bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEGATIVE PRESSURE THERAPY WITH IRRIGATION FOR AN INFECTED DIGIT: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Fujiwara Masao , Matsushita Yuki , Fukamizu Hidekazu
Published: February 2011

When tendons, bones or joints are exposed in infected digits, functional and cosmetic sequelae are frequent. We propose continuous negative pressure therapy with irrigation (NPI) for an infected digit with an open wound. Continuous NPI was evaluated in vitro and subsequently applied to a clinical case. Acceptable functional and cosmetic results were obtained without any problems when continuous NPI was performed in the clinical case. Continuous NPI may be a useful alternative for treatment of an infected digit with an open wound.
ATTRITIONAL RUPTURE OF EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS: A RARE COMPLICATION FOLLOWING ELASTIC STABLE INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING OF A PAEDIATRIC RADIAL FRACTURE
Authors: Sproule James A. , Roche Simon J. , Murthy Eswara G.
Published: February 2011

Elastic stable intramedullary nail fixation has become established as an acceptable method of treatment for diaphyseal fractures of both forearm bones in the paediatric population. It is considered safe, minimally invasive and does not compromise physeal growth. We report a case of delayed rupture of extensor pollicis longus due to attrition over the sharp edges of a protruding nail end after elastic stable intramedullary nailing of a paediatric radial diaphyseal fracture.
Dynamic User Task Composition Based on User Preferences
Authors: Mukhtar Hamid , Belaïd Djamel , Bernard Guy
Published: February 2011

As the number of devices in a pervasive environment is increased, the number of components available on the network also grows rapidly. In such cases, it is possible to compose various applications through a combination of different sets of components. Considering the multifaceted problem of having varying device capabilities supporting a different set of protocols, and each device hosting a number of components providing the same functionality, it becomes very difficult to choose a particular device hosting a required component which can be the best-fit for the user. This becomes practically impossible when the required components are distributed across various devices in the networked environment.

We propose a solution for dynamic user task composition considering user preferences, device capabilities, and heterogeneity of communication protocols. With our proposed approach, a user task can be instantiated in different environments using a different set of devices and components, depending upon their capabilities and user preferences. We propose mechanisms for modeling device capabilities and user preferences and for modeling the user task as a graph. We then propose algorithms for selection of devices based on user preferences and task requirements. Since the underlying network is also modeled as a graph, we describe an algorithm for mapping of services in the user task on to the components distributed across devices in the pervasive environment. We also give an overview of our initial implementation and some results of our evaluations.
Trustworthy Service Selection and Composition
Authors: Hang Chung-Wei , Singh Munindar P.
Published: February 2011

We consider Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) environments. Such environments are populated with services that stand proxy for a variety of information resources. A fundamental challenge in SOC is to select and compose services, to support specified user needs directly or by providing additional services. Existing approaches for service selection either fail to capture the dynamic relationships between services or assume that the environment is fully observable. In practical situations, however, consumers are often not aware of how the services are implemented. We propose two distributed trust-aware service selection approaches: one based on Bayesian networks and the other on a beta-mixture model. We experimentally validate our approach through a simulation study. Our results show that both approaches accurately punish and reward services in terms of the qualities they offer, and further that the approaches are effective despite incomplete observations regarding the services under consideration.
Action Selection Algorithms for Autonomous System in Pervasive Environment
Authors: Gaber Jaafar
Published: February 2011

Ubiquitous and pervasive computing deals with the design of autonomous and adaptive systems and services that interact with the closest environment enhanced by context awareness and emergence functionalities. In this article, we investigate the relationships between the environment, the actions (services), and the selection algorithm that is guaranteed to take the system to a state that suits a stochastically changing environment. Making the assumption that peering relationships between potential actions can be specified by an affinity network, the action selection mechanism is translated into an iterative algorithm that lets each activity update its strength until it converges to a solution. In pervasive environments, where services and devices interfere with each other, the proposed action selection approach prevents unexpected and undesirable behaviors or oscillating loops in a such dynamic environment.
An accuracy-enhanced light stemmer for arabic text
Authors: El-Beltagy Samhaa R. , Rafea Ahmed
Published: February 2011

Stemming is a key step in most text mining and information retrieval applications. Information extraction, semantic annotation, as well as ontology learning are but a few examples where using a stemmer is a must. While the use of light stemmers in Arabic texts has proven highly effective for the task of information retrieval, this class of stemmers falls short of providing the accuracy required by many text mining applications. This can be attributed to the fact that light stemmers employ a set of rules that they apply indiscriminately and that they do not address stemming of broken plurals at all, even though this class of plurals is very commonly used in Arabic texts. The goal of this work is to overcome these limitations. The evaluation of the work shows that it significantly improves stemming accuracy. It also shows that by improving stemming accuracy, tasks such as automatic annotation and keyphrase extraction can also be significantly improved.
The Essential Norm of the Generalized Hankel Operators on the Bergman Space of the Unit Ball in Cn
Authors: Luo Luo , Xuemei Yang
Published: February 2011

