bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characteristic of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Cuttlefish Bone by Precipitation Method
Authors: Faksawat Kridsada , Sujinnapram Supphadate , Limsuwan Pichet , Hoonnivathana Ekachai , Naemchanthara Kittisakchai
Published: October 2015

Calcium phosphates ceramics such as a hydroxyapatite have composition and structure similar to be mineral component of bone. Hydroxyapatite could be production from natural and chemical source with various techniques. In this study, Calcium phosphates was prepared and characterized for future applications on the utilization of bioactivity and resorbability of Hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by precipitation method using cuttlefish bone as the calcium (Ca) source in the form of calcium nitrate and ammonium phosphate as the phosphate (P) source. The property, crystal structure and crystalline size of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the raw cuttlefish bone was calcite and aragonite phase and completely transformed to calcium oxide at 1000 °C. Hydroxyapatite from cuttlefish bone was hexagonal phase. The crystalline size of hydroxyapatite increases with increasing temperature from 200-1300 °C. This experiment indicated that the hydroxyapatite could be synthetized from cuttlefish bone.
The Effect of Silane on the Biomechanical Properties of PEEK/HA Composite
Authors: Rashidi Ahmad Ramli , Wahit Mat Uzir , Abdullah M.R. , Abdul Kadir Mohammed Rafiq
Published: October 2015

Bioactive composites containing Polyetheretherketone / Hydroxyapatite (PEEK/HA) were prepared using nanomixer single screw extruder and injection molding. The loading of HA in PEEK matrix was made at different concentrations ranging from 10 wt% to 30 wt%. HA was treated with (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane, coupling agent, and compared to untreated HA in PEEK/HA composite to evaluate the changes in the biomechanical properties and cytotoxicity. The biomechanical properties including elongation at break and impact properties were assessed. Cell proliferation test was also performed with U937 cell line in the silane treated and untreated PEEK/HA composite. The results showed that silane coupled PEEK-HA had in general improved biomechanical properties than untreated HA and did not show cytotoxicity in vitro.
Design of Above-Knee Prosthesis: A Finite Element Stress Analysis
Authors: Mihradi Sandro , Abdiwijaya Calvindoro Zeus , Dirgantara Tatacipta , Mahyuddin Andi Isra
Published: October 2015

In the present research, three-dimensional models of above-knee prosthesis, consist of socket, four-bar linkage knee, pylon and foot, are developed. These models have to fulfill criteria such as stability, ability to withstand up to 90 kg of bodyweight, ability to flex up to 130 degree, easy for maintenance, simple manufacturing process, affordable and yet reliable. As the first step of development, these models were evaluated using finite element method software to determine whether or not the design has fulfilled strength criteria. The results show that the last iteration of the three dimensional model of the knee prosthesis has satisfied the criteria.
Characterisation and In Vitro Bioactivity of UV-Treated Anodised Titanium
Authors: Lee Te Chuan , Rathi M.F.M. , Abidin M.Y.Z. , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi , Idris Maizlinda Izwana
Published: October 2015

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the production of ceramic films on a metallic substrate. It has been widely used to deposit the ceramic coatings on the metals surface. Recently, ultraviolet (UV) light treatment is gaining recognition as a new potential surface treatment method. This study aims to investigate the effect of UV light treatment on the surface properties and in vitro bioactivity of anodised titanium. At first, the titanium foils were anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). Subsequently, the anodised titanium was pre-treated with UVA lamp (peak wavelength of 365 nm) and immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and goniometer were used to characterise the surface properties, crystallinity and surface wettability of untreated titanium (UT), anodised titanium (AT) and UV-treated anodised titanium (UTAT). UTAT became more hydrophilic if compared to the UAT. The result of SBF showed that bone-like apatite was precipitated on the surface of UTAT. The results indicated that hydrophilic surface is able to accelerate the growth of bone-like apatite.
Effect of UV Light Treatment Condition on Apatite Formation of Anodised Titanium
Authors: Lee Te Chuan , Idris Maizlinda Izwana , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: October 2015

A novel method to accelerate the apatite formation on the anodised titanium is proposed in this article. The processing was composed of two steps which were UV light treatment after anodic oxidation, and UV light illumination during simulated body fluid (SBF). This study aims to investigate the effect of UV light treatment condition on the apatite formation of anodised titanium. The titanium foils were anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). UV light treatment was conducted in pH-adjusted distilled water (pH 1, 4, 7 and 11) for 12 hours. Next, SBF was carried out by illuminating with UV lamp for 1 week. Anodised titanium foils were characterised by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and goniometer. The results showed that donut-shaped were formed on the surface of anodised titanium. The surface of anodised titanium became more hydrophilic after UV-treated in acidic and alkaline condition. After UV light illumination in SBF for 1 week, the anodised titanium foils which UV-treated in acidic condition presented more crystalline bone-like apatite on the surface.
Effect of UV Wavelength on Apatite Formation of Anodised Titanium
Authors: Lee Te Chuan , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi , Idris Maizlinda Izwana
Published: October 2015

