bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simplified Minimum Copper Loss Remedial Control of a Five-Phase Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine under Short-Circuit Fault
Authors: Gu Chenyu , Zhao Wenxiang , Zhang Bufeng
Published: October 2016

A fault-tolerant permanent-magnet vernier (FT-PMV) machine incorporates the merits of high fault-tolerant capability and high torque density. In this paper, a new remedial control is proposed for a five-phase FT-PMV machine with short-circuit fault of stator windings. Based on the principle of copper loss minimization, the aims of the proposed control strategy are to keep magnetic motive force (MMF) unchanged and minimize torque ripple. The proposed remedial control strategy contains two parts. Firstly, the remedial currents of the healthy phases are used to compensate for the ripple of MMF caused by the short-circuit current. Secondly, an open-circuit fault-tolerant control strategy is used to compensate for the lack of normal torque in the fault phase. Finally, the vector sum of two parts is adopted to derive the remedial currents. The final expression of the proposed remedial current is simpler than that than these previous methods. In addition, the proposed remedial currents are sinusoidal, which can reduce the reactive component in instantaneous power produced by pulsating torque and iron loss of a sine back-EMF machine. A FT-PMV prototype is built. The simulations and the experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Quantification of the Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Nuclear Power Generation Systems
Authors: Kadiyala Akhil , Kommalapati Raghava , Huque Ziaul
Published: October 2016

This paper statistically quantifies the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from six distinct reactor-based (boiling water reactor (BWR), pressurized water reactor (PWR), light water reactor (LWR), heavy-water-moderated reactor (HWR), gas-cooled reactor (GCR), fast breeder reactor (FBR)) nuclear power generation systems by following a two-step approach that included (a) performing a review of the lifecycle assessment (LCA) studies on the reactor-based nuclear power generation systems; and (b) statistically evaluating the lifecycle GHG emissions (expressed in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt hour, gCO2e/kWh) for each of the reactor-based nuclear power generation systems to assess the role of different types of nuclear reactors in the reduction of the lifecycle GHG emissions. Additionally, this study quantified the impacts of fuel enrichment methods (centrifuge, gaseous diffusion) on GHG emissions. The mean lifecycle GHG emissions resulting from the use of BWR (sample size, N = 15), PWR (N = 21), LWR (N = 7), HWR (N = 3), GCR (N = 1), and FBR (N = 2) in nuclear power generation systems are 14.52 gCO2e/kWh, 11.87 gCO2e/kWh, 20.5 gCO2e/kWh, 28.2 gCO2e/kWh, 8.35 gCO2e/kWh, and 6.26 gCO2e/kWh, respectively. The FBR nuclear power generation systems produced the minimum lifecycle GHGs. The centrifuge enrichment method produced lower GHG emissions than the gaseous diffusion enrichment method.
Control Optimization of Solar Thermally Driven Chillers
Authors: Dalibard Antoine , Gürlich Daniel , Schneider Dietrich , Eicker Ursula
Published: October 2016

Many installed solar thermally driven cooling systems suffer from high auxiliary electric energy consumption which makes them not more efficient than conventional compression cooling systems. A main reason for this is the use of non-efficient controls with constant set points that do not allow a chiller power modulation at partial-load and therefore lead to unnecessary high power consumption of the parasitics. The aims of this paper are to present a method to control efficiently solar thermally driven chillers, to demonstrate experimentally its applicability and to quantify the benefits. It has been shown that the cooling capacity of a diffusion absorption chiller can be modulated very effectively by adjusting both the temperature and the flow rate of the cooling water. With the developed approach and the use of optimization algorithms, both the temperature and the flow rate can be controlled simultaneously in a way that the cooling load is matched and the electricity consumption is minimized. Depending on the weather and operating conditions, electricity savings between 20% and 60% can be achieved compared to other tested control approaches. The highest savings are obtained when the chiller is operated at partial load. The presented method is not restricted to solar cooling systems and can also be applied to other conventional heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Modeling of a Pouch Lithium Ion Battery Using a Distributed Parameter Equivalent Circuit for Internal Non-Uniformity Analysis
Authors: Chen Dafen , Jiang Jiuchun , Li Xue , Wang Zhanguo , Zhang Weige
Published: October 2016

