bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuncting in Higher Education
Authors: Neimann Theresa D. , Stelson Uta M.
Published: December 2016

How leaders and management culture in higher education thinks about particular events as normal, and expected does not always fit with the experiences of college instructors, particularly the overworked, underpaid exploited contingent instructors teaching in higher education. Whenever people with money have power over people with less money, you have the potential for exploitation. As adult educators and administrators in this context, might there be better ways we can improve or change the way we treat our contingent teaching faculty by developing a better understanding of the issues facing nontenure track, adjunct, or part-time faculty? What is the strategic role of alternative approaches toward the treatment for these instructors? In this chapter, the authors discuss the need to use alternative frameworks as administrators make decisions to cut costs while maintaining education programs. This chapter discusses the motivation behind their exploitation, effect on student success, court cases, and realities for adjuncts, will be explored in this chapter as well as recommendations.
Employee Development for Organizational Success
Authors: Silatchom Francois , Rutigliano Nancy Kymn Harvin , Fiorino James
Published: December 2016

Today's organizations are faced with pressures not present 20 years ago. Demands are placed on leaders and managers to reduce overall expenses and to increase productivity and revenues at significantly higher levels than in the past. In this process, many organizations choose to reduce operational expenses in order to increase their profit margins and, in doing so, may target the Learning and Development departments often housed within Human Resources. Reducing these expenses may save some operational expense in the short term; however, over the long term, research shows that cutting learning opportunities is likely to have a negative effect on employee morale and job satisfaction. Investment in employee development is a strategy successful organizations adopt in order to remain competitive in the long run. Studies show that organizations that invest in employee development and training tend to consistently be the most competitive in their industry. This chapter makes the case that investing in an organization's greatest asset—its people—is a successful strategy for sustainable growth.
Managing a Diverse Workforce
Authors: Henry-Campbell Suzette , Hadeed Salma
Published: December 2016

Today's business leaders tout the value of a multicultural workforce. This is built on the idea offered through research that the contributions of diverse sets of people, who have experienced the world in different ways, will produce innovative responses to issues confronting the organization. As a consequence, contemporary businesses have focused on improving their recruitment strategies to reflect the core values they espouse. This chapter proposes to explore a number of diversity variables; ageism, sexual orientation, gender, race and ethnicity, religion and disability, with the objective of improving our understanding of how and why they matter to organizations. The chapter acknowledges the contributions of scholars and practitioners, who continue to make the business case for inclusion as a strategic priority in an evolving and complex global environment. It is recommended that organizations reinforce their strategic vision about multiculturalism through training and development programs that will validate the importance of the initiatives being pursued.
Organizational Commitment
Authors: Gordon Kimberley , Tardif Kristin Joyce
Published: December 2016

The business case for investment in training and development is typically hard to make when using a strict return-on-investment approach. When coupled with less quantifiable elements such as job satisfaction and employee commitment, a less obvious but equally vital distinction can be noted as efficiencies improve resulting in a more profitable operation. A recent study of leadership development program outcomes indicated significant changes in the efficacy of participants including, but not limited to, improved job satisfaction and employee commitment. Presented in this chapter, the findings of this phenomenological study indicate the sampled participants reflected significant changes in their connectivity to the organization as a whole and their ability to meet the expectations the company leaders have of participants. Finally, retention rates of participants remained constant and favorable. This chapter concludes with estimations of cost savings incurred by improved organizational culture and retention.
The Change Process in Korean Education
Authors: Schenck Andrew D.
Published: December 2016

Confucian cultural traditions in South Korea have fueled a passion for education that has driven learners to excel in literacy and mathematics. At the same time, it has led to extreme competition that may not be economically viable long term. Cultural norms emphasizing conformity have also prevented widespread acceptance of creative learning styles and diverse opinions. Within this article, Korean educational issues are explored in relation to both past cultural traditions and contemporary trends. Analysis suggests that new hybrid models of leadership and education should be utilized to honor past traditions, while simultaneously cultivating the democratic skills needed in today's global society.
The Heart of Strategic Leadership and Strategic Management
Authors: Rutigliano Nancy Kymn Harvin , Starr-Glass David , Benedetto Angela
Published: December 2016

