bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of tissue oxygen saturation of the masseter muscle during standardised teeth clenching
Authors: Satokawa Chiho , Nishiyama Akira , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Uesugi Shunsuke , Kokai Satoshi , Ono Takashi
Published: July 2019

Background

Haemodynamics during recovery after teeth clenching is poorly understood.

Objective

To clarify factors influencing tissue blood oxygenation recovery after clenching with altered muscle activity and duration, but constant total muscle activity.

Methods

The following tasks were based on constant maximum voluntary clenching (100% MVC): (a) 50% MVC × 30 seconds; (b) 30% MVC × 50 seconds; and (c) 10% MVC × 150 seconds. Tissue oxygenated (oxy‐Hb), deoxygenated (deoxy‐Hb) and total haemoglobin (total‐Hb) were recorded using near‐infrared spectroscopy in the masseter muscle during recovery after each task. Participants rested for 30 seconds before each task; average resting values were set as baseline. Respective ratios to baseline at 20, 60, 120 and 180 seconds after each task were calculated; the tasks were compared at each time point using one‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA.

Results

Oxy‐Hb and total‐Hb decreased and deoxy‐Hb increased during the tasks and recovered thereafter. For Task 3, not all values recovered to baseline, even after 180 seconds (oxy‐Hb: 96.85%, total‐Hb: 98.31%, deoxy‐Hb: 102.98%). Oxy‐Hb (after 180 seconds, Task 1‐Task 3: P < .001, Task 2‐Task 3: P = .013) and total‐Hb (after 180 seconds, Task 1‐Task 3: P < .001, Task 2‐Task 3: P = .005) were significantly lower, and deoxy‐Hb (after 180 seconds, Task 1‐Task 3: P < .001, Task 2‐Task 3: P = .005) was significantly higher for Task 3 than other tasks, at all times during and after recovery.

Conclusion

Despite the same total muscle activity, weak‐force, long‐duration clenching is more harmful than strong‐force, short‐duration clenching, suggesting a greater effect of awakening bruxism than sleep bruxism on myalgia.
What are the effects of care bundles on the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units? A systematic review
Authors: Niedzwiecka Teresa , Patton Declan , Walsh Simone , Moore Zena , O’Connor Tom , Nugent Linda
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this review was to ascertain the impact of ventilator bundles on the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated neonates and children in intensive care units.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted. Key computerised databases (CINAHL, Medline, Embase and Cochrane) as well as additional sources, with no publication date limitations, were extensively searched in January 2018. Inclusion criteria focused on ventilator bundles used in mechanically ventilated neonates and children aged from 0 to 18 years. After identification and inclusion, all studies were critically appraised for quality. Data were analysed and narratively synthesised.

Results

Eight studies of observational and nonrandomised interventional methods design were included in the review. However, the validity of five of the eight studies which were reviewed was considered substandard. In addition, there were variations in the care bundles elements studied. Nevertheless, all these studies demonstrated that the incidences of VAP in mechanically ventilated neonates and children were found to be significantly reduced by the use of ventilator bundles.

Practice Implications

This systematic review determines that ventilator bundles impact positively on the incidence of VAP in critically ill neonates and children in the neonatal intensive care unit and paediatric intensive care unit. However, the variations in the bundle elements and insufficient valid evidence necessitates further research in the area to validate the findings and to ensure standardisation of clinical practice. Prevention of VAP is aimed at avoiding the risk of aspiration in the lungs, colonisation of respiratory tract with pathogenic microorganisms and contamination of respiratory equipment. Moreover, the implementation of evidence‐based interventions grouped together is fundamental to improve patient outcomes. It is recommended that a further bona fide research is required to standardise the components of paediatric ventilator bundles.
Interruptions experienced by nurses during pediatric medication administration in China: An observational study
Authors: Zhao Junwen , Zhang Xiaoling , Lan Qiaoling , Wang Wuni , Cai Yinsha , Xie Xiaohua , Xie Jianfei , Zeng Yingchun
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The objectives of this study were to describe (a) the frequency of interruptions experienced by a pediatric nurse per hour, (b) the sources of interruptions experienced by a pediatric nurse, and (c) the interruption outcomes during pediatric medication administration.

Design and Methods

This design of this study was a cross‐sectional observational study. A convenience sample of pediatric nurses was used in this study. The interruption observation sheet was used to collect data about the frequency, sources, and outcomes of interruptions.

Results

There was a total of 43 nurses were observed in more than 180 medication administration rounds. An interruption rate of 94.51% occurred during pediatric medication administration. The frequency of interruptions was three or more times (51.04%). The most common source of interruption was attributed to the working environment (32.37%). The second most frequent reason for interruption came from personnel, such as caregivers (24.48%), followed by physicians (10.79%), and other nursing staff (9.54%). The third most common source of interruption was communication issues, including patient interviews, patient reports, and case discussion (8.71%). Six errors (2.49%) were reported out of 241 interruptions as a result of interruptions. In specific, causes of errors during pediatric medication administration were due to wrong medication dose.

