bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Self Assessment System and Tax Collection on Value Added Tax Revenue (Case Study of Manado Primary Tax Service Office from 2019-2021)
Authors: CHRISTIAN Theresia , KALANGI Lintje , WANGKAR Anneke
Published: December 2022

Value Added Tax (VAT) is tax that imposed on every transaction of goods and services within the customs area. Self Assessment System of The tax collection system is applied to the central tax, namely Value Added Tax, the execution of this system is still not optimal that causing tax arrears. To solve this issue, the tax authorities collect taxes. The aim of this study is to determine and examine the effect of the Self Assessment System and Tax Collection on Value Added Tax Revenue at Manado Primary Tax Service Office. The population in this study is all time series data of VAT corporate tax payers at Manado Primary Tax Service Office. The sample in this study was 36 time series data units for 3 years (2019-2021). The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling and the data of this study used secondary data. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The test results of this study indicate that the Self Assessment System has an effect on Value Added Tax Revenue, Tax Collection has an effect on Value Added Tax Revenue and Self Assessment System and Tax Collection simultaneously has an effect on Value Added Tax Revenue corporate tax payers at Manado Primary Tax Service Office in 2019 to 2021
Evaluation Of The Implementation Of Government Internal Control Systems On Collection Of Rural And Urban Land And Building Taxes In Southeast Minahasa District
Authors: TUMIMOMOR Cherril Angelia , SAERANG David Paul Elia , KAPOJOS Peter Marshall
Published: December 2022

The Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax is a tax on land and/or buildings that are owned, controlled, and/or utilized by individuals or entities, except for areas used for plantation, forestry and mining business activities. The government internal control system is an integral process for actions and activities carried out continuously by the leadership and all employees to provide adequate confidence in the achievement of organizational goals through effective and efficient activities, reliability of financial reporting, safeguarding state assets, and compliance with laws and regulations.  The purpose of this study is to find out how the internal control system is applied to the collection of Rural and Urban Land and Building Taxes in Southeast Minahasa Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that the work or activities carried out are in accordance with the elements of the existing internal control system, except for the elements of control activities in the segregation of functions sub-elements which have not been carried out properly. The conclusion of this study is that for the elements of the control environment, risk assessment, information and communication and monitoring, control has been carried out in accordance with Government Regulation Number 60 of 2008 and has been implemented properly, while the elements of control activities have not been in accordance with Government Regulation Number 60 of 2008 and have not been implemented optimally.
The Influence Of The Level Of Taxpayer Compliance On Motor Vehicle Tax Revenue In The Regional Revenue Agency Of North Sulawesi Province Year 2019-2021
Authors: DEWI Ade Ayu Prita , KALANGI Lintje , WALANDOUW Stanley Kho
Published: December 2022

Taxes are mandatory contributions to the state owed by individuals or entities that are coercive in nature and can be enforced by law, by not receiving direct compensation and being used for the needs of the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. This study aims to determine the effect of the level of taxpayer compliance on motor vehicle tax revenue at the Regional Revenue Agency of North Sulawesi Province. Dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh signifikan tingkat kepatuhan wajib pajak terhadap penerimaan pajak kendaraan bermotor. Jenis data penelitian yang digunakan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode asosiatif yaitu penelitian yang mencari pengaruh antar variabel independen (X) terhadap variabel dependen (Y).  This study aims to examine and explain the effect of the level of taxpayer compliance on motor vehicle tax revenue. The population in this study is the level of taxpayer compliance and data on the realization of motorized vehicle tax revenue from 15 Samsat in North Sulawesi Province for the 2019-2021 period. The sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the population. This study uses a saturated sample where all populations are used as samples. The data analysis technique used in this study is simple linear regression. The results of this study are that the variable Taxpayer Compliance Level has a significant effect on Motor Vehicle Tax Receipts at the Regional Revenue Agency of North Sulawesi province.
Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates under Thermal Conditions
Authors: Garg Aman , Chalak H. D.
Published: December 2022

In present work, buckling analysis of laminated composite plates is carried out using recently proposed higher-order zigzag theory (HOZT). Third order variation of in-plane displacement field is taken across the thickness of the plate. For predicting the behavior efficiently for thick plates, quadratic variation of transverse displacement field is assumed for core layer and constant for face layers. The present theory satisfies inter-laminar transverse shear stress continuity condition at interface along with zero value at top and bottom surface of the plate. In present study, nine-noded finite element having eleven degrees of freedom per node is used. Present model is free from requirement of any kind of penalty function or C-1 condition.
Analytical Solutions for Power Law varied FG laminate Subjected to Thermo-mechanical Loadings
Authors: Kulkarni SharawariP. , Pendhari SandeepS.
Published: December 2022

