bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To the question of prospects for creation and functionality of municipal branches of protection of public order
Authors: Kulesh Elena Aleksandrovna , Likholet Elena Nikolaevna
Published: March 2020

The subject of this article is the current legislation of the Russian Federation pertaining to establishment and potential implementation of the norms on the functions of protection of public order by the municipal authorities. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors determine problematic issues in legal regulation of application of these norms, explore foreign experience in the sphere of protection of public order, and consider the prospects for application of this experience in the Russian Federation. The main conclusions of the study consist in proposals on creation of an independent institution of municipal police, prospects for further work within the framework of development of the project of Federal Law “On Municipal Police in the Russian Federation”, taking into account delineation of authority of municipal police and the centralized apparatus of police sub-branches of internal affairs departments; complete transfer of the police patrol functions to the municipal authorities on protection of public order; formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police. The original conclusions made in this research are aimed at helping in preparation of the normative legal framework pertaining to legal position and organization of the work of municipal authorities on protection of public order, as well as formation of the mechanism of interaction between the internal affairs authorities and municipal police.
Singapore state strategy on development of intellectual property: normative-legal and institutional aspects
Authors: Gorian Ella
Published: March 2020

The objects of this research is the relations emerging in implementation of state strategy on development of intellectual property in Singapore. The work expounds the significance of normative-legal and institutional elements of state mechanism of protection of intellectual rights in realization of the strategy, The author highlights the key aspects of implementation of the strategy on transforming Singapore into a hub of intellectual property in Asia that determine the coordinative role of the state in this process. Research is conducted on the Intellectual Property Hub Master Plan of 2013, forming the content of state strategy for development of intellectual property in Singapore. The Singapore’s Intellectual Property Hub Master Plan intends close cooperation and interaction between all institutional elements of national mechanism of protection of intellectual rights. The normative framework for implementation of this plan consists in the legislation, which employs international standards in the area of intellectual property. Singapore’s state development strategy is aimed at attaining the leading position in the region and the world by creating the system of alternative settlement of disputes, qualitative and quantitative strengthening of the pull of specialists in the sphere of intellectual property, involvement of private sector, connecting the state to international bases and systems, reexamination of tax breaks and preferences, as well as stimulation of scientific research and proliferation of the experience of strategic planning.
Evidence of administrative violations in the area of taxes and duties
Authors: Shilekhin Konstantin Evgenevich
Published: March 2020

The subject of this research is the normative legal acts, scientific literature, and case law materials reflecting the evidence of administrative violations. Covering the problem, the author notes the flaws in the existing legislation on administrative liability, using external (formal) sign to characterize a particular act as a legal violation or an offence. Underlining the flaws of such approach, special attention is paid to the search for the evidence of administrative violation, which allows characterizing the essence of the act. In the course of this research, the author applies scientific achievements of other human sciences, primarily economics. Methodological framework is comprised of the dialectical method of cognition of social reality. For collection, processing, generalization, analysis and interpretation of the materials, are used  general scientific and special methods of research: induction, deduction and document analysis. The main conclusion of this study consists in the formulation of the definition of administrative violation in the area of taxes and duties. The author develops a new approach towards structuring the system of evidence of such unlawful act, highlighting the essential (conceptual) evidence – public danger, and proposing a mechanism for determining public danger of a particular act.
A Computerized Text and Cluster Analysis Approach to Psychotherapy Talk
Authors: Tay Dennis
Published: March 2020

This paper illustrates an analytical approach combining LIWC, a computer text-analytic application, with cluster analysis techniques to explore ‘language styles’ in psychotherapy across sessions in time. It categorizes session transcripts into distinct clusters or styles based on linguistic (di)similarity and relates them to sessional progression, thus providing entry points for further qualitative exploration. In the first step, transcripts of four illustrative therapist-client dyads were scored under ten LIWC variables including ‘analytic thinking’, ‘clout’, ‘authenticity’, ‘emotional tone’, and pronoun types. In the next step, agglomerative hierarchical clustering uncovered distinct session clusters that are differently distributed in each dyad. The relationships between these clusters and the chronological progression of sessions were then further discussed in context as contrastive exemplars. Applications, limitations and future directions are highlighted.
Modern Life as a Factor of Childhood Obesity: A Brief Review
Authors: Araujo Warly Neves de , Inacio Randra Karoline Rodrigues , Barros Amanda Aguiar , Nascimento Daniela Santos do , Silva Eva Coelho da , Neto Agrinazio Nascimento , Souza Jefferson Rodrigues de , Araujo Taiany Neves de , Oliveira Daniela Ponsiano , Herrera Sávia Denise Silva Carlotto , Souza Ligiane Rodrigues de , Rocha Daniela Pereira da , Silva Edilane Floriano da , Vinhal Mare Socorro Alves
Published: March 2020

