bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Dispersed NiO Clusters Induced Electron Delocalization of NiNC Catalysts for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Li Hongqiang , Gan Kaining , Li Ran , Huang Huawei , Niu Jiabao , Chen Zhipeng , Zhou Jian , Yu Yan , Qiu Jieshan , He Xiaojun
Published: October 2022

Oxygen‐regulated Ni‐based single‐atom catalysts (SACs) show great potential in accelerating the kinetics of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, it remains a challenge to precisely control the coordination environment of NiO moieties and achieve high activity at high overpotentials. Herein, a facile carbonization coupled oxidation strategy is developed to mass produce NiO clusters‐decorated NiNC SACs that exhibit a high Faradaic efficiency of CO (maximum of 96.5%) over a wide potential range (−0.9 to −1.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode) and a high turnover frequency for CO production of 10 120 h−1 even at the high overpotential of 1.19 V. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the highly dispersed NiO clusters induce electron delocalization of active sites and reduce the energy barriers for *COOH intermediates formation from CO2, leading to an enhanced reaction kinetics for CO production. This study opens a new universal pathway for the construction of oxygen‐regulated metal‐based SACs for various catalytic applications.
MnO Enabling Highly Efficient and Stable Co‐Nx/C for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in both Acidic and Alkaline Media
Authors: Chen Cheng , Tang Zi‐Jun , Li Jia‐Yi , Du Cong‐Yi , Ouyang Ting , Xiao Kang , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: October 2022

In situ growing transition metals on N‐doped carbon by atomic doping produces a class of promising alternatives to replace Pt‐based catalysts for redox reactions, yet still suffer from unsatisfactory activity and durability in acidic and basic media. Herein, a simple synthetic strategy to fabricate an MnO modifying Co‐Nx/C catalyst with high activity and robust durability is presented. The interphase engineering well controls the Co and N species in the carbon matrix, affording the material with more pyridine N and graphite N; the interaction between Co‐Nx and MnO phase is also well discussed. Accordingly, the obtained Co‐Nx/C‐MnO catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic properties towards oxygen reduction reaction, achieving a half‐wave potential of 0.87 and 0.66 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 m KOH and 0.1 m HClO4 solutions, as well as excellent durability with only −16.9 and −12.2 mV shift after 1000 cycles, respectively. This study provides insights into the design of noble‐metal‐free electrocatalysts from the perspective of active sites and catalyst carriers.
A Switchable One‐Compound Diode
Authors: Vogel Anna , Rabenbauer Alfred , Deng Philipp , Steib Ruben , Böger Thorben , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Siegel Renée , Senker Jürgen , Daisenberger Dominik , Nisi Katharina , Holleitner Alexander W. , Venturini Janio , Nilges Tom
Published: October 2022

A diode requires the combination of p‐ and n‐type semiconductors or at least the defined formation of such areas within a given compound. This is a prerequisite for any IT application, energy conversion technology, and electronic semiconductor devices. Since the discovery of the pnp‐switchable compound Ag10Te4Br3 in 2009, it is in principle possible to fabricate a diode from a single material without adjusting the semiconduction type by a defined doping level. Often a structural phase transition accompanied by a dynamic change of charge carriers or a charge density wave within certain substructures are responsible for this effect. Unfortunately, the high pnp‐switching temperature between 364 and 580 K hinders the application of this phenomenon in convenient devices. This effect is far removed from a suitable operation temperature at ambient conditions. Ag18Cu3Te11Cl3 is a room temperature pnp‐switching material and the first single‐material position‐independent diode. It shows the highest ever reported Seebeck coefficient drop that takes place within a few Kelvin. Combined with its low thermal conductivity, it offers great application potential within an accessible and applicable temperature window. Ag18Cu3Te11Cl3 and pnp‐switching materials have the potential for applications and processes where diodes, transistors, or any defined charge separation with junction formation are utilized.
Large Area Growth and Phase Selectivity of MoTe2 Nanosheets through Simulation‐Guided CVD Tellurization
Authors: Tummala Pinaka Pani , Ghomi Sara , Casari Carlo Spartaco , Martella Christian , Lamperti Alessio , Molle Alessandro
Published: October 2022

Among transition metal dichalcogenides, molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) holds significant attention due to its polymorphic nature including semiconducting, metallic, and topological semimetal phases. Considerable efforts are devoted to synthesizing MoTe2 nanosheets to make them suitable for device integration in nanotechnologies and for fundamental investigations. In this respect, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) via tellurization of a pre‐deposited Mo thin film is an easy and flexible way for synthesizing large scale MoTe2 nanosheets. Here, the study report on the CVD of large‐area (up to 4 cm × 1 cm) MoTe2 nanosheets with pure 1T’ and 2H phase selection by design. Within the tellurization scheme, the vapor‐solid reaction between the pre‐deposited molybdenum film and tellurium vapor is studied thus optimizing the scalability and quality of the MoTe2 nanosheets grown on SiO2/Si substrates. It is demonstrated that the MoTe2 structure and morphology are kinetically dictated by the tellurium concentration gradient on the reaction site with varying geometric configurations inside the CVD reactor. This study provides a pivot scheme for enabling scalable 1T’ and 2H‐MoTe2 integration in applications for novel micro‐ and nano‐electronics, spintronics, photonics, and thermoelectric devices.
Molecular Simulation of Statherin Adsorption on Hydroxyapatite (001) Surface
Authors: Ding Liang , Zeng Jinxiang , Luo Muzhong , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2022

