bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small-scale laboratory flowslides
Authors: Spence K. J. , Guymer I.
Published: May 2010

Loose cohesionless slopes are susceptible to liquefaction and subsequent flowsliding. Small scale sub-aerial laboratory flowslides have been obtained by inducing the collapse of loose deposits of saturated fine quartz sand. Failure mechanisms resembled field cases and other laboratory experiments. A detailed set of results is presented, illustrating the temporal and longitudinal variation of both surface velocity and the elevations of flowing and static material. Initially, the flowside accelerated under the influence of gravity. Movement was not arrested ‘en masse’, but unsteady deposition of sand and pore fluid occurred, being dependent on deceleration of the flowslide that propagated downstream. As a result, the slope over which the flowing material was moving increased with time. Excess pore water pressures were measured during flowslide motion, the magnitudes of which were reasonably predicted using the Coulomb failure criterion and assuming equilibrium of driving and resisting forces. This was despite the observance of unsteady flow and the limitations of experimental measurement.
Seismic design and performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures
Authors: Ling H. I. , Leshchinsky D. , Perry E. B.
Published: May 2010

Seismic design procedures are proposed for geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. The procedures are based on a pseudo-static limit equilibrium analysis, which considers horizontal acceleration and incorporates a permanent displacement limit. Internal and external stability analyses are conducted to determine the required strength and length of geosynthetic, considering different modes of failure. Parametric studies illustrate the effects of seismic acceleration on the design of reinforced soil structures having different slope angles and soil properties. For vertical slopes at small seismic acceleration, tieback/compound failure dictates the required geosynthetic length. The length required to resist direct sliding increases rapidly as the seismic acceleration increases. This length may become impractical at moderate design accelerations. For such cases, an alternative approach based on a tolerable displacement against direct sliding is proposed for design. The proposed procedures are compared with the performance of several geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures during recent major earthquakes. A detailed design example is included to illustrate usage of proposed procedures.
The effects of hydrate cement on the stiffness of some sands
Authors: CLAYTON C.R.I. , PRIEST J.A. , REES E.V.L.
Published: May 2010

Cementing of sediment occurs naturally in many soils and weak rocks, during both the early and late stages of diagenesis. This paper reports the results of a series of resonant column tests carried out on a range of sand-sized geomaterials to explore the effects of different hydrate cement morphologies on the very small strain stiffness of the materials. It is shown that the proportion of void space filled by hydrate cement, cement location, sand size and grain shape all have a significant effect on shear modulus. The change in stiffness between different host materials is affected by the density, specific surface and grading of the geomaterial.
Modelling mechanical consequences of erosion
Authors: MUIR WOOD D. , MAEDA K. , NUKUDANI E.
Published: May 2010

The process of internal erosion of fine particles from a soil progressively narrows the grading of the soil. Development of a continuum model for the mechanical consequences of erosion has taken inspiration from two-dimensional discrete element analyses of assemblies of circular discs of various gradings. The process of erosion has been described in these analyses by progressively removing the finer particles while maintaining the sample under constant stresses. The removal of particles produces an increase in specific volume because the volume of solid decreases and the volume of void increases, but the looser structure compresses under the external stresses. Parallel continuum modelling takes an existing distortional hardening model, in which the critical state line plays a central role, and adds a volumetric deformation mechanism to describe the observed compression. The discrete element modelling analyses and other results remind us that the first-order effect of narrowing grading is the raising of the critical state line in the compression plane. The model is closely similar to a model for soils with breakable particles, incorporating the same link between grading and critical states.
Briefing: Extension of time claims
Authors: Lester Albert
Published: May 2010

The ability to recover costs in an extension of time claim can be greatly enhanced if a contractor produces and issues with tender documents a critical path network that clearly shows the floats of all non-critical activities. By merely supplying a computer-generated Gantt chart that may well show the floats in the form of bar extensions, a contractor may not be able to prove adequately which, and to what extent, other activities are affected by a client-originated variation, resulting in an extension of time. This article shows that costs can be recovered over and above the normal site establishment and labour costs associated with an extension of time. At the same time, the client will be able to see to what extent the variation has affected the original completion date.
HKU’s double profession civil engineering and law programme
Authors: Yeung Albert T. , Ng S. Thomas , Tham L. George , Lee Peter K. K.
Published: May 2010

The scale and complexity of civil engineering projects are increasing exponentially. Coupled with the growing trend of globalisation, the demand for high-calibre civil engineers who are also knowledgeable in legal matters is increasing. Driven by an aspiration to prepare civil engineering graduates with a solid foundation in both civil engineering and law, The University of Hong Kong has developed the first 5-year credit-based double professional degree programme in Hong Kong, which leads to the award of the degrees of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Law) and Bachelor of Laws. The considerations, development process and launching details of the programme are presented in this paper. The students admitted to date perform better academically than other civil engineering students on civil engineering courses. However, they do not perform as well as law students and other law-related double-degree students.
Intrinsic and supplementary damping in tall buildings
Authors: Smith R. , Merello R. , Willford M.
Published: May 2010

