bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF NANOPARTICLES IN URINES BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: OUYANG JIAN-MING , WAN MU-HUA , ZHOU NA
Published: March 2007

The number, size and distribution of nanoparticles in urines of healthy people and stone patients were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the number of nanoparticles in healthy urines are more than that in lithogenic urines. The size of most nanoparticles in healthy urines ranges from 100 to 350 nm. However, the size of nanoparticles in patient urines changes from 100 nm to 1000 nm and more. A dynamic model about the formation of urinary stones was established. From this model, the nanoparticles in normal urines are stable, yet those in patient urines would easily aggregate to larger-size crystals and finally urinary stones formed. The results in this paper provide a new thought for preventing formation and recurrence of urinary stones.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NEW GELATORS HAVING A CHROMEN-2-ONE SKELETON
Authors: ZHANG FUSHENG , MORITA YUKI , KAWABE KOSUKE , TASAKA TAKEYASU , OKAMOTO HIROAKI , TAKENAKA SHUNSUKE , KITA HIDETOSHI
Published: March 2007

Some materials incorporating a lactone skeleton such as chromen-2-one and pyran-2-one possess a gelation ability for various organic solvents such as alcohol, aromatic, halogenated, and ether ones at low concentration, and liquid crystal properties in bulk state as well, while these molecules do not possess generalized factors in enhancing gelation ability. In order to pursue the driving force for the gelation and clarify the difference between gel and liquid crystal formations, some related materials incorporating chromen-2-one, pyran-2-one, benzofuran-2-one, or benzo[1, 3]oxathiol-2-one, and so on, were prepared and the gelation ability was examined. The results are discussed in terms of their molecular structures.
SYNTHESIS OF AMPHIPHILIE TEMPO DERIVATIVE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS OF AMPHIPHILIC ALKYL-TEMPOs AT THE AIR/WATER INTERFACE
Authors: KANG YOUNG SOO , JEONG MI HYANG , SHIN SOO JA , KIM YOUNG HWAN , KIM CHANG WOO
Published: March 2007

The amphiphilic TEMPO molecules consist of two dissimilar parts. One part is hydrophilic (head) and the rest part is hydrophobic (tail). The derivatives of 4-alkaneamino-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy radical ( C n-amino-TEMPO, n = 14, 16, 18, 20, 22) was synthesized with 4-amino-TEMPO and carboxylic acid. The C n-amino-TEMPOs equilibrated at the air/water interface form Langmuir monolayer by classical Langmuir monolayer techniques. The stable monolayers of C 14-22-amino-TEMPOs were characterized by pressure–area isotherms. The features of collapse pressure of C 14-22-amino-TEMPOs were confirmed on alkyl chain length. Limiting area points and take-off area points from surface pressure-MMA isotherms were subjected to the influence of subphase. The monolayer of C 22-amino-TEMPO which has longer alkyl chain was characterized by Brewster Angle Microscopy. So we can confirm phase transition by BAM images as monolayer is expanding at the room temperature.
APPLIED SURFACE AND PROPERTIES ANALYSES OF Co-BASED NANOPARTICLE THIN FILMS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS
Authors: WANG XIANG , LI ZUOYI
Published: March 2007

The SmCoSi/Cr layers were sputtered and annealed at 500°C for 25 min in pure N 2 atmosphere. The optimum value of coercivity of 4.6 kOe and extremely fine grain size of average grain diameter 6.5 nm, or small switching volume V* of 2.6 × 10-19 cm 3 were obtained. Partial Sm substituted by Tb will directly affect the magnetic properties. The ( Sm 0.32 Tb 0.68) Co 2 Si 3/ Cr layers with perpendicular anisotropy have been investigated. Their values of magnetization Ms as high as 402 emu/cm3 and coercivity Hc above 5.5 kOe at room temperature were gotten. These films are the ferri-magnetical structure of the rare earth-transition metal alloy. The microstructures and lattice matching media were examined, and the mechanisms of decoupling intergrains within the same magnetic layer, and among magnetic layers have been analyzed.
TRANSPORT PROPERTY OF TWO ISOELECTRONIC MOLECULES
Authors: HUANG JING , LI QUNXIANG , WU XIAOJUN , MIAO YINGLONG , YANG JINLONG
Published: March 2007

Transport properties of two isoelectronic conjugated molecules, 1, 2-bis (4'-mercaptophenyl) diazene (BMPD) and 1, 2-bis (4'-mercaptophenyl) ethene (BMPE), sandwiched between two Au (111) surfaces, are investigated by using nonequilibrium Green's function combining with density functional theory. The Fermi level lies close to the transmission peak coming from the perturbed highest occupied molecular orbital. The conductive ability of BMPD molecule is a little stronger than that of BMPE. The current–voltage (I–V) curves for both molecular junctions are almost linear at small bias voltage, but show nonlinear character in large bias case. There is a negative differential resistance behavior appeared in the I–V curve for the BMPE junction without considering the molecular atomic relaxation due to the existence of the leads.
RESONANT TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKADE IN A NANOCRYSTALLINE Si DOUBLE-BARRIER FLOATING-GATE STRUCTURE
Authors: HUANG XINFAN , WU LIANGCAI , DAI MIN , YU LINWEI , LI WEI , CHEN KUNJI
Published: March 2007

