bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schemas revisited
Authors: James Ian Andrew , Southam Lesley , Blackburn Ivy Marie
Published: December 2004

Schemas are one of the key concepts of modern psychotherapy. However, there remains much confusion regarding the nature of this concept. For example, it is sometimes confused with related concepts (e.g. core beliefs) and often used incorrectly to describe specific forms of cognition (e.g. self‐referent beliefs). The present paper suggests that core beliefs and self‐referent beliefs are sub‐components of schemas, and thus should not be used synonymously with the parent concept. For many clinicians, these distinctions may appear rather pedantic or academic, but we would argue that correct differentiation is essential if one intends to deliver good therapy. It is suggested that a more appropriate understanding of the concept of schemas would draw clinicians' attention to many of the information processing mechanisms and biases that both hinder and facilitate therapeutic change.

This paper also makes suggestions about how one could clarify the nature of schemas in terms of specific dimensions, which may provide better precision with respect to their use and function within clinical settings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental rearing and substance related disorders—a multi‐factorial controlled study in a Swedish sample
Authors: Andersson P. , Eisemann M.
Published: December 2004

Dysfunctional parental rearing was investigated to evaluate cognitive self‐protective strategies in a high‐risk sample from the Methadone Maintenance Programme, Stockholm, Sweden, and healthy subjects respectively. The Bowlby‐Scale, the ASQ‐SWED, the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Dysfunctional Working Models Scale were used. Results confirm insecure attachment (types A, C, D) among addicts and secure attachment (type B) among controls. The influence of the pathological pattern Compulsive self‐reliance on the personality factor Confidence in self and others was 40.3 times higher (odds ratio) for addicts. The content of schemas in substance‐related disorders shows an individual vulnerability associated with a decreased social competence and a very high risk for the development of various types of psychopathology. On the other hand, findings obtained in control subjects attest to a ‘normal’ organization of self‐protective strategies and a pattern of behaviour mainly based on secure attachment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescent life events and adult mental health 5–9 years after referral for acute psychiatric outpatient treatment
Authors: Skarbø T. , Rosenvinge J.H. , Holte A.
Published: December 2004

Knowledge is needed of mental health in relation to life events of former acute child and adolescent outpatients at risk of suicide.

 The present study describes the long‐term mental health outcome of young adults who as children or adolescents were referred to outpatient psychiatry for mental health problems, and identifies putative mental health statistical outcome predictors at follow‐up, with focus on life events.

 One hundred patients referred to treatment at child and adolescent outpatient clinics in Nordland County, Norway, during 1990–1994 were interviewed face to face, 5–9 years after referral.

 At follow‐up, life events at young age were associated with the mental health status in spite of referral and acute psychotherapeutic intervention. There was a general effect of life events at young age, affecting a large number of mental health variables. Childhood and adolescence difficulties were highly correlated, indicating a possible continuation of effects from childhood to adolescence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression
Authors: Reis Samantha , Grenyer Brin F. S.
Published: December 2004

The present research examines links between adult attachment styles, working alliance, and treatment response in men and women receiving 16 sessions of supportive–expressive dynamic psychotherapy for major depression. 58 clients were assessed using the Relationship Questionnaire and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) prior to commencement of psychotherapy. The Working Alliance Inventory was completed in session 3, and the HRSD was readmi‐nistered after six and 16 sessions. Results indicated that a high proportion (39%) of the sample reported ‘fearful–avoidant’ attachment at intake. Fearful avoidance also longitudinally predicted significantly more negative outcomes (particularly over the initial six sessions), but was unrelated to working alliance. Working alliance was unrelated to treatment response. Findings highlight the negative impact of fearful attachment on treatment response, but indicate that this occurs independent of the working alliance. The avoidance of intimacy for fear of rejection appears to impede successful psychotherapy, and treatment should be tailored for these clients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Interactions in Ferrocene‐ and Ruthenocene‐Functionalized Tetraazamacrcocyclic Ligand Complexes of FeII/III, CoII, NiII, CuII and ZnII
Authors: Comba Peter , Linti Gerald , Merz Kathrin , Pritzkow Hans , Renz Franz
Published: December 2004

The syntheses of ferrocene‐ and ruthenocene‐functionalized tetraazamacrocyclic ligands and their corresponding transition metal complexes are described. Reaction of N,N′‐bis(2‐aminoethyl)‐1,3‐propanediamine (2,3,2‐tet) with 1,1′‐diformylferrocene and 1,1′‐diformylruthenocene produces the ligands fcmac and rcmac in 81−85% yield. Examination of their CuII, NiII, CoII, ZnII and FeII/III complexes by IR, UV/Vis, EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as by electrochemical studies suggests electronic communication between the two metal centers of each complex. The molecular structure of [CuII(fcmac)(FBF3)]BF4, determined by X‐ray structure analysis, is reported and shows that the distance between the two metals is 4.54 Å. Stability constants, determined by potentiometric titration, indicate that the copper(II) complexes are of similar stability as those with unfunctionalized tetraazamacrocyclic ligands (e.g. cyclam = 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane); stability constants of cobalt(II) complexes are about 2 log units smaller, those of nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes are reduced by more than 10 log units. This selectivity is discussed on the basis of the structural studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Leading a university during controversy: Challenges faced by a new president
Authors: Genshaft Judy , Wheat Jack
Published: December 2004

