bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tinbergen Analysis of an Urban System and Alternative Approaches
Authors: Parr J B
Published: October 2006

The income model proposed by Tinbergen, which is concerned with the size distribution of centres within an urban system, is outlined in the context of a closed region. The main features of the Tinbergen model, including the balance-of-payments equilibrium, are then applied to an urban system with a fundamentally different spatial structure and distinct pattern of trade flows. It is demonstrated that the size distribution of centres within this alternative model can also be derived in terms of an export-base formulation. After a discussion of trade flows and trade balances among the hierarchical levels of the alternative model, several extensions are introduced. These extensions, which deal with specialised (noncentral) goods and with extraregional trade, are examined individually and their collective impact is then considered. Finally, consideration is given to the possibilities for further development of the approach.
Urban Welfare Maximization and Housing Market Equilibrium in a Random Utility Setting
Authors: Mattsson L-G
Published: October 2006

A welfare-maximization framework for the allocation of a given housing supply to urban submarkets is formulated. The approach is founded on a stochastic equilibrium model for the housing submarkets, the demands of which are based on generalized extreme value choice models. This allows the random utilities associated with different submarkets to be statistically dependent. The deterministic part of the utilities includes the submarket rent levels together with disutility measures related to the local population densities. This latter aspect can be regarded as a kind of spatial externality usually neglected in urban modelling. The optimization is performed with respect to a welfare criterion derived as the aggregated expected utility accruing to utility-maximizing households at normalized equilibrium rents. Since these rents are implicit functions of the policy variables, that is, the submarket housing supplies, the welfare maximization is not straightforward. However, as a main result it is shown that if the population density disutilities satisfy a convexity condition, the unique welfare-maximizing housing allocation can be found by solving a dual unconstrained convex minimization problem. Finally, the relationship with entropy maximization is clarified and the applicability of the framework to the joint choice of residential location and travel mode is demonstrated. Two examples of nested multinomial logit models illustrate the potential use of the approach.
Rent and Social Relations: A Reply to Clark
Authors: Ball M
Published: October 2006

This reply highlights the difference between those who think Marx's agricultural rent categories constitute an indissoluble element of all potential Marxist discussions of rent, and those who would argue that Marx's placing of rent relations in their social and historical context is the foundation of the Marxist approach to rent. Clark's comments, apart from some misinterpretations of the original article, clearly come from the ‘category fundamentalist’ camp. Reasons for objecting to such overemphasis on the categories are outlined, although it is pointed out that terminological differences alone might be one of the reasons for disagreement.
Dynamic Modelling of the Building Cycle: 1. Theoretical Framework
Authors: Barras R , Ferguson D
Published: October 2006

The paper is a report on the second stage of a project designed to investigate the incidence and causes of postwar building cycles in the British economy. In the first stage spectral analysis was used to identify the main postwar cycles in each sector of building (industrial, commercial, and residential), and the second stage has been concerned with the development of a theoretical framework suitable for dynamic modelling of these cycles. The modelling framework incorporates both an endogenous cyclical mechanism of the type used in accelerator models of investment, to reflect the long production lags in building activity, and the exogenous influence on the building cycle of variations in economic factors such as gross domestic product and interest rates. The modelling technique used to formulate the theoretical framework is based upon a transfer-function model of the Box–Jenkins type, incorporating an error-correction mechanism to reproduce the short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships between the variables. The third stage empirical results of the model-building exercise are reported in a separate paper.
An Alternative Information Theory Approach for Modelling Spatial Interaction
Authors: Roy J R
Published: October 2006

In the use of information theory for the development of forecasting models, two alternative approaches can be used, based either on Shannon entropy or on Kullback information gain. In this paper, a new approach is presented, which combines the usually superior statistical inference powers of the Kullback procedure with the advantages of the availability of calibrated ‘elasticity’ parameters in the Shannon approach. Situations are discussed where the combined approach is preferable to either of the two existing procedures, and the principles are illustrated with the help of a small numerical example.
Migration Age Profiles for Local Authority Areas in England, 1971–1981
Authors: Bates J , Bracken I
Published: October 2006

This paper is a report on continuing research on the application of age profiles in migration analysis. In particular, it is an update of previous work published in this journal with an analysis of 1981 Census data for local authority areas in England. The changes in migration patterns over the intercensal period from 1971 to 1981 are described.
Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in the United Kingdom
Authors: Marshall J N , Damesick P , Wood P
Published: October 2006