In reviewing the rich and diverse chapters that have been incorporated into this Encyclopedia, a number of threads and themes emerge. This chapter, which serves as a conclusion to the Encyclopedia, explores some of these themes. All strategic work presents a fundamental conundrum: strategy requires the simultaneous commitment to what has been decided and openness to continuous change. The conundrum can be moderated, although not resolved, through a pervasive appreciation of agility and ambidexterity within the organization's culture and by its leaders. However, the strategy paradox can also be accentuated – even to the point of organizational dysfunctionality, paralysis, and destruction – by viewing strategic leadership and strategic management as two separate functions. The article explores strategy work in terms of the putative fracturing into leading and managing components, and suggests that their holistic and synergistic integrity needs to be restored. The article also explains why relations, relationships, and relationality lie at the heart of all strategy work.
A Repeatable Strategic Planning Model for Quasi-Governmental Port Entities
Authors: McBride Lisa S. , McBride R. Adam
Published: December 2016

A repeatable strategic planning model for quasi-governmental port entities which recognizes and includes the aspects of blended public and political interests in port ownership is presented in this chapter. This model, developed over a period of forty years, has been successfully implemented in quasi-governmental port entities in the United States and Canada. It is supported by the strategic planning literature, best practices in port planning, and the perspectives and experiences of a port chief executive officer. This model consists of the sequential components of Legitimacy and Support, Public Value Proposition, Mission Statement, SWOT Analysis, Objectives and Strategies, Evaluation and Review, and Renewal as well as the dynamic elements of ongoing Communication and Consultation, where Legitimacy and Support for the strategic plan is maintained with both public and private constituencies throughout the process.
Examining the Strategic Leadership of Organizations Using Metaphor
Authors: Norris Sharon E.
Published: December 2016

Over the years, metaphors have been used to explain and describe the nature of organizations. Weick (1969) used metaphors to describe organizations as processes of interconnected and interlocked behaviors, where the influence of one person is contingent on the behavior of another. Morgan (2006) used metaphors, such living brains and organizations as flux and transformation, to describe organizational life. As living brains, organizations are represented as decision making systems within which information is processed, patterns are recognized, and memory plays a key role in organizational functioning. As flux and transformation, organizations are viewed as emergent self-organizing phenomenon by which small nudges to the system hold potential to create large effects. By studying organizations using metaphors, strategic leaders can embrace new paradigms from which they improve communication, become better equipped to facilitate organizational learning, and develop into more effective change agents.
Strategic Leadership
Authors: Truitt Joshua H. , Plante Jarrad D. , Cox Thomas D. , Robinson Sandra L.
Published: December 2016

The pervasive effects of change leadership may be best illustrated by examining institutional engagement and student experience, two areas that directly affect alumni giving. Alumni donor participation may be understood by focusing on student experience and engagement, and higher education administrators can benefit from understanding the influence of alumni donor behavior through enriching college experiences. The study examines data of alumni giving at three different institutions in the southeastern United States to determine the impact of the Carnegie Community Engagement Classification and reclassification on the purposeful institutionalization of community engagement and service-learning. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the institutionalization of service-learning process, practical strategies for implementing system-wide change, and relate those practices to its influence on alumni donor behavior – information that are practical and highly useful that can facilitate positive changes for institutions.
Strategically Preparing the Next Generation for Leading in a World of Social Change
Authors: DeMark Joanne , Van Wingerden Christina
Published: December 2016

This chapter, in five areas of focus, reports on one university's experience with developing student leaders through co-curricular paraprofessional experiences. First, college students' capacities for social change leadership (Higher Education Research Institute, 1996), as measured by the social responsibility leadership scale (SRLS) through the Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership (MSL) (Dugan, 2006) are reported. Secondly, qualitative data suggesting themes that further inform the favorable MSL results are described, and align with several high impact student leadership development practices cited in other research (Dugan, Kodama, Correia, & Associates, 2013). An innovative approach to obtain follow-up qualitative data is described, whereby the principal investigator combined celebration with data-gathering. Fourth, the authors describe an empowerment model in one department that aims to create environments where student leaders engage in action, critical self-reflection, and skills development. Finally, strategically leading away from a centralized student leadership development program by creating a complementary, consultative model for student leadership development in a university co-curricular division is described.
Strategist
Authors: Bowen Gordon , Bowen Deidre
Published: December 2016

