bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the role of anti‐HLA class II antibodies in TRALI
Authors: Kao Grace S. , Wood Isabelle G. , Dorfman David M. , Milford Edgar L. , Benjamin Richard J.
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : TRALI is thought to be triggered by recipient‐specific anti‐HLA class I or antibodies against neutrophils in donor plasma. Recently, anti‐HLA class II have also been implicated. The prevalence of anti‐HLA class II was investigated in normal volunteer platelet donors and in two nonfatal TRALI cases utilizing a flow‐based assay. Potential target antigens also were investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Commercial flow cytometry‐based assays (FlowPRA, One Lambda, Inc.) for anti‐HLA class I and II were compared with standard lymphocytotoxicity tests. Subsequently, 151 volunteer platelet donors and two clinical cases of TRALI were screened with FlowPRA. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on lung tissue from a surgical case, an autopsy case, and a fatal TRALI case.

RESULTS : The FlowPRA assays showed moderate concordance for anti‐HLA class I (κ = 0.448) and good concordance for class II antibodies (κ = 0.801), when compared to standard lymphocytotoxicity assays. Ten and 9 percent of female platelet donors were positive for anti‐HLA class I and class II, respectively. Two nonfatal cases of TRALI showed both anti‐HLA class I and anti‐HLA class II. Immunohistochemical analysis of a TRALI case revealed granulocyte aggregation in alveolar capillaries with activated vascular endothelial cells. HLA class II antigen expression was not present on vascular endothelium or intravascular WBCs; however, strong expression was seen on alveolar macrophages.

CONCLUSION : FlowPRA assays often detect anti‐HLA class I not detected by conventional lymphocytotoxicity assays. These assays reveal anti‐HLA class II in normal female donor plasma and in sera implicated in TRALI. Immunohistochemical studies failed to reveal endothelial or intravascular‐WBC HLA class II antigen expression in lung tissue derived from TRALI cases or controls, but demonstrated HLA class II expression on pulmonary macrophages.
Morphological Features Pertinent to Interventional Closure of Patent Oval Foramen
Authors: HO * † SIEW YEN , MCCARTHY * † KAREN P. , RIGBY † MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2003

Despite the growing trend of device closure for patent ovale foramens (PFO), the morphology of these lesions is much neglected. A better understanding of the morphological aspects is needed for developing lesion‐specific devices. We reviewed ten heart specimens and distinguished two forms of PFO: valve competent and valve incompetent. In the valve‐competent form, the thin valve of the oval foramen adequately overlaps the firmer muscular rim of the foramen, leaving a crevice‐like aperture sandwiched between the two structures. In contrast, the valve‐incompetent form results from aneurysmal ballooning of the valve, or stretching of the muscular rim, creating an interatrial communication in a previously competent flap valve. Distinguishing between the two forms can help in designing and selecting the most appropriate device for implantation. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:33–38)
Mixed Messages: The Heterogeneity of Historical Discourse
Authors: Crowell Steven G.
Published: March 2003

If, as many historians and theorists now believe, narrative is the formproper to historical explanation, this raises the problem of the terms in which such narratives areto be evaluated. Without a clear account of evaluation, the status of historical knowledge (both initself and in all those social, political, and other contexts in which appeal to historical explanationis made) remains obscure. Beginning with the view, found in Hayden White and others, thathistorical narrative constitutes a meaning not reducible to the factual content it engages, thisessay argues that such meaning can arise only through a synthesis of cognitive and normativediscourses. Narrative combines “heterogeneous” language games in such a waythat neither appeal to “truth content” nor to “justice” suffices todecide the question of which of two competing historical explanations is, as a whole, superior.Examining in critical detail the opposed positions on this issue articulated by two recenttheorists—Frank Ankersmit (“narrative idealism”) and David Carr(“narrative realism”)—the paper concludes that the debate between thosewho hold that historical narratives should be judged in essentially cognitive terms and those whohold that they should be judged in essentially political terms cannot be resolved and that aphilosophical view of historical narrative that is neither realist nor idealist needs to be developed.
Rejoinder to a Postmodernist
Authors: Zagorin PEerez
Published: March 2003

This article, a defense of realism and representationalism in history against the postmodernist philosophy of language, is a critical rejoinder to Keith Jenkins's reply to my earlier essay in this journal in 1999 on postmodernism and historiography. Beginning with some remarks on the relationship between philosophy and historiography, this article goes on to note some of the weaknesses in postmodernist Jenkins's discussion of realism, representationalism, Richard Rorty, and Jacques Derrida's well‐known dictum that there is nothing outside the text. It also considers Jenkins's talk about emancipation and the end of history and shows why it cannot be taken seriously. The article's conclusion is that postmodernism has nothing to contribute to the understanding of history as a form of thought or body of knowledge.
On the Decent Uses of History
Authors: Gumbrecht Hans Ulrich
Published: March 2003

