bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of Hypofractionated Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Intracranial Lesions Unsuitable for Single-Fraction Radiosurgery
Authors: Zhong Jim , Press Robert H , Olson Jeffrey J , Oyesiku Nelson M , Shu Hui-Kuo G , Eaton Bree R
Published: March 2018

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is commonly used in the treatment of brain metastases, benign tumors, and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Single-fraction radiosurgery, though ubiquitous, is limited by lesion size and location. In these cases, hypofractionated radiosurgery (hfSRS) offers comparable efficacy and toxicity. We review the recent literature concerning hfSRS in the treatment of brain metastases, benign tumors, and AVMs that are poorly suited for single-fraction SRS. Published retrospective analyses suggest that local control rates for brain metastases and benign tumors, as well as the rates of AVM obliteration, following hfSRS treatment are comparable to those reported for single-fraction SRS. Additionally, the toxicities from hypofractionated treatment appear comparable to those seen with single-fractioned SRS to small lesions.
Ecclesiastical Standoffs, Freed People, and the Rigors of Redemption
Authors: Volkman Lucas P.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 8 demonstrates that, during Reconstruction, new civil and political liberties for African Americans secured for them the right to worship independently and the means to protect their church property. It also demonstrates that black believers abandoned white-controlled churches in droves in their own schisms, creating their own Baptist and Methodist organizations, and faced down the terrorism of the Ku Klux Klan to nurture distinctive faiths that advanced the social, economic, and political prospects of African Americans. After political “Redemption” in 1875, white evangelicals remained ecclesiastically divided. New and delimited understandings of Divine Providence, which prompted evangelicals now to look only to the past for signs of God’s intervention, could no longer provide confident predictions of social and political transformation. This new understanding of the Almighty constituted a key modulation in white evangelical faith arising as a consequence of the schisms and the sectional struggle they helped to spawn.
Introduction
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

LOOKING AT ME with a smile, Ester slowly reaches into her blouse. The room is full to capacity, but she does not seem to care. The space overflows with youthful smiles and laughter. Most of the women are wearing colorful outfits with earrings, necklaces, and bracelets to match their outfits, not to mention the ankle bracelets that seem to be popular among some of them. It appears to me that some have dressed to impress. Ester, on the other hand, sits shyly at her table, waiting. As she reached deeper into her blouse, I have to confess I was puzzled. What was she going to do?...
Our Lady of Everyday Life
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

The author demonstrates how the Mexican Catholic imagination is not fixed but is always evolving as women experience life and as their Catholic faith and devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe grows deeper. It is argued that the women’s Catholic devotion is fluid and moves and is shaped by their lived experience. They come in contact with the sacred through touch, the smell of fresh flowers, the taste of special foods, the holy images at home, all reminding them that they are not alone but in communion with saints. As a result, as the women mature, the way they relate to La Virgen de Guadalupe becomes more holistic and complex.
Why Do They Paint Her This Way? She Is Our Mother
Authors: Del Socorro Castañeda-Liles María
Published: March 2018

Chicana feminist interpretations of Our Lady of Guadalupe tend to depart from traditional representations and have caused controversy. This chapter examines the responses of three different groups of women of different ages and backgrounds to some of these feminist artistic representations of Our Lady of Guadalupe in order to explore how the women articulate feminism and how their own definitions relate to their understanding of this sacred figure. The chapter analyzes how Las Damas, Las Madres, and Las Mujeres’ understanding of La Virgen informs their responses, revealing much about their understanding of feminism and the workings of lived religion in their Mexican Catholic imagination.
Dawn of the DAW
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Dawn of the DAW tells the story of how the dividing line between the traditional roles of musicians and recording studio personnel (producers, recording engineers, mixing engineers, technicians, etc.) has eroded throughout the latter half of the twentieth century to the present. Whereas those equally adept in music and technology such as Les Paul were exceptions to their eras, the millennial music-maker is ensconced in a world in which the symbiosis of music and technology is commonplace. As audio production skills such as recording, editing, and mixing are increasingly co-opted by musicians teaching themselves in their do-it-yourself (DIY) recording studios, conventions of how music production is taught and practiced are remixed to reflect this reality. Divided into three parts, part I first examines DIY recording practices within the context of recording history from the late nineteenth century to the present. Second, part I discusses the concept of the studio as musical instrument, and the evolving role of the producer. Part II details current practices of DIY recording—how recording technologies are incorporated into music-making, and also how they are learned by DIY studio users in the musically-chic borough of Brooklyn. Part III examines the broader trends heard throughout the stories presented in part II, summarizing the different models of learning and approaches to music-making. Dawn of the DAW concludes by discussing the ramifications of these new directions for music educators.
Mixing the Multitrack
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Employing the metaphor of mixing a multitrack recording, chapter 7 presents a cross-case analysis that irradiates the salient facets of each case study, bringing to the forefront both the consonant and dissonant relationships across cases. From these analyses, a number of important findings are presented. First, the DIY studio as a music-making entity can be conceptualized as functioning in at least two different models: the do-it-alone (DIA) studio and the do-it-with-others (DIWO) studio. Second, existing computer-based compositional and learning models are referenced to demonstrate how these frameworks need to evolve to reflect current music production practices. Lastly, Lucy Green’s criteria of informal learning are used to examine the learning explained and exhibited by the participants profiled in part II, most notably self-teaching.
Kafka’s Inverse Theology
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: March 2018

