bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensibilité à la similarité phonétique chez les enfants dyslexiques et les bons lecteurs
Authors: Lecocq Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary : Sensitivity to phonetic similarity in dyslexies and good readers.

The importance of the articulatory rehearsal loop in working memory and in reading activity makes it possible to consider two ways of determining reading difficultes : in the first it is thought that a deficiency in working memory accounts for developmental dyslexia (Jorm, 1983) ; whereas the second theory points more to linguistic deficiency, particularly at the phonological level (Liberman et Shankweiler, 1980). Where these two theoretical perspectives clash more particularly, would be in the effect of phonological similarity in immediate memory. In the first case, no interaction is predicted between groups of subjects (good and retarded readers) and types of material (rhyming and non-rhyming), whereas in the second case, an interaction is predicted. In the first experiment, the author compares performances of retarded and good readers, at an equivalent chronological age in this type of assignment. He shows :

1) that retarded readers have, on average, poorer results than good readers in the immediate memory task ;

2) that the effect of rhyme is present in both groups (no interaction between groups and types of material) ;

3) that, on average, this effect of rhyme is greater among retarded readers than among good readers ;

4) that, whereas there are readers whose development is 2 years behind others in the memory task, their late development is as much as 4 years in a task of substracting syllables or phonemes. In the second experiment, the author compares the same type of subjects carrying out the same tasks but at an equivalent reading age. He shows in this case :

1) that the inferiority of bad readers, whatever the type of material, in working memory, disappears ;

2) that the effect of rhyme continues, but it is present specially among bad readers ;

3) that the performance of bad readers remains far below that of good readers in a task of substracting syllables or phonemes.

It is thought that these results can provide indications on the one hand as to the direction of causality, and on other hand on the relations existing between phonological competence and immediate memory.

Key words : reading, developmental dyslexia, working memory.
Recherches sur le genre : temps de classification au masculin et au féminin de substantifs animés
Authors: Champagnol Raymond
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Dans deux expériences, on mesure le temps de catégorisation au masculin et au féminin de noms communs désignant des personnes ou des animaux de l'un ou l'autre sexe. Les mots représentent les trois façons principales de réaliser le genre en français : genre régulier, ex. : ami-amie ; genre par changement lexical, ex. : homme-femme ; genre non déterminé au niveau du mot, ex. : libraire. On se demande : 1 / si les catégories de genre sont équivalentes pour ces trois types de mots, et 2 / si l'un des genres est marqué par rapport à l'autre.

Il apparaît que les mots à genre régulier entraînent des temps de classification plus longs que les mots où le genre est représenté par des variations lexicales. Cet allongement du temps est mis au compte d'opérations nécessaires pour l'examen de la structure morphologique inflexionnelle des mots à genre régulier. La question de savoir si le féminin est marqué par rapport au masculin n'a pas pu recevoir de réponse claire. On trouve, au contraire, pour les mots en e, des temps de vérification plus longs au masculin qu'au féminin. Les résultats permettent d'envisager la possibilité de deux opérations dans le cas du masculin et une dans le cas du féminin, chaque opération nécessitant environ 150 ms.

Mots clés : genre, classification nominale, règles lexicales.
Pourquoi apprend-on mieux quand les répétitions sont espacées ? Une évaluation des réponses contemporaines
Authors: Perruchet Pierre
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'effet d'espacement est défini comme l'effet positif exercé sur l'apprentissage d'un item inclus dans une série d'items semblables, par l'interposition entre les répétitions de cet item d'un ou de plusieurs autres éléments de la série.

Trois interprétations du phénomène sont analysées. Si l'on désigne par PI et P2 deux présentations consécutives d'un même item, l'effet de l'espacement entre PI et P2 est attribué, soit à l'amélioration de la consolidation des traces de PI, soit à la variabilité introduite dans le traitement de PI et de P2, soit aux conséquences de l'espacement sur la qualité du traitement alloué à P2. La majorité des données expérimentales s'inscrit en faveur de cette dernière éventualité. Mais les formulations actuelles restent trop imprécises pour répondre de façon satisfaisante à l'énigme posée par l'exceptionnelle robustesse empirique du phénomène.

Mots clés : mémoire, espacement, variabilité du traitement, attention.
Variabilité comportementale et conditionnement opérant chez l'animal
Authors: Boulanger Bruno , Ingebos Anne-Michèle , Lahak Martine , Machado Armando , Richelle Marc
Published: November 2007

Summary : Behavioral variability and operant conditioning in animals.

