bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rhetoric of youth justice in Canada
Authors: Hartnagel Timothy F.
Published: December 2004

This article reviews some of the recent political rhetoric and public opinion on the controversial subject of youth crime and how to deal with it, particularly the Young Offenders Act of 1984 and the new Youth Criminal Justice Act of 2002, from a social constructionist perspective. Recent controversy over youth crime and justice is nothing new, reflecting differing views about the causes of crime and the appropriate ways of responding to it as specific manifestations of more fundamental and conflicting ideological assumptions regarding views of human nature, the degree of individual responsibility for behavior, and the fundamental values of society. The debates surrounding the new Youth Criminal Justice Act continue to reflect these ideological conflicts. Generally, there is a substantial gap between much of the rhetoric and the reality of youth crime and justice. Youth crime and justice in Canada is certainly an important issue that requires serious attention, but it is hardly the crisis that some would have us believe. Much depends upon how the new Youth Criminal Justice Act is actually implemented. A failure to alter the usual political rhetoric surrounding youth crime and justice obscures the reality in this area and will contribute to an on-going cycle of controversy that does little to advance efforts of effective crime prevention.
Action research and development coalitions in health care
Authors: Philips Marianne Ekman
Published: December 2004

Action research within the field of work and organization has, for several decades, struggled with the problem of concentrating its efforts on a few workplaces versus distributing them on many. The Swedish programme ‘Work environment in health care’ was an effort to reach out broadly in this sector of working life, although with limited resources. The article presents and discusses an approach based on using dialogically structured encounters to support a number of local developments at the same time as an effort was made to turn these encounters into a permanent infrastructure for development.
Self-referentiality as a power mechanism
Authors: Kristiansen Marianne , Bloch-Poulsen Jørgen
Published: December 2004

The article is a first- and second-person inquiry into power relations between action researchers and participants based on a dialogic action research project with a group of managers at Bang & Olufsen, Denmark. It focuses on discrepancies between our espoused values of dialogue and our theories-in-use characterized by self-referentiality. This concept emerged during the process and describes a non-dialogic way of transforming the perspectives of the other into your own a priori categories and ways of relating. It denotes a power mechanism imposing our regime of truth on participants so that their reality does not count. First- and second-person reflection on self-referentiality is a process of mutual vulnerability and seems to enhance the quality of third-person action and research.
Building capacity in community health action research
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Poland Blake , Murray Michael , Maticka-Tyndale Eleanor
Published: December 2004

Community-based action research has received increased attention in health research as an important vehicle for both knowledge creation and community capacity-building. This approach to research is value-driven, attuned to power issues, committed to stakeholder participation, and action-oriented. Efforts to build capacity within the health research community to engage collaboratively with communities in action research projects must be predicated on a framework that delineates the preferred knowledge base/core concepts, skill sets, and the combination of classroom-based, academic learning, and supervised field learning that is required. In this article we propose a praxis framework that integrates the core concepts, core competencies, and training processes for graduate education in community health action research. We review current opportunities for training in this approach in Canada and illustrate how two graduate programs in different disciplines currently operationalize the elements of the proposed framework.
A centennial tribute to Gregory Bateson 1904-1980 and his influence on the fields of organizational development and action research
Authors: Hawkins Peter
Published: December 2004

This article describes the life and writing of Gregory Bateson, whose centennial is being celebrated in 2004 and who Fritjof Capra has described as ‘One of the most influential thinkers of our time’. The article then describes the influence of Bateson’s work on the fields of organization development and action research, with particular reference to: organizational culture, organizational learning and knowledge management, systemic thinking and the importance of an environmental perspective. The article ends by showing how Bateson was setting out a new paradigm for our times that transcends the differently blinkered approaches of science and religion.
Action research literature
Authors: Dick Bob
Published: December 2004

Recent action research books are reviewed. I give attention to books on appreciative inquiry, action science, systems approaches and action learning. Community, health, education and organizational applications are included. Major action research journals are noted. Based on this literature I identify a number of current trends: the growth of action research and especially appreciative inquiry; an increasing sense of community among action researchers; and growing attention to the practical details of participation and involvement. I question the absence of more material on building theory from action research, and on action research and complexity.
Transforming Worldviews
Authors: Clarke-Habibi Sara
Published: December 2004

Current approaches to peace education tend to focus on specific issues or themes and leave many broader questions about the nature of peace and the means for its lasting establishment in human individual and collective life unanswered. Particularly in the contexts of injustice, violence, and war, peace education programs that have the power to transform worldviews from a conflict orientation to a peace orientation are needed. Such a transformation requires an integrative view of peace as a psychosocial, political, moral, and spiritual condition and depends not merely on reducing conflict but on actively creating unity. This article reviews current trends in peace education and presents the case study of a unique primary and secondary school program called Education for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina that has demonstrated transformative results among intrapersonal, interpersonal, intercommunity, and interinstitutional relations.
Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D.
Published: December 2004