A battery model that has the capability of analyzing the internal non-uniformity of local state variables, including the state of charge (SOC), temperature and current density, is proposed in this paper. The model is built using a set of distributed parameter equivalent circuits. In order to validate the accuracy of the model, a customized battery with embedded T-type thermocouple sensors inside the battery is tested. The simulated temperature conforms well with the measured temperature at each test point, and the maximum difference is less than 1 °C. Then, the model is applied to analyze the evolution processes of local state variables’ distribution inside the battery during the discharge process. The simulation results demonstrate drastic distribution changes of the local state variables inside the battery during the discharge process. The internal non-uniformity is originally caused by the resistance of positive and negative foils, while also influenced by the change rate of open circuit voltage and the total resistance of the battery. Hence, the factors that affect the distribution of the local state variables are addressed.
A Novel Modulation Function-Based Control of Modular Multilevel Converters for High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems
Authors: Mehrasa Majid , Pouresmaeil Edris , Zabihi Sasan , Trujillo Caballero Juan , Catalão João
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a novel modulation function-based method including analyses of the modulation index and phase is proposed for operation of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. The proposed modulation function-based control technique is developed based on thorough and precise analyses of all MMC voltages and currents in the a-b-c reference frame in which the alternating current (AC)-side voltage is the first target to be obtained. Using the AC-side voltage, the combination of the MMC upper and lower arm voltages is achieved as the main structure of the proposed modulation function. The main contribution of this paper is to obtain two very simple new modulation functions to control MMC performance in different operating conditions. The features of the modulation function-based control technique are as follows: (1) this control technique is very simple and can be easily achieved in a-b-c reference frame without the need of using Park transformation; and (2) in addition, the inherent properties of the MMC model are considered in the proposed control technique. Considering these properties leads to constructing a control technique that is robust against MMC parameters changes and also is a very good tracking method for the components of MMC input currents. These features lead to improving the operation of MMC significantly, which can act as a rectifier in the HVDC structure. The simulation studies are conducted through MATLAB/SIMULINK software, and the results obtained verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation function-based control technique.
Novel Interleaved Converter with Extra-High Voltage Gain to Process Low-Voltage Renewable-Energy Generation
Authors: Shen Chih-Lung , Chiu Po-Chieh , Lee Yan-Chi
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a novel interleaved converter (NIC) with extra-high voltage gain to process the power of low-voltage renewable-energy generators such as photovoltaic (PV) panel, wind turbine, and fuel cells. The NIC can boost a low input voltage to a much higher voltage level to inject renewable energy to DC bus for grid applications. Since the NIC has two circuit branches in parallel at frond end to share input current, it is suitable for high power applications. In addition, the NIC is controlled in an interleaving pattern, which has the advantages that the NIC has lower input current ripple, and the frequency of the ripple is twice the switching frequency. Two coupled inductors and two switched capacitors are incorporated to achieve a much higher voltage gain than conventional high step-up converters. The proposed NIC has intrinsic features such as leakage energy totally recycling and low voltage stress on power semiconductor. Thorough theoretical analysis and key parameter design are presented in this paper. A prototype is built for practical measurements to validate the proposed NIC.
A Review on Hot-IP Finding Methods and Its Application in Early DDoS Target Detection
Authors: Hoang Xuan , Pham Hong
Published: October 2016

On the high-speed connections of the Internet or computer networks, the IP (Internet Protocol) packet traffic passing through the network is extremely high, and that makes it difficult for network monitoring and attack detection applications. This paper reviews methods to find the high-occurrence-frequency elements in the data stream and applies the most efficient methods to find Hot-IPs that are high-frequency IP addresses of IP packets passing through the network. Fast finding of Hot-IPs in the IP packet stream can be effectively used in early detection of DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack targets and spreading sources of network worms. Research results show that the Count-Min method gives the best overall performance for Hot-IP detection thanks to its low computational complexity, low space requirement and fast processing speed. We also propose an early detection model of DDoS attack targets based on Hot-IP finding, which can be deployed on the target network routers.
Exogenous Melatonin Improves Plant Iron Deficiency Tolerance via Increased Accumulation of Polyamine-Mediated Nitric Oxide
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Liu Zhi , Zhu Lin , Ma Zhongyou , Wang Jianfei , Zhu Jian
Published: October 2016

Melatonin has recently been demonstrated to play important roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses. However, the possible involvement of melatonin in Fe deficiency responses and the underlying mechanisms remained elusive in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, Fe deficiency quickly induced melatonin synthesis in Arabidopsis plants. Exogenous melatonin significantly increased the soluble Fe content of shoots and roots, and decreased the levels of root cell wall Fe bound to pectin and hemicellulose, thus alleviating Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis. Intriguingly, melatonin treatments induced a significant increase of nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in roots of Fe-deficient plants, but not in those of polyamine-deficient (adc2-1 and d-arginine-treated) plants. Moreover, the melatonin-alleviated leaf chlorosis was blocked in the polyamine- and NO-deficient (nia1nia2noa1 and c-PTIO-treated) plants, and the melatonin-induced Fe remobilization was largely inhibited. In addition, the expression of some Fe acquisition-related genes, including FIT1, FRO2, and IRT1 were significantly up-regulated by melatonin treatments, whereas the enhanced expression of these genes was obviously suppressed in the polyamine- and NO-deficient plants. Collectively, our results provide evidence to support the view that melatonin can increase the tolerance of plants to Fe deficiency in a process dependent on the polyamine-induced NO production under Fe-deficient conditions.
Icariin Promotes Tendon-Bone Healing during Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears: A Biomechanical and Histological Study
Authors: Ye Chenyi , Zhang Wei , Wang Shengdong , Jiang Shuai , Yu Yuanbin , Chen Erman , Xue Deting , Chen Jianzhong , He Rongxin
Published: October 2016