The growth of output and employment in services and their dominance in many local economies have increased academic interest in service activities. This paper is an examination of the contribution of producer services to the economy and their role in uneven development. Questions of definition plague the analysis of services, and a definition and classification of producer services are proposed. Existing research on producer services is reviewed and a framework for understanding their location and role outlined.
The Location Choice of Offices of International Companies
Authors: Dunning J H , Norman G
Published: October 2006

There has been a structural shift of employment in developed countries towards the tertiary sector, and an increase in the proportion of economic activity being conducted by international firms. This paper is an examination of the factors that influence location choice of international offices, by means of survey data that facilitate a sectoral analysis of location choice. Analysis of the motives that lead to direct foreign operations is based on the ownership–location–internalisation paradigm, which suggests that international firms tend to be most active in those sectors in which their ownership advantages are most pronounced, and in which these advantages are best exploited internally to the firm. A branch–regional classification is used to distinguish cases in which office-location choice is dominated by external market forces (branch offices) and those in which location is determined by internal organisational forces.

The primary influences on location choice are market size and the need for personal presence to serve this market. There is also clear evidence of a ‘bandwagon’ effect. But more detailed influences vary with office type and sector. In this respect, the quality and availability of resources are generally more important than direct costs. The United Kingdom emerges as a high-skill economy with a flexible labour force and good communications facilities. It is also the case that, although proximity to London remains important, there is a clear tendency to consider locations further from London, a tendency that will be further encouraged by technical change and improvement in domestic travel infrastructure.
Regulation, Competition, and Technology: The Restructuring of the US Commercial Banking System
Authors: Holly B P
Published: October 2006

The impact on the US commercial banking system of government regulation, of increased competition from other financial services sectors, and of new technology is examined in this paper. The banking industry is responding by creating the semblance of an interstate banking system through merger and acquisition. Multibank holding companies have forged regional banking organisations despite federal prohibitions. A model of the bank merger process is presented. In the spatial context, the possible consequences of this merger process include reduction in the number of banks and branch offices, migration of banking functions up the urban hierarchy, and outflow of funds from small cities and rural areas towards regionally important cities and the international market.
The Location of Services Involved with International Trade
Authors: O'Connor K
Published: October 2006

Services that link buyer and seller across nations and continents have long been a part of city and port development, but have not attracted much research interest, perhaps because they remain (like their statistical record) ‘invisible’. Technical and structural change in the organisation of shipping, reflected largely in containerisation, have changed the context for these services and they have responded in a variety of ways. Data in this paper trace the location of a selection of these services in the USA and Australia, indicating a separation between services and negotiations on aspects of trade services, and new patterns of physical activity in trade. It is suggested that this separation may be facilitated by the standardisation that has come with containerisation, the importance of intercorporate linkages, the role of official markets, and the application of modern communication technology. These aspects account for the clustering of services in large cities and their separation from day-to-day trade business, and could provide insights for producer-service location in general. The paper indicates the need for survey work to test these ideas.
On the Size Distribution of Cities: An Economic Interpretation of the Pareto Coefficient
Authors: Suh S H
Published: October 2006

Both the hierarchy and the stochastic models of size distribution of cities are analyzed in order to explain the Pareto coefficient by economic variables. In hierarchy models, it is found that the rate of variation in the productivity of cities and that in the probability of emergence of cities can explain the Pareto coefficient. In stochastic models, the productivity of cities is found to explain the Pareto coefficient. New city-size distribution functions, in which the Pareto coefficient is decomposed by economic variables, are estimated.
Tenure Choice in the Dutch Housing Market
Authors: Deurloo M C , Dieleman F M , Clark W A V
Published: October 2006

In this paper, tenure choice in complex housing markets is examined, that is, in markets with more than a simple choice between own and rent. The paper has both substantive and technical foci. The substantive focus is to extend the authors' research on the links between housing and mobility and to provide detailed information on the way in which dwelling choices are made after the decision to relocate. The technical focus is to continue the authors' concern with building robust models of urban processes. The technical concerns are focused on special forms of automatic interaction detection and dummy variable multiple regression to estimate the influence of household characteristics and previous housing situation on dwelling choice. The data used in the analysis are part of a large sample taken in 1981 of all Dutch households. The automatic interaction detection method is used as a form of exploratory data analysis to identify the underlying ‘structure’ in the data. The results are used as input to the dummy regression process, which, in combination with the proportional reduction in uncertainty measures, establishes the importance of income and the role of regional variations, age, and type of house as major predictors of tenure choice. A main conclusion from the research is that, even though income is the most important predictor, age, size of family, type of house, and price also affect tenure choice. Even more important is the conclusion that it is essential to do separate analyses for separate tenures.
An Examination of the Equivalence of Three Alternative Mechanisms for Establishing the Equilibrium Solutions of the Production-Constrained Spatial Interaction Model
Authors: Crouchley R
Published: October 2006

