bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microlipophagy from Simple to Complex Eukaryotes
Authors: Kumar Ravinder , Arrowood Colin , Schott Micah B. , Nazarko Taras Y.
Published: January 2025

Lipophagy is a selective degradation of lipid droplets in lysosomes or vacuoles. Apart from its role in generating energy and free fatty acids for membrane repair, growth, and the formation of new membranes, lipophagy emerges as a key player in other cellular processes and disease pathogenesis. While fungal, plant, and algal cells use microlipophagy, the most prominent form of lipophagy in animal cells is macrolipophagy. However, recent studies showed that animal cells can also use microlipophagy to metabolize their lipid droplets. Therefore, to no surprise, microlipophagy is conserved from simple unicellular to the most complex multicellular eukaryotes, and many eukaryotic cells can operate both forms of lipophagy. Macrolipophagy is the most studied and better understood at the molecular level, while our understanding of microlipophagy is very sparse. This review will discuss microlipophagy from the perspective of its conservation in eukaryotes and its importance in diseases. To better appreciate the conserved nature of microlipophagy, different organisms and types of cells in which microlipophagy has been reported are also shown in a tabular form. We also point toward the gaps in our understanding of microlipophagy, including the signaling behind microlipophagy, especially in the cells of complex multicellular organisms.
Advancements in Bone Replacement Techniques–Potential Uses After Maxillary and Mandibular Resections Due to Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)
Authors: Bovari-Biri Judit , Miskei Judith A , Kover Zsanett , Steinerbrunner-Nagy Alexandra , Kardos Kinga , Maroti Peter , Pongracz Judit E
Published: January 2025

Maxillofacial bone defects can have a profound impact on both facial function and aesthetics. While various biomaterial scaffolds have shown promise in addressing these challenges, regenerating bone in this region remains complex due to its irregular shape, intricate structure, and differing cellular origins compared to other bones in the human body. Moreover, the significant and variable mechanical loads placed on the maxillofacial bones add further complexity, especially in cases of difficult-to-treat medical conditions. This review provides a brief overview of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), highlighting the medication-induced adverse reactions and the associated clinical challenges in treating this condition. The purpose of this manuscript is to emphasize the role of biotechnology and tissue engineering technologies in therapy. By using scaffold materials and biofactors in combination with autologous cells, innovative solutions are explored for the repair of damaged facial bones. The ongoing search for effective scaffolds that can address these challenges and improve in vitro bone preparation for subsequent regeneration in the maxillofacial region remains critical. The primary purpose of this review is to spotlight current research trends and novel approaches in this area.
Developments in Dental Implant Surface Modification
Authors: Łosiewicz Bożena , Osak Patrycja , Nowińska Delfina , Maszybrocka Joanna
Published: January 2025

The development of dental implants has significantly advanced due to technological innovations aimed at improving their performance and patient outcomes. This work presents key factors influencing the success of dental implants, including osseointegration, which is the direct connection between living bone and the implant surface, and the various surface modifications that enhance this process. This review highlights the importance of surface roughness, chemical composition, and the use of bioactive coatings to promote better integration with surrounding bone tissue. Innovations such as nanotechnology, 3D printing, and smart surfaces are paving the way for more effective and personalized dental implant solutions. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research and development to improve success rates, enhance patient comfort, and reduce healing times. It focuses on creating cost-effective, reliable methods that integrate multiple functions, such as combining antibacterial and osteoconductive properties to improve overall implant performance.
Extensive Morphea Following Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Breast Carcinoma—Case Report
Authors: Panaitescu Alexandru , Nguyen Hannah , Masson-Côté Laurence , Fernandes Carolina Lucena
Published: January 2025

Radiation-induced morphea (RIM) is a rare complication following radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer treatment. Its distribution is usually confined to the breast having received radiotherapy. A generalized form of RIM also exists, defined as lesions extending beyond the radiotherapy site, but data on the subject are scarce in the literature. This complication remains difficult to treat, due partly to the variable extent of disease and to individual clinical response rates to the wide array of available therapies, such as topical therapy (i.e., topical tacrolimus or topical corticosteroids), phototherapy, and systemic therapy (i.e., systemic immunosuppressants). We present a case of extensive morphea post RT for breast cancer with 2 years of favorable evolution under systemic therapy.
Impact of Dataset Size on 3D CNN Performance in Intracranial Hemorrhage Classification
Authors: Huang Chun-Chao , Chiang Hsin-Fan , Hsieh Cheng-Chih , Zhu Bo-Rui , Wu Wen-Jie , Shaw Jin-Siang
Published: January 2025