To investigate whether the systematic administration of icariin (ICA) promotes tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff reconstruction in vivo, a total of 64 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in a rotator cuff injury model and underwent rotator cuff reconstruction (bone tunnel suture fixation). Rats from the ICA group (n = 32) were gavage-fed daily with ICA at 0.125 mg/g, while rats in the control group (n = 32) received saline only. Micro-computed tomography, biomechanical tests, serum ELISA (calcium; Ca, alkaline phosphatase; AP, osteocalcin; OCN) and histological examinations (Safranin O and Fast Green staining, type I, II and III collagen (Col1, Col2, and Col3), CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) were analyzed two and four weeks after surgery. In the ICA group, the serum levels of AP and OCN were higher than in the control group. More Col1-, Col2-, CD31-, and VEGF-positive cells, together with a greater degree of osteogenesis, were detected in the ICA group compared with the control group. During mechanical testing, the ICA group showed a significantly higher ultimate failure load than the control group at both two and four weeks. Our results indicate that the systematic administration of ICA could promote angiogenesis and tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff reconstruction, with superior mechanical strength compared with the controls. Treatment for rotator cuff injury using systematically-administered ICA could be a promising strategy.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Li-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy Subjected to ECAP
Authors: Mogucheva Anna , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: October 2016

The effect of post-deformation solution treatment followed by water quenching and artificial aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al-Li-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was examined. It was shown that the deformed microstructure produced by ECAP remains essentially unchanged under solution treatment. However, extensive grain refinement owing to ECAP processing significantly affects the precipitation sequence during aging. In the aluminum-lithium alloy with ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure, the coarse particles of the S1-phase (Al2LiMg) precipitate on high-angle boundaries; no formation of nanoscale coherent dispersoids of the δ′-phase (Al3Li) occurs within grain interiors. Increasing the number of high-angle boundaries leads to an increasing portion of the S1-phase. As a result, no significant increase in strength occurs despite extensive grain refinement by ECAP.
Serum Retinol Levels in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Relationship with Habitual Food Intake, Infection and Obstetric, Nutritional and Socioeconomic Variables
Authors: Spíndola Garcêz Laís , De Sousa Paz Lima Geania , De Azevedo Paiva Adriana , Maria Rebêlo Sampaio da Paz Suzana , Lázaro Gomes Erica , Nunes Valéria , Cotta de Faria Eliana , De Barros-Mazon Sílvia
Published: October 2016

Globally, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects about 19.1 million pregnant women. Its occurrence is classically associated with inadequate food intake and may also be associated with socioeconomic factors and the presence of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to serum retinol levels among pregnant teenagers. The sample consisted of 89 pregnant adolescents, from whom socioeconomic, obstetric, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected. Serum concentrations of retinol and the supposed presence of infection were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and C-reactive protein quantification, respectively. The serum retinol concentrations were classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. We adopted a 5% significance level for all statistical tests. Serum retinol levels were significantly and positively associated with sanitation (p = 0.008) and pre-gestational nutritional status (p = 0.002), and negatively with the trimester (p = 0.001). The appropriate sanitation conditions and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were shown to have a protective effect against VAD. Conversely, serum retinol levels were reduced with trimester progression, favoring VAD occurrence.
The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions
Authors: Quatela Angelica , Callister Robin , Patterson Amanda , MacDonald-Wicks Lesley
Published: October 2016

This systematic review investigated the effects of differing energy intakes, macronutrient compositions, and eating patterns of meals consumed after an overnight fast on Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). The initial search identified 2482 records; 26 papers remained once duplicates were removed and inclusion criteria were applied. Studies (n = 27) in the analyses were randomized crossover designs comparing the effects of two or more eating events on DIT. Higher energy intake increased DIT; in a mixed model meta-regression, for every 100 kJ increase in energy intake, DIT increased by 1.1 kJ/h (p < 0.001). Meals with a high protein or carbohydrate content had a higher DIT than high fat, although this effect was not always significant. Meals with medium chain triglycerides had a significantly higher DIT than long chain triglycerides (meta-analysis, p = 0.002). Consuming the same meal as a single bolus eating event compared to multiple small meals or snacks was associated with a significantly higher DIT (meta-analysis, p = 0.02). Unclear or inconsistent findings were found by comparing the consumption of meals quickly or slowly, and palatability was not significantly associated with DIT. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the increase in DIT is influenced by the energy intake, macronutrient composition, and eating pattern of the meal.
A Flexible Approach for Human Activity Recognition Using Artificial Hydrocarbon Networks
Authors: Ponce Hiram , Miralles-Pechuán Luis , Martínez-Villaseñor María
Published: October 2016

