bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social and Economic Impact of State Lotteries
Authors: KAPLAN H. ROY
Published: March 2007

Lotteries played an important role in the foundation of the United States but were abandoned because of abuses in the nineteenth century. Their reintroduction occurred in the second half of this century, when states turned to them as a way of generating needed revenue. This article explores the revenue-generating potential of state lotteries and concludes that they are incapable of contributing significant amounts of money to state coffers, and that they have not made inroads into illegal gambling. In the drive to increase revenues through legalized gambling, legislators may be ignoring their responsibility to address critical social issues directly through more progressive forms of revenue generation. To the extent that lotteries are utilized as a politically expedient alternative to taxation, they impede effective and constructive approaches to the amelioration of critical social problems.
The Psychology of Gambling
Authors: KUSYSZYN IGOR
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the gambling process, a review of gambling research, and a survey of philosophical, phenomenological, and theoretical interpretations of gambling suggest that the motives for gambling are highly complex. However, many similarities were found between anecdotal accounts of gamblers' experiences and the philosophical, phenomenological, and theoretical interpretations of the gambling process. Many of the research studies corroborated both the anecdotal accounts and the interpretations. The most fruitful and veridical findings seem to come from studies that recognized gambling as adult play. The significance of studying gambling as play readily revealed itself, and it is hoped that future research expands on the existential and transpersonal nature of this aspect of gambling. We have come a long way in increasing our knowledge of gambling since Bergler's original interpretation of gambling as psychic masochism. Gambling may be psychic masochism for some, but it is without doubt psychic play pleasure for the vast majority of persons who gamble.
The Modern Foundation for the Insanity Defense: The Cases of James Hadfield (1800) and Daniel McNaughtan (1843)
Authors: MORAN RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The modern foundation for the insanity defense was put in place during the first half of the nineteenth century, between the years 1800 and 1843. During this brief period the reaction to the acquittals by reason of insanity of James Hadfield (1800) and Daniel McNaughtan (1843) shaped the present function and administration of the insanity defense in the Anglo-American world. In the case of Hadfield, the reaction of the House of Commons to his acquittal led to the passage of the automatic confinement statutes that now accompany a successful plea of insanity in most jurisdictions. In McNaughtan's case, the reaction of the House of Lords to his acquittal led to the establishment of the famous right-from-wrong test of criminal responsibility that bears his name.
Prison Resource Management: Working Smarter, Not Harder
Authors: CLEMENTS CARL B.
Published: March 2007

Because of the extreme demands made by continuously escalating offender populations on already scarce prison space and program resources, a number of laissez-faire management approaches have been exposed as deficient. Forcing offenders to adhere to availability-driven models results in frequent misalignment of correctional responses, often with excessive financial and human costs. A developing trend toward data-based, objective approaches and the use of high-quality information systems has direct implications for prison resource management. Decisions regarding both individual offenders and systemwide policy can benefit from these evolving models. However, management ingenuity will not be equal to the task if extraprison forces are not simultaneously examined and modified.
From Integration to Survival: American Jewish Anxieties in Transition
Authors: COHEN STEVEN M. , FEIN LEONARD J.
Published: March 2007

Until roughly 1967, the dominant theme of American Jewish history was integration. Could the Jews find here in America the safety that had eluded them everywhere else in their wanderings? And, if so, at what cost to their Jewish beliefs and behaviors? From 1967 onward the theme has shifted. Greater concern is now focused on the maintenance of Jewish identity and commitment. With the shift from the integration of Jews to the survival of Judaism has come a renewal of interest in the meanings and implications of the Jewish experience.
U.S. Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Observations on the Current Scene
Authors: STODDARD PHILIP H.
Published: March 2007

The United States will have to define its concept of engagement in the Arab-Israeli peace process. Will it try to shape this process or will it wait until Arab leaders make enough concessions to interest Israel? The Reagan administration does not view the Arab-Israeli conflict as a serious threat to American interests. It sees no crisis to manage. Instead, it encourages Jordanians and Egyptians to clear the way for direct talks with Israel. In the current prenegotiation period, both sides of the conflict will have to decide to negotiate. This decision will require major changes in the political environment, as well as internal coalition building in support of concessions. Neither side is likely to negotiate unless the United States acts as a catalyst. The Reagan administration is moving toward doing something to stimulate the peace process, but it is reluctant to get out in front until it concludes that its role will be both painless and successful.
Water: An Emerging Issue in the Middle East?
Authors: FREY FREDERICK W. , NAFF THOMAS
Published: March 2007