We report the results of electron tunneling and Coulomb blockade in nanocrystalline silicon ( nc - Si ) double-barrier floating-gate structure ( SiO 2/ nc - Si/SiO 2) fabricated in situ in a plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposition (PECVD) system for the nanoelectronic devices application. The quantum confinement and Coulomb blockade effect have been demonstrated in the capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics, in which unique peak structures differ remarkably from the normal smooth C–V curves. The experimental results have been explained by band diagram and equivalent circuits. By contrasted with silicon single electron transistor memory made by using ultra fancy nanotechnology, nc - Si -based memory can be fabricated with a minimum perturbation of conventional silicon technology and may be closest to industrial application.
Meir-Keeler Contractions of Integral Type Are Still Meir-Keeler Contractions
Authors: Suzuki Tomonari
Published: March 2007

We prove that the recent fixed point theorem for contractions of integral type due to Branciari is a corollary of the famous Meir-Keeler fixed point theorem. We also prove that Meir-Keeler contractions of integral type are still Meir-Keeler contractions.
Multiple Positive Solutions of Nonhomogeneous Elliptic Equations in Unbounded Domains
Authors: Hsu Tsing-San
Published: March 2007

We will show that under suitable conditions onfandh, there exists a positive numberλ∗such that the nonhomogeneous elliptic equation−Δu+u=λ(f(x,u)+h(x))inΩ,u∈H01(Ω),N≥2, has at least two positive solutions ifλ∈(0,λ∗), a unique positive solution ifλ=λ∗, and no positive solution ifλ>λ∗, whereΩis the entire space or an exterior domain or an unbounded cylinder domain or the complement in a strip domain of a bounded domain. We also obtain some properties of the set of solutions.
Certain Coefficient Bounds forp-Valent Functions
Authors: Ramachandran C. , Sivasubramanian S. , Silverman H.
Published: March 2007

In the present paper, the authors obtain sharp bounds for certain subclasses ofp-valent functions. The results are extended to functions defined by convolution.
The Genetic Basis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review Including Discussion ofPPAR-γ
Authors: Unluturk Ugur , Harmanci Ayla , Kocaefe Cetin , Yildiz Bulent O.
Published: March 2007

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the women of reproductive age. Familial clustering of PCOS has been consistently reported suggesting that genetic factors play a role in the development of the syndrome although PCOS cases do not exhibit a clear pattern of Mendelian inheritance. It is now well established that PCOS represents a complex trait similar to type-2 diabetes and obesity, and that both inherited and environmental factors contribute to the PCOS pathogenesis. A large number of functional candidate genes have been tested for association or linkage with PCOS phenotypes with more negative than positive findings. Lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria, difficulties in the assignment of male phenotype, obscurity in the mode of inheritance, and particularly small sample size of the study populations appear to be major limitations for the genetic studies of PCOS. In the near future, utilizing the genome-wide scan approach and the HapMap project will provide a stronger potential for the genetic analysis of the syndrome.
On the Existence of Positive Solutions of a Nonlinear Differential Equation
Authors: Ben Othman Sonia , Mâagli Habib , Zeddini Noureddine
Published: March 2007

We study some existence results for the nonlinear equation(1/A)(Au')'=uψ(x,u)forx∈(0,ω)with different boundary conditions, whereω∈(0,∞],Ais a continuous function on[0,ω), positive and differentiable on(0,ω),andψis a nonnegative function on(0,ω)×[0,∞)such thatt↦tψ(x,t)is continuous on[0,∞)for eachx∈(0,ω). We give asymptotic behavior for positive solutions using a potential theory approach.
Global Attractivity of Positive Periodic Solutions of Delay Differential Equations with Feedback Control
Authors: Jin Zhi-Long
Published: March 2007

By constructing suitable Liapunov functionals and estimating uniform upper and lower bounds of solutions, sufficient conditions are obtained for the global attractivity of positive periodic solutions of the delay differential system with feedback controldy/dt=y(t)F(t,y(t−τ1(t)),…,y(t−τn(t)),u(t−δ(t))),du/dt=−η(t)u(t)+a(t)y(t−σ(t)). When these results are applied to the periodic logistic equation with several delays and feedback control, some new results are obtained.
Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein, Endothelin-1, Adhesion Molecule(s), and Lipids as Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: El-Mesallamy Hala , Suwailem Salwa , Hamdy Nadia
Published: March 2007