Practice Implications

This study provides important information on interruptions experienced by pediatric nurses during medication administration in Chinese hospital settings and found that interruptions frequently occur in pediatric units.
Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs
Authors: Barash Nanelle R. , Thomas Brittany , Birkenheuer Adam J. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Lemler Erica , Qurollo Barbara A.
Published: July 2019

Background

Babesiosis is an important cause of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in dogs. Babesia vulpes, reported in European dogs and North American foxes, rarely has been reported in domestic North American dogs. Newly optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers facilitate more sensitive amplification of B. vulpes DNA.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of Babesia sp. infections in dogs being tested for Babesia infection, and to describe co‐infections and clinicopathologic abnormalities in B. vulpes positive dogs.

Animals

Dog blood or tissue samples (n = 9367) submitted to a diagnostic laboratory between June 2015 and June 2018 were tested using an optimized Babesia PCR assay.

Methods

Comprehensive canine vector‐borne disease diagnostic testing was performed on convenience samples.

Results

Babesia sp. DNA was amplified from 269/9367 (2.9%) North American dogs. Babesia sp. infections included B. gibsoni monoinfection (157; 1.7%), B. vulpes monoinfection (19; 0.20%), and B. gibsoni and B. vulpes coinfection (29; 0.31%). Forty‐three of the 48 total B. vulpes‐infected dogs were American Pit Bull Terrier‐type breeds, of which 36 historically were involved with dog fights. Coinfections with Mycoplasma, Dirofilaria immitis, or Wolbachia and coexposures to Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. were documented in B. vulpes‐infected dogs. Clinicopathologic data in B. vulpes‐infected dogs both with and without coinfections included anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Babesia vulpes infection in domestic North American dogs is commonly found in conjunction with other coinfections, including B. gibsoni and hemotropic Mycoplasma. Similar to B. gibsoni, dog‐to‐dog transmission of B. vulpes may be a frequent mode of transmission.
A study of residual lesions in horses that recovered from clinical signs of chronic equine dysautonomia
Authors: Milne Elspeth M. , Pirie R. Scott , Hahn Caroline N. , del‐Pozo Jorge , Drummond Dawn , Moss Sharon , McGorum Bruce C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Equine dysautonomia (ED) causes degeneration and loss of autonomic neurons. Approximately 50% of chronic cases recover, but it is unclear how they survive neuronal loss.

Objectives

To assess lesions, autonomic neuron numbers, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and neurodegeneration in recovered cases.

Animals

Thirteen cases (group ED), euthanized 10.3 ± 5.2 (1–16) years from diagnosis and 6 age‐matched controls (group C).

Methods

Prospective, case control; routine post mortem examination, neuron counts in peripheral and enteric ganglia and immunohistochemical assessment of neural networks (Protein gene product [PGP] 9.5), ICC (c‐kit), and neurodegeneration (beta‐amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin) in intestine.

Results

Postmortem findings in group ED were small intestinal dilation (4/12, 33%) and muscular hypertrophy (4/12, 33%), and gastric mucosal hypertrophy (3/11, 27%) and ulceration (4/11, 36%). Neuron density was lower in group ED (mean 39% lower for cranial cervical ganglion [P < .001], median 44% lower in celiacomesenteric ganglion [P = .01]). In intestine, neuronal depletion was worst in ileum (median 100% lower in submucosal plexus [P < .001], 91% lower in myenteric plexus [P = .004]). Group ED had less PGP 9.5 staining in ileal myenteric plexus (mean 66% lower [P = .04]) and circular muscle (median 75% lower [P = .006]). In ileum, there was less c‐kit staining in myenteric plexus (median 57% lower [P = .02]) but not muscularis externa. Beta‐amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin results were not indicitive of neurodegeneration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Intact ICC in muscularis externa might help maintain motility after neuronal loss. Treatment supporting ICC function warrants investigation.
Referral pathways for patients with NAFLD based on non‐invasive fibrosis tests: Diagnostic accuracy and cost analysis
Authors: Crossan Catriona , Majumdar Avik , Srivastava Ankur , Thorburn Douglas , Rosenberg William , Pinzani Massimo , Longworth Louise , Tsochatzis Emmanuel A.
Published: July 2019

Background/aims

Non‐invasive fibrosis tests (NITs) can be used to triage non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients at risk of advanced fibrosis (AF). We modelled and investigated the diagnostic accuracy and costs of a two‐tier NIT approach in primary care (PC) to inform secondary care referrals (SCRs).

Methods

A hypothetical cohort of 1,000 NAFLD patients with a 5% prevalence of AF was examined. Three referral strategies were modelled: refer all patients (Scenario 1), refer only patients with AF on NITs performed in PC (Scenario 2) and refer those with AF after biopsy (Scenario 3). Patients in Scenarios 1 and 2 would undergo sequential NITs if their initial NIT was indeterminate (FIB‐4 followed by Fibroscan®, enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF)® or FibroTest®). The outcomes considered were true/false positives and true/false negatives with associated mortality, complications, treatment and follow‐up depending on the care setting. Decision curve analysis was performed, which expressed the net benefit of different scenarios over a range of threshold probabilities (Pt).

