bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rewriting History
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa
Published: November 2023

The victors of the Civil War quickly set in motion a reactionary project of appropriating and immobilizing Spain’s history in the service of the regime’s central ideological concerns: the maintenance of national unity, the promotion of the Catholic faith as the essential determinant of national identity, and the legitimization of authoritarian government as the necessary means of defending these ideals. Certain periods of history were celebrated as divinely ordained stages in a heroic imperial destiny, and selected heroes of the past (el Cid, Columbus, the Catholic Monarchs, the conquistadors) were used as the focus for ideals of Patria (Fatherland), Raza (Race), and Hispanidad (Hispanic universalism), often directly linked with the personality cult of the Caudillo or with Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera.
Keeping it in the Family
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa
Published: November 2023

A crucial component of the Francoist vision of an ordered, unified, and uniquely spiritual nation was the idealization of the family. For Catholics and conservatives, the traditional model of dominant, breadwinning father, submissive, nurturing mother, and numerous obedient children was the ‘natural’ foundation of Spanish society which had been threatened by the Republic and almost destroyed by a war that was blamed on the ‘Reds’. Millions of families had suffered loss by death and exile or had been torn apart by ideological differences. For hundreds of thousands of families the post-war years were overshadowed by absence, imprisonment, and persecution. For the victors, though, the family had now been restored to its rightful place in public and private life, connecting, as Helen Graham has observed, ‘vertically with the state rather than horizontally within society’ and thus reinforcing ‘the unity and power of the state’, in particular by ‘promoting [society’s] “privatization” or “atomization” based on the “haven” of the private household at whose centre was the “mother” ‘(Graham 1995: 184, 186–7).
Getting a Sense of Reality
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters have shown the extent to which the Francoist state sought to control ideas and promote a permanent culture of conservatism, and have discussed writings that contribute to this project alongside others that resist it. This chapter will relate these processes to particular forms of representation: ways of perceiving and constructing reality. An important implication of the regime’s insistence on authority, national destiny, and the supremacy of Catholic values was that ‘reality’ was not a category to be investigated or problematized, but to be defined and fixed by the authorities, directly through censorship and control of education and publishing, and indirectly through general pressure to conform to a conservative status quo. In such a context, the ideological implications of apparently purely formal questions come forcefully to the surface, sharpening aesthetic debates about realism, abstraction, and experimentalism.
Assembly
Authors: Loach Jennifer
Published: November 2023

When the monarch had decided to summon parliament, chancery was instructed to send out the necessary writs. These were of three kinds: writs of election, summons, and assistance. Although the secretaries of state were thus permitted to sit in the Upper House, they seem to have preferred election to the Commons to responding to the writ of assistance: writs of assistance were therefore, in practice, responsible for the appearance in the House of the legal element alone. The attorney-general and solicitor-general were perhaps the most important of those summoned by means of writs of assistance, although the solicitor-general in fact sometimes sat in the Lower House. Indeed, the solicitor-general Richard On slow was elected speaker of the House of Commons in I 566. A debate and a division took place before his election could be confirmed, but it was On slow himself who asked whether his oath of loyalty to the monarch as solicitor-general was compatible with his position as speaker. Edward Coke also served as solicitor-general and speaker in r 593. However, although exceptions were made in the early seventeenth century for Henry Hobart and Francis Bacon, the attorney-general was not expected to seek election as a member of the Lower House.
The Consolidation of Dominion: Illusion and Reality
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

Earlier historians whose framework of study was imperial history had little difficulty in seeing distinct phases in Indian history and marking clear dividing points in it. Their Eurocentric vision led them to chop up India’s experience into segments suggested by British politics, institutions, and decisions: for example, the gaining of empire, 1757-1818, or the subsequent ‘Age of Reform’ inaugurated by Lord Bentinck’s Governor-Generalship. But such clear periodization disappears when the observer shifts his focus to actual practice in India rather than proclaimed policy, whether the issue is the creation of a clear administrative system, the settlement of land rights and revenue obligations, or aspects of social reform. Nor does older periodization help if the historian’s main interest lies in the historical experience of India’s people in their own right, in Indian society’s own dynamics and resources, and in interaction between that society and western influences, rather than in attempting to discern any simple impact of imperial rulers and their policies.
The Dilemmas of Dominion
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

