bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding Silica Nanoparticles to Improve the Demulsification Process in a Crude Oil Central Processing Facility: A Techno-economic Analysis
Authors: Hassan Shireen , K. Abdalla Babiker , Mustafa Mustafa
Published: February 2022

In this study, a techno-economic evaluation of the use of silica nanoparticles to enhance the demulsification process in crude oil has been investigated. A software model has been developed in MS Excel of the central processing facility (CPF) treating Fula heavy crude oil in Balila, Sudan. A sensitivity analysis of key parameters on production cost and Net Present Value (NPV) has been carried out for different flowsheet selection options. Comparison of flowsheets on equal plant capacity basis results in a 19% reduction in the production cost, whereas comparison on fixed annual crude oil processing basis results in a reduction in production cost of only 3.7%.
Kalite Aktörlerinin Yükseköğretimde Sürdürülebilir Kaliteye İlişkin Görüşleri Üzerine Bir Durum Çalışması
Authors: Sipahi Mencet Didem , Akar Nuray
Published: February 2022

Bu araştırmada, Türkiye’deki bir kamu yükseköğretim kurumunun akredite akademik birimlerindeki aktörlerinin kalite, kalite güvence ve sürdürülebilir kaliteye ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel paradigma çerçevesinde betimsel durum çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Temel veri geliştirme aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, ele alınan devlet üniversitesinin hem kalite yönetim sistemi hem de akreditasyon belgesine sahip olan tıp ve turizm fakültelerindeki yönetsel, akademik ve idari düzeydeki kalite aktörlerinden oluşan 18 kişilik bir katılımcı grubundan sağlanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Yapılan içerik analizi sonucunda, yükseköğretimde kalitenin ne olduğuna yönelik birinci araştırma sorusu kapsamında; eğitim-öğretim, araştırma-geliştirme, yönetim ve idari süreçler ana temalarının öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Yükseköğretimde kalite güvencenin ne olduğuna yönelik ikinci araştırma sorusu kapsamında ise, kurumsal iç ve dış değerlendirme ana temaları oluşmuştur. Yükseköğretimde sürdürülebilir kalitenin ne olduğuna yönelik üçüncü araştırma sorusu kapsamında da kalite kültürünün içselleştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması ana teması ortaya çıkmıştır. Yükseköğretimde kalite, kalite güvence ve sürdürülebilir kaliteye ilişkin farkındalık oluşturulması ve söz konusu farkındalığın arttırılması ile üniversitelerde kalite kültürünün içselleştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılmasına ilişkin sonuçlarıyla bu araştırma; Türk yükseköğretim sisteminin geliştirilmesine yönelik niteliksel bulgular sunmaktadır.
Influence of Ionizing Radiation on the Allergic Reactivity of Tuberculosis-Infected Laboratory Animals
Authors: Kassich Volodymyr , Kasianenko Oksana , Zazharskyi Volodymyr , Yatsenko Ivan , Klishchova Zhanna
Published: February 2022

Allergic examination using PPD-tuberculins is the main method of life-time tuberculosis diagnostics in farm animals and poultry. However, it is known about a decrease in the diagnostic value of allergic reactions after irradiation of animals, the occurrence of non-specific, pseudo-allergic reactions. One of the reasons for the manifestation of non-specific reactions may be autosensitisation (autoallergisation) of the body by the breakdown products of personal tissues, which is especially pronounced with radiation damage. Ionizing radiation affects the manifestation of tuberculin sensitivity, the course of tuberculosis and autoimmune processes in the body. Differential diagnostics of non-specific tuberculin reactions remains not yet a fully solved problem, although there are many tests for its implementation. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a considerable number of animals remained in the adjacent territories contaminated with radioactive substances, including those infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria. It is known that irradiation leads to autosensitisation of the body by the breakdown products of its own tissues and the development of non-specific pseudoallergic reactions to heterologous allergens. Therefore, work was carried out to study the allergic reactivity of tuberculosis patients and laboratory animals sensitised with atypical mycobacteria irradiated with gamma radiation (200 guinea pigs). It was established that 14-60 days after infection with tuberculosis pathogens, 90-100% of cavies developed allergic reactions to PPD-tuberculin for mammals and poultry, mainly to a homologous allergen. Allergic reactivity persisted until 90 days of the study. After exposure to sublethal (non-lethal) doses of gamma rays, infected and intact cavies developed non-specific reactions to tuberculin and heterologous allergens: mallein and brucellin. In cavies uninfected with the causative agent of tuberculosis, 7 days after gamma radiation exposure, non-specific reactions to mycobacterial allergens were observed at a dose load of 200 R in 16.6%; 150 R – 5.3% in the group, and after 27 days in irradiated doses of 50 R and 100 R in 25% and 33% of the studied animals, respectively. Isolated reactions to brucellin and mallein occurred in animals infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and intact animals 60 days after irradiation with doses of 50 R, 100 R and 150 R. The manifestation of non-specific allergies in irradiated animals depended on the radiation dose rate and radiosensitivity of the animals
The Genesis of Financial Market Institutionalisation in Ukraine: An International Perspective
Authors: Sirenko Natalia , Baryshevska Inna , Melnyk Olha
Published: February 2022

