bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd-catalyzed reactions of unactivated Csp3−I bonds
Authors: Liu Hui , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: March 2014

Csp3–I bonds, especially those with β-hydrogen atoms, are a class of challenging substrates for the Pd-catalyzed transformations. The challenges mainly stem from the reluctant oxidative addition of Csp3−I bond with Pd(0) species and the facile β-H elimination for alkylpalladium intermediate. Herein, Pd-catalyzed reactions from unactivated Csp3−I bond were discussed.
Chemoselective silver-catalyzed nitrene insertion reactions
Authors: Scamp Ryan J. , Rigoli Jared W. , Schomaker Jennifer M.
Published: March 2014

A review of recent developments in silver(I)-catalyzed nitrene insertions into olefin and C–H bonds is presented, with a particular emphasis on reactions where the chemoselectivity can be tuned to promote either aziridination or C–H amination. The scope and synthetic utility of various silver catalysts are described, as well as preliminary investigations into the mechanisms of silver-catalyzed aminations.
The strategic generation and interception of palladium-hydrides for use in alkene functionalization reactions
Authors: DeLuca Ryan J. , Stokes Benjamin J. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: March 2014

We review methods that our lab has developed for the generation of Pd-hydrides and the manipulation of these useful intermediates via β-hydride elimination and migratory insertion steps. For a given alkene functionalization reaction, careful understanding of the dynamics of β-hydride elimination, migratory insertion, and transmetallation have allowed for the selective functionalization of Pd-alkyl intermediates. This has afforded us a means by which to transpose palladium to a desired position on a substrate for subsequent functionalization, empowering a number of useful C–H, C–O, and C–C bond-forming reactions.
Retórica, poética y poesía en Antonio Llull
Authors: Martínez-Falero Luis
Published: March 2014

El 13 de julio de 1556 moría Philibert de Rye, obispo de Ginebra. Un grupo de eruditos relacionados con la Universidad de Dola le tributóun homenaje literario, entre cuyos textos destacamos una elegía dialogada, desarrollada en dísticos elegíacos, obra del humanista Antonio Llull, texto que no recoge ninguno de los repertorios de la producción de este tratadista mallorquín. En este artículo estudiaremos este poema por primera vez, tanto en lo referente a sus fuentes y sus antecedentes literarios, como a la luz de los tratados de Llull Progymnasmata rhetorica (1550/1551/1572) y De oratione libri septem (1558).
Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of hepatitis C-virus related liver disease. Hungarian national consensus guideline
Authors: Hunyady Béla , Gervain Judit , Horváth Gábor , Makara Mihály , Pár Alajos , Szalay Ferenc , Telegdy László , Tornai István
Published: March 2014

Approximately 70 000 people are infected with hepatitis C virus in Hungary, more than half of whom are not aware of their infection. Early recognition and effective treatment of related liver injury may prevent consequent advanced liver diseases (liver cirrhosis and liver cancer) and its complications. In addition, it may increase work productivity and life expectancy of infected individual, and can prevent further viral transmission. Early recognition can substantially reduce the long term financial burden of related morbidity from socioeconomic point of view. Pegylated interferon + ribavirin dual therapy, which is available in Hungary since 2003, can kill the virus in 40–45% of previously not treated (naïve), and in 5–21% of previous treatment-failure patients. Addition of two direct acting first generation protease inhibitor drugs (boceprevir and telaprevir) to the dual therapy increased the chance of sustained clearance of virus to 63–75% and 59–66%, respectively. These two protease inhibitor drugs are available and financed for a segment of Hungarian patients since May 2013. Indication of therapy includes exclusion of contraindications to the drugs and demonstration of viral replication with consequent liver injury, i.e., inflammation and/or fibrosis in the liver. For initiation of treatment as well as for on-treatment decisions accurate and timely molecular biology tests are mandatory. Staging of liver damage (fibrosis) non-invasive methods (transient elastography and biochemical methods) are acceptable to avoid concerns of patients related to liver biopsy. Professional decision for treatment is balanced against budget limitations in Hungary, and priority is given to those with urgent need using a national Priority Index system reflecting stage of liver disease as well as additional factors (activity and progression of liver disease, predictive factors and other special circumstances). All naïve patients are given a first chance with dual therapy. Those with genotype 1 infection and with on-treatment or historic failure to dual therapy are eligible to receive protease inhibitor based triple therapy provided, they reach financial cutoff eligibility based on Priority Index. Duration of therapy is usually 48 weeks in genotype 1 with a response-guided potential to reduce duration for non-cirrhotic patients. Patients with non-1 genotypes are treated with dual therapy (without protease inhibitors) for a genotype and response driven duration of 16, 24, 48, or 72 week. Careful monitoring for early recognition and management of side-effects as well as viral response and potential breakthrough during protease-inhibitor therapy are recommended. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(Szuppl. 2), 3–24.
Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and D. Hungarian national consensus guideline
Authors: Horváth Gábor , Hunyady Béla , Gervain Judit , Lengyel Gabriella , Makara Mihály , Pár Alajos , Szalay Ferenc , Telegdy László , Tornai István
Published: March 2014

Diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and D virus infections mean that the patient is able to maintain working capacity, increase quality of life, prevent cancer, and prolong life expectancy, while the society benefits from eliminating the chances of further transmission of the viruses, and decreasing the overall costs of serious complications. The guideline delineates the treatment algorithms for 2014, which is agreed on a consensus meeting of specialists involved in the treatment of the above diseases. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the Hungarian general population is 0.5–0.7%. The indications of treatment is based upon viral examinations (including viral nucleic acid determination), determinations of disease activity and stage (including biochemical, pathologic, and/or non-invasive methods), and excluding contraindications. To avoid unnecessary side effects and for cost-effective approach the guideline emphasizes the importance of quick and detailed virologic evaluations, the applicability of transient elastography as an acceptable alternative of liver biopsy in this regard, as well as the relevance of appropriate consistent follow up schedule for viral response during therapy. The first choice of therapy in chronic hepatitis B infection can be pegylated interferon for 48 weeks or continuous entecavir or tenofovir therapy. The latter two must be continued for at least 12 months after hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion. Adefovir dipivoxil is recommended mainly in combination therapy. Lamivudine is no longer a first choice; patients currently taking lamivudine must switch if response is inadequate. Appropriate treatment of patients taking immunosuppressive medications is highly recommended. Pegylated interferon based therapy is recommended for the treatment of concomitant hepatitis D infection. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(Szuppl. 2), 25–35.
Penetrating atheromatous ulcer of the thoracic aorta. Treatment options
Authors: Dzsinich Csaba , Vaszily Miklós , Vallus Gábor , Berek Péter , Barta László , Dzsinich Máté , Darabos Gábor , Nyiri Gabriella , Szentpétery László , Pataki Tibor , Nagy Gabriella
Published: March 2014

Introductions: Atherosclerosis is a generalized degenerative disease of arteries. A rare manifestation of that is the penetrating atheromatous aortic ulceration of the aortic wall which may be complicated by subintimal hematoma, dissection, false aneurysm and rupture (acute aortic syndrome). Aim: The aim of the authors was to analyse their experience with this rare disease. Method: In the department of the authors 10,212 patients underwent surgery for cardiovascular diseases. Among these, 18 patients were diagnosed with patients with penetrating atheromatous aortic ulceration located in the thoracic aorta (ascending aorta 2, aortic arch 8, descending aorta 6 and thoracoabdominal aorta 2 patients). Severe comorbidities were present in the majority of patients. Results: Depending on the localisation the authors used various treatment options such as open surgery (4 patients), hybrid techniques (7 patients) and pure endografting (7 patients). One patient died on postoperative day 3. Two patients had late complications due to endoleaks treated successfully by open surgery. Conclusions: The authors conclude that when this dangerous condition detected on time, a wide variety of open, hybrid and endovascular methods can be applied with good results. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(12), 461–468.
AFM Induced Local Oxidation of HOPG
Authors: Uki Kenichi , Kato Mikihiro , Harako Susumu , Zhao Xinwei
Published: March 2014

AFM induced local anodic oxidation of HOPG was carried out in various conditions such as humidity, applied voltage and scan speed. A clear evidence of different oxidation features between HOPG and graphene has been confirmed and discussed.

These results should contribute to the progress of the micro/nano fabrication of graphene by the local anodic oxidation.
Movie dialogues as discourse data in the study of forecasting mechanisms in the delivery of medical bad news
Authors: Tsai Mei-hui
Published: March 2014

Understanding the communication skills for delivering bad news, an important daily task for medical professionals, presents a challenge for most discourse researchers due to methodological and ethical dilemmas. Movie dialogues, in which difficult communication of life-and-death issues are fundamental ingredients in creating dramatic effects, are often adopted in medical education and thus potential data for study. By applying the concept of ‘forecasting mechanism’ in bad news delivery (Schegloff 1988 and Maynard 2003), this study examines bad news delivery events depicted in three movie clips. My analysis demonstrates (1) how forecasting, as a ‘macro conversation mechanism,’ is observed in both natural and artificial discourses; (2) what two subtypes of forecasting are identified in movie dialogues: forecasting that directs the interaction to a ‘recipient-leading-the-telling’ pattern, and forecasting that constructs the delivery as one with shared agency; and (3) how the two subtypes may facilitate the deliverers’ task by minimizing the conflicting perspectives with the recipients, ensuring the recipients’ orientation to the bad news, and freeing the deliverers from the pressure of being blamed. These findings implicate the possibility of applying movie clips in discourse research and medical education in regarding to conversational strategies for difficult communication.
Classroom Dynamic Assessment of Reading Comprehension with Second Language Learners
Authors: Davin Kristin J. , Troyan Francis J. , Hellmann Ashley L.
Published: March 2014