In her first month in office, a president learns of charges of racial discrimination in the university's intercollegiate athletic program to which she must respond at the same time as she is learning her way around campus and establishing herself in the community.
Activation of protein phosphatase‐2A1 by HIV‐1 Vpr Cell death causing peptide in intact CD4+ T cells and in vitro
Authors: Janoo Anwar , Morrow Peter W. , Tung H.Y. Lim
Published: December 2004

HIV‐1, the etiologic agent of human AIDS, causes cell death in host and non‐host cells via HIV‐1 Vpr, one of its auxiliary gene product. HIV‐1 Vpr can also cause cell cycle arrest in several cell types. The cellular processes that link HIV‐1 Vpr to the cell death machinery are not well characterized. Here, we show that the C terminal portion of HIV‐1 Vpr which encompasses amino acid residues 71–96 (HIV‐1 Vpr71–96), also termed HIV‐1 Vpr cell death causing peptide, is an activator of protein phosphatase‐2A1 when applied extracellularly to CD4+ T cells. HIV‐1 Vpr71–96 is a direct activator of protein phosphatase‐2A1 that has been purified from CD4+ T cells. Full length HIV‐1 Vpr by itself does not cause the activation of protein phosphatase‐2A1 in vitro. HIV‐1 Vpr71–96 also causes the activation of protein phosphatase‐2A0 and protein phosphatase‐2A1 from brain, liver, and adipose tissues. These results indicate that HIV‐1 can cause cell death of infected cells and non‐infected host and non‐host cells via HIV‐1 Vpr derived C terminal peptide(s) which act(s) by cell penetration and targeting of a key controller of the cell death machinery, namely, protein phosphatase‐2A1. The activation of other members of the protein phosphatase‐2A subfamily of enzymes which are involved in the control of several metabolic pathways in brain, liver, and adipose tissues by HIV‐1 Vpr derived C terminal peptide(s) may underlie various metabolic disturbances that are associated with HIV‐1 infection. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐cell factor‐4‐dependent up‐regulation of fibronectin is involved in fibroblast growth factor‐2‐induced tube formation by endothelial cells
Authors: Kanda Shigeru , Miyata Yasuyoshi , Kanetake Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

Deletion of fibronectin or its receptor, α5 integrin, interferes with the formation of a functional circulation in mice. We hypothesized that α5β1 integrin/fibronectin interaction may be involved in differentiation of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We examined the effect of blocking antibody against α5β1 integrin in fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2)‐induced angiogenesis by Matrigel plug assay. Although the antibody did not inhibit the recruitment of endothelial cells into plugs, it inhibited organization of lumen‐containing capillaries. The antibody also inhibited FGF‐2‐induced tube formation by murine brain capillary endothelial cells (IBE cells) cultured in type I collagen gels. We previously showed that FGF‐2 failed to induce tube formation by IBE cells expressing kinase‐dead c‐Fyn (KDFyn cells). Association with β‐catenin enhances the transcriptional activity of T‐cell factor‐4 (TCF‐4), which up‐regulates the expression of fibronectin. FGF‐2 induced association of β‐catenin with TCF‐4 and up‐regulation of fibronectin in IBE cells, but not in KDFyn cells. Expression of mutant TCF‐4, which does not associate with β‐catenin, inhibited FGF‐2‐induced tube formation and expression of fibronectin in IBE cells. FGF‐2‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of β‐catenin, and association with TCF‐4 was increased in IBE cells, but not in KDFyn cells. Taken together, interaction of α5β1 integrin and fibronectin is involved in FGF‐2‐induced tube formation by endothelial cells and up‐regulation of fibronectin through TCF‐4 seemed to be involved in this process. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular basis of human glutamate dehydrogenase regulation under changing energy demands
Authors: Mastorodemos Vasileios , Zaganas Ioannis , Spanaki Cleanthe , Bessa Maria , Plaitakis Andreas
Published: December 2004

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme central to glutamate metabolism, is located in the mitochondria although there is evidence for extramitochondrial localization of GDH. In the human, housekeeping and nerve tissue‐specific isoforms, encoded by the GLUD1 and GLUD2 genes, have been identified. The two isoenzymes differ markedly in their baseline activities, allosteric regulation, and thermal stability. GTP potently inhibits GLUD1‐derived GDH (IC50 = 0.2 μM), whereas the GLUD2‐derived isoenzyme is resistant to this compound. The GLUD2‐derived GDH shows low basal activity and has the capacity to be activated fully by ADP or L‐leucine. We used molecular biological tools to study the subcellular localization of GLUD1‐derived GDH in cultured cells and the molecular basis of its regulation. COS7 cells, transfected with a GLUD1‐pEGFP‐N3 vector, revealed a GFP fluorescence pattern nearly identical to that of the mitochondrial marker pDsRed2‐Mito. Site‐directed mutagenesis of GLUD1 gene showed that replacement of Gly456 by Ala made the enzyme resistant to GTP (IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.15 μM) without altering its regulation by ADP. Substitution of Ser for Arg443 rendered the enzyme virtually inactive at its basal state, but fully responsive to ADP activation. The Arg443Ser mutant was more active at pH 7.0 than at pH 8.0. The Gly456Ala change therefore dissociated GLUD2‐derived GDH function from GTP, whereas the Arg443Ser change made enzyme regulation possible without this inhibitor. These properties may allow the brain isoenzyme to function well under conditions of intracellular acidification and increased turnover of ATP to ADP, as occurs in synaptic astrocytes during excitatory transmission. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of residual dipolar couplings in organic compounds
Authors: Yan Jiangli , Zartler Edward R.
Published: December 2004

