bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic inequality expanded after an extreme climate event: a long-term analysis of herders’ household data in Mongolia
Authors: Kakinuma Kaoru , Tamura Kohei , Takikawa Hiroki , Fujioka Yuichiro , Kezuka Kazuhiro , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: December 2023

The importance of ending poverty and reducing economic inequality has been explicitly recognized globally. Climate extremes are a critical global risk and can lead to economic damages, but empirical evidence of their effects on economic inequality is limited. Here, we focus on Mongolian pastoralism, which has a coupled socio-ecological system, to examine the trend of economic inequality among herders following a climate extreme event. Mongolia experienced a winter disaster in 2009 that caused a mortality of about 20% of the total number of livestock across the country. We used a long-term livestock panel dataset at the household level (n = 787) during 2004–2013 to examine changes in the economic distribution after the disaster. Economic inequality increased after the disaster (Gini coefficient increased from 0.46 to 0.61), and the increased level of inequality remained 4 years after the disaster. A decomposition of the inequality analysis showed that within-group inequality largely contributed to the greater total inequality, and household groups with a small number of livestock had the largest increase in inequality. Moreover, household groups that did not recover their livestock number had a higher loss rate of livestock during the disaster than household groups that did recover. Although the number of total livestock in the study area did recover after 4 years, we empirically showed that inequality among herders increased after the disaster. This result suggests that economic distributions are critical when examining the socio-economic impacts of climate extremes. We also suggest that preparing for disasters during normal years to alleviate loss of livestock during a disaster, especially for households with a small number of livestock, is a critical way to reduce poverty in the face of more frequent climate extremes.
Optimal chlorophyll extraction conditions and postharvest stability in Moringa (M. Oleifera) leaves
Authors: Ngcobo Sifiso , Bada Samson Oluwaseyi , Ukpong Aniekan Magnus , Risenga Ida
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to assess the optimal conditions for the extraction of chlorophyll and the stability of chlorophyll with postharvest storage period in Moringa Oleifera leaves harvested in 3 different years for its preservation and lifespan. For this purpose, chlorophylls a (Chla) and b (Chlb) were extracted from the leaves using acetone, methanol, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and the ‘green’ solvent (ethanol). In addition, the chlorophylls were extracted under various conditions, including temperatures (4, 25, and 45 °C), and times (10, 30, and 60 min) from dry leaves that were harvested in different years (2020, 2021, and 2022). The results showed that the Chla content extracted exceeded that of Chlb in the four solvents in all temperatures and extraction times, except for acetone and ethanol extracts under 45 °C at 30 and 60-min extraction times in samples harvested in 2022. An increase in extraction time and temperature resulted in higher chlorophyll content. Overall chlorophyll content decreased with the increasing postharvest storage period, particularly in methanol and ethanol extracts. The Chlorophyll Stability Index showed that chlorophyll is stable in moringa, such that the chlorophyll content obtained in a 2-year postharvest storage period samples was also found to be high. In general, the chlorophyll obtained from this study was found to be compatible with what is used in the industrial market. This suggests that the chlorophyll from moringa is stable and can be considered a major source of chlorophyll.
Surgery for Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Fotopoulou Christina , Eriksson Ane Gerda , Yagel Itai , Chang Suk-Joon , Lim Myong Cheol
Published: December 2023

Purpose of Review

To review evidence around the value and challenges of surgery for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (ROC). Both cytoreductive and palliative aspects will be addressed

Recent Findings

Prospective and retrospective evidence demonstrates a significantly longer remission derived from the combination of surgical and systemic modalities as opposed to systemic treatment alone in carefully selected ROC-patients who have relapsed more than 6 months from the end of their 1st line platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, this benefit appears to be limited when total macroscopic tumor clearance is not achieved. Selection algorithms to identify optimal surgical candidates are of paramount importance to prevent surgical morbidity without the equivalent oncological benefit. In the palliative setting, the risks and benefits of salvage surgery need to be counterbalanced with the advances of conservative techniques for optimal care.

Well-defined selection algorithms to identify those who will benefit from surgery in the relapsed setting appear to be the key to oncologic and surgical success.
Factors influencing cranial variation between prehistoric Japanese forager populations
Authors: Buck L. T. , Menéndez L. P. , De Groote I. , Hassett B. R. , Matsumura H. , Stock J. T.
Published: December 2023