Physical activity recognition based on sensors is a growing area of interest given the great advances in wearable sensors. Applications in various domains are taking advantage of the ease of obtaining data to monitor personal activities and behavior in order to deliver proactive and personalized services. Although many activity recognition systems have been developed for more than two decades, there are still open issues to be tackled with new techniques. We address in this paper one of the main challenges of human activity recognition: Flexibility. Our goal in this work is to present artificial hydrocarbon networks as a novel flexible approach in a human activity recognition system. In order to evaluate the performance of artificial hydrocarbon networks based classifier, experimentation was designed for user-independent, and also for user-dependent case scenarios. Our results demonstrate that artificial hydrocarbon networks classifier is flexible enough to be used when building a human activity recognition system with either user-dependent or user-independent approaches.
Integrating Virtual Worlds with Tangible User Interfaces for Teaching Mathematics: A Pilot Study
Authors: Guerrero Graciela , Ayala Andrés , Mateu Juan , Casades Laura , Alamán Xavier
Published: October 2016

This article presents a pilot study of the use of two new tangible interfaces and virtual worlds for teaching geometry in a secondary school. The first tangible device allows the user to control a virtual object in six degrees of freedom. The second tangible device is used to modify virtual objects, changing attributes such as position, size, rotation and color. A pilot study on using these devices was carried out at the “Florida Secundaria” high school. A virtual world was built where students used the tangible interfaces to manipulate geometrical figures in order to learn different geometrical concepts. The pilot experiment results suggest that the use of tangible interfaces and virtual worlds allowed a more meaningful learning (concepts learnt were more durable).
A Camera-Based Target Detection and Positioning UAV System for Search and Rescue (SAR) Purposes
Authors: Sun Jingxuan , Li Boyang , Jiang Yifan , Wen Chih-yung
Published: October 2016

Wilderness search and rescue entails performing a wide-range of work in complex environments and large regions. Given the concerns inherent in large regions due to limited rescue distribution, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based frameworks are a promising platform for providing aerial imaging. In recent years, technological advances in areas such as micro-technology, sensors and navigation have influenced the various applications of UAVs. In this study, an all-in-one camera-based target detection and positioning system is developed and integrated into a fully autonomous fixed-wing UAV. The system presented in this paper is capable of on-board, real-time target identification, post-target identification and location and aerial image collection for further mapping applications. Its performance is examined using several simulated search and rescue missions, and the test results demonstrate its reliability and efficiency.
Elimination of Drifts in Long-Duration Monitoring for Apnea-Hypopnea of Human Respiration
Authors: Jiang Peng , Zhu Rong
Published: October 2016

This paper reports a methodology to eliminate an uncertain baseline drift in respiratory monitoring using a thermal airflow sensor exposed in a high humidity environment. Human respiratory airflow usually contains a large amount of moisture (relative humidity, RH > 85%). Water vapors in breathing air condense gradually on the surface of the sensor so as to form a thin water film that leads to a significant sensor drift in long-duration respiratory monitoring. The water film is formed by a combination of condensation and evaporation, and therefore the behavior of the humidity drift is complicated. Fortunately, the exhale and inhale responses of the sensor exhibit distinguishing features that are different from the humidity drift. Using a wavelet analysis method, we removed the baseline drift of the sensor and successfully recovered the respiratory waveform. Finally, we extracted apnea-hypopnea events from the respiratory signals monitored in whole-night sleeps of patients and compared them with golden standard polysomnography (PSG) results.
Optimal Subset Selection of Time-Series MODIS Images and Sample Data Transfer with Random Forests for Supervised Classification Modelling
Authors: Zhou Fuqun , Zhang Aining
Published: October 2016

Nowadays, various time-series Earth Observation data with multiple bands are freely available, such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets including 8-day composites from NASA, and 10-day composites from the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). It is challenging to efficiently use these time-series MODIS datasets for long-term environmental monitoring due to their vast volume and information redundancy. This challenge will be greater when Sentinel 2–3 data become available. Another challenge that researchers face is the lack of in-situ data for supervised modelling, especially for time-series data analysis. In this study, we attempt to tackle the two important issues with a case study of land cover mapping using CCRS 10-day MODIS composites with the help of Random Forests’ features: variable importance, outlier identification. The variable importance feature is used to analyze and select optimal subsets of time-series MODIS imagery for efficient land cover mapping, and the outlier identification feature is utilized for transferring sample data available from one year to an adjacent year for supervised classification modelling. The results of the case study of agricultural land cover classification at a regional scale show that using only about a half of the variables we can achieve land cover classification accuracy close to that generated using the full dataset. The proposed simple but effective solution of sample transferring could make supervised modelling possible for applications lacking sample data.
Four Sustainability Goals in a Swedish Low-Growth/Degrowth Context
Authors: Fauré Eléonore , Svenfelt Åsa , Finnveden Göran , Hornborg Alf
Published: October 2016

