bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metamodeling for Policy Simulations with Multivariate Outcomes
Authors: Zhong Huaiyang , Brandeau Margaret L. , Yazdi Golnaz Eftekhari , Wang Jianing , Nolen Shayla , Hagan Liesl , Thompson William W. , Assoumou Sabrina A. , Linas Benjamin P. , Salomon Joshua A.
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Metamodels are simplified approximations of more complex models that can be used as surrogates for the original models. Challenges in using metamodels for policy analysis arise when there are multiple correlated outputs of interest. We develop a framework for metamodeling with policy simulations to accommodate multivariate outcomes.

Methods:

We combine 2 algorithm adaptation methods—multitarget stacking and regression chain with maximum correlation—with different base learners including linear regression (LR), elastic net (EE) with second-order terms, Gaussian process regression (GPR), random forests (RFs), and neural networks. We optimize integrated models using variable selection and hyperparameter tuning. We compare the accuracy, efficiency, and interpretability of different approaches. As an example application, we develop metamodels to emulate a microsimulation model of testing and treatment strategies for hepatitis C in correctional settings.

Results

Output variables from the simulation model were correlated (average ρ = 0.58). Without multioutput algorithm adaptation methods, in-sample fit (measured by R2) ranged from 0.881 for LR to 0.987 for GPR. The multioutput algorithm adaptation method increased R2 by an average 0.002 across base learners. Variable selection and hyperparameter tuning increased R2 by 0.009. Simpler models such as LR, EE, and RF required minimal training and prediction time. LR and EE had advantages in model interpretability, and we considered methods for improving the interpretability of other models.

Conclusions

In our example application, the choice of base learner had the largest impact on R2; multioutput algorithm adaptation and variable selection and hyperparameter tuning had a modest impact. Although advantages and disadvantages of specific learning algorithms may vary across different modeling applications, our framework for metamodeling in policy analyses with multivariate outcomes has broad applicability to decision analysis in health and medicine.
Building the United Nations Headquarters as Worldmaking? Settler Colonialism, Modernist Architecture, and the Material Infrastructure for the Post-World WarII Order
Authors: Flahive Robert
Published: June 2022

What does it mean for the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) building to be designed through modernist architecture principles on land acquired through settler colonialism? In 1947, construction began on the United Nations Headquarters (UNHQ) in Manhattan, a name derived from Manna-hata, a site within Lenapehoking, the homeland of Indigenous Lenape peoples violently displaced by waves of Dutch, British, and American settlers starting in the 17th century. This paper analyzes the structural dynamics that is in the literal foundations of the United Nations Headquarters, the post-World War II (WWII) worldmaking project intended to safeguard international order. By marshaling the history of Lenapehoking and analyzing the design principles informing the UNGA building, this paper narrows the claim that the post-WWII worldmaking project was contingent upon settler colonialism. Through a capacious reading of settler colonial theory, architectural history, and International Relations (IR), this paper aims to open up conversations on the ongoing structural and spatial dynamics embedded in the foundations of the UNGA building that are constitutive of the post-WWII international order.
Effects of attention focus instructions on amateur piano performance
Authors: Jentzsch Ines , Braun Yukiko
Published: June 2022

Detriments to performance under pressure are common in many performance settings, from public speaking to skilled sports or music performances. In the last few decades, sports scientists have suggested that the quality and accuracy of movements can depend on what the performer attends to while executing the action, with an external focus of attention directed at the effects of the movement on the environment resulting in better performance than an internal focus, where attention is directed at the performer’s own body movements. Here we investigated the effects of attention focus instruction on the accuracy of piano performance. Amateur pianists were asked to practice a set piano piece for 7 days and then perform it to the experimenter under different performance instructions (no instruction, internal focus, external focus). An external focus of attention resulted in more accurate performance compared to an internal focus instruction, as evaluated by the difference in the number of note pitch errors and note corrections between the two conditions. Importantly, the advantage of an external over internal focus did not depend on pianistic expertise in our sample. Our research supports the idea that an external attention focus can improve music performance and should be considered in music teaching practice.
Environmental Malthusianism and demography
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: June 2022

As anthropogenic climate change threatens human existence on Earth, historians have begun to explore the scientific antecedents of environmental Malthusianism, the idea that human population growth is a major driver of ecosystem degradation and that environmental protection requires a reduction in human numbers. These accounts, however, neglect the antagonistic relationship between environmental Malthusianism and demography, thereby creating an illusion of scientific consensus. This article details the entwined histories of environmental Malthusianism and demography, revealing points of disagreement – initially over methods of analyzing and predicting population growth and later over the role of population growth in ecosystem degradation – and moments of strategic collaboration that benefited both groups of scientists. It contends that the image of scientific consensus in existing histories has lent support to ongoing calls for population control, detracting attention from more proximate causes of environmental devastation, such as polluting modes of production, extractive business practices and government subsidies for fossil fuel development.
Multi-Objective Simulation Optimization Integrated With Analytic Hierarchy Process and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution for Pollution Routing Problem
Authors: Boru İpek Aslı
Published: June 2022

