bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The multiple institutional constraints facing new Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia
Authors: Liang Fan
Published: May 2019

Drawing on insights from the institutional entrepreneurship literature about changes that occur under institutional constraints, in‐depth interviews with 36 new Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs (NCIEs) were conducted in Australia. The findings suggest that NCIEs are not only constrained but also enabled to make changes by the regulatory, normative, and cultural‐cognitive forces across Australia and China, thus leading to different practices and a particular distributional pattern in business activities. This feature distinguishes NCIEs from other segments of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs. This study provides an explanation for the changing landscape of business activities among NCIEs and also identifies an alternative avenue for changes under institutional constraints. Immigrant entrepreneurs are suggested to not only draw competitive advantages from their cultural origins and ethnic resources but also engage in both the mainstream and international markets. An inclusive and supportive regulatory framework is suggested as a way to facilitate the business growth of immigrant entrepreneurs and revitalize local economies.
Complexity change under conformal transformations in AdS3/CFT2
Authors: Flory Mario , Miekley Nina
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Using the volume proposal, we compute the change of complexity of holographic states caused by a small conformal transformation in AdS
3
/CF T
2. This computation is done perturbatively to second order. We give a general result and discuss some of its properties. As operators generating such conformal transformations can be explicitly constructed in CFT terms, these results allow for a comparison between holographic methods of defining and computing computational complexity and purely field-theoretic proposals. A comparison of our results to one such proposal is given.
Recursion relations in Witten diagrams and conformal partial waves
Authors: Zhou Xinan
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We revisit the problem of performing conformal block decomposition of exchange Witten diagrams in the crossed channel. Using properties of conformal blocks and Witten diagrams, we discover infinitely many linear relations among the crossed channel decomposition coefficients. These relations allow us to formulate a recursive algorithm that solves the decomposition coefficients in terms of certain seed coefficients. In one dimensional CFTs, the seed coefficient is the decomposition coefficient of the double-trace operator with the lowest conformal dimension. In higher dimensions, the seed coefficients are the coefficients of the double-trace operators with the minimal conformal twist. We also discuss the conformal block decomposition of a generic contact Witten diagram with any number of derivatives. As a byproduct of our analysis, we obtain a similar recursive algorithm for decomposing conformal partial waves in the crossed channel.
A note on non-flat points in the SU(5) × U(1)PQ F-theory model
Authors: Achmed-Zade Ismail , García-Etxebarria Iñaki , Mayrhofer Christoph
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Non-flat fibrations often appear in F-theory GUT models, and their interpretation is still somewhat mysterious. In this note we explore this issue in a model of particular phenomenological interest, the global SU(5) × U(1) Peccei-Quinn F-theory model. We present evidence that co-dimension three non-flat fibres give rise to higher order couplings in the effective four-dimensional superpotential — more specifically, in our example we find 10 5 5 5 couplings.
Supersymmetric localization in GLSMs for supermanifolds
Authors: Gu Wei , Zou Hao
Published: May 2019

Abstract

In this paper we apply supersymmetric localization to study gauged linear sigma models (GLSMs) describing supermanifold target spaces. We use the localization method to show that A-twisted GLSM correlation functions for certain supermanifolds are equivalent to A-twisted GLSM correlation functions for hypersurfaces in ordinary spaces under certain conditions. We also argue that physical two-sphere partition functions are the same for these two types of target spaces. Therefore, we reproduce the claim of [1, 2]. Furthermore, we explore elliptic genera and (0,2) deformations and find similar phenomena.
Quantum non-linear evolution of inflationary tensor perturbations
Authors: Gong Jinn-Ouk , Seo Min-Seok
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the quantum mechanical evolution of the tensor perturbations during inflation with non-linear tensor interactions. We first obtain the Lindblad terms generated by non-linear interactions by tracing out unobservable sub-horizon modes. Then we calculate explicitly the reduced density matrix for the super-horizon modes, and show that the probability of maintaining the unitarity of the squeezed state decreases in time. The decreased probability is transferred to other elements of the reduced density matrix including off-diagonal ones, so the evolution of the reduced density matrix describes the quantum-to-classical transition of the tensor perturbations. This is different from the classicality accomplished by the squeezed state, the suppression of the non-commutative effect, which is originated from the quadratic, linear interaction, and also maintains the unitarity. The quantum-to-classical transition occurs within 5–10 e-folds, faster than the curvature perturbation.
Using Response Times to Model Not-Reached Items due to Time Limits
Authors: Pohl Steffi , Ulitzsch Esther , von Davier Matthias
Published: May 2019