In this paper, three methods for determining the equilibrium points of the production-constrained spatial interaction model are reviewed; these are a balancing mechanism, differential topology, and entropy maximization. Harris and Wilson's examination of the equivalence of the three methods is summarized, and then the conditions under which equivalence can break down are established. A comparison of the results obtained from an application of each method to an often-used two-zone example is also presented.
The US Semiconductor Industry: A Locational Analysis
Authors: Scott A J , Angel D P
Published: October 2006

This paper is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the locational dynamics of the US semiconductor industry. The analysis proceeds in six major stages. First, we review some recent developments in industrial location theory. Second, we describe the main technological and organizational features of the semiconductor industry. Third, we provide an empirical overview of the growth and development of the industry in the USA. Fourth, we examine the internal geography of the Silicon-Valley production complex. Fifth, we carry out a linear discriminant analysis of the geography of the industry in an attempt to distinguish Silicon-Valley establishments from non-Silicon-Valley establishments. Sixth, we look at the organizational/locational relationships between wafer fabrication and device assembly.
A Dividing Nation? An Initial Exploration of the Changing Electoral Geography of Great Britain, 1979–1987
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Commentators have suggested an increased spatial polarisation in voting behaviour within Great Britain over recent decades. Analyses designed to evaluate this suggestion for the period 1979–87 are reported. Entropy-maximising procedures were used to produce estimates of voting by occupational class at the 1979, 1983, and 1987 general elections; they show very clear patterns of increased polarisation over the period.
Rural Policies in the Gloucestershire Structure Plan: 2. Implementation and the County—District Relationship
Authors: Cloke P J , Little J K
Published: October 2006

The Secretary of State's amendments to the Gloucestershire structure plan served to dilute the potentially innovative policy statements with regard to resource dispersal to declining rural areas. This paper is an investigation of the attempts by the county planning authority to persuade other agencies that the diluted approved policy should be interpreted and enacted in the spirit of the more innovative intentions of the draft policy. Evidence is presented of attempts via various mechanisms to transfer institutional values generated at county level to the actions and decisionmaking of other organisations, particularly the district councils. Although some transfers have occurred at policy level, the enactment of policies in most cases has not reflected the intentions of the county authority. Such intentions have been frustrated both by the nature of the institutional culture operating at county level, where prorural dispositions were subject to the higher priorities of financial constraint, and by the fundamental preservation by other agencies of their own (albeit declining) powers of financial allocation. Policy implementation has therefore taken the form of a centrally constrained, low-cost search for visible policy responses which rely increasingly on the resources of the private and voluntary sectors.
A Dynamical Model of Labor-Market Change in International Labor Migrations When Demand for Labor is Exogenous
Authors: Schaeffer P V
Published: October 2006

Relatively little is known about the long-run behavior of international labor migrations. One of the biggest concerns in immigration debates relates to the continued pressure on the borders of the wealthy countries. This immigration pressure will decline significantly only if the poor nations manage to provide more high-wage jobs. An earlier model of international labor migration is used to derive additional insights into the growth and decline of labor supply in different labor markets resulting from migration. Particular attention is paid to labor demand growth requirements in a sending country so that out-migration will slow down and eventually stop.
The Projection of World (Multiregional) Trade Matrices
Authors: Isard W , Dean W
Published: October 2006

The various approaches that have been used to project trade-flows among nations and world regions are evaluated, particularly in the light of the knowledge base of regional science. A multimethod approach is developed to take into account the situations under which each existing approach has strength.
Multiregional Model with Endogenous Price System for Evaluating Road Construction Projects
Authors: Sasaki K , Shinmei M , Kunihisa S
Published: October 2006

In this study, the intention is to build a nationwide multiregional economic model for evaluating the impacts of road construction projects, and to test the performance of such a model on the basis of the actual data. Special emphasis is put on capturing the effects of improvement in the transportation system via the decrease in prices owing to a reduction in transport costs. The model in this study, therefore, is equipped with the mechanism for tracing the effects of road construction projects on prices, which is a distinguishing feature compared with models thus far.
Optimal Replacement and Maintenance of Urban Infrastructure
Authors: Lesse P F , Roy J R
Published: October 2006

The theory of optimal control is used to derive the optimal policy for maintenance and replacement of the capital invested into deteriorating infrastructure networks or facilities.

