bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Inexplicable Voices – Liminal Whiteness in the Early United States
Authors: Murray Hannah Lauren
Published: January 2022

The Introduction sets out the concept of ‘liminal whiteness’ by discussing the fields of Critical Whiteness Studies and studies of liminality, and drawing together the three thematic spheres in which the book operates: Whiteness, the voice, and death, dying and the supernatural in the early United States. It argues that several authors imagine lost, negated and removed Whiteness to both challenge White civic values and express anxiety about social and racial mobility in the early US.
Introduction
Authors: Gilmore William C.
Published: January 2022

This section introduces Judah P Benjamin to the reader. It does so through the prism of his lavish retirement banquet, hosted by the Attorney General of England, in June 1883 and his subsequent withdrawal from public life. It draws heavily upon the, perhaps unprecedented, reaction of the English legal profession and the media to the loss of this leader of the Bar and considers the manner in which commentators of the day reflected upon the varied nature of his career and the magnitude of his accomplishments.
Benjamin’s Exile and Professional Rebirth
Authors: Gilmore William C.
Published: January 2022

The focus of this chapter is on how, at the age of 55, in political exile and with limited financial means, Benjamin managed to overcome the practical and formal barriers to his desire to resume in England his career in the law. It examines, in particular, the archival records of Lincoln’s Inn to establish the grounds upon which and the process through which he succeeded in securing a greatly expedited call to the Bar. By way of an examination of Colonial Constitutional Law and the then rules of common law and statute relating to nationality it also clarifies the basis on which Benjamin managed to secure recognition of his status as a British subject; then a precondition for Bar membership.
My Teenage Cinematic Love Affair with Doris Wishman
Authors: McKendry Rebekah
Published: January 2022

This chapter details the impact Wishman has had on present and future women filmmakers working in genre films. Written self-reflexively, the chapter extends an anecdote of how the author was able to access Wishman’s films in a small town at a young age due to the advent of VHS mail-order and the circulation of horror fandom publications. This story serves as a metaphor for Wishman’s extended influence, however unlikely, across time and space. This chapter also considers how genre conventions shape production decisions in a way that is often more up to the investor and the market than the director. Finally, it argues that increased access to Wishman’s films has increased her appreciation by fans of cult cinema.
A National or Voluntary Church? The Free Church and the Establishment Principle
Authors: Mallon Ryan
Published: January 2022

This chapter questions what kind of church the Free Church was, and examines how it responded to its new position as a dissenting church which, despite its claims to be the ‘true’ national Church of Scotland after 1843, had to rely on voluntary methods. The chapter is split into two main sections. The first assesses the ideological position of the Free Church after the Disruption. While most Free Churchmen were intent on defending the establishment principle, with the aim of returning to a ‘pure’ state church, that view was not representative of the entire denomination with some members openly espousing voluntary and anti-establishment views in the immediate aftermath of the Disruption. The second section assesses how the Free Church aimed to establish itself as a truly national church from scratch through voluntary means. The chapter examines the extent to which the Free Church’s experiment in ‘practical voluntaryism’, while trying to maintain the characteristics of a state church, was a success. How did the Free Church attempt to become a ‘national’ church? It also questions whether the Free Church in the years after 1843 could be regarded as a national, dissenting, or voluntary church, either in ideology or in practice.
‘Co-operation without Incorporation’: Dissenting Relations after the Disruption
Authors: Mallon Ryan
Published: January 2022

