bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Judicial Reliance on Parental IQ in Appellate‐Level Child Welfare Cases Involving Parents with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Callow Ella , Tahir Munazza , Feldman Maurice
Published: November 2016

Background

Parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are over‐represented in child welfare cases. Although IQ per se is an invalid indicator of parenting abilities, this study examined the prevalence of judicial consideration of parental IQ test evidence in US appellate cases.

Methods

The present authors conducted Boolean searches of Westlaw Corporation's case database since 1999. The present authors used a six‐question checklist to survey the 42 most recent American appellate cases involving termination of parental rights (TPR) decisions that included evidence of parental intellectual and developmental disabilities based on IQ.

Results

In 86% of cases, parental low IQ was presented as a barrier to parenting competence. Higher courts uphold TPR decision in 81% of cases involving parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Conclusions

Parental IQ scores are routinely relied upon to judge parenting capacity in custody cases where parents have intellectual and developmental disabilities. The present authors recommend more comprehensive assessments examining a broader range of contextual variable that may impact on parenting abilities.
Genetic parameter estimates for prenatal and postnatal mortality in Nellore cattle
Authors: Magalhães Silva L.C. , Baldi F. , Aboujaoude C. , Venturini G.C. , Albuquerque L.G. , Paranhos da Costa M.J.R.
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for prenatal (PRE) and postnatal (POS) mortality in Nellore cattle. A total of 13 141 (PRE) and 17 818 (POS) records from Nellore females were used. PRE and POS were recorded using binary scale scores: a score of ‘1’ was given to calves that were born alive (PRE) and those that were alive at weaning (POS), and a score of ‘0’ was given to calves that were not alive at or around birth (PRE), as well as to those weighed at birth but not at weaning (POS). The relationship matrix included 698 sires, 107 paternal grandsires and 69 maternal grandsires. Data were analysed using Bayesian inference and a sire–maternal grandsire threshold model, including contemporary groups as random effects, and the classes of dam age at the beginning of mating season (for PRE), and dam age at calving and birthweight (linear covariable) (for POS), as fixed effects. For both traits, the covariance between direct and maternal effects (rD,M) was estimated (rD,M≠ 0) or fixed at zero (rD,M = 0). PRE and POS rates were 3.00 and 4.04%, respectively. Estimates of direct and maternal heritability were 0.07 and 0.17, respectively, for PRE, and 0.02 and 0.07, respectively, for POS, assuming rD,M = 0. For rD,M ≠ 0, these estimates were 0.07 and 0.12, respectively, for PRE, and 0.03 and 0.07, respectively, for POS. The correlation estimates between direct and maternal effects were −0.71 (PRE) and −0.33 (POS). PRE and POS show low genetic variability, indicating that these traits probably suffer major environmental influences. Additionally, our study shows that the maternal genetic component affects preweaning calf mortality twice as much (or more) as the direct genetic component. A large number of offspring per sire is necessary in progeny tests to genetically decrease calf mortality.
TGF‐β1 rs1982073 polymorphism contributes to radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Shen Ze‐Tian , Shen Jun‐Shu , Ji Xiao‐Qin , Li Bing , Zhu Xi‐Xu
Published: November 2016

Transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF‐β1) polymorphism was associated with radiation pneumonitis (RP) susceptibility, but their results have been inconsistent. The PubMed and CNKI were searched for case‐control studies published up to Januray 01, 2016 was Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. In this meta‐analysis, we assessed eight publications involving 368 radiation pneumonitis cases and 855 controls of the association between TGF‐β1 T869C (rs1982073) and G915C (rs1800471) polymorphism and RP susceptibility. Our analysis suggested that TGF‐β1 T869C rs1982073 polymorphism was associated with lower RP risk for CT combined CC versus TT model (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43–0.77). However, for the G915C rs1800471 polymorphism, no association was found between the polymorphism and the susceptibility to RP in GC combined CC versus GG model (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.50–1.35). These results from the meta‐analysis suggest that T869C rs1982073 polymorphism of TGF‐β1 may be associated with RP risk, and there may be no association between G915C polymorphism and RP risk.
Regenerative potential of leucocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin. Part B: sinus floor elevation, alveolar ridge preservation and implant therapy. A systematic review
Authors: Castro Ana B. , Meschi Nastaran , Temmerman Andy , Pinto Nelson , Lambrechts Paul , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: November 2016

Aim

To analyse the effect of leucocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) on bone regeneration procedures and osseointegration.

Materials and Methods

An electronic and hand search was conducted in three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane). Only randomized clinical trials, written in English where L‐PRF was applied in bone regeneration and implant procedures, were selected. No follow‐up restrictions were applied.

Results

A total of 14 articles were included and processed. Three subgroups were created depending on the application: sinus floor elevation (SFE), alveolar ridge preservation and implant therapy. In SFE, for a lateral window as well as for the trans‐alveolar technique, histologically faster bone healing was reported when L‐PRF was added to most common xenografts. L‐PRF alone improved the preservation of the alveolar width, resulting in less buccal bone resorption compared to natural healing. In implant therapy, better implant stability over time and less marginal bone loss were observed when L‐PRF was applied. Meta‐analyses could not be performed due to the heterogeneity of the data.

