bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic and Analysis of a Marine Stabilization Table
Authors: Huynh Minh Phu , Huang Shyh Chour
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this research is to design and construct a marine stabilization table. This table is fixed on a ship and can be self-balanced when the ship is moving in the sea. The stabilization principle bases on gyroscopic force created by a flywheel. The study also uses ADAMS software to simulate and analyze the virtual model. The analysis result shows that with a flywheel of 33 kg and a flywheel spinning speed of 3000 rpm, the maximum tilt angle of tabletop is 6.160when an 5 kg object is placed on edge of the one-meter-diameter tabletop. A prototype of marine stabilization table is also manufactured in this research.
Study on the Characteristic of Sensitive Load under Voltage Sags
Authors: Liu Rong Hui , Pan Ai Qang , Wang Hai Bo , Yang Xiu
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the characteristics of AC/DC converter under single-phase voltage sags and three-phase voltage sags are simulated with Matlab emulator. The simulation results show that effects on rectifier equipment under three-phase voltage sags are more serious than those under single-phase voltage sags. The flat wave capacitance plays an important role in voltage sensitivity of sensitive loads. In practice, the capacitance of flat wave capacitor is chosen according to the power supply and load requirements so as to realize the best balance of performance and price.
Design of Control System of Annealing Tin Machine Based on PLC
Authors: Zhong Jian Zhen , Li Wen Yong , Yang Yu
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a method that reform the backward control system of annealing tin machine with the PLC control technology, and designs of hardware and software of the machine so that the machine have a good man-machine automatic control system. The paper focuses on the development of automatic program based on PLC, home return program, alarm program and protection program. The result shows that this control system is reliable, stable and high precision when it is used to the machine, and improving the competitiveness of the machine in the industry greatly.
URBAN SPRAWL IN SMALL CITIES, ANALYSIS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO PEDRO (SP): POTENTIALS AND CONSTRAINS
Authors: Fracassi Priscila Carrara , Lollo José Augusto
Published: September 2013

Urban sprawl in small cities has led to the occupation of unsuitable areas, resulting in peripheralization and in the occupation of fragile environments. In these occupations, the physical characteristics of the environment are often disrespected. In this context, the present article reports on a case study in the municipality of São Pedro, state of São Paulo, Brazil, which presents and discuss a set of natural factors (geological and geomorphological) conditioning the occurrence of erosion and gravitational mass movements, which are limiting factors for urban sprawl. The methodology employed in this study was based on field work, bibliographic research, and data collection, analysis and GIS-based systematization, which allowed for a spatial reading of the urban sprawl to indicate, from different perspectives, how the phenomenon is manifested. Thus, it was possible to draw up a chart highlighting the areas with the greatest potential for occupation and those with restrictions due to their greater susceptibility to erosion and mass movements. The main identified natural factors of restriction were steepness and soil conditions and law enforced restrictions (environmental protection areas).
EFFECTIVENESS OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS IN REMOVAL OF LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SALFONATE (LAS)
Authors: Abdelrahman Ahmad Mohmed , Mohmed Ahmed , Gad Ali , Hashem Mohmed
Published: September 2013

Detergents contain synthetic or organic surface active agents called surfactants, which are derived from petroleum product precursors. They have the common property of lowering the surface tensions of water thus allowing dirt or grease adhered to various articles to be washed off. Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant most commonly used. Discharge of raw or treated wastewater containing this chemical into the environment causes major public health and enviromental problems. In this study, samples were taken from the raw wastewater and effluents of treatment ponds of Elzaraby waste stabilization ponds over a period of one year. The treated effluent is either discharged into surface waters or reused for agricultural irrigation. The samples were analyzed according to the standard methods. The results obtained from the samples taken in different seasons showed that the highest overall removal efficiency of LAS was achieved in the summer season (77%), and the least efficiency observed in the Winter season (55%), while the maximum overall efficiency of BOD5 was in summer (88%) and minimum efficiency was (73%) in winter season. The Dissolved oxygen concentrations along the pond series (DO) ranged between 0.18 to 4.8 mg/l.
ANAEROBIC EFFLUENT POST-TREATMENT APPLYING PHOTOLYTIC REACTOR PRIOR TO AGRICULTURAL USE IN BRAZILIAN'S SEMIARID REGION
Authors: Sousa José Tavares , Lima Geralda , Lopes Wilton Silva , Santo Eclésio Cavalcante , Oliveira Júnior José Lima
Published: September 2013

This work applied a Compact System consisting of a Reactor Up flow Sludge Blanket (UASB) in conjunction with s Submerged Anaerobic Filter containing polyurethane cubes as support media, followed by a Solar Photolytic Reactor. The compact anaerobic system produced a clarified effluent with low concentration of organic matter, especially dissolved (20 mg .VSS/L), and free of helminthes eggs. These low concentrations of suspended solids facilitated photolytic disinfection process producing a good quality final effluent, of which 90% of the samples were thoroughly disinfected, while the other fraction showed concentration of Thermotolerant Coliform (TTC) at or below 100 CFU/100 mL and high concentrations of nutrients (48 mg . NH4+-N/L and 6,4mg PO4-3-P/L) enabling the use of irrigation for productive purposes. Another advantages of the compact anaerobic treatment consisted of low sludge production, and relatively simple operation without energy consumption. These advantages results in a significant reduction in operational costs of sewage treatment, and, indeed, an outlet for developing countries in tropical climate.
Jericho: From archaeology challenging the canon to searching for the meaning(s) of myth(s)
Authors: Scheffler Eben
Published: September 2013