This paper consists of a thermal stress analysis of power law varied functionally graded laminate. In this paper, the exact temperature field obtained by the heat conduction equation, and the same has used for thermal stress analysis. In addition, a simple power law varied temperature field also considered for thermal stress analysis. Heat conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion have graded as power-law along with the thickness of the domain. The Poisson ratio has kept constant. The numerical solution scheme involved the conversion of the boundary value problem to the initial value problem and the use of the 4th-order Runge Kutta-Grill algorithm for numerical integration. The parametric study includes a thick to thin laminate by considering various aspect ratios.
Bending Analysis of Orthotropic Plate using 5th Order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Gajbhiye ParamD. , Bhaiya Vishisht , Ghugal YuwarajM.
Published: December 2022

A composite material is a combination of different material which can be assembled to provide required engineering properties like bending, buckling, stiffness etc. It can give better properties than those of individual components. A lamina is the building block of modern composite laminated structures. A lamina is also known as a ply, or a layer. A laminate has several layers of lamina, or laminae. Since the early years of engineering, various types of laminated composite materials have been used in various engineering fields, such as in aerospace, military and automotive industries that are subjected to high temperatures. Thermal stress caused due to change in temperature, increase in temperature causes the changes in material properties of a plate which in turn complicates the analysis and design and may affect the structure also. Therefore, the analysis of thermal stress in design of structure is very important. A critical review of available literature for the prediction of the behaviour of laminated composites under thermal conditions is carried out and summarized. This work attempts to review the studies carried out from 2000 on laminated composite plates by representing classification based on Classical laminate plate concept, First order shear deformation theory, Higher order shear deformation theory, Layerwise theory and Thermal stress on laminated plates.
Effect of Debonding on Axial Response of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns
Authors: Manigandan R. , Kumar Manoj
Published: December 2022

The axial strength and ductility of concrete filled steel tubes is significantly improved due to two major factors namely, firstly due to confining effect provided by steel tube, and secondly due to the synergistic interaction between steel tube and concrete core. Sometimes, the contact between concrete core and steel tube is vanished and debonding between concrete core and steel tube (normal referred as gap) occurs owing to various reasons such as improper compaction, shrinkage in concrete, lack of curing of encased concrete, and due to non-uniform distribution of load at column top. Due to occurrence of gap, the composite action between concrete core and steel tube no longer remains effective the concrete core becomes unconfined in the initial phase of loading, consequently, the axial load carrying capacity of the concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) column decreases. The aim of this paper is to numerically investigate the effect of the gap between concrete core and steel tube on the axial load-deformation response and to Comparisons the predicted column strengths according to the Eurocode-4. In the present study, the gap between square section concrete core and encasing steel tube is considered on all the four sides with the magnitude of gap as 1 mm and 2 mm. Moreover, in order to investigate the effect of the gap on different size of square section CFST columns, keeping the length of column and steel tube thickness as constant 540 mm and 3.8 mm respectively, the side length of square section CFST column has been varied between 140 mm to 200 mm at an interval of 20 mm. The nonlinear finite element analysis of the CFST columns has been performed using the Abaqus where the C3D8R element has been used to discretize the concrete core as well as steel tube and the Drucker-Prager model has been used to simulate plastic behaviour of concrete. It has been observed that the presence of gaps between concrete core and steel tube significantly reduces the axial strength square CFST column.
Confinement detailing of concrete encased steel concrete composite columns
Authors: Mishra Sunny , Kumar S.R. Satish
Published: December 2022

Steel concrete composite construction is now gaining popularity in our country. Concrete-encased steel columns have several advantages, but like RC columns, there is a need to ensure adequate concrete confinement so that it has sufficient ductility under seismic loads. This study investigates the confinement of the concrete based on the detailing of the transverse reinforcement. The ductilities of a typical encased section that satisfies the minimum reinforcement criteria and a highly confined section with special detailing are compared. A nonlinear 3D finite element model is developed in ABAQUS for this purpose. The confined stress-strain curve for M30 grade of concrete is carefully incorporated in the special confined section. The interaction between structural steel and concrete is modelled with an 'embedded region' interaction tool available in the ABAQUS library. Based on the eigen mode of the section, the initial geometric imperfection was given. The significant increment in displacement ductility factor, plastic hinge rotation and drift ratio are observed for a special confined encased column. A parametric study has been carried out by varying the parameters; the axial load ratio, steel contribution ratio, steel width to depth ratio and transverse reinforcement spacing. It was observed that structural section aspect ratio (steel width to depth) and transverse reinforcement spacing significantly affect the ductility of the section. The plastic hinge rotation and drift ratios were also calculated for different sections.
Prediction of natural frequencies of functionally graded circular and annular plate via differential quadrature method (DQM)
Authors: Khare Sumit , Vishwakarma Rahul , Vasara Dilsukh , Kumar Rahul
Published: December 2022