A potentially severe problem is emerging in the Middle East—the threat of major water shortages. This developing issue is likely to exacerbate already strained relations between states in the region. A number of aspects of this crisis can be illustrated through an examination of one river system, the Jordan. Proceeding from this example, the first steps can be taken toward an effective theory of issues and water conflicts. Application of this theoretical framework reveals that the water issue means different things to different actors. Water is a highly complex, fragmented issue, which possesses special qualities that distinguish it from other foreign relations determinants. While water is not usually an issue to some actors, under conditions of severe shortage it is highly conflict-prone. Yet the water issue paradoxically is also a possibly unique vehicle for cooperation if the parties view that as the only possible solution.
Islamization in Western Europe: Political Consequences and Historical Parallels
Authors: SAFRAN WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This article deals with Islamic postwar immigrants to Western Europe, specifically North Africans—Maghrebis—in France and Turks in West Germany. It explores the relationship between economic status, ethnic consciousness, and religion and discusses the response of the host society to the Islamic reality. In this exploration a comparison is made with the immigration, several generations earlier, of Jews from Eastern Europe. Whereas Jewish immigrants, as individuals, were able more easily to adjust to their new environment and to advance economically, Muslim immigrants have encountered greater difficulties and have tended to remain economically underprivileged much longer. Conversely, it is argued, the Muslim communities have been able more effectively to maintain ethnocultural cohesion and collective political security because of the convergence of a variety of factors: the massive number, and urban concentration, of the postwar immigrants; the spread of pluralist ideology; the continuing connection with, and protection from, homeland governments; and other contextual elements. The article concludes with an evocation of appropriate policy responses by the French and German governments to the Muslim presence.
Bilingualism and Separatism
Authors: FISHMAN JOSHUA A.
Published: March 2007

There is little solid evidence of separatism resulting from provision of governmental services to minority groups in their own languages, whether in the context of the territoriality principle or in the context of the personality principle. In general, the roots of separatism lie not in language but in minority-majority relations more broadly conceived. The problems popularly attributed to bilingualism are problems of social and economic development, control, and incorporation, superposed upon ethnolinguistic, racial, and religious differences. Without such superposition, problems of communication are solved, rather than created, by bilingualism. Intergroup problems will not disappear merely because sidestream languages are not recognized, nor are they caused merely because such languages are utilized for governmental services to minorities.
Undocumented Immigration
Authors: PASSEL JEFFREY S.
Published: March 2007

One important characteristic that distinguishes contemporary immigration from previous waves of immigration is the presence of significant numbers of undocumented, or illegal, immigrants. The dearth of sound information on undocumented immigrants makes formulating and implementing policy concerning this clandestine segment of the population extremely difficult. The first part of this article presents up-to-date empirical studies of the numbers of undocumented aliens in the country. The principal conclusion to be drawn from these studies is that the size of the undocumented immigrant population is substantially smaller than the figures most often cited. Although the largest numbers of undocumented immigrants are from Mexico, virtually every area of the world contributes some undocumented immigrants. The available evidence regarding the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of undocumented immigrants is reviewed in this article. The various arguments concerning the economic and social consequences of undocumented immigration are reviewed, together with the contradictory evidence used to support them. Finally, the consequences of research findings for policy alternatives are presented and various options for dealing with undocumented immigration are discussed.
Theoretical Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition, and Language Pedagogy
Authors: HENY FRANK
Published: March 2007

For three decades theoretical linguistics has had little impact on language teaching, although sociolinguistics has been employed in curriculum design and test construction. Applied linguistics has been eclectic and has seldom applied pure linguistic research. Theoretical linguists, for their part, have not encouraged attempts to apply their results. Theory and practice were separated largely because the theoretical results were so tentative. However, recent theoretical advances suggest important applications for linguistic theory in foreign language teaching and in the testing of proficiency. The acquisition of a nonnative language is probably subject to biological constraints that are closely related to those factors that guide and control first language acquisition. Methodology and test construction must allow for this. Research must determine precisely what the factors are and how they interact. Theoretical linguists interested in such research should be included in interdisciplinary teams working on foreign language learning and testing.
Crime and Policy in the African American Community
Authors: MENDEZ GARRY A.
Published: March 2007