Conclusions

Despite the lack of strong evidence found in this systematic review, L‐PRF might have a positive effect on bone regeneration and osseointegration.
Quality Attributes and Storage Stability of Chicken Meat Biscuits Incorporated with Wheat and Oat Bran
Authors: Kumar Pavan , Chatli Manish Kumar , Mehta Nitin , Malav O.P. , Verma Akhilesh K. , Kumar Devendra
Published: November 2016

Fiber‐enriched chicken meat biscuits incorporated with wheat bran and oat bran at three different levels i.e., 3% (W1/O1), 5.0% (W2/O2) and 7% (W3/O3) were formulated and evaluated. On the basis of sensory quality from each group, W2 and O2 were selected for storage study at ambient temperature for 180 days. The bran incorporation resulted in a significant lowering (P < 0.05) in the pH values, fat content, water activity and calorific values whereas moisture content, ash and crude fiber content of treatment recorded an increased trend. Bran treated samples were found with improved oxidative stability as measured by free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value during storage. Treated biscuits were recorded with significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH value and higher water activity during entire storage. Oat bran incorporated chicken meat biscuit were found to better maintained sensory characteristics than wheat bran incorporated meat biscuits and control throughout the storage study.

Practical Applications

Biscuits are generally cereal based snacks, lacking in essential amino acids and dietary fiber. The incorporation of meat and brans would increase its nutritive and functional value as well as keeping quality. It also partially fulfills the dietary requirement of dietary fiber.
Infliximab‐induced tuberculosis in patients with UC: Experience from India—a country with high prevalence of tuberculosis
Authors: Puri Amarender S , Desai Devendra , Sood Ajit , Sachdeva Sanjeev
Published: November 2016

Background and Aim

Tuberculosis (TB) is a well‐recognized iatrogenic adverse event following administration of biologic therapy given for a variety of clinical indications. There is paucity of data on the development of TB following the use of biologics from countries with a high prevalence of TB. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of development of TB following biological therapy in a country, which is highly endemic for TB.

Methods

The article retrospectively analyse data from three referral inflammatory bowel disease centers to evaluate the risk of development of TB following biological therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis.

Results

Of the 79 patients with ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab, seven (8.8%) developed TB at a median interval of 8 weeks after the first exposure despite screening for latent TB. Three of the seven (42%) patients developed disseminated disease, whereas pulmonary disease was documented in four patients (57%). All patients were successfully treated with anti‐tuberculous drugs for a period of 6–13 months. In contrast to data from the West, none of the patients in our study had a fatal outcome. None of the patients required a colectomy after a median follow up of 2 years following cessation of the infliximab therapy.

Conclusions

These data suggest that despite the significantly higher prevalence, the outcome of TB after infliximab therapy is quite sanguine in the Indian subcontinent.
A novel substrate for multisensor hyperspectral imaging
Authors: OFNER J. , KIRSCHNER J. , EITENBERGER E. , FRIEDBACHER G. , KASPER‐GIEBL A. , LOHNINGER H. , EISENMENGER‐SITTNER C. , LENDL B.
Published: November 2016

The quality of chemical imaging, especially multisensor hyperspectral imaging, strongly depends on sample preparation techniques and instrumental infrastructure but also on the choice of an appropriate imaging substrate. To optimize the combined imaging of Raman microspectroscopy, scanning‐electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, a novel substrate was developed based on sputtering of highly purified aluminium onto classical microscope slides. The novel aluminium substrate overcomes several disadvantages of classical substrates like impurities of the substrate material and contamination of the surface as well as surface roughness and homogeneity. Therefore, it provides excellent conditions for various hyperspectral imaging techniques and enables high‐quality multisensor hyperspectral chemical imaging at submicron lateral resolutions.
Seizing the Ethical High Ground: Ethical Reputation Building in Corrupt Environments
Authors: Ramakrishna Velamuri S. , Venkataraman S. , Harvey William S.
Published: November 2016

We study how ethical behaviour by firms leads to ethical reputation building. Based on our in‐depth studies of two firms in India and Zimbabwe that resisted corruption and survived for extended time periods, we propose that in addition to behaving ethically, firms need to elicit favourable responses from a critical mass of stakeholders from both strong and weak tie networks in order for their ethical reputations to diffuse quickly and widely. We find that the strength of stakeholder responses to ethical behaviour is moderated by firm level and contextual factors: high status affiliations, industry characteristics, the nature of corruption resisted, the presence of a plural press, the potential for collective action, and the presence of an independent judiciary. These antecedents also influence the pattern of stakeholder resource commitments that firms are able to enjoy as a result of having built ethical reputations.
Impaired Retinal Vasoreactivity: An Early Marker of Stroke Risk in Diabetes
Authors: Bettermann Kerstin , Slocomb Julia , Shivkumar Vikram , Quillen David , Gardner Thomas W. , Lott Mary E.
Published: November 2016

