bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate to Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate in the Inpatient Management of Acute Hyperkalemia
Authors: Joyce Olivia , Corpman Michael
Published: May 2023

Background: Oral potassium binders have a role in the management of acute hyperkalemia among hospitalized patients. However, with therapeutic additions to this class, there is insufficient evidence between potassium binders to support a standard of care recommendation for use in this acute setting. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute potassium lowering effects of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS). Methods: A retrospective review of admitted patients who received SZC or SPS was conducted after exemption from the Institutional Review Board. Patients with baseline potassium values less than 5.1 mmol/L or factors contributing to potentially false report of serum potassium were excluded. The primary outcome was the average change in potassium from baseline to 24 hours following potassium binder administration. Secondary outcomes compared changes to potassium from baseline to various time periods after administration, presence of electrolyte changes, and documentation of serious adverse events. Results: A total of 246 patients were included, with 128 receiving SZC and 118 receiving SPS. Mean change in serum potassium (mmol/L) at 24 hours was not significant between binders (−.78 vs −.91; P = .22). Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes were also similar between groups. A total of 5 serious adverse events were reported, occurring only in the SPS group. Conclusion: SZC and SPS have comparable effects in acute potassium reduction, with serious gastrointestinal adverse events documented only in SPS patients. Health systems may consider this data in determining medication formularies or during order set development.
Frequency-dependent automotive suspension damping systems: State of the art review
Authors: Franczyk Bartłomiej , Maniowski Michał , Gołdasz Janusz
Published: May 2023

Configuration of a passive suspension of a passenger vehicle most often requires a compromise between its handling, road-holding, and ride (passenger) comfort. Nowadays, car manufacturers (automotive OEMs) are forced to develop ways for enhancing the functionality of shock absorbers and yet keeping their costs low. The use of so-called frequency-dependent (FD) valves in hydraulic passive suspension dampers, which allow the damping force to vary with the frequency of the excitation (or its change rate), is a satisfactory solution to the problem by means of adaptive passive valves. In this study, the effectiveness of the FD technology in passenger vehicles is demonstrated on the basis of a quarter-car simulation model. This is followed by a comprehensive review of several FD type valve structures currently offered by various automotive damper suppliers. Their advantages as well as potential drawbacks are shown and hydraulic circuits are formulated for each of the considered designs. Exemplary characteristics of a FD shock absorber obtained from own measurements are shown, too. The results of subjective qualitative evaluation of analyzed cases are presented and appropriate directions for further development steps are proposed. Finally, simulation results of functional model of FD shock absorber are presented.
Tuning vibration absorbers to mitigate simultaneous regenerative and mode-coupling chatter
Authors: Mobaraki Mojtaba , Ratava Juho
Published: May 2023

This paper examines a set of parametric tunings for vibration absorbers to enhance stability in the event of simultaneous chatter during machining and proposes a novel tuning criterion of minimizing the definite integral of frequency response function, while accounting for damping of the absorber’s base component. Chatter vibrations are an inherent characteristic of machining processes, and a common tool for mitigating chatter is a tuned mass damper (TMD), which functions effectively when its dynamic characteristics are appropriately tuned to the natural frequency of the vibrating base component. Robotic machining is a recent cost-effective method of material removal, but simultaneous regenerative and mode-coupling chatter can arise on robot tools. TMD tuning criteria for mode-coupling and regenerative chatter are different, and tuning to suppress one may prompt the other. Moreover, conventional analytical tunings do not consider damping of the base component, which may be a valid assumption for low-damped machine tools but not for highly-damped robot tools. The possibility of simultaneous chatter and base component damping effect necessitates the exploration of alternative tuning criteria.
Development of vibration isolation models in vibratory roller’s seat and cabin: A survey
Authors: Mei Yundong , Liu Haina , Renqiang Jiao , Ding Yi , Nguyen Vanliem
Published: May 2023

Under the impaction of excitation forces of the elastic tire/rigid drum and off-road soil ground interactions, the vibratory roller’s ride quality had been strongly influenced. Thus, the vibration isolation models and structures of the vehicle’s cabin and seat are studied and improved for enhancing the vehicle’s ride quality. To have an overview of the study and development process of the seat suspensions and cabin isolations, this research provides the overall view of the seat and cabin’s vibration isolation models developed and applied to the vibratory rollers based on the results of the existing studies. The study shows that with the semiactive hydraulic isolations (HIs) or semiactive pneumatic-hydraulic isolations (PHIs) applied to the cabin’s vibration isolations, the cabin shaking and driver’s ride quality have been remarkably ameliorated, while, with quasi-zero stiffness elements (QSE) added into the seat suspension, the driver’s ride quality has been greatly ameliorated. Based on the studied results, to control the cabin shaking and enhance the driver’s ride quality, a combination between the cabin’s semiactive HIs and the seat’s QSE should be developed in further studies.
Finite-time H∞ control under the Round-Robin protocol for switched linear systems with admissible edge-dependent average dwell time
Authors: Ren Hangli , Fan Qingxi , Qian Xiaoliang , Yue Weichao , Liu Xianglong
Published: May 2023