Understanding the factors shaping human crania has long been a goal of biological anthropology, and climate, diet, and population history are three of the most well-established influences. The effects of these factors are, however, rarely compared within a single, variable population, limiting interpretations of their relative contribution to craniofacial form. Jomon prehistoric foragers inhabited Japan throughout its climatic and ecological range and developed correspondingly varied modes of subsistence. We have previously demonstrated that a large sample of Jomon crania showed no clear climatic pattern; here, we examine variation in Jomon crania in more detail to determine if dietary factors and/or population history influence human intrapopulation variation at this scale. Based on well-established archaeological differences, we divide the Jomon into dietary groups and use geometric morphometric methods to analyse relationships between cranial shape, diet, and population history. We find evidence for diet-related influences on the shape of the neurocranium, particularly in the temporalis region. These shape differences may be interpreted in the context of regional variation in the biomechanical requirements of different diets. More experimental biomechanical and nutritional evidence is needed, however, to move suggested links between dietary content and cranial shape from plausible to well-supported. In contrast with the global scale of human variation, where neutral processes are the strongest influence on cranial shape, we find no pattern of population history amongst individuals from these Jomon sites. The determinants of cranial morphology are complex and the effect of diet is likely mediated by factors including sex, social factors, and chronology. Our results underline the subtlety of the effects of dietary variation beyond the forager/farmer dichotomy on cranial morphology and contribute to our understanding of the complexity of selective pressures shaping human phenotypes on different geographic scales.
The role of parental environmental self-identity in active travel behavior within parent–adolescent dyads
Authors: Seemüller Selina , Beck Franziska , Tristram Clara , Marzi Isabel , Renninger Denise , Demetriou Yolanda , Reimers Anne Kerstin
Published: December 2023

Active travel in everyday life offers the opportunity to increase physical activity (PA), supports young people in their development, and is more sustainable than motorized travel. The environmental awareness of young people can be influenced by parents and can lead them to choose mainly active travel modes. Since parents can have a strong impact on the behavioral patterns of adolescents, it is important to investigate how parental decisions are linked to children’s actions. The aim of the current study is to assess the relationship between parental environmental self-identity, referring to parents’ own attitudes towards their environmentally friendly behavior, and active travel behavior in adolescents as well as parents’ own travel behavior. The present research is based on the German ARRIVE (Active tRavel behavioR in the famIly enVironmEnt) study. The sample consists of 517 parent–adolescent dyads. Parents and adolescents completed an online questionnaire containing questions on their sociodemographic backgrounds and travel behavior to four different destinations, and the parents additionally answered questions on their environmental self-identity. To identify differences in environmental self-identity between sex/gender, residential setting, and education level, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted. Binary logistic regressions were used to investigate associations between parental environmental self-identity and parental travel mode as well as their adolescents’ travel mode. There were positive relationships between parental environmental self-identity and adolescents’ use of active travel modes for the way to leisure activities, to school, and to friends. Odds ratios (OR) for these associations indicated low effect sizes (OR = 1.240–1.616). Among parents, all associations revealed statistical significance with low (OR for friends/relatives = 1.728) to medium (OR to shopping = 2.028) effect sizes. Our results suggest that adolescents’ active travel routines seem to be related to parental attitudes.
Maintaining health in daily life—is active travel the solution?
Authors: Tittlbach Susanne , Brockfeld A. , Kindig S. , Herfet M.
Published: December 2023

Physical inactivity is a global public health challenge. At the same time, the societal transformation toward a sustainable and active lifestyle can be observed. Active travel (AT) is one physical activity (PA) domain and combines healthy and sustainable daily behavior. However, it is still unclear whether assumed associations between AT and health are resilient for objective and subjective health outcomes. Since published research on AT has been growing during the last decade, this scoping review aimed to update and summarize the existing evidence. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library, following PRISMA guidelines. In all, 35 papers including 4,857,918 individuals (age range: 18–93 years old) were included. AT is strongly associated with health dimensions with a great body of knowledge showing strong associations between AT and reduced risks for noncommunicable diseases (NCD), especially in comparison to non-AT. Thus, AT can play an important role to prevent the increasing prevalence of NCD. There is a limited amount of research available on health-promoting factors and subjective health. Extracted studies suggest positive connections with AT. Mostly, cycling as a form of AT seems to have a more significant positive association with health compared to walking. Longitudinal studies further support and reinforce these findings.
High pre-chemoradiotherapy pan-immune-inflammation value levels predict worse outcomes in patients with stage IIIB/C non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Topkan Erkan , Kucuk Ahmet , Ozkan Emine Elif , Ozturk Duriye , Besen Ali Ayberk , Mertsoylu Huseyin , Pehlivan Berrin , Selek Ugur
Published: December 2023

Background and objectives

We explored the prognostic usefulness of the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) in patients with stage IIIB/C non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).

Methods and patients

For all patients, the PIV was calculated using platelet (P), monocyte (M), neutrophil (N), and lymphocyte (L) measures obtained on the first day of CCRT: PIV = P × M × N ÷ L. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we searched for the existence of an ideal cutoff that may partition patients into two groups with unique progression-free- (PFS) and overall survival (OS) results. The primary endpoint of this retrospective cohort research was to determine whether there were any significant relationships between pretreatment PIV measures and post-CCRT OS outcomes.