A heterosexual community can be analyzed as a marketplace in which men seek to acquire sex from women by offering other resources in exchange. Societies will therefore define gender roles as if women are sellers and men buyers of sex. Societies will endow female sexuality, but not male sexuality, with value (as in virginity, fidelity, chastity). The sexual activities of different couples are loosely interrelated by a marketplace, instead of being fully separate or private, and each couple's decisions may be influenced by market conditions. Economic principles suggest that the price of sex will depend on supply and demand, competition among sellers, variations in product, collusion among sellers, and other factors. Research findings show gender asymmetries (reflecting the complementary economic roles) in prostitution, courtship, infidelity and divorce, female competition, the sexual revolution and changing norms, unequal status between partners, cultural suppression of female sexulity, abusive relationships, rape, and sexual attitudes.
Testicular Dysgenesis without Adrenal Insufficiency in a 46,XY Patient with a Heterozygous Inactive Mutation of Steroidogenic Factor-1
Authors: Hasegawa Tomonobu , Fukami Maki , Sato Naoko , Katsumata Noriyuki , Sasaki Goro , Fukutani Keiko , Morohashi Ken-Ichirou , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: December 2004

Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) regulates multiple genes involved in the adrenal and gonadal development and in the biosynthesis of a variety of hormones, including adrenal and gonadal steroids, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and gonadotropins. We identified a novel SF-1 mutation in a 27-yr-old Japanese patient with a 46,XY karyotype. Sequence analysis was performed for all the seven exons of SF-1, revealing a heterozygous single base pair deletion at exon 2 (18delC) that is predicted to cause a frameshift at the sixth codon and resultant termination at the 74th codon. Functional studies showed that the mutation produced no demonstrable protein and had no transcription activity or dominant negative effect. Clinical features included small dysgenetic testes with vasa deferentia and epididymides, absent uterus, blind-ending vagina, clitoromegaly, and psychosexual disturbance. Endocrine studies showed normal adrenal function (cortisol response to ACTH stimulation, 13.4→25.3 μg/dl) and primary hypogonadism (testosterone response to hCG stimulation, 0.57→0.76 ng/ml; gonadotropin responses to GnRH stimulation: LH, 10→59 mIU/ml; FSH, 36→69 mIU/ml), and urinary steroid hormone profile analysis indicated grossly normal steroidogenic enzyme activities. The results suggest that SF-1 haploinsufficiency can selectively impair testicular development and permit the biosynthesis of AMH and testosterone in dysgenetic testes and the production of gonadotropins in pituitary gonadotropes.
Forskolin, 8-Br-3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate, and Catalytic Protein Kinase A Expression in the Nucleus Increase Radioiodide Uptake and Sodium/Iodide Symporter Protein Levels in RET/PTC1-Expressing Cells
Authors: Venkateswaran Anjli , Marsee Derek K. , Green Steven H. , Jhiang Sissy M.
Published: December 2004

RET/PTC1, a thyroid-specific oncogene, has been reported to down-regulate sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression and function in vitro and in vivo. Recently, RET/PTC1 has been shown to interfere with TSH signaling at multiple levels in thyroid cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether RET/PTC1-mediated NIS reduction can be rescued by activating cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathways. We showed that both forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP increase radioiodide uptake and NIS protein in RET/PTC1-expressing cells to the same extent as the parental PC Cl 3 cells. We found that RET/PTC1 decreases nuclear localization of catalytic PKA, and forskolin treatment was able to counteract this RET/PTC1 effect. Furthermore, transient expression of catalytic PKA in the nucleus increased radioiodide uptake and NIS protein in RET/PTC1-expressing cells. Taken together, these studies suggest that RET/PTC1 down-regulates NIS expression by interrupting TSH/cAMP signaling, and this RET/PTC1 effect can be reversed by activating cAMP-PKA pathways.
[18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Medulloblastoma
Authors: Gururangan Sridharan , Hwang Eugene , Herndon James E. , Fuchs Herbert , George Timothy , Coleman R Edward
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

We evaluated the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation during positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with medulloblastoma and examined the relationship of intensity of uptake with patient outcome after the initial scan.

METHODS:

Magnetic resonance imaging and FDG-PET scans of brain and spine were used to assess FDG uptake by visual grade (qualitative analysis) and metabolic activity ratios (Tmax/Gmean and Tmax/Wmean). Patients were divided into two groups based on either confirmation of tumor by biopsy and/or death resulting from progressive disease after the initial FDG-PET scan (Group A) or no intervention for the suspected lesion shown on magnetic resonance imaging after the initial FDG-PET scan but currently alive without evidence of disease (Group B).

