bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caurinus dectes Russell (Mecoptera: Boreidae: Caurininae) a range extension in Oregon and a new state record in Washington
Authors: ROOD RODNEY J. , JOHNSON JAMES B. , LISOWSKI EDWARD A. , PIKE KEITH S. , TURNER WILLIAM J.
Published: September 2015

Caurinus dectes Russell (Mecoptera: Boreidae: Caurininae) was described from the central and northern Coast Range of Oregon (Russell 1979). The holotype and paratypes were collected in moist forests with abundant epiphytic and terrestrial bryophytes, and its larvae were found to be endophytophagous in liverworts (Russell 1979, 1982). This scorpionfly is so unusual it was recognized as representing a previously unknown subfamily and is unofficially known as the “Oregon funny bug”. The type locality is known amongst collectors as “Funny Bug Notch”. Recent collections of adult specimens, all by means of beating and Berlese funnel, have expanded the known range of C. dectes with new county and state records in Oregon and Washington, respectively. Two males, one each from Jefferson and Whatcom Counties in Washington, were dissected. Comparison of their genitalia with specimens from the type locality collected by one of us (JBJ) 23 November 1984 at Funny Bug Notch, on the northeast ridge of Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, at the 183-m (600 ft) elevation, confirmed that the specimens are C. dectes, despite most individuals from these more northerly areas being darker colored than is typical for Oregon specimens. All of the 22 new collections are from the states of Oregon and Washington, as follows.
A new leech species (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae: Erpobdella) from a cave in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran
Authors: Cichocka Joanna m. , Bielecki Aleksander , Kur Jarosław , Pikuła Dorota , Kilikowska Adrianna , Biernacka Beata
Published: September 2015

Erpobdella borisi n. sp. is a predatory leech inhabiting cave waters in Iran. Probably, it is either a troglobiont or troglophile. The leech has no eyes, and the complete mid-body somite is divided unequally into five annuli. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters and COI gene sequence indicate the species to be closely related to Erpobdella japonica, E. octoculata and E. testacea.
Long-Term Winter Inversion Properties in a Mountain Valley of the Western United States and Implications on Air Quality
Authors: Simon Wang S.-Y. , Hipps Lawrence E. , Chung Oi-Yu , Gillies Robert R. , Martin Randal
Published: September 2015

Because of the geography of a narrow valley and surrounding tall mountains, Cache Valley (located in northern Utah and southern Idaho) experiences frequent shallow temperature inversions that are both intense and persistent. Such temperature inversions have resulted in the worst air quality in the nation. In this paper, the historical properties of Cache Valley’s winter inversions are examined by using two meteorological stations with a difference in elevation of approximately 100 m and a horizontal distance apart of ~4.5 km. Differences in daily maximum air temperature between two stations were used to define the frequency and intensity of inversions. Despite the lack of a long-term trend in inversion intensity from 1956 to present, the inversion frequency increased in the early 1980s and extending into the early 1990s but thereafter decreased by about 30% through 2013. Daily mean air temperatures and inversion intensity were categorized further using a mosaic plot. Of relevance was the discovery that after 1990 there was an increase in the probability of inversions during cold days and that under conditions in which the daily mean air temperature was below −15°C an inversion became a certainty. A regression model was developed to estimate the concentration of past particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The model indicated past episodes of increased PM2.5 concentrations that went into decline after 1990; this was especially so in the coldest of climate conditions.
Potential Sources of Decadal Climate Variability over Southern Africa
Authors: Morioka Yushi , Engelbrecht Francois , Behera Swadhin K.
Published: September 2015

Potential sources of decadal climate variability over southern Africa are examined by conducting in-depth analysis of available datasets and coupled general circulation model (CGCM) experiments. The observational data in recent decades show a bidecadal variability noticeable in the southern African rainfall with its positive phase of peak during 1999/2000. It is found that the rainfall variability is related to anomalous moisture advection from the southwestern Indian Ocean, where the anomalous sea level pressure (SLP) develops. The SLP anomaly is accompanied by anomalous sea surface temperature (SST). Both SLP and SST anomalies slowly propagate eastward from the South Atlantic to the southwestern Indian Ocean. The analysis of mixed layer temperature tendency reveals that the SST anomaly in the southwestern Indian Ocean is mainly due to eastward advection of the SST anomaly by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The eastward propagation of SLP and SST anomalies are also confirmed in the 270-yr outputs of the CGCM control experiment. However, in a sensitivity experiment where the SST anomalies in the South Atlantic are suppressed by the model climatology, the eastward propagation of the SLP anomaly from the South Atlantic disappears. These results suggest that the local air–sea coupling in the South Atlantic may be important for the eastward propagation of the SLP anomaly from the South Atlantic to the southwestern Indian Ocean. Although remote influences from the tropical Pacific and Antarctica were widely discussed, this study provides new evidence for the potential role of local air–sea coupling in the South Atlantic for the decadal climate variability over southern Africa.
Assimilation of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis with a Low-Resolution NCEP Global Forecast System
Authors: Lien Guo-Yuan , Miyoshi Takemasa , Kalnay Eugenia
Published: September 2015