Despite the Free Church’s scathing criticism of the perceived failures of voluntaryism, the immediate aftermath of the Disruption witnessed a thawing of relations between Scotland’s dissenting Presbyterians after the acrimony of the Voluntary Controversy. This chapter will assess the policy of ‘co-operation of incorporation’ that developed as Scotland’s dissenting churches grew closer after 1843. Inspired by the 1843 Bicentenary of the Westminster Assembly, and recognising the shared principles and ecclesiology of Scotland’s various non-established Presbyterian denominations, ‘co-operation without incorporation’ suggested a loose and ambiguous dissenting coalition, deemed necessary to tackle Scotland’s social and moral ills, while also challenging the hegemony of the National Church, the shared enemy for Scottish dissenters. This chapter assesses the often fraught means through which this policy was enacted, including pulpit sharing, meetings, and co-operation in the formation of the major pan-Protestant organisation of the period, the Evangelical Alliance. Though it provoked a mixed reaction from members of both churches, the desire to enact real and lasting union between evangelicals through the early days of the Evangelical Alliance would influence ‘the age of unions’ that followed within Scottish dissent.
Liturgical Reform during the Restoration: The Untold Story
Authors: Hintermaier John M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the efforts at liturgical reform during the 1660s and 1670s and demonstrates that influential Episcopalians had come to see liturgical worship as an essential feature of church life and made significant efforts to settle a liturgy in the Kirk. These efforts failed because they were caught in the crossfire between competing factions in the Kirk. It was this dispute that set Episcopalians on the path to developing the robust devotional and liturgical culture that has been a hallmark since the eighteenth century. This chapter considers what happened to both public worship and personal devotion during the Covenanting period which it then compares to the period immediately after the restoration of episcopacy. It examines the proposal for a liturgy debated in 1665 and 1666 and concludes with an examination of the arguments for set prayer and liturgy that emerged from the circle around Bishop Leighton in the early 1670s and the influence they had on future generations of Episcopalians.
Devoted Episcopalians, Reluctant Jacobites? George and James Garden and their Spiritual Environment
Authors: Ehrenschwendtner Marie-Luise
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the spirituality and religious environment of the brothers James and George Garden as theologians from Aberdeen; explores whether their religious convictions tie in with their political persuasions; and whether the religious or the political components decided their actions and loyalties. Both brothers had manifold links to Jacobite circles with interests in mystical literature, and the younger one, George, was openly spreading the ideas of the Flemish mystic Antoinette Bourignon. Episcopacy did not automatically equate to Jacobitism and some non-jurors in their emphatic rejection of Calvinism were given more to pietism than political action. The brothers moved in the direction of Flemish mysticism. Others flirted with Coptic Christianity or Greek and Russian Orthodoxy.
New Ecological Realisms and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction
Authors: Kaup Monika
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a general survey presenting the larger picture of recent developments in new ecological realisms and post-apocalyptic fiction. It establishes the framework for the examination of specific theorists and post-apocalyptic novels and their intersections explored in this study, New Ecological Realisms: Post-Apocalyptic Fiction and Contemporary Theory. It sets off the focus on new context-based realisms from related movements such as speculative realism, new and feminist materialisms, and object-oriented ontology. It explores differences between scientific reductivism and new realism, explaining the significance of new realisms of complex and embedded wholes, actor-networks and ecologies for establishing the irreducibility of humanistic objects of study. It sets out post-apocalyptic fiction as an alternate variety of context-based ontologies that shift away from the old realism of isolated objects: apocalypse is a way the entire world is. Further, post-apocalyptic fiction’s speculative realism is explored as a new futurist variety of narrative verisimilitude, which adapts the novel’s unique standard of realism to the needs of our own time—the challenges of narrating climate change.
The Ontology of Knowledge as the Enaction of Mind and World: Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela’s Autopoietic Theory and José Saramago’s Blindness
Authors: Kaup Monika
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines Maturana and Varela’s autopoietic theory and José Saramago’s Blindness. It argues that Blindness stages a new realist ontology of knowledge that shows striking parallels to autopoietic theory. The chapter’s first part examines Maturana and Varela’s anti-representational theory of knowledge: its pivotal insight is that all knowledge is primarily about worlds, and about world-making. Far from involving a pre-given observer representing a pre-given reality, knowledge is about the co-constitution of minds and worlds in the process of living.
The second part focuses on Blindness’s depiction of the apocalyptic collapse of a city in the wake of a fantastic epidemic of white-blindness. It highlights the novel’s critical examination of the age-old connection between vision and knowledge. Saramago is shown to present a phenomenology of blind perception offering two insights. First, in destroying the fiction of the Cartesian detached observer, white-blind perception is immersed in its embodiment, demonstrating that blind minds are “embodied minds” in Maturana and Varela’s sense, minds thrown back on the sensorimotor apparatus of their bodies. Second, the white-blind discover that survival requires them to reconstitute their world from the ground up in an enactive rather than autonomous process: they reclaim their humanity as a symbiotic collective.
Apocalypse as Field of Sense: Markus Gabriel’s Ontology of Fields of Sense and Octavia Butler’s Parable Series
Authors: Kaup Monika
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines Octavia Butler’s Parable Series and Markus Gabriel’s ontology of fields of sense. The first part offers an overview of Gabriel’s new realist theory, which makes organized contexts the touchstone of the real. According to Gabriel, existence is not an intrinsic property of things or isolated objects; existence is defined as “the fact that something appears in a context.” There are no pre-given objects outside of contexts: what counts as an object is field-dependent.
Focusing on Butler’s post-apocalyptic novels, the chapter’s second part shows that the claims of fields of sense ontology bear a striking resemblance to Butler’s exploration of the realm of the sacred through spiritual leader Lauren Oya Olamina. Lauren’s new metaphysic of post-apocalyptic survival, Earthseed, an ecological belief system whose maxim is “God is Change,” posits that the field-dependence of objects holds true for the most sublime phenomenon of all: the divine. Apocalyptic destruction forces Lauren to abandon the notion of God as absolute and unchanging being. By demoting God to a reduced force relative and subject to the laws of the post-apocalyptic world in which s/he appears, Butler presents a believable fiction staging new realism in the narrative form of apocalyptic endism.
The Family and the Home
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: January 2022

There are many kinds of family, so that generalization is difficult. The migration of families and individuals produces situations where the home variety is different from that of the new community, leading to conflict especially in cases of intermarriage. Diasporas produce language conflict, which adds to the pressure on individual and home language policies. The family, responsible for natural intergenerational language transmission, is a powerful force in language policy.
Public Institutions for Communication, Culture, Religion, Health and Law
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: January 2022

Language policy at various levels is partly interrelated and partly independent. Media, radio, television, newspapers, and books illustrate literacy policy and also influence the status of varieties. Each religion can have its own favored sacred language, and often attempts to manage language use, banning heresy and obscenity. Access to health care can depend on language policy and is influenced by the gap between professional and lay speech. In the same way, the police force needs to be able to communicate with members of the public. Judges and lawyers have their own professional jargon and rules of communication.
Endangerment and Language Shift
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: January 2022

