bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Prototype WRF-Based Ensemble Data Assimilation System for Dynamically Downscaling Satellite Precipitation Observations
Authors: Zupanski Dusanka , Zhang Sara Q. , Zupanski Milija , Hou Arthur Y. , Cheung Samson H.
Published: September 2010

In the near future, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will provide precipitation observations with unprecedented accuracy and spatial/temporal coverage of the globe. For hydrological applications, the satellite observations need to be downscaled to the required finer-resolution precipitation fields. This paper explores a dynamic downscaling method using ensemble data assimilation techniques and cloud-resolving models. A prototype ensemble data assimilation system using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) has been developed. A high-resolution regional WRF with multiple nesting grids is used to provide the first-guess and ensemble forecasts. An ensemble assimilation algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is used to perform the analysis. The forward observation operators from NOAA–NCEP’s gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) are incorporated for using NOAA–NCEP operational datastream, including conventional data and clear-sky satellite observations. Precipitation observation operators are developed with a combination of the cloud-resolving physics from NASA Goddard cumulus ensemble (GCE) model and the radiance transfer schemes from NASA Satellite Data Simulation Unit (SDSU). The prototype of the system is used as a test bed to optimally combine observations and model information to produce a dynamically downscaled precipitation analysis. A case study on Tropical Storm Erin (2007) is presented to investigate the ability of the prototype of the WRF Ensemble Data Assimilation System (WRF-EDAS) to ingest information from in situ and satellite observations including precipitation-affected radiance. The results show that the analyses and forecasts produced by the WRF-EDAS system are comparable to or better than those obtained with the WRF-GSI analysis scheme using the same set of observations. An experiment was also performed to examine how the analyses and short-term forecasts of microphysical variables and dynamical fields are influenced by the assimilation of precipitation-affected radiances. The results highlight critical issues to be addressed in the next stage of development such as model-predicted hydrometeor control variables and associated background error covariance, bias estimation, and correction in radiance space, as well as the observation error statistics. While further work is needed to optimize the performance of WRF-EDAS, this study establishes the viability of developing a cloud-scale ensemble data assimilation system that has the potential to provide a useful vehicle for downscaling satellite precipitation information to finer scales suitable for hydrological applications.
Transfer of Satellite Rainfall Uncertainty from Gauged to Ungauged Regions at Regional and Seasonal Time Scales
Authors: Tang Ling , Hossain Faisal , Huffman George J.
Published: September 2010

Hydrologists and other users need to know the uncertainty of the satellite rainfall datasets across the range of time–space scales over the whole domain of the dataset. Here, “uncertainty” refers to the general concept of the “deviation” of an estimate from the reference (or ground truth) where the deviation may be defined in multiple ways. This uncertainty information can provide insight to the user on the realistic limits of utility, such as hydrologic predictability, which can be achieved with these satellite rainfall datasets. However, satellite rainfall uncertainty estimation requires ground validation (GV) precipitation data. On the other hand, satellite data will be most useful over regions that lack GV data, for example developing countries. This paper addresses the open issues for developing an appropriate uncertainty transfer scheme that can routinely estimate various uncertainty metrics across the globe by leveraging a combination of spatially dense GV data and temporally sparse surrogate (or proxy) GV data, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission dual-frequency precipitation radar. The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products over the United States spanning a record of 6 yr are used as a representative example of satellite rainfall. It is shown that there exists a quantifiable spatial structure in the uncertainty of satellite data for spatial interpolation. Probabilistic analysis of sampling offered by the existing constellation of passive microwave sensors indicate that transfer of uncertainty for hydrologic applications may be effective at daily time scales or higher during the GPM era. Finally, a commonly used spatial interpolation technique (kriging), which leverages the spatial correlation of estimation uncertainty, is assessed at climatologic, seasonal, monthly, and weekly time scales. It is found that the effectiveness of kriging is sensitive to the type of uncertainty metric, time scale of transfer, and the density of GV data within the transfer domain. Transfer accuracy is lowest at weekly time scales with the error doubling from monthly to weekly. However, at very low GV data density (<20% of the domain), the transfer accuracy is too low to show any distinction as a function of the time scale of transfer.
Real-Time Implementation of a Network-Based Attenuation Correction in the CASA IP1 Testbed
Authors: Lim S. , Chandrasekar V. , Lee P. , Jayasumana A. P.
Published: September 2010

Monitoring of precipitation using higher-frequency radar systems such as X band is becoming popular. At X-band frequency, weather radar signals are attenuated along their paths due to precipitation. A network-based reflectivity retrieval technique has been developed for the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) system, which is a radar network that can observe a weather event simultaneously by multiple radars. This paper describes the design and implementation of an architectural framework for real-time processing of the network-based attenuation correction system. The benchmarks presented here show that the system accomplishes networked attenuation correction within a few seconds, making it well suited for the CASA system. This paper presents the performance of the network-based attenuation correction system in terms of the metrics of attenuation correction as well as computational performance using CASA Integrated Project 1 (IP1) data during 2007–09 field experiments. The results show that the network-based attenuation correction algorithm works robustly in real time while retrieving attenuation-corrected reflectivity.
Displacing Potential Vorticity Structures by the Assimilation of Pseudo-Observations
Authors: Michel Yann
Published: September 2010

