bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’accommodation dans le débat politique britannique Question Time. Quelle modélisation pour quelles stratégies ?
Authors: Rouveyrol Laurent
Published: December 2017

Cet article se propose d’analyser la notion d’accommodation dans un corpus de débats télévisés britanniques : Question Time. L’accommodation, concept prenant ses origines en sociolinguistique et en psychologie, sera considérée comme une notion protéiforme. L’ambition de la présente étude est double, dans un premier temps, nous proposerons un cadre d’analyse à partir des travaux de Vion (1992, 1995, 1998), portant sur les processus interactionnels. S’appuyant sur la notion de rapport de place, ce cadre conceptuel permet d’englober des phénomènes discursifs et langagiers larges, aussi bien d’ordre macro-discursif que micro-discursif, tels que les « mises en scènes énonciatives », permettant d’analyser comment les différents locuteurs s’impliquent dans leur discours. Dans un deuxième temps, nous explorerons les manifestations de l’accommodation dans le débat Question Time, en partant du principe qu’elles sont intrinsèquement liées au genre. Un débat télévisé politique est par nature une interaction complexe intégrant deux dimensions : un plan interne (l’interaction dans le studio) et un plan externe (l’interaction destinée au téléspectateur). Nous analyserons plusieurs exemples d’accommodation notamment en relation avec la notion d’opposition et avec les stratégies de planification discursive. Le débat est un genre contradictoire dans lequel un degré d’opposition est attendu, ce qui transforme une manifestation d’accommodation socio-culturellement divergente en une stratégie convergente. Nous défendrons l’idée que l’opposition est un phénomène énonciatif catégoriel mais également graduel s’apparentant à un continuum. Les stratégies de planification seront également explorées et nous défendrons l’hypothèse que la structure en double pyramide inversée est un cas d’accommodation convergente induite par le genre débat.
Stratégies d’accommodation en anglais américain : le cas de l’interro-négative
Authors: Levillain Pauline
Published: December 2017

Cet article propose d’observer et d’analyser les stratégies d’accommodation développées par les locuteurs d’anglais américain en contexte interactionnel. Il s’agit ici de justifier les emplois de cette forme syntaxiquement complexe qu’est la proposition interro-négative – combinant interrogation et négation – et d’analyser sa contribution sémantico-pragmatique au sein des stratégies développées par les locuteurs, plus particulièrement celles d’accommodation. Pour ce faire, les ajustements stratégiques sont examinés en fonction du contexte, des points de vue exprimés par les locuteurs et des objectifs qu’ils souhaitent atteindre au moyen de cette conversation. La théorie des actes de langage et celle de la pragma-dialectique contribuent à faire le jour sur la pertinence de l’utilisation de ces formes en contexte de désaccord et permettent de mieux appréhender cet espace intersubjectif complexe qu’est la négociation de l’accord par l’échange de points de vue.
Converging accommodation in the Black Country Dialect
Authors: Higgs Lyndon
Published: December 2017

Cet article illustre et analyse diverses formes d’accommodation grammaticale dans un corpus de conversations informelles entre 22 locuteurs du dialecte du Black Country (BC) et 3 locuteurs de Standard English (SE). La région appelée « The Black Country » se situe au centre de l’Angleterre, à l’ouest de Birmingham. La variété de l’anglais parlé dans cette région contient de nombreuses formes grammaticales non standard, en particulier dans la réalisation des auxiliaires et des pronoms. Nous commençons par une analyse des techniques d’accommodation convergente volontaire utilisées par l’intervieweur (qui d’habitude parle le SE) afin de réduire les effets du paradoxe de l’observateur. Une analyse des données montre que cette accommodation vers le dialecte n’est ni complète ni totalement authentique, mais que néanmoins elle joue un rôle important dans la réduction des effets dudit paradoxe. Trudgill (1992 : 7) constate que l’accommodation se produit d’habitude lors d’une interaction directe entre deux ou plusieurs personnes. Cependant, ce corpus contient des exemples d’accommodation plus complexe, notamment dans le cas du discours rapporté. Nous analysons un exemple où la personne X rapporte à la personne Y une conversation que X a eue avec la personne Z, dans laquelle Z rapporte à X une discussion qu’elle a eue avec une autre personne. L’accommodation vers des formes dialectales (ou vers le SE) sert à clarifier les différentes situations d’énonciation, ainsi que les relations entre les locuteurs. Enfin, nous étudions un exemple de ce qui semblait être, à première vue, une accommodation divergente, phénomène beaucoup plus rare. Un locuteur du dialecte utilise une forme SE (le pronom sujet 3e personne du singulier, she) dans un contexte où la variante dialectale her est attendue. Une analyse plus approfondie, cependant, montre qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une accommodation divergente, mais que le choix du pronom dépend principalement de la relation que le locuteur entretient avec le référent du pronom en question.
Peut-on traverser les Tumuc Humac ? Réflexions autour de la configuration historique et géographique de l’extrême sud de la Guyane
Authors: Tourneau François-Michel Le
Published: December 2017

