bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRACTICES OF THE ADVERTISEMENT LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   ", AllahRakha Naeem ,   Tashkent State University of  Law "
Published: October 2024

"Abstract. Uzbekistan’s law No. LRU-776 establishes a comprehensive legal framework governing advertising activities, emphasizing ethical practices. This legislation outlines rights, duties, and prohibitions for advertisers, producers, and distributors. Moreover, special provisions protect children. This paper examines key requirements around ad content, data use, outdoor advertising, etc. under the updated regulations. The study assesses the alignment of domestic rules with global responsible advertising standards. The author used a qualitative research approach and analyzed legal provisions under doctrinal methods. Additional clauses explicitly addressing online ads and cross-border activity restrictions could augment protections. Uzbekistan’s advertising law provides a robust baseline but requires further upgrades as technologies rapidly evolve to fully realize its vision of transparency and accountability benefiting consumers and businesses. "
"EVOLUTION AND EFFECTS OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY: A HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE APPROACH "
Authors:   Law College of Kashkadarya Region, Amirov Sanjar
Published: October 2024

"This article attempts a comprehensive study of the origin, development, institutions and social impact of Athenian democracy. Through in-depth analysis, the complexities and intricacies of this prestigious political system are illuminated, and its achievements and shortcomings are highlighted. Athenian democracy is often recognized as one of the earliest experiments in democratic governance and still remains a subject of study by historians, political scientists, and scholars. Athenian democracy, which emerged in ancient Greece in the fifth century BCE, was a crucial period in human history, not only shaping the political landscape of the time but also influencing subsequent democratic movements throughout the centuries. Drawing on extensive scholarship and primary sources, the article examines the historical context of the emergence of Athenian democracy and emphasizes the contributions of key figures such as Solon and Clysphenes to its development. It examines the institutions of Athenian democracy, including the ekklesia, boule, dikasteria, and ostracism, and analyzes their role in citizen participation and decision-making. The article also examines the democratic ideals and values that inspired Athenian society, including equality, freedom, civic virtue, and responsibility, and explores the limitations and exceptions inherent in the system.
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"HOMONYMY BETWEEN THE WORD FORMS WITH AFFIXES -LA + -SH AND -LASH "
Authors:   Tashkent State University of  Law, Ziyamukhamedova Shakhnoza
Published: October 2024

" The article expresses the grouping of articular affixes and homonymic affixes in the range of affixes of the Uzbek language, the semantic relations between them, the determination of their semantic-structural features, and the and the location of homo-affixes. In particular, we studied the new edition of the Constitution of Uzbekistan linguistically and studied the use of homo-affixes, in particular the affixes -lash and -la + -sh, which are studied in this paper. The verb stands out among the parts of speech for its complexity and many controversial issues. One of such problems in verbs is the evaluation of the affix -lash, which has attracted the attention of linguists for many years, and the study of its semantic features. It is known that in speech verbs formed with these affixes are homonyms of verbs with affixes -la+-sh. In the article, verbs formed with the affix -la are used with different indicators of proportion, and word forms formed with the affix -lash are treated homonymically. The aim of this paper is to study these mysterious, interrelated issues related to the verb. Uzbek linguistics has noted the coverage of the verb family, in particular, scientific works devoted to this topic have been studied. In particular, verbs with the affix -lash and a number of affixes -la+-sh have been carefully selected from the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language,”  and examples from fiction have been collected. The collected data were analyzed based on existing theoretical ideas.
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"THE CONCEPT, NATURE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS ACTION IN CRIMINAL LAW "
Authors:   Tashkent State University of  Law, Khudaykulov Feruzbek
Published: October 2024

"In this article, the concept of a socially dangerous movement, its structure, and signs are studied in detail. The recognition of a socially dangerous act as a necessary sign of the criminal structure and the opinions expressed by the scholars of the theory of criminal law about it are highlighted. In addition, on the basis of existing concepts in the theory of criminal law, the expression of socially dangerous actions and their specific characteristics are described in a series. At the same time, the specific importance of the general and special features of the modern theory of criminal law in the development of the concept of socially dangerous action, which is a necessary sign of the criminal structure, is described. In particular, logical, systematic, logical-legal, and comparative-legal methods of research are widely used in this article. Based on the deduction method of, the nature, structure, and signs of the socially dangerous act, which is a necessary sign of the crime structure, have been studied, and the theoretical and scientific views about it in criminal law have been reflected. Also, the main attention is focused on the concept, nature, signs, and structure of a socially dangerous act, which is a necessary sign of the criminal structure, and at the same time, on the specific criminal-legal significance of a socially dangerous act and the theoretical and practical problems related to it. The doctrine of criminal law and existing scientific research are analyzed, and reasonable theoretical suggestions and recommendations are developed in this regard.
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SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE OBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE CRIME OF ABORTION IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Khaydarov Shukhratjon
Published: October 2024

