bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the General and Educational Use of the Metaverse: Public Perspectives, Sentiments, Attitudes, and Discourses
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios , López-Belmonte Jesús , Marín-Marín José-Antonio , Pozo-Sánchez Santiago
Published: January 2025

This study examines and analyzes the public perspectives, attitudes, sentiments, and discourses regarding the metaverse and its general and educational use. The study explores four research questions and involves the analysis of two datasets containing over 8 million tweets from Twitter (currently called X). The analysis involves text mining, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling techniques and to carry it out different tools are used, such as the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Word-Emotion Association Lexicon (EmoLex), Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning (VADER), TextBlob, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), etc. Based on the results, the increase in interest of the public in the metaverse is in line with that of the educational and scientific communities. The public expressed mostly positive attitudes and emotions toward the general and educational use of the metaverse while the negative sentiment percentage was really low. The sentiments and emotions were more intense within the tweets of the educational dataset. The versatility and applicability of the metaverse emerged from the topic analysis from which eight topics arose: digital currencies, virtual environments, gaming, education, immersive learning environments, entertainment, online communities, and industry. The increasing interest in the metaverse, its potentials to enrich education, and the positive attitudes of the public toward its use in education were evident. More intense emotions and sentiments were expressed in the educational dataset which indicates that impulsive decisions may occur and should be anticipated in the educational domain and that the educational community is open to new approaches and supports technology-enhanced learning. Social media arose as an effective medium to communicate the integration of new technologies and innovations in education.
Nudging society to consume—the aggregate consequences of consumption nudges
Authors: Braganza Oliver
Published: January 2025

Government nudging, towards say healthy or sustainable behaviors, is often criticized as harmful to individual autonomy. Yet free markets naturally give rise to pervasive consumption nudging by private actors. Such nudging, for instance in the form of advertising, can affect not only behavior but also the social dynamics that shape preference formation. Despite much controversy, both the normative implications and aggregate consequences of this remain unclear. Here, we develop the suggestion, made by several prominent economists, that private nudging contributes to continuous aggregate consumption growth. We argue that such a positive net-effect of private nudging, on both individual and aggregate consumption, is not only real, but cumulative. We further argue that the use of “observed consumption” (i.e., revealed preference) as a proxy for preference satisfaction elicits the cultural evolution of ever more sophisticated nudging. The upshot is that free markets give rise to an emergent system-level force, as if there were an invisible paternalist who, regardless of the intentions of any market participant, incessantly nudges individual and aggregate consumption to increase. This has profound implications, for individual autonomy and democratic self-governance, particularly in the light of issues such as climate change, obesity, or increasingly sophisticated digital nudging.
Plate Tectonics
Authors: Fossen Haakon , Teyssier Christian
Published: January 2025

This advanced undergraduate textbook provides a thoroughly modern overview of plate tectonics and is the perfect resource for a capstone geology course. It presents plate tectonics as a multifaceted, interdisciplinary theory that unites many different geological observations and processes into a harmonious model so that readers grasp how the outer part of our planet works in relation to the deep interior. Supported by clear prose, helpful analogies, and stunning colour imagery, readers will gain an in-depth understanding of how and why plates interact to produce different topography, rock assemblages and deformation features along plate boundaries. Written by an author pairing renowned for their research, teaching, and textbook writing experience, this text covers necessary ground for a single-semester course without overwhelming readers and offers a truly accessible introduction to quantitative topics. Student-friendly features chart clear paths through every chapter and a rich suite of online resources bring plate tectonics to life.
Proof of concept of a nonlinear structural stability constraint for aeroelastic optimisation
Authors: Mitrotta F.M.A. , Pirrera A. , Macquart T. , Cooper J.E. , Pereira do Prado A. , Higino Cabral P.
Published: January 2025

In the past few decades, substantial work has been directed towards the design of aircraft structures that maximise fuel efficiency, improve performance and curtail emissions. Aeroelastic optimisation offers an effective way to devise lightweight and fuel efficient structures, with structural stability constraints often driving the design. To date, the aeroelastic optimisation community has relied mostly on linear buckling predictions for the evaluation of structural stability constraints, mainly because of their conservativeness, computational efficiency and simplicity of implementation. This approach typically leads to overly conservative buckling margins, and this over-conservativeness places a glass ceiling over the load carrying capacity of wing structures, consequently restricting the exploration of regions within the design space where considerable weight savings could be achieved.