Street crime disproportionately involves African Americans. In recent years, most governmental responses to street crime, such as prison building, have stressed law and order. They have failed. A newer approach has been to organize local communities, especially in white and middle-class neighborhoods. It has been said that African Americans in low-income communities do not care about reducing crime and cannot organize themselves. However, most of what is called community crime prevention is defensive, in effect locks up the community, and does not address the causes of crime. Block watches and patrols are illustrative. By contrast, the national Crime Is Not a Part of Our Black Heritage program opens rather than closes African American communities. Through informal schools that teach African American heritage and culture, as well as through organizing with the help of the media, blacks in the communities take ownership of the program. Preliminary evaluation results are promising, but it is important to recognize that the goals of the program, to change attitudes and behavior, will require time and commitment.
State Constitutions in Historical Perspective
Authors: FRIEDMAN LAWRENCE M.
Published: March 2007

Scholars have tended to neglect the history of state constitutions, though these are interesting in themselves and also shed light on federal developments. State constitutions have tended, on the whole, to be less durable and to contain more superlegislation than the U.S. Constitution. Early state constitutions provided for a weak executive. In the nineteenth century, states began to restrict legislatures as well. Recent state constitution making has tended to be technocratic, less overtly political than in the nineteenth century, although the use of initiative and referendum processes is a somewhat contradictory trend. Judicial review in state courts developed along lines generally parallel to those in federal courts. Judicial review flowered after the Civil War; in this period, many innovative doctrines first arose in state courts. The center of innovation shifted to the federal courts in the twentieth century. Judicial review continued and grew in state courts, however, and the recent expansion of the doctrine of independent state grounds may increase the power and significance of state courts.
The Development of the U.S. Security Industry
Authors: McCRIE ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

The security services industry has developed along three distinct lines: alarm, armored car, and security guard services. Guard services also include private investigative services. As a whole, the industry today is nonmonopolistic and competitive in meeting society's perceived need for greater protection. The industry may need greater help from law enforcement in assuring that prospective employees are fit to be hired. It may also require further legislation to ensure higher standards among the disparate companies.
The Legal Liability of a Private Security Guard Company for the Criminal Acts of Third Parties: An Overview
Authors: SCHILLER JONATHAN D. , HARRIS GARY K.
Published: March 2007

The circumstances in which a private security guard company will be held monetarily liable to victims of criminal acts by third parties are examined. The standard of care imposed upon private security companies by general legal principles throughout the United States is identified as well as those classes of persons to whom such a duty is owed. Several common-law principles that mitigate the imposition of any liability imposed upon private security firms are also noted.
Older Workers: Ambivalence and Interventions
Authors: SCHRANK HARRIS T. , WARING JOAN M.
Published: March 2007

Ambivalent attitudes toward older workers are to be found in society at large, in the organizations where they work, and among older workers themselves. This article explores the nature and scope of this ambivalence on these three levels and concludes that the primary need is for age neutrality in the workplace. It is at this level that interventions designed to enhance age neutrality are most feasible, resulting in improvements in the quality of aging as well as in the lives of workers of all ages. Several types of specific interventions are described and discussed, ranging from performance appraisals to postretirement employment opportunities.
Technology and the Everyday Life of Older Adults
Authors: CZAJA SARA J. , BARR ROBIN A.
Published: March 2007

A coincidence of two trends—the current technological revolution and the rapid increase in the size of the U.S. older population—has created an urgent need to consider the characteristics, capacities, and limitations of older adults in relation to new technologies. This article proposes that older adults should be perceived as active users of these technologies rather than as passive recipients. Everyday interactions with technology at work, in the home arena, in medical and health care settings, and on the highway are identified. Characteristics of older adults relevant to these environments are discussed. Both positive and negative potential consequences of technological change for older people are identified.
University Education for the Nuclear Age
Authors: KOHN WALTER , BADASH LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the response of the university, as an institution, to the nuclear predicament, that is, to the threat of a major nuclear war and its implications. The subject is treated in a rather broad context including teaching, research, conferences, and community education. The main emphasis, however, is on undergraduate education. The authors' own institution, the University of California, is examined in the greatest detail. The authors conclude that the university's role is still very inadequate, and they estimate the magnitude of the required additional efforts. The article ends with some suggestions for making the university more effective in responding to the nuclear predicament.
Funding Peace Studies: A Perspective from the Foundation World
Authors: BENEDICT KENNETTE
Published: March 2007

