bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narcissism, risk and uncertainties: analysis in the light of prospect and fuzzy-trace theories
Authors: D’Souza Márcia Figueredo , Augusto Sampaio Franco de Lima Gerlando
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the nonpathological traits of narcissism and decisions under conditions of uncertainty and risk in light of the prospect (PT) and fuzzy-trace theories (FTT).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper conducted an empirical-theoretical study with 210 Brazilian academics from the business area (accountants and managers), using a self-reported questionnaire to collect data. This paper analyzed the data through descriptive statistical techniques, correlation, test of hypotheses and logistic regression.

Findings

The results point to a lower disposition of respondents to narcissistic traits, although the characteristics of self-sufficiency, authority, exploitation and superiority have been demonstrated. Most participants chose the sure gain in positive scenarios and risk in light of possibility of losses. However, those with high levels of narcissism showed higher propensity to make risky decisions, both in positive and negative scenarios.

Research limitations/implications

The empirical results about risky decision-making behavior of individuals with narcissist traits spur further investigation on the impacts of attitudes and behaviors in organizations as they are affected by psychosocial factors. These attitudes and behaviors, reflected in administrative and financial reports, influence future decisions of investors.

Originality/value

The interaction between the areas of business administration and psychology in regard to the effects of the narcissist personality trait and the FTT is both original and valuable for the business area. The simplest scenario based on the FTT theory can help eliminate issues around the interpretation and complexities of calculations regarding decision-making scenarios in PT format.
Digital technologies in micro and small enterprise: evidence from Uganda's informal sector during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kimuli Saadat Nakyejwe Lubowa , Sendawula Kasimu , Nagujja Shakilah
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to explore the intention of micro and small enterprises’ (MSEs) owners to adopt digital technologies as a strategy to catalyze sustainable growth of Uganda's economy.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopted a qualitative, multi-case design. The unit of inquiry consisted of business owners operating in St. Balikuddembe Market, Kampala, Uganda. They were interrogated to explore their intention to adopt digital technologies during the total lockdown as a strategy to sustainably operate their businesses.

Findings

A total of four major themes emerged from the data analysis process and these are the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on business operations, awareness of digital technologies, usage of digital technologies and intention to use more digital technologies.

Practical implications

The findings of the study shed light on what policymakers, digital service providers and business owners can do to improve uptake of digital technologies among MSEs in Uganda.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the extant literature on digital technologies in MSEs using evidence from Uganda's informal sector. The results of the study may catalyze uptake of digital technologies as policymakers and digital service providers will devise appropriate strategies that will enable business owners to integrate these technologies into their business operations.
Long COVID and Health Inequities: The Role of Primary Care
Authors: BERGER ZACKARY , ALTIERY DE JESUS VIVIAN , ASSOUMOU SABRINA A. , GREENHALGH TRISHA
Published: March 2021

Policy Points

An estimated 700,000 people in the United States have “long COVID,” that is, symptoms of COVID‐19 persisting beyond three weeks.

COVID‐19 and its long‐term sequelae are strongly influenced by social determinants such as poverty and by structural inequalities such as racism and discrimination.

Primary care providers are in a unique position to provide and coordinate care for vulnerable patients with long COVID.

Policy measures should include strengthening primary care, optimizing data quality, and addressing the multiple nested domains of inequity.
Identifying Opportunities to Strengthen the Public Health Informatics Infrastructure: Exploring Hospitals’ Challenges with Data Exchange
Authors: WALKER DANIEL M. , YEAGER VALERIE A. , LAWRENCE JOHN , MCALEARNEY ANN SCHECK
Published: March 2021

Policy Points

Even though most hospitals have the technological ability to exchange data with public health agencies, the majority continue to experience challenges.

Most challenges are attributable to the general resources of public health agencies, although workforce limitations, technology issues such as a lack of data standards, and policy uncertainty around reporting requirements also remain prominent issues.

Ongoing funding to support the adoption of technology and strengthen the development of the health informatics workforce, combined with revising the promotion of the interoperability scoring approach, will likely help improve the exchange of electronic data between hospitals and public health agencies.

Context

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has highlighted significant barriers in the exchange of essential information between hospitals and local public health agencies. Thus it remains important to clarify the specific issues that hospitals may face in reporting to public health agencies to inform focused approaches to improve the information exchange for the current pandemic as well as ongoing public health activities and population health management.

Methods

This study uses cross‐sectional data of acute‐care, nonfederal hospitals from the 2017 American Hospital Association Annual Survey and Information Technology supplement. Guided by the technology‐organization‐environment framework, we coded the responses to a question regarding the challenges that hospitals face in submitting data to public health agencies by using content analysis according to the type of challenge (i.e., technology, organization, or environment), responsible entity (i.e., hospital, public health agency, vendor, multiple), and the specific issue described. We used multivariable logistic and multinomial regression to identify characteristics of hospitals associated with experiencing the types of challenges.

