bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
0153 Patient-Defined Insomnia Severity: How Much Wakefulness is Problematic?
Authors: D’Antonio B , Boyle J T , Seewald M , Giller J , Muench A , Vargas I , Williams N J , Klingman K , Perlis M L
Published: May 2020

Introduction

While Insomnia Disorder is formally defined in the ICSD-3 and DSM-5, neither diagnostic system adopts quantitative criteria for illness severity. Interestingly, quantitative criteria are provided for frequency and chronicity (i.e., ≥ 3 days / week for ≥ 3 months). For research purposes, illness severity has long been defined using the “30 minute rule” (SL and/or WASO and/or EMA of ≥ 30 minutes is the threshold for clinical relevance). In the present analysis, this threshold was assessed for its significance to patients.

Methods

Sleep continuity disturbance (SCD; SL, WASO, and EMA) and problem endorsement data were collected from an archival/community-based sample (N = 4680; 60% female; Ages 18–89 years; www.sleeplessinphilly.com). Problem endorsement was evaluated through questions that included, “Do you consider this a problem?” after participants reported length of SL, WASO, and EMA. Problem endorsement percentages were calculated for 5 minute bins for between 0 and 65 minutes, with one additional bin for > 65 minutes. The temporal bins were compared for significant deviations using absolute (percent of subjects at 0–5 and 5–10 minutes) and moving references (last significant percent).

Results

The first temporal bin to differ from the absolute reference for SL, WASO, and EMA was the 26–30 minute bin. At this threshold, 87%, 70%, and 94% of the subjects’ identifying SL, WASO and EMA as being problematic (and was deemed statistically different from “normal” [0–10 minute values]).

Conclusion

These data suggest that the “30 minute rule” (which is of unknown provenance) roughly corresponds to the level of illness severity (lowest common threshold) identified by patients as problematic. While the threshold for SL and EMA show a clear majority, the lower percentage of subjects for WASO suggests that people are more tolerant of middle of the night wakefulness.

Support
0161 Greater Negative Affectivity Predicts Shorter Infant Sleep Duration
Authors: Butler B P , Burdayron R , Laganière C , Béliveau M , Dubois-Comtois K , Pennestri M
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Certain temperament characteristics in infants have been shown to be associated with infant sleep patterns. However, other sleep-related practices, such as co-sleeping and breastfeeding, are also known to be associated with sleep in infancy and are not always taken into account in studies assessing the association between temperament and sleep. Thus, this study aims to examine the associations between infant temperament and sleep parameters at six months of age, while controlling for co-sleeping and breastfeeding practices.

Methods

Mother-infant dyads (n=60) were recruited in the metropolitan Montreal area and consented to participate in the study. Infant sleep was reported by mothers at six months of age (±1 month) using sleep diaries (two-week period). Total nocturnal and longest consecutive sleep duration were retrieved from the diaries and averaged through the two-week period. Temperament was measured with the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R). Sleep-related parental practices (co-sleeping and breastfeeding) were measured using the Sleep Practices Questionnaire (SPQ). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the degree to which the temperament composite negative affectivity predicted total nocturnal and longest consecutive sleep duration while controlling for breastfeeding and co-sleeping practices.

Results

Regression analyses revealed significant regression models for total nocturnal (F(3,44)=6.25, p=.001, R2=.30), and longest consecutive sleep duration (F(3,44)=6.26, p=.001, R2=.30). Greater infant negative affectivity predicted shorter nocturnal sleep duration (β;;=-0.28, p=.034) and shorter longest consecutive sleep duration (β;;=-0.34, p=.010) after adjusting for breastfeeding and co-sleeping practices.

Conclusion

Findings suggest infants with greater negative affectivity sleep for fewer hours during the night and have shorter periods of consecutive sleep, even when sleep-related parental practices are considered. These results provide further support for the relationship between infant temperament and sleep at six months of age. Future research should investigate the relationship between infant temperament and sleep using paternal report in addition to maternal report.

Support

SSHRC
0167 The Effect of Nocturnal Dinner Type “Light” Versus “Heavy” on Sleep, Attention and Microbial Composition
Authors: Green A , Sher S , Siri N , Mizrahci N , Koren O , Dagan Y
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Nutrition and sleep are two essential functions for the physiological existence of the organism. Furthermore, both have an acquired cultural, educational and social behavioral component. This study examined the effect of nocturnal dinner type (“light” vs. “heavy”) on the quality and quantity of sleep, attention abilities, fatigue, and mood in the following morning. In addition, the microbial composition was examined.

Methods

Twenty healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women), aged 25–33, were invited to two non-consecutive nights at the Sleep Institute for polysomnography test and filling out questionnaires: KSS; ESS; and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), attention abilities assessed with CPT-III. In one evening, the subjects consumed two hours before bedtime a “light” dinner based on vegetable ingredients (vegetables and vegetable proteins) with 342 calories that contained lentils, feta cheese, beet, and other vegetables. On the other evening, the subjects consumed two hours before bedtime a “heavy” dinner based on carbohydrates, fats, and animal protein with 501 calories that contained hamburger and French fries. In addition, subjects were required to give a microbial test before and after meals.

