bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis Enzyme of Alternative Ingredients for Fish Feed: A Review
Authors: Pratiwy Fittrie Meyllianawaty , Maulida Yulvina
Published: January 2023

Alternative raw materials have high potential as a source of feed protein that can support growth. Alternative raw materials have advantages such as low cost, abundant availability but the use of alternative raw materials in feed formulations is often limited by the presence of anti-nutritional substances and a relatively high crude fiber content of 11-28%, so further processing is needed to improve the quality of feed ingredients from alternative materials. The purpose of this literature review study is to determine the advantages of alternative feed ingredients for fish that have been hydrolyzed by enzymes. Evaluation studies of improving the quality of feed ingredients through enzymatic hydrolysis give varying results. The best enzyme hydrolysis can reduce the crude fiber content in coconut cake by 67.8%. Enzyme hydrolysis in alternative feed ingredients can also affect growth in fish due to increased digestibility in fish. The best growth was obtained in tilapia at 4.34% by hydrolysis of the protease enzyme. Enzyme hydrolysis is proven not to have a negative impact on several types of fish so that enzyme hydrolysis can be applied to improve the quality of alternative feed ingredients in fish feed formulations. However, enzyme hydrolysis has drawbacks, namely it only works specifically and depends on temperature and pH.
Genetically Modified Crop vs Hybrid Crops and their Impact on Health and Environment
Authors: Mahmuda Raisa , Mondal Satyen , Rahman Abiar , Ahmed Minhaz , Parvin Shohana , Ahmed Tofayel
Published: January 2023

Genetically modified crop (GMC) is a technology which includes transferring Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in plant cells. On the other hand, Hybrid Crops are naturally occurring crops but  it also involves manmade crosses to have at least 15-20% higher yield potential over high yielding inbred crop varieties using almost the same level of inputs and also can perform better even under unfavourable environments like drought and saline condition. These days, hybrid crops are one of the most commonly consumed foods for humans. In line with this GM crops have high yield potential and adaptive capability under wide range of environments even under fragile ecosystems.  There are different aspects of both these types of crops. Human consumption of these crops has been a highly debatable topic in recent times. In this study, a brief discussion on GM crops and hybrid crops will be presented. Additionally, a comparison between them, in terms of health and productivity, will also be discussed.
Prevention of Bias and Discrimination in Clinical Practice Algorithms
Authors: Shachar Carmel , Gerke Sara
Published: January 2023

This Viewpoint discusses a proposed DHHS rule to address discrimination in clinical algorithms and the need for additional considerations to ensure the burden of liability for biased algorithms is not disproportionately placed on health care professionals.
Treatment of Trichilemmomas With Topical Sirolimus
Authors: Bhanot Anisha , Harrell Katelin , Levin Jarad
Published: January 2023

This case report describes a woman in her 60s flesh-colored papules that were localized to the central face and a lobular downgrowth of cells with clear, expanded, faintly glassy cytoplasm.
Association of Appropriate Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Bloodstream Infections in the US
Authors: Ohnuma Tetsu , Chihara Shingo , Costin Blair , Treggiari Miriam M. , Bartz Raquel R. , Raghunathan Karthik , Krishnamoorthy Vijay
Published: January 2023

Importance

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a major public health problem associated with high morbidity. Little evidence exists regarding the epidemiology of BSIs and the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy.

Objective

To estimate the association between receipt of appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial therapy and in-hospital mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cross-sectional study used data from the Premier Healthcare database from 2016 to 2020. The analysis included 32 100 adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with BSIs from 183 US hospitals who received at least 1 new systemic antimicrobial agent within 2 days after blood samples were collected during the hospitalization. Patients with polymicrobial infections were excluded from the analysis.

Exposures

Appropriate empirical therapy was defined as initiation of at least 1 new empirical antimicrobial agent to which the pathogen isolated from blood culture was susceptible either on the day of or the day after the blood sample was collected.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between receipt of appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial therapy and in-hospital mortality for patients infected with gram-negative rods (GNRs), gram-positive cocci (GPC), and Candida species.

Results

Among 32 100 patients who had BSIs and received new empirical antimicrobial agents, the mean (SD) age was 64 (16) years; 54.8% were male, 69.9% were non-Hispanic White, and in-hospital mortality was 14.3%. The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli (58.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (31.8%). Among patients infected with S aureus, methicillin-resistant S aureus was isolated in 43.6%. The crude proportions of appropriate empirical therapy use were 94.4% for GNR, 97.0% for GPC, and 65.1% for Candida species. The proportions of appropriate therapy use for resistant organisms were 55.3% for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales species and 60.4% for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species. Compared with inappropriate empirical therapy, receipt of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy was associated with lower in-hospital risk of death for 3 pathogen groups (GNR: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.52 [95% CI, 0.42-0.64]; GPC: aOR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.47-0.78]; Candida species: aOR, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.21-0.87]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized with BSIs, receipt of appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial therapy was associated with lower in-hospital mortality. It is important for clinicians to carefully choose empirical antimicrobial agents to improve outcomes in patients with BSIs.
Orbital Proptosis and Sinusitis in a Middle-aged Woman
Authors: Khan Uzair , Zhu Amy , Yu Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2023

