bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teori persaingan sempurna neoklasik digugat
Authors: Aritonang Lerbin R
Published: December 2017

In 1995, Hunt and Morgan ( 1995) proposed new theory of competition, namely the resource advantage theory of competition. The theory were explicated·and contrasted with the neoclassical theory of perfect competition. They argued that the new theory of competition explains key macro and micro phenomena better Than neoclassical competition theory. This article describes the new theory and responses of scientific community.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT UNDERPRICING SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG MELAKUKAN INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Gunawan Mega , Jodin Viriany
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of return on assets, debt to equity ratio, earnings per share, firm age, firm size and the percentage of stock offering to the public of the level of underpricing of shares in a company which do initial public offering in Bursa Efek Indonesia. The population in this study is all companies that do an initial public offering listed in the Bursa Efek Indonesia with period of 2007 to 2012, which amounted to 125 companies that obtained through field studies in Bursa Efek Indonesia. Samples are selected by using purposive sampling method amounted to be 66 companies. The method of analysis in this study using multiple regression analysis. Purpose to through analysis multiple regression is to prove the effect of each six variables about level of underpricing. The results of this study showed that return on assets and firm size which have a significant influence on the level of underpricing.
PERKEMBANGAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DAN KESENJANGAN SOSIAL REGIONAL DI INDONESIA 2011-2015
Authors: Prasodjo Iwan
Published: December 2017

This article discusses on poverty rate and inequlity in urban and rural areas during 2011-15. It shows that poverty rate tends todecrease. The poverty in rural area is worse than that in the urban one. The urban poor people work in the informal sector or in the small business. The poor in the rural areas work in the agriculture sector. The majority of poorest provinces is in the east Indonesia. However, the majority of the poor people live in Java island. Eventough the income inequility in Indonesia is moderate, but it  has been increased since 2011. There are many more poor people above the national poverty line. The government could inprove rural and east Indonesia infstructure in order to increase agriculture production. In this way the poverty in rural area and the gap between east and west Indonesia could decrease.
Ayçiçeği Genotiplerinin Demir Noksanlığına Karşı Tolerans Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Torun Ayfer Alkan , Erdem Halil , Torun Mustafa Bülent
Published: December 2017

Demir (Fe) noksanlığı dünyada bitkilerde ve insanlarda görülen önemli bir beslenme problemidir. Bu sorun aynı zamanda Türkiye‘de de yaygın bir beslenme problemi olup ayçiçeği, önemli derecede verim ve kalite kayıplarına yol açan Fe noksanlığına duyarlı bir tür olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı ayçiçeği genotiplerinin Fe noksanlığına karşı duyarlılığı test edilmiştir. Çalışmada, bitki materyali olarak, TR-6149-SA, TR-3080 ve 6480 genotipleri kullanılmıştır. Bitkiler, Fe‘siz (0 Âµmol Fe) ve Fe (100 Âµmol Fe) içeren su kültürü yetiştirme ortamında test edilmiştir. Deneme sonunda bitkilerde simptom derecesi, SPAD değeri, klorofil konsantrasyonu, yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi, Fe-redüktaz enzim aktivitesi, yeşil aksam Fe konsantrasyonu ve büyüme ortamının pH değeri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar ayçiçeği bitkisinin Fe noksanlığını etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin Fe alımı ve Fe-redüktaz aktivitesi olduğunu göstermiştir. Çeşitlerin Fe noksanlığına karşı toleransta önemli rolü olan köklerin Fe redüktaz enzim aktivitesinin TR-3080 nolu genotipde Fe noksanlığı koşullarında diğer genotiplerden daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, uygulanan değişik Fe konsantrasyonlarına karşı genotiplerin tepkilerinin önemli derecede farklılık gösterdiği ve Fe noksanlığına karşı tolerant genotiplerin belirlenmesinde Fe redüktaz enzim aktivitesinin önemli rol oynayabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Akkaraman Koyunlarında Gebeliği Son Döneminde Yapılan Ek Yemlemenin Kuzularda Doğum ve Çeşitli Dönemlerdeki Canlı Ağırlıklar Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Şirin Emre , Uçan Ümit , Şen Uğur , Soydan Ercan
Published: December 2017

