bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical study on the treatment of PCB production waste liquid and copper extraction
Authors: Ru Chen
Published: January 2022

The increase in the use of electronic products has increased the production of printed circuit boards, in the production of circuit boards in the etching, micro-etching process, will produce a large number of high concentration of copper-containing etching waste liquid, these waste liquid, if directly discharged, will not only cause serious pollution to the human living environment, but also a large number of copper resources will be wasted. Therefore, this paper adopts a closed circulation system to treat the etching mother liquor discharged from the production line, extracting copper ions from the high concentration copper-containing etching liquid, and then returning the low concentration copper-containing etching liquid to the production line, which can not only effectively recover copper resources, but also make the pollution emission of etching waste liquid zero and not produce secondary pollution, so as to realize the harmony between human and nature by increasing production without increasing pollution. Development.
Analysis of the operation of PV strings at the MPP closest to the nominal MPP voltage instead of the global MPP based on measured current–voltage curves
Authors: Lappalainen Kari , Valkealahti Seppo
Published: January 2022

Under non-uniform operating conditions, photovoltaic (PV) generators may have several maximum power points (MPP) and voltage of the global MPP (GMPP) may vary quickly over a wide voltage range which may cause problems for tracking of the GMPP. Since highly varying GMPP voltage causes fluctuation of the inverter reference voltage, it would be beneficial to operate the PV system in a more predictable and straightforward manner by keeping the operating point of the inverter all the time close to the nominal MPP voltage. This article presents an experimental study of a scenario in which the MPP closest to the nominal MPP voltage (CMPP) is always the operating point instead of the GMPP. The analysis was based on 1,296,000 measured current–voltage curves of three different PV strings located at Tampere, Finland. 12 days of full-time measurements were analysed for each of the studied strings consisting of 6, 17 and 23 series-connected NAPS NP190GK PV modules. Furthermore, the effects of inverter sizing on the operating point behaviour of the strings were studied. The results show that the wide operating voltage range of the GMPP can be significantly reduced by operating at the CMPP at a cost of negligible energy losses. Energy losses due to power curtailment were much larger than energy losses due to operation at the CMPP instead of the GMPP.
Effect of Si-based reductive modifying auxiliary on the recovery of iron and the cementitious reactivity of modified EAF slag
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Wu Yuqing , Ma Yuwei , Xie Haofeng , Xing Xiangdong
Published: January 2022

Si sludge was used as reductive modifying auxiliary during the iron component in the electric arc furnace (EAF) slag was reduced by carbon. The reduction behavior of the iron component in the EAF slag and the relationship between the mineral structure and the cementitious reactivity of the secondary slag were explored. The results show that the Si sludge can effectively reduce the iron-containing compounds in the slag. When the amount of Si sludge added is greater than 10 wt.%, the iron recovery rate exceeded 92% when reduced at 1773 K for 30 min. Si sludge has a modifying effect on EAF slag. When the amount of Si sludge is low (<10 wt.%), the content of cementitious components in the modified EAF slag is reduced, and low-activity merwinite crystals are precipitated in the slag, which reduces the cementitious reactivity. When Si sludge addition is greater than 10 wt.%, the amorphous phase content and reaction activity in the modified slag increased. The 28d compressive strength of the secondary slag with sludge addition of 14 wt.% reached 45.7 MPa.
Estimating global irradiance on tilted surfaces using a cubic multi-directional pyranometer array
Authors: Brito Miguel C. , Silva Rodrigo Amaro e , Elsayed Ahmed M. , Pó Mário
Published: January 2022

The multi-directional pyranometer array is a method for estimation of the global irradiance on a tilted plane and the direct irradiance based on the simultaneous measurement of global irradiance on a set of stationary surfaces with different inclinations and orientations. Experimental testing shows that estimates of global irradiance on a tilted plane are 50% more accurate than transposing measured global and diffuse irradiance. A simplified layout of five sensors yields comparable results.
Study of sacrificial ink-assisted embedded printing for 3D perfusable channel creation for biomedical applications
Authors: Ren Bing , Song Kaidong , Sanikommu Anil Reddy , Chai Yejun , Longmire Matthew A. , Chai Wenxuan , Murfee Walter Lee , Huang Yong
Published: January 2022