Diabetes is a common cause of small vessel disease leading to stroke and vascular dementia. While the function and structure of large cerebral vessels can be easily studied, the brain's microvasculature remains difficult to assess. Previous studies have demonstrated that structural changes in the retinal vessel architecture predict stroke risk, but these changes occur at late disease stages. Our goal was to examine whether retinal vascular status can predict cerebral small vessel dysfunction during early stages of diabetes. Retinal vasoreactivity and cerebral vascular function were measured in 78 subjects (19 healthy controls, 22 subjects with prediabetes, and 37 with type‐2 diabetes) using a new noninvasive retinal imaging device (Dynamic Vessel Analyzer) and transcranial Doppler studies, respectively. Cerebral blood vessel responsiveness worsened with disease progression of diabetes. Similarly, retinal vascular reactivity was significantly attenuated in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes compared to healthy controls. Subjects with prediabetes and diabetes with impaired cerebral vasoreactivity showed mainly attenuation of the retinal venous flicker response. This is the first study to explore the relationship between retinal and cerebral vascular function in diabetes. Impairment of venous retinal responsiveness may be one of the earliest markers of vascular dysfunction in diabetes possibly indicating subsequent risk of stroke and vascular dementia.
Reinforcement in removable prosthodontics: a literature review
Authors: Takahashi T. , Gonda T. , Mizuno Y. , Fujinami Y. , Maeda Y.
Published: November 2016

Removable prosthodontics are often associated with mechanical troubles in daily use, such as fracture or deformation. These troubles render prostheses unusable and reduce wearers’ QOL. Various reinforcements are used to prevent such problems, but consensus on reinforcement has not been reached. This review aimed to summarise the effects of reinforcement and to propose favourable reinforcement based on material, design and position in the prostheses. Initially, 139 articles were selected by electronic and manual searches. After exclusion of 99 articles based on the exclusion criteria, 40 articles were finally included in the review. Electronic searches were performed for articles published from 2005 to 2015 in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, and manual searches were performed in 10 journals relevant to the topic of removable prosthodontics. For in vitro studies, certain dental alloys and fibres were mainly used. Their forms were different, including complicated forms in dental alloys and various forms in fibres. The materials were examined for mechanical properties like fracture strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus and compared with one another or without reinforcement. There were a few clinical studies and one longitudinal study. Cast metal reinforcement seemed to be most favourable in terms of fracture toughness and stiffness. The most favourable forms differed depending on the prostheses, but placement around thin and deformable areas was effective. However, randomised or longitudinal clinical reports and comparative clinical studies on the use of reinforcement were still lacking and such studies are necessary in the future.
Pteridophyte fungal associations: Current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Pressel Silvia , Bidartondo Martin I. , Field Katie J. , Rimington William R. , Duckett Jeffrey G.
Published: November 2016

Current understanding of the nature and function of fungal associations in pteridophytes is surprisingly patchy given their key evolutionary position, current research foci on other early‐branching plant clades, and major efforts at unravelling mycorrhizal evolution and the mechanisms underlying this key interaction between plants and fungi. Here we provide a critical review of current knowledge of fungal associations across pteridophytes and consider future directions making recommendations along the way. From a comprehensive survey of the literature, a confused picture emerges: suggestions that members of the Lycopsida harbour Basidiomycota fungi contrast sharply with extensive cytological and recent molecular evidence pointing to exclusively Glomeromycota and/or Mucoromycotina associations in this group. Similarly, reports of dark septate, assumingly ascomycetous, hyphae in a range of pteridophytes, advocating a mutualistic relationship, are not backed by functional evidence and the fact that the fungus invariably occupies dead host tissue points to saprotrophy and not mutualism. The best conclusion that can be reached based on current evidence is that the fungal symbionts of pteridophytes belong to the two fungal lineages Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota. Do symbiotic fungi and host pteridophytes engage in mutually beneficial partnerships? To date, only two pioneering studies have addressed this key question demonstrating reciprocal exchange of nutrients between the sporophytes of Ophioglossum vulgatum and Osmunda regalis and their fungal symbionts. There is a pressing need for more functional investigations also extending to the gametophyte generation and coupled with in vitro isolation and resynthesis studies to unravel the effect of the fungi on their host.
The association between hepatitis B self‐awareness and depression: Exploring the modifying effects of socio‐economic factors
Authors: Liu Y. , Tang K. , Long J. , Zhao C.
Published: November 2016

