bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Impact of Indirect Taxes on Consumers in Iraq
Authors:   Market Research and Consumer Protection Center, University of Baghdad, Iraq., Husain Dr.Wisal Abdullah , Ayesh Oroba Main ,   Technical Management Institute, Central Technical University, Iraq.
Published: March 2021

The importance of research by highlighting the impact of increasing indirect taxation on the consumer, the problem of research that the increase of the state’s interest in increasing tax revenues after the decline of oil prices to cover the budget deficit without taking into account the impact of the imposition of indirect taxes on the Iraqi consumer,Therefore, the study aims to study the economic indicators to determine the extent of the effect that the tax burden is added to the prices of the materials or at the expense of their quality. And the extent to which the revenues of each type of indirect taxes, customs taxes, production and sales for 2011-2017.A number of proposals have been reached to address the imbalance associated with the imposition of indirect taxes on the Iraqi consumer.
Serum Potassium Levels and Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Abbas Rizwan , Nazar Tazeen , Aziz Bilal , Saeed Furqan , Nawaz Kashif , Nabeel Muhammad
Published: March 2021

Objective: To determine the effect of serum potassium levels on short term mortality outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: This Descriptive Case Series was conducted in the CCU of Mayo Hospital Lahore from 15th November, 2017 to 15th May, 2018. A total of 156 patients of either sex between the age group of 30-60 years and diagnosed as cases of myocardial infarction with symptoms of less than 24 hours duration and serum potassium level of <3.5 mEq/L were included in the study. Patients were then followed up for 7 days and adverse outcome was recorded. Data was analyzed using computer software SPSS Version 22.0. Results: Out of the 156 patients, 119 (76.3%) were males and 37 (23.7%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 47.88±6.24 years, mean weight 85.31±13.14 Kg, mean duration of presenting complaints was 10.269±4.51 hours and mean Serum Potassium levels were 3.05±0.25 mEq/L. Adverse outcome in the form of mortality due to arrhythmias was seen in 15 (9.6%) patients. Conclusion: Low serum potassium level (<3.5mEq/L/L) was significantly associated with increased adverse outcome in acute myocardial infarction patients. How to cite: Abbas R., Nazar T, Aziz B., Saeed F., Nawaz K., Nabeel M. serum potassium levels and adverse outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Esculapio 2021;17(01):
Anti-Oxidative Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on Androgen Induced Changes in Ovaries of Prepubertal Female Rats
Authors: Bashir Yasmeen , Habib Nabeela , Ashraf Samar
Published: March 2021

Objectives: It has been documented that the administration of exogenous androgens to immature female rats produces polycystic ovaries. There is a substantial reduction of antioxidants in this condition, with an elevated risk of oxidative stress. The current research is intended to evaluate these effects and to assess the protection provided by aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Methods: An experimental study conducted at University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The data was collected over a period of one month. Fifty female prepubertal rats, 21 days of age, were divided into five groups, A, B, C, D and E. Group A served as control. Group B received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and served as disease control. Group C received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and concomitantly Aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Group D receive testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) from day 14-21. Group E received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days with no intervention till day 21. Blood samples of 50 female rats were drawn by doing cardiac puncture and clear serum was collected by centrifugation. This serum was used to assess the Catalase enzyme by using specific commercial kits. Results: The concentration and activity of catalase enzyme in the female rats with polycystic ovaries showed significant decrease as compare to the healthy controls. The involvement of antioxidants to manage the polycystic ovaries may be helpful as secondary therapy to prevent oxidative damage. Conclusion: The results showed that AGE with its antioxidative properties not only prevents the damage caused by oxidative stress, it also increased the level of serum catalase that helps to create a balance between beneficial oxidant generation and damaging oxidative stress. Key words: Androgens, immature female rats, ovaries, antioxidants, oxidative stress, aqueous garlic extract (AGE), Catalase. How to cite: Bashir.Y., Habib N. Ashraf .S. Anti-Oxidative Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on Androgen Induced Changes in Ovaries of Prepubertal Female Rats. Esculapio. 2021.17(01):55-59
Analgesia for the Change of Dressing in Burn Victims: A Comparison Between Oral Ketamine and Oral Dexmedetomidine
Authors: Sohail Faridah , Bangash Lala Rukh , Azim Waqar , Arshad Farah , Anwar Anum , Niazi Aaifa Khalid
Published: March 2021

Objective: To compare the efficacy of oral ketamine with oral dexmedetomidine for providing adequate analgesia for change of dressing in burn patients in burn dressing room. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was carried out in Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Lahore, from April 2019 to September 2019 after getting the approval from the Ethical Committee of Jinnah Hospital / Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore. 80 patients between 20 to 50 years, with 1st and 2nd degree burns and 20 to 40% of total body surface area involved were allocated in two groups A and B. The patients in group A received oral ketamine at a dose of 5mg/kg in 15 ml of water 30 mins while those in group B received dexmedetomidine, 4 ug/kg orally, in 15 ml of water 30 mins before the start of dressing change. The change of dressing was carried out with continuous vital monitoring. Pain was assessed via visual analogue scale (VAS) and sedation via Ramsay sedation score. All the observations were recorded on the predesigned proforma. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Result: The baseline mean VAS score of patients in group A was 7.67 + 0.55 and in group B was 7.70 + 0.57 (p value = 0.799). Significant decrease in pain score in both groups was noted after 30 mins of drugs administration (p=0.000). Also a significant difference in pain scores was seen between the two groups (p< 0.05), with the patients in group A having lower pain scores as compared to patients in group B. Conclusion: both ketamine and dexmedetomidine provide adequate analgesia for the change of burn dressing when administered orally with ketamine providing better analgesic state as compared to dexmedetomidine. Key Words: Burn, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, analgesia. How to cite: Sohail F., Bangash R.L., Azim W., Arshad F, Anwar A., Niazi K.A. Analgesia for the Change of Dressing in Burn Victims: A Comparison between Oral Ketamine and Oral Dexmedetomidine. Esulapio 2021;17(01):39-44
CORPOS QUE DANÇAM
Authors: Cardoso Allana Alexandre , Silva Jaqueline da , Silva Rui Manoel Coelho Resende da
Published: March 2021

