bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Opportunities and the Transition to Marriage among Young Women in the United States
Authors: Cox Amy g. , Hermsen Joan M , klerman Jacob Alex
Published: October 2023

During the last few decades, women’s participation in the paid labour force has increased, and their position in the labour market, relative to men’s, has risen as well. These trends are unlikely to reverse as the female-dominated service sector continues to grow. The dramatic changes have occurred within systems of gender that, although varied, tend to emphasize family caregiving as women’s responsibility and income generation as men’s responsibility. In this context, the growing presence of women in the marketplace suggests important consequences for marriage, childbearing, and other demographic processes associated with women. Indeed, one of the most pronounced demographic changes over the past few decades has been substantial delays and declines in marriage rates in many developed countries (Cherlin 1992; Espenshade 1985).
Water, Irrigation, and the State, 1880–1930
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Water powerfully influenced patterns of rural settlement and agriculture in the Cape (Chapter 2). Small towns and farms depended on fountains, streams, and earth dams up to the 1870s. Dams facilitated denser settlement, as well as the intensification and commercialization of stock farming, in many Cape districts. In the late nineteenth century progressive farmers and officials saw dam construction and irrigation as a highway towards development both for pastoral and arable farming. The two branches of agriculture were often linked, in that fodder production was one major purpose of irrigation. They believed that large-scale water conservation, as it was then called, would be a weapon against drought, enhance pastures, constrain trans-humance, expand exports, and ensure that meat markets were fully supplied. In their minds, wise usage of water was closely linked to the conservation of watersheds, of vegetation, and afforestation.
Drought, Conservation, and Nationalism: The Career of H. S. du Toit, 1890–1930
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

In the early decades of the twentieth century the term drought implied more than a periodic lack of rain. Drought was associated with the perception, frequently articulated, that the country was ‘drying up’, in the sense that rainfall was declining overall. This in turn became bound up with the idea that surface water was declining, and that denudation was causing rainfall to run off rather than sink into the ground. Drought in this broader sense was manifested in gulleying (dongas) and soil erosion.
Beyond the Model Law: The Quest for International Standards and Principles
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The preceding chapters of this book have explored a range of different responses to the problems of international insolvency, at levels extending from the national, to the regional, to the global. At each level, the balance of forces progressively changes. At the national level –– here represented principally by English law and practice –– the aspiration to address a multi-jurisdictional insolvency in an holistic and integrated way may be frustrated on account of the diversity and (not infrequently) the incompatibility of the rules and practices of the various systems of law which happen to be implicated in the instant case. For as long as it remains a fact of life that national systems of insolvency law differ from one another in material respects, rules of private international law will be needed for the purpose of resolving the fundamental issues of jurisdiction, choice of law, and international recognition and assistance that ultimately determine the outcome of the insolvency process, and the extent to which interested parties will receive any degree of benefit from it.
Life in Motion: Daughters of the Dance
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

There has recently been a flowering of the anthropological study of the forms of sensual expression: of the visual, of art, of aesthetics; of ‘performance’, of body language; and of the aural —the interpretation of sound, of music and song. It is becoming clear that set pieces of patterned rhythmic sound and movement, quintessentially the phenomenon of the dance, can be traced through history. Something arguably similar is even reported from the world of the other primates —Vernon Reynolds discusses ‘chimp carnivals’. The technical and methodological difficulty of analysing the dance as such means that it has frequently been left aside for serious study by specialist students, just as music and language are nearly always set aside for the ethnomusicologists and the linguists or linguisticians.
James I of Scotland, The Kingis Quair
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

Tke Kingis Quair, or ‘King’s Book’, receives its title from a note in the single manuscript in which the text survives: ‘Herefter followis the quair maid be King James of Scotland the first callit the kingis quair and maid quhen his majeste wes in Ingland’ (Bodleian Library, MS Arch. Selden. B. 24, fo. 191v; the spelling in this transcription has been slightly modernized). A note in Latin in the scribe’s hand at the end of the text, ‘Quod Jacobus primus scotorum rex i1lustrissimus’ (fo. 211r), corroborates some of these details.
John Skelton, The Bouge of Court
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

John Skelton’s writings, which bridge the periods conventionally classified as ‘medieval’ and ‘Renaissance’, demonstrate the continued life of the poetic dream vision well over a century after Chaucer’s influential experiments with the form. Skelton had read Chaucer carefully, but also draws into his own writing the fruits of the wide scholarly reading which qualified him in the last years of the fifteenth century for a post as tutor to the future Henry VIII.
Women in the Street: Prostitutes and Market Vendors
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

