bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of Composite Materials By the Powder Metallurgy Method from the Powder Manufactured from Wastes of Mechanical Treatment of Ingots of Alloys VT-22
Authors: Romanova Olga Vladimirovna , Rybalko Olga Fedorovna , Zakharov Mikhail Nikolaevich , Ilinykh Nina Iosifovna
Published: January 2021

This study considers the preparation of new composite materials based on VT-22 titanium alloy powder made from waste from machining ingots by plasma spraying. Two composite compositions were selected for the study: 1 - 65% VT-22 + 30% PTM-1 + 5% N70Y30 and 2 - 70% VT-22 + 25% PTM-1 + 5% PMS. The structure and microstructure of the samples were studied, and X-ray phase analysis was carried out. Materials with a homogeneous fine structure were obtained by cold pressing followed by sintering. The samples have the structure of the VT-22 alloy but have a hardness higher than that of the starting material.
Keywords: Composite materials, composite pressing, titanium alloy powders, additive powders
Application of Pressure Treatment Methods for Solid Processing of Silumin Chip Waste
Authors: Zagirov Nikolay , Loginov Yuri , Ivanov Evgeniy , Rizakhanov Rinat
Published: January 2021

n this article various technological schemes for processing waste in the form of chips of an alloy of an aluminum-silicon system are presented. It was noted that the processing of fine waste of the chips type is always accompanied by oxidation of the metal due to the large surface of contact with the air. To eliminate the loss of metal into oxides during re-melting, this study proposes processing chips by pressing to obtain briquettes (a method of hot extrusion is meant by ‘pressing’). Processing involves the receipt of briquettes from rods. The processes of cold and hot briquetting were undertaken separately. The results of applying the scheme using real production waste are presented in this study. The tensile strength achieved was up to 270 MPa. The relative elongation to rupture was 10–25% and the area reduction after rupture was 25–45%. There were no large differences in the use of briquettes obtained by cold processing and hot processing. The conclusion is drawn about the overall effectiveness of the application of the waste processing without the use of the metal melting.
Keywords: silumin, shavings, extrusion, plastic deformation, heat treatment
Technological Schemes for Preparation and Deep Beneficiation of Technogenic Waste Containing Fine Slimes Environmental Component
Authors: Bulatov K. V. , Gazaleeva G. I.
Published: January 2021

This article evaluates a new procedure for choosing special methods of disintegration for technogenic rock materials with fines and slimes. The article describe different examples of beneficiation technology for chromium-containing slime tails of the Donskoy beneficiation plant (Republic of Kazakhstan), hematite tails of Magnitogorskiy Metallurgical Plant, and tin waste with fines particles.
Keywords: fine slimes, environmental component, technological schemes, Preparation technogenic waste
Cytotoxic effects of Mannich bases via induction of caspase-3 pathway on human oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: YAMALI Cem , GÜL Halise İnci
Published: January 2021

In anticancer drug research, there is a need for the synthesis of compounds with selective cytotoxicity compared to the drugs in the market. The current study aimed to determine the cytotoxicities of the bis Mannich bases 1-9 towards human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Mannich bases showed cytotoxicity in low micromolar in the range of 1.7-27 µM against OSCC cell lines. The compounds 5 with the highest potency selectivity expression (PSE) value (318.1) and 7 with the highest tumor selectivity (TS) values (TS1:11.2, TS2:15.8) showed promising selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines. According to Western blot analysis, representative compound 7 induced the activation of caspase-3 in HSC-2 cells. These results may suggest that the apoptosis pathway may be one of the possible mechanisms of the actions and lead compound 7 can be subjected to further bioassays.
Reliability of cavernous sinus sampling in management of Cushing’s disease
Authors: ÇAMLAR Mahmut , KINALI Burak , TANRIÖVER Necmettin , KADIOĞLU Pınar , ERDEN Seçil , ISLAK Civan , KOCER Naci , KIZILKILIC Osman , ÖREN Meryem , GAZİOĞLU Nurperi
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find out the accuracy of bilateral cavernous sinus sampling (CSS) for preoperative tumor lateralization within the pituitary in Cushing’s disease (CD).
Methods: Sixty-five patients who had undergone transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) following CSS for CD between 2000-2016 at our institution were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent bilaterally CSS with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation. Radiological, preoperative, and pathological findings with remission status were correlated with CSS data. The accuracy of CSS is decided according to compliance with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pathology or remission after surgery of the normal MRI cases.
Results: CSS indicated the correct lateralization in 52 (80%) patients. There was the same level elevation of both sides in 3 patients who had central adenoma. Remission rate in the final follow-up was 83.87% for 65 patients. We found out the contralateral pathological side in 13 (20%) of the patients showing false lateralization. Twenty-four patients with normal MRI had a positive accuracy rate of 83%. Of those patients, with a positive accuracy of CSS sampling, 18 (90%) had a positive remission. As a result of the Kappa analysis, statistically significance and relation was found between the final diagnosis and lateralization test (κ=0,63 p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Our results showed that CSS is a safe and reliable method for microadenomas which has high diagnostic accuracy (80%) in indicating the correct lateralization in CD, providing us higher remission rates in a challenging pathology.
Transferne cene in obresti med povezanimi osebami
Authors:   Sektor za podporo poslovanju, Kapitalska družba, d. d., Ljubljana, Gabršek Renata
Published: January 2021