Results

Sequential use of NITs provided lower SCR rates and greater cost savings compared to other scenarios over 5 years, with 90% of patients managed in PC and cost savings of over 40%. On decision curve analysis, FIB‐4 plus ELF was marginally superior to FIB‐4 plus Fibroscan at Pt ≥8% (1/12.5 referrals). Below this Pt, FIB‐4 plus Fibroscan had greater net benefit. The net reduction in SCRs was similar for both sequential combinations.

Conclusions

The sequential use of NITs in PC is an effective way to rationalize SCRs and is associated with significant cost savings.
Salinity drives meiofaunal community structure dynamics across the Baltic ecosystem
Authors: Broman Elias , Raymond Caroline , Sommer Christian , Gunnarsson Jonas S. , Creer Simon , Nascimento Francisco J. A.
Published: July 2019

Coastal benthic biodiversity is under increased pressure from climate change, eutrophication, hypoxia, and changes in salinity due to increase in river runoff. The Baltic Sea is a large brackish system characterized by steep environmental gradients that experiences all of the mentioned stressors. As such it provides an ideal model system for studying the impact of on‐going and future climate change on biodiversity and function of benthic ecosystems. Meiofauna (animals < 1 mm) are abundant in sediment and are still largely unexplored even though they are known to regulate organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling. In this study, benthic meiofaunal community structure was analysed along a salinity gradient in the Baltic Sea proper using high‐throughput sequencing. Our results demonstrate that areas with higher salinity have a higher biodiversity, and salinity is probably the main driver influencing meiofauna diversity and community composition. Furthermore, in the more diverse and saline environments a larger amount of nematode genera classified as predators prevailed, and meiofauna‐macrofauna associations were more prominent. These findings show that in the Baltic Sea, a decrease in salinity resulting from accelerated climate change will probably lead to decreased benthic biodiversity, and cause profound changes in benthic communities, with potential consequences for ecosystem stability, functions and services.
Convergent vomeronasal system reduction in mammals coincides with convergent losses of calcium signalling and odorant‐degrading genes
Authors: Hecker Nikolai , Lächele Ulla , Stuckas Heiko , Giere Peter , Hiller Michael
Published: July 2019

The vomeronasal system (VNS) serves crucial functions for detecting olfactory clues often related to social and sexual behaviour. Intriguingly, two of the main components of the VNS, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the accessory olfactory bulb, are regressed in aquatic mammals, several bats and primates, likely due to adaptations to different ecological niches. To detect genomic changes that are associated with the convergent reduction of the VNS, we performed the first systematic screen for convergently inactivated protein‐coding genes associated with convergent VNS reduction, considering 106 mammalian genomes. Extending previous studies, our results support that Trpc2, a cation channel that is important for calcium signalling in the VNO, is a predictive molecular marker for the presence of a VNS. Our screen also detected the convergent inactivation of the calcium‐binding protein S100z, the aldehyde oxidase Aox2 that is involved in odorant degradation, and the uncharacterized Mslnl gene that is expressed in the VNO and olfactory epithelium. Furthermore, we found that Trpc2 and S100z or Aox2 are also inactivated in otters and Phocid seals for which no morphological data about the VNS are available yet. This predicts a VNS reduction in these semi‐aquatic mammals. By examining the genomes of 115 species in total, our study provides a detailed picture of how the convergent reduction of the VNS coincides with gene inactivation in placental mammals. These inactivated genes provide experimental targets for studying the evolution and biological significance of the olfactory system under different environmental conditions.
Identification of the lipopolysaccharide O‐antigen biosynthesis priming enzyme and the O‐antigen ligase in Myxococcus xanthus: critical role of LPS O‐antigen in motility and development
Authors: Pérez‐Burgos María , García‐Romero Inmaculada , Jung Jana , Valvano Miguel A. , Søgaard‐Andersen Lotte
Published: July 2019

Myxococcus xanthus is a model bacterium to study social behavior. At the cellular level, the different social behaviors of M. xanthus involve extensive cell–cell contacts. Here, we used bioinformatics, genetics, heterologous expression and biochemical experiments to identify and characterize the key enzymes in M. xanthus implicated in O‐antigen and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and examined the role of LPS O‐antigen in M. xanthus social behaviors. We identified WbaPMx (MXAN_2922) as the polyisoprenyl‐phosphate hexose‐1‐phosphate transferase responsible for priming O‐antigen synthesis. In heterologous expression experiments, WbaPMx complemented a Salmonella enterica mutant lacking the endogenous WbaP that primes O‐antigen synthesis, indicating that WbaPMx transfers galactose‐1‐P to undecaprenyl‐phosphate. We also identified WaaLMx (MXAN_2919), as the O‐antigen ligase that joins O‐antigen to lipid A‐core. Our data also support the previous suggestion that WzmMx (MXAN_4622) and WztMx (MXAN_4623) form the Wzm/Wzt ABC transporter. We show that mutations that block different steps in LPS O‐antigen synthesis can cause pleiotropic phenotypes. Also, using a wbaPMx deletion mutant, we revisited the role of LPS O‐antigen and demonstrate that it is important for gliding motility, conditionally important for type IV pili‐dependent motility and required to complete the developmental program leading to the formation of spore‐filled fruiting bodies.
Disentangling the identity of Zamia from Mexican Pacific seaboard, with a description of a new species
Authors: Nicolalde‐Morejón Fernando , Martínez‐Domínguez Lilí , Stevenson Dennis Wm. , Vergara‐Silva Francisco
Published: July 2019

