bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Community‐Specific Spatial and Socio‐Economic Linkages to Massachusetts Waters
Authors: Brown Allison
Published: July 2018

This report examines the extent to which available information supports characterization of community‐ specific ecosystem service values for Massachusetts’ ocean waters, and suggests ways to address key data gaps. The report focuses on three activities of particular interest to the Massachusetts Ocean Partnership and the state’s Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA): commercial fishing; vessel navigation; and recreational activities. For each of these activities, the report presents the data available to characterize potential linkages between communities and the location of activity in Massachusetts’ state waters. When practicable, we provide maps and tables to demonstrate these linkages. For commercial fishing and recreational activity, we present and discuss the available data on associated economic values. We also offer recommendations to improve the state’s understanding of important ecosystem services, particularly with respect to recreational activities.
An Integrated Statewide Ocean Data Network: Providing Data Analysis Necessary for Integrated Multi‐use Ocean Management in Massachusetts
Authors: SeaPlan
Published: July 2018

This report reviews existing observation systems, regional initiatives, existing infrastructure, data management concepts, and user issues. There are many active, high quality systems in place, both regional and national, and groups of dedicated scientists and data managers already working on data management systems. These systems generally live in isolation from the Web 2.0 world of rapidly evolving technologies to search and share data. Our recommendation is to leverage these science systems and the data that they provide, with the latest commonly available technology.
Catch Share Policy and Job Satisfaction in the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Fishery
Authors: Sayre Colin Robert
Published: July 2018

In 2011, the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program introduced an Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system to commercial fisheries in Oregon, and Washington, and California. Introduction of catch shares was expected to change the context for decisions fishermen are required to make to operate in this fishery; particularly in trading, purchasing, and leasing quota for target and bycatch species. Such occupational restructuring potentially alters job satisfaction, a component of human well-being in a fisheries social-ecological system. Job satisfaction is connected to health and longevity, mental stress, work performance, and social factors related to family and community relationships. Fishermen in particular may value the “satisfaction bonus” provided by working on the water. There are few alternative occupations which provide similar levels satisfaction. Semi-structured interviews conducted among active fishermen of the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Fishery (WCGTF) sought to elicit patterns in job satisfaction that developed in the five years since ITQ introduction. Ten detailed in person interviews provided representative insights into new business decisions made and the current structure of job satisfaction in the WCGTF. Analysis of interviews was conducted using tested indicator attributes of job satisfaction within a three-tiered framework based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Interview responses were categorized based on positive or negative patterns in description of satisfaction attributes. Effects of ITQ policy on job satisfaction vary by vessel role, between independent owner operators, hired skippers, and crew. Despite respondents’ generally negative feelings toward the catch share program, overall satisfaction was described as “good” to “excellent,” potentially resulting from the maintenance of “self actualizing” satisfaction attributes fishermen value highly; the challenge and adventure of working on the water. However, negative elements of satisfaction are associated with a decreased feeling of control and community solidarity. Increased operating costs resulting from fees for quota leasing, and at-sea observer monitoring contribute to a present sense of unpredictability in earnings for independent owner operators and crew, in contrast to positive feelings of stability for hired skippers and crew employed by processing companies. Policy elements of the catch share program related to quota leasing and at-sea observers may represent or affect attributes of satisfaction in contemporary ITQ managed fisheries requiring further study.
Real-time fMRI Links Subjective Experience with Brain Activity During Focused Attention
Authors: Garrison Kathleen A. , Scheinost Dustin , Worhunsky Patrick , Elwafi Hani , Thornhill Thomas , Thompson Evan , Saron Clifford , Desbordes Gaelle , Kober Hedy , Hampson Michelle , Gray Jeremy R , Constable Robert T. , Papademetris Xenephon , Brewer Judson
Published: July 2018

Recent advances in brain imaging have improved the measure of neural processes related to perceptual, cognitive and affective functions, yet the relation between brain activity and subjective experience remains poorly characterized. In part, it is a challenge to obtain reliable accounts of participant’s experience in such studies. Here we addressed this limitation by utilizing experienced meditators who are expert in introspection. We tested a novel method to link objective and subjective data, using real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI) to provide participants with feedback of their own brain activity during an ongoing task. We provided real-time feedback during a focused attention task from the posterior cingulate cortex, a hub of the default mode network shown to be activated during mind-wandering and deactivated during meditation. In a first experiment, both meditatorsand non-meditators reported significant correspondence between the feedback graph and their subjective experience of focused attention and mind-wandering. When instructed to volitionally decrease the feedback graph, meditators, but not non-meditators, showed significant deactivation of the posterior cingulate cortex. We were able to replicate these results in a separate group of meditators using a novel step-wise rt-fMRI discovery protocol in which participants were not provided with prior knowledge of the expected relationship between their experience and the feedback graph (i.e., focused attention versus mind-wandering). These findings support the feasibility of using rt-fMRI to link objective measures of brain activity with reports of ongoingsubjective experience in cognitive neuroscience research, and demonstrate the generalization of expertise in introspective awareness to novel contexts.
Focused-attention meditation increases cognitive control during motor sequence performance: Evidence from the N2 cortical evoked potential
Authors: Chan Russell Weili , Alday Phillip M. , Zou Lena , Lushington Kurt , Schlesewsky Matthias , Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Immink Maarten Alberto
Published: July 2018