This study examines the design and implementation of a dynamic reading comprehension task (D-RCT) for classroom use with second language learners. A paper and pencil D-RCT was designed that could be (1) utilized on a regular basis, (2) adapted to any content, and (3) easily implemented in classrooms where access to technology is limited. The teacher in the present work utilized pre-scripted mediation prompts during the D-RCT that were assigned a numerical value to calculate four scores for each individual student: an actual score, a mediated score, a learning potential score, and a mediation value score. The present study describes the assessment design and analyzes scoring procedures to determine their potential for classroom application. The authors conclude that D-RCTs should be used as a learning tool in second language classrooms and suggest recommendations for scoring procedures.
Stacking ecosystem services
Authors: Robertson Morgan , BenDor Todd K , Lave Rebecca , Riggsbee Adam , Ruhl JB , Doyle Martin
Published: March 2014

Ecosystem service markets are increasingly used as a policy solution to environmental problems ranging from endangered species to climate change. Such markets trade in ecosystem credits created at restoration sites where conservation projects are designed and built to compensate for regulated environmental impacts. “Credit stacking” occurs when multiple, spatially overlapping credits representing different ecosystem services are sold separately to compensate for different impacts. Discussion of stacking has grown rapidly over the past three years, and it will generate increasing interest given the growing multibillion‐dollar international market in carbon, habitat, and water‐quality credits. Because ecosystem functions at compensation sites are interdependent and integrated, stacking may result in net environmental losses. Unless stacked compensation sites and impact sites are treated symmetrically in the accounting of environmental gains and losses, stacking may also cause environmental gains at compensation sites to be more fully accounted for than losses at impact sites. Stacking should be used with caution until science‐based methods, which can account for the ecological relationships between distinct ecosystem credits present at a conservation site, are developed and deployed.
Percentage leaf herbivory across vascular plant species
Authors: Turcotte Martin M. , Thomsen Christina J. M. , Broadhead Geoffrey T. , Fine Paul V. A. , Godfrey Ryan M. , Lamarre Greg P. A. , Meyer Sebastian T. , Richards Lora A. , Johnson Marc T. J.
Published: March 2014

Herbivory is viewed as a major driver of plant evolution and the most important energy pathway from plants to higher trophic levels. Therefore, understanding patterns of herbivory on plants remains a key focus in evolution and ecology. The evolutionary impacts of leaf herbivory include altering plant fitness, local adaptation, the evolution of defenses, and the diversification of plants as well as natural enemies. Leaf herbivory also impacts ecological processes such as plant productivity, community composition, and ecosystem nutrient cycling. Understanding the impact of herbivory on these ecological and evolutionary processes requires species‐specific, as opposed to community‐level, measures of herbivory. In addition, species‐specific data enables the use of modern comparative methods to account for phylogenetic non‐independence. Although hundreds of studies have measured natural rates of leaf consumption, we are unaware of any accessible compilation of these data. We created such a data set to provide the raw data needed to test general hypotheses relating to plant–herbivore interactions and to test the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on herbivory rates across large spatial scales. A large repository will make this endeavor more efficient and robust. In total, we compiled 2641 population‐level measures for either annual or daily rates of leaf herbivory across 1145 species of vascular plants collected from 189 studies. All damage measures represent natural occurrences of herbivory that span numerous angiosperm, gymnosperm, and fern species. To enable researchers to explore the causes of variation in herbivory and how these might interact, we added information about the study sites including: geolocation, climate classification, habitat descriptions (e.g., seashore, grassland, forest, agricultural fields), and plant trait information concerning growth form and duration (e.g., annual vs. perennial). We also included extensive details of the methodology used to measure leaf damage, including seasons and months of sampling, age of leaves, and the method used to estimate percentage area missing. We anticipate that these data will make it possible to test important hypotheses in the plant–herbivore literature, including the plant apparency hypothesis, the latitudinal‐herbivory defense hypothesis, the resource availability hypothesis, and the macroevolutionary escalation of defense hypothesis.
Water quality, habitat, land use, waterfowl, and fish community data from wetlands in the Boreal Transition Zone, Alberta
Authors: Wong Agnes S. , Bayley Suzanne E. , Thompson Jonathan E.
Published: March 2014

