bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic measurement for femoral varus in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation
Authors: Soparat C. , Wangdee C. , Chuthatep S. , Kalpravidh M.
Published: January 2012

Objectives: To measure radiographically the inclination angle (ICA), femoral varus angle (FVA), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), and mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) in Pomeranian dogs with and without medial patellar luxation (MPL).

Materials and methods: Stifles of 34 Pomeranian dogs were graded and allocated into three groups: normal, grades I-II MPL, and grade III MPL. Angle values were measured from craniocaudal radiographs of the hindlimbs by each of the three examiners on three separate occasions.

Results: Each of the three groups consisted of 15 stifles. Means ± SD for the ICA, FVA, aLDFA and mLDFA in the normal stifles were 136.46 ± 7.12°, 5.85 ± 3.18°, 95.21 ± 3.48° and 99.46 ± 4°, respectively. No significant differences (p >0.05) in the measured values for the ICA between groups were observed. The FVA, aLDFA and mLDFA values in grade III MPL group were significantly (p <0.05) greater than those in the other two groups. Significant differences in the three angles between the normal and grades I-II MPL groups were not observed.

Clinical significance: Significant change of distal femoral varus exists in Pomeranian dogs with grade III MPL.
Residual herniated disc material following hemilaminectomy in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease
Authors: Thomas M. , Weh J. M. , Bleedorn J. , Wells K. , Roach W. J.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To evaluate the presence of residual disc material within the vertebral canal following hemilaminectomy in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease.

Methods: Forty dogs were treated by hemilaminectomy. Computed tomography was performed preoperatively and immediately postoperatively. The vertebral canal height, width, area, and herniated disc material area were measured. Maximum filling percentage (MFP), residual disc percentage (RDP), maximum residual filling percentage (MRFP), and residual filling percentage (RFP) were calculated. Clinical outcome was determined by telephone interviews.

Results: Residual disc material was present in 100% of the dogs. Mean MFP = 55.4% (range 25.9–82.3%; median 56.9%). Mean RDP = 50.3% (range 2.6–155.8%; median 47.9%). Mean MRFP = 30.8% (range 4.9–60%; median 30.1%). Mean RFP = 19.8% (range 4.8–45%; median 19.0%). All dogs were ambulatory with voluntary urination at the long-term follow-up (range: 88–735 days).

Clinical significance: Residual disc was present in all dogs following hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disc disease. Residual disc was not associated with failure to achieve functional recovery in these cases.
Identification and development of polymorphic EST‐SSR markers by sequence alignment in pepper, Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae)
Authors: Kong Qiusheng , Zhang Guangping , Chen Wenchao , Zhang Zhuqing , Zou Xuexiao
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: The redundancies in expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the National Center for Biotechnology Information sequence database were used to identify and develop polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for pepper (Capsicum annuum).

• Methods and Results: Sixty‐eight polymorphic SSR loci were identified in the contigs (containing redundant ESTs) generated by assembling 118060 pepper ESTs from the public sequence database. Thirty‐three SSR markers exhibited polymorphism among 31 pepper varieties, with alleles per SSR marker ranging from two to six. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.28 and 0.39, respectively. There were 18 SSR markers with a motif repeat number of less than five, accounting for 55% of the total.

• Conclusions: We demonstrated the value of mining the redundant sequences in public sequence databases for the development of polymorphic SSR markers, which can be used for marker‐assisted breeding in pepper.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for two Caribbean Heliconia (Heliconiaceae: H. bihai and H. caribaea)
Authors: Gowda Vinita , Erickson David L. , Kress W. John
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed to characterize genetic variation and population subdivision in Heliconia bihai and H. caribaea from the Caribbean Islands.

• Methods and Results: A total of 13 new microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in the two Caribbean heliconias. Di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide repeats were identified with one to 17 alleles per locus, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.13 to 0.87. Additionally, cross‐species amplification was successful in eight out of 13 loci.

• Conclusions: The microsatellite loci developed have discriminatory potential to be used in genetic characterizations of Caribbean Heliconia. Both H. bihai and H. caribaea are known to have adaptive interactions with their hummingbird pollinators, and the characterized microsatellite markers will be used to study mating system, genetic structure, and phylogeographic patterns in Caribbean Heliconia.
Sud-Soudan : une indépendance semée d'embûches
Authors: Véron Jean-Bernard
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le 9 juillet 2011, le Sud-Soudan est devenu un État indépendant. Cette indépendance couronne la lente maturation d’un accord de paix, le Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), formalisé en janvier 2005, qui a mis un terme à deux longues périodes de guerres civiles, respectivement de 1955 à 1972, puis de 1983 à 2005. Ces dernières présentaient la particularité d’opposer non seulement le sud du pays au nord, mais également, à plusieurs reprises, différentes factions sudistes entre elles. Elles furent riches en interférences extérieures, notamment de pays de la région.
Partis politiques et élections de 2011 au Nigeria
Authors: Thiery Guillaume
Published: January 2012

