bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consultation, for a Change? Engaging Users and Communities in the Policy Process
Authors: Cook Dee
Published: March 2003

The process of consultation has become integral to the development, implementation and evaluation of a raft of UK health and social policies. However, the current bewildering patchwork of area–based initiatives means that, in many localities, it is impossible to evaluate the outcomes of particular targeted initiatives, let alone make sense of local planning consultations, Best Value reviews and (multi–agency) service reviews which run concurrently. The cumulative effects of this consultation “overload” threaten to swamp both local authorities and their service users. Consul–tation is itself a crucial yet deeply problematic process. There is an official view which holds that an “old” model of consultation—often tokenistic and unrepresentative—is being replaced with a “new” one. This paper examines and challenges that view in relation to the key policy areas of housing, social services and policing. It also pays particular attention to, and problematizes, the notion of “hard–to–reach groups”, which is so dominant in the discourse of consultation. The paper argues that developing appropriate tools and recognizing that consultation is a process—not an event—are essential starting points in addressing these problems. The next step is to reconcile the principles of both evidence–based policy and user–led services into a strategic (and “joined–up”) framework. But, when all this is accomplished, we still need to question the political and fiscal contexts in which policy–making takes place and within which the process of consultation is itself bounded.
School Meals Policy: The Problem with Governing Children
Authors: Gustafsson Ulla
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to explore the role of school meals policy in the UK, and more particularly its articulation in England. It will outline the history of this policy and examine a number of changes that have taken place over time. The focus will be on nutrition and how the emphasis has shifted from issues of quantity to the composition of food eaten by children. The nutritional argument will be examined by exploring the changes in the governance of the population, as represented by school meals policy. Finally, the paper will address the awkward relationship between the state and children, as evinced by school meals policies.
Gender and Education: Towards a Framework for a Critical Analysis of Agricultural Training
Authors: Liepins Ruth , Schick Ruth
Published: March 2003

Studies of education are an example of developments in feminist rural studies which move debates about gender and power beyond the now substantial discussions of farming. The work of Shortall (Sociologia ruralis 1996) has been crucial in reviewing current literatures on agriculture and education, and identifying some of the ways training perpetuates dominant processes of socialization which differentially shape men’s and women’s experiences. This paper contributes to these developments by proposing the need for a theoretically informed framework to guide feminist educational analyses. We argue that notions of gender and theoretically reflective action‐oriented methodologies need to be considered in establishing such analyses. We then discuss how concepts of seriality, discourse and agency provide broad tools which support an inquiry into the contexts, operation, participants and outcomes of agricultural training systems. These dimensions are integrated as a framework of study. We close by sketching out areas of possible further debate on the approach presented.
Rurality as a Created Field: Towards an Integrated Rural Development in Latvia?
Authors: Tisenkopfs Talis
Published: March 2003

The article looks at the post‐socialist countryside as a created field constructed through the discourses and practices of different actors. Despite the fact that small‐scale holdings are the major outcome of agricultural reform, and subsistence oriented farmers constitute the bulk of the rural population, there are a variety of other actors in the new Latvian countryside. Their interests are reflected in three competing approaches to rural development: the small farmer approach, the liberal economic approach and the integrated development approach. Although it is not yet clear which strategy will take the lead, the article argues for policies in favour of varied rural actors, the strengthening of rural development support institutions, the efficient use of EU pre‐structural funds assistance, and local society participation.
Some Reflections on Late Twentieth Century Agrarian Political Economy
Authors: Buttel Frederick H.
Published: March 2003

The ‘new rural sociology’ arguably represented the most significant watershed in the development of rural sociology during the 1970s and 1980s. I argue, however, that the new rural sociology, especially its dominant traditions of Chayanovian and neo‐Leninist Marxism, has now been almost entirely superseded as a theoretical position in agrarian political economy by the international food regimes, commodity chains/systems analysis, regulationist, and actor‐network traditions. In addition, Wageningen School research on ‘farming styles’ and the ‘cultural‐turn’ within rural sociology and rural studies have arisen, in part, as challenges to the more structuralist styles of reasoning within agrarian political economy. Parallel trends in the sociology of development are also discussed. The paper concludes with an appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of these new late twentieth century traditions in agrarian political economy, particularly in comparison with the new rural sociology.
Out–migration from rural Scotland: The importance of family and social networks
Authors: Stockdale Aileen
Published: March 2003

