bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Finding of Six Instars of Larvae in Heteroptera and the Negative Correlation between Precipitation and Number of Individuals Collected in Sea Skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Authors: Harada Tetsuo , Furuki Takahiro , Ohoka Wataru , Umamoto Noritomo , Nakajo Mitsuru , Katagiri Chihiro
Published: December 2016

This study, conducted during a scientific cruise, MR15-04, aims, first, to examine species and larval/adult components of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) inhabiting the tropical Indian Ocean of 4°00′ S–7°00′ S, 101°00′ E–103°00′ E and, second, to examine the correlative relationship between precipitation just before collection and the number of sea skaters collected in November and December 2015. Near Sumatra (50 km south-west), larvae and adults of four species of Halobates (Halobates germanes White, 1883; Halobates micans Eschscholtz, 1822; Halobates princeps White, 1883; undescribed species: Halobates sp.) were collected. Adults of an undescribed species had about a 5 mm long body in a gourd-like shape. One male adult specimen of H. princeps was collected. Body length, body width, and head width was measured in all specimens of Halobates. Six larval stages were detected in all three species of sea skaters as the first finding for Heteropteran insects. There was a negative correlation between amount of precipitation for 19 h before collection and the number of Halobates individuals collected by the neuston net. Death or (positive or passive) sinking by sea skaters could be due to occasional rain fall on the sea surface.
Bronchiectasis in the Last Five Years: New Developments
Authors: Khoo Jun , Venning Victoria , Wong Conroy , Jayaram Lata
Published: December 2016

Bronchiectasis, a chronic lung disease characterised by cough and purulent sputum, recurrent infections, and airway damage, is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. To date, treatment options have been limited to physiotherapy to clear sputum and antibiotics to treat acute infections. Over the last decade, there has been significant progress in understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of this disorder. Over the last five years, methods of assessing severity have been developed, the role of macrolide antibiotic therapy in reducing exacerbations cemented, and inhaled antibiotic therapies show promise in the treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Novel therapies are currently undergoing Phase 1 and 2 trials. This review aims to address the major developments within the field of bronchiectasis over this time.
Effect of Coastal Erosion on Storm Surge: A Case Study in the Southern Coast of Rhode Island
Authors: Shaw Alex , Hashemi Mohammad , Spaulding Malcolm , Oakley Bryan , Baxter Chris
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of shoreline retreat and dune erosion on coastal flooding in a case study located in the southern coast of Rhode Island, USA. Using an extensive dataset collected during 2011, an ADCIRC model was developed to simulate the propagation of storm surge in the coastal areas, including coastal inlets and ponds. A simplified methodology, based on the geological assessment of historical trends of the shoreline retreat and dune erosion in this area, was incorporated in the model to represent coastal erosion. The results showed that for extreme storms (e.g., a 100-year event), where coastal dunes are overtopped and low-lying areas are flooded, the flooding extent is not significantly sensitive to coastal erosion. However, failure of the dunes leads to a significant increase of the flooding extent for smaller storms. Substantial dampening of the storm surge elevation in coastal ponds for moderate and small storms was associated with coastal inlets connecting to coastal ponds which are often not resolved in regional surge models. The shoreline change did not significantly affect the extent of flooding. It was also shown that the accuracy of a storm surge model highly depends on its ability to resolve coastal inlets, which is critical for reliable storm surge predictions in areas with inlet-basin systems.
Special Issue “Aspergillus fumigatus: From Diagnosis to Therapy”
Authors: Steinbach William
Published: December 2016

Aspergillus fumigatus is an enigmatic pathogen.
Prediction of Land Use Change in Long Island Sound Watersheds Using Nighttime Light Data
Authors: Zhai Ruiting , Zhang Chuanrong , Li Weidong , Boyer Mark , Hanink Dean
Published: December 2016

The Long Island Sound Watersheds (LISW) are experiencing significant land use/cover change (LUCC), which affects the environment and ecosystems in the watersheds through water pollution, carbon emissions, and loss of wildlife. LUCC modeling is an important approach to understanding what has happened in the landscape and what may change in the future. Moreover, prospective modeling can provide sustainable and efficient decision support for land planning and environmental management. This paper modeled the LUCCs between 1996, 2001 and 2006 in the LISW in the New England region, which experienced an increase in developed area and a decrease of forest. The low-density development pattern played an important role in the loss of forest and the expansion of urban areas. The key driving forces were distance to developed areas, distance to roads, and social-economic drivers, such as nighttime light intensity and population density. In addition, this paper compared and evaluated two integrated LUCC models—the logistic regression–Markov chain model and the multi-layer perception–Markov chain (MLP–MC) model. Both models achieved high accuracy in prediction, but the MLP–MC model performed slightly better. Finally, a land use map for 2026 was predicted by using the MLP–MC model, and it indicates the continued loss of forest and increase of developed area.
Luminescence Properties and Mechanisms of CuI Thin Films Fabricated by Vapor Iodization of Copper Films
Authors: Lin Guochen , Zhao Fengzhou , Zhao Yuan , Zhang Dengying , Yang Lixin , Xue Xiaoe , Wang Xiaohui , Qu Chong , Li Qingshan , Zhang Lichun
Published: December 2016