This article focuses on finite-time [Formula: see text] control under the Round-Robin protocol for switched linear systems with admissible edge-dependent average dwell time. To relieve the bandwidth pressure of the sensor, a Round-Robin protocol is constructed to decide the access rights of each node of the sensor. Under the Round-Robin protocol-based control structure, admissible edge-dependent average dwell time is applied to describe the transition relationship between the modes of the subsystem and release the restrictions of mode-dependent average dwell time. Moreover, the finite-time stability and [Formula: see text] performance of switched system with Round-Robin protocol are analyzed by using multiple Lyapunov function method combined with the admissible edge-dependent average dwell time switching. Sufficient conditions for the solution to finite-time control problem are derived which consider the [Formula: see text] performance index. Finally, the availability of the control synthesis methods is verified by the circuit model of Buck–Boost converter.
Interventions for Adolescent Suicide Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Latin America and Spain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cañizares Catalina , J. Macgowan Mark
Published: May 2023

Purpose: Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to suicide attempts, which is a major risk factor for completed suicide in this age group. However, most research on suicide prevention interventions comes from high-income countries with predominantly white participants and English protocols. This study examines interventions that have been tested in Latin America and Spain. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to include interventions aimed at reducing suicide ideation, attempts, and increasing knowledge about it in these regions. Results: Sixteen articles were selected, and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Problem Solving Therapy, and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy were found to be more effective than standard treatments or wait-list conditions in reducing the outcomes. Discussion: This review highlights the need for more research on preventive interventions in Latin America and Spain. While all interventions evaluated were effective, further research and replication studies are necessary to strengthen the evidence base for these interventions.
A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of a Multicomponent Positive Psychological Intervention: The Potential Mechanism of Altruism
Authors: Hu Jinghan , Bu He , Liu Iris Kam Fung , Yu Nancy Xiaonan
Published: May 2023

Purpose: Although multicomponent positive psychological interventions (MPPIs) effectively improve well-being, it is crucial to examine which intervention component plays a critical role. Method: This cluster randomized controlled trial assigned 221 immigrants from mainland China to Hong Kong to either an MPPI arm ( n  =  116, 11 clusters) or an MPPI  +  Information arm ( n  =  105, 11 clusters). Both arms aimed to enhance three intervention outcomes: resilience, happiness, and mental health. The MPPI part in the two arms included four components: self-efficacy, positive thinking, altruism, and goal setting. The information part provided information about Hong Kong. Results: Both arms effectively improved the four intervention components and three intervention outcomes. MPPI  +  Information increased the immigrants’ knowledge of Hong Kong. The network analysis showed that altruism had the greatest strength in the network. Conclusions: Future studies should focus on the specific intervention component of altruism to understand how the MPPI works.
Residual chemotherapy drugs after flushing infusion lines
Authors: Marchal Marie-Alix , Robert Marie , Pesqué Raphaëlle , Jourdan Nathalie , Sessink Paul , Madelaine Isabelle , Levert Hélène
Published: May 2023

Introduction

During administration of chemotherapies, disconnection presents risks for nurses. Thus, it is recommended to flush the infusion line with solvent to reduce this risk and ensure that the entire dose is administered. Objectives of this study were to evaluate flushing practices and to investigate the efficiency of flushing, according to the type of hospitalization, in hospitalization (HU) or day-care unit (DCU), for three drugs.

Methods

Twenty secondary infusion lines were collected in five HU and 20 in two DCU. Flushing volumes were estimated by weighing solvent bags. The amount of residual drug was measured for secondary lines by mass spectrometry coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Chemotherapies were administered by 26 nurses. All of infusion lines contained chemotherapy after flushing. Flushing volumes, residual concentrations and flushing efficiencies were significantly different between these two types of units. In contrast, flushing volumes administrated did not differ between chemotherapy drugs.