The decision–making processes involved at various stages in the out–migration of individuals from remote parts of rural Scotland are examined. Some two hundred migrants, now residing throughout the United Kingdom, were traced using a variety of means. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were incorporated so that the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches complement and counterbalance each other. The investigation focuses on the changing role of family and other networks at each stage. It is found that there is a general expectation and acceptance of the need for young adults to leave rural areas. Initially, individual migrants benefit from the role of immediate or extended family and social networks, although the individual is not always conscious of their role. With time away from the home area these networks decline in importance, only to re–emerge later in life. At this stage the individual is more likely to be a benefactor than a beneficiary in the process.
Opening Spaces through Relocalization: Locating Potential Resistance in the Weaknesses of the Global Food System
Authors: Hendrickson Mary K. , Heffernan William D.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we explore several themes based on our intertwined research and outreach activities. First, we examine and discuss emerging global food chains that are embedded in strategic alliances, joint ventures and relationships – in short in networks of power. Decisions are being displaced away from multiple actors situated in different localities to globalized decision–making located within a few firms that make up each cluster. While the roots of these phenomena are firmly grounded in long–term historical processes, it is important to document and understand what is emerging at the global level in order to create alternatives. Second, we discuss our outreach work with farmers, consumers and communities in helping them to frame and understand the changes that are taking place in the food and agriculture system. This is exemplified through a case study of the Kansas City Food Circle and its role in generating alternative visions from the consumption side of the food equation. This work is extremely important for challenging the global food system, and also for helping to empower farmers, eaters and communities to create alternatives. We lay out an analytical understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the global system, and the opportunities found in the social, environmental and economic failures of the global system. In conclusion, the work described above rests on the recognition of different forms of agency that are appearing in the food system, agency that is located within the spaces provided by the unsustainable, unjust nature of the global system. We remain cognizant of the incredible networks of power that shape the production and consumption relationships in the food system. However, we remain hopeful that models of emerging alternatives can help relocalize production/consumption relationships in the food system in equitable ways. In other words, in relationships that are personalized and sustainable, and that are embedded in place and community.
Knowledge, Identity and the Middle Class: From Collective to Individualised Class Formation?
Authors: Martin Bill
Published: March 2003

This paper highlights a number of strong indications of important changes in the work and labour market experiences of professionals and managers, the core of the ‘new middle class‘ (nmc) in most contemporary class theories. Following an outline of some of these changes, it is argued that several central theoretical strategies shared by class theorists - notably a residual ‘functional essentialism’ and the choice of microfoundations - prevent them from adequately theorising these changes. The paper offers an alternative approach to theorising the contemporary nmc that avoids the reductionism of many existing approaches, and that is grounded in microfoundations focused on the relation of narratively constructed identities to social action. On this basis, an account of the contemporary emergence of a new segment of the nmc, the ‘nmc bricoleur’, is outlined, and its relation to empirical studies of the changing nmc is suggested. The paper concludes with some speculations about the likely future of Anglophone new middle classes.
Generational Differences Amongst New Age Travellers
Authors: Martin Greg
Published: March 2003

Previous studies of ‘New Age’ travellers have paid no attention to generational differences within the travellers' scene. This paper looks at these differences to reflect upon the new social movement (NSM) literature. It is argued that NSM theory only analyses those movements with ‘post-material’ concerns about culture, identity and symbolic challenges. It thus ignores less privileged movements which are concerned with apparently ‘traditional’ issues, such as survival, political opposition and citizenship rights. A number of such movements have emerged during the past few years in the wake of economic and social restructuring under post-Fordist conditions and the dismantling of a Keynesian-style welfare state that is associated with these processes. While the older generation of travellers was tied to the NSM movements and chose to move onto the road, the younger travellers have been forced to do so for lack of any reasonable alternative, having faced unemployment and homelessness in a post-Fordist/Keynesian era. They are, therefore, part of the contemporary movement scene to which ‘old’ issues are seemingly still applicable. The article concludes by showing how both the older and the younger travellers are now struggling to survive in the face of legislation which effectively criminalises their way of life.
A Sociology of Hackers
Authors: Jordan Tim , Taylor Paul
Published: March 2003