Classic formulations of variational data assimilation in amplitude space are not able to directly handle observations that measure the geographical positions of meteorological features like fronts and vortices. These observations can be derived from satellite images, as is already the case for tropical cyclones. Although some advanced data assimilation algorithms have been specifically designed to tackle the problem, a widespread way of dealing with this information is to use so-called bogussing pseudo-observations: user-specified artificial observations are inserted in a traditional data assimilation scheme. At the midlatitudes, there is a relationship between dry intrusions in water vapor images and upper-level potential vorticity structures. Some prior work has also shown that it was possible to automatically identify dry intrusions with tracking algorithms. The difference of positions between model and image dry intrusions could therefore be used as observations of the misplacement of potential vorticity structures. One strategy to achieve the displacement of potential vorticity anomalies is to sample them, and assimilate the values at displaced locations. The uncertainty of these pseudo-observations is left as a tuning parameter to try to make the displacement both effective and robust. A simple one-dimensional assimilation model is used to study the displacement of curves defined by Gaussian humps. The concept is then illustrated in realistic examples from real synoptic systems, where pseudo-observations of potential vorticity are incorporated in a global variational data assimilation scheme. Overall and despite reasonable optimization, the results contain artifacts. This suggests that the use of pseudo-observations to displace identifiable structures is not an effective strategy.
Theory-Based Stakeholder Evaluation
Authors: Hansen Morten Balle , Vedung Evert
Published: September 2010

This article introduces a new approach to program theory evaluation called theory-based stakeholder evaluation or the TSE model for short. Most theory-based approaches are program theory driven and some are stakeholder oriented as well. Practically, all of the latter fuse the program perceptions of the various stakeholder groups into one unitary program theory. The TSE model keeps the program theories of the diverse stakeholder groups apart from each other and from the program theory embedded in the institutionalized intervention itself. This represents, the authors argue, an important clarification and extension of the standard theory-based evaluation. The TSE model is elaborated to enhance theory-based evaluation of interventions characterized by conflicts and competing program theories. The authors argue that especially in evaluations of complex and complicated multilevel and multisite interventions, the presence of competing theories is likely and the TSE model may prove useful.
Characterizing the Evaluand in Evaluating Theory
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: September 2010

Prior evaluations of evaluation theory have been problematic due in part to confusion about what exactly is being assessed. After drawing distinctions among evaluation theories, models, and approaches, the author examines three aspects of evaluation models and considers how the evaluation of a model depends on which aspect is being examined. The aspects considered include a model as a statement of ideology, a model as an operational strategy, and a model as an intervention promising specific outcomes.
Low cycle fatigue and creep–fatigue interaction in short fibre reinforced aluminium alloy composite
Authors: Prasad N. Eswara , Vogt D. , Bidlingmaier T. , Wanner A. , Arzt E.
Published: September 2010

The high temperature low cycle fatigue resistance and the creep–fatigue interaction (CFI) behaviour in terms of the effects of prior fatigue exposure on the subsequent creep behaviour are evaluated and reported for a short alumina fibre (Saffil) reinforced aluminium alloy (Al–12Si–CuMgNi) matrix composite at 623 K. The prior fatigue to study the CFI behaviour was imparted in the form of low cycle fatigue loading in a fully reversed, total strain controlled loading up to a quarter of fatigue life at a total strain amplitude of 0·006 (the plastic strain amplitude at half-life is 0·004), corresponding to a plastic strain energy per cycle value of 0·46 MJ m–3. Subsequently, isothermal tensile creep tests were conducted at 623 K to evaluate the minimum creep rate, rupture time and strain to failure as a function of applied creep stress. Also examined were the fracture features as well as the nature and extent of damage that occurs during low cycle fatigue and creep–fatigue loading. The results obtained on the composite material are compared with those of the matrix aluminium alloy to bring out the effects of reinforcement. The results showed that the reinforcement causes significant loss in high temperature low cycle fatigue resistance in terms of fatigue ductility and cyclic energy parameters. Prior fatigue loading was seen to cause a small but consistent decrease in the creep resistance, which is attributed to the combined effects of mechanical loading and microstructural damage from prior fatigue loading.
Sound absorption of open celled aluminium foam fabricated by investment casting method
Authors: Wang X F , Wang X F , Wei X , Han F S , Wang X L
Published: September 2010

The sound absorption behaviour of an open celled aluminium foam fabricated by investment casting method was examined and correlated with the pore size, sample thickness and backing air gap depth in the present study. The foam shows low sound absorption coefficients at relatively low frequencies or with relatively thin sample thickness due to its 90% or higher open porosity. As frequency or sample thickness increases, the sound absorption is significantly enhanced. Furthermore, if the sample is backed with an air gap, the approximate periodical resonant absorption peaks emerge from the background and shift towards low frequencies with increasing the gap depth. It is also found that the present aluminium foam has even better absorption performance than polyurethane foam, with almost the same pore parameters as the former. The observation on the pore surface and further experiments demonstrate that the difference is attributed to rougher pore surface of the aluminium foam that makes the sound wave loss increase through enhanced friction between the air and the surface.
Comparative study of direct and indirect forging processes for rheological material of A356 aluminium alloy
Authors: Lee S.-M. , Kang C.-G.
Published: September 2010