This article outlines some major goals of the MacArthur Foundation's Program on Peace and International Cooperation and reports on aspects of the Foundation's effort in funding peace studies. The Foundation's distinctive contribution has been investing in human resources over the long term, particularly in the training of young scholars and professionals in peace and international-security studies. Suggestions for future research and training emphasize attention to little-understood elements of human cooperation, such as trust, altruism, and sacrifice, as well as study of how violent collective action is rationalized and routinized as nation-states conduct war. Other suggestions include redoubling efforts to internationalize work in the social sciences, the continuing need for multidisciplinary approaches to problems in international conflict and cooperation, and an emphasis on problem-oriented research.
The Universality of the Concept of Human Rights
Authors: HENKIN LOUIS
Published: March 2007

Debate about the universality of human rights requires definition of “human rights” and even of “universality.” The idea of human rights is related but not equivalent to justice, the good, democracy. Strictly, the conception is that every individual has legitimate claims upon his or her society for defined freedoms and benefits; an authoritative catalog of rights is set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The rights of the Universal Declaration are politically and legally universal, having been accepted by virtually all states, incorporated into their own laws, and translated into international legal obligations. Assuring respect for rights in fact, however, will require the continued development of stable political societies and of the commitment to constitutionalism. Virtually all societies are also culturally receptive to those basic rights and human needs included in the Universal Declaration that reflect common contemporary moral intuitions. Other rights, however - notably, freedom of expression, religious and ethnic equality, and the equality of women - continue to meet deep resistance.
The Right to Life and Latin American Penal Systems
Authors: ZAFFARONI EUGENIO RAÚL
Published: March 2007

Deaths at the hands of the state in Latin America, through the penal system, are a serious menace to democracy in the region, and they are the worst attacks on human rights. According to the public portrayal of these deaths, it seems necessary to project a continuous war, sometimes as a political war and sometimes as a war against common delinquency. Human rights organizations are usually worried about the first phenomenon and its deaths, but they do not perceive the enormous importance of the deaths produced by the war against criminality, which is publicized by the police agencies to justify the use of their illegal power. Social contamination with common delinquency - and with marginalization in general - is the tool used to inhibit the public denunciation of these deaths - the number of which is frequently higher than the number of deaths caused in cases of open political violence - and to delegitimate any action along that line, especially through the journalists and social operators of the law-and-order campaigns that create the public war atmosphere.
The Stalinist Command Economy
Authors: GREGORY PAUL R.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the key features of the traditional administrative command model used by the centrally planned socialist economies to allocate resources. It is this model that contemporary reformers in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China are seeking to change. The administrative command model permits the party leadership to set priorities and monitor their fulfillment through the state economic bureaucracy and local party apparatus. The state bureaucracy - led by a state planning commission - is charged with implementing party directives through operational plans. Central planning organs construct plans for industrial ministries, which devise operational plans for enterprises and allocate scarce funded materials among ministry enterprises. Central planning organs substitute administrative allocation of materials - through material balances - for market allocation. Both ministries and enterprises are judged by their superiors largely on the basis of output performance and know that future plans will be based upon past plan performance. Ministries and enterprises are therefore motivated to act contrary to the interests of their superiors - to conceal capacity, overorder inputs, and avoid new technology.
A Spanish-English Dual-Language Program in New York City
Authors: MORISON SIDNEY H.
Published: March 2007

The dual-language program at Public School 84 provides immersion settings in Spanish and English, on an alternate-day basis, for classes containing both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children of varying degrees of language dominance. Teachers carefully avoid concurrent mixing of languages as they develop curriculum. Language itself is not taught; rather, it is learned through use in informal classroom structures that encourage social interaction. Bilingualism and biliteracy are expected outcomes by grade six but are secondary to the goal of academic growth. The dual-language program is an enrichment program that grew out of the school's earlier bilingual program, which was started in 1970 and rooted in the principles of heterogeneity and inclusion of children's cultural backgrounds. It has been a collaborative effort of staff, parents, and administration, with technical support from Professor Ricardo Otheguy of City College, New York.
The Foreign Language Needs of U.S.-Based Corporations
Authors: FIXMAN CAROL S.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the results of 32 interviews conducted in nine companies of varying type and size. The purpose was to help identify the foreign language needs of U.S.-based corporations. These needs seem to depend in part on a company's type of product or service, its corporate culture, its geographical areas of involvement, and its size. Different types of positions will require different types and levels of foreign language skills. In general, while cross-cultural understanding was frequently viewed as important for doing business in a global economy, foreign language skills rarely were considered an essential part of this. Language problems were largely viewed as mechanical and manageable problems that could be solved individually—primarily by hiring foreign nationals or interpreters or translators. Smaller companies trying to enter the global market often seemed more sensitive to the value of foreign languages than larger companies did. They do not have access to the same resources as their larger counterparts, and they are dealing in a worldwide community of smaller companies, where English is less likely to be the lingua franca.
Language Training and Beyond: The Case of Japanese Multinationals
Authors: TUNG ROSALIE L.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to unravel some of the reasons for the success of the Japanese in the global economic arena. One factor is hypothesized to be the significant amount of effort that Japanese multinationals devote to human resource management, especially as it pertains to preparing their people for living and working overseas. The article reviews the cross-cultural programs found in 18 Japanese multinationals. In general, such a program includes language training, field experience, graduate programs abroad, in-house training programs, and outside agencies. The implications for U.S. multinationals are discussed.
The Northern Environment: Is Cooperation Coming?
Authors: STOKKE OLAV SCHRAM
Published: March 2007