Illicit computer intruders, or hackers, are often thought of as pathological individuals rather than as members of a community. However, hackers exist within social groups that provide expertise, support, training, journals and conferences. This article outlines this community to establish the nature of hacking within ‘information societies’. To delineate a ‘sociology of hackers’, an introduction is provided to the nature of computer-mediated communication and the act of computer intrusion, the hack. Following this the hacking community is explored in three sections. First, a profile of the number of hackers and hacks is provided by exploring available demographics. Second, an outline of its culture is provided through a discussion of six different aspects of the hacking community. The six aspects are technology, secrecy, anonymity, membership fluidity, male dominance and motivations. Third, an exploration of the community's construction of a boundary, albeit fluid, between itself and its other, the computer security industry, is provided. This boundary is constructed through metaphors whose central role is to establish the ethical nature of hacking. Finally, a conclusion that rejects any pathologisation of hackers is offered.
The Appeal to ‘Professionalism’ as a Disciplinary Mechanism
Authors: Fournier Valérie
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the deployment of ‘professional’ discourses in occupational domains not traditionally associated with the professions (eg management, clerical or sales staff are turned into ‘providers of professional services’). It first proposes to analyse professionalism as a disciplinary logic which inscribes ‘autonomous’ professional practice within a network of accountability and governs professional conduct at a distance. It is argued that professional labour is autonomous labour where the conditions of autonomy have already been inscribed in particular forms of conduct embodied in the notion of ‘professional competence’. The paper then suggests that the appeal to the discursive resources of professionalism in new occupational domains potentially acts as a disciplinary mechanism that serves to profess ‘appropriate’ work identities and conducts. The extension of the disciplinary logic of professionalism is illustrated with the turn to competencies to regulate managerial work in Teamco, a large privatised service company. However, the final section of the paper cautions against a deterministic analysis of the disciplinary logic of professionalism in regulating employees' conduct, and suggests that the constructed and contestable nature of professionalism makes it an inevitably imperfect form of government.
New Social Movements and the ‘Centri Sociali’ in Milan
Authors: Ruggiero Vincenzo
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the social movement known in Italy as the movement of the centri sociali. The empirical material presented relies heavily on the centri sociali operating in Milan. Such material offers the opportunity to revisit issues related to social movement theories. In part one, a brief overview of these theories is sketched, and concepts suggested by both resource mobilisation theorists and new social movements theorists are presented. Attempts to unify the two approaches are also briefly reviewed. In part two, the origin of the centri sociali is traced. Some of the motives and practices inspiring the movement are described as a legacy, though re-elaborated and re-contextualised, of the particularly troubled, if compelling, Italian 1970s. The methodology used for the empirical work undertaken is then presented.

Finally, the discussion moves back to social movement theories, against which the movement of the centri sociali is analysed. Here, the utility of some aspects of both resource mobilisation and new social movement theories will be underlined, thus adding a modest, tentative, contribution to previous attempts to elaborate a synthesis between the two approaches.
Globalisation, the Nation-State and Global Society
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: March 2003

This article examines the notion that globalisation has resulted in the decline of the nation-state. It argues that during most of its history globalisation was in fact associated with the rise of the nation-state through the construction of overseas empires that extended and strengthened it. The development of global political organization has reinforced the nation-state through the growth of international organizations based on the principle of national sovereignty. It is transnational flows, networks, and organizations that have challenged the authority of the nation-state. These do not, however, float in a global limbo but are always rooted in and dependent upon some nation-state or other. Transnational movements can embarrass nation-states but have little real impact upon them and challenge them far less than did the nationally based labour movements that have been undermined by globalisation. Some see globalisation as leading to a global society transcending national units but this view overlooks the continued importance of national institutions and international relationships, and the emergence of strong regional organizations, in a society that is essentially multi-level rather than global in character.
Punishment and Pleasure: Women, Food and the Imprisoned Body
Authors: Smith Catrin
Published: March 2003

Food assumes enormous importance in prison: for many prisoners it conditions their life in custody and, in many respects, is symbolic of the prison experience. This article explores the complex relationship between gender, food and imprisonment through an analysis of data obtained from in-depth interviews and group discussions conducted in three women's prisons in England. The findings indicate that, in prison, where control is taken away as the prisoner and her body become the objects of external forces, food is experienced not only as part of the disciplinary machinery, but also as a powerful source of pleasure, resistance and rebellion. The implications of such findings for health promotion in the prison context are discussed. Here, the pleasures and consolations of food may well constitute a redefinition of what it is to be healthy in this context, one that challenges the dominant meaning constructed in current health promotional discourse.
Neighbourhood in a High Rise, High Density City: Some Observations on Contemporary Hong Kong
Authors: Forrest Ray , La Grange Adrienne , Ngai-Ming Yip
Published: March 2003

Most of the contemporary literature on the neighbourhood comes from US or European sources where there are sharp contrasts with East Asian cities in terms of the physical form, residential densities and in relation to ideas of community and kinship. This paper reports on a study carried out in Hong Kong which was designed to explore the extent to which western preoccupations with neighbourhood resonate in a high rise, high density Chinese city. As a precursor to a larger scale study interviews were carried out with fifteen individuals in three contrasting locations: a New Town estate, an older, inner city area and a middle class housing estate. The interviews explored inter alia neighbourhood perceptions, ideas of community, sense of belonging and sense of place among contemporary Hong Kong residents.