Previous work found that single-session focused attention meditation (FAM) enhanced motor sequence learning through increased cognitive control as a mechanistic action, although electrophysiological correlates of sequence learning performance following FAM were not investigated. We measured the persistent frontal N2 event-related potential (ERP) that is closely related to cognitive control processes and its ability to predict behavioural measures. Twenty-nine participants were randomised to one of three conditions reflecting the level of FAM experienced prior to a serial reaction time task (SRTT): 21 sessions of FAM (FAM21, N= 12), a single FAM session (FAM1, N= 9) or no preceding FAM control (Control, N= 8). Continuous 64-channel EEG were recorded during SRTT and N2 amplitudes for correct trials were extracted. Component amplitude, regions of interests, and behavioural outcomes were compared using mixed effects regression models between groups. FAM21 exhibited faster reaction time performances in majority of the learning blocks compared to FAM1 and Control. FAM21 also demonstrated a significantly more pronounced N2 over majority of anterior and central regions of interests during SRTT compared to the other groups. When N2 amplitudes were modelled against general learning performance, FAM21 showed the greatest rate of amplitude decline over anterior and central regions. The combined results suggest that FAM training provided greater cognitive control enhancement for improved sequence learning performance compared to the other groups. Importantly, FAM training facilitates dynamic modulation of cognitive control: lower levels of general learning performance was supported by greater levels of activation, whilst higher levels of general learning required less activation.
Freeing the performer’s mind: A structural exploration of how mindfulness influences music performance anxiety, negative affect and self-consciousness among musicians
Authors: Rodríguez-Carvajal Raquel , Lecuona Oscar , Vilte Luz-Sofía , Moreno-Jiménez Jennifer , de Rivas Sara
Published: July 2018

Music performing usually binds intense psychological experiences, from which music performance anxiety (MPA) is amongst the most damaging and pervasive ones. Alongside, some constructs seem to be associated with MPA, like negative affect and self-consciousness. In the interaction between these three elements, mindfulness seems to be an effective tool to cope with MPA by altering the relationships between it and self-consciousness or negative affect. In this study, a structural model is proposed following a cross-sectional design with a total of 151 spanish-speaking music performers. Results from a structural equation model seems to support the proposed model, making dispositional mindfulness an effective mechanism to alter the way MPA interacts with self-consciousness and negative affect. More specifically, dispositional mindfulness seems to inversely mediate the relationship between negative affect and MPA, while also inversely moderating the relationship between self-consciousness and MPA. In other words, dispositional mindfulness seems to prevent how self-conscious music performers can be or how negative is their mood into developing career-damaging MPA phenomena. Limitation of these findings are discussed, alongside future lines of work to improve the likelihood of this conclusions.
Differences in dream content during a daytime nap and the relationship of the dream content to procedural learning in Vipassana meditators and controls.
Authors: Solomonova Elizaveta , Dubé Simon , Samson-Richer Arnaud , Blanchette-Carrière Cloé , Paquette Tyna , Nielsen Tore
Published: July 2018

Vipassana meditation is characterized by observing bodily sensations, developing emotional and attentional stability and promoting pro-social qualities. Whether these qualities are also reflected in dream content is not currently known. Evidence relating dream content with sleep-depending learning is mixed: some studies suggest that dreaming of a task is beneficial for improvement, while others find no such effect. This study aimed at investigating whether meditators have qualitatively different dreams than controls; whether meditators incorporate a procedural learning task more often than controls; and whether dreaming about the task is related to better post-sleep performance on the task.20 meditators and 20 controls slept for a daytime nap at the laboratory. Prior to sleep and upon awakening they completed a procedural learning task. Dream reports were collected at sleep onset and upon awakening (REM/N2 sleep). Dreams were then scored for qualities associated with meditation practice and for incorporations of the procedural task and of the laboratory. Meditators had longer dreams, slightly more references to the body and friendlier and more compassionate interactions with dream characters. Dreams of meditation practitioners were not more lucid than those of controls. Meditators did not incorporate the learning task or laboratory into dream content more often than controls, and no relationship was found between dream content and performance on a procedural task. In control participants, in contrast, incorporating task or laboratory in REM/N2 dreams was associated with improvement on the task, but incorporations at sleep onset were associated with slightly worse performance on the task.
Affect-Biased Attention as Emotion Regulation
Authors: Todd Rebecca , Cunningham William A. , Anderson Adam K. , Thompson Evan
Published: July 2018

