bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE NORMAL CANINE SPINAL CORD AND CORRELATION WITH HISTOPATHOLOGY AFTER INDUCED SPINAL CORD TRAUMA
Authors: Finn‐Bodner Susan T. , Hudson Judith A. , Coates Joan R. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Simpson Stephen T. , Cox Nancy R. , Wright James C. , Garrett Phillip D. , Steiss Jan E. , Vaughn Dana M. , Miller Starr C. , Brown Scott A.
Published: May 2005

Prior to trauma, intraoperative ultrasound of the spinal canal in 31 normal dogs was performed through a hemilaminectomy in the left pedicle of L2. A ventral compressive model of spinal cord injury was performed as part of a clinical drug trial. Maximum ultrasonographic spinal cord diameter ranged from 4.9–7.2 mm (5.7 × 0.6). Significant positive correlation (p = 0.023, r = 0.49) was found between age and spinal cord diameter. The dura mater was a separate, well‐defined, echogenic horizontal line in 28 (90%) dogs, dorsally, and in 29 (94%) dogs, ventrally. Cerebrospinal fluid was anechoic. Eighteen (58%) dogs had a well‐defined anechoic dorsal subarachnoid space, whereas 22 (71%) had a well‐defined ventral space. Pia mater was thin but strongly echogenic and covered spinal cord. Central canal was a double hyperechoic line in 17 (55%) dogs and a single‐line in 14 (45%) dogs. A difference in the ultrasonographic appearance between gray and white matter was not seen. Epidural fat and connective tissue was a lobular echogenic material in the ventral epidural space. The periosteal‐vertebral body interface was seen as a bright curvilinear echo with distal acoustic shadowing. Spinal cord parenchyma could be classified subjectively into four groups based upon ultrasonographic appearance. Spinal cord parenchyma had a uniform hypoechogenicity in 8 (27%) dogs (Group 1), subtle low level echoes in 7 (23%) dogs (Group 2), multiple clusters of defined echogenic foci in 12 (37%) dogs (Group 3), and multiple sharply‐defined linear echoes in 4 (13%) dogs (Group 4). There was a significant relationship between pre‐trauma ultrasonographic appearance of the spinal cord and histopathology 21 days after trauma. One (13%) dog in Group 1, 4 (57%) dogs in Group 2,10 (91%) dogs in Group 3, and 3 (75%) dogs in Group 4 had malacia on histological evaluation. Therefore, dogs with echogenic spinal cords or linear echoes within cord parenchyma were significantly more likely to develop malacia rather than Wallerian degeneration after induced spinal cord trauma (p = 0.002). Spinal cord echogenicity may indicate vascularity in a segment of spinal cord and might be prognostic following spinal cord trauma. No complications were found related to intraoperative ultrasound. Hematoma or fibrous tissue formation appeared to impede percutaneous ultrasound of the spinal cord in dogs re‐evaluated forty‐eight hours and one week after surgery.
DUODENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL ADULT HORSE
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Berg Jacobus S. van den , Gottschalk Roy D. , Guthrie Alan J.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the duodenum of 6 clinically normal horses. Examinations were performed in horses which each, alternatively, received diets of; 1) concentrates and hay, 2) hay only, or 3) after 36 hours of starvation. The duodenum was constantly visualized just ventral to the right kidney at the 16th and 17th intercostal spaces on a line joining the olecranon and tuber sacrale. Cranial to the 16th intercostal space visibility depended on thickness of interposing liver and lung field interference. Duodenal distensions, contractions and content are described. Starved horses had fewer contractions and distensions than horses on hay, or hay and concentrate diets but the difference was not significant. Duodenal wall thickness ranged from 3–4 mm. Ultrasonographically five layers, corresponding to the mucosal surface, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria and serosa, could be identified. A necropsy specimen of the duodenum was evaluated histologically and Ultrasonographically in a water bath for comparison.
SPLENIC SEQUESTRATION SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE DOG: A COMPARISON OF DENATURING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Kuperus John H. , Malone Daniel
Published: May 2005

Five mixed‐breed dogs underwent splenic sequestration scintigraphy following intravenous injection of 647.5 to 740 MBq (17.5–20 mCi) of 99mTechnetium labeled autologous red blood cells (RBCs) that had been chemically denatured using two μg of stannous chloride. Left lateral dynamic images were obtained for 20 minutes after injection. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn around the splenic body and ventral extremity, ventral liver and caudal abdominal great vessels and time activity curves created. Count density information was obtained and uptake ratios were calculated for the spleen ROI/vessel ROI, liver ROI/vessel ROI and spleen ROI/liver ROI at 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after injection. Two additional studies using different RBC denaturing procedures were done in four of the five dogs. In the second study, the stannous chloride level was doubled to 4.0 μg, while in the third study, the RBCs were denatured by addition of 2.0 μg of stannous chloride and heating at 49°C for 15 minutes. Progressive splenic uptake of denatured RBCs was seen in all dogs during the first 15 to 20 minutes of each study, no matter which denaturing technique was utilized. Significant increases in the spleen ROI:/vessel ROI and spleen ROI:liver ROI ratios were obtained at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes when compared to the 1 minute values for each of the labeling techniques. A significant difference was not identified between the three ratios at 15 minutes between the three labeling techniques. There was a trend of increasing values for each ratio where 2.0 μg of stannous chloride technique being the lowest, 4.0 μg of stannous chloride having an intermediate value and the heated technique had the highest values. The heating technique resulted in higher liver activity and increased variability of the mean liver ROI/vessel ROI ratios at all times (1, 2.5, 5,10, and 15 minutes). Using a non‐linear least squares regression analysis, a double exponential equation fit the spleen ROI/vessel ROI and spleen ROI/liver ROI ratios for all three labeling techniques. Imaging of the spleen using all three techniques was acceptable, and a persistent blood pool image would allow for vascular imaging and cardiac gated studies 30 minutes after injection of the denatured, labeled autologous red blood cells. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Vol. 36, No. I, 1995, pp 57–63.
SCINTIGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF UTERINE CLEARANCE IN MARES
Authors: Neuwirth L. , Leblanc M.M. , Mauragis D. , Klapstein E. , Tran T.
Published: May 2005