This essay examines Kafka’s novel, The Trial, in light of the interpretive controversy as to whether it contains any religious meaning. Drawing upon Theodor W. Adorno’s notion of an “inverse theology,” the essay sets forth a challenge to the theological interpretation of Kafka’s work most often associated with critics such as Max Brod and Gershom Scholem. The essay argues instead that the distinctive pathos of hopelessness in Kakfa’s novel derives from the way it evacuates religious metaphors and images of their redemptive content.
Unfettering the Future
Authors: Macdonald Iain
Published: March 2018

This essay explores notions of alienation and estrangement, contrasting Kafka’s The Trial with the classical accounts offered by Hegel and Marx. A sense of impossibility emerges in Kafka’s work that is new and at the same time tragic. We are estranged from the very conditions of recognizing the conflicting forces that define experience—that is, estranged from the possibility of reconciliation that is clearly necessary, but in no way experienced as real, in spite of the inextinguishable hope that such reconciliation may nevertheless be possible. “Oh, [there is] plenty of hope, an infinite amount of hope—but not for us,” as Kafka famously put it. References are made to Adorno’s and Benjamin’s writings on Kafka. The references to tragic ambiguity, initially presented in relation to the work of Vernant and Naquet, are buttressed philosophically by a reflection on the peculiar modality of the “unreal possibility” of overcoming estrangement.
Judges, Heathscapes, and Hazardous Quarries
Authors: Caygill Howard
Published: March 2018

The composition of The Trial coincided with Kafka’s writing his most original and challenging contribution to the theory of insurance, “Accident Prevention in Quarries.” The relationship between the pioneering intervention in the field of industrial insurance photo surveillance, written during Kafka’s working day, and his fiction, written at night and during short vacations, is much closer than has been appreciated. This chapter, which goes beyond the setting of the execution of Josef K. in a quarry and the recurrent allusions to photography throughout The Trial, argues that Kafka conceived of a horizontal transcendence, which was different from the traditional, Platonic understanding of vertical transcendence.
Ecocultural Perspective on Human Behavior
Authors: Berry John W
Published: March 2018

The ecological approach to understanding phenomena examines them in their contexts and attempts to identify relationships between the phenomena and these contexts. Essential to this approach are the concepts of interaction and adaptation. Interaction implies reciprocal relationships among elements in an ecosystem; adaptation implies that changes in these elements will take place that may (or may not) increase their mutual fit or compatibility. The core claims of the ecocultural approach to understanding human behavior are that cultural features of human populations interact with, and are adaptive to, the ecological contexts in which they develop and live and that the development and display of individual human behavior are adaptive to these ecological and cultural contexts. There are two kinds of cultural contexts that shape the development and display of human behavior: enculturation and acculturation. This chapter reviews these core ideas, and illustrates them with research on cognitive and social behavior.
Economic Shifts and Cultural Changes in Individualism
Authors: Ogihara Yuji
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the relationship between economic affluence and individualism from a cross-temporal perspective. Previous research has indicated that wealth and individualism are positively correlated at both the individual and the national level. This chapter discusses whether this relationship is also found at the temporal level. This chapter consists of three parts. First, a theory about the association between economic affluence and individualism is summarized. Second, the chapter introduces empirical evidence on temporal changes in individualism and their relationship with economic development in three cultures (United States, Japan, China). These studies indicated that the three cultures have shifted toward greater individualism over time. Moreover, these changes in individualism were positively linked to increases in economic affluence at the annual level. Third, the chapter is summarized and directions for future research are raised. Overall, this chapter discusses how socioecological factors and human psychologies/behaviors are associated particularly from a cross-temporal perspective.
Disasters, Insurance, and Preferences
Authors: Sawada Yasuyuki
Published: March 2018