Findings

Our findings show that of the 2,794 hospitals in our analysis, 1,696 (61%) reported experiencing at least one challenge in reporting health data to a public health agency. Organizational issues were the most frequently reported type of challenge, noted by 1,455 hospitals. The most common specific issue, reported by 1,117 hospitals, was the general resources of public health agencies. An advanced EHR system and participation in a health information exchange both decreased the likelihood of not reporting experiencing a challenge and increased the likelihood of reporting an organizational challenge.

Conclusions

Our findings inform policy recommendations such as improving data standards, increasing funding for public health agencies to improve their technological capabilities, offering workforce training programs, and increasing clarity of policy specifications and reporting. These approaches can improve the exchange of information between hospitals and public health agencies.
The Role of Academic Research in SEC Rulemaking: Evidence from Business Roundtable v. SEC
Authors: GEOFFROY RACHEL , LEE HEEMIN
Published: March 2021

To shed light on the role that academic research plays in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rulemaking, this paper examines the SEC's patterns of consumption of academic research from 2007 through 2017. We show how the Business Roundtable v. SEC ruling in 2011 increased consideration given to academic research during SEC rulemaking. We find that after the ruling, the SEC cites more papers in its proposed rules and, in particular, more papers that illustrate the costs of regulation. This change in academic citations results in fewer negative comment letters on proposed SEC regulations. We survey academics whose research was cited by the SEC, and the majority respond that the SEC's description of their work is completely or mostly accurate. When we survey general academics, their average rating of the SEC's accuracy is lower, although the rating improves regarding specific SEC quotes citing academic research. Although there is still room for a more substantive discussion of research, having a higher standard of cost‐benefit analysis leads to a more balanced discussion of academic research.
The Firm Next Door: Using Satellite Images to Study Local Information Advantage
Authors: KANG JUNG KOO , STICE‐LAWRENCE LORIEN , WONG YU TING FORESTER
Published: March 2021

We use novel satellite data that track the number of cars in the parking lots of 92,668 stores for 71 publicly listed U.S. retailers to study the local information advantage of institutional investors. We establish car counts as a timely measure of store‐level performance and find that institutional investors adjust their holdings in response to the performance of local stores, and that these trades are profitable on average. These results suggest that local investors have an advantage when processing information about nearby operations. However, some institutional investors do not adjust for the quality of their local information and continue to rely on local signals even when they are poor predictors of firm performance and returns. This overreliance on poor local information is reduced for institutional investors with greater industry expertise and those with greater incentives to maximize short‐term trading profits.
Bioerosion on Late Pleistocene Marine Mollusks: A Paleoclimatological and Paleoecological Comparison of MIS 7 and MIS 5e with Modern Beaches (Río Negro, Argentina)
Authors: CHARÓ Melisa P. , CHARÓ Gisela D. , ACEÑOLAZA Guillermo , CAVALLOTTO Jose L.
Published: March 2021

The Late Pleistocene littoral ridges of southern South America, especially those of the north of Argentinean Patagonia, contain remains of mollusk shells with bioerosion traces. Eleven sites from marine isotope stages (2 from MIS 7, 4 from MIS 5e) and five sites from modern beaches from northern Río Negro Province, with 40 taxa (17 bivalves and 23 gastropods) were analyzed, in the area between west of Baliza San Matías and Las Grutas (41°S). Three ichnogenera were identified in deposits of MIS 7:Entobia, Gastrochaenolites(Domichnia) andOichnus(Praedichnia) with one ichnospecies (G. torpedo). Six ichnogenera were identified in deposits of MIS 5e:Entobia, Meandropolydora, Pinaceocladichnus, Iramena, CaulostrepsisandOichnuswith one ichnospecies (O. simplex). Seven ichnogenera were identified from modern beaches:Entobia, Meandropolydora, Iramena, Caulostrepsis, Pinaceocladichnus, Gastrochaenolites(Domichnia) andOichnus(Praedicnia), with two ichnospecies (O. simplexandO. paraboloides). On this basis, it is inferred that Pleistocene benthic communities were constituted from cheilostome bryzoans and polychaete annelids, together with drilling bivalves, predatory gastropods and overall warm‐water species of mollusks. Of these,Chama iudicaiwas found onPlicatula gibbosafrom MIS 7 and MIS 5e. The record of warm temperature species suggests a higher sea surface temperature (SST) than the present one and/or the influence of the warm southward Brazilian Current affecting the waters of Golfo San Matías. On the modern beaches surveyed, there is an increase in polychaete annelids, cheilostome bryzoans, temperate‐cold species and drilling bivalves, as well as sandy substrate species, which together with an increase ofGastrochaenolitesandCaulostrepsis, suggest a colder climate due to the greater influence of the Malvinas Current during the Holocene.
Biostratigraphy, Depositional and Diagenetic Processes in Carbonate Rocks from Southern Lebanon: Impact on Porosity and Permeability
Authors: JANJUHAH Hammad Tariq , SANJUAN Josep , ALQUDAH Mohammad , SALAH Mohamed K.
Published: March 2021

