bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Surface and Hole Quality in Drilling of AISI D2 Cold Work Tool Steel Using MPMR, MARS and LSSVM
Authors: Samui Pijush
Published: October 2014

This paper adopts Minimax Probability Machine Regression (MPMR), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) for prediction of surface and hole quality in drilling of AISI D2 cold work tool steel with uncoated titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) monolayer- and TiAlN/TiN multilayer-coated-cemented carbide drills. MPMR is a probabilistic model. MARS is a nonparametric regression technique. LSSVM is developed based on statistical learning algorithm. Cutting tool (t), Feed rate (fr)(mm/rev), and Cutting speed (v)(m/min) have been adopted as inputs of MPMR, MARS, and LSSVM. The output of MPMR, MARS, and LSSVM is Surface roughness (rs) (μm) and Roundness error (re) (μm). A comparative study has been presented between the developed models. The results show that the developed model gives excellent performance.
Anti‐Remodeling and Anti‐Fibrotic Effects of the Neuregulin‐1β Glial Growth Factor 2 in a Large Animal Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Galindo Cristi L. , Kasasbeh Ehab , Murphy Abigail , Ryzhov Sergey , Lenihan Sean , Ahmad Farhaan A. , Williams Philip , Nunnally Amy , Adcock Jamie , Song Yanna , Harrell Frank E. , Tran Truc‐Linh , Parry Tom J. , Iaci Jen , Ganguly Anindita , Feoktistov Igor , Stephenson Matthew K. , Caggiano Anthony O. , Sawyer Douglas B. , Cleator John H.
Published: October 2014

Background

Neuregulin‐1β (
NRG
‐1β) is a growth factor critical for cardiac development and repair with therapeutic potential for heart failure. We previously showed that the glial growth factor 2 (
GGF
2) isoform of
NRG
‐1β improves cardiac function in rodents after myocardial infarction (
MI
), but its efficacy in a large animal model of cardiac injury has not been examined. We therefore sought to examine the effects of
GGF
2 on ventricular remodeling, cardiac function, and global transcription in post‐
MI
swine, as well as potential mechanisms for anti‐remodeling effects.

Methods and Results

MI
was induced in anesthetized swine (n=23) by intracoronary balloon occlusion. At 1 week post‐
MI
, survivors (n=13) received
GGF
2 treatment (intravenous, biweekly for 4 weeks; n=8) or were untreated (n=5). At 5 weeks post‐
MI
, fractional shortening was higher (32.8% versus 25.3%,
P
=0.019), and left ventricular (
LV
) end‐diastolic dimension lower (4.5 versus 5.3 cm,
P
=0.003) in
GGF
2‐treated animals. Treatment altered expression of 528 genes, as measured by microarrays, including collagens, basal lamina components, and matricellular proteins.
GGF
2‐treated pigs exhibited improvements in
LV
cardiomyocyte mitochondria and intercalated disk structures and showed less fibrosis, altered matrix structure, and fewer myofibroblasts (myoFbs), based on trichrome staining, electron microscopy, and immunostaining. In vitro experiments with isolated murine and rat cardiac fibroblasts demonstrate that
NRG
‐1β reduces myoFbs, and suppresses
TGF
β‐induced phospho‐
SMAD
3 as well as α
SMA
expression.

Conclusions

These results suggest that
GGF
2/
NRG
‐1β prevents adverse remodeling after injury in part via anti‐fibrotic effects in the heart.
Platelet GpIbα Binding to von Willebrand Factor Under Fluid Shear: Contributions of the D'D3‐Domain, A1‐Domain Flanking Peptide and O‐Linked Glycans
Authors: Madabhushi Sri R. , Zhang Changjie , Kelkar Anju , Dayananda Kannayakanahalli M. , Neelamegham Sriram
Published: October 2014

Background

Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) A1‐domain binding to platelet receptor GpIbα is an important fluid‐shear dependent interaction that regulates both soluble VWF binding to platelets, and platelet tethering onto immobilized VWF. We evaluated the roles of different structural elements at the N‐terminus of the A1‐domain in regulating shear dependent platelet binding. Specifically, the focus was on the VWF D′D3‐domain, A1‐domain N‐terminal flanking peptide (NFP), and O‐glycans on this peptide.

Methods and Results

Full‐length dimeric VWF (ΔPro‐VWF), dimeric VWF lacking the D′D3 domain (ΔD′D3‐VWF), and ΔD′D3‐VWF variants lacking either the NFP (ΔD′D3NFP
─
‐VWF) or just O‐glycans on this peptide (ΔD′D3OG
─
‐VWF) were expressed. Monomeric VWF‐A1 and D′D3‐A1 were also produced. In ELISA, the apparent dissociation constant (K
D
) of soluble ΔPro‐VWF binding to immobilized GpIbα (K
D
≈100 nmol/L) was 50‐ to 100‐fold higher than other proteins lacking the D′D3 domain (K
D
~0.7 to 2.5 nmol/L). Additionally, in surface plasmon resonance studies, the on‐rate of D′D3‐A1 binding to immobilized GpIbα (k
on
=1.8±0.4×10
4
 (mol/L)
−1
·s
−1
; K
D
=1.7 μmol/L) was reduced compared with the single VWF‐A1 domain (k
on
=5.1±0.4×10
4
 (mol/L)
−1
·s
−1
; K
D
=1.2 μmol/L). Thus, VWF‐D′D3 primarily controls soluble VWF binding to GpIbα. In contrast, upon VWF immobilization, all molecular features regulated A1‐GpIbα binding. Here, in ELISA, the number of apparent A1‐domain sites available for binding GpIbα on ΔPro‐VWF was ≈50% that of the ΔD′D3‐VWF variants. In microfluidics based platelet adhesion measurements on immobilized VWF and thrombus formation assays on collagen, human platelet recruitment varied as ΔPro‐VWF<ΔD′D3‐VWF<ΔD′D3NFP
─
‐VWF<ΔD′D3OG
─
‐VWF.