This paper is an empirical study of the role and characteristics of strategists in dynamic, uncertain and complex environments. Strategic management research appears to neglect the importance of strategists, and early research considers them to be analysts and thus number crunchers of data. This is not a view that holds true in the 21st Century. Based on a sample of 9 strategists and using semi-structured interviews, the results show that strategists need to focus on interaction across the organisation and develop organisational opportunity routines. Strategists are idea-driven and thus catalysts for change and opportunities. To achieve this “proactiveness” is important and they should be experienced, which implies they are senior individuals in the organisation and thus exhibit leadership qualities.
Human Overpopulation
Authors: Uniyal Shivani , Paliwal Rashmi , Kaphaliya Bhumija , Sharma R. K.
Published: December 2016

Overpopulation has recognized as a global environmental problem since few decades, as it has caused a number of adverse effects on environment. Modern medical facilities and illiteracy in some interior regions of developing countries are the major reasons for development of this inverted pyramid demographic structure. Overpopulation has resulted in a series of catastrophic consequences by causing increased pressure on existing natural resources. Deforestation, effect on welfare, climate change, decline in biocapacity, urban sprawl, food security, increase in energy demand and effect on marine ecosystem are amongst most severe impacts of overpopulation. Concrete steps need to be taken on national and international level to combat the adverse effects of overpopulation, so that sustainability of natural resources can be ensured for future generations.
Population and Global Food Security
Authors: Tiwari Supriya , Vaish Barkha , Singh Pooja
Published: December 2016

Global food security is one if the major issues that needs utmost attention of the scientific community in near future. The growing food demand of the society is putting enormous pressure on the resources over which the food supply of the civilization depends. The two major components affecting the global food security are population and global climate change. The rate at which the population of the World is increasing, the food production needs to be doubled to meet the growing requirements. Consequences of global climate change not only reduce the productivity of major staple crops, but also cause destruction of the arable land that can be used for agricultural purposes. The present chapter discusses the effects of population increase and climate change upon food production, which will play a significant role in food security around the globe in near future.
Study of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Its Environmental Effects
Authors: Karimi Habibeh , Gholamrezafahimi Farid
Published: December 2016

Coasts were one of the main places of residence for human beings through the history. From the emergence of civilization to now, the human beings used coastal zone as a best place for residence. However, in early 21 century, almost two-third of people in the world (i.e. 3/7 billion people) lived in the 60 km of sea sideline. Therefore, some problems threaten human communities, includes soil erosion, changes in coastline, coastal habitat destruction, drying or polluting underground waters, and creating dangerous situation for hygiene and health in order to lack of insufficient repulsing waste and sewage. Thus, according to these problems, the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) was considered as a main way for solving the environmental problems. This chapter follows the goal that is related to the ICZM, particularly in Iran, after investigating the problems in the coastal region.
Applying a Grass-Root Approach to Empowering Change Agents to Transform Pro-Conservation Attitudes and Behaviors in Over-Populated China
Authors: Yang Kenneth C. C. , Kang Yowei
Published: December 2016

Accompanied China's stellar economic developments in past decades, over-population has worsened the negative impacts of rapid industrialization and urbanization upon China's already fragile environment. Rare, a U.S.-based social marketing non-profit organization on global environmental conservation efforts, has expanded to China to train 120 local campaign managers at 2,400 remote areas. This book chapter aims to examine how Rare's grass-root approach in its PRIDE campaigns has helped alleviate the effects of over-population on environmental causalities in China. This multi-campaign case study explores whether cultural norms can be used by local campaign managers as a change agent and a transformative practice tool. Results found that recurrent appearance of family values in the PRIDE campaigns that generate message relevance with the target audiences. This study supported that a family-oriented message is able to frame the campaign to generate message relevance and subsequent behavioral changes among Chinese stakeholders.
Tropospheric Ozone Pollution, Agriculture, and Food Security
Authors: Sarkar Abhijit , Datta Sambit , Singh Pooja
Published: December 2016

Increasing population and unsustainable exploitation of nature and natural resources have made “food security” a burning issue in the 21st century. During the last 50 years, the global population has more than doubled, from 3 billion in 1959 to 6.7 billion in 2009. It is predicted that the human population will reach 8.7 - 11.3 billion by the year 2050. Growth in the global livestock industry has also been continuous over the last two decades. An almost 82% increase in future livestock is expected in developing countries within 2020, due to an expanding requirement for food of animal origin. Hence, the future demand of this increased human and livestock population will put enormous pressure on the agricultural sectors for providing sufficient food and fodder as well as income, employment and other essential ecosystem services. Therefore, a normal approach for any nation / region is to strengthen its agricultural production for meeting future demands and provide food security. Tropospheric ozone (O3), a secondary air pollutant and a major greenhouse gas, has already been recognized as a major component of predicted global climate change. Numerous studies have confirmed the negative impact of O3 on agricultural productivity throughout the world. The present chapter reviews the available literature, and catalogue the impact of this important gas pollutant on modern day agricultural production worldwide.
Initial Teacher Education, Induction, and In-Service Training
Authors: Rossi Pier Giuseppe , Magnoler Patrizia , Mangione Giuseppina Rita , Pettenati Maria Chiara , Rosa Alessia
Published: December 2016