A 48-year-old woman presented with 3 days of worsening right orbital swelling, eye pain, blurry vision, and 3 months of bilateral photophobia, with rhinorrhea, congestion, and headaches. What is your diagnosis?
Performance of Smartphone Automated Audiogram Image Recognition for Personalized Sound Amplification
Authors: Choi Janet S. , Gathman Tyler J. , Lin Frank R. , Adams Meredith E.
Published: January 2023

This quality improvement study examines the accuracy of the automated audiogram image recognition on the Apple iPhone using a large sample of audiogram reports representing various degrees of hearing loss.
Linac primary barrier transmission: Flattening filter free and field size dependence
Authors: McDermott Patrick N. , Drake Douglas , Knill Cory , Sigler Michael D.
Published: January 2023

There is widespread consensus in the literature that flattening filter free (FFF) beams have a lower primary barrier transmission than flattened beams. Measurements presented here, however, show that for energy compensated FFF beams, the barrier transmission can be as much as 70% higher than for flattened beams. The ratio of the FFF barrier transmission to the flattened beam barrier transmission increases with increasing barrier thickness. The use of published FFF TVL data for energy compensated FFF beams could lead to an order of magnitude underestimate of the air kerma rate. There are little data in the literature on the field size dependence of the barrier transmission for flattened beams. Barrier transmission depends on the field size at the barrier, not at isocenter Measurements are presented showing the relative dependence of barrier transmission on the field size, measured at the barrier, for 6 MV and 10 MV beams. An analytical fitting formula is provided for the field size dependence. For field sizes greater than about 150 cm in side length, the field size dependence is minimal. For field sizes less than about 100 cm, the transmission declines rapidly as the field size decreases.
“Cluster Bomb” Based Bismuth Nano‐in‐Micro Spheres Formed Dry Powder Inhalation for Thermo‐Radio Sensitization Effects of Lung Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Qiyue , Liu Ji , Chen Daquan , Miao Si , Wen Jing , Liu Chang , Xue Shushu , Liu Yang , Zhang Qingjie , Shen Yan
Published: January 2023

Lung metastatic breast cancer (LMBC) is mainly diagnosed through CT imaging and radiotherapy could be the most common method in the clinic to inhibit tumor proliferation. While the sensitivity of radiotherapy is always limited due to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and high doses of irradiation easily induce systemic cytotoxicity. Metal‐based materials applied as radiosensitizers have been widely investigated to improve efficiency and reduce the doses of irradiation. Herein, it is aimed to overcome these problems by designing biodegradable lipid‐camouflaged bismuth‐based nanoflowers (DP‐BNFs) as both a photo‐thermo‐radiosensitizer to develop a novel photothermal therapy (PTT) and radiotherapy combination strategy for LMBC treatment. To achieve effective lung deposition, “Cluster Bomb” structure‐based DP‐BNFs nano‐in‐micro dry powder inhalation (DP‐BNF@Lat‐MPs) are formulated through spray‐dried technology. The DP‐BNFs “cluster” in the microsphere to improve their tumor‐targeted lung deposition with a high fine particle fraction followed by burst releasing of DP‐BNFs for targeting delivery and LMBC therapy. The DP‐BNF@Lat‐MPs exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, radiotherapy enhancement, and CT imaging ability in vitro, which synergistically inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis. In vitro and in vivo data prove that combining PTT and radiotherapy with DP‐BNF@Lat‐MPs as a thermo‐radio dual‐sensitizer significantly enhances LMBC tumor metastasis inhibition with good biocompatibility and low toxicity.
Nanocomposite Engineering of a High‐Capacity Partially Ordered Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Eunryeol , Wi Tae‐Ung , Park Jaehyun , Park Sang‐Wook , Kim Min‐Ho , Lee Dae‐Hyung , Park Byung‐Chun , Jo Chiho , Malik Rahul , Lee Jong Hoon , Shin Tae Joo , Kang Seok Ju , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Lee Jinhyuk , Seo Dong‐Hwa
Published: January 2023

Understanding the local cation order in the crystal structure and its correlation with electrochemical performances has advanced the development of high‐energy Mn‐rich cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries, notably Li‐ and Mn‐rich layered cathodes (LMR, e.g., Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2) that are considered as nanocomposite layered materials with C2/m Li2MnO3‐type medium‐range order (MRO). Moreover, the Li‐transport rate in high‐capacity Mn‐based disordered rock‐salt (DRX) cathodes (e.g., Li1.2Mn0.4Ti0.4O2) is found to be influenced by the short‐range order of cations, underlining the importance of engineering the local cation order in designing high‐energy materials. Herein, the nanocomposite is revealed, with a heterogeneous nature (like MRO found in LMR) of ultrahigh‐capacity partially ordered cathodes (e.g., Li1.68Mn1.6O3.7F0.3) made of distinct domains of spinel‐, DRX‐ and layered‐like phases, contrary to conventional single‐phase DRX cathodes. This multi‐scale understanding of ordering informs engineering the nanocomposite material via Ti doping, altering the intra‐particle characteristics to increase the content of the rock‐salt phase and heterogeneity within a particle. This strategy markedly improves the reversibility of both Mn‐ and O‐redox processes to enhance the cycling stability of the partially ordered DRX cathodes (nearly ≈30% improvement of capacity retention). This work sheds light on the importance of nanocomposite engineering to develop ultrahigh‐performance, low‐cost Li‐ion cathode materials.
Giant Increase of Hardness in Silicon Carbide by Metastable Single Layer Diamond‐Like Coating
Authors: Rejhon Martin , Zhou Xinliu , Lavini Francesco , Zanut Alessandra , Popovich Filip , Schellack Lorenzo , Witek Lukasz , Coelho Paulo , Kunc Jan , Riedo Elisa
Published: January 2023

Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest known materials. Its exceptional mechanical properties combined with its high thermal conductivity make it a very attractive material for a variety of technological applications. Recently, it is discovered that two‐layer epitaxial graphene films on SiC can undergo a pressure activated phase transition into a sp3 diamene structure at room temperature. Here, it is shown that epitaxial graphene films grown on SiC can increase the hardness of SiC up to 100% at low loads (up to 900 µN), and up to 30% at high loads (10 mN). By using a Berkovich diamond indenter and nanoindentation experiments, it is demonstrated that the 30% increase in hardness is present even for indentations depths of 175 nm, almost three hundred times larger than the graphene film thickness. The experiments also show that the yield point of SiC increases up to 77% when the SiC surface is coated with epitaxial graphene. These improved mechanical properties are explained with the formation of diamene under the indenter's pressure.
Mature Red Blood Cells Contain Long DNA Fragments and Could Acquire DNA from Lung Cancer Tissue
Authors: Liang Naixin , Jiao Zichen , Zhang Cong , Wu Yifan , Wang Tao , Li Shanqing , Wang Yadong , Song Tianqiang , Chen Jian‐Qun , Liang Hongwei , Chen Qihan
Published: January 2023

Red blood cells (RBC) are commonly known as cells with no nucleus or mitochondria and are assumed to be a transportation vehicle. This study confirms that RBC contain long DNA fragments inside with stain by both microscope and flow cytometry, which covers most nuclear and mitochondrial genome regions by next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Such characteristics demonstrate a significant difference compared with A549 cell line or paired peripheral blood mononuclear cell as nucleated cells. To further explore the characteristics of RNA DNA, DNA from 20 RBC samples is sequenced by NGS. Interestingly, several gaps and multiple regions with copy number variation are observed significantly different between different samples, which could be used to distinguish samples with different health status accurately. Using an in vitro co‐culture system, it is shown that RBC could absorb DNA‐bearing tumorigenic mutations from cancer cell lines but requires cell‐to‐cell contact. Finally, based on a small scale clinical trial, it is confirmed that common genetic mutations of cancer tissues could be detected in RBC from patients with early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer. This study highlights a new biological phenomenon involving RBC and its translational potential as a novel liquid biopsy technology platform for early cancer screening and diagnosis of malignancy.
Efficient Ohmic Contact in Monolayer CrX2N4 (X = C, Si) Based Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Shu Yu , Liu Yongqian , Cui Zhou , Xiong Rui , Zhang Yinggan , Xu Chao , Zheng Jingying , Wen Cuilian , Wu Bo , Sa Baisheng
Published: January 2023

Developing Ohmic contact systems or achieving low contact resistance is significant for high‐performance semiconductor devices. This work comprehensively investigates the interfacial properties of CrX2N4 (X = C, Si) based field‐effect transistors (FETs) with different metal (Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ti, and graphene) electrodes by using electronic structure calculations and quantum transport simulations. It is highlighted that the stronger interlayer coupling allows CrC2N4 to form an n‐type Ohmic contact with Ti electrode in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the absence of tunneling barrier at the CrC2N4–Ti interface greatly improves the electron injection efficiency. On the other hand, the studied metals form Schottky contact with CrC2N4 at the lateral interface due to Fermi level pinning (FLP) effects. Surprisingly, the strong FLP effects restrict the Schottky barrier heights of CrSi2N4‐metal contacts to a narrow range. Where Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ti electrodes and Ag, Ti electrodes form ideal ohmic contact with CrSi2N4 in the vertical and lateral directions, respectively, while the other metals form quasi‐ohmic contact. Ti exhibits the highest contact performance as the electrode in both CrC2N4 and CrSi2N4 based FETs. The findings may provide fundamental understanding for designing high‐performance and energy‐efficient FETs based on CrX2N4.
Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Polylactic Acid Ferroelectrets with Prominent Piezoelectric Activity
Authors: Ma Xingchen , Zhukov Sergey , von Seggern Heinz , Sessler Gerhard M. , Ben Dali Omar , Kupnik Mario , Dai Ying , He Pengfei , Zhang Xiaoqing
Published: January 2023

