bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical approaches to detect and analyze protein sulfenic acids
Authors: Furdui Cristina M. , Poole Leslie B.
Published: October 2013

Orchestration of many processes relying on intracellular signal transduction is recognized to require the generation of hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger, yet relatively few molecular details of how this oxidant acts to regulate protein function are currently understood. This review describes emerging chemical tools and approaches that can be applied to study protein oxidation in biological systems, with a particular emphasis on a key player in protein redox regulation, cysteine sulfenic acid. While sulfenic acids (within purified proteins or simple mixtures) are detectable by physical approaches like X‐ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, the propensity of these moieties to undergo further modification in complex biological systems has necessitated the development of chemical probes, reporter groups and analytical approaches to allow for their selective detection and quantification. Provided is an overview of techniques that are currently available for the study of sulfenic acids, and some of the biologically meaningful data that have been collected using such approaches. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Rapid Commun. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 33: 126–146, 2014.
Interactive Behaviors of American Indian Mothers and Their Premature Infants
Authors: Brooks Jada L. , Holditch‐Davis Diane , Landerman Lawrence R.
Published: October 2013

The interactive behaviors of 17 American Indian mothers and their premature infants and selected maternal and infant factors affecting those behaviors were measured using naturalistic observation and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory at 3, 6, and 12 months corrected infant age. The frequency of some maternal behaviors changed over the first 12 months. Mothers spent less time holding, looking at, touching, and interacting with their premature infants and more time uninvolved as the infant aged. Maternal education and infant illness severity were associated with mother–infant interactive behaviors and HOME Inventory scores. These findings emphasize the importance of maternal and infant factors affecting the interactions between American Indian premature infants and their mothers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 591–602, 2013
Preparation of hybrid microcapsules and application to self‐healing agent
Authors: Taguchi Yoshinari , Saito Natsukaze , Fuchigami Kiyomi , Tanaka Masato
Published: October 2013

It was tried to prepare hybrid microcapsules composed of porous inorganic particles and epoxy resin shell and to apply to the self‐healing agent. A water soluble imidazole of gelation promoting agent as the core material was microencapsulated in the porous inorganic particles, which were coated with epoxy resin. The porous inorganic particles were prepared with the interfacial reaction between sodium silicate and calcium ion in the (W/O) dispersion. In the experiment, the concentration of sodium silicate and the mixing speed to form the (W/O) dispersion were mainly changed. The porous inorganic particles were immersed in the aqueous solution dissolving imidazole and then, added in the corn oil dissolving epoxy resin to be microencapsulated with gelated epoxy resin. The hybrid microcapsules containing imidazole with the mean diameters from 200 to 400 µm were able to be prepared and to induce the gelation reaction of epoxy resin by breaking the hybrid microcapsule shell due to heating. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled thermal‐electrical analysis of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites
Authors: Prolongo S. G. , Del Rosario G. , Ureña A.
Published: October 2013

The electrical and thermal behavior of epoxy composites reinforced with different contents of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (from 0.1 to 0.4 wt% CNT) is studied when they are subjected to relatively high DC voltages (from 1 to 100 V). These materials obey Ohm's law, reaching values of electrical conductivity in the range of 0.01–0.5 S/m. The transported electric current leads to a significant increase of temperature, which is a result of the Joule heating effect. The temperature increases to 40ºC in CNT/epoxy composites when applying 100 V. The study of heating due to Joule's effect gives information about the electrical transport mechanisms implied. It is also confirmed that both, electrical conductivity and Joule's heating effect depend on the morphological features of the composites. The functionalization of CNTs decreases the electrical conductivity of composites but increases their corresponding Joule heating, due to the strong interface between the nanotubes and matrix, which hinders the formation of pathways in CNT in direct contact. The technique of CNT dispersion applied also affects to the increase of temperature induced by the electrical current. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1976–1982, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Shear‐induced shish‐kebab structures in isotactic polypropylene using acicular precipitated calcium carbonate as whisker
Authors: Vogel Roland , Boldt Regine , Vučak Marijan , Häußler Liane
Published: October 2013

It has been reported in the technical literature that whiskers of rodlike single crystals can be used in order to generate shish‐kebab structures or other different lamellae morphologies during isothermal or dynamic crystallization of sheared or presheared polymer melts. The expected advantage of the changed crystalline structure is a reinforcing effect of the composite. A lot of papers reported about the application of inorganic and organic whiskers such as cellulose and chitin whiskers. This study reports on an attempt to use acicular PCC as appropriate whisker for improving mechanical properties of polypropylene. In this article special attention is given to demonstrate the effect of flow induced crystallization under varying shear conditions in order to improve the mechanical properties. The effects were demonstrated using rheology, thermal analysis, tensile testing, and transmission electron microscopy. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2057–2063, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of micro/nanocellular polypropylene foam with crystal nucleating agents
Authors: Miyamoto Ryoma , Yasuhara Shunya , Shikuma Haruo , Ohshima Masahiro
Published: October 2013