This study compared lipids, the product of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), the acute phase reactant high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), endothelin-1 (ET-1),P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) between healthy controls, subjects with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) subjects who did not perform coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery as well as type 2 DM subjects who performed CABG.HbA1c, lipids, MDA, hsCRP, ET-1,P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in the diabetic groups than in either healthy controls or IHD subjects. In the diabetic groups, there was a negative association among hsCRP and HDL-C. ET-1, ICAM-1 levels and TAG were positively correlated, as do the association betweenP-selectin, VCAM-1 andHbA1c%. Also a positive relation was found among hsCRP levels and ICAM-1, as well as MDA and ET-1.P-selectin and ICAM-1 were significantly positively correlated. This study indicates that increased level of oxidative stress marker, proinflammatory markers and their downstream effectors adhesion molecules occurs in type 2 DM.
A study of the waves and boundary layers due to a surface pressure on a uniform stream of a slightly viscous liquid of finite depth
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arghya
Published: March 2007

The 2D problem of linear waves generated by an arbitrary pressure distribution p0(x,t) on a uniform viscous stream of finite depth h is
examined. The surface displacement ζ is expressed correct to O(ν) terms, for small viscosity
ν, with a restriction on p0(x,t). For p0(x,t) = p0(x)eiωt, exact forms of the steady‐state propagating waves are next obtained for all
x and not merely for x ≫ 0 which form a wave‐quartet or a wave‐duo amid local disturbances. The long‐distance asymptotic forms are then shown to be uniformly valid for large h. For numerical and other purposes, a result essentially due to Cayley is used successfully to express these asymptotic forms in a series of powers of powers of ν1/2 or ν1/4 with coefficients expressed directly in terms of nonviscous wave frequencies and amplitudes. An approximate thickness of surface boundary layer is obtained and a numerical study is undertaken to bring out the salient features of the exact and asymptotic wave motion in question.
Five-Year Follow-Up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II)
Authors: Hueb Whady , Lopes Neuza Helena , Gersh Bernard J. , Soares Paulo , Machado Luiz A.C. , Jatene Fabio B. , Oliveira Sergio A. , Ramires Jose A.F.
Published: March 2007

Background—

Despite routine use of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), no conclusive evidence exists that either modality is superior to medical therapy (MT) alone for treating multivessel coronary artery disease with stable angina and preserved ventricular function.

Methods and Results—

The primary end points were total mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or refractory angina requiring revascularization. The study comprised 611 patients randomly assigned to undergo CABG (n=203), PCI (n=205), or MT (n=203). At the 5-year follow-up, the primary end points occurred in 21.2% of patients who underwent CABG compared with 32.7% treated with PCI and 36% receiving MT alone (
P
=0.0026). No statistical differences were observed in overall mortality among the 3 groups. In addition, 9.4% of MT and 11.2% of PCI patients underwent repeat revascularization procedures compared with 3.9% of CABG patients (
P
=0.021). Moreover, 15.3%, 11.2%, and 8.3% of patients experienced nonfatal myocardial infarction in the MT, PCI, and CABG groups, respectively (
P
<0.001). The pairwise treatment comparisons of the primary end points showed no difference between PCI and MT (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.30) and a significant protective effect of CABG compared with MT (relative risk, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.77).

Conclusions—

All 3 treatment regimens yielded comparable, relatively low rates of death. MT was associated with an incidence of long-term events and rate of additional revascularization similar to those for PCI. CABG was superior to MT in terms of the primary end points, reaching a significant 44% reduction in primary end points at the 5-year follow-up of patients with stable multivessel coronary artery disease.
Predictors of Mortality in Chronic Chagas Disease
Authors: Rassi Anis , Rassi Anis , Rassi Sérgio G.
Published: March 2007

Background—

Chagas disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Knowledge of the predictors of prognosis can help clinical decision making by identifying patients’ level of risk.

Methods and Results—

We reviewed the published literature on prognostic factors in patients with Chagas disease by performing a PubMed search for articles published in any language between 1985 and February 2006 and hand searches of the reference lists of retrieved articles. Studies were selected if they included patients in the chronic phase of Chagas disease, analyzed a clearly defined outcome (all-cause mortality, sudden cardiac deaths, and/or cardiovascular deaths), and used multivariable regression models of prognosis. From 606 potentially relevant studies, 12 met the inclusion criteria: 8 clinic-based studies including 3928 patients and 4 hospital-based studies including 349 patients. Impaired left ventricular function by echocardiogram or cineventriculogram was found to be the most common and consistent independent predictor of death. New York Heart Association functional class III/IV and cardiomegaly on the chest radiography also were independently associated with higher mortality. More recently, strong evidence was found that nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on 24-hour Holter monitoring indicated an adverse prognosis. The typical ECG abnormalities showed limited additional prognostic value. Other often-mentioned risk factors, advanced age and male sex, showed inconsistent results. A formal meta-analysis was not feasible because of the heterogeneity of published studies and the lack of minimal standards in reporting results.