For several years, linguists have seen a parallel between species loss and language endangerment, fearing a rapid reduction in the number of distinct languages which they argue will reduce human knowledge of plants and other valued knowledge. Others suggest that shift is natural and evolutionary. The chapter gives details of minority languages in India, Vanuatu, Brazil, Nigeria, and the Russian Federation, providing support for the notion that stronger varieties threaten weaker. The appendix gives details of endangered languages in five countries.
‘Udhri Tradition between Chastity and Sensuality
Authors: Alharthi Jokha
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses concepts of sexuality, marriage and chastity in Islamic discourse. These topics touch on Islamic jurisprudence as well as Islamic culture in general. The implications of chastity as understood in the stories about 'udhri poets and theories of love will be discussed, especially in the context of the 9th and 10th centuries. The problematic relationship that exists between the ‘udhri tradition and the Islamic discourse around sexuality and love will be the main focus of this chapter.
Digital Literature: The Importance of the Medium
Authors: Nanquette Laetitia
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the forms literature takes in new media and analyses the importance of digital literature in the Iranian literary field. This chapter studies the impact of the digital medium on the evolutions of contemporary Iranian literature through case studies of literary blogs and literary Instagram, which stand at either end of the chronology of Persian digital literature. Does digital literature democratise the field and include writers who are not part of the literary establishment? What innovations in terms of form, topic, style does it introduce? How has it evolved between different platforms? What is the role of censorship in this process? This chapter examines digital literature by Iranian nationals, which includes material written by Iranians in Iran, as well as in languages spoken by Iranians in the diaspora, primarily English and French.
Iran and the Diaspora: Irreconcilable Divisions?
Authors: Nanquette Laetitia
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the Iranian diaspora is a case of a diaspora spread widely, that is relatively well-connected otherwise, but not when it comes to global literary exchanges. It reflects on the division that exists between literary practitioners who leave Iran and those who stay. I also study some examples of attempts to overcome the division of the diaspora as well as the blockages to cooperation, such as the initiatives of the publishers Naakojaa and Candle & Fog, and literary blogs in the diaspora based on interviews and case studies with literary practitioners from the US, the UK, Iran, France and Australia.
Afterword
Authors: Nanquette Laetitia
Published: January 2022

By paying close attention to diverse narratives, the aim of this book was to analyse the relation of the contemporary Iranian literary field to its social, economic and political contexts. This has in turn made it possible to unpack some of the literary relationships forged between Iran and its large diaspora, as well as with non-Iranians through the medium of translated texts.
Fantastic and Bizarro
Authors: Cook Daniel
Published: January 2022

As a theorist, Scott opposed what he perceived to be the formal unscrupulousness of the fantastic. As a practitioner, he appreciated the new ways in which the mode could endlessly shape his storytelling, confident in both his own honed craftsmanship and his long-established reputation as a reliable storyteller. After all, Donnerhugel’s supernatural story in Anne of Geierstein at least acknowledges that competing genres exist, and therefore that there are rules, however we choose to treat them. An unfinished novel, Bizarro has been all but ignored by critics. Read instead as ‘a tale’, it closely resembles ‘The Two Drovers’ in its taut execution and thematic structuring. Scott’s persistent challenge to form and genre throughout ‘Donnerhugel’s Narrative’ (in Anne of Geierstein), ‘The Bridal of Janet Dalrymple’ (in The Bride of Lammermoor) and Bizarro, as demonstrated in this chapter, reveals the storyteller’s more pronounced reliance on plot (including broken, deferred or twisted plotlines) as a vehicle for metafictional queries about modern authorship at the end of his career.
What is Slavery?
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the concept of slavery. The first part of the chapter uses early medieval slavery as an illuminating test-case: the complexity and diversity of early medieval slavery makes it possible to challenge some implicit assumptions that have long dominated the study of ancient slavery; it also allows us to test the conceptual coherence of various key concepts in the study of slavery. The second part of the chapter builds on these insights to propose a new conceptualisation of slavery as an agglomerate of three conceptual systems: slavery as property, slave status, and the various modalities of slavery. By breaking up the unitary understanding of slavery as a single essence, it explores the varying content of each conceptual system and the diverse ways in which they fitted in together across space and time.
Slaving Strategies and Contexts
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: January 2022

This chapter employs an instrumental approach to examine the various reasons why masters employed slavery and the contexts in which they did so. The concept of slaving strategies highlights the fact that slavery could be used for very diverse and often contradictory purposes and explores the entanglements between them. The chapter analyses slaving strategies for labour, revenue, prestige, gratification, expertise, trust and authority. The second part of the chapter explores the various contexts of slaving: the household, the political community, the wider world and large-scale economic operations. The final part of the chapter explores the links between slaving strategies and contexts by focusing on the various processes of slave-making: the natural reproduction of the slave population; the enslavement of members of the free population of political communities as a result of debt, conviction, self-sale or infant abandonment; the practices of violent slave-making and the creation of slaving and no-slaving zones; and, finally, the slave trade and the ways it linked all the above factors.
Introduction: Shakespeare and Latinidad
Authors: Boffone Trevor , Gatta Carla Della
Published: January 2022