Statherin (SN) is an important protein that can adsorb on enamel to maintain calcium ions balance and promote biomineralization in the human oral cavity. In this work, parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulation and all‐atom molecular dynamics simulation are combined to study the behavior of SN adsorbed on the hydroxyapatite (HAP) (001) surface. The results indicate that SN can “anchor” on HAP (001) surface by its Asp1 and Sep2 with “head‐on” orientation in NaCl solution and its secondary structure and conformation are changed greatly, which means that SN loses its biological activity. However, SN can maintain its conformation in calcium phosphate solution. Furthermore, SN can adsorb on HAP (001) surface with Sep2 and Sep3 by salt bridge with calcium phosphorus clusters with “lying” orientation. More importantly, Glu26 residue can stabilize the free calcium and phosphorus clusters, which can prevent not only the dissolution of HAP surface, but also the precipitation of calcium phosphate due to the supersaturated state. This work can help to better understand the process of biomineralization and also provides a guidance for the design of dental restoration materials.
Mechanosynthesis of a Structurally Characterized, Well‐Defined Graphitic Phosphorus‐Linked Carbon Nitride (g‐PCN) with Water Splitting Activity
Authors: Fiss Blaine G. , Douglas Georgia , Ferguson Michael , Becerra Jorge , Valdez Jesus , Do Trong‐On , Friščić Tomislav , Moores Audrey
Published: October 2022

Graphitic phosphorus‐linked triazine networks (g‐PCNs) are an emergent class of carbon nitride materials that have attracted attention for their potential role in developing metal‐free water splitting photocatalysts, but remain difficult to access due to complicated synthetic procedures based on long reaction times, high‐temperature annealing (above 500 °C), and poor structural understanding. Here, a mild, lower temperature approach for the synthesis of catalytically active g‐PCN through combining a room‐temperature mechanochemical reaction of sodium phosphide and cyanuric chloride with only 1 h annealing at 300 °C is presented. Notably, this mechanosynthesized material is sufficiently ordered to permit unprecedented structural characterization of a g‐PCN layered solid by combining solid‐state magic angle spinning, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and transmission electron microscopy, supported by dispersion‐corrected density functional theory modeling. The excellent match of experimental 31P MAS NMR and PXRD data with modeling of the structure based on phosphorus‐linked triazine network layers makes the herein described mechanochemically synthesized material the first example of a photocatalytically active, as well as structurally characterized, g‐PCN.
Recent Advances in the Nanomaterials, Design, Fabrication Approaches of Thermoelectric Nanogenerators for Various Applications
Authors: Kim Andrew , Kumar Pawan , Annamalai Pratheep Kumar , Patel Rajkumar
Published: October 2022

Thermoelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising sustainable energy devices that utilize thermoelectric (TE) effect of nanomaterials to convert a temperature gradient into electrical energy. Compared to bulk thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that are commercially available, TENGs are more flexible and power‐dense, owing to their tuneable nanostructures. Hence, smaller TENGs are better suited for small form‐factor applications like wearable electronics, internet of things (IoT) devices, and self‐powered sensors. However, the higher complexity and cost of TENGs than TEGs inhibit their widespread adoption. This review appraises the latest advances in TENG materials, design, and fabrication in optimizing the performance of TENGs, making TENGs more viable for real‐world applications. More precisely, this work examines how nanostructure engineering, nanomaterial compositing, and post‐synthesis treatment approaches have enhanced the TE properties of common and promising TE materials, including tellurides, selenides, metal oxides, metal alloys, silicon, carbon nanomaterials, and organic compounds. Given that the TE material is a key component in TENGs, this review highlights how to optimize other vital parameters, including the TENG configuration, contact interface, form factor, heat sink use, and folded shape for specific applications. Lastly, critical attributes of TENGs used in wearable electronics, sensors, implantable electronics, solar energy conversion, and waste heat recovery are analyzed.
A Super‐Broadband NIR Dual‐Emitting Mg2SnO4:Cr3+,Ni2+ Phosphor for Ratiometric Phosphor‐Converted NIR Light Source Applications
Authors: Liu Bo‐Mei , Guo Xiao‐Xuan , Huang Lin , Zhou Rong‐Fu , Zou Rui , Ma Chong‐Geng , Wang Jing
Published: October 2022

Near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) have sparked tremendous interest in NIR spectroscopy. However, conventional NIR pc‐LEDs with a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) and single‐emission block the detection scope and detection accuracy for NIR spectroscopy analysis. Herein, a multicenter strategy is developed for the preparation of blue‐light‐excitable Mg2SnO4:Cr3+,Ni2+ phosphors with NIR dual‐emission (λem = 830/1480 nm, total FWHM = 532 nm). Benefiting from the unique NIR dual‐emission, a ratiometric measurement system with a self‐calibration function is established for highly precise and nondestructive detection. For the first time, a good linear relationship with a detection limit of 0.22 wt.% is achieved for quantitative, non‐invasive detection of water/ethanol mixtures in the field of NIR spectroscopy applications. Additionally, a super‐broadband pc‐LED with a NIR output power of 16.1mW@300 mA is fabricated, demonstrating its applications in high‐penetration imaging and anticounterfeiting. These results provide an approach to achieving NIR dual‐emission phosphor, thereby opening a new avenue for exploring ratiometric NIR spectroscopy techniques.
Thermal Vertical Emitter of Ultra‐High Directionality Achieved Through Nonreciprocal Magneto‐Optical Lattice Resonances
Authors: Shi Kezhang , Xing Yuxin , Sun Yuwei , He Nan , Guo Tingbiao , He Sailing
Published: October 2022

