bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rado simplicial complex
Authors: Farber Michael , Mead Lewis , Strauss Lewin
Published: May 2021

We study a remarkable simplicial complex X on countably many vertexes. X is universal in the sense that any countable simplicial complex is an induced subcomplex of X. Additionally, X is homogeneous, i.e. any two isomorphic finite induced subcomplexes are related by an automorphism of X. We prove that X is the unique simplicial complex which is both universal and homogeneous. The 1-skeleton of X is the well-known Rado graph. We show that a random simplicial complex on countably many vertexes is isomorphic to X with probability 1. We prove that the geometric realisation of X is homeomorphic to an infinite dimensional simplex. We observe several curious properties of X, for example we show that X is robust, i.e. removing any finite set of simplexes leaves a simplicial complex isomorphic to X. The robustness of X leads to the hope that suitable finite approximations of X can serve as models for very resilient networks in real life applications. In a forthcoming paper (Even-Zohar et al. Ample simplicial complexes, arXiv:2012.01483, 2020) we study finite approximations to the Rado complex, they can potentially be useful in real life applications due to their structural stability.
Scenarios for sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes
Authors: Westerdahl B. B.
Published: May 2021

Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant yield reductions worldwide. Before development of soil fumigation, sustainable practices were developed for nematode management; but were utilized with limited success. The restricted availability of fumigants and other nematicides, has stimulated a return to research into more sustainable management scenarios. In recent years, new tools have been developed that improve the successful utilization of sustainable methods including: nematode resistant crop varieties, trap cropping, biofumigation, molecular identification techniques, databases that can be accessed online to search for crops resistant to nematodes, relatively inexpensive soil temperature dataloggers, nematode degree-day models, research on nematode biology and population cycling, development of less toxic chemicals, and development of new soil amendments and natural products. Combining these with a strong nematode control and certification program for nursery crops, have made it possible to develop promising scenarios to reduce damaging nematode populations and increase yields.
Design of a fuzzy PID controller for a MEMS tunable capacitor for noise reduction in a voltage reference source
Authors: Ranjbar Ehsan , Menhaj Mohammad Bagher , Suratgar Amir Abolfazl , Andreu-Perez Javier , Prasad Mukesh
Published: May 2021

This study presents a conventional Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, having reviewed the mathematical modeling of the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Tunable Capacitors (TCs), and also proposes a fuzzy PID controller which demonstrates a better tracking performance in the presence of measurement noise, in comparison with conventional ZN-based PID controllers. Referring to importance and impact of this research, the proposed controller takes advantage of fuzzy control properties such as robustness against noise. TCs are responsible for regulating the reference voltage when integrated into Alternating Current (AC) Voltage Reference Sources (VRS). Capacitance regulation for tunable capacitors in VRS is carried out by modulating the distance of a movable plate. A successful modulation depends on maintaining the stability around the pull-in point. This distance regulation can be achieved by the proposed controller which guarantees the tracking performance of the movable plate in moving towards the pull-in point, and remaining in this critical position. The simulation results of the tracking performance and capacitance tuning are very promising, subjected to measurement noise.

Article Highlights

This article deals with MEMS tunable capacitor dynamics and modeling, considering measurement noise.

It designs and applies fuzzy PID control system for regulating MEMS voltage reference output.

This paper contributes to robustness increase in pull-in performance of the tunable capacitor.
Pharmaco-Chemical Analysis and in Vivo Toxicity Assays of Edible Clays Mined in Nigeria and Consumed Globally
Authors: Odimegwu Joy I. , Nkemehule Florence E. , Eke Esther Jane-Sharon , Okunnuga Jumoke , Buhari Aminat Omolara , Okwuegbuna Sarah Ngozichukwu , Duru Chidinma Romanda
Published: May 2021

Edible clays are consumed by diverse groups of people, especially of African descent, living in Africa and abroad, in a behavior known as geophagy. The clays are used topically as an emollient and drying agent and internally to control diarrhea. Scientific information concerning the chemical constituents and toxicity of edible clays is scarce. The aims of the present study, therefore, were to ascertain the chemical composition of white edible clays (WEC) and gray edible clays (GEC); to determine their toxicity profiles using analytical chemical methods; to test the acute and sub-acute toxicity of edible clays in their natural form as consumed; and to compare the raw and processed clays, and also to compare the latter to a proprietary drug known as ‘Mist kaolin’ (Moko®) which contains some clay along with other chemicals. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to determine the elements present. White female Wistar mice and rats were used for the acute and sub-acute toxicity analyses, respectively. The results from AAS showed the presence of heavy metals and metalloids in both GEC and WEC, and the GC/MS revealed the presence of contaminants such as indomethacin and ethyl benzene, but quantities were below human toxicity levels. Doses of 100–500 mg/kg of either clay type could be harmful to the digestive system, but all of the tests revealed that edible clay is not toxic to humans unless very large amounts (500–1000 mg/kg of body weight) are consumed.
A framework to measure microaggressions in the mathematics classroom
Authors: McKenna Hazel J. , Chang Kuo-Liang , Mgonja Thomas
Published: May 2021

