bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and Maintaining Independence, Safety, and Mobility
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines approaches and tools that can enhance dementia care, focusing on three main issues: independence, safety, and mobility. Maintaining independence is a central goal at the beginning of the course of dementia. The chapter then discusses how to avoid financial risks and transition to shared responsibilities in managing bills, practical considerations when employment is affected by cognitive decline, and when and how to address concerns with driving, which is one of the most challenging issues in dementia. Safety concerns and risks are some of the most important aspects of dementia care but can be among the hardest to recognize and address. A primary goal is to anticipate and avoid catastrophic events related to dementia. Serious events include wandering, accidental kitchen fires, medication errors, falls, and swallowing difficulties and choking. It is important to identify when someone is developing a risk for falling.
The State (1973–2000)
Authors: Gautney Heather
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on political elites’ role in the consolidation of elite power, understanding the American state as a center of class struggle over policy, ideology, wealth accumulation, and military power. Despite neoliberal mythologies regarding the equalities of self-regulating markets, actual neoliberalism relies on state forces to set legal frameworks and “conditions” for capital accumulation. Such frameworks include fiscal policy, use of courts, and regulations that facilitate capital flows—as well as the repressive disciplining of populations and movements that might impede them. This chapter identifies the major tenets of neoliberalism and assesses pivotal decisions by state and corporate elites, between 1973 and 2000, that encouraged its rise and suppressed social democratic alternatives to it. It demonstrates the bipartisan nature of political elites’ alignment with the interests of capital, their exercise of state power for the upward accumulation of wealth, and their betrayal and exploitation of poor and working-class people.
Nations and Composers as “Genres”
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: October 2022

Using the example of Verdi’s Les Vêpres siciliennes, written at the height of his career to the very specific stipulations of the Paris Opéra stage, this chapter isolates the international mobility of works in the mid- to late nineteenth century as a key catalyst toward conceiving national styles or corpuses of works as genres. Indeed, while previous Verdi scholarship has tended to emphasize formal considerations in defining Verdi’s break with some of the genres he inherited, the chapter suggests that traditional venue-based generic definitions were eclipsed mostly by essentialist national categorizations, however inconsistently defined. Verdi’s opera toured Italy under different names, primarily as Giovanna de Guzman, but was constantly read through its Parisian origins as a tussle between French and Italian target audiences. Publics in specific cities served as metonyms for their nations, but also as local agents in mediating ideas of the nation. Hence, national genres were conceived differently based on the reference fields of different publics. Romanticism also encouraged the treatment of the oeuvres of individual composers as their own genres, but always tethered to other generic groupings, especially the nation.
Layered Genres and the Development of Modern Listening
Authors: Gelbart Matthew
Published: October 2022

Many of the arguments in this book rely on the claim that social spaces such as performance venues cemented the persistent importance of genre in the nineteenth century; so it would seem that genre lines would weaken when any music can, through sound recording and then portable music players and streaming, be easily removed from the spaces that birthed it, to be inserted into an infinity of new physical and social situations. This chapter, however, argues that the potential for spatial transfer and overlap does not in itself portend a breakdown of the associations of genres with audience communities and spaces. In fact, it often strengthens them, by creating a new way of listening: a double (or multiple) layered listening, where even against the counterpoint of a new setting for a piece of music, the original audience community and sense of social space remain in trace form, increasingly virtual but all the more important in their physical absence. Furthermore, the origins of this dynamic lie in the nineteenth century as well, with the accelerated spread of piano transcription. The chapter thus focuses on the way transcription created this modern listening strategy and considers the phenomenon as an extended arc from then to now. The lingering, even strengthening, connection of audience identity to genres helps perpetuate the workings of genre systems and genre attitudes from the nineteenth century.
Harold Garfinkel’s Focus on Racism, Inequality, and Social Justice
Authors: Warfield Rawls Anne
Published: October 2022

Harold Garfinkel began exposing the tacit interactional practices of racism as a graduate student at the University of North Carolina in 1939, taking the position that the rules framing the interactional work of communicating and presenting Self are taken for granted and therefore invisible and unconscious. He argued that these processes are essential to understanding society, but were being ignored by sociology, and proposed that examining the interactional work of the marginal and disenfranchised could reveal not only the inequality they experience, but also the underlying the practices and requirements for successful interaction that everyone relies on. He documented a need for reciprocity and mutual commitment to what he called “trust conditions,” showing that those in asymmetrical social positions (whose category/label is assigned without their consent) have extra difficulty achieving mutual intelligibility with others in interaction. Garfinkel’s work on race, gender, and other forms of inequality continued to inform his research to the end of his career. Not generally recognized for his focus on inequality, or labeling, or his emphasis on the performative aspects of self, or frames (which influenced Goffman), the revolutionary theoretical and methodological implications of Garfinkel’s early work have nevertheless become important staples of contemporary sociological theory and research.
Rules and Policeable Matters
Authors: Raymond Geoffrey , Jungleib Lillian , Zimmerman Don , Jones Nikki
Published: October 2022

