bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a 0.5° global monthly raining day product from 1901 to 2010
Authors: Stillman S. , Zeng X.
Published: September 2016

While several long‐term global data sets of monthly precipitation amount (P) are widely available, only the Climate Research Unit (CRU) provides long‐term global monthly raining day number (N) data (i.e., daily precipitation frequency in a month), with P/N representing the daily precipitation intensity. However, because CRU N is based on a limited number of gauges, it is found to perform poorly over data sparse regions. By combining the CRU method with a short‐term gauge‐satellite merged global daily precipitation data set (Climate Prediction Center morphing technique) and a global long‐term monthly precipitation data set (Global Precipitation Climatology Centre) with far more gauges than used in CRU, a new 0.5° global N data set from 1901 to 2010 is developed, which differs significantly from CRU N. Compared with three independent regional daily precipitation products over the U.S., China, and South America based on much denser gauge networks than used in CRU, the new product shows significant improvement over CRU N.
Direct measurement of evapotranspiration from a forest using a superconducting gravimeter
Authors: Van Camp Michel , de Viron Olivier , Pajot‐Métivier Gwendoline , Casenave Fabien , Watlet Arnaud , Dassargues Alain , Vanclooster Marnik
Published: September 2016

Evapotranspiration (ET) controls the flux between the land surface and the atmosphere. Assessing the ET ecosystems remains a key challenge in hydrology. We have found that the ET water mass loss can be directly inferred from continuous gravity measurements: as water evaporates and transpires from terrestrial ecosystems, the mass distribution of water decreases, changing the gravity field. Using continuous superconducting gravity measurements, we were able to identify daily gravity changes at the level of, or smaller than, 10−9 nm s−2 (or 10−10 g) per day. This corresponds to 1.7 mm of water over an area of 50 ha. The strength of this method is its ability to enable a direct, traceable and continuous monitoring of actual ET for years at the mesoscale with a high accuracy.
Characteristics of mesospheric gravity waves over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau region
Authors: Li Qinzeng , Xu Jiyao , Liu Xiao , Yuan Wei , Chen Jinsong
Published: September 2016

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as “Third Pole” of the Earth, has important influences on global climates and local weather. An important objective in present study is to investigate how orographic features of the TP affect the geographical distributions of gravity wave (GW) sources. Three‐year OH airglow images (November 2011 to October 2014) from Qujing (25.6°N, 103.7°E) were used to study the characteristics of GWs over the southeastern TP region. Along with the almost concurrent and collocated meteor radar wind measurements and temperature data from SABER/TIMED satellite, the propagation conditions of three types of GWs (freely propagating, ducted, or evanescent) were estimated. Most of GWs exhibited ducted or evanescent characteristics. Almost all GWs propagate southeastward in winter. The GW propagation directions in winter are significantly different from other airglow imager observations at northern middle latitudes. Wind data and convective precipitation fields from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data are used to study the sources of GWs on the edge of the TP. Using backward ray‐tracing analysis, we find that most of the mesospheric freely propagating GWs are located in or near the large wind shear intensity region (~10 km–~17 km) on the southeastern edge of the TP in spring and winter. The averaged value of momentum flux is 11.6 ± 5.2 m2/s2 in winter and 7.5 ± 3.1 m2/s2 in summer. This work will provide valuable information for the GW parameterization schemes in general circulation models in TP region.
Direct observational evidence for disturbance dynamo on the daytime low‐latitude ionosphere: A case study based on the 28 June 2013 space weather event
Authors: Thampi Smitha V. , Shreedevi P. R. , Choudhary R. K. , Pant Tarun Kumar , Chakrabarty D. , Sunda S. , Mukherjee S. , Bhardwaj Anil
Published: September 2016

A case of the westward disturbance dynamo (DD) electric field, influencing the daytime equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere, during a geomagnetic storm that occurred on 28–29 June 2013 is presented. The GPS total electron content (TEC) observations from a network of stations in the Indian equatorial, low and middle latitude regions along with the radio beacon TEC, ionosonde, and magnetic field observations are used to study the storm time behavior of the ionosphere. Negative ionospheric storm effects were seen over the low and middle latitudes during the storm time due to the presence of a westward DD electric field. Observations show that the suppression of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) from the morning hours itself on 29 June 2013 took place due to the prevailing westward DD electric field, providing evidence for the model calculations by Balan et al. (2013). Simulations using the GITM model also agree well with our results. The present study gains importance as the direct observational evidences for disturbance dynamo effects on the daytime low‐latitude ionosphere and the EIA are sparse, as it has been difficult to delineate it from the compositional disturbances.
Boosting Perovskite Solar Cells Performance and Stability through Doping a Poly‐3(hexylthiophene) Hole Transporting Material with Organic Functionalized Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Gatti Teresa , Casaluci Simone , Prato Mirko , Salerno Marco , Di Stasio Francesco , Ansaldo Alberto , Menna Enzo , Di Carlo Aldo , Bonaccorso Francesco
Published: September 2016