China has a high prevalence of HBV. Despite previous studies, uncertainty remains about the association of HBV with depression. This study explores the strength of the association and the modifying effects of participants' self‐awareness of the disease and their socio‐economic status. Data from the baseline of a Chinese cohort study of approximately 500 000 adults were analysed. Depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory. Blood spot tests were conducted to detect hepatitis B surface antigen. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between depression and HBV adjusting for demographic, socio‐economic and lifestyle factors of major depression. To understand the effect modifications of disease self‐awareness and socio‐economic factors, a series of stratified analyses were undertaken. The overall prevalence of HBV is 3.2%, with 2.8% screen‐detected and 0.3% self‐reported cases. There was an 84% increased odds of depression among self‐reported HBV patients (OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.16‐2.90), but no association was found in the screen‐detected group (OR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.79‐1.23). Male (OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.30‐3.98), younger age (OR=3.57, 95% CI: 1.82‐7.00), rural resident (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.36‐3.94), lower household income (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.34‐4.25) and agricultural worker (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.63‐5.77) were found having greater odds of depression in the HBV self‐aware group, compared to those without HBV. A strong association between hepatitis B self‐awareness and depression was found. Lower socio‐economic status could modify the association between hepatitis B status and depression. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying psychosocial mechanisms of the association.
A large potentiation effect of serum on the in vitro potency of tulathromycin against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Lees P. , Illambas J. , Potter T. J. , Pelligand L. , Rycroft A. , Toutain P.‐L.
Published: November 2016

The antimicrobial properties of tulathromycin were investigated for M. haemolytica and P. multocida. Three in vitro indices of antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time‐kill curves, were established for six isolates of each organism. Each index was measured in two growth media: Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB) and calf serum. It was shown that MICs and MBCs were markedly lower in serum than in MHB. MHB:serum ratios for MIC were 47:1 (M. haemolytica) and 53:1 (P. multocida). For both serum and MHB, adjustment of pH led to greater potency at alkaline compared to acid pH. Tulathromycin MIC was influenced by size of inoculum count, being 4.0‐ to 7.7‐fold greater for high compared to low initial counts. It was concluded that for the purpose of determining dosages for therapeutic use, pharmacodynamic data for tulathromycin should be derived in biological fluids such as serum. It is hypothesized that in vitro measurement of MIC in broth, conducted according to internationally recommended standards, may be misleading as a basis for estimating the in vivo potency of tulathromycin.
Pharmacokinetics of new high‐concentration and long‐acting praziquantel oily suspensions after intramuscular administration in cattle
Authors: Qian M. , Wei L. , Hao L. , Tang S.
Published: December 2016

The aim of the study was to develop praziquantel (PZQ) oily suspensions with 30% PZQ high concentration for intramuscular injection and investigate their pharmacokinetics in cattle. Two optimized formulations containing 30% PZQ were developed in this study, and their quality met the technical standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. After intramuscular administrations of the suspensions (30 mg/kg), no significant differences were observed between the two oily suspensions. However, compared with the market available PZQ tablet after oral administration (150 mg/kg), our injections revealed longer plasma elimination half‐life (26.23, 22.16 h vs 6.35 h) and mean residence time (27.10, 25.88 h vs 9.16 h), indicating the antiparasitic efficacy of our suspensions may be prolonged, and further clinical efficacy investigation is needed. In addition, the relative bioavailability of our formulated suspensions was improved up to 441.32% and 425.60% compared with the oral reference product. Therefore, the injectable suspensions have the potential to become antiparasitic agents for the treatment of cattle schistosomiasis.
Remote sensing of terrestrial impact craters: The TanDEM‐X digital elevation model
Authors: Gottwald Manfred , Fritz Thomas , Breit Helko , Schättler Birgit , Harris Alan
Published: November 2016

With the TanDEM‐X digital elevation model (DEM), the terrestrial solid surface is globally mapped with unprecedented accuracy. TanDEM‐X is a German X‐band radar mission whose two identical satellites have been operated in single‐pass interferometer configuration over several years. The acquired data are processed to yield a global DEM with 12 m independent posting and relative vertical accuracies of better than 2 m and 4 m in moderate and mountainous terrain, respectively. This DEM provides new opportunities for space‐borne remote‐sensing studies of the entire sample of terrestrial impact craters. In addition, it represents an interesting repository to aid in the search for new impact crater candidates. We have used the TanDEM‐X DEM to investigate the current set of confirmed impact structures. For a subsample of the craters, including small, midsized, and large structures, we compared the results with those from other DEMs. This quantitative analysis demonstrates the excellent quality of the TanDEM‐X elevation data. Our findings help to estimate what can be gained by using the TanDEM‐X DEM in impact crater studies. They may also be beneficial in identifying the regions and morphologies where the search for currently unknown impact structures might be most promising.
A roadmap for improving the representation of photosynthesis in Earth system models
Authors: Rogers Alistair , Medlyn Belinda E. , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Bonan Gordon , von Caemmerer Susanne , Dietze Michael C. , Kattge Jens , Leakey Andrew D. B. , Mercado Lina M. , Niinemets Ülo , Prentice I. Colin , Serbin Shawn P. , Sitch Stephen , Way Danielle A. , Zaehle Sönke
Published: November 2016

