bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giemsa-11 Staining of Chromosome 1: A Newly Described Heteromorphism
Authors: Maegenis R. E. , Donlon T. A. , Wyandt H. E.
Published: October 2006

Sequential Giemsa-11 and C-band staining of the heterochromatic region of chromosome 1 from 30 unrelated individuals revealed a high degree of variability within this region, more than was identifiable with either stain alone. The Giemsa-11 stained material usually appeared as a single band of only slightly varying size within the heterochromatic region. The position of this band ranged from a location immediately adjacent to the centromere, to one farther along the long arm or at the junction of the C-band heterochromatin and euchromatin. Two individuals had a chromosome 1 with no detectable Giemsa-11 band but an average-size C-band. Two others with a large heterochromatic segment by C-banding had two Giemsa-11 positive bands. Additional studies of five members of one family were consistent with transmission of these heteromorphisms in codominant Mendelian fashion.
Reformation of Organized Connections in the Auditory System After Generation of the Eighth Nerve
Authors: Zakon Harold , Capranica Robert R.
Published: October 2006

Binaural cells in the superior olive normally have identical frequency sensitivities when acoustically stimulated via either ear. The precision with which central connections are reformed after auditory nerve regeneration can be determined by comparing the frequency sensitivities of the two binaural inputs to these cells. Three months after cutting the nerve and subsequent regeneration in the leopard frog, binaural cells once again have well-matched frequency sensitivities. Thus, the specificity of central connectivity that characterizes the auditory system in normal animals is restored after regeneration.
Survival of
Escherichia coli
Host-Vector Systems in the Mammalian Intestine
Authors: Levy Stuart B. , Marshall Bonnie , Rowse-Eagle Debra , Onderdonk Andrew
Published: October 2006

Survival in the mouse and human intestine of
Escherichia coli
host-vector systems used and proposed for recombinant DNA technology was assessed. There was no detectable survival of severely disabled
E. coli
K12 strain χ1776 in mice or in human subjects 24 hours after ingestion. The same strain bearing the plasmid pBR322, however, was recovered from human subjects for 4 days in amounts of six organisms for every million ingested. Nondisabled
E. coli
K12 strain χ1666, with or without pBR322, survived in 10
4
-fold greater numbers and for 2 days longer, with better recovery of the plasmid-containing derivative. Although the plasmid-bearing strains were recovered for longer periods, no intestinal colonization was noted. Despite the presence of pBR322 for a maximum of 6 days in the human intestine, there was no evidence that it was transferred from either bacterial host to endogenous aerobic fecal bacteria.
Insulin Receptors in Hepatocytes: Postreceptor Events Mediate Down Regulation
Authors: Caro Jose F. , Amatruda John M.
Published: October 2006

Down regulation of the insulin receptor of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes occurs in the presence of insulin and several agents with insulin-like activity, which act through or distal to the insulin receptor. These findings indicate that the interaction of insulin with its specific binding site is not in itself sufficient to down-regulate this receptor and that one or more steps subsequent to this interaction are necessary. Thus, down regulation may be a complex biological response to insulin, and if a cell were resistant to this effect of insulin, our data may explain how target cells from a patient or animal can have a normal number of receptors in the presence of increased concentrations of circulating insulin.
Identification of Tissue-Specific Nuclear Antigens Transferred to Nitrocellulose from Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Glass William F. , Briggs Robert C. , Hnilica Lubomir S.
Published: October 2006

Nonhistone protein antigens resolved by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate were identified immunochemically after being transferred to nitrocellulose. Use of antiserum to dehistonized chromatin from Novikoff hepatoma revealed numerous protein antigens specific to the chromatin of Novikoff hepatoma in comparison to that of normal rat liver.
Homogeneous Fluorescent Immunoassay
Authors: Briggs Jonathan , Elings Virgil B. , Nicoli David F.
Published: October 2006

A fluorescent immunoassay based on the correlation of fluctuations in particle number measures the amount of tagged species bound to micrometer-sized beads and is insensitive to background fluorescence. Without separation steps, a competitive assay can resolve 1 nanogram of gentamicin per milliliter from a total sample volume of only 10 microliters.
Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosomiasis: Egg Granulomas Secrete Fibroblast Stimulating Factor in Vitro
Authors: Wyler David J. , Wahl Sharon M. , Wahl Larry M.
Published: October 2006

Cytosol extracts and culture supernatants of isolated egg granulomas obtained from livers of mice with
Schistosoma mansoni
infection stimulated fibroblasts to incorporate tritiated thymidine and to proliferate in vitro. This finding suggests that hepatic granulomas may play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in
Schistosoma mansoni
infections.
Changing Postdoctoral Career Patterns for Biomedical Scientists
Authors: Coggeshall Porter E. , Norvell John C. , Bogorad Lawrence , Bock Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Between 1973 and 1977 the total number of Ph.D.'s holding postdoctoral appointments in the biomedical sciences increased at a rate of more than 550 individuals (12.5 percent) per year. During this same period the total number of doctorates awarded each year in these disciplines showed very little change. The postdoctoral growth can be attributed to substantial increases in both the numbers of recent graduates taking postdoctorals and the length of stay on these appointments. The lack of alternative employment opportunities has contributed heavily to the postdoctoral buildup. Continued growth is likely to have important consequences for biomedical research and research training.
Developmental Equations for Postural Tremor
Authors: Tryon Warren W.
Published: October 2006