Depending on economic conditions, the optimal policy consists either in maintaining the infrastructure indefinitely at its initial level, or in letting it run down and postponing its replacement as long as possible.
Estimation of Pedestrian Shopping Trips in a Neighborhood by Using a Spatial Interaction Model
Authors: Hagishima S , Mitsuyoshi K , Kurose S
Published: October 2006

This paper contains a report on the application of a spatial interaction model to the prediction of shopping pedestrian flow along the streets of a small district with a shopping center. A model where the shopping trip distributions are determined using a partially doubly-constrained type of model is proposed. This model uses only the cross-sectional data of pedestrian traffic volume and is tested using data from Meinohama district (Fukuoka City, Japan).
Testing for Misspecification in Models of Spatial Flows
Authors: Baxter M J
Published: October 2006

Methods of assessing model fit for models of spatial flows frequently do not take account of spatial structure. A nonparametric test, based on the signs of the residuals from a fit, is presented for detecting patterns in the residuals. It can be thought of as a general test of misspecification that can allow for spatial structure effects. It is argued that the test is most usefully applied with a model-building approach to data analysis.
Economic Restructuring, Culture, and Gentrification: A Case Study in Battersea, London
Authors: Munt I
Published: October 2006

The gentrification literature is initially reviewed in this paper, and Marxist, institutionalist, and individual approaches are distinguished. The theoretical and empirical weaknesses of each are indicated. It is argued that two factors are central to an understanding of gentrification: first, the economic restructuring of central London, which has resulted in the growth of corporate—professional employment; and second, demand factors that are divided into the economic and the environmental. In part 2 of the paper, Battersea (the case study area) is set within the context of Inner London and the Borough of Wandsworth, of which it is a part. Census data are used to indicate the marked changes in tenure, socioeconomic composition of residents, and the employment structure. Then in part 3, the characteristics of gentrifiers are examined through a survey conducted in an area of Battersea, and the expressed economic and cultural preferences of these gentrifiers are focused upon, therefore emphasising ‘demand’. It is argued that in stressing supply, Marxist and institutionalist explanations of gentrification have ignored demand, and that individualist work, which although recognises demand, fails to place it in the correct economic and cultural context. In sum, the restructuring of employment in central London and the factors of demand are seen as inextricably linked in an explanation of gentrification.
Behavior of Land Developers: Planning and the Economics of Information
Authors: Schaeffer P V , Hopkins L D
Published: October 2006

Previous attempts to describe or model planning behavior have failed to focus on a decision variable for the activity of planning itself. Attempts to use economic theory to explain planning by modeling only the phenomena being planned for have not been useful in explaining or understanding planning behavior. The model developed in this paper for land development planning makes explicit the decision to plan at each stage of the development process. It also makes explicit the plan at each stage, in the form of a contingent set of expected decisions. These strict definitions make possible progress in understanding planning behavior.
Cluster of Cities versus City Region in Regional Planning
Authors: Krakover S
Published: October 2006

In this study the hypothesis, that patterns of spatial centralization and decentralization vary between single-centered urban regions and regions characterized by clusters of cities, is examined. The hypothesis is tested by comparing the dispersion of growth of employment in retail trade in the Philadelphia urban field with that in the area covered by the North Carolina Piedmont dispersed city. The results obtained by using a distance–temporal regression model support the hypothesis that the dispersion of growth in the surrounding area of cluster of cities is wider, and more equitably spread, in comparison with the situation in the case of a single-centered region. This finding suggests that the multiplicity of urban centers in a given region, traditionally viewed as a drawback to a successful application of the growth-center policy, has certain advantages in the long run. Therefore when growth-center policy is applied, it should not be carried out too fiercely to the detriment of other surrounding urban communities. On the contrary, policies geared toward the survival of non-growth-center urban places may yield rewards in the future in the form of wider and more equitable spread of growth throughout the entire region.
Quantitative Methods in the Real World: A Consultant's View of Practice
Authors: Beaumont J R
Published: October 2006

As data become more readily available, it is agreed that the applications of quantitative methods will become increasingly important. However, the speed of this take-up is unclear at present; it is sufficient to say that it will be slow if current practices are not changed. Consequently, it is timely to discuss some of the practical issues. Among the issues addressed in this paper are software requirements, staffing implications, data availability, and the use of management consultants.
The Context for Methods: The Constraints of the Policy Process on the Use of Quantitative Methods
Authors: Breheny M J
Published: October 2006

Quantitative methods for policy analysis were developed mainly by academic researchers during a period when there was widespread allegiance to ‘rational’ methods of policymaking. The interesting question arises now, however, as to what role these researchers have been playing as rational methodologies and quantitative methods have fallen from favour; as the context has changed, how have the researchers—in this case regional scientists—responded?