Discriminatory treatment has been identified as one of the major factors that cause the mathematics achievement gap between White and many minority students, particularly, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Culturally Responsive Teaching has been promoted as a means to reduce discrimination in the classroom. However, the appearance of neo-racism in the form of racial microaggressions suggests that Culturally Responsive Teaching may not be enough. Three personality types along with their traits have been identified as the source of racial microaggressions in social psychology. In this theoretical paper, we propose a framework to help researchers and teachers become aware of and identify microaggressions and their extent in a mathematics classroom. The framework is based on two defined types of microaggressions and three personality types that strongly predict discriminatory behaviors.
Farmers’ strategic responses to competitive intensity and the impact on perceived performance
Authors: Nybom Jozefine , Hunter Erik , Micheels Eric , Melin Martin
Published: May 2021

A large percentage of small- and medium-sized farms have ceased operations in the last 2 decades in part due to their inability to respond to increased competitive intensity. Consequently, the strategic responses farmers adopt to competitive intensity are important to understand as they may influence performance and ultimately their survival. Based on a sample of 388 randomly selected farmers in Sweden and using structural equation modelling, we find that as perceptions of competitive intensity increase, so does their market orientation (MO) and lean production orientation (LPO), but not entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Moreover, we find that farmers who indicate greater (in order of importance) MO and LPO report better overall performance, while increased EO surprisingly contributes negatively to performance. Our findings contribute to the limited body of research on strategic responses to competitive intensity in the agricultural sector and subsequent payoff on farm performance.
Skin Necrosis, Diffuse Urticaria, and Cellulitis Due to Presumed Loxosceles Spider Bite
Authors: Köse Ataman , Abacı Esin , Bozkurt Babus Seyran , Yazıcı Ayça
Published: May 2021

The clinical manifestations of a recluse spider bite range from local erythema to necrotic skin reactions; bites rarely lead to a systemic disease known as viscerocutaneous loxoscelism. A 29-y-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department with a wound, swelling, and pain on her left leg and a rash on her whole body as a result of a spider bite. On physical examination, a round, hard, black, irregularly shaped necrotic area was found in the bite zone on the lower posterior part of the left thigh, as were lesions in the form of erythematous papules around the area. There was a color change around the lesion, extending from posterior to medial of the thigh, and a papule on a diffuse erythematous surface on the trunk and arms. At follow-up, the necrotic area had become more apparent. After approximately 1 mo, the necrotic area was surgically debrided and a flap was formed on the necrotic tissue area. In this article, a case that was thought to be caused by a Loxosceles spider bite and which started with erythema, progressed to lymphangitis, cellulitis, and severe necrosis, and was surgically debrided, was evaluated in light of the clinical findings and previously reported cases of verified loxoscelism. In patients with a history suggestive of a bite and with these clinical findings, the diagnosis of a bite by Loxosceles spp. should be carefully considered based on clinical and epidemiologic findings.
Rejecting Retributivism
Authors: Caruso Gregg D.
Published: May 2021

Within the criminal justice system, one of the most prominent justifications for legal punishment is retributivism. The retributive justification of legal punishment maintains that wrongdoers are morally responsible for their actions and deserve to be punished in proportion to their wrongdoing. This book argues against retributivism and develops a viable alternative that is both ethically defensible and practical. Introducing six distinct reasons for rejecting retributivism, Gregg D. Caruso contends that it is unclear that agents possess the kind of free will and moral responsibility needed to justify this view of punishment. While a number of alternatives to retributivism exist - including consequentialist deterrence, educational, and communicative theories - they have ethical problems of their own. Moving beyond existing theories, Caruso presents a new non-retributive approach called the public health-quarantine model. In stark contrast to retributivism, the public health-quarantine model provides a more human, holistic, and effective approach to dealing with criminal behavior.
Sound Recording Technology and American Literature
Authors: Teague Jessica E.
Published: May 2021

Phonographs, tapes, stereo LPs, digital remix - how did these remarkable technologies impact American writing? This book explores how twentieth-century writers shaped the ways we listen in our multimedia present. Uncovering a rich new archive of materials, this book offers a resonant reading of how writers across several genres, such as John Dos Passos, Langston Hughes, William S. Burroughs, and others, navigated the intermedial spaces between texts and recordings. Numerous scholars have taken up remix - a term co-opted from DJs and sound engineers - as the defining aesthetic of twenty-first century art and literature. Others have examined modernism's debt to the phonograph. But in the gap between these moments, one finds that the reciprocal relationship between the literary arts and sonic technologies continued to evolve over the twentieth century. A mix of American literary history, sound studies, and media archaeology, this interdisciplinary study will appeal to scholars, students, and audiophiles.
Foundations of Constructive Probability Theory
Authors: Chan Yuen-Kwok
Published: May 2021