Uterine clearance of technetium 99m‐albumin colloid (99mTc‐μAA) was qualitatively and quantitatively measured in 5 reproductively normal mares and 5 mares susceptible to endometritis (infertile). The percentage of 370 MBq 99mTc‐μAA cleared from the uterine lumen within 2 hr of intrauterine infusion was measured in 10 mares on day 3 of estrus and 48 hr after ovulation. The procedure was repeated 3 times on day 3 of estrus in 6 mares to determine repeatability. Six mares were infused with 1110 MBq 99mTc‐μAA on day 3 of estrus to evaluate the effect of increasing the dose to reduce the imaging time. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean percentage of radiocolloid cleared from the uterus during day 3 of estrus or 48 hr after ovulation or in the percent cleared when the studies were repeated in individual mares. There was no statistically significant difference in uterine clearance between the 370 and 1110 MBq dose studies in each mare from 15 to 120 min. Reproductively normal mares cleared approximately 50% of the radiocolloid from the uterus by 120 min while susceptible mares cleared less than 15%.
USE OF PORTAL RADIOGRAPHY TO INCREASE ACCURACY OF DOSE DELIVERY IN RADIATION THERAPY
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Port films were acquired for all radiation therapy patients (n = 132) treated over a thirteen month period to 1] assist in initial treatment field set‐up on Day 1, 2] for quality assurance with a second port film taken on Day 7 of radiation therapy, and 3] as a means to document the radiation treatment field as a part of the patients permanent medical record. Port films were used for both patients treated with a definitive course of radiation (n = 97 patients), and those treated palliatively (n = 35 patients). The portal radiographs were valuable in terms of the initial set‐up, and to correct for any positioning or other errors at the time of the one week recheck. Changes were made, based on the initial port film on Day 1, in 53% and 57% of treatment fields for palliative and definitive radiation patients, respectively. The changes made in both definitively and palliatively irradiated patients were usually in field position, an increase in field size to include all of the tumor, or a decrease in field size to spare normal tissue. Fewer changes were necessary based on the Day 7 recheck port films, but these day‐7 rechecks are recommended for quality control. Based on the high frequency of changes introduced because of the initial port film findings, it is recommended that port films be incorporated on a routine basis in veterinary radiation therapy.
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USING INTRAVENOUS PARAMAGNETIC CONTRAST MEDIA: A REVIEW
Authors: Kuriashkin Igor V. , Losonsky John M.
Published: May 2005

Interest in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a major diagnostic tool in veterinary clinical medicine is increasing. Most MR studies are performed with the use of contrast enhancement via intravenous injection of paramagnetic gadolinium‐containing contrast media. A vast number of publications are available regarding the use of contrast media in humans. The purpose of this paper is to assist practicing veterinary radiologists in understanding mechanisms of MR contrast enhancement. This paper reviews certain aspects of MR contrast enhancement, including physical, chemical and biologic characteristics of most common MR contrast media targeted primarily at the central nervous system (CNS). Authors also describe processes that explain changes in signal intensity on the MR images.
AN EVALUATION OF A NEW RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE UTILIZING A CONCAVE TABLE
Authors: Kishigami Yoshihiro , Yoshizaki Arata , Saito Daisuke , Seo Hirokazu
Published: May 2005

In conventional radiography systems, it is apparent that only the area immediately around the central x‐ray beam can be evaluated accurately. Consequently in some instances, spinal radiography for example, several exposures are needed at various points along the body to create an accurate image for diagnosis. However, if the film and body part are in a concave shape such that the radius of the curve is equal to the film focal distance, the x‐ray beam will penetrate the body and strike the film at two‐dimensionally right angles in all areas. Using the spine as an example we found the curved technique had three major advantages over the traditional flat technique: lack of distortion, more uniform beam intensity due to a constant focal film distance, and improved resolution at the periphery of the radiograph because of lack of a cross over effect. It was concluded that an accurate evaluation of larger body parts can be made with minimal distortion utilizing the principles of a curved table technique.
SUBCLINICAL CT ABNORMALITIES IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE OF OLDER LARGE‐BREED DOGS
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Inzana Karen D.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) of the L5‐S3 vertebral levels was performed in six, large‐breed dogs presented for problems unrelated to the lumbosacral spine. All dogs were asymptomatic for lumbosacral stenosis on neurologic examination. Breeds included German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Boxer‐mix and Belgian Malinois. Ages ranged from 5–12 years. Five out of six dogs exhibited CT abnormalities. Among the 18 disc levels examined, the most common findings were idiopathic stenosis, loss of vertebral canal epidural fat, and nerve tissue displacement. Less common abnormalities were vertebral canal or foraminal bone proliferation, loss of intervertebral foramen fat, vertebral canal disc bulging, degenerative articular process joint disease, transitional vertebra, dural ossification, foraminal disc bulging, Schmorl's nodes, calcified extruded disc fragment, and sacroiliac joint osteophytes. Vertebral subluxation was absent in all dogs. Findings indicate that some lumbosacral CT abnormalities may be clinically insignificant, especially in older dogs.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF OTITIS MEDIA IN A DOG
Authors: Dvir Eran , Kirberger Robert M. , Terblanche Andre G.
Published: May 2005