This article describes the concept of the crime of criminal abortion, its characteristics, and the specifics of the objective side of the crime. Also, in the article, the objective side of the crime of criminal abortion is analyzed based on the opinions of experts in criminal law, and the author takes a scientific approach to the opinions of these scholars and explains his opinions on the basis of scientific analysis. In addition, the article also cites the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1950 Declaration on Medical Abortion, and the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which reflect the issue of protecting the reproductive health and rights of pregnant women from various encroachments. These documents state that the state must pay due attention to the prevention, investigation, protection of the rights of victims, and punishment of perpetrators of acts of violence against women. The article analyzes the statistics of the crime of criminal abortion in 2014-2022 based on the judgments studied in the research work. The article also provides scientifically sound conclusions and suggestions for improving the legal norms that provide for liability for crimes related to criminal abortion.
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF LAWYERS’ PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Pirmatov Otabek
Published: October 2024

This article highlights the role of the representative institution and the lawyer in civil proceedings in our country. The specifics of representation are described in terms of legal representation, contractual (voluntary) representation, representation of legal entities, representation of trade unions, and other public organizations. Thus, the lawyer has special rights of the plaintiff and the defendant: full or partial waiver of claims, change the basis or subject of the claim, increase or decrease the amount of the claim, recognition of the plaintiff’s claims, the conclusion of a settlement agreement. contract, to transfer authority to another person (entrust another person), to have the right to file an appeal against the decision (judgment) of the court, to issue a writ of execution for recovery, to receive the recovered property or money—the exact order of these actions is described in the article. The article analyzes the procedure for exercising the special powers of lawyers, provided by the decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the application of the rules of civil procedural legislation on representation in courts.” Also, foreign experience, such as the practice of Düsseldorf and Munich, which are the rules of confidentiality of information in the procedural legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany, has been studied.
Evaluating the Role of Electronic Security Surveillance in Enhancing Safety in Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Trans Nzoia County, Kenya
Authors: Kerich Nancy , Omuterema Stanley O. , Pepela Maurice Manyonge
Published: October 2024

Secondary school safety is critical to sustaining comparable academic performance outcomes. However, there are so many threats that affect the safety of schools that make up this necessity throughout the world. Security challenges in secondary schools in Kenya includes fires, theft and radicalization have been witnessed in school. Nevertheless, the application of electronic security surveillance systems still remains rather low. They work under very high risks and many schools in Trans Nzoia County are especially vulnerable leaving the school community at risk. This research aimed at evaluating the extent to which these systems enhance safety. Based on Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Contingency Theory, the study adopted descriptive survey research design and targeted 14 second schools with previous security threats and deployed with surveillance systems. Participants were 14 principals, 14 boarding teachers, 14 security personnel, 70 students- 10 students from each of the 7 schools, County Director of Education, and the Chief Fire Officer. The sample size for the study was 128 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions. The data was analysed through using Social Package for Social Sciences version 25. Regarding electronic surveillance system improvement of school security, 80.8 percent of respondents supported its effectiveness. When national ICT and school safety policies had been included, it was found that the improvement of these systems for the safety of schools has proved 40.9% different (R² = 0.409, F (2, 75) = 26.003, p = 0.000). Of all the forms of surveillance, the study noted that CCTV cameras were the most widely used in secondary schools. That being said, the efficiency of their use in achieving safety objectives was somewhat hampered by operational obstacles. The study therefore suggests that while emphasizing on the use of additional technologies like fire alarms, burglar alarms, Metal detectors and Biometric systems, the school management boards in collaboration with Ministry of education and ICT should devise way of extending the use of such gadgets. Secondly, to guarantee full coverage of the school premises, it is necessary to step up investment in electronic security systems, and improve the support of personnel pertaining to the detection of threats.
Fighting Malaria Sustainably: An Investigation of the Innovation System for Biobased Malaria Repellents in East Africa
Authors: Ayoub Martina , Virgin Ivar , Masharabu Tatien , Karirekinyana Ginette
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates a biobased innovation system producing a catnip plant-based mosquito repellent developed to fight malaria in East Africa. We adopt a technological innovation system (TIS) methodology. Previous studies on TIS in the global south emphasized innovation diffusion, rather than development. In contrast, we study the catnip-based mosquito repellents in East Africa, a R&D and innovation driven TIS. Our results highlight the potential of innovation development in East Africa by demonstrating strong TIS functions such as entrepreneurial activity, knowledge sharing, and legitimacy building. However, the TIS functions, market creation, resource mobilisation and policy guidance were relatively weak. This suggests that the innovation challenges in East Africa are not always related to a lack of knowledge generation or entrepreneurial capabilities, but more due to a structural feature such as lack of finance, resources, and supportive policies. Our study also demonstrates how local bio-entrepreneurs benefit from business incubation through regional cooperation.
Influence of Communication Strategies on Organizational Performance: A Case of the Office of the Auditor General of State Finances in Rwanda
Authors: Muragijimana Frodouard , Ong'ong'a Daniel Oloo , Ilungu Festus
Published: October 2024