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) induced by anisotropic media are a powerful tool for the structure determination of biomolecules through NMR spectroscopy. Recent advances have proven it to be a valuable tool for determination of the stereochemistry of organic molecules. By simple inspection or order matrix calculations, RDCs provide unambiguous information about the relative configurations or complete stereochemistry of organic compounds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The inhibition of verbally aggressive behaviour
Authors: Smits Dirk J. M. , De Boeck Paul , Vansteelandt Kristof
Published: December 2004

We studied the inhibition of verbal aggression, defined as not displaying verbal aggression when one would want to. The approach we used was based on a situation–response questionnaire containing 15 anger provoking situations and three verbally aggressive responses. Two questions were asked for each combination of a situation and a response: one about wanting to react in a verbally aggressive way and one about actually displaying the reaction. This questionnaire was administered to 316 participants. Based on different theories about inhibition, several logistic mixed models were constructed and tested against each other. In the best fitting model, inhibition was conceptualized as a trait. Trait inhibition was negatively correlated with external measures of Anger Out and positively with Control of Anger Out. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid raft proteome reveals ATP synthase complex in the cell surface
Authors: Bae Tae‐Jung , Kim Min‐Sik , Kim Jun‐Woo , Kim Bong‐Woo , Choo Hyo‐Jung , Lee Joong‐Won , Kim Ki‐Bum , Lee Chang Seok , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Chang Sun Young , Kang Chang‐Yuil , Lee Sang‐Won , Ko Young‐Gyu
Published: December 2004

See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200400952
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis database of murine R1 embryonic stem cells
Authors: Elliott Steven T. , Crider David G. , Garham Christopher P. , Boheler Kenneth R. , Van Eyk Jennifer E.
Published: December 2004

See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200300820
Using statistical techniques to detect fraud: a test case
Authors: O'Kelly Michael
Published: December 2004

In an experiment to test the effectiveness of statistical measures in detecting fraud, three physicians fabricated scores on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for a number of subjects in three sites. The fabricated data were then planted among MADRS data from 18 genuine sites. A statistician blinded as to the identity and quantity of the fabricated data attempted to detect the ‘fraudulent’ data by searching for unusual means and correlations. One of the three fabricated sites was correctly identified, and one genuine site was incorrectly identified as a potential fabrication. In addition, inlying and/or outlying means and correlations found in the genuine data suggested the possibility of using statistical checks for unusual data early in a study so that sites with unusual patterns could be prioritized for monitoring, training and, if necessary, auditing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Designing clinical trials with uncertain estimates of variability
Authors: Julious Steven A.
Published: December 2004

An estimated sample size is a function of three components: the required power, the predetermined Type I error rate, and the specified effect size. For Normal data the standardized effect size is taken as the difference between two means divided by an estimate of the population standard deviation. However, in early phase trials one may not have a good estimate of the population variance as it is often based on the results of a few relatively small trials. The imprecision of this estimate should be taken into account in sample size calculations. When estimating a trial sample size this paper recommends that one should investigate the sensitivity of the trial to the assumptions made about the variance and consider being adaptive in one's trial design. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
REGULATORY UPDATES: ICH E14 draft consensus guideline on clinical evaluation of QT/QTc interval prolongation
Authors: Patterson Scott D.
Published: December 2004

ICH E14 calls for public comment by epidemiologists and statisticians on the practical implications of thresholds to be used for regulatory decision‐making. Readers involved in QT/QTc assessment in drug development and those with an interest in this area are encouraged to give the topic some thought and to be prepared to engage in public debate on the proposed ICH E14 guidance in late 2004 and early 2005. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Entropy/information indices of the “stockholder” atoms‐in‐molecules
Authors: Nalewajski Roman F. , Broniatowska Elżbieta
Published: December 2004

The information theory provides a solid foundation of Hirshfeld's “stockholder” partitioning of the molecular electron density into densities of bonded atoms. These entropy equilibrium, overlapping atoms‐in‐molecules constitute attractive concepts for the chemical interpretation of the molecular electronic structure. The local nature of this division scheme is emphasized in terms of the conditional probabilities of molecular subsystems. The Hirshfeld “information” channel for a given local volume element of constituent atoms, with the local promolecular (“input”) and molecular (“output”) conditional probabilities, is examined and its several local and global (molecularly averaged) conditional entropy and entropy deficiency descriptors are introduced and discussed. Illustrative numerical DFT (LDA) results for H2 and HF are reported and the proposed entropy/information descriptors are examined as tools for diagnosing the chemical bonds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Interval estimation and hypothesis testing of intraclass correlation coefficients: the generalized variable approach
Authors: Tian Lili
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we propose a novel approach using the concept of generalized variable (GV) for the confidence interval estimation of the difference of two intraclass correlation coefficients under unequal family sizes. This approach can also easily provide P‐values for hypothesis testing. Simulation results show that the GV approach can provide confidence intervals with good coverage properties and perform hypothesis testing with satisfactory type‐I error control. Furthermore, the confidence intervals and P‐values by GV approach can be easily obtained by simulation. Therefore the GV approach is a suitable candidate for making inference concerning two intraclass correlation coefficients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using entertainment media to inform student affairs teaching and practice related to student development theory
Authors: Dunn Merrily S. , Forney Deanna S.
Published: December 2004