Kirchhoff's law shows that reciprocal materials have equal spectral emissivity at two symmetric polar angles, which is a fundamental limit for a thermal emitter to achieve a small angular divergence in the normal direction. Nonreciprocal materials allow violation of Kirchhoff's law as the emissivity at the two symmetric polar angles can be different. However, achieving strong nonreciprocal thermal radiation near zero angle is challenging. In this work, to reduce the power consumption of a light source for e.g. gas sensing, an ultra‐high‐directional nonreciprocal thermal vertical emitter is proposed, with a periodic structure of magneto‐optical material. When B = 3 T or 1.5 T, magneto‐optical lattice resonances enable the near‐perfect emissivity at 22.36 µm or 22.99 µm at zero angle. The strong nonreciprocity contributed by the collective modes allows for a near‐complete violation of Kirchhoff's law at small angles of ±1°. The nonreciprocal emitters have a very small angular divergence (≈1°), which is better than that of the state‐of‐the‐art thermal emitters. The highly directional nonreciprocal thermal emission is robust despite ±25% change in material loss and ±5% fluctuation in structural parameters. This work should inspire the design of high‐directional nonreciprocal thermal emitters and their applications in high‐resolution thermal imaging, infrared gas sensing, biomedical breath monitoring, and so on.
Quantitative 3D Characterization for Kinetics of Corrosion Initiation and Propagation in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Li Jianli , Hughes Anthony E. , Yang Y. S. , Laleh Majid , Wang Haipeng , Zhang Xufang , Ma Jie , Xu Wei , Tan Mike Y.
Published: October 2022

In situ X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) is used to investigate the effects of characteristic microstructural features on the pitting initiation and propagation in austenitic stainless steel specimens prepared with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing. In situ X‐ray CT in probing the mechanism and kinetics of localized corrosion is demonstrated by immersing two LPBF specimens with different porosities in an aggressive ferric chloride solution for the evaluation of corrosion. X‐ray CT images are acquired from the specimens after every 8 hours of immersion over an extended period of time (216 hours). Corrosion pit growth is then quantitatively analyzed with a data‐constrained modeling method. The pitting growth mechanism of LPBF stainless steel is found to be different from that of conventional stainless steels. More specifically, the mechanism of corrosion pit initiation is closely correlated with the original lack of fusion porosity (LOF) distribution on the surface of the specimens and preferential pit propagation through the LOF pores inside the specimens. Pit growth kinetics are derived from pit volume changes determined through 3D data analysis. The pit growth kinetics in LPBF specimens are found to vary in the initial pit formation, competitive pit propagation, and the dominant pit growth stages.
Antiferroelectric PbSnO3 Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Lai Yu‐Hong , Zheng Jun‐Ding , Lu Si‐Cheng , Wang Yin‐Kuo , Duan Chun‐Gang , Yu Pu , Zheng Yun‐Zhe , Huang Rong , Chang Li , Chu Ming‐Wen , Hsu Ju‐Hung , Chu Ying‐Hao
Published: October 2022

In condensed matter physics, oxide materials show various intriguing physical properties. Therefore, many efforts are made in this field to develop functional oxides. Due to the excellent potential for tin‐based perovskite oxides, an expansion of new related functional compounds is crucial. This work uses a heteroepitaxial approach supported by theoretical calculation to stabilize PbSnO3 thin films with different orientations. The analyses of X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy unveil the structural information. A typical antiferroelectric feature with double hysteresis and butterfly loops is observed through electrical characterizations consistent with the theoretical prediction. The phase transition is monitored, and the transition temperatures are determined based on temperature‐dependent structural and electrical characterizations. Furthermore, the microscopic antiferroelectric order is noticed under atomic resolution images via scanning transmission electron microscopy. This work offers a breakthrough in synthesizing epitaxial PbSnO3 thin films and comprehensively understanding its anisotropic antiferroelectric behavior.
Manipulating the Migration of Iodine Ions via Reverse‐Biasing for Boosting Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Keqing , Feng Xiangxiang , Li Hengyue , Long Caoyu , Liu Biao , Shi Jiangjian , Meng Qingbo , Weber Klaus , Duong The , Yang Junliang
Published: October 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are being developed rapidly and exhibit greatly potential commercialization. Herein, it is found that the device performance can be improved by manipulating the migration of iodine ions via reverse‐biasing, for example, at −0.4 V for 3 min in dark. Characterizations suggest that reverse bias can increase the charge recombination resistance, improve carrier transport, and enhance built‐in electric field. Iodine ions including iodine interstitials in perovskites are confirmed to migrate and accumulate at the SnO2/perovskite interface under reverse‐basing, which fill iodine vacancies at the interface and interact with SnO2. First‐principles calculations suggest that the SnO2/perovskite interface with less iodine vacancies has a stronger interaction and higher charge transfer, leading to larger built‐in electric field and improved charge transport. Iodine ions that may pass through the SnO2/perovskite interface are also confirmed to be able to interact with Sn4+ and passivate oxygen vacancies on the surface of SnO2. Consequently, an efficiency of 23.48% with the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.16 V is achieved for PSCs with reverse‐biasing, as compared with the initial efficiency of 22.13% with a Voc of 1.10 V. These results are of great significance to reveal the physics mechanism of PSCs under electric field.
Construction of a Band‐Aid Like Cardiac Patch for Myocardial Infarction with Controllable H2S Release
Authors: Li Weirun , Chen Peier , Pan Yuxuan , Lu Ling , Ning Xiaodong , Liu Jiamin , Wei Jintao , Chen Minsheng , Zhao Peng , Ou Caiwen
Published: October 2022