Results

The present research included a total of 807 stage IIIB/C NSCLC patients. According to ROC curve analysis, the ideal PIV cutoff was 516 [area under the curve (AUC): 67.7%; sensitivity: 66.4%; specificity: 66.1%], which divided the whole cohort into two: low PIV (L-PIV: PIV < 516; N = 436) and high PIV (H-PIV: PIV ≥ 516; N = 371). The comparisons between the PIV groups indicated that either the median PFS (9.2 vs. 13.4 months; P < 0.001) or OS (16.7 vs. 32.7 months; P < 0.001) durations in the H-PIV group were substantially inferior to their L-PIV counterpart. Apart from the H-PIV (P < 0.001), the N3 nodal stage (P = 0.006), IIIC disease stage (P < 0.001), and receiving only one cycle of concurrent chemotherapy (P = 0.005) were also determined to be significant predictors of poor PFS (P < 0.05, for each) and OS (P < 0.05, for each) outcomes in univariate analysis. The multivariate analysis findings revealed that all four variables had independent negative impacts on PFS (P < 0.05, for each) and OS (P < 0.05, for each).

Conclusions

The findings of this hypothesis-generating retrospective analysis claimed that the novel PIV was an independent and steadfast predictor of PFS and OS in stage IIIB/C NSCLC patients.
Biomass and bioenergy potentials of bioresidues: assessment methodology development and application to the region of Lafões
Authors: d’Espiney Ana , Pinheiro Helena M. , Marques Isabel P. , Kretzschmar Jörg , Cyffka Karl-Friedrich , Thrän Daniela
Published: December 2023

Bioenergy research aims to uncover the potentials of biological residues. Regional-specific characterization of such potentials is needed to improve the use of local resources, decisions on bioenergy conversion routes, and services within global efforts against climate change. The definition and calculation of the theoretical and technical biomass and bioenergy potentials are keys for developing sustainable use pathways at a regional level. The present work develops a methodology where theoretical framework, quantification methods, and values for the necessary parameters, to assess regional biomass and bioenergy potentials, are considered. The region of Lafões (Portugal) is the case study to illustrate the application of the methods, resulting in three bioresidue categories (agricultural by-products, forestry residues, and municipal waste) and two bioenergy conversion routes (biochemical and thermochemical). The biochemical conversion route revealed a technical energy potential of 765 TJ yr−1, comparing favourably with the 543 TJ yr−1 achieved by the thermochemical route. Also, the environmental and economic performances, associated with the implementation of bioenergy technologies, are possibly better achieved through the biochemical route, to be assessed through life cycle analyses and life cycle costing. Regardless of action priorities, the two conversion routes combined can potentially cover the entire current electrical energy demand of the region. This should also be appraised with expectations in mind for both flexible bioenergy services (with other renewables) and for bioenergy usage in applications which are difficult to defossilize.
Sensitivity of turbulence parameters to tidal energy converter loads in BEM simulations
Authors: Naberezhnykh Alyona , Ingram David , Ashton Ian , Miller Calum
Published: December 2023

Renewable energy is playing an increasingly central role in the global energy supply due to decarbonisation and energy security aims. A vital aspect of renewable energy systems will be the predictability of the energy source, something that tidal stream energy can provide. The tidal sites suitable for energy extraction are by their nature turbulent, creating variations in the tidal energy converter (TEC) loads and affecting device durability. Developers use Blade Element Momentum (BEM) models to predict loading and improve designs of TECs. To simulate turbulence effects within these models, a synthetic flow field is generated using a combination of measured and assumed parameters. Inaccuracies in these parameters can lead to uncertainties in the simulated loads. This study investigates the sensitivity of turbulence characteristics to loads using a commercial BEM software. Variability in parameters shows a profound impact on the loads. Varying turbulence intensity resulted in a $$90\%$$

90
%

change in fatigue loads for intensities ranging 2–24%. Length-scales showed a $$49\%$$

49
%

decrease in loads across the range tested (5–70 m). A coherent flow field increased loads by $$45\%$$

45
%

compared to a non-coherent flow. Hub-bending loads varied by $$30\%$$

30
%

between different shear profiles, however varying the standard deviation profiles did not show notable effects. The results from this study emphasise the necessity for accurate turbulence parameter inputs to reduce uncertainty in device load modelling. It also highlights the importance of using realistic shear profiles as well as appropriate coherence models.
Low Temperature Leaching Behavior of Allanite-(Ce) in Treating an Allanite-Concentrate by Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Kärenlampi Kimmo , Väänänen Emilia , Roivainen Tuomas , Perämäki Paavo
Published: December 2023