Dominick LaCapra, History and Memory after Auschwitz
The Finances of Major U.S. Unions
Authors: Masters Marick F. , Atkin Robert S.
Published: March 2003

Financial resources have a significant impact on labor's current attempt to reassert itself. We examine the total assets, net worth, and income of unions in (1) a cross‐sectional analysis of the distribution of financial resources across national, intermediate, and local levels of unions and (2) a longitudinal analysis of trends in a variety of financial measures. We observe considerable decentralization of financial resources across levels, substantial concentration of resources, and differences across and within union sectors. These results are discussed with regard to current merger activity.
Wages in the Steel Industry: Take the Money and Run?
Authors: Deily Mary E.
Published: March 2003

Sharp increases occurred in the wages paid by integrated steel firms in the 1970s despite reductions in employment caused by the industry's decline. This article reviews several explanations suggested for this puzzling outcome and evaluates them using information on the size and timing of wage increases, on investment decisions, and on expectations about future inflation and demand growth. Overly optimistic expectations for demand growth and unexpected inflation appear to explain much of the data.
Fact‐Finding Effectiveness: Evidence from New York State Fact‐Finding Effectiveness
Authors: Hebdon Robert
Published: March 2003

In a collective‐bargaining environment characterized by increasing fiscal and taxpayer pressures, this article examines the continued viability of fact‐finding as a dispute‐resolution mechanism in New York State's public sector. This is an important question because fact‐finding is the final dispute‐resolution procedure for most unionized employees in New York and many other states. Whether fact‐finding effectiveness was measured by the proximity of fact‐finder recommendations to the final settlement or by outright acceptance of the fact‐finder report, regression results show that New York fact‐finding has successfully met the challenges of the intensified environmental pressures in the 1990s. No significant decline was found in its ability to move parties toward the compromise outcome. Part of the fact‐finding's continued success can be attributed to the policy shift by New York's Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) in 1991 in the role of the fact‐finder from an accommodative to a more adjudicative function. The well‐reasoned adjudicative fact‐finding report has more potential to bring public pressure to bear on the extreme positions of the parties. Mediation was better left to the professional PERB mediators. Finally, it also was found that fact‐finders who were full‐time neutrals were more effective under this more adjudicative style.
Team Racial Composition, Member Attitudes, and Performance: A Field Study
Authors: Townsend Anthony M. , Scott K. Dow
Published: March 2003

Attitudinal, performance, and demographic data from 1200 workers on self‐directed teams are examined to determine if racial composition affects team performance, if African‐Americans and whites have different attitudes toward their teams and team performance, and whether any differences explain performance differences associated with different racial composition. Results indicate that racial composition affects team performance and racial differences in team and performance‐related attitudes. Differences in attitudes reduce, but do not eliminate, racial composition effects on team performance.
The Spiritual Self‐In‐Relation: Empathy and the Construction of Spirituality Among Modern Descendants of theSpanish Crypto‐Jews
Authors: Jacobs Janet Liebman
Published: March 2003

The research that is presented here explores the role that empathic attachment plays in the development of the religious self. Based on an ethnographic study of modern descendants of the Spanish crypto‐Jews, the work applies self‐in‐relation theory to the study of spirituality and religious belief acquisition among a population of individuals who, in adulthood, have modified their religious world view as a result of their crypto‐Jewish heritage. The findings of the research expand the parameters of self‐in‐relation theory in three important ways: 1) through an examination of the role that empathic attachment plays in adult conversion patterns; 2) through the elaboration of a developmental model that considers the significance of empathic attachment for sons as w ll as daughters; and 3) through an investigation into the relationship between ethnicity and spiritual development.
Profiling Religious Maturity: The Relationship of Religious Attitude Components to Religious Orientations
Authors: Kristensen Kristoffer B. , Pedersen Darhl M. , Williams Richard N.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the relationships between religious orientation and components of religious attitudes. Religious orientation was measured using Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis' (1993) Religious Life Inventory. Affective, cognitive, and conative components of attitudes toward religious beliefs and practices were measured using an instrument constructed for the study. Participants were undergraduate students from four educational institutions in the United States. Systematic relationships were found among the dimensions of religious orientation and the components of religious attitudes. Means and Quest orientations had very similar profiles, characterized by high Cognition scores and relatively low Affect and Conation scores. By contrast, modestly low Cognition scores and significantly high Affect and Conation scores characterized the profile of the Ends orientation. Results are discussed in terms of the concept of mature religiosity.
Static Hedging of Exotic Options
Authors: Carr Peter , Ellis Katrina , Gupta Vishal
Published: March 2003