Joshua 6 functions as a test case for the idea of Biblical Archaeology par excellence. In this article it will be probed (by referring amongst others to the work of Garstang and Kenyon) to what extent the archaeological excavations at Jericho have been influenced by a literal reading of Joshua 6 (e.g. Garstang) and to what extend the excavations (by Kenyon) had compelled exegetes to read the text of Joshua 6 historical critically. In the consideration of a wide range of possible approaches to Joshua 6, some recent conservative opinions in which there is a continued search to harmonise the archaeological and textual information in order to secure a ‘historical’ reading of the text, will also be noted. Arguing not for the abolition, but rather for a broader interpretation of the concept ‘canon’, some hermeneutical remarks will be made regarding Joshua 6 as a ‘cultic myth’, in view of its positive communication.
Confusing redaction and corruption: A house going to hell
Authors: Loader James Alfred
Published: September 2013

There are two dimensions to the argument offered in this article, both of them pertaining to methodological issues. The first is that of distinguishing textual criticism from redactional criticism, especially with recourse to the critical apparatus of the Stuttgart Hebrew Bibles. Secondly, the danger of over-emphasising the sound distinction between so-called �literary� and �historical� exegetical modes into an unsound separation between them. Proposals for the emendation of the text in Proverbs 2:18 are used as an example of both issues at once. It is advanced that a historical enquiry into the origin of the text can shed light on an analysis of the text �as it stands�, which undermines the reading of the �final text� as an exercise that can, and may, have nothing to do with enquiry into the growth of that text. This article endeavours to advance its argument by means of a practical contribution to solving the perceived textual problems of the crux interpretum, rather than indulging in the kind of theoretical skirmishes that characterised South African debates at the end of the previous century.
Yhwh, the Goddess and Evil: Is 'monotheism' an adequate concept to describe the Hebrew Bible's discourses about the God of Israel?
Authors: R�mer Thomas C.
Published: September 2013

The concept of �monotheism� has become a matter of debate in Hebrew Bible scholarship. This article investigates whether the concept should still be used, starting with Second Isaiah, who in the early Persian period elaborated a discourse that presented Yhwh as the only god. Therefore he had to integrate into this deity functions traditionally attributed to goddesses and to demons or evil gods. However, this attempt did not succeed. The goddess, whose elimination is probably reflected in Zechariah 5, returned in a certain way through the personification of Wisdom in Proverbs 8, and the �dark sides� of the gods were materialised in the figure of Satan, who experienced an impressive career in the following centuries. The question of evil is not resolved in the Hebrew Bible. Some texts admit the autonomy of evil, whereas Isaiah 45 claims that Yhwh himself is at the origin of evil. This diversity makes it difficult to characterise the Hebrew Bible as the result of a straightforward evolution from polytheism to monotheism.
Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness
Authors: Borja-Bravo Mercedes , García-Salazar José Alberto , Skaggs Rhonda K.
Published: September 2013

Borja-Bravo, M., García-Salazar, J. A. and Skaggs, R. K. 2013. Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 839–850. The North American market for fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) involves a complicated web of bilateral trading relationships between the United States, Mexico and Canada. Trade in fresh tomatoes between the three countries has changed significantly in recent years. In particular, Mexico's share of total US fresh tomato imports from all countries decreased from 93 to 88%, while Canada's share of US fresh tomato imports increased from 3 to 11% between 1996 and 2009. Mexico's declining competitive position in the US fresh tomato market is also evidenced by the fact that the Mexican share of combined Mexico–Canada exports to the United States decreased from 97% to 89% between 1996 and 2009. A spatial and inter-temporal model was used to analyze the impact of increased Mexican tomato yields on the North American fresh tomato market. Results indicate that for the average year between 2005 and 2008, 20% higher yields would have resulted in a 15.1% increase in Mexico's tomato production and a 28.9% increase in fresh tomato exports from Mexico to the United States. As a result of higher Mexican tomato sector productivity, Canadian and US producers’ shares of the US fresh tomato market would decrease and Mexico's would increase from 35.0 to 41.9%. The model shows that Mexico's share of US fresh tomato imports from both Mexico and Canada would grow from 88.1 to 90.3% as a result of the increased productivity. These results lead to the recommendation that increasing yields of this important export crop are key to maintaining and increasing the North American market competitiveness of Mexican-produced fresh tomatoes.
Identification of cotton SKP1-like gene GhSKP1 and its function in seed germination and taproot growth in tobacco
Authors: Hu De-Long , Chen Quan-Zhan , Zhang Chao-Jun , Wang Ye , Zhang Bian-Jiang , Tang Can-Ming
Published: September 2013