Routing is one of the most important components of logistics and has a vital role in economic growth. Inefficient routing has also contributed to troubling pollutants that have adverse environmental effects worldwide. Over the years, operations research practitioners have therefore drawn considerable attention to the routing problem. In this paper, a pollution routing problem (PRP) with time window constraints and capacitated vehicles is considered to integrate environmental issues in routing for pollution reduction. This work introduces a simulation optimization methodology that includes the realization of important parameters in real-world applications to minimize the total lateness cost and fuel consumption. The proposed method was developed with Simio simulation software and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). It evaluates the dynamic system operations over time and performs a comprehensive analysis. In addition, a two-step hierarchical multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method is employed to choose the best strategy for PRP. Results of the two-step hierarchical MCDM method demonstrated that the strategy considering the total cost of supply chain is the best alternative for the proposed system. The use of MCDM methods after simulation can be a more robust and effective way to find solutions to such complex problems.
Effect of Mechanical Mincing on Minimally Manipulated Articular Cartilage for Surgical Transplantation
Authors: Evuarherhe Aghogho , Condron Nolan B. , Knapik Derrick M. , Haunschild Eric D. , Gilat Ron , Huddleston Hailey P. , Kaiser Joshua T. , Parvaresh Kevin C. , Wagner Kyle R. , Chubinskaya Susan , Yanke Adam B. , Cole Brian J.
Published: June 2022

Background:

Point-of-care treatment options for medium to large symptomatic articular cartilage defects are limited. Minced cartilage implantation is an encouraging single-stage option, providing fresh viable autologous tissue with minimal morbidity and cost.

Purpose:

To determine the histological properties of mechanically minced versus minimally manipulated articular cartilage.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Remnant articular cartilage was collected from fresh femoral condylar allografts. Cartilage samples were divided into 4 groups: cartilage explants with or without fibrin glue and mechanically minced cartilage with or without fibrin glue. Samples were cultured for 42 days. Chondrocyte viability was assessed using live/dead assay. Cellular migration and outgrowth were monitored using bright-field microscopy. Extracellular matrix deposition was assessed via histological staining. Proteoglycan content and synthesis were assessed using dimethylmethylene blue assay and radiolabeled 35S-sulfate, respectively. Type II collagen (COL2A1) gene expression was analyzed via polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

The mean viability of minced cartilage particles (34% ± 14%) was not significantly reduced compared with baseline (46% ± 13%) on day 0 ( P = .90). After culture, no significant difference in the percentage of live cells was appreciated between mechanically minced (58% ± 23%) and explant (73% ± 14%) cartilage in the presence of fibrin glue ( P = .52). The addition of fibrin glue did not significantly affect the viability of cartilage samples. The qualitative assessment revealed comparable cellular migration and outgrowth between groups. Proteoglycan synthesis was not significantly different between groups. Histological analysis findings were positive for COL2A1 in all groups, and matrix formation was appreciated in all groups. COL2A1 expression in minced cartilage (1.72 ± 1.88) was significantly higher than in explant cartilage (0.15 ± 0.07) in the presence of fibrin glue ( P = .01).

Conclusion:

Mechanically minced articular cartilage remained viable after 42 days of culture in vitro and was comparable with cartilage explants with regard to cellular migration, outgrowth, and extracellular matrix synthesis.

Clinical Relevance:

Mechanically minced articular cartilage is an encouraging intervention for the treatment of symptomatic cartilage defects. Further translational work is warranted to determine the viability of minced cartilage implantation as a single-stage therapeutic intervention in vivo.
Explaining patterns in the onset of interstate war
Authors: Schwarz Christopher
Published: June 2022

Over the past 30 years empirical international relations has discovered a number of conflict patterns which are variously considered to be competing, contradictory, or emanating from unique processes. I present a simplified and corrected selectorate model of war which unifies four such lines of research: the autocratic, democratic, and capitalist peaces with diversionary war. It is shown that domestic political competition, as understood within the selectorate approach, contains microfoundations for context conditional risk preference as a rationalist explanation for war. This novel mechanism, in turn, coherently explains the main findings from these various areas of enquiry. And so the discoveries of these four lines of enquiry can be understood not as apparently accidental or competing patterns but as aspects of the same mechanism operating under different empirical contexts.
Racial anthropology in Turkey and transnational entanglements in the making of scientific knowledge: Seniha Tunakan’s academic trajectory, 1930s–1970s
Authors: Maksudyan Nazan
Published: June 2022

