusão: Os ensaios clínicos têm demonstrado que os biomateriais nanoestruturados podem acelerar o mecanismo de regeneração óssea e potencializar a angiogênese e a osteogênese. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho reforça a importância do contínuo desenvolvimento das pesquisas na Bioengenharia Tecidual Óssea, visando a uma melhor compreensão dos fatores morfológicos e físico-químicos de um nanobiomaterial destinado à regeneração óssea.
Associação entre hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis e HTLV-1: um relato de caso
Authors: De Souza Joelma Nascimento , Teixeira Márcia Cristina Aquino , Soares Neci Matos
Published: November 2017

Objetivo: Descrever um caso de hiperinfecção por S. stercoralis em uma paciente sem diagnóstico prévio de imunocomprometimento, apresentando resistência ao tratamento anti-helmíntico. Relato de caso: Em dezembro de 2010, uma mulher de 47 anos foi encaminhada ao Laboratório de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, relatando tosse, dor abdominal, náuseas e vômitos. A paciente foi diagnosticada com hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis, detectando-se cerca de 2.500 larvas/g de fezes. Exames adicionais para a presença de outros agentes infecciosos mostrou positividade para HTLV-1. O tratamento para a hiperinfecção por Strongyloides foi realizado, inicialmente, com 400 mg/dia de albendazol, durante três dias. Depois de um mês, novos exames parasitológicos indicaram que a paciente ainda estava infectada com S. stercoralis (200 larvas/g de fezes) e o ELISA para detecção de anticorpos IgG específicos foi positivo. O tratamento foi repetido, na mesma dose que anterior e, cerca de três meses depois, a paciente ainda continuava infectada com S. stercoralis. Neste momento, foi prescrito ivermectina (6 mg, dose única). Após um mês, os exames parasitológicos foram negativos. O acompanhamento do tratamento, através de exames parasitológicos, foi realizado por cerca de um ano. Após esse período, tanto o exame parasitológico como o ELISA para detecção de anticorpos IgG específicos foram negativos. Conclusão: Este relato de caso confirma estudos anteriores que demonstram que a ivermectina é o medicamento de escolha para tratamento da hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis. Além disso, este estudo aponta a necessidade de investigação quanto à existência de agentes/doenças imunossupressoras em casos de hiperinfecção sem histórico de imunocomprometimento.
The function of yeast CAP family proteins in lipid export, mating, and pathogen defense
Authors: Darwiche Rabih , El Atab Ola , Cottier Stéphanie , Schneiter Roger
Published: November 2017

In their natural habitat, yeast cells are constantly challenged by changing environmental conditions and a fierce competition for limiting resources. To thrive under such conditions, cells need to adapt and divide quickly, and be able to neutralize the toxic compounds secreted by their neighbors. Proteins like the pathogen‐related yeast, Pry proteins, which belong to the large CAP/SCP/TAPS superfamily, may have an important role in this function. CAP proteins are conserved from yeast to man and are characterized by a unique αβα sandwich fold. They are mostly secreted glycoproteins and have been implicated in many different physiological processes including pathogen defense, virulence, venom toxicity, and sperm maturation. Yeast members of this family bind and export sterols as well as fatty acids, and they render cells resistant to eugenol, an antimicrobial compound present in clove oil. CAP family members might thus exert their various physiological functions through binding, sequestration, and neutralization of such small hydrophobic compounds.
Electron Drift Resonance in the MHD‐Coupled Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Model
Authors: Komar C. M. , Glocer A. , Hartinger M. D. , Murphy K. R. , Fok M.‐C. , Kang S.‐B.
Published: November 2017

Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt are highly dynamic and respond to interplanetary solar wind structures interacting with the Earth's magnetic field. A known mechanism dictating electron dynamics is the drift‐resonant interaction with ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. The present work simulates the ring current and radiation belt electron populations in the bounce‐averaged, kinetic Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere model coupled with the Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme global magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code using an idealized ULF wave solar wind density driver. ULF waves generated with 10 min periods (at 1.67 mHz frequencies) in the MHD model are characterized and the corresponding energization of electrons and radial transport of electron phase space density is presented. The drift‐resonant electron energy is determined in the simulation and is consistent with the electron resonance conditions in dipolar magnetic fields. The present results will be an important component of understanding inner magnetospheric dynamics and how these inner magnetospheric populations interact with ULF waves resulting from interplanetary solar wind structures.
What Drives Carbon Isotope Fractionation by the Terrestrial Biosphere?
Authors: Still Christopher , Rastogi Bharat
Published: November 2017