Results

There was no significant difference in the various sleep parameters between the two nights after each meal type: efficacy (t=-1.51,p=0.15); sleep latency stage 1 (t=1.81,p=0.08); sleep latency stage 2 (t=1.00,p=0.33); REM latency (t=0.57,p=0.57); total sleep time (t=-1.57,p=0.13); number of awakenings (t=0.30, p=0.76). No significant differences were found for: fatigue (KSS) (t=-0.30,p =0.77); sleepiness (ESS) (t=0.76,p =0.45); mood (BSI) (t=0.87,p =0.39); and attention deficit (CPT-III) (t=-0.68,p =0.50). The type of night meal did not show a significant effect on the microbial composition (H=0.059,p= 0.81).

Conclusion

The findings of this study show that, contrary to popular belief, “heavy” dinner did not affect the quality of sleep and functions measured in the study compared to a “light” dinner. In the current research, the population that was examined included only young and healthy subjects, therefore, the results may differ if the research in this field will extend and include other populations such as adults and subjects with different disorders. Future studies are needed to examine the relationships between sleep and nutrtion.

Support

No support
0180 Sleep, Sleepiness, and Sleep Hygiene Related to Nomophobia (No Mobile Phone Phobia)
Authors: Peszka J , Michelle S , Collins B T , Abu-Halimeh N , Quattom M , Henderson M , Sanders M , Critton J , Moore B , Mastin D F
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Previously, active phone use at bedtime has been implicated in disrupted sleep and related complaints. To improve sleep, a recommendation following such findings is limiting phone use before and during bedtime. However, for those with the characteristic of “nomophobia”, fear of being out of mobile phone contact, this recommendation could exacerbate anxiety at and around bedtime and disrupt, rather than improve, sleep. In 2012, an estimated 77% of 18-24-year-olds could be identified as nomophobic. Because of the prevalence of nomophobia and its possible interaction with sleep, we explored the existence of nomophobia in a college-age population and its relationship to sleep, sleepiness, and sleep hygiene behaviors.

Methods

327 university students (age: M=19.7 years, SD=3.78) recruited from introductory psychology courses and campus newsletters were given extra credit or a chance to win $25 gift cards for participation. Participants completed demographic information, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, questions regarding associated features of inadequate sleep hygiene, and the Sleep Hygiene Index. Additional sleep hygiene questions assessed frequency of active and passive technology use during sleep time.

Results

89.4% of the participants had moderate or severe nomophobia. Greater nomophobia was significantly related to greater daytime sleepiness (ESS) (r(293)=.150, p<.05), associated features of poor sleep (daytime sleepiness: r(297)=.097, p<.05, and avolition: r(297)=.100, p<.05), more maladaptive sleep hygiene behaviors including active technology use during sleep time (r(298)=.249, p<.05), long daytime naps, inconsistent wake and bed times, using bed for non-sleep purposes, uncomfortable bed, and bedtime cognitive rumination (r’s=0.097 to 0.182).

Conclusion

Most participants experienced moderate to severe nomophobia with greater nomophobia associated with greater sleepiness, avolition, and poorer sleep hygiene. Nomophobia is likely to be an important consideration when treating sleep disorders and/or making any sleep hygiene recommendations.

Support

Hendrix College Charles Brewer Fund for Psychology
0183 Social Jet Lag and Chronotype: Implications for Activity and Rest Rhythm and Light Exposure
Authors: Vallim J R , Amaral F G , D’Almeida V
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Social jet lag is associated with contemporary lifestyle with harmful impacts on health, predisposing individuals to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairment. Knowing that this condition is influenced by chronotype and that these are reflected in rhythmicity markers, a better understating of mechanisms and factors related to this condition are helpful to raise awareness to the society, to prevent and treat its consequences. Our goal was to evaluate if chronotype has a moderating effect on social jet lag, investigate if activity-rest rhythm could be affected by social jet lag and whether it could be related to nighttime light exposure.

Methods

13 subjects (10 women) aged between 23 and 59 years answered Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and record activity and rest rhythm by actimetry.

Results

We observed that chronotype is a predictor of social jet lag (p < 0.05) and eveningness leads to greater social jet lag. Sleep duration and time of sleep offset were higher on free days (p < 0.05) and, as expected, higher activity at night was related to greater social jet lag (p < 0.05). We did not find relation between level and time of exposure to light at night and social jet lag (p ≥ 0.05). None of these differences were chronotype-dependent.

Conclusion

Our work was one of the first that addressed the relationship between social jet lag and a rhythmicity marker, the activity-rest rhythm. We also demonstrated the importance of a better understanding of the evening types, that are more affected by social obligations.