Garfinkel’s re-specification of the relationship between rules, practical action, and social order stands among his most important and far-reaching contributions to the human sciences. Virtually no account of social life can lose sight of the central role played by rules, laws, norms, or other idealized standards of behavior (which are glossed as “rules”) that participants draw on in organizing and evaluating their own and others’ conduct. In addition to their centrality to social life via laws and institutions, rules and normative expectations are directly bound up with notions of morality, and so constitute a central dimension of social action and human relations. This chapter canvasses Garfinkel’s re-specification of rules, accountability, and social action, and uses the empirical case of police officers enforcing the Civil Sidewalk Ordinance (CSO) to illustrate how this intervention opens a window onto the endogenous methods participants use to organize their encounters with others. As the authors show, examining how this rule is enforced “for another first time” vastly expands the ways in which settings and activities can be studied and understood, how analysts can ground their claims in the conduct of the participants being studied, and thus how they can account for both recurrent features of social life and the distinctive moments through which that recurrence is produced.
“It’s About to Get Real”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses what is at stake for comics in their quest to be “real” and oblige performative expectations about “real” Blackness in America. I focus on Kevin Hart who “blew up” shortly after I ended my observations in comedy clubs and whose hard-won success and failure rely on his steady calibration of a comic persona that appeals to mainstream and Black audiences. I cull insights from his standup routines, personal interviews, and professional histories to stake bold claims about what is decidedly “Black” about Black humor and Hart’s jokes especially. I also discuss how race, gender, sexuality, and notions of authenticity inform Hart’s bids to fame and communal uplift.
Learning on Mobile Devices
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen
Published: October 2022

In this chapter we again test the post-exposure processing (PEP) model, this time focusing on the cause and consequences of attenuated attention to news content on mobile devices. Again using two laboratory experiments featuring eye tracking we find mobile users endure significantly higher cognitive costs when they process news relative to computer users. The result is less learning from news read on smartphones as opposed to news read on computers, a divide that grows when we look at the effects over time. These results lend support to the PEP model, and in particular add further support that the mechanism at work in the mobile context is increased cognitive effort, which makes news seeking on mobile devices more effortful.
Introduction
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M.
Published: October 2022

This Introduction explains how the book cohered within a larger intercultural project and its methodological frameworks that draw upon Reinhart Koselleck’s notion of temporal layers in the history of concepts and upon Michel Foucault’s notion of history of the present. It explains why the massively greater magnitude of French medical scholarship on menopause during the long nineteenth century relative to other cultures of this same period has been largely overlooked in existing historiographies of menopause. It situates the book in relation to other historical work on menopause, in relation to scholarship in other disciplines such as in current biomedicine, anthropology, and sociology, and in relation to recent popular and media discourses. Section headings: • Why France? • Methodological Questions
The First Discussions of Menopause in the Work of Women Medical and Health Writers in France
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers all the women-authored medical works and advice manuals published throughout the nineteenth century which mentioned women’s ‘critical age’, as well as a few that did not, situated in relation to the exclusion of women from the title of doctor up until 1875. While these works clearly demonstrate engagement with doctors’ books and theses on menopause, mostly they reproduced only a small part of the elaborate symptomatology, or the hygienic prescriptions given to women in the critical age found ubiquitously in the works authored by men. Only one work, that of the midwife Virginie Messager published in 1859, surpassed even the most pathologising works by medical men about menopause—proposing that it was an even more dangerous time than anyone else thought. The second part of the chapter considers research studies conducted by women on the diseases of women’s ageing after women were permitted to enter the medical profession. Here too there was a distinctly less catastrophising and generalising tone in the specification of particular disease cohorts that were no longer taken to be representative. There was also a wholesale abandonment of both the elaborate schema of hygienic prescription, and the simultaneous claims of historical innovation and ancient inheritance which doctors of the nineteenth century continually crowed about. Section Heading: • The First French Women Gynaecologists and Menopause
Conclusion
Authors: Downham Moore Alison M.
Published: October 2022