When Yuan Ssu became Confucius' steward he was given nine hundred measures of grain, which he declined. The Master said, ‘Can you not find a use for it in helping the people in your neighbourhood?’ (The Analects, Book VI).
Changing Forms of Inequality
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: March 2003

Individual sorting models prevail in current explanations of inequality, but individual sorting systems form rarely and depend on extensive institutional infrastructure. Inequality results more generally from the conjunction of socially organized categories with (a) clique control of value-producing resources, (b) clique deployment of those resources in relations of exploitation and/or opportunity with members of subordinated or excluded categories, backed up by (c) emulation and adaptation. Historically, major value-producing resources in the production of inequality have included coercive means, labor, animals, land, commitment-maintaining institutions, machines, financial capital, information, media, and scientific-technical knowledge. In the future, financial capital, information, media, and scientific-technical knowledge will play increasing parts in the generation of social inequality.
‘Sick Role’ or ‘Empowerment’? The Ambiguities of Life with an HIV Positive Diagnosis
Authors: Crossley Michele
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the relevance of Parsons’ concept of the ‘sick role’ to the experience of illness in contemporary society by building on recent research, which suggests that the increasing predominance of chronic disease changes the temporal structure of the experience of illness. This has important implications for the structure of social expectations and obligations associated with the ‘sick role’. In particular, recent advocates of ‘insider’ views of illness and the related promotion of ideologies of ‘patient empowerment’ have contested assumptions of dependency implicit within the concept of the ‘sick role’, presenting a far more ‘independent’ and ‘proactive’ vision of the sick individual. With specific application to a group of people living relatively long term with an HIV positive diagnosis, this paper addresses some of the implicit ambiguities manifest in the self‐empowerment ethos, highlighting some implicit dependencies underlying the rhetoric of empowerment and concluding that a more structural analysis of illness experiences, such as that proposed by Parsons, may be apposite.
Social Class, Social Selves and Social Control in Childbirth
Authors: Zadoroznyj Maria
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the birthing narratives of 50 Australian women to explore their representations of their birthing experiences. Through the analysis, issues of power, identity and control in childbirth are explored, particularly with respect to the major discursive categories framing childbirth. The birthing narratives of the women in this study revealed significant differences in orientation to first birth according to women’s social class, but also revealed significant shifts in identity and empowerment with subsequent births. These findings differ significantly from existing accounts of power relations in childbirth, which have tended either to universalise women, or, in more recent post‐structuralist accounts, to abandon the notion of socially structured differences between women altogether. The findings of this research indicate that social class has a strong effect in the shaping of identity, but that these differences can be transcended by the experience of childbirth itself, which is a critical reflexive moment in many women’s lives.
Community participation and citizenship in British health care planning: narratives of power and involvement in the changing welfare state
Authors: Milewa Timothy , Valentine Justin , Calnan Michael
Published: March 2003

This article considers changing conceptions of local citizenship with particular reference to the idea of ‘community participation’ in the planning of state health care within Britain. The aim is to gauge the extent to which a political rhetoric of community participation in the 1990s constituted an attempt to redefine the relationship between health authorities (responsible for planning and prioritising services) and local communities. Data from aninvestigation encompassing 75 interviews is used to chart the manner in which health authority managers have re‐articulated and given substance to the rhetoric of participation. The analysis appears to confirm a ‘democratic deficit’ with regard to decision‐making in health care planning but there is a significant qualification. A process of ‘professionalisation’ and the growth of ‘active management’ (rather than ‘active citizenship’) may in part be off‐setting the democratic deficit. This process is however highly contingent upon developments in health service policy and organisation.
Class, stratification and inequalities in health: a comparison of the Registrar‐General’s Social Classes and the Cambridge Scale
Authors: Prandy Kenneth
Published: March 2003

