bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrared absorption sensor for multiple gas sensing. Development of a Fabry–Perot spectrometer with ultrawide wavelength range
Authors: Enomoto Tetsuya , Suzuki Megumi , Iwaki Takao , Wado Hiroyuki , Takeuchi Yukihiro
Published: April 2013

We report on a novel MEMS (microelectromechanical system) based on a Fabry–Perot spectrometer with an ultrawide wavelength range (3.2 to 8.4 µm) compared to the previously reported ones (typically 2.8 to 5.8 µm). The wavelength range of a Fabry–Perot spectrometer is known to be increased by increasing the ratio of the refractive indexes of the multilayer mirrors. Thus, a novel mirror structure was proposed, replacing a low‐refractive‐index layer of SiO2 (nL = 1.44) by air (nL = 1) for a wider wavelength range. The proposed device was fabricated by HF sacriﬁcial layer etching of SiO2 between four ultrathin polysilicon ﬁlms (ca. 320 nm). The following two ideas were adopted to fabricate this delicate structure properly. (1) Electrostatic force was generated only in the outer region surrounding the air mirror so as not to deform the mirror. (2) A supercritical drying process was employed after the sacriﬁcial etching to prevent possible sticking issues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(5): 50–57, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10433
Cavity ring‐down spectroscopy using reﬂective semiconductor optical ampliﬁer
Authors: Tanimoto Hirokazu , Matuo Tatuya , Maeda Yoshinobu
Published: April 2013

An excellent cavity ring‐down spectroanalyzer was realized using a reﬂective semiconductor optical ampliﬁer. A negative feedback optical ampliﬁcation eﬀect in the ampliﬁer recovers signal loss to a higher degree and provides an output signal whose baseline is reduced optically. A sample cell was formed to meet ﬁbers in the face. 0.5% to 16% saccharose solutions were analyzed by the spectroanalyzer using a 1512‐nm laser. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(5): 37–41, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11378
Image transformation with cellularly connected evolutionary neural networks
Authors: Otsuka Junji , Yata Noriko , Nagao Tomoharu
Published: April 2013

The construction of image transformation manually requires large amounts of eﬀort, and thus several methods of automating it with machine learning, such as neural networks or genetic programming, have been proposed. Most of these methods are just constructed image ﬁlters that calculate an output value from values in the local area of each pixel independently. However, in several tasks, such as area detection, information on more distant areas is helpful to processing. In this paper, we introduce a new neural network model for automatic construction of image transformations. The proposed model is composed of a regular array of identical evolutionary neural networks, the Real‐Valued Flexibly Connected Neural Networks (RFCN) that we previously proposed, and each RFCN is connected to neighboring RFCNs. The proposed model is called Cellular RFCN (CRFCN). Because of the local connections, each RFCN can consider information on distant areas indirectly. We apply CRFCN to three image transformation tasks, compare it with other methods, and examine its eﬀectiveness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(5): 17–27, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11460
Eﬀects of activation energy on transient response of semiconductor gas sensor
Authors: Fujimoto Akira , Ohtani Tatsuki
Published: April 2013

Odor classifying gas sensors will be useful in many applications, such as gas detection alarms, process controls for food production, and so on. We have tried to realize a sensor using the transient responses of semiconductor gas sensors consisting of tin dioxide and have shown that the sensors gave diﬀerent transient responses for diﬀerent gases. Model calculations showed that the activation energy of chemical reactions on the sensor surface depends strongly on the transient response. We tried to estimate the activation energies by molecular orbital calculations for a SnO2 cluster. The results showed that there is a linear relationship between the gradient of the transient response and the activation energy for carboxylic acid and alcohol vapors. The transient response will be predictable from the activation energy of each gas, and odor discrimination by a single semiconductor gas sensor will be possible using this relationship. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(5): 11–16, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11475
Measurement of topcoat thickness of thermal barrier coating for gas turbines using terahertz waves
Authors: Fukuchi Tetsuo , Fuse Norikazu , Fujii Tomoharu , Okada Mitsutoshi , Fukunaga Kaori , Mizuno Maya
Published: April 2013

The topcoat thickness of thermal barrier coating (TBC) samples was measured using terahertz (THz) waves. The index of refraction of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is the topcoat material, is necessary to obtain the topcoat thickness from time domain reﬂectometry. Time domain THz spectroscopy was applied to YSZ samples, and the index of refraction was measured to be 4.8 in the frequency region 0.1 to 1.2 THz. The topcoat thickness of six diﬀerent TBC samples, which varied from 300 to 600 µm, was measured using THz waves. The results were in agreement with microscope observation results to within measurement error. In addition, the topcoat thickness proﬁle of a turbine blade sample was measured with a resolution of 2.4 µm. The proﬁle showed a standard deviation of 4 µm, which reﬂects the actual variation in the topcoat thickness. The results showed that THz waves are eﬀective for high‐resolution measurement of the topcoat thickness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(4): 1–9, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22385
The interaction between C5a and both C5aR and C5L2 receptors is required for production of G‐CSF during acute inflammation
Authors: Bosmann Markus , Haggadone Mikel D. , Zetoune Firas S. , Sarma J. Vidya , Ward Peter A.
Published: April 2013

