bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the footprints of short-term variation in XCO2 observed by TCCON sites using NIES and FLEXPART atmospheric transport models
Authors: Belikov D. A. , Maksyutov S. , Ganshin A. , Zhuravlev R. , Deutscher N. M. , Wunch D. , Feist D. G. , Morino I. , Parker R. J. , Strong K. , Yoshida Y. , Bril A. , Oshchepkov S. , Boesch H. , Dubey M. K. , Griffith D. , Hewson W. , Kivi R. , Mendonca J. , Notholt J. , Schneider M. , Sussmann R. , Velazco V. , Aoki S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) is a network of ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) that record near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the Sun. From these spectra, accurate and precise observations of CO2 column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (denoted XCO2) are retrieved. TCCON FTS observations have previously been used to validate satellite estimations of XCO2; however, our knowledge of the short-term spatial and temporal variations in XCO2 surrounding the TCCON sites is limited. In this work, we use the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Eulerian three-dimensional transport model and the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle) Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) to determine the footprints of short-term variations in XCO2 observed by operational, past, future, and possible TCCON sites. We propose a footprint-based method for the colocation of satellite and TCCON XCO2 observations, and estimate the performance of the method using the NIES model and five GOSAT XCO2 product datasets. Comparison of the proposed approach with a standard geographic method shows higher number of colocation points and average bias reduction up to 0.15 ppm for a subset of 16 stations for the period from January 2010 to January 2014. Case studies of the Darwin and La Réunion sites reveal that when the footprint area is rather curved, non-uniform and significantly different from a geographical rectangular area, the differences between these approaches are more noticeable. This emphasizes that the colocation is sensitive to local meteorological conditions and flux distributions.
Inferring the size distribution of volcanic ash from IASI measurements and optimal estimation
Authors: Western Luke M. , Francis Peter N. , Watson I. Matthew , Mackie Shona
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study demonstrates a method of retrieving the mass column loading and cloud-top pressure of a volcanic ash cloud, together with the effective radius and spread of the ash particle size distribution, as well as the cloud top pressure of any underlying water cloud, using an optimal estimation technique applied to Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer data. Two shapes of particle size distribution are considered, a log-normal and a gamma distribution. Results show that it is viable to retrieve a measure of the size distribution spread, namely the geometric standard deviation, when a log-normal distribution is assumed, whereas this is not the case for an assumed gamma distribution in terms of its effective variance. The volcanic conditions under which the method works well are discussed, as are its shortcomings. The method is applied to two volcanic eruptions: Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland using data from 6th May 2010 and Kasatochi, Alaska using data from 8th August 2008. The results show that the retrieved geometric standard deviation of these ash clouds is spatially variable, and is generally similar to what is assumed in many passive infrared remote sensing techniques. An abrupt change in the retrieved geometric standard deviation has been observed for the Eyjafjallajökull eruption along the trajectory of the ash cloud, and possible explanations for this are discussed.
Approaches to radar reflectivity bias correction to improve rainfall estimation in Korea
Authors: You Cheol-Hwan , Kang Mi-Young , Lee Dong-In , Lee Jung-Tae
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Three methods for determining the reflectivity bias of single polarization radar using dual polarization radar reflectivity and disdrometer data (i.e., the equidistance line, overlapping area, and disdrometer methods) are proposed and evaluated for two low-pressure rainfall events that occurred over the Korean Peninsula on 25 August 2014 and 8 September 2012. Single polarization radar reflectivity was underestimated by more than 12 and 7 dB in the two rain events, respectively. All methods improved the accuracy of rainfall estimation, except for one case where drop size distributions were not observed, as the precipitation system did not pass through the disdrometer location. The use of these bias correction methods reduced the RMSE by as much as 50 %. Overall, the most accurate rainfall estimates were obtained using the overlapping area method to correct radar reflectivity.
On the numerical stability of surface-atmosphere coupling in weather and climate models
Authors: Beljaars Anton , Dutra Emanuel , Balsamo Gianpaolo