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sample size on the development of a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3DCNN) model for predicting the binary classification of three types of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH): intraparenchymal, subarachnoid, and subdural (IPH, SAH, SDH, respectively). Methods: During the training, we compiled all images of each brain computed tomography scan into a single 3D image, which was then fed into the model to classify the presence of ICH. We divided the non-hemorrhage quantities into 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, and 150 and the ICH quantities into 20, 30, 40, and 50. Cross-validation was performed to compute the average area under the curve (AUC) over the last five iterations. The AUC and accuracy were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Results: Fifty patients, each with the three ICH types, and 150 non-hemorrhage cases were enrolled. Larger sample sizes achieved stable and acceptable performance in the artificial intelligence (AI) models, whereas training with a limited number of cases posed the risk of falsely high AUC values or accuracy. The overall trends and fluctuations in AUC values were similar between IPH and SDH but different for SAH. The accuracy of the results was relatively consistent among the three ICH types. Conclusions: The 3DCNN technique can be used to develop AI models capable of detecting ICH from limited case numbers. However, a minimal case number must be provided. The performance of AI models varies across different ICH types and is more stable with larger sample sizes.
Potentials of Presepsin as a Novel Sepsis Biomarker in Critically Ill Adults: Correlation Analysis with the Current Diagnostic Markers
Authors: Sater Mai S. , Almansour Nourah , Malalla Zainab Hasan Abdulla , Fredericks Salim , Ali Muhalab E. , Giha Hayder A.
Published: January 2025

Background: Sepsis is a major cause of patient death in intensive care units (ICUs). Rapid diagnosis of sepsis assists in optimizing treatments and improves outcomes. Several biomarkers are employed to aid in the diagnosis, prognostication, severity grading, and sub-type discrimination of severe septic infections (SSIs), including current diagnostic parameters, hemostatic measures, and specific organ dysfunction markers. Methods: This study involved 129 critically ill adults categorized into three groups: sepsis (Se = 48), pneumonia (Pn = 48), and Se/Pn (33). Concentrations of five plasma markers (IL-6, IL-8, TREM1, uPAR, and presepsin) were compared with 13 well-established measures of SSI in critically ill patients. These measures were heart rate (HR), white blood count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), lactate plasma concentrations, and measures of hemostasis status (platelets count (PLT), fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), international normalization ratio (INR) and D-dimer). Plasma bilirubin and creatinine served as indicators of liver and kidney dysfunction, respectively. Results: Promising roles for these biomarkers were found. The best results were for presepsin, which scored 10/13, followed by IL-6 and IL-8 (each scored 7/13), and the worst were for TREM-1 and uPAR (scored 3/13). Presepsin, IL-6, and IL-8 discriminated between the SSI sub-types, whilst only presepsin correlated with bilirubin and creatinine. uPAR was positive for kidney dysfunction, and TREM-1 was the only indicator of artificial ventilation (AV). Conclusions: Presepsin is an important potential biomarker in SSIs. However, further work is needed to define this marker’s diagnostic and prognostic cutoff values.
Validity and Advantages of Three-Dimensional High-Frequency Ultrasound in Dermatological Evaluation
Authors: Kinoshita-Ise Misaki , Ida Taiichiro , Iwasaki Tatsuro , Iwazaki Hideaki , Yokota Kazuyuki , Taguchi Hoshito , Ohyama Manabu
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) has been reported to be useful for the diagnosis of cutaneous diseases; however, its two-dimensional nature limits the value both in quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization might help overcome the weakness of the currently existing HFUS. Methods: 3D-HFUS was newly developed and applied to various skin tumors and inflammatory hair diseases to assess its validity and advantages for dermatological use. Results: Three-dimensional images were successfully obtained from skin tumors, including basal cell carcinoma, subungual squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen’s disease, and malignant melanoma, as well as inflammatory hair loss diseases including alopecia areata in different disease phases and lichen planopilaris. Vertical and horizontal images were generated from the original 3D image data and assessed in comparison with histopathological and/or dermoscopic images. By additionally obtaining horizontal data, lateral tumor margins at any depth were visualized in tumors. In inflammatory hair loss diseases, signs potentially associated with disease activity and pathology were detected. In addition, horizontal evaluation helped grasp hair cycle status and hair follicle densities. Conclusions: These findings suggested that this novel technology holds promise as a robust noninvasive tool to diagnose and evaluate various cutaneous diseases.
Relationship Between Myocardial Strain and Extracellular Volume: Exploratory Study in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Photon-Counting Detector CT
Authors: Lisi Costanza , Mergen Victor , Moser Lukas J. , Klambauer Konstantin , Michel Jonathan , Kasel Albert M. , Alkadhi Hatem , Eberhard Matthias
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Diffuse myocardial fibrosis and altered deformation are relevant prognostic factors in aortic stenosis (AS) patients. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the relationship between myocardial strain, and myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) in patients with severe AS with a photon-counting detector (PCD)-CT. Methods: We retrospectively included 77 patients with severe AS undergoing PCD-CT imaging for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) planning between January 2022 and May 2024 with a protocol including a non-contrast cardiac scan, an ECG-gated helical coronary CT angiography (CCTA), and a cardiac late enhancement scan. Myocardial strain was assessed with feature tracking from CCTA and ECV was calculated from spectral cardiac late enhancement scans. Results: Patients with cardiac amyloidosis (n = 4) exhibited significantly higher median mid-myocardial ECV (48.2% versus 25.5%, p = 0.048) but no significant differences in strain values (p > 0.05). Patients with prior myocardial infarction (n = 6) had reduced median global longitudinal strain values (−9.1% versus −21.7%, p < 0.001) but no significant differences in global mid-myocardial ECV (p > 0.05). Significant correlations were identified between the global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains and the CT-derived left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (all, p < 0.001). Patients with low-flow, low-gradient AS and reduced EF exhibited lower median global longitudinal strain values compared with those with high-gradient AS (−15.2% versus −25.8%, p < 0.001). In these patients, the baso-apical mid-myocardial ECV gradient correlated with GLS values (R = 0.28, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In patients undergoing PCD-CT for TAVR planning, ECV and GLS may enable us to detect patients with cardiac amyloidosis and reduced myocardial contractility
Clinical Outcomes and Complication Rates of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Aloqayli Sarah , Alsalhi Hanin , Alenezi Ali
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) often have significant structural damage and require multiple reinforcing methods during the reconstruction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complication rates of ETT with and without a post. Methods: The study investigated various clinical factors, including technical complications as well as biological complications. All patients who had previously received fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) were subjected to clinical and radiographical examinations during their follow-up visits. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed to determine the cumulative survival rate, and life table survival analyses of FDPs in the presence of complications were performed. Results: A total of 287 ETT were evaluated in this study, in which 219 were placed in females and 68 in males, with an average follow-up time of 82.4 months. There were no significant differences between ETT with a post and ETT without a post regarding the complication rates. The complication rates of the FDPs without a post revealed a survival rate of 58% after 5 years, 44% after 10 years, and 29% after 15 years. On the other hand, the complication rates of the FDPs with a post revealed survival rates of 50%, 30%, and 21% after 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed no significant differences in the complication rates, regardless of the existing of the posts (p = 0.830). Conclusions: ETT restored with FDPs with or without a post can show similar complication rates in a long-term evaluation. Furthermore, the types of final restoration may not have an effect on the complication rate with ETT.
Forces Influencing Technical Mathematics Curriculum Implementation: Departmental Heads’ Understanding of Their Practices to Enact Roles and Responsibilities
Authors: Khoza Mfundo Mondli , Ngcobo Annatoria Zanele
Published: January 2025