Missing values at the end of a test typically are the result of test takers running out of time and can as such be understood by studying test takers’ working speed. As testing moves to computer-based assessment, response times become available allowing to simulatenously model speed and ability. Integrating research on response time modeling with research on modeling missing responses, we propose using response times to model missing values due to time limits. We identify similarities between approaches used to account for not-reached items (Rose et al. in ETS Res Rep Ser 2010:i–53, 2010) and the speed-accuracy (SA) model for joint modeling of effective speed and effective ability as proposed by van der Linden (Psychometrika 72(3):287–308, 2007). In a simulation, we show (a) that the SA model can recover parameters in the presence of missing values due to time limits and (b) that the response time model, using item-level timing information rather than a count of not-reached items, results in person parameter estimates that differ from missing data IRT models applied to not-reached items. We propose using the SA model to model the missing data process and to use both, ability and speed, to describe the performance of test takers. We illustrate the application of the model in an empirical analysis.
The Emergence and Development of Ethnic Strongholds and Frontiers of Collective Violence in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Madueke Kingsley L.
Published: May 2019

Contestations over indigene rights and political representation resulted in Christian-Muslim riots in the Nigerian city of Jos where, between 2001 and 2010, over 5,000 people were killed. This study complements existing literature on the spatial dimension of violence by focusing on how Jos’s neighborhoods were transformed from everyday residential areas to spaces of ethnic differentiation and violence. It employs an ethnographic study to map the emergence and development of ethnic strongholds and frontiers, two kinds of socio-spatial settings conceptualized to help explain the spread and patterns of violence across Jos’s neighborhoods.
Lawyer disciplinary processes: an empirical study of solicitors’ misconduct cases in England and Wales in 2015
Authors: Boon Andrew , Whyte Avis
Published: May 2019

The Legal Services Act 2007 effected major changes in the disciplinary system for solicitors in England and Wales. Both the practice regulator, the Solicitors Regulation Authority, and a disciplinary body, the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal, were reconstituted as independent bodies and given new powers. Our concern is the impact of the Act on the disciplinary system for solicitors. Examination of this issue involves consideration of changes to regulatory institutions and the mechanics of practice regulation. Drawing on Foucault's notion of governmentality, empirical evidence drawn from disciplinary cases handled by the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal and the Solicitors Regulation Authority in 2015 is used to explore potentially different conceptions of discipline informing the work of the regulatory institutions. The conclusion considers the implications of our findings for the future of the professional disciplinary system.
Effects of a Cretaceous structural inversion and a postulated high heat flow event on petroleum system of the western Lower Saxony Basin and the charge history of the Apeldorn gas field
Authors: Kus J. , Cramer B. , Kockel F.
Published: May 2019

Thermal history and evolution of the Palaeozoic petroleum system of the western Lower Saxony Basin as well as charge history of the Apeldorn gas field was reconstructed using 2-D forward basin modelling software. The Apeldorn gas field is located on an inverted western rim of the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB) and belongs with its relatively anomalous nitrogen content of 73.9 vol. % to one of the most unique gas accumulations in North Germany. Based on thermal calibration studies utilising both, vitrinite reflectance and corrected bottom hole temperatures as calibration parameters, a shallow burial model and an anomalous event of Coniacian high heat flow of 80 to 120 mW/m2was derived. As result, Lower Triassic and younger successions became subjected to slight changes in thermal maturity as opposed to Carboniferous and Permian successions, which show no assessable impact of the high heat flow event on the coalification pattern. The deep burial model in contrary to the shallow burial model is not supported by the structural reconstruction and backstripping in this more marginal setting. According to the modelling results, the key charge of the present Apeldorn gas field began in Tithonian (late Upper Jurassic) during the major phase of rifting in the Lower Saxony Basin. The present Westphalian coal-derived gas accumulations of the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein reservoir were sourced directly from modelled methane pools at top Rotliegend level. The hydrocarbon potential of the Westphalian source rocks became exhausted in Oxfordian (early Upper Jurassic). Reduction of the hydrostatic pressure during the Coniacian high heat flow event together with uplift during the Coniacian-Santonian inversion led to an extensive free gas exsolution. The resulting gas mixture between the exsolved free gas and the Westphalian coal-derived gas reached and saturated Buntsandstein reservoir. The structural trap became destroyed in course of the inversion leading to a sharp decrease of methane and nitrogen saturation.
Sedimentary architecture and optical dating of Middle and Late Pleistocene Rhine-Meuse deposits - fluvial response to climate change, sea-level fluctuation and glaciation
Authors: Busschers F.S. , Weerts H.J.T. , Wallinga J. , Cleveringa-a2 P. , Kasse C. , de Wolf H. , Cohen K.M.
Published: May 2019

