bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cells differently respond to haptens and irritants by their production of cytokines and expression of co‐stimulatory molecules
Authors: Aiba Setsuya , Terunuma Atsushi , Manome Hideaki , Tagami Hachiro
Published: March 2007

After application of haptens to the skin, Langerhans cells (LC), i.e. immature dendritic cells (DC) in the skin, move to secondary lymphoid organs to sensitize naive T cells. During this process, LC become mature DC with augmented expression of various co‐stimulatory molecules and MHC class II antigens. In this scenario, however, critical questions remain as to what kind of chemicals can induce this maturation process through what kind of mechanisms. To clarify these questions, we used monocyte‐derived CD1a+ DC instead of LC since LC maturated spontaneously in vitro culture. After we confirmed that monocyte‐derived DC showed at least phenotypic characteristics and a response to TNF‐α similar to LC, we added various chemicals, i.e. dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), NiCl2, ZnCl2, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or benzalkonium chloride (BC), to a culture of purified monocyte‐derived CD1a+ DC. Of these chemicals, only NiCl2 and DNCB significantly increased the surface expression of CD54, CD86, HLA‐DR antigen, and interleukin (IL)‐1β production, while SDS, BC, or ZnCl2 could not augment them, except for weak augmentation of CD86 expression by SDS. The increase in the expression of CD86 induced by NiCl2 or DNCB was most remarkable, being observed in DC from almost all the subjects we examined. TNCB could also induce responses similar to those induced with DNCB, but the number of subjects whose DC responded to it was far less than that of subjects whose DC responded to NiCl2 or DNCB. In spite of the augmented CD86 expression on DC treated with DNCB or NiCl2, these chemicals induced different responses of DC in their expression of CD54 and HLA‐DR and the production of IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. In addition, the up‐regulation of CD86 expression on DC treated with DNCB was significantly suppressed by either anti‐IL‐1β or anti‐TNF‐α antibody, while that by NiCl2 was relatively insensitive to these antibody treatments. Finally, the protein kinase C inhibitor, H7, but not staurosporin, could suppress the augmentation of CD86 expression on DC induced either by NiCl2 or by DNCB. These data suggest that DC respond to some haptens by changing their expression of several co‐stimulatory molecules and their production of cytokines with a resultant change in antigen‐presenting function. They also suggest that these chemicals stimulate DC by different mechanisms. By these responses, DC may modulate the final immune response to chemicals.
Predominance of the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis: Reactivity to the extracellular domain of MOG is directed against three main regions
Authors: de Rosbo Nicole Kerlero , Hoffman Michael , Mendel Itzhack , Yust Israel , Kaye Joel , Bakimer Ronit , Flechter Shlomo , Abramsky Oded , Milo Roni , Karni Araon , Ben‐Nun Avraham
Published: March 2007

Our previous analysis of the T cell reactivity to myelin antigens in a group of 24 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 control individuals revealed that the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) predominates in MS over that to myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein or myelin‐associated glycoprotein, suggesting a prevalent role for the autoimmune response to MOG in the pathogenesis of MS. Using a recombinant human MOG (rhMOG) preparation corresponding to the extracellular immunoglobulin‐like domain of the MOG molecule, we have now analyzed another group of 52 MS patients and 49 control individuals for reactivity of their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to rhMOG and to MBP concomitantly. Of the 52 MS patients tested 24 responded to MOG and 10 out of 49 responded to MBP, whereas only 5 MOG‐reactive and 4 MBP‐reactive control individuals were detected out of the 49 tested. These results are therefore highly confirmatory of the predominant reactivity to MOG in MS. The analysis of the primary proliferative response to 11 synthetic overlapping peptides (phMOG) spanning the extracellular domain of human MOG by PBL from 9 MS patients and 15 control individuals (9 healthy controls and 6 patients with neurological diseases other than MS) further supports a prevalent role for the autoimmune response to MOG in MS, as only 1 of the 15 controls tested showed reactivity to any of the phMOG, whilst 5 out of the 9 patients studied reacted to at least 1 of the phMOG. PBL from 10 MS patients, and from 4 controls, were selected in vitro with each of the phMOG. Of the 10 patients studied 7 reacted to at least 1 phMOG upon secondary stimulation and the reactivity was mostly directed to epitopes localized within three main regions (amino acids 1–22, 34–56 and 64–96), as was observed for the primary response of PBL. The predominant response to MOG of PBL from MS patients as demonstrated in two separate studies using native MOG and rhMOG as antigens, and the high incidence of reactivity of these PBL compared to the lack of response to phMOG by control PBL, emphasize the relevance of MOG in MS pathogenesis and support a primary role for the autoimmune T cell response to MOG in disease development.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis is chronic/relapsing in perforin knockout mice, but monophasic in Fas‐ and Fas ligand‐deficient lpr and gld mice
Authors: Malipiero Ursula , Frei Karl , Spanaus Katharina‐Susanne , Agresti Cristina , Lassmann Hans , Hahne Michael , Tschopp Jürg , Eugster Hans‐Pietro , Fontana Adriano
Published: March 2007

