bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendersensitives Depressionsscreening (GSDS) – Befunde zur weiteren Validierung eines neuen Selbstbeurteilungsinstruments
Authors: Möller-Leimkühler Anne Maria , Jackl Anja , Weissbach Lothar
Published: December 2021

Ziel der Studie Überprüfung der primären Validierungsbefunde des Gendersensitiven Depressionsscreenings (GSDS-33) an 2 Stichproben ambulanter nichtpsychiatrischer Patienten.

Methodik Die psychometrische Validierung des GSDS-33 wurde an einer gemischtgeschlechtlichen Stichprobe nichtpsychiatrischer Patienten aus verschiedenen Ambulanzen des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (n = 958) und einer männlichen nicht psychiatrischen Stichprobe des Männergesundheitszentrums Berlin (n = 237) durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Die Befunde der ersten Validierungsstudie (Möller-Leimkühler, Mühleck 2020) werden weitgehend bestätigt. Die Daten verweisen erneut auf Aggressivität und emotionale Kontrolle als wichtige Komponenten eines erhöhten Depressionsrisikos. Im Vergleich zu einem Standardinstrument konnten ebenfalls mehr Risikofälle bei Männern identifiziert werden (8 % und 18 %).

Schlussfolgerung Das GSDS-25 stellt ein mehrdimensionales, valides und zuverlässiges Instrument für ein gendersensitives Depressionsscreening dar.
Die Praxis der medikamentösen Alkoholentwöhnung in der Psychiatrie der DDR – Die Methoden der Aversions- und Disulfirambehandlung
Authors: Pontzen Nadja , Schomerus Georg , Steinberg Holger
Published: December 2021

Anliegen Die zur Alkoholentwöhnung in der DDR angewandte Aversions- und Disulfirambehandlung werden nach Wirkweise, Anwendung und Heilerfolgen beschrieben.

Methode In dieser Literaturarbeit wurden in der DDR publizierte Arbeiten eruiert, analysiert und kontextualisiert.

Ergebnisse Während die Aversionstherapie über die Ausbildung eines bedingten Reflexes einen Widerwillen gegenüber Alkohol erzeugte, wirkt Disulfiram alkoholsensibilisierend. In der Praxis wurde die Aversionstherapie während der 1970er-Jahre weitestgehend vom Disulfiram abgelöst, wobei es für die Anwendung keine Leitlinie gab. Die Disulfiramtherapie konnte sich als medikamentöses Adjuvans bewähren, wurde jedoch sukzessive von psycho- und soziotherapeutischen Ansätzen marginalisiert.

Schlussfolgerung Die Aversions- und Disulfiramtherapie stellen die zentralen medikamentösen Verfahren für die Behandlung von Menschen mit Alkoholproblemen in der DDR dar, wurden uneinheitlich angewandt und ergänzten ein komplexes Therapieregime.
Berührungsmedizin – ein komplementärer therapeutischer Ansatz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Depressionsbehandlung
Authors: Müller-Oerlinghausen Bruno , Eggart Michael , Norholt Henrik , Gerlach Michael , Kiebgis Gabriele Mariell , Arnold Michaela Maria , Moberg Kerstin Uvnäs
Published: December 2021

Haut-zu-Haut-Berührung stellt die ursprünglichste Sinneserfahrung von Mensch und Tier dar. Ein Mangel an Berührung in der Kindheit ist mit negativen Folgen für die psychosoziale und körperliche Gesundheit verbunden. Für die Entdeckung von Rezeptoren für Temperatur und Berührung im Körper wurde 2021 der Medizin-Nobelpreis verliehen. Klinische Studien belegen den Nutzen von professionellen Berührungstechniken zur Prävention und Therapie verschiedener Erkrankungen. Der breiten Anwendung einer professionellen Berührungstherapie gilt jedoch bis heute nur ein geringes klinisches Interesse. Wir schlagen eine neue Fachdisziplin der „Berührungsmedizin“ vor und spannen nachstehend einen Bogen zwischen den Erkenntnissen moderner Berührungsforschung und der klinischen Medizin. Exemplarisch steht dabei die Behandlung der primär als Leibkrankheit konzipierten Depression im Vordergrund. Kontrollierte Studien und systematische Übersichten belegen die antidepressive, anxiolytische sowie analgetische Wirksamkeit spezieller Massagetechniken in dieser Indikation. Auch für die Neonatologie, Pädiatrie, Schmerzmedizin, Onkologie und Geriatrie konnte die Wirksamkeit heilsamer Berührung gezeigt werden. Die jeweiligen Wirkmechanismen werden auf verschiedenen Konstrukt-Ebenen diskutiert. Im Vordergrund des internationalen Forschungsinteresses stehen derzeit das Interozeptionskonzept, zum anderen endokrinologische, z. B. oxytocinerge Effekte und die Aktivierung sog. CT-Afferenzen.
Entwicklung einer Intervention zur Unterstützung von
stationär-psychiatrisch behandelten Patienten bei der Rückkehr
an den Arbeitsplatz im Rahmen der RETURN-Studie
Authors: Brucks Adele , Blank Daniela , Kohl Monika , Riedl Lina , Lang Anne , Brieger Peter , Hamann Johannes
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund Psychische Erkrankungen sind inzwischen die zweithäufigste
Ursache für Krankschreibungen und die häufigste Ursache
für krankheitsbedingte Verrentungen. Um Jobverluste zu vermeiden
sind besondere Interventionen zur Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz
erforderlich. Ein erfolgreicher Rückkehrprozess kann eine erneute
Krankschreibung sowie Erwerbsunfähigkeit verhindern. Zudem kann eine
gelingende Rückkehr in den Berufsalltag positiv auf den
Genesungsprozess zurückwirken. Internationale Erfahrungen zeigen,
dass Return-to-Work-Programme eine wirksame Handlungsoption sind, um
Patienten nach längerer Erkrankung nachhaltig wieder ins
Arbeitsleben zurückzuführen. Return-to-Work-Programme bilden
hinreichende Unterstützungsangebote, um mangelnde Ressourcen
(z. B. fehlende Wertschätzung) und Belastungen
(z. B. zu hohes Arbeitsvolumen) zu bewältigen.

