bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Use of the Logic Model for a Qualitative Analysis Framework
Authors: Baucham Ramona S. , Mintz-Binder Ronda , Baker Kathy A.
Published: March 2024

Background:

Qualitative analysis can be a daunting and time-consuming task for those who are attempting to code qualitative data for the first time.

Method:

This article presents select secondary data analysis from a previously published study to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of implementing a logic model approach to provide a framework for qualitative analysis.

Results:

The use of the logic model provided systematic organization during the analysis process, efficiency for analytical tasks, and enhanced trustworthiness by documenting each analysis step. The model allowed for easier visualization of data that facilitated a richer and more focused analysis.

Conclusion:

With qualitative data that are focused on processes or outcomes, implementing a logic model framework to categorize and organize data can be useful and efficient, particularly for a novice analyst whether analyzing qualitative text for quality improvement, evidence-based practice, program evaluation, or formal research.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2024;55(6):297–301.]
Comprehensive Assessment of Posterior Corneal Asphericity Change Calculated by Tangential Radius of Curvature After FS-LASIK and SMILE
Authors: Ying Jinglu , Zhang Jun , Wang Bo , Pan Fei , Yang Sijing
Published: March 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate changes in posterior corneal asphericity (ΔQ) using the tangential radius of curvature after femtosecond laser–assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedures.

Methods:

One hundred twenty right eyes of myopic patients who underwent either FS-LASIK or SMILE procedures were analyzed using Sirius 3D corneal topography for assessment. The tangential radius was employed to calculate both preoperative and postoperative posterior corneal Q-values across each semimeridian. After both surgical interventions, the ΔQ value variations across the 360° semimeridional regions of the posterior corneal surface were compared.

Results:

A marked postoperative increase in the posterior corneal Q-value was documented. No significant differences were noted between the postoperative Q-values or ΔQ-values of the two surgical approaches. Among patients with moderate myopia, postoperative Q-value exhibited considerably lower increases and ΔQ-value significantly smaller than their counterparts with high myopia. Moreover, the fluctuation in ΔQ across semimeridional regions was less evident in patients with moderate myopia than in those with high myopia. Notably, the degree of ΔQ fluctuation across semimeridional regions was similar between both surgical categories. These data offer insights into variations in the posterior corneal surface after refractive surgeries depending on the degree of myopia, illuminating their clinical relevance.

Conclusions:

Both FS-LASIK and SMILE introduce notable changes to posterior corneal asphericity among patients with different myopia intensities. Furthermore, the influence on the asphericity across the entire posterior surface is similarly distributed between FS-LASIK and SMILE techniques.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2024;40(3):e133–e141.]
Symptom Management in Children Who Are Neurologically Impaired for the Primary Care Medical Home
Authors: Wu Wisdeen
Published: March 2024

Children with neurologic impairment are a growing population of pediatric patients who require care from a large team of physicians to maintain their health. These children often have similar clinical patterns and symptoms that occur because of their neurologic impairment. Families often seek care first from their primary care home to identify and guide initial steps in management. Identifying the symptoms outlined in the 4 cases in this article will help alleviate consequences of delayed care for these patients and provide opportunities for shared decision-making with the family's goals of care for their child.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2024;53(3):e82–e87.]
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents with Joint Hypermobility Syndrome/Hypermobile-Type Ehlers-Danlos: A Review
Authors: Isaacson Erin , Dowlut-McElroy Tazim
Published: March 2024

Heavy menstrual bleeding has a high prevalence and is well documented in adult patients with hypermobile-type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but there is limited research surrounding work-up and treatment for the adolescent population. Excessive menstrual blood loss can significantly interfere with emotional and physical quality of life. A provider should acquire a comprehensive medical and menstrual history and focused physical examination, as well as baseline laboratory studies, to determine the presence of anemia or underlying bleeding disorder. Use of a pictorial blood assessment chart may be considered to help quantify the amount of bleeding. Treatment to reduce heavy menstrual flow and referral to specialty care should be initiated swiftly to improve quality of life for this population.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2024;53(3):e104–e108.]
Development of a New Tool for Writing Research Key Information in Plain Language
Authors: Kurtz-Rossi Sabrina , Okonkwo Ifechi Augusta , Chen Ye , Dueñas Noe , Bilodeau Timothy , Rushforth Alice , Klein Andreas
Published: March 2024

Background:

The complexity of research informed consent forms makes it hard for potential study participants to make informed consent decisions. In response, new rules for human research protection require informed consent forms to begin with a key information section that potential study participants can read and understand. This research study builds on exiting guidance on how to write research key information using plain language.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable tool to evaluate and improve the readability, understandability, and actionability of the key information section on research informed consent forms.

Methods:

We developed an initial list of measures to include on the tool through literature review; established face and content validity of measures with expert input; conducted four rounds of reliability testing with four groups of reviewers; and established construct validity with potential research participants.