O dançar a dois proporciona uma comunicação mais íntima e direta entre os pares, estimulando as relações corporais e consequentemente, a corporeidade daqueles que a praticam. Instigados a compreender como se processa a articulação entre corpo e corporeidade na dança, bem como sua influência nas relações corporais no dançar a dois, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa da literatura, de caráter descritivo, com uma síntese qualitativa dos trabalhos analisados. Os dados evidenciados permitem a reflexão acerca de um corpo que, influenciado e moldado pelo tempo, pela cultura e pela sociedade, possui uma íntima relação com a dança, construindo  sua corporeidade por meio das partidas e oportunidades no dançar a dois.
HOJE VAI TER ESPETÁCULO!!!
Authors: Zaim-de-Melo Rogerio , Silva Junior Vagner Pereira da , Duprat Rodrigo Mallet
Published: March 2021

O frio na barriga durante uma acrobacia, o riso fácil após um gracejo do palhaço, sensações que se confundem com a própria história da humanidade, configura o circo como uma das formas mais antigas de entretenimento. No universo do lazer, a arte circense encontra-se na categoria interesses artísticos, que agrega tanto o fazer a arte, quanto contemplá-la. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de relatar a experiência de levar apresentações circenses à alunos de uma “Escola das Águas” do Pantanal Sul-mato-grossense. Ao longo do ano de 2019 foram realizadas visitas periódicas a uma das escolas, com a realização de pequenos números circenses como acrobacias, acrobacias aéreas, palhaçaria e, equilibrismo, ampliando o repertório artístico/cultural das crianças que ali estudavam.
MOVIMENTO HIP HOP E DANÇAS URBANAS
Authors: Antunes Dariadison , Lopes da Silva Cinthia
Published: March 2021

O movimento hip hop e as danças urbanas se apresentam atualmente como manifestações artísticas fortemente presentes no panorama cultural brasileiro, sendo vivenciadas, utilizadas e estudadas sob diferentes perspectivas.  Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, o presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão do hip hop e das danças urbanas a partir de seus contextos históricos, culturais e como manifestação no campo do lazer, e analisar o hip hop e as danças urbanas a partir da produção acadêmica no período de 2005 a 2019.  Os resultados demonstraram que o hip hop e as danças urbanas possuem inúmeras funções de grande relevância para a sociedade. Identificou-se que tais manifestações contribuem com a participação social, cidadania e construção identitária. Observou-se que tais práticas como atividade de lazer proporcionam aos seus adeptos prazer, alívio das tensões e satisfação, além de servirem como um importante veículo de educação em espaços formais e não formais.
ENQUANTO A AVENTURA NÃO VEM...
Authors: Figueiredo Juliana de Paula , Teodoro Ana Paula Evaristo Guizarde , Schwartz Gisele Maria
Published: March 2021

A Corrente da Aventura é uma iniciativa online, criada por um grupo de pesquisadores de atividades de aventura no campo do lazer, a qual antecede os eventos presenciais referentes aos Congressos Brasileiro e Internacional de Atividades de Aventura, que foram adiados em decorrência das medidas de isolamento social, necessárias para a contenção da atual pandemia de COVID-19. Esta iniciativa, em interface com o ambiente virtual, buscou abrir espaços para a continuidade das reflexões na área, minimizando os prejuízos e impactos. Sendo assim, este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, teve por objetivo analisar os conteúdos expressos nas lives da Corrente da Aventura, envolvendo as atividades de aventura no âmbito do lazer, contribuindo para a disseminação do conhecimento na área. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente, por meio de Análise de Conteúdo e os resultados indicam a preocupação com os aspectos pedagógicos seguida da formação profissional, como temas de maior relevância debatidos nas lives.
Usage of Neural Networks for ASM Research
Authors: Nahapetyan Hayk
Published: March 2021

Purpose of this paper is to describe the possible usage of artificial neural networks for Abelian Sandpile model research. For developing neural networks, Neuroph Studio has been chosen, and Abelian sandpile model has been considered on 2-dimensional grid.
Evaluation of Fairness of Trademarks Royalty Prices in Transfer Pricing Transactions (Case Study of PT X Court Decisions)
Authors: Intan Puspanita  , Septriadi Danny
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

This study aims to analyze the arm’s length price of transfer pricing transactions for parties conducting cross-border transactions as well as to see the basis and considerations of the panel of judges regarding royalty on trademark license for tax court decision disputes. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach by looking at the sources of books, documents, national and international journals, as well as laws related to the research topic of transfer pricing. The results of this study concluded that the beneficial owner of IP was Friesland Brands BV, therefore the economic ownership of the IP was Friesland Brands BV because it had developed and continued to develop royalties on the trademark of data, methods, processes, capabilities, and expertise in connection with the milk-making activity. The Panel of Judges did not use the various meanings of a trademark to prove the existence of the trademark. The definition of a trademark that can be used by judges to prove the existence of a trademark is based on international and domestic provisions.