The half century between the suppression of revolt in 1857 and the First World War was arguably one of the most decisive in India’s history: a time critical for India’s emergence as Asia’s first democracy, with all its strengths and contradictions. It lacks the drama or towering personalities of the Mutiny or later nationalist movement, for Indian history in these years largely concerns the more mundane experiences of those, rulers and ruled, who lived and worked in the subcontinent. Both faced dilemmas posed by the new dominion. The new rulers faced problems generated by different and often conflicting interest groups among themselves-Whitehall in ambivalent relationship with Calcutta, British industrialists pressurizing the Government of India over its financial policies, expatriate planters and missionaries in uneasy political and social relationship with the civil and military officials who composed the raj’s ‘establishment’.
India in the 1940s: A Great Divide?
Authors: Brown Judith M
Published: November 2023

Indian public life in the 1940s was dominated by the Second World War, which affected the subcontinent far more closely and deeply than that of 1914-18, and by the escalation of communal hostilities which cost thou sands of lives and resulted in the country’s partition when the British withdrew in August 1947. Obviously a case can be made out that the decade was a great dividing line in the Indian experience, and that 1947 marked the end of an era. That year saw the end of the raj and the coming of the political independence India’s politicians had demanded for over half a century. This had major domestic consequences, but also far-reaching international effects. It heralded the obvious decline of British world influence and the contraction of the British empire, particularly in Africa where colonies lost much of their significance once they were no longer needed as guarantees of the routes to India.
Politics: Louis XIV
Authors: Doyle William
Published: November 2023

Although Louis XIV had been on the throne since 1643, come of age in 1651, and been crowned in 1654, in 1660 he was still a figurehead. No king had both reigned and ruled in France for half a century. Government under Louis XIII, and then his widow Anne of Austria, had been in the hands of energetic and insinuating cardinal-ministers. Mazarin, inseparable from the regent-queen, was even the young king’s godfather, and proved a genuine substitute for the royal parent he could scarcely remember. But the cardinal, though assiduous in initiating him into affairs of state, still took all the important decisions. And so it was this wily, acquisitive Italian adventurer who bequeathed to Louis XIV the issue that would dominate his entire reign: the Spanish Succession. Mazarin regarded the peace of the Pyrenees of 1659, which brought an end to twenty-four years of war against Spain, as the crowning achievement of his career. The peace was sealed the next year by the marriage of the king to the infanta Maria Theresa, thereby giving him and his heirs potential claims on the throne of Spain.
Power and Economic Constraints
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Differences in the richness of land, and in cultural inheritance, had many implications for the exercise of power. Rich land, permitting high productivity, together with high concentrations of population, offered exceptional opportunities for those in authority to extract both incomes from agriculture and large sums in tribute, taxes, or rents. These two conditions explain why the king of England was wealthier than the king of Scots and why even the greatest Scottish lords rarely enjoyed incomes above those of a middle-ranking English baron. The assessment of clerical incomes ordered by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290 permits assessments in all parts of Britain to be compared, and they show that the average ranged from£4.0 per square mile in England to £1.3 in Scotland and £0.9 in Wales.
Rural Settlement and Society
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Despite the expansion of urban settlement between 1050 and 1300, British population remained overwhelmingly rural. In 1300 at least four-fifths of the population of England lived in settlements with no urban attributes, and the proportion for all Britain and Ireland was higher. Just as the character of towns varied from London at the apex to regional towns and smaller market towns, so did the character of rural settlement, which varied in accordance with regional differences we have already examined. Larger settlements were more characteristic of extensive arable cultivation, and especially numerous in southern and midland England; small hamlets and isolated farms were more usual in the predominantly pastoral landscapes of uplands and areas remote from large urban markets.
Pasture Husbandry
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