Eight continuous corings in the west-central Netherlands show a 15 to 25 m thick stacked sequence of sandy to gravelly channel-belt deposits of the Rhine-Meuse system. This succession of fluvial sediments was deposited under net subsiding conditions in the southern part of the North Sea Basin and documents the response of the Rhine-Meuse river system to climate and sea-level change and to the glaciation history. On the basis of grain size characteristics, sedimentological structures, nature and extent of bounding surfaces and palaeo-ecological data, the sequence was subdivided into five fluvial units, an estuarine and an aeolian unit. Optical dating of 34 quartz samples showed that the units have intra Saalian to Weichselian ages (Marine Isotope Stages 8 to 2). Coarse-grained fluvial sediments primarily deposited under cold climatic conditions, with low vegetation cover and continuous permafrost. Finer-grained sediments generally deposited during more temperate climatic conditions with continuous vegetation cover and/or periods of sea-level highstand. Most of the sedimentary units are bounded by unconformities that represent erosion during periods of climate instability, sea-level fall and/or glacio-isostatic uplift.
Morphological awareness and word-level reading in early and middle elementary school years
Authors: Robertson Erin K. , Deacon S. Hélène
Published: May 2019

We examined whether morphological awareness made a significant contribution to word-level reading across Grades 1 to 4. We test these relations specifically in a task measuring awareness of past-tense forms. A total of 375 children from Grades 1 to 4 completed tasks assessing past-tense morphological awareness along with real word and pseudoword reading. Children also completed control measures assessing phonological awareness, phonological short-term memory, sentence-level language skills, and nonverbal cognitive ability. After these controls, past-tense morphological awareness was a significant predictor of real word reading in Grades 1 and 2, but not in Grades 3 and 4. Further, following on all controls, past-tense morphological awareness was a consistent predictor of pseudoword reading across Grades 1 to 4. Morphological awareness, at least as measured with past-tense verbs, appears to have a role in word reading across the early to middle elementary school grades; for young readers, there are relations to reading of both known and novel words, and for older readers, relations are significant specifically in reading novel words. These findings are discussed within the context of theories of word reading development.
Contradictory and consistent views on designing an inclusive community-based centre for older people: a mixed-methods study of different age groups in China
Authors: Ma Yuanhong , Siu Kin Wai Michael , Zou Guangtian
Published: May 2019

The Chinese government encourages the promotion of community-based older people centres as a way to use space rationally, improve social inclusion and support older residents’ everyday lives. This exploratory study is the first to examine in depth the contradictory and consistent attitudes and suggestions of residents of different age groups for the design of an inclusive community-based centre for older and younger people in China. An integrative mixed-methods approach was used. In the quantitative phase, 270 older adults (⩾60 years) and 250 younger adults (<60 years) from Harbin were asked to complete questionnaires (older adults’ response rate = 87.0%; younger adults’ response rate = 87.2%). In the qualitative phase, seven focus group discussions (four groups of older adults, three groups of younger adults) were conducted. The findings indicate that older adults have a higher acceptance level of inclusive design and prefer to share spaces to improve intergenerational interactions than younger adults. Residents of all ages are more likely to share functional spaces related to health services, living services and physical exercise. Moreover, the study reveals some design suggestions: the location of the centre should be away from the residential area and integrated into a public community building; comprehensive services should be provided to older people and be accessible to the whole family; design should be barrier-free, and the climate and nearby spaces should be considered.
ANAPHORA RESOLUTION IN L2 ENGLISH
Authors: Contemori Carla , Asiri Ohood , Perea Irigoyen Elva Deida
Published: May 2019

We test the interpretation of pronominal forms in L2 speakers of English whose L1 is Spanish. Previous research on learners of nonnull subject languages has shown conflicting results. The aim of the present study is to reconcile previous evidence and shed light on the factors that determine learners’ difficulty to interpret pronominal forms in the L2. In six comprehension experiments, we found that intermediate L2 speakers did not show increased difficulty compared to native speakers in integrating multiple sources of information (syntactic, discourse, pragmatic) to resolve ambiguous pronouns in intrasentential anaphora and cataphora conditions. However, we also found that when two referents with equal prominence are introduced using a conjoined noun phrase in the preceding context, the learner’s performance is significantly different than the performance of the native speakers, both in intrasentential and intersentential anaphora. We suggest that L2 speakers may encounter difficulties evaluating the salience of the antecedents during pronoun resolution.
Optimal Solution to Multi-Frequency BDS Code-Multipath Combination Measurement
Authors: Jin Tian , Hu Bingjie , Sun Yining , Huang Zhigang , Wang Qian , Wu Qiong
Published: May 2019