Accurate representation of photosynthesis in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) is essential for robust projections of global change. However, current representations vary markedly between TBMs, contributing uncertainty to projections of global carbon fluxes. Here we compared the representation of photosynthesis in seven TBMs by examining leaf and canopy level responses of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) to key environmental variables: light, temperature, CO2 concentration, vapor pressure deficit and soil water content. We identified research areas where limited process knowledge prevents inclusion of physiological phenomena in current TBMs and research areas where data are urgently needed for model parameterization or evaluation. We provide a roadmap for new science needed to improve the representation of photosynthesis in the next generation of terrestrial biosphere and Earth system models.
CO2 studies remain key to understanding a future world
Authors: Becklin Katie M. , Walker S. Michael , Way Danielle A. , Ward Joy K.
Published: November 2016

Characterizing plant responses to past, present and future changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is critical for understanding and predicting the consequences of global change over evolutionary and ecological timescales. Previous CO2 studies have provided great insights into the effects of rising [CO2] on leaf‐level gas exchange, carbohydrate dynamics and plant growth. However, scaling CO2 effects across biological levels, especially in field settings, has proved challenging. Moreover, many questions remain about the fundamental molecular mechanisms driving plant responses to [CO2] and other global change factors. Here we discuss three examples of topics in which significant questions in CO2 research remain unresolved: (1) mechanisms of CO2 effects on plant developmental transitions; (2) implications of rising [CO2] for integrated plant–water dynamics and drought tolerance; and (3) CO2 effects on symbiotic interactions and eco‐evolutionary feedbacks. Addressing these and other key questions in CO2 research will require collaborations across scientific disciplines and new approaches that link molecular mechanisms to complex physiological and ecological interactions across spatiotemporal scales.

Contents

Summary
34

I.
Introduction
34

II.
CO2 effects on plant development and phenology
36

III.
CO2 effects on plant–water dynamics
37

IV.
CO2 effects on plant–microbe interactions
37

V.
The way forward
38

Acknowledgements
38

References
38
Assortative mating for Dark Triad: Evidence of positive, initial, and active assortment
Authors: KARDUM IGOR , HUDEK‐KNEZEVIC JASNA , SCHMITT DAVID P. , COVIC MELANE
Published: November 2016

Hypotheses regarding positive versus negative assortment, initial assortment versus convergence, and active assortment versus social homogamy were tested on a sample of 100 heterosexual dating couples using variable‐ and couple‐centered approaches. A modest to moderate degree of positive assortment was found for all Dark Triad measures, the highest for Machiavellianism, followed by psychopathy and narcissism. Structural modeling also showed a moderate degree of positive assortment for men's and women's latent Dark Triad constructs. Results supported the initial assortment hypothesis, meaning that couples were already similar in the Dark Triad traits at the beginning of the relationship and did not converge over time. Additionally, similarity was not due to background variables such as age and education (i.e., social homogamy), thus supporting the active assortment hypothesis.
Rehospitalization after pediatric heart transplantation: Incidence, indications, and outcomes
Authors: Hollander Seth A. , McElhinney Doff B. , Almond Christopher S. , McDonald Nancy , Chen Sharon , Kaufman Beth D. , Bernstein Daniel , Rosenthal David N.
Published: November 2016

We report the patterns of rehospitalization after pediatric heart transplant (Htx) at a single center. Retrospective review of 107 consecutive pediatric Htx recipients between January 22, 2007, and August 28, 2014, who survived their initial transplant hospitalization. The frequency, duration, and indications for all hospitalizations between transplant hospitalization discharge and September 30, 2015, were analyzed. A total of 444 hospitalization episodes occurred in 90 of 107 (84%) patients. The median time to first rehospitalization was 59.5 (range 1‐1526) days, and the median length of stay was 2.5 (range 0‐81) days. There were an average of two hospitalizations per patient in the first year following transplant hospitalization, declining to about 0.8 per patient per year starting at 3 years post‐transplant. Admissions for viral infections were most common, occurring in 93 of 386 (24%), followed by rule out sepsis in 61 of 386 (16%). Admissions for suspected or confirmed rejection were less frequent, accounting for 41 of 386 (11%) and 31 of 386 (8%) of all admissions, respectively. Survival to discharge after rehospitalization was 97%. Hospitalization is common after pediatric Htx, particularly in the first post‐transplant year, with the most frequent indications for hospitalization being viral illness and rule out sepsis. After the first post‐transplant year, the risk for readmission falls significantly but remains constant for several years.
Quest for Significance and Violent Extremism: The Case of Domestic Radicalization
Authors: Jasko Katarzyna , LaFree Gary , Kruglanski Arie
Published: November 2016

In the present study, we applied the quest for significance model of radicalization to explain the use of political violence. According to the model, when people experience loss of personal significance (e.g., due to social rejection, achievement failures, or abuse) the motivation to restore significance may push them toward the use of extreme means. We tested this prediction in a sample of individuals who have committed ideologically motivated crimes in the United States (n = 1496). We found that experiences of economic and social loss of significance were separate and positive predictors related to the use of violence by perpetrators of ideologically motivated crimes. We also found evidence that the presence of radicalized others (friends but not family members) in the individuals' social network increased their likelihood of using violence.
Elevated CO2 plus chronic warming reduce nitrogen uptake and levels or activities of nitrogen‐uptake and ‐assimilatory proteins in tomato roots
Authors: Jayawardena Dileepa M. , Heckathorn Scott A. , Bista Deepesh R. , Mishra Sasmita , Boldt Jennifer K. , Krause Charles R.
Published: November 2016