This article situates the trajectory of the academic life of Seniha Tunakan (1908–2000) within the development of anthropology as a scientific discipline in Turkey and its transnational connections to Europe during the interwar period and up until the second half of the 20th century. Relying on the archives of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, the archive of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes in Germany, and the Prime Ministry's Republican Archives in Turkey, it focuses on the doctoral studies of Seniha Tunakan in Germany and her life as a female PhD researcher in the capital of the Third Reich, as well as her entire research career after her return to Turkey. Through Tunakan's career, the article also provides an analysis of the perpetuation of German race science in the Turkish context, shedding light upon the success of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics) and its transnational impact.
An experimental investigation on the influence of different surface curvatures in drilling machinability of carbon fiber reinforced plastic
Authors: Morkavuk Sezer , Köklü Uğur , Aslantaş Kubilay
Published: June 2022

Composites used in many fields today are produced by different methods and have different surface curvatures and geometries. Thus, these materials can exhibit different behaviors in terms of machinability characteristics as well as mechanical tests. Drilling operation is an inevitable process for assembly operations of many parts, and in some cases, concave/convex composite parts must also be drilled. In this study, drilling machinability of flat, convex, and concave curved carbon fiber reinforced plastics were investigated experimentally. The machinability was evaluated considering thrust force, delamination formation, and borehole damage analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the largest thrust force and damage occurs when drilling the flat surface, while the least ones occur when drilling the concave curved surface, in general. In addition, while the damage caused by drilling is severe on the flat surface, higher quality holes were obtained on the concave curved surface at the same cutting parameters.
Electro-osmotic peristaltic flow and heat transfer in an ionic viscoelastic fluid through a curved micro-channel with viscous dissipation
Authors: Khan Ambreen Afsar , Akram Kaenat , Zaman Akbar , Anwar Bég O , Bég Tasveer Anwar
Published: June 2022

Emerging systems in microfluidics are embracing bio-inspired designs in which boundaries are flexible and mimic peristaltic propulsion mechanisms encountered in nature. These devices utilize electro-kinetic body forces to manipulate very precisely ionic biofluids for a range of medical applications including. Motivated by exploring in more detail electro-hemorheological micro-pumping, in the current article, a mathematical model is developed for peristalsis propulsion of a viscoelastic biofluid in a curved microchannel with electro-osmotic effect and thermal transport under static axial electrical field and with viscous heating. The third grade Reiner-Rivlin model is deployed for blood rheology. The novelty of the current work is therefore the simultaneous consideration of electrokinetics, viscoelastic behavior with the third grade Reiner-Rivlin model and coupled flow and heat transport with viscous dissipation in peristaltic pumping in a curved micro-channel. A Poisson-Boltzmann formulation is adopted to simulate the charge number density associated with the electrical potential. Asymmetric zeta potential (25 mV) is prescribed and mobilizes an electric double layer (EDL). The governing conservation equations for mass, energy, momentum and electrical potential with associated boundary conditions are simplified using lubrication approximations and rendered dimensionless via appropriate scaling transformations. Analytical solutions are derived in the form of Bessel functions and numerical evaluations are conducted via the ND solver command in MATHEMATICA symbolic software. The simulations show that with stronger viscoelastic effect, boluses are eliminated and there is relaxation in streamlines in the core and peripheral regions of the micro-channel. Increasing Brinkman number (dissipation parameter) elevates temperatures. An increase in electrical double layer thickness initially produces a contraction in the upper bolus and an expansion (lateral) in the lower bolus in the micro-channel. With modification in zeta potential ratio parameter from positive to negative values, in the lower half of the micro-channel, axial flow deceleration is generated.
Indigenous psychology in Africa: Centrality of culture, misunderstandings, and global positioning
Authors: Oppong Seth
Published: June 2022

I present here an assessment of African Psychology (AP) to give insights about how it has been conceptualised and practised thus far as well as what its future holds. I begin with a focus on the centrality of culture and how AP treats the concept of culture. I will then attempt to respond to some concerns often raised by Africa-based psychologists who do not operate in and from a multiracial space about the relevance and legitimacy of AP. Theoretically, multiracial space is conceptualised not to mean the mere presence of people from diverse races in a particular space but also to the uneven distribution of power in spaces such as a country, state, university, or any community of people. Further, I attempt to argue for positioning of AP to contribute to global psychology. I will discuss implications for theory development, practice, curriculum design, and pedagogical practices as well.
New evidence supports the continuous development of rice cultivation and early formation of mixed farming in the Middle Han River Valley, China
Authors: Huan Xiujia , Deng Zhenhua , Xiang Jinhui , Lu Houyuan
Published: June 2022