Résumé Malgré une histoire électorale déjà longue, le Nigeria entretient encore aujourd’hui une relation périlleuse avec ses rendez-vous électoraux. Ces quatrièmes élections de l’actuel régime, organisée tout juste un an après la mort en exercice du président Yar’Adua, nécessite une contextualisation afin d’en saisir les principaux enjeux. Les questions autour de la campagne électorale sont abordées à travers l’exemple de l’Action Congress of Nigeria, devenu le premier parti d’opposition d’un pays qui n’a toujours pas connu d’alternance politique par la voie des urnes. Enfin, sont proposés des premiers éléments d’analyse des résultats de ces élections pour mieux saisir les changements et continuités que celles-ci ont apportés.
Violences électorales au cours de la IVe République nigériane
Authors: Albert Isaac Olawale
Published: January 2012

Résumé En 1999, le Nigeria a renoué avec la démocratie électorale après une période prolongée de pouvoir militaire 1 . Depuis, trois autres élections ont été organisées : en 2003, 2007 et 2011. Or ces élections s’accompagnent d’une escalade continue de violences. Celle de 2011 constituent cependant un intéressant paradoxe. Alors que la saison pré-électorale a été marquée par des formes inédites de tactiques de la terreur, les élections elles-mêmes ont été libres, équitables et sans violence. Mais immédiatement après l’élection présidentielle du 16 avril 2011, certaines parties du nord du Nigeria se sont embrasées pendant trois jours, faisant plusieurs centaines de victimes.
De l'abus endémique à l'exemplarité électorale ?
Authors: Enweremadu David U.
Published: January 2012

Résumé Après les élections très contestées de 2007, le président Goodluck Jonathan a entrepris de réformer le système électoral nigérian afin d’améliorer la crédibilité des élections d’avril 2011 1 . C’est ainsi qu’un comité des réformes a été installé, qu’une nouvelle équipe a été nommée à la tête de la Commission électorale nationale indépendante (Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC) et qu’une réorganisation partielle a été effectuée au sein des principales agences de sécurité. Cet article examine l’impact de ces réformes sur le déroulement des élections de 2011, en particulier sur les abus électoraux.
La Bible est-elle soluble dans les phylactères ?
Authors: Lesage Sylvain
Published: January 2012

Résumé Jusqu’au milieu du xx e  siècle, aux yeux des catholiques français, rien ne semble plus étranger l’un à l’autre que la Bible et la bande dessinée. Au texte sacré, tout semble opposer la bande dessinée, destinée alors aux enfants et fondée sur le divertissement. Pourtant, à partir de la deuxième moitié du xx e siècle, catholiques et protestants commencent à entrevoir les potentialités du médium pour renouveler le discours catéchétique. Cet article retrace la chronologie de ces appropriations de la Bible par la bande dessinée, ainsi que les contraintes spécifiques qui pèsent sur ces adaptations. Longtemps cantonnée aux hagiographies de saints et de missionnaires, la bande dessinée commence à s’emparer du texte biblique quand le renouvellement de la catéchèse rencontre l’explosion du marché éditorial. Il est frappant de constater que, malgré le poids de l’édition catholique – et une publication précoce d’histoires en images, ce sont les protestants qui sont allés le plus loin dans l’adaptation de la Bible aux contraintes de la bande dessinée, à travers le périodique Tournesol .
L'Église, les films et la naissance du consumérisme culturel en France
Authors: Leveratto Jean-Marc , Montebello Fabrice
Published: January 2012

Résumé Objet d’étude longtemps négligé par les sociologues et les historiens, le cinéma a surtout fait l’objet d’analyses filmiques qui ont négligé les études sur le public et, surtout, mésestimé le rôle joué par les spectateurs ordinaires dans la construction de la qualité cinématographique. L’organisation des consommateurs par des associations, des mouvement, des institutions ou des partis — avant-garde artistique, ciné-clubs, cercles de discussions, offices laïques, ligues de familles, syndicats et partis ouvriers, Église catholique – qui entendent peser directement et consciemment sur la production et la distribution cinématographique pour l’orienter dans un sens conforme à leurs intérêts, représente pourtant une dimension fondamentale de l’histoire du cinéma en France. Le dispositif d’identification systématique des films et d’évaluation de leur valeur morale, initiée par l’Église à la fin des années 1920 mérite une attention particulière. Les variations de ses prescriptions — en fonction des types de salles, des types de sorties (matinées, soirées, semaine ou week-end), des particularités régionales, religieuses et culturelles — et, surtout, son évolution significative – les prescriptions artistiques l’emportant progressivement sur les prescriptions morales — du fait des transformations sociales et de l’évolution des comportements cinématographiques, en font un terrain d’observation intéressant des outils d’expertise et de construction de la qualité cinématographique mobilisées par les spectateurs ordinaires. Le service rendu par ce dispositif et le savoir qu’il a permis d’accumuler ont préparé la création et la stabilisation d’une institution culturelle incontournable en France : la revue Télérama. Du fait de son caractère organisé et de sa pérennité, le dispositif créé par la Centrale catholique du Cinéma et de la Radio représente un cas unique de consumérisme cinématographique.
Jacques Ellul : une critique protestante des médias
Authors: Rognon Frédéric
Published: January 2012

Résumé La critique des médias que propose de Jacques Ellul (1912-1994) revient pour l’essentiel à rapprocher information et propagande, et à envisager les médias comme un vecteur de l’adaptation de l’homme à la société technicienne. Cet article s’efforce de discerner les présupposés théologiques de cette analyse, liés à une certaine compréhension de la foi et de l’espérance chrétiennes.
Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2010-2011
Authors: Shephard G. , Berthiller F. , Burdaspal P. , Crews C. , Jonker M. , Krska R. , MacDonald S. , Malone R. , Maragos C. , Sabino M. , Solfrizzo M. , Van Egmond H. , Whitaker T.
Published: January 2012