A novel method to accelerate the apatite formation on the anodised titanium is proposed in this article. The processing was composed of two steps which were UV light treatment after anodic oxidation, and UV light illumination during soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). This study aims to investigate the effect of different UV wavelengths during SBF on the apatite formation of anodised titanium. The titanium foils were anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). Subsequently, the anodised titanium foils were pre-treated with UV light. In vitro was conducted by illuminating with different wavelengths of UV light (254nm and 365nm) in SBF. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterise the surface morphology and crystallinity of anodised titanium. The results showed that donut-shaped pores with anatase/rutile phases were formed on the surface of anodised titanium. Apart from that, the UV light treatment did change the chemical properties of anodised titanium by producing more •OH groups. After UV light illumination in SBF for 1 week, the anodised titanium foils were fully covered by bone-like apatite.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on AZ31: The Effect of Nanoparticle Multiple Coating Approach
Authors: Chong C.Y. , Abu Bakar Tuty Asma , Fadil Nor Akmal , Hussain Rafaqat
Published: October 2015

Magnesium and its alloys are potential biodegradable implant materials. However, they are characterized by rapid degradation in the electrolytic environment of the body. This phenomenon might result a sudden implant failure before bone restoration was complete, or inflammation subsided. This research will explore ways to improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy by improving the coating layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) through multiple coating layers by an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. In this study, the quality of the coating layer was improved by multiple coating processes without using any binders. X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD) showed that an amorphous structure of HA was successfully deposited on the AZ31 alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to observe that the morphology of the AZ31 alloy coated with multiple layers of HA has a denser coating structure with improved adhesion at the interface as compared to the single coating layer. A denser coating structure with greater bonding between the coating layer and the substrate is expected to protect the substrate from a high corrosion rate, thus resulting in a longer period of biodegradation as in implant in the electrolytic environment.
Effect of Processing Parameters and Heating Techniques on the Extraction Yield of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali)
Authors: Foong C.K. , Kamaruddin Mohd Johari , Johari Anwar , Tuan Abdullah Tuan Amran , Hassim Mimi Haryani , Kidam Kamarizan , Zakaria Z.Y. , Sulaiman Wan Rosli Wan
Published: October 2015

This paper is focused on the effects of processing parameters such as particle size of sample (300-700 μm), ratio of sample to solvent (10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1), temperature (50-90°C) and time (30-150 min) of processing on the extraction yield of EurycomaLongifolia (Tongkat Ali) roots in conventional thermal heating and microwave assisted extraction techniques. The extracted components from both heating techniques then dried using freeze drying method in order to quantitatively relate the yield to the processing parameters. The experimental results revealed that the processing parameters; particle size of sample, ratio of sample to solvent, temperature and time of extraction had significant effects on the extraction yield of EurycomaLongifolia roots. Moreover, microwave heating extraction produced a slightly higher yield (~1.2 % in average) and provided 10 times faster in heating-up the extraction mixture to the processing temperature compared to conventional thermal heating extraction.
Behaviour of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) during Dewaxing Process for Investment Casting of Proximal Humerus Implant
Authors: Iranmanesh Soudeh , Idris Mohd Hasbullah , Esmaeilzadeh Alireza
Published: October 2015

Investment casting has emerged as the foremost casting process for manufacturing of complex parts where better dimensional accuracy is required. Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies is able to manufacture prototypes from various modelling materials. Stratasys Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a typical RP process that can fabricate prototypes from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) used in investment casting process. Elimination of steps in mould making required in the traditional pattern wax preparation makes it quicker and a cost effective process. This paper characterises the behaviour of two proximal humerus ABS pattern constructions, namely solid and hollow fabricated by the FDM 2000 during flash dewaxing process. The dewaxing process parameters such as, temperature and time were regulated and the remaining weight of ABS material in the ceramic mould was examined.
Microstructure and Properties of Forged CoCrMo Alloy for Load Bearing Application
Authors: Mohamed Fadzil Fazira Suriani , Hamid M.H.A. , bin Abdullah Ahmad Nizam , Mohamad Mazlan , Otsuka Yuichi
Published: October 2015

CoCrMo alloy are known to be widely applied as biomedical implant materials. They have been practically used for artificial knee joints and hips. This is due to their excellent corrosion and wear resistances as well as good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This published work is a research to improve the tensile properties of the alloy for load bearing application. This approach is an innovative process that will enhance the mechanical properties of the materials against the conventional processing technique while reducing the number of steps and energy consumption in producing the final parts; hence more economical. Grain refinement is expected to promote significant enhancement in both properties. Preforms are prepared through powder metallurgy route prior to the low strain rate upset forging process. The alloy powder was mixed with zinc stearate as a binder at different milling times. The formulated powder is compacted and then sintered at different temperatures. Characterization of the sintered parts are studied on their microstructure, density, hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS). Further characterization was done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the grain refinement in enhancing the properties of the material.
Condition Monitoring of a Gear-Box Using Wear Particle Analysis Technique
Authors: Akl Sayed Y. , Abdel-Rehim Ahmed A.
Published: October 2015

