bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mysterious practice of petrol sniffing in isolated Indigenous groups
Authors: Cairney Sheree , Dingwall Kylie
Published: September 2010

The practice of petrol sniffing is a unique and poorly understood phenomenon that is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and social devastation in affected remote Indigenous communities. For these groups and for the wider community, much mystery has surrounded the practice and its effects. Here we introduce the epidemiology of petrol sniffing among Indigenous groups internationally, review its impact on the brain, behaviour and social functions and summarise related interventions.
The burden of kidney disease in Indigenous children of Australia and New Zealand, epidemiology, antecedent factors and progression to chronic kidney disease
Authors: White Andrew , Wong William , Sureshkumur Premala , Singh Gurmeet
Published: September 2010

Aims:  To review and present the most important issues related to kidney disease in Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Maori and Pacific Islander children from Australia and New Zealand.

Methods:  A review of medical literature about: 1. incidence of kidney disease in Indigenous children in Australia and New Zealand, especially where rates are different from the general populations, 2. factors in early life which increase risk for chronic kidney disease in adult life, and 3. early identification and primary and secondary interventions in childhood which may prevent chronic kidney disease in adults.

Results:  Kidney diseases, both acute and chronic are more common in Maori, Pacific Islander, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The reasons are multiple and include genetic, environmental and socio‐economic factors. In childhood post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, renal stones and acute kidney injury all occur at higher frequency in at least some of the Indigenous populations. Chronic kidney disease CKD occurs more commonly, and at a younger age in Indigenous than non Indigenous people. Factors involved may include reduced nephron endowment at birth, and subsequent insults including nephritis, obesity, and early onset type 2 diabetes, as well as underlying socioeconomic and environmental determinants.

Conclusion:  A lifecourse understanding allows one to conceptualise multiple risk factors and target interventions.
Adequacy of cosmetic preservation: chemical analysis, microbial challenge and in‐use testing
Authors: TRAN T.T. , HURLEY F.J. , SHURBAJI M. , KOOPMAN L.B.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The adequacy of preservation of seven previously unopened commercial cosmetic products was tested by individual challenges with Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15422, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, using the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) method. Each product was consecutively challenged three times, 28 days apart. Inoculated composite products were counted by conventional techniques at eight prefixed intervals. Six of seven cosmetics passed the CTFA acceptance criteria. On the basis of viable counts seven days after inoculation (CTFA criteria), the products were classified as follows: five products were well preserved, one was marginally preserved, and one was poorly preserved. The poorly preserved product failed the CTFA criteria for all three bacteria tested. Concentrations of preservative ingredients in uninoculated composites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. All preservatives listed on the labels of the seven cosmetic products were identified by chemical analysis. Tentative in‐use validation of the CTFA criteria was performed for three of the seven cosmetic formulations. The results suggested that some cosmetic products may be underpreserved.
Evaluation de l'activité antifongique de deux dérivés et test d'innocuitéin vivo de shampooings à visée antipelliculaire ainsi formulés
Authors: RIVALLAND P. , COIFFARD L. , LELAURE M. , ROECK‐HOLTZHAUER Y. DE
Published: September 2010

Les pellicules, affection dermatologique due essentiellement à la levure Pityrosporum ovale, affectent les deux tiers de la population, d'une manière plus ou moins sévére.

Pour notre part, nous nous sommes attachés à mettre en évidence l'activité antifongique de deux substances couramment utilisées dans des cosmétiques capillaires: la pyrithione‐zinc et la piroctone olamine, à plusieurs concentrations. Une fois choisie, la concentration optimale, deux shampooings ont été formulés, afin de déterminer la tolérance cutanée des formes cosmétiques terminées. La tolérance cutanée a étéévaluée par étude profilométrique de contre‐empreintes obtenues à partir d'empreintes de peau.