This chapter sets a context for the use of student development theory in student affairs work, summarizes several prominent theories, and offers examples of how the entertainment media can be used to facilitate understanding of these theories by both graduate and undergraduate students.
Conclusion and additional resources
Authors: Cawthon Tony W. , Forney Deanna S. , Bramhall Ron , Dagley John C. , Davis Tracy L. , Dunn Merrily S. , Hinton Kandace G. , Howard‐Hamilton Mary F. , McMahon Timothy R. , Paisley Pamela O. , Taub Deborah J.
Published: December 2004

This chapter offers tips and additional books, films, television shows, Web sites, and other media resources for teaching and training.
Gepulstes Pirani‐Vakuummeter: Berechnung von Aufheizung und Abkühlung. Pulsed Pirani vacuum gauge: calculation of heating and cooling
Authors: Jitschin W. , Ludwig S.
Published: December 2004

Der gepulste Betrieb des Heißdraht‐Vakuummeters nach Pirani bietet mehrere Vorteile: Erweiterung des Messbereiches zu höheren Drücken hin, reduzierte Abhängigkeit von der Gasart und Verringerung der Leistungsaufnahme. Das Aufheizen und Abkühlen des Drahtes wurde bereits experimentell vermessen. Allerdings ist das beobachtete Verhalten in seinen Details nicht auf einfache Weise zu verstehen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit berichten wir über theoretische Berechnungen des Aufheiz‐ und Abkühl‐Vorgangs für das System aus Sensordraht und umgebenden Gas bei verschiedenen Drücken. Der Vorgang kann mit der Fourier‐Differentialgleichung des Wärmetransportes beschrieben werden. Einfacher zu berechnen ist eine Diskretisierung des Sensorinneren in einzelne Ringelemente und Anwendung der finiten‐Elemente‐Methode unter Berücksichtigung der Randbedingungen. Die Ergebnisse liefern eine quantitative anschauliche Darstellung des radialen Temperaturprofils des Gases und seiner zeitlichen Entwicklung.
nanoTruck on Tour: Reise in den Nanokosmos. nanoTruck on Tour: A Journey to the Nanokosmos
Authors: Baron Waldemar , Fellenberg Ralf , Gleiche Michael
Published: December 2004

Die Nanotechnologie als eine der wichtigsten Schlüsseltechnologien für die Zukunft gilt als Innovationsmotor für Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft. Nanotechnologie mit all ihren Facetten anschaulich zu vermitteln ist das Anliegen des nanoTruck. Die Aktion soll deutlich machen, dass Nanotechnologie über technologische Leistungsfähigkeit Wirtschaft und Beschäftigung in Deutschland voranbringt. Ziel ist es den Nutzen der Nanotechnologie für Menschen greifbar zu machen und somit qualifizierten Nachwuchs zu gewinnen. Damit neue Technologien zum Erfolg werden, ist es von großer Bedeutung, frühzeitig in der Öffentlichkeit, in Forschungseinrichtungen, in Schulen und in der Weiterbildung die Chancen und Potenziale der Nanotechnologie zu vermitteln. Die Initiative des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) „nanoTruck: Reise in den Nanokosmos – die Welt kleinster Dimensionen”︁ leistet dazu einen zentralen Beitrag.
Marked elevation of urinary 3‐hydroxydecanedioic acid in a malnourished infant with glycogen storage disease, mimicking long‐chainl‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Bergoffen J. , Kaplan P. , Hale D. E. , Bennett M. J. , Berry G. T.
Published: December 2004

An infant with glycogen storage disease and prolonged malnourishment showed a urinary organic acid profile during an episode of fasting hypoglycaemia with inappropriate hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria that was indistinguishable from that reported in long‐chainl‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Although there was a striking elevation of urinary 3‐hydroxydecanedioic acid, the ratios between hydroxydicarboxylic acids were consistent with values reported to be indicative of medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. We suspect that the fasting 3‐hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria was attributable to secondarily impaired enzyme activities, the consequence of malnutrition, early infancy, and/or glycogen storage disease. Caution is advised in the interpretation of urinary organic acid patterns that indicate a 3‐hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria, as well as an inapprorpiate hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria, as they may represent non‐specific findings.
Pliocene and Pleistocene Magnetic Stratigraphy in Le Castella Area, Southern Italy—A Preliminary Report
Authors: Nakagawa Hisao , Niitsuma Nobuaki , Elmi Carlo
Published: December 2004

A preliminary study was made of the magnetic stratigraphy of the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene marine sediments in Le Castella area, Calabria, Southern Italy. Microbiostratigraphic evidence of the measured sediments provides a basis for tentative correlation with the standard magnetic chronology. The Gilsa Event in the Matuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch is estimated to be a little older than the lower limit of the Calabrian in Le Castella area.
Problems of Interpreting Radiocarbon Dates from Dead-Ice Terrain, with an Example from the Puget Lowland of Washington
Authors: Porter Stephen C. , Carson Robert J.
Published: December 2004