Carbonate rocks contain prolific hydrocarbon reserves all over the world, particularly in the Middle East. For exploration and production strategies, it is essential to understand carbonate reservoirs in terms of their internal characteristics, depositional environment, relative age, diagenetic processes and impact on petrophysical properties. This study has been performed on exposed Cretaceous, Paleocene and Miocene marine carbonate sedimentary sequences in two localities (Maghdoucheh and Qennarit) near the city of Sidon (Southern Lebanon). It represents the first comprehensive study that takes into consideration the carbonate reservoir facies, diagenetic history and reservoir quality in the area. Rocks at Maghdoucheh are mainly dominated by limestone beds showing sedimentary structures and erosive bases alternating with microfossil‐rich silty marls, related to a shallowing upward sequence in a restricted marine platform environment. Shells of benthic foraminifera and mollusks dominate the fossil assemblage extracted from the studied rocks. The microfossil and nannofossil assemblage detected in the Maghdoucheh sections indicates a middle Miocene age. Rocks at Qennarit are composed of mudstone/wackestone limestone beds rich in planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils related to open marine conditions. Based on the nannofossil content, rocks from Qennarit 1 and 2 are Paleocene and Cretaceous in age, respectively. Four main types of microfacies have been identified, i.e. (1) microbioclastic peloidal calcisiltite, (2) pelagic lime mudstone and wackestone with planktonic microfossils, (3) grainstone/packstone with abundant foraminifera and (4) fenestral bindstones, mudstones and packstones with porostromate microstructures. The porosity‐permeability (poroperm) analysis of representative samples reveals moderate to good porosity but very low permeability. This is mainly due to the presence of large moldic pores that are isolated in nature. The diagenetic features are dominated by micritization and dissolution (both fabric selective and non‐fabric selective). Among all diagenetic features, dissolution in both localities contributes to porosity enhancement, while micritization, cementation, compaction and the filled fractures have negative impacts on permeability; hence the overall reservoir quality.
Geochemical Investigation of the Cretaceous Crude Oil Reservoirs and Source Rock Samples in One of the Abadan Plain Oilfields, SW Iran
Authors: ASADI MEHMANDOSTI Elham , AMIRHOSEYNI Mahnaz , MOALLEMI Seyed Ali , HABIBI Azizollah
Published: March 2021

Crude oil and source rock samples from one of the main oilfields of the Abadan Plain, Zagros, Iran were analyzed geochemically. Rock‐Eval pyrolysis was conducted on Kazhdumi (Upper Cretaceous) and Gadvan (Lower Cretaceous) formations, which are the probable source rocks for the oil in the region. The results indicated that the Kazhdumi Formation can be classified as a fair‐to‐excellent source rock, while the Gadvan Formation can be identified as having poor‐to‐good source rock in the basin. Based on the cross‐plots of HI versus OI and S2 versus TOC, types II and III kerogen were identified from studied source samples in the area. Determination of the main fraction percentages of the Sarvak and Fahliyan crude oils represented that the oils from the Sarvak reservoir are paraffinic‐naphthenic and aromatic‐intermediate, whilst that from the Fahliyan reservoir is paraffinic and paraffinic‐naphthenic. Biomarker ratios of the saturated fractions of oil from both reservoirs indicate that the source rocks formed in reducing marine environments with carbonate‐shale lithology. Furthermore, biomarker data helped to distinguish the degree of biodegradation in the studied oils. According to geochemical analysis, oil samples from the Fahliyan reservoir were generated at a higher thermal maturity than the Sarvak reservoir samples.
Does board gender diversity reduce ‘CEO luck’?
Authors: Ongsakul Viput , Jaroenjitrkam Anutchanat , Treepongkaruna Sirimon , Jiraporn Pornsit
Published: March 2021

We explore the role of female directors in mitigating CEO luck. CEOs are ‘lucky’ when they receive stock option grants on days when the stock price is the lowest in the month of the grant, implying opportunistic timing. Our results show that board gender diversity significantly deters the opportunistic timing of option grants. The effect of board gender diversity is 17.19 percent stronger than that of board independence in reducing CEO luck. Board gender diversity plays an effective governance role, even more effective than board independence does. Our results support the benefits of board gender diversity in mitigating the agency cost.
The association between sonographic fetal head circumference, obstetric anal sphincter injury and mode of delivery: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nelson Philippa , Nugent Rachael
Published: March 2021

Background

There is no consensus to the implications of an increased sonographic fetal head circumference (HC) and its impact on delivery.

Aim

To examine if there is any association between sonographic fetal HC, obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) and mode of delivery.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective cohort study of term, singleton births between April 2017 and March 2019 at a large regional hospital in Australia with a third trimester ultrasound. Logistic regressions were performed investigating sonographic fetal HC and additional risk factors for OASIS. Further multinomial logistic regressions assessed the relationship between the sonographic HC and mode of delivery. Odds ratios and their 95% CIs were reported.