By contrast to previous works that predominantly rely on linear buckling constraints, the present paper introduces a method to incorporate nonlinear structural stability analysis into aeroelastic optimisations of wingbox-like structures. The method relies on the evaluation of the positive-definiteness of the tangent stiffness matrix, which is an indicator of structural stability. The sign of the stiffness eigenvalues is monitored while tracing the load-displacement equilibrium paths by means of the arc-length method, thus pinpointing the onset of instability. The proposed constraint is tested in a proof of concept structural optimisation of an idealised version of the CRM wingbox. This optimisation shows a

$10.9{\rm{\% }} $

reduction in mass with respect to a baseline design that is optimal with a linear buckling approach, promising great potential for application to more realistic aeroelastic optimisations.
Infrared signature of aero-engine exhaust plume’s potential core and aircraft surface from direct bottom view
Authors: Bhatt A. , Mahulikar S.P.
Published: January 2025

Low-flying aircraft are susceptible to attacks by ground-launched infrared (IR)-guided man portable air defence system (MANPADS) and surface-to-air missiles (SAM). When seen from direct below, a dual band sensor can lock on to either exhaust plume or aircraft surfaces. Based on the magnitude of the IR signature, the missile can use any one source for the terminal guidance. In this study, the IR signature of the aircraft surface and potential plume core is analysed and compared from direct bottom view in different IR bands. In the Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) band, the surface emission is higher and in the Medium Wave Infrared (MWIR) band the plume emission is higher. The plume (MWIR) emission is higher than the surface (LWIR) emission for low Mach numbers, but as the Mach number increases the plume (MWIR) to surface (LWIR) emission ratio decreases, and at supersonic Mach numbers the surface LWIR signature is higher than the plume MWIR signature. The plume MWIR to surface LWIR ratio further depends on the engine power, altitude of operation and the emissivity of the aircraft surface. In the reheat mode, plume MWIR emission is always higher than the surface LWIR emission. The dual band IR detector can be a combination of short wave infrared (SWIR)-MWIR, SWIR-LWIR, and the MWIR-LWIR band. The MWIR-LWIR dual band combination is the best suited combination of IR windows for a dual band IR sensor/detector for aircraft application.
Solution theory of fractional SDEs in complete subcritical regimes
Authors: Galeati Lucio , Gerencsér Máté
Published: January 2025

We consider stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by a fractional Brownian motion with a drift coefficient that is allowed to be arbitrarily close to criticality in a scaling sense. We develop a comprehensive solution theory that includes strong existence, path-by-path uniqueness, existence of a solution flow of diffeomorphisms, Malliavin differentiability and
$\rho $
-irregularity. As a consequence, we can also treat McKean-Vlasov, transport and continuity equations.
Finding product sets in some classes of amenable groups
Authors: Charamaras Dimitrios , Mountakis Andreas
Published: January 2025

In [15], using methods from ergodic theory, a longstanding conjecture of Erdős (see [5, Page 305]) about sumsets in large subsets of the natural numbers was resolved. In this paper, we extend this result to several important classes of amenable groups, including all finitely generated virtually nilpotent groups and all abelian groups
$(G,+)$
with the property that the subgroup
$2G := \{g+g : g\in G\}$
has finite index. We prove that in any group G from the above classes, any
$A\subset G$
with positive upper Banach density contains a shifted product set of the form
$\{tb_ib_j\colon i<j\}$
, for some infinite sequence
$(b_n)_{n\in \mathbb {N}}$
and some
$t\in G$
. In fact, we show this result for all amenable groups that posses a property which we call square absolute continuity. Our results provide answers to several questions and conjectures posed in [13].
Large-eddy simulations of the noise control of supersonic rectangular jets with bevelled nozzles
Authors: Chen Bao , Fan Yitong , Yin Zifei , Li Gaohua , Li Weipeng
Published: January 2025

The bevelled nozzle is a promising noise control approach and has been tested to suppress the noise levels in supersonic circular jets, but not in rectangular jets so far. In this study, implicit large-eddy simulations are performed to analyse the noise control of supersonic rectangular jets with single- and double-bevelled nozzles. Three nozzle pressure ratios (

$NPR = 2.3$

, 3.0 and 5.0) are considered to form two over-expanded cold jets and one under-expanded cold jet, exhausted from a baseline convergent–divergent rectangular nozzle with an aspect ratio of 2.0. Results show that, with the increase of

$NPR$

, the oscillation of the jet plume is switched from a symmetrical mode to a flapping mode (preferential in the minor-axis plane), then to a helical mode, together with a reduction of the screech frequency. The amplitude of the screech tone is the strongest in the flapping jet, and the turbulent mixing noise is the most prominent in the helically oscillating jet. The single-bevelled nozzle induces asymmetric shock-cell structures and deflects the jet plumes, and the double-bevelled nozzle primarily enables the enhancement of the shear-layer mixing and shortens the lengths of the jet potential cores. With the bevelled nozzles, the gross thrusts of the baseline nozzle are increased by