Radiocarbon dates of organic matter collected from ablation till or from the base of peat bogs in dead-ice deposits may postdate retreat of an active glacier terminus by hundreds or even thousands of years, and therefore provide only minimum estimates for the time of glacial maximum and the beginning of ice recession. Logs incorporated in Vashon till close to the drift border postdate recession of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet by some 1400 years, and probably were buried when drift-mantled stagnant ice melted away, causing collapse of a superglacial forest.
Pollen Evidence of Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation on the Allegheny Plateau, Maryland
Authors: Maxwell Jean A. , Davis Margaret Bryan
Published: December 2004

When the Wisconsin ice sheet stood at its maximum position, tundra vegetation bordered the ice sheet. In the eastern United States, tundra extended at least 300 km due south of the ice border at 2700 ft (800 m) elevation on the Allegheny plateau. Spruce and jack (and/or red) pine forest grew at lower elevations in Virginia. On the coastal plain, and farther south, in the piedmont of northern Georgia, jack pine dominated the forest vegetation over a large region.

As the ice sheet receded, the vegetation underwent a series of changes. Coniferous forest was replaced by deciduous forest, beginning 13,600 B.P. in Georgia. The frequency of white pine began to increase in Virginia at about the same time, and the frequencies of deciduous trees, about 1000 yr later. On the Allegheny plateau, no change took place in the tundra vegetation until 12,700 B.P., when tundra was replaced by open, spruce woodland. Jack and/or red pine grew mixed with, or nearby, the spruce. Pollen from deciduous trees (mainly oak, ash, and hornbeam) reached the site in greater quantity than before. Possibly the increase indicates a change in prevailing wind direction.

On the Allegheny plateau, 10,500 years ago, the boreal woodland was replaced by a mixed coniferus-deciduous forest which included white pine. At about the same time (or perhaps a thousand years later), a similar change occurred in Connecticut. At lower elevations in the Shenandoah Valley, spruce forests including white pine were replaced by oak and other hardwoods.

In the early Holocene, at a time we unfortunately were not able to pinpoint by radiocarbon dating, deciduous forest began to grow on the Allegheny plateau. Later there was a series of changes in the composition of the forest. High frequencies of oak pollen occur throughout the sequence, with successive maxima of hemlock, beech, and finally, hickory. High percentages of chestnut pollen occur with a maximum approximately coincident with the maximum of beech. These changes are probably significant both from stratigraphic and paleoecologic points of view, and should be studied in greater detail at sites where radiocarbon dating will be possible. The early maximum of chestnut pollen is a major difference between the pollen sequence in the Alleghenies and southern and central New England, suggesting that this species was very slow to move northward, arriving in New England just 2000 B.P. as the result of migration, not climatic change.
Correlation of a Volcanic Ash bed in Pleistocene Deposits near Mount Blanco, Texas, with the Guaje Pumice Bed of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Izett Glen A. , Wilcox Ray E. , Borchardt Glenn A.
Published: December 2004

A rhyolitic volcanic ash bed about 0.3 m thick is exposed in a roadcut along Texas Highway 193 near Mount Blanco in the upper part of a sequence of Pleistocene sedimentary deposits at the type locality of the Blanco Formation, about 59 km northeast of Lubbock, Texas. This ash, here named informally the Guaje ash bed, has chemical and petrographic characteristics closely resembling those of the rhyolitic air-fall tephra (Guaje Pumice Bed) that directly underlies ash flows of Pleistocene age in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. The Guaje Pumice Bed and the ash flows belong to the Otowi Member of the Bandelier Tuff. Properties common to the Guaje ash bed and the Guaje Pumice Bed include: refractive index of glass, 1.497–1.498; microphenocrysts of quartz, sanidine (Or42–44), ferrohedenbergite (Fe51Ca42Mg7), chevkinite, allanite, zircon, and magnetite. Chemical composition of the glass of the Guaje ash bed matches that of the Guaje Pumice Bed for all major elements except K and Na and for trace elements determined by standard chemical analyses, atomic absorption, and neutron activation. Paleomagnetic measurements indicate that the ash has reverse depositional remanent magnetization. Glass shards of the ash have a fission-track age of about 1.4 ± 0.2 m. y. Sanidine from the Guaje Pumice Bed and its genetically related ash-flow sheet in the Jemez Mountains was K-Ar dated at about 1.4 m. y. by R. R. Doell and his colleagues in 1968. Correlation of the Guaje ash bed with the radiometrically dated Guaje Pumice Bed establishes a minimum age of about 1.4 m. y. for the Blanco Formation.
Late-Wisconsin Vegetational Changes in Unglaciated Eastern North America
Authors: Whitehead Donald R.
Published: December 2004

Recent pollen and macrofossil data from the Southeast is consistent with a displacement of boreal forest species by over 1000 km during full-glacial time. Data from west of the Appalachians suggests a displacement of some 600 km. Thus boreal forests were developed in a broad area south of the ice margin. Few deciduous forest elements persisted in that region. The displacement appears to have been azonal. There is good evidence to suggest a significant mid-Wisconsin interstadial (23,000-36,000 BP) characterized by a more temperate biota.
Faunal and Oxygen Isotopic Paleotemperatures and the Amplitude of Glacial/Interglacial Temperature Changes in the Equatorial Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hecht Alan D.
Published: December 2004