We present a revision based on qualitative and quantitative morphological comparisons including all populations of Zamia from the coastal plain of Pacific Mexico. We recognize four species in this area: Z. paucijuga, Z. herrerae, Z. spartea and the new species Z. stenophyllidia which is described from Michoacán, Mexico. Zamia stenophyllidia has is distinct with respect to both vegetative and reproductive structures; namely, linear, lanceolate, papyraceous and narrow leaflets (up to 0.8 cm wide), robust and short prickles (up to 2 mm), and ovoid, yellowish, ovulate strobili. The description of this species implies a recircumscription of Z. paucijuga; on this basis, an epitype for Z. paucijuga is designated here. We also introduce a key for all species of Zamia from Mexico. Biogeographically, the new species is interesting for its sympatry with Dioon stevensonii, a species that has been a model for the study of the formation of modern Neotropical forests.
Reproductive transitions in plants and animals: selfing syndrome, sexual selection and speciation
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2019

The evolution of predominant self‐fertilisation frequently coincides with the evolution of a collection of phenotypes that comprise the ‘selfing syndrome’, in both plants and animals. Genomic features also display a selfing syndrome. Selfing syndrome traits often involve changes to male and female reproductive characters that were subject to sexual selection and sexual conflict in the obligatorily outcrossing ancestor, including the gametic phase for both plants and animals. Rapid evolution of reproductive traits, due to both relaxed selection and directional selection under the new status of predominant selfing, lays the genetic groundwork for reproductive isolation. Consequently, shifts in sexual selection pressures coupled to transitions to selfing provide a powerful paradigm for investigating the speciation process. Plant and animal studies, however, emphasise distinct selective forces influencing reproductive‐mode transitions: genetic transmission advantage to selfing or reproductive assurance outweighing the costs of inbreeding depression vs the costs of males and meiosis. Here, I synthesise links between sexual selection, evolution of selfing and speciation, with particular focus on identifying commonalities and differences between plant and animal systems and pointing to areas warranting further synergy.
Blood flow kinetics of a xenogeneic collagen matrix following a vestibuloplasty procedure in the human gingiva—An explorative study
Authors: Fazekas Réka , Molnár Bálint , Kőhidai László , Láng Orsolya , Molnár Eszter , Gánti Bernadett , Michailovits Georgina , Windisch Péter , Vág János
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate temporal and spatial blood flow patterns following vestibuloplasty procedures using a collagen matrix (CM) to get an insight into the timing and direction of neovascularization in the CM.

Methods

Five patients were treated using a modified apically repositioned flap combined with a CM. Intraoral photographs and blood flow measurements by laser speckle contrast imaging were taken for 12 months. Thirty regions of interest in the graft and the surrounding mucosa were evaluated. The clinical parameters were assessed after 6 and 12 months. VEGF expression was analyzed in the wound fluid on days 2 and 4.

Results

At 6 months, the mean width of keratinized gingiva increased, but the thickness was unchanged. Scar formation was observed in all cases. Perfusion in the graft began to increase at the lateral and coronal edges and then spread concentrically toward the center. The apical side showed a significant delay in perfusion, the highest VEGF expression, and wound fluid production as well as the most abundant scar formation.

Conclusions

Neovascularization occurs mainly from the lateral and coronal edges, which may limit the extent of the surgical area. Abundant scar formation may be explained by increased VEGF expression induced by prolonged ischemia in this area.
Mythmakers of Maiden Castle: Breaking the Siege Mentality of an Iron Age Hillfort
Authors: Russell Miles
Published: July 2019

The idea that an invading Roman army brought about the end of hillforts in south‐west Britain, using artillery fire to demoralize and defeat their enemy, is one of the most powerful narratives in British archaeology, being a constant element in both academic literature and public discourse. At the heart of the debate is the evidence recovered by Mortimer Wheeler during fieldwork conducted at Maiden Castle, in Dorset, between 1936–37. Wheeler interpreted a series of burials found in the east gate of the hillfort as a ‘war cemetery’, residue of an ultimately futile defence of the site, in the face of Roman aggression, by the local Durotriges tribe. A recent survey of hillforts in Dorset has, however, cast significant doubt on Wheeler’s hypothesis, suggesting that not only is the widely accepted battle‐theory unsupported by the archaeological evidence, but also that the Durotriges themselves were unconnected to any fortification or defence of Maiden Castle. This paper explores the conclusions of that survey, examining how the dramatic story of a siege first took shape in the late 1930s and why it became so immediately popular with the public. The problems of linking material remains to postulated historical events are outlined and the beginnings of a new model for Late Iron Age settlement at Maiden Castle are presented for the first time.
Methods of Palaeodemography: The Case of the Iberian Oppida and Roman Cities in North‐East Spain
Authors: Sinner Alejandro G. , Carreras Cesar
Published: July 2019