Bu çalışma, Kırşehir İlinde yetiştirilen Akkaraman ırkı koyunlarda gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzularda doğum ve çeşitli dönemlerdeki ağırlıklar üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırma materyalini, 580 baş Akkaraman koyunu ve bunların 2015 doğum sezonunda doğurmuş oldukları 554 baş Akkaraman kuzusu oluşturmuştur. Akkaraman koyunları iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki gruba da buğday samanı gebelik süresince verilmiştir. Ek yemleme grubuna (EYG), gebeliğin son döneminde buğday samanına ek kesif yem (400 gr/hayvan) verilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna (KG) ise gebelik süresince sadece buğday samanı verilmiştir. Araştırmada kuzuların çeşitli dönem canlı ağırlıkları, yaşama güçleri ve Akkaraman koyunlarının bazı döl verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Akkaraman koyunlarında döl verim özelliklerinden kısırlık oranı, doğum oranı, ikizlik oranı, yavru atma oranı, koç altı koyun başına kuzu sayısı ve doğuran koyun başına kuzu sayısı değerleri EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %12 ve %9, %86 ve %91, %13 ve %5, %2 ve %0, 0,96 ve 0,95, 1,12 ve 1,04 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzularda yaşama gücü 90. gün ve 120. günde EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %84, %80 ve %91, %91 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Akkaraman kuzularının doğum, 90. ve 120. günlük yaştaki canlı ağırlık ortalamaları EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla 5,82±0,06 kg, 30,94±0,44 kg, 35,91±0,09 kg ve 3,43±0,05 kg, 30,17±0,39 kg, 30,84±0,39 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ek yemlemenin, cinsiyet ve doğum tipine göre, doğum ağırlığı ve 120. gün yaş ağırlığı üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. 90. gün ağırlığı bakımından ise sadece doğum tipinin etkisi çok önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzuların doğum ve 120. gün ağırlıklarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.
Karadeniz Sahil Kuşağında Yağlık Kolza (Brassica napus L.,) Bitkisinin Çiçeklenme Fenolojisi, Çiçek Sayısı, Nektar ve Polen Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Çankaya Necda , Kumova Ulviye
Published: December 2017

Bu araştırma, ülkemizde tarımı yaygınlık kazanan yağlık kolza (Brassica napus L.,) bitkisinin Samsun İli koşullarında, çiçeklenme fenolojisi, çiçek sayısı, nektar ve polen potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın birinci yılında (2011), kolza bitkisinin 44 gün süre ile çiçekte kaldığı, bitkide 2.694 adet/da çiçek bulunduğu, günlük toplam 1,89 kg/da nektar salgıladığı ve 1330 kg/da polen ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci yılında (2012), kolza bitkisinin 39 gün süre ile çiçekte kaldığı, bitkide 701 adet/da çiçek bulunduğu, günlük toplam 0,38 kg/da nektar salgıladığı ve 331,57 kg/da polen ürettiği ortaya konmuştur. Kolza bitkisinin Samsun koşullarında yapılan iki yıllık sonuçlarına göre ortalama 41,5 gün çiçekte kaldığı, günlük nektar üretiminin 0,23 mg/çiçek/gün, nektar kuru madde düzeyinin %20,25 ve polen üretiminin 0,48 mg/çiçek/gün olduğu saptanmıştır. Samsun İlinde kolza bitkisinin, erken ilkbahar döneminde, çevrede bulunan birçok bitkinin çiçeklenmesinden önce çiçeklendiği ve başta bal arıları (Apis mellifera L.) olmak üzere pek çok tozlayıcı böceğe, nektar ve polen sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Kolza bitkisinin arıcılık açısından ekiminin yaygınlaştırılarak erken ilkbahar döneminde, bal arıları ve diğer tozlayıcı böcekler açısından elverişli bir besin kaynağı olabileceği ortaya konmuştur.
Cryoablation of para-Hisian accessory pathway in a child without fluoroscopy
Authors: Abdrakhmanov Ayan , Bakytzhanuly Abay , Esilbayev Zhandos , Tursunbekov Azat , Nuralinov Omirbek , Baidauletov Alihan , Bagibaev Serik
Published: December 2017

The case describes successful cryoablation of para-Hisian accessory pathway in adolescent.
ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS IN UPPER LIMB ARTERIES
Authors:   Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy at Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov, Kalinin Roman , Suchkov Igor ,   Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy at Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov, Mjavanadze Nina ,   Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy at Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov, Mustafaeva Rugiya Mahir kizi ,   Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy at Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov
Published: December 2017

Upper extremity arterial disorders are less common than lower extremity disorders. Occlusion and critical stenoses of the arteries lead to the development of ischemia, during which anatomical features of the upper limbs structure play an important role. A large number of anastomoses and a well developed collateral circulation often lead to compensation of blood circulation. During the conducting an open treatment the vascular surgeons meet a non-standard anatomy that presents technical obstacles to the performance. The current article reviews the anatomical variations in upper limbs and formed among them anastomoses which any surgeon may encounter. Having analysed the experiences of colleagues led to the conclusion that the non-classical origin and location of upper limb arteries are a frequent phenomenon that can significantly affect to the medical strategy and change the condition of ischemia of the upper extremities. These data must be taken into consideration in angiographic studies, selection of access during surgical interventions and medical manipulations. Therefore, it is important to conduct a careful examination of each patient to the surgical treatment in order to identify individual characteristics and avoid mistakes.
CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE
Authors:   Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Normatova M.A.
Published: December 2017

Genomic integrity is constantly exposed to the products of metabolic activities and environmental processes that can induce DNA damage. A well-organized network of signaling cascade, designated as DNA damage response (DDR), encompasses systems of damage detection, cell-cycle check-point activation and repair mechanisms. The DNA damage pathways involve not only naked DNA strands but also higherorder chromatin components, such as histone variants and heterochromatin proteins. Any impediment of this regulation process may cause extensive damage and trigger the growth of tumours. The alterations in chromatin architecture occur during transcription and replication and are required to provide the accessibility of proteins to DNA strands. There is increasing evidence that DNA repair is also accompanied by the chromatin remodeling, particularly in the case of efficient detection and repair of DSBs where chromatin structure and nucleosome organization represent a significant barrier.
Errors in the West-European Books of the 15th — 17th centuries (from the Holdings of the Russian State Library)
Authors: Dolgodrova Tatiana A.
Published: December 2017