Developmental equations for the electroencephalogram have been reported previously for normal children and brain disorder has been shown to cause substantial deviations from this developmental norm. The present report describes directly parallel phenomena with regard to postural tremor.
Environmental Uses of the NIH-EPA Chemical Information System
Authors: Milne G. W. A. , Fisk C. L. , Heller Stephen R. , Potenzone Rudolph
Published: October 2006

A publicly accessible computer system for chemical information has been developed jointly by a number of agencies of the U.S. government. The system contains spectroscopic, crystallographic, toxicological, and regulatory data for more than 200,000 chemicals. The entire data base may be searched for a particular chemical structure or substructure, whose properties may then be retrieved. Alternatively, searching with numeric properties data is possible, permitting the identification of chemicals. Access is by local telephone call, and the system is used on a fee-for-service basis by organizations in over 20 countries. An important application of the system is to problems of chemical pollution.
Recombinant Inversion Chromosomes in Phenotypically Normal Chickens
Authors: Bitgood J. J. , Shoffner R. N. , Otis J. S. , Wang N.
Published: October 2006

Some progeny resulting from interbreeding of individuals heterozygous for a pericentric inversion of chromosome 1 in the chicken have the two complementary types of recombinant chromosomes arising from a single crossing-over within the inverted segment. These individuals are capable of reproduction. Their progeny can have one or the other of the two recombinant chromosomes or, if crossing-over occurs, either a normal or an inversion chromosome.
Survival of Frogs in Low Temperature
Authors: Schmid William D.
Published: October 2006

Anurans that hibernate at or near the ground surface can survive prolonged exposure to low winter temperatures of northern latitudes by tolerance to freezing. An accumulation of glycerol during winter was correlated with frost tolerance, indicating that this compound is associated with natural tolerance to freezing in a vertebrate.
Synapses Between Neurons Regenerate Accurately After Destruction of Ensheathing Glial Cells in the Leech
Authors: Elliot Ellen J. , Muller Kenneth J.
Published: October 2006

Individual glial cells that ensheathe axons in the central nervous system of the leech were destroyed by intracellular injection of protease. The axons were then severed, and regeneration by particular neurons was studied physiologically and morphologically. Although certain axons sprouted more in the absence of the glial cell, functional synapses were accurately regenerated with normal frequency.
Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Against a Tumor-Associated Antigen
Authors: Peng W. W. , Bressler J. P. , Tiffany-Castiglioni E. , de Vellis J.
Published: October 2006

A monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cell line was obtained by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with C6 glioma cells. This antibody binds to a specific cell-surface antigen that is present on C6 rat glioma cells, transformed astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and a human glioma cell line but is absent on a normal glial cell line, fibroblasts, and primary cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The antigen also appears on tumor tissue of transformed oligodendrocytes but not on normal brain tissue.
Rats Self-Administer Nonrewarding Brain Stimulation to Ameliorate Aversion
Authors: Carr Kenneth D. , Coons Edgar E.
Published: October 2006

Hypothalamic stimulation in rats both reduces escape from noxious hindbrain stimulation and sustains self-administration only when hindbrain stimulation is inescapable. Self-administration reflects an aversion-ameliorative action of brain stimulation and not a positive reinforcement process. The psychophysical testing used is offered as a model for establishing the analgesic properties of brain stimulation.
Genetic Mapping in Mammals: Chromosome Map of Domestic Cat
Authors: O'Brien Stephen J. , Nash William G.
Published: October 2006

A genetic map of 31 biochemical loci located on 17 feline syntenic (linkage) groups has been derived by somatic cell genetic analysis of cat-rodent hybrids. Most of these syntenic groups have been assigned to one of the 19 feline chromosomes. Comparative linkage analysis of the feline biochemical loci and homologous human loci revealed considerable conservation of linkage associations between the primates and the Felidae (order Carnivora). Many of these same linkage groups have not been conserved in the murine genome. The genetic and evolutionary implications of comparative mapping analysis among mammalian species are discussed.
Myoglobin Function in Exercising Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Cole Randolph P.
Published: October 2006

Short-term perfusion of the isolated dog gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle with hydrogen peroxide resulted in a decrease in steady-state muscle oxygen consumption and isometric tension generation. Hydrogen peroxide converted intracellular myoglobin to products incapable of combination with oxygen, but had no deleterious effect on neuromuscular transmission or on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It is concluded that functional intracellular myoglobin is important in maintaining oxygen consumption and tension generation in exercising skeletal muscle.
Identification of the Constant Chromosome Regions Involved in Human Hematologic Malignant Disease
Authors: Rowley Janet D.
Published: October 2006