Recently both developed and developing countries have experienced numerous serious disasters that can be subdivided into four major groups: natural, technological, economic crises, and violence-related disasters. These negatively affect not only the livelihoods of the survivors but also their preferences for risks and time delays. In preparation for or in the aftermath of a disaster, various indispensable market and nonmarket mechanisms are available for the people to maintain their livelihood. The complementarity among the market, government, and community is instrumental for a successful disaster management and reconstruction system. This chapter, in order to bridge gaps in the existing studies in socioecological psychology at least partially, reviews the existing evidence on the nexus between disasters and preferences. It illustrates several market and nonmarket insurance mechanisms available for people to reduce the potential damages caused by disasters, discusses the field experimental methods, and show how disasters affect individual and social preferences.
Israel’s New Strategic Setting
Authors: Freilich Charles D.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 analyzes the changes in Israel’s strategic environment in recent decades and presents an overview thereof today. Israel no longer faces existential threats or major conventional ones, the Arab world is in crisis, and the primary threat it now poses stems from its weakness. Peace with Egypt and Jordan is a strategic boon. Conversely, the de facto annexation of the West Bank negates the strategic depth provided by the 1967 borders and incorporates Palestinian terrorism into Israel itself. Acquisition of additional territory has become a liability, and military decision is hard to achieve without it. Hezbollah and Hamas have become significant threats, Iran a major one. The prospects for peace with the Palestinians are meager for now, and it is unclear whether the conflict with them is resolvable. The United States remains the primary player for Israel, but its decreasing regional stature affects its security adversely, as does Russia’s increasing influence.
On Becoming Vietnamese
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 examines the mythologization of the Hmong and other minorities by mainstream performing artists to show how those minorities have been inscribed into Vietnam’s national consciousness through popular music. The chapter traces the early history and migrations of the Hmong into the mountains of Southeast Asia to their formal identification as an ethnic group in French Indochina. From revolutionary songs (ca khúc cách mạnh) in the 1950s and 1960s to independent creative artists in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the multivalent superculture that comprises the Vietnamese mediascape has perpetuated a series of stereotypes about the minorities. Songs, artists, and composers are linked to historically situated political developments to illustrate the gradual assimilation of Hmong and other minorities into Vietnamese culture and society.
Negotiating Opportunities
Authors: McCrory Calarco Jessica
Published: March 2018

Negotiating Opportunities reveals that the middle-class advantage in school is, at least in part, a negotiated advantage. Essentially, this means that middle-class students secure advantages not only by complying with teachers’ expectations but also by requesting (and successfully securing) support in excess of what is fair or required. This book traces that negotiated advantage from its origins at home to its consequences at school. It follows a group of middle-class and working-class students from third to seventh grade and draws on observations and interviews with children, parents, and teachers. The middle-class students learned to negotiate advantages from their parents’ coaching at home. Teachers tended to grant those requests, even when they wanted to say “no.” As a result, middle-class students received the bulk of teachers’ assistance, accommodations, and positive attention. That extra support gave middle-class students advantages over their working-class peers, including more correct answers on tests, more time to complete assignments, more opportunities for creativity, and more recognition for their ideas. The book concludes with a discussion of these findings and their implications for scholars, educators, parents, and policymakers. It argues that teaching working-class students to act like their middle-class peers will not be enough to alleviate inequalities because middle-class families will find new ways to negotiate advantages that keep them one step ahead.
Coached for the Classroom
Authors: McCrory Calarco Jessica
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 explores how parents coach children to use class-based strategies for managing challenges at school and how children internalize those lessons. Middle-class parents felt a deep responsibility for their children’s academic success, and they taught children to secure that success using strategies of influence. Middle-class children thereby learned that when they encountered problems at school, they should use their teachers as resources, avoid consequences, and be assertive in seeking support. Working-class parents felt primarily responsible for their children’s character development. Reflecting on their own experience in school, they worried that teachers might punish students who complained or sought special favors. Thus, working-class parents taught their children to practice strategies of deference. As a result, working-class students learned to treat teachers with respect, take responsibility for their actions, and tackle problems on their own.
Introduction
Authors: Cutter Mary Ann G.
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers a number of reasons to reflect on how breast cancer is understood in Western medicine. These include that breast cancer serves as a prominent nosology and nosography in medicine which affects a significant number of women, commands a large portion of financial resources, serves as the focus of numerous policies and laws, provides a glimpse into history, calls out for clarification, and carries ethical implications. In the analysis, breast cancer offers a case study in philosophy of medicine for purposes of asking questions about the nature of breast cancer, how we know it, and how we treat it. The chapter outlines the investigation, highlighting the major questions that are raised along the way.
Aspiration
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: March 2018