The introduction offers a contemporary history of the intersections of Shakespeare and Latinidad, from Latinx theatre-makers to Latinx-themed productions and adaptations. Offering a history of Latinx Shakespeares as both grounded in mid-twentieth-century American theatre and situated in present-day theatrical and political contexts. The editors address how their work is informed by their participation in the Latinx Theatre Commons and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival’s Latino/a Play Project. The introduction addresses tropes that are applied to Latinx peoples in the context of Shakespeare, including the role of Caliban in The Tempest. The introduction provides a layout of the collection in its four parts: Shakespeare in the US Latinx Borderlands, Making Shakespeare Latinx, Shakespeare in Latinx Classrooms and Communities, and Translating Shakespeare in Ashland. An alternative roadmap is provided, one that traces paths throughout the collection for those interested in acting, playwriting, directing, vocal training, and scholarship.
Staging Shakespeare for Latinx Identity and Mexican Subjectivity: Marqués: A Narco Macbeth
Authors: Gatta Carla Della
Published: January 2022

This chapter attends to Márques: A Narco Macbeth, an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Macbeth by Stephen Richter and Mónica Andrade set in present-day Mexico. Set in the world of narcotraficantes, Della Gatta argues that Mexican subjectivity dominates only to implicate the audience’s positionality at the end. This chapter argues that Márques incorporates media and video projections as theatrical forms of mediatized equivocation. This chapter models how to attend to Latinx Shakespearean performance by attending to the Latinx soundscape, the audience’s positionality, the transposition of sorcery to Indigenous ritual practices, and gender fluidity. The chapter illuminates how Latinx Shakespearean adaptations can put a spotlight on the perception of Mexico as abject through a critique of economics and neoliberalism.
Shakespeare’s Ghosts: Staging Colonial Histories in New Mexico
Authors: Greenberg Marissa
Published: January 2022

Ramon Flores and Lynn Butler Knight’s The Merchant of Santa Fe (an adaptation of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice) revisits Shakespeare’s play in the context of ethnic relations in colonial New Spain. Set in what would become the borderlands of the American Southwest, The Merchant of Santa Fe presents alliance rather than affinity as the foundation for cohabitation by Gentile and Jew. Although both groups identify as Hispano, it is not shared Spanish heritage or even the threat of Indigenous violence that allies Catholic and Crypto-Jewish settlers in 1660s New Mexico. Instead, it is an experience of migration that breeds common purpose among otherwise disparate groups. Early modern conversos were never permitted full access to Christian society. The Merchant of Santa Fe thus not only meditates on the status of Sephardim, which was a hot topic in the region when the play was written. It also anticipates current national debate around the status of Latinx, both citizens and non-citizens. The Merchant of Santa Fe explores these subjects through adaptations of master texts, using Shakespeare’s play and Scripture to discover in the migrant experience a starting point for empathy and coexistence.
Shakespeare With, For and By Latinx Youth: Assumptions, Access and Assets
Authors: Schroeder-Arce Roxanne
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores efforts to help youth access the language and the themes in Shakespeare’s plays. As Shakespeare’s work endures, so does the need to critically examine culturally responsive practice in relation to the work, both in theatre classrooms and on theatre education stages. This chapter offers a look at a variety of efforts in theatre education settings, where teacher/directors employ culturally responsive pedagogy and artistry while they teach and direct Latinx youth and offer theatre for Latinx young audiences. In educational theatre spaces, theatre educators, from middle school through college and from East to West coast, aim to make Shakespeare accessible and meaningful to youth, through reciprocal, culturally responsive practice. This chapter examines these efforts alongside and building upon critical race theory, culturally responsive pedagogy theory, and Shakespeare scholarship.
Diálogo: On Performing Shakespearean Characters as Latinx
Authors: Escalante Alejandra , Molina Daniel José , Gatta Carla Della
Published: January 2022

In this conversation, Alejandra Escalante and Daniel José Molina tackle the nuances of portraying Shakespearean characters as Latinx actors. Although currently living in New York, they have both worked extensively for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival (OSF), and they met when starring in the lead roles of OSF’s Romeo and Juliet in 2012. They shared the stage again at OSF in The Tempest (2014) and in Henry IV, Part I (2016). Their onstage relationships soon took on an offstage life, with the two marrying each other in 2018. They have both performed Shakespeare in Spanish in various roles. In this dialogue, they discuss their background with Shakespeare, the process of translating his work into Spanish, and their history with performing in plays written by Latinx playwrights.
Translational Informatics for Natural Products as Antidepressant Agents
Authors: Singla Rajeev K. , Joon Shikha , Shen Li , Shen Bairong
Published: January 2022