Current methods of assimilation of precipitation into numerical weather prediction models are able to make the model precipitation become similar to the observed precipitation during the assimilation, but the model forecasts tend to return to their original solution after a few hours. To facilitate the precipitation assimilation, a logarithm transformation has been used in several past studies. Lien et al. proposed instead to assimilate precipitation using the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) with a Gaussian transformation technique and succeeded in improving the model forecasts in perfect-model observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs).

In this study, the method of Lien et al. is tested within a more realistic configuration: the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) data are assimilated into a low-resolution version of the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS). With guidance from a statistical study comparing the GFS model background precipitation and the TMPA data, some modifications of the assimilation methods proposed in Lien et al. are made, including 1) applying separate Gaussian transformations to model and to observational precipitation based on their own cumulative distribution functions; 2) adopting a quality control criterion based on the correlation between the long-term model and observed precipitation data at the observation location; and 3) proposing a new method to define the transformation of zero precipitation that takes into account the zero precipitation probability in the background ensemble rather than the climatology. With these modifications, the assimilation of the TMPA precipitation data improves both the analysis and 5-day model forecasts when compared with a control experiment assimilating only rawinsonde data.
New route for modifying cellulosic fibres with fatty acids and its application to polyethylene/jute fibre composites
Authors: Dogan Sengul Dilem , Tayfun Umit , Dogan Mehmet
Published: September 2015

The main aim of this study was the modification of jute fibres with stearic acid using new route called azide method. The surface changes after modification process were characterized by attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. It was shown that the stearic acid was bonded to JF using azide method and the surface modification through azide method did not deteriorate the surface properties of JF. Representative JF containing low-density polyethylene-based composites were also prepared and characterized by tensile testing, dynamical mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimeter. According to mechanical test results, the tensile strength and elastic modulus were increased using stearic acid modified JF through azide method. According to differential scanning calorimeter results, surface modification with stearoyl azide reduced the degree of crystallinity with respect to alkaline treated one.
Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research –A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group
Authors: Fiorito Graziano , Affuso Andrea , Basil Jennifer , Cole Alison , de Girolamo Paolo , D’Angelo Livia , Dickel Ludovic , Gestal Camino , Grasso Frank , Kuba Michael , Mark Felix , Melillo Daniela , Osorio Daniel , Perkins Kerry , Ponte Giovanna , Shashar Nadav , Smith David , Smith Jane , Andrews Paul LR
Published: September 2015

This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
Investigation of the effects of fabric parameters on air permeability of woolen fabrics
Authors: Atmaca Mustafa , Dal Vedat , Yılmaz Abdurrahim , Ahmet Berk Berk Kurtulus
Published: September 2015

Permeability and porosity of woolen fabrics are investigated experimentally in this paper. Permeability experiments are conducted in a wind tunnel to the TS 391-EN ISO 9237 standard. Woolen fabric is placed in the test section of the wind tunnel to measure permeability to airproofing . Velocity measurements are made used a hot wire anemometer in the front and rear of the wool. Air permeability is closely related to pore size and distribution. So, it is important to study porosity, in order to classify and determine the right use of woolen fabrics. Many methods are used to estimate porosity. In this study, the theoretical model is used for determination of porosity values, and the influence on porosity of various fabric parameters was investigated. Depending on the permeability, weft and warp density, weight, fabric thickness and porosity relationship are investigated. The results are presented as graphs.
Diamond-shaped shaded weave series created by transforming small twills to enrich the surface texture of woven Jacquards
Authors: Kim Ken Ri , Ng Frankie , Zhou Jiu , Hu Jinlian
Published: September 2015