Using Bishop's work on constructive analysis as a framework, this monograph gives a systematic, detailed and general constructive theory of probability theory and stochastic processes. It is the first extended account of this theory: almost all of the constructive existence and continuity theorems that permeate the book are original. It also contains results and methods hitherto unknown in the constructive and nonconstructive settings. The text features logic only in the common sense and, beyond a certain mathematical maturity, requires no prior training in either constructive mathematics or probability theory. It will thus be accessible and of interest, both to probabilists interested in the foundations of their speciality and to constructive mathematicians who wish to see Bishop's theory applied to a particular field.
Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models in Political Science
Authors: Granato Jim , Lo Melody , Wong M. C. Sunny
Published: May 2021

Tension has long existed in the social sciences between quantitative and qualitative approaches on one hand, and theory-minded and empirical techniques on the other. The latter divide has grown sharper in the wake of new behavioural and experimental perspectives which draw on both sides of these modelling schemes. This book works to address this disconnect by establishing a framework for methodological unification: empirical implications of theoretical models (EITM). This framework connects behavioural and applied statistical concepts, develops analogues of these concepts, and links and evaluates these analogues. The authors offer detailed explanations of how these concepts may be framed, to assist researchers interested in incorporating EITM into their own research. They go on to demonstrate how EITM may be put into practice for a range of disciplines within the social sciences, including voting, party identification, social interaction, learning, conflict and cooperation to macro-policy formulation.
Contaminated flexible endoscopes: Review of impact of channel sampling methods on culture results and recommendations for root-cause analysis
Authors: Alfa Michelle J. , Singh Harminder
Published: May 2021

Recently, infection transmission risk associated with contaminated, patient-ready flexible endoscopes has attracted attention. Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms resulting in infection and/or colonization have been particularly concerning. Recent CDC and FDA recommendations focus on reducing “exogenous” infection transmission and specifically recommend that endoscopy sites have quality systems in place for endoscope reprocessing. Another key recommendation is the culture of patient-ready endoscopes to detect contamination with organisms of concern. Remaining gaps in the guidelines include ensuring that optimal endoscope-channel sample methods are used and ensuring effective root-cause analysis and remediation when contamination is detected. In this review, we summarize the critical aspects of endoscope sample collection and present a practical approach to root-cause analysis and remedial action plans.
Associations of facility-level antibiotic use and hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in US acute-care hospitals, 2012–2018
Authors: Kazakova Sophia V. , Baggs James , Yi Sarah H. , Reddy Sujan C. , Hatfield Kelly M. , Guh Alice Y. , Jernigan John A. , McDonald L. Clifford
Published: May 2021

Previously reported associations between hospital-level antibiotic use and hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) were reexamined using 2012–2018 data from a new cohort of US acute-care hospitals. This analysis revealed significant positive associations between total, third-generation, and fourth-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, carbapenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam use and HO-CDI rates, confirming previous findings.
Microcomputed tomography of the holotype of the early tetrapodIchthyerpeton bradleyae(Huxley in Wright and Huxley, 1866) from the Pennsylvanian of Ireland
Authors: Gogáin Aodhán Ó , Wyse Jackson Patrick N.
Published: May 2021

Ichthyerpeton bradleyae(Huxley in Wright and Huxley, 1866) is one of the seven tetrapods originally described by Huxley from the Jarrow Assemblage (Pennsylvanian, Langsettian Regional Substage equated with the Bashkirian International Stage) in south-eastern Ireland. The holotype, one of only two specimens considered to represent the taxon, consists of the postcranial skeleton, which has been highly compressed and has undergone extensive replacement of bone by carbonaceous material. The holotype is studied using microcomputed tomography, which reveals that the vertebral column has at least 25 diplospondylous vertebrae with cylindrical centra. Neural arches and a haemal arch are described for the first time. Neural arches in the caudal region are paired and neural spines only contact one another dorsally. The hemal arch is fused and wraps around the ventral margin of the centrum. A stout femur and tibia are described. The morphology of the femur is unique for early tetrapods, with fibular and tibial condyles of similar length and lacking an adductor crest. The morphology of the femur, and its length relative to the tibia, suggests that the holotype ofI. bradleyaepreserves an immature individual. The tibia is a flat bone characteristic of stem tetrapods. Phalanges from the right and left pes are present. Because the phalanges are disarticulated, a phalangeal count cannot be determined. Despite the new anatomical information, the systematic position ofI. bradleyaeis still difficult to establish; however, it does not belong within the colosteids, temnospondyls, or embolomeres, to which it has previously been assigned.
CLOSURE PROPERTIES OF MEASURABLE ULTRAPOWERS
Authors: LÜCKE PHILIPP , MÜLLER SANDRA
Published: May 2021

