bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of men and women in agriculture and agricultural decisions in Vanuatu
Authors: Peralta Alexandra
Published: April 2022

This study uses a unique data set of 106 cocoa‐growing households in Epi, Vanuatu, to study menʼs and womenʼs participation in decision‐making concerning 17 agricultural activities. Women participate in many aspects of the production and postharvest activities of food and cash crops. However, women are disempowered when it comes to participating in, influencing, and having autonomy over decisions about agricultural activities and income from crop sales. This article also presents an index summarising the decision‐making data. The findings do not suggest associations between the index and variables expected to correlate with womenʼs empowerment (e.g., education, household assets). The study does find that participation in community activities correlates with the decision‐making index for both men and women. The data presented in this article provides useful sex‐disaggregated data capturing intra‐household agricultural decision‐making, and a solid platform for further work on understanding intra‐household decision‐making processes concerning cash and food crops in Vanuatu.
Identifying cryptic fern gametophytes using DNA barcoding: A review
Authors: Nitta Joel H. , Chambers Sally M.
Published: April 2022

Ferns and lycophytes are unique among land plants in having sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) generations that can grow independently of each other. While most studies of fern ecology focus on the more visible sporophytic stage, the gametophyte is critically important, as it is the sexual phase of the life cycle. Yet, fern gametophytes have long been neglected in field studies due to their small size and cryptic morphology. DNA barcoding is a powerful method that can be used to identify field‐collected gametophytes to species and allow for detailed study of their ecology. Here, we review the state of DNA barcoding as applied to fern gametophytes. First, we trace the history of DNA barcoding and how it has come to be applied to fern gametophytes. Next, we summarize case studies that show how DNA barcoding has been used to better understand fern species distributions, gametophyte ecology, and community ecology. Finally, we propose avenues for future research using this powerful tool, including next‐generation DNA sequencing for in‐field identification of cryptic gametophytes.
Anuran heart development and critical developmental periods: A comparative analysis of three neotropical anuran species
Authors: Sandoval María Teresa , Gaona Romina , Curi Lucila Marilén , Abreliano Fernanda , Lajmanovich Rafael Carlos , Peltzer Paola Mariela
Published: April 2022

The heart begins to form early during vertebrate development and is the first functional organ of the embryo. This study aimed to describe and compare the heart development in three Neotropical anuran species, Physalaemus albonotatus, Elachistocleis bicolor, and Scinax nasicus. Different Gosner Stages (GS) of embryos (GS 18–20) and premetamorphic (GS 21–25), prometamorphic (GS 26–41), and metamorphic (GS 42–46) tadpoles were analyzed using stereoscopic microscopy and Scanning Electronic Microscopy. Heart development was similar in the three analyzed species; however, some heterochronic events were identified between P. albonotatus and S. nasicus compared to E. bicolor. In addition, different patterns of melanophores arrangement were observed. During the embryonic and metamorphic periods, the main morphogenetic events occur: formation of the heart tube, regionalization of the heart compartments, development of spiral valve, onset of heartbeat, looping, and final displacement of the atrium and its complete septation. Both periods are critical for the normal morphogenesis and the correct functioning of the anuran heart. These results are useful to characterize the normal anuran heart morphology and to identify possible abnormalities caused by exposure to environmental contaminants.
Ein Blick auf die Herausforderungen beim Bau der 5. Schleusenkammer in Brunsbüttel
Authors: Abratis Joachim , Frentzel‐Schirmacher Anka , Pohl Martin
Published: April 2022

Der Neubau der 5. Schleusenkammer in Brunsbüttel ist die derzeitig größte Wasserbaustelle Europas und erforderlich, um nachfolgend die bestehenden großen Schleusenkammern instand setzen zu können. Eine Nutzen‐Kosten‐Analyse ergab den höchsten Nutzwert für den Neubau zwischen den bestehenden großen und kleinen Schleusen, d. h. auf der Schleuseninsel. Durch die Insellage der Baustelle ergeben sich besondere Anforderungen an den Baubetrieb. Generell muss eine Vielzahl von Gewerken koordiniert werden, die u. a. für die Herstellung der tiefen Baugruben, der beton‐ und stahlbautechnischen Konstruktion der Häupter, der Kammer für seegängige Schiffe und der Vorhäfen erforderlich sind. Des Weiteren ist zu berücksichtigen, dass die Baustelle an der Elbmündung liegt und somit auf Sturmfluten vorbereitet sein muss. Auf diese besonderen Randbedingungen der Baumaßnahme und auf ausgewählte Bauverfahren wird beispielhaft eingegangen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk des Beitrags liegt zudem auf den umfangreichen betontechnologischen Betrachtungen zur Erzielung dauerhafter Massivbaustrukturen. Bei der Entwicklung der Betonrezepturen waren neben der Minimierung von Rissbreiten in massigen Bauteilen Einwirkungen wie Frost‐ und Chloridangriff zu berücksichtigen. Die zeitweise eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Flugasche gestaltete diese Aufgabe noch komplexer. Zur weiteren Verbesserung der Dauerhaftigkeit wurden in besonders exponierten Bauwerksbereichen wasserabführende Schalungsbahnen eingesetzt.
A novel spectrofluorimetric method based on a reaction with an azoisoxazoles–benzenesulfonamide derivative for determination of uranium (VI) ions in water samples
Authors: Badr Zaki , Gomaa Hassanien , El‐Gaby Mohamed S. A. , Faraghally Faraghally A. , Taher Mahmoud , Abdelmottaleb Mohamed , Ali Hazim M. , Abdel‐Lateef Mohamed A.
Published: April 2022