The history of crop husbandry has long dominated the discussion about agrarian trends in the period 1050–1300, partly because surviving estate records from the thirteenth century onwards are more numerous from predominantly arable regions of Britain. In addition, the history of arable farming is more easily related to concerns about the demand for food and the history of population, and has contributed more to discussions about the relationship between population and resources. In debates about standards of living amongst the peasantry, pasture farming has finished up as a matter of residual interest, on the assumption that providing families with bread came first, and that only resources left over could be applied to supplying meat, dairy produce, or wool.
Lords and Tenants
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Between 1050 and 1300 most of Britain experienced at some time or other an unwelcome change from a native aristocracy to one imposed from outside. In England this occurred under William I following the Norman Conquest of 1066. As a result of rebellions by the English nobility the vast majority of lay estates were transferred to Normans. In Wales the elimination of a native aristocracy was less complete, but there was a heavy infiltration of Norman nobility in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, and again during the later thirteenth following Edward I of England’s conquest of Gwynedd in 1282–3. The landlord class in much of Ireland was similarly transformed after the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169–72. Scotland was not subjected to any comparable violent intrusion, but from 1124 onwards, under David I of Scotland and his successors, the introduction of Anglo-Norman and Flemish lords as feudal tenants of the crown alongside native landowners had something of the same effect.
Stability and Crisis
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Although the course of economic development between 1050 and 1300 is perceptible in broad outline, we can have little confidence, as we have seen, in measuring the perceived changes, and there is room for major difference of opinion concerning its welfare implications. For most of this period, none of our sources supplies the sort of continuous statistical data that are necessary to define economic trends. Some of the principal documentation used for this purpose in discussions of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—estate accounts, customs records—becomes abundant only from the 1270s. The chronological analysis of economic change for the twelfth and earlier thirteenth centuries can barely rise above the level of a sketch, and in this respect the period is less well understood than later centuries.
Arable Husbandry
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Of all areas of economic activity, arable husbandry was the one most severely disrupted by declining population during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and the one about which there is least disagreement among historians. Grain production peaked around 1300, but in many areas of Britain the arable acreage contracted after about 1315, as bread consumption declined following a run of disastrous famines in the years 1315–18 and the dire effects of warfare in Scotland, northern England, and Ireland. By this period, too, imports of grain from the Baltic may have had an independent effect on grain prices in eastern England, contributing to the price depression of 1337–44. This however was an effect of limited duration, soon swamped by the impact of the plunge in population and consumption levels that followed the Black Death of 1348–9.
Pastoral Husbandry
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

One of the main consequences of declining population for agriculture during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was a shift towards pastoral activity. Until the later thirteenth, although livestock husbandry had expanded, the most visible changes in the landscape in many parts of Britain had been the ploughing up of grass and heath, and the felling of woodlands to grow more crops. To this day there are many parts of Britain where thirteenth-century arable working is to be seen underlying the grass or heath to which it reverted in the context of declining crop production. There were various reasons for this later shift, which operated with different force in different locations. On the supply side, the increasing cost of wage labour after 1349 affected the pastoral sector significantly less than the arable sector because labour inputs constituted a lower fraction of the total costs of production.
Collective Activity in Traditional Law, 900-1140
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: November 2023

To start a study of medieval lay communities by considering the law that lay behind them may imply that law is to be looked on as an independent, autonomous cause of social cohesion. That is not what is implied here. Medieval law was not handed down to medieval society on stone tablets from Sinai or Rome or on wooden tablets from the forests of Germany. Whatever the ultimate origin of medieval ideas on custom and justice and the methods used to apply them, both the content and procedures of medieval law were continually shaped and reshaped—if belatedly—by economic, social, religious, and political forces. This continual reshaping was all the easier in the early middle ages, when so much of the law was unwritten and customary and was not the preserve of professional lawyers.
The Community of the Parish
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: November 2023

It is tempting to take the community of the parish for granted as needing no explanation. If longevity is a sign of strength in local forms of community then medieval parishes were certainly strong. Parish churches may have been rebuilt or entirely demolished, but neither Reformation nor wars of religion shook the framework of parishes as such. In most of western Europe they steadily accumulated more duties over the centuries, and it was not until after 1800 that substantial changes were made in their boundaries. Even now parochialism is synonymous with localism and the parish pump remains the symbol of local concerns.
The wars of religion,1562-1598
Authors: Benedict Philip
Published: November 2023

When Catherine de Medici granted Protestantism legal toleration by the Edict of January 1562, she broke dramatically with the prior traditions of the French monarchy and made France the first Western European kingdom to grant legal recognition to two forms of Christianity at once. She also quickly learned that legislating religious co existence was far easier than making it work. Within three months, violent Catholic rejection of the legitimacy of toleration combined with Protestant hopes for the imminent triumph of their faith to plunge the country into the first of a deadly cycle of civil wars that would recur eight times over the next three decades. So frequent and gruesome were the massacres accompanying these conflicts, so searing the sieges, and so numerous the assassinations of leading political actors, that the events of the ‘time of religious troubles’ burned them selves into French and European historical memory for centuries to come.
Redrawing the lines of authority
Authors: Holt Mack P
Published: November 2023

The end of civil war in 1598 brought about by the Edict of Nantes guaranteed neither a sustained and lasting peace nor the certain restoration of the authority of the crown, much less the rise of an absolute monarchy. Although a more powerful French state with a much larger army and bureaucracy of civil servants did eventually emerge in the later seventeenth century, this process was by no means inevitable in 1598. What was most in the mind of Henry IV was recovery from the instability of the previous forty years, along with an abiding desire to strengthen royal institutions so that no future challenge to the crown like those of the Huguenots and the League during the religious wars could ever occur again.
Economy
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: November 2023