Using published standardised mortality ratios for individual occupational groups in 1981, the value of the Registrar‐General’s Social Class schema for analysing health inequalities is compared with an alternative approach to the measurement of social stratification, the Cambridge Scale. A major issue is the extent to which the social classes really constitute social groups with a high degree of internal homogeneity and with clear boundaries between them. It is shown that, in relation to mortality ratios, they do not and that the stratification order is closer to a continuous hierarchy. The Cambridge Scale is to be preferred on both theoretical and empirical grounds: being constructed on a much sounder basis and superior in an explanatory sense. The advantages of a continuous measure are further explored by looking at the mortality ratios for malignant neoplasms and coronary heart diseases in the broader context of material factors (average earnings) and lifestyle (smoking).
Rationing through risk assessment in clinical genetics: all categories have wheels
Authors: Prior Lindsay
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on issues relating to rationing in the context of cancer genetics. It indicates how the allocation of scarce resources to patients in need is not simply a managerial process, but something that is routinely woven into the fine web of organisational activity. In the framework of this study – executed within a UK regional cancer genetics clinic – much of that activity circulates around issues relating to risk assessment. The author first illustrates how risk assessments in cancer genetics affect the distribution of clinical benefits in general. Following that, it is explained how professionals assemble risk categories and how the assembly work relates to rationing. The paper concludes by suggesting that rationing principles should more properly be seen as stratagems that are called upon and manipulated by lay and professional parties, rather than as a set of guide rules imposed top‐down by managerial agents.
Rationing health care to disabled people
Authors: Albrecht Gary L.
Published: March 2003

Combining a political economic perspective with a case study approach, this paper examines the intent, process, and consequences of rationed care for disabled people under the U.S. managed care system. Two disabled persons were followed over a three‐year period as they sought care for major episodes relating to chronic depression and post‐polio syndrome. The findings illustrate a marked disparity between the concept and goals of rationed care and the experience of consumers of services. For these people, care is rationed at the service level and also in terms of restricted access to, and payment for, the care sought. This often results in inadequate treatment and inflated costs. These problems are due in large part to the competitive nature of the major stakeholders, institutional coalitions that work against patients, emphasis on profit maximisation, devaluing of the lives of disabled people and the weak bargaining position that disabled persons hold as consumers.
Autonomy and bureaucratic accountability in primary care: what English general practitioners say
Authors: Harrison Stephen , Dowswell George
Published: March 2003

Abstract Clinical autonomy has long been seen as conceptually central to the analysis of the occupational status of the medical profession, though the implications for this of recent developments in health care managerialism have been disputed by theorists. In particular, the question has arisen as to whether ‘restratification’, that is, the active involvement of physicians in this process, should be construed as medical élites exerting control over the rank and file in order to protect the profession as a whole, or as an incursion from outside it. This paper uses interview data from 49 general medical practitioners in Northern England. It investigates their perceptions of how current government policies, and the new institutions and governance arrangements that they have created impact on physicians’ ability to set their own limits and to judge their own work. We found a clear acceptance by GPs of the need to discharge ‘bureaucratic accountability’, in particular to maintain records of their clinical decisions. This provides the possibility of external surveillance of medical work, and thus implies a clear reduction in autonomy over the content of medical work on the part of rank‐and‐file GPs, who may regret this situation but offer little resistance to it. Our findings illustrate a form of restratification; the most frequently reported immediate source of pressure to modify casenote recording was the Primary Care Group (PCG), an organisation constitutionally dominated by physicians acting in a managerial capacity. Nevertheless, the agendas of PCGs are largely driven by central government and our study thus provides further evidence of the intermediary or contingent (rather than independent) character of professional autonomy.
Repeated audit controls
Authors: Moors J. J. A. , Van Der Genugten B. B. , Strijbosch L. W. G.
Published: March 2003

An important task of auditors is to check whether recorded values are correct. From the number (or total) of the errors found in a sample, upper confidence limits for the fraction (or total) of the errors in the population are calculated by standard methods.

Even auditors are human, however, and may make mistakes: errors may remain unnoticed. As administrative rules and regulations are becoming more and more complicated, this kind of auditors' mistakes tends to occur more frequently. Hence, there is an increasing need to check the auditing process itself. This can be achieved by checking a subsample of audited values a second time, now by an error‐free supervisor.

This paper investigates the consequences of the (possible) occurrence of errors in this subsample. A simple and analytically attractive model is presented for the number of errors found in this double inspection scheme. Maximum likelihood estimators are derived for the population fraction of errors and the probability of an error remaining unnoticed. Based on that, an exact upper confidence limit for the population fraction of errors is calculated, treating the probability of an unnoticed error as a nuisance parameter. Our method was originally developed during a recent Dutch case study: in a subsample of already audited values one additional error was found by the supervisor. It is shown that, as a consequence, the upper confidence limit is increased very sizeably.
Shrinkage and Penalized Likelihood as Methods to Improve Predictive Accuracy
Authors: Van Houwelingen J. C.
Published: March 2003

A review is given of shrinkage and penalization as tools to improve predictive accuracy of regression models. The James‐Stein estimator is taken as starting point. Procedures covered are Pre‐test Estimation, the Ridge Regression of Hoerl and Kennard, the Shrinkage Estimators of Copas and Van Houwelingen and Le Cessie, the LASSO of Tibshirani and the Garotte of Breiman. An attempt is made to place all these procedures in a unifying framework of semi‐Bayesian methodology. Applications are briefly mentioned, but not amply discussed.
A Jump‐diffusion Model for Exchange Rates in a Target Zone
Authors: De Jong F. , Drost F. C. , Werker B. J. M.
Published: March 2003