Les monts Tumuc Humac ont fasciné des générations d’aventuriers. Mais la nature géographique de ces fameux « monts » est pour le moins douteuse. Intensément présentes et vécues pour les uns, inexistantes pour d’autres, « les Tumuc Humac » sont des montagnes mythiques, c’est-à-dire un espace géographique qui convoie plusieurs niveaux de significations. Dans ces conditions, à quoi reviendrait leur traversée ? A partir d’une recherche bibliographique mais aussi des données recueillies sur le terrain durant plusieurs expéditions, cet article explore les aspects historiques ou géo-historiques et territoriaux que cette question permet d’aborder. Il expose en premier lieu le contexte historique de l’apparition des Tumuc Humac, puis leur transformation en une zone d’accès contrôlée (et les difficultés de ce contrôle) avant de proposer quelques réflexions sur leur configuration topographique et sur ses implications en termes de déplacement. Car traverser les Tumuc Humac est possible, toute la difficulté consistant à choisir le bon chemin.
Mapeando a fecundidade nordestina: 2000-2010
Authors: Moreira Morvan de Mello , Fusco Wilson
Published: December 2017

Os resultados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 mostram que, dentre as três mais populosas regiões brasileiras (representando mais de 80% do contingente demográfico brasileiro), o Nordeste foi a região que apresentou a maior variação relativa de população entre 2000 e 2010. A dimensão da população nordestina e sua taxa de crescimento mantêm a região como ponderável sujeito da dinâmica demográfica brasileira, e da qual muito dependerá a trajetória futura da população nacional. Dentre as mudanças observadas na população regional, a queda dos níveis da fecundidade afigura-se importante elemento porquanto já apresenta registros em torno do nível de reposição em uma fração expressiva de sua população. É objetivo deste trabalho mapear os níveis recentes da fecundidade nordestina, por repartições microrregionais, identificando aglomerados onde persistem níveis elevados de fecundidade, assim como apontando espaços nos quais já são baixos os níveis de reprodução. Para o mapeamento faz-se uso das facilidades de software de análise espacial. Os dados básicos para a construção dos mapas da fecundidade nordestina são derivados do Censo Demográfico de 2000 e de 2010. Os resultados apontam que o Nordeste já não mais pode ser contemplado, genericamente, como espaço de altos níveis da fecundidade nacional, mas que apresenta taxas de fecundidade que muito se assemelham às de outras regiões do país nas quais já são de reposição ou abaixo dela.
Paysage et intensification de l’élevage en Amazonie brésilienne : De nouvelles dynamiques spatio-temporelles à l’échelle des exploitations agricoles
Authors: Plassin Sophie Sylvie , Poccard-Chapuis René , Laurent François , Piketty Marie-Gabrielle , Martinez Gustavo Pimentel , Tourrand Jean-François
Published: December 2017

En Amazonie brésilienne, l’expansion de l’élevage bovin extensif a été l’un des principaux moteurs de déforestation et a conduit à de larges surfaces en pâturages dégradés. De grandes attentes ont été placées dans l’intensification de l’usage des sols pour récupérer les pâturages, améliorer les performances économiques des élevages et réduire les pressions sur les forêts. Malgré les enjeux environnementaux, ce processus est encore mal compris notamment sur le plan spatial. Dans cette étude, nous produisons des connaissances sur les décisions d’intensification de l’usage des sols des éleveurs de fronts post-pionniers, à travers une approche par le paysage et par les trajectoires des exploitations. Le paysage, conceptualisé comme un agroécosystème spatialisé, nous permet d’analyser les interactions entre les systèmes de décision des éleveurs et les ressources naturelles localisées dans l’espace, tandis que l’étude des trajectoires des exploitations vise à comprendre les changements socio-techniques sur le temps long et les liens avec les dynamiques de paysages. Notre méthodologie est basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs et rétrospectifs, ainsi que l’élaboration de modèles graphiques paysagers dans six établissements agricoles. Nos résultats montrent que les éleveurs, dans leur large diversité, développent des stratégies d’intensification d’usage des sols très diverses, visant une optimisation spatiale de l’usage des ressources, notamment naturelles (eau, topographie, fertilité des sols). L’espace fourrager n’est pas uniformément intensifié, se traduisant par des modèles paysagers plus hétérogènes que dans les systèmes pionniers. Cette dynamique est plus complexe et efficiente que la seule récupération des pâturages dégradés. Pour accompagner les systèmes d’élevage vers un meilleur usage des ressources naturelles en Amazonie brésilienne, nous recommandons la mise en place de politiques encourageant l’adoption de pratiques plus éco-efficientes et de raisonner l’organisation spatiale des espaces voués à l’intensification ou à la régénération forestière.
L’embouchure de l'Amazone, macro-frontière géomorphologique : enseignements de 30 années de recherches franco-brésiliennes sur les systèmes côtiers amazoniens
Authors: Prost M. T. R. C. , Faure J-F. , Charron C. , Vargas H.V. , Santos V. F. , Mendes A.C. , Gardel A.
Published: December 2017