Selective fluorometric detection and determination of uranium ions is provided here using a novel fluorescent reagent, namely (E)‐4‐([4‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl]diazenyl)‐N‐(5‐methyleisoxazol‐3‐yl) benzenesulfonamide (UVI reagent). The UVI reagent offers a selective fluorescence enhancement behaviour at emission wavelength = 557 nm. The parameters affecting fluorometric detection of uranium ions, such as the pH, solvent type, ligand concentration, interaction time, and interfering ions, were investigated and adjusted. The proposed UVI reagent can detect and determine uranium ions even at low concentrations, for which the obtained limit of detection was 0.1 ppm. Additionally, this proposed determination protocol was successfully used to detect, monitor, and determine uranium ions in actual water samples.
Scale‐up issues during sterile filtration of glycoconjugate vaccines
Authors: Du Zhuoshi , Motevalian Seyed Pouria , Carrillo Conde Brenda , Reilly Kelvin , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: April 2022

Several recent studies have provided important insights into the factors controlling the sterile filtration of glycoconjugate vaccines; however, this work has been limited to small‐scale disk filters with very uniform flow distribution. The objective of this study was to examine the scale‐up of the sterile filtration step using a glycoconjugate drug substance made from a single polysaccharide serotype. Experimental data were obtained during constant flux filtration through 0.22 μm Durapore® polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, both with small discs and with the Opticap® XL2 pleated cartridge. The transmembrane pressure increased rapidly during the glycoconjugate filtration due to membrane fouling, with the rate of pressure increase being more pronounced in the pleated cartridge. Additional insights into the fouling behavior were obtained using confocal microscopy by in situ labeling of the glycoconjugate captured within the filter media using an Alexa Fluor fluorescent dye. Glycoconjugate deposition occurred only within the first 5–15 μm of the 0.22 μm Durapore® membrane at both scales, with more variability in the deposition pattern observed for the pleated filter due to the non‐uniform flow distribution in the Opticap® XL2 cartridge. These results provide important insights into the underlying fouling behavior during sterile filtration of glycoconjugate vaccines as well as a framework for the scale‐up of the sterile filter step in glycoconjugate biomanufacturing.
Discover how various forms of intellectual property apply to you, your work, and your institution
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2022

CLEARWATER, FLORIDA — If you dismiss the topic of intellectual property as something that just doesn't apply to you or your department, then you're making a big mistake that could leave your work unprotected or place you or your institution in legal hot water.
Peripheral blood lymphocytes subtypes as new predictors for neoadjuvant therapy efficacy in breast cancer
Authors: Feng Jikun , Yi Jiarong , Zouxu Xiazi , Li Jianxia , Xiong Zhenchong , Huang Xinjian , Zhong Wenjing , Huang Weiling , Ye Feng , Wang Xi
Published: April 2022

Background

Host immunity plays an important role in tumor development and treatment. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been proven to predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in breast cancer (BC) patients, but their application is limited due to various reasons. This study aims to explore the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) subsets distribution and the efficacy of NAT.

Methods

Between December 2017 and March 2021, a total of 116 BC patients appropriate for NAT in Sun Yat‐Sen University cancer center were enrolled, pre‐NAC baseline blood samples were taken for further flow cytometry analysis to quantitatively evaluate the PBLs subsets distribution, and corresponding clinical information including pathological complete response (pCR) rate of NAT response were recorded.

Results

Baseline CD3+ T cells(OR 1.11, 1.03–1.21, p = 0.011), CD8+ T cells (OR 1.09, 1.02–1.18, p = 0.015), and NK cells (OR 0.91, 0.83–0.98, p = 0.028) in PBLs subgroup distribution were independent predictors of pCR in BC patients receiving NAT, in which CD8+ T cells had the highest predictive ability (AUC = 0.76). Compared with some previous prediction indicators, its prediction ability has been improved to some extent.

Conclusion

Peripheral baseline CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells were independent predictors of pCR in BC patients receiving NAT, in which CD8+ T cells had the highest predictive ability. Therefore, it can provide newly non‐invasive, relatively accurate and easily accessible predictors for corresponding patients, and help clinicians better understand tumor immunity.
USP7 sustains an active epigenetic program via stabilizing MLL2 and WDR5 in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Wu Yuanyuan , Gu Hongyan , Bao Yuhua , Lin Ting , Wang Zhenyu , Gu Donghua , Shen Haoliang , Xian Hua , Fan Yihui , Mao Renfang
Published: April 2022