The dynamic response of a tall building plays a significant role in determining both design wind loading and seismic behaviour. The degree of energy dissipation, or damping, that a building can provide directly affects the resonant response and thus the effective design loading. Since there is very little codified guidance on what level of damping to assume for a tall building, it is usually left to a specialist consultant to determine a reasonable value, based upon measurements, rules of thumb and common practice. This paper reviews measurements of damping on tall buildings and compares them with values in common usage. It is found that, particularly for buildings above 250 m high, damping ratios commonly used in design are inappropriate and unconservative. This issue relates to serviceability, ultimate design wind loading and seismic response. The paper further discusses reasons for the variation in damping with building height, the consequences of overestimation of damping and possible methods of mitigation. The paper concludes that the addition of supplementary robust damping is often the most economic method of controlling the dynamic response of a tall building, as well as reducing the consequence of the uncertainty of intrinsic damping. This work aims to highlight the perceived gap between common practice and the latest data. The reasons for this gap – commercial pressures, lack of certainty and other mitigating factors – are also discussed.
Adventures in architectural aerodynamics
Authors: Cammelli S. , Azagra D. , Buttgereit V. , Fussell C. , Grey M. , Kaneko Y. , Knapp G. , Marshall R. , Scotti A.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the results of a series of wind engineering studies, including high-frequency force balance boundary-layer wind tunnel tests conducted to assess the wind effects relevant to the structural and serviceability design of a proposed 400+ m high-rise scheme in the Middle East. The development of the architectural scheme allowed the design team to explore different levels of porosity for the façade of the building over the top third of the structure. The primary aim of these studies was to optimise the building design, minimising the overall dynamic structural wind loading and wind-induced accelerations. Details of the structural lateral-stability system employed in the design and key considerations on the potential use of alternative devices are given. A detailed comparison of the wind-induced structural response for a nominally sealed scheme – taking into account the contribution of additional damping – against the benefits arising from the employment of a permeable solution is presented. The technical challenges are illustrated from both a structural and cladding design viewpoint – the latter being related to the use of a porous skin over the architectural feature at the top of the tower. A brief description of the planned next phase of wind engineering work – aimed to assess the overall wind loading applicable to the design of the porous envelope as well as the potential for wind-induced noise and vibration of its elements to occur – is also given.
Measurements of the performance of a wind-driven ventilation terminal
Authors: Shea A. D. , Robertson A. P. , Levermore G. J. , Rideout N. M.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the results of the measured ventilation flow rates through a roof-mounted inflow/outflow natural ventilator and of the wind pressures measured on the terminal under real conditions. The experiments were conducted at full scale at the former Silsoe Research Institute wind engineering test site using a 6 m cubic test building, referred to as the Silsoe cube, and using a test house. Ventilation rates and free-stream wind speed were measured using ultrasonic anemometers. The nominally 800 mm × 800 mm ventilation terminal on the Silsoe cube achieved a peak ventilation rate of 0·06 m3/s per m/s wind speed although the data also indicated periods when the ventilation rate dropped to approximately zero for a specific wind direction due to the vent then being in the position of flow re-attachment following separation at the windward leading edge of the roof. This has led to better knowledge in relation to the siting of such terminals. A similar terminal monitored on the test house achieved a peak ventilation rate of nearly 0·1 m3/s per m/s wind speed. The ventilation unit proved to be an effective means of providing natural ventilation and is likely to broaden the application of natural ventilation. The results of pressure measurements on the terminal louvres and the internal pressure in the cube, coupled with the measurements of the corresponding ventilating flow rate mechanisms, provide unique data with which to establish procedures for the rational design of such terminals, which is also outlined in the paper.
Travel behaviour response to UK road user charging
Authors: Ryley T. J.
Published: May 2010

Road user charging has generated a great deal of interest as a measure to alleviate the increasing congestion in the UK. Acceptability of such schemes has proved a stumbling block. In this paper, acceptability issues associated with the London scheme, the rejected proposals for Edinburgh and a possible national scheme are summarised and linked to political and media influences. Rather than concentrate on widely discussed acceptability, the paper then focuses on the behavioural response of individuals to road user charging schemes. The aim of this paper is to examine individual travel behaviour response towards actual and potential road user charging in the UK. The behavioural response is then linked to wider travel demand management schemes, and how groups of individuals, as population segments, respond. Insights are provided for the policy-sensitive segments of the socially excluded and the business community. Discussion includes possible future developments of UK road user charging.
Central London congestion charging: understanding its impacts
Authors: Buckingham C. , Doherty A. R. , Hawkett D. C. L. , Vitouladiti S.
Published: May 2010