Using a vacuum electromagnetic stirring system, a high quality rheological material is developed in order to fabricate the engineering components without defects like internal porosities, which are caused by the entrapment of external air into the melt and impurities arising from the penetration of surface oxides by vacuum electromagnetic stirring. For practical application in vehicle industry, forming of the knuckle component that is used in automobiles was demonstrated by both direct and indirect type rheoforging processes. Here, insufficient filling behaviour occurred during direct forging processes, whereas indirect rheoforging of material with a solid fraction of 30–40 produced a completely formed knuckle component; thus, an indirect forging process may be suitable for forming the knuckle part. Through microstructural investigations and tensile tests before and after T6 heat treatment of the material, mechanical properties were characterised. By obtaining data about the rheoforging process and material properties of the rheoforged product associated with microstructural features, feasibility for future practical application was investigated. Moreover, the die structure for direct and indirect rheological forging processes was comparatively studied.
What's in a Name? Mixed-Race Families and Resistance to Racial Codification in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Palmer Jennifer L.
Published: September 2010

The Saint-Domingue planter Aimé-Benjamin Fleuriau did not simply leave colonialism behind when he returned to his hometown La Rochelle: he literally brought some of its complications with him. Five of his mixed-race children by his former slave Jeanne arrived with or soon after their white father. The very existence of this family complicated an increasingly easy equation between blackness and slavery, and for both the planter and his children, family ties shaped their experience of race and status. In the midst of growing racial paranoia in France and legislation that regulated all people of color, Fleuriau and his daughter Marie-Jeanne privileged family over race as a means of carving out a position of autonomy for themselves in French society, albeit in very different ways and for very different reasons. In doing so, they shaped what the category “family” meant in France.

Aimé-Benjamin Fleuriau, ex–résident blanc de Saint-Domingue, au lieu d'abandonner le colonialisme après son retour à La Rochelle, a rapporté avec lui certaines des complications coloniales. Cinq des enfants métisses qu'il a eus avec son ancienne esclave Jeanne sont arrivés avec lui, ou peu après. L'existence même de cette famille a compliqué le lien évident entre la négritude et l'esclavage. Pour le planteur et ses enfants les liens familiaux ont informé leur manière d'assumer leur race et leur position sociale. Au milieu de la paranoïa raciale croissante en France au dixhuitième siècle et la législation qui réglementait tous gens de couleur, Fleuriau et sa fille Marie-Jeanne ont privilégié les liens familiaux plutôt que raciaux afin de créer une position d'autonomie dans la société française, bien que par des moyens et pour des raisons très différents. Ils ont ainsi façonné la catégorie « famille » en France.
Jezebels and Victims: Antillean Women in Postwar France, 1946–1974
Authors: Germain Felix
Published: September 2010

This article demonstrates that in the post–World War II period the bodies of Guadeloupean and Martinican women served as a tool to implement new French “development” policies affecting Guadeloupe and Martinique. Immigration officials hoped to improve the women's socioeconomic conditions by encouraging them to migrate to France where they could earn higher wages. By contrast, the women's bodies became a battlefield for Caribbean male nationalists, who appropriated their experiences for political reasons. On both sides, however, the paradoxes were striking. French officials treated Antillean women in a manner that contradicted the national republican values of universal equality, and the Antillean nationalists politicized the migration of Antillean women to France as a way of dealing with the emasculating effects of neocolonial relations.

Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les Guadeloupéennes et Martiniquaises furent, à leur insu, mêlées à la politique française de développement des nouveaux départements d'Outre-Mer. En encourageant un courant d'immigration vers la « métropole », où les Antillaises avaient la possibilité de gagner leur vie plus facilement, les agents de l'état français désiraient améliorer la situation socioéconomique de ces femmes ainsi que celle des départements. Cependant, les Antillaises jouaient un rôle assez important dans la politique nationaliste locale. Les indépendantistes, alors majoritairement des hommes, utilisaient l'expérience féminine pour protester contre la politique d'immigration et affirmer leurs droits nationaux. Néanmoins, les paradoxes étaient évidents dans la politique respective de chaque camp. L'état français trahissait ses valeurs républicaines, et l'opposition indépendantiste était symptomatique d'un nationalisme ultra-masculin.
Rationalizing Human Organization in an Uncertain World: Jacob Marschak, from Ukrainian Prisons to Behavioral Science Laboratories
Authors: Cherrier Béatrice
Published: September 2010