Hu, D-L., Chen, Q-Z., Zhang, C-J., Wang, Y., Zhang, B-J. and Tang, C-M. 2013. Identification of cotton SKP 1-like gene GhSKP1 and its function in seed germination and taproot growth in tobacco. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 817–825. The SKP1 (S-phase kinase-associated-protein1) protein, a key component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, has been reported to play many important roles in many organisms, including regulation of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, seed germination, taproot growth and auxin signaling, though no study of this gene in cotton has been performed. In this study, a SKP1 gene was isolated from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method and was named Gossypium hirsutum SKP1 (GhSKP1). The cDNA sequence of GhSKP1 was 813 bp containing a 474 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein of 156 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 17.63 kDa. The deduced amino acid of GhSKP1 had a conserved SKP1 domain. GhSKP1 expression was tested in all organs of cotton plants, and the strongest expression was observed in stamens and radicles that have actively dividing cells. Overexpression of the full-length GhSKP1 cDNA in tobacco caused delayed seed germination and shortened taproots. Our results suggest that the presence of functional conservation between GhSKP1 and SKP1 in plant developmental processes may exist.
The Healthy Aging Research Network: Resources for Building Capacity for Public Health and Aging Practice
Authors: Wilcox Sara , Altpeter Mary , Anderson Lynda A. , Belza Basia , Bryant Lucinda , Jones Dina L. , Leith Katherine H. , Phelan Elizabeth A. , Satariano William A.
Published: September 2013

There is an urgent need to translate science into practice and help enhance the capacity of professionals to deliver evidence-based programming. We describe contributions of the Healthy Aging Research Network in building professional capacity through online modules, issue briefs, monographs, and tools focused on health promotion practice, physical activity, mental health, and environment and policy. We also describe practice partnerships and research activities that helped inform product development and ways these products have been incorporated into real-world practice to illustrate possibilities for future applications. Our work aims to bridge the research-to-practice gap to meet the demands of an aging population.
Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Two Mexican Coastal Fisheries: Implications for Food Security
Authors: Ibarra Alonso Aguilar , Vargas Armando Sánchez , López Benjamín Martínez
Published: September 2013