This research paper investigated the effect of communication strategies on organizational success. It specifically assessed the influence of participatory communication, result-based communication, and multi-channelled communication strategies on the success of the Office of Auditor General of state finances (OAG). The paper applied a descriptive and correlation design with a mixed approach. A sample size of 150 was drawn from a target of 248 workers who participated in various service deliveries in Rwanda. A stratified sampling method was adopted to select a representative group. Primary data was obtained utilizing questionnaire surveys and interviews. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential analysis with the aid of the statistical product and service solutions version 26.0. Results to the first objective felt that that 43.0% agreed with openness, 37.6% with dialogue and consultation, and 34.2% strongly agreed with shared decision-making. It revealed the significant correlation between dialogue and time schedules (r=.206; p-value=.000). To the second objective results show that 38.6% strongly agreed with the articulation of performance expectations and provision of performance feedback was agreed by 47.7%. The research felt that 40.9% agreed that the use of information in problem-solving applied during service delivery. Results demonstrated that the effect on the provision of performance feedback on cost efficiency, time schedules, and service quality, the study ascertained that the provision of performance feedback is statistically significant with cost efficiency (r=0.122*; p-value=0.035). Results to the third objective demonstrated that the number of channels used in delivering messages was used as strongly agreed by 35.2%. It has been shown that 36.9% agreed with the cohesiveness of multi-voiced messages (agree=36.9; strongly agree= 31.5). Results show a significant correlation between the cohesiveness and consistency of multi-voiced messages and time schedules (r=0.105, p-value=0.071). In conclusion, the study concludes that participatory communication is correlated with dialogue and time schedules, and results-driven communication is associated with feedback on cost efficiency, time schedules, and service quality, the study ascertained the provision of performance feedback. This study recommends that OAG human resources personnel should adopt effective communication strategies, to encourage the attainment of expected goals. The study suggested that further studies should gather data from workers, clients as well as stakeholders to enrich empirical literature.
METODE CERAMAH DAN TANYA JAWAB DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS PEMBELAJARAN IJTIHAD PADA KEGIATAN MICROTEACHING
Authors: FAHLEFI AHMAD REZA , EL-YUNUSI MUHAMMAD YUSRON MAULANA
Published: October 2024

This research is based on the importance of a lecture and question and answer method in the learning process to be effective. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the lecture and question and answer method in increasing the effectiveness of ijtihad learning in microteacing activities of postgraduate students of Sunan Giri University Surabaya. The research uses qualitative methods. The results of this study show that the use of lecture and question and answer methods can increase the effectiveness of ijtihad learning in microteaching activities. The lecture method is in an easy-to-understand language style and through the application of examples used in the microteaching process because the students are students of all departments in the first semester of Sunan University so that they can understand ijtihad. The use of the question and answer method with material questions has been explained such as the meaning of ijtihad, the requirements of mujtahid and the level of mujtahid carried out in the learning process in order to trigger active students.
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh pentingnya suatu metode ceramah dan tanya jawab dalam proses pembelajaran agar efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui implementasi metode ceramah dan tanya jawab dalam meningkatkan efektifitas pembelajaran ijtihad pada kegiatan microteacing mahasiswa pascasarjana universitas sunan giri surabaya. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode ceramah dan tanya jawab dapat meningkatkan efektifitas pembelajaran ijtihad pada kegiatan microteaching. Metode ceramah dengan gaya bahasa yang mudah dimengerti dan melalui penerapan contoh-contoh yang digunakan dalam proses microteaching dikarenakan peserta didiknya adalah mahasiswa strtata satu semua jurusan semester satu universitas sunan supaya mereka bisa mengerti tentang ijtihad. Penggunaan metode tanya jawab dengan pertanyaan materi sudah dijelaskan seperti pengertian ijtihad, syarat mujtahid dan tingkatan mujtahid yang dilakukan dalam proses pembelajaran supaya memantik peserta didik aktif.
INFORMING THROUGH HISTORY: ARTICLES ABOUT ISHAN-MULLAHS IN THE SOVIET PRESS AS A TOOL FOR TEACHING STUDENTS
Authors: Besbayev M.A. , Issabek Barshagul , Yel Selma
Published: October 2024

The article analyzes the social portrait of religious figures represented in Kazakh periodicals of the Soviet period. Special attention is paid to the coverage of these figures in the newspaper “Kazakh” and the comparison with the derogatory tone characteristic of the newspaper “Ak zhol”. The emphasis is placed on the importance of accurately documenting the fate of the khojas, mullahs, Islamists and pilgrims who became victims of Soviet power repression, as well as their role in the resistance in conditions of political upheaval.The position of the newspaper "Ak zhol" and the national intelligentsia on these issues was also evaluated. Since Kazakhstan is a secular and multi-confessional state that values peaceful coexistence and religious stability, understanding the historical context through the press is important for the development of national science and education.The article emphasizes the need to preserve and disseminate information about these historical figures in order to promotea deeper understanding of religious and cultural dynamics. In conclusion, it is noted that the work on restoring historical justice and researching the repressions of the past contributes to strengthening identity and national memory, which is key to the formation of a conscious and informed society, including young generation.
ЕКІНШІ ДҮНИЕЖҮЗІЛІК СОҒЫС ЖЫЛДАРЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚСТАН ӘЙЕЛДЕРІНІҢ ТЫЛ ЖҰМЫСТАРЫНДАҒЫ ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК-ТҰРМЫСТЫҚ АХУАЛЫНЫҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ
Authors: Ахметова Д.М. , Байбахов Н.А.
Published: October 2024