Key Results:

We identified 87 candidate measures via literature review. After expert review, we included 23 items on the initial tool. Twenty-four raters conducted 4 rounds of reliability testing on 10 informed consent forms. After each round, we revised or eliminated items to improve agreement. In the final round of testing, 18 items demonstrated substantial inter-rater agreement per Fleiss' Kappa (average = .73) and Gwet's AC1 (average = .77). Intra-rater agreement was substantial per Cohen's Kappa (average = .74) and almost perfect per Gwet's AC1 (average = 0.84). Focus group feedback (
N
= 16) provided evidence suggesting key information was easy to read when rated as such by the Readability, Understandability and Actionability of Key Information (RUAKI) Indicator.

Conclusion:

The RUAKI Indicator is an 18-item tool with evidence of validity and reliability investigators can use to write the key information section on their informed consent forms that potential study participants can read, understand, and act on to make informed decisions. [

HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2024;8(1):e29–e37.

]
A new construction of asymptotically optimal codebooks
Authors: Yan Yang , Chen Hanning , Wang Jianming , Wang Gang
Published: March 2024

Codebooks with small cross-correlation amplitude have extensive applications in many fields including code division multiple access (CDMA) communications systems, space-time codes, and compressed sensing. In this paper, a class of asymptotically optimal codebooks was constructed, and the maximum inner-product of these presented codebooks was determined by using properties of character sums over finite fields. Furthermore, these codebooks provided new parameters.
The dual of a space of compact operators
Authors: Lee Keun Young , Jo Gwanghyun
Published: March 2024

Let $ X $ and $ Y $ be Banach spaces. We provide the representation of the dual space of compact operators $ K(X, Y) $ as a subspace of bounded linear operators $ \mathcal{L}(X, Y) $. The main results are: (1) If $ Y $ is separable, then the dual forms of $ K(X, Y) $ can be represented by the integral operator and the elements of $ C[0, 1] $. (2) If $ X^{**} $ has the weak Radon-Nikodym property, then the dual forms of $ K(X, Y) $ can be represented by the trace of some tensor products.
A Comparative Study on Artificial Intelligence and Courtroom Practices With India, UK, and USA
Authors: Sivasankar S.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the applicability of AI in courtrooms and the related practices. Inspired by the works of AI developers in India and globally including LAW BOT PRO, CHATGPT, COMPAS, and HART, this chapter addresses the evolution of machine learning and artificial intelligence, its mechanism, applicability in business matters, courtroom practice, how AI is involved in the general practice of court, and its position globally and in Indian perspective. It addresses concepts regarding AI that are used in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom and its legal implications, the comparative study on the working mechanism of these AI in different countries, the ways it will aid within the legal or court system, the ethical principles as per the European Union (EU), the distinction between AI for court and AI in court, the challenges it faces entering the justice system, whether it will replace lawyers, and is it trustworthy.
AI's Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Singla Love , Kaur Ketan preet , Kaur Napinder
Published: March 2024

The blending of AI with every aspect of the stream, whether it is medicines, natural disaster predictions, disease epidemiology, future prediction, etc., has been crucial and impactful in today's world. On the flip side, there are several problems that humans face with the incorporation of AI into their day-to-day lives. The first and foremost aspect is implementing AI-based technologies, which require high capital as these are costlier in addition to their infrastructure establishment and talent acquisition. The second problem is security concerns, as AI often works and provides future predictions based on past data that might be sensitive to an individual or a firm that it stores in its server, which raises concerns concerning privacy and security breaches. The third point includes the interaction of company personnel with their client physically. Some other cons of incorporating AI include the loss of massive jobs known as unemployment and bias and ethical issues that might arise.
Dark Gamification
Authors: Khanna Pooja
Published: March 2024

Gamification has captivated the interest of consumers from all spheres of life, and marketing holds a dominant position. It enhances customer engagement and loyalty through non-gaming context like social media marketing, e-mail marketing, and customer relationship management. Gamification's growing use in the service environment has caught the attention of practitioners and marketers alike. However, everything has a positive and negative aspect, and gamification is no exception. Although there are many studies on gamification in the marketing arena, there are very few primary and secondary studies that focus on the negative side of gamification. In this chapter, the authors explore this lesser attended side of gamification with focus on addiction, exploitation, manipulation, and unfair competition. To address these issues, gamification designers must employ game design aspects that limit overuse and remove focus solely on extrinsic incentives. The authors feel that this study can help gamification specialists and marketers prevent harmful consequences by minimizing certain game design aspects.
Strategies for Cultivating Belonging in Online Learning Spaces
Authors: Watson Jessica Herring , Gieringer Noël , Mills Michael S.
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines a rationale and best practices for humanizing online learning by implementing strategies for cultivating belonging. These strategies are rooted in the community of inquiry framework and the importance of intentionally cultivating students' social presence in order to enhance opportunities for cognitive presence and deep critical thinking. Culturally responsive teaching practices also guide these strategies for designing and facilitating inclusive online learning spaces where belonging is intentionally centered in the instructor's teaching presence. The strategies in this chapter include ways to design and develop courses with belonging in mind from the start as well as strategies for maintaining a sense of belonging and community throughout a course after it has been initially established.
Building Bridges
Authors: Gerard Jana , Giasi Trudy
Published: March 2024

