bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Noise Emitted from Elevated Urban Rail Transit Paved with Various Resilient Tracks
Authors: Liu Quanmin , Gao Kui , Miao Yifei , Song Lizhong , Yue Si
Published: February 2025

Based on the dynamic receptance method, a vehicle–track–bridge interaction model was developed to calculate the wheel–rail interaction forces and the forces transmitted to the bridge in an elevated urban rail transit system. A prediction model integrating the finite element method–boundary element method (FEM-BEM) and the statistical energy analysis (SEA) method was established to obtain the noise from the main girder, track slab, and wheel–rail system for elevated urban rail transit. The calculated results agree well with the measured data. Thereafter, the noise radiation characteristics of a single source and the total noise of elevated urban rail transit systems with resilient fasteners, trapezoidal sleepers, and steel spring floating slabs were investigated. The results demonstrate that the noise prediction model for elevated urban rail transit that was developed in this study is effective. The diversity of track forms altered the noise radiation field of elevated urban rail transit systems significantly. Compared to monolithic track beds, where the fastener stiffness is assumed to be 60 × 106 N/m (MTB_60), steel spring floating slab tracks (FSTs), trapezoidal sleeper tracks (TSTs), and resilient fasteners with a stiffness of 40 × 106 N/m (MTB_40) and 20 × 106 N/m (MTB_20) can reduce bridge-borne noise by 24.6 dB, 8.8 dB, 2.1 dB, and 4.2 dB, respectively. These vibration-mitigating tracks can decrease the radiated noise from the track slab by −0.7 dB, −0.6 dB, 2.5 dB, and 2.6 dB, but increase wheel–rail noise by 0.4 dB, 0.8 dB, 1.3 dB, and 2.4 dB, respectively. The noise emanating from the main girder and the track slab was dominant in the linear weighting of the total noise of the elevated section with MTBs. For the TST and FST, the radiated noise from the track slab contributed most to the total noise.
Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material Properties for Hot In-Place Recycling
Authors: Qu Fangting , Yang Zhiyu , Liu Zhengnan
Published: February 2025

Asphalt with different aging degrees requires different rejuvenation methods. However, current applications of hot in-place recycling (HIR) for Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) do not consider the differences in the aging degree of asphalt binder across different layers of RAP. Additionally, there is limited understanding of the changes in asphalt binder and aggregate properties during the HIR process. Changes in the properties of RAP materials can lead to inaccuracies in the mix design, potentially causing suboptimal performance. This study compares the performance of asphalt binders at different depths within RAP and clarifies the effects of the grinding and heating processes during HIR on both asphalt and aggregate properties. The aging gradient of RAP asphalt was assessed using macroscopic performance tests (bending beam rheometer (BBR), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)) and microscopic techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)). The effects of heating and milling on RAP materials were evaluated using conventional performance tests (DSR, BBR) and sieving analyses. The results show that the RAP asphalt exhibits an aging gradient under natural conditions, with the upper surface asphalt aging more than the lower layers. The heating process during HIR accelerates the secondary aging of RAP asphalt, reducing penetration by 25.3%, increasing the softening point by 7.4%, and decreasing ductility by 36.4%. The milling process causes gradation failure of RAP, with a damage rate of 14.4% of the coarse aggregates. Therefore, it is recommended that when using HIR for maintenance of severely aged pavements, the upper layer of the RAP should be separately milled and treated. The HIR mix design should consider the impact of heating and milling on RAP materials.
Lightweight Design of a Connecting Rod Using Lattice-Structure Parameter Optimisation: A Test Case for L-PBF
Authors: Amicarelli Michele , Trovato Michele , Cicconi Paolo
Published: February 2025

Lightweight design is a common way of reducing mass while enhancing the performance of mechanical components. The paper proposes a method to analyse the substitution of bulk volume with optimised lattice structures. The approach considers an early DoE analysis to explore the design space, Finite Element Analysis to evaluate the feasibility of possible design solutions, and Artificial Intelligence tools to look for optimal design solutions, including Genetic Algorithms and Response Surface Methods. To validate the methodological approach, this work proposes the design optimisation of a lightweight diesel engine connecting rod, redesigned using Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) lattice structures where they are functionally convenient. The TPMS cells analysed are gyroid, diamond, and SplitP. Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is the Additive Manufacturing process considered during the redesign phase. The resulting connecting rod achieves a mass of roughly 614 g, obtaining a lightweight of more than 50% of the initial weight, using gyroid lattice structures and titanium alloy powders such as Ti6Al4V.
Layout Optimization of Multi-Robot Manufacturing Processing Systems: Applications in Directed Energy Deposition–Arc Additive Manufacturing and Jig-Less Welding
Authors: Terzakis Michail Aggelos , Papaioannou Christos , Sainz Iñaki , Vazquez Jonatan Rodriguez , Lagios Panagiotis , Illescas Enrique Gil , Stavropoulos Panagiotis
Published: February 2025