Keywords: arm’s length price, tax dispute, trademarks

 

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis harga wajar atas transaksi transfer pricing bagi pihak-pihak yang melakukan transaksi lintas negara serta melihat dasar dan pertimbangan majelis hakim terkait royalty on trademark lisence atas sengketa putusan pengadilan pajak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan melihat berbagai sumber antara lain yaitu buku-buku, dokumen, jurnal nasional dan internasional, serta undang-undang yang terkait dengan topik transfer pricing. Hasil penelitian ini memperoleh kesimpulan bahwa beneficial owner atas IP adalah Friesland Brands BV, oleh karena itu economic ownership atas IP tersebut adalah Friesland Brands BV karena telah mengembangkan dan melanjutkan untuk mengembangkan royalty on trademark tersebut atas data, metode, proses, kemampuan dan keahlian sehubungan dengan aktivitas pembuatan susu tersebut. Majelis Hakim tidak menggunakan berbagai pengertian merek dagang untuk melakukan pembuktian keberadaan merek dagang tersebut. Pengertian merek dagang yang dapat digunakan hakim untuk membuktikan keberadaan trademark (merek dagang) tersebut berdasarkan ketentuan internasional dan domestik.

Kata Kunci: harga wajar, sengketa pajak, trademarks
Analysis of Influence on The Level of The Economy, Knowledge of Taxes, and Sanctions on Compliance with Land and Building Tax Payments in Rural and Urban Areas (PBB-P2)
Authors: Pratiwi Refi , Iman Kusnandar Mas
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the level of the economy, knowledge of taxes, and sanctions on compliance with land and building tax payments in rural and urban areas (PBB-P2) for the people of Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach. The data source used in this study is primary data; this research was taken by distributing questionnaires to the respondents, namely land and building taxpayers in Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency. The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regressions (Multiple Regression Analysis). This analysis is intended to reveal the influence between several independent variables and the dependent variable. The population in this study was the people of Cadasari District who were registered as land and building taxpayers (PBB-P2) at the end of 2020, namely 2417 people, while the sample using Slovin’s formula was determined as many as 44 samples. The results of the research on the hypothesis that part there is an influence on the level of the economy, knowledge of taxes and sanctions on compliance with the payment of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) for the people of Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency.
USAHATANI BUDIDAYA JAGUNG HIBRIDA VARIETAS BIMA 19-URI DI LAHAN SAWAH TADAH HUJAN KABUPATEN OGAN KOMERING ILIR SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Sari Maya Dhania , Suparwoto S
Published: March 2021

Provinsi Sumatera Selatan memiliki potensi dalam pengembangan usahatani jagung, namun petani di Kecamatan Lempuing, Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir belum memanfaatkan lahan sawah tadah hujan untuk ditanami jagung setelah penanamn padi. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kelayakan usahatani jagung hibrida BIMA 19-URI di lahan sawah tadah hujan dalam upaya meningkatkan pendapatan petani.  Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di lahan sawah tadah hujan Kelompok Sampurna Tani  Desa Cahya Maju Kecamatan Lempuing Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir  dengan luasan 1,5 ha pada MK 2017, dan melibatkan 6 petani kooperator.  Varietas jagung yang digunakan yaitu Bima 19-URI. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa usahatani jagung hibrida varietas Bima 19-URI di lahan sawah tadah hujan secara finansial layak diusahakan dengan nilai R/C 1,9. Namun hasil B/C < 1, yaitu sebesar 0,9 yang berarti manfaat ekonomi usahatani jagung hibrida masih relatif rendah. Untuk itu diperlukan upaya yang lebih efektif untuk mencapai produktivitas yang optimal.
ÎNVĂȚĂMÎNTUL UNIVERSITAR DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA ÎNTRE LACUNE ȘI PROVOCĂRI
Authors: Slobodaniuc Alina
Published: March 2021

Prezentul articol pune în valoare încercările Republicii Moldova de a racorda sistemul de învățămînt universitar la cerințele naționale, internaționale și a pieții muncii făcînd o scurtă analiză a datelor statistice din ultimii ani și a rezultatelor implementării politicilor educaționale concepute de instituțiile competente.
К ВОПРОСУ СОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ ПОДРОСТКОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
Authors: Ибрагимов К.
Published: March 2021

В статье рассматриваются вопросы социализации подростков, их социально-культурного развития в системе дполнительного образования. Представлена работа организаций доплнительного образования по включению подростков в социально-культурную деятельность.
ГІПОТЕТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ РИТУАЛЬНИХ ПРАКТИК ТРИПІЛЬЦІВ В КОНТЕКСТІ СПОРУДЖЕННЯ «НЕБЕЛІВСЬКОГО ХРАМУ» (НА ОСНОВІ АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ДАНИХ ТА КОМПАРАТИВІСТСЬКИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ)
Authors: Завалій Олександр
Published: March 2021