In 1993, Peloso introduced a kind of operators on the Bergman space A2(B) of the
unit ball that generalizes the classical Hankel operator. In this paper, we estimate the
essential norm of the generalized Hankel operators on the Bergman space Ap(B)  (p > 1)
of the unit ball and give an equivalent form of the essential norm.
Longitudinal Stability Criteria for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft
Authors: Iosilevskii Gil
Published: February 2011

The Routh criterion is used to assess longitudinal dynamic stability of a propeller-driven aircraft. Under a few plausible assumptions on possible ranges of the pertinent stability derivatives, it reduces to a pair of simple conditions imposing a traditional aft limit (the forward of the maneuver and the neutral-speed-stability points) on the center-of-gravity position and an upper limit on the longitudinal moment of inertia. It is demonstrated that most aircraft have sufficiently small inertia to remain stable as long as their center-of-gravity is properly placed. At the same time, sailplane-like aircraft (as, e.g., long endurance UAVs), with an engine installed at the rear extremity of the aircraft, may have sufficiently high inertia to become unstable regardless of their center-of-gravity placement.
Delayed Presentation of Renocolic Fistula at 4 Months after Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Lee Sang Don , Kim Tae Nam , Ha Hong Koo
Published: February 2011

Causes of previously reported reno-colic fistulas included primary renal and colonic pathologic states involving infectious, malignant or other inflammatory processes. However, reno-colic fistula after renal injury is extremely uncommon. We report an unusual delayed presentation of reno-colic fistula that occurred at 4 months later after blunt abdominal trauma.
3D Dynamic Modeling of the Head‐Neck Complex for Fast Eye and Head Orientation Movements Research
Authors: Sierra Daniel A. , Enderle John D.
Published: February 2011

A 3D dynamic computer model for the movement of the head‐neck complex is presented. It incorporates anatomically correct information about the diverse elements forming the system. The skeleton is considered as a set of interconnected rigid 3D bodies following the Newton‐Euler laws of movement. The muscles are modeled using Enderle′s linear model, which shows equivalent dynamic characteristics to Loeb′s virtual muscle model. The soft tissues, namely, the ligaments, intervertebral disks, and facet joints, are modeled considering their physiological roles and dynamics. In contrast with other head and neck models developed for safety research, the model is aimed to study the neural control of the complex during fast eye and head movements, such as saccades and gaze shifts. In particular, the time‐optimal hypothesis and the feedback control ones are discussed.
Clinical Allergy to Hazelnut and Peanut: Identification of T Cell Cross-Reactive Allergens
Authors: Glaspole Ian N. , de Leon Maria P. , Prickett Sara R. , O’Hehir Robyn E. , Rolland Jennifer M.
Published: February 2011

Background: Peanut and tree nut allergies are life-threatening conditions for many affected individuals worldwide. Currently there is no cure. While co-allergy to peanut and tree nuts is a common clinical observation, and IgE cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts is reported, T cell cross-reactivity is poorly defined. Methods: Hazelnut-specific T cell lines were established using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 subjects with co-allergy to hazelnut and peanut. These lines were stimulated with hazelnut and peanut extracts and purified major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2. Proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and secretion of key Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-5) cytokines analysed by ELISA. Results: Hazelnut-specific T cell lines from all 5 subjects proliferated upon stimulation with both hazelnut and peanut extracts and for 4 subjects, to Ara h 1 and/or Ara h 2. Proliferating cells were mainly CD4+ T cells and produced both IL-5 and IFN-γ in response to hazelnut and peanut stimulation. Mitogenicity of extracts and allergens was excluded by their lack of stimulation of house dust mite-specific T cells. Conclusion: Our finding that hazelnut and peanut co-allergy is associated with cross-reactive T cell responses, driven partly by cross-reactivity to the major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, points to future development of allergen immunotherapy by targeting cross-reactive T cells.
Nutrition in Team Sports
Authors: Mujika Iñigo , Burke Louise M.
Published: February 2011

Team sports are based on intermittent high-intensity activity patterns, but the exact characteristics vary between and within codes, and from one game to the next. Despite the challenge of predicting exact game demands, performance in team sports is often dependent on nutritional factors. Chronic issues include achieving ideal levels of muscle mass and body fat, and supporting the nutrient needs of the training program. Acute issues, both for training and in games, include strategies that allow the player to be well fuelled and hydrated over the duration of exercise. Each player should develop a plan of consuming fluid and carbohydrate according to the needs of their activity patterns, within the breaks that are provided in their sport. In seasonal fixtures, competition varies from a weekly game in some codes to 2–3 games over a weekend road trip in others, and a tournament fixture usually involves 1–3 days between matches. Recovery between events is a major priority, involving rehydration, refuelling and repair/adaptation activities. Some sports supplements may be of value to the team athlete. Sports drinks, gels and liquid meals may be valuable in allowing nutritional goals to be met, while caffeine, creatine and buffering agents may directly enhance performance.
Stroke Aphasia: 1,500 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Croquelois Alexandre , Bogousslavsky Julien
Published: February 2011