Activated B‐cell‐like (ABC)‐diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (ABC‐DLBCL) is a common subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma with poor prognosis. The survival of ABC‐DLBCL relies on constitutive activation of BCR signaling, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully addressed. By mining The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we found that the expression of ubiquitin‐specific protease 7 (USP7) is significantly elevated in three cancer types including DLBCL. Interestingly, unlike germinal center B‐cell‐like (GCB)‐DLBCL, ABC‐DLBCL shows upregulated expression of USP7. Inhibiting the enzymatic activity of USP7 (P22077) has a drastic effect on ABC‐DLBCL, but not GCB‐DLBCL cells. Compared to GCB‐DLBCL, ABC‐DLBCL cells show transcriptional upregulation of multiple components of BCR‐signaling. USP7 inhibition significantly reduces the expression of upregulated components of BCR signaling. Mechanistically, USP7 inhibition greatly reduces the methylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me2), which is an epigenetic marker for active enhancers. USP7 inhibition greatly reduces the protein level of WDR5 and MLL2, key components of lysine‐specific methyltransferase complex (complex of proteins associated with Set1 [COMPASS]). In ABC‐DLBCL cells, USP7 stabilizes WDR5 and MLL2. In patients, the expression of USP7 is significantly associated with components of BCR signaling (LYN, SYK, BTK, PLCG2, PRKCB, MALT1, BCL10, and CARD11) and targets of BCR signaling (MYC and IRF4). In summary, we demonstrated an essential role of USP7 in ABC‐DLBCL by organizing an oncogenic epigenetic program via stabilization of WDR5 and MLL2. Targeting USP7 might be a novel and efficient approach to treat patients with ABC‐DLBCL and it might be better than targeting individual components such as BTK in BCR signaling.
Relational security: The impact of facility design on youth custodial staffs' practices and approaches
Authors: Oostermeijer Sanne , Dwyer Matthew , Tongun Poni
Published: April 2022

Background

Constructive relationships between staff and young people in custody are a vital component of a therapeutic youth justice approach, which extends to the maintenance of a safe and secure environment (i.e., relational security). Despite the growing recognition that the physical environment of a facility impacts the procedures within a youth justice environment, as well as the relationships between staff and young people, there is a dearth of research in this area.

Aims

We investigated youth custodial staffs' views on, and approaches to, establishing relationships with young people while maintaining safety and security. The current study reports on the impacts and challenges highlighted by staff relating to the design of the facility.

Methods

We interviewed a total of 26 custodial staff members working at a Youth Justice facility in Melbourne, Australia. The semi‐structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. NVivo 12 was used for thematic analysis. Two researchers (SO and PT) coded one transcript independently, iteratively creating a coding template using a thematic analysis approach. Once the final set of broad themes was constructed, the transcripts were re‐examined, and narrower themes were identified.

Results

Thematic analysis revealed that a total of 14 staff (53.8%) identified the design of the custodial facility as impacting upon their ability to practice relational security. Identified design aspects included: unit size, quiet and private spaces, communal areas, green and outside spaces, ambience and spatial characteristics, spatial differentiation, facility and unit lay‐out.

Conclusion

Youth custodial staff identified design aspects of a youth custodial facility that either promoted or impeded the ability to practice relational security approaches. The current study highlights the importance of carefully considering facility design given its impact upon staff‐young people relationships, procedures and ways of working within these custodial facilities.
Cation‐π Interactions between a Noble Metal and a Polyfunctional Aromatic Ligand: Ag+(benzylamine)
Authors: Corinti Davide , Maccelli Alessandro , Chiavarino Barbara , Schütz Markus , Bouchet Aude , Dopfer Otto , Crestoni Maria Elisa , Fornarini Simonetta
Published: April 2022

The structure of an isolated Ag+(benzylamine) complex is investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations of candidate geometries and their vibrational spectra, aiming to ascertain the role of competing cation‐N and cation‐π interactions potentially offered by the polyfunctional ligand. The IRMPD spectrum has been recorded in the 800–1800 cm−1 fingerprint range using the IR free electron laser beamline coupled with an FT‐ICR mass spectrometer at the Centre Laser Infrarouge d'Orsay (CLIO). The resulting IRMPD pattern points toward a chelate coordination (N‐Ag+‐π) involving both the amino nitrogen atom and the aromatic π‐system of the phenyl ring. The gas‐phase reactivity of Ag+(benzylamine) with a neutral molecular ligand (L) possessing either an amino/aza functionality or an aryl group confirms N‐ and π‐binding affinity and suggests an augmented silver coordination in the product adduct ion
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Comparison of percutaneous permeation profiles of flurbiprofen enantiomers
Authors: Zhang Lijing , Xie Jiao , Liu Cheng , Sun Yinghua , Zhang Peng
Published: April 2022

Flurbiprofen is clinically effective for the treatment of acute or long‐term rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Studies showed that S‐flurbiprofen had better anti‐inflammatory effect than R‐flurbiprofen. As flurbiprofen racemates are usually used in the form of transdermal preparations, such as Flurbiprofen Cataplasms (Zepolas), it is of great significance to investigate the percutaneous permeation profiles of flurbiprofen enantiomers for considering whether it is necessary to develop the transdermal preparation with single optical enantiomer. Taking the economy into consideration, the flurbiprofen enantiomers as the mode drug and the CHIRALPAKAAGP column we had as instrument were used to perform the following experiments. On the basis of experiences provided by predecessors, we made some improvements to the analytical conditions, and method validation was developed to verify the feasibility of the method. The results showed that the established method could be used to analyze the percutaneous permeation profiles of flurbiprofen enantiomers in the flurbiprofen cataplasms accurately and effectively, and the percutaneous permeation profiles of flurbiprofen enantiomers had no significantly difference no matter under what conditions (P > 0.05).
Merkel cell carcinoma on the dorsalis pedis with both dot‐like perinuclear and cytoplasmic patterns of CK20 positivity
Authors: Yokoyama Kae , Ikeda Takaharu , Kawakami Tamihiro
Published: April 2022