The affective biasing of attention is not typically considered to be a form of emotion regulation. In this article, we argue that ‘affect-biased attention’ – the predisposition to attend to certain categories of affectively salient stimuli over others – provides an important component of emotion regulation. Affect-biased attention regulates subsequent emotional responses by tuning one’s filters for initial attention and subsequent processing. By reviewing parallel research in the fields of emotion regulation and affect-biased attention, as well as clinical and developmental research on individual differences in attentional biases, we provide convergent evidence that habitual affective filtering processes, tuned and re-tuned over development and situation, modulate emotional responses to the world. Moreover, they do so in a manner that is proactive rather than reactive.
Mindfulness in workplaces : could it be more spiritual ?
Authors: Perocheau Guillaume
Published: July 2018

Recently, mindfulness meditation has become very popular in workplaces. Proposed as lay practice, it has been proven to be a well-being tool having an impact on efficiency and performance. But cut from its Buddhist roots, mindfulness has lost its spiritual dimension. In this paper, we try to define contemporary concepts useful to build more spiritual narrations for collective action and mindfulness practice in the workplaces. Our research method is based on a theoretical exploration of the traditional Buddhist spiritual context for meditation practice, and on the analysis of the discourses of altruistic leaders. Our intermediary results show that a spiritual mindfulness practice is driven by an altruistic motivation, is based on a non dualistic vision of the world, and is a transformation tool for action. More spiritual narrations of collective action should take into account the primacy of altruism in human experience, the universal dimension of work in the Anthropocene, and will be inspired by other altruistic stories.
Précis of Mind in Life
Authors: Thompson Evan
Published: July 2018

A Précis of Evan Thompson, Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind.
The Effect of Atmospheric Plasma on the Solubility and Dispersibility of Powdered Whey Protein Isolate
Authors: Lightfoot Heidi
Published: July 2018

Functional properties of protein macromolecules such as protein solubility are of particular interest to the food and nutrition industries as they have significant implications on other useful properties and characteristics for the development of nutritional and food supplements. Consequently, proteins with specific and consistent functional characteristics are in high demand as essential ingredients in formulated food or in pharmaceutical and industrial mixtures. Proteins need to be highly soluble so that their functional properties can be effectively exploited, therefore methods to improve the solubility of protein powders are currently being developed. It has been hypothesized that atmospheric plasma treatment has an effect on protein solubility and dispersibility. This theory has not been yet explored with whey protein isolate elsewhere; this study is the first to explore the impact of plasma based treatment. The effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on the solubility and dispersibility of dry protein powder has been studied. Each variable was examined using both a pristine sample of whey protein isolate and a sample of whey protein isolate from the same product batch that had been exposed to atmospheric plasma (following ISO 8156 and ISO/TS 17758 protocols). We demonstrate that plasma can successfully increase the solubility and dispersibility of whey protein powder.
Analisis Kestabilan dan Keuntungan Maksimum Model Predator-Prey Fungsi Respon Tipe Holling III dengan Usaha Pemanenan
Authors: DIDIHARYONO DIDIHARYONO
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we discussed stability analysis of predator-prey model with Holling type III and will harvesting effort at second populations. The research aimed is, to investigate solution the predator-prey model with Holling type III functional response with addition harvesting effort and to investigate maximum profit from optimal harvesting at second populations. Stability of equilibrium point use linearization method and determine the stability by notice the eigenvalues of Jacoby matrix evaluation of equilibrium point and can also be determined using Hurwitz stability test by observing the coefficients of the characteristic equation. The result shows that the obtained an interior point 〖TE〗_2^* (x^*,y^*) which asymptotic stable according to Hurwitz stability test and find maximum profit of exploitation effort or harvest at second populations. Predator-prey population is always exist in their life, although exploitation with harvesting effort and given maximum profit is π_max=162.68 where to find maximum profit on critical points of surface profit function.
Nuevos hallazgos de los moluscos Nemrac carmenensis Clark 1946 (Gastropoda, Turbinoidea, Turbinidae) y Solena (Eosolen) bolivarensis Clark 1946 (Bivalvia - Solenida - Solenidae)
Authors: Bermudez Hermann
Published: July 2018