The article is based on the revealed by the author and first described findings from the collection of foreign early-printed books of the Department of rare books of the Russian State Library. Among these editions there dominate the books belonging to the trophy cultural values received by the Library upon the end of the World War II. There are the Forty-two Line Bible of Johann Gutenberg from the collection of Heinrich Klemm, books from the collection of book-covers of Jacob Krause and his disciples (Dresden). The article discusses not only the early-printed books, but the manuscript of the 16th century from the collection H. Klemm. The author cites the examples of various errors: committed by the masters-rubricators in manuscript decorations of the books, engravings printed upside down, errors in the dates in the text and on the book covers, etc. These errors are the direct evidence of the work of masters on printing and decoration of the books committed due to the various reasons: inattention, haste. They impart to these books the unique individuality.
IMPLIKATUR PERCAKAPAN DALAM GELAR WICARA “SENTILAN SENTILUN” DI METRO TV
Authors: Astuti Wiwiek Dwi
Published: December 2017

Attitudes and ideas conveyed through verbal forms may not necessarily be attitudes and meanings, but can be different or even contrary to what is stated. Submission of intent is what is known as the implicature of conversation. The utterances are analyzed to describe (1) the function of the conversation implicature in talk show of sentilan sentilun episode of ‘Siapa Ikut Gerobak’, and (2) the violation of cooperative principle and/politeness principle in the talkshow. ’The method used is listening and note taking. The findings related to the function of implicature is the use of representative (assertive), directive (imposive), expressive, commisive, and declarative utterance. The violation of cooperative principle with all the maxims is clearly seen in encountering and language games (joke).
UPAYA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN DALAM MENYIAPKAN LULUSANNYA SEBAGAI TENAGA KERJA YANG PROFESIONAL
Authors: IKIP PGRI Semarang Murywantobroto , IKIP PGRI Semarang Ghufron Abdullah
Published: December 2017

Abstract: The development of professionsl cultures at school were conducted by (1) adopting?é?á?é?á?é?á a strict procedure for selecting new students, (2) conducting an orientation program for new students, (3) implementing?é?á school rules and compensation assignments, (4) implementing an established system of learning, and (5) marketing school graduates. Positive habits as the basis for professionsl culture could be developed at Sepuluh Nopember Vocational High School of Semarang by first internalizing good values to both teachers ans students. On the students?óÔé¼Ôäópart, the internalization of values could take place becouse of the following reasons: (1) some efforts were made by teachers and school management to develop some awareness about professional culture vakues among students, (2) there were some internal factor among students (support from the students themselves) and (3) adjustment to the environment with established professional culture was conducted. On the part of teachers, the internalization could take place due to: (1) teachers being able to adapt to their duties, (2) their emploiment status, and (3) their assumption that being a teacher is some sort of ?óÔé¼?ôdedication?óÔé¼?Ø. Abstrak: Mengembangkan budaya profesional di sekolah dilakukan dengan: (1) menerapkan sistem penerimaan siswa baru yang ketat, (2) kegiatan orientasi sekolah pada siswa baru, (3) memberlakukan tata tertib sekolah dan tugas kompensasi, (4) melaksanakan sistem pembelajaran yang mantap, dan (5) melaksanakan pemasaran lulusan. Kebiasaan positif yang menjadi dasar budaya profesional dapat tumbuh dan berkembang di SMK Sepuluh Nopember Semarang dimulai dengan proses internalisasi nilai-nilai luhur budaya profesional tersebut pada diri siswa maupun guru. Pada diri siswa proses internalisasi tersebut terjadi karena hal-hal sebagai berikau: (1) penanaman kesadaran tentang nilai-nilai budaya profesional oleh gurudan pimpinan sekolah, (2) faktor internal siswa (dorongan dari diri sendiri), dan (3) penyesuaian diri dengan lingkungan yang telah berbudaya profesional. Pada guru proses tersebut terjadi karena: (1) adaptasi guru terhadap tugas-tugas lingkungannya, (2) dimilikinya status kepegawaian, dan (3) anggapan mereka bahwa melaksanakan tugas sebagai guru merupakan ?óÔé¼?ôpengabdian?óÔé¼?Ø. ?é?á Keywords: professionsl cultures, positive habits and internalizing good values.
KINERJA GURU YANG TELAH LULUS SERTIFIKASI GURU DALAM JABATAN
Authors: Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara Sukoharjo Soebagyo Brotosedjati
Published: December 2017