Copper iodide (CuI) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates using a copper film iodination reaction method. It was found that γ-CuI films have a uniform and dense microstructure with (111)-orientation. Transmission spectra indicated that CuI thin films have an average transmittance of about 60% in the visible range and the optical band gap is 3.01 eV. By checking the effect of the thickness of the Cu films and annealing condition on the photoluminescence (PL) character of CuI films, the luminescence mechanisms of CuI have been comprehensively analyzed, and the origin of different PL emissions are proposed with Cu vacancy and iodine vacancy as defect levels.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation of Lanthanide(III) Complexes with a Helical Ligand
Authors: Wada Hisami , Ooka Sayaka , Iwasawa Daichi , Hasegawa Miki , Kajiwara Takashi
Published: December 2016

Isostructural Ln(III) mononuclear complexes [Ln(NO3)2L]PF6·MeCN (Ln = Nd, Tb, or Dy; L denotes a helical hexa-dentate ligand) were synthesized, and their slow magnetic relaxation behavior was investigated. In these complexes, oblate-type Ln(III) ions are located in an axially stressed ligand field with two nitrate anions, and can exhibit single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior. Field-induced SMM behavior was observed for Nd(III) and Dy(III) complexes under an applied bias DC field of 1000 Oe.
Marine Algae as a Potential Source for Anti-Obesity Agents
Authors: Wan-Loy Chu , Siew-Moi Phang
Published: December 2016

Obesity is a major epidemic that poses a worldwide threat to human health, as it is also associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therapeutic intervention through weight loss drugs, accompanied by diet and exercise, is one of the options for the treatment and management of obesity. However, the only approved anti-obesity drug currently available in the market is orlistat, a synthetic inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Other anti-obesity drugs are still being evaluated at different stages of clinical trials, while some have been withdrawn due to their severe adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to look for new anti-obesity agents, especially from biological sources. Marine algae, especially seaweeds are a promising source of anti-obesity agents. Four major bioactive compounds from seaweeds which have the potential as anti-obesity agents are fucoxanthin, alginates, fucoidans and phlorotannins. The anti-obesity effects of such compounds are due to several mechanisms, which include the inhibition of lipid absorption and metabolism (e.g., fucoxanthin and fucoidans), effect on satiety feeling (e.g., alginates), and inhibition of adipocyte differentiation (e.g., fucoxanthin). Further studies, especially testing bioactive compounds in long-term human trials are required before any new anti-obesity drugs based on algal products can be developed.
Two New Diphenylketones and a New Xanthone from Talaromyces islandicus EN-501, an Endophytic Fungus Derived from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia okamurai
Authors: Li Hong-Lei , Li Xiao-Ming , Liu Hui , Meng Ling-Hong , Wang Bin-Gui
Published: December 2016

Two new diphenylketones (1 and 2), a new xanthone (3), and a known xanthone analogue (4) were isolated and identified from Talaromyces islandicus EN-501, an endophytic fungus obtained from the fresh collected marine red alga Laurencia okamurai. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The joint isolation of benzophenones and xanthones from the same fungal strain supports the biogenesis of xanthones via a benzophenone intermediate. It is worth mentioning that xanthones 3 and 4 have a methyl group at C-6 and C-2, respectively, which is uncommon compared with typical xanthones usually having a methyl group at C-8. Compounds 1–4 exhibited potent antioxidative activities against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radicals with IC50 values ranging from 0.58 to 6.92 μg/mL, which are stronger than that of the positive controls BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and ascorbic acid. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 also showed inhibitory activities against several pathogenic bacteria.
Effect of Remelting Duration on Microstructure and Properties of SiCp/Al Composite Fabricated by Powder-Thixoforming for Electronic Packaging
Authors: Cai Siyu , Chen Tijun , Zhang Xuezheng
Published: December 2016

In this work, a novel processing method called powder thixoforming was proposed to prepare composites reinforced with 50 vol % of SiC particles (SiCp) that were used for electronic packaging in order to investigate the effects of remelting duration on its microstructure and properties. Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) methods were applied for the material characterization and the corresponding physical and mechanical properties were examined in detail. The obtained results indicate that the remelting duration exerted a large effect on the microstructure as well as the SiCp/Al interfacial reaction. The density and hardness of the composite continuously increased with increasing remelting duration. The thermal conductivity (TC) and bending strength (BS) first increased during the initial 90 min and then decreased. The remelting duration exerted a limited influence on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The optimal TC, BS, and hardness of these composites were up to 135.79 W/(m·K), 348.53 MPa, and 105.23 HV, respectively, and the CTE was less than 6.5 ppm/K after the composites were remelted at 600 °C for 90 min. The properties of the composites could thus be controlled to conform to the application requirements for electronic packaging materials.
Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Cytotoxic Isocryptoporic Acids from Cryptoporus volvatus
Authors: Zhou Ling-Yun , Yu Xiao-Hong , Lu Bin , Hua Yan
Published: December 2016