Becoming someone is a learning process; and what we learn are the new values around which, if we succeed, our lives will come to turn. Agents transform themselves in the process of, e.g., becoming parents, embarking on careers, or acquiring a passion for music or politics. How can such activity be rational if the reason for engaging in the relevant pursuit is available only to the person one will become? How is it psychologically possible to feel the attraction of a form of concern that is not yet one’s own? How can the work done to arrive at the finish line be ascribed to one who doesn’t (really) know what she is doing or why she is doing it? These questions belong to the theory of aspiration. Aspirants are motivated by proleptic reasons, reasons they acknowledge to be defective versions of the reasons they expect to eventually grasp. The psychology of such a transformation is marked by intrinsic conflict between aspirants’ old point of view on value and the one they are trying to acquire. They cannot adjudicate this conflict by deliberating or choosing or deciding—rather, they resolve it by working to see the world in a new way. This work has a teleological structure: by modeling herself on the person she is trying to be, the aspirant brings that person into being. Because it is open to us to engage in an activity of self-creation, we are responsible for having become the kinds of people we are.
Introduction
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: March 2018

In addition to reasoning from the valuational condition we are already in, it is possible to reason toward value. This form of value-learning is aspiration. Its neglect in the philosophical literature on rationality, moral psychology, and responsibility is visible in certain subtle ways in which the space of possibility has been narrowed in each area. But aspiration must be possible, since it is actual. We see it in Alcibiades’ speech in Plato’s Symposium. Plato shows us the tortured condition of someone who can almost see what it would be like to see things differently: Alcibiades’ conventional honor-loving values move him to flee from and hate Socrates, even as he struggles to recognize that the honor-loving life is not worth living. He can almost see his values as bankrupt—but he can’t quite, because they won’t go away.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conflict
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: March 2018

In an “extrinsic” conflict, an agent’s desires pull her toward incompatible actions. As a matter of contingent fact, nothing she does will get her everything she wants. Intrinsically conflicted agents are conflicted at the level of value, and this means that the conflict fractures the agent’s evaluative point of view: in order to get the appeal of one of the things she wants fully in view, she must step out of the point of view from which the other appears attractive. For this reason, the conflict cannot be resolved by deliberation as to which side is better overall. Harry Frankfurt is wrong to think that such conflicts are resolved by identifying with one side and externalizing the other. In fact, they cannot be resolved by any single, momentary act of the will: it takes time to work one’s way into a point of view. We resolve intrinsic conflicts by aspiring.
Evidentiary Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Goodman Nan
Published: March 2018

The late seventeenth century, known for its contributions to the scientific method, also saw shifts in the understanding of legal evidence, the most prominent of which charted a course away from faith-based claims about knowledge to claims based on eyewitness testimony. Less well-known was a shift in legal evidence from the local to the global or from circumscribed to cosmopolitan witnessing. When John Locke argued that knowledge was the result of human interactions with the external world, the category of what counted as knowledge became geopolitically extensive, opening itself up to “facts,” as they were understood in local and global contexts. This expansion of the sphere for available facts led to a preference for truths grounded in the facts of a larger world—in evidentiary cosmopolitanism—which emerges in the writings of the late seventeenth-century New England Puritans as the centerpiece of their argument against royal oppression and the loss of their charter.
{ Epilogue }
Authors: Goodman Nan
Published: March 2018