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are demonstrating great potential to compete with second generation photovoltaics. Nevertheless, the key issue hindering PSCs full exploitation relies on their stability. Among the strategies devised to overcome this problem, the use of carbon nanostructures (CNSs) as hole transporting materials (HTMs) has given impressive results in terms of solar cells stability to moisture, air oxygen, and heat. Here, the use of a HTM based on a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix doped with organic functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide in PSCs is proposed to achieve higher power conversion efficiencies (η = 11% and 7.3%, respectively) and prolonged shelf‐life stabilities (480 h) in comparison with a benchmark PSC fabricated with a bare P3HT HTM (η = 4.3% at 480 h). Further endurance test, i.e., up to 3240 h, has shown the failure of all the PSCs based on undoped P3HT, while, on the contrary, a η of ≈8.7% is still detected from devices containing 2 wt% SWCNT‐doped P3HT as HTM. The increase in photovoltaic performances and stabilities of the P3HT‐CNS‐based solar cell, with respect to the standard P3HT‐based one, is attributed to the improved interfacial contacts between the doped HTM and the adjacent layers.
Fullerene Derivatives for the Applications as Acceptor and Cathode Buffer Layer Materials for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cui Chaohua , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang
Published: September 2016

Organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic‐inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) have been regarded as two promising photovoltaic technologies. The recent advances with power conversion efficiency over 10% and 20% have been realized in OSCs and pero‐SCs, respectively. The fullerene derivatives play important role as acceptor materials in OSCs and cathode buffer layer (CBL) materials in OSCs and pero‐SCs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progresses and perspectives of the functional fullerene derivatives as acceptor materials and CBLs for OSCs and pero‐SCs.
Seamlessly Conductive 3D Nanoarchitecture of Core–Shell Ni‐Co Nanowire Network for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Bae Seok‐Hu , Kim Ji‐Eun , Randriamahazaka Hyacinthe , Moon Song‐Yi , Park Jeong‐Young , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: September 2016

Electrochemical splitting of water is an attractive way to produce hydrogen fuel as a clean and renewable energy source. However, a major challenge is to accelerate the sluggish kinetics of the anodic half‐cell reaction where oxygen evolution reaction (OER) takes place. Here, a seamlessly conductive 3D architecture is reported with a carbon‐shelled Ni‐Co nanowire network as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst. Highly porous and granular Ni‐Co nanowires are first grown on a carbon fiber woven fabric utilizing a cost‐effective hydrothermal method and then conductive carbon shell is coated on the Ni‐Co nanowires via glucose carbonization and annealing processes. The conductive carbon layer surrounding the nanowires is introduced to provide a continuous pathway for facile electron transport throughout the whole of the integrated 3D catalyst. This 3D hierarchical structure provides several synergistic effects and beneficial functions including a large number of active sites, easy accessibility of water, fast electron transport, rapid release of oxygen gas, enhanced electrochemical durability, and stronger structural integrity, resulting in a remarkable OER activity that delivers an overpotential of 302 mV with a Tafel slope of 43.6 mV dec−1 at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline medium electrolyte (1 m KOH).
Prenatal diagnosis of focal dermal hypoplasia: Report of three fetuses and review of the literature
Authors: Mary Laura , Scheidecker Sophie , Kohler Monique , Lombardi Maria‐Paola , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Auberger Elisabeth , Triau Stéphane , Colin Estelle , Gerard Marion , Grzeschik Karl‐Heinz , Dollfus Hélène , Antal Maria Cristina
Published: September 2016

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare syndrome characterized by pleiotropic features knowing to involve mostly skin and limbs. Although FDH has been described in children and adults, the cardinal signs of the fetal phenotype are not straightforward impacting the quality of the prenatal diagnosis. We describe in depth the ultrasound, radiological, macroscopical, and histological phenotype of three female fetuses with a severe form of FDH, propose a review of the literature and an attempt to delineate minimal and cardinal signs for FDH diagnosis. This report confirms the variability of FDH phenotype, highlights unreported FDH features, and allows delineating evocative clinical associations for prenatal diagnosis, namely intrauterine growth retardation, limbs malformations, anterior wall/diaphragm defects, and eye anomalies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Green synthesis of supported palladium nanoparticles employing pine needles as reducing agent and carrier: New reusable heterogeneous catalyst in the Suzuki coupling reaction
Authors: Liu Guanghui , Bai Xuefeng , Lv Hongfei
Published: September 2016

A green method for the synthesis of supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs) using pine needle extract as the reducing agent and the extracted residue of pine needle (RPN) as the carrier is described. The Pd/RPN nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The spherical Pd NPs had a mean particle size of 3.25 nm and were evenly distributed on the RPN surface. More importantly, the Pd/RPN nanocomposite, as a heterogeneous catalyst, presented superior catalytic activity for the Suzuki coupling reaction. The yield of the reaction of 4‐bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid catalyzed by Pd0.03/RPN reached 98% with low Pd loading (0.1 mmol%) at room temperature for 30 min. In addition, the catalyst could be easily separated by centrifugation and reused at least six times without significant loss of activity.
PdCo bimetallic nanoparticles supported on three‐dimensional graphene as a highly active catalyst for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Vajargahy Milad Pedarpour
Published: September 2016