We propose a simple jump‐diffusion model for an exchange rate target zone. The model captures most stylized facts from the existing target zone models while remaining analytically tractable. The model is based on a modified two‐limit version of the COX, INGERSOLL and ROSS (1985) model. In the model the exchange rate is kept within the band because the variance decreases as the exchange rate approaches the upper or lower limits of the band. We also consider an extension of the model with parity adjustments, which are modeled as Poisson jumps. Estimation of the model is by GMM based on conditional moments. We derive prices of currency options in our model, assuming that realignment jump risk is idiosyncratic. Throughout, we apply the theory to EMS exchange rate data. We show that, after the EMS crisis of 1993, currencies remain in an implicit target zone which is narrower than the officially announced target zones.
Efficiencies of Rounded Optimal Approximate Designs for Small Samples
Authors: Imhof L. , Lopez‐Fidalgo J. , Wong W. K.
Published: March 2003

Optimal exact designs are notoriously hard to study and only a few of them are known for polynomial models. Using recently obtained optimal exact designs (Imhof, 1997), we show that the efficiency of the frequently used rounded optimal approximate designs can be sensitive if the sample size is small. For some criteria, the efficiency of the rounded optimal approximate design can vary by as much as 25% when the sample size is changed by one unit. The paper also discusses lower efficiency bounds and shows that they are sometimes the best possible bounds for the rounded optimal approximate designs.
Downdating: Interdisciplinary Research Between Statistics and Computing
Authors: Mertens B. J. A.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to define and explain the meaning behind the term ‘downdating’ which has recently been introduced in the statistics literature from the computing sciences. We give a review of the historical background and describe the main statistical application areas which make reference to the terminology. Extensive references are provided to the very active current research effort on downdating in both the statistical and computing sciences and opportunities for development in statistical science are outlined.
The Affectedness Constraint and AspP
Authors: Egerland Verner
Published: March 2003

The present article is an attempt to derive the Affectedness Constraint on the assumption that delimited predicates project an Aspect node with the feature [+delimited], in the spirit of Tenny (1987) and Borer (1993). This feature triggers movement of a delimiting argument to the specifier of Asp for checking reasons. Also, it is assumed that a predicate needs a subject and that the specifier of Asp counts as subject of the predicate from which Asp has been projected. If affectedness constructions are distinguished by the fact that their external argument is missing, having been lexically oppressed, it follows that a derivation converges iff an internal argument can be promoted to subject position; externalization of the internal argument can be driven only by delimited predicates, because only a delimiting object can be triggered to move to the specifier of Asp [+delimited]. The article concentrates on an affectedness construction in Swedish: have of possession + DP + passive participle. However, it will be argued that the solution carries over to other affectedness constructions.
Acquisition of Japanese verbal morphology: Applying processability theory to Japanese
Authors: Kawaguchi Satomi
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to identify the developmental sequence of Japanese verbal morphology in second language learners' speech production through three longitudinal studies and two cross‐sectional studies as well as to explain this sequence within the framework of Pienemann's Processability Theory (1998). Research questions to be answered include: (1) What is the hypothesised developmental sequence of Japanese verbal morphology in learners' speech production in a L2 context based on Processability Theory? (2) What is the actual developmental sequence of Japanese verbal morphology achieved by the learners? (3) Does this sequence match the hypothesised developmental sequence?

Results from the study indicate that verbal morphology in Japanese is acquired in a fixed order and that the order is predictable through identification of the hierarchy of processing prerequisites for sentence production. Such results have a practical and theoretical implication for the research of Japanese as a second language.
A Semantic Analysis of the English Genitive. Interaction of Lexical and Formal Semantics
Authors: Vikner Carl , Jensen Per Anker
Published: March 2003

Some earlier treatments of the semantics of the prenominal genitive assume two syntactic types for genitive NPs like the girl's, one which combines with relational nouns like sister, and another that combines with non‐relational nouns like car. In the former case the genitive relation is provided by the relational head noun, in the latter the source of the relation is taken to be provided by the utterance context. Our analysis uniformly assumes only one syntactic type for genitive NPs, viz., one that forces a genitive NP to combine only with relational nouns. In cases with inherently non‐relational head nouns, such as the girl's car, we hypothesize that the genitive NP coerces a shift of the meaning of the head noun so that it becomes relational. To determine the sort of meaning shift which is carried out, we appeal to the qualia structure of the lexical entry for the head noun. A consequence of this analysis is an extension of the area of lexically determined interpretations and a corresponding reduction of the context‐determined, pragmatic area.
A Necessary and Sufficient Instability Condition for Inviscid Shear Flow
Authors: Balmforth N. J. , Morrison P. J.
Published: March 2003

