bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and identification of the causative factors responsible for color fixation in rice bran oil
Authors: Gopala Krishna A. G.
Published: January 2007

To understand the chemical nature of the dark coloring constituents responsible for color fixation in rice bran oil, crude and dewaxed rice bran oils of 6.8% free fatty acids were fractionated on a silica gel column to get a dark‐colored material (0.57% of the oil). Thin‐layer chromatographic analysis of the material showed a spot corresponding to monoglycerides, but there were no spots corresponding to other glycerides. It contained traces of phosphorus (<0.1 ppm, which is equivalent to 2.5 ppm phospholipids) and iron (1.3 ppm) that could not be attributed to phospholipids or to any iron‐complex. Upon saponification it yielded 12% nonsaponifiable matter. Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of the saponifiable matter (after acidification and methylation of fatty acids) showed the presence of palamitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Further, on the basis of comparison with spectroscopic data of synthetic monoglyceride, the constituent was characterized to be a mixture of monoglycerides with side chains of oxidized unsaturated fatty acids.
The production of fish oils enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acid‐containing triglycerides
Authors: Moffat Colin F. , McGill Alister S. , Hardy Roy , Anderson Robert S.
Published: January 2007

A simple concentration technique was developed and used for the production of fish oils highly enriched with respect to the polyunsaturated triglycerides. The method involves the rapid solidification of fish oil droplets in liquid nitrogen followed by extraction with acetone at −60°C. The combined percentage ofcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) andcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) after enrichment of a crude South African Anchovy (Engraulis capensis) oil was 57.4. A maximum percentage of 66.0 was attained for n‐3 fatty acids after enrichment of a crude Chilean fish oil. A maximum yield of 26.0% was achieved for a crude sardine (Sardina pilchardus) oil. Triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids or a combination of saturated and monoenoic acids were totally removed by the process, as assessed by silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography of the triglyceride oils. This process permits the production of significant quantities of highly unsaturated triglycerides, which may be used in physiological and oxidative studies or for structural analysis of these triglycerides, many of which are present at extremely low concentrations in the original oils.
In situ esterification of rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol
Authors: Özgül Sevil , Türkay Selma
Published: January 2007

In situ esterifications of high‐acidity rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol and with sulfuric acid as catalyst were investigated. In the esterification with methanol, all free fatty acids (FFA) dissolved in methanol were interesterified within 15 min, and it was possible to obtain nearly pure methyl esters. The amount of methyl esters obtained from a given rice bran was dependent on the FFA content of the rice bran oil. In the esterification with ethanol, it was not possible to obtain pure esters as in methanol esterification, because the solubilities of oil components in ethanol were much higher than those in methanol.
Determination of the positional distribution of fatty acids in butterfat triacylglycerols
Authors: Kermasha S. , Kubow S. , Safari M. , Reid A.
Published: January 2007

Triacylglycerol (TAG) standards were separated by analytical high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with laser light‐scattering detection (LLSD). A high sensitivity for TAGs was observed with LLSD whereas poor sensitivity was observed with ultraviolet detection. The HPLC‐LLSD analytical separation of butterfat TAGs showed that the TAGs were eluted according to increasing carbon number. Preparative HPLC‐LLSD was used to characterize butterfat TAGs that contained hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (laurate, myristate, palmitate) with carbon chainlengths of 12 or greater. These TAG fractions accounted for 29.2% of the total butterfat TAGs. Analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acids of selected butterfat TAGs containing hypercholesterolemic fatty acids showed the presence of positional isomers in each of these fractions. These butterfat TAGs also showed the predominant presence of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids at thesn‐2 position. The characterization of the positional distribution of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in butterfat TAGs is the first step for the determination of the metabolic role of the positional distribution in the hypercholesterolemic effects of butter.
Deodorization and deacidification of edible oils with dense carbon dioxide
Authors: Ziegler Gregory R. , Liaw Yi‐Jen
Published: January 2007

Near‐critical carbon dioxide shows potential for extraction of free fatty acids, off‐odors or flavors from edible fats and oils. Deacidification and deodorization of a simulated, roasted peanut oil with dense CO2 was performed at various temperatures, pressures and extraction factors in a pilot‐scale, packed extraction column with an i.d. of 2.86 cm and a height of 162 cm. Pyrazine and its derivatives are major components of roasted peanut aroma. At constant temperature and pressure, the distribution coefficient (m) for pyrazine derivatives was inversely related to the degree of substitution of methyl groups (molecular weight) and boiling point, that is, the solubility was directly related to the compounds volatility. CO2 fluid‐phase density alone could not explain the equilibrium solubility behavior of either fatty acids or pyrazines. At constant fluid‐phase density, m for pyrazine derivatives decreased with increasing pressure and temperature, while that for fatty acids increased. At 20 MPa pressure, increasing the temperature from 47 to 57°C increased m for pyrazines, but decreased m for fatty acids, indicating that the system was within the retrograde region for fatty acids. Free fatty acid solubility was inversely related to chainlength and, in the supercritical region, directly related to the degree of unsaturation. Deodorization is mass‐transfer‐controlled, and deacidification is thermodynamically constrained. The efficient deodorization and deacidification of an actual crude oil pressed from roasted peanuts was accomplished by extraction with CO2 at 47°C and 20 MPa. Extraction with carbon dioxide may be particularly useful for deacidifying expensive specialty fats with high initial acidity, or where the quality and purity of the extracted components are of importance.
Mechanical oil extraction
Authors: Bredeson D. K.
Published: January 2007