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Coupling the atmosphere with the underlying surface presents numerical stability challenges in cost-effective model integrations used for operational weather prediction or climate simulations. These are due to the choice of large integration time-step, aiming at reducing computational burden, and to an explicit flux coupling formulation, often preferred for its simplicity and modularity. The atmospheric models therefore use the surface-layer temperatures (representative of the uppermost soil, snow, ice, water, etc.,) at previous integration time-step in all surface-atmosphere heat-flux calculations and prescribe fluxes to be used in the surface models' integrations. Although both models may use implicit formulations for the time stepping, the explicit flux coupling can still lead to instabilities. In this study, idealized simulations with a fully coupled implicit system are performed to derive an empirical relation between surface heat flux and surface temperature at the new time level. Such a relation mimics the fully implicit formulation by allowing to estimate the surface temperature at the new time level without solving the surface heat diffusion problem. It is based on similarity reasoning and applies to any medium with constant heat diffusion and heat capacity parameters. The advantage is that modularity of the code is maintained and that the heat flux can be computed in the atmospheric model in such a way that instabilities in the snow or ice code are avoided. Applicability to snow/ice/soil models with variable density is discussed, and the loss of accuracy turns out to be small.
Large ensemble modeling of the last deglacial retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: comparison of simple and advanced statistical techniques
Authors: Pollard David , Chang Won , Haran Murali , Applegate Patrick , DeConto Robert
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A 3-D hybrid ice-sheet model is applied to the last deglacial retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last  ∼  20 000 yr. A large ensemble of 625 model runs is used to calibrate the model to modern and geologic data, including reconstructed grounding lines, relative sea-level records, elevation–age data and uplift rates, with an aggregate score computed for each run that measures overall model–data misfit. Two types of statistical methods are used to analyze the large-ensemble results: simple averaging weighted by the aggregate score, and more advanced Bayesian techniques involving Gaussian process-based emulation and calibration, and Markov chain Monte Carlo. The analyses provide sea-level-rise envelopes with well-defined parametric uncertainty bounds, but the simple averaging method only provides robust results with full-factorial parameter sampling in the large ensemble. Results for best-fit parameter ranges and envelopes of equivalent sea-level rise with the simple averaging method agree well with the more advanced techniques. Best-fit parameter ranges confirm earlier values expected from prior model tuning, including large basal sliding coefficients on modern ocean beds.
Technical Note: A hydrological routing scheme for the Ecosystem Demography model (ED2+R)
Authors: Pereira Fabio F. , Farinosi Fabio , Arias Mauricio E. , Lee Eunjee , Briscoe John , Moorcroft Paul R.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Land surface models are excellent tools for studying how climate change and land use affect surface hydrology. However, in order to assess the impacts of earth processes on river flows, simulated changes in runoff need to be routed through the landscape using a hydrological transport scheme. In this Technical Note we describe the integration of the Ecosystem Demography (ED2) model with a hydrological routing scheme. ED2 is a terrestrial biosphere model capable of incorporating sub-grid scale ecosystem heterogeneity arising from land-use change, making it ideally suited for investigating combined impacts of changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and land-cover on the water cycle. The resulting ED2+R model calculates the lateral propagation of surface and subsurface runoff resulting from the terrestrial biosphere models’ vertical water balance in order to determine spatio-temporal patterns of river flows within the simulated region. We evaluated the ED2+R model in the Tapajós, a large river basin in southeastern Amazonia, Brazil. The results showed that the integration of ED2 with the lateral routing scheme substantially improves the ability of the model to reproduce daily to decadal river flow dynamics in the Tapajós.
Surface movement above an underground coal longwall mine after closure
Authors: Vervoort André
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The surface movement in an area of about 22 km2 above the underground coal mine of Houthalen was analyzed based on Interferometry with Synthetic Aperture Radar (INSAR) measurements. After its closure in 1992, a residual subsidence was observed over a period of several years, followed by an uplift of the surface above and around the past longwall panels, whereby the rate of movement was, in absolute terms, of the same order for the two types of movements. The processes behind these movements are different. The process of subsidence is caused by the caving of the roof above the mined out area and is mainly a mechanical stress-deformation process, including time-dependent aspects. However, the process of uplift is most probably caused by the swelling of the clay minerals in the rocks after the flooding of the underground workings. Hence, the areas in which there is the greatest risk of damage to the surface infrastructure are not the same for the hazards linked to subsidence and uplift. For example, the zone in which the maximum uplift occurs clearly is at a different location from that of the zone with the maximum residual subsidence. There is no clear sign that the amount of mining underneath affects the residual subsidence, and there is no indication that the process of uplift is linked directly to the mining characteristics. It is more likely that uplift as the result of flooding is initiated at, or close to, the vertical shafts.
Is Current Trade Pattern between the Developed and Developing Countries Environmentally Sustainable?
Authors: Yoon Sang Won
Published: May 2016