The amplitude of glacial/interglacial temperature changes in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Equatorial Atlantic, and a generalized faunal paleotemperature curve for the Caribbean Sea for the last 125,000 yr have been determined by using a quantitative micropaleontological model. This model is based on a direct comparison of Pleistocene foraminiferal assemblages with Recent ones whose geographic distribution have been correlated with modern ocean surface temperatures. The results of such an analysis indicate a glacial/interglacial surface temperature variation of 5°C for the Caribbean Sen, 3–4°C for the Gulf of Mexico, and 5–6°C for equatorial waters off the west coast of Africa. Generalized paleotemperature curves derived from faunal and isotope data for the Caribbean indicate nearly identical temperature oscillations during the last 125,000 yr.
Identification of Dacitic Tephra by Activation Analysis of their Primary Mineral Phenocrysts
Authors: Dudas M.J. , Harward M.E. , Schmitt R.A.
Published: December 2004

Primary mineral phenocrysts from eight different late Quaternary pyroclastic deposits were fractionated for neutron-activation analysis with the purpose of characterizing each of the deposits on the basis of trace and minor element compositions. In hornblende separates, contents of several rare earth and transition elements were found to be distinctive for the Mazama, Glacier Peak, and several St. Helens deposits. In magnetites, abundances of transition elements are characteristic and serve as good discriminants for the pyroclastic deposits examined in this investigation. Contents of transition and rare earth elements in hyperthenes also appear useful in distinguishing volcanic ash deposits. Trace and minor element abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts did not appear adequate for identification of pyroclastics due to elemental depletion and similarity of contents for feldspar separates. It was found that contents of Sm and Yb in hornblende phenocrysts would serve to distinguish between several pyroclastic deposits from the Pacific Northwest.
Vegetation and Climate of the Southern Chilean lake District During and Since the last Interglaciation
Authors: Heusser Calvin J.
Published: December 2004

The palynology of stratigraphic sections from road-cut and gravel-pit exposures and from a fen and sphagnum bogs in the southern part of the Chilean lake district (40° 53′ S, 72°37′ W-41°24′ S, 72°53′ W) is the basis for interpreting vegetation and climate during the last interglaciation and glaciation (named Llanquihue Glaciation) and during the post-glacial. To help interpretation, modern pollen rain was studied in relation to vegetation and altitude along a transect on the west slope of the Andes, and average January (summer) temperatures were interpreted. The upper limit of closed Andean forest, where wind is a determinant, appears to be close to the 12°C January isotherm; parkland in southern Chile does not exceed the January isotherm of 9°C.

Grassland and later southern beech forest are evident during the interglaciation that is dated at more than 39,900 radiocarbon yr. Climate of the grassland was relatively dry; during the forest phase, it was wet, cool, and approximately the same as at present. During Llanquihue Glaciation, average January temperature is estimated to have been about 8°C colder than today at 19,450 BP, some 5° colder shortly before 36,300 BP, and around 4° colder at 10,000 BP. Antarctic-alpine tundra or parkland, under colder, drier climate, is mostly in evidence in the vicinity of the study sites before about 12,000 BP. During the postglacial, forest communities occupied the lake district, and temperatures there were probably 1–2°C above (by 6500 BP) and as much as 2° below (4500-0 BP) the present-day average of about 16°.

This pattern of climatic changes finds accord, in general terms, in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere where palynological, chronological, and glacial geological studies are reported. Postulated as a cause of these changes are shifts in the intensity of air mass circulation in antarctic latitudes.
Paleohydraulic Interpretation of Quaternary Alluvium Near Golden, Colorado
Authors: Baker Victor R.
Published: December 2004

Quaternary terraces and pediments along Ralston Creek and Clear Creek, near Golden, Colorado, are associated with Verdos, Slocum, Louviers, and Broadway Alluviums. Terrace deposits can be locally correlated on the basis of elevation and relict paleosols. The terrace sediments probably represent aggradation by braided streams flowing from glaciated drainage basins. Engineering hydraulic calculation procedures suggest that flood flows were 2–3 m deep on steep gradients (0.008–0.01). Discharges were as great as 1400 m3/sec, nearly an order of magnitude greater than modern flood discharges. The most useful paleohydraulic calculation techniques were found to be the dimensionless shear approach applied to stream competence and bedload function theory applied to stream capacity.
Lead-210 and Pollen Geochronologies on Lake Superior Sediments
Authors: Bruland Kenneth W. , Koide Minoru , Bowser Carl , Maher Louis J. , Goldberg Edward D.
Published: December 2004

Rates of sedimentation in two Lake Superior deposits were determined by both ragweed pollen and 210Pb geochronologies. The former yields an average rate over the time since the first appearance of enhanced concentrations of the pollen as a consequence of human settlement. Sedimentation rates derived on these two bases can be brought into accord if the first appearance of ragweed pollen in the sediments was around 1830 and if the sedimentation rates have been uniform over the past century.
Pingos and Pingo Scars: Their Characteristics, Distribution, and Utility in Reconstructing Former Permafrost Environments
Authors: Flemal Ronald C.
Published: December 2004