Otitis media/interna was diagnosed in a 20‐month‐old German shepherd with the assistance of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The MR images were acquired primarily to exclude a brain lesion responsible for vestibular signs. No brain lesion was detected, but obvious signs of chronic changes in the left bulla and external ear canal were confirmed. Thickening of the epithelium and soft tissue surrounding the external ear canal and a laminated appearance of high and low T2 intensities in the tympanic bulla's mucosa were present. The hypointense lines were suspected to be fibrous tissue, indicating chronic changes. This report suggests that MR imaging may serve as a useful imaging tool for otitis media and that it supplies information not obtained with radiography or computed tomography.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF IMAGENT® AS AN ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND CONTRAST MEDIUM IN DOGS
Authors: Bahr Anne , Wrigley Robert , Salman Mowafak
Published: May 2005

Diagnostic ultrasound currently provides a noninvasive, economical means to evaluate internal organ structure. Methods to increase the amount of diagnostic information obtained from the sonographic examination are being explored. A new area of research has recently focused on the ability of mi‐crobubble contrast agents to help provide additional information. A prospective study was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate the amount of gray scale enhancement of ultrasound images of six canine livers, spleens, and left kidneys that occurs after intravenous injection of Imagent.® Computerized analysis was used to assess the percent change in brightness of these images. A transient decrease in the percent change in brightness was seen to occur after injection of higher doses of Imagent.® This effect was more pronounced in the deeper portions of the organs of interest. Imagent® provides a measurable change in the brightness of the organs of interest and would be potentially useful in a clinical setting.
THE EFFECTS OF A UNILATERAL ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED RENAL BIOPSY ON RENAL FUNCTION IN HEALTHY SEDATED CATS
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Henry George A. , Meinkoth James H. , Woods J. Paul , Payton Mark E. , Rodebush Carolyn
Published: May 2005

Complications of renal biopsies are well documented except for the change in renal function after a biopsy. Eighteen healthy, adult cats were divided into two groups (n = 9 cats/group). For the measurement of global and split renal function, Group 1 used the renal uptake of99mTc‐DTPA and Group 2 used the renal uptake of99mTc‐MAG3. Scintigraphic data were collected on days (‐4), (‐3), 0,1, 2, and 4 post renal biopsy. Using ultrasound guidance, biopsies were taken from the right renal cortex on d0, before acquiring scintigraphic images. P ‐ values less than 0.10 were considered significant due to the limited number of observations. The only statistically significant change (p = 0.08) in global renal function detected was by day following a unilateral renal biopsy. Cats imaged using99mTc‐MAG3had discernible liver activity. A unilateral, ultrasound guided renal biopsy has minimal effect on renal function in normal, healthy sedated cats.
MEASUREMENTS OF HINDLIMB BLOOD FLOW RECORDED USING DOPPLER ULTRASOUND DURING ADMINISTRATION OF VASOACTIVE AGENTS IN HALOTHANE‐ANESTHETIZED HORSES
Authors: Raisis Anthea L. , Young Lesley E. , Meire Hylton B. , Taylor Polly M. , Blissitt Karen J. , Marlin David , Lekeux Pierre
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the study was to determine the ability of Doppler ultrasound to detect changes in femoral blood flow during pharmacologic manipulation of arterial blood pressure. Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the femoral vessels of six halothane‐anesthetized horses before and during administration of phenylephrine HC1 and sodium nitroprusside. The time‐averaged mean velocity and volumetric flow were calculated. The contour of the velocity waveform was assessed, and the early diastolic deceleration slope (EDDS) and pulsatility index (PI) were calculated. Administration of phenylephrine HO resulted in increased mean aortic blood pressure (MABP) by 40% (29.3–53.0%). This caused significant decrease in cardiac output (26.8 to 13.5 1/min), femoral arterial velocity (left artery 7.20 to 4.00 cm/s; right artery 5.01 to 3.39 cm/s) and volumetric flow (left artery 556 to 221 ml/min; right artery 397 to 193 ml/min) in the femoral vessels and significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (163 to 433 dyn‐s/cms), EDDS (la: 285 to 468: ra: 250 to 481) and PI (la: 9.38 to 20.4; ra 17.1 to 29.1). Administration of sodium nitroprusside resulted in a decreased MABP of 27.2% (22.5–33%). This increased cardiac output (20.8 to 32.4 L/min), however, no significant changes were observed in femoral blood flow. Despite obvious changes in the waveform contour, no significant change occurred in EDDS or PL These results suggest that Doppler ultrasound may be useful for measuring femoral blood flow in anesthetized horses. However, waveform analysis appears to be limited when multiple changes occur in central and peripheral haemodynamics.
DETERMINATION OF CANINE PROSTATIC VOLUME USING TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Kamolpatana Kaitkanoke , Johnston Gary R. , Johnston Shirley D.
Published: May 2005