The expression and action of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) in multiple sclerosis has been postulated as a major pathway leading to inflammatory demyelination. To formally test this hypothesis, C57BL/6‐lpr and ‐gld mice, which due to gene mutation express Fas and FasL in an inactive form, were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide35–55. Whereas in wild‐type C57BL/6 mice, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), was chronic/relapsing, EAE in lpr and gld mice was characterized by a lower incidence of disease and a monophasic course. This contrasts with C57BL/6 perforin knockout mice, which showed the most severe form of EAE of all mouse strains tested, the course being chronic relapsing. The difference noted cannot be attributed to an involvement of FasL in oligodendrocyte damage since oligodendrocytes are insensitive to FasL‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro, and since in the acute phase of EAE gld mice also show CD4+T cell infiltrates with associated demyelination in brain and spinal cord. Unlike oligodendrocytes, astrocytes were killed by FasL in vitro. It remains to be established whether this latter finding explains the different disease course of lpr and gld mice compared to wild‐type and perforin knockout mice.
Cleavage of FLICE (caspase‐8) by granzyme B during cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Medema Jan Paul , Toes René E. M. , Scaffidi Carsten , Zheng Timothy S. , Flavell Richard A. , Melief Cornelius J. M. , Peter Marcus E. , Offringa Rienk , Krammer Peter H.
Published: March 2007

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce apoptosis in target cells through the CD95(APO‐1/Fas) and the perforin/granzyme B (GrB) pathway. The exact substrate of GrB in vivo is still unknown, but to induce apoptosis GrB requires the activity of caspases in target cells. We show here that in HeLa target cells induction of apoptosis through the perforin/GrB pathway resulted in minor direct cleavage of CPP32 (caspase‐3) by GrB. Most caspase‐3 cleavage resulted from activation of an upstream caspase. Moreover, target cells derived from caspase‐3−/− mice displayed GrB‐induced poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage with only partially reduced efficiency compared to wild‐type target cells. This indicates that other PARP‐cleaving caspases can be activated during perforin/GrB‐induced cell death. In contrast to caspase‐3, FLICE (caspase‐8) was directly cleaved by GrB in HeLa cells. We therefore conclude that FLICE not only plays a central role in CD95(APO‐1/Fas)‐induced apoptosis but can also be directly activated during perforin/GrB‐induced apoptosis.
Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. Association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant co‐localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells
Authors: Ying Sun , Robinson Douglas S. , Meng Qiu , Rottman James , Kennedy Russ , Ringler Douglas J. , Mackay Charles R. , Daugherty Bruce L. , Springer Martin S. , Durham Stephen R. , Williams Timothy J. , Kay A. Barry
Published: March 2007

Eotaxin is a newly discovered C‐C chemokine which preferentially attracts and activates eosinophil leukocytes by acting specifically on its receptor CCR3. The airway inflammation characteristic of asthma is believed to be, at least in part, the result of eosinophil‐dependent tissue injury. This study was designed to determine whether there is increased expression of eotaxin and CCR3 in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and whether this is associated with disease severity. The major sources of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA were determined by co‐localization experiments. Bronchial mucosal biopsy samples were obtained from atopic asthmatics and normal non‐atopic controls. Eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA were identified in tissue sections by in situ hybridization (ISH) using radiolabeled riboprobes and their protein product visualized by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Co‐localization experiments were performed by double ISH/IHC. Eotaxin and CCR3 (mRNA and protein) were significantly elevated in atopic asthmatics compared with normal controls. In the asthmatics there was a highly significant inverse correlation between eotaxin mRNA+ cells and the histamine provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). Cytokeratin‐positive epithelial cells and CD31+ endothelial cells were the major source of eotaxin mRNA whereas CCR3 co‐localized predominantly to eosinophils. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that damage to the bronchial mucosa in asthma involves secretion of eotaxin by epithelial and endothelial cells resulting in eosinophil infiltration mediated via CCR3. Since selective (eotaxin) and non‐selective C‐C chemokines such as RANTES, MCP‐3 and MCP‐4 all stimulate eosinophils via CCR3, this receptor is potentially a prime therapeutic target in the spectrum of diseases involving eosinophil‐mediated tissue damage.
Synthesis of Novel Covalently Linked Dimeric Phthalocyanines
Authors: Lyubimtsev Aleksey , Vagin Sergej , Syrbu Sergej , Hanack Michael
Published: March 2007

We report the syntheses of the dimeric homonuclear Pcs 9a and 9b and of the dimeric heteronuclear Pc 9c, starting from the unsymmetrical phthalocyanines 7a and 7b, each containing a phenolic OH group in one of its substituents. Compounds 9a and 9b were obtained by single‐step alkylations of 7a and 7b with 1,6‐dibromohexane or, in better yields, by coupling of Pcs 7a and 7b with the bromoalkyl‐derivatized Pcs 8a and 8b, while 9c was prepared by treatment of 8a with Pc‐Ni complex 7b. The dimeric Pcs 9a–9c show strong cofacial intramolecular association in solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Ab initio conformational study of the P6 potential surface: Evidence for a low‐lying one‐electron‐bonded isomer
Authors: Hiberty Philippe C. , Volatron François
Published: March 2007