Abstract: The Performance of Teachers Who Have Passed the Teacher?óÔé¼Ôäós Certification in Functional. This study aims to obtain and examine the existence of differences in teacher performance after obtaining a certificate of educators in Central Java. The method of this study combines the quantitative and qualitative research methods with a model of naturalistic and phenomenological approach. Data obtained from 1.540 respondents from 20 different schools range from TK/RA (kindergartens) to public or private SMA/SMK (high schools or vocational high schools). Conclusion (1) Certification has been improving the welfare, dignity, discipline and pedagogical competence of the teachers, (2) Certification through PLPG have a higher capacity than through the PSPL and PSPF, and (3) there is a significant relationship between the high age and educational level with the proportion of certification completion. ?é?á Abstrak: Kinerja Guru yang Telah Lulus Sertifikasi Guru dalam Jabatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran dan menguji ada tidaknya perbedaan kinerja guru setelah memperoleh sertifikat pendidik di Jawa Tengah. Metode Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kwalitatif dengan model naturalistik dan pendekatan fenomenologis. Data diperoleh dari 1.540 responden berasal dari 20 jenis sekolah TK/RA sampai SMA/SMK Negeri maupun swasta. Simpulan (1) Sertifikasi telah meningkatkan kesejahteraan, martabat, kedisiplinan dan kompetensi pedagogis, (2) Sertifikasi melalui PLPG mempunyai kemampuan lebih tinggi dibanding dengan melalui PSPL dan PSPF, dan (3) ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Strata Pendidikan dan usia yang tinggi dengan proporsi kelulusan sertifikasi. ?é?á Keywords: performance, teacher, certification.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI DAN PARTISIPASI GURU DALAM MGMP TERHADAP KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL GURU MATEMATIKA SMP DI KABUPATEN JEPARA
Authors: PPs MP IKIP PGRI Semarang Sukmandari
Published: December 2017

Abstract: The purposes of this research are: (1) to know the level of influence of achievement motivation toward professional competence of mathematics teachers of Junior High Schools in Jepara District; (2) to know the level of influence of teachers?óÔé¼Ôäó participation in MGMP toward professional competence of mathematics teachers of Junior High Schools in Jepara District; (3) to know the level of influence of achievement motivation and teachers participation in MGMP toward professional competence of mathematics teachers of Junior High Schools in Jepara District. The population of this research is mathematics teachers of Junior High Schools in Jepara regency with the total number of 133 people, the sampel was 97 people selected randoly. Data collection is questionnaire. Data analysis by descriptive analysis, prerequisite test, and test the hypothesis used the simple regression linier and double regression linier. The result of research showed that motivation achievement has influence toward professional competence of teachers, the teachers?óÔé¼Ôäó participation in MGMP has influence toward professional competence of teachers, motivation achievement and teachers?óÔé¼Ôäó participation in MGMP have influence toward professional competence of teachers.Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh motivasi berprestasi terhadap kompetensi profesional guru matematika SMP di Kabupaten Jepara, (2) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh partisipasi guru dalam MGMP terhadap kompetensi profesional guru matematika SMP diKabupaten Jepara, (3) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh motivasi berprestasi dan partisipasi guru dalam MGMP secara bersama-sama terhadap kompetensi profesional guru matematika SMP di Kabupaten Jepara. Populasi dalampenelitian ini adalah seluruh guru matematika SMP di Kabupaten Jepara yang berjumlah 133 orang, diperoleh sampel sebanyak 97 orang dengan menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalahanalisis deskriptif, uji prasyarat dan uji hipotesis yang meliputi analisis regresi linier sederhana dan analisis regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif motivasi berprestasi terhadap kompetensi profesional guru, terdapat pengaruh positif partisipasi guru dalam MGMP terhadapkompetensi profesional guru, terdapat pengaruh positif motivasi berprestasi dan partisipasi dalam MGMP secara bersama-sama terhadap kompetensi profesional guru.Kata-kata Kunci: motivation achievement, teacher participation in MGMP and professional competence of teachers.
STRES OKSIDATIF DAN STATUS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA LATIHAN FISIK
Authors: Nurdyansyah Fafa
Published: December 2017

Aktivitas fisik memicu terjadinya reactive oxygen species (ROS), yang menghasilkan kerusakanpada sel. Latihan fisik juga meningkatkan produksi peroksidasi lipid yang ditandai dengan terbentuknyamalondialdehyde (MDA). Pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh pada seseorang yang sedangberaktivitas fisik dapat berasal dari jenis aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan seperti pada latihan aerobik(berlari, bersepeda, dan renang). Besaran stress oksidatif diukur berdasarkan kemampuan jaringandalam menetralisir ROS oleh antioksidan dalam jaringan. Latihan fisik berat akan memicu peroksidasilipid pada beberapa jaringan termasuk otot rangka, hati, jantung, eritrosit dan plasma. Latihan fisik baiklevel ringan maupun berat akan memicu terbentuknya radikal bebas yang dihasilkan oleh tubuh sebagaihasil samping metabolit sekunder proses metabolisme. Latihan fisik berat akan memicu stress oksidatifterutama menimbulkan kerusakan oksidatif jaringan terutama jaringan otor rangka. Suplementasiantioksidan baik yang berasal dari diet dan suplemen antioksidan mampu melindungi tubuh terhadapkerusakan jaringan pada latihan fisik.Kata Kunci: radikal bebas, antioksidan, latihan fisik,stress oksidatif.
4. Comportamento Infantil e Ambiente Familiar: Percepções dos Pais de Crianças sobre a Propaganda Infantil
Authors: Santos Marcela Moreira , Coelho Mariana de Freitas
Published: December 2017