Ancient demography is a recurrent topic in archaeology, thanks to new methods and evidence from different surveys and excavations. However, different cultures or periods are studied on their own, without any comparison being made between them and of their population dynamics. The present paper seeks to advance the situation by defining methodologies to allow diachronic comparisons between two different periods and cultures. After setting out a methodological approach, the paper goes on to apply the same to a case study: namely the Roman conquest of north‐east Spain, comparing the demography of the ancient Iberian communities (fourth‐second centuries BCE) to the Roman colonization (first century BCE to first century CE). Roman urbanism is generally supposed to increase the population in a particular territory, but our present evidence refutes this point: a decrease in population is visible in urban or proto‐urban sites from the Iberian to Roman periods, though there is an increase in the rural densities.
QTL mapping and gene mining to identify genes on soybean (Glycine max) associated with NopB of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103
Authors: Wang Jieqi , Wang Jinhui , Tian Boyu , Li Qingying , Zhu Jingyi , Liu Xueying , Ma Chao , Li Changyu , Qi Zhaoming , Zhu Rongsheng , Shi Yan , Zou Jianan , Wen Yingnan , Sun Zhijun , Liu Hanxi , Jiang Hongwei , Yin Zhengong , Hu Zhenbang , Chen Qingshan , Xin Dawei , Liu Chunyan
Published: July 2019

Soybean is a special crop that can utilize N2 in the air via symbioses with Rhizobium spp. The formation of effective nodules is a complex process in which nodulation outer proteins (Nops) are determinants of establishment of a symbiotic relationship. We constructed a Sinorhizobium fredii HH103ΩnopB mutant. A nodulation test showed that the mutant had a negative effect on the Suinong14, ZYD00006, Dongnong594 and Charleston soybean lines. Recombinant inbred soybean lines were independently inoculated with the mutant and wild‐type strains, and five and four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified by analysing the nodule number (NN) and nodule dry weight (NDW), respectively. We chose one QTL that overlapped with other studies and a novel QTL identified in our study and selected six candidate genes for further analysis. The qRT‐PCR analysis showed that only changes in Glyma.17G166200 expression depended on NopB. Further analysis showed that Glyma.17G166200 encoded a protein with a D‐glucose‐binding domain and a serine‐threonine/tyrosine protein kinase catalytic domain that was involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway.
The infantile cutaneous microbiome: A review
Authors: Schoch Jennifer J. , Monir Reesa L. , Satcher Kerrie G. , Harris Jessica , Triplett Eric , Neu Josef
Published: July 2019

Recent focus on the neonatal intestinal microbiome has advanced our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestinal barrier, the developing immune system, and commensal and pathogenic organisms. Despite the parallel role of the infant skin in serving as both a barrier and an interface for priming the immune system, large gaps exist in our understanding of the infantile cutaneous microbiome. The skin microbiome changes and matures throughout infancy, becoming more diverse and developing the site specificity known to exist in adults. Delivery method initially determines the composition of the cutaneous microbiome, though this impact appears transient. Cutaneous microbes play a critical role in immune system development, particularly during the neonatal period, and microbes and immune cells have closely intertwined, reciprocal effects. The unique structure of newborn skin influences cutaneous microbial colonization and the development of dermatologic pathology. The development of the infantile skin barrier and cutaneous microbiome contributes to future skin pathology. Atopic dermatitis flares and seborrheic dermatitis have been linked to dysbiosis, while erythema toxicum neonatorum is an immune response to the establishment of normal bacterial skin flora. Physicians who care for infants should be aware of the impact of the infantile skin microbiome and its role in the development of pathology. A better understanding of the origin and evolution of the skin microbiome will lead to more effective prevention and treatment of pediatric skin disease.
Maintenance of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defence systems have key roles for survival of Halopeplis perfoliata (Amaranthaceae) in a saline environment
Authors: Rasool S. G. , Gulzar S. , Hameed A. , Edwards G. E. , Khan M. A. , Gul B.
Published: July 2019

Coastal salt marsh plants employ various combinations of morphological and physiological adaptations to survive under saline conditions. Little information is available on salinity tolerance mechanisms of Halopeplis perfoliata, a C3 stem succulent halophyte.

We investigated the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant defence mechanisms of H. perfoliata under saline conditions (0, 150, 300 and 600 mM NaCl) in an open greenhouse.