Current Arctic regimes are narrow and shallow, but the potential for increased cooperation seems high. In the areas of science, petroleum development, fisheries management, and marine protection, the predominance of strategic considerations is increasingly being challenged in key Arctic states. Groups such as scientists, industrial firms, and environmental organizations portray these problems in terms of cost efficiency rather than competition, and the assessment of national interests is less straightforward than before. In this situation, processes of regime formation will be less structured, and senior policymakers in the Arctic will be more influenced by situational factors. Today these are very favorable for cooperation, due to the sense of urgency present in certain areas, the entrepreneurial activity of some actors, and the presence in each issue area of cooperative salient solutions.
Female Public Officials: A Different Voice?
Authors: KELLY RITA MAE , SAINT-GERMAIN MICHELLE A. , HORN JODY D.
Published: March 2007

In this article we examine the extent to which women in public office exhibit a different voice from that of male officeholders. We explore rationales that justify a different voice as well as how this difference manifests itself in politics. Then we present a model of the different types of voices female public officials have exercised. The research indicates that as the number of women in public office grows, increasing differences will be seen not so much between women and men officeholders as among women officeholders themselves. Finally, we expect to see women in public office advocating a wider variety of policy goals, and as women in public office increase in number, we expect to see a redefinition emerge of the political.
Trade Protection and Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.
Authors: SALVATORE DOMINICK
Published: March 2007

The rising wave of foreign direct investments in the United States arose primarily from the desire and need of European and Japanese firms to match the global perspective and operations of American multinationals. Increasingly, however, foreign direct investments—especially many recent Japanese ones—are the result of U.S. trade protection or the threat thereof. By providing domestic jobs, foreign direct investments tend to reduce or defuse the threat of protectionism. Specific industry data in the U.S. color television, automobile, and steel industries clearly indicate that a major force stimulating foreign direct investments, especially Japanese ones, in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s was the escalation of U.S. protectionism in these industries. Other major industries, such as food and chemicals, which are much less affected by U.S. protectionism, have received foreign direct investments primarily as the result of the globalization process that has been taking place throughout the world.
Criteria for Planning the Transition to Lower Defense Spending
Authors: BLAIR DAVID
Published: March 2007

Expected cuts in defense spending will not constitute a large enough portion of gross national product to have significant effects on the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, the United States has invested vast resources in developing human and physical capital for military production. If defense requirements, military personnel, and industrial capacity shift rapidly to nondefense work, it will be difficult for them to move back quickly to the military sector, and, therefore, the defense mobilization base will have been weakened, if not destroyed. The transition should be planned in order to maintain an adequate mobilization and surge capability and to ensure that research and development do not atrophy.
Chinese Military Strategy Revised: Local and Limited War
Authors: GODWIN PAUL H. B.
Published: March 2007

In 1985, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), as all three armed services are collectively known, was required to redirect its military strategy from a focus on general war with the USSR to the more probable source of military conflict: small-scale and potentially intense wars around China's periphery. New enemies did not emerge; instead, the kinds of conflicts that could arise required a revised defense policy and military strategy. These changes, although important in themselves, left the PLA even more conscious of its technological obsolescence. Developing concepts of military operations in which speed and lethality were to be the principal characteristics of combat, rather than defensive operations based upon attrition warfare and a society mobilized for war, served only to highlight the PLA's technological weaknesses. As in all the years since the beginning of Chinese defense modernization in the late 1970s, these technological weaknesses led the armed forces to demand swifter modernization of their arms and equipment.
Islam in the States of the Former USSR
Authors: NAUMKIN VITALY
Published: March 2007