Wear particle analysis as a nondestructive evaluation technique is an effective method to determine the lubricating oil conditions within different lubricated machines, thus monitoring wear modes and imminent failures in these machines, such as gear-boxes and engines. Ferrographic analysis of wear particles in lubricating oil could give complete information about ferrous and non-ferrous solid debris present in the oil sample. Spectrometric oil analysis could give a direct measure of elemental metal content in the oil such as Iron, Aluminum, Lead and Cupper. These techniques provide cheap, fast and easy methods to use predictive maintenance methods which can replace other conventional methods.
The objective of the present study is to apply wear particle analysis technique for condition monitoring of an industrial gear-box transmission over two year’s period of time. This gear-box belongs to one of the machines of the Oriental Weavers Company (OWC), one of the largest carpet manufacturers in the world. Spectrometric and ferrographic analysis were used where quantitative and qualitative changes in the concentration and size distribution of different particles were analyzed and compared to baseline values.
Flutter Analysis of Functionally Graded Panel Based on Neutral Surface
Authors: Kim Jung Hwan , Kim Ji Hwan
Published: October 2015

In this work, flutter behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) panel is investigated based on the physical neutral surface. The panel is made with ceramic and metal according to linear rule of mixture. The virtual work principle is applied including pressure due to aero-dynamic load. Then governing equations are derived using von Karman's strain-displacement relations. Conventionally, mid-plane is used as a reference plane for laminate structures, while this concept is not appropriate for materially asymmetry of a panel such as FGMs. For this reason, physical neutral surface is defined as the origin of coordinate system in the structure. Numerical results are discussed and compared with previous studies. Finally, flutter behavior is investigated according to the volume fractions, temperature distributions and aero-dynamic pressures.
Sensor Based on the Resonance Frequency for Detecting Overfilling in a Pressing Apparatus
Authors: Antonyová Anna , Antony Peter
Published: October 2015

When processing in the manufacture for production of paperboard boxes, there arises amount of waste paper as material, which is subsequently sent for recycling. The paper passes through the first crushing device, which ensures small pieces so that they can be transported by pipeline to a pressing apparatus. Paper material in the molding machine is forced into the pits of suitable size due to the additional handling and transport. So both pipe as well as the molding machine may be so congested with material during the failure that the equipment requires unexpected additional cleaning. The sensor detects the level of waste material in pressing device, thereby avoiding congestion in a timely manner and prevents subsequent failure. The sensor uses the resonant frequency of the oscillating rod. The microprocessor controls and evaluates the response of the rod oscillations. Sensor performance was exposed to qualification tests when it shows ability to operate also in extreme conditions such as dirty and dusty surrounding with high humidity and temperature level. Sensor detects the vibration attenuation at the poles of the rod that is caused by touching different materials. Thus may indicate changing concentration level of a material and not just pieces of paper but for example, also sand or other suitable materials or height of fluid surface.
Road Safety Outcome Model among Commercial Bus
Authors: Abdul Kadir A.Z. , Rohani Jafri Mohd , Arowolo Matthew Oluwole
Published: October 2015

Road safety outcome is a complex issue involving high number of risk factors and indicators that contributes to road accidents and their severity related to human-vehicle–road interactions. This requires a multi-dimensional model in order to fully understand the road safety situation especially among commercial bus drivers. This study identified some of the risk factors with the objective of establishing the relationship between them through a model for assessing the road safety outcome. The model was developed using data collected from 465 commercial bus drivers in Johor, Malaysia. The estimated model yielded significant relationship between the risk factors (Drivers, Vehicle and Road) and road safety outcomes. The statistical analysis of these risk factors shows that the model has significant fit to the data. The results therefore, yielded a road safety output guideline formula suitable for road safety performance indicator for safety practitioners and stakeholders. The study pointed out three critical risk factors (e.g. Drivers, Vehicle and Road) with their various levels of risk contributions as influence on road safety among commercial bus. Six recommendations based on this finding were made in an attempt to reduce commercial bus accidents.
Effect of Ingredient Loading on Water Transport Properties of a Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compound
Authors: Ananoria Abhel , Pajarito Bryan B.
Published: October 2015

Water transport properties of a vulcanized natural rubber compound are studied as function of ingredient loading using gravimetric method at 800C. Rubber sheets are compounded according to a fractional factorial design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at two levels of loading. Weight change during immersion in water is monitored. The maximum uptakes are determined from the sorption curves which showed two distinct slopes of which two uptake rates are estimated. Analysis of variance shows that high loadings of sulfur, asphalt, and used oil significantly increase the maximum uptake and first uptake rate while only sulfur and asphalt significantly increase the second uptake rate. On the other hand, high loadings of reclaimed rubber, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) significantly decrease the maximum amount of water uptake. Similarly, high loading of mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) significantly decrease the initial uptake rate while high loadings of reclaimed rubber, CaCO3, kaolin clay, and MBT decrease the final uptake rate of rubber compounds.
Modeling of Square Channel Reactor for Optimum Length Prediction
Authors: Inbamrung Piyanut , Narataruksa Phavanee , Tungkamani Sabaithip , Prapainainar Chaiwat , Sornchamni Thana
Published: October 2015