Ferroelectrets have promoted a variety of exciting flexible sensors, actuators, and microenergy harvesters. However, most ferroelectrets have been fabricated from non‐degradable petro‐based resins, and thus the recycling of these materials constitutes a big challenge. This article reports biodegradable and bioabsorbable ferroelectret films made from polylactic acid (PLA) resins for highly sensitive transducer applications, which can operate either in piezoelectric 33 or 31/32 mode. By modification of the microstructure and polarization, pronounced longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric activities are realized in a single material. For samples with a thickness of 400 µm and a bulk density of 350 kg m−3, the Young's moduli in thickness and plane direction are ranging from 0.1 to 10 MPa, respectively. After polarization in the thickness direction, quasi‐static piezoelectricd33,g33,d31(d32), andg31(g32) coefficients in the PLA films, up to 500 pC N−1, 40 Vm N−1, −44 pC N−1, and −3.6 Vm N−1, are achieved, respectively. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficients of the PLA films are comparable to non‐degradable polymer ferroelectrets, while the transverse piezoelectric activity is superior, which may be attributed to the reduction of Young's moduli in the plane direction. The preparation procedure of the PLA ferroelectrets is compatible with large‐scale production lines and thus can greatly promote their applications in green electronics.
Fully Photon Controlled Synaptic Memristor for Neuro‐Inspired Computing
Authors: Shrivastava Saransh , Keong Lai Boon , Pratik Sparsh , Lin Albert S. , Tseng Tseung‐Yuen
Published: January 2023

The emerging optoelectronic memristive synapses having the advantages of both optics and electronics exhibit a great potential in neuro‐inspired computing, which is a new generation of artificial intelligence. Herein, a light stimulated synaptic memristor (LSSM) based on ZnO/Zn2SnO4 heterostructure is prepared with the characteristics of reversibly tunable conductance states by varying the wavelength of the incident light. The synaptic feature of this fully photon controlled memristive synapse is revealed by potentiation and depression behaviors stimulated by violet and red light pulses, respectively. Similar to biological brain, the device demonstrates the dynamic learning and forgetting behavior. All‐optically driven and bio‐vision inspired image processing function such as contrast enhancement is exemplified. The international Morse code for Arabic numerals (0–9) is also successfully conveyed by patterned light pulses and suggests the device's potential in the field of optical wireless communication for human–machine interface. Classical Pavlovian conditioning (associative learning) is successfully demonstrated through visible light induction. Finally, the device can realize the recognition application of Zalando's article image through the simulation based on Hopfield neural network (HNN). This work provides a promising approach toward optoelectronic neural systems and human–machine interaction technologies.
Amorphous TiO2 Passivating Contacts for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 Ultrathin Solar Cells: Defect‐State‐Mediated Hole Conduction
Authors: Park Gi Soon , Lee SeungJe , Kim Da‐Seul , Park Sang Yeun , Koh Jai Hyun , Won Da Hye , Lee Phillip , Do Young Rag , Min Byoung Koun
Published: January 2023

Ultrathin solar cells (UTSCs) have attracted much research attention because of their superior potential for low‐cost production and diverse applications. For UTSCs to achieve high efficiency, rear‐interface passivation is critical because it has greater influence on thinner absorbers. Conventional passivation layers (e.g., Al2O3 and SiO2) inevitably require patterned contact openings for electrical conduction, the complex processing of which severely impedes the scale‐up production of UTSCs. Herein, this study reports that amorphous TiO2 layers can act as a passivating contact, which not only passivates defective rear‐interfaces but also provides excellent electrical conduction, for solution‐processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 UTSCs. The amorphous nature of TiO2 layers is found to play a key role in achieving desirable ohmic conduction over the entire area without any contact openings. Holes in absorbers easily move into amorphous TiO2 layers, even in the presence of large valence band offset (2.6 eV), proving that the defect states within these TiO2 layers act as hole conduction pathways. While control devices experience huge open‐circuit voltage (VOC) losses (−303 mV) after reduction of absorber thickness from 750 to 300 nm, devices with amorphous TiO2 layers exhibit VOC gains (+8 mV), encouraging the realization of high‐efficiency UTSCs with a simple, easily scalable, and highly reproducible process.
Deciphering the Thermal Failure Mechanism of Anode‐Free Lithium Metal Pouch Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaohu , Huang Lang , Xie Bin , Zhang Shenghang , Jiang Zhaoxuan , Xu Gaojie , Li Jiedong , Cui Guanglei
Published: January 2023

Anode‐free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) are the subject of increasing attention due to their ultrahigh energy density, simplified structure, reduced cost, and relatively high safety, but their thermal runaway performance under abuse conditions has been rarely explored, and a clear understanding of whether the absence of a highly‐reactive lithium metal anode is equal to thermal runaway free remains elusive. Herein, by systematically examining the thermal runaway characteristics of a 2.0 Ah AFLMB, it is revealed that under elevated temperatures, discharged anode‐free pouch cell is safe while the fully‐charged one indeed undergoes thermal runaway, but with a milder intensity than that of a lithium metal battery with the same capacity. Moreover, mechanistic investigations demonstrate that thermal runaway of an AFLMB employing a conventional electrolyte is triggered and dominated by anode‐induced exothermic interactions and the broken separator induced electrodes interaction. Moreover, it is shown for the first time that adding fluoroethylene carbonate in an electrolyte leads to ring‐opening repolymerization at 170 °C to form a thermal‐stable solid layer between anode and cathode, which inhibits the direct contact of electrodes and effectively postpones violent self‐heating. This comprehensive exploration of thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of large format AFLMBs sheds fresh light on developing high energy density and safety‐enhanced lithium metal batteries.
Toward a moral reckoning on structural racism: Examining structural factors, encouraging structural thinking, and supporting structural intervention
Authors: McCarty Shane , Liskey Megan , George Deepu , Cook Natalie E. , Metzl Jonathan M.
Published: January 2023