Conclusions

Local recommendations are fully implemented in HU and partially in DCU. The use of small volumes in DCU is related to the patient length of stay, it may, also, be due to omitting the average tubing volume. All infusion lines still contained chemotherapy, including those with a flush volume much higher than recommended, showing that the risk of exposure persists. To achieve a rinse volume greater than 50 mL, it is necessary to use at least 100 mL. It is also important to insist on personal protective equipment and to consider closed safety system for administration.
Nivolumab-induced sensory ganglionopathy
Authors: Coskun Ozlem , Sahin Hasan , Yalcin Selim , Sahin Yekta C. , Coskun Ugur
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Nivolumab is s a human monoclonal antibody. Due to its widespread use in many cancers, including Merkel cell carcinoma, adverse reactions associated with nivolumab, such as neuropathies, endocrinopathies, gastrointestinal problems, and skin toxicities have been increasing. Sensory ganlionopathy is rarely observed in these patients.

Case description

We present a 63-year-old male with a medical history of Merkel cell carcinoma that recurred two times in the inguinal region. After undergoing surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy, a second surgery was performed. The patient suffered from tingling in all four limbs plus difficulty in walking after initiation of the third dose of nivolumab.

Management and outcome

After 1 month of 1 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone treatment, he showed significant improvement. Subsequently, the systemic corticosteroid regimen was tapered to 5 mg every other day. The treatment resulted in significant improvement in all extremities.

Discussion

Sensory ganlionopathy can be seen as a side effect of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, even though it is very extraordinary. This is the case in the literature to develop sensory ganlionopathy due to nivolumab. We believe that patients using nivolumab may develop sensory ganlionopathy and management should be taken on this point.
The Relationship Between Speech and Language Disorders and Working Memory: Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Typical Development
Authors: Sarıyer Merve Nur , Tadıhan Özkan Elçin , Fidan Saniye Tülin
Published: May 2023

Objective:

To examine the speech, language, and communication skills of school-age children with attention deficit and hyperactive disorder.

Method:

The sample of the study consists of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder ( n = 47) participants who are combined type and attention-deficit-dominant type, and the control group ( n = 40) typically developing participants. Turkish School Age Language Development Test, Turkish Articulation and Phonology Test, Working Memory Scale, and Predictive Cluttering Inventory were applied to all participants.

Results:

SPSS program was used in the analysis of the data. Mann Whitney U and One Way ANOVA analyzes were performed to find the difference between the groups. As a result of the statistical analysis, a significant difference was found between the participants with typical development and those with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in terms of word count ( p < .001). It was determined that participants with typical development outperformed participants with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in all tests. There was no difference in the two subtypes of the attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder group ( p > .001).

Conclusion:

It has been concluded that language, speech, and working memory skills of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are lower than their peers with typical development. Speech and language skills and working memory must be taken into consideration in assessment and intervention children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.
Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort
Authors: Anns Francesca , D’Souza Stephanie , MacCormick Conrad , Mirfin-Veitch Brigit , Clasby Betony , Hughes Nathan , Forster Warren , Tuisaula Eden , Bowden Nicholas
Published: May 2023

Objective:

To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD.

Method:

Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations.

Results:

Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]).

Conclusions:

Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS.
Dance Injuries in the Older Dancer
Authors: Rietveld Boni
Published: May 2023

From a group of 727 consecutive injured dancers and dance teachers, 66 were 45 years of age or older. The injuries and physical complaints of these older dancers were analyzed. They were compared with the data of a control group of 345 consecutive injured dancers of all ages from a previous study. In approximately 75% of the injuries in both groups, the lower extremity was involved. There was a large as yet unexplained difference in the percentage of ankle injuries in the two groups: 27% in the younger group and only 3% in the older group. Almost half of the injuries in the older group were due to degenerative changes, most often of the patellofemoral joint.
Article Commentary: Reflections on Over-Training the Dancer's Heart
Authors: Ryan Allan J.
Published: May 2023

Training for any vigorous physical activity causes changes in the individual in order to reach a desirable performance level. Progressive increases in the training stimulus may produce an over-trained state. This was first defined for athletes by Deutsch and Kaufman1 of Vienna. Their works were translated into English and published by Warfield in 1927. The mental and physical outcomes of this state have been described by some investigators as “staleness,” disregarding the physical process with overdilation of the heart and impending failure. Because of their demanding schedules, dancers are more often overtrained than other athletes. Examples from lay experience of examining and working with dancers are cited. It may be impossible to obtain controlled studies in the scattered populations of dancers, but those who work with them must exercise discretion in interpreting the causes of the declines in performance.
Warm-Up
Authors: Volianitis Stefanos , Koutedakis Yiannis , Carson Ray J.
Published: May 2023