The relevance of the article is due to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the latest processes in the global financial system, as well as a complex development of a methodological approach to its study. With the transition to digital technologies in the global financial market, in particular, when processing and storing data in electronic format, there is a change in the form of financial circulation, which can lead to a number of problems and risks. In this context, special attention should be paid to the international credit market and the international bond market, which are, in fact, circulating in cyberspace and are evolving through info-communication technologies. The purpose of this research is an in-depth analysis of the main globalisation processes of the world economy and their impact on the development of competition between exchange and over-the-counter trade. The study used general scientific methods of analysis, theoretical generalisation, and synthesis, as well as methods of mathematical, statistical, and economic analysis. According to the study of the dynamics of capitalisation of the global stock market, the authors of this article identified a trend towards dynamic growth in the use of alternative trading systems, which is a factor in the development of exchange and over-the-counter securities trading. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the directions of impacts of digitalisation on the global monetary and financial system, among which the positive and negative effects are considered in detail and substantiated. The negative effects of virtualisation of the global monetary and financial system are identified, as well as perspective directions of modification of the economic system and finance with the introduction of digital technologies are formulated. The information presented in this paper can be used to further consider the dynamics of stock market capitalisation in the world, as well as to develop methods to improve the efficiency of digitalisation of operating processes for individual enterprises and the global economy as a whole
Impacts of Climate Change on Mycorrhizal Fungi in Salt Marsh Habitats
Authors: McIntosh Cathilyn , Wimp Gina
Published: February 2022

Salt marshes are coastal wetlands that cover 2-3% of land surface area.1 These habitats carry out several essential functions such as providing habitats for many species, acting as a buffer between terrestrial land and ocean waters, and most importantly, acting as a major carbon (C) storage pool. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) symbionts are key organisms in salt marsh habitats and are known to influence the following: plant zonation, plant resource competition, plant productivity, plant genetic diversity, soil C sequestration, soil C:N:P ratios, saprotrophic bacterial population and diversity, soil stability, and litter decomposition. Under rapidly changing conditions caused by climate change it is difficult to predict how AMF communities will respond to these factors, which would ultimately alter those processes. In this review, we will outline the functions and roles that AMF communities play in salt marsh soils. Additionally, we will present current knowledge and predictions of how AMF will respond to rising sea levels, elevated CO₂ levels, and eutrophication. Lastly, we will outline our research design and methods which aims to identify soil fungal diversity and abundance in different grass patches. We will also look at several factors that potentially alter soil fungi such as edge-effects, elevation gradients, patch size, soil conductivity, pH, and soil stoichiometry. Studying soil fungi is essential for understanding how these communities are predicted to react to a changing climate, and consequently alter salt marsh processes.
The Impacts on Well-being of Undergraduate College Students Serving in a Resident Assistant Role
Authors: Nemecek Amanda , Crowell Nancy , Riley Joan
Published: February 2022

Resident Assistants (RAs) are an integral part of the residential experience at colleges and universities, but little attention has been paid to how the RA position impacts student workers. This study examines the effect of the RA position on the well-being of undergraduate students working in the RA role. Three surveys collecting anonymous data on student well-being using the Keyes Flourishing Scale were distributed over the course of the fall 2018 academic semester. The SF-12 Health Questionnaire, the Sarason Social Support Questionnaire, the Deakin Coping Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to collect further data. Analysis was performed on data from 16 student RAs who responded to all three surveys. This diminished sample size prevented statistically significant data, but trends in the data are still evident. Social support remained positively correlated with well-being over the course of the semester. At the end of the semester, mental health was positively correlated with well-being while perceived stress was negatively correlated with well-being. Moreover, RAs in upperclassmen dorms and those with greater prior RA experience had nonsignificant yet overall higher levels of well-being throughout the semester. Though correlations are present between the well-being of student RAs and other factors in their lives, more data are needed to prove significance and further determine the relations between these factors.
Relevansi Pendidikan Multikulturalisme Nabi Muhammad dalam Konteks Keindonesiaan : Spirit Profetik dalam Mengelola Keragaman di Basis Masyarakat Multikultural
Authors: Herawati Erna , Ningtias Ratih Kusuma , Habibie M Rudi
Published: February 2022

Tulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tentang pola Nabi Muhammad SAW dalam mengelola heterogenitas masyarakat Madinah secara toleran dan inklusif. Pada waktu yang bersamaan tulisan artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk me-landing-kan dan mengontekstualisasikan patronisme Nabi Muhammad dalam mengelola keragaman etnis budaya dan agama dalam konteks pendidikan agama di Indonesia.   Disisi lain, tulisan artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk mencari titik temu antara Pancasila dan nilai-nilai ajaran Nabi Muhammad tentang toleransi beragama dalam piagam madinah. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam tulisan artikel ini adalah studi kepustakaan yang menekankan analisis datanya pada beragam sumber literatur yang otoritatif. Ada beberapa temuan dalam tulisan artikel ini, yaitu: Pertama, posisi Nabi Muhammad sebagai kepala negara yang mampu menginisiasi lahirnya piagam Madinah justuru harus dilihat sebagai cikal bakal teoritis pendidikan multikulturalisme. Dalam rangka mewujudkan pendidikan multikulturalisme tersebut, Nabi Muhammad menjadikan teologi rahmatan lil ‘alamin sebagai bahan bakar kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik. Masyarakat Madinah yang plural diedukasi oleh Nabi Muhammad melalui nilai-nilai ajaran Islam yang universal. Keteladanan Nabi Muhammad dengan akhlaknya yang universal menjadi modal penting terwujudnya sikap toleransi dalam menyikapi multikulturalisme masyarakat Madinah.  Kedua, Indonesia sebagai negara yang terdiri dari berbagai varian ras, suku, agama dan budaya menjadi relevan untuk me-landing-kan nilai-nilai multikulturalisme tersebut. Ketiga, Pada waktu yang bersamaan  Pancasila yang dijadikan sebagai falsafah hidup bernegara oleh masyarakat Indonesia selaras dengan ajaran-ajaran tentang toleransi di tengah kehidupan multikulturalisme masyarakat Madinah. Keragaman agama, suku dan budaya mampu disulam dan dirajut secara harmoni melalui nilai-nilai Islam yang universal sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Pancasila.
Fostering Research Integrity in African Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Simiyu Patrobers , Buraimoh Elutunji , Davidson Innocent
Published: February 2022

African higher education institutions (HEIs) have been considering changing in the last twenty years. The realisation of knowledge synthesis as a critical driver for social-economic development, has led to countries promoting research in universities and related institutions of higher learning towards a knowledge-based economy. However, the increasing emphasis on HEIs' research productivity has raised questions of whether or not the parties involved in funding, conception, conducting, and review/reporting are upholding responsible conduct of research (RCR). Equally, concerns on adequate rules, regulations, and guidelines to foster research integrity (RI) amongst the research professionals prevail. In this paper, an in-depth understanding of the RI concept, and the strategies that the research fraternity in the African HEIs and policymakers use to foster RCR, are illuminated to address gaps that need to be filled. This is a new dawn for HEIs in Africa to strengthen their knowledge base by applying the best practices that are founded on high levels of RI to meaningfully inform, influence, and impact Africa's current and future development. This study provided a detailed literature investigation of the occurrences of irresponsible research conduct in Africa's HEIs, existing efforts to mitigate them, and the path forward to foster RCR. Unfortunately, Africa's HEIs have ineffective policies and structures in place to promote RI and research misconduct.
Pemilihan Jenis Musik Dalam Peribadatan Kristen
Authors: Firnando Krisna , Hermanto Yanto , Purnama Ferry
Published: February 2022

Abstrak
Musik dapat diartikan sebagai sebuah bahasa, yang dapat menyampaikan pesan-pesan tertentu kepada pendengarnya. Musik dapat dipergunakan untuk hal-hal positif, namun juga dapat dipergunakan untuk hal-hal yang negatif. Bahkan ada sebuah ungkapan yang mengatakan “musik adalah bahasa universal”, sebab memang musik bersifat netral. Dalam gereja sendiri, musik telah dipergunakan sejak jaman Alkitab dituliskan. Dalam perkembangannya, musik dalam ibadah semakin bervariasi, dan semakin kompleks. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh berkembangnya teknologi, dan semakin kreatifnya para musisi pada jaman ini. Di kalangan Kristen sendiri, ada pertentangan berkenaan dengan penggunaan musik yang bervariasi dalam ibadah. Tidak hanya itu, adanya penggunaan musik-musik tertentu untuk menyembah Setan, memberikan konotasi negative bagi penggunaan musik tertentu dalam ibadah Kristen. Stereotip yang melekat pada suatu jenis musik tersebut perlu disikapi dengan benar. Karenanya gereja perlu mengetahui aspek-aspek yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam memilih musik untuk peribadatannya.
Transmutasi, Satu Proses Lahirnya Genre Musik Baru; Studi Tentang Kelahiran Ansambel Musik Kolintang Kayu, Satu Genre Musik di Minahasa
Authors: Rumengan Perry , Hartati Dinar Sri
Published: February 2022