The origins of a road user charging concept for central London and the development of the central London congestion charging scheme are outlined. The paper then explains the objectives and the main features of Transport for London's programme of impacts monitoring of the scheme. It summarises the main results that were obtained. Drawing on the extensive data from the monitoring programme, the paper then compares the patterns of congestion and traffic flows that were observed in the original scheme and in its western extension. This shows how congestion was initially eased as traffic levels were reduced and how it subsequently increased as the effective capacity of the road network was reduced or reallocated. The paper concludes with some reflections on the achievements of the charging scheme.
Briefing: Is urban design just bollards?
Authors: Simmons R.
Published: May 2010

Planning, urban design and regeneration must respond to an ever more complex, rapidly shifting, globalised, connected world. This coincides with new thinking about self-organisation – emergence. Increasingly, connections are being made between ideas about emergence and political and academic thinking about planning and development for an uncertain world. Following the wisdom of crowds is gaining ground over following the wisdom of leaders and professionals. So how do we tackle the big stuff? Emergence may work at street or neighbourhood level. Will emergent local cells combine naturally into undesigned but successfully functioning urban systems? In other words, can we still design at large scale, or must urban design be confined to the creation of local townscape now that we have discovered emergence and face change and complexity on an unprecedented scale? Is urban design only a process for choosing the right bollards, or should we try to shape the bigger picture? To look at some of these issues the author initiated a CABE (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment) programme, led by my colleague Biljana Savic, to find out if urban design can still work at larger than neighbourhood scales. This paper draws some initial conclusions from that work, due for publication later this year.
Briefing: Adapting to a changing climate
Authors: Henderson K.
Published: May 2010

Climate change is already with us. It is the greatest emerging humanitarian challenge of our time. The effects of changing weather patterns and more extreme climate events can be seen around the world. Examining the scale of the global challenge through the threats posed by a changing climate across Europe and in the UK, this paper indicates that leadership and policy responses are needed at all levels – international, European national and local. The urban environment amplifies the impacts of climate change and adaptation of our towns and cities is essential to accommodate this change. Regional and local planning can make a major contribution to tackling climate change by shaping decisions that reduce carbon dioxide emissions and positively build community resilience to problems such as extreme temperatures or flood risk. Looking to examples of best practice across local authorities in Europe, the EU-funded green and blue space adaptation for urban areas and eco-towns (GRaBS) project is showcased. This paper presents the case for climate change adaptation and, in particular, argues that people or places facing poverty and disadvantage must not be disproportionately affected by climate change, or by policy or practice responses to it.
Modelling the hydraulics of the Carlisle 2005 flood event
Authors: Horritt M. S. , Bates P. D. , Fewtrell T. J. , Mason D. C. , Wilson M. D.
Published: May 2010

The performance of a two-dimensional numerical model of flood hydraulics is tested for a major event in Carlisle, UK, in 2005. This event is associated with a unique data set, with global positioning system surveyed wrack lines and flood extent surveyed 3 weeks after the flood. The simple finite-volume model is used to solve the two-dimensional Saint-Venant equations over an unstructured mesh of 30 000 elements representing channel and floodplain, and allowing detailed hydraulics of flow around bridge piers and other influential features to be represented. The simple finite-volume model is also used to corroborate flows recorded for the event at two gauging stations. Calibration of Manning's n is performed with a two-stage strategy, with channel values determined by calibration of the gauging station models, and floodplain values determined by optimising the fit between model results and observed water levels and flood extent for the 2005 event. The root mean square error for the calibrated model compared with surveyed water levels is of the order of ±0·4 m, the same order of magnitude as the estimated error in the survey data. The study demonstrates the ability of unstructured mesh hydraulic models to represent important hydraulic processes across a range of scales, with potential applications to flood risk management.
Analyzing the Barriers and Supports of Knowledge Translation Using the PEO Model
Authors: Metzler Megan J. , Metz Gerlinde A.
Published: May 2010

Background. Knowledge translation is a current and growing force in Canada's health care environment. Purpose. The intent of this paper is to examine current research related to barriers and facilitators of knowledge translation relevant to occupational therapy from the perspective of the person-environment-occupation (PEO) model.Key Issues. Minimum competency and best practice are established drivers of research use in occupational therapy. Knowledge translation is not only complementary to these established drivers but offers a valuable contribution to the profession. Current research offers insight into the facilitators and obstacles of knowledge translation in occupational therapy, and the PEO model provides a framework for this analysis.Implications. Several influences across different levels of the practice system may facilitate or hinder knowledge translation. Awareness of the current research related to these influences, in concert with an awareness of individual circumstances, is an essential precursor to developing more effective knowledge translation strategies.
Effects of Instructional Preparation Strategies on Problem Solving in a Web-Based Learning Environment
Authors: Lee Young-Jin
Published: May 2010