Excessive or persistent inflammation incites cardiomyocytes necrosis by generating reactive oxygen species in myocardial infarction (MI). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signal molecule, can quickly permeate cells and tissues, growing concerned for its cardioprotective effects. However, short resident time and strong side effects greatly restrict its application. Herein, a complex scaffold (AAB) is first developed to slowly release H2S for myocardial protection by integrating alginate modified with 2‐aminopyridine‐5‐thiocarboxamide (H2S donor) into albumin electrospun fibers. Next, a band‐aid like patch is constructed based on AAB (center) and nanocomposite scaffold which comprises albumin scaffold and black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs). With near‐infrared laser (808 nm), thermal energy generated by BPNSs can locally change the molecular structure of fibrous scaffold, thereby attaching patch to the myocardium. In this study, it is also demonstrated that AAB can enhance regenerative M2 macrophage and attenuate inflammatory polarization of macrophages via reduction in intracellular ROS. Eventually, this engineered cardiac patch can relieve inflammation and promote angiogenesis after MI, and thereby recover heart function, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for MI treatment.
Achieving Giant Piezoelectricity and High Property Uniformity Simultaneously in a Relaxor Ferroelectric Crystal through Rare‐Earth Element Doping
Authors: Liu Yangbin , Li Qian , Qiao Liao , Xu Zhuo , Li Fei
Published: October 2022

The low uniformity in properties of relaxor ferroelectric crystals is a long‐standing issue in the ferroelectric community, which limits the available volume of the entire crystal boule. The aim of this study is to develop a relaxor ferroelectric crystal with improved property uniformity and excellent piezoelectricity. To this end, Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3is doped with Nd2O3(Nd–PIN–PMN–PT) to improve the crystal performance. Along the crystal boule, the piezoelectric coefficientd33varies from 2800 to 3500 pC N−1, and the dielectric constant ranges from 8400 to 9800, with variations of 25% and 16%, respectively. Such high property uniformity results in over 75% available volume of the crystal boule, compared to 30–50% for undoped crystals grown by Bridgman method. At the electric field of 1 kV cm−1, the converse piezoelectric response is up to 4780 pm V−1. In addition, its Curie temperature (TC) and coercive field (EC) are above 150 °C and 3 kV cm−1, respectively. Compared with Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3crystal (d33: 1500 pC N−1,TC: 135 °C,EC: 2.3 kV cm−1), the larger piezoelectricity, the higherTCandEC, and improved uniformity make Nd–PIN–PMN–PT crystals promising candidates for advanced piezoelectric applications.
Small Molecular Inhibitors Reverse Cancer Metastasis by Blockading Oncogenic PITPNM3
Authors: Liu Zihao , Shi Yu , Lv Li , Chen Jianing , Jiang WenG. , Li Jun , Lin Qun , Fang Xiaolin , Gao Jingbo , Liu Yujie , Liu Qiang , Xu Xiaoding , Song Erwei , Gong Chang
Published: October 2022

Most cancer‐related deaths are a result of metastasis. The development of small molecular inhibitors reversing cancer metastasis represents a promising therapeutic opportunity for cancer patients. This pan‐cancer analysis identifies oncogenic roles of membrane‐associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3 (PITPNM3), which is crucial for cancer metastasis. Small molecules targeting PITPNM3 must be explored further. Here, PITPNM3‐selective small molecular inhibitors are reported. These compounds exhibit target‐specific inhibition of PITPNM3 signaling, thereby reducing metastasis of breast cancer cells. Besides, by using nanoparticle‐based delivery systems, these PITPNM3‐selective compounds loaded nanoparticles significantly repress metastasis of breast cancer in mouse xenograft models and organoid models. Notably, the results establish an important metastatic‐promoting role for PITPNM3 and offer PITPNM3 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in metastatic breast cancer.
Interfacial Assembly of Ti3C2Tx/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction for High‐Performance Photodetectors
Authors: Hou Shuping , Xu Chen , Ju Xingkai , Jin Yongdong
Published: October 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as prospective candidates for electronics and optoelectronics applications as they can be easily fabricated through liquid exfoliation and used to fabricate various structures by further subsequent processing methods in addition to their extraordinary and unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, the Ti3C2Tx/ZIS heterostructure with nanometer‐thick Ti3C2Tx‐MXene and ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) films is fabricated by successive interfacial assembly of liquid exfoliated 2D MXene and ZnIn2S4 nanoflakes. Benefiting from the superior light‐harvesting capability and low dark current of ZnIn2S4, the limited absorbance, large scattering coefficient, and high dark current disadvantages of MXene are ameliorated. Meanwhile, the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers in ZnIn2S4 are improved due to the excellent electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx nanoflakes. As a result, the as‐prepared Ti3C2Tx/ZIS heterostructure photodetector has excellent optoelectronic characteristics in terms of a high responsivity of 1.04 mA W−1, a large specific detectivity up to 1 × 1011 Jones, a huge on/off ratio at around 105, and an ultralow dark current at ≈10−12 A. This work demonstrates a convenient method to construct heterostructured photodetectors by liquid exfoliated 2D nanoflakes, the as‐fabricated Ti3C2Tx/ZIS heterostructured photodetectors show promising application potential for low‐cost, reliable, and high‐performance photodetectors.
Ultrafast Racetrack Based on Compensated Co/Gd‐Based Synthetic Ferrimagnet with All‐Optical Switching
Authors: Li Pingzhi , Kools Thomas J. , Koopmans Bert , Lavrijsen Reinoud
Published: October 2022