Layout design is the process in which industrial robots and other manufacturing components are positioned within a manufacturing system so that the intended operations can be handled appropriately. The traditional layout design process presents several challenges. It involves numerous iterations of testing different manually generated manufacturing layouts, requiring extensive trial and error to achieve an optimal solution. This process is highly time-consuming and demands significant expertise and cognitive effort from the designer. Within this publication, a flexible, scalable, and efficient function-block-based solution is presented for the optimization of manufacturing system layouts, especially in the field of multi-robot cells in two different use cases: one in additive manufacturing and one in jig-less welding. The findings showcase that the methodology followed enabled the efficient allocation of industrial robots in a workspace, minimizing the cognitive effort required in comparison to the traditional manual trial-and-error layout design procedure.
Efficiency Optimization of PMSM-Type Elevator Machine: An Industrial Comparison
Authors: Soyaslan Mucahit , Eldogan Osman , Fenercioglu Ahmet , Avsar Yusuf , Ceylan Nurdogan , Sarıkaya Muhammed Salih
Published: February 2025

This study presents the design, modeling, and prototyping of an external rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (ER-PMSM) specifically for elevator traction systems. The external rotor design aims to surpass the efficiency of conventional inner rotor gearless elevator traction motors. A commercially available 4 kW inner rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (IR-PMSM) was selected for comparative analysis. Critical parameters, including stator tooth tip thickness, slot tip radius, slot height, stator yoke height, stator tooth thickness, and the number of turns per phase, were optimized to enhance efficiency. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was utilized for the first time to determine the optimal configuration of an external rotor PMSM. The prototype was fabricated and subjected to rigorous testing using a dedicated electrical motor test setup. Comparative results demonstrated a significant improvement in efficiency for the ER-PMSM over the IR-PMSM, with the efficiency increasing from 72.5% to 84.67% at nominal operating conditions.
Asymptotic Behaviours for an Index Whittaker Transform over E′(R+)
Authors: Negrín Emilio R. , Maan Jeetendrasingh , González Benito J.
Published: February 2025

The objective of this research is to obtain the asymptotic behaviour of compactly supported distributions and generalized functions for a variant of the index Whittaker transform.
Stabilization Splint Therapy for Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders Improves Opening Movements and Jaw Limitation and Attenuates Pain by Influencing the Levels of IL-7, IL-8, and IL-13 in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Authors: Sikora Renata , Duspara Kristina , Matić Anita , Petrović Ana , Kralik Kristina , Smolić Robert , Sikora Miroslav , Šarac Martina Čalušić , Bojanić Kristina , Smolić Martina
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: In recent years, numerous studies have investigated and analyzed the levels of molecular biomarkers of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) from various tissue samples and body fluids. However, no study has investigated gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in TMD patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in GCF before and after stabilization splint (SS) therapy in patients with painful TMD, to investigate whether SS administration causes changes in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. An additional aim was to investigate the relationship of GCF cytokine levels with chronic pain intensity and clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 36 patients who were diagnosed with painful TMD using the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD). GCF samples were collected at baseline before SS treatment (T0) and at one month (T1) and three months (T2) after the start of therapy. Customized ProcartaPlex Multiplex assays from eBioscience (Invitrogen™, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Viena, Austria) were used for the quantitative analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-13, and TNF-α). Patients filled out Croatian versions of questionnaires for self-assessment from Axis II DK/TMP: Graded Chronic Pain Scale (v2) (GCPSv2) and Jaw Function Limitation Scale-20 (JFLS-20). Results: The results showed that the GCF levels of IL-7 (Friedman’s test, p = 0.008) and IL-13 (Friedman’s test, p = 0.003) were significantly decreased at T2. The GCF level of IL-13 was in negative correlation with chronic pain grade score at T2 (Rho = −0.333), while the GCF level of IL-8 was in positive correlation with mobility limitation (Rho = 0.382) at T1. Conclusions: The results indicate that SS therapy might have a role in reducing inflammation and that the GCF could be a valuable medium for assessing molecular biomarkers.
Efficiency of an Ultrafiltration Process for the Depollution of Pretreated Olive Mill Wastewater
Authors: Zine Mohammed , Touach Noureddine , Lotfi El Mostapha , Moulin Philippe
Published: February 2025

The depollution of constructed wetland-pretreated olive mill wastewater (OMW) using a membrane filtration system was experimentally studied. Dead-end filtration (DEF) was employed to evaluate suitable MF/UF membranes and select the appropriate molecular weight cut-off for optimal OMW treatment. Removal efficiencies for COD (chemical oxygen demand) and TOC (total organic carbon) using DEF reached maximum values of 88.14% and 11.17%, respectively. Adsorption of raw and pretreated OMW on granular activated carbon was also carried out for a comparative study against DEF and pretreatment. The semi-industrial-scale experiments were conducted using commercial ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (150 and 50 kDa) in cross-flow filtration (CFF) mode at a permeate flux around 200 L h−1 m−2 and a trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of 3.5–3.8 bars. This post-treatment had a significant impact on COD removal efficiency from pretreated OMW, reaching 78.5%. The coupled process proposed in this study achieved removal efficiencies of 97%, 97%, and 99.9% of COD, TOC, and turbidity, respectively.
Effect of Processing Parameters on the Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of AlCrFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding
Authors: Liu Jingfu , Bai Minghan , Xu Wenjing , Chu Tongjiao
Published: February 2025

AlCrCoFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been successfully synthesized by laser cladding. The AlCrFeCoNi HEA coatings were composed of planar crystal, columnar grain, and equiaxed grain from bottom to top. Face-centered cubic (FCC) was the major phase in coatings, and its content decreased when increasing laser power or reducing scanning speed. The precipitation in the HEA coatings were Al-Ni enriched B2 phase and FeAl3 intermetallic compounds. The interface zone had higher microhardness than the cladding zone due to the addition of Fe from the dilution role. The C2 (3 kW, 4 mm/s) and C9 (3.5 kW, 6 mm/s) coatings displayed the best corrosion resistance when taking the Ecorr (−0.327 V, −0.335 V), Icorr (0.236 μA·cm−2, 0.475 μA·cm−2), and Rct (224.2 kΩ/cm2, 121.1 kΩ/cm2) into consideration. Pitting dominated the corrosion process of the AlCrFeCoNi HEA coatings. Large grain boundary areas generated by the fine grain in the C2 and C9 coatings enhanced difficulty of ion transport along the grain boundary. Then, multiple corrosion sites on the surface promoted uniform corrosion and formed a protective oxide film, inhibiting serious pitting. This work provided an approach of laser cladding AlCrCoFeNi HEAs with different laser powers and scanning speeds, and insights into the correlation of anti-corrosion properties with the microstructure of AlCrCoFeNi coatings.
A Chalcone Synthase-like Bacterial Protein Catalyzes Heterocyclic C-Ring Cleavage of Naringenin to Alter Bioactivity Against Nuclear Receptors in Colonic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gülşan Ebru Ece , Nowshad Farrhin , Leigh Meredith Davis , Crott Jimmy Walter , Park Hyejin , Martin Greg , Safe Stephen , Chapkin Robert S. , Jayaraman Arul , Lee Kyongbum
Published: February 2025

Gut microbial metabolism of dietary flavonoids leads to a diverse array of bioactive products that are closely associated with human health. Combining enzyme promiscuity prediction, metabolomics, and in vitro model systems, we identified a chalcone-synthase-like bacterial polyketide synthase that can initiate the metabolism of naringenin by catalyzing the C-ring cleavage. This was validated using a mutant strain of the model organism Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 23857). Our prediction–validation methodology could be used to systematically characterize the products of gut bacterial flavonoid metabolism and identify the responsible enzymes and species. In vitro experiments with Caco-2 cells revealed that naringenin and its bacterial metabolites differentially engage the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and orphan nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A). These results suggest that metabolism by gut bacterial species could directly impact the profile of bioactive flavonoids and influence inflammatory responses in the intestine. These results are significant for understanding gut-microbiota-dependent physiological effects of dietary flavonoids.
Investigation of Eumelanin Biosynthesis in Gluconacetobacter tumulisoli FBFS 97: A Novel Insight into a Bacterial Melanin Producer
Authors: Song Jiayun , Ma Yanqin , Xie Zhenzhen , Chen Fusheng
Published: February 2025

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of bacteria, most of which can produce pigments. However, the mechanism of pigment production by AAB is unclear. A strain of AAB, Gluconacetobacter tumulisoli FBFS 97, which can produce a large amount of brown pigment (BP), was isolated in our previous research. In the current study, it was found that the BP yield of the FBFS 97 strain was enhanced in the presence of tyrosine, and an intermediate of melanin, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), was identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The structural properties of BP were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). All these analyses suggest that BP may be eumelanin, a type of melanin. Then, the eumelanin biosynthetic pathway was investigated in the FBFS 97 strain, and three related genes with eumelanin including pheA, yfiH, and phhB in its genome were found and knocked out, respectively. The results showed that eumelanin production increased 1.3-fold in the pheA deletion mutant compared to the wild-type FBFS 97 strain, but when either yfiH or phhB was knocked out, the eumelanin production in the mutants was the same as that in the wild-type FBFS 97 strain. Finally, a possible biosynthetic pathway for eumelanin in the FBFS 97 strain is proposed.
Putting Laccase Gene Differences on Genomic Level into Context: An Analysis of Botrytis cinerea Strains from Grapes
Authors: Backmann Louis , Umberath Kim Marie , Wegmann-Herr Pascal , Weber Fabian , Jürgens Andreas , Scharfenberger-Schmeer Maren
Published: February 2025

One of the most important crop pathogens is Botrytis cinerea. It overcomes plant defenses using laccase, an enzyme which is frequently researched. Yet the differences between strains regarding their laccase activity is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze laccase genes in the context of the regionality, vintage, and laccase activity of the strains. Eight strains were analyzed using whole genome sequencing, and the laccase activity was assessed. The strains were differentiated by SSR-PCR. We looked at all 14 known laccase genome regions as well as the promoter and terminator regions using variant metrics and phylogenetic trees. The laccase genes seem to be correlated with the regionality of the strains rather than the laccase activity, which provides new understanding to the study of pathogen adaption in specific environments. Some of the laccase gene regions showed little to no evolutionary change, while other regions showed a great variety of changes. This research highlights taking different laccase gene regions into context. We provide fundamental information for further research. Further studies, especially on gene expression, could provide insightful information regarding the potential of pathogen infection.
Anti-Angiogenic Potential of Marine Streptomyces-Derived Lucknolide A on VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Choi Byeoung-Kyu , Jo Min-Hee , Shin Hee Jae , Park Sun Joo
Published: February 2025