In drawing on the law of nations, an early modern compilation of writings about war, peace, and the world, the Puritans used literature in the form of generically multifaceted and eclectic discourse to bring the cosmopolis into material being. These imaginative iterations of the Puritans’ experiments with cosmopolitanism constitute the law’s literary past—a past confined not to literary artifacts per se—although the sermons, essays, and correspondence analyzed here provide ample evidence of those—but encompassed by the imaginative enterprise that gives rise to literature in general. The epilogue addresses the transition—from the law of nations to international law—in terms of its impact on cosmopolitanism and the lessons the Puritan engagement with the law of nations may hold for us going forward.
Rethinking the State in International Relations
Authors: Tickner J. Ann
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on two self-reliant development models, the United States from 1776 to 1829 and India from 1947 to 1980. These strategies are contrasted with self-reliant models, articulated by Thomas Jefferson and Mohandas Gandhi. The chapter then discusses the author’s later thinking about the gendered state as well as other feminist writings on the state, focusing on chapters in Gendered States that analyze state masculinity. It also reviews IR feminist work presenting a more positive view of the state. It concludes by critically reassessing the author’s early work on self-reliant development and suggests we need new models going beyond a statist world.
Rescuing the State?
Authors: Agius Christine
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores how two middle powers, Sweden and Australia, deploy the politics of protection in different ways. Sweden’s efforts to remake the state is viewed through a gender lens as part of efforts to disentangle its former neutral profile through more robust military applications, whilst embodying a peaceful self-narrative linked to military non-alignment, active internationalism and a ‘feminist foreign policy’. The second case explores efforts to reclaim a bounded concept of the sovereign state in Australia's masculinist and militarized approach to securing its borders with respect to asylum seekers. Australia seeks to reclaim a more traditional imagining of the state, or a return to ‘restoring’ state sovereignty perceived to be under threat by globalising forces. Both case studies explore the inherently gendered and securitized reworking and revisioning of the state, and the tensions and contradictions that emerge in questions of security, sovereignty and identity.
Commodities
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Harris Jeffrey H.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides background information about commodities. The first section provides an introduction consisting of a discussion of benefits and risk and commodity investment strategies. The next two sections discuss the outlook for commodity performance and the purpose of the book, followed by sections on its distinguishing features and the intended audience. The chapter then outlines the six major sections of the book, including an abstract for each of the remaining 27 chapters. These sections are (1) background, (2) types of commodities, (3) methods to invest in commodities, (4) performance of commodities, (5) strategies and portfolio management, and (6) issues involving commodities. The final section offers a summary and conclusions.
Fundamentals and Commodity Prices
Authors: Haigh Michael S.
Published: March 2018

Commodity markets occasionally co-move with the broader macro markets for reasons beyond their own fundamentally driven physical characteristics. This chapter focuses on two related avenues to look beyond the fundamentals of counting barrels, tonnes, bushels, or molecules. The first section uses a principal component analysis to disentangle how fundamentals versus non-fundamentals drive commodity prices and focuses on the crude oil market. The results are intuitive and allow isolating the extent to which supply and demand matter to price changes experienced in the market. Furthermore, the results enable understanding whether the diversification benefits of commodity markets exist in almost real time. Second, given the ability to segment fundamentally driven commodities from others, the chapter focuses on how much supply or demand factors attribute to the fundamental variation in prices. The analysis reveals that, in the oil market, supply concerns drive prices during geopolitical tensions, while demand concerns dominate during economic crises.
Agricultural
Authors: Moran Nicole
Published: March 2018

Society relies on agricultural commodities to feed and clothe the world’s population and play an important role in the economy as well as the financial markets. Unlike other commodities, agricultural commodities (grains and oilseeds, dairy, and softs) have unique characteristics that may include seasonality, perishability, and production dependent on weather conditions. Further, these products are an important part of international trade and are crucial in providing food security to ensure a stable supply of food worldwide. Financial investments within the agriculture industry have increased over the last several decades due in part to the commercialization of food production, the introduction of agricultural commodity index funds, and the increased investment in futures markets. This chapter introduces the major agricultural products, discusses price determinants and how to invest in agriculture, and highlights the differences between agricultural commodities and other commodities.
Issues in Benchmarking Commodity Performance
Authors: Filbeck Aaron
Published: March 2018

Commodity investments have continued to gain traction in diversified portfolios since the 1990s. Historically low correlations relative to traditional asset classes, different fundamental drivers, and investor demand for alternative sources of return have brought commodity investments forward as a solution that provides overall portfolio diversification while maintaining similar long-term return streams. A large inflow of institutional investors and noncommercial traders has increased demand and lowered barriers to entry. Many of these investors simply want exposure to commodities as an asset class, often investing in index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). In some cases, investors assume that the underlying commodity indexes that these investment vehicles track represent appropriate benchmarks asset class performance. In reality, the many different commodity indexes available make benchmarking asset class performance more difficult.
Commodity Trading Strategies, Common Mistakes, and Catastrophic Blowups
Authors: Till Hilary
Published: March 2018