O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender as percepções dos pais sobre o comportamento de consumo de seus filhos, enfatizando o ambiente familiar. A pesquisa é qualitativa e tem caráter exploratório e de campo, com dados coletados por meio de roteiro estruturado respondido por 22 pais de filhos entre 8 a 12 anos de idade por intermédio da escola das crianças. As respostas dos pais foram analisadas via análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontaram o uso de meios eletrônicos pelas crianças em suas horas vagas, como celular, videogame, computador e televisão. Outro resultado foi quanto aos argumentos utilizados para convencer os pais a comprarem, como a justificativa de precisarem do produto e de outros colegas possuírem o produto almejado. Vários pais consideram as propagandas infantis apelativas, porém muitos assumem seu papel de educador quanto ao consumo dos filhos.
Learning Historical Thinking With Oral History Interviews: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Intervention Study of Oral History Interviews in History Lessons
Authors: Bertram Christiane , Wagner Wolfgang , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: December 2017

The present study examined the effectiveness of the oral history approach with respect to students’ historical competence. A total of 35 ninth-grade classes ( N = 900) in Germany were randomly assigned to one of four conditions—live, video, text, or a (nontreated) control group—in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design. Comparing the three intervention groups with the control group, the intervention groups scored better on four of the five achievement tests. Comparing the live group with the video and text groups, students in the live condition were more convinced of their learning progress at both measurement points. However, they scored lower than the video/text group on two achievement measures and higher on one at the posttest.
Are Charter Schools Safer in Deindustrialized Cities With High Rates of Crime? Testing Hypotheses in Detroit
Authors: Hamlin Daniel
Published: December 2017

Families in deindustrialized cities with high crime rates report prioritizing school safety when opting for charter schools. Yet, very little research has investigated whether charter schools are safer than traditional public schools. This study compares charter and traditional public schools in Detroit, Michigan, on perceived school safety by linking student surveys to data on school, neighborhood, and parent-related characteristics. Charter schools exhibited higher perceived school safety than traditional public schools. However, controls for student commute distance and parental involvement largely diminished this difference. Neighborhood charter schools were an exception, maintaining higher perceived school safety net of controls. Overall results suggest that differences in perceived school safety between schools become less prominent after the attributes of school choosers are considered.
Teacher Educators’ Practice and Vision of Good Teaching in Teacher Education Reform Context in Ghana
Authors: Akyeampong Kwame
Published: December 2017

Teacher education in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) has been criticized for the lack of attention to learning to teach in real classrooms, which limits the opportunity for pre-service teachers to successfully introduce learner-centered pedagogy in African primary school classrooms. To address this problem, Ghana has implemented a teacher education reform since 2004 to incorporate practicum. However, the critical role of teacher educators has been overlooked by policymakers, and few studies have qualitatively investigated their practice and vision. The study draws on qualitative data from the Ghana component of the Teacher Preparation in Africa (TPA) research project to explore eight teacher educators’ practice and vision of good teaching of primary mathematics. The study found that teacher educators’ practice and vision of good teaching consist of the use of teaching and learning materials (TLMs) and small group activities following specific steps without understanding the principles of learner-centered pedagogy that could be applied in a variety of classroom contexts and mathematics topics. The study also identified the hierarchical relationship between teacher educators and school teachers as a major challenge for effective practicum, limiting the opportunity to transform teacher educators’ vision and practice of primary mathematics teaching. Recommendations for enhancing professional learning opportunities for teacher educators are offered.
Editor’s Introduction: Understanding Cross-National Differences in Globalized Teacher Reforms
Authors: Akiba Motoko
Published: December 2017

We have observed a global focus on improving teacher quality through reforming teacher education, certification, recruitment, and evaluation during the past two decades. Previous single country studies have documented the focus, design, and implementation of teacher reforms in various national contexts, yet few studies systematically analyzed what explains the cross-national difference in how a national, federal, or state government develops and implements a teacher reform influenced by global dynamics. This article presents a conceptual framework to understand how this cross-national divergence emerges within a global convergence on reforming teachers and their work to guide the future research. The author argues that this divergence is a result of collective sensemaking, negotiation, and contestation over a “teacher quality” problem and the solution among policy actors at national and local levels, which are influenced by global dynamics but occur within nation-specific teaching and policy environments.
2015 Wallace Foundation Distinguished Lecture: Anonymity No More: Seeing Our Neighbors in Ferguson and the Implications for Social Policy
Authors: Tate William F. , Jones Brittni D.
Published: December 2017

Ferguson, Missouri, has been characterized as an archetype of structural inequality and segregation. Several questions guide this investigation of Ferguson and its surrounding region. How did policies, practices, and folkways help to create the conditions in Ferguson and the broader metropolitan region? The regional segregation regime’s history provides a background to better understand current conditions. What is the existing state of affairs for young persons and their families in the region? To address this question, social epidemiological methods and geospatial analysis inform the development of a set of visuals to determine if racial segregation, economic opportunity, health and developmental outcomes, and education-related outcomes are spatially arranged. The authors found that these indicators of well-being are spatially arranged and concentrated; thus, they raise another question: How does a politically fragmented region intervene to disrupt concentrated disadvantage? As Ferguson and the region seek social and education reform, the final section offers several recommendations to improve education outcomes through broader economic strategy and social policy.
The “New Racism” of K–12 Schools: Centering Critical Research on Racism
Authors: Kohli Rita , Pizarro Marcos , Nevárez Arturo
Published: December 2017