Childhood obesity has grown worryingly on a global scale one of the biggest influencers are technological advances exposed early to children. Therefore, this study aimed to seek in the literature the relationship between modernity and the high incidence of children above their ideal weight. The research is a systematic literature review on the factors that are linked to the high prevalence of children above their ideal weight today. After the analysis of the studies, it is notorious the impact generated by technology on the health and development of children when they are used early. Concluding the present study that the negative factors that have been contributing to the triggering of childhood obesity are: passive habits, that is, little physical activity, the large number of hours spent in front of TV, video game, DVD between Other electronic devices this combined with poor consumption feeding of high fat and sugar products and lack of physical exercise are factors that reflect a negative response in children’s lives favoring body fat accumulation.
Cost Estimation of Painting Works in Nigeria Using Algorithmic Equations
Authors: Ugochukwu Stanley Chukwudi , Ogunsina Olusola, , Udoka Obinna Enem , Enenmoh Raymond Chike
Published: March 2020

Inaccurate cost estimation of painting works often leaves a client dissatisfied and mars the professional expertise of the quantity surveyor. This is because either excess quantity of paint is left behind after completion of the work or the paints purchased and budget allotted for the project is unable to finish the work. To this end, this study developed algorithmic equations for estimating the cost (material and labour) of painting works using the common types of paints in Anambra and Enugu state of south-east Nigeria and also validated them using current market rates. This was achieved via identifying the types and peculiar features of the common paints used in the study area, determination of the average quantity of paint needed per square meter (to assess the material constant for the  paints identified) and assessing the labour constant for the paints identified. Dulux, Homepride, Intercolour, Sharon (Vineyard) and Fine coat were among the common paint brands identified through market survey, interviews with the paint manufacturers, suppliers, painters and construction professionals and physical observation. Dulux was adjudged the most durable. Though quite expensive, it allows for creativity and flexibility and has an aesthetically pleasing outlook. The materials and labour constants were generated by physical observation, via a work study. The algorithmic equations developed are as follows: Up = Mc+ Lc; Mc = YAm x Cp; Lc = Y x Lp (thus: Up = YAm x Cp + YLp), where: Up = painting cost, Mc = Material cost, Lc = Labour cost, Y = Area of building to be painted, Am = Average quantity of the material per square meter (material constant), Cp = Cost of material per meter square, Lp = Cost of labour per square meter (labour constant). Validation of the model using current market rates of the last quarter of 2019 in the study area indicates that painting a wall of total area= 115.29 m2 using Sharon texcote paint for instance will cost N64,500. These equations not only have time saving potentials, they are also reliable when used for costing painting works involving the brand of paints surveyed. However, their efficacy relies heavily on accurate measurement of area of walls to be painted. These models are recommended for use by practicing quantity surveyors to generate feasibility cost estimates for painting works and shorten pre-contract time for both private and public clients.
Quality Characteristics of Biscuits Produced from Composite Flour of Sweet Potato and Cashew Nut Flour Blends
Authors: Tanko O. O. , Hussaina T. O. , Donaldben N. S.
Published: March 2020

The research is aimed at adding value to sweet potato based biscuits using underutilized crops such as cashew nuts. The objective of the study was to add value to sweet potato based biscuits, the sweet potato was processed into flour; while the cashew nuts was unroasted cashew nuts were sorted to remove the stones, dirt’s and unwholesome cashew nuts, roasted, shelled, dried, peeled and processed into flour and sieved. The cashew nuts flour was substituted at 20, 30, 40 and 50% into sweet potato flour to produce sweet potato and cashew nuts composite flour were  used for the production of biscuits. Functional, proximate composition of the biscuits, physical and sensory properties of composite biscuits were determined. Significance difference (P<0.05) was observed Bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, emulsion activity, foaming stability and gelatinization temperature increased from 0.62 to 0.73 g/cm3, 1.31 to 1.81 g/g, 2.10 to 2.22 g/g, 6.42 to 7.18 ml, 59.71 to 60.51%, 6.19 to 6.43% and 68.20 to 72.10ºC, respectively with an increase in the addition of cashew nuts flour. The crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and ash increase from 14.65 to 18.31%, 7.88 to 10.21%, 3.21 to 3.51% and 4.10 to 4.76% respectively; while the moisture and carbohydrate content of the biscuits decreased from 13.77 to 13.31% and 56.39 to 49.89%, respectively with increase in the addition of the cashew nuts flour. The physical properties of the composite biscuits such as the weight, thickness, diameter and spread ratio ranged from 16.09 to 17.45 g, 10.87 to 10.96 mm, 38.94 to 40.02 mm and 3.56 to 3.60 respectively. The average means scores for the appearance, crispness, taste, aroma and overall acceptability increase were observed. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the appearance, taste and aroma while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the crispness and overall acceptability.
Availability and Use of Information and Communication Technology by Oil Palm Farmers in the Akyemansa District, Ghana
Authors: Swanzy F. K. M. , Sosu E. K. M. , Danso W. O.
Published: March 2020

The use of ICTs forms part of efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) especially ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all. In the agricultural sector, access to the right knowledge and information in a timely manner enhances agricultural production and thus increase food production. In Ghana, several studies have reported on the access and use of ICT tools by farmers in food crop and poultry sectors, however, much work has not been done in the tree crop sector, especially the oil palm subsector.

