bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of gold and platinum-group elements in some candidate reference materials by GFAAS and ICP-MS
Authors: Sen Gupta J G , Gregoire D C
Published: November 2013

The candidate reference material (5 g) was decomposed by heating with aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid followed by attack of the insoluble residue by fusion with sodium peroxide. The noble metals (osmium excepted) were co-precipitated with 5 mg added tellurium by
reduction with stannous chloride. After filtration and dissolution of the precipitate in aqua regia followed by conversion to chlorides, the salts were dissolved in 2 mL of 1M hydrochloric acid. Gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, and platinum were determined by graphite-furnace
atomic-absorption spectrometry using 10-20 þl aliquots. To 1 mL aliquot of the sample solution, 101Ru, 105Pd, 193Ir, and 194Pt spikes were added, and after dilution to 5 mL, the unknown quantities of these elements were determined by isotope dilution inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry
using solution nebulization. The data on gold and platinum-group elements, as obtained for several candidate geochemical reference materials and internal reference rocks, will be presented and compared with other values.
Recognition of mass spectral interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Shao Y , Horlick G
Published: November 2013

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a relatively new technique for elemental analysis. Among its important analytical characteristics are high sensitivity, low detection limits, simple spectra, wide dynamic range, almost complete coverage of
the Periodic Table, and the capability of providing element isotopic composition. The technique is rapidly evolving into a routine analytical tool for trace and ultra-trace elemental determinations. Research into both the fundamental and practical aspects of ICP-MS has resulted in a better
understanding of the technique and has also revealed problems that remain to be overcome. One of the more serious problems is mass spectral interference in which the mass of an undesirable plasma species directly coincides with a mass of the element of interest. The sources of these undesirable
species include basic plasma background species, interelement spectral overlaps, matrix induced molecular species, and argon-matrix related species. In part, because of the unit resolution of the quadrupole mass spectrometers used in ICP-MS, the resulting spectral overlaps are often difficult to
even recognize. As a first step in recognizing a spectral interference problem, analytical determinations should be made at more than one mass for elements that have two or more naturally occurring isotopes. If the results do not agree, then a spectral interference problem might be indicated. A
powerful tool is to compare results and result discrepancies, sample by sample, with the sample composition of the suspected source of the spectral interferent. This can be effectively carried out using computer generated bar graphs. Two of the more problematic elements that can generate numerous
spectral interference problems are S and Ca. Unfortunately, these two elements cannot readily be determined by ICP-MS. When these two elements are thought to be components of the sample matrix they should be independently determined using ICP atomic emission spectrometry. This complementary
information, when compared to ICP-MS results by the bar graph method, can very effectively reveal spectral interference problems. The application of these approaches to spectral interference recognition will be illustrated for the analysis of ground water samples.
A versatile method for analysis of oxide ore samples by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF)
Authors: Webb P C , Potts P J , Watson J S
Published: November 2013

A simple modification of a method used routinely for analyzing silicate rocks enables the accurate determination of major elements in a range of oxide ore samples. Samples are prepared as glass discs by adding an equal weight of pure quartz to the sample before
fusion with a lithium metaborate/tetraborate flux. Actual proportions are 1:1:12 of sample:quartz:flux. The added quartz serves to: i) assist in the dissolution of refractory oxides, ii) promote the formation of stable glass discs using a flux normally appropriate for silicate rocks, and iii)
convert the matrix to mimic that of a silicate rock so that routine methods used for calibrating silicate samples are applicable with only minor modification. Furthermore, the effective dilution of the ore constituents reduces the magnitude of matrix corrections which can be severe in samples of
unusual composition. To calibrate for high levels of ore components, routine silicate calibrations (1:6 dilution) require extending with additional ore reference samples (1:1:12 dilution). Only the ore samples require addition of quartz, and a numeric correction must be applied to the composition
data to take the added 50 wt.% SiO2 into account. One consequence of the higher dilution is that precision errors and detection limits for ore samples are greater than for corresponding silicate analysis, but this problem can be reduced by extending count times. These procedures have been
applied to a range of oxide (i.e. nonsulphide ores of Cr, Mn, and Fe) ore reference samples with determinations by ED-XRF analysis. The calibrations produced give good agreement between expected and regressed values of major elements across a wide compositional range, demonstrating the versatility
of the method. Additional data are presented for major elements in a number of ore reference materials for which matrix compositions are not well characterized. These data should be of value to analysts needing to assess matrix effects and instrumental interferences before selecting the most
appropriate conditions for analysis.
Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry
Authors: Xu Z
Published: November 2013