Background: To study the characteristics of vascular aphasia in a cohort of patients with a first-ever stroke. Methods: All patients admitted to the Lausanne neurology department for a first-ever stroke between 1979 and 2004 were included. Neurological examination including language was performed on admission. Stroke risk factors, stroke origin and location, associated symptoms and Rankin scale scores were recorded for each patient. The influence of these factors on aphasia frequency and subtypes was analyzed using logistic regression models. Results: 1,541 (26%) of patients included in this study had aphasia. The more frequent clinical presentations were expressive-receptive aphasia (38%) and mainly expressive aphasia (37%), whereas mainly receptive aphasia was less frequently observed (25%). In ischemic stroke, the frequency of aphasia increased with age (55% of nonaphasic vs. 61% of aphasic patients were more than 65 years old), female sex (40% of women in the nonaphasia group vs. 44% in the aphasia group) and risk factors for cardioembolic origin (coronary heart disease 20 vs. 26% and atrial fibrillation 15 vs. 24%). Stroke aphasia was more likely associated with superficial middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and leads to relevant disability. Clinical subtypes depended on stroke location and associated symptoms. Exceptions to the classic clinical-topographic correlations were not rare (26%). Finally, significant differences were found for patients with crossed aphasia in terms of stroke origin and aphasia subtypes. Conclusions: Risk factors for stroke aphasia are age, cardioembolic origin and superficial MCA stroke. Exceptions to classic clinical-topographic correlations are not rare. Stroke aphasia is associated with relevant disability. Stroke location and associated symptoms strongly influence aphasia subtypes.
Total Arch Replacement Combined With Stented Elephant Trunk Implantation
Authors: Sun LiZhong , Qi RuiDong , Zhu JunMing , Liu YongMin , Zheng Jun
Published: February 2011

Background—

Appropriate surgical management of type A dissection is a critical factor for achieving satisfactory outcome, but the choice of optimal procedure is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with aortic arch replacement for type A dissection involving the arch.

Methods and Results—

Excluding 14 cases of subtotal or total aortic replacement, 411 of 544 patients with type A dissection (stented elephant trunk=291, conventional surgical repair=120) underwent aortic arch replacement between January 2003 and September 2008. In-hospital mortality was 3.09% (9 of 291) for stented (acute=4.73%, 7 of 148; chronic=1.40%, 2 of 143) and 5.00% (6 of 120) for conventional repairs (acute=6.06%, 4 of 66; chronic=3.70%, 2 of 54). Spinal cord injury was 2.41% (7 of 291) in the stented and 0.83% (1 of 120) in the conventional group. The overall prevalence of stroke was 1.95% (8 of 411) (stented=2.41%, 7 of 291; conventional=0.83, 1 of 120). Secondary intervention was 2.34% (5 of 214) for acute dissection (stented=1 and conventional=4;
P
=0.031) and 3.05% (6 of 197) for chronic dissection (stented=4 and conventional=2;
P
=0.661) during follow-up. Obliteration of the false lumen around the stented elephant trunk occurred in 94.2% (130 of 138) of patients with acute dissection and in 92.0% (126 of 137) of patients with chronic dissection.

Conclusions—

Total arch replacement combined with stented elephant trunk implantation demonstrated the superiority of the combination of the surgical and interventional approaches while avoiding the weaknesses associated with the individual methods. The encouraging surgical results could enable this procedure to become the new “standard” therapy for type A dissection involving repair of the aortic arch.
Trajectories of Depressive Episodes and Hypertension Over 24 Years
Authors: Nabi Hermann , Chastang Jean-François , Lefèvre Thomas , Dugravot Aline , Melchior Maria , Marmot Michael G. , Shipley Martin J. , Kivimäki Mika , Singh-Manoux Archana
Published: February 2011