The complement activation product, C5a, is a key factor for regulation of inflammatory responses. C5a and C5adesArg bind to their receptors, C5aR and C5L2, but the functional roles of C5L2 remain controversial. We screened the patterns of 23 inflammatory mediators in cultures of LPS‐activated mouse peritoneal elicited macrophages (PEMs) in the presence or absence of recombinant mouse C5a. Production of most mediators studied was suppressed by C5a, whereas G‐CSF production was enhanced. G‐CSF gene expression and secretion from PEMs was amplified two‐ to threefold by C5a in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. The degradation product C5adesArg promoted lower levels of G‐CSF. The effects of C5a on G‐CSF were associated with activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK1/2 signaling pathways. C5a did not enhance G‐CSF production in cultures of PEMs from either C5aR‐ or C5L2‐deficient mice, indicating that both C5a receptors are indispensable for mediating the effects of C5a in the production of G‐CSF. Finally, G‐CSF levels in plasma during polymicrobial sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture were substantially lower in C5aR‐ or C5L2‐deficient mice as compared with that in C57BL/6J WT mice. These findings elucidate the functional characteristics of the C5L2 receptor during the acute inflammatory response.
[Au(η2‐C2H4)3]+[Al(ORF)4]– – a Stable Homoleptic (Ethene)gold Complex
Authors: Schaefer Julia , Himmel Daniel , Krossing Ingo
Published: April 2013

The simple metathesis reaction of the silver(I) weakly coordinating anion (WCA) salt Ag[Al(ORF)4] {RF = C(CF3)3} with gold(I) chloride and ethene led to the formation of the second isolable tris(ethene)gold(I) complex, the last missing entry in the triad [M(C2H4)3]+[Al(ORF)4]– (M = Cu, Ag, Au). The Au atom is coordinated by three ethene ligands in a distorted trigonal‐planar manner in a so‐called spoke‐wheel arrangement. The formation of the tris(ethene) complex instead of the more expected bis(ethene) complex was analyzed by theoretical investigations and by a Born–Fajans–Haber cycle for [Au(C2H4)3]+[Al(ORF)4]– as well as the only other known example [Au(C2H4)3]+[SbF6]–.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Rhodium Complexes Featuring Ditopic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Thione Donors
Authors: Slivarichova Miriam , Haddow Mairi F. , Othman Hafiizah , Owen Gareth R.
Published: April 2013

The N‐heterocyclic carbene NHC/thione ligand precursors 1‐[(3‐R‐2‐thioxo‐2H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]‐3‐R‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ium hexafluorophosphate, [HCSR]PF6 (R = methyl, benzyl) have been prepared and used in the synthesis of the complexes [Rh(CSR)(cod)][PF6] (R = methyl, benzyl; cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene). The coordination and structural features of the novel ditopic NHC/thione ligands have been explored.
Mortality salience and uncertainty: Similar effects but different processes?
Authors: Echebarria‐Echabe Agustín
Published: April 2013

Three experimental studies investigated whether death‐thoughts avoidance as a consequence of mortality salience and need for certainty as a consequence of uncertainty are two different motivational states. The results suggest that although death‐thought avoidance and need for certainty are different constructs, they share a great deal of variance (anxiety plays a pivotal mediational role in both). However, whereas the impact of uncertainty on negative attitudes towards an out‐group with different worldviews (Arabs) was mediated only by anxiety (measured retrospectively), the effect of mortality salience was mediated by both retrospective anxiety and death‐thought accessibility. These findings imply that similar effects that have been obtained by these two manipulations are, at least partly, the result of different processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why isolated streamer discharges hardly exist above the breakdown field in atmospheric air
Authors: Sun A. B. , Teunissen J. , Ebert U.
Published: April 2013

We investigate streamer formation in the troposphere, in electric fields above the breakdown threshold. With fully three‐dimensional particle simulations, we study the combined effect of natural background ionization and of photo‐ionization on the discharge morphology. In previous investigations based on deterministic fluid models without background ionization, so‐called double‐headed streamers emerged. But in our improved model, many electron avalanches start to grow at different locations. Eventually, the avalanches collectively screen the electric field in the interior of the discharge. This happens after what we call the “ionization screening time,” for which we give an analytical estimate. As this time is comparable to the streamer formation time, we conclude that isolated streamers are unlikely to exist in fields well above breakdown in atmospheric air.
M13 Virus based detection of bacterial infections in living hosts
Authors: Bardhan Neelkanth M. , Ghosh Debadyuti , Belcher Angela M.
Published: April 2013