Conclusions

Whereas VWF‐D′D3 is the major regulator of soluble VWF binding to platelet GpIbα, both the D′D3‐domain and N‐terminal peptide regulate platelet translocation and thrombus formation.
Long-Term Costs of Stroke Using 10-Year Longitudinal Data From the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study
Authors: Gloede Tristan D. , Halbach Sarah M. , Thrift Amanda G. , Dewey Helen M. , Pfaff Holger , Cadilhac Dominique A.
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is costly, although little is known about the long-term costs of survivors of stroke. In previous cost-of-illness studies, lifetime costs have been modeled based on estimates to 5 years after stroke. Building on previous work from the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS), we aimed to describe resource use at 10 years and recalculate the lifetime societal costs of ischemic and hemorrhagic (intracerebral hemorrhage) stroke.

Methods—

Ten-year patient-level resource use data were obtained and updated prices and population demographic statistics for 2010 were applied to our cost-of-illness models. We incorporated incidence data from a larger study region of NEMESIS than that used in the previous model and new 10-year survival and recurrent stroke rates. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic multivariable uncertainty analyses were undertaken.

Results—

For ischemic stroke, the overall average annual direct costs at 10 years (US dollars [USD] 5207) were comparable to those for survivors between 3 and 5 years (USD5438). However, the contribution of some costs varied (eg, medications contributed 13% at 5 years and 20% at 10 years). For intracerebral hemorrhage, annual direct costs were considerably (24%) greater at 10 years than estimated using 3 to 5 year data. Greater average lifetime costs per case were found using the updated models (ischemic stroke: previous model USD51806 and current USD68 769; intracerebral hemorrhage: previous model USD43 786 and current USD54 956 per case). Following sensitivity and multivariable uncertainty analyses, the findings were robust.

Conclusions—

Costs to 10 years after stroke have not previously been reported. Our findings demonstrate the importance of estimating resource use over longer periods for forecasting lifetime estimates.
Ulama and the State in Uzbekistan
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: October 2014

The fundamental fact about the religious landscape in post-Soviet Uzbekistan (and in post-Soviet Muslim societies in general) is the lasting impact of the Soviet legacy. The anti-religious campaigns of 1927–1941 in the USSR caused massive destruction to the infrastructure of Islamic learning and marginalized the authority of the ulama, subordinating them to those of both the state and the nation to an extent arguably not seen anywhere else in the Muslim world. For the ulama after 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the task has been to re-establish their authority within a political field still dominated by Soviet-era institutional structures of state control of religious activity and Soviet-era discursive modes that lead to a deep suspicion towards religion. This article focuses on the “de-Islamization” of the 1930s and then considers its implications for the ulama of today.
The Impact of Regional Multidecadal and Century-Scale Internal Climate Variability on Sea Level Trends in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Carson Mark , Köhl Armin , Stammer Detlef
Published: October 2014

Regional sea surface height variability due to internal climate fluctuations is estimated using preindustrial control runs of 21 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Projected sea level trends of the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario for 20-, 50-, and 100-yr intervals grow from being largely dominated by internal variability on shorter time scales to being the dominant sea level signal on long time scales. The internal variability is estimated by calculating overlapping trends for the various time scales on the regional sea level control run output from each model. When compared to the ensemble spread of the RCP4.5 scenario trends, the internal variability remains a substantial portion of the spread even after 50 years. The regional ensemble mean trends are mostly larger than the ensemble spread for the 50-yr interval and are larger everywhere, except for part of the central Arctic and the Southern Ocean for the 100-yr projection. Although it is unclear whether the model internal variability estimate will be comparable to long-term variability in the real ocean, the authors compare the strength of the estimate to satellite altimetry and find that altimetry-based trends may be larger in tropical ocean regions, with only limited extratropical regions rising above the internal variability. The authors also analyze a single model’s internal variability against its future RCP4.5-projected sea level and show that, by 50 years, many regional sea level trends are larger than the underlying internal variability, though this variability still accounts for more than a third of the trend magnitude for almost half of the extratropical ocean.
An Unusual Aerial Photograph of an Eddy Circulation in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Muller Bradley M. , Herbster Christopher G. , Mosher Frederick R.
Published: October 2014

An aerial photograph of a cyclonic, von Kármán–like vortex in the marine stratocumulus clouds off the California coast, taken by a commercial pilot near Grover Beach, is presented. It is believed that this is the first photograph of such an eddy, taken from an airplane, to appear in publication.