Open‐cell, porous microcellular foams with nanofibrillated structures were prepared from high tacticity isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) with a crystal nucleating and gelling agent. The 1,3:2,4 bis‐O‐(4‐methylbenzylidene)‐d‐sorbitol gelling agent (Gel‐all MD) was used as the crystal nucleating and gelling agent, which enhanced the crystallization and gelation of i‐PP with a three‐dimensional network of highly connected nanofibrils. The core‐back foam injection molding technique was employed to foam the i‐PP with nitrogen (N2) at a high expansion ratio, where the crystal nucleating agent induced bubble nucleation and bubble growth in the inter‐lamella region and opened the cell walls with a nanoscale‐fibrillated structure. The effects of the nucleating agent on the open cell content (OCC), density and crystallinity were thoroughly investigated. We prepared open‐cell micro/nanocellular foams with an average cell size of microscale voids of < 5 μm. Nanometer‐scale fibrillated structures were formed on the cell wall of the microscale void, the expansion ratio was five‐fold and the open cell content was over 90%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2075–2085, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Environmental benefits of parking‐integrated photovoltaics: a 222 kWp experience
Authors: Serrano‐Luján Lucía , García‐Valverde Rafael , Espinosa Nieves , García‐Cascales M. Socorro , Sánchez‐Lozano Juan M. , Urbina Antonio
Published: October 2013

The life cycle assessment of a grid‐connected, parking integrated, 222 kWp cadmium telluride photovoltaic system has been performed. The system was built at the University of Murcia and has been monitored for 2.5 years (sampling data every 5 min). The detailed material inventory, the energy embedded in the system, the energy payback time, and the energy return factor of the facility have been obtained and are 6.31 TJ equivalent primary energy, 2.06  and 12.16years, respectively. The average performance ratio is 0.8 with a slight monthly variation. Additionally, the environmental benefits of the architectural integration (in this case parking integration) have been quantified using a standard methodology for the calculation of several environmental parameters. Finally, the environmental benefits of renewable energy generation because of the savings of producing the same amount of electricity by the Spanish grid system have been assessed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and fluorescent properties of conjugated copolymers containing maleimide and fluorene units at the main chain
Authors: Nakamura Munetoshi , Yamabuki Kazuhiro , Oishi Tsutomu , Onimura Kenjiro
Published: October 2013

Yamamoto or Suzuki–Miyaura coupling polymerizations of 2,3‐diiodo‐N‐cyclohexylmaleimide with fluorene derivatives (2,7‐dibromo‐9,9′‐dihexylfluorene and 9,9′‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diboronic acid) were carried out. The number‐average molecular weights (Mn) of the resulting copolymers were 2600–3500 by gel permeation chromatography analysis. The fluorescence emission of the alternating copolymer showed the emission maxima at 551 nm in THF. On the other hand, the random copolymers showed the bimodal emission peaks at 418–420 and 555–557 nm region, respectively. The fluorescence peaks of the random copolymers on the long wavelength region (555–557 nm) were attributed to the conjugated neighboring N‐cyclohexylmaleimide‐9,9′‐dihexylfluorene units in the polymer main chain. Furthermore, the copolymers exhibited the fluorescence solvatochromism by the difference of the polarity of solvents. The alternating and random copolymers showed the different fluorescence solvatochromism, and the emission colors are distinguishable by the naked eye, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4945–4956
Cognitive processing in relation to psychological distress in women with breast cancer: a theoretical approach
Authors: Rissanen Ritva , Arving Cecilia , Ahlgren Johan , Cernvall Martin , Nordin Karin
Published: October 2013

Objective

To evaluable a cognitive procession model developed by Creamer and colleagues, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between intrusion and psychological distress, via avoidance, in women with breast cancer.

Methods

Participants included 189 patients who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer. The longitudinal association between intrusion, avoidance and psychological distress and the mediating role of avoidance between intrusion and psychological distress were examined. Intrusion was measured at inclusion (T1), avoidance at 3 months post‐inclusion (T2) and psychological distress at 12 months post‐inclusion (T3).

Results

Results suggested that avoidance at T2 did not mediate the relationship between intrusions at T1 and psychological distress at T3.

Conclusion

The results did not provide support for Creamer's model in an early‐stage breast cancer population, which suggests that early‐stage breast cancer patient's process trauma differently from late‐stage cancer patients. Therefore, it might be suggested that early‐stage and late‐stage cancer patients require different types of support and treatment for the distress experienced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia occurring in a dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficient patient
Authors: Tsuge Ikuya , Ito Komei , Ohye Tamae , Kando Naoyuki , Kondo Yasuto , Nakajima Yoichi , Inuo Chisato , Kurahashi Hiroki , Urisu Atsuo
Published: October 2013

Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is an autosomal recessive type of combined immunodeficiency with elevated IgE. In this report, we describe a Japanese girl of non‐consanguineous family suffering from acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) as a presenting feature of DOCK8 deficiency. Although AEP was self‐limiting, consecutively experienced recurrent respiratory infections, severe atopic dermatitis, and vulnerability to viral infections, prompted us to evaluate the possibility of DOCK8 deficiency. Immunological assessments demonstrated decreased IgM, increased IgE, T lymphocytepenia, especially in CD4 T cells, decreased PHA blastogenesis, and decreased CD27+CD19+ memory B cells. Western blotting revealed the absence of DOCK8 protein. Investigation of genomic DNA by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) revealed a heterozygous large deletion of 77 kb spanning from intron 5 to exon 22. DOCK8 cDNA sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation at position 740 (E740X). As far as we know, this is the first Japanese case of DOCK8 deficiency. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E52–E55. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Life Prediction of NEPE Propellants
Authors: Wang Ningfei , Wan Qian , Sui Xin , Xiong Yanting
Published: October 2013

NEPE propellants were prematurely aged at 65, 70, 75, and 80 °C, respectively. The strength limit of NEPE propellants was tested by the uniaxial tension test. Based on the aging mechanism of the micro‐phase structure and the macro‐mechanical properties of NEPE propellants, the aging process was divided into three stages: post curing stage, microstructure gradual degradation stage and accelerated chemical aging stage. Because nitrate ester is hardly to decompose at ambient temperatures, the post cure of NEPE propellants only occurs at higher temperatures. Thus, the life prediction of NEPE propellants should ignore the time of post cure. The service life of NEPE propellants at ambient temperatures should be determined by the second stage of high temperature accelerated aging. By analyzing the tensile strength of NEPE propellants aged at 65, 70, 75, and 80 °C, the service life prediction equation of NEPE propellants was established and the service life was predicted.
The spacetime of double field theory: Review, remarks, and outlook
Authors: Hohm O. , Lüst D. , Zwiebach B.
Published: October 2013

We review double field theory (DFT) with emphasis on the doubled spacetime and its generalized coordinate transformations, which unify diffeomorphisms and b‐field gauge transformations. We illustrate how the composition of generalized coordinate transformations fails to associate. Moreover, in dimensional reduction, the O(d,d) T‐duality transformations of fields can be obtained as generalized diffeomorphisms. Restricted to a half‐dimensional subspace, DFT includes ‘generalized geometry’, but is more general in that local patches of the doubled space may be glued together with generalized coordinate transformations. Indeed, we show that for certain T‐fold backgrounds with non‐geometric fluxes, there are generalized coordinate transformations that induce, as gauge symmetries of DFT, the requisite O(d,d;ℤ) monodromy transformations. Finally we review recent results on the α′ extension of DFT which, reduced to the half‐dimensional subspace, yields intriguing modifications of the basic structures of generalized geometry.
Hedgehog signaling is active in human prostate cancer stroma and regulates proliferation and differentiation of adjacent epithelium
Authors: Wilkinson Sarah E. , Furic Luc , Buchanan Grant , Larsson Ola , Pedersen John , Frydenberg Mark , Risbridger Gail P. , Taylor Renea A.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Contribution of stromal Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is evident in the prostate gland in mice, but needs translation to human tissues if Hh therapeutics are to be used effectively. Our goal was to determine if primary human prostate fibroblasts contain cilia, and respond to prostate Hh signaling.

METHODS

Primary human prostate cancer‐associated (CAFs), and adjacent non‐malignant (NPFs) fibroblasts isolated from human tissue specimens were analyzed using immunofluorescence, real‐time PCR, and available array data. Cell culture and tissue recombination were used to determine responsiveness of human fibroblasts to Hh pathway manipulation and the paracrine effects of stromal Hh signaling, respectively.

RESULTS

Prostatic fibroblasts were capable of forming primary cilia, with the capacity for active Hh signaling as seen by Smo co‐localization to the tip of the primary cilium. Expression of genes known to represent a signature of active Hh signaling in the prostate (especially Fgf5 and Igfbp6) were increased in CAFs compared to NPFs. The level of canonical Hh genes and prostate Hh signature genes were rarely synchronous; with lower doses of Purmorphamine/BMS‐833923 regulating canonical transcription factors, and higher doses effecting prostate Hh signature genes. Grafts consisting of NPFs with constitutively active Hh signaling induced increased proliferation and dedifferentiation of adjacent non‐malignant BPH‐1 epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These data show that human prostatic fibroblasts have the capacity for Hh signaling and manipulation. Increased expression of a signature of prostatic Hh genes in the prostate tumor microenvironment suggests a role in the epithelial transformations driving prostate cancer (PCa). Prostate 73:1810–1823, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sizes of interface residues account for cross‐class binding affinity patterns in Eph receptor–ephrin families
Authors: Guo Fei‐Yi , Lesk Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