New specimens of the gastropod Nemrac carmenensis Clark 1946 and the bivalve Solena (Eosolen) bolivarensis Clark 1946, in Paleogene rocks of San Jacinto Fold Belt (SJFB), Colombian Caribbean region were found and reported to complement the information available for these species. These findings of unique specimens had only been collected during the first half of the last century. This discovery allows to define the stratigraphic position of these and other faunas previously found in the Eocene of the Colombian Caribbean region at the upper levels of Arroyo Seco Formation, allowing the assignment of a Late Eocene age (Bartonian – Priabonian) and a delta-front environment.
An unusual small-bodied crocodyliform from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland, UK, and potential evidence for an early diversification of advanced neosuchians
Authors: Yi Hongyu , Tennant Jonathan , Young Mark T. , Challands Thomas J. , Foffa Davide , Hudson John D. , Ross Dugald A. , Brusatte Stephen L.
Published: July 2018

The Middle Jurassic is a poorly sampled time interval for non-marine neosuchian crocodyliforms, which obscures our understanding of the origin and early evolution of major clades. Here we report a lower jaw from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Duntulm Formation of the Isle of Skye, Scotland, UK, which consists of an isolated and incomplete left dentary and part of the splenial. Morphologically, the Skye specimen closely resembles Cretaceous hylaeochampsids, including Pachycheilosuchus and Pietraroiasuchus, in having a proportionally short mandibular symphysis, shallow dentary alveoli, a strongly laterally compressed dentary, and inferred weakly heterodont dentition. It differs from other crocodyliforms in that the Meckelian canal is dorsoventrally expanded posterior to the mandibular symphysis and drastically constricted at the 6th alveolus. We tentatively refer the new specimen to cf. Hylaeochampsidae sp. which, together with the presence of Theriosuchus sp. from the Valtos Formation and indeterminate neosuchians from the Kilmaluag Formation, indicates the presence of a previously unrecognized highly diverse crocodyliform fauna in the Middle Jurassic of Skye, and Europe more generally. This new specimen indicates that small-bodied neosuchians were present, and ecologically and taxonomically diverse, in nearshore environments in the Middle Jurassic of the UK.
Promoting Transparent Reporting of Conflicts of Interests and Statistical Analyses at the Journal of Sex Research
Authors: Sakaluk John Kitchener , Graham Cynthia
Published: July 2018

Editorial describing changes to JSR submission policies regarding transparent disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and statistical analyses.
PREPRINT: Toddlers prefer those who win, but not when they win by force
Authors: Thomas Ashley J , Thomsen Lotte , Lukowski Angela F. , Abramyan Meline , Sarnecka Barbara Wiseheart
Published: July 2018

Social hierarchies occur across human societies, as well as in non- human animals. Thus, humans and other social species must navigate these relationships. Human infants can detect when one individual outranks another by using cues of formidability: they expect individuals who are smaller or who have fewer allies to defer in zero-sum conflicts. But do children prefer or avoid high-ranking individuals? Some non-human animals avoid high-ranking individuals, presumably to avoid provoking potentially costly conflict, while others, including bonobos prefer them. In human society, relation- ships with high-status individuals can provide benefits such as re- sources, know-how and protection. The present studies investigated whether children ages 21-31 months prefer or avoid high-status individuals. In Exp 1.0, children watched a right of way conflict between two puppets in which one puppet ’won’ because the other deferred. 18/21 toddlers reached for the puppet that won. Exp. 2.0 started with the same type of standoff, but one puppet knocked the other pup- pet down in order ’win’. In this case, 18/22 toddlers instead reached for the puppet that got knocked over and lost. Four additional experiments controlled for alternative explanations for the main findings. Thus, very young children prefer novel individuals who prevail in zero-sum conflicts but only when their opponents defer–not when they win through force. These results suggest that humans, from a very early age not only recognize relative status. They also incorporate it in their decisions about whether to approach or avoid others in a nuanced way that differs from our nearest primate relatives.
Incidental Haptic Sensations May Not Influence Social Judgments: A Purely Confirmatory Replication Attempt of Study 1 by Ackerman, Nocera, & Bargh (2010)
Authors: Beek Titia Francisca , Matzke Dora , Pinto Yair , Rotteveel Mark , Gierholz Alexander , Selker Ravi , Sasiadek Adam , Steingroever Helen , Jostmann Nils , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: July 2018

This preregistered replication attempt focuses on the finding from Ackerman, Nocera, & Bargh (2010; ANB) that holding a heavy object triggers concepts related to importance. ANB reported that participants who were holding a heavy clipboard rated a job candidate as better overall and more seriously interested in the job than participants holding a light clipboard. We failed to replicate ANB’s results; instead, Bayes factor hypothesis tests indicated evidence for the absence of a difference between the heavy and the light condition in the overall evaluation andperceived seriousness of the candidate, and in participants’ perceived task importance. Our findings highlight the importance of conducting preregistered replication research and illustrate the theoretical and practical advantages of Bayesian inference in psychological research.
On replication research
Authors: Condon David M , Graham Eileen Kranz , Mroczek Dan
Published: July 2018

