bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing catastrophic health expenditure of households with people with diabetes in Northwest China-an example from Gansu Province
Authors: Dang Ying , Yang Yinan , Yang Aimin , Cao Shuting , Zhang Jia , Wang Xiao , Lu Jie , Hu Xiaobin
Published: November 2022

Background: Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease that causes a substantial economic burden on diabetic suffers and their households. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence, equity, and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among households with people with diabetes in Northwest China.
Methods: A total of 3,000 households were included in the 6th Health services survey in Gansu Province, China of which 270 households with people with diabetes. The equity of CHE was evaluated by concentration curve and concentration index (CI). We adopted the Pareto chart to analyze the main economic intervals of the occurrence of CHE. Finally, we combined the decision tree and logistic model and analyzed the determinants of the occurrence of CHE.
Results: The incidence of CHE at 15%, 25% and 40% were 75.19%, 58.89% and 35.19%, respectively. CHE tended to occur in households with a lower economic level, with the phenomenon being more pronounced at Z=40%. The Pareto chart showed that households in the group with an annual per capita income of 0-740 USD(0-5,000 Chinese Yuan) were most likely to experience CHE. Both decision tree and logistic models suggested that economic level, comorbidities, and small household size were potential risk factors. In addition, the decision tree model also suggested the interaction between the influencing factor of health checks in the past 12 months and the number of chronic diseases.
Conclusions: In summary, Households with peope with diabetes were more likely to incur CHE. It is essential to focus on low- and middle-income households with people with diabetes, strengthen the management of patients with daibetes, and provide timely health interventions to reduce the occurrence of chronic comorbidity and the risk of CHE in households.
Pediatricians' knowledge regarding treating children with red eye disease: a correlational study.
Authors: Mostovoy Dina , Bunin Anna , Eyni Yotam , Natan Merav Ben
Published: November 2022

Background
Pediatricians play an important role in the early detection and prompt treatment of ocular disorders in children, including red eye disease. Our aim was to examine the knowledge level of pediatricians regarding treating children with red eye disease, as well as the factors that affect the knowledge level, and the potential implications of a low level of knowledge.
Methods
In this correlational quantitative study, 152 expert pediatricians completed a questionnaire that included questions on knowledge, attitudes, and experience in treating red eye disease.
Results
Respondents’ mean level of knowledge was moderate. Most of the respondents (89.5%) knew that the most likely diagnosis for a child with red eyes and a discharge is viral conjunctivitis and that pain, blurred vision, and a clouded cornea, are symptoms indicative of a more complex systemic problem. In contrast, 78.3% of the pediatricians claimed that the treatment of choice for viral conjunctivitis is a conservative treatment that includes eye flushing and strict hygiene. However, 14.5% (n=22) of the pediatricians were found to subscribe antibiotics. A negative association was found between the pediatrician’s age and years of experience, and level of knowledge concerning treatment of children with red eye. A strong positive association was found between pediatricians’ level of knowledge and their attitudes to performing eye tests. Moreover, a negative association was found between the level of knowledge and the number of cases in which pediatricians prescribed antibiotics for children with red eye.
Conclusions
The research findings indicate that lack of knowledge was more conspicuous among pediatricians with more experience. Knowledge appears to be critical both for readiness to treat red eye and for proper treatment. It is necessary to provide pediatricians with tools for treating eye disorders in children and to refresh their knowledge on red eye, particularly among pediatricians with more years of experience.
Trial registration
N/A
Understanding and explaining the link between Anthroposophy and vaccine hesitancy: A systematic review
Authors: Wees Sibylle Herzig van , Abunnaja Khadija , Mounier-Jack Sandra
Published: November 2022

Background: Anthroposophic communities have gained the attention of public health authorities due to low vaccination uptake. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence available on the relationship between anthroposophy and vaccine beliefs. The systematic review addressed aimed to collate evidence documenting outbreaks linked to anthroposophic communities, literature on vaccination coverage in anthroposophic communities and lastly describe literature that summarizes theories and factors influencing vaccine decision making in anthroposophic communities.
Methods: This is a systematic review using following databases: Medline, Web of Science, Psycinfo and CINAHL. Article screening was conducted by two researchers. Data was summarized to address the research questions. For the third research question the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of Nvivo12.0.
Results: There were 12 articles documenting 18 measles outbreaks linked to anthroposophic communities between the years 2000 and 2012. Seven articles describe lower vaccination uptake in anthroposophic communities than in other communities, although one article describes that vaccination uptake in low-income communities with a migrant background have lower coverage than the anthroposophic community they studied. We found eight articles examining factors and theories influencing vaccine decision making in anthroposophic communities. The qualitative analysis revealed four common themes. Firstly, there was a very broad spectrum of vaccine beliefs among the anthroposophic communities. Secondly, there was a consistent narrative about problems or concerns with vaccines, including toxicity, lack of trust in the system. Thirdly, there was a strong notion of the importance of making individual and well-informed choice as opposed to simply following the masses. Lastly, making vaccine choices was highly stigmatized by those outside of the anthroposophic community but also those within the community.
Conclusion: Continued research and monitoring of vaccine beliefs in the anthroposophic community is important particularly in view of current COVID-19 vaccine decision debates. The importance of the Waldorf school and community context in influencing vaccine decision making warrants further investigation.
Practical considerations for determination of scapular internal rotation and its value in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Siegert Paul , Meraner Dominik , Pokorny-Olsen Alexandra , Akgün Doruk , Korn Gundobert , Albrecht Christian , Hofstaetter Jochen G. , Moroder Philipp
Published: November 2022