Specific consistent chromosome translocations are regularly observed in certain human leukemias and lymphomas. For the myeloid leukemias, the constant recombinants are: the long arm of 9 to chromosome 22 in chronic myeloid leukemia, the long arm of 21 to chromosome 8 in acute myeloblastic leukemia, and the long arm of 17 to chromosome 15 in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Three related translocations are seen in Burkitt lymphoma and B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia; in each one, chromosome 8 is involved with chromosome 2, 14, or 22. Analysis of a complex translocation affecting chromosomes 8 and 14 indicates that the translocation of chromosome 8 to chromosome 14 is the critical constant rearrangement. The analysis of the DNA at the translocation sites of these chromosomes, rather than the reciprocal of each translocation, appears to be the most productive focus for initial study. The various immunoglobulin loci are located on chromosomes 2, 14, and 22, the chromosomes regularly involved in translocations in Burkitt lymphoma and B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Physiological Basis for Swimming Endurance Differences Between LDH-B Genotypes of
Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: DiMichele Leonard , Powers Dennis A.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine triphosphate levels in erythrocytes are correlated with LDH-B genotype in
Fundulus heteroclitus
. Adenosine triphosphate is the fish's allosteric modifier of hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Since oxygen delivery to muscle affects swimming performance, fish of each homozygous LDH-B phenotype were swum to exhaustion at 10° or 25°C to determine whether in vitro differences attributed to the LDH-B allelic isozymes were manifest in vivo. At 10°C, the critical swimming speed of the LDH-B
a
B
a
phenotype was 3.6 body lengths per second, whereas that of the LDH-B
b
B
b
phenotype was 4.3 body lengths per second. At 25°C there were no differences between LDH-B phenotypes in erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate levels, blood oxygen affinity, or swimming performance.
Critical Care at Tianjin's First Central Hospital and the Fourth Modernization
Authors: Fox Renée C. , Swazey Judith P.
Published: October 2006

This case study of the Critical Care Unit at Tianjin's First Central Hospital, its physician-director, and one of its patients provides a portrait of how the policy of the four modernizations is being applied to the field of medicine in the People's Republic of China. On this unit of an urban hospital the "fourth modernization," science and technology, is systematically brought to bear on the problems of critically ill patients. The Chinese dualities and dilemmas that this "scaling the heights" policy entails are continually played out on the Critical Care Unit. An intricate balancing is involved between modern Western and traditional Chinese medicine, and between rural public health programs and primary and tertiary care services, within a medical morality framework that combines present-day political ideology with age-old ethical precepts. At this juncture the overall balance seems to be moving in the direction of modern, city-based, curative medicine.
High-Affinity Choline Transport in Proteoliposomes Derived from Rat Cortical Synaptosomes
Authors: Meyer Edwin M. , Cooper Jack R.
Published: October 2006

Functional high- and low-affinity choline transport processes from rat cortical plasma membranes were reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine bilayer liposomes. The high-affinity choline transporter demonstrated a pharmacological profile and ion dependency that were identical to those of intact synaptosomes. This preparation may be used to further characterize choline transport and, with appropriate supplementation, to investigate the release of acetylcholine in the absence of synaptic vesicles.
Characterization of Estrogen-Concentrating Hypothalamic Neurons by Their Axonal Projections
Authors: Morrell J. I. , Pfaff D. W.
Published: October 2006

A method combining steroid autoradiography and fluorescent dye retrograde neuroanatomical tracing has been devised. This method makes it possible to demonstrate that some estrogen-concentrating cells in the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus are neurons that send axons to the dorsal midbrain. Other cells only concentrate estrogen or only project to the midbrain. Estrogen-concentrating neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus that project to the dorsal midbrain are likely to transmit hormone-influenced signals that regulate circuits for reproductive or other behaviors or autonomic functions.
Rethinking Science Policy
Authors: Press Frank
Published: October 2006

Industry is now investing heavily and at an increasing rate in research and development. The government's responsibility should be to assure that this industrial spending is paralleled by real growth in its support of basic research. Such growth is realistic, even in times of budgetary constraints, given a proposed compact between the scientific community and the government, in which, inter alia, a small percentage of the funds spent on development would be reprogrammed for basic research.
Photoreceptor Membrane Shedding and Assembly Can Be Initiated Locally Within an Insect Retina
Authors: Williams David S.
Published: October 2006

Photoreceptors of locust compound eyes add new receptor membrane at dusk and shed membrane at dawn. When part of an eye is masked before dusk, premature assembly of new membrane is initiated in the masked ommatidia but not in the adjacent unmasked ommatidia. Similarly, masking some ommatidia just before dawn prevents normal shedding only in the masked ommatidia. Therefore, the shedding and assembly phases of photoreceptor membrane turnover can be initiated by a change in the state of illumination of individual ommatidia.
Breast-Feeding Patterns in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Bilsborrow Richard E. , Akin John S.
Published: October 2006

Breast-feeding is important to infant nutrition, morbidity, and mortality, and to postpartum amenorrhea (hence to birth intervals). Evidence on breast-feeding patterns in low-income countries from nationally representative World Fertility Surveys and secondary sources shows that in all but a few such countries most children are breast-fed for at least a few months. The limited evidence available on trends seems to indicate a decline in the duration of breast-feeding, but in most of Asia and Africa breast-feeding is almost universal during at least the first 6 months. Earlier weaning is common in Latin America.
Human Flicker Sensitivity: Two Stages of Retinal Diffusion
Authors: Kelly D. H. , Wilson H. R.
Published: October 2006