We study closure properties of measurable ultrapowers with respect to Hamkin’s notion of freshness and show that the extent of these properties highly depends on the combinatorial properties of the underlying model of set theory. In one direction, a result of Sakai shows that, by collapsing a strongly compact cardinal to become the double successor of a measurable cardinal, it is possible to obtain a model of set theory in which such ultrapowers possess the strongest possible closure properties. In the other direction, we use various square principles to show that measurable ultrapowers of canonical inner models only possess the minimal amount of closure properties. In addition, the techniques developed in the proofs of these results also allow us to derive statements about the consistency strength of the existence of measurable ultrapowers with non-minimal closure properties.
Fossil molluscs from borehole Hollum (Ameland, the Netherlands) constrain three successive Quaternary interglacial marine intervals in the southern North Sea Basin
Authors: Meijer Tom , Pouwer Ronald , Cleveringa Piet , de Wolf Hein , Busschers Freek S. , Wesselingh Frank P.
Published: May 2021

When dealing with stratigraphic successions in marginal basin settings, the geological record is often fragmented due to erosion and reworking processes. The North Sea Basin is an example: it has a fragmented Quaternary record; in particular, Middle Pleistocene intervals are poorly known. As a result, we have little insight into climate, marine environmental conditions and biodiversity in this period. Here we describe and discuss a succession of three interglacial marine mollusc-bearing intervals in a borehole from Ameland in the northern Netherlands (borehole B01H0189 near Hollum). These intervals are attributed to marine isotope stages MIS7, MIS5e and MIS1. The Holocene Celtic type of faunas (interval 0–26.24 m below surface (b.s.)) and Eemian Lusitanian type of faunas (26.24–30.40 m b.s.) are well-known from previous research. The newly reported MIS7 Oostermeer fauna (32.80–39.00 m b.s.) represents mostly full marine settings between storm wave base and fair-weather wave base. In composition and diversity, the MIS7 and MIS1 faunas strongly resemble and differ from the MIS5e fauna. This is the first well-documented record of three stacked marine interglacial assemblages from the southern North Sea Basin at one location. This new record enables us to make complete marine faunal characterisations of successive interglacial periods. Key implications for southern North Sea stratigraphy and palaeogeography are the resemblance of marine faunas and conditions in MIS7 and MIS1, the presence of a relatively warm latest MIS6 freshwater interval and confirmation and characterisation of the warm Eemian interval north of the classical type area.
Phylogenetic paleoecology: macroecology within an evolutionary framework
Authors: Lamsdell James C. , Congreve Curtis R.
Published: May 2021

The burgeoning field of phylogenetic paleoecology (Lamsdell et al. 2017) represents a synthesis of the related but differently focused fields of macroecology (Brown 1995) and macroevolution (Stanley 1975). Through a combination of the data and methods of both disciplines, phylogenetic paleoecology leverages phylogenetic theory and quantitative paleoecology to explain the temporal and spatial variation in species diversity, distribution, and disparity. Phylogenetic paleoecology is ideally situated to elucidate many fundamental issues in evolutionary biology, including the generation of new phenotypes and occupation of previously unexploited environments; the nature of relationships among character change, ecology, and evolutionary rates; determinants of the geographic distribution of species and clades; and the underlying phylogenetic signal of ecological selectivity in extinctions and radiations. This is because phylogenetic paleoecology explicitly recognizes and incorporates the quasi-independent nature of evolutionary and ecological data as expressed in the dual biological hierarchies (Eldredge and Salthe 1984; Congreve et al. 2018; Fig. 1), incorporating both as covarying factors rather than focusing on one and treating the other as error within the dataset.
Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter
Authors: OSMUNDSEN MATHIAS , BOR ALEXANDER , VAHLSTRUP PETER BJERREGAARD , BECHMANN ANJA , PETERSEN MICHAEL BANG
Published: May 2021

The rise of “fake news” is a major concern in contemporary Western democracies. Yet, research on the psychological motivations behind the spread of political fake news on social media is surprisingly limited. Are citizens who share fake newsignorantand lazy? Are they fueled by sinister motives, seeking todisruptthe social status quo? Or do they seek to attack partisan opponents in an increasinglypolarizedpolitical environment? This article is the first to test these competing hypotheses based on a careful mapping of psychological profiles of over 2,300 American Twitter users linked to behavioral sharing data and sentiment analyses of more than 500,000 news story headlines. The findings contradict the ignorance perspective but provide some support for the disruption perspective and strong support for the partisan polarization perspective. Thus, individuals who report hating their political opponents are the most likely to share political fake news and selectively share content that is useful for derogating these opponents. Overall, our findings show that fake news sharing is fueled by the same psychological motivations that drive other forms of partisan behavior, including sharing partisan news from traditional and credible news sources.
An adjoint method for determining the sensitivity of island size to magnetic field variations
Authors: Geraldini Alessandro , Landreman M. , Paul E.
Published: May 2021

