bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deletion of SA β‐Gal+ cells using senolytics improves muscle regeneration in old mice
Authors: Dungan Cory M. , Murach Kevin A. , Zdunek Christopher J. , Tang Zuo Jian , Nolt Georgia L. , Brightwell Camille R. , Hettinger Zachary , Englund Davis A. , Liu Zheng , Fry Christopher S. , Filareto Antonio , Franti Michael , Peterson Charlotte A.
Published: December 2021

Systemic deletion of senescent cells leads to robust improvements in cognitive, cardiovascular, and whole‐body metabolism, but their role in tissue reparative processes is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that senolytic drugs would enhance regeneration in aged skeletal muscle. Young (3 months) and old (20 months) male C57Bl/6J mice were administered the senolytics dasatinib (5 mg/kg) and quercetin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle bi‐weekly for 4 months. Tibialis anterior (TA) was then injected with 1.2% BaCl2 or PBS 7‐ or 28 days prior to euthanization. Senescence‐associated β‐Galactosidase positive (SA β‐Gal+) cell abundance was low in muscle from both young and old mice and increased similarly 7 days following injury in both age groups, with no effect of D+Q. Most SA β‐Gal+ cells were also CD11b+ in young and old mice 7‐ and 14 days following injury, suggesting they are infiltrating immune cells. By 14 days, SA β‐Gal+/CD11b+ cells from old mice expressed senescence genes, whereas those from young mice expressed higher levels of genes characteristic of anti‐inflammatory macrophages. SA β‐Gal+ cells remained elevated in old compared to young mice 28 days following injury, which were reduced by D+Q only in the old mice. In D+Q‐treated old mice, muscle regenerated following injury to a greater extent compared to vehicle‐treated old mice, having larger fiber cross‐sectional area after 28 days. Conversely, D+Q blunted regeneration in young mice. In vitro experiments suggested D+Q directly improve myogenic progenitor cell proliferation. Enhanced physical function and improved muscle regeneration demonstrate that senolytics have beneficial effects only in old mice.
Myoepithelioma‐like tumour of the vulval region: A case report
Authors: Lin Yee Sing , Parasyn Andrew , Paulus Felik , Davidson Trent
Published: December 2021

Myoepithelioma‐like tumours of the vulvar region (MELTVR) are a newly described group of spindle cell neoplasm. Morphologically, they consist of epithelioid to spindled cells in a myxoid to collagenous stroma and can resemble epithelioid sarcomas, myoepithelial carcinomas or extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas. However, they have a distinct pattern of immunohistochemical staining characterised by positivity for EMA, ER, PR and negativity for cytokeratin, GFAP and S100. Nuclear staining for INI‐1 is lost. In addition, they lack the characteristic gene arrangements of these other lesions. MELTVR can recur locally when incompletely excised, however, do not appear to metastasize. We report a case of a MELTVR in a 49‐year‐old woman arising in the right mons pubis.
Epidemiological, clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of epidermolysis bullosa in New Zealand
Authors: Gear Russell , Poke Gemma , Neas Katherine , Finnigan Jacqui , Cassidy Sharon , Forsyth Deanna , Blishen Mo , Purvis Diana
Published: December 2021

Objective

To establish the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in New Zealand (NZ).

Methods

Participants were recruited through the Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association of New Zealand (DEBRA NZ). Dedicated EB nurse medical records, Genetic Health Service NZ (GHSNZ) records and, where available, public hospital records were manually reviewed for relevant clinical data.

Results

Ninety‐two participants took part in the study (56% participation rate). Forty‐nine (53%) participants had EB simplex (EBS), 40 (43%) had dystrophic EB (DEB), and 3 (3%) had junctional EB (JEB). Point prevalence for EB of all types was 19.5 per million, and 10.4, 8.6 and 0.9 per million for EBS, DEB and JEB, respectively. Thirty‐four participants had intermediate or severe EB. There were 29 paediatric cases and almost even numbers of males and females. Compared to NZ European and Māori, prevalence rates were lower for Pacific and Asian people and higher in the Middle Eastern/Latin American/African population. Eight out of 14 skin biopsy results were informative, and 14 of 15 genetic test results were informative.

Conclusion

New Zealand has similar prevalence rates of EB compared with other national cohorts. This is likely to be an underestimate due to methodological limitations. Recent advancements in genomic testing have resulted in an improved diagnostic rate in our population. Further research into ethnic differences in prevalence, and exploring the characteristics of lethal forms of EB, is warranted. A dynamic registry may be helpful for the EB community in NZ.
Ram epididymal sperm frozen in an extender containing ethylene glycol have higher post‐thaw longevity and in vitro fertility
Authors: Ahmadi Ebrahim , Shams‐Esfandabadi Naser , Nazari Hassan , Davoodian Najmeh , Kadivar Ali
Published: December 2021

Background

Establishing an efficient, simple and inexpensive method for freezing ram epididymal sperm so that the quality and fertility of spermatozoa could be maintained for a longer period after thawing is of great practical value.