While organizing efforts by movements such as Black Lives Matter and responses to the hate-filled policies and rhetoric of President Donald Trump are heightening public discourse of racism, much less attention is paid to mechanisms of racial oppression in the field of education. Instead, conceptualizations that allude to racial difference but are disconnected from structural analyses continue to prevail in K–12 education research. In this chapter, our goal is to challenge racism-neutral and racism-evasive approaches to studying racial disparities by centering current research that makes visible the normalized facets of racism in K–12 schools. After narrowing over 4,000 articles that study racial inequity in education research, we reviewed a total of 186 U.S.-focused research studies in a K–12 school context that examine racism. As we categorized the literature, we built on a theory of the “new racism”—a more covert and hidden racism than that of the past—and grouped the articles into two main sections: (1) research that brings to light racism’s permanence and significance in the lives of students of Color through manifestations of what we conceptualize as (a) evaded racism, (b) “antiracist” racism, and (c) everyday racism and (2) research focused on confronting racism through racial literacy and the resistance of communities of Color. In our conclusion, we articulate suggestions for future directions in education research that include a more direct acknowledgement of racism as we attend to the experiences and needs of K–12 students of Color.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with low backache
Authors: Thapa Narayan Bikram , Bajracharya Suraj
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Low backache is commonly experienced by adults at some time during their lives. Though it is caused by degenerative changes, spinal stenosis, neoplasm, infection and trauma, lumbar disc degeneration is the most commonly diagnosed abnormalities associated. As Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is non invasive imaging technique with excellent spatial and contrast resolution, it has become the investigation of choice in evaluation of patients with low back pain. This study was designed to determine the patterns of degenerative disc disease on MRI in patients with low backache.Methods: A retrospective hospital based study was done by reviewing MRI report of 202 patients who underwent MRI of lumbar spine for complaint of chronic low back pain, radicular pain, neurogenic claudication or various other symptoms and signs suggestive of lumbar degenerative disc disease from January 2014 till June 2014. The patients having MRI findings of acute spinal infection, recent trauma, tumors, spinal dysraphism and metabolic conditions were excluded from the study.Results: Out of the 202 patients included in the study, 116 patients (57.4%) were male and 86 patients (42.6%) were female. The mean age of the study population was 44.26 ±15.61 (13-83) years. Multiple contiguous level disc disease was the most common type of involvement which was noted in 109 (54%) patients. Grade 4 lumbar disc degeneration (graded as per classification given by Pfirrmann et al) was noted in 65.3% (132) cases followed by Grade 2 in 25.2%(51) cases and Grade 1in 5.5% (11) cases. The most common involvement was observed at L4-L5 level (76.7%) and L5-S1 levels (55.9%) followed by L3-L4 (30.6%) in decreasing order of frequency. The most common category was disc bulge note in 46.5% (94) of cases. Nerve root compression was observed in 56% (114) of the total cases. Nerve root compromise was also noted most frequently compressing L5 nerve (28.23% of cases). Annular tear was observed in 14.4% (29) of cases and among them 20% (6) of cases had torn at two intervertebral discs. It is most frequently noted involving L4-L5 intervertebral disc (72.5% of cases), followed by L5-S1 (24.2% of cases).Conclusion: Disc generation is most common at L4-L5 level with multiple contiguous involvement of grade 4. Annular tear though not common can occur and is also common at L4-L5 level.Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal, 2015; 18 (2)
An institutional review of tumour biology of breast cancer in young Nepalese women
Authors: Nepal Bikash , Singh Yogendra , Sayami Prakash , Sayami Gita
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Breast cancers in less than 40 years of age group usually present with aggressive biology and has poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to see clinic-pathological and hormone receptors of breast cancers in young women and compare with less than 40 year age group.Methods: Prospective analysis of 97 breast cancer in patients less than 40 years out of total 373 patients (26%) over a period of 8 years (2007 Jan to 2014 Dec) was carried out at the Department of Surgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.Result: Among the young women diagnosed with breast cancer, the mean age was 34.5±6.2 years. Mean tumour size was larger in younger women (5±2.5 vs 4.5±2.4 cm). Locally advanced disease was higher in younger patients (55% vs 47%). Lymphatic and vascular invasions were higher (63% vs 35% and 40% vs 25%). Grade II and III tumours was higher (56% vs 25%). ER, PR and HER2 positivity was detected in 46.9%, 48.9% and 28.9% respectively. Significant lower ER or PR expression (34.5% vs 54%) was seen in younger women, p=.002.Triple negative tumours (ER -ve, PR -ve and HER2 -ve) was proportionately higher in younger patients (23% vs 13.7%, p=.043).Conclusion: Young Nepali women presents one quarter of all female breast cancers, more frequently locally advanced with aggressive tumour biology like ER/PR negative and triple negative breast cancers. Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal, 2015; 18 (2), page: 16-19
Autologous blood patching in the management of broncho-pleural fistula in spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Thapa Bivhusal , Sapkota Ranjan , Sayami Prakash
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Autologous blood patching (ABP) has been described as a modality of treatment of bronchopleural fistulas (BPF). The success rates have varied chiefly because the numbers studied have been small and the populations inhomogeneous. We conducted this study to determine the success rate in patients with BPF of spontaneous onset.Methods: All patients with spontaneous pneumothorax with no evidence of pleural infection and in whom the air leak did not subside despite 48 hours of conservative management were included These  patients underwent one to three episodes of blood patching in 50ml aliquots. Demographic profile, smoking status, success rate and complications were recorded and compared.Results: Between July 2011 and January 2014, seventy-six patients underwent ABP. The overall success rate of ABP was 58%. Twenty one were successful in first attempt (27.6%), a further 12/55 (22%) in the second and 11/43 (25%) in third attempt. The success rates did not differ significantly with etiology of spontaneous pneumothorax (P = 0.706); smoking status (P value = 0.958); duration of air leak prior to ABP (P= 0.149) and presence of residual pneumothorax after chest tube insertion (P= 0.176). Seven complications (3 pleural infections, 1 surgical emphysema, 1 expansion of pneumothorax and 2 recurrence) occurred. Infectious complications occurred in patients who received two or more instillations of blood.Conclusion: ABP achieved a modest success rates in our experience. Two or more attempts may be necessary to attain a successful result but one has to be mindful of the possibility of infection.Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal, 2015; 18 (2)
Tuberculous pseudotumor of fibular head
Authors: Thapa Sunil Singh , Lamichanne Arjun , Mahara Deepak Prakash
Published: December 2017