Angiogenesis, primarily driven by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, the VEGFR, plays a key role in various pathological processes such as cancer progression. Here, we investigated the anti-angiogenic effects of Lucknolide A (LA), a marine Streptomyces-derived compound, and evaluated its potential as a VEGFR2 inhibitor. LA selectively inhibited the proliferation of human endothelial cells EA.hy926 and HUVEC while exhibiting minimal effects on normal fibroblasts and various tumor cells. LA induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in EA.hy926 cells, increasing apoptotic markers p53, Bax, and p21 and decreasing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, with these effects being further enhanced under VEGF stimulation. Additionally, LA suppressed VEGFR2 phosphorylation and its downstream signaling pathways, including Akt/mTOR/p70S6K, MEK/ERK, Src, FAK, and p38 MAPK, which are crucial for endothelial survival and angiogenesis. Molecular docking studies revealed that LA binds to both inactive (DFG-out, PDB: 4ASD) and active (DFG-in, PDB: 3B8R) VEGFR2 conformations, with a significantly stronger affinity for the active state (−107.96 kcal/mol) than the inactive state (−33.56 kcal/mol), suggesting its potential as a VEGFR2 kinase inhibitor. Functionally, LA significantly inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial migration, tube formation, and microvessel sprouting in both in vitro and ex vivo rat aortic ring assays. Additionally, LA reduced tumor-associated tube formation induced by human breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231), indicating its potential to suppress VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis. These findings suggest that LA is a promising selective anti-angiogenic agent with potential therapeutic applications in angiogenesis-related diseases such as cancer.
Synthesis of Enantiostructured Triacylglycerol Prodrugs Constituting an Active Drug Located at Terminal sn-1 and sn-3 Positions of the Glycerol Backbone
Authors: Jónsdottir Lena Rós , Haraldsson Gudmundur G.
Published: February 2025

The current paper reports the asymmetric synthesis of a focused library of enantiostructured triacylglycerols (TAGs) constituting a potent drug of the NSAID type (ibuprofen or naproxen) along with a pure bioactive n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intended as a novel type of prodrug. In this second category, a TAG prodrug of the terminal sn-1 or sn-3 position of the glycerol skeleton is acylated with a single saturated medium-chain fatty acid (C6, C8, C10, or C12), and another with the drug entity; the PUFA (EPA or DHA) is located in the sn-2 position. This was accomplished by a six-step chemoenzymatic approach, two of which were promoted by a lipase, starting from enantiopure (R)- and (S)-solketals. The highly regioselective immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (CAL-B) played a crucial role in the regiocontrol of the synthesis. The most challenging key step involved the incorporation of the drugs that were activated as oxime esters by the lipase exclusively in the terminal position of glycerol that is protected as a benzyl ether. All combinations, a total of 32 such prodrug TAGs, were prepared, isolated, and fully characterized, along with 24 acylglycerol intermediates, obtained in very-high-to-excellent yields in the majority of cases.
Hepatotoxicity Evaluation of Levornidazole and Its Three Main Impurities: Based on Structure–Toxicity Classification Prediction Combined with Zebrafish Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Liu Ting , Yuan Song , Zhang Luyong , Zhang Dousheng
Published: February 2025

Levornidazole, a nitroimidazole compound, has been linked to hepatotoxic adverse effects in clinical settings. However, the hepatotoxicity of levornidazole and its impurities has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to predict and evaluate the potential hepatotoxicity of levornidazole, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. Computational models based on support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) predicted that levornidazole, ornidazole, and impurity II exhibited hepatotoxic effects. The hepatotoxicity of levornidazole and impurity II was confirmed using a zebrafish toxicity study, with impurity II demonstrating hepatotoxicity at lower doses. Molecular structure analysis revealed that the electronegativity of the side-chain groups and the molecular polarity structure were correlated with the degree of hepatotoxicity. The toxic response was primarily associated with specific structural domains of the molecule, including the 2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imiddaster-1-yl structure and the substituent groups of 1-chloro and 2(S)-2-methyloxirane. Transcriptome sequencing analysis indicated that levornidazole and impurity II affect multiple metabolic processes in the liver, including glucose, lipid, protein, hormone, and drug metabolism. These findings highlight the potential hepatotoxic risks associated with levomeprazole and its impurities, emphasizing the importance of further investigation and regulatory attention to ensure patient safety.
Physicochemical Properties and Cytoprotective Effects on PC12 Cells of Polysaccharides from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Obtained via a Gradient Ethanol Precipitation Method
Authors: Duan Yuanqi , Sun Jinfeng , Xue Yongkang , Xu Weiwei , Jiang Yuxin , Zong Tieqiang , Zhou Wei , Hu Zhengyu , Li Gao
Published: February 2025