In this paper, numerical approach for free vibration response of functionally graded material (FGM) circular and annular plate is examined using differential quadrature method (DQM), and first-order shear deformation theory. The effective material properties through the thickness of the plate are obtained via power-law distribution. The governing partial differential equations (GDEs) are obtained using Hamilton’s principle. The five GDEs are discretized via DQM. Several comparison studies were carried out by those published in the literature. The free vibration analysis is investigated to reveal the effects of outer radius to thickness ratio, grading index, radii ratio and boundary conditions.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash in GGBS geopolymer composites
Authors: Thoudam Nirmala , Lairikyengbam Tanya , Thokchom Suresh
Published: December 2022

This paper reports the results of an experimental program performed to study the effect of incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based geopolymer composites by performing various destructive and non-destructive tests. GGBS was replaced by SCBA in dosages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight and activated by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Some of the test performed during the experimental investigation were compressive strength, water absorption, bulk density, rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity etc. It is observed that compressive strength and bulk density decreases with increase in the dosage of SCBA. The results of the present study indicates suitability of replacing SCBA in the GGBS based geopolymer composites.
Determination of Ultimate Torque and Twist of High Strength RC Beams with Ferrocement “U” Wraps: Different Approaches
Authors: Behera G.C.
Published: December 2022

Designers are more interested in strength at cracking rather than ultimate strength. Still then beyond cracking, the structures are able to sustain more loads. So, determination of ultimate strength is an important parameter in design field. Evaluation of ultimate torsional capacity of high strength distressed beams with ferrocement “U” wrap has been presented here. The evaluation procedure involves experimental results, results obtained by analytical method. As the above two methods are not providing quick solution, rather than the first one is based on destruction of prototype structure for evaluation of strength. Other methods such as soft computing methods have been employed. Two methods MARS and WASPAS are employed here to compute the torsional strength of “U” wrapped beams. These two methods provide quick solutions to estimate the torque and twist at ultimate stage. Predicted values by these methods are within acceptable limits. At ultimate stage , the “U” wrapped beams are able to resist torque more than 41.37% than the unwrapped beams and a completely over reinforced beam resists 98.01% more than plain “U” wrapped beams. Under reinforced “U” wrap beams have undergone 23.9 times more twist than that of plain “U” wrap beams. This proves effectiveness of “U” wrap on periphery of distressed beams.
Development of Moment Coefficients For Two Adjacent Side Supported Slab By Using Yield Line Theory
Authors: Mehta Rohan , Murari Krishna
Published: December 2022

The slab is a key and generally used structural component. The shape, arrangement, and stiffness of the supporting beams all have a significant role in the slab's performance.IS 456:2000 coefficients are only applicable to rectangular slabs with four non-yielding side supports. But due to architectural requirements, structural engineers are now confronted with a variety of complications, such as slabs supported on two adjacent sides. In the past analytical model was suggested for slab supported over two adjacent edges carrying uniformly distributed area load but design aids were not prepared. The analytical model presented herein to analyze two adjacent edges supported slab carrying uniformly distributed area load on its top edge using yield line analysis. It is also validated with well-established literature. Design aids are also prepared and validated with FE nonlinear analysis in software ATENA and the results are in favour.
Parametric Study to Decide the Optimal Rebar Grade for Flexural Members
Authors: Murari Krishna , Singh Harvinder , Kaur Inderpreet , Takkar Savleen
Published: December 2022

The growing interest of using higher strength reinforcing steel for certain applications within the reinforced concrete industry is driven primarily by relief of congestion; particularly in buildings assigned a high seismic design category. Construction efficiency can be improved by high strength bar or combined with high strength concrete which allows reinforced concrete to be used in more demanding applications. High grade steel generally increases the cost as well allows smaller concrete member which creates a problem of placement of reinforcement. Therefore there is a need to study the better option between lower quantity of high grade and high quantity of lower grade. This paper presents the parametric study to see the effect of beam span and member sizes on the results obtained in design of simply supported flexural members using different rebar grades, such as Fe415, Fe500, Fe550 and Fe600 in terms of crack width and member deflections for mild and moderate exposure conditions. It was observed that detailing plays vital role in cost saving and crack width limit governs final steel requirement in moderate exposure condition. Cost analysis was also performed for different grades and Fe500 is found optimum grade.
Behavior of Gusset Plates Connecting Angle Sections in Compression
Authors: Kumar Aakash , Ramalingam Raghavan
Published: December 2022