Allanite is a common REE-bearing silicate mineral, which is found in potentially mineable abundances in many areas but has not been economically exploited for the REEs in an industrial scale. Conventional methods, such as sulfuric acid baking at high temperatures (200 to 650 °C) followed by extended water leaching near boiling temperature, have proven effective in decomposing allanite but come with substantial economic and environmental drawbacks. This study presents an alternative approach, investigating the dissolution behavior of allanite at low temperatures through direct treatment of an allanite concentrate with sulfuric acid. Through parametric optimization, the study reveals the practical and selective dissolution of allanite from a relatively coarse concentrate sample (particle size distribution D50 = 327 µm) after a 3-h leaching period with a mild dilute (2 M) H2SO4 solution at 22 °C, yielding overall recoveries of approximately 80% for light REEs and 60% for heavy REEs. The dissolved gangue elements, predominantly derived from allanite (e.g., Th, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca), exhibit contents in the leach solution comparable to or slightly higher than those reported in other studies utilizing acid bake–water leach processes. The notable efficiency of low-temperature sulfuric acid extraction is likely attributed to the heightened chemical reactivity of metamict allanite-(Ce) within the investigated concentrate. While these results are encouraging and demonstrate the potential of low-temperature leaching for allanite concentrates, additional research is necessary before testing the procedure on a larger scale.

Graphical Abstract
The Hodgepodge Reality: A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Challenges and Barriers in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care Systems
Authors: Carbonell Ángela , Georgieva Sylvia , Navarro-Pérez José-Javier , Prades-Caballero Virginia
Published: December 2023

The literature to date has documented the presence of challenges and barriers in mental health systems and services for children and adolescents worldwide. However, studies addressing this reality often do so in a fragmented, residual, incomplete, or generalized way, therefore hindering a comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon. The aim of this qualitative systematic review is to analyze the barriers and challenges affecting global mental health care for children and adolescents. Searches were made in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases between 2018 and 2022 using terms connected with mental health, childhood, adolescence, and health systems. The search resulted in the extraction of 9075 articles, of which 51 were considered eligible for inclusion and complied with quality indicators. A number of closely related structural, financial, attitudinal, and treatment barriers that limited the quality of life and well-being of children and adolescents with mental health needs were found. These barriers included inadequate public policies, operational deficiencies, insufficient insurance coverage, privatization of services, stigma, lack of mental health literacy, lack of training, overburdened care, dehumanization of care, and lack of community and integrated resources. The analysis of these barriers displays that this treatment gap reflects the historical injustice towards mental illness and the disregard for real needs in these crucial stages, perpetuating a systematic lack of protection for the mental health of children and adolescents. The complexity of the disorders and the absence of public resources have resulted in a hodgepodge of mental health services for children and adolescents that fails to provide the continuing specialist health care they need.
Eisenstein series, p-adic modular functions, and overconvergence, II
Authors: Kiming Ian , Rustom Nadim
Published: December 2023

Let p be a prime number. Continuing and extending our previous paper with the same title, we prove explicit rates of overconvergence for modular functions of the form $$\frac{E^*_k}{V(E^*_k)}$$

E
k
∗

V
(

E
k
∗

)

where $$E^*_k$$

E
k
∗

is a classical, normalized Eisenstein series on $$\Gamma _0(p)$$

Γ
0

(
p
)

and V the p-adic Frobenius operator. In particular, we extend our previous paper to the primes 2 and 3. For these primes our main theorem improves somewhat upon earlier results by Emerton, Buzzard and Kilford, and Roe. We include a detailed discussion of those earlier results as seen from our perspective. We also give some improvements to our earlier paper for primes $$p\ge 5$$

p
≥
5

. Apart from establishing these improvements, our main purpose here is also to show that all of these results can be obtained by a uniform method, i.e., a method where the main points in the argumentation is the same for all primes. We illustrate the results by some numerical examples.
Sweety, salty, sour, and romantic biochar-supported ZnO: highly active composite catalysts for environmental remediation
Authors: Bhakta Arvind K. , Tang Mengqi , Snoussi Youssef , Khalil Ahmed M. , Mascarenhas Ronald J. , Mekhalif Zineb , Abderrabba Manef , Ammar Souad , Chehimi Mohamed M.
Published: December 2023

The present work focuses on valorizing the various biochar supports of nano-catalysts and investigates the effect of the type of the initial biomass on the deposition and salient physico-chemical features of the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. In this regard, we have used four different biomasses, namely, sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum), algae (Phaeophyta), mandarin orange peels (Citrus reticulata), and China rose petals (Rosa chinensis) as sources of biochar. Their wet impregnation with zinc acetate was followed by pyrolysis at 500 °C. It led to biochar (nicknamed “sweety,” “salty,” “sour,” and “romantic” biochar, respectively) loaded with very well dispersed, 20–360 nm-sized (mostly) ZnO nanoparticles. Interestingly, depending on the type of biomass used, the size, shape (quartz-like, semi-spherical, spherical, semi-cauliflower, needle or rod-like), and degree of crystallinity of ZnO nanoparticles (hexagonal crystal system) vary, in spite of all other synthesis parameters being similar. Nanoparticle-induced graphitization and crystallization of biochar have been also observed by Raman spectroscopy. The malachite green dye mineralization efficiency in the presence of H2O2 and different biochar-supported ZnO nanocatalysts was 15.1%, 46.3%, 99.9%, 67.9%, and 66.4% for H2O2, china rose petals, algae, mandarin peels, and sugarcane bagasse-supported ZnO catalyst in the presence of H2O2, respectively. Malachite green removal fits in very well with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with R2 = 0.9701 (at algae biochar-ZnO). 6.6 times enhancement in the mineralization efficiency is observed as compared to just H2O2. The recyclability test of algae biochar impregnated with ZnO after 5 cycles indicates the mineralization efficiency levels up to 81.4%. Beyond these scientific results, this work is based on the principle of biomass waste valorization for sustainable development and circular economy, on the one hand, and addresses the UN Sustainable Development Goals 6, 13, and 14, on the other hand. It is also very clear that biochar is the new romance in the field of materials science and for sustainable future.