L’embouchure du fleuve Amazone, considéré comme le plus grand fleuve du monde en étendue et en volume d'eau, est une macro frontière géomorphologique entre deux grands ensembles côtiers amazoniens, celui des Guyanes (entre l’Amapá et le Venezuela) et celui du Pará/Maranhão (nord du Brésil). L´embouchure du grand fleuve est aussi un domaine géologique remarquable entre la plateforme de l’Amapá, le bassin de Marajó et la plateforme Pará-Maranhão. L’essai ici présenté fait référence à de très nombreux travaux multidisciplinaires passés et actuels et aux avancées des outils satellitaires de suivi environnemental. Son objectif principal est d’analyser le rôle de l’embouchure en tant que seuil de passage et de rencontre aux niveaux régional et local. L’approche méthodologique et géomorphologique est fondée sur la taxonomie des faits et sur la notion dialectique de type et d’individu. Les considérations finales traitent des indicateurs environnementaux et examinent quelques tendances évolutives du littoral amazonien.Avertissement : ce texte constitue la première partie de l'Article. La seconde partie de la Synthèse sera publiée au prochain numéro de CONFINS.
Índices de vulnerabilidade da saúde aplicados aos municípios do Paraná
Authors: Gioia Thamy , Barros Mirian Vizintim Fernandes , Barros Omar Neto Fernandes
Published: December 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a vulnerabilidade de saúde nos municípios do Estado do Paraná, a partir de variáveis de saneamento básico e socioeconômicas. A metodologia tomou por base a proposição metodológica elaborada pela Secretaria de Saúde do município de Belo Horizonte. Para avaliar o Índice de Vulnerabilidade da Saúde-IVS, as doenças Cólera, Diarreia e Gastroenterite (total e população até 5 anos) e Dengue, consideradas importantes no quadro das enfermidades, foram estudadas por categoria do IVS e, a espacialização das mesmas representadas. Os resultados obtidos revelam que a utilização direta de metodologias aplicadas em escalas geográficas, e sobretudo cartográficas distintas, deve ser feito com prudência.
Почти проективные и почти инъективные модули
Authors: Abyzov Adel Nailevich
Published: December 2017

Выяснено строение колец, над которыми каждый правый модуль является
почти инъективным. Описаны регулярные и $I$-конечные кольца,
над которыми каждый правый модуль является почти проективным.
Библиография: 21 название.
О числе независимых множеств в простых гиперграфах
Authors: Balobanov Arseniy , Shabanov Dmitry Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2017

В работе исследуются экстремальные задачи о числе
$j$-независимых множеств в однородных простых гиперграфах.
Получены близкие к оптимальным результаты
для максимального количества независимых множеств
в классе простых регулярных гиперграфов,
а также для минимального числа - в классе простых гиперграфов
с заданной средней степенью вершины.
Библиография: 11 названий.
Об аналоге одной теоремы Титчмарша для преобразования Фурье-Уолша
Authors: Platonov Sergei Sergeevich
Published: December 2017

Используя преобразование Фурье-Уолша
на ${\mathbb R}_+=[0,+\infty)$, доказан двоичный аналог
классической теоремы Е. Титчмарша об описании образа
при преобразовании Фурье множества функций,
удовлетворяющих условию Липшица в $L^2$.
Библиография: 11 названий.
Построение диффузионных процессов на группах токов
Authors: Kalinichenko Artem Alexandrovich
Published: December 2017

На группе непрерывных отображений из риманова многообразия в группу Ли строятся диффузионные процессы, порождаемые операторами второго порядка с переменными коэффициентами.
Библиография: 25 названий.
О равномерной тауберовой теореме для динамических игр
Authors: Khlopin Dmitrii Valer'evich
Published: December 2017

Исследуются антагонистические динамические игры, в том числе игры в нормальной форме. Рассматриваются асимптотики цен для таких игр при усреднении показателя качества равномерно по все большему промежутку (среднее по Чезаро) и при усреднении с все меньшим показателем дисконтирования (среднее по Абелю). Доказана соответствующая теорема Таубера-Абеля: равномерные пределы цен и для того, и для другого способа усреднения существуют и равны между собой, если существует хотя бы один из таких пределов. Получены аналоги односторонних тауберовых теорем. На примере показана существенность требований уже для задач управления.
Библиография: 31 название.
Спектральный синтез на группе конформных автоморфизмов единичного круга
Authors: Volchkov Valerii Vladimirovich , Volchkov Vitalii Vladimirovich
Published: December 2017

Для группы $G$ конформных автоморфизмов единичного круга $\mathbb{D}$ получено решение проблемы спектрального синтеза для подпространств $\mathscr{U}\subset \mathscr{E}(G)$, инвариантных относительно правосторонних $G$-сдвигов и сопряжений из подгруппы $\operatorname{SO}(2)$. Одним из промежуточных результатов работы является новая теорема о спектральном синтезе для подпространств в $\mathscr{E}(\mathbb{D})$, инвариантных относительно взвешенных конформных сдвигов.
Библиография: 35 названий.
Board Leadership Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Listed Companies in Sri Lanka
Authors: Balagobei Saseela , Udayakumara K.G.A.
Published: December 2017