The eddy occurred with a strong inversion above a shallow marine boundary layer, in the lee of high, inversion-penetrating terrain. Tower and surface wind measurements plotted on satellite imagery demonstrate that the Grover Beach eddy was not just a cloud-level feature, but extended through the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) to the surface. Evolution of the flow during the formation of the eddy appears similar to idealized numerical simulations of blocked MABL flow from the literature. The tower measurements sampled the northern part of the eddy circulation during its formation just offshore. The 2°–3°C temperature increases and then decreases during and after the eddy passage may be indicative of warmer air, from sheltered locations to the southeast, and/or downslope flow, being advected by and included into the eddy circulation. Satellite data compared with sequences of wind reversals at two different levels of the meteorological tower suggest that the eddy is tilted with height, at least during its formation stage. Formation mechanisms are discussed, but the subsynoptic observations are inadequate to resolve basic questions about the flow; ultimately a high-resolution model simulation is needed.
Topographical transcriptome mapping of the mouse medial ganglionic eminence by spatially resolved RNA-seq
Authors: Zechel Sabrina , Zajac Pawel , Lönnerberg Peter , Ibáñez Carlos F , Linnarsson Sten
Published: October 2014

Background

Cortical interneurons originating from the medial ganglionic eminence, MGE, are among the most diverse cells within the CNS. Different pools of proliferating progenitor cells are thought to exist in the ventricular zone of the MGE, but whether the underlying subventricular and mantle regions of the MGE are spatially patterned has not yet been addressed. Here, we combined laser-capture microdissection and multiplex RNA-sequencing to map the transcriptome of MGE cells at a spatial resolution of 50 μm.

Results

Distinct groups of progenitor cells showing different stages of interneuron maturation are identified and topographically mapped based on their genome-wide transcriptional pattern. Although proliferating potential decreased rather abruptly outside the ventricular zone, a ventro-lateral gradient of increasing migratory capacity was identified, revealing heterogeneous cell populations within this neurogenic structure.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that spatially resolved RNA-seq is ideally suited for high resolution topographical mapping of genome-wide gene expression in heterogeneous anatomical structures such as the mammalian central nervous system.
Heterozygous defects in PAX6 gene and congenital hypopituitarism
Authors: Takagi Masaki , Nagasaki Keisuke , Fujiwara Ikuma , Ishii Tomohiro , Amano Naoko , Asakura Yumi , Muroya Koji , Hasegawa Yukihiro , Adachi Masanori , Hasegawa Tomonobu
Published: October 2014

Background

The prevalence of congenital hypopituitarism (CH) attributable to known transcription factor mutations appears to be rare and other causative genes for CH remain to be identified. Due to the sporadic occurrence of CH,de novochromosomal rearrangements could be one of the molecular mechanisms participating in its etiology, especially in syndromic cases.

Objective

To identify the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in the etiology of CH and to identify novel genes implicated in CH.

Subjects and methods

We enrolled 88 (syndromic: 30; non-syndromic: 58) Japanese CH patients. We performed an array comparative genomic hybridization screening in the 30 syndromic CH patients. For all the 88 patients, we analyzedPAX6by PCR-based sequencing.

Results

We identified one heterozygous 310-kb deletion of thePAX6enhancer region in one patient showing isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), cleft palate, and optic disc cupping. We also identified one heterozygous 6.5-Mb deletion encompassingOTX2in a patient with bilateral anophthalmia and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. We identified a novelPAX6mutation, namely p.N116S in one non-syndromic CH patient showing IGHD. The p.N116SPAX6was associated with an impairment of the transactivation capacities of the PAX6-binding elements.

Conclusions

This study showed that heterozygousPAX6mutations are associated with CH patients.PAX6mutations may be associated with diverse clinical features ranging from severely impaired ocular and pituitary development to apparently normal phenotype. Overall, this study identified causative CNVs with a possible role in the etiology of CH in <10% of syndromic CH patients.
Pearl Millet Inbred and Testcross Performance under Low Phosphorus in West Africa
Authors: Gemenet Dorcus C. , Hash C. Tom , Sy Ousmane , Zangre Roger G. , Sanogo Moussa D. , Leiser Willmar L. , Parzies Heiko K. , Haussmann Bettina I.G.
Published: October 2014

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] is a food security crop for millions living in drylands of Africa and Asia. Its production on acid sandy soils of the Sahel is limited by erratic rainfall and poor soil fertility, especially low P soils. We sought to elucidate the genetic variation in West and Central African landrace‐derived inbred lines for grain yield under low P conditions, to determine their performance as inbred lines per se and in hybrid combinations, and to determine quantitative‐genetic parameters to derive an appropriate breeding strategy to enhance grain yield under low P conditions. We evaluated a total of 155 landrace‐derived inbred lines as well as their testcrosses in four locations during two years under two treatments, high P (HP; with P fertilization) and low P (LP; without P fertilization). Results revealed significant effects for genotypes, P‐level, genotype × P‐level, as well as genotype × environment interactions. Grain yield reductions under LP treatment ranged from 7.9 to 35.5%, and 11.2 to 60.9% for inbred lines and testcrosses respectively, with positive midparent heterosis averaging 43.5% under LP. We conclude that direct selection of testcrosses under LP is more effective and that indirect selection for testross performance from inbred line performance is not desirable.
The BAS ice-shelf hot-water drill: design, methods and tools
Authors: Makinson Keith , Anker Paul G.D.
Published: October 2014