We report a first method for using M13 bacteriophage as a multifunctional scaffold for optically imaging bacterial infections in vivo. We demonstrate that M13 virus conjugated with hundreds of dye molecules (M13‐Dye) can target and distinguish pathogenic infections of F‐ pili expressing and F ‐negative strains of E. coli. Further, in order to tune this M13‐Dye complex suitable for targeting other strains of bacteria, we have used a 1‐step reaction for creating an anti‐bacterial antibody ‐M13‐Dye probe. As an example, we show anti‐S. aureus ‐M13‐Dye able to target and image infections of S. aureus in living hosts, with a 3.7× increase in fluorescence over background. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of photodynamic therapy on the skin using the ultrashort laser ablation
Authors: Nicolodelli Gustavo , Angarita Dora Patricia Ramírez , Inada Natalia Mayumi , Tirapelli Luis Fernando , Bagnato Vanderlei Salvador
Published: April 2013

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is known to be limited for applications in tumours of large volume mainly due to the limited penetration of topical photosensitization. The results show that micro‐holes created using a femtosecond laser before PDT significantly increased the depth of PDT effect in the healthy tissue. The combination of ultrashort laser ablation technique with PDT showed an important scientific breakthrough related to transportation and delivery of drugs into the deeper regions of the tissue. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The skeleton flight apparatus of North American bluebirds (Sialia): Phylogenetic thrushes or functional flycatchers?
Authors: Corbin Clay E. , Lowenberger Lauren K. , Dorkoski Ryan P.
Published: April 2013

To better understand ecological traits of organisms, one can study them from two, not necessarily mutually exclusive perspectives: how the traits evolved, and their current adaptive utility. In birds, foraging behavior and associated morphological traits generally are explained by a combination of adaptive and phylogenetic predictors. The avian skeleton and more specifically, the skeletal flight apparatus is under well‐known functional and phylogenetic constraints. This is an interesting area to partition the relative contributions of adaptive correlated evolution and phylogenetic constraint to species clustering in morphological space. A prediction of convergent evolution is that nonphylogenetic morphological clustering is a characteristic of ecological similarity. We tested this using representatives of North American birds from two clades, one with a mixture of foraging modes (Turdid thrushes, solitaires, and bluebirds) and one with more canalized foraging behaviors (Tyrannid flycatchers). Nine characters on the skeletal flight apparatus from 19 species were used to characterize the morphological space and test for ecomorphological clustering. When body size and phylogeny are considered, the three bluebird species and Townsend's solitaire cluster with the ecologically similar flycatchers rather than with their phylogenetic close relatives. Furthermore, sit‐and‐wait foragers tend to exhibit relatively long distal elements and a long keel while active ground foragers have deeper keels and a longer humerus. Distal elements, expected to be relatively shorter and more bowed in the flycatchers and bluebirds, were actually longer and narrower. A reduction of distal element mass may be more important for facilitating maneuverability than surface area for insertion of wing‐rotational musculature. J. Morphol. 274:909–917, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrospun fibers as a scaffolding platform for bone tissue repair
Authors: Lyu Seungyoun , Huang Chunlan , Yang Hong , Zhang Xinping
Published: April 2013

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of electrospun fiber diameter and orientation on differentiation and ECM organization of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), in attempt to provide rationale for fabrication of a periosteum mimetic for bone defect repair. Cellular growth, differentiation, and ECM organization were analyzed on PLGA‐based random and aligned fibers using fluorescent microscopy, gene analyses, electron scanning microscopy (SEM), and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM). BMSCs on aligned fibers had a reduced number of ALP+ colony at Day 10 as compared to the random fibers of the same size. However, the ALP+ area in the aligned fibers increased to a similar level as the random fibers at Day 21 following stimulation with osteogenic media. Compared with the random fibers, BMSCs on the aligned fibers showed a higher expression ofOSXandRUNX2. Analyses of ECM on decellularized spun fibers showed highly organized ECM arranged according to the orientation of the spun fibers, with a broad size distribution of collagen fibers in a range of 40–2.4 μm. Taken together, our data support the use of submicron‐sized electrospun fibers for engineering of oriented fibrous tissue mimetic, such as periosteum, for guided bone repair and reconstruction. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1382–1389, 2013
Structural Key Bit Occurrence Frequencies and Dependencies in PubChem and Their Effect on Similarity Searches
Authors: Chen Nelson G. , Golovlev Val
Published: April 2013