Artikel ini mendeskripsikan proses lahirnya ansambel Musik Kolintang kayu Minahasa sebagai jawaban atas masalah tentang asal muasal lahirnya musik Kolintang Minahasa. Melalui metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan Etnomusikologi lebih khusus sejarah yang menyangkut: latar belakang kontekstual yg mempengaruhi lahirnya, agen yg berperan, kapan dan di mana terjadinya, serta pendekatan musikologi dalam hal ini bukti organologis. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa ansambel Musik Kolintang kayu Minahasa terjadi melalui proses transmutasi yg dibuat oleh Lodewijk Supit Kaligis dari musik asal yakni genre Musik Keroncong Portugis pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Minahasa.
Investigations into the gas-phase photolysis and OH radical kinetics of nitrocatechols: implications of intramolecular interactions on their atmospheric behaviour
Authors: Roman Claudiu , Arsene Cecilia , Bejan Iustinian Gabriel , Olariu Romeo Iulian
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The Environmental Simulation Chamber made of Quartz from
the University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” (ESC-Q-UAIC), at Iasi, Romania, was
used to investigate the gas-phase reaction rate coefficients for four
nitrocatechols toward OH radicals under simulated atmospheric conditions.
Employing relative rate techniques at a temperature of 298 ± 2 K and a total air pressure of 1 atm, the obtained rate coefficients (in 10−12 cm3 s−1) were as follows: k3NCAT = (3.41 ± 0.37) for 3-nitrocatechol and k5M3NCAT = (5.55 ± 0.45) for 5-methyl-3-nitrocatechol at 365 nm, using CH3ONO photolysis as OH radicals source and dimethyl ether and cyclohexane as reference compounds, and k4NCAT = (1.27 ± 0.19) for 4-nitrocatechol and
k4M5NCAT = (0.92 ± 0.14) for 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol at 254 nm using H2O2 as OH radicals source and dimethyl ether and methanol as reference compounds. The photolysis rates in the actinic region, scaled to atmospheric relevant conditions by NO2 photolysis, were evaluated for 3-nitrocatechol and 5-methyl-3-nitrocatechol: J3NCAT = (3.06 ± 0.16) × 10−4 s−1 and J5M3NCAT = (2.14 ± 0.18) × 10−4 s−1, respectively. The photolysis rate constants at 254 nm were measured for 4-nitrocatechol and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol and the obtained values are J4NCAT = (6.7 ± 0.1) × 10−5 s−1 and J4M5NCAT = (3.2 ± 0.3) × 10−5 s−1. Considering the obtained
results, our study suggests that photolysis may be the main degradation
process for 3-nitrocatechol and 5-methyl-3-nitrocatechol in the atmosphere,
with a photolytic lifetime in the atmosphere of up to 2 h. Results are
discussed in terms of the reactivity of the four nitrocatechols under investigation
toward OH-radical-initiated oxidation and their structural features. The
rate coefficient values of the nitrocatechols are also compared with those
estimated from the structure-activity relationship for monocyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and assessed in relation to their gas-phase IR spectra.
Additional comparison with similar compounds is also presented, underlining
the implications toward possible degradation pathways and atmospheric
behaviour.
Tropospheric ozone retrieval by a combination of TROPOMI/S5P measurements with BASCOE assimilated data
Authors: Heue Klaus-Peter , Loyola Diego , Romahn Fabian , Zimmer Walter , Chabrillat Simon , Errera Quentin , Ziemke Jerry , Kramarova Natalya
Published: February 2022