A well-known solution of the diffusion equation gives an exponential square-root function as the frequency response for a one-dimensional diffusion or transmission process. When two or more such processes are cascaded, the result is still an exponential square-root characteristic, but with a longer time constant. This seems to explain why flicker thresholds obey the Kelly-Veringa diffusion model at high frequencies, even though the psychophysically inferred diffusion process is much slower than the first stage of visual transduction measured by, for example, late receptor potentials. Two such stages in tandem are sufficient to account for the psychophysical data, because the psychophysical time constant is proportional to the square of the number of stages involved. In addition, the nonlinear behavior of flicker thresholds under intense light adaptation can be explained if the loss factor in the first stage is proportional to the amount of the photopigment bleached. Apparently the flicker thresholds are governed by first- and second-order retinal neurons.
Long-Latency "Subthreshold" Collicular Responses to the Constant-Frequency Components Emitted by a Bat
Authors: Grinnell Alan D. , Brown Patricia
Published: October 2006

A previously undescribed response pattern has been observed in certain single units in the posterior colliculus of
Pteronotus suapurensis
. These units, constituting about one-third of those tuned to the region of the dominant constant-frequency (CF) components of the orientation sounds, respond to a tone pip with a burst of spikes at a latency of 3 to 6 milliseconds, within the frequency-intensity domain of a normal V-shaped response area. In these units, however, as intensity is dropped below threshold for this response, a response of 5- to 10-milliseconds longer latency appears and persists throughout another 10 to 30 decibels of attenuation. These late responses can be very vigorous, are sharply tuned to frequencies at or just above the CF components of the signal, and are often strongest and of lowest threshold at stimulus durations of 1.5 to 3 milliseconds—approximately the duration of the CF component. These properties imply that the late responses are concerned with analysis of the CF components of echoes, apparently in ways not as prominent in other bats.
Role for the Adenosine Triphosphate-Dependent Proteolytic Pathway in Reticulocyte Maturation
Authors: Boches Francee S. , Goldberg Alfred L.
Published: October 2006

As reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes, organelles and many enzymes are lost. Protein degradation during reticulocyte maturation was measured by monitoring the release of tyrosine from cell proteins. Proteolysis in rabbit red blood cells was directly proportional to the number of reticulocytes and was low in erythrocytes. This process was inhibited by blockers of cellular adenosine triphosphate production and by agents, such as o-phenanthroline,
N
-ethylmaleimide, and hemin, which inhibit the soluble adenosine triphosphate-dependent proteolytic system. The breakdown of endogenous proteins in reticulocyte extracts was also inhibited by these agents and required adenosine triphosphate. Inhibitors of lysosomal function, however, did not affect proteolysis. Thus, the proteolytic system that degrades abnormal proteins also catalyzes the elimination of proteins during red cell development.
Increased Axonal Proteolysis in Myelin-Deficient Mutant Mice
Authors: Nixon Ralph A.
Published: October 2006

Protein degradation within retinal ganglion cell axons in vitro is 50 to 110 percent faster than normal in mutant mice exhibiting deficiencies of myelin in the central nervous system. Proteolysis is increased proximally and distally within retinal ganglion cell axons of mice carrying the jimpy mutation or its allele, myelin synthesis deficiency, and is increased distally within those axons of quaking mice. The proteolytic defect is axon (neuron)-specific since the rate of protein degradation within glial cells is normal. Increased axonal proteolysis does not bear a simple relation to hypomyelination since shiverer, another mouse mutant deficient in central myelin, displayed normal rates of axonal protein degradation under the same conditions. These observations suggest an abnormal axon-glial interaction in mice with primary glial defects and raise the possibility that the functioning of histologically normal axons (neurons) may be altered in dysmyelinating diseases.
An Improved Method for the Study of Nutritional Anemia in the White Rat
Authors: Nevens W. B. , Shaw D. D.
Published: October 2006

Experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that white rats fed only fresh whole milk secured enough minerals from their cages to prevent anemia.

Animals consuming large amounts of milk became anemic more quickly than those limited to small amounts.

Access to feces delayed somewhat the onset of anemia.

These results probably explain some of the conflicting data reported in the literature and also raise a question regarding the correctness of conclusions drawn from experiments in which recognition was not given the factors shown in this study to be important.
Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation Does Not Measure DNA Synthesis in Ribavirin-Treated Human Cells
Authors: Drach John C. , Thomas Mark A. , Barnett Jimmy W. , Smith Sandra H. , Shipman Charles
Published: October 2006

When the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into acid insoluble material was measured, ribavirin appeared to be a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in KB cells and human lymphocytes. Inhibition was nearly 100-fold less, however, when DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of phosphorus-32-labeled phosphate or by DNA fluorescence. The potent inhibition detected by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA actually was the result of a potent effect on the labeling of deoxythymidine triphosphate, not on the synthesis of DNA.
A Photobiological Evaluation of Tanning Booths
Authors: Nachtwey D. S. , Rundel R. D.
Published: October 2006