Spin‐orbitronics and single pulse all‐optical switching (AOS) of magnetization are two major successes of the rapidly advancing field of nanomagnetism in recent years, with high potential for enabling novel, fast, and energy‐efficient memory and logic platforms. Fast current‐induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) and single shot AOS have been individually demonstrated in different ferrimagnetic alloys. However, the stringent requirement for their composition control makes these alloys challenging materials for wafer scale production. Here, fast CIDWM and energy efficient AOS in a synthetic ferrimagnetic system based on multilayered [Co/Gd]2 are simultaneously demonstrated. First, it is shown that AOS is present in its full composition range. It is found that current‐driven domain wall velocities over 2000 m s‐1 at room temperature, achieved by compensating the total angular momentum through layer thickness tuning. Furthermore, analytical modeling of the CIDWM reveals that Joule heating needs to be treated transiently to properly describe the CIDWM for our sub‐ns current pulses. The studies establish [Co/Gd]‐based synthetic ferrimagnets to be a unique materials platform for domain wall devices with access to ultrafast single pulse AOS.
Designing Wake‐Up Free Ferroelectric Capacitors Based on the HfO2/ZrO2 Superlattice Structure
Authors: Bai Na , Xue Kan‐Hao , Huang Jinhai , Yuan Jun‐Hui , Wang Wenlin , Mao Ge‐Qi , Zou Lanqing , Yang Shengxin , Lu Hong , Sun Huajun , Miao Xiangshui
Published: October 2022

The wake‐up phenomenon widely exists in hafnia‐based ferroelectric capacitors, which causes device parameter variation over time. Crystallization at a higher temperature has been reported to be effective in eliminating wake‐up, but high temperature may yield the monoclinic phase or generate more oxygen vacancies. In this work, a unidirectional annealing method is proposed for the crystallization of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) superlattice ferroelectrics, which involves heating from the Pt/ZrO2 interface side. It is demonstrated that 600 °C annealing only leads to a moderate content of monoclinic phase in HZO, and the TiN/HZO/Pt capacitor exhibits wake‐up free nature and a switchable remnant polarization value of 27.4 µC cm−2. On the other hand, heating from the TiN/HfO2 side, or using 500 °C annealing temperature, could yield ferroelectric devices that require a wake‐up process. The special configuration of Pt/ZrO2 is verified by comparative studies with several other superlattice structures and HZO solid‐state solutions. It is discovered that heating from the Pt/HfO2 side at 600 °C leads to high leakage current and a memristor behavior. The mechanisms of ferroelectric phase stabilization and memristor formation have been discussed. The unidirectional heating method can also be useful for other hafnia‐based ferroelectric devices.
Essential Characteristics of Memristors for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Chen Wenbin , Song Lekai , Wang Shengbo , Zhang Zhiyuan , Wang Guanyu , Hu Guohua , Gao Shuo
Published: October 2022

The memristor is a resistive switch where its resistive state is programable based on the applied voltage or current. Memristive devices are thus capable of storing and computing information simultaneously, breaking the Von Neumann bottleneck. Since the first nanomemristor made by Hewlett‐Packard in 2008, advances so far have enabled nanostructured, low‐power, high‐durability devices that exhibit superior performance over conventional CMOS devices. Herein, the development of memristors based on different physical mechanisms is reviewed. In particular, device stability, integration density, power consumption, switching speed, retention, and endurance of memristors, that are crucial for neuromorphic computing, are discussed in detail. An overview of various neural networks with a focus on building a memristor‐based spike neural network neuromorphic computing system is then provided. Finally, the existing issues and challenges in implementing such neuromorphic computing systems are analyzed, and an outlook for brain‐like computing is proposed.
Boosting Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction via an Unexpected Dynamic Evolution of Molybdenum and Selenium on MoSe2 Electrode
Authors: Zhou Lihai , Yang Chunming , Zhu Wangchuan , Li Ran , Pang Xiangxiang , Zhen Yanzhong , Wang Chuantao , Gao Loujun , Fu Feng , Gao Ziwei , Liang Yucang
Published: October 2022