Prospective data on depressive symptoms and blood pressure are scarce, and the impact of age on this association is poorly understood. The present study examines longitudinal trajectories of depressive episodes and the probability of hypertension associated with these trajectories over time. Participants were 6889 men and 3413 women, London-based civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline, followed for 24 years between 1985 and 2009. Depressive episode (defined as scoring ≥4 on the General Health Questionnaire-Depression subscale or using prescribed antidepressant medication) and hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication) were assessed concurrently at 5 medical examinations. In the fully adjusted longitudinal logistic regression analyses based on generalized estimating equations using age as the time scale, participants in the “increasing depression” group had a 24% (
P
<0.05) lower risk of hypertension at ages 35 to 39 years compared with those in the “low/transient depression” group. However, there was a faster age-related increase in hypertension in the increasing depression group, corresponding with a 7% (
P
<0.01) greater increase in the odds of hypertension for each 5-year increase in age. A higher risk of hypertension in the first group of participants was not evident before 55 years of age. A similar pattern of association was observed in men and women, although it was stronger in men. This study suggests that the risk of hypertension increases with repeated experience of depressive episodes over time and becomes evident in later adulthood.
Depression treatment preferences among Japanese undergraduates: Using conjoint analysis
Authors: Okumura Yasuyuki , Sakamoto Shinji
Published: February 2011

Background: Treatment preferences may contribute to seeking and adhering to professional help for depression. Few studies have considered practical barriers and controlled for individual difference factors.

Objective: To clarify depression treatment preferences among Japanese undergraduates while considering practical barriers and controlling for individual difference factors.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 985 undergraduates. Depression treatment preferences were assessed by presenting them with nine hypothetical clinics. Conjoint analysis was performed using a random effect ordered probit model, controlling for the effects of gender, age, department, lifetime use of healthcare services, perceived etiology of depression, stigma towards depression, transportation time, opening hours, and treatment options.

Results: Transportation time and treatment options had the greatest average discrete changes than other factors. Although information is presented about treatment costs in the order medication (3,000 yen), psychotherapy (7,000 yen) and combination (10,000 yen), the order of predicted probabilities for positive ratings was combination (61.4%), psychotherapy (54.9%) and medication (23.2%). Sensitivity analyses showed similar results.

Conclusion: Transportation time and treatment options have greater utility than other factors, and a combination of psychotherapy and medication is the most preferred treatment option despite having the highest treatment costs. Efforts to overcome these effects could help increase depression treatment preferences.
Public attitudes towards electroconvulsive therapy in the Chuvash Republic
Authors: Golenkov Andrei , Ungvari Gabor S. , Gazdag Gábor
Published: February 2011

Background: Public attitudes towards a given medical procedure can have a significant influence on the employment of that method. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure that has received an exceptionally ambiguous public reception since its inception.

Aim: To survey the level of information about and attitudes towards ECT in a general population sample of the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation.

Methods: A randomly selected cohort of 5,373 people was contacted by telephone. The respondents were asked three closed and three open questions.

Results: The response rate was 74.7%. Only 35.2% of those interviewed said they knew anything about ECT. Health professionals and younger respondents were better informed. The two main sources of information about ECT were foreign films and the mass media. The main indication of ECT was thought to be schizophrenia. The majority (63.3%) of the respondents had negative opinions and emotions about ECT.

Conclusion: Limited information about and generally negative attitudes towards ECT were found in the general population of the Chuvash Republic. Gender, age, education level, employment in the health industry, and information source were found to be the determining factors in the knowledge of and attitudes towards ECT.
Interstate Rivalry and Terrorism
Authors: Conrad Justin
Published: February 2011

Existing scholarly research on terrorism has largely ignored the role of international relations and its effects on patterns of terrorism. This study argues that strategic interstate relationships can affect the amount of terrorism that a state experiences and should be considered along with “traditional” determinants of terrorism, such as domestic institutional and macroeconomic variables. The study specifically looks at state sponsorship of terrorism, arguing that while we cannot reliably identify state sponsors of terror, we can indirectly observe relevant evidence of state sponsorship. To support this claim, the study examines the annual number of transnational terrorist attacks that occurred in all countries during the period 1975–2003. The results demonstrate that states involved in ongoing rivalries with other states are the victims of more terrorist attacks than states that are not involved in such hostile interstate relationships.
Brazil beyond Lula
Authors: Morais Lecio , Saad-Filho Alfredo
Published: February 2011

A review of the achievements of the Lula administration and an examination of the contrasting political and social programs that disputed the Brazilian presidential elections in October 2010 reveal that there has been significant progress toward the consolidation of a social democratic welfare state in Brazil and that further progress is possible but far from guaranteed under the new administration.
Focus of attention to melody or harmony and perception of music tension: An exploratory study
Authors: Williams Lindsey R. , Fredrickson William E. , Atkinson Sean
Published: February 2011

This project represents an initial investigation into utilizing the two-dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to track listener perceptions related to the possible relationships between focus of attention to musical elements and perceived musical tension. The two-dimensional CRDI software creates an environment in which the listener can track their perceptions on two planes simultaneously. Volunteer undergraduate and graduate music majors ( N = 60) listened to Mozart’s Variations (12) for Piano in C Major on ‘Ah vous dirai-je maman’, K 265 while manipulating a computer mouse. The cursor on the screen could be moved horizontally along a continuum to indicate focus of attention to either melody or harmony while simultaneously moving along a vertical axis tracking the amount of musical tension being perceived by the listener. Overall, as listeners attended more to harmony, their perception of tension appeared to increase. As they attended more to the melody, their perception of tension appeared to decrease with some exceptions that may relate to other musical elements. Further research using this technology is recommended.
Education of music teachers: A study of the Brazilian higher education programs
Authors: Mateiro Teresa
Published: February 2011