Abstract. We present a new tropospheric ozone data set based on TROMOMI/Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) total ozone mea- surements combined stratospheric ozone data from the Belgian Assimilation System for Chemical ObsErvations (BASCOE). BASCOE is constrained by assimilating ozone observations from the microwave limb sounder (MLS). The tropospheric ozone algorithm is similar to the well established OMI-MLS or OMPS-MERRA-2 retrieval. Compared to this we gain spatial resolu- tion when applying the algorithm to TROPOMI data (5.5 × 3.5 km2) and extend these data record into the future. Compared to the OMPS-MERRA-2 data a mean positive bias of ≈ 3 DU is found. A small negative bias of about 2 DU is observed in the tropics relative to the operational TROPOMI tropospheric (S5P_O3_TCL) data based on the CCD algorithm. The new tropospheric ozone data (S5P-BASCOE) is compared to a set of globally distributed ozone sondes data integrated up to the tropopause level. For the comparison both the mean of the satellite observations around the sounding station and the closest column data are used. Depending on the latitude the S5P-BASCOE deviate from the sondes and between 0 and 5 DU, indicating a good agreement. However, some exceptional larger positive deviation up to ±10 DU are found. The monthly mean tropospheric column as well as time series for selected places showed the expected spatial and temporal pattern.
Growth rate rather than temperature affects the B∕Ca ratio in the calcareous red alga Lithothamnion corallioides
Authors: Piazza Giulia , Bracchi Valentina A. , Langone Antonio , Meroni Agostino N. , Basso Daniela
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The B/Ca ratio in calcareous marine species is
informative of past seawater CO32- concentrations, but scarce data
exist on B/Ca in coralline algae. Recent studies suggest influences of
temperature and growth rates on B/Ca, the effect of which could be critical
for the reconstructions of surface ocean pH and atmospheric pCO2. In
this paper, we present the first laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of Mg, Sr, Li, and B in
the coralline alga Lithothamnion corallioides collected from different geographic settings and depths
across the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean. We produced the
first data on putative temperature proxies (Mg/Ca, Li/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mg/Li) and
B/Ca in a coralline algal species grown in different basins from across the
photic zone (12, 40, 45, and 66 m depth). We tested the B/Ca
correlation with temperature proxies and growth rates in order to evaluate
their possible effect on B incorporation. Our results suggested a growth
rate influence on B/Ca, which was evident in the sample with the lowest growth rate of
0.10 mm yr−1 (Pontian Isl., Italy; 66 m depth) and in Elba (Italy; 45 m depth), where the algal growth rate was the highest (0.14 mm yr−1). At these
two sites, the measured B/Ca was the lowest at 462.8 ± 49.2 µmol mol−1 and the highest at 757.7 ± 75.5 µmol mol−1, respectively. A positive
correlation between B/Ca and temperature proxies was found only in the
shallowest sample from Morlaix (Atlantic coast of France; 12 m depth), where
the amplitude of temperature variation (ΔT) was the highest (8.9 ∘C). Still, fluctuations in B/Ca did not mirror yearly seasonal
temperature oscillations as for Mg/Ca, Li/Ca, and Sr/Ca. We concluded that
growth rates, triggered by the different ΔT and light availability
across depth, affect the B incorporation in L. corallioides.
How much do bacterial growth properties and biodegradable dissolved organic matter control water quality at low flow?
Authors: Hasanyar Masihullah , Romary Thomas , Wang Shuaitao , Flipo Nicolas
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Development of accurate water quality modeling tools is necessary for integrated water quality management of river systems. The existing water quality models can simulate dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration quite well during high flow and phytoplankton blooms in rivers; however, there are discrepancies during the summer low-flow season that are assumed to be due to the uncertainties related to the organic matter contribution of the model boundary conditions. Therefore, we used the C-RIVE biogeochemical model to evaluate the influence of controlling parameters on DO simulations at low flow. Three Sobol sensitivity analyses (SA) were carried out based on a coarse model pre-analysis whose target was to develop SA scenarios providing a reduction in the number of model parameters and computation cost as well as hiding inter-parameter interactions. The parameters studied are related to bacterial (e.g., bacterial growth rate), organic matter (OM; repartition and degradation of OM into constituent fractions), and physical factors (e.g., reoxygenation of the river due to navigation and wind), whose variation ranges are selected based on a detailed literature review. Bacterial growth and mortality rates are found to be by far the two most influential parameters, followed by bacterial growth yield. More refined SA results indicate that the biodegradable fraction of dissolved organic matter (BDOM) and the bacterial growth yield are the most influential parameters under conditions of a high net bacterial growth rate (= growth rate – mortality rate), while bacterial growth yield is independently dominant in low net growth situations. Based on the results of this study, proposals are made for in situ measurement of BDOM under a dense and well-equipped urban area water quality monitoring network that could provide high-frequency data. The results also indicate the need for bacterial community monitoring in order to detect potential bacterial community shifts after transient events such as combined sewer overflows and post-infrastructure improvement in treatment plants. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of BDOM in data assimilation software for better estimation of BDOM contribution from boundary conditions, which would result in improved water quality modeling.
A circulation-based performance atlas of the CMIP5 and 6 models for regional climate studies in the Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes
Authors: Brands Swen
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Global climate models are a keystone of modern climate research. In most applications relevant for decision making, they are assumed to provide a plausible range of possible future climate states. However, these models have not been originally developed to reproduce the regional-scale climate, which is where information is needed in practice. To overcome this dilemma, two general efforts have been made since their introduction in the late 1960s. First, the models themselves have been steadily improved in terms of physical and chemical processes, parametrization schemes, resolution and implemented climate system components, giving rise to the term “Earth system model”. Second, the global models' output has been refined at the regional scale using limited area models or statistical methods in what is known as dynamical or statistical downscaling. For both approaches, however, it is difficult to correct errors resulting from a wrong representation of the large-scale circulation in the global model. Dynamical downscaling also has a high computational demand and thus cannot be applied to all available global models in practice. On this background, there is an ongoing debate in the downscaling community on whether to thrive away from the “model democracy” paradigm towards a careful selection strategy based on the global models' capacity to reproduce key aspects of the observed climate. The present study attempts to be useful for such a selection by providing a performance assessment of the historical global model experiments from CMIP5 and 6 based on recurring regional atmospheric circulation patterns, as defined by the Jenkinson–Collison approach. The latest model generation (CMIP6) is found to perform better on average, which can be partly explained by a moderately strong statistical relationship between performance and horizontal resolution in the atmosphere. A few models rank favourably over almost the entire Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes. Internal model variability only has a small influence on the model ranks. Reanalysis uncertainty is an issue in Greenland and the surrounding seas, the southwestern United States and the Gobi Desert but is otherwise generally negligible. Along the study, the prescribed and interactively simulated climate system components are identified for each applied coupled model configuration and a simple codification system is introduced to describe model complexity in this sense.
Cloud forcing of surface energy balance from in-situ measurements in diverse mountain glacier environments
Authors: Conway Jonathan P. , Abermann Jakob , Andreassen Liss M. , Azam M. Farooq , Cullen Nicolas J. , Fitzpatrick Noel , Giesen Rianne , Langley Kirsty , MacDonell Shelley , Mölg Thomas , Radic Valentina , Reijmer Carleen H. , Sicart Jean-Emmanuel
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Clouds are an important component of the climate system, yet our understanding of how they directly and indirectly affect glacier melt in different climates is incomplete. Here we analyse high-quality datasets from 16 mountain glaciers in diverse climates around the globe to better understand how relationships between clouds and near-surface meteorology, radiation, and surface energy balance vary. The seasonal cycle of cloud frequency varies markedly between mountain glacier sites. During the main melt season at each site, an increase in cloud cover is associated with increased vapour pressure and relative humidity but relationships to wind speed are site-specific. At colder sites (average near-surface air temperature in melt season < 0 °C), air temperature generally increases with increasing cloudiness, while for warmer sites (average near-surface air temperature in melt season >> 0 °C) air temperature decreases with increasing cloudiness. At all sites, surface melt is more frequent in cloudy compared to clear-sky conditions. The proportion of melt from temperature-dependent energy fluxes (incoming longwave radiation, turbulent sensible and latent heat) also universally increases in cloudy conditions. However, cloud cover does not affect daily total melt in a universal way, with some sites showing increased melt energy during cloudy conditions and others decreased melt energy. The complex association of clouds with melt energy is not amenable to simple relationships due to many interacting physical processes (varies with latitude, average melt-season air temperature, continentality, season, and elevation) but is most closely related to the effect of clouds on net radiation. These results motivate the use of physics-based surface energy balance models for representing glacier-climate relationships in regional- and global-scale assessments of glacier response to climate change.
Introduction
Authors: CBLR Editorial Board
Published: February 2022