The 2011/12 Antarctic field season saw the first use of a new British Antarctic Survey (BAS) ice-shelf hot-water drill system on the Larsen C and George VI ice shelves. Delivering 90 L min−1 at 80°C, a total of five holes >30 cm in diameter at three locations were successfully drilled through almost 400 m of ice to provide access to the underlying ocean, including the first access beneath the Larsen C ice shelf. These access holes enabled the deployment of instruments to measure sea-water conductivity, temperature, depth and microstructure, the collection of water samples and up to 2.9 m long sediment cores, before long-term oceanographic moorings were deployed. The simple modular design allowed for Twin Otter aircraft deployment, rapid assembly and commissioning of the system, which proved highly reliable with minimal supervision. A number of novel solutions to various operational sub-ice-shelf profiling and mooring deployment issues were successfully employed through the hot-water drilled access holes to aid the positioning, recovery and deployment of instruments. With future activities now focusing on the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, the drill has been upgraded from its current 500 m capability to 1000 m with additional drill hose and further generator, pumping and heating modules.
Advancing Efforts to Achieve Health Equity: Equity Metrics for Health Impact Assessment Practice
Authors: Heller Jonathan , Givens Marjory , Yuen Tina , Gould Solange , Jandu Maria , Bourcier Emily , Choi Tim
Published: October 2014

Equity is a core value of Health Impact Assessment (HIA). Many compelling moral, economic, and health arguments exist for prioritizing and incorporating equity considerations in HIA practice. Decision-makers, stakeholders, and HIA practitioners see the value of HIAs in uncovering the impacts of policy and planning decisions on various population subgroups, developing and prioritizing specific actions that promote or protect health equity, and using the process to empower marginalized communities. There have been several HIA frameworks developed to guide the inclusion of equity considerations. However, the field lacks clear indicators for measuring whether an HIA advanced equity. This article describes the development of a set of equity metrics that aim to guide and evaluate progress toward equity in HIA practice. These metrics also intend to further push the field to deepen its practice and commitment to equity in each phase of an HIA. Over the course of a year, the Society of Practitioners of Health Impact Assessment (SOPHIA) Equity Working Group took part in a consensus process to develop these process and outcome metrics. The metrics were piloted, reviewed, and refined based on feedback from reviewers. The Equity Metrics are comprised of 23 measures of equity organized into four outcomes: (1) the HIA process and products focused on equity; (2) the HIA process built the capacity and ability of communities facing health inequities to engage in future HIAs and in decision-making more generally; (3) the HIA resulted in a shift in power benefiting communities facing inequities; and (4) the HIA contributed to changes that reduced health inequities and inequities in the social and environmental determinants of health. The metrics are comprised of a measurement scale, examples of high scoring activities, potential data sources, and example interview questions to gather data and guide evaluators on scoring each metric.
Carapanolides J–L from the Seeds of Carapa guianensis (Andiroba) and Their Effects on LPS-Activated NO Production
Authors: Matsui Yuuki , Kikuchi Takashi , Inoue Takanobu , Muraoka Osamu , Yamada Takeshi , Tanaka Reiko
Published: October 2014

A novel gedunin and two novel phragmalin-type limonoids, named carapanolides J–L (compounds 1–3) as well as a known gedunin-type limonoid 4 were isolated from the seeds of Carapa guianensis (andiroba). Their structures were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRFABMS. Compounds 1–4 were evaluated for their effects on the production of NO in LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Riboflavin Accumulation and Molecular Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Bifunctional GTP Cyclohydrolase II/3,4-Dihydroxy-2-Butanone 4-Phosphate Synthase, Lumazine Synthase, and Riboflavin Synthase in Different Organs of Lycium chinense Plant
Authors: Tuan Pham , Zhao Shicheng , Kim Jae , Kim Yeon , Yang Jingli , Li Cheng , Kim Sun-Ju , Arasu Mariadhas , Al-Dhabi Naif , Park Sang
Published: October 2014

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide—essential cofactors for a wide variety of enzymes involving in numerous metabolic processes. In this study, a partial-length cDNA encoding bifunctional GTP cyclohydrolase II/3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (LcRIBA), 2 full-length cDNAs encoding lumazine synthase (LcLS1 and LcLS2), and a full-length cDNA encoding riboflavin synthase (LcRS) were isolated from Lycium chinense, an important traditional medicinal plant. Sequence analyses showed that these genes exhibited high identities with their orthologous genes as well as having the same common features related to plant riboflavin biosynthetic genes. LcRIBA, like other plant RIBAs, contained a DHBPS region in its N terminus and a GCHII region in its C-terminal part. LcLSs and LcRS carried an N-terminal extension found in plant riboflavin biosynthetic genes unlike the orthologous microbial genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that 4 riboflavin biosynthetic genes were constitutively expressed in all organs examined of L. chinense plants with the highest expression levels found in the leaves or red fruits. LcRIBA, which catalyzes 2 initial reactions in riboflavin biosynthetic pathway, was the highest transcript in the leaves, and hence, the richest content of riboflavin was detected in this organ. Our study might provide the basis for investigating the contribution of riboflavin in diverse biological activities of L. chinense and may facilitate the metabolic engineering of vitamin B2 in crop plants.
Servir plusieurs maîtres
Authors: Debray Régis
Published: October 2014