This qualitative study explores forces influencing the practices of Departmental Heads (DHs) in enacting their roles in implementing and managing Technical Mathematics (TMAT) curriculum. TMAT was piloted in a few South African schools in 2016 and later scaled to others. Since its inception, learner performance has been uneven, raising questions about the processes of managing and implementing the curriculum. We use Samuel’s Force Field Model to understand forces influencing DH practices in their quest to implement and manage the curriculum. Data were generated using one-on-one interviews and document analysis and thematically analysed using NVivo. The findings reveal that contextual and external forces are the main factors that influence DH practices when it comes to the implementation and management of the curriculum. These forces influence practices such that the roles and responsibilities are carried out mainly for compliance purposes. While in theory, DHs seem to believe in collaboration, they prefer working in silos and perceive that the success of the TMAT curriculum implementation should be at the hands of seasoned mathematics teachers. In addition, they seem to consider curriculum implementation and management to be solely about ensuring curriculum coverage. We argue that to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of the TMAT curriculum, there is a need for the continuous professional development of DHs, such that they are able to balance external forces and internal forces.
Risks in Work-Integrated Learning: A Data-Driven Analysis
Authors: Xu Xiao
Published: January 2025

This study employs advanced data-driven and machine learning techniques to critically assess the integration of Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) into academic programs, with a focus on psychological well-being, financial, and equity and inclusion risks. Using data from the 2018 National Graduates Survey in Canada, the analysis examines how WIL programs influence students’ academic and career trajectories, with particular emphasis on identifying key risk factors. The study explores psychological well-being risks associated with academic programs, financial burdens both during and after education, and equity and inclusion risks for institutions. By analysing variables related to work placements, student loans, financial assistance, and the alignment of WIL experiences with students’ post-graduation employment, this research provides critical insights into the effectiveness of WIL programs from a large-scale, survey-based, big data perspective. The findings highlight key areas for improvement to mitigate these risks and enhance the overall value of WIL for students across various disciplines.
Inclusive Education and Physical Education in Spain: A Qualitative Analysis of Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Saiz-González Pablo , de la Fuente-González Sara , Sierra-Díaz Jacob , Uría-Valle Pablo
Published: January 2025