Objectives

To optimize freezing and thawing protocol for ram epididymal sperm using either ethylene glycol (EG) or glycerol (GLY) as cryoprotectants (CPAs). Then, to evaluate the post‐thaw longevity and in vitro fertility of spermatozoa that were frozen and thawed according to the optimized protocol.

Materials and methods

At first, an optimum protocol for freezing and thawing sperm using EG or GLY were investigated, and the next experiments were performed using the spermatozoa that had been frozen and thawed according to the optimized protocol for each CPA. In the next experiments, frozen‐thawed and fresh sperm were diluted in an isotonic culture medium and subsequently incubated at 39°C for 4 h. The motility characteristics and functional membrane integrity (FMI) of spermatozoa were evaluated after thawing, after dilution (t0), and after incubation (t4). The in vitro fertility of the spermatozoa was assessed at t0 and t4.

Results

For both CPAs, the highest motility parameters and FMI was found for spermatozoa frozen at 3 cm above LN2 and thawed at 50 and 65°C (P < 0.05). In comparison to the spermatozoa of GLY group, the spermatozoa of the EG group had higher total and progressive motility at t0, as well as higher FMI, total and progressive motility, and linearity at t4 (P < 0.05). Fertility of frozen‐thawed sperm was higher than that of fresh sperm at t0 (P < 0.05). Incubation treatment increased the fertility of fresh sperm while decreased the fertility of frozen‐thawed sperm, and this decline was more severe in GLY than in the EG group.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, EG can be a more suitable CPA for freezing ram epididymal sperm.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation seems to induce impairment of primary hemostasis pathology as measured by a Multiplate analyzer: An observational retrospective study
Authors: Garaj Michal , Durila Miroslav , Vajter Jaromir , Solcova Michaela , Marecek Frantisek , Hrachovinová Ingrid
Published: December 2021

Background

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is often associated with bleeding complications caused by secondary or primary hemostasis pathology. However, there are limited data investigating primary hemostasis using Multiplate aggregometry with specific diagnostics tests for vWF (von Willebrand factor) deficiency.

Aims

The aim of this study was to find out whether short‐term ECMO produces the pathology of primary hemostasis that is detected by Multiplate aggregometry and to investigate the pathology of vWF.

Methods

In this study, blood samples of 20 patients undergoing lung transplantations with short‐term perioperative ECMO support were analyzed. The multimeric structure, the levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF), ristocetin cofactor (RCo), collagen‐binding protein (CB), and the results of multiple electrode aggregometry RISTO (ristocetin), ADP (adenosine diphosphate), ASPI (Aspirin®; arachidonic acid), and TRAP (thrombin receptor activating peptide) tests were compared to the samples obtained before and after ECMO support.

Results

The Multiplate ADP and RISTO tests showed the presence of significant pathology in primary hemostasis after surgery (p < 0.05), suggesting the presence of acquired platelet dysfunction. Although the RISTO tests suggest the presence of acquired vWF deficiency, laboratory tests for vWF antigen and RCo and CB tests showed an increase in this case. The multimeric structure of vWF did not show clinically significant deterioration.

Conclusions

Multiple aggregometry ADP, ASPI, and TRAP tests seem to be able to detect primary hemostasis pathology (platelets aggregation and adhesion pathology) that is present during short‐term perioperative ECMO support in lung transplantation procedures. Interestingly, RISTO tests seem to be more suitable for the diagnosis of platelet dysfunction than the diagnosis of acquired vWF deficiency in this situation.
Corruption and anti‐corruption in China: a review and future research agenda
Authors: Tong Shenghui
Published: December 2021

This paper systematically reviews the literature on corruption and anti‐corruption in China with a view to identifying opportunities for future research. We find that the research on corruption in China covered in existing literature is relatively narrow and theoretically insufficient. Specifically, studies mainly examine the corruption in firms, certain micro fields, and political fields; by contrast, studies on corruption in macro fields are scarce. In addition, extant studies on anti‐corruption in China largely centre on examining the impact of the current anti‐corruption campaign on firms, while analysis on the effects of anti‐corruption policy actions by the Chinese government is inadequate.
Incidence of elevated creatine phosphokinase between daptomycin alone and concomitant daptomycin and statins: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Samura Masaru , Takada Keisuke , Hirose Naoki , Kurata Takenori , Nagumo Fumio , Koshioka Sakura , Ishii Junichi , Uchida Masaki , Inoue Junki , Enoki Yuki , Taguchi Kazuaki , Tanikawa Koji , Matsumoto Kazuaki
Published: December 2021

Aims

The present systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the incidence of elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels between daptomycin alone and concomitant daptomycin and statin use.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. We analysed the incidence of elevated CPK between daptomycin alone and concomitant daptomycin and statins among studies defining CPK elevation as levels ≥ the upper limit of normal (ULN) or ≥5× ULN. We also analysed the incidence of rhabdomyolysis between the groups. We then calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on the included studies.