Little published literature exists on the 881 bit structural keys used by PubChem for categorizing and comparing the compounds present in its database. We characterized these structural keys by examining their frequencies of occurrence within the PubChem compound database. In addition, bit dependencies, defined as the universal presence of a bit given the presence of another, were determined. We show that the vast majority of bits are rarely set and that substantial numbers of dependencies exist. A comparison of similarity searches with five United States Food and Drug Administration approved drugs as reference compounds using the full structural keys versus a variant in which all dependent bits were removed was performed using the Tanimoto coefficient. These bit dependencies not only affect similarity scores, but also alter the compounds returned in similarity searching. Judicious selection of bits is needed to maintain sufficient ability to differentiate related compounds.
Voltage‐based device tracking in a 1.5 tesla MRI during imaging: initial validation in swine models
Authors: Schmidt Ehud J. , Tse Zion T. H. , Reichlin Tobias R. , Michaud Gregory F. , Watkins Ronald D. , Butts‐Pauly Kim , Kwong Raymond Y. , Stevenson William , Schweitzer Jeffrey , Byrd Israel , Dumoulin Charles L.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Voltage‐based device‐tracking (VDT) systems are commonly used for tracking invasive devices in electrophysiological cardiac‐arrhythmia therapy. During electrophysiological procedures, electro‐anatomic mapping workstations provide guidance by integrating VDT location and intracardiac electrocardiogram information with X‐ray, computerized tomography, ultrasound, and MR images. MR assists navigation, mapping, and radiofrequency ablation. Multimodality interventions require multiple patient transfers between an MRI and the X‐ray/ultrasound electrophysiological suite, increasing the likelihood of patient‐motion and image misregistration. An MRI‐compatible VDT system may increase efficiency, as there is currently no single method to track devices both inside and outside the MRI scanner.

Methods

An MRI‐compatible VDT system was constructed by modifying a commercial system. Hardware was added to reduce MRI gradient‐ramp and radiofrequency unblanking pulse interference. VDT patches and cables were modified to reduce heating. Five swine cardiac VDT electro‐anatomic mapping interventions were performed, navigating inside and thereafter outside the MRI.

Results

Three‐catheter VDT interventions were performed at >12 frames per second both inside and outside the MRI scanner with <3 mm error. Catheters were followed on VDT‐ and MRI‐derived maps. Simultaneous VDT and imaging was possible in repetition time >32 ms sequences with <0.5 mm errors, and <5% MRI signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) loss. At shorter repetition times, only intracardiac electrocardiogram was reliable. Radiofrequency heating was <1.5°C.

Conclusion

An MRI‐compatible VDT system is feasible. Magn Reson Med 71:1197–1209, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 1.5T MRI‐conditional 12‐lead electrocardiogram for MRI and intra‐MR intervention
Authors: Tse Zion Tsz Ho , Dumoulin Charles L. , Clifford Gari D. , Schweitzer Jeff , Qin Lei , Oster Julien , Jerosch‐Herold Michael , Kwong Raymond Y. , Michaud Gregory , Stevenson William G. , Schmidt Ehud J.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

High‐fidelity 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is important for physiological monitoring of patients during MR‐guided intervention and cardiac MRI. Issues in obtaining noncorrupted ECGs inside MRI include a superimposed magneto‐hydro‐dynamic voltage, gradient switching‐induced voltages, and radiofrequency heating. These problems increase with magnetic field. The aim of this study is to develop and clinically validate a 1.5T MRI‐conditional 12‐lead ECG system.

Methods

The system was constructed with transmission lines to reduce radiofrequency induction and switching circuits to remove induced voltages. Adaptive filters, trained by 12‐lead measurements outside MRI and in two orientations inside MRI, were used to remove the magneto‐hydro‐dynamic voltage. The system was tested on 10 (one exercising) volunteers and four arrhythmia patients.

Results

Switching circuits removed most imaging‐induced voltages (residual noise <3% of the R‐wave). Magneto‐hydro‐dynamic voltage removal provided intra‐MRI ECGs that varied by <3.8% from those outside the MRI, preserving the true S‐wave to T‐wave segment. In premature ventricular contraction (PVC) patients, clean ECGs separated premature ventricular contraction and sinus rhythm beats. Measured heating was <1.5°C. The system reliably acquired multiphase (steady‐state free precession) wall‐motion‐cine and phase‐contrast‐cine scans, including subjects in whom 4‐lead gating failed. The system required a minimum repetition time of 4 ms to allow robust ECG processing.

Conclusion

High‐fidelity intra‐MRI 12‐lead ECG is possible. Magn Reson Med 71:1336–1347, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attitudes among Danes toward termination of pregnancy for social reasons and fetal abnormality
Authors: Uldall Sigurd Wiingaard
Published: April 2013

Objective

To investigate attitude among Danes toward termination of pregnancy (TOP) for social reasons and fetal abnormality (Down's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, adult polycystic kidney disease and the missing of one upper extremity) at different gestational ages.

Method

A questionnaire was mailed to 1000 Danish citizens aged 18 to 45 years randomly drawn from the Danish Central Personal Register. A significance level of 0.05 was used for statistical estimations.

Results

Response rate was 49%. Eighty‐two percent supported TOP for social reasons < 18‐week gestation. Apart from polycystic kidney disease and the missing of an extremity < week 18 gestation, the support for TOP varied significantly between each condition and decreased with increasing gestational age (non‐overlapping confidence intervals, p < 0.05), with termination of Down's syndrome receiving the most support (85% < week 18 and 18% at week 26). Fewer would personally opt for termination. Preimplantation diagnostic was supported by a majority. Ninety percent gave consistent responses, and among these, a majority had a gradualistic approach to TOP. Religion and political affiliations were statistically associated with the investigated issues.