Cette étude nous révèle une supériorité de la piroctone olamine, aussi bien d'un point de vue activité antifongique que d'un point de vue tolérance cutanée.
Calculation of optimum emulsifier mixtures for phase inversion emulsification*
Authors: FÖRSTER TH. , RYBINSKI W. VON , TESMANN H. , WADLE A.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The phase inversion emulsification is a convenient method of preparing fine‐disperse and long‐term stable oil‐in‐water emulsions, which are stabilized with nonionic emulsifiers. On the basis of EACN‐values (equivalent alkane carbon numbers) the calculation of phase inversion in concentrates (CAPICO) is possible, which yields emulsifier and oil mixing ratios corresponding to a given phase inversion temperature (PIT). The CAPICO‐method is illustrated for the example of a cosmetic oil‐in‐water lotion containing an oil mixture, glyceryl monostearate and a fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Of special interest is the influence of silicone oils on the PIT. At a constant emulsifier oil ratio the complete phase behaviour of this emulsion system is represented in a temperature/water content graph. Optimum emulsification results are obtained if during PIT emulsification a microemulsion or a lamellar phase is passed. The emulsions were characterized by particle sizing, and emulsion stability against sedimentation was evaluated by ultrasonic velocity changes. A fine‐disperse and long‐term stable oil‐in‐water emulsion was prepared by a time and energy‐saving two‐step hot‐cold process.
Preliminary studies towards utilization of various plant extracts as antisolar agents
Authors: RAMOS M.F.S. , SANTOS E.P. , BIZARRI C.H.B. , MATTOS H.A. , PADILHA M.R.S. , DUARTE H.M.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The aim of this work was to evaluate several plant extracts with regard to ultraviolet absorption spectra in view of a possible application as antisolar agents. Liquid and dry extracts of Hamamelis virginiana, Matricaria recutita, Aesculus hippocastanum, Rhamnus purshiana and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were prepared by repercolation, maceration and microwave oven extraction. UVB absorption spectra (290–320nm) were obtained and the solar protection factors (SPF) of these preparations were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The results showed that after incorporation to a 2% solution of the synthetic sunscreen octylmethoxycinnamate, the extracts showed an intensification in SPF values, suggesting that this can be an interesting method to intensify SPF. In addition, these extracts can contribute their emollient and moistening properties to the product. These are important characteristics for protecting skin against exposure to the sun.
Dyestuff—fibre interactions
Authors: LEWIS D.M.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The strength and nature of dye–fibre interactions vary according to fibre type and dye type. In the case of acid dyes for polyamide fibres, cationic dyes for acrylic fibres, disperse dyes for hydrophobic fibres, and direct dyes for cellulosic fibres, these interactions may be classified as non‐covalent, a classification which includes van der Waals (VDW), electrostatic, induction, solvophobic and charge‐transfer interactions.

Reactive dyes are a notable exception to the above, since the interaction which is responsible for their excellent wet fastness is the dye–fibre covalent bond, however, these dyes are increasingly viewed as environmentally unfriendly due to high salt usage and residual unfixed colour. This situation may be improved by either incorporating amine sites in the cellulose or by reversing the system to incorporate reactive residues in the fibre and nucleophilic sites in the dye.

Nonionic disperse dyes are valuable for hydrophobic fibres such as polyester but have made little impact on hydrophilic fibres such as silk, wool and cotton. Experiments to develop simple treatments to render the latter fibres disperse dyeable are described and the combined role of solvophobic and – interactions discussed.
The effectiveness of molecular oxygen in cosmetic formulations
Authors: STANZL K. , ZASTROW L. , RÖDING J. , ARTMANN C.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

In a preliminary clinical study, two cosmetic preparations were compared, one without an oxygen carrier and therefore without oxygen, the other one containing the oxygen carrier, fully saturated with oxygen. The parameters measured were the moisture content of the skin and the skin profile. Since the oxygen‐free product contained the same ingredients, including phospholipids in liposomal form, with the exception of perfluorodecalin – the oxygen carrier, this investigation showed that perfluorodecalin plus molecular oxygen improves the barrier function of the skin. In a second clinical study, five cosmetic preparations containing various amounts of molecular oxygen from 1.44 ml to 4.5 ml per 100 ml product were compared. The parameters measured were the oxygen partial pressure of the skin, the moisture content of the skin, and the skin profile. A linear dose‐dependent increase in oxygen partial pressure of the skin (r=0.978) and a linear dose‐dependent reduction in fine lines and wrinkles (r=0.9855) was found. The results for the increase in skin moisture were more difficult to interpret. There seemed to be an overlap of the moisturizing base with the efficacy coming from the increasing amount of oxygen per application.
Proposed protocol for determination of photostability Part I: cosmetic UV filters
Authors: BERSET G. , GONZENBACH H. , CHRIST R. , MARTIN R. , DEFLANDRE A. , MASCOTTO R.E. , JOLLEY J.D.R. , LOWELL W. , PELZER R. , STIEHM T.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The protocol described here has been developed to measure the stability of UV‐B filters; a modified version is recommended for UV‐A filters. It should be considered as a tool to predict the effectiveness remaining after exposure to UV‐A and UV‐B light. It is a simple and reliable in vitro model simulating conditions of actual use. The results show that each filter requires an appropriate choice and fine tuning of reproducible analytical conditions. While absolute values are directly influenced by uncertainties in irradiance (dosimetry), comparative measurements with respect to a known standard are very reliable.
A New Focus on Japanese and Asian Skin Tokyo, December 11, 2004 LVMH Recherche Symposium Organized by LVMH Recherche ‐ 45804 St Jean de Braye, France Chairman: Frédéric Bonté
Authors: Tagami H.
Published: September 2010

When we attain a certain level of mental development, it is natural for us to wish to show our bodily features as attractive as possible to others, particularly to those of opposite sex. Thus, cosmetics have been playing an important role in our cultural activities. In their long history, human beings have made all possible efforts to utilize various natural substances as ingredients for the formulation of desirable make‐up products and fragrances. However, some of them caused unexpected skin problems or even a hazard to health. Hence, in the past, dermatologists tended to regard cosmetics as unnatural and sometimes undesirable substances applied to the skin.