Optimal shoot succulence, projected shoot area and relative growth rate were obtained in the low (150 mm NaCl) salinity treatment, while growth was inhibited at the highest salinity (600 mm NaCl). The CO2 compensation point and carbon isotope composition of biomass confirmed C3 photosynthesis. Increases in salinity did not affect the photosynthetic pigment content or maximum quantum efficiency of PSII of H. perfoliata. Assimilation of CO2 (A) also remained unaffected by salinity. A modest effect on some gas exchange and photochemistry parameters was observed at 600 mm NaCl. With increasing salinity, there was a continual increase in respiration, suggesting utilisation of energy to cope with saline conditions. Under 300 and 600 mm NaCl, there was an increase in H2O2 and MDA with a concomitant rise in AsA, GR content and CAT activity.

Hence, H. perfoliata appears to be an obligate halophyte that can grow up to seawater salinities by modulating photosynthetic gas exchange, photochemistry and the antioxidant defence systems.
Publication Performance Through the Lens of the h‐index: How Can We Solve the Problem of the Ties?
Authors: Crespo Nuno , Simoes Nadia
Published: July 2019

Objective

The h‐index is the most diffused bibliometric measure to evaluate publication performance at the author level. Despite its popularity, it is unable to provide a thorough ranking of the authors since it generates many ties. This problem is especially severe in the lower part of the distribution and is a serious shortcoming because the h‐index is used in a variety of decision‐making situations that have profound impacts at both the personal and institutional levels.

Method

We propose a method to differentiate authors with the same h‐index, thereby solving the problem of the ties.

Results

We conduct an empirical analysis covering 472 economists from the departments of economics of the top 10 world universities. When the h‐index and the measure proposed in this study are considered together, the problem of the ties diminishes dramatically.

Conclusion

In this study, we add to the available metrics aiming to increase fairness in ranking and selection processes.
Risk factors for Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection following solid organ transplantation in children
Authors: Ochfeld Elisa , Balmert Lauren C. , Patel Sameer J. , Muller William J. , Kociolek Larry K.
Published: July 2019

Background

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) in pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is a growing problem, though CDI risk factors in this population are poorly understood. Our objective was to characterize CDI risk factors in pediatric SOT recipients.

Methods

This retrospective case‐control study, performed at a single freestanding academic children's hospital, included all SOT recipients age 1‐22 years who were tested for C. difficile by toxin B gene PCR between August 2009 and August 2017. CDI risk factors were assessed by comparing PCR‐positive and PCR‐negative cases by generalized linear mixed models.

Results

Between August 2009 and August 2017, 409 SOTs were performed of which 138 (33.7%), 134 (32.8%), 131 (32.0%), and 6 (1.5%) were kidney, liver, heart, and small intestine transplants, respectively. Of 205 SOT recipients were tested for CDI, with 723 C. difficile PCR tests performed among these patients. 68/205 (33%) patients developed CDI at least once during the study period. Median (interquartile range) time to diagnosis of first CDI following SOT was 8.9 (1.2, 19.6) months. CDI was independently associated with calcineurin inhibitor use at time of C. difficile testing (odds ratio [OR] 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08, 5.24, P = 0.03) and systemic antibiotic exposure within 30 days of C. difficile testing (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.08, 2.79, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

CDI is a common, relatively late post‐transplant complication and independently associated with calcineurin inhibitor and systemic antibiotic exposure. The potential impact of specific immunosuppressive drug and antibiotic selection on CDI risk reduction requires further investigation.
Transfusion requirement and length of stay of anaemic surgical patients associated with a patient blood management service:a single‐Centre retrospective study
Authors: Faulds J. , Whately‐Smith C. , Clarke K.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To assess the value of patient blood management (PBM) in the detection and management of preoperative anaemia before elective surgery.

Background

PBM is recognised as the standard of care, with diagnosis and management of preoperative anaemia being the key components of PBM. No formal assessment of the value of PBM anaemia screening and correction before scheduled surgery had been made at our hospital.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary‐care, academic hospital of consecutive records of elective surgery (n = 25 641). We excluded minor surgeries. We identified anaemic patients who had been assessed by PBM or not (non‐PBM). We calculated transfusion incidence and hospital length of stay (LOS) across all surgical specialities.

Results

During the 1‐year study period, 15 245 patients were eligible for inclusion; 311 patients (2·0%) were transfused, and 83·3% of transfusions were in anaemic patients. Transfusion incidence was 9·2% in anaemic PBM‐assessed patients and 17·4% in non‐PBM patients. For haemoglobin (Hb) <100 g L−1, the transfusion incidence was 22·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15·5–30·6%] in PBM and 40·0% (95% CI 35·1–45·0%) in non‐PBM patients, and for Hb 100–119 g L−1, it was 4·7% (95% CI 2·8–7·5%) and 7·9% (95% CI 6·3–9·8%), respectively. Overall mean LOS was 2·1 days [standard deviation (SD) 6·0]. Mean LOS with Hb <100 g L−1 was 6·7 days (SD 14·8) in PBM‐assessed patients and 12·4 days (SD 19·5) in non‐PBM patients and was 3·1 (SD 5·2) and 6·2 (SD 9·5) days, respectively, for Hb 100–119 g L−1.