The ability to reproduce an effect — whether through natural observation or a carefully controlled experiment — is generally viewed by scientists as a prerequisite for declaring the effect’s existence. Replication research focuses on the extent to which previously observed effects can be reproduced. This type of research ranges in scope from identical reproduction of reported results using the exact same methods, equipment, conditions, or data to more nuanced explorations of the ways an effect is altered by the use of different methods (sensitivity analyses) or is conditional upon the presence of specific circumstances (generalizability). Though replication research has often failed to proceed smoothly in psychology for several important reasons, the availability of many new resources for replication research bodes well for a more promising future than the recent past.
Moral Judgment Toward Relationship Betrayals and Those Who Commit Them
Authors: Selterman Dylan Faulkner , Moors Amy Catherine , Koleva Sena
Published: July 2018

In three experimental studies (total N = 1,056), we examined moral judgments toward relationship betrayals, and how these judgments depended on whether characters and their actions were perceived to be pure and loyal compared to the level of harm caused. In Studies 1 and 2 the focus was confessing a betrayal, while in Study 3 the focus was on the act of sexual infidelity. Perceptions of harm/care were inconsistently and less strongly associated with moral judgment toward the behavior or the character, relative to perceptions of purity and loyalty, which emerged as key predictors of moral judgment across all studies. Our findings demonstrate that a diversity of cognitive factors play a key role in moral perception of relationship betrayals.
Coding errors lead to unsupported conclusions: a critique of Hofmann et al. (2015)
Authors: Williams Donald Ray , Bürkner Paul - Christian
Published: July 2018

Due to converging evidence in animals and healthy human populations, oxytocin has been identified as potentially having therapeutic properties. As such, numerous randomized controlled trials have investigated the efficacy of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) on reducing psychiatric symptoms in clinical populations. As results have been mixed, meta-analytic reviews seeking to synthesize the extant literature have been published.One such review was published in Psychiatry Research (Hofmann et al., 2015). The authors concluded that IN-OT significantly improved psychiatric symptoms and found significant effects on depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, and general psychopathology. We found several errors in this paper and, when corrected, resulted in all null results (no effect of IN-OT)which suggests that the conclusions of Hofmann et al.(2015) are incorrect. The current letter therefore has three aims: (1) we will outline several errors and raise questions regarding their analysis; and (2) we will perform a meta-analysis using the same primary studies and similar methods; and (3) we will conclude by stating the importance of this letter
Power, Dominance, and Constraint: A Note on the Appeal of Different Design Traditions
Authors: Rouder Jeffrey N. , Haaf Julia M.
Published: July 2018

The recent field-wide emphasis on power has brought the number of participants used in experiments into focus. Cognitive psychologists follow a design tradition where few participants perform many trials each. We ask if one wishes to increase power, is it better to add trials or to add participants. The answer is straightforward---greatest power is achieved by using more people, and the gain from adding people is greater than the gain from adding trials. In light of these results, the cognitive design tradition seems less than ideal. Yet, there are conditions where one may trade people for trials with only a minor decrement in power. Under these conditions, the limiting factor is the trial variability rather than variability across people in the population. These conditions are highly plausible, and we present a stochastic-dominance theoretical argument as to why. We think dominance holds in most cognitive effects, for example, in the Stroop effect. Dominance here is the statement that all people truly identify congruent colors faster than incongruent ones. Under this dominance assumption where everyone's true effect is in the same direction, small mean effects imply a small degree of variability across the population. It is this degree of homogeneity, the consequence of dominance, that licenses the cognitive and psychophysical design traditions.
Concurrent use of animacy and event-knowledge during comprehension: Evidence from event-related potentials
Authors: Vega-Mendoza Mariana , Pickering Martin John , Nieuwland Mante S.
Published: July 2018

In two ERP experiments, we investigated whether readers prioritize animacy over real-world event-knowledge during sentence comprehension. We used the paradigm of Paczynski and Kuperberg (2012), who argued that animacy is prioritized based on the observations that the ‘related anomaly effect’ (reduced N400s for context-related anomalous words compared to unrelated words) does not occur for animacy violations, and that animacy violations but not relatedness violations elicit P600 effects. Participants read passive sentences with plausible agents (e.g., The prescription for the mental disorder was written by the psychiatrist) or implausible agents that varied in animacy and semantic relatedness (schizophrenic/guard/pill/fence). In Experiment 1 (with a plausibility judgment task), plausible sentences elicited smaller N400s relative to all types of implausible sentences. Moreover, animate words elicited smaller N400s than inanimate words, and related words elicited smaller N400s than unrelated words. Crucially, at the P600 time-window, we observed more positive ERPs for animate than inanimate words and for related than unrelated words at anterior regions. In Experiment 2 (with no judgment task), we observed an N400 effect with animacy violations, but no other effects. Taken together, the results of our experiments fail to support a prioritized role of animacy information over real-world event-knowledge, but they support an interactive, constraint-based view on incremental semantic processing.
What’s in a chunk? Chunking and data compression in verbal short-term memory
Authors: Norris Dennis Graham , Kalm Kristjan
Published: July 2018