PdCo bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were decorated over three‐dimensional graphene (3DG) in a facile manner by reducing palladium chloride and cobalt chloride in the presence of ethylene glycol as reducing, stabilizing and dispersing agent. The PdCo NPs–3DG nanocomposite was characterized using Raman, X‐ray photoelectron and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained catalyst can act as an efficient catalyst for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in aqueous media.
Non‐Zero Sum Differential Games of Backward Stochastic Differential Delay Equations Under Partial Information
Authors: Wu Shuang , Shu Lan
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we study a new type of differential game problems of backward stochastic differential delay equations under partial information. A class of time‐advanced stochastic differential equations (ASDEs) is introduced as the adjoint process via duality relation. By means of ASDEs, we suggest the necessary and sufficient conditions called maximum principle for an equilibrium point of non‐zero sum games. As an application, an economic problem is putted into our framework to illustrate the theoretical results. In terms of the maximum principle and some auxiliary filtering results, an equilibrium point is obtained.
Apron capacity at hub airports—the impact of wave‐system structure
Authors: Mirković Bojana , Tošić Vojin
Published: September 2016

At hub airports, dominant airlines/alliance coordinate their flights in time with the aim of increasing the number (and quality) of connections, thus producing a wave‐system in traffic schedules. This paper addresses the impact of concentrating aircraft into waves on airport apron capacity.

Existing models for apron capacity estimation are based on the number of stands, stand occupancy time, and demand structure, differing between representative groups of aircraft served at an airport. Criteria for aircraft grouping are aircraft type and/or airline and/or type of service (domestic, international, etc.). Modified deterministic analytical models proposed in this paper also take into account the wave‐system parameters, as well as runway capacity. They include the impact of these parameters on the number of flights in wave, stand occupancy time, and consequently apron capacity.

Numerical examples illustrate the difference between apron capacity for an origin–destination airport and a hub airport, under the same conditions; utilization of the theoretical apron capacity at a hub airport, given the wave‐system structure; and utilization of the apron capacity at a hub airport when point‐to‐point traffic is allowed to use idle stands. Furthermore, the influence of different assignment strategies for aircraft stands in the case of hub airports is also discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a driving cycle for Colombo, Sri Lanka: an economical approach for developing countries
Authors: Galgamuwa Uditha , Perera Loshaka , Bandara Saman
Published: September 2016

Financial constraints and lack of availability of traffic‐related information significantly hinder the development of driving cycles in developing countries. This paper proposes an economical, practical, accurate methodology for the development of driving cycles, including the development of a driving cycle for Colombo, Sri Lanka. The proposed methodology captures regional traffic and road conditions and selects a model that represents the collected data sample with minimum available traffic‐related information. Existing methods were modified for route selection by dividing routes into links using nodes or physical junctions to minimize the number of trips required for data collection. Speed–time data for respective links were used to reconstruct speed–time profiles of identified origin–destination pairs. The on‐board method was used for data collection, and the Markov chain theory was used to develop a transition probability matrix of state changes. An additional matrix was introduced to the existing method to improve model representativeness to the collected data sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into peptide‐membrane interactions of newly synthesized, nitroxide‐containing analogs of the peptaibiotic trichogin GAIV using EPR
Authors: Bortolus Marco , Dalzini Annalisa , Maniero Anna Lisa , Panighel Giacomo , Siano Alvaro , Toniolo Claudio , De Zotti Marta , Formaggio Fernando
Published: September 2016

Trichogin GA IV is a short‐length (10‐amino acid long), mostly hydrophobic, peptaibiotic with an N‐terminal fatty acyl chain and a C‐terminal 1,2‐amino alcohol. A cardinal role of the terminal moieties in the cytotoxic activity of trichogin has been recently found. Previously, peptide orientation and dynamics of trichogin analogs in the membrane were studied using methyl ester derivatives. Therefore, in the present work we synthesized several trichogin analogs with naturally occurring terminal groups to verify whether these moieties have any effect on peptide‐membrane interaction. These trichogin analogs, both neutral and carrying a positively charged Lys residue, bear the nitroxide‐containing α‐amino acid TOAC to study them using EPR spectroscopy. Vesicles were used to investigate orientation and penetration depth of the peptide at room temperature. Bicelles were employed to evaluate the order, dynamics, and orientation of the peptide at a near physiological temperature. In addition, the position of the N‐terminal 1‐octanoyl chain in the membrane was studied by labeling it with a nitroxide. The secondary structure of the peptides in vesicles was studied by CD spectroscopy showing that they adopt a mostly α‐helical structure. In vesicles, the analogs insert below the lipid headgroups with the helix axis oriented parallel to the membrane surface at a peptide‐to‐lipid (P:L) ratio of 1:100. The presence of the single, positively charged Lys residue does not alter the orientation adopted by the peptides. In bicelles at P:L ratios 1:100 and 1:60, the peptide adopts a transmembrane orientation characterized by a very low orientational order, whereas at a 1:15 P:L ratio it severely disrupts the membrane. Our data shows that overall orientation and insertion in model membranes of the native trichogin GA IV are strictly comparable to those of its methyl ester analogs previously examined.
Characterization of residual tumours at the primary site in patients with a near pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer
Authors: Chao Y-K , Chang Y , Yeh C-J , Chang H-K , Tseng C-K , Chuang W-Y
Published: September 2016