In old days, those individuals who had conspicuous skin diseases were discriminated in their society under a collective term of leper. Even until recently, patients who had congenital skin malformations or keratinization disorders, such as severe cases of ichthyosis, were cruelly put on exhibition to the public. Studies conducted by dermatologists have greatly contributed to eradication of such a prejudice against skin disfigurements and skin diseases. At the same time, through various trials and errors, they have developed many therapeutic measures for them. However, it is only in the later half of the last century that medicine and cosmetic science have begun to make the best use of the rapid progress in biological sciences, uniting their working sphere of activity. It has become clear that dermatology and cosmetology, both concerned not only with improvement of the skin appearance but also with maintenance and enhancement of skin health, share the same background of skin science. Their expertise has begun to be shared each other, contributing greatly to the recent rapid progress of the science related to the skin. They include the development of various non‐invasive biophysical methods that are employed for objective and quantitative in vivo evaluation of morphological and functional properties of the skin that are easily overlooked even by astute eyes of expert clinicians and that of acceptable and truly effective skin care products. Science has now become a strong driving force to accelerate development of desirable cosmetics.
The sharks of South East Asia – unknown, unmonitored and unmanaged
Authors: Lam Vivian Y Y , Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne
Published: September 2010

Sharks fisheries have declined globally due to over‐ and unregulated fishing. As with many collapsed and unmonitored coastal fisheries, information is difficult to obtain, yet it is important to understand the historical changes determining population trends and evaluate the current status of sharks in order to conserve these vulnerable species. Here, we document for the first time the history and general condition of the shark fisheries of Southern China, specifically Hong Kong, and Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan Provinces. This study shows, through the use of historical literature and anecdotal accounts, including fisher interviews, that all known shark fisheries in the region collapsed between the 1970s and the 1990s. Of the 109 species present historically in the South China Sea, only 18 species were recorded in current market surveys, of which all were landed as bycatch and 65% were below the size of sexual maturity. Markets are dominated by smaller species, including the spadenose shark (Scoliodon laticaudus) and the whitespotted bambooshark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum). Marketed large shark species are almost all below the size of sexual maturation, evidence of growth overfishing and a factor in recruitment overfishing. Some species, like the whale (Rhincodon typus) and basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), are clearly vulnerable to local extinction without intervention. Given the inherent vulnerability of sharks and the overfished states of many sharks, there is clearly an urgent need to formulate impacting conservation and management plans for these rapidly declining species in a region that has the highest demand for shark products globally.
EXPLORING THE NEED FOR A SHARED COGNITIVE MAP
Authors: Langfield‐Smith Kim
Published: September 2010

This article reports on an experiment that was undertaken to elicit the shared perceptions of a group of individuals in relation to a particular organizational domain. These shared perceptions were termed collective beliefs, and were to be modelled in the form of a causal cognitive map. An initial conceptual framework was presented in which it was posited that groups of individuals who work closely together share a set of common beliefs which enable them to function successfully as a group. These shared beliefs are an integral part of the group's cultural identity. Collective beliefs were defined as those beliefs which are a function of the group, encompassing more than those beliefs that are shared by the individuals within the group.

Following the experiment it was proposed that it is not necessary for members of a group to have a complete set of shared beliefs in order to function as a decision‐making group. In the new model, collective cognitions are described as merely transitory phenomena, changing in response to circumstances. The reforming of such phenomena over time results in the formation of shared belief systems. This framework was supported by the literature.
‘Citibankers’ at Citigroup: A Study of the Loss of Institutional Trust after a Merger
Authors: Maguire Steve , Phillips Nelson
Published: September 2010

abstract In this paper, we present the results of a study of the loss of institutional trust following a merger. Specifically, we focus on how issues of organizational identity and identification processes contributed to the loss of institutional trust among a group of employees of Citigroup after its creation through the merger of Citicorp and Travelers. Our study makes two important contributions. First, we propose and demonstrate empirically that institutional trust, like interpersonal trust, can be identity‐based. Second, adopting a narrative approach to organizational identity, we explore institutional trust in a post‐merger context, highlighting how institutional trust is initially undermined after a merger by the ambiguity of the new organization's identity; and how later, once the identity of the new organization becomes less ambiguous, institutional trust can continue to be undermined by the absence of employees' identification with the new organization, especially among those who were highly‐identified with their legacy organizations.
Occupant behavior in a six‐storey office building fallowing severe earthquake damage
Authors: Arnold Christopher , Eisner Richard , Durkin Michael , Whitaker Dianne
Published: September 2010