Promoting human connections in online instruction can be challenging. Students may have technological barriers or may feel isolated or disconnected from their peers. Instructors must find ways to build rapport among students, encourage active learning, and personalize the learning process. This chapter explores the concept of humanizing online instruction by fostering human connections within virtual environments. Educational frameworks, digital tools, instructional strategies, and pedagogies are discussed that can facilitate this goal. Human connections are crucial for effective learning, and fostering these connections can lead to increased student engagement, mastery of content, and enhanced academic performance.
Leveraging AI to Personalize and Humanize Online Learning
Authors: Hutson James , Plate Daniel
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to personalize and humanize online education, transcending transactional learning. It emphasizes how AI, particularly generative large language models (LLM) utilizing natural language processing (NLP), can foster deeper, human-like interactions between students and educators. Moving away from traditional keyword-based searches, the chapter highlights how AI integrates with tools like search engines and research databases, transforming the way students and teachers think, research, and converse. Despite concerns over the potential dehumanizing impact of AI, the chapter argues that its capabilities can, in fact, actually facilitate continuous and creative engagement, while privileging understanding and creativity over rote memorization. These new generative tools can enhance, not challenge, the human element in online education and promote more authentic assessments in the process.
The Unified Learning Cycle
Authors: Ignatova Natalija , Kubilinskienė Svetlana , Augustinienė Aldona , Klizienė Irina , Simonaitienė Berita
Published: March 2024

The chapter introduces the unified learning cycle model, aiming to design a learning process enabling learner-driven personalization that should provide learners with more inspiring, creative, developmental learning activities where they could grow their expertise as creators and authors. The general learning phases of the ULC model are based on the main principles of cognitive sciences. They are appropriate for the 'learner impulses' and ongoing learning process, which is always dynamic, and is designed to sequence these five core phases: orientation, conceptualization, investigation, creation, and evaluation. The model strengthens the inquiry cycle synthesized by Pedaste et al. while paying more attention to inductive learning potentials enabling students' various kinds of creation (e.g., constructing, coding, prototyping, and similar activities) and their deep engagement in designing the learning environment, tools, and resources. Thus, it would open good perspectives to the student-oriented learning design and a student-driven personalization process.
AIoT-Education
Authors: Hamamurad Qasim Hamakhurshid , Jusoh Normal Mat , Anorsalim Farahakmar , Uthamaputhran Sathiswaran , Amin Muslim
Published: March 2024

Artificial intelligence and technological advancements impact human life and activities. Through structured surveys to find the effects of ChatGPT use among postgraduate students in Arab countries, we collected data on students' experiences and thoughts about using ChatGPT in their academic pursuits. In this study, one hundred postgraduate students from various academic subjects and universities in Arab countries participated. We used inferential statistics (including regression analysis and t-tests) to investigate the relationships between ChatGPT usage and academic achievement and descriptive statistics to summarise demographic data. We assessed the collected data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings, which show that ChatGPT usage positively affects learning outcomes, support past research outlining the potential benefits of AI-assisted learning technology.
Investigating the Role of Startup Conferences in Facilitating Knowledge Transfer and Collaboration Between Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists
Authors: Yu Poshan , Neu Russ , Gu Deyu , Sharma Renuka , Mehta Kiran , Xu Haoran , Chen Jianing
Published: March 2024

This research paper aims to investigate the role of startup conferences in facilitating knowledge transfer and collaboration between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. Specifically, the case study focuses on Y&Archer A Stream in South Korea, exploring the extent to which startup conferences serve as effective platforms for knowledge transfer and the key mechanisms underlying this process. Additionally, the paper examines how startup conferences contribute to fostering collaboration between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists and identifies the critical factors that influence successful collaboration in this context. Finally, the study examines the perceived benefits and drawbacks of participating in startup conferences for entrepreneurs and venture capitalists in terms of knowledge transfer and collaboration, taking into account the participants' backgrounds and objectives.
Unleashing Innovation and the Transformation of Venture Capital Through Emerging Technologies
Authors: Therasa C. , Sunkara Hema Satya Sri , Vattam Jahnavi , Rimmalapudi Sridhar
Published: March 2024