Eph receptors comprise the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases in mammals. They bind members of a second family, the ephrins. As both Eph receptors and ephrins are membrane bound, interactions permit unusual bidirectional cell–cell signaling. Eph receptors and ephrins each form two classes, A and B, based on sequences, structures, and patterns of affinity: Class A Eph receptors bind class A ephrins, and class B Eph receptors bind class B ephrins. The only known exceptions are the receptor EphA4, which can bind ephrinB2 and ephrinB3 in addition to the ephrin‐As (Bowden et al., Structure 2009;17:1386–1397); and EphB2, which can bind ephrin‐A5 in addition to the ephrin‐Bs (Himanen et al., Nat Neurosci 2004;7:501–509). A crystal structure is available of the interacting domains of the EphA4‐ephrin B2 complex (wwPDB entry 2WO2) (Bowden et al., Structure 2009;17:1386–1397). In this complex, the ligand‐binding domain of EphA4 adopts an EphB‐like conformation. To understand why other cross‐class EphA receptor–ephrinB complexes do not form, we modeled hypothetical complexes between (1) EphA4–ephrinB1, (2) EphA4–ephrinB3, and (3) EphA2–ephrinB2. We identify particular residues in the interface region, the size variations of which cause steric clashes that prevent formation of the unobserved complexes. The sizes of the sidechains of residues at these positions correlate with the pattern of binding affinity. Proteins 2014; 82:349–353. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promoting commitment to process safety
Authors: Ogle Russell A. , Carpenter Andrew R. , Dee Sean J.
Published: October 2013

Successful implementation of process safety management (PSM) typically requires the use of a combination of physical and procedural safeguards. Ideally, these safeguards must be maintained in a constant state of readiness throughout the life of the process facility. The management system provides the framework for maintaining and sustaining these safeguards, but the critical ingredient that ensures that the work gets done is the individual employee's commitment to PSM. Game theory provides a useful framework for understanding how an organization can foster cooperation between management and its employees toward the common goal of safety. Using a specific game‐theoretical model known as the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, it is shown how cooperative behavior is the natural consequence of a balanced system of rewards and penalties. Here, the term “balanced” means that both employees and their managers are subject to this system of rewards and penalties. By implementing a balanced framework for feedback, an organization can promote a commitment to process safety by fostering cooperation between both the employees and the managers. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 319–321, 2013
Dynamics of the polarization of a pinned domain wall in a magnetic nanowire
Authors: Sedlmayr N. , Dugaev V. K. , Berakdar J.
Published: October 2013

We consider the dynamics of the polarization of a single domain wall in a magnetic nanowire, which is strongly pinned by impurities. In this case the equation of motion for the polarization parameter does not include any other dynamical variables and is nonlinear due to magnetic anisotropy. We calculated numerically the magnetization dynamics for different choices of parameters under short current pulses inducing polarization switching. Our results show that the switching is most effective for very rapid current pulses. Damping also enhances the switching probability.
High‐efficiency green‐yellow light‐emitting diodes grown on sapphire (0001) substrates
Authors: Hashimoto Rei , Hwang Jongil , Saito Shinji , Nunoue Shinya
Published: October 2013

High‐efficiency green‐yellow InGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on conventional c‐plane sapphire (0001) substrates. The crystal quality of the InGaN quantum well was improved by optimizing the growth temperature and rate. Fabricated LEDs exhibited a high output power of 11.2 mW and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.5% for 560 nm green‐yellow LEDs with an injection direct current of 20 mA. The highest EQE of over 30% was achieved with an injection direct current of 3 mA at an emission wavelength of 568 nm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Three‐dimensional corrective osteotomy using a patient‐specific osteotomy guide and bone plate based on a computer simulation system: accuracy analysis in a cadaver study
Authors: Omori Shinsuke , Murase Tsuyoshi , Kataoka Toshiyuki , Kawanishi Yohei , Oura Keiichiro , Miyake Junichi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Yoshikawa Hideki
Published: October 2013

Background

The accuracy of three‐dimensional (3‐D) corrective osteotomy using a patient‐specific osteotomy guide and bone plate based on computer simulation was investigated.

Methods

Six fresh‐frozen cadaver upper limbs were used. A patient‐specific osteotomy guide designed to realize a preplanned osteotomy was set on the distal humerus and distal radius, and the error in the setting location was evaluated. After the osteotomy, the surgical site was fixed using a patient‐specific bone plate designed to exactly fit the anatomical shape of the postoperative bone model. The postoperative results were compared with the preoperative simulation.

Results

The errors in the guide location on the humerus and radius were <1.5° and 1.0 mm and <1.0° and 1.0 mm, respectively. The plate fixation errors of the humerus and radius were <2.0° and 1.5 mm and <1.0° and 1.0 mm, respectively.