Short-term verbal memory is improved when words in the input can be chunked into larger units. Miller (1956) suggested that the capacity of verbal short-term memory is determined by the number of chunks that can be stored in memory, and not by the number of items or the amount of information. But how does the improvement due to chunking come about? Is memory really determined by the number of chunks? One possibility is that chunking is a form of data compression. Chunking allows more information to be stored in the available capacity. An alternative is that chunking operates primarily by redintegration. Chunks exist only in long-term memory, and enable items in the input which correspond to chunks to be reconstructed more reliably from a degraded trace. We review the data favoring each of these views and discuss the implications of treating chunking as data compression. Contrary to Miller, we suggest that memory capacity is primarily determined by the amount of information that can be stored. However, given the limitations on the representations that can be stored in verbal short-term memory, chunking can sometimes allow the information capacity of short-term memory to be exploited more efficiently.
Expectation and Locality Effects in German Verb-final Structures
Authors: Levy Roger Philip , Keller Frank
Published: July 2018

Probabilistic expectations and memory limitations are central factors governing the real-time comprehension of natural language, but how the two factors interact remains poorly understood. One respect in which the two factors have come into theoretical conflict is the documentation of both locality effects, in which having more dependents preceding a governing verb increases processing difficulty at the verb, and anti-locality effects, in which having more preceding dependents facilitates processing at the verb. However, no controlled study has previously demonstrated both locality and anti-locality effects in the same type of dependency relation within the same language. Additionally, many previous demonstrations of anti-locality effects have been potentially confounded with lexical identity, plausibility, and sentence position. Here, we provide new evidence of both locality and anti-locality effects in the same type of dependency relation in a single language—verb-final constructions in German—while controlling for lexical identity, plausibility, and sentence position. In main clauses, we find clear anti-locality effects, with the presence of a preceding dative argument facilitating processing at the final verb; in subject-extracted relative clauses with identical linear ordering of verbal dependents, we find both anti-locality and locality effects, with processing facilitated when the verb is preceded by a dative argument alone, but hindered when the verb is preceded by both the dative argument and an adjunct. These results indicate that both expectations and memory limitations need to be accounted for in any complete theory of online syntactic comprehension.
The relationship between non-verbal systems of number and counting development: a neural signatures approach
Authors: Hyde Daniel C. , Berteletti Ilaria , Mou Yi
Published: July 2018

Two non-verbal cognitive systems, an approximate number system (ANS) for extracting thenumerosity of a set and a parallel individuation (PI) system for distinguishing between individual items, are hypothesized to be foundational to symbolic number and mathematics abilities. However, the exact role of each remains unclear and highly debated. Here we used an individual differences approach to test for a relationship between the spontaneously evoked brain signatures (using event-related potentials) of PI and the ANS and initial development of symbolic number concepts in preschool children as displayed by counting. We observed that individual differences in the neural signatures of the PI system, but not the ANS, explained a unique portion of variance in counting proficiency after extensively controlling for general cognitive factors. These results suggest that differences in early attentional processing of objects between children are related to higher-level symbolic number concept development.
Green consumption signals altruism and elevated social status
Authors: Braun Kohlová Markéta , Urban Jan
Published: July 2018

Recent studies (e.g., Griskevicius, Tybur, and Van den Bergh, 2010) have suggested that green consumption, similar to other instances of altruistic behaviour, may be used as a signal of elevated social status. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis using a series of three web-based experiments (total N = 1,223). We manipulated the green profile and costs of grocery products bought by a hypothetical consumer. Participants then evaluated the consumer's social status using direct and indirect measures of social status. Our results showed that green consumption was perceived by external observers both as a signal of altruism and elevated social status. Interestingly, we found that even though the price of products had a positive effect on the perceived social status of a consumer, it did not interact with the green profile of consumption as would be expected by the theory of costly signalling of altruism. Green consumption thus seems to be a very strong signal of elevated social status, quite independent of the explicit costs associated with such consumption.
The effects of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness in online peer-to-peer markets
Authors: Jaeger Bastian , Sleegers Willem , Evans Anthony M , Stel Marielle , van Beest Ilja
Published: July 2018