Under the Soviet system, the rich intellectual life of Islam was eliminated, but a vigorous if unsophisticated popular tradition remained. After perestroika, an Islamic movement emerged as a form of political protest. But secular nationalism and ethnic conflict within and between the new republics also provided political dynamics. Throughout the time of change, Islam has served as a symbol of identity, a force for mobilization, and a pressure for democracy. But if successful politically, it faces economic challenges beyond its grasp.
Where the Energies Go
Authors: MARTY MARTIN E.
Published: March 2007

American religious energies neither disappear nor flow through fixed channels. What William James called “the habitual centres of energy” in an individual have cultural counterparts. In recent decades the centers of energy have increasingly sought channels such as these: the personal, private, and autonomous at the expense of the communal, the public, and the derivative; the accent on meaning at the expense of inherited patterns of belonging; concentration on the local and particular more than the cosmopolitan or ecumenical; concern for practical and affective life accompanied by less devotion to the devotional and intellectual expressions; the feminist as opposed to the male dominated; and attention to separate causes more than to overarching civil commitments. These contrasts are themselves neither absolute nor final; the less stressed center of energy in each case survives but is not currently prevailing or coming to prevail.
Great Britain and the European Community
Authors: GEORGE STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

Adaptation by the British governmental elite to membership in the European Community has been slow and has been hampered by domestic political constraints. This article examines the problems of adaptation under the Thatcher and Major governments. The political sovereignty dimension, the U.K. budget contribution, British public opinion, and EC farm policy were central issues that London was to bring to the front burner of Community activity. The overriding problem of Maastricht in recent years has divided both the populace and the elites.
Foreign Language Instruction: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: BERGENTOFT RUNE
Published: March 2007

There is a surprising consensus among nations on the goals and objectives of foreign language teaching. Political and historical changes in Europe have produced succession in dominant foreign languages, opposing tendencies toward centralization and decentralization in planning and control, and growing influence of international organizations. The results of a questionnaire survey report the following information for each of 14 European countries plus Japan: the school ages during which first foreign languages are taught; the total clock hours devoted to teaching first, second, and third foreign languages; the percentage of students who study various languages; and the treatment of home-learned language other than the national languages. In addition, estimates are given for each country of the amount of change occurring in various aspects of foreign language teaching and the extent to which those changes are due to government action or the influence of the Council of Europe or the European Community.
Ukrainian Local Politics after Independence
Authors: BOUKHALOV OLEKSANDR , IVANNIKOV SERGUEI
Published: March 2007

Local political leaders in Ukraine are far from oriented to the democratic transition introduced after the country's independence in 1991. Based on interviews with local political leaders in late 1991, research on local governments supports the conclusion that the local leaders have taken a small step toward a new social order. This is particularly true of the leaders' values concerning popular participation and social conflicts. One of the major reasons for this ambivalence of leaders is the fact that the powers of local governments are very limited as well as ambiguous and that competing political elites have yet to be formed into political parties. Nonetheless, a legal framework has been set for local self-government, and there are indications, however weak, that some elements of democratic views and practices are taking hold.
The New Paradigm for News
Authors: HUME ELLEN
Published: March 2007

As consumers start experimenting in cyberspace, the journalist's most urgent challenge is not the medium but the message. News organizations facing new competition and shrinking audiences need to reestablish the quality of their core product: reliable and useful information on which citizens can act.
The Mexican Crisis and the Weakness of the NAFTA Consensus
Authors: MORALES ISIDRO
Published: March 2007

Mexico's financial crisis placed in jeopardy one of the major fundamentals of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): the liberalization of financial markets. In the United States, the Mexican crisis threatens to destroy the legitimacy of a so-called Washington consensus, whereby economic liberalization, privatization, and free trade became a panacea to Latin American economies, especially those like Mexico's. In spite of this major crisis, a new consensus seems to be emerging between Washington and the Mexican government, namely, that the Mexican crisis has no connection with NAFTA and that NAFTA is operating according to the major purpose for which it was created: the opening of markets. This article reviews the weakness of this new NAFTA consensus that seems to be shared by Mexico and Washington, and comments on the major institutional challenges that NAFTA has provoked in Mexican society.
Plenty Good Room: Adaptation in a Changing Black Church
Authors: GILKES CHERYL TOWNSEND
Published: March 2007