Digital Jacquard textiles have been introduced through various approaches to the capability enhancement of color expression and novel design proposition in modern weaving. Because of its a wide scope of weave colors with a small number of fillings, the basic weave structure of satin is widely adopted in the creation of shaded weave series, as they are highly reliable in presenting the natural color shading with maximized luster. However, its surface texture is limited with consistent traverse lines attributed to regular stitching points in their structure combination. Therefore, a new silhouette of shaded weave series is proposed and explored with twills to enlarge and vary the woven texture effects. The shading effect with single twills will be presented in a linear and contrasting way; when small twill lines are cut and replaced, the converted format will enable the creation of a varied surface touch. By finding the base marks where the total interlacement of a repeat is proportionally divided, small twill lines are transformed by adding interweaving points to build into a series. Furthermore, the basic principles received from satin-based shaded series are applied to the achievement of gradient shading effects. In terms of weave pattern design, each color layer is individually designed with levels of grayscales and defines each color region and color density to achieve a high-quality color presentation, as well as a unique texture.
Theoretical analysis on the yarn twist mechanism of self-twist jet vortex spinning
Authors: Han Chenchen , Xue Wenliang , Cheng Longdi
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the hollow spindle receives self-twist modifying treatment, which makes the surface friction coefficient of the hollow spindle increase. When the sliding friction torque is enough to overcome the torsional stiffness of the fiber, under the force of the high-speed airflow, the fiber scrolls on the surface of hollow spindle, resulting in fiber twist, which increases the cohesion between the fibers, improving yarn strength. Based on the flow field simulation of the self-twist jet vortex spinning, it establishes the mechanical system of the free-end self-twist motion of the fiber in the flow field, and analyzes the fracture mechanism of the self-twist jet vortex spinning yarn. It provides more comprehensive support for the design and processing of the key components of the self-twist jet vortex spinning system.
Colorant-free coloration and superhydrophilic modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric surface by H2O2 and nano-TiO2 ultraviolet photocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Feng-Xiu , Liang Hui , Zhang Guang-Xian
Published: September 2015

In the paper, synchronous colorant-free coloration and superhydrophilic modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric surface were successfully investigated. PET fabric surface treated by nano-TiO2-H2O2/ultraviolet light becomes both a brilliant kelly with a color strength ( K/ S) value of 3.0147 and superhydrophilic with a water contact angle of 0° in a short time. The coloration parameters were optimized and PET fabric can be uniformly colored without colorant used. The wash fastness, rub fastness and light fastness of treated PET fabric were similar to the control PET fabric. The mechanical properties of modified PET fabric were hardly affected. The chemical structure of modified PET surface was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra, demonstrating –COOH, >C = O, −NO and –NO2 new groups. The mechanisms of coloration and superhydrophilic modification of PET surface were proposed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that new materials were formed on the surface of modified PET fibers. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the crystallinity increased a little and the thermal stability of modified PET fibers clearly increased. This novel method exhibited highly efficient and eco-friendly advantages for both coloration and superhydrophilic modification of PET fabric surface.
Characterization of melt spinnability of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers
Authors: Rwei Syang-Peng , Jue Zhi-Feng , Chiang Whe-Yi , Chen Jui-Hsiang , Chen Yu-Hua
Published: September 2015

This study investigates melt spinnability of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers with various ethylene contents, which exhibits excellent biocompatibility but cannot easily undergo single-component fiber spinning. The chemical, thermal and rheological properties of EVOH were examined herein. Three EVOH copolymers, EV-32, 38 and 44, with different ratios of ethylene to vinyl alcohol (EV ratio), were used to evaluate the influence of the ratio on melt spinnability. The EV ratios of EV-32, EV-38 and EV-44 examined by nuclear magnetic resonance were 0.64, 0.82 and 1.0, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the melting temperature ( Tm) and crystallinity ( Xc) of EVOH decreased in the order EV-32 (178.9℃, 46.6 wt%) > EV-38 (171.9℃, 41.8 wt%) > EV-44 (166.0℃, 40.0 wt%). The thermal stability, however, increases in the order EV-32 < EV-38 < EV-44. The viscosity decreases in the order EV-32 > EV-38 > EV-44. EV-44 has much higher flow activation energy than EV-32 and EV-38, indicating that it has a temperature sensitivity higher than EV-32 and EV-38. The pellets of EV-32, EV-38 and EV-44 were melt spun. Three as-spun fibers, EV-32, EV-38 and EV-44 have cross-sectional diameters of 151.3, 150.9 and 154.1 µm and tensile stresses (strain (%) at breaking point) of 123.1 (205.2%), 121.4 (202.0%) and 131.1 MPa (180.2%), respectively. Most importantly, EV-44 can easily be spun at a relatively low temperature, 245℃, while the other two, EV-38 and EV-32, can hardly be made on condition that the spinning temperatures are higher than 255℃ and 265℃, respectively. Notably, once the spinning temperature of EVOH polymers was higher than 258℃, the degradation of vinyl alcohol segments would cause fuming and broken filaments to eventually terminate the entire spinning process. Ultimately, a brand new fiber, EVOH, with an EV ratio of 1.0, was successfully melt spun and mechanically characterized in this study.
Response of fiber diameter to a continuously changing draw ratio in a laser drawing process
Authors: Matoba Munekazu , Ohkoshi Yutaka , Kim Kyoung Hou , Ikaga Toshifumi
Published: September 2015