This paper has a twofold objective: First, to estimate the changes in landings value by 2030 for two Mexican coastal fisheries, specifically shrimp and sardine fisheries, as a consequence of climate change; and second, to discuss the implications of such impacts for food security. A dynamic panel model was used for the Mexican fisheries sector, with data from 1990 through 2009. The results suggest that shrimp production will be negatively affected, while in contrast, the sardine fishery is expected to benefit from the increase in temperature. Most losses/gains would be observed in the NW Mexican Pacific, where the fishing sector has an important role in the local economy, representing a risk to food security in both direct and indirect ways.
A sea spray aerosol flux parameterization encapsulating wave state
Authors: Ovadnevaite J. , Manders A. , de Leeuw G. , Monahan C. , Ceburnis D. , O'Dowd C. D.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A new sea spray source function (SSSF), termed Oceanflux Sea Spray Aerosol or OSSA, was derived based on in-situ sea spray measurements along with meteorological/physical parameters. Submicron sea spray fluxes derived from particle number concentration measurements at the Mace Head coastal station, on the west coast of Ireland, were used together with open-ocean eddy correlation flux measurements from the Eastern Atlantic (SEASAW cruise). In the overlapping size range, the data for Mace Head and SEASAW were found to be in a good agreement, which allowed deriving the new SSSF from the combined dataset spanning the dry diameter range from 15 nm to 6 μm. The sea spray production was parameterized in terms of 5 log-normal modes and the Reynolds number instead of the more commonly used wind speed, thereby encapsulating important influences of wave height and history, friction velocity and viscosity. This formulation accounts for the different flux relationships associated with rising and waning wind speeds since these are included in the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the Reynolds number incorporates the kinematic viscosity of water, thus the SSSF inherently includes a sea surface temperature dependence. The temperature dependence of the resulting SSSF is similar to that of other in-situ derived source functions and results in lower production fluxes for cold waters and enhanced fluxes from warm waters as compared with SSSF formulations that do not include temperature effects.
Electron pitch-angle diffusion: resonant scattering by waves vs. nonadiabatic effects
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Orlova K. G. , Mourenas D. , Agapitov O. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. V.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In this paper we investigate the electron pitch-angle diffusion coefficients in the night-side inner magnetosphere around the geostationary orbit (L ~ 7) due to magnetic field deformation. We compare the effects of resonant wave–particle scattering by lower band chorus waves and the adiabaticity violation of electron motion due to the strong curvature of field lines in the vicinity of the equator. For a realistic magnetic field configuration, the nonadiabatic effects are more important than the wave–particle interactions for high energy (> 1 MeV) electrons. For smaller energy, the scattering by waves is more effective than nonadiabatic one. Moreover, the role of nonadiabatic effects increases with particle energy. Therefore, to model electron scattering and transport in the night-side inner magnetosphere, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of high-energy electron dynamics.
Seasonal variation in diurnal atmospheric grass pollen concentration profiles
Authors: Peel R. G. , Ørby P. V. , Skjøth C. A. , Kennedy R. , Schlünssen V. , Smith M. , Sommer J. , Hertel O.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In this study, the diurnal atmospheric grass pollen concentration profile within the Danish city of Aarhus was shown to change in a systematic manner as the season progressed. Although diurnal grass pollen profiles can differ greatly from day-to-day, it is common practice to establish the time of day when peak concentrations are most likely to occur using seasonally-averaged diurnal profiles. Atmospheric pollen loads are highly dependent upon emissions, and different species of grass are known to flower and emit pollen at different times of the day and during different periods of the pollen season. Pollen concentrations are also influenced by meteorological factors – directly through those parameters that govern pollen dispersion and transport, and indirectly through the weather-driven flowering process. We found that three different profiles dominated the grass pollen season in Aarhus – a twin peak profile in the early season, a single evening profile in the mid-season, and a single midday peak in the late season. Whilst this variation could not be explained by meteorological factors, no inconsistencies were found with the theory that the variation was driven by a succession of different grass species with different diurnal flowering patterns dominating atmospheric pollen loads as the season progressed. The potential for exposure was found to be significantly greater during the late season period than during either the early or mid season periods.
Atmospheric ozone above Troll station, Antarctica observed by a ground based microwave radiometer
Authors: Daae M. , Straub C. , Espy P. J. , Newnham D. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. This paper describes the stratospheric and mesospheric ozone profiles retrieved from spectral measurements of the 249.96 GHz O3 line, using the British Antarctic Survey's ground-based Microwave Radiometer at Troll (BAS-MRT), Antarctica (72°01' S, 02°32' E, 62° Mlat). The instrument operated at Troll from February 2008 through January 2010, and hourly averaged spectra were used to retrieve approximately 22 ozone profiles per day. The ozone profiles cover the pressure range from 3 to 0.02 hPa (approximately 38 to 72 km) which includes the topside of the stratospheric ozone layer and the peak of the tertiary maximum. Comparing the retrieved ozone volume mixing ratio (vmr) values to Aura/MLS and SD-WACCM shows no significant bias to within the instrumental uncertainties. The long-term variations (> 20 days) between MLS and SD-WACCM agree well with BAS-MRT at all altitudes with significant correlation coefficients of at least 0.9 (0.7 with SD-WACCM) in the upper stratosphere and middle mesosphere. A weaker correlation is found for the long-term variations in summer when most of the vmr values are below the random noise level of Aura/MLS. The correlation of short-term variations (< 20 days) between MLS and BAS-MRT agree well at all altitudes with significant correlation coefficients of at least 0.7 in the upper stratosphere and middle mesosphere. The ozone profiles retrieved at Troll, Antarctica extend the sparse data coverage of middle atmospheric ozone above Antarctica, where, due to the dynamic nature of the ozone concentrations, systematic observations with a high temporal resolution are desirable. The O3 profiles presented here are stored at the UK's Polar Data Centre (http://doi.org/nc3) and are available for public scientific use.
Seasonal logging, process response, and geomorphic work
Authors: Mohr C. H. , Zimmermann A. , Korup O. , Iroumé A. , Francke T. , Bronstert A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Deforestation is a prominent anthropogenic cause of erosive overland flow and slope instability, boosting rates of soil erosion and concomitant sediment flux. Conventional methods of gauging or estimating post-logging sediment flux focus on annual timescales, but potentially overlook important geomorphic responses on shorter time scales immediately following timber harvest. Sediments fluxes are commonly estimated from linear regression of intermittent measurements of water and sediment discharge using sediment rating curves (SRCs). However, these often unsatisfactorily reproduce non-linear effects such as discharge-load hystereses. We resolve such important dynamics from non-parametric Quantile Regression Forests (QRF) of high-frequency (3 min) measurements of stream discharge and sediment concentrations in similar-sized (~ 0.1 km2) forested Chilean catchments that were logged during either the rainy or the dry season. The method of QRF builds on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and combines quantile regression with repeated random sub-sampling of both cases and predictors. The algorithm belongs to the family of decision-tree classifiers, which allow quantifying relevant predictors in high-dimensional parameter space. We find that, where no logging occurred, ~ 80% of the total sediment load was transported during rare but high magnitude runoff events during only 5% of the monitoring period. The variability of sediment flux of these rare events spans four orders of magnitude. In particular dry-season logging dampened the role of these rare, extreme sediment-transport events by increasing load efficiency during more moderate events. We show that QRFs outperforms traditional SRCs in terms of accurately simulating short-term dynamics of sediment flux, and conclude that QRF may reliably support forest management recommendations by providing robust simulations of post-logging response of water and sediment discharge at high temporal resolution.
Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements
Authors: Aplin K. L. , Harrison R. G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) made important contributions to the study of atmospheric electricity during a brief but productive period from 1859–1861. By 1859 Kelvin had recognised the need for "incessant recording" of atmospheric electrical parameters, and responded by inventing both the water dropper equaliser for measuring the atmospheric potential gradient (PG), and photographic data logging. The water dropper equaliser was widely adopted internationally and is still in use today. Following theoretical considerations of electric field distortion by local topography, Kelvin developed a portable electrometer, using it to investigate the PG on the Scottish island of Arran. During these environmental measurements, Kelvin may have unwittingly detected atmospheric PG changes during solar activity in August/September 1859 associated with the "Carrington event", which is interesting in the context of his later statements that solar magnetic influence on the Earth was impossible. Kelvin's atmospheric electricity work presents an early representative study in quantitative environmental physics, through the application of mathematical principles to an environmental problem, the design and construction of bespoke instrumentation for real world measurements and recognising the limitations of the original theoretical view revealed by experimental work.
The enigmatic Zerelia twin-lakes (Thessaly, Central Greece): two potential meteorite impact Craters
Authors: Dietrich V. J. , Lagios E. , Reusser E. , Sakkas V. , Gartzos E. , Kyriakopoulos K.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Two circular permanent lakes of 150 and 250 m diameter and 6–8 m depth to an unconsolidated muddy bottom occur 250 m apart from each other in the agricultural fields SW of the town of Almiros (Thessaly, central Greece). The age of the lakes is assumed to be Late Pliocene to Early Holocene with a minimum age of approx. 7000 yr BP. The abundant polymict, quartz-rich carbonate breccia and clasts with a clay rich matrix in the shallow embankments of the lakes show weak stratification but no volcanic structures. The carbonate clasts and particles often display spheroidal shapes and consist of calcite aggregates with feathery, arborescent, variolitic to micro-sparitic textures and spheroidal fabrics, recrystallized and deformed glass-shaped fragments, calcite globules in quartz; thus indications of possible carbonate melting, quenching and devitrification. The carbonatic matrix includes small xenomorphic phases, such as chromspinel, zircon with blurred granular and skeletal textures, skeletal rutile and ilmenite, which are interpreted as relicts of partial melting and quenching under high temperatures of 1240–1800 °C. Only a few quartz fragments exhibit indistinct planar fractures. In several cases they include exotic Al-Si- and sulfur bearing Fe-phases, < 1–10 μm as globules. The modeled "Residual Gravity" profiles through the lakes indicate negative gravity anomalies of bowl-type structures down to 150 m for the eastern lake and down to 250 m for the larger western lake. Several hypotheses can be drawn upon to explain the origin of these enigmatic twin-lakes: (a) Maar-type volcanic craters; (b) hydrothermal or CO2/hydrocarbon gas explosion craters; (c) and (d) doline holes due to karstification; or (e) small meteorite impact craters, the latter being a plausible explanation due to geologic, petrologic, and geophysical evidence. The morphology and dimensions of the lakes as well as the density contrast tomography of the bedrock favor a meteorite impact hypothesis of a projectile, which may has split into two fragments before reaching the surface.
Followership: An Important Partner of Leadership
Authors: Yung Chen Tsun , Tsai Kuan Chen
Published: September 2013