Online peer-to-peer markets, such as Airbnb, often include profile photos of sellers to reduce anonymity. Ert, Fleischer, and Magen (2016) found that more trustworthy-looking, but not more attractive-looking, Airbnb hosts from Stockholm charge higher prices for similar apartments. This suggests that people are willing to pay more for a night in an apartment if the host looks trustworthy. Here, we present a pre-registered replication testing how photo-based impressions of hosts’ attractiveness and trustworthiness influence rental prices. We extend previous investigations by (a) controlling for additional features related to price (e.g., the apartment’s location value), (b) testing for an influence of other host features, such as race and facial expression, and (c) analyzing a substantially larger sample of apartments. An analysis of 1,020 listings in New York City showed that more attractive-looking, but not more trustworthy-looking, hosts charge higher prices for their apartments. Compared to White hosts, Black (but not Asian) hosts charge lower prices for their apartments. Hosts who smile more intensely in their profile photo charge higher prices. Our results support the general conclusion that people rely on profile photos in online markets, though we find that attractiveness is more important than trustworthiness.
Issues in Solving the Problem of Effect Size Heterogeneity in Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling: A Commentary and Simulation Study on Yu, Downes, Carter, and O’Boyle (2016)
Authors: Cheung Mike W.-L.
Published: July 2018

This paper is in press at Journal of Applied Psychology.Abstract:Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) is becoming increasingly popular for testing theoretical models from a pool of correlation matrices in management and organizational studies. One limitation of the conventional MASEM approaches is that the proposed structural equation models are only tested on the average correlation matrix. It remains unclear how far the proposed models can be generalized to other populations when the correlation matrices are heterogeneous. Recently, Yu, Downes, Carter, and O’Boyle (2016) proposed a full information MASEM approach to address this limitation by fitting structural equation models from the correlation matrices generated from a parametric bootstrap. However, their approach suffers from several conceptual issues and technical errors. In this study, we reran some of the simulations in Yu et al. by correcting all of the errors in their original studies. The findings showed that bootstrap credible intervals (CVs) work reasonably well, while test statistics and goodness-of-fit indices do not. We advise researchers on what they can and cannot achieve by applying the full information MASEM approach. We recommend fitting MASEM with the TSSEM approach, which works well for the simulation studies. If researchers want to inspect the heterogeneity of the parameters, they may use the bootstrap CVs from the full information MASEM approach. All of these analyses were implemented in the open-source R statistical platform; researchers can easily apply and verify the findings. This paper concludes with several future directions to address the issue of heterogeneity in MASEM.
Intra-Sexual Competition and Attitudes towards Immigrants
Authors: Antfolk Jan , Johansson Lina , Westerlund Minja , Marcinkowska Urszula M. , Santtila Pekka
Published: July 2018

We proposed the hypothesis that immigration attitudes (IA) could be partly explained by intra-sexual competition (ISC), as immigration can increase mate competition, negatively affecting mate access for local individuals with low mate value. To test this, we presented participants with masculinized/feminized images of males and females. Each image was paired with a background description. Participants reported whether the depicted person should be permitted residence and whether participants would help the person integrate. We also measured participants’ mate value. Both men and women were more negative towards male than female immigrants. As expected, participants with lower mate value reported more negative IA, providing tentative support for the hypothesized association between ISC and IA. Because the manipulation of masculinity/femininity was only effective for female images, it remains unclear whether attractive (vs. less attractive) male immigrants elicit more negative IA.
Consciousness From a Learning Perspective
Authors: Gorter Onne
Published: July 2018

For a long time humans have wondered about consciousness. It’s a problem not easily investigated with the tools of science. All the while the question is becoming increasingly more pressing with the emergence of AI systems like self-driving cars. This paper will argue that learning creates subjectivity. And that the way the brain learns requires self-observation and causes consciousness.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Sabbagh Mark , Bowman Lindsay C.
Published: July 2018

Everyday understanding of the social world relies, at least in part, on having a theory of mind—an understanding of how mental states such as beliefs, desires, and intentions cause human behavior. After introducing the core conceptual distinctions to frame discussion of the issues, we review a wide range of literature pertaining to the development of a range of theory of mind understandings; the cognitive, neurobiological, and experiential factors that contribute to those developments; and how the development of theory of mind affects a variety of social competencies, in typical and atypical development. Finally, we discuss various theories of theory of mind development and broader importance of theory of mind research for the field.
The role of intuitive moral foundations in Britain’s Brexit vote
Authors: Harper Craig A. , Hogue Todd
Published: July 2018

In June 2016, British voters took part in a referendum on the UK’s membership of the EU. By a margin of 52%:48%, they voted to leave. Until now, polling data has consistently demonstrated that fixed demographic factors were the best predictors of voting intentions in either direction, but we investigated the role of moral intuitions. Before adding psychological variables, older age, being male, and lower educational attainment predicted the Brexit vote. After adding psychological variables, though, these were non-significant predictors of the vote. Instead, Brexit voting was predicted by political conservatism, ontological insecurities, and an adherence to the liberty foundation of morality. In contrast, only an adherence to the care foundation of morality was significantly predictive of a vote to remain in the EU. These findings were also reflected in linguistic analyses of campaign materials and news items. Our data question some common-sense commentaries of the EU referendum campaign.
Atheist horns and religious halos: Mental representations of atheists and theists
Authors: Brown-Iannuzzi Jazmin Lati , McKee Stephanie , Gervais Will M
Published: July 2018