The prostate gland from cadavers of 12 intact adult male dogs euthanized less than 3 hour were used to compare prostatic volume measured by ultrasonography to volume measured by water displacement, and to determine specific gravity of the canine prostate. Prostate glands were scanned by transabdominal ultrasonography with a 4–7 MHz curved linear array transducer. The greatest craniocaudal (L), transverse (W), and dorsoventral (D) diameters of the prostate were recorded. Prostatic volume was calculated using formulas for an ellipsoid and for a box. Prostate glands were removed, and the prostate weight was measured and prostatic volume was measured by water displacement. The mean ± SD specific gravity of the prostate was 1 ±0.05 (range = 0.90 to 1.09) g/cm.3 There were positive correlations (R2= 0.94) between prostatic volume calculated from ultrasound measurement and measured volume. Measured prostatic volume (VM) can be predicted using the formula: VM= [1/2.6 (L × W × D)] + 1.8 (cm3).
EVALUATION OF PLASMA TIME‐ACTIVITY CURVES OF TECHNETIUM‐99M‐MEBROFENIN FOR MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOGS
Authors: Matwichuk Cary L. , Daniel Gregory B. , DeNovo Robert C. , Schultze A. Eric , Schmidt Dorothy E. , Creevy Kate E.
Published: May 2005

In this study, plasma time‐activity curves of99mTc‐mebrofenin were used to quantify hepatic function in dogs before and after induction of hepatic damage using a hepatotoxic agent. Nine dogs were determined to be healthy on the basis of physical examination, laboratory data and hepatic imaging. Plasma samples were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes following a peripheral venous injection of 111–222 MBq (3–6 mCi) of99mTc‐mebrofenin. The area under the plasma time‐activity curve (AUC) was calculated using two different methods and compared to direct measurement of the hepatic extraction efficiency. First pass hepatic extraction efficiency of99mTc‐mebrofenin was calculated from differential equation analysis of a two‐compartment model following mesenteric venous injection of the radiopharmaceutical. In 7 of the original 9 dogs and 2 additional healthy dogs, plasma clearance and hepatic extraction efficiency determination were repeated following induction of hepatic injury by thiacetarsamide (3 mg/kg IV twice daily for 1 day). In one additional dog, hepatic injury was induced using carbon tetrachloride (0.3 ml/kg IP).

Plasma time‐activity curves of99mTc‐mebrofenin had kinetics of a two compartment model. Area under the curve was highly correlated with hepatic extraction efficiency. The AUC integrated from 1–60 minutes (AUC60) had the best correlation with hepatic extraction efficiency (r2= 0.978, p < 0.001). A formula for calculation of hepatic extraction efficiency was derived using linear regression analysis: hepatic extraction efficiency = 105.583 − 3.099 × 105* AUC60. Plasma clearance of a peripheral venous injection of99mTc‐mebrofenin is a simple, non‐invasive, convenient method to quantify hepatic function which can be performed without a gamma camera.
USE OF RADIOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR EVALUATION OF NAVICULAR SYNDROME IN THE HORSE
Authors: Widmer William R. , Buckwalter Kenneth A. , Fessler John F. , Hill Michael A. , Med B Vet , Vansickle David C. , Ivancevich Susan
Published: May 2005

Radiographic evaluation of navicular syndrome is problematic because of its inconsistent correlationwith clinical signs. Scintigraphy often yields false positive and false negative results and diagnosticultrasound is of limited value. Therefore, we assessed the use of computed tomography and magneticresonance imaging in a horse with clinical and radiographic signs of navicular syndrome. Cadaverspecimens were examined with spiral computed tomographic and high‐field magnetic resonance scanners and images were correlated with pathologic findings. Radiographic changes consisted of bonyremodeling, which included altered synovia! fossae, increased medullary opacity, cyst formation andshape change. These osseous changes were more striking and more numerous on computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images. They were most clearly defined with computed tomography. Many osseous changes seen with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were notradiographically evident. Histologically confirmed soft tissue alterations of the deep digital flexortendon, impar ligament and marrow were identified with magnetic resonance imaging, but not withconventional radiography. Because of their multiplanar capability and tomographic nature, computedtomography and magnetic resonance imaging surpass conventional radiography for navicular imaging, facilitating earlier, more accurate diagnosis. Current advances in imaging technology should makethese imaging modalities available to equine practitioners in the future.
DISTINGUISHING RHINITIS AND NASAL NEOPLASIA BY RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Russo M. , Lamb C.R. , Jakovljevic S.
Published: May 2005