The purpose of this critical review of current knowledge in the field of animal behavioral variability within operant conditioning settings, is to pave the way of future research. The present review is organized around two main lines : 1) the influence of several variables on the spontaneous variability of the operant response and 2) the selective reinforcement of operant response variability. It is concluded that variation mechanisms have been studied much less than selection mechanisms (even if these mechanisms are complementary in theories of learning). Some results lead us to consider behavioral variability as an inherent dimension of behavior, sensitive to contingencies of reinforcement, just like any other dimension (e.g. response force or duration).

Key words : behavioral variability, operant conditioning, animal behavior.
L'épreuve de la balance de Siegler : analyse critique du modèle par élaboration de règles
Authors: Larivée Serge , Normandeau Sylvie , Roulin Jean-Luc , Longeot François
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article comprend deux parties. Dans la première partie, les auteurs procèdent à une évaluation critique de l'approche par élaboration de règles développée par Siegler pour étudier le développement cognitif. Après avoir résumé le modèle et souligné ses avantages ainsi que ses appuis empiriques, les auteurs soulèvent un ensemble de critiques concernant principalement le fait que le modèle n'intègre pas toutes les règles possibles et qu'il passe sous silence la variabilité intra-individuelle. Au cours de la seconde partie, les auteurs vérifient le modèle de Siegler à l'aide de l'épreuve de la balance auprès d'un groupe d'adolescents (N = 127). Les résultats mettent en évidence la pertinence des critiques adressées au modèle. Ainsi, alors que le modèle de Siegler comporte quatre règles, les auteurs mettent en exergue trois autres règles dont celle de Vadditivité. La présence de cette règle montre d'ailleurs la trop grande globalité de la Règle III du modèle de Siegler puisque parmi les 77 sujets classés comme utilisateurs de la Règle III avec le modèle de Siegler, 33 sujets utilisent la règle de l'additivité. Les auteurs suggèrent la poursuite des travaux avec l'utilisation conjointe de la méthode d'exploration critique piagétienne et de l'approche par élaboration de règles.

Mots clés : développement cognitif, approche par élaboration de règles, proportion.
Rôle d'un procédé de dramatisation sur la mémorisation d'un récit
Authors: Legros Denis
Published: November 2007

Summary : Role of a dramatization procedure on the memorization of a story.

The main purpose of this experiment was to study the influence of the affective load of words upon memorization of a news-story. In each of the three central paragraphe of a first version («neutral version»), the 6 weakest nouns and adjectives on the affective evaluation scale were employed. In each of the three central paragraph of a second version (« dramatized version ») the strongest words were employed.

50 Ss participated in this experiment. Free recall (immediate and delayed : 8 days) was used as a indication of output processes implied by the task. These results support the hypothesis that the emotional load of words influences the memorization of a text. This effect varies quantitatively and qualitatively according to sentence and text constituants (types of propositions and categories of words) and their position in the story.

Key words : text processing, affective load.
Equivalences intermodales de la forme des objets entre la vision et le toucher chez les bébés de 2 mois
Authors: Streri Arlette , Milhet Sylvie
Published: November 2007

Summary : Intermodal transfer in object's shape between vision and touch in 2-month-old infants.

In a previous experiment, we provided evidence that intermodal transfer between touch and vision is possible in 2-month-old babies but only from touch to vision and not from vision to touch. This result does not support the thesis of the newborn's unity of senses. An explanation may be that we have used a difficult procedure for such young babies. In this experiment, an intermodal matching test is used. Tactual field and visual field of the baby are separated by a screen. The baby could explore visually an object and at the same time he touched another object which had the same shape or a different shape. Thirty-six 2-month-old babies took part in this experiment. 24 infants were in an intermodal matching situation and 12 infants in an unimodal perception situation (control group). Babies have avoidance reactions when the two objects are the same shape more often than when the two objects are a different shape but as often as in the unimodal condition. The difference of behaviors provides evidence that babies take in the same information when the object has an identical shape in visual and tactual modalities. Nevertheless, the avoidance reactions are more frequent from touch to vision than from vision to touch. This result confirms the precedent one obtained in intermodal transfer situation and is discussed.

Key words : vision, touch, intermodal.
Résolution des syllogismes catégoriques formels
Authors: Politzer Guy
Published: November 2007

Summary : Resolution of formal categorial syllogisms.

After a brief reminder of the structure of categorical syllogisms, the main issues involved in their psychological study are discussed. In order to explain performance in classical experiments, it was assumed that reasoning is by-passed by non-logical processes, due to strong material and time constraints. A model, applicable to most subjects on most syllogisms, was developed. This model assumes (i) the operation of four general principles based on well-established facts in the fields of (a) semantics, regarding the status of affirmative and negative categorical sentences and the status of universals and particulars, (b) grammar, regarding the role of subject and predicate, (c) pragmatics, regarding sentence informativeness and rele-vance ; (ii) the operation of two elementary principles of premise combination ; (iii) that the individual's logical treatment is limited to detecting internal contradictions and tautologies within sentences and incompatibility between sentences. An experiment is reported that supports many of the predictions derived from the model. All the phenomena known in the literature on syllogistic reasoning with formal material are explanable by the model.