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations contain various errors, the separation and measurement of which is a popular research topic. Multipath effect on code measurements is investigated through the multipath combination, but carrier multipath error is small, and it is difficult to distinguish from other errors, such as hardware delay, carrier noise and satellite inherent biases. However, as the number of frequency points increases during the rapid development of GNSSs, it is possible to analyse the abovementioned errors in detail. Triple-frequency combination can be used to eliminate the first order ionospheric error, and a quad-frequency combination has one degree of freedom, which may be used to minimise carrier error effects. For this reason, an optimum method has been developed for multi-frequency GNSS code-multipath combination measurements, which has been verified by exploiting BeiDou System (BDS), three frequency data from an International GNSS Service (IGS) station and a city canyon as well as actual sampled quad-frequency data. By comparative analysis, we found that the fluctuations of an optimum triple-frequency combination are smaller than that of the non-optimum combination, which decreases the influence of inherent errors and biases on carrier phase. At the same time, second-order ionospheric error can be effectively eliminated as well. This provides a new code-multipath combination measurement optimisation methodology for future multi-frequency BDS and other GNSSs.
Hidden Markov model-based digital twin construction for futuristic manufacturing systems
Authors: Ghosh Angkush Kumar , Ullah AMM Sharif , Kubo Akihiko
Published: May 2019

This paper addresses the construction of digital twins (exact mirror images of real-world in cyberspace) using hidden Markov models for the futuristic manufacturing systems known as Industry 4.0. The proposed digital twin consists of two components namely model component and simulation component. The model component forms a Markov chain that encapsulates the dynamics underlying the phenomenon by using some discrete states and their transition probabilities. The simulation component recreates the phenomenon using a Monte Carlo simulation process. The efficacy of the proposed digital twin construction methodology is shown by a case study, where the digital twin of the surface roughness of a surface created by successive grinding operations is described. The developers of the cyber-physical systems will be benefitted from the outcomes of this study because these systems need the computable virtual abstractions of the manufacturing phenomena to address the issues related to the maturity index of futuristic manufacturing systems (i.e., understand, predict, decide, and adopt).
Theatrical virtual acoustic rendering with head movement interaction
Authors: Segura-Garcia Jaume , Montagud-Climent Mario , Mirasol-Menacho Sebastià , Oleza-Simó Joan
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, the use of virtual reality/virtual acoustics (VR/VA) in archaeology for rendering lost buildings is an important topic in the cultural heritage field. Moreover, the addition of additional senses apart from the sight increases the feeling of immersion in virtual environments. The aim of this paper is to show the interaction work developed in a VA system, based on Unity and FMOD, the graphical and acoustical reconstruction of an ancient building and the development of a VR goggles with headphones to render 3D audio and video interactively. This system has been implemented to render auralizations in a binaural system and has been applied to the renderization of an old and lost theatre in València (Spain). The first building of theatre was built in the 16th century, and was rebuilt several times until the 18th century. The auralization of several theatrical excerpts of different Spanish authors of that time is also presented. The integrated system has been subjectively evaluated, obtaining very satisfactory results.
Real-world healthcare utilization in adult congenital heart disease: a systematic review of trends and ratios
Authors: Willems Ruben , Werbrouck Amber , De Backer Julie , Annemans Lieven
Published: May 2019

Background:

As a result of medical advances, the adult congenital heart disease population is rapidly expanding. Nonetheless, most patients remain prone to increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, long-term medical resource use is required. This systematic review aims to present the trends over the past decades of medical resource utilization in adult congenital heart disease as well as its current status, with a focus on hospitalizations, emergency department visits, outpatient cardiology visits, and visits to other healthcare professionals.

Methods:

MEDLINE (Pubmed), Embase, and Web of Science were searched for retrospective database research publications. The ISPOR checklist for retrospective database research was used for quality appraisal. Trends over time are explored.

Results:

Twenty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. All but one of the studies was conducted in Western Europe and North America. The absolute number of hospitalizations has been increasing over the last several decades. This increase is highest in patients with mild lesions, although these numbers are largely driven by hospitalizations of patients with an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale. Meanwhile, outpatient cardiology visits are increasing at an even higher pace, and occur most often in geriatric patients and patients with severe lesions. Conversely, the number of hospitalizations per 100 patients is decreasing over time. Literature is scarce on other types of healthcare use.

Conclusion:

A strong rise in healthcare utilization is noticed, despite the mitigating effect of improved efficiency levels. As the population continues to grow, innovative medical management strategies will be required to accommodate its increasing healthcare utilization.
Job Mobility, Tenure, and Promotions in Political Science PhD-Granting Departments, 2002–2017: Cohort, Gender, and Citation-Count Effects
Authors: Kim Hannah June , Grofman Bernard
Published: May 2019

Using updated data from 2002 and 2017 on the political science discipline, we show how the cohort and gender composition of US PhD-granting departments has changed dramatically over time. Integrating 2002 and 2017 data, we examine overall patterns and gender differences in job mobility, tenure and promotion, and university prestige level among non-emeritus 2002 faculty, controlling for cohort effects. Even with this control, we find strong gender effects in some of these success dimensions. We then introduce another variable, citation counts, and find that women are consistently less cited than men, with important variations in the pattern across different cohorts. A control for citation counts show that some of these gender differences tend to disappear and we consider possible explanations for these findings.
Mapping Policy Issues: A Simple, Active-Learning Exercise for Critical Thinking
Authors: Holtzman Richard
Published: May 2019