This conclusion summarises the novel findings of the book that menopause was a concept that contained multiple temporal layers derived from early modern thought relating to astrological climacteric ages, and to the rejection of purgatives and humoralism in the rise of iatromechanism. It was pivoted into a highly generative vector for the medicalisation of older women as patients at the turn of the nineteenth century by: - The crisis of French medical institutions in the French Revolution - The European demographic realisation of women’s higher survival after thirty-five years - The novel pressures on women’s bodies created by urban industrialisation - The emergence of a uniquely French intellectual current of the ‘natural history of women’ - The emergence of the new modern disciplines of medical hygiene, psychiatry, and gynaecology It describes how many of the nineteenth-century French approaches to women’s ageing, which viewed it as a condition of deficit and morbidity and viewed the ageing uterus and ovaries as degenerate and advisable to remove, with ovarian secretions to be replaced with pharmaceutical products, became globalised in the twentieth century with enduring legacies into our own time.
The World Bank's Lawyers
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri
Published: October 2022

The World Bank’s Lawyers provides an original socio-legal account of the evolving institutional life of international law. Informed by oral archives, months of participant observation, interviews, legal memoranda and documents obtained through freedom-of-information requests, it tells an untold story of the World Bank’s legal department between 1983 and 2016. This is a story of people and the beliefs they have, the influence they seek and the tools they employ. It is an account of the practices they cling to and how these practices gain traction, or how they fail to do so, in an international bureaucracy. Inspired by Actor-Network Theory, relational sociologies of association and performativity theory, this ethnographic exploration multiplies the matters of concern in our study of international law(yering): the human and non-human, material and semantic, obscure and evasive actants that tie together the fragile fabric of legality. In tracing these threads, this book signals important changes in the conceptual repertoire and materiality of international legal practice, as liberal ideals were gradually displaced by managerial modes of evaluation. It reveals a world teeming with life—a space where professional postures and prototypes, aesthetic styles and technical routines are woven together in law’s shifting mode of existence. This history of international law as a contingent cultural technique enriches our understanding of the discipline’s disenchantment and the displacement of its traditional tropes by unexpected and unruly actors. It thereby inspires new ways of critical thinking about international law’s political pathways, promises and pathologies, as its language is inscribed in ever-evolving rationalities of rule.
Law as Management—An Agenda of Cultural Change
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri
Published: October 2022

Part III provides an account of the changes in international law(yering) instilled by Anne-Marie Leroy (General Counsel 2009–2016). It reconstructs Leroy’s introduction of a ‘new normative architecture’ in the World Bank and the associated cultivation of a new, deformalized and pragmatic practice of lawyering. Chapter 6 focuses on Leroy’s explicit agenda of cultural change and the internal documents through which she sought to instil a new professional sensibility (setting out a new ‘road ahead for the Legal Vice Presidency’ and redescribing the ‘role of lawyers in the Solutions Bank’). It shows how Leroy thereby aimed to ‘instil and nurture a culture of informed risk-taking’ modelled on the image of a flexible, dynamic, decentralized and outcome-oriented administrative practice. The chapter thereby offers a detailed reconstruction of the ‘paradigm shift’ in legal practice from a ‘rules-based’ to a ‘principles-based normative approach’ that has remained entirely unexplored. It concludes by analysing how Leroy’s pragmatic professional posture translated into a specific invocation of the ‘rule of law’ that aimed at curtailing the Inspection Panel and reconfiguring the standards that this accountability mechanism is assigned to apply. The chapter thereby shows how Leroy’s ‘new normative architecture’—attuned to what some described as ‘the risk management of everything’—both diluted the promise of internal accountability practices and deformalized the practice of international law(yering). It is thereby, inevitably, also an argument on the changing politics of international law and the inscription of its language in evolving modes of global governance and rationalities of rule.
Introduction
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It traces the various names by which Birkbeck has been known and introduces readers to the main founders. The College was established as the London Mechanics’ Institution at the Crown and Anchor Tavern at the junction of the Strand and Arundel Street. It notes that the term ‘mechanics’ did not refer to the ‘labouring poor’ or paupers. Three quarters were ‘operatives,’ men who worked with their hands or identified as members of the ‘working class’. London was a very different city in 1823 compared to 2023. There was widespread hostility amongst many elites to educating mechanics or working people. Few people opposed teaching ‘the masses’ to read and write but educating them in anything more substantial incited anxiety. These fears were in part rooted in the religious monopoly over schools and universities. Churchmen and their adherents feared that any education that was primarily ‘scientific and philosophical’ rather than ‘moral and religious’ was risky. Many worried that education would make working people less deferential to their ‘betters’. The founders of the LMI had to counter these prejudices.
Useful Knowledge
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