Jacob Marschak (1898–1977) had an enormous impact on the development of postwar economics, both as an intellectual mentor of Nobel Prize winners such as Kenneth Arrow and Franco Modigliani and as forerunner and institutional organizer of several research programs, most famously at the Cowles Commission. Nevertheless, he remains understudied by historians. This article uncovers the salient characteristics of his scientific vision in the forties and fifties, at the apex of his influence on the profession: his definition of economics as the science of rational choice; his emphasis on mathematization, experimentation, and interdisciplinarity as the proper methodology; his view of uncertainty as the main characteristic of the social environment; and his claim that economists should be “social engineers.” The development of such a vision is studied against the background of Marschak's biography and of his understanding of the vicissitudes of the twentieth century, in particular his socialist beliefs and his repeated experience of emigration.
Jens Warming on Open Access, the Pigovian Tax, and Property Rights
Authors: Eggert Håkan
Published: September 2010

This article summarizes the contribution in fisheries economics by the Danish economist Jens Warming. Warming provides an early reference on the problem of open access, precedes Arthur Pigou in suggesting an optimal tax as a correction measure, which I refer to as a Warming landing tax in fisheries, and explains how property rights in fisheries will lead to maximized resource rent and prevent overfishing. What is missing in Warming's description of the problem is the dynamic aspect and that the economics of natural resources should be analyzed in a capital theoretic framework, which was later established in the 1950s by Anthony Scott.
Economics and Ethics: Juan de Lugo's Theory of the Just Price, or the Responsibility of Living in Society
Authors: Monsalve Fabio
Published: September 2010

This paper will ascertain the theory of the just price, according to Juan de Lugo (1583–1660), the last great representative of the Scholastics. First we will draw up Lugo's “vision” of the just price, stressing the anthropological, moral, and legal foundations and emphasizing the theory's coherence; the relevant issue is that such a price theory would contain its own principle of intelligibility. Second, we will point out the role of this theory in preventing economic compulsion. This approach could help us to draw upon the moral and economic responsibility of human beings living in society and how this vision differs greatly from neoclassical homo economicus.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Organic Radical Cation Salt, α-(Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis[1,3,2]dithiazole)2ReBr6
Authors: Suzuki Ken-ichi , Kodama Takeshi , Kikuchi Koichi , Fujita Wataru
Published: September 2010

A new molecule-based magnet, α-(benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis[1,3,2]dithiazole (BBDTA))2ReBr6, comprised a one-dimensional network composed of an alternative alignment of BBDTA+ (S = 1/2) and ReBr62− (S = 3/2) and an S = 1/2 regular chain network of the other BBDTA+. This material became a ferromagnet below 12.2 K. The magnetization curve showed complex field dependence, which might be related to the orientation of the one-dimensional alternative network in its crystal.
Current Generation by Fullerene in the Presence of Tetraphenylborate at a Nitrobenzene|Water Interface under Illumination with a Fluorescent Light
Authors: Furuhashi Shoko , Tatsumi Hirosuke , Kimoto Takashi , Hinoue Teruo
Published: September 2010

We found that currents flowed across an interface, when a nitrobenzene solution containing fullerene, C60, and tetraoctylammonium tetraphenylborate was illuminated. Expecting that a photochemical reaction of C60 would be responsible for the currents, we investigated its mechanism. Voltammetric and spectroscopic experiments suggested that the currents were generated through ion transfer of anions produced during the photochemical reaction and/or electron transfer between anion radical of C60 and oxygen. Further, we propose a galvanic cell based on the photochemical reaction.
Subphthalocyanines Having Axial Substituent with Direct B–C Bond: General Preparation and Physical Properties
Authors: Yamasaki Yasuhiro , Mori Tomohiro
Published: September 2010

A novel synthetic methodology and the characterization of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) having an axial substituent with a direct boron–carbon bond are reported. The SubPcs are found to be more light- and/or heat resistant than analogs with a heteroatom between boron and carbon, thereby making SubPcs suitable for application to functional dyestuff in display devices.
Preparation and Surface Characterization of Surface-modified Electrospun Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer Nanofibers
Authors: Yano Takahiro , Yah Weng On , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Terayama Yuki , Nishihara Masamichi , Kobayashi Motoyasu , Takahara Atsushi
Published: September 2010

We developed a surface modification of electrospun nonwoven nanofiber mat by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Nanofibers of poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly[2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl methacrylate] were prepared by electrospinning to form a nonwoven nanofiber mat containing bromoalkyl groups, which initiated ATRP of 3-[dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonio]propanesulfonate (DMAPS) and 2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate (FA-C8), respectively, without deformation of nanofiber structure. The surface of the obtained electrospun nonwoven nanofiber mat was characterized by XPS, SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurement before and after surface modification.
A Dual Concentric Ring Test for Evaluating Residual Stress Development due to Restrained Volume Change
Authors: Schlitter J. L. , Senter A. H. , Bentz D. P. , Nantung T. , Weiss W. J.
Published: September 2010

A new test is being developed to evaluate the performance of concretes undergoing both expansion and shrinkage during hydration and/or temperature changes under mechanically restrained conditions. The standard restrained ring test (ASTM C1581-09) is a simple, economical method to evaluate a concrete mixture’s susceptibility to develop shrinkage cracking when it is restrained. The standard test only provides restraint against samples that shrink at isothermal temperature and cannot be used to characterize materials undergoing expansion. Further, the conventional restrained ring test is difficult to apply in cases in which the concrete undergoes large variations in temperature since the restraint changes dimension under heating and cooling. This paper describes a test that was designed to overcome both of these limitations. The new dual concentric ring test provides restraint for both shrinkage and expansion and has incorporated the ability to study thermal stresses by using a restraining ring having a very low thermal expansion coefficient. This paper will discuss the design and construction of the test device and will present preliminary data that characterizes its ability to quantify and evaluate restrained expansive, shrinkage, and thermal stresses.
Hybride, kontext-sensitive Generierung von Produktempfehlungen
Authors: Hussein Tim , Gaulke Werner
Published: September 2010