Conclusions

The system is sufficiently feasible to realize precise 3‐D deformity correction of a limb. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse partial least‐squares regression for high‐throughput survival data analysis
Authors: Lee Donghwan , Lee Youngjo , Pawitan Yudi , Lee Woojoo
Published: October 2013

The partial least‐square (PLS) method has been adapted to the Cox's proportional hazards model for analyzing high‐dimensional survival data. But because the latent components constructed in PLS employ all predictors regardless of their relevance, it is often difficult to interpret the results. In this paper, we propose a new formulation of sparse PLS (SPLS) procedure for survival data to allow simultaneous sparse variable selection and dimension reduction. We develop a computing algorithm for SPLS by modifying an iteratively reweighted PLS algorithm and illustrate the method with the Swedish and the Netherlands Cancer Institute breast cancer datasets. Through the numerical studies, we find that our SPLS method generally performs better than the standard PLS and sparse Cox regression methods in variable selection and prediction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some issues in predicting patient recruitment in multi‐centre clinical trials
Authors: Bakhshi Andisheh , Senn Stephen , Phillips Alan
Published: October 2013

A key paper in modelling patient recruitment in multi‐centre clinical trials is that of Anisimov and Fedorov. They assume that the distribution of the number of patients in a given centre in a completed trial follows a Poisson distribution. In a second stage, the unknown parameter is assumed to come from a Gamma distribution. As is well known, the overall Gamma‐Poisson mixture is a negative binomial. For forecasting time to completion, however, it is not the frequency domain that is important, but the time domain and that of Anisimov and Fedorov have also illustrated clearly the links between the two and the way in which a negative binomial in one corresponds to a type VI Pearson distribution in the other. They have also shown how one may use this to forecast time to completion in a trial in progress. However, it is not just necessary to forecast time to completion for trials in progress but also for trials that have yet to start. This suggests that what would be useful would be to add a higher level of the hierarchy: over all trials. We present one possible approach to doing this using an orthogonal parameterization of the Gamma distribution with parameters on the real line. The two parameters are modelled separately. This is illustrated using data from 18 trials. We make suggestions as to how this method could be applied in practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exosome Encased Spherical Nucleic Acid Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates as Potent MicroRNA Regulation Agents
Authors: Alhasan Ali H. , Patel Pinal C. , Choi Chung Hang J. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: October 2013

Exosomes are a class of naturally occurring nanomaterials that play crucial roles in the protection and transport of endogenous macromolecules, such as microRNA and mRNA, over long distances. Intense effort is underway to exploit the use of exosomes to deliver synthetic therapeutics. Herein, transmission electron microscopy is used to show that when spherical nucleic acid (SNA) constructs are endocytosed into PC‐3 prostate cancer cells, a small fraction of them (<1%) can be naturally sorted into exosomes. The exosome‐encased SNAs are secreted into the extracellular environment from which they can be isolated and selectively re‐introduced into the cell type from which they were derived. In the context of anti‐miR21 experiments, the exosome‐encased SNAs knockdown miR‐21 target by approximately 50%. Similar knockdown of miR‐21 by free SNAs requires a ≈3000‐fold higher concentration.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibition with Valproic Acid Downregulates Osteocalcin Gene Expression in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Osteoblasts: Evidence for HDAC2 Involvement
Authors: Paino Francesca , Noce Marcella , Tirino Virginia , Naddeo Pasqualina , Desiderio Vincenzo , Pirozzi Giuseppe , Rosa Alfredo , Laino Luigi , Altucci Lucia , Papaccio Gianpaolo
Published: October 2013

Adult mesenchymal stem cells, such as dental pulp stem cells, are of great interest for cell-based tissue engineering strategies because they can differentiate into a variety of tissue-specific cells, above all, into osteoblasts. In recent years, epigenetic studies on stem cells have indicated that specific histone alterations and modifying enzymes play essential roles in cell differentiation. However, although several studies have reported that valproic acid (VPA)—a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC)—enhances osteoblast differentiation, data on osteocalcin expression—a late-stage marker of differentiation—are limited. We therefore decided to study the effect of VPA on dental pulp stem cell differentiation. A low concentration of VPA did not reduce cell viability, proliferation, or cell cycle profile. However, it was sufficient to significantly enhance matrix mineralization by increasing osteopontin and bone sialoprotein expression. In contrast, osteocalcin levels were decreased, an effect induced at the transcriptional level, and were strongly correlated with inhibition of HDAC2. In fact, HDAC2 silencing with shRNA produced a similar effect to that of VPA treatment on the expression of osteoblast-related markers. We conclude that VPA does not induce terminal differentiation of osteoblasts, but stimulates the generation of less mature cells. Moreover, specific suppression of an individual HDAC by RNA interference could enhance only a single aspect of osteoblast differentiation, and thus produce selective effects. Stem Cells  2014;32:279–289
A major solar eruptive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space weather scenarios
Authors: Baker D. N. , Li X. , Pulkkinen A. , Ngwira C. M. , Mays M. L. , Galvin A. B. , Simunac K. D. C.
Published: October 2013