During photosynthesis, terrestrial plants preferentially assimilate the lighter and much more abundant form of carbon, 12C, which accounts for roughly 99% of naturally occurring forms of this element. This photosynthetic preference for lighter carbon is driven principally by differences in molecular diffusion of carbon dioxide with differing 13C/12C across stomatal pores on leaves, followed by differences in carboxylation rates by the Rubisco enzyme that is central to the process of photosynthesis. As a result of these slight preferences, which work out to about a 2% difference in the fixation rates of 12CO2 versus 13CO2 by C3 vegetation, plant tissues are depleted in the heavier form of carbon (13C) relative to atmospheric CO2. This difference has been exploited in a wide range of scientific applications, as the photosynthetic isotope signature is passed to ecosystem carbon pools and through ecological food webs. What is less appreciated is the signature that terrestrial carbon exchanges leave on atmospheric CO2, as the net uptake of carbon by land plants during their growing season not only draws down the local CO2 concentration, it also leaves behind relatively more CO2 molecules containing 13C. The converse happens outside the growing season, when autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration predominate. During these periods, atmospheric CO2 concentration increases and its corresponding carbon isotope composition becomes relatively depleted in 13C as the products of photosynthesis are respired, along with some small isotope fractionation that happen downstream of the initial photosynthetic assimilation. Similar phenomena were first observed at shorter time scales by the eminent carbon cycle scientist, Charles (Dave) Keeling. Keeling collected samples of air in glass flasks from sites along the Big Sur coast that he later measured for CO2 concentration and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in his lab (Keeling, 1998). From these samples, Keeling observed increasing CO2 concentrations at night compared to the day, along with corresponding depletions in their δ13C. These phenomena were understood at the time to be driven by interactions between ecosystem carbon exchanges and vertical movements of the atmospheric boundary layer (Keeling, 1958).
The Role of African Dust in Atlantic Climate During Heinrich Events
Authors: Murphy L. N. , Goes M. , Clement A. C.
Published: November 2017

Increased ice discharge in the North Atlantic is thought to cause a weakening, or collapse, of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) during Heinrich events. Paleoclimate records indicate that these periods were marked by severe tropical aridity and dustiness. Although the driver of these events is still under debate, large freshwater input is necessary for climate models to simulate the magnitude, geographical extent, and abruptness of these events, indicating that they may be missing feedbacks. We hypothesize that the dust‐climate feedback is one such feedback that has not been previously considered. Here we analyze the role of dust‐climate feedbacks on the AMOC by parameterizing the dust radiative effects in an intermediate complexity model and consider uncertainties due to wind stress forcing and the magnitude of both atmospheric dust loading and freshwater hosing. We simulate both stable and unstable AMOC regimes by changing the prescribed wind stress forcing. In the unstable regime, additional dust loading during Heinrich events cools and freshens the North Atlantic and abruptly reduces the AMOC by 20% relative to a control simulation. In the stable regime, however, additional dust forcing alone does not alter the AMOC strength. Including both freshwater and dust forcing results in a cooling of the subtropical North Atlantic more comparable to proxy records than with freshwater forcing alone. We conclude that dust‐climate feedbacks may provide amplification to Heinrich cooling by further weakening AMOC and increasing North Atlantic sea ice coverage.
The Secular Variation of the Center of Geomagnetic South Atlantic Anomaly and Its Effect on the Distribution of Inner Radiation Belt Particles
Authors: Ye Yuguang , Zou Hong , Zong Qiugang , Chen Hongfei , Wang Yongfu , Yu Xiangqian , Shi Weihong
Published: November 2017

In this study, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of secular variation of the South Atlantic Anomaly. The center location of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is derived from the proton flux measurements of different energy channels by SAMPEX (Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer)/PET (Proton/Electron Telescope). The results are compared with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector observations and the International Geomagnetic Reference Field 12 (IGRF12) geomagnetic field model. It is found that different energy protons have different behaviors while the center location of the SAA changes with altitude. The IGRF12 magnetic field can explain the observations to a limited extent. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed. It is confirmed that center location of the SAA is also affected by atmospheric density at SAMPEX altitudes. The results could be helpful for constructing inner radiation belt models.
A standardized fold change method for microarray differential expression analysis used to reveal genes involved in acute rejection in murine allograft models
Authors: Zhou Weichen , Wang Yi , Fujino Masayuki , Shi Leming , Jin Li , Li Xiao‐Kang , Wang Jiucun
Published: November 2017