The controllability of the fiber diameter profile with a changing draw ratio in a laser drawing process is discussed in comparison with model calculations. The take-up speed in the continuous drawing process was changed under constant acceleration, and the diameter profile of the resultant fiber was monitored on-line. It was revealed that the diameter profile was consistent with a profile predicted by a model calculation up to a certain acceleration. The profile was calculated by assuming a stationary neck-drawing point and elastic deformation of the fiber in the drawing system. Video observation revealed that the neck-drawing point did in fact move with changes in the draw ratio. Moreover, it moved faster at higher accelerations, particularly when the draw ratio was increased from low to high. It seems that the faster movement of the neck-drawing point causes the observed diameter change to lag behind that predicted by the model. The responsiveness of the diameter change could be further improved by shortening the distance between the feed and take-up rollers. The minimum response length was 5 cm as the draw ratio decreased from 8.0 to 4.0.
Fabrication of highly conductive stretchable textile with silver nanoparticles
Authors: Ashayer-Soltani Roya , Hunt Christopher , Thomas Owen
Published: September 2015

A method has been developed for the deposition of conductive metals onto fibers within textile structures. The resultant fabric exhibited full metal coverage with good adhesion to the fibers. As well as being conductive and extremely flexible with little effect on its handle and drape properties. In order to make a conductive fabric, cotton was first mercerized followed by immersion in poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution. Silver nitrate was then reduced on the surface of the fabric which allowed formation of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the conductive fabric confirmed the deposition of the polymer resulted in more uniform attachment of nanosilver to the surface of fibers. The fabric was then electroless plated to obtain a surface resistivity less than 0.2 Ω/square. This method can be used for woven, non-woven and knitted types of fabric. It can be applied on to the fibers before or after being made into a textile.
Teachers’ Beliefs and Implementation of Competitive Activities for Multicultural Students
Authors: Bernstein Eve , Lysniak Ulana
Published: September 2015

Physical education teachers’ ( N = 9) beliefs and implementation of competitive activities for middle school multicultural student populations (Grades 6-8) in physical education class in the Greater New York area were examined. Data were collected by nonparticipant observation and field notes, two semistructured interviews, and postobservation informal interviews. The theory of reasoned action guided the study. Three themes emerged: competitive activities, an introduction to culture; using demonstration to teach competitive activity skills to diverse students; and creating community. Successful instruction of diverse students was observed; however, fully incorporating cultural relevance through competitive activities was not fully demonstrated.
A Dream Attained or Deferred? Examination of Production and Placement of Latino Administrators
Authors: Crawford Emily R. , Fuller Edward J.
Published: September 2015

More work is needed to engage the talents and empower Latino students to reach their full academic potential. We suggest that one potential cause for Latino student underperformance is the underrepresentation of Latino school leaders. Research suggests that school leaders who understand the cultural background and lived experiences of students tend to be more effective in improving student outcomes. This study explores the production and placement of Latino school leaders in Texas over two decades, and whether Latino educators who have obtained principal certification are as likely as their White peers to obtain a school leadership position.
Aristotle Writing Science
Authors: Giles Timothy D.
Published: September 2015

Aristotle’s science writing serves as an instance of a classical science writer at work. Applying his theory of writing found in his Rhetoric, Poetics, Posterior Analytics, and Categories treatises to his History of Animals illustrates his work as a writer of life science. As rhetorical tools, his theory of tropes and figures and his theory of the model as developed in his theory of definitions and the enthymeme work as epistemic strategies. The essay concludes that further study should examine other rhetorical dimensions of his science writing.
Determinants of Whistleblowing Within Government Agencies
Authors: Cho Yoon Jik , Song Hyun Jin
Published: September 2015