This paper develops static hedges for several exotic options using standard options. The method relies on a relationship between European puts and calls with different strike prices. The analysis allows for constant volatility or for volatility smiles or frowns.
Are Financial Markets Overly Optimistic about the Prospects of Firms That Issue Equity? Evidence from Voluntary versus Involuntary Equity Issuances by Banks
Authors: Cornett Marcia Millon , Mehran Hamid , Tehranian Hassan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines firm performance around announcements of common stock issues. We study the banking industry in which some stock issues are made voluntarily by managers, and other issues are involuntary. We find that banks that voluntarily issue common stock experience a significant drop in the matched adjusted operating performance following the issue, a significant drop in benchmark firms' adjusted stock prices following the issue, and systematically negative market reactions to post‐issue quarterly earnings announcements. Banks that issue common stock involuntarily experience values for these measures that are not significantly different from those of the benchmark firm(s).
The Stochastic Volatility of Short‐Term Interest Rates: Some International Evidence
Authors: Ball Clifford A. , Torous Walter N.
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates a stochastic volatility model of short‐term riskless interest rate dynamics. Estimated interest rate dynamics are broadly similar across a number of countries and reliable evidence of stochastic volatility is found throughout. In contrast to stock returns, interest rate volatility exhibits faster mean‐reverting behavior and innovations in interest rate volatility are negligibly correlated with innovations in interest rates. The less persistent behavior of interest rate volatility reflects the fact that interest rate dynamics are impacted by transient economic shocks such as central bank announcements and other macroeconomic news.
Asset Pricing at the Millennium
Authors: Campbell John Y.
Published: March 2003

This paper surveys the field of asset pricing. The emphasis is on the interplay between theory and empirical work and on the trade‐off between risk and return. Modern research seeks to understand the behavior of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) that prices all assets in the economy. The behavior of the term structure of real interest rates restricts the conditional mean of the SDF, whereas patterns of risk premia restrict its conditional volatility and factor structure. Stylized facts about interest rates, aggregate stock prices, and cross‐sectional patterns in stock returns have stimulated new research on optimal portfolio choice, intertemporal equilibrium models, and behavioral finance.
Valuation and Control in Venture Finance
Authors: Kirilenko Andrei A.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the model of a relationship between a venture capitalist and an entrepreneur engaged in the formation of a new firm. I assume that the entrepreneur derives private nonpecuniary benefits from having some control over the firm. I show that to separate the entrepreneur's value of control from the firm's expected payoff, the venture capitalist demands disproportionately higher control rights than the size of his equity investment. The entrepreneur is compensated for a greater loss of control through better terms of financing, ability to extract higher rents from asymmetric information, and improved risk sharing.
Survival Bias and the Equity Premium Puzzle
Authors: Li Haitao , Xu Yuewu
Published: March 2003

Previous authors have raised the concern that there could be serious survival bias in the observed U.S. equity premium. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we argue that the survival bias in the U.S. data is unlikely to be significant. To reach this conclusion, we introduce a general framework for modeling survival and derive a mathematical relationship between the ex ante survival probability and the average survival bias. This relationship reveals the fundamental difficulty facing the survival argument: High survival bias requires an ex ante probability of market failure, which seems unrealistically high given the history of world financial markets.
Caveat Compounder: A Warning about Using the Daily CRSP Equal‐Weighted Index to Compute Long‐Run Excess Returns
Authors: Canina Linda , Michaely Roni , Thaler Richard , Womack Kent
Published: March 2003

This paper issues a warning that compounding daily returns of the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) equal‐weighted index can lead to surprisingly large biases. The differences between the monthly returns compounded from the daily tapes and the monthly CRSP equal‐weighted indices is almost 0.43 percent per month, or 6 percent per year. This difference amounts to one‐third of the average monthly return, and is large enough to reverse the conclusions of a paper using the daily tape to compute the return on the benchmark portfolio. We also investigate the sources of these biases and suggest several alternative strategies to avoid them.
A Nested Logit Approach to Household Mobility
Authors: Knapp Thomas A. , White Nancy E. , Clark David E.
Published: March 2003

This study analyzes personal and site characteristics in a model of intraMSA and interMSA mobility. Households are assumed to choose a single type of move, intraMSA or interMSA, while simultaneously choosing a central city or suburban destination. We demonstrate that a nested logit model is appropriate on both theoretical and empirical grounds. The sample consists of intrametropolitan and intermetropolitan movers drawn from the 1990 U.S. Census PUMS. Personal characteristics drawn from the PUMS are matched to numerous site characteristics (climatic measures, other amenities, state and local fiscal characteristics, and other urban quality measures) drawn from a variety of sources. Nested logit direct and cross elasticities are presented for a number of site attributes.
Economic Interdependence Within the Chicago Metropolitan Area: A Miyazawa Analysis
Authors: Hewings Geoffrey J.D. , Okuyama Yasuhide , Sonis Michael
Published: March 2003