This paper contains experimental and numerical study on the behavior of the gusset plate in compression. Gusset plate connections are usually used for the transfer of load from one member to another, they are generally used in bridge trusses and steel braced frames. However, due to lack of technical information regarding the behavior of the gusset plate under compression, these have been under research focus. It has been seen that the gusset plate shows a buckling failure by swaying on one side as there is no out of plane restraint. In this paper, a study is initiated aimed at the gusset plate connected with the angle section on a single side. Key items that were investigated in the study were strain, strength, and displacement. A total of 5 specimens were used for the experimental investigation. The parameters which were considered for the study, the number of bolt lines and the thickness of the gusset plate. Based on the experimental results of load and strain, a numerical model was developed and compared with experimental load-carrying capacity of plate and displacements. After going through the study unpredicted behavior was observed for the two-bolt line and suggestions were given accordingly.
Non-linear Analysis of Axially Loaded Octagonal CFDST Short Columns
Authors: Manigandan R. , Kumar Manoj
Published: December 2022

Concrete Filled Double-skin Steel Tube (CFDST) is a form of composite column that consists of outer steel and an inner steel tube and the space between them is filled with concrete. The structural response of CFDST columns is significantly affected by the thickness of outer and inner steel tubes and the compressive strength of infilled concrete. Although many studies have been in the past to understand the effect of inner and outer tubes thickness on the axial compressive response of circular CFDST columns, no such study appears in the context of octagonal CFDST columns. In this paper, the thickness of both inner and outer tubes is varied. Their effect on axial compressive behavior of CFDST columns containing the concrete of different grades is numerically examined. The non-linear FE analysis of CFDST columns is performed using the ABAQUS. The study shows that axial strength and ductility of octagonal section CFDST columns are significantly influenced by steel tube thickness and the grade of sandwiched concrete. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of the proper selection of inner and outer tube thickness for the better axial response of CFDST columns.
Effect of Carbon Steel Hollow Tubes as Reinforcement and Aluminum Foam as Shock Absorber on the Blast Response of One-way Concrete Slabs
Authors: Anas S.M. , Alam Mehtab , Ansari Md.I.
Published: December 2022

To investigate the blast response of the one-way normal strength concrete slabs reinforced on both sides with the High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) steel re-bars under air-blast loading, finite element (FE) simulation models have been developed using the explicit non-linear finite element program, ABAQUS/CAE. FE simulation outcomes are found matching closely with the available experimental results and observations. Analyses have been further extended substituting the hollow square carbon steel seamless tubes of grade Fe330 of equivalent strength in place of the conventional steel re-bars of grade Fe600 on the tension side, impact side only, and both the sides of the slab. The substitution has been considered to enhance the blast response of the slab. The damage has been simulated using the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model to evaluate the geometric parameters of cracks. The substitution of the tubes on the tension side only is found more effective in reducing the mid-span deflection, damage, and depth of transverse flexural cracks. Efforts have also been made to investigate the effectiveness of the aluminum foam as a shock absorber against the given level of the blast load. The use of two layers of the foam sandwiched with a thin steel sheet on the impact side of the slab only improves further the performance of the slab subjected to air-blast loading.
Dynamic Formulation for Cable Stayed Bridge and It’s Validation
Authors: Variyavwala J.P. , Desai A.K.
Published: December 2022

Cable stayed bridge is the most sensitive structure because of its higher flexibility. Exact bridge behavior can be obtained by proper dynamic bridge formulation. Cable stayed bridge deck and pylon can be modelled as abeam element. Researchers used to model cables with simple truss element and letter by parabolic cable element; although they are not presenting the exact cable performance under different lateral loads. In this study, a complete comprehensive study of modelling scheme for cable stayed bridge with improved catenary cable element is adopted by Equivalent modulus approach. The Modelling strategy involved finite element modelling with a dynamic stiffness method. A real CS Bridge is modelled in Midas-civil and results are compared. This improved innovative modelling approach agrees well with the bridge analysis results of the research article.
Critical Analysis of the Chenab Bridge, India
Authors: Haldar P. , Roy S. , Karmakar S.
Published: December 2022

Chenab river is one of the big rivers in Northern India. Indian Railways has undertaken to make a bridge in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (JandK) over the Chenab river. This bridge is one of the perfect examples of steel and concrete arch bridge, which is in under construction at the height of 320m above the river. This construction has announced as National Project. According to the plan, after completion, the bridge can be declared as the World’s highest rail bridge. Its steel arch main span is 467m long, which is the main key feature of the bridge. This bridge is aim to complete within December 2021. This paper provides an informative review and critical analysis along with conceptual design, the problem faced during the construction of the bridge.
Effect of Skew Angle on the Dynamic Response of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge under Blast Loading
Authors: Dar RooufUnNabi , Anas S.M. , Alam Mehtab
Published: December 2022