Continual environmental degradation and an unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits are two great challenges for humanity. Economic growth is often taken for granted when planning for the future. However, it is often argued that maintaining economic growth conflicts with keeping human activities adjusted to ecological boundaries and finite resources, at least for the more-developed countries. With this paper, we present sustainability goals for building and planning in Sweden to be achieved by 2050 in a context of limited or even negative economic growth. These goals should ensure that all groups in society have sufficient resources and a good life within planetary boundaries. We select four goals in a participatory process: two environmental goals related to climate change and land use and two social goals related to welfare and participation. Our results show that achieving the environmental goals will require significant reductions of Sweden’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land use compared to today’s levels. Regarding the social goals, these are, in many aspects, reasonably well fulfilled in Sweden today, although disparities remain between groups of citizens. The main challenge, however, is to ensure that these goals are fulfilled even within environmental limits and if economic growth should halt.
A Study of the Time–Space Evolution Characteristics of Urban–Rural Integration Development in a Mountainous Area Based on ESDA-GIS: The Case of the Qinling-Daba Mountains in China
Authors: Wu Xin , Cui Peng
Published: October 2016

The multi-index comprehensive evaluation method is used in this paper to estimate the urban–rural integration development level of the Qinling-Daba Mountains in China and build an evaluation index system that is composed by five subsystems and 18 basic indexes. The integration of the indexes is conducted through linear weight sum method and the weight of each index is determined through analytic network process to get the urban–rural integration development coordination indexes of each county in the Qinling-Daba Mountains. Meanwhile, the time–space evolution characteristic of urban–rural integration development in the Qinling-Daba Mountains in the past 10 years is studied through exploratory spatial data analysis and GIS technology. The results indicate that urban–rural integration displays a spatial imbalance, with a situation of polarization, i.e., high–level counties gathering with each other; the spatial aggregation rule of west–high, east–low is coupled with land conditions, industrial activity, and the transportation situation to affect the urban–rural development. Finally, we propose that development priorities should be circular industry, eco-agriculture, and tourism to accelerate urban–rural development and work towards a comprehensive modern transportation system and other infrastructure in the Qinling-Daba Mountains.
Quantifying Apparent Groundwater Ages near Managed Aquifer Recharge Operations Using Radio-Sulfur (35S) as an Intrinsic Tracer
Authors: Clark Jordan , Urióstegui Stephanie , Bibby Richard , Esser Bradley , Tredoux Gideon
Published: October 2016

The application of the cosmogenic radioisotope sulfur-35 (35S) as a chronometer near spreading basins is evaluated at two well-established Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) sites: the Atlantis facility (South Africa) and Orange County Water District’s (OCWD’s) Kraemer Basin (Northern Orange County, CA, USA). Source water for both of these sites includes recycled wastewater. Despite lying nearer to the outlet end of their respective watersheds than to the headwaters, 35S was detected in most of the water sampled, including from wells found close to the spreading ponds and in the source water. Dilution with 35S-dead continental SO4 was minimal, a surprising finding given its short ~3 month half-life. The initial work at the Atlantis MAR site demonstrated that remote laboratories could be set up and that small volume samples—saline solutions collected after the resin elution step from the recently developed batch method described below—can be stored and transported to the counting laboratory. This study also showed that the batch method needed to be altered to remove unknown compounds eluted from the resin along with SO4. Using the improved batch method, times series measurements of both source and well water from OCWD’s MAR site showed significant temporal variations. This result indicates that during future studies, monthly to semi-monthly sampling should be conducted. Nevertheless, both of these initial studies suggest the 35S chronometer may become a valuable tool for managing MAR sites where regulations require minimum retention times.
La "complicité" dans le droit de la responsabilité internationale : un concept inutile ?
Authors: Corten Olivier
Published: October 2016

The customary character of the rule in article 16 of the ilc’s draft articles on state responsibility can hardly be called into question, underpinned as it is by varied and cogent practice. upon scrutiny, it can be observed, however, that relevant practice may be apprehended from a series of primary rules setting out specific obligations, whether in the domain of the prohibition of the use of force, of humanitarian international law or of human rights, especially. More generally, it can be wondered whether principles like due diligence, or good faith and reasonableness are capable of explaining many of the precedents sometimes contemplated from the standpoint of complicity. in this context, and insofar as article 16 purports only to be a subsidiary general rule that may be set aside in the event of a special rule, one might wonder what remains of its field of application.
Juge ou policier : les mesures conservatoires dans l’affaire du Temple de Preah Vihear
Authors: D'Argent Pierre
Published: October 2016