This study reports the effects of different types of instructional preparation strategies on the problem solving performance of college students taking an introductory physics class. Students were divided into four equally skilled groups and solved the same physics problems after receiving different instructional preparations (engaging in interactive tutorials, solving similar problems or reading worked examples) in a web-based learning environment. Problem solving characteristics of the students, such as problem completion time and number of incorrect answers, were then analyzed to investigate the effects of different preparation approaches employed. The analysis results suggest that interactive tutorials could be more beneficial than other types of preparation strategies by providing just-in-time scaffolding and reducing the cognitive load of acquiring schemas when the target knowledge under study is difficult and complicated.
The Effects of Peer-Interaction Styles in Team Blogs on Students' Cognitive Thinking and Blog Participation
Authors: Xie Ying , Ke Fengfeng , Sharma Priya
Published: May 2010

Deep cognitive thinking refers to a learner's purposeful and conscious manipulation of ideas toward meaningful learning. Strategies such as journaling/blogging and peer feedback have been found to promote deep thinking. This article reports a research study about the effects of two different blog leader styles on students' deep thinking as exhibited on blogs. Thirty-four students in two sections of a class were assigned in three to five member groups and blogged for 10 weeks. In the first section, the “starters” of each week's blog introduced articles with two alternative views about a current topic, posted a few questions, and the rest of the group responded to the questions. In contrast, the “starters” in the second section wrote a post and the rest of the team commented on the post. Data analyses revealed that different starter styles influenced both the quantity and quality of starters' posts as well as peer feedback.
Trends in Antipsychotic Prescribing Practices in an Urban Community Mental Health Clinic
Authors: Monshat Kaveh , Carty Bridget , Olver James , Castle David , Bosanac Peter
Published: May 2010

Objective: Availability of new psychotropic agents, and formulations, as well as expanded indications for previously available agents, has had an impact on prescribing patterns in community psychiatric practice. This study tracked changes in patient diagnostic profiles and compared antipsychotic prescribing patterns for patients managed by a continuing care team over a 2.25-year period.

Method: Data pertaining to patient diagnoses and psychotropic medications was obtained from sequential cross-sectional file review and the pharmacy database. Data were collected in late 2004 (n = 224) and early 2007 (n = 294).

Results: The majority of patients suffered from DSM-IV schizophrenia, schizoaffective and related disorders (68% in 2004, 71% in 2007). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications (79% in 2004, 99% in 2007 of all antipsychotics) were the most widely used agents. Use of quetiapine as a proportion of all oral SGAs increased (8% to 17%) as did that of long-acting risperidone (<1% to 17% of all antipsychotics) paralleled by a decline in long-acting first generation antipsychotic agents (15% to <1%). Significant changes in the prescription of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics and mood stabilizers were also noted.

Conclusions: Statistically significant changes in prescribing patterns of antipsychotics during the study period were noted. Likely causes are discussed.
The Concord Centre for Mental Health's New ‘Phase of Illness’ Model of Care: Are We on the Right Track?
Authors: Cleary Michelle , Hunt Glenn , O'Connor Nick , Snars Jeff
Published: May 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide an overview of a new ‘phase of illness’ model of care after relocation of Rozelle Hospital to the new purpose built Concord Centre for Mental Health and discuss its implementation and progress thus far.

Method: One year after relocation, staff were asked to provide feedback of their views of the new model of care in order to identify implementation barriers and ways forward.

Results: The new model has clear benefits for the consumer, but there are a number of practical challenges and dilemmas emerging that necessitate some refinement and evaluation. Feedback from staff provided a wide range of opinions indicating that some were quite cynical of the new model while others were very supportive and thought that patient care was enhanced.

Conclusions: Further development and consolidation of the model is required, including more education sessions and a clear mission statement at unit, hospital and community levels. Further research is also required to assess the impact and ability of the new model to deliver better patient outcomes, especially in regard to continuity of care.
The Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Australian Women
Authors: Williams Lana , Jacka Felice , Pasco Julie , Henry Margaret , Dodd Seetal , Nicholson Geoffrey , Kotowicz Mark , Berk Michael
Published: May 2010

Objective: We aimed to report the prevalence, age-of-onset and comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders in an age-stratified representative sample of Australian women aged 20 years and over.

Method: Mood and anxiety disorders were diagnosed utilising a clinical interview (SCID-I/NP). The lifetime and current prevalence of these disorders was determined from the study population (n = 1095) and standardized to 2006 census data for Australia.

Results: Approximately one in three women (34.8%) reported a lifetime history of any mood and/or anxiety disorder, with mood disorders (30.0%) being more prevalent than anxiety disorders (13.5%). Of these, major depression (23.4%), panic disorder (5.5%) and specific phobia (3.5%) were the most common. The lifetime prevalence of other disorders was low (≤3%). A total of 14.4% of women were identified as having a current mood and/or anxiety disorder, with similar rates of mood (8.9%) and anxiety disorders (8.0%) observed. The median age-of-onset for mood disorders was 27.0 years and 18.5 years for anxiety disorders.