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011.
It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin,
trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite
much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional
methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over
the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to
analytical method development, this has been mentioned.
Teologías y teodiceas épicas. Estacio y la perspectiva ovidiana
Authors: Criado Cecilia
Published: January 2012

Desde hace ya unos años, la figura de Estacio está siendo objeto de una constante rehabilitación. Ello, sin embargo, no ha tenido como contrapartida una mejor comprensión del aparato divino de la Tebaida ni, concretamente, de las incoherencias (o indecisiones) en que Júpiter incurre a la hora de definir su relación con el fatum. Obviando el hecho de que el estatuto ontológico y teológico de Zeus-Júpiter es altamente inestable desde el momento fundacional del género épico, hay una tendencia clara a seguir apelando hoy día a la similitud que este padre de los dioses guarda con la Providencia estoica que, casi aporéticamente, semper paret, semel iussit (Sen., Dial. I 5.8.9). En el presente estudio, plantearemos como alternativa a esta perspectiva el estudio de ciertos pasajes de Ovidio y del Séneca pensador político, no teólogo. Veremos cómo el Júpiter estaciano guarda inopinadas similitudes con el ovidiano rector Olympi y con el senecano ciuitatis rector.
Verbos de movimiento virtual en griego antiguo
Authors: Jiménez Delgado José Miguel , Martínez Vázquez Rafael
Published: January 2012

El presente trabajo es un estudio de los verbos de movimiento empleados en las «construcciones de movimiento virtual» en griego antiguo. Los autores proponen que estas construcciones implican una proyección metafórica y estudian la incidencia de la metáfora en la construcción sintáctica y el empleo de las voces. Por otra parte, las referencias genérica y de estado asociadas a los verbos de movimiento virtual se explican a partir de su carácter descriptivo y el tipo textual descriptivo en que tienden a aparecer.
En torno a la presión fiscal sobre las aljamas de judíos de Tarragona. Del pago de subsidios a la contribución en «coronatges» y «maridatges»
Authors: Morelló Baget Jordi
Published: January 2012

Este artículo estudia el modo en que las aljamas de judíos del área de Tarragona hicieron frente a las demandas extraordinarias de la Corona a lo largo de los siglos XIV y XV . La pertenencia jurisdiccional (o no) de estas aljamas a la monarquía fue motivo de fricción entre esta y la mitra tarraconense, lo que no impidió su inserción dentro de la colecta de Barcelona en el período en el que se pusieron a punto los mecanismos necesarios para el reparto de las cargas fiscales. Se analizan dos etapas: una primera, que coincide con una intensificación de la presión fiscal vía subsidios, culminando a mediados del siglo XIV –con la emancipación de Tarragona de la colecta barcelonesa–, con el afloramiento de síntomas de agotamiento entre los miembros de ese colectivo (pese a que su contribución siguió siendo inferior a la de otras aljamas catalanas). Una segunda, entre finales del siglo XIV y hasta 1492, cuando tuvieron que hacer frente a otro tipo de demandas extraordinarias («coronatges» y «maridatges»), cuya contribución en el caso de la aljama de Tarragona se hizo por medio de cuotas rebajadas, en sintonía con un largo proceso de recuperación demográfica y económica. El artículo incluye otras consideraciones relativas a la fiscalidad interna de esas comunidades, en concreto, la percepción y forma de gestión de las sisas (impuestos indirectos) y su vinculación al pago de la deuda censal.
Anécdotas castellanas en escritura hebraica. Apuntes paremiológicos conservados en las anotaciones hebreas de Alfonso de Zamora (Ms. Leiden Or. 645)
Authors: Alonso Fontela Carlos
Published: January 2012

Este artículo estudia algunas notas manuscritas de Alfonso de Zamora en hebreo y en aljamía hebraico-castellana datadas hacia 1530, y procedentes del ms. Or. 645 (ol. Warner 65) de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de Leiden. Dichas notas contienen anécdotas, refranes y «cuentecillos», tales como las anécdotas «de fray Palomo», «de un portugués», y «de lo que dijo el gallego». Otras anotaciones de Zamora tratan de un trabajo de copia del Targum a los Profetas por encargo de la Universidad de Salamanca.
Últimas voluntades de judíos aragoneses formalizadas ante notarios cristianos de Huesca
Authors: Benedicto Gracia Eugenio
Published: January 2012

El autor presenta en este estudio la edición de varios documentos que contienen las últimas voluntades de diez judíos (cinco varones y cinco mujeres), nueve de Huesca y uno de Calatayud, fechados, excepto el primero, en las décadas centrales del siglo XV, y que fueron formalizados ante notarios cristianos. En la medida de lo posible se ha procurado esbozar un perfil biográfico de los testadores con ayuda de datos espigados de los protocolos notariales del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Huesca. Se incluyen una serie de consideraciones relacionadas con la vida económica y los vínculos familiares entre judíos y conversos, todo ello a partir de su reflejo en la documentación escrita.
Epithelial Cell-Intrinsic Notch Signaling Plays an Essential Role in the Maintenance of Gut Immune Homeostasis
Authors: Obata Yuuki , Takahashi Daisuke , Ebisawa Masashi , Kakiguchi Kisa , Yonemura Shigenobu , Jinnohara Toshi , Kanaya Takashi , Fujimura Yumiko , Ohmae Masumi , Hase Koji , Ohno Hiroshi
Published: January 2012