Graphical Abstract
Artificial intelligence and sustainability in the fashion industry: a review from 2010 to 2022
Authors: Ramos Leo , Rivas-Echeverría Francklin , Pérez Anna Gabriela , Casas Edmundo
Published: December 2023

The fashion industry often falls short of sustainability goals, but contemporary technological advancements offer a wide range of tools to address this issue. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a particularly promising ally in promoting sustainability in fashion. This literature review explores how AI can contribute to the fashion industry’s sustainability, highlighting its potential benefits and limitations. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a review of scientific documents, focusing on the period from 2010 to 2022. After a meticulous selection process, we analyzed 37 scholarly articles to distill their key insights and contributions. Our findings demonstrate that AI has diverse applications in different aspects of the fashion industry, enhancing sustainability efforts in supply chain management, creative design, sales and promotion, waste control, and data analysis. While AI offers significant potential, it is important to acknowledge limitations, such as the volume of data required and associated implementation costs. The reviewed literature aligns with the multifaceted nature of sustainability, emphasizing responsible resource management, accessible services, and efficient customer satisfaction, both now and in the future. In conclusion, despite some reservations, AI stands as a crucial partner in guiding the fashion industry toward a more sustainable future.
Fast Processing of Bending Deflection for Euler–Bernoulli Beam Under Different Boundary Constraints Based on a Semi-Analytical Null Space Method
Authors: Luo W. J. , Liu T. Y. , Chai T. J. , Yan J. W. , Guo W. J.
Published: December 2023

In this paper, a semi-analytical method called null space method is proposed to realize fast processing of bending deflection for Euler–Bernoulli beam among various types of boundary constraints. The null space method employs a basis function such as trigonometric function with unknown weight coefficients to approximate the field function. The unknown weight coefficients can be independently solved by the boundary constraint matrix, thus this method can easily keep away from the high demanding of field function to match the given boundary constraint and fastly switch among various types of boundary constraints. The effect of basis function on the final results are first confirmed as compared with the analytical solutions, and the null space method is then applied to predict the settlement of the existing tunnel due to new shield tunneling. The calculated results by null space method gives a good prediction of FEM and in-situ test results.
A Stable Time-Dependent Mesh Method for Generalized Credit Rating Migration Problem
Authors: Sultan Saad , Zhang Zhengce
Published: December 2023

The r-adaptive difference scheme is advanced in this article for solving the generalized credit rating migration model for arbitrary volatility with multiple terminal conditions. The r-adaptive moving mesh method defines the coordinate mapping from the physical to the computational domain and then uses piece-wise polynomials to approximate the physical coordinates. The central implicit semi-discretization scheme is imposed on space, and the backward Euler time marching scheme, coupled with several moving mesh partial differential equations, is used to achieve the numerical solution. The numerical operations are performed with several examples, and the obtained results are sufficiently accurate. The convergence of the proposed scheme is second-order, which is verified with the analysis. The article also investigates the stability and convergence of the adaptive mesh discretization scheme, which are not available in the literature; the convergence of the scheme is second-order in space and first-order in time.
A novel heuristic method for detecting overfit in unsupervised classification of climate model data
Authors: Boland Emma J. D. , Atkinson Erin , Jones Dani C.
Published: December 2023