Depression, a neurological disorder, is a universally common and debilitating illness where social and economic issues could also become one of its etiologic factors. From a global perspective, it is the fourth leading cause of long-term disability in human beings. For centuries, natural products have proven their true potential to combat various diseases and disorders, including depression and its associated ailments. Translational informatics applies informatics models at molecular, imaging, individual, and population levels to promote the translation of basic research to clinical applications. The present review summarizes natural-antidepressant-based translational informatics studies and addresses challenges and opportunities for future research in the field.
Mid-Ocean Ridge and Storm Enhanced Mixing in the Central South Atlantic Thermocline
Authors: Wei Jingxuan , Gunn Kathryn L. , Reece Robert
Published: January 2022

We investigate the spatial distribution of diapycnal mixing and its drivers in the central South Atlantic thermocline between the Rio-Grande Rise to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Diapycnal mixing in the ocean interior influences the slowly evolving meridional circulation, yet there are few observations of its variability with space and time or its drivers. To overcome this gap, seismic reflection data are spectrally analyzed to produce a 1,600 km long full-thermocline vertical section of diapycnal diffusivity, that has a vertical and horizontal resolution of O(10) m and spans a period of 4 weeks. We compare seismic-derived diffusivities with CTD-derived diffusivities and direct observations from 1996, 2003, and 2011. In the mean and on decadal scales, we find that thermocline diffusivities have changed little in this region, retaining a background value of 1 × 10–5 m2 s–1. Imprinted upon the background rates, mixing is heterogeneous at mesoscales. Enhanced mixing, exceeding 10 × 10–5 m2 s–1 and spreading between 200 and 700 m depth, is found above the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggesting the ridge enhances diffusivity by at least one order of magnitude across the entire water column. Rapid decay of diffusivities within 30 km of the ridge implies local dissipation of tidal energy. Above smooth topography, patches of enhanced mixing are possibly caused by a recent storm that injects near-inertial energy into the water column and elevates mixing from 3 × 10–5 m2 s–1 to 50 × 10–5 m2 s–1 down to depths of more than 600 m. The propagation speed of near-inertial energy varies substantially from 17 to 27 m/day. Faster speed, and therefore greater penetration depths of 800 m, are probably facilitated by an eddy. Together, these data extend the observational record of central South Atlantic thermocline mixing and provide insights into drivers of mesoscale variability.
The Impact of Sodium Alginate Hydrogel on Exogenous Glucose Oxidation Rate and Gastrointestinal Comfort in Well-Trained Runners
Authors: Sutehall Shaun , Muniz-Pardos Borja , Bosch Andrew N. , Galloway Stuart D. , Pitsiladis Yannis
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect of adding sodium alginate and pectin to a carbohydrate (CHO) beverage on exogenous glucose (ExGluc) oxidation rate compared with an isocaloric CHO beverage.

Methods

Following familiarization, eight well-trained endurance athletes performed four bouts of prolonged running (105 min; 71 ± 4% of VO2max) while ingesting 175 mL of one of the experimental beverages every 15 min. In randomized order, participants consumed either 70 g.h−1 of maltodextrin and fructose (10% CHO; NORM), 70 g.h−1 of maltodextrin, fructose, sodium alginate, and pectin (10% CHO; ENCAP), 180 g.h−1 of maltodextrin, fructose, sodium alginate, and pectin (26% CHO; HiENCAP), or water (WAT). All CHO beverages had a maltodextrin:fructose ratio of 1:0.7 and contained 1.5 g.L−1 of sodium chloride. Total substrate oxidation, ExGluc oxidation rate, blood glucose, blood lactate, serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration, and RPE were measured for every 15 min. Every 30 min participants provided information regarding their gastrointestinal discomfort (GID).

Results

There was no significant difference in peak ExGluc oxidation between NORM and ENCAP (0.63 ± 0.07 and 0.64 ± 0.11 g.min−1, respectively; p > 0.5), both of which were significantly lower than HiENCAP (1.13 ± 0.13 g.min−1, p < 0.01). Both NORM and HiENCAP demonstrated higher total CHO oxidation than WAT from 60 and 75 min, respectively, until the end of exercise, with no differences between CHO trials. During the first 60 min, blood glucose was significantly lower in WAT compared with NORM and HiENCAP, but no differences were found between CHO beverages. Both ENCAP and HiENCAP demonstrated a higher blood glucose concentration from 60–105 min than WAT, and ENCAP was significantly higher than HiENCAP. There were no significant differences in reported GID symptoms between the trials.

Conclusions

At moderate ingestion rates (i.e., 70 g.h−1), the addition of sodium alginate and pectin did not influence the ExGluc oxidation rate compared with an isocaloric CHO beverage. At very high ingestion rates (i.e., 180 g.h−1), high rates of ExGluc oxidation were achieved in line with the literature.
Deferoxamine Counteracts Cisplatin Resistance in A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Increasing Vulnerability to Glutamine Deprivation-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Liu Wen-Jun , Pan Peng-yu , Sun Ye , Wang Jian-bo , Zhou Huan , Xie Xin , Duan Zhi-yuan , Dong Han-yu , Chen Wen-na , Zhang Li-de , Wang Chun
Published: January 2022