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) have important functions as the first line of defense against diverse microorganisms on the luminal surface. Impaired integrity of IEC has been implicated in increasing the risk for inflammatory disorders in the gut. Notch signaling plays a critical role in the maintenance of epithelial integrity by regulating the balance of secretory and absorptive cell lineages, and also by facilitating epithelial cell proliferation. We show in this article that mice harboring IEC-specific deletion of Rbpj (RBP-JΔIEC), a transcription factor that mediates signaling through Notch receptors, spontaneously develop chronic colitis characterized by the accumulation of Th17 cells in colonic lamina propria. Intestinal bacteria are responsible for the development of colitis, because their depletion with antibiotics prevented the development of colitis in RBP-JΔIEC mice. Furthermore, bacterial translocation was evident in the colonic mucosa of RBP-JΔIEC mice before the onset of colitis, suggesting attenuated epithelial barrier functions in these mice. Indeed, RBP-JΔIEC mice displayed increase in intestinal permeability after rectal administration of FITC-dextran. In addition to the defect in physical barrier, loss of Notch signaling led to arrest of epithelial cell turnover caused by downregulation of Hes1, a transcriptional repressor of p27Kip1 and p57Kip2. Thus, epithelial cell-intrinsic Notch signaling ensures integrity and homeostasis of IEC, and this mechanism is required for containment of intestinal inflammation.
A Developmentally Controlled Competitive STAT5–PU.1 DNA Binding Mechanism Regulates Activity of the Ig κE3′ Enhancer
Authors: Hodawadekar Suchita , Park Kyoungsook , Farrar Michael A. , Atchison Michael L.
Published: January 2012

Stage-specific rearrangement of Ig H and L chain genes poses an enigma because both processes use the same recombinatorial machinery, but the H chain locus is accessible at the pro-B cell stage, whereas the L chain loci become accessible at the pre-B cell stage. Transcription factor STAT5 is a positive-acting factor for rearrangement of distal VH genes, but attenuation of IL-7 signaling and loss of activated STAT5 at the pre-B cell stage corresponds with Igκ locus accessibility and rearrangement, suggesting that STAT5 plays an inhibitory role at this locus. Indeed, loss of IL-7 signaling correlates with increased activity at the Igκ intron enhancer. However, the κE3′ enhancer must also be regulated as this enhancer plays a role in Igκ rearrangement. We show in this study that STAT5 can repress κE3′ enhancer activity. We find that STAT5 binds to a site that overlaps the κE3′ PU.1 binding site. We observed reciprocal binding by STAT5 and PU.1 to the κE3′ enhancer in primary bone marrow cells, STAT5 and PU.1 retrovirally transduced pro-B cell lines, or embryonic stem cells induced to differentiate into B lineage cells. Binding by STAT5 corresponded with low occupancy of other enhancer binding proteins, whereas PU.1 binding corresponded with recruitment of IRF4 and E2A to the κE3′ enhancer. We also find that IRF4 expression can override the repressive activity of STAT5. We propose a novel PU.1/STAT5 displacement model during B cell development, and this, coupled with increased IRF4 and E2A activity, regulates κE3′ enhancer function.
Endogenous Regulatory T Cells Adhere in Inflamed Dermal Vessels via ICAM-1: Association with Regulation of Effector Leukocyte Adhesion
Authors: Deane James A. , Abeynaike Latasha D. , Norman M. Ursula , Wee Janet L. , Kitching A. Richard , Kubes Paul , Hickey Michael J.
Published: January 2012

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) must express appropriate skin-homing adhesion molecules to exert suppressive effects on dermal inflammation. However, the mechanisms whereby they control local inflammation remain unclear. In this study we used confocal intravital microscopy in wild-type and Foxp3-GFP mice to examine adhesion of effector T cells and Tregs in dermal venules. These experiments examined a two-challenge model of contact sensitivity (CS) in which Treg abundance in the skin progressively increases during the course of the response. Adhesion of CD4+ T cells increased during CS, peaking 8–24 h after an initial hapten challenge, and within 4 h of a second challenge. At these time points, 40% of adherent CD4+ T cells were Foxp3+ Tregs. CD4+ T cell adhesion was highly dependent on ICAM-1, and consistent with this finding, anti–ICAM-1 prevented Treg adhesion. Skin TGF-β levels were elevated in skin during both challenges, in parallel with Treg adhesion. In the two-challenge CS model, inhibition of ICAM-1 eliminated Treg adhesion, an effect associated with a significant increase in neutrophil adhesion. Similarly, total CD4+ T cell depletion caused an increase in adhesion of CD8+ T cells. Because Treg adhesion was restricted by both of these treatments, these experiments suggest that adherent Tregs can control adhesion of proinflammatory leukocytes in vivo. Moreover, the critical role of ICAM-1 in Treg adhesion provides a potential explanation for the exacerbation of inflammation reported in some studies of ICAM-1–deficient mice.
CD163-L1 Is an Endocytic Macrophage Protein Strongly Regulated by Mediators in the Inflammatory Response
Authors: Moeller Jesper B. , Nielsen Marianne J. , Reichhardt Martin P. , Schlosser Anders , Sorensen Grith L. , Nielsen Ole , Tornøe Ida , Grønlund Jørn , Nielsen Maria E. , Jørgensen Jan S. , Jensen Ole N. , Mollenhauer Jan , Moestrup Søren K. , Holmskov Uffe
Published: January 2012