Unsupervised classification is becoming an increasingly common method to objectively identify coherent structures within both observed and modelled climate data. However, in most applications using this method, the user must choose the number of classes into which the data are to be sorted in advance. Typically, a combination of statistical methods and expertise is used to choose the appropriate number of classes for a given study; however, it may not be possible to identify a single “optimal” number of classes. In this work, we present a heuristic method, the ensemble difference criterion, for unambiguously determining the maximum number of classes supported by model data ensembles. This method requires robustness in the class definition between simulated ensembles of the system of interest. For demonstration, we apply this to the clustering of Southern Ocean potential temperatures in a CMIP6 climate model, and show that the data supports between four and seven classes of a Gaussian mixture model.
Regulating Gatekeeper Artificial Intelligence and Data: Transparency, Access and Fairness under the Digital Markets Act, the General Data Protection Regulation and Beyond
Authors: Hacker Philipp , Cordes Johann , Rochon Janina
Published: December 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is not only increasingly being used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the European Union (EU) spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests that the most far-reaching and effective EU rules for AI applications in the digital economy will not be contained in the proposed AI Act, but in the Digital Markets Act (DMA). We analyse the impact of the DMA and related EU acts on AI models and underlying data across four key areas: disclosure requirements; the regulation of AI training data; access rules; and the regime for fair rankings. We demonstrate that fairness, under the DMA, goes beyond traditionally protected categories of non-discrimination law on which scholarship at the intersection of AI and law has focused on. Rather, we draw on competition law and the FRAND criteria known from intellectual property law to interpret and refine the DMA provisions on fair rankings. Moreover, we show how, based on Court of Justice of the European Union jurisprudence, a coherent interpretation of the concept of non-discrimination in both traditional non-discrimination and competition law may be found. The final section sketches out proposals for a comprehensive framework of transparency, access and fairness under the DMA and beyond.
A Class of Their Own: Newspaper Obituaries and the Colonial Public Sphere in Lagos, 1880–1920
Authors: Nwafor Okechukwu
Published: December 2023

From the 1880s, obituaries of Africans and European colonial officials became a frequent genre in Lagos newspapers. This article examines obituary notices in seven Lagos newspapers to understand how print publications and the next of kin who commissioned obituaries used commemorative practices to frame colonial relations and reflect on imperial expansion. Revisiting Jürgen Habermas’s notion of the public sphere, I argue that colonial newspapers introduced gossipy anecdotes and sensationalism in obituary notices to define the colonial “public sphere” as one that is characterized by insinuations of social and economic class, Christian rhetoric, racial divides and anti-colonial sentiments as well as civic responsibilities around public health concerns.
Oscillatory large-scale circulation in liquid-metal thermal convection and its structural unit
Authors: Teimurazov Andrei , Singh Sanjay , Su Sylvie , Eckert Sven , Shishkina Olga , Vogt Tobias
Published: December 2023

In Rayleigh–Bénard convection, the size of a flow domain and its aspect ratio

$\varGamma$

(a ratio between the spatial length and height of the domain) affect the shape of the large-scale circulation. For some aspect ratios, the flow dynamics includes a three-dimensional oscillatory mode known as a jump rope vortex (JRV); however, the effects of varying aspect ratios on this mode are not well investigated. In this paper, we study these aspect ratio effects in liquid metals, for a low Prandtl number

${{Pr}}=0.03$

. Direct numerical simulations and experiments are carried out for a Rayleigh number range

$2.9 \times 10^4 \leq {{Ra}} \leq 1.6 \times 10^6$

and square cuboid domains with

$\varGamma =2$

,

$2.5$

,

$3$

and

$5$

. Our study demonstrates that a repeating pattern of a JRV encountered at aspect ratio

$\varGamma \approx 2.5$

is the basic structural unit that builds up to a lattice of interlaced JRVs at the largest aspect ratio. The size of the domain determines how many structural units are self-organised within the domain; the number of the realised units is expected to scale as

$\varGamma ^2$

with sufficiently large and growing

$\varGamma$

. We find the oscillatory modes for all investigated

$\varGamma$

; however, they are more pronounced for

$\varGamma =2.5$

and

$5$

. Future studies for large-aspect-ratio domains of different shapes would enhance our understanding of how the JRVs adjust and reorganise at such scaled-up geometries, and answer the question of whether they are indeed the smallest superstructure units.
Hydrodynamics of thermally driven chiral suspensions
Authors: Kirkinis E. , Andreev A.V. , Olvera de la Cruz M.
Published: December 2023

Considerable effort has been directed towards the characterization of chiral mesoscale structures, as shown in chiral protein assemblies and carbon nanotubes. Here, we establish a thermally driven hydrodynamic description for the actuation and separation of mesoscale chiral structures in a fluid medium. Cross-flow of a Newtonian liquid with a thermal gradient gives rise to an effective torque that propels each particle of a chiral suspension according to its handedness. In turn, the chiral suspension alters the liquid flow, which thus acquires a transverse (chiral) velocity component. Since observation of the predicted effects requires a low degree of sophistication, our work provides an efficient and inexpensive approach to test and calibrate chiral particle propulsion and separation strategies.
The relative efficiencies of the entrainment of mass, momentum and kinetic energy from a turbulent background
Authors: Buxton Oliver R.H. , Chen Jiangang
Published: December 2023