Given that the preparation method of polysaccharides affects the functional properties, four types of acidic polysaccharides (BCP30-1a, BCP50-1a, BCP70-1a, and BCP90-1a) were prepared using the gradient ethanol precipitation method. Then, a series of chemical and instrumental analysis techniques were used to compare structural characteristics and morphology. Neuroprotective effects were explored using OGD/R-induced PC12 cells. The results showed that BCP30-1a, BCP50-1a, BCP70-1a, and BCP90-1a had similar characteristic groups and contained both β-glycosidic and α-glycosidic bonds. Their molecular weights, in descending order, were 198.398 kDa, 184.690 kDa, 184.556 kDa, and 184.217 kDa, respectively. In addition, the four polysaccharides contained different proportions of glycosidic bonds, namely, Manp-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, →3)-Galp (or GalAp)-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→ and →3,6)-Galp-(1→. BCP30-1a also contained a certain proportion of Galp-(1→, and each polysaccharide had different microscopic characteristics and good thermal stability. Finally, BCP50-1a, BCP70-1a, and BCP90-1a exhibited good cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells based on the OGD/R model. These findings provide a novel regulatory strategy for the functional activity of BCPs and offer scientific evidence supporting application in the research field of ischemic stroke.
Construction and Performance Characterization of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine/Poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)–Poly(styrenesulfonate) Energetic Composites
Authors: He Zhiwei , Zhang Gongzhen , Xu Chuanhao , Zhu Wenyu , Yue Jiawei , Zhou Shengtao , Huang Zhenyi
Published: February 2025

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), a typical representative of energetic materials, is widely applied in military and industrial fields with its high energy density and excellent detonation performances. However, when used as a raw material for propellants and rocket propellants, RDX poses certain safety concerns due to its high sensitivity to external stimuli such as electrostatic discharge, impact, and friction, which limits its further application. Herein, to reduce the RDX electrostatic spark and mechanical sensitivities and improve safety performances, a conductive polymer of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was introduced into the energetic material system based on a simple suction filtration method. RDX-based energetic composites with varying PEDOT:PSS mass fractions were prepared by both micron-sized RDX and nanosized RDX. The RDX-based energetic composites were characterized, and their response characteristics and performances were tested and compared. The results demonstrated that the conductive interfaces constructed by PEDOT:PSS on the RDX surface significantly reduced the electrostatic spark and mechanical sensitivity. The electrostatic spark sensitivity of μ-RDX-based energetic composites decreased by 40%, while the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity decreased by 76.47% and 50%, respectively. Compared to micron-sized RDX-based energetic composites, the nano-sized RDX-based energetic composites desensitization effect on electrostatic spark sensitivity was more pronounced. For n-RDX-based energetic composites, the electrostatic spark sensitivity decreased by 66.4%. Furthermore, the assembly and desensitization mechanism of the RDX-based energetic composites were thoroughly investigated. This study not only provides a simple and reliable assembly method for the safe application of RDX but also offers corresponding data and experimental support for future research, which is of significant importance for the application of energetic materials.
Continuous-Flow Photochemical Isomerization of Humulones to Isohumulones
Authors: Hamper Bruce C. , Gallow Bradley , Giovine Gregory , Smith Trevor
Published: February 2025