This study examined the perceptions of physical education teachers regarding inclusive education in their classes. A qualitative, cross-sectional design was employed, using a digital survey with an open-ended question designed to explore barriers and needs in implementing inclusive practices. Thematic content analysis was conducted to identify key themes from the responses. Seventy-five in-service physical education teachers from diverse educational contexts in Spain participated, sharing their experiences and challenges. Participants expressed genuine interest in receiving training and incorporating inclusive principles into their practices. However, structural limitations, such as high student–teacher ratios and insufficient specialized resources, significantly hindered their ability to implement these strategies effectively. Persistent challenges, including excessive workloads and the lack of support personnel, were reported, leading to frustration in their efforts to provide an equitable education for all students. Although focused on the Spanish context, these findings resonate with international research, highlighting similar structural barriers to inclusive education. This study underscores the need for ongoing, discipline-specific training for physical education teachers, supported by strong institutional commitments to ensure the provision of adequate human and material resources. Without such support, the burden on teachers remains disproportionate and ultimately unfair, hindering progress towards a truly inclusive educational environment.
“You Know, Coaching, It Feels Like a Bit of a Magpie Game’’: A Qualitative Investigation into Sources of Teacher-Coach Knowledge and the Subsequent Impact on Espoused Teacher-Coach Pedagogy
Authors: Emmerson Jack , Macdonald Stephen
Published: January 2025

The sources of knowledge that sport coaches use have been widely researched however, their impact on espoused pedagogy in the teacher-coach context is comparatively underexplored The purpose of this study was to explore how teacher-coaches view knowledge, develop their knowledge, and espouse pedagogical practice. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis were used to explore this area with eleven teacher-coaches. Results were consistent with previous work on coaches’ and the perceived impact of formal coach education; however, certain aspects conflicted in the teacher-coach context. Teacher-coaches reported certain elements of their knowledge as fixed (such as technical models of skills) while acknowledging others such as pedagogical content as tentative. Similarly, although formal coach education was consistently regarded as low-impact due to prior teacher education, those teacher-coaches who had progressed furthest in this field displayed greater declarative nuance and adaptability. This suggests tacit benefits of formal coach education in the role of the theoretical underpinning of coaches’ practice.
Millimeter-Wave Radar Point Cloud Gesture Recognition Based on Multiscale Feature Extraction
Authors: Li Wei , Guo Zhiqi , Han Zhuangzhi
Published: January 2025

A gesture recognition method is proposed in this paper, which leverages millimeter-wave radar point clouds, primarily for identifying six basic human gestures. First, the raw radar signals collected by the MIMO millimeter-wave radar are converted into 3D point cloud sequences using a microcontroller integrated into the radar’s baseband processor. Next, based on the SequentialPointNet network, a multiscale feature extraction module is proposed in this paper, which enhances the network’s ability to extract local and global features through convolutional layers at different scales. This compensates for the lack of feature understanding capability caused by single-scale convolution kernels. Moreover, the CBAM in the network is replaced with GAM, which effectively enhances the extraction of global features by more precisely modeling global contextual information, thereby increasing the network’s focus on global features. A separable MLP structure is introduced into the network. The separable MLP operation is used to separately extract local point cloud features and neighborhood features, and then fuse these features, significantly improving the model’s performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through experiments, achieving a 99.5% accuracy in recognizing six fundamental human gestures, effectively distinguishing between gesture categories, and confirming the potential of millimeter-wave radar 3D point clouds in recognizing gestures.
Intelligent Gas Risk Assessment and Report Generation for Coal Mines: An Innovative Framework Based on GLM Fine-Tuning
Authors: Sun Yi , Han Ying , Liu Xinke
Published: January 2025