The present work constitutes a contribution to the phytochemical investigation of Cryptoporus volvatus aiming to search for effective cytotoxic constituents against tumor cell lines in vivo. Bioassay-guided separation of the ethylacetate extract of C. volvatus afforded four new isocryptoporic acid (ICA) derivatives, ICA-B trimethyl ester (1), ICA-E (2), ICA-E pentamethyl ester (3), and ICA-G (4), together with nine known cryptoporic acids. These isocryptoporic acids are isomers of the cryptoporic acids with drimenol instead of albicanol as the terpenoid fragment; their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences (UV, IR, HRMS, and NMR) and comparison with literature values. All isolates show certain cytotoxic activities against five tumor cell lines. Among them, compound 4 showed an comparable activity to that of the positive control cis-platin, while other compounds exhibited weak cytotoxic activities.
Maternal Vitamin D Status and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Children from Rural Western Kenya
Authors: Toko Eunice , Sumba Odada , Daud Ibrahim , Ogolla Sidney , Majiwa Maxwel , Krisher Jesse , Ouma Collins , Dent Arlene , Rochford Rosemary , Mehta Saurabh
Published: December 2016

Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and its association with pregnancy outcomes in malaria holoendemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. We examined this association and any potential interaction with malaria and helminth infections in an ongoing pregnancy cohort study in Kenya. The association of maternal plasma 25(OH)D status with pregnancy outcomes and infant anthropometric measurements at birth was determined in a subset of women (n = 63). Binomial and linear regression analyses were used to examine associations between maternal plasma 25(OH)D and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fifty-one percent of the women had insufficient (<75 nmol/L) and 21% had deficient (<50 nmol/L) plasma 25(OH)D concentration at enrollment. At birth, 74.4% of the infants had insufficient and 30% had deficient plasma 25(OH)D concentrations, measured in cord blood. Multivariate analysis controlling for maternal age and body mass index (BMI) at enrollment and gestational age at delivery found that deficient plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a four-fold higher risk of stunting in neonates (p = 0.04). These findings add to the existing literature about vitamin D and its association with linear growth in resource-limited settings, though randomized clinical trials are needed to establish causation.
A Prospective Study on Serum Methylmalonic Acid and Homocysteine in Pregnant Women
Authors: Choi Rihwa , Choi Sunkyu , Lim Yaeji , Cho Yoon , Kim Hye , Kim Sun , Chung Jae , Oh Soo-young , Lee Soo-Youn
Published: December 2016

This study aimed to investigate serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine levels and to assess their effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Serum MMA and homocysteine levels in 278 pregnant Korean women, determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in each trimester, were compared with those of previous studies in other ethnic groups. We investigated the association between MMA and homocysteine status with pregnancy and neonatal events: gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, gestational age at delivery, preterm birth, small for gestational age, neonatal birth weight, and congenital abnormalities. The median (range) MMA level was 0.142 (0.063–0.446) µmol/L and homocysteine level was 10.6 (4.4–38.0) µmol/L in pregnant women. MMA levels were significantly higher in the third trimester than during other trimesters (p < 0.05), while homocysteine levels were not. No significant association was observed between MMA or homocysteine levels and any of the maternal or neonatal outcomes examined. Future studies are needed to assess the associations among maternal serum concentrations of MMA and homocysteine, and maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Analysis of Metabolites in Stem Parasitic Plant Interactions: Interaction of Cuscuta–Momordica versus Cassytha–Ipomoea
Authors: Furuhashi Takeshi , Nakamura Takemichi , Iwase Koji
Published: December 2016

Cuscuta and Cassytha are two well-known stem parasitic plant genera with reduced leaves and roots, inducing haustoria in their stems. Their similar appearance in the field has been recognized, but few comparative studies on their respective plant interactions are available. To compare their interactions, we conducted a metabolite analysis of both the Cassytha–Ipomoea and the Cuscuta–Momordica interaction. We investigated the energy charge of the metabolites by UFLC (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography), and conducted GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis for polar metabolites (e.g., saccharides, polyols) and steroids. The energy charge after parasitization changed considerably in Cassytha but not in Cusucta. Cuscuta changed its steroid pattern during the plant interaction, whereas Cassytha did not. In the polar metabolite analysis, the laminaribiose increase after parasitization was conspicuous in Cuscuta, but not in Cassytha. This metabolite profile difference points to different lifestyles and parasitic strategies.
Poem as Endangered Being: Lacostian Soundings in Hopkins’s “Hurrahing” and Stevens’s “Blackbird”
Authors: Farley Matthew
Published: December 2016

This essay situates the recent phenomenology of French Heideggerean-priest Jean-Yves Lacoste in Être en Danger (2011) in a wider discussion of the sacramentology of “things” to pursue the hypothesis that the being of a poem is endangered—crossed between the concrete and the abstract, the perceived and the imagined, the object and the thing. Whereas for Heidegger danger entails a technocratic closure of Dasein’s being-toward-death, for Lacoste danger is proper to the being of life. Lacoste offers two “counter-existentials” to show, contra Heidegger, that life simply cannot be being-toward-death all the time: sabbatical experience and art experience. It is to these kinds of experience that poetry clearly belongs. To illustrate what Lacoste means by sabbatical experience, I offer a reading of G.M. Hopkins’s “Hurrahing in Harvest” (1877); to illustrate what Lacoste means by art experience, I turn to Wallace Stevens’s “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird” (1917). Finally, I conclude that rather than contrast the secular poem with the religious poem it is best to think of all poetry as generically sacramental, i.e., signs and things (signum et res), with religious poetry constituting an excessive pole that is addressed to the sacrament of God (res tantum). The Christian loves the poem because the poem does not make him or her choose between God and things—in light of the Incarnation, an insupportable choice.
An Ionic 1,4-Bis(styryl)benzene-Based Fluorescent Probe for Mercury(II) Detection in Water via Deprotection of the Thioacetal Group
Authors: Le Van , Jeong Ji-Eun , Huynh Huy , Lee Jiae , Woo Han
Published: December 2016