This review critically examines the literature on warm-up in relation to various physical-fitness components in dance. Due to the scarcity of published scientific work specifically focussed on dance, relevant reports from other physical activities have also been included. Prior to the main components of dance class or performance, dancers normally engage in a preliminary activity known as warm-up, which is aimed at enhancing performance and preventing injury. The general consensus is that warm-up is associated with positive effects on aerobic and anaerobic fitness parameters as well as on flexibility, muscular strength, and power. Individuals suffering from exercise-induced asthma may also benefit from warm-up. The main gain arising from warm-up seems to be related to temperature increases. However, there seems to be no agreement among scientists on the proper intensity, type, or duration of warm-up. Further research, performed with elite performers, may provide more insights on the dose-response relationship.
Psychological Aspects of Fatigue-Related Injuries in Dancers
Authors: Liederbach Marijeanne , Compagno Julietta M.
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to review 500 dance injury reports submitted by 644 participating dancers over a two-year period to determine if patterns emerged that might shed light on behavior and/or work conditions linked with injury occurrence. Injury report forms that ascertained conditions surrounding the injury such as workload exposure, floor surface, costume, temperature, dieting behavior and menstrual status were collected by an on-site physical therapist from three different settings: a university conservatory; an urban, hospital-based outpatient orthopaedic clinic specialized in the evaluation and treatment of dance injuries; and a professional ballet company. The university and professional ballet dancers were screened at the beginning of the study for injury risks, including eating attitudes using the Eating Disorders Inventory 2 (EDI-2), and mood using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Psychometric data from these screening inventories were evaluated by sub-groupings of dancers who had reported an injury during the subsequent study period and of those who had not. Fatigue was indicated as a significant injury factor in several data items, including injury form self-report, POMS scores, exposure hours on day of injury occurrence, time of injury, stage of season or semester, and work intensity at time of injury occurrence. EDI-2 scores for body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, bulimic tendencies, and perfectionism were significantly higher in injured than in non-injured dancers. It is concluded that self-reports of fatigue, increased exposure to work, work of a highly intense or monotonous nature, and/or changes in mood or diet may provide strong clues to increased injury vulnerability.
The Cardiorespiratory Responses to Modern Dance Classes: Differences between University, Graduate, and Professional Classes
Authors: Wyon Matthew , Head Andrew , Sharp Craig , Redding Emma
Published: May 2023

The physiological profiles of university, graduate, and professional dance classes were monitored to examine differences in oxygen uptake, heart rate, and the work to rest ratio. Twenty seven dancers participated in the study (10 university students, 7 graduate performers, and 10 fulltime professional dancers). Each dancer wore a telemetric gas analyser for the duration of their class and was filmed for later analysis. There were no significant differences between the groups' mean values for oxygen uptake (university dancers 16.8 ml•kg-1•min-1, graduates 20.4 ml•kg-1•min-1, and professional dancers 18.3 ml•kg-1•min-1) or heart rates (university dancers 118 b•min-1, graduates 133 b•min-1, and professional 111 b•min-1). There was a significant difference between warm-up and center work phases in both oxygen uptake and heart rate. Time spent dancing during the warm-up (76%) was significantly greater than during the center phases (41%) for all groups. Caloric expenditure of class ranged between 3.32 to 10.39 kcal•min-1. These results are similar to previous research performed with classical ballet dancers. In conclusion, modern class is an intermittent exercise form with the center phase reaching high intensity levels and the work to rest ratios dependent on dancers level of training and size of class.
Quadriceps Strength and Jumping Efficiency in Dancers
Authors: Harley Yolande X.R. , Gibson Alan St Clair , Harley Eric H. , Lambert Mike I. , Vaughan Christopher L. , Noakes Timothy D.
Published: May 2023

Body composition, isometric quadriceps muscle force output, EMG activity during isometric and SSC activity, and flexibility were assessed in female dancers (n = 11) and physically active controls (n = 11) to investigate quadriceps muscle strength and electromyographic (EMG) activity during isometric and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) activity in dancers. The dancers had less body fat (21.4% ± 2.8 vs 25.6% ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and were more flexible in the straight-leg raise, ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, elbow flexion and extension and sit-and-reach tests (all p < 0.01) than the controls. The dancers generated greater quadriceps muscle force output during a 5 second maximal voluntary isometric contraction (peak force: 458.9N ± 91.4 vs 327.9N ± 78.2, p < 0.01), but did not jump significantly higher than the controls (37.6 ± 5.5 vs 35.9 ± 3.9 cm, respectively). The dancers generated similar force output to the controls, but with less relative EMG activity, during the squat (p < 0.01), counter-movement (p < 0.05), and drop (p < 0.05) SSC jumps. The dancers had greater quadriceps muscle strength than the controls, but did not jump significantly higher. They used less of their maximum EMG during the jump tests, and hence less of their maximal possible muscle recruitment when jumping than the controls. This may be due to the dancers subconsciously sacrificing their jump height for aesthetics, to training-induced differences in whole limb muscle recruitment patterns, or to training-induced or genetic differences in the elastic components of the dancers’ compared to the controls’ lower limb musculotendinous tissue.
Body Composition Analysis in Dancers: Methods and Recommendations
Authors: Wilmerding M. Virginia , Gibson Ann L. , Mermier Christine M. , Bivins Kathryn Allison
Published: May 2023