Followership is the mirror image of leadership. After all, an underlying truth is that leaders would be nonexistent without the support of their followers. To some extent, the relationship between leaders and followers resembles a miniature democracy. Thus, followership should be credited as leadership. The purpose of this article was to review related literature concerning followership and to draw attention to this area because it is argued that good followership serves as an important resource for organizational development. First, the definition of followership is reviewed. Next, the qualities of good followers are examined. Then a path to effective followership is suggested.
Meconium periorchitis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Alanbuki Ammar Hameed , Bandi Ashwith , Blackford Nick
Published: September 2013

Meconium periorchitis (MPO) is an uncommon entity associated with healed meconium peritonitis. The typical presentation is a soft hydrocele at birth which becomes harder in weeks as the meconium calcifies. A lack of awareness of this rare disease may lead to unnecessary surgery of scrotal masses. It can resolve spontaneously without compromising the testicle. Scrotal ultrasound is the mainstay of imaging and abdominal plain film is less sensitive but can help in the diagnosis. We report a case of a meconium periorchitis and discuss its radiological and histological features. We also review the relevant literature.
Feeding Practices and Care-Seeking Behaviours among Mothers of Under-Two Children with Diarrhoeal Diseases in Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Rowshan Ara , Akter Jesmin , Kabir Iqbal , Persson Lars-Ake
Published: September 2013