The racial reckoning of 2020 involved the largest social movement protest in U.S. history, but support for the Black Lives Matter movement declined shortly after. To advance a moral reckoning on structural racism that dismantles racialized structures and redresses racial inequities, we call on scholar activists within the field of community psychology to realign their own practices by (a) examining structural factors; (b) encouraging structural thinking; and (c) supporting structural intervention for racial justice. Two structural factors–political determinants and commercial determinants–maintain the status quo of structural racism, undermining efforts for racial equity. As a result, we encourage the development of structural thinking, which provides a structural analysis of racism and leads to support for structural intervention. With an intersectional race and class perspective, we detail how structural thinking could be developed among the professional managerial class (through structural competency) and among the oppressed class (through critical consciousness). Finally, we discuss structural intervention factors and approaches that can redress racial inequities and produce structural change. Ultimately, we provide a pathway for community psychologists to support activists building a multiracial, multiclass coalition to eliminate structures and systems of racial, political, and economic injustice.
Frontline combination of ponatinib and hyper‐CVAD in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 80‐months follow‐up results
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop , Short Nicholas J. , Jain Nitin , Sasaki Koji , Huang Xuelin , Haddad Fadi G. , Khouri Issa , DiNardo Courtney D. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Wierda William , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kebriaei Partow , Garris Rebecca , Loghavi Sanam , Jorgensen Jeffrey , Kwari Monica , O'Brien Susan , Ravandi Farhad , Jabbour Elias
Published: January 2023

The combination of ponatinib, a third‐generation BCR::ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with hyper‐CVAD chemotherapy resulted in high rates of complete molecular remissions and survival, without the need for stem cell transplantation (SCT) in most patients with Philadelphia chromosome(Ph)‐positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Confirming these results in a large cohort of patients with longer follow‐up would establish this regimen as a new standard of care. Adults with newly diagnosed Ph‐positive ALL were treated with the hyper‐CVAD regimen. Ponatinib was added as 45 mg daily × 14 during induction, then 45 mg daily continuously (first 37 patients) or 30 mg daily continuously, with dose reduction to 15 mg daily upon achievement of a complete molecular response (CMR; absence of a detectable BCR::ABL1 transcript by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase‐chain reaction at a sensitivity of 0.01%). Maintenance therapy consisted of daily ponatinib and vincristine‐prednisone monthly for 2 years, followed by daily ponatinib indefinitely. Twelve intrathecal injections of cytarabine alternating with methotrexate were given as central nervous system prophylaxis. The trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT01424982. Eighty‐six patients were treated. Their median age was 46 years (range, 21–80). All 68 patients with active disease at the initiation of therapy achieved complete response (CR) The cumulative CMR rate was 86%. Twenty‐ patients (23%) underwent allogeneic SCT. With a median follow‐up of 80 months (range, 16–129 months), the estimated 6‐year event‐free survival rate was 65% and the overall survival rate was 75%. There was no difference in outcome by performance of allogeneic SCT in first CR. Common grade 3–5 adverse events included infection (n = 80, 93%), increased liver transaminases (n = 26, 31%) and total bilirubin (n = 13, 15%), hypertension (n = 15, 17%), pancreatitis (n = 13, 15%), hemorrhage (n = 12, 13%), and skin rash (n = 9, 10%). Two ponatinib‐related deaths from myocardial infarction (3%; at months 2.6 and 4.3, respectively; both in CR) in the first 37 patients treated led to the ponatinib dose‐modifications mentioned earlier, with no further ponatinib‐related deaths observed. The long‐term results of ponatinib and hyper‐CVAD continue to demonstrate excellent outcome results and acceptable safety data, indicating that this strategy is another standard of care approach in frontline Ph‐positive ALL.
Acid‐catalyzed Disulfide‐mediated Reversible Polymerization for Recyclable Dynamic Covalent Materials
Authors: Wang Bang‐Sen , Zhang Qi , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Shi Chen‐Yu , Gong Xue‐Qing , Tian He , Qu Da‐Hui
Published: January 2023