Кеңес үкіметі Қазақстанда орнағанға дейін қоғамдық және мемелекеттік міндеттер ер адамдардың әрекетімен жүзеге асты. Кеңес үкіметінің гендерлік теңдік саясаты әйелдердің қоғамдық істерге араласуына бірден жол аша қойған жоқ. Қыз балалардың орта мектептердебілім алу мүмкіндіктері біртіндеп жолға қойылды. Ағартушылық саласына әйелдердің тартылу үрдісі олардың әлеуметтік белсенділіктерін арттырды. Кейіннен индустрияландыру және ұжымдастыру науқандарында әйелдердің тұрмыстық рөлі күр өзгерістерге ұшырады. Әйелдердің әлеуметтік-шаруашылық жұмыстарға араласу әрекеттері ұлғая түсті және тұрмыстық рөлдері екінші орынға ауыса бастады. Бұл құбылысы бірқатар тұрмыстық қатынастардың өзгеруіне алып келді. Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс жылдарындағы ер азаматтардың майданға аттануы тыл жұмыстарында жұмысшы тапшылықтың қиыншылықтарын тудырды. Білім саласында да кадр жетіспеушілігі аса байқалды. Бұл мәселенің кемшіліктерін толықтыру, кеңес билігіне шұғыл шешімдер қабылдауға итермеледі. Әйелдердіңәлеуметтік-тұрмыстық және мәдениет салаларындағы жауапкершіліктері олардың табиғи жаратылыс заңдарына қайшылықтар тудырды. Майданды азық-түлікпен, оқ-дәрімен қамтамасыз ету бойынша тапсырмалардың үлкен бөлігі әйелдердің тікелей қатысуымен жүзеге асты. Бұл үдерістер барысында әйелдердің тұрмыстық істерге араласуы қиындықтарға жол ашты. Бұл мәселе қазіргі отандық тарихта кемшін қарастырылып келе жатқан тақырыптардың қатарына жатады.Бұл мақалада Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс жылдарында Қазақстан әйелдерінен педагог кадрларын даярлаудың жалпы үрдісі пен күрделі кезеңдерінің аспектілері талқыланған. Сонымен қатар, әйелдердің әлеуметтік-қоғамдық рөлінің өзгеруіне қатысты идеялар пайымдалды.
Tanggung Jawab Ekspedisi Muatan Kapal Laut (EMKL) BagiPengguna Jasa Akibat Barang Yang Rusak/Hilang SelamaProses Pengiriman Melalui Laut
Authors: Saraya Husna  , Levina Yustitianingtyas
Published: October 2024

Prinsip sistem yang digunakan oleh Perusahaan EMKL untukmengatasi masalah barang yang rusak atau hilang selama pengiriman.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundangundangan, yang mengutamakan peraturan perundang-undangansebagai sumber informasi yang mendasar dan mengkaji beberapa pasalterkait. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, Perusahaan EMKL akanbertanggung jawab atas kehilangan atau kerusakan produk yangdisebabkan oleh kelalaian EMKL atau pengangkut dan akanmemberikan ganti rugi kepada pengirim setelah membuktikankesalahan atau kelalaian EMKL dan pengangkut. Tahapanpertanggungjawaban juga tergantung pada ketentuan perjanjian yangtelah disepakati.
Implementasi Pelayanan Publik Bagi Penyandang DisabilitasDalam Pembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk Elektronik (KTP-el)Di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil KabupatenSukoharjo
Authors: Irkham Bagus Prasetia  , Rahayu Subekt
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisisimplementasi pelayanan publik bagi penyandang disabilitas dalampembuatan Kartu Tanda Penduduk Elektronik dan hambatanpelayanan publik dalam pembuatan KTP-el bagi penyandangdisabilitas di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil KabupatenSukoharjo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yuridis empirisyang bersifat deskriptif. Pendekatan yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalahpendekatan kualitatif. Jenis data yang digunakan merupakan dataprimer dan data sekunder. Penyandang disabilitas merupakan setiaporang yang mengalami keterbatasan fisik, intelektual, mental atausensorik cukup lama dalam interaksi lingkungan sekitarberdasarkan kesamaan hak. Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities memberikaan jaminan aksesbilitas kesempatan untukberpartisipasi penuh dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan pelayananpublik. Pelaksanaan pelayanan publik di Dinas Kependudukan danPencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Sukoharjo belum sepenuhnya menerapkanprinsip-prinsip pelayanan publik, hal ini sesuai dengan indekskepuasan masyarakat tahun 2020 yang menunjukkan kualitas kurangbaik. Pembuatan KTP-el bagi disabilitas kategori sikososial diberikankemudahan berupa kebijakan esepsi biometrik, akan tetapikebijakan tersebut belum diatur dalam peraturan perundangundangan dan standard operasional prosedur. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa sarana dan prasarana disabilitas yang belummemadai karena terbatasnya anggaran. Belum adanya data usia wajibKTP-el (17 tahun) dan data kepemilikan KTP- el untuk disabilitas sertabelum maksimalnya program pelayanan jemput bola pembuatan KTP-elbagi penduduk disabilitas.
Pelaksanaan Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia Secara ElektronikBerdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Hukum Dan Hak Asasi ManusiaNomor 9 Tahun 2013
Authors: Suryati  , Nurlaeli Sukesti Ariani Nasution
Published: October 2024