This study sought to determine the availability and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by oil palm farmers in the Akyemansa District of Ghana. The primary data used in the study were collected through focus group discussions and structured questionnaires administered to 150 randomly selected oil palm farmers. Both descriptive and inferential statisticswere employed in analyzing the data. Results show that 99.00% of farmers have access to radio with very low availability and access to a computer. Chi-square test analysis showed that there was a significant difference p= (0.00 and 0.00) between farmers’ extent of access to ICTs and their use for oil palm production activities. However, there was no significant relationship p= (.8137, and .2233) between farmers extent of access to the mobile phone, radio and how often farmers used them for oil palm production. There is a need to improve organizational structures, technical and infrastructural facilities regarding ICT availability to allow more access to and use of these facilities.
Enhanced Biogas Production from Anaerobic Codigestion of Lignocellulosic Waste for Efficient Bioenergy Utilization in Heating and Combustion Engine
Authors: Ndubuisi-Nnaji Uduak U. , Ofon Utibe A. , Inyang-Enin Ata O. , Ananso Georgina N.
Published: March 2020

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of lignocellulosic agro-waste such as coconut husk fibre, pineapple floret and banana stem was studied using standard protocols. A combination of physical, chemical and biological Pre-treatment was performed to facilitate the anaerobic digestion process. The experiment was carried out using laboratory-scale batch bioreactors maintained at 44.5 ± 2ºC and retention time of 25 days. Biogas production, pH, total and volatile solids concentrations (TS, VS) were also measured. With a general increase in pH after Pre-treatment of all substrates, biogas yield was significantly improved by 83.1% in all codigestion assays when compared to control (untreated substrates) with highest TS and VS removal rates of 77.7% and 87.2% respectively. In terms process performance, Pre-treatment of single substrate did not significantly improve AD of single substrates (coconut husk fibre/pineapple floret) and biogas production was inhibited in pre-treated banana stem. However, the highest biogas production with corresponding TS and VS removal rates of 78.3% and 92.9% respectively were obtained from untreated banana stem. Codigestion significantly enhanced biogas production that can be utilized for heating and knowledge of appropriate Pre-treatment choice is recommended to improve bioenergy production efficiency during anaerobic digestion.
Chemical Variability of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. et Perr (Rutaceae) According to Plant Organs
Authors: Tine Yoro , Diallo Alioune , Diatta William , Desjobert Jean-Marie , Costa Jean , Wélé Alassane , Paolini Julien
Published: March 2020

Zanthoxylum leprieurii belonging to Rutaceae family, is a medicinal and aromatic plants widely used in ethnopharmacology. Like other plants of Rutaceae family such as Citrus sp., the essential oils of this species could be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Thus, the essential oils of Z. leprieurii from different plant organs (fruit, leaf, stem and root) were investigated by using GC and GC-MS. The volatile composition of Z. leprieurii fruits exhibited relative high amounts of hydrocarbons monoterpenes (90.9%) such as (E)-β-ocimene (50.9%) and a-pinene (30.4%). The chemical composition of fruit oils was compared with volatile fractions of leaves, stems and roots from the same plant station. Germacrene B (9.0%), b-phellandrene (7.6%), caryophyllene oxide (7.2%) and b-caryophyllene (5.3%) were identified as the major constituents of leaves whereas the essential oil composition of the roots dominated by sesquiterpenes (83.3%) such as germacrone (23.5%), germacrene B (19.1%), g-elemene (6.0%), elemenone (4.0%) and b-elemene (2.4%) in the essential oil of the stems, b-Phellandrene (12.7%), germacrene B (5.0%), germacrene D (4.7%) and cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol (4.6%) have been reported as majority compounds.
Knowledge Management Practices, Challenges and Coping Strategies Adopted by Public Agricultural Extension: A Case of Nandi-Hills Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya
Authors: Cheruiyot Joseph Kipkorir , Sang Nelly , Ng’etich Festus
Published: March 2020

Aims: Knowledge Management (KM) in agriculture is a core aspect of agricultural productivity and profitability, but is one area with scanty literature. The aim of the current study was to determine the knowledge management practices, challenges and coping strategies adopted by public agricultural extension agents in Nandi-hills Sub-county, Nandi County, Kenya under a fairly new devolved system put in place by the constitution of Kenya in 2010.

Study Design:  Descriptive cross sectional case study survey design was adopted for the study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Nandi-hills Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya. Data were collected between January and April, 2019.

Methodology: All the Extension agents in the Sub-county were targeted. A questionnaire with closed and open ended questions was used to collect data from the 32 participants in the Sub-county and the data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics were utilized to document the practises based on their frequencies and associations. 7% of the respondents were certificate holders, 37% were diploma holders while a majority; 56% were degree holders. Associations between attributes was analysed by running Goodman and Kruskals’ gamma.