The second half of the twentieth century was a period of unparalleled growth in Europe which transformed the lives of its people almost beyond recognition. In 1950 many Europeans heated their houses with coal, cooled their food with ice, and relied on what we might euphemistically call rudimentary forms of indoor plumbing. Today their lives are eased by natural-gas furnaces, microwave ovens, and electronic gadgets that boggle the mind. Over the intervening years real gross domestic product per capita (what the output produced by the typical European will buy) more than tripled in the countries of the continent’s West and doubled in the countries of its East. The quality of life improved even more than these simple measures would imply. Hours worked per year declined by more than a third, permitting an enormous increase in leisure time. Life expectancy lengthened, reflecting improved living standards and advances in medical technology. Everything was not sweetness and light, of course. Unemployment worsened over the period, and with it feelings of alienation and insecurity. Tax burdens soared, leaving many Europeans feeling that they were supporting expensive government programmes from which they derived little benefit. But by any objective standard, the growth of the past half-century has left Europeans enormously better off today than half a century ago.
Upheaval and continuity, 1814 –1880
Authors: Pilbeam Pamela
Published: November 2023

The French are prisoners of the cascade of revolutions they have experienced since 1789. Nineteenth-century French revolutions are always interpreted as continuations of 1789. For French republican historians, most notably in recent years François Furet, repeated revolutions were stages in the emergence of a republican state. For socialists, revolutions were the consequence of the social and economic deprivation of the poor and would cease when, through reform or revolution, a more equal society was achieved.
State and religion
Authors: Kselman Thomas
Published: November 2023

In both the 1780s and the 1870s France was on the eve of seismic shifts in its religious landscape. In 1789 the French Revolution inaugurated a decade that saw the assertion of religious liberty as a basic right in Article 10 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Catholic Church assaulted by a republican state, and a series of liturgical experiments designed to sanctify the nation as a divine object. The consolidation of the Third Republic in the late 1870s was followed by a decade in which the French state passed laws that severely under- mined the power of the Catholic Church over education and family life.
Province and nation
Authors: Gildea Robert
Published: November 2023

The French nation was forged in the crucible of the French Revolution. It is commonly seen as a civic nation, defined subjectively by political will, rather than as a nation defined objectively by ethnicity, language, or religion. One of the tasks of this chapter will be to examine how valid this distinction is, or to what extent there were linguistic, ethnic, or indeed religious dimensions to French identity. The French nation is also generally considered to be unified and unimpeded by regional diversity.
Italy in the international system, 1900-1922
Authors: Row Thomas
Published: November 2023

Between 1900 and 1922 Italy pursued the foreign policies of a great power without always possessing the means to pursue them successfully. The aim of those policies was to assert the Kingdom’ s position in the state system as a power whose interests and status could not easily be ignored by the other, greater powers. Ruling a relatively new state and a comparatively backward one, the Italian elite was particularly sensitive to their country’ s place in the world. Foreign policy was not only influenced by systemic events, but by domestic politics as well. In the Italian case these were particularly important, for the sinews that bound the state and the monarchy to the broad social masses were particularly weak. The central event of this period was the First World War. Liberal Italy entered the conflict in order to strengthen itself. The war, however, undermined the Liberal system and ultimately set the stage for its destruction.
Literature
Authors: Woodhouse J R
Published: November 2023

In 1900 Italy had been united for some forty years. State education was still in its infancy (and not universally free), and illiteracy rates were amongst the highest in Western Europe, though the Coppino Education Act of 1877 had made attendance at school obligatory for children over 6, and one effect of this had been to reduce the percentage of illiterates from 78 per cent in 1861 to under 50 per cent by 1910. Italy’ s great centuries-old literary culture still remained the inevitable preserve of the urban middle classes, while the majority of its people depended for their livelihood on traditional rural industries. Literary Italian itself was a highly stylized medium, having little connection with the spoken language of the majority, much less with the dialects which most Italians spoke and which were systematically collected and studied as anthropological curiosities by regional academics.
Social and political thought, 1890-1945
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: November 2023