Transition metal chalcogenides are a promising and extremely pivotal class of electrocatalysts with potential applications in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), especially, molybdenum diselenide. Although the exposed edge sites are generally considered to be the active sites of MoSe2 for HER, an intrinsic behavior (surface species evolution, structure/morphology conversion, stability) of MoSe2 electrode itself was not unveiled. Herein, the origin of MoSe2‐electrocatalyzed HER activity monitored by the quasi‐operando XPS and in situ Raman spectroscopy is presented. The findings clearly show dynamic evolution of both Mo and Se species on MoSe2 electrode surface for promoting HER activity and maintaining long‐term catalytic stability and reveal an electro‐oxidative dissolution and re‐adsorption mechanism. Theoretical calculations also corroborate these results. As expected, the addition of single or mixed MoO42− and SeO32− to the electrolyte of nickel foam directly verifies the critical role of surface‐adsorbed Mo and Se species for boosting HER activity and stability. Additionally, the oxidative dissolution of Se on NixSey electrode surface during HER is also observed, revealing the universality of oxidative dissolution of Se in transition metal selenides. This study provides a unique insight into the species evolution and surface structure transformation mechanism and activity improved origin of materials during the electroreduction process.
Defect Engineering in Prussian Blue Analogs for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Cao Yu , Sun Jie
Published: October 2022

Prussian blue (PB) and its analogs (PBAs) are considered one of the most promising materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The typical PB with perfect structure and highly integrated lattice has excellent structural stability, but the possible structural defects inevitably generated in the synthesis process will deteriorate its structure during cycling, resulting in rapid capacity degradation, and impede their practical application. However, not all defects are detrimental, as proper defect construction can customize the local nature of PB to achieve outstanding new functions. This paper reviews various defect engineering designs for PBAs, such as the creation/suppression of cation or anion vacancies, the introduction of cation doping, the reduction of dislocation defects, and the construction of pore‐defect engineering. As a result, the structure–activity relationship between defects and electrochemical performance of SIBs is summarized. Moreover, the existing challenges and future development prospects are discussed, and the potential application of defect engineering in PBAs for SIBs is emphasized.
A Codoping Strategy for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Sb2S3 Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Shiwu , Li Mingyu , Zhu Yongcheng , Cai Xueqin , Xiao Feng , Ma Tianjun , Yang Ji , Shen Guohuan , Ke An , Lu Yue , Liang Wenxi , Hsu Hsien‐Yi , Chen Chao , Tang Jiang , Song Haisheng
Published: October 2022

Antimony sulfide is a promising wide bandgap light‐harvesting material owing to its high absorption coefficient, nontoxicity, superior stability, and low cost. However, the reported Sb2S3 absorber suffers from complicated defect characteristics due to its quasi‐1D structure. Herein, a codoping technique from chlorine and selenium is developed in hydrothermal method to regulate the film defect properties and promote the device efficiency. The theoretical calculation and experimental results demonstrate that the Cl&Se codoping plays a synergistic role in absorber film quality improvement. Se doping could efficiently fill the intrinsic deep defect level VS and Cl is a benign n‐type dopant and favor [hk1] oriented deposition. Systematic device physical characterizations verify the codoped device superior heterojunction quality and much lower interface and bulk defect density comparing with control one. The optimal codoping device delivers a certified power conversion efficiency of 7.15% (5.9% for control one), the highest certified value in planar Sb2S3 solar cells. This study develops an effective doping strategy with multi‐element synergistic incorporation which sheds new light on high‐efficiency Sb2S3 solar cells.
Controlled Adsorption Boosting the Cumulation of H2O2 Based on the Chain Mail Catalyst
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Yan , Duan Guangxin , He Jing‐Hui , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: October 2022

Synthesis of H2O2 through oxygen electro‐reduction is a green sustainable route but suffers from the slow kinetics and limited cumulation of H2O2, because of the exceedingly slow oxygen diffusion and oxygen being directly reduced to water. Here, it has been proposed voltage pulse‐regulated catalysis achieves the continuous accumulation of H2O2 concentrations up to 50 times greater than constant catalysis based on the chain mail catalyst, which is capable of catalysis steadily for 3.6 million pulses (2000 h) at one current level. When using a flow cell, the preparation rate of 39 977 mmol gcat−1 h−1 is achieved, exceeding previous records. Because the applied voltage regulates the adsorption of O2/ H2O2 from the catalyst, as verified by molecular dynamics simulations, the chain mail catalyst exhibits a lower barrier to oxygen adsorption than the direct reduction of oxygen to water, achieving rapid and continuous cumulation. In addition, the direct use of in‐situ produced H2O2 achieves complete sterilization in two minutes demonstrating the potential for application at an industrial level.
Mechatronic Reconfigurable Intelligent‐Surface‐Driven Indoor Fifth‐Generation Wireless Communication
Authors: Jeong Heijun , Park Eiyong , Phon Ratanak , Lim Sungjoon
Published: October 2022

Reconfigurable intelligent surface‐assisted wireless networks have been proposed to overcome the current technical issues in fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communication systems. Generally, the beam control functions of a reconfigurable intelligent surface require the independent phase control of the unit cells, and each unit cell requires an active device. Although reconfigurable intelligent surfaces are considered a promising solution for 5G and sixth‐generation (6G) wireless communication, their practical implementation faces a bottleneck at high frequencies (e.g., with the millimetre‐wave spectrum) because they require a large number of active devices, leading to high costs, parasitic effects, increased design complexity, and modulated signal distortion. Herein, a mechatronic reconfigurable intelligent surface is reported for indoor millimetre‐wave wireless communication. Our mechatronic device strengthens the innovative reflective beam control functions through rotatable unit structures and rack gear systems. Furthermore, the criteria required for future 5 G wireless communication are experimentally verified by transmitting and receiving quadrature phase‐shift keying 16‐/32‐/64‐quadrature amplitude modulation signals based on 5 G new radio (NR) frequency range two standards for indoor environments.
A Single Smart Ring for Monitoring 20 Kinds of Multi‐Intensity Daily Activities––From Kitchen Work to Fierce Exercises
Authors: Zhao Yuliang , Liu Jiali , Lian Chao , Liu Yifan , Ren Xianshou , Lou Jiazhi , Chen Meng , Li Wen Jung
Published: October 2022