L’ordonnance du 18 juillet 2011 dans l’affaire Cambodge c. Thaïlande est la deuxième ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires prononcée par la cour internationale de Justice dans le cadre d’un recours en interprétation. Ce bref commentaire s’attache à identifier les apports de cette décision au sujet des conditions habituelles auxquelles l’indication de mesures conservatoires est subordonnée (I) et à apprécier ce que l’instauration d’une « zone démilitarisée provisoire » par cette ordonnance peut vouloir signifier quant à la manière dont la cour conçoit ses responsabilités dans le cadre du contentieux de l’urgence (II).
Aspects of Radiocarbon Determinations and the Dating of the Transition from The Chalcolithic Period to Early Bronze Age I in the Southern Levant
Authors: Braun Eliot , Van den Brink Edwin C. M. , Regev Johanna , Boaretto Elisabetta , Bar Shay
Published: October 2016

Bien qu’une séquence chrono-culturelle comprenant une période chalcolitique suivie d’un Bronze ancien ait été depuis longtemps établie pour le sud Levant, la transition entre ces deux périodes demeure mal comprise. Des découvertes récentes, en particulier dans le piémont occidental de Judée-Samarie, la Shéphéla, témoignent d’une occupation continue. Elles fournissent des informations importantes sur la nature de cette transition et sur les liens entre la Shéphéla et le reste du sud du Levant. Les résultats obtenus par le radiocarbone à partir des vestiges provenant du site de Modi’in dans la région de la Shéphéla sont examinés. Ils permettent de dater la transition entre le Chalcolithique et le Bronze ancien de la première moitié du IVe millénaire avant notre ère. En utilisant la méthode bayésienne, ces données sont ensuite incorporées dans un ensemble interrégional de datations. Cette approche permet une meilleure évaluation des dates d’occupation des sites considérés et de la séquence de la transition, tout en offrant un guide pratique permettant d’estimer la place chronologique des vestiges archéologiques.
A Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I Progression at the Buchman South quarter in Modi’in – in the central piedmont (Shephela) of Israel
Authors: Van den Brink Edwin C. M.
Published: October 2016

Les sites du Chalcolithique final – Bronze ancien du secteur sud de Buchman à Modi’in offre une opportunité unique d’examiner des développements intra-sites dans un contexte régional, sur une durée qui s’étend du dernier quart environ du Ve millénaire à la première moitié du IVe millénaire avant notre ère. Deux hypothèses principales sont développées ici, fondées sur la documentation archéologique aux multiples facettes de Modi’in : 1) il existe deux phases dans le Chalcolithique final de la Shephela (piémont occidental des Monts de Judée/ Samarie), un Chalcolithique final 1 correspondant au Ghassoulien et un Chacolithique final 2, dénommé post-Ghassoulien, correspondant au déplacement des populations du Négev du Chalcolithique final 1 vers la plaine côtière et dans la Shephela ; 2) le début du Bronze ancien est une évolution issue du Chalcolithique final 1, impliquant que les populations du début du Bronze ancien pourraient avoir été des descendants de la population du Chacolithique final 2. Ces hypothèses sont au fondement d’une meilleure compréhension de la transition entre le Chalcolithique final et le début du Bronze ancien dont la durée semble plus courte que supposée auparavant.
Continuity and Discontinuity in the Shephela (Israel) between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze I: The Modi’in “Deep Deposits” Ceramic assemblages as a case study
Authors: Roux Valentine , Van den Brink Edwin C. M. , Shalev Sariel
Published: October 2016

Modi’in, located in the centre of Israel, is one of the rare sites presenting a sequence of occupations covering the end of the 5th millenium and the first half of the 4th millennium BC. The technological study of the ceramic assemblages enables us to re-examine the difficult question of continuity and/ or discontinuity between the Late Chalcolithic and the earliest Early Bronze Age I cultures in this region. Results show that between the end of the Late Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Early Bronze Age I, there is continuity in the ways of making utilitarian vessels, but discontinuity in the ways of fashioning ceremonial vessels. Moreover, a new functional category of ceramics appears characteristic for the region and whose properties bring them closer to those of ceremonial vessels. Those features argue in favour of both a phylogenetic link between Northern Negev Ghassulian populations and people living in the Shephela (the western piedmont of the Judea-Samaria incline), and a reorganisation of those societies during a transitional period, including the post-Ghassulian (Late Chalcolithic 2) and the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age I.
Yesodot, Israel: A Case for a Post-Ghassulian Entity
Authors: Paz Yitzhak , Nativ Assaf
Published: October 2016

Le site de Yesodot, dans la Shéphélah (piémont de Judée), est une illustration pertinente des ambiguïtés relatives à la transition du Chalcolithique récent au Bronze ancien. Alors que la plupart des traits observés peuvent être rapportés à l’une de ces périodes ou aux deux conjointement, l’assemblage, considéré dans sa totalité, ne peut pas être attribuée uniquement à l’une des deux. De plus, l’hypothèse selon laquelle il s’agit d’un assemblage mixte doit être rejetée étant donné l’absence de vestiges représentatifs des horizons culturels du Bronze ancien ou du Chalcolithique-Ghassoulien. Cet article fournit un examen concis des matériaux mis au jour sur le site de Yesodot, en mettant l’accent sur la manière dont cet assemblage échappe à la définition commune, propre aux cultures matérielles considérées ici. Enfin, nous suggérons que cet assemblage représente un horizon culturel à la fois post-Ghassoulien et pré-Bronze ancien.
The Transition from the Late Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze I in Southwestern Canaan – Ashqelon as a Case for Continuity
Authors: Golani Amir
Published: October 2016