Conclusion

Internationally compared Danes are less supportive of selective terminations. Their attitudes continue to be dominated by a gradualistic view on terminations. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The three‐dimensional structure of TrmB, a transcriptional regulator of dual function in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in complex with sucrose
Authors: Krug Michael , Lee Sung‐Jae , Boos Winfried , Diederichs Kay , Welte Wolfram
Published: April 2013

TrmB is a repressor that binds maltose, maltotriose, and sucrose, as well as other α‐glucosides. It recognizes two different operator sequences controlling the TM (Trehalose/Maltose) and the MD (Maltodextrin) operon encoding the respective ABC transporters and sugar‐degrading enzymes. Binding of maltose to TrmB abrogates repression of the TM operon but maintains the repression of the MD operon. On the other hand, binding of sucrose abrogates repression of the MD operon but maintains repression of the TM operon. The three‐dimensional structure of TrmB in complex with sucrose was solved and refined to a resolution of 3.0 Å. The structure shows the N‐terminal DNA binding domain containing a winged‐helix‐turn‐helix (wHTH) domain followed by an amphipathic helix with a coiled‐coil motif. The latter promotes dimerization and places the symmetry mates of the putative recognition helix in the wHTH motif about 30 Å apart suggesting a canonical binding to two successive major grooves of duplex palindromic DNA. This suggests that the structure resembles the conformation of TrmB recognizing the pseudopalindromic TM promoter but not the conformation recognizing the nonpalindromic MD promoter.
III–V nanowire photovoltaics: Review of design for high efficiency
Authors: LaPierre R. R. , Chia A. C. E. , Gibson S. J. , Haapamaki C. M. , Boulanger J. , Yee R. , Kuyanov P. , Zhang J. , Tajik N. , Jewell N. , Rahman K. M. A.
Published: April 2013

magnified image

This article reviews recent developments in nanowire‐based photovoltaics (PV) with an emphasis on III–V semiconductors including growth mechanisms, device fabrication and performance results. We first review the available nanowire growth methods followed by control of nanowire growth direction and crystal structure. Important device issues are reviewed, including optical absorption, carrier collection, strain accommodation, design for high efficiency, tunnel junctions, Ohmic contact formation, passivation and doping. Performance data of III–V nanowire cells and the primary challenges in nanowire PV are summarized. Many of the issues discussed here are also applicable to other nanowire devices such as photodetectors. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A realistic radar data simulator for the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network
Authors: Ribeiro A. J. , Ponomarenko P. V. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , H. Baker J. B. , N. Clausen L. B. , Greenwald R. A. , de Larquier S.
Published: April 2013

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is a chain of HF radars for monitoring plasma flows in the high and middle latitude E and F regions of the ionosphere. The targets of SuperDARN radars are plasma irregularities which can flow up to several kilometers per second and can be detected out to ranges of several thousand kilometers. We have developed a simulator which is able to model SuperDARN data realistically. The simulation system comprises four separate parts: model scatterers, model collective properties, a model radar, and post‐processing. Importantly, the simulator is designed using the collective scatter approach which accurately captures the expected statistical fluctuations of the radar echoes. The output of the program can represent either receiver voltages or autocorrelation functions (ACFs) in standard SuperDARN file formats. The simulator is useful for testing and implementation of SuperDARN data processing software and for investigation of how radar data and performance change when the nature of the irregularities or radar operation varies. The companion paper demonstrates the application of simulated data to evaluate the performance of different ACF fitting algorithms. The data simulator is applicable to other ionospheric radar systems.
Secure secret reconstruction and multi‐secret sharing schemes with unconditional security
Authors: Harn Lein
Published: April 2013

In Shamir's (t, n) secret sharing (SS) scheme, the secret s is divided into n shares by a dealer and is shared among n shareholders in such a way that any t or more than t shares can reconstruct this secret; but fewer than t shares cannot obtain any information about the secret s. In this paper, we will introduce the security problem that an adversary can obtain the secret when there are more than t participants in Shamir's secret reconstruction. A secure secret reconstruction scheme, which prevents the adversary from obtaining the secret is proposed. In our scheme, Lagrange components, which are linear combination of shares, are used to reconstruct the secret. Lagrange component can protect shares unconditionally. We show that this scheme can be extended to design a multi‐secret sharing scheme. All existing multi‐secret sharing schemes are based on some cryptographic assumptions, such as a secure one‐way function or solving the discrete logarithm problem; but, our proposed multi‐secret sharing scheme is unconditionally secure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The legacy of the Kyoto Protocol: a view from the policy world
Authors: Metz Bert
Published: April 2013