In this paper it is argued that many regional scientists who purport to be interested in policy analysis, and particularly in developing quantitative methods for use in such analysis, actually have very little direct interest. This lack of interest is demonstrated by their failure to give serious consideration to the policy context into which methods are to fit, a context which has changed dramatically since many established methods were developed.

The paper is an attempt to demonstrate the importance of context to the form and use of methods. Three sets of contextual changes are reviewed: philosophical, practical, and political. The conclusion contains a discussion of how methods can be tailored to contexts, and a plea for regional scientists to take a more genuine interest in policymaking.
Labour-Market Theory, Quantification, and Policy
Authors: Pinch S P
Published: October 2006

This paper contains a consideration of the relationships between social theory, quantification, and policy in the context of changing local labour markets. It is argued that different theories have different policy implications which cannot be resolved by quantitative analysis because these various theories embody differing methodological assumptions. There is, however, a common low level of agreement over certain possible changes and tendencies in social systems and these can be probed by quantitative studies.
A General Accounting Model of Intergovernmental Tax and Benefit Effects on Business
Authors: Bennett R J
Published: October 2006

The aim in this paper is to present a systematic treatment of the tax and benefit effects of central (or federal), state and local governments on business. A base model is constructed which reduces all tax and benefit regimes to influences on the user costs of capital. This model is specified for the intergovernmental regimes which apply in the USA, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, for the case of sole traders, partnerships, and corporations. Indications of extensions of the model are given for nonmarginal situations, investments at different levels of risk and uncertainty, and the consequences of tax and benefit shifting away from the point of legal incidence. The resulting model provides a general framework for comparison of tax and benefit regimes between states and localities in one country, between state and local governments in one country, or between state and local governments in one country and those in another.
The Measurement of Efficiency in Multiunit Public Services
Authors: Macmillan W D
Published: October 2006

After a review of the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness in multiunit nonmarket organisations, a recently developed technique known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is described and illustrated in this paper, and it is shown how this technique may be used in performance measurement. The linear fractional programming and equivalent linear programming formulations of the DEA problem are presented and an illustrative problem is solved. Some new concepts concerned with the application of DEA are introduced. A nonlinear version of the DEA problem is then described and illustrated. A comparison is made between the solutions of the linear and the nonlinear DEA problems. Last, brief consideration is given to the problems of uncontrollable operating conditions, policy formulation, and the acceptability of the technique to unit managers.
Towards an Applicable Human Geography: Some Developments and Observations
Authors: Clarke M , Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

In this paper we outline the development of an applicable human geography founded upon model-based methods. First, we outline some of the recent trends that suggest cautious optimism within the quantitative geography fraternity. Then, we show how a number of common themes are shared by a wide variety of different systems. In each case the application of modelling skills can aid the analysis of these systems—both in terms of our understanding of how these systems function and for prescriptive purposes. We illustrate the potential for application through a number of examples on which the authors have worked. Last, a number of prerequisites and potential spin-offs are presented.
Landsat MSS Imagery to Estimate Residential Heat-Load Density
Authors: Curran P J , Hobson T A
Published: October 2006

Combined heat and power (CHP) schemes have the potential for reducing residential heating costs. As these schemes use waste heat from electricity generation, the power station associated with them must, for reasons of efficiency, be near to a region where the heat usage per unit area (heat-load density) is high.