$0.05 \sim 7.38$

 %. Details on the characteristics of far-field noise in the jets with/without the bevel cuts and their noise control mechanisms are discussed using the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings acoustic analogy, dynamic mode decomposition and spatio-temporal Fourier transformation. Results suggest that the noise control has a close relationship with the destruction of well-organized coherent structures and the suppression of upstream-propagating guided-jet modes, which interrupt the feedback mechanism accounting for the generation of screech tones in the supersonic rectangular jets.
Scaling analysis of the swirling wake of a porous disc: application to wind turbines
Authors: Fuentes Noriega E. , Mazellier N.
Published: January 2025

We report a comprehensive study of the wake of a porous disc, the design of which has been modified to incorporate a swirling motion at an inexpensive cost. The swirl intensity is passively controlled by varying the internal disc geometry, i.e. the pitch angle of the blades. A swirl number is introduced to characterise the competition between the linear (drag) and the azimuthal (swirl) momenta on the wake recovery. Assuming that swirl dominates the near wake and non-equilibrium turbulence theory applies, new scaling laws of the mean wake properties are derived. To assess these theoretical predictions, an in-depth analysis of the aerodynamics of these original porous discs has been conducted experimentally. It is found that, at the early stage of wake recovery, the swirling motion induces a low-pressure core, which controls the mean velocity deficit properties and the onset of self-similarity. The measurements collected in the swirling wake of the porous discs support the new scaling laws proposed in this work. Finally, it is shown that, as far as swirl is injected in the wake, the characteristics of the mean velocity deficit profiles match very well those of both laboratory-scale and real-scale wind-turbine data extracted from the literature. Overall, our results emphasise that, by setting the initial conditions of the wake recovery, swirl is a key ingredient to be taken into account in order to faithfully replicate the mean wake of wind turbines.
Categorizing Topics Versus Inferring Attitudes: A Theory and Method for Analyzing Open-ended Survey Responses
Authors: Hobbs William , Green Jon
Published: January 2025

Past work on closed-ended survey responses demonstrates that inferring stable political attitudes requires separating signal from noise in “top of the head” answers to researchers’ questions. We outline a corresponding theory of the open-ended response, in which respondents make narrow, stand-in statements to convey more abstract, general attitudes. We then present a method designed to infer those attitudes. Our approach leverages co-variation with words used relatively frequently across respondents to infer what else they could have said without substantively changing what they meant—linking narrow themes to each other through associations with contextually prevalent words. This reflects the intuition that a respondent may use different specific statements at different points in time to convey similar meaning. We validate this approach using panel data in which respondents answer the same open-ended questions (concerning healthcare policy, most important problems, and evaluations of political parties) at multiple points in time, showing that our method’s output consistently exhibits higher within-subject correlations than hand-coding of narrow response categories, topic modeling, and large language model output. Finally, we show how large language models can be used to complement—but not, at present, substitute—our “implied word” method.
Precolonial Elites and Colonial Redistribution of Political Power
Authors: HARTNETT ALLISON S. , SALEH MOHAMED
Published: January 2025

Studies of colonialism often associate indirect colonial rule with continuity of the precolonial institutions. Yet, we know less about how colonialism affected the distribution of power between precolonial domestic elites within nominally continuous institutions. We argue that colonial authorities will redistribute power toward elites that are the most congruent with the colonizer’s objectives. We test our theory on the British occupation of Egypt in 1882. Using an original dataset on members of the Egyptian parliament and a difference-in-differences empirical strategy, we show that the colonial authorities shifted parliamentary representation toward the (congruent) landed elite and away from the (oppositional) rural middle class. This shift was greater in cotton-producing provinces which were more exposed to colonial economic interest. Our results demonstrate that the colonial redistribution of power within precolonial institutions can reengineer the social-structural fabric of colonized societies.
Associations between inflammation–related dietary patterns and obesity: A cohort study among Tibetan adults
Authors: Sun Xiaomin , Jian Wenxiu , Tang Xiao , Li Rui , Zhang Bin , Chen Yingxin , Wang Haijing , Zhao Lei , Zhang Yangrui , Kumpei Tanisawa , Shi Zumin , Wang Youfa , Peng Wen
Published: January 2025