In the Imperial County, California, earthquake of 15th October 1979, the Imperial County Services Building was seriously damaged — and has subsequently been demolished. At the time of the earthquake there were approximately 123 occupants in the six‐storey reinforced concrete building which housed a number of county service departments. This paper investigates occupant behavior in a building subjected to an earthquake, and describes, in detail, what people do during and immediately subsequent to the shock.
Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: An outline of the hazards and emergency response measures
Authors: Baxter Peter J. , Bernstein Robert S. , Falk Henry , French Jean , Ing Roy
Published: September 2010

The health and safety hazards posed by volcanic eruptions are outlined with special reference to experience gained from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The ability of volcanologists to predict the timing and the impact on local communities of an impending eruption are limited, some recent devastating eruptions having occurred without apparent warning. With the expansion of world populations into hazardous volcanic areas there is a growing need to develop appropriate emergency response measures. This paper describes the main preventive public and occupational health measures that are now a necessary part in dealing with volcanic emergencies.
Childcare Policies and the Politics of Choice
Authors: LEWIS JANE
Published: September 2010

Governments have intervened in two basic ways on childcare: via the provision of leaves to care (usually taken by mothers) and the provision or (often only partial) financing of childcare services. These policy options reflect the fundamental debate on how young children should be cared for. Labour has developed both policy areas since 1997, but there is a question mark over how far mothers and fathers have a ‘real choice’ to work and/or to care. Parents' choice in this policy area is a sensitive political issue and, this article suggests, requires a careful balancing of policy instruments. Policy goals may conflict with preferences and there is also the difficult issue that parents' choices may prejudice their future welfare in a work/welfare system that is tending to assume that there will be increasing capacity for self‐provisioning.
LOCAL POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: THE IMPACT OF RULES‐IN‐USE
Authors: LOWNDES VIVIEN , PRATCHETT LAWRENCE , STOKER GERRY
Published: September 2010

This article argues that political participation is shaped by locally distinctive ‘rules‐in‐use’, notwithstanding the socio‐economic status or level of social capital in an area. It recognizes that the resources available to people, as well as the presence of social capital within communities, are potential key determinants of the different levels of local participation in localities. However, the article focuses on a third factor – the institutional rules that frame participation. Levels of participation are found to be related to the openness of the political system, the presence of a ‘public value’ orientation among local government managers, and the effectiveness of umbrella civic organizations. Whereas resources and social capital are not factors that can be changed with any great ease, the institutional determinants of participation are more malleable. Through case study analysis, the article shows how actors have shaped the environment within which citizens make their decisions about engagement, resulting in demonstrable effects upon levels of participation.
CENTRAL REGULATION OF ENGLISH LOCAL AUTHORITIES: AN EXAMPLE OF META‐GOVERNANCE?
Authors: KELLY JOSIE
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses how the UK government has reconfigured its regulation of English local authorities by moving from direct oversight to using an indirect independent agency as a vehicle of meta‐governance. This theme is discussed through two strands: first, by examining how several factors eroded central government’s capacity to directly regulate councils. The second strand examines the strategies used by the Audit Commission, an independent agency, to assert its authority over councils and how its hegemony is sustained by facilitating and participating in horizontal and vertical networks across government, specialist policy and stakeholders’ communities.
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL DISCRETION IN POST‐COMMUNIST CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS: THE CASE OF HUNGARY
Authors: MEYER‐SAHLING JAN‐HINRIK
Published: September 2010

This article addresses the discrepancy between attempts to establish professional, de‐politicized civil services and the politicization of personnel policy at the central government level of post‐communist countries. It develops the concept of formal political discretion as an analytical tool for the assessment of how and to what extent legislative frameworks governing civil services provide institutional conditions for the de‐politicization of personnel policy. The case of Hungary shows that since the change of regime in 1989/90, four civil service reforms have led to the adoption, implementation and revision of civil service legislation that has gradually reduced the possibilities for government ministers to exercise political discretion over personnel policy. Civil service reforms have also led to the institutionalization of various discretionary instruments which ministers can and have used to politicize civil service affairs. The adoption and implementation of civil service laws therefore does not necessarily lead to the de‐politicization of civil services.
STRATEGIES FOR SAFEGUARDING PUBLIC VALUES IN LIBERALIZED UTILITY SECTORS
Authors: BRUIJN HANS DE , DICKE WILLEMIJN
Published: September 2010