Becoming an expert in the commodity markets has traditionally required a novice to seek an apprenticeship at an established commodity firm. This chapter provides an alternative approach: a reader is provided a reasonably comprehensive tour of the always dynamic and frequently opaque commodity markets, including views on (1) commodity trading strategies, (2) common mistakes, and (3) catastrophic blowups. The specific commodity trading strategies covered are trend-following and calendar spreads. The common mistakes that the chapter includes are (1) targeting returns rather than risk metrics, (2) establishing inappropriate trade sizing, and (3) failing to fully appreciate the psychological discipline required for trading. The chapter also provides case studies on the catastrophic derivatives blowups at both Amaranth and MF Global.
Virtual Currencies as Commodities
Authors: Chourou Lamia
Published: March 2018

The rapid advancement in encryption and network computing gave birth to new tools and products that have influenced the local and global economy alike. One recent and notable example is the emergence of virtual currencies, also known as cryptocurrencies or digital currencies. Virtual currencies, such as Bitcoin, introduced a fundamental transformation that affected the way goods, services, and assets are exchanged. As a result of their distributed ledgers based on blockchains, cryptocurrencies not only offer some unique advantages to the economy, investors, and consumers, but also pose considerable risks to users and challenges for regulators when fitting the new technology into the old legal framework. This chapter offers a nontechnical discussion of several aspects and features of virtual currencies and a glimpse at what the future may hold for these decentralized currencies.
Saving the Sacred Sea
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: March 2018

Lake Baikal is like no place on Earth. More than a mile deep, Baikal contains a fifth of the world’s freshwater. Thousands of endemic species reside in its watershed. It is an ecological treasure trove and a natural reservoir of global proportions. The region is also home to a strong environmentalist community that works tirelessly to protect Baikal from human harm. Environmentalists around Baikal began their campaign in the late 1950s, sparking the first national protest against the Soviet government’s planned industrial development. They have remained active in some form ever since, across the years of chaos, instability, and crisis: from Russia’s opening to the forces of globalization through the authoritarianism of Putin in the present. This book examines the struggle of Baikal environmentalists across these periods in order to develop a new understanding of civil society under conditions of globalization and authoritarianism. Through extended, historically informed ethnographic analysis, the book reveals that civil society is engaged with political and economic elites in a dynamic struggle within a field of power. Understanding the broader field of power helps to explain a number of apparent contradictions surrounding civil society and environmentalism. For example, why does civil society seem to both bolster democracy and threaten it? Why do capitalist corporations and environmental organizations form partnerships despite their general hostility toward each other? And why has democracy proven to be so elusive in Russia? The field of power posits new answers to these questions, as Baikal environmental activists struggle to protect and save their Sacred Sea.
Baikal Goes Global
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: March 2018

This chapter traces the relational position of civil society through the history of three key organizations: Baikal Environmental Wave, the Tahoe-Baikal Institute, and the Great Baikal Trail. The development of local environmental civil society around Lake Baikal in the post-Soviet years was conditioned by two important changes. First, the Soviet collapse opened the door to global interaction. Local civil society was inextricably linked to global networks and forces that shaped the course of its development. Second, civil society’s strength and independence shifted along with the status of other power holders in the larger field. In the 1990s, the economy and the state were in crisis and collapse. Civil society was then most free to define itself and take aggressive positions. As the two opposing powers recover in the 2000s, accommodation to economic and political power is preferred.
Authorizing Environments and the Perils of Legitimacy Seeking
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that international development organizations (IDOs) are constrained by their political authorizing environments. The more insecure an IDO’s authorizing environment, the more likely the IDO will engage in tight control, asking its agents to meet output targets so as to generate numbers that can be reported to authorizers. International development organizations differ with regards to their authorizing environments, creating variation in authorizing environment constraint. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) have starkly contrasting authorizing environments, and I employ discussion of these agencies to illustrate the chapter’s main theoretic points.
Tailoring Management to Suit the Task
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter brings quantitative and qualitative empirics to bear on the relationship among project verifiability, navigation strategy, and international development organization Project Success. It draws on the quantitative Project Performance Database and two pairs of case studies comparing U.S. Agency for International Development and U.K. Department for International Development projects in South Africa. It finds that Navigation by Judgment is associated with relatively better project performance as project verifiability falls. It also highlights that Navigation by Judgment is not always successful; in a case pair in the South African health sector, Navigation by Judgment fares less well than tight top-down target setting and measurement.
Delegation and Control Revisited
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter traces the relationship between political authorizing environments, international development organization (IDO) management, and IDO field agents, drawing on the empirics presented in chapters 6 and 7. It digs into the experience of working for USAID as compared to DFID. It also extends the discussion of delegation to implementing contractors and brings this book’s theorizing of Navigation by Judgment into conversation with other foreign aid solutions aimed at incorporating local knowledge, such as establishing country offices or ensuring projects have country ownership. This chapter connects Part II’s empirics more tightly to the mechanisms theorized in Part I , particularly the role of authorizing environment insecurity and the need to “manage up” (Chapter 4) and their implications for the workplace experience of agents (Chapter 3) and the entry and exit of personnel.
Group Format and Group Work
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