У ході даного дослідження були проаналізовані відомі факти пов’язанні з залишками та способом будівництва Небелівського Храму, які були відкриті в результаті археологічних розкопок у 2012 р. За розкопками Храму та його прилеглої території виявлені матеріальні сліди ритуальних практик, які розглянуті в тексті даного дослідження. Виявлено, що вже на початкових етапах спорудження сакральної споруди виникали достатньо складні ритуальні заходи, ймовірно за участю духовної верстви населення чи своєрідних очільників роду. В статті наведенні ритуальні паралелі зі священними текстами Вед, текстами шумерських «Циліндрів Гудеа», індоарійськими текстами та текстами юдеохристиянської традиції. Для порівняння ритуальних практик також залученні археологічні пам’ятки бронзової доби Саньсіндуй (Китай), які з трипільським світом збігаються в контексті «Світового Дерева», яким позначався центр світу в обох архаїчних культурах. Всі зазначені тексти та археологічні знахідки датуються орієнтовно серединою II початком I тис. до н. е., що є найбільш наближеними в хронологічному плані пам’ятками до світу трипільських реалій. Передбачається, що Трипільський Храм міг бути побудований за сезонними астрономічними орієнтирами за той відносно короткий термін, який вкладається в період року. Цьому могло сприяти уявлення про творення світу, з перенесенням на ритуальне творення Храму. Представлене дослідження дозволяє краще зрозуміти організаційно ритуальні принципи трипільців, їх спосіб життя та релігію. Дослідження робить внесок в розуміння всієї релігійної системи енеолітичних землеробів Центральної Європи.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ХЛОРА НА ТЕНЗОСВОЙСТВА ТОНКИХ ПЛЕНОК СУЛЬФИДА СВИНЦА
Authors: Отажонов Салим , Халилов Мухаммадмусо , Бойбобоев Равшан , Юнусов Нурзод , Мамаджонов Улугбек
Published: March 2021

В работе изучено влияние хлора на тензоэлектрические свойства поликристаллических пленок. Установлено, что при добавления легиранта хлора увеличивается концентрации носителей тока и подвижность. Показано, что меняя количество хлора вводимого в сернистый свинец, можно управлять концентрацию носителей тока в широких пределах деформации.
Sports supplements: use, knowledge, and risks for Algerian athletes
Authors: Chabaiki Imen Jalila , Bekadi Abdessamed , Bechikh Mohammed Yassine
Published: March 2021

Background: In recent years, sports nutrition has become a major part of the athlete’s lifestyle. Even if this field is well considered in several countries, the situation remains deficient in Algeria. Aims: The aim of this primary study in Algeria was to investigate the prevalence of the use of sports supplements among recreational and professional athletes, the health risks associated with this consumption as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards sports supplements. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey carried out in western Algeria on 200 athletes who completed a validated questionnaire on socio-demographical parameters, sports supplementation practices, and knowledge. Results: Of the sample, 100% reported having used at least one type of sports supplements, predominantly gainers (25%), whey protein (20%) and BCAA (20%). The main motivation for this consumption was to increase muscle (59%) mass and improve performance (25%). Retail stores (76%) were the most common sources of SS products. The prevalence of using prohibited substances (doping) was (11%) primarily anabolic steroid (95%). 31% of consumers experienced side effects. The internet was the principal source of information regarding supplementation and the main finding was a gap in knowledge and risk perception of supplement use among 61%. Conclusions: Data reported by this study represent a serious concern about the factual extent of this issue. It would be necessary and appropriate to initiate a targeted prevention strategy to improve the athlete’s knowledge aiming to change their behavior toward the use of sports supplements.

Keywords: Sports supplements, Athletes, Algeria, Adverse effects, Knowledge.
Clavicula Morfometrisi
Authors: GÜÇLÜ EKİNCİ Hilal Kübra , GÜLER Hatice , AL Özge , ATEŞ Şükrü , UÇAR Sümeyye , SAĞIROĞLU Eda
Published: March 2021

AMAÇ: Clavicula üst extremiteyi gövdeye bağlayan kavşak kemiklerinin önde bulunanı olup sternum ve scapula arasında uzanır. Bu çalışma omuz ekleminde ortaya çıkan hareketlerde kılavuz rolü oynayan clavicula’nın morfometrik boyutlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Bu çalışmada cinsiyeti belli olmayan Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı’na ait kemik laboratuvarında yer alan 36 adet clavicula (sağ 17, sol 19) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Digital kumpas kullanılarak clavicula’nın; uzunluğu, extremitas acromialis’in kalınlığı, impressio costoclavicularis uzunluğu ve genişliği, fascies sternalis’in uzunluğu ve genişliği, fascies acromialis’in uzunluğu ve genişliği, clavicula’nın orta noktasının çevresi ölçülüp mm cinsinden ve clavicula’nın ağırlığı hassas terazi ile gram cinsinden ortaya konuldu.

BULGULAR: Clavicula’nın; ortalama uzunluğu 138.30±12.49 mm; extremitas acromialis’in superior inferior kalınlığı 10.70±1.97 mm; extremitas acromialis’in anterior posterior kalınlığı 23.93±2.90 mm; impressio costoclavicularis uzunluğu 22.00±5.45 mm; impressio costoclavicularis genişliği 7.61±1.87 mm; fascies sternalis’in uzunluğu 17.85±2.78 mm; fascies sternalis’in genişliği 21.71±2.96 mm; fascies acromialis’in uzunluğu 9.9±1.93 mm; fascies acromialis’in genişliği 19.61±2.73 mm; clavicula’nın orta noktasının çevresi 34.72±4.03 mm ölçülmüş ve ayrıca kuru clavicula ağırlığı 15.28±4.2 gram olarak ölçülmüştür.