Background

A ‘surgery as needed’ strategy has been proposed for patients with oesophageal cancer who truly achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). However, the ability to detect residual disease remains problematic. This study investigated the anatomical locations and pathological characteristics of residual cancer in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who achieved a near pCR following nCRT.

Methods

Patients with oesophageal SCC who achieved a near pCR after nCRT were eligible. Near pCR was defined as residual cancer in the resection specimen representing less than 10 per cent of the apparent original tumour area.

Results

Detailed histopathological reassessment of 76 consecutive patients (mean age 54·4 years) with a near pCR was undertaken. Some 32 patients (42 per cent) with a near pCR had no detectable mucosal lesions. Residual tumour was identified most frequently in the submucosal layer (54, 71 per cent), followed by the mucosa (44, 58 per cent), muscle layer (36, 47 per cent) and adventitia (22, 29 per cent) (P < 0·001). Among patients without ypT1a disease, increasing depth of tumour invasion correlated negatively with the likelihood of mucosal involvement. Of patients with ypT3 disease, 16 of 22 had no detectable cancer located in the mucosa, compared with six of 29 with ypT1b disease (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Better tools for predicting pCR are required before considering a ‘surgery as needed’ approach in the management of oesophageal cancer.
DNA Antenna Tile‐Associated Deoxyribozyme Sensor with Improved Sensitivity
Authors: Cox Amanda J. , Bengtson Hillary N. , Gerasimova Yulia V. , Rohde Kyle H. , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M.
Published: September 2016

Some natural enzymes increase the rate of diffusion‐limited reactions by facilitating substrate flow to their active sites. Inspired by this natural phenomenon, we developed a strategy for efficient substrate delivery to a deoxyribozyme (DZ) catalytic sensor. This resulted in a three‐ to fourfold increase in sensitivity and up to a ninefold improvement in the detection limit. The reported strategy can be used to enhance catalytic efficiency of diffusion‐limited enzymes and to improve sensitivity of enzyme‐based biosensors.
Dustiness Quantification of Powders by the Fractional Release Rate
Authors: Londershausen Tim , Schmidt Eberhard
Published: September 2016

The handling of dispersed solids may lead to undesirable release of dust particles. Size and quantity of the particles transferred into the gas with time depend on the binding and separating forces in the powder. These in turn are determined by characteristic parameters of the powder and of the process. Analogous to the well‐known “fractional collection efficiency” describing the dust separation, a newly defined “fractional release rate” to quantify the release of dust is introduced. The application is demonstrated by an example and the way to further development of this innovative approach is demonstrated.
Molecular Design Principles for Near‐Infrared Absorbing and Emitting Indolizine Dyes
Authors: Huckaba Aron J. , Yella Aswani , McNamara Louis E. , Steen April E. , Murphy J. Scott , Carpenter Casey A. , Puneky George D. , Hammer Nathan I. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Grätzel Michael , Delcamp Jared H.
Published: September 2016

Desirable components for dye‐sensitzed solar cell (DSC) sensitizers and fluorescent imaging dyes include strong donating building blocks coupled with well‐balanced acceptor functionalities for absorption beyond the visible range. We have evaluated the effects of increasing acceptor strengths and incorporation of dye morphology controlling groups on molar absorptivity and absorption breadth with indolizine donor‐based dyes. Indolizine‐based D–A and D–π–A sensitizers incorporating bis‐rhodanine, tricyanofuran (TCF), and cyanoacrylic acid functionalities were analyzed for performance in DSC devices. The TCF derivatives were also evaluated as near‐infrared (NIR)‐emissive materials with the AH25 emissions extending past 1000 nm.
Adsorption Behavior of Halogenated Anesthetic and Water Vapor on Cr‐Based MOF (MIL‐101) Adsorbent. Part I. Equilibrium and Breakthrough Characterizations
Authors: Hua Ye , Gargiulo Nicola , Peluso Antonio , Aprea Paolo , Eić Mladen , Caputo Domenico
Published: September 2016

A synthesized chromium‐based metal organic framework (Cr‐MOF) was used for the adsorption of halogenated anesthetics, i.e., sevoflurane (SF). Adsorption isotherm and breakthrough experiments involving SF (reference sorbate) and water vapor were measured at 298 K and atmospheric pressure on both Cr‐MOF and a commercially used reference adsorbent. The Cr‐MOF MIL‐101 showed a significantly higher SF adsorption capacity and much higher selectivity relative to water vapor compared to the reference adsorbent. Binary‐mixture breakthrough tests demonstrated a “roll‐up effect” for SF on the reference adsorbent while no such effect was observed on MIL‐101.
A Bayesian approach to estimate and model SINR in wireless networks
Authors: Riahi Manesh Mohsen , Kaabouch Naima , Reyes Hector , Hu Wen‐Chen
Published: September 2016