Accidental explosions and subversive blasts are on rise. The recent devastating Beirut explosion witnesses this fact. Performance of the structures such as bridges in cities and strategic boarder areas is of paramount importance. With this concern the effect of skew angle on the performance of a single span reinforced concrete (RC) bridge deck supported on three symmetrically placed RC girders under blast loading generated by1000kgTNT charge located above and below the mid-section of the central girder at a standoff distance of 0.5 m has been investigated using ABAQUS/CAE. Analyses have been performed at different skew angles i.e. 0º, 10º, 20º, 30º, 40º, and 50º. Several empirical relations from the literature have been used to estimate the blast parameters such as peak overpressure, positive phase duration, the arrival time of blast wave, and decay coefficient. Blast pressure P(t), has been modeled using modified Friedlander’s equation. Distributions of damages have been evaluated with a mesh size of 300 mm using concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model. Maximum displacements have been computed and are compared with those obtained from the provisions of AASHTO: Load Resistance and Factor Design (LRFD) - Bridge Design Specifications (2014). It has been found that the midspan displacement and the stresses of the deck increase for 10º skew angle but decrease for subsequent increase in skew angle for the explosive charge loaded above the mid-section of the central girder. However, tensile as well as compressive damages in girders increase with increase of skew angle irrespective of the location of the blast. Side girders suffer more damage with increase in skew angle than uniform damage for ‘under the deck’ location of explosive charge.
Influence of Skewnesson Flexural Response of RC Slab Bridges
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Bhamri Mohit
Published: December 2022

Normally, straight slab bridges are preferred in any road network due to simplicity in design and construction. However, in some circumstances, it becomes necessary to provide the skew slab bridges owing to geometrical considerations. The structural behaviour of skew slab bridges differs significantly as compared to right slab bridges unless the skew angle is small. In this paper, attempts have been made to investigate the influence of skewness on flexural response of two-lane slab bridges of different spans ranging between 4 m to 8 m at in interval of 1 m and the skew angle has been varied from 0° to 45° in the multiple of 15°. In this study, the linear-elastic three-dimensional finite element analysis of slab bridges has been carried out using the STAAD_Pro. In order to investigate the effect of skewness on flexural response five different span slab bridges, the longitudinal moment, transverse moment, twisting moment, and the maximum deflection produced in skew slab bridges are normalized with the corresponding parameters in the right slab bridges. The study showed that the normalized longitudinal moment decreases significantly with the increase in angle of skew from 15° to 45°, in contrast, an excessive rise in the normalized transverse moments was observed.
A Simplified Approach for Analysis of MDOF Systems Considering Soil - Structure Coupling
Authors: Madhekar S.N.
Published: December 2022

It is common to design structures on the fundamental assumption that the base is fixed and that the ground motion experienced by its base is the same as the free-field ground motion. For structures supported on soft soil, the base motion experienced by the structure is generally different from the free-field motion, as it could include possible sliding and rocking motion of the flexible medium and dissipation of vibration energy through the soil in the form of damping. The seismic response of a structure at a particular location depends on the characteristics of ground motion at source, and; modified mode shapes and vibration periods because of soil structure coupling. Thus, the ground motion that reaches the foundation can be significantly different from that at bedrock level and there is a possibility of response amplification when vibration period of the structure is close to that of the input ground motion modified by local soil conditions.
Soil Structure Coupling (SSC) is a process wherein the structure and its supporting soil medium interact with one another to influence the behaviour of both. SSC normally leads to an increase in natural period of the structure, increased damping and an increase in lateral displacements of the structure. The effect of SSC is commonly ignored, because it is often a valid assumption. However, such effects can, in particular circumstances, be detrimental to the structure. The paper presents a simplified procedure for finding out the response of three-storey structure due to the effect of SSC. A simple practical method to assess the likely impact of SSC on the response of a MDOF structure is presented, which can help the researchers understand the detailed behaviour of soil and structure during seismic events. Detailed step-by-step procedure is presented by solving a numerical problem.
Seismic Response Control of Parallel Structures Connectd by Passive Shape Memory Alloy Damper
Authors: Patel C.C.
Published: December 2022