SONUÇ: Clavicula’nın anatomik yapısı ve morfometrik ölçümlerinin belirlenmesi, clavicula kırıklarında, ve clavicula ile ilgili pek çok patolojilerde klinik açıdan önemli ve gereklidir.
A single-centre experience of febuxostat as a second-line urate-lowering therapy
Authors: Ong Swee Gaik , Ding Hui Jen
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the local experience in terms of drug efficacy and safety using a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat, as a second-line urate lowering therapy (ULT) in gout patients with normal renal function and chronic kidney disease.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included all gout patients who attended the rheumatology clinic from January 2013 to June 2018 and had received febuxostat as a second-line ULT. Analysis focused on the proportion of gout patients who achieved target serum urate (sUA) of <360 μmol/L, duration taken to achieve target sUA, and febuxostat dosage at achievement of target sUA. Safety assessments included comparison of serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at baseline, at achievement of target sUA, and at 12-monthly intervals.
Results: Majority (90.9%) of patients achieved target sUA. Median duration required to achieve target sUA was 5.5 months with IQR (interquartile range) of 8.5. Five (22.7%) patients achieved target sUA within one month of therapy with febuxostat 40 mg per day. Eleven (55%) patients achieved target sUA within six months and 16 (80%) by 12 months. Equal proportion of patients achieved target sUA with febuxostat 40 mg per day and 80 mg per day, respectively. There was no significant difference in the changes in serum creatinine level, eGFR and ALT from baseline and at achievement of target sUA, nor at 12-monthly intervals throughout the duration of febuxostat therapy. Apart from three patients who developed hypersensitivity reactions to febuxostat, no other adverse events were reported.
Conclusion: A significant proportion of gout patients with CKD managed to achieve target sUA with a lower dose of febuxostat at 40 mg per day and it is reasonable to maintain this dose for up to six months before considering dose escalation.
Experiences of women who underwent induced lactation: A literature review
Authors: Mohd Hassan Shahirah , Sulaiman Zaharah , Tengku Ismail Tengku Alina
Published: March 2021

Objective: This article aims to review the literature published over the past five decades related to the experiences of women who have undergone induced lactation.
Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using PubMed, the Library of Congress, Google Scholar, SAGE, and ScienceDirect. The following search keywords were used: adoptive breastfeeding, induced lactation, non-puerperal lactation, extraordinary breastfeeding, and milk kinship. The search was restricted to articles written in English and published from 1956 to 2019. All study designs were included except for practice protocols.
Results: A total of 50 articles about induced lactation were retrieved. Of these, 17 articles identified the experiences of women who underwent induced lactation. The articles included original papers (n=7), reviews (n=5), and case reports (n=5). Four articles were specifically related to Malaysia, and the others were international. These 17 articles concerning the experiences of women who induced lactation will be reviewed based on four themes related to inducing lactation: (a) understanding women’s perception of satisfaction, (b) emotional aspects, (c) enabling factors, and (d) challenges.
Conclusion: Identifying a total of only 17 articles on induced lactation published over the last 53 years suggests that the subject is understudied. This review provides emerging knowledge regarding the experiences of women who have induced lactation in terms of satisfaction, emotions, enabling factors and challenges related to inducing lactation.
Basic technology and proper usage of home health monitoring devices
Authors: Mondal Himel , Mondal Shaikat
Published: March 2021

Home health monitoring devices are consumer-grade devices that help to monitor the health of individuals at home. These devices are usually low-cost and easily procurable, and they can be operated by patients or their caretakers with minimal training. However, improper usage of these devices may provide erroneous results, which can lead to an unnecessary hospital visit or teleconsultation. In this article, we discuss the basic technology and proper usage of some of these devices, namely automatic blood pressure monitors, blood glucose monitors, body fat monitors, pulse oximeters, electrocardiographs, digital thermometers, and infrared thermometers. This brief document intends to help primary health care professionals and their patients use these devices.
GESTÃO DE COMPRAS EM ORGANIZAÇÕES PÚBLICAS: um estudo de caso a partir das aquisições da UFT entre os anos de 2012 a 2016
Authors: SOUZA Pedro Junior Lima , MEDEIROS Ana Lucia de
Published: March 2021