Background
Scapulothoracic orientation, especially scapular internal rotation (SIR) may influence range of motion in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) and is subjected to body posture. Clinical measurements of SIR rely on apical bony landmarks which are subjected to changes in scapulothoracic orientation, while radiographic measurements are often limited by the restricted field of view (FOV) in CT scans. Therefore, the goal of this study was (1) to determine whether the use of CT scans with a limited FOV to measure SIR is reliable and (2) if a clinical measurement could be a valuable alternative.
Methods
This anatomical study analyzed the whole-body CT-scans of 100 shoulders in 50 patients (32 male and 18 female) with a mean age of 61.2 ± 20.1 years (range 18; 91). (1) CT-scans were rendered into 3D models and SIR was determined as previously described. Results were compared to measurements taken in 2D CT-scans with a limited FOV. (2) Three apical bony landmarks were defined: (the angulus acromii (AA), the midpoint between the AA and the coracoid process tip (C) and the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. The scapular axis was determined connecting the trigonum scapulae with these landmarks and referenced to the glenoid center. The measurements were repeated with 0°, 10°, 20°, 30° and 40° anterior scapular tilt.
Results
Mean SIR was 44.8° ± 5.9° and 45.6° ± 6.6° in the 3D and 2D model, respectively (p < 0.371). Mean difference between the measurements was 0.8°± 2.5° with a maximum of 10.5°. A Bland-Altman-Plot showed 5% outliers. Midpoint AA/C showed no significant difference to the scapular axis at 0° (p = 0.203) as did the AC joint at 10° anterior scapular tilt (p = 0.949). All other points showed a significant difference from the scapular axis at all degrees of tilt.
Conclusion
2D CT-scans are reliable to determine SIR, even if the spine is not depicted. Position of the patient in the CT scanner needs to be considered and supine positioning presents a limitation. Clinical measurements using apical superficial scapula landmarks are a possible alternative, however anterior tilt influenced by posture alters measured SIR.
Application of computer-aided design and 3D-printed template for accurate bone augmentation in the aesthetic region of anterior teeth
Authors: Liu Xin , Fang Zhou , Feng Jin , Yang Se-fei , Ren Yi-peng
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To explore the outcomes of bone augmentation in the aesthetic zone of the anterior teeth using computer-aided design and a 3D-printed template.

Methods

Ten patients (seven females, three males) with severe bone defects in the aesthetic zone of anterior teeth were included in the study; CT data were collected before surgery. The design of the osteotomy line in the bone defect area was determined under computer simulation. The position parameters and osteotomy line of the free bone were determined via virtual surgery. A 3D-printed template was prepared to guide the accurate placement of the bone graft. Reexamination was conducted to evaluate the position of the bone graft immediately after the operation and the resorbed capacity of the bone graft before implant restoration.

Results

The position of the bone graft was consistent with the preoperative design. The amount of bone graft resorbed was within the acceptable range three months after the operation, and the effect of implant restoration was satisfactory.

Clinical significance

Use of computer-aided design and a 3D-printed template can be an effective approach for accurate bone augmentation in the aesthetic zone of the anterior teeth.
Association of the bovine aortic arch and bicuspid aortic valve with thoracic aortic disease
Authors: Sun Jing , Zhang Shuai , Qi Hongxia , Sun Cheng , Hou Zhihui , Wang Xiaoqi , Qian Xiangyang
Published: November 2022

Background: Both bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and bovine aortic arch (BA) are considered as markers of thoracic aortic disease (TAD). But the relationship between them is not yet clear. This study aimed to explore the potential association of BAV and BA with TAD.
Methods: The study involved 449 participants who underwent their first aortic valve replacement in Fuwai Hospital from June 2017 to March 2018. All patients underwent multidetector computed tomography and echocardiography before surgery. The clinical characteristics were recorded to analyze the relationship between BAV, BA, and TAD. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify the risk factors for TAD.
Results: BA accounted for 79.8% of the arch variants and was the most common aortic arch branching variant. BAV was present in 52.6% of the patients with BA and 38.1% of the patients with normal arch (NA). Among the 185 patients in the BAV subgroup, 50 had BA and 135 had NA. No significant differences were found in BAV anatomical phenotype, aortopathy phenotype, and valve function between BA and NA. The multivariate analysis showed that the presence of BAV and male sex were the risk predictors of TAD. BA was not a risk factor for TAD in either univariate or multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: The proportion of BAV in patients with BA was significantly higher than that of tricuspid valve, but the BAV phenotype and aortopathy were not related to BA. BAV was a risk factor for TAD, whereas BA was not associated with TAD.
Simulating a ‘landscape of fear’: Eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) reduce proportional feeding duration under exposure to native and invasive predator cues
Authors: BANDYOPADHAYAY KATHAN , Ashby Samuel S , Warren Georgia , Koprowski John L. , Baker Philip
Published: November 2022