Substantial changes resulting from the interaction of environmental and dietary factors contribute to an increased risk of obesity, while their specific associations with obesity remain unclear. Identify inflammation-related dietary patterns (DPs) and explore their associations with obesity among urbanized Tibetan adults under significant environmental and dietary changes.Totally, 1826 subjects from the suburbs of Golmud City were enrolled in an open cohort study, of which 514 were followed up. Height, weight, and waist circumference were used to define overweight and obesity. DPs were derived using reduced rank regression with 41 food groups as predictors and hs-CRP and prognostic nutritional index as inflammatory response variables. Altitude was classified as high or ultra-high. Two DPs were extracted. DP-1 was characterized by having high consumptions of sugar-sweetened beverages, savory snacks, and poultry, and a low intake of tsamba. DP-2 had high intakes of poultry, pork, animal offal, and fruits, and a low intake of butter tea. Participants in the highest tertiles (T3) of DPs had increased risks of overweight and obesity (DP-1: OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.77; DP-2: OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.85) than those in the lowest tertiles (T1). Participants in T3 of DP-2 had an increased risk of central obesity (OR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.49, 3.39) than those in T1. The positive association of DP-1 with overweight and obesity was only significant at high altitudes, while no similar effect was observed for DP-2. Inflammation-related DPs were associated with increased risks of overweight and/or obesity.
Optimal linear sofic approximations of countable groups
Authors: Mallahi-Karai Keivan , Mohammadi Yekta Maryam
Published: January 2025

Let

$G$

be a group. The notion of linear sofic approximations of

$G$

over an arbitrary field

$F$

was introduced and systematically studied by Arzhantseva and Păunescu [3]. Inspired by one of the results of [3], we introduce and study the invariant

$\kappa _F(G)$

that captures the quality of linear sofic approximations of

$G$

over

$F$

. In this work, we show that when

$F$

has characteristic zero and

$G$

is linear sofic over

$F$

, then

$\kappa _F(G)$

takes values in the interval

$[1/2,1]$

and

$1/2$

cannot be replaced by any larger value. Further, we show that under the same conditions,

$\kappa _F(G)=1$

when

$G$

is torsion-free. These results answer a question posed by Arzhantseva and Păunescu [3] for fields of characteristic zero. One of the new ingredients of our proofs is an effective non-concentration estimates for random walks on finitely generated abelian groups, which may be of independent interest.
Tang ‘cosmopolitanism': Towards a critical and holistic approach
Authors: Yang Shao-yun
Published: January 2025

The Tang dynasty is the only period of Chinese history to which the word ‘cosmopolitan’ is now routinely applied in Western-language historical writing. This article traces the origins of this glamorous image of the Tang to the 1950s and 1960s, but also links its current popularity to a more recent increase in the appeal of the concept of cosmopolitanism, as well as the idea of a ‘cosmopolitan empire’ among Western intellectuals since the end of the Cold War. The article then proposes a less presentist and more critical and holistic reading of Tang ‘cosmopolitanism’ as part of a larger, interconnected, multi-centred, and changing medieval world of numerous coexisting cosmopolitanisms, and argues for recognizing the existence of a different but equally important mode of ‘cosmopolitanism’ in the Song.
Assisted reproduction and perinatal emotional wellbeing: findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Galbally Megan , Bobevski Irene , Wynter Karen , Vollenhoven Beverley
Published: January 2025

Background

There have been inconsistent findings for an association between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and poorer perinatal emotional wellbeing. This study is to explore whether ART is associated with increased depression and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and parenting stress, and poorer antenatal attachment, over the perinatal period from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum.

Methods

This study drew on data collected within an ongoing cohort from 806 women including 42 who had conceived using ART, and all recruited in early pregnancy and followed to 12 months postpartum. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale and Parenting Stress Index.

Results

Women who conceived with ART were no more likely to be depressed. They had lower depressive and anxiety symptoms in early pregnancy, higher antenatal attachment and lower parenting stress. However, women who conceived with ART had a significant increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms in late pregnancy which reduced in the postpartum and showed a distinct pattern compared to those who conceived naturally.

Conclusions

This study found that women who conceived with ART did not have poorer emotional wellbeing across the perinatal period. However, in late pregnancy depressive and anxiety symptoms did rise and consideration of this clinically and in future research is warranted.
Allostery
Authors: Montserrat-Canals Mateu , Cordara Gabriele , Krengel Ute
Published: January 2025

Allostery describes the ability of biological macromolecules to transmit signals spatially through the molecule from an allosteric site – a site that is distinct from orthosteric binding sites of primary, endogenous ligands – to the functional or active site. This review starts with a historical overview and a description of the classical example of allostery – hemoglobin – and other well-known examples (aspartate transcarbamoylase, Lac repressor, kinases, G-protein-coupled receptors, adenosine triphosphate synthase, and chaperonin). We then discuss fringe examples of allostery, including intrinsically disordered proteins and inter-enzyme allostery, and the influence of dynamics, entropy, and conformational ensembles and landscapes on allosteric mechanisms, to capture the essence of the field. Thereafter, we give an overview over central methods for investigating molecular mechanisms, covering experimental techniques as well as simulations and artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods. We conclude with a review of allostery-based drug discovery, with its challenges and opportunities: with the recent advent of AI-based methods, allosteric compounds are set to revolutionize drug discovery and medical treatments.
Optimizing government outsourcing: a performance management framework for enhancing public service delivery
Authors: Sharma Harsh
Published: January 2025