The introduction of powdered geological solid samples by laser ablation for analysis by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-ES) is studied. The fundamental principles of laser ablation, the phenomenon of the transportation of the aerosol
(ablation particulate material), and the application of ICP-ES are investigated. Three modes of laser ablation are applied in this work. 1. A Nd YAG laser is used, which can be operated either in the free running or Q switched mode (pulse duration 8 ns and irradiance larger than 1011 Wþcm-2) at
repetition rate of 1-20 Hz. The accuracy and precision of the data produced in the Q switched mode are superior than the free running mode, achieving good detection limits, but the results for Zr are low. We have observed that the structure of the refractory mineral, zircon, could not be destroyed
by the laser beam and vaporized completely. If the sample is pretreated by chemical means, good results will then be obtained. 2. A dual laser beam ablation system is used, combining both the CO2 laser and Nd YAG laser in Q switched mode to ablate the sample sequentially. Sample is mixed with some
chemical fluxing reagents, fused by the CO2 laser at first and then ablated (vaporized) by the YAG Q switched laser in the same chamber. We obtained good analytical results for Zr, but the orifice of the ICP torch may be clogged by the salts of chemical reagents. 3. Now we use a YAG laser with an
acoustic optic Q switch to ablate the sample. This system appears to achieve the best results and its future looks promising.
Discussion of mineral standard reference samples tests in EPMA
Authors: Zhang Y , Wang S , Yang L , Meng X
Published: November 2013

Standard reference samples of minerals of natural origin in EPMA must have a degree of homogeneity in chemical composition at about the micrometer (þm) scale of spatial resolution and possess excellent stability in electron beam bombardment. This paper has
evolved from work on the development of mineral standard reference samples for electron microprobe mineral analysis and discusses: homogeneity testing and stability testing using the electron microprobe; certification of chemical composition; and the statement of uncertainty in certified values. The
process of assessing homogeneity and the criteria used in selecting suitable standards are discussed in this paper.
Determination of fourteen major and minor elements in different geological materials by X-ray fluorescence
Authors: Guohui L
Published: November 2013

An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method has been developed for the determination of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ba, Sr, Rb, and Zn in different geological materials including silicates, carbon- ates, iron ores, clays, bauxites, and peridotites, using a
series of geological reference materials and fusion. The interelement effect is corrected by using the theoretical alpha coefficient and Rh Ka line Compton scattered radiation as internal standard. The precision and accuracy obtained are excellent.
An expeditious wet chemical analysis of silicate rocks
Authors: Huka M , Rubeska I
Published: November 2013

A procedure for silicate rock analysis after acid decomposition is described. Using a special PTFE vessel assembly, the SiF4 evolved during decomposition is sorbed on KNO3 as K2SiF6. After hydrolysis, the HF is titrated with NaOH to determine the SiO2 content in
the sample. The sample residue after acid decomposition is dissolved and used for the determination of the remaining elements by chelatometry, spectrophotometry, and AAS.
New selective reagents for the determination of platinum group elements and gold from geological materials
Authors: Kasper H U , Schuster M
Published: November 2013

Geochemical data on the siderophile platinum group elements in rock-generating differentiation processes of the upper mantle are still scarce, mainly due to analytical difficulties. Two major problems are to be solved for the determination of the platinum group
elements and Au from ultramafic rocks and chromite ores: (i) the quantitative decomposition of these materials, and (ii) the separation of the extremely low contents of noble metals from the interfering matrices, followed by preconcentration. Sample digestion was performed in PTFE-lined high
pressure decomposition vessels with a mixture of H2SO4-HF-HClO4 at temperatures up to 250þC and maximum pressure of 20 MPa over more than 48 hours. The PGEs are then chelated with the new agents N-acylthioureas, of which N,N-diethyl-N'- benzoylthiourea (DEBT) yields the best results. The PGE and Au
chelates are extracted into isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK). The high specificity and selectivity of DEBT for the noble metals and the excellent solubility of the chelates in IBMK enables considerable preconcentration factors of up to 200. Alternatively the DEBT chelates may be separated by high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or with silica gel as stationary phase and solvents of moderate polarity, or by solid phase extraction. The elaborate decomposition and separation methods were used to analyze SARM-7, SARM-8, and some chromites from Greek ophiolite
complexes.
Geophysical studies of massive ground ice, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories
Authors: Robinson S D
Published: November 2013

Three geophysical techniques were employed to study massive ground ice found as a component of the raised marine sediments of the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. The EM-31 terrain conductivity meter was hampered by the highly variable overburden salt
content, especially in the vicinity of thaw disturbances. The heterogeneous surface terrain also hindered ground penetrating radar surveys, however some reflectors noted at 10 to 15 m depth could represent the base of massive ice. Gravity surveying showed several of the flat-topped hills in the area
to be cored with massive ice up to 17 m thick. Materials encountered in shallow boreholes agreed with geophysical interpretations. Although evidence of past thermokarst is abundant over much of the region, the large amount of deep and shallow ice still remaining suggests that there is the potential
for severe terrain disturbance in the future.
Active layer monitoring in natural environments, Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories
Authors: Nixon F M , Taylor A E
Published: November 2013