This study examines global environmental sustainability in an open economy with international trade by studying the pattern of trade between the developed country and the developing country. Assuming that both economies are productive enough to grow and regulate pollution emissions optimally over time via emission tax, it is found that the developing country is bound to specialize in producing the pollution-intensive goods in a growing economy as long as there exists a sufficiently great technology gap in the production of environmentally friendly goods between the developed country and the developing country. The conclusion holds even if the marginal valuation of environmental improvement increases rapidly in the developing country. The developing country needs to export pollution-intensive goods where it has a comparative advantage in producing to finance imports of environmentally friendly goods that it values more over time. It is suggested that global cooperation for technological development to reduce pollution in the dirty manufacturing industry is needed to prevent ever-worsening environmental degradation in developing countries.
Asymmetric Reactions of China’s Stock Market to Short-Term Interest Rates
Authors: Fang Fang , Dong Weijia , Lv Xin
Published: May 2016

This paper investigates how China’s stock market reacts to short-term interest rates, as represented by the Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (Shibor). We adopt the Markov Regime Switching model to divide China’s stock market into Medium, Bull and Bear market; and then examine how Shibor influences market returns and risk in different market regimes. We find that short-term interest rates have a significant negative effect on stock returns in Medium and Bull market, but could not affect stock returns in Bear market. In addition, different maturities of Shibor have different effects on stock returns. Furthermore, we find that the short-term interest rates have a negative effect on market risk in Bull market, but a positive effect in Bear market. Our findings show that China’s market is quite peculiar and distinctive from the U.S. market or other developed countries’ markets in many ways.
Financial Performance Evaluation of Sport Clubs Traded in Borsa Istanbul by Using Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Oral Ceren
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study is to rank the sport clubs registered in Borsa Istanbul based on their financial performances. In this respect the averages of the 5-year-financial-table data from the years 2010-2014 for the enterprises engaged in the subject sector are used. Using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method performance has been measured by means of liquidity, leverage and profitability. Ten financial ratios have been used for the study. Based on the obtained findings, the most significant indicator for measuring the financial performances of the sport clubs is the profitability. Furthermore the sport clubs have also been ranked in the study based on their actual performances.
Impact of Russian Non-Tariff Measures on European Union Agricultural Exports
Authors: Mingque Ye , Slisava Alena
Published: May 2016

Nowadays non-tariff measures become more and more widely used. Russia is one of world largest importers of agri-products. In order to protect domestic production different non-tariff measures (NTMs) are used, which create difficulties for the exporters because NTMs are strict, changeable and difficult to deal with. This article analyses Russian non-tariff measures and their influence on the European Union exports of agri-products by using gravity model. The results show that Russian trade resistance is weaker for EU agricultural products exporters than for the USA exporters but stronger than for Chinese agricultural products exporters. The results do not prove that Russia’s NTMs have bigger impact on the EU exports than on the other countries’ exports such as India, Kyrgyz Republic, and the Ukraine. The NTM of such countries as China and Mexico also have much greater influence on the EU exports of agri-products than Russian NTMs.
De werkwijze van jihadistische netwerken
Authors: de Bie J.L.
Published: May 2016

The modus operandi of jihadist networks

Jihadist networks have become a serious threat to Europe’s internal security and are therefore a policy priority. But what do we know about these networks and how should we counter them? This study focuses on the modus operandi of jihadist networks between 2000 and 2013 and gives an empirical insight in the organizational structures, activities, and involvement mechanisms of jihadist networks in the Netherlands. The data are derived from 28 police investigations, 51 interviews with police investigators, public prosecutors, lawyers, imams, and staff members from Asylum and Detention Centers. The findings show how jihadist networks have changed over the years and how this development has affected the way jihadists operate.
Na de vrijlating
Authors: de Graaf B.A. , Weggemans D.
Published: May 2016

After the release. Observations and dilemmas in dealing with (former) detainees with a jihadist background

Over the last decades the number of people who have been detained on the suspicion of terrorism has significantly grown. This has resulted in an increased scholarly interest in the topic of prisons and terrorism. However, the main focus of academic research has been the period of incarceration. Especially the question whether terrorists should be isolated from other prisoners has received considerable scientific attention. What happens after their release still remains opaque. In this article some preliminary insights will be shared on particular aspects of the societal reintegration of former suspected terrorist detainees. It presents some of the obstacles, dilemmas and opportunities. These insights where obtained through semi-structured interviews with both professionals and former detainees with a jihadist background.
Radicale verliezers en de noodzaak tot ontschotten
Authors: van Buuren J.
Published: May 2016

Radical losers and the need for dismantling categories

Research into radicalization and terrorism assumes that violent individuals have political or religious intentions and motivations. However, what ‘political or religious motivations’ exactly are changes through time. A rigorous conceptual demarcation of ‘radicalization’ and ‘terrorism’ runs the risk of overlooking societal and political changes leading to a variety of violent outbursts that may have more in common than assumed at forehand. Hans Magnus Enzensberger’s concept of ‘the radical loser’ is used as an example of a broader conceptualization that can function as a category enabling interconnected and interdisciplinary research into different manifestations of violence, both in their differences and their similarities. Whether or not terrorists, school shooters and violent lone actors are fundamentally different categories should be a topic of academic enquiry instead of being taken for granted.
Image Processing for Art Investigation
Authors: Cornelis Bruno
Published: May 2016