Located in the transitional region between northern and southern China, the middle Han River valley is of pivotal significance for current debates on rice domestication and the formation of mixed farming in early China. Based on phytoliths and macro-plant remains from 10 sites, along with radiocarbon dating, this study has narrowed the 2000-year gap in early rice utilization by 700 years in the middle Han River valley, and demonstrated the continuous development of rice agriculture in this region. This new evidence also reveals that as early as 7000 cal. BP, mixed farming emerged in this region and facilitated the further southward dispersal of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet into southern China and beyond. In addition, a sample-by-sample comparison of our results with phytoliths and macro-plant remains highlighted the potential biases inherent in these methods. This work emphasized the importance of multi-index archaeobotanical analysis to reconstruct ancient crop assemblages.
Research output and visibility of librarians: Are social media influencers or distractors?
Authors: Adetayo Adebowale Jeremy
Published: June 2022

The study examined the influence of social media use on research output and visibility of librarians in university libraries in southwestern, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research approach was utilised in the study. The population consisted of 363 librarians from all of southwestern Nigeria’s university libraries. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that librarians produce a high level of research output but their research visibility is low. The use of social media significantly positively influenced the research output and visibility of librarians. The study concluded that the use of social media can improve librarians’ research output and visibility, and thus recommends that more effort be made to expand the use of social media such as Yahoo, ResearchGate, Zotero, ORCID and LinkedIn, as well as greater awareness of social bookmarking tools such as Bibsonomy.
Risk difference tests for stratified binary data under Dallal’s model
Authors: Sun Shuman , Li Zhiming , Ai Mingyao , Jiang Haijun
Published: June 2022

In medical studies, the binary data is often encountered when the paired organs or body parts receive treatment. However, the same treatment may lead to different therapeutic effects based on the stratified factors or confounding effects. Under Dallal’s model, the paper proposes the homogeneity test of risk difference to determine the necessity of stratified treatment. When the stratification is not necessary, common test is introduced to investigate if the risk difference is equal to a fixed constant between two groups. Several statistical tests are derived to analyze homogeneity and common hypotheses, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations show that the score tests behave well in both of hypotheses. Wald-type and Rosner’s statistics are always liberal but have higher empirical powers. Especially, the likelihood ratio statistic is better for the homogeneity test in the case of smaller data with larger strata. Two real examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in ankle instability and otolaryngology studies.
Analysis of survival data with cure fraction and variable selection: A pseudo-observations approach
Authors: Su Chien-Lin , Chiou Sy Han , Lin Feng-Chang , Platt Robert W
Published: June 2022

In biomedical studies, survival data with a cure fraction (the proportion of subjects cured of disease) are commonly encountered. The mixture cure and bounded cumulative hazard models are two main types of cure fraction models when analyzing survival data with long-term survivors. In this article, in the framework of the Cox proportional hazards mixture cure model and bounded cumulative hazard model, we propose several estimators utilizing pseudo-observations to assess the effects of covariates on the cure rate and the risk of having the event of interest for survival data with a cure fraction. A variable selection procedure is also presented based on the pseudo-observations using penalized generalized estimating equations for proportional hazards mixture cure and bounded cumulative hazard models. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to examine the proposed methods. The proposed technique is demonstrated through applications to a melanoma study and a dental data set with high-dimensional covariates.
Dr Agnes Savill: Pioneer, polymath and dermatology's renaissance woman
Authors: Creamer Daniel
Published: June 2022

Dr Agnes Savill was the UK's first female consultant dermatologist with a career journey which was, by any standards, extraordinary. She was awarded her MA in 1893 making her the first female graduate from St Andrews University. She then trained as a doctor in Glasgow in the earliest cohort of women granted the opportunity to study medicine. Following qualification, and during her early professional years, she maintained an involvement in the women's suffrage movement by publicly indicting the government for its brutal treatment of women suffrage prisoners in the ‘Votes for Women’ campaign. During World War 1 Dr Agnes Savill was one of a handful of women doctors who served at the Scottish Women's Hospital, a combat hospital in France. Dr Savill worked as the radiologist for the unit and developed expertise in the radiographic appearances of gas gangrene. After the war she returned to her dermatology practice, becoming the UK's leading expert in disorders of the hair and scalp and publishing widely on the subject. However, Agnes Savill had interests which extended into the humanities, particularly music. She was advocate for the use of music as treatment for psychological and physical disorders and wrote a book on this subject which helped promote music therapy as a para-clinical discipline. In her latter years she became fascinated by the history of classical antiquity and, at the age of 79, published a biography of Alexander the Great, an account praised for being both lucid and authoritative. Agnes Savill was a remarkable pioneering doctor: she was a ground-breaking dermatologist, she fought for women's rights and served in France as a combat doctor. Her work in music therapy and her writings on ancient history brought acclaim beyond the realm of medicine. Dr Agnes Savill is Dermatology's Renaissance Woman.
Factors affecting the formation of nurses’ moral sensitivity in cardiopulmonary resuscitation settings: A qualitative study
Authors: Mohammadi Farshad , Habibzadeh Hossein , Aghakhani Nader
Published: June 2022

Background: Certain factors may facilitate or inhibit the formation of moral sensitivity in nurses performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The identification of these factors in the context can help develop strategies to promote nurses’ moral sensitivity and offer new insights into the consequences of their moral decisions.