Many students in my undergraduate American politics courses struggle to see policy issues as complex. Too often, they get stuck making surface-level observations or jumping straight to personal opinions, falling far short of critical thinking. This article introduces an active-learning exercise—situational mapping—that provokes students to recognize and think critically about the complexities of policy issues such as immigration, abortion, campaign financing, and guns. Adapted from a grounded-theory research technique, the goals of this mapping exercise are to (1) help students see policy issues as messy, (2) encourage them to “wallow in complexity” rather than oversimplify, and (3) provoke them to think through complexities before forming conclusions. The learning exercise actively engages every student, is simple to prepare and implement, can be completed during a 50-minute class, and is flexible in its application. It also involves teamwork, informal presentations, moving around the classroom, and opportunities for creativity.
Noninvasive brain stimulation in rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect after stroke
Authors: Veldema Jitka , Bösl Kathrin , Neumann Günter , Verheyden Geert , Nowak Dennis Alexander
Published: May 2019

Background

Noninvasive brain stimulation can modulate neural processing within the motor cortex and thereby might be beneficial in the rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect after stroke.

Methods

We review the pertinent literature regarding the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation in order to facilitate recovery of hemispatial neglect after stroke.

Results

Twenty controlled trials (including 443 stroke patients) matched our inclusion criteria. Methodology and results of each study are presented in a comparative approach. Current data seem to indicate a better efficiency of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, compared to tDCS to ameliorate hemispatial neglect after stroke.

Conclusions

Noninvasive brain stimulation has the potential to facilitate recovery of hemispatial neglect after stroke, but until today, there are not enough data to claim its routine use.
Prenatal cocaine exposure: An examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 7 years
Authors: Accornero Veronica H. , Anthony James C. , Morrow Connie E. , Xue Lihua , Bandstra Emmalee S.
Published: May 2019

Aim – This study examines the relationship between prenatal cocaine exposure and parent-reported child behavior problems at age 7 years. Methods – Data are from 407 African-American children (210 cocaine-exposed, 197 non-cocaine-exposed) enrolled prospectively at birth in a longitudinal study on the neurodevelopmental consequences of in utero exposure to cocaine. Prenatal cocaine exposure was assessed at delivery through maternal self-report and bioassays (maternal and infant urine and infant meconium). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a measure of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, was completed by the child's current primary caregiver during an assessment visit scheduled when the child was seven years old. Results – Structural equation and GLM/GEE models disclosed no association linking prenatal cocaine exposure status or level of cocaine exposure to child behavior (CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing scores or the eight CBCL sub-scale scores). Conclusions – This evidence, based on standardized ratings by the current primary caregiver, fails to support hypothesized cocaine-associated behavioral problems in school-aged children with in utero cocaine exposure. A next step in this line of research is to secure standardized ratings from other informants (e.g., teachers, youth self-report).

Declaration of Interest: This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 06556). Support was also provided by a NIDA career development award (K01 DA 16720), a NIDA research training award (T32 DA 07292), the General Clinical Research Center (MOI RR 16587), and the Health Foundation of South Florida.
Resilience in Extremely Preterm/Extremely Low Birth Weight Kindergarten Children
Authors: Taylor H. Gerry , Minich Nori , Schluchter Mark , Espy Kimberly Andrews , Klein Nancy
Published: May 2019

Objectives:Research on developmental outcomes of preterm birth has traditionally focused on adverse effects. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of resilience in 146 extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight (EPT/ELBW) children (gestational age <28 weeks and/or birth weight <1000 g) attending kindergarten and 111 term-born normal birth weight (NBW) controls.Methods:Adaptive competence (i.e., “resilience” in the EPT/ELBW group) was defined by scores within grade expectations on achievement tests and the absence of clinically elevated parent ratings of child behavior problems. The “adaptive” children who met these criteria were compared to the “maladaptive” children who did not on child and family characteristics. Additional analyses were conducted to assess the conjoint effects of group (ELBWvs. NBW) and family factors on adaptive competence.Results:A substantial minority of the EPT/ELBW group (45%) were competent compared to a majority of NBW controls (73%), odds ratio (95% confidence interval)=0.26 (0.15, 0.45),p<.001. Adaptive competence was associated with higher cognitive skills, more favorable ratings of behavior and learning not used to define adaptive competence, and more advantaged family environments in both groups, as well as with a lower rate of earlier neurodevelopmental impairment in the EPT/ELBW group. Higher socioeconomic status and more favorable proximal home environments were associated with competence independent of group, and group differences in competence persisted across the next two school years.Conclusions:The findings document resilience in kindergarten children with extreme prematurity and highlight the role of environmental factors as potential influences on outcome. (JINS, 2019,25, 362–374)
What do Kids with Acquired Brain Injury Want? Mapping Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Goals to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: McCarron Robyn Henrietta , Watson Suzanna , Gracey Fergus
Published: May 2019