Makalah ini berjudul Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia Secara ElektronikBerdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 9 Tahun2013. Adapun tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengetahui proses pendaftaran jaminanfidusia secara elektronik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris. Datayang dipakai dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Datadianalisa secara kualitatif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu pelaksanaanpendaftaran jaminan fidusia saat ini menggunakan sistem elektronik sesuai denganPeraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 9 Tahun 2013tentang Pemberlakuan Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia secara elektronik. Prosespendaftaran fidusia secara elektronik dilaksanakan oleh pejabat Notaris yangbiasanya ditunjuk oleh bank atau lembaga pembiayaan terkait, dalam prosespendaftaran jaminan fidusia secara elektronik kadang data tidak lengkap yangdiberikan oleh pihak bank juga sering terjadi gangguan server pada sistemAdministrasi Hukum Umum (AHU) dan sistem mobile banking dari pihak bank yangmengakibatkan tidak dapat dilaksanakan pembuatan akta jaminan fidusia sehinggasecara otomatis menghambat proses pendaftaran fidusia secara elektronik
PENYELESAIAN WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN HUTANGPIUTANG TANPA JAMINAN
Authors: M.Syamsudin  , Ade Muhammad Syamkirana Putra
Published: October 2024

Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih dalammengenai penyelesaian wanprestasi pada perjanjian utang-piutangtanpa jaminan. Kemudian akan ditawarkan solusi dari adanyapermasalahan yang ada dengan metode yuridis normatif yang mengacudan berpedoman pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang relevan,yang kemudian menjawab permasalahan pada perjanjian utang-piutangtanpa jaminan yang apabila debitur melakukan wanprestasi terhadapkreditur maka kreditur menurut KUHPerdata tetap dapat memintapemenuhan prestasi dari debitur melalui Gugatan wanprestasidipengadilan negeri, yang kemudian dengan surat perintah dari ketuapengadilan negeri untuk menyita atau meminta harta benda milikdebitur baik bergerak maupaun tidak bergerak sebagai pemenuhanprestasinya. Hal ini merupakan cara yang diberikan oleh KUHPerdatayang paling efektif untuk menyelesaikan wanprestasi dalam perjanjianutang-piutang tanpa jaminan sebagai pemenuhan hak dari debiturkepada kreditur.
Pemberian Sanksi Terhadap Tentara Bayaran (Mercenary) yangIkut Serta dalam Sengketa Bersenjata Ditinjau dari HukumHumaniter Internasional
Authors: Aniek Periani  , Iskatrinah
Published: October 2024

Tentara bayaran atau Mercenaries, sering juga disebut olehmasyarakat umum sebagai istilah “soldrier of fortune”. Pada awalnyakebutuhan tentara bayaran ini timbul karena adanya kesulitan untukmembentuk atau memiliki suatu angkatan angkatan bersenjata yangbesar dan tangguh, dan dengan biaya yang tinggi. Motivasi seseorangmenjadi tentara bayaran umumnya adalah karena uang bukan karenakesetiaan pada negara atau kerajaan yang merekrut dan membayarnya.Mereka tidak memperdulikan apakah perang yang mereka lakukan ituperang yang adil atau tidak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalahmetode penelitian hukum normatif. Data diperoleh melalui studidokumen atau kepustakaan yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahanbahan kepustakaan seperti buku, majalah, makalah-makalah, jurnal,artikel-arikel, surat kabar serta situs-situs internet yang berkaitandengan objek yang ditulis. Status hukum tentara bayaran dalamsengketa bersenjata diakui secara sah keberadaannya sesuai denganKonvensi Jenewa 1949 dan dipertegas dalam Protokol Tambahan 1Tahun 1977 Pasal 47 ayat (1) bahwa: “Seorang tentara bayaran tidakberhak atas status kombatan atau tawanan perang”. Jika seorang tentarabayaran ditangkap oleh pihak musuh maka tentara bayaran tetapmemiliki hak untuk diberlakukan secara adil sesuai hukum yang berlakudinegara penahan tentara bayarantersebut. Penegakan hukum terhadaptentara bayaran yang melakukan pelanggaran hukum disesuaikandengan apa yang dilakukannya, apakah termasuk kejahatan perang atautermasuk kedalam tindakan kriminal yang terjadi dalam perang
Pelaksanaan Sistem Pendaftaran Tanah Secara Online Di KantorAgraria Dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional KabupatenBanyumas
Authors: Ferryani Krisnawati  , Prosawita Ririh Kusumasari
Published: October 2024