RESULTS:

Twenty-two patients with either recurrent (n = 21) or newly diagnosed (n = 1) medulloblastoma underwent brain (n = 18) or whole-body (n = 4) FDG-PET scans after magnetic resonance imaging evidence of suspected tumor. The median qualitative analysis was 3 (range, 0–4) in 17 Group A patients compared with 0 (range, 0–1) in 5 Group B patients (P = 0.0003). The mean Tmax/Gmean and Tmax/Wmean ratios for 16 Group A patients were 1.3 (range, 0.1–3.8) and 2.10 (range, 0.4–5.2), respectively, compared with 0.80 (range, 0.20–1.5) and 1.3 (range, 0.5–1.9) in 5 Group B patients (P = 0.2 for both parameters, not significant). There was a significant negative correlation between increased FDG uptake and survival. Higher qualitative analysis and Tmax/Wmean were associated with significantly poorer 2-year overall survival after the initial scan (71% versus 15% for qualitative analysis grade of <3 versus ≥3, P = 0.001; 46% versus 0% for Tmax/Wmean ≤2.5 versus –2.5, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSION:

Increased FDG uptake is observed in medulloblastoma and is correlated negatively with survival.
Spinal Intradural Juxtamedullary Cysts in the Adult: Surgical Management and Outcome
Authors: Bassiouni Hischam , Hunold Anja , Asgari Siamak , Hübschen Uwe , König Hermann-Josef , Stolke Dietmar
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

Intradural nonneoplastic cysts compressing the spinal cord are rare lesions. We retrospectively analyzed a series of patients harboring this entity with regard to clinical and radiological features, surgical management, and follow-up results.

METHODS:

In a retrospective study, we reviewed the medical charts, radiological investigations, and follow-up data of 11 women and 10 men (mean age, 43.6 yr) with intradural juxtamedullary spinal cysts, which were consecutively treated microsurgically at our institutions between January 1995 and January 2003. All lesions were approached via a laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, or laminoplasty at the corresponding vertebral levels and histopathologically verified. The patients were routinely scheduled for clinical follow-up 2 and 6 months after surgery. Baseline postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was ordered 6 months after surgery. Thereafter, follow-up was performed at 1-year intervals, with neurological examination and MRI.

RESULTS:

According to presenting symptomatology, two main patient groups could be differentiated: one group with a myelopathic syndrome (10 patients) and another group with a predominant radicular pain syndrome (8 patients). Histopathological examination revealed 16 arachnoid cysts, 4 neuroepithelial cysts, and 1 cervical nerve root cyst. Most arachnoid cysts (12 cases) were located on the dorsal aspect of the thoracic spinal cord. The mean craniocaudal extension of these cysts was 3.7 vertebral levels, and complete resection was performed. In four patients, the arachnoid cyst was situated ventral to the spinal cord and involved up to 17 vertebral levels. These patients had a history of major spinal trauma, and the cyst was generously fenestrated at its greatest circumference as depicted on preoperative MRI scans. The four neuroepithelial cysts and the cervical nerve root cyst were located on the ventral or ventrolateral aspect of the spinal cord, and their maximum sagittal extension was two spinal vertebral levels. Symptoms in all but two patients demonstrated major improvement; in particular, radiating pain disappeared immediately after surgery. There was no cyst recurrence on MRI after a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years.

CONCLUSION:

Intradural cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions causing myelopathy and/or a radicular pain syndrome. Microsurgical resection or generous fenestration in cysts with large craniocaudal extensions effectively ameliorated patients' symptomatology. A description of the first documented case of a surgically treated intradural cervical nerve root cyst is provided.
Pallidal Stimulation for Dystonia
Authors: Krause Martin , Fogel Wolfgang , Kloss Manja , Rasche Dirk , Volkmann Jens , Tronnier Volker
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a new and promising treatment option for severe dystonia. Yet only few studies have been published to date regarding this treatment. We present the results of DBS of the GPi in 17 patients with severe dystonia of different causes.

METHODS:

In our study, we included 10 patients with primary generalized dystonia, six patients with secondary generalized dystonia, and one patient with a severe dystonic cervical tremor. In all patients, DBS electrodes were implanted bilaterally within the GPi. Mean follow-up time was 36 months (range, 12–66 mo). Preoperative and postoperative evaluations (at least annually) were performed using the Burk-Fahn-Marsden scale.

RESULTS:

The best improvement was achieved in patients with DYT1-positive dystonia. Patients with DYT1-negative generalized dystonia showed inhomogeneous results. There was no significant change in patients with tardive dystonia. One case of Hallervorden-Spatz disease improved dramatically within the first 2 years. The improvement in the cervical dystonic tremor was disappointing, however. Three years after DBS implantation, we found a secondary worsening of symptoms in one patient with a DYT1-positive dystonia and in the patient with Hallervorden-Spatz disease.