The Kyoto Protocol (KP) has played an important role in putting climate change action firmly on the political agenda and to deliver real reductions in industrialized countries' Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. It also led to widespread action in developing countries through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), although real emission reductions were much smaller than how they appear on paper. Policies to promote low emission technologies have been applied widely. Financial support to developing countries from public and private sources has grown to about US$100 billion/year. In 30–40% of CDM projects, foreign technology was used and the investment in renewable energy in developing countries rose to US$ 70 billion/year in 2011, with some Chinese and Indian manufacturers belonging to the top global suppliers. An extensive administrative machinery of reporting of emissions and other data, review, and enforcement has been built. And awareness of climate change, its impacts, and how to tackle it has grown enormously. However, as results from the past are not a guarantee for the future, the prospects for the KP look bleak. Geopolitical developments led to rejection by emerging economies to adopt the KP model of legally binding emission reductions, which triggered reluctance by major industrialized countries to continue this model. With the persistent rejection of the USA of the KP model, it seems a different approach will be needed. This could for instance be a system based on commitments that are only binding under national law or a system based on coordination of policies and measures across countries, which would ‘wake up’ an unused article of the KP. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:151–158. doi: 10.1002/wcc.216

This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Knowledge and Action in Development

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Polynomial approximate solutions of a generalized Boussinesq equation
Authors: Olsen Jeffrey S. , Telyakovskiy Aleksey S.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

New analytical solutions to the generalized Boussinesq equation were obtained.

The approximate solutions reproduce exact solutions of the Boussinesq equation.

The approximate solutions compare favorably with the exact numerical solution.
Formation of a [4.3.0]‐Bicyclic Aluminum‐Phosphorus Compound with Annulated C3P2 and Al2C2PH Heterocycles and a 3c‐2e Al–H–Al Bond
Authors: Uhl Werner , Roters Steffi , Hepp Alexander
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Treatment of the dialkynylphosphine Mes–P(–C≡C–CMe3)2 (1) with diethylaluminum hydride (2) in an equimolar ratio afforded a mixture of compounds, in which a [3.2.0]‐bicyclic compound 3 with annulated four‐membered AlC2P and five‐membered P2C3 heterocycles could be identified by NMR spectroscopy. Excess of the hydride 2 yielded small quantities of the zwitterionic [4.3.0]‐bicyclic compound 4, which formally resulted from the unique insertion of a diethylaluminum hydride molecule into the Al–C(vinyl) bond of the strained four‐membered heterocycle of 3. A six‐membered ring is formed which contains an Al–H–Al 3c‐2e bond.
Clinical features of pancreaticobiliary maljunction: update analysis of 2nd Japan‐nationwide survey
Authors: Morine Yuji , Shimada Mitsuo , Takamatsu Hideo , Araida Tatsuo , Endo Itaru , Kubota Masayuki , Toki Akira , Noda Takuo , Matsumura Toshinobu , Miyakawa Shuichi , Ishibashi Hiroki , Kamisawa Terumi , Shimada Hiroshi
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is a congenital anomaly, which can be defined as a union of the pancreatic and biliary ducts located outside off the duodenal wall. We herein investigate clinical features of PBM including as the 2nd report of a Japanese nationwide survey.

Patients and methods

During a period of 18 years (from 1990 to 2007), 2,561 patients with PBM were registered at 141 medical institutions in Japan. Among them, eligible patients (n = 2,529) were divided into two groups: adult (n = 1,511) and pediatric patients (n = 1,018). Comparisons of clinical features including associated biliary cancers were performed according to the biliary dilatation (BD), age factor, and time era.

Results

Only one case in pediatric patients with BD combined with a bile duct cancer (0.1 %). In adult patients, the bile duct cancer and the gallbladder cancer was seen in 6.9 and 13.4 % patients with BD and in 3.1 and 37.4 % patients without BD, respectively. In adult patients with BD, the occurrence rates of biliary cancers were increased in latter period (00′—07′) compared with former period (90′—99′). The ratio of biliary cancer localization was changed between former and latter period, and the bile duct cancer was increased in latter period (from 5.5 to 9.3 %).

Conclusions

The largest series of PBM were evaluated to clarify the clinical features including the associated biliary cancer in this Japan‐nationwide survey. This report could be widely used in the future as a reference data for diagnosis and treatment of PBM.
International women physicians’ perspectives on choosing an academic medicine
career
Authors: Borges Nicole J. , Grover Amelia C. , Navarro Anita M. , Raque-Bogdan Trisha L. , Elton Caroline
Published: April 2013

Concerns about recruiting physicians into academic careers is an international
issue. A qualitative study with United States (US) women physicians revealed insights
into how, when, and why physicians choose an academic career in medicine. The current
study explored international women physicians’ perspectives on their career choice of
academic medicine and determined if different themes emerged. We expanded the 2012 study
of US women physicians by interviewing women physicians in Canada, Pakistan, Mexico, and
Sweden to gain an international perspective on choosing an academic career. Interviews
were thematically analyzed against themes identified in the previous study. Based on
themes identified in the study of US physicians, qualitative analysis of 7 international
women physicians revealed parallel themes for the following areas:

Why
academic medicine? Fit; People; Aspects of academic health centre environment.
How
the decision to enter academic medicine was made? Decision-making style;
Emotionality
When the decision to enter academic medicine was made? Practising
physician; Fellowship; Medical student.