Conclusions: This study reports the lifetime and current prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the Australian female population. The findings emphasize the extent of the burden of these disorders in the community.
(Dis)Figures of Death: Taking the Side of Derrida, Taking the Side of Death
Authors: Das Saitya Brata
Published: May 2010

If the dominant ethico-philosophical thinking of responsibility in the West is founded upon, or tied to a certain figure of death, it is because this ethical notion of responsibility is also a certain econo-onto-thanatology. Here the notion of the gift to the other is always already inscribed within a certain economic equivalence of value, or an economic determination of temporality as the geometric figure of the circle, or a certain economy of the experiences of abandonment and mourning, through which the event-character of the gift, its excess and its infinite surplus is economised, reduced, repressed, or even annulled. Reading Jacques Derrida's deconstruction of this econo-onto-thanatology, and relating him to Schelling, Heidegger, Levinas and Kierkegaard, this article attempts to reveal this very complex relationship of the ethical notion of responsibility and the gift with death, in order to think anew – in the spirit of Derrida – a responsibility in relation to mourning and abandonment, and in relation to a death that does not figure in any figuration of self-figuration and self-presence, but – to speak with Maurice Blanchot – as interminable, incessant worklessness, as endless ruination and abandonment of itself. This impossible aporia of the notion of responsibility is itself a dis-figuring of death, which is also an aporia of an instant which escapes, in its event character, the geometric figure of time as circle.
Democracy and Critique: Recovering Freedom in Nancy and Derrida
Authors: Mules Warwick
Published: May 2010

In this paper, I argue that we need to re-address the issue of freedom as it relates to democracy and critical practice. My argument is drawn out of Derrida's deconstructive reading of Jean-Luc Nancy's The Experience of Freedom which proposes freedom in ontological terms as an experience of indeterminate openness that must be thought prior to any freedom of the self. I show how Derrida's reading of Nancy's text is itself a re-enactment of the freedom that Derrida finds wanting in Nancy's text, but which, by that very fact, affirms the power of critique in its capacity to think freely. The urgency of the thought of freedom is not something that can be avoided, but is itself the fact of critique in its thinking of democracy as a possibility, as something that might come about, as distinct from an already accomplished idea. To think in this way is, I argue, a matter of virtue, that is, of being free, as the virtue of critique and its capacity to act decisively, thereby bringing something forth by risking what it already is, in the absolute possibility of it not being.
Derrida's Limits:Aporiasbetween ‘OusiaandGrammē’
Authors: Watkin William
Published: May 2010

This essay considers the ‘limit’ in Derrida's work from the early consideration of linearisation in ‘Ousia and Grammē’ to the conception of limit as aporia in Aporias. Developing Derrida's tripartite definition of the limit via a reading of Being and Time as closure, border and demarcation, the essay then considers the earlier presentation of limit in Heidegger as temporal primordiality. Developing the metaphysics of line as presentation of presence in terms of Aristotle's aporetics of time as line, the circle is then considered as representing the closed field of presence and its definition via the negation of being's other. This leads to Derrida's early, foundational definition of the law of metaphysics as submission-subtraction, and his proposal of the trace as an alternate way of thinking spatially about being, nonbeing and difference. The second half of the essay then proposes a series of alternative ways of thinking geometrically to those of the traditional metaphysics of point-line-circle topography. Thus topology is proposed as an alternate means of thinking field enclosure, similarity and difference. The figures of the double torus and mathematical limit are proposed as a potential alternative geometry for Western thought. Finally the essay concludes on the apotropaic logic of the problem which echoes that of the trace and is developed in contradistinction to the aporia. Proposing the edge as an interim state between the metaphysics of the line and the deconstructive impossibilities of the aporia, it suggests that the limits of metaphysics are to be found not merely in the apotropaic law of submission-subtraction, but also across alternate geometries which facilitate the bringing together of the two central elements of the totality of Derrida's thinking the limit: différance and singularity.
‘The discipline of the question’: Rereading Derrida's ‘Violence and Metaphysics’
Authors: Wortham Simon Morgan
Published: May 2010

This article recalls Derrida's reading of Levinasian ethics as a discourse of the other, particularly in ‘Violence and Metaphysics’, in order to re-elaborate Derrida's own account of the other's heterogeneity, notably in light of critiques of deconstruction's thinking of difference, alterity, and the unconditional. At stake here is the precise meaning of what may be termed wholly other; or, better still, the specific nature of the arguments about the question of the other from among Derrida's earlier texts, which must be recalled amidst any appeal to absolute alterity, especially of the kind frequently found in Derrida commentary today.