Relict active layers in permafrost regions have been interpreted as indicators of past changes in climate. The present active layer above the permafrost should respond to enhanced warming in Arctic areas predicted by global circulation models for the next several
decades. A multi-instrumented transect has been established along the Mackenzie Valley, between Fort Simpson and San Sault Rapids, Northwest Territories, to monitor changes in the active layer over this period. Seventeen sites have been chosen in diverse natural environments and instrumented with
thaw tubes, ground temperature cables and probes, air temperature screens, and automatic data loggers.
Prairie NATMAP field work and field database structure
Authors: Fulton R J , Thorleifson L H , Matile G , Blais A
Published: November 2013

In this second year of the Prairie NATMAP project, field work was conducted in southeastern and southwestern Manitoba. In the Virden area of southwestern Manitoba, field work has been completed to the stage where preliminary maps can be produced for 5 of the 16,
1:50 000 map sheets. The part of the area reported on this year is largely underlain by till, although glaciofluvial sediments suitable for aggregate are found in some of the numerous meltwater channels. The shale bedrock is not a significant surficial material but is responsible for a large number
of slope failures where it has been intersected by the valley of Pipestone Creek. In southeastern Manitoba, mapping field work in the eastern half of the area was completed. Crews led by both provincial and federal government staff addressed the distribution of sediments related to the action of
Lake Agassiz, the limit of calcareous drift, and striation patterns.
Challenges of Caring for an Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patient with Severe Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Akimoto Tetsu , Ito Chiharu , Kotoda Atsushi , Ogura Manabu , Sugase Taro , Sato Ryuta , Kusano Eiji , Nagata Daisuke
Published: November 2013

An autogenous arteriovenous fistula has been considered to be the optimal form of vascular access for hemodialysis (HD) in the field of nephrology. Nevertheless, the decision regarding the type of access, whether it be an arteriovenous fistula, an arteriovenous graft, or a central venous catheter, must still be individualized. In the present report, we describe the case of a female patient with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with a hemostatic disorder. Despite the exhausted peripheral vasculature, she required recurrent platelet transfusions for severe thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia. The goal of care for this patient was to optimize the dialysis treatment without increasing the bleeding risk. Various concerns regarding the therapeutic conundrums encountered in the case are also discussed.
Monitoring Osteoarthritis: A Cross-sectional Survey in General Practice
Authors: Clarson Lorna E. , Nicholl Barbara I. , Bishop Annette , Edwards John J. , Daniel Rebecca , Mallen Christian D.
Published: November 2013

Background

Despite being a highly prevalent chronic condition managed predominantly in primary care and unlike other chronic conditions, osteoarthritis (OA) care is delivered on an ad hoc basis rather than through routine structured review. Evidence suggests current levels of OA care are suboptimal, but little is known about what general practitioners’ (GPs) consider important in OA care, and, thus, the scope to improve inconsistency or poor practice is, at present, limited.

Objectives

We investigated GPs’ views on and practice of monitoring OA.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional postal survey of 2500 practicing UK GPs randomly selected from the Binley's database. Respondents were asked if monitoring OA patients was important and how monitoring should be undertaken.

Results

Responses were received from 768 GPs of whom 70.8% were male and 89.5% were principals within their practices. Despite 55.4% (n = 405) indicating monitoring patients with OA was important and 78.3% (n = 596) considering GPs the appropriate professionals to monitor OA, only 15.2% (n = 114) did so routinely, and 45% (n= 337) did not monitor any OA patients at all. In total, 61.4% (n = 463) reported that patients should self-monitor. Respondents favored monitoring physical function, pain, and analgesia use over monitoring measures of BMI, self management plans, and exercise advice.

Conclusions

The majority of respondents felt that monitoring OA was important, but this was not reflected in their reported current practice. Much of what they favored for monitoring was in line with published guidance, suggesting provision of suboptimal care does not result from lack of knowledge and interventions to improve OA care must address barriers to GPs engaging in optimal care provision.
Sustained Elevation of Kynurenic Acid in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encephalitis
Authors: Atlas Ann , Franzen-Röhl Elisabeth , Söderlund Johan , Jönsson Erik G , Samuelsson Martin , Schwieler Lilly , Sköldenberg Birgit , Engberg Göran
Published: November 2013

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 encephalitis (HSE) is a viral infectious disease with commonly occurring neurodegeneration and neurological/cognitive long-term sequelae. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a neuroactive tryptophan metabolite, which is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during viral infection as a result of immune activation. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of endogenous brain KYNA for the long-term outcome of the disease. CSF KYNA concentration was analyzed in 25 HSE patients along the course of the disease and compared with that of 25 age-matched healthy volunteers. Within 3 weeks of admission CSF KYNA of HSE patients was markedly elevated (median 33.6 nM) compared to healthy volunteers (median 1.45 nM). Following a decline observed after 1–2 months, levels of CSF KYNA were elevated more than 1 year after admission (median 3.4 nM range: 1–9 years). A negative correlation was found between initial CSF KYNA concentrations and severity of the long-term sequelae.