The optimal dimensions of square channel reactor are basically information when microreactor will be assigned. To obtain good geometries of channel reactors, general mathematic models for optimum length prediction should be developed before performing details design and optimization. In this context, analytical models for the square channel of monolith reactor were presented. The models were developed following the work done by Francois Mathieu-Potvin and Louis Gosselin in order to predict an optimal length of the square channel of monolith reactor resulting in the maximum reaction rate. The models were constructed based on fully developed laminar flow, isothermal and gas phase system. The steam methane reforming reaction was used as a case study for estimation of the reactor length. The results obtained from this analytical technique had been compared with that obtained by Computational Fluid Dynamic using FEM software (COMSOL Multiphysic version 3.5a) and experimental works.
Enhancing Air Conditioning Performance Using TiO2 Nanoparticles in Compressor Lubricant
Authors: Sumeru K. , Pramudantoro Triaji P. , Ani Farid Nasir , Nasution Henry
Published: October 2015

Most air conditioners utilize vapor compression refrigeration cycle in their operation. In this cycle, the compressor is deployed to circulate the refrigerant from low to high pressures. Lubrication is an important aspect in the compressor to lubricate internal parts. Due to their remarkable properties in the thermo-physical and heat transfer capabilities, nanoparticles have prospect to be applied in the refrigeration and air conditioning system. The reliability and solubility nanoparticle of TiO2 in refrigeration systems have been investigated by several by several researchers. By introducing TiO2 nanoparticle in the lubricant, the friction coefficient and input power of the compressor can be decreased. An air conditioner with cooling capacity of 2.5 kW is utilized in the experiment. Five different concentrations of nanoparticle in the lubricant, viz.: 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 gram of TiO2 in one liter of lubricant were mixed using a magnetic stirrer. After 10 days, TiO2 nanoparticles in the lubricant were observed its solubility. Furthermore, based on their solubility, TiO2 nanoparticle with concentration of 0.2 g/L was selected in the experiments. The results show that the air conditioner using R290 with TiO2 nanoparticle in the lubricants works normally and the input power of the air conditioner decreases about 3.1% and the cooling capacity and the COP increase about 5.1% and 8.4%, respectively, compared to the system without nanoparticle in the lubricant.
A Study on Dynamic Motion and Wave Power in Multi-Connected Float-Counterweight Type of Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Hadano Kesayoshi , Koirala Pallav , Moon Byung Young
Published: October 2015

Recently, with respect to structural strength and relevant analysis of a float-counterweight wave energy converter, it has been more improved than existing oscillating body type. this study is mainly focusing on dynamic motion and wave power generation of ‘multi-connected’ float-counterweight device by calculating the acquired generation amount. This advanced research based on the original float-counterweight device was conducted through the wave’s up and down motion by setting up bulkhead which is called wave camber. Most of all, it was obtained that the ‘multi-connected’ float-counterweight device would be more efficient and practical than the original one in terms of float displacement, wire tension and amount of wave power. Through this study, a basic data for design of wave chamber was utilized on advantageous condition under actual circumstances of the sea and then estimation of generation amount for the ‘multi-connected’ float-counterweight device was realized, compared to the original one.
Peristaltic Micropump with Multi-Electrodes Using Electrostatic Force
Authors: Jeong Seong Yun , Cho Chan Seob , Hong Pyo Hwan , Lee Dong Su , Kim Bong Hwan
Published: October 2015

An electrostatically driven multi-electrode peristaltic micropump has been developed for pumping microfluid through μ-TAS. Peristaltic-type micropumps have been reported to address many of the problems of micropumps in general and electrostatic actuation in particular. Peristaltic motion can eliminate the need for valves and for proper valve timing or for a nozzle/diffuser in designing flow control, as well as contribute to reduce the dead volume which can be a critical problem for micropump to achieve higher back pressures. In this paper, we present an electrostatically driven bidirectional peristaltic micropump that was designed, fabricated, and characterized. It was fabricated on a silicon substrate with a polyimide membrane. It was consisted of single large chamber, PI membrane operated with 4 electrodes, and 4 phase sequencing actuation. The displacement of the meniscus in the capillary tube is observed and recorded by using a video camera. The micropump was operated from 115V to 135V. The maximum moving speed of the meniscus was approximately 24 mm/min at 2.2 kHz at 115V. This pump will be applied to various microfluidic fields.
Dynamic Strength Analysis for Mooring Design of Ship
Authors: Moon Byung Young , Choi Nak Kyung , Han Jeong Young
Published: October 2015