Povezana podjetja, ki imajo sedež v različnih državah, si v transakcijah med seboj zaračunavajo transferne cene. Te so lahko različne od cen, ki bi jih ta podjetja dosegla v transakcijah z nepovezanimi podjetji. Posledično se s takšnimi transakcijami podjetja v različnih davčnih režimih lahko izognejo davčnim obveznostim ali pa so dodatno obdavčena. Do transakcij med povezanimi podjetji prihaja tudi znotraj Slovenije in tudi ta podjetja si med seboj obračunavajo cene in obresti med povezanimi osebami. Dokazovanje ustreznosti transfernih cen predstavlja za podjetja veliko administrativno breme, dodatne stroške in kljub temu tveganje dodatne obdavčitve ob morebitnem davčnem pregledu. Zato imajo podjetja možnost uporabe vnaprejšnjih cenovnih sporazumov in tako imenovanega »varnega pristana«.
Predstavitev in kritična analiza modelov zrelosti strateške skladnosti IT in poslovne funkcije podjetja
Authors:   Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede, Kranj, Slovenija, Kavčič Blaž , Leskovar Robert ,   Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za organizacijske vede, Kranj, Slovenija
Published: January 2021

Tema prispevka je povezana z notranjimi dejavniki uspešnosti podjetja. Osredotočili smo se na zrelost (maturity) strateške skladnosti (strategic alignment) med dvema skupinama poslovnih procesov v podjetju – med poslovno funkcijo (business) in med informacijskimi tehnologijami (IT). Pojem zrelosti je začel uporabljati Jerry Luftman s sodelavci leta 2000, medtem ko je področje skladnosti med podjetjem in IT predmet raziskovanja številnih strokovnjakov že več kot 40 let. Predstavljena je analiza področja zrelosti strateške skladnosti med podjetjem in IT, s poudarkom na aktualnem modelu – Luftman 2017, ki ga primerjamo z modelom Luftman 1999. Ocenjujemo, da ponuja model Luftman 2017 možnost za izboljšanje skladnosti med procesi in s tem lahko prispeva h krepitvi konkurenčne moči podjetij.
Provisional Security of Creditors in Cross-border Civil and Commercial Matters
Authors: Podgorelčnik Vogrinec Neža
Published: January 2021

Provisional measures can be of utmost importance to creditors especially in relationships with a cross-border element. The Regulation 1215/2012 is the legal source that provides rules regarding the jurisdiction to issue a provisional measure but also offers imperfect provisions regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign provisional measures issued in other Member States of the European Union. Due to the inadequate regulation, CJEU case law has played an important role, but nevertheless the article finds and opens new questions that have not yet been answered.
The Cross-Border Enforcement of Court Settlements within Brussels Ia Regulation: From a European and an Austrian Perspective
Authors: Anzenberger Philipp
Published: January 2021

Despite the enormous practical relevance of court settlements, the Brussels Ia Regulation contains only a few explicit provisions for the cross-border enforcement of this legal instrument. This can cause difficulties in borderline cases, for example when it is doubtful whether the legal act in question is to be classified as a settlement or a judgment or which specific European regulation is applicable to a settlement containing several different claims. This paper provides a general overview of the rules for the enforcement of court settlements under the Brussels Ia Regulation and examines some problems that may specifically arise in the case of cross-border enforcement of court settlements.
The Current Status of the Preclusive Effects of Judgments in the Federal Court System of the United States of America
Authors: Heller Thomas Allan
Published: January 2021

Res judicata law in the United States of America has a long, extensive and complex history. The aim of this paper is to provide at least a working summary of some of the most important aspects of the current res judicata law in the federal court system of the United States. The flexible discovery, pleading and joinder rules have given rise to more expansive res judicata law. The paper will discuss what exactly constitutes a judgment; how the federal courts deal with finality of judgments in multiple party and multiple claim cases; the final judgment rule; the form of judgments; the methods to enter judgments and significance of entry of judgments; together with a detailed overview of the doctrine of res judicata itself, including the separate, but related twin doctrines of claim preclusion and issue preclusion.
Eroded Rule of Law, Endemic Violence and Social Injustice in Brazil
Authors: Kovač Mitja , Neves Bezerra Marcela
Published: January 2021