In diesem Beitrag stellen wir mit Hybreed RecFlows ein modulares Framework zur Generierung von (Produkt) Empfehlungen vor. RecFlows (Kurzform für Recommendation Workflows) stellt eine Reihe etablierter Algorithmen aus dem Bereich Recommender Systems zur Verfügung sowie einen Workflow-Mechanismus, um aus diesen Algorithmen flexibel hybride Recommender zu erstellen. Darüber hinaus werden unterschiedliche Sensoren bereitgestellt, um Informationen aus verschiedenen Quellen in den Empfehlungsprozess mit einfließen zu lassen. Insbesondere werden Sensoren zur Kontext-Erfassung (z. B. der aktuelle Ort des Nutzers anhand seiner IP-Adresse) implementiert. So ist es möglich, mit Hilfe von RecFlows hybride, kontextsensitive Empfehlungen zu generieren.
Lernprozesse und Lernstile im Digital Game Based Learning
Authors: Bufe Johannes
Published: September 2010

Videospiele und Computersimulationen werden zum Vermitteln von Wissen seit vielen Jahren eingesetzt. Sie haben unter der Bezeichnung ”Serious Game“ ihr Nischendasein verlassen. Eine entscheidende Rolle für das Lernen mit Serious Games stellt hierbei das Konzept des ”Erfahren Lernens“ dar. David Kolb definierte in diesem Modell vier typische Lernstile. Gegenstand des folgenden Artikels ist, den Lernerfolg eines Serious Games FISS (Fertigungs- und Instandhaltungs-Strategie Simulation) in Bezug auf diese Lernstile zu untersuchen. FISS wurde in Zusammenarbeit der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt mit der Daimler AG entwickelt. Im vierten Quartal 2008 wurde FISS bei einem Training von Ingenieuren eingesetzt. In der Auswertung zeichnen sich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Lernstilen ab. Unabhängig von den Lernstilen der Teilnehmer wurde eine Leistungsverbesserung festgestellt, jedoch profitieren Lernstile mit Stärken im konkreten Beobachten überdurchschnittlich stark. Im Ausblick ergeben sich hieraus interessante Ansätze für die weitere Forschung.
Modellbasiertes User Interface Design und HCI Patterns: Eine Symbiose
Authors: Petrasch Roland
Published: September 2010

Der modellbasierte Entwicklungsansatz trennt die fachliche Essenz (Anwendersicht) von den technischen Details (Entwicklersicht) und lässt sich bei interaktiven Systemen vorteilhaft nutzen. Allerdings sind beim Thema modellbasierte Entwicklung von Benutzeroberflächen noch viele Fragen offen, von denen einige hier beleuchtet werden. Vieles spricht dafür, dass erst in Verbindung mit HCIPatterns eine intensivere Nutzung der modellbasierten Software-Entwicklung im HCI-Bereich stattfindet – quasi im besten Sinne eines symbiotischen Effektes.
Usability in einer Agentur
Authors: Fernandez Christian , Kleine Dennis
Published: September 2010

Usability in einer Internetagentur kann nicht mit Usability in der Wissenschaft verglichen werden. In der Praxis steht nicht nur die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Entwicklungsprozesses, sondern auch die Wirtschaftlichkeit der späteren Internetanwendung im Vordergrund. Es fehlen häufig die Zeit und/oder das Budget für umfangreiche Tests. Der folgende Blick hinter die Kulissen einer Internetagentur zeigt den Umgang mit dieser Problematik.
Wahre Männer müssen raufen: Das Gestalten von technologievermittelten Verbundenheitserlebnissen
Authors: Laschke Matthias , Hassenzahl Marc , Mehnert Kurt
Published: September 2010

Wenn zwei Jungen sich raufen, bedeutet das nicht gleich, dass sie Streit haben oder sich nicht mögen. Häufig bedeutet es sogar genau das Gegenteil – ”sich kabbeln“ wird dann zum Ausdruck von Verbundenheit und Nähe. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert ein Konzept zur technologischen Vermittlung des ”Kabbelns“ bei Jungen im Alter von 10 bis 14. Am Beispiel dieser Fallstudie wird ein erlebnisorientierter Ansatz zur Gestaltung von Kommunikationstechnologien vorgestellt, bei dem zugrunde liegende menschlichen Bedürfnisse, entsprechende Gefühle und bedeutungsvolle Erlebnisse und nicht ”Aufgaben“ oder Technologie im Fokus stehen.
From Counterexamples to Incremental Interactive Tracing of Errors
Authors: Weitl Franz , Nakajima Shin , Freitag Burkhard
Published: September 2010