Poly(1,2‐dithiolane)s are a family of intrinsically recyclable polymers due to their dynamic covalent disulfide linkages. Despite the common use of thiolate‐initiated anionic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) under basic condition, cationic ROP is still not exploited. Here we report that disulfide bond can act as a proton acceptor, being protonated by acids to form sulfonium cations, which can efficiently initiate the ROP of 1,2‐dithiolanes and result in high‐molecular‐weight (over 1000 kDa) poly(disulfide)s. The reaction can be triggered by adding catalytic amounts of acids and non‐coordinating anion salts, and completed in few minutes at room temperature. The acidic conditions allow the applicability for acidic monomers. Importantly, the reaction condition can be under open air without inert protection, enabling the nearly quantitative chemical recycling from bulk materials to original monomers.
Low Coordination State RhI‐Complex as High Performance Catalyst for Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation: Construction of penta‐Substituted Cyclopropanes
Authors: Zhang Junyou , Xu Weici , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: January 2023

A simple, broad‐scope rhodium(I)/chiral diene catalytic system for challenging asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation of various tri‐substituted allylic diazoacetates was successfully developed. The low coordination state RhI‐complex exhibits an extraordinarily high degree of tolerance to the variation in the extent of substitution of the allyl double bond, thus allowing the efficient construction of a wide range of penta‐substituted, fused‐ring cyclopropanes bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers, including two quaternary carbon stereocenters, in a highly enantioselective manner with ease at catalyst loading as low as 0.1 mol %. The stereoinduction mode of this RhI‐carbene‐directed asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation was investigated by DFT calculations, indicating that π‐π stacking interactions between the aromatic rings of chiral diene ligand and diazo substrate play a key role in the control of the reaction enantioselectivity.
Configuration‐Induced Multichromism of Phenanthridine Derivatives: A Type of Versatile Fluorescent Probe for Microenvironmental Monitoring
Authors: Huang Wei , Feng Shiyu , Liu Jie , Liang Baoshuai , Zhou Ya , Yu Mengya , Liang Jiayuan , Huang Jiaguo , Lü Xujie , Huang Weiguo
Published: January 2023

Fluorescent probes are attractive in diagnosis and sensing. However, most reported fluorophores can only detect one or few analytes/parameters, notably limiting their applications. Here we have designed three phenanthridine‐based fluorophores (i.e., B1, F1, and T1 with 1D, 2D, and 3D molecular configuration, respectively) capable of monitoring various microenvironments. In rigidifying media, all fluorophores show bathochromic emissions but with different wavelength and intensity changes. Under compression, F1 shows a bathochromic emission of over 163 nm, which results in organic fluorophore‐based full‐color piezochromism. Moreover, both B1 and F1 exhibit an aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) behavior, while T1 is an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) fluorophore. Further, F1 and T1 selectively concentrate in cell nucleus, whereas B1 mainly stains the cytoplasm in live cell imaging. This work provides a general design strategy of versatile fluorophores for microenvironmental monitoring.
Demulsification of W/O emulsions using highly branched polymer demulsifier with 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate as centronucleus
Authors: Zhang Zejun , Ye Fan , Ai Guosheng , Liu Huanyu , Zeng Guanxin , Shen Liwei , Yang Ying , Yuan Huaikui , Feng Xuening , Mi Yuanzhu
Published: January 2023

A highly branched PNDC demulsifier with 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate as centronucleus was prepared by an efficient “one‐pot” strategy. The product was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and TGA. The bottle test was performed to explore the effect of temperature, settling time, pH value, and concentration on the demulsification efficiency (DE). The DE reached an optimal value of 94.63% when the concentration of PNDC, settling time and operated temperature were 100 mg/L, 60 min and 70°C, respectively. Also, the DE could reach 91.58% when the concentration was only 20 mg/L at the same conditions. It showed that PNDC had an excellent performance in W/O emulsions with an extremely low concentration. Especially, PNDC could be used over a wide pH range (4–12) and high salinities, indicating that it had a good salt, acid and alkaline tolerance. In addition, the interfacial tension (IFT), surface tension (SFT), elastic modulus and micrograph analysis were carried out to investigate the possible mechanism. This work provides a highly branched demulsifier with high DE for the demulsification of stable W/O emulsions.
Lactic acid bacteria as a tool for biovanillin production: A review
Authors: Mostafa Heba S. , Hashem Marwa M.
Published: January 2023

Vanilla is the most commonly used natural flavoring agent in industries like food, flavoring, medicine, and fragrance. Vanillin can be obtained naturally, chemically, or through a biotechnological process. However, the yield from vanilla pods is low and does not meet market demand, and the use of vanillin produced by chemical synthesis is restricted in the food and pharmaceutical industries. As a result, the biotechnological process is the most efficient and cost‐effective method for producing vanillin with consumer‐demanding properties while also supporting industrial applications. Toxin‐free biovanillin production, based on renewable sources such as industrial wastes or by‐products, is a promising approach. In addition, only natural‐labeled vanillin is approved for use in the food industry. Accordingly, this review focuses on biovanillin production from lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS), and the cost‐cutting efforts that are utilized to improve the efficiency of biotransformation of inexpensive and readily available sources. LABs can utilize agro‐wastes rich in ferulic acid to produce ferulic acid, which is then employed in vanillin production via fermentation, and various efforts have been applied to enhance the vanillin titer. However, different designs, such as response surface methods, using immobilized cells or pure enzymes for the spontaneous release of vanillin, are strongly advised.
Single‐stage chromatographic clarification of Chinese Hamster Ovary cell harvest reduces cost of protein production
Authors: O'Mara Brian , Singh Naveen Kumar , Menendez Alicia , Tipton Barbara , Vail Andrew , Voloshin Alexei , Buechler Ying , Anderson Sean M.
Published: January 2023