This work suggests the need to find a few elements - strategies and dispositifs - that if included in initial training, induction and in-service training, can facilitate the acquisition of a consistent professional vision and improve the processes themselves in a perspective of long life learning, namely that can overcome a clear demarcation between initial and on in-service training.These elements are: 1) paths based on recursion between immersion in workplace and distancing for a reflection on the practices enacted in an educational environment, 2) use of devices that favour recursion between immersion and distancing (analysis of practices, vicariant tools for practices, e-portfolio), 3) triangulation during the path both in the immersion phase and in the distancing of different perspectives thanks to the interaction among researchers, experts and novices. This contribution checks for the presence of the preceding elements in all steps of training and analyzes the results obtained in the direction of strengthening a professionalizing posture in the three steps.
Moving Forward with an Eye on the Past
Authors: Bush Jerome C.
Published: December 2016

Teacher research has become a well-known term in professional development circles, yet it is still often misunderstood. This chapter seeks to facilitate those who are interested in teacher research by providing a historical perspective. Understanding the development of teacher research over that past century will allow interested parties to move forward with greater insight of the potential benefits and drawbacks inherent in teacher research. Such an analysis may lead to increased success for teacher research projects as the twenty-first century unfolds. Although teacher research can be a challenging form of professional development, it has incredible transformative potential. It has the potential to enhance the entire profession of teaching as well as the knowledge, skills and abilities of individual teachers. A call is made for teachers and academics to move forward by forming an alliance to explore new models and methods of teacher research.
Information Superhighway and Continuous Professional Development for the Networked Teachers
Authors: Saglam Asli Lidice Gokturk
Published: December 2016

This chapter focuses on the impact of technology on teacher training through online communities of practice (CoP) and investigates its potential for facilitating continuous professional development for the educators who can create personal learning networks on the web. Wenger's Community of Practice Theory (1998) and Garrison et al.'s (2000) Community of Inquiry (CoI) are explored as underlying theories of CoP. Furthermore, examples of online communities of practice will be briefly enlisted. The chapter will provide brief information how online learning is operationalized within the confines of CoP. The chapter will also discuss role of online communities of practice for teachers' continuous professional development with reference to current literature, explore challenges and focus on suggestions and avenues for further research.
Modelling and Simulating Complex Systems in Biology
Authors: Ballet Pascal , Rivière Jérémy , Pothet Alain , Theron Michaël , Pichavant Karine , Abautret Frank , Fronville Alexandra , Rodin Vincent
Published: December 2016

Modelling and teaching complex biological systems is a difficult process. Multi-Agent Based Simulations (MABS) have proved to be an appropriate approach both in research and education when dealing with such systems including emergent, self-organizing phenomena. This chapter presents NetBioDyn, an original software aimed at biologists (students, teachers, researchers) to easily build and simulate complex biological mechanisms observed in multicellular and molecular systems. Thanks to its specific graphical user interface guided by the multi-agent paradigm, this software does not need any prerequisite in computer programming. It thus allows users to create in a simple way bottom-up models where unexpected behaviours can emerge from many interacting entities. This multi-platform software has been used in middle schools, high schools and universities since 2010. A qualitative survey is also presented, showing its ability to adapt to a wide and heterogeneous audience. The Java executable and the source code are available online at http://virtulab.univ-brest.fr.
Multi-Agent Systems in Three-Dimensional Protein Structure Prediction
Authors: Corrêa Leonardo de Lima , Dorn Márcio
Published: December 2016