Statistical analysis of human daily activities contributes to time planning and health management. It also helps people make healthcare judgments and disease predictions when combined with big data technology. However, traditional methods for recognition of human daily activities based on vision and multisensors have limitations due to poor portability and weak capability in multiple activities detection. Herein, the development of a wearable human activity recognition (HAR) smart ring capable of recognizing at least 20 multi‐intensity activities, i.e., motions ranging from clean‐the‐desk to playing basketball, based on a microinertial measurement unit and a hierarchical decision algorithm is proposed. Users only need to wear the smart ring on the index finger of the right hand to accurately identify 20 common activities that are classified as light, vigorous, and fierce. A novel hierarchical decision algorithm using 70 features is proposed to improve the accuracy and speed of recognizing common human activities and provides a final recognition accuracy of 98.10% for 20 types of activities. This extremely portable, reliable, and high‐accuracy HAR solution is a significant advancement in providing real‐time quantitative data for personal lifestyle supervision, time planning, and healthcare management.
Adaptive Hodgkin–Huxley Neuron for Retina‐Inspired Perception
Authors: Xu Yichun , Gao Sen , Li Zhiyuan , Yang Rui , Miao Xiangshui
Published: October 2022

Biomimetic machine vision systems require structures, including an artificial retina to capture and process images, and an artificial network that imitates the cortex for visual inspection and identification tasks. One of the key challenges for biomimetic perceptional machine visual systems is the self‐adaptive behavior of the retina, which is known as the ability to adjust and eventually perceive objects through a wide range of environmental light intensities. To achieve this, current systems use either complex processing algorithms or specific devices with optoelectronic properties which results in complexity and less efficiency. Herein, an artificial retina circuit is reported to imitate the adaptation process to light (photopic and scotopic adaptation) of the perceptional biovisual system. The implementation of an artificial Hodgkin–Huxley neuron circuit based on adaptive VO2 memristors has helped the artificial retina to successfully demonstrate time‐varying activation and inhibition characteristics. The adaptable perception function under different illumination conditions is faithfully achieved by the artificial HH neuron based on the self‐adaptability of the memristor. The function is consistent with the dynamic light amplitude ranges of biological vision systems. More importantly, this development shows a pervasive way to design and fabricate a universal environmentally adaptable artificial system.
Body surface area equations for physically active men and women
Authors: Looney David P. , Potter Adam W. , Arcidiacono Danielle M. , Santee William R. , Friedl Karl E.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To improve predictive formulae for estimating body surface area (BSA) in healthy men and women using a modern three‐dimensional scanner technology.

Methods

Body surface areas were obtained from a convenience sample of 1267 US Marines (464 women and 803 men) using a whole body surface scanner (Size Stream SS20). The reliability of SS20 measures of total and regional BSA within participants was compared across triplicate scans. We then derived a series of formulae to estimate SS20‐measured BSA using various combinations of sex, height, and mass. We also assessed relationships between percent body fat measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and sex‐specific formulae errors in Marines.

Results

Body surface areas recorded by the SS20 were highly reliable whether measured for the total body or by region (ICC ≥ .962). Formulae estimates of BSA from sex, height, and mass were precise (root‐mean‐square deviation, 0.031 m2). Errors from the Marine Corps formulae were positively associated with percent body fat for men (p = .001) but not women (p = .843).

Conclusions

Clinicians, military leaders, and researchers can use the newly developed BSA formulae for precise estimates in healthy physically active men and women. Users should be aware that height‐ and mass‐based BSA estimates are less accurate for individuals with extremely low or high percent body fat.
Keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness syndrome with lethal p.Ala88Val variant and severe hypercalcemia
Authors: López‐Sundh Ana Elísabet , Escribano‐Palomino Esperanza , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Tenorio Jair , Brizzi María Emilia , Krasnovska Zayets Khrystyna , Servera‐Negra Guillermo , de Lucas‐Laguna Raúl
Published: October 2022

Keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by pathogenic variants in connexin 26 (gene GJB2), which is part of the transmembrane channels of the epithelia. Connexin 26 is expressed mainly in the cornea, the sensory epithelium of the inner ear, and in the skin keratinocytes, which are the three main target organs in KID syndrome. Approximately a dozen pathogenic variants have been described to date, including some lethal forms. Patients with lethal pathogenic variants present with severe symptoms from birth and die from sepsis during the first year of life. We present a premature female patient with KID syndrome carrying the lethal p.Ala88Val pathogenic variant in GJB2. In addition to the respiratory distress associated with this variant, our patient presented severe hypercalcemia of unexplained origin refractory to treatment. This abnormality has not been reported earlier in other patients with KID syndrome with the same variant.
Chiral Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using NMR Spectroscopy: A Review
Authors: Kumar Vashistha Vinod
Published: October 2022

Chirality recognition of pharmaceutical products plays a significant part in asymmetric synthesis, stereoselective catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and the development of new drug substances. NMR spectroscopy is a potential technique utilized not only for the determination of chemical structure but also for chirality analysis. Three main approaches are developed for the assessment of the chirality of organic compounds through NMR spectroscopy that depends on the use of chiral discriminating agents such as chiral solvating agents, and chiral derivatizing agents. This article highlights the recent advances in chiral recognition of pharmaceutically important compounds using NMR spectroscopic methods.
Effectiveness of buccal dental‐microwear texture in African Cercopithecoidea dietary discrimination
Authors: Martínez Laura M. , Estebaranz‐Sánchez Ferran , Romero Alejandro , Ibáñez Juan José , Hidalgo‐Trujillo Luis , Avià Yasmina , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This study compares ISO (ISO/FDIS 25178) roughness parameters, calculated from three‐dimensional (3D) molar buccal microtexture surfaces, among African Cercopithecoidea primates with different diets.