In wireless communications, the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) is important in spectrum management and link scheduling. In cognitive radio and ad hoc networks, where the spectrum is shared between nodes, the SINR is required to measure the outage probability and the level of accumulated interference on a specific node from other nodes sharing the same band. Several techniques have been proposed to estimate and statistically model the SINR. However, most of these techniques do not account for uncertainty in factors such as the number of nodes and their locations, the distance between nodes, the transmission powers, and the frequencies. In addition, these methods are not able to learn from and adapt to the changes of the network. Therefore, there is a need for models able to dynamically deal with the uncertainty affecting the SINR and provide a modular framework for its estimation. In this article, a Bayesian model is proposed to probabilistically model the SINR and describe how variables affect its probability distribution. Simulation results confirm the validity and robustness of the proposed method.
Extending bioacoustic monitoring of birds aloft through flight call localization with a three‐dimensional microphone array
Authors: Stepanian Phillip M. , Horton Kyle G. , Hille David C. , Wainwright Charlotte E. , Chilson Phillip B. , Kelly Jeffrey F.
Published: September 2016

Bioacoustic localization of bird vocalizations provides unattended observations of the location of calling individuals in many field applications. While this technique has been successful in monitoring terrestrial distributions of calling birds, no published study has applied these methods to migrating birds in flight. The value of nocturnal flight call recordings can increase with the addition of three‐dimensional position retrievals, which can be achieved with adjustments to existing localization techniques. Using the time difference of arrival method, we have developed a proof‐of‐concept acoustic microphone array that allows the three‐dimensional positioning of calls within the airspace. Our array consists of six microphones, mounted in pairs at the top and bottom of three 10‐m poles, arranged in an equilateral triangle with sides of 20 m. The microphone array was designed using readily available components and costs less than $2,000 USD to build and deploy. We validate this technique using a kite‐lofted GPS and speaker package, and obtain 60.1% of vertical retrievals within the accuracy of the GPS measurements (±5 m) and 80.4% of vertical retrievals within ±10 m. The mean Euclidian distance between the acoustic retrievals of flight calls and the GPS truth was 9.6 m. Identification and localization of nocturnal flight calls have the potential to provide species‐specific spatial characterizations of bird migration within the airspace. Even with the inexpensive equipment used in this trial, low‐altitude applications such as surveillance around wind farms or oil platforms can benefit from the three‐dimensional retrievals provided by this technique.
Beyond the single species climate envelope: a multifaceted approach to mapping climate change vulnerability
Authors: Balzotti Christopher S. , Kitchen Stanley G. , McCarthy Clinton
Published: September 2016

Federal land management agencies and conservation organizations have begun incorporating climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) as an important component in the management and conservation of landscapes. It is often a challenge to translate that knowledge into management plans and actions, even when research infers species risk. Predictive maps can improve current CCVAs and assist in quantifying and visualizing species climate change vulnerability across large areas. We assessed the climate change risk for Greater Sage‐Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage‐grouse) habitat at two spatial scales in Utah and Nevada. At the local scale, multiple species climate envelopes were evaluated with additional stressors (fire, conifer encroachment, invasive grass, and human impact) to create risk maps for mesic (Strawberry) and xeric (Sheeprock) sage‐grouse landscapes in Utah. Both landscapes were predicted to be at risk, but Sheeprock was found to be at higher risk due to future climate change implications coupled with additional habitat‐degrading stressors. By using models, we are able to integrate complex interactions, and visualize the distribution of risk across broad spatial scales, providing land managers and researchers a valuable tool for CCVA and action plans.
Influence of Resource Allocation in PV Technology Development of Japan on the World and Domestic PV Market
Authors: ENDO EIICHI
Published: September 2016

This paper analyzes influence of resource allocation in R&D of solar cells in Japan. First, it estimates solar cell price in Japan in the case resource allocation for R&D of crystalline silicon solar cells was not significantly reduced, but maintained almost constant level. For the projection, it does not use experience curve, but models technological progress, price reduction, of solar cell in Japan with a variable technology knowledge stock by excluding mass production effects. Second, solar cell prices in other countries are estimated based on their market share in the global solar cell production. The estimated solar cell price in Japan under the assumed resource allocation decreases by about 30% compared to the actual one and it, therefore, could be competitive to the estimated solar cell prices in China and Taiwan. In this case, Japan could maintain its top market share in the global solar cell production several years longer. Instead of the Japan's Feed‐in Tariff with subsidy, net‐metering without subsidy is enough for keeping almost the same internal rate of return of residential PV systems for new and existing houses. This paper will be helpful to cost‐effective R&D planning by a modeling and simulation approach.
Transient Electric Field Analysis in Consideration of the Electric Field Dependence of Resistivity in the Converter Transformer
Authors: TERAKURA TAKUMA , TAKANO KEI , YASUOKA TAKANORI , MORI SHIGEKAZU , HOSOKAWA OSAMU , IWABUCHI TAKASHI , CHIGIRI TAKASHI , YAMADA SHIN
Published: September 2016