What was ‘useful knowledge’? Members of the LMI debated the content and context of the curriculum. Was knowledge important for its own sake? Was it required in the struggle towards personal fulfilment and familial prosperity? Was it necessary for social stability or economic development? Was it a civic duty or a way of promoting a particular political agenda? The answers to these questions were important in critiques about the role of mechanics’ institutes in workers’ militancy. Were places like the LMI part of an agenda of social control or, in times of political turmoil, did they provide workers with skills and confidence to encourage their participation in political movements? The LMI was criticized for allowing female members, including in its anatomy classes. It also was a hotbed for a radical new ‘science’, phrenology.
Governing the College
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

There would be no university community without effective governance. It requires skilled management, cautious financial control, astute estate and classroom planning, and an executive that inspires confidence among the teaching, research and administrative staff as well as students. After the initial struggles of the 1820s to 1850s, LMI/Birkbeck and its management went through four major periods of transformation: the student revolt of the 1880s, the creation of the City Polytechnic in the 1890s, the upheaval of federalism in the 1920s, and the imposition of ‘new managerialism’ associated with state neoliberal policies from the 1970s onwards. The chapter concludes by analysing changes in the personal and political characteristics of people in the main leadership roles in the College.
The New Woman
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

Birkbeck admitted women to its classes from 1830. This was long before other institutions in the UK were providing Higher Education for women. The London Mechanics’ Institution also employed female lecturers, a radical thing in the mid-nineteenth century. By the 1890s, Birkbeck was a magnet for the ‘New Woman’, who found within its walls a place to display her talents and expand her horizons. One of these New Women was Edith Lanchester, who was socially and politically radical but was briefly incarcerated in an asylum by her father for being ‘over-educated’. The LMI/Birkbeck was welcoming not only to female students but also to progressive, early feminists. The LMI/Birkbeck provided platforms for dozens of women to speak. Today, these women are known as ‘first-wave feminists’. They adhered to ‘separate spheres feminism’—that is, they believed that the sexes were ‘separate but equal’. They used issues such as temperance, religion, and morality, to justify their ‘transgression into the public sphere’. And they did so in ways that enabled them to make independent livings. They passionately believed that the reason women were not regarded as equal was because of lack of educational opportunities. This was why they lectured at the LMI.
‘Tea and Kippers’
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

‘Ma’ Francis spent half a century cooking for and generally looking after Birkbeck staff and students. Ma’ Francis joined the staff in the College’s Fetter Lane refectory in 1896, when she was 30 years old. She left fifty years later when she was 80. People like ‘Ma’ Francis are the often forgotten yet essential workers who sustain university life. The refectory, bar, and common rooms at Birkbeck have been at the centre of the College’s social life. As late as the early 2000s, it was routine (indeed, in some departments, expected) for lecturers to join their students after class for a beer or glass of wine after classes ended at 9 p.m. The more informal debates about academic issues that took place in the bar were believed to bolster student learning. Scholarship was also enhanced by conversations with colleagues over a cup of coffee or glass of wine or whiskey.
Science in the World
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

Scientists at Birkbeck have transformed the way the world is perceived and understood. The most famous is crystallographer J. D. Bernal, who argued that science is a social activity, but the chapter starts with the extraordinary achievements of molecular biologist Rosalind Franklin, who was renowned not only for her X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA but also for her study of the three-dimensional structure of viruses. The chapter traces the fortunes of the Physics and Crystallography Departments, emphasizing (among others) Bernal, David Bohm, and Roger Penrose. To explain the intellectual achievements of Birkbeck scientists, it is argued that we need to focus on four features: the nature of the student body; the culture of internationalism; a belief in the power of science to change the world; and an engrained culture of collaboration, curiosity, and egalitarianism.
Paranormal Sciences
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

Birkbeck used to be one of the leading UK centres for the study of the paranormal. Uri Geller visited in 1974, but the scientists at Birkbeck quickly turned their research interests to ‘mini-Gellers’, who were young people who claimed to have similar psychic powers. This research was led by John Hasted in the Physics Department and, to a much lesser extent, David Bohm. This chapter asks why Birkbeck scientists were interested in the paranormal. The answers can be found in the history of physics (specifically, quantum mechanics), communism, peace movements, and folk music. It traces the decline of this scientific research.
Teaching
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