Modern Brazil is plagued by social and economic inequalities, endemic violence, crime, and a weak rule of law. Once these narratives become dependent on each other, all aspects must be worked on to change the scenario the country is facing: insecurity, fear and a lack of opportunities. This paper argues that the unprecedented rise of social injustice in Brazil is not the result of short-term measures but is part of its history marked by economic and social inequalities extending from its colonial past until today and the deficient policies on crime that emerged in the mid-1990s. Moreover, the current massive incarceration, overcrowding of prisons combined with the absence of human living conditions is turning the prison system in Brazil into a gigantic, perpetual school of crime. Investment in education that directly helps to lower the crime rate must be aligned with a new, less repressive and more inclusive punitive policy so as to induce criminals not to return to their unlawful ways. It is suggested that Brazil can only properly develop if efficient legal institutions, the rule of law, and criminal sanctioning based on the principles of social justice are available to all citizens.
Jurisdictional Control in the Sphere of Public Health Protection in the Russian Federation
Authors: Victorovich Potapenko Sergey , Borisovich Luparev Evgeniy
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the issues of mandatory judicial control over acts of subjects endowed with state powers in the field of medical activity. In particular, we consider the judicial and administrative practice of resolving administrative legal disputes in connection with instituting administrative action in the field of public health protection. The current Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure (CAJP) of the Russian Federation combines the legal procedures previously included in separate regulatory acts for judicial control in the mandatory treatment of people suffering from mental illness, the active form of tuberculosis, as well as other diseases, the list of which remains open.
The Standards of Proof in Medical Malpractice Cases
Authors: Cek Nina
Published: January 2021

The article examines the procedural aspect of medical malpractice cases. It focuses on the differences in standards of proof by first explaining the characteristics of the Slovenian legal system and then comparing it with German and English legal systems. The author sheds light on the approach of the EU court on the question of the responsibility of the manufacturer for the product (vaccine) and suggests the direction to use a broader framework for the evaluation of evidence and presumptions. Given the disclosed problems of proving through the help of a medical expert, the article emphasizes the importance of respect for human rights in civil proceedings. Particular emphasis is also placed on no-fault systems and the question is raised of how the introduction of such a system into the Slovenian legal system would affect the perceived problem of proving a medical error and informed consent omission.
The Constitutional Right to Health Protection in Belarus
Authors: Shupitskaya Aksana
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the constitutional right enshrined in the Fundamental law of the Belarusian state, its Constitution, - the right to health protection. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relevant legal regulations and the problems associated with implementing the right to health protection in the modern Belarus. The paper will examine the constitutional basis of the right to health protection in Belarus, its essence and nature, normative legal acts regulating the analyzed right, problems and prospects of its implementation in light of the current conditions of the Belarusian state. The author considers the constitutional legal principles and constitutional legal norms as the basis of the right to health protection and reveals the essence of the analyzed right. The conclusion substantiates the idea that detailed regulation of the right to health protection is carried out at the level of normative legal acts of the Republic of Belarus adopted by various state bodies. The state of realization of the right to health protection is determined by socio-economic, political and other factors. Identifying a number of problems related to ensuring the right to health protection, the researcher analyzes the prospects for its further development in the Republic of Belarus.
Experiencing Stress among Nurses during Resuscitation Procedure and Legal Obligations for Healthcare Workers in Slovenia
Authors: Koželj Anton , Strauss Maja , Strnad Matej
Published: January 2021

Nurses are always part of the team that performs resuscitation procedures. In this paper the authors explore the influence that resuscitation procedures on nurses who perform them. For data collection, the authors used a survey with a convenience sample of nurses who work in emergency settings. For statistical processing of data, the authors used the calculation of frequency, standard deviation, means, and median. Authors used Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and calculated the p-value. The respondents in the survey completed the Post-Code Stress Scale. The results show that the majority of the respondents experienced resuscitation cases as burdensome situations; however, the level of stress was moderate. Nurses still experience some physical and psychological symptoms during resuscitations.
Student perceptions of the importance of art content and activities in schools of general education and vocational schools in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Drljača Miroslav D. , Opić Siniša , Matijević Milan
Published: January 2021

The aim of research was to examine how students in higher secondary education estimate the importance of visual arts subjects for the acquisition of general knowledge and the importance of visual arts for their future profession. The participants (N=605) were students in the third year of higher secondary education. Although the participants in the sample did not attach importance to visual arts for their future professions, they assessed that during their education, activities that necessitated working with their hands helped them in developing their memorization skills and the ability to learn other subjects.
Through the looking glass: methodological features of research of alternative schools
Authors: Dubovicki Snježana , Topolovčan Tomislav
Published: January 2021

On the basis of the analysis of the general characteristics of alternative schools and the methodology of pedagogical research, the comparison and synthesis of the obtained facts were formed. It is pointed out that in the field of pedagogy, the adoption of (positivist) methodology has become a global trend. It emphasizes the uncritical application of research tools from the corpus of quantitative methodology in research of specific educational problems, as well as in research of alternative schools in which the context of the research is significantly different than the one of the conventional public schools.
The impact of online learning on student motivation in science and biology classes
Authors: Bulić Mila , Blažević Ines
Published: January 2021