Pelaksanaan Pendaftaran Tanah Secara Online Akta Yang DibuatOleh PPAT Di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Banyumas Dan Solusinya.Seiring perkembangan jaman dan kemajuan tehnologi informasi dankomunikasi dimana perangkat hukum terkait pendaftaran tanah belummengatur pendaftaran tanah secara elektronik yang entry datadilaksanakan oleh PPAT. Inovasi pelayanan publik dalam rangka reformasibirokrasi dan demi kesejahteraan umum kepala Badan PertanahanNasional Republik Indonesia (BPN) sesuai kewenangannya mengeluarkankebijakan terkait layanan aplikasi Pendaftaran Mandiri Akta Tanah(PERMATA). PERMATA merupakan cara pendaftaran akta tanah termasukkelengkapan berkasnya secara elektronik guna mengurangi tingkatantrian di loket. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pelaksanaan PERMATAdengan permasalahan (kendala) dan upaya solusinya. Metode penelitianyang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis empiris. Hasil temuandalam penelitian ini, PERMATA adalah suatu kebijakan diskresi yangbersifat teknis, kaedah hukumnya kebolehan saja bukan imperatif. Namunaplikasi online yang entry data dilaksanakan oleh PPAT tetap wajibsertakan data fisik (non paperless). Apabila ada kekeliruan dalammenginput data dapat dilakukan pembetulan dengan mengaplikasi ulangmaupun pendaftaran secara manual. Faktor-faktor kendala meliputihukum dan non hukum. Solusi dengan menerapkan Asas UmumPemerintahan Yang Baik (AUPB) terhadap kantor pertanahan, koordinasidan komitmen yang baik dalam pelaksanaan layanan PERMATA darisegenap stake holder (pemerintah, kantor pertanahan dan PPAT). Untukdapat memberikan kepastian hukum perlu diadakan perubahan peraturanperundang-undangan yang mendasar dan pengaturan sistem pendaftarantanah di Indonesia secara elektronik. Bagi pembentuk Undang-Undangperlu diadakan sinkronisasi antar peraturan yang ada sehingga mampumenunjang pelaksanaan hukum terkait pendaftaran tanah secara online.
Pelaksanaan Pengarsipan Akta Kelahiran
Authors: Eistetika Sari  , Rahayu Subekti
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaanpengarsipan akta kelahiran di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan SipilKabupaten Sukoharjo serta hambatan dan solusi bagi DinasKependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Sukoharjo dalampelaksanaan pengarsipan akta kelahiran. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian hukum yuridis empiris bersifat deskriptif denganmengumpulkan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumen.Pendekatan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan sumber dataprimer dan sekunder, Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa DinasKependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Sukoharjo dalammelaksanakan pengarsipan akta kelahiran belum optimal. Adanyaperubahan sistem dari arsip digital menjadi konvensional. Dalampengarsipan secara digital maupun konvensional masing-masingmemiliki hambatan dan solusi untuk mengatasinya.
Intercomparison of aerosol optical depth retrievals from GAW-PFR and SKYNET sun photometer networks and the effect of calibration
Authors: Karanikolas Angelos , Kouremeti Natalia , Campanelli Monica , Estellés Victor , Momoi Masahiro , Kumar Gaurav , Nyeki Stephan , Kazadzis Stelios
Published: October 2024

Abstract. In this study, we assess the homogeneity of aerosol optical depth (AOD) between two sun photometer networks, the Global Atmosphere Watch-Precision Filter Radiometer (GAW-PFR) and the European SKYNET radiometers network (ESR), at the common wavelengths of their main instruments (500 and 870 nm). The main focus of this work is to evaluate the effect of the improved Langley plot calibration method (ILP) used by SKYNET and to investigate the factors affecting its performance. We used data from three intercomparison campaigns that took place during 2017–2021. Each campaign was organized at two locations (mountainous rural – Davos, Switzerland; urban – Rome, Italy). Our analysis shows that differences in AOD due to post-processing and instrument differences are minor. The main factor leading to AOD differences is the calibration method. We found a systematic underestimation of AOD in ESR compared to in GAW-PFR due to underestimation of the calibration constant calculated with the ILP method compared to the calibration transfers using the PFR as a reference. The calibration and AOD differences are smaller in Davos, where the traceability criteria are satisfied at 870 nm and where the median differences are below 0.01 at 500 nm. In Rome, the AOD median differences at 500 nm were in the 0.015–0.034 range. We conducted a sensitivity study, which shows that part of the difference can potentially be explained by errors in the assumed surface albedo and instrument solid-view angle provided as inputs to the ILP code (based on Skyrad pack 4.2). Our findings suggest that the ILP method is mainly sensitive to the measured sky radiance. The underestimation in calibration is probably caused by an error in the retrieved scattering AOD (sc-AOD) through the sky radiance inversion. Using an alternative retrieval method (Skyrad MRI pack version 2) to derive sc-AOD and to recalibrate the instruments with the ILP method, we found no significant differences between the retrieved sc-AOD and no systematic increase in the ILP-derived calibration constant when using the MRI pack for sc-AOD inversion instead of the Skyrad 4.2. The potential error may be a result of the model assumptions used for the sky radiance simulations. In conclusion, the on-site calibration of sun photometers has several advantages, including the fact that instrument shipments and data gaps can be avoided. However, it has also the disadvantages of a larger uncertainty and significant systematic differences compared to the traditional Langley calibration performed under low- and constant-AOD conditions at high-altitude sites. The larger uncertainty of the ILP method can be attributed to the required modelling and input parameters.
Quantification of Baltic Sea Water Budget components Using Dynamic Topography
Authors: Jahanmard Vahidreza , Ellmann Artu , Delpeche-Ellmann Nicole
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Accurate quantification of the Baltic Sea water budget components is essential for understanding both seasonal and long-term variations influenced by climate change. In this study, we utilize dynamic topography (DT), referenced to the geoid, to derive dynamic water volume and improve estimates of the main water balance components, such as river runoff and water exchange through the Danish Straits. We utilize DT for 2017–2021.5, which was corrected for vertical sea level biases and whose vertical datum thus coincides with the geoid. Our findings reveal seasonal dynamic volume variations, with minimum in spring (78.9 ± 60 km3) and maximum in autumn and winter (121 ± 57 km3 and 124 ± 80 km3, respectively). Anomalies in DT highlight a specific region (northern Baltic Proper) as representing equilibrium mean DT for the entire Baltic Sea, while areas in the eastern and southern Baltic are prone to extremes. Barotropic exchange analysis shows that no Major Baltic Inflows occurred during the study period, with small to medium inflows averaging 1.6 km3/day in autumn and winter, while outflows averaged 2.36 km3/day. River discharge, indirectly calculated from the water budget, peaked in summer (2.08 km3/day) and was lowest in autumn (1.26 km3/day), with hydrological models underestimating flows in these seasons. As a result, the method and results show great potential for quantification, validation, and a better understanding of the dynamics of the Baltic Sea, especially with a changing climate.
ReefTEMPS: The Pacific Islands Coastal Temperature Network
Authors: Le Gendre Romain , Varillon David , Fiat Sylvie , Hocdé Régis , De Ramon N'Yeurt Antoine , Aucan Jérôme , Cravatte Sophie , Duphil Maxime , Ganachaud Alexandre , Gaudron Baptiste , Kestenare Elodie , Liao Vetea , Pelletier Bernard , Peltier Alexandre , Schaefer Anne-Lou , Trophime Thomas , Van Wynsberge Simon , Dandonneau Yves , Allenbach Michel , Menkes Christophe
Published: October 2024