Results

Of 667 eligible women, 487 (73%) had vaginal births, with 32 (6.6%) sustaining an OASIS and 180 (27%) had caesarean sections (CS). The sonographic fetal HC did not show an association with OASIS (odds ratio 1.005; CI 0.99–1.01, P = 0.447). A statistically significant association (P < 0.05) with OASIS was found with Asian ethnicity (4.38; 1.5–11.32), prolonged second stage (≥2 h) (4.26; 1.57–10.49) and occiput posterior position (4.01; 1.08–11.92). For women with a sonographic fetal HC ≥ 90th percentile, the odds of having CS compared to a spontaneous vaginal birth are 2.77 (95% CI: 1.36, 5.62; P = 0.005) times higher than those who have a HC < 90th percentile.

Conclusion

This study does not support the use of sonographic fetal HC in assessing a woman’s risk of sustaining an OASIS. Sonographic fetal HC is associated with mode of delivery.
Child temperament predicts maternal socialization values
Authors: Tamm Anni , Tulviste Tiia , Börnhorst Claudia , Konstabel Kenn
Published: March 2021

The longitudinal study examined whether and how children’s temperament traits in particular but also their age, sex as well as maternal education and age predict maternal socialization values. The sample was drawn from the IDEFICS study and included 567 mothers from Estonia whose children were 2–9 years old at Time 0 and 4–11 years old at Time 1. The findings showed that children’s temperament at Time 0 predicted maternal socialization values at Time 1, but not vice versa. Mothers who perceived their child to be more imaginative at Time 0 considered self‐maximization socialization values more important and social conformity‐related values less important at Time 1. Child’s conscientiousness and extraversion were linked positively to social conformity‐related socialization values. Older mothers and those with higher level of education put more emphasis on self‐maximization socialization values. Children’s age and sex were not related to socialization values.
Mantle cell lymphoma – advances in molecular biology, prognostication and treatment approaches
Authors: Silkenstedt Elisabeth , Linton Kim , Dreyling Martin
Published: March 2021

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is clinically characterised by its heterogenous behaviour with courses ranging from indolent cases that do not require therapy for years to highly aggressive MCL with a very limited prognosis. A better understanding of the complex biology of MCL has already led to the approval of several innovative agents, expanding the landscape of MCL therapies and improving therapeutic options especially for refractory/relapsed (R/R) disease.

Nevertheless, to further optimise MCL treatment, early identification of individual risk profile and risk‐adapted, patient‐tailored choice of therapeutic strategy needs to be prospectively incorporated into clinical patient management. The present review highlights recent advances in deciphering the molecular background of MCL, the definition of prognostically relevant factors and the identification of potential druggable targets and summarises current treatment recommendations for primary and R/R MCL including novel targeted therapies.
Identification and characterization of novel candidate compounds targeting 6‐ and 7‐transmembrane μ‐opioid receptor isoforms
Authors: Muralidharan Arjun , Samoshkin Alexander , Convertino Marino , Piltonen Marjo Hannele , Gris Pavel , Wang Jian , Jiang Changyu , Klares Richard , Linton Alexander , Ji Ru‐Rong , Maixner William , Dokholyan Nikolay V. , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Diatchenko Luda
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose

The μ‐opioid receptor (μ receptor) is the primary target for opioid analgesics. The 7‐transmembrane (TM) and 6TM μ receptor isoforms mediate inhibitory and excitatory cellular effects. Here, we developed compounds selective for 6TM‐ or 7TM‐μ receptors to further our understanding of the pharmacodynamic properties of μ receptors.

Experimental Approach

We performed virtual screening of the ZINC Drug Now library of compounds using in silico 7TM‐ and 6TM‐μ receptor structural models and identified potential compounds that are selective for 6TM‐ and/or 7TM‐μ receptors. Subsequently, we characterized the most promising candidate compounds in functional in vitro studies using Be2C neuroblastoma transfected cells, behavioural in vivo pain assays using various knockout mice and in ex vivo electrophysiology studies.

Key Results

Our virtual screen identified 30 potential candidate compounds. Subsequent functional in vitro cellular assays shortlisted four compounds (#5, 10, 11 and 25) that demonstrated 6TM‐ or 7TM‐μ receptor‐dependent NO release. In in vivo pain assays these compounds also produced dose‐dependent hyperalgesic responses. Studies using mice that lack specific opioid receptors further established the μ receptor‐dependent nature of identified novel ligands. Ex vivo electrophysiological studies on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in isolated spinal cord slices also validated the hyperalgesic properties of the most potent 6TM‐ (#10) and 7TM‐μ receptor (#5) ligands.