The low‐lying isomers of the P6 species are investigated at various levels of calculations, ranging from MP2/6‐31G(d) to CCSD(T) in triple‐zeta basis set involving polarization functions up to f. In addition to the five possible normal‐valent isomers, which obey the octet rules, several other conformations are found to be stationary points on the potential energy surface. Among the five normal‐valent isomers, the benzvalene structure is found to be the most stable one, in agreement with former studies. The benzene‐like D6h planar hexagon is the least stable one, lying 32.3 kcal/mol over benzvalene, and spontaneously distorts to a less symmetrical, nonplanar six‐membered ring. Above the benzvalene structure, and lying, respectively, 5.8 and 15.8 kcal/mol higher, the two lowest lying isomers are the prismane and the chair‐like forms. This latter conformation, which does not obey the octet rule, exhibits two one‐electron PP hemibonds and can be considered as a generic model for a new category of heterobenzene analogs, among which is the recently discovered dimer of diphosphirenyl radical. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:129–134, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20324
Biocorrosion investigation of two shape memory nickel based alloys: Ni‐Mn‐Ga and thin film NiTi
Authors: Stepan L.L. , Levi D.S. , Gans E. , Mohanchandra K.P. , Ujihara M. , Carman G.P.
Published: March 2007

Thin film nitinol and single crystal Ni‐Mn‐Ga represent two new shape memory materials with potential to be used as percutaneously placed implant devices. However, the biocompatibility of these materials has not been adequately assessed. Immersion tests were conducted on both thin film nitinol and single crystal Ni‐Mn‐Ga in Hank's balanced salt solution at 37°C and pH 7.4. After 12 h, large pits were found on the Ni‐Mn‐Ga samples while thin film nitinol displayed no signs of corrosion. Further electrochemical tests on thin film nitinol samples revealed breakdown potentials superior to a mechanically polished nitinol disc. These results suggest that passivation or electropolishing of thin film nitinol maybe unnecessary to promote corrosion resistance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Discrimination of dynamical system models for biological and chemical processes
Authors: Lorenz Sönke , Diederichs Elmar , Telgmann Regina , Schütte Christof
Published: March 2007

In technical chemistry, systems biology and biotechnology, the construction of predictive models has become an essential step in process design and product optimization. Accurate modelling of the reactions requires detailed knowledge about the processes involved. However, when concerned with the development of new products and production techniques for example, this knowledge often is not available due to the lack of experimental data. Thus, when one has to work with a selection of proposed models, the main tasks of early development is to discriminate these models. In this article, a new statistical approach to model discrimination is described that ranks models wrt. the probability with which they reproduce the given data. The article introduces the new approach, discusses its statistical background, presents numerical techniques for its implementation and illustrates the application to examples from biokinetics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
There are exactly five biplanes with k = 11
Authors: Kaski Petteri , Östergård Patric R. J.
Published: March 2007

A biplane is a 2‐(k(k − 1)/2 + 1,k,2) symmetric design. Only sixteen nontrivial biplanes are known: there are exactly nine biplanes with k < 11, at least five biplanes with k = 11, and at least two biplanes with k = 13. It is here shown by exhaustive computer search that the list of five known biplanes with k = 11 is complete. This result further implies that there exists no 3‐(57, 12, 2) design, no 11211 symmetric configuration, and no (324, 57, 0, 12) strongly regular graph. The five biplanes have 16 residual designs, which by the Hall–Connor theorem constitute a complete classification of the 2‐(45, 9, 2) designs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 117–127, 2008
Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of four species of primates
Authors: Belshe Robert B. , Richardson Linda S. , London William T. , Sly D. Lewis , Lorfeld John H. , Camargo Ena , Prevar David A. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Four species of nonhuman primates were inoculated intranasally with 103.1 to 103.7 plaque forming units (pfu) of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Adult squirrel monkeys and newborn rhesus monkeys became infected and shed small quantities (peak titer 102.0 pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen) of virus, but illness did not develop. Infant cebus monkeys aged 2 months became infected, shed 102.3 to 103.8 pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen, but did not become ill. Chimpanzees aged 15 to 18 months shed a large quantity of virus, up to 106.0 pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen and developed an upper respiratory illness. Chimpanzees are proposed as a possible animal model for future study of the immunopathology of RS virus desease and for in vivo evaluation of attendated live virus vaccine candidates.
A case of coxsackie A9 virus infection with orchitis
Authors: Willems Wulf R. , Hornig Claus , Bauer Heinz , Klingmüller Volker
Published: March 2007

A thirteen‐year‐old boy with bilateral orchitis was diagnosed as being infected by Coxsackie A9 virus by isolation of the virus from a throat swab and a fecal specimen. Serologic investigations revealed the development of transitory specific neutralizing IgM antibodies against the isolate and of persistent antibodies belonging to the other immunoglobulin classes. An etiology of the orchitis by any of the infectious agents usually found with this condition could be excluded.
Experimental infection of chimpanzees with antihemophilic (factor viii) materials: Recovery of virus‐like particles associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , Cook E. H. , Maynard James E. , McCaustland Karen A. , Ebert James W. , Dolana Gary H. , Petzel Robert A. , Kantor Robert J. , Heilbrunn Alfred , Fields Howard A. , Murphy Bert L.
Published: March 2007