In Bangladesh, the prevalence of diarrhoea is the highest among children aged 6-23 months and the outbreaks are common among slum-dwellers of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. A qualitative explorative research was undertaken among slum-dwellers to explore the feeding practices and care-seeking behaviours of mothers with children with diarrhoeal diseases aged less than two years. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions and observation checklist with mothers and elder family members. Breastmilk was blamed for causing diarrhoea among predominantly or exclusively breastfed children. The blameworthiness leads to withholding of breastfeeding during diarrhoeal episodes especially with recurrent and persistent diarrhoea. Teething, eating protein diet by children and eating leafy vegetables by mothers were believed to be responsible for diarrhoea among the older children. Hand-washing before preparing foods and before feeding children was virtually not practised. Usual complementary foods were not offered to the children with diarrhoea. Almost all of the children were offered oral rehydration salt solution and other fluids at home. A common healthcare-seeking behaviour of the mothers was to give medicines from local drug stores. Some mothers performed some rituals for the purification of their breastmilk. As the mother’s diet was believed to be responsible for the child’s diarrhoea, some foods, especially leafy-vegetables, some types of fish, and meat, were restricted to the mothers. The study concludes that perceptions of mothers regarding the causes of children’s diarrhoea direct to inappropriate feeding practices and care-seeking behaviours of under-two children with diarrhoeal diseases.
Determinants of Immediate Essential Newborn Care Practice in Eastern Rural Nepal
Authors: Dahal Ramesh Kumar
Published: September 2013

Neonatal mortality remains high in Nepal. Improvement in immediate essential newborn care practices such as "use of clean instrument to cut the umbilical cord ”, "drying and wrapping the baby before placenta was delivered”, "initiation of breastfeeding within an hour of delivery" and "first bathing of neonate after 24 hours of delivery" can reduce neonatal deaths. However, this can only be accomplished if factors associated with reduced neonatal mortality can be identified. A regional study was carried out with 252 randomly selected women having child aged 11 months or younger; of which about 70 percent, 18 percent and 20 percent had received delivery assistance with skilled birth attendant, trained health professional and untrained friend/relatives respectively. Skilled Birth Attendant appeared as the determinant of the use of clean instrument to cut the umbilical cord (OR=164.33), first bathing of neonate after 24 hours of delivery (OR= 5.14) and drying and wrapping the baby before placenta was delivered (OR= 50.75) whereas Trained Health Professionals turned out to be the determinant of the use of clean instrument to cut the umbilical cord (OR=3.81) and first bathing of neonate after 24 hours of delivery (OR=3.14) only (Reference: Untrained relatives/friends). Maternal age (OR= <20:10.59 and 20-30: 6.39; Ref: >30 years) and education (OR=Primary-21.81; Secondary-20.11; Ref-Higher) appeared the determinant of initiation of breastfeeding within an hour of delivery. The time gap between delivery and the mother receiving the baby was also significantly positively associated with initiation of breastfeeding within an hour of delivery. This result indicates the need to increase the coverage of health facilities which can provide SBA, empower women to involve a SBA in delivery and provide newborn care education to women and family members. In order to better understand how to decrease neonatal mortality, further study should focus on understanding why there were better newborn care practices in births assisted by a SBA than THPs.
Francophonie. Idéologie, variation, canon : modèles
québécois
pour la francophonie littéraire
Authors: Provenzano François
Published: September 2013

L’histoire de la francophonie et celle du Québec présentent une nette intersection au cours de la décennie 1960, où s’affirment les premiers plaidoyers pour une « Civilisation de l’Universel » en langue française, en même temps que se produit la Révolution tranquille. Cette intersection colore les premières contributions québécoises à la cause francophone d’une teinte idéologique bien identifiable. La recherche en littérature prendra ensuite des inflexions différentes, et le Québec se distinguera pour son rôle pionnier dans la mise en oeuvre de méthodes ou de questionnements nouveaux, qui orienteront globalement le paradigme des études francophones : la langue d’écriture, le rapport à la France, l’inscription sociale du littéraire. Enfin, les travaux québécois manifestent un intérêt particulier pour la question du canon littéraire. Si cet intérêt est souvent animé par une visée critique, il témoigne aussi d’un souci d’articuler de nouvelles échelles de valeurs, plus locales. En cela également, le Québec pourrait constituer un modèle susceptible d’influer sur les derniers développements en études francophones.
Mobile Laser Scanning Applied to the Earth Sciences
Authors: Brooks Benjamin A. , Glennie Craig , Hudnut Kenneth W. , Ericksen Todd , Hauser Darren
Published: September 2013

Lidar (light detection and ranging), a method by which the precise time of flight of emitted pulses of laser energy is measured and converted to distance for reflective targets, has helped scientists make topographic maps of Earth's surface at scales as fine as centimeters. These maps have allowed the discovery and analysis of myriad otherwise unstudied features, such as fault scarps, river channels, and even ancient ruins [Glennie et al., 2013b].
The Current Trajectory of Seismic Oceanography
Authors: Rice Ana E. , Ruddick Barry R. , Biescas‐Gorriz Berta
Published: September 2013

Seismic oceanography (SO) uses multichannel seismic techniques to visualize the ocean's fine structure, yielding a tool for investigating ocean mixing processes and their links with mesoscale features such as eddies, fronts, and currents. Ten years after the seminal paper initiating the SO field (W. S. Holbrook, P. Páramo, S. Pearse, and R. W. Schmitt, Thermohaline fine structure in an oceanographic front from seismic reflection profiling, Science, 301, 821–824, 2003), a special session and mini‐workshop were convened at the International Congress on Acoustics in Montreal on 2–7 June 2013. At the workshop, participants discussed the successes of SO, the challenges it faces as an observational tool, and ways to move the field forward.
Chemical Agents that Cause Occupational Diseases
Authors: Lim John Wah , Koh David
Published: September 2013