Mooring and Towing Fittings are widely used for various devices and fittings to safely fasten vessels to quays, jetties, sea-floating buoys. The reinforcement of the vessels on which the mooring fittings are installed and the mooring fittings themselves must be of sufficient strength because damaged ships lead to sea pollution such as oil or fuel oil spillage. The purpose of this study is to suggest a standardization model for strength analysis of closed chocks by using the Finite Element Method and Equipment Test. Closed chocks can be divided into the seat type and the bulwark type, and Finite Element analysis for a total of 20 closed chocks of each type was performed to prove the suitability of standardization objects. Also, The numerical results obtained by FE analysis were compared with experimental results for validation. Thus, standardization and strength analysis based on two types of models with the use of Finite Element analysis and equipment test was successfully carried out. These results can help both large and small shipyards to standardize the use of closed chocks to prevent oil spillage damage of the hull and other large accidents caused by the drifting of ships.
Analysis on the Degradation Characteristics of 2G High-Tc Superconducting Wires in Accordance with Electrical Breakdown Voltage
Authors: Lee Hong Seok , Kang Jong O. , Lee On You , Bang Seung Min , Kim Junil , Mo Young Kyu , Hong Jong Gi , Lee Jae Hun , Jang Cheo Lyeong , Kang Hyoung Ku
Published: October 2015

Recently, extensive studies have been carried out on developing a high voltage superconducting apparatus as a substitute for the conventional one. superconducting wires used for a high voltage superconducting apparatus can be damaged under high voltage condition due to electrical breakdown and the damaged superconducting wires may result in the degradation of the critical current (Ic) and index number. Therefore, a study on the degradation characteristics of superconducting wires in accordance with the electrical breakdown should be performed. In this paper, the degradation characteristics of second generation high temperature superconducting (2G HTS) wires with respect to electrical breakdown tests are studied. The applied electrical breakdown voltages to 2G HTS wire are AC and lightning impulse (Imp) ; 50, 60 and 70 kV. The electrical breakdown test is successively repeated five times. The Ic and index number of 2G HTS wires were measured. The relationship between electrical characteristics such as the Ic and index number and the electrical breakdown was analyzed.
Applying Game Theory to Competitive Production-Inventory Models with Vendor's Imperfect Production Processes and the Condition of Buyer's Exemption from Inspection
Authors: Ouyang Liang Yuh , Yang Chih Te , Kao Adam , Huang Jing Zhi
Published: October 2015

This study establishes the competitive production-inventory models with vendor’s imperfect production processes by using game theory. The imperfect production processes can be improved by capital investment which is shared out between the vendor and the buyer jointly. In addition, the inspection process is assumed to be imperfect and Type I and Type II inspection errors occur during product quality inspection. We first develop the total cost per unit time of the buyer and vendor, respectively and then seek the optimal buyer’s order quantity, vendor’s shipping times and defective rate of the product where the system achieves a Nash equilibrium. The necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solutions for the buyer and the vendor respectively are shown. Furthermore, we develop a algorithm to find the optimal solutions. Finally, an numerical example are presented to demonstrate the solution procedure.
Using AHP Multiple Criteria Decision Making Approach for Selecting a Type of Industrial Plant at Risk on Fire
Authors: Ketsakorn Arroon , Meethom W.
Published: October 2015

Fire can cause death, serious injury, and significant damage to properties. Industrial plants are dangerous places for fires. In the past, industrial fires have occurred more often than they should. Many industries are at high risk of fire due to the nature of work, and unfortunately it only takes one mistake to cause a serious life-threatening fire. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is particularly suitable for modeling qualitative criteria and has found extensive applications in a wide variety of areas. In this paper we will focus on the AHP multiple criteria decision making approach for selecting a type of industrial plant at risk of fire in Thailand. The data were analyzed using Expert Choice11 software. Results showed that the type of 53 (Business related to plastic products) is reasonable for selection as a pilot plant for fire safety measurement with a corresponding consistency ratio of 0.06 C.R.≤0.09 for 4×4 pairwise comparison matrix. The pairwise comparison matrix is thought to have acceptable consistency and its normalized principle right eigenvector can be used as the weights of criteria. Limitations and future work of this study are also discussed.
Future Trend Analysis on the Design and Performance of Solar-Powered Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Rajendran Parvathy , Smith Howard
Published: October 2015

This paper analyzes the future trends of both solar and non-solar-powered electric types of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The impacts of solar cell efficiency and battery energy density on the potential of reducing the maximum take-off and payload enhancement for both types of UAV are studied. The battery energy density and solar efficiency’s extrapolated forecast data do not show any sign of technology maturation. Component weight, ratio of solar module to wing area, and solar module power are also analyzed to further emphasize the need to improve the solar and battery technology for the development of solar-powered electric UAVs. Results show that a solar-powered electric UAV should be lighter, smaller, and be able to carry more payload than a non-solar-powered electric UAV in the near future depending on the payload and endurance requirement. Thus, a solar-powered aircraft can be the future of aviation.
Effect of Ingredient Loading on Surface Migration of Additives in a Surfactant-Loaded Natural Rubber Vulcanizate
Authors: Arabit Jimyl , Pajarito Bryan B.
Published: October 2015