An adjoint method to calculate the gradient of island width in stellarators is presented and applied to a set of magnetic field configurations. The underlying method for calculation of the island width is that of Cary & Hanson (Phys. Fluids B, vol. 3, issue 4, 1991, pp. 1006–1014) (with a minor modification), and requires that the residue of the island centre be small. Therefore, the gradient of the residue is calculated in addition. Both the island width and the gradient calculations are verified using an analytical magnetic field configuration introduced by Reiman & Greenside (Comput. Phys. Commun., vol. 43, issue 1, 1986, pp. 157–167). The method is also applied to the calculation of the shape gradient of the width of a magnetic island in a National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) vacuum configuration with respect to positions on a coil. A gradient-based optimization is applied to a magnetic field configuration studied by Hanson & Cary (Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, issue 4, 1984, pp. 767–769) to minimize stochasticity by adding perturbations to a pair of helical coils. Although only vacuum magnetic fields and an analytical magnetic field model are considered in this work, the adjoint calculation of the island width gradient could also be applied to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium if the derivative of the magnetic field, with respect to the equilibrium parameters, is known. Using the island width gradient calculation presented here, more general gradient-based optimization methods can be applied to design stellarators with small magnetic islands. Moreover, the sensitivity of the island size may itself be optimized to ensure that coil tolerances, with respect to island size, are kept as high as possible.
Trichuris muris as a tool for holistic discovery research: from translational research to environmental bio-tagging
Authors: Mair Iris , Else Kathryn J. , Forman Ruth
Published: May 2021

Trichuris spp. (whipworms) are intestinal nematode parasites which cause chronic infections associated with significant morbidities. Trichuris muris in a mouse is the most well studied of the whipworms and research on this species has been approached from a number of different disciplines. Research on T. muris in a laboratory mouse has provided vital insights into the host–parasite interaction through analyses of the immune responses to infection, identifying factors underpinning host susceptibility and resistance. Laboratory studies have also informed strategies for disease control through anthelmintics and vaccine research. On the contrary, research on naturally occurring infections with Trichuris spp. allows the analysis of the host–parasite co-evolutionary relationships and parasite genetic diversity. Furthermore, ecological studies utilizing Trichuris have aided our knowledge of the intricate relationships amongst parasite, host and environment. More recently, studies in wild and semi-wild settings have combined the strengths of the model organism of the house mouse with the complexities of context-dependent physiological responses to infection. This review celebrates the extraordinarily broad range of beneficiaries of whipworm research, from immunologists and parasitologists, through epidemiologists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists to the veterinary and medical communities.
Food System Transformation and the Role of Gene Technology: An Ethical Analysis
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: May 2021

The global food system exhibits dizzying complexity, with interaction among social, economic, biological, and technological factors. Opposition to the first generation of plants and animals transformed through rDNA-enabled gene transfer (so-called GMOs) has been a signature episode in resistance to the forces of industrialization and globalization in the food system. Yet agricultural scientists continue to tout gene technology as an essential component in meeting future global food needs. An ethical analysis of the debate over gene technologies reveals the details that matter. On the one hand, alternative regimes for institutionalizing gene technology (through regulation, trade policy, and intellectual property law) could mitigate injustices suffered by politically marginalized and economically disadvantaged actors in the food system, especially smallholding farmers in less industrialized economies. On the other hand, GMO opposition has been singularly effective in mobilizing citizens of affluent countries against policies and practices that lie at the heart of these same injustices. As part of the roundtable, “Ethics and the Future of the Global Food System,” this essay argues that charting a middle course that realizes the benefits of gene technology while blocking its use in the perpetration of unjust harms may require a more detailed grasp of intricacies in the food system than even motivated bystanders are willing to develop.
Subversive Future Seeks Like-Minded Model: On the Mismatch between Visions of Food Sovereignty Futures and Quantified Scenarios of Global Food Futures
Authors: Saghai Yashar
Published: May 2021

Will we, by 2050, be able to feed a rapidly growing population with healthy and sustainably grown food in a world threatened by systemic environmental crises? There are too many uncertainties for us to predict the long-term evolution of the global agri-food system, but we can explore a wide range of futures to inform policymaking and public debate on the future of food. This is typically done by creating scenarios (story lines that vividly describe what different futures could look like) and quantifying them with computer simulation models to get numerical estimates of how different aspects of the global agri-food system might evolve under different hypotheses. Among the many scenarios produced over the last twenty years, one would expect to see the future advocated by the food sovereignty movement, which claims to represent roughly two hundred million self-described “peasants” (small farmers) worldwide. This movement defends a vision of the future based on relocalized, sustainable, and just agri-food systems, self-governed through direct and participatory democratic processes. Yet, food sovereignty is conspicuously absent from quantified scenarios of global food futures. As part of the roundtable, “Ethics and the Future of the Global Food System,” this essay identifies seven obstacles that undermine the creation of food sovereignty scenarios by examining two attempts at crafting such scenarios.
Resources for the People—but Who Are the People? Mistaken Nationalism in Resource Sovereignty
Authors: Kutz Christopher
Published: May 2021