Work-life balance, choosing academic
medicine by default, serendipity, intellectual stimulation, mentors, research and
teaching were among the areas specifically highlighted. Conclusion: Parallel themes
exist regarding how, why, and when US and international women physicians choose academic
medicine as a career path.
A Proof of Concept for Using Brief Dialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Problem Gambling
Authors: Christensen Darren R. , Dowling Nicki A. , Jackson Alun C. , Brown Meredith , Russo James , Francis Kate L. , Umemoto Azusa
Published: April 2013

Fourteen ‘treatment resistant’ problem gamblers received 9 weeks of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) at specialist problem gambling services delivered in Melbourne, Australia. This study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of a brief DBT treatment for problem gambling, with a focus on measuring change in the four DBT process skills (mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation, and negative relationships). Although there were no statistically significant improvements in measures of gambling behaviour, 83% of participants were abstinent or reduced their gambling expenditure pre- to post-treatment. Participants also reported statistically and clinically significant improvements in psychological distress, mindfulness, and distress tolerance. Moreover, there were no increases in alcohol or substance use. These results are discussed in the context of focusing on a single DBT process skill, and the benefits of using group-based approaches.
Impact of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Via Mail for Cessation of Benzodiazepine Use: A Series of Case Reports
Authors: Parr Jannette M. , Kavanagh David J. , Young Ross McD. , Stubbs Barbara , Bradizza Nick
Published: April 2013

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed to manage sleep disorders, anxiety and muscular tension. While providing short-term relief, continued use induces tolerance and withdrawal, and in older users, increases the risk of falls. However, long-term prescription remains common, and effective interventions are not widely available. This study developed a self-managed cognitive behaviour therapy package for cessation of benzodiazepine use delivered to participants via mail (M-CBT) and trialled its effectiveness as an adjunct to a general practitioner (GP)-managed dose reduction schedule. In the pilot trial, participants were randomly assigned to GP management with immediate or delayed M-CBT. Significant recruitment and engagement problems were experienced, and only three participants were allocated to each condition. After immediate M-CBT, two participants ceased use, while none receiving delayed treatment reduced daily intake by more than 50%. Across the sample, doses at 12 months remained significantly lower than baseline, and qualitative feedback from participants was positive. While M-CBT may have promise, improved engagement of GPs and participants is needed for this approach to substantially impact on community-wide benzodiazepine use.
Contingency Management to Induce Exercise Among College Students
Authors: Irons Jessica G. , Pope Derek A. , Pierce Allyson E. , Van Patten Ryan A. , Jarvis Brantley P.
Published: April 2013

Objective: The effects of contingency management to induce physical activity levels were examined in seven non-obese physically inactive undergraduate students by providing monetary payments using a multiple baseline, changing-criterion procedure. Methods: Participants attended a baseline phase, a subsequent intervention phase consisting of three exercise sessions per week for 4 weeks, and a follow-up session 2 weeks post intervention. A total of $145 was available for attendance and exercise contingency payments. Results: Results indicate that all participants significantly increased exercise during intervention from inactivity at baseline to exercising three 30-minute sessions per week. Participants maintained some gains during follow-up. Limitations: The study employed a small and homogenous sample size and required participants to exercise in a lab setting thus limiting external validity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that incentive-based interventions are an effective and viable means for inducing exercise.
On local aspects of topological weak mixing, sequence entropy and chaos
Authors: OPROCHA PIOTR , ZHANG GUOHUA
Published: April 2013

In this paper we show that for every$n\geq 2$there are minimal systems with perfect weakly mixing sets of order$n$and all weakly mixing sets of order$n+ 1$trivial. We present some relations between weakly mixing sets and topological sequence entropy; in particular, we prove that invertible minimal systems with non-trivial weakly mixing sets of order three always have positive topological sequence entropy. We also study relations between weak mixing of sets and other well-established notions from qualitative theory of dynamical systems like (regional) proximality, chaos and equicontinuity in a broad sense.
In Search of “Red Ellen” Wilkinson Beyond Frontiers and Beyond the Nation State
Authors: Perry Matt
Published: April 2013