CD163-L1 belongs to the group B scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins, where the CD163-L1 gene arose by duplication of the gene encoding the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 in late evolution. The current data demonstrate that CD163-L1 is highly expressed and colocalizes with CD163 on large subsets of macrophages, but in contrast to CD163 the expression is low or absent in monocytes and in alveolar macrophages, glia, and Kupffer cells. The expression of CD163-L1 increases when cultured monocytes are M-CSF stimulated to macrophages, and the expression is further increased by the acute-phase mediator IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 but is suppressed by the proinflammatory mediators IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, and LPS/IFN-γ. Furthermore, we show that CD163-L1 is an endocytic receptor, which internalizes independently of cross-linking through a clathrin-mediated pathway. Two cytoplasmic splice variants of CD163-L1 are differentially expressed and have different subcellular distribution patterns. Despite its many similarities to CD163, CD163-L1 does not possess measurable affinity for CD163 ligands such as the haptoglobin–hemoglobin complex or various bacteria. In conclusion, CD163-L1 exhibits similarity to CD163 in terms of structure and regulated expression in cultured monocytes but shows clear differences compared with the known CD163 ligand preferences and expression pattern in the pool of tissue macrophages. We postulate that CD163-L1 functions as a scavenger receptor for one or several ligands that might have a role in resolution of inflammation.
Compartment Syndrome Obscured by Post-Operative Epidural Analgesia
Authors: Azam Md Quamar , Ali Mir Sadat , Al Ruwaili Majed , Al Sayed Hassan Noori
Published: January 2012