For an engineered thick tissue construct to be alive and sustainable, it should be perfusable with respect to nutrients and oxygen. Embedded printing and then removing sacrificial inks in a cross-linkable yield-stress hydrogel matrix bath can serve as a valuable tool for fabricating perfusable tissue constructs. The objective of this study is to investigate the printability of sacrificial inks and the creation of perfusable channels in a cross-linkable yield-stress hydrogel matrix during embedded printing. Pluronic F-127, methylcellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol are selected as three representative sacrificial inks for their different physical and rheological properties. Their printability and removability performances have been evaluated during embedded printing in a gelatin microgel-based gelatin composite matrix bath, which is a cross-linkable yield-stress bath. The ink printability during embedded printing is different from that during printing in air due to the constraining effect of the matrix bath. Sacrificial inks with a shear-thinning property are capable of printing channels with a broad range of filaments by simply tuning the extrusion pressure. Bi-directional diffusion may happen between the sacrificial ink and matrix bath, which affects the sacrificial ink removal process and final channel diameter. As such, sacrificial inks with a low diffusion coefficient for gelatin precursor are desirable to minimize the diffusion from the gelatin precursor solution to minimize the post-printing channel diameter variation. For feasibility demonstration, a multi-channel perfusable alveolar mimic has been successfully designed, printed, and evaluated. The study results in the knowledge of the channel diameter controllability and sacrificial ink removability during embedded printing.
Large unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba−Edelstein magnetoresistance in topological insulator/magnetic insulator heterostructures
Authors: Lv Yang , Kally James , Liu Tao , Quarterman Patrick , Pillsbury Timothy , Kirby Brian J. , Grutter Alexander J. , Sahu Protyush , Borchers Julie A. , Wu Mingzhong , Samarth Nitin , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: January 2022

The unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba−Edelstein magnetoresistance is of great fundamental and practical interest, particularly in the context of reading magnetization states in two-terminal spin–orbit torque memory and logic devices due to its unique symmetry. Here, we report large unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba−Edelstein magnetoresistance in a new material family—magnetic insulator/topological insulator Y3Fe5O12/Bi2Se3 bilayers. Such heterostructures exhibit a unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba−Edelstein magnetoresistance that is about an order of magnitude larger than the highest values reported so far in all-metal Ta/Co bilayers. The polarized neutron reflectometry reveals a unique temperature-dependent magnetic intermediary layer at the magnetic insulator–substrate interface and a proximity layer at the magnetic insulator–topological insulator interface. These polarized neutron reflectometry findings echo the magnetoresistance results in a comprehensive physics picture. Finally, we demonstrate a prototype memory device based on a magnetic insulator/topological insulator bilayer, using unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba−Edelstein magnetoresistance for electrical readout of current-induced magnetization switching aided by a small Oersted field.
New equations of state describing both the dynamic viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient for potassium and thallium in their fluid phases
Authors: Aitken F. , Volino F.
Published: January 2022

Experimental data on the viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient of two metallic compounds in their fluid phases, that is, potassium and thallium, are modeled using the translational elastic mode theory, which has been successfully applied to the case of water. It is shown that this theory allows the experimental data to be accounted for in accordance with their uncertainties and, above all, it allows the different variations observed between the different authors to be explained. Particularly in the case of thallium, this theory makes it possible to represent viscosity data with much better precision than the so-called reference equation of state. The dilute-gas limit laws connecting various parameters of the theory obtained in the case of water are confirmed here and thus give them a universal character. The elastic mode theory is accompanied by the development of new equations of state, mainly to describe properties along the saturated vapor pressure curve, which greatly extend the temperature range of application of these equations compared to those found in the literature. The whole analysis thus makes it possible to propose precise values of various thermodynamic parameters at the melting and boiling temperature corresponding to atmospheric pressure.
Effects of cryoprotectants on phospholipid monolayers – concentration and species dependence
Authors: Raju Rekha , Torrent-Burgués Juan , Bryant Gary
Published: January 2022

The effects of four cryoprotectants (dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) on monolayers of four phospholipids were investigated at high cryoprotectant concentration (10% v/v) relevant to cryoprotection, and compared with previous work at lower concentrations (5% v/v). The results show that the interactions between cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and lipids are complex, with significant differences identified as functions of CPA, concentration and phospholipid species. It was observed that generally DMF and EG cause monolayer compaction, whereas glycerol causes expansion (penetrating the monolayer), although each exhibited subtle differences with different phospholipids. DMSO showed significant differences depending on the headgroup (phosphatidylcholine vs phosphatidylethanolamine) and the physical state of the monolayer. In addition, it was found that DMF was the only CPA capable of penetrating monolayers at physiologically relevant lateral pressures. The results highlight that conclusions based on a single model system (e.g. DPPC) should not be extrapolated to other lipids, and there is a need to study a wider range of lipid species and CPA concentrations in order to understand their mechanisms of action more fully.
Interplay of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in organ-specific vessel maintenance
Authors: Karaman Sinem , Paavonsalo Satu , Heinolainen Krista , Lackman Madeleine H. , Ranta Amanda , Hemanthakumar Karthik A. , Kubota Yoshiaki , Alitalo Kari
Published: January 2022