The present study explores the nature and strength of economic interdependence between inner‐city communities and suburbs within the Chicago metropolitan area. Employing Miyazawa's extended input‐output framework, a multiregional model is used to investigate the interdependence of income formation and output generation. The metropolitan area is divided into four regions and particular attention is directed to predominantly minority areas on the south and west sides of the city of Chicago. The region‐to‐region impacts of trade flows and their associated multipliers proved to be far less important in determining the strength of interregional interdependence in contrast to income flows derived from journey‐to‐work movements. The interrelational income multiplier revealed considerable interdependence between regions although the strength of this interdependence was asymmetric.
Local Government Portfolios and Regional Growth: Some Combined Dynamic CGE/Optimal Control Results
Authors: Deepak M.S. , Taylor West Carol , Spreen Thomas H.
Published: March 2003

A theoretical policy model is presented that combines regional dynamic CGE modeling and optimal control to explore the role of local government taxation and expenditure in enhancing regional growth. It contributes to the regional CGE literature by explicitly solving for an optimal policy and augments earlier regional optimal control models by adding endogenous optimization of producer and consumer agents in response to endogenously determined prices. Results of three policy regimes are analyzed in terms of gains in the objective function, impacts on income inequality, and sensitivity to model parameterization.
Transport Rate Uncertainty and the Optimal Location of the Firm: Some New Conclusions
Authors: Tan Lin‐Ti
Published: March 2003

This paper presents standard microeconomic models that are designed to be used in the cost‐benefit analysis of local land use decisions. The models connect these allocation decisions to outcomes in the urban land and labor markets so that costs and benefits can be measured. Benefits to the local jurisdiction of allocating land to industrial use exist if unemployed workers are employed, land values increase, or local tax revenues increase beyond the amount needed to provide the additional public services required.
Probing A Traffic Congestion Controversy: Density and Flow Scrutinized
Authors: Ohta Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Probing a die‐hard traffic congestion controversy, this paper scrutinizes two key variables, density and flow, under equilibrium versus optimal states. Optimization requires equilibrium flow to decrease under mild congestion, but increase under hyper‐congestion. However, both increasing flow needed under hypercongestion and decreasing flow needed under mild congestion should be accompanied by decreasing density. Thus, inflow of vehicles should always be discouraged to either increase or decrease flow of vehicles for economic efficiency. Moreover, even when optimal policy requires equilibrium flow to increase, the optimal flow itself must decrease eventually as demand increases beyond a critical level.
Introduction to the Issue
Authors: Ruggiero Karen M. , Kelman Herbert C.
Published: March 2003

Gordon Willard Allport was born more than 100 years ago on November 11, 1897. In honor of the centennial of his birth, this issue of the Journal presents a collection of articles on the social psychology of prejudice and intergroup relations—the field that Allport pioneered with his classic 1954 book, The Nature of Prejudice. The articles provide insights into both perpetrators and targets of prejudice and the conflict that often takes place between members of different societal groups. In the tradition of Gordon Allport, these articles demonstrate that it is possible for social science to make theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions to the understanding and resolution of social problems. This introductory article high‐lights Allport's contributions to the social psychology of prejudice and intergroup relations. Overviews of the articles in this issue are also provided, and the recurring theoretical and methodological approaches are considered.
Three Models of Conflict Resolution: Effects on Intergroup Expectancies and Attitudes
Authors: Cross Susan , Rosenthal Robert
Published: March 2003

Gordon Allport (1960) once noted that there are many different approaches to conflict resolution, but that few empirical studies have been conducted to examine their effectiveness. This experiment was designed to evaluate the distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, and interactive problem solving models of conflict resolution, using intergroup expectancies and attitudes as dependent measures. Jewish and Arab students were paired into mixed‐ethnicity dyads to discuss the Israeli‐Palestinian dispute about Jerusalem according to one of the three models. It was hypothesized that dyad members using the interactive problem solving model would become the least pessimistic about the conflict, and would show the greatest positive change in their attitudes toward members of the other ethnic group. The results support these predictions, and help to make up for the paucity of research on the assessment of conflict resolution strategies.
Welfare Mothers’ Reflections on Personal Responsibility
Authors: Scarbrough Jacquelin W.
Published: March 2003

This article discusses personal responsibility, fulfilling one’s moral and social obligations as a purposeful and self‐reliant agent, from the viewpoint of 20 White welfare mothers completing a community college program. In their stories, the participants revealed that they behaved in responsible ways under difficult conditions. Their accounts demonstrated that the most responsible decision for a single mother in many cases may be welfare, rather than a paying job and unstable employment. The women described a new type of personal responsibility in the context of community college: setting and working toward long‐term goals rather than focusing purely on survival. Personal responsibility did not seem to reside in the individual, but was the result of the interaction between individual agency and context, an interpersonal responsibility.
Effects of Rote, Context, Keyword, and Context/Keyword Methods on Retention of Vocabulary in EFL Classrooms
Authors: Rodríguez Máximo , Sadowki Mark
Published: March 2003