This article summarizes the goals and the first results of the project CITE — from Counterexamples to Interactive Incremental Tracing of Errors — at the National Institute of Informatics (NII) in Tokyo, Japan. CITE aims at developing the fundamental methods for generating both comprehensive and comprehensible error reports based on model checking results. Model checking is a powerful and efficient method for finding flaws in hardware designs, object-oriented software, business processes, and hypermedia applications. One remaining major obstacle to a broader application of model checking is its limited usability for non-experts. It requires much effort and insight to determine the root cause of errors from counterexamples generated by model checkers in the case of a specification violation. The CITE project addresses this problem by proposing tree structured error reports that can be refined successively to the desired level of detail according to the user´s interest. First evaluations demonstrate that the proposed approach reveals more errors and explains the cause of errors more accurately than the counterexamples of existing model checkers.
Morphogenetic and structural comparative characterization of tropical forage grass cultivars under free growth
Authors: Silveira Márcia Cristina Teixeira da , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Silva Sila Carneiro da , Euclides Valéria Pacheco Batista , Montagner Denise Bataglin , Sbrissia André Fischer , Rodrigues Carlindo Santos , Sousa Bráulio Maia de Lana , Pena Karine da Silva , Vilela Hélio Henrique
Published: September 2010

Understanding of the morphogenetic characteristics allows comprehension of aspects related to the form and function of forage plants, providing opportunities to identify potentially high productive plants and distinct defoliation management requirements. The objective of this experiment was to carry out a comparative study of ten tropical forage grasses using morphogenetic and structural variables. Treatments corresponded to grasses of the Panicum genus (P. maximum cultivars Tanzânia and Mombaça) and the Brachiaria genus (B. brizantha cultivars Piatã, Marandu, Xaraés, Capiporã and Arapoty; B. decumbens cultivar Basilisk; B. humidicola cultivars Comum and Tupi), evaluated under free growth conditions.. Response variables were leaf appearance and elongation rates, phyllochron, stem elongation rate, final leaf length, number of live leaves per tiller, leaf life span and tiller appearance, death and survival rates. There was difference between cultivars for these variables, indicating a large variability within plants. Considering the morphogenetic and structural variables of leaves and tillers, B. brizantha had a similar pattern of variation to those of P. maximum, and B. Decumbens, similar to those of B. humidicola. Tiller appearance was large at the onset of the experiment and second and third generations comprised the large majority of tiller population for the cultivars Mombaça, Tanzânia, Xaraés and Capiporã. Group analysis based on plant morphogenetic and structural characteristics of leaves and tillers was an interesting way of grouping cultivars, indicating the importance and the potential of using morphogenesis in plant selection and evaluation programmes.
Desenvolvimento de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar para adultos em amostra de base populacional de Cuiabá, Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil
Authors: Ferreira Márcia Gonçalves , Silva Neuciani Ferreira da , Schmidt Francianny Danyella , Silva Regina Maria Veras Gonçalves da , Sichieri Rosely , Guimarães Lenir Vaz , Pereira Rosângela Alves
Published: September 2010