CONCLUSION:

DBS of the GPi is a new and promising treatment option for dystonia. Secondary worsening may limit this therapy.
Retinoic acid signaling acts via Hox1 to establish the posterior limit of the pharynx in the chordate amphioxus
Authors: Schubert Michael , Yu Jr-Kai , Holland Nicholas D. , Escriva Hector , Laudet Vincent , Holland Linda Z.
Published: December 2004

In the invertebrate chordate amphioxus, as in vertebrates, retinoic acid(RA) specifies position along the anterior/posterior axis with elevated RA signaling in the middle third of the endoderm setting the posterior limit of the pharynx. Here we show that AmphiHox1 is also expressed in the middle third of the developing amphioxus endoderm and is activated by RA signaling. Knockdown of AmphiHox1 function with an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide shows that AmphiHox1 mediates the role of RA signaling in setting the posterior limit of the pharynx by repressing expression of pharyngeal markers in the posterior foregut/midgut endoderm. The spatiotemporal expression of these endodermal genes in embryos treated with RA or the RA antagonist BMS009 indicates that Pax1/9, Pitx and Notch are probably more upstream than Otx and Nodalin the hierarchy of genes repressed by RA signaling. This work highlights the potential of amphioxus, a genomically simple, vertebrate-like invertebrate chordate, as a paradigm for understanding gene hierarchies similar to the more complex ones of vertebrates.
The Hand1 and Hand2 transcription factors regulate expansion of the embryonic cardiac ventricles in a gene dosage-dependent manner
Authors: McFadden David G. , Barbosa Ana C. , Richardson James A. , Schneider Michael D. , Srivastava Deepak , Olson Eric N.
Published: December 2004

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Hand1 and Hand2 display dynamic and spatially restricted expression patterns in the developing heart. Mice that lack Hand2 die at embryonic day 10.5 from right ventricular hypoplasia and vascular defects, whereas mice that lack Hand1 die at embryonic day 8.5 from placental and extra-embryonic abnormalities that preclude analysis of its potential role in later stages of heart development. To determine the cardiac functions of Hand1, we generated mice harboring a conditional Hand1-null allele and excised the gene by cardiac-specific expression of Cre recombinase. Embryos homozygous for the cardiac Hand1 gene deletion displayed defects in the left ventricle and endocardial cushions, and exhibited dysregulated ventricular gene expression. However, these embryos survived until the perinatal period when they died from a spectrum of cardiac abnormalities. Creation of Hand1/2 double mutant mice revealed gene dose-sensitive functions of Hand transcription factors in the control of cardiac morphogenesis and ventricular gene expression. These findings demonstrate that Hand factors play pivotal and partially redundant roles in cardiac morphogenesis, cardiomyocyte differentiation and cardiac-specific transcription.
Growth and pattern of the mammalian neural tube are governed by partially overlapping feedback activities of the hedgehog antagonists patched 1 and Hhip1
Authors: Jeong Juhee , McMahon Andrew P.
Published: December 2004

Upregulation of Patched (Ptc), the Drosophila Hedgehog (Hh)receptor in response to Hh signaling limits the range of signaling within a target field by sequestering Hh. In vertebrates, Ptch1 also exhibits ligand-dependent transcriptional activation, but mutants lacking this response show surprisingly normal early development. The identification of Hh-interacting protein 1 (Hhip1), a vertebrate-specific feedback antagonist of Hh signaling, raises the possibility of overlapping feedback controls. We addressed the significance of feedback systems in sonic hedgehog(Shh)-dependent spinal cord patterning. Mouse embryos lacking both Ptch1 and Hhip1 feedback activities exhibit severe patterning defects consistent with an increased magnitude and range of Hh signaling, and disrupted growth control. Thus, Ptc/Ptch1-dependent feedback control of Hh morphogens is conserved between flies and mice, but this role is shared in vertebrates with Hhip1. Furthermore, this feedback mechanism is crucial in generating a neural tube that contains appropriate numbers of all ventral and intermediate neuronal cell types.
Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch
Authors: Hart Nathan S. , Lisney Thomas J. , Marshall N. Justin , Collin Shaun P.
Published: December 2004

Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are the modern descendents of the first jawed vertebrates and, as apex predators, often occupy the highest trophic levels of aquatic (predominantly marine) ecosystems. However, despite their crucial role in the structure of marine communities, their importance both to commercial and to recreational fisheries, and the inherent interest in their role in vertebrate evolution, very little is known about their visual capabilities, especially with regard to whether or not they have the potential for colour vision. Using microspectrophotometry, we show that the retinae of the giant shovelnose ray (Rhinobatos typus) and the eastern shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema rostrata) contain three spectrally distinct cone visual pigments with wavelengths of maximum absorbance(λmax) at 477, 502 and 561 nm and at 459, 492 and 553 nm,respectively. The retinae of R. typus and A. rostrata also contain a single type of rod visual pigment with λmax at 504 and 498 nm, respectively. R. typus, living in the same estuarine waters as A. rostrata, were found to have identical visual pigments to R. typus inhabiting coral reef flats, despite a considerable difference in habitat spectral radiance. This is the first time that multiple cone visual pigments have been measured directly in an elasmobranch. The finding raises the possibility that some species are able to discriminate colour – a visual ability traditionally thought to be lacking in this vertebrate class – and it is evident that the visual ecology of elasmobranchs is far more complex than once thought.
Sequence and expression of a constitutive, facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT1) in Atlantic codGadus morhua
Authors: Hall Jennifer R. , MacCormack Tyson J. , Barry Catherine A. , Driedzic William R.
Published: December 2004