Results: Findings indicated that lack of organized knowledge sharing fora, poor ICT infrastructure, lack of budgetary support and transport were the major challenges facing knowledge management. There was strong negative correlation between education levels with rating of knowledge storage (Gamma = - 0.647, p = 0.001) and with access to stored information (Gamma = - 0.824, p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Diverse methods of knowledge capture and storage were utilized and faced varied challenges mostly attributed to inadequate facilitation to support knowledge capture and storage in modern forms such as ICT. Cooperation and collaboration with private sector players was adopted as a strategy to cope with the challenges.
Occupational Health and Safety Practices Assessment in Damietta Port, North Egypt
Authors: Beheary Mokhtar S. , Abdelaal Ahmed , Matar Samira M.
Published: March 2020

Occupational, health and safety system (OHS) is a sensitive item for each organization. Health and safety is part of the business, just like production and quality. Therefore, it should be managed in the same way as other aspects of business. This study investigated the safety culture and behavior between the labors, assess the implemented safety system and evaluate the surround environmental workplace. Field data were collected from different sources, i.e. questionnaire, interview, personal observation and documentary evidence. From collected results, the occupational health and safety measures implemented in some workplaces are not sufficient and some workers are dissatisfied with the current occupational health and safety measures. Health and safety should be the concern of each worker in the organization and this can only be achieved when serious training and education is carried out. Also, monitoring, inspection and evaluate existing health and safety measures on regular basis is very important for improvement and control the risk to achieve occupational health for the port man-power.
A Potential Pathological Role of Wingless Type1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein-1 and Betatrophin in Obese Women with Polyststic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Hassan Abrar Gomaa Abd-Elfatah , Mohammed Mohammed Ali Mohammed , Abd-Elatif Doaa Mohammed Mohammed , Mohammed Ashraf Taha Abd-Elmouttaleb
Published: March 2020

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common female endocrinopathy. It is associated with adipokines dysfunctional secretion pattern and insulin resistance, which is considered as the main reason for its clinical feature. Wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 is a novel adipokine that displays insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation where it strongly related to adipocyte accumulation and regeneration. Betatrophin has a potential role in pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and obesity and several studies showed inconsistent betatrophin levels in patients with diabetes and obesity but, its relation to polycystic ovary syndrome is unclear.

Aim: Investigation of the role of serum wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 and betatrophin in normal weight and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Studying their association with other markers, then determine whether obesity and insulin resistance is associated with them.

Methods: Wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 and betatrophin serum levels were measured in 44 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (22 obese and 22 non-obese) and 44 matched control (22 obese and 22 non-obese) females using specific ELISA kits. 

Results: Betatrophin and wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 levels were elevated in the polycystic ovary syndrome group (49.4 pg/ml, 187.6 pg/ml) than in the control group (32.08 pg/ml, 108.4 pg/ml) respectively. Moreover, their levels were higher in the obese subgroup than in normal weight subgroup. There were positive correlations between wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 and betatrophin in non-obese (r=0.89, p=0.0001***) and in obese (r=0.78, p=0.0001***) polycystic ovary syndrome groups.

Conclusion: Betatrophin and wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 are associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hence wingless type1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 and betatrophin may play a role in the incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome. They may be valuable in diagnosis and prediction of polycystic ovary syndrome patients.
Variability of Soil Extractable Micronutrients in the Upland and Lowland Topoposition Soils of Gubi Village, Bauchi State, North Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Biwe Ephraim Risul , Nanmwa Voncir , Hassan Alhaji Muhammad
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the variability of extractable micronutrients in the varying topoposition soils of Gubi village. Four profile pits were dug at each of the designated topopositions making a total of eight profiles. The profiles were dug at the crest, upper slope, middle slope and valley bottom positions of the two toposequences and were named URFGU1, URFGU2, URFGU3 to URFGU4 and URFGL1. URFGL2, URFGL3 to URFGL4 for upland and lowland respectively. The content and profile distribution of extractable micronutrients copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe) were extracted using 0.1 m HCl solution and determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) at appropriate wavelengths (Ca at 247 nm, Zn at 214 nm, Mn at 279 nm and Fe at 248 nm. Data generated was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance in nested experimental design. The significance of difference between treatments was determined using fishers LSD. Means that were significantly different were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). The result reveals that Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) varied significantly due to location. Iron and manganese were significantly higher in the upland soil (47.35 and 47.50 mg/kg respectively) than in the lowland soil (17.67 and 27.38 mg/kg respectively). The lowland soil had significantly higher Cu (1.31 mg/kg) than the upland soil (0.37 mg/kg).  Zinc (Zn) did not vary significantly due to location however the lowland soil (0.86 mg/kg) had a higher Zn content than the upland soil (0.26 mg/kg).
Assessment of Soil and Crop Qualities under Different Management Systems around Lokoja Metropolis, Central Nigeria
Authors: Musa S. D. , Amhakhian S. O. , Abu H. O.
Published: March 2020