Le soleil, le corps, le calendrier, les horloges et les portables ne battent pas la même mesure. Dans cette cacophonie temporelle à chacun de trouver sa cadence personnelle.
Petite histoire du rythme
Authors: Renucci Jean-Marie
Published: October 2014

Du swing au binaire : vers une exténuation de la musique occidentale.
Les arythmies scolaires
Authors: Billard Jacques
Published: October 2014

Le temps social mord de plus en plus sur le temps scolaire. D’où nos difficultés. Une solution : restituer à l’institution sa légitime autonomie.
Tristan et Isolde ou le paradigme de la passion amoureuse
Authors: Castarède Marie-France
Published: October 2014

Tristan et Isolde , un des opéras les plus connus de Richard Wagner, met en scène et en musique la passion amoureuse. Le chant d’amour d’Isolde, à la fin de l’opéra, rejoignant Tristan dans la mort, est un retour bienheureux à la fusion originaire dans le corps maternel.
La musique « océanique » : Romain Rolland entre Beethoven et Wagner
Authors: Kaluaratchige Elizabeth
Published: October 2014

Cet article traite de la question de l’universalité de la musique chez Romain Rolland faisant référence à Wagner et Beethoven : une musique « pure » sans ou avec mots, qui pourrait pénétrer le cœur des musiciens et des mélomanes, et une musique porteuse de message qui s’adresserait à l’esprit de la masse. Nous essayons de dégager la position freudienne sur l’écoute de la musique, par le biais du débat entre Freud et Romain Rolland mené sur le sentiment océanique.
Companies' Strategies
Authors: Dima Ioan Constantin
Published: October 2014

This chapter is an approach of the theory of strategies and strategic management, and it deals with issues such as companies' strategies and policies, companies' managerial strategies, companies' strategies systems, strategic alternatives and their classification, evaluation and control of strategies, stakeholders and their role in preparing companies' strategies, companies' sustainable development strategies, etc. The complexity of the industrial companies' activities and the different concepts of managers and management specialists have led to the existence of divergences on the concept of company policies and managerial strategies. All these opinions, however, differentiate the company policies from the company strategies. A special role is to prepare companies' sustainable development strategies, as the chapter points out that an industrial company can have sustainable development only if it has its own strategy regarding its development.
Strategies Used to Improve Industrial Companies' Production Quality
Authors: Nowicka-Skowron Maria , Stegăroiu Ion
Published: October 2014

The advanced production systems based on modern managerial methods for the manufacturing process, including the systems that use artificial intelligence, impose new demands in the field of continuously improving the quality of the production process and products. This chapter deals with both theoretical aspects of the production quality and with the use of the Japanese management methods and techniques in the strategic management of quality. As of 1973, the original concept of Taguchi developed throughout the world, regarding the improvement of the production and product quality. This concept brings its contribution to the “quality loss” function, the quality begins from designing, training all collaborators, ensuring the quality in production, verifying the company's quality. The use of the Taguchi method is dealt with separately as a technique of the strategic management of industrial production quality.
Exploiting Enriched Knowledge of Web Network Structures
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: October 2014