Competitive pieces of equipment for full‐pressing and prepressing oilseeds are described. “Enhanser” machines to treat seeds before solvent extraction considerably increase the capacity of the solvent extraction system.
Current trends in meal desolventizing
Authors: Becker K. W.
Published: January 2007

Several types of current desolventizing systems are illustrated and their important features are discussed. All of the leading desolventizer suppliers are continuing to make mechanical and process improvements to their systems. The current trend is to design systems which have less downtime, lower steam and electrical requirements, better solvent recovery, and less space requirement for installation. While desolventizer‐toaster systems are making improvements in the reduction of steam and electrical consumption, their energy requirements are still higher than those of the vapor desolventizer‐deodorizer or the flash desolventizer system. The type of system selected depends mainly upon the product to be produced—animal meal or human edible soy flour.
Solvent recovery
Authors: Myers N. W.
Published: January 2007

A brief overview is presented of the economic significance of solvent recovery in the oilseed extraction industry in view of the steep price advance of hexane since 1974. The present solvent recovery practices in oilseed plants are outlined with addition of operating techniques since 1976. Also, industry trends are noted in terms of improved equipment. Information is presented on the expected solvent losses in various recovery steps in the normal solvent plant operation. Techniques for measuring solvent losses in vent gas effluent, waste water effluent and extracted oil production stream are outlined. The areas of greatest solvent loss are the desolventizer‐toaster (DT) meal outlet stream and the various mechanical leaks in the process machinery. Some discussion is presented on the lack of ability to better define the solvent loss associated with meal discharge stream from the DT unit. Various deficiencies are pointed out in testing procedures and a suggestion is made for increased work in the field to substantiate a better value for solvent loss determination in DT meal.
Hydrogenation practice
Authors: Beckmann H. J.
Published: January 2007

This paper deals with such topics as the changes in the molecular dimensions of a triglyceride during hydrogenation and the effect of catalyst structure on selectivity and filterability and the effect of sulfur on activity and isomerization, the prevention of aromatics formation during hydrogenation of highly unsaturated oils, explanation and prevention of green coloration of oil, the effect of phosphatides on selectivity andtrans‐isomer formation. Heat saving equipment and process control are discussed.
Alternatives for processing of soapstock
Authors: Woerfel J. B.
Published: January 2007

Soapstock is a valuable byproduct from the alkali refining of edible oils. Methods of processing at the refinery to make it suitable for use as an animal feed ingredient or for further industrial processing are discussed. Utilization as a feed fat and as an industrial raw material are reviewed.
Canola oil processing in Canada
Authors: Mag T. K.
Published: January 2007

Canola is the registered trademark of the Canola Council of Canada for the seed, oil and meal derived from rapeseed cultivars low in erucic acid and low in glucosinolates. Conversion to canola cultivars on a commercial scale started in 1976; in 1981, ca. 87% of the brassica‐based oil crop in Canada was of canola quality. Canola oil is the most important oil in Canada. Processing of the oil is, in its essentials, conventional. A few problems not usually encountered with other oils are its chlorophyll content which requires extra processing and analytical effort, and certain limitations in crystallization behavior when highly hydrogenated. Advantages are that stable oils can be produced at moderate degree of hydrogenation, and without hydrogenation in the case of salad oil. New developments in processing of the oil have led to the production of acid‐degummed, crude oil on a commercial scale. This opens the possibility to apply physical refining to the oil.
Malonaldehyde determination in tissues and biological fluids by ion‐pairing high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Behrens Willy A. , Madère René
Published: January 2007

A method for the analysis of malonaldehyde by ion pairing high‐performance liquid chromatography is described. The method is direct; no thiobarbiturate chromogen formation is required, and sample preparation is simple. After deproteinization with 50% ethanol and removal of particulate by centrifugation samples were passed through a small silica amino column to remove contaminants. Diluted samples (20 μL) were injected onto an octadecylsilane column (25 cm×4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) which is eluted with 30 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 containing 30% ethanol and 1 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Detection was accomplished by monitoring absorbance at 267 nm. The lower limit for reliable quantification was 5 pmol per injection. The method has been successfully applied to the quantification of malonaldehyde present in plasma, urine and tissues of rats kept under different dietary conditions as well as afterin vivo treatment with CCl4 and iron‐dextran. The method was also applied to the quantification of malonaldehyde during liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and was compared to the thiobarbituric acid test.
The comparative effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid and fish oil on 4‐ and 5‐series leukotriene formationin vivo
Authors: Whelan J. , Broughton K. S. , Kinsella J. E.
Published: January 2007