We derive expressions relating the entrainment fluxes of momentum and kinetic energy, relative to the mass flux entrained into a turbulent wake exposed to a turbulent background. These expressions contain correlations between the entrainment velocity and the turbulent fluctuations within the background. We perform high-resolution, simultaneous particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence experiments, and observe these correlations to be negligible in the far wake, such that momentum and kinetic energy are entrained into the wake with the same relative efficiency to mass as from an idealised, non-turbulent background. This is a useful result in the context of modelling, since the entrainment hypothesis (Turner, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 173, 1986, pp. 431–471) can still be used to model the entrainment of momentum and kinetic energy. Nevertheless, the entrainment rate of mass is shown to vary spatially, and with the specific nature of the background turbulence, so this in turn drives a spatial/background-turbulence-specific entrainment rate of momentum/kinetic energy. Contrastingly, in the near wake, whilst momentum is entrained from a turbulent background with the same relative efficiency to mass as for an idealised non-turbulent background, this is not the case for kinetic energy. Owing to the sum of multiple positive, small-valued correlations between the fluctuations in the background and the entrainment velocity, kinetic energy is entrained more efficiently than in the idealised case. This includes entrainment from a non-turbulent background, where small correlations are observed between the irrotational background fluctuations and the entrainment velocity. Evidence is also presented that the entrainment velocity scales with the Kolmogorov velocity scale when the background is turbulent.
The production of uncertainty in three-dimensional Navier–Stokes turbulence
Authors: Ge Jin , Rolland Joran , Vassilicos John Christos
Published: December 2023

We derive the evolution equation of the average uncertainty energy for periodic/homogeneous incompressible Navier–Stokes turbulence and show that uncertainty is increased by strain rate compression and decreased by strain rate stretching. We use three different direct numerical simulations (DNS) of non-decaying periodic turbulence and identify a similarity regime where (a) the production and dissipation rates of uncertainty grow together in time, (b) the parts of the uncertainty production rate accountable to average strain rate properties on the one hand and fluctuating strain rate properties on the other also grow together in time, (c) the average uncertainty energies along the three different strain rate principal axes remain constant as a ratio of the total average uncertainty energy, (d) the uncertainty energy spectrum's evolution is self-similar if normalised by the uncertainty's average uncertainty energy and characteristic length and (e) the uncertainty production rate is extremely intermittent and skewed towards extreme compression events even though the most likely uncertainty production rate is zero. Properties (a), (b) and (c) imply that the average uncertainty energy grows exponentially in this similarity time range. The Lyapunov exponent depends on both the Kolmogorov time scale and the smallest Eulerian time scale, indicating a dependence on random large-scale sweeping of dissipative eddies. In the two DNS cases of statistically stationary turbulence, this exponential growth is followed by an exponential of exponential growth, which is, in turn, followed by a linear growth in the one DNS case where the Navier–Stokes forcing also produces uncertainty.
Legally Recognizing Reproductive Coercion while Questioning Sexual Violence Exceptionalism
Authors: Stoever Jane
Published: December 2023

While sexual violence should not be the prerequisite for legal abortion, expanding definitions of abuse to include reproductive coercion can open avenues of access to abortion following the Dobbs decision. Understanding the increased danger and compounding challenges of intimate partner violence can inform legislative initiatives, healthcare responses, and movements for reproductive justice.
Supreme Court Impacts in Public Health Law: 2022-2023
Authors: Hodge James G. , Barraza Leila , Piatt Jennifer L. , White Erica N. , Ghaith Summer , Hollinshead Samantha , Krumholz Lauren , Puchebner Madisyn , Smith Emma
Published: December 2023

In another tumultuous term of the United States Supreme Court in 2022-2023 a series of critical cases implicate instant and forthcoming changes in multiple fronts that collectively shift the national public health law and policy environment.
Continuous Reproductive Surveillance
Authors: Ulrich Michael R. , Fowler Leah R.
Published: December 2023

The Dobbs opinion emphasizes that the state’s interest in the fetus extends to “all stages of development.” This essay briefly explores whether state legislators, agencies, and courts could use the “all stages of development” language to expand reproductive surveillance by using novel developments in consumer health technologies to augment those efforts.
Harvey and Gurvir’s Law: Ontario Bill for Quality Prenatal Information about Down Syndrome: Terminology, Feasibility, and Ethical Issues
Authors: Lemoine Marie-Eve , Laberge Anne-Marie , Malo Marie-Françoise , Cloutier Stéphanie , Roy Marie-Christine , Birko Stanislav , Daigle Andréa , Ravitsky Vardit
Published: December 2023

Harvey and Gurvir’s Law is a bill proposed to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Canada) to reduce stigma and bias associated with Down syndrome, by developing and disseminating quality information about Down syndrome in the context of prenatal testing.
From Constitutional Protections to Medical Ethics: The Future of Pregnant Patients’ Medical Self-Determination Rights After Dobbs
Authors: Sawicki Nadia N. , Kukura Elizabeth
Published: December 2023