In the present study, the effects of rote rehearsal, context, keyword, andcontext/keyword methods on immediate and long‐term retention of English as a foreign language(EFL) vocabulary in natural classroom settings was examined. 8 intact 9th‐grade EFL classes were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 learning conditions: rote rehearsal, context, keyword, and context/keyword condition. Cued recall was assessed either immediately or after a 1‐week delay. Results showed that the context/keyword method produced superior recall to any of the other 3 methods after 1 week, suggesting a very promising educational value for this method.
Learning the Rules for Offering Advice: A Quantitative Approach to Second Language Socialization
Authors: Matsumura Shoichi
Published: March 2003

This study focused on changes over time in university‐level Japanese students’ sociocultural perceptions of social status during the year they studied abroad in Canada and the impact of the changes on their pragmatic use of English when offering advice. The study compared the development of 97 Japanese exchange students’ pragmatic competence with that of 102 peers in Japan who did not undertake a year abroad. Results revealed that the former group started lower in pragmatic performance than the latter but then surpassed them, suggesting that living and studying in a target speech community was effective in developing pragmatic competence.
Focusing on Learning Styles and Strategies: A Diary Study in an Immersion Setting
Authors: Carson Joan G. , Longhini Ana
Published: March 2003

This diary study focuses on the second language learning styles and strategies of the diarist/researcher in a naturalistic setting, utilizing categories from Oxford's (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning and the Style Analysis Survey. The analysis of diary entries indicates that the learner's learning style remained relatively constant throughout her time in the language immersion situation, but her strategies, while consistent with her learning style, were more variable over time. The total of indirect strategies used (58%) was higher than the total of direct strategies (42%), with the most frequently used strategies being those in the metacognitive group. The diarist's learning style appeared to influence her use of learning strategies.
Cantonese Speakers and the Acquisition of French Consonants
Authors: Cichocki W. , House A.B. , Kinloch A.M. , Lister A.C.
Published: March 2003

This chapter reports the findings of research on the acquisition of French consonants by native speakers of Cantonese. The corpus is noteworthy because few studies have investigated this particular interlanguage. Indeed, although our knowledge of the phonology of French is rich, we know considerably less about Cantonese. As members of different language families, French and Cantonese display phonetic and phonological features that differ along various tiers of analysis; one of the important differences illustrated in this study is the [voice] feature.

The principle guiding our research on Cantonese‐French interlanguage is the Markedness Differential Hypothesis (MDH), which invokes notions of universal markedness to make predictions about which target language forms are more difficult to acquire than others. Although the fact that it provides testable hypotheses makes it an attractive framework, the MDH has its share of difficulties. We show that the MDH can explain several major patterns of difficulty, but that other errors found can be explained in terms of an interaction of language acquisition and markedness reversals. Our ongoing research on the interlanguage vocalic system suggests other interactions between the hypothesized markedness relations and language transfer facts. Noteworthy is the fact that the markedness relations have been established on the basis of typological, and not necessarily Universal Grammar, universals.

The methodological issue of defining standards of acceptable/unacceptable responses in learning research continues to be problematic. A well‐defined and quantitative measure of difficulty is attractive for applications in language learning, yet continuous acoustic spaces such as vowels or prosodic features provide challenges to this goal. In this study, we develop a scale of difficulty of consonants in both initial and final positions. For consonants we use judgements of unimpeded understanding, and these prove to offer a workable approach.
Segment Composition as a Factor in the Syllabification Errors of Second‐Language Speakers
Authors: Stockman Ida J. , Pluut Erna
Published: March 2003

A major goal of second‐language acquisition research is to identify factors that influence speaker/listener errors. This study focused on the markedness of L2 consonant characteristics as one such factor. Markedness theory has well served the search for performance constraints that go beyond native‐language interference. Its application to phonological errors in particular has been fertile ground for testing the claim that L2 errors reflect universal constraints on learning linguistic forms. Evidence for this claim has been sought more often from the syllabic structure of words than the properties of the speech sounds comprising it. Thus, given the universally favored CV syllable shape, L2 errors are expected to occur more often in the more marked syllable‐final than syllable‐initial word position. Our study revealed, however, that the markedness of the syllabic position can be neutralized by the type of consonant sounds that are perceived and produced: The expected rank ordering of initial and final consonant errors of Mandarin speakers of English did not conform to Anderson's (1987) hierarchy as predicted by a modified version of the Markedness Differential Hypothesis. These learners' syllable final/initial errors could be related to the consonant's manner and place of articulation, as well as to its voicing and sonority features as described in other studies; the greater vulnerability of their nasal than their oral stops to syllable position constraints implicates the markedness of the speech sounds themselves as a factor limiting performance.