Compartment syndrome is an orthopedic emergency that require early recognition and urgent intervention to avoid catastrophic complications. High index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis based on a constellation of signs and symptoms that include pain out of proportion and worsened by passive stretching, altered sensorium and palpable tenseness. Any event thus, that masks pain, may lead to delay the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. We report here a case of polytrauma where post-operative analgesia was administered using epidural catheter, which obscured pain and lead to delay in recognition of compartment syndrome. Authors wish to share a lesson, learned at the expense of tragedy.
Assessment of some parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation in cloud and climate models
Authors: Curry J. A. , Khvorostyanov V. I.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Several different types of parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation for cloud and climate models have been developed over the past decades, ranging from empirically-derived expressions to parameterizations of ice crystal nucleation rates derived from theory, including the parameterization developed by the authors that includes simultaneous dependence on the temperature and saturation ratio, hereafter referred to as KC. Parameterizations schemes that address the deliquescence-heterogeneous-freezing (DHetF), which combines the modes of condensation freezing and immersion freezing, are assessed here in the context of thermodynamic constraints, laboratory measurements, and recent field measurements. It is shown that empirical schemes depending only on the ice saturation ratio or only on temperature can produce reasonable crystal concentrations, but ice crystal nucleation is thermodynamically prohibited in certain regions of the temperature-saturation ratio phase space. Some recent empirical parameterizations yield clouds that are almost entire liquid at temperatures as low as −35 °C in contrast to cloud climatology. Reasonable performance of the KC ice nucleation scheme is demonstrated by comparison with numerous data from several recent field campaigns, laboratory data, climatology of cloud phase-state. Several mis-applications of the KC parameterization that appeared recently in the literature are described and corrected. It is emphasized here that a correct application of the KC scheme requires integration of the individual nucleation rates over the measured size spectrum of ice nuclei that represent a fraction or several fractions of the environmental aerosol with specific ice nucleation properties. The concentration in these fractions can be substantially smaller than that of the total aerosol, but greater than the crystal concentration measured by an experimental device. Simulations with temperature-dependent active site area or with several IN fractions having different properties show that ice nucleation in the KC scheme occurs in a wide temperature range of 10–20 °C, which depends on IN properties. Simulation with a spectral bin model and correct application of KC scheme adequately describes ice nucleation via the DHetF mode and yields crystal concentrations and phase state close to those measured in the single-layer stratocumulus cloud observed in the Mixed Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE). An assessment of some deficiencies in current parcel modeling methods and cloud chamber observations and their impact on parameterization development and evaluation is provided.
Mixing of Asian mineral dust with anthropogenic pollutants and its impact on regional atmospheric environmental and oceanic biogeochemical cycles over East Asia: a model case study of a super-duststorm in March 2010
Authors: Li J. , Wang Z. , Zhuang G. , Luo G. , Sun Y. , Wang Q.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Mixing of Asian mineral dust with anthropogenic pollutants allows pollutants (e.g. sulfate and nitrate) to be transported over longer distances (e.g. to the northern Pacific, even to North America) along with dust particles. This mixing therefore affects the atmospheric and oceanic environment at local, regional and even continental scales. In this study, we used a three-dimensional regional chemical transport model (NAQPMS) to examine the degree of mixing between Asian mineral dust and anthropogenic pollutants in a super-duststorm event during 19–22 March 2010. Influences of the mixing processes on regional atmospheric environmental and oceanic biogeochemical cycles were also investigated. A comparison with measurements showed that the model reproduced well the trajectory of long-range dust transport, the vertical dust profile, and the chemical evolution of dust particles. We found that along-path mixing processes during the long-range transport of Asian dust led to increasingly polluted particles. As a result, ~60% of the sulfate and 70–95% of the nitrate in the downwind regions was derived from active mixing processes of minerals with pollutants sourced from the North China Plain and enhanced by transport over South China. This mixing had a significant impact on the regional-scale atmospheric composition and oceanic biogeochemical cycle. Surface HNO3, SO2 and O3 were decreased by up to 90%, 40% and 30%, respectively, due to the heterogeneous reactions on dust particles. Fe solubility rose from ~0.5% in the Gobi region to ~3–5% in the northwestern Pacific, resulting from oxidization of SO2 on dust particles. Total Fe(II) deposition in the ocean region of East Asia reached 327 tons during the 4-day dust event, and created a calculated primary productivity of ~520 mgC m−2 d−1 in the Kuril Islands, which can support almost 100% of the observed mean marine primary productivity in spring in this region (526 mgC m−2 d−1).
Comment on "Tropospheric temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery in the 21st century" by Hu et al. (2011)
Authors: Previdi M. , Polvani L. M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Stratospheric ozone recovery is expected to figure prominently in twenty-first century climate change. In a recent paper, Hu et al. (2011) argue that one impact of ozone recovery will be to enhance the warming of the surface-troposphere system produced by increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases; furthermore, this enhanced warming would be strongest in the Northern Hemisphere, which is surprising since previous studies have consistently shown the effects of stratospheric ozone changes to be most pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. Hu et al. (2011) base their claims largely on differences in the simulated temperature change between two groups of IPCC climate models, one group which included stratospheric ozone recovery in its twenty-first century simulations and a second group which did not. Both groups of models were forced with the same increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases according to the A1B emissions scenario. In the current work, we compare the surface temperature responses of the same two groups of models in a different experiment in which atmospheric CO2 was increased by 1% per year until doubling. We find remarkably similar differences in the simulated surface temperature change between the two sets of models as Hu et al. (2011) found for the A1B experiment, suggesting that the enhanced warming which they attribute to stratospheric ozone recovery is actually a reflection of different responses of the two model groups to greenhouse gas forcing.
A permanent aerosol layer at the tropical tropopause layer driven by the intertropical convergence zone
Authors: Bourgeois Q. , Bey I. , Stier P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We use observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite instrument and a global aerosol-climate model to document an aerosol layer that forms in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over the Southern Asian and Indian Ocean region. CALIOP observations suggest that the aerosol layer is present throughout the year and follows the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The layer is located at about 20° N during boreal summers and at about 15° S in boreal winters. The ECHAM5.5-HAM2 aerosol-climate model reproduces such an aerosol layer close to the TTL but overestimates the observed aerosol extinction. The mismatch between observed and simulated aerosols extinction are discussed in terms of uncertainties related to CALIOP and possible problems in the model. Sensitivity model simulations indicate that (i) sulfate particles resulting from SO2 and DMS oxidation are the main contributors to the mean aerosol extinction in the layer throughout the year, and (ii) transport of sulfate precursors by convection followed by nucleation is responsible for the formation of the aerosol layer. The reflection of shortwave radiations by aerosols in the TTL may be negligible, however, cloud droplets formed by these aerosols may reflect about 6 W m−2 back to space. Overall, this study provides new insights in term of composition of the tropical upper troposphere.
Estimating aerosol emissions by assimilating observed aerosol optical depth in a global aerosol model