Business organizations are reorienting their practices to optimize their operating flows for more efficient management. This scenario of administrative rationalization is also impacting public organizations. In this perspective, the search for more effective management is leading public organizations to seek new answers to address their budgetary limitations. This work aims to study the purchasing management of the Federal University of Tocantins, between 2012 and 2016. This research is a qualitative case study and was conducted with the analysis of institutional documents and bibliographic research. Of the total volume contracted from 2012 to 2016, 72.05% of the total volume was destined to contract services. Hiring through direct contracting represents 73.85% of the number of processes, which may signal weakness in the control related to the fractioning of acquisitions. It was observed that UFT uses the electronic auction as its predominant form for its acquisitions, of the total financial volume contracted 73.91% was through this modality. Even with the fiscal constraint scenario, there was an increase in the global value of acquisitions from 2014. The results showed that the university still lacks robust improvements in the monitoring of procurement processes, especially with regard to the agility of processing orders. demands, which may be explained by the University’s multi-camp reality that makes coordinated actions between administrative units difficult.
Diel Cycle Impacts on the Chemical and Light Absorption Properties of Organic Carbon Aerosol from Wildfires in the Western United States
Authors: Sumlin Benjamin , Fortner Edward , Lambe Andrew , Shetty Nishit , Daube Conner , Liu Pai , Majluf Francesca , Herndon Scott , Chakrabarty Rajan K.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Organic aerosol (OA) emissions from biomass burning have been the subject of intense research in recent years, involving a combination of field campaigns and laboratory studies. These efforts have aimed at improving our limited understanding of the diverse processes and pathways involved in the atmospheric processing and evolution of OA properties, culminating in their accurate parameterizations in climate and chemical transport models. To bring closure between laboratory and field studies, wildfire plumes in the western United States were sampled and characterized for their chemical and optical properties during the ground-based segment of the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) field campaign. Using a custom-developed multiwavelength integrated photoacoustic-nephelometer (MIPN) spectrometer in conjunction with a suite of instruments, including an oxidation flow reactor equipped to generate hydroxyl (OH∙) or nitrate (NO3∙) radicals to mimic daytime or nighttime oxidative aging processes, we investigated the effects of multiple equivalent days or nights of OH∙/NO3∙ exposure on the chemical composition and mass absorption cross-sections (MAC(λ)) at 488 and 561 nm of OA emitted from wildfires in Arizona and Oregon. We found that OH∙ exposure reduced the wavelength-dependent MAC(λ) by a factor of 0.72 ± 0.08, consistent with previous laboratory studies. On the other hand, NO3∙ exposure increased it by a factor of up to 1.69 ± 0.38. The MAC enhancement following NO3∙ exposure was correlated with an enhancement in CHO1N and CHOgt1N ion families measured with an aerosol mass spectrometer.
Modelling the volcanic ash plume from Eyjafjallajökull eruption (May 2010) over Europe: evaluation of the benefit of source term improvements and of the assimilation of aerosol measurements
Authors: Plu Matthieu , Bigeard Guillaume , Sič Bojan , Emili Emanuele , Bugliaro Luca , El Amraoui Laaziz , Guth Jonathan , Josse Beatrice , Mona Lucia , Piontek Dennis
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Numerical dispersion models are used operationally worldwide to mitigate the effect of volcanic ash on aviation. In order to improve the representation of the horizontal dispersion of ash plumes and of the 3D concentration of ash, a study was conducted using the MOCAGE model during the EUNADICS-AV project. Source term modelling and assimilation of different data were investigated. A sensitivity study to source term formulation showed that a resolved source term, using the FPLUME plume-rise model in MOCAGE, instead of a parameterised source term, induces a more realistic representation of the horizontal dispersion of the ash plume. The FPLUME simulation provides more concentrated and focused ash concentrations in the horizontal and the vertical dimensions than the other source term. The assimilation of MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth has an impact on the horizontal dispersion the plume, but this effect is rather low and local, compared to source term improvement. More promising results are obtained with the continuous assimilation of ground-based lidar profiles, which improves the vertical distribution of ash and helps to reach realistic values of ash concentrations. The improvement can remain several hours after and several hundred kilometers away downstream to the assimilated profiles.
Sea ice and water classification on dual-polarized Sentinel-1 imagery during melting season
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhu Tingting , Spreen Gunnar , Melsheimer Christian , Huntemann Marcus , Hughes Nick , Zhang Shengkai , Li Fei
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We provide a new sea ice and water classification product with high spatial and high temporal coverage using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The classification is applied in the Fram Strait region in the Arctic during melting seasons, when the contrast between backscatter intensities of different ice types observed by SAR is reduced due to the melted ice surface and wet snow on sea ice. The wet or melted snow strongly reduces the SAR penetration depth and thus suppresses the volume scattering contribution of sea ice. Furthermore, within the marginal sea ice zone (MIZ)ambiguities between ice and water can result from the effects of winds and ocean currents on the ocean SAR backscatter. On the other hand, under calm conditions the contrast between thin ice and flat open water can be reduced, and thusdecrease the separability of some ice. In summary, the melting season represents the most challenging time of the year forreliable ice-water classification from SAR data. We propose here a new approach to overcome these problems by using amixture statistical distribution based conditional random fields (MSTA-CRF) model. To obtain reliable ice-waterclassification whilst maintaining a fast computation time suitable for operational applications, the MSTA-CRF adopts a superpixel approach in the fully connected CRF model. The MSTA-CRF is a semantic model, which integrates statisticaldistributions (Gamma, Weibull, Alpha-Stable, etc.) to model the backscatters of ice and water and overcome the effects ofspeckle noise and wind-roughened water. Dual-polarization Extended Wide (EW) mode Sentinel-1A/1B SAR data with40 m spatial resolution is available several times per day within the Fram Strait region. Observations from June toSeptember during the six years 2015–2020 are collected and classified into ice and water categories. The classification performance of algorithm is evaluated using ice charts from the Ice Service at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute(MET Norway). The methods of training sample selection, and their application to processing large data volumes andautomatic classification of ice-water are discussed. In the experiment part, we demonstrate that the MSTA-CRF can providea good performance with about 90 % accuracy for ice-water classification, which is better than most of other state-of-theart algorithms. Compared with the 89 GHz microwave radiometer ASI sea ice concentration product, the sea ice extent in Fram Strait derived from MSTA-CRF algorithm is lower during melting seasons from 2015 to 2020, and the monthly Juneto September sea ice area does not change so much in 2015–2017 and 2019–2020, but it has a significant decrease in 2018.
Erratum to Mann-Feder, V. (2020). Experiential Teaching and Learning in Child and Youth Care Work: An Integrative Approach to Graduate Education. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work, 26. https://doi.org/10.5195/jcycw.2020.5
Authors: Curry Dale
Published: March 2021