Tertiary protein structure prediction in silico is currently a challenging problem in Structural Bioinformatics and can be classified according to the computational complexity theory as an NP-hard problem. Determining the 3-D structure of a protein is both experimentally expensive, and time-consuming. The agent-based paradigm has been shown a useful technique for the applications that have repetitive and time-consuming activities, knowledge share and management, such as integration of different knowledge sources and modeling of complex systems, supporting a great variety of domains. This chapter provides an integrated view and insights about the protein structure prediction area concerned to the usage, application and implementation of multi-agent systems to predict the protein structures or to support and coordinate the existing predictors, as well as it is advantages, issues, needs, and demands. It is noteworthy that there is a great need for works related to multi-agent and agent-based paradigms applied to the problem due to their excellent suitability to the problem.
Biomass Variation Phytoplanktons Using Agent-Based Simulation
Authors: Porcellis Diego de Abreu , Adamatti Diana F. , Abreu Paulo Cesar
Published: December 2016

The phytoplanktons are organisms that have limited locomotion about the current being drift in aquatic environment. Another characteristic of phytoplankton their growth and energy are result about photosynthetic process. It is important to emphasize that the phytoplankton is the main primary producer of aquatic environment, it means that, it is the base the aquatic food chain . The organic material produced by phytoplankton is responsible in provide the material and energy which sustains the growth of fish, crustaceans and mollusks, in marine ecosystems. Because of this, it is important to know the factors that interfere with their accumulation in environments mainly in fishing regions. In this way, this study tries to demonstrate the importance of retention time, often caused by hydrological issues, in the variation of phytoplankton biomass in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (ELP), in Rio Grande/RS. To do that, we created one model that simulates this environment, using techniques of multi-agent-based simulation and its implementation was done with the NetLogo tool.
Participatory Management of Protected Areas for Biodiversity Conservation and Social Inclusion
Authors: Briot Jean-Pierre , Irving Marta de Azevedo , Filho José Eurico Vasconcelos , Mendes de Melo Gustavo , Alvarez Isabelle , Sordoni Alessandro , Pereira de Lucena Carlos José
Published: December 2016

The objective of this paper is to reflect on our experience in a serious game research project, named SimParc, about multi-agent support for participatory management of protected areas for biodiversity conservation and social inclusion. Our project has a clear filiation with the MAS-RPG methodology developed by the ComMod action-research community, where multi-agent simulation (MAS) computes the dynamics of the resources and role-playing game (RPG) represents the actions and dialogue between stakeholders about the resources. We have explored some specific directions, such as: dialogue support for negotiation; argumentation-based decision making and its explanation; technical assistance to the players based on viability modeling. In our project, multi-agent based simulation focuses on the negotiation process itself, performed by human players and some artificial participants/agents, rather than on the simulation of the resources dynamics. Meanwhile, we have also reintroduced the modeling of the socioecosystem dynamics, but as a local technical assistance/analysis tool for the players.
Impact of Innovation on the Entrepreneurial Success in Selected Business Enterprises in South-West Nigeria
Authors: Oju Olu
Published: December 2016

This study examined the impact of innovation on the entrepreneurial success in selected business enterprises in South-Western Nigeria. The paper dwelt on the extent to which the selected enterprises innovation effort affects the quality of their product as well as the company image. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significant levels with the aid of parametric student t-test. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between innovation and product quality as well as a positive relationship between innovation and good corporate image and that both of them significantly affect entrepreneurial success. The study recommends that business enterprises should engage more on innovation of their production process to improve their product quality and even enhances good corporate image. This will help them to sustain their position in the face of stiff competition.
Impact on Agricultural Sustainability of Maghreb Countries
Authors: Khaled Rachida
Published: December 2016

This paper is aimed at making the diffusion of the technological innovation and their role in affecting the agricultural sector in the three-sided (social, economic and environmental), a hand, it can participate to resolve problems of the agricultural sector: the effects of the climatic changes, the farming exodus and the migration and the problems of poverty. The theoretically and empirically studies analyze the mechanical innovation role in improving agricultural sustainability through the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity, CO2 emission and demographic growth for a panel of three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the period 1999-2012. By using simultaneous equations, the authors' finding that mechanical innovation cannot achieve the purpose of sustainable development in the agriculture sector in the Maghreb countries through the negative impact of mechanization and research and development on agricultural productivity.
The Migration of the Book across Territorial Borders
Authors: Cantatore Francina
Published: December 2016