This chapter specifically describes how to facilitate groups, teaching and instructional methods, roles and responsibilities for facilitators, and cultural awareness in the Sí, Yo Puedo program. The chapter describes the importance of understanding the cultural dynamics among group members, diversity in groups, and the dual role and self-disclosure elements in facilitating groups. An examination of group process and empowerment is discussed. Finally, a step-by-step guide on how to set up and structure the groups is reviewed. Specific attention is paid to how to conduct intakes, managing a crisis in groups, the importance of assessment for domestic violence and safety planning, confidentiality and mandatory reporting, information on legal issues, and providing resources to immigrant Latina women. A discussion of ongoing support after the completing the program is addressed.
Contemporary Shamanisms in Norway
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

This book examines Sámi shamanism in Norway as a uniquely distinctive local manifestation of a global new religious phenomenon. It takes the diversity and hybridity within shamanic practices seriously through case studies from a Norwegian setting and highlights the ethnic dimension of these currents, through a particular focus on Sámi versions of shamanism. The book’s thesis is that the construction of a Sámi shamanistic movement makes sense from the perspective of the broader ethno-political search for a Sámi identity, with respect to connections to indigenous peoples worldwide and trans-historically. It also makes sense in economic and marketing terms. Based on more than ten years of ethnographic research, the book paints a picture of contemporary shamanism in Norway in its cultural context, relating it both to the local mainstream cultures in which it is situated and to global networks. By this, the book provides the basis for a study revealing the development of inventiveness, nuances, and polyphony that occur when a global religion of shamanism is merged in a Norwegian setting, colored by its own political and cultural circumstances.
The Power of Nature in the High North
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, I explore shamans’ relationships with the nature of the high north. How is nature included in their practices and how does the use of nature relate to the legitimizing of modern Sámi shamanism? I base the discussion on the view that landscapes are constituted as meaningful entities through events. However, different experiences, interests, and agendas make the same landscape evolve with different meanings. To shed light on these issues, I start by putting in context some of the background for the interest in nature and landscape that is expressed by the shamans I have interviewed and that can be related to the interest in nature among modern Pagans as well as within the New Age spiritualties.
Legal Integration and Language Diversity
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

How is the European Union (EU) to create laws that are uniform in a multitude of languages? Specifically, how is it to attain both legal integration and language diversity simultaneously without the latter compromising the former? The answer lies in the domain of translation. A uniform interpretation and application of EU law begins with the ways in which translators and jurist–linguists of the EU legislative bodies translate the original legislative draft texts into the various language versions. In the EU, law and language are inherently connected. This book critically assess contemporary translation practices in the EU legislative procedure, or “EU Translation,” and proposes an alternative, “source-oriented” approach that promises to better serve the policy objectives of the EU. On the one hand, the EU pursues legal integration, that is, the incremental harmonization and unification of its Member States’ laws, for the purpose of reducing national regulatory differences among Member States. On the other hand, in its commitment to the diversity of European languages, its legislative institutions enact legislative instruments in 24 languages. Contrary to the orthodox view in academic literature and to the current policies of the EU, this book suggests that the English language version should serve as the original and only authentic legislative text and that translation into the other language versions should avoid prioritizing clarity and fluency over syntactic correspondence and employ neologisms for distinctly EU legal concepts.
Formalizing the Primacy of English
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