Classically known to be a tumor of the head and neck region, primary Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) has rarely been reported in the lower leg. The present case showed both dot‐like perinuclear and cytoplasmic patterns of CK20 positivity in the primary MCC. We propose that the presence of both dot‐like perinuclear and cytoplasmic patterns of CK20 could reflect the diversity of MCC origin from stem cell to mature Merkel cells in our patient.
Structure‐Based Virtual Screening and in vitro and in vivo Analyses Revealed Potent Methyltransferase G9a Inhibitors as Prospective Anti‐Alzheimer's Agents
Authors: Bellver‐Sanchis Aina , Singh Choudhary Bhanwar , Companys‐Alemany Júlia , Sukanya  , Ávila‐López Pedro A. , Martínez Rodríguez Antón Leandro , Brea Floriani Jose Manuel , Malik Ruchi , Pallàs Mercè , Pérez Belén , Griñán‐Ferré Christian
Published: April 2022

G9a is a lysine methyltransferase able to di‐methylate lysine 9 of histone H3, promoting the repression of genes involved in learning and memory. Novel strategies based on synthesizing epigenetic drugs could regulate gene expression through histone post‐translational modifications and effectively treat neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, potential G9a inhibitors were identified using a structure‐based virtual screening against G9a, followed by in vitro and in vivo screenings. First, screening methods with the AD transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain CL2006, showed that the toxicity/function range was safe and recovered age‐dependent paralysis. Likewise, we demonstrated that the best candidates direct target G9a by reducing H3 K9me2 in the CL2006 strain. Further characterization of these compounds involved the assessment of the blood‐brain barrier‐permeability and impact on amyloid‐β aggregation, showing promising results. Thus, we present a G9a inhibitor candidate, F, with a novel and potent structure, providing both leads in G9a inhibitor design and demonstrating their participation in reducing AD pathology.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Single and Multiple Doses of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 1 Inhibitor Brensocatib in Healthy Japanese and White Adults
Authors: Usansky Helen , Yoon Esther , Teper Ariel , Zou Jun , Fernandez Carlos
Published: April 2022

Brensocatib, an investigational first‐in‐class, small‐molecule, orally bioavailable, selective, and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibitor that blocks activation of neutrophil serine proteases, is currently under clinical development for the treatment of bronchiectasis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. In a 2‐part phase 1 study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of brensocatib were evaluated in healthy Japanese and White adults. In part A, participants received single and multiple once‐daily doses of brensocatib (10, 25, or 40 mg) or placebo after an overnight fast. In part B, participants received a single oral dose of brensocatib 40 mg on days 1 and 8, with or without food in a crossover fashion. Following a single dose and at steady state, brensocatib exposure was dose dependent, with low to moderate interindividual variability; systemic exposure between Japanese and White participants was similar. Elimination half‐life of brensocatib ranged from 22 to 28 hours, resulting in ≈2‐fold accumulation in maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve at steady state. In both ethnic groups, the presence of food slightly delayed brensocatib absorption with time to maximum plasma concentration increased by 0.7 to 1.7 hours, but it had no significant effect on brensocatib exposure (maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve). Brensocatib was well tolerated in Japanese and White participants. The most frequently reported treatment‐emergent adverse events were headache and skin exfoliation. No clinically significant vital signs, laboratory abnormalities, or evidence of renal toxicity were observed. The results from this study demonstrate that brensocatib can be administered with or without food and that dose adjustment is unnecessary for Japanese patients when receiving brensocatib treatment.
Vortioxetine found safe, but no better than placebo in treating depression
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2022

When patients in all treatment groups — those receiving a medication, and those receiving a placebo — do equally well, the study is pronounced negative, meaning that the medication is ineffective. That is exactly what a 12‐week trial of vortioxetine for major depressive disorder in adolescents found. However, the study, which was funded by the company which makes vortioxetine, did confirm a “favorable safety profile” of vortioxetine in adolescents, consistent with what is seen in adults.
Utilization of CaF2/ITO Double‐Layer Anti‐Reflective Coating for Increasing the Efficiency in Rear Emitter SHJ Solar Cells
Authors: Zahid Muhammad Aleem , Khokhar Muhammad Quddamah , Kim Youngkuk , Yi Junsin
Published: April 2022