Arguments about the ownership of natural resources have focused on the claims of cosmopolitans, who urge an equality of global claims to resources, and resource sovereigntists, who argue that national peoples are the proper owners of their resources. This focus is mistaken: Whatever one believes about the in-principle claims of the global community, there remains the practical question of how the national surplus is to be distributed. And in addressing this question, we must look at a distinction heretofore ignored in resource discussions—that between resident workers and citizens. I argue that the extracted value of natural resources should benefit all residents of the states in which they are found, not merely all citizens. By contrast, control of natural resources should be vested in a democratic citizenry, who are nonetheless normatively constrained by the distributive principle described above. I illustrate the argument with data showing the gap, especially in the Gulf States, between principles that allocate benefits to all citizens vs. to all resident workers. My argument is grounded in a broader theory of collective agency as it applies to questions of distributive justice, and it is aimed not only to criticize practices in the Gulf but to support the more inclusive resource policies found in democracies.
Rethinking the Nature of States and Political Violence
Authors: Henschke Adam
Published: May 2021

It is a long-held belief that states must retain the monopoly over political violence in order to be states, and to survive. However, there are recent criticisms of this view forcing us to consider not just the state's use of political violence but the very nature of the state. Elizabeth Frazer and Kimberly Hutchings's Can Political Violence Ever Be Justified? argues that it cannot. Ned Dobos's Ethics, Security, and the War-Machine raises a series of arguments against states having standing militaries, and Alex Vitale's The End of Policing similarly raises a series of arguments against the institution of the police. In this review essay, I suggest that these arguments all force us to revisit the very nature of the state. There are concerns about simply abolishing these institutions of political violence, but we can indeed conceive of states without the monopoly on violence.
Choices, challenges, and constraints: a pragmatic examination of the limits of mental age matching in empirical research
Authors: Russo N. , Kaplan-Kahn E. A. , Wilson J. , Criss A. , Burack J. A.
Published: May 2021

The work of Ed Zigler spans decades of research all singularly dedicated to using science to improve the lives of children facing different challenges. The focus of this article is on one of Zigler's numerous lines of work: advocating for the practice of mental age (MA) matching in empirical research, wherein groups of individuals are matched on the basis of developmental level, rather than chronological age. While MA matching practices represented a paradigm shift that provided the seeds from which the developmental approach to developmental disability sprouted, it is not without its own limits. Here, we examine and test the underlying assumption of linearity inherent in MA matching using three commonly used IQ measures. Results provide practical constraints of using MA matching, a solution which we hope refines future clinical and empirical practices, furthering Zigler's legacy of continued commitment to compassionate, meaningful, and rigorous science in the service of children.
SALVAGE AND RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY INSIDE ANCIENT TULA: RECENT DISCOVERIES AND REVELATIONS
Authors: Gamboa Cabezas Luís , Healan Dan M.
Published: May 2021

This article presents the results of seven archaeological salvage and rescue projects that resulted in new information on settlement at Tula, Hidalgo that includes materials and evidence of activities rarely or never before encountered at Tula. Several localities exhibited evidence of craft activities that included the production of basalt megaliths, human and animal figurines, and the processing of human skulls. One locality was the scene of elaborate ritual involving the mass sacrifice of children, and another was the scene of elaborate ritual destruction and offerings involving some of the most sumptuous objects yet found at Tula. One of the most remarkable aspects of the wealth of information and material culture obtained was that these were salvage and rescue operations undertaken with limited time and resources in localities determined by factors in which previous archaeological knowledge played no guiding role. These investigations indicate that despite the extensive damage suffered by Tula outside the protected area, much of the old city still remains for researchers for the immediate future.
WARRIORS, KINGS, AND TEOHUAQUE AT TULA: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE SO-CALLED “WARRIOR PILLARS” ATOP PYRAMID B
Authors: Jiménez García Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Pyramid B was one of the most important buildings in the sacred precinct of the Early Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo. On its summit was a temple supported by anthropomorphic and zoomorphic columns and four pillars containing the reliefs of 16 individuals and other images. Based on comparative analysis with other archaeological specimens and images from conquest era codices, I propose that all 16 individuals were warrior-kings in sacred dress bearing a suite of weapons associated with the Tollan-Xicocotitlan elite.
CHILD SACRIFICE IN TULA: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Medrano Enríquez Angélica María
Published: May 2021