The comparative effects of dietary α‐linolenic acid and fish oil on eicosanoid metabolism was studiedin vivo. Resident murine peritoneal cells were stimulatedin vivo with opsonized zymosan in animals maintained on diets containing increasing amounts of α‐linolenic acid or fish oil concentrate with projected n−3/n−6 ratios of 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0. While fish oil feeding resulted in significant changes in eicosapentaenoate tissue levels, α‐linolenic acid was preferentially metabolized to docosahexaenoate. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed the formation of leukotriene E5 (LTE5) in all the fish oil groups (19.8±3.5 ng/mouse to 83.3±13 ng/mouse), but only in the highest linolenic acid group (6.0±3.2 ng/mouse). Concomitantly, the 4‐series sulfidopeptide leukotrienes and PGI2 were significantly reduced in the two highest fish oil containing dietary groups. Similar reductions were observed in the highest linolenic acid group, but the changes were not statistically different from the control values. In summary, this paper reports thede novo synthesis of 5‐series sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in animals consuming α‐linolenic acid. It also reveals that dietary fish oil is 2.5 to 5 times more effective than α‐linolenic acid in modulating eicosanoid metabolism and altering tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition.
Effects of age and dietary essential fatty acids on desaturase activities and on fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids of adult rats
Authors: Ulmann L. , Blond J. P. , Maniongui C. , Poisson J. P. , Durand G. , Bézard J. , Pascal G.
Published: January 2007

The combined effects of age and dietary n−6 and n−3 fatty acids were studied in 3‐, 6‐ and 9‐month‐old rats. At each age, two groups were fed diets containing 5% (w/w) of vegetable oils rich in either 18∶3n−6 (borage group) or 18∶3n−6 plus 18∶4n−3 (black currant group), for a period increasing with age. A control group was fed the essential fatty acids 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 only. For each group, Δ6, Δ5 and δ9 desaturase activities were measured in liver microsomes, and fatty acid composition was determined in microsomal phospholipids. Desaturase activity varied as a function of age and dietary lipids. Δ6 Desaturation of 18∶3n−3 was more sensitive to these factors while Δ6 desaturation of 18∶2n−6 and Δ9 desaturation were more dependent on season than the other two. Desaturase activity was influenced more by the black currant than by the borage diet, especially at 6 and 9 months of age. A large proportion of arachidonic acid was maintained in the microsomes independent of the diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition did not strictly reflect the differences in desaturase activities. The effects of the two factors (age and diet) on the activities of the desaturases are complex, suggesting that the enzymes are susceptible to other factors as well.
Intermembrane cholesterol transfer: Role of sterol carrier proteins and phosphatidylserine
Authors: Schroeder Friedhelm , Butko Peter , Hapala Ivan , Scallen Terrence J.
Published: January 2007

The effect of phosphatidylserine and sterol carrier proteins on cholesterol exchange was determined using an assay not requiring separation of donor and acceptor membrane vesicles. Sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP2, also called nonspecific lipid transfer protein), but not fatty acid binding protein (FABP, also called sterol carrier protein), enhanced the initial rate of sterol exchange between neutral zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 2.3‐fold. Phosphatidylserine at 10 mol% increased the initial rate of spontaneous and of SCP2‐mediated (but not FABP‐mediated) sterol exchange by 22% and 44‐fold, respectively. The SCP2 potentiation of sterol transfer was dependent on SCP2 concentration and on phosphatidylserine concentration. The SCP2‐mediated sterol transfer was inhibited by a variety of cations including KCl, divalent metal ions, and neomycin. The data suggest that SCP2 increase in activity for sterol transfer may be partly ascribed to charge on the phospholipid.
Effects of dietary fats on prostanoid production and aortic and plasma fatty acid composition in rats
Authors: Steel M. S. , Naughton J. M. , Hopkins G. W. , Sinclair A. J. , O'Dea K.
Published: January 2007

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diets with 10%, 30%, or 50% of energy derived from fat for two weeks. The fats used were beef tallow, olive oil, peanut oil and butter. Aortic prostacyclin (PGI2) production, platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and plasma and aortic phospholipid (PL) content were measured. Butter‐ and beef tallow‐feeding reduced aortic PGI2 production and collagen‐induced TXA2 production in a dosedependent manner as the level of fat in the diet increased. Neither olive oil nor peanut oil had any effect on aortic PGI2 production or collagen‐induced TXA2 production. Butter‐feeding also resulted in a decrease in collageninduced platelet aggregation; however, none of the other fats had any effect on collagen‐induced platelet aggregation. The observed decreases in aortic PGI2 and collagen‐induced TXA2 production were paralleled by similar decreases in aortic and plasma PL arachidonic acid content and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Only the most saturated fats, butter and beef tallow, had significant inhibitory effects on prostanoid production and platelet aggregation.
Embryonic fatty acid composition as a function of yolk fatty acid composition in eggs of the lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula L.)
Authors: Diez Jose Manuel , Davenport John
Published: January 2007