The use of tanning booths as a substitute for natural sunlight is becoming increasingly popular. However, unless careful attention is paid to proper design and maintenance, the radiation field inside a tanning booth can be highly anisotropic. The use of simple, inexpensive ultraviolet radiation meters to measure dosage can lead to serious overexposure. Since the ultraviolet radiation inside a tanning booth has a greater proportion of short wavelengths (< 300 nanometers) than natural sunlight, the amount of skin cancer-inducing radiation received for a tan may be twice that received for a natural suntan.
Protozoan Parasite of Humans: Surface Membrane with Externally Disposed Acid Phosphatase
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Dwyer Dennis M.
Published: October 2006

Plasma membranes isolated from the protozoan parasite
Leishmania donovani
were enriched in acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) activity. Cytochemically, the enzyme was distributed uniformly on the surface of intact cells and was localized on the external face of isolated membranes. Physical characteristics and orientation of the membrane-bound enzyme suggest that the organism is adapted for existence in hydrolytic environments.
Gallamine Triethiodide (Flaxedil): Tetraethylammonium- and Pancuronium-Like Effects in Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Authors: Smith K. J. , Schauf C. L.
Published: October 2006

Gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil) is commonly used as a neuromuscular blocking agent. Voltage-clamp studies show that gallamine also directly affects amphibian and mammalian myelinated nerve fibers. Externally, gallamine is about five times more potent than tetraethylammonium in blocking potassium conductance, where this is present, but has no effect on the sodium channel. Internal application slows sodium inactivation, which in addition is often incomplete. At positive potentials, gallamine can occlude sodium channels, thereby almost eliminating outward sodium currents.
Improved Detail in Biological Soft X-ray Microscopy: Study of Blood Platelets
Authors: Feder Ralph , Costa Jonathan L. , Chaudhari Praveen , Sayre David
Published: October 2006

Improved image quality in soft x-ray contact microscopy can be obtained by examining the resist with transmission rather than scanning electron microscopy. Application of the new technique to air-dried preparations of human blood platelets reveals structures not visible in the same cells with transmission electron microscopy or when the resist is examined by scanning electron microscopy. As seen by the new technique, platelet pseudopods contain a central structure connected to a network in the platelet and dense bodies exhibit a lamellar structure.
Immunization of Baboons with
Schistosoma mansoni
Cercariae Attenuated by Gamma Irradiation
Authors: Stek M , Minard P. , Dean D. A. , Hall J. E.
Published: October 2006

Studies on the efficacy of a vaccine against schistosomiasis in young baboons (
Papio anubis
) disclosed that immunization with
Schistosoma
mansoni cercariae attenuated by gamma irradiation induced significant protection against subsequent infection with normal, viable
S. mansoni
cercariae. Such immunization resulted in reduced worm burdens (70 percent) and egg excretion rates (82 percent). These results support immunization as a potential method for schistosomiasis control.
Physical Dependence on Morphine Fails to Develop During the Hibernating State
Authors: Beckman Alexander L. , Llados-Eckman Carmen , Stanton Toni L. , Adler Martin W.
Published: October 2006

Physical dependence on morphine occurs in a typical fashion during the active state of the mammalian hibernator
Citellus lateralis
, but does not occur when morphine exposure is confined to the hibernating state. Morphine exposure during hibernation can produce stereotyped behavior, thus demonstrating partial responsiveness of the central nervous system to opioids during this natural state.
Exposure of Rats to Alcohol in Utero Alters Drug Sensitivity in Adulthood
Authors: Abel Ernest L. , Bush Renee , Dintcheff Barbara A.
Published: October 2006

Pregnant rats were intubated with alcohol (ethanol, 3 grams per kilogram) twice daily throughout gestation. Control animals received solutions of isocaloric sucrose. At birth, offspring were placed with untreated surrogate dams. Beginning at 6 months of age, the offspring were tested for their thermogenic responsiveness to various drugs and to cold. Prenatal exposure to alcohol resulted in tolerance to alcohol and cross-tolerance to pentobarbital and diazepam but did not result in cross-tolerance to chlorpromazine, morphine. and
d
-amphetamine and did not affect responsiveness to cold. This pattern of effects suggests that prenatal exposure to alcohol produces specific long-term effects on the neural mechanisms underlying drug tolerance.
The Diaphragm: Two Muscles
Authors: De Troyer André , Sampson Michael , Sigrist Stephan , Macklem Peter T.
Published: October 2006

The costal and crural parts of the diaphragm were separately stimulated in anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of the costal part increased the dimensions of the lower rib cage, whereas stimulation of the crural part decreased the dimensions of the lower rib cage. It is concluded that the diaphragm consists of two muscles that act differently on the rib cage.
Evaluation of Nitrate Synthesis by Intestinal Microorganisms in Vivo
Authors: Witter James P. , Gatley S. John , Balish Edward
Published: October 2006

The nitrate balance of germfree and conventional rats was assessed to determine whether the intestinal flora produces nitrate in vivo. The results indicate that there can be excess nitrate in the urine of germfree as well as conventional rats. This nitrate is apparently of host origin, and the presence of intestinal flora decreases the output of nitrate in urine.
Elastic Arteries in Invertebrates: Mechanics of the Octopus Aorta
Authors: Shadwick Robert E. , Gosline John M.
Published: October 2006