The article suggests that, in the process of Derrida reading Levinas, the radical alterity of the other is sustained in ‘Violence and Metaphysics’ principally in terms of the legitimacy (or ‘discipline’) of a question that arises only on the hither side of a phenomenology of the other – a phenomenology that emerges, nonetheless, as its unacknowledged ground. Thus, in contrast to Levinasian thought (and yet also in deeper affinity with what we might term, for Derrida, its still obscured originality), deconstruction's discourse of the other opens onto the wholly other not simply as the ‘beyond’ or the ‘outside’ of phenomenology's limits, but only at the point where the phenomenological gives way in something like a double sense.
The Evolution of Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer—From Mass Screening to a Personalized Biosignature
Authors: Grogan Raymon H. , Mitmaker Elliot J. , Clark Orlo H.
Published: May 2010

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. The diagnosis of thyroid nodules, made by neck examination and ultrasonography, is a common event occurring in over 50% of the patient population over the age of 50. Yet, only 5% of these patients will be diagnosed with cancer. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid nodules. However, 10–15% of these biopsies are inconclusive, ultimately requiring a diagnostic thyroid lobectomy. Consequently, research in thyroid biomarkers has become an area of active interest. In the 40 years since calcitonin was first described as the biomarker for medullary thyroid cancer, new biomarkers in thyroid cancer have been discovered. Advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have defined many of these novel thyroid biomarkers. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive literature review of how these biomarkers have evolved from simple screening tests into a complex array of multiple markers to help predict the malignant potential and genetic signature of thyroid neoplasms.
Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View
Authors: Steinbach Volker , Wellmer Friedrich-W.
Published: May 2010

We outline a path to sustainable development that would give future generations the chance to be as well-off as their predecessors without running out of natural resources, especially metals. To this end, we have to consider three key resources: (1) the geosphere or primary resources, (2) the technosphere or secondary resources, which can be recycled and (3) human ingenuity and creativity. We have two resource extremes: natural resources which are completely consumed (fossil fuels) versus natural resources (metals) which are wholly recyclable and can be used again. Metals survive use and are merely transferred from the geosphere to the technosphere. There will, however, always be a need for contributions from the geosphere to offset inevitable metal losses in the technosphere. But we do have a choice. We do not need raw materials as such, only the intrinsic property of a material that enables it to fulfil a function. At the time when consumption starts to level off, chances improve of obtaining most of the material for our industrial requirements from the technosphere. Then a favorable supply equilibrium can emerge. Essential conditions for taking advantage of this opportunity: affordable energy and ingenuity to find new solutions for functions, to optimize processes and to minimize losses in the technosphere.
Viruses and Lipids
Authors: Ono Akira
Published: May 2010

As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped viruses typically exit cells by cell lysis, and lipid membranes are not part of the released virions. However, non-enveloped viruses also interact with lipid membranes at least during entry into target cells. Therefore, lipids, as part of cellular membranes, inevitably play some roles in life cycle of viruses. [...]
ON CONSTRUCTION OF CONVERGING SEQUENCES TO SOLUTIONS OF BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: Dobkevich Maria
Published: May 2010

We consider the Dirichlet problem x″ = f(t,x), x(a) = A, x(b) = B under the assumption that there exist the upper and lower functions. We distinguish between two types of solutions, the first one, which can be approximated by monotone sequences of solutions (the so called Jackson—Schrader's solutions) and those solutions of the problem, which cannot be approximated by monotone sequences. We discuss the conditions under which this second type solutions of the Dirichlet problem can be approximated.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE ROSENSWEIG INSTABILITY IN A MAGNETIC FLUID SUBJECT TO DIFFUSION OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES
Authors: Lavrova Olga , Polevikov Viktor , Tobiska Lutz
Published: May 2010

The present study is devoted to the classical problem on stability of a magnetic fluid layer under the influence of gravity and a uniform magnetic field. A periodical peak‐shaped stable structure is formed on the fluid surface when the applied magnetic field exceeds a critical value. The mathematical model describes a single peak in the pattern assuming axial symmetry of the peak shape. The field configuration in the whole space, the magnetic particle concentration inside the fluid and the free surface structure are unknown quantities in this model. The unknown free surface is treated explicitly, using a parametric representation with respect to the arc length. The nonlinear problem is discretized by means of a finite element method for the Maxwell's equations and a finite‐difference method for the free surface equations. Numerical modelling allows to get over‐critical equilibrium free surface shapes in a wide range of applied field intensities. Our numerical results show a significant influence of the particle diffusion on the overcritical shapes.
Le réel expérimenté pour explorer la TPE : apports conceptuels et méthodologiques
Authors: Schmitt Christophe , Filion Louis Jacques
Published: May 2010