A key goal for space weather studies is to define severe and extreme conditions that might plausibly afflict human technology. On 23 July 2012, solar active region 1520 (~141°W heliographic longitude) gave rise to a powerful coronal mass ejection (CME) with an initial speed that was determined to be 2500 ± 500 km/s. The eruption was directed away from Earth toward 125°W longitude. STEREO‐A sensors detected the CME arrival only about 19 h later and made in situ measurements of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. In this paper, we address the question of what would have happened if this powerful interplanetary event had been Earthward directed. Using a well‐proven geomagnetic storm forecast model, we find that the 23–24 July event would certainly have produced a geomagnetic storm that was comparable to the largest events of the twentieth century (Dst ~ −500 nT). Using plausible assumptions about seasonal and time‐of‐day orientation of the Earth's magnetic dipole, the most extreme modeled value of storm‐time disturbance would have been Dst = −1182 nT. This is considerably larger than estimates for the famous Carrington storm of 1859. This finding has far reaching implications because it demonstrates that extreme space weather conditions such as those during March of 1989 or September of 1859 can happen even during a modest solar activity cycle such as the one presently underway. We argue that this extreme event should immediately be employed by the space weather community to model severe space weather effects on technological systems such as the electric power grid.
Mode of opening of an oceanic pull‐apart: The 20°N Basin along the Owen Fracture Zone (NW Indian Ocean)
Authors: Rodriguez Mathieu , Chamot‐Rooke Nicolas , Fournier Marc , Huchon Philippe , Delescluse Matthias
Published: October 2013

Pull‐apart basins are common features observed at releasing bends along major strike‐slip faults. The formation and structural evolution of such basins have mostly been investigated in the continental domain and by sandbox laboratory experiments or numerical models. Here we present recently acquired multibeam bathymetry, 3.5 kHz echo sounder, and seismic profiles across the 20°N pull‐apart Basin along the India‐Arabia transform boundary, known as the Owen Fracture Zone (OFZ). Using nearby oceanic drilling (Deep Sea Drilling Project 222), we constrain the structural evolution of the basin since opening some 3 Myr ago. The 20°N Basin is large (90 km long and 35 km wide) despite limited transcurrent motion (~10 km). The first stage involved the formation of a step over along the OFZ and the subsequent isolation of a subsiding half graben. Extension and subsidence were further partitioned over three distinct subbasins separated by complex sets of transverse faults. The size of the basin was enhanced by gravity‐driven collapse. The 20°N Basin has been a catchment for Indus turbidites since its opening, which provide a good record of syn‐sedimentary deformation. The deformation related to the subsidence of the half graben mimics rollover structures commonly encountered in salt tectonics, suggesting that subsidence was accommodated by one or several décollement layers at depth. Despite a different rheological context, the subsurface structure of the nascent oceanic 20°N Basin is very similar to the more mature continental Dead Sea Basin along the Levant Fault, which also displays subbasins separated by transverse faults.
Influence of different mass absorption coefficient datasets on PIXE yields
Authors: Siegele Rainer , Cohen David D.
Published: October 2013

Tabulated mass absorption coefficient data from the XCOM, Chantler and ion beam analysis (IBA) Handbook are compared, and differences are shown against X‐ray energy and target atomic number. Over the X‐ray energy range 1–40 keV systematic differences of several tens of percent are noted between these datasets, particularly for the earlier IBA Handbook dataset. The influence of these different mass absorption coefficients on the X‐ray yields for thick target proton‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) are investigated and compared as a function of X‐ray energy and target atomic number. For contemporary experimental PIXE users trying to work quantitatively over a broad range of elements and X‐ray energies, differences between PIXE results obtained using these three separate mass attenuation coefficient datasets can be larger than the typical accuracy limits of ±3% to ±5%. There are systematic differences in the mass attenuation coefficients of 5–10% between the XCOM and Chantler, while the differences for the IBA Handbook dataset can be larger (up to 40% and greater) at high X‐ray energies. At this time, we recommend the dataset of Chantler as it is more recent, and the synchrotron experimental results seem to favour it over the older XCOM and IBA Handbook data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keggin‐type Polyoxometalates [PW11O39MCl]5– with Noble Metals (M = Rh and Ir): Novel Synthetic Entries and ESI‐MS Directed Reactivity Screening
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N. , Adonin Sergey A. , Sinkevich Pavel L. , Vicent Cristian , Mainichev Dmitry A. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: October 2013

A new synthetic entry to iridium Keggin‐type polyoxometalate complexes from [PW11O39]7– and K3[IrCl6] under harsh conditions is reported. The complex [PW11O39IrCl]5– (15–) featuring an IrCl functionality was obtained in high yield and characterized by NMR spectroscopic and ESI‐MS techniques. The presence of Li+ (3–4 M) is essential for a quantitative yield of 15–. The reactivities of 15– and its rhodium analogue [PW11O39RhCl]5– in ligand substitution at the noble metal site were studied. Thiocyanate coordination successfully yielded (Bu4N)5[PW11O39M(SCN)] [M = Rh (2a), Ir, (3a)]. In both cases, the SCN ligands are coordinated by sulfur atoms, according to 13C NMR and IR spectroscopic data. Gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of compounds 2a and 3a were also investigated by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments. Reaction of [PW11O39RhCl]5– with NaN3 resulted in Cl– to OH– replacement accompanied by the liberation of the RhCl fragment, whereas 15– proved unreactive with NaN3. Attempts to coordinate NO2– are adversely affected by competing noble metal excision with formation of free [PW11O39]7–.
The Association of Education Level on Outcome after Distal Radius Fracture
Authors: Paksima Nader , Pahk Brian , Romo Santiago , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: October 2013

Background

Socioeconomic factors have been found to be predictors of outcome for other ailments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of patient education level on pain and disability after distal radius fracture.