La culture matérielle du Chalcolithique et du Bronze ancien I du Sud Levant a été divisée en deux périodes distinctes. Néanmoins, même si chaque période possède ses propres caractéristiques, les fouilles à Ashqelon, dans la région sud-ouest de Canaan, ont révélé qu’elles se chevauchaient ; ceci est visible dans la poterie (répertoire typologique et techniques de fabrication), l’industrie lithique, le matériel de broyage, la production métallurgique et les pratiques funéraires. Au cours des recherches archéologiques menées ces dernières décennies, cette continuité a été progressivement reconnue, remettant ainsi en question la rupture culturelle supposée entre le Chalcolithique et le Bronze ancien I dans cette région. Les datations radiocarbones récentes, issues de nombreuses fouilles dans la région d’Ashqelon, ont montré une occupation intensive de la zone depuis le début du IVe jusqu’à celui du IIIe millénaires. Cette occupation est associée dans l’ensemble au Bronze ancien I, par les datations radiocarbones et la culture matérielle ; cette dernière atteste également une survivance du Chalcolithique (Ghassoulien), bien qu’aucun site de cette période n’ait été clairement identifié à ce jour dans la région. Ces datations remettent dorénavant en question le cadre chronologique établi pour la fi n du Chalcolithique et le début du Bronze ancien I dans la région sud-ouest de Canaan, ouvrant la possibilité d’avancer de nouvelles interprétations chronologiques et culturelles. Lors de la disparition de la culture chalcolithique dans le nord du Néguev à la fi n du Ve millénaire, les populations n’ont certes pas disparu, elles se sont probablement déplacées vers une autre région. Il n’est donc pas surprenant que pendant la première moitié du IVe millénaire, sur l’établissement d’Ashqelon, découvert dans une région limitrophe, au nord du Néguev septentrional, des traits culturels de la période chalcolithique côtoient ceux du Bronze ancien I, étant donné que la population locale a maintenu de nombreuses traditions antérieures, lors de la transition avec le Bronze ancien I.
Evolution in the Desert: Scale and Discontinuity in the Central Negev (Israel) in the fourth Millennium BCE
Authors: Rosen Steve A.
Published: October 2016

Les trajectoires du changement social et culturel au cours du IVe millénaire dans les régions désertiques, au sud du bassin de Beersheva, attestent un changement des activités économiques, des évolutions technologique et typologique, une possible modification des paramètres environnementaux et, à la fi n de la période, des changements majeurs dans les relations entre le monde des déserts et celui des oasis. L’organisation des établissements du Timnien, en particulier, varie au cours de trois périodes : la fin du Ve-début du IVe millénaires, le milieu du IVe millénaire et le début du IIIe millénaire. Il semble que ces systèmes d’organisation fassent écho à l’économie liée au commerce entre le désert et les zones d’habitats sédentaires, aux spécificités géographiques et à l’environnement instable de la région, ainsi qu’à la nature de l’économie de subsistance dans les zones désertiques (élevage, cueillette et, selon les possibilités, agriculture). La culture matérielle spécifique à la région désertique – industrie lithique majoritairement, associée à du matériel de broyage, des perles et des coquillages – a vu une évolution interne et graduelle sans que de nouvelles technologies majeures soient attestées, bien que la métallurgie ait dû probablement être développée. Alors que certains de ces changements sont de nature sociale ou matérielle dans le Nord, la base du changement culturel dans le désert est d’un ordre différent, exprimant un ensemble de paramètres socio-culturels spécifiques, principalement un environnement limité et une population réduite. Sur la base de telles observations, la périodisation élaborée pour le Nord ne peut pas être appliquée pour le désert. En outre, étant donné la mosaïque géographique et culturelle dans le Levant en général, il n’est probablement pas irréaliste de s’attendre à des tendances parfaitement corrélées entre ces deux régions, même si de courtes distances sont prises en compte.
The Transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant in socioeconomic context
Authors: Milevski Ianir
Published: October 2016

The transition from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant (ca 3800-3600 BC) had multiple aspects. While often the term transition is used to describe material culture remains of both periods, the aim of this paper is to characterize the changes in the socio-economic reality during the two centuries or so during which the transition took place. Degrees of change were uneven and happened in different ways in different regions. Socio-economic systems went from predominantly agropastoral communities during the Chalcolithic, with relatively developed secondary production branches, to an urban revolution towards the end of Early Bronze (EB) I. In spite of continuity in several traditions such as the manufacture of pottery, fl int tools, basalt vessels, changes occurred in both technology and organization of production and distribution. Agricultural and pastoral activities also changed but more slowly. Means of transportation were radically transformed with the domestication of the donkey. Circulation of commodities, albeit in a somewhat limited way, increased from the Chalcolithic to the EB I. Architectural concepts changed from the very beginning of the EB I, while burial practices as well as iconographic expressions related to religious beliefs and society, were drastically altered. This paper explores this transition taking into consideration those socio-economic changes and their probable political and cultural implications.
To be or not to be… Neolithic: “Failed attempts” at Neolithization in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Near East, and their final success (35,000-7000 BP)
Authors: Aurenche Olivier , Kozlowski J. , Kozlowski Stefan Karol
Published: October 2016