Key words : reasoning, deduction, syllogism.
La théorie de la détection du signal et le traitement de stimuli nociceptifs
Authors: Vause Mireille , Costermans J. , Janne Pascal
Published: November 2007

Summary : Signal Detection Theory and the perception of pain.

This paper reviews experiments on the perception of pain using the framework of Signal Detection Theory. This model allows us to determine whether or not a modification of the limits of pain perception is attributable to a modification of the receptors' sensitivity, or to a shift of the decision criterion according to which a sensation is categorized as painful or not painful.

Few factors seem to affect sensitivity to pain. Some appear to reduce it : antalgic substances, of course, but also chronic pain, depression, or momentary physical stress ; in contrast, taking drugs like cannabis seems to enhance receptivity to pain. More factors were observed to affect the decision criterion. Among those which reduce the tendency to interpret the sensations as painful, one finds some placebos, verbal suggestions, acupuncture, chronic pain, depression ; among those which have the opposite effect, one finds cannabis, anxiety, and fear.

Key-words : perception of pain, signal detection theory.
Les problèmes rencontrés par des adultes de bas niveau de qualification pour lire et exécuter des figures planes et des dessins en perspective
Authors: Baldy René , Chatillon Jean-Francisque , Cadopi Marielle , Gausserand Véronique
Published: November 2007

Les problèmes que rencontrent les sujets, et notamment les sujets dits de bas niveau de qualification, pour lire et exécuter des dessins constituent une source de blocage dans de nombreux domaines. Proviennent-ils spécifiquement du traitement des rapports projectifs (perspective, point de vue...), ou d'un déficit dans la représentation de Vespace graphique en général ? Le travail présenté tente d'apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. Nous comparons les performances obtenues par un groupe de sujets dans deux tâches de dessins : la première consiste à reproduire une figure géométrique plane, la seconde consiste à reproduire un dessin en perspective. On observe que le dessin en perspective est généralement moins bien réussi que la figure géométrique. Les procédés d'exécution sont analysés de manière à interpréter les différences entre les dessins de copie et de mémoire et entre figure plane et dessin en perspective.

Mots clés : représentation de l'espace, figure géométrique, dessin en perspective, adulte.
Perception analytique et globale
Authors: Berger Carole
Published: November 2007

Les aspects holistiques ou analytiques de la perception sont actuellement discutés en référence soit à la structure de l'objet perçu, soit à la nature du traitement effectué. L'approche structurale évoquée ici repose sur une distinction entre deux types de dimensions (Garner, 1974). Les unes, dites intégrales (saturation et brillance par exemple), sont considérées comme étant perçues de façon unitaire ou globale. Les autres, dites séparables (taille et brillance par exemple), sont considérées comme étant perçues isolément, de façon indépendante. Cependant, l'approche fonctionnelle remet en cause cette opposition entre dimensions intégrales et séparables : elle montre en particulier que le traitement des dimensions considérées comme séparables chez l'adulte est d'abord holistique chez le jeune enfant (traitement organisé par des règles de similarité globale) et ne relève de règles dimensionnelles que plus tard au cours du développement. Plusieurs modèles théoriques permettent actuellement d'interpréter la nature de ce changement.

Mots clés : dimensions intégrales/séparables, traitement dimensionnel/ global, classification libre, classification rapide imposée, catégorisation, développement perceptif.
Le concept de coping
Authors: Paulhan Isabelle
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Tout au long de sa vie, l'individu est confronté à une succession d'événements mineurs ou majeurs : naissance d'un enfant, changement d'emploi, maladies, blessures graves, deuil, etc. Ces expériences peuvent être perçues comme menaçantes par l'individu, induire des perturbations émotionnelles et avoir à long terme des effets néfastes sur la santé physique et psychique. L'individu ne reste pas habituellement passif par rapport à ce qui lui arrive : il essaie de faire face. On parle de coping pour désigner la façon de s'ajuster aux situations difficiles. Dans cet article, nous présenterons : l'origine et l'évolution du concept de coping, le concept de coping et la théorie cognitive du stress, la classification des différentes stratégies de coping, et l'efficacité de ces stratégies dans l'ajustement aux événements stressants.

Mots clés : coping, stress, ajustement.
Le traitement de l'information ordinale : une étape nécessaire de l'apprentissage de la lecture
Authors: Magnan Annie
Published: November 2007

Summary : Order of letters in a word : A necessary stage for learning to read.