With reference to educational policies in the globalization process, the purpose of this article is to show the status of higher Music Teacher Education Programs in Brazil after the enactment of the Directives and Bases Act No. 9.394, in 1996. This law emphasizes the evaluation process for higher education, including teaching quality and accreditation of institutions, programs and majors as a resource. In this study, the quality parameters are shown from the perspective of the terms of reference of the institutions (i.e., the vision, mission, objectives, values and commitment), characteristic of the curriculum programs, students and team of teachers. A questionnaire has been used for the data collection, completed by the program coordinators. The results show the inequality of the higher education system, from the administrative and academic organization to the teachers’ education and/or participation of the students in the academic life, indicating recent changes that meet the national and international educational policies, and the need for studies that may contribute to the improvement of Music Teacher Education Programs.
Dramaturgical and music-theoretical approaches to improvisation pedagogy
Authors: Huovinen Erkki , Tenkanen Atte , Kuusinen Vesa-Pekka
Published: February 2011

The aim of this article is to assess the relative merits of two approaches to teaching musical improvisation: a music-theoretical approach, focusing on chords and scales, and a ‘dramaturgical’ one, emphasizing questions of balance, variation and tension. Adult students of music pedagogy, with limited previous experience in improvisation, took part in an improvisation course during which they were given either music-theoretical or dramaturgically oriented instruction. The students’ melodic improvisations over a chordal accompaniment from the beginning and the end of the course were subjected to evaluation by a panel of expert judges. The music-theoretical instructions led to a more significant change towards improvisation judged as ‘dissonant’ and ‘independent of the chord changes’, whereas dramaturgical instructions led to a more significant change towards ‘rhythmically varied’ playing.These and other results from the expert judgments are compared to the improvisers’ self-evaluations as well as computational analyses of rhythmic entropy in the improvisations.
Processes of self-regulated learning in music theory in elementary music schools in Slovenia
Authors: Smolej Fritz Barbara , Peklaj Cirila
Published: February 2011

The aim of our study was determine how students regulate their learning in music theory (MT). The research is based on the socio-cognitive theory of learning. The aim of our study was twofold: first, to design the instruments for measuring (meta)cognitive and affective-motivational processes in learning MT, and, second, to examine the relationship between these processes. A total of 457 fifth- and sixth- grade students from 10 different elementary music schools in Slovenia participated in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 34 items was designed to measure the student’s (meta) cognitive processes and a 47-item questionnaire to measure students’ affective-motivational processes of self-regulated learning in MT. Analysis showed that a lot of statistically significant correlations between (meta)cognitive and affective-motivational factors exist. The implications for educational practice, as well as future research, were also discussed.
Music therapy as a caring intervention: Swedish musicians learning a new professional field
Authors: Petersson Gunnar , Nyström Maria
Published: February 2011

The question of competence in providing music therapy has rarely been the focus of interest in empirical research, as most music therapy research aims at measuring outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse and describe musicians’ learning processes when they study music therapy as a caring intervention. An initial presumption is that musicians are highly qualified to take advantage of the potential of music but need to become familiar with the caring perspective.

Ten freelance musicians participated in an education programme with music therapy anchored in a lifeworld-oriented caring science model. They were interviewed about their learning experiences. The data was analysed according to a phenomenographic method. The musicians’ understanding of their learning music therapy is described in terms of four qualitative categories: conversion, openness, reflection and practice. Learning as a continuous process is discussed in relation to pedagogic theories about tacit knowledge and ‘learning by doing’.
New prototype of femoral arterial SmartCannula with anterograde and retrograde flow
Authors: Berdajs Denis , Ferrari Enrico , Michalis Alexandre , Burki Marco , Pieterse Christian W. , Horisberger Judith , von Segesser Ludwig K.
Published: February 2011

Objectives: Femoral artery cannulation is routinely used in circulatory support scenarios for cardiorespiratory support in patients with acute cardiac and/or pulmonary decompensation. During prolonged perfusion, this may cause acute ischemia of the leg and, in the worst case, even amputation. The aim of this experimental study was to test a newly designed arterial cannula allowing proximal and distal blood flow.

Methods: Veno-arterial cardiopulmonary bypass was established in three calves (67.6 ± 5.1 kg). The venous line was secured by cannulation of the external jugular vein. The arterial line of each animal was secured by cannulation of iliac arteries on both legs. On one side, we used a modified SmartCannula (SmartCannula 18Fr 130 mm) and, on the other side, a standard rectilinear BioMedicus cannula system was used, 19 Fr for retrograde and an 8 Fr BioMedicus shunt for anterograde flow toward the leg. An ultrasonic flow probe was used to quantify the perfusion of the distal leg.