Recent advances in digital image acquisition methods and the wide range of imaging modalities currently available have triggered museums to digitize their painting collections. Not only is this crucial for archival or dissemination purposes but it also enabled the digital analysis of the painting through its digital image counterpart. It also set in motion a cross-disciplinary collaboration between image analysis specialists, mathematicians, statisticians and art historians that have the common goal to develop algorithms and build a digital toolbox in support of art scholarship. Computer processing of digital images of paintings has become a fast growing and challenging field of research during the last few years. Our contribution to this research domain consists of a set of tools that are based on dimensionality reduction methods, sparse representations and dictionary learning techniques. These tools are used to assist in art related matters such as restoration, conservation, art history, material and structure characterization, authentication, dating and even style analysis. Since paintings are complex structures the analysis of all pictorial layers and the support requires a multimodal set of high-resolution image acquisitions. The presented research can broadly be subdivided into three main fields. The first one is the digital enhancement of painting acquisitions in order to assist the art specialist in his professional assessment of the painting. The second main field of research is the automated detection of cracks within the Ghent Altarpiece, which is meant to help in the delicate matter of the conservation of this exceptional masterpiece but also as guidance during its current campaign of restoration. The last field consists of a set of methods that can be deployed in art forensics. These methods consist of the characterization of canvas, the analysis of multispectral imagery of a painting and even the objective quantification of the style of a particular artist.
Relational Models for Visual Understanding of Graphical Documents.\\ Application to Architectural Drawings.
Authors: De las Heras Lluís-Pere
Published: May 2016

In this thesis we face the graphical document understanding problem by proposing several relational models for the complete interpretation of floor plans. Firstly, we introduce three different strategies on symbol detection for walls, doors and windows. Secondly, we present two relational strategies that tackle the problem of the visual context extraction. Finally, we construct a knowledge-based model consisting of an ontological definition of the domain and real data. All the resources used in this thesis are freely available for research purposes.
Efficient Poisson Image Editing
Authors: Hussain Khaled , Mahmoud Rasha
Published: May 2016

Image composition refers to the process of composing two or more images to create an acceptable output image. It is one of the important techniques of image processing. In this paper, two efficient methods for composing color images are proposed. In the proposed methods, the Poisson equation is solved using image pyramid, and divide-and-conquer methods. The proposed methods are more efficient than other existing image composition methods. They reduce the time taken in the composition process while achieving almost identical results using the previous image composition methods. In the proposed methods, the Poisson equation is solved after converting it to a linear system using different methods. The results show that the time for composing color images is decreased using the proposed methods.
Faunistic composition and population dynamic of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Castile-La Mancha
Authors: Alarcón-Elbal Pedro María , Estrada Rosa , Carmona-Salido Víctor Jesús , Calvete Carlos , Lucientes Javier
Published: May 2016

Un total de 21 especies del género Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) han sido identificadas dentro del Programa Nacional de Vigilancia Entomológica frente a la Lengua Azul en Castilla-La Mancha durante el periodo 2007-2009, de las cuales 10 son nuevas citas para la comunidad autónoma. Se ha llevado a cabo una descripción y discusión detalladas de la variación espacial y temporal de las especies mamófilas y/o generalistas más abundantemente capturadas, siendo éstas C. imicola, complejo C. obsoletus, C. circumscriptus, C. newsteadi, C. pulicaris, C. punctatus, C. nubeculosus y C. parroti. Asimismo, se aportan datos sobre las diferencias en la proporción de sexos y el estado gonotrófico entre los diferentes taxones.

Framed into the National Bluetongue Entomological Surveillance Program in Castile-La Mancha, 21 species of the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has been identified in the 2007-2009 period, of which 10 are new records for the autonomous community. A detailed description and discussion of the spatial and temporal variation of mammal and/or generalist feeders more abundantly captured was undertaken, being these C. imicola, C. obsoletus complex, C. circumscriptus, C. newsteadi, C. pulicaris, C. punctatus, C. nubeculosus and C. parroti. In addition, data on differences in sex ratio and gonotrophic state between taxa are given.
Revolutionen i Sæby
Authors: Mührmann-Lund Jørgen
Published: May 2016

The revolution in Saeby   In 1790, the citizens of the tiny town of Saeby in northern Jutland demanded a meeting at the Town Hall to confront the town bailiff about his abuse of power as chief of police, but the bailiff refused to obey any “self-made national assemblies”. In Denmark at the time, such examples of popular local unrest were often compared with the French Revolution. However, in later Danish historiography, these disturbances have been seen as “reactive” defences of traditional rights that do not carry the same historical significance as the bourgeois revolution in France, for example. Inspired by an interactional approach to popular unrest, this article argues that the Saeby citizens’ collective protest did indeed have some revolutionary traits: a micro-historical analysis of the conflict as a process shows that the unrest began as a reaction to enclosure and police reforms, and when the town bailiff was suspected of embezzlement, demands for democracy and more transparency grew. Descriptions of the bailiff’s rule as “despotic” show that the citizens of Saeby were inspired by contemporary ideals of democratic absolutism. Thus, the article concludes that popular local disturbances such as these should be seen as part of the revolutionary movement that was taking place elsewhere at that time.
Psychothérapie – Un encadrement nécessaire et légalement reconnu au Québec
Authors: Trudeau Jean-Bernard , Desjardins Pierre , Dion Alain
Published: May 2016