I would ask a man of feeling to survey the lobby at the theatres or look at the courtesans in the streets of London. Then let him say what stronger proof can be required of the wretched debasement of society … Sin is artificial is the monstrous offspring of government and property. Of the several thousand satirical prints of women published in England during the late eighteenth century, prints of women as men’ s sexual partners form by far the largest category. While this includes wives and courtesans, most of the women depicted are prostitutes. Although prints of prostitutes vary consider- ably in tone, execution, and price, and depict a wide range of women, two main themes dominate. The first theme views prostitutes as part of a broader
Introduction
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

On Tuesday, 2 January 1769, some thirty artists from England, Wales, Ireland, North America, and several continental European countries, all but two then resident in London, met in a former print warehouse at 125 Pall Mall. One of their number, Joshua Reynolds, rose to address his colleagues and a small group of art patrons: Gentlemen, An Academy, in which the Polite Arts may be regularly cultivated, is at last opened among us by Royal Munificence. This must appear an event in the highest degree interesting, not only to the Artists, but to the whole nation. It is indeed difficult to give any other reason, why an empire like that of BRITAIN, should so long have wanted an ornament so suitable to its greatness, than that slow progression of things, which naturally makes elegance and refinement the last effect of opulence and power.
Modelling Academies for the British School
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

The Royal Academy was undoubtedly London’s and Britain’s leading professional fine arts school and exhibition society. However, the confinement of its operations to the Strand, London, clearly limited its direct impact on the nation’s artists and the public for art. With respect to exhibitions, William Carey, a figure at the margins of London’s art world and witness to the foundation of many provincial art institutions, estimated in 18m that ‘almost ninety five out of every hundred persons in the Empire, are cut off from any means of direct acquaintance with the British School’: Nearly the whole of the Academicians, the great Body of the Artists, and their annual exhibitions are confined, by circumstance, to the Capital; with little, if any, power, of ever influencing the taste of the distant parts of the Country. The Royal Academy may be compared to a genial fire, placed in too wide a circle to communicate warmth to its extremities … The French felt a similar deficiency, at a distance from Paris; and, to remedy it, founded their provincial Academies.
Monumental Miracles
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

The Museo della Zecca in Rome holds two sets of wax models for medals which the Italian engraver Benedetto Pistrucci designed for the British state between 1815 and 1820. One medal was to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the other was to celebrate the acquisition of the Elgin Marbles in 1816. Quarrels over Pistrucci’s terms of employment in the British Mint, and the complex design and unusual size of the dies for the Waterloo Medal delayed their completion until 1849, when a subscription for soft impressions in gutta percha and electrotypes substituted for an official award of medals to the now deceased allied sovereigns and the veterans of Waterloo. The Elgin Marbles Medal was never struck, just as an ambitious Waterloo Monument, initially allocated £300,000 by Parliament in 1815, never got beyond the planning stages. But the very conception of the medal and of the monument manifest national pride in the fact that, at long last, Britain’s cultural prowess matched her military might.
What Is Problematic about Masculinities?1
Authors: Clatterbaugh Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The old Men’s Studies Review became masculinities in the winter of 1993. The name change is politically and methodologically significant. Politically, the new title seeks to allay’suspicions that “men’s studies “ is some ill-defined reaction against women’s studies ( masculinities 1:1,2). Methodologically, this change represents an effort to be inclusive and, thereby, to gain a more honest appraisal of the lives of men.
Women over 35: Old Maids, Merry Widows, and Cosy Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

This study has mainly examined the representation of relatively young women within satirical prints. While not necessarily restricted to young women, the female roles discussed so far favored young women. Then as now, young women were seen as more appealing than old women, and images of them were more likely to attract viewers. Thus, most satirical as well as non-satirical prints of prostitutes, courtesans, actresses, female writers, artists, and politicians, as well as wives and mothers, depict young women. Yet this does not tell the whole story. ‘ Old’ women were also represented within satirical prints, but were treated largely separately from young women.
Lock-in Agreements in Venture Capital-backed UK IPOs
Authors: Espenlaub Susanne , Goergen Marc , Khurshed, Arif , Renneboog Luc
Published: October 2023

It is widely believed that one of the reasons for the impressive success of the American new economy is the availability of venture capital (VC) providing ample funds for innovative firms.
The Effect of Market Conditions on Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Rajan Raghuram , Servaes Henri
Published: October 2023