Surface migration of additives in a surfactant-loaded natural rubber vulcanizate is investigated as function of ingredient loading. Rubber sheets are compounded according to an L12 orthogonal array using Taguchi design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at low and high loadings. Migration experiments are performed by placing the rubber sheets in a natural convection oven at 50°C for 32 days. Weight loss due to removal of migrated additives from surface of rubber sheets is monitored with time. The maximum amount and estimated rate of additive migration are determined from weight loss curves. Attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and optical microscopy are used to characterize the chemical structure and surface morphology of rubber sheets during additive migration. Mean effects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that high loadings of used oil, paraffin wax, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), and cocamide diethanolamide (Coca DEA) increase the amount of maximum migration and migration rate of additives. On the other hand, high loadings of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), diphenylguanidine (DPG), mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS), sulfur, and zinc oxide (ZnO) decrease the maximum amount of additive migration and migration rate. Used oil has the highest effect on these responses, while sulfur and the accelerators have the least effect. By comparing the of ATR-FTIR spectra of cleaned and migrated rubber surfaces, almost all soluble additives are identified to have migrated to the rubber surface.
Modeling Interlaminar Shear Crack-Jump Phenomenon in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Koloor S.S.R. , Ayatollahi Majid R. , Tamin M.N.
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses the simulation technique for the development of a validated finite element model to capture the stable shear crack-jump phenomenon in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates. The interlaminar cracking process is characterized using a 16-ply unidirectional ([0]16) end-notch flexure (ENF) specimens. Complementary FE models of the test setup are developed to capture the mechanics of the observed interlaminar crack-jump phenomenon. The cohesive interface response is represented by a damage model with bilinear traction-displacement softening law. Close comparison of measured and FE-predicted load-central deflection response of the beam specimen serves to validate the FE model for the stable shear crack-jump. FE simulation predicts an early onset of damage at the interlaminar crack front corresponding to 13.4 pct. of the maximum deflection at fracture. The mechanism of stable crack-jump is described by the characteristic evolution of the interface damage parameter, and quantified by the damage dissipation energy.
UV LED Curing Formulation for Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
Authors: Ayub Nur Farizah , Hashim Shahrir , Jamaluddin Jamarosliza , Rasit Ali Roshafima , Adrus Nadia
Published: October 2015

Current studies showed that UV LED system is a green technology and highly efficient as compared to UV Mercury (UV Hg) system. In this study, the UV LED curing formulations of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels were developed. The formulations consisted of acrylamide (AAm) as a main monomer, N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and photoinitiator. UV LED emits monochromatic light sources only (365 nm or 385 nm). Thus, in order to developed formulation of UV LED curable hydrogels, a suitable water soluble photoinitiator (i.e. λ ~ 365 nm) has to be employed. A commercially available photoinitiator Oligo [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl) phenyl] propanone] under the trade name Chivacure 300 (λ ~ 330 nm) was chosen in the first formulations. However, due to limited solubility in water, addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 9.5:0.5 ratio of water/THF was required for Chivacure 300. We also synthesized a photoinitiator based on 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA) and methylated-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) to be used in the second formulation. The complexation of DMPA and MβCD resulted in transparent and water-soluble supramolecular-structured photoinitiator (SSPI) (λ ~ 330 nm). Both formulations were irradiated using UV LED system (Hoenle AG, Germany, 365 nm) for 15 min. Synthesis of PAAm hydrogels with both photoinitiators has yielded almost complete conversion of hydrogels (> 80 %). Clearly, this study has revealed that enhanced formulation of UV LED curable hydrogels are due to appropriate choice of excellent water-solubility photoinitiators (Chivacure 300 and modified DMPA). We concluded that UV LED is an important tool for curing hydrogel formulations of various acrylate water-based monomers.
Roflumilast is effective in reducing COPD related exacerbations and improving CAT score
Authors: Polla Biagio
Published: October 2015

We present a case of a 85-year-old man who suffered from several chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related exacerbations and hospitalizations. Traditional therapy, which also included intramuscular steroid therapy, did not help and caused several drug related adverse events. After yet another exacerbation followed by hospitalization at the intensive care unit, it was decided to start roflumilast treatment. In the year after beginning treatment, the patient did not experience any more exacerbations and his lung function also improved, as recorded by the COPD assessment test (CAT) score and improved forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) value. In this patient roflumilast seems to be effective in reducing exacerbations, an important goal to be achieved in COPD patients.
Grading the severity of obstruction in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and morbid obesity
Authors: Barbarito N. , De Mattia E.
Published: October 2015

Grading the severity of obstruction in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and morbid obesity. N. Barbarito, E. De Mattia. Aim. To evaluate the severity of airway obstruction in patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the presence of concomitant restriction due to morbid obesity. Methods. Lung function test, six-minute walking distance (6MWD) test, body mass index measurement (BMI), and determination of dyspnoea using the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MMRC) were performed on each patient referred to our department according to their individual respiratory diagnosis or symptoms. Analysis was performed on smokers or ex-smokers patients, with both dyspnoea and chronic productive cough, showing non fully reversible airflow obstruction, with normal-weight (NW: BMI 22 to 24 kg/m2) or morbid-obesity (MO: BMI
Training and practice in bronchoscopy. A national survey in Italy
Authors: Facciolongo N. , Piro R. , Menzella F. , Lusuardi M. , Salio M. , Lazzari Agli L. , Patelli M.
Published: October 2015

Training and practice in bronchoscopy. A national survey in Italy. N. Facciolongo, R. Piro, F. Menzella, M. Lusuardi, M. Salio, L. Lazzari Agli, M. Patelli. Background and Aim. Bronchoscopy is performed in a variety of different settings in Italy. The surveys conducted so far have highlighted the heterogeneity of the procedures and the frequent inability to adhere to the guidelines. The aim of this survey was to analyse procedures, training, and opinions of Italian respiratory physicians performing interventional bronchology in the clinical practice. Methods. The study was conducted retrospectively on 300 pulmonologists. From January to June 2008, these were invited to participate in an email survey to be sent out monthly to each participant for four consecutive months. Results. Two hundred and one respiratory physicians took part in the study, most of whom (83.5%) work in either Pulmonology or Interventional Pulmonology Units. The year before the survey, 21.2% of the participants had performed fewer than 100 examinations, 42.3% 100 to 300, and 36.6% more than 300 bronchoscopies; 53.9% were familiar with the international guidelines on the topic. Among the responders, 34.1% had received less than 6 months training, 55.3% considered further training in rigid bronchoscopy, laser procedures and thoracoscopy, invaluable for their professional activity. Adequate training for transbronchial needle aspirates, was reported by 49.6% of respondents. Conclusions. Our data show that interventional bronchoscopy procedures are regularly performed according to current recommendations by over half of the Italian Pulmonologists participating in our survey. The need for more comprehensive basic education and training was put forward by the majority of physicians.
Recurrent pneumomediastinum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Bhardwaj H. , Bhardwaj B. , Carlile P.V.
Published: October 2015

Recurrent pneumomediastinum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. H. Bhardwaj, B. Bhardwaj, P.V. Carlile. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM); also known as mediastinal emphysema, is a rare and usually benign self-resolving appearance of extraluminal air in the mediastinum without any underlying trigger. This is an uncommon disorder mostly seen in the young males and classic clinical presentation is with chest pain, dyspnea, cough and appearance of subcutaneous emphysema. Although several connective tissue disorders have been reported in association with SPM, it is a rare occurrence in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with only small number of cases reported in literature. We report a 69 years old male with RA who developed recurrent asymptomatic episodes of SPM detected over a period of one year. The recurrent but benign episodes of SPM in this patient reestablish the usual uncomplicated course of this unusual clinical entity even in the rare recurrent cases.
Exercise training improves erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with metabolic syndrome on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors
Authors: Maresca Luigi , D’Agostino Mariantonietta , Castaldo Luigi , Vitelli Alessandra , Mancini Maria , Torella Giorgio , Lucci Rosa , Albano Giovanna , Del Forno Domenico , Ferro Matteo , Altieri Vincenzo , Giallauria Francesco , Vigorito Carlo
Published: October 2015

Introduction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects about 50% of males aged 40-70 years old. ED shares with atherosclerotic disease several common risk factors; therefore, it may be considered a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Sincephosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are well known pharmacologic agents capable of significant improvement in ED, we designed this study to evaluate whether exercise training is of added value in patients with ED who are already on PDE-5 inhibitors. Methods. We recruited 20 male patients affected by ED with metabolic syndrome.At baseline, all patients underwent Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) test.After the initial evaluation, patients were subdivided into two groups: tadalafil group (group T, n=10), who were maintained only on tadalafil therapy, and a tadalafil/exercise training group (T/E group, n=10)who continued tadalafil but in addition underwent a2-month structured exercise training program. Results. Basal anthropometric characteristics of study population showed no significant differences. Although bothgroups showed at 2 months an improvement of the IIEF score, thiswas more evident in the T/E group (T group: 11.2 vs 14.2, P=0.02; T/E group: 10.8 vs 20.1, P<0.001). There was an improvement of oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO2peak) only in the T/E group patients (T group: 13.63±2.03 vs 14.24±2.98 mL/kg/min; P=0.521; T/E group: 13.41±2.97 vs 16.58±3.17 mL/kg/min; P=0.006). A significant correlation was found between the changes in VO2peak and the modifications in IIEF score (r=0.575; P=0.001). Conclusion. Exercise training in ED patients treated with PDE-5 inhibitors is of added valuesincefurther improves ED, as evaluated by IIEF score, and increases functional capacity.
Ten years differences in recently onset atrial fibrillation and flutter incidence and management
Authors: Cemin Roberto , Manfrin Massimiliano , Daves Massimo , Rauhe Werner , Maggioni Aldo Pietro
Published: October 2015