Results: At 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 l/min, the anterograde leg blood flow increased steadily for each cannula, but remained higher in the self-expanding cannula. That is, the 8 F rectilinear cannula achieved a blood flow of 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.1 ± 0.04, 0.22 ± 0.09, and 0.21 ± 0.02 l/min, respectively, and the 18 F self-expanding cannula achieved 0.06 ± 0.02, 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.36 ± 0.04 l/min.

Conclusion: The modified self-expanding cannula exhibited superior distal arterial flow compared to the routinely used rectilinear shunt system. This has a potential to reduce ischemic events of the inferior extremity in prolonged perfusion.
Consequences of Work-Related Emotions
Authors: Hsieh Chih-Wei , Jin Myung H. , Guy Mary E.
Published: February 2011

In this article we investigate the influence of emotional labor on job satisfaction and burnout across a range of public service occupations. While prior studies in this genre have primarily focused on human services, occupations in this analysis range from routine clerical interactions to emotionally intense first-responder jobs. Despite this range, structural equation modeling shows that (a) emotion work increases job satisfaction as well as burnout; (b) emotive skills lead to an upsurge in job satisfaction and are inversely associated with burnout; and (c) the deleterious effect of emotional labor mainly occurs not with its performance, per se, but when workers must fake their feelings. It is this circumstance that produces an elevated risk of burnout.
The Problem of Democratic Anchorage for Interlocal Agreements
Authors: Zeemering Eric S.
Published: February 2011

More attention must be given to the performance of interlocal agreements (ILAs) as they continue to grow in popularity as a mode of service provision in U.S. cities. This study scrutinizes the democratic performance of ILAs, drawing theoretical insights from the literature on network governance. Because ILAs shift service responsibility from individual cities to multijurisdictional arrangements, these tools may lead to complaints about the responsiveness of the service to the public in the individual units served by the multijurisdictional arrangement. Thus, democratic anchorage is central to assessments of ILA performance. This study evaluates democratic anchorage by identifying concerns with ILAs in interviews with a sample of local elected officials in Michigan. The concerns then are discussed in the context of the institutional collective action framework, a theoretical foundation that has become popular for explaining the emergence of ILAs and regional cooperation.
Extending the rails: How research reshapes clinics
Authors: Petty JuLeigh , Heimer Carol A.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of clinical research is to create the scientific foundation for medical practice. In this way of thinking, the effect on medical practice occurs after the research has been completed. Social studies of science have debunked the standard model of scientific research, observing that changes in practice associated with research occur not just because of the results of research but also because of the practice of research. Drawing on fieldwork in HIV clinics in the US, South Africa, Thailand, and Uganda, we argue that clinical trials shape medical practice by altering the organizations in which both medical treatment and clinical trials take place. Three general processes are central to this transformation: the modification of material environments, the reorganization of bureaucratic relations, and the prioritization of research values. These processes unfold somewhat differently in the clinics of poorer countries than in those of wealthier ones.
Social Learning and Self-Control
Authors: Yarbrough Angela , Jones Shayne , Sullivan Christopher , Sellers Christine , Cochran John
Published: February 2011

Social learning theory is one of the most prominent general theories of crime. Yet recent research has called into question its applicability to all offenders. Specifically, the influence of antisocial peers has been found to exert a stronger effect among those individuals evincing higher levels of criminal propensity (deemed social amplification), whereas other components of the theory have either not been shown to interact with criminal propensity or not been tested. This study examines several social learning theory components to determine whether its influence is dependent on an individual’s level of self-control. Results suggest little support for the social amplification hypothesis as the components of social learning theory were found to operate similarly across individuals regardless one’s level of self-control. Implications for criminological theory are discussed.
The internationalisation of Gulf capital and Palestinian class formation
Authors: Hanieh Adam
Published: February 2011

The internationalisation of Gulf capital throughout the economies of the Middle East has been a striking feature of regional capitalist development over the last two decades. This article traces the nature of Palestinian class formation in light of this trend (drawing empirically on 2006-2007 data), arguing that a full understanding of capitalism in the West Bank and Gaza Strip needs to integrate the internationalisation of Gulf capital with the exigencies of Israel’s occupation. The theoretical and political implications of this are discussed in light of the projection of both US and Israeli power in the Middle East.
Critical realism, Marxism and the critique of neoclassical economics
Authors: O'Boyle Brian , McDonough Terrence
Published: February 2011