Humulones are a family of homolog natural products obtained from the strobiles of humulus lupulus, or hops plants. Structurally, they consist of substituted phloroglucinols with two isoprenyl side chains, a carbonyl group and a quaternary ring carbon substituted with a hydroxyl group. The three most prominent homologs are n-, co- and ad-humulone, containing isobutyl, isopropyl and secbutyl ketone groups, respectively. When solutions of humulones are exposed to UV light, they undergo stereoselective isomerization to the five-membered ring trans-isohumulones. A photoreactor was assembled from strip LEDs in close contact with UV-transparent tubing. This reactor allowed continuous-flow chemical synthesis of the isohumulones. The yield, conversion and product throughput are compared for the humulones, using LEDs emitting white, blue and ultraviolet light (visible, 400 nm, and 365 nm, respectively). Using an optimized continuous-flow reactor, a throughput of 0.43 g/h was obtained for trans-n-isohumulone.
Comparison of Rifaximin Monotherapy and Rifaximin Combined with Probiotics in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Oh Chang Kyo , Chung Hwe Hoon , Kim Yu Jin , Kim Jin Bae
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recent studies on Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment have reported synergistic effects and low adverse effects when antibiotics are used in combination with probiotics; yet, such studies have not been conducted in IBS. Probiotics can enhance gut microbiota modulation, inhibition of pathogen adhesion to the gut epithelia, improvement in gut barrier function, anti-inflammatory effects, and improvement of gut immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of rifaximin in combination with probiotics compared to rifaximin monotherapy in patients with IBS. Methods: Patients with IBS were randomly allocated to receive rifaximin monotherapy or a combination of rifaximin and probiotics. The primary outcome was the response rate of the total IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS) score (>50-point decrease). Secondary outcomes were based on the response rate of the IBS quality of life (IBS-QOL) score and the IBS-SSS1 subscore (>10-point decrease in both scores). Results: Among 70 patients, the responder rates for the total IBS-SSS score were 65.7% in the combination therapy group and 31.4% in the monotherapy group at weeks 4 and 8, respectively (p = 0.004). The responder rates for IBS-QOL were 65.7% versus (vs.) 37.1% and 65.7% vs. 34.2% at weeks 4 and 8, respectively (p = 0.017 and p = 0.009, respectively). The IBS-SSS1 subscore responder rates were 65.7% vs. 40.0% at week 4 and 68.6% vs. 37.1% at 8 weeks (p = 0.031 and p = 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: Rifaximin combined with probiotics was superior to rifaximin monotherapy in patients with IBS. This combination therapy is considered an effective and safe treatment option for patients with IBS. However, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of therapy and long-term outcomes.
PET Imaging Expedites Detection of Aberration in the Humanization of an Annexin A1 Targeting Antibody
Authors: Houson Hailey A. , Wright Brian D. , Fernandez Solana R. , Buss Tim , White Sharon L. , Cederstrom Brittany , Omweri James M. , McConathy Jonathan E. , Schnitzer Jan E. , Lapi Suzanne E.
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Annexin-A1 is a 37 kDa phospholipid-binding protein which is concentrated in a truncated 34 kDa form (AnnA1) in caveolae on the tumor vascular endothelial cell surface with expression in many tumor types. PRISM developed the monoclonal mouse antibody mAnnA1 against AnnA1 for evaluation of AnnA1 as a potential target for imaging and therapy in oncology. mAnnA1 was humanized to make hAnnA1 for translation to clinical studies. Both PRISM-produced mAnnA1 and cGMP contractor-produced hAnnA1 were investigated using noninvasive PET/CT imaging, and dosimetry was evaluated to enable clinical translation of this strategy and to investigate in vivo behavior of hAnnA1. Methods: Antibodies mAnnA1 and hAnnA1 (PRISM “hAnnA1-P” or contractor generated “hAnnA1-C”) were conjugated with the chelator deferoxamine and evaluated for immunoreactivity with ELISA. Conjugated antibodies were radiolabeled with zirconium-89. Naïve mice, rats, and non-human primates (NHP) were injected with [89Zr]mAnnA1 or [89Zr]hAnnA1 and imaged with PET/CT up to 10 days post injection. After imaging, mice and rats were euthanized and organs were collected, weighed, and radioactivity was quantified using a gamma counter. Dosimetry in mice and NHPs were calculated using OLINDA. Results: [89Zr]mAnnA1 showed similar biodistribution to other antibodies with slow clearance through the liver. Transition to [89Zr]hAnnA1-C during the dosimetry studies revealed substantial uptake in the spleen (130 ± 48% ID/g at day 5 post injection in female BALB/c), which was not observed with [89Zr]mAnnA1 (5.6 ± 1.7% ID/g at day 7 PI). Further studies in multiple strains of mice showed variable elevated splenic uptake of [89Zr]hAnnA1-C across mouse strains, with the highest uptake observed in female BALB/c mice (118.4 ± 23.1% ID/g) and the lowest uptake observed in male CD1 mice (34.7 ± 10.2% ID/g). Additionally, splenic uptake of hAnnA1-C was observed in Fischer rats (2.8 ± 0.6% ID/organ) and NHPs (1.6 ± 0.6% ID/organ), although at lower levels than what was observed in BALB/c mice (8.8 ± 1.8% ID/organ). Dosimetry results showed similar values between estimates based on mouse and NHP data, with the largest difference seen in the spleen (5.2 vs. 2.6 mSv/MBq in females respectively). Sequencing of hAnnA1-C revealed a frameshift mutation in the antibody sequence introduced during cGMP manufacture. Restoration of the antibody sequence by PRISM returned the antibody distribution into alignment with mAnnA1. Conclusions: An aberration introduced during cGMP production of hAnnA1-C resulted in increased splenic uptake and alteration of the biodistribution in mice. PET imaging enabled quantitative detection of the immunogenic behavior of hAnnA1, which led to detection of the sequence error. Restoration of the sequence resulted in an antibody which was non-immunogenic to mice.
Harnessing Manuka Honey: A Natural Remedy for Accelerated Burn Wound Healing in a Porcine Model
Authors: Privrodski Boris , Jovanović Mladen , Delić Nikola , Ratajac Radomir , Privrodski Vladimir , Stanojković Aleksandar , Gavlik Bernadeta , Čapo Ivan
Published: February 2025

Backgrounds: Burn injuries present significant medical challenges due to their complexity in healing and potential for severe scarring. This study evaluates the efficacy of Manuka honey in accelerating burn wound healing compared to conventional antibiotic ointments. Methods: Using a porcine model resembling human skin, nine Landrace breed female pigs with standardized deep dermal burns were treated with either Manuka honey in alginate or a combination of antibiotic ointments. Wound healing was assessed through macroscopic evaluation, a histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical staining over a 60-day period. Results: Our findings indicate that the Manuka honey treatment was associated with significantly increased collagen density in the treated wounds compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed lower macrophage activity (Iba1 staining) and a reduction in Ki67 expression on days 10 and 17 in the Manuka honey group, suggesting a more rapid transition toward tissue remodeling. The quantitative analysis showed a trend toward delayed epithelialization and increased inflammation in the control group, while wounds treated with Manuka honey exhibited faster reepithelialization and improved epidermal regeneration. However, additional studies are required to further assess collagen fiber organization and overall dermal architecture. Conclusions: These findings support the potential of Manuka honey as a beneficial treatment for burn wound healing, with evidence of enhanced reepithelialization and collagen deposition. Further research, including clinical trials, is necessary to fully elucidate its role in clinical practice and optimize treatment protocols.
Outdoor Detection of Plant Ultrasonic Emissions Using a Contactless Microphone
Authors: Bonisoli Luca , Forti Luca , Arru Laura
Published: February 2025