Non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis was transmitted to four colony‐born chimpanzees by infusion of three lots of antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) implicated in the transmission of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis to two human recipients. All four inoculated animals showed histopathological evidence of viral hepatitis, and all demonstrated significant ALT elevations between three and seven and one‐half weeks after inoculation. Acute‐phase plasma from one of the infected chimpanzees (no. 771) was shown to induce non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in two other chimpanzees approximately three weeks after their inoculation. In addition, an acute‐phase open liver wedge biopsy obtained from animal no. 771 was processed and examined by immune electron microscopy (IEM) for virus‐like particles with convalescent serum from a serologically confirmed case of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. Twenty‐five to 30 nm (mean = 27 nm) diameter viruslike particles that were either “full” or “empty” were identified in this liver preparation by IEM. Two additional chimpanzees inoculated with a cesium chloride gradient fraction of an isopycnically banded liver homogenate (animal no. no. 771) also developed elevated ALT activity two to two and one‐half weeks later. Our findings have experimentally verified that commercially produced factor VIII materials can induce non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in chimpanzees and that the disease can be subpassaged in these animals by inoculation of either acute‐phase plasma or liver. These results also provide evidence for the association of 27 nm‐diameter virus‐like particles with non‐A, non‐B viral hepatitis.
Ebola and marburg viruses: I. Some ultrastructural differences between strains when grown in vero cells
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Stamford Susan , Lloyd G. , Bowen E. T. W. , Platt G. S. , Way Hilary , Simpson D. I. H.
Published: March 2007

A strain of Marburg virus and two strains of Ebola virus grown in Vero cells were compared by electron microscopy. The outer coat of the Marburg virion appeared to be more resistant to erosion by negative staining techniques than that of the Ebola strains. Marburg virus commonly produced “torus” forms and short filaments: the Zaire strain of Ebola produced extensive branched forms and very long filaments; the Sudan strain of Ebola produced shorter, less branched structures but very many aberrant forms. The mechanism for the production of these aberrant forms is described.
Ebola and marburg viruses: II. Their development within vero cells and the extra‐cellular formation of branched and torus forms
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Stamford Susan , Tovey D. G. , Lloyd G. , Bowen E. T. W. , Platt G. S. , Way Hilary , Simpson D. I. H.
Published: March 2007

The development of Marburg virus and the Sudanese and Zaire strains of Ebola virus in Vero cells as visualized by electron microscopy is described. Despite differences in timing, all three strains appear to pass through identical stages of development. Initially there is a large increase in nucleolus material, and viral precursor material arranges itself in spirals and then into tubes. The cells fill with core material, which passes to the plasmalemma, which often proliferates. Each virion passes through the plasmalemma, acquiring a coat of host material. The formation of torus forms is discussed; the branched appearance that is often seen is believed to be an aberrant form. The reasons for this view are put forward.
Further studies in man of hsw1n1 influenza viruses
Authors: Beare A.S. , Kendal A.P. , Craig J.W.
Published: March 2007

Two subpopulations of antigenically different HswlNl influenza viruses, cloned from ‘swine’ New Jersey virus 1976, were individually inoculated into antibody‐free volunteers. One clone contained a haemagglutinin so far seen only in swine viruses prevalent in 1971 and after, the other a haemagglutinin of earlier strains dating back to at least 1957. Each of the viruses was infectious for man and intermediate in human virulence between a wild human virus and swine pathogens of 1966 and 1967, which had earlier been tested in man. Antigenically comparable clones segregated from viruses recovered in Wisconsin from a pig and a human contact, respectively, were also infectious for man; however, they were less virulent than their New Jersey counterparts. Differences between the Wisconsin clones themselves were small, but there was an indication of a relationship between human passage and human virulence. There was no evidence of inherently greater human virulence in the newer Hsw 1N1 serotype as compared with the earlier serotype. Hence, recent detection of swine influenza‐like viruses in man is unlikely to be the consequence of a host‐range mutation concurrent with an antigenic mutation.

We believe that the Hsw1N1 viruses recovered from the human influenza outbreak at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and from recent single human infections were wholly derived from enzootic swine viruses that underwent limited human adaptation through man‐to‐man passage.
Comparison of solid phase test systems for demonstrating antibodies against hepatitis a virus (anti‐hav) of the igm‐class
Authors: Roggendorf M. , Frösner G.G. , Deinhardt F. , Scheid R.
Published: March 2007

Three methods were compared for determining anti‐HAV of the IgM class. In the first method flat‐bottomed microtiter plates coated consecutively with anti‐HAV of the IgG class and HAAg were incubated with patient serum and, after washing, peroxidase conjugated anti‐m̈ was added. After subsequent incubation with substrate the enzymatic reaction was stopped and the optical density was measured. In the second method the solid phase was coated first with antibodies to IgM and after incubation with patient serum and subsequent incubations with HAAg and 125I anti‐HAV of the IgG class radioactivity was counted. These two methods were compared with reorienting sucrose gradient ultra centrifugation, an established method for demonstrating specific IgM antibodies. The persistence of IgM anti‐HAV in 103 sera drawn at different times after onset of jaundice was evaluated. Sera drawn up to 30 days after onset of hepatitis A were IgM anti‐HAV positive with both of the first two methods. Forty‐one to 90 days after onset of illness IgM anti‐HAV could be demonstrated with the first method in 47% of the patients, in 94% with the second method, and in 82% with gradient centrifugation. The second method was most sensitive and could be adjusted so that at a serum dilution of 1:104 anti‐HAV IgM was detected only up to six months after infection. In contrast to the first method, nonspecific reactions caused by rheumatoid factor were not detected with the second method. During a one‐year period about 15,000 sera of patients with clinical diagnoses of acute hepatitis were tested; the positive results correlated well with the clinical data, and there was no indication of nonspecific positive results.
Further evaluation of a rubella passive hemagglutination test
Authors: Kilgore James M.
Published: March 2007