Why are initial public offerings (IPOs) underpriced (Ibbotson 1975), and why does the average underpricing vary over time? Why do IPOs come to market in clusters creating the appearance that firms are taking advantage of windows of opportunity (Ibbotson and Jaffe 1975)? Why do IPOs perform poorly in the long run (Ritter 1991)? There are many models with rational agents which explain why underpricing occurs.
Law, Legitimacy, and European Governance
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

This volume examines the role of law in increasing the legitimacy of European decision-making by structuring and facilitating diverse forms of participation, representation, and deliberation whilst ensuring transparency and accountability. The democratic deficit and the legitimacy of the European Union have attracted the attention of both lawyers and political scientists, but few have examined normatively the role of interest groups or of functional participation in European governance.This book examines institutional settings, such as committees, agencies, and social dialogue within which such participation occurs. Moving beyond generalities, tye author provides a detailed empirical account of participation within one policy sector: EC occupational health and safety. Smismans argues that different institutional settings for functional participation are underpinned by very different considerations: they weight balanced representation, deliberation, and expertise differently. He shows how this participation differs between legislation and regulatory implementation, and appraises the extent to which participation can compensate for a lack of territorial representation in implementation procedures, and can exert some control over ‘scientific experts ‘. This book reveals changes in functional participation over time, from regulatory to persuasive policy-making; and argues that the ‘new ‘ forms of governance are not necessarily more participatory than the old.
Conclusion
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

The traditional democratic deficit debate has focused mainly on territorial representation, referring in particular to the parliamentary model as a normative framework, linked to the assumption of a hierarchical and neutral bureaucracy. In this framework interest group participation cannot appear other than as a democratic nightmare. More recently, the European governance debate has discovered ‘civil society ‘ as a source of legitimacy in European policy-making. Yet, claims about the legitimacy and the legitimizing potential of ‘civil society participation ‘ have only been made in general terms.
Introduction To The Law Of Marine Insurance
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The need to protect investment in maritime adventure was recognized in early civilizations. Contractual transfer of risk was pioneered through loans on the security of a vessel or cargo, repayable at a high rate of interest should the secured property arrive safely but otherwise not repayable. Such maritime loans existed in ancient Babylon, were used by the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, and Romans, and were revived in medieval Italy. They became known as ‘bottomry’ where the secured property was a vessel and ‘respondentia’ where the secured property was cargo. In addition, from at least the time of commercial prominence of ancient Rhodes, risk has been shared through the system of general average, by which a loss incurred for the benefit of a common maritime adventure is shared among all interests benefited by the loss. In general average, however, the interest that sustains the loss must still carry its share and recovery is contingent upon other interests deriving benefit from the loss.
Formation Of Marine Insurance Contracts
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

In general, the formation of a contract of marine insurance is governed by the ordinary principles of contract law. Their application must be considered, however, in the context of certain practices of the insurance markets. For these purposes, a distinction needs to be drawn between the ‘London market’ and the ‘United Kingdom market’. The London market operates generally on a subscription basis, with insurers each accepting a percentage of the risk, and is characterized by the processing of documentation and money through centralized facilities.
Marine Insurance Brokers
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The broker is the agent of the assured and therefore owes the assured a combination of fiduciary and contractual duties. Much of the law relating to marine insurance brokers is merely the application in a specific context of the law of agency and of professional negligence. It is, however, necessary also to examine the role of the broker in the context of the duty of utmost good faith and the payment of premiums and indemnities. The broker acts as agent of the assured, but may occasionally incur liability to third parties.
Principles Of Causation
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

Causation is fundamental in defining the scope of marine insurance contracts. The standard policies, in general, provide cover against losses caused by specified perils. Consequently, consideration of whether a particular loss is covered involves two questions. First, did an event occur or a circumstance arise that corresponds to one of the perils covered under the policy?Secondly, was that event or circumstance linked to the casualty in the manner required by the causal phrase employed by the policy to link peril to loss or damage?Moreover, the cover is invariably subject to a number of exceptions, most of which are also drafted in terms of loss caused by an excepted peril, although the language of causation may be different.
Cover Provided By Mutual Insurance Associations
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The principal cover provided by the mutual insurance associations, or clubs, falls into three broad categories: protection and indemnity, war risks, and defence costs. A club may cover all three classes of risk, albeit clearly distinguishing between the different classes, or restrict its cover to just one class. An example of the former is provided by the Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Ltd. while the three United Kingdom clubs provide an example of the latter structure. The precise scope of the cover provided by any given club depends ultimately upon the true interpretation of the rules of that club, which in effect constitute the policy of insurance between the club and the club member.
Configuring the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