Understanding Web network structures may offer insights on various organizations and individuals. These structures are often latent and invisible without special software tools; the interrelationships between various websites may not be apparent with a surface perusal of the publicly accessible Web pages. Three publicly available tools may be “chained” (combined in sequence) in a data extraction sequence to enable visualization of various aspects of http network structures in an enriched way (with more detailed insights about the composition of such networks, given their heterogeneous and multimodal contents). Maltego Tungsten™, a penetration-testing tool, enables the mapping of Web networks, which are enriched with a variety of information: the technological understructure and tools used to build the network, some linked individuals (digital profiles), some linked documents, linked images, related emails, some related geographical data, and even the in-degree of the various nodes. NCapture with NVivo enables the extraction of public social media platform data and some basic analysis of these captures. The Network Overview, Discovery, and Exploration for Excel (NodeXL) tool enables the extraction of social media platform data and various evocative data visualizations and analyses. With the size of the Web growing exponentially and new domains (like .ventures, .guru, .education, .company, and others), the ability to map widely will offer a broad competitive advantage to those who would exploit this approach to enhance knowledge.
Microbial respiration per unit microbial biomass depends on soil litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
Authors: Spohn M.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Soil microbial respiration is a central process in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. In this study I tested the effect of the carbon-to-nitrogen (C : N) ratio of soil litter layers on microbial respiration in absolute terms and per unit microbial biomass C. For this purpose, a global dataset on microbial respiration per unit microbial biomass C – termed the metabolic quotient (qCO2) – was compiled form literature data. It was found that the qCO2 in the soil litter layers was positively correlated with the litter C : N ratio and negatively related with the litter nitrogen (N) concentration. The positive relation between qCO2 and litter C : N ratio resulted from an increase in respiration with the C : N ratio in combination with no significant effect of the litter C : N ratio on the soil microbial biomass C concentration. The results suggest that soil microorganisms respire more C both in absolute terms and per unit microbial biomass C when decomposing N-poor substrate. Thus, the findings indicate that atmospheric N deposition, leading to decreased litter C : N ratios, might decrease microbial respiration in soils.
14C-age tracers in global ocean circulation models
Authors: Koeve W. , Wagner H. , Kähler P. , Oschlies A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The natural abundance of 14C in total CO2 dissolved in seawater is a property applied to evaluate the water age structure and circulation in the ocean and in ocean models. In this study we use three different representations of the global ocean circulation augmented with a suite of idealised tracers to study the potential and limitations of using natural 14C to determine water age, the time elapsed since a body of water had contact with the atmosphere. We find that, globally, bulk 14C-age is dominated by two equally important components, one associated with aging, i.e. the time component of circulation and one associated with a "preformed 14C-age". This latter quantity exists because of the slow and incomplete atmosphere/ocean equilibration of 14C in particular in high latitudes where many water masses form. The relative contribution of the preformed component to bulk 14C-age varies regionally within a given model, but also between models. Regional variability, e.g. in the Atlantic Ocean is associated with the mixing of waters with very different end members of preformed 14C-age. In the Atlantic, variations in the preformed component over space and time mask the circulation component to an extent that its patterns are not detectable from bulk 14C-age alone. Between models the variability of age can also be considerable (factor of 2), related to the combinations of physical model parameters, which influence circulation dynamics, and gas exchange in the models. The preformed component was found to be very sensitive to gas exchange and moderately sensitive to ice cover. In our model evaluation exercise, the choice of the gas exchange constant from within the current range of uncertainty had such a strong influence on preformed and bulk 14C-age that if model evaluation would be based on bulk 14C-age it could easily impair the evaluation and tuning of a models circulation on global and regional scales. Based on the results of this study, we propose that considering preformed 14C-age is critical for a correct assessment of circulation in ocean models.
AS CIÊNCIAS NÃO PODEM FLORESCER SEM QUE O ESTADO SE APERFEIÇOE: REFORMAS DO ENSINO NO SETECENTOS PORTUGUÊS
Authors: Santos Antonio Cesar de Almeida
Published: October 2014

Pretendemos discutir algumas questões referentes às assim chamadas “reformas pombalinas da educação”, apontando para o tipo de estudante e, consequentemente, para o “profissional” esperado pelos propositores das tais reformas. Estamos considerando, assim como outros já o fizeram antes de nós, que as reformas estiveram orientadas pelo interesse em desenvolver uma mentalidade que se coadunasse aos “novos tempos”. Para a condução de nossa análise, utilizamos um tipo de documentação – Estatutos da Universidade, leis e alvarás – que, não obstante suas limi- tações, permitem perceber os nexos entre as novas ideias que permeavam o ambiente intelectual europeu e os conhecimentos e as metodologias de ensino então propostos para a instrução dos jovens portugueses.
DO VIVIDO AO REDIGIDO: OS ILETRADOS E A ESCRITA
Authors: Vartuliu Sílvia Maria Amâncio Rachi
Published: October 2014

Este texto é um recorte da pesquisa de doutorado, desenvolvida na Faculdade de Educação da UFMG, por meio da qual investigamos os usos sociais da escrita feitos por mulheres em Minas Gerais no período de 1780 a 1822. O corpus documental selecionado apresenta como prin- cipais fontes os testamentos post mortem das duas últimas décadas do século XVIII até 1822, pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo do Museu do Ouro/Instituto Brasileiro de Museus (IBRAM), em Sabará, referentes ao território da Comarca do Rio das Velhas. Partimos da convicção de que as relações com a escrita ultrapassam em muito a capacidade de redigir de “próprio punho”. Começamos a nos mover, assim, com o inquietante objetivo de tornar clara a pragmática da constituição do escrito, não o subordinando apenas à redação autônoma. Para nortear-nos na análise das fontes, pautamo-nos nos autores dedicados à compreensão dos fenômenos da alfabetização e letramento, bem como em reflexões de pesquisadores que investigaram esses fenômenos em perspectiva histó- rica e de autores referenciais no estudo da sociedade do nosso período colonial. Aqui, tecemos breve discussão historiográfica acerca da cultura escrita e das práticas educativas na sociedade colonial e explicitamos algumas das análises desenvolvidas durante a investigação. Ativemo- -nos ao processo de constituição do texto testamental e à observação das elaborações discursivas dos sujeitos. Embasados na literatura voltada a destacar o papel da oralidade na autoria dos textos, tornou-se possível perceber como diferentes mulheres, inclusivamente as não alfabetizadas, foram capazes de elaborar e redigir textos, ainda que por mãos alheias, e, dessa forma, utilizarem-se da escrita.
DA LEPRA À HANSENÍASE: POLÍTICA PÚBLICA, O COTIDIANO E O ESTIGMA A PARTIR DA MEMÓRIA DE SEUS ATORES – GOVERNADOR VALADARES (DÉCADA DE 1980)
Authors: Genovez Patrícia Falco , Pereira Flavia Rodrigues
Published: October 2014