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are quintessential for the development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels. However, genetic interactions between the VEGFRs are poorly understood. VEGFR2 is the dominant receptor that is required for the growth and survival of the endothelium, whereas deletion of VEGFR1 or VEGFR3 was reported to induce vasculature overgrowth. Here we show that vascular regression induced by VEGFR2 deletion in postnatal and adult mice is aggravated by additional deletion of VEGFR1 or VEGFR3 in the intestine, kidney, and pancreas, but not in the liver or kidney glomeruli. In the adult mice, hepatic and intestinal vessels regressed within a few days after gene deletion, whereas vessels in skin and retina remained stable for at least four weeks. Our results show changes in endothelial transcriptomes and organ-specific vessel maintenance mechanisms that are dependent on VEGFR signaling pathways and reveal previously unknown functions of VEGFR1 and VEGFR3 in endothelial cells.
Deep learning fetal ultrasound video model match human observers in biometric measurements
Authors: Płotka Szymon , Klasa Adam , Lisowska Aneta , Seliga-Siwecka Joanna , Lipa Michał , Trzciński Tomasz , Sitek Arkadiusz
Published: January 2022

Objective. This work investigates the use of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automatically perform measurements of fetal body parts, including head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length, and to estimate gestational age and fetal weight using fetal ultrasound videos. Approach. We developed a novel multi-task CNN-based spatio-temporal fetal US feature extraction and standard plane detection algorithm (called FUVAI) and evaluated the method on 50 freehand fetal US video scans. We compared FUVAI fetal biometric measurements with measurements made by five experienced sonographers at two time points separated by at least two weeks. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were estimated. Main results. We found that automated fetal biometric measurements obtained by FUVAI were comparable to the measurements performed by experienced sonographers The observed differences in measurement values were within the range of inter- and intra-observer variability. Moreover, analysis has shown that these differences were not statistically significant when comparing any individual medical expert to our model. Significance. We argue that FUVAI has the potential to assist sonographers who perform fetal biometric measurements in clinical settings by providing them with suggestions regarding the best measuring frames, along with automated measurements. Moreover, FUVAI is able perform these tasks in just a few seconds, which is a huge difference compared to the average of six minutes taken by sonographers. This is significant, given the shortage of medical experts capable of interpreting fetal ultrasound images in numerous countries.
Numerical study of simultaneous transport of heat and mass transfer in Maxwell hybrid nanofluid in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects
Authors: Arif U , Nawaz M , Salmi Abdelatif
Published: January 2022

The article aims to investigate the influence of copper (Cu) and a combination of copper (Cu) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) on the simultaneous transfer of heat and mass in sodium alginate liquid moving over a circular pipe. This transport activity is modeled by the use of conservation laws with correlations for physical quantities of Cu, Al2 O3, and sodium alginate. Through cylindrical coordinates formulation, the set of partial differential equations is obtained. These models are solved numerically by the finite element method (FEM). The relaxation time associated with momentum diffusion in Maxwell fluid plays role in controlling the viscous region. Moreover, momentum relaxation time in Cu/sodium alginate is strong than that in Cu–Al2O3/sodium alginate. It is noticed from simulations that particles of Cu/ sodium alginate have a greater velocity than the velocity of Cu–Al2O3/sodium alginate. Therefore, distortion of magnetic lines by the flow of Cu/sodium alginate is more than the distortion of magnetic lines by the flow of Cu–Al2O3/sodium alginate. The rise in the thermal conductivity of sodium alginate due to simultaneous dispersion of Cu and Al2O3 is more than the rise in thermal conductivity of sodium alginate. Thus for maximum HT, the simultaneous dispersion of Cu and Al2O3 in sodium alginate is recommended.
Fast radio burst distributions consistent with the first CHIME/FRB catalog
Authors: Qiang Da-Chun , Li Shu-Ling , Wei Hao
Published: January 2022

Currently, fast radio bursts (FRBs) have become a very active field in
astronomy and cosmology. However, the origin of FRBs is still unknown to
date. The studies on the intrinsic FRB distributions might help us to
reveal the possible origins of FRBs, and improve the simulations for
FRB cosmology. Recently, the first CHIME/FRB catalog of 536 events was
released. Such a large uniform sample of FRBs detected by a single
telescope is very valuable to test the FRB distributions. Later, it has
been claimed that the FRB distribution model tracking the cosmic star
formation history (SFH) was rejected by the first CHIME/FRB catalog. In the
present work, we consider some empirical FRB distribution models, and find
that many of them can be fully consistent with the CHIME/FRB observational
data for some suitable model parameters. Notice that a suppressed evolution
with respect to SFH is commonly found for FRBs. In particular,
we independently confirm that the FRB distribution model tracking SFH
can be rejected at very high confidence. On the other hand, all the
"successful" models effectively require a certain degree
of "delay" with respect to SFH. These results might shed light on the
origin of FRBs and FRB cosmology.
The Study of Unusual Emission from PSR B1859+07 using FAST
Authors: Wang Lin , Yu Ye-Zhao , Kou Feifei , Liu Kuo , Wang Xinxin , Peng Bo
Published: January 2022