Water quality, environment, agricultural land use, waterfowl, and fish community data were collected from wetlands in four landscapes (West Peace Lowlands, East Peace Lowlands, West Central, and East Central) in the Boreal Transition Zone (BTZ) of Alberta (AB) and with one landscape in British Columbia (East Peace Lowlands, BC) during May and August over three years (2005–2007). This data set is unique in that it provides comprehensive water quality sampling, habitat conditions, and associated breeding and molting waterfowl data over a three‐year period, which includes a drought year. Land use in the BTZ has rapidly changed with at least 73% of the BTZ, particularly in Saskatchewan, AB, being converted from forest to agriculture since the early 20th century. The BTZ has experienced a drying trend over the past 60 years with the lowest cumulative effective precipitation since 1943 with a −2323‐mm precipitation deficit recorded in 2006. A total of 723 and 489 wetlands were surveyed for waterfowl abundance during the breeding and molting seasons, respectively. A subset of 214 and 213 wetlands in May and August, respectively, was further sampled for habitat, limnology, and agricultural encroachment surrounding the wetland. A subset of 25 wetlands was sampled in 2006 for fish abundance data. This data set has been used in several papers in assessing the impact of drought and agricultural impact on water quality and wetland conditions, as well as drought and land use impacts on habitat associations between breeding and molting waterfowl and wetland condition.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Platform Switching: Different Mismatch Sizes, Connection Types, and Implant Protocols
Authors: Pessoa Roberto S. , Bezerra Fábio J.B. , Sousa Ravel M. , Vander Sloten Jos , Casati Marcio Zaffalon , Jaecques Siegfried V.N.
Published: March 2014

Background: It is not yet well understood to what extent different implant–abutment mismatch sizes and implant–abutment connection types may influence the peri‐implant biomechanical environment of implants in different clinical situations.

Methods: Computed tomography–based finite element models comprising a maxillary central incisor socket and 4.5 × 13 mm outer‐diameter implants with external and internal hex connection types were constructed. The abutments were designed with diameters of 3.5 mm (platform switching [PS] with 1 mm of diametral mismatch [PS − 1]), 4.0 mm (PS with 0.5 mm of diametral mismatch [PS − 0.5]), and 4.5 mm (conventional matching implant–abutment design [CD]). Analysis of variance at the 95% confidence interval was used to evaluate peak equivalent strain (EQV strain) in the bone, bone volume affected by a strain >4,000 με (EQV strain >4,000 με), the peak von Mises stress (EQV stress) in abutment screw, and the bone–implant relative displacement.

Results: Similar bone strain levels (EQV strain and EQV strain >4,000 με) were encountered in PS − 1, PS − 0.5, and CD models for immediately placed implants, independent of the connection type. For immediately loaded implants, slightly smaller peak EQV strain and EQV strain >4,000 με were found for PS − 1. However, for both connection types in osseointegrated models, the higher the mismatch size, the lesser the amount of strain found.

Conclusions: The increase in mismatch size of PS configuration results in a significant decrease of strain levels in bone for osseointegrated implants, principally for external hex connections. No significant effect of PS could be noted in immediately placed implants.
Carcinoid syndrome in neuroendocrine tumors - not easy to recognize
Authors: Bjelovic Milos
Published: March 2014

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are solid potentially malignant tumors originated
from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. They could origin in many organs,
with highest prevalence in lungs, small intestine and rectum. Characteristics
of NET are slow growth, non-specific clinical presentation causing diagnostic
problems. Thus, in majority of patients diagnosis is established in the
metastatic phase of the disease. Hopefully, there are new and very potent
treatment options capable to successfully control the disease. Clinical
presentation cause local tumor growth or para-neoplastic syndrome. Secretory
active tumors produce peptides or hormones causing different clinical
syndromes. In most cases NET cause carcinoid syndrome. It is often
misinterpreted, because similar symptoms are present in more prevalent
disorders. Symptoms are not specific and include flashing, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, right heart disease, bronchoconstriction... and to establish
the right diagnosis medical doctor have to think about NET as a possibility.
Thus, it is very important to recognize symptoms and signs of the carcinoid
syndrome, and distinguish them from other gastrointestinal disorders. Early
diagnosis and treatment have significant impact in control of the disease,
and overall treatment results.
Procena stepena zastojnih promena na gornjim urinarnim putevima kod pacijenata podvrgnutih ilealnom konduitu kao vidu derivacije urina u odnosu na vrstu insercije uretera
Authors: Kajmakovic B.M. , Dzamic Z.M. , Pejcic T. , Milkovic B. , Acimovic M. , Hadzi-Djokic J.
Published: March 2014