Traditional coal mine gas risk assessment relies on manual operations, leading to inefficiencies, incomplete information integration, and insufficient evaluation accuracy, ultimately affecting safety oversight. This paper proposes an intelligent gas risk assessment and report generation framework (IGRARG) based on fine-tuning a Generative Language Model (GLM) to address these challenges. The framework integrates multi-source sensor data with the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). It constructs a gas risk dataset for coal mine safety scenarios, fine-tuned with GLM. Incorporating industry regulations and a domain-specific knowledge base enhanced with a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mechanism, the framework automates alarm judgment, suggestion generation, and report creation via a hierarchical graph structure. Real-time human feedback further refines decision making. Experimental results show an evaluation accuracy of 85–93%, with over 300 field tests achieving a 94.46% alarm judgment accuracy and reducing weekly report generation from 90 min to 2–3 min. This framework significantly enhances the intelligence and efficiency of gas risk assessment, providing robust decision support for coal mine safety management.
Scaling Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with Integrated Planar Coil and Transceiver Front-End: Co-Design Considerations
Authors: Terawatsakul Natachai , Saberkari Alireza , Puttisong Yuttapoom , Madec Morgan
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive framework for designing a micro-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) front-end is presented. Key radio frequency (RF) engineering principles are established to enable efficient excitation and detection of NMR signals. This foundation aims to guide the optimal design of novel handheld NMR devices operating with magnetic fields (B0) below 0.5 Tesla and RF frequencies under 30 MHz. To address the complexities of signal-to-noise ratio optimization in this regime, a specialized metric called the coil performance factor (CPF) is introduced, emphasizing the role of coil design. Through systematic optimization under realistic constraints, an optimal coil configuration maximizing the CPF is identified. This design, with three turns, a coil width of 0.22 mm, and a coil spacing of 0.15 mm, achieves an optimal balance between magnetic field strength, homogeneity, and noise. This work serves as a valuable resource for engineers developing optimized coil designs and RF solutions for handheld NMR devices, providing clear explanations of essential concepts and a practical design methodology.
Model Checking Using Large Language Models—Evaluation and Future Directions
Authors: Batsakis Sotiris , Tachmazidis Ilias , Mantle Matthew , Papadakis Nikolaos , Antoniou Grigoris
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have risen in prominence recently, leading to the need to analyze their strengths and limitations for various tasks. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of large language models for model checking, which is used extensively in various critical tasks such as software and hardware verification. A set of problems were proposed as a benchmark in this work and three LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, and Gemini) were evaluated with respect to their ability to solve these problems. The evaluation was conducted by comparing the responses of the three LLMs with the gold standard provided by model checking tools. The results illustrate the limitations of LLMs in these tasks, identifying directions for future research. Specifically, the best overall performance (ratio of problems solved correctly) was 60%, indicating a high probability of reasoning errors by the LLMs, especially when dealing with more complex scenarios requiring many reasoning steps, and the LLMs typically performed better when generating scripts for solving the problems rather than solving them directly.
A Fixed-Time Zero Sequence Circulating Current Suppression Strategy Based on Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Li Xiaopeng , He Guofeng , Zhou Yuanhao , Dong Yanfei , Wang Hang
Published: January 2025

The operation of parallel inverters can enhance the reliability of power supply and meet the demand of the grid forming system; however, due to the difference in the Zero Sequence Voltage (ZSV) and the existence of the Zero Sequence Path (ZSP), the problem of Zero Sequence Circulating Current (ZSCC) inevitably occurs. This paper proposes a fixed-time control strategy based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), used in order to suppress the ZSCC issue in a paralleled inverter system. Firstly, the detailed mathematical model of ZSCC is described, where the inductance perturbations are considered according to the generation mechanism of ZSCC, and a novel ZSCC controller is designed based on the principles of the fixed-time stability theory which can assure the action time of the zero vectors in one switching cycle. Secondly, to reduce the influence of the inductor parameters on the ZSCC control effect, the EKF is used to identify the online inductance parameters of the filter, and the robustness of the algorithm can be improved. Subsequently, based on the Lyapunov stability criterion, it has been proved that the proposed control strategy is fixed-time stable. Finally, the simulation and experiments are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
The Influence of the Cu-Al2O3 Ratio of the Receiving Tube in a 50 MW Hybrid Solar Plant
Authors: Benítez-Olivares Guillermo , Torres-Aldaco Alejandro , Lugo-Leyte Raúl , Valencia-López José Javier , Romero-Vázquez Luis Alberto , Lugo-Méndez Helen D.
Published: January 2025