Objective: Taking into account the possibly multi-factorial nature of moral sensitivity, this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the formation of nurses’ moral sensitivity in CPR settings.

Research design and methods: This study performed a conventional qualitative content analysis. Twenty-one participants were selected via purposive and theoretical sampling. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and simultaneously analyzed via content analysis.

Participants and research context: In total, twenty-one participants (fourteen clinical care nurses, three head nurses, two educational supervisors, and two faculty members) from different cities of Iran were interviewed.

Ethical considerations: The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in Iran (IR.UMSU.REC.1399.337).

Findings: Four categories (underlying factors, professional factors, organizational inhibitors of ethics, and professional limitations) and 13 sub-categories were extracted.

Discussion: The formation of moral sensitivity requires a range of ethical standards and their maintenance, not only at the individual level but also at the profession, organization, and community levels. So eliminating inhibitors of ethics in these contexts can improve nurse’s ethical performance in CPR settings.

Conclusion: Any measures taken or decisions made by nurses in CPR are driven by numerous ethical issues to which nurses must be morally sensitive. Some factors facilitate and some inhibit the formation of moral sensitivity in nurses.
Paradoxes, nurses’ roles and Medical Assistance in Dying: A grounded theory
Authors: Hébert Maude , Asri Myriam
Published: June 2022

Background

In June 2016, the Parliament of Canada passed federal legislation allowing eligible adults to request Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID). Since its implementation, there likely exists a degree of hesitancy among some healthcare providers due to the law being inconsistent with personal beliefs and values. It is imperative to explore how nurses in Quebec experience the shift from accompanying palliative clients through “a natural death” to participating in “a premeditated death.”

Research question/aim/objectives

This study aims to explore how Quebec nurses personally and professionally face the new practice of MAID and their role evolution.

Research design

A grounded theory design was used.

Participants and research context

We recruited 37 nurses who participated in or coordinated at least one MAID. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted and audiotaped. Data collection and analysis followed Strauss and Corbin steps.

Ethical considerations

Ethics approval was received from the investigator’s affiliated University. Participants were informed regarding the research goal, signed a written consent, and were assigned pseudonyms.

Findings/results

Results show that nurses experienced the wide range of paradoxe during MAID centering around the following eight elements: 1) confrontation abouth death, 2) choice, 3) time of death, 4) emotional load, 5) new Bill, 6) relationship with the person, 7) communication skills, and 8) healthcare setting. The shifting of views and values in this new role is presented by the contradiction of opposites.

Conclusions

A better understanding of the paradox experienced by nurses involved with MAID paves the way for the development of interventions.
Does the Rigid External Distraction Device Alter Maxillary Pitch in Cleft Maxillary Distraction?
Authors: Mathews Alexander T. , Dammling Chad W. , Waite Peter D. , Kinard Brian E.
Published: June 2022

The rigid external distraction (RED) device is reported to have the ability to three-dimensionally reposition the maxilla. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of RED to intentionally alter the maxillary pitch.

Retrospective cohort study.

Institutional practice.

A retrospective chart review was completed over the past 12 years and a total of 50 patients met the inclusion criteria.

Cephalometric changes and alteration in palatal plane angle.

Cephalometric analysis of standardized landmarks was completed on calibrated, standardized lateral cephalograms. Pre-distraction and post-consolidation variables were compared via a two-tailed paired t-test.

The mean age at surgery of 12.2 ± 3.2 years. Through distraction osteogenesis (DO), the maxilla was moved anteriorly with a mean distraction distance of 8.4 ± 4.8 mm. The mean change in the angles sella-nasion-A-point angle (SNA), sella-nasion-B-point angle (SNB), and A-point-nasion-B-point angle (ANB) were 10.2 ± 4.8, 0.9 ± 2.7, and 9.3 ± 4.1, respectively. The mean change in the palatal plane angle was −4.4 ± 3.7. The mean change in the vertical position of the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and posterior nasal spine (PNS) in relation to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) were −2.0 ± 4.1 mm and 1.7 ± 3.8 mm, respectively.