A putative glucose transporter, GLUT1, is reported for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. A combination of RT-PCR, RLM-RACE and genome walking were used to articulate a 4560 bp cDNA (GenBank accession number AY526497). It contains a 149 bp 5′ UTR, a 1470 bp open reading frame and a 2941 bp 3′ UTR. At the nucleotide level, the cod GLUT1 ORF shares 78.2% sequence identity to human GLUT1 and the deduced amino acid sequence clusters with GLUT1s from rainbow trout and carp. GLUT1 transcript is highly expressed in brain, gill, heart and kidney and expressed to a lower level in at least six other tissues. Expression is evident immediately upon fertilization of eggs. Six hours of hypoxia at 40% DO2 did not alter expression levels in brain, gill, heart or kidney. The level of expression is not substantially altered in heart during low temperature challenge, although there is a suggestion that colder temperature could lead to lower levels of expression,consistent with the concept that the cold-acclimated heart has a reduced dependence upon glucose as a metabolic fuel. Two months of starvation did not significantly alter the level of expression of GLUT1 in heart. This is in marked contrast to the rat heart where fasting leads to a substantial decrease in GLUT1 levels. Overall, there is a ubiquitous tissue distribution of GLUT1,consistent with other species, and the level of gene expression, especially in heart, is relatively constant over a range of physiological conditions.
Lactate availability is not the major factor limiting muscle glycogen repletion during recovery from an intense sprint in previously active fasted rats
Authors: Raja Ghazala , Mills Sally , Palmer T. Norman , Fournier Paul A.
Published: December 2004

It is not clear whether the amount of accumulated lactate is the main factor limiting muscle glycogen accumulation during recovery from an intense sprint performed by previously active fasted laboratory rats. To address this question, groups of fasted rats swam at moderate intensity for 30 min, each animal with a lead weight equivalent to 0.5% body mass attached to its tail,followed by a 3 min high intensity swim with a 10% lead weight and a recovery period of up to 2 hours afterwards. Moderately intense exercise for 30 min caused a decrease in muscle glycogen levels in the mixed, white and red gastrocnemius and the mixed quadriceps muscles, and a further rapid fall occurred in response to the 3 min sprint effort. During recovery, glycogen increased to comparable or above pre-sprint levels across all muscles, and this occurred to a large extent at the expense of net carbon sources other than lactate, with these carbon sources accounting for at least 36–65%of the glycogen deposited. The sustained dephosphorylation-mediated activation of glycogen synthase, but not the changes in glucose 6-phosphate levels, most probably played an important role in enabling the replenishment of muscle glycogen stores. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the amount of glycogen deposited during recovery from high intensity exercise in fasted animals is not limited by the amount of accumulated lactate.
A procedure and criterion for bone cement fracture toughness tests
Authors: Guandalini L , Baleani M , Viceconti M
Published: December 2004

Nowadays, two procedures, based on the recommendation of two American standards (ASTM E399 and ASTM D5045), are used to determine the fracture toughness, KIC, of bone cement. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the equivalence of the two testing methods applied to bone cement. Additionally, in spite of the recommendation of several authors to introduce a rejection criterion for specimens based on the size of defects found in the fracture surface, no data are available about the effect of porosity within the material on the KIC of bone cement.

The aims of this study were to verify whether the KIC values calculated for bone cement using the two procedures are comparable and whether macroporosity within the tested samples affects the KIC value of bone cement, and, if so, to establish a rejection criterion for specimen selection. Samples of pure polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were tested by both procedures. Additionally, samples showing defects (macroporosity) of different sizes and located in different positions within the specimen were tested. The KIC value determined following the ASTM E399 procedure was 13 per cent lower than that calculated following the ASTM D5045 procedure. In the first series a lower data scatter was observed. Also, the presence of macroporosity on the fracture surface of the specimen affected the KIC value of bone cement. Therefore, the mechanical behaviour of samples was affected by defects within the material. Since it is possible to mould specimens without macroporosity, it seems recommendable to reject specimens with macroporosity on the fracture surface before calculating the KIC value of bone cement.
Could the intraosseous fluid in cancellous bone bear external load significantly within the elastic range?
Authors: Hwa Hong Jung
Published: December 2004

Cancellous bone is a two-phase material comprising a porous solid and a fluid. The intraosseous fluid fills the voids of the porous solid and occupies more than 85 per cent of the volume of cancellous bone. Cancellous bone undergoes various loadings; therefore could the intraosseous fluid in cancellous bone bear external load significantly? To answer this question, a specific experimental setup representing the most restrictive fluid flow boundaries around a bovine vertebral cancellous bone sample was designed. Then, a quasi-static loading was applied up to the strain of 0.6 per cent as the measured intraosseous pressure changed in the undrained and drained conditions. A significant intraosseous pressure was generated in the undrained condition, but no intraosseous pressure generation was generated in the drained condition. The maximum external load-bearing capability of the intraosseous fluid in bovine vertebral cancellous bone at the strain of 0.6 per cent was about 66 per cent of the total load in the experimental setup used in this study.
Alkali-guided Synthesis of Polyaniline Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Wang Xing , Liu Na , Yan Xue , Zhang Wanjin , Wei Yen
Published: December 2004

