bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hebrews, the Catholic Epistles, and the Canon
Authors: Lockett Darian
Published: June 2024

This essay examines the process by which Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles acquired canonical status. Because most of these texts were considered antilegomena by Eusebius, the essay especially stresses that their reception into the New Testament canon was as part of larger canonical collections—Hebrews as part of the Pauline letter collection and the Catholic Epistles as a self-contained collection. For both Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles, the essay examines reception in the early church, appearance in early canon lists, and attestation in the early manuscript tradition, all of which constitute the evidence of canonization of these early Christian texts.
Hebrews and the Atonement
Authors: Moffitt David M.
Published: June 2024

Hebrews is often read as highlighting the death and exaltation of Jesus while downplaying or ignoring his resurrection. The event of Jesus’s crucifixion is assumed to be the sacrifice whereby he made atonement. When, therefore, the author says that Jesus passed through the heavens as high priest (Heb 4:14), appears now before the Father in the heavenly tabernacle, and offers himself there (Heb 9:24–26), this exaltation language tends to be interpreted as part of a metaphor that draws on the Jewish Day of Atonement in order to explain the soteriological significance of the historical event of Jesus’s death. Such an interpretation comes into question, however, if Jesus’s bodily resurrection is an important assumption for Hebrews’ larger argument about Jesus’s atoning work. Assuming the resurrection, Hebrews’ account of Jesus’s sacrifice and atoning work aligns more coherently with a Pentateuchal account of covenant and the process of Levitical sacrifice than modern interpreters have typically noticed. Jesus now serves in the heavenly holy of holies mediating and maintaining the new covenant by way of his ongoing high-priestly intercession for his people.
2 Peter and Jude
Authors: Williams Travis B.
Published: June 2024

While often overlooked in New Testament scholarship, 2 Peter and Jude provide unique insights into the world of early Christianity. This relative neglect is partly on account of their brevity and polemic-filled content, along with the oft-repeated claims that they reflect the emergence of early Catholicism. These pseudonymous epistles, which display an intertextual relationship, represent attempts to mediate theological conflict by polemicizing against their respective opponents. This essay addresses how the letters have been interpreted over the past few decades and details some of the more important interpretive disputes that have arisen. The point of departure is the publication of the groundbreaking commentary of Richard Bauckham, which marked a turning point in scholarship on 2 Peter and Jude and set the interpretive framework for most subsequent treatments. Within the study of Jude, recent interpreters have been divided over the outlook of the author’s opponents, the letter’s use of various source materials, and the identity of the group(s) to whom mercy is directed. As for the study of 2 Peter, the contested issues include the epistle’s relationship to the Apocalypse of Peter, the nature of the scoffers’ objections to the parousia, and the Petrine author’s strategy for responding to these arguments.
Galen’s Clinical Practice
Authors: Mattern Susan
Published: June 2024

Galen treated both urban and rural patients from a range of social classes. He was physician to the gladiators at Pergamum for four years. Later, from 169, he was employed as paid physician to the imperial household and prepared theriac for the emperor, but this was only a small part of his practice. He treated some patients in their homes, and house calls were part of his daily routine, but patients also came to his clinic at his house. Galen used a range of diagnostic techniques, including taking the pulse and examining bodily fluids. He treated patients with diet and regimen, drugs, surgery, and venesection but probably left most surgical procedures to specialists. He lost his most precious drug ingredients and most of his collection of drug recipes in the fire of 192 CE.
Galenic Medicine in South Asia
Authors: Speziale Fabrizio
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the transmission of Galenic medicine in South Asia, from the late medieval period onward. Moreover, it looks at the forms of adaptation of Galenic concepts and practice in the cultural landscape of South Asia and how the interaction with Hindu scholars and their medical knowledge shaped Galenic studies in this region. The chapter further discusses how, as a result of this interaction with the Indian environment, on the one hand, a number of Muslim Persian-speaking medical writers of the Galenic tradition assimilated into their texts concepts and materials drawn from the Ayurvedic medicine of their Hindu colleagues, and on the other hand, how many generations of Hindu physicians studied medical texts dealing with Galenic medicine through the learning of Persian and Urdu during the Early Modern and colonial periods.
Philosophy, Science, and Psychology
Authors: Singer P. N.
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the importance of philosophy to Galen’s work as a scientist and doctor in general and his views on the nature of the mind, or soul, in particular—a topic of underlying importance, in various ways, throughout his work. The first part of the chapter gives an overview of Galen’s engagement with philosophy as a discipline and of the specific significance of particular philosophers, texts, and discussions for distinct areas of Galen’s thought and writing—from logic, through causal and physical theory, to ethics and to the area of philosophy of mind and (in modern terms) psychology and neurology. The second part gives a focused discussion of the latter area, offering an analysis of Galen’s physiologically based theory of the “soul,” and in particular of the way in which it combines previous philosophical models with an anatomically based account in terms of brain function and the various capacities of the body
Galen on Women
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: June 2024