To compare the incidence of radiographic signs in dogs with rhinitis and primary nasal neoplasia and to assess the performance of observers for distinguishing these conditions, the nasal radiographs of 72 dogs with either rhinitis (n=42) or primary nasal neoplasia (n=30) were examined by two independent observers using custom‐designed forms to record their interpretations. Rhinitis was associated with a higher incidence of focal or multifocal lesions, localised soft tissue opacities, lucent foci, and a lack of frontal sinus involvement. Neoplasia was associated with soft tissue opacities and loss of turbinate detail that affected the entire ipsilateral nasal cavity, signs of invasion of the bones surrounding the nasal cavity, and soft tissue/fluid opacities within the ipsilateral frontal sinus. The signs with the highest positive predictive value (PPV) for rhinitis were absence of frontal sinus lesions and lucent foci in nasal cavity (PPV of each 82%), and invasion of surrounding bones for neoplasia (PPV 88%). There were no significant differences in the position of the lesion within the nasal cavity, incidence of unilateral versus bilateral lesions, calcified lesions, or absence of teeth. There was moderate agreement between observers about the diagnosis (kappa 0.59). Areas (SE) under ROC curves were 0.94 (0.03) and 0.96 (0.03) for observers A and B, respectively (not significantly different;P=0.68). These results indicate a high accuracy for radiologists examining dogs with nasal diseases. Differentiation of rhinitis and nasal neoplasia should be based on finding combinations of radiologic signs that together have a high PPV. Differences in interpretation between experienced observers in this study suggest that certain signs are potential sources of error.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF DOGS WITH CUBITAL JOINT LAMENESS
Authors: Reichle Jean K. , Park Richard D. , Bahr Anne M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings in dogs with lameness of one or both elbows. CT examinations of 102 elbows in 51 dogs were reviewed individually and by group consensus by 3 examiners and graded for various abnormalities. Frequently encountered abnormalities included abnormal shape and sclerosis of the medial coronoid process of the ulna, irregularity of the radial incisure of the ulna, and ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis. Other abnormalities included distinct/separate or fissure/in situ fragmentation of the medial coronoid; lucency of the radial incisure; ununited anconeal process; sclerosis, lucency, or flattening of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle; osteophyte formation; and joint incongruity. In conclusion, CT of the canine cubital joint is useful in identification of various lesions beyond simple fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna.
LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE TARSUS: NORMAL ANATOMY
Authors: Blaik Margaret A. , Hanson R. Reid , Kincaid Steven A. , Hathcock John T. , Hudson Judith A. , Baird Debra K.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was to define the normal gross anatomic appearance of the adult equine tarsus on a low‐field magnetic resonance (MR) image. Six radiographically normal, adult, equine tarsal cadavers were utilized. Using a scanner with a 0.064 Tesla magnet, images were acquired in the sagittal, transverse and dorsal planes for Tl‐weighted and the sagittal plane for T2‐weighted imaging sequences. Anatomic structures on the MR images were identified and compared with cryosections of the imaged limbs. Optimal image planes were identified for the evaluation of articular cartilage, subchondral bone, flexor and extensor tendons, tarsal ligaments, and synovia! structures. MR images provide a thorough evaluation of the anatomic relationships of the structures of the equine tarsus.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS IN A DOG WITH DISCOSPONDYLITIS
Authors: Gonzalo‐Orden Joséa M. , Altónaga José R. , Asunción Orden M. , Gonzalo José M.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomographic and radiographic imaging were conducted in a dog with discospondylitis. The MR findings were increased T2 and decreased Tl signal intensity of the soft tissues ventral to vertebral bodies, the end plates of the same vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc, and are similar to those described in human with discospondylitis.
MOST DOGS WITH MEDULLARY RIM SIGN ON ULTRASONOGRAPHY HAVE NO DEMONSTRABLE RENAL DYSFUNCTION
Authors: Mantis Panagiotis , Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

The medullary rim sign is a distinct hyperechoic line in the renal medulla parallel to the corticomedullary junction that has been reported in dogs with a variety of renal diseases. To examine the association between medullary rim sign and renal disease, the medical records of thirty‐two dogs that had medullary rim sign were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen dogs (56%) had no evidence of renal dysfunction; 14 (44%) had clinicopathological evidence of renal disease, including 6 (19%) that had hypercalcemic nephropathy. Most dogs (72%) in which medullary rim sign was the only ultrasonographic finding affecting the kidneys had no evidence of renal dysfunction. In contrast, 78% dogs that had medullary rim sign and other renal signs (reduced size, increased medullary echogenicity, and pyelectasia) had renal disease. On the basis of this study, the medullary rim sign appears to be a non–specific ultrasonographic sign; however, the possibility cannot be excluded that is a sentinel sign of subclinical renal disease.
DUPLEX‐ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY IN THE RESTING, SEDATED AND ANESTHETIZED HORSE
Authors: Schmucker Nicola , Schatzmann Urs , Budde Katrin , Gundel Martin , Jáuggin Christoph E. , Meier Hans Peter
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the blood flow in the carotid artery during halothane anaesthesia by means of duplex–sonography. Seventeen warm blood horses were evaluated in dorsal and lateral recumbency and the results were compared with the values of the same horses resting and under sedation. The cross sectional area of the vessels, the time–averaged maximal blood velocity, timeaveraged maximal blood flow and the resistance index were determined and the flow profile was evaluated. During halothane anesthesia the total blood flow shows a significant increase which is not dependent on the positioning of the horse. Mean blood velocity is decreased by sedation and significantly increased during anesthesia. Reduced peripheral resistance is expressed by a decline of the resistance index. After sedation and during recumbency there is an increase in diameter of the carotid artery.
NON‐INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF ISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN DOGS BY USING TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Fukushima Ushio , Sasaki Shu , Okano Shozo , Oyamada Toshifumi , Yoshikawa Takashi , Hagio Mitsuyoshi , Takase Katsuaki
Published: May 2005