Objective: To increase understanding of the community neuropsychological rehabilitation goals of young people with acquired brain injuries (ABIs). Method: Three hundred twenty-six neuropsychological rehabilitation goals were extracted from the clinical records of 98 young people with ABIs. The participants were 59% male, 2–19 years old, and 64% had a traumatic brain injury. Goals were coded using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to assess the distribution of goals across the ICF-CY. Chi-squared and Cramer’s V were used to identify demographic and injury-related associations of goal type. Results: The distribution of goals was 52% activities and participation (AP), 28% body functions (BF), 20% environmental factors (EF), and <1% body structures (BS). The number of EF goals increased with age at assessment (V = .14). Non-traumatic causes of ABIs were associated with more EF goals (V = .12). There was no association between sex or time post-injury and the distribution of goals across the ICF-CY. Conclusions: Young people with ABIs have a wide range of community neuropsychological rehabilitation goals that require an individualized, context-sensitive, and interdisciplinary approach. Community neuropsychological rehabilitation services may wish to ensure they are resourced to focus intervention on AP, with increasing consideration for EF as a young person progresses through adolescence. The findings of this research support models of community neuropsychological rehabilitation that enable wellness by combining direct rehabilitative interventions with attention to social context and systemic working across agencies. (JINS, 2019, 25, 403–412)
A RESULT OF PALEY AND WIENER ON DAMEK–RICCI SPACES
Authors: BHOWMIK MITHUN
Published: May 2019

A classical result due to Paley and Wiener characterizes the existence of a nonzero function in $L^{2}(\mathbb{R})$, supported on a half-line, in terms of the decay of its Fourier transform. In this paper, we prove an analogue of this result for Damek–Ricci spaces.
LOCALLY ANALYTIC VECTORS AND OVERCONVERGENT -MODULES
Authors: Gao Hui , Poyeton Léo
Published: May 2019

Let$p$be a prime, let$K$be a complete discrete valuation field of characteristic$0$with a perfect residue field of characteristic$p$, and let$G_{K}$be the Galois group. Let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$be a fixed uniformizer of$K$, let$K_{\infty }$be the extension by adjoining to$K$a system of compatible$p^{n}$th roots of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$for all$n$, and let$L$be the Galois closure of$K_{\infty }$. Using these field extensions, Caruso constructs the$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D711},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$-modules, which classify$p$-adic Galois representations of$G_{K}$. In this paper, we study locally analytic vectors in some period rings with respect to the$p$-adic Lie group$\operatorname{Gal}(L/K)$, in the spirit of the work by Berger and Colmez. Using these locally analytic vectors, and using the classical overconvergent$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D711},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$-modules, we can establish the overconvergence property of the$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D711},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F})$-modules.
Coherent J-Band radiating arrays based on ×27 CMOS activemultiplier chips
Authors: Klimovich Roman , Jameson Samuel , Socher Eran
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a hybrid design of 1 × 2 and 1 × 4 arrays operating in 0.277–0.292 THz on 65 nm Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Each of the chips has an X-band input with 3 ×3 multiplier stages and connected at the output to an on-chip ring antenna. A wideband microstrip Wilkinson four-way and two-way power dividers have been developed on a multilayer printed circuit board to feed the array elements with proper radio frequency and direct current inputs. Demonstrating improvements in effective isotropically radiated power and in total radiated power compared to a single CMOS element, the hybrid integration approach proves effective in implementing coherent THz transmitter arrays. Theoretical and practical factors that reduce the radiated power compared with ideal arrays are also discussed.
A tunable open ring coupling structure and its application in fully tunable bandpass filter
Authors: Zhang Zhonghai , Zhao Fei , Wu Aiting
Published: May 2019

This letter presents a novel tunable coupling structure to simplify the design complexity of the miniaturized fully tunable filter by using open ring and varactors. Based on the proposed novel tunable coupling structure, a fully tunable bandpass filter is implemented with independently tunable operating frequency and bandwidth. The tunable resonator and tunable coupling structure can be easily combined to improve Out-of-band suppression performance. The design procedure of a fully tunable bandpass filter consists of five tunable cavities and tunable coupling rings is also proposed. A prototype of the proposed fully tunable filter is built to verify the design experimentally. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained.
Design and characterization of a 6–18 GHz GaN on SiC high-power amplifier MMIC for electronic warfare
Authors: Oreja Gigorro Eduardo , Delgado Pascual Emilio , Sánchez Martínez Juan José , Gil Heras María Luz , Bueno Fernández Virginia , Bódalo Márquez Antonio , Grajal Jesús
Published: May 2019