Government outsourcing has become increasingly prevalent, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive success and maximize public value. This study introduces a novel framework for classifying outsourcing arrangements and examines its implications for performance management through a multidisciplinary lens. We identify thematic patterns and highlight the four quadrants of Government Outsourcing Performance Management: Building, Plumbing, Consulting, and Coaching. Each quadrant represents different roles of outsourcing agencies, emphasizing factors like accountability and relationship intensity as critical success differentiators. Our research outlines an adaptive performance management system tailored to these relationships, illustrated through case studies. This innovative approach equips policymakers and public administrators with a robust tool to optimize outsourcing strategies and enhance public value delivery. By offering fresh insights into the complex dynamics of government outsourcing, this paper contributes to both theoretical discourse and practical applications in public administration and management.
Rock cairn and items from ‘Operation Windmill’ (January 1948) rediscovered in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica
Authors: Gore Damian B. , Berg Sonja , Howard Amber E. , Weber Marie
Published: January 2025

A rock cairn, with two matchbooks buried beneath, was found on the summit of the highest hill on Thomas Island, Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. The matchbooks are most likely from United States World War II-era ration packs, which were distributed to various military and civilian expeditions from the mid-1940s into the 1950s. Bunger Hills was first visited by United States Navy ‘Operation Highjump’ in February 1947, when a seaplane most likely landed on a marine inlet, rather than a lake as reported previously. Thomas Island was first visited by United States Navy ‘Operation Windmill’ in January 1948, when a survey point was established, and it is probably this location that is marked by the rock cairn. The matchbooks were replaced beneath the cairn and the rocks replaced. Just over 76 years had elapsed between burial of the matchbooks, construction of the cairn and their rediscovery.
The Magician and the Showgirl: Carlo Lombardo and the Crisis of Italian Operetta, c.1920–30
Authors: Ladd Marco
Published: January 2025

This article examines the ‘operetta crisis’ that blighted the Italian operetta industry in the 1920s. Little has been written about the crisi dell’operetta in scholarship on Italian operetta to date, despite extensive coverage in contemporary sources. I attribute this neglect to the contested legacy of the composer, impresario and publisher Carlo Lombardo, at the height of his influence in the 1920s and responsible for most of the best-known Italian operettas today. Lombardo’s works embodied critical anxieties about operetta’s perceived artistic degradation, thanks to their overt sexuality and embrace of popular music (i.e. jazz). However, as I argue with reference to the 1925 operetta Cin-ci-là, narratives of artistic decline may miss the true significance of the crisis. Operetta, striving to be a ‘light’ form of opera but never fully accepted as such by the Italian establishment, was ultimately ill-equipped to survive in an entertainment landscape reshaping itself around popular music.
The role of diagnostic modalities in differentiating hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: strategies in adults for potential application in paediatrics
Authors: Wagner Mitchell J. , Morgan Catherine , Rodriguez Lopez Sara , Lin Lily Q. , Freed Darren H. , Pagano Joseph J. , Khoury Michael , Conway Jennifer
Published: January 2025

Hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy both lead to left ventricular hypertrophy despite differing in aetiology. Elucidating the correct aetiology of the presenting hypertrophy can be a challenge for clinicians, especially in patients with overlapping risk factors. Furthermore, drugs typically used to combat hypertensive heart disease may be contraindicated for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, making the correct diagnosis imperative. In this review, we discuss characteristics of both hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that may enable clinicians to discriminate the two as causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. We summarise the current literature, which is primarily focused on adult populations, containing discriminative techniques available via diagnostic modalities such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac MRI, noting strategies yet to be applied in paediatric populations. Finally, we review pharmacotherapy strategies for each disease with regard to pathophysiology.
Synthesizing the Evidence Base to Enhance Coordination between Humanitarian Mine Action and Emergency Care for Casualties of Explosive Ordnance and Explosive Weapons: A Scoping Review
Authors: Wild Hannah , LeBoa Christopher , Markou-Pappas Nikolaos , Trautwein Micah , Persi Loren , Loupforest Christelle , Hottentot Elke , Calvello Hynes Emilie , Denny Jack , Alizada Firoz , Muminova Reykhan , Jewell Teresa , Kasack Sebastian , Pizzino Stacey , Hynes Gregory , Echeverri Lina , Salio Flavio , Wren Sherry M. , Mock Charles , Kushner Adam L. , Stewart Barclay T.
Published: January 2025

Background:

Humanitarian mine action (HMA) stakeholders have an organized presence with well-resourced medical capability in many conflict and post-conflict settings. Humanitarian mine action has the potential to positively augment local trauma care capacity for civilian casualties of explosive ordnance (EO) and explosive weapons (EWs). Yet at present, few strategies exist for coordinated engagement between HMA and the health sector to support emergency care system strengthening to improve outcomes among EO/EW casualties.