This chapter deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. Relevantly, this article examines the landmark US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc. and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books.
Teachers Conceptions and Approaches to Blended Learning
Authors: Caravias Vicki
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a critical review and synthesis of research literature in higher education exploring teachers' conceptions of blended learning and their approaches to both design and teaching. Definitions of blended learning and conceptual frameworks are considered first. Attention is given to Picciano's Blending with Purpose Multimodal framework. This paper builds upon previous research on blended learning and conceptual framework by Picciano by exploring how objectives from Picciano's framework affect teachers' approaches to both design and teaching in face-to-face and online settings. Research results suggest that teachers use multiple approaches including face-to-face methods and online technologies that address the learning needs of a variety of students from different generations, personality types and learning styles.
Cepstrum-Based Spectrum Hole Search in Different Fading Scenario in Cognitive Radio Network
Authors: Bagchi Srijibendu
Published: December 2016

Cognitive radio is now acknowledged as a potential solution to meet the spectrum scarcity problem in radio frequency range. To achieve this objective proper identification of vacant frequency band is necessary. In this article a detection methodology based on cepstrum estimation has been proposed that can be done through power spectral density estimation of the received signal. The detection has been studied under different channel fading conditions along with Gaussian noise. Two figures of merit are considered here; false alarm probability and detection probability. For a specific false alarm probability, the detection probabilities are calculated for different sample size and it has been established through numerical results that the proposed detector performs quite well in different channel impairments.
Secure Baseband Techniques for Generic Transceiver Architecture for Software-Defined Radio
Authors: Marriwala Nikhil Kumar , Sahu Om Prakash , Vohra Anil
Published: December 2016

Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems are the ones which can adapt to the future-proof solution and it covers both existing and emerging standards. An SDR has to possess elements of reconfigurability, intelligence and software programmable hardware. The main interest in any communication group is the sure sending of signals of info from a transmitter to a receiver. The signals are transmitted via a guide who corrupts the signal. To ensure reliable communication forward error-correcting (FEC) codes are the main part of a communication system. This chapter will discuss an SDR system built using LabVIEW for a Generic Transceiver. This chapter has covered emerging software radio standards and the technologies being used to specify and support them.
A Comparative Study on DNA-Based Cryptosystem
Authors: M. Thangavel , P Varalakshmi , R Sindhuja
Published: December 2016

Information security plays a vital role in almost every application that we handle in our day-to-day life since the communication needs to be protected in terms of the messages that we send and receive. Thus, cryptography the science of encoding the secret information provides security from being known by the unintended receivers. It ensured confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of messages. To simplify the methodology of traditional cryptography with the usage of genetic concepts lead to the field of DNA cryptography. This chapter gives an insight on various methods so far proposed related to DNA cryptography that involves the characteristics of DNA incorporating the traditional cryptographic techniques and a detailed comparison of these techniques thereby proposing the requirements for an efficient DNA-based cryptographic system. These techniques also include the area of steganography that conceals the message within a cover or a career media to eschew the attacks from the intruders.
Inter-Temporal Choice and Its Relevance in Consumer's Credit Behavior
Authors: Surachita Shruti
Published: December 2016

Inter-temporal choices have been an important aspect of Behavioral Economics, as they deal with time-dependent decision-making of people in various situations. This chapter discusses hyperbolic time-discounting, which has gained significant recognition and has become an important part of public-policy and economic studies in last few years. It also highlights the importance of this concept from a real-life perspective, by showing its relevance in credit-behavior of individuals. This is shown by highlighting the unstable preferences of individuals using credit-cards, which exploit time-inconsistent behavior. Despite the paucity of current research, understanding impulsive-behavior has gained popularity recently because of the relevance of wellbeing and happiness in the global scenario. As is evident, credit debt does hamper people's quality of life, and so it becomes important for researchers and policymakers to reduce impulsivity and self-control issues, by making consumers use costly commitment-devices and other behavioral options to help them make rational and justified choices.
Attitudes toward Tax Evasion and the Choice of Self-Employment
Authors: Bhat Vasanthakumar N.
Published: December 2016

It is generally believed that self-employment offers ample opportunities for tax evasion. Therefore, this paper examines whether attitudes toward tax evasion has any influence on the choice of self-employment. Our analysis, based on a random sample of Americans, indicates that an individual who believes that tax evasion is “not wrong and a bit wrong” is more likely to be self-employed as compared to an individual who believes that tax evasion is “wrong and seriously wrong.” This decision is not affected by gender. In addition, our analysis finds that a self-employed person earns more income than a person who works for someone else. However, an individual who believes that tax evasion is “wrong and seriously wrong” earns more than an individual who believes that tax evasion is “not and a bit wrong”. Moreover, a self-employed person who believes that tax evasion is “not and a bit wrong” earns less than all other people, with all other parameters being the same.
Three Social Choice Rules
Authors: Vlăducu Andrei Marius
Published: December 2016