Chemicals are used extensively both in industry and in our daily lives. Chemicals may appear harmless, but can result in adverse health effects immediately upon contact or after prolonged exposure. Occupational disease (OD) refers to any disease contracted as a result of exposure to factors arising from work activity. The list of ODs prepared by the International Labour Organization (ILO) has four main groups: ODs caused by exposure to agents arising from work activities (such as chemical, physical, and biological agents); ODs by target organ systems; occupational cancer; and other diseases. Chemical agents are the commonest occupational hazard that can result in OD. This entry describes the toxicity of chemicals, their route of exposure, and different health effects caused by chemical agents, with a focus on ODs and cancer caused by chemicals. Principles of preventive measures in the workplace will also be discussed.
Two Worlds in One Backpack
Authors: Hart Mechthild
Published: September 2013

This chapter describes how the author became an academic political educator and community organizer, with both worlds always working with, against, and for each other.
Creating a Community of Women Educated in Literacy
Authors: Miller Mev
Published: September 2013

This chapter explores the creative ways in which WE LEARN (Women Expanding Literacy Education Action Resource Network) empowers women's full participation in community across all literacy levels.
Technologies for Multilayered Scaffolds Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering
Authors: Nooeaid Patcharakamon , Roether Judith A. , Weber Eva , Schubert Dirk W. , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: September 2013

Multilayered scaffolds that provide tailored space‐specific biological and mechanical functions are promising for interface tissue engineering such as in osteochondral tissue regeneration. In this study, fabrication techniques, including foam replication, gelation, and freeze‐drying techniques, were combined in order to manufacture stratified scaffolds mimicking the layered structure of native osteochondral tissue. 45S5 Bioglass® and alginate were used to fabricate 3D highly porous (composite) scaffolds for the underlying subchondral bone layer. Freeze‐dried alginate‐based scaffolds were produced for the cartilage layer. Finally, both layers were integrated using a novel alginate/45S5 Bioglass® hybrid interface acting as an adhesive, which functions as the cartilage–bone interfacial layer. Novel multilayered scaffolds were optimized to achieve the complex requirements for osteochondral tissue engineering such as the 3D architecture, porous structure, physical, and mechanical properties, which are presented and discussed in the context of the intended application of the novel scaffolds in osteochondral tissue regeneration.
Microstructure‐Property Relationship for Friction Stir Processed Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Arora Harpreet Singh , Grewal Harpreet Singh , Singh Harpreet , Dhindaw Brij Kumar , McPhail David , Shollock Barbara , Chater Richard , Mukherjee Sundeep
Published: September 2013

Friction stir processing (FSP) of Mg based AE42 alloy was performed under single pass as well as double pass conditions. The evolution of microstructure was investigated using electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. EBSD revealed that the grain size and texture varies within the nugget zone of friction stir processed region. The variation of mechanical properties across the nugget region was evaluated using nanoindentation. Hardness and Young's modulus was found to increase along the depth of the friction stir processed specimen. This was attributed to a finer grain structure with increasing depth. The friction stir processed specimen showed higher tendency toward strain hardening compared to as‐cast alloy. Understanding microstructure–property relationship paves the way for optimization of FSP conditions and development of advanced functional Mg alloys.
Spider Silk Capsules as Protective Reaction Containers for Enzymes
Authors: Blüm Claudia , Nichtl Alfons , Scheibel Thomas
Published: September 2013

Spider silk fibres are well known for their high tensile strength in combination with high elasticity. Based on the possibility of recombinant production of spider silk proteins, technical applications of spider silk materials are nowadays feasible. The engineered recombinant spider silk protein eADF4(C16) is based on the sequence of ADF4 (Araneus diadematus fibroin), one out of at least three proteins of the dragline silk of the European garden spider A. diadematus. The protein eADF4(C16) can be processed into different morphologies. Here, capsules of eADF4(C16) are assembled at an oil/water interface. These microcapsules are mechanically stable and can be used as a transport system for higher molecular weight compounds such as enzymes or chemical catalysts. Further, they can be regarded as a small enclosed reaction chamber with a semi‐permeable membrane. Reactions can be initiated by diffusion of the reactants through the silk membrane. The eADF4(C16) capsules protect the enzyme β‐galactosidase, used as model, against proteolysis. Functional α‐complementation of β‐galactosidase visualizes the controllable activation of an enzyme within such spider silk capsule, highlighting the broad applicability thereof as reaction containers, e.g., for enzymes.
Gyroid‐Structured 3D ZnO Networks Made by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kim Ellie , Vaynzof Yana , Sepe Alessandro , Guldin Stefan , Scherer Maik , Cunha Pedro , Roth Stephan V. , Steiner Ullrich
Published: September 2013