Support

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP).
0186 Sleep Quality and Expectations About Sleep are Associated with Performance in Individual Sports
Authors: Carmichael K E , O’Connor P
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Epidemiological studies on predictors of sport performance are rare. Some athletes report poor sleep the night prior to competition which may influence performance. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between sleep and athletic performance in a sample of U.S. adults.

Methods

Self-identified athletes (n=635), recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk website, completed demographic, sleep, and athletic performance questions. Participants were at least 18 years old and competed in at least one athletic competition during the prior 6 months. Sleep quality and perceived performance were rated on 5-point Likert scales (e.g., 1=sleep quality/performance was very much worse than usual to 5=very much better than usual). Additional questions asked about plausible confounding variables, including the presence of bodily pain, expectations about whether sleep influences sport performance, and intensity of effort given during the competition compared to usual effort.

Results

The sample was 42% female and 71% Caucasian with 94% between the ages of 18 and 39 years; 358 (56.4%) participated in an individual sport and 277 (43.6%) were team sport athletes. The most common sports were running (35%), basketball (14%), and soccer (6%). For individual sport athletes, three variables predicted a significant amount of the variance in perceived performance (R2 = 0.32, F(3, 354) = 56.30, p < .001): intensity of effort (β = 0.44, p < 0.001), sleep quality the night prior to competition (β = 0.14, p < 0.01), and expectations for performance change following a good night’s sleep (β = 0.14, p < 0.01). Team sport athletes’ perceived performance was predicted by the intensity of effort (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) and percentage of time spent in competition (β = 0.14, p = 0.01; R2 = 0.26, F(2, 271) = 47.50, p < .001).

Conclusion

Among individual sport athletes, and after adjusting for the intensity of their effort, prior night sleep quality and expectations regarding sleep and performance aided in predicting perceived performance. These relationships did not exist among team sport athletes, perhaps because of the greater error in estimating performance during team sport competition.

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0187 The Effects of Nocturnal Aircraft Noise on Self-Reported Sleep
Authors: Casario K , Howard K , Smith M G , Rocha S , White M , Basner M
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Nocturnal traffic noise can fragment sleep through cortical arousals and induce self-reported sleep disturbance. Here we present data gathered around Atlanta International Airport in a pilot field study on the effects of aircraft noise on sleep.

Methods

N=34 subjects participated in a five night in-home study. Every night, subjects recorded noise inside their bedroom, and completed questionnaires the following morning containing items on sleep latency; number of awakenings; sleepiness (Stanford Sleepiness Scale); 11-point scales on sleep quality, tiredness, ease of falling asleep and calmness or restlessness of sleep; and a 5-point scale on sleep disturbance by noise. We analyzed the effect of both the average (LAEq,sleep) and maximum (LAS,max,sleep) aircraft noise level during a subject’s sleep period for each questionnaire outcome in repeated measures multiple regression adjusted for the number of aircraft noise events during sleep, sex, age, and if the window was open or closed.

Results

A total of 165 sleep questionnaires (97.1% of expected) were completed. Self-reported awakenings increased by n=0.051 per decibel (dB) LAS,max,sleep (p<0.001). An increase in LAS,max,sleep was associated with a significant increase in tiredness (0.118/dB, p=0.005). There was a significant effect of sex on tiredness in the LAEq,sleep model, whereby men were less tired than women. There were no significant effects of LAEq,sleep on any questionnaire outcomes.

Conclusion

There was some evidence for adverse effects of aircraft noise on self-reported sleep outcomes. Effects were predominantly found for maximum rather than average noise exposure during the sleep period, stressing the importance of individual noise events for sleep. A larger-scale, adequately powered National Sleep Study will be conducted to better understand the observed effects.

Support

This research was funded by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Office of Environment and Energy through ASCENT, the FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and the Environment, project 017 through FAA Award Number 13-C-AJE-UPENN-011 under the supervision of Natalia Sizov. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the FAA.
0191 Social Jetlag and Sleep Habits on Weekends Moderate the Relationship Between Personal Standards Perfectionism and Academic Performance in Young Athletes
Authors: Caron J , Roy J , Godin R , Gaudreault P , Forest G
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Research suggests that young athletes may present different levels of perfectionism, which affect sport and academic performances. Sleep is also a variable that can affects grades. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personal standards (PS) perfectionism, sleep and school performance in young athletes.

Methods

27 young athletes (13-16y) wore an actigraph for a week and completed an adapted version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale at the beginning, middle and end of the school year. Sleep habits during weekdays (WD) and weekends (WE), and social jetlag (SJ) were extracted from the actigraphy. Mean performance of the two main school subjects were taken from the final report at the end of the school year (Mgrades). A linear regression was done between PS and Mgrades. Then, we used Hayes’ PROCESS Macro V3.4 to examine the role of sleep as a moderator of the relation between PS and Mgrades.