Substitution of the bladder with segment of the digestive tract, within the
radical treatment of bladder cancer, as well as treatment of the other
bladder abnormality, is extremely demanding surgical procedure, that aims
adequate treatment of the underlying disease and provide patient?s renal
function within physiological level. Surgical implantation of the ureter
into the intestinal segment are an important part of the surgical technique,
the formation of ileal conduit, with the ultimate aim of providing a more
natural way of evacuation of urine from the upper urinary tract in terms of
maintaining the adequate quality of renal function. Which of the existing
surgical method of implantation of ureter in the intestinal segment will be
applied, it is for urologist to decided, according to his affinity and/or his
operating school of origin. The literature describes many procedures of this
technique (Wallace A, B Wallace, Nesbit-Bricker, Le Duc). Bearing in mind
that the ileal conduit, as a form of supravesical derivation, is still one of
most widely used method of urinary diversion, with a very large number of
patients during the follow-up period were recorded certain complications of
renal function disorders, which by some authors attributed to a type of
ureterointestinal anastomoses, during the creation of ileal conduit.
Having in mind the fact of unnatural route of elimination of urine from the
upper urinary tract that occurs during creation of ileal conduit, it is
reasonable to expect some degree of renal deterioration. These
complications require prompt resolution. Bearing in mind the fact of
unnatural route of elimination of urine from the upper urinary tract that
occurs during creation of ileal conduit, it is reasonable to expect that the
renal function over the time will start to show signs of incipient or
advanced failure7. Objective: The main objective is to show the degree of
renal deterioration, postoperatively, according to the type of insertion of
the ureters to the ileal conduit. Methods and patients: The study was
conducted retrospectively on material of Urological Clinic, Clinical Center
of Serbia and on material of Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, on
193 patients, for a period of five years (2007 to 2011), with a time of
postoperative follow-up of patients up to 48 months (four years). Assessment
of the level of renal deteriorisation was performed by ultrasound examination
during regular audits of patients during follow-up. Conclusion: It was found
that all three examed techniques in an insertion of ureter into ileal conduit
were equally satisfactorily, with the similar degree of postoperative
complications. Based on these facts, we can conclude, that the quality of
life of patients in all three analyzed groups of ureteral insertion in the
ileal conduit, approximately the same.
Comparison of Z-plasty, Limberg flap, and asymmetric modified Limberg flap techniques for the pilonidal sinus treatment: Review of literature
Authors: Karakas Baris
Published: March 2014

Background and Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the
early complications and recurrent results of Z-plasty, Limberg flap, and
asymmetric modified Limberg flap both demographically and clinically.
Materials and Methods: Between March 2009 and February 2010, a total of 45
patients with pilonidal sinus were enrolled in this study. 10 of 45 patients
(22.2%) required Z-plasty; 24 patients (53.3%) had surgery with Limberg flap
closure, and 11 patients (24.4%) had asymmetric modified Limberg flap.
Results: A total of 45 patients were included in the study (mean age: 23.36
>+3.4 (range, 20-33) years). When we compared duration of operation and the
length of stay in hospital, no statistically significant findings were
detected (p=0.595 and p=0.23, respectively). The mean follow-up was 22.4
(range, 18-24) months. Recurrence was not seen in any of the patients.
Conclusions: Our results were similar: the comparison of the three techniques
revealed no significant differences regarding early complications and
recurrence.
Lijecenje akutne rupture Ahilove tetive neoperativno vs. operativno
Authors: Bulatovic Nikola , Aligrudic Velisa , Dasic Zarko , Pepic Dzihad , Juskovic Aleksandar
Published: March 2014

INTRODUCTION: It affects most frequently middle aged recreational male
sportsmen (30-50 years old), previously followed by prodromal symptoms
(5-33%). Rupture spot is 3 to 5 cm above heel bone vertex (90-95%).
Retrospective study. WORKING OBJECTIVE: Comparison of functional results and
complications of cast immobilization non-operative treatment and open suture
surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Overall 46 patients included who
were treated at the Clinic for Orthopedics and Traumatology within the
Clinical Center of Montenegro in Podgorica between 2004 and 2012. Patients
were divided into two groups: I group consisted of 21 patients (45.65%) who
were treated by cast immobilization and the II (control) group consisted of
25 patients (54.35%) who were treated by open surgical technique. Division by
gender: 44 male patients (95.65%) and 2 female patients (4.35%). WORKING
RESULTS: The average age of patients was 38.8+2.79 (21-60 years of age); for
the patients treated operationally 37.1+3.98 years of age, for the patients
treated non-operationally 40.2+2.39; 28 right side patients (60.86%), 18 left
side patients (39.14%); Surface infection detected on 1 patient (2.17%) 2
patients with partial rupture, while 3 patients had complete rupture during
early rehabilitation period after immobilization was taken off. Complete
rupture detected on 3 patients (6.25%) has been recovered surgically.
Thromboembolism noticed on 3 patients (6.52%) while 2 patients (4.34%) were
affected by pulmonary embolism. Tendon elongation present on 3 patients
(Magnetic Resonance (MR) Diagnostics) and on 1 patient reoperation was
performed 3 months after the primary surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: This
study didn?t show significant statistical difference between two ways of
treatment, but early immobilization is recommended because of better results.
In case of Achilles tendon rupture, the advantage should be given to the
surgical treatment, especially if younger population is treated.
Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes to human lung carcinoma cells: The influence of N-acetylcysteine
Authors: Jojic Nikola , Kojic Vesna , Kojic Danijela , Stankov Karmen , Bogdanovic Gordana
Published: March 2014