The research aimed to check for difference in learning motivation between students learning online and students participating in modern classroom instruction. The study participants included students attending grades 5 to 8, divided into experimental (online classes) and control groups based on pre-testing. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference in motivation between the tested sub-samples. Student motivation for learning natural sciences declines with their years of schooling, but this is not statistically significant. It can be concluded that online teaching of Science and Biology as a learning tool can be as motivating as modern teaching using active classroom methods.
Learning Environment Variables and the Efficacy of Student Learning in Secondary School in Abak Local Government, Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Sakirudeen Abisola Oladeni , Uwe Ekanem
Published: January 2021

Four research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 34 respondents from each 6 schools, with a sample size of 204 was selected from the population of 1,518. The instrument titled LEVSLEQ was used to elicit response from the respondent. The reliability of the research instrument yielded a co-efficient of 0.82. The data was analyzed using dependent t-test and was tested at .05 level of significance. The findings indicated that environmental variable studied influence students’ learning effectiveness.
Medpredmetno povezovanje gibanja in glasbe v zgodnjem obdobju otroštva
Authors: Marinšek Miha , Šumer Manja , Denac Olga
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of an experimental programme based on the integration of movement and music on the development of fundamental movement skills and rhythmic abilities. Sixtytwo children aged from 5 to 6 years participated in the study. Results showed that children who were included in the music and movement programme as well as those included in the movement-only programme improved more in fundamental movement skills and rhythmic abilities than children from the control group. Considering the principle of horizontal integration of different curricular areas and different viewpoints on the child’s development and learning, the experimental music and movement programme proved to be more effective.
POCKETBOOK: EA POLOKEHO EA KAHO BAKENG: SA AFRIKA BOROA
Authors:   Central University of Technology, Fidelis Emuze
Published: January 2021

Construction is one of the oldest activities known to mankind, yet it is an industry where the health, safety and wellbeing of people are often at risk. While South African construction safety laws and regulations are up-to-date, the accidents, injuries and fatalities at construction sites remain a challenge.
Registration of Birds of Prey Tagged with Colored Rings on Nests with Video Monitoring in the Ulyanovsk Region and Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
Authors:   Elabuga Institute, Kazan Federal University, Bekmansurov Rinur H.
Published: January 2021

During video surveillance of the nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2019 - 2020 we was observed of immature and adult birds with rings. All these birds were ringed in Tatarstan.
Experience of Fostering Method in the Rehabilitation of Nestlings of Eastern Imperial Eagle in Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
Authors:   Elabuga Institute, Kazan Federal University, Bekmansurov Rinur H.
Published: January 2021

The fostering method applied to the nestlings of Eastern Imperial Eagle left without a nest and care of adult birds was tested in July 2020 in the Republic of Tatarstan during a forced and unplanned experiment.
Northern Hawk Owl invasions in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia
Authors:   Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Andreyenkov Oleg V. , Andreyenkova Natalya G. ,   Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Zhimulev Igor F. ,   Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Bogomolova Irina N. ,   Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Ravkin Yuri S. ,   Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Tsybulin Sergey M. ,   Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Kashinskaya Yulia O. ,   The Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of SB RAS, Shtol Dmitriy A. ,   Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of SB RAS
Published: January 2021

The article presents data on the invasions of the hawk owl (Surnia ulula) into the forest-steppe of Western Siberia on the territory of the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, Altai Krai and Krasnoyarsk Krai territories.
Record of White-Eyed Buzzard Nesting in Rajasthan, India
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Seth GB Podar College, Bohra Dau Lal
Published: January 2021

On April 7, 2020, at 10h00 a living nest of White-eyed Buzzard was found in Sardarshar, Churu, Rajasthan. On April 27, 2020, at 14:00 successful hatching of all four nestlings was reported. After 20 days we examined the nest again and found only 3 nestlings in the nest.
Eastern Imperial Eagle in Agricultural Lands in Kharkiv Region of Ukraine: the Results of Seventeen Years of Monitoring
Authors:   National Nature Park “Gomilshansky Lisy”, Viter Stanislav G. , Tolstyak Nikita S. ,   Gymnasium 89
Published: January 2021

A study on the population of Eastern Imperial Eagle (EIE) (Aquila heliaca) in the Kharkiv region of Ukraine was begun in 2003. About 40% of the region was surveyed during this study. In 2018-2020 an EIE counting was done on our study plots covering suitable nesting habitats of the species and 78 individuals of EIE were recorded. Comparing with 2005–2012 count when 81 EIEs were recorded and the population size was estimated as 50 breeding pairs it is possible to conclude that the population nowadays is stable. However, in some local breeding groups, the number is tending to decline. For instance, in the pine forests in the valley of the Siversky Donets river, the decline is caused by habitat destruction and human disturbance during the breeding period due to woodcutting. To prevent the future decreasing, since 2016 a new legislation prohibits logging activity in woodlands of Ukraine from the 1st of April till 15th of June. On the contrary, in the agricultural area in the south and southeast of the Kharkiv region, population growth was observed. In 2018–2020 we found 29 inhabited nests of Eastern Imperial Eagles located in agricultural open lands (16 nests), in vast oak forest (1 nest), and in pine forests of the Siversky Donets river valley (12 nests). In 2019, a significant difference was found in the breeding success of pairs inhabited agricultural lands (100% successful cases) that in pine forests (40%).
New Data on Distribution and Population Number of Large Raptors in Northern Usturt Within Atyrau Province, Kazakhstan
Authors:   Sibecocenter LLC, Smelansky Ilya E. , Tomilenko Andrey A. ,   Sibecocenter LLC, Barashkova Anna N. ,   Sibecocenter LLC, Yakovlev Alexander A. ,   Sibecocenter LLC, Krivopalova Alexandra Yu. ,   Samara National Research University, Pestov Mark V. ,   Ecological Center “Dront”, Terentiev Vladimir A. ,   The Association for the Conservation of the Biodiversity of Kazakhstan
Published: January 2021