Jusqu’à récemment, le Québec se distinguait par l’adoption d’une loi régissant l’exercice de la psychothérapie adoptée en 2009. Cette loi émerge de 30 ans d’efforts et de discussions interprofessionnelles, ayant abouti à un consensus d’un comité d’experts présidé par le Dr Jean-Bernard Trudeau, dans un rapport déposé en 2005. Dans ce témoignage, le Dr Jean-Bernard Trudeau, médecin généraliste, de même que deux collègues psychiatre et psychologue, ayant participé au comité d’experts ou plus récemment dans l’application de la loi no 21 au Québec, retracent les principales étapes et les points saillants de la régulation de la pratique de la psychothérapie découlant de ce consensus interprofessionnel et traduit dans la loi no 21. Ils retracent plus particulièrement les dernières dix années qui ont vu l’adoption de la loi no 21 en 2009, après deux commissions parlementaires à la suite du dépôt du rapport Trudeau. Ils soulignent ensuite comment la pratique de la psychothérapie est intégrée dans le système professionnel et soumise à un encadrement rigoureux. Ce dernier inclut une réglementation touchant l’obtention du titre de psychothérapeute et le maintien de la compétence ; un guide explicatif fait part des travaux continus interprofessionnels dans l’application de la loi et de la réglementation dans le secteur public et privé et produit par l’Office des professions du Québec. La définition obtenue par consensus de la psychothérapie ne la limite pas au traitement des troubles mentaux et tente de la distinguer d’autres interventions dans le champ des relations humaines. L’obligation de formation continue est encadrée d’une part par l’Ordre des psychologues pour les psychologues et autres professionnels exerçant la psychothérapie et d’autre part le Collège des médecins pour les médecins exerçant la psychothérapie. Ils décrivent enfin le Conseil consultatif interdisciplinaire sur l’exercice de la psychothérapie qu’a prévu le législateur comme mécanisme externe pour assurer la conformité de la réglementation avec l’esprit de la loi, et donner avis aux diverses professions.
La psychothérapie psychologique en Suisse vers la transparence et la qualité
Authors: grosse Holtforth Martin , Kramer Ueli , Dauwalder Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2016

L’article donne un aperçu de la psychothérapie psychologique en Suisse. Nous décrivons le statut juridique des psychologues-psychothérapeutes, leur position et leur rôle au sein du système de santé suisse, le contexte professionnel dans lequel ils pratiquent, le type de formation en psychothérapie, les différents modèles d’emploi des psychologues-psychothérapeutes, ainsi que la situation de remboursement des séances de psychothérapie psychologique, qui est actuellement insuffisant. Le remboursement par l’assurance maladie obligatoire est mis en évidence comme étant le plus important défi auquel les psychologues-psychothérapeutes sont confrontés actuellement en Suisse, et ce, pour être pleinement reconnus en tant que fournisseurs indépendants de psychothérapie.
Capturing the interplay of dynamics and networks through parameterizations of Laplacian operators
Authors: Yan Xiaoran , Teng Shang-hua , Lerman Kristina , Ghosh Rumi
Published: May 2016

We study the interplay between a dynamical process and the structure of the network on which it unfolds using the parameterized Laplacian framework. This framework allows for defining and characterizing an ensemble of dynamical processes on a network beyond what the traditional Laplacian is capable of modeling. This, in turn, allows for studying the impact of the interaction between dynamics and network topology on the quality-measure of network clusters and centrality, in order to effectively identify important vertices and communities in the network. Specifically, for each dynamical process in this framework, we define a centrality measure that captures a vertex’s participation in the dynamical process on a given network and also define a function that measures the quality of every subset of vertices as a potential cluster (or community) with respect to this process. We show that the subset-quality function generalizes the traditional conductance measure for graph partitioning. We partially justify our choice of the quality function by showing that the classic Cheeger’s inequality, which relates the conductance of the best cluster in a network with a spectral quantity of its Laplacian matrix, can be extended to the parameterized Laplacian. The parameterized Laplacian framework brings under the same umbrella a surprising variety of dynamical processes and allows us to systematically compare the different perspectives they create on network structure.
Projections of climate change indices of temperature and precipitation from an ensemble of bias‐adjusted high‐resolution EURO‐CORDEX regional climate models
Authors: Dosio Alessandro
Published: May 2016