Conclusion and Implications

Our novel compounds represent a new class of ligands for μ receptors and will serve as valuable research tools to facilitate the development of opioids with significant analgesic efficacy and fewer side‐effects.
Volcanic events‐related hydrothermal dolomitisation and silicification controlled by intra‐cratonic strike‐slip fault systems: Insights from the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Wei Duan , Gao Zhiqian , Fan Tailiang , Niu Yongbin , Guo Ruixin
Published: March 2021

Ordovician carbonate rocks on the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift in the Tarim Basin are modified to varying degrees by hydrothermal fluids related to multiple tectonic‐thermal events, but the nature, origin and circulation mechanisms of such hydrothermal fluids remain debated. In this article, in situ rare‐earth elements and yttrium (REE + Y) concentrations, previously published geochemical datasets and petrographic investigations are integrated to develop a thermo‐tectonic evolution model to improve understanding of silicification and dolomitisation occurring in the interior of the craton basin. δ30Si values, REE + Y ratios and fluid mixing models using modern black smoker fluid and seawater indicate that magma‐sourced hydrothermal fluids, rather than basinal brine heated by magmatism, are responsible for the precipitation of cherts. Petrological and geochemical evidence suggests that deep‐seated, ultramafic‐derived hydrothermal fluids and/or magmatic fluids associated with Permian volcanism may have been involved in the formation of hydrothermal dolomites in the study area. Accompanying formation and reactivation of the strike‐slip faults on the northern slope of the Tazhong Uplift, small volumes of hydrothermal fluids might have been triggered by seismic pumping. The early formed strike‐slip fault systems may also have served as conduits for the subsequent large‐scale transport of deep‐seated, ultramafic‐derived thermal fluids and/or Permian magmatic fluids, along which fluids were transported upwards at high flow rates. Carbonation of ultramafic rocks through interaction with deep‐seated hydrothermal fluids rich in CO2 may have served as a magnesium and silica source for dolomitisation and silicification. Trans‐tensional troughs on NNE‐trending strike‐slip faults with positive flower structure are favourable locations for dolomitisation and silicification.
The Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer cohort study: Analysis of case selection, risk factors and survival in a prospective observational study of 512 patients
Authors: Treasure Tom , Farewell Vernon , Macbeth Fergus , Batchelor Tim , Milošević Mišel , King Juliet , Zheng Yan , Leonard Pauline , Williams Norman R. , Brew‐Graves Chris , Fallowfield Lesley ,   the PulMiCCinvestigators
Published: March 2021

Aim

We wanted to examine survival in patients with resected colorectal cancer (CRC) whose lung metastases are or are not resected.

Methods

Teams participating in the study of Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer (PulMiCC) identified potential candidates for lung metastasectomy and invited their consent to join Stage 1. Baseline data related to CRC and fitness for surgery were collected. Eligible patients were invited to consent for randomization in the PulMiCC randomized controlled trial (Stage 2). Sites were provided with case report forms for non‐randomized patients to record adverse events and death at any time. They were all reviewed at 1 year. Baseline and survival data were analysed for the full cohort.

Results

Twenty‐five clinical sites recruited 512 patients from October 2010 to January 2017. Data collection closed in October 2020. Before analysis, 28 patients with non‐CRC lung lesions were excluded and three had withdrawn consent leaving 481. The date of death was known for 292 patients, 136 were alive in 2020 and 53 at earlier time points. Baseline factors and 5‐year survival were analysed in three strata: 128 non‐randomized patients did not have metastasectomy; 263 had elective metastasectomy; 90 were from the randomized trial. The proportions of solitary metastases for electively operated and non‐operated patients were 69% and 35%. Their respective 5‐year survivals were 47% and 22%.

Conclusion

Survival without metastasectomy was greater than widely presumed. Difference in survival appeared to be largely related to selection. No inference can be drawn about the effect of metastasectomy on survival in this observational study.
Risk and consequences of dehydration following colorectal cancer resection with diverting ileostomy. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Borucki Joseph P. , Schlaeger Sarah , Crane Jasmine , Hernon James M. , Stearns Adam T.
Published: March 2021

Aim

This systematic review aims to assess dehydration prevalence and dehydration‐related morbidity from diverting ileostomy compared to resections without ileostomy formation in adults undergoing colorectal resection for cancer.

Method

MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies of any design that reported dehydration, renal function and dehydration‐related morbidity in adult colorectal cancer patients with diverting ileostomy (last search 12 August 2020). Bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials and the Risk of Bias in Non‐randomized Studies of Interventions tool.

Results

Of 1927 screened papers, 22 studies were included (21 cohort studies and one randomized trial) with a total of 19 485 patients (12 209 with ileostomy). The prevalence of dehydration was 9.00% (95% CI 5.31–13.45, P < 0.001). The relative risk of dehydration following diverting ileostomy was 3.37 (95% CI 2.30–4.95, P < 0.001). Three studies assessing long‐term trends in renal function demonstrated progressive renal impairment persisting beyond the initial insult. Consequences identified included unplanned readmission, delay or non‐commencement of adjuvant chemotherapy, and development of chronic kidney disease.

Discussion

Significant dehydration is common following diverting ileostomy; it is linked to acute kidney injury and has a long‐term impact on renal function. This study suggests that ileostomy confers significant morbidity particularly related to dehydration and renal impairment.
The role of alcohol use in the aetiology and progression of liver disease: A narrative review and a quantification
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Patra Jayadeep , Brennan Alan , Buckley Charlotte , Greenfield Thomas K. , Kerr William C. , Manthey Jakob , Purshouse Robin C. , Rovira Pol , Shuper Paul A. , Shield Kevin D.
Published: March 2021

Issues

Alcohol use has been shown to impact on various forms of liver disease, not restricted to alcoholic liver disease.