Abstract. While the rise in global ocean temperature continues its course, reaching 1.45+/- 0.12 °C above pre-industrial level according to the World Meteorological Organization in 2023, marine heat waves frequencies and intensities increase. Consequently, coral reef ecosystems which are among the most vulnerable environments are strongly impacted with dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. That has devastating consequences for the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) that strongly rely on these ecosystems. In-situ observation remains the best alternative for providing accurate characterization of long-term trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network in which moored stations are implemented over a number of PICTS over a wide region in the Western and Central South Pacific from New Caledonia to French Polynesia. These in situ temperature time series are unique in several ways: in the length of some historical stations dating back to 1958 for the oldest, thus providing more than 65 years of daily data; in the number of countries sampled (16 PICTS) ; and in the variety of coral ecosystems monitored (from atolls to high islands and from barrier reef’s external slopes to shallow and narrow lagoons). Measurement devices have evolved over the years to provide increasingly precise and frequent observations so that the ReefTEMPS network was endorsed as a French National Observation Service in 2020, a label ensuring quality controlled and open access data of long-term observations. All stations are publicly available in ASCII or formatted NetCDF files, either on the ReefTEMPS dedicated Information System which also allows quick visualisation of time series, or in the SEANOE marine data platform. All links and accesses to these temperature time series are provided herein. The quality control and longevity of these temperature time series allows diagnosing long-term trends, highlighting the influence of multiple processes on temperature dynamics (e.g., internal waves, cyclones, seasonal and climate modes) and documenting the time evolution of extreme events. All files are made publicly available in dedicated SEANOE repositories (DOI provided herein).
Technical note: Altitude scaling of 36Cl production from Fe
Authors: Moore Angus K. , Granger Darryl E.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Cosmogenic nuclide production rates depend on the excitation functions of the underlying nuclear reactions and the intensity and energy spectrum of the cosmic-ray flux. The cosmic-ray energy spectrum shifts towards lower average energies with decreasing altitude (increasing atmospheric depth), so production rate scaling will differ for production reactions that have different energy sensitivities. Here, we assess the possibility of the unique scaling of 36Cl production from Fe by modeling changes in the 36ClFe/36ClK and 36ClFe/10Beqtz production ratios with altitude. We evaluate model predictions against measured 36Cl concentrations in magnetite and K-feldspar and 10Be concentrations in quartz from granitic rocks exposed across an elevation transect (ca. 1700–4300 ma.s.l.) in western North America. The data are broadly consistent with model predictions. The null hypothesis that 36ClFe/10Beqtz and 36ClFe/36ClK production ratios are invariant with altitude can be rejected at the 90 % confidence level. Thus, reaction-specific scaling factors will likely yield more accurate results than non-reaction-specific scaling factors when scaling 36Cl production in Fe-rich rocks and minerals.
Multi-modal Land Cover Classification of Historical Aerial Images and Topographic Maps: A Comparative Study
Authors: Dorozynski Mareike , Rottensteiner Franz , Thiemann Frank , Sester Monika , Dahms Thorsten , Hovenbitzer Michael
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Knowledge about land cover is relevant for many different applications such as updating topographic information systems, monitoring the environment, and planning future land cover. Particularly for monitoring, it is of interest to be not only aware of current land cover but of past land cover at different epochs, too. To allow for efficient, computer-aided spatio-temporal analysis, digital land cover information is required explicitly. In this context, historic aerial orthophotos and scanned historic topographic maps can serve as sources of information, in which land cover information is contained implicitly. The present work aims to automatically extract land cover from this data using classification. Thus, a deep learning-based multi-modal classifier is proposed to exploit information from aerial imagery and maps simultaneously for land cover prediction. Two variants of the classifier are trained, utilizing a supervised training strategy, for building segmentation and vegetation segmentation, respectively. Both classifiers are evaluated on independent test sets and compared to their respective two uni-modal counterparts, i.e. an aerial image classifier and a map classifier. Thus, a mean F1-score of 62.2% for multi-modal building segmentation and a mean F1-score of 83.7% for multimodal vegetation segmentation can be achieved. Detailed analysis of quantitative and qualitative results gives hints for promising directions for future research of multi-modal classifiers to further improve the performance of the multi-modal classifier.
Assessing Classification Performance for Sampled Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Rangongo Tshepiso , Fabris-Rotelli Inger , Thiede Renate
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Big data poses challenges for storage, management, processing, analysis and visualisation. One technique of handling big data is the use of a representative sample of the data. This paper proposes a sampling algorithm which makes use of multivariate stratification with the aim of obtaining a sample that best represents the population while minimising the number of images in the sample. The proposed sampling algorithm performs effectively on a big spatial image dataset of crop types. The results are assessed by measuring the number of images sampled and as well as matching the proportionality of the population crop percentages. The samples obtained from the proposed algorithm are then used for land cover classification. An ensemble method called random forest is trained on the samples and accuracy is assessed. Precision, recall and F1-scores per crop type are computed as well as the overall accuracy. The random forest classifier performed best on the proposed sample with the least number of images. In addition, the classifier performed better on the proposed sample than it did on a random sample as the proposed sample due to the more informative data. This research develops an effective way of sampling big data for crop classification.
Visualization of Space Occupancy Uncertainty in a 3D Voxel-based Urban Model
Authors: Shkedova Olga , Sester Monika
Published: October 2024