The contemporary black church is a product of the social movements of the 1960s. Alongside the rapid growth of megachurches, there are several important features shaping the church of the twenty-first century: (1) a transformation of consciousness that combines black consciousness with Christian ethics; (2) a rapid expansion of the black middle class and the geographic and social relocation of the new middle class; (3) the professionalization of a highly literate laity in terms of the quality of services it demands and the professionalized voluntarism it offers; and (4) changing gender relations evidenced by a continued dependence on women's work and growing numbers of women in ministry, along with a focus on the social problems of black males, especially among the urban poor. The tradition of adaptation to change remains strong as these new features are utilized to combine the work of traditional religion with efforts to pursue social justice and economic equity.
8. Interviewing Business LEADERS
Authors: Dexter Lewis A.
Published: March 2007

Difficulties in interviewing business leaders re ported by some behavioral scientists are often due to attitudes of suspicion or distaste on the part of the interviewers. A number of instances of wholehearted cooperation are cited.
Critical Thinking:
Authors: Kemp C. Gratton
Published: March 2007

A significant turning in the path of research into the popular "authoritarian character" theme is reported. The links of dogmatism, authority, and experimental thinking are ingeniously delineated by the author, who teaches at the College of Education, Ohio State University. Important practical applications are now within reach.
A Magna Carta for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Humphrey Hubert H.
Published: March 2007

The United States Senator from Minnesota is famous for his aggressive stance on heated issues of the day. He is less known, at least to non-academicians, for his unpublicized efforts on behalf of the social sciences. Here Senator Humphrey reviews the government's record on social research support and advocates a new charter of the social sciences.
Social Science and the New Curriculum
Authors: Patterson Franklin
Published: March 2007

Social science is badly needed by our society and yet miserably dealt with in the secondary school curriculum. This behavioral scievce desert is only now seeing a few experimental plants. Great resources ,and dedicated efforts of scholars are required, reports Dr. Patterson, who is Lincoln Filene Pofessor of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Tufts University and Director of the Lincoln Filene Center.
Characteristics of Latin American Countries
Authors: Deutschmann Paul J. , McNelly John T.
Published: March 2007

The authors have made a statistical construction of the "average" Latin American country. Factor analysis produced three central indices—Size, Developmental Level, and Exports to the United States—which account for considerable differences between nations. Similarities in certain of the 16 basic factors, such as literacy, are also pointed out. Paul Deutschmann, who died unexpectedly last year, was Professor at Michigan State University, and one of the finest and most cordially liked younger scholars in the field of journalism and communications research. Professor McNelly is at Michigan State, following an extended period of research in Latin America.
Discovery of Substantive Theory: A Basic Strategy Underlying Qualitative Research
Authors: Glaser Barney G. , Strauss Anselm L.
Published: March 2007

The authors contend that qualitative research should be scrutinized for its usefulness in the discovery of substantive theory. They try to present generic elements of the process of generating substantive theory from qualitative data, and consider how the researcher collects and analyzes qualitative data, max imizes the theory's credibility, puts trust in his theory, and conveys the theory to others. Drs. Glaser and Strauss are affiliated with the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco.
Computers, Traditional Research, and the American Council of Learned Societies
Authors: Condon Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

With a grant from IBM, the American Council of Learned Societies is working toward providing automated bibliographic services to scholars in the humanities and social sciences. Dr. Thomas Condon, Executive Associate of ACLS, describes some of the first steps being taken in this direction.
Reframing and Grounding Nonhuman Agency
Authors: CASPER MONICA J.
Published: March 2007

Agency: The power of actors to operate independently of the determining constraints of social structure. The term is intended to convey the volitional, purposive nature of human activity as opposed to its constrained, determined aspects.

— Harper Collins Dictionary of Sociology, 1991

The concept that the fetus is a patient, an individual whose maladies are a proper subject for medical treatment as well as scientific observation, is alarmingly modern. It was not until the last half of this century that the prying eye of the ultrasonographer rendered the once opaque womb transparent, letting the light of scientific observation fall on the shy and secretive fetus.