Corporate Governance as a mechanism helps to align management's goals with those of the stakeholders that are to increase firm performance. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between board leadership structure and firm performance of listed companies in Sri Lanka during the period of 2014-2016. The data was collected from the secondary data sources and board leadership structure is measured by CEO duality. The sample of this study consists of 100 firms listed in Colombo Stock Exchange based on market capitalization. For the purpose of data analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis and independent sample t-test were used to examine the hypotheses of this study. The findings reveal that board leadership structure is positively correlated with firm performance in terms of Tobin’s Q and there is no significant difference in firm performance between CEO duality firms & non-duality firms.
Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies on Output Stabilization in Developing Countries: Evidence from Rwanda
Authors: Richard Kabanda , Muriu Peter W. , Maturu Benjamin
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to explain the relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in explaining output in Rwanda. The study used a sample of quarterly data for the period 1996-2014. Applying a recursive VAR, the study used 12 variables, including 5 endogenous and 7exogenous variables to the benchmark model and other two specifications were attempted to capture the true contribution of monetary and fiscal policies to variations in nominal output. Obtained results using impulse responses and variance decomposition provide evidence that monetary policy is more effective than fiscal policy in explaining changes in nominal output in Rwanda. In addition, monetary policy explains better output when the VAR model contains domestic exogenous variables than when they are not included, suggesting the relevance of including domestic exogenous variables in VAR specification of monetary and fiscal policies effectiveness on economic variables. Another suggestion is that in order to achieve higher growth, the government of Rwanda should rely more on monetary policy as compared to fiscal policy.
Sorry Used by L2 Adult Learner: Managing Learning Opportunity and Interpersonal Relationship in Classroom Interaction
Authors: Yang Ruowei , Zhang Xing
Published: December 2017

This study investigates functions of sorry in L2 Chinese classroom interactions through the conversation analysis approach with an aim to investigate the relationship between sorry and L2 learning and possible functions of sorry in managing interpersonal relationships in classroom interactions. Through analysis of 36 hours’ video-recorded classroom interaction, this research shows that the non-apologetic sorry could be employed by adult learners to obtain various learning opportunities, such as active participation, production of appropriate responses, active use of target language, and attempts to solve problems that are not designed in the teaching agenda. Moreover, sorry could be used as a strategy for constructing polite co-operation and to mitigate possible offenses against tutors during classroom interactions, as well as to manage interpersonal relationships based upon the theoretical framework of politeness. Findings from this study can also help us understand how sorry serves pragmatic purposes for L2 classroom interaction and provide us with pedagogical implications for L2 learning and teaching. Future studies need to examine sorry as used by L2 learners in conversational turns other than the same turn, as well as at different positions of a turn, to provide evidence for its functions in classroom interaction.
Effect of Energy Substrate Dynamics on Mitochondrial Activity and Oxidative Stress Levels of in vitro Maturing Bovine Oocytes
Authors: Rahman Zulaiha A. , Ibrahim Siti Fatimah , Osman Nurul Atikah , Jaafar Farah Hanan Fathihah , Osman Khairul
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted to explore the effect of energy substrates in the culture medium during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. A modified TCM199 medium (M-7528) was used to mature bovine oocytes in vitro. Oocytes were supplemented with different pyruvate (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mM) and glucose (1.5, 5.6, 20.0 mM) concentrations for 48 hours at 38.5 °C under 5% CO2 atmosphere with 95% humidity. Their maturity was checked at 24 and 48 hours. After 48 hours, the denuded oocytes were stained with fluorescent dye JC-1 and avidin-FITC. Fluorescent dye JC-1 is a membrane permeable to the cell and would indicates membrane activity or its organization. Fluorescence intensity of avidin-FITC determination using corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) expressed oxidative stress level. There is a significant contribution of energy substrates towards oocyte maturation. Pyruvate at 0.2 mM produced mature oocytes with a diameter of ≥ 120 μm, promoted oocytes maturation to metaphase II (MII) stage faster and reduced cell’s oxidative stress levels. In comparison, 5.6 mM glucose is the optimum concentration for glucose to reduce cell stress level. Unfortunately, this concentration only produced mature oocytes with a small diameter of up to 116 μm. All changes were significant at the level of p < 0.05. As a conclusion, pyruvate at 0.2 mM is the optimum concentration for in vitro maturation after taking cell’s stress level into consideration.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 9, No. 13, Special Issue
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: December 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 9, No. 13, Special Issue, 2017.
Perceptions of nanotechnology utilization in food: a pilot study
Authors: Kogovšek Urša , Kovač Boris , Babnik Katarina
Published: December 2017

Nanotechnology is a science field that includes research and applications carried out in the sphere of below 100 nanometers. Nanofood is the result of the usage of nanotechnology in food production, processing, and packaging. The paper presents results of a pilot study on perceptions of nanotechnology and its use in food production. A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of the study that measured knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards nanotechnology and nanoproducts in general and in food industry. The results of the analysis suggested lack of knowledge about nanotechnology and its utilisation in food production. Motivation of respondents to purchase nanoproducts is low, mostly due to perceptions of possible changes in food caused by the use of nanotechnology. The respondents are aware of their poor understanding of nanotechnology and perceive potential risks related to the utilisation of nanotechnology. Education of consumers in relation to nanotechnology and its utilisation in manucaturing, especially in food production, is a necessary step in future development of this field.
Determination of some physical-chemical properties of biofortification soft wheat and flour of the varieties “Treska”
Authors: Menkinoska Marija , Stanoev Vinko , Pavlova Valentina , Blazevska Tatijana , Stamatovska Victorija , Gjorgovska Natasa
Published: December 2017