Pingos are large frost mounds which develop in permafrost as the result of the segregation of massive ground-ice lenses. At least two genetic varieties of pingos, open- and closed-systems, form under differing conditions of climate, topography, and groundwater occurrence. Active pingos are known to occur in many high latitude regions. Pingo scars are the degeneration products of pingos. Ideally they are ramparted, circular depressions, although they may be expressed in a variety of divergent forms due to differing conditions of topography, substrate materials, degree of thermokarst overprint, and erosional/depositional histories. Pingo scars occur in many modern permafrost regions. Presumed pingo scars have also been identified in many regions beyond the present permafrost limit and therefore may have utility in reconstructing former permafrost environments.
Cryoplanation Terraces: Indicators of a Permafrost Environment
Authors: Reger Richard D. , Péwé Troy L.
Published: December 2004

Cryoplanation terraces are bedrock steps or terraces on ridge crests and hilltops. The tread or “flat” area is 10 to several hundred meters wide and long and slopes from 1 to 5° parallel to the ridge crests. Terrace scarps may be from 1 to 75 m high. Terraces are cut into all bedrock types and are best developed on closely jointed, fine-grained bedrock. The scarps and treads are covered with frost-rived rubble 1 to 2 m thick. The rubble on treads is perennially frozen at a depth of 1 to 2 m or less on sharp but inactive terraces in Alaska.

Cryoplanation terraces exist in many parts of the world in present or past periglacial environments. They occur chiefly in nonglaciated regions and near the general altitude of snowline. Cryoplanation terraces form by scarp retreat as the result of nivation. Surficial debris is removed across the terrace tread by mass-wasting. Terrace morphology depends mainly upon climate, bedrock type, and terrace orientation.

No climatic data are available from active terraces. Indirect evidence indicates that climatic requirements include low snowfall and cold summer temperatures. Shallow permafrost is necessary to provide moisture and a base for mass movement as well as a base for nivation.

Hundreds of sharp but inactive terraces occur in some areas in Alaska where the summer temperature is colder than 10°C. When these terraces were active, temperatures were colder. Recent work in Alaska indicates that terraces were active in some areas when the mean July temperature was about 4°C. The mean annual air temperature probably was in the neighborhood of -12°C or colder.
Late-Cenozoic Magnetostratigraphy Comparisons with Bio-, Climato-, and Lithozones
Authors: Kukla G. , Nakagawa H.
Published: December 2004

A workshop conference entitled “Late Cenozoic Magnetostratigraphy: Comparisons with Bio-, Climato-, and Lithozones” took place in Tokyo and Otsu, Japan, between October 28 and November 1, 1974. It was organized by G. J. Kukla and H. Nakagawa as an outcome of the PA-70-17 Project of the International Geological Correlation Programme, launched in 1970 by the International Union of Geological Sciences. The workshop was supported by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, by IGCP, and the National Science Foundation (of the United States). Out of 70 participating geophysicists, geologists, and paleontologists, 37 attended in person, while the remaining 33 contributed by mail. Prior to the conference a questionnaire was distributed in order to collect opinions on several issues. The workshop's objective was to tackle problems in the recognition of depositional polarity and to review the relationship of magneto-stratigraphic units with radiometric data and with regional bio-, litho-, and climatostratigraphic systems of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The principal conclusions of the conference were summarized as follows:

(1) The only practical (though not infallible) way of demonstrating the validity of interpreted depositional polarity and magnetostratigraphic zonation is to reproduce the results in parallel, widely separated sections with different lithology and sedimentation rates.

(2) The hazard of unrecognized postdepositional normal overprints must be recognized and considered in all attempted correlations. Multiple sampling of parallel sections and consistency checks of magnetic data are a prerequisite for correct results.

(3) Continuous sequences with high sedimentation rates, such as those which originated in subsiding basins, are viewed as prospective candidates for international stratotypes of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The investigation of such deposits should be accelerated.

(4) Magnetostratigraphy must follow basic stratigraphic principles. Magnetic zones should be clearly defined and locally labeled, whether or not their correlation with paleomagnetic chronology appears possible.

(5) Improved data on absolute age of reversals are needed. For that purpose, multiple K/Ar and fission-track analyses of key volcanic layers should be performed on a continuing basis.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Late Cenozoic of the Boso Peninsula, Central Japan
Authors: Nakagawa Hisao , Niitsuma Nobuaki
Published: December 2004

Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene beds of the Boso Peninsula are more than 3 km thick and contain abundant fauna and flora. Almost continuous deposition occurred at a high sedimentation rate from the early part of the last reversed geomagnetic polarity epoch to the middle part of the last normal polarity epoch. Several microbiostratigraphic marker horizons enable correlation with deep-sea sediments fully independent of magnetostratigraphic zonation. Globorotalia truncatulinoides first occurs below the normal polarity event BO-B-2, which is correlated with the Olduvai Event in deep-sea sediments, whereas the disappearance of discoasters and the first occurrence of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica are recognized at the top of BO-B-2, and the first occurrence of Gephyrocapsa oceanica is recognized at the top of BO-B-1. Based on the correlation of the Boso section with Mediterranean stage stratotype sections, the transition from the Pliocene to Pleistocene is estimated to be in the lower part of the Kazusa Group.
The Paleomagnetism and Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Mammal-Bearing Section of Anza Borrego State Park, California
Authors: Opdyke N.D. , Lindsay E.H. , Johnson N.M. , Downs T.
Published: December 2004