The authors analyze three social choice rules (plurality voting, approval voting and Borda count) from a behavioral economics perspective aiming three objectives: 1) if it is a viable solution to use these procedures during mass elections; 2) why individuals prefer a specific social choice rule and not another; 3) how status quo bias and framing effect influence the preference of individuals for a certain social choice rule. The research is conducted with 87 participants to a lab experiment and data suggest that for using approval voting and Borda count during mass elections is necessary to increase the people level of information about their benefits. When making a decision in a political or economic context seem that people tend to prefer simple plurality rule do to its availability and maybe because of its strong reliance with status quo bias.
Identity Development in the Digital Age
Authors: Davis Katie , Weinstein Emily
Published: December 2016

In this chapter, the authors explore the role that networked platforms play in identity development during emerging adulthood. They use the stories of two youth to highlight dominant themes from existing research and to examine the developmental implications of forming one's identity in a networked era. The inquiry is theoretically informed by the work of the psychologist Erik Erikson, who depicted identity development as a process of exploration that ultimately results in a sense of personal continuity and coherence. The authors consider what insights this theory—formulated in the mid-twentieth century—has to offer in a digital world. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the practical implications relating to education, policy, and the design of new technologies.
Likes and Comments
Authors: Mpiima David Mugambe , Kendagor Ruth , Njau Sarah Wairimu Ndung'u
Published: December 2016

This chapter focuses on the changes in sex education among young adults in Uganda and Kenya. Sex education was previously done through paternal aunties and grandparents. However, in the recent past, the proliferation of social media especially Facebook has seen sex education shift to this social media. Using mostly qualitative methods and limited quantitative information, the chapter explores the ease with which sex information; some laced with sexually explicit photographs, has become so easy to access. Some of the shared information is empowering say about fashion, information about safe sex, relationship advice, connecting with people of the opposite sex as well developing identity formation and the freedom about one's body through the likes and positive comments made on Photos posted on Facebook walls. However, some of this information has led to cases of risk behavior like freelance sex, exposure to nudity, sharing of nude photos with boyfriends and girlfriends as well as pathological revenge porn by jilted lovers.
Being Online in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Benvenuti Martina , Mazzoni Elvis , Piobbico Gioele
Published: December 2016

Internet revolutionized our lifestyle. New generation devices like smartphones and tablets allow us to be always connected: the web represents a significant part of our days. These epochal changes bring with them questions about the potentialities and the risks of web 2.0. This chapter introduces a research whose purpose is to investigate the relationships between Online and Offline lives in Emerging Adulthood. Starting by the concept of functional organ (Leont'ev, 1972) and inverse instrumentality (Ekbia & Nardi, 2012), the goal of the study is to go beyond the research on web addiction, and start to explore a model able to predict why some emerging adults have their life empowered by the web and while others get trapped in the problematic use.
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Teacher Perception on Low Achievers
Authors: Jeffries Rhonda , Reed Hope
Published: December 2016

Using Rosenthal and Jacobsen's Pygmalion Effect Theory and Bandura's Social Learning Theory, this chapter explores the perceptions of high school English/language arts and math teachers who teach low academic level track courses. The teachers' narratives describe their beliefs regarding academic ability grouping of students and the associated achievement gap that is often a result of this stratifying structure. Findings from the narratives reiterate the importance of teacher awareness regarding the impact of critical pedagogy as a fundamental element of teaching for social justice. The chapter indicates the usefulness of teacher narrative to influence alternative methods for course placement and schedule design in the high school curriculum.
Bhutan Education, Globalization, and Preservation of Traditional Language
Authors: Hosoda Miwako , Hosoda Midori , Gordon Richard Keith
Published: December 2016

This study focuses on globalization and preservation of traditional language. The Bhutanese government has promoted higher education to be taught by English; however, there are ongoing initiatives for college students to learn their major subjects not only in English but also in their national language, Dzongkha. The researchers developed interview questions, drawn from their research on Bhutanese education, education in southeast Asia, and other topical sources; this provided a contemporary framework for these educators to discuss their current perception of Bhutanese education and influences felt from external forces (e.g. global assessments) as well as internal goals and economic and political motivations. Results of the interview will be analyzed in the context of educational progress on the GNH, discussion of issues in Bhutan that challenge the GNH perception, such as multiculturalism, and how these teachers feel Bhutan will embrace the ever increasing swath of global assessments.
Africanizing Science Education
Authors: Osisioma Irene U.
Published: December 2016