Glutamine, like glucose, is a major nutrient consumed by cancer cells, yet these cells undergo glutamine starvation in the cores of tumors, forcing them to evolve adaptive metabolic responses. Pharmacologically targeting glutamine metabolism or withdrawal has been exploited for therapeutic purposes, but does not always induce cancer cell death. The mechanism by which cancer cells adapt to resist glutamine starvation in cisplatin-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) also remains uncertain. Here, we report the potential metabolic vulnerabilities of A549/DDP (drug-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines) cells, which were more easily killed by the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) during glutamine deprivation than their parental cisplatin-sensitive A549 cells. We demonstrate that phenotype resistance to cisplatin is accompanied by adaptive responses during glutamine deprivation partly via higher levels of autophagic activity and apoptosis resistance characteristics. Moreover, this adaptation could be explained by sustained glucose instead of glutamine-dominant complex II-dependent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Further investigation revealed that cisplatin-resistant cells sustain OXPHOS partly via iron metabolism reprogramming during glutamine deprivation. This reprogramming might be responsible for mitochondrial iron-sulfur [Fe-S] cluster biogenesis, which has become an “Achilles’ heel,” rendering cancer cells vulnerable to DFO-induced autophagic cell death and apoptosis through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Finally, in vivo studies using xenograft mouse models also confirmed the growth-slowing effect of DFO. In summary, we have elucidated the adaptive responses of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, which balanced stability and plasticity to overcome metabolic reprogramming and permitted them to survive under stress induced by chemotherapy or glutamine starvation. In addition, for the first time, we show that suppressing the growth of cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells via iron chelator-induced autophagic cell death and apoptosis was possible with DFO treatment. These findings provide a solid basis for targeting mitochondria iron metabolism in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC for therapeutic purposes, and it is plausible to consider that DFO facilitates in the improvement of treatment responses in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC patients.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated With Partial Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt Caused by Fusarium graminearum in Field Pea
Authors: Wu Longfei , Fredua-Agyeman Rudolph , Strelkov Stephen E. , Chang Kan-Fa , Hwang Sheau-Fang
Published: January 2022

Fusarium root rot, caused by a complex of Fusarium spp., is a major disease of field pea (Pisum sativum). The development of genetic resistance is the most promising approach to manage the disease, but no pea germplasm has been identified that is completely resistant to root rot. The aim of this study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring partial resistance to root rot and wilting, caused by five fungal isolates representing Fusarium solani, F. avenaceum, F. acuminatum, F. proliferatum, and F. graminearum. Evaluation of the root rot-tolerant cultivar “00-2067” and susceptible cultivar “Reward” was carried out with the five species. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean root rot values of the two cultivars inoculated with the F. avenaceum (F4A) and F. graminearum (FG2) isolates. Therefore, in the QTL study, the F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from “Reward” × “00-2067” was inoculated in the greenhouse (4 ×) with only F4A and FG2. The parents and F8 population were genotyped using 13.2K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 222 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A significant genotypic effect (p < 0.05) and high heritability (79% to 92.1%) were observed for disease severity, vigor, and plant height following inoculation with F4A and FG2. Significant correlation coefficients were detected among and within all traits. This suggested that a high proportion of the genetic variance was transmitted from the parents to the progeny. However, no significant QTL (LOD > 3) were detected for the RILs inoculated with F4A. In the case of the RILs inoculated with FG2, 5 QTL for root rot severity and 3 QTL each for vigor and plant height were detected. The most stable QTL for plant height (Hgt-Ps3.1) was detected on Chrom5/LGIII. The two most stable QTL for partial resistance to FG2, Fg-Ps4.1, and Fg-Ps4.2 were located in a 15.1-cM and 11.2-cM genomic region, respectively, on Chrom4/LGIV. The most stable QTL for vigor (Vig-Ps4.1) was found in the same region. Twenty-five major and moderate effect digenic epistatic interactions were detected. The identified region on chrom4/LGIV could be important for resistance breeding and marker development.
Why Do Some Consumers Still Prefer In-Store Shopping? An Exploration of Online Shopping Cart Abandonment Behavior
Authors: Wang Siqi , Ye Ye , Ning Binyao , Cheah Jun-Hwa , Lim Xin-Jean
Published: January 2022

Shopping cart abandonment remains a challenge for many e-retailers despite the continued growth of the e-commerce industry worldwide. However, the issue of online shopping cart abandonment (OSCA) has not been explored extensively in the literature. Grounded by the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model, this study explores a sequential mediation model comprising consumers' wait for lower prices as an antecedent, hesitation at checkout and OSCA as mediators, perceived transaction inconvenience as a moderator, and decision to buy from a land-based retailer (DBLR) as an outcome. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to 883 online consumers in Mainland China. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the survey data. The results show that waiting for lower prices positively influences hesitation at checkout, and subsequently, impacts both OSCA and DBLR. Hesitation at checkout and OSCA play sequential mediating roles in the framework path. In addition, perceived transaction inconvenience strengthens the relationship between waiting for lower prices and hesitation at checkout. Overall, this study contributes to theory and serves as a guideline for e-retailers in reducing the OSCA rate.
Social Sensing for Sentiment Analysis of Policing Authority Performance in Smart Cities
Authors: Malik Tariq , Tahir Ahsen , Bilal Ahsan , Dashtipour Kia , Imran Muhammad Ali , Abbasi Qammer H.
Published: January 2022