This chapter first provides a summary of Galen’s understanding of the female body in health and sickness and of the ways in which he considered it to be both the same as and different from the paradigmatic male body in terms of physiology, anatomy, and disease. An overview of Galen’s therapeutic interactions with women follows, encompassing the gendering of his curative approach in general and his accounts of treating female patients in particular. The main aim is to try to put Galen’s theory and practice into dialogue, to explore how far he delivered on his emphatic commitment to an integrated vision of the medical art across its different parts.
Techno-Economic Paradigms, Socio-Institutional Frameworks, and the Dynamics of Industries
Authors: Tylecote Andrew
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces the author’s intellectual (and institutional) journey in developing and applying the techno-economic paradigm (TEP) framework. This framework aims to understand the complex historical evolution of dominant technologies and the industries that have developed them and those that use them; respectively, the motive and carrier branches. The chapter focuses on how an emerging TEP interacts with existing institutional frameworks in the locations in which it emerges and to which it spreads, influencing the extent and speed at which it is adopted in different contexts, without a pre-determined outcome. The chapter explains these mechanisms using the long-dominant Fordist TEP, based on oil and petrochemicals as motive industries and automobiles as the main carrier branch. It then discusses how they have shaped the now widespread information and communications technology (ICT) paradigm and the emerging biotechnology TEP.
Why Aesthetics Matters in Mental Health
Authors: Poltrum Martin , Saito Yuriko , Musalek Michael , Galvin Kathleen , Fox Helena
Published: June 2024

This chapter highlights the importance of aesthetics in psychotherapy and psychiatry both as theories and practices. The long-held and widely practised integration of aesthetics into the promotion of mental health proves the power of the aesthetic to influence the well-being of humans and their communities. The realization that aesthetic experiences have a benefit and positive effects on life has always led psychotherapists and psychiatrists to give their treatment programs an aesthetic-therapeutic touch. The chapter explains that therapeutic practice gives rise to an aesthetic experience for both the patient and the therapist alike. It cites the necessity to choose and thematize aesthetic phenomena that are capable of arousing people’s spirits.
In the Air
Authors: Hollenbach Lisa
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines Pacifica Radio’s archive of feminist poetry from the 1970s and 1980s to show how interdisciplinary approaches from literary radio studies can open neglected histories of post-1945 American radio and culture. Taking Pacifica station WBAI-FM as a primary case study and drawing on archival recordings, program guides, and published histories, this chapter gives an overview of how the listener-supported Pacifica Radio network became a site for feminist media activism in the 1970s. It then turns to a close analysis of two archival WBAI broadcasts of poetry readings by Black lesbian feminist poets Audre Lorde and Pat Parker. By representing lyric forms of selfhood and collectivity that resist instantaneous and clear transmission, the poetics of Lorde and Parker point toward alternative ways of listening to the radio archive as a residual source for future auditory imaginaries.
Giving Voice or Creating a Spectacle?
Authors: Cwynar Christopher
Published: June 2024

This chapter builds on existing work concerning literary journalistic and personal narrative podcasting to advance understanding of the use of intimacy in popular factual narrative nonfiction entertainment podcasts. It identifies two forms of intimate content in many first-person narrative nonfiction podcasts: revealing or vulnerable moments on the part of story subjects and personal reflections on the action from narrator-protagonists. The chapter argues that the deployment of these forms of intimacy is emblematic of the way that first-person narrative nonfiction podcasts sometimes privilege the relationship between the narrator-protagonist and the listener at the expense of the subjects whose stories they are telling. The podcast Missing & Murdered is used as a case study of a program that evolved to modify the format for a more equitable approach that better fits its objectives and subject matter. The chapter suggests that this example is indicative of podcasting’s ongoing maturation as a medium.
The Strange Case of Topless Radio
Authors: Smith Jacob
Published: June 2024