Should we pay attention to the everyday? If so, how should we do it? Our concluding chapter starts out from four parameters identified in earlier discussion. First, while many things are commonly identified with the quotidian—eating, phoning, shopping, objects, and gadgets—everydayness is not a property or aggregate of these things; it inheres rather in the way they are part of manifold lived experience.
Public–private sector cooperation
Authors: Belfrage Erik
Published: October 2023

Security has been an important policy area for private corporations since World War II, although the industries engaged in defence production have had a traditional interest in security issues. The areas of particular interest at that time were industrial espionage, banks and other companies involved in keeping and transporting valuables, and corporations in socially unsafe and turbulent countries or regions. Corporations in the industrialized world have relied largely on the host state for the provision of security.
What price values?
Authors: Tarschys Daniel
Published: October 2023

The title suggested for this chapter, ‘What price values?’, brings to mind the words of Oscar Wilde, who defined a cynic as ‘a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing’. A writer in The Financial Times recently applied this profound insight to economists rather than to cynics, but that might rather exaggerate the knowledge of prices among economists—who at least seem to quarrel on the topic. The concept of value or values is in fact a tricky one. It is one of those faux amis, or false friends, that mean different things in different languages, in this case the languages of different professions.
An International Response To Terrorism
Authors: Norgren Claes
Published: October 2023

Terrorism has for a long time plagued countries throughout the world. In Europe, for example, the Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Fatherland and Liberty) Basque separatists, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Red Army Faction (RAF) operated and spread fear in the late 20th century. The attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001, however, clearly changed perspectives on terrorism. These events represented a new and important development, not only politically but in a number of other dimensions as well. The United States’ reaction to the attacks was clear and strong.
The economic consequences of terrorism
Authors: Lenain Patrick
Published: October 2023

The most shocking aspect of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States was the tragic loss of lives. The attacks also, however, caused serious economic disruption: financial markets did not operate for some days; a large part of southern Manhattan, where Wall Street stock exchanges and major investment banks are located, was destroyed; and communication links were inoperative. All US airport commercial flight operations were halted, and border crossings and ports were subject to intense scrutiny. In October, letters filled with concentrated anthrax spores were mailed to US news media and politicians, causing postal mail to be disrupted in a large part of the country.
Just Health Care in a Pluri-National Country
Authors: parijs philippe van
Published: October 2023

Justice in health care is an important issue for a number of reasons. Some of these are obvious, others less so. I shall here illustrate one of the less obvious ones by showing how the choice of a conception of justice in health care can crucially affect the conquest of a city and the survival of a country. This is not science fiction of a sort philosophers relish in concocting. This is about the fate of my own country in the last few years, today, and in the difficult years to come. Nor is it a parochial issue whose relevance is confined to a handful of anomalous corners of the world. Let us bear in mind that the world ‘s estimated 6,000 living languages only have 211 sovereign countries to house them. Moreover, as economic globalisation tightens its grip on small and medium-sized nation-states, redistributive institutions organised entirely at the national level will become increasingly difficult to sustain, and one will have to think about how best to conceive of social justice or solidarity, inter alia in matters of health care, at a level that exceeds the nation-state.
Introduction
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

This is a study of the spirit of ‘1968 ‘. Pride of place is given to the dynamic towards personal and collective liberation unleashed in ‘1968 ‘ and the rise of social movements at that time. Written at a time of widespread pessimism experienced by social movement activists in the age of Blair and Bush, it appeared important to recall a very recent period in modern and contemporary history when, to paraphrase one of the ubiquitous Situationist graffiti gracing the walls of Paris in 1968, it was considered realistic to demand the impossible.
Under the Cobblestones Lies the Beach: Student Activism in the 1960s
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

It was the first day of February 1960. The setting? A provincial town in the Piedmont area of North Carolina: Greensboro. Apart from its textile and furniture industry, Greensboro was above all known as the home of the predominantly black Agricultural and Technical College. In the late afternoon of that Monday, four young black college students decided to go to the downtown Woolworth store and to sit down at the lunch counter reserved for white customers only. This provocation was not carefully prepared; indeed they had come up with this scenario during conversations the previous evening. None of the four students was particularly radical or even unconventional. Certainly, none was a known civil rights activist.
Vogliamo Tutto: The Working-Class Dimension of ‘1968 ‘
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