Methode Für die Studie RETURN wurde ein Return-to-Work Konzept
für stationär-psychiatrisch behandelte Patienten entwickelt.

Ergebnisse Die Intervention besteht aus dem Einsatz von Return-to-Work-
Experten, die auf Basis eines Handbuches arbeiten. In klar definierten
Modulen werden mit den Patienten während des stationären
Aufenthaltes u. a. sozialrechtliche Grundlagen und Einzelheiten des
Rückkehrprozesses besprochen sowie schwierige Situationen
(z. B. Umgang mit der Offenlegung der Diagnose,
Rückkehrgespräch) vorbereitet. Nach Entlassung erfolgt die
Weiterbetreuung v. a. im Hinblick auf Erfahrungen am ersten
Arbeitstag, Begleitung zu Gesprächen des BEM (Betriebliches
Eingliederungsmanagement) und Unterstützung bei etwaigen
Schwierigkeiten.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse der noch laufenden Studie werden zeigen, ob
der gewählte methodische Ansatz zu einer Verbesserung der
Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz führt.
Correction of the Nasal Ala
Authors: Locketz Garrett D. , Franco Alexa , Miller Philip J.
Published: December 2021

The alar–columellar relationship is an important concept for the rhinoplasty surgeon to master. The alar rim in particular is a critical component of the nasal tip, contributing to both overall symmetry and proportion of the nasal base. The retracted ala creates a displeasing aesthetic to the tip complex, distorts the nostril openings, and may have functional implications of the external nasal valve. While alar retraction can occur naturally or as the result of trauma, the majority of cases are post-surgical in nature. Many techniques have been described for correction of alar retraction, most of which require open rhinoplasty and many fail to add the soft tissue within the vestibule necessary to properly lower the alar margin. Herein, we present our experience with the auricular chondrocutaneous composite graft—a simple, reliable, and effective technique to correct moderate to severe alar retraction via either open or endonasal rhinoplasty.
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Patients Victims of Traumatic Brain Injury: Literature Review
Authors: Kalkmann Gabriela Ferreira , Crestani Letícia Novak , Santos Letícia Adrielle dos , Pereira Carlos Umberto
Published: December 2021

The present literature review aims to present the physiology of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) as well as its clinical course, conceptualizing them, and establishing its diagnosis and treatment. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is a rare syndrome, which often presents after an acute traumatic brain injury. Characterized by a hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, when diagnosed in its pure form, its symptomatologic presentation is through tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, hypertension, dystonia, and sialorrhea. The treatment of PSH is basically pharmacological, using central nervous system suppressors; however, the nonmedication approach is closely associated with a reduction in external stimuli, such as visual and auditory stimuli. Mismanagement can lead to the development of serious cardiovascular and diencephalic complications, and the need for neurosurgeons and neurointensivists to know about PSH is evident in order to provide a fast and accurate treatment of this syndrome.
Surface Treatment Effect on Shear Bond Strength between Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic and Resin Cement
Authors: Simasetha Siripan , Klaisiri Awiruth , Sriamporn Tool , Sappayatosok Kraisorn , Thamrongananskul Niyom
Published: December 2021

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDGC) and resin cement (RC) using different surface treatments.

Materials and Methods LDGC blocks (Vintage LD Press) were prepared, etched with 4.5% hydrofluoric acid, and randomly divided into seven groups (n = 10), depending on the surface treatments. The groups were divided as follows: 1) no surface treatment (control), 2) Silane Primer (KS), 3) Signum Ceramic Bond I (SGI), 4) Signum Ceramic Bond I/Signum Ceramic Bond II (SGI/SGII), 5) experimental silane (EXP), 6) experimental silane/Signum Ceramic Bond II (EXP/SGII), and 7) experimental silane/Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose Adhesive (EXP/ADP). The specimens were cemented to resin composite blocks with resin cement and stored in water at 37 °C for 24 hours. The specimens underwent 5,000 thermal cycles and were subjected to the SBS test. Mode of failure was evaluated under the stereo microscope.

Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed with Welch ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc tests (α = 0.05).