After a brief parallel presentation of the development of the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in the Near East we propose a new paradigm for the issue of the process, that is to say, the birth of Neolithization. Instead of a sudden appareance within a few centuries around 9000 BP, we think that the phenomenon is the result of a long and chaotic story which began independently in both continents more than 35,000 years ago. After many attempts which failed one after the other due to the severe and repeated climatic fl uctuations at the end of the Pleistocene and/ or due to the lack of ‘ understanding’ vegetal and animal species which were ‘ ready’ to ‘ accept’ domestication, the success arrived in very precise environmental and climatic conditions at the beginning of the Holocene in only one of the two regions, the Near East. If Neolithization doesn’t appear earlier it’s not because ‘ culture’ was not ready, but because ‘ nature’ was not able to give a favourable answer to the request of man.
Late Neolithic Pottery and Ambiguous Symbols in the Southern Levant
Authors: Gibbs Kevin
Published: October 2016

Compared to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), evidence for potentially symbolic imagery is rare in the Late Neolithic of the Southern Levant, consisting primarily of figurines and decorated pottery. While the symbolic roles of fi gurines have occasionally been discussed, studies of decorated pottery have usually focused on developing chronologies or defirning the boundaries of archaeological cultures. In an attempt to better understand pottery symbolism this paper suggests that over the course of the Late Neolithic pottery decoration became more varied but also became simpler. These developments may refl ect an increase of symbolic ambiguity. The decline in fi gurine use over the course of the Late Neolithic similarly suggests a focus on ambiguous symbols during the later part of the period. A tentative suggestion is that this shift may be related to a change in community organization. Some early Late Neolithic sites are relatively large and each one may have comprised a single, spatially contiguous community. In the later part of the period, at least in some areas, community groups may have been dispersed across several small sites. A symbolic system emphasizing ambiguity may have facilitated the occasional interactions that were a part of such dispersed communities.
Les occupations d’Umm-el-Tlel (Syrie centrale) pendant le Kébarien géométrique. Étude du niveau I.2.A (campagnes 1991, 1992 et 1994)
Authors: Alcalde Gabriel , Cauvin Marie-Claire , González Jesús Emilio , Helmer Daniel , Ibáñez Juan José , Mateu i Gasquet Joaquim , Molist Miquel , Saña Maria , Terradas Xavier
Published: October 2016

Cet article présente les résultats de la fouille du niveau archéologique I. 2. a du site d’Umm-el-Tlel (El Kowm), un niveau appartenant au Kébarien géométrique. Les travaux sur le terrain ont été menés entre 1991 et 1994. Les matériaux archéologiques et leur répartition spatiale ont été analysés. Les résultats de cette analyse suggèrent que la zone fouillée correspondrait à un espace où des déchets de boucherie ont été accumulés.
Inter- and intra-observer variability of radiography and computed tomography for evaluation of Zurich cementless acetabular cup placement ex vivo
Authors: Peck Jeffrey , Villamil Armando , Fiore Kara , Tano Cheryl , Leasure Jessica
Published: October 2016

Objective: To evaluate the inter- and intra-observer variability in measurement of the angle of lateral opening (ALO) and version angle measurement using digital radiography and computed tomography (CT).

Methods: Each hemipelvis was implanted with a cementless acetabular cup. Ventrodorsal and mediolateral radiographs were made of each pelvis, followed by CT imaging. After removal of the first cup, the pelves were implanted with an acetabular cup in the contra-lateral acetabulum and imaging was repeated. Three surgeons measured the ALO and version angles three times for each cup from the mediolateral radiographic projection. The same measurements were made using three-dimensional multiplanar reconstructions from CT images. Two anatomical axes were used to measure pelvic inclination in the sagittal plane, resulting in six measurements per cup. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated inter- and intra-observer repeatability for radiographic and CT-based measurements.

Results: Version angle based on radio-graphic measurement did not differ within surgeons (p = 0.433), but differed between surgeons (p <0.001). Radiographic measurement of ALO differed within surgeons (p = 0.006) but not between surgeons (p = 0.989). The ALO and version angle measured on CT images did not differ with or between surgeons.

Clinical significance: Assessment of inter-and intra-observer measurement of ALO and version angle was more reproducible using CT images than conventional mediolateral radiography for a Zurich cementless acetabular cup.