In May and June 2018 and June 2019 we surveyed breeding populations of large raptors (principally Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Long-Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Eagle Owl Bubo bubo) in the north-west of the Ustyurt Plateau within the boundaries of the Atyrau Province, Kazakhstan. The area surveyed was ca. 1000 km2 represented the wider area of 3400 km2. Total 12 species of birds of prey were recorded and 8 of them considered as large raptors. Golden Eagle was found nesting on the Donyztau escarpment, 4 breeding territories were recorded and 3 of them successful; nesting density is estimated at about 5.0–6.7 pairs per 100 km of cliffs, the distance between neighboring pairs was ca. 6 km. Imperial Eagle: 5 breeding territories found on the Donyztau and Zheltau escarpments, 4 of them successful; average nesting density is 3.8 pairs per 100 km of cliffs. Steppe Eagle: 14 breeding territories (25 nests) revealed, among them 6 are successful (1–2 nestlings) and on other 3 breeding was failed; average nesting density is estimated at 1.3 pairs per 100 km2. Average distance between neighboring active nests is 2.5 km in Sholkara hill ridge but the distance between successful nests here is much bigger and makes about 13 km. Long-Legged Buzzard: 13 breeding territories (30 nests) found, of which 11 territories were actually occupied and 8 of them had successful breeding. Saker Falcon is found nesting on Donyztau escarpment: 4 breeding territories, including 3 successful; the average nesting density is 6.7 pairs per 100 km of cliffs. Eagle Owl recorded throughout the surveyed area; 11 breeding territories revealed, the average nesting density is 7 breeding territories per 100 km of cliffs and steep slopes. Two other species, Short-toad Eagle and Cinereous Vulture, recorded only occasionally, nesting in the area is not found. In general, our findings demonstrate the area is important for conserving several species of large raptors in the Atyrau Province.
Functioning of enterprises in the global economy
Authors: Kaledin Sergey , Motorina Marina
Published: January 2021

In the modern economic system, there is a continuous acceleration of the integration processes that lead to the formation of a unified global economic system. The international economy can no longer be described as a community of sufficiently independent and even largely self-sufficient national economies. Accordingly, the concept of internationalization can no longer be used to describe contemporary international relations, which traditionally presupposes, above all, the prevailing role of international trade, manifested in the mass entry of national companies into the world market. At present, the processes of unification and interdependence affect not so much trade as the universal interrelationships of the countries of the world.
В современной экономической системе происходит непрерывное ускорение объединительных процессов, вызывающих формирование единой глобальной мирохозяйственной системы. Международная экономика уже не может быть охарактеризована как сообщество достаточно независимых и даже во многом самодостаточных национальных экономик. Соответственно, для описания современных международных отношений уже не может использоваться понятие интернационализации, традиционно предполагающее, прежде всего, превалирующую роль международной торговли, проявляющуюся в массовости выхода национальных компаний на мировой рынок. В настоящее время процессы объединения и установления взаимозависимостей затрагивают не столько торговые, сколько всеобщие взаимосвязи стран мира.
Reduction of gravity effect on the results of low-frequency accelerometer calibration
Authors: Ripper G. P. , Ferreira C. D. , Dias R. S. , Micheli G. B.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a study on the possible sources of systematic errors during the calibration of accelerometers at low-frequencies. This study was carried out on a primary calibration system that uses an air-bearing vibration exciter APS Dynamics 129 and applying the sine-approximation method. Tests performed and actions taken to reduce the effect on experimental results are presented.
Digital signal processsing functions for ultra-low frequency calibrations
Authors: Ingerslev Henrik , Andresen Soren , Winther Jacob Holm
Published: January 2021

The demand from industry to produce accurate acceleration measurements down to ever lower frequencies and with ever lower noise is increasing. Different vibration transducers are used today for many different purposes within this area, like detection and warning for earthquakes, detection of nuclear testing, and monitoring of the environment. Accelerometers for such purposes must be calibrated in order to yield trustworthy results and provide traceability to the SI-system accordingly. For these calibrations to be feasible, suitable ultra low-noise accelerometers and/or signal processing functions are needed.
Here we present two digital signal processing (DSP) functions designed to measure ultra low-noise acceleration in calibration systems. The DSP functions use dual channel signal analysis on signals from two accelerometers measuring the same stimuli and use the coherence between the two signals to reduce noise. Simulations show that the two DSP functions are estimating calibration signals better than the standard analysis.
The results presented here are intended to be used in key comparison studies of accelerometer calibration systems, and may help extend current general low frequency range from e.g. 100 mHz down to ultra-low frequencies of around 10mHz, possibly using somewhat same instrumentation.
Application of Butterworth high pass filter as an approximation of Wood Anderson seismometer frequency response to earthquake signal recording
Authors: Matondang Hamidatul Husna , Joelianto Endra , Widiyantoro Sri
Published: January 2021