Theists - regardless of religious affiliation - receive the benefit of being stereotyped as trustworthy and moral (Hall, Cohen, Mayer, Varley, & Brewer, 2015), whereas atheists are viewed as untrustworthy and morally uninhibited (Gervais, 2014a; Gervais, Shariff, & Norenzayan, 2011). The extreme divergence between the stereotypes of theists and atheists suggests that mental images of the two groups may also diverge. We investigated whether people have biased mental images of theists and atheists. The results suggests that mental images of theists are associated with more positive attributes than images of atheists (Study 1), and these mental images influence who is believed to behave morally and immorally (Study 2). Together, the findings suggest that mental images may represent a subtle mechanism reinforcing group-based prejudices (both negative and positive).
Priming Resistance to Persuasion decreases adherence to Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Bonetto Eric , Adam-Troian Jais , Varet Florent , Monaco Grégory Lo , Girandola Fabien
Published: July 2018

Research in the field of Resistance to Persuasion (RP; Knowles & Linn, 2004) has demonstrated that inoculating individuals with counter arguments is effective for lowering their levels of adherence to conspiracist beliefs (CB). Yet, this strategy is limited because it requires specific arguments tailored against targeted conspiracist narratives. Therefore, we investigated whether priming Resistance to Persuasion would reduce individual adherence to CB among undergraduate student samples. A first study (N = 81) demonstrated that participants primed by filling a RP scale had lower CB scores than control participants. This effect was directly replicated twice (N = 205 and N = 265) and confirmed by a mini meta-analysis (N = 519; d = .20). Practical and theoretical implications are then discussed.
Aversion to option loss in a restless bandit task
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Tran Peter , Baz Nicole
Published: July 2018

In everyday life people need to make choices without full information about the environment, which poses an explore-exploit dilemma in which one needs to balance the need to learn about the world and the need to obtain rewards from it. The explore-exploit dilemma is often studied using the multi-armed restless bandit task, in which people repeatedly select from multiple options, and human behaviour is modelled as a form of reinforcement learning via Kalman filters. Inspired by work in the judgment and decision-making literature, we present two experiments using multi- armed bandit tasks in both static and dynamic environments, in situations where options can become unviable and vanish if they are not pursued. A Kalman filter model using Thompson sampling provides an excellent account of human learning in a standard restless bandit task, but there are systematic departures in the vanishing bandit task. We estimate the structure of this loss aversion signal and consider theoretical explanations for the results.
A Concept Map of Curiosity Literature
Authors: Bai Zhen
Published: July 2018

Curiosity is a commonly studied topic in psychology. I produced the following mind map to categorize and understand key contributions to curiosity literature, to inform the design of technology-enhancedlearning technologies to evoke curiosity that we are presently undertaking. Just as the mind map categorizes the literature, the literature de?fines the shape and nature of the mind map presented here-in.
Beyond Reporting Statistical Significance: Identifying Informative Effect Sizes to Improve Scientific Communication
Authors: Hanel Paul H. P. , Mehler David Marc Anton
Published: July 2018

Transparent communication of research is key to foster understanding within and beyond the scientific community. Increased focus on reporting effect sizes in addition of p-value based significance statements may improve scientific communication with the general public. Across two studies (N = 446), we compared informativeness ratings for five effect sizes, Bayes Factor and commonly used significance statements. Results showed that Cohen’s U3 was rated as most informative. For example, 77% of participants found it more informative than Cohen’s d. We therefore suggest that Cohen’s U3 is used when scientific findings are communicated.
A few remarks on stimulus power and interference in visual stimuli
Authors: Skottun Bernt
Published: July 2018

Interference may occur between visual stimuli or between separate elements in visual stimuli. Such interference takes place in the stimuli as these exist independently of vision and visual processing. Interference manifests itself in reduced ”stimulus power” which makes this a central concept in this context. The present report examines three potential measures of stimulus power: Amplitude sum, norm, and sum of the absolutes of wavelet coefficients. These are examined with very simple 1-Dimensional stimuli as examples. It is shown how there may be interference with each of these measures. Thus, interference is not only linked to the Fourier Transform. Due to interference a given stimulus may have less stimulus power when presented along with a second stimulus than when presented alone. This has consequences for the concept of stimulus sinceit makes it possible for the same physical stimulus to have different stimulus power in different contexts.