a) The Landscape of Fear (LOF) concept proposes that a prey individual’s perceived risk of predation can affect their distribution and activity. Prey may perceive the risk of predation following the detection of predator cues, such as auditory, visual, and chemical signals; this has been demonstrated in numerous studies. b) There is limited understanding on the extent of the role that chemical predator cues play under the LOF concept. Within this study, a range of olfactory cues, including those of native and invasive predators, were applied to artificial feeders used by eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in a single urban site in the United Kingdom. Motion- activated cameras recorded squirrel feeding and vigilance behaviours. The durations of such behaviours were collated and analysed to determine whether the simulated presence of predators using affected squirrel foraging. c) Domestic cat (Felis catus) odours significantly reduced proportional squirrel feeding duration at feeders, compared to passive and active controls (distilled water and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) urine, respectively). Pine marten (Martes martes) faeces significantly reduced proportional squirrel feeding duration compared to feeding under passive control applications.(Werner and Anholt 1993; Maynard-Smith et al. 2003; Scott-Phillips 2008) d) Our results confirm previous knowledge on the LOF theory; olfactory cues of a predator disrupt prey foraging. These observations provide an insight into how predator scents can affect the distribution, feeding, and anti-predation behaviours of prey. e) Our results are discussed in the context of the following areas: the application of predator scents as a deterrent of domestic cats in an urban environment; the wider effects of pine marten reintroductions on introduced eastern grey squirrel populations; the evolutionary significance of predator chemical cues.
Metal tolerance gene family in barley: An in silico comprehensive analysis
Authors: Tanwar Umesh Kumar , Stolarska Ewelina , Rudy Elżbieta , Paluch-Lubawa Ewelina , Grabsztunowicz Magda , Arasimowicz-Jelonek Magdalena , Sobieszczuk-Nowicka Ewa
Published: November 2022

Metal-tolerance proteins (MTPs) are divalent cation transporters that play critical roles in metal tolerance and ion homeostasis in plants. However, a comprehensive study of MTPs is still lacking in crop plants. The current study aimed to comprehensively identify and characterize the MTP gene family in barley (Hv), an important crop. In total, 12 HvMTPs were identified in the barley genome in this study. They were divided into three phylogenetic groups (Zn-cation diffusion facilitator proteins [CDFs], Fe/Zn-CDFs, and Mn-CDFs) and further subdivided into seven groups (G1, G5, G6, G7, G8, G9, and G12). The majority of MTPs were hydrophobic proteins found in the plasma membrane. Gene duplication analysis of HvMTPs revealed one pair of segmental-like duplications in the barley genome. Evolutionary analysis suggested that barley MTPs undergone through purification selection. Additionally, the HvMTPs were analyzed in the pan-genome sequences of barley (20 accessions), which suggests that HvMTPs are highly conserved in barley evolution. Cis-acting regulatory elements, microRNA target sites, and protein-protein interaction analysis indicated the role of HvMTPs in a variety of biological processes. Expression profiling suggests that HvMTPs play an active role in maintaining barley nutrient homeostasis throughout its life cycle and their expression levels were not significantly altered by abiotic stresses like cold, drought, or heat. The expression of barley HvMTP genes in the presence of heavy metals such as Zn2+, Cu2+, As3+, and Cd2+ revealed that these MTPs were induced by at least one metal ion, implying their involvement in metal tolerance or transportation. The identification and comprehensive investigation of MTP gene family members will provide important gene resources for the genetic improvement of crops for metal tolerance, bioremediation, or biofortification of staple crops.
Burden of Undiagnosed Depression Among Older Adults in India: a Population Based Study
Authors: Devikrishna NB. , Mishra Nand Lal , Singh Abhishek
Published: November 2022

Background
The study explored the levels and associated factors of undiagnosed depression among community-dwelling older Indian adults. It also identified the predictors of undiagnosed depression among the study population at national and state levels.
Methods
The study employed data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India wave-I, 2017-18. Based on the data on depression from interviewee’s self-reporting and measurement on CIDI-SF, CES-D scale, we estimated undiagnosed depression among older adults (age 60+). We estimated multivariable binary logistic regressions to examine the socio-demographic and health-related predictors of undiagnosed depression among older adults.
Findings
Eight percent (95% confidence interval, CI: 7.8-8.4) of the total older adults had undiagnosed depression on CIDI-SF scale and 5% (95% confidence interval, CI: 4.8-5.3) on the combined CIDI-SF and CES-D. More than 97% of the older adults who had depression were not diagnosed for depression. Undiagnosed depression was higher among those who were widowed, worked in the past and currently not working, scheduled castes, higher educated and the richest. Lack of health insurance coverage, presence of any other physical or mental impairment, family history of Alzheimer’s/Parkinson’s disease/ psychotic disorder, lower self-rated health and poor life satisfaction were significant predictors of undiagnosed depression on both CIDI-SF and combined scales.
Conclusion
To improve the health of older adults in India, targeted policy efforts integrating mental health screening, awareness campaigns and decentralization of mental healthcare to primary level is needed. Further research could explore the causal factors behind different levels of undiagnosed depression.
Deep transfer learning strategy for efficient domain generalisation in machine fault diagnosis
Authors: Asutkar Supriya , Tallur Siddharth
Published: November 2022