Clinical experience with the Rubacell passive hemagglutination (PHA) test over a one‐year period has shown the test to be a rapid, reliable, and economical method for determining antibody to rubella. The data from two separately administered rubella proficiency surveys showed 100% correlation between the PHA and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) qualitative results with 24 reference specimens. Also, the PHA titers appeared to be generally higher than the HI in these specimens and in the sera of immune individuals. The efficacy of detecting HI antibody in the absence of PHA antibody as an indication of recent infection was compared to the HI paired sera method and to a rubella‐specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) test based on protein A absorption. From the results obtained with the sera of 76 rubella patients, the efficacy of the three diagnostic methods was of the following order: protein A IgM test > positive HI/negative PHA > HI paired sera method.
Systemic cell‐mediated and antibody responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections
Authors: Cranage M. P. , Gardner P. S.
Published: March 2007

In order to investigate the possible role of immunity in lower respiratory tract disease of infants produced by respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, 18 hospitalized infants were tested for cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses in a whole blood culture assay utilizing a gamma emitting tracer, 5(125 I) Iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine [125 IUdR] to quantitate cellular proliferative responses to virus antigen. Class‐specific antiviral antibody titres were determined in an indirect membrane immunofluorescence test.

One infant showed a CMI response in the acute phase of illness whereas 72% responded one month later. Of the 18 infants, 14 were tested for antibody responses and 71% showed significant rises of antiviral IgG. IgM was detectable in only one acute phase specimen. A tendency for higher CMI responses following severe infection with RS virus was noted but little difference in antibody responses was respect to severity was seen.

These findings are discussed in relationship to the pathogenesis of RS virus.
Hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in peritoneal fluid of hbsag carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Salo Richard J. , Salo Ann A. , Fahlberg Wilson J. , Ellzey Joanne T.
Published: March 2007

Samples of ascitic fluid and outflow dialysate were collected from HBsAg carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis and tested for HBsAg by solid‐phase radioimmunoassy. The surface antigen was detected in every sample from HBsAg carriers. This finding was not dependent upon the presence of occult blood in the sample. Surface antigen particles and possibly Dane particles were also observed in HBsAg‐positive samples by immunoelectron microscopy. These results identify the outflow dialysate of HBsAg carriers undergoing peritoneal dialysis as a potential source of hepatitis B virus transmission.
A comparative study of strains of ebola virus isolated from southern sudan and northern zaire in 1976
Authors: Bowen E.T.W. , Platt G.S. , Lloyd G. , Raymond R.T. , Simpson D.I.H.
Published: March 2007

During the 1976 Ebola virus outbreak in Sudan, the investigating team gained the impression that fewer haemorrhagic manifestations and few fatalities occurred during the later stages of the epidemic after the virus had undergone several generations in man. This impression was also noted in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Sudanese and Zairean strains of Ebola virus. The virulence of the Sudanese isolates was less intense than isolates emanating from Zaire. Similar findings were seen in monkeys; a Zairean isolate produced fatal infections, whereas monkeys inoculated with a Sudan strain generally recovered. Two monkeys, which had recovered from Sudanese strain infections and had developed high levels of antibody detectable by immunofluorescence, were challenged with the Zairean strain. Both developed viraemias and died. The mechanisms of this “failed protection” are discussed.
Presence of a receptor for albumin on individual hbsag polypeptides and on hbsag produced by a hepatoma cell line
Authors: Lonescu‐Matiu Irina , Sanchez Yanuario , Blaine Hollinger F. , Melnick Joseph L , Dreesman Gordon R.
Published: March 2007

The receptors for polymerized (P) human (Hu) serum albumin (SA) present on intact hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been shown to be associated with the major HBsAg polypeptides, as well as HBsAg produced in vitro by a hepatoma cell line. These observations demonstrate that the albumin receptors are virus‐specific.
Distribution of hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag) and anti‐hbe in carriers with different levels of hbsag
Authors: Nath N. , Fang C. T. , Fields H. A. , Doto I. L. , Maynard J. E.
Published: March 2007

Blood samples from 154 asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg were studied for the presence of HBeAg and anti‐HBe using techniques of rheophoresis and a micro solid phase radioimmunoassay (micro‐SPRIA). The level of HBsAg in each sample was determined by titration using reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test. The significance of relationships between the titer of HBsAg, HBeAg, anti‐HBe, and anti‐HBe were statistically analyzed. Micro‐SPRIA detected almost twice as many reactives for HBeAg and anti‐HBe as were found by rheophoresis; the difference in sensitivity was significant (P < 0.001).