The unique challenges of providing the highest level of university education to men and women who have already put in a full day’s work were recognized from the foundation of Birkbeck as the London Mechanics’ Institution. This chapter explores some of the pedagogic challenges facing students and teachers attending classes in the evening. Effective and rigorous teaching are at the heart of the College. The chapter also looks at what we know about Birkbeck’s lecturers—their teaching styles, peculiarities, and passions. What about Birkbeck’s students? What were their ages, occupations, and living arrangements? How have these changed over time? The chapter also focuses on C. E. M. Joad. How did the ‘look’ of the College and classrooms change? What role has been played by administrative staff?
Seeing and Hearing in the Poetics and Cinematics of Process Research
Authors: Linstead Stephen
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at approaches to the poetics and cinematics of research as a means of noticing differently. Research in organization studies, in common with social science more generally, tends to take notice of phenomena that fall within the framing of established paradigms, incrementally clarifying that which is already to some degree illuminated. This model of the researcher as scientist-in-residence needs to be complemented by that of the poet- or artist-in-residence if the challenges of seeing and hearing differently, and accessing a wider range of experience, are to be addressed. This chapter explores the potential of arts-based approaches for increasing researcher capacity to interrogate their own framing, beginning with examples from the romantic art of Caspar David Friedrichs and the modernist poetry of Wallace Stevens to illustrate poetic and aesthetic ‘moments’ in play. It then looks more closely at practical attempts to put poetry to work in social science research, and increase researcher awareness of neglected dimensions of experience using unfamiliar media and methods. This expands to consideration of two further moments, the ethical and political, and explores the integration of these moments in filmmaking using the example of an award-winning short documentary. These approaches are shown to extend existing creative methodologies such as ‘social poetics’ by being more dynamically processual in the exploitation of creative constraints, more fluid in dissolving disciplinary boundaries, and more capable of responding to material relations of interconnectivity beyond intersubjectivity.
Noticing Colour
Authors: Beyes Timon
Published: October 2022

Situated in the multiple tints and shades of colour and organization, this chapter is dedicated to colour as organizational force, and to the implications of colour as process for noticing differently in the context of organization and organizing. Noticing colour as process implies staying attuned to its situated volatility and movement, eschewing attempts to reduce the study of chromatics to concerns with meaning and order. Based on colour writings of Goethe, Benjamin and Stewart, the chapter moves towards a ‘chromatic empiricism’ through the notions of situation, scene, attunement, estrangement, montage, and poetics. It ends with a brief note on old and new theories and the tyranny of the drawn line.
Correspondences with a Business Meeting in a Time of Covid
Authors: Beavan Katie
Published: October 2022

In this chapter I playfully experiment with correspondences as a research modality of potentia for organization studies (OS) and a way to notice differently. My intent is not a backward-looking static representation of reality; rather I am concerned with forward-looking possibilities for living in the dynamic worlds of twenty-first century organizations. Drawing on Dewey’s pragmatist denotative method, Ingold’s theory of correspondences, and recent evolving conceptualizations of narrative inquiry, I assay to join with a Zoom meeting; being present, attending, learning, and responding in-the-midst-of-unfolding-experience. Theorists arrive in my chapter discordantly and generatively asking to be thought with. I describe buzzing and ephemeral entanglements of human, and more-than-human relations emerging, in and from, communications taking place via Zoom. The focus of my tale is a business discussion taking place during the Covid-19 pandemic where three humans, based in London, Murcia, and Connecticut, are collaboratively designing in relationship with the internet, an experiential senior leadership programme which is to be delivered online. A fluid, fragmented, and perhaps fantastical storying surfaces where complexity and/or disjunction are not simplified or smoothed over. A chapter which continually disperses, disrupts, interferes, overlaps, and surprises. I hate to disappoint but there is no neat ending. I do not own this story and indeed it seems to have a vibrant agencing all of its own.
Lorry-Driver Poets and Student Radicals
Authors: Jaillant Lise
Published: October 2022

American programmes in creative writing offered one model for the rise of the ‘writer-in-residence’ in Britain. As Chapter 7 shows, a second model was informed by progressive educational ideas, which also led to the expansion of the comprehensive school system. Funded by the Arts Council and other organizations, writers-in-residence advised underprivileged populations: from lorry-driver poets to dry-cleaners-turned-novelists. With the rise of the discourse on creative writing in academia as a source of conformity, all institutions started becoming suspicious—including the Arts Council. The only way to be completely autonomous was to reject funding from institutions and survive in the marketplace, argued the novelist and playwright Jack Trevor Story after a stint as writer-in-residence in Milton Keynes.
Paradoxes of Institutional Belonging
Authors: Jaillant Lise
Published: October 2022