This study show a marked elevation in CSF KYNA from patients with HSE, most pronounced during the acute phase of the disease and slowly declining along the recovery. We propose that brain KYNA might potentially protect against neurodegeneration while causing a long-lasting loss in cognitive function associated with the disease.
Rehabilitation of a Completely Edentulous Patient using TENS to record Functional Borders and Cheek Plumpers for Esthetics
Authors: Kulkarni Shilpa , Bulbule Nilesh Shrikant , Shah Jay , Kakade Dilip
Published: November 2013

The facial disfigurement associated with the loss of teeth has greater psychological effect on the patient than the actual loss of teeth. Presented herein, is a novel, precise and accurate technique of performing border molding using transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS). The electronic stimulator is programed to deliver precisely controlled, uniform stimuli transmitted by transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation through fifth and seventh cranial nerves.

  Plumping the cheeks by using cheek plumpers attached to the conventional complete denture using magnets was also done. The greatest advantage lies in the fact that they are completely detachable.

How to cite this article

Bulbule NS, Shah J, Kulkarni S, Kakade D. Rehabilitation of a Completely Edentulous Patient using TENS to record Functional Borders and Cheek Plumpers for Esthetics. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):78-82.
Management of Edentulous Resorbed Mandibular Residual Ridge in Malaysian Geriatric Patients: 2-Year Clinical Study
Authors: Mustafa Ammar A
Published: November 2013

Objectives

A combination of the neutral zone and the polished surface impression techniques is a useful method to reserve the functional and physiological forms of the underlying mandibular residual ridge by enhancing both retention and stability in Malaysian geriatric patients (2-year clinical study).

Materials and methods

A total of 25 Malaysian geriatric patients have participated in the current study. Two sets of dentures were served to the patients. The first set was constructed according the conventional method of complete denture construction whereas the second set was constructed by using neutral zone and polished surface impression techniques.

Results

The patients were followed up for 2 years and the obtained results showed that all patients have stopped using the conventional dentures and continued with the test dentures. The comparative analysis exhibited significant difference (p < 0.05) in favor of test dentures.

Conclusion

Combination of the neutral zone and the polished surface techniques can impart a physiological reservation to the underlying residual ridge without changes.

Statement of problem

It is common for completely edentulous geriatric patients to have resorbed mandibular residual ridge because of the process of aging. Some surgical interactions are contraindicated for this age group of patients, so, neutral zone technique and/or polished surface impression verified effective in improving stability for lower complete dentures. In spite of the fact that the above mentioned methods often used to enhance stability of complete denture, most of the studies were relying on only one of those methods to improve stability rather than retention. Researcher hypothesis stated that a combination of the neutral zone and the polished surface impression techniques should be performed together to enhance both stability and retention and henceforth reservation of the residual ridge under mandibular complete dentures issued to the patients with a constant follow-up for two consecutive years.