In this experiment we compare good and poor readers's performance (400 subjects) in a task of word composition with series of letters in disorder. Two conditions are tested : The word's picture is or is not presented. These results show that :

— good readers's performance is better whatever theexperimental condition;

— poor readers, unlike good readers do not improve their performance when the picture is presented

It seems that poor readers do not use semantic and phonological information ; they cannot coordinate information provided by the situation.

The results raise a basic question : Is it possible to interpret the answers given by the children from a developmental perspective ? In other words, what is the link between the development of linguistic competence and general cognitive development ? The ability to arrange the letters in a word would not depend on a specific skill, but would depend on an active process of reconstruction linked to the child's general cognitive development.

Key-words : reading, order of letters, semantic information, phonological information.
Contrôle d'un pointage avec souris informatique et codage spatial
Authors: Baccino Thierry
Published: November 2007

Summary: Mouse pointing control and spatial coding

Two kind of cues have been used in studies on spatial coding in reading: Eye movements and decision times recorded during sentences reading. Therefore, it has been suggested that spatial coding occurs on a one-dimensional axis (for sentences). The aim of this article is two-fold: To show that spatial coding does exist in a bi-dimensional space (for a text) and to discover the token ofthat coding (wordform or word meaning). We analyzed several variables from a mouse pointing task which show spatial coding at a text level and suggest that words are coded independently of their semantic representation.

Key words: spatial coding, mouse control, reading on screen, pointing task.
Accès au lexique et production de la parole: un survol
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic
Published: November 2007

Summary : Lexical access in speech production : A briefreview.

This article provides a brief review of experimental and speech error data (in normal subjects and aphasic patients) concerned with lexical access in speech production. We start from the old distinction between two major processes involved in speech production, namely, lexical selection ofthe appropriate word from thousands of alternatives in the mental lexicon and phonological encoding of the corresponding word in order to compute its articulatory program. Then, we review data tracing the time-course of semantic and phonological activation, contrasting by the way two major and opposite conceptions of lexical access in speech production. The jirst view, called the two discrete stages theory is a modular view: there is no phonological encoding before lexical selection. The second view is a connectionist one: there is continuing interaction between the two processes. Finally, a reconciliation of modular and interactive accounts is proposed.

Key words: speech production, modularity and connectionism, lexical access.
Qui était Victor Henri (1872-1940) ?
Authors: Nicolas Serge
Published: November 2007

Summary : Who was Victor Henri (1872-1940) ?

Victor Henri (1872-1940) was Binet's first collaborator. This article contains a short biography and a presentation ofthe work in psychology of this surprising person forgotten by history. Beginning his scientific studies at the Sorbonne, he met Théodule Ribot, and then Alfred Binet. In 1892, he began experimental work in psychology in the laboratory of physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. Working with Binet at first in the fields of memory and suggestibility, he then chose a new subject of research : the localisation of tactual sensations. From October 1894 to March 1896, he went to Leipzig to work at Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory in order to continue his work on the tactile sense. In April 1896, he joined Georg Elias Müller's laboratory in Goettingen and submitted a thesis under his direction on this same theme, 5 June 1897. During this long period of time in Germany, Victor Henri was in contact with Binet and even became associated with the program of individual psychology brought into operation by the latter. However, in a very short space of time, Henri deserted psychology integrating in 1898 the physiological laboratory direc- ted by Dastre (1844-1916) in the Sorbonne. Under his direction he submitted a thesis in physico-chemistry (on the 20 February, 1903) before continuing an international scientific career in this field.

Key words : Henri, Binet, history of psychology.
La compréhension des expressions idiomatiques
Authors: Marquer Pierre
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cette revue retrace l'évolution des recherches psycholinguistiques consacrées à la compréhension des expressions idiomatiques (EI). Les premières recherches se sont centrées sur les relations entre les interprétations littérale et idiomatique, dans le cadre de modèles apparemment opposés comme l'hypothèse d'une liste séparée d'EI, l'hypothèse de représentation lexicale, ou encore l'hypothèse d'accès direct, mais ce n'est que récemment que l'utilisation de tâches « on-line » a commencé à fournir quelques informations sur l'évolution dans le temps du traitement des EI. Les résultats en apparence contradictoires des premières études ont conduit à examiner le rôle des caractéristiques qui différencient les EI : prédictibilité, polysémie, familiarité de l'expression, familiarité relative de ses interprétations, transparence, flexibilité syntaxique et lexicale. Les effets de ces derniers facteurs confortent l'hypothèse selon laquelle, contrairement à la définition traditionnelle, les El peuvent être décomposées et traitées de la même manière que les énoncés littéraux non idiomatiques. Dans ces conditions, l'interprétation des EI, qui ne sont plus considérées comme des métaphores figées, peut impliquer la mise en œuvre de métaphores liées au même champ sémantique.