The method for generating maximum amplitude and signal to noise ratio values by using second order high pass Butterworth filter on local seismic magnitude scale calculations is proposed. The test data are signals from local earthquake that have been occurred in Sunda Strait on April 8th 2012. Based on the experimental results, a 8 Hz cutoff frequency and a gain of 2200 of second order Butterworth high pass filter as an approach to simulating the frequency response of Wood Anderson seismometer can provide maximum amplitude value, SNR, and the magnitude better than simulated Wood Anderson frequency response.
Dynamic calibration of digital angular rate sensors
Authors: Seeger B. , Klaus L. , Nordmann D.
Published: January 2021

MEMS gyroscopes/angular rate sensors are often equipped with a digital output only. As part of a European research project, the dynamic calibration of sensors with digital output is being investigated. In the following, the operation principle of digital gyroscopes is described, a possible way to derive correct timestamped data from those sensors using a digital acquisition unit is explained and a calibration procedure is presented. The calibration of the analogue input of the digital acquisition unit, which is a prerequisite to derive correct phase responses, is described. Measurements with digital sensors proved the working principles and gave insight into the dynamic behaviour of those gyroscopes.
Investigation of the repeatability of a cleaning method for silicon spheres by gravimetric measurements
Authors: Mecke M. , Borys M. , Beyer E.
Published: January 2021

After a short description of the metrological relevance of silicon spheres and the applied cleaning method, mass measurements of silicon spheres in vacuum and the evaluation of the results are outlined. The results show that the mass of silicon spheres in vacuum stabilises in the microgram range within two to three days after cleaning and that the repeatability of the applied cleaning method can be characterised by a standard deviation in the order of two micrograms.
Experimental research on mass determination of non-metal weights
Authors: Hu M. , Wang J. , Cai C. , Zhong R. , Jiao K. , Wu D. , Cheng P.
Published: January 2021

With the revision of the definition of the kilogram, more and more weights made of non-metal material, such as silicon spheres and PM 2.5 film, need to be determined with high accuracy. As conventional mass is commonly used in mass metrology, this paper discusses the mass-measuring process for silicon and PM 2.5 film. Electrostatic eliminators are used to eliminate the electrostatic effects of non-metal material to improve the stability of mass measurement. Due to the big difference of weights’ densities, the air buoyancy correction and its uncertainty evaluation are also conducted.
Enhancing the handling of standard substitution weights on a hydrostatic weighing apparatus
Authors: Simoes D. , Furtado A. , Pereira J. , Martins Rui F.
Published: January 2021

The hydrostatic weighing apparatus is a first-level method used to measure the density of solids and liquids. At the Portuguese Institute for Quality the hydrostatic tests for the determination of the liquids’ density implies the multiple manual placement of a set of standard substitution weights on apparatus’ balance pan, leading to undesirable perturbations in the weighing environment. Also, by this the eccentricity effects on the balance, contribute for an unwanted increase of the measurement uncertainty. To overcome these phenomena, an automated mechanism was designed and implemented, which allows the placing and recollection of the set of standard weights on the balance. To validate the new mechanism, tests to ultrapure water at 20 °C were executed before and after its implementation and the obtained results were compared.
Despite a 3-fold increase in density measurement uncertainty, mainly due to the exposure of the standard substitution weights to air convection currents, the execution of hydrostatic tests was improved, not only for the fact that the measurements are now carried out quicker, but also for the fact that the operator only needs to intervene once during the whole test. Moreover, the smaller absolute deviation from the reference density value for ultrapure water at 20 °C results also in a normalised error En lower than 1 (0.3), thus validating the designed automated mechanism for the handling of standard substitution weights.
Partial differentiation of air density in mass metrology
Authors: Win M. L. , Sanponpute T. , Suktat B.
Published: January 2021

There are four major uncertainty components to be considered when performing mass comparisons. They are uncertainties of weighing process, reference weight used, air buoyancy, and mass comparator. The systematic effect of air buoyancy can be greatly reduced if the air density and the densities of the test and reference weights are known. This paper will emphasis on the uncertainty due to air buoyancy correction only. To calculate the uncertainty of air density correction, partial derivatives of temperature, barometric pressure and humidity must be performed. In this paper, two methods for partial differentiation of air density components are discussed.
Design of sorption and buoyancy artefacts made of silicon
Authors: Lehrmann K. , Tutsch R. , Härtig F.
Published: January 2021