The aorta of the octopus,
Octopus dofleini
, is a highly distensible, elastic tube. The circumferential elastic modulus increases with inflation in the physiological range from about 10
4
to 10
5
newtons per square meter. Rubber-like fibers have been isolated, apparently for the first time, from the aorta of an invertebrate. These fibers have an elastic modulus, like elastin, of about 4 × 10
5
newtons per square meter and are present in sufficient quantity to account for the elastic properties of the intact vessel under physiological conditions. Thus the circulatory system of an invertebrate animal provides an "elastic reservoir" (much like that of the vertebrate system), which increases the efficiency of the circulation.
Myeloma Neuropathy: Passive Transfer from Man to Mouse
Authors: Besinger U. A. , Toyka K. V. , Anzil A. P. , Fateh-Mognadam A. , Neumeier D. , Rouscher R. , Heininger K.
Published: October 2006

Mice were injected daily, for up to 10 weeks, with purified monoclonal immunoglobulin G from patients with myelomatous polyneuropathy or benign gammopathy. The animals developed a demyelinating polyneuropathy with slowed nerve conduction velocities. The putative antinerve factor may be an antibody since injection of Fab fragments from the monoclonal immunoglobulin G produced a similar demyelination. This provides evidence of a circulating factor in the serum of myeloma patients with polyneuropathy that reproduces typical features of the human disease on passive transfer. This disorder is thus distinguished from other neuropathies that occur as remote effects of malignant disease but have no identified pathogenic factors associated with them.
Pigeons with a Deficient Sun Compass Use the Magnetic Compass
Authors: Wiltschko Roswitha , Nohr Donatus , Wiltschko Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Homing pigeons that had never seen the sun before noon could not use the sun compass in the morning; nevertheless they were homeward oriented. When such birds carried magnets, however, they were disoriented, suggesting they were using a magnetic compass. These findings indicate that the magnetic compass is available to pigeons whether or not the sun compass has been established and that the magnetic compass is apparently the first source of compass information.
Premature Reversal of Heart-Beat in
Bombyx
Authors: Gerould John H.
Published: October 2006

(1) Premature reversal of direction of heart-beat in
Bombyx
was induced in spinning larvae and those about to spin by blocking the 3 most posterior pairs of spiracles with Brunswick black, in accordance with the experiments of Yokoyama.

(2) This method and the injection of lactic and other acids paralyze the muscles of the body wall and heart in that region, thus preventing forward and permitting backward beating.

(3) Attempts to produce periodic reversal in the larva in the early days of the 5th stage by Yokoyama's methods failed.

(4) The application of ether, alcohol, or xylol to the 3 posterior pairs of spiracles, or immersion of these segments in alcohol, was effective in inducing premature reversal at the close of the 5th stage, exclusively forward beating being resumed as soon as narcosis disappeared.

(5) Amputation of the posterior end of the body of the larva, including the end of the dorsal vessel in abdominal segments 7 and 8, did not prevent forward peristalsis.

(6) Amputation of head and thorax from the abdomen of a pupa did not interfere with normal periodic reversal in the abdomen.

(7) Thus periodic reversal in the dorsal vessel takes place without the intervention of any terminal ganglia.

(8) The suggestion of Yokoyama and earlier writers (Bataillon, Fischer) that general acidosis initiates normal backward beating is not corroborated.

(9) The metabolic gradient of the larval dorsal vessel is never lost, but intermittently neutralized in the prepupa, pupa and adult by increased metabolic action at two other points: the central node (in the young pupa) and the aorta with its mesothoracic pulsating vesicle (in the adult).

(10) These gradients are adaptations to the large influx of hemolymph into the dorsal vessel at three principal regions.
The Functional Activity of Single Units in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Fulton J. F.
Published: October 2006

Single motor units,
i.e.,
anterior horn cells plus the muscle fibers they innervate, have recently been placed under direct observation while responding to a normal reflex stimulus. Details such as the normal rate of discharge, latent period, refractory period, influence of fatigue, etc., have been carefully studied. The work of Denny-Brown, Adrian and Bronk, Eccles and Sherrington have all indicated that the natural rate of discharge of the anterior horn cell is slow,
i.e.,
5 to 25 per sec., and never more than 80 to 90 per sec. under intense stimulation. A motor unit discharging at 10 per sec. may continue in activity for indefinite periods of time without fatigue. Tonic responses are maintained by such rates of discharge and therefore no special tonic mechanisms need be postulated to explain the absence of fatigue.
Toward a Functional Architecture of the Retina: Serial Reconstruction of Adjacent Ganglion Cells
Authors: Stevens John K. , McGuire Barbara A. , Sterling Peter
Published: October 2006