A single‐stage clarification was developed using a single‐use chromatographic clarification device (CCD) to recover a recombinant protein from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) harvest cell culture fluid (HCCF). Clarification of a CHO HCCF is a complex and costly process, involving multiple stages of centrifugation and/or depth filtration to remove cells and debris and to reduce process‐related impurities such as host cell protein (HCP), nucleic acids, and lipids. When using depth filtration, the filter train consists of multiple filters of varying ratios, layers, pore sizes, and adsorptive properties. The depth filters, in combination with a 0.2‐micron membrane filter, clarify the HCCF based on size‐exclusion, adsorptive, and charge‐based mechanisms, and provide robust bioburden control. Each stage of the clarification process requires time, labor, and utilities, with product loss at each step. Here, use of the 3M™ Harvest RC Chromatographic Clarifier, a single‐stage CCD, is identified as an alternative strategy to a three‐stage filtration train. The CCD results in less overall filter area, less volume for flushing, and higher yield. Using bioprocess cost modeling, the single‐stage clarification process was compared to a three‐stage filtration process. By compressing the CHO HCCF clarification to a single chromatographic stage, the overall cost of the clarification process was reduced by 17%–30%, depending on bioreactor scale. The main drivers for the cost reduction were reduced total filtration area, labor, time, and utilities. The benefits of the single‐stage harvest process extended throughout the downstream process, resulting in a 25% relative increase in cumulative yield with comparable impurity clearance.
MATLAB‐based program for computation of open‐channel flow profiles
Authors: Hu Xianrui , Fu Xiaoli , Shen Chao , Shi Pengkun
Published: January 2023

In engineering practice, open channel water surface profile data frequently serve as the scientific foundation for engineering design, flood forecasting, reservoir scheduling, and the calculation of dam‐break flood evolution. Water surface profiles in open channels (WSPOC), Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB)‐based software was developed to help students better learn and improve their interest in surface line theory. According to the flow characteristics, the program is divided into two modules: steady flow and unsteady flow. The steady flow module guides students to master the judgment methods of various gradually varying flow types and can program independently to explore the solution process of the water surface profiles. The unsteady flow module is designed to help students learn finite difference methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and allow students to interact with software in engineering cases to achieve the purpose of effectively integrating theory and practice. This software employs MATLAB graphical user interface(GUI) visualization technology to embed students' autonomous programming in crucial phases and transforms abstract concepts and theories into vivid animation demonstrations using CFD simulation tools. Furthermore, the transformation from theory to practice has been realized by providing a large number of practical engineering examples, which may improve students' ability to solve complex engineering problems. Based on the survey results, the user experience and application effect of the software are satisfactory, and the software's design objective has been achieved.
Dissecting the role of toll‐like receptor 7 in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Stark Maren , Nicolai Marina , Tatura Marina , Keber Corinna U. , Kaufmann Andreas , Chung Ho‐Ryun , Slater Emily P. , Heeschen Christopher , Lawlor Rita T. , Scarpa Aldo , Bartsch Detlef K. , Gress Thomas M. , Bauer Stefan , Buchholz Malte
Published: January 2023

Background

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are gaining attention for their potential to influence tumor biology both on the level of the tumor cells as well as on the level of the surrounding inflammatory stroma. Previous studies resulted in partly conflicting data on the expression of TLR7 in healthy and neoplastic pancreatic tissues as well as its role in pancreatic tumor biology.

Methods

We used qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry to asses TLR7 expression in primary patient material and cell lines. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay upon incubation with TLR7 agonist/antagonist. Mouse models were used to investigate the role of TLR7 in vivo.

Results

TLR7 is overexpressed in more than 50% of primary human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). High TLR7 expression was associated with shorter patient survival, and TLR7 inhibition in cell lines reduced viability in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, global TLR7 deficiency did not alter survival or overall histopathological tumor features in genetic mouse models of PDAC.

Conclusions

TLR7 may have opposing functions in tumor versus stroma cells. Further work is required to more precisely dissect the roles of TLR7 and its ligands in different populations of epithelial and stromal cells and to understand their relative contributions to tumor progression.
The psychological determinants of classroom preferences: Implicit and explicit racial attitudes and racial composition of classrooms
Authors: Brinkman Craig S. , Gabriel Shira , Kimelberg Shelley M. , Poulin Michael J. , Valenti Jennifer , Hugenberg Kurt
Published: January 2023