Murine transplantation models are used extensively to research immunological rejection and tolerance. Here we studied both murine heart and liver allograft models using microarray technology. We had difficulty in identifying genes related to acute rejections expressed in both heart and liver transplantation models using two standard methodologies: Student's t test and linear models for microarray data (Limma). Here we describe a new method, standardized fold change (SFC), for differential analysis of microarray data. We estimated the performance of SFC, the t test and Limma by generating simulated microarray data 100 times. SFC performed better than the t test and showed a higher sensitivity than Limma where there is a larger value for fold change of expression. SFC gave better reproducibility than Limma and the t test with real experimental data from the MicroArray Quality Control platform and expression data from a mouse cardiac allograft. Eventually, a group of significant overlapping genes was detected by SFC in the expression data of mouse cardiac and hepatic allografts and further validated with the quantitative RT‐PCR assay. The group included genes for important reactions of transplantation rejection and revealed functional changes of the immune system in both heart and liver of the mouse model. We suggest that SFC can be utilized to stably and effectively detect differential gene expression and to explore microarray data in further studies.
Genetics of
X
‐Linked Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lisik Małgorzata Z
Published: November 2017

X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID), formerly called
mental retardation
, refers to a group of inherited disorders characterised by varying degrees of intellectual disability caused by mutations in various genes present on the X‐chromosome. Deleterious mutations in
∼
10% of X‐chromosome X genes are implicated in causing XLID disorders in
∼
50% of families. The remaining XLID genes are expected to be rare and even private to individual families. Historically, XLID is divided into syndromic (IDXS) and nonsyndromic (IDX). At least 209 different XLID disorders have been described including 143 forms of syndromic mental retardation. Fragile X syndrome is the most frequent syndrome and most studied XLID syndrome. It is now possible to identify 64% of the genetic defects in XLID families with obligate female carriers. Most of the mutated genes in XLID are thought to influence development, cell migration, formation and maintenance of neural networks and cell‐to‐cell communication in the brain. Thus, the diagnosis of intellectual disability in a child has an enormous impact in most affected families. Genetic counselling is strongly recommended to family members.

Key Concepts

X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) is a very heterogeneous set of conditions responsible for a large proportion of inherited mental retardation.

XLID can be divided into syndromic (MRID) and nonsyndromic (IDX).

Genes involved in XLID influence development, cell migration, formation and maintenance of neural networks and cell‐to‐cell communication in the brain.

Intellectual disability phenotype can emerge as the final common pathway for many different types of abnormal cellular processing.

Genetic counselling is an important part in general management in the case of intellectual disability.
Atomic Vacancies Control of Pd‐Based Catalysts for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Zuo Yunpeng , Rao Dewei , Li Shuo , Li Tingting , Zhu Guilin , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Chai Yang , Han Heyou
Published: November 2017

Structure‐engineered Pd‐based catalysts at the atomic level can effectively improve the catalytic performance for oxygen or small organic molecules electrocatalysis, comparable to or even superior to that of commercial Pt/C. Here, PdCuCo anisotropic structure (AS) electrocatalysts are synthesized with abundant vacancy defects on the exterior surface, which is unambiguously verified by aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy. The PdCuCo‐AS with vacancy (v‐PdCuCo‐AS) shows excellent electrochemical activity toward oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxidation of alcohols. The mass activity of the v‐PdCuCo‐AS is 0.18 A mg−1 at 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 15.55 times larger than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst in acidic electrolyte. According to the theoretical calculations, this significant improvement can be understood as a result of the promoted charge transfer by polarized electronic structures of the v‐PdCuCo‐AS in the processes of ORR. The synergistic effect of the correlated defects and the compressive strain caused by the doping Co and Cu atoms effectively improve the electrocatalysis activity for the ORR in acidic/alkaline electrolyte on the v‐PdCuCo‐AS stems. This approach provides a strategy to design other AS structures for improving their electrochemical performance.
Advanced Plasmonic Materials for Dynamic Color Display
Authors: Shao Lei , Zhuo Xiaolu , Wang Jianfang
Published: November 2017