How to cite this article

Mustafa AA. Management of Edentulous Resorbed Mandibular Residual Ridge in Malaysian Geriatric Patients: 2-Year Clinical Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(2):83-86.
An inverse modeling method to assess the source term of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident using gamma dose rate observations
Authors: Saunier O. , Mathieu A. , Didier D. , Tombette M. , Quélo D. , Winiarek V. , Bocquet M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Chernobyl nuclear accident, and more recently the Fukushima accident, highlighted that the largest source of error on consequences assessment is the source term, including the time evolution of the release rate and its distribution between radioisotopes. Inverse modeling methods, which combine environmental measurements and atmospheric dispersion models, have proven efficient in assessing source term due to an accidental situation (Gudiksen, 1989; Krysta and Bocquet, 2007; Stohl et al., 2012a; Winiarek et al., 2012). Most existing approaches are designed to use air sampling measurements (Winiarek et al., 2012) and some of them also use deposition measurements (Stohl et al., 2012a; Winiarek et al., 2014). Some studies have been performed to use dose rate measurements (Duranova et al., 1999; Astrup et al., 2004; Drews et al., 2004; Tsiouri et al., 2012) but none of the developed methods were carried out to assess the complex source term of a real accident situation like the Fukushima accident. However, dose rate measurements are generated by the most widespread measurement system, and in the event of a nuclear accident, these data constitute the main source of measurements of the plume and radioactive fallout during releases. This paper proposes a method to use dose rate measurements as part of an inverse modeling approach to assess source terms. The method is proven efficient and reliable when applied to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FD-NPP). The emissions for the eight main isotopes 133Xe, 134Cs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 137mBa, 131I, 132I and 132Te have been assessed. Accordingly, 105.9 PBq of 131I, 35.8 PBq of 132I, 15.5 PBq of 137Cs and 12 134 PBq of noble gases were released. The events at FD-NPP (such as venting, explosions, etc.) known to have caused atmospheric releases are well identified in the retrieved source term. The estimated source term is validated by comparing simulations of atmospheric dispersion and deposition with environmental observations. In total, it was found that for 80% of the measurements, simulated and observed dose rates agreed within a factor of 2. Changes in dose rates over time have been overall properly reconstructed, especially in the most contaminated areas to the northwest and south of the FD-NPP. A comparison with observed atmospheric activity concentration and surface deposition shows that the emissions of caesiums and 131I are realistic but that 132I and 132Te are probably underestimated and noble gases are likely overestimated. Finally, an important outcome of this study is that the method proved to be perfectly suited to emergency management and could contribute to improve emergency response in the event of a nuclear accident.
A global ozone climatology from ozone soundings via trajectory mapping: a stratospheric perspective
Authors: Liu J. , Tarasick D. W. , Fioletov V. E. , McLinden C. , Zhao T. , Gong S. , Sioris C. , Jin J. J. , Liu G. , Moeini O.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This study explores a domain-filling trajectory approach to generate a global ozone climatology from relatively sparse ozonesonde data. Global ozone soundings comprising 51 898 profiles at 116 stations over 44 yr (1965–2008) are used, from which forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data to map ozone measurements to other locations and so fill in the spatial domain. The resulting global ozone climatology is archived monthly for five decades from the 1960s to the 2000s on a grid of 5° × 5° × 1 km (latitude, longitude, and altitude), from the surface to 26 km altitude. It is also archived yearly for the same period. The climatology is validated at 20 selected ozonesonde stations by comparing the actual ozone sounding profile with that derived through trajectory mapping of ozone sounding data from all stations except the one being compared. The two sets of profiles are in good agreement, both overall with correlation coefficient r = 0.991 and root mean square (RMS) of 224 ppbv and individually with r from 0.975 to 0.998 and RMS from 87 to 482 ppbv. The ozone climatology is also compared with two sets of satellite data from the Satellite Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) and the Optical Spectrography and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS). The ozone climatology compares well with SAGE and OSIRIS data in both seasonal and zonal means. The mean differences are generally quite small, with maximum differences of 20% above 15 km. The agreement is better in the Northern Hemisphere, where there are more ozonesonde stations, than in the Southern Hemisphere; it is also better in the middle and high latitudes than in the tropics where reanalysis winds are less accurate. This ozone climatology captures known features in the stratosphere as well as seasonal and decadal variations of these features. The climatology clearly shows the depletion of ozone from the 1970s to the mid 1990s and ozone increases in the 2000s in the lower stratosphere. When this climatology is used as the upper boundary condition in an Environment Canada operational chemical forecast model, the forecast is improved in the vicinity of the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. This ozone climatology is latitudinally, longitudinally, and vertically resolved and it offers more complete high latitude coverage as well as a much longer record than current satellite data. As the climatology depends on neither a priori data nor photochemical modeling, it provides independent information and insight that can supplement satellite data and model simulations of stratospheric ozone.
10Be in late deglacial climate simulated by ECHAM5-HAM – Part 1: Climatological influences on 10Be deposition