Results

PS significantly predicts Mgrades (β=.59, p=.001; Ra2=.34, p=.001). The addition of the interactions terms, first between SJ and PS, then, between WE bedtimes and PS, and finally, between WE waketimes and PS, explained a significant increase in variance in Mgrades (ΔR2=.14, F(1,23)=31.81, p<.001; ΔR2=.17, F(1,23)=25.99, p<.001; ΔR2=.10, F(1,23)=12.43, p=.002, respectively). Therefore, when SJ is higher than 39min, WE bedtimes are after 10:21PM and WE waketimes are after 7:12AM, PS and Mgrades are significantly related.

Conclusion

These results show that when higher SJ and later WE bedtimes and waketimes are present, low PS are associated with low grades and high PS are associated with high grades. In contrast, when a small SJ, earlier WE bedtimes and waketimes are present, PS are not associated with grades. These results suggest that young athletes may be more vulnerable to the effect of sleep disturbances on grades depending on various factors such as perfectionism.

Support

N/A
0192 Sleep Characteristics and Mood of Professional Esports Athletes: A Multi-National Study
Authors: Lee S , Bonnar D , Roane B , Gradisar M , Jang E , Suh S
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Esports is becoming increasingly professionalized, yet research on performance management is remarkably lacking. The present study aimed to investigate sleep and mood in professional esports athletes.

Methods

Participants were 17 professional esports athletes from South Korea (8), Australia (4) and the US (5) who played First Person Shooter games (mean age 20±3.5 years, 100% male). All participants wore a wrist-activity monitor for 7–14 days, and completed subjective sleep and mood questionnaires.

Results

Based on data from the wrist-activity monitory, participants averaged 409±37 minutes of total sleep time, and 87±1% of sleep efficiency per night. All participants had significantly delayed sleep patterns (Average bed Time 3:41 am and wake Time 11:11 am). Participants had an average SOL of 26.15 minutes and prolonged wake after sleep onset of 51.91 (±31.84) minutes. Korean players had significantly higher depression scores compared to the other groups (p=.006) and trained longer than the Australian or US teams (13.38 vs. 4.75 vs. 6.10 hours, respectively). Depression scores were strongly correlated with number of awakenings, wake after sleep onset and training time per day (ps<.05).

Conclusion

As the first exploratory study in the esports field, the study indicates that esports athletes show delayed sleep patterns and have prolonged wake after sleep onset. These sleep patterns may be associated with mood (depression) and training time. There may also be cultural differences that contribute to sleep disturbance in this population.

Support

Korean Society of Sleep Medicine
0193 Sleep Health Across Religions: A Consideration of Bidirectional Processes
Authors: Fergason K , Rowatt W , Scullin M K
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The psychology of religion literature indicates that religious engagement is beneficial to physical and mental health. Such effects might be mediated by sleep health, which causally affects mood, cognitive, and immune functioning. However, few studies have investigated whether religiosity is associated with better sleep, and no studies have considered the reverse causal direction: better sleep may impact religious behaviors or perceptions.

Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis of 1,501 participants in Wave 5 of the Baylor Religion Survey (BRS-5). Completed in Spring 2017, the BRS-5 used Address Based Sample methodology to derive a population-based sample. The survey included questions on religious affiliation, behaviors, and perceptions (e.g., certainty of Heaven). Additionally, participants rated their difficulty falling asleep and their average total sleep time. We investigated whether participants were meeting AASM/SRS consensus guidelines of 7–9 hours/night.

Results

Religious affiliation was associated with sleep duration, but not in the predicted direction. Atheists/Agnostics (73%) were significantly more likely to report meeting consensus sleep duration guidelines than religiously-affiliated individuals (65%), p<.05. For example, Atheists/Agnostics reported better sleep duration than Catholics (63%, p<.01) and Baptists (55%, p<.001). Atheists/Agnostics also reported less difficulty falling asleep at night than Catholics (p=.02) and Baptists (p<.001). The effects persisted when controlling for age and were particularly evident in members of African American congregations. Perceptions of getting into Heaven were significantly higher in participants who obtained better sleep duration, p<.05, but interestingly, such beliefs/perceptions were unrelated to difficulty falling asleep at night, suggesting that better sleep may lead to these perceptions rather than vice versa.

Conclusion

In contrast to predictions, religious affiliation was associated with significantly poorer sleep health. Poor sleep health has implications for physical and mental health, and seemingly also religious perceptions/beliefs. Future experimental work is required to disentangle the causal direction of sleep-religiosity associations.

Support

The Baylor Religion Survey was supported by the John Templeton Foundation.
0196 Differences in Sleep Duration and Alertness Among Internal Medicine Interns Comparing Intensive Care Unit to General Medicine Rotations: A Secondary Analysis of the ICOMPARE Trial
Authors: Cordoza M , Basner M , Asch D A , Shea J A , Bellini L M , Carlin M , Malone S K , Desai S V , Sternberg A L , Tonascia J , Volpp K G , Mott C G , Mollicone D J , Dinges D F
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Little is known about the impact of specific rotations on medical residents’ sleep. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the difference in sleep duration and alertness among internal-medicine resident interns during intensive care unit (ICU) compared to general medicine (GM) rotations.