Results The highest mean SBS showed in group EXP/ADP (45.49 ± 3.37 MPa); however, this was not significantly different from group EXP/SGII (41.38 ± 2.17 MPa) (p ≥ 0.05). The lowest SBS was shown in the control group (18.36 ± 0.69 MPa). This was not significantly different from group KS (20.17 ± 1.10 MPa) (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions The different surface treatments significantly affected the SBS value between LDGC and RC. The application of pure silane coupling agent with or without the application of an adhesive improved the SBS value and bond quality.
Preoperative Endovascular Embolization of Glomus Jugulare Tumors: A Retrospective Case Series of 22 Embolizations in 20 Patients and Literature Review
Authors: Pedro Matheus Kahakura Franco , Leal André Giacomelli , Ramina Ricardo , Meneses Murilo Sousa de
Published: December 2021

Objective Glomus jugulare tumors, or tympanojugular paragangliomas, are rare, highly vascularized skull base tumors originated from paraganglion cells of the neural crest. With nonabsorbable embolic agents, embolization combined with surgery has become the norm. The authors assess the profile and outcomes of patients submitted to preoperative embolization in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital.

Methods The present study is a single-center, retrospective analysis; between January 2008 and December 2019, 22 embolizations were performed in 20 patients in a preoperative character, and their medical records were analyzed for the present case series.

Results Hearing loss was the most common symptom, present in 50% of the patients, while 40% had tinnitus, 30% had dysphagia, 25% had facial paralysis, 20% had hoarseness, and 10% had diplopia. In 7 out of 22 embolization procedures (31%) more than a single embolic agent was used; Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) was used in 18 procedures (81%), in 12 of which as the single agent, followed by Embosphere (Merit Medical, South Jordan, UT, USA) (31%), Onyx (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) (9%), and polyvynil alcohol (PVA) and Bead Block (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) in 4,5% each. The most common vessel involved was the ascending pharyngeal artery, involved in 90% of the patients, followed by the posterior auricular artery in 15%, the internal maxillary artery or the occipital artery in 10% each, and the superficial temporal or the lingual arteries, with 6% each. Only one patient had involvement of the internal carotid artery. No complications from embolization were recorded.

Conclusions Preoperative embolization of glomus tumors is safe and reduces surgical time and complications, due to the decrease in size and bleeding.
A Comparative Analysis of Immediate and Delayed-immediate Breast Reconstruction after Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy
Authors: Christopher Adrienne N. , Morris Martin P. , Broach Robyn B. , Serletti Joseph M.
Published: December 2021

Background Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is an important component in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer. Optimal timing of therapy in relation to autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) remains clinically debated. Herein, we comparatively analyze short- and long-term outcomes between immediate ABR (I-ABR) and delayed-immediate ABR (DI-ABR) in the setting of PMRT.

Methods Adult patients undergoing ABR with PMRT were separated into cohorts based on reconstructive timeline: I-ABR or DI-ABR. The groups were propensity matched 1:1 by age, body mass index, and comorbidities. Surgical site events and long-term clinical outcomes (readmissions, reoperations, and revision procedures) were collected. Univariate analyses were completed using Pearson's chi-squared tests and Fisher's exact tests, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results One hundred and thirty-two flaps (66 in each cohort) were identified for inclusion. Patients with I-ABR were more likely to experience fat necrosis (p = 0.034) and skin necrosis (p < 0.001), require additional office visits (p < 0.001) and outpatient surgeries (p = 0.015) to manage complications, and undergo revision surgery after reconstruction (p < 0.001). DI-ABR patients, however, had a 42.4% incidence of complications following tissue expander placement prior to reconstruction, with 16.7% of patients requiring reoperation during this time. Only one patient (I-ABR) experienced flap loss due to a vascular complication.

Conclusion The complications encountered in both of these groups were not prohibitive to offering either treatment. Patients should be made aware of the specific and unique risks of these reconstruction timelines and involved throughout the entire decision-making process. Plastic surgeons should continue to strive to elucidate innovative approaches that facilitate enhanced quality of life without compromising oncologic therapy.
Recent Advances in Ultrasound Technology: Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasound for Reconstructive Supermicrosurgery
Authors: Hayashi Akitatsu , Visconti Giuseppe , Giacalone Guido , Hayashi Nobuko , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko
Published: December 2021

Background Currently, microsurgeons are in the era of supermicrosurgery and perforator flap reconstruction. As these reconstructions frequently utilize vessels that are smaller than a single millimeter, understanding of location of lymphatic vessels and perforator anatomy preoperatively is essential. To change with the times, the role of ultrasound has changed from just an adjunct to primary imaging of the choice in reconstructive supermicrosurgery. Recently, a novel ultrasonographic technique involving the use of ultra-high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) frequencies has entered the scene, and appears a promising tool in surgical planning.

Methods The literatures on the applications of UHFUS in reconstructive supermicrosurgery were retrieved and reviewed from more than 60 literatures have been published on the surgical applications of UHFUS.

Results Nine studies were retrieved from the literature on the applications of UHFUS in reconstructive supermicrosurgery. The articles report both application for lymphatic surgery and perforator flaps.