The choice of investigating “fostering innovation in venture capital and startup ecosystems” as our chapter's central theme is underpinned by a confluence of compelling factors. This topic lies at the heart of contemporary economic dynamism, with startups and venture capital acting as catalysts for innovation, economic growth, and technological progress. This topic represents a juncture where cutting- edge innovations, digital transformation, and disruptive technologies converge with business acumen and investment strategies. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary aspect of this subject encourages cross-disciplinary inquiry, which is consistent with our educational backgrounds. The obvious knowledge gap, which calls for robust academic inquiry to contribute to this uncharted territory, is a driving element in our decision. Furthermore, the practical consequences of our study, which can inform strategies for firms, investors, and governments, aligns with our objective to integrate academic curiosity with real- world effect.
IoT Application in Garment Manufacturing
Authors: Roy Rupayan , Tiwari Manoj
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the use of IoT technologies in the garment manufacturing industry, with a focus on enhancing efficiency, quality, and sustainability. The chapter covers various IoT technologies, including RFID and NFC, wearables, sensors, robotics, and artificial intelligence, and their applications in tracking and tracing, monitoring workers' health and safety, predicting maintenance, optimizing inventory management, and streamlining supply chain management. The chapter also discusses challenges and considerations for IoT implementation, case studies, and examples of IoT implementation by major fashion brands, and future directions and opportunities for IoT in garment manufacturing. The findings suggest that IoT technologies have great potential to revolutionize the garment manufacturing industry by improving efficiency, quality, and sustainability, while also enabling customization and personalization in fashion. The chapter concludes with a summary of key findings and takeaways, as well as future research directions for this field.
The Role of Green Finance in Fostering Green Startups
Authors: Sarin Asheetu Bhatia , Sharma Shivangi
Published: March 2024

This chapter investigates green finance's specific dynamics and impact on nurturing and supporting green startups in India. It is carried out to assess the present status of green finance in India and see its impact on start-ups. The study aims to comprehensively analyze the interplay between various forms of green finance and the emergence, growth, and success of environmentally conscious startups in India. It explores the challenges, opportunities, and distinctive implications of green finance mechanisms, such as green bonds, venture capital, and sustainable loans, in fostering the development of green startups in the Indian entrepreneurial landscape.
Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal in Aqueous Media
Authors: Nyika Joan , Dinka Megersa Olumana
Published: March 2024

Biosorption technique is a growing alternative to existent conventional treatment techniques used in heavy metal remediation and associated with the production of toxic sludge. This chapter demonstrated the use of the technique and its processes, the biosorbents used, and the sorbates that they target. Evidently, many plant by-products, bacteria, fungi, and algae species are used in the process in their living or dead forms to take up a variety of heavy metals. The process is regulated by factors such as biosorbent dosage, temperature, pH, and initial metal concentration. There is need to advance research on the technique to optimize its metal removal efficacy.
Microbial Architects of Environmental Restoration
Authors: Rajpoot Anjali , Sharma Veena , Aggarwal Tanya
Published: March 2024

Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health worldwide. Traditional methods of environmental remediation often fall short in addressing the complexities of contemporary pollutants. The emergence of genetic engineering technologies has opened new avenues for innovative solutions to environmental challenges. This chapter aims to explore the potential of genetically engineered bacteria as a cutting-edge tool for environmental remediation. By delving into the principles, applications, and concerns surrounding this technology, the chapter seeks to contribute to the understanding of its feasibility and sustainability. However, as we navigate the frontiers of this innovative approach, it is imperative to acknowledge and address the environmental concerns and conduct thorough risk assessments associated with the deployment of genetically engineered bacteria. Ecological impact, potential risks to human health, and ethical considerations necessitate careful consideration and mitigation strategies to ensure responsible and sustainable implementation.
Anticancer Properties of Curcuma longa
Authors: Nguyen Thi Van Anh , Ngoc Trang Nguyen , Bui Thanh Tung
Published: March 2024

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, has been traditionally used for the treatment and prevention of various conditions. There has been a growing interest in exploring the potential anticancer properties of C. longa and its bioactive compound, curcumin. Curcumin has been found to exhibit a broad spectrum of anticancer effect by inducing programmed cell death, inhibiting the growth and proliferation of tumors, and suppressing angiogenesis. Its anticancer effect has been reported in many different types of cancer. However, the effectiveness of curcumin is hampered by its poor bioavailability when administered orally. This chapter reviews comprehensively about the anticancer properties of C. longa, mechanisms of anticancer activity of curcumin and update knowledge on the anticancer effect of curcumin in various cancers. Moreover, this chapter discusses about the challenges and future prospects of curcumin in cancer treatment.
Role of Medicinal Plants Against Lung Cancer
Authors: Boro Arthi , Gunasekaran Arthi , Dheivasikamani Abidharini Jothi , Arumugam Vijaya Anand , Al-Dhabi Naif Abdullah , Mariadhas Valan Arasu , Meyyazhagan Arun
Published: March 2024