Since Miceli and Near’s seminal work, scholars and practitioners have sought to identify determinants of whistleblowing behaviors. For example, Miceli, Near, Rehg, and Van Scotter argued that proactive personality, less co-worker invalidation, and leverage in the specific situation lead to whistleblowing. Nevertheless, the decision to whistleblow is a complicated process, and relevant factors are still under exploration. This research seeks to answer the question “What factors influence whistleblowing intention within government agencies?” Investigating U.S. federal employees, this research tests the effects of several factors as determinants of whistleblowing, including perceived personal costs, public service motivation (PSM), education on whistleblowing, organizational support, and organizational protection. In examining the relationships among the variables, this research explores the mediating role of perceived personal costs. Using 2010 Merit Principles Survey data, this research conducts structural equation model analysis. The analysis result demonstrates that personal costs decrease whistleblowing intention, whereas PSM and education on whistleblowing increase the intention. Organizational support and protection contribute to enhancing whistleblowing intention by reducing perceived personal costs.
Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance
Authors: Levin Michael E. , Luoma Jason B. , Haeger Jack A.
Published: September 2015

A growing body of research within the acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies suggests that these treatments may function in part by reducing or eliminating (i.e., decoupling) the normative relationships between internal experiences and other internal/overt behavior. Examples of decoupling effects found in this review include reduced relationships between urges to smoke and smoking behavior, between dysphoric mood and depressive cognitions, and between pain intensity and persistence in a painful task. A literature review identified 44 studies on acceptance and mindfulness that demonstrated decoupling effects. Overall, preliminary evidence for decoupling effects were found across a broad range of problem areas, including substance abuse, depression, eating disorders, overeating, chronic pain, anxiety, relationships, anger, avoidance behavior, and self-harm, with the strongest evidence currently available in the area of substance abuse. However, the review also notes a general lack of replication studies on decoupling effects and the need for more well-powered and controlled research testing specific decoupling hypotheses.
Growing Fixed With Age
Authors: Neel Rebecca , Lassetter Bethany
Published: September 2015

Beliefs about whether people can change (“lay theories” of malleability) are known to have wide-ranging effects on social motivation, cognition, and judgment. Yet rather than holding an overarching belief that people can or cannot change, perceivers may hold independent beliefs about whether different people are malleable—that is, lay theories may be target-specific. Seven studies demonstrate that lay theories are target-specific with respect to age: Perceivers hold distinct, uncorrelated lay theories of people at different ages, and younger targets are considered to be more malleable than older targets. Both forms of target-specificity are consequential, as target age-specific lay theories predict policy support for learning-based senior services and the rehabilitation of old and young drug users. The implications of target age-specific lay theories for a number of psychological processes, the social psychology of aging, and theoretical frameworks of malleability beliefs are discussed.
Cultural Differences in Support Provision
Authors: Chen Jacqueline M. , Kim Heejung S. , Sherman David K. , Hashimoto Takeshi
Published: September 2015

Emotional expression is highly valued in individualistic cultures, whereas emotional restraint is prioritized in collectivistic cultures. We hypothesized that high-quality relationships in these cultures would exhibit the forms of support provision congruent with their respective expectations. Study 1 examined support transactions among friends in response to a laboratory stressor and found that objectively judged relationship quality (RQ) more strongly positively predicted emotion-focused support provision behaviors by European Americans than by Asian Americans. Study 2, a questionnaire study, found that self-reported RQ predicted emotion-focused support provision more strongly among European Americans than among Japanese. Study 3 investigated more indirect forms of support and found that RQ more strongly predicted worrying about and monitoring close others enduring stressors and spending time with them without talking about the stressor among Asian Americans compared with European Americans. These findings suggest that RQ is expressed in terms of support provision in culturally normative ways.
Do Foreign Investors’ Location Determinants in Service Functions Differ According to Sectors? An Empirical Analysis of EU for 1997 to 2011
Authors: Duboz Marie-Line , Kroichvili Nathalie , Le Gallo Julie
Published: September 2015

European Union (EU) is very attractive for foreign direct investment (FDI) in services and policy makers should know the reasons explaining investment location choices of foreign firms in order to attract them. This article explores FDI location determinants in service functions in the EU-28. Studies dealing with such an issue stay generally focused on the location of service functions in the manufacturing sector. Our assumption is that the location determinants of service functions may differ according to sectors. So, we propose to study whether the location pattern of some service functions is sector independent, whereas it is sector dependent for other service functions. Using a database developed by Ernst and Young, we estimate mixed logit models on foreign firms’ location choices. Our contribution is to consider simultaneously three sectors and eight service functions for 271 European regions, during the period 1997 to 2011. Our fundamental findings are that service functions location choices are different according to sectors and that location determinants vary according to the service function considered. The only variables significant for all service functions are agglomeration variables. However, our contribution is to distinguish between different types of agglomeration (regional, sectorial, functional, and group agglomeration) and to show that some agglomeration variables act differently according to service functions.
Constructing a Time Series of Nested Multiregion Input–Output Tables
Authors: Wang Yafei , Geschke Arne , Lenzen Manfred
Published: September 2015