In this paper, values of the electric field in the pressboard and oil during the polarity reversal test of the converter transformer were calculated with transient analysis. First, we confirmed the accuracy of the nonlinear analysis in the model test. Next, we carried out nonlinear transient electric field analysis for polarity reversal test of the converter transformer. In the results, when the applied time of dc voltage before the polarity reversal is 360 min, the values of the electric field of oil area are the same as when it is 90 min. Although, the electric field in the pressboard becomes higher in response to the applied time dc voltage, it does not cause a problem on the insulation. Because withstand voltage of pressboard is very high. In the results, the correlation between the applied time of dc voltage before the polarity reversal and the withstand voltage of transformer is considered low. This result can be applied to the design of the converter transformer.
Superior performance of N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide for diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure in an Asian compared with a Western setting
Authors: Ibrahim Irwani , Kuan Win Sen , Frampton Chris , Troughton Richard , Liew Oi Wah , Chong Jenny Pek Ching , Chan Siew Pang , Tan Li Ling , Lin Wei Qin , Pemberton Chris J. , Ooi Shirley Beng Suat , Richards A. Mark
Published: September 2016

Aims

This study was conducted to test the diagnostic performance of NT‐proBNP for discrimination of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) among breathless patients presenting in an Asian compared with a Western centre.

Methods and results

Patients with breathlessness were prospectively and contemporaneously recruited in Emergency Departments in Singapore and New Zealand (NZ). The diagnosis of ADHF was adjudicated by two clinician specialists. A total of 606 patients were recruited in Singapore and 500 in NZ. The discriminative power of NT‐proBNP for ADHF was superior in Singapore compared with NZ [area under the curve (AUC) 0.926 vs. 0.866; P = 0.012] both overall and among selected subgroups stratified according to age, renal function, body mass index, and presence or absence of AF or diabetes. Previously established cut‐off point values of plasma NT‐proBNP yielded comparable sensitivity and negative predictive values, but superior specificity and accuracy in Singapore compared with NZ. The difference in test performance was driven by the younger age (median age 56 years vs. 73 years; P < 0.001), associated with better renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate 89 vs. 62 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < 0.001), and lower prevalence of AF (9.7% vs. 25.7%; P < 0.001) in acutely breathless patients in Singapore.

Conclusion

Considering emerging evidence of a lower average age of presentation with ADHF over most of Asia compared with Western countries, NT‐proBNP is likely to be more accurate when applied in Asian centres than in the West.
Tumor‐secreted products repress B‐cell lymphopoiesis in a murine model of breast cancer
Authors: Moreau Joshua M. , Mielnik Michael , Berger Alexandra , Furlonger Caren , Paige Christopher J.
Published: September 2016

Growing cancers are known to modify immune responses through suppressive mechanisms manifested within the local tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence indicates that secreted tumor products can also influence on distant immunological compartments, including myelopoiesis in the bone marrow. However, it is unknown if a similar effect can occur to regulate B‐cell lymphopoiesis in breast cancer. Examining the MMTV‐PyMT murine model of breast cancer, we show a complete block in bone marrow B‐cell lymphopoiesis, which is dependent on tumor burden. We also observed an increase in the total number of splenic B cells and an elevated frequency of marginal zone B cells. By using in vitro assays of B‐cell lymphopoiesis, we show that tumor‐secreted molecules directly inhibit B‐cell progenitor proliferation and favor maturation. These data demonstrate a profound sensitivity of B‐cell lymphopoiesis to the accumulation of ectopically produced molecules during tumor growth in PyMT.
Growing the Molecular Architecture at Alkynyl(amino)carbene Ligands in Diiron µ‐Aminocarbyne Complexes
Authors: Marchetti Fabio , Zacchini Stefano , Zanotti Valerio
Published: September 2016