A 6–18 GHz high-power amplifier (HPA) design in GaN on SiC technology is presented. This power amplifier consists of a two-stage corporate amplifier with two and four transistors, respectively. It has been fabricated on UMS using their 0.25 µm gate length process, GH25. A study of the suitable attachment method and measurement on wafer and on jig are detailed. This HPA exhibits an averaged output power of 39.2 dBm with a mean gain of 11 dB in saturation and a 24.5% maximum power added efficiency in pulse mode operation with a duty cycle of 10% with a 25 µs pulse width.
Before the Federal Rights Revolution: The Impact of Northern State Civil Rights Laws in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Romero Francine S.
Published: May 2019

This investigation begins to rectify the absence of scholarship on statutory protections of civil rights in northern states prior to the breakthrough federal laws of the mid-twentieth century. While there is some limited cataloging of the existence of such statutes, their subsequent import is overlooked. I tackle the question by examining state supreme court cases in which these statutes were used by plaintiffs to combat acts of private discrimination in northern states. Using West’s Decennial Digest to find all relevant claims/decisions of the first half of the twentieth century, I uncover a modest universe of 56 cases. My aim is to assess whether statutory-based claims were more likely upheld than not, and whether plaintiffs armed with these statutes were more successful than those relying solely on federal or state constitutional provisions. I report positive and significant findings for both questions, showing that these statutes mattered in judicial fora. The statistical analysis is followed by a deeper consideration of the opinions to provide a richer picture of the deference shown to these statutes by state courts, and the reluctance for judges to grant relief for private discrimination in the absence of protective statutes.
Analysis of Water Vapor Absorption in the Far‐Infrared and Submillimeter Regions Using Surface Radiometric Measurements From Extremely Dry Locations
Authors: Mlawer E. J. , Turner D. D. , Paine S. N. , Palchetti L. , Bianchini G. , Payne V. H. , Cady‐Pereira K. E. , Pernak R. L. , Alvarado M. J. , Gombos D. , Delamere J. S. , Mlynczak M. G. , Mast J. C.
Published: May 2019

The second Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaign (RHUBC‐II) was conducted in 2009 by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program to improve water vapor spectroscopy in the far‐infrared spectral region. RHUBC‐II was located in an extremely dry region of Chile to ensure very low opacities in this spectral region. Spectrally resolved measurements by a far‐infrared spectrometer and a submillimeter interferometer from RHUBC‐II are compared with line‐by‐line radiative transfer model calculations. Water vapor amounts and temperatures used in the calculations come from collocated radiosondes, with extensive adjustments to correct for issues due to the campaign's dry conditions and mountainous terrain. A reanalysis is also performed of far‐infrared measurements taken at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement North Slope of Alaska site before and during the first RHUBC campaign. These analyses determine that differences between the measurements and model calculations using existing spectroscopic parameters are significant in the far‐infrared and submillimeter regions, leading to the derivation of improved water vapor continuum absorption coefficients and air‐broadened widths of 74 water vapor lines. The foreign continuum is increased by more than 50% in part of the far‐infrared and the widths of more than 20 lines are changed by more than 10%. The uncertainty in the foreign continuum coefficients is estimated as greater than 20% in some spectral regions, primarily a consequence of the uncertainty in the specification of water vapor. The improved far‐infrared spectroscopic parameters have a notable impact on calculated spectral radiances and a modest impact on broadband radiative fluxes and heating rates.
Predictive genomic traits for bacterial growth in culture versus actual growth in soil
Authors: Li Junhui , Mau Rebecca L , Dijkstra Paul , Koch Benjamin J , Schwartz Egbert , Liu Xiao-Jun Allen , Morrissey Ember M , Blazewicz Steven J , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Stone Bram W , Hayer Michaela , Hungate Bruce A
Published: May 2019

Relationships between microbial genes and performance are often evaluated in the laboratory in pure cultures, with little validation in nature. Here, we show that genomic traits related to laboratory measurements of maximum growth potential failed to predict the growth rates of bacteria in unamended soil, but successfully predicted growth responses to resource pulses: growth increased with 16S rRNA gene copy number and declined with genome size after substrate addition to soils, responses that were repeated in four different ecosystems. Genome size best predicted growth rate in response to addition of glucose alone; adding ammonium with glucose weakened the relationship, and the relationship was absent in nutrient-replete pure cultures, consistent with the idea that reduced genome size is a mechanism of nutrient conservation. Our findings demonstrate that genomic traits of soil bacteria can map to their ecological performance in nature, but the mapping is poor under native soil conditions, where genomic traits related to stress tolerance may prove more predictive. These results remind that phenotype depends on environmental context, underscoring the importance of verifying proposed schemes of trait-based strategies through direct measurement of performance in nature, an important and currently missing foundation for translating microbial processes from genes to ecosystems.
Resource heterogeneity structures aquatic bacterial communities
Authors: Muscarella Mario E , Boot Claudia M , Broeckling Corey D , Lennon Jay T
Published: May 2019