Methods

This is a secondary report of a randomized non-inferiority trial of 63 United States internal-medicine residency programs. Programs were assigned to either standard duty-hour (80h workweek/16h shifts) or flexible (80h workweek/no shift-length limit) policies. Interns were followed for 2 weeks during either a GM or ICU rotation. The primary outcome was sleep duration/24h (actigraphy). Secondary outcomes were sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale [KSS]) and alertness (number of Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test [PVT-B] lapses). Data were averaged across days (thirteen 24-hour periods). Linear mixed-effect models with random program intercept were used to determine the association between each outcome by rotation, controlling for age, sex, and policy followed.

Results

N=386 interns were included (mean age 27.9±2.1y, 194 (50.3%) males), with n=261 (67.6%) in GM, and n=125 (32.4%) in ICU. Average sleep duration was 7.00±0.08h and 6.84±0.10h for GM and ICU respectively (p=.09; 95%CI -0.02;0.33h). Percent of days with self-reports of excessive sleepiness were significantly more likely for ICU vs GM from 12am-6am (ICU: 20.2%; GM: 12.5%) and 6am-12pm (ICU: 20.5%; GM: 14.3%). GM had significantly more days with no excessive sleepiness (GM: 40.5%; ICU: 28.1%). Average KSS was 4.8±0.1 for both GM and ICU (p=.60; 95%CI -0.18;0.32). Average number of PVT-B lapses were 5.5±0.5 and 5.7±0.7 for GM and ICU respectively (p=.83; 95%CI -1.48;1.18 lapses). There were no significant differences in PVT-B response speed or false starts between rotations.

Conclusion

Interns in ICU may experience more excessive sleepiness compared to GM interns, especially in early morning hours. However, sleep duration and alertness were not significantly different between rotations.

Support

Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and American Council for Graduate Medical Education
0197 Chronotype is Influenced by Behavioral Choices and Can Fluctuate Across the Semester in STEM Students
Authors: Porro A , Luster T , Gao C , George C , Parizi-Robinson M , Quigley D , Zinke P , Scullin M K
Published: May 2020

Introduction

A delay in endogenous biological rhythms is assumed to cause undergraduate students to be “night owls,” but neurodevelopmental effects may only partially explain chronotype (circadian preference). Instead, perceived chronotype in students may result from poor sleep hygiene practices including bedtime social media use, afternoon caffeine consumption, and daytime napping. If so, then chronotype should be malleable in students to the extent that behavioral choices change.

Methods

We surveyed 1,120 undergraduate students who were enrolled in STEM courses across up to 3 time points during the semester. The survey assessed perceived chronotype (morning/evening type), global sleep quality, and daily habits that impact alertness and sleep hygiene (e.g., social media usage and timing, caffeine consumption and timing, and napping behavior).

Results

Relative to Morning Types, students who perceived themselves as being Evening Types showed 23.1% greater bedtime social media usage (t=3.14, p=.002), 35.1% greater daytime napping duration (t=4.44, p<.001), and a 44 minute later average time of caffeine consumption (even though total caffeine consumption was reduced; t=2.30, p=.022). Evening Types also reported lower subjective health (t=3.55, p<.001), with 14.2% of the association between chronotype and subjective health being mediated by bedtime social media use (direct effect: b=0.050, p=.002; indirect effect: b=0.009, p<.05). Ninety-one students reported switching from being Evening Types at baseline to Morning Types at a later survey; those who switched to Morning Types used less social media and consumed less caffeine after 5pm and they showed significant improvements across the semester in sleep duration, sleep quality, and exam scores (ps<.05).

Conclusion

Perceived chronotype is related to social media and caffeine consumption behaviors and is modifiable. Students who perceive themselves as night owls may find better health and academic success if they behave like morning larks.

Support

National Science Foundation (DRL 1920730)
0202 Chronotype Moderates the Relationship Between Personality and Academic Performance in Young Athletes
Authors: Collins-Rancourt M A , Roy J , Gaudreault P , Godin R , Forest G
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Recent studies have shown that chronotype is associated with personality in adolescents. Other studies suggest that athletes are more conscientious, and that this personality trait is associated with higher academic performance among adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality, chronotype and academic performance in young athletes.

Methods

27 young athletes and 13 young non-athletes (13-16y) completed the Horne & Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the NEO-PI-3. Grades were taken from their final report at the end of the school year (Mgrades=year-mean performance on the two main school subjects). First, T-tests were conducted to compare both groups on personality traits. Then, a moderation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro V3.4 to examine the moderation effect of the chronotype on the relationship between conscientiousness and Mgrades.