Direct steam generation (DSG) is a promising technology for introducing solar energy into industrial applications, yet it still faces significant challenges. This work analyzes two critical issues associated with DSG: temperature gradients on the receiver tube wall caused by direct and concentrated radiation and flow instability resulting from the phase transition of the working fluid from liquid–vapor to vapor. These phenomena can reduce the mechanical strength of the receiver tube and lead to sudden pressure increases, deformation, or rupture, which hinder the implementation of DSG in solar thermal plants. To address these challenges, the behavior of a receiver tube composed of copper on the inside and an Al2O3 envelope is studied. A 50 MWe hybrid solar thermal plant is proposed for Mulegé, Baja California Sur, Mexico, including a solar field designed to analyze the production of superheated steam during peak solar irradiance hours. The effect of the Cu-Al2O3 ratio on the receiver tube is evaluated, with Al2O3 serving as a thermal regulator to reduce temperature gradients and mitigate flow instability. This combination of materials improves the receiver tube’s performance, ensuring mechanical stability and enhancing the viability of DSG systems. By reducing temperature gradients and flow instability, DSG-based plants can double thermal efficiency and significantly lower environmental impact by eliminating the need for thermal oils, which require frequent replacement. These findings demonstrate the potential for hybrid solar thermal plants to provide sustainable and efficient solutions for industrial energy needs.
Regenerative Braking Energy Flow Control Algorithm for Power Grid Voltage Stabilization in Mobile Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Župan Ivan , Šunde Viktor , Ban Željko , Novoselnik Branimir
Published: January 2025

The paper presents a method for managing the energy storage and use of a mobile supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS) on a tram vehicle for the purpose of active voltage stabilization of the power grid. The method is based on an algorithm that identifies the need to utilize the energy of the SC ESS depending on changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by the driving of other nearby tram vehicles. The waveform of the current flowing into or out of the SC ESS during this control is determined based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, which optimizes the minimum change in the voltage level at the pantograph and the minimum temperature of the supercapacitor. In this way, this approach aims to minimize the changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by other vehicles and to maximize the lifespan of the supercapacitor. The algorithm was tested within the MATLAB/Simulink R2022b programming environment and experimentally validated with an HIL simulation experiment in a laboratory setup to emulate the rail vehicle system, the supercapacitor, and the power supply network.
Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production: A Novel, Validated Multiphysics Reactor Model for the Reduction–Oxidation of Nonstoichiometric Redox Cycles
Authors: Orsini Francesco , Ferrero Domenico , Papurello Davide , Santarelli Massimo
Published: January 2025

Apparent kinetics is often used to describe a variety of reactions in the field of chemical looping and solar thermochemical processes, yet a rigorous analytical methodology for utilizing such kinetics has been lacking. The implementation of a novel approach was exemplified in the ceria thermochemical cycle for producing solar thermochemical hydrogen, specifically in the H2O-driven oxidation step. The H2 production rate equation was derived, rearranging apparent kinetics from experimental data in the literature into a more suitable analytical form. The 1D model integrates heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and redox chemistry, providing the description of a directly irradiated solar receiver–reactor. Model robustness is ensured through the oxygen mass balance across the cycle, and the comparison against experimental data shows high agreement. The methodology can be useful for simulating chemical looping cycles using any nonstoichiometric oxide, such as ceria-based oxides and, most importantly, oxidation-limited perovskites, for which optimizing the oxidation step in terms of fluid flow, kinetics, and reaction times is crucial. The proposed analytical model can be applied to arbitrarily complex reactor geometries. The inherently local nature of the model also allows the spatial distributions of the redox material’s conversion and utilization to be obtained, paving the way for optimization strategies of the reactor’s design and operation.
Current Controlled AC/DC Converter and Its Performance—A Mathematical Model
Authors: Iwaszkiewicz Jan , Mysiak Piotr , Muc Adam
Published: January 2025

This paper describes a mathematical model of the AC/DC converter. The analytic expressions define fundamental physical variables of the converter and their relations: phase current and voltage, shift angle between these quantities, power factor, and supply voltage UD. The mains voltage is defined as a digitalized sine wave while the current’s wave takes the form of a line segment defined in an appropriate time interval. The model permits the description of two modes of operation: inverter and rectifier. The assumed control method of the converter depends on the successive switching of selected vectors. They are qualified according to the principle of the lowest error between the reference and measured phase current value. The control method is realized by using hysteresis algorithms. Five different algorithm solutions and comparative results are implemented. Several examples of current, voltage, and vectors taken during the simulation and experimental works are executed.
Simulation and Experimental Study of Arc Model in a Low-Voltage Distribution Network
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Zhang Jiaqing , Cheng Yifeng , Chen Qixu , Zhang Qian
Published: January 2025

Using the low-voltage and low-current platform (220 VAC-10 A), this paper selected the Mayr arc theoretical model and the improved control theory model as a theoretical basis and built a single-phase low-voltage AC series arc model based on Simulink. The simulation results showed that arc dissipation power directly determined arc voltage amplitude, arc time constant influenced arc voltage waveform, and arc current was mainly determined by load resistance. Because the arc length parameter can be set by the improved control arc theory model, the arc can be drawn only at the micro-distance of two electrodes, which is more suitable for describing the arc characteristics of low voltage and low current. A scheme of large ratio reducer for permanent magnet brushless DC motor was developed, which was combined with the stepless governor controlled by PWM and the positive and negative switch to realize the adjustment of the two-electrode micro-distance. The collection and analysis of arc voltage and arc current under pure resistance, resistive load, and multi-branch load were completed. The experimental results also verified that the Mayr arc and improved control theory arc have good accuracy in describing low voltage and low current characteristics, which improves data support for later fault identification and removal.
Magnetic Integrated Multi-Trap Filters Using Mutual Inductance to Mitigate Current Harmonics in Grid-Connected Power Electronics Converters
Authors: Al-Barashi Maged , Zou Aicheng , Wang Yongjun , Luo Wei , Shao Nan , Tang Zeyu , Lu Bing
Published: January 2025