We derive a condition that is necessary and sufficient for the instability of inviscid, two‐dimensional, plane‐parallel, shear flow with equilibrium velocity profiles that are monotonic, real analytic, functions of the cross‐stream coordinate. The analysis, which is based upon the Nyquist method, includes a means for delineating the possible kinds of bifurcations that involve the presence of the continuous spectrum, including those that occur at nonzero wave number. Several examples are given.
A Hierarchical Cluster System Based on Horton–Strahler Rules for River Networks
Authors: Da Costa F. P. , Grinfeld M. , Wattis J. A. D.
Published: March 2003

We consider a cluster system in which each cluster is characterized by two parameters: an “order”i, following Horton–Strahler rules, and a “mass”j following the usual additive rule. Denoting by ci,j(t) the concentration of clusters of order i and mass j at time t, we derive a coagulation‐like ordinary differential system for the time dynamics of these clusters. Results about the existence and the behavior of solutions as t→∞ are obtained; in particular, we prove that ci,j(t) → 0 and Ni(c(t)) → 0 as t→∞, where the functional Ni(·) measures the total amount of clusters of a given fixed order i. Exact and approximate equations for the time evolution of these functionals are derived. We also present numerical results that suggest the existence of self‐similar solutions to these approximate equations and discuss their possible relevance for an interpretation of Horton's law of river numbers.
Large‐Time Asymptotics for Periodic Solutions of Some Generalized Burgers Equations
Authors: Sachdev P. L. , Enflo B. O. , Rao Ch. Srinivasa , Vaganan B. Mayil , Goyal Poonam
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we construct large‐time asymptotic solutions of some generalized Burgers equations with periodic initial conditions by using a balancing argument. These asymptotics are validated by a careful numerical study. We also show that our asymptotic results agree with the approximate solutions obtained by Parker [1] in certain limits.
Quasiperiodic Solutions in Weakly Nonlinear Gas Dynamics. Part I. Numerical Results in the Inviscid Case
Authors: Shefter Michael , Rosales Rodolfo R.
Published: March 2003

We exhibit and study a new class of solutions for the one‐dimensional inviscid Euler equations of Gas Dynamics in a bounded domain with reflecting boundary conditions, in the weakly nonlinear regime. These solutions do not present the usual wave breaking leading to shock formation, even though they have nontrivial acoustic components and operate in the nonlinear regime. We also show that these ‘Non Breaking for All Times’ (NBAT) solutions are globally attracting for the long time evolution of the equations.

The Euler equations of Gas Dynamics (in the weakly nonlinear regime with reflecting boundary conditions) can be reduced to an inviscid Burgers‐like equation for the acoustic component, with a linear integral self‐coupling term and periodic boundary conditions. The integral term arises as a result of the nonlinear resonant interactions of the sound waves with the entropy variations in the flow. This integral term turns out to be weakly dispersive. The NBAT solutions arise as a result of the interplay of this dispersion with the ‘standard’ wave‐breaking nonlinearity in the Burgers equation.

In addition to the previously known weakly nonlinear standing acoustic wave NBAT solutions, we found a family of new, never‐breaking, attracting solutions by direct numerical simulation. These are quasiperiodic in time with two periods. In phase space these solutions lie on a surface ‘centered’ around the standing waves. Only two standing‐wave solutions (the maximum amplitude and the trivial vanishing wave) are in the attracting set. All of the others are quasiperiodic in time with two periods.
Exploring Links Between Special Needs and School Improvement
Authors: Ainscow Mel
Published: March 2003

Current debate on school improvement largely excludes special needs. Mel Ainscow explores possible links between the two fields illustrating this with a particular example, an Index of Inclusive Schooling, which will help schools identify their level of commitment to the concept. The experience confirms Ainscow’s earlier call for a reconstructing of special needs as a process of school improvement and that an understanding of learning difficulties can make schools more effective for all pupils.
Literacy Hour and the Literal Thinker: the Inclusion of Children with semantic‐pragmatic Language Difficulties in the Literacy Hour
Authors: Dehaney Ruth
Published: March 2003