We sampled 150 sites in fine-grained Plio-Pleistocene sediments of the Palm Springs and Imperial Formations. Sampling was confined to 3000 m of stratigraphically continuous section containing abundant vertebrate fossil remains of the Vallecito Creek, Arroyo Seco, and Layer Cake local faunas of the Irvingtonian and Blancan Land Mammal Ages. The magnetic stability of these sediments was sufficient to delineate the magnetic stratigraphy, which ranges from below the Cochiti event at the base, to the Matuyama reversed magnetic epoch at the top of the section. Eight faunal events are placed relative to the magnetic polarity sequence. They are cf. Pliohippus extinction, Geomys appearance, cf. Equus appearance, Tremarctos appearance, Hypolagus extinction, cf. Odocoileus appearance, Smilodon and ? Euceratherium appearance. The latter two faunal events characterize Irvingtonian Land Mammal Age. The transition from the Blancan to Irvingtonian Land Mammal Age occurs in the lower Matuyama magnetic epoch close to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. The appearance of European migrants during the lower Matuyama magnetic epoch indicates that the Bering land bridge was exposed for animal migration between Europe and North America at this time.
Geology, Palynology, and Climatic Significance of Two Pre-Pinedale Lake Sediment Sequences in and Near Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Baker Richard G. , Richmond Gerald M.
Published: December 2004

Pollen analysis of a section of lake sediments at Grassy Lake Reservoir indicates a vegetational sequence changing from tundra, to spruce-fir-pine forest, to pine forest, to tundra at the top. Pollen analysis of a section of lake sediments on Beaverdam Creek indicates a tundra vegetation at the base, followed by a brief episode of spruce-fir forest and a return to a tundra vegetation at the top. The analyses of both sections suggest a cold to cool to cold climatic sequence, interpreted as interstadial in character. However, differences suggest that they represent separate interstadials. Pinedale Till disconformably overlies the lake deposits at Grassy Lake Reservoir. The upper sediments contain wood14C dated at >42,000 yr; the lowermost interfinger with till shown to be more than about 70,000 yr old. The deposits at Beaverdam Creek grade upward into proglacial Pinedale deposits, contain an ash that is probably about 70,000 yr old near their base, and rest comformably on gravel that grades down into lake sediments containing wood debris suggestive of an older climatic amelioration. We conclude that the warmest part of the interstadial at Grassy Lake Reservoir is probably more than 70,000 yr old, and that the warmest part of the interstadial analyzed at Beaverdam Creek is slightly younger than 70,000 yr old.
Reexamination of Postglacial Vegetation History in Northern Idaho: Hager Pond, Bonner Co.
Authors: Mack Richard N. , Rutter N.W. , Bryant Vaughn M. , Valastro S.
Published: December 2004

Hager Pond, a mire in northern Idaho, reveals at least five pollen zones since sediments formed after the last recession of continental ice (>9500 yr BP). Zone I (>9500-8300 yr BP) consists mainly of diploxylon pine, plus low percentages ofAbies, Artemisia, andPicea. SEM examination of conifer pollen at selected levels in the zone reveals thatPinus albicaulis, P. monticola, andP. contortaare present in unknown proportions. The zone resembles modern pollen spectra from theAbies lasiocarpa-P. albicaulisassociation found locally today only at high elevation. Presence of whitebark pine indicates a cooler, moister climate than at present, but one which was rapidly replaced in Zone II (8300-7600 yr BP) by warmer, drier conditions as inferred by prominence of grass with diploxylon pine. Zone III (7600-3000 yr BP) was probably dominated byPseudotsuga menziesii, plus diploxylon pine and prominentArtemisiaand denotes a change in vegetation but continuation of the warmer drier conditions. Beginning at approximately 3000 yr BPPicea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, and/orA. grandisand diploxylon pine were dominants and the inferred climate became cooler and moister concomitant with Neoglaciation. The modern climatic climax (Zone 157), withTsuga heterophyllaas dominant, has emerged in approximately the last 1500 yr.
Late Wisconsinan Glaciation Models of Northern Maine and Adjacent Canada
Authors: Genes Andrew N. , Newman William A. , Brewer Thomas B.
Published: December 2004

Surficial stratigraphic units of Aroostook County, Maine, have been mapped and formal stratigraphic names for these units are proposed. Evidence exists for at least two distinct glacial phases which are represented by three tills. Two of these tills were deposited penecontemporaneously either as the result of coalescing ice sheets or as the result of the thermal regime existing within a single ice sheet. The oldest till is named the St. Francis and is correlated with the Chaudière Till of southeastern Quebec. The other tills are named the Mars Hill and Van Buren tills, respectively, and are correlated with the Lennoxville till of southeastern Quebec. Interbedded stratified sediments associated with the St. Francis till are correlated with the Gayhurst Formation. Stratified sediments associated with Van Buren and Mars Hill tills are correlated with post Lennoxville sediments of Quebec. Granite-gneiss erratics of Canadian Shield provenance in the Van Buren till indicate advance of the Laurentide ice into northern Maine during late Wisconsinan time. Moraines in southern Aroostook County with associated outwash and eskers record general recession from coastal Maine. Recession occurred after the formation of the Pineo Ridge moraine in Maine and the St. Antonin-Highland Front moraine complex in Quebec. The Caribou-Winterville moraine complex in northern Maine marks the boundary between the penecontemporaneously deposited Van Buren and Mars Hill surface tills and is correlated with the Grand Falls moraine at Grand Falls, New Brunswick.