Results

Comparing CPK elevation defined as CPK levels ≥ULN, a significantly higher incidence of CPK elevation was observed with concomitant daptomycin and statin use than with daptomycin alone (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.78–3.64, P < .00001, I2 = 0%). Likewise, when CPK elevation was defined as CPK levels ≥5× ULN, a significantly higher incidence of CPK elevation was detected with concomitant daptomycin and statin use than with daptomycin alone (OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.06–3.35, P = .03, I2 = 48%). The incidence of rhabdomyolysis was significantly higher following concomitant daptomycin and statin use than with daptomycin alone (OR = 11.60, 95% CI 1.81–74.37, P = .01, I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

The combined use of daptomycin and statins were significant risk factors for the incidence of CPK elevation defined as levels ≥ULN or ≥5× ULN and rhabdomyolysis.
Commentary: Climate change worry among adolescents—on the importance of going beyond the constructive–unconstructive dichotomy to explore coping efforts—a commentary on Sciberras and Fernando (2021)
Authors: Ojala Maria
Published: December 2021

This opinion piece comments on Sciberras and Fernando’s (2021) article in which an 8‐year longitudinal study is presented. The authors investigate trajectories of climate change worry through adolescence and associations with measures of depression and engagement with news and politics in late adolescence. Their objective is to explore whether climate change worry is a constructive or unconstructive psychological phenomenon. Their conclusion is that it is mainly an adaptive response but, for some groups, such as young people with pre‐existing mental health problems, climate change worry could exacerbate their difficulties. In this commentary, it is argued that since research has found diverse results regarding whether climate worry is adaptive or not, one should perhaps not focus so much on the emotion itself, but rather on how people cope with their worry. Some examples of how young people cope with climate change are presented, and it is argued that taking account of these coping strategies in future longitudinal studies would be beneficial.
Daily fluctuations in young children’s persistence
Authors: Leonard Julia A. , Lydon‐Staley David M. , Sharp Sophie D. S. , Liu Hunter Z. , Park Anne T. , Bassett Danielle S. , Duckworth Angela L. , Mackey Allyson P.
Published: December 2021

Children's behavior changes from day to day, but the factors that contribute to its variability are understudied. We developed a novel repeated measures paradigm to study children's persistence by capitalizing on a task that children complete every day: toothbrushing (N = 81; 48% female; 36–47 months; 80% white, 14% Multiracial, 10% Hispanic, 2% Asian, 1% Black; 1195 observations collected between January 2019 and March 2020). Children brushed longer on days when their parents used more praise (d = .23) and less instruction (d = −.22). Sensitivity to mood, sleep, and parent stress varied across children, suggesting that identifying the factors that shape an individual child's persistence could lead to personalized interventions.
An unusual case of tertiary syphilis
Authors: Ha-bu-lie-ti Xia-er-ba-ti , Wang Ling-ling , Zhu Ya-lin
Published: December 2021

We report a rare case of tertiary syphilis in a middle aged man who presented with a 6-month history of ulceration of his left eye with extreme pain. Physical examination revealed fistulas, granuloma with ulcer, and corneal opacity with granulomatous conjunctivitis in the left eye. Based on the patient's clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination results, neurosyphilis was diagnosed.
BMPER alleviates ischemic brain injury by protecting neurons and inhibiting neuroinflammation via Smad3‐Akt‐Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Ding Peng , Chen Wei , Yan Xiaodi , Zhang Jinxiang , Li Cheng , Zhang Guangming , Wang Yongqiang , Li Yonghua
Published: December 2021

Aims

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of proteins related to bone morphogenesis. BMP‐binding endothelial regulator (BMPER), a secreted protein that interacts with BMPs, is known to be involved in ischemic injuries. Here, we explored the effects of BMPER on cerebral ischemia and its mechanism of action.

Methods

A mouse model of brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). An in vitro ischemic model was established by subjecting primary cultured neurons to oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Serum levels of BMPs/BMPER were measured in MCAO mice and in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Brain damages were compared between BMPER‐ and vehicle‐treated mice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine neuroinflammation and cell death. BMPER‐related pathways were assessed by Western blotting.

Results

BMPER level was elevated in MCAO mice and AIS patients. BMPER administration reduced mortality, infarct size, brain edema, and neurological deficit after MCAO. Neuroinflammation and cell death after ischemia were alleviated by BMPER both in vivo and in vitro. BMPER activated the Smad3/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in OGD/R‐challenged neurons.