Topless radio was the name given to a talk radio format of the early 1970s that focused exclusively on the topic of sex and featured only female callers. The topless format briefly became a national sensation before being driven from the airwaves by the Federal Communications Commission. The sex talk craze helps to understand industrial and aesthetic changes in US broadcasting during the postnetwork era, the role of radio in the history of the sexual revolution, the politics of talk radio style, and the gender dynamics of radio’s listening public. The examination of topless radio in this chapter draws on discourse in the popular and industry press, regulatory debates, and close attention to the textual dynamics of particular broadcasts preserved on long-playing phonograph records.
Kenyan Radio, Colonial Modernity, and Postcolonial Subjectivities
Authors: Ligaga Dina
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines postcolonial subjectivities to identify the significance of local voices and cultures in Kenyan radio history. Postcolonial subjectivities disrupt linear narratives emanating from colonial archives on radio that exclude productive discussions about the development of local radio cultures in Kenya. From archival listener responses and engagements with radio to radio drama read both in the context of state radio’s restrictions and, later, in the context of diversification, the chapter offers a general mapping of radio subjectivities through entanglements with local, everyday cultures in Kenya. Focusing on colonial radio stations in Kenya and then later postindependence broadcasters, the Voice of Kenya (1964–1989) and the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (1990–present), the chapter shows how radio’s relationship with state and colonial power is crucial to understanding its publics in Kenya.
The BBC and the Rise and Fall of the Empire Radio Feature, 1932–1966
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the “empire feature,” a distinctive element in British and Commonwealth international broadcasting from the 1930s to the 1960s. Empire features combined recorded and live “sounds”—“actualities”—from around the British Empire and Commonwealth and often included the voices of “ordinary” people. They were used to evoke a sense of imperial unity and to promote themes of social and economic progress. Typically broadcast on Christmas Day, Empire Day, national holidays, and great royal occasions, they offered a distinctive soundscape, attributable to the complex technical feat of linking sequences from around the world together in a single program, and to attempts to overcome the vagaries of shortwave transmission. Many empire features displayed a bias toward the white “British world” and only began to include African and Asian colonized voices and perspectives after the Second World War, and even then, only in carefully curated formats.
Confronting the Inaudible Past
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores methodological challenges to reconstructing sounds of radio programs for which no known recordings survive. Taking as its case study the nation’s first successful musical variety program, created in 1922 by film impresario Samuel Rothafel and broadcast from New York’s Capitol Theatre, the chapter uses archival documents to plug gaps in extant sound collections and recover otherwise lost sounds of US radio history. Pursuing an archaeological approach, it shows how producers adapted film and vaudeville techniques to cultivate presentational styles tailored to radio’s perceived sonic demands and capabilities. Offering a method extensible to other radio genres and time periods, this document-based approach proves equally useful for analyzing more recent forms of digital soundwork for which extant recordings may prove in similarly short supply.
For the Love of Radio
Authors: Birdsall Carolyn
Published: June 2024

This chapter seeks to establish a clearer understanding of how an affective attachment to radio broadcasting relates to efforts to keep or save it. It proposes the term radiophilia as a new conceptual tool that can help make sense of strong attachments to radio, whether in the practices of broadcast professionals or radio listeners, fans, and critics. The chapter reflects on how radiophilia is similar to or different from other concepts (e.g. cinephilia, audiophilia). The chapter then examines a particular case and explores the radiophilic desire underpinning efforts to preserve radio in institutional settings. Finally, it supplements its focus on institutional radio archiving by outlining preservation practices in domestic and informal settings, including fan and amateur collector communities. It seeks to make a contribution by introducing a new concept of radiophilia to radio, sound, and media studies, while emphasizing the significance of radio collecting for media audience and fan studies.
Native American Radio History and the Indians for Indians Program
Authors: Ortega Lina , Garrett-Davis Josh
Published: June 2024

Native American radio history stretches from the earliest years of the medium to various forms of audio broadcasting today. Throughout many historical and technological changes, Indigenous people have used radio in service of self-representation, promoting tribal sovereignty, and building intertribal communities. Some Native radio institutions have offered remarkable examples of community-rooted media practices, including listeners’ voices and responding to community needs. One of the earliest is Indians for Indians, first broadcast from Norman, Oklahoma, in 1941, created by Don Whistler, who was then principal chief of the Sac and Fox Tribe. This chapter focuses on Indians for Indians as a turning point in Native radio that pointed forward toward tribally owned stations and other media institutions that followed. The history of Native radio serves as a reminder that media is always rooted in material and cultural landscapes and offers examples that function responsibly in relation to those places and communities.
Isotope Research in Island and Coastal Archaeology
Authors: Kinaston Rebecca , Evans Jane , Laffoon Jason , Salazar Garcia Domingo C. , Bartelink Eric J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the intricate challenges of interpreting isotopic data for paleodiet and paleomobility studies in island and coastal regions. Isotope analyses have become indispensable for unraveling past lifeways, ranging from human diet and mobility to animal husbandry and subsistence practices. Notably, dietary studies extend beyond mere reconstructions, probing into broader biosocial, cultural, and political aspects of the past. In this chapter, the authors bring together global archaeological isotope specialists to present regional overviews and address the complexities associated with interpreting isotope data in island and coastal regions. They hope this chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers navigating similar environments and fosters an enhanced understanding of isotope science within the context of broader (bio)archaeological investigations.
The Books of Kings and Chronicles
Authors: Fulton Deirdre N.
Published: June 2024