To plan CHP schemes, the heat-load density of urban areas needs to be mapped and monitored. To calculate heat-load density for residential areas workers have conventionally multiplied the number of dwellings per unit area by the average heat-load per dwelling. This is time-consuming and must be repeated in full, for each resurvey. In this paper the use of remotely sensed data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) to estimate heat-load density is proposed. A survey using these data for the City of Sheffield was faster and no less accurate than a survey performed by conventional means. However, Landsat MSS data were unable to discriminate between more than four classes of heat-load density, a level of discrimination that may be increased if Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) data were to be used in future surveys of this kind.
Metropolitan Out-Migration of Elderly Females in Canada: Characterization and Explanation
Authors: Cheung H Y-F , Liaw K-L
Published: October 2006

This paper contains an analysis of the 1971–1976 out-migration pattern of Canadian elderly females from the 23 Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs). Migration is conceptualized as a three-level choice process. The major findings are as follows:

Elderly females are substantially less migratory than young females but are slightly more mobile than elderly males. In addition, the elderly females in the more recently settled western region tend to be more mobile than those in other regions.

Elderly migrants show substantially less preference for the metropolitan destinations than the young migrants; however, among the elderly, females have stronger preference for metropolitan areas than males.

The destination choice pattern of metropolitan-bound out-migrants is less dispersed for the elderly than for the young. Among the older persons, in most CMAs, female migrants have a larger dispersion than male migrants.

With respect to metropolitan-bound elderly migrants from the CMAs, the probability of choosing a particular destination is positively related to population size, brightness, and housing growth, and negatively related to the logarithm of distance, cultural dissimilarity, coldness, and gross rent.

Environmental variables are more important than the housing variables in determining the destination choice pattern of the elderly migrants.
Interregional Equilibrium and Fuzzy Linear Programming: 1
Authors: Leung Y
Published: October 2006

Interregional equilibrium in a fuzzy environment is investigated in this two-part series of papers. Problems involving a single fuzzy objective and a set of fuzzy constraints are analyzed within a fuzzy linear programming framework in the present part. Emphasis is placed on problem formulation and the derivation of an equilibrium solution. Theoretical properties of the solution, the associated duality arguments, and their spatial economic interpretations are scrutinized. A simple application is provided to substantiate the discussion. This first part of the two-part series is designed to provide a foundation for the multiobjective interregional equilibrium analysis to be discussed in the second part.
A Stochastic Planning System for Siting and Closing Public Service Facilities
Authors: Gregg S R , Mulvey J M , Wolpert J
Published: October 2006

In this report we describe a planning tool for siting (or closing) public facilities. The approach is based on an optimizing framework—the objective is to provide and plan services as effectively as possible—in which the demands for future services are taken as stochastic parameters. Two kinds of general errors (overage and underage) are included in the planning objectives, along with economic and other considerations. An interactive choice procedure is recommended. At each stage, the planner selects potential sites for opening and for possibly closing facilities. The planning system is then used to evaluate the various impacts of these choices, and to help suggest several courses of action. The methodology is demonstrated through an example—the Queens Borough public library system in New York City. The system takes advantage of the problem's special structure as a network graph, thus allowing computational efficiencies. Large-scale problems can be easily solved in this environment. The World Bank's General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is used to define the basic model.
Some Problems of Time in Economic Geography
Authors: Gertler M S
Published: October 2006

Geographers have recently begun to pay more attention to the conceptualisation of time in both their theory and their empirical method. In the spirit of furthering this endeavour within the field of economic geography, I identify a number of key problems which I contend must be addressed to make an adequate treatment of time possible. These concern the infatuation with static equilibrium, common presumptions of inevitability, caricatures of fixed capital and technological change, and a general failure to incorporate uncertainty and adjustment strategies into spatial analysis. Discussion of these problems is followed by an attempt to offer a revised notion of tradition, as an important element in a truly dynamic economic geography.
Big Structures, Small Events, and Large Processes in Economic Geography
Authors: Storper M
Published: October 2006

The social sciences have tended to look for logics of social processes or of social structures, both of which may be relatively invariant with respect to specific events or may be viewed as determining specific sequences of events. These models are, by virtue of their deep logic, timeless. Most of the recent attempts in social theory to avoid the functionalism and determinism of timeless models have introduced contingency into the structure—events relationship. In this paper I argue, by contrast, that one needs theoretical apparatuses to explain ‘paths taken’ and ‘paths foreclosed’ in concrete events in social life. Small events have a certain theoretical ‘agency’ in the construction of large social processes and the latter, in turn, are the stuff out of which social structures are ultimately made or broken. The case of technological change and industry location is used to illustrate this logic, and its implications for theories of urbanisation are suggested.
Time, Events, and Places: Reflections on Economic Analysis
Authors: Clark G L
Published: October 2006