We have attempted to identify whether it is possible to utilize transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the brain damage that occurs after resuscitation from 3 min (control group) and 12 min (damage group) of cardiac arrest in dogs. In this study we used transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to follow the basilar arterial flow and middle cerebral arterial flow for ISO min following the induction of cardiac arrests. Two abnormal waveform patterns (the “to‐and‐fro” and “diastolic no‐flow” patterns) were found in all dogs in the damage group whereas abnormal waveforms were not detected in the control group. Pathological diagnosis revealed that, compared with the control group, the damage group recognized ischemic alteration at the level of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus.

In conclusion, this study shows that the basilar arterial flow of observed with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography may be use for the prediction of outcome and the diagnosis of brain damage in the dog.
MEASURING SPHERE‐LIKE STRUCTURES USING TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Löfstedt Robert M. , Ireland William P.
Published: May 2005

Sphere–like structures are commonly measured for clinical or research purposes. We measured two diameters, the circumference (perimeter) and cross sectional area of 113 equine ovarian follicles in a water bath then determined the relationships between those measurements and the actual volume of fluid in the follicles. Cross–sectional area, diameter3 and area2/3 were all highly correlated with the volume of the structures and superior (p<0.05) to diameter or perimeter as predictors of volume. As predictors of volume, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between cross‐sectional area, diameter3, and area2/3. Because of the ease of measuring diameter, we suggest that diameter3 be used to estimate the actual size of sphere‐like structures by ultrasonographic measurement. A table was generated for clinical use to show how much the largest diameter of a fluid‐filled structure (follicle, cyst, hematoma, etc.) would have to increase or decrease to indicate a significant change in the volume of the structure.
SCINTIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTAL RADIAL PHYSEAL CLOSURE IN YOUNG STANDARDBRED RACEHORSES
Authors: Uhlhorn Henrik , Eksell Per , Carlsten Johan
Published: May 2005

A longitudinal scintigraphic and radiographic study of distal radial physeal activity in 14 Standardbred trotters was conducted to quantify and visually evaluate physeal uptake around the time of physeal closure. Initial intense 99mTc–HDP uptake was seen, followed by a rapid decrease of activity starting at a mean age of 20 months. Mean physeal to distal diaphyseal ROI and line profile ratios compared to ratios of mature horses decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 at the time of radiographic closure at 24–32 months. Ratios then gradually decreased until values of mature horses were reached at the end of the study (mean age 42 months). Visually discernible distal radial physeal activity was present with declining frequency throughout the study. This study indicates that, in the normal Standardbred trotter, there is mild distal radial physeal uptake present after radiographic evidence of physeal closure. This uptake is not likely to confound evaluation of pathologic conditions of the physeal or carpal regions.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTILOBULAR TUMOR OF BONE INVOLVING THE CRANIUM IN 7 DOGS AND ZYGOMATIC ARCH IN 2 DOGS
Authors: Hathcock John T. , Newton Joseph C.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) images of nine dogs with a multilobular tumor of bone of the head were reviewed. The CT characteristics of the neoplasms involving the calvarium (n=7) were rounded, well defined with a fine granular, nonhomogeneous bone opacity usually in the occipital region. Cranial vault invasion (5 of 7) was commonly found with a significant portion of the mass within the vault. The neoplasms involving the zygomatic arch (n=2) were also generally rounded and well defined but with a more coarse granular appearance. The common CT findings were best seen when the images were viewed in a bone window.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CRIBRIFORM PLATE (LAMINA CRIBROSA)
Authors: Schwarz Tobias , Sullivan Martin , Hartung Klaus
Published: May 2005

The radiographic appearance of the cribriform plate was investigated in 16 canine cadaver heads. The cribriform plate appeared as a “V”‐shaped multilinear bone‐opaque stripe in the caudal nasal region in projections perpendicular to the hard palate in 6 dogs with a skull index between 50.00 and 54.00. In 9 dogs with a skull index between 55.40 and 74.40, the cribriform plate had a more “C”‐shaped and sharp appearance. In vertically oblique projections with an obliquity greater than 20°, the cribriform plate lost its sharp outline and finally (40°) disappeared. In lateral projections the cribriform plate appeared as a “C”‐shaped interrupted bone‐opaque stripe in all 16 dogs. In more brachycephalic dogs frontal bone structures superimposed on the cribriform plate on ventrodorsal and dorsoventral views and accentuated the radiographic appearance of the plate. Vertically oblique views separated both structures to produce two lines.
RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF DEFECTS OF THE NASAL BOUNDARIES
Authors: Schwarz Tobias , Sullivan Martin , Hartung Klaus
Published: May 2005