Yolk and embryonic total lipids were extracted from spotted dogfish eggs at two developmental stages. Total lipids were fractionated into neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL), and the fatty acid composition of each group was determined. Yolk lipid composition was found to be quantitatively different (NL/PL≊1) from embryo lipid composition (NL/PL≊0.5), for both stages of development. However, individual fatty acid composition did not differ from younger to older eggs for either yolk or embryo. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in major fatty acid groups from yolk and embryonic PL for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for younger eggs, and for MUFA and n−3 PUFA for older eggs. For NL, only MUFA composition from the oldest eggs showed differences between yolk and embryo. Results are discussed in terms of embryonic needs for highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) biosynthesis, as well as to provide some explanations for the unusually high levels of 20∶4n−6 in both yolk and embryonic neutral lipids and polar lipids.
Myocardial changes in newborn piglets fed sow milk or milk replacer diets containing different levels of erucic acid
Authors: Kramer John K. G. , Farnworth Edward R. , Johnston Kathleen M. , Wolynetz Mark S. , Modler H. Wayne , Sauer Frank D.
Published: January 2007

This study was undertaken to determine whether the neonate was more susceptible to the effects of dietary erucic acid (22∶1n−9) than the adult. Newborn piglets were used to assess the safety of different levels of 22∶1n−9 on lipid and histological changes in the heart. Newborn piglets showed no myocardial lipidosis as assessed by oil red 0 staining, but lipidosis appeared with consumption of sow milk and disappeared by seven days of age. Milk replacer diets containing soybean oil, or rapeseed oil mixtures with up to 5% 22∶1n−9 in the oil, or 1.25% in the diet, gave trace myocardial lipidosis. Rapeseed oil mixtures with 7 to 42.9% 22∶1n−9 showed definite myocardial lipidosis in newborn piglets, which correlated to dietary 22∶1n−9, showing a maximum after one week on diet. The severity of the lipidosis was greater than observed previously with weaned pigs. There were no significant differences among diets in cardiac lipid classes except for triacylglycerol (TAG), which increased in piglets fed a repeseed oil with 42.9% 22∶1n−9. TAG showed the highest incorporation of 22∶1n−9, the concentration of 22∶1n−9 in TAG was similar to that present in the dietary oil. Among the cardiac phospholipids, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine had the highest, and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) the lowest level of 22∶1n−9. The low content of 22∶1n−9 in DPG of newborn piglets is not observed in weaned pigs and rats fed high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The relative concentration of saturated fatty acids was lowered in all cardiac phospholipids of piglets fed rapeseed oils, possibly due to the low content of saturated fatty acids in rapeseed oils. The results suggest that piglets fed up to 750 mg 22∶1n−9/kg body weight/day showed no adverse nutritional or cardiac effects.
Influence of testosterone administration on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in male and female rats
Authors: Marra Carlos A. , de Alaniz Maria J. T.
Published: January 2007

Thein vivo effect of testosterone administration to male or female rats on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids of liver was studied. Twenty‐four hours after injection of testosterone (260 μg/kg), δ9 desaturase activity increased significantly, whereas the activities of δ5 and δ6 desaturases were strongly depressed. These effects were more pronounced in female than in male animals. The fatty acid composition of plasma and liver (homogenates, crude microsomes and cytosol) showed differences between the sexes. In males, the percentage of palmitic acid and the 18∶1/18∶0 ratio were higher whereas the 20∶4(n−6)/18∶2(n−6) ratio was lower than in female rats. The administration of testosterone significantly modified the fatty acid pattern in all fractions studied. Analytical data correlated with alterations in the fatty acid desaturase activities caused by the hormone. It is suggested that the mechanism by which testosterone exerts its effect on unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is different than that previously demonstrated by glucocorticoid action. The effects produced by testosterone may be of biological significance in atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
Preferential redistribution of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV to an HDL subpopulation with a high degree of LCAT modification
Authors: Lefevre Michael , Goudey‐Lefevre Jo C. , Roheim Paul S.
Published: January 2007

The relationship between LCAT mediated HDL modification and the redistribution of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV to HDL was investigatedin vitro. Immunoaffinity‐isolated rat lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV was added to apoB‐, apoE‐, apoA‐IV depleted, [3H]cholesterol labelled rat plasma and incubated at 37°C. The addition of lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV resulted in a modest (10%) but significant reduction in the rate of cholesterol esterification. Incubations conducted in the presence of active LCAT led to a time‐dependent increase in the amount of the3H label retained by an anti‐apoA‐IV immunoaffinity column. Lipoproteins retained by the anti‐apoA‐IV immunoaffinity column had experienced a greater conversion of [3H]cholesterol to [3H]cholesteryl esters (48% esterification at 30 min) than the unretained lipoproteins (19% esterification at 30 min). These data suggest that during the course of LACT‐induced cholesterol esterification, lipoprotein‐unassociated apoA‐IV transfers to a subpopulation of HDL which has been modified by LCAT to a greater extent than the remaining HDL. Further analysis of the data demonstrates that 48% cholesterol esterification is sufficient to allow apoA‐IV to be accommodated on the surface of an HDL particle.
Production of vinylic unsaturation by partial dehydrobromination of vicinal dibromo fatty derivatives
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Sreenivasan B.
Published: January 2007