Methods:

A scoping literature review was conducted to identify records that described trauma care interventions pertinent to civilian casualties of EO/EW in resource-constrained settings using structured searches of indexed databases and grey literature. A 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) review on trauma systems components in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was updated with additional eligible reports describing trauma care interventions in LMICs or among civilian casualties of EO/EWs after 2001.

Results:

A total of 14,195 non-duplicative records were retrieved, of which 48 reports met eligibility criteria. Seventy-four reports from the 2017 WHO review and 16 reports identified from reference lists yielded 138 reports describing interventions in 47 countries. Intervention efficacy was assessed using heterogenous measures ranging from trainee satisfaction to patient outcomes; only 39 reported mortality differences. Interventions that could feasibly be supported by HMA stakeholders were synthesized into a bundle of opportunities for HMA engagement designated links in a Civilian Casualty Care Chain (C-CCC).

Conclusions:

This review identified trauma care interventions with the potential to reduce mortality and disability among civilian EO/EW casualties that could be feasibly supported by HMA stakeholders. In partnership with local and multi-lateral health authorities, HMA can leverage their medical capabilities and expertise to strengthen emergency care capacity to improve trauma outcomes in settings affected by EO/EWs.
The incentivized drug information services among community pharmacists: a multi-centre cross-sectional study in Indonesia
Authors: Bahar Muh. Akbar , Kausar Mersa N. , Khairunnisa Khairunnisa , Pradipta Ivan S.
Published: January 2025

Background:

Community pharmacists should provide qualified drug information services for the rational use of medicine in community. However, there is no standard professional incentive for the service in Indonesia. This study aimed to assess drug information services with incentives and its associated factors among community pharmacists in Indonesia.

Method:

A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Medan City, Bandung City, Bandung Regency, and Makassar City. A validated online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on pharmacists’ demographics, pharmacy characteristics, and drug information provision practices. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with incentivized drug information services.

Results:

A total of 639 community pharmacists participated, with representation from Medan (21.9%), Bandung City (20.8%), Bandung Regency (26%), and Makassar (31.3%). Most respondents were female (79%) with a median age of 31 years (IQR: 9). Only 12% of pharmacists reported receiving incentives for providing drug information services. Factors significantly associated with receiving incentives included being male (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.16–3.58), aged 20–30 years (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.10–9.58), working over 40 hours per week (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.16–4.58), working in a chain pharmacy (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.18–3.67), and having an onsite physician practice (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.04–2.85).

Conclusion:

Limited number of community pharmacists received an incentive for drug information services. The development of a remuneration system for drug information services can be considered to enhance the quality of pharmaceutical care services in the community setting.
Future Changes in Winter‐Time Extratropical Cyclones Over South Africa From CORDEX‐CORE Simulations
Authors: Chinta Sandeep , Schlosser C. Adam , Gao Xiang , Hodges Kevin
Published: January 2025

Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) significantly impact mid‐latitude weather patterns and are crucial for understanding the societal implications of regional climate variability, climate change, and associated extreme weather. In this study, we examine the projected future changes in winter‐time ETCs over South Africa (SA) using simulations from CORDEX‐CORE Africa. We utilized three regional climate models, each driven by three different global climate models that simulate both the current climate and a future climate experiencing strong human‐induced warming. From these, we assess changes in ETC frequency, track density, intensity, storm severity, and associated rainfall. The results indicate a significant reduction in the aggregate ETC frequency and track density, although track density is projected to increase prominently along the western coastal regions. Models show mixed trends in cyclone intensity projections, but overall results indicate weaker future cyclones, with reduced peak relative vorticity and increased minimum sea level pressure. Examining the Meteorological Storm Severity Index reveals notable regional variations in future storm severity. Average rainfall associated with ETCs is projected to decrease across SA, especially around Cape Town, highlighting a potential shift in the spatial distribution of rainfall with substantial consequences for water supply. We further investigated extreme ETCs (EETCs) and found that the trends for EETCs are generally similar to those for ETCs, with a notable decrease in frequency and regional variations in storm severity. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted adaptation strategies to address the projected impacts of future ETCs on SA's climate and communities.
Seismic Structure and Tectonics of the North‐Central Chilean Subduction Zone Along the Copiapó Ridge From Amphibious Seismic Refraction Tomography and Local Seismicity
Authors: Warwel A. , Lange D. , Dannowski A. , Contreras‐Reyes E. , Klaucke I. , Diaz‐Naveas J. , Moreno M. , Kopp H.
Published: January 2025