Two clinical and four field methods are discussed with regard to their efficacy in estimating the body composition of dancers. The techniques, underlying assumptions, and ranges of error of the clinical methods of hydrostatic weighing (HW) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and the four field methods of skinfolds (SKF), bio-electrical impedance analysis (ΒΙΑ), near-infrared interactance (NIR), and body mass index (BMI) are delineated, as are the sources of measurement error. Recommendations are made with regards to the most accurate manner of determining and tracking a dancer, s percent body fat (%BF). Differences in dance style, body type, ethnicity, sex, and age will affect the choice of body composition method, equation used, and recommendations for optimal healthy levels of %BF. Allied health professionals working with dancers need to remain aware of methodology, technical considerations, new research, and the impor tance of incorporating education into their interpretation of the results of body composition testing in dancers.
Variability of Electromyographic and Kinematic Measurement in Dance Medicine and Science Research
Authors: Chatfield Steven J.
Published: May 2023

Electromyographic and kinematic measurements can yield useful information about the neuromusculoskeletal processes and outcomes of dance performance. Human motor responses are versatile and adaptive. No two performances of a dance movement are precisely the same, not even for the most proficient dancer. To realize the usefulness of EMC and kinematic analysis in dance, performance variability, a natural consequence of the versatility of human motor responses, must be dealt with. At first glance the overwhelming variability seen in existing EMC and kinematic research in dance medicine and science might appear to be a stumbling block to progress. Viewed another way, this same variability can be seen as a useful ally. This paper reviews intra-subject variability, learning, and inter-subject differences in EMC and kinematic work in existing dance research. Evidence is presented that supports the use of variability data as a measure of performance and learning to distinguish experts from novices or to track training changes. Variability in EMC and kinematic data recorded continuously throughout a movement event will be used to examine the temporal relationships between neural and musculoskeletal patterns in dance performance. A case is made for analysis of variability in future investigations of tenets central to dance training such as “core support” and “whole body connectedness.” Throughout, recommendations are made for conventions useful for data collection, handling, and analysis. The ultimate goal is to facilitate comparisons between research reports and development of normative data sets as reference points for discussion of training, performance, clinical practice, and research.
Measuring Dancers Active and Passive Turnout
Authors: Grossman Gayanne
Published: May 2023

Degree of overall turnout in the lower extremity involves not only hip external rotation but contributions from the knee, tibia, foot, and ankle as well. There are valid and reliable methods to measure isolated joint passive range of motion (PROM) within the field of orthopaedics. Specialized approaches to measuring turnout in a manner useful to dancers have begun to appear in the literature. This article will discuss these methods and a strategy for combining them to provide useful information for clinicians and dancers.
Functional Élevé Performance as it Applies to Heel-Rises in Performance-Level Collegiate Dancers
Authors: Thomas Kathleen S.
Published: May 2023

In the evaluation of functional plantar flexor strength the ability to perform 25 single leg, standing heel-rises has been established as the clinical standard for a grade of “normal.” Dancers, as a population, typically perform plantar flexion repeatedly in their training in an action known as élevè and relevé. This increased use of plantar flexion formed the basic hypothesis that dancers may have an increased ability to perform repetitive heel-rises, and therefore need a higher standard in order to be considered “normal” and ready to return to daily dancing activity. Ninety-seven dancers from the performance companies at Brigham Young University performed maximal repetitions of standing heel-rises. A number of variables including dance genres, gender, regular menstrual cycle, cross-training in other genres, which leg went first, leg dominance, muscular fatigue location and previous injury to lower leg, ankle, or foot were included in the analysis. The mean value for maximal number of heel-rises performed by the 97 dancers was 33 (SE 0.83; range 17 to 100). When examined by genre, the values were as follows: ballet (mean 25, SE 3.72), ballroom (mean 25, SE 3.73), folk (mean 33, SE 3.64), modern (mean 26, SE 3.82), other (mean 31, SE 4.52). The data was also analyzed as repetitions per kilogram. Significant differences were found between the dance genres, cross-training in other genres, and regular menstrual cycles. Gender was only significant in the repetitions per leg and insignificant when the data was adjusted for body weight. Which leg went first, leg dominance, muscular fatigue location, and history of previous injury to the lower limb were found to be insignificant.
The Relationship between Imagery and Competitive Anxiety in Ballet Auditions
Authors: Monsma Eva V. , Overby Lynnette Y.
Published: May 2023