The reaction of methyl dibromostearate with metal cyanates in dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide results in the disappearance of the peak at 548 cm−1 in the IR spectrum due to the ‐C‐Br group. Chemical analysis of the products reveals the presence of residual bromine. Gas liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance examination of the products shows the presence of olefinic unsaturation and this indicates that partial dehydrobromination has occurred. The result is a double bond with one carbon atom attached to a bromine atom. This structure has some vinylic characteristics. The application of this process to partially brominated linseed oil yields a dehydrobrominated linseed oil, with residual bromine. This oil has drying properties very similar to raw linseed and safflower oils.
Changes in thermal and optical properties of butteroil on hydrogenation
Authors: Yoncoskie R. A. , Holsinger V. H. , Posati L. P. , Pallansch M. J.
Published: January 2007

The hydrogenation of butteroil was studied at varying conditions of temperature, hydrogen pressure and catalyst concentration. The calculation of reaction rates employing the first order rate equation yielded a single kinetic slope for hydrogenations performed at 60 psi (gauge), whereas a double slope was obtained at 15 psi (gauge). Near infrared spectral data of hydrogenated samples at 4600 cm−1 indicated good quantitative correlation with iodine values. Differential thermal analysis showed progressive disappearance of low‐melting groups with concomitant appearance of high‐melting groups as the hydrogenation time was progressively increased. Heats of melting, calculated from thermogram areas, showed a systematic increase as the amount of unsaturation was gradually reduced.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters using decalin for hydrogen transfer
Authors: Vijayalakshmi P. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: January 2007

A laboratory procedure was developed for hydrogenation of methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids using decalin as a hydrogen‐transfer agent and 10% Pd/C as catalyst. The esters of 10‐undecenoic, oleic, elaidic, stearolic, linoleic, cycloaliphatic C21 di‐, C22 tri‐ and C36 dicarboxylic acids, and a mixture of hydrnocarpic, chaulmoogric and gorlic acids were hydrogenated. Chromatographic and spectral analyses showed complete saturation. This procedure is simple, requiring no external source of hydrogen.
In vivo and in vitro lipid accumulation inBorago officinalis L.
Authors: Whipkey Anna , Simon James E. , Janick Jules
Published: January 2007

Seeds of 13 accessions of borage (Borago officinalis) varied in total fatty acid content from 28.6 to 35.1% seed weight, with linoleic, γ‐linolenic, oleic and palmitic as the predominant fatty acids, averaging 38.1%, 22.8%, 16.3% and 11.3% of total fatty acids, respectively. There was an inverse relation between γ‐linolenic acid (25.0 to 17.6%) and oleic acid (14.5 to 21.3%). Fatty acid content of leaf tissues was 9.1% dry weight, with α‐linolenic acid 55.2% and γ‐linolenic acid 4.4% of total fatty acids. Cotyledons were the major source of fatty acids in seeds. Seed fatty acid content increased from <1 mg at six days postanthesis to about seven mg at maturity (22 to 24 days). Individual fatty acid content of seed was relatively constant after day 8. When immature embryos from 6 to 16 days postanthesis were cultured in a liquid or semisolid basal medium, fatty acid composition was similar to that of in vivo‐grown seeds. Growth of cultured embryos decreased as sucrose concentration was increased from 3 to 20% in the basal medium, and most embryos did not survive 30% sucrose; fatty acid as a percentage of dry weight was maximal at 6% sucrose.
Lipid oxidation in meat and meat products—A review
Authors: Love Jane D. , Pearson A. M.
Published: January 2007

Lipid oxidation is a major cause of deterioration in the quality of meat and meat products. Oxidation can occur in either the stored triglycerides or the tissue phospholipids. Ferric heme pigments have been implicated as the major prooxidants in tissue lipid oxidation. Pigment and lipid oxidation are interrelated, and ferric hemes are believed to promote lipid oxidation. The resulting oxidation destroys the hemes. Nonheme iron and ascorbic acid may also function as prooxidants in meat. Sodium chloride accelerates oxidation of the triglycerides, although the mechanism of salt catalysis is not completely known. Cooked meat undergoes rapid deterioration due to tissue lipid oxidation. The meat pigment in the cured pink ferrous form does not promote the rapid oxidation undergone by cooked uncured meat. Refrigerated and frozen fresh meats are also susceptible to lipid oxidation. Protein denaturation and cross‐linking may result from lipid oxidation in stored freeze‐dried meat. With increased consumption of prepackaged raw meat and precooked convenience meat items, control of oxidation has become increasingly important. Antioxidants and chelating agents are the most effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of triolein
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Anfinsen J. R.
Published: January 2007

Triolein was subjected to thermal oxidation at 200 C for 24 hr with an air flow of 0.15 ml/min/gm. The oxidized material was saponified and converted to its corresponding methyl ester. Nonoxidized materials were separated from nonvolatile oxidation products using preparative thin layer chromatography. Further separation of these fractions was achieved using gas chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and solvent‐solvent extraction. Several compounds were isolated in this manner and their structures determined with the aid of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, as well as by supplementary chemical methods and by comparison with known compounds. These compounds were: (1) 2‐cyclohexyldodec‐5‐enoic acid and isomers; (2) a mixture of 2‐, 8‐, 9‐, and 10‐monohydroxystearic acid; (3) 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid; (4) 1‐decyl‐2‐(dec‐6‐enyl)‐cyclohexane; (5) a mixture of isomers corresponding to a cyclic monomer of oleic acid containing both exocyclic and endocyclic unsaturation.
The oilseed industry of India—potential for food use of proteins
Authors: Formo Marvin W.
Published: January 2007