The sensitivity of conventional radiography for lesions of the cribriform plate, naso‐orbital wall, lateral nasal wall and hard palate was investigated in 13 canine cadaver heads by creating measured defects in these structures. The location of the perforations were marked with a thin copper wire and the radiographic appearance of the defects was evaluated retrospectively by a single reviewer. Despite demarcation cribriform plate destruction of 2 mm could not be detected. Defects of 3 mm were detected in only 2 heads, 4 mm defects in 1 further head, an oblong 4×10 mm defect in 7 heads and in the remaining 3 heads only a 10×10 mm defect became visible as such. The naso‐orbital wall had to be destroyed in its whole vertical length for detection of a defect in ventrodorsal or dorsoventral views. Therefore conventional radiography is of low diagnostic value for these lesions. Defects of 2 mm in the lateral nasal wall and the hard palate could be detected confidently in all heads indicating high sensitivity of conventional radiography. Soft tissue opacification did not alter the detectability of any nasal border structure lesion.
CONTRAST MEDIUM‐RELATED ARTIFACTS OBSERVED DURING IN VITRORADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF UROCYSTOLITH MINERAL COMPOSITION
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. , Dreytser Vladimere , Holte James
Published: May 2005

Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) were exposed to sequential increasing concentrations of iodinated, radiographic contrast medium in petri dishes. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. Two phenomena were observed. First, there was a tendency for selected urocystoliths to undergo radiopacity augmentation beyond that expected for just contrast medium superimposition. This was termed, contrast medium adhesion, which persisted despite repeated washing of the urocystoliths. Second, there was a tendency for bubbles to form on or near selected urocystolith chemical types. These observations prompted careful scrutiny for their occurrence in subsequent clinical simulation of radiographic procedures using these same urocystoliths in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations). The contrast medium adhesion occurrence found in the petri dish studies was compared to urocystolith mineral type. Similar comparisons were made for contrast medium adhesion occurrence in the bladder phan tom. The detection of contrast medium adhesion in the bladder phantom differed from that observedin the petri dish experiments. While contrast adhesion occurred across a fairly broad range of the urocystolith mineral types in the petri dish studies, it was observed primarily for sodium acid urate and cystine urocystoliths in the bladder phantom. Prompted by the observation of bubbles in association with a limited number of urocystolith types in the petri dish studies, bubble occurrence in the bladder phantom was compared to the urocystolith type. Bubble formation on or near the urocystoliths, although uncommonly observed, was seen only with either cystine or silica urocystoliths. The potential clinical utility and clinical caveat aspects of these phenomena are discussed.
LOSS OF UROCYSTOLITH ARCHITECTURAL CLARITY DURING IN VIVO RADIOGRAPHIC SIMULATION VERSUS IN VITRO VISUALIZATION
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. , Dreytser Vladimere , Holte James
Published: May 2005

Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 434 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography and double contrast cystography. Morphologic characteristics visually observedin vitroor by interpretation of high‐resolution specimen radiographs were compared to those seen using the simulatedin vivoimaging techniques. Shape characteristics that were accurately detected >25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were faceted, irregular, jackstone, ovoid, and round. Surface characteristics that were accurately detected >25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were rough, smooth, and smooth with blunt tips. Internal architecture characteristics that were accurately detected >25% of the time on simulated survey or double contrast radiography were lucent center, random‐nonuniform, and uniform. Shapes such as bosselated, facetedovoid, and rosette; surfaces such as botryoidal, and knife‐edged; and internal architecture characteristics such as dense center, dense shell, laminated, and fissures were of almost no value either due to poor detectability or poor accuracy of recognition. Based on optimized simulated survey and double contrast radiographic procedures, it appears that a number of shape, surface, and internal architecture characteristics may be of limited or no value in discriminating among urocystolith mineral types under clinical circumstances. Shapes and surfaces were more accurately characterized by the simulated double contrast technique, but for internal architecture, the simulated survey radiographic technique seemed slightly superior overall.
BONE INFECTION IN THE BOVINE APPENDICULAR SKELETON: A CLINICAL, RADIOGRAPHIC, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Verschooten Francis , Vermeiren Dries , Devriese Luc
Published: May 2005

Four hundred and forty‐five bovines with bone infection of the appendicular skeleton were selected for clinical and radiographic assessment. A distinction was made between hematogenous and posttraumatic origin (wound/fracture). Bone infection was classified into four types according to the site of infection: type 1 is metaphyseal and/or epiphyseal osteomyelitis close to the growth plate; type 2 is primary subchondral osteomyelitis mostly accompanied by septic arthritis; type 3 is infectious osteoarthritis with subchondral osteomyelitis implicating that infection in the subchondral bone originates from the infection. Type 4 summarizes bone infections which can not be categorized in the previous groups. Hematogenous osteomyelitis is 3.2 times more frequent than post‐traumatic osteomyelitis. Within the different groups, the relation of hematogenous to post‐traumatic infection changed significantly. In type 1 infection the ratio was 5/1, in type 2 the ratio was 8/1 and in type 3 it was 3/1. Epiphyseal or metaphyseal osteomyelitis exhibited early radiographic bone changes, whereas with infection emihating from the joint, the bone lesions were detected later, because the bone was infected as a consequence of a primary septic arthritis. In smaller bones, severe and complete bone destruction was often present. Hematogenous bone infection never involved the entire diaphysis. Actinomyces pyogenes was discovered to be the main etiologic agent, whether or not combined with anaerobes. Bone fragments from the metaphysis of young calves were subjected to the effect of pure cultures of different bacteria. Radiographic changes to the structure of the bone were not identified within 2 weeks. Rapid radiographic changes in osteomyelitis cannot be explained by the direct effect of the bacteria on bone tissue in vivo. General infections of the lungs, disorders of the intestines and other internal organs were rarely responsible for osteomyelitis or septic arthritis. Osteomyelitis and infectious osteoarthritis is probably often induced by external and internal traumatic events to joints and bones in cattle.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN 14 DOGS WITH GALLBLADDER MUCOCELE
Authors: Besso JG , Wrigley RH , Gliatto JM , Webster CRL
Published: May 2005