Aligned with competitive anxiety research in athletics, this study explored audition anxiety and the role of imagery in the anxiety-performance relationship among 131 female auditioning ballet dancers. A better understanding of how auditioning dancers experience anxiety and associated image content can help train dancers preparing for anxiety-provoking, high-stakes performances. The CSAI-2 assessing competitive state anxiety and confidence and the SIQ assessing the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery were slightly modified for administration in the audition context. The MIQ-R was used to assess movement imagery. All instrument subscales, with the exception of the CG-Strategies subscale of the SIQ, demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Ballet dancers’ scores were similar to those reported by aesthetic sport athletes. Obtaining a position with a dance company was used as a proxy for defining success. Successful dancers with prior audition success were more confident than those without prior success and unsuccessful dancers with, and without, prior success. As a group, successful dancers experienced less cognitive anxiety and more somatic anxiety than unsuccessful dancers. Although imagery ability and image content did not differentiate dancers by performance, confident dancers had higher kinesthetic imagery ability and used more mastery and less arousal imagery than less confident dancers. In contrast, cognitively and somatically anxious dancers used less mastery and more arousal imagery. The athletic paradigm appears to be an appropriate framework for studying performance-related anxiety among dancers. Dancers and practitioners are encouraged to focus on mastery images for increasing confidence and decreasing anxiety. Dancers with prior audition success may be incorporating theses experiences in generating arousal imagery shown to predicted somatic anxiety, anxiety that does not appear to be detrimental to performance when cognitive anxiety is controlled.
Pre-Pointe Evaluation Components Used by Dance Schools
Authors: Meck Casey , Hess Rebecca A. , Helldobler Richard , Roh Joni
Published: May 2023

This study sought to identify the components of the current screening protocols used by dance schools to determine the readiness of a student to begin dancing en pointe. The subjects surveyed (N = 200) were the individuals who were responsible for performing the pre-pointe evaluation. An e-mail was sent to dance schools with an instruction letter to request it be forwarded to the pre-pointe evaluation administrator. Frequency tables were used to analyze the gathered data. A group of eight components were reported to be used by more than 75% of the institutions responding to the survey. Those institutions using an allied healthcare practitioner averaged 11.9 components per evaluation while institutions without an allied healthcare professional averaged 9.6 components. There were eight commonly reported components of the pre-pointe evaluation. At nearly 96% frequency, age was the most common component. Institutions affiliated with a company conduct a pre-pointe evaluation similar to those not affiliated with a company. The presence or absence of a healthcare professional had the most influence on the components used in the pre-pointe evaluation.
Manipulative Treatment of Hip Pain in a Ballet Student a Case Study
Authors: Whipple Tom , Plafcan Dean , Sebastianelli Wayne J. , Hershey Milton S.
Published: May 2023

A 14-year-old female ballet student was referred to physical therapy for examination and treatment of left inguinal region pain. A single session of non-thrust manipulation resulted in an immediate and lasting improvement in symptoms. This case report includes a description of the relevant examination and treatment procedures as well as a discussion of hip instability and the acetabular labrum.
The Effect of Neurofeedback on Performance Anxiety in Dancers
Authors: Singer Kenedy
Published: May 2023

A study of three dancers was conducted to assess the results of neurofeedback on performance anxiety. Prior to undergoing neurofeedback, each subject completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Test (STAI) in order to ascertain whether they had a reportable level of anxiety. The STAI clearly differentiates between the temporary condition of state anxiety and the more general and long-standing quality of trait anxiety. The STAI was also administered prior to the start of each neurofeedback session and before each significant dance performance or audition. During the course of the study the subjects also underwent 20 neurofeedback treatment sessions of 30 minutes each. Two of the three subjects completed the study and for each the results indicated a reduction in anxiety levels over the course of treatment.
Trends in IADMS Conference Presentations
Authors: Durfee Nicole F. , Welsh Thomas M. , Dunn Jan
Published: May 2023

To gain insight into how the field of dance medicine and science is evolving, this article reviews trends in presentations made during the second through the twelfth annual meetings of the International Association for Dance Medicine and Science (IADMS). The analysis displays trends in presenter demographics, topics addressed, methodological approach, and the types of evidence used. Trends in the various areas are summarized and implications are discussed.
Fitness for Dance
Authors: Koutedakis Yiannis
Published: May 2023

The work of dancers today embraces not only the art of communicating the joy and aesthetics of movement executing in perfect harmony and style, the power to express ideas and emotions through movement and musicality and the effortless display of technical virtuosity, but also these days a far more athletic and often acrobatic approach to movement is required which choreographers are insisting on more and more as a result of the increased cross fertilization between classical ballet and contemporary dance.”