A method to minimize optical losses in the front side of rear emitter silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells by applying double‐layer antireflection coating (DLARC) has been examined. The primary aim is to increase the short circuit current density (Jsc) using DLARC that is associated with the cell's absorbance. The optical and electrical properties of single‐layer antireflection coating (SLARC) are studied and compared with calcium fluoride (CaF2)/Indium tin oxide (ITO) DLARC.OPAL 2 is utilized as a simulation tool to increase the optical properties of CaF2/ITO DLARC, and the experimental result verifies its validity. ITO is deposited using sputter system while thermal evaporator is utilized to deposit CaF2 to make DLARC. The SHJ solar cell having DLARC demonstrates the average reflection of 6.55% which is 31.7% less than SLARC, that is 9.59% for the wavelength range of 300 to 1100 nm. The fabricated textured solar cell with CaF2/ITO DLARC shows enhancement in external quantum efficiency from 76.89% to 81.06%. It also indicates an improvement in Jsc to 40.83 mA cm‐2 from 39.91 mA cm–2 and having a conversion efficiency of >21% when compared with that of ITO SLARC.
Studies of evaluation parameters for resistance to Fusarium wilt in cotton caused by Fusarium wilt race 4 (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.vasinfectum)
Authors: Zhang Jinfa , Zhu Yi , Elkins‐Arce Heather D. , Wheeler Terry , Dever Jane , Whitelock Derek , Hake Kater , Wedegaertner Tom
Published: April 2022

Fusarium wilt, caused byFusarium oxysporumf. sp.vasinfectumrace 4 (FOV4), is an early season vascular disease with symptoms including seedling wilt and mortality. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between mortality rate (MR) and disease severity rating (DSR) based on root vascular staining (RVS)‐DSR and stem vascular discoloration (SVD)‐DSR in the field and the relationship of MR in controlled conditions with MR and DSR in the field. Results from two field tests and two greenhouse tests each with a Latin square design for eight cultivars of cotton (Gossypiumspp.) and two field progeny‐row tests were analyzed. In the field, MR at the square stage was significantly correlated with both DSR (RVS) and DSR (SVD) at crop maturity, and they were also significantly correlated with DSR based on both MR and RVS‐DSR (MR+RVS) and both MR and SVD‐DSR (MR+SVD). The results show that DSR (MR+RVS) was the most accurate in assessing FOV4 resistance, and DSR (SVD) and DSR (MR+SVD) can be used in combination with DSR (RVS) and DSR (MR+RVS), or as the substitutes for RVS. Mortality rate in the greenhouse was significantly correlated with MR and DSR (MR+RVS) and DSR (MR+SVD) in the field, indicating consistency between evaluations under both conditions. Furthermore, foliar symptoms‐based MR and DSR under controlled‐conditions were significantly correlated, with coefficients of variation at 20 to 30% in other related studies. The results confirm the validity of using the two parameters in greenhouse evaluations for FOV4 resistance in cotton.
Human well‐being and per capita energy use
Authors: Jackson Robert B. , Ahlström Anders , Hugelius Gustaf , Wang Chenghao , Porporato Amilcare , Ramaswami Anu , Roy Joyashree , Yin Jun
Published: April 2022

Increased wealth and per capita energy use have transformed lives and shaped societies, but energy poverty remains a global challenge. Previous research has shown positive relationships among metrics of health and happiness and economic indices such as income and gross domestic product and between energy use and human development. To our knowledge, however, no comprehensive assessment has examined to what extent energy use may limit national‐level trends in such metrics. We analyze the maximum global performance of nine health, economic, and environmental metrics by country, determining which metrics increase with per capita energy use and which show thresholds or plateaus in maximum performance. Across the dataset, eight of nine metrics, including life expectancy, infant mortality, happiness, food supply, and access to basic sanitation services, improve steeply and then plateau at levels of average primary annual energy consumption between 10 and 75 GJ person−1 computed nationally (five metrics plateau between 10 and 30 GJ person−1). One notable exception is air quality (energy threshold of 125 GJ person−1 across 133 countries). Averaged across metrics, the 10 countries (with at least seven metrics) showing the best performance given their per capita primary energy use are Malta, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Albania, Iceland, Finland, Bangladesh, Norway, Morocco, and Denmark. If distributed equitably, today's average global energy consumption of 79 GJ person−1 could, in principle, allow everyone on Earth to realize 95% or more of maximum performance across all metrics (and assuming no other limiting factors). Dozens of countries have average per capita energy use below this 79 GJ energy sufficiency threshold, highlighting the need to combat energy poverty. Surprisingly, our analysis also suggests that reduced per capita primary energy consumption could in principle occur in many higher energy‐consuming countries with little or no loss in health, happiness, or other outcomes, reducing the need for global energy infrastructure and increasing global equity.
Regional variation drives differences in microbial communities associated with sugar maple across a latitudinal range
Authors: De Bellis Tonia , Laforest‐Lapointe Isabelle , Solarik Kevin A. , Gravel Dominique , Kembel Steven W.
Published: April 2022