Authors: Heikkilä U. , Phipps S. J. , Smith A. M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Reconstruction of solar irradiance has only been possible for the Holocene so far. During the last deglaciation, two solar proxies (10Be and 14C) deviate strongly, both of them being influenced by climatic changes in a different way. This work addresses the climate influence on 10Be deposition by means of ECHAM5-HAM atmospheric aerosol–climate model simulations, forced by sea surface temperatures and sea ice extent created by the CSIRO Mk3L coupled climate system model. Three time slice simulations were performed during the last deglaciation: 10 000 BP ("10k"), 11 000 BP ("11k") and 12 000 BP ("12k"), each 30 yr long. The same, theoretical, 10Be production rate was used in each simulation to isolate the impact of climate on 10Be deposition. The changes are found to follow roughly the reduction in the greenhouse gas concentrations within the simulations. The 10k and 11k simulations produce a surface cooling which is symmetrically amplified in the 12k simulation. The precipitation rate is only slightly reduced at high latitudes, but there is a northward shift in the polar jet in the Northern Hemisphere, and the stratospheric westerly winds are significantly weakened. These changes occur where the sea ice change is largest in the deglaciation simulations. This leads to a longer residence time of 10Be in the stratosphere by 30 (10k and 11k) to 80 (12k) days, increasing the atmospheric concentrations (25–30% in 10k and 11k and 100% in 12k). Furthermore the shift of westerlies in the troposphere leads to an increase of tropospheric 10Be concentrations, especially at high latitudes. The contribution of dry deposition generally increases, but decreases where sea ice changes are largest. In total, the 10Be deposition rate changes by no more than 20% at mid- to high latitudes, but by up to 50% in the tropics. We conclude that on "long" time scales (a year to a few years), climatic influences on 10Be deposition remain small (less than 50%) even though atmospheric concentrations can vary significantly. Averaged over a longer period, all 10Be produced has to be deposited by mass conservation. This dominates over any climatic influences on 10Be deposition. Snow concentrations, however, do not follow mass conservation and can potentially be impacted more by climate due to precipitation changes. Quantifying the impact of deglacial climate modulation on 10Be in terms of preserving the solar signal locally is analysed in an accompanying paper (Heikkilä et al., 10Be in late deglacial climate simulated by ECHAM5-HAM – Part 2: Isolating the solar signal from 10Be deposition).
A detailed seismic zonation model for shallow earthquakes in the broader Aegean area
Authors: Vamvakaris D. A. , Papazachos C. B. , Papaioannou C. , Scordilis E. M. , Karakaisis G. F.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In the present work we present an effort to define a new seismic zonation model of area type sources for the broader Aegean area, which can be readily used for seismic hazard assessment. The definition of this model is based not only on seismicity information but incorporates all available seismotectonic and neotectonic information available for the study area, in an attempt to define zones which show not only a rather homogeneous seismicity release but also exhibit similar active faulting characteristics. For this reason, all available seismological information such as fault plane solutions and the corresponding kinematic axes have been incorporated in the analysis, as well as information about active tectonics, such as seismic and active faults. Moreover, various morphotectonic features (e.g. relief, coastline) were also considered. Finally, a revised seismic catalogue is employed and earthquake epicentres since historical times (550 BC–2008) are considered, in order to define areas of common seismotectonic characteristics, that could constitute a discrete seismic zone. A new revised model of 113 earthquake seismic zones of shallow earthquakes for the broader Aegean area is finally proposed. Using the proposed zonation model, a detailed study is performed for the catalogue completeness for the recent instrumental period. Using the defined completeness information, seismicity parameters (such as G–R values) for the 113 new seismic zones have been calculated, and their spatial distribution was also examined. The spatial variation of the obtained b values shows an excellent correlation with the geotectonic setting in the area, in good agreement with previous studies. Moreover, a quantitative estimation of seismicity is performed in terms of the mean return period, Tm, of large (M ≥ 6.0) earthquakes, as well as the most frequent maximum magnitude, Mt, for a typical time period (T = 50 yr), revealing significant spatial variations of seismicity levels within the study area. The new proposed seismic zonation model and its parameters can be readily employed for seismic hazard assessment for the broader Aegean area.
Modelling and simulation of waves in three-layer porous media
Authors: Pudjaprasetya S. R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The propagation of gravity waves in an emerged three-layer porous medium is considered in this paper. Based on the assumption that the flow can be described by Darcy's Law, an asymptotic theory is developed for small-amplitude long waves. This leads to a weakly nonlinear Boussinesq-type diffusion equation for the wave height, with coefficients dependent on the conductivities and depths of each layer. In the limit of equal conductivities of all layers, the equation reduces to the single-layer result recorded in the literature. The model equations are numerically integrated in the case of an incident monochromatic wave hitting the layers. The results exhibit dissipation and also a downstream net height rise at infinity. Wave transmission coefficient in three-layer porous media with conductivity of mangrove is discussed. Numerically, propagation of an initial solitary wave through a porous medium shows the emergence of wave reflection and transmission that both evolve as permanent waves. Additionally we examine the impact of a solitary gravity wave on a porous medium breakwater.
Heritability of face shape in twins: a preliminary study using 3D stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometrics
Authors: Weinberg Seth M. , Parsons Trish E. , Marazita Mary L. , Maher Brion S.
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Previous research suggests that aspects of facial surface morphology are heritable.  Traditionally, heritability studies have used a limited set of linear distances to quantify facial morphology and often employ statistical methods poorly designed to deal with biological shape.  In this preliminary report, we use a combination of 3D photogrammetry and landmark-based morphometrics to explore which aspects of face shape show the strongest evidence of heritability in a sample of twins. Methods: 3D surface images were obtained from 21 twin pairs (10 monozygotic, 11 same-sex dizygotic).  Thirteen 3D landmarks were collected from each facial surface and their coordinates subjected to geometric morphometric analysis.  This involved superimposing the individual landmark configurations and then subjecting the resulting shape coordinates to a principal components analysis.  The resulting PC scores were then used to calculate rough narrow-sense heritability estimates. Results: Three principal components displayed evidence of moderate to high heritability and were associated with variation in the breadth of orbital and nasal structures, upper lip height and projection, and the vertical and forward projection of the root of the nose due to variation in the position of nasion. Conclusions: Aspects of facial shape, primarily related to variation in length and breadth of central midfacial structures, were shown to demonstrate evidence of strong heritability. An improved understanding of which facial features are under strong genetic control is an important step in the identification of specific genes that underlie normal facial variation.
A Proposal for How to Organize the Public Funding of Science
Authors: Gerrie James , Haller Stephen F. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