The diiron µ‐aminocarbyne imidoyl complexes [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(R)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C(C≡CR′)=NXyl}Cp2] [R = Xyl, R′ = Ph (1a);[1] R = Xyl, R′ = Tol (1b);[1] R = Me, R′ = Ph (1c); R = Me, R′ = SiMe3 (1d); Xyl = 2,6‐C6H3Me2, Tol = 4‐C6H4Me] have been prepared by the addition of lithium acetylides to precursors containing a terminal isocyanide ligand. The treatment of 1a–c with CF3SO3CH3 afforded the alkynyl(amino)carbene derivatives [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(R)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C(C≡CR′)N(Me)(Xyl)}Cp2][SO3CF3] [R = Me, R′ = Ph (2a); R = Xyl, R′ = Ph (2b); R = Xyl, R′ = Tol (2c)] in high yields. The reactions of 2b,c with CH3OH/NaBF4, NH2R and NaBH4 led to [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C(CH=C(Ph)OMe)N(Me)(Xyl)}Cp2][BF4] (3), [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C(CH=C(Tol)NHR)N(Me)(Xyl)}Cp2][SO3CF3] [R = Et (4a); R = Ph (4b)], and [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C(CH=CHTol)N(Me)(Xyl)}Cp2][SO3CF3] (5) in yields of 65–80 %. Complexes 3–5 were formed by the selective functionalization of the alkynyl group in 2b,c. Complex 2c reacted with NaCH(CN)2/CH2(CN)2 and NaCH(CO2Me)2 to yield [Fe2{µ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(µ‐CO)(CO){C{N(Me)(Xyl)}CH=C(Tol)C(CN)C(NH2)C(CN)2}Cp2] (6) and [Fe2{µ‐C(NXyl)C(C(Tol)=C(CO2Me)2)CN(Me)(Xyl)}(µ‐CO)2Cp2] (7) in yields of 65 and 60 %, respectively. All the products were purified by alumina chromatography, alumina being presumably involved in the formation of 3, and characterized by elemental analysis and IR and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2b, 3, 5, and 6 were ascertained by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Characterization of Ax[W6I14] as Key Compounds for Ligand‐Substituted A2[W6I8L6] Clusters
Authors: Hummel Thorsten , Ströbele Markus , Schmid Dominic , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Ax[W6I14] compounds with A = Na, K, Rb, or Cs are prepared from W3I12 and alkali iodides (AI). Crystal structures were solved and refined for Na[W6I14] and A2[W6I14] compounds with A = K, Rb and Cs on the basis of powder and single‐crystal XRD diffraction. All compounds behave stable in air and can be dissolved in polar organic solvents making them valuable precursors for long‐needed soluble octahedral [W6I8I6]2– cluster ions. Excitation and emission spectra of solid Na[W6I14] and Cs2[W6I14] are reported as reference systems for photophysically active A2[W6I8L6] compounds (L = inorganic or organic ligand), which can be developed therefrom, as demonstrated for Na2[W6I8(OCH3)6]·8(CH3OH).
CLICK 'n' Sleep: Light‐Switch Behavior of Triazole‐Containing Tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Braumüller Markus , Staniszewska Magdalena , Guthmuller Julien , Rau Sven
Published: September 2016

A set of RuII complexes incorporating triazole subunits are presented. They show a solvent‐dependent light‐switch effect. Theoretical calculations revealed the excited states involved in the emission process. The findings are highly important for future design of light‐switch sensors and suggest a severe restriction for functional photomolecular devices synthesized by CLICK chemistry.
A shortcut method for evaluation of protein deposition onto the membrane surface in crossflow ultrafiltration
Authors: Muca Renata , Piątkowski Wojciech , Antos Dorota
Published: September 2016

In this study, a procedure for quantifying the surface deposition of proteins in crossflow ultrafiltration has been developed. The procedure consists of determining the protein adsorption behavior onto the membrane surface from a few dynamic measurements performed in a nonfiltration and a filtration mode, and evaluating the concentration polarization (CP) layer thickness based on the adsorption data. To predict the interdependence between the protein adsorption and CP, a simplified mathematical model has been formulated. The model was used to assess the protein adsorption and thus yield reduction in the ultrafiltration process at different protein concentration in the solution. As a case study, ultrafiltration of aqueous solutions of BSA and lysozyme (LYZ) was examined on a polyethersulfone membrane with the molecular weight cutoff of 10 or 100 kDa. The protein concentration in the solutions varied within a relatively low concentration range, i.e. below 10 mg mL−1, characteristic for solvent exchange between sequential operations of protein purification by chromatography and extraction. Both proteins markedly differed in the mechanism of surface deposition; for BSA hydrophobic interactions were suggested to be dominant, whereas in case of LYZ electrostatic interactions contributed the most to the deposition mechanism. The effect of additives of the protein solutions, i.e. inorganic salts, PEG, and urea depended on the adsorption mechanism and was also specific for each protein. Nevertheless, the proposed procedure performed well in the evaluation of surface deposition and yield reduction, regardless of the protein type and its solvent environment.
Fiducial confidence limits and prediction limits for a gamma distribution: Censored and uncensored cases
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Kalimuthu , Wang Xiao
Published: September 2016

The problems of finding confidence limits for the mean and an upper percentile, and upper prediction limits for the mean of a future sample from a gamma distribution are considered. Simple methods based on cube root transformation and fiducial approach are proposed for constructing confidence limits and prediction limits when samples are uncensored or censored. Monte Carlo simulation studies indicate that the methods are accurate for estimating the mean and percentile and for predicting the mean of a future sample as long as the percentage of nondetects is not too large. Algorithms for computing confidence limits and prediction limits are provided. Necessary R programs for calculating confidence limits and prediction limits are also provided as a supplementary file. The methods are illustrated using some real uncesnored/censored environmental data sets.
Multi‐model Forecasts of the West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Spot Price
Authors: Ryan Laura , Whiting Bronwen
Published: September 2016