‘ We don’ t like Italy as it is today.’ As the intellectual entrepreneur Giuseppe Prezzolini observed, Giovanni Amendola’ s pithy remark of 1910 summed up the sentiments of a whole generation of social and political thinkers. Despite their very different methodological and ideological perspectives, they agreed to a remarkable degree that the unified Italy had not realized the hopes and aspirations of the Risorgimento period. At its best, the resulting disillusionment produced an incisive if invariably polemical critique of Italian political institutions that not only unmasked the divide separating the ‘ legal’ from the ‘ real’ Italy but also served to deepen the analysis of liberal democratic systems more generally. At its worst, this dissatisfaction produced a nihilistic and cynical antagonism to most features of modern societies, combined with a dismissive contempt for the concerns of ordinary people.
How to Argue: Logic
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Logic is the discipline that sorts out good arguments from bad arguments. Aristotle claimed to be its founder, and his claim is no idle boast. Of course, human beings had been arguing, and detecting fallacies in other people’s arguments, since human society began; as John Locke said, ‘God did not make men barely two legged and leave it to Aristotle to make them rational.’ None the less, it is to Aristotle that we owe the Worst formal study of argumentative reasoning. But here as elsewhere, there is Worst of all a debt to Plato to be acknowledged. Following the lead of Protagoras, Plato made important distinctions between parts of speech, distinctions that form part of the basis on which logic is built. In the Sophist he introduces a distinction between nouns and verbs, verbs being signs of actions, and names being signs of the agents of those actions. A sentence, he insists, must consist of at least one noun and at least one verb: two nouns in succession, or two verbs in succession, will never make a sentence. ‘Walks runs’ is not a sentence, nor is ‘Lion stag’. The simplest kind of sentence will be something like ‘A man learns’ or ‘Theaetetus flies’, and only something with this kind of structure can be true or false (Sph. 262a–263b).
What There Is: Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

The central topic of metaphysics is ontology: the study of Being. The word ‘ontology’ derives from the Greek word ‘on’ (in the plural ‘onta’), which is the present participle of ‘einai’, the verb ‘to be’. In Greek, as in English, a definite article can be placed in front of a participle to mark out a class of people or things: as when we talk of the living or of the dying, meaning all the people who are now living or all the people who are now dying. The founder of ontology was Parmenides, and he defined his topic by placing the definite article ‘to’ in front of the participle ‘on’. ‘To on’, literally ‘the being’, on the model of ‘the living’, means: all that is. It is customary to translate the expression into English as ‘Being’ with an initial capital. Without a capital, the English word ‘being’ has, in philosophy, two uses, one corresponding to the Greek participle and one to the Greek infinitive. A being, we can say, using the participle, is an individual that is; whereas being (using the verbal noun) is, as it were, what any individual being is engaged in. The totality of individual beings make up Being.
How to Live: Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Among the sayings attributed to the earliest Greek philosophers, many have a moral content. Thales, for instance, is credited with an early version of ‘Do as you would be done by’: asked how we could best live, he replied, ‘if we do not ourselves do what we blame others for doing’. In more ambiguous vein, when asked by an adulterer if he should swear he was innocent, he replied, ‘Well, perjury is no worse than adultery’ (D.L. 1. 37). Oracular utterances of a similar kind are to be found in Heraclitus: ‘It is not good for men to get all they want’ (DK 22 B110); ‘a man’s character is his destiny’ (DK 22 B117). Other philosophers took stances on particular moral issues: thus Empedocles attacked meat-eating and animal sacrifice (DK 31 B128, 139). But it is not until Democritus that we find any sign of a philosopher with a moral system.
Life, Learning, Worlzs
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

On a narrow mountain spur high above the village of Roccasecca, the family’s home and fortress commanded a 360-degree view of mountain, hill, and valley; west to east across the wide plain below ran the ancient inland road from Rome to Naples. The place is about fifty-five miles north-west of Naples, a little closer to Naples than to Rome and was just inside the Kingdom of Sicily and Naples.
Subject-Matter and Method
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

There are points in his work where Aquinas has a special opportunity to say just what he thinks a theory of human action and society is about.
Fulfilment and Morality
Authors: Finnis John
Published: November 2023

There are many basic reasons for action. So how are they interrelated, ordered? Each directs one to a basic good which is intrinsically good for any human being. And each can be instantiated in indefinitely many ways in one’s own life and one’s own communities, as well as in the lives of other people and other communities. But one’s time and capacities, like those of even the wealthiest and most powerful community, are limited. So how is one to decide which instantiations to try to bring about by choice and action, whether individual or communal?
Aristotle’s Political World and Writings
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

To understand and assess Aristotle’s contributions to political thought, we must come to terms not only with the treatise whose political content is advertised by its title-the Politics (in Greek: Politik ōn)-but also with the work that bears the peculiar name, Nicomache ōn Ethics (Ethikon Nikomachei ōn). For Aristotle announces, at a very early point in that ethical treatise, that the subject he has chosen to examine-the good of human beings-is one that belongs to the science of politics (I.2 1094a27-8).
The Challenge of Semiotics
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: November 2023