Soil quality is an essential factor in Agricultural sustainability and its combination with water and human factors substantially determine the quality of the output (crop) within a particular ecosystem. The goal was attained through: identification of the extant management systems; determination of some key properties in the soil, water and vegetable in the area; comparison of the heavy metals content of plants and soil to confirm whether the concentration of metals in soil is in available form for plant uptake. A total of twenty farm plots were sampled randomly at both upland and lowland areas. Soil, plant and water samples were collected and tested for both micro and macro elements. The results of the analysis revealed that the soils possess moderately acidic pH (6.0) with permissive rate of EC (0.45 mm hos/cm), low N (0,08%), very high P content (27.1 mg/kg), very high values of OC (1.65%), cation exchange indicates low levels of Na (0.2 cmol/kg), medium Ca (6.0 cmol/kg), very high K (3.7 cmol/kg), high Mg (4.3 cmol/kg), medium ECEC (16.0 cmol/kg) using FAO 2006. The results of the water analysis show that Cd, Fe, Pb and Mn are within the recommended threshold while Cu, Ni, Zn are above the threshold. No significant difference in the following soil chemical properties: pH, EC, %OC, %TN, Na, K, Mg, Ca, TEB, Exchange acidity, ECEC, Cu and Ni. Conversely, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd show significantly higher value between the lowland and upland areas. Upland areas show significantly higher values in few heavy metals. It was concluded that regular monitoring of the macro and micro elements is critical to sustainable productivity.
Sensitivity of Genotype by Environment Interaction Models to Outlying Observations
Authors: Oyamakin S. Oluwafemi , Durojaiye M. Olalekan
Published: March 2020

Plant breeding program depends on its ability to provide farmers with genotypes with guaranteed superior performance (phenotype) in terms of yield and/or quality across a range of environmental conditions. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to have an understanding of the model suitable for or leading to a good phenotype. In this study, two cases of scenarios were considered to have a clearer view of the performance of Genotype by Environment Interaction on the following four models; Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), Finlay Wilkinson (FW), Genotype and Genotype by Environment Interaction (GGE) and Mixed Model. We experiment the inference behind the violation of the assumption of normal distribution by observing the data contamination of two case scenarios (Lowest and Highest outlying observations). It was observed on the two data Types of Balance and Unbalance designs with different Levels of generations. We achieved that by comparative performance of the data contamination techniques under the two case scenarios; Case I scenario was done for Lowest Outlying Observations where 50%, 100% and 500% data contamination on the First Quarter (P1), Mid quarter (P2) and Last Quarter (P3). We then deduced from the result of the model evaluation that, at each levels of data contamination for Balance and Unbalance design, Mixed model was the ideal model for  interaction. Case II scenario was done for Highest Outlying Observations where 50%, 100% and 500% data contamination on the First Quarter (P1), Mid quarter (P2) and Last Quarter (P3) were examined on each levels of generations. We then observed from the result of the model evaluation that, at each levels of data contamination for Balance and Unbalance design, Mixed model also outperformed the other three models.
Prototype Analysis of Basic Words in Social Media in Indonesia
Authors: Widiyanto Wahyu Wijaya , Pariyasto Sofyan , Iskandar Dwi
Published: March 2020

Aims: The use of social media in generation Y and generation Z as a forum for communication is commonly used in everyday life. The use of language as a means of communication in social media also attracts attention, especially the use of Indonesian, as a national language and as a unifying language of the nation, Indonesian must of course be maintained. Especially in writing and using it. The frequency of writing words on social media often becomes a problem in Indonesian as a national language. Both consciously and unconsciously, Indonesian writing is often found that is not in accordance with the structure of grammar and vocabulary in social media, causing concerns about the use of Indonesian in the future that has strayed far from the general guidelines of Indonesian spelling. Researchers conduct research related to the use of basic words in social media.

Study Design: The analysis process is carried out using an approach that starts from data collection, stemming and grouping data from random social media (WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook).

Place and Duration of Study: Data from the top 3 (three) social media (WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook) with the keyword "belajar" between December 2019 and January 2020.

Methodology: From the data collected there were 40492 basic words that were successfully obtained. Then the data obtained is done by sorting and deleting repeated words, so as to get the base word data of 5243 words.

Results: From the results of the study obtained information that the word "ajar" is the most frequent word with 2502 times repeated. The words "yang" and the word "ga" are non-standard words most often appear with the appearance 759 and 530 times. Mistakes most often occur because of abbreviated writing and hypercorrection.

Conclusion: The use of words that are not standard and not in accordance with the general guidelines of Indonesian spelling are words that are dominated by abbreviated words. Abbreviations like "yg" should "yang" rank first, while the word "ga" who should "tidak" rank second. The writing of words caused by hypercorrection is also one of the causes of errors in writing words. Hypercorrection words that appear include "zenius", "coba" and "smoga".
Optimization of Multi-Products Distribution by Tabu Search Algorithm (Case Study: Fuel Distribution)
Authors: Wulandari Sri , Puspitasari Norma
Published: March 2020

Aims: Determine the vehicle s fuel distribution as distributing case of multi-product based on       the number of routes and the total mileage optimal manner using a split delivery tabu search algorithm.