It was 7 April 1962. The setting? A provincial town in a mountain valley in Asturias, northern Spain: Mieres. By the 1960s, Mieres, located in the valley of the Turón, was able to look back on a century of mining and industrial activity. Today, the mining industry has virtually shut down, and the area ‘s administration, benefiting from the natural beauty of the Cantabrian mountain ranges and hillsides, is banking on the benefits of a growing tourist industry. In the 1960s, mining and heavy industry was still the mainstay of local employment, though warning signs of impending decline were already clearly visible on the horizon. ‘The coal industry was in decline; wages were low; the infrastructure was antique; imported coal was cheaper and of better quality; other forms of energy were highly competitive.
Left, Left, Left: The Old, the New, and the Far Left
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: October 2023

‘Tuesday, October 30, 1956. A date that will long be remembered. ‘ Thus are the opening lines of the opening chapter in a book co-authored by a lifelong spokesperson for the British Labour Party ‘s left-wing tendency, Michael Foot, and Mervyn Jones, who had dropped out of the British Communist Party in 1953 and soon became an early spokesperson for the British new left. ‘In the Sinai desert, it was half past six in the evening; a warm day was ending in the sharpness that comes with twilight. It had been the first day of war.
Smoothing and Interpolation with the State-Space Model
Authors: Jong Piet De
Published: October 2023

This article develops and explores a new result dealing with smoothing for state-space models. Smoothing for state-space models arises in areas such as signal extraction (Kohn and Ansley 1987a), maximum likelihood estimation of parameters in the state-space model (Shumway and Stoffer 1982), cross-validation (Ansley and Kohn 1987), and missing-value estimation and interpolation (Kohn and Ansley 1986). Kitagawa (1987) dealt with smoothing for nonlinear processes. A good survey of smoothing results was given by Anderson and Moore (1979).
Diagnostic Checking of Unobserved-Components Time Series Models
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Koopman Siem Jan
Published: October 2023

Diagnostic checking of the specification of a time series model is normally carried out using the innovations—that is, the one-step-ahead prediction errors. In an unobserved-components model, other residuals are available. These auxiliary residuals are estimators of the disturbances associated with the unobserved components. The auxiliary residuals are functions of the innovations, but they present the information in a different way. This can lead to the discovery of features of a fitted model that are not apparent from the innovations themselves. Unfortunately, the auxiliary residuals suffer from the disadvantage that they are serially correlated, even in a correctly specified model with known parameters. The purpose of this article is to show how the properties of auxiliary residuals may be obtained, how they are related to each other and to the innovations, and how they can be used to construct test statistics. The methods extend straightforwardly to models containing observed explanatory variables.
The Modeling and Seasonal Adjustment of Weekly Observations
Authors: Harvey Andrew , Koopman Siem Jan , Riani Marco
Published: October 2023

The weekly figures on the U.K. money supply are eagerly anticipated in the City of London because they are believed to be an important economic indicator. One of the key series is the value of the Bank of England notes and coins in circulation, plus cash deposits of commercial banks with the Bank of England. This basically corresponds to the measure known as M0, and we will refer to it in this way here- after. These figures display considerable seasonal fluctuations and are particularly high just before Christmas. As a result there is a need for the Bank of England to produce a seasonally adjusted series for ease of interpretation.
The Simulation Smoother for Time Series Models
Authors: Jong Piet De , Shephard Neil
Published: October 2023

This paper introduces a simple and efficient method, the simulation smoother, for sampling from the smoothing density associated with time series models. The simulation smoother exploits the common structure which most time series models possess. Simulation smoothing comes up in a number of papers, e.g. FrühwirthSchnatter (1994, 1995), Carter and Kohn (1994), Shephard (1994), Chib and Greenberg (1994), and may be of importance in future time series work. One area of application is the Markov chain Monte Carlo method or Gibbs sampling, described by Smith and Roberts (1993) and Ripley (1987, pp. 113–6).
Optimal Compensation Schemes: Foundation
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

Choosing an appropriate compensation mechanism is probably the core problem of human resource managers, and represents the heart of personnel economics. Loosely speaking good compensation packages must be consistent with profit maximization on the part of firms, but they should also provide workers with the incentives to do as well as possible. If we pay the worker independently of his or her performance, most likely we will not provide him or her with the right incentives to act in the interest of the firm. In the jargon of the economics of imperfect information, the problem with a fully fixed salary is one of moral hazard. The term moral hazard arises in the insurance market and refers to the fact that a person who has insurance coverage will have less incentive to take proper care of insured objects than a person who does not. Here is an example. A worker who sells computers for a small company has to decide how much effort to put into selling the hardware. The number of computers sold certainly depends on how hard she works, but the total sales will also depend on other factors, like customer willingness to buy computers. Such factors are outside the worker’s control.
Belle Sauvage: Catharine Macaulay and the American War in Britain
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