Background: Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been reported to
induce cytotoxicity in different cell lines. Although the mechanisms
underlying cytotoxicity are not fully understood, accumulation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage is considered to be a likely
contributing factor. Methods: Human lung carcinoma cells, A549, and human
fetal lung fibroblasts, MRC-5 were used to assess the cytotoxicity of SWCNT
in the presence and absence of a redox status regulator, N-acetylcysteine
(NAC), via the MTT assay. Results: SWCNT induced a nearly three-fold greater
loss of viability in A594 vs. MRC-5 cells at ?250 ?g/ml. SWCNT cytotoxicity
at higher concentrations was similar for both cell lines, while NAC alone was
non-toxic. The cytotoxicity of SWCNT (250 ?g/ml) in combination with NAC to
A549 cells was significantly decreased at the lowest NAC concentration (1.5
?g/ml), and was similar to NAC treatment alone at that concentration. Higher
concentrations of NAC in combination with SWCNT (250 ?g/ml) resulted in
increased cytotoxicity in both A549 and MRC-5 cells. Conclusion: A549
malignant lung cells are more susceptible to low concentrations of SWCNT vs.
normal lung cells, and low concentrations of N-acetylcysteine appear to be
cytoprotective, possibly due to its antioxidant properties.
Toxicology of iodine: A mini review
Authors: Ilin Alexander , Nersesyan Armen
Published: March 2014

Iodine is necessary for all living organisms. Deficiency of iodine in the
organism leads to various diseases (including mental) and increased rates of
cancer. It is well known that one third of the world?s population lived in
iodine-deficient areas. At present time, the primary intervention for
preventing iodine deficiency disorders worldwide is through the iodization of
salt. The two most common types of fortificant used to iodize salt are
potassium iodide and potassium iodate. Iodine-containing compounds are also
widely used in clinical medicine as a highly effective topical antimicrobial
agent that has been used clinically in the treatment of wounds. Hence, the
genetic toxicology of iodine and iodine-containing compounds is very
essential topic. In this literature review are analyzed the data concerning
genetic toxicology and the influence of these compounds on tumor rates in
epidemiological and experimental studies.
Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma: Report of two cases
Authors: Dobanovacki Dusanka , Vuckovic Nada , Marinkovic Smiljana , Kolarovic Jovanka , Stefanovic-Saravolac Svetlana
Published: March 2014

We described two cases of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma: one with a
solitary lesion and the other with multicentric lesions. Clinical
presentation was with no liver symptoms in case 1, and hepatomegaly, failure
to thrive, and palpable abdominal mass in case 2. Diagnostic imaging revealed
single tumor formation in case 1 and multiple nodules in the liver in case 2.
Dilemmas related to nature of the tumor were solved by microscopic analysis.
The patient with the clinical appearance of a single lesion was successfully
operated. The patient with multiple lesions in the liver tissue showed
complete involution after corticotherapy.
MRI of the carcinomatous meningitis: Rare form of prostate cancer dissemination
Authors: Semnic Robert , Semnic Marija , Kozic Dusko
Published: March 2014

nema
Modelling laminar transport phenomena in a Casson rheological fluid from an isothermal sphere with partial slip in a non-Darcy porous medium
Authors: Prasad Ramachandra , Rao Subba , Reddy Bhaskar , Bég Anwar
Published: March 2014

The flow and heat transfer of Casson fluid from a permeable isothermal sphere
in the presence of slip condition in a non-Darcy porous medium is analyzed.
The sphere surface is maintained at a constant temperature. The boundary
layer conservation equations, which are parabolic in nature, are normalized
into non-similar form and then solved numerically with the well-tested,
efficient, implicit, stable Keller-box finite-difference scheme. Increasing
the velocity slip parameter is found to decrease the velocity and boundary
layer thickness and increases the temperature and the boundary layer
thickness. The velocity decreases with the increase the non-Darcy parameter
and is found to increase the temperature. The velocity increases with the
increase the Casson fluid parameter and is found to decrease the
temperature. The Skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number is
found to decrease with the increase in velocity and thermal slip parameters
respectively.
Attachment bonding of delinquent adolescents
Authors: Cacic Sandra
Published: March 2014

Main objective of this research is to define adolescence bonding as well as
to identify their typical bonding type. The bonding was observed in two
ways. The analysis was based on seven attachment dimensions that were
defined by N. Hanak, as well as on the basis of Bartholomew?s four-style
attachment model. The research was conducted at multiple sites: two
secondary schools in Sombor, the Juvenile Correctional Institution in
Krusevac and the Juvenile Correctional Facility in Nis. It included 524
persons, 421 adolescents and 103 delinquents. Adolescents are the second and
the third grade students of the Secondary Technical School and the
Second?ary School of Economics, while delinquents were testable juveniles.
All of them are under correctional measures in the above mentioned
institutions. All results are in accordance with the theoretical
expectations. Delinquents attach in insecure way more frequently: 68, 9%
delinquents from our sample showed insecure attachment. The fearful type of
attachment appears to be typical of delinquents. Delinquents are facing
difficulties in obtaining support of close persons, as well as in using
significant persons they are related to as safe harbours in stressful
situations. In addition, they would see themselves as not worthy of
attention and love. There is a high level of painful feelings related to
childhood and family, as well as ambivalent and nega?tive current family
relations.
The role of knowledge in the changes of modern society
Authors: Novakov Marina , Petrovic Zivojin
Published: March 2014

