bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How the deming philosophy transformed the department of the navy
Authors: Kidder Pamela J. , Ryan Bobbie
Published: July 2007

What do government agencies have to do to improve their performance and satisfy the demand of senior executives and the public at large? The U.S. Department of the Navy found success in the principles espoused by the late W. Edwards Deming. As this article explains, the transformation of the Department was built on a sound theory, leadership commitment, clear vision for the future, and a series of successes that inspired other improvements.
A prescription for enhancing productivity at Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: July 2007

Companies around the world are taking a hard look at the way they conduct their business to uncover ways to improve both the quality and the quantity of their products and services. Like many of those firms, Bristol‐Myers Squibb has designed a company wide program to help it boost productivity and efficiency by targeting wasteful procedures and cutting costs. But unlike many companies, Bristol‐Myers Squibb has gone a step further and instituted an initiative that reinvests the benefits reaped from enhanced performance to guarantee the organization's success in the future.
The six values of a quality culture
Authors: Woods John A.
Published: July 2007

Increasingly, organizations are discovering that quality management is more about cultural change than it is about any specific practices. The culture and its fundamental values provide the context for behavior at all levels of the organization. But what are the cultural values that support quality management behaviors? This article answers that question by exploring six values that naturally emerge once business leaders learn to view their organization as a system. The culture chat ultimately stems from these values fosters teamwork, continuous improvement, and customer satisfaction, and results in a growing, profitable environment.
A proven recipe for success: The seven elements of world‐class manufacturing
Authors: Kearney Willie T.
Published: July 2007

There are no magic pills or quick solutions to fix what is ailing manufacturing companies at home and abroad. There are, however, practices and tools that can make the smallest to the largest company competitive in the global market. These tools and practices are the seven elements of world‐class manufacturing. By studying these elements, learning them, applying them, and improving on them, the smallest to the largest company can become competitive in the global market.
Want to, asked to, able to: Using targeted strategies to achieve competitive advantage
Authors: Luther David B.
Published: July 2007

For an organization to implement and sustain a successful quality strategy, it must move from the embryonic stage of quality learning through the growing stage and then to the profitable mature stage. Historically, many firms have achieved this through training and the search for variation causes and by Implementing teams to deal with variation and other workplace problems.

Today the scene is different. To achieve competitive advantage, organizations must go beyond the “one size fits all” brand of quality Implementation and, instead, focus on the source and level of resistance to such efforts. To understand the barriers they must overcome, organizations must learn if problems exist because people do not wont to improve quality, have not been asked to improve quality, or do not know how to improve quality. Surveying a segmented population regarding these issues leads to a focused approach to removing barriers and moving the organization quickly to the profitable mature stage of quality implementation.
Three simple principles that dramatically boost corporate creatiuity
Authors: Robison Alan G. , Stern Sam
Published: July 2007

Although creativity is a high priority for almost any organization, at most companies it happens only on a hit‐or‐miss basis. The main reason for this is a general lack of awareness of what really drives corporate creativity. Myths about creativity are commonplace, and managers act on them. This article describes three simple principles of corporate creativity, based on how it actually occurs, that will significantly boost creative performance when they are recognized and acted on: (1) most creative acts are unexpected and cannot be anticipated by management; (2) rewards do more harm than good to creativity; and (3) participation is the key variable by which to manage.
Whatever happened to TQM? or, how a good strategy got a Bad reputation
Authors: Bohan George
Published: July 2007

Why has TQM seemingly become a dirty word among business leaders? As this article explains, many of the organizations that have failed with TQM did so because they relied too heavily on the ideas that leadership must be 100 percent committed to the change strategy and that employees must be empowered fully. Here the author gives practical tips and real‐life examples of how to bring about substantial organizational improvement with TQM‐like strategies, even if an organization cannot obtain full leadership commitment and employee empowerment right away.
Reengineering the performance appraisal
Authors: Findley Henry M. , Amsler Gordon M. , Ingram Earl
Published: July 2007

Supporters of total quality management often argue that the performance appraisal should no longer be used because it inhibits cooperative behavior. Others contend that the appraisal is too hard to implement. This article shows, however, that there are important reasons for retaining the appraisal as a key instrument in managing employee performance. Rather than dismantling their performