bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from eastern India
Authors: Ghosh Arup , Biswas Viplov Kumar , Bal Himadri , Das Dasarathi , Pati Sanghmitra , Gupta Bhawna , Raghav Sunil Kumar
Published: April 2023

Background The genomic diversity of M. tuberculosis has been explored in the northern and southern states of India using whole genome sequencing, but insight into the eastern region remains limited. The study aims to understand the diversity and drug resistance phenotypes in eastern region using sequencing based approach.Methods A total of 118 M. tuberculosis isolates from Sikkim (n = 53), Meghalaya (n = 1), and Odisha (n = 48) were sequenced. After filtering out low quality isolates based on taxonomic classification and depth of coverage, variant calling was performed.Results We observed a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB lineage 2 (n = 52) isolates in northeast whereas there was a mixed representation of lineage 1 (n = 30) & lineage 3 (n = 11) in Odisha. The MDR TB isolates from Sikkim posed a high rate of fluoroquinolone resistance and pairwise SNV distances(≤10) showed evidence of local transmission in the region. We observed occurrence of genetic variations in genes associated with bedaquiline and delamanid resistance.Conclusion Our findings show the diversity of M. tuberculosis vary across the eastern regions, in north eastern states lineage 2 has a dominant presence were as lineage 1 and 3 has mixed representation in Odisha. The high prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in north eastern region associated with variations in gyrA gene and local transmission.
Evaluation of methods for leaching heavy metals regarding environmental and economic factors
Authors: Król Anna , Jurczyk-Bunkowska Magdalena , Mizerna Kamila
Published: April 2023

The paper presents a specific model used for the assessment and selection of the method of heavy metals leaching from waste materials. A recommendation for the rational selection of leachability method was made, taking into account the crucial parameters affecting the leaching process derived from the authors' research experience. The assessment models were supplemented with characteristics relating to the cost and time required to perform the tests. An approach was developed that makes the weights of the assessment criteria dependent on the degree of environmental risk from particular heavy metals and waste types. Using multiple-criteria decision analysis four models were developed for the assessment and selection of a test method for the leaching of heavy metals from waste, differing in the way in which the weights of the assessment criteria depend on the potential threat the waste poses to the environment. A key element of the proposed approach is assigning the weights of the criterion to the toxicity of the heavy metal and the kind of wastes and their management scenario. The results obtained indicate that the current practice of only imposing a batch leaching test is inappropriate. The choice of method should be justified in terms of environmental safety and reasonable in terms of time and costs. The results of the paper indicate the possibility of using the proposed model in practice as a recommendation for the method for heavy metals leaching from waste materials and their further treatment in accordance with the principles of sustainable waste management.
WITHDRAWN: Lithological Variations over the Last Two Millennia within the Sedimentary Fillings of El- Guettiate in South East Tunisia: The Holocene Cyclostratigraphy
Authors: Bouabid Najia , Sra Feyda , Dutton Jarred , Tagorti Mohamed Ali
Published: April 2023

The Holocene sedimentary record of the Sebkha El Guettiate is located on the southern coast of Skhira, Gulf of Gabès in Tunisia. The cyclostratigraphic study depends on the idea that important segments of the stratigraphic record have recognizably encoded the orbital armature, periodic variations of the terrestrial insolation (Milankovitch cycles). It is a specific method of stratigraphy which studies the succession of different geological strata based on the results of climatology, astronomy and mathematical techniques. Holocene cyclostratigraphy is related to solar activity and other oceanographic and astronomical factors. This study aimed to test the climatic cyclicity along a core of Sebkha El-Guettiate located along the Mediterranean coast in Tunisia, by focusing on the study of the particle size distribution, in particular the variability of the sandy and silty fractions. Based on the dating of Zaibi et al. (2011) they were estimated to cover the last millennia with a sedimentation rate of 0.32 mm/year. This rate accepts the preparation of a depth-age model to perform the spectral analysis.Our analysis found cycles of ≈ 2000, ≈ 1600, 1300, 1000, 800, 595, 324 and 166 years. The 2000 year and 1000 year cycles are related to solar activity. The 1600 years cycle is likely related to internal forcing of the Atlantic Ocean. The 1300-year and 800-year cycles are probably related to the thermohaline circulation of the oceans. However, the other cycles of 600 years 324 years and 166 years are probably related to other oceanographic and atmospheric factors.
Diagnostic efficacy of Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay in patients with hematological malignancies: a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Alhan Ozlem , Saba Rabin , Akalin Emin Halis , Ener Beyza , Yuce Zeynep Ture , Deveci Burak , Guncu Mehmet Mucahit , Kahveci Huseyin Nadir , Yilmaz Asu Fergun , Odabasi Zekaver
Published: April 2023

Background: A rapid and reliable diagnostic test is needed to reduce mortality through early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in patients with hematological malignancies.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay (GM-LFA) in IA diagnosis and determine the correlation of GM-LFA with GM enzyme immunoassay (GM-EIA) in patients with hematological malignancies.
Methods: In this prospective multicenter study, we used serum and BAL fluid samples from patients with hematological malignancies and suspected IA and performed GM-LFA and GM-EIA. According to the EORTC/MSGERC criteria, patients were grouped as proven (n=6), probable (n=22), possible IA (n=55), or no IA (n=88). The performance of serum GM-LFA at 0.5 optical density index (ODI) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Spearman’s correlation analysis and kappa statistics were performed to determine the agreement between the tests.
Results: GM-LFA showed an AUC of 0.832 in proven/probable IA (sensitivity [SEN], specificity [SPE], negative predictive value [NPV], and diagnostic accuracy were 75%, 100%, 92.6%, and 93.9%, respectively, at a 0.5 ODI) versus that in no IA. A moderate positive correlation was noted between the GM-LFA and GM-EIA scores (p=0.01). The observed agreement between the tests at 0.5 ODI was almost perfect (p<0.001). After excluding patients who received mold-active antifungal prophylaxis or treatment, the SEN, SPE, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy for proven/probable IA were 76.2%, 100%, 93.3%, and 94.5%, respectively.
Conclusions: Serum GM-LFA demonstrated high discriminatory power and good diagnostic performance for IA in patients with hematological malignancies.
Boosting-based machine learning approaches for diabetes prediction using Indian demographic and health survey-2021 data
Authors: Thotad Puneeth N , Bharamagoudar Geeta R. , Kallur Shanta S
Published: April 2023

This study examines the effectiveness of boosting-based machine learning classifiers in identifying diabetes in the Indian population. Traditional diagnostic methods for diabetes are time-consuming and prone to errors, and computer-aided diagnostic techniques can improve performance and reduce costs. The study analyzes data from the Indian Demographic and Health Survey 2021, focusing on women aged 19–49 who tested positive for diabetes. The dataset includes clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical components, and 12,103 positive responders was considered. The study adopts predictive exploration-based boosting machine learning models, including adaptive boosting, categorical boosting, extreme gradient boosting, gradient boosting, and light gradient boosting models. Feature extraction is performed using kernel principal component analysis. The extreme gradient boosting model performs well on the dataset, with accuracy, f1-score, precision, and recall values of 81% and 83%, 81% and 82%, 81% and 88%, and 81% and 76%, respectively, before and after applying kernel principal component analysis. Adaptive boosting performs poorly, while categorical, gradient, and light gradient boosting models perform moderately. The study achieves maximum accuracy, precision, the area under the curve, and recall.
Misophonia in Children and Adolescents: Age Differences, Risk Factors, Psychiatric and Psychological Correlates. A Pilot Study With Mothers’ Involvement
Authors: Siepsiak Marta , Turek Anna , Michałowska Magdalena , Gambin Małgorzata , Dragan Wojciesz
Published: April 2023

Misophonia is a debilitating disorder characterized by decreased sound tolerance. While it typically begins in childhood, research on its characteristics in this population is limited. We assessed 90 children aged 7–18 with and without misophonia, along with their mothers, using interviews, questionnaires, and performance-based tests. Younger children with misophonia were more likely to use aggression in response to triggers than older, while adolescents largely reported self-harm during triggers. Children with misophonia did not differ from their peers in terms of ADHD, ODD, ASD, dyslexia, social and emotional competencies, head injuries, epilepsy, tinnitus, being prematurely born, or delivered via cesarean sections. However, they had significantly higher symptoms of anxiety and depression, more frequent occurrences of OCD, migraines, and psychosomatic complaints. Their mothers self-reported postpartum depression significantly more frequently than mothers in the control group. There is a need for further research on pediatric misophonia, with the involvement and assessment of parents.
Age-related change in cortical thickness in adolescents at clinical-high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal study
Authors: Fortea Adriana , Eijndhoven Philip van , Calvet-Mirabent Angels , Ilzarbe Daniel , Batalla Albert , Serna Elena de la , Puig Olga , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Dolz Montserrat , Tor Jordina , Parrilla Sara , Via Esther , Stephan-Otto Christian , Baeza Inmaculada , Sugranyes Gisela
Published: April 2023

Progression to psychosis has been associated with increased cortical thinning in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes in individuals at clinical high-risk for the disease (CHR-P). The timing and spatial extent of these changes are thought to be influenced by age. However, most evidence so far stems from adult samples. Longitudinal studies are essential to understanding the neuroanatomical changes associated to transition to psychosis during adolescence, and their relationship with age. We conducted a longitudinal, multicentre study including adolescents at CHR-P and healthy controls (HC), aged 10–17 years. Structural images were acquired at baseline and at 18-month follow-up. Images were processed with the longitudinal pipeline in FreeSurfer. We used a longitudinal two-stage model to compute the regional cortical thickness (CT) change, and analyse between-group differences controlling for age, sex and scan, and corrected for multiple comparisons. Linear regression was used to study the effect of age at baseline. A total of 103 individuals (49 CHR-P and 54 HC) were included in the analysis. During follow-up, the 13 CHR-P participants who transitioned to psychosis exhibited greater CT decrease over time in the right parietal cortex compared to those who did not transition to psychosis and to HC. Age at baseline correlated with longitudinal changes in CT, with younger individuals showing greater cortical thinning in this region. The emergence of psychosis during early adolescence may have an impact on typical neuromaturational processes. This study provides new insights on the cortical changes taking place prior to illness onset.
Antibacterial peptide PMAP-37(F34-R), expressed in Pichia pastoris, is effective against pathogenic bacteria and preserves plums
Authors: Dong Chunming , Xu Lijun , Lu Weitao , Li Mengru , Zhang Rui , Liu Jian , Sun Yanyan , Chu Xinlei
Published: April 2023

Background Recently, researchers have focused on the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides are small bioactive peptides that regulate immune activation and have antibacterial activity with a reduced risk of bacterial resistance. Porcine myeloid antibacterial peptide 37 (PMAP-37) is a small-molecule peptide with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity isolated from pig bone marrow, and PMAP-37(F34-R) is its analogue. In this study, PMAP-37(F34-R) was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant peptide was further investigated for its antibacterial properties, mechanism and preservative in plums.Results To obtain a Pichia pastoris strain expressing PMAP-37(F34-R), we constructed a plasmid expressing recombinant PMAP-37(F34-R) (pPICZα-PMAP-37(F34-R)-A) and introduced it into Pichia pastoris. Finally, we obtained a highly active recombinant peptide, PMAP-37(F34-R), which inhibited the activity of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration is 0.12–0.24 µg/mL, and it can destroy the integrity of the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis. It has good stability and is not easily affected by the external environment. Moreover, hemolysis experiments showed that PMAP-37(F34-R) had a low hemolytic ability against mammalian cells. Additionally, PMAP-37(F34-R) showed a good preservative effect in plums. The decay and weight loss rates of the treated samples were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the respiratory intensity of the fruit was delayed in the experimental group.Conclusions In this study, we constructed a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain, which is a promising candidate for extending the shelf life of fruits and has potential applications in the development of new preservatives.
Being a Child with ADHD, and Parent of them during the Pandemic Period
Authors: Çimen İrem Damla , Erark Müjdat , Gündoğdu Özlem Yıldız , Annaç Nefise , Özboduroğlu Akın Altuğ
Published: April 2023

Although genetics is an important factor in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), psychosocial factors such as parental attitudes, changes in environment and order are also known to be important in determining severity and prognosis. During the pandemic and lockdown periods, the daily routines and habits of families and children changed significantly. It was aimed to evaluate the mental status and parent-child relationship of parents with children diagnosed with ADHD during the lockdown in Turkey. It also aimed to examine the relationship between these variables and the change in ADHD symptom severity in children. The study included 92 children/adolescents aged 6–18 years who were referred to the child psychiatry department. Parents were given a socio-demographic form, the Turgay scale, the parent-child relationship scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). There was a significant increase in the severity of ADHD dominant type and conduct disorder (CD) symptom severity in the group who spent their free time on the Internet, the increase in symptom severity was significant with the change in caregivers, and in children whose parents left their jobs. A significant positive correlation was found between all subscales of the BSI and ADHD subtypes, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and CD symptom severity. A positive correlation was found between a negative parent-child relationship and ADHD subtypes, ODD and CD symptom severity. It is believed that the results of the study will be useful in approaching children diagnosed with ADHD in case the pandemic intensifies again or restrictions are required for various reasons.
Molecular epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Foxes and Raccoon dogs in the Henan and Hebei Provinces
Authors: Chen Minghui , Wang Haidong , Li Xinmiao , Guo Yunan , Lu Ying , Zheng Liping , Liang Guoqing , Sui Yuzhen , Wang Bukang , Dai Hongyu , Dong Haiju , Zhang Longxian
Published: April 2023

Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen widely distributed in animals and humans. It can cause diarrhea and even death in immunocompromised hosts. Approximately 600 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes have been identified in E. bieneusi. E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs are known to have zoonotic potential. However, there are only a few studies about E. bieneusi genotype identification and epidemiological survey in foxes and raccoon dogs in Henan and Hebei province. Thus, the present study investigated the infection rates and genotypes of E. bieneusi in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs in the Henan and Hebei provinces.Result A total of 704 and 884 fecal specimens were collected from foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively. Nested PCR was conducted based on ITS of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and then multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted to analyze the genotypes. The result showed that infection rates of E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs were 18.32% and 5.54%, respectively. Ten E. bieneusi genotypes with zoonotic potential ( NCF2, NCF3, D, EbpC, CHN-DC1, SCF2, CHN-F1, Type IV, BEB4, and BEB6) were identified in foxes and raccoon dogs. Totally 178 ITS-positive DNA specimens were identified from foxes and raccoon dogs and these specimens were then subjected to MLST analysis. In the MLST analysis, 12, 2, 7 and 8 genotypes were identified in at the mini-/ micro-satellite loci MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7, respectively. A total of 14 multilocus genotypes were generated using ClustalX 2.1 software. Overall, the present study evaluated the infection of E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs in Henan and Hebei province, and investigated the zoonotic potential of the E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs.Conclusions These findings expand the geographic distribution information of E. bieneusi’ host in China and was helpful in preventing against the infection of E. bieneusi with zoonotic potential in foxes and raccoon dogs.
Network Coding Construction for a Special Class of Three Unicast Sessions
Authors: Baoxing PU
Published: April 2023

For a special class of three unicast sessions, in which the maximum flow from each sender to each receiver is the same positive integer k, a network coding approach is proposed. A multigeneration mixed strategy, in which (2×n + 1) consecutive generations are taken as a mixed set, is adopted. The precoding strategy is adopted at the senders, random linear network coding technology is adopted at intermediate nodes to transmit data, and interference alignment technology is used at the receivers to eliminate some interference information. The proposed approach can construct a network coding data transmission scheme, in which the transmission rate vector of the senders is [(n + 1)×k/(2×n + 1), n×k/(2×n + 1), n×k/(2×n + 1)]. The feasibility of the proposed approach is mathematically deduced and proven, and the simulation results verify the conclusions of the theoretical analysis.
Effects of Nitrogen Starvation on Growth and Biochemical Composition of Some Microalgae Species
Authors: ŞİRİN Pınar AKDOĞAN , SERDAR Serpil
Published: April 2023

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient sources for the growth of microalgae. We studied the effects of nitrogen starvation on the growth responses, biochemical composition and fatty acid profile ofDunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutumandNannochloropsis oculata. The lack of nitrogen caused changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid and fatty acid composition in all examined microalgae. The carbohydrate content increased 59% inD. tertiolecta, while the lipid level increased 139% inP. tricornutumunder nitrogen stress conditions. Nitrogen starvation increased the oligosaccharide and polysaccharide contents ofD. tertiolecta4.18-fold and 3.77-fold, respectively. Furthermore, triacylglycerol (TAG) levels inN. oculataandP. tricornutumincreased 2.3-fold and 7.4-fold, respectively. The dramatic increase in the amount of TAG is important for the use of these microalgae as raw materials in biodiesel. Nitrogen starvation increased the amounts of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides ofD. tertiolecta, while increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) inN. oculataand docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content inP. tricornutum. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA, DHA, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in microalgal species can be increased without using the too costly nitrogen source in the culture conditions, which can reduce the most costly of living feeding.
Study on Measurement Method of Three-dimensional Position of Unlabeled Microspheres under Bright Background
Authors: Xu Ke , Wang Bingge
Published: April 2023

Using computer vision technology to obtain the position and trajectory data of particle probe microspheres from microscope images has important significance and value in the molecular field. However, most of the existing microsphere measurement methods are based on transmission, which can only be measured under transparent samples and substrates, are not suitable for the application scenario of living cell measurement. In this paper, a method based on reflectivity imaging is proposed to measure the three-dimensional position of the dark microspheres in the bright field. Based on the outermost ring radius method, the relationship between the inner ring radius of the microsphere spot and the out-of-focus distance was explored to measure the coordinates in the Z direction. Cardiomyocytes were combined with 10um size silica microspheres. Experiments show that in a bright field with high perturbation environment, it can achieve high precision measurement of dark microspheres and achieve three-dimensional position measurement with accuracy of 50nm in XY direction and 100nm in Z direction.
Circularly Polarized Tunable Graphene-Dielectric Resonator Based Hybrid MIMO Radiator with Multidirectional Pattern Diversity for THz Application
Authors: Yadav Kumar Saurabh , Bharti Gagandeep , Verma Sudhanshu
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a four port graphene-dielectric resonator based MIMO radiator is structured and examined. The exclusive properties of designed radiating structure are: (i) designed aperture creates the circularly polarized (CP) waves in between 2.49-2.75 THz; (ii) proposed multiport aerial is structured so that every port is radiated in different direction; and (iii) change in the chemical potential of graphene creates the reconfigurable property in the designed antenna. The proposed antenna design works well in between 2.46-2.87 THz with the isolation level approx. 15 dB among antenna ports. Radiator gain is about 4.5 dBi within the working band. The proposed antenna has stable far-field characteristics and decent value of MIMO parameter. All these features make the designed radiator employable for wireless communication system at THz frequency.
Association between diastolic blood pressure during the first 24 hours and 28 day mortality in patients with septic shock: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Gao Zhiwei , Li Cong , Chen Hui , Chen Dongyu , Ma ShaoLei , Xie Jianfeng , Wu Changde , Liu Ling , Yang Yi
Published: April 2023

Background: Although the mean arterial pressure (MAP) target of 65mmHg was achieved, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was still low in some septic shock patients. The effects of DBP on the prognosis and optimal target for patients with septic shock remains unknown. We sought to investigate the relationship between DBP and mortality at 28 days in septic shock patients.
Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we obtained data from the Chinese Database in Intensive Care (CDIC). We included patients with an admission diagnosis of septic shock and shock was controlled. DBP was measured every 1 hour, and the mean DBP during the first 24h (mDBP24h) was recorded. The primary outcome was mortality at 28 days. Multivariable logistic regression determined the relationship between mDBP24h and mortality at 28 days.
Results: In total, 1251 patients were finally included. The 28 day mortality of included septic shock patients was 28.3%. The mDBP24h, not mSBP24h,was higher among 28 day survivors compared with non-survivors. 28 day mortality was inversely associated with mDBP24h (unadjusted OR 0.814 per 10mmHg higher mDBP24h, p=0.003), with a stepwise increase in 28 day mortality at lower mDBP24h. The 28 day mortality of patients with mDBP24h <59 mmHg had an absolute risk reduction of 9.4% (p=0.001). And mDBP24h<59mmHg was the remaining high risk factor inversely associated with 28 day mortality after multivariable adjustment (adjusted OR 1.915, 95% CI 1.037-3.536, p=0.038), while mMAP24h and mSBP24h were not.
Conclusion: In patients with septic shock after initial resuscitation, we observed an inverse relationship between mDBP24h and 28 day mortality. The poor outcomes in patients with mDBP24h<59mmHg provide indirect evidence supporting a further DBP goal of 59 mmHg for patients with septic shock after MAP of 65mmHg was achieved.
The acetyltransferase BmCBP can catalyze the acetylation modification of BmSP3 and affect its protein expression in silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Zu Guowei , Sun Zihan , Chen Yanmei , Geng Jiasheng , Lv Jiao , You Zhengying , Jiang Caiying , Sheng Qing , Nie Zuoming
Published: April 2023

Protein acetylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) that widely exists in organisms. As a reversible PTM, acetylation modification can regulate the function of proteins with extremely high efficiency. In the previous study, the acetylation sites of silkworm proteins were identified on a large scale by nano-HPLC/MS/MS (nanoscale high performance liquid chromatography-tandem secondary mass spectrometry), and a total of 11 acetylation sites were discovered on Bombyx mori nutrient-storage protein SP3 (BmSP3). In this study, the acetylation of BmSP3 was further verified by immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting. Then, it was confirmed that acetylation could up-regulate the expression of BmSP3 by improving its protein stability in BmN cells. Co-IP and RNAi experiments showed acetyltransferase BmCBP could bind to BmSP3 and catalyze its acetylation modification, then regulate the expression of BmSP3. Furthermore, the knock-down of BmCBP could improve the ubiquitination level of BmSP3. Both acetylation and ubiquitination occur on the side chain of lysine residues, therefore, we speculated that the acetylation of BmSP3 catalyzed by BmCBP could competitively inhibit its ubiquitination modification and improve its protein stability by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation pathway, and thereby increase the expression and intracellular accumulation. This conclusion provides a new functional basis for the extensive involvement of acetylation in the regulation of nutrient storage and utilization in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Beam-steering of THz MIMO Antenna using Graphene-based Intelligent Reflective Surface
Authors: Das Priyanka
Published: April 2023

In this work, beam-steering in THz MIMO antennas has been demonstrated using two different types of graphene-based intelligent reflective surface (IRS). Equivalent circuit models of IRS unit cells have been proposed for demonstrating their reflection characteristics. Two types of microstrip patch-based THz MIMO in side-by-side configuration and orthogonal configuration have been designed. Band-stop FSS has been employed to reduce the mutual coupling of MIMO antennas which are arranged in side-by-side configuration. The MIMO antennas have been integrated with graphene-based IRS for simultaneous steering of four beams radiated by the antenna elements. The reflectivity of the IRS relies on the conductivity of graphene which can be modified by changing its bias voltage. A digital 1-bit coded metasurface has been designed using graphene-based intelligent reflective surface (IRS). By varying the bias voltage on the graphene-based unit cells, the pattern of the digital code is modified on the IRS, which causes beam-steering of MIMO antennas placed above it. Gain improvement of 4 dB takes place when the IRS behaves as an AMC for the MIMO in linear configuration. Maximum gain improvement of 9 dB is obtained for the IRS integrated MIMO in orthogonal configuration. Numerical simulations using finite integration technique have been performed for illustrating the rotation of beam in MIMO antennas.
A New Control Method for the Steadiness of Electric Vehicles with 2-Motor in Rear and Front Wheels
Authors: Mousaei Arash , Peng Huei
Published: April 2023

In this article, a new control method is proposed for the stability of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) with 2-motor wheels. This control method provides an optimized limit for the torque levels that produced by the front and rear motors, proportional to the road surface condition, to prevent the vehicle from slipping. In addition, a fuzzy logic-based braking system is proposed to improve vehicle performance during deceleration. The vehicle is described by the model with three degrees of freedom, which provide good accuracy. The tires are modeled according to the magic formula. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulations were performed in the ©MATLAB. The conclusions show that the proposed control method can well maintain the steadiness of the EV on dry and slippery roads when driving straight, accelerating or decelerating, and turning. This will prevent the vehicle from slipping and locking the wheels.
Current control of EAST Fast Control Power Supply Based on Improved Grey Prediction Variable Gain PI
Authors: Chen Zhao , Huang Haihong , Wang Haixin
Published: April 2023

The primary performance index of the fast control power supply in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is to quickly track the reference current signal, realize the excitation of the load coil with the output current, and feedback control the vertical displacement of the plasma. The current on the load coil of EAST fast control power supply is affected by various uncertain environmental factors, making it difficult to establish a standard mathematical model for prediction. Accurate object model is not required in grey prediction, and only a small amount of known information is needed to achieve short-term prediction of output current. Grey prediction has been studied and applied in EAST fast control power supply to some extent. To further improve prediction accuracy and accelerate output current response speed, an improved grey prediction algorithm is proposed to achieve output current prediction. Considering the control delay in digital control, the output current of the next period is predicted using the sampled original sequence. Following the principle of new information priority, an original sequence transformation operator is proposed to weight new information. The predicted output current in the next period is added to the original sequence while removing the oldest original sequence, to achieve rolling prediction of the output current in the next two periods. The control value of the output current is loaded one switching period in advance, further improving prediction accuracy while compensating for control delay. The output gain of proportional integral (PI) control is adaptively adjusted based on the error between the predicted current and the reference current, and the improved grey prediction variable gain PI control achieves fast and accurate control of the output current. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control method has high prediction accuracy. Compared to traditional PI control and grey prediction control, the proposed control method can effectively improve the output current response speed.
SARS-Cov2 seasonality and adaptation are driven by solar activity.
Authors: Gonzalez-Lugo Octavio
Published: April 2023

Since its isolation in Wuhan SARS-Cov2 showed a high mutation rate hindering the ability to properly characterize. Also as a consequence of its size, traditional sequence analysis methods were computationally constrained. However, applying variational autoencoders (VAEs) to a custom sequence representation results in a series of clusters sorted by the sunshine duration (SD) rate of change (SDRC). The transition between clusters is characterized by changes in viral genome size, apparent deletions can be found throughout the SARS-Cov2 genome. This series of deletions might behave as an internal clock inside the genome. Using SD-derived features as a time scale results in synchronizing COVID-19 cases into a single period. Both SD-derived features and solar features correlate with COVID-19 cases, except for wavelengths at the SWIR band, pointing towards a solar-dependent seasonality. Further development of analysis techniques will help us to better understand the seasonality and adaptation of pathogenic organisms.
A new predictive model for the time of cardiac arrest in in-ICU palliative care patients: a single center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Takaki Shunsuke
Published: April 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for the time of cardiac arrest in the palliative care setting in the intensive care unit.
Design: We retrospectively collected patients’ data in intensive care unit between 2010 and 2016. Vital signs were collected until cardiac arrest occurred and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was continuously recorded when it was less than 80 mmHg. We hypothesized that a breakdown of the autonomic nervous system was associated with the time of cardiac arrest. We aimed develop predictive model for determine a time at 120 minutes before cardiac arrest. We used the shock index (SI) defined as heart rate divided by SBP as the ratio variable to identify an end-of-life phase.
Results: A total of 4,330 patients were admitted to the ICU and 19 patients out of them were included to this study. We developed a prediction model by using SI and SBP: predicted SI = 0.995 + (6.931 – 0.995) e -0.035 x SBP with AUC 0.650 (0.512 to 0.788). The disparity between the actual and predicted heart rate was -10 bpm (49.9%, sensitivity; 75.8%, specificity; and likelihood ratio, 2.06). In the validation set, sensitivity was 52.7%, specificity was 79.8%, positive predictive value was 35.7%, negative predictive value was 88.8%, and likelihood ratio was 2.61.
Conclusion: Our new prediction model estimates the time to death 120 minutes before cardiac arrest occurs based on the information of fluctuation of shock index.
Innovation in Regulatory Science: Metrics for Evaluation of Regulatory Science Claims Based on Best Available Regulatory Science
Authors: Moghissi A. Alan , Calderone Richard A. , McBride Dennis K. , Jaeger Lisa
Published: April 2023

This paper describes the historical evolution of the Best Available Science concept leading to Best Available Regulatory Science (BARS) and Metrics for Evaluation of Regulatory Science Claims (MERSC). The paper identified five BARS Principles consisting of Open-mindedness, Skepticism, Scientific Rules, Ethical Rules, and Reproducibility. These Principles lead to three pillars. The pillar of Standardization consists of Proven Science (scientific laws and their applications); Evolving Science, consisting of Reproducible, Partially Reproducible, Association Based, Hypothesized Evolving Science; Borderline Science (Judgement and Speculation); and Fallacious Information. The pillar of Reliability includes Personal Opinions, Gray Literature, Peer-reviewed, and Consensus-processed Science. The final pillar describes areas Outside the Purview of Science, implying that societal objectives, ideology, or any other non-scientific issue are not science but policies. The separation of science from non-scientific issues and processes is a key element of regulatory science.https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v05n01p050 (DOI assigned 4/17/2019)
Chemical Characterization of Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco, L) Seed Oil and Seeds
Authors: De Aguiar Thais Medeiros , Luo Rensheng , Mello Andréa Almeida , Azevedo-Meleiro Cristiane Hess , Sabaa-Srur Armando Ubirajara Oliveira , Tran Kevin , Smith Robert E.
Published: April 2023

Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco, L) fruits contains seeds that can produce an edible oil. The goals of this study were to measure the physical chemical properties of the seeds and seed oil and to analyze the oil by 1H and 13C{1H}-NMR to identify the types of fats, as well as the whole seeds by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) linked to atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to quantify the metals. In addition, the fatty acyl composition of the oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC) after hydrolyzing the triacylglycerides in the oil and esterifying the fatty acids produced. The density, refractive index, iodine index and saponification number for cocoplum seed oil were 0.9278 g•mL-1, 1.508, 107 gI2•100 g-1 and 180 mg KOH•g-1, respectively. The seeds contained potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper at concentrations of 340, 93.4, 30, 173, 2.9, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.67 mg•g-1, respectively. They also contained 24.9 g•100 g-1 of total carbohydrates. This included 19.8 and 0.07 g•100 g-1 of insoluble and soluble fiber. The seed oil was found to contain triacylglycerides with a large amount of unsaturated fats, including conjugated linoleic fatty acyls. GC analysis of the hydrolyzed fats indicated the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids in the hydrolysate.https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v05n02p015 (DOI assigned 3/11/2019)
Histopathology Peer Review for Nonclinical Studies -- GLP Processes and Conditions
Authors: Settiagounder Natesan
Published: April 2023

Conduct of nonclinical studies in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) for safety assessment of products is mandated and monitored by multiple regulatory agencies globally. Histopathology examination of slides from any pivotal toxicology study is a critical phase performed by a study pathologist, who contributes substantially to the outcome and conclusions toward judging a product for further development, authorization or licensing. Considering such examination is scientific yet subjective based on study pathologist’s experience and expertise, the practice/expectation has been to subject at least a subset of slides for peer review by another pathologist, despite absence of regulatory need. Diverse practices and controversies around the peer review process, documentation, and reporting have continued for over three decades. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidance on GLP requirements for peer review of histopathology (OECD, 2014) provided a concise account; nevertheless, dissension persists [20]. The United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Proposed Rule 2016 (21 CFR Part 58) brings GLP quality system framework, consistency with the OECD and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements, and inclusion in the study protocol of procedures to be followed when a study includes peer review of any phase [1]. This paper goes critically between the lines of GLP definitions, expectations, processes and conditions focusing purely on GLP compliance to peer review process across stakeholders globally.https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v05n02p056 (DOI assigned 3/11/2019)
Knowledge and Perceptions of FDA Tobacco Regulation among U.S. Adults in 2015
Authors: Yingst Jessica , Veldheer Susan , Foulds Jonathan
Published: April 2023

Introduction: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is interested in understanding the factors which influence knowledge and perceptions of the FDA as a credible source for information related to tobacco products. This study examined knowledge and beliefs about FDA regulation of tobacco products among U.S. adults in 2015.Methods: Data was obtained from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) Wave 5 collected from May to September 2015. Respondents (US adults) reported demographic characteristics, ever tobacco product use, knowledge of FDA tobacco product regulation, and their perception of the FDA’s qualification to regulate tobacco. T-tests and chi-square analysis was conducted to determine differences between respondents who believe the FDA was qualified to regulate tobacco products and those who do not. Logistic regression was run to determine factors associated with believing the FDA is qualified to regulate tobacco.Results: 47.5% of US adults reported knowing that the FDA regulates tobacco products and 65.7% believed that the FDA was qualified to regulate them. Significant predictors of believing the FDA is qualified to regulate tobacco products included having a college degree, never trying an e-cig, and knowing that the FDA regulates tobacco products in the US.  Conclusions: Five years after FDA was given regulatory authority for tobacco products, less than half of U.S. adults know that FDA regulates tobacco, and two thirds believe FDA is well qualified to do so. Those with less education and those willing to try new products like e-cigs were the least likely to believe that the FDA was qualified to regulate tobacco.https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v06n01p015 (DOI assigned 1/24/2019)
Evolution of Directive (EC) No 128/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for Community Action to Achieve the Sustainable Use of Pesticides
Authors: Marchand Patrice A. , Robin Diane
Published: April 2023

The EC Directive No 128/2009 established a regulatory framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides (phytopharmaceuticals) that entered into force in 2011. The Directive manages all aspect of pesticides approved under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 and listed in implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 outside the approval and approval procedure, including all relevant National Action Plans (NAP), training, sales of pesticides, information awareness-raising, pesticides storage, application and equipment (i.e. inspection of equipment in use), specific practices and uses (i.e. aerial spraying), indicators and reporting on pesticide uses. This study examines the evolution of these dispositions framing the use of pesticides in Europe and the recent implementation of the harmonized risk indicators (HRI), which are expected to diminish in numbers over time. Calculation of the annual HRI values, and analysis of their evolution through the years is, therefore, for the first time, a method to quantify the evolution of the theoretical impact of pesticides at the pan-European level and to measure the progress against the original purpose of the directive, and therefore, its success.
https://www.doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v07marchand
Allergy Risk Assessment for Newly Expressed Proteins (NEPs) in Genetically Modified (GM) Plants
Authors: McClain Scott , Herman Rod A. , Islamovic Emir , Ranjan Rakesh , Silvanovich Andre , Song Ping , Goodwin Laurie
Published: April 2023

Based on experience and scientific advancements over the past two decades, a revised approach for the assessment of the allergenic potential of newly expressed proteins (NEPs) in genetically modified (GM) plants is warranted. NEPs are most often not native to the crop genome, and thus regulatory reviews of the safety of GM plants include an assessment of the allergenic potential of NEPs. International standards for the assessment of allergenicity first developed in the mid-1990s required a series of characterization studies to be conducted that are, to some extent, still applicable today to the risk assessment of GM plants, with most modern versions represented in the Codex Alimentarius. This standardized guidance on allergenicity assessments, including the required characterization studies, presented two primary challenges. First, there was (and still is) no defined and accepted model (animal or in vitro) for directly testing allergy potential. Second, bioinformatic analyses were prescribed using thresholds for hazard identification that were neither universal for all allergens nor tested prior to the implementation of requirements into guidance documents. Herein, risk assessment principles are applied to structure the assessment of the allergenic potential of NEPs. This allergy risk assessment is built on a foundation of: 1) identifying hazard by assessing similarity to known allergens, and 2) assessing exposure when a hazard is identified. Supplementary studies such as IgE binding may need to be performed in special cases. These recommended revisions to current approaches to the assessment of allergy potential are designed to ensure a realistic, case-by-case approach, and consider updated molecular biology, genomics, and bioinformatic techniques that were unavailable when earlier allergy risk assessment approaches were established.

doi: 10.21423/jrs-v09i1mcclain
Toxicological Assessment of Newly Expressed Proteins (NEPs) in Genetically Modified (GM) Plants
Authors: Roper Jason , Lipscomb Elizabeth A. , Petrick Jay S. , Ranjan Rakesh , Sauve-Ciencewicki Alaina , Goodwin Laurie
Published: April 2023

This paper details the weight of evidence (WOE) and stepwise approaches used to assess the food and feed safety of newly expressed proteins (NEPs) in genetically modified (GM) plants, based on previously reported principles. The WOE approach is critical, as in a vast majority of cases no single assay or biochemical characteristic can identify a protein as a hazard. A stepwise approach is recommended to evaluate the safety of NEPs taking the totality of information into account. Potential triggers for the need for supplementary toxicology studies are discussed, and an alternative in vitro method for the acute toxicology study is proposed.

doi: 10.21423/jrs-v09i1roper
Has COVID-19 changed the future of pharmaceutical regulation?
Authors: Edwards Harriet
Published: April 2023

COVID-19, or SARS-CoV-2, has undoubtedly changed the world as we know it, affecting daily life, health, and economics to an unprecedented degree. Due to the widespread and devastating impact of this previously unknown virus, there has been a massive effort from the pharmaceutical industry to rapidly develop a vaccine to protect the population. As a consequence of the increasingly evolving threat of COVID-19, developers and regulators have had to respond accordingly, learning about the virus while attempting to develop and regulate treatments concurrently. As if this task was not complex enough, developers and regulators have had to face this challenge while simultaneously tackling arguably the largest widescale media attention and pressure that has ever been felt by the industry, with mainstream media, politicians, and the general public all having a vested interest in the development of the vaccines and an opinion on how they should be developed, distributed, and monitored. It is therefore a true testament to developers and regulators alike that many vaccines have already been authorized for use (or are about to be) in so many countries and territories across the world, in record time. However, this success brings many questions as to why other medicines have not been regulated at such speed before and whether the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have received ‘special treatment’, with many posing the question: ‘are these vaccines actually safe?’. One thing that is clear, at least to the industry, is that the incredible flexibility, pragmatism, and creativity of developers and regulators in their approach to authorizing the vaccines has, unequivocally, been a main contributor to the rapid availability of these novel vaccines. This article aims to examine whether COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has changed the future of regulation through identifying and discussing the notable regulatory milestones achieved over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic (to date), and critically analyzing the regulation of those successful vaccine candidates that have been authorized at the time of writing, while posing the ultimate question; has COVID-19 revolutionized the future of regulation of medicine development and authorization or are we simply responding to an unprecedented global pandemic?
https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v09i2edwards