Results

Results show that young athletes are significantly more conscientious (M=4748±11,67) than non-athletes (M=38,31±9,59) (t(38)=2,46,p=.019). Conscientiousness and chronotype were entered in a regression analysis to predict Mgrades. The addition of the interaction term between chronotype and conscientiousness, to the regression analysis, explained a significant increase in variance in Mgrades (ΔR2=.34, F(1,23)=19.38, p<.001). Therefore, when the score is inferior to 57.75 at the MEQ (toward evening type), conscientiousness and Mgrades are significantly related (β=0.28, t(23)=2.07, p=0.05).

Conclusion

These results show that the chronotype moderates the relationship between conscientiousness and academic performance in young athletes. Specifically, in more evening types, higher level of conscientiousness is associated with higher grades and lower level of conscientiousness is associated with lower grades. On the other hand, for more morning types, the level of conscientiousness is not associated with grades. These results suggest that conscientiousness may be a protective factor against the impacts of adolescence sleep changes and disturbances, on academic performance.

Support

-
0227 The Compounding Impact of Daytime Sleepiness and Brain Injury on Sustained Vigilance
Authors: Dailey N S , Raikes A C , Wager M E , Grandner M A , Alkozei A , Killgore W D
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Daytime sleepiness is among the most frequent self-reported complaints by individuals who have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Previous research demonstrates reduced vigilance and processing speed following mTBI. It has yet to be determined, however, if sustaining a mTBI alone, or the combination of daytime sleepiness and brain injury more greatly impacts cognitive function. The goal of this preliminary analysis was to determine the association between vigilance, daytime sleepiness, and mTBI.

Methods

A total of 137 adults (Mage = 24.89±7.2; 83 females) participated in the study, including 33 healthy controls (HCs) and 104 individuals with a documented mTBI within the preceding 12 months. Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), while daytime vigilance was measured using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). To assess the effect of mTBI and daytime sleepiness on vigilance, we fit a Poisson regression to the number of lapses on the PVT, with group and ESS scores as predictors.

Results

ESS scores were significantly higher (p<.001) and there were significantly more PVT lapses (p=.03) in those with a recent mTBI, compared to HCs. For those with mTBI, the rate of lapses increased by 7.5% for every 1-point increase in ESS score (p< .001). Furthermore, when compared to HCs, the PVT lapse rate was 1.8x higher for individuals with a history of mTBI (p< 0.001), after controlling for ESS scores.

Conclusion

Daytime sleepiness was negatively associated with sustained vigilance for all participants. However, the magnitude of this association was roughly twice as high in individuals who had sustained a mTBI in the previous year. These findings provide evidence of a significant compounding effect of daytime sleepiness and brain injury on sustained vigilant attention. Clinical evaluation of mTBI would benefit from routine assessment of daytime sleepiness.

Support

USAMRMC grant (W81XWH-12–0386).
0233 Pain, Fatigue, and Altered Reactivity to a Repeated Physiological Stressor in Insomnia Patients: An Explanatory-Driven Analysis
Authors: Goldstein M R , Devine J K , Dang R , Chatterton B , Scott-Sutherland J , Yang H , Mullington J M , Haack M
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Fatigue and pain are prominent features of functional impairment in insomnia. This study aimed to better understand behavioral and physiological mechanisms of these complex relationships.

Methods

22 participants with insomnia disorder (DSM-5 criteria, 18 female, age 18-49yrs) and 22 good-sleeper controls (19 female, age 18-47yrs) completed two-weeks sleep logs and actigraphy recordings prior to coming to the laboratory for overnight polysomnography and subsequent daytime testing that included questionnaires, three trials of cold pressor test (CPT), and pain testing with blood draws collected throughout. Insomnia diagnosis was determined by a board-certified sleep specialist, and exclusion criteria included psychiatric history within past 6 months, other sleep disorder, significant medical conditions, and any medications within past two weeks with significant effects on inflammation, autonomic function, or other psychotropic effects. For CPT, participants were instructed to immerse hand in ice cold water for at least one minute and rate pain intensity throughout the immersion and 3-minute recovery. Data were analyzed with linear mixed models.

Results

Per inclusion criteria, PSQI scores were differed between groups (insomnia: 10.2±2.7, range 7–16; control: 1.9±1.3, range 0–5; p<.001). Insomnia consistently reported higher daily fatigue ratings compared to controls (p<.001), as well as higher spontaneous pain globally and across several specific domains (p’s: .007-.03). In response to CPT, groups did not differ in their initial tolerance (i.e. immersion duration, p=.41) or intensity ratings during immersion (p=.88), however insomnia showed blunted recovery in intensity ratings (p<.01). Control participants then showed an ability to habituate to repeated CPT by increasing immersion duration, whereas insomnia slightly decreased in tolerance across trials (Group effect: p<.05).

Conclusion

These data indicate that habituation to and acute recovery from pain is deteriorated in chronic insomnia, which may be a key contributor to maintained pathophysiology over time and mechanism to target with comprehensive treatment.