Conclusion UHFUS application involves an increasing number of reconstructive supermicrosurgery field. UHFUS is a valuable and powerful tool for any reconstructive surgeons who are interested in performing supermicrosurgery.
Lateral Patellar Inclination Angle Measured via a Two-Image Technique on Axial Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Pace James Lee , Joseph Sheeba M. , Cheng Christopher , Solomito Matthew J.
Published: December 2021

Lateral patellar inclination (LPI) measures patellar tilt and is historically described on axial X-ray or a single magnetic resonance image (MRI). Given the variability in patellar height, LPI may be better represented by performing this measurement on two separate axial MRI images. We hypothesized that a two-image LPI measurement would be different from the current single-image LPI and have similar, if not superior reliability. Sixty-five patients treated for patellar instability (PI) between 2014 and 2017 were identified. Single image and two-image LPI were measured on axial MRI images. All measurements were performed by two independent observers. Reliability analysis was based on three observers' measurements of 30 randomly selected patients. Both the one image and two image LPI showed good inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.71 and 0.89, respectively), although the two image LPI had less variability. Both single image and two image LPI had near perfect intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98 and 0.98, respectively). Average single image LPI (14.6 ± 9.9 degrees) was 6.1 ± 3.4 degrees less than the average two image LPI (19.6 ± 9.4 degrees) (p = 0.037). Referencing a previously described 13.5 degrees maximum threshold, 54% of the patients had excessive patellar tilt based on single image LPI, while 73% had pathologic patellar tilt based on two image LPI. Two image LPI has similar reliability with less inter-rater variability compared with the historical single image LPI measurement. Significantly greater patellar tilt was identified with two image LPI that was found with single image LPI. A larger percentage of patients were classified as having pathologic patellar tilt based on two image LPI than single image LPI. The two image LPI provides more consistent and representative measurements of patellar tilt. Previously described threshold values for patellar tilt should be re-examined using this new measurement technique to appropriately risk stratify patients with PI and patellofemoral pain.
A Comparative Study of Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Children with Seizures Receiving Monotherapy and Polytherapy
Authors: A. Nazeem Fathima , Kumar Radha , V. Dev Kumar , Chaudhary Devanand Gulab
Published: December 2021

The association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and bone health in individuals with epilepsy has been recognized for more than 30 years. Several studies indicate an increased risk for bone loss in patients on antiepileptic medication as well as low levels of serum 25(OH)D. Patients on polytherapy AED are at a higher risk of adverse drug effects compared with those on monotherapy. The present study assessed serum 25(OH)D levels in children receiving AED and compares those children receiving monotherapy versus polytherapy. This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital setting on children with seizures receiving AEDs for period of more than 6 months. Participants were enrolled in three groups: 25 children on monotherapy, 25 children on polytherapy, and 25 healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)D level was performed for all children and analyzed. Serum 25(OH)D levels were normal in 52%, insufficient levels in 43.3%, and deficient in 6.7% of children. Vitamin D level was insufficient in 40% of children receiving monotherapy and 52% receiving polytherapy AED. Vitamin D deficiency was present in 4% in monotherapy group and 16% in polytherapy group which was statistically significant (p-value 0.047). Vitamin D deficiency was higher in children receiving AED compared with normal controls. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were higher in children on polytherapy. Our study emphasized the importance of monitoring vitamin D levels in children receiving AED to detect abnormalities in vitamin D levels.
A Case of Geroderma Osteodysplasticum Syndrome: Unique Clinical Findings
Authors: Alotaibi Maha , Aldhubaiban Deema , Alasmari Ahmed , Alotaibi Leena
Published: December 2021

Geroderma osteodysplasticum (GO; MIM 231070) is characterized by a typical progeroid facial appearance, wrinkled, lax skin, joint laxity, skeletal abnormalities with variable degree of osteopenia, frequent fractures, scoliosis, bowed long bones, vertebral collapse, and hyperextensible fingers. The disorder results from mutations in the GORAB—golgin, RAB6 interacting. This gene encodes a member of the golgin family, a group of coiled-coil proteins on golgin that maps to chromosome 1q24. The encoded protein has a function in the secretory pathway, was identified by terminal kinase-like protein, and thus, it may function in mitosis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with GO. Herein, we describe the clinical presentation of one young male patient from related Saudi parents. Mutations, a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.306dup p.(pro 103 Thrfs*20)). Interestingly, phenotypic variability was observed in this patient with GO features that were more atypical than the cases reported in the literature as he looks tall stature where most of the cases reported were short and arachnodactyly fingers which mimic other syndromes.
Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2—Case Series of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Portugal
Authors: Miranda João , Grilo Marta , Baptista Carolina , Melo Ana Reis e , Tavares Margarida , Ribeiro Augusto
Published: December 2021

Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; PIMS-TS) is a novel condition with persistent fever, inflammation, and single or multiorgan dysfunction. We aimed to describe the characteristics of children more severely affected and our clinical approach. We retrospectively collected clinical, treatment, and early outcomes data during a 3-month period in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary university hospital in Portugal. Twelve children who fulfilled the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health case definition were hospitalized, seven needed PICU admission. Median age was 13 years and three were overweight, with no other comorbidity. All had positive immunoglobulin G antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. All presented with prolonged fever, asthenia, hypotension, and shock. Other prominent symptoms were abdominal complaints and rash. All patients had leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and marked elevation of inflammatory markers. Cardiac involvement was observed in all patients with elevated levels of troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide along with left ventricular hypokinesis. Depressed left ventricular function was observed in four patients. All patients received broad-spectrum antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone, low-dose aspirin, and vasoactive medications. Four patients received prophylactic enoxaparin. All patients needed supplementary oxygen; however, high-flow oxygen therapy and noninvasive ventilatory support with positive end-expiratory pressure were required in three and two patients, respectively. Five patients required invasive mechanical ventilation. The mean duration of PICU stay was 7.1 days. The median Pediatric Risk of Mortality-III score was 9 and no mortality was observed. PIMS-TS demands a prompt and multidisciplinary approach. Risk factors, best clinical pathway, and long-term complications are still unknown.
Sinonasal Packing is Not a Requisite for Successful Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair
Authors: Asmaro Karam , Yoo Frederick , Yassin-Kassab Abdulkader , Bazydlo Michael , Robin Adam M. , Rock Jack P. , Craig John R.
Published: December 2021

Background Numerous methods have been described to repair nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Most studies have focused on optimizing CSF leak repair success, leading to closure rates of 90 to 95%.

Objective This study aimed to determine if excellent reconstruction rates could be achieved without using sinonasal packing.

Methods A prospective case series of 73 consecutive patients with various CSF leak etiologies and skull base defects was conducted to evaluate reconstruction success without sinonasal packing. The primary outcome measure was postoperative CSF leak. Secondary outcome measures were postoperative epistaxis requiring intervention in operating room or emergency department, infectious sinusitis, and 22-item sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22) changes.

Results Mean age was 54.5 years and 64% were female. Multilayered reconstructions were performed in 55.3% of cases, with collagen or bone epidural inlay grafts, and nasal mucosal grafts or nasoseptal flaps for onlay layers. Onlay-only reconstructions with mucosal grafts or nasoseptal flaps were performed in 44.7% of cases. Tissue sealants were used in all cases, and lumbar drains were used in 40.8% of cases. There were two initial failures (97.4% initial success), but both resolved with lumbar drains alone (no revision surgeries). There were no instances of postoperative epistaxis requiring intervention in the operating room or emergency department. Infectious sinusitis occurred in 2.7% of patients in the first 3 months postoperatively. SNOT-22 did not change significantly from preoperatively to first postoperative visits, then improved over time.

Conclusion Nasal CSF leaks from various etiologies and defect sites were successfully repaired without using sinonasal packing, and patients experienced minimal sinonasal morbidity.
9 Anodic Arylation Reactions
Authors: Selt M. , Waldvogel S. R.
Published: December 2021

The arylation of organic compounds is a tremendously important tool in organic synthesis, since substituted (het)arenes are essential moieties in many applications ranging from organic intermediates to natural products, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Therefore, an effective, sustainable, and economic synthetic accesses to such compounds is of great demand. This chapter covers the arylation of carbon and heteroatom compounds via an electrooxidative pathway. Direct dehydrogenative methods without the application of a metal catalyst as well as constant-current electrolyses are emphasized. The electrochemical synthesis of biaryl compounds, arylalkanes and arylalkenes, as well as arylated nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds are described in detail. Additionally, the synthesis of heterocycles through anodic arylation reactions is discussed.
14 Electrochemistry in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Lam K. , Leech M. C. , Lennox A. J. J.
Published: December 2021

The multistep synthesis of natural products has historically served as a useful and informative platform for showcasing the best, state-of-the-art synthetic methodologies and technologies. Over the last several decades, electrochemistry has proved itself to be a useful tool for conducting redox reactions. This is primarily due to its unique ability to selectively apply any oxidizing or reducing potential to a sufficiently conductive reaction solution. Electrochemical redox reactions are readily scaled and can be more sustainable than competing strategies based on conventional redox reagents. In this chapter, we summarize the examples where electrochemistry has been used in the synthesis of natural products. The chapter is organized by the reaction type of the electrochemical step and covers both oxidative and reductive reaction modes.
Energy levels and transition data of 3p63d8 and 3p53d9 configurations in Fe-like ions (Z = 57,60,62,64,65)
Authors: Shi Bao-Ling , Qin Yi , Li Xiang-Fu , Deng Bang-Lin , Jiang Gang , Dou Xi-Long
Published: December 2021

Atomic data of highly charged ions (HCIs) offer an attractive means for plasma diagnostic and stars identification, and the investigations on atomic data are highly desirable. Herein, based on the fully relativistic multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method, we have performed calculations of the fine-structure energy levels, wavelengths, transition rates, oscillator strengths, and line strengths for the lowest 21 states of 3p63d8–3p53d9 electric dipole (E1) transitions configurations in Fe-like ions (Z = 57, 60, 62, 64, 65). The correlation effects of valence–valence (VV) and core–valence (CV) electrons were systematically considered. In addition, we have taken into account transverse-photon (Breit) interaction and quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections to treat accurately the atomic state wave functions in the final relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations. Our calculated energy levels and transition wavelengths are in excellent agreement with the available experimental and theoretical results. Most importantly, we predicted some new transition parameters that have not yet been reported. These data would further provide critical insights into better analyzing the physical processes of various astrophysical plasmas.
Enhancement of electrochemical performance in lithium-ion battery via tantalum oxide coated nickel-rich cathode materials
Authors: Chen Fengling , Lin Jiannan , Chen Yifan , Dong Binbin , Yin Chujun , Tian Siying , Sun Dapeng , Xie Jing , Zhang Zhenyu , Li Hong , Li Chaobo
Published: December 2021