Automated fault diagnosis algorithms based on vibration sensor recordings play an important role in determining the state of health of the machines. Data-driven approaches require a large number of supervised and labelled samples to build reliable models. The performance of such lab-trained models when deployed in practical use cases largely depends on their domain generalisation capability towards distinct distribution target domain datasets. These challenges are addressed to some extent by conventional parameter-based transfer learning techniques that fine-tune deeper (dense) layer parameters of the pre-trained networks when lower (convolutional) layers can capture more domain-specific information concerning the changing target domain distribution. In this work, we present a novel deep transfer learning strategy that utilises fine-tuning the parameters of convolutional layers and transfer of knowledge in the dense layers from the source domain for efficient domain generalisation and fault classification. The performance of this strategy is evaluated with two different target domain data sets, by studying the sensitivity of fine-tuning individual layers in the networks using time-frequency representations of the vibration signals (scalograms) as inputs. We observe that this strategy yields near-perfect accuracy, even for use cases where low-precision sensors are used for data collection, and unlabelled run-to-failure data with a limited number of training samples.
Attitudinal Analysis of Vaccination Effects: Egoism vs Altruism
Authors: Lee Seungjae , Ku Donggyun , Kim Gahyun , Peck Kyong Ran , Park In Kwon , Chang Rakwoo , Kim Donghan
Published: November 2022

In a situation that repeated vaccinations are required as the epidemic spreads, individuals are concerned about whether they are vaccinated or not. If an individual has immunity from an infection or vaccine, they recognise that the very small risk associated with vaccination is relatively greater than the risk of infection. When repeated vaccinations are conducted in society, a dilemma arises wherein the number of vaccine-avoiding individuals increases. This phenomenon is described using an indivisible-based Monte Carlo simulation, which can also be verified using the game theory. The agent’s uncooperative ego exists as the Nash equilibrium. Altruism individuals’ overall social benefits, that is, group immunity for completely controlled diseases, can be presented as the optimum value of the system. This rationale enables us to present new insights to help explain human decision-making. Currently, as COVID-19 becomes an endemic, infection risks are decreasing. Decreasing individual gains for vaccines owing to the reduced risk of infection will make it relatively more challenging to overcome the disease.
High Sensitivity Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on ITO-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber with Simple Structure
Authors: Pan Honggang , Cui Nan , Zhang Ailing , Shi Yanmei , Cao Chuanbo , Chen Zhipan , Zhang Bo , Lin Sihang , Cao Guangxiao
Published: November 2022

The design flexibility of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is convenient for sensor design. In this paper, we propose a high sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated PCF with simple structure. A structure consisting of four square air holes is used for the sensing of bio-analytes.To supports the SPR, we use a novel conductor material for ITO and a continuous metal film to help improve the sensing performance. According to numerical results, the maximum wavelength sensitivity of the sensor can reach 28500 nm/RIU. It has high wavelength resolution of 3.5×10− 6 RIU and the refractive index detection range of the sensor is 1.33–1.40. Besides, the sensor has a highly linear sensing performance. Considering the simple structure and competitive sensing performance,the sensor can detect the refractive index of liquid in a wide range and accurately detect the refractive index of liquid in a small range such as plasma, hemoglobin,etc.
Safety and Efficacy of Hizentra ® Following Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant for Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Patel Niraj C , Torgerson Troy , Thakar Monika , Younger Elizabeth M , Sriar Panida , Pozos Tamara , Buckley Rebecca , Morris David , Vilkama Diana , Heimall Jennifer
Published: November 2022