Study Design: Trial percentage loading capacity of the three types of fuel to determine the percentage which gives optimum results.

Place and Duration of Study: Indonusa Surakarta Polytechnic to make the application of a tabu search algorithm to determine the route and calculate the total mileage of the vehicle. The time required 1 month.

Methodology: In this study as a central depot supplier number one, the number of consumers who have served are 19, types of products to be distributed is 3, and the type of transport vehicle used is one where vehicles are not restricted. There are 37 scenarios percentage payload capacity tested in this study to find the percentage of transport capacity which gives optimum results.

Results: The results showed that for three types of fuel distribution to 19 customers, scenarios percentage of premium transport capacity of 25%, 18% kerosene, diesel fuel 57% provide optimal results. Optimal results based on the number of routes of distribution and total mileage. The amount of the distribution as much as 5 routes with a total distance is 9.727 nautical miles.

Conclusion: Tabu search algorithm can be used to complete the Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem in the case of multi-product distribution by creating a scenario type of fuel carrying capacity of each product.
Isolation and Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Actinomycetes from Mud Nest of Wasps
Authors: Haque Md. Fazlul , Sultana Sabina , Mohanta Moni Krishno , Hasan Md. Ariful , Chaity Arnaba Saha , . Shamsunnahar , Chowdhury Israt Jahan Khan
Published: March 2020

The recent increase in antibiotic resistance demands the discovery of novel antibiotics. Hence, this project was designed to explore novel antibiotic producing Actinomycetes from mud nest of wasps. For this, 9 types of active mud nests of wasp available in Rajshahi, Bangladesh were collected. For each nest, nest material was aseptically homogenized with a 1X saline solution and then diluted homogenate was plated in Actinomycetes Isolation Agar medium to isolate Actinomycetes. Total 27 purified cultures of bacteria were isolated from 9 collected mud nests of wasp. To collect the extract of mud nest, homogenate was filtered and centrifuged. Then, the extracts were assessed for their efficacy to inhibit bacterial growth with disc diffusion method. However, only extract of nest number 9 (N9) showed antimicrobial efficacy against tested bacteria, E. coli. Then antimicrobial efficacy of the 27 isolates was assessed using an agar cross-streak method and disc diffusion method. It was found that among the 27 isolates; only the isolate N9C2 was able to inhibit the growth of studied bacteria, E. coli. Then, 16S rDNA was isolated, amplified and sequenced from the isolate N9C2 for its identification. According to NCBI blast, the highest similarity of sequence (99%) of 16S rDNA of the isolate N9C2 was shown to that of Streptomyces coelescens strain AS 4.1594. Then, the isolate N9C2 was characterized. It was found that the isolate was a gram positive filamentous bacterium. It was found that the isolate N9C2 was resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Cephalexin while it was sensitive to Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin. It was also found that the isolate N9C2 can grow optimally at pH 7 and at 37ºC. Finally, it can be concluded that mud nests of wasp is a vital source of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes such as Streptomyces coelescens strain AS 4.1594.
Effect of Different Levels of Potassium on Yield and Economics of Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Hussain Mohd. Zakir , Kumar Ashok Kumar , Mandal Devendra , Singh Rajeev , Sohane R. K.
Published: March 2020

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season at Crop Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi in 2017 to observe the effect of different levels of potassium on yield and economics of Kharif maize. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with four replications and nine treatments at a different level of potassium (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1) in which three treatments T7, T8 and T9 were along with 5 tons of FYM. There were no marked effect of different treatments on the number of cob plant-1, length of cob, the girth of cob and test weight. However, the number of grains cob-1 was found significantly higher in treatment T9 (T4 + 5 t FYM ha-1). Grain yield, stover yield and stone yield were significantly influenced by different treatments. The maximum grain yield (63.19 q ha-1), stover yield (101.61 q ha-1) and stone yield  (14.61 q ha-1) were recorded under treatment T9 (T4 + 5 t FYM ha-1). Economics of different  treatments indicated  that by higher grain yield, treatment T9 (T4 + 5 t FYM ha-1) exhibited maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio of Rs 90,046 ha-1, Rs 47,987 ha-1 and 1.14, respectively.
Vigor of Java Plum Seedlings, in the Presence and Absence of Mucilage Submitted to Different Substrates
Authors: Carvalho Joaquim Pereira , Nunes Helber Véras , Barros Daniella Inácio , Ribeiro Evandro Alves , Luz João Henrique da Silva , Ramos Layssa Gabrielly Barbosa Garcia , Sales Paulo Victor Gomes , Liborio Ricardo Alencar , Nunes Bruno Henrique Di Napoli
Published: March 2020