The opportunity for parents to select their children's school is both increasingly common and linked to school segregation in the U.S. Here, we investigate how race and racial attitudes shape parents' classroom preferences, which have direct implications for school choices. We measured the implicit and explicit racial attitudes of both White and Black parents (Study 1: N = 201; mean age = 35.46; 173 women, 28 men; 37 Black, 147 White) of preschool‐aged children who themselves were about to choose educational settings for their children, as well as those parents' preferences for classrooms varying in racial composition. Both implicit and explicit racial attitudes separately predicted classroom preferences, suggesting that both overt and covert racial prejudice play roles in the related decision of school enrollment. Results were replicated in a follow‐up study using a sample of college students (Study 2: N = 357; mean age = 18.90; 183 women, 169 men, 2 transgender, 2 non‐binary, 1 unreported; 144 Black, 213 White). Racially biased parents tend to prefer classrooms with fewer Black students, an effect that occurs even for implicit measures of bias and varies to some extent based on parental race. These effects have direct implications for patterns of segregation in American schools. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Aortic arch surgery for type B aortic dissection: How far should we go? The value of a hybrid approach
Authors: Capoccia Massimo , Sherif Mohamed Ashur , Nassef Ahmed , Shaw David , Walker Paul , Evans Betsy , Kaul Pankaj , Elmahdy Walid
Published: January 2023

Traditionally, the management of type B aortic dissection has been the domain of the vascular surgeons. Timing and type of intervention still generate debate. We sought to review our early experience with the treatment of this condition based on a hybrid approach following an aortic multi‐disciplinary team meeting involving close cooperation between cardiac surgeons, vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, vascular anesthetists, and cardiac anesthetists. Four patients (age 41–56 years; 3 males; 1 female) with type B aortic dissection underwent aortic arch surgery through a hybrid approach: one elective procedure consisting of ascending aorta and hemi‐arch replacement with debranching followed by thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR); one redo procedure requiring aortic arch replacement with hybrid frozen elephant trunk; two acute presentations (aortic arch replacement and debranching followed by TEVAR; AVR with ascending aorta, arch, and proximal descending thoracic aorta replacement with conventional elephant trunk and debranching). Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was required in three patients. Despite respiratory complications and slightly prolonged postoperative course, all patients survived without onset of stroke, paraplegia, malperfusion, endoleak, or need for re‐exploration. Follow‐up remains satisfactory. Different factors may affect outcome following complex aortic procedures. Nevertheless, close cooperation between cardiac surgeons, vascular surgeons, and interventional radiologists may reduce potential for complications and address aspects that may not be completely within the domain of individual specialists.
Highly Active and Stable Single Atom Rh1/CeO2 Catalyst for CO Oxidation during Redox Cycling
Authors: García‐Vargas Carlos E. , Pereira‐Hernández Xavier Isidro , Jiang Dong , Alcala Ryan , DeLaRiva Andrew T. , Datye Abhaya , Wang Yong
Published: January 2023

We report a single atom Rh1/CeO2 catalyst prepared by the high temperature (800 °C) atom trapping (AT) method which is stable under both oxidative and reductive conditions. Infrared spectroscopic and electron microscopy characterization revealed the presence of exclusively ionic Rh species. These ionic Rh species are stable even under reducing conditions (CO at 300 °C) due to the strong interaction between Rh and CeO2 achieved by the AT method, leading to high and reproducible CO oxidation activity regardless of whether the catalyst is reduced or oxidized. In contrast, ionic Rh species in catalysts synthesized by a conventional impregnation approach (e. g., calcined at 350 °C) can be readily reduced to form Rh nanoclusters/nanoparticles, which are easily oxidized under oxidative conditions, leading to loss of catalytic performance. The single atom Rh1/CeO2 catalysts synthesized by the AT method do not exhibit changes during redox cycling hence are promising catalysts for emission control where redox cycling is encountered, and severe oxidation (fuel cut) leads to loss of performance.
The Buoy Effect: Surface Enrichment of a Pt Complex in IL Solution by Ligand Design
Authors: Hemmeter Daniel , Kremitzl Daniel , Schulz Peter S. , Wasserscheid Peter , Maier Florian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter
Published: January 2023

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Hans‐Peter Steinrück and Peter Wasserscheid at the Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg. The image depicts two Pt catalysts dissolved in an ionic liquid. For one of them, fluorinated side chains in the ligand system act as buoys leading to pronounced enrichment of the complex at the gas/IL interface, as is evidenced by strongly enhanced Pt signals in angle‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. For the complex without fluorinated side chains, no such effect is observed. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202203325.
Social Exchange Relationships with Peer Leaders and Ethical Leadership: A Study among Male Military Team Leaders
Authors: Kim Dongkyu , Vandenberghe Christian
Published: January 2023

The present research explores the role of lateral exchange relationships among peer leaders (i.e., leader–leader exchange relationships; PLLX) as drivers of ethical leadership. Across two studies involving male subordinates and leaders pertaining to 150 teams (Study 1) and 158 leader–follower dyads (Study 2) in the Republic of Korea Army, PLLX was found to mediate a positive relation between peer leaders' ethical leadership and focal team leaders' ethical leadership, while controlling for upper leaders' ethical behaviours. Moreover, this relation was moderated by focal leaders' organizational tenure but in opposite directions in the two studies: the relation between peer leaders' ethical leadership and focal leaders' ethical leadership through PLLX was stronger in Study 1 (vs. weaker in Study 2) when tenure was high.