As discussões sobre a lepra, assim denominada antes da terminologia Hanseníase, remontam à Idade Média e seguiram até os dias atuais com a participação de inúmeros pesquisadores internacionais e brasileiros, pautados na etiologia e na terapêutica da doença. As políticas de saúde da Hanseníase configuraram uma trajetória de repercussões sociais que estão ligadas à implementação de políticas rigorosas, instituídas pelos governos e médicos especialistas da área, caracterizadas pelo isolamento, tratamentos dolorosos e de pouca eficiência (até a década de 1940) e pelo estigma e preconceito históricos. Diante dos contextos históricos da saúde pública no Brasil e do conhecimento de algumas políticas públicas da Hanseníase que determinaram seu controle no país, pontuar-se-á a Hanseníase na cidade de Governador Valadares/MG. Este município, situado no leste do Estado de Minas Gerais, na mesor- região do Vale do Rio Doce, será enfocado privilegiando-se a década de 1980. A intenção, portanto, é aproximar os leitores das apropriações dos sujeitos, das memórias coletivas, das suas percepções em relaçãoàs ações de saúde, entrelaçadas ao tempo e espaço vivido por alguns sujeitos desse processo.
CPG-based Sensory Feedback Control for Bio-inspired Multimodal Swimming
Authors: Wang Ming , Yu Junzhi , Tan Min
Published: October 2014

Sensory feedback plays a very significant role in the generation of diverse and stable movements for animals. In this paper we describe our effort to develop a Central Pattern Generator (CPG)-based sensory feedback control for the creation of multimodal swimming for a multi-articulated robotic fish in the context of neurocomputing. The proposed control strategy is composed of two phases: the upper decision-making and the automatic adjustment. According to the upper control commands and the sensory inputs, different swimming gaits are determined by a finite state machine algorithm. At the same time, the sensory feedback is exploited to shape the CPG coupling forms and control parameters. In the automatic adjustment phase, the CPG model with sensory feedback will adapt the environment autonomously. Simulation and underwater tests are further conducted to verify the presented control scheme. It is found that the CPG-based sensory feedback control method can effectively improve the manoeuvrability and adaptability of the robotic fish in water.
Biologically-Inspired Control Architecture for Musical Performance Robots
Authors: Solis Jorge , Ozawa Kenichiro , Takeuchi Maasaki , Kusano Takafumi , Ishikawa Shimpei , Petersen Klaus , Takanishi Atsuo
Published: October 2014

At Waseda University, since 1990, the authors have been developing anthropomorphic musical performance robots as a means for understanding human control, introducing novel ways of interaction between musical partners and robots, and proposing applications for humanoid robots. In this paper, the design of a biologically-inspired control architecture for both an anthropomorphic flutist robot and a saxophone playing robot are described. As for the flutist robot, the authors have focused on implementing an auditory feedback system to improve the calibration procedure for the robot in order to play all the notes correctly during a performance. In particular, the proposed auditory feedback system is composed of three main modules: an Expressive Music Generator, a Feed Forward Air Pressure Control System and a Pitch Evaluation System. As for the saxophone-playing robot, a pressure-pitch controller (based on the feedback error learning) to improve the sound produced by the robot during a musical performance was proposed and implemented. In both cases studied, a set of experiments are described to verify the improvements achieved while considering biologically-inspired control approaches.
Do Open Access Electronic Theses and Dissertations Diminish Publishing Opportunities in the Sciences?
Authors: Ramírez Marisa L. , McMillan Gail , Dalton Joan T. , Hanlon Ann , Smith Heather S. , Kern Chelsea
Published: October 2014

In academia, there is a growing acceptance of sharing the final electronic version of graduate work, such as a thesis or dissertation, in an online university repository. Though previous studies have shown that journal editors are willing to consider manuscripts derived from electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), faculty advisors and graduate students continue to raise concerns that online discoverability of ETDs negatively impact future opportunities to publish those findings. The current study investigated science journal policies on open access ETDs and found that more than half of the science journals responding (51.4%) reported that manuscripts derived from openly accessible ETDs are welcome for submission and an additional 29.1 percent would accept revised ETDs under certain conditions.
Les échecs des politiques antiterroristes russes au Caucase du Nord
Authors: Campana1 Aurélie
Published: October 2014

Cet article porte sur les dynamiques propres aux politiques russes antiterroristes au Caucase du Nord et analyse leurs impacts sur le conflit. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur le concept de configuration tel que développé par N. Elias. Il se propose de déconstruire les interdépendances qui lient les acteurs de l’antiterrorisme et d’en examiner la nature et les logiques. Il montre qu’il existe non seulement un décalage entre les discours et les pratiques, mais également une divergence d’intérêts et de croyances, que la prédominance du clanisme, du localisme et du clientélisme, comme modes d’interactions et principes organisationnels, ne fait qu’enraciner. Il explique les échecs des politiques antiterroristes par les jeux de pouvoir, qui à Moscou et au Nord-Caucase, entravent leur bonne mise en oeuvre, par l’absence de coordination et la compétition inter-agences et par le détournement de la violence à des fins privées. Il montre ainsi que loin de contenir le conflit, ces pratiques imputables aux différents acteurs impliqués dans la lutte anti-terroriste participent à la montée des violences et entretiennent un conflit aux logiques multiples.
« Cultures policières » et opérations internationales de paix1
Authors: Maury Sophie , Tanner2 Samuel
Published: October 2014