Twenty adjacent ganglion cells in cat retina were partially reconstructed from electron micrographs of serial thin sections. Cells were classified by size and by dendritic branching patterns as α, β, or γ cells. The α and β cells were further subdivided by differences in the laminar distribution of their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. The distribution of synaptic contacts on the cells was distinctive for each of the five major classes. Contacts on the α and β cells were mainly on the dendrites in the sublamina in which a cell's major dendritic arborization was contained.
Mendelian Units of Inheritance Control Color Preferences in Quail Chicks (
Coturnix coturnix japonica
)
Authors: Kovach Joseph K.
Published: October 2006

Genetic analysis of approach preferences for blue and red colors in 1-day-old, experientially naïve quail, at 12th through 14th generations of bidirectional genetic selection, implicate four to eight segregating units of inheritance. Because the quails' initial approach choices are also readily modifiable by experience, these results point the way to studying the mediation of gene effects, environment effects, and gene-environment interactions in visually guided behaviors.
Oxidative Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Adsorbed on Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Korfmacher W. A. , Natusch D. F. S. , Taylor D. R. , Mamantov G. , Wehry E. L.
Published: October 2006

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed onto coal fly ash were found to be stabilized against photochemical decomposition. However, a number of adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons will spontaneously oxidize in the absence of light, with those compounds containing a benzylic carbon being particularly susceptible. The decomposition rate appears to be fly ash-dependent.
Lactate Dehydrogenases of Atlantic Hagfish: Physiological and Evolutionary Implications of a Primitive Heart Isozyme
Authors: Sidell Bruce D. , Beland Kenneth F.
Published: October 2006

Isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase from heart and muscle of Atlantic hagfish show less functional divergence than those from other fishes and higher vertebrates. The enzyme from hagfish heart (B
4
) displays a higher Michaelis constant for pyruvate and lower substrate inhibition at moderate pyruvate concentrations than heart isozymes from other species. These properties support the hypothesis that the ancestral vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase was a muscle (A
4
)-type enzyme and also suggest a role for the B
4
enzyme in the unusual physiology of hagfish cardiac tissue which functions under sustained hypoxic conditions.
Calcium Transients During Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Mammalian Heart: Aequorin Signals of Canine Purkinje Fibers
Authors: Wier W. G.
Published: October 2006

Aequorin signals in mammalian heart muscle cells reveal the existence of two temporally distinct processes that increase cytoplasmic calcium ions after membrane excitation. The differential dependence of these processes on the pattern of stimulation suggests that the first process is, or is closely related to, calcium entry through the surface membrane and that the second is calcium release from intracellular storage sites.
Mebendazole Therapy of Parenteral Trichinellosis
Authors: McCracken Richard O. , Taylor Doris D.
Published: October 2006

Mebendazole was highly effective against the helminth parasite
Trichinella spiralis
in mice subjected to a 3-day course of treatment during the invasive and encystment phases of experimental trichinellosis. When treatment began either 2 or 4 weeks after the mice were inoculated with parasites, the number of larvae developing in the host musculature was greatly reduced by twice-daily oral administration of 3.125, 6.25, or 12.5 milligrams of mebendazole per kilogram of body weight.
Successful Culture of Rat Embryos on Human Serum: Use in the Detection of Teratogens
Authors: Chatot Clare L. , Klein Norman W. , Piatek Julianne , Pierro Louis J.
Published: October 2006

Growth of head-fold-stage rat embryos cultured with human serum for 48 hours was enhanced by supplementation with glucose. Embryo growth (protein and DNA contents) varied with the source of the serum. Serum from 16 of 19 untreated subjects produced normal embryos. Serum from five subjects undergoing cancer chemotherapy and six subjects receiving anticonvulsants was either lethal or teratogenic.
Phenobarbital Exposure in Utero: Alterations in Female Reproductive Function in Rats
Authors: Gupta C. , Sonawane B. R. , Yaffe S. J. , Shapiro B. H.
Published: October 2006

Phenobarbital administration to pregnant rats from day 12 to day 19 of gestation suppressed body weight gain and produced significant effects on reproductive function in their offspring. These effects included delays in the onset of puberty, disorders in the estrous cycle, and infertility. Moreover, the animals exposed to phenobarbital in utero showed altered concentrations of sex steroids, gonadotropic hormones, and estrogen receptors. These findings suggest that phenobarbital treatment during prenatal development can produce permanent alterations in sexual maturation.
World Food and Nutrition: The Scientific and Technological Base
Authors: Wortman Sterling
Published: October 2006

Alleviation of world hunger and poverty will require the accelerated development and application in each low-income country of a broad spectrum of technologies based on advances in the biological, social, and physical sciences. They will range from improved cropping systems for farmers or small labor-intensive enterprises (small and beautiful) to nationwide transportation and communications systems, power grids, and other distribution and marketing capabilities (big and beautiful). Concerted action through a combination of commodity production campaigns, area development efforts, and overhaul of outdated national agencies offers the best prospect for overcoming both hunger and poverty.
The Testicular Feminized Rat: A Naturally Occurring Model of Androgen Independent Brain Masculinization
Authors: Shapiro Bernard H. , Levine David C. , Adler Norman T.
Published: October 2006