Recent salvage excavations conducted in the Early Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo, exposed a residential compound containing an open patio, beneath which was discovered a massive burial, designated Feature 5. Human remains involving a minimum of 49 individuals were discovered, many of whom were arranged in a sitting or squatting position. The majority of individuals, including all of the latter, were young children. The bioarchaeological analysis suggests that they were sacrificed. Many individuals exhibited anthropogenic modification, including cut marks on the skull and postcranial skeleton, indicating the children had been flayed. Some individuals were represented only by the skull and cervical vertebrae, suggesting decapitation. The individuals appeared to be in bad health, a common attribute of children sacrificed to Tlaloc by the Aztecs. According to ethnohistorical sources, children offered to Tlaloc commonly had their throats slit, although this practice was not identified among the individuals in Feature 5, possibly owing to their young age. Sacrifice also may have been made to Xipe Totec, as suggested by the evidence of flaying and the presence of a large hollow sculpture of the deity located in an adjacent residential compound, a deity who has been also linked to human sacrifice related to regeneration and fertility.
Agents of Death: Reassessing Social Agency and Gendered Narratives of Human Sacrifice in the Viking Age
Authors: Moen Marianne , Walsh Matthew J.
Published: May 2021

This article seeks to approach the famous tenth-century account of the burial of a chieftain of the Rus, narrated by the Arab traveller Ibn Fadlan, in a new light. Placing focus on how gendered expectations have coloured the interpretation and subsequent archaeological use of this source, we argue that a new focus on the social agency of some of the central actors can open up alternative interpretations. Viewing the source in light of theories of human sacrifice in the Viking Age, we examine the promotion of culturally appropriate gendered roles, where women are often depicted as victims of male violence. In light of recent trends in theoretical approaches where gender is foregrounded, we perceive that a new focus on agency in such narratives can renew and rejuvenate important debates.
WORKING AS EQUAL MORAL AGENTS
Authors: Tsuruda Sabine
Published: May 2021

This article develops and advances a liberal ideal of equality for evaluating the lawful scope of employer control over employees. It argues that, in addition to attending to discrimination and bargaining power asymmetries, we should ensure that our laws treat workers as the moral equals of their bosses more broadly—as people with equally weighty claims to exercising agency over their own values and lives. To illustrate, the article explains that employer control over workplace expression can preclude colleagues from communicating with each other as moral equals and can compromise employees’ abilities to exercise agency over their own characters. It then discusses how our agential interests in workplace expression can guide legal reform.
Interreligious Relations with No Self: A Mystical Path to Omnilogue?
Authors: STEPIEN RAFAL K.
Published: May 2021

Various models of interreligious relations have been proposed in recent scholarship, including most prominently the several varieties of inclusivism, exclusivism, and pluralism. One abiding presupposition shared across these models takes the religious adherent (or community of adherents) as a unified individual (or collective of such individuals). This assumption overlooks an important feature of the mystical strains of religiosity, which is to negate selfhood. This article seeks to problematize standard scholarly models of interreligious relations by working through and applying to them such mystical understandings of (non-)selfhood, with particular focus on the Islamic mystics Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭamī, Abū l-Qāsem al-Junayd, ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-Qushayrī, Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār Nayshābūrī, and Muḥyiddīn Ibn al-ʿArabī. Based on this textual study, I propose an alternative to interreligious dialogue more adequately termed ‘polyglot monologue’ or, in order to avoid pluralistic implications, ‘omnilogue’.
Orbán Urbi et Orbi: Christianity as a Nodal Point of Radical-right Populism
Authors: Lamour Christian
Published: May 2021

There is one European state leader from the moderate Christian-democrat center right who has developed a discourse and policies showing his progressive move toward the radical right: Viktor Orbán. Can Christianity be considered from a Laclauian perspective, as a “nodal point” of Orbán's radical right discourse; that is, a key element around which his antagonistic narratives are structured? Based on an analysis of segments of Orbán's speeches between 2014 and 2019 that mention Christianity, the research reveals that this religion is a nodal point for three main reasons: (1) the density of Christian references used to shape a negative and antagonistic discourse, strategically adjusted to his audience; (2) the use of Christianity to ground the three ideological pillars of the radical right (populism, nativism, and authoritarianism); and (3) the mobilization of Christianity to organize a hegemonic struggle against the dominant political force that has defined the meaning of this religion in the European public sphere—the moderate center right.
A mathematical model for sidelobe level optimization of variable inclination continuous transverse stub antenna
Authors: Wang Kexin , Lei Xue , Gao Jun , Li Tianpeng , Zhao Mingyang
Published: May 2021