Our article attempts to provide some clarity to the debate about the proper relationship between science and public policy by drawing on the philosophical field of logic. We argue that based on an analysis of the most fundamental ways that empirical and evaluative truth claims can be used together in arguments, the tendency to conceive of this relationship either in dual terms of “pure” vs. “applied” or complex “multi-disciplinary” or “multi-cultural” systems of categorization should be rejected in favor a basic four-part division. A significantly improved understanding of the connection between science and public policy can be based on an examination of the four most basic kinds of logical connection between empirical and evaluative statements. One such improvement is a better understanding of how funding should be divided between state and private interests.
Palinologia dos carvões paleozóicos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: I - O carvão de Buri
Authors: Souza Paulo Alves de , Lima Murilo Rodolfo de , Saad Antônio Roberto
Published: November 2013

São inúmeros os problemas relacionados à estratigrafia do Subgrupo ltararé, unidade representativa da sedimentação glacial paleozóica da Bacia do Paraná. Tais dificuldades são decorrentes do fato de a seqüência em questão constituir um conjunto de grande diversidade litológica e variação faciológica, no qual os fósseis são relativamente raros. Dentre os diversos termos litológicos presentes no Subgrupo ltararé, destacam-se os carvões pela potencialidade bioestratigráfica. Conhecidos há longo tempo, representam pelo menos três ocorrências: Buri, Monte Mor e Cerquilho. O trabalho ora apresentado refere-se especificamente aos resultados palinológicos já obtidos a partir do estudo de amostras do Carvão de Buri, que revelam ser ele o mais antigo entre os três níveis estudados. Trinta e quatro taxa foram identificados nas associações, cujo predomínio absoluto é de esporos triletes zonados. Diversas espécies presentes permitem sua correlação com sedimentos da Bacia de Paganzo (Formação Malanzán - Membro Estratos Carbonosos), de idade carbonífera, situada provavelmente no Westfaliano, em condições de deposição continentais.
Quaternary paleoecology of Fuego-Patagonia
Authors: Heusser C. J
Published: November 2013

The paleoecology of Quaternary events in Fuego-Patagonia derives from biogenic deposits emplaced before, during, and following the last glacial maximum. Paleoecological data center on the palynology of stratigraphic sections of (1) biogenic beds in a proglacial delta of finite and infinite age at Lago Fagnano, and of (2) selected sites of radiocarbondated, late-glacial and postglacial, mire/lacustrine deposits at Puerto Harberton, Lago Fagnano, and Bahía Inútil in Fuegia and at Punta Arenas and Torres delPaine in Patagonia. Events embrace noteworthy sequences involving vegetation and climate,atmospheric circulation, fire, human presence, land-sea level relations,.and volcanism. Data from peaty horizons in the Pleistücene delta at Lago Fagnano, dated at about 40000 and>58000 yr BP, indicate treeless steppe/tundra under a cold, dry, interstadial c1imate. Younger deposits, formed following the last glacial maximum dated at > 16590 in the Estrecho de Magallanes and >14640yr BP in Canal Beagle,show c1imaticallyvariable, lateglacial episodes of woodland - steppe/tundra interaction. In the warmer early Holocene, progressive development of c10sedforest replacing open woodland and steppe, is a general feature of the vegetation; evident after 5000 yr BP, under a cool-temperate, more humid c1imate, are the increased presence of c10sedforest and the spread of mires on the landscape. Apparent from the Holocene vegetationpattern is the greater frequency/intensity of cyc10nic storms of the prevailing westerlies crossing Fuego-Patagonia after 5000 yr BP. Charcoal, in addition to fossil pollen in the records, is ascribed to Paleoindian,burning, as purposely practiced during hunting to congregate game. On Isla Grande de Tierra deI Fuego, where volcanic activity and lightning are not considered to be causal agents of fire, burning attributed to Paleoindian'hunters is traceable from late-glacial charcoal remains as earlyas 13280yr BP. Fires in Fuego-Patagonia, judged from the frequency of charcoal, wete commonplace in the early Holocene and later more occasional, possiby reflecting changes in size and routes of migration in human populations
Densidade de drenagem e sua relação com fatores geomorfopedológicos na área do alto rio Pardo, SP e MG
Authors: Hiruma Silvio Takashi , Ponçano Waldir Lopes
Published: November 2013

A densidade de drenagem é um dos principais parâmetros na análise morfométrica de bacias hidrográficas, correspondendo ao comprimento médio de canais de uma bacia por unidade de área. A distribuição espacial dos valores da densidade de drenagem na região do alto rio Pardo - situada entre a porção nordeste do Estado de São Paulo e sul de Minas Gerais - foi obtida a partir da medição de comprimentos de canais em celas quadráticas que recobriram toda área. Observou-se uma significativa correlação espacial das anomalias de alta densidade de drenagem com a distribuição das principais estruturas reativadas no Mesozóico-Cenozóico, sugerindo uma retomada erosiva das formas de relevo, devido à neotectônica. As principais anomalias de rarefação de drenagem foram observadas nos terrenos sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná. Uma menor correlação foi obtida com os solos, podendo-se observar uma tendência geral de concentração de zonas anômalas de alta densidade de drenagem nos solos podzólicos e baixa a intermediária nos latossolos. Os resultados indicam que o estudo desta variável morfométrica representa uma importante ferramenta na definição preliminar de áreas, nas quais se podem buscar evidências estruturais e tectônicas de campo com maior probabilidade de êxito.
The Utilization of Process Evaluations in Childhood Obesity Intervention Research: A Review of Reviews
Authors: Branscum Paul , Hayes Logan
Published: November 2013