Cereal crops as a basic food for humans, little is used as a grain, but with millingthey are processed in the milling products: flour, meal, flakes and bran.Determining the content of some ingredients, such as protein, ash, wet gluten,fat, etc. in food products is important because they are present in the rawmaterials and final products. The importance of knowing the physical andchemical properties of wheat and flour is due to the determination of quality andkind of flour which is produced after milling process. The aim of this research isto examine the influence of Fe-EDTA fertilizers through soil, foliar and soil +foliarapplication on some physical and chemical properties of bio-fortification softwheat and flour of the varieties ,,Treska ,, During the investigation wedetermined the highest ash content in the seed obtained with soil + foliarapplication of iron, while in the flour was measured the highest ash content bysoil application of iron. We concluded that the supplement iron in soil increasethe percentage of protein in the grain and flour. We found that soil + foliarapplication of iron leads to a significant increase of % fat and wet gluten in grainand flour compared to soil or foliar application of chelating fertilizers. It might beconcluded that the agronomic bio-fortification with Fe-EDTA soil + foliarapplication and Fe-EDTA soil leads to improved examined physical - chemicalproperties of wheat and flour.
Air-thermal oxidation of zirconium
Authors: Koneska Zagorka , Manojlović Ružica , Stoevska-Gogovska Dafinka
Published: December 2017

Zirconium is one of those few metals which are capable of dissolving relativelylarge quantities of oxygen. When heated in air at elevated temperatures, anoxide layer is built up at the metal surface. The oxidation of mechanicallypolished zirconium was studied in the range 500-900oC in air atmosphere, attemperature intervals of 100oC, for exposure times from 5 min to 1860 min foreach temperature. The weight gain of the oxidized species was the reactedamount of oxygen with zirconium for the formation of the ZrO2. The weight gainand thickness of the oxide film increase with the increasing of the oxidation timeand temperature. The oxidation initially followed a parabolic rate at alltemperatures. At temperatures higher than 700oC oxide “breakaway” appears atthe longest oxidation times. Microstructural investigations have shown that theoxide layers are compact and with good adhesion to the metal surface, but attemperatures over 700oC, radial micro-cracks appear. Raman spectra of theformed oxides at the investigated temperatures are characteristic for monoclinicphase.
Analysis of organic pollutants in water samples of White Drin, Black Drin and Fierza Reservoir
Authors: Nuro Aurel , Marku Elda , Murtaj Bledar
Published: December 2017

This study presented data about concentrations of some organic pollutants inAlbanian part of Black Drin (BD), White Drin (WD) and Fierza Reservoir (FR).Thirteen stations were analyzed in this study. Sampling of water was realized inMay 2017. Drin River presents important aquatic area in Albania. For all watersamples were analyzed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-, m-, p-xylenes (BTEX)and polyromantic hydrocarbons (PAH). Organochlorined pesticides and PCBswere found in higher level for Fierza Reservoir stations. Their concentrations forBlack and White Drin samples were 5-10 times lower.
Item Analysis of a Multiple-Choice Exam
Authors: Toksöz Sibel , Ertunç Ayşe
Published: December 2017

Although foreign language testing has been subject to some changes in line with the different perspectives on learning and language teaching, multiple-choice items have been considerably popular regardless of these perspectives and trends in foreign language teaching. There have been some studies focusing on the efficiency of multiple choice items in different contexts. In Turkish context multiple choice items have been commonly used as standardized stake holder tests as a requirement for undergraduate level for the departments such as English Language Teaching, Western Languages and Literatures and Translation Studies and academic progress of the students in departments. Moreover, multiple choice items have been used noticeably in all levels of language instruction. However, there hasn’t been enough item analysis of multiple-choice tests in terms of item discrimination, item facility and distractor efficiency. The present study aims to analyze the multiple choice items aiming to test grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension and administrated at a state university to preptory class students. In the study, 453 students’ responses have been analyzed in terms of item facility, item discrimination and distractor efficiency by using the frequency showing the distribution of the responses of prepatory students. The study results reveal that, most of the items are at the moderate level in terms of item facility. Besides, the results show that 28% of the items have a low item discrimination value. Finally, the frequency results were analyzed in terms of distractor efficiency and it has been found that some distractors in the exam are significantly ineffective and they should be revised.
Computational Contact Mechanics with the Finite Element Method
Authors: De Lorenzis L. , Wriggers Peter , Weißenfels C.
Published: December 2017

The finite element method (FEM) is a widely used numerical scheme to solve complex partial differential equations stemming from science and engineering. Contact mechanics is one of the application areas that has a huge impact on all areas of science. Here one can name the prediction of earthquakes, impact of waves and naval structures, car crash analysis, bearings, and tire‐road interactions among thousands of other applications. The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview on established and new formulations, discretization schemes, and algorithms that relate to contact mechanics in the context of FEMs.
Autonomous Motility of Polymer Films
Authors: Treml Benjamin E. , McKenzie Ruel N. , Buskohl Philip , Wang David , Kuhn Michael , Tan Loon‐Seng , Vaia Richard A.
Published: December 2017