Microorganisms are strongly influenced by the bottom-up effects of resource supply. While many species respond to fluctuations in the concentration of resources, microbial diversity may also be affected by the heterogeneity of the resource pool, which often reflects a mixture of distinct molecules. To test this hypothesis, we examined resource–diversity relationships for bacterioplankton in a set of north temperate lakes that varied in their concentration and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is an important resource for heterotrophic bacteria. Using 16S rRNA transcript sequencing and ecosystem metabolomics, we documented strong relationships between bacterial alpha-diversity (richness and evenness) and the bulk concentration and the number of molecules in the DOM pool. Similarly, bacterial community beta-diversity was related to both DOM concentration and composition. However, in some lakes the relative abundance of resource generalists, which was inversely related to the DOM concentration, may have reduced the effect of DOM heterogeneity on community composition. Together, our results demonstrate the potential metabolic interactions between bacteria and organic matter and suggest that changes in organic matter composition may alter the structure and function of bacterial communities.
Akt and STAT5 mediate naïve human CD4+ T-cell early metabolic response to TCR stimulation
Authors: Jones Nicholas , Vincent Emma E. , Cronin James G. , Panetti Silvia , Chambers Megan , Holm Sean R. , Owens Sian E. , Francis Nigel J. , Finlay David K. , Thornton Catherine A.
Published: May 2019

Metabolic pathways that regulate T-cell function show promise as therapeutic targets in diverse diseases. Here, we show that at rest cultured human effector memory and central memory CD4+ T-cells have elevated levels of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), in comparison to naïve T-cells. Despite having low resting metabolic rates, naive T-cells respond to TCR stimulation with robust and rapid increases in glycolysis and OXPHOS. This early metabolic switch requires Akt activity to support increased rates of glycolysis and STAT5 activity for amino acid biosynthesis and TCA cycle anaplerosis. Importantly, both STAT5 inhibition and disruption of TCA cycle anaplerosis are associated with reduced IL-2 production, demonstrating the functional importance of this early metabolic program. Our results define STAT5 as a key node in modulating the early metabolic program following activation in naive CD4+ T-cells and in turn provide greater understanding of how cellular metabolism shapes T-cell responses.
Microbial coexistence through chemical-mediated interactions
Authors: Niehaus Lori , Boland Ian , Liu Minghao , Chen Kevin , Fu David , Henckel Catherine , Chaung Kaitlin , Miranda Suyen Espinoza , Dyckman Samantha , Crum Matthew , Dedrick Sandra , Shou Wenying , Momeni Babak
Published: May 2019

Many microbial functions happen within communities of interacting species. Explaining how species with disparate growth rates can coexist is important for applications such as manipulating host-associated microbiota or engineering industrial communities. Here, we ask how microbes interacting through their chemical environment can achieve coexistence in a continuous growth setup (similar to an industrial bioreactor or gut microbiota) where external resources are being supplied. We formulate and experimentally constrain a model in which mediators of interactions (e.g. metabolites or waste-products) are explicitly incorporated. Our model highlights facilitation and self-restraint as interactions that contribute to coexistence, consistent with our intuition. When interactions are strong, we observe that coexistence is determined primarily by the topology of facilitation and inhibition influences not their strengths. Importantly, we show that consumption or degradation of chemical mediators moderates interaction strengths and promotes coexistence. Our results offer insights into how to build or restructure microbial communities of interest.
STX17 dynamically regulated by Fis1 induces mitophagy via hierarchical macroautophagic mechanism
Authors: Xian Hongxu , Yang Qiaoyun , Xiao Lin , Shen Han-Ming , Liou Yih-Cherng
Published: May 2019

Mitophagy is the selective autophagic targeting and removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. While PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy is well-characterized, PINK1/Parkin-independent route is poorly understood. Using structure illumination microscopy (SR-SIM), we demonstrate that the SNARE protein Syntaxin 17 (STX17) initiates mitophagy upon depletion of outer mitochondrial membrane protein Fis1. With proteomics analysis, we identify the STX17-Fis1 interaction, which controls the dynamic shuffling of STX17 between ER and mitochondria. Fis1 loss results in aberrant STX17 accumulation on mitochondria, which exposes the N terminus and promotes self-oligomerization to trigger mitophagy. Mitochondrial STX17 interacts with ATG14 and recruits core autophagy proteins to form mitophagosome, followed by Rab7-dependent mitophagosome-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, Fis1 loss impairs mitochondrial respiration and potentially sensitizes cells to mitochondrial clearance, which is mediated through canonical autophagy machinery, closely linking non-selective macroautophagy to mitochondrial turnover. Our findings uncover a PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagic mechanism in which outer mitochondrial membrane protein Fis1 regulates mitochondrial quality control.