This study documents short-term findings of RED in a large cleft lip and palate (CLP) population. Despite positioning of distraction eyelets superior to the theoretical center of resistance, a counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the palatal plane occurred. This suggests that adjunctive methods of vector control should be considered if clockwise (CW) rotation of the palatal plane is intended with the RED device.
Clinical Significance of Dual-Block Elastic Stain Evaluating Visceral Pleural Invasion in Peripheral Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Shaoling , Huang Yan , Zhang Lingping , Dong Zhengwei , Wu Wei , Zhang Wei , Wu Chunyan , Hou Likun
Published: June 2022

Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) is a critical component in the staging of peripheral non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We aim to investigate whether dual-block elastic stain increases visceral pleural invasion positivity compared with single-block elastic stain. We further analyze the potential predictors of visceral pleural invasion. 8419 peripheral NSCLC patients (including 6008 patients with tumor size≤3 cm in stage I) were divided into a cohort using one paraffin block (single-block group, n = 5184) and a cohort using dual paraffin blocks (dual-block group, n = 3235) for elastic stain. The VPI-positive rate demonstrated by the dual-block elastic stains group was significantly higher than that of the single-block elastic stain group (17.7% (573/3235) versus 9.1% (474/5184), respectively, P < .001). The presence of visceral pleural invasion in T1 (≤3 cm) patients detected by single- and dual-block elastic stain was 6.3% (235/3730) and 12.0% (273/2278), respectively ( P < .001). 5.7% of T1 patients (stage IA) were additionally upstaged to T2a (stage IB) by dual-block elastic stain. However, the incidence of visceral pleural invasion in pT2a patients showed no significant difference between the single-block group and the dual-block group (16.8% vs. 17.1%, P = .916). Lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, dedifferentiated carcinomas, the presence of spread through airspaces (STAS) and a poorly differentiated adenocarcinomatous growth pattern could be significant predictors of visceral pleural invasion ( P < .001). Our results indicate that using dual-block elastic stain identifies more visceral pleural invasion positive T1 NSCLC patients who are upstaged to T2a, and who could benefit from optimal management post-operatively. The application of dual-block elastic stain is an efficient and practical method to detect visceral pleural invasion status.
“A Whiter Shade of Pale”: Whiteness, Female Beauty Standards, and Ethical Engagement Across Three Cultures
Authors: Mady Sarah , Biswas Dibyangana , Dadzie Charlene A. , Hill Ronald Paul , Paul Rehana
Published: June 2022

Skin color affects women’s self-image, a fact that has long been a consequence of racial discrimination and dominance as well as the prevalence of light-skinned models in modern advertisements and other forms of communication. Although not all women aspire to greater whiteness of complexion, this standard has influenced many countries that were once dominated by white invaders. As multiculturalism infuses developed and developing nations, however, these standards may be shifting away from generic and hegemonic visions toward more realistic and varied standards, requiring international marketers to be proactive rather than reactive in their customer engagement practices under the ethical frame of “perfectionism.” To examine this perspective, the authors completed a cross-national qualitative study (in-depth interviews) in India, Egypt, and Ghana, where lightness of skin tone has been a culturally imposed prerequisite for women to be considered (and consider themselves) beautiful. Using customer engagement literature and the ethical perfectionism framework, this study investigates women in these countries who embrace or reject this standard, further contextualizing customer engagement research across international markets. Implications are offered as a way to advance multinational corporations’ development of customer engagement along a mutually beneficial path.
Evaluation of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity in Rabbits for MB-102, a Fluorescent Tracer Agent Designed for Real-Time Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Bugaj Joseph E. , Dorshow Richard B.
Published: June 2022

The fluorescent tracer, MB-102, has been designed for the direct, real-time measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo (rats, rabbits and dogs), were conducted to assess potential toxicity including single dose toxicity, mutation assay, chromosomal aberration assay, phototoxicity, local tolerance study, micronuclease assay, hERG channel changes, CNS and cardiovascular safety. The results of these studies led to a safety/toxicology profile for this agent deemed sufficient by the FDA to conduct Phase I and Phase II human clinical studies. In this paper we report on maternal toxicity and the potential effects on embryo-fetal development and the toxicokinetics of MB-102 administered daily via intravenous (bolus) injection into pregnant rabbits during the period of organogenesis gestation day 7-19. Assessment of toxicity was based on mortality, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, reproductive performance and necropsy and cesarean section findings. Blood samples were collected for toxicokinetic evaluation. No test article findings were noted in any of these studies. The only clinical findings observed were the discoloration of skin, eyes or pelage in the 2 higher dose groups, which were considered related to the color and fluorescent properties of MB-102 and were deemed non-adverse. Exposure, as assessed by Cmax and AUC(0-6) increased in a dose dependent manner from 4.5 to 113 mg/kg/day. No accumulation of the test article was noted after multiple doses were administered. Thus, intravenous administration of MB-102 was not associated with any adverse developmental or reproductive toxicities in pregnant rabbits.
A Qualitative Study of Factors Influencing Unsafe Work Behaviors Among Environmental Service Workers: Perspectives of Workers, and Safety Managers: The Case of Government Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tamene Aiggan , Habte Aklilu , Endale Fitsum , Gizachew Addisalem
Published: June 2022

Background:

Environmental Service (EVS) is a term that refers to cleaning in healthcare facilities. EVS personnel are exposed to a variety of hazards, including physical, chemical, ergonomic, cognitive, and biological hazards that contribute to the development of diseases and disabilities. Recognizing the conditions that promote unsafe behavior is the first step in reducing such hazards. The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate the attitudes and perceptions of safety among employees and safety managers in Addis Ababa hospitals, and (b) figure out what factors inhibit healthy work behaviors.