In an ultra-competitive literary world, the global rise of creative writing courses (within and outside academia) has been largely driven by a quest for self-fulfilment and access to publishing networks. More needs to be done to understand the rapid development of these programmes around the world. There is ample scope for a spatial expansion of the field, towards Europe and Asia in particular. This book touches on the expansion of creative writing in Continental Europe in the Epilogue. It then concludes with an overview of the three models of writing careers that have shaped the literary landscape since the early twentieth century and with an afterword by Mark McGurl.
The Success of Danish Wind Energy Innovation Policy
Authors: van Est Rinie
Published: October 2022

Denmark is currently a world leader in the use and market of both onshore and offshore wind energy. This chapter attempts to unravel the role that public policy has played in the Danish wind energy innovation success. This is done by telling four public-policy stories. The first story is about integration of wind energy policy and energy and climate policy, and demonstrates how generations of Danish policymakers have been able to constantly renew and uphold a visionary, political consensus over a very long period of time. The second story focuses on the political battle that has been fought to make wind turbine technology an integral part of the electricity grid. The third story is about the dynamics of the industry politics of wind energy and describes the policy for developing a domestic market as well as for taking advantage of foreign markets. The fourth story involves the precarious planning and siting of wind turbines as part of the broader challenge to obtain and maintain social (national and local) support for wind energy. The principle of local citizen ownership of wind turbines, which had broad political support, played a major role in this. By taking a broad look at the development of Danish wind energy over the past five decades, we get a good picture of the various enabling and regulatory roles that public authorities and policies played in nurturing this widely celebrated successful innovative industry.
Towards an Icelandic Sustainable Energy System
Authors: Davíðsdóttir Brynhildur
Published: October 2022

Approximately 85 per cent of primary energy use in Iceland in 2019 is derived from domestic renewable energy, primarily hydropower and geothermal energy. This share of modern renewables in primary energy use is one of the highest in any national energy budget. To get to this point the Icelandic energy system went through three energy transitions dating back to around 1900, and currently has begun the fourth and final step towards fully relying on renewable energy. This chapter analyses the story of how Iceland, seemingly without a formal and a holistic energy policy package succeeded in transitioning to large-scale use of renewable energy at considerable benefits to the Icelandic nation, including improved energy security and reduced costs. This story has now culminated in a strategic policy document agreed to by members of all political parties with members in parliament during 2017–2021, aiming to fully transition to a 100 per cent renewable energy economy and thereby complete the transition. The story illustrates: i) how the combination of necessity driven by crisis such as the energy crisis (now climate change) and the drive of local entrepreneurs and decision makers led to a final outcome that with the climate emergency is now what most nations aspire to and ii) how development of diverse policy fragments, somewhat coincidentally slowly moved the system in the same direction, illustrating how the lack of a formal process or a cohesive policy can in the end result in a successful outcome.
The Case for Freedom
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S.
Published: October 2022

Kant contrasts the spatio-temporal world of appearances with the world of things as they are in themselves: a form of anti-realism about the world as we experience it. There is no such thing as ‘every event’ in our world, though we may always be able to find causes that we can regard as sufficient for our purposes. Free choices require something like time, if not time as we think of it; but McTaggart showed how a different order might ground time as we think of it. The requirements of Kant’s determinism are satisfied by there being, within the world of appearances, some assignable cause for any choice one makes. But such assignments are always tentative, and the true choice made by the self in itself may well be different. This is a suggestion Kant had himself considered, but he never seems to have explored it seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire
Published: October 2022

The introduction first places Lucy Hutchinson’s Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson in the historiographical context of the Restoration, when memoirs and lives became the chief genres in which history was written. It presents the Memoirs as an important contribution to the historiography of the English Revolution, and as a significant act of remembrance at a time when the restored Stuart monarchy tried to obliterate the seditious memories of the Civil Wars. Lucy Hutchinson’s ability to interweave the narrative of her husband’s life with national history reveals how aware she was of the importance of a historian’s rhetorical and discursive choices. Hence this book’s claim that Lucy Hutchinson’s authority as a historian of the English Revolution can only be fully apprehended if one takes into account her meticulous craft as well as her appropriation of different forms and genres.
The Memoirs and historiography
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire
Published: October 2022