We develop a large-scale high-resolution time series of nested multiregion input–output (MRIO) tables, encompassing a range of technical advances that are relevant for MRIO applications worldwide. First, our database is the first ever hierarchically nested system of subnational and international MRIO tables on three independent counts: (a) it features global country-level coverage, (b) it is available as a long annual time series, and (c) it is complemented with matching information on element uncertainty. Second, it is at the time of writing the largest existing MRIO system in the world, and in its creation a number of challenges related to computer storage and run time had to be overcome. The MRIO tables feature complete interregional trade at this level of detail, in combination with detailed regional–international trade with 185 countries. Our experiences with constructing such a large and detailed framework contribute knowledge needed by practitioners wishing to assemble similar databases for other countries, in that our build pipeline can readily be adopted for the integration of subnational MRIO databases, for example, for the United States, China, Australia, Spain, and Germany. We demonstrate our approach by constructing a time series of MRIO tables for the example of the Chinese economy between 1997 and 2011, distinguishing each of the 30 provinces and 135 industry sectors for each province, and linking each province with 185 world countries.
Collaborative Institutional Agency: How Peer Learning in Communities of Practice Enables and Inhibits Micro-Institutional Change
Authors: Bridwell-Mitchell E. N.
Published: September 2015

Research on micro-institutional change typically characterizes agents as being involved in social conflicts to defend the institutional status quo or to mobilize against it. However, agency inside organizations can be precipitated by the need to resolve practice dilemmas in uncertain and ambiguous institutional contexts. The findings from a comparative case study of two public schools in the United States undergoing state-mandated reform demonstrate that, when agency is born of uncertainty and ambiguity rather than political conflict and struggle, micro-institutional change depends on the dynamics of agents’ peer learning in communities of practice. In some cases, agents’ communities are organized to effectively seed new ideas and generate social pressures needed to encourage the uptake of new ideas. In other cases, the pattern of agents’ interactions in communities results in persistent cognitive and social disorganization so that newly seeded ideas cannot take root or spread. I refer to the particular dynamics by which peer learning in communities of practice results in micro-institutional persistence or change as collaborative institutional agency.
Interpretation of Multiple Institutional Logics on the Ground: Actors’ Position, their Agency and Situational Constraints in Professionalized Contexts
Authors: Currie Graeme , Spyridonidis Dimitrios
Published: September 2015

Our study examines how interdependent actors in a professionalized context interpret the co-occurrence of a professional logic and a policy-driven logic. The empirical setting comprises two hospitals in the English National Health Service. Two issues stand out. First, our study shows that any logic is variegated and ambiguous, so policymakers and organizational managers cannot assume that they are easily blended. Second, it shows how nurse consultants exhibit agency in blending these two logics in pursuit of positional gain in professional and managerial organization. They can do so because of their ambiguous status level: in comparison to doctors, their status as nurses is low; within the nursing profession their status is high. Theoretically, by focusing upon interpretation of multiple institutional logics at the micro level, our study renders visible the agency of interpreting actors, interdependency of actors, their interpretation of institutional logics, situational context, and the effect of, and upon, social position of actors.
The importance of ‘mountain top experiences’ in discovering self
Authors: Seney Robert W
Published: September 2015

This paper begins a discussion of the importance of moments of inspiration, or as they are commonly called ‘mountain top experiences’, in the development of the Self, as defined by Annemarie Roeper. In considering the spiritual nature of gifted children, a long overdue discussion, the concept of Self or self-awareness is often reflected in definitions and concepts of spirituality and therefore must be addressed. The importance of creating an environment to nurture the spiritual aspect of gifted children is discussed and suggestions for creating this environment are offered.
Atomoxetine in patients with ADHD: A clinical and pharmacological review of the onset, trajectory, duration of response and implications for patients
Authors: Clemow David B , Bushe Chris J
Published: September 2015