Methods:

The data for this study was gathered using 2 qualitative data gathering methods: key informant interviews and individual in-depth interviews. About 25 personnel from 3 Coronavirus treatment hospitals were interviewed to understand more about the factors that make safe behavior challenging. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then translated into English. Open Code 4.02 was used for thematic analysis.

Results:

Poor safety management and supervision, a hazardous working environment, and employee perceptions, skills, and training levels were all identified as key factors in the preponderance of unsafe work behaviors among environmental service workers.

Conclusions:

Different types of personal and environmental factors were reported to affect safe work behavior among environmental service personnel. Individual responsibility is vital in reducing or eliminating these risk factors for unsafe behaviors, but management’s involvement in providing resources for safe work behavior is critical.
Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in MS patients on disease-modifying therapies
Authors: Schiavetti Irene , Cordioli Cinzia , Stromillo Maria Laura , Teresa Ferrò Maria , Laroni Alice , Cocco Eleonora , Cola Gaia , Pasquali Livia , Rilla Maria Teresa , Signoriello Elisabetta , Iodice Rosa , Di Sapio Alessia , Lanzillo Roberta , Caleri Francesca , Annovazzi Pietro , Conte Antonella , Liberatore Giuseppe , Ruscica Francesca , Docimo Renato , Bonavita Simona , Ulivelli Monica , Cavalla Paola , Patti Francesco , Ferraro Diana , Clerico Marinella , Immovilli Paolo , Di Filippo Massimiliano , Salvetti Marco , Sormani Maria Pia
Published: June 2022

Background:

Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) treated with anti-CD20 or fingolimod showed a reduced humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Objective:

In this study we aimed to monitor the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in pwMS on different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).

Methods:

Data on the number of vaccinated patients and the number of patients with a breakthrough infection were retrospectively collected in 27 Italian MS centers. We estimated the rate of breakthrough infections and of infection requiring hospitalization per DMT.

Results:

19,641 vaccinated pwMS were included in the database. After a median follow-up of 8 months, we observed 137 breakthrough infections. Compared with other DMTs, the rate of breakthrough infections was significantly higher on ocrelizumab (0.57% vs 2.00%, risk ratio (RR) = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.74–4.58, p < 0.001) and fingolimod (0.58% vs 1.62%, RR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.75–4.00, p < 0.001), while there were no significant differences in any other DMT group. In the ocrelizumab group the hospitalization rate was 16.7% versus 19.4% in the pre-vaccination era (RR = 0.86, p = 0.74) and it was 3.9% in all the other DMT groups versus 11.9% in the pre-vaccination period (RR = 0.33, p = 0.02).

Conclusions:

The risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections is higher in patients treated with ocrelizumab and fingolimod, and the rate of severe infections was significantly reduced in all the DMTs excluding ocrelizumab.
The homeless mind in a mobile world: An autoethnographic approach on cognitive immobility in international migration
Authors: Olumba Ezenwa E.
Published: June 2022

The migration phenomenon, in which the mind travels ahead of the body, especially among would-be travellers, has received scholarly attention within migration studies. Research in this area has not unpacked the cognitive migration experiences of those who have already moved. This autoethnographic article explores the feelings, thoughts and experiences of an individual living abroad in the United Kingdom but cognitively imprisoned at his ancestral home in Igbo land. It draws on the concept of cognitive migration and the author’s own experiences and feelings to introduce and explain the phenomenon of cognitive immobility, which exemplifies the dialectical conflict between the aspirations of longing for and emotions of belonging to a place against a simultaneous desire to remain distant from it. This article advocates the recognition of this cognitive experience of being trapped in place while mobilised in-person elsewhere in migration studies, providing a lens to view such experiences that have erstwhile received inadequate attention. This article contributes to the growing body of knowledge in relation to cognitive migration processes and experiences of those contemplating or participating in human mobility.
Peer-to-peer accommodation prices: City listing concentration and host listing share
Authors: Bárcena-Martín Elena , Benítez-Aurioles Beatriz , Pérez-Moreno Salvador
Published: June 2022