I will begin with a representation of femininity and patriotic or national identification, an image from 1776 entitled The Female Combatants, or Who Shall (Fig. 15). This print represents the war between Britain and America in the then familiar terms of familial conflict. In response to the mother country’s attempts to force her rebellious daughter to obedience, a bare-breasted America plants a solid right fist in her face. Beneath the figure of Britannia, the withered tree of liberty and north-pointing compass provide comment on the administration, while America’s cap and cockerel signal colonial determination and French sympathy. Here, America’s representation as the figure of the savage conveys that idea of natural liberty with which the colonists’ cause was often associated. By contrast, Britain’s imperial corruption is suggested in the elaborate dress and extravagantly high head for which the fashions of the 1770s were notorious.
Free and Easy: Boston’s Fashionable Dilemma
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

In the early months of 1785, Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren had a misunderstanding. Macaulay, Britain’s celebrated republican historian, visiting New England to much acclaim after the close of the war, had looked forward to meeting Mercy Otis Warren. Warren, a writer well known in Boston for her patriotic plays and prolific correspondence, was equally keen to develop Macaulay’s friendship. Their disagreement was difficult for both women; played out in the public eye, it became the focus of satire and conjecture. Yet, prior to this, Macaulay and Warren had corresponded with one another for over a decade. Over the course of the war between Britain and America they had maintained a close epistolary friendship based on the similarity of their political principles and their views of their own roles as women.
Introduction
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

In early 1921, little more than two years after the end of the Great War and the outbreak of the German of 1918-19, the left-liberal periodical “Weltbiihne devoted a two-page article to a cultural phenomenon which it referred to as the ‘Bismarck legend’. What the author of the article, the distinguished journalist Richard Lewinsohn, described in his analysis was alarming: Bismarck-dead since 1898-had become ‘a severe political danger’ for the Republic of Weimar. The Republic, so Lewinsohn insisted, had to emerge from Bismarck’s shadow if it was ever to become a state in its own historical right.1 Lewinsohn was not the only democrat who perceived Bismarck’s legacy and the way it was exploited by Weimar’s right-wing circles as a threat to the Republic. In his book Bismarcks Schatten, a liberal professor of jurisprudence, Hermann Ulrich Kantorowicz, maintained that the consolidation of democracy in Germany could only emerge ‘over the rubble of the Bismarck cult’.
Towards the Abyss: Bismarck and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Years of radicalization: Bismarck between the Young Plan and the sixtieth anniversary of the Reich’s foundation. On 2 October 1929, the nationalist periodical Deutsches Echo confronted its readers with a full-page announcement demanding support for the plebiscite against the Young Plan: The nationalist front has entered into the decisive struggle for German freedom. Under the disastrous leadership of this government and the short-sighted parole to reduce the burden for this generation, serf-like tributes will be weighed down upon the German youth and unborn generations. This irresponsible gamble with the future of the German people is precisely what the newly created nationalist front hopes to prevent by putting the Law against the Enslavement of the German People to a national referendum.
Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Conway Martin , Romijn Peter
Published: October 2023

Belgium and the Netherlands are the often neglected non-identical twins of interwar Europe. Over the previous centuries, these prosperous, densely populated, and much contested territories in north-western Europe had been central to the emergence of the commercial economy, social and cultural identities, and state structures that defined modern Europe. Throughout the twentieth century, control of their territory and industrial resources remained crucial to struggles for diplomatic, economic, and military ascendancy in Western Europe, while their respective empires projected their authority as far as East Asia, Central Africa, and South America. And yet Belgium and the Netherlands have been marginal to the ways in which historians write about twentieth-century Europe.
Iberia
Authors: Lannon Frances
Published: October 2023

The creation of the Portuguese New State in the early 1930s and the Spanish Civil War of 1936– 9 have long dominated writing about the history of the two Iberian countries in the first half of the twentieth century. Uncovering the roots of the New State and the causes of the civil war have absorbed attention in much the same way as tracing the origins of Fascism in Italy and the Nazi movement in Germany. The Portuguese and Spanish Republics have been scrutinized for evidence of failure as closely as the Weimar Republic or the Italian constitutional monarchy. And the miserable teleology of democracy’s displacement by dictatorship is all too similar. In the Spanish case it is particularly poignant because of the terrible destruction of life and resources in the civil war that forged Franco’s dictatorship. By the time the European war began in September 1939, Spain was already devastated.
Finland and the Baltic States
Authors: Readman Kristina Spohr
Published: October 2023