In an influential discussion of the ‘place of language in human facts’, Ferdinand de Saussure set forth a vision of the science of semiology in which language, social institution’ as well as ‘a system of signs’, was given pre-eminent status: A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; it would be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology; I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeîon, ‘sign’). Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence, a place staked out in advance. Linguistics is only a part of the general science of semiology; the laws discovered by semiology will be applicable to linguistics, and the latter will circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of anthropological facts.
The History of Musical Canon
Authors: Weber William
Published: November 2023

One of the most fundamental transformations in Western musical culture has been the rise of a canon of great works from the past. At the end of the sixteenth century, it was unusual for music to remain in circulation for more than a generation; those works that did persist remained isolated from each other, or formed part of pedagogical traditions known by a small group of learned musicians. By the end of the nineteenth century, old music had moved from the musician’s study to the concert-hall: it had become established in repertories throughout concert life, dominating many programmes, and was legitimated in critical and ideological terms in which the society as a whole participated.
The Impact and Ethics of Musical Scholarship
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman
Published: November 2023

If the discussion of music in context has become an increasingly important part of the musicological conversation in the late twentieth century, discourse about the broader implications of musicological research emphatically has not. This chapter will deal with the potential impact of music scholarship outside academia and, in particular, upon its ostensible subjects. Though instances of such impact may be infrequent, I will suggest that they raise a host of important ethical and practical issues both during the research process and afterwards.
A Cornford Cycle
Authors: Hugh-Jones Elaine
Published: November 2023

A consummate song-writer, and one of the most rewarding ‘discoveries’ of Volume 1, Elaine Hugh-Jones has confined herself almost entirely to the medium of voice and piano. Her zest for composing and a natural gift for communicating show in all her work. Many years as a professional accompanist have given her special insight into the practical aspects of the singer’s art, and a superb ear and meticulous craftsmanship combine to produce music that is as pleasurable to sing as it is to listen to.
Songs from Letters
Authors: Larsen Libby
Published: November 2023

The work of the American composer Libby Larsen has recently received considerable attention, and it is a pleasure to recommend this most engaging cycle, which is sure to prove attractive to audiences and performers. Her music demonstrates clarity and assurance, combined with flair and imagination. A forthright, highly accessible style is flexible enough to allow for a sensitive response to words, and a close identification and sympathy with the emotional world of her chosen subjects. Not surprisingly she is particularly strong in portraying the woman’s point of view, and is a persuasive advocate of a broader understanding of the conflict between work and family duties.
The Palatine Coast, Op. 21
Authors: Stevens Bernard
Published: November 2023

The late Bernard Stevens is an example of a composer of great distinction and integrity whose work has been badly neglected. He was also a most valuable influence as a teacher of composition, and his music is an authoritative and memorable contribution to the British heritage. These songs, written for Sophie Wyss, would suit soprano or tenor equally well. The musical idiom is fairly conventional, containing unmistakable stylistic features of early twentieth-century English Romanticism, yet with its own pungent flavour and an unusually strong sense of pulse.
Her days shall pass
Authors: Anderson Avril
Published: November 2023

Avril Anderson and her husband David Sutton Anderson have made a lively and enterprising contribution to British musical life in recent years. Their consistency and integrity have won them much admiration amongst the new music cognoscenti. Not only have they created a stimulating body of individual work, but they have also devoted considerable energy to promoting other composers of like mind. Avril Anderson’s output contains quite a number of vocal works, including an opera Edward II (1976) as yet unperformed, and, more recently, she has become involved with the re-creation of traditional Sephardic music for voice and guitar.
Five Songs of Crazy Jane
Authors: Aston Peter
Published: November 2023

An invigorating and thoroughly enjoyable showpiece, with strong elements of folksong, in elaborated and extended form, this dramatic scena deserves to be much better known. Audiences always respond most warmly to its strong-flavoured immediacy. Peter Aston has special experience in working with singers, especially in the field of choral music, and his understanding of the voice is already clearly evident in this, his first acknowledged work. Singing unaccompanied always brings special problems, particularly that of maintaining clean intonation.
Requiem Sequence
Authors: McCabe John
Published: November 2023

This work, by one of our most versatile and gifted composers, also a superb pianist, was written in memory of Sir John Barbirolli and Alan Rawsthorne. It is simple in structure and highly practical to perform. As would be expected, the keyboard effects are particularly striking, and an ideal balance is achieved between a suitably liturgical atmosphere and the immediacy of impact in concert performance. An Italianized pronunciation of the Latin text, as most commonly used for concert purposes, is appropriate here.
Life Story
Authors: Adès Thomas
Published: November 2023