The Chilean margin is one of the Earth's tectonically most active plate boundaries, and yet, some of its segments are still underexplored. Here, we present amphibious data from the Copiapó region at ∼27°S located within the mature Atacama seismic gap. Combined 2D seismic refraction, multibeam bathymetry, and local seismicity data show a typical oceanic crust thickness of 6–7 km and seismic P‐wave velocities between 3.0 and 7.3 km/s with slightly lower velocities and increased thicknesses underneath the Copiapó Ridge seamounts. The latter is most likely due to predominantly extrusive formation. Elevated velocities underneath one of the seamounts indicate a local region of magmatic underplating, while bending‐related faults visible in the bathymetry and reduced mantle velocities near the trench suggest mantle hydration. The subduction angle of the down‐going Nazca plate smoothly increases from 12° below the marine forearc to 22° at greater depths (40–60 km) with no abrupt change in the dip angle as observed at ∼22°S. The local seismicity off‐ and onshore Copiapó shows three separated bands of earthquakes sub‐parallel to the down‐going plate, and are most likely related to the plate interface, the oceanic Moho and the Double Benioff Zone. The largest event (MW 5.9) during our observation period (December 2022–June 2023) and its aftershocks occurred in the deepest band ∼20 km below the subduction interface. Along the interface, seismicity is most pronounced in areas of high locking offshore, whereas areas of low locking are characterized by previously observed slow slip events and sparse seismicity.
The Role of Leaf Area Changes Within Plant CO2 Physiological Impacts on the Global Hydrological Cycle
Authors: Cordak Alana S. , Kooperman Gabriel J. , Zarakas Claire M. , Swann Abigail L. S. , Koven Charles D.
Published: January 2025

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations enhance greenhouse warming and drive changes to plant physiology, leading to innumerable climate impacts. This study explores the impacts of plant responses on hydrological cycling at 2x preindustrial CO2 concentrations by analyzing simulations that isolate plant physiological effects using the Community Earth System Model versions 1 and 2. We find that leaf area growth increases canopy evaporation, which offsets transpiration declines, and dampens changes in global mean evapotranspiration, precipitation, and runoff in a CESM2 experiment with dynamic leaf area. These leaf area impacts are also evident in the differences between CESM1 and CESM2, with CESM2 better capturing observed leaf area magnitudes but potentially overestimating leaf area‐CO2 sensitivity, highlighting the importance of plant CO2 physiology on hydrological cycle changes and the need to improve its representation in climate models.
Reliability of Matching AMPERE Field‐Aligned Current Boundaries With SuperDARN Lower Latitude Ionospheric Convection Boundaries During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Walach M.‐T. , Fogg A. R. , Coxon J. C. , Grocott A. , Milan S. E. , Sangha H. K. , McWilliams K. A. , Vines S. K. , Lester M. , Anderson B. J.
Published: January 2025

High‐latitude ionospheric convection is a useful diagnostic of solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions and nightside activity in the magnetotail. For decades, the high‐latitude convection pattern has been mapped using the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), a distribution of ground‐based radars which are capable of measuring line‐of‐sight (l‐o‐s) ionospheric flows. From the l‐o‐s measurements an estimate of the global convection can be obtained. As the SuperDARN coverage is not truly global, it is necessary to constrain the maps when the map fitting is performed. The lower latitude boundary of the convection, known as the Heppner‐Maynard boundary (HMB), provides one such constraint. In the standard SuperDARN fitting, the HMB location is determined directly from the data, but data gaps can make this challenging. In this study we evaluate if the HMB placement can be improved using data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE), in particular for active time periods when the HMB moves to latitudes below . We find that the boundary as defined by SuperDARN and AMPERE are not always co‐located. SuperDARN performs better when the AMPERE currents are very weak (e.g., during non‐active times) and AMPERE can provide a boundary when there is no SuperDARN scatter. Using three geomagnetic storm events, we show that there is agreement between the SuperDARN and AMPERE boundaries but the SuperDARN‐derived convection boundary mostly lies equatorward of the AMPERE‐derived boundary. We find that disagreements primarily arise due to geometrical factors and a time lag in expansions and contractions of the patterns.
Miocene Construction of the High Andes Recorded by Exhumation of the Frontal Cordillera, La Ramada Massif of Western Argentina (32°S)
Authors: Howlett C. J. , Ronemus C. B. , Carrapa B. , DeCelles P. G.
Published: January 2025