This chapter surveys early modern historiographical debates before and after the Civil Wars. It brings to the fore a growing ‘culture of facts’, the distrust of rhetoric, and the obsession with historical truth, before turning to the impact of the mid-seventeenth-century crisis on historiographical debates. In those times of conflict, the sense that all truth was divided—and even lost—gave more credit to first-hand testimonies than to more general histories. As is argued in this chapter, Lucy Hutchinson’s experience-based apologetic Memoirs reflect—and respond to—contemporary historiographical debates, thus deserving pride of place among the many testimonies that were written in the wake of the Civil Wars.
The historian’s craft (2)
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire
Published: October 2022

This chapter seeks to articulate Lucy Hutchinson’s use of digressions with her apologetic purpose, namely the rehabilitation of the Colonel’s actions during the Civil War and Interregnum. For the sake of clarity, a typology of digressions is presented. First, the polemical digressions, which explore the long- and short-term causes of the Civil Wars, provide an apt discursive strategy to write about national history. Second, the narrative digressions offer both a synoptic vision of the English Civil War and a defence of tyrannicide. Third, the politico-moral digressions shed light on the persecution of the Colonel in the 1640s and foreshadow his final sufferings and death. The chapter finally argues that providence plays a crucial part in the economy of the Memoirs by allowing the convergence of several narrative lines and the integration of the life of Colonel Hutchinson into a larger eschatological framework.
Klopstock’s Meters as Embodied Meaning
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock for unfamiliar audiences and then argues that Klopstock’s metrical theory and practice show how a historically grounded, non-scientistic metrics can illuminate and enrich our own experiences of meter and thus of reading poetry more broadly. Klopstock provides a vocabulary and categories of analysis to understand the complex interaction between poet, meter, content, and listener. The chapter considers his interwoven metrical theories, poems about meter, and poems on other topics, culminating in a reading of the radical metrical innovation of the final canto of his epic Der Messias. It shows that Klopstock’s sense of meter as communicating meaning includes the way metrical association and pattern recognition build up across a poem, such that the effects of meter are enhanced (rather than disproved) by their adaptability.
Nietzsche’s Meters as Cultural Critique
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that Nietzsche’s work on meter and rhythm represent an understudied and crucial aspect of his thinking. It examines the notes and lecture outlines he created on rhythm from the years he spent as a professor of Classical Philology at Basel in the early 1870s to the end of his productive life, reading them together with his poetry and his remarks about meter in published work and letters across his career. Read in the light of Nietzsche’s poetry and his work on rhythm, the familiar Nietzschean themes of attention to physiology, skepticism, and historical thinking turn out to offer valuable frameworks for contemporary thinking about meter, poetry, and embodied experience.
Shaping Time, Forming Subjectivity
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows how Durs Grünbein uses thinking about meter and writing metrical poetry to investigate contemporary subjectivity as embodied, linguistic, and historically inscribed. Seeing how meter works in Grünbein’s poetics reveals the ways in which attention to metrical theory and practice both illuminates the interplay between language, culture, and the body and opens up new realms of poetic experience. The chapter begins by introducing Grünbein briefly to unfamiliar audiences before turning to his poems and essays. Across his career, Grünbein interrogates systems for making sense of the contemporary world and human beings in it, including psychology, philosophy, anthropology, neuroscience, individual biography, and poetic tradition. This chapter shows that meter is central to these projects because it can enact the coalescence of voices, claims, and moments into poetry that is effective and memorable because of its shaping of time.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

The introduction sets out the roadmap for the monograph. Introducing the key themes, it briefly sets out how consistency is understood at present and hints at some flaws in the current approach. The introduction then goes on to explain why a clearer, more theoretically satisfying concept has benefits both in a purely academic sense but also in a practical sense—and how the monograph attempts to address the topic of consistency in both areas. Finally, the introduction explains why the system in place in England and Wales is a suitable case study for this work and how the monograph may be useful for other jurisdictions considering the extent to which judicial discretion ought to be structured with a view to achieving consistency.
Duress and Exploitation in Chinese Contract Law
Authors: Yi Wang
Published: October 2022