Tuberculous osteomyelitis of long tubular bone is uncommon, the reported incidence is about 2-3 %. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of fibular head is very rare and it mimics neoplasm. Here we report a case of a 28 year old male presenting with unremitting right knee pain with swelling around fibular head with knee radiography showing lytic lesion of proximal fibula,excisional biopsy was done and histopathological report confirmed it as tuberculous osteomyelitis. Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal, 2015; 18 (2), page: 33-35
Investment and Financing Policies of Nepalese Enterprises
Authors: Subedi Kapil Deb
Published: December 2017

Firm financing and investment policies are central to the study of corporate finance. In imperfect capital market, financing and investment policies of enterprises are dependent to each other. Firm’s investment decisions depend upon the access and availability of finance in capital market. But various capital market frictions like information and incentives wedge the efficient allocation of fund to each of marginally profitable project. Consequently, in asymmetric informational theoretic framework, firms change their strategies in raising their capital. Firms' first best choice for financing their investment in severity of information problem, rests on their internal funds since it is the cheapest and more unrestricted source of finance to the managers. To this milieu, this paper focuses on investigating whether the Nepalese enterprises depend on their internal funds to finance their investment or not? World Bank Enterprise Survey data set are employed to examine the investment and financing policies of Nepalese enterprises. The data set consist of financial information of 968 firms across multiple size, sector and age category. We employ simple measures of descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentage and arithmetic mean viz; the average of a set of numerical values to analyze the data by sorting the observations to various portfolios. The study result confirms that the firms heavily depend on their internal funds to finance their investment. These results are consistent with prior literatures for example; Fazzari, Hubbard, & Peterson (1988), Gilchrist & Himmelberg (1995), Hu & Schiantarelli (1998) etc when observed in cross section of size, sector, age and ownership pattern of enterprises.The Saptagandaki Journal Vol.8 2017: 47-55
A Facile and Diastereoselective access to Functionalised Benzopyrano[3,4-a] Quinolizines via a Pyridine-Based Three-Component Reaction
Authors: Esmaeili Abbas Ali , Moradi Abbas , Zangouei Mahdieh , Fakhari Ali Reza , Tabibi Tooba
Published: December 2017

The reaction of 2-oxo-2 H-chromene-3-carbonitriles with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and pyridines results in a three-component condensation reaction in which the 2-oxo-2 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile group acts as a dipolarophile to produce benzopyrano[3,4- a] quinolizines under mild conditions in good yield.
One-Pot, Three-Component Condensation Reaction for the Synthesis of Novel Chromeno[3,2-f]Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Mehrabi Hossein , Azizian-Broojeni Anita
Published: December 2017

A one-potsynthesis of novel chromeno[3,2- f]quinoline derivatives has been achieved with good yields through Michael Initiated Ring Closure by employing a three-component condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione and 6-hydroxyquinoline in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N in ethanol under reflux conditions. The salient features of this protocol are a simple reaction procedure, good yields, avoidance of an aqueous work-up and simple purification by recrystallisation.
Process Analytical Approach towards Quality Controlled Process Automation for the Downstream of Protein Mixtures by Inline Concentration Measurements Based on Ultraviolet/Visible Light (UV/VIS) Spectral Analysis
Authors: Zobel-Roos Steffen , Mouellef Mourad , Siemers Christian , Strube Jochen
Published: December 2017