The first step in evaluating and proposing an alternative to current EU Translation is determining which language version is and should be the original text and thus the “source text” for translation into the other language versions. Notwithstanding the rules and rhetoric of EU’s Institutional Multilingualism, English is in reality the language that participants in the EU legislative process use primarily to draft and debate EU legislation. Analogously, the Court of Justice of the EU appears to give more weight to a small number of widely used languages when interpreting EU legislation, particularly the English language version. Europe’s cultural diversity and EU’s democratic legitimacy demand that EU Institutions acknowledge this reality and accept English as the institutional and pan-European lingua franca. Moreover, they ought to formally recognize the English language version as the original and sole authentic legislative text, and thus as the source text in EU Translation.
Buddhist Paths to Violence
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter charts potential Buddhist pathways to violence through doctrine, logic, and heuristics. The first section introduces examples from the Buddhist doctrine that provide spaces to justify violence. In the second section, doctrinal arguments find a way into Buddhist logic, as evidenced by the historical case studies of wars, such as Japanese Buddhists during the Russo-Japanese War of Sri Lankan Buddhists throughout the 26-year civil war against the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam. Finally, the third section draws upon the work of psychologist Daniel Kahneman and his study of availability heuristics to examine the way Buddhists disavow some lives from their precept of nonviolence.
The Violence of Gender Discrimination
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews the doctrinal and historical controversy surrounding the ordination of women in Buddhist traditions. In the contemporary period, Theravāda female monastic orders have attempted to create a female monastic order (bhikkhunī order) in Thailand. The Thai government and its monks have rejected such efforts. In addition to official resistance, people have exhibited violent backlashes to such attempts. While both sides of the polemic provide doctrinal justifications for their arguments, these justifications do not remove the harm caused to women occluded from ordination or those ridiculed and threatened once they ordain. This chapter tracks the violence of the gender discrimination through both monastic practices and the larger Thai society. Finally, it reviews three Buddhists justifications for gendered violence through Buddhist doctrine.
Postscript
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

This postscript examines religious authority that is beyond strictly doctrine and practice. It traces the history of Western scholarship on religion and authority. Drawing from their own religious background, Western scholars first emphasized orthodoxy (doctrine) as an important religious authority in Buddhism. This was gradually expanded to include orthopraxy (the practice itself). Throughout this development, scholars acknowledged the importance of culture, but never as an equal authoritative axis to orthodoxy and orthopraxy. The postscript argues that the absence of an alternative religious authority, of equal weight, hinders the analysis of Buddhist roles in politics and violence, as well as the study of Buddhism in general.
Postsecular Catholicism
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

Amid increased secularization, there is new appreciation for the relevance of moderate religion, such as Catholicism, in redirecting the ethical commitments of contemporary society. The postsecular affirmation of the mutual significance of religious and secular resources provides the Church with a renewed opportunity for engagement with public societal issues and for institutional revitalization among Catholics. It requires, however, a dialogue between doctrinal ideas and the increasingly secularized experiences and expectations of Catholics, as well as others. This book examines how the Church negotiates this task. Anchored in the context of American Catholicism, it aims to help the reader understand why Catholicism continues to have relevance, notwithstanding its multiple tensions. Critical here is recognition of the fact that the Church is not a monolithic entity but, instead, is characterized by, and allows, a dynamic interpretive diversity among laity, bishops, and the Vatican. The book presents case analyses and survey data showing how the crosscutting pull of religious and secular currents plays out across a number of contentious societal and intra-Church issues. Among the topics examined are economic inequality, climate change, gay sexuality, divorce and remarriage, women’s ordination, and religious freedom. This inquiry demonstrates the strategies and processes by which tradition and change, authority and autonomy, and doctrinal ideas and secular realities are held together in Catholicism.
Contrite Modernity, Contrite Catholicism
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter explains the book’s objective in probing how contemporary Catholicism grapples with the challenge of maintaining relevance amid increased secularization. It discusses the theoretical and empirical context for the book’s inquiry and its anchoring in American Catholicism and society. The chapter explains why Jurgen Habermas’s construct of contrite modernity opens up new lines of dialogue and action for the Church in light of contemporary societal problems of economic inequality and related ills, and it outlines what is entailed in postsecular expectations of reflexive dialogue between moderate religious and secular actors. It also discusses the book’s working assumption that the postsecular expectations Habermas outlines for religious–secular engagement, including issues of language and authority, are the same expectations required of Catholicism as it negotiates both its public societal role and the array of doctrinal issues of particular relevance to Catholics. The chapter also briefly introduces the data and subsequent chapters.
The Church’s Dilemma
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents a thematic analysis of official Church discourse on sex and gender—issues central to Catholicism and, beyond religion, publicly salient to contemporary questions of personal identity and social relationships. Focusing on abortion, same-sex relationships, and women’s ordination, it assesses the postsecular attunement of the Church’s respective arguments, and it notes the continuities between its reasoning on abortion and on social justice. The chapter argues that Pope Francis is symbolically disrupting Church discourse by recalibrating the Church’s public priorities, moving them away from sexual issues, offering a more compassionate framing of abortion, and using a more inclusive vocabulary, as well as meaningful silences on gay sexuality. His stance on women’s ordination, by contrast, especially the continuing ban on its discussion, defies postsecular expectations. The chapter probes the tensions in Francis’s construal of women’s equality and concludes by highlighting how clericalism may perpetuate Church officials’ biased understanding of women.