Whereas many economic theorists hold both time and space in abeyance so as to simplify their analytics, economic geographers are beginning to question the utility of these strategies. Three papers which propose alternative conceptions are reviewed, criticized, and compared. It is noted that all three papers place a great deal of emphasis on understanding spatial differentiation; as a process and as a theoretical category. However plausible these conceptions, it is also noted that theorising the role of time in urban and regional economic analysis is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, these papers provide a diverse and interesting beginning point for further research.
Research and Policy Review 21. Britain's Future Wealth: The Need for Strategic Discussions on Research and Development
Authors: Beaumont J R
Published: October 2006

Any detailed review of Britain's research and development (R and D) would present generally a poor picture of our current and future prospects, especially in the intensely competitive world of new technologies and their commercial applications. It is argued that, although the issues facing us are complex and conflicts are inevitable, choices still exist; however, if the necessary strategic discussions are not forthcoming, existing choices will disappear and changes will occur through necessity (because of eventual technological domination and subordination).

In this paper, it is argued that the major underlying problem is to make our R and D more effective by more directional management and targetting. The roles of higher education institutions, Government, and industry are considered, and the separate, albeit linked, stages of R and D are highlighted. Illustration of some of the ideas is given by reference to R and D associated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Importantly, priorities must be established.
Interregional Equilibrium and Fuzzy Linear Programming: 2
Authors: Leung Y
Published: October 2006

Extended on the approach in the first part of this two-part series of papers, multiobjective interregional equilibrium is analyzed within a multiobjective fuzzy linear programming framework. Interregional problems with precise objectives and precise constraints, with fuzzy objectives and precise constraints, and with fuzzy objectives and fuzzy constraints are individually examined. Properties of the equilibrium solution and of the associated dual optimal problem are investigated. The present framework comprises ordinary multiobjective interregional equilibrium problems as a special case. A variety of interregional optimization problems can be effectively solved through the use of fuzzy linear programming, as discussed in this two-part series of papers.
Bulldozers in the Southern Part of Heaven: Defending Place against Rapid Growth. Part 1: Local Residents' Interpretations of Rapid Urban Growth in a Free-Standing Service-Class Town
Authors: Perkins H C
Published: October 2006

A qualitative social geographical study of a community group's interpretation of rapid urban growth in a free-standing service-class town, Chapel Hill, NC, is reported. The town has a reputation for being a beautiful and comfortable place. This is reflected in its metaphorical description as the ‘Southern Part of Heaven’. Members of the Chapel Hill Alliance of Neighborhoods had developed a strong sense of place in the town. Rapid growth threatened adverse change to elements of that sense of place. These included Chapel Hill's landscape and the life-style available to its residents. The symbolic and structural elements of Alliance members' interpretations of these changes are discussed.
Exploring Environmental Values through the Medium of Small Groups: 1. Theory and Practice
Authors: Burgess J , Limb M , Harrison C M
Published: October 2006

Empirical qualitative research is gaining recognition within social and humanistic geography, although the ‘small group’ is not yet recognised as a valuable research technique. In this paper we review the use of once-only group interviews in social and market research, and then discuss the principles of Group-analytic psychotherapy as a way of conducting in-depth small groups. By means of a discussion of the Greenwich Open-Space Project, we explore the methodological issues involved in conducting in-depth small groups with local people, discuss the interpretive strategies which can be used to handle large amounts of linguistic data, and present the major findings from the project.
Correlates of Energy Use: Domestic Electricity Consumption in Sydney
Authors: Poulsen M F , Forrest J
Published: October 2006

The role of income in domestic electricity consumption, compared with the influence of other sociophysical characteristics such as household or dwelling structure, has long been under debate. The major problem is one of multicollinearity among the independent variables. Sequential regression models are used to overcome this problem. The role of income is disaggregated from that of gas usage, dwelling type, dwelling size, and family structure, and found to be less important than some studies would suggest. Much of its influence is indirect, its role often that of a surrogate for other causative influences. The importance of these findings bears on the development of government policies in the electricity conservation area.
A Dynamic Multimarket Equilibrium Model for the Economic Analysis of Pollution Control Policies
Authors: Willett K , Sharda R
Published: October 2006

The subject of this paper is the development of a dynamic economy-wide market equilibrium model that can be used to assess impacts of pollution control policies on economic performance. The model is stated in a mathematical programming structure with pollution discharge relationships and investment activities. A complete specification of the model is presented. Some equilibrium conditions for the model are developed and their implications for policy purposes are discussed. The paper also contains comments on a possible solution procedure for such a model.
Stimulating Energy Conservation by Sharing the Savings: A Community-Based Approach
Authors: Brown M A , White D L
Published: October 2006