Résumé En se développant et se focalisant sur des recherches autour de l’entrepreneur (approche par les traits) et de ses actes (approche par les faits), la recherche en TPE (très petite entreprise) s’est centrée sur ce qu’il convient d’appeler le réel unique, paradigme des sciences naturelles classiques. Ce positionnement à travers ce paradigme conditionne fortement la façon de concevoir la recherche et les méthodes à mobiliser. Dans cet article, nous proposons un regard différent sur la recherche en entrepreneuriat en général, et la recherche en TPE en particulier. Pour cela, nous montrons qu’il est possible d’envisager différemment le réel, autour du réel expérimenté. L’approche du réel expérimenté nécessite de comprendre le cadrage paradigmatique sous-jacent. La mobilisation du paradigme épistémologique constructiviste radical offre aux chercheurs des perspectives nouvelles. Dans cet article, nous suggérons que le réel expérimenté peut être mobilisé à travers de situations entrepreneuriales qui facilitent la compréhension du réel au niveau des acteurs de la TPE. La dernière partie de l’article propose des repères méthodologiques pour aborder le réel expérimenté en contexte de TPE. Trois principes sont mis en évidence pour y parvenir : le principe de modélisation, le principe de facilitation et le principe de visualisation.
L'orientation client du vendeur du point de vue du consommateur : les apports de la théorie de l'attachement
Authors: Pellat Ghislaine , Poujol Fanny , Siadou-Martin Béatrice
Published: May 2010

Résumé La littérature en force de vente, essentiellement basée sur des études qualitatives menées au cours des années 80, présente le concept d’orientation relationnelle comme la capacité du vendeur à contribuer à la satisfaction et à la pérennisation des relations commerciales. Notre étude vise à revisiter la nature de l’orientation client ou relationnelle des vendeurs sur la base de 67 récits de consommateurs recueillis à l’aide de la méthode des incidents critiques. Nous trouvons que l’orientation client est composée de deux facettes : la transmission d’expertise et la création de lien. Ces comportements relationnels du vendeur semblent jouer un rôle fondamental dans le processus de satisfaction client et dans la création de lien. Nous proposons une lecture originale de la construction de ce lien vendeur-client grâce à la théorie de l’attachement.
Les activités de demandeurs d'asile au service de la résistance à l'assignation
Authors: Felder Alexandra
Published: May 2010

Résumé Cette communication propose d’étudier la place de l’activité pour penser le dégagement, la résistance dans le contexte de l’espace-temps de la demande d’asile, caractérisé par une prise en charge institutionnelle assignant une place et une identité aux personnes soumises à cette procédure. La notion de résistance est comprise dans ce contexte comme un mode d’action et de réaction dans une situation d’assignation sociale et identitaire, voire d’objectivation par le traitement institutionnel. Les activités sont un élément essentiel des processus de résistance. La confrontation avec la réalité environnante à travers des activités constitue un espace d’expérimentation et de négociation, de résistance à l’adversité de la situation dans laquelle se retrouvent les candidats à l’asile. Deux méthodes ont été adoptées pour rendre compte de ces processus de dégagement, dont l’observation directe des activités déployées par des demandeurs d’asile, et le témoignage à travers des entretiens cliniques. À travers l’activité, le sujet « se fait » une place dans la société. Mais pour des candidats à l’asile, cette place reste fragile et sujette à des renégociations constantes. Les activités des demandeurs d’asile se situent à mi-chemin entre le « faire avec » leur situation et des tentatives de dégagement de l’identité assignée.
Résistance, science humaine active
Authors: Doray Bernard
Published: May 2010

Résumé Cette contribution balise d’abord l’espace d’un concept large de la résistance. On évoque le poids central de la néoténie dans le destin de l’humain. On défend une conjecture non continuiste pour rendre compte de la dé-naturation dont procède l’humain. On pose que dès l’origine l’individu humain est vertébré par la dynamique du symbole. Là se niche la résistance primaire, le socle de la pulsion de vie. On développe ensuite quatre situations pratiques qui, par des voies diverses, convergent pour soutenir une conception de la résistance qui a partie liée avec le travail de la culture, le travail de la dignité et le travail de la subjectivisation. Il y est question de l’adaptation d’une civilisation à des bouleversements majeurs, de la biographie d’un résistant historique, d’une intervention redonnant droit à la culture dans une situation d’indignité majeure. La dernière de ces perspectives est une ouverture sur les thérapies de resymbolisation active.
L'idéologie de l'évaluation : un nouveau dispositif de servitude volontaire ?
Authors: Gori Roland , Del Volgo Marie-José
Published: May 2010

Résumé Les auteurs montrent comment les pratiques de l’évaluation à l’Université constituent de nouveaux dispositifs de servitude volontaire qui participent de l’art néolibéral de gouvernement des individus et des populations. Pour y parvenir le pouvoir pris par la fièvre de l’évaluation a dû insidieusement et progressivement acter le changement de signification de cette notion conçue comme une extension sociale de la norme managériale dans des secteurs de la vie sociale qui en étaient jusque-là préservés.
Discrimination positive et principe d'égalité en droit français
Authors: Levade Anne
Published: May 2010