Highly sensitive and selective mercury detection in aqueous media is urgently needed because mercury poisoning usually results from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury by inhalation and/or ingesting. An ionic conjugated oligoelectrolye (M1Q) based on 1,4-bis(styryl)benzene was synthesized as a fluorescent mercury(II) probe. The thioacetal moiety and quaternized ammonium group were incorporated for Hg2+ recognition and water solubility. A neutral Hg2+ probe (M1) was also prepared based on the same molecular backbone, and their sensor characteristics were investigated in a mixture of acetonitrile/water and in water. In the presence of Hg2+, the thioacetal group was converted to aldehyde functionality, and the resulting photoluminescence intensity decreased. In water, M1Q successfully demonstrated highly sensitive detection, showing a binding toward Hg2+ that was ~15 times stronger and a signal on/off ratio twice as high, compared to M1 in acetonitrile/water. The thioacetal deprotection by Hg2+ ions was substantially facilitated in water without an organic cosolvent. The limit of detection was measured to be 7 nM with a detection range of 10–180 nM in 100% aqueous medium.
HPLC-UV Polyphenolic Profiles in the Classification of Olive Oils and Other Vegetable Oils via Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Farrés-Cebrián Mireia , Seró Raquel , Saurina Javier , Núñez Oscar
Published: December 2016

High performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) was applied to the analysis and characterization of olive oils and other vegetable oils. A chromatographic separation on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 reversed-phase column was proposed under gradient elution, employing 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol as mobile phase, for the determination of 14 polyphenols and phenolic acids, allowing us to obtain compositional profiles in less than 20 min. Acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) values down to 80 µg/L in the best of cases), linearity (r2 higher than 0.986), good run-to-run and day-to-day precisions (relative standard deviation (RSD) values lower than 11.5%), and method trueness (relative errors lower than 6.8%) were obtained. The proposed HPLC-UV method was then applied to the analysis of 72 oil samples (47 olive oils and 27 vegetable oils including sunflower, soy, corn, and mixtures of them). Analytes were recovered using a liquid–liquid extraction method employing ethanol:water 70:30 (v/v) solution and hexane as extracting and defatting solvents, respectively. HPLC-UV polyphenolic profiles using peak areas were then analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) to extract information from the most significant data contributing to the characterization and classification of olive oils against other vegetable oils, as well as among Arbequina and Picual olive oil varieties. PCA results showed a noticeable difference between olive oils and the other classes. In addition, a reasonable discrimination of olive oils as a function of fruit varieties was also encountered.
Application of Social Vulnerability Indicators to Climate Change for the Southwest Coastal Areas of Taiwan
Authors: Wu Chin-Cheng , Jhan Hao-Tang , Ting Kuo-Huan , Tsai Heng-Chieh , Lee Meng-Tsung , Hsu Tai-Wen , Liu Wen-Hong
Published: December 2016

The impact of climate change on the coastal zones of Taiwan not only affects the marine environment, ecology, and human communities whose economies rely heavily on marine activities, but also the sustainable development of national economics. The southwest coast is known as the area most vulnerable to climate change; therefore, this study aims to develop indicators to assess social vulnerability in this area of Taiwan using the three dimensions of susceptibility, resistance, and resilience. The modified Delphi method was used to develop nine criteria and 26 indexes in the evaluation, and the analytic hierarchy process method was employed to evaluate the weight of each indicator based on the perspectives of experts collected through questionnaire surveys. The results provide important information pertaining to the vulnerability of the most susceptive regions, the lowest-resistance areas, and the least resilient townships on the southwest coast. The most socially vulnerable areas are plotted based on the present analysis. Experts can consider the vulnerability map provided here when developing adaptation policies. It should be kept in mind that improving the capacities of resistance and resilience is more important than reducing susceptibility in Taiwan.
A Comparison of Electricity Generation System Sustainability among G20 Countries
Authors: Li Jinchao , Geng Xian , Li Jinying
Published: December 2016

Planning for electricity generation systems is a very important task and should take environmental and economic factors into account. This paper reviews the existing metrics and methods in evaluating energy sustainability, and we propose a sustainability assessment index system. The input indexes include generation capacity, generation cost, and land use. The output indexes include desirable and undesirable parts. The desirable outputs are total electricity generation and job creation. The undesirable outputs are external supply risk and external costs associated with the environment and health. The super-efficiency data envelopment analysis method is used to calculate the sustainability of electricity generation systems of 23 countries from 2005 to 2014. The three input indexes and three undesirable output indexes are used as the input variables. The two desirable outputs are used as the output variables. The results show that most countries’ electricity generation sustainability values have decreasing trends. In addition, nuclear and hydro generation have positive effects. Solar, wind, and fossil fuel generation have negative effects on sustainability.
Plate Waste in School Lunch Programs in Beijing, China
Authors: Liu Yao , Cheng Shengkui , Liu Xiaojie , Cao Xiaochang , Xue Li , Liu Gang
Published: December 2016