India is one of the major oilseed‐producing areas in the world with approximately 11% of its tillable land, 37 million acres, devoted to the various oilseed crops. Peanut is the principal oilseed, but enough sesame, rape and mustard, flax and castor are grown that they are classified as major oilseeds in Indian statistics. Cottonseed and rice bran are gaining in importance as vegetable oil sources and a host of native seeds such as neem, mohwa, kusum and sal are being promoted as sources of inedible fats for soap manufacture. There is a very real potential for soybeans in the Indian economy. Under AID contract, teams from the University of Illinois have been exploring the possibilities of growing soybeans at the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University at Pantnager and the Jawaharal Nehru University at Jabalpur. Several United States varieties, particularly Bragg, grow well, and yields as high as the 60 to 70 bushels per acre range have been achieved in thekharif or rainy season (planting in late June, harvesting in October‐November), and yields of approximately 60 bushels per acre have been obtained from early soybeans such as Ford planted as a second crop on irrigated land in therabi or Spring season (planting in mid‐February, harvesting in May–June). Oilseed processing ranges from the primitive ghani, a bullock‐driven mortar and pestle, to relatively modern prepress‐solvent extraction plants. Extraction plant size is small by American standards, ranging from 50 tons to about 100 or perhaps 150 tons per day. Limited quantities of the oilseed cakes and meals are used domestically for animal feeding, the bulk being shipped to European markets. With 550 million people there is urgent need for food protein in India, and oilseed proteins offer potential for supplementing traditional dishes. Corn soya milk (CSM) has had fair to excellent acceptance in various localities, and much ingenuity has been shown in adapting CSM to native cuisine. Now, an Indian counterpart, Balahar, is being formulated using peanut flour as the major protein source. This requires costly hand picking of peanuts to reduce the level of aflatoxin in the peanut flour to 120 ppb (equivalent to the FAO guideline of 30 ppb in the resultant Balahar). There is only limited potential for oilseed protein supplementation of bread and chapaties. A number of regional foods offer local opportunities for supplementation by oilseed flours and grits; and dal, which is used by both the rice‐eating peoples of South and East India and the bread‐eating people of North India could consume from one million to four million tons of oilseed meals per year (10% to 25% supplementation) with little or no change in consistency or flavor.
Sampling improvements in atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Kahn Herbert L. , Kerber Jack D.
Published: January 2007

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is being used as a routein method to determine sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and many other metallic elements in oils, fats, milk and other substances. Copper and iron can be measured directly in milk without sample preparation. When highly acidified samples are run, a new plastic‐lined nebulizer is useful to prevent spurious results due to corrosion. A new sampling device, the Graphite Furnace, can analyze extremely small samples and gives detection limits in the picogram (10−12 g) range.
Marketing considerations for improved protein food products
Authors: Meiss A. N. , Cantor S. M.
Published: January 2007

The conventional approach to marketing of improved products in the retail commercial markets of highly industrialized Western countries is of little utility in meeting presently unfulfilled protein needs of the underdeveloped countries. To be effective and accepted by the target consumers, improved protein foods must be classless, and must be introduced simultaneously at all levels of the economy. This can rarely be accomplished by the conventional business approach. New enterprise structures must be developed in which private companies can participate in joint ventures with governments, cooperatives and voluntary agencies. Successful market development in the less developed countries demands a systems approach in which interrelationships among food availabilities, nutritional needs, acceptability factors and purchasing power are evaluated in the context of the total food system of the country.
Soy flour and grits for use in food products
Authors: Kellor Richard L.
Published: January 2007

Processing alternatives enable the soybean processor to manufacture soy flour products which vary in fat content, granulation and degree of heat treatment. By controlling these variables, the processor is able to regulate the nutritional value and functional properties of these products. The application of soy flour products is dependent upon their functional properties, nutritional value and low cost. Currently, the major markets for soy flour and grits are in pet foods and animal feeds, cereal based foods and ingredients, meat based foods, and as a substrate for refined protein products such as the textured vegetable proteins, soy protein concentrates, isolates and hydrolysates. These soy protein products are generally marketed as functional and nutritional substitutes for meat, milk and egg protein. For example, soy flour is a functional replacement for milk in many cereal‐based foods, e.g., bread, and also enhances the nutritional value of the cereal protein by supplying lysine to the formulation. The United States government has pioneered the development and marketing of protein‐enriched, cereal‐based foods designed to combat worldwide starvation. The government has directly supported the research and development of corn and wheat‐based food substrates supplemented with soy flour, and has purchased over one billion pounds of these products since 1966 for worldwide distribution.
Oilseed protein concentrates and isolates
Authors: Meyer Edwin W.
Published: January 2007