Primary Immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) comprise a group of disorders of immune function. Some of the most severe PIDD can be treated with hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Hizentra® is a 20% liquid IgG product approved for subcutaneous administration in adults and children greater than two years of age with PIDD-associated antibody deficiency. Limited information is available on use of Hizentra® in children following HCT for PIDD. A multicenter retrospective chart review demonstrated 37 infants and children (median age 70.1 [range 12.0 to 176.4] months) with PIDD treated by HCT who received Hizentra® infusions over a median duration of 31 (range 4-96) months post-transplant. The most common indication for HCT was IL2RG SCID (n=16). Thirty-two patients switched from IVIG to SCIG administration, due to one or more of the following reasons: patient/caregiver (n=17) or physician (n=12) preference, discontinuation of central venous catheter (n=16), desire for home infusion (n=12), improved IgG serum levels following lower levels on IVIG (n=10), and loss of venous access (n=8). Serious bacterial infections occurred at a rate of 0.041 per patient-year while on therapy. Weight percentile increased by a mean of 16% during the observation period, with females demonstrating the largest gains. Mild local reactions were observed in 24%; 76% had no local reactions. One serious adverse event (death from sepsis) was reported. Hizentra® was discontinued in 15 (41%) patients, most commonly due to recovery of B-cell function (n=11). These data demonstrate that Hizentra® is a safe and effective option in children who have received HCT for PIDD.
Fasting and non-fasting lipoproteins and apolipoproteins for long-term outcome prediction in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease：a prospective observational study
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Tang Zhengde , Jiang Jintong , Huang Shuying , Zeng Huasu , Gu Jun , Wang Changqian , Zhang Huili
Published: November 2022

Background
Within 24 hours a day, people are mostly in a non-fasting state. However, little is known about the characteristics and clinical significance of non-fasting lipids in Chinese population with coronary heart disease (CHD) in response to traditional Chinses diets.
Methods
A total number of 1022 Chinese CHD patients with coronary artery luminal stenosis more than 40% diagnosed by coronary artery angiography were enrolled. All the patients received the routine treatment for CHD, including statins. They were divided into intermediate stenosis group (luminal stenosis 40–70%, n = 486) or severe stenosis group (luminal stenosis > 70%, n = 536). Their blood lipid profiles were measured in the fasting state or 4 hours after normal breakfast. All the participants followed up for five years. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including all cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unscheduled coronary revascularization and stroke were recorded.
Results
After normal breakfast intake, patients with either intermediate or severe stenosis had an apparent increase from the fasting state in the levels of TG, remnant cholesterol (RC) and ApoA1, but a significant reduction in the levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, non-HDL-C, Apo B and Apo E. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that both the fasting and non-fasting levels of HDL-C and Apo A1 was negatively associated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis. In addition to the traditional risk factors (age, male, diabetes and smoking) and the severity of coronary artery stenosis, both the fasting and non-fasting levels of lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C) and apolipoproteins (Apo A1 and Apo B) were identified as independent predictors of 5-year MACE occurrence by multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.
Conclusion
This prospective observational study demonstrated that the levels of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in either fasting or non-fasting state were highly associated with the long-term risk of MACE in Chinses CHD patients. Measurements of lipid profiles in the non-fasting state may be feasible for CHD management in routine clinical practice in China.
Darcy-Forchheimer flow of maxwell nanofluid flow over a Porous Stretching Sheet with Arrhenius Activation Energy and Nield Boundary Conditions
Authors: Jawad Muhammad , Hameed Maria Kirn , Mebarek-Oudina F.
Published: November 2022

Now a days cooling is need of industry. This study is described for investigating the influence of heat and mass transfer over convective Darcy-Forchheimer flow of maxwell nanofluid through linear porous stretched sheet. Further, the impacts of chemical reaction, thermal conductivity and thermophoresis are also part of this study. The analysis of heat and mass transfer of Maxwell fluid in the presence of nanoparticles with convective and nield condition is examined. To convert the governing PDEs of velocity, temperature and nano concentration with activation energy into a couple of nonlinear ODEs we apply the appropriate similarity variables. Shooting method is applied to solve the set of highly nonlinear ordinarily differential equations numerically and obtained numerical results are associated with those gained by the help of MATLAB bvp4c solver and Mathematica ND-solve built in command. The influence of prominent parameters of interest like chemical effusion, Prandtl number, Biot number, radiative heat flux Brownian motion, Lewis number, thermophoresis parameter, magnetic parameter, Reynolds number, thermophoresis parameter, on, non-dimension velocity, heat and nano concentration distribution has been deliberated and heat transfer features is also encompassed. The numerical values obtained for defined profiles are presented through graphs and tables.
Inclusive Random Sampling in Graphs and Networks
Authors: Novick Yitzchak , BarNoy Amotz
Published: November 2022

It is often of interest to sample vertices from a graph with a bias towards higher-degree vertices. One well-known method, which we call random neighbor or RN, involves taking a vertex at random and exchanging it for one of its neighbors. Loosely inspired by the friendship paradox, the method is predicated on the fact that the expected degree of the neighbor is greater than or equal to the expected degree of the initial vertex. Another method that is actually perfectly analogous to the friendship paradox is random edge, or RE, where an edge is sampled at random, and then one of the two endpoint vertices is selected at random. Obviously, random sampling is only required when full knowledge of the graph is unattainable. But, while it is true in most cases that knowledge of all vertices’ degrees cannot be obtained, it is often trivial to learn the degree of specific vertices that have already been isolated. In light of this, we suggest a tweak to both RN and RE, inclusive random sampling. In inclusive random neighbor (IRN) the initial vertex and the selected neighbor are considered, in inclusive random edge (IRE) the two endpoint vertices are, and in both cases, we learn the degree of each and select the vertex of higher degree. This paper explores inclusive random sampling through theoretical analysis and experimentation. We establish many meaningful bounds on IRN and IRE’s performances, in particular in comparison to each other and to their exclusive counterparts. Our analyses highlight differences of the exclusive versions as well. The results provide practical insight for strategizing a random sampling method, and also highlight graph characteristics that impact the question of which methods will perform strongly in which graphs.
Influence of the soil liquefaction on dynamic characteristics of a base-isolated structure investigated by the experimental method
Authors: Zhuang Haiyang , Liu Ying , Miao Yu , Zhao Chang , Xu Changjie , Chen Guoxing
Published: November 2022