Déployées par l’ONU dans les opérations de maintien de la paix depuis les années 1960, les forces de police – UNPOL – se sont vu attribuer toujours plus de responsabilités, assurant aujourd’hui un rôle primordial sur le théâtre de ces opérations. Confrontés à un environnement nouveau, ces policiers doivent se familiariser avec les enjeux politiques, les coutumes du pays hôte mais aussi collaborer avec des polices du monde entier dans le but de remplir efficacement leur mandat. Cette coopération est l’une des clés de la réussite de la mission et, par cet article, nous montrerons que celle-ci est un véritable défi à relever. À partir d’un échantillon de 36 entrevues conduites avec des policiers canadiens ayant participé à une ou plusieurs opérations de la MINUSTAH (Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti), nous analysons les pratiques quotidiennes et les stratégies utilisées en vue d’une pleine coopération internationale. L’hétérogénéité des polices internationales, ici appréhendées du point de vue des modalités de recrutement appliquées par les pays contributeurs, des compétences et cultures juridiques policières et des motivations poussant les policiers à partir en mission, tend à générer un climat de méfiance entre les UNPOL, parfois même un sentiment de frustration, qui augmente les coûts de transaction de la coopération policière, dommageable à l’application d’un mandat déjà complexe.
Precipitation variability within the West Pacific Warm Pool over the past 120 ka: Evidence from the Davao Gulf, southern Philippines
Authors: Fraser Nicholas , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Holbourn Ann , Bolliet Timothé , Andersen Nils , Blanz Thomas , Beaufort Luc
Published: October 2014

Proxy records of hydrologic variability in the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) have revealed wide‐scale changes in past convective activity in response to orbital and suborbital climate forcings. However, attributing proxy responses to regional changes in WPWP hydrology versus local variations in precipitation requires independent records linking the terrestrial and marine realms. We present high‐resolution stable isotope, UK′37sea surface temperature, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning, and coccolithophore‐derived paleoproductivity records covering the past 120 ka from International Marine Global Change (IMAGES) Program Core MD06‐3075 (6°29′N, 125°50′E, water depth 1878 m), situated in the Davao Gulf on the southern side of Mindanao. XRF‐derived log(Fe/Ca) records provide a robust proxy for runoff‐driven sedimentary discharge from Mindanao, while past changes in local productivity are associated with variable freshwater runoff and stratification of the surface layer. Significant precessional‐scale variability in sedimentary discharge occurred during marine isotope stage (MIS) 5, with peaks in discharge contemporaneous with Northern Hemisphere summer insolation minima. We attribute these changes to the latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the WPWP together with variability in the strength of the Walker circulation acting on precessional timescales. Between 60 and 15 ka sedimentary discharge at Mindanao was muted, displaying little orbital‐ or millennial‐scale variability, likely in response to weakened precessional insolation forcing and lower sea level driving increased subsidence of air masses over the exposed Sunda Shelf. These results highlight the high degree of local variability in the precipitation response to past climate changes in the WPWP.
On Mars too expect macroweather
Authors: Lovejoy Shaun , Muller J.‐P. , Boisvert J. P.
Published: October 2014

Terrestrial atmospheric and oceanic spectra show drastic transitions at τw ≈ 10 days and τow ≈ 1 year, respectively; this has been theorized as the lifetime of planetary‐scale structures. For wind and temperature, the forms of the low‐ and high‐frequency parts of the spectra (macroweather and weather) as well as the τw can be theoretically estimated, the latter depending notably on the solar‐induced turbulent energy flux. We extend the theory to other planets and test it using Viking lander and reanalysis data from Mars. When the Martian spectra are scaled by the theoretical amount, they agree very well with their terrestrial atmospheric counterparts. We discuss the implications for understanding planetary fluid dynamical systems.
Testing morphodynamic controls on the location and frequency of river avulsions on fans versus deltas: Huanghe (Yellow River), China
Authors: Ganti Vamsi , Chu Zhongxin , Lamb Michael P. , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Parker Gary
Published: October 2014

A mechanistic understanding of river avulsion location and frequency is needed to predict the growth of alluvial fans and deltas. The Huanghe, China, provides a rare opportunity to test emerging theories because its high sediment load produces regular avulsions at two distinct nodes. Where the river debouches from the Loess Plateau, avulsions occur at an abrupt decrease in bed slope and reoccur at a time interval (607 years) consistent with a channel‐filling timescale set by the superelevation height of the levees. Downstream, natural deltaic avulsions reoccur at a timescale that is fast (7 years) compared to channel‐filling timescale due to large stage‐height variability during floods. Unlike the upstream node, deltaic avulsions cluster at a location influenced by backwater hydrodynamics and show evidence for episodic downstream migration in concert with progradation of the shoreline, providing new expectations for the interplay between avulsion location, frequency, shoreline rugosity, and delta morphology.