Conclusions—

A systematic review of published studies indicates that impaired left ventricular function, New York Heart Association class III/IV, cardiomegaly, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia indicate a poor prognosis in patients with chronic Chagas disease.
Impact of Satellite-Derived Forcings on Numerical Ocean Model Simulations and Study of Sea Surface Salinity Variations in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Agarwal Neeraj , Basu Sujit , Agarwal Vijay K.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on two major aspects: the impact of satellite forcings (winds and precipitation) on the simulations of a multilayer Indian Ocean (IO) model (IOM) and the analysis of the processes responsible for salinity variations in the Indian Ocean during dipole years (1994 and 1997). It is observed that the European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer wind-driven solutions describe the interannual variabilities of sea surface temperature (SST) more realistically than the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) wind-driven solutions. The equatorial westward current jet [hereafter referred to as reverse Wyrtki jet (RWJ)] originating near the Sumatra coast in response to anomalous easterlies during fall of 1994 and 1997 is quite strong in the scatterometer-forced solutions. This RWJ is found to be weak in the NCEP solution. Two more experiments differing by their precipitation forcings [climatological and interannually varying Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall] are carried out. Model-simulated variables like SST, sea surface salinity (SSS), and mixed layer depth (MLD) have been compared with in situ observations to verify the performance of the model. The model suggests a dipolelike structure in surface salinity during late 1994 and 1997, with low salinity in the central equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) and high salinity near the Sumatra coast. The low-salinity tongue is caused by the transport of fresh surface waters via RWJ, which is further strengthened by a southward branch (which is absent in normal years) coming from the Bay of Bengal. A major inference of the study is that the low-salinity tongue is caused mainly by advection, not by a direct effect of precipitation. On the contrary, the high salinity near the Sumatra coast is due to the strong upwelling caused by anomalous easterlies. Another inference made out of this study is that there is apparently a definite signature of the evolution of the dipole event in the MLD approximately 2 months prior to the peak occurring in SSS in the south EIO.
The Demand for Industrial Materials, 1950-57
Authors: Rowlatt J.A. , Blackaby F.T.
Published: March 2007

Only eight or nine years ago, at the time of the Korean war, it was widely believed that there would be a continuing world-wide shortage of many primary products; that there was a long-term tendency for the prices of primary products to rise faster than the prices of manufactured goods; and that, as a consequence, the terms of trade were bound to go on turning in favour of primary producing countries and against manufacturing nations such as Britain.
The Effects of Economic Policy 1979-82
Authors: Artis M.J. , Bladen-Hovell R. , Karakitsos E. , Dwolatzky B.
Published: March 2007

The central purpose of this article is to provide measures of the effect of fiscal and monetary policy in the period 1979-82, using for the purpose information derived from simulations of two macroeconometric models of the British economy, those of HM Treasury and the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The methodology employed is explained in detail in the next section, which is succeeded by a discussion of its implementation in the second section of the article. The principal results of the analysis are then set out in the third section of the article. The period under consideration has been marked by a severe recession, to which domestic economic policy has not been the only contributor; in the fourth section of the article we therefore consider the additional influence of world factors. In the fifth section we go on to consider an extension of the policy measures to take account of exchange rate policy. There is a final section of conclusions which assesses the contribution of government policy and the downturn in world trade to the shortfall of output below its trend value. An appendix provides additional technical detail whilst more complete tabulations of the results are available on request from the authors.
The Sources of Recovery in UK in the 1930s
Authors: Worswick G. D. N.
Published: March 2007

Britain, like any other open economy, is linked through exports and imports to the movements of prices and production in the world at large. But the emergence of the City of London as a major international financial centre forged an extra link between the fortunes of the British and world economies, which was still very strong in the inter-war period. It is appropriate, therefore, to preface this account of the economic recovery in Britain after the Depression with a brief reminder of the circumstances prevailing in the world economy at that time.
Models of the UK Economy and the Real Wage-Employment Debate
Authors: Andrews M.J. , Bell D.N.F. , Fisher P.G. , Wallis K.F. , Whitley J.D.
Published: March 2007

This article is an example of the type of exercise that is made possible by the existence of the set of UK models at Warwick. Using three quarterly models, those of the London Business School (LBS), the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) and Her Majesty's Treasury (HMT), and two annual models, those of the City University Business School (CUBS) and the Liverpool University Research Group in Macroeconomics (LPL), it considers the use, and possible abuse, of such models of the UK economy to illustrate the real wage—employment debate.

In UK models real wages and employment are determined jointly and the article shows that the sign of the association between these two variables depends ore the nature of the shock which causes real wages to change. A common method of analysis is to perturb the endogenous real wage directly and although the results are quantitatively similar to those where the change to real wages results from a supply-side shock to the labour market, it is argued that such exercises are typically without foundation since no mechanism for achieving a direct reduction in real wages is put forward. Any implicit model which underpins the assumption of an exogenous shift in an endogenous variable needs to be stated clearly in order for the plausibility of the ‘intervention’ and resulting policy analysis to be assessed.
Schooling Standards in England and Germany: Some Summary Comparisons Bearing on Economic Performance
Authors: Prais S.J. , Wagner Karin
Published: March 2007

‘One of the most long-standing problems in this country is our failure to our school-leavers adequately for work.’