School plate waste is of particular concern worldwide due to its adverse impacts not only on resource use and the environment, but also on students’ health, physical maturation, and academic achievement in the long term. Previous studies on school plate waste have all been conducted in industrialized countries, and more studies are badly needed in developing countries. In this paper, we report a pilot study on the patterns and causes of plate waste in school lunch programs in Beijing, China, by a combination of physical weighing, questionnaire survey, and semi-structured interview approaches. Our results show that the average amount of food waste generated by school students in Beijing in 2014 was 130 g/cap/meal, accounting for 21% of total food served. Staple food (43%) and vegetables (42%) were the dominant proportions. Buffet meals resulted in less plate waste than packed meals and set meals. Food supply patterns, the quality of canteen service, and the dietary habit and students’ knowledge of food production were the main influencing factors behind plate waste. To our best knowledge, our pilot study provides a first understanding of the overlooked plate waste in school lunch programs in China, and a good basis for further analysis in this field, and will be helpful in informing policy-making in relevant nutrition and education programs in schools in China.
Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas
Authors: Andersson Kim , Dickin Sarah , Rosemarin Arno
Published: December 2016

While sanitation is fundamental for health and wellbeing, cities of all sizes face growing challenges in providing safe, affordable and functional sanitation systems that are also sustainable. Factors such as limited political will, inadequate technical, financial and institutional capacities and failure to integrate safe sanitation systems into broader urban development have led to a persistence of unsustainable systems and missed opportunities to tackle overlapping and interacting urban challenges. This paper reviews challenges associated with providing sanitation systems in urban areas and explores ways to promote sustainable sanitation in cities. It focuses on opportunities to stimulate sustainable sanitation approaches from a resource recovery perspective, generating added value to society while protecting human and ecosystem health. We show how, if integrated within urban development, sustainable sanitation has great potential to catalyse action and contribute to multiple sustainable development goals.
Morphometric Asymmetry of Frustule Outlines in the Pennate Diatom Luticola poulickovae (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Woodard Kateřina , Neustupa Jiří
Published: December 2016

Side orientation of cells is usually ambiguous in unicellular organisms, making it impossible to separate components of directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). However, frustules of the diatom Luticola poulickovae have biradially symmetric outlines, and their central areas bear ornamentation that is asymmetric across the apical axis. The goal of this study was to explore differentiation of morphometric asymmetry across the apical axis into DA and FA components. Is there detectable DA of the valve outlines of two L. poulickovae strains that may be related to the asymmetric central areas? Given that the life cycle of diatoms involves cell-size diminution, and cell shape is strongly affected by allometry, we also explored the question of whether asymmetry is correlated with cell size. The extent of symmetric variation among individuals in each strain, as well as DA and FA across the apical axis, were quantified using two Procrustes ANOVA models. The results revealed no correlation of either total asymmetry or FA with valve size. DA was significant and considerably more pronounced than FA in both strains, indicating that there is previously unknown systematic asymmetry of valve outlines of L. poulickovae, which may be related to the asymmetry of its central area.
The Physics of Turbulence-Free Ghost Imaging
Authors: Shih Yanhua
Published: December 2016

Since its first experimental demonstration, ghost imaging has attracted a great deal of attention due to interests in its fundamental nature and its potential applications. In terms of applications, the most interesting and useful feature, perhaps, is the turbulence insensitivity of thermal light ghost imaging, i.e., atmospheric turbulence would not have any influence on the ghost images of sunlight. Inspired by ghost imaging, a new type of camera is ready for turbulence-free imaging applications. This turbulence-free camera would be especially useful for long distance imaging, such as satellite imaging. How could fluctuations of thermal light produce an image? Why is it turbulence-free? This article addresses these questions.
Microsatellite markers for Nuphar japonica (Nymphaeaceae), an aquatic plant in the agricultural ecosystem of Japan
Authors: Kondo Toshiaki , Watanabe Sonoko , Shiga Takashi , Isagi Yuji
Published: December 2016

Premise of the study:

Nuphar species (Nymphaeaceae) are representative aquatic plants in irrigation ponds in Japanese agricultural ecosystems. We developed 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers for N. japonica and confirmed their utility for its close relatives N. oguraensis var. akiensis and N. ×saijoensis, which originated from natural hybridization between N. japonica and N. oguraensis.

Methods and Results:

Genetic variation was characterized in 15 polymorphic loci in three populations of N. japonica. The average number of alleles per locus was 3.47 (range = 2−9; n = 32), and the average expected heterozygosity per locus was 0.84 (range = 0.5–1.0); 11 loci were amplified in N. oguraensis var. akiensis and 15 in N. ×saijoensis.

Conclusions:

The polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in this study will be useful for investigating the levels of genetic diversity within remnant populations of Nuphar taxa and could provide a valuable tool for conservation genetics of these taxa.
Characterization of 16 microsatellite markers for the Oreinotinus clade of Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
Authors: Barish Syndi , Arakaki Mónica , Edwards Erika J. , Donoghue Michael J. , Clement Wendy L.
Published: December 2016

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite loci were isolated from four species of Viburnum (Adoxaceae) to study population structure and assess species boundaries among morphologically similar South American Viburnum species of the Oreinotinus clade.