The mean HBsAg titer of 41 samples reactive for HBeAg was 11,181, while it was 3,032 for 91 samples reactive for anti‐HBe. The remaining 23 samples with no detectable HBeAg or anti‐HBe had a mean HBsAg titer of 1,018. The differences in the distribution of HBsAg among the three categories is statistically significant (P < 0.005). HBeAg was most likely to be found in samples with higher concentrations of HBsAg.
Failure to detect infectious hepatitis b virus using high dose safety test for hepatitis b vaccine
Authors: Tabor Edward , Barker Lewellys F. , Gerety Robert J.
Published: March 2007

One hundred milliliters of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine (20 /m̈g/ml) were inoculated intravenously into two colony‐born infant chimpanzees. Immediately thereafter each received hepatitis B virus from a documented infectious inoculum intravenously at a separate site. Neither chimpanzee developed elevation of aminotransferase levels, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen during six months of evaluation, the duration of the currently recommended safety test. Both chimpanzees developed antibody to HBsAg beginning 8 and 9 weeks, respectively, after inoculation. The administration of a large intravenous quantity of vaccine antigen thus appeared capable of masking or preventing infection by simultaneously administered hepatitis B virus. This study suggests that a chimpanzee safety test for hepatitis B vaccine should not employ large quantities of vaccine antigen, since such a safety test may fail to detect small amounts of residual infectious hepatitis B virus.
Adenovirus 37: Identification and characterization of a medically important new adenovirus type of subgroup D
Authors: De Jong J.C. , Muzerie C.J. , Wermenbol A.G. , Wigand R. , Keller D. , Wadell G. , Schaap G. J. P.
Published: March 2007

A new human adenovirus has been isolated from 62 eyes with (kerato)conjunctivitis and from nine genitourinary sites. The virus is closely related in haemagglutination inhibition tests to adenovirus type 19 (Ad 19) and Ad 10. Antiserum adsorption experiments demonstrated the presence of three haemag‐glutinin antigens in the virus: One unique, another common to Ad 19, and a third common to Ad 10 and 19. In neutralization tests, the virus is distantly related to Ad 13, 30, 19, and 10. Despite this relationship, it is proposed to call the virus adenovirus 37, in agreement with current species definitions. It belongs to subgroup D of human adenoviruses. Antisera to the new virus show virtually no neutralization of other human adenovirus types. Only by use of this antiserum it is in practice possible to avoid wrong or indefinite typing, which has often occurred in the past.
Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in conventional cell lines
Authors: Kojima Hideo , Shibayama Takao , Sato Akira , Suzuki Shiro , Ichida Fumihiro , Hamada Chuya
Published: March 2007

Fecal extracts of hepatitis A (HA) patients were selected for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immune electron microscopy (IEM). When FL and Vero cells were inoculated with fecal extracts containing HAV, development of hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) was evident in the cytoplasm of the two cell lines by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test. The antigen was detectable in the cells 12 hr postinoculation (pi), and reached a plateau within two days pi. FL cell cultures inoculated with a specimen containing HAV were harvested and passaged four times. During the passages, efficient production of HAAg was confirmed in the infected cultures by three different serological tests: The indirect IF test, RIA using fixed cells, and RIA by the sandwich method. At the second and fourth passages, HAV particles were recovered in abundance from infected FL cell cultures by IEM. Throughout these experiments, no cytopathic effect (CPE) was discernible in the cultures.
The immune response of healthy adults to a reduced dose of hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Szmuness Wolf , Stevens Cladd E. , Harley Edward J. , Zang Edith A. , Taylor Patricia E. , Alter Harvey J. , The Dialysis Vaccine Trial Group
Published: March 2007

Three hundred thirty‐six medical personnel from hemodialysis centers were treated with three doses, 20 μg each, of the Merck hepatitis B vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months). Within 1 month after the first injection, 41% converted to anti‐HBs positivity; after the second injection the conversion rate rose to 80–90%; and after the booster, to 96–98%. The later rate remained unchanged during the 18‐month follow‐up period. Only 2.8% of those vaccinated did not respond to the vaccine. The patterns of immune responses to 20‐μg doses were found to be exactly the same as to 40‐μg doses. It is suggested that reduced doses of vaccine should be as efficacious as the larger ones.
A two‐part study of the aetiological role of rotavirus in lntussusception
Authors: Mulcahy D.L. , Kamath K.R. , De Silva L.M. , Hodges S. , Carter I.W. , Cloonan M.J.
Published: March 2007

The aetiology of intussusception is ill‐defined, with viruses being incriminated as one of many possible aetiological agents. A two‐part study was performed by us to investigate the aetiological role of rotavirus in intussusception. Retrospective epidemiological data revealed a negative correlation between the incidence of rotaviral gastroenteritis and the incidence of intussusception. A prospective investigation employing electronmicroscopy, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence studies of faeces and fluorescent antibody studies of sera demonstrated evidence of rotavirus infection in only 2 of 24 children with intussusception. No evidence was forthcoming in this study of an aetiological role of rotavirus in intussusception.
Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of adw and ayw hepatitis b vaccines
Authors: Papaevangelou George J. , Vissoulis Charalambos G. , Roumeliotou‐Karayannis Anastasia J. , Kolaitis Nickolas , Krugman Saul
Published: March 2007