In the utility sectors, public values such as affordability, safety, and protection of the environment, require safeguarding. In the last 15 years, most utilities have been either liberalized or privatized. In an attempt to protect public values under these new conditions, this shift has been accompanied by an emphasis on tight regulations and strict norms. These are examples of hierarchical safeguarding mechanisms. This mechanism can cause adverse effects, such as an increase in transaction costs, which diminish or even outweigh the supposed advantages of liberalization and privatization.

In addition to hierarchical safeguarding, this article describes two mechanisms used to safeguard public values: network mechanisms and market mechanisms. We suggest that smart combinations of network and hierarchy on the one hand, and market and hierarchy on the other, will lead to more effective and efficient safeguarding of public values than relying on hierarchy alone.
EXPERTISE AND POLICY‐MAKING: LEGAL PROFESSIONALS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: BATTEN ELLA , CORREIA LARA , HEDGES HANNAH , KAVANAGH LAURENCE , PAGE EDWARD C. , PAUL GREGORY , PHUA ALEXANDER , VIVYAN NICHOLAS , WILSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2010

Professional influence in policy‐making is generally believed to rest on professionals successfully laying claim to access to expertise – knowledge, understanding or experience – not available to others, above all politicians. On the basis of a 2005 survey of nearly 800 lawyers serving in local authorities in England and Wales, this article explores the relationship between specialization and political influence. Lawyers who shape policy use conventional routes for political influence, establish contacts with political officeholders, tend to identify less with the profession at large and are less likely to see themselves as specialists in any field of law. This means that the relationship between expertise and political power is complex and that the notion that professionals use their expertise to shape policy should be treated with some caution.
ON INCLUSION AND NETWORK GOVERNANCE: THE DEMOCRATIC DISCONNECT OF DUTCH ENERGY TRANSITIONS
Authors: HENDRIKS CAROLYN M.
Published: September 2010

The coordination of policy networks, or network governance, poses threats and opportunities for democracy. Against the norms of liberal democracy, multi‐actor partnerships do not fare well: they appear to lack responsiveness, public accountability and democratic legitimacy. But in terms of promoting deliberation and participation, networks could potentially deepen democracy. This paper injects some empirical insights into this debate by exploring network governance from the perspective of inclusion. It argues that any account of ‘democratic’ network governance must look beyond outputs, and consider the extent to which network arrangements include both ‘functional’ and ‘descriptive’ representatives of those potentially affected by decisions. An analysis of the inclusivity of network governance in recent Dutch energy reforms finds that partnerships are dominated by industry and government elites, at the expense of broader democratic engagement. A series of strategies are proposed for how to make network governance more accessible and accountable to affected publics.
A RACE TO THE BOTTOM? EXPLORING VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS IN THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR
Authors: CUNNINGHAM IAN
Published: September 2010

This paper presents findings of a study examining state‐voluntary sector inter‐organizational relationships, and the capacity of third‐sector organizations to exercise autonomy over employment matters in this relationship. The aim is to provide insights into an under‐researched area of the inter‐organizational literature, especially in relation to its employment implications. In doing so, it reveals how, as with broader studies of inter‐organizational relations, state‐voluntary sector relations are not homogenous and therefore lead to differing implications for employment. In particular, three Types of voluntary organization emerge, employing, with varying degrees of success, various strategies to protect the terms and conditions of their employees in the face of cost‐cutting pressures from funding bodies. As industrialized countries increasingly turn to the third sector for the provision of social services, it argues that even for the strongest of these organizations, there are long‐term risks for staff morale and therefore quality of care provided by the sector if organizations fail to manage these external pressures from funders.
Veterinary Realities: What is Foot and Mouth Disease?
Authors: Law John , Mol Annemarie
Published: September 2010