This study, then, adds to the growing body of evidence that L2 errors are differentially influenced by the inherent properties of the L2 speech sounds. The research focus on segmental sound properties becomes important in view of the fact that so much of the syllable structure research has focused on oral stops; our findings suggest that research on syllable structure constraints may not be generalized across sound classes. Furthermore, it is clear that multiple interacting factors must be taken into account in modeling L2 errors within a universal constraints framework.
First‐and Second‐Language Reading Comprehension of Literary Texts
Authors: Fecteau Monique L.
Published: March 2003

This study compared the English and French reading comprehension and inferencing skills of U.S. college students enrolled in an introductory French literature course. Participants each read two different texts—one in English and the other in French—by the same 18th‐century author, recalled them in writing, and did a multiple‐choice task on selected literary features, followed by a character analysis task. In the first phase of data analysis, quantitative measures were used to examine the amount of text accurately recalled in first language (L1) versus second language (L2), the relationship between recall and inferencing scores, and the relative contribution of L2 proficiency scores and L1 scores to L2 scores. Responses to the multiple‐choice task were also examined across languages; those findings are also reported. The results revealed more accurate recall of L1 than L2 texts, but L1 scores were found to be a significant predictor of L2 recall and of L2 multiple‐choice scores. No significant relationships were found between recall and multiple‐choice scores, or between L2 proficiency and L2 recall scores. Analyses revealed that L1 scores contributed more to L2 performance than did L2 proficiency. Multiple‐choice responses were more similar than different across languages. It is therefore important for researchers and instructors to consider and assess the L1 reading skills and knowledge sources of students enrolled in foreign language literature courses.
The Impact of Analogy and Content Knowledge on Reading Comprehension: What Helps, What Hurts
Authors: Hammadou Joann
Published: March 2003

Little research has been done comparing reading comprehension of analogies between first language (L1) and second language (L2) readers, despite the fact that many L1 reading experts believe that analogies facilitate reading comprehension. This article explores the impact of analogies and prior content knowledge on reading comprehension of expository texts by both L1 and L2 readers. Written recall protocols from approximately 163 participants were analyzed for 2 texts. Readers were university students of either French or English as a foreign language and were categorized according to level of proficiency and amount of prior content knowledge. Participants read either an analogy or nonanalogy version of 2 separate passages in either their L1 or L2. Analogy had a debilitating effect on comprehension regardless of learner group on the 1st text and no significant effect on the 2nd text. Level of proficiency and prior content knowledge were significantly related to reading comprehension.
Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics, and the Teaching of Foreign Languages
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: March 2003

Given the current popularity of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) as a research base for the teaching and learning of foreign languages in educational settings, it is appropriate to examine the relationship of SLA to other relevant areas of inquiry, such as Foreign Language Education, Foreign Language Methodology, and Applied Linguistics. This article makes the argument that Applied Linguistics, as the interdisciplinary field that mediates between the theory and the practice of language acquisition and use, is the overarching field that includes SLA and SLA‐related domains of research. Applied Linguistics brings to all levels of foreign language study not only the research done in SLA proper, but also the research in Stylistics, Language Socialization, and Critical Applied Linguistics that illuminates the teaching of a foreign language as sociocultural practice, as historical practice, and as social semiotic practice.
Teaching: An Interplay of Aims, Constraints, Conflicts, and Compromises
Authors: Oukada Larbi
Published: March 2003

is essentially a contentious interplay of curricular and instructional aims and a host of regressive constraints, 4 of which are discussed in the present article. They are: (a) the endless and fallible nature of fully understanding knowledge and of representing it in an ontologically congruous manner (epistemological constraint); (b) the problems inherent in mediating knowledge through language (semiotic constraint); (c) the tenuous validity of the psychological assumptions on which the presentation of knowledge is conducted in the classroom (learning constraint); and (d) the local and potentially regressive variables, such as instructional time, language aptitude, attitude, personality, and motivation (environmental constraint). The thrust of the present article is to show that these 4 constraints exert inevitable and pedagogically fruitful tension on classroom teaching.
MLJ Editorial Policy: Reflections on the Profession, Definition of Its Disciplines
Authors: Magnan Sally Sieloff
Published: March 2003