Background: Building on our previous work, this study presents a cost-effective, non-invasive methodology for recording, identifying, and analyzing plant ultrasonic emissions in dynamic environments, both indoor and outdoor. While previous research has utilized contactless microphones to compare water-stressed and hydrated plants indoors, to the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have been conducted in outdoor conditions. The objective of this study is to address the need for scalable, accessible tools for monitoring plant stress in a variety of environmental settings. Methods: Pinto bean and tomato plants were exposed to water stress conditions and monitored in both indoor and outdoor environments, with plant acoustic emissions recorded using an ultrasonic microphone. Results: The proposed methodology successfully recognized plant ultrasonic emissions even in the presence of high levels of environmental noise typical of outdoor conditions (e.g., wind, rain, or insect chirping). Conclusions: We argue that this method, with its minimal equipment requirements, is a valuable addition to the range of tools available for Plant Acoustics research, offering the potential for non-invasive monitoring in a variety of different environments.
Genetic Variation in Ornamental and Growth Traits in Hybrid Populations of Lilium davidii var. unicolor
Authors: Han Yufei , Yu Pengcheng , Jiang Yuzhou , Chen Ningya , Gong Tiangeng , Kong Xiangfeng , Gao Li , Jia Guixia
Published: February 2025

Lilium davidii var. unicolor is an important genetic resource for the origin of Asiatic hybrid lilies and a vital edible lily resource in China. To develop new lily germplasm combining ornamental and edible values, this study conducted five hybrid combinations between Lilium davidii var. unicolor (abbreviated as LDU) and Tiger/Pearl series Asiatic hybrid cultivars. Fourteen quantitative traits, along with spot patterns and flower color, were measured in 196 individual plants from the hybrid population, encompassing plant growth and ornamental traits. The brightness (L*), red–green component (a*), and yellow–blue component (b*) of flower color were measured and analyzed. Additionally, the genetic variation in growth and ornamental traits among the hybrid progeny was investigated. Studies have shown that the progeny of Lilium davidii var. unicolor and hybrids with lilies of different ploidy levels exhibit significant diversity in growth traits. Specifically, the F1 generation is characterized by increased plant height and larger flower diameter. Regarding tepal spotting, all five combinations produced both spotted and non-spotted individuals, with a ratio ranging from 3:1 to 5:1. Notable variation in spot distribution and density was observed among spotted individuals, with four combinations exhibiting apparent heterosis, particularly in two combinations involving tetraploid parents. Spots displayed diverse patterns, including scattered, concentrated, and ring-shaped distributions. Cluster analysis based on brightness (L*), redness–greenness (a*), and yellowness–blueness (b*) values categorized the flower colors of the hybrid population into four major types: orange, yellow/yellow-white, light pink, and red. Notably, the hybrids predominantly exhibited enhanced brightness (L*) and yellowness–blueness (b*), with the orange color spectrum being the most prevalent. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the improvement of ornamental traits and germplasm innovation in lilies.
Adequate Boron Supply Modulates Carbohydrate Synthesis and Allocation in Sugarcane
Authors: Martello Jorge Martinelli , Campos Murilo de , Nascimento Carlos Antônio Costa do , Garcia Ariani , Tarumoto Miriam Büchler , Siqueira Gabriela Ferraz de , Brown Patrick H. , Crusciol Carlos Alexandre Costa
Published: February 2025

Boron (B) is an essential and widely studied element in plants. Due to B dynamics in highly weathered soils, its concentration is generally low. Among other benefits, B interacts with calcium pectate, promotes stability on cellular membrane, and influences directly on plant nutrients uptake and non-structural metabolites synthesis. In sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) crop, adequate B supply has been associated with juice quality and yield of stalks and sugar and its response on adequate B concentration on commercial fields can differ greatly even into a group of varieties recommended for the same production environment. In this context, the authors aimed to assess the effects of B availability on sugarcane root and shoot development, nutrient status, and carbohydrate synthesis and allocation in two sugarcane varieties recommended for the same production environment using hydroponic solution. The experimental design was completely randomized and consisted of four treatments and four replicates. The treatments comprised two sugarcane varieties (RB867515 and RB92579) and two B concentrations (0.05 and 0.5 mg L−1) considered deficient and adequate, respectively, for plant development. Carbohydrate partitioning, nutrient concentrations in various plant parts, and growth and morphological parameters were evaluated. Under adequate B supply, the total concentrations of reducing sugars and sucrose increased 67 and 20% in RB867515 and 30 and 20% in RB92579, respectively, whereas starch decreased by 27% for both varieties. Adequate B supply increased the concentrations of all elements in all plant organs, except for N and K in leaves, and improved most yield and morphological parameters. Principal component analysis correlated the higher carbohydrates concentration and yield parameters with the variety RB92579, whereas the highest concentration of most nutrients was mainly associated with the variety RB867515, especially under adequate B supply. The main influence of adequate B supply was on carbohydrate synthesis. Although the sugarcane varieties responded differently to B availability, their biometric parameters were enhanced by adequate B supply. These results emphasize the need for B fertilization, regardless of the sugarcane variety’s susceptibility to B deficiency.
Gynoxys hallii Hieron., Gynoxys calyculisolvens Hieron., and Gynoxys azuayensis Cuatrec. Essential Oils—Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses of Three Unprecedented Volatile Fractions from the Ecuadorian Biodiversity
Authors: Maldonado Yessenia E. , Rodríguez María del Carmen , Bustamante María Emilia , Cuenca Stefanny , Malagón Omar , Cumbicus Nixon , Gilardoni Gianluca
Published: February 2025