Support

Merck Inc. MISP# 51971 (investigator-initiated), NIH/National Center for Research Resources UL1-RR02758 and M01-RR01032 to the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center.
0234 Sleep Timing and Duration Predict Levels of Repetitive Negative Thinking the Following Day
Authors: Stewart E , Acenowr C , Coles M
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Several forms of psychopathology characterized by repetitive negative thinking (RNT) are also associated with problems in sleep timing and sleep duration (Morin & Ware, 1996). These relations have been documented in cross-sectional studies but only a few studies have investigated this relation using a prospective design. This study aimed to: (1) replicate cross-sectional findings linking sleep duration and sleep timing to RNT and (2) use prospective longitudinal methods to extend previous research regarding this relation.

Methods

Participants (N = 127) were undergraduates who completed daily measures of sleep, mood, and RNT for 18 days. Participants mean age was 19.31(SD = 1.41) and 49% were male, and 60% were Caucasian. Measures included the Perseverative Thoughts Questionnaire, the Sleep-50, and a Daily Monitoring Questionnaire (DMQ) comprised of items from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results

Insomnia severity and circadian disruption severity was correlated with RNT, and these relations remained significant after statistically controlling for the influence of negative affect (Insomnia: r(123)=.22, p=.01; Circadian: r(123)=.21, p=.02). When looking longitudinally within person Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) revealed later bedtimes (t(125) = 2.01, p = .05) and shorter sleep durations (t(125) = -3.17, p = .002) were predictors of heightened RNT the next day, even after statistically controlling for negative affect (RNTij=π oj+π 1j(RNT_lag) + π 2j(bedtime_lag/hours slept_lag) + π 3j(mood_lag) + eij). RNT did not predict sleep variables when running the reverse of these models, yet negative affect emerged as a significant predictor of sleep timing (t(125) = 2.41, p = .02) and sleep duration (t(125)= -2.44, p=.02), indicating that mood, not RNT, may influence bedtimes and hours slept.

Conclusion

Results indicate that bedtime and sleep duration may be contributors to RNT, and that sleep disruptions may precede the onset of RNT. If future studies replicate the current study’s findings, then sleep variables may serve as an important area of intervention and prevention of excessive RNT.

Support

N/A
0248 Does Attentional Control Relate to Sleep Disruption and Repetitive Negative Thinking?
Authors: Acenowr C , Coles M , Stewart E
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Insomnia is associated with increased repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and poor attentional control. There is increasing interest in the relevance of these processes for psychopathology. For example, Cox, Cole, Kramer and Olatunji (2018) proposed that focusing and shifting in attentional control may help explain the link between sleep disturbance and RNT. In support, attentional focus was found to be significant in the relationship between insomnia and RNT. As this study looked at disorder-specific measures of RNT and only insomnia, the current study aimed to replicate and extend the findings by also examining circadian sleep disruption and transdiagnostic RNT.

Methods

The current study included 127 participants. Sleep disruption was assessed by the SLEEP-50 (Spoormaker, Verbeek, van den Bout & Klip, 2005). This measure provides several subscale scores, including disruption in circadian rhythms and insomnia. The Attentional Control Scale (Derryberry & Reed, 2002) is a measure of attentional focus and shifting which was also utilized. Lastly, the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (Ehring et al., 2011) is a widely used transdiagnostic measure of RNT.

Results

Pearson’s Correlations indicated that both insomnia and circadian disruptions were significantly associated with RNT (insomnia, r=.27; circadian, r=.24). Mirroring the results of Cox, Cole, Kramer and Olatunji, attentional focus was significant (insomnia, r=-.29; circadian, r=-.28), whereas attentional shift was not (insomnia, r=.02; circadian, r=.06).

Conclusion

The connection between sleep disruption and factors that contribute to psychopathology needs to be better understood. This study differentiates types of attention and their relation to insomnia and circadian sleep disruption, and RNT. If attentional focus can link sleep disruption and RNT, clinicians can move one step closer to understanding the development of risk factors that may jeopardize an individual.

Support

n/a
0251 Association Between Sleep Disruption and Workplace Productivity: The Hidden Cost of Caregiving
Authors: Robbins R , Weaver M D , Barger L K , Quan S F , Zhivotovsky S , Czeisler C A
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Caregiving for older spouses or family members is common with an aging population. The responsibilities caregivers maintain can disrupt sleep, which may present workplace productivity consequences. We sought to test whether caregiving-related sleep disturbance was associated with workplace productivity among adults caring for older spouses and family members.

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis of the 2011 National Study of Caregiving dataset was conducted. The dataset is comprised of family members and unpaid caregivers to older adults in the U.S. (age 65 and above) receiving assistance with self-care, mobility, or household activities. Caregivers reported the frequency of sleep disturbance (“In the last month, how often did caregiving cause your sleep to be interrupted”) from 0 (“never” or “rarely”) to 1 (“some nights”) and 2 (“most nights” or “every night”). Workplace measures included: 1) presenteeism, or the degree to which caregiving affected productivity at work, measured from 1 “not at all” to 10 “very much”; 2) absenteeism, or the proportion of hours missed from work due to caregiving to total hours worked, and 3) productivity loss, or the sum of absenteeism and presenteeism. Generalized linear models examined the relationship between workplace productivity and sleep disturbance, while controlling for relevant covariates, including age, income, education, and self-reported health.