Statistical bias‐adjustment of climate models' outputs is being increasingly used for assessing the impact of climate change on several sectors. It is known that these techniques may alter the mean climate signal of the adjusted variable; however, the effect on the projected occurrence of climate extremes is less commonly investigated. Here the outputs of an ensemble of high‐resolution (0.11°) regional climate models (RCM) from the Coordinated Regional‐climate Downscaling Experiment for Europe (EURO‐CORDEX) have been bias adjusted, and a number of climate indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices have been calculated for the present (1981–2010) and future (2071–2100) climate. Indices include absolute‐thresholds indices, percentile‐based indices, and indices based on the duration of an event. Results show that absolute‐threshold indices are largely affected by bias adjustment, as they depend strongly on both the present mean climate value (usually largely biased in the original RCMs) and its shift under climate change. The change of percentile‐based indices is less affected by bias adjustment, as that of indices based on the duration of an event (e.g., consecutive dry days or heat waves) although the present climate value can differ between original and bias‐adjusted results. Indices like R95ptot (the total amount of precipitation larger than the 95th reference percentile) are largely affected by bias adjustment, although, when analyzing an ensemble of RCMs, the differences are usually smaller than, or comparable to, the intermodel variability.
Constraints on timing and magnitude of early global expansion of the Moon from topographic features in linear gravity anomaly areas
Authors: Sawada Natsuki , Morota Tomokatsu , Kato Shinsuke , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Gravity data obtained from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory have revealed linear gravity anomalies (LGAs) formed by the early global expansion of the Moon and subsequent magma intrusion. In this study, using Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter topographic data, we investigated topographic profiles across LGAs to verify that they were formed by extensional tectonics. We found that 17 of the 20 LGAs investigated exhibited a valley structure, suggesting that they were formed by tensile stress. Assuming that these topographic depressions accompanied graben formation, the increase in the lunar radius is estimated to be on the order of several tens of meters. On the other hand, assuming that these topographic depressions accompanied flexure of elastic lithosphere due to the LGA load, the elastic thickness during the LGA formation is estimated as ~10 km. The crater frequencies in the vicinity of LGAs indicate that the peak tectonic activity occurred before the basin‐forming epoch.
Slow electrostatic solitary waves in Earth's plasma sheet boundary layer
Authors: Kakad Amar , Kakad Bharati , Anekallu Chandrasekhar , Lakhina Gurbax , Omura Yoshiharu , Fazakerley Andrew
Published: May 2016

We modeled Cluster spacecraft observations of slow electrostatic solitary waves (SESWs) in the Earth's northern plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) region on the basis of nonlinear fluid theory and fluid simulation. Various plasma parameters observed by the Cluster satellite at the time of the SESWs were examined to investigate the generation process of the SESWs. The nonlinear fluid model shows the coexistence of slow and fast ion acoustic waves and the presence of electron acoustic waves in the PSBL region. The fluid simulations, performed to examine the evolution of these waves in the PSBL region, showed the presence of an extra mode along with the waves supported by the nonlinear fluid theory. This extra mode is identified as the Buneman mode, which is generated by relative drifts of ions and electrons. A detailed investigation of the characteristics of the SESWs reveals that the SESWs are slow ion acoustic solitary waves.
Characterization of Saturn's bow shock: Magnetic field observations of quasi‐perpendicular shocks
Authors: Sulaiman A. H. , Masters A. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: May 2016

Collisionless shocks vary drastically from terrestrial to astrophysical regimes resulting in radically different characteristics. This poses two complexities. First, separating the influences of these parameters on physical mechanisms such as energy dissipation. Second, correlating observations of shock waves over a wide range of each parameter, enough to span across different regimes. Investigating the latter has been restricted since the majority of studies on shocks at exotic regimes (such as supernova remnants) have been achieved either remotely or via simulations, but rarely by means of in situ observations. Here we present the parameter space of MA bow shock crossings from 2004 to 2014 as observed by the Cassini spacecraft. We find that Saturn's bow shock exhibits characteristics akin to both terrestrial and astrophysical regimes (MA of order 100), which is principally controlled by the upstream magnetic field strength. Moreover, we determined the θBn of each crossing to show that Saturn's (dayside) bow shock is predominantly quasi‐perpendicular by virtue of the Parker spiral at 10 AU. Our results suggest a strong dependence on MA in controlling the onset of physical mechanisms in collisionless shocks, particularly nontime stationarity and variability. We anticipate that our comprehensive assessment will yield deeper insight into high MA collisionless shocks and provide a broader scope for understanding the structures and mechanisms of collisionless shocks.
Pluto's interaction with the solar wind
Authors: McComas D. J. , Elliott H. A. , Weidner S. , Valek P. , Zirnstein E. J. , Bagenal F. , Delamere P. A. , Ebert R. W. , Funsten H. O. , Horanyi M. , McNutt R. L. , Moser C. , Schwadron N. A. , Strobel D. F. , Young L. A. , Ennico K. , Olkin C. B. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. A.
Published: May 2016