The safety and immunogenicity of adw and ayw hepatitis B vaccines were compared in a double‐blind randomized trial in Greek Air Force recruits. One hundred and ten out of 240 eligible nonimmune recruits were randomly selected and allocated to thc two vaccine treatment groups. Two 20‐m̈g doses 1 month apart and a third 20‐m̈g booster dose, at 6 months, were given intramuscularly. Severe local or general side effects were not observed. The frequency of mild side effects (local discomfort or pain, fever less than 37.5°C, and malaise) was slightly higher with the adw than with the ayw vaccine. Antibodies developed earlier and in higher titers in adw vaccinees. However, after the booster dose all ayw and all but one adw vaccinees developed anti‐HBs in almost similar titers. It is concluded that both vaccines are equally safe and immunogenic after administration of two doses at a 1‐month interval followed by a booster dose at 6 months.
The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: An interim scheme for classification
Authors: Caul E.O. , Appleton Hazel
Published: March 2007

Many of the small round human fecal viruses implicated in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis have been collected together and examined under the electron microscope. Negatively stained preparations without the addition of antibody were used so that the surface morphology of the virus particles remained clearly visible. It was apparent that several viruses, previously thought to be simply antigenic variants within the Norwalk group of viruses, show distinct morphological differences and quite clearly belong to other virus groups. By comparing the features of all the viruses examined in this study, both with each other and with standard cell culture strains of enterovirus, parvovirus, and calicivirus, it has been possible to propose an interim classification scheme, based primarily on the morphological appearance of the particles and supported by estimations of size and buoyant density.
A rapid enzyme lmmunofiltration technique using monoclonal antibodies to serotype herpes simplex virus
Authors: Richman Douglas D. , Oxman Michael N. , Cleveland Patrick H.
Published: March 2007

A rapid enzyme immunofiltration technique using monoclonal antibodies to serotype herpes simplex virus is described. It requires only a Gngle tube culture showing viral cytopathology and can accommodate multiple specimens in a single assay. The monoclonal antibodies confer absolute specificity and the use of horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated staphylococcal protein A or antiglobulin permits easy visual interpretation of the results following the 2‐3‐hour assay. Although it is possible that an occasional wild strain of HSV might escape recognition by monoclonal antibody, this potential problem has not been observed among the more than 500 clinical isolates tested to date, all of which have yielded an unequivocal result.
Co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs: Two consecutive infections or a sign of advanced chronic liver disease?
Authors: Heijtink R. A. , Van Hattum J. , Schalm S. W. , Masurel N.
Published: March 2007

Simultaneous presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to the surface antigen (anti‐HBs) was detected in 32 out of 89 Dutch chronic hepatitis patients of Caucasian race. HBsAg was subtyped ad in 28 and ay in four cases. Anti‐HBs could be subtyped in 25 cases using reference antigens discriminating between d, y, and w1–4 subdeterminants. In 20 patients HBsAg subtype ad (HBsAg/ad) was accompanied by antibody to subdeterminant y (anti‐y), whereas HBsAg/ay and anti‐d were simultaneously detected in the serum of one patient. The antibody pattern in sera from the remaining patients was complex. Eighteen anti‐HBs‐positive patients were matched for age, histology, and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status with 18 anti‐HBs‐negative patients. Differences in risk factors for acquiring a hepatitis B infection were not found. These results do not support the hypothesis that co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs is due to two consecutive infections with hepatitis B virus. The frequency of the co‐occurrence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs was found to be related to the degree of progressive liver disease, since anti‐HBs was found in three out of 23 asymptomatic carriers, in four out of 20 chronic persistent hepatitis patients, in 20 out of 41 chronic active hepatitis patients, and in all five patients with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. The high frequency of anti‐HBs in advanced liver disease may be the result of a disturbed immunologic response mechanism.
The role of BK virus in acute respiratory tract disease and the presence of BKV DNA in tonsils
Authors: Goudsmit J. , Dillen P. Wertheim‐van , van Strien A. , van der Noordaa J.
Published: March 2007

The significance of BKV infections relative to infections by generally tested respiratory agents was investigated in children with acute respiratory disease. Paired sera from 177 children admitted to a hospital for acute respiratory disease were tested for significant rises in antibodies. Sera from seven patients showed a seroconversion to BKV and clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract infection were exhibited by each of these patients.

BKV infections were present in 8% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease while seroconversions to adenovirus (2%), influenza A virus (1%), parainfluenza virus (5%), RS virus (6%) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (1%) were observed in 15% of the patients with upper respiratory tract disease. BKV was isolated from the urine of one child with tonsillitis with a concomitant seroconversion to BKV.

Tonsils from children with recurrent attacks of acute respiratory disease were tested for the presence of BKV DNA by hybridization with a cloned genomic 32P‐labeled DNA of prototype BKV. Five of twelve tonsil DNAs showed hybridization with BKV DNA. Each tonsil showing hybridization with BKV DNA contained multiple nonintegrated copies of the BKV genome per diploid amount of host cell DNA.