Discussing Finland together with the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania may seem surprising. Indeed, there are good reasons why Finland could have been included in the chapter on ‘Scandinavia’. Its cultural and historical bonds with Sweden, its membership in the Nordic Council after 1955, and its extensive welfare system established after the Second World War are all reasons why Finland tends to be linked to the Scandinavian countries. The majority of Finns, however, are not Scandinavian. Rather, in ethno-linguistic terms, they are related to Estonians.
Requesting Information and Consultation
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the process set out in the ICE Regulations for initiating negotiations on information and consultation arrangements. It covers the following principal areas: the right of employees to request and receive information about staff numbers to confirm whether there is a sufficient number of employees within the undertaking to trigger the right to information and consultation; the making of a request by employees or their representatives to commence negotiations on information and consultation arrangements; how the employer can/ should respond to the making of a request;
The Content of a Pre-Existing/Negotiated Agreement
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

Both pre-existing and negotiated agreements give an opportunity for flexibilities that are not available under the standard information and consultation provisions and which may therefore makes them attractive for the employer, employees, and their representatives. These are in addition to other potential benefits (and in some cases disadvantages) described in greater detail in Chapter 3 (in relation to pre-existing agreements) and Chapter 5 (in relation to negotiated agreements).
How Do We Compare?
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

This chapter analyses information and consultation rights in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. It does not cover the collective representation rights in each country in relation to collective dismissals, which are generally outside the scope of this book. Rather it focusses on the general rights of the domestic works councils in each of these jurisdictions. The system of employee representation is well established in France and continues to develop, both through case-law and through French legislative intervention. It became a legal obligation in 1936, with legislation on works councils dating from 1945.
Estimation in the I(1) model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

We assume here that the empirical VAR model can describe the data and that there are no I(2) components in the model.
Recursive tests of constancy
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Chapter 4 applied a variety of residual misspecification tests to the VAR model. Even though the empirical model passed these tests sufficiently well to continue the analysis, this does not exclude the possibility that the model suffers from parameter non-constancy. The purpose of this section is to provide a number of diagnostic tests to check for this important feature of the model.
Identification of the long-run structure
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

When the empirical model is estimated with data that are non-stationary in levels, we need to discuss two different identification problems: identification of the long-run structure (i.e. of the cointegration relations) and identification of the short-run structure (i.e. of the equations of the system). The former is about imposing long-run economic structure on the unrestricted cointegration relations, the latter is about imposing short run dynamic adjustment structure on the equations for the differenced process. In this chapter, we shall primarily discuss identification of the long-run relations and leave the short-run adjustment structure to the next chapter.
Introduction: An Outline of the Anglo-Saxons’ Sense of Space
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

In the course of the last two hundred years, the relationship of proximity and distance has changed radically. The acceleration of traffic, with the development, spread, and ever-increasing speed of means of transport— the railway, the automobile, the plane— have reduced the intervals separating different locations and have thus facilitated access to new physical spaces. Technological progress, such as the invention of the radio, the television, the telefax, or the Internet, has abolished distance altogether by allowing virtual dimensions to penetrate the familiar sphere of the home.
Top Incomes Over the Twentieth Century: A Summary of Main Findings1
Authors: Piketty T
Published: October 2023

This introductory essay presents some of the key Windings and perspectives emerging from the detailed country chapters published in this volume. All chapters are part of a collective research project on the long-run dynamics of income and wealth distribution. The general objective of this project was to construct a high quality, long-run, international database on income and wealth distribution using historical tax statistics. The resulting database now includes annual series covering most of the twentieth century for over 20 (mostly Western) countries. The present volume focuses upon the contrast between continental European countries and English-speaking countries and includes ten case studies: France, UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Ireland.
Income and Wealth Concentration in Switzerland over the Twentieth Century
Authors: Dell F , Piketty, T , Saez E
Published: October 2023