This article argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs is likely to impact medical decision-making by pregnant patients in a variety of contexts. Of particular concern are situations where a patient declines treatment recommended for its potential benefit to the fetus and situations where treatment is withheld due to potential risk to the fetus. The Court’s elevation of fetal interests, combined with a history of courts using abortion jurisprudence to guide their reasoning in compelled treatment cases, means that Dobbs has the potential to limit patient autonomy in a wide array of clinical settings. The article calls on professional medical associations to issue ethical guidance affirming the duty to respect the medical self-determination of pregnant patients.
The Scholarly and Pedagogical Benefits of the Legal Laboratory: Lessons from the Consortium for the Advanced Study of Brain Injury at Yale Law School
Authors: Shapiro Zachary E. , Deb Chaarushena , Lawrence Caroline , Golden Allison Rabkin , Wright Megan S. , Kraschel Katherine L. , Fins Joseph J.
Published: December 2023

In our article, we share the lessons we have learned after creating and running a successful legal laboratory over the past seven years at Yale Law School. Our legal laboratory, which focuses on the intersection of law and severe brain injury, represents a unique pedagogical model for legal academia, and is closely influenced by the biomedical laboratory.
Reproductive Genetic Medicine in a Post-Dobbs World: Will it Make Life Harder for People with Genetic Disease?
Authors: Suter Sonia M. , Hercher Laura
Published: December 2023

Post-Dobbs abortion restrictions impact access and choice in the context of reproductive genetic medicine, raising serious reproductive justice concerns. The consequences of these restrictions are particularly acute and far-reaching for individuals with genetic conditions and their families.
Harvey and Gurvir’s Law: The Need for Accurate Information Balanced Against Avoiding Unnecessary Restrictions on Autonomous Decision Making
Authors: King Louise P.
Published: December 2023

Decision making during reproduction is complex for a variety of medical and social reasons. Anyone who has had a conversation with a family member about the “best time” to have a baby can attest to this — there is no “best time” or “best way.” Multiple pressures from any number of sources combine in a minefield of hazards made ever more complicated by restrictive laws in the US. Add to this a screening result of potential chromosomal aneuploidy and decision making becomes ever more complex. Societal stigma and lack of adequate and accurate information during counseling certainly plays a role in the high number of terminations in the setting of diagnosed chromosomal aneuploidy, yet other factors also push families in this direction including medical considerations and the abysmal lack of social support programs.
INTRODUCTION: Securing Reproductive Justice After Dobbs
Authors: Ahmed Aziza , Huberfeld Nicole , McClain Linda C.
Published: December 2023

When we conceptualized this symposium, Roe v. Wade1 was still the law of the land, albeit precariously. We aimed to commemorate its fiftieth anniversary by exploring historical, legal, medical, and related dimensions of access to abortion as well as the challenges ahead to secure reproductive justice. With the leak of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization on May 2, 2022, we shifted to mark the dawn of a new era. In the nearly identical official opinion announced on June 24, 2022,2 Justice Samuel Alito, writing for the majority (6-3), overturned Roe and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey.3
What Would Justice Blackmun Say? A Response to Dobbs
Authors: Rao Radhika
Published: December 2023

Dobbs appears more extreme when juxtaposed against Roe’s hidden history. Justice Blackmun was the author of Roe, but the opinion was the product of a remarkable collaboration that incorporated the suggestions of many Justices. Thus, Roe’s medical framing embodied the vision of the Court as a whole, not one individual.
A Silurian (Homerian) pelmatozoan echinoderm fauna from west-central Ohio, USA
Authors: Ausich William I. , Ciampaglio Chuck , Fabian Alexander J. , Myers Jeremy R.
Published: December 2023

A diverse echinoderm fauna lived in reef and non-reef Silurian facies of the upper Midwestern USA. However, these faunas are dominantly preserved in dolostones with moldic preservation, and fossils from dolostone facies have not been documented to the extent of Silurian crinoids in nondolostone strata. Herein, an echinoderm fauna is described from the dolostones of the Cedarville Member of the Laurel Limestone (Wenlock, Homerian) from the Pepcon Cement Quarry in west-central Ohio. The described fauna contains blastoids, hemicosmitoids, and crinoids, including Troosticrinus subcylindricus (Hall and Whitfield, 1875); Caryocrinites sp. indet.; an unidentifiable diplobathrid camerate; Periechocrinus tennesseensis (Hall and Whitfield, 1875); Periechocrinus egani? (Miller, 1881); Stiptocrinus farringtoni (Slocom, 1908); Calliocrinus primibrachialis Busch, 1943; Calliocrinus poepplemani new species; Calliocrinus hadros new species; and Lecanocrinus sp. indet. Generic concepts for the Eucalyptocrinitidae are clarified; and, surprisingly, Eucalyptocrinites Goldfuss, 1831 is absent from this fauna. Additionally, lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for Periechocrinus tennesseensis and Calliocrinus primibrachialis.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/a8c8e7e3-9bc3-4078-83bd-5572816366e5