The present study is the first report on the chemical and enantiomeric compositions of essential oils from the Ecuadorian species Gynoxys hallii Hieron., Gynoxys calyculisolvens Hieron., and Gynoxys azuayensis Cuatrec. All the volatile fractions presented a sesquiterpene-based chemical profile, typical of other volatile fractions from this genus. Both qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analyses were carried out on two stationary phases of different polarity (non-polar and polar). The main constituents of G. hallii essential oil on the two columns, respectively, were α-pinene (33.6–31.5%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (6.2–6.4%), germacrene D (35.7–38.3%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.8–4.0%). In G. calyculisolvens, the major compounds were α-pinene (11.2–11.0%), p-cymene (4.0–3.7%), α-copaene (3.6–3.7%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (8.1–8.3%), germacrene D (20.8–22.0%), and germacrene D-4-ol (8.4–8.6%). Finally, the main components of G. azuayensis were α-pinene (4.5–4.1%), germacrene D (14.1–12.4%), bicyclogermacrene (2.6–3.0%), tridecanal (6.4–6.2%), and spathulenol (7.8–7.1%). Furthermore, enantioselective analyses were conducted on the three volatile fractions, using two stationary phases based on β-cyclodextrins. As a result, twelve chiral components were investigated, detecting both enantiomerically pure compounds and scalemic mixtures with various enantiomeric excess.
Evaluation of NADES for Pectin Films Reinforced with Oxalic Acid-Modified Chitin Nanowhiskers
Authors: Mebert Andrea Mathilde , Melian-Queirolo Cynthia Melisa , Hamet Maria Fernanda , Copello Guillermo Javier , Gomez-Zavaglia Andrea
Published: February 2025

The effect of three NADESs as pectin film plasticizers was evaluated at 10%, 30%, and 50% w/w by using the casting method. Two hydrophilic (choline chloride with glycerol or citric acid) and one hydrophobic (thymol–camphor) NADESs were used as replacement for glycerol. Oxalic acid-modified chitin nanowhiskers (oCNWs) at 1% w/w were used to evaluate the effect of the NADESs on the nanofiller. The resulting films using the hydrophobic NADES were difficult to handle and prone to cracking and performed similarly to or worse than pure pectin films. As a result, they were not further evaluated. In contrast, the hydrophilic ones showed characteristics comparable to glycerol. It was found that films containing glycerol and choline chloride–glycerol NADESs showed a decrease in opacity and tensile strength and an increase in WVP, Young’s modulus, and maximum elongation. In contrast, those that contained citric acid exhibited a different behavior: opacity was less affected, and a decrease in WVP and an increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus (at 10% and 30% plasticizer) were found. oCNWs tended to decrease WVP and increase Young’s modulus but not in a very significant way. Our findings demonstrate that NADESs can be used as plasticizers in pectin films without the need to include glycerol and that the nature of NADESs is relevant to tuning the final properties.
Chitosan Nanoparticulate System Loaded with Cannabidiol: A Topical Formulation for Potential Alopecia Management
Authors: Oliveira Josenildo R. , Lopes Débora S. , Barbosa Milena C. S. , Silva Henrique N. , Fook Marcus V. L. , Silva Suédina M. L. , Delgado João M. P. Q. , Lima Antonio G. B.
Published: February 2025

This study explores an innovative topical formulation to treat alopecia by encapsulating cannabidiol (CBD) in chitosan nanoparticles. CBD, widely known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and endocannabinoid-modulating effects, shows significant potential for treating alopecia, a condition characterized by hair loss influenced by genetic, hormonal, or environmental factors. However, its low water solubility presents a significant challenge for topical applications. To address this issue, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using chitosan of reduced molecular mass (270 kDa) with an acetylation level of 12%, β-glycerophosphate as a crosslinking agent, and 1% glycerol to improve CBD encapsulation efficiency. Physicochemical characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurement, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the β-glycerophosphate concentration impacted nanoparticle size and the electrostatic interactions between chitosan’s primary amines and phosphate groups of β-glycerophosphate. Among the tested concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.25 mol/L), 0.20 mol/L produced the smallest nanoparticles (390 nm), which were further optimized to encapsulate CBD, reaching a particle size of 227 nm. This optimized formulation may improve the solubility of CBD and enable targeted and sustained delivery to hair follicles. These findings highlight chitosan nanoparticles as a cutting-edge and scalable platform for transdermal delivery of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, presenting a promising approach for the effective management of alopecia.