The evolution of income and wealth inequality during the process of development has attracted enormous attention in the economics literature. Liberals have blamed income and wealth concentration because of concerns for equity and in particular for tilting the political process in the favour of the wealthy. They have proposed progressive taxation as an appropriate counter-force against wealth concentration. For conservatives, concentration of income and wealth is considered as a natural and necessary outcome of an environment that provides incentives for work, entrepreneurship, and wealth accumulation, key elements of macro-economic success. Progressive taxation may redistribute resources away from the rich and wealthy and reduce wealth concentration but it might also weaken those incentives and generate large eYciency costs.
Work/Family, Australian Labour Law, and the Normative Worker
Authors: Chapman Anna
Published: October 2023

Work/family issues have become a major topic of interest and discussion in Australia. Rarely does a week go by without a news service carrying a story exploring the reasons why professional women are deferring decisions to have a baby, or considering the implications of long working hours and absent fathers and the lack of affordable child-care places. The Sex Discrimination Commissioner, the trade union movement, and all major political parties have now developed policies and programmes of reform to address the problems that are seen to arise at the intersection of paid market work and caring and domestic responsibilities
Work, Family, and Parenthood: The European Union Agenda
Authors: McGlynn Clare
Published: October 2023

The European Union has long recognized that if it is to meet its own ambitious targets for economic growth and wealth creation, it needs to increase the participation of women in the labour market. Falling birth rates, an ageing population, and the challenges of globalization all demand measures to facilitate women’ s (re)entry into the paid workforce. The chosen solution is the promotion and promulgation of ‘equal opportunities’ laws and policies, creating a ‘flexible’ workforce, together with equality being ‘mainstreamed’ into all labour market policies. In particular, it has been acknowledged that difficulties in reconciling paid work and family life are a significant factor limiting women’s labour market participation.
Taking Leave: Work and Family in Australian Law and Policy
Authors: Owens Rosemary J
Published: October 2023

Australia is in the midst of intense national debate about the most appropriate way to accommodate work and family. At the centre of this debate is the issue of paid maternity leave. The urgency of the topic is a reflection of a complex set of changes at every level of society, including: the pressures imposed on businesses through the gradual incorporation of Australian industry into the new economy of the global era; the changing demographics of the workplace, especially the increased participation of women in paid employment; the declining fertility rate; and the ageing of the population. The popular characterizations of the work/ family interface make it clear that this arena is one where present tension appear to be unsustainable and while the aspiration to harmonious interplay is reflected in metaphors of balance and reconciliation, the present reality is clearly one of collision and conflict.
Poor Women’s Work Experiences: Gaps in the ‘Work/Family’ Discussion
Authors: Williams Lucy
Published: October 2023

Mainstream discourse, across the political spectrum, both in developed countries and in so-called ‘developing countries’} regularly invokes the above Chinese aphorism to privilege waged work within the formal economy (‘fishing’) as the primary instrument for poverty reduction and to argue that social assistance in the form of monetary grants to support women as caregivers2 (‘ giving a fish’) is an ineffective, and often destructive and dependency-creating method, of reducing poverty. Recent ‘welfare reforms’ in the USA and the UK, which predominantly affect poor women and their children (now being touted throughout the globe as successful and therefore being marketed by neo-liberal development policymakers and institutions in developing countries) are based on the assumptions that participation in formal-sector waged work is the path to individual independence, and that welfare receipt is the path to dependence. This framing of the problem assumes an institutional structure within which a breadwinner’ s labour in the formal sector provides family subsistence. More importantly, it also assumes clear distinctions between formal-sector waged work, informal-sector work, and family work In this, it fails to recognize the complexity of women’ s, particularly poor women’s, work
Commentary to the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The concluding section of Chapter 8 of the Second Edition (section 8.4,consisting of paragraphs 8.81–8.83) gives an account of the preparatory measures put in place to enable the United Kingdom to enact the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. It is there explained that, although the paving provision of section 14 of the Insolvency Act2000 had been in force since November of that year, intervening events had taken priority over the programmer of implementation of the Model Law, and that in consequence the work was still in progress as the Second Edition of the book went to press.
The First Steps
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

The accumulation of knowledge of the Copts was a slow and irregular process, despite the large number of Western visitors to Egypt through the ages. From the fourth century onwards Egypt was a popular stage for pilgrims travelling from Europe to Jerusalem and many of these visited the Egyptian monasteries and churches. The pseudo-Antonino da Piacenza, an anonymous Italian traveller who seems to have been in Egypt and the Holy Land between 560 and 570, referred to the number of monks at the monastery of St Catherine in the Sinai peninsula who knew Coptic (which he calls Egyptian) and Ethiopic. Numerous other Western travellers followed in the early Middle Ages.