This paper argues that while critical realist insights are important for heterodoxy, any engagement with the economic mainstream must remain faithful to Bhaskar’s original formulation with its explicit focus on ‘ideology critique’. The article proceeds by distinguishing Bhaskar’s more Marxian-inspired realism from the broadly heterodox variety of the ‘critical realism in economics’ (CRE) project. It then highlights the weaknesses of the CRE critique of the economic mainstream before positing an alternative critique in terms of ideology.
Unfree labour as primitive accumulation?
Authors: Brass Tom
Published: February 2011

Much political economy, Marxist and non-Marxist, maintains that unfree labour is incompatible with a fully-functioning capitalism, and that employers always seek to replace unfree workers with free equivalents. In keeping with this, cases of unfree labour encountered currently are categorised as instances of primitive accumulation. Against this view, it is argued here that the centrality of class struggle to the shaping of the accumulation process leads to the opposite conclusion. Labour-power is unfree not because capitalism is in its early or ‘primitive’ stage — but rather because it is mature. The importance of this distinction is that the characterisation of unfree labour as acceptable or unacceptable to capitalism in turn affects what kind of systemic transition is on the political agenda.
The Duality of Internal and External Development of Successors: Opportunity Recognition in Family Firms
Authors: Sardeshmukh Shruti R. , Corbett Andrew C.
Published: February 2011

The study contributes to the family business literature by examining the intersection of succession and opportunities and extends an existing line of research on entrepreneurial behavior in family firms by examining opportunity perception by 119 family business successors. The authors investigate the successors’ self-efficacy, education, and work experience, together with their perception of entrepreneurial opportunities. The results suggest that successors who perceive new opportunities balance and combine their family firm—specific human capital built through experience within the family firm with general human capital built through education and other work experience to generate new ideas leading to the entrepreneurial opportunity perception.
Effects of DMSO on gene expression in human and rat hepatocytes
Authors: Sumida Kayo , Igarashi Yoshinobu , Toritsuka Naoki , Matsushita Tomochika , Abe-Tomizawa Kaori , Aoki Mikio , Urushidani Tetsuro , Yamada Hiroshi , Ohno Yasuo
Published: February 2011

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a very common organic solvent used for dissolving lipophilic substances, for example for in vitro cell-based assays. At the same time, DMSO is known to be cytotoxic at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to define threshold concentrations of DMSO for cells but relevant data at the molecular level are very limited. We have focused on conducting microarray analyses of human and rat hepatocytes treated with more than 100 chemicals in attempts to identify candidate biomarker genes. In the present study, the effects of DMSO on gene expression and cytotoxicity were assessed in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and rat primary cultured hepatocytes. A cytotoxicity test with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity demonstrated DMSO to be noncytotoxic up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) in both cases and there were only few effects on the gene expression profiles up to 0.5% (v/v). The observed differences from controls were considered to be of little toxicological importance, but still need to be taken into account in interpretation of findings when DMSO is used at high concentration.
Gadolinium chloride, a Kupffer cell inhibitor, attenuates hepatic injury in a rat model of chronic cholestasis
Authors: Zandieh Ali , Payabvash Seyedmehedi , Pasalar Parvin , Morteza Afsaneh , Zandieh Basira , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: February 2011

The aim of the current study was to elucidate the effect of Kupffer cells inhibition on hepatic injury induced by chronic cholestasis. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation and were treated with either saline solution or gadolinium chloride (GdCl3, a specific Kupffer cell inhibitor, 20 mg/kg i.p. daily). Serum and liver samples were collected after 28 days. Direct and total bilirubin concentrations and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased following BDL ( p < 0.01). On the contrary to bilirubin concentrations and AST activity, GdCl3 partially prevented the elevation in ALP, ALT and GGT enzyme activities ( p < 0.05). GdCl3 alleviated lipid peroxidation (reflected by malondialdehyde [MDA] concentration) and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (i.e. catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in liver samples after BDL ( p < 0.05). Fibrosis, ductular proliferation and portal inflammation were also scored in liver samples. Among morphological changes appeared following BDL (i.e. marked fibrosis, portal inflammation and ductular proliferation); only ductular proliferation was not alleviated by GdCl3. Therefore, Kupffer cells inhibition has beneficial effects against the development of hepatic injury induced by chronic cholestasis.
The development of a simple questionnaire to screen patients with SLE for the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in routine clinical practice
Authors: Mosca M , Govoni M , Tomietto P , Aringer M , Boumpas D , Cervera R , Conti F , D’Cruz D , Doria A , De La Fuente D , Galeazzi M , Houssiau F , Huizinga TWJ , Khamashta MA , Ines L , Duarte C , Couto M , Meroni P , Montecucco C , Norkuviene E , Riemekasten G , Rios V , Schneider M , Shoenfeld Y , Steup-Beekman GM , Szmyrka-Kaczmarek M , Tani C , Tincani A , Tzioufas AG , Voll R , Bencivelli W , Salaffi F , Bombardieri S
Published: February 2011

Aim: The creation of a physician-administered questionnaire to screen patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) for the presence of symptoms suggestive of neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE).