High-tech services in smart cities, ubiquity of smart phones, and proliferation of social media platforms have enabled social sensing, either through direct human observers or through humans as sensor carriers and operators, such as through the use of smart phones, cameras, etc. We performed a sentiment analysis (SA) and mined public opinion on the civil services and policing authority in a smart city. The establishment of high-tech policing in Lahore, Pakistan, known as the Punjab Safe Cities Authority (PSCA), Lahore, along with integrated command and control centers and various equipments, such as 8,000 cameras, monitoring sensors, etc., has resulted in a requirement for its performance evaluation and social media–enabled opinion mining to determine the broader impact on communities. Social sensing of civil services has been enabled through the presence of the PSCA on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Web TV. The SA of the local civil services is not possible without taking into account the local language. In this article, we utilize machine learning techniques to perform multi-class SA of public opinion on policing authority and the provided civil services in both the local languages Urdu and English. The support vector machine provides the highest performance multi-classification accuracy of 86.87% for positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. The temporal sentiments are determined over time from January 2020 to July 2021, with an overall positive sentiment of 62.40% and a negative sentiment of 13.51%, which shows high satisfaction of policing authority and the provided civil services.
Impact of Body Composition and Physical Function on Quality of Life After Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Wang Wen-Bin , Song Hao-Nan , Huang Dong-Dong , Luo Xin , Cai Hui-Yang , Yan Jing-Yi , Chen Wei-Zhe , Xing Chun-Gen , Dong Qian-Tong , Chen Xiao-Lei
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Patients with gastric cancer after gastrectomy often suffer from a decline in their quality of life (QoL), but the relationship between body composition (BC) and physical function on QoL has rarely been studied. This study aims to evaluate and determine the changes in QoL after gastrectomy and the impact of BC and physical function on QoL.

Methods

A total of 311 gastric cancer patients completed EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-STO22 questionnaires before and 1, 3, 6 months post-surgery. Data including BC, handgrip strength (HGS) and 6-m gait speed (GS) were collected prospectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between QoL and BC, HGS and GS.

Results

Patients had significantly worse scores after surgery on most function and symptom scales (p < 0.001), but most of these scales recovered within 6 months after surgery. A higher subcutaneous fat area (SFA)was associated with increased symptom scores 1 month after surgery. A higher GS is associated with a better global health status symptom.

Conclusion

Patients suffer from a decline in their QoL after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Intervention strategies aiming at reducing SFA and improving GS may improve the QoL in patients underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Gas-Phase Chemistry of 1,1,2,3,3,4,4-Heptafluorobut-1-ene Initiated by Chlorine Atoms
Authors: Sapkota Ramesh , Marshall Paul
Published: January 2022

The possibility of mitigating climate change by switching to materials with low global warming potentials motivates a study of the spectroscopic and kinetic properties of a fluorinated olefin. The relative rate method was used to determine the rate constant for the reaction of heptafluorobut-1-ene (CF2=CFCF2CF2H) with chlorine atoms in air. A mercury UV lamp was used to generate atomic chlorine, which initiated chemistry monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Ethane was used as the reference compound for kinetic studies. Oxidation of heptafluorobut-1-ene initiated by a chlorine atom creates carbonyl difluoride (CF2=O) and 2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropanoyl fluoride (O=CFCF2CF2H) as the major products. Anharmonic frequency calculations allowing for several low-energy conformations of 1,1,2,3,3,4,4 heptafluorobut-1-ene and 2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropanoyl fluoride, based on density functional theory, are in good accord with measurements. The global warming potentials of these two molecules were calculated from the measured IR spectra and estimated atmospheric lifetimes and found to be small, less than 1.
Athens’ Political Failures in the Central Chapters of Book 4 of Thucydides
Authors: Foster Edith
Published: January 2022

This paper argues that the central chapters of Book 4 of Thucydides show the failure of Athens’ political initiatives during the summer of 424 BC. In these chapters, Thucydides shows that Athens accepts invitations from weak democratic factions in Megara and Boeotia in hopes of imposing new political arrangements : the strategy both relies on political affiliations and has political aims. It also has political outcomes, since Athens fails twice in a row, and both attacks result in the consolidation of hostile and oligarchical regimes. The Spartan commander Brasidas was therefore certainly important for Athens’ failures, but not their central cause.
La dédicace aux Muses d’Eurydice fille de Sirrhas (Plutarque, Sur l’éducation des enfants, 20)
Authors: Jacquemin Anne
Published: January 2022

L’épigramme en distiques élégiaques citée par Plutarque (Sur l’éducation des enfants, 20 [ Moralia, 14 B9-C3]) a longtemps été une source majeure sur la mère de Philippe II de Macédoine. La transmission imparfaite du texte a suscité diverses propositions pour l’amender, qui ne sont pas entièrement satisfaisantes. Est proposée ici une correction plus fidèle aux textes des manuscrits et qui a l’avantage de mieux correspondre aux usages des dédicaces grecques.
'URF DAN PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM ISLAM MENURUT AL-SHÂTIBÎ
Authors: Mansur Mansur
Published: January 2022