Adaptive soft materials exhibit a diverse set of behaviors including reconfiguration, actuation, and locomotion. These responses however, are typically optimized in isolation. Here, the interrelation between these behaviors is established through a state space framework, using Nylon 6 thin films in a humidity gradient as an experimental testbed. It is determined that the dynamic behaviors are a result of not only a response to but also an interaction with the applied stimulus, which can be tuned via control of the environment and film characteristics, including size, permeability, and coefficient of hygroscopic expansion to target a desired behavior such as multimodal locomotion. Using these insights, it is demonstrated that films simultaneously harvest energy and information from the environment to autonomously move down a stimulus gradient. Improved understanding of the coupling between an adaptive material and its environment aids the development of materials that integrate closed loop autonomous sensing, actuation, and locomotion.
Selectivity in the Aerobic Dearomatization of Phenols: Total Synthesis of Dehydronornuciferine by Chemo‐ and Regioselective Oxidation
Authors: Esguerra Kenneth Virgel N. , Lumb Jean‐Philip
Published: December 2017

We describe a selective aerobic oxidation of meta‐biaryl phenols that enables rapid access to functionalized phenanthrenes. Aerobic oxidations attract interest due to their efficiency, but remain underutilized in complex molecule settings due to challenges of selectivity. We discuss these issues in the context of Cu catalysis, and highlight the advantages of confining oxygen activation and substrate oxidation to the catalyst's inner‐coordination sphere. This gives rise to predictable selectivity that we use for a concise synthesis of the aporphine dehydronornuciferine.
Fabrication and characterization of double‐shelled CeO2‐La2O3/Au/Fe3O4 hollow architecture as a recyclable and highly thermal stability nanocatalyst
Authors: Huang Mengqiu , Fang Jiasheng , Zhang Yiwei , Zhang Chao , Zhou Yuming , Zhao Shuo , Gao Yan , Sheng Xiaoli
Published: December 2017

A novel magnetic binary‐metal‐oxide‐coated nanocataly composing of a hollow Fe3O4 core and CeO2‐La2O3 shells with Au nanoparticles encapsulated has been created in this work. The structural features of catalysts were characterized by several techniques, including SEM, TEM, UV‐vis, FTIR, XRD, XPS and TGA analyses. After the coating of CeO2‐La2O3 layer, CeO2‐La2O3/Au/C/Fe3O4 microspheres showed a superior thermal stability and catalytic reactivity compared with a pure CeO2 or La2O3 layer. Accompanied by the burning of carbon layer, the specific surface could be increased by the formation of double‐shelled structure. Besides, the desired samples could be separated by magnet, implying the superior recycle performance. Using the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4 as a model reaction, the microspheres exhibited highly reusability, superior catalytic activity, thermal stability, which are attributed to the unique double‐shelled structure of the support, uniform distribution of Au nanoparticles, the highly thermal stability of CeO2‐La2O3 layer and mixed oxide synergistic effect. As a consequence, the unique nanocatalyst will open a promising way in the fabrication of the double‐shelled hollow binary‐metal‐oxide materials for future research and has great potential in other applications.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Monofluoroacetation of Styrenes for Facile Synthesis of Allylic Fluorides
Authors: Wang Zhen‐Yu , Wan Jia‐Hao , Wang Gao‐Yin , Jin Ruo‐Xing , Lan Quan , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: December 2017

An efficient nickel‐catalyzed Heck‐type reaction between styrenes and fluoroalkyl iodine has been developed. This novel transformation has demonstrated a broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions and excellent E‐stereoselectivity. This efficient synthetic method has been applied to the late‐stage monofluoroacetation of biologically active molecules. Mechanistic investigations indicate that a monofluoroalkyl radical is involved in the catalytic cycle.
Peptide (Lys–Leu) and amino acids (Lys and Leu) supplementations improve physiological activity and fermentation performance of brewer's yeast during very high‐gravity (VHG) wort fermentation
Authors: Yang Huirong , Zong Xuyan , Cui Chun , Mu Lixia , Zhao Haifeng
Published: December 2017

Lys and Leu were generally considered as the key amino acids for brewer's yeast during beer brewing. In the present study, peptide Lys–Leu and a free amino acid (FAA) mixture of Lys and Leu (Lys + Leu) were supplemented in 24 °P wort to examine their effects on physiological activity and fermentation performance of brewer's yeast during very high‐gravity (VHG) wort fermentation. Results showed that although both peptide Lys–Leu and their FAA mixture supplementations could increase the growth and viability, intracellular trehalose and glycerol content, wort fermentability, and ethanol content for brewer's yeast during VHG wort fermentation, and peptide was better than their FAA mixture at promoting growth and fermentation for brewer's yeast when the same dose was kept. Moreover, peptide Lys–Leu supplementation significantly increased the assimilation of Asp, but decreased the assimilation of Gly, Ala, Val, (Cys)2, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, Arg, and Pro. However, the FAA mixture supplementation only promoted the assimilation of Lys and Leu, while reduced the absorption of total amino acids to a greater extent. Thus, the peptide Lys–Leu was more effective than their FAA mixture on the improvement of physiological activity, fermentation performance, and nitrogen metabolism of brewer's yeast during VHG wort fermentation.
Some People Heed Advice Less than Others: Agency (but Not Communion) Predicts Advice Taking
Authors: Schultze Thomas , Gerlach Tanja M. , Rittich Jacob C.
Published: December 2017