In previous studies, the dynamic characteristics of a base-isolated structure on non-liquefied soil foundation have been investigated by some model tests. However, soil liquefaction can change the seismic responses of the base-isolated structure. In particular, due to the soil-structure interaction, the seismic-isolation layer of the structure is also bound to change the seismic responses of the pile foundation under the isolation layer, and then this also affect inversely the isolation performance of the isolated layer. However, this scientific problem has not been effectively studied. To investigate the seismic responses of a complex soil-pile-isolated structure interaction (SPISI) system after the soil foundation liquefied, a new shaking-table model test was designed. The test results were analysed and compared with a series of previous model tests on isolated structures with different non-liquefied soil foundations. As results, after the soil foundation liquefied, severe swing responses of the isolated structure and pile cap were observed. Then, the seismic responses of the pile were also changed evidently by the SPISI and severely aggravated by the strong swing responses of the isolated structure. Meanwhile, the foundation liquefaction also significantly weakened the isolation performance of the lead-rubber bearing and even amplified the horizontal acceleration response of the isolated structure. Because of the above SPISI effects, the dynamic characteristics and response laws of the isolated structure on a liquefied soil foundation are not consistent with those of base-isolated structures on non-liquefied soil foundations. On the contrary, they are similar to those of a non-isolated structure on the general soil foundation. At last, the test results are compared and verified by the numerical modelling.
The role of daughters in relation to their mother’s cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment in Guatemala: a descriptive study
Authors: Dau Hallie , Gottschlich Anna , Metz Lynn , Pineda Natalia , Pineda Andres , Alvarez Christian S. , Bevliacqua Kristin , Mendoza-Montano Carlos , Ogilvie Gina , Rivera-Andrade Alvaro , Gharzouzi Eduardo , Meza Rafael
Published: November 2022

PURPOSE
There is currently no information on how caregivers for women diagnosed with cervical cancer in Guatemala, particularly daughters, are affected by their supportive role. This study’s objective was to describe the support role of caregivers in the country, with a focus on daughters with a mother diagnosed with cervical cancer.
METHODS
This analysis utilizes data from a cross-sectional study which aimed to understand pathways to cervical cancer care. Women seeking cervical cancer treatment at the Instituto de Cancerologia (INCAN) in Guatemala City, Guatemala and their companions were surveyed. Descriptive statistics were calculated.
RESULTS
145 women seeking treatment and 71 companions participated in the study. Patient's daughters were most frequently reported as the person who provided the most support (51%) and as the most likely to have encouraged the patient to seek care. Furthermore, daughters were noted as the person most likely to fulfill the major household and livelihood roles of the patient while they were seeking or receiving treatment (38.0%). Most daughters reported that they were missing housework (77%), childcare (63%), and income-earning activities (60%) to attend the appointment with their mothers.
CONCLUSION
This study is the first to describe the support role of daughters of mothers receiving treatment for cervical cancer in Guatemala. The results suggests that daughters have a significant role in their mother’s cancer diagnosis and are often unable to participate in primary labor activities while providing support to the patient. This highlights an additional unexplored burden that cervical cancer has on women in Latin America.
Clinician perceptions of the impact of ICU family visiting restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international investigation
Authors: McPeake Joanne , Kentish-Barnes Nancy , Banse Emilie , Anderson Lynne , Cuzco Cecilia , Azoulay Elie , Quasim Tara , Castro Pedro , Puxty Kathryn
Published: November 2022

Background: To guarantee the safety of the public, clinicians and patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, hospital visits were severely restricted internationally. There is limited data on the precise impact of these visiting restrictions on Intensive Care Unit clinicians. Our objectives therefore were, to explore the impact of family visitation restrictions on clinicians and care and describe innovation and areas for potential improvement.
Methods: A qualitative approach, using focus groups was employed. We recruited members of the multi-disciplinary team from Spain, France and the UK. Framework analysis was used to synthesize and interpret data.
Results: In total, 28 staff from multiple international sites contributed to data across six focus groups: 12 from the UK, 9 from France and 7 from Spain. In relation to the key aims, we derived four themes: the emergence of new technologies; relationships and rapport establishment, communication challenges and end of life care provision. Across each theme, the overarching concepts of clinician emotional exhaustion and emotional distress emerged alongside the negative impact on job satisfaction.
Conclusion: The impact of COVID-19 family visitation restrictions is far reaching. Future research should examine the wider impact of family presence in the ICU.
The IBER study: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of Imagery Based Emotion Regulation for the treatment of anxiety in bipolar disorder
Authors: Steel Craig , Wright Kim , Goodwin Guy M. , Simon Judit , Morant Nicola , Taylor Rod S , Brown Michael , Jennings Susie , Hales Susie A. , Regan Jemma , Sibsey Michaela , Thomas Zoe , Meredith Lynette , Holmes Emily A.
Published: November 2022