— Sir Peter Wright*
Cardiorespiratory Training for Dancers
Authors: Wyon Matthew
Published: May 2023

Dance performance has been classified as high-intensity intermittent exercise that utilizes the aerobic and glycolytic energy production systems. Dance class and rehearsal have been shown to inadequately stress these energy systems and supplemental training is one method of preparing the body to meet these demands. The use of interval exercise training to elicit the required training effect has been suggested and the recommended exercise-to-rest ratios are examined in relation to the underlying physiology. The training environment and frequency is also examined with regard to movement specificity and the need for peripheral adaptations to occur in appropriate muscle fibers. Finally, the levels of dancers (professional, vocational student, and recreational) are discussed in relation to the importance of supplemental training to their goals.
Body Composition in Dancers a Review
Authors: Wilmerding M. Virginia , McKinnon Molly M. , Mermier Christine
Published: May 2023

Body composition is identified as a component of physical fitness. Seminal research published as far back as 25 years ago identifies how demands on ballet dancers might cause them to submit to health-compromising behaviors to stay slim. This review article aims to identify what published research informs us with regards to the influence that the drive for thinness has on body image, and the impact that restricted food intake has on the physical health of the dancer. The amount of body fat dancers maintain across a range of dance forms was examined. Subjects of body composition studies have been predominately professional ballet dancers or students of ballet; there were a few studies performed on modern dancers and one study on flamenco dancers. There was a variety of ages of the subjects (15.5 to 40 years) and a range of results. Percent body fat (%BF) ranged from 7.8% to 24.0%. In general, professional dancers tend to maintain less body fat than pre-professional aspirants. Soloists tend to maintain less body fat than corps members. Eumenorrheic dancers maintain higher levels of body fat than their non-eumenorrheic counterparts. This is consistent with other research findings. Ballet dancers tend to be leaner, on average, than modern dancers.
Anthropometric Measurements of Young Ballet Dancers
Authors: Kadel Nancy J. , Donaldson-Fletcher Emily A. , Gerberg Lynda F. , Micheli Lyle J.
Published: May 2023

Previous studies have examined the physical characteristics of adolescent and adult ballet dancers, but there is little information in the literature about the child dancer. The purpose of this case control study was to compare body composition, sexual maturity, flexibility, and joint range of motion measurements between child ballet dancers and age-matched, non-dancer controls. Subjects included 43 female dance students from a school affiliated with a nationally known ballet company and 43 female age-matched students from local public schools, ranging in age from eight to thirteen years. Height, weight, and Tanner stages were recorded. Body fat (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), flexibility, and joint range of motion were measured. There were no significant differences between the dancers (D) and non-dancers (ND) in height. Significant differences were found in mass: 30.4 ± 5.5 kg (D) versus 41.6 ± 13.3 kg (ND), p < 0.01; percentage body fat: 13.2% ± 4.8% (D) compared to 20.7% ± 6.7% (ND), p < 0.001; and Tanner stage: 1.442 ± 0.502 (D) versus 1.953 ± 0.754 (ND), p < 0.0004. The dancer group scored significantly higher in four of the six Nicholas” flexibility tests (p < 0.0001) and in 20 out of 24 joint range of motion measurements (p < 0.05). In conclusion, child dancers were significantly leaner, more flexible, and sexually immature when compared to age-matched, non-dancer controls.
Subluxation of the Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint with Associated Hallux Abducto Valgus in a Dancer
Authors: Papp-Mlodzienski Susan , Price Lisa
Published: May 2023

Second metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) instability can be a very painful and disabling foot disorder for dancers. The purpose of this case report is to review an incident where a dance instructor sub-luxed her second MTPJ after performing a specific tap dance step. This second MTPJ subluxation was treated surgically via a flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer. The dance instructor also had underlying forefoot pathology consisting of hallux abducto valgus (HAV) and a second hammertoe. These deformities were also addressed at the time of surgery. This patient had a good surgical outcome and was able to return to her dance instruction.
Leadership Behavior in Dance: Application of the Leadership Scale for Sports to Dance Technique Teaching
Authors: Rafferty Sonia , Wyon Matt
Published: May 2023