Mots-clés : accès au lexique, compréhension des expressions idiomatiques, désambiguïsation.
Evolution temporelle d'un amorçage hémisphérique dans une situation double-tâche
Authors: Sockeel P.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Temporal evolution of hemispheric priming in a dual-task situation.

The heuristic importance of dual-task paradigms is easily demonstrated in the field of hemispheric asymmetries. Dual-task paradigms have contributed to the evolution of static and dynamic models, particularly by taking into account contextual aspects as potential determinants of lateral effects. In this research area, the concept of priming refers to the processes by which an hemisphere is activated prior to the carrying out of a task. This priming effect can be forced by the execution of a secondary lateralized task. We developed a situation in which the main task was a divided-visual-field tachistoscopic matching test. According to a random-controlled situation, subjects were instructed to say whether the two stimuli were « the same » or « different » before, concurrently or after (with an inter-task interval of 1,5, 2,5 or 4 seconds) an activating task. For this latter task, the subjects were asked to beat a complex rhythm by hitting in a loop on a sensitive board. As expected, the results showed a significant increase in the number of correct responses in the activated hemisphere. Moreover, an optimum was found when the task was performed concurrently or with an interval of 1,5 second after the end of the priming task. The priming process seems to be a temporal function characterized by an immediate increase and by a later and progressive decrease in the resources of the hemisphere involved. These hemisphere-specific activation paradigms are mainly used to produce an inter-hemispheric imbalance in normal or pathological subjects. Through an inter-hemispheric imbalance it is possible to access details of hemispheric co-operation for information processing or to induce new cognitive capacities in a non-damaged hemisphere. Our results suggest the importance of optimizing these paradigms by taking into account the temporal evolution of the brain activation.

Key words : hemispheric priming, brain activation, dual-task paradigms.
Les styles d'apprentissage : des concepts aux mesures
Authors: Olry-Louis I.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Learning styles : From concepts to measurement.

This article surveys the main models relating to learning styles, as well as the evaluation instruments to which these models have given rise, using the approach of a critical review. A number of criteria can be used to place models in relation to each other. In particular, models can be compared on the number and type of dimensions used, the descriptive or normative nature of the model, and the degree to which an interactional perspective is used. A study of measurement instruments considers the data recording method used and summarises the main results available regarding validation.

In conclusion, a number of questions are raised concerning the diversity of measurement instruments and their overlap with other tools. Finally, from a practical perspective the use of learning style instruments is discussed and from a conceptual perspective a restructuration of the diversity of styles is proposed.

Key words : learning styles, cognitive styles, behaviour styles, validation of questionnaires.
Le traitement holistique peut-il guider le traitement analytique dans la catégorisation de visage?
Authors: Lautrey Jacques , Bonthoux Françoise , Pacteau Chantal
Published: November 2007

Summary: Can holistic processing guide analytic processing for face categorization.

This paper presents a «pluralistic » approach to cognitive functioning and reports an experiment designed to test it. This approach is called «pluralistic» because it assumes that, in most of situations, subjects have at their disposal several processes likely to fill the same function, and that simultaneous or successive activation of these different processes in the course of problem solving may boost a self-organizing dynamic.

A face categorization task, which can be solved either by an holistic processing mode or by an analytic processing mode, is used to test these assumptions. The specific hypothesis which is tested is that holistic processing may play a guiding role for subsequent analytic processing. More precisely, it is expected that subjects having used an holistic mode of processing in the category learning phase of the experiment, will discover more rapidly the rule in a subsequent phase of concept discovery. The results do not confirm this hypothesis. Our interpretation suggests that this kind of experiment has to be conducted again with other stimuli than faces (for which the holistic mode of processing seems special) and with some modifications in the concept discovery phase.

Key words : face categorization, holistic processing, analytic processing, individual differences, category learning.
La compréhension asyntaxique dans tous ses états. Des représentations linguistiques aux ressources cognitives
Authors: Rigalleau François , Nespoulous Jean-Luc , Gaonac'h Daniel
Published: November 2007

Summary: What to do with the various aspects of asyntactic comprehension ? From linguistic representations to cognitive resources.