Ruth Dehaney's concern is that any overall target, such as the high target set by the government for English, could be achieved at the expense of some children, particularly those with special educational needs. Within the broad context of speech and language difficulties, Dehaney's article focuses on how children with semantic‐pragmatic difficulties function in the classroom. Specific reference is made to the language demands of the literacy hour. Her findings will be relevant to many teachers seeking to accommodate children's diverse learning needs within the structure of the hour.
Reading across Genres: a Review of Literature
Authors: Stamboltzis Aglaia , Pumfrey Peter
Published: March 2003

From their review of the literature on reading and genres, the authors suggest that an understanding of genre theory will help teachers assess the readability and suitability of the texts they use in the classroom. The article serves as a general introduction to genre theory, its implications for teachers and the benefits of monitoring and teaching genre.
Voice Disorders in Children
Authors: Boyle Bernadette
Published: March 2003

Bernadette Boyle argues that the prevalence of voice disorders is almost certainly higher than research indicates. She outlines the causes of the disorder, its characteristics and the types of therapy recommended. Boyle concludes that while the principles of therapy are broadly similar to those deployed with adults, the treatment strategy needs to be different for children.
Numeracy recovery: a pilot scheme for early intervention with young children with numeracy difficulties
Authors: Dowker Ann
Published: March 2003

The Numeracy Recovery scheme described here involves working with children who have been identified by their teachers as having problems with arithmetic. These children are assessed on eight components of early numeracy: (1) principles and procedures related to counting; (2) use of written arithmetical symbolism; (3) use of place value in arithmetic; (4) understanding and solution of word problems; (5) translation between concrete, verbal and numerical formats; (6) use of derived fact strategies for calculation; (7) arithmetical estimation and (8) memory for number facts. The children received weekly individual intervention in the particular components with which they were found to have difficulty. For the first 62 children in the project, Wilcoxon tests showed a significant improvement in standardised scores in both tests following intervention.
Postcode provision: a case study of provision for able socially deprived primary school pupils in Greater Manchester
Authors: Bonshek Jane
Published: March 2003

The next two articles focus on provision for able pupils. Here, Jane Bonshek discusses the findings of a survey she carried out to compare provision for able pupils in socially deprived and affluent areas in Greater Manchester. On the strength of her findings, which are of general relevance, she argues for a re‐examination of the concept of giftedness, proposing instead the notion of aptitude as being more dynamic and inclusive.
Policy changes in post–school learning for people with disabilities and learning difficulties and the implications for practice
Authors: Maudslay Liz
Published: March 2003

In this article Liz Maudslay argues that a strong infrastructure is required in the post–school sector if people with disabilities and learning difficulties are to benefit from the recent changes in post–school education. In her analysis of these legislative changes she considers the implications of issues such as transition, the place of specialist colleges, excluded groups and the role of multi–agency working.
Solution or smoke screen? The use of further education colleges in making KS4 provision for difficult to manage (D2M) students
Authors: Sproson Bob
Published: March 2003

The significance of this article lies in Bob Sproson's willingness to ask difficult questions and to provoke further questions in the mind of the reader. The shift in thinking which allows us to consider 14–19 education as a whole makes the work of support services such as the one described here particularly interesting, with implications far beyond the group of students at KS4 described here as ‘difficult to manage’. As Bob Sproson argues, college placement is no panacea, but requires careful preparation and attention to the needs and views of each student and to the development of mutually respectful relationships between teachers and students. Implied in this article is a radically new view of young people and their educational needs post–14.
Erasability and Interpretation
Authors: Sauerland Uli
Published: March 2003

This paper corroborates the interpretability proposal of Chomsky (1995) with evidence from scrambling in Japanese and German. First it is shown that scrambling in Japanese is semantically vacuous, whereas scrambling in German is semantically contentful. Chomsky's proposal then predicts that the feature driving Japanese scrambling is erased after checking, while the corresponding feature in German remains visible, specifically for the Shortest Attract condition. Looking at patterns of movement that result in overlapping paths, this prediction is seen to be correct.
Cyclicity and Extraction Domains
Authors: Nunes Jairo , Uriagereka Juan
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to provide a minimalist analysis of CED effects (see Huang 1982) in terms of derivational dynamics in a cyclic system. Assuming Uriagereka’s (1999) Multiple Spell‐out system, we argue that CED effects arise when a syntactic object K that is required at a given derivational step has become inaccessible to the computational system at a previous derivational stage, when the chunk of structure containing K was spelled out. Assuming Nunes’s (1995, 1998) analysis of parasitic gaps in terms of sideward movement, we argue that standard parasitic gap constructions do not exhibit CED effects because K manages to move to a different derivational workspace before the structure containing it is spelled out. Finally, we provide an account of the cases where parasitic gap constructions appear to show CED effects by relying on cyclic access to the numeration, along the lines proposed by Chomsky (1998).