OBJETIVO: Descrever a construção de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA) para utilização em estudos que visem à obtenção de dados sobre o consumo alimentar de adultos de Cuiabá, MT. MÉTODOS: Um inquérito recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) foi aplicado em uma subamostra de 104 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, selecionados aleatoriamente a partir de uma amostra probabilística de estudo de base populacional. Considerando-se frequência de citação e contribuição para o consumo de energia e nutrientes dos alimentos citados nos R24h foram selecionados 81 itens alimentares e as respectivas porções de referência, que foram aquelas mais frequentemente relatadas nos R24h. A lista do QFA foi gerada com oito categorias de resposta para a frequência de consumo. RESULTADOS: Os itens alimentares citados por mais de 50% da amostra foram o açúcar, café, feijão, arroz, carne, pão e refrigerante, sendo que os quatro últimos também foram os que mais contribuíram para o consumo energético. Não se observaram diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos alimentos que mais contribuíram para a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes. CONCLUSÃO: O QFA foi desenvolvido com a inclusão dos itens alimentares de maior relevância para a dieta da população adulta de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Comprovadas sua validade e reprodutibilidade, este instrumento será útil em investigações epidemiológicas e clínicas sobre o possível papel da dieta no desenvolvimento de enfermidades nessa população.
Consumo alimentar e padrão de refeições de adolescentes, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Leal Greisse Viero da Silva , Philippi Sonia Tucunduva , Matsudo Sandra Marcela Mahecha , Toassa Erika Christiane
Published: September 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar e o padrão de refeições de adolescentes, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas, avaliou-se o consumo energético total, de macronutrientes, cálcio, ferro e vitamina A e a omissão de refeições ou sua substituição por lanche, de adolescentes de uma escola pública de Ilhabela. Comparou-se o consumo alimentar por grupo com a Pirâmide Alimentar do adolescente. Foi realizada análise descritiva, aplicou-se o teste Qui-quadrado (p < 0,005), além de análise qualitativa. RESULTADOS: o consumo energético total foi inferior ao estimado para 66% dos adolescentes, o percentual de carboidratos foi abaixo do recomendado e o de lipídios e proteínas acima do recomendado. Houve omissão do café da manhã entre 21% dos adolescentes e um terço deles substituiu almoço ou jantar por lanche. CONCLUSÃO: Os adolescentes apresentaram insuficiência calórica na dieta e baixo consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes; o padrão de refeições foi satisfatório, mas o café da manhã deve ser incentivado.
Associação entre inatividade física e excesso de peso em adolescentes de Salvador, Bahia - Brasil
Authors: Souza Carine de Oliveira , Silva Rita de Cássia Ribeiro , Assis Ana Marlúcia Oliveira , Fiaccone Rosemeire Leovigildo , Pinto Elizabete de Jesus , Moraes Lia Terezinha Lana Pimenta de
Published: September 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre inatividade física e excesso de peso em população de adolescentes do ensino fundamental de Salvador/BA. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou adolescentes matriculados na rede pública municipal e estadual de ensino da cidade do Salvador/BA. Foram investigados o estado antropométrico, o nível de atividade física, a maturação sexual, o consumo alimentar, além das condições socioeconômicas e ambientais dos participantes. O IMC igual ou acima do percentil 85 classificava o adolescente na categoria de excesso de peso. A inatividade física caracteriza o adolescente que praticava atividades físicas moderadas ou vigorosas por um tempo menor do que 300 minutos/semana. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística multivariada para verificar as associações de interesse. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso ponderal foi de 11,8%. Os achados indicaram associação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre inatividade física e sobrepeso/obesidade entre os rapazes (RPmasculino: 2.263 IC 95%: 1.132 - 4.258). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam associação entre inatividade física e excesso de peso somente entre os participantes masculinos. A investigação desta diferença entre os sexos é fundamental, o que nos motiva sugerir a adoção de estudos com desenhos mais adequados.
Effect of Transmembrane Pressure on Geosmin Release from Cyanobacterial Cell During Microfiltration
Authors: Matsushita T. , Kobayashi Y. , Nakamura K. , Matsui Y. , Ohno K.
Published: September 2010

The mechanisms of increase in geosmin concentration in MF permeate with filtration time were investigated when inflow to the MF contained cyanobacteria incorporating geosmin inside and outside their cells. Whereas the geosmin concentration in the MF permeate was almost the same as the extracellular geosmin concentration in the MF inflow at the beginning of filtration, it increased and exceeded the extracellular geosmin concentration in MF inflow after 2 h of filtration. A cell viability test using a double-staining method revealed that a portion of the intracellular geosmin, which was incorporated in the cyanobacterial cells and therefore retained on the MF membrane, was released from the cells. This occurred probably because increased transmembrane pressure (TMP) with filtration time forced the cells to compress. However, geosmin release was not explained simply by cell breakage: other possible factors were implied.
Implementation of Water Safety Plan Efforts to Improvement of Source Water Quality in Tokyo Waterworks
Authors: Yamada H. , Ikeda M. , Suzuki K. , Konishi S. , Oikawa T.
Published: September 2010

In 2004, the World Health Organization proposed a new approach to risk assessment and risk management for drinking-water supplier, which is based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) and termed “Water Safety Plans (WSPs)”. About four years later, Tokyo Waterworks developed WSPs in March 2008. In the WSPs of Tokyo Waterworks, control criteria are set for risk-related water quality items with general principle of using a 10 –50% value of the water quality standards, for the purpose of the early detection of the potential risk. On February 2008, a concentration of 1,4-dioxane exceeded the control criteria, which was set as 10% value (= 0.005mg/L) of the Japanese drinking-water quality standard (= 0.05mg/L). Removal of 1,4-dioxane in purification process is very difficult, so effective control measure of 1,4-dioxane is only by decreasing the concentration in raw water. However, the catchment management is outside the jurisdiction of the Tokyo Waterworks. This article represents a case study of the implementation of WSPs, focused on the efforts for protection raw water against 1,4-dioxane in Misato Purification Plant, which was selected as a model and started implementation since April 2007 precedent to other purification plant.
Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant E. coli in Surface Water: A Study in a Typical Urban Watershed, Korea
Authors: Yoo Ha Na , Ki Seo Jin , Kang Joo-Hyon , Ham Young-Sik , Cha Sung Min , Lee Seung Won , Lee Seung Yoon , Kim Joon Ha
Published: September 2010