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment is expected to often benefit plant growth, despite causing global warming and nitrogen (N) dilution in plants. Most plants primarily procure N as inorganic nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+), using membrane‐localized transport proteins in roots, which are key targets for improving N use. Although interactive effects of elevated CO2, chronic warming and N form on N relations are expected, these have not been studied. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown at two levels of CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and two temperature regimes (30 or 37°C), with NO3− or NH4+ as the N source. Elevated CO2 plus chronic warming severely inhibited plant growth, regardless of N form, while individually they had smaller effects on growth. Although %N in roots was similar among all treatments, elevated CO2 plus warming decreased (1) N‐uptake rate by roots, (2) total protein concentration in roots, indicating an inhibition of N assimilation and (3) shoot %N, indicating a potential inhibition of N translocation from roots to shoots. Under elevated CO2 plus warming, reduced NO3−‐uptake rate per g root was correlated with a decrease in the concentration of NO3−‐uptake proteins per g root, reduced NH4+ uptake was correlated with decreased activity of NH4+‐uptake proteins and reduced N assimilation was correlated with decreased concentration of N‐assimilatory proteins. These results indicate that elevated CO2 and chronic warming can act synergistically to decrease plant N uptake and assimilation; hence, future global warming may decrease both plant growth and food quality (%N).
Theory of Custom, Dogmatics of Custom, Policy of Custom: On the Threefold Approach of Polish‐Russian Legal Realism
Authors: Fittipaldi Edoardo , Timoshina Elena
Published: November 2016

Proceeding from the insights of Petrażycki, Polish‐Russian legal realists (PRRs) distinguished legal theory, legal dogmatics, and legal policy. Legal theory describes legal phenomena in a value‐free way and formulates causal laws concerning those phenomena. Legal dogmatics and legal policy are, by contrast, value‐laden sciences involving the subject's—i.e., the scientist's—own attitudes toward existing or imagined phenomena: Dogmatics evaluates behaviors based on the subject's adoption of given normative sources (NSs) as binding, while legal policy evaluates the effects produced by given NSs based on causal laws and on the subject's goals (for Petrażycki, these goals come down to that of fostering love, or benevolence). PRRs then conceptualize custom as a representation of people behaving in a certain way (Rc): We have a custom on the threefold condition that (a) Rc is believed true by a given X, (b) Rc causes the existence of a given normative psychical experience (NPE) in X, and (c) X expressly refers to—or would refer—to Rc in justifying an NPE. PRRs use the term customary law to refer to legal experiences (i.e., NPEs involving a sense of entitlement) caused and justified by an Rc. From a theoretical perspective, both the subject's adoption of custom as a binding NS and its truth are irrelevant. It is only the presence of a customary NPE in the X under study that matters. From a dogmatic perspective, by contrast, what matters is (a) whether the dogmatician—qua subject—adopts custom as a binding NS, (b) whether it is true that people behave in a given way bw, and (c) whether bw resembles the behavior that is deontically qualified in the norm under dogmatic evaluation. Finally, from a legal‐political viewpoint, PRRs hold that customary law in modern societies, owing to its conservative nature, should be eradicated for the goal of removing inequalities and fostering benevolence.
Temporal changes in serum luteinizing hormone following ovariohysterectomy and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone vaccination in domestic cats
Authors: Bateman HL , Vansandt LM , Newsom J , Swanson WF
Published: December 2016

Contents

Measurement of circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in cats and temporal changes following ovariohysterectomy (OHE) or possibly GnRH vaccination may be informative for assessing their fertility, contraception or sterilization status. In this study, serum LH concentrations were measured in domestic cats (n = 6) immediately prior to and up to 120 days post‐OHE. Basal LH concentrations of females previously subjected to OHE (n = 4; ~1.5 years post‐OHE) were compared pre‐ and post‐vaccination with a GnRH immunocontraceptive, and to LH concentrations in intact females. Basal serum LH concentrations (2.67 ± 0.43 ng/ml; mean ± SEM) in intact females increased (p < .01) by 30 days post‐OHE (5.65 ± 0.87 ng/ml) but then declined (p < .05) to pre‐OHE levels (mean range, 3.26–3.62 ng/ml) at days 60–120 post‐OHE. Serum LH (3.84 ± 0.51 ng/ml) in four females ~1.5 years after OHE tended to be higher (p = .10) than those of intact females prior to OHE. Three months following first or second GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine treatment, serum LH values in females previously subjected to OHE decreased (p < .05) to concentrations similar to those observed in intact females. Our preliminary results suggest that OHE of domestic cats causes a marked increase in basal LH levels within the first few weeks after ovariohysterectomy followed by a return to pre‐OHE basal values over the next several months. Reduced LH concentrations after GnRH vaccine may indicate the effectiveness of the immunocontraceptive in reducing the circulating levels of GnRH, thereby reducing secretion of LH.
Community‐Based Financing of Family Planning in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Karra Mahesh , Canning David , Hu Janice , Ali Moazzam , Lissner Craig
Published: November 2016