Abstract. In a 3D voxel-based digital urban model - or digital urban twin, the semantics of each cell is typically visualized using RGB values to give a realistic impression. However, due to measurement uncertainties or incompleteness, some voxel occupancy might be less likely than others. This paper suggests computing an occupancy grid map using an inverse sensor model and embodying the obtained occupancy probabilities into the urban digital twin.This article then presents visualization of additional information, in this case the uncertainty in space occupancy, in a 3D voxel-based urban model. To this end, a concept is proposed, in which static visual variables are complemented by dynamics. It suggests to utilize the visual variables transparency, size, and color, supplemented by animation. The main idea is to communicate occupancy uncertainty information and enhance its perception via visual variables while visually inspecting a digital twin in an animation mode, observing the occupancy uncertainty without losing the perception of the urban environment.
Change in grounding line location on the Antarctic Peninsula measured using a tidal motion offset correlation method
Authors: Wallis Benjamin J. , Hogg Anna E. , Zhu Yikai , Hooper Andrew
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The grounding line position of glaciers and ice shelves is an essential observation for the study of the Earth's ice sheets. However, in some locations, such as the Antarctic Peninsula, where many grounding lines have not been mapped since the 1990s, remote sensing of grounding line position remains challenging. Here we present a tidal motion offset correlation (TMOC) method for measuring the grounding line position of tidewater glaciers and ice shelves, based on the correlation between tide amplitude and synthetic aperture radar offset tracking measurements. We apply this method to the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet to automatically delineate a new grounding line position for 2019–2020, with near complete coverage along 9300 km of coastline, updating the 20-year-old record. A comparison of the TMOC grounding line to contemporaneous interferometrically measured grounding line position shows the method has a mean seaward offset compared to interferometry of 185 m and a standard deviation of 295 m. Our results show that over the last 24 years there has been grounding line retreat at a number of fast-flowing ice streams on the Antarctic Peninsula, with the most retreat concentrated in the north-eastern sector, where grounding lines have retreated following the collapse of ice shelves. We observe a maximum grounding line retreat since 1996 of 16.3 ± 0.5 km on Hektoria Glacier, with other notable glaciers retreating by 9.3 ± 0.5, 9.1 ± 0.5 and 3.6 ± 0.5 km. Our results document dynamic change on Antarctic Peninsula glaciers and show the importance of using an updated grounding line location to delineate the boundary between floating and grounded ice.
SME Owners' Willingness to Adopt Renewable Energy Technologies for Socio-Economic Development: A Perspective for Policy Decision Makers
Authors: Ahmed Khalil , Shah Asif Ali , Bhutto Arabella , Sahito Zahid Hussain
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the willingness of small and medium enterprise (SME) owners and farmers in the rural Khairpur district of Sindh, Pakistan, to adopt clean energy initiatives (CEIs) in the agricultural sector. The research applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to evaluate eight hypotheses related to attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) factors influencing the adoption of CEIs. Data was collected from 108 participants, and IBM SPSS was used for analysis. Key factors such as production quality, seasonal expenses, peer influence, market demand, and switching costs were examined. The results indicate that attitudes toward CEIs, such as improved production quality, lower seasonal expenses, and peer influence, positively impact the willingness to adopt CEIs. However, government policies and the diffusion of technologies were found to have an insignificant effect. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at facilitating the broader adoption of CEIs in agriculture to promote socio-economic development.