The book of Chronicles contains material found in the Torah and Former Prophets. The most significant overlapping material is with Kings. The exact version of Kings that the Chronicler had shows variations from the Masoretic Text, Septuagint, or other extant textual traditions. Scholars debate the exact purpose of Chronicles in relationship to Kings, classifying it in a number of ways including midrash or exegesis, “Rewritten Bible,” “Rewritten Scripture,” mimesis, or imitatio. These suggestions understand Chronicles as a reframing of earlier Judahite monarchic traditions written for a postexilic audience. The Kings narrative is important to the composition of Chronicles and the Chroniclers’ freedom to make changes to the received tradition, particularly concerning the roles of Judahite kings, the northern kingdom of Israel, women, and the priests and Levites. These changes reveal the dependence of Chronicles on the general organization of Kings and a different historical and theological outlook on the events.
Theories of the Composition of the Books of Kings
Authors: Römer Thomas
Published: June 2024

This chapter surveys the scholarly discussion about the authorship and dating of the books of Kings. It begins with the debate about the books’ place in the “Enneateuch” (Pentateuch + Former Prophets). The chapter then addresses the watershed theory of Martin Noth about the Deuteronomistic History and then the subsequent proposals about its various redactional stages. Included in the chapter are treatments of the source materials available to the authors and editors and of the aggregation of prophetic stories, particularly those of Elijah and Elisha, in the work. The chapter blends an overview of the issues involved in this history of research with a proposal for resolving them.
Victorian Realisms in the Age of Global Trade
Authors: Valdez Jessica R.
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that Robert Fortune’s travel writings and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford (1851–1853) self-reflexively examine the role of global commodities in constructing the mundane, everyday life of 1850s novelistic realism. By tracing the genealogy of Chinese tea and other goods, Fortune’s A Journey to the Tea Countries (1852) renders the material histories of English everyday goods legible to his readers in a way that makes visible the global networks on which Cranford’s textured realism depends. Thus, the chapter argues that the Wardian case—an air-tight container used by Fortune to transport live plants by re-creating their environment in miniature—provides a useful metaphor for realism. Like the Wardian case, A Journey and Cranford transfer a realistic yet processed, imitative world in miniature to the reading public that simultaneously makes explicit its very constructedness. The metaphor of the Wardian case conveys the odd combination of self-reflexivity and internal contradiction of 1850s realisms: a consciousness of realism’s artificiality while still holding onto a desire for the authentic.
Embodied Realisms in Australian Aboriginal Art
Authors: Cameron Liz
Published: June 2024

Aboriginal art represents a profound manifestation of realism, embodiment, and truth-telling that starkly contrasts Eurocentric perceptions within Australian landscape paintings. This chapter explores the unique characteristics of Aboriginal art, highlighting its capacity to convey profound truths, preserve cultural knowledge, and embody the spiritual connection between people and place that extends beyond mere visual representation. Specifically, it aims to unravel the elements of cultural and spiritual realism in Aboriginal art while drawing on comparisons with Eurocentric artists to shed light on how culture shapes landscapes and influences society. Aboriginal artworks, shaped by embodiment and sensory connections to place and spirit, defy a simplistic osmotic or unmediated origin. Instead, the essence of Aboriginal “art” lies in its profound ability to embody meaning through socially ritualized intercultural exchange and transcultural dialogue.
Land Struggles and Working People
Authors: Franco Jennifer C. , Borras Saturnino M.
Published: June 2024

The dominant convention in critical agrarian studies, as well as among agrarian movements, is that struggles for land are best captured by the framework of agrarian reform that seeks to expropriate land from large private monopolies for redistribution to landless and near-landless working classes, with the aim of building a dynamic agricultural sector. This perspective originates in classical agrarian studies, which locates the land issue within the context of agriculture’s contribution to capitalist industrial development. This type of land struggle remains important today, but it does not fully capture the range of the land struggles of working people across rural and urban, agricultural and nonagricultural spaces and sectors. Recent decades have seen the fragmentation of working classes, as the ranks of those who combine various types of agricultural/nonagricultural, rural/urban livelihoods have vastly expanded. As a result, the land struggles of working people have become decentered from the classical treatment in relation to agriculture and capitalism. This chapter argues that land struggles of working people today are dispersed and multisited, polycentric in political leadership and power, and multiscalar, but this does not make them less important compared to their counterparts in the twentieth century. The current global conjuncture makes them profoundly important as they are.
Socioecological Relations in Land Politics
Authors: Montefrio Marvin Joseph F.
Published: June 2024