Methods: The development of the questionnaire followed three phases. First, a list of manifestations was prepared based on the ACR case definitions for NPSLE. A first questionnaire was constructed including 119 items. To reduce their number, a Delphi analysis was carried out and a second questionnaire with 62 questions was developed. This questionnaire was administered to 139 patients with SLE (58 with NPSLE: 29 active, 29 inactive; and 81 without NPSLE: 39 active, 42 inactive). Questions relevant to the screening of patients were selected on the basis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results: Twenty-seven questions concerning central nervous system and psychiatric manifestations were found to be relevant; the remaining could be eliminated without significantly affecting AUC. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.69 (95% CI 0.61–0.78). A score above 17 was considered as suggestive of the presence of NPSLE with a sensitivity of 92.9% (95% CI 85.1–97.3 %) and specificity of 25.4% (95% CI 14.7–39.00 %).

Conclusions: This questionnaire could represent a ‘core set’ of questions that could help in clinical practice to identify patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms requiring further evaluation.
Chain reaction: Neoliberal exceptions to global commodity chains in Dominican baseball
Authors: Klein Alan
Published: February 2011

Global commodity chain research has become an important dimension of sociological research on globalization. Viewed from an anthropological perspective, however, it seems to be missing a critical orientation, one that is rooted in anthropology’s tradition of ‘studying down’. This study of Dominican baseball as a global commodity chain is an excellent pathway to understanding the ways in which neoliberal forces are altered as they articulate with local institutions and events in the developing world. The study also argues for injecting global commodity chain models with a more critical component to gain their full benefits.
Functional Connectivity in the Brain: Effects of Anesthesia
Authors: Nallasamy Nambi , Tsao Doris Y.
Published: February 2011

Functional connectivity has been defined as “the temporal correlation of a neurophysiological index measured in different brain areas.” Since its definition, functional connectivity analysis has been used to describe temporal correlations across multiple spatial scales in PET imaging, single-unit and local field potential recordings, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), optical imaging, and fMRI. These findings have been used to identify coactivating brain regions as functional networks. In some instances, as in the case of the default mode network (DMN), functional connectivity has been used to describe “modes” of brain function. The opportunity to probe the anesthetized state using functional connectivity analysis has given rise to a diverse literature over the past two decades. The examination of functional connectivity in the anesthetized state is of relevance to both anesthesiologists and neuroscientists, as it has the potential to elucidate still unclear mechanisms of anesthesia while offering insight into intrinsic functional activity in the brain. Complications have arisen, however, in the form of a lack of standardization of anesthetics, dosages, depths of anesthesia, and methods of functional connectivity analysis across studies. The present work attempts to examine, elucidate, and integrate the insight that functional connectivity analysis of the anesthetized state has generated thus far.
Physiological Basis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Authors: Stagg Charlotte J. , Nitsche Michael A.
Published: February 2011

Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago, interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces robust excitability changes within the stimulated cortex, tDCS is increasingly being used in proof-of-principle and stage IIa clinical trials in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Alongside these clinical studies, detailed work has been performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. In this review, the authors bring together the results from these pharmacological, neurophysiological, and imaging studies to describe their current knowledge of the physiological effects of tDCS. In addition, the theoretical framework for how tDCS affects motor learning is proposed.
Family Caregivers and Cancer Pain Management: A Review
Authors: Meeker Mary Ann , Finnell Deborah , Othman Areej K.
Published: February 2011

Due to the critical role of family caregivers in cancer pain management, this systematic review was undertaken to examine what is known about of their experiences and needs. Searches were conducted using electronic databases, and research reports from 1991 to 2007 were analyzed using a matrix method. Family caregivers were actively engaged in assisting with pain management and experienced significant needs and concerns related to this role. Myths and fears about opioid use remain widespread across cultures studied and across care settings. Family caregivers need education about pain management, training in problem-solving skills, and recognition from providers about their role in pain management. When clinicians better understand and respond to the needs of the family caregivers, they can enhance the quality of life and care outcomes for both patients and their caregivers.
The representation of the linear elastic symmetries by sets of vectors
Authors: Cowin Stephen C
Published: February 2011

The objective of this paper is to show that the different forms of the elasticity or compliance tensors that represent the different linear elastic material symmetries may be obtained by assuming that the strain energy depends on a set of vectors, a different specific set for each of the eight linear elastic material symmetries. This connection permits a geometrically intuitive view of the elastic symmetries as a companion to the group theoretic crystallographic viewpoint. It also permits each of the eight linear elastic symmetries to be viewed as characterized by sets of material vectors. Finally, it provides a conceptual basis for the direct and evolving calculation of the changes in symmetry as a result of deformation. This work was motivated by the use of vectors to represent collagen directions in development of constitutive equations for soft tissue deformation.