Approach

We developed a conceptual framework based on a narrative review of the literature to identify causal associations between alcohol use and various forms of liver disease including the complex interactions of alcohol with other major risk factors. Based on this framework, we estimate the identified relations for 2017 for the USA.

Key Findings

The following pathways were identified and modelled for the USA for the year 2017. Alcohol use caused 35 200 (95% uncertainty interval 32 800–37 800) incident cases of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. There were 1700 (uncertainty interval 1100–2500) acute hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections attributable to heavy‐drinking occasions, and 14 000 (uncertainty interval 5900–19 500) chronic HBV and 1700 (uncertainty interval 700–2400) chronic HCV infections due to heavy alcohol use interfering with spontaneous clearance. Alcohol use and its interactions with other risk factors (HBV, HCV, obesity) led to 54 500 (uncertainty interval 50 900–58 400) new cases of liver cirrhosis. In addition, alcohol use caused 6600 (uncertainty interval 4200–9300) liver cancer deaths and 40 700 (uncertainty interval 36 600–44 600) liver cirrhosis deaths.

Implications

Alcohol use causes a substantial number of incident cases and deaths from chronic liver disease, often in interaction with other risk factors.

Conclusion

This additional disease burden is not reflected in the current alcoholic liver disease categories. Clinical work and prevention policies need to take this into consideration.
Host specificity and species colouration mediate the regional decline of nocturnal moths in central European forests
Authors: Roth Nicolas , Hacker Herrmann Heinrich , Heidrich Lea , Friess Nicolas , García‐Barros Enrique , Habel Jan Christian , Thorn Simon , Müller Jörg
Published: March 2021

The high diversity of insects has limited the volume of long‐term community data with a high taxonomic resolution and considerable geographic replications, especially in forests. Therefore, trends and causes of changes are poorly understood. Here we analyse trends in species richness, abundance and biomass of nocturnal macro moths in three quantitative data sets collected over four decades in forests in southern Germany. Two local data sets, one from coppiced oak forests and one from high oak forests included 125K and 48K specimens from 559 and 532 species, respectively. A third regional data set, representing all forest types in the temperate zone of central Europe comprised 735K specimens from 848 species. Generalized additive mixed models revealed temporal declines in species richness (−38%), abundance (−53%) and biomass (−57%) at the regional scale. These were more pronounced in plant host specialists and in dark coloured species. In contrast, the local coppiced oak forests showed an increase, in species richness (+62%), while the high oak forests showed no clear trends. Left and right censoring as well as cross validation confirmed the robustness of the analyses, which led to four conclusions. First, the decline in insects appears in hyper diverse insect groups in forests and affects species richness, abundance and biomass. Second, the pronounced decline in host specialists suggests habitat loss as an important driver of the observed decline. Third, the more severe decline in dark species might be an indication of global warming as a potential driver. Fourth, the trends in coppiced oak forests indicate that maintaining complex and diverse forest ecosystems through active management may be a promising conservation strategy in order to counteract negative trends in biodiversity, alongside rewilding approaches.
Towards robust statistical inference for complex computer models
Authors: Oberpriller Johannes , Cameron David R. , Dietze Michael C. , Hartig Florian
Published: March 2021

Ecologists increasingly rely on complex computer simulations to forecast ecological systems. To make such forecasts precise, uncertainties in model parameters and structure must be reduced and correctly propagated to model outputs. Naively using standard statistical techniques for this task, however, can lead to bias and underestimation of uncertainties in parameters and predictions. Here, we explain why these problems occur and propose a framework for robust inference with complex computer simulations. After having identified that model error is more consequential in complex computer simulations, due to their more pronounced nonlinearity and interconnectedness, we discuss as possible solutions data rebalancing and adding bias corrections on model outputs or processes during or after the calibration procedure. We illustrate the methods in a case study, using a dynamic vegetation model. We conclude that developing better methods for robust inference of complex computer simulations is vital for generating reliable predictions of ecosystem responses.
Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid–base homeostasis in reef‐building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility
Authors: Innis Teegan , Allen‐Waller Luella , Brown Kristen T. , Sparagon Wesley , Carlson Christopher , Kruse Elisa , Huffmyer Ariana S. , Nelson Craig E. , Putnam Hollie M. , Barott Katie L.
Published: March 2021