3D continuous ZnO morphologies with characteristic feature sizes on the 10 nm length scale are attractive for electronic device manufacture. However, their synthesis remains a challenge because of the low crystallization temperature of ZnO. Here, we report a method for the robust and reliable synthesis of fully crystalline 3D mesoporous ZnO networks by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO into a self‐assembled block copolymer template. By carefully optimizing the processing conditions we are able to synthesize several‐micrometer‐thick layers of mesoporous ZnO networks with a strut width of 30 nm. Two 3D mesoporous morphologies are manufactured: a periodic gyroid structure and a random worm‐like morphology. Exploiting the ALD property to conformally coat complex surfaces of high aspect ratio, the channel network of a 3D continuous channel network of a self‐assembled block copolymer is replicated into ZnO. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that the chemical composition of the mesoporous structures is uniform and consists of wurtzite‐ZnO throughout the film. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an average pore dimension of 30 nm. The potential of this material for a hybrid photovoltaic application is demonstrated by the manufacture of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/ZnO solar cell.
Scaling Up ITO‐Free Solar Cells
Authors: Galagan Yulia , Coenen Erica W. C. , Zimmermann Birger , Slooff Lenneke H. , Verhees Wiljan J. H. , Veenstra Sjoerd C. , Kroon Jan M. , Jørgensen Mikkel , Krebs Frederik C. , Andriessen Ronn
Published: September 2013

Indium‐tin‐oxide‐free (ITO‐free) polymer solar cells with composite electrodes containing current‐collecting grids and a semitransparent poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductor are demonstrated. The up‐scaling of the length of the solar cell from 1 to 6 cm and the effect of the grid line resistance are explored for a series of devices. Laser‐beam‐induced current (LBIC) mapping is used for quality control of the devices. A theoretical modeling study is presented that enables the identification of the most rational cell dimension for the grids with different resistances. The performance of ITO‐free organic solar cells with different dimensions and different electrode resistances are evaluated for different light intensities. The current generation and electric potential distribution are found to not be uniformly distributed in large‐area devices at simulated 1 Sun illumination. The generated current uniformity increases with decreasing light intensities.
Reaffirmation of GAK, but not HLA‐DRA, as a Parkinson's disease susceptibility gene in a Taiwanese population
Authors: Lin Chin‐Hsien , Chen Meng‐Ling , Tai Yi‐Cheng , Yu Chin‐Yi , Wu Ruey‐Meei
Published: September 2013

Recent genome‐wide association studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Caucasian populations have identified two new susceptibility loci, GAK and HLA‐DRA; however, only limited information exists regarding the involvement of these genes in PD risk in other ethnic groups. Here, we examined whether these genetic effects were consistent in a Taiwanese PD population. In a total 900 participants, including 448 PD patients and 452 control subjects, we genotyped the rs11248051 and rs1564282 variants of GAK, and the rs3129882 variant of HLA‐DRA. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for associations between genotype and PD under an additive model, adjusting for age and gender. Subjects with CT/TT genotypes of GAK rs11248051 had a modestly increased association with PD compared to those with CC genotype (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.87; P = 0.03). Carriers and non‐carriers exhibited indistinguishable phenotypes in regards to clinical presentation and onset age. We observed no association between PD risk and GAK rs1564282 or HLA‐DRA rs3129882 variant. The different genetic effects between Taiwanese and Caucasian populations may come from differences in population structure and geographic region‐specific genetic–environmental interactions. In conclusion, our results supported the association between the rs11248051 variant in GAK and PD risk in a Taiwanese population. Future functional studies of GAK in neuronal degeneration are warranted to unravel its role in the pathogenetic mechanism of PD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haplotype co‐segregation with attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder in unrelated german multi‐generation families
Authors: Lin Michelle K. , Freitag Christine M. , Schote Andrea B. , Pálmason Haukur , Seitz Christiane , Renner Tobias J. , Romanos Marcel , Walitza Susanne , Jacob Christian P. , Reif Andreas , Warnke Andreas , Cantor Rita M. , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Meyer Jobst
Published: September 2013

Complex disorders have proved to be elusive in the search for underlying genetic causes. In the presence of large multi‐generation pedigrees with multiple affected individuals, heritable familial forms of the disorders can be postulated. Observations of particular chromosomal haplotypes shared among all affected individuals within pedigrees may reveal chromosomal regions, in which the disease‐related genes may be located. Hence, the biochemical pathways involved in pathogenesis can be exposed. We have recruited eight large Attention Deficit‐Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, OMIM: #143465) families of German descent. Densely spaced informative microsatellite markers with high heterozygosity rates were used to fine‐map and haplotype chromosomal regions of interest in these families. In three subsets and one full family of the eight ADHD families, haplotypes co‐segregating with ADHD‐affected individuals were identified at chromosomes 1q25, 5q11–5q13, 9q31–9q32, and 18q11–18q21. Positive LOD scores supported these co‐segregations. The existence of haplotypes co‐segregating among affected individuals in large ADHD pedigrees suggests the existence of Mendelian forms of the disorder and that ADHD‐related genes are located within these haplotypes. In depth sequencing of these haplotype regions can identify causative genetic mechanisms and will allow further insights into the clinico‐genetics of this complex disorder. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.