A shape Memory Alloys are a class of novel functional materials that possess unique properties, including shape memory effect, super-elasticity effect, high damping characteristics, high corrosion resistance, temperature dependent Young modulus and extra ordinary fatigue resistance. In super-elastic phase, shape memory alloys are initially austenitic, upon loading, stress-induced martensite is formed, upon unloading, the martensite reverts to austenite at a lower stress level, resulting in the hysteretic behaviour, is more suitable property for energy dissipation device in structural engineering. In this paper, the response behaviour of two parallel structures coupled by passive Shape Memory Alloy dampers under various earthquake ground motion excitations is investigated. The equation of motion for the two parallel, single-degree-of-freedom structures connected by damper is formulated. The effectiveness of damper in terms of the structural response reduction namely, relative displacement and absolute acceleration of coupled structure is investigated. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the optimum parameter of the dampers. Results show that Shape Memory Alloy dampers connecting the parallel structures of different fundamental frequencies, the earthquake induced displacement response of either structure can be reduce effectively, but acceleration response of flexible structure is increases. Thus passive shape memory alloy damper is not much effective for seismic protection of coupled structure concept.
On the choice of ground motion intensity measure and the number of records for cloud analysis-based seismic demand assessment
Authors: Bhasker Rohan , Menon Arun
Published: December 2022

Cloud analysis has emerged as a popular tool for the seismic demand/fragility assessment of structures. The output of cloud analysis is a seismic demand model which relates an Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) indicative of structural distress to an Intensity Measure (IM) signifying the severity of ground shaking. IMs commonly used for probabilistic seismic demand assessment are quite heterogenous with respect to their “efficiency”, i.e. their degree of correlation with a specific EDP. This feature has serious implications on the number of ground motion records that must be used to perform cloud analysis on a given structure in order to accurately describe the distribution of the EDP at various IM levels. In the current study, demand models for maximum interstorey drift (?max), based on a wide spectrum of IMs, are developed from the cloud analyses of a five-storey RC bare frame structure using a suite of fifty unscaled natural ground motion records. The method of bootstrap resampling is used to investigate the convergence of the regression coefficients in the demand model with the size of the bootstrap subsamples, each comprising of a limited subset of records drawn from the original suite with repetitions allowed. This procedure helps determine the minimum number of ground motion records necessary for the calibration of demand models without compromising its accuracy in predicting the drift demands. Results from the study indicate a strong correlation between the efficiency of various IMs and the optimal number of records required to produce reliable seismic demand models.
Seismic Risk Assessment of Nagpur City using the Geographic Information System
Authors: Saini Shivam , Kumar Ratnesh , Kotharkar Rajashree
Published: December 2022

Earthquakes are the major threat to mankind accounting for almost half of the fatalities brought about by all of the natural hazards and desert their traces in societies for years. It is well known that seismic risk cannot be eliminated but minimized. Risk studies lay down the roadmap to prepare and minimize the aftermath of any disastrous event. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been proved as an effectual tool for seismic risk assessment study. This study presents the seismic risk assessment of Nagpur city using the GIS framework. Albeit per Indian Standard (IS) 1893-2016 [1] seismic zonation of Nagpur city comes under zone II (relatively low seismic hazard zone), the seismic risk being a combination of hazard, elements at risk and, vulnerability cannot be denied. Similar to other Indian cities the city of Nagpur had a heterogeneous development pattern. Even though Nagpur city is municipalized in well distributed wards, many intra wards distributions show housing clusters of different socioeconomic status. Therefore, using the satellite imagery different socioeconomic housing clusters were identified and mapped in the ArcGIS platform. Six socioeconomic clusters were identified using satellite imagery for Nagpur. From the field survey of randomly selected typical clusters, 14 prevailing Model Building Types (MBTs) were identified. Census data were used to find the population density and its distribution throughout the city. Seismic hazard has been estimated from IS 1893-2016 [1] as well as using the probabilistic hazard map of NDMA [2]. Selected MBTs were assessed for their seismic vulnerability, seismic risk in terms of casualties and damage is calculated. Finally, thematic maps showing damages arrived from the various approach are shown and discussed.
Behaviour of Intermediate Moment Resisting RC Frame Structures Under The Influence of P-Delta Effect
Authors: Samanta N. , Dasgupta K. , Khare R.
Published: December 2022