Ocean warming is causing global coral bleaching events to increase in frequency, resulting in widespread coral mortality and disrupting the function of coral reef ecosystems. However, even during mass bleaching events, many corals resist bleaching despite exposure to abnormally high temperatures. While the physiological effects of bleaching have been well documented, the consequences of heat stress for bleaching‐resistant individuals are not well understood. In addition, much remains to be learned about how heat stress affects cellular‐level processes that may be overlooked at the organismal level, yet are crucial for coral performance in the short term and ecological success over the long term. Here we compared the physiological and cellular responses of bleaching‐resistant and bleaching‐susceptible corals throughout the 2019 marine heatwave in Hawai'i, a repeat bleaching event that occurred 4 years after the previous regional event. Relative bleaching susceptibility within species was consistent between the two bleaching events, yet corals of both resistant and susceptible phenotypes exhibited pronounced metabolic depression during the heatwave. At the cellular level, bleaching‐susceptible corals had lower intracellular pH than bleaching‐resistant corals at the peak of bleaching for both symbiont‐hosting and symbiont‐free cells, indicating greater disruption of acid–base homeostasis in bleaching‐susceptible individuals. Notably, cells from both phenotypes were unable to compensate for experimentally induced cellular acidosis, indicating that acid–base regulation was significantly impaired at the cellular level even in bleaching‐resistant corals and in cells containing symbionts. Thermal disturbances may thus have substantial ecological consequences, as even small reallocations in energy budgets to maintain homeostasis during stress can negatively affect fitness. These results suggest concern is warranted for corals coping with ocean acidification alongside ocean warming, as the feedback between temperature stress and acid–base regulation may further exacerbate the physiological effects of climate change.
CarniDIET 1.0: A database of terrestrial carnivorous mammal diets
Authors: Middleton Owen , Svensson Hanna , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Faurby Søren , Sandom Christopher
Published: March 2021

Motivation

A species’ diet is central to understanding many aspects of its biology, including its behaviour, movement, and ecological niche. The diets of terrestrial carnivorous mammals, defined here as species primarily consuming other mammals (hereafter, mammal‐consumers), have been extensively studied and can vary in the proportion of different food types, and species, consumed across their geographic ranges. Accessibility to data capturing such variation in diets of mammal‐consumers across the variety of ecosystems they occur in would provide valuable information for conservation, and open research avenues for macroevolution and macroecology. However, data on mammal‐consumer diets across their geographic ranges have not been systematically collated. Here, we present CarniDIET (version 1.0), an open‐access database containing quantitative data on the diets of terrestrial mammal‐consumers collated from the literature.

Main types of variable contained

Diet records capturing the percentage of mammalian prey, to the highest taxonomic resolution available, and non‐mammalian food types (e.g., birds, invertebrates) in the diets of mammal‐consumers at specific sites and times. Associated data with each diet record include, where available, age and sex of mammal‐consumer, sample size, sample origin, and quantification method as well as spatial and temporal variables including dates, season, study site, altitude and coordinates.

Spatial location and grain

Global, terrestrial. The spatial grain varies among sites from 0.03 to 100,000 km2, with a median of 170 km2. Study centroids are provided as latitude‐longitude coordinates.

Time period and grain

Original diet samples were collected between 1933 and 2017, with half of studies collected between 1994 and 2008. Studies summarize diets from 1 month to 66 years, with a median of 1 year.

Major taxa and level of measurement

Terrestrial carnivorous mammals that primarily consume other mammals (103 species). Studies generally represent species’ population averages, although can include demographic breakdowns.
Employment of international education graduates: Issues of economy and resistance to change
Authors: Jonbekova Dilrabo , Kim Tatyana , Kerimkulova Sulushash , Ruby Alan , Sparks Jason
Published: March 2021

The use of international scholarship programmes is part of a long‐standing approach to human capital development in many developing and middle‐income countries that finance studies at universities abroad and locally. Yet, many scholarship alumni struggle to thrive in their home country and encounter numerous difficulties in their transition to the job market. This paper examines the employment experiences of Kazakhstan's government scholarship alumni in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields and identifies the challenges they encounter navigating the labour market. Our analysis of 45 interviews demonstrated that although alumni hold a positional advantage in the job market and many succeed, there are also many alumni whose employability and career success are impeded by an intersection of socioeconomic and cultural factors, intergenerational clashes and scholarship programme regulations. The implications for scholarship programmes and government policy goals are discussed.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microstructure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of oat starch/β‐glucan mixtures
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Meili , Wang Chen , Zhang Yakun , A Rong , Bai Xue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Jiameng
Published: March 2021

Oats do not contain gluten protein, and oat dough structure is formed mainly through the hydrogen bonding of starch and β‐glucan. As a non‐thermal processing technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is mainly used to modify starch and protein in food processing. This study investigated the effects of HHP treatment on the morphological, structural, thermal, pasting and in vitro digestion properties of oat starch/β‐glucan mixtures. Results showed that β‐glucan interconnects with amylose through hydrogen bonding and has a protective effect on the crystalline region of oat starch. Effect of HHP treatment on the crystal structure of mixture system goes through crystal structure perfection stage, crystallisation disintegration and gelatinisation stage. After 300–400 MPa treatment, the changes in particle surface were not obvious, the phase transition temperature, the ΔHgel and the PT of mixtures increased, while the particle size, viscosity and BD values decreased. After 500–600 MPa treatment, mixtures were completely gelatinised, most of the particles swelled and deformed, the particle size increased significantly. The principal component analysis results show that the complexes were distributed in the same region with similar properties after the 300–400 MPa and 500–600 MPa treatments, respectively.
Effects of methyl cellulose‐based coating on physiochemical properties and chemical hazards of Chinese fried dough cake during storage
Authors: Han Lipeng , He Ye , Wang Shujie , Cheng Weiwei , Ma Lukai , Liu Guoqin , Han Dongxue , Niu Li
Published: March 2021