Materials and Methods

We examined 98 lower second molars from seven African Cercopithecoidea species with diverse dietary regimes and habitat exploitation. Buccal dental surfaces were analyzed using a Sensofar Plu Neox laser scanning confocal microscope. Thirty‐eight, areal surface texture parameters were extracted (Mountain 7® software). Uni‐ and multivariate statistics were used to obtain diet‐related patterns of buccal‐microwear textures and feeding ecology to differentiate between species.

Results

Buccal‐dental 3D texture parameters discriminate between Cercopithecoidea diets. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variation in microwear texture between forest‐adapted Mandrillus sphinx, which showed coarse flat features, and grassland forager Theropithecus gelada, whose buccal surfaces were characterized by a high density of thin features. Buccal‐microwear textures of folivorous species (Colobus polykomos) were related to a lower density of thicker surface indentations in comparison to Papio anubis and Cercocebus atys which are adapted to the consumption of tough and hard foods. The limited interspecific variation in the buccal‐microwear textures of savanna dwellers (Chlorocebus pygerythrus and Chlorocebus aethiops) probably reflects similarities in their foraging diets.

Discussion

Significant variations between‐species demonstrate that 3D microwear ISO roughness parameters applied to buccal enamel surfaces can distinguish between the diets of Cercopithecoidea.
Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Injectable Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Localized Tumor Therapy: A Review
Authors: Yang Xu , Wang Bin , Peng Dongdong , Nie Xiaobo , Wang Jun , Yu Cui-Yun , Wei Hua
Published: October 2022

Hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based hydrogels are regarded as ideal candidates for wound dressing and localized cancer treatment due to the excellent biocompatibility, potential targeting property, and highly adaptable structure for modulated functionalities. Among the numerous advantages, the injectable property is probably one of the most important factors that determines the therapeutic efficiency of HA‐based hydrogels as wound dressings because it enables to complete filling of wound sites, in situ encapsulation of any bioactive molecule, and sufficient adherence to wounds. Meanwhile, HA‐based injectable hydrogels can be used as localized drug delivery systems for cancer therapy with significantly compromised systematic side effects. Therefore, there is clearly considerable scope to compose a timely review on this hot subject of research. However, few reviews, as per knowledge, focus on this topic. For this purpose, the recent notable efforts made on the use of HA‐based injectable hydrogels as new‐type wound dressings and localized drug delivery systems with a focus on chemistry adopted to achieve desirable properties and functions for optimal performances are summarized. The useful information and guidelines summarized here are believed to promote next generation and clinical translations of HA‐based injectable hydrogels with greater therapeutic efficiency for wound dressing and localized tumor therapy.
Reply to Correspondence on “Synergy and Antagonism between Allosteric and Active‐Site Inhibitors of Abl Tyrosine Kinase”
Authors: Johnson Taylor K. , Bochar Daniel A. , Vandecan Nathalie M. , Furtado Jessica , Agius Michael P. , Phadke Sameer , Soellner Matthew B.
Published: October 2022

Manley and co‐workers provide data demonstrating that, at super‐pharmacological concentrations (300 μM), a ternary complex between Abl, asciminib, and ATP‐competitive inhibitors is possible. The work in our manuscript concerns the interplay of asciminib (and GNF‐2) with ATP‐competitive inhibitors at pharmacologically relevant concentrations (Cmax=1.6–3.7 μM for asciminib). Manley and co‐workers do not question any of the studies that we reported, nor do they provide explanations for how our work fits into their preferred model. Herein, we consider the data presented by Manley and co‐workers. In addition, we provide new data supporting the findings in our Communication. Asciminib and ATP‐competitive inhibitors do not simultaneously bind Abl at pharmacologically relevant concentrations unless the conformation selectivity for both ligands is matched.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization for the Synthesis of Fused Benzo‐Aza‐Oxa‐[5‐6‐5] Tetracycles
Authors: Liu Chao , Tan Xiangwen , Zhan Lingzhi , Jing Yaru , Wu Wanqing , Ke Zhuofeng , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: October 2022

A novel and expedient cascade strategy has been demonstrated for the synthesis of fused benzo‐aza‐oxa‐[5‐6‐5] tetracycles in high yields and diastereoselectivities (up to 20 : 1 dr). The strategy was fulfilled through palladium‐catalyzed oxidative convergent assembly of functionally divergent anilines and 3‐butenoic acid with five chemical bonds constructed. Coupled with control experiments and deuterium labelled studies, DFT calculations were performed for the proposed mechanism. The utility of the illustrated strategy is emphasized by gram‐scale syntheses, late‐stage functionalization, and the transformation to a key core of natural products such as martinellic acid and seneciobipyrrolidine.