The Frontal Cordillera is a first‐order geologic feature of the southern central Andes, hosting the highest hinterland topography above the modern Pampean flat‐slab segment. The timing of Frontal Cordillera exhumation is important for testing models of Andean tectonics, yet large latitudinal gaps exist between structural and thermochronological constraints for the region. We conducted a thermochronometric study using a 4.4 km age‐elevation transect along the northeast ridge of Cerro Mercedario, the highest peak in the La Ramada massif at ∼32°S. Zircon (U‐Th)/He dates indicate partial resetting, supporting a limited magnitude of exhumation in even the most extreme Andean topography. Single grain apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He dates range from 8.5 ± 0.9 to 35.8 ± 3.6 Ma, with median dates of ∼10.5 to ∼15.7 Ma with increasing elevation. Integrated with geologic mapping and thermal history modeling, these data suggest Early to Middle Miocene exhumation along the Santa Cruz and Espinacito faults concomitant with uplift of the La Ramada massif. New apatite helium data from the Cordillera del Tigre segment of the Frontal Cordillera are partially reset and preferred modeling interpretations suggest exhumation ca. 11–9 Ma, coeval with shortening in the eastward adjacent Precordillera. These data add to accumulating regional evidence for out‐of‐sequence deformation during the Miocene, consistent with internal (hinterland) growth of a subcritical orogenic wedge contemporaneous with surface uplift and crustal thickening in the south‐central Andes.
Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review
Authors: Chandimali Nisansala , Bak Seon Gyeong , Park Eun Hyun , Lim Hyung-Jin , Won Yeong-Seon , Kim Eun-Kyung , Park Sang-Ik , Lee Seung Jae
Published: January 2025

Free radicals, characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons, are highly reactive species that play a significant role in human health. These molecules can be generated through various endogenous processes, such as mitochondrial respiration and immune cell activation, as well as exogenous sources, including radiation, pollution, and smoking. While free radicals are essential for certain physiological processes, such as cell signaling and immune defense, their overproduction can disrupt the delicate balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in the damage of critical biomolecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Chronic conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory diseases have been strongly associated with the harmful effects of free radicals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and types of free radicals, their mechanisms of formation, and biological impacts. Additionally, we explore natural compounds and extracts studied for their antioxidant properties, offering potential therapeutic avenues for managing free radical-induced damage. Future research directions are also discussed to advance our understanding and treatment of free radical-associated diseases.
Ferroptosis induced by environmental pollutants and its health implications
Authors: Gong Fu-Han , Liu Liyuan , Wang Xuesheng , Xiang Qi , Yi Xin , Jiang Ding-Sheng
Published: January 2025

Environmental pollution represents a significant public health concern, with the potential health risks associated with environmental pollutants receiving considerable attention over an extended period. In recent years, a substantial body of research has been dedicated to this topic. Since the discovery of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed cell death typically characterized by lipid peroxidation, in 2012, there have been significant advances in the study of its role and mechanism in various diseases. A growing number of recent studies have also demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis in the damage caused to the organism by environmental pollutants, and the molecular mechanisms involved have been partially elucidated. The targeting of ferroptosis has been demonstrated to be an effective means of ameliorating the health damage caused by PM2.5, organic and inorganic pollutants, and ionizing radiation. This review begins by providing a summary of the most recent and important advances in ferroptosis. It then proceeds to offer a critical analysis of the health effects and molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis induced by various environmental pollutants. Furthermore, as is the case with all rapidly evolving research areas, there are numerous unanswered questions and challenges pertaining to environmental pollutant-induced ferroptosis, which we discuss in this review in an attempt to provide some directions and clues for future research in this field.
Stable laser-acceleration of high-flux proton beams with plasma collimation
Authors: Streeter M. J. V. , Glenn G. D. , DiIorio S. , Treffert F. , Loughran B. , Ahmed H. , Astbury S. , Borghesi M. , Bourgeois N. , Curry C. B. , Dann S. J. D. , Dover N. P. , Dzelzainis T. , Ettlinger O. C. , Gauthier M. , Giuffrida L. , Glenzer S. H. , Gray R. J. , Green J. S. , Hicks G. S. , Hyland C. , Istokskaia V. , King M. , Margarone D. , McCusker O. , McKenna P. , Najmudin Z. , Parisuaña C. , Parsons P. , Spindloe C. , Symes D. R. , Thomas A. G. R. , Xu N. , Palmer C. A. J.
Published: January 2025

Laser-plasma acceleration of protons offers a compact, ultra-fast alternative to conventional acceleration techniques, and is being widely pursued for potential applications in medicine, industry and fundamental science. Creating a stable, collimated beam of protons at high repetition rates presents a key challenge. Here, we demonstrate the generation of multi-MeV proton beams from a fast-replenishing ambient-temperature liquid sheet. The beam has an unprecedentedly low divergence of 1° (≤20 mrad), resulting from magnetic self-guiding of the proton beam during propagation through a low density vapour. The proton beams, generated at a repetition rate of 5 Hz using only 190 mJ of laser energy, exhibit a hundred-fold increase in flux compared to beams from a solid target. Coupled with the high shot-to-shot stability of this source, this represents a crucial step towards applications.