Coating has been used as a practical method to ensure the physiochemical properties and reduce the chemical hazard of fried foods. Methyl cellulose (MC) was used as a coating material to pretreat Chinese fried dough cake (CFDC) before frying. The results showed that the water content, hardness and L* value of the 1% MC coated sample were 31.67%, 848.54 g and 51.62, respectively, at the seventh day at 25 °C. Coating contents 1% MC could reduce the oil content, hardness, and extent of browning and improve the physiochemical properties of CFDC on 7 days of storage. Coating contents 1% MC also reduced the acid value, peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, malondialdehyde content, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐hexenal content, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal content, acrylamide content and glycidyl ester content in CFDC on 7 days of storage. Our work contributes to the control of the oil content and chemical hazards for fried food during storage by applying an edible coating.
ADP‐ribosylation in evasion, promotion and exacerbation of immune responses
Authors: Rosado Maria Manuela , Pioli Claudio
Published: March 2021

ADP‐ribosylation is the addition of one or more (up to some hundreds) ADP‐ribose moieties to acceptor proteins. This evolutionary ancient post‐translational modification (PTM) is involved in fundamental processes including DNA repair, inflammation, cell death, differentiation and proliferation, among others. ADP‐ribosylation is catalysed by two major families of enzymes: the cholera toxin‐like ADP‐ribosyltransferases (ARTCs) and the diphtheria toxin‐like ADP‐ribosyltransferases (ARTDs, also known as PARPs). ARTCs sense and use extracellular NAD, which may represent a danger signal, whereas ARTDs are present in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm. ARTCs mono‐ADP‐ribosylate their substrates, whereas ARTDs, according to the specific family member, are able to mono‐ or poly‐ADP‐ribosylate target proteins or are devoid of enzymatic activity. Both mono‐ and poly‐ADP‐ribosylation are dynamic processes, as specific hydrolases are able to remove single or polymeric ADP moieties. This dynamic equilibrium between addition and degradation provides plasticity for fast adaptation, a feature being particularly relevant to immune cell functions. ADP‐ribosylation regulates differentiation and functions of myeloid, T and B cells. It also regulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines, production of antibodies, isotype switch and the expression of several immune mediators. Alterations in these processes involve ADP‐ribosylation in virtually any acute and chronic inflammatory/immune‐mediated disease. Besides, pathogens developed mechanisms to contrast the action of ADP‐ribosylating enzymes by using their own hydrolases and/or to exploit this PTM to sustain their virulence. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the role of ADP‐ribosylation in immunobiology, immune evasion/subversion by pathogens and immune‐mediated diseases.
Diversity analysis, runs of homozygosity and genomic inbreeding reveal recent selection in Blanco Orejinegro cattle
Authors: Caivio‐Nasner Sindy , López‐Herrera Albeiro , González‐Herrera Luis G. , Rincón Juan C.
Published: March 2021

Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle have 500 years of adaptation to the Colombian tropic, but little is known about their genetic history. Our aim was to estimate levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (Ne), genomic inbreeding for runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relation matrix (FGRM), excess of homozygotes (FHOM) and pedigree information (FPEDCOMP) and to characterize the runs of homozygosity (ROH), searching for selection signatures. A total of 419 BON animals were genotyped, 70 with a 150K chip and 349 with a 50K chip. Next, an imputation to 50K was performed, and, after editing, databases of 40K were obtained. The PLINK v1.90 and R programs were used to estimate LD, ROH, FROHand FHOM. The SNeP v1.1 program was used to obtain Ne, and PreGSf90 was used to elaborate the scaled G matrix. The MTDFNRM program was used to estimate FPEDCOMP. The LD mean asr2at 1 Mb was 0.21 (r2 > 0.30 at a distance of 96.72kb), and Ne was 123 ± 1. A total of 7,652 homozygous segments were obtained, with a mean of 18.35 ± 0.55 ROH/animal. Most of the genome was covered by long ROHs (ROH>8 Mb = 4.86%), indicating significant recent inbreeding. The average inbreeding coefficient for FPEDCOM, FGRM, FHOMand FROHwas 4.41%, 4.18%, 5.58% and 6.78%, respectively. The highest correlation was observed between FHOMand FROH(0.95). ROH hotspots/islands were defined using the extreme values of a box plot that was generated, and correspond to QTLs related to milk yield (55.11%), external appearance (13.47%), production (13.30%), reproduction (8.15%), health (5.24%) and meat carcass (4.74%).