Well-functioning securities markets are critical to the stability of the U.S. financial system, yet they are changing rapidly. Both securities markets and investors have new complexions, adding to the conventional picture of domestic public trading. For example, an increasing number of transactions today are private. Worldwide, private investment grew more than 250% between 2010 and 2019 before dipping with the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the United States, Regulation D offerings roughly doubled in the decade from 1997 to 2017. Simultaneously, cross-border asset holdings have risen: between 2012 and 2021, American holdings of foreign securities have increased by about 100%, while foreign holdings of American securities have increased by about 125%. New investment strategies have gained popularity, too. Capital increasingly flows through institutions—which, in the United States, in 2019 held assets equal to 291.3% of U.S. GDP, up from 249.3% of GDP in 2012—and into passive investment vehicles. Now, passive investment strategies tracking various indices of market or industry performance and traditional active management strategies each direct about 15 trillion in assets. Both retail and environmental, social, and governance investing, though heretofore less successful in generating investment, have made notable strides of late, as well.
Bibliometric Analysis of Peer Reviewed Literature on Sustainable Agriculture Research – Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Sisodia Rama
Published: February 2022

With the need to fulfil the rising food demands of the increasing population, the agriculture sector faces a huge challenge. The issue is compounded by climatic change, severe shortage of water, increasing salinity, habitat vulnerability and pollution amongst others. Considerable emphasis worldwide is focused on research aimed to sustain as well increase agricultural productivity. The present study focuses on systematically mapping the thrust areas of research related to sustainable agriculture based on search results from SCOPUS database. The retrieved data was analysed using VOS viewer application program to create network maps based on term co-occurrence analysis. The analysis further provides insight into the most active authors, countries, institutions as well as citations. A total of 12,261 documents were retrieved. A significant increase in the number of publications was seen in the last decade. The retrieved documents were contributed by authors belonging to 156 countries and had an average of 6.24 citations per document with an h-index of 40. Cluster analysis highlighted three focus areas of research- (1) sustainable agriculture (2) factors affecting crop yield and (3) basic research into plant growth, metabolism, development and aging. The underlying principle of all the research programs pertain to the use of innovative technologies and judicious use of resources for maximal production with due importance to environmental, economic and social aspects.
ՍԵՎԱՆԱ ԼՃԻ ՋՐԱԷԿՈՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԻ ԿԵՆՍԱԾԻՆ ԾԱՆՐԱԲԵՌՆՎԱԾՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏՈՒՄ
Authors: Թամոյան Ս.Ջ.
Published: February 2022

Հետազոտություններն իրականացվել են Սևանա լճի ջրհավաք ավազանի բնակավայրերի, անասնապահական ֆերմաների, համալիրների, կերհանդակների և առափնյա ջրածածկվող տարածքների վնասակար արտանետումների հետևանքով ջրային էկոհամակարգի կենսածին ծանրաբեռնվածության գնահատման նպատակով:
Ըստ հաշվարկների՝ լճի ջրի դրական հաշվեկշռի դեպքում ջրաէկոհամակարգում կուտակվում է կենսածին տարրերի (ազոտ և ֆոսֆոր) մնացորդային քանակություն, որն ավելանում է ջրի մակարդակի շարունակական բարձրացմանը զուգընթաց: Ուստի լիճ թափվող հոսքերից կենսածին տարրերի հեռացումը և ջրածածկվող տարածքների մաքրումն առաջնահերթ միջոցառումներ են:
Mid-term results of surgical aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis at 108 Military Central Hospital
Authors: Anh Ngo Tuan , Hai Do Xuan
Published: February 2022