Asyntactic comprehension is a sentence comprehension disorder presented by some brain damaged patients. This trouble is characterized by a selective processing deficit of grammatical information. This review paper discusses the relations between three types of theories explaining asyntactic comprehension. Structural theories define the elements of linguistic representations that are not established in asyntactic comprehenders : these theories suggest a very specific deficit involving some syntactic elements (traces). Procedural theories define the psycholinguistic processes that are deficient in the patients : asyntactic comprehenders should have a deficit of the automatic processing of morphosyntactic information. Resource theories explain the comprehension deficit by a limitation of working memory resources that could result in a slow-down of activation and/or a speed-up of the decline of linguistic information : these theories are appropriate to explain the rapid decline of syntactic information in asyntactic comprehenders. These three theories are not incompatible : structural theories define the linguistic elements that require a rapid processing, and that are especially costly in working memory resources if this rapid processing is deficient. However, the results in favor of these theories should be taken with caution : for experiments, asyntactic comprehenders are often selected according to their expressive disorder (agrammatism). Some case studies suggest a dissociation between agrammatism and asyntactic comprehension.

Key words : asyntactic comprehension, syntactic traces, cognitive resources.
Image globale du résultat et difficulté à sérier des longueurs chez des enfants de 6 à 12 ans
Authors: Devichi Claude , Chatillon Jean-Francisque , Baldy René
Published: November 2007

Summary: Global image of the result and difficulty in solving a length seriation task for 6- to 12-year-old children.

This research examined the role a global image of the result has in length seriation problem solving. The first experiment showed that when subjects could not take advantage of the figural help provided by this image, the degree of task difficulty increased. The subjects did not succeed in changing their way of solving the problem (until 12). The control made in the second experiment helped partially the subjects (especially the oldest) to put their representation back in conformity with the task and to improve their performance.

Key words : cognition, representation, image, seriation.
Normes d'associations verbales pour 366 noms d'objets concrets
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic , Alario F.-X.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Word association normsfor 366 names of objects

This paper presents a database of word association norms developed for experimental research in psycholinguistics. It contains free association norms for over 300 words in the French language, collected from a group of 89 French speakers, between the ages of 18 and 25. These norms will be of use to researchers and students in many fields of psychology, especially in the study of language and memory, where the degree of association between pairs of words is often an important experimental variable. This is the first large scale collection of French norms to be published. The main part of the article contains an alphabetic list of all associative responses and their frequency for each of the 366 stimulus words.

Key words : word association norms.
Encodage phonologique et production de la parole
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic
Published: November 2007

Summary : Phonological encoding in speech production.

This paper begins with a presentation of Levelt and Wheeldon's (1994) model of phonological encoding in language production. Then, the methods used to study this process are presented. In a third part, data on phonological encoding, including speech errors, the tip of the tongue phenomenon, reaction times studies and neuropsychological studies are reviewed. Finally, evidence for the syllable's role as a unit of speech production is presented. A mixed representation of the syllable in which syllables are both chunks and schemas is suggested.

Key words : phonological encoding, speech planning, syllable.
Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943) : fondateur du laboratoire de psychologie et de linguistique expérimentales à l'Université de Rennes (1896)
Authors: Nicolas Serge
Published: November 2007

Summary: Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943) : Founder of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Rennes (1896).

This is a commemorative paper (1896-1996) for the celebration of the centenary of the creation of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics by Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943). This laboratory was the first one to be created by afrench university (Rennes). After a grant obtained at the «agrégation» of philosophy in 1886, Bourdon decided to visit German universities. Introduced by a letter from Ribot, he was received by Wundt at Leipzig and observed to the experiments which were taking place in the laboratory. On his return to France, he prepared his PhD and as a « chargé de cours» inaugurated for the first time a course in experimental psychology at a provincial University (1891). A few years later he established his laboratory (1896) when he was appointed professor of philosophy.

Key words : Benjamin Bourdon, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics ofthe University of Rennes, history of psychology.
Pour un code de conduite des chercheurs dans les sciences du comportement humain
Authors: Caverni Jean-Paul
Published: November 2007

Summary: Towards a code of ethics for researchers in the behavioral

The term «ethics», usually associated with Philosophy, has henceforth fallen into common use: it refers to principles and constraints that are required in any human activity with the goal of protecting life and respecting the person. Behavioral sciences and experimental psychology, among others, are concerned with Ethics.

In most countries with standardized scientific practices, ethical concerns in behavioral research have been endorsed by scientists and research institutions. Codes of to-be-followed behaviors have been proposed, as well as to-be-consulted authorities. Nothing like this has taken place in France. No code regarding the specific behavioral research has yet been proposed. There are no ethic commitees in universities. Ethical questions have been the responsability of legislators, notably with the law of person protection in biomedical research.

After examining the law concerning behavioral research (and subsequent problems) and those from codes of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the British Psychological Society (BPS), the author proposes a code for scientists' behaviors in human behavioral sciences and how to put it into practice. The challenge is great. For scientists, it concerns the right to be responsible. For research participants, it concerns the respective share between the right of selfishness on one hand and the duty of solidarity on the other hand.