This study provides the first observations of Plutogenic ions and their unique interaction with the solar wind. We find ~20% solar wind slowing that maps to a point only ~4.5RPupstream of Pluto and a bow shock most likely produced by comet‐like mass loading. The Pluto obstacle is a region of dense heavy ions bounded by a “Plutopause” where the solar wind is largely excluded and which extends back >100RPinto a heavy ion tail. The upstream standoff distance is at only ~2.5RP. The heavy ion tail contains considerable structure, may still be partially threaded by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and is surrounded by a light ion sheath. The heavy ions (presumably CH4+) have average speed, density, and temperature of ~90 km s−1, ~0.009 cm−3, and ~7 × 105 K, with significant variability, slightly increasing speed/temperature with distance, and are N‐S asymmetric. Density and temperature are roughly anticorrelated yielding a pressure ~2 × 10−2 pPa, roughly in balance with the interstellar pickup ions at ~33 AU. We set an upper bound of <30 nT surface field at Pluto and argue that the obstacle is largely produced by atmospheric thermal pressure like Venus and Mars; we also show that the loss rate down the tail (~5 × 1023 s−1) is only ~1% of the expected total CH4loss rate from Pluto. Finally, we observe a burst of heavy ions upstream from the bow shock as they are becoming picked up and tentatively identify an IMF outward sector at the time of the NH flyby.
The characteristics of soil N transformations regulate the composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Jinbo , Tian Peng , Tang Jialiang , Yuan Lei , Ke Yun , Cai Zucong , Zhu Bo , Müller Christoph
Published: May 2016

It is important to clarify the quantity and composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem and its primary controlling factors, because it affected N availability, productivity, and C storage in natural ecosystems. The most previous investigations were focused on the effects of N deposition and human disturbance on the composition of hydrologic N export. However, few studies were aware of whether there were significant differences in the concentrations and composition of hydrologic N export from natural ecosystems in different climate zones and what is the primary controlling factor. In the present study, three natural forest ecosystems and one natural grassland ecosystem that were located in different climate zones and with different soil pH range were selected. The concentrations of total dissolved N, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH4+, NO3− in soil solution and stream water, soil properties, and soil gross N transformation rates were measured to answer above questions. Our results showed that NO3− concentrations and the composition pattern of hydrologic N export from natural ecosystems varied greatly in the different climate zones. The NO3− concentrations in stream water varied largely, ranging from 0.1 mg N L−1 to 1.6 mg N L−1, while DON concentration in stream water, ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 mg N L−1, did not differ significantly, and the concentrations of NH4+ were uniformly low (average 0.1 mg N L−1) in all studied sites. There was a trade‐off relationship between the proportions of NO3− and DON to total dissolved N in stream water. In subtropical strongly acidic forests soil site, DON was the dominance in total dissolved N in stream water, while NO3−‐N became dominance in temperate acidic forests soil site, subtropical alkaline forests soil region, and the alpine meadow sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The proportions of NO3− to total dissolved N in both soil solution and stream water significantly increased with the increasing of the gross autotrophic nitrification rates (p < 0.01). Our results indicated that the characteristics of soil N transformations were the most primary factor regulating the composition of hydrologic N losses from ecosystems. The nitrification was the central soil N transformation processes regulating N composition in soil solution and hydrologic N losses. These results provided important information on understanding easily the composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem.
Testing the ability of a semidistributed hydrological model to simulate contributing area
Authors: Mengistu S. G. , Spence C.
Published: May 2016

A dry climate, the prevalence of small depressions, and the lack of a well‐developed drainage network are characteristics of environments with extremely variable contributing areas to runoff. These types of regions arguably present the greatest challenge to properly understanding catchment streamflow generation processes. Previous studies have shown that contributing area dynamics are important for streamflow response, but the nature of the relationship between the two is not typically understood. Furthermore, it is not often tested how well hydrological models simulate contributing area. In this study, the ability of a semidistributed hydrological model, the PDMROF configuration of Environment Canada's MESH model, was tested to determine if it could simulate contributing area. The study focused on the St. Denis Creek watershed in central Saskatchewan, Canada, which with its considerable topographic depressions, exhibits wide variation in contributing area, making it ideal for this type of investigation. MESH‐PDMROF was able to replicate contributing area derived independently from satellite imagery. Daily model simulations revealed a hysteretic relationship between contributing area and streamflow not apparent from the less frequent remote sensing observations. This exercise revealed that contributing area extent can be simulated by a semi‐distributed hydrological model with a scheme that assumes storage capacity distribution can be represented with a probability function. However, further investigation is needed to determine if it can adequately represent the complex relationship between streamflow and contributing area that is such a key signature of catchment behavior.
Texture Development in Cold Deformed and Recrystallized Ti–30Nb–4Sn Alloy and Its Effects on Hardness and Young's Modulus
Authors: Fanton Leonardo , de Lima Nelson Batista , de Oliveira França Hayama Alexandra , Caram Rubens , Fogagnolo João Batista
Published: May 2016