(The Chancellor of the Exchequer in his budget March 1985)

The way higher productivity depends on a workforce that is technically-skilled at all levels—from operators and foremen to senior engineers and directors of production—was examined on the basis of an interview-study of matched engineering firms in Britain and Germany in the last issue of this Review. The present article traces differences in workforce skills between these two countries to differences in preparation at school, particularly in mathematics and vocational education, and particularly for those in the lower half of the ability spectrum.
The Quantification of Survey Data on Expectations∗
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon
Published: March 2007

In many industrial countries regular surveys are published in which either firms or consumers are asked whether they expect some economic variable, like prices for example, to rise or fail. This survey information has been used for many years as an aid to short-term forecasting. Recently there has been a renewed interest in using this data for a rather different purpose: as a measure of firms or consumers' average expectations.
The Measurement of Fiscal Stance
Authors: Biswas Rajiv , Johns Christopher , Savage David
Published: March 2007

Most economists would doubtless reject the idea that policy makers or the public should judge budgets solely in terms of a single summary concept, surplus or deficit. Yet there is an undoubted demand for a single statistic which provides at least a rough-and-ready summary of the fiscal position. The attempt to specify such a single statistic has given rise to controversy for many years.
Prospects for Non-Oil Developing Countries
Authors: Page S.A.B.
Published: March 2007

Last year, the unexpectedly slow growth of output in the world economy, and of trade relative to it, reinforced doubts as to whether developing countries would recover from their depression and financing crisis. Since then, the fall in oil prices has altered substantially the outlook for industrial countries. The process of re-examining the prospects for developing countries has scarcely begun.

This note describes developments in their trade and financing over the past five years, since the second oil price rise, as background to the judgement that the trends expected previously would have been economically and politically impossible to sustain. It then assesses the prospect now—after the fall in oil prices.
Vocational Training in France and Britain: Office Work
Authors: Steedman Hilary
Published: March 2007

Better pre-planning of work is a familiar requirement for improved productive efficiency; this has manifested itself for some decades in a tendency for an increasing proportion of the workforce to be transferred from physical production on the factory floor to ‘paper work’ in offices—that is, to administrative and clerical activities. That tendency has been offset, especially in the past decade, by advances in data processing machinery allowing clerical activities to be performed very much more quickly and by fewer staff. The total number of employees required for administrative and clerical tasks has fluctuated according to the relative strength of these tendencies. The required quality, or technical capabilities, of such staff has also fluctuated: for 100 years or more, clerical and office staff were usually required to follow formal procedures on direct instructions from a superior; much work was of a purely routine and repetitive nature. The first phase of automation using mainframe computers and central processing facilities did little to alter this situation, and may even have led to further fragmentation and simplification of tasks.
Small Firms and Jobs
Authors: Hart P.E
Published: March 2007

How important are small firms as sources of new jobs? Research by Gallagher and Doyle, reported in British Business (1986) suggests that they are disproportionately important: in terms of employment small firms in the UK were found to be growing more quickly than large firms. In this note we examine their evidence. We conclude that their case is not proven, although there are features of recent experience which may point in that direction.
Industrial Support Policies
Authors: Shepherd James
Published: March 2007

Industrial policy as a whole would be a very wide subject, which could only be covered superficially; it makes sense therefore to discuss a fairly small part of it. For present purposes industrial support policies are defined as policies which offer financial incentives in order to encourage private sector businesses to achieve objectives which are judged to be in the general interest as well as—very often—in their own interest. There is, of course, room for argument about precisely what should be included. Both the purposes and the operational practice of such policies have changed rapidly over recent years and I am concerned with their development in the Department of Trade and industry (DTI) during the period of Conservative government since 1979. While this article pas prepared for a conference on manufacturing industry, there is no presumption that the policies are particularly relevant to manufacturing rather than to many other sectors of the economy.
The US Economy: Performance and Prospects
Authors: Oppenheimer Peter , Reddaway Brian
Published: March 2007

Problems arising in the US economy and financial system are frequently of global significance, and the inauguration of a new President provides a convenient occasion for taking stock of the US economy's recent performance and prospects. In this article we include some tonger-term background as well as an assessment of the current situation. The article is a sequel to one which we wrote nearly four years ago and which focused mainly on the remarkable recovery from recession achieved by the US economy in the period 1982-4.
Manufacturing Export Prices for the G7
Authors: Barrell R.J.
Published: March 2007

The Institute World GEM, has for manufacturing export for each of the G7 countries.
Terminal Dates and the Dynamic Properties of National Institute Model 11
Authors: Ireland Jonathan , Wren-Lewis Simon
Published: March 2007

Dynamic optimisation problems involving rational expectations require a transversality condition to produce a unique solution (see Hall, Henry and Wren-Lews, 1986, for an example). These transversality conditions generally amount to a statement about the nature of the endogenous variable in the infinite Song run; for example, that the long run involves a stable equilibrium. An analagous problem arises in econometric macro models, where a unique solution requires a ‘terminal condition’ for any forward-looking variables beyond the solution period of the model. Transversality and terminal conditions are not equivalent, however, because we cannot solve macro models into the infinite future (see Hall and Henry, 1988, pages 192-198).
The UK Economy
Authors: Young Carry
Published: March 2007