Nowadays for treatment of various diseases, scientific studies are conducted using the medicinal plants of both domestic and wild for curing purpose. Every plant contain compounds that have medicinal properties and can be isolated from the plants parts. Due to plants diversity in India and use in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha, India is known as medicinal hub. Lung cancer is the third most common cancer, that develops in lung tissue and are of two type's non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Many factors cause lung cancer; tobacco smoking is the prominent cause of lung cancer. The individuals who smoke have 20-30% more chance of developing lung cancer than non-smokers. The conventional treatment of lung cancer, are chemotherapy, stem cell therapy, and electrochemical treatments. Plants and the compounds present can be used for treating lung cancer. So in this chapter will focus on plants Acalypha indica, Solanum trilobatum, Justicia adhatoda, Coleus amboinicus and Piper nigrum in lung cancer treatment and on the medicinal properties.
Conservation Strategies of Anticancer Plants
Authors: Kanimozhi S. , Kanthimathi M. , Nagarani S.
Published: March 2024

Cancer is still one of the most serious global health crises, affecting millions of people each year. Many plants have bioactive compounds that may be able to fight cancer, making them valuable sources for developing new drugs and complementary therapies. A variety of anticancer plants contain phytochemical components that have been associated to anticancer activities. Many plant species have compounds with anti-cancer properties, making them crucial sources for the development of cancer therapies. The natural habitats of these anticancer plants have been destroyed due to their extensive use in anticancer treatment, so these plants are in danger of going extinct. The habitat loss brought on by environmental have led to the endangered status of many anticancer plants globally. The destruction of their ecosystems and the unsustainable exploitation of these anticancer plants pose a significant risk. This chapter provides a complete conservation strategy for plants that are anti-cancer to ensure their continued use as medicines.
Challenges in the Motorbike Industry (TVS Auto Bangladesh Ltd)
Authors: Jahan Rawnak
Published: March 2024

Despite the favorable market conditions, the motorcycle business in Bangladesh faces unique and difficult obstacles that must be met efficiently. These difficulties include intense rivalry, shifting customer preferences, legislative restraints, and infrastructure limitations. This case study will highlight some of the critical difficulties encountered by TVS Auto Bangladesh Ltd as well as potential solutions. By doing so, the company may increase its market presence and strengthen and achieve long-term growth in the dynamic motorcycle industry. TVS Auto Bangladesh Ltd is a subsidiary of TVS Motor, a prominent two-wheeler manufacturer in India. It operates in the motorbike sector in Bangladesh, where it faces numerous hurdles. Due to increased consumer demand, urbanization, and road infrastructure, the motorcycle industry has grown significantly in recent years. As a result, several well-known businesses, including TVS Auto Bangladesh Ltd, have entered the market to profit from the expanding potential.
A Deep Learning-Based Malarial Parasite Detection Using Blood Smear Images for Healthcare Techniques
Authors: Swaminathan Dilipkumar , Thanuja R. , Krishna Raavi Vijay , Dunna Harshavardhan Reddy , Thutte Sai Goutham
Published: March 2024

Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that spreads through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, namely Anopheles, infected with the Plasmodium parasite. When an infected mosquito bites a person, the parasite increases its count in the affected person's liver and begins to destroy red blood cells. Traditionally, malaria diagnosis involves visually examining blood under a microscope, but this method can vary based on the expertise and experience of the pathologist. Different types of deep learning techniques have been used to detect infected blood cells automatically to improve diagnosis effectively. However, these methods often require expert knowledge to adjust features for detection. The proposed system of tuning the features using deep learning techniques can accurately detect malaria without needing hand-crafted features. This will be tested on a dataset (blood smear images) that can be accessed by the general public from NIH.
Advancing Healthcare
Authors: Komalasari Rita
Published: March 2024

This study explores the economic implications of immediate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in treating suspected scaphoid fractures. Historically, conventional methods have been used, but recent advancements have introduced MRI into acute care settings, challenging established diagnostic paradigms. The study aims to close the empirical-economic evidence gap on the prompt use of MRI in cases with suspected scaphoid fractures, providing insight into cost-effectiveness, resource use, and overall healthcare efficiency. The literature study illuminates the evolution of diagnostic approaches for scaphoid fractures, highlighting the limitations of conventional methods. The findings underscore the pivotal role of MRI in scaphoid fracture management, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and enhanced healthcare outcomes, challenging traditional diagnostic pathways.
Volunteering, the New Wealth of Students
Authors: Salma Farah , Abou Dahesh Abedulrahman , Yacout Malak , Abbas Nivine
Published: March 2024