Climate change is prompting plants to migrate and establish novel interactions in new habitats. Because of the pivotal roles that microbes have on plant health and function, it is important to understand the ecological consequences of these shifts in host–microbe interactions with range expansion. Here we examine how the diversity of plant‐associated microbes varies along the host's current range and extended range according with climate change predictions, and assess the relative influence of host genotype (seed provenance) and environment in structuring the host microbiome. We collected sugar maple seeds from across the species current range, then planted them in temperate and mixedwood/transitional forests (current range) and in the boreal region (beyond range but predicted future range in response to climate change). We used amplicon sequencing to quantify bacterial, fungal, and mycorrhizal communities from seedling leaves and roots. Variation among sites and regions were the main drivers of the differences in host microbial communities, whereas seed provenance did not play a large role. No unifying pattern was observed for microbial community richness, diversity, or specialization, demonstrating the complexity of responses of different taxa on above‐ and belowground plant compartments. Along the latitudinal gradient, we (1) observed reductions in mycorrhizal diversity that can negatively impact maple establishment; (2) and revealed reductions in fungal leaf pathogens that can have opposite effects. Our results highlight the need for an integrated approach including the examination of various microbial taxa on different plant compartments to improve our understanding of plant range shifts and plant–microbe interactions.
Diagnostic performance of nutritional indicators in patients with heart failure
Authors: Kinugasa Yoshiharu , Sota Takeshi , Kamitani Hiroko , Nakayama Natsuko , Nakamura Kensuke , Hirai Masayuki , Yanagihara Kiyotaka , Kato Masahiko , Ono Taisuke , Takahashi Masashige , Matsuo Hisashi , Matsukawa Ryuichi , Yoshida Ichiro , Kakinoki Shigeo , Yonezawa Kazuya , Himura Yoshihiro , Yokota Takashi , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Tsuchihashi‐Makaya Miyuki , Kinugawa Shintaro
Published: April 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of the nutritional indicators, the mini nutritional assessment‐short form (MNA‐SF), the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), and the controlling nutritional status (CONUT), in heart failure (HF) patients.

Methods and results

Nutritional status was prospectively assessed by the aforementioned three nutritional indicators in 150 outpatients with HF who were then followed for 1 year. The prevalence of patients with the nutritional risk as assessed by the MNA‐SF, GNRI, and CONUT scores was 50.0%, 13.3%, and 54.0%, respectively. There was slight agreement of nutritional risk assessment between the MNA‐SF and GNRI scores (κ coefficient = 0.16), as well as the GNRI and CONUT scores (κ = 0.11), but poor agreement between the MNA‐SF and CONUT scores (κ = −0.09). The CONUT score had the lowest area under the curve (AUC) for the identification of low body weight, low muscle mass, and low physical function among the three indicators (all P < 0.05). Compared with the MNA‐SF score, both the GNRI and CONUT scores had lower AUCs for the identification of reduced dietary intake and weight loss (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in predicting all‐cause mortality or HF rehospitalization among the three indicators. The prescription of statins reduced the diagnostic performance of the CONUT score, as the CONUT score includes cholesterol level assessment.

Conclusions

Of the three indicators, the diagnostic ability of the MNA‐SF score was the highest, and that of the CONUT score was the lowest, for the assessment of HF patient nutritional status. The CONUT score may misrepresent nutritional status, particularly in patients receiving statins.
In situ Growth of Ni(OH)2 Nanoparticles on 316L Stainless Steel Foam: An Efficient Three‐dimensional Non‐enzymatic Glucose Electrochemical Sensor in Real Human Blood Serum Samples
Authors: Drissi Widad , Lyamine Chelaghmia Mohamed , Nacef Mouna , Mohamed Affoune Abed , Satha Hamid , Kihal Rafiaa , Fisli Hassina , Boukharouba Chahira , Pontié Maxime
Published: April 2022

For the first time, nickel hydroxide nanoparticles (Ni(OH)2 NPs) grown on 316L stainless steel foam were used as a non‐enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. The Ni(OH)2/SSF‐316L was elaborated by applying a simple ultrafast CV method without nickel salts addition. Ni(OH)2/SSF‐316L was characterized by SEM and XRD. The electrochemical behavior was investigated by CV, EIS, and amperometric measurements. The fabricated sensor revealed higher sensitivity 1062 μA mM−1cm−2, wide linear range from 1.0 μM to 4.0 mM with a low detection limit of 2.0 μM and good selectivity. In addition, real sample analysis was performed for controlled glucose in real blood serum.
Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: Stachys bhattacharjeei sp. nov. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Güner Özal
Published: April 2022

Stachys bhattacharjeei (Lamiaceae), a new species from northeast Iraq, is described and illustrated here. It is endemic to Iraq. Hairiness, leaves, the arrangement of verticillasters, and calyx and corolla length have been used to distinguish Stachys species. The new species, belonging to section Fragilicaulis, is similar to S. graveolens but differs mainly by glabrous flowering stems, more flowered and many verticillasters, very short calyx teeth and white corolla. This paper also presents some taxonomic notes on S. graveolens, information about a suspected hybrid between S. graveolens and S. fragillima, a diagnostic key, and a species list of the genus Stachys in Iraq.
Endocannabinoid signaling in oligodendroglia
Authors: Molina‐Holgado Eduardo , Esteban Pedro F. , Arevalo‐Martin Ángel , Moreno‐Luna Rafael , Molina‐Holgado Francisco , Garcia‐Ovejero Daniel
Published: April 2022

In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes synthesize the myelin, a specialized membrane to wrap axons in a discontinuous way allowing a rapid saltatory nerve impulse conduction. Oligodendrocytes express a number of growth factors and neurotransmitters receptors that allow them to sense the environment and interact with neurons and other glial cells. Depending on the cell cycle stage, oligodendrocytes may respond to these signals by regulating their survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Among these signals are the endocannabinoids, lipidic molecules synthesized from phospholipids in the plasma membrane in response to cell activation. Here, we discuss the evidence showing that oligodendrocytes express a full endocannabinoid signaling machinery involved in physiological oligodendrocyte functions that can be therapeutically exploited to promote remyelination in central nervous system pathologies.
Psychiatric disorders and risk of subsequent dementia: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies
Authors: Stafford Jean , Chung Wing Tung , Sommerlad Andrew , Kirkbride James B. , Howard Robert
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Although psychiatric disorders have been found to be associated with increased risk of dementia, previous findings are mixed, and the nature of these relationships remains poorly understood. We examined longitudinal associations between depression, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), bipolar disorder (BPD), psychotic disorders and subsequent dementia.