Much attention has been focused on the oilseed crops as an alternate and largely untapped source of food protein in an endeavor to provide needed nourishment for large segments of the world's expanding population. A significant part of this attention has been devoted to the practical concentration and isolation of the proteins of several oilseeds. As a result of intensive effort during the last decade, soy protein concentrates and isolates are now commercial commodities which are gaining increasing acceptance as useful functional and nutritional ingredients for food. This report is concerned with a brief review of the commercial processing, product characteristics and food utilization of soy protein concentrates and isolates. In addition, pertinent comments on the concentrates and isolates of other oilseed are included.
The docosahexaenoic acid of marine organisms
Authors: Hinchcliffe P. R. , Riley J. P.
Published: January 2007

Preparative gas chromatography has been used for the purification of the highly unsaturated C22 acid present in cod liver. Confirmation that this acid is Δ4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexaenoic acid has been obtained by purely physicochemical means using NMR and mass spectrometry.
Epidemiology of salmonellosis
Authors: Steele James H.
Published: January 2007

Salmonellosis affects more people and more animals than any other single disease. It is one of the most important public health and animal health problems. Salmonellosis may vary in severity from inapparent infections to acute disease which may be fatal to the very young, the old, or the debilitated individual. It is estimated that there are 2 million persons infected each year in the United States. During the past quarter of a century, except for typhoid fever, reported salmonella infections in man in the United States have increased from 504 in 1942 to 20,867 bacteriologically proven infections in 1965. It is impossible to determine how much of the marked increase in reported human salmonellosis is due to actual increase in incidence of infections and how much is due to improved reporting. Methodology has improved during this period, but it is believed that wider application of known methods and more thorough epidemiological investigation of outbreaks have contributed most information about the occurrence and distribution of salmonellae.
Phenylstearic acids and related compounds isolation of 17‐, 16‐, 15‐ and 13‐phenyl isomers
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J.
Published: January 2007

Alternate use of acetone and hexane as crystallizing solvents permitted the isolation of the 17‐, 16‐, 15‐ and 13‐phenyl isomers of phenylsteaic acid and related compounds made by the Firedel‐Crafts reaction. The pure crystalline isomers were used as referebce compounds to correct the distribution curve based on alkyl aryl ketones formed by chromic acid oxidation.
Identification of 11,15‐octadecadienoic acid from beef and mutton tallow
Authors: Hoffmann G. , Meijboom P. W.
Published: January 2007

By means of gas liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography on Silica gel G/AgNO3 we isolated some isolinoleic acids from beef and mutton tallow, which by their chromatographical behavior, IR analysis and by double bond determination by ozonolysis are mainly stereo‐isomeric 11,15‐octadecadienoic acids and in a smaller amount stereo‐isomers of 10,15‐octadecadienoic acids. 4‐Cis‐ and 4‐trans‐heptenals, 2‐trans,6‐cis‐ and 2‐trans,6‐trans‐nonadienals have been isolated from the DNPH mixture obtained from the volatile decomposition products of an oxidized synthetic mixture of stereo‐isomeric 11,15‐octadecadienoic acids.
Lipoxidase deactivation to improve stability, odor and flavor of full‐fat soy flours
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Albrecht W. J. , McGhee J. E. , Black L. T. , Bookwalter G. N. , Griffin E. L.
Published: January 2007

Oxidation of soybean lipids catalyzed by lipoxidase was prevented by heat treatment of soybean meats, which were then ground to give a full‐fat soy flour free of rancid odor and flavors. Our previous studies showed that lipids in cracked, dehulled, soybeans rapidly oxidized after the lipoxidase system was activated by increasing moisture content to 20%. A series of experiments are reported in which various heat treatments were evaluated for effectiveness of lipoxidase deactivation. Dry heat to 212 F, steaming, or both, deactivated lipoxidase to give flours that had low values of peroxide, conjugated diene and free fatty acid and had good flavors after 2 years’ storage. Wet heat alone was also an effective treatment, whereas wet heat preceded by dry heat at 180 F gave poor flavor stability after 2 years. Gas liquid chromatography studies gave evidence that the rapid formation of volatiles in full‐fat soy flours was catalyzed by an enzyme system. A 10 member taste panel was able to detect significant flavor and odor differences between oxidized and nonoxidized samples.
Volatile products from room temperature autoxidation ofcis, cis‐6, 9‐octadecadiene. Analysis by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Horvat R. J. , Mcfadden W. H. , Ng H. , Lee A. , Fuller G. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: January 2007

The volatile products from autoxidation at ambient temperature ofcis,cis‐6, 9‐octadecadiene have been analyzed by combined capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Cap GC‐MS). The compounds of interest from a mechanistic viewpoint were pentane, pentanal, hexanal, 1‐pentanol, octane, 2‐heptenal, octanal, and nonanal. Other compounds which appear to be secondary reaction products were 2‐pentylfuran, 3‐hexen‐1‐ol, amyl formate, hexyl formate, and octyl formate.
Synthesis of unsaturated aldehydes
Authors: Rakoff Henry
Published: January 2007