Nickel-rich cathode materials are increasingly being applied in commercial lithium-ion batteries to realize higher specific capacity as well as improved energy density. However, low structural stability and rapid capacity decay at high voltage and temperature hinder their rapid large-scale application. Herein, a wet chemical method followed by a post-annealing process is utilized to realize the surface coating of tantalum oxide on LiNi0.88Mn0.03Co0.09O2, and the electrochemical performance is improved. The modified LiNi0.88Mn0.03Co0.09O2 displays an initial discharge capacity of ∼ 233 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 174 mAh/g at 1 C after 150 cycles in the voltage range of 3.0 V–4.4 V at 45 °C, and it also exhibits an enhanced rate capability with 118 mAh/g at 5 C. The excellent performance is due to the introduction of tantalum oxide as a stable and functional layer to protect the surface of LiNi0.88Mn0.03Co0.09O2, and the surface side reactions and cation mixing are suppressed at the same time without hampering the charge transfer kinetics.
Elastic electron scattering with CH2Br2 and CCl2Br2: The role of the polarization effects
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Wang Kedong
Published: December 2021

We present elastic electron scattering cross sections with holmethane molecules CH2Br2 and CCl2Br2 in the low-energy region ranging from 0.01 eV to 20 eV. The calculations are performed with the R-matrix method in static-exchange plus polarization (SEP) and close-coupling (CC) approximations. The integral, differential, and momentum transfer cross sections are calculated. The convergence of the obtained cross sections is checked at four different levels of SEP approximation. The predicted positions of the resonances agree well with available results. The precise resonance parameters are found to be sensitive to the treatment of polarization effects employed. We find that the polarization has a substantial effect on the cross sections, and this effect becomes even more important for lower impact energies.
Ionospheric vertical total electron content prediction model in low-latitude regions based on long short-term memory neural network
Authors: Zhang Tong-Bao , Liang Hui-Jian , Wang Shi-Guang , Ouyang Chen-Guang
Published: December 2021

Ionosphere delay is one of the main sources of noise affecting global navigation satellite systems, operation of radio detection and ranging systems and very-long-baseline-interferometry. One of the most important and common methods to reduce this phase delay is to establish accurate nowcasting and forecasting ionospheric total electron content models. For forecasting models, compared to mid-to-high latitudes, at low latitudes, an active ionosphere leads to extreme differences between long-term prediction models and the actual state of the ionosphere. To solve the problem of low accuracy for long-term prediction models at low latitudes, this article provides a low-latitude, long-term ionospheric prediction model based on a multi-input-multi-output, long-short-term memory neural network. To verify the feasibility of the model, we first made predictions of the vertical total electron content data 24 and 48 hours in advance for each day of July 2020 and then compared both the predictions corresponding to a given day, for all days. Furthermore, in the model modification part, we selected historical data from June 2020 for the validation set, determined a large offset from the results that were predicted to be active, and used the ratio of the mean absolute error of the detected results to that of the predicted results as a correction coefficient to modify our multi-input-multi-output long short-term memory model. The average root mean square error of the 24-hour-advance predictions of our modified model was 4.4 TECU, which was lower and better than 5.1 TECU of the multi-input-multi-output, long short-term memory model and 5.9 TECU of the IRI-2016 model.
Nd L-shell x-ray emission induced by light ions
Authors: Zhou Xian-Ming , Wei Jing , Cheng Rui , Chen Yan-Hong , Mei Ce-Xiang , Zeng Li-Xia , Liu Yu , Zhang Yan-Ning , Liang Chang-Hui , Zhao Yong-Tao , Zhang Xiao-An
Published: December 2021

The L-shell x-ray of Nd has been obtained for 300–600 keV He2+ ions impacting, and compared with that produced by H+ and

H
2
+

ions. The threshold of projectile kinetic energy for L-shell ionization of Nd is crudely verified in the energy region of about 300–400 keV. It is found that the energy of the distinct L-subshell x-rays has a blue shift. The relative intensity ratios of Lβ
1, 3, 4 and Lβ
2, 15 to Lα
1, 2 x-ray are enlarged compared to the atomic data, and they decrease with the increase of the incident energy, and increase with increasing the effective nuclear charge of the incident ions. That is interpreted by the multiple ionization of outer-shells induced by light ions.
The Relationship Between Racial Prejudice and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Risk at the State and County Level
Authors: Zestcott Colin A , Ruiz John M , Tietje Kalley R , Stone Jeff
Published: December 2021

Background

Robust evidence shows that perceived discrimination among stigmatized groups is associated with negative health outcomes. However, little work has examined whether holding prejudiced attitudes toward others is associated with health risks for prejudiced individuals.