This article examines the relationship of city listing concentration and host listing share with prices in the peer-to-peer accommodation market. To this end, a multilevel analysis is applied to data from 216,960 Airbnb listings in 45 cities. The results reveal that while city-level concentration does not significantly affect prices, the listing share of each supplier does have a significant effect. This highlights that host listing shares can explain the ability of agents to influence the price of their accommodations even in relatively competitive markets such as peer-to-peer accommodation. Our findings have theoretical implications relating to the idiosyncratic aspects that affect business pricing, as well as practical implications in the private sphere for the rest of the hospitality and tourism industry, and for public policy in terms of regulations.
Developing groups in a paediatric psychology service: Centring the voices of children and young people
Authors: Salvo Tania , Huckridge Jaymie , Daniilidi Xeni , Kambakara Gedara Chandrika , Valentino Charlotte
Published: June 2022

There is growing evidence for the benefits of therapeutic groups for children and young people living with chronic health conditions. As a paediatric health service, we regularly run 12 different groups, most of which are informed by a Narrative Therapy approach, with new groups routinely created to respond to the changing needs of children and young people. In this paper, we describe how we have stayed connected to our vision and values in developing and delivering group interventions, sharing our process which integrates different methods of participation and involvement to ensure young people’s voices are centred. We use three of our recently introduced groups to illustrate these ideas.
People of Color are People of Action: Asian American Participation in Own-Group and African American-Oriented Collective Action
Authors: Kim Adam Y. , Lee Richard M.
Published: June 2022

Racially marginalized communities are socially and politically active, yet there is limited work that examines the psychological forces underlying how People of Color engage in cross-racial solidarity and collective action. We propose a model of politicized racial identity and collective action to Asian American participation in own-group collective action and African American collective action. In Study 1, we tested the model using correlational data. In Study 2, we used an experiment to explore whether politicized identities predict collective action. Results support the relation between politicized identities and collective action. Politicized Person of Color identity predicted Asian American engagement in both own-group-oriented collective action (Study 2) and African American-oriented (Study 1, Study 2) collective action. Further, politicized Asian American identity predicted Asian American engagement in own-group collective action (Study 1). These findings provide empirical evidence for the role of politicized identities in predicting collective action, including cross-racial solidarity with African Americans.
Exploring the possibility of using CO2 as a proxy for exhaled particles to predict the risk of indoor exposure to pathogens
Authors: Zhang Dadi , Bluyssen Philomena M
Published: June 2022

Airborne transmission has been confirmed as one of three principal ways of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 indoors, understanding the distribution of respiratory droplets (or aerosols) present in human breath seems therefore important. To study whether the CO2 concentration can be used as a proxy for the number of exhaled particles present in an occupied space, the distribution of particles with different diameters (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 μm) and CO2 concentrations were monitored in a classroom setting with six healthy subjects. Additionally, numbers of particles with the same sizes were measured in the breath of the same six healthy subjects separately. Results showed that (1) on the contrary to CO2, the main source of indoor particles came from outdoor air, and not from occupants; (2) the impacts of ventilation regimes on indoor particle numbers were different to the impacts on CO2 concentrations; and (3) almost no significant relationship between the number of indoor particles and CO2 concentration was observed. Based on these results, this study could therefore not conclude that the CO2 concentration in a classroom can be used as a proxy for the number of exhaled particles by the occupants.
Are migrant-owned firms different from native-owned ones?
Authors: Arrighetti Alessandro , Foresti Giovanni , Fumagalli Serena , Lasagni Andrea
Published: June 2022

In most of the literature, immigrant-owned firms are perceived as being “different” from those owned by natives. Some recent evidence suggests that this distinction is not always clear-cut. This paper aims to analyze the similarities and differences between immigrant-owned SMEs and native-owned firms by comparing the economic, financial, and organizational variables at the firm level. The research is based on a large database of partnerships and private limited companies (micro and very small enterprises are excluded). A matched-pair analysis was performed to assess the presence of significant differences between entrepreneurial ventures owned by immigrants and those owned by natives. This approach makes it possible to obtain a suitable sample for a “controlled” comparison between the firms in our sample. Unlike the previous results obtained for firm size, industry, and geography, we found that proxy values for efficiency, capital intensity, and profitability for immigrant-owned SMEs are not significantly different (or lower) from those owned by natives. Migrant ventures have demonstrated the ability to leverage bridging skills to enter foreign markets. In addition, more advanced migrant companies have narrowed the gap with native firms and show similar characteristics in terms of financial structure and performance.
Tearing asunder the pretty fancies of capitalism: Reflections on Marx and empire
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues for a recognition of the nuanced complexity of Marx’s account of empire. In particular, I argue, that account came to be characterised by: (i) a recognition of the historical centrality of anticolonial resistance; (ii) a provincialisation of his own assessment of capitalism’s development in Western Europe; (iii) an understanding of imperialism as a historically regressive force. In seeking to understand the history of European imperialism as a constitutive feature of the modern world we need recourse to a theory of capitalism. In that respect, as generations of writers from the colonised world have demonstrated, Marx’s analysis remains powerfully salient.