Olealdehyde, linolealdehyde and stearolaldehyde were prepared from the corresponding acid chlorides by reduction with lithium tri‐tert‐butoxyhydroaluminate. Multiple bond location by means of ozonolysis techniques and determination of configuration of the double bond by spectral techniques indicate that this reaction proceeds without substantial bond migration orcis,trans isomerization.
Critical micelle concentration of non‐ionic surfactants by polaro‐graphic and spectrophotometric methods‐A comparative study
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Chand Puran
Published: January 2007

The polarographic micelle point (PMP) values of non‐ionic surfactants, viz., Nonidet P40, Nonidet P42 and Nonex 501 have been determined by a polarographic maximum suppression method in the presence of electrolytes (used for polarographic reduction) and compared with the critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) values of nonionic surfactants obtained by other methods (spectrophotometric and electrocapillary curves methods). The PMP values are always lower than those obtained by other methods. The difference in c.m.c. values is due to the presence of ions of depolarizer and supporting electrolytes. The presence of electrolytes is likely to influence the water structure, thereby causing a lowering in c.m.c. values.
Determination of oxyethylene distribution in condensates of primary alcohols with ethylene oxide
Authors: McCoy Richard N. , Bullock Anson B.
Published: January 2007

A new method has been developed that makes possible determination of the oxyethylene distribution of the condensates of mixed carbon number detergent‐range, primary alcohols with ethylene oxide over a wide range. Circular thin layer chromatography of the 3,5‐dinitrobenzoate ester derivatives is used to separate the condensates into a series of groups, each group containing all of the compounds present having the same number of oxyethylene units. These groups of esters are recovered and determined by a spectrophotometric procedure. Distribution curves are obtained that cover the range of added oxyethylene units from 0 to as high as 18. Higher adducts are recovered and determined as a group.
Relative reduction rates of fatty acid isomers by hydrazine
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Mounts T. L. , Dutton H. J.
Published: January 2007

Mixtures of fatty acids and of hydrocarbons have been reduced by hydrazine in ethyl alcohol solution at 50 C. Samples were removed during reduction for analysis and the relative reduction rates calculated by digital computer.cis‐15‐Octadecenoic acid is reduced 1.3 times as fast as itscis‐9‐isomer. No differences were found amongcis‐6,9‐ and ‐12‐octadecenoic acids.cis‐3‐Octadecene was also reduced 1.3 times as fast as thecis‐9‐isomer andcis‐1‐octadecene 8.6 times as fast. Elaidic acid was reduced 1.27 times as fast as oleic.
A two‐phase second‐order reaction: Kinetics of epoxidation of methyl 12,13‐epoxyoleate
Authors: Rothbart H. L. , Snook M. E. , Rusling J. F. , Scott W. E.
Published: January 2007

The kinetics of epoxidation of methyl 12,13‐epoxyoleate with peracetic acid have been studied. Chloroform and benzene solvents were used at 25, 30 and 40 C. A second‐order equation was developed to determine the rate constants in this two‐phase system. Variation of the relative phase volumes provides a convenient method for controlling the rate of reaction. Differences in the ΔS° of activation for the formation of the two isomeric diepoxides were greater than 1 eu in all cases. If the usual integrated second‐order equation is used, the rate constant will be in error. The magnitude of the error is related to the partition coefficient of the species distributed between the phases and the volume ratios of the two phases. Other errors in the rate constant were determined by expressing K as a function of time, temperature and the concentration of reactants at any time in the reaction. The total differential of K divided by K, to get the relative error, was evaluated at various reaction times. The choice of best times for the determination of the rate constant was dictated from the error analysis.
Monoethoxylation of hindered carboxylic acids
Authors: Coopersmith M. , Maggart R. C.
Published: January 2007

Polyethoxylates of unhindered fatty acids are well known as surface active agents. The monoethoxylates of these acids, however, are difficult to prepare in good yields. It has now been demonstrated that monoethoxylates of hindered aliphatic acids can be prepared in high selectivity and conversion. Experimental conditions are reported which overcome serious side reactions prevalent with unhindered acids.
Disodium 2‐sulfohexadecyl and 2‐sulfoɆctadecyl sulfates
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Smith F. D. , Weil J. K.
Published: January 2007

Disodium 2‐sulfoalkyl sulfates RCH (SO3Na) CH2OSO3Na were prepared from esters ofa‐sulfo acids by metal borohydride reduction of the ester group to a primary alcohol, and subsequent sulfation. Disodium 2‐sulfoɆctadecyl sulfate resembles disodium 2‐sulfoethyla‐sulfostearate in general structure and properties, particularly in the fact that both are excellent lime soap dispersing agents.
Evaluation test for scouring agents: Fatty soil on a hard surface
Authors: Monick J. A.
Published: January 2007

A method has been developed to rate the scouring ability of abrasive cleaners on a tough fatty film which is baked onto an aluminum panel. Results were obtained on a comparative basis, and are best determined by one person using as few panels as possible for each investigation. The soiled surface was prepared by spreading 5 ml of a lard‐chicken fat mixture on one side of the panel, and baking for 5 min at 575F. Three classes of scouring agents were studied, steel wool with soap, silex which was resin‐bonded to nylon fiber and silex on a dish cloth. Results can be expressed as Scouring Efficiency, and related to an arbitrary standard designated as 100%.