This study analyzes the effects of cold deformation and recrystallization on the microstructure, texture evolution, and mechanical properties of Ti–30Nb–4Sn alloy. The samples are cold rolled to reduce their thickness by up to 85%. The most deformed sample is subjected to recrystallization treatment. The crystallographic texture is determined by X‐ray pole figures. The 51% deformed sample shows a {203}<010> texture. The 85% deformed sample shows two texture components: {203}<010> and {130}<‐310>, while the recrystallized sample shows a fiber texture with the {130} plane parallel to the sample surface. Hardness increases and Young's modulus tends to decrease in response to increasing deformation. The recrystallized sample shows low hardness and Young's modulus.
Influence of Substrate Temperature on LPCVD ZnO Thin Film and Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Yuting , Zhu Hongbing , Niu Xiaona , Zhang Wen , Li Zhiqiang , Chen Jingwei , Mai Yaohua
Published: May 2016

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films are deposited at different substrate temperatures (Tsub) by low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technique. The influence of Tsub on the properties of LPCVD ZnO and the performance of copper indium gallium di‐selenide (Cu(In, Ga)Se2, CIGS) thin films are systematically investigated. The highest efficiency of 11.7% is achieved for CIGS thin film solar cells with LPCVD ZnO thin film window layers deposited at 119 °C. In addition, a thermal treatment at 104 °C before the ZnO deposition results in a pronounced efficiency enhancement, and achieved a high efficiency of 14.4% in CIGS solar cell with the structure of glass/Mo/CIGS absorber/CdS/i‐ZnO/n‐ITO/Al grid.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks: The Influence of Individual Tube–Tube Contacts on the Large‐Scale Conductivity of Polymer Composites
Authors: Bârsan Oana A. , Hoffmann Günter G. , van der Ven Leendert G. J. , de With Gijsbertus
Published: May 2016

Over two decades after carbon nanotubes started to attract interest for their seemingly huge prospects, their electrical properties are far from being used to the maximum potential. Composite materials based on carbon nanotubes still have conductivities several orders of magnitude below those of the tubes themselves. This study aims at understanding the reason for these limitations and the possibilities to overcome them. Based on and validated by real single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks, a simple model is developed, which can bridge the gap between macroscale and nanoscale down to individual tube–tube contacts. The model is used to calculate the electrical properties of the SWCNT networks, both as‐prepared and impregnated with an epoxy‐amine polymer. The experimental results show that the polymer has a small effect on the large‐scale network resistance. From the model results it is concluded that the main contribution to the conductivity of the network results from direct contacts, and that in their presence tunneling contacts contribute insignificantly to the conductivity. Preparing highly conductive polymer composites is only possible if the number of direct, low‐resistance contacts in the network is sufficiently large and therefore these direct contacts play the key role.
Nano/Micro‐Manufacturing of Bioinspired Materials: a Review of Methods to Mimic Natural Structures
Authors: Zhang Chaoqun , Mcadams Daniel A. , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: May 2016

Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, biological systems have developed strategies to achieve advantageous unification between structure and bulk properties. The discovery of these fascinating properties and phenomena has triggered increasing interest in identifying characteristics of biological materials, through modern characterization and modeling techniques. In an effort to produce better engineered materials, scientists and engineers have developed new methods and approaches to construct artificial advanced materials that resemble natural architecture and function. A brief review of typical naturally occurring materials is presented here, with a focus on chemical composition, nano‐structure, and architecture. The critical mechanisms underlying their properties are summarized, with a particular emphasis on the role of material architecture. A review of recent progress on the nano/micro‐manufacturing of bio‐inspired hybrid materials is then presented in detail. In this case, the focus is on nacre and bone‐inspired structural materials, petals and gecko foot‐inspired adhesive films, lotus and mosquito eye inspired superhydrophobic materials, brittlestar and Morpho butterfly‐inspired photonic structured coatings. Finally, some applications, current challenges and future directions with regard to manufacturing bio‐inspired hybrid materials are provided.
Directional Water Transport Fabrics with Durable Ultra‐High One‐Way Transport Capacity
Authors: Zeng Chao , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Hua , Lin Tong
Published: May 2016

Fabrics with automatic one‐way water transport ability are highly desirable for applications in daily life, industry, health, and defense. However, most of the studies on one‐way water transport fabrics only report the qualitative water transport results. The lack of quantitative measure makes it hard to assess the directional transport quality. Here, it is proved that a hydrophilic fabric after being electrosprayed with a thin layer of hydrophobic coating on one side shows one‐way water transport ability. By using moisture management tester, the water transport property is qualitatively characterized and the effect of hydrophobic fabric layer thickness on one‐way water transport feature is examined. The hydrophobic fabric layer thickness is found to play a key role in deciding the one‐way transport ability. When a plain woven fabric with an overall thickness of 420 μm and average pore size of 33 μm is used as fabric substrate, a hydrophobic fabric layer thickness between 22 and 62 μm allows the treated fabric to show a one‐way droplet transport feature. A one‐way transport index as high as 861 can be attained. The one‐way water transport is durable enough to withstand repeated washing. This novel fabric may be useful for development of “smart” textiles for various applications.