This paper gives an overview of the different views on knowledge and
education. Knowledge and education present key resources in the contemporary
society, characterized by intense social changes that strongly affect role,
purpose and goals of education. In addition to a range of perspectives on the
role of knowledge and education, attention is dedicated to their ability to
secure the attainment of desirable social goods, as well as to the
consequences of the science progress and the role of knowledge contemporary
capitalist society.
Lack of fiscal discipline: Challenges and possible solutions
Authors: Cirovic Nikola
Published: March 2014

The lack of fiscal discipline is one of the most pressing issues in the
framework of various economic systems today. The consequences of the global
economic crisis have shown all the weaknesses of measures and mechanisms in
terms of decision-making in fiscal policy. This problem can be seen now in
almost every country. The problem of inadequate implementation of fiscal
policy and the maintenance of fiscal discipline is reflected in the fact that
their consequences are not visible right away, but tend to show their
negative effects much later. Today, we have a situation where a certain
current government suffers badly implemented prior fiscal discipline of a
previous government. The paper identified causes of fiscal indiscipline,
which is most easily seen in the budget process. In addition to determining
the causes of fiscal indiscipline, the author puts forward a set of different
possible solutions that could positively affect the stabilization of the
growing public debt and eliminate the cause of fiscal indiscipline. Possible
solutions are analyzed, as well as the positive and negative aspects of their
use, and possible implementation problems of specific solutions.
Death by self-inflicted asphyxia with helium – First case reports from Norway and review of the literature
Authors: Frost Joachim
Published: March 2014

An increasing number of asphyxia suicides by inhalation of inert gases have been reported from different parts of the world over
the last decade. So far this phenomenon has not been described in our country. This article presents the first two case reports from
Norway of presumed suicide by asphyxiation due to helium inhalation from a closed plastic bag over the head. In both cases a forensic
autopsy, which included comprehensive toxicological analysis, was requested and performed. In the two cases death was attributed to
asphyxia due to helium inhalation, and suffocation due to a plastic bag over the head and aspiration of gastric contents, respectively.
Toxicological analysis revealed no findings contributing to the deaths. The absence of toxicological and autopsy findings to determine
the cause of death in such cases may represent challenges of clinical and forensic significance. In contrast to the promotion of this
method by euthanasia interest groups for the terminally ill reported suicides by helium asphyxiation primarily involve relatively young
individuals suffering from psychiatric and/or substance use disorders, and not from terminal illness.
Disruption of silicone valve housing in a Codman Hakim Precision valve with integrated Siphonguard
Authors: Woerdeman Peter A. , Cochrane David D.
Published: March 2014

Authors of this report describe 2 patients who had undergone shunt insertion for hydrocephalus and who, at 6 weeks or 9 months after their last revision, presented with symptoms of shunt dysfunction and CSF collections at the valve site. At the ensuing shunt revision in both patients, the silicone housing was fractured and the Siphonguard was disconnected from the Codman Hakim Precision flat-bottom valve. The cause of these failures was not clear since manipulation, bending, and twisting of the valves were not thought to have occurred during implantation.

A review of the FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database revealed 58 cases of silicone housing failure in the Codman Hakim Precision valve with integrated Siphonguard since the year 2000. A single report was found in the databases administered by the Canadian Medical Devices Sentinel Network (CMDSNet).

The Codman Hakim Precision valves with integrated Siphonguard are delicate devices that do not withstand the intraoperative handling tolerated by other valves. When these valves are implanted, gentle handling and wide exposures are needed to minimize the risk of valve damage. Valves should be handled according to the manufacturer's instructions.

However, in light of this particular pattern of failure, it is recommended that the manufacturer redesign this valve to provide handling tolerance that is characteristic of other valves on the market. The featured cases illustrate the importance of the surgeon's role in postmarket surveillance of medical devices and reporting device failures to the responsible agencies and manufacturers.
Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014
Authors: Siegel Rebecca , DeSantis Carol , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: March 2014

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. This article provides an overview of colorectal cancer statistics, including the most current data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates and trends. Incidence data were provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2014, an estimated 71,830 men and 65,000 women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 26,270 men and 24,040 women will die of the disease. Greater than one‐third of all deaths (29% in men and 43% in women) will occur in individuals aged 80 years and older. There is substantial variation in tumor location by age. For example, 26% of colorectal cancers in women aged younger than 50 years occur in the proximal colon, compared with 56% of cases in women aged 80 years and older. Incidence and death rates are highest in blacks and lowest in Asians/Pacific Islanders; among males during 2006 through 2010, death rates in blacks (29.4 per 100,000 population) were more than double those in Asians/Pacific Islanders (13.1) and 50% higher than those in non‐Hispanic whites (19.2). Overall, incidence rates decreased by approximately 3% per year during the past decade (2001–2010). Notably, the largest drops occurred in adults aged 65 and older. For instance, rates for tumors located in the distal colon decreased by more than 5% per year. In contrast, rates increased during this time period among adults younger than 50 years. Colorectal cancer death rates declined by approximately 2% per year during the 1990s and by approximately 3% per year during the past decade. Progress in reducing colorectal cancer death rates can be accelerated by improving access to and use of screening and standard treatment in all populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:104–117. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Malakoplakia cervix misdiagnosed as Carcinoma cervix
Authors: Gupta Sangeeta , Gupta Pratiksha , Kaur Onkar , Bhatia Pushpa
Published: March 2014