Methods and Results:

Using a microsatellite‐enriched library and mining next‐generation sequence data, 16 microsatellites were developed. Each locus was tested on two populations of V. triphyllum and one population of V. pichinchense. For nuclear loci, one to 13 alleles were recovered, expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.8975, Simpson diversity index ranged from 0.0167 to 1.000, and Shannon diversity index ranged from 0 to 2.3670 in a given population. For the mitochondrial locus, three to six alleles were recovered and unbiased haploid diversity values ranged from 0.756 to 0.853 in a given population.

Conclusions:

The 16 microsatellite loci developed for the Oreinotinus clade (Viburnum, Adoxaceae) will inform investigations of population structure and species boundaries within this group.
Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors
Authors: García-Hernández Celia , García-Cabezón Cristina , Martín-Pedrosa Fernando , De Saja José Antonio , Rodríguez-Méndez María Luz
Published: December 2016

The sensing properties of electrodes chemically modified with PEDOT/PSS towards catechol and hydroquinone sensing have been successfully improved by combining layers of PEDOT/PSS with layers of a secondary electrocatalytic material such as gold nanoparticles (PEDOT/PSS/AuNPs), copper phthalocyanine (PEDOT/PSS/CuPc) or lutetium bisphthalocyanine (PEDOT/PSS/LuPc2). Layered composites exhibit synergistic effects that strongly enhance the electrocatalytic activity as indicated by the increase in intensity and the shift of the redox peaks to lower potentials. A remarkable improvement has been achieved using PEDOT/PSS/LuPc2, which exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of catechol. The kinetic studies demonstrated diffusion-controlled processes at the electrode surfaces. The kinetic parameters such as Tafel slopes and charge transfer coefficient (α) confirm the improved electrocatalytic activity of the layered electron mediators. The peak currents increased linearly with concentration of catechol and hydroquinone over the range of 1.5 × 10−4 to 4.0 × 10−6 mol·L−1 with a limit of detection on the scale of μmol·L−1. The layered composite hybrid systems were also found to be excellent electron mediators in biosensors containing tyrosinase and laccase, and they combine the recognition and biocatalytic properties of biomolecules with the unique catalytic features of composite materials. The observed increase in the intensity of the responses allowed detection limits of 1 × 10−7 mol·L−1 to be attained.
HIGHMASS—HIGH H i MASS, H i-RICH GALAXIES AT Z ∼ 0: COMBINED H i AND H2 OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Hallenbeck Gregory , Huang Shan , Spekkens Kristine , Haynes Martha P. , Giovanelli Riccardo , Adams Elizabeth A. K. , Brinchmann Jarle , Carpenter John , Chengalur Jayaram , Hunt Leslie K. , Masters Karen L. , Saintonge Amélie
Published: December 2016

We present resolved

and CO observations of three galaxies from the HIghMass sample, a sample of

-massive (

), gas-rich (

in the top 5% for their M
*) galaxies identified in the ALFALFA survey. Despite their high gas fractions, these are not low-surface-brightness galaxies and have typical specific star formation rates (SFR

) for their stellar masses. The three galaxies have normal SFRs for their

masses, but unusually short star formation efficiency scale lengths, indicating that the star formation bottleneck in these galaxies is in the conversion of

to

, not in converting

to stars. In addition, their dark matter spin parameters (λ) are above average, but not exceptionally high, suggesting that their star formation has been suppressed over cosmic time but is now becoming active, in agreement with prior Hα observations.
ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: SURVEY DESCRIPTION
Authors: Walter Fabian , Decarli Roberto , Aravena Manuel , Carilli Chris , Bouwens Rychard , Cunha Elisabete da , Daddi Emanuele , Ivison R. J. , Riechers Dominik , Smail Ian , Swinbank Mark , Weiss Axel , Anguita Timo , Assef Roberto , Bacon Roland , Bauer Franz , Bell Eric F. , Bertoldi Frank , Chapman Scott , Colina Luis , Cortes Paulo C. , Cox Pierre , Dickinson Mark , Elbaz David , Gónzalez-López Jorge , Ibar Edo , Inami Hanae , Infante Leopoldo , Hodge Jacqueline , Karim Alex , Fevre Olivier Le , Magnelli Benjamin , Neri Roberto , Oesch Pascal , Ota Kazuaki , Popping Gergö , Rix Hans-Walter , Sargent Mark , Sheth Kartik , Wel Arjen van der , Werf Paul van der , Wagg Jeff
Published: December 2016

We present the rationale for and the observational description of ASPECS: the ALMA SPECtroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (UDF), the cosmological deep field that has the deepest multi-wavelength data available. Our overarching goal is to obtain an unbiased census of molecular gas and dust continuum emission in high-redshift (z > 0.5) galaxies. The ∼1′ region covered within the UDF was chosen to overlap with the deepest available imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope. Our ALMA observations consist of full frequency scans in band 3 (84–115 GHz) and band 6 (212–272 GHz) at approximately uniform line sensitivity (