Across three studies (total N = 793), we investigated the link between two fundamental dimensions of personality, agency and communion, and advice taking in quantity estimation tasks. We complemented the analyses of the individual studies with meta‐analyses across all three studies in order to gain insight into the robustness of our core results. In line with our expectations, agency was associated with less advice taking, and this effect was mediated by individuals' perceptions of their own competence. Contrary to what we expected, we did not find consistent evidence that communion systematically relates to advice taking. Analyses of judges' initial accuracy further suggested that agentic judges' lower willingness to heed advice was justified by greater initial accuracy as compared with their less agentic peers. Our data, thus, provide evidence of individual differences in advice taking and shed some light on the question which individuals are more inclined to heed advice than others. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent neurobiological predictors of emergent psychopathology during adolescence
Authors: Jones Scott A. , Morales Angelica M. , Lavine Jessye B. , Nagel Bonnie J.
Published: December 2017

The adolescent brain undergoes significant structural and functional development. Through the use of magnetic resonance imaging in adolescents, it has been demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex, pertinent for executive control, demonstrates protracted development compared to limbic structures, active during emotion and reward processing. This asynchronous development creates a sensitive window during adolescence, in which many psychopathological disorders (i.e., mental health and substance use) emerge. This review outlines longitudinal studies that use magnetic resonance imaging to identify neurobiological predictors of emergent psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and substance use), during adolescence. Studies identifying neurobiological markers that predict onset and escalation of these disorders, as well as those that predict successful treatment outcomes are explored. An emphasis is placed on frontolimbic brain structures, a convergent neurobiological target for both emergent mental health issues and emergent substance use. The literature reviewed herein suggests that reduced volume and cortical thickness in frontolimbic regions, as well as reduced functional activation (particularly during task involving reward or emotional stimuli) in these regions, may serve as a neurobiological predictors of emergent psychopathology in adolescence. This knowledge is crucial, as it may be used to develop neurobiologically targeted prevention and intervention strategies for youth who are at‐risk for developing these psychopathologies.
Blood‐brain barrier development: Systems modeling and predictive toxicology
Authors: Saili Katerine S. , Zurlinden Todd J. , Schwab Andrew J. , Silvin Aymeric , Baker Nancy C. , Hunter E. Sidney , Ginhoux Florent , Knudsen Thomas B.
Published: December 2017

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) serves as a gateway for passage of drugs, chemicals, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones between vascular and neural compartments in the brain. Here, we review BBB development with regard to the microphysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the impact of BBB disruption on brain development. Our focus is on modeling these complex systems. Extant in silico models are available as tools to predict the probability of drug/chemical passage across the BBB; in vitro platforms for high‐throughput screening and high‐content imaging provide novel data streams for profiling chemical‐biological interactions; and engineered human cell‐based microphysiological systems provide empirical models with which to investigate the dynamics of NVU function. Computational models are needed that bring together kinetic and dynamic aspects of NVU function across gestation and under various physiological and toxicological scenarios. This integration will inform adverse outcome pathways to reduce uncertainty in translating in vitro data and in silico models for use in risk assessments that aim to protect neurodevelopmental health.
Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders
Authors: Nock Nora L. , Minnes Sonia , Alberts Jay L.
Published: December 2017

Substance use (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, opioids, cocaine., etc,) use often initiates during adolescence, a critical period of physiological and social development marked by an increase in risk‐taking due, in part, to heightened motivation to obtain arousal from rewards. Substance use during adolescence has been associated with a greater risk of substance use disorders (SUD) in adulthood. Although use rates for most substances have remained relatively stable, the frequency of marijuana use and the perception that regular marijuana use is not harmful has increased in adolescents. Furthermore, the nonmedical use of opioids has increased, particularly in the South, Midwest, and rural low‐income communities. Substance use in adolescence has been associated with adverse structural and functional brain changes and, may exacerbate the natural “imbalance” between frontal/regulatory and cortical‐subcortical circuits, leading to further heightened impulsive and reward‐driven behaviors. Exercise increases growth and brain‐derived neurotrophic factors that stimulate endogenous dopaminergic systems that, in turn, enhance general plasticity, learning, and memory. Exercise may help to reinforce the “naïve” or underdeveloped connections between neurological reward and regulatory processes in adolescence from the “bottom up” and “offset” reward seeking from substances, while concomitantly improving cardiovascular health, as well as academic and social achievement. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of substance use in adolescents and rationale for the utilization of exercise, particularly “assisted” exercise, which we have shown increases neural activity in cortical‐subcortical regions and may modulate brain dopamine levels during adolescence, a unique window of heightened reward sensitivity and neural plasticity, for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of SUD.
Recognize state vocational rehabilitation as a resource for auxiliary aids and services
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: December 2017