Methods

We searched three databases for longitudinal, population‐based studies investigating associations between psychiatric disorders and dementia (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020209638). We conducted narrative synthesis, and random‐effects meta‐analyses to obtain pooled estimates. We used meta‐regression and stratified analyses to examine variation by sex, age‐at‐onset and follow‐up time.

Results

Fifty‐seven citations met eligibility criteria. Most studies focussed on depression (n = 33), which was associated with subsequent all‐cause dementia (pooled relative risk [RR]: 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59–2.43; I2 = 96.5%), Alzheimer's Disease (pooled RR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.52–2.38; I2 = 85.5%), and Vascular Dementia (pooled RR: 2.71, 95% CI: 2.48–2.97; I2 = 0). Associations were stronger in studies with shorter follow‐up periods and for severe and late‐onset depression. Findings regarding anxiety were mixed, and we did not find evidence of an overall association (pooled RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.96–1.45; I2 = 52.2%, n = 5). Despite sparse evidence, psychotic disorders (pooled RR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.44–3.31; I2 = 99%), PTSD and BPD were associated with subsequent dementia.

Conclusions

People with psychiatric disorders represent high‐risk groups for dementia, highlighting the importance of ongoing symptom monitoring in these groups. Findings regarding temporality and age‐at‐onset indicate that depression symptoms could reflect prodromal dementia for some individuals. Further longitudinal research is required to determine whether psychiatric disorders represent causal risk factors or early markers of dementia neuropathology.
Perceived discrimination and cognitive function among older Puerto Ricans in Boston: The mediating role of depression
Authors: Wang Kaipeng , Maglalang Dale Dagar , Woo Bongki , De Fries Carson M. , Hasche Leslie K. , Falcón Luis M.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To examine (1) the association between perceived discrimination, including everyday perceived discrimination and major lifetime perceived discrimination, and cognitive function and (2) the mediating role of depression between discrimination and cognitive function among older Puerto Ricans.

Methods

Data came from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, collected from 562 Puerto Ricans aged 60+. Structural Equation Modelling was used to examine the association between discrimination and cognitive function and the mediating effect of depression.

Results

Everyday perceived discrimination was negatively associated with cognitive function, which was fully mediated by depression. Major Lifetime perceived discrimination was not associated with cognitive function.

Conclusions

The findings contribute new information regarding the impact of perceived discrimination on cognitive function among older Puerto Ricans and underscore the importance of assessing experiences of discrimination to prevent depression and cognitive decline in this population.
Effect of hepatic steatosis and associated metabolic comorbidities on health‐related quality of life in people living with HIV
Authors: Michel Maurice , Labenz Christian , Anders Malena , Wahl Alisha , Girolstein Lisann , Kaps Leonard , Kremer Wolfgang M. , Huber Yvonne , Galle Peter R. , Sprinzl Martin , Schattenberg Jörn M.
Published: April 2022

Hepatic steatosis (HS) related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing globally. In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) risk factors of HS are increased. The impact of HS on outcomes and in particular health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in PLWH remains unknown. The aim of this cross‐sectional cohort study (FLASH, Prevalence of Advanced Fibrosis in Patients Living With HIV) was to determine the contribution of HS on HRQL in PLWH and to identify confounders on HRQL. A total of 245 PLWH were prospectively enrolled. HS was assessed using vibration‐controlled transient elastography and defined as a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) of ≥ 275 dB/m. The analysis was performed between CAP < 275 and ≥ 275 dB/m. The generic European Quality‐of‐Life 5‐Dimension 5‐Level questionnaire was used to determine differences in the HRQL. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were applied to identify predictors with impaired HRQL in both groups. In this cohort, 65% (n = 160) presented without and 35% (n = 85) with HS, of whom most had NAFLD (n = 65, 76.5%). The HRQL (UI‐value) was significantly lower in PLWH and steatosis (0.86 ± 0.18) in comparison with no steatosis (0.92 ± 0.13). Unemployment (p = 0.025) and waist circumference (p = 0.017) remained independent predictors of a poor HRQL in the steatosis subgroup. In turn, age (p = 0.045), female sex (p = 0.030), body mass index (p = 0.010), and arterial hypertension (p = 0.025) were independent predictors of a low HRQL in the subgroup without steatosis. Conclusion: HS and metabolic comorbidities negatively affect the HRQL. Addressing these factors may improve patient‐reported and liver‐related outcomes in PLWH.
An analysis of current obesity strategies for adolescents in NSW against best practice recommendations: Implications for researchers, policymakers and practitioners
Authors: Partridge Stephanie R. , Reece Lindsey , Sim Kyra A. , Todd Allyson , Jia Si Si , Raeside Rebecca , Schirmer Teisha , Phongsavan Philayrath , Redfern Julie
Published: April 2022

Issue addressed

Obesity is a significant health challenge facing adolescents. There is a critical need for government action to support all adolescents to improve risk factors for obesity. This study critically appraised initiatives, guidelines and policies (termed “strategies”) from local health districts (LHDs), speciality health networks and Primary Health Networks (PHNs) across New South Wales (NSW), relevant to the prevention and management of obesity amongst adolescents and compare these to best practice recommendations.