Among the different categories of RC frames based on the implemented ductile detailing of the members, Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame (IMRF) is imparted with medium ductility capacity. Buildings with IMRF are intended to be used in Indian Seismic Zone III which refers to moderate level of seismic risk. Although past research has focused extensively on seismic behaviour of non-ductile and fully ductile moment resisting frames, very few studies on IMRF behaviour have been carried out. Also, the influence of P-Delta (P-?) effect on nonlinear behaviour of RC frame buildings has been studied to a limited extent. The present study aims to study the influence of imposed displacement pattern on the nonlinear behaviour of IMRF considering the P-? effect. Initially, single RC frame building five-storey with symmetrical floor plan, is designed as per the relevant Indian guidelines considering possible IMRF behaviour. Although the detailing of frames with medium ductility is absent in the current Indian Code IS: 13920-2016, the same has been carried out as per the draft IS: 13920. Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis or pushover analysis is carried out for the designed frames. For the distribution of imposed displacement pattern along the height of the frame, 4 different profiles are adopted, namely (a) parabolic as per IS: 1893 (Part 1) – 2016, (b) uniform, (c) fundamental mode shape and (d) triangular. It is found that under P-? effect, the initial lateral stiffness and base shear capacity get reduced for all the frames. The same can be correlated with the higher lateral displacement Thus, the absence of P-? effect causes overestimation of base shear capacity for the IMRF. The initial global stiffness predicted by the IS: 1893 (Part 1) – 2016 is the least among the lateral stiffness observed under all the load patterns. However, the uniform displacement profile provides the maximum base shear capacity of IMRF among all the load patterns.
A State of The Art Review on Soil-Structure Interaction and Seismic Protection System of Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Thakur B.M. , Desai A.K.
Published: December 2022

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is conventionally considered to be advantageous to the seismic response of a structure. Designers proposed that the least consideration of SSI in structural design results in conservative design. Indian Standard codes allow seismic coefficient ignorance or total reduction of SSI. However, advancements made in developing methods by adding SSI in design to avoid the SSI problem becomes a rarity. This paper summarizes several guidelines and techniques related to SSI analysis of structures. Seismic protection systems (SPS) are successfully installed in conventional designs, but most of the nuclear power plants (NPPs) are not equipped with SPS. Besides, considerable research was carried out to comprise SPS in nuclear power plant design. Currently, horizontal isolation is provided in for structures in active seismic zones. This may be insufficient and vertical isolation has also been required. The results of this review indicated that the future construction of nuclear plants in seismic zones should be equipped with advanced SPS to fulfill the standardised design.
Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel Rectangular Hollow Section Filled with Concrete under Cyclic Lateral Loadwith Constant High Axial Compression
Authors: Velmurugan R. , Kumar S.R.Satish
Published: December 2022

This paper presents an experimental investigation of Rectangular Concrete Filled Steel Tube (RCFST) sections subjected to cyclic lateral load combined with constant high axial compression. A total of eight RCFST columns with different combinations of width to thickness ratio, slenderness ratio and axial compression ratio were tested. The constant axial compressive load on the test columns was 60% and 80% of its axial load carrying capacity. Failure modes such as local buckling and rupture of steel tube were observed from experiments during strength degradation after reaching maximum lateral load. From the experimental results, envelope curves were obtained by joining the locus of extremities of the load-displacement hysteresis loops. Seismic parameters such as strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity were discussed based on experimental results.
Damage Detection of FRP Composite Plates from Dynamical Responses using Finite Element Model Updating: Equivalent Material Properties as Parameters
Authors: Das S. , Chakraborty S.
Published: December 2022

Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) composite structures are extensively used in weight sensitive applications, such as in aircrafts, ships, etc. Such structures are susceptible to damages during their usual operation or during extreme loading from environment. Due to the anisotropic nature of FRP composite plates, damage detection is difficult for such layered materials particularly when the damage site is inaccessible. The localised loss of stiffness resulting from damage is reflected into the global dynamic responses of such structures. Finite element model updating is a convenient inverse approach in which these changes in stiffness due to damages are estimated from measured dynamical responses using optimization. The equivalent stiffness changes can be expressed in terms of either geometric or material property or both. In most of the cases, changes in geometric parameters physically represent the actual damage scenario with larger sensitivity. On the other hand, material property changes in the damaged area are a very convenient parameter to deal with. In the present work, updating parameters in the finite element model updating procedure are chosen in terms of material property. Detection of local stiffness changes from experimentally measured natural frequencies, mode shapes and/or frequency response functions are investigated. Experimental modal testing is performed on a rectangular FRP composite plate both in its undamaged and damaged state. Baseline finite element model of the composite plate is correlated with experimental model, followed by a sensitivity based finite element model updating algorithm. The results show the rapid convergence and accurate determination of local stiffness change in terms of elastic material parameters alone in all three orthogonal directions. This indicates that material properties like the in-plane Young’s moduli and in-plane Shear modulus within the localised region of damage, can well be used as convenient means for detecting equivalent stiffness loss in damaged structures.
Experimental Investigation on Damage Sensitive Dynamic Responses of a Reinforced Concrete Beam
Authors: Dimri Akshat , Chakraborty Sushanta
Published: December 2022

Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to damage due to environmental loading and operational conditions. Early detection of damages in reinforced concrete structures is very important. However, this becomes difficult because failure at the micro level in the form of minute cracks, develops much earlier than the visual appearance of actual damages resulting out of coalesce of several such micro level damages. Vibration based damage detection techniques, particularly use of modal testing by exciting a structure dynamically and measuring resulting responses is well established in current practice. Still, real experimental investigation involving a full scale reinforced concrete structure is somewhat rare in current literature. In the present investigation, dynamic responses of a 3.3-metre long reinforced concrete beam were measured experimentally before and after damage. Damage in the form of flexural cracks was inflicted by applying quasi-static load using a universal testing machine of capacity 300 kN under the four-point bending configuration. Broadband roving impact excitation was imparted through an impact hammer and the resulting responses were picked up by a single accelerometer. The time signals of both the force and acceleration responses were Fourier transformed using a spectrum analyser to determine the frequency response functions. The modal parameters e.g. frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping factors are found out through curve fitting. The frequency response function at a particular point has also been investigated for all the load increments and gradual changes into the dynamic properties are noted. Comparison of modal parameters between the undamaged and damaged state including their curvatures indicates that they are sensitive to the crack locations. On the other hand, the differences in frequency response functions including their curvatures were sensitive to the damage intensity in turn. The current experimental investigation provides great insight into the application of vibration-based damage detection technique to reinforced concrete structures.
Numerical Simulation of Bunker Buster Slab under Projectile Impact
Authors: Goel M.D. , Kallada KrishnaPrasad , Muthreja I.L.
Published: December 2022

In the present investigation, 3-D finite element modelling is carried out to predict the penetration depth and residual velocity of a projectile impacting a target. For the purpose of numerical simulation, target is a concrete slab of planar dimension 5 m × 4 m with an unconfined compressive strength of 50 MPa. This target is considered to be part of protective structure like bunker buster slab. The explicit algorithm of ABAQUS/Explicit® is employed in the simulation of projectile impact. The projectile is modelled as a rigid body and the concrete slab as a deformable body using Lagrangian formulation. The energy dissipation, penetration depth and residual velocities of the projectile impacting at different velocities are compared with the empirical equation as available by simulating a real impact scenario numerically. Investigation is carried out over a wide range of impacting velocities under sub-hydrodynamic range.
Blast Mitigation of SDOF systems by using M.R.Damper and Base Isolations
Authors: Kiran K.K. , Kori JagadishG.
Published: December 2022

Shelter is a basic need for living creatures. The shelter should be safe and secure. The damage of the shelter occurs due to natural hazards and manmade activities. Natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, landslides, flood, etc. Manmade activities may be accidental or intentional. Accidental activities include, internal explosions such as chemical reactions occurring at nuclear power plants, mining, rock cutting etc, gas explosions leakage etc. Hence while designing the structure, additional precautions and considerations should be taken to resist the unpredictable load. Boat load and earthquake load are dynamic, impulse loads. The earthquake load occurs in seconds, In the height of the structures force are distributed and is proportion to mass concentrations, blast load occurs in milli seconds compare to seismic load. In the present study SDOF system exposed to blast load is considered. MATLAB simulation technique is used in the analysis of the SDOF system. The SDOF system consists of Front wall, rear wall and Roof. The load is acting on the structural system are calculated by using analytical method. Base isolations method is one the recent method is used to reduce the response of the structural system under impact load. The semi active control system is used in the analysis. The response is reduced by considerable amount by using Base isolation and MR Damper.
An experimental investigation on the effectiveness of damping changes for damage detection in a Fibre Reinforced Plastic Plate
Authors: Sinha U. , Chakraborty S.
Published: December 2022

Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) are extensively used because of their high specific strength and stiffness. However, throughout their service life, such materials are susceptible to damages, which when accumulated may result in catastrophic failure. Studies on effects of stiffness loss due to damage has been exercised by quite a large number of researchers but very less investigators have involved the variations in dissipative behaviour in combination with such stiffness loss. However, damage in these structures not only causes local reduction of stiffness but is also observed with increased dissipation behaviour. One of the most convenient ways to carry out health monitoring exercise to detect damages is to conduct systematic vibration testing. The present study investigates the likely changes in natural frequencies and mode shapes of a rectangular FRP composite plate along with damping factors due to the induced damage. The FRP plate considered has been modal tested and dynamic responses i.e., natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping factors are derived through curve-fitting technique from the frequency response function measurements. In this study, changes in dynamic responses due to a locally induced damage in the FRP plate is studied. For this, in order to maximize the effects of local reduction in the stiffness on the modal parameters, a partial-cut is provided in a localised region of the plate in the first damage case. In the second damage scenario, the partially-cut area has been filled with epoxy resin matrix to create a region with localised change in material properties and with limited stiffness loss. Damping changes has been observed to be significant and more sensitive than variations in natural frequencies and mode shapes. The study suggests that damping parameters along with stiffness changes together can be put into practice to develop an effective vibration-based health monitoring scheme