In the article “Experiential teaching and learning in Child and Youth Care Work: An integrative approach to graduate education” (DOI 10.5195/jcycw.2020.5), co-authors were omitted. The authors are Varda R. Mann-Feder, Elizabeth Fast, Stephanie Hovington, and Patti Ranahan. The online version has been updated to reflect this change.
Leadership: A Journey to Enacting Change
Authors: Ham Heidi
Published: March 2021

Leadership development is a journey that occurs as circumstances change. In the dual pandemics—COVID-19 and heightened awareness of racism—and beyond, leaders must continue their development journeys by listening, reflecting, learning, and acting against racism and racist systems and practices. This article by the vice president of programs and strategy for the National AfterSchool Association features the voiced perspectives of field leaders who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of color that may help you shape your journey.
Resource Review—Using Qualtrics Core XM for Surveying Youth
Authors: Cushman Jennifer E. , Kelly Miriah Russo , Fusco-Rollins Maryann , Faulkner Ryan
Published: March 2021

Qualtrics software, a digital tool used for survey data collection and analysis, has become a commonly used technology in organizations around the country. Many educators are using this tool to collect, analyze, and communicate education, outreach, and engagement evaluation data in an efficient and effective way. In a youth development context, Qualtrics Core XM software can be used to design youth-focused digital surveys that are engaging and efficient, and it can help build program evaluation capacity. An assessment of some key functions of this tool and their applications to youth development program contexts is presented here.
A Positive Youth Development Approach to College and Career Readiness
Authors: Horrillo Shannon J. , Smith Martin H. , Wilkins Tamekia R. , Diaz Carrasco Claudia P. , Caeton Nathaniel W. , McIntyre Darlene , Schmitt-McQuitty Lynn
Published: March 2021

Pathways to Your Future is a college and career readiness program for youth in Grades 9 through 12. The program’s curriculum provides youth with resources and opportunities to develop knowledge and learn skills that help them align their sparks with potential careers, while exploring various pathways to enter the workforce. The family component includes a pre-program orientation, a financing and budgeting workshop, and take-home materials. Latino students made up 71% of the study participants. Retrospective pre- and post-program surveys were administered to youth and parents/guardians. Results indicated that the program equipped youth participants with the knowledge and skills to plan and manage their education and career goals, prepared them for a successful post-secondary educational experience and/or entry into the workforce, and increased the number of participants who planned to attend a post-secondary institution. Few gender differences were found. Findings suggest the program increased participating parents’ knowledge, skills, and involvement in their children’s college and career aspirations and plans. The results pointed to the importance of a holistic approach to college and career readiness that involves the youth and their parents nested in a positive youth development model.
Gustaw Gizewiusz (1810-1848). Pastor from East Prussian Osterode (Ostróda), defender of polishness, researcher of folklore and prehistory in the times of romanticism
Authors: Szczepański Seweryn
Published: March 2021

Gustaw Gizewiusz urodzony w 1810 roku w Piszu, zmarł w 1848 roku w Ostródzie w wieku 38 lat. Ten
młody, ale zdolny pastor ostródzkiego Kościoła Polskiego należał do jednych z najbardziej znanych orędowników
praw Polaków i Mazurów do utrzymywania własnej mowy. Zajmował się działalnością polityczną, z której znany
był jako autor kilku rozpraw i listów otwartych. Najbardziej popularna w kręgach pruskich postępowców była
książeczkajego autorstwa: Die polnische Sprachfrage in Preußen („Polska kwestia językowa w Prusiech”). Gize�wiusz dziś bardziej znany jest jako zbieracz pieśni. Jego najważniejsze dzieło to spisane po polsku Pieśni ludu
znad Górnej Drwęcy w parafiach ostródzkiej i kraplewskiej zbierane od 1836 do 1840 roku. Zamieścił on w nim
441 różnych pieśni, które podyktowali mu mieszkający wokół Ostródy Mazurzy. Dzieło to nie zostało za jego
życia opublikowane. W 1846 roku w Lipsku natomiast opublikował zbiór pod polskim tytułem: Śpiewnik szkolny
i domowy dla wesołej i niewinnej młodzieży naszej. Gizewiusz zajmował się także kolekcjonowaniem zabytków
archeologicznych. Część przekazał do Warszawy, które później stały się częścią zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum
Archeologicznego. W niniejszym artykule omówiono kilka z nich, w tym dokładnie zidentyfikowano dwie szpile
z okresu Halsztadzkiego (Halstadtzeit), naczynko z okresu wpływów rzymskich (Römische Kaiserzeit) i skarb bran�solet z epoki brązu znalezione (Bronzezeit) pod Ostródą
Old Catholic Church in East Prussia (1871-1944)
Authors: Kopiczko Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Geneza starokatolicyzmu jest ściśle związana z ogłoszeniem na Soborze Watykańskim I dogmatu o nieomylności papieży w sprawach wiary i moralności. Sprzeciw wobec tych postanowień wyraziło wielu duchownych
niemieckich, w tym kilku z diecezji warmińskiej, obejmującej swym zasięgiem terytorium Prus Wschodnich. Początkowo opozycja skupiła się wokół czterech duchownych, wykładowców szkół braniewskich: Andreasa Mentzla,
Friedricha Michelisa, Edmunda Treibela i Paula Wollmanna. W krótkim czasie doszło też do utworzenia kil�ku wspólnot starokatolickich, którym sprzyjało państwo pruskie. Pierwsza i największa grupa zorganizowała się
w Królewcu, a następnie w Wystruci, gdzie przystąpił do niej ks. Josef Grunert. W obu miejscowościach udało się
im także przejąć na cele własnego kultu świątynie katolickie, co doprowadziło do wieloletnich sporów.
W artykule – oprócz przedstawienia dziejów tych placówek i powstałych na tym tle sporów – zaprezentowano także kolejnych duszpasterzy starokatolickich, porządek nabożeństw, wizytacje biskupów połączone
z bierzmowaniem, postawę rządu pruskiego oraz stopniowe zmniejszanie się liczby wiernych aż prawie całkowity
zanik starokatolicyzmu w Prusach Wschodnich w latach trzydziestych XX wieku
Polish biographical monographs of Warmia and Masuria after 1945. Preliminary analysis attempt
Authors: Wojciech Zawadzki
Published: March 2021