Purpose

The study is a test of the hypothesis that holding prejudicial attitudes has negative health implications for both the holders and targets of prejudicial attitudes.

Methods

The project connected data (2003–2015) at the state and county levels on average explicit and implicit prejudice held by White, Black, and Native American respondents from Project Implicit with data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality for White, Black, and Native American individuals from the CDC Wonder database. Separate analyses regressed implicit and explicit prejudice on CVD mortality risk for White, Black, and Native American individuals, respectively.

Results

At the state level, among White individuals, explicit prejudice toward Blacks (β = .431, p =.037) and implicit prejudice toward Native Americans (β = .283, p = .045) were positively associated with greater CVD mortality for Whites. At the county level, White individuals’ implicit prejudice toward Blacks (β =.081, p = .015) and Black individuals’ implicit prejudice toward Whites (β = −.066, p = .018) were associated with greater CVD mortality for Whites. Also, at the county-level, among Black individuals, higher implicit (β = −.133, p < .001) and explicit (β = −.176, p < .001) prejudice toward Whites predicted CVD mortality for Blacks. Moreover, explicit prejudice held by White individuals was positively associated with Blacks’ county-level CVD deaths (β = .074, p = .036).

Conclusions

This evidence suggests that across racial groups, holding racial prejudice is associated with CVD mortality risk for both the prejudiced and the stigmatized groups. Future research should verify the reliability of this potential public health effect with additional work explicating moderators and mediators to inform surveillance and interventions.
Evolution of the coniferous seed scale
Authors: Herting Julian , Stützel Thomas
Published: December 2021

Background

The Florin model is the commonly accepted theory of coniferous seed scale evolution. It describes the derivation of extant seed scale morphology from the morphology of fossil conifers via the reduction of complex to simple axillary structures. In this framework the seed scale is composed of a reduced lateral shoot with fertile and sterile appendages which are interpreted as leaf homologues.

Scope

The Florin model has three crucial problems that we address here: (1) the original derivation series does not take the ontogeny of extant conifers into account, (2) it cannot explain the morphology of all extant conifers and (3) Taxaceae were originally excluded. Examination of seed cones of extant conifers shows that ovules occur in three different positions in the cone: in an axillary position, replacing a leaf or terminating the cone axis. By interpreting the fertile appendage or seed-bearing structure as a leaf, not all positions are possible. The exclusion of Taxaceae from conifers is in stark contrast to recent molecular phylogenetic studies, which include Taxaceae in conifers as sister to Cupressaceae. Therefore, the Florin model does not offer an adequate explanation for taxaceous morphology.

Conclusion

We conclude that the seed-bearing structure of conifers cannot be interpreted as homologous to a leaf. In the interpretation we present here, the seed-bearing structure is the modified funiculus of the ovule, multiples of which laterally fuse to form the seed scale. The seed scales of all extant conifers can be derived from a Cunninghamia-like morphology via fusion and reduction of individual funiculi.
Benchmarking table recognition performance on biomedical literature on neurological disorders
Authors: Adams Tim , Namysl Marcin , Kodamullil Alpha Tom , Behnke Sven , Jacobs Marc
Published: December 2021

Motivation

Table recognition systems are widely used to extract and structure quantitative information from the vast amount of documents that are increasingly available from different open sources. While many systems already perform well on tables with a simple layout, tables in the biomedical domain are often much more complex. Benchmark and training data for such tables are however very limited.

Results

To address this issue, we present a novel, highly curated benchmark dataset based on a hand-curated literature corpus on neurological disorders, which can be used to tune and evaluate table extraction applications for this challenging domain. We evaluate several state-of-the-art table extraction systems based on our proposed benchmark and discuss challenges that emerged during the benchmark creation as well as factors that can impact the performance of recognition methods. For the evaluation procedure, we propose a new metric as well as several improvements that result in a better performance evaluation.

Availability and implementation

The resulting benchmark dataset (https://zenodo.org/record/5549977) as well as the source code to our novel evaluation approach can be openly accessed.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Five-Year Mortality for Adults Entering Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Under Universal Early Treatment Compared With the General US Population
Authors: Edwards Jessie K , Cole Stephen R , Breger Tiffany L , Filiatreau Lindsey M , Zalla Lauren , Mulholland Grace E , Horberg Michael A , Silverberg Michael J , John Gill M , Rebeiro Peter F , Thorne Jennifer E , Kasaie Parastu , Marconi Vincent C , Sterling Timothy R , Althoff Keri N , Moore Richard D , Eron Joseph J
Published: December 2021

Background

Mortality among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains elevated over those in the US general population, even in the years after entry into HIV care. We explore whether the elevation in 5-year mortality would have persisted if all adults with HIV had initiated antiretroviral therapy within 3 months of entering care.

Methods

Among 82 766 adults entering HIV care at North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration clinical sites in the United States, we computed mortality over 5 years since entry into HIV care under observed treatment patterns. We then used inverse probability weights to estimate mortality under universal early treatment. To compare mortality with those for similar individuals in the general population, we used National Center for Health Statistics data to construct a cohort representing the subset of the US population matched to study participants on key characteristics.