Fourteen dogs with enlarged gallbladders and immobile stellate or finely striated bile patterns on ultrasound are described. Smaller breeds and older dogs were overrepresented, with 4/14 Cocker Spaniels. Most dogs presented for nonspecific clinical signs such as vomiting, anorexia and lethargy. Abdominal pain, icterus and hyperthermia were the most common findings on physical examination. All dogs except one had serum elevation of total bilirubin and/or alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase. All dogs were diagnosed with a gallbladder mucocele upon histologic and/or macroscopic evaluation. Ultrasonographically, mucoceles are characterized by the appearance of the stellate or finely striated bile patterns and differ from biliary sludge by the absence of gravity dependent bile movement. On ultrasound, gallbladder wall thickness and wall appearance were variable and nonspecific. The cystic or common bile duct were normal sized in 5 dogs although all 5 had evidence of biliary obstruction at surgery or necropsy. Loss of gallbladder wall integrity and/or gallbladder rupture were present in 50% of the dogs, all located in the fundus. Gallbladder wall discontinuity on ultrasound indicated rupture whereas neither bile patterns predicted the likelihood of gallbladder rupture. Pericholecystic hyperechoic fat or fluid were suggestive of but not diagnostic for a gallbladder rupture. Cholecystectomy appears to be an appropriate treatment for mucoceles, if not to treat a gallbladder rupture, at least in most dogs to prevent it since gallbladder wall necrosis was identified by histology in 9 of 10 dogs. Mucosal hyperplasia was present in all gallbladders examined histologically. Positive aerobic bacterial culture was obtained from bile in 6 of 9 dogs. Cholecystitis was diagnosed histologically in 5 dogs and 4 dogs had signs of gallbladder infection solely upon bacterial bile culture. Gallbladder infection was not present with all the mucoceles suggesting that biliary stasis and mucosal hyperplasia may be the primary factors involved in mucocele formation. Based on the results of our study, we suggest two alternate courses of action in the presence of a distended gallbladder with an immobile ultrasonographic stellate or finely striated bile pattern: a cholecystectomy when clinical or biochemical signs of hepatobiliary disease are present or a medical treatment (antibiotics and choleretics) and patient monitoring by follow‐up ultrasound examinations when the patient does not have clinical or biochemical abnormalities. An aerobic bile culture should be obtained in all patients, by ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspirate or at surgery.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL PYTHIOSIS
Authors: Graham John P. , Newell Susan M. , Roberts Gregory D. , Lester Nola V.
Published: May 2005

Pythiosis is a chronic pyogranulomatous infection of the gastrointestinal tract or skin caused by the water borne pathogen Pythium insidiosum. The ultrasonographic features of nine dogs with gastrointestinal pythiosis are reported. The stomach, duodenum, jejunum or colon were affected. All dogs had thickening of the gastrointestinal wall and areas with obliteration of the normal layered appearance. In one dog an eccentric mass was found arising from the serosal surface of the wall of the colon with mild diffuse wall thickening. Regional lymph node enlargement was seen in seven of the nine dogs. One dog had invasion of the pancreas and signs compatible with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. When compared to previous reports of gastrointestinal neoplasia, the features of wall thickening, loss of layering and regional lymphadenopathy are not considered specific for gastrointestinal pythiosis. Histological examination of tissue specimens is required for diagnosis.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF RETAINEDSURGICAL SPONGE IN EIGHT DOGS
Authors: Merlo Monica , Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

The radiographic and ultrasonographic signs in eight dogs with a surgical or pathologic diagnosis of retained surgical sponge were reviewed. The most frequent previous surgery was ovariohysterectomy, either as an elective procedure or to treat pyometra. The median elapsed time between surgery and diagnosis of retained surgical sponge was 9.5 months (range 4 days to 38 months). Five dogs had a draining sinus; four had a palpable abdominal mass. Radiologic signs included localized, speckled or whirl‐like gas lucency, abdominal mass, and non‐focal soft tissue swelling. Survey radiography and sinography were considered diagnostic for retained surgical sponge in 4/7 (57%) and 3/5 (60%) dogs, respectively. The combined use of survey radiography and sinography enabled detection of 6/7 (86%) sponges. In each dog that had ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was found that had an irregular hyperechoic centre. The possibility of retained surgical sponge should be considered in animals with a history of previous surgery and a sinus or abdominal mass.