We present simultaneous broad-band radio observations on the abnormal emission mode from PSR B1859+07 using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). This pulsar shows peculiar emission, which takes the form of occasional shifts of emission to an early rotational phase and mode change of emission at the normal phase. We confirm all these three emission modes with our data sets, including the B (burst) and Q (quiet) modes of the non-shifted pulses and the emission shift mode with a quasi-periodicity of 155 pulses. We also identify a new type of emission shift event, which has emission at the normal phase during the event. We studied polarization properties of these emission modes in detail, and found that they all have similar polarization angle curve, indicating the emissions of all these three modes are from the same emission height.
Detectable anthropogenic influence on summer compound hot events over China from 1965 to 2014
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang
Published: January 2022

Compared with independent hot days or nights, compound hot extremes have more adverse effects on society. In this study, hot extremes are categorized into three types: independent hot days, independent hot nights and compound hot events combining daytime and nighttime hot extremes based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Using observations from the gridded dataset CN05.1 and experiments undertaken with 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models, we analyze the observed changes in summer hot extremes and compare them with model simulations over China between 1961 and 2014 and then conduct detection and attribution analyses of changes in compound hot events between 1965 and 2014 utilizing an optimal fingerprinting method. The results show that clear upward trends in the frequency and intensity of the three types of hot extremes are observed over China, with the largest trend occurring in hot nights for frequency and in compound hot events for intensity. The CMIP6 multimodel mean responses to all forcings agree well with the observed changes in the frequency and intensity of the three types of hot extremes. Anthropogenic (ANT) forcing can be robustly detected and separated from the response to natural (NAT) forcing in the frequency and intensity trends of compound hot events over China, and the attributable contribution of ANT forcing is estimated to be much larger than that of NAT forcing. Further analyses on the model responses to NAT, greenhouse gas (GHG) and ANT aerosol (AER) forcings indicate that GHG forcing is detectable in the observed increased frequency of compound hot events. By contrast, NAT and AER forcings cannot be detected, and their effects on the observed changes in compound hot events over China are generally negligible.
Effects of long-term vegan diet on breath composition
Authors: Biagini Denise , Fusi Jonathan , Vezzosi Annasilvia , Oliveri Paolo , Ghimenti Silvia , Lenzi Alessio , Salvo Pietro , Daniele Simona , Scarfò Giorgia , Vivaldi Federico , Bonini Andrea , Martini Claudia , Franzoni Ferdinando , Di Francesco Fabio , Lomonaco Tommaso
Published: January 2022

The composition of exhaled breath derives from an intricate combination of normal and abnormal physiological processes that are modified by the consumption of food and beverages, circadian rhythms, bacterial infections, and genetics as well as exposure to xenobiotics. This complexity, which results wide intra- and inter-individual variability and is further influenced by sampling conditions, hinders the identification of specific biomarkers and makes it difficult to differentiate between pathological and nominally healthy subjects. The identification of a ‘normal’ breath composition and the relative influence of the aforementioned parameters would make breath analyses much faster for diagnostic applications. We thus compared, for the first time, the breath composition of age-matched volunteers following a vegan and a Mediterranean omnivorous diet in order to evaluate the impact of diet on breath composition. Mixed breath was collected from 38 nominally healthy volunteers who were asked to breathe into a 2 l handmade Nalophan bag. Exhalation flow rate and carbon dioxide values were monitored during breath sampling. An aliquot (100 ml) of breath was loaded into a sorbent tube (250 mg of Tenax GR, 60/80 mesh) before being analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Breath profiling using TD-GC-MS analysis identified five compounds (methanol, 1-propanol, pentane, hexane, and hexanal), thus enabling differentiation between samples collected from the different group members. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation between groups, suggesting that breath analysis could be used to study the influence of dietary habits in the fields of nutrition and metabolism. Surprisingly, one Italian woman and her brother showed extremely low breath isoprene levels (about 5 pbv), despite their normal lipidic profile and respiratory data, such as flow rate and pCO2. Further investigations to reveal the reasons behind low isoprene levels in breath would help reveal the origin of isoprene in breath.
Innovative seed planter implements for resource-saving sowing technologies
Authors: Laryushin N P , Shukov A V , Kiryukhina T A , Yashin A V
Published: January 2022

Ensuring a smooth flow of seed with a decrease in the number of injured seeds, a given instability of the total seeding, regardless of the forward speed of the sowing implement with the necessary distribution of seeds along the length and depth of the furrow, all these are the main tasks for modern sowing systems of sowing machines. Thus, we could come to the conclusion that the work devoted to improving the quality indicators of sowing agricultural crops with a seeder by developing a reel-to-reel sowing device with a four-section reel, the grooves of which are formed by the surface of rotation of the torus and are rotated relative to each other along a helical line, at an angle of 45 degrees, as well as a double-disc opener with a seed flow shaper for placing them on the bottom of the furrow is of great importance for the agro-industrial complex of Russia. The article deals with the improving the quality indicators of sowing crops by a planter equipped with reel seeding devices and four-section. the current research also presents and analyses the results of field experiments.
Fish Capacity of a Sand Pit by Zoobenthos of the Sura River Floodplain within Penza Region
Authors: Asanov A Y , Kaeshova I V , Nosov A V
Published: January 2022