Price inflation in the UK economy has remained below the expectations of most commentators since sterling left the exchange-rate mechanism in September 1992. Latest estimates of inflation indicate that retail prices are now growing at an annual underlying rate of 2 per cent; the lowest growth rate for 27 years. This impressive performance is being sustained by very low growth in labour and capital costs, unit labour costs are estimated to have fallen by 1/2 per cent in the last year, as fast productivity growth has been combined with low growth in earnings.
Scanning in Different Scripts: Does Jawi interfere with Bahasa Malaysia and English?
Authors: Randall Mick
Published: March 2007

This article reports on two experiments which investigate the array-scanning characteristics of Malaysian subjects when exposed to arrays of Roman and Arabic letters. It examines the search patterns to see if there is any interference between the Roman alphabet and Arabic scripts used to read Bahasa Malaysia. The experiments show that Malaysian subjects produced unique search patterns with both Roman and Arabic letters. These patterns are then related to search patterns found with native English speakers and native Arabic speakers. The article then discusses how these patterns may be related to the underlying linguistic structure of words in Bahasa Malaysia, English and Arabic.
Conventional Pad-Dry-Cure Process for Durable- Flame and Wrinkle Resistance With Tetrakis (Hydroxymethyl) Phosphonium Hydroxide (THPOH)
Authors: Beninate John V. , Boylston Eileen K. , Drake George L. , Reeves Wilson A.
Published: March 2007

A durable-flame retardant based on tetrakis (hydroxymethyl ) phosphonium hydroxide (THPOH), urea, and trimethylolmelamine has been developed and applied to cotton fabric. The process is accomplished by padding fabric through a water solution of the three components to a wet pickup of about 75%, drying at moderate temperature, and curing at an elevated temperature.

Solutions of 25-34% total solids containing the three components in a molar ratio of 2 : 4 : 1 (THPOH: urea : methylolmelamine), when applied to cotton fabrics of 8-9-oz weight, imparted flame resistance, and only minimal losses in breaking and tearing strength. The treated fabrics retained 91-95% break strength and 73-80% tear strength. Wrinkle recovery angles (W + F) of treated fabrics ranged from 280° to 306°. Wash- wear and durable-press properties are discussed. Little or no yellowing of treated fab rics was observed when bleached with sodium hypochlorite solution and scorched between heated plates. Resin add-ons of fabrics treated in this manner ranged from 15 to 19%. Flame resistance of fabrics treated by this process is retained after boiling the treated fabrics in a soap-sodium carbonate solution for 3 hr or after 15 laundering cycles.
An Integrated Program
Authors: Wright Mary Johnson
Published: March 2007

A description of how the integrated program as developed by the State of Virginia operates in a specific school. Miss Wright, a student in Madison College, wrote this article following wide reading, class discussions, observations in the secondary school and interviews with the principal.
My Part in This War
Authors: Briggs Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

THE FOLLOWING letter will be sent to principals of all secondary schools in the United States sometime in February. It explains the first publication by the CONSUMER EDUCATION STUDY, which feels that it has an obligation as well as an opportunity to contribute to the war effort this exposition of the economic front that vitally affects every citizen and needs his intelligent co-operation. It is hoped that especially the members of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY-SCHOOL PRINCIPALS will See that My Part in This War is in the hands of every pupil and that it is thoroughly studied. This contribution to the war we can all make.
Norway Fights On
Authors: Skard Sigmund
Published: March 2007

An address that was to have been given at the annual banquet of the convention at St. Louis on February 27, 1943, by Dr. Sigmund Skard, a prominent Norwegian writer and scholar. Dr. Skard was formerly a teacher of literary history at the University of Oslo and was Librarian of the Royal Academy of Trondheim, Norway, at the time Germany in vaded Norway. After some time in occupied Not-way, he escaped through the enemy lines on skis over the mountains to Sweden. An ad venturous journey through Russian and Japanese territory culminated in America.—Editor
Imperative Need Number 6
Authors: Leonard J. Paul
Published: March 2007

All youth need to understand the methods of science, the in fluence of science on human life, and the main scientific facts concerning the nature of the world and of man.
The Problem
Authors: Bevis Howard L.
Published: March 2007

The following three articles deal with the program of the National Com mittee for the Development of Scientists and Engineers. The first article, by Dr. Howard L. Bevis, Chairman of the Committee, discusses the rising re quirements for scientific manpower, which impelled President Eisenhower to establish the National Committee. The second article, by Robert L. Clark, Executive Secretary of the Committee, describes the National Committee and its action programs to help develop more highly qualified scientists and engineers. The third article, by Dr. Eugene G. Vinogradoff, Committee economist, proposes steps that can be taken through the school systems to improve the teaching of science and mathematics and motivate more young people to study science and mathematics.
Equipment for a Geography Laboratory
Authors: Anderzhon Mamie L. , Riley John M.
Published: March 2007