Conclusion

BMPER is a neuroprotective hormone that alleviates ischemic brain injury via activating the Smad3/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. These findings may provide potential therapeutic strategies for stroke.
A global community‐sourced assessment of the state of conservation technology
Authors: Speaker Talia , O'Donnell Stephanie , Wittemyer George , Bruyere Brett , Loucks Colby , Dancer Anthony , Carter Marianne , Fegraus Eric , Palmer Jonathan , Warren Ellie , Solomon Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Conservation technology holds the potential to vastly increase conservationists’ ability to understand and address critical environmental challenges, but systemic constraints appear to hamper its development and adoption. Understanding of these constraints and opportunities for advancement remains limited. We conducted a global online survey of 248 conservation technology users and developers to identify perceptions of existing tools’ current performance and potential impact, user and developer constraints, and key opportunities for growth. We also conducted focus groups with 45 leading experts to triangulate findings. The technologies with the highest perceived potential were machine learning and computer vision, eDNA and genomics, and networked sensors. A total of 95%, 94%, and 92% respondents, respectively, rated them as very helpful or game changers. The most pressing challenges affecting the field as a whole were competition for limited funding, duplication of efforts, and inadequate capacity building. A total of 76%, 67%, and 55% respondents, respectively, identified these as primary concerns. The key opportunities for growth identified in focus groups were increasing collaboration and information sharing, improving the interoperability of tools, and enhancing capacity for data analyses at scale. Some constraints appeared to disproportionately affect marginalized groups. Respondents in countries with developing economies were more likely to report being constrained by upfront costs, maintenance costs, and development funding (p = 0.048, odds ratio [OR] = 2.78; p = 0.005, OR = 4.23; p = 0.024, OR = 4.26), and female respondents were more likely to report being constrained by development funding and perceived technical skills (p = 0.027, OR = 3.98; p = 0.048, OR = 2.33). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to formally capture the perspectives and needs of the global conservation technology community, providing foundational data that can serve as a benchmark to measure progress. We see tremendous potential for this community to further the vision they define, in which collaboration trumps competition; solutions are open, accessible, and interoperable; and user‐friendly processing tools empower the rapid translation of data into conservation action.

Article impact statement: Addressing financing, coordination, and capacity‐building constraints is critical to the development and adoption of conservation technology.
Insights into roles of METTL14 in tumors
Authors: Liu Xin , Du Yuping , Huang Zhenghao , Qin Honglei , Chen Jingwen , Zhao Yang
Published: December 2021

N6‐Methyladenosine (m6A) is considered the most common and endogenous modification of eukaryotic RNAs. Highly conserved in many species, m6A regulates RNA metabolism, cell differentiation, cell circadian rhythm, and cell cycle; it also responds to endogenous and exogenous stimuli and is associated with the development of tumors. The m6A methyltransferase complex (MTC) regulates the m6A modification of transcripts and involves two components, methyltransferase‐like enzyme 3 (METTL3) and methyltransferase‐like enzyme 14 (METTL14), and other auxiliary regulatory distinct components. Though with no catalytic effect, METTL14 serves as an RNA‐binding scaffold in MTC, promotes RNA substrate recognition, activates, and escalates the catalytic capability of METTL3, thus accounting for a pivotal member of the complex. It was reported that METTL14 regulates tumor proliferation, metastasis, and self‐renewal, and plays a part in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and other processes. The present work is a review of the role of METTL14 both as a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter in the oncogenesis and progression of various tumors, as well as the potential molecular mechanisms.
The epidemiology of acquired demyelinating syndrome in children: a complex opportunity to investigate the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pugliatti Maura , Ferri Caterina
Published: December 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Abdel‐Mannan et al. on pages 502–508 of this issue.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association between emotional stress reactivity and psychosis
Authors: Muddle Sarah , Jones Bradley , Taylor Gemma , Jacobsen Pamela
Published: December 2021

Aim

Emotional stress reactivity may be a mediating factor in the association between trauma and psychosis. This review aimed to (i) identify, summarise and critically evaluate the link between emotional stress reactivity and psychotic experiences (ii) examine evidence for a 'dose–response' relationship between stress reactivity and psychosis in the wider psychosis phenotype (i.e., sub‐clinical symptoms).

Methods

Electronic database searches (PsychINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE) were conducted for studies which investigated the link between stress reactivity and psychosis, psychotic symptoms, or a vulnerability to developing psychosis (wider phenotype). Cross‐sectional, experimental and experience sampling method study designs were eligible for inclusion.

Results

Fourty five eligible articles were identified (N participants = 8830). Narrative synthesis showed that increased emotional stress reactivity was associated with psychosis and subclinical psychotic experiences across all study designs, however, findings were inconsistent across studies. The preliminary meta‐analysis (k = 4, n = 383) showed increases in emotional stress reactivity was associated with higher negative affect in response to event‐related stress, in those with psychosis compared to controls (mean difference in beta coefficients = 0.05, 95% CI 0.02–0.08, p = .004). However, this difference was small with a considerable degree of heterogeneity (p = .001, I2 = 81%) so results should be interpreted with caution.