Sand pits have great potential in terms of domestic aquaculture development, therefore assessment of their natural fish capacity is essential in terms of food resources. The assessment of fish capacity by zoobenthos in a sand pit deprived of representatives of ichthyofauna was carried out. It was found out that zoobenthos of a sand pit in the flood plain of the Sura river has not rich species composition that varies considerably by seasons with multiple fluctuations of population number and biomass. At the same time the highest values were observed in June, the productivity of zoobenthos increases with increasing water temperature and decreasing water level. By the number of taxa, the number of population and biomass of fodder zoobenthos the sand pit is inferior to the Municipal water storage basin on the Sura river. Fish capacity of forage zoobenthos of the pit by zoobenthos was 14.42 kg/ha, which was 2-3 times lower than in Sursky and City reservoirs, the natural bed of the Sura river. Due to reclamation works in drained pits it is possible to increase the productivity of zoobenthos. In permanently watered pits the cultivation of benthic fishes is rather limited.
Spring wheat productivity when using Megamix liquid fertilizers
Authors: Vasin A V , Burunov A N , Vasin V G , Strizhakov A O , Tkachuk O A
Published: January 2022

At present, the attention of scientists is increasingly attracted by the study of the effect of stimulating preparations on agricultural plants. They have a rich composition of macro-, meso- and microelements in an easily accessible form for plants, the use of which has a positive effect on plant development and, as a consequence, contributes to improving the quantity and quality of crop production, including in the specific climate of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. In this connection on the fields of Scientific Research Laboratory “Korma” of Samara SAU the work to identify the impact of application of stimulating preparations Megamix in the form of liquid fertilizer mixtures in pre-sowing seed preparation and treatment of crops during the growing season of spring wheat was carried out during five years (2017-2021). The paper presents the results of research on the effect of stimulating preparations on the development of soft spring wheat agrophytocenosis at different seeding rates (4.0; 4.5; 5.0 mln germinating seds/ha). The analysis of the influence of the use of Megamix preparations on the indices of photosynthetic activity of plants, indices of yield structure and yield of spring wheat was carried out. It was found that the use of liquid fertilizers Megamix during seed treatment and in the growing season has a positive impact on the index of photosynthetic potential of crops. This indicator increases with the use of Megamix. It reaches its maximum value in the experimental variants, where seeds are treated with a stimulating preparation Megamix Seeds − 2 l/t, followed by treatment of spring wheat crops with Megamix Profi − 0.5 l/ha (in the phase of tillering (29BBCH)) + Megamix Nitrogen − 0.5 l/ha (in the phase of the flag leaf (39BBCH)), which forms the maximum yield of 3.98 t/ha.
Efficiency of humic and mineral fertilizers in the technology of spring wheat cultivation
Authors: Bogomazov S V , Levin A A , Efremova E V , Tkachuk O A , Lyandenburskaya A V
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of humic fertilizer Gumostim and mineral fertilizers on the formation of productivity of spring soft wheat varieties Tulaykovskaya 108. The work performed allows us to expand our understanding of the effect of humic acid salts in humic fertilizers on the development of spring wheat and give recommendations on methods for their use in order to increase the yield and quality of household products, preserving the ecological cleanliness of the environment. The research objective is to improve the elements of spring wheat cultivation technology under the conditions of the forest steppe of the Middle Volga region, which allow to optimize the conditions of growth and development through the integrated use of humic and mineral fertilizers. Studies have found that the use of humic fertilizer Gumostim increases field germination of spring wheat seeds by 0.8-1.2%, the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.16 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 13%, grain weight per plant by 15%, yield by 0.55 t/ha. Mineral fertilizers increase the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.30 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 36%, spring wheat yield by 1.01 t/ha. The combined use of Gumostim and mineral fertilizers increases the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.47 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 83%, grain weight per plant by 45.8%, spring wheat yield by 1.55 t/ha.
Methods for pre-sowing treatment of legume grass seeds to improve their sowing properties
Authors: Kshnikatkin S A , Alenin P G , Voronova I A , Kiryukhina T A
Published: January 2022