A political economy/ecology approach has been at the center of the critical scholarship on land politics. Given the multiple material and social dimensions of land, an analysis that accords attention to human and more-than-human relationalities would enrich positive and normative scholarly commitments to unpack the complexities of land politics. This chapter advocates for an assemblage perspective in land politics. An assemblage perspective would add layers of explanation and nuance to the political-economy dynamics of land issues, such as commodification, accumulation, adverse incorporation, social differentiation and marginalization, exclusion, and resistance. Moreover, an assemblage perspective could reveal emergent relations that expose fissures in structures of dominance, offering ways for us to (re)imagine emancipatory land politics.
Land and Geopolitics
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: June 2024

Enclosure is an enduring feature of capitalist development, yet its unevenness—some areas and populations endure far more than others—is inevitably a function of the historical versus emergent processes. But at what point does enclosure cross over into the geopolitical? This chapter outlines a conjunctural approach to land and geopolitics, using the global land rush as an entry point into land politics over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Beginning with the geopoliticization of the global land rush of the middle and late 2000s, and drawing on long-term fieldwork in Laos, the chapter locates the governing of enclosure at the nexus of domestic and international affairs. It draws heavily on the concept of micro-geopolitics, a term that gestures to the ways that contemporary processes of enclosure have become grounded in and shaped by earlier geopolitical conflicts, often in ways that reflect highly localized processes of state territorialization, colonial and postwar legacies, and legal pluralism. It also examines the explicitly (if often unrecognized) geopolitical dimensions of property itself, highlighting the global and historical trajectories of debates about land commodification and alienation that create today’s patchwork of legal formalization and, with it, the endurance of imperial and colonial legacies.
Contemporary Challenges and Future Perspectives of Structural Transformation in the Former Soviet Union and Its Satellites
Authors: Lombardozzi Lorena
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the contemporary outlook of selected cases within the former Soviet Union (FSU) and its satellite countries to shed light on the regional outlook for patterns of industrialization. It outlines how patterns of industrialization and deindustrialization are determined by historical processes but also shaped by context-specific geopolitical conditions related to domestic assets, institutions, and resource endowments that vary within the post-Soviet space. The chapter discusses the intersectorial and intrasectorial challenges of transformation, focusing also on viable opportunities and constraints determined by both domestic and international factors. It then explores the current strategies of economic cooperation in the region. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the political contradictions that FSU countries must confront to effectively implement a sustainable process of structural transformation. The chapter ultimately contributes to systematizing the relation between theories of transition and structural transformation.
Exchange Rate Dynamics across Post-Socialist Economies
Authors: Dąbrowski Marek
Published: June 2024

Exchange rate dynamics reflect a country’s exchange rate regime, which is part of a monetary policy regime and macroeconomic stability. This chapter analyzes exchange rate dynamics in 28 post-socialist economies (PSEs) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the former Soviet Union (FSU) by analyzing their monetary policy regimes (MPRs) and macroeconomic stabilization policies carried out immediately after the collapse of the economic system based on central planning and dominant role of a state (social) ownership in the early 1990s and in later stages of post-socialist transformation. Particular attention is given to the de facto MPRs (vs. the declared ones), and progress made in introducing the current-account and capital-account convertibility of PSE currencies. Another thread of an analysis concerns macroeconomic stability performance measured by cumulative consumer price and exchange rate changes in 1999–2022.
The Soviet Union’s Central Planning Model of the 1950s–1970s
Authors: Popov Vladimir
Published: June 2024

Overall, the Soviet Union’s record in maintaining economic growth and a high level of welfare indicators was quite spectacular, especially until the mid-1960s. The major strength of the centrally planned economies from the 1950s to the 1970s came from their ability to mobilize savings and to turn them into investment. After the Second World War the “big push” (industrialization) of the 1930s began to pay off—massive retirement of fixed capital stock had not yet started, so new investment could be used to alleviate inherent supply bottlenecks. By the 1970s, the drawbacks of the centrally planned economy (economic calculation problem) began to outweigh the advantages (such as the ability to mobilize savings for investment). This chapter argues that the planners influenced the development of the national economies, not so much via adopting the planned targets, but by choosing the priority investment projects. The financing of these projects spurred the other industries via a multiplier process that triggered either price increases or output increases, depending on the gap between the potential and actual output, very much as in a market economy.
A History of the Anatolian Kızılbaş-Alevis (c. 16th to Early 20th Century)
Authors: Karolewski Janina , Weineck Benjamin
Published: June 2024