 2 × 109 K km s−1 pc2), and continuum noise levels of 3.8 μJy beam−1 and 12.7 μJy beam−1, respectively. The molecular surveys cover the different rotational transitions of the CO molecule, leading to essentially full redshift coverage. The [C ii] emission line is also covered at redshifts

. We present a customized algorithm to identify line candidates in the molecular line scans and quantify our ability to recover artificial sources from our data. Based on whether multiple CO lines are detected, and whether optical spectroscopic redshifts as well as optical counterparts exist, we constrain the most likely line identification. We report 10 (11) CO line candidates in the 3 mm (1 mm) band, and our statistical analysis shows that <4 of these (in each band) are likely spurious. Less than one-third of the total CO flux in the low-J CO line candidates are from sources that are not associated with an optical/NIR counterpart. We also present continuum maps of both the band 3 and band 6 observations. The data presented here form the basis of a number of dedicated studies that are presented in subsequent papers.
THE ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: CONTINUUM NUMBER COUNTS, RESOLVED 1.2 mm EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND, AND PROPERTIES OF THE FAINTEST DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
Authors: Aravena M. , Decarli R. , Walter F. , Cunha E. Da , Bauer F. E. , Carilli C. L. , Daddi E. , Elbaz D. , Ivison R. J. , Riechers D. A. , Smail I. , Swinbank A. M. , Weiss A. , Anguita T. , Assef R. J. , Bell E. , Bertoldi F. , Bacon R. , Bouwens R. , Cortes P. , Cox P. , Gónzalez-López J. , Hodge J. , Ibar E. , Inami H. , Infante L. , Karim A. , Fèvre O. Le Le , Magnelli B. , Ota K. , Popping G. , Sheth K. , van der Werf P. , Wagg J.
Published: December 2016

We present an analysis of a deep (1σ = 13 μJy) cosmological 1.2 mm continuum map based on ASPECS, the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. In the 1 arcmin2 covered by ASPECS we detect nine sources at

significance at 1.2 mm. Our ALMA-selected sample has a median redshift of

, with only one galaxy detected at z > 2 within the survey area. This value is significantly lower than that found in millimeter samples selected at a higher flux density cutoff and similar frequencies. Most galaxies have specific star formation rates (SFRs) similar to that of main-sequence galaxies at the same epoch, and we find median values of stellar mass and SFRs of

and

yr−1, respectively. Using the dust emission as a tracer for the interstellar medium (ISM) mass, we derive depletion times that are typically longer than 300 Myr, and we find molecular gas fractions ranging from ∼0.1 to 1.0. As noted by previous studies, these values are lower than those using CO-based ISM estimates by a factor of ∼2. The 1 mm number counts (corrected for fidelity and completeness) are in agreement with previous studies that were typically restricted to brighter sources. With our individual detections only, we recover 55% ± 4% of the extragalactic background light (EBL) at 1.2 mm measured by the Planck satellite, and we recover 80% ± 7% of this EBL if we include the bright end of the number counts and additional detections from stacking. The stacked contribution is dominated by galaxies at

, with stellar masses of (1–3) × 1010
M

. For the first time, we are able to characterize the population of galaxies that dominate the EBL at 1.2 mm.
THE ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: MOLECULAR GAS RESERVOIRS IN HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES
Authors: Decarli Roberto , Walter Fabian , Aravena Manuel , Carilli Chris , Bouwens Rychard , Cunha Elisabete da , Daddi Emanuele , Elbaz David , Riechers Dominik , Smail Ian , Swinbank Mark , Weiss Axel , Bacon Roland , Bauer Franz , Bell Eric F. , Bertoldi Frank , Chapman Scott , Colina Luis , Cortes Paulo C. , Cox Pierre , Gónzalez-López Jorge , Inami Hanae , Ivison Rob , Hodge Jacqueline , Karim Alex , Magnelli Benjamin , Ota Kazuaki , Popping Gergö , Rix Hans-Walter , Sargent Mark , Wel Arjen van der , Werf Paul van der
Published: December 2016

We study the molecular gas properties of high-z galaxies observed in the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey (ASPECS) that targets an ∼1 arcmin2 region in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF), a blind survey of CO emission (tracing molecular gas) in the 3 and 1 mm bands. Of a total of 1302 galaxies in the field, 56 have spectroscopic redshifts and correspondingly well-defined physical properties. Among these, 11 have infrared luminosities

, i.e., a detection in CO emission was expected. Out of these, 7 are detected at various significance in CO, and 4 are undetected in CO emission. In the CO-detected sources, we find CO excitation conditions that are lower than those typically found in starburst/sub-mm galaxy/QSO environments. We use the CO luminosities (including limits for non-detections) to derive molecular gas masses. We discuss our findings in the context of previous molecular gas observations at high redshift (star formation law, gas depletion times, gas fractions): the CO-detected galaxies in the UDF tend to reside on the low-

envelope of the scatter in the

relation, but exceptions exist. For the CO-detected sources, we find an average depletion time of ∼1 Gyr, with significant scatter. The average molecular-to-stellar mass ratio (