Downstream of pharmaceutical proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, is mainly done by chromatography, where concentration determination of coeluting components presents a major problem. Inline concentration measurements (ICM) by Ultraviolet/Visible light (UV/VIS)-spectral data analysis provide a label-free and noninvasive approach to significantly speed up the analysis and process time. Here, two different approaches are presented. For a test mixture of three proteins, a fast and easily calibrated method based on the non-negative least-squares algorithm is shown, which reduces the calibration effort compared to a partial least-squares approach. The accuracy of ICM for analytical separations of three proteins on an ion exchange column is over 99%, compared to less than 85% for classical peak area evaluation. The power of the partial least squares algorithm (PLS) is shown by measuring the concentrations of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) monomer and dimer under a worst-case scenario of completely overlapping peaks. Here, the faster SIMPLS algorithm is used in comparison to the nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm. Both approaches provide concentrations as well as purities in real-time, enabling live-pooling decisions based on product quality. This is one important step towards advanced process automation of chromatographic processes. Analysis time is less than 100 ms and only one program is used for all the necessary communications and calculations.
Nano-Scale Positioning Design with Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Chen Yung , Chen Yung , Huang Chiung
Published: December 2017

Piezoelectric materials naturally possess high potential to deliver nano-scale positioning resolution; hence, they are adopted in a variety of engineering applications widely. Unfortunately, unacceptable positioning errors always appear because of the natural hysteresis effect of the piezoelectric materials. This natural property must be mitigated in practical applications. For solving this drawback, a nonlinear positioning design is proposed in this article. This nonlinear positioning design of piezoelectric materials is realized by the following four steps: 1. The famous Bouc–Wen model is utilized to present the input and output behaviors of piezoelectric materials; 2. System parameters of the Bouc–Wen model that describe the characteristics of piezoelectric materials are simultaneously identified with the particle swam optimization method; 3. Stability verification for the identified Bouc–Wen model; 4. A nonlinear feedback linearization control design is derived for the nano-scale positioning design of the piezoelectric material, mathematically. One important contribution of this investigation is that the positioning error between the output displacement of the controlled piezoelectric materials and the desired trajectory in nano-scale level can be proven to converge to zero asymptotically, under the effect of the hysteresis.
Photorelaxation and Photorepair Processes in Nucleic and Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Crespo-Hernández Carlos
Published: December 2017

Understanding the fundamental interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is essential for a large number of phenomena, with significance to civilization.[...]
Rational Engineering of a Flavoprotein Oxidase for Improved Direct Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Pickl Mathias , Winkler Christoph , Glueck Silvia , Fraaije Marco , Faber Kurt
Published: December 2017

The oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl or carboxyl compounds represents a convenient strategy for the selective introduction of electrophilic carbon centres into carbohydrate-based starting materials. The O2-dependent oxidation of prim-alcohols by flavin-containing alcohol oxidases often yields mixtures of aldehyde and carboxylic acid, which is due to “over-oxidation” of the aldehyde hydrate intermediate. In order to directly convert alcohols into carboxylic acids, rational engineering of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidase was performed. In an attempt to improve the binding of the aldehyde hydrate in the active site to boost aldehyde-oxidase activity, two active-site residues were exchanged for hydrogen-bond-donating and -accepting amino acids. Enhanced over-oxidation was demonstrated and Michaelis–Menten kinetics were performed to corroborate these findings.
Sulfonic Acid Functionalization of Different Zeolites and Their Use as Catalysts in the Microwave-Assisted Etherification of Glycerol with tert-Butyl Alcohol
Authors: Estevez Rafael , Iglesias Ivan , Luna Diego , Bautista Felipa
Published: December 2017

The etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol in the liquid phase, over different sulfonic acid functionalized zeolites, has been studied. The reaction was carried out using microwaves as a way of heating, measured at autogenous pressure and without any solvent. Dealuminated HY and HZSM-5 zeolites by acid treatment were functionalized with two different organosilica precursors: 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (M), which incorporates thiol groups, and 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (C), which incorporates the sulfonic acid groups directly. The thiol groups were oxidized into sulfonic groups employing hydrogen peroxide. The textural and structural properties of the solids were studied by XRD and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, whereas the incorporation of the organosilica in the zeolites was studied by TGA and XPS. The novelty functionalization of M gave rise to solids with the highest acidity, and exhibited the highest yields with more substituted ethers (Yh-GTBE = 13%), at 75 °C and 15 min of reaction time. In addition to the acidity, the textural properties of the zeolites played an important role in their activity; HY, with the largest size of the channels, were more active than the HZSM-5.
Effects of Resveratrol, Lovastatin and the mTOR-Inhibitor RAD-001 on Insulin-Induced Genomic Damage In Vitro
Authors: Awad Eman , Othman Eman , Stopper Helga
Published: December 2017

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major current health problems due to lifestyle changes. Before diagnosis and in the early years of disease, insulin blood levels are elevated. However, insulin generates low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are integral to the regulation of a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, but excess levels of insulin may also lead to DNA oxidation and DNA damage. Three pharmaceutical compounds, resveratrol, lovastatin and the mTOR-inhibitor RAD-001, were investigated due to their known beneficial effects. They showed protective properties against genotoxic damage and significantly reduced ROS after in vitro treatment of cultured cells with insulin. Therefore, the selected pharmaceuticals may be attractive candidates to be considered for support of DM therapy.