The MLJ, with its origin in 1916, was the first foreign language (FL) pedagogical journal in the United States to serve a variety of languages and teachers on both the secondary and postsecondary levels. This article traces the development of its editorial policy through examination of each editor’s policy statements and personal reflections and the contents of the Journal including articles, "News & Notes," and other columns, readers’ comments, and announcements used as page filler. The examination reveals the MLJ’s proactive role in helping to shape a unified, national FL teaching profession and in developing FL education and second language acquisiton (SLA) as scholarly disciplines anchored in empirical research, which has, especially in the past 2 decades, filled many MLJ pages. The history of reflections of the profession provided here offers insights into the development of the disciplines we know today and suggests possibilities for future editorial policy of the MLJ.
Digital Photogrammetric Monitoring of River Bank Erosion
Authors: Pyle C. J. , Richards K. S. , Chandler J. H.
Published: March 2003

Detailed understanding of the processes which control river bank erosion requires high resolution information concerning temporal changes in bank morphology. This paper describes the successful use of digital photogrammetry to extract high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from terrestrial oblique stereopairs of rapidly eroding river banks, using the commercial software package Erdas Imagine. This software was developed for use with aerial photography and satellite imagery; problems relating to the use of oblique terrestrial images are discussed and solutions presented. Photography was acquired using semi‐metric cameras, mounted on tripods and positioned about 15m from the eroding bank. Data for DEM point spacings of 20mm were obtained, with accuracies of approximately ±12mm in depth. Digital photogrammetry can permit faster analysis, provide better accuracies and involve less ground disturbance than conventional methods of monitoring river channel change. Most importantly, DEM generation is considered to be more useful than traditionally acquired points or profiles for landform monitoring strategies.
The Cape Town Stereotactic Pointer: A Novel Application of Photogrammetric Theory
Authors: Adams L. P. , Peter J. C. , Fieggen A. G. , Taylor A. G. , Van Geems B. A. , Wynchank S.
Published: March 2003

Stereotactic methods have been successfully used for the treatment of a wide range of neurological disorders. The main difficulties experienced with the current systems are their cumbersome frames and their time consuming positioning procedures. The South African Medical Research Council/University of Cape Town Biostereometrics Group, together with the Department of Neurosurgery of the University of Cape Town, in an attempt to overcome the problems associated with the present stereotactic guidance frames, have developed a very simple probe pointing device. The Cape Town Stereotactic Pointer (CTSP) is based on stereophotogrammetric principles but uses computed tomography as the imaging and measuring medium.
The Photogrammetric Survey of a Prehistoric Site Undergoing Removal
Authors: Georgopoulos A. , Karras G. E. , Makris G. N.
Published: March 2003

For the construction of the new Athens International Airport, it was imperative that a hill, obstructing air traffic, be lowered by approximately 40 m. Unfortunately, a fortified prehistoric settlement was situated on top of that hill. In order to carry out this task, it was required: (a) to produce a model of the site at a scale of 1;50; and (b) to monitor and document every single stone during the dismantling of the most important parts of the site, so that its rebuilding elsewhere and at a later time would be possible.

The Laboratory of Photogrammetry, National Technical University of Athens, undertook to provide the necessary metric data. By using low altitude aerial photographs from a helicopter, a specialized tripod and terrestrial photogrammetric techniques, the following products were created, all at a scale of 1;50: contour lines and DTM of the site; digital orthophotograph of the site; graphic drawing of the development of the exterior of the surrounding wall; and graphic drawings of the upper (initial) and the lower (last) levels of the parts to be removed. In this paper, both the fieldwork and the final products are presented and evaluated.
Digital Surface Development of Large Cylindrical and Conical Structures With a Single‐Image Technique
Authors: Theodoropoulou Iliana , Petsa Elli , Karras George E.
Published: March 2003

Normally, regular surfaces of architectural or archaeological interest can be accurately mapped with single‐image techniques. Whenever possible, such surfaces are developed digitally, or they are presented as suitable cartographic projections. This paper describes the raster development of two large towers, one conical and one cylindrical, with heights of 19m and 12 m, and diameters of approximately 10m and 8m, respectively. The towers, dating from circa 300 BC, are situated on Greek islands and are accessible only on foot. The first tower was imaged from its surrounding hills with several lenses, including powerful telephoto lenses. The other tower was recorded from up to 9m above ground level by means of a modified fishing rod carrying a lightweight 35mm camera. All the non‐metric photographs, taken at a negative scale of approximately 1:350 which allowed an overall accuracy of 3 cm to 4 cm to be achieved, were developed digitally and then mosaicked. The raster products are described and discussed.
Measuring Flume Surfaces for Hydraulics Research Using a Kodak DCS460
Authors: Chandler Jim H. , Shiono Koji , Rameshwaren Ponnambalam , Lane Stuart N.
Published: March 2003