Objective: To study on medium-term results after aortic valve replacement surgery for aortic stenosis (AS) at 108 Military Central Hospital. Subject and method: 67 patients with AS received aortic artificial valves replacement. The results collected at the time of 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months include: NYHA class, echocardiography (LVEDd, LVEDs, AVA, mean PG), Sokolow-Lyon, PPM and complications. Evaluation is based on the criteria of the Vietnam National Heart Association and the Guidelines of the ACC/AHA. Result: NYHA 1 was increased (76.1%) and NYHA 2 - 3 was 23.9% with p<0.05 in 6 months and an increasing trend at later times (p>0.05). Sokolow-Lyon index < 35mm after surgery > 90%, mid-term echocardiography AVA about 1.6cm², LVEF > 60%, mean PG < 20mmHg, LVEDd and LVEDs within normal limits. Hemorrhagic complications, stuck aortic valve (≤ 3.8%), fuite paraprosthetiques did not appear after 6 months. Conclusion: The medium-term outcome after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis has good clinical and subclinical improvement and the rate of medium-term complications is low.
The challenges for blood transfusion services during Covid-19 pandemic at 108 Military Central Hospital
Authors: Lien Bui Bich , Trang Nguyen Thi Thu , Mai Vu Thi Ngoc , Tien Nguyen Duc , Trong Mau Van , Anh Nguyen Thi Van , Phuong Dinh Thi , Nghia Vu Xuan
Published: February 2022

Objective: To analyze the myriad of ways that Covid-19 has affected blood transfusion safety and to propose solutions for the challenges. Subject and method: Retrospective study, data of blood transfusion services in 108 Military Central Hospital were collected from January 2017 to September 2021 to analyze the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on safety blood transfusion. Result: The number of voluntary ourdoor blood collection and the consumption of three main kinds of blood products in 108 Military Central Hospital during the pandemic decreased noticeably to around the half of that before 2020. Major decline was observed in the first 9 months of 2021. However, there was an upward trend in voluntary indoor and paid/professional blood collection. Conclusion: The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a reduction of blood related activities in 108 Military Central Hospital, including the supply and demand, and thus adversely affected blood transfusion services. Suitable strategies and preparedness plans need to be developed by the hospital and the blood bank to overcome the negative impact of the pandemic.
Self-Medication among Health Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Nigeria: Knowledge, Patterns, Practice and Associated Factors
Authors: Aitafo Josephine Enekole , Wonodi Woroma , Briggs Datonye Christopher
Published: February 2022

Background: The scare from the morbidity and mortality caused by the novel COVID-19 disease has continued with no specific cure in sight and many persons, including health care providers have resorted to self-medication. The study was intended to ascertain the prevalence of self-medication against COVID-19 among health workers in Rivers State.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey of health workers in Rivers State was carried out using self-administered questionnaires on self-medication against the COVID-19 disease from January 2021 to March 2021. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results are presented in charts and tables and a p-value of <0.05 was significant.
Results: A total of 220 responses were received from health workers, 50% of whom worked in private hospitals. Only 35 (15.9%) of them reported to have ever indulged in self-medication for COVID-19. The most common drugs used for self-medication were Vitamin C, Zinc. Azithromycin, antimalarials (other than Hydroxychloroquine) and Hydroxychloroquine. Most medications were self-prescribed and procured from the pharmacies. Most persons (80%) who self-medicated did so for fear of being infected following contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases or following sudden emergency illnesses.
Conclusion: Self-medication against COVID-19 is present among health workers in Rivers State and commonest among those who have tertiary level of education, those who are doctors and those who work in a public health facility.

Key words: Self-medication, Health workers, Covid-19, Pandemic, Nigeria.
Effectiveness of “Information Package for Antenatal Care” on Maternal and Fetal Outcome among High Risk Mothers Attending Antenatal Clinic (ANC), PGIMER, Chandigarh 2018-20
Authors: . Mamta , Singh Anju , Kaur Rupinder
Published: February 2022

Pregnancy with high risk conditions is threatening the life of the mother as well as fetus. Early detection and immediate intervention are necessary to prevent the maternal and fetal complications. This study assessed the effectiveness of information package on maternal and fetal outcome in high risk mothers.
Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of “information package for antenatal care” on maternal and fetal outcome among high risk mothers.
Material and Methods: Pre-experimental design was used where total 200 antenatal mothers were enrolled by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using interview schedule in the period of July to December2019. An assessment proforma were used for the assessment of antenatal mothers with high risk conditions regarding maternal and fetal outcome. After initial assessment, Information package for antenatal care were implemented by educating mother regarding routine antenatal care including special care for high risk conditions. They were educated by one to one basis by using booklet “Information package for antenatal care”. Clinical diary were given to record their activities regarding weight, blood pressure, blood sugar monitoring, diet , schedule of supplement and prescribed medicine, exercises, Daily fetal movement count etc. After intervention, Assessment of Antenatal mother were done accordingly as per schedule of antenatal visit till discharge.
Results: The results of the study reveals that Hemoglobin level( Hb) level, Post-prandial blood sugar level and Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH) was improved in antenatal mother with Anaemia, Gestational diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism respectively after intervention of information package for antenatal care.
Conclusion: It was concluded that information package for antenatal care is effective to improve haemoglobin level ,blood sugar level, Thyroid stimulating hormone level in antenatal mother with Anaemia, Gestational diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism respectively.