Of the younger generation of British composers, Thomas Ades has already gained a considerable reputation. His natural gifts and exceptional maturity make him an outstanding all-round musician, and his breadth of culture is an enormous asset. His vocal works so far demonstrate his fluency and his excellent ear. They may appear difficult at first: densely packed with detail in an atonal, mainstream idiom, but what may appear to be terrifying hurdles actually work in context. Rhythms seem complex but often turn out to be a refined form of written-out rubato, falling naturally with the inflections of declamatory speech.
Cycle for Declamation
Authors: Rainier Priaulx
Published: November 2023

This is quite simply one of the outstanding solo-voice works of the century. Written for and dedicated to that consummate artist, the late Peter Pears, it was an ideal vehicle for his unrivalled intensity and compelling presence. Such timeless and inspiring texts (from Donne’s Devotions) demand, and receive, music of the highest calibre. Rainier, a much-loved figure, originally from South Africa, but long resident in Britain, was justly revered by connoisseurs and those lucky enough to be her students, but, like others of her generation, did not really attain the wider international recognition she deserved.
Carte du tendre
Authors: Wilkins Caroline
Published: November 2023

The remarkably evocative and highly original work of the British composer Caroline Wilkins has already won her an international reputation. Currently resident in Germany, she is at home in both acoustic and electroacoustic music, at the cutting edge of modernism, and her work, beautifully heard, experiments with sonority and articulation in a most arresting way. A substantial period of residence in Australia has also broadened her perspective.
She is Asleep
Authors: Cage John
Published: November 2023

A hauntingly memorable and original work from this great and influential figure, who has been a source of inspiration for so many composers and performers in all branches of the arts. It has a hypnotic quality that focuses the audience’s attention from the outset. There is no doubt that the singer/ vocalist needs to be experienced and confident, with excellent powers of concentration and strong nerves. This is exactly the kind of music that can reveal hidden weaknesses in the middle of those voices that sound most impressive when singing strongly at the extremes of their range.
Four Late Poems and an Epigram of Rainer Maria Rilke
Authors: Knussen Oliver
Published: November 2023

The composer’s personal style and command of his medium are instantly recognizable. An idiom with strong elements of post-Viennese serialism provides the voice with graceful leaping lines, exhilarating and full of colour. A short refrain (the epigram: ‘Rose, oh pure contradiction’) stated at the beginning, is repeated exactly between Nos. 1 and 2, and appears in inverted form between 2 and 3. The dynamic range throughout is extraordinarily varied, and the many markings, including those indicating stresses and subtle shadings, demonstrate the composer’s aural refinement and awareness of syllabic detail, creating a memorable effect.
The Dynamics of Harmony Principles & Practice
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

This is a readable and imaginative book presenting, with infectious enthusiasm, a sensible simplification of the main processes of classical harmony in the Bach-Schubert period. George Pratt’s explanations of concepts such as 'real' and 'substitute' chords. of false distinctions between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ and of the simple basis of seemingly complex chromatic harmony enables readers to grasp the principles of harmonic progression, and to see most progressions as a form of ‘dominant-powered ’ movement. He focuses his study on Bach chorales, Mozart piano sonatas, and a Schubert song cycle, thereby providing depth, variety and a realistic sense of a context of ‘real music‘ to his explanations and to the exercises. But he also offers the reader an immediate invitation to apply the same principles to an immense range of musical literature from Monteverdi to Scott Joplin.
How the doctor finds out what is wrong
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

The medical consultation will include a detailed history of the potential symptoms of thyroid disease, past medical history, and family history of relevant diseases. In addition to the general physical examination, including weight, heart, lungs, abdomen, nervous system and muscles, all of which can be affected by thyroid disease, the focus will be on the findings in the neck and the eyes if there are symptoms.
Underactivity of the thyroid and its causes in adults
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

There are many causes of thyroid deficiency in the adult (see Chapter 14 for children and adolescents). Worldwide, the most common cause is probably lack of dietary iodine (p. 101). Deficiency of this essential element prevents the thyroid cells from obtaining enough raw material to make sufficient thyroid hormones and is usually associated with the development of a sizeable goitre.
Who should be tested for thyroid problems?
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G
Published: November 2023

It is desirable to detect any disease in its early stages, particularly when treatment is available which will benefit the affected person and forestall or improve the natural history of the condition. Screening is the identification of unrecognized disease by an investigation which can be rapidly performed to disitinguish apparently well persons who probably have a disease from those who probably do not. In general, screening is justified under the following conditions.
Arthur Hugh Clough and the Poetics of Dissent
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: November 2023