Process evaluations are an essential component to evaluating health promotion programs, however they are consistently under-utilized and oftentimes not reported upon in the literature. This study reports the use of process evaluations in childhood obesity prevention interventions implemented over the past three decades. Seven meta-analyses and systematic reviews were located for this review or reviews, and from these, 119 unique references were identified. Each article was retrieved and read for appropriateness, and 20 were excluded for a variety of reasons (ex. not published in English language), resulting in 99 articles included for this study. Overall, process evaluations were not well reported upon. Only 38 studies reported the fidelity of program implementation, 25 studies tracked participant attendance, 29 studied evaluated participant satisfaction, and 49 studies reported how staff members were trained. Additionally, one-third of the studies did not report using a single type of process evaluation, and only 5 studies reported using all four types. Results from this study suggest that the use of process evaluations has been low in this area of research, which may explain why many obesity prevention studies have reported mixed or modest results. Suggestions for implementing simple, yet effective process evaluations in future studies will be presented.
The Children in Action Pilot Study
Authors: Theresa A. Nicklas Theresa A. , Nguyen Tuan , Butte Nancy F. , Liu Yan
Published: November 2013

Interventions that can successfully alter the trajectory toward obesity among high-risk children are critical if we are to effectively address this public health crisis. The goal of this pilot study was to implement and evaluate an innovative physical activity program with Hispanic-American (HA) preschool children attending Head Start. The Children in Action (CIA) program was a five month physical activity intervention. This intervention was a pilot study with 3- to 5-year-olds enrolled in four HA Head Start centers. After baseline assessment, centers were matched by enrollment and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control condition. A total of 295 preschool children were randomly selected across the four centers. The primary endpoints of this study were favorable changes in physical activity levels and gross motor skills. Using mixed effect time-series regression models, changes in weight was a secondary endpoint. We did not observe a statistical difference between intervention and control groups in physical activity levels during the awake time, gross motor skills, or weight status. Process evaluation data showed that there was adherence to protocols and the intervention was delivered 92% of the time, four times per week, during the five month intervention. We demonstrated that it is feasible to conduct the SPARK-Early Childhood (EC) curriculum among preschool children attending Head Start centers but that an increased dose and/or longer intervention duration will be required to impact gross motor skills, physical activity levels and weight status during this critical early childhood development stage.
Suboptimal Omega-3 Levels in Australian Adolescents
Authors: Grant Ross , Guest Jade , Bilgin Ayse , Morris Margaret J. , Garg Manohar , Pearce Robyn
Published: November 2013

Objective: To quantitate the omega-3 status in a cohort of Australian adolescents.
Design, Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 251 apparently healthy adolescents (192 female, 59 male) aged 15-17 years, in year 11, from 10 schools within the Northern Sydney and Central Coast areas of New South Wales. Participants provided a morning non-fasting blood sample via finger-prick and written answers to specific demographic and lifestyle questions. Omega-3 index was calculated by adding %EPA and %DHA values in the whole blood. Equivalent erythrocyte omega-3 index values were obtained by using conversion factors (1.33 for EPA and 2.22 for DHA) from published erythrocyte/whole blood values.
Main Outcome Measures: Quantitation of the individual, and estimation of the group average, blood omega-3 Index.
Results: The blood omega-3 Index for this adolescent cohort ranged from 2.1-22.3 with a mean of 8.3±3.2, and median of 7.8. On average males had a higher omega-3 Index compared to females (10.5±3.7 vs 7.7±2.6, p<0.001). Fifty three percent of adolescents tested had an omega-3 Index below the optimum of >8. Three percent had an Index of <4, placing them in the high risk category for disease.
On average, adolescents from low or medium socioeconomic communities had a significantly lower omega-3 Index compared to those from higher socioeconomic neighbourhoods (mean difference=1.4, p=0.018). Overall 20% of boys and 17% of girls reported regularly taking omega-3 supplements. Regular use of omega-3 supplements was associated with a higher average omega-3 Index (9.8±3.7, n=44 compared to 8.0±3.0, n=203, p=0.001 in those not taking supplements).
Conclusion: This study indicates that Australian adolescents, even when from advantaged homes, have a high probability of below optimum omega-3 levels. As reduced omega-3 levels are linked to conditions of public health concern such as diabetes, asthma and depression, targeted strategies to improve the omega-3 status in the childhood population may be warranted.