Veterinary science draws on different traditions for knowing and acting, and mobilises different kinds of materials and techniques. This article explores these differences and their tensions for the diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in the UK in 2001. It shows that when they talk of foot and mouth disease, different veterinary traditions refer to the different objects. The clinic looks for deviances in animals, the laboratory detects the presence or otherwise of virus, while epidemiology focuses on patterns of transmission in populations. Despite the fact that they use the same word, clinic, lab and epidemiology are each involved with their own specific ontological variant of ‘the’ disease. At the same time other figures and configurations shift with the disease. This means that it is not possible to map different versions of foot and mouth disease onto a background of shared co‐ordinates. So in 2001 clinic, lab and epidemiology diagnosed foot and mouth disease mobilising different kinds of materials, the entities inhabiting these practices had different qualities and they operated in different ways. Even time lines and spatial relations changed. Such differences are usually treated as a matter of perspective: it is assumed that everyone is looking at a single world. The article challenges this assumption by arguing that different veterinary traditions draw upon and contribute to different worlds in the plural. This shift makes it easier to explore the strengths of these worlds, their drawbacks and their limitations.
Formation in the Worlds of Theological Education: Moving from “What” to “How”
Authors: Hess Lisa M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Theological educators in church and academy alike continue to ask, “What is formation for ministry?” Dissatisfaction has increased within all participants of theological education – faculty, students, administrators, pastors, and church professionals. Temporarily postponing the “what” of formation, this article explores the dissatisfaction with formation language in terms of one critical dissonance: the improbable quest for a pastoral identity amidst the observable reality of multiple identities, chosen and imposed. A constructive response crafted by identities‐in‐practice, as configured by disciplined spiritual stewardship, gives both critical and contemplative guidance for a fuller participation by all in Christian formation. Formation then becomes defined with a publicly theological coherence: the “shaping‐being‐shaped” primarily by the Holy in the worlds mutually configured within improvised, risked service.
Webbing the Common Good: Virtual Environment, Incarnated Community, and Education for the Reign of God
Authors: Blier Helen M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Online technologies, recently embraced by seminaries to respond to changing student needs and demographics, compel practitioners to ask questions about the content, methods, and desired outcomes of teaching/learning experiences. Indeed, as Delamarter and Brunner have pointed out in this journal (2005), many seminaries have turned to these strategies only to find that the issues are not technological; rather, they are pedagogical. This article discusses the insights generated by one such teaching experiment, a hybrid course on religious education for social justice. Through this educational experiment, the professor and students discovered that the format of the hybrid course proved to be an effective means by which to promote the praxis of social justice as well as develop some of the skills essential for effective ministry and education. The article begins with the rationale of the course design and content and continues with the perspectives of the students and instructor in reflection on the experiment. It concludes with some preliminary insights into the potential usefulness of hybrid learning for both peace and justice education as well as its value in the overall formation of educators and ministers.
Theology in Ecological Perspective: An Interdisciplinary, Inquiry‐Based Experiment
Authors: Butkus Russell A. , Kolmes Steven A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  As the result of an extensive self‐study for the purpose of reaccreditation, the Department of Theology at The University of Portland began offering a new series of courses called Theological Perspective Courses (THEP). THEP courses are upper division and offered by theology faculty in conjunction with another department that has required core courses in the College of Arts and Sciences. They are intended to be interdisciplinary, with two faculty members from different disciplines collaborating on new course design and implementation. THEP 482, Theology in Ecological Perspective, was one of the first two THEP courses taught. This article describes and reflects on the nature of this religion and science course in terms of subject matter, learning theory, and development of community. Several additional appendices to this article appear online at: http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/journal/article2.aspx?id=12397
INCORPORATING INCEST: GAMETE, BODY AND RELATION IN ASSISTED CONCEPTION*
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: September 2010

This article is about the ways in which residents of an English town explore ever‐changing possibilities presented by new reproductive technologies (NRTs). It focuses on the way in which the idiom of incest emerges as a conceptual brake to certain possibilities presented by biotechnological intervention in conception. In this specific ethnographic example, we see that the meaning of incest is neither fixed nor predictable and goes beyond ideas about either biogenetic connection or appropriate and inappropriate sexual relations, even while embracing them. I argue that we need to pay attention to the bodies in which procreative substances that ought not to be mixed are combined and grown into new persons. The article also shows that exploration of NRTs continues to be animated by problematics of kinship.
PROPERTY AS LEGAL KNOWLEDGE: MEANS AND ENDS
Authors: Riles Annelise
Published: September 2010

This article takes anthropologists’ renewed interest in property theory as an opportunity to consider legal theory‐making as an ethnographic subject in its own right. My focus is on one particular construct – the instrument, or relation of means to ends, that animates both legal and anthropological theories about property. An analysis of the workings of this construct leads to the conclusion that rather than critique the ends of legal knowledge, the anthropology of property should devote itself to articulating its own means.
Rinkeby Swedish and semilingualism in language ideological debates: A Bourdieuean perspective
Authors: Stroud Christopher
Published: September 2010