Administrators and other educational planners will find this comprehensive and detailed dis cussion of a desirable teaching and study en vironment for geography a useful reference as they design new or improved facilities for instruction in geography.
Vocational Challenge
Authors: Benham Lloyd G.
Published: March 2007

Being comprehensive is not an easy condition for any school to achieve and maintain. We report here the program one college-oriented high school is developing for some of its noncollege-bound students.
Developments in Speech
Authors: Work William
Published: March 2007

"Teachers utilizing concepts from communica tion theory... are less concerned with delivery and more concerned with the message as an element common to both speaker and listener."
Book Selection and Censorship
Authors: Hogan Robert F.
Published: March 2007

"A deeply felt conviction, however eccentric, is justification enough for a substitute assign ment for that [ sincerely objecting] student. But surely it is not justification enough for a major revision in the curriculum."
The Middle School and Other Innovations
Authors: Grooms Ann
Published: March 2007

"The junior high school requires a subject rather than a discipline generalist.... The middle school professional always operates within his discipline, but student interactions are likely to cover a wide spectrum of his expertise."
Begin with a Single Step
Authors: Conafay Katherine
Published: March 2007

These real-life sketches demonstrate convinc ingly that an inventive faculty, with administra tive support, can convert some of the ordinary facts of life into very exciting subject matter.
Council on Consumer Information
Authors: Metzen Edward J.
Published: March 2007

A variety of materials and services are available on consumer education from this voluntary association of individuals and groups who, though possessing similar interests, are not necessarily like-minded.
Reference Shelf in Consumer Education
Authors: Reich Edward
Published: March 2007

This wide-ranging list of "best buys" in books and pamphlets can show the way to consumer awareness for teacher and student alike.
Subprofessionals in Pupil Personnel Services
Authors: Fisher John K.
Published: March 2007

Pupil services simply cannot be made available to each and every student in a school system if we insist on maintaining the traditional position that such services can and must be provided only by fully trained professionals. Obviously, some choices must be made.
A Decision-Making Approach to Guidance
Authors: Gelatt H.B. , Varenhorst Barbara
Published: March 2007

Guidance becomes something less fragile than a shared crystal ball when it makes use of logic and data appropriate to decision-making.
In-service Training for the English Composition Teacher
Authors: Larson Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Every school offers instruction of some kind in written composition. But not every teacher of composition is fully and suitably prepared, in mind and in spirit, to handle so important an offering with grace and style.
Academic Games and Learning
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: March 2007

"The kind of learning that can go on in a game, then, is complementary to, and logically prior to, the kind of learning that occurs in the standard information-transmission model of school learning."
Alcohol Education Re-evaluated
Authors: Unterberger Hilma , Dicicco Lena
Published: March 2007

Though they are less spectacular than the tra ditional worm-in-the-whiskey demonstration, in novations in teaching about alcohol are proving to be more persuasive.
Health Education in Los Angeles Schools
Authors: Langan Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Junior and senior high school health education courses in one of our largest cities were devel oped through the cooperative efforts of a multi tude of community agencies and hundreds of individuals.
Health Education in the District of Columbia
Authors: Wade Bernice W.
Published: March 2007

In spite of what headlines seem to imply, there are thousands of young people in the District of Columbia who are eager to grow up strong and decent. And there are hundreds of inventive and devoted teachers who are determined to help them reach this goal.
The Many Forms of Revolution
Authors: Nichols Eugene D.
Published: March 2007

While we speak of the revolution in the mathe matics curriculum, it is evident from the de scriptions presented by Professor Nichols that this revolution is not the work of a single general, nor even of a clique of the highly placed. From all quarters of the academic community, forces both great and small are assaulting the traditional barricades that have blocked off access to real mathematical under standing.
Case History, Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Authors: Smith John F.
Published: March 2007

"The most significant feature of our story is probably not the current status of our mathe matics program.... The most significant feature to me is that we have arrived at our present status through a mixture of human relations and mathematics which provides a sound basis for ongoing study and revision."
The Interface of Science and Mathematics
Authors: Gleason Andrew
Published: March 2007

"Instead of having separate mathematics and science classes trying to keep pace with each other, we want a single class devoted to both subjects and emphasizing at any particular time whichever discipline seems appropriate."
The Principal and Teacher- School Board Negotiations
Authors: Taffel Alexander
Published: March 2007

The principal of a large-city high school de scribes the geography of the spot he and many of his professional associates find themselves on. He concludes that the terrain is rough and the footpaths are poorly marked, where they exist at all.
Diary of a Beginning Teacher
Authors: Morris Jean
Published: March 2007