This article reviews data providing new insight into the trajectory of response and maintenance of response of atomoxetine in the treatment of child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This nonsystematic review includes: onset of action and duration of effect, response rate, effect size, time to optimal response and norepinephrine transporter blockade biomarker data. Atomoxetine can have an onset of action within 1–2 weeks of starting treatment, but there is an incrementally increasing response for up to 24 weeks or longer. Responder rates and effect sizes are similar to methylphenidate. Upon treatment discontinuation, relapse rates are lower than expected. In adults, 50% maintain their response for at least 6 months after stopping atomoxetine, following 6 months of treatment. Single-dose atomoxetine can provide 24-hour efficacy, despite a 5-hour plasma half-life. Hypotheses can be generated relating to neuroadaptive changes, to explain these findings. Atomoxetine has a trajectory of response that is incremental over a long period of time, with a greater than expected maintenance of response. This has implications for physician atomoxetine dosing and efficacy assessment, patient education and outcomes, and for clinical trial design and assessment of comparative efficacy with stimulant medications.
Effect of long-term olanzapine treatment on meal-induced insulin sensitization and on gastrointestinal peptides in female Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Hegedűs Csaba , Kovács Diána , Kiss Rita , Sári Réka , Németh József , Szilvássy Zoltán , Peitl Barna
Published: September 2015

Meal-induced insulin sensitization (MIS), an endogenous adaptive mechanism is activated post-prandially. Reduced MIS leads to diabetes, but its activation improves insulin sensitivity. MIS is preserved to single olanzapine administration, therefore we aimed to investigate the chronic effect of olanzapine on fasted-state insulin sensitivity and on MIS in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Daily food and water intake, stool and urine production and body weight were determined. The MIS was characterized by a rapid insulin sensitivity test. Fasting hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were determined by a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamping supplemented with radiotracer technique. Fasted and post-prandial blood samples were obtained for plasma insulin, leptin, ghrelin, amylin, GLP-1, GIP, PYY and PP determination. Adiposity was characterized by weighing intra-abdominal and inguinal fat pads. Olanzapine caused hepatic insulin resistance and a reduced metabolic clearance rate of insulin, but the MIS retained its function. Body weight and adiposity were enhanced, but olanzapine failed to increase food intake. Fasting insulin and leptin were elevated and the post-prandial reduction in ghrelin level was inhibited by olanzapine.

The MIS remained functionally intact after long-term olanzapine treatment. Altered insulin, leptin and ghrelin levels indicate olanzapine-induced metabolic derangements. Pharmacological activation of MIS could potentially be exploited to treat or prevent olanzapine-induced insulin resistance.
Occupational therapy in forensic psychiatry: Recent developments in our understandings (2007–2013)
Authors: Hitch Danielle , Hii QK , Davey Ian
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Occupational therapy in forensic settings has developed in recent decades, leading to an increasing amount of research being conducted in this field. There have been two previous attempts to provide overviews of this body of evidence and future directions for research; however, the rate of research has accelerated in recent years. This critical review addresses the following question: what evidence has been published about occupational therapy in forensic psychiatry over the past 7 years?

Method

A mixed methods approach was adopted, with four databases and a search engine consulted (OTDBase, CINAHL, AMED, PSYCHInfo, Google Scholar). The inclusion criteria were: (a) articles published in peer reviewed journals since 2007 and (b) authored by at least one occupational therapist. Twenty-five studies were identified for review, and the four dimensions of occupation – doing, being, becoming and belonging – were used to provide a theoretical context for the subsequent discussion.

Findings

The recent evidence base in forensic psychiatry focuses on doing and being, with fewer articles addressing becoming and belonging.

Conclusion

This review has identified increasing numbers of studies about forensic occupational therapy, which may reflect growth in both interest and the worldwide workforce.
Enhancing occupational performance in the virtual context using smart technology
Authors: Verdonck Michèle , Maye Fiona
Published: September 2015

Statement of context

Physical limitations restrict occupational performance in the virtual context for people with cervical spinal cord injuries.

Critical reflection on practice

A review of smart device goals in 10 health care records at one hospital identified three types of occupational therapy intervention. Compensation involved alternative methods of physical access, positioning, and customisation of devices. Acquisition involved providing opportunities for learning and overcoming challenges. Education and training sought to empower users and their families to use smart devices successfully.

Implications for practice

Occupational therapists need to incorporate virtual occupations and the use of personal smart devices within current practice. This requires keeping abreast of mainstream technology advances as well as providing clients with opportunities and support within the virtual context.
Visual search training in occupational therapy – an example of expert practice in community-based stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Turton Ailie J , Angilley Jayne , Chapman Marie , Daniel Anna , Longley Verity , Clatworthy Philip , Gilchrist Iain D
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Visual searching is an essential component of many everyday activities. Search training is practised as part of occupational therapy to improve performance skills both in people with hemianopia and those with spatial inattention post stroke. Evaluation of the effectiveness of such training first requires a systematic and detailed description of the intervention. To this end, this study describes the practice of a specialist occupational therapist.