The focus of this paper is on the mechanisms whereby liberal and well‐meaning democratic societies propagate a cycle of disposession where immigrants are constructed as least resourced while the powerful retain their power. Specifically discussed is the semiotic management of traditional hierarchies of privilege and access through language ideological discourses pertaining to second language acquisition, multilingualism and heterogeneity. One notion in particular is discussed in this context, namely Rinkeby Swedish, a potential, imagined, pan‐immigrant contact variety of Swedish. The discussion is framed within a primarily Bourdieuean conceptual apparatus using concepts of symbolic market, explaining the role of language boundaries and their institutional policing, and detailing the semiotic processes of iconization whereby immigrants are positioned as outside of a symbolically reconstituted community of ‘real’ Swedish speakers, in strategic attempts to restrict their access to important linguistic and symbolic resources.
THE MACROECONOMICS OF STOCK PRICES IN THE MEDIUM TERM AND IN THE LONG RUN*
Authors: MADSEN JAKOB B.
Published: September 2010

In this paper we develop a macro‐model of stock prices that predicts that the growth rates in real stock prices and real dividends gravitate towards predictable constants in the long run, but fluctuate on approximately decennial frequencies due to movements in capital's income share. The model can be used to analyse the effects on stock prices of technology shocks, supply shocks, imperfections in the credit markets, change in taxes, and whether stocks are less risky in the long run than in the short run. Using macroeconomic data over 130 years for 22 OECD countries, the data give support for the model.
FACTOR ACCUMULATION AND GROWTH MIRACLES IN A TWO‐SECTOR NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL*
Authors: LANDON‐LANE JOHN S. , ROBERTSON PETER E.
Published: September 2010

Countries that experience ‘growth miracles’ often exhibit rising investment rates and large intersectoral resource transfers. But how important are these factors to this process? We consider this question using a two‐sector growth model with a segmented labour market. Numerical simulations show that a doubling of the investment rate can generate a significant intersectoral re‐allocation of labour and can have a large impact on aggregate output per worker. Under our baseline parameter values, the effect of the investment rate on per capita incomes is amplified by 25–50 per cent, relative to a standard one‐sector growth model.
THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN R&D ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE EAST ASIAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY*
Authors: LIAO HAILIN , LIU XIAOHUI , HOLMES MARK , WEYMAN‐JONES TOM
Published: September 2010

Applying a stochastic production frontier we examine the extent to which industrial countries' R&D contributes to East Asian economies' total factor productivity (TFP) growth in manufacturing sectors, via foreign trade as the channel for technological spillovers, based on a sample of nine manufacturing sectors for eight East Asian economies from 1973 to 1998. Our findings provide evidence that foreign R&D spillovers through imports are the main determinant of these economies' TFP growth, with output elasticity standing at an average of 0.09, consistent with many earlier studies. Both technological progress and efficiency gains are found to be key factors for sustainable economic growth in this region.
BERTRAND COMPETITION IN A MIXED DUOPOLY MARKET*
Authors: SANJO YASUO
Published: September 2010

We present a simple Bertrand competition model with a Hotelling (Economic Journal, Vol. 39 (1929), pp. 41–57) type spatial competition by incorporating the framework of partial privatization developed by Bös (Privatization: A Theoretical Treatment, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991). We investigate simultaneous price choice and sequential price choice with respect to fixed locations of firms and show how the degree of privatization of a public firm influences social welfare in a mixed duopoly market. We also analyse sequential price competition with respect to the location choice of firms.
CIRCULATION OF PRIVATE NOTES DURING A CURRENCY SHORTAGE*
Authors: CUADRAS‐MORATÓ XAVIER
Published: September 2010

In this paper we present a version of the search theoretical model of money that captures two phenomena that have characterized several episodes of monetary history: currency shortages and the circulation of privately issued notes. As usual in these models, the media of exchange are determined as part of the equilibrium. We characterize all the different equilibria and specify the conditions under which there is a currency shortage and/or privately issued notes are used as means of payment. There always exists an equilibrium in which notes circulate, either alone or together with coins and, hence, credit is a self‐fulfilling phenomenon.
Preparation and stability of cosmetic formulations with an anti‐aging peptide
Authors: Ruiz M.A. , Clares B. , Morales M. E. , Cazalla S. , Gallardo V.
Published: September 2010

Wrinkling of the skin is the most obvious sign of deterioration of the human body with age. This process involves a number of genetic, constitutional, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors, in addition to the influence of frequently repeated facial movements during laughing, smoking, etc. This article reviews the physiological basis and mechanism of action of the active cosmetic ingredient acetyl hexapeptide‐8 (Argireline®). We prepared two formulations: an emulsion with an external aqueous phase for normal to dry skin, and a gel for oily skin. Laboratory analyses, rheology tests and in vitro release assays were used to evaluate the stability of these formulations for cosmetic treatment.
Wool peptide derivatives for hand care
Authors: Barba C. , Méndez S. , Roddick‐Lanzilotta A. , Kelly R. , Parra J. L. , Coderch L. ,   IIQAB CSIC
Published: September 2010