/M
*) is consistent with earlier measurements of main-sequence galaxies at these redshifts, and again shows large variations among sources. In some cases, we also measure dust continuum emission. On average, the dust-based estimates of the molecular gas are a factor ∼2–5× smaller than those based on CO. When we account for detections as well as non-detections, we find large diversity in the molecular gas properties of the high-redshift galaxies covered by ASPECS.
ANOMALOUS COOLING OF CORONAL LOOPS WITH TURBULENT SUPPRESSION OF THERMAL CONDUCTION
Authors: Bian Nicolas H. , Watters Jonathan M. , Kontar Eduard P. , Emslie A. Gordon
Published: December 2016

We investigate the impact of turbulent suppression of parallel heat conduction on the cooling of post-flare coronal loops. Depending on the value of the mean free path

associated with the turbulent scattering process, we identify four main cooling scenarios. The overall temperature evolution, from an initial temperature in excess of 107 K, is modeled in each case, highlighting the evolution of the dominant cooling mechanism throughout the cooling process. Comparison with observed cooling times allows the value of

to be constrained, and interestingly this range corresponds to situations where collision-dominated conduction plays a very limited role, or even no role at all, in the cooling of post-flare coronal loops.
SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF GAMMA-RAY-BRIGHT BLAZARS WITH OPTICAL POLARIZATION AND GAMMA-RAY VARIABILITY
Authors: Itoh Ryosuke , Nalewajko Krzysztof , Fukazawa Yasushi , Uemura Makoto , Tanaka Yasuyuki T. , Kawabata Koji S. , Madejski Greg M. , Schinzel Frank. K. , Kanda Yuka , Shiki Kensei , Akitaya Hiroshi , Kawabata Miho , Moritani Yuki , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Ohsugi Takashi , Sasada Mahito , Takaki Katsutoshi , Takata Koji , Ui Takahiro , Yamanaka Masayuki , Yoshida Michitoshi
Published: December 2016

Blazars are highly variable active galactic nuclei that emit radiation at all wavelengths from radio to gamma rays. Polarized radiation from blazars is one key piece of evidence for synchrotron radiation at low energies, and it also varies dramatically. The polarization of blazars is of interest for understanding the origin, confinement, and propagation of jets. However, even though numerous measurements have been performed, the mechanisms behind jet creation, composition, and variability are still debated. We performed simultaneous gamma-ray and optical photopolarimetry observations of 45 blazars between 2008 July and 2014 December to investigate the mechanisms of variability and search for a basic relation between the several subclasses of blazars. We identify a correlation between the maximum degree of optical linear polarization and the gamma-ray luminosity or the ratio of gamma-ray to optical fluxes. Since the maximum polarization degree depends on the condition of the magnetic field (chaotic or ordered), this result implies a systematic difference in the intrinsic alignment of magnetic fields in parsec-scale relativistic jets between different types of blazars (flat-spectrum radio quasars vs. BL Lacs) and consequently between different types of radio galaxies (FR I versus FR II).
AUTOMATED DETECTION OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS IN STEREO HELIOSPHERIC IMAGER DATA
Authors: Pant V. , Willems S. , Rodriguez L. , Mierla M. , Banerjee D. , Davies J. A.
Published: December 2016

We have performed, for the first time, the successful automated detection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in data from the inner heliospheric imager (HI-1) cameras on the STEREO-A spacecraft. Detection of CMEs is done in time–height maps based on the application of the Hough transform, using a modified version of the CACTus software package, conventionally applied to coronagraph data. In this paper, we describe the method of detection. We present the results of the application of the technique to a few CMEs, which are well detected in the HI-1 imagery, and compare these results with those based on manual-cataloging methodologies. We discuss, in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of this method.
EVOLUTION OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES AND RELATED BINARIES CONTAINING A WHITE DWARF
Authors: Kalomeni B. , Nelson L. , Rappaport S. , Molnar M. , Quintin J. , Yakut K.
Published: December 2016

We present a binary evolution study of cataclysmic variables (CVs) and related systems with white dwarf (WD) accretors, including for example, AM CVn systems, classical novae, supersoft X-ray sources (SXSs), and systems with giant donor stars. Our approach intentionally avoids the complications associated with population synthesis algorithms, thereby allowing us to present the first truly comprehensive exploration of all of the subsequent binary evolution pathways that zero-age CVs might follow (assuming fully non-conservative, Roche-lobe overflow onto an accreting WD) using the sophisticated binary stellar evolution code MESA. The grid consists of 56,000 initial models, including 14 WD accretor masses, 43 donor-star masses (0.1–4.7 M
⊙), and 100 orbital periods. We explore evolution tracks in the orbital period and donor-mass (P
orb–M
don) plane in terms of evolution dwell times, masses of the WD accretor, accretion rate, and chemical composition of the center and surface of the donor star. We report on the differences among the standard CV tracks, those with giant donor stars, and ultrashort period systems. We show where in parameter space one can expect to find SXSs, present a diagnostic to distinguish among different evolutionary paths to forming AM CVn binaries, quantify how the minimum orbital period in CVs depends on the chemical composition of the donor star, and update the P
orb(M
wd) relation for binaries containing WDs whose progenitors lost their envelopes via stable Roche-lobe overflow. Finally, we indicate where in the P
orb–M
don the accretion disks will tend to be stable against the thermal-viscous instability, and where gravitational radiation signatures may be found with LISA.