Malakoplakia cervix is still not reported in literature. Inflammatory lesions of cervix on visible appearance mimic as cervical malignancy. Histopathology confirms the diagnosis. Aim is to highlight the fact that errors occur in medical practice, if all differential diagnosis are not thought. A proper histopathological diagnosis is mandatory before final diagnosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.14884 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.215-217
Anthropometric indices are associated with LDL cholesterol in postmenopausal Javanese women
Authors: Akhmad Syaefudin Ali
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Lipid abnormalities are seen to be linked lack of physical activity, obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Postmenopausal women experience the changes of body composition by increasing the visceral fat. The study was aimed to explore relationship between anthropometric indices and lipid level in postmenopausal Javanese women. Methods: This cross sectional study included 34 healthy postmenopausal Javanese women, age range between 46-59 years, from Dusun Trukan, Karanggede dan Marangan Prambanan subdistrict, Sleman district. Anthropometric measurements were carried following standard procedure. Appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze data using SPSS Version 17. A p value <0.05 was taken as level of significance. Results: Abdominal circumference showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.289, p=0.049) but not with triglyceride, HDL level and total cholesterol level. BMI also showed significant positive association with LDL level (r=0.336, p=0.026) but not with other variables. Conclusion: The data concluded that abdominal circumference and BMI are positively association with LDL cholesterol but not with other components of the lipid profile in Javanese postmenopausal women. Further studies, however, needed to warranted to understand the causal relationship involving large number of subjects multiple centres. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18293 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.124-127
Medulla of kidney  A Postmortem Grossmorphological Study in Bangladeshi People
Authors: Hassan SM Nurul , Rahaman Habibur , Khalil Mansur , Khalil Mohsin
Published: March 2014

Background: In Bangladesh, prevalence of kidney diseases is increasing day by day and it was observed that renal medulla is affected less in earlier period of life but in late period it becomes affected more. Moreover renal mass changes with age which affecting the medullary mass and consequently the number of medullary pyramids. So the present study was carried out to evaluate anatomical features of medulla and to count the medullary pyramids with age related changes in the number of the pyramids in Bangladeshi people. Study type: Cross sectional analytical type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2004 to June 2005. Materials and methods: A total of 70 fresh human kidneys of both sexes and sides were collected from the morgue of Mymensingh Medical College at postmortem. The selected cases were between 5 to 60 years of age. The samples were divided into 3 different age groups (A: 05-15 years, B: 16-35 years, C: 36- 60 years) to observe the variations in number of medullary pyramid of kidney in different age groups. Results: Among three groups, highly significant (<0.001) differences were found statistically in the number of medullary pyramid. Conclusion: There were changes in the number of medullary pyramid of kidney in different age groups. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18299 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.155-157
Bacteriological Spectrum of Different Infections and their Antibiogram at NICVD, Dhaka
Authors: Shahidullah MS , Yusuf MA , Khatun Z , Ara UKMN , Aziz M , Rahman MR , Hafiz F
Published: March 2014

Background: One of the major causes of death in the current era is the infectious diseases. Aerobic bacteria are one of the most commonly isolated organisms from hospitalised patients. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to observe the infections caused by aerobic bacteria and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) from January 2012 to December 2012 for a period of one year. Patients who were admitted in medical wards and medical ICU suffering from different infections were undertaken for this study. Proper thoroughly clinical examination, routine and specific investigations were done in each case. Microbiological samplings were tried on day 1, after completion of antibiotic therapy or in between as required. Aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity tests were done according to clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) standard. Result: A total of 660 samples were studied of which male (70.0%) were predominant than female (30.0%). The highest number of patients was in the age group of 30-60 years (54.0%) followed by 15-30 years (21.5%) and less than 15 years (13.0%). The mean age with standard deviation was 38.61±19.236 years. The most common isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli (40.1%) followed by Pseudomonas species (30.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (19.0%) and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (5.9%); however, beta-haemolytic Streptococcus (4.2%) was detected. Urine culture has yielded Pseudomonas species (13.3%), E. coli (71.1%) and CNS (15.0%). From pus Pseudomonas species (37.3%) was isolated mostly which was 62 cases followed by E. coli (31.3%), CNS (19.3%) and CPS (7.2%). Pseudomonas species was resistant to penicillin, amoxycillin and vancomycin and ~50% resistant to cotrimoxazole, cefuroxim, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, azythromycin, cephalexin, netelmycin and pfloxacillin. Conclusion: In the conclusion, majority bacteria are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v6i2.18353 Cardiovasc. j. 2014; 6(2): 127-132