The design of sorption and buoyancy artefacts made of silicon will be shown. With these artefacts, also known as transfer standards, high-precision calibrations can be performed under atmospheric conditions. They are used to systematically determine and correct deviations in air density and deposits on the surface, such as water and hydrocarbons. This development has been of importance since the unit kilogram can be realized by monocrystalline spheres made of isotope enriched silicon in line with the new definition of the SI in 2019. The special constraints and the complete geometric design parameters for sorption and buoyancy artefacts will be presented.
Mathematic modeling of a new inlay buoyancy artefact
Authors: Lehrmann K. , Härtig F. , Tutsch R.
Published: January 2021

The novel buoyancy artefact concept for the use in mass metrology enables the determination and correction of systematic air buoyancy effects caused by measurements outside a vacuum. In contrast to other buoyancy artefacts with a nominal mass of 1 kg, the new artefact, called inlay artefact, has a smaller volume resulting from an enclosed tungsten core. The theoretical design of the new artefact consists of dismountable discs with spherical distance pieces and a cylinder. This work focuses on the design and mathematical model considering limiting factors caused by the handling and the geometry of the comparators used.
Planck-Balance 1 (PB1) – a table-top Kibble balance for masses from 1 mg to 1 kg – current status
Authors: Rothleitner C. , Rogge N. , Lin S. , Vasilyan S. , Knopf D. , Härtig F. , Fröhlich T.
Published: January 2021

The Planck-Balance 1 (PB1) has been developed in a collaboration between the Physikalisch- Technische Bundesanstalt and the Technische Universität Ilmenau. It is a small-size Kibble balance aimed to calibrate E1 mass standards for a mass range from 1 mg to 1 kg. This paper presents its principle and some preliminary investigations.
Error sources in the force mode of the “PB2” Planck-Balance
Authors: Rogge N. , Rothleitner C. , Lin S. , Vasilyan S. , Fröhlich T. , Härtig F. , Knopf D.
Published: January 2021

The PB2 Planck-Balance is a table-top Kibble balance, that is designed for the calibration of class E2 weights in a range of 1 mg up to 100 g. This work presents typical systematic errors which have to be considered during the calibration and will show results for measurements with small masses.
Analysis on influence of static calibration on the axle-group weigh-in-motion system accuracy
Authors: Lai Zhengchuang , Yang Xiaoxiang , Yao Jinhui
Published: January 2021

The axle-group weigh-in-motion system has two functions: static weighing and dynamic weighing. According to the weighing model, the accuracy of dynamic weighing is affected by the static performance. This paper analyses the size of various factors affecting the static performance, such as sensor tilt installation, platform deformation, platform tilt installation, and these errors will lead to sensor swing, bearing head tilt, gravity line of action and sensor axis direction is not consistent, thus affecting the static weighing accuracy. However static calibration is the best way to reduce or even eliminate the above errors. The dynamic truck scale of different manufacturers with or without static calibration is used in the test process. The results show that the dynamic performance index can meet the requirements only after the static calibration is used.
First density comparison on viscoelastic samples by oscillation-type densimetry
Authors: Furtado A. , Pereira J. , Quendera R. , Schiebl M. , Lenard E. , Malejczyk E. , Alic A. , Alisic S. , Rauch J. , Lorenz F. , Bescupschii A. , Ciubara A. , Laky B. , Amsüss R.
Published: January 2021

To provide a deeper insight about the damping effects produced by the viscoelasticity of non- Newtonian fluids during density measurements with oscillation-type density meters, and about how reference laboratories overcome these effects, an international comparison was performed, within the scope of the EMPIR Project 17RPT02 rhoLiq. The results of the comparison evidenced the possibility to measure density of viscoelastic samples by means of oscillation-type density meters with an uncertainty between 0.10 kg·m-3 and 0.25 kg·m-3. However, these instruments may be able to reach lower uncertainties if compared with higher precision density measurement methods such as hydrostatic weighing.
NMISA’s new 5 kN deadweight force standard machine
Authors: Dlamini S. , Sibisi M. , Matosse J. , Aydemir B. , Vatan C. , Dizdar H.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes NMISA’s new 5 kN deadweight force standard machine. The machine has the capability to generate force in the range 50 N to 5 kN. The machine uncertainty is conservatively estimated at 0.008 % across the entire measuring range. The weights are adjusted according to the gravity value measured in the laboratory. This machine is used for the calibration of force transducers in tension and compression.
Research on the swing and vibration restraint of the 2 MN deadweight machine frame
Authors: Lin Shuo
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the new 2 MN deadweight force standard machine of FJIM (Fujian Metrology Institute) with an optimal 20 kN frame with swing and vibration restraint is detailed. Load transient response is considered in the design of column, and a mass damper is used to make the frame stable in 3 s. These methods help the machine reach the uncertainty it claimed.
Self-calibration of the 1 MN deadweight force standard machine at INRiM
Authors: Prato A. , Mazzoleni F. , Facello A. , Germak A.
Published: January 2021