Attempts to recover infective BKV by transfection of primary human embryonic cells with tonsil DNAs or by co‐cultivation of tonsillar cells with primary human embryonic cells were unsuccessful.
Variance in rotavirus infection rates in different urban population groups in South Africa
Authors: Schoub B. D. , Cohen F. , Thompson D. , Koornhof H. J. , Miliotis M. D. , Still C. S. , Berkowitz F. E. , Miller S. , Kushlick E.
Published: March 2007

Rotavirus infection in black infants contrasts markedly with that of white infants in being much less common and showing no seasonal variation. In this multicentre study in Johannesburg, the aetiology of winter infantile gastroenteritis in black, coloured, and white infants was investigated. Stools were examined by electron microscopy and also by enzyme‐immunoassay to detect subparticular antigen which may be missed by electron microscopy in patients presenting late in the course of the illness. Stools were also examined bacteriologically by conventional techniques. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen in all three population groups with bacteria playing a relatively minor role. Striking differences were observed in the rotavirus rates between the three groups. Infection in the whites was five times more common than in the blacks (60% versus 12%) with the coloureds intermediate at 40%. The hypothesis was put forward that the relative protection of the black population may be due to a greater degree of colonization of neonates, thus inducing protection against symptomatic infection at the target age of 6 to 34 months. This may well have important implications in immunoprophylaxis. The reason for the lack of seasonal variation in the black population is still unclear.
Cold adaptation of parainfluenza virus type 3: Induction of three phenotypic markers
Authors: Belshe Robert B. , Hissom Frances K.
Published: March 2007

In order to attenuate parainfluenza type 3 virus, a wild type strain that was isolated from a child with respiratory disease was adapted to replicate in African green monkey kidney cells at 20°C. Replication at 20°C was not a property of the wild type virus. The virus was serially passaged 45 times in the cold, and clones were selected following passage levels 7, 12, 18, and 45. The population of cold‐adapted virus was found to be progressively enriched with temperature sensitive (ts) mutants. After 7 passages in the cold, 1 of 9, and after 12 passages in the cold, 3 of 12 clones were temperature sensitive. Following 18 passages in the cold, 80% of the clones were temperature sensitive and after 45 passages in the cold, all clones were temperature sensitive. In addition to being temperature sensitive each ts clone manifested the tiny plaque morphology. Each temperature‐sensitive clone was also cold adapted. Some clones were cold adapted but were not temperature sensitive. The mutants were found to be genetically stable when serially passaged at 32°, 35°, or 39°C. The mutants may possess the necessary degree of attenuation for use as live attenuated intranasal vaccines.
Complexes between hbsag and igm in serum of patients with acute hepatitis
Authors: Toti Mario , Almi Paolo , Rizzi Roberto , Bonino Ferruccio , Palla Mario
Published: March 2007

HBsAg bound to IgM was measured in the serum of HBsAg carriers with acute hepatitis using a radioimmunoassay based on selective absorption of IgM on solid phase coated with antiserum to human IgM.

HBsAg/IgM was detected in 94 (100%) patients with acute type B hepatitis during the acute phase of infection and persisted after the fourth week only in 13 of them, who developed chronic liver disease. HBsAg/IgM was detected only in 1 patient out of 15 carriers of the HBsAg with superimposed non‐B hepatitis. No activity was found in serum of 20 patients with acute HBsAg‐negative hepatitis.

The nature of the IgM component of the complex is uncertain, however, blocking experiments of the HBsAg/IgM reaction with polymerized human albumin suggest that the IgM component of the complex might represent antibody to the denatured protein. Persistent HBsAg/IgM complex detection in patients with acute type B hepatitis provides a useful tool to predict transition of HBV infection to chronicity. Its absence in patients with acute HBsAg‐positive hepatitis is indicative of non‐B hepatitis in chronic carriers of the HBsAg.
Experimental infection of tamarins with human non‐a, non‐b hepatitis virus
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Bamber M. , Thomas H. C. , Scheuer P. J. , Cohn D. , Hurn B. A. L.
Published: March 2007

Non‐A, non‐B (NANB) viral hepatitis was successfully transmitted to two colonyborn Tamarins following inoculation with antihaemophilic factor VIII concentrate or the “H” inoculum. Both animals showed histological and ultrastructural evidence of viral hepatitis, with raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels from the second week after inoculation through to the end of follow‐up, 5 months later.
Specific IgG and IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus in acute peripheral facial palsy patients
Authors: Hadar Tuvia , Tovi Ferit , Sidi Jack , Sarov Batia , Sarov Israel
Published: March 2007

The role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in acute peripheral facial palsy (APFP) was evaluated in 153 patients. The sera of patients were examined for IgG and IgA antibodies to HSV and VZV by the immunoperoxidase antibody‐membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. The prevalence of IgG and IgA seropositivity to HSV was significantly higher in the APFP patients than in the matched control group. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean titer (GMT) to HSV antibodies in the APFP patients compared to the matched control groups. The prevalence of IgA antibodies to VZV was significantly higher in the APFP patients group than in the matched control group. The GMT for VZV IgG antibodies was significantly higher in the APFP patients than in the matched control group. No significant difference was found in the GMT of VZV IgA antibodies. Eleven of 83 patients for whom paired sera were available had significantly increased or decreased IgG and IgA antibody titers to VZV on subsequent examination. Four of these patients did not show any evidence of zosterian eruption. These studies support the concept that VZV and HSV might have a role in the etiopathogenesis of APFP in some of the patients.