After the fierce political disputes of the 1840s, the American shadow presence began to manifest itself increasingly in English literature of the mid-Victorian period as a disruptive influence, an alternative centre of gravity. The burgeoning culture of the United States threatened to disturb both the imperial geography that would place foreign cultures in subordinate relation to Britain and the moralized forms of aesthetics that sought to equate such cartographies with a just and accurate portrayal of the world.
The Fascist Imaginary: Abstraction, Violence, and the Second World War
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: November 2023

In 1964, the American journalist Martha Gellhorn was sent by the Atlantic to investigate postwar conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany. She reported back that German adults ‘who knew Nazism and in their millions cheered and adored Hitler ... have performed a nationwide act of amnesia; no one individually had a thing to do with the Hitler regime and its horrors ‘.
Intimate Disciplines Archaeology, Literary Criticism, and the Traces of the Dead
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: November 2023

When asked about what I teach and study, I find myself naming things that do not exist. Early modern England. The age of Elizabeth. Edmund Spenser. William Shakespeare. To say that these do not exist is not to assert that they are fictions, but simply to acknowledge that they are gone. The Virgin Queen and her courtier poets, the brilliant playwright and his flourishing company, have vanished and have no being in this world.
Exhumation and Ethnic Conflict Colonial Archaeology from St Erkenwald to Spenser in Ireland
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1996, a human skeleton was recovered from the banks of the Columbia river in Kennewick, Washington. At first, the bones were judged to be those of an early European settler, on the basis of height and the elongated, ‘Caucasoid’ cranium. Yet a stone spear point embedded in the pelvic bone was of a type used thousands of years in the past. The results of carbon dating indicated that the skeleton was more than nine thousand years old. Word quickly spread that a ‘white man’ had walked in ancient Washington—a claim that was taken in some quarters to suggest that Native Americans might not be the real ‘natives’ after all. The request of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation that the bones be relinquished to them for reburial was resisted by a team of archaeologists who argued that the skeleton should be retained for further study. The long legal conflict that ensued was, for all concerned, about much more than the fate of Kennewick Man. It was, in the words of one of the archaeologists involved, ‘a battle over who controls America‘s past’.1
The Inner Temple and Literary London
Authors: Toomer G J
Published: November 2023

In the early seventeenth century the Inner Temple was far more than an assembly of aspiring law students and established lawyers. The Inns of Court were part of the nexus of literary London, with its flourishing culture of theatre, poetry, belles-lettres, music, and ‘antiquaries’. Many of the fellows themselves wrote poetry or plays, and the Inns would on occasion put on one of the elaborate masques which were a favourite form of entertainment for a select audience, including sometimes the court. Selden too had a part in this lively world. Most of the evidence for his participation comes from the decade 1610 to 1620, but we cannot doubt that it began soon after his entry to the Inner Temple.
The Resources for Scholarship in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Toomer G J
Published: November 2023

In order to evaluate Selden’s intellectual achievement properly, we must know something of the scholarly resources available to him. Fortunately we possess valuable clues to this, both in the thousands of citations of sources in his publications, and also in the records of the great library which he assembled over the course of his life, most of which survives today in the Bodleian Library. There is in fact a remarkably close correspondence between the two: well over 90 per cent of the texts and treatises to which he refers can be found in his library; and while the library, not surprisingly, contained many books and manuscripts to which he never refers, almost all are related to topics with which Selden was concerned at one time or another in his long career; that is, it was the library not of a collector but of a scholar.
‘Antiquarian’ Writings
Authors: Toomer G J
Published: November 2023

Selden is often described by contemporaries as an ‘antiquary’, and although that appellation included more than it does today (for instance, it would cover his publication of ancient inscriptions in Marmora Arundelliana), the main justification for it was undoubtedly Titles of Honor. Yet this, although a substantial work, covering 950 quarto pages in its second edition, is a small part of his œuvre, and the other opuscula which are gathered here under the heading ‘antiquarian’ are bagatelles. The reason for the persistence of this characterization is perhaps that Titles of Honor was the most popular of his books, and indeed the only one that most readers ever consulted.
The Social and Political Background to Selden’s Later Work
Authors: Toomer G J
Published: November 2023

Although this book is not concerned with Selden’s political career, some account of it, and of the relationships in which he was involved, is essential, if only to explain the genesis of certain of his works, most notably Mare Clausum, as well as some minor pieces such as Privileges of the Baronage. In the 1620s his social circumstances changed dramatically. Whereas his previous associations had been confined to the legal, antiquarian, and literary circles of London, he now became acquainted (and eventually familiar) with persons of wealth and influence, including members of the nobility. This change is symbolized by his participation in the parliaments of the 1620s, first as an assistant, but soon as an elected member.