Authors: Huneeus N. , Chevallier F. , Boucher O.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. This study estimates the emission fluxes of a range of aerosol species and aerosol precursor at the global scale. These fluxes are estimated by assimilating daily total and fine mode aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) into a global aerosol model of intermediate complexity. Monthly emissions are fitted homogenously for each species over a set of predefined regions. The performance of the assimilation is evaluated by comparing the AOD after assimilation against the MODIS observations and against independent observations. The system is effective in forcing the model towards the observations, for both total and fine mode AOD. Significant improvements for the root mean square error and correlation coefficient against both the assimilated and independent datasets are observed as well as a significant decrease in the mean bias against the assimilated observations. The assimilation is more efficient over land than over ocean. The impact of the assimilation of fine mode AOD over ocean demonstrates potential for further improvement by including fine mode AOD observations over continents. The Angström exponent is also improved in African, European and dusty stations. The estimated emission flux for black carbon is 14.5 Tg yr−1, 119 Tg yr−1 for organic matter, 17 Pg yr−1 for sea salt, 82.7 TgS yr−1 for SO2 and 1383 Tg yr−1 for desert dust. They represent a difference of +45%, +40%, +26%, +13% and −39% respectively, with respect to the a priori values. The initial errors attributed to the emission fluxes are reduced for all estimated species.
Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power
Authors: Kaiser J. W. , Heil A. , Andreae M. O. , Benedetti A. , Chubarova N. , Jones L. , Morcrette J.-J. , Razinger M. , Schultz M. G. , Suttie M. , van der Werf G. R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The Global Fire Assimilation System (GFASv1.0) calculates biomass burning emissions by assimilating Fire Radiative Power (FRP) observations from the MODIS instruments onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. It corrects for gaps in the observations, which are mostly due to cloud cover, and filters spurious FRP observations of volcanoes, gas flares and other industrial activity. The combustion rate is subsequently calculated with land cover-specific conversion factors. Emission factors for 40 gas-phase and aerosol trace species have been compiled from a literature survey. The corresponding daily emissions have been calculated on a global 0.5° × 0.5° grid from 2003 to the present. General consistency with the Global Fire Emission Database version 3.1 (GFED3.1) within its accuracy is achieved while maintaining the advantages of an FRP-based approach: GFASv1.0 makes use of the quantitative information on the combustion rate that is contained in the FRP observations, and it detects fires in real time at high spatial and temporal resolution. GFASv1.0 indicates omission errors in GFED3.1 due to undetected small fires. It also exhibits slightly longer fire seasons in South America and North Africa and a slightly shorter fire season in Southeast Asia. GFASv1.0 has already been used for atmospheric reactive gas simulations in an independent study, which found good agreement with atmospheric observations. We have performed simulations of the atmospheric aerosol distribution with and without the assimilation of MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD). They indicate that the emissions of particulate matter need to be boosted by a factor of 2–4 to reproduce the global distribution of organic matter and black carbon. This discrepancy is also evident in the comparison of previously published top-down and bottom-up estimates. For the time being, a global enhancement of the particulate matter emissions by 3.4 is recommended. Validation with independent AOD and PM10 observations recorded during the Russian fires in summer 2010 show that the global Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Change (MACC) aerosol model with GFASv1.0 aerosol emissions captures the smoke plume evolution well when organic matter and black carbon are enhanced by the recommended factor. In conjunction with the assimilation of MODIS AOD, the use of GFASv1.0 with enhanced emission factors quantitatively improves the forecast of the aerosol load near the surface sufficiently to allow air quality warnings with a lead time of up to four days.
Organic matter exudation by Emiliania huxleyi under simulated future ocean conditions
Authors: Borchard C. , Engel A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Emiliania huxleyi (strain B 92/11) was exposed to different growth, CO2 and temperature conditions in phosphorous controlled chemostats, to investigate effects on organic carbon exudation, and partitioning between the pools of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 14C incubation measurements for primary production (PP) and for extracellular release (ER) were performed. Chemical analysis included amount and composition of high molecular weight dissolved combined carbohydrates (>1 kDa, HMW-dCCHO), particulate combined carbohydrates (pCCHO) and the carbon content of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP-C). Applied CO2 and temperature conditions were 300, 550 and 900 μatm pCO2 at 14 °C, and additionally 900 μatm pCO2 at 18 °C simulating a greenhouse ocean scenario. A reduction in growth rate from μ =0.3 d−1 to μ =0.1 d−1 induced the most profound effect on the performance of E. huxleyi, relative to the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature. At μ =0.3 d−1, PP was significantly higher at elevated CO2 and temperature. DO14C production correlated to PO14C production in all cultures, resulting in similar percentages of extracellular release (DO14C/PP × 100; PER) of averaged 3.74 ± 0.94%. At μ =0.1 d−1, PO14C decreased significantly, while exudation of DO14C increased, thus leading to a stronger partitioning from the particulate to the dissolved pool. Maximum PER of 16.3 ± 2.3% were observed at μ =0.1 d−1 at greenhouse conditions. Concentrations of HMW-dCCHO and pCCHO were generally higher at μ =0.1 d−1 compared to μ =0.3 d−1. At μ =0.3 d−1, pCCHO concentration increased significantly along with elevated CO2 and temperature. Despite of high PER, the percentage of HMW-dCCHO was smallest at greenhouse conditions. However, highest TEP-formation was observed under greenhouse conditions, together with a pronounced increase in pCCHO concentration, suggesting a stronger partitioning of PP from DOC to POC by coagulation of exudates. Our results imply that greenhouse condition will enhance exudation processes in E. huxleyi and may affect organic carbon partitioning in the ocean due to an enhanced transfer of HMW-dCCHO to TEP by aggregation processes.
Possibility of titanium transportation within a mantle wedge: formation process of titanoclinohumite in Fujiwara dunite in Sanbagawa belt, Japan
Authors: Ishimaru S. , Arai S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Titinoclinohumite-bearing dunites from Fujiwara, the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of high-pressure type, Japan, were described to examine the possibility of Ti mobility during metasomatism within the mantle wedge. The Fujiwara dunite body and surrounding high-pressure Sanbagawa schists possibly form a subduction complex, and the dunites are a good analogue to the mantle wedge overlying the slab. The Fujiwara dunites are of deserpentinization origin; the deserpentinized olivine is high in Fo (up to 96) and low in NiO (0.2 to 0.3 wt %), and contains magnetite inclusions. Titanoclinohumites are associated with the deserpentinized olivine, as lamellar intergrowth or veinlets, up to 1 cm in width. Other metamorphic minerals include antigorite, brucite, chlorite, ilmenite, perovskite, Ti-rich ludwigite, and carbonates. The protolith of the Fujiwara dunite was partially serpentinized cumulative dunites from intra-plate magma, containing relatively low-Fo (85 to 86) olivines and TiO2-rich (up to 3 wt %) chromian spinels. The metamorphic olivines and titanoclinohumites contain micro-inclusions of methane (CH4) with or without serpentine and brucite. The source of Ti for titanoclinohumite was possibly the Ti-rich chromian spinel, but Ti was mobile through hydrocarbon-rich fluids, which were activated during the metamorphism. The hydrocarbons, of which remnants are carbonates and methane micro-inclusions, were derived from carbonaceous materials or bitumen, possibly incorporated in the precursory serpentinized and brecciated peridotite (= the protolith for the Fujiwara dunites) before subduction. Ti can be mobile in the mantle wedge if hydrocarbons are available from the subducted slab.
Contrast sensitivity and color perception with orange and yellow intraocular lenses
Authors: Muñoz Gonzalo , Belda-Salmerón Lurdes , Albarrán-Diego César , Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , Fernández-Porrero Antonio
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To evaluate contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and color vision after implantation of either orange or yellow-tinted intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Methods