Conclusions

Overall, the evidence suggests that there is a link between emotional stress reactivity and psychosis in those with psychosis, those at high risk of developing psychosis and in relation to subclinical psychotic‐like experiences in the general population.
Anti‐thymocyte Globulin and Post‐Transplant Cyclophosphamide do not abrogate the inferior outcome risk conferred by human leukocyte antigen‐A and ‐B mismatched donors
Authors: Novitzky‐Basso Igor , Remberger Mats , Chen Carol , Ellison Cynthia , Pasic Ivan , Lam Wilson , Law Arjun , Gerbitz Armin , Viswabandya Auro , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Kim Dennis D. , Kumar Rajat , Michelis Fotios V. , Mattsson Jonas
Published: December 2021

In donor selection for allogeneic stem cell transplant, several factors are considered for potential impact on transplant outcome. Previous publications suggested single HLA‐mismatched unrelated donors (MMUD) may be equivalent to 10/10 matched unrelated donors (MUDs). We retrospectively examined factors affecting outcome in a single‐center study using ATG followed by post‐transplant cyclophosphamide, termed ATG‐PTCy, GvHD prophylaxis. Fifty‐two patients who received grafts from MMUD and 188 patients transplanted from MUD between January 2015 and December 2019, at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Canada, were enrolled. All patients received reduced‐intensity conditioning. Overall survival for 9/10 recipients at 2 years was significantly worse, 37.2% versus 68.5% for 10/10 MUDs, p < .001, as were NRM at 1 year 39.5% versus 11.7%, p < .001, and GRFS at 2 years 29.8% versus 58.8%, p < .001, respectively, potentially due to higher incidence of infections including CMV. By multivariable analysis, factors correlating with survival negatively were DRI, and MMUD, whereas for NRM MMUD and increasing age were unfavorable. For GRFS significant unfavorable factors included donor age ≤32 years, female donor to male recipient, DRI high‐very high and MMUD. These data suggest that MMUD, primarily HLA‐A and HLA‐B MMUD, confer significantly inferior outcome despite use of ATG‐PTCy. Further development of novel conditioning regimens and GvHD prophylaxis is needed to mitigate these risks.
Time to move: Brain dynamics underlying natural action and cognition
Authors: De Sanctis Pierfilippo , Solis‐Escalante Teodoro , Seeber Martin , Wagner Johanna , Ferris Daniel P. , Gramann Klaus
Published: December 2021

Advances in Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) technology allows for real‐time measurements of human brain dynamics during every day, natural, real‐life situations. This special issue Time to Move brings together a collection of experimental papers, targeted reviews and opinion articles that lay out the latest MoBI findings. A wide range of topics across different fields are covered including art, athletics, virtual reality, and mobility. What unites these diverse topics is the common goal to enhance and restore human abilities by reaching a better understanding on how cognition is implemented by the brain‐body relationship. The breadth and novelty of paradigms and findings reported here positions MoBI as a new frontier in the field of human cognitive neuroscience.
Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: New therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shen Wenjing , Jiang Li , Zhao Jingyi , Wang Haili , Hu Meng , Chen Lanlan , Chen Yingzhu
Published: December 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non‐motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α‐synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so‐called ‘bioactive’ lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
Blockchain‐based IoT architecture to secure healthcare system using identity‐based encryption
Authors: Sharma Pratima , Moparthi Nageswara Rao , Namasudra Suyel , Shanmuganathan Vimal , Hsu Ching‐Hsien
Published: December 2021

Nowadays, blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) are two emerging areas of the Information Technology (IT) sector. These two emerging areas are used in various fields, such as supply chain, logistics and automotive industry. Due to the low processing power and storage space of IoT devices, users' medical information is usually saved in a centralized third party like a clinical repository or a cloud computing environment. Thus, in many cases, users lose control of their medical information, which can result in security disclosure and a single‐point impediment. So, an advanced solution is required to improve the data sharing process, while restricting it in terms of security. Blockchain technology with IoT can significantly affect the healthcare industry by improving its efficiency, security and transparency, as well as can provide more business opportunities. The efficient sharing of Electronic Health Record (EHR) can improve the treatment process, diagnosis accuracy, security and privacy. This article proposes a blockchain‐based IoT architecture to provide enhanced security of healthcare data by using Identity‐Based Encryption (IBE) algorithm. Here, the smart contract defines all the basic operations of the healthcare system, which can be beneficial to all stakeholders. Many experiments are executed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The results show that the proposed scheme is better than the existing renowned schemes.
Soil enzymes as indicators of soil function: A step toward greater realism in microbial ecological modeling
Authors: Wang Gangsheng , Gao Qun , Yang Yunfeng , Hobbie Sarah E , Reich Peter B , Zhou Jizhong
Published: December 2021

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and their complex responses to environmental changes have received increasing attention. However, large uncertainties in model predictions remain, partially due to the lack of explicit representation and parameterization of microbial processes. One great challenge is to effectively integrate rich microbial functional traits into ecosystem modeling for better predictions. Here, using soil enzymes as indicators of soil function, we developed a competitive dynamic enzyme allocation scheme and detailed enzyme‐mediated soil inorganic N processes in the Microbial‐ENzyme Decomposition (MEND) model. We conducted a rigorous calibration and validation of MEND with diverse soil C‐N fluxes, microbial C:N ratios, and functional gene abundances from a 12‐year CO2 × N grassland experiment (BioCON) in Minnesota, USA. In addition to accurately simulating soil CO2 fluxes and multiple N variables, the model correctly predicted microbial C:N ratios and their negative response to enriched N supply. Model validation further showed that, compared to the changes in simulated enzyme concentrations and decomposition rates, the changes in simulated activities of eight C‐N‐associated enzymes were better explained by the measured gene abundances in responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our results demonstrated that using enzymes as indicators of soil function and validating model predictions with functional gene abundances in ecosystem modeling can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about microbially mediated biogeochemical processes in response to environmental changes. Further development and applications of the modeling framework presented here will enable microbial ecologists to address ecosystem‐level questions beyond empirical observations, toward more predictive understanding, an ultimate goal of microbial ecology.
Bioenergy sorghum’s deep roots: A key to sustainable biomass production on annual cropland
Authors: Lamb Austin , Weers Brock , McKinley Brian , Rooney William , Morgan Cristine , Marshall‐Colon Amy , Mullet John
Published: December 2021