Po 1945 r. publikowano analizy powojennej biografistyki regionu warmińsko-mazurskiego. Brakuje
natomiast dotąd szczegółowych analiz biografii powstających na tym terenie. Pełniły one w nowej sytuacji polityczno-ustrojowej Warmii i Mazur istotną rolę. Z jednej strony służyły umacnianiu regionalnej tożsamości i budowaniu nowej narracji historycznej na tzw. Ziemiach Odzyskanych, z drugiej zaś strony, kreowały lokalnych
bohaterów, ludzi zasłużonych i wybitnych, których losy pozostawały dotąd przemilczane. W artykule przyjęto
bardzo zawężone kryteria doboru literatury: 1. polskojęzyczne opracowania monograficzne wydane po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej, 2. dzieła poświęcone jednej osobie i prezentujące cały życiorys, 3. biografie związane
z geograficznym obszarem Warmii i Mazur. Zebrano ogółem 109 biografii, które podzielono na: 1. Biografie naukowe, 2. Biografie popularno-naukowe i popularne, 3. Autobiografie. Pominięto natomiast biografie literackie
(powieść biograficzna).
The Duke of Albrecht’s Mandate
of November 24, 1541
Authors: Białuński Grzegorz , Bauknecht Aleksander
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the mandate of the Prince published on the 24th November, 1541. It was published in
the form of one–sided printed sheets (flyers for hanging) in Königsberg in the printing house of Jan Weinreich. In the mandate, the Prince condemned the reprehensible religious practices in his duchy, in particular the use of wax
figures of human or animal figures and wax wreaths by brides within churches. He ordered priests, church servants
and ducal officials to combat these practices. In the case of their further occurrence, he ordered the punishment of
those who disobeyed. The authors of the article assume that the practices mentioned in the mandate were not so
much related to the religious past of the Prussians, but to the remnants of Catholicism. Such practices involving
wax sacrificial votive offerings were also known in Livonia, Germany and Poland.
The beginnings of tourism in Warmia and Masuria (1945–1951)
Authors: Wójcik Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

Tourist traditions were initiated in East Prussia and continued by new residents of this enclave after the
creation of Mazury District in 1945. Despite the massive destruction and population exchange, Warmia and Masurian Tourist Association was established in the autumn. Activists of the newly formed organization secured the
remaining infrastructure with zeal and enthusiasm, they launched shelters and promoted the natural values of
the region. In the spring of the following year, inspired by Mieczyslaw Orłowicz, a branch of the Polish Touring
Association (PTK) was formed in Olsztyn. This enabled the acquisition and renovation of the former material base
and the gradual building of the organizational structure. In the wake of this, Warmia and Masuria was visited by
many tourists and boaters. Among them there were also senior government officials and generals. This resulted in
a good promotion of the numerous attractions of Olsztyn voivodeship. The process facilitated the further development of investment loans. In 1949, due to the high efficiency of local activists, the Main Board of PTK decided
to organise the National General Assembly Election in Olsztyn. Then, for the first time there were made proposals
of the imminent unification of the Polish Tatra Assosiation with the Polish Touring Assosiation (PTK). However,
until the 27th February 1951 there was held the District Tourist Association Congress of the Polish Active Members
in the regional capital
The former water mill “Patorra” in the light of archaeological
excavations carried out in the summer of 2012, site XXI in Szkotowo, Nidzica County
Authors: Kaczyński Bartłomiej
Published: March 2021

Archaeological investigations were carried out on the initiative of a local history enthusiast, who discov�ered the site of the former water mill in Szkotowo in 2011. Their purpose was to verify archival information, as well
as to determine the size and date of the structure. The work was carried out in the summer of 2012. In the course
of complex archaeological investigations, the wooden remains of the former watermill and nearby house were un�covered. The mill building was erected on a rectangular plan in a frame construction from pine. The remains of the
weir were recorded in the northern part of the site. A number of structural elements related to the functioning of
the facility were uncovered, i.e. parts of the platform, the reinforcing walls of the structure and the water supply to
the weir. On the basis of archaeological and dendrochronological studies, the structure could be dated to modern
times (18th – 20th centuries), and an attempt was made to reconstruct how the mill functioned (determining the
place of the mill mechanism, the type and location of the wheel). A large collection of metal, stone and ceramic
finds representing a chronological range from the 2nd to 20th century was recovered.