Objects and background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl) are the most common arrhythmias in day-life clinical practice. Purpose of our study was to verify differences occurred in the last ten years in AF and AFl incidence and treatment in the emergency room (ER). Methods: from the 17th January to the 15th February 2000 and from the 18th January to the 16th February 2010 all the consecutive patients with AF or AFl referring to the ER of our hospital were included in the study. Epidemiological data were collected along with information about treatment, admission to hospital wards, days of hospital stay and therapy. Data from the year 2000 were compared to these collected ten years later. Results: incidence of AF and AFl has increased in the years (50%), patients are older (73.5 vs. 65.2 years; p 0.029) and refer late to the ER (45.6% in 2010 and 23.7% in 2000 with a delay of > 48 hours from arrhythmias onset; p 0.054). In 2010 only a minority of these patients is directly discharged from the ER (15.8% vs 14.4%) and there is an increased admission rate due to AF or AFl (67.5%; p 0.026), if compared to the whole admissions of the hospital. The median duration of hospital stay decreased from 6 days to 4.5 days in the year 2010 (NS). Conclusion: AF and AFl incidence is still increasing and account for a high admission rate from the ER to the hospital wards. Costs are consequently continuously increasing.
Interstitial Lung Disease in Childhood: Clinical and Genetic Aspects
Authors: Kitazawa Hiroshi , Kure Shigeo
Published: October 2015

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in childhood is a heterogeneous group of rare pulmonary conditions presenting chronic respiratory disorders. Many clinical features of ILD still remain unclear, making the treatment strategies mainly investigative. Guidelines may provide physicians with an overview on the diagnosis and therapeutic directions. However, the criteria used in different clinical studies for the classification and diagnosis of ILDs are not always the same, making the development of guidelines difficult. Advances in genetic testing have thrown light on some etiologies of ILD, which were formerly classified as ILDs of unknown origins. The need of genetic testing for unexplained ILD is growing, and new classification criteria based on the etiology should be adopted to better understand the disease. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the clinical and genetic aspects of ILD in children.
Effectiveness and User Acceptance of Online Chronic Disease Management Interventions in Rural and Remote Settings: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Sinclair Craig
Published: October 2015

Chronic disease prevalence is increasing worldwide, and patients in rural areas experience an increased burden of chronic disease. Increasing penetration of the Internet into rural and remote areas has enabled the delivery of online chronic disease management (CDM) interventions. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness and uptake of online CDM interventions among rural populations with existing chronic disease. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria; these were categorized into web-based self-management interventions ( N = 3), interactive online groups ( N = 6), and provider-mediated online interventions ( N = 4). Those studies with stronger designs showed evidence that online CDM interventions were effective in increasing health-related knowledge and psychosocial adaptation among rural patients with existing chronic disease. User acceptance among rural patients with chronic disease was related to time demands, Internet access, and confidence with technology, but overall satisfactory retention rates show promise for further development and implementation. There is a need for further rigorous trials among rural populations.
Csf2 and Ptgs2 Epigenetic Dysregulation in Diabetes-prone Bicongenic B6.NODC11bxC1tb Mice
Authors: Garrigan Erin , Belkin Nicole S. , Seydel Federica , Han Zhao , Carter Jamal , McDuffie Marcia , Morel Laurence , Peck Ammon B. , Clare-Salzler Michael J. , Atkinson Mark , Wasserfall Clive , Davoodi-Semiromi Abdoreza , Shi Jing-da , Haskell-Luevano Carrie , Yang Li-Jun , Alexander John J. , Cdebaca Autumn , Piliant Teresa , Riggs Corin , Amick Matthew , Litherland Sally A.
Published: October 2015

In Type 1 diabetic (T1D) human monocytes, STAT5 aberrantly binds to epigenetic regulatory sites of two proinflammatory genes, CSF2 (encoding granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and PTGS2 (encoding prostaglandin synthase 2/cyclooxygenase 2). Bicongenic B6.NOD C11bxC1tb mice re-create this phenotype of T1D monocytes with only two nonobese diabetic (NOD) Idd subloci (130.8 Mb–149.7 Mb, of Idd5 on Chr 1 and 32.08–53.85 Mb of Idd4.3 on Chr11) on C57BL/6 genetic background. These two Idd loci interact through STAT5 binding at upstream regulatory regions affecting Csf2 ( Chr 11) and Ptgs2 ( Chr 1) expression. B6.NODC11bxC1tb mice exhibited hyperglycemia and immune destruction of pancreatic islets between 8 and 30 weeks of age, with 12%–22% penetrance. Thus, B6.NODC11bxC1tb mice embody NOD epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression in myeloid cells, and this defect appears to be sufficient to impart genetic susceptibility to diabetes in an otherwise genetically nonautoimmune mouse.