Many times, colleges and universities ask “Are there any resources out there that may pay for auxiliary aids and services for students with disabilities?” Although there might not be many resources, there is one, and it's a big one: state vocational rehabilitation agencies.
Know the most important sections of the FERPA regulations
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: December 2017

In 1977, the first edition of The Book of Lists was published. It was a best‐seller containing hundreds of lists on unusual, obscure, and offbeat topics. For example, “10 Worst‐Sounding English Words,” “7 Remarkable Messages in Bottles,” “15 Most Dangerous Airlines,” “The 15 Most Boring Classics,” and “The 10 Worst Well‐Known Human Beings in History” were part of the group.
Actions of p‐synephrine on hepatic enzyme activities linked to carbohydrate metabolism and ATP levels in vivo and in the perfused rat liver
Authors: Maldonado Marcos Rodrigues , Bracht Lívia , de Sá‐Nakanishi Anacharis Babeto , Corrêa Rúbia Carvalho Gomes , Comar Jurandir Fernando , Peralta Rosane Marina , Bracht Adelar
Published: December 2017

p‐Synephrine is one of the main active components of the fruit of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange). Extracts of the bitter orange and other preparations containing p‐synephrine have been used worldwide to promote weight loss and for sports performance. The purpose of the study was to measure the action of p‐synephrine on hepatic enzyme activities linked to carbohydrate and energy metabolism and the levels of adenine mononucleotides. Enzymes and adenine mononucleotides were measured in the isolated perfused rat liver and in vivo after oral administration of the drug (50 and 300 mg/kg) by using standard techniques. p‐Synephrine increased the activity of glycogen phosphorylase in vivo and in the perfused liver. It decreased, however, the activities of pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase also in vivo and in the perfused liver. p‐Synephrine increased the hepatic pools of adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate. Stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase is consistent with the reported increased glycogenolysis in the perfused liver and increased glycemia in rats. The decrease in the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity indicates that p‐synephrine is potentially capable of inhibiting the transformation of carbohydrates into lipids. The capability of increasing the adenosine triphosphate‐adenosine diphosphate pool indicates a beneficial effect of p‐synephrine on the cellular energetics.
Takotsubo syndrome‐associated ventricular standstill in a peripartum patient: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Lee Nelson , Lee Kevin Wade , D'Ambrosio Matthew Michael , Banta Joseph Vaughan , Voudouris Apostolos , Tsompanidis Antonios
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Takotsubo syndrome is classically characterized by apical ballooning and left ventricle akinesis associated with an underlying catecholamine surge. In patients with suspected Takotsubo syndrome, clinicians should be vigilant for acute coronary syndrome and arrhythmias. Ventricular standstill with underlying Takotsubo syndrome should be managed with a dual‐chambered pacemaker to improve patient outcome.
Chronic aortic dissection with tricuspid regurgitation: report of a case
Authors: Takazawa Ippei , Ohki Shin‐ichi , Misawa Yoshio
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Dilatation of aortic root may distort the tricuspid annulus. We experienced a case of chronic aortic dissection presented with tricuspid regurgitation. Chest computed tomography revealed an enlarged ascending aorta displacing the right heart. The patient successfully underwent replacement of the aorta and tricuspid annuloplasty with a prosthetic annulus.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae‐associated Fuchs syndrome
Authors: Kheiri Babikir , Alhesan Nour Aljariri , Madala Seetharamprasad , Assasa Omar , Shen Meng , Dawood Thair
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Fuchs syndrome is a milder form of the Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) spectrum with only mucosal involvement which can be triggered by Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) infection. Treatment should be directed toward supportive care including ocular and mucous membrane care, fluids and nutritional support, and pain control. In addition, antibiotic and immunomodulatory treatments are discussed for this entity.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Influenza A pneumonia
Authors: Kheiri Babikir , Abu Sitta Emad , Salih Anas , Al Qasmi Mohammed , Bachuwa Ghassan
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system and can present following influenza A infections as multifocal neurological deficits. ADEM remains a challenging diagnosis, and high clinical suspicious coupled with laboratory investigations and neuroimaging is required to exclude other primary and secondary demyelinating disorders.
Understanding Local Structure versus Long‐Range Structure: The Case of UO2
Authors: Desgranges Lionel , Ma Yue , Garcia Philippe , Baldinozzi Gianguido , Siméone David , Fischer Henry E.
Published: December 2017

A recent trend in the development of new optimized materials makes use of crystalline domains having nanometer sizes for which characterization methods at the atomic scale are mandatory. Amongst them is pair‐distribution function analysis (PDF‐analysis), a diffraction technique that has already shown that a short‐range or “local” atomic structure of a given domain, having a lower symmetry than the average long‐range structure, often exists in many compounds having valuable properties for industrial applications, such as pyrochlores, spinels, and doped ceria among others. However, the manner by which these domains are arranged to produce the average long‐range structure is still an open question. Herein, the first structural model that accounts for both the local structure (inside a given domain) and the long‐range structure (averaged over all domains) that is observed in the PDF of uranium dioxide is presented. The structural model describes domain walls in such a way as to preserve the uranium coordination polyhedron and to obey the needed symmetry rules. The proper description of domain walls is an important step in the understanding and the modelling of nanostructured materials.