In response to the paucity of actual data on leadership behavior in dance technique teaching, this study, with reference to Chelladurai s Multidimensional Model of Leadership, aimed to define factors that may influence the dance teacher-student relationship and promote an effective learning process in dance technique teaching. The Leadership Scale for Sport Questionnaire (LSS) was administered in three versions to 14 dance teachers and 53 of their undergraduate students to measure leader behaviors in five dimensions: Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior, Social Support and Positive Feedback. Discrepancy scores were calculated to compare differences in teachers’ and students’ perceptions as well as differences between students’ perceptions and preferences. Statistical analyses (five one-way and five two-way between group analyses of variance with Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference post-hoc tests) were computed to provide data on, respectively, the relationships between teachers’ perceptions of their own behavior, students’ perceptions of teaching behavior and students’ preferences for teaching behavior as well as the effect of dance style and student gender on preferences for teacher behavior. Significant differences (p < .05) were found between the three groups in Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior and Positive Feedback, but not in Social Support (p > .05). There were no significant main effects for gender (p > .05) or dance style (p > .05) in any dimension, and interaction effects also did not reach significance (p > .05). The reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) in this study were not consistent with those reported in other sports studies using the LSS, and the suitability of the LSS as an instrument for observing teaching behavior in dance was questioned. Limitations of the study were identified and recommendations made for future research in leadership behavior in the context of dance training.
The Development of Imagery in Dance: Part II: Quantitative Findings from a Mixed Sample of Dancers
Authors: Nordin Sanna M. , Cumming Jennifer
Published: May 2023

The present study was undertaken to investigate the development of imagery among dancers. To effectively extend the results presented in Part I, the main topics emerging from the interviews in that study were investigated quantitatively. Participants were 250 female (n = 218) and male (n = 27) dancers from various dance types and ranging from recreational to professional in standard. Dancers perceived their images to have improved both in quantity and quality across their years in dance, with qualitative changes including improved complexity, control, structure, deliberation, and sensory involvement. Several differences existed between experience levels. In particular, higher-level dancers reported having been encouraged to image more frequently and being given more metaphorical images in classes more often than lower-level dancers, both when they first started dancing and at present. Altogether, the study might have implications for dance teachers as well as for dancers and researchers.
Does Pilates Training Benefit Dancers?: An Appraisal of Pilates Research Literature
Authors: Bernardo Lisa Marie , Nagle Elizabeth F.
Published: May 2023

Pilates has been used extensively by dancers since Joseph H. Pilates first developed his method of training over 60 years ago. With the extent to which Pilates has been incorporated into dancers’ training and conditioning, the question arises as to the scientific basis for this practice. Our two-fold purpose was to critically appraise published research on Pilates training in dancers and propose future research strategies for this method in dancers. An extensive literature search was conducted, using Pilates as the search word. A total of 277 articles were found. Thirty-nine articles and abstracts were published in refereed, professional journals, of which there were 10 clinical trials. Of these clinical trials, only 5 were published with dancers and gymnasts as the population of interest. The strengths of these 5 clinical trials were: 1. the use of Pilates by experienced instructors; 2. well-written hypotheses; and 3. documented need for research in this area. The weaknesses were: 1. lack of true experimental designs; 2. lack of statistical power; and 3. small sample sizes. There is weak support for the effectiveness of Pilates in improving strength and alignment in dancers, primarily due to a lack of sound research methodology surrounding each study. Utilizing control groups, randomizing subjects, calculating statistical power, and using valid and reliable methods to measure outcomes can enhance the scientific basis for Pilates in the dance profession.
Prevalence of Lateral Bias in the Teaching of Beginning and Advanced Ballet
Authors: Farrar-Baker Amy , Wilmerding Virginia
Published: May 2023

Lateral bias can be defined as “a partiality toward or away from a side.” One cannot ignore the general biological tendency toward a right-sided lateral preference, both in handedness and in foot preference and its effect on the pedagogical approach of the dance teachers. We hypothesized that the structure of a generic ballet class may inadvertently promote right-sided lateral bias. Beginning and advanced Cecchetti and non-Cecchetti classes were observed and the number of repetitions to the right and left in each class combination as directed by the teacher were noted. The gesturing leg defined the side noted. Results support the hypotheses, indicating up to a 26% higher prevalence of repetitions to the right versus the left. This research seeks to lend credence to the handful of previous studies based on the conjecture that most dance combinations are taught to the right side first, resulting in more repetitions to the right than left in both practice and performance.
Pilates Exercise: A Research-Based Review
Authors: Shedden Mariana , Kravitz Len
Published: May 2023

In the last ten years, the popularity of Pilates as a method of body conditioning has increased enormously. The Pilates method was created by Joseph Hubertus Pilates in the early 1920s. He designed an exercise program with the objective of increasing muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility while maintaining spine stabilization. This article reviews the scientific evidence concerning the use of Pilates in elderly adults, dancers, athletes, and healthy adults. Little research supports the benefits of this mode of exercise. Most of the published peer-reviewed research lacks adequate controls of the training interventions, has low reliability of the instruments used to measure strength and flexibility, uses improper statistical analysis, and lacks statistical power. In summary, there is a clear need for well-controlled Pilates research designs to provide a scientific validation of the claimed benefits of Pilates exercises in different populations.