Conclusion

Anaemic elective surgery patients assessed by patient blood management (PBM) had a markedly lower transfusion risk and shorter LOS than anaemic patients not assessed by PBM.
A multiple relaxation interpretation of the extended Biot model
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sri Nivas , Holm Sverre
Published: July 2019

The biphasic extended Biot poroviscoelastic model takes into account the squirt flow in grain-grain contacts and introduces the bulk and shear relaxation modes associated with it. This model has been criticized for its empirical approach, but here the constitutive equations and the time domain wave equations of the model are derived. This also makes it possible to find single phase viscoelastic equivalents for all three wave solutions of the extended Biot model. Particularly, the viscoelastic equivalents for shear wave propagation can be obtained with considerably fewer parameters than the original model. These equivalents are linear viscoelastic models with springs and dampers for the low frequencies and contain half-order spring-pots for high frequencies. For high frequencies, the non-physicality of the shear relaxation mode is highlighted. The relaxation modes of the extended Biot model are interpreted in the framework of multiple relaxation mechanisms showing that the P- and S-wave modes of the model are not much more complex than that for seawater. The model's near linear frequency dependent attenuation in the intermediate frequency range is the result of weighting each relaxation mechanism appropriately.
Effects of Simulated Horseback Riding on Balance, Postural Sway, and Quality of Life in Older Adults With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Goudy Leah S. , Rigby Brandon Rhett , Silliman-French Lisa , Becker Kevin A.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in balance, postural sway, and quality of life after 6 wk of simulated horseback riding in adults diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Eight older adults completed two 60-min riding sessions weekly for 6 wk. Variables of balance, postural sway, and quality of life were measured 6 wks before and within 1 wk before and after the intervention. Berg Balance Scale scores decreased from baseline to preintervention (48.36 ± 5.97 vs. 45.86 ± 6.42, p = .050) and increased from preintervention to postintervention (45.86 ± 6.42 vs. 50.00 ± 4.38, p = .002). Cognitive impairment, a dimension of quality of life, improved from baseline to postintervention (37.5 ± 20.5 vs. 21.5 ± 14.4, p = .007). Six weeks of simulated horseback riding may improve balance and cognitive impairment in older adults with Parkinson’s disease.
Prescription of Physical Activity: How Does the Internist Perceive it?
Authors: Lavielle Sotomayor Pilar , Huitron Bravo Gerardo , López Fernández Analí , Talavera Piña Juan
Published: July 2019

Objective: To assess the meaning of a physical activity prescription (PAP) from the physician’s point of view and to examine current PAP-related clinical practices and stage of change, including the factors that influence them. Methods: Mixed methodology was applied to obtain valid, high-quality data. During the qualitative phase, the “free-listing” technique was used to explore the “cultural domain” of a physician’s perception of PAP, as well as the construction of culturally relevant items used during the last phase of the study. A survey was conducted to evaluate clinical practices, attitudes, and physician state of change regarding PAP. The convenience sample of 58 (qualitative phase) and 350 internists (quantitative phase) who attended the International Congress of Internal Medicine was interviewed. Results: A majority of internist reported having adequate knowledge, positive attitude, being in the maintenance phase with no barriers to prescribe physical activity (PA). Prescription was associated with physician training, their workplace, and experience. However, physicians do not satisfactorily evaluate the level of patient’s PA nor recommend an adequate level of PA, which is necessary to achieve health goals. Conclusions: Physicians had great acceptance of PAP. However, there were low levels of knowledge of current PA guidelines, although most physicians thought they had sufficient knowledge. Training seems to be an excellent way to improve PAP.
Active Gaming Prevalence and Correlates by Type of Day in Spanish Youth
Authors: Valencia-Peris Alexandra , Úbeda-Colomer Joan , Lizandra Jorge , Peiró-Velert Carmen , Devís-Devís José
Published: July 2019

Background: Active gaming has emerged as a new option to foster physical activity in youth. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of active gaming in adolescents, to determine differences between active and nonactive gamers by type of day, and to examine predictors of being an active gamer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3095 Spanish adolescents aged 12 to 18 years who self-reported their involvement in moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and active gaming. Those engaging in active gaming for at least 10 minutes per day were considered active gamers. Student’s 2-tailed t tests, chi-square test, and binomial logistic regression were performed. Results: About 25.9% of the adolescents were active gamers. They were younger, had higher body mass index, and spent more time on moderate to vigorous physical activity, television viewing, and sedentary video games with computer/console than nonactive gamers. There were more active gamers on weekends than on weekdays. On weekdays, more males than females were active gamers. Adolescents who did not meet sleep time guidelines were more likely to be active gamers on weekdays, whereas on weekends, being a girl, overweight/obese, and having a high socioeconomic status were predictors of being an active gamer. Conclusion: Because active gaming may contribute to meeting physical activity guidelines, the present findings could enable better targeting of physical activity promotion programs.
The Role of Psychological Flexibility in Physical Activity Maintenance
Authors: Jenkins Matthew , Hargreaves Elaine A. , Hodge Ken
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the constituent processes of psychological flexibility (contact with the present moment, acceptance, cognitive defusion, self-as-context, value clarification, and committed action) in supporting physical activity (PA) maintenance. A total of 9 physically active participants were interviewed using the Scanlan collaborative interview method. Participants were asked to discuss their strategies for maintaining PA, before being asked whether the 6 psychological flexibility processes played a role in their PA behavior. Data were analyzed using a combination of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. Acceptance, cognitive defusion, value clarification, and committed action played a role in participants’ experiences of maintaining PA. Contact with the present moment and self-as-context were reported to be relatively unimportant to participants’ PA maintenance. Cultivating acceptance of PA-related discomfort, defusion from unhelpful thoughts, clarifying the value of PA, and encouraging commitment to PA would likely benefit individuals’ efforts to maintain PA.
Bugs in the gut dictate food allergy
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: July 2019