Although genotypically male (XY), the testicular feminized rat develops as an anatomic female because of an inherited deficiency in intracellular androgen receptors that prevents androgen imprinting of sexual primordia. However, the ability of testicular feminized rats to exhibit male-like sexual behavior and little feminine sexual behavior suggests that the brain can be masculinized without androgens.
Asbestos as a Cofactor in Carcinogenesis Among Nickel-Processing Workers
Authors: Langer Arthur M. , Rohl Arthur N. , Selikoff Iriving J. , Harlow George E. , Prinz Martin
Published: October 2006

It has been widely assumed, especially in the absence of other explanations, that lung cancer and nasal sinus cancers observed among nickel smelter workers are the result of the carcinogenicity of nickel. Although there may be such influence, supplementary hypotheses are also possible. The nickeliferous ores from at least one major smelter in New Caledonia (excess numbers of cancers have been found in these smelter workers) are derived from serpentinized host rocks which contain large amounts of chrysotile asbestos. Analysis indicates that nickel ores from this area are heavily contaminated by these fibers. The deposits are mined for their nickel content, but workers may be exposed to the asbestos fibers contained in the deposits. Hygiene measures limited to the avoidance of nickel may be inadequate under such circumstances and should be reevaluated so as to prevent the inhalation of asbestos-containing dusts.
DDT Contamination at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge
Authors: O'Shea Thomas J. , Fleming W. James , Cromartie Eugene
Published: October 2006

Disposal of industrial waste resulted in massive DDT contamination at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge, Alabama. Nearly a decade after the cessation of DDT manufacturing at the facility responsible, concentrations of DDT residues in the local fauna are still high enough to suggest avian reproductive impairment and mortality. Populations of fish-eating birds are low, endangered species are being exposed, and muscle lipids of game birds contain up to 6900 parts of DDT (isomers and metabolites) per million.
Observations Upon the Filterability of Bacteria, Including a Filterable Organism Obtained from Cases of Influenza
Authors: Kendall Arthur Isaac
Published: October 2006

1. The isolation of a filter-passing diplococcus from the blood of certain cases of influenza by means of a special cultural medium is described. The experimental effects of this organism, while in the filterable state, upon rabbits, is discussed.

2. A procedure is formulated for inducing at will both a filterable and a non-filterable state in bacteria. Mention is made of a series of experiments in which both the filterable and the non-filterable state has thus been induced in a series of well-known bacteria comprising a variety of types.

3. It is postulated that a majority, if not all, known bacteria can and do exist in a filterable and in a non-filterable state.

4. A preliminary report of the isolation of microbes in the blood, not only of cases of influenza, but also from common cold, rheumatic fever, arthritis, from Staphylococcus bacteriophage and Besredka's Staphylococcus Antivirus is presented in evidence of the ubiquity of the procedure.

5. An explanation of the chemical basis for the existence of bacteria, both in the filterable and non-filterable states, in the animal and human body, and in culture, is proffered.

6. The relation of this chemical concept to microbic infection, and the state of microbes in the body during infection is discussed.

In conclusion, it is a privilege as well as a pleasure to inscribe here my appreciation for the courteous cooperation of Dean Irving S. Cutter, Doctors Charles A. Elliott, Paul Starr, James G. Carr, Walter Nadler, Howard Alt and Herbert Barker, of the department of medicine, and to Northwestern University for the generous facilities and unrestricted opportunity for research which have contributed immeasurably to this investigation.
Arrest of Geologic, Archeologic and Paleontologic Work in Central Asia
Authors: Osborn Henry Fairfield
Published: October 2006

The arrest of British, French, Swedish and American paleontologic and archeologic work in Central Asia constitutes a very serious setback to the cause of science and of civilization. The matter would not be so serious if there were any possibility or prospect of the present ability of the Chinese to carry out this work themselves. They have neither the scholarship nor the financial means of doing so beyond the confines of old China. The American Museum geologic, paleontologic and stratigraphic and topographic work in Mongolia and the great publications issuing therefrom have been possible only because the party was composed of a body of field experts such as has never been brought together before in the history of these branches of science, under a leader who has shown unprecedented ability to organize a series of expeditions into an absolutely unknown desert where all previous explorers had failed either to make discoveries or obtain substantial results.
Post-Ehrlich Immunology
Authors: Manwaring W. H.
Published: October 2006

Future bacteriologists can not assume without convincing experimental evidence that any pathogenic microorganism is necessarily static in its biochemical specificity, but must consider the possibility that immunochemical specificity varies with test-tube conditions, animal species, organ or tissue infected and stage of infection.
A Study in Biokinetics
Authors: Snyder Charles D.
Published: October 2006

In the foregoing pages the writer has attempted to point out first, the importance to physiologists of the discovery and application to their problems of a unit of physiological activity to serve as a universal measure of life processes. Second, a survey of the field of excitation and response points to the probability that electron transfers are involved in every case and, therefore, that such a standard of measure, if ever determined, will probably involve terms of radiational units. Third, a brief statement of some of the laws of radiation that seem to be involved is given, together with a sketch of the radiation hypothesis of chemical thermal reaction. Fourth, an analysis of the data of a few physiological processes is then presented, the results of which strongly suggest the possibility that the influence of temperature upon living processes may be due to dark-field radiations quite as much as the photochemical effects in living processes are due to radiation of visible light.