Results

Participants comprised 2,007 caregivers. Mean (SD) age was 63.5 (12.9), and 66.4% of the participants were women (n=1,334). The most common relationship to the older adult was daughter (n=704, 35.1%), followed by spouse/partner (n=422,21.0%), and son (n=310,15.5%). Compared to no “rarely” or “never” experiencing sleep disruption, reporting disruption “most nights” or “every night” was associated with presenteeism (OR=1.2, 95%CI:1.1–1.2), absenteeism (OR=1.1, 95%CI: 1.0–1.1), and total productivity loss (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.1 to 1.3).

Conclusion

Caregiving-related sleep disruption is a risk factor for workplace productivity losses, hindering caregivers from professional advancement and further degrading their caregiver capacity. Future study of means for improving sleep among caregivers is warranted.

Support

T32HL007901
0263 Later Bedtime is Associated with Differences in Prefrontal Gray Matter Volume and Executive Function Deficits
Authors: Taylor E , Grandner M A , Killgore W D
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Evening chronotypes tend to have reduced white matter integrity within their axonal tracts and reduced functional connectivity compared to morning types, a pattern that has been attributed to chronic “social jet lag” and its attendant disrupted sleep patterns. It is not clear whether brain differences are due to chronotype, total sleep time (TST), or whether they are associated with actual bedtime exclusive of these other factors. Here we examined morphometric gray matter volume (GMV) and its correlation with bedtime, after controlling for confounding factors.

Methods

Forty-five healthy adults (22 female; aged 20 to 43), completed the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Tower of London (TOL), an executive function task of planning and sequencing. Participants wore an actigraph for 7 days and completed structural MRI imaging during the period of actigraphy. Morphometric GMV data were processed using standard procedures in SPM12. After controlling for age, sex, and intracranial volume, actigraphic bedtime was entered into a regression analysis to predict orbitofrontal GMV. Regional GMV was extracted and correlated with TOL performance. Effects of TST and MEQ were also examined during regression.

Results

Later bedtime was associated with increased GMV in the left superior orbitofrontal gyrus (p=.044, FWE corrected). This association remained significant after controlling for TST and MEQ. Moreover, greater GMV in this cluster was associated with poorer planning and sequencing on TOL in terms of excess moves (r=.357, p=.017), and faster response times (r=-.356, p=.018), suggesting impulsivity.

Conclusion

Later bedtime was associated with greater GMV of the orbitofrontal cortex, even after controlling for TST and chronotype, and this pattern was associated with greater impulsiveness and poorer planning. The causal direction of the relationship between bedtime and executive deficits remains unclear and will require further research. However, it is clear that sleep patterns, brain structure, and behavior are intimately related.

Support

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Young Faculty Award: DARPA-12-12-11-YFA11-FP-029
0271 Effects of Experimentally Shortened Sleep on Dietary Outcomes in Adolescents
Authors: Duraccio K M , Krietsch K N , Beebe D W
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Adolescents who sleep less may consume more calories during the day; however, shortened sleep may have greater impact on the dietary quality of foods, particularly foods high in sugar content. This study examined the impact of shortened sleep on total caloric intake, macronutrients of food (fats, proteins, carbohydrates), added sugars consumed, and glycemic load/index of foods consumed.

Methods

110 adolescents (ages 14–17, M = 15.73(1.80); 63.6% female) underwent a within-subject counterbalanced experimental sleep manipulation, spending either 6.5 or 9.5 hours/night in bed for five nights. During each sleep period, adolescents completed three dietary recalls (reporting amounts and types of foods consumed over a 24-hour period) administered by dietary core study staff. We conducted a series of repeated-measure general linear models comparing averaged weekly dietary outcomes of interest by sleep condition. We also explored whether experimental order of the sleep conditions, family income, or adolescent gender, body mass index (BMI), or race moderated the main effects of sleep condition on dietary outcomes. Alpha was set at .05 for primary analyses and .01 for exploratory analyses.

Results

We observed a main effect of sleep on carbohydrates (p=.038) and added sugars (p=.009) consumed, as well as the glycemic index (p=.013) and glycemic load (p=.009) of foods consumed. We did not observe a main effect of sleep on total calories or total grams of fat or protein consumed. Exploratory analysis found no significant interactions of the moderators with sleep condition on dietary outcomes.

Conclusion

Adolescents are consuming more carbohydrates, added sugars, and foods higher in glycemic index and load when sleep restricted, compared to well-rested, despite eating comparable amounts of calories. Sleep restricted adolescents may be drawn to foods that provide quick releases of energy to counteract sleepiness experienced during the day.

Support

R01 HL120879