Jean Morris began her teaching career in the fall of 1966. She and eighteen other beginners in the Richmond, Vir ginia, public schools that year were asked to keep diaries of their classroom experiences to provide first-hand informa tion on the situations faced by typical beginning teachers and on their reactions to them. That same year twenty other beginning teachers in the Richmond system made up an experimental group in the NASSP Project on the Induc tion of Beginning Teachers. With Miss Morris' permission we are printing excerpts from the diary she kept-partly to remind many of our readers whose beginning years have receded in time and recollection what those years really are like. When she was writing the diary Miss Morris was teaching seventh-grade history; last June she completed her second year of teaching in Richmond.
The Teacher Corps: One Place to Begin
Authors: Graham Richard
Published: March 2007

Nowhere in the educational world are teacher preparation and teacher induction more thoughtfully and carefully articulated than in the program sponsored by the Teacher Corps. The Corps does focus on developing teachers for a particular kind of environment, but what it is learning in this setting is translatable to other conditions under which teachers make their initial contacts with their profession.
On Being Inducted
Authors: Rubin Deborah
Published: March 2007

"To inject newcomers into the unfamiliar peerage of teachers at an opening faculty meeting and then expect them almost immedi ately to assume the unaccustomed stance of authority in the classroom would be enough to discourage even a Disraeli from trying to overcome the British aristocracy."
The Year That Was
Authors: Mcrae Shirley
Published: March 2007

"I wish there had been the time and resources to train me better in the art and craft of being a school-based, in-service leader, [ for] I am convinced that the only way we are going to develop good teachers in any meaningful quantity is to have school-based, in-service teacher training during the school year."
Before the Beginning
Authors: Wilhelms Fred T.
Published: March 2007

The foregoing articles have dealt with ways by which that critical first year on the job can be made a better one for the new teacher and his students. A distinguished practitioner of the arts of preparing teachers reminds us in this essay that what comes before that first year continues to have much influence on what that year and the following ones will be like.
Induction
Authors: Rehage Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

"In the process of becoming a teacher he will discover some things about himself he had not known before, some of which he will find agreeable and others less so. He is not only becoming a teacher—he is also becoming a person."
Learning Counseling
Authors: Reynolds David J. , Garfield Learita
Published: March 2007

Learning patterns of low-achieving students differ from those of high achievers not only in degree but, even more important, in kind. If these reluctant learners are to experience even small school successes, they must be given help that recognizes this difference in kind. Reynolds and Garfield describe how one group of second ary schools goes about giving that kind of help.
New York City's College Bound Program
Authors: Hillson Henry T.
Published: March 2007

By gaining full cooperation of individual schools and colleges, the College Bound Program is able to offer preparation for and entrance into college for New York City youngsters most in need of help. With small classes, individual counseling, curriculum adjustments, and a heavy but lively sprinkling of extracurricular cultural activities, the teen-ager is nurtured to be the best person he can be. The wisdom of the Program shines out in this summary of its first year, 1967-68.
The Vocational Curriculum: Patterns of Experimentation
Authors: Nelson Hilding E.
Published: March 2007

Drawing extensively on his experience as the director of two national institutes on innovative curricula in vocational-technical education, the author in this article identifies patterns of cur riculum activity and, using these patterns, pro vides what he calls "a limited prognosis."
Performance Objectives
Authors: Eiss Albert F.
Published: March 2007

"... No evaluation of the outcomes of learning can occur until some overt behavior is shown by the student. It therefore seems logical to state the objectives of learning in terms of the be havioral outcomes that are desired."
What To Do Before the Theatre Consultant Comes
Authors: Knaub Richard K.
Published: March 2007

"Building theatres is a job for specialists, but there are things to do until the consultant comes. Dollar value can only be achieved when careful analysis and design eliminate the frills but pro vide the real essentials needed to do the job. It takes many, many questions asked by people who know what to ask to achieve this analysis. Only then will the architect have the guidance he needs."
Computer-Assisted Instruction
Authors: Suppes Patrick , Jerman Max
Published: March 2007

"For those who are interested in installing and operating CAI systems, we caution that they should believe neither those who argue that the cost is very slight nor those who counsel that the cost is inordinately high. The installation and operation of CAI courses does entail sub stantial cost, but many aspects of standard in struction also are expensive."
Electronic Data Processing for the Small School District
Authors: Prince J.D. , Richmond Renan
Published: March 2007

Electronic data processing is practical for small public school systems if they are willing to co operate in their venture into the computer world. The following article is primarily con cerned with how to set up an educational data processing center: how to buy equipment and how to hire a staff. There is much good advice here which can help beginners to avoid costly mistakes.
Media As Communication
Authors: Alverson Tom
Published: March 2007

"A final test of whether 'Communications and the Modern Media' serves its purpose lies in the existence of 'continuing, self-directed' edu cation. A number of Media students are pres ently employed at radio and television sta tions. One imaginative graduate, so employed, has selected short clips from commercials, pub lic service announcements, and film promotions to form a collage of ideas which uses the stu dent's own sound track. A film statement has been made without the use of a camera by the individual making it."
Year-Round School
Authors: Scala Anthony W.
Published: March 2007

Better extended-school-year programs might be possible with the "trimester" system—making the summer session equal to regular school pro grams, while keeping it optional.