Java plum (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) originates from Asia and has adapted very well to soil conditions and climate in Brazil, becoming spontaneous in the Northeast region. Still, there is no large commercial production in the country, since information related to planting, plant management, post-harvest management, and fruit processing is limited and vague. The production of quality seedlings depends on several factors, and the composition of the substrates is a factor of great importance, because the germination of the seeds, the beginning of the roots and the rooting are directly linked to the constitution of the substrate. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Tocantins, at a city of Gurupi/TO. For this, Java plum seeds were used directly removed from the fruits, which were collected in the same period. The substrates used were: Washed Sand; Black Soil; Black Soil + Worm Humus + Commercial Substrate and Commercial Substrate + Washed Sand + Pine Bark, in the presence and absence of mucilage. The highest values of root length and length of shoot, in the presence and absence of mucilage, were obtained in the substrates of BS (10 and 13 cm) (8.7 and 9.3 cm), BS + WH + CS (9.3 and 12.4 cm) (8.2 and 9.5 cm) and CS + WS + PB (9 and 11 cm) (8.6 and 10.6 cm), respectively. Regarding the first emergency count and seedling emergence, once again the CS + WS + PB (20 and 56.2%) (51.2 and 90%), in the presence and absence of mucilage, respectively. It was concluded that the removal of the mucilage in Java plum seeds provided better performance in all substratum and the commercial substrate + washed sand + pine bark provided greater viability and vigor.
Distribution of ABO, Rhesus D and Subgroups of ABO among Blood Donors in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim A. B. , Attahiru H. , Erhabor O. , Udomah P. F. , Yakubu A. , Buhari H. A. , Ahmed H. M. , Onuigwe F. U. , Isah D. , Kalgo M. U. , Abubakar U.
Published: March 2020

ABO, Rhesus D and subgroups of ABO are highly immunogenic and are the common cause of antibody production in mismatched blood transfusions, haemolytic transfusion reaction and maternal alloimmunization. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of ABO, Rh D and subgroups of ABO among blood donors attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. ABO, Rhesus D and subgroups of ABO antigen status of 176 blood donors with mean age of 30.44 ± 8.210 years attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto were determined using tile method for ABO and Rh D and conventional tube method for anti- A1, anti- H reagents for ABO subgroups respectively. Among the 176 subjects tested, blood group O+ was the most frequent group with 93 (52.8%), 39 (22.2%) were blood group B+, 37(21.0%) were blood group A+, 5 (2.8%) were blood group AB+, 2 (1.1%) were blood group O-. No data was obtained for A-, B- and AB- blood groups.  Out of 37 A blood groups obtained, 31 (83.8%) had A1 antigens and 6 (16.2%) had A2 antigens. Out of the 5 AB blood groups, all had A1B antigens. The study also shows that there was statistically significant difference between blood group A and ethnic groups (Hausa, Fulani and Yoruba) (p<0.05). Blood group O was found to be the most frequent followed by B, A and AB except among Hausa which revealed a pattern of O> A> B> AB. ABO, subgroups shows majority had A1 followed by A2 and A1B respectively.
Chemical Characteristic of Forest Soil and Gold Mine Tailings and Their Effect to the Plant Growth of Two Leguminous Trees
Authors: Prematuri Ricksy , Turjaman Maman , Sato Takumi , Tawaraya Keitaro
Published: March 2020

Aims: To clarify chemical characteristic of gold mine tailings and its effect to the growth of two leguminous trees of Falcataria molucana and Albizia saman under greenhouse conditions.

Study Design: Field samples collection, analyze their samples of forest soil and tailings from gold mining area and determined the effect to the plant growth of two leguminous trees.

Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, and The Forest Research and Development Centre, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia between 2012 to 2013.

Methodology: Soil pH, total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and available phosphorus (P) concentrations, cation exchange capacity, C/N ratio and exchangeable K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe and Ni concentrations were analyzed. F. moluccana and A. saman were grown for 15 weeks and their shoot heights, shoot and root dry weights were calculated.

Results: Total N, carbon and available P of gold mine tailings were lower than that of forest soil.  CEC, Mg, K and Fe of gold mine tailings were lower than that of forest soil. C/N ratio of gold mine tailings werehigher than that of forest soil. Soil chemical characteristics of pH (KCL), pH (H2O), Ca and Na of gold-mine tailings were higher than that of forest soil. There was no difference in Ni between forest soil and gold mine tailings. Shoot dry weight and root dry weight of F. molucana on gold mine tailings were lower than that of forest soil. Root dry weight of A. saman grown on gold mine tailings were higher than that of forest soil. Shoot dry weight of A. saman grown on gold mine tailings were tended to have higher than that on forest soil.