Methods

We critically appraised strategies against best practice recommendations that included support, access, responsiveness to needs, supportive environment, monitoring and evaluation and health equity. Strategies were collected by systematically searching websites of 15 LHDs, one speciality health network and 10 PHNs.

Results

There was evidence of strategies regarding adolescent obesity prevention and management across all best practice recommendations. There was limited evidence of adolescent consumer participation, digital strategies for health services and online health information. There were minimal targeted public or school‐based education campaigns and interventions on physical activity or nutrition. Place‐based approaches such as sports and recreation facilities were not included in policies regarding the sale of healthy food and drinks. Evaluation evidence across all strategies was minimal.

Conclusions

Numerous strategies are being implemented across NSW to address adolescent obesity. Despite this, the alignment of strategies with best practice recommendations is poor and evidence of progress in tackling adolescent obesity remains unclear.

So what?

Opportunities to generate and translate best practice evidence within government strategies for obesity must be prioritised with embedded measurement and evaluation plans.
Characteristics of nonparticipants in a randomised colorectal cancer screening trial comparing sigmoidoscopy and faecal immunochemical testing
Authors: Botteri Edoardo , Hoff Geir , Randel Kristin R. , Holme Øyvind , de Lange Thomas , Bernklev Tomm , Aas Eline , Berthelsen Mona , Natvig Erik , Kirkøen Benedicte , Knudsen Markus D. , Kværner Ane S. , Schult Anna L. , Ursin Giske , Jørgensen Anita , Berstad Paula
Published: April 2022

Public health systems should guarantee universal access to health care services, including cancer screening. We assessed whether certain population subgroups were underrepresented among participants in colorectal cancer screening with sigmoidoscopy and faecal immunochemical testing (FIT). Between 2012 and 2019, about 140 000 individuals aged 50 to 74 years were randomly invited to once‐only sigmoidoscopy or first round of FIT screening. Our study included 46 919 individuals invited to sigmoidoscopy and 70 019 to FIT between 2012 and 2017. We used logistic regression models to evaluate if demographic and socioeconomic factors and use of certain drugs were associated with participation. Twenty‐four thousand one hundred and fifty‐nine (51.5%) individuals attended sigmoidoscopy and 40 931 (58.5%) FIT screening. Male gender, young age, low education and income, being retired or unemployed, living alone, being an immigrant, long driving time to screening centre, and use of antidiabetic and psychotropic drugs were associated with low participation in both screening groups. Many of these factors also predicted low acceptance of colonoscopy after positive FIT. While male gender, young age and living alone were more strongly associated with nonparticipation in FIT than sigmoidoscopy, low education and income, being retired or immigrant and long driving time were more strongly associated with nonparticipation in sigmoidoscopy than FIT. In conclusion, participation was lower in sigmoidoscopy than FIT. Predictors of nonparticipation were similar between arms. However, low socioeconomic status, being an immigrant and long driving time affected participation more in sigmoidoscopy screening, suggesting that FIT may guarantee more equal access to screening services than sigmoidoscopy.
Ischemic proctitis after low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy using hydrogel spacer for prostate cancer
Authors: Toriumi Ren , Yaegashi Hiroshi , Sakurai Takayuki , Takamatsu Shigeyuki , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Izumi Kouji , Kadono Yoshifumi , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Recently, an absorbable hydrogel spacer is becoming more widespread to reduce rectal radiation dose for radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Case presentation

A 79‐year‐old male patient was referred to our hospital for radical treatment of organ‐confined prostate cancer. Low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy was performed, and the hydrogel spacer injection was added. The spacer was properly injected between the prostate and the rectum, causing no acute complications during hospitalization. Two months after low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy, the patient visited our hospital with constipation and melena, without fever. He was diagnosed with ischemic proctitis based on clinical courses and examinations. He was hospitalized for 19 days and made a complete recovery with conservative treatment.

Conclusions

Herein, we report the first case of ischemic proctitis after low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy using hydrogel spacer for prostate cancer.
On the Road with Digital Engineering
Authors: Possehl Stephanie L. , Zimmerman Philomena , Gilbert Tracee , Salvatore Frank
Published: April 2022

The United States (US) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (OUSD (R&E)) launched its strategy to introduce digital engineering in 2018. This was a catalyst to modernize engineering practice across the spectrum of the US Department of Defense (DoD) activities by transforming engineering capabilities to drive agility, innovation, and efficiency into engineering practice. Since that time, the DoD, and our Military Services, government agencies, industry, academia, and international partners are implementing digital engineering. This paper provides a historical perspective of how the digital engineering concept evolved and offers insights on lessons learned.
Creating the Digital Thread
Authors: Toriello Michael
Published: April 2022

In this article the author defines the digital thread and related terms. The author discusses the topics of disparate data sources and interdisciplinary traceability, relative to digital engineering. The author offers approaches to creating the digital thread, including detailed explanations of trace link properties. The author explains an example digital thread from a sample United States Army program and presents guidance for creating and using digital threads.