Bioenergy sorghum has high biomass yield potential, drought resilience, good nitrogen use efficiency, and a root system that contributes to the accumulation of soil organic carbon. In this study, field grown bioenergy sorghum root systems were analyzed during the growing season to characterize their depth, biomass, morphology, anatomy, and gene expression profiles. Bioenergy sorghum roots grew continuously during a 155‐day growing season producing ~175 nodal roots, accumulating ~7 Mg of dry biomass per hectare, and reaching >2 m deep in the soil profile. Nodal roots within 20 cm of the stem were 1–5 mm in diameter, whereas roots deeper in soil profiles were enriched in lateral roots with small diameters (~30–500 µm) enabling growth through soil macropores. In older field‐grown plants, roots with intact endodermal, vascular and inner root tissues were surrounded by degraded or aerenchyma‐filled epidermal and cortical cell layers. Transcriptome analysis of nodal, surface, and deep roots identified >2,500 differentially expressed genes involved in root growth, transport, adaptation, defense, and AMF–root interaction. Deep roots (180–240 cm) differentially expressed genes that regulate lateral root growth. Surface roots (0–20 cm) located mid‐row differentially expressed genes involved in nitrate transport, whereas ammonium transport genes were expressed in surface and deep roots and genes involved in phosphate transport were expressed in nodal, surface, and deep roots. Overall, bioenergy sorghum's long growing season enables root systems to grow deeper and accumulate more biomass than annual grain crops such as maize, attributes that could help restore annual cropland soil organic carbon levels and improve soil productivity. Deep roots active in nutrient transport are positioned to take‐up fertilizer leached deep into soil profiles mitigating potential nutrient run‐off. Bioenergy sorghum's large and deep root system is a key to sustainable production of biofuels, biopower, and bioproducts on annual cropland.
Conceptualisations of positive mental health and wellbeing among children and adolescents in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Pedley Rebecca , Johnson Isobel , Bell Vicky , Lovell Karina , Bee Penny , Brooks Helen
Published: December 2021

Background

Mental illnesses are the leading causes of global disease burden. The impact is heightened in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) due to embryonic care systems and extant barriers to healthcare access. Understanding children and adolescents' conceptualisations of mental health wellbeing in these settings is important to optimize health prevention and promotion initiatives.

Objective

To systematically review and synthesize children and adolescents' conceptualisations and views of mental health and wellbeing in LMICs.

Design

Ten databases were systematically searched from inception to July 2020 and findings from included studies were synthesized.

Results

Twenty papers met eligibility criteria comprising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies. Children and adolescents identified aspects of mental health and wellbeing, including positive affect and outlook and having sufficient personal resources to face daily challenges. Identified factors recognized the importance of activating both kin and lay networks in supporting and maintaining wellbeing. Conceptualisations of mental health and wellbeing were varied and influenced by culture, developmental stage and gender.

Discussion and Conclusions

Irrespective of environmental and sociocultural influences on concepts of wellbeing and mental health, children and adolescents in LMICs can conceptualise these constructs and identify how they pursue positive mental health and wellbeing important for developing age and culture‐appropriate community mental health strategies. Our review highlights the need to extend inquiry to wider developmental stages and both across and within specific populations in LMICs.

Patient and Public Involvement

Initial results were presented at stakeholder workshops, which included children, adolescents, parents and health professionals held in Indonesia in January 2019 to allow the opportunity for feedback.
Effects of lipids on the properties of emulsified interfacial film of myofibrillar protein by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gao Yang , Zheng Jinyue , Liu Sinong , Shi Lishuang , Shao Jun‐Hua
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to detect the effects of lipids on the properties of emulsified myofibrillar protein (MP) interfacial layer by Raman spectroscopy combined with the protein adsorption characteristics. Results revealed that compared with butter and lard groups, the α‐helix content in the soybean oil emulsifying layer was decreased (P < 0.05), while β‐sheets and β‐turns were increased (P < 0.05). The tryptophan bands and the disulphide bonds were higher in the soybean oil emulsifying layer, which implied a secondary structure, covalent bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the different lipids and MP have distinctive features. Moreover, the absolute value of the zeta potential in the soybean oil emulsifying layer was the highest, and the unit interface membrane protein surface loading (ΓS) was higher, indicating that the soybean oil could form a more stable emulsifying layer with MP.
What do consumers want in fresh mangoes? A systematic literature review
Authors: Kiloes Adhitya Marendra , Azizan Fathin Ayuni , Checco Julia , Joyce Daryl , Abdul Aziz Ammar
Published: December 2021