Education institutions are vital for society's development, and planners must prepare educational systems for the rapidly changing world of tomorrow while fostering in students a lifelong love of learning. Volunteers play a vital role in educating and supporting young people, providing valuable career insights. Understanding the benefits of volunteering is essential for developing leadership and stronger communities. The chapter examines the benefits of volunteering for students, focusing on how it may boost a student's career, foster a growth mindset, improve habits, provide practical skills, and foster leadership and stronger communities. The chapter further emphasizes how educational institutions can promote a culture of volunteerism and increase student interest in volunteering. Finally, this chapter outlines data as a stronger leg to stand on so educators can push for changes confidently.
Unravelling Adolescent Perceptions
Authors: Machado Bárbara , Martins Caridade Sónia Maria
Published: March 2024

Cyber interpersonal abuse refers to the detrimental and harmful behaviours that occur within digital communication platforms, encompassing a wide range of negative interactions such as cyber dating abuse, cyberbullying, online harassment, stalking, and various other forms of online aggression. This chapter investigates the nuanced perspectives of adolescents concerning cyber interpersonal abuse, with a particular focus on the profiling of both victims and offenders. Fifteen focus groups were held to collect data, with 108 adolescents, 42 boys and 66 girls, aged between 11 and 15 years (M= 12.87; SD=0.31). The findings unveil adolescents' perceptions of cyber interpersonal abuse, depicting a female victim and a male aggressor profile. The results underscore a nuanced understanding of the dynamics, emphasizing gender complexities. This chapter aims to enhance comprehension of the intricacies of interpersonal cyber interpersonal abuse among adolescents. Additionally, it discusses preventive strategies and outlines future research challenges.
The Spatial Influence on Vocabulary Acquisition in an Immersive Virtual Reality-Mediated Learning Environment
Authors: Feng Baoxin , Ng Lee-Luan
Published: March 2024

This study aims to investigate whether VR-assisted language learning facilitates EFL learners' vocabulary learning and memory retention. One hundred seventy-seven Chinese undergraduate EFL learners were divided into VRG (VR-assisted instruction group) and CIG (conventional instruction group). Participants in the VRG (n = 75) were provided with immersive VR devices, whereas the others (n = 102) learned in conventional classrooms with instructors. The results illustrate that the spatial design of virtual environments may be related to lexical memory performance. Target words that are placed in positions where they are interacted with more frequently tend to perform better in terms of being memorized. It also suggests that words corresponding to items placed between 60-180 cm of the ground are better retained. Subsequent interviews revealed that VR technology helps learners encode information based on spatial location. The VR technology's visual, aural, and textual stimulation also help learners subconsciously remember the vocabulary items.
Study of Spatial Distortion in InP Nanophotonic Membranes on Different Carrier Substrates
Authors: Abdi Salim , Zozulia Aleksandr , Bolk Jeroen , Geluk Erik Jan , Williams Kevin , Jiao Yuqing
Published: March 2024

Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) metrology and

least-square estimation of wafer-scale distortions is used to determine InP membrane deformation as a result of bonding to

different substrate materials. First, the accuracy of EBL as a

metrology tool for this particular application was assessed. Next,

modelling of distortions was tested on unbonded InP wafers as

a reference for extracting post-bonding distortions. Then we investigated the effect of substrate material choice on InP membrane deformation after bonding. We found residual expansion factors of 4.53±1, 312.4±1, and 317±1 ppm of the InP

membrane bonded to InP, Si, and 3C-SiC carriers, respectively.

For the SiO2 carrier, the 3inch InP membrane split into smaller membranes to reduce the stress, highlighting the importance of

substrate choice.
Inspection Techniques Using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy for Silver Sintering Applications in Power Electronic Modules
Authors: Ayala Heaklig , Gonzalez Jose Ortiz , Karout Mohammed-Amer , Cotty James , Rumney Tim , Mawby Philip
Published: March 2024

This work presents a practical perspective to Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) for Ag-sintering

applications in power electronic modules and devices. It aims to

present typical challenges to consider whilst performing C-SAM

for inspecting and analysing microstructures within power

electronic devices, with emphasis on silver-sintered

interconnects. The study presents a vast number of acoustic

images (discrete devices in TO-247 packages, power modules, and also custom samples of substrates and devices), where

several defects are identified, including voids, cracks, and

delamination. Challenges for Ag-sintered layers inspection related to advanced surface finishes are also revealed and

discussed in detail. The suitability of C-SAM for inspecting

small and large areas of Ag-sintered interfaces is discussed, and

showcased with custom samples, and a commercial power

module.
Gas Permeable Protection Caps for Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging (WLCSP) of MEMS Environmental Sensors
Authors: Behrmann Ole , Lisec Thomas , Klingbeil Finn , Kyoushi Niklas , Gojdka Björn
Published: March 2024