Background: Intrusive mental imagery is associated with anxiety and mood instability within bipolar disorder and therefore represents a novel treatment target. Imagery Based Emotion Regulation (IBER) is a brief structured psychological intervention developed to enable people to use the skills required to regulate the emotional impact of these images.
Methods: Participants aged 18 and over with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and at least a mild level of anxiety were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive IBER plus treatment as usual (IBER +TAU) or treatment as usual alone (TAU). IBER was delivered in up to 12 sessions overs 16 weeks. Clinical and health economic data were collected at baseline, end of treatment and 16-weeks follow-up. Objectives were to inform the recruitment process, timeline and sample size estimate for a definitive trial and to refine trial procedures. We also explored the impact on participant outcomes of anxiety, depression, mania, and mood stability at 16-weeks and 32-weeks follow-up.
Results: Fifty-seven (28: IBER+TAU, 27: TAU) participants from two sites were randomised, with 50 being recruited within the first 12 months. Forty-seven (82%) participants provided outcome data at 16 and 32-weeks follow-up. Thirty-five participants engaged in daily mood monitoring at the 32-week follow-up stage. Retention in IBER treatment was high with 27 (96%) attending ≥7 sessions. No study participants experienced a serious adverse event.
Discussion: The feasibility criteria of recruitment, outcome completion, and intervention retention were broadly achieved, indicating that imagery-focused interventions for bipolar disorder are worthy of further investigation.
Determinants of Climate Change Beliefs in Latin America
Authors: Spektor Matias , Fasolin Guilherme , Camargo Juliana
Published: November 2022

Policymakers struggle to come up with messages to effectively promote pro-climate political mobilization in the Global South. In order to identify what factors matter most in sensitizing public opinion in the developing world, this article highlights the main determinants of belief in the existence of climate change, its causes, and its consequences. We field surveys to nationally diverse samples in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico (N= 5338), a group of countries accounting for more than 80% of Latin America’s carbon emissions. We find that belief in the existence of climate change and its human causes is generalized, but there is no consensus around the severity of its consequences. Driving the skepticism is not political ideology but the presence of individualistic values, a worrisome conclusion in a region marked by relatively low levels of trust in political institutions and trust in others.
Associations of state or trait dissociation with severity of psychopathology in young people with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Salmon Ashleigh P. , Nicol Katie , Kaess Michael , Jovev Martina , Betts Jennifer K. , Chanen Andrew M.
Published: November 2022

Background
State and trait dissociation are associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) severity and severity of commonly co-occurring mental health symptoms. Although these distinct constructs do not consistently co-occur in experimental settings, they are frequently reported as the same construct, namely dissociation. This study aimed to investigate the co-occurrence of state and trait dissociation among young people with BPD and to examine whether state or trait dissociation were associated with symptom severity in this population.
Methods
State dissociation was induced using a stressful behavioural task in a clinical sample of 55 young people (aged 15–25 years) with three or more BPD features. Diagnoses, state and trait dissociation, BPD severity and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and stress symptoms were assessed by self-report or research interview.
Results
A chi-square test of independence showed a strong association between state and trait dissociation. Bonferroni corrected t-tests showed that state dissociation was significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity and likely associated with BPD severity and severity of depressive and stress symptoms. Trait dissociation was not associated with symptom severity or severity of BPD features.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to distinguish between state and trait dissociation in personality disorder research. They suggest that state dissociation might be an indicator of higher severity of psychopathology in young people with BPD.
Mixed Market Structure and R&D: A Differential Game Approach
Authors: Yanase Akihiko , Long Ngo Van
Published: November 2022

We consider a dynamic model of an industry consisting of a few large firms, which can manipulate the market outcome, and a mass of small enterprises, each of which has a negligible impact on the market. The production costs of the respective firms depend on the stock of knowledge capital, which accumulates over time through research and development (R&D) investment made by large firms. The model is a variant of the differential game of voluntary provision of public goods, but in contrast to previous studies, we focus on the interaction between market competition and dynamic game outcomes. We derive both open-loop and Markov-perfect Nash equilibria. There exists a unique open-loop Nash equilibrium. By contrast, depending on the parameters of the model, there can be two linear Markov-perfect Nash equilibria. We also examine the short- and long-run effects of a change in the number of large firms. An increase in the number of large firms unambiguously harms both types of firms in the short run but may benefit them in the long run. In the open-loop Nash equilibrium, the relationship between the number of large firms and the steady-state stock of knowledge capital is inverted-U shaped. Concerning the Markov-perfect Nash equilibria, the effect of increased competition from large firms depends on the specific feedback strategy chosen in equilibrium.
JEL classification: C61; C72; C73; D43; H41; L13
The rapid detection of respiratory pathogens in critically ill children
Authors: Clark John Alexander , Morris Andrew Conway , Curran Martin D , White Deborah , Daubney Esther , Kean Iain RL , Navapurkar Vilas , Scott Josefin Bartholdson , Maes Mailis , Bousfield Rachel , Török M. Estée , Inwald David , Zhang Zhenguang , Agrawal Shruti , Kanaris Constantinos , Khokhar Fahad , Gouliouris Theodore , Baker Stephen , Pathan Nazima
Published: November 2022