—M. R. Harrison

“The Fetus as a Patient: Historical Perspective”
Uniting Critical Theory and Public Policy to Create the Reflexively Defiant Consumer
Authors: OZANNE JULIE L. , MURRAY JEFF B.
Published: March 2007

Postmodern extensions of critical theory are used to explore traditional notions of consumer education. Generally, marketing researchers, consumerists, and policymakers have emphasized the importance of making the consumer critical through providing consumers with more complete information and better skills. However, this focus on improving consumers' decision making leaves the existing system virtually unquestioned and intact. An alternative vision of a critical consumer is offered. The authors suggest that consumers must become more radically critical or reflexively defiant by dropping this natural attitude toward the existing order and, instead, questioning economic, political, and social structures. This article attempts to create a new discourse for consumers and suggests that public policy can help consumers become aware of their power to define and fulfill their own needs.
Chronic Care in Ambulatory Settings
Authors: SUBER ROBERTA
Published: March 2007

This article describes chronic care management in ambulatory settings and strategies for integrating care across treatment settings to increase efficiency and improve the quality of chronic care. Chronic care management should be client focused, recognizing the client as the primary care manager and promoting educated participation in shared decision making; care must be integrated across health and social service provider settings through case management and advanced information technology; methods must be used for identifying those who are at risk of disability progression and high-cost care; treatment protocols are needed to plan and monitor care and improve outcomes; access to interdisciplinary care teams is required to meet complex care needs; ongoing prevention services are needed to reduce or delay disability and decline; and financial incentives must be aligned to support integration of acute and long-term care.
A Multicultural View Is a More Cognitively Complex View
Authors: KING PATRICIA M. , SHUFORD BETTINA C.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces the Reflective Judgment model of intellectual development (King & Kitchener, 1994), which illustrates how reasoning skills develop in adulthood, and shows how the development of these skills is relevant to multicultural education on college campuses. Many students do not understand the basis for differing points of view on controversial issues and develop their own judgments based on whim or others' opinions rather than on an analysis of the evidence. Instructors may better understand students' justifications for their beliefs in light of the students' different assumptions about knowledge and how it is gained. Suggestions to faculty members for promoting intellectual development are offered in the context of multicultural education.
Fitting the Body to the Mind
Authors: HARRÉ ROM
Published: March 2007

Human action is both intentional, directed toward goals, and it is subject to criteria of right and wrong. The problem of a simulation of intentionality has been much discussed but the issue of normativity has attracted less attention. It can be approached through the question of the relation between simulations of rule-following and how normatively constrained actions are performed in concrete situations. Writing out explicit rules can express the norms of an activity. Skills express norms from the point of view of action. There are three kinds of regularities in behavior: causal responses, monitored actions, and habits. Habits embody implicit rules. There are good and bad habits implemented by the neural mechanisms produced by programming a machine. But they also embedded in normative constraints of institutional or social orders extrinsic to the action and its foundations in the “innards” of organism or machine. Extrinsic norms are never complete, or completable. New situations call for new normative decisions. The Turing Test is limited, in that successfully passing it can never resolve the question of the normativity of a simulated action pattern.
The Democratic Potential in the Transition of Postmodernism
Authors: DENNARD LINDA F.
Published: March 2007

Postmodernism is more than a school of thought or merely a critique of modernism. It is rather a period of transition that marks an evolutionary trend in the development of human culture and in the development of democratic government. As such, postmodernism warrants more than reform; it calls for the conscious engagement of its potential. Further, the dilemmas of postmodernism could become permanently embedded in our culture if they are not recognized as the transitory growing pains of a society seeking a new balance rather than merely confronting a social malaise. Indeed, the basic tenets of postmodern philosophy can be understood from different perspectives—not all of which lead to the decline of civilization. Postmodernism, for example, is also an opportunity for government to participate in the evolution of American democracy. Such participation, however, calls for a self-conscious public administration, one more concerned with stewarding this change than regulating it.
What's Fair?
Authors: OPOTOW SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Justice has the illusion of solidity and immutability, but standards for fairness change with context. This article presents a conceptual analysis that describes the justice arguments used in the affirmative action debate as the how, what, and who of affirmative action. The article illustrates these procedural, distributive, and exclusionary arguments with examples, compares support with opposition, and examines conditions that change perceptions of justice over time.
The Changing Space of Italian Cities
Authors: BECCHI ADA
Published: March 2007

The 12 largest Italian cities show many differences with respect to their demographic and economic structure. In addition, spatial differences within cities vary. In this article, three types of cities are researched: cities with a traditionally high level of industrialization, cities in which industrialization occurred relatively recently, and cities where the administrative function dominates. It will become clear that differences in spatial segregation within cities and metropolitan areas do not necessarily coincide with these three types. Moreover, historical segregation patterns seem more important than trends of the past decades in explaining the patterns of segregation and concentration of different groups in Italian cities.