Plasmonic structures exhibit promising applications in high‐resolution and durable color generation. Research on advanced hybrid plasmonic materials that allow dynamically reconfigurable color control has developed rapidly in recent years. Some of these results may give rise to practically applicable reflective displays in living colors with high performance and low power consumption. They will attract broad interest from display markets, compared with static plasmonic color printing, for example, in applications such as digital signage, full‐color electronic paper, and electronic device screens. In this progress report, the most promising recent examples of utilizing advanced plasmonic materials for the realization of dynamic color display are highlighted and put into perspective. The performances, advantages, and disadvantages of different technologies are discussed, with emphasis placed on both the potential and possible limitations of various hybrid materials for dynamic plasmonic color display.
Interface and Morphology Control of the Thermal Conductivity in Core–Shell Particle Colloidal Crystals
Authors: Ruckdeschel Pia , Retsch Markus
Published: November 2017

The thermal transport properties of nanostructured composite colloidal assemblies are investigated. These are of importance for future phase change material applications, which increasingly address the micrometer and sub‐micrometer ranges. Polystyrene silica core–shell colloidal particles sizes of 270–480 nm and shell thicknesses of 15–42 nm are used as a structurally well‑defined model system. This allows deducing precise structure property relationships with the lowest thermal conductivity being observed for particles with a large diameter, a thin shell thickness, and the highest polymer content. Importantly, clear evidence is found for polymer leakage through 15 nm silica shells when exceeding the glass transition temperature of the core polymer. This leads to a steady increase in thermal conductivity but also presents a lower limit for the silica shell thickness to contain the second phase. For a complete understanding, the findings are discussed in the light of colloidal crystals consisting of pure silica and polystyrene particles. Solid silica sphere colloidal crystals possess the highest thermal conductivity, and pure polymer beads the lowest. This demonstrates to which extent the thermal transport properties can be solely adjusted by the particle composition and morphology.
Wetting Models and Working Mechanisms of Typical Surfaces Existing in Nature and Their Application on Superhydrophobic Surfaces: A Review
Authors: E Jiaqiang , Jin Yu , Deng Yuanwang , Zuo Wei , Zhao Xiaohuan , Han Dandan , Peng Qingguo , Zhang Zhiqing
Published: November 2017

Surfaces of plants and animals are evolved to optimal states to accommodate environments better after billions of years of natural selection. As the development of further study on bionics, surfaces with special wetting properties in nature are discovered, extremely related to the micro‐/nanostructures on surface. The wetting models and wetting mechanism of several surfaces in nature are investigated, followed by lifting the veil of superhydrophobic field. Various facile, effective, and convenient methods for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces are obtained and optimized in scientific research and practice. The possibility of wide application for superhydrophobic surface on production and life is improved via the promotion in fabrication ability. This paper is ranged from four main parts, including wetting models, wetting mechanism on various typical surfaces in nature, frequently used fabricating methods for superhydrophobic surfaces in recent years, and application of superhydrophobic material surfaces in three main aspects. It is really hoped that this review article can provide a useful guide for development of superhydrophobic surface in further study.
Dimerization of Phenylalanine: An Approach to Thiazoles and Oxazoles Involved S/O‐Insertion
Authors: Cheng Yan , Xiang Jia‐Chen , Wang Zi‐Xuan , Ma Jin‐Tian , Wang Miao , Tang Bo‐Cheng , Wu Yan‐Dong , Zhu Yan‐Ping , Wu An‐Xin
Published: November 2017

We herein describe the development of a dimerization procedure for amino acids to prepare 2,5‐disubstituted thiazoles and oxazoles in the presence of Na2S⋅9H2O and H2O, respectively. These approaches enabled the direct formation of five‐membered ring systems bearing two different heteroatoms from two amino acid units. Mechanically, decarboxylation, deamination, S/O insertion, cyclization and gradient oxidation processes were involved in the oligomer formation.

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Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Electrolytes: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prospective Solutions
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Yao Yunduo , Zhang Jing‐Wen , Pan Lun , Zhang Xiangwen , Zou Ji‐Jun
Published: November 2017