Purpose
Respiratory infections are the most common reason for admission to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). Most patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) receive broad-spectrum antimicrobials, despite low rates of bacterial culture confirmation. Here, we evaluated a molecular diagnostic test for LRTI to inform the better use of antimicrobials.
Methods
The Rapid Assay for Sick Children with Acute Lung infection Study (RASCALS) was a single-centre, prospective, observational cohort study of mechanically ventilated children (> 37/40 weeks corrected gestation to 18 years) with suspected community acquired or ventilator-associated LRTI. We evaluated the use of a 52-pathogen custom TaqMan array card (TAC) to identify pathogens in non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) samples. TAC results were compared to routine microbiology testing. Primary study outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of TAC, and time to result.
Results
We enrolled 100 patients; all of whom were tested with TAC and 91 of whom had matching culture samples. TAC had a sensitivity of 89.5% (95% confidence interval (CI95) 66.9–98.7) and specificity of 97.9% (CI95 97.2–98.5) compared to routine bacterial and fungal culture. TAC took a median 25.8 hours (IQR 9.1–29.8 hours) from sample collection to result. Culture was significantly slower; median 110.4 hours (IQR 85.2–141.6 hours) for a positive result and median 69.4 hours (IQR 52.8–78.6) for a negative result.
Conclusions
TAC is a reliable and rapid adjunct diagnostic approach for LRTI in critically ill children, with the potential to aid early rationalisation of antimicrobial therapy.
Differences of gene regulation by TLR3 and IPS-1 in polyI:C-stimulated murine corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Komai Seitaro , Ueta Mayumi , Nishigaki Hiromi , Mizushima Katsura , Naito Yuji , Kinoshita Shigeru , Sotozono Chie
Published: November 2022

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and interferon-beta promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) are associated with antiviral responses to double-stranded RNA viruses and contribute to innate immunity. We previously reported that conjunctival epithelial cell (CEC) TLR3 and IPS-1 pathways respond to the common ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) to regulate different gene expression patterns as well as CD11c + cell migration in murine-model corneas. However, the differences in the functions and the roles of TLR3 and IPS-1 remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the differences of TLR3 or IPS-1-induced gene expression in corneal epithelial cells (CECs) in response to polyI:C stimulation using cultured murine primary CECs (mPCECs) derived from TLR3 and IPS-1 knockout mice via comprehensive analysis. The genes associated with viral responses were upregulated in the wild-type mice mPCECs after polyI:C stimulation. Among these genes, Neurl3, Irg1, and LIPG were dominantly regulated by TLR3, while interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15 were dominantly regulated by IPS-1. CCL5, CXCL10, OAS2, Slfn4, TRIM30α, and Gbp9 were complementarily regulated by both TLR3 and IPS-1. Our findings suggest that CECs may contribute to immune responses and that TLR3 and IPS-1 possibly have different functions in the corneal innate immune response.
Water-sulfur-rich, oxidised adakite magmas are likely porphyry copper progenitors
Authors: Leong Timothy Sung Jue , Mavrogenes John Ashby , Arculus Richard James
Published: November 2022

The world’s largest current Cu resource is volcanic arc-hosted, porphyry copper deposits. Whether unusual parental magmas or fortuitous combinations of processes accompanying emplacement of common parental arc magmas (e.g., basalt) is required for ore deposit formation, remains unclear. Spatial and tectonic associations of adakite (andesite with high La/Yb, Sr/Y) with porphyries exist, but genetic links are debated. Delayed saturation with Cu-bearing sulfides consequent to elevated redox state seems essential for late-stage exsolution of Cu-bearing hydrothermal fluids. Partial melting of igneous layers of subducted, hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in the eclogite stability field are invoked to account for andesitic compositions, residual garnet signatures, and the putative oxidised character of adakites. Alternative petrogeneses include partial melting of lower crustal, garnet-bearing sources and extensive intra-crustal amphibole fractionation. Here we demonstrate mineral-hosted, adakite glass (formerly melt) inclusions in lavas erupted subaqueously in the New Hebrides arc are oxidised relative to island arc (and mid-ocean ridge) basalts, are H2O-S-Cl-rich, and moderately enriched in Cu. Polynomial fitting of chondrite-normalised, rare earth element abundance patterns shows the precursors of these erupted adakites were unequivocally derived from partial melting of subducted slab, and represent optimal porphyry copper progenitors.