Fifty-six eyes of 28 cataract patients who had bilateral implantation of orange-tinted (PC440Y Orange, Ophtec), yellow-tinted (AcrySof Natural SN60AT, Alcon), or clear (AcrySof SA60AT, Alcon) IOLs were examined. Six months postoperatively, monocular CSF under photopic and mesopic (with and without glare) conditions were measured using the Functional Visual Analyzer. Color discrimination was determined with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.

Results

Patients implanted with orange-tinted, yellow-tinted, or clear IOLs displayed similar CSF values, with no statistically significant differences at any spatial frequency (p>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in chromatic discrimination among the 3 groups of patients (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Orange or yellow blue-filtering IOL implantation is comparable to a clear IOL in terms of photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity or color discrimination.
Randomized, phase III study comparing osmoprotective carboxymethylcellulose with sodium hyaluronate in dry eye disease
Authors: Baudouin Christophe , Cochener Béatrice , Pisella Pierre-Jean , Girard Brigitte , Pouliquen Pascale , Cooper Hazel , Creuzot-Garcher Catherine
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To compare a treatment containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the osmoprotective (OsPr) compatible osmolytes erythritol, L-carnitine, and glycerin (OsPr-CMC) with a standard sodium hyaluronate (Na-HY) formulation in patients with dry eye disease.

Methods

This was a 3-month, phase III, noninferiority study. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive OsPr-CMC (OPTIVE®) or Na-HY (VISMED®). The primary efficacy outcome was the mean change from baseline in total ocular staining at day 35, scored using the 15-point Oxford scale. Noninferiority was assessed using the adjusted means. The secondary efficacy outcome was change in ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score from baseline to day 35. Other outcomes included tear osmolarity, Schirmer-I test score, OSDI, ease of use, patient acceptability, tolerability, and safety.

Results

A total of 82 patients were randomized. The primary efficacy analysis was per protocol (OsPr-CMC, n=37; Na-HY, n=29). OsPr-CMC was noninferior to Na-HY in terms of adjusted mean change (SE) in ocular staining score at day 35: −2.0 (0.33) with OsPr-CMC vs −1.7 (0.37) with Na-HY. Similar improvements were seen in tear osmolarity, Schirmer-I test score, OSDI, and ocular staining for OsPr-CMC and Na-HY. More patients treated with OsPr-CMC vs Na-HY liked using their eyedrops, reported that their eyes felt comfortable, and found the treatment easy to use. Both treatments were well tolerated, with no serious treatment-related adverse events.

Conclusions

Compared with Na-HY, OsPr-CMC was noninferior in terms of efficacy and safety, preferred by patients, and easier to use. Osmoprotection using OsPr-CMC therefore represents a viable option for dry eye disease management.
24-Hour variation of optical coherence tomography–measured retinal thickness in diabetic macular edema
Authors: Kotsidis Sokratis T. , Lake Simeon S. , Alexandridis Alexandros D. , Ziakas Nikolaos G. , Ekonomidis Panagiotis K.
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To investigate 24-hour variation in retinal thickness in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods

Fifty-three eyes of 53 diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema and central subfield thickness (CST) >225 μm, 36 eyes of 36 healthy individuals (normal controls), and 22 eyes of 22 diabetic patients without macular pathology (diabetic controls) underwent 5 OCT measurements at 7 AM, 10 AM, 3 PM, 8 PM, and 1 AM. Visual acuity, blood pressure, blood glucose, and body temperature were measured as well.

Results

The CST (p<0.0005), total macular volume (p<0.0005), and visual acuity (p<0.0005) showed significant variation in patients. The CST (450 μm at 7 AM) reached a minimum at 3 PM (absolute change of −49 μm, relative change of −17%) before increasing again. Thickening changes were higher in more thickened retinas (p<0.0005, p=0.024, absolute and relative change, respectively). Visual acuity was worse in the morning (0.38 logMAR) and improved to a maximum at 8 PM (0.30 logMAR) (p<0.0005). Blood pressure, blood glucose, and body temperature did not vary over time.

Conclusions

The 24-hour variation of retinal thickness is observed in a large proportion of patients with DME, with a decrease from morning to afternoon. Time of examination should be taken into account when managing such patients.