Mango is one of the most widely consumed fresh fruit in the world with an export volume valued at approximately USD 3 billion in 2019. Understanding how consumers perceive quality is crucial to improve and strengthen the overall mango value chain performance in many producing countries. This systematic literature review evaluates and discusses the methods adopted in the identified studies and synthesises the quality attributes and characteristics preferred that have been analysed in a specific market. The results show three main findings: (i) a majority of the identified studies used sensory analysis, which was does not capture the general consumers’ perception of quality; (ii) the synthesis reveals that there are a limited number of studies in major importing countries despite the growth of global mango export and (iii) although there were thirty‐three mango quality attributes identified, there was no comprehensive information on consumer perception in any specific market available due to the variability of methods adopted in the studies. Future studies need to obtain detailed information such as the importance of a mango quality attribute, the characteristic preferred in each identified important attribute and the willingness to pay for a combination of mango quality attributes and characteristics. There should also be more studies conducted in major importing countries to reflect the growing global demand of fresh mangoes.
Fractionation and purification of antioxidant peptides from abalone viscera by a combination of Sephadex G‐15 and Toyopearl HW‐40F chromatography
Authors: Hu Yaqin , Yang Jiahong , He Chuanbo , Wei Haocheng , Wu Guohong , Xiong Hejian , Ma Ying
Published: December 2021

Abalone viscera, a protein‐rich by‐products from the abalone processing industry, are normally discarded as wastes. In the present study, four different proteases were used to hydrolyse abalone viscera to prepare high‐activity antioxidant peptides, and their hydrolysis effects were compared. Although the hydrolytic abilities of papain and trypsin were inferior to the alcalase and neutrase, their use resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher scavenging activities for DPPH. The hydrolysates mainly consisted of peptides with a molecular weight <3 kDa, and the fractionation was achieved using a combination of Sephadex G‐15 and Toyopearl HW‐40F gel filtration chromatography, which overcomes the disadvantages of traditional membrane separation technology in fractionating peptides with relatively similar molecular weight distribution. The DPPH scavenging activities of the components containing peptides <1 kDa (fractions E) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those containing peptides >1 kDa. The different fractions E were further purified by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and a total of 16 target peptides, containing 4‐8 amino acids, enriched in hydrophobic amino acids and C‐terminal Arg, with molecular weights ranging from 500 to 850 Da, were identified.
Effect of high pressure processing on the physicochemical and sensorial properties of scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) during iced storage
Authors: Chen Lihang , Jiao Dexin , Yu Xiaona , Zhu Chen , Sun Ying , Liu Meihong , Liu Huimin
Published: December 2021

Scallops are the third largest aquaculture mollusks product, while they are highly perishable during storage. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on physicochemical and sensorial properties of scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) during refrigeration storage. The scallop adductor muscle was treated with different pressures (200, 300, 400 and 500 MPa, 5 min) and iced storage for 28 days. Results showed that HPP delayed microbial growth as pressure increased. HPP (≥400 MPa) resulted in myosin and actin denaturation, increased hardness, whiteness, pH and promoted water migration. However, preliminary sensory analysis showed no significant difference between pressure‐treated and control adductor muscles in appearance, odour, texture and overall acceptability after cooking. In addition, pressure‐treated adductor muscles (≥300 MPa) remained edible after 28 days of storage. Overall, these results can provide basic knowledge for the storage of pressure‐treated scallop meat.
Encapsulation of mangosteen pericarp anthocyanin‐rich extract by spray drying
Authors: Sakulnarmrat Karunrat , Sittiwong Wuttichai , Konczak Izabela
Published: December 2021

Mangosteen pericarp anthocyanin‐rich extract (MPA) was encapsulated by maltodextrin dextrose equivalent 20 (MD20) combined with gum arabic (GA), inulin (IN) or pectin (PEC) using spray drying. The highest encapsulation efficiency and anthocyanin content exhibited MD20:PEC and MD20:IN combinations. The MPA‐encapsulated powders had a crystalline‐mixed amorphous structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed smooth, round, fine particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed entrapment of anthocyanins by carrier agents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed a high thermal stability of encapsulated powders at temperatures <200°C and found that encapsulation reduced thermal degradation of anthocyanins. Incorporation of MPA‐encapsulated powders into natural yoghurt produced shelf‐stable naturally coloured product but slightly suppressed the multiplication ofLactobacillus bulgaricus. Encapsulation of anthocyanin‐rich mangosteen pericarp extract using spray drying presents a viable opportunity for food technologists to utilise this source in the development of functional food products.
Sulphite‐corrected, non‐phenolic and phenolic antioxidant capacities of fruit wines profiled by differential Folin‐Ciocalteu assay
Authors: Zhang Aihua , Zeng Lingwen , Bo Huijie , Hardie William James
Published: December 2021

The Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) assay is a reliable and robust, in vitro measure of antioxidant capacity (AOC) of foods but in winemaking its use has generally been confined to measuring total phenolics. However, the contributions of non‐phenolics and sulphites, and total AOC are also of interest for winemaking process control and human health functionality. Accordingly, we adapted the FCR assay and evaluated it with a range of wines made from grapes and other fruits, viz. peach, Chinese quince, blueberry, bayberry and red dragon fruit. The novel protocol avoided recognised interferences and revealed a wide variation among the wines in the contributions of phenolics, non‐phenolics and sulphites to their total AOC. Of the fruit‐derived antioxidants, phenolics accounted for 67.7–98.9% and non‐phenolics, 1.0–26.0% of the AOC, respectively. Direct reaction of sulphites with FCR accounted for 0.1–10.6% of the AOC.
Human leukocyte antigen epitope mismatch loads and the development of de novo donor‐specific antibodies in cardiothoracic organ transplantation
Authors: Bedford Amy , Jervis Steven , Worthington Judith , Lowe Marcus , Poulton Kay
Published: December 2021

De novo donor‐specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (dnDSA) are associated with increased risk of rejection and mortality in solid organ transplantation. Such dnDSA is produced in some recipients upon allorecognition of mismatched HLA post‐transplant. HLA matching is not currently considered in the allocation of deceased donor hearts and lungs and pre‐transplant immunological risk stratification is based entirely on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of circulating donor‐directed HLA antibodies. HLA epitope‐based matching tools predict B‐cell or T‐cell HLA epitopes that are present in the donor's HLA but absent in the recipient's HLA. We hypothesized that patients with higher epitope mismatch loads would be at increased risk of dnDSA development. We retrospectively analysed 73 heart and/or lung transplant recipients who were tested for DSA between 2015 and 2020. HLAMatchmaker, PIRCHE‐II and HLA epitope mismatch algorithm (HLA‐EMMA) were used to calculate eplet mismatch (EpMM) loads, T‐cell epitope mismatch (TEpMM) loads and solvent accessible amino acid mismatch (SAMM) loads, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that HLA‐EMMA was the only tool with a significant association between the total score for all HLA loci and dnDSA production [odds ratio (OR) 1.021, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.003–1.042, p = .0225] though this increased risk was marginal. The majority of dnDSA were directed against HLA‐DQ and patients with higher HLA‐DQ TEpMM loads (OR = 1.008, CI = 1.002–1.014, p = .007), and HLA‐DR+DQ SAMM loads (OR = 1.035, CI = 1.010–1.064, p = .0077) were most at risk of producing dnDSA. We also showed that patients with a risk epitope within the HLA molecule encoded for by HLA‐DQA1*05 + HLA‐DQB1*02/03:01 were significantly more likely to produce dnDSA. The use of HLA epitope‐based matching tools could be used for cardiothoracic transplant risk stratification to enable early intervention and monitoring of patients at increased risk of producing dnDSA.
The cooperation between business organizations, trade unions, and the state during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A comparative analysis of the nature of the tripartite relationship
Authors: Brandl Bernd
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 outbreak has led to an increase in social dialogue in general and, in particular, to an increase in tripartite cooperation between social partners' organizations and state authorities. This paper takes a critical look behind this cooperation and investigates the underlying rationales behind the tripartite cooperation in 19 countries. It is shown that even though the cooperation generally fulfilled its problem‐solving function, an expressive function that signaled unity was identified to be of equal importance in such a time of crisis. This expressive function is also identified to potentially serve as the basis for a renewed social partnership.
Improvement of endoglucanase production by Aspergillus brasiliensis in solid-state fermentation using cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) residue as substrate
Authors: de Souza Falcão Lucas , Santiago do Amaral Thaís , Bittencourt Brasil Guilherme , Melchionna Albuquerque Patrícia
Published: December 2021

Aims

Optimize the production of Aspergillus brasiliensis endoglucanase in a solid-phase bioprocess using cupuaçu shell as substrate.

Methods and Results

The shells were supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorous and used as a substrate. The centesimal and inorganic composition of the residue was determined, and found to be rich in fibres, and possessed essential elements for fungal growth. In the initial cultivation of A. brasiliensis, endoglucanase activity of 7.35 U g−1 was obtained. A factorial experimental design was used to determine the most significant variables for the bioprocess. The interactions between moisture, temperature and nitrogen source were noteworthy (p < 0.05). From the rotational central composite design, the optimization of temperature and nitrogen supplementation was obtained, and this reached 40.50 U g−1, which is an increase of more than five times the value obtained initially. The enzymatic extract was applied as the biocatalyst in the hydrolysis of cupuaçu shells and, after 48 h, it was possible to observe the production of reducing sugars.

Conclusions

Cupuaçu shell can be used as a substrate for endoglucanase production by A. brasiliensis. The process was optimized for the cultivation temperature and the nitrogen source. The enzymatic extract can be applied in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Cupuaçu shells can be used to produce cellulases, a product of high added value that can generate economic and environmental benefits for communities and companies producing derivatives of the cupuaçu fruit.