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline medium is currently a point of focus for sustainable development of hydrogen as an alternative clean fuel for various energy systems, but suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics due to additional water dissociation step. So, the state‐of‐the‐art catalysts performing well in acidic media lose considerable catalytic performance in alkaline media. This review summarizes the recent developments to overcome the kinetics issues of alkaline HER, synthesis of materials with modified morphologies, and electronic structures to tune the active sites and their applications as efficient catalysts for HER. It first explains the fundamentals and electrochemistry of HER and then outlines the requirements for an efficient and stable catalyst in alkaline medium. The challenges with alkaline HER and limitation with the electrocatalysts along with prospective solutions are then highlighted. It further describes the synthesis methods of advanced nanostructures based on carbon, noble, and inexpensive metals and their heterogeneous structures. These heterogeneous structures provide some ideal systems for analyzing the role of structure and synergy on alkaline HER catalysis. At the end, it provides the concluding remarks and future perspectives that can be helpful for tuning the catalysts active‐sites with improved electrochemical efficiencies in future.
Recent Progress in Single‐Crystalline Perovskite Research Including Crystal Preparation, Property Evaluation, and Applications
Authors: Liu Yucheng , Yang Zhou , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: November 2017

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites are promising optoelectronic materials resulting from their significant light absorption properties and unique long carrier dynamics, such as a long carrier lifetime, carrier diffusion length, and high carrier mobility. These advantageous properties have allowed for the utilization of lead halide perovskite materials in solar cells, LEDs, photodetectors, lasers, etc. To further explore their potential, intrinsic properties should be thoroughly investigated. Single crystals with few defects are the best candidates to disclose a variety of interesting and important properties of these materials, ultimately, showing the increased importance of single‐crystalline perovskite research. In this review, recent progress on the crystallization, investigation, and primary device applications of single‐crystalline perovskites are summarized and analyzed. Further improvements in device design and preparation are also discussed.
Optimal operation of batch enantiomer crystallization: From ternary diagrams to predictive control
Authors: Curitiba Marcellos Caio Felippe , Durand Helen , Kwon Joseph Sang‐Il , Gomes Barreto Amaro , Laranjeira da Cunha Lage Paulo , Bezerra de Souza Maurício , Secchi Argimiro Resende , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: November 2017

In this work, the modeling and control of batch crystallization for racemic compound forming systems is addressed in a systematic fashion. Specifically, a batch crystallization process is considered for which the initial solution has been pre‐enriched in the desired enantiomer to enable crystallization of only the preferred enantiomer. A method for determining desired operating conditions (composition of the initial pre‐enriched solution and temperature to which the mixture must be cooled for maximum yield) for the batch crystallizer based on a ternary diagram for the enantiomer mixture in a solvent is described. Subsequently, it is shown that the information obtained from the ternary diagram, such as the maximum yield attainable from the process due to thermodynamics, can be used to formulate constraints for an optimization‐based control method to achieve desired product characteristics such as a desired yield. The proposed method is demonstrated for the batch crystallization of mandelic acid in a crystallizer with a fines trap that is seeded with crystals of the desired enantiomer. The process is controlled with an optimization‐based controller to minimize the ratio of the mass of crystals obtained from nuclei to the mass obtained from seeds while maintaining the desired enantioseparation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 64: 1618–1637, 2018
Safety and efficacy of early start of iron chelation therapy with deferiprone in young children newly diagnosed with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elalfy Mohsen Saleh , Adly Amira , Awad Hanem , Tarif Salam Mohamed , Berdoukas Vasilios , Tricta Fernando
Published: November 2017

Iron overload is inevitable in patients who are transfusion dependent. In young children with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia (TDT), current practice is to delay the start of iron chelation therapy due to concerns over toxicities, which have been observed when deferoxamine was started too early. However, doing so may increase the risk of iron accumulation that will be manifested as toxicities later in life. This study investigated whether deferiprone, a chelator with a lower affinity for iron than deferoxamine, could postpone transfusional iron overload while maintaining a good safety profile. Recently diagnosed TDT infants (N = 64 their age ranged from 10 to 18 (median 12) months, 54.7% males; receiving ≤6 transfusions; serum ferittin (SF) >400 to < 1000 ng/mL were randomized to “early start deferiprone” (.ES‐DFP) at a low dose (50 mg/kg/day) or to “delay chelation” (DC), and remained in the study until their serum ferritin (SF) level reached ≥1000 μg/L. 61 patients continued the study Levels of transferrin saturation (TSAT) and labile plasma iron (LPI) were measured as well. By approximately 6 months postrandomization, 100% of the subjects in DC group had achieved SF > 1000 µg/L and TSAT > 70% compared with none in the ES‐DFP group. LPI level > 0.6 µM was observed in 97% vs. 40% of the DS and ES groups, respectively, (P < 0.001). The time to reach SF > 1000 µg/L was delayed by 6 months in the ES‐DFP group (P < 0.001) without escalating DFP dose. No unexpected, serious, or severe adverse events were seen in the ES‐DFP group.