This chapter outlines the history of the Anatolian Kızılbaş-Alevis between the 16th and 20th centuries. The Alevis are a religious community that makes up between 10 and 20 percent of the Turkish population today. Their religious norms and practices differ considerably from both Sunni and Shi‘a Islam, and they are not recognized as a religious minority in Turkey. The chapter critically engages with various narratives on the origins of Alevis and their persecution as ‚heretic‘ agents of the Safavid shahs on Ottoman territory. It also delves into the evolution and development of the Alevis’ religious norms and practices and their entangled history with neighboring communities. Historically being organized in holy lineages (ocaks) as well as (semi)nomadic tribal communities, the Alevis started to organize themselves in private organizations and cultural associations in their struggle for political recognition in the Republic of Turkey.
Contemporary Languages of Science and Islam in Turkey
Authors: Telliel Yunus Doğan
Published: June 2024

This article examines the rhetoric of science and religion in contemporary Turkey. It focuses on two major public debates among Muslims: one of them is on the Qur’an’s scientific exegesis and the other is on evolution and creationism. As “science” and “religion” are not stable categories in social life in Turkey, these debates are not simply about figuring out the proper relationship between the two. The article instead shows that these debates have helped translate new scientific ideas, idioms, and imageries into religious language. Thanks to these translations, contemporary arguments in Turkey’s science and religion debates are not always predetermined. They multiply and evolve, enabling new types of religious inquiries and imaginations, including, for instance, Qur’anic interpretations that align with evolutionary theories.
Machine Learning as a State-building Experiment
Authors: Hassan Yousif
Published: June 2024

New initiatives of machine learning (ML) have become sites of controversies about technoscience, innovation, and global inequalities in Africa. As part of the burgeoning area of artificial intelligence for development, ML is often framed as a technological answer to long-standing debates about development and modernization in African societies. This chapter examines the embedded assumptions and political imaginaries of Africa’s globally marginalized epistemic communities in understanding the social impact of ML in the continent. Looking at these debates through the analytical lens of sociotechnical imaginaries, decoloniality, and alternative modernities, the chapter argues for an understanding of ML as a state-building experiment in postcolonial Africa. From this perspective, this chapter begins to articulate a different theorization of sociotechnical practices of ML from a Majority World perspective. It also complements critical literature on the sociology of ML by integrating perspectives from science and technology studies and contemporary African studies.
Representation Matters
Authors: Melnick Dyer Alison
Published: June 2024

How a person or community is represented in text has important implications for their lived experience. Likewise, we can learn a lot about how people lived by reading the stories of their lives. This chapter provides an overview of the many ways that women are represented in—and have participated in the creation of—Tibetan life writing. It discusses the representations of historical women and female deities in life stories, and whether and how we can relate these to the lived experiences of Tibetan Buddhist women at different historical moments. It also describes the various ways that women have participated in the creation of life writing—including hagiography and auto/biography—as authors and interlocutors. The literary representations of Buddhist women and deities can inform how we understand the social expectations for and upon women at different moments in Tibetan history. Their presence in life writing can also be beneficial for parsing how women have harnessed their own agency as actors in the Tibetan religious world, as well as the struggles that have historically been unique to women’s experiences. In addition to an overview of women’s engagement with life writing, this chapter focuses on the case study of the Tibetan nun Mingyur Peldrön, her role in the creation of her hagiography, and what her life story can (and cannot) tell us about her lived experience and the experiences of other women in her community.
Classical Strategic Theory and the Link between Economics and Security
Authors: Lee James , Mahnken Thomas G. , Reddie Andrew W.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores why geoeconomics appears more often in some works in the strategic studies canon than it does in others. The chapter reflects on scholarship in both political science and international relations theory. It also notes that economic issues are included in the foundational works in the field. In particular, the authors argue that theorists who have focused on grand strategy in the industrial era, maritime and air power theorists, and scholars focused on competition have placed the greatest weight on the role of geography and economy in their work. It concludes with an outline of the chapters in this section, which are primarily focused upon the intersection of economic statecraft and national security concerns.
South Korea’s Perspectives on Geoeconomics
Authors: Lee Seungjoo
Published: June 2024

South Korea has pursued a unique economic statecraft to navigate domestic and international challenges, among them achieving economic growth, while addressing the constant security threats posed by the division of North and South Korea, structural conditions that run through the country’s geoeconomics. To do so, South Korea has focused on upgrading its industrial structure and promoting its defense industry. South Korea’s economic statecraft has faced a variety of challenges, including balancing the Republic of Korea (ROK)-US relationship between entrapment and abandonment, coping with periodic economic crises, and dealing with rising security threats such as North Korea’s nuclear weapons development. US-China strategic competition in the twenty-first century and the global COVID-19 pandemic have ushered in an age of hyper-uncertainty. In response to this economic coercion and the proliferation of industrial policies, South Korea is seeking to shift to an inclusive economic statecraft that uses advanced technology as a nexus between the economy and security, pursues technological sovereignty to reduce external dependence, and seeks cooperation with like-minded countries.
Deification in Macarius, Evagrius, and Dionysius
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the teaching on deification of (pseudo-) Macarius, Evagrius of Pontus, and (pseudo-) Dionysius the Areopagite. These three writers offer a detailed account of the highest stages of the spiritual life. Of the three, Macarius provides the richest and most robust teaching on deification, offering some essential theological underpinnings, arresting scriptural interpretation, striking imagery of divine fire and light, and sound advice born of his own spiritual experience. While eschewing the technical language of deification, Evagrius’ teaching on the highest stage of Christian life includes themes germane to deification, such as essential knowledge and the vision of divine light. Evagrius does, however, suggest a functionally pantheistic notion of the eschaton that would undermine the properly salutary nature of the Christian doctrine of deification. Dionysius’ intense focus on deification is associated especially with his teaching on hierarchy. Even in the heights of mystical union, however, human individuation is preserved.
Pietism, the Moravian Brethren, and the Wesleys
Authors: Castelo Daniel
Published: June 2024

