Deep Learning Algorithm for Computer Vision with a New Technique and Concept: PIDC-NN for Binary Classification Tasks in a Coal Preparation Plant (MinerNet)
Authors: Eshaq Refat Mohammed Abdullah 
Published: June 2023

<p><strong>To Whom It May Concern</strong></p>
<p>Members of Scientific Community</p>
<p>Dear colleagues:</p>
<p>I hope my letter finds you well. My name is REFAT MOHAMMED ABDULLAH ESHAQ ( <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-4054" target="_blank">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-4054</a> ). I have created a new algorithm, namely Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Cumulative (PIDC), also called MinerNet. This algorithm work based on the PID controller that was created by the inventor Elmer Sperry in 1910. </p>
<p>Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved great successes in computer vision and pattern recognition, they have some shortcomings. In this article, a novel deep learning algorithm for binary classification is proposed to distinguish between coal and gangue infrared images. First, a Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Cumulative (PIDC) algorithm is created, which works based on the concept of a PID controller, in order to quickly extract features from infrared images and also to control the performance of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Second, an ANN is designed for binary classification tasks (coal/gangue). Third, the PIDC algorithm and the ANN algorithm are connected to create a new learning system, namely, the Proportional–Integral–Derivative–Cumulative Neural Network (PIDC-NN), also called MinerNet. The proposed PIDC-NN architecture works without any traditional layers of deep CNNs such as convolutional layers, nonlinear activation functions layers, batch normalization layers, polling layers, or dropout layers. The results of the training and test processes demonstrate that the proposed PIDC-NN architecture alleviates the oscillation and overfitting problems of existing CNNs. Moreover, it solves the problem of dead neurons and big data that are required to train CNNs. Additionally, it provides robust and resilient control by tuning the gain coefficients <em>KP</em>, <em>KI</em>, and <em>KD</em>; the sampling time (<em>dt</em>); and <em>arbitrary value </em>(<em>AV</em>). A comparison between the proposed PIDC-NN architecture and state-of-the-art CNNs proves the effectiveness of the proposed method in accelerating both the training and test processes with competitive loss and accuracy. </p>
<p><strong>I emphasize that this algorithm (PIDC) that I created through my own effort, can provide optimal control to any system (not only ANN) whether linear or nonlinear with multiple inputs. Furthermore, this algorithm (PIDC) can control multiple complicated random inputs and make the system linear even with inputs, their amounts, and values are huge numbers (goes to infinity).</strong> </p>
<p><u><strong>The code is licensed under GNU Affero General Public License Version 3 (GNU AGPLv3); for more information, see </strong></u><a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html" target="_blank"><strong>https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html</strong></a><u><strong>. The dataset (Coal and Gangue Infrared Images in BMP file format (Data.rar)) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0); for more information, see </strong></u><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank"><strong>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</strong></a><u><strong>. </strong></u></p>
<p>· The code has been released on GitHub, see <a href="https://github.com/REFATESHAQ" target="_blank">https://github.com/REFATESHAQ</a> </p>
<p>· The data (Coal and Gangue Infrared Images in BMP file format (Data.rar)) has been released on IEEE Dataport. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/v3m7-dk11" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/v3m7-dk11</a> </p>
<p>This work has been supported by my livelihood and my family's aid. The code and data is connected to article, entitled “<strong>Deep Learning Algorithm for Computer Vision with a New Technique and Concept: PIDC-NN for Binary Classification Tasks in a Coal Preparation Plant (MinerNet)</strong>” TechRxiv (10.36227/techrxiv.23266301). Note that, the article is under review. </p>
<p>Yours faithfully</p>
<p>ESHAQ</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>Web of Science ResearcherID: AAJ-8724-2020</p>
<p>ResearchGate: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Refat-Eshaq" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Refat-Eshaq</a></p>
<p>Google Scholar: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_mmSzykAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_mmSzykAAAAJ&hl=en</a></p>
<p>Author's Email: <a href="mailto:refateshaq1993@gmail.com" target="_blank">refateshaq1993@gmail.com</a>;  <a href="mailto:refateshaq@hotmail.com" target="_blank">refateshaq@hotmail.com</a>;  <a href="mailto:fs18050005@cumt.edu.cn" target="_blank">fs18050005@cumt.edu.cn</a>; </p>