In recent years, more and more areas of agricultural land have been cultivated with the valuable non-traditional fodder crop galega, which perfectly combines high productivity with excellent fodder values and sustainable seed production, rationally uses agro-climatic conditions of the zone and increases soil fertility, and is valuable as a forecrop and a honey-bearing plant. The sowing material of the Eastern galega contains 50…95% of seeds with a hard shell. Seed hardness is explained by impermeability of seed shells to water and air. To increase the germinating capacity of seeds and reduce the norm of galega seeds sowing to 2.0 million/ha the sowing material of perennial leguminous fodder crop - Eastern galega should undergo pre-sowing treatment - scarification and seed inoculation. The construction and working principle of the developed technical means are presented: a scarifier SS-0,5 and an inoculator IS-1,0. The developed scarifier and inoculator of seeds of leguminous crops qualitatively perform the technological process of pre-sowing treatment of Eastern galega seeds. At optimum feed of 0.5 t/h and 1.0 t/h, the quality indicator of Eastern galega seed scarifying reaches 98.8 %, the completeness of inoculator treatment reaches 99.8 %, without seed damage that meets the agrotechnical requirements.
Qualified staff for agribusiness in the Penza region
Authors: Pozubenkova E I , Guryanova N M , Rassypnova Yu Yu , Bekreneva N N
Published: January 2022

The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024” deals with the priorities for the creation in the basic sectors of the economy, primarily in the manufacturing industry and the agro-industrial complex, a highly productive export-oriented sector, developing on the basis of modern technologies and provided with highly qualified specialists. The strategic goals are not only to increase the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex through the introduction of innovations, but also to increase the level of employment and the quality of life in the countryside. The current research also emphasized on stabilizing the number of highly qualified specialists, reducing their migration outflow. Indeed, the quality of the developed and adopted management decisions also depends on the qualitative representation of the management staff, and, consequently, the indicators of enterprises efficiency in agribusiness. The research provides analytical information on the resource and productive indicators of the development of agriculture in the Penza region, the recruitment of the qualified staff (managers and other specialists) by the agricultural organizations, their qualitative number and mobility. It is concluded that it is necessary to form a state program of personnel support for the agro-industrial complex, contributing to the integration of a systemic and integrated approaches in the reproduction of highly qualified specialists.
Conservation of commercially hunted ungulates biodiversity in Transbaikalia by ensuring efficient veterinary measures
Authors: Tretyakov A M , Kiriltsov E V , Chernih V G , Boryaev G I
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the conservation of hunting and commercial ungulates biodiversity in Transbaikalia. The results of complex parasitological analysis are described. In hunting and commercial ungulates in the Trans-Baikal Territory, 22 species of helminths and 1 species of protozoa were parasitized. A complex of preventive veterinary measures aimed at maintaining the sanitary well-being of biocenoses is observed.
Numerical study on the influence of boundary conditions on the blast response of composite plates
Authors: Lomazzi L , Vescovini A
Published: January 2022

Blast loading represents a critical dynamic condition for both metal and composite structures. The blast response of metal materials has been extensively dealt with by researchers through experimental, analytical and numerical analyses, while composite materials appear to have been investigated in less detail. In this work, the blast response of a composite plate is numerically investigated employing the pure Lagrangian and the fully coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approaches using the LS-DYNA® software package. The latter methodology is set up to describe the effects determined by close-range explosions, such as the strongly non-uniform pressure distribution on the plate exposed area. Moreover, this work focuses on the characterisation of the influence of the boundary conditions on the plate response. The numerical methodology established in this work is set up and validated according to similar studies present in the literature.
Fatigue damage evolution using NDT techniques for Health Monitoring of CFRP laminates
Authors: Nobile R , Panella F W , Antonazzo R , Pirinu A , Saponaro A
Published: January 2022

In this work, an experimental method based on ultrasonic measurements with piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) was proposed for monitoring the evolution of fatigue damage on a batch of carbon fabric Open Hole specimens. The amplitudes of the recorded ultrasonic sinusoidal waves in packets were evaluated with pitch-catch modality during the different phases of the fatigue life and correlated to the applied loads.

The examination of the ultrasonic data showed high sensitivity of the UT signal respect to stiffness decay and to fatigue damage associated with delamination near the hole. Occasional ultrasound measurements with the consolidated pulse-echo Phased Array technique were carried out by the authors at regular time intervals during the tests to evaluate the state of damage in relation to the degradation of the signal detected with the PZT sensors.

The results have shown the potential capability of the applied experimental technique for real-time detection of delamination on composite elements subjected to time-varying loads.
Performance comparison between electromechanical and electro-hydrostatic regenerative shock absorbers
Authors: Galluzzi R , Circosta S , Amati N , Tonoli A
Published: January 2022