Results

For the entire study period (1999–2017), the 5-year mortality among adults with HIV was 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.6%–8.2%) higher than expected based on the US general population. Under universal early treatment, the elevation in mortality for people with HIV would have been 7.2% (95% CI: 5.8%–8.6%). In the most recent calendar period examined (2011–2017), the elevation in mortality for people with HIV was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.0%–3.3%) under observed treatment patterns and 2.1% (.0%–4.2%) under universal early treatment.

Conclusions

Expanding early treatment may modestly reduce, but not eliminate, the elevation in mortality for people with HIV.
Neutralizing Antibody Response to Pseudotype Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Differs Between mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines and by History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Tyner Harmony L , Burgess Jefferey L , Grant Lauren , Gaglani Manjusha , Kuntz Jennifer L , Naleway Allison L , Thornburg Natalie J , Caban-Martinez Alberto J , Yoon Sarang K , Herring Meghan K , Beitel Shawn C , Blanton Lenee , Nikolich-Zugich Janko , Thiese Matthew S , Pleasants Jessica Flores , Fowlkes Ashley L , Lutrick Karen , Dunnigan Kayan , Yoo Young M , Rose Spencer , Groom Holly , Meece Jennifer , Wesley Meredith G , Schaefer-Solle Natasha , Louzado-Feliciano Paola , Edwards Laura J , Olsho Lauren E W , Thompson Mark G
Published: December 2021

Background

Data on the development of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 after SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are limited.

Methods

From a prospective cohort of 3975 adult essential and frontline workers tested weekly from August 2020 to March 2021 for SARS-CoV-2 infection by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay irrespective of symptoms, 497 participants had sera drawn after infection (170), vaccination (327), and after both infection and vaccination (50 from the infection population). Serum was collected after infection and each vaccine dose. Serum-neutralizing antibody titers against USA-WA1/2020-spike pseudotype virus were determined by the 50% inhibitory dilution. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) and corresponding fold increases were calculated using t tests and linear mixed-effects models.

Results

Among 170 unvaccinated participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 158 (93%) developed nAbs with a GMT of 1003 (95% confidence interval, 766–1315). Among 139 previously uninfected participants, 138 (99%) developed nAbs after mRNA vaccine dose 2 with a GMT of 3257 (2596–4052). GMT was higher among those receiving mRNA-1273 vaccine (GMT, 4698; 3186–6926) compared with BNT162b2 vaccine (GMT, 2309; 1825–2919). Among 32 participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, GMT was 21 655 (14 766–31 756) after mRNA vaccine dose 1, without further increase after dose 2.

Conclusions

A single dose of mRNA vaccine after SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in the highest observed nAb response. Two doses of mRNA vaccine in previously uninfected participants resulted in higher nAbs to SARS-CoV-2 than after 1 dose of vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. nAb response also differed by mRNA vaccine product.
Urgent endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms using an off-the-shelf multibranched endograft
Authors: Gallitto Enrico , Faggioli Gianluca , Spath Paolo , Pini Rodolfo , Mascoli Chiara , Logiacco Antonino , Gargiulo Mauro
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES

Our goal was to report outcomes of the endovascular repair of urgent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) using the Cook Zenith t-Branch off-the-shelf multibranched endograft.

METHODS

Between 2010 and 2020, we collected patients with TAAAs who received an urgent endovascular repair using the Cook Zenith t-Branch (had a rupture, symptoms or diameter >80 mm). Thirty-day mortality, spinal cord ischaemia (SCI) and clinical success were assessed as early outcomes. Freedom from reintervention, target visceral vessel patency and survival were considered during follow-up.

RESULTS

Sixty-five cases were managed using the Cook Zenith t-Branch for 27 (42%) TAAA ruptures, 8 (12%) symptomatic TAAAs and 30 (46%) asymptomatic TAAAs with a diameter >80 mm. Crawford’s extent I–II–III and IV were noted in 54 (83%) and 11 (17%), respectively. Eleven (17%) patients had SCI with 3 (5%) cases of permanent paraplegia. Postoperative dialysis (P = 0.04) and ruptured TAAAs (P = 0.05) were associated with SCI. Sixteen (25%) patients had reinterventions within the first 30 days postoperatively. The 30-day mortality was 14% (9). Ruptured TAAAs (P = 0.05) and technical failures (P = 0.01) were correlated with in-hospital mortality. Clinical success was 78% (51 patients). The mean follow-up was 18 ± 14 months. Survival at 24 months was 47% with no late TAAA-related deaths. Patients with ruptured TAAAs had lower survival than those who did not have ruptured TAAAs (52% vs 60% at 1 year; P = 0.05). Target visceral vessel patency and freedom from reintervention at 24 months were 89% and 60%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

An off-the-shelf multibranched endograft is safe and effective for treating urgent TAAAs. Postoperative SCI and 30-day mortality are satisfactory for this challenging clinical scenario. The early reintervention rate is not negligible. Midterm survival is low, especially in patients with a ruptured TAAA; therefore, accurate patient selection is mandatory.