A critical problem in hydraulics research is accurate measurement of fluvially worked sediments, both in the field and in scaled representations of field situations in laboratory flumes. Such measurement must provide information on individual grain characteristics, and their organisation into structures referred to as bedforms. Existing measurement approaches are based upon mechanical or laser profiling devices, which are both expensive and take considerable time to acquire data, particularly where information is required at very high densities. This paper demonstrates how conventional automated terrain model extraction software, combined with image acquisition using a Kodak DCS460 digital camera, has been effective in generating digital elevation models of complex bed morphology. This has reduced time spent collecting data in the flume and has allowed data collection at much higher spatial and temporal densities. Application of the method is illustrated by research carried out at Hydraulics Research Wallingford. Issues discussed include configuration of photographs and control coordinates; appropriate camera calibration methods; stability of inner orientation of the Kodak DCS460; and accuracies obtained. Comparisons with independent check data reveal that accuracies of ±2.5mm have been achieved using a camera‐to‐object distance of 4.2 m.
The Digital National Framework and Digital Photogrammetry at Ordnance Survey
Authors: Holland David A. , Allan Lynne E.
Published: March 2003

Over recent months the Ordnance Survey, Britain's national mapping agency, has changed the way in which it uses photogrammetry to update its large scales topographic database. The nature of the database itself has also changed during the same period, as the concept of a “Digital National Framework” has developed. This paper describes the Digital National Framework, the topographic data captured by Ordnance Survey within this framework and the capture methods currently used. The paper concentrates on the use of photogrammetry in the update process, describing the methods of the past, the methods currently in production, and the outlook for photogrammetry within the Ordnance Survey in future.
An Approach to Single Image Automatic Orientation and Point Determination by Using Ortho‐Images and a Dtm
Authors: Shan Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

This paper describes an approach to single image automatic orientation and point determination by using current ortho‐images and a DTM, and the experience gained in its implementation. The procedure proposed automatically extracts and matches feature points in evenly distributed patches on aerial images and ortho‐images. A large number of image measurements (up to several thousand) are obtained in this process and are included in a robust space resection to determine the orientation parameters of the aerial image. For point determination with a single image, a method is formalised which integrates the DTM interpolation into the space resection so that the 3D ground coordinates of the image points can be determined in a unified mathematical model. Tests and analyses of this method show that the large number of automatic image measurements relieves the requirement for complicated and precise feature extraction and matching methods. The ground points obtained from single image intersection have an accuracy of approximately 1 pixel in planimetry, which fulfils the requirement for ortho‐image updating. The elevation accuracy is mainly dependent on the quality of the current DTM and the interpolation method applied to it.
Through‐Water Close Range Digital Photogrammetry in Flume and Field Environments
Authors: Butler Justin , Lane Stuart , Chandler Jim , Porfiri Ekaterini
Published: March 2003

Measurement of the structure of gravel‐bed river surfaces is crucial for understanding both bed roughness and the sediment entrainment process. This paper describes the use of close range digital photogrammetry to measure and monitor change occurring in submerged river gravel‐beds in both flume and field environments. High‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were obtained and two‐media (through air and water) techniques were used to correct for the e.ects of refraction at the air/water interface. Although suitable refractive models have been developed, the use of proprietary software to generate DEMs automatically introduces the problem of how to re‐establish collinearity. A simple refraction correction algorithm based upon analytical geometry was developed and is described. This algorithm was designed for use after initial DEM acquisition and allows any photogrammetric software package to be used for data acquisition. Application of this algorithm led to improvements in DEM accuracy by reducing the systematic, depth‐dependent bias caused by refraction

Research carried out in a flume environment allowed the algorithm to be tested by measuring a flooded and drained bed surface. Non‐systematic differences between the “dry” and “wet” DEMs arose from reductions in stereomatching success in the two‐media case. This effect was thought to be due to light attenuation and the introduction of residual parallax. Results suggest that close range digital photogrammetry can be used to extract high quality DEMs of submerged topography in both flume and field fluvial environments, which represents a particularly exciting development for fluvial geomorphologists
Romanov Redux
Authors: Steinberg Victoria S. , Steinberg John W.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Bokhanov, Alexander, Knodt, Manfred, Oustimenko, Vladimir, Peregudova, Zinaida, and Tyutunnik, Lyubov, The Romanovs: Love, Power, and Tragedy

Fuhrmann, Joseph T. (ed.), The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra: April 1914–March 1917

Iroshnikov, Mikhail, Protsai, Liudmila, and Shelaev, Iurii, Nikolai II: Poslednii Rossiiskii Imperator

Kozlov, Vladimir A. and Khrustalev, Vladimir M. (eds.), The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra

Kurth, Peter, Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra

Maylunas, Andrei and Mironenko, Sergei (eds.), A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra—Their Own Story

Perry, John Curtis and Pleshakov, Constantine, The Flight of the Romanovs: A Family Saga

Shelaev, Iu., Shelaeva, E., Semenov, N., and Protsai, L., Nikolai II: Stranitsy zhizni