Polyaniline hollow microspheres with conductivity of 9.7 × 10−3 S/cm were synthesized with alkali-guided method. The alkali (NaOH)-guided oxidation of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate as well as doping sulfate anion onto polyaniline.
Monooxomolybdenum(IV) Complex with Extremely Bulky Dithiolate Ligands — Acceleration of O-atom Transfer by Distorted Square Pyramidal Conformation
Authors: Baba Koji , Okamura Taka-aki , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Yamamoto Tetsuo , Ohama Mitsuo , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: December 2004

Q2[MoIVO{1,2-S2-3,6-(Ph3CCONH)2C6H2}2] (Q = NEt4 (1), PPh4 (2)) was synthesized and characterized as a model for Mo-enzymes. The crystal structure of 2 shows the slightly distorted square pyramidal core, MoIVOS4. The O-atom transfer reaction from Me3NO to Me3N in the presence of 1 proceeds at 30 to 48 times higher rates than in the presence of [MoIVO{1,2-S2-(C6H4)}2]2− (3).
Effect of Sm Addition on Ni–MgO Catalysts for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes via Methane Decomposition
Authors: Li Ke , Lu Gongxuan , Wang Weiping , Li Jianzhong , Liu Jianfu
Published: December 2004

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized over Ni–MgO and Ni–Sm–Mg catalysts by decomposition of CH4 at 923 K. The addition of Sm into Ni–MgO catalyst promotes its catalytic activity and lifetime. The yield of CNTs obtained over the optimized Ni–Sm–Mg catalyst reaches 1260 wt % relative to the weight of the catalyst, which is more than 4 times that of the Ni–MgO catalyst. The possible interaction between Sm and Ni species is discussed.
A Thermal Reduction–Nitridation Route to Nanocrystalline Chromium Nitride (CrN)
Authors: Ma Jianhua , Du Yihong
Published: December 2004

Nanocrystalline CrN was synthesized via thermal reduction–nitridation route by the reaction of CrCl3 with NH4Cl and Na in an autoclave at 400 °C. X-ray powder diffraction pattern indicated that the product was cubic CrN. An atomic ratio of Cr to N of 1.08:1 was determined from X-ray photoelectron spectra. Transmission electron microscopy image showed that the sample consisted of particles with the diameters of 20–40 nm.
A Room Temperature Self-sacrificing Template Route to Ag2Te Fibers
Authors: Mu Li , Wan Junxi , Ma Dekun , Zhang Rui , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai
Published: December 2004

Tellurium fibers are first synthesized through the reduction of Na2TeO4 by hydrazine hydrate. The as-prepared tellurium fibers are used as templates for further reaction with aqueous AgNO3 solution to get Ag2Te fibers at room temperature.
Police Officer Frustrations about Handling Domestic Violence Calls
Authors: Johnson Richard R.
Published: December 2004

Police officers have reported that their work is often stressful and responding to domestic violence calls is often viewed with frustration. Frustration can lead to poor health, low morale and behaviour problems. The primary sources of these frustrations have yet to be fully identified.

A non-random sample of 74 Illinois police officers was surveyed to determine their greatest frustration about handling domestic violence calls. Their responses indicated that the officers were most frustrated by the behaviours of victims, the operation of the criminal courts, their department's operations and informal policies, and the complexities of applying the law. However, the majority of the responses indicated an attitude of seriousness toward the crime of domestic violence. The responses focused mainly on behaviours and circumstances that thwarted attempts to see batterers prosecuted.
When is a Cop Not a Cop? When He is Not in the Execution of His Duty: The Police Pensions Regulations 1987, Principles and Problems
Authors: Barron Alan
Published: December 2004

This article examines the considerable body of caselaw that has built up concerning the interpretation of the Police Pensions Regulations 1987. Particular problems arise in relation to the interpretation of the term ‘execution of duty’ and the payment of disability pensions and benefits. Only if an injury is received in the execution of duty will additional payments become available to an officer retiring by reason of disability. The interpretation of this term demonstrates one of the fundamental flaws in the Regulations, which is that medical practitioners are required to decide questions of law. Further problems in interpretation have arisen in relation to the availability of judicial review under the Regulations and what are to be regarded as the ordinary duties of a police officer. A review of these areas is also undertaken, leading to the conclusion that the Regulations are ripe for reform.
Criminal justice, cultural justice: The limits of liberalism and the pragmatics of difference in the new south africa
Authors: Comaroff John L. , Comaroff Jean
Published: December 2004

What are the limits of liberalism in accommodating the growing demands of difference? Can a Euromodernist nation‐state, founded on One Law, infuse itself with another, with an African jurisprudence? And how is it to deal with cultural practices deemed “dangerous” by the canons of enlightenment reason? These questions are especially urgent in postcolonies like South Africa, with highly diverse populations whose traditional ways and means are accorded constitutional protection. Here we examine how South Africans are dealing with such “dangerous” practices in an era in which their nation is becoming ever more policultural; how, in the process, an Afromodernity is taking organic shape in the interstices between new democratic institutions and the kingdom of custom; how the confrontation between Culture, in the upper case, and a state founded on liberal universalism is beginning to reconfigure the political landscape of this postcolony—as it is, we argue, in many places across the planet.
No past, no present: A critical‐Nayaka perspective on cultural remembering
Authors: Bird‐David Nurit
Published: December 2004