We measure the performance of multi‐model inference (MMI) forecasts compared to predictions made from a single model for crude oil prices. We forecast the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil spot prices using total OECD petroleum inventory levels, surplus production capacity, the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index and an implementation of a subset autoregression with exogenous variables (SARX). Coefficient and standard error estimates obtained from SARX determined by conditioning on a single ‘best model’ ignore model uncertainty and result in underestimated standard errors and overestimated coefficients. We find that the MMI forecast outperforms a single‐model forecast for both in‐ and out‐of‐sample datasets over a variety of statistical performance measures, and further find that weighting models according to the Bayesian information criterion generally yields superior results both in and out of sample when compared to the Akaike information criterion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increases in brain activity during social competition predict decreases in working memory performance and later recall
Authors: DiMenichi Brynne C. , Tricomi Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

In our fMRI experiment, participants completed a learning task in both a noncompetitive and a socially competitive learning environment. Despite reporting a preference for completing the task while competing, participants remembered significantly more during the task and later recalled more from the noncompetitive learning environment. Furthermore, during working memory maintenance, there was performance‐related deactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the precuneus/PCC. During feedback presentation, there was greater activation in the mPFC and the precuneus/PCC while competing. Differential activation in the precuneus/PCC predicted worse later recall for information learned competitively. Since previous research suggests that the mPFC is involved in social‐referencing, while the precuneus/PCC is implicated in off‐task thoughts, our results suggest that receiving feedback regarding competition produces more activation in brain regions implicated in social interaction, as well as task distraction. While competition may make a task more enjoyable, the goal of winning may distract from maximizing performance. Hum Brain Mapp 38:457–471, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phonetic detail and lateralization of reading‐related inner speech and of auditory and somatosensory feedback processing during overt reading
Authors: Kell Christian A. , Darquea Maritza , Behrens Marion , Cordani Lorenzo , Keller Christian , Fuchs Susanne
Published: September 2016

Phonetic detail and lateralization of inner speech during covert sentence reading as well as overt reading in 32 right‐handed healthy participants undergoing 3T fMRI were investigated. The number of voiceless and voiced consonants in the processed sentences was systematically varied. Participants listened to sentences, read them covertly, silently mouthed them while reading, and read them overtly. Condition comparisons allowed for the study of effects of externally versus self‐generated auditory input and of somatosensory feedback related to or independent of voicing. In every condition, increased voicing modulated bilateral voice‐selective regions in the superior temporal sulcus without any lateralization. The enhanced temporal modulation and/or higher spectral frequencies of sentences rich in voiceless consonants induced left‐lateralized activation of phonological regions in the posterior temporal lobe, regardless of condition. These results provide evidence that inner speech during reading codes detail as fine as consonant voicing. Our findings suggest that the fronto‐temporal internal loops underlying inner speech target different temporal regions. These regions differ in their sensitivity to inner or overt acoustic speech features. More slowly varying acoustic parameters are represented more anteriorly and bilaterally in the temporal lobe while quickly changing acoustic features are processed in more posterior left temporal cortices. Furthermore, processing of external auditory feedback during overt sentence reading was sensitive to consonant voicing only in the left superior temporal cortex. Voicing did not modulate left‐lateralized processing of somatosensory feedback during articulation or bilateral motor processing. This suggests voicing is primarily monitored in the auditory rather than in the somatosensory feedback channel. Hum Brain Mapp 38:493–508, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Financial Incentives, Targeting, and Utilization of Child Health Services: Experimental Evidence from Zambia
Authors: Fink Günther , Rockers Peter C.
Published: September 2016

To address untreated infections in children, routine health checkups have increasingly been incentivized as part of conditional cash transfer programs targeted at the poor. We conducted a field experiment in Zambia to assess the elasticity of demand for checkups as well as the associated health benefits. We find that relatively small incentives induce substantial increases in uptake among non‐farming households and households living farther away from clinics, but not among households in the top wealth quintile. These results suggest that small financial incentives may be an efficient way to target poor populations. However, given the weak socioeconomic gradient in infections observed, small incentives will miss a substantial fraction of exposed children. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lowering the Threshold for Feeling Mistreated: Perceived Overqualification Moderates the Effects of Perceived Age Discrimination on Job Withdrawal and Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Triana María del Carmen , Trzebiatowski Tiffany , Byun Seo‐Young
Published: September 2016

This study examines whether and how perceived overqualification affects the relationships between perceived age discrimination from one's supervisor and two outcome variables: job withdrawal and somatic symptoms. Using a paired sample (of employees and a paired participant who knew them well, N = 235 pairs), results show that employees who feel overqualified, compared to those who do not feel overqualified, react more negatively to perceived age discrimination by engaging in greater withdrawal behaviors and experiencing higher somatic symptoms. Findings extend both relative deprivation theory and the age discrimination literature by indicating that perceived overqualification is not only a trigger for relative deprivation, but also a factor that seems to lower an employee's threshold for tolerating discriminatory treatment. We conclude with a discussion on practical implications that incorporate strategies for reducing perceptions of age discrimination and overqualification. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.