Controllable damping solutions are increasingly finding their way into passenger cars and other vehicles. They improve ride quality by enhancing comfort and handling performance. Semi-active solutions based on controlled valves or variable-rheology fluids are by far the most common technologies in the automotive industry. However, regenerative alternatives that employ electric machines can be seen as a desirable evolution of the suspension market. In this context, the present paper studies two regenerative solutions: electro-hydrostatic and rotary electromechanical dampers. Transmission interfaces are particularly relevant in these technologies. Adequate choices are needed to guarantee proper packaging, performance, structural integrity, and high efficiency. This work compares both technologies in terms of design and packaging. Furthermore, experimental results are analysed to understand the performance of damping solutions. It is demonstrated that the rotary electromechanical device outperforms its electro-hydrostatic counterpart in important features, such as conversion efficiency, envelope, mass and dynamic behaviour.
Development of statistical methods to highlight differences between endurance limit of re-rolled steel sheets in an assumed homogeneous population
Authors: Beghini M , Monelli B D , Barsanti M , Macoretta G , Piccinocchi A
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we present the results of the activities carried out to estimate the axial fatigue strength of ASTM E566 Gr. 70 sheet metal. We describe the experimental setup, followed by the collected data. To highlight a possible inhomogeneity in some of the material properties, we estimate the endurance limit for the investigated material using various statistical approaches on the set of test articles. The data analysis was carried out both by considering as a whole the set of test articles and by dividing the set into two groups. As a new analysis technique, we propose a method introducing a bimodal distribution (Gaussian mixture).
On the Formulation of an Elastic-Plastic Beam Model: the Pre-Integration Idea
Authors: Iandiorio C , Salvini P
Published: January 2022

This paper provides a formulation of an elastic-plastic beam model. The constitutive behaviour of material after elasticity limit is considered perfect plastic. Although this is not a general plastic behaviour, it allows to minimize mathematical difficulties to fulfil the idea: pre-integration trough the thickness extended to material non-linearity. Three types of deformation mechanisms are found: fully elastic, plasticization over only one side or both of sides. The complete kinematic set of equations are obtained, together with the analytical stress trends. Yield stress-continuity equations are used to separate the elastic and plastic domains. These domains define a quasi-state diagram; Allowing to associate the normal force and bending moment acting on the section to the elastic-plastic state within the section. Note that in the case of a rectangular section, the solution is given in a fully analytical form, otherwise the domains are solved numerical solutions. But these last, may be obtained once for all, for any one-symmetrical section.
Vehicle localization combining non-linear state observer with artificial neural network
Authors: Montani M , Amirante S , Annicchiarico C , Capitani R
Published: January 2022

The developing of autonomous drive is needed to make people life more comfortable and safer, and one of the important skills to make possible the reliability of the all control system is a good localization of the vehicle. In this study, a no-linear state observer was developed using the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithm, to estimate the global position, global orientation, and local speeds of a car inside a known path. A characterization of the sensors input measures was made and the measures of longitudinal and lateral vehicle speed were added using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained in simulated manoeuvres. In this way, it was possible to reduce the error that the observer make on the estimation of the lateral vehicle speed, and so of the side slip angle, making possible an improvement of the control activity. To assess this increase in performance, a Montecarlo analysis was made comparing the architecture proposed, ANN+UKF, with state observed, UKF, with no input measure of lateral speed. The tests were done in co-simulation environment of Vi-Grade’s CarRealTime software and Matlab-Simulink.
Comfort assessment for electric kick scooter decks
Authors: Michelangelo-Gulino Santo , Vichi Giulio , Zonfrillo Giovanni , Vangi Dario
Published: January 2022

The LEONARDO project, funded under the Horizon 2020 framework, is aimed at developing a new concept of micromobility electric vehicle combining the benefits of an e-kick scooter (rapid learning curve, stability) and those of a monowheel (greater agility). The goal is the development of a vehicle able to increase the consensus towards electric micromobility for enabling a relevant spread of this green transport solution, thanks to specific expedients like: (a) the possibility of exploiting an auxiliary battery pack to increase the path traveled by the vehicle; (b) a mass reduced to 10 kg, allowing to easily lift and move the vehicle to routinely encountered upper-level spaces (steps, the trunk of a vehicle, etc.). The weight reduction compared to similar vehicles necessarily involves the replacement or elimination of bulky components like suspension elements; for this reason, the deck must have intrinsic shock absorbing characteristics to maximize the rider comfort.