The INRiM 1 MN deadweight force standard machine (DFSM) was installed in 1995. It adopts a binary sequence of ten weights whose combinations generate forces up to 1 MN. The advantage of this system lies in the self-calibration of its weights. The procedure is based on the comparison between two forces generated by a single weight and by a group of smaller weights, nominally equal. After 25 years, a verification of the DFSM was performed. Results are within the declared CMC limits, i.e. a relative expanded uncertainty of 2 × 10-5.
New microforce generating machine using electromagnetic force
Authors: Zhu Junfang , Hayashi Toshiyuki , Nishino Atsuhiro , Ogushi Koji
Published: January 2021

This paper reports a new microforce generating machine under development at NMIJ, AIST. We proposed a new microforce generating method by referring to the principle of the Kibble balance experiment and planned to apply it to a rotary type machine. Microforce in the micronewton and millinewton range can precisely be generated using this newly developed machine.
Generation of static and dynamic small calibration forces and their measurements by electromagnetic force compensation balance
Authors: Vasilyan S. , Rogge N. , Manske E. , Fröhlich T.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents some of the results of the static and dynamic force measurements at 100 nN to sub-10 µN ranges which are generated due the photon-momentum. The force sensor with resolution about 20 nN and operating in differential measurement mode is developed by two electromagnetic force compensation balances. In order to generate these calibration forces, CW lasers with different operational modes, power levels, and wavelengths are used. Multi-reflection configuration of the laser beam inside the macroscopic cavity with highly reflective mirrors are used to test and variate the total amount of the forces.
In-situ dynamic force calibration using impact hammers
Authors: Kobusch M. , Klaus L.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents experimental investigations of in-situ dynamic force calibrations in which an impact hammer provides the dynamic reference force. Here, the force transducer to be calibrated remains in the original mechanical structure of the force measurement application to which calibration shock forces are applied in a suitable way. Numerous experiments with different force transducer set-ups and different impact hammer configurations were conducted to validate this in- situ calibration method. The paper describes the analysis of the measurement data and presents the force transfer functions obtained. Finally, these dynamic calibration results are discussed.
Calibration of cyclic force with inertial force correction to a fatigue testing machine
Authors: Tian Feng , Yin Xiao , Li Bo
Published: January 2021

The accuracy between a dynamic force and a static force applied on a specimen by a fatigue machine is usually not the same. By establishing physical vibration models of fatigue machines, it is concluded that the error of a cyclic force is mainly caused by the inertial force of the vibration mass between the machine sensor and the specimen. After the inertial force is exactly corrected, the force displayed on the machine would be consistent with the real force on the specimen. A standard dynamic force calibration sensor (DFCS) with an inertial force correction method has been used to do calibration of fatigue testing machines in this paper. Compared with the replica test-piece method, the two calibration results are close to each other.
New study on force transducer’s temperature behaviour
Authors: Gan Kui , Jiang Hong , Chen Hongjiang , Zhang Hao , Huang William
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a new study about the temperature behaviour of force transducers. A special force transducer with a PT100 for temperature measuring was developed by GTM. The curve of heating was created, and test data indicates the time for attaining the stable temperature. Meanwhile the different sensitivity of the transducer under different temperatures was obtained, thus the temperature effect on characteristic value per 10 K (so-called TKc) was calculated. At the end, the correction of force transducer at different temperatures was made by the TKc factor of temperature.
Study on short-term creep effect and hysteresis for the HBM Z4A force transducer under compressive and tensile forces
Authors: Fidelus J. , Cybul K.
Published: January 2021

The results of creep tests (for compressive and tensile forces) for the HBM Z4A force transducer made in a Force Standard Machine (FSM) working in the range from 1 kN to 55 kN in the Central Office of Measures are described. Studies have shown that the largest indications of the force transducer (given in electrical units, mV/V) in the first seconds of testing are most likely due to the mechanical properties of the materials from which the transducer is built. Higher values of relative hysteresis error and relative measurement uncertainty were observed for the compressive forces.
Practical investigation for the concept of a serial-type build-up force measurement system
Authors: Abdulhakim M. , Hassan Saher R. , Tegtmeier F.
Published: January 2021

This paper introduces a proposed design for the first Serial-type Build-Up System (S-BUS). The work includes the design and implementation of two S-BUS prototypes, the metrological characteristics of the prototypes were evaluated. The evaluation results prove the validity of the system practically. The paper also discusses the key differences between the Parallel Build-Up System (P-BUS) and the S-BUS, and what makes it important to study the S-BUS concept.
Study on calibration method of hydraulic bolt stretcher
Authors: Fang T. , Jia Y. , Xu H. , Zhang H. , Liu W.
Published: January 2021

Bolt hydraulic tensioner is ideal equipment for bolt fastening and disassembly. Compared with traditional method, it has incomparable advantages. Bolt hydraulic tensioner has been widely used in wind power, nuclear power, aerospace, steel, petrochemical and other major fields. In this paper, two methods of calibrating the hydraulic stretcher are proposed, and the problems that should be paid attention to in the process of calibrating the stretcher are analyzed in detail, it can be used for reference in the calibration of hydraulic stretcher.