Résumé Principe d’égalité et discrimination positive sont, en droit public français, fondamentalement antagonistes. Principe structurant de notre ordre juridique, le principe d’égalité postule l’absence de catégories défavorisées, sauf à faire le constat de l’échec d’un système. La confrontation de l’idéal à la réalité conduit néanmoins à la reconnaissance de différences objectives qui rendent nécessaire l’identification juridique de différenciations légitimes et nécessaires. Un saut qualitatif s’opère lorsque l’égalité devient une revendication : l’égalité-principe se double alors d’une égalité-objectif.
Les apports de la sociologie pragmatique à la transaction sociale
Authors: Boissonade Jérôme
Published: May 2010

Résumé Ce que peut dire la sociologie pragmatiste à la transaction sociale : de l’approche morale au concept de « régimes d’action ». Le conflit est l’enjeu central de la transaction sociale. Le terme de coopération conflictuelle qui caractérise son approche comporte selon nous certaines limites, liées notamment à la diversité des situations qu’il est censé traiter ou à la notion de compromis. Le concept de régime d’action emprunté à la sociologie pragmatiste, peut nous permettre nous semble-t-il de les dépasser. C’est ce que nous tentons de montrer ici de deux manières. Premièrement, par la mise en parallèle des différentes notions utilisées par les deux courants de recherche et plus particulièrement en confrontant les logiques d’action de la sociologie transactionnelle et les régimes d’action de la sociologie pragmatiste. Deuxièmement, par l’exploration de ce dernier concept à partir d’un terrain réputé pour sa conflictualité : les rassemblements de jeunes. Une manière aussi de comprendre la nature de leur potentiel critique.
Accompagner bénévolement les personnes en fin de vie : donner du sens à ce qui n'en a pas ?
Authors: Papadaniel Yannis
Published: May 2010

Résumé À partir d’une recherche ethnographique menée dans un réseau de bénévoles en Suisse romande (francophone), cet article a pour but de rendre compte des enjeux relatifs à la position des accompagnants en fin de vie bénévoles, partagée entre une « quête » existentielle et/ou spirituelle et un certain nombre de contraintes médicales, institutionnelles, voire sociales. Le point central de cette contribution est de comprendre comment l’un et l’autre de ces niveaux s’imbriquent et donnent corps à la relation d’accompagnement. En mettant au jour un certain nombre de tensions, l’auteur peut élaborer un certain nombre de propositions quant au statut heuristique de la notion d’accompagnement pour les sciences sociales.
L'accompagnement en médecine. Anthropologie d'une nécessité paradoxale
Authors: Rossi Ilario
Published: May 2010

Résumé Face à l’émergence des maladies chroniques, la médecine du suivi et de l’accompagnement demeure un défi pour les soignants et les médecins et un impératif du point de vue professionnel. Elle s’affirme en effet comme un palliatif aux limites affichées par une perspective strictement biomédicale. En même temps, par sa pratique de l’accompagnement, la médecine révèle et façonne des choix culturels aux implications profondes, en touchant aux enjeux essentiels de la trajectoire biographique des patients : elle sollicite leur autonomie et leur autodétermination, et elle produit un lien social spécifique, réalisable sous la condition d’une responsabilité partagée. Mais cette nécessité s’opère de façon contradictoire et fait système avec et les enjeux politiques et économiques des systèmes de santé.
Quelques motifs raisonnés pour une ingénierie du contexte raisonnable
Authors: Allard Frédérique
Published: May 2010

Résumé L’objet de ce papier est de rappeler les caractéristiques d’une ingénierie du contexte qui nous paraissent fonder la pertinence de la démarche dans des situations irréductiblement marquées par l’indétermination, l’ambiguïté, l’incertitude et l’imprévu. En amont de cette caractérisation de gestes clés (sur le fond, ils se présentent comme des invariants opératoires tout en prenant, dans les faits, des formes variées et variables), quelques uns des principaux arguments de la défense d’une telle pratique ingénierique seront rappelés pour souligner l’acuité du problème. S’ils trouvent tous leur justification dans la complexité des situations dans lesquelles il s’agit d’intervenir, ces motifs peuvent aussi être occultés par une approche mécaniste de l’ingénierie qui tend à renier ou rogner ses manifestations concrètes en s’enfermant dans une modélisation du travail ou du comportement de l’organisation que l’on saurait mécaniquement garantir. On qualifiera donc de « raisonnable » une ingénierie du contexte en phase avec l’irréductible complexité des systèmes sociaux et des activités concrètes qui s’y déploient ou qu’ils servent. À défaut d’un contrôle absolu de cette action, elle vise plutôt à en faciliter l’effectivité (en jouant sur sa dynamique autant que sur ses ingrédients) par une observation attentive de ce qui peut influer en ce sens et une vigilance pour rassembler en permanence ces conditions favorables.