The objective of the present work is the identification of a class of decks for e-kick scooters that best meets the user comfort needs in an urban environment. To this end, experiments have been performed replacing the aluminium deck of a commercially available electric scooter with decks of different materials; the comfort offered by each deck has been measured compatibly with the ISO 2631:1997 standard on a closed test circuit, in correspondence of six different obstacles that the rider may tackle in a typical urban scenario. The results of the study, read in a statistical key by regressive methods and analysis of variance, evidence highest compatibility with maximum comfort criteria for the 11.5 mm thick bamboo deck; namely, the test campaign evidences how the maximum comfort for the rider can be obtained with a deck having a stiffness similar to that of bamboo. In this context, the bamboo deck lacking of shock absorbers demonstrates superior performance compared to aluminium decks equipped with suspensions for the same application, with a mass saving of approximately 65%. Special care should however be paid to the forces the deck could sustain: moving from an aluminium to a bamboo deck which is 20 times less stiff, forces decrease of only 20%. Overall, these highlights represent a comprehensive set of elements to pilot the design of micromobility vehicles, from both standpoints of comfort and resistance.
Thermo magnetic FEM simulation of a PM synchronous motor with input data from telemetry driving cycles
Authors: Somà A , Mocera F , Venuti S
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, the requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to provide a healthy and more habitable environment, has led to the development of several sustainable alternative for eco-mobility. Since the improvement of internal combustion engine has reached a steady state point in terms of overall efficiency, the increasingly stringent requirements imposed by international normative standards are leading automotive companies to find other alternatives to reduce pollution. Thanks to the exponentially growth of power electronics, the huge interest on research of high energy and power density batteries and the more integration of the embedded systems, the central role of the electric drive has taken over on most of vehicles applications. The wide use of permanent magnets synchronous motors for electric vehicles application has rapidly spread out, thanks to their capability to provide high torque and efficiency with low weight and size. Since the natural behaviour of permanent magnets to demagnetize under severe conditions, both coupled thermal and magnetics, the necessity to understand and predict the phenomena is mandatory. This paper carries out a performance analysis in duty cycle, given by real CAN and GPS readings in a studied pathway, with discussion of numerical and graphic technical evaluations. Finite element software has also been used for coupled electromagnetic and thermal calculation to set the magnets working point and establish the temperature distribution within the motor itself during the whole thermal transient. A particular overview is done on the dependence of material used and different cooling solutions adopted.
The effect of immersion time on corrosion performance of the Al2O3-40TiO2 and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution
Authors: Jiang Lihe , Dai Weiwei , Wei Zheng , Huang Yunfeng , Wang Fangxuan , Hong Sheng
Published: January 2022

The Al2O3-40TiO2 and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were fabricated by air plasma spraying (APS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying, respectively. The microstructure, corrosion resistance and eroded surface of the coatings were characterized. The effect of immersion time on corrosion behavior of the coatings in NaCl solution was investigated. Contrasting to the Al2O3-40TiO2 coating, the corrosion resistance of the WC-10Co-4Cr coating was still higher before 42 days of immersion. However, the corrosion resistance of the Al2O3-40TiO2 coating was higher than that of the WC-10Co-4Cr coating, when the immersion time reached 70 days. With the increase of immersion time, the galvanic corrosion accelerated the formation of pits and craters as well as decreased the corrosion resistance of the WC-10Co-4Cr coating. Meanwhile, corrosion products accumulated in the pits and promoted the stress cracking in the Al2O3-40TiO2 coating, which caused the fact that the corrosion resistance of the Al2O3-40TiO2 coating increased firstly and then decreased.
Surface properties of diamond wire sawn photovoltaic mc-Si wafers by stirred slurry pretreated and additive-free acid textured
Authors: Liu Runtao , Gao Yufei , Yang Chunfeng
Published: January 2022

Diamond wire saw cutting multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers has the advantage of high cutting rate. However, it is difficult to follow the current additive-free wet acid etching process to prepare the anti-reflective textured surface due to the obvious saw marks on the surface of the as-sawn wafer. In response to this problem, this paper proposes a turbine-type stirred slurry pretreatment process to modify the surface of mc-Si wafers cut by diamond wire to make it suitable for the subsequent conventional wet acid texturing process. The experimental results show that the consistency of the surface structure of the mc-Si wafers can be effectively improved after turbine-type stirred slurry pretreatment by choosing suitable process parameters. The reflectivity of the pretreated mc-Si wafers after acid texturing is greatly reduced compared with that before processing, which can meet the production requirements of solar photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, based on ANSYS Workbench and Fluent, numerical simulation of the surface pretreatment process of large-size silicon wafers in practical industrial applications was carried out, and the uniformity of the surface modification treatment was analyzed. The research results provide ideas for promoting the adaptation of the diamond wire sawing of mc-Si silicon wafers to the acid wet texturing technology.
Boric acid thermal etching graphite felt as a high-performance electrode for iron-chromium redox flow battery
Authors: Li Zhen , Guo Lili , Chen Na , Su Yang , Wang Xiaomin
Published: January 2022

Iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) is a secondary battery capable of deep charge and discharge. It is a novel electrochemistric equipment for energy storage. ICRFB has around wide concern as it possesses advanced characteristics such as high energy, long cycle life, and environmental friendly. Graphite felt is a common electrode material for ICRFB because of its high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, infinite specific surface area, and admirable electroconductibility. However, poor hydrophilicity and electrochemical activity lead to the graphite felt to be modified to be better applied in ICRFB. To improve the electrochemical activity of graphite felt, the PAN-based graphite felt was activated by boric acid thermal etching, and tested with SEM analysis, electrochemical analysis, and charge-discharge test. The results showed that the electrochemical activity and reversibility of boric acid thermal etching graphite felt impregnated with 25% boric acid solution were significantly improved after thermal treatment at 500 °C for 5 h. The Energy Efficiency of boric acid thermal etching graphite felt impregnated with 25% boric acid solution in ICRFB could reach more than 85%, which was about 9.5% higher than that of ICRFB with untreated graphite felt (1#) as electrode.