Key words: Maternal outcome, fetal outcome, Gestational diabetes mellitus.
The Relationship between Addiction to Smartphone Usage and Protracted Shoulders, Forward Head Posture and Thoracic Kyphosis in College Students
Authors: Bomen Bhavika Bhalchandra , Kulkarni Shweta
Published: February 2022

Background: A smartphone is an electronic device which functions as a communication tool that has various application features that can be installed by all users. While with increase in use of smart phones, concerns have also increased about musculoskeletal problems due to its prolonged use. This caused people to assume static posture for prolonged period, causing continuous contraction of shoulder, head and neck muscles. Recently because of COVID situation students need to attend online lectures, which caused increase in number of hours of smartphone usage which increases its addiction smartphone among adults causing increase in musculoskeletal problems. Hence there was need to study the incidence and the relationship between smartphone addiction and protracted shoulders, forward head posture and thoracic kyphosis to create awareness, predict the risk factors and to prevent postural problems.
Objective: To study the relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and protracted shoulders, forward head posture and thoracic kyphosis in college students
Methodology: Ethical clearance was taken from ethical committee. Accordingly, 40 samples aged 18-25 were collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in and around the college campus of Pune. Each one was assessed using the nomophobia questionnaire, tragus to wall test and the scapular index.
Result: The results concluded that the correlation co-efficient(r) between Nomophobia questionnaire and tragus to wall test was -0.05288 on the sample size 40 and the correlation coefficient of Nomophobia questionnaire and scapular index found to be 0.05142.
Conclusion: The result of the study concluded that the relationship between smartphone addiction and forward head posture, protracted shoulders and thoracic kyphosis is non-significant.

Key words: Smartphone, addiction, COVID, forward head posture, protracted shoulders, thoracic kyphosis.
A Study to Assess the Prevalence and Reasons of Readmission and Health Practices among Patients with Prolapsed Inter Vertebral Disc (PIVD) in Selected Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal
Authors: Das Madhuchhanda , Srimani Subhra
Published: February 2022

A descriptive survey was conducted to assess the prevalence and reasons of readmission and health practices among patients with Prolapsed Inter Vertebral Disc (PIVD) in selected hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal. The objectives were to identify the prevalence of readmission of PIVD patients, to find out the reasons of readmission, to assess the stated health practices of the PIVD patients and to determine the association of health practices of readmitted PIVD patients with selected variables in selected hospital, Kolkata. The conceptual framework was based on precede-proceed model of modified Behavioral Theory of Jean Watson. Survey research design was adopted. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 60 readmitted PIVD patients of a tertiary hospital of Kolkata. Interview schedule, record analysis proforma and a checklist were used to collect data regarding demographic and clinical profile of the patients, prevalence and reasons of readmission and health practices respectively. Average percentage of readmission from 2015 to 2017 was 33. Majority of the patients were readmitted due to low back pain (35%) and bladder incontinence (21.66%). Twenty-four (40%) respondents gave the history of avoiding regular long travelling, 19 (31.66%) respondents used to avoid squatting. Nearly half of the respondents (45; 75%) managed pain by using analgesic tablet. No patient used medicated soft shoes advised during discharge. Thirty-two (53.33%) patients used bed made up of hard surface and 18 (30%) patients used lumbo-sacral belt. Statistically significant associations were found between level of education of the patients and use of lumbo-sacral belt and doing regular exercise and habitat and habit of avoiding squatting and gender and regular exercise habit. The study has implications for nursing practice, education, administration and research. Further studies were recommended depending on the findings of the present study.

Keywords: Prolapsed Inter Vertebral Disc (PIVD); Readmission; Prevalence of readmission; Health practice; Reasons of readmission.
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Its Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life among Working Physiotherapists
Authors: Iyer Sai , Shah Labdhi , Sharma Chitra
Published: February 2022

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are defined as “regional impairments describing as inflammation and degenerative diseases and disorders of the muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, and fascia. When the surrounding work environment, work events (work itself) and the performance of work contribute in causing such kind of disorders over a time period, then they are called work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). It results into range of symptoms like pain, ache, disability, discomfort, fatigue, mental stress and thus resulting into loss of work time, work restriction of task, transfer to another job, sickness absenteeism and reducing overall quality of life. Workplace stress occurs in the workplace or work related organization, and is defined as “a harmful mental and physical reaction coming from discordance between employee’s ability, resources, and willingness and work requirement. Also stress coming from pain, discomfort can also alter the mental status of the person and can quality of life (QoL) of employees.
Purpose of the study: To determine the Prevalence of WRMSD among working physiotherapist and the objective was to find out the association of WRMSD with mental health and quality of life.
Methodology: In this study a google form was created using 3 questionnaires (Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire for determining the musculoskeletal disorder, Quality of life was assessed through WHO-BREF. Mental health was assessed by General health questionnaire (GH-12).
Results: The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among the Physiotherapists is 82%. It is also concluded that the low back and neck are the most common sites susceptible to injury followed by upper back and thighs. There was a significant association of Work related musculoskeletal disorders with quality of life only.
Conclusions: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are an important health risk within the physiotherapy profession. Therefore, it is recommended that education programs on prevention and coping strategies for musculoskeletal symptoms in Physiotherapists should be made mandatory in order to decrease the risk of WRMSDs which will ultimately improve the quality of life.

Keywords: [Work-Related Musculoskeletal disorders, Pain, quality of Life, Mental health, Physiotherapists, Physiotherapy]