In this systematic review, we gather evidence on community financing schemes and insurance programs for family planning in developing countries, and we assess the impact of these programs on primary outcomes related to contraceptive use. To identify and evaluate the research findings, we adopt a four‐stage review process that employs a weight‐of‐evidence and risk‐of‐bias analytic approach. Out of 19,138 references that were identified, only four studies were included in our final analysis, and only one study was determined to be of high quality. In the four studies, the evidence on the impact of community‐based financing on family planning and fertility outcomes is inconclusive. These limited and mixed findings suggest that either: 1) more high‐quality evidence on community‐based financing for family planning is needed before any conclusions can be made; or 2) community‐based financing for family planning may, in fact, have little or no effect on family planning outcomes.
A structural experimental technique to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of concrete under restrained deformations
Authors: Faria R. , Leitão L. , Teixeira L. , Azenha M. , Cusson D.
Published: November 2016

An innovative variable restraint frame is proposed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of concrete under tensile stresses induced by restraints to shrinkage deformations (mainly due to drying). Two concrete specimens with the same cross section are used, subjected to equal thermal and moisture conditions: one is made of plain concrete, to assess the “free” deformations due to shrinkage and temperature; the other is reinforced with two steel threaded rods, which induce a manually controlled axial restraint to shrinkage. The restrained specimen is installed on a reaction frame, being stretched in force control mode. The concrete and the rods are instrumented with strain gauges and temperature sensors, which allow separation of the different components of concrete strains with the aid of equations based on equilibrium and compatibility conditions. This permits identifying the elastic and tensile creep concrete strains, as well as the concrete tensile stresses induced by the restrained shrinkage. The device also allows assessing the concrete modulus of elasticity during the test and remains operational even upon concrete cracking, features of great interest for the intended material characterization.
Illicit economies: customary illegality, moral economies and circulation
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Crang Mike
Published: November 2016

This paper is concerned with how to think the illicit and illegal as part of economies. Economic geography has only recently begun to address this challenge but in limited ways. The paper shows the difficulties with those approaches, chief among which is a reassertion of the legal/illegal binary of products and actors that is contested by the more open term illicit economies. We draw on work in cultural economy to move economic geography beyond this impasse by seeing economy as practice. The paper develops a conceptual account of illicit economies connecting moral economy and the opacities produced by logistically complex global trade to highlight the importance of customary illegality in doing business. Customary illegality is the tolerance or practice of illicit activities by largely legal economic actors rather than just a focus on illegal goods or criminal actors. Illicitness is thus shown to be neither a property of goods nor of particular economic actors, but rather a transient quality often linked to circulation. The argument is illustrated empirically through three examples drawn from the food sector. The conclusion makes suggestions for future research that are empirical, methodological and conceptual.
Subconjunctival antimicrobial poloxamer gel for treatment of corneal ulceration in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
Authors: Simeone Claire A. , Colitz Carmen M. H. , Colegrove Kathleen M. , Field Cara L. , Rios Carlos , Chandler Heather L. , Johnson Shawn P.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Corneal ulcers are commonly encountered in pinnipeds. Prolonged oral antibiotics and topical ophthalmic solutions may not be practical to administer, and novel treatment techniques are desired. Thermodynamic gels are a potential solution because they hold antimicrobials at the site of injection, slowly releasing drug. This study investigated the clinical efficacy of antibiotic‐impregnated poloxamer gel in management of corneal ulceration.

Animal studied

Twenty‐six California sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center.

Procedures

A poloxamer gel mixed with 2% enrofloxacin was subconjunctivally injected in the treatment group. Control animals received oral doxycycline. Systemic anti‐inflammatories and analgesics were administered as needed. Corneal examinations under general anesthesia were repeated weekly, and included sampling for bacterial culture and corneal cytology, collection of high‐quality corneal images, and treatment administration until the ulcers were healed.

Results

There was no gross or histologic evidence of a localized tissue reaction to the gel administration in the conjunctiva, and no evidence of systemic reaction to therapy in animals that died due to unrelated causes during the study period (n = 17). In animals that experienced a superficial corneal ulcer involving only epithelium or superficial stroma (n = 12), all lesions resolved completely, in both treatment and control groups. Of those animals with deeper or more complex ulcers involving keratomalacia or descemetoceles (n = 15), four demonstrated complete lesion resolution (all four received gel treatment).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that subconjunctival antibiotic poloxamer gel administration is a safe and effective alternative therapeutic option to traditional treatments for superficial corneal ulceration in pinnipeds.
Retrospective Evaluation of Whole Body Computed Tomography for Tumor Staging in Dogs with Primary Appendicular Osteosarcoma
Authors: Talbott Jessica L. , Boston Sarah E. , Milner Rowan J. , Lejeune Amandine , Souza Carlos H. de M. , Kow Kelvin , Bacon Nicholas J. , Hernandez Jorge A.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To evaluate whole body computed tomography (CT) for staging canine appendicular osteosarcoma.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma (n=39).