This work presents new porous environmental protection

caps designed for wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP) of MEMS environmental sensors. The caps consist of gaspermeable

microstructures formed from loose aluminum oxide

powder solidified by a ceramic thin film, grown using atomic

layer deposition (ALD). For the first time, the full process flow of the proposed approach is demonstrated by manufacture of

the cap wafer followed by substrate bonding using glass-frit technology. By analyzing the influence of the caps on the response time of MEMS humidity sensors, this study proves the

viability of the proposed packaging technology. In addition, the

ability to further functionalize the porous caps is demonstrated

by the deposition of a superhydrophobic polymer thin film by

chemical vapor deposition.
Reliability of Copper Sintered Interconnects under Extreme Thermal Shock Conditions
Authors: Bhogaraju Sri Krishna , Ugolini Francesco , Belponer Federico , Greci Alessio , Elger Gordon
Published: March 2024

Copper flakes-based sinter paste showed high

reliability under thermal shock conditions. A dense and

homogeneous interconnect was realized while sintering for 5 min

at 275°C under 15 MPa bonding pressure, with the flakes showing

the unique behavior of stacking over each other to realize a dense

and homogeneous interconnect. Porosity under 10% could be

achieved. The paste could be sintered under a constant nitrogen

flow and did not need a fully inert atmosphere during sintering.

Under high stress thermal shock cycling of +175/-65°C, the

sintered interconnects showed a drop of 25% in the shear strength

values after 1000 TST, consistent with observations made with Ag

sintering. Thermal conductivity more than 200 W/mK and

electrical conductivity of 20 Ms/m is achieved using the Cu sinter

paste.
Novel Low Temperature and Low Pressure Sintering of ADAS Radar Sensor Antenna Stack
Authors: Bhogaraju Sri Krishna , Mohan Nihesh , Steinberger Fabian , Erdogan Hueseyin , Hadrava Philipp , Elger Gordon
Published: March 2024

A low temperature and low pressure sintering of

antenna stacks with the promising prospect of achieving a single

step bonding process of multi-layer wave guide antennas for

automotive radar sensors is demonstrated. Silver nanoparticles

(Ag-NP) paste with the ability to sinter at 200°C in air allows for easy integration into standard surface mount device reflow

process. The paste drying and sintering process of the Ag-NP paste is first optimized using dummy test chips to reduce the typical voiding and channeling in the interconnect when sintered without

pressure. In especially, a slow ramp rate with an integrated predrying

step is applied after placement of the test chips into the wet

paste. Afterwards, the process is transferred to the antenna.

However, pre-existing bending in the large antenna layers challenges the sintering process without pressure, e.g. larger amounts of paste need to be applied for compensation of the bending. Therefore, the use of a low bonding force in observed to

improve the quality of the sintered interfaces. Near bulk like Ag sintered interconnects were realized.
Improvement of Bonding Strength and Thermal Shock Reliability for Ag Sinter Joining Direct on Al Substrate
Authors: Chen Chuantong , Liu Ran , Kobayashi Koji , Osanai Hideyo , Zhang Zheng , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: March 2024

Ag sinter paste joining as a proven die bonding

technology have been used in the electric vehicle. However, for

the Ag sinter paste joining, metallization layers on substrate are usually necessary such as Ni-P/Au or Ni-P/Ag to get a good bonding quality. The direct bonding on DBC (direct bonded

copper) or DBA (Direct Bonded Aluminum) substrates without

metallization layers are very attractive. In this study, we

investigated the direct bonding on an aluminum (Al) substrate by Ag sinter paste and propose an abrasive blasting processes to treat the Al surface to increase the initial bonding quality. The

result show that the shear strength of SiC/Al joint structure by Ag sinter paste can be improved by treating the Al surface. The

shear strength of joint structure without surface treatment

increased from 26.9 MPa to 32.2 MPa for a strong blasting

treatment on Al surface. In addition, the results of thermal

shock test (-40 ℃~150℃) also show that the blasting treatment on Al surface can improve the shear strength and reliability of

SiC/Al joint structure.
Characterizations for eWLB (Embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array) Antenna in Molded Package Integrations in 77GHz Automotive Applications
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Che , Zhang Frank , Zhu Forest , Liu Kang , Chua Linda , Lin Yaojian , Damalerio Joel A. , Goh Hin Hwa , Chan Kai Chong , Chen Zihao
Published: March 2024

The worldwide IC market has had a significant growth rate in recent years, driving diversified package solutions in the segments of communication, computing, consumer, automotive, industrial, etc. Among these market

segments, the automotive market is forecast to have the

strongest CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of any of the end-use segments in the next 5 years, which results in more IC packages and components being designed into automotive vehicle systems such as infotainment, ADAS (Advance Driving