This chapter highlights how Pietists, Moravians, and the Wesleys converge and diverge on the themes of deification and participation. A convergence point would be their shared language of “heart religion” and its accompanying experiential expectation of assurance and affective transformation. A point of divergence would be that, whereas Pietists and Moravians at times show some Lutheran soteriological tendencies, the Wesleys were Anglicans who were influenced by ancient Christian sources, particularly Eastern ones. Even between the Wesley brothers themselves, one notices some differences as well, as reflected in John’s writings broadly and Charles’ verse in particular. Whereas John at times shifted his views on Christian perfection on the basis of a kind of “pragmatics of ministry,” Charles retained the ancient vision of participation’s “vertical dimensions.”
Jacob Boehme, German Idealism, and Romanticism
Authors: O’Regan Cyril
Published: June 2024

The chapter examines the understanding of the divine capacity of the human subject in the speculative thought of the German mystic, Jacob Boehme. Boehme’s theosophy not only represents a subversion of Luther’s anthropology, but goes far beyond any uplifting of the divine-human relation in the Christian tradition. While Boehme is by no means constitutive of German Idealism’s and Romanticism’s later celebration of the divine capacity of the self, he is a determinate influence that makes possible the sense that these post-Enlightenment forms of thought can take on the mantle of Christianity. For German Idealism, the claim is that the intimacy of the divine and human is such that one cannot do without the other, For Romanticism, both German and English, the poet enjoys a capacity for vision of what is truly spiritual that transcends the finite, perspectival point of view, and is nothing less than the divine’s view of itself.
Deification in Sacraments, Liturgy, and Prayer
Authors: Keating Daniel
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the relationship of the sacraments, liturgy, and prayer to Christian deification. According to most accounts of Christian deification, the sacraments, liturgy, and prayer together serve as primary elements in the deification of a Christian. The sacraments of initiation—baptism, chrismation/confirmation, and the Eucharist—in conjunction with the word of God in scripture––are the principal means by which God’s own divine life comes to dwell and act effectively within the believer. Through communal liturgy and personal prayer, the members of the Christian community are progressively transformed, season by season, into the likeness of God as they actively cooperate with grace and pursue a life of holiness and communion with God and each other. All this, in conjunction with the full range of human activity under grace, contributes to the progressive deification of the believer.
Ultrasound of the forefeet besides the hands in patients at risk for rheumatoid arthritis: is it worth the effort? A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Boeren Anna M P , Oei Edwin H G , Willemze Annemiek , de Jong Pascal H P , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M , van Mulligen Elise
Published: June 2024

Objective

US can detect subclinical joint-inflammation in patients with clinically suspect arthralgia (CSA), which is valuable as predictor for RA development. In most research protocols both hands and forefeet are scanned, but it is unclear if US of the forefeet has additional value for predicting RA, especially since synovial hypertrophy in MTP-joints of healthy individuals is also common. To explore the possibility to omit scanning of the forefeet we determined if US of the forefeet is of additional predictive value for RA-development in CSA patients.

Methods

CSA patients of two independent cohorts underwent US of the hands and forefeet. We analysed the association between RA-development and US-positivity for the full US-protocol, the full US-protocol with correction for gray scale (GS)-findings in the forefeet of healthy and the protocol without forefeet.

Results

In total, 298 CSA patients were studied. In patients with a positive US, subclinical joint-inflammation was mostly present in the hands (90–86%). Only 10–14% of patients had subclinical joint-inflammation solely in the forefeet. US-positivity was associated with inflammatory arthritis development in both cohorts, with HRs 2.6 (95% CI 0.9–7.5) and 3.1 (95% CI 1.5–6.4) for the full protocol, 3.1 (95% CI 1.3–7.7) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.3–5.4) for the full US-protocol with correction, and 3.1 (95% CI 1.4–6.9) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.4–5.6) without the forefeet. AUROCs were equal across both cohorts.