This article reconsiders the life of Ellen Wilkinson (1891–1947) – British Minister of Education from 1945 to 1947 and leader of the Jarrow Crusade of 1936 – by exploring the transnational aspect of her politics. It seeks to establish the significance of her transnational orientation and how this can allow us to complement and deepen existing understandings of her. Drawing on the literature on transnational activist networks, it outlines the complexity of transnational networks and her repertoire of transnational political practice. Without serious attention to this global dimension of her politics, our understanding of Wilkinson is attenuated and distorted. Crucially, the heroic construction of “Red Ellen” in both labourist and socialist-feminist narratives has obscured her second radicalization (1932–1936) and the sharpness of her metamorphosis into a mainstream Labour Party figure in 1939–1940.
Sentence repetition as a marker of language skills in children with dyslexia
Authors: MOLL KRISTINA , HULME CHARLES , NAG SONALI , SNOWLING MARGARET J.
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the role of length and complexity on sentence repetition in children with dyslexia and typical readers. Length and complexity each had independent effects on sentence repetition, and children with dyslexia performed more poorly than typical readers. This group effect was attributable to individual differences in language rather than memory skills. Error analyses revealed that content words (specifically adjectives) were more likely to be omitted in longer than in shorter sentences independent of complexity. In complex sentences, function words (specifically prepositions) were the most vulnerable to errors, particularly for a subgroup of children with dyslexia who had oral language difficulties. It is proposed that deficits in sentence repetition are indicative of language difficulties in children with dyslexia.
Characteristics of care-givers and care recipients influencing the impact of paid care services on family care-giver burdens
Authors: NAKAGAWA YOSHINORI , YAMADA RINA , NASU SEIGO
Published: April 2013

In the last few decades, a number of researchers have attempted to identify the effects of paid care services on alleviating the sense of burden of family care-givers, especially care-givers to people with dementia. However, few researchers have considered the possibility that paid care services alleviate the sense of burden only among those care-givers who possess specific characteristics. Without considering this point, the impact of paid care services would be averaged over an entire sample, and one might overlook the effects on these specific care-givers. With this background, this study examines the relationship between family care-givers' sense of burden and the amount of paid care services in Japan and identifies groups of care-givers among whom these services are significantly associated with a lesser sense of burden. The sense of burden of 339 family care-givers to older care recipients with dementia was measured using a modified version of the Caregiver Burden Inventory. In order to examine their association with the amount of paid care services received, logistic regression analysis was individually applied to groups of care-givers who exhibit specific characteristics. The results suggested that paid care services alleviated two out of five components of burden, provided the groups to which the analyses are applied are appropriately defined. In particular, two subsets of the entire sample, comprising young care-givers aged 49 or below, and including male care-givers, indicated that their overall sense of social and emotional burden were alleviated by the use of paid care services. The practical implications for policy makers are discussed.
Calibration of omnidirectional wheeled mobile robots: method and experiments
Authors: Maddahi Yaser , Maddahi Ali , Sepehri Nariman
Published: April 2013

Odometry errors, which occur during wheeled mobile robot movement, are inevitable as they originate from hard-to-avoid imperfections such as unequal wheels diameters, joints misalignment, backlash, slippage in encoder pulses, and much more. This paper extends the method, developed previously by the authors for calibration of differential mobile robots, to reduce positioning errors for the class of mobile robots having omnidirectional wheels. The method is built upon the easy to construct kinematic formulation of omnidirectional wheels, and is capable of compensating both systematic and non-systematic errors. The effectiveness of the method is experimentally investigated on a prototype three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robot. The validations include tracking unseen trajectories, self-rotation, as well as travelling over surface irregularities. Results show that the method is very effective in improving position errors by at least 68%. Since the method is simple to implement and has no assumption on the sources of errors, it should be considered seriously as a tool for calibrating omnidirectional mobile having any number of wheels.
Seroprevalence survey on measles, mumps, rubella and varicella antibodies in healthcare workers in Japan: sex, age, occupational-related differences and vaccine efficacy
Authors: KUMAKURA S. , SHIBATA H. , ONODA K. , NISHIMURA N. , MATSUDA C. , HIROSE M.
Published: April 2013

A seroprevalence survey on measles, mumps, rubella and varicella was conducted on healthcare workers (HCWs) at Shimane University Hospital, Japan utilizing an enzyme immunoassay. Of 1811 HCWs tested, 91·8% were seropositive to measles, 92·1% to mumps, 89·5% to rubella and 96·3% to varicella. Sex-related differences in seroprevalence were found in rubella (males vs. females: 84·7 vs. 92·2%, P < 0·001). Moreover, males aged 30–39 years were most susceptible to rubella (22·4%), which may be attributed to the design of childhood immunization programmes in Japan. Individuals aged ⩽29 years were more susceptible to measles (14·3%) and mumps (10·9%), compared to other age groups. There were no significant sex- and age-related differences in varicella seroprevalence. The physician occupational group was more susceptible to rubella, but no significant occupational-related difference was observed in the other diseases. Susceptible subjects, with negative or equivocal serological results were given a vaccine which induced seroconversion in most vaccinees. Seroconversion occurred more frequently in the equivocal group than in the negative group. These findings provide a new insight for the seroprevalence survey of vaccine-preventable diseases in Japanese HCWs with special reference to vaccine efficacy.