Key words : code of conduct, ethics, behavioral sciences.
La conscience syntaxique chez les préadolescents : question de méthodes
Authors: Gaux Christine , Gombert Jean Émile
Published: November 2007

Summary : Syntactic awareness in preadolescents : Methodological issues.

Paradigms used to test syntactic awareness are not without controversy. Some disagreements remain about the nature of syntactic knowledge tested and the level of control that they require. In the present study, participants were presented a task designed in such a way that an intentional analysis needed to be completed. Participants had to reproduce in a correct sentence, a morphemic or syntactic agrammaticality presented in another sentencial context. This replication task was compared with other tasks generally used in syntactic awareness assesment. Thus, seven syntactic tasks were proposed to 83 6th grade pre-adolescents : repetition, judgment, correction, location and 3 versions of replication. Analyses of variance, component analyses and fixed order regression controlling influence of IQ and memory span, indicated that replication tasks behaved differently from other tasks. These data provide strong support for the interest of replication tasks.

Key words : psycholinguistics, syntactic awareness, morphemic and syntactic agrammaticalities, preadolescent.
Mode de présentation et organisation de l'information dans l'acquisition de connaissances spatiales
Authors: Blanc Nathalie , Tapiero Isabelle
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Le but de cette recherche est d'étudier quelles sont les conditions de présentation des informations (mode et organisation) qui permettent la construction de représentations spatiales. La comparaison de la représentation spatiale d'une île construite à partir d'un texte descriptif avec celle construite à partir de la perception visuelle de l'emplacement des éléments géographiques de cette île indique que la qualité du modèle spatial construit dépend du mode de présentation des informations. Nos résultats indiquent également que les effets de l'organisation de la présentation des informations (linéaire versus non linéaire) dépendent du mode de présentation de ces informations.

Mots-clés : modèle de situation spatial, représentations spatiales, organisation des informations, mode de présentation des informations.
L'introduction de l'enseignement de la psychologie scientifique en France : Théodule Ribot (1839-1916) à la Sorbonne (1885)
Authors: Nicolas S.
Published: November 2007

Summary : The introduction of scientificpsychology in France : Théodule Ribot (1839-1916) at the Sorbonne (1885).

The present paper was written with two aims in mind : (1) to explore the context of the introduction of psychology in the French University System, and (2) to present thefirst course of experimental psychology by Th. Ribot at the Sorbonne on December 7, 1885. The Sorbonne was the first french University that recognized this new science founded in Germany by Fechner and Wundt. In France this recognition was relatively late due to the negative influence of spiritualist philosophy. The introduction of psychology was due to political, institutional, and intellectual contexts. First, the political and philosophical contexts of the time are presented. Second, the discussions at the Sorbonne concerning the foundation of the first course of experimental psychology are exposed. Finally, the whole first course of psychology, which presents a great interest for history of French psychology, is presented before concluding on the circumstances of the end of this course in February 1888.

Key words : Ribot, history of psychology, Sorbonne.
Le rôle du genre grammatical au cours de la reconnaissance de noms
Authors: Andriamamonjy P.
Published: November 2007

Summary : The role of grammatical gender during word recognition

This article concerns the role of grammatical gender during noun recognition. It starts with a description of French grammatical gender. This description shows that there is no rule of general application that accounts for the noun repartition in masculine and feminine categories. However, the nominal categorization system reveals formal regularities related to the distribution of noun endings in the two categories of gender. For example, the ending « -at » mostly appears in masculine nouns. Thus, the probabilily for a noun ending in « -at » to be masculine is higher than its probability to be feminine. Several studies have shown that French speakers have an implicit knowledge of these regularities and exploit thern in order to categorize a noun or a pseudo-word.

The absence of categorization rules suggests that grammatical gender information is associaled to each noun in the mental lexicon and the presence of exploited regularities suggests that gender information might be retrieved without access to the noun representation. There is no representational model that postulates a double way to retrieve gender information. However, it is precisely the hypothesis of a double way that allows for an influence of grammatical gender during the recognition of isolated nouns. Recent data are compatible with this hypothesis. Finally, the article provides a review of experimental data concerning the role of grammatical gender on word recognition by investigating the influence of gender information provided by the context in which a noun appears. Research reveals an influence of grammatical context, although the interpretation ofthis influence remains controversial.