By means of an ethnographic analysis of Nayaka life stories and trance invocations, I revisit the common wisdom that cultures classed as “immediate‐return hunter‐gatherers” show little interest in the past. I argue that Nayaka are not interested in the past in the common Eurocentric understanding thereof. They are interested, however, in a past filtered through their own sensibilities. Their specific case supports a broader critique of studying ways of remembering the past in terms of a Eurocentric past–present distinction.
Life of the mind: The interface of psychopharmaceuticals, domestic economies, and social abandonment
Authors: Biehl João
Published: December 2004

In this article, I address the embroilment of medical science in the lifeworlds of the urban poor in Brazil, particularly the place of psychopharmaceuticals within households. I explore how psychiatric diagnostics and treatments are integrated into a domestic “dramaturgy of the real” and how family members use them to assess human value and to mediate the disposal of persons considered unproductive or unsound. I focus on the life of Catarina, who was deemed mad and left by her family in an asylum in southern Brazil. Disabled and abandoned, Catarina began to compile a “dictionary” of words that have meaning for her. By tracing Catarina's words back to the people, households, and medical institutions that she had once been a part of, I illuminate the complex network in which her abandonment and pathology took form as well as the edges of human imagination that she keeps expanding. From this examination, one comes to understand how economic globalization, state and medical reform, and acceleration of claims over human rights and citizenship coincide with and impinge on a local production of social death. One also sees how mental disorders gain form at the juncture between the subject, her biology, and the technical and political coding of her sense of being alive. Hers is not just bare life, though: Thinking through her condition, Catarina anticipates social ties and one more chance. This is also a story of the methodological and ethical challenges I faced as I supported Catarina's search for consistency and her demands for continuity.
M.F.K. Fisher in France: The First Insouciant Spell (1929––1932)
Authors: reardon joan
Published: December 2004

The First Insouciant Spell

"The First Insouciant Spell" is one of the key chapters from Joan Reardon's Poet of the Appetites: The Lives and Loves of M.F.K. Fisher in which the newly-married Mary Frances Kennedy sails from California with her husband Alfred Fisher to study in France. They enroll at the University of Dijon, where she learns the language and literature of the country and is initiated into the gastronomy of Burgundy, one of the famous wine-growing regions of France. Living in a pension in the midst of family celebrations and crises gave Fisher an intimate knowledge of the closed circle of French family life, and it supplied her with a cast of characters she would introduce into her books over the years. It was in Dijon also that she developed her special fondness for waiters, shopkeepers, and taxi drivers, and the experience inspired her earliest writings about food and wine.
Spectral Currencies in the Air of Reality: A Journal of the Plague Year and the History of Apparitions
Authors: LEWIS JAYNE ELIZABETH
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT Long recognized as staples of an emergent print culture, English apparition narratives of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries depicted the materialization not only of spiritual forms but also of literature—writing, and especially printed writing—itself. Equally long recognized as an important, if ambiguous, text in the history of the early novel, Daniel Defoe's Journal of the Plague Year (1722) is in fact interwoven with contemporary practices of apparition narrative. Read in relation to those practices, the Journal opens a metanarrative about the symbolic and epistemological—the literally supernatural—dimensions of the printed page at a pivotal moment in its history.
Available human feeder cells for the maintenance of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Lee Jung Bok , Song Ji Min , Lee Jeoung Eun , Park Jong Hyuk , Kim Sun Jong , Kang Soo Man , Kwon Ji Nie , Kim Moon Kyoo , Roh Sung Il , Yoon Hyun Soo
Published: December 2004

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been previously used as feeder cells to support the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In this study, human adult uterine endometrial cells (hUECs), human adult breast parenchymal cells (hBPCs) and embryonic fibroblasts (hEFs) were tested as feeder cells for supporting the growth of hESCs to prevent the possibility of contamination from animal feeder cells. Cultured hUECs, hBPCs and hEFs were mitotically inactivated and then plated. hESCs (Miz-hES1, NIH registered) initially established on mouse feeder layers were transferred onto each human feeder layer and split every 5 days. The morphology, expression of specific markers and differentiation capacity of hESCs adapted on each human feeder layer were examined. On hUEC, hBPC and hEF feeder layers, hESCs proliferated for more than 90, 50 and 80 passages respectively. Human feeder-based hESCs were positive for stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3 and -4, and Apase; they also showed similar differentiation capacity to MEF-based hESCs, as assessed by the formation of teratomas and expression of tissue-specific markers. However, hESCs cultured on hUEC and hEF feeders were slightly thinner and flatter than MEF- or hBPC-based hESCs. Our results suggest that, like MEF feeder layers, human feeder layers can support the proliferation of hESCs without differentiation. Human feeder cells have the advantage of supporting more passages than when MEFs are used as feeder cells, because hESCs can be uniformly maintained in the undifferentiated stage until they pass through senescence. hESCs established and/or maintained under stable xeno-free culture conditions will be helpful to cell-based therapy.
Comparing the Linkage Maps of the Close Relatives Arabidopsis lyrata and A. thaliana
Authors: Kuittinen Helmi , de Haan Anita A , Vogl Claus , Oikarinen Sami , Leppälä Johanna , Koch Marcus , Mitchell-Olds Tom , Langley Charles H , Savolainen Outi
Published: December 2004