Bacteriotherapy that stimulates gut-resident regulatory T cells may suppress food allergies.
Unusual Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Synthetase-Like Protein Crucial to Enhancement of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulation in Haloferax mediterranei Revealed by Dissection of PEP-Pyruvate Interconversion Mechanism
Authors: Chen Junyu , Mitra Ruchira , Zhang Shengjie , Zuo Zhenqiang , Lin Lin , Zhao Dahe , Xiang Hua , Han Jing
Published: July 2019

Archaea
, the third domain of life, have evolved diversified metabolic pathways to cope with their extreme habitats. Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)/pyruvate interconversion during carbohydrate metabolism is one such important metabolic process that is highly differentiated among
Archaea
. However, this process is still uncharacterized in the haloarchaeal group.
Haloferax mediterranei
is a well-studied haloarchaeon that has the ability to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) under unbalanced nutritional conditions. In this study, we identified the key enzymes involved in this interconversion and discussed their differences with their counterparts from other members of the
Archaea
and
Bacteria
domains. Notably, we found a novel protein, phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase-like (PPS-like), which exhibited high homology to PPS enzyme. However, PPS-like protein has evolved some distinct sequence features and functions, and strikingly the corresponding gene deletion helped to enhance poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
co
-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) synthesis significantly. Overall, we have filled the gap in knowledge about PEP/pyruvate interconversion in haloarchaea and reported an efficient strategy for improving PHBV production in
H. mediterranei
.
Coxiella burnetii Epitope-Specific T-Cell Responses in Patients with Chronic Q Fever
Authors: Scholzen Anja , Richard Guilhem , Moise Leonard , Hartman Eva , Bleeker-Rovers Chantal P. , Reeves Patrick M. , Raju Paul Susan , Martin William D. , De Groot Anne S. , Poznansky Mark C. , Sluder Ann E. , Garritsen Anja
Published: July 2019

Infection with
Coxiella burnetii
, the causative agent of Q fever, can result in life-threatening persistent infection. Reactogenicity hinders worldwide implementation of the only licensed human Q fever vaccine. We previously demonstrated long-lived immunoreactivity in individuals with past symptomatic and asymptomatic
Coxiella
infection (convalescents) to promiscuous HLA class II
C. burnetii
epitopes, providing the basis for a novel T-cell targeted subunit vaccine.
Passive Filtration, Rapid Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for
Treponema
Culture and Identification from the Oral Cavity
Authors: Belkacemi Souad , Bou Khalil Jacques , Ominami Yusuke , Hisada Akiko , Fontanini Anthony , Caputo Aurelia , Levasseur Anthony , Lagier Jean-Christophe , Khelaifia Saber , Raoult Didier
Published: July 2019

We present here a new passive-filtration-based culture device combined with rapid identification with a new electron microscope (Hitachi TM4000) for the detection and culture of
Treponema
species from the human oral cavity. Of the 44 oral samples cultivated, 15 (34%) were found to be positive for
Treponema
using electron microscopy and were also culture positive. All were subcultured on agar plates; based on genome sequencing and analyses, 10 were strains of
Treponema pectinovorum
and 5 were strains of
Treponema denticola
.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a Cross-Sectional Study of Isolates Recovered from Routine Urine Cultures in a High-Incidence Setting
Authors: Bailey Adam L. , Potter Robert F. , Wallace Meghan A. , Johnson Caitlin , Dantas Gautam , Burnham Carey-Ann D.
Published: July 2019

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, which is most commonly diagnosed using a DNA-based detection method that does not require growth and isolation of
N. gonorrhoeae
in the laboratory. This is problematic because the rates of antibiotic resistance in
N. gonorrhoeae
are increasing, but without isolating the organism in the clinical laboratory, antibiotic susceptibility testing cannot be performed on strains recovered from clinical specimens. We observed an increase in the frequency of urine cultures growing
N. gonorrhoeae
after we implemented a total laboratory automation system for culture in our clinical laboratory. Here, we report on the rates of resistance to multiple historically used, first-line, and potential future-use antibiotics for 64 
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates. We found that the rates of antibiotic resistance in our isolates were comparable to national rates. Additionally, resistance to specific antibiotics correlated closely with the presence of genetic resistance genes, suggesting that DNA-based tests could also be designed to guide antibiotic therapy for treating gonorrhea.