Key words : grammatical gender, word recognition.
Aller au-delà des tests de signification traditionnels : vers de nouvelles normes de publication
Authors: Lecoutre Bruno , Poitevineau Jacques
Published: November 2007

Résumé

II y a de bonnes raisons de penser que le rôle des tests de signification usuels dans la recherche en psychologie sera considérablement réduit dans un proche avenir. Les résultats des analyses statistiques traditionnelles devraient être systématiquement complétés ( « au-delà des seuls seuils observés p » ) pour inclure systématiquement la présentation d'indicateurs de la grandeur des effets et leurs estimations par intervalles. Ces procédures pourraient rapidement devenir de nouvelles normes de publication. Dans cet article, nous passons d'abord en revue les principaux abus des tests de signification et les solutions de rechange proposées. Parmi celles-ci, des méthodes d'intervalle de confiance (fréquentistes) et des méthodes d'intervalles de crédibilité (fiducio-bayésiens) permettent d'estimer l'importance réelle des effets, et en particulier d'apprécier leur caractère négligeable ou notable. À partir d'un exemple numérique, nous illustrons ces méthodes pour l'analyse de contrastes entre moyennes dans un plan d'expérience complexe, en considérant à la fois les effets bruts et les effets relatifs (calibrés). Nous discutons les similitudes et les différences des approches fréquentistes et bayésiennes, leur interprétation correcte et leur utilisation pratique.

Mots-clés : grandeur de l'effet, effets bruts et relatifs, inférence statistique, tests de signification, intervalles de confiance, méthodes bayésiennes.
Privation de contrôle et traitement de l'information : critique de l'approche de la motivation pour le contrôle et propositions alternatives
Authors: Ric François
Published: November 2007

Summary : Control deprivation and information processing : A critical evaluation of the control motivation hypothesis and propositions for alternative interpretations.

Control motivation theory is considered as the dominant explanation for the effects of control deprivation on subsequent social information processing. According to this position, control deprivation heightens a fundamental motivation to restore control that results in a more careful processing of incoming information. In this article, a critical analysis of this position is presented. It is argued that the available experimental data do not clearly support control motivation theory. Moreover, this position cannotfully explain some results found in this research area. Four alternative explanations based on the reactance-learned helplessness integration are proposed. According to these theoretical proposais, the effects of control deprivation on subsequent information processing vary depending on the amount of control deprivation experienced and on the difficulty ofthe task. It is argued that these propositions are consistent both with the results found in control deprivation research and with findings in other areas (such as social power and depressives' social perception) in which control deprivation is hypothesized to be an important factor.

Key words : control deprivation, information processing, control motivation.
L'interprétation des discordances compétence-performance dans le développement cognitif. L'exemple de la quantification de l'inclusion
Authors: Perret Patrick
Published: November 2007

Summary : Competence-performance discrepancies in cognitive development. The case of class-inclusion reasoning

This paper explores, through the example of the class inclusion literature, the major hypotheses that have been proposed to account for competence-performance discrepancies in the course of cognitive development. It is shown that these hypotheses focused successively on each ofthe three parameters stated by Flavell and Wohlwill's initial model. A first set of empirical studies has established that performance varies as a function of task-related variables. A second set, making use of tasks with more complex logical demands, accounts for performance variability by a lack of logical competence that is supposed to emerge at adolescence. From a third perspective, competence is available early and discrepancies resuit from the inefficient inhibition of competing knowledge structures. After a discussion of the theoretical difficulties met by these alternative explanatory frameworks, we suggest that a « knowledge-levels » approach is necessary to coordinate the various hypotheses.

Key words : cognitive development, competence-performance, inhibition, knowledge-levels, class inclusion.
Psychologie de la connaissance des objets. Catégories et propriétés, tâches et domaines d'investigation
Authors: Tijus Charles-Albert , Cordier Françoise
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La « catégorie » est une entité cognitive à laquelle correspondent des mécanismes, des processus, des opérations et des actions dénommés sous le terme générique de « catégorisation ». Tous les domaines de recherche de la psychologie utilisent ce concept et des moyens d'investigation associés. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une revue critique des diverses utilisations de ce concept dans les différentes disciplines de la psychologie, ainsi que les tâches expérimentales qui servent à étudier ce concept pour aboutir à une description comparative aussi complète que possible de ce qui apparaît être un des concepts fondamentaux de la psychologie.

Mots-clés : catégorie, tâches de catégorisation, taxonomie, domaines de la psychologie.
Normes de production catégorielle pour 38 catégories sémantiques : étude sur des sujets jeunes et âgés
Authors: Marchal André , Nicolas Serge
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article propose un recueil de normes de production catégorielle en français recueillies chez 85 sujets jeunes et 85 sujets âgés pour 38 catégories sémantiques. Ces normes seront utiles aux chercheurs dans le domaine de l'étude de la mémoire, du vieillissement et du langage. La première partie présente, par ordre décroissant, le nombre et le pourcentage de production de chaque item en référence à une catégorie donnée, tandis que la seconde partie présente le nombre de production en première position de chaque item en référence à une catégorie.

Mots-clés : normes de production catégorielle, sujets jeunes et âgés.