We have constructed a genetic map of Arabidopsis lyrata, a self-incompatible relative of the plant model species A. thaliana. A. lyrata is a diploid (n = 8) species that diverged from A. thaliana (n = 5) ∼5 MYA. Mapping was conducted in a full-sib progeny of two unrelated F1 hybrids between two European populations of A. lyrata ssp. petraea. We used the least-squares method of the Joinmap program for map construction. The gross chromosomal differences between the two species were most parsimoniously explained with three fusions, two reciprocal translocations, and one inversion. The total map length was 515 cM, and the distances were 12% larger than those between corresponding markers in the linkage map of A. thaliana. The 72 markers, consisting of microsatellites and gene-based markers, were spaced on average every 8 cM. Transmission ratio distortion was extensive, and most distortions were specific to each reciprocal cross, suggesting cytoplasmic interactions. We estimate locations and most probable genotype frequencies of transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDL) with a Bayesian method and discuss the possible reasons for the observed distortions.
Drosophila crinkled, Mutations of Which Disrupt Morphogenesis and Cause Lethality, Encodes Fly Myosin VIIA
Authors: Kiehart Daniel P , Franke Josef D , Chee Mark K , Montague R A , Chen Tung-ling , Roote John , Ashburner Michael
Published: December 2004

Myosin VIIs provide motor function for a wide range of eukaryotic processes. We demonstrate that mutations in crinkled (ck) disrupt the Drosophila myosin VIIA heavy chain. The ck/myoVIIA protein is present at a low level throughout fly development and at the same level in heads, thoraxes, and abdomens. Severe ck alleles, likely to be molecular nulls, die as embryos or larvae, but all allelic combinations tested thus far yield a small fraction of adult “escapers” that are weak and infertile. Scanning electron microscopy shows that escapers have defects in bristles and hairs, indicating that this motor protein plays a role in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton. We generate a homology model for the structure of the ck/myosin VIIA head that indicates myosin VIIAs, like myosin IIs, have a spectrin-like, SH3 subdomain fronting their N terminus. In addition, we establish that the two myosin VIIA FERM repeats share high sequence similarity with only the first two subdomains of the three-lobed structure that is typical of canonical FERM domains. Nevertheless, the ∼100 and ∼75 amino acids that follow the first two lobes of the first and second FERM domains are highly conserved among myosin VIIs, suggesting that they compose a conserved myosin tail homology 7 (MyTH7) domain that may be an integral part of the FERM domain or may function independently of it. Together, our data suggest a key role for ck/myoVIIA in the formation of cellular projections and other actin-based functions required for viability.
Rapid Evolution Through Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization of the Testes-Specific α4 Proteasome Subunits in DrosophilaSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY542377, AY542378, AY542379, AY542380, AY542381, AY542382, AY542383, AY542384, AY542385, AY542386, AY542387, AY542388, AY542389, AY542390, AY542391, AY542392, AY542393, AY542394, AY542395, AY542396, AY542397, AY542398, AY542399, AY542400, AY542401, AY542402, AY542403, AY542404, AY542405, AY542406, AY542407, AY542408, AY542409, AY542410, AY542411, AY542412, AY542413, AY542414, AY542415, AY542416, AY542417, AY542418, AY542419, AY542420, AY542421, AY542422, AY542423, AY542424, AY542425, AY542426, AY542427, AY542428, AY542429, AY542430, AY542431, AY542432.
Authors: Torgerson Dara G , Singh Rama S
Published: December 2004

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for acquiring new genes and creating genetic novelty in organisms. Evidence suggests that duplicated genes are retained at a much higher rate than originally thought and that functional divergence of gene copies is a major factor promoting their retention in the genome. We find that two Drosophila testes-specific α4 proteasome subunit genes (α4-t1 and α4-t2) have a higher polymorphism within species and are significantly more diverged between species than the somatic α4 gene. Our data suggest that following gene duplication, the α4-t1 gene experienced relaxed selective constraints, whereas the α4-t2 gene experienced positive selection acting on several codons. We report significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rates among all three paralogs at homologous codons, indicating that functional divergence has coincided with genic divergence. Reproductive subfunctionalization may allow for a more rapid evolution of reproductive traits and a greater specialization of testes function. Our data add to the increasing evidence that duplicated genes experience lower selective constraints and in some cases positive selection following duplication. Newly duplicated genes that are freer from selective constraints may provide a mechanism for developing new interactions and a pathway for the evolution of new genes.