Hands experience much greater wear and tear during normal daily routines compared with most other parts of the body, and thereby demand specific needs from cosmetics targeted at hand care. Keratin proteins are the major structural component of the outer layers of the skin. In this work a novel keratin fraction from wool, which has high cystine content present in the S‐sulphonated form, has been developed to target hand care applications. In vivo long‐term studies were performed to evaluate the water‐holding capacity and elasticity of hand skin following topical application of keratins. Moreover, protection of healthy skin against detergent‐induced dermatitis was evaluated after topical application of the keratin‐active formulation. Significant results in the measured biophysical parameters were found, which indicated an improvement in the skin's water‐holding capacity, hydration, and elasticity for volunteers with dry skin as a result of the keratin peptide treatment. Results also indicated that the keratin peptide treatment can prevent some of the damaging effects associated with surfactant exposure.
Changes in facial impressions by controlling the color of surface reflection from cosmetic foundations: Appearance evaluation and formulation technique
Authors: Minami K. , Kaneko T. , Suzawa T. , Aosaki T. , Nagatani N. , Hotta H. , HoriSkin K.
Published: September 2010

An attractive new series of foundations that vary in the glossy color originating in pearlescent pigments and are capable of changing facial impressions was developed. The color of the reflection of pearlescent pigments was attributed to additive mixing of interfering light. A brightly colored foundation film was obtained by mixing a sufficient amount of medium‐sized pearlescent pigments into foundations. Five foundation films containing pearlescent pigments of different glossy colour (red, gold, green, blue and white) were prepared. Gonio‐spectrophotometry was employed to determine the angle dependence of the reflected spectra, and the approximate optical characteristics of the films were derived. Using the approximations as input parameters in a made‐up face simulation system, five images of a woman's facial skin with different glossy colors were processed by a computer graphics technique. Thirty‐nine women assessed the facial impressions for glossy color using a semantic differential method with 69 descriptive words. Results of the subsequent statistical analysis showed that different glossy colors provide different impressions of facial appearance.
Revolutionary trends in the advancement and integration of cosmetic science: combinatorial formulation
Authors: Lochhead Robert Y. , Huisinga Lisa R.
Published: September 2010

The creation of modern cosmetic products is underpinned by an enormous and diversified array of sophisticated science, regulatory requirements and commercial knowledge. The marketplace is demanding an increasing rate of innovation that is being accelerated by crowded intellectual property portfolios and constraining regulations. Formulators of complex mixtures have long known that the characteristics of their final formulation and the position of ‘equilibrium’ often depends critically upon the order of addition of ingredients and the precise processing conditions under which the formulation was made. The large variety of possible outcomes derive from many eigenstates that are available to each composition of a complex mixture because of the fact that the bonds between the component molecules are weak physical bonds and therefore a potential multitude of nanostructures can be formed. Conventional formulation is severely limited by the number of compositions that can be investigated in a reasonable time.
Stabilization and release profile of retinol and tocopherol with microcapsules based on chitosan
Authors: Viladot Josep‐Lluís , Gómez Yolanda , Asensio Juan‐Antonio , Hernández Antonio , De Moragas Maria , Martínez Sílvia , Gargano Salvatore
Published: September 2010

The incorporation of unstable cosmetic actives such as retinol into formulations requires methods of stabilization to ensure their long‐term activity and efficacy. A delivery system entrapping lipophilic vitamins such as retinol and tocopherol based on chitosan coacervation with negative polymers is described in this paper. The microcapsules appear to be spherical with a narrow particle size distribution, not aggregated, and with a homogeneous surface. Microencapsulation with such a system prolongs the active's life in skin care O/W formulations by at least one order of magnitude in the tested formulas. Furthermore, the biodegradation profile of this delivery system is consistent with a sustained release profile in human epidermis.
In vivo reflectance‐mode confocal microscopy in clinical dermatology and cosmetology
Authors: González S. , Gilaberte‐Calzada Y.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive imaging tool that allows real‐time visualization of cells and structures in living skin with near histological resolution. RCM has been used for the assessment of benign and malignant lesions, showing great potential for applications in basic skin research and clinical dermatology. RCM also reveals dynamic changes in the skin over time and in response to specific stimuli, like ultraviolet exposure, which makes it a promising tool in cosmetology, as it allows repetitive sampling without biopsy collection, causing no further damage to the areas under investigation. This review summarizes the latest advances in RCM, and its applications in the characterization of both normal and pathological skin.