Al-ShÃ¢thibÃ® dividing habit at two kinds of 1) al-shar'iyyah al-'awÃ¢id, that is expressed habit expressly by nash shar'Ã® 2) al-nÃ¢s bain al-jÃ¢riyyah al-'awÃ¢id, habit that happened in one society community and of shara' silent do not comment. Nonetheless, shara' also legalizeing it. In meaning, law even also follow what habit will desire. Al-ShÃ¢tibÃ® also divide evaluated habit from its its at two kinds of 1) al-'Ã¢mmah al-'awÃ¢id, habit going into effect public, do not change in all room, situation and time 2) Different habit along with friction of room, situation and time. Term this â€˜Ã¢dah by al-ShÃ¢t}ibÃ® given on to word 'ibÃ¢dah. Because of religious service basically is total compliance and adherence to Allah, hence 'Ã¢dah basically is more emphasizing its. But so, al-ShÃ¢t}ibÃ® giving exemption that habits which in it there are adherence, hence its application have to bow under nash. Implementation â€™urf al-ShÃ¢tibÃ®at practical plain in the effort forming of Islam law only going into effect at deed which do not contain adherence. In the meaning that more orienting habit at relation pattern between human being is delivered to habit going into effect. On that account, law even also will be interconnected follow change of habit.Â
Model Kelas Anwaha Manajemen Pembelajaran Tatap Muka Masa Covid 19
Authors: Syahrani Syahrani
Published: January 2022

Covid 19 memberi pengaruh besar terhadap percepatan adaptasi digital dunia pendidikan dengan gencarnya pembelajaran daring, namun berdampak negatif setelah berlangsung selama 1 tahun lebih dengan terlihatnya anak kelas 2 dan 3 SD sederajat yang belum bisa membaca, menulis, dan berhitung yang sebenarnya harus dikuasai anak saat masih di kelas 1 SD, begitu juga halnya di kelas selanjutnya dan jenjang pendidikan SMP dan SMA yang mana hampir semua siswa belum menguasai pelajaran yang dibahas pada jenjang kelas dibawahnya, sehingga Pondok Pesantren Anwararul Hasaniyyah (Anwaha) membuat model kelas sebagai gerak cepat penanganan masalah tersebut.
Efektifitas Kegiatan Lashing Muatan Peti Kemas Guna Menunjang Keselamatan Operasional Kapal
Authors: Pasyah A. Chalid , Warsono  , Lumbangaol Erik Roynaldo
Published: January 2022

Efektifitas proses kegiatan lashing muatan peti kemas merupakan salah satu hal penting yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pelaksaanaan bongkar muat. Baik atau buruknya kegiatan lashing muatan merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap keamanan muatan, bahkan stabilitas kapal pada saat melaksanakan pelayaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai cara penggunaan alat-alat lashing sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing serta cara kegiatan lashing peti kemas yang baik sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di atas kapal MV. Hijau Segar, kapal milik PT. SPIL. Pelaksanaan penelitian selama dua belas bulan ini dilaksanakan saat peneliti melaksanakan Praktek Laut (Prala), sehingga sumber data diperoleh langsung dari tempat penelitian berupa informasi berdasarkan hasil pengamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat banyaknya kekurangan yang terjadi dalam proses kegiatan lashing muatan, baik dalam hal pengetahuan maupun perlengkapan peralatan. Peneliti yakin dengan memberikan gambaran tentang metode kegiatan lasing peti kemas dengan benar, para anak buah kapal akan memiliki pengetahuan tentang teknik kegiatan lashing muatan dengan meningkatkan efektifitas kegiatan lashing muatan sehingga tidak terjadi pergeseran muatan yang dapat berdampak buruk terhadap keselamatan dan stabilitas kapal maupun muatan itu sendiri.
Optimalisasi Penerapan Isps Code Untuk Meningkatkan Keselamatan Dan Keamanan Diatas Kapal MV. CK Bluebell
Authors: Melinasari  , Febriansyah Ganda , Riza Syahdana
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan di atas kapal MV. CK Bluebell milik perusahaan pelayaran Chang Myung Shipping, yang ikut berperan penting dalam kemajuan transportasi laut di dunia Maritim. Distribusi muatan cargo curah memiliki peranan yang sangat penting penting dalam kegiatan ekonomi Indonesia, sehingga pengiriman muatan seperti batubara, biji kedelai dan sebagainya dapat dibawa dengan aman dan tepat waktu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penanganan sistem keamanan diatas kapal dapat berjalan dengan baik dan sesuai dengan prosedur serta untuk mengetahui betapa pentingnya keamanan dan keselamatan diatas kapal. Penelitian ini bersifat Deskiptif kualitatif yaitu menggunakan metode pemaparan dengan menganalisa data berupa temuan-temuan yang didapat di lapangan dengan alat ukur berupa teori-teori yang relevan dengan masalah yang diteliti sehingga ditemukan penyebab timbulnya masalah.Subjek penelitian dari penelitian yang dilakukan oleh team peneliti adalah Optimalisasi Penerapan ISPS CODE untuk Meningkatkan Keselamatan dan Keamanan diatas kapal MV. CK Bluebell dimana kurang optimalnya pelaksanaan pengamanan yang sesuai dengan prosedur sehingga berpengaruh terhadap keamanan dan keselamatan diatas kapal.