This paper introduces magnetic integrated high-order trap–trap–inductor (TTL) and inductor–trap–trap (LTT) filters featuring two LC-traps designed for grid-tied inverters, aimed at reducing the size of output-power multi-trap filters. The proposed filters exhibit excellent harmonic absorption capabilities alongside a compact design. Building on the conventional integrated inductor–capacitor–inductor (LCL) filter, the approach involves connecting a small capacitor in parallel with either the inverter-side or grid-side inductors to create an LC trap. Additionally, a second LC trap can be achieved by integrating the filter capacitor in series with the equivalent trap inductance, established by the magnetic coupling between the grid-side inductor and inverter-side one. This paper thoroughly analyzes the characteristics of the proposed filters. Moreover, a design method is presented to further minimize the size of the output filter components. Finally, validation through simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments confirms the proposed approach’s effectiveness and feasibility. The integrated designs achieve a size reduction of 35.4% in comparison with the discrete windings. Moreover, these designed filters comply with IEEE standards, maintaining a grid-side current total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 0.9%, with all current harmonics below 0.3% of the fundamental current.
Geospatial Forecasting of Electric Energy in Distribution Systems Using Segmentation and Machine Learning with Convolutional Methods
Authors: Chávez Héctor , Molina Yuri
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes an innovative methodology for geospatial forecasting of electrical demand across various consumption segments and scales, integrating machine learning and discrete convolution within the framework of global system projections. The study was conducted in two phases: first, machine learning techniques were utilized to classify and determine the relative growth of segments with similar consumption patterns. In the second phase, convolution methods were employed to produce accurate spatial forecasts by incorporating the influence of neighboring areas through a “core matrix” and accounting for geographical constraints in regions with and without consumption. The proposed approach enhances the precision of spatial forecasts, making it suitable for large-scale distribution systems and implementable within short timeframes. The proposed method was validated using data from a Peruvian distribution system serving over one million users, employing 204 historical records and analyzing three georeferenced consumption segments at scales of 1:10,000, 1:1000, and 1:100. The results demonstrate its effectiveness in forecasting across different time horizons, thereby contributing to improved planning of electrical infrastructure.
Comprehensive Review Comparing the Development and Challenges in the Energy Performance of Pneumatic and Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
Authors: Dindorf Ryszard
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this review is to comprehensively compare the developments and challenges in the energy performance of unconventional pneumatic suspension (PS) and hydropneumatic suspension (HPS), which have special applications in passenger cars, trucks, military vehicles and agricultural equipment. The main differences between PS and HPS, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are presented. The PS system is discussed along with its principle of operation, advances in development, principle of operation of air springs, their models, characteristics, vibration isolation, and simulation models. The HPS system is discussed, along with its operational principles, progress in development, models, and characteristics. This review also discusses new trends in HPS development, such as the effect of a pressure fluctuation damper (PFD) placed in a hydraulic cylinder on the damping performance index (DPI) of an HPS under off-road driving conditions. It highlights innovative solutions that can be expected in the future in PS and HPS systems, with the expectations of drivers and passengers. The review focused on trends and challenges in PS and HPS development, such as integration with electronics, smart solutions, customized solutions, emphasis on compliance with ecological and environmental requirements, and applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs).
A Novel Approach for the Grid-Serving Implementation of Charging Infrastructures and Their Techno-Economic Integration in the Existing Power Grid
Authors: Hertlein Timo Alexander , Mladenovic Ivana , Weindl Christian
Published: January 2025