Method

Single sessions of intervention delivered by the occupational therapist to five participants with visual search disorders post stroke were video recorded. The recordings were analysed for content using a framework approach.

Results

The occupational therapist educated participants about the impact of their visual impairment on everyday activities. She used instructions, spatial cueing, placement of objects and verbal feedback to train increased amplitudes of eye and head movements, to direct attention into the blind field or neglected space and to encourage systematic searching during occupations and activities. Activities were graded by manipulating the area for attention and complexity in the environment.

Conclusion

This investigation provides a detailed description of a specialist occupational therapist’s community-based intervention for improving visual search post stroke.
Mapping information wealth and poverty: the geography of gazetteers
Authors: Graham Mark , De Sabbata Stefano
Published: September 2015

Gazetteers are dictionaries of geographic place-names that have important implications far beyond the worlds of geographers and cartographers. By containing ‘definitive’ lists of places, gazetteers have the ontological power to define what will and will not be geocoded and represented in databases, maps, search engines, and ultimately our spatial understandings of place. This paper focuses attention on GeoNames, which is the world's largest freely available and widely used gazetteer. We illustrate how content in GeoNames is characterised by highly uneven spatial distributions. There are dense clusters of place-names in some parts of the world and a relative absence of geographic content in others. These patterns are related not just to the wealth and population size of a country, but also to its policies on Internet access and open data. The paper then traces some of the specific implications of this information inequality: showing how biases in gazetteers are propagated in a variety of geographic meaning-making.
Designerly mapping practices at the crossroads of cartography and urbanism: a processual account of three re-cartographies of southwest Flanders
Authors: Cattoor Bieke
Published: September 2015

Re-cartography is a designerly mapping practice that aims to challenge dominant spatial epistemologies while expanding the scope of our spatial imagination. Particularly relevant to contemporary complex spatial problematics, and emerging within the context of urbanism, re-cartography is an intrinsically projective practice that is orientated towards a (re)shaping of the environment. This paper presents a short processual account of three re-cartographies of southwest Flanders. These three cases represent an ongoing attempt to reimagine the region in contemporary terms. Taken together, they remap the area in terms of multiplicity, heterogeneity, and hybridity, and reimagine the territory as a dynamic layering of different historical processes and relationships. To this end, the maps rethink common cartographic strategies and procedures—such as element selection, categorization, and symbolization, periodization, layering, scaling, and atlas composition—and recombine them in novel ways. They also demonstrate the relevance of re-cartography as an urban design tool: as a practice with the capacity to incorporate various perspectives, both context and potential, re-cartography is able to suggest a universe of latent possiblities within a given site. Of interest to cartographic theory is the observation that re-cartography treats both the territory and the map as ongoing processes. In this sense, the cases reflect the almost pragmatic coexistence of two seemingly contradictory cartographic ontologies at the heart of urbanism: the consideration of the map as a (partial) workable mirror and a concomitant engagement with the postrepresentational quality of the map as a project.
Understanding the interoperability of virtual city models in assessing the performance of city centre squares
Authors: Charlton James , Giddings Bob , Thompson Emine Mine , Peverett Iwan
Published: September 2015

The increasing development of three-dimensional virtual city models and leadingedge computer software applications is providing innovative possibilities for analyzing the performance of existing city-centre public squares. In the design and assessment of city squares, the use of accurate virtual city models is often limited to visual geometrical assessment alone. There is little evidence that such models are being adapted to carry out urban performance simulations. There are, however, existing and emerging tools that can simulate a number of performance aspects—pedestrian movement, noise level, wind movement, and temperature—that show scope for integrating virtual city models to aid in the assessment of public squares. This paper describes a study which investigates the interoperability of off-the-shelf three-dimensional virtual city models to integrate with selected ‘urban performance’ software to contribute to a more integrated approach to the assessment of existing public squares and the future sustainability of virtual city models. Methodologies for utilising virtual city models within ‘urban performance’ software are established, with results demonstrating that the integration of virtual city model data can aid in both the visual and performance assessment of existing public squares, with scope for application to new proposals. The argument is also made that the application of virtual city models in this manner also contributes towards the sustainability of virtual city models, one that takes a more multifunctional approach. This paper acknowledges that the majority of the evaluated software is not related directly to urban design—indeed, there is no software currently available that brings together all the performance aspects and relates them to geometrical characteristics. However, this study offers a significant contribution to this subject and identifies the need for future research into the evolution of information-rich virtual city models.