Methods

A series of patients with distal radius fractures ( n = 335) were enrolled into a prospective research registry. Standard demographic information was obtained from patients, including a five-value categorical education variable. After treatment with closed reduction, external fixation, or internal fixation patients were evaluated for pain, function (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score [DASH]), range of motion (ROM), and grip strength at standard intervals until 12 months post-injury. A series of linear mixed effects models were developed to evaluate the relationship between time from injury and education level with each of the outcomes measured.

Results

Complete demographic and 12-month follow-up data were available on 227 patients (75 %). There were neither group differences in mode of injury, severity, nor treatment modality after stratification by education level. Mixed effects model analyses revealed a significant linear association between level of education and measured outcomes at each follow-up point. Overall, each increase in education level demonstrated a doubling of improvement in pain, ROM, grip strength, and DASH score.

Conclusions

Outcome of distal radius fracture depends on acute care and follow-up rehabilitation; however, patient-related factors indicative of socioeconomic status are becoming increasingly relevant as predictors of outcome and should be considered by the orthopaedist.
Agonistic Democracy
Authors: Wenman Mark
Published: October 2013

This pioneering book delivers a systematic account of agonistic democracy, and a much-needed analysis of the core components of agonism: pluralism, tragedy, and the value of conflict. It also traces the history of these ideas, identifying the connections with republicanism and with Greek antiquity. Mark Wenman presents a critical appraisal of the leading contemporary proponents of agonism and, in a series of well-crafted and comprehensive discussions, brings these thinkers into debate with one another, as well as with the post-structuralist and continental theorists who influence them. Wenman draws extensively on Hannah Arendt, and stresses the creative power of human action as augmentation and revolution. He also reworks Arendt's discussion of reflective judgement to present an alternative style of agonism, one where the democratic contest is linked to the emergence of a militant form of cosmopolitanism, and to prospects for historical change in the context of neoliberal globalisation.
100 Poems
Authors: Kipling Rudyard
Published: October 2013

Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), winner of the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature and author of one of the most popular poems in the English language, 'If–', has long captured the interest of poetry lovers. Here, Thomas Pinney brings together a selection of well-established favourites and the best of the previously uncollected and unpublished poems from The Cambridge Edition of the Poems of Rudyard Kipling (2013). The poems, whether exploring the colonial experience, exposing the injustice of war, or appreciating the beauties of nature, resonate with Kipling's keen observations of his world and strong sense of poetic rhythm. Discovered by Pinney in an array of unlikely hiding places, the uncollected and unpublished poems show the diversity and development of Kipling's talent over his lifetime, and, when combined with long-held favourites, offer readers a unique opportunity to experience Kipling's mastery of poetry in a new way.
John of Brienne
Authors: Perry Guy
Published: October 2013

John of Brienne's progress, from mid-ranking knightly status to king of Jerusalem and, later, Latin emperor of Constantinople, traces one of the most remarkable careers in the entire medieval period. But how and why did he achieve such heights? This biographical study of aristocratic social and geographical mobility in the 'Age of the Crusades' reassesses John's fascinating life, and explores how families and dynasticism, politics, intrigue, religion and war all contributed to John's unprecedented career. John was a major figure in the history of the thirteenth-century Mediterranean, and yet very much a product of the workings of the society of his day. This book reveals how John's life, and its multifarious connections to France, Italy, the German empire and the papacy, can illuminate the broad panorama of the early thirteenth-century world, and the zenith of the crusading movement.
Introduction to Operator Space Theory
Authors: Pisier Gilles
Published: October 2013

The theory of operator spaces is very recent and can be described as a non-commutative Banach space theory. An 'operator space' is simply a Banach space with an embedding into the space B(H) of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space H. The first part of this book is an introduction with emphasis on examples that illustrate various aspects of the theory. The second part is devoted to applications to C*-algebras, with a systematic exposition of tensor products of C*-algebras. The third (and shorter) part of the book describes applications to non self-adjoint operator algebras, and similarity problems. In particular the author's counterexample to the 'Halmos problem' is presented, as well as work on the new concept of 'length' of an operator algebra. Graduate students and professional mathematicians interested in functional analysis, operator algebras and theoretical physics will find that this book has much to offer.
The Woman Suffrage Movement in America
Authors: McConnaughy Corrine M.
Published: October 2013

This book departs from familiar accounts of high-profile woman suffrage activists whose main concern was a federal constitutional amendment. It tells the story of woman suffrage as one involving the diverse politics of women across the country as well as the incentives of the men with the primary political authority to grant new voting rights - those in state legislatures. Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative evidence, the book explains the success and failures of efforts for woman suffrage provisions in five states and in the US Congress as the result of successful and failed coalitional politics between the suffrage movement and important constituencies of existing male voters, including farmers' organizations, labor unions, and the Populist and Progressive parties.
Astrology and Cosmology in Early China
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: October 2013