The integration of electromobility with its required charging infrastructures into the existing power grid, which is demanded by politics and society, is an enormous challenge for electrical power grid operators. Especially considering further challenges, such as the electrification of heat supply systems and sector coupling, it is to be expected that the power grid’s capacity will be strongly overstrained. On the other hand, grid expansion is an extremely expensive and time-consuming method of ensuring that the existing grid is not overloaded, and sufficient grid capacity is available. A suitable grid operations management approach can enable comprehensive and grid-serving control of flexibility, especially charging processes. This article presents a cluster-based and incentive-oriented grid operation management concept and describes the integration of the system into the current German regulatory framework. In addition, the structural integration of charging infrastructures for electromobility into a grid-oriented control system is presented. The suitability of grid charges and their dynamization for stimulating grid-oriented behavior is analyzed. Furthermore, the derivation of additional costs arising from the utilization-dependent thermal aging of grid assets and their imputed integration into the incentive system is described.
Enabling Power System Restoration from Offshore Wind Power Plants in the UK
Authors: Alves Rui , Yang Ning , Xu Lie , Egea-Àlvarez Agustí
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the findings from the initial phases of the SIF BLADE project, focused on demonstrating the capabilities of an offshore wind power plant (OWPP) for power system restoration (PSR). It provides an overview of PSR, highlighting its challenges and operational requirements, alongside the various scenarios considered in the project. The study includes a steady-state analysis to assess whether the OWPP can meet local network demands for both active and reactive power. Results indicate that the OWPP can operate within an envelope that covers all local power requirements. Additionally, electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis was conducted to evaluate different percentages of grid-forming (GFM) converter penetration during the energisation process. These analyses aimed to determine compliance with transmission system operator (TSO) requirements. Findings demonstrate that all GFM penetration levels met the necessary TSO standards. Furthermore, a novel small-signal analysis was performed to identify the optimal percentage of GFM converters for enhancing system stability during block loading. The analysis suggests that for top-up scenarios, a GFM penetration between 20% and 40% is optimal, while for anchor scenarios, 40% to 60% GFM penetration enhances stability and robustness.
Estimating a Non-Linear Economic Model for a Small-Scale Pyrolysis Unit
Authors: Dhaundiyal Alok , Betovics András Máté , Toth Laszlo
Published: January 2025

This article used control theory to derive a non-linear exergoeconomic model for a bench-scale pyrolysis unit. A combination of an autoregressive model with an exogenous input model was involved to investigate the energy system. The economic prospects of the unit were also examined by assigning the cost to the exergy content of the energy stream. The analysis covered the detailed evaluation of the design and performance of an updraft system. Thermally processed pine waste was used as a feedstock for the reactor. The developed model fits well with the validation data extracted through the experimental findings. The exergy cost flow rate of processed pine waste was estimated to be 0.027 ¢/s−1. The exergoeconomic factor was the highest for pyrolysis oil and charcoal generated as the end products of the thermal decomposition of processed pine waste.
Study on Salt-Ion Content and Biomass Distribution Characteristic of Different Organs of Poacynum pictum in Different Water–Salt Habitats
Authors: Fu Wenxiang , He Xuemin , Chen Yudong , Ma Zhenying , Zhou Junfang , Xu Qingbin
Published: January 2025

In natural saline habitats, the impact of the salt-ion content absorbed by halophytes on their biomass development remains unclear. This research investigated Poacynum pictum (Schrenk) Baill., a typical halophyte in the Ebinur Lake Wetland Reserve. P. pictum was collected from three water–salt habitats: high water and high salt (Habitat 1), medium water and medium salt (Habitat 2), and low water and low salt (Habitat 3). This study aimed to quantify the salt-ion content and biomass in different P. pictum organs, analyze their distribution under varying water–salt habitats, and explore the mechanism of the relationship between salt-ion content and biomass. The results showed the following: (1) With the decrease in water–salt habitats, the Na+ contents of aboveground organs decreased, whereas root Na+ content increased. The aboveground organs’ Ca2+ contents exhibited the ranking Habitat 2 > Habitat 3 > Habitat 1. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents followed a similar pattern, with leaves showing the highest concentrations, and the Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents in roots exhibited a declining trend with the decrease in water–salt habitats. The Cl− content was predominant in the leaves and stems of all water–salt habitats. This indicates that P. pictum can maintain an ionic state in the body and resist habitat stress through the separation and absorption of salt ions in different organs. (2) With the decrease in water–salt habitats, the leaf, twig, stem, and total biomass of P. pictum demonstrated a gradually decreasing trend, and the root biomass initially increased and then decreased. This reveals that P. pictum can adapt to high–saline habitats and achieve normal growth and development, and that suitable water and salt conditions are important for underground accumulation. (3) The Na+ content in leaves, twigs, and stems had a significant positive effect on the biomass of these organs, making it the most influential factor, and the root biomass was primarily affected by root Ca2+. These findings indicate that P. pictum adapted to saline habitats by adjusting its ion uptake and biomass, and the Na+ in aboveground organs and Ca2+ in roots are critical for biomass development in their respective organs. This study provides valuable insights into the adaptation strategies of halophytes in salinized environments and highlights the importance of specific ions’ accumulation for biomass maintenance.