Elevated levels of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria are routinely detected in surface water, whereas the dissemination of such bacteria across tributaries, rivers, or watersheds is often unknown. In a present study, one year of water quality monitoring was conducted to assess the sources, occurrence, and distribution of AR bacteria in a typical urban watershed, the Gwangju Watershed, Korea. For this study, a total of 828 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates obtained from 8 sites in stream water were tested for their resistance against 15 different antibiotics. Results revealed that while antibiotic resistance of the E. coli isolates showed no significant difference among sites, resistance rates to one and more antibiotics were always higher than those of non-antibiotic (below 50%), representing a high incidence of antibiotic resistance in the surface water. Among the antibiotics tested, the isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (50%), followed by carbenicillin (33%) and ampicillin (32%). However, the resistance rates showed no measurable difference between the isolates from the wastewater treatment plants and those from downstream sites, except for streptomycin (p < 0.05), indicating that untreated sewage discharge was not a primary source of the resistance. In addition, no significant difference in resistance rates was observed between summer and winter seasons. When the relationship between resistance rates in 828 E. coli isolates to antibiotics and those of multiple antibiotic resistance was further examined, a high correlation was found in streptomycin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, thus suggesting that these antibiotics could be used as potential indicators for representing the resistance rate of E. coli isolates in surface water.
Heavy Metals Speciation of Size-fractionated Sediments Collected from Combined Sewer System Using Sequential Extraction Method
Authors: Kojima K. , Kasuga I. , Kurisu F. , Furumai H.
Published: September 2010

Sediments deposited in sewer pipes have been concerned as one of the main pollution loads from combined sewer overflow (CSO). Since the toxicity, mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals depend on their speciation, it is necessary to consider not only their amounts but also their speciation to evaluate the adverse effects on aquatic organisms in receiving waters. Sequential extraction method was applied to the size-fractionated sediments to evaluate heavy metal speciation. Although the speciation of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb differed among sampling points as well as their contents, the content of easily exchangeable fraction was strongly correlated with total content for all the metals except for Cu. The result of heavy metals speciation revealed that Ni, Zn and Pb in combined sewer sediments could have high mobility potential. The result of size-fractionated sediments indicated that the contents and mobility potential of the heavy metals were larger as particle size was finer. Thus, it is important to control fine sediments in combined sewer to reduce the impact of CSO pollution.
Traditional Urine-diversion Practices in Sub-urban Hanoi, Vietnam: Replaced or Promoted?
Authors: Harada H. , Dong N. T. , Matsui S. , Fujii S.
Published: September 2010

Northern Vietnam has a history of using urine diversion (i.e., UD) toilets with agricultural use of excreta. This study tried to identify the current practices of UD toilets in suburban Hanoi, Vietnam. An interview survey to 120 households showed that UD toilets were used by 26.7% of households, of which most were double-vault UD toilets. Human wastes were used by 73.0% of vault toilets. It was interpreted that they are still recognized as not wastes but fertilizers especially by farming households in recent sub-urban Hanoi. Double-vaults UD toilets were used in significantly old houses compared to flush toilets with p<0.001. Results indicated the gradual replacement of double-vault UD toilets by water-flush toilets. All households with vault toilets applied additives such as ashes, dry soil and sawdust into vaults, and 24.3% of them applied ashes after every defecation event. Out of 33 vault toilets, 30 retained faeces for a period longer than six months and 28 did for a period longer than 12 months. Still, the application of ashes after every defecation event can be suggested to enhance the disinfection process in vaults, resulting sanitary use of excreta for agriculture.
Quality Assessment of Stored Rainwater and Its Utilization in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M. M. , Kabir M.R. , Chou F.N.-F.
Published: September 2010

Monsoons provide Bangladesh with ample rainwater. However, many regions, both rural and urban, suffer from shortage of safe drinking water. While arsenic contamination of ground water affects many rural areas, some urban areas, including Dhaka City, also lack of sufficient potable water supply due to shortage of surface water. This research explored the quality of stored rainwater as well as the feasibility of harvesting monsoon rainwater as a source of drinking water. Rainwater had been experimentally harvested at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in Dhaka using a simple traditional technology. The rainwater was collected using a small catchment area (4.57 m × 4.57 m) made of water-proof cloth and a 3.2 m3 capacity ferro-cement storage tank, attached with an automatic initial flushing device, for a family having five members for four months. Initial test results indicated that the stored rainwater had a slightly higher pH value (8.1 to 8.3) and presence of total coliform after three months of storage. The traditional filtering system removed contaminants completely and the total coliforms up to 60%. This research supports the viability of traditional filtering of harvested rainwater as a promising solution to potable water shortage in Bangladesh.
Decision Support for Sludge Disposal Strategy Development to Resolve Urban and Regional Water Resources Management Conflicts
Authors: Tamás J. , Fehér J.
Published: September 2010

In the 1990s water quality protection was underdeveloped in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) compared to EU 15 countries in most indicators. After the CEE countries joined the EU, all of them started to invest significant amounts to implement the requirements of EU water policies in the field of waste water collection and treatment, where efficient use of resources was function of several factors. In Hungary, a new National Sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Strategy was elaborated, which predicted that during the subsequent decade, the amount of sludge produced at waste water treatment plants would increase significantly. Environmental impacts and economical deposition of the increased amount of sludge have not been investigated in the Strategy.

The paper presents an investigation, which was carried out with the application of a newly developed GIS based decision support methodology to identify suitable agricultural areas for deposition of the predicted increased amount of sludge taking into consideration multi-criteria hydrological, environmental, technical, economic and societal conditions that are all important in regional water resources management. The investigation included the entire territory of Hungary. It was concluded that only 25% of the agglomerations indentified in the Strategy has actually enough agricultural land for sludge utilization or other word: placement. This fact influences the investment and upgrading programmes of the waste water treatment plants in the future.