The ancient Chinese were profoundly influenced by the Sun, Moon and stars, making persistent efforts to mirror astral phenomena in shaping their civilization. In this pioneering text, David W. Pankenier introduces readers to a seriously understudied field, illustrating how astronomy shaped the culture of China from the very beginning and how it influenced areas as disparate as art, architecture, calendrical science, myth, technology, and political and military decision-making. As elsewhere in the ancient world, there was no positive distinction between astronomy and astrology in ancient China, and so astrology, or more precisely, astral omenology, is a principal focus of the book. Drawing on a broad range of sources, including archaeological discoveries, classical texts, inscriptions and paleography, this thought-provoking book documents the role of astronomical phenomena in the development of the 'Celestial Empire' from the late Neolithic through the late imperial period.
When Hollywood Was Right
Authors: Critchlow Donald T.
Published: October 2013

Hollywood was not always a bastion of liberalism. Following World War II, an informal alliance of movie stars, studio moguls and Southern California business interests formed to revitalize a factionalized Republican Party. Coming together were stars such as John Wayne, Robert Taylor, George Murphy and many others, who joined studio heads Cecil B. DeMille, Louis B. Mayer, Walt Disney and Jack Warner to rebuild the Republican Party. They found support among a large group of business leaders who poured money and skills into this effort, which paid off with the election of George Murphy to the US Senate and of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan to the highest office in the nation. This is an exciting story based on extensive new research that will forever change how we think of Hollywood politics.
Double-Diffusive Convection
Authors: Radko Timour
Published: October 2013

Double-diffusive convection is a mixing process driven by the interaction of two fluid components which diffuse at different rates. Leading expert Timour Radko presents the first systematic overview of the classical theory of double-diffusive convection in a coherent narrative, bringing together the disparate literature in this developing field. The book begins by exploring idealized dynamical models and illustrating key principles by examples of oceanic phenomena. Building on the theory, it then explains the dynamics of structures resulting from double-diffusive instabilities, such as the little-understood phenomenon of thermohaline staircases. The book also surveys non-oceanographic applications, such as industrial, astrophysical and geological manifestations, and discusses the climatic and biological consequences of double-diffusive convection. Providing a balanced blend of fundamental theory and real-world examples, this is an indispensable resource for academic researchers, professionals and graduate students in physical oceanography, fluid dynamics, applied mathematics, astrophysics, geophysics and climatology.
X-Parameters
Authors: Root David E. , Verspecht Jan , Horn Jason , Marcu Mihai
Published: October 2013

This is the definitive guide to X-parameters, written by the original inventors and developers of this powerful new paradigm for nonlinear RF and microwave components and systems. Learn how to use X-parameters to overcome intricate problems in nonlinear RF and microwave engineering. The general theory behind X-parameters is carefully and intuitively introduced, and then simplified down to specific, practical cases, providing you with useful approximations that will greatly reduce the complexity of measuring, modeling and designing for nonlinear regimes of operation. Containing real-world case studies, definitions of standard symbols and notation, detailed derivations within the appendices, and exercises with solutions, this is the definitive stand-alone reference for researchers, engineers, scientists and students looking to remain on the cutting-edge of RF and microwave engineering.
Migration and National Identity in South Africa, 1860–2010
Authors: Klotz Audie
Published: October 2013

An extraordinary outbreak of xenophobic violence in May 2008 shocked South Africa, but hostility toward newcomers has a long history. Democratization has channeled such discontent into a non-racial nationalism that specifically targets foreign Africans as a threat to prosperity. Finding suitable governmental and societal responses requires a better understanding of the complex legacies of segregation that underpin current immigration policies and practices. Unfortunately, conventional wisdoms of path dependency promote excessive fatalism and ignore how much South Africa is a typical settler state. A century ago, its policy makers shared innovative ideas with Australia and Canada, and these peers, which now openly wrestle with their own racist past, merit renewed attention. As unpalatable as the comparison might be to contemporary advocates of multiculturalism, rethinking restrictions in South Africa can also offer lessons for reconciling competing claims of indigeneity through multiple levels of representation and rights.
The Genre of Acts and Collected Biography
Authors: Adams Sean A.
Published: October 2013

It is widely accepted by New Testament scholars that the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles probably originated as two parts of one work by a single author. In spite of this, the books have been assigned to very different genres: Luke is traditionally viewed as a biography of Jesus, and Acts as a history of the early church. Comparing in detail the structure and content of Acts with the formal features of history, novel, epic and biography, Sean Adams challenges this division. Applying both ancient and modern genre theory, he argues that the best genre parallel for the Acts of the Apostles is in fact collected biography. Offering a nuanced and sophisticated understanding of genre theory, along with an insightful argument regarding the composition and purpose of Acts, this book will be of interest to those studying the New Testament, Acts, genre theory and ancient literature.