This chapter gives a general overview of the doctrines of duress and exploitation in Chinese contract law. Section II handles the vitiating factor of duress, including an introduction to the relevant legislation and its constituent elements. Section III deals with the vitiating factor of exploitation, comprising a review of a recent substantial change in the law and its constituent elements. Section IV describes the aggrieved party’s power of rescission, which is the direct consequence of both duress and exploitation. Section V lays out rules on the ‘exclusion period’, a time limit restricting the exercise of the power of rescission. Section VI elaborates the indirect consequences of both duress and exploitation after a contract is so rescinded, namely restitution, indemnification, and compensation. The chapter finishes with a comparatively long conclusion which engages with a number of the hypothetical scenarios drawn up by the editors of this volume with a view to facilitating comparative observations.
Coercion, Undue Influence, and Unconscionability in Indian Contract Law
Authors: SWAMINATHAN Shivprasad
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the contours of the law relating to the doctrines of coercion, undue influence and unconscionability in Indian contract law. It argues that there is a double dissonance between the design of sections 15 (coercion) and 16 (undue influence), and the construction courts have placed upon these provisions. On the one hand, courts have sought to pack into the definition of coercion in section 15 (tied primarily to threats to commit criminal acts prohibited under the Indian Penal Code) more than it can plausibly encompass within its scope, with the result that their attempts at accommodating within the ambit of the provision, forms of illegitimate pressure like economic duress, come across as tenuous and contrived. And on the other, they have unduly constricted section 16 by neglecting to use its width and potential versatility to supplement attempts at overcoming a rigid and ossified definition of coercion in section 15. Section 16 was deliberately designed to be capacious enough to incorporate a general principle of unconscionability—enough, in fact, to have subsumed the doctrine of undue influence and economic duress within its ambit. But courts have refused to invoke it in cases of unconscionability and inequality of bargaining power where its invocation was warranted, as they have erroneously projected the narrower notion of undue influence as traditionally understood in English law onto the provision.
Invalidity in the Myanmar Law of Contract
Authors: BRIGGS Adrian
Published: October 2022

The chapter examines the grounds on which a contract may be voidable under the Myanmar Contract Act 1872. As a contract requires free consent, it examines the circumstances in which a party’s consent is defined by the Act as being not free: where it is brought about by coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation. It observes that there is no general principle of protection from unconscionable dealing. It analyses the options given to that party in terms of rescission, avoidance or affirmation of the contract; and the repayment or restitutionary obligations which follow from rescission. It examines the circumstances in which the Act treats a mistake, which is not the result of consent not being free, as making the agreement void. It analyses the relationship between the concepts of agreements which are or become void, and contracts which are voidable, and the problems of their organization within the 1872 Act.
Scientific Knowledge in a Pandemic
Authors: Vickers Peter
Published: October 2022

During the Covid-19 pandemic, billions of people urgently wanted, and needed, answers to questions concerning scientific knowledge. One thing lacking was a clear account of how the individual could identify the future-proof scientific claims (the ‘facts’), distinguishing them from other types of scientific claim, such as ‘promising hypotheses’, or ‘useful speculations’. Looking to the criteria for future-proof science put forward in this book, a worry arises that nothing scientists were saying, in 2020, about the pandemic could responsibly be called ‘future-proof’, since in 2020 so little time had passed for relevant scientific claims to be internationally scrutinised. But scientists did in fact have some relevant future-proof knowledge, even only a handful of weeks after the onset of the pandemic. This chapter explains how this is possible, given that usually absolute confidence in scientific claims depends upon extensive international scrutiny, often taking many years.
Shakespeare's Blank Verse
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: October 2022

Shakespeare’s Blank Verse: An Alternative History is a study of both Shakespeare’s versification and its place in the history of early modern blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter). It ranges from the continental precursors of English blank verse in the early sixteenth century through the drama and poetry of Shakespeare’s contemporaries to the editing of blank verse in the eighteenth century and beyond. Alternative in its argumentation as well as its arguments, Shakespeare’s Blank Verse tries out fresh ways of thinking about meter—by shunning doctrinaire, almost mathematical ways of apprehending a writer’s versification, and by reconnecting meter to the fundamental literary, dramatic, and social questions that animate Shakespeare’s drama.
Rhyme
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: October 2022

The penultimate chapter is about rhyme, of which blank verse is apparently ‘blank’. It uncovers a new correspondence for blank verse—another alternative history, if you will—in the rhymeless ‘quantitative’ movement of sixteenth-century England and Europe, and concludes by suggesting some ways in which Shakespeare made rhyme and (quantitative/non-quantitative) blank verse into complementary alternatives rather than dogged opponents. In taking these tacks, the chapter follows a similar pattern or shape of argument to the previous chapters, tracing out a paradox that Shakespeare’s blank verse preserves or requires the very things it must also resist: bombast, ‘badness’, rhyme. Which is to say: Shakespeare makes alternatives out of what could otherwise be opposites.