Assistance System), instrumentation, body systems, battery control systems and so on. In these applications, the 77GHz short-range radar sensor application that can enable higher EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) and adaptive cruise

control performance has become more attractive to be

commercialized. Due to the benefits of shorter interconnection

length, lower conductive loss with smooth Cu surface as well as a lower dielectric constant and dielectric loss of materials in a

fan-out wafer level package (FOWLP) technology, the FOWLP is proven as a suitable packaging solution to achieve the high speed and frequency requirements in 5G and mmWave

applications. The eWLB Embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid

Array) is a versatile FOWLP technology, providing a robust

package platform in a space-efficient design with the very dense interconnection and routing of multiple dies as well as a smaller footprint and lower package profile providing a reliable

package solution. Meanwhile, since the utilization of an antenna that is integrated into the packages has been studied as a lowcost

solution because the packages can be tested in normal FR4

printed circuit board (PCB) instead of the RF function

integrated PCB, the eWLB integrated with molded antenna chip

packages (called eWLB antenna in molded package) technology is introduced in this paper. The characterizations for assembly process challenges are evaluated and illustrate the process

optimizations of equipment handling, antenna molded chip package fabrication, reconstitution process control and

warpage characterization of the molded wafer. In addition, the radio frequency (RF) test validation is performed to verify the performance of scattering parameter (S-parameter), radiation pattern, impedance and detection range of the antenna. In order

to prove the reliable quality and yield of the evaluated eWLB

antenna in molded packages, package-level reliability tests are studied. Through these results, it will show that this eWLB

antenna in molded package integration is a robust and costeffective

solution for 77GHz automotive applications.
Durability of Lead-Free Solder Interconnections for Printed Circuit Board Applications: Comparing Energy-Based Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Models
Authors: Huang Chien-Ming , Herrmann Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2024

Fatigue models for predicting the cycles to failure of solder interconnections under temperature cycling situations

have been discussed and developed for decades. However, most models were developed for different solder materials, components, and printed circuit boards. No previous work has systematically compared these models. Therefore, the variability of their durability predictions is unknown. This

study compared nine existing low-cycle energy-based fatigue

models for different solder materials and components and then analyzed the differences among them. Each fatigue model had a specific combination of the factors that affect the strain energy density accumulation. Therefore, we adjusted the strain energy density (input) and the predicted cycles to failure (output) in a

consistent way to compare the selected fatigue models on the same basis. The differences among the predictions on cycles to failure from the fatigue models was significantly reduced after

applying the adjustments, and they exhibited excellent consistency around 1 mJ/mm 3 strain energy density. In the end, factors that can affect the prediction consistency of fatigue mode

were provided, including the number of data points while

building the fatigue model, the range of strain energy density

while selecting the electronic components, and the application of

volume-weighted averaging technique on the critical solder

joint.
One-Probe Nanoprobing of Power Devices and Electronic Packages
Authors: Johnson Greg M. , Huang Chengliang , Viswanathan Vignesh , Rummel Andreas , Stegmann Heiko , Andrew Elliott , Gu Allen , Terada Masako , Rodgers Thomas
Published: March 2024

Results involving the use of a single nanoprobing contact are presented, on both a SiC planar MOSFET device,

and a small system-in package. In both cases, mechanical

polished samples were prepared, and then probed with a single contact. For the SiC MOSFET, the depletion zones were imaged while the samples were mounted on a 45 ° stub. Discussion of

the different signals generated from Passive Voltage Contrast (PVC) and Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC), as well as

possible artifacts of sample grounding, are provided. For the

package, Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC) provided indication of connected features within the sample. The

experiment showed the capability of measuring features across three orders of magnitude in size.
Impact of Pad Layouts and Solder Volume on Self- Alignment of Micro Solar Cells
Authors: Kaiser Elisa , Wiesenfarth Maike , Vareilles Victor , Helmers Henning
Published: March 2024

In micro- concentrating photovoltaics (micro- PV), tiny solar cells (<1 mm2) are assembled on a circuit board on glass. To mount thousands of dies per square meter,

a high throughput process is required which still yields

alignment accuracy in the order of 10 μm. We developed a

micro-CPV module technology where micro cells are

accurately mounted directly on a circuit board on glass using

a high throughput pick and place process combined with selfalignment

based on the restoring force due to surface-tension

of the liquid solder. In this work, we study how the selfalignment

accuracy is influenced by the pad layout, solder

volume and initial position of the die. We show that selfalignment

significantly benefits from an induced motion, whether induced by initial displacement of the die or by flowing of molten solder along tracks. Furthermore, we found that lower solder volumes lead to higher alignment accuracies for dies on rectangular pads, whereas the dependence on

solder volume is lower for pads with connected tracks where the solder flows out. Overall, alignment accuracies below

15 μm are demonstrated despite initial displacements up to

150 μm. Thus, self-alignment using surface tension of the liquid solder is suitable for micro-CPV.