The development of Science and Technology has been positively associated with every nation's economic well-being and quality of life. Even though the importance of science in people's daily lives may not be readily noticeable, people engage in many science related activities and experiences, most of which enable them to make science-related decisions and choices every day. This implies that science education will continue to shape humanity, the environment, quality of life, sustainability of the planet, and peaceful coexistence. Effective participation in the scientifically and technologically driven world of the 21st Century implies a science education that produces scientifically literate citizens. This chapter provides justification for rethinking the way science education should be done in Africa generally, and Nigeria, in specific. Recommendations were made for the use of context-based science instruction as an effective way to Africanize science instruction.
Strategies of Engagement
Authors: Fortner Kitty , Lalas Jose W.
Published: December 2016

School, parent involvement, and at-risk students do not always make a winning combination. However, for the students at Mountain View High School, things were different. Strategies used by the Mountain View Parent Advisory Group helped to transform education for students of color who participated in their program. This chapter follows a study at a high school located in an upper/upper middle-class neighborhood where barriers to academic growth were considered addressed. However, there was a pocket of students of color who were not being successful academically. Strategies used by a parent group to help re-engage at-risk students, raise their GPAs, and redirect their future towards success are highlighted. Understanding that these strategies can be initiated by any group of parents or teachers provides promise for at-risk students, parents, and schools.
Estimating the Brand Image in the Process of Accounting Convergence
Authors: Oncioiu Ionica
Published: December 2016

Globalization is an irreversible process accounting. The global economic crisis that cross, there is need for stronger global accounting standards, to ensure a common language for each type of transaction and for each business sector. The value of intangible assets has been the main focus in the debates between consumers' evaluations about brand name and business world for many decades. Today, this concept interferes with the international process of assessment, but also is influenced by the store name and the quality of merchandise it carries.
Information Asymmetries in the Context of Restatement Announcements
Authors: Rosati Pierangelo , Mazzola Pietro , Palumbo Riccardo
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents the results of an empirical investigation on stock trading activity in the context of restatement announcements. The aim is to explore whether sophisticated investors may anticipate accounting restatements, and which factors lead their trading strategies. The empirical analysis shows that sophisticated investors sell before and buy after the announcement. Moreover sophisticated investors trade more when information asymmetry and event-related risk are higher, and do not care about stock's recent performance. In contrast, unsophisticated investors do not follow a particular trading strategy before or after the announcement, stay away from trading when the information gap (risk) is too wide (high), but trade more on stock with positive past performance. Results suggest that sophisticated investors are able to anticipate restatements and exploit their information advantage to speculate.
Identifying and Analyzing the Latent Cyber Threats in Developing Economies
Authors: Bamrara Atul
Published: December 2016

Internet usage has increased significantly across developing economies in last decade and most of the enterprises are extensively reliable on computer networks for electronic mails to payment gateways. But, the scenario we live in today has become more and more connected, sophisticated and risk-prone to our network-delivered society. Nevertheless, it remains critical for enterprises to exploit the full potential of available technologies such as mobile computing, smart computing and cloud computing. A cyber security related gaffe in any of these rapidly emerging domains may lead to lost productivity and grave concerns to the enterprise. The chapter highlights the various concerns associated to cyber security, viz., how an attack may be operated and offered measures to secure the network and information technology resources within and outside the enterprise. In most of the developing economies no synchronized activities in this regard are taking place which opens the opportunity to cyber criminals intrude into the system and compromise the resources.
Cybercrime Investigation
Authors: S. Sujitha , R. Parkavi
Published: December 2016

This book chapter will be an introduction to hacking, DDOS attacks and Malware Analysis. This chapter will also describe about the cyber-crime against properties and Persons and will give a detailed description about the cyber security and privacy. This chapter will deal with the cyber-crime investigations, law enforcement policy and procedures. This chapter will also describe about the peer supporting programs for the law enforcement authorities and a detailed description about the control devices and techniques that are used by an officer. This chapter will give an opportunity to know about the evidence collecting procedures in cyber-crime and also the barriers to cybercrime investigations.