Conclusion

The forefeet can be omitted when US is used for the prediction of RA-development in CSA patients. This is due to the finding that subclinical joint-inflammation in the forefeet without concomitant inflammation in the hands is infrequent.
Community-based intervention for obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang Longlong , Ou Qiong , Shan Guangliang , Zhan Weixin , Huang Jinhuan , Lin Qiuqiang , Li Jianfei , Liu Yibin , Xu Yuejun , Chen Chunyan , Chen Weili
Published: June 2024

Study Objectives

To investigate the engagement and health outcomes of community-based intervention for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population.

Methods

We conducted a 3-month randomized controlled trial in two communities in southern China. We initially screened the general population for high-risk OSA and further diagnosis using home sleep testing. Eligible participants were randomly (1:1) assigned to either a control or continuous positive airway pressure-based integrated intervention group. The primary outcomes were multimodal indicators reflecting health outcomes, including health-related quality of life (Short Form-36 [SF-36]), sleep-related symptoms, and cardiometabolic risk.

Results

Of the 2484 participants screened, 1423 identified as having high-risk OSA were considered for telephone invitations to participate in the trial. Of these, 401 participants responded positively (28.2%), 279 were diagnosed with OSA, and 212 were randomized. The intervention significantly improved several domains of SF-36, including physical functioning (intergroup difference, 2.8; p = .003), vitality (2.3; p = .031), and reported health transition (6.8; p = .005). Sleep-related symptoms, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (−0.7; p = .017), Fatigue Severity Scale (−3.0; p = .022), Insomnia Severity Index (−1.8; p < .001), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (−0.7; p = .032), also showed significant improvements. Although the intervention did not significantly alter glycolipid metabolism, ventricular function, or cardiac structural remodeling, it achieved a significant reduction in systolic (−4.5 mmHg; p = .004) and diastolic blood pressure (BP; −3.7 mmHg; p < .001).

Conclusions

Community-based intervention for previously undiagnosed OSA in the general population yielded improvements in health-related quality of life, sleep-related symptoms, and BP. However, engagement in the intervention program was low.

Clinical Trial Registration

“Community Intervention Trial for OSA”;

URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=144927;

Trial identification number: ChiCTR2100054800.
In vitro functional assays to assess the reciprocal interplay between tumor cells and macrophages
Authors: Karimova Adelya F. , Ketkar Avanee , Suezov Roman , Khalitova Adelya R. , Gomzikova Marina , Mukhamedshina Yana , Lauth Matthias , Huber Magdalena , Simon Hans‐Uwe , Brichkina Anna
Published: June 2024

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are integral components of the tumor microenvironment. They are involved in various aspects of tumor cell biology, driving pathological processes such as tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to therapy. TAMs exert their tumorigenic effects by secreting growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, metabolites, and other soluble bioactive molecules. These mediators directly promote tumor cell proliferation and modulate interactions with immune and stromal cells, facilitating further tumor growth. As research into therapies targeting TAMs intensifies, there is a growing need for reliable methods to comprehend the impact of TAMs on cancer progression and to validate novel therapeutics directed at TAMs. The traditional “M1‐M2” macrophage classification based on transcriptional profiles of TAMs is not only too simplistic to describe their physiological roles, it also does not explain differences observed between mouse and human macrophages. In this context, methods that assess how TAMs influence tumor or immune cells, either through direct contact or the release of soluble factors, offer a more promising approach. We describe here comprehensive protocols for in vitro functional assays to study TAMs, specifically regarding their impact on the growth of lung cancer cells. We have applied these methods to both mouse and human macrophages, achieving similar outcomes in promoting the proliferation of cancer cells. This methodology can serve as a standardized approach for testing novel therapeutic approaches, targeting TAMs with novel immunotherapeutic compounds, or utilizing gene‐editing techniques. Taken together, the described methodology may contribute to our understanding of complex macrophage‐tumor interactions and support the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Advancing the Primary Health Care Mandate for Nursing
Authors: Halloran Edward J. , Musil Carol , Voss Joachim , Fitzpatrick Joyce , Forsythe Paula
Published: June 2024

A call to increase home visits and human function documenting by nurses
Nursing Turnover Decreased in 2023 and Hospitals Hired More RNs
Authors: Roush Karen
Published: June 2024

But inadequate staffing remains a factor driving some nurses away.
Chat-Based Instant Messaging Support Reduces Alcohol Use in University Students
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: June 2024

According to this study:
Novel Peripheral IV Catheter Securement Methods Reduce Failure
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: June 2024

According to this study:
Phone Calls to Heaven
Authors: Hester Hannah
Published: June 2024

A nurse contemplates life's fragility and preciousness.