Conclusion: Gold mine tailings resulted from gold processing decrease chemical characteristic compare to the forest soil and its inhibit to the growth of two leguminous tree, F. molucana and A. Saman.
Antifungal Activity of Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis Hydro-ethanolic Extracts against Three Rice Seed-borne Fungi
Authors: Nitiema Léon W. , Nikiema Fabrice W. , Sérémé Drissa , Sombié Pierre A. E. D.
Published: March 2020

Aims: This study was undertaken to investigate the antifungal activities of Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis bark hydro-ethanolic extract against Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme and Curvularia lunata and to evaluate the percentages of germination and infection of infected rice seeds.

Methods: Different extract concentrations ranging from 0.25, 0.5 and 1% were tested during 15 days using poisoned food technique method for in vitro antifungal activity against above three fungal strains. The same concentrations of extract were used to evaluate in vivo antifungal activity on rice seeds infected by these three fungal strains.

Results: The extract of Securidaca longepedunculata had antifungal effect on Fusarium solani and Fusarium moniliforme and completely inhibited its mycelial growth at all tested concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1%). Curvularia lunata mycelial growth was inhibited of 84.7% by 1% Securidaca longepedunculata extract after five days of culture. However, mycelial growth of F. solani, F. moniliforme and C. lunata were increased with increasing concentration of Acacia gourmaensis extract. It has been observed that when Securidaca longepedunculata hydro-ethanolic extract concentration increased up to 1%, seeds germination percentage decreased for all infection. In contrast, the opposite was observed for Acacia gourmaensis extract. Likewise, seeds infection decreased with the highest concentration (1%) of Securidaca longepedunculata for all infection, whereas the opposite was observed with Acacia gourmaensis extract.

Conclusion: This study showed that S. longepedunculata hydro-ethanolic extract has more antifungal activity against seed-borne fungi (F. solani, F. moniliforme and C. lunata) than A. gourmaensis in vitro and in vivo. Results show that Securidaca longepedunculata hydro-ethanolic bark extract can be used as a potential antifungal agent in the management of some rice fungal diseases. Acacia gourmaensis extract, at low concentration, could be used in rice seed treatment to increase seed germination.
Antibacteria Assesement of Aframomum melegueta [roscoe] k. Schum [alligator pepper] Fruit on Bacteria Pathogen Isolated from the Urinary Tract
Authors: Abodunrin T. F. , Oladumoye M. K. , Borishade F. T. , Akande E. B. , Afolami O. I.
Published: March 2020

This study aims at assessing the Antibacterial activity of Aframomum melegueta against Urinary Tract bacteria. The study was carried out at the Microbiology department laboratory of the Federal University of technology, Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria, between February and June, 2018. Agar diffusion method was used in the susceptibility test, whie tube dilution method was used determination of Minimum Inhibitory concentration. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavinoids, saponins and tannins in both the Methanol and Pet-ether fruit extract, the result also showed that the concentration of all these compounds are higher in the Methanol extract than in the Pet-ether extract. The in-vitro Susceptibility test showed that E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus were sensitive to methanol extract of Aframomum. melegueta at 100 mg/ml with E. coli showing the highest  zone of Inhibition of 13.67 ± 0.24 mm, while all the organisms were resistant to Pet-ether extract at this concentration of 100 mg/ml except for E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 10.93 ± 0.07 mm at a highest concentration of  400 mg/ml. S. aureus was sensitive to Pet-ether showing a zone of inhibition of 16.97±0.09 mm while E. coli had 20.33 ± 0.23 mm, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were resistant to both extract at all the tested concentration. Methanol Extract had MIC values of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while the Pet-ether extract had an MIC values of 100mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for E. coli, and S. aureus respectively. The MBC values for Methanol Extract were 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while that of Pet-ether extract was 100 mg/ml for Escherichia coli.
Expression of 1L-myo-Inositol -1-Phosphate Synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) is Deregulated in the Cerebellum of Curly Tail Mutant Mice
Authors: Alebous Hana Dawood , Steele Erika M. , Johnson Margaret Dean
Published: March 2020

Previous research, defining spatial control of inositol phosphate biosynthesis in the developing brain of CBA (normal) and CT [curly tail (ct-CT) and straight tail (st-CT)] mutant mice implicated a role for 1l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIP) in normal functioning of the central nervous system. Biochemical research indicated that MIP enzymatic activity, conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into inositol phosphate, is highest in the cerebellum of ct-CT and lowest in st-CT, when compared to that of CBA mice.

Here, we utilized microscopic and biochemical investigations to analyze and extend previous findings of MIP expression in the cerebellum. Results of this research indicated that MIP expression correlates, well, with its enzymatic activity in the cerebellum of CBA and CT mutant mice. Statistical analyses of fluorescent micrographs detected a significant difference in fluorescence intensity between MIP from ct-CT, st-CT, and CBA mice.

These data support vital links between inositol phosphate biosynthesis, MIP expression, and normal functioning of the cerebellum. Moreover, published data, identifying significant behavioral differences in the CT mutant, as well as data linking motor and non-motor cerebellar functions to abnormal levels of inositol, support the conclusion that aspects of normal cerebellar functions require temporal and spatial control of inositol phosphate biosynthesis, MIP expression.