Methods

Medical records for client‐owned dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma from August 2008 to July 2014 were reviewed. Dogs were included if they had a confirmed diagnosis of appendicular osteosarcoma and were staged using whole body CT. Data collected included signalment, body weight, primary tumor location, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, findings on 3‐view thoracic radiographs, cytologic or histologic results, and findings on CT.

Results

Thirty‐nine dogs (median age 8.5 years; median body weight 37 kg) had osteosarcoma of the distal radius (n=17), proximal humerus (11) and other sites. Serum ALP activity was elevated in 14 dogs. Bone metastasis was not detected in any dog on whole body CT. Pulmonary metastasis was considered definitive on CT based on board certified radiologist assessment in 2/39 dogs (5%). Two additional dogs (2/39, 5%) had soft tissue masses diagnosed on CT, consistent with concurrent, non‐metastatic malignancies.

Conclusion

Bone metastases were not identified in any dog with whole body CT. Thoracic and abdominal CT detected lung lesions and concurrent neoplasia in dogs with primary appendicular osteosarcoma. Whole body CT may be a useful adjunct to other screening tests for disseminated malignancy.
Lead removal from groundwater by granular mixtures of pumice, perlite and lime using permeable reactive barriers
Authors: Ranjbar Ehsan , Ghiassi Reza , Akbary Zahra
Published: November 2016

Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) is an in situ technology for remediation of contaminated groundwater. This article presents results of studies on three granular mixtures were used for remediation of lead (Pb2+) contaminated groundwater using PRBs. The mixtures were composed of pumice, perlite and lime in different proportions. Several column experiments were conducted for evaluation of performance of the mixtures for lead removal. The experiments were carried out for over 50 days to evaluate the long‐term performance of the PRBs. It was found out that pumice‐perlite mixture with a weight proportion of 1 : 1 and pumice‐lime‐perlite mixture with a weight proportion of 2 : 2 : 1 can be used as effective reactive media for lead removal. The removal efficiency of the proposed mixtures was 99.9%. The permeability of the reactive media was relatively constant over 53 days continuous experiments and the results demonstrated that the mentioned mixtures have acceptable performance to maintain hydraulic conductivity of PRBs.
Investigation of energy dissipation and flow regime over various forms of stepped spillways
Authors: Mero Shimal , Mitchell Steve
Published: November 2016

The efficient operation of reservoirs relies on the effective release of water during flooding, requiring a good understanding of spillways and their hydraulics. A series of experiments was conducted in a laboratory flume on a stepped spillway model with moderate slope (26.6°) for discharges up to 0.0121 m3/s. Using regular uniform horizontal steps of 5 cm height, then several new step configurations including inclined and horizontal curved steps with and without reflector blocks, the flow patterns were investigated. The energy losses over a horizontal stepped spillway were compared with those obtained in a number of similar, previous studies, and with the results obtained for the new step configurations. Good agreement was shown with previous results for horizontal steps, and the inclined and horizontal curved steps dissipated about twice as much energy as the horizontal steps. The results highlight the importance of considering a variety of step forms in spillway design where flows are unpredictable and energy dissipation is important.
Study the effect of recycled pressurized air on oxygen transfer design parameters in sequencing batch reactor technology
Authors: Elkaramany Hesham M. , Elbaz Amro A. , Mohamed Amal N. , Sakr Alhassan H.
Published: November 2016

Aeration process consumes more than 60% of the total energy required for wastewater treatment. The present study aims to save power consumption within wastewater treatment aeration process through recycling of the air flow. A new technique of aeration is used to increase oxygen transfer efficiency via exploiting recycled pressurized air. A pilot plant has been constructed to study the effect of using recycled pressurized air within sequencing batch reactor (SBR) model. The results showed that the new technique comparing with the conventional SBR model improved Standard oxygen transfer rate (SORT), Standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) and Standard aeration efficiency (SAE). In particular, the new technique enhanced (SAE) with 10 and 4% at gauge pressure values 0.5 atm. and 2 atm. respectively. On the other hand, intermittent aeration enhanced (SAE) with 15 and 5% at gauge pressure values 0.5 atm. and 2 atm. respectively.
Rick Turner and South Africa's “Sixties”
Authors: Lichtenstein Alex
Published: December 2016

This article examines the life and thought of South African radical philosopher Richard “Rick” Turner (1941–1978), a crucial figure in the 1973 anti‐apartheid political conjuncture known as the “Durban Moment.” Though steeped in existentialist philosophy, Turner's real contribution to New Left thought in South Africa came elsewhere. Turner's receptivity to “Black Consciousness,” his vision of radical pedagogy, and his commitment to participatory democracy and “workers’ control” all made a deep imprint on Black working class mobilization and the birth of a democratic trade union movement in South Africa.