A mathematical model of variable inclination continuous transverse stub (VICTS) antenna for low sidelobe design is proposed in this paper. VICTS antenna is an antenna with continuous transverse stubs on the parallel-plate waveguide and additional branches attached to the transverse stubs to generate radiation. The antenna using this technique has high aperture efficiency and keeps a significant solution for high-gain antenna. However, the sidelobe level (SLL) of this antenna is relatively high and increases continuously as the pitch angle decreases. This paper presents a fast calculation model for the SLL of VICTS antennas using leaky-wave theory and antenna array theory. The full-wave simulation results and model calculation results are in good agreement, so this model can be used for SLL suppression of VICTS antennas in different frequency bands. By controlling the aperture field distribution to be tapered, the SLL is suppressed to − 23.7 dB using this mathematical model.
Compact bandwidth tunable IF filters for reconfigurable converters
Authors: Ni Jia , Hong Jiasheng , Iglesias Petronilo Martin
Published: May 2021

This paper aims to present some outcomes from a European Space Agency (ESA) Technology Research Programme (TRP) project on R&D of new design techniques, concepts, and filtering configurations for tunable IF (intermediate frequency) filters with a compact footprint, wide bandwidth tuning range (covering from 49 to 478 MHz at f0 = 1 GHz) as well as equivalent high-Q performance (i.e. low insertion loss variation and high selectivity by using low-Q resonators). In order to obtain a wide tuning range, the proposed filtering configuration utilizes a new tuning technique that only necessitates control of coupling values with simple DC control circuits, without the need of tuning the electrical length of resonators to avoid deviating the center frequency. Furthermore, in order to achieve the equivalent high-Q performance, a novel lossy technique by using a centrally resistor-loaded half-wavelength resonator is adopted. For the proof of concept, a six-pole prototype filter is designed, fabricated, and tested.
Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Yang Xiaorong , Fang Yuan , Chen Hui , Zhang Tongchao , Yin Xiaolin , Man Jinyu , Yang Lejin , Lu Ming
Published: May 2021

Aims

Anxiety disorders are widespread across the world. A systematic understanding of the disease burden, temporal trend and risk factors of anxiety disorders provides the essential foundation for targeted public policies on mental health at the national, regional, and global levels.

Methods

The estimation of anxiety disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 using systematic review was conducted to describe incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019. We calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to quantify the temporal trends in anxiety disorders burden by sex, region and age over the past 30 years and analysed the impact of epidemiological and demographic changes on anxiety disorders.

Results

Globally, 45.82 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 37.14, 55.62] million incident cases of anxiety disorders, 301.39 million (95% UI: 252.63, 356.00) prevalent cases and 28.68 (95% UI: 19.86, 39.32) million DALYs were estimated in 2019. Although the overall age-standardised burden rate of anxiety disorders remained stable over the past three decades, the latest absolute number of anxiety disorders increased by 50% from 1990. We observed huge disparities in both age-standardised burden rate and changing trend of anxiety disorders in sex, country and age. In 2019, 7.07% of the global DALYs due to anxiety disorders were attributable to bullying victimisation, mainly among the population aged 5–39 years, and the proportion increased in almost all countries and territories compared with 1990.

Conclusion

Anxiety disorder is still the most common mental illness in the world and has a striking impact on the global burden of disease. Controlling potential risk factors, such as bullying, establishing effective mental health knowledge dissemination and diversifying intervention strategies adapted to specific characteristics will reduce the burden of anxiety disorders.
Evaluation of Long‐Term Temperature Trend and Variability in CMIP6 Multimodel Ensemble
Authors: Duan Yanan , Kumar Sanjiv , Kinter James L.
Published: May 2021

This study conducts a robust assessment of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 to capture the observed temperature trends and variability at global and regional scales. The warming rate in the second half of the twentieth century (0.19°C/decade) is twice as large as in the full analysis period (1901–2014; 0.10°C/decade). Multidecadal climate variability results in considerable uncertainties in the regional temperature trend, but the multidecadal variability does not represent a statistically significant trend. Globally, the spatial pattern of trends is most similar among ensemble members of the same model, then among climate models, and the least similar between models and observations. The structural uncertainty and internal variability of climate models provide a range of temperature trends that generally encompass the regional scale observations. Some single model large ensembles also have variability comparable to the multimodel large ensemble, encompassing the regional scale observations.
Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies
Authors: Kasuga Yusuke , Zhu Baohui , Jang Kyoung-Jin , Yoo Ji-Seung
Published: May 2021

The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple cellular receptors sensing viral components. The activated innate immune system produces interferons (IFNs) and cytokines that perform antiviral functions to eliminate invading viruses. Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have a broad range of animal hosts. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple means to evade host antiviral immune responses. Successful immune evasion by coronaviruses may enable the viruses to adapt to multiple species of host organisms. Coronavirus transmission from zoonotic hosts to humans has caused serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), resulting in global health and economic crises. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing of and innate immune responses against coronavirus invasion, as well as host immune evasion strategies of coronaviruses.