In this paper a novel shared-savings approach to residential energy conservation is evaluated. By the use of data on preretrofit and postretrofit energy consumption, a normalization procedure to control for weather, and control groups, it is concluded that the shared-savings program (RECAP) has reduced annual electricity consumption by 1556 kWh per household, or 6.6% of preretrofit consumption. Energy savings differ markedly across the four communities served by RECAP, and are only weakly associated with installation costs. Savings are greater where audits are used to select participants with significant potential for conservation; households with large preretrofit electricity consumption generate particularly large savings. Regression analysis of survey data suggests that the net impact of behavioral and household changes upon electricity savings is minimal.
A Recursive Model of Intraurban Trip-Making
Authors: Williams P A
Published: October 2006

The purpose in this paper is to develop and validate a model of the intraurban trip-making process for households. To this end, a simultaneous equations model, which represents a conceptual model of the process, is calibrated with intraurban-travel survey data. In addition, as the process is found to be hierarchical, a recursive model, which provides both consistent and unbiased estimates of the structural parameters of the model, is calibrated. Household activity, trip frequency, and travel time are each shown to be directly influenced by several exogenous socioeconomic and locational characteristics of the household. Furthermore, frequency of household trips and accrued travel time are shown to be consequences of levels of household activity and of those exogenous variables found to influence this activity.
Incorporating Neighborhood Effects into Spatial Allocation Models
Authors: Werczberger E , Berechman J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors are concerned with the explicit introduction of endogenous spatial externalities into gravity-type allocation models. The discussion focuses on the locational choice by households, which is taken to be affected by the spatial distribution of all other actors. A stochastic linear function of utility is assumed, in which the arguments include, as endogenous variables, land rents and the level of externalities. A multinomial logit model of demand for land is defined for each zone and each population group and is imbedded in a long-run equilibrium model of the land market. The equation system which results has multiple solutions which can be found by use of a simple iterative algorithm. By means of numerical examples it is shown that positive spatial externalities result in the spatial concentration of sensitive households, whereas negative externalities lead to their dispersal to the periphery. Combined effects may result in different asymmetric local equilibria depending upon the initial solution used in the algorithm.
An Economic and Geographic Appraisal of a Spatial Natural Hazard Risk: A Study of Landslide Mitigation Rules
Authors: Bernknopf R L , Brookshire D S , Campbell R H , Shapiro C D
Published: October 2006

Natural hazards in the form of landslides are pervasive throughout the United States. Efficient mitigation of natural hazards requires a spatial representation of the risk, based upon the geographic distribution of physical parameters and man-related development activities. Through such a representation, the spatial probability of landslides based upon physical science concepts is estimated for Cincinnati, Ohio. Mitigation programs designed to reduce loss from landslide natural hazards are then evaluated. An optimum mitigation rule is suggested that is spatially selective and is determined by objective measurements of hillside slope and properties of the underlying soil.
Small Area Modeling of the Industrial Sector (SAMIS): An Integrated Econometric—Interindustry Approach
Authors: Moghadam K , Ballard K P
Published: October 2006

Industry modeling and analysis are vital to regional policymaking. However, the most effective empirical techniques—econometric and input—output—often produce contrary results. This paper is a summary of a new modeling methodology that attempts a reconciliation. Called I-SAMIS, the new approach integrates the flexibility and macro-orientation features of the time-series econometric technique together with the interindustry sensitivity of input—output. Two sections of the paper discuss the new modeling approach and detail the linking mechanism. A model of this new type has been constructed for northern California. This application is discussed in the next two sections. Model equations for nineteen manufacturing sectors, performance and forecasting comparisons are presented.
Construction Workers and the City: 2. An Interview with Jack Mundey
Authors: Short J R
Published: October 2006

This second of two related papers consists of an interview with Jack Mundey, Secretary of the Builders' Labourers Federation (BLF) of New South Wales from 1968 to 1973. This was a period of a property boom and intense union activity which transformed the face of Sydney.
Producer Services and the Regions: The Case of Large Accountancy Firms
Authors: Morris J L
Published: October 2006

This paper contains a review of recent trends and developments in the UK accountancy profession, and an analysis of the decentralisation of branch offices to the regions. Original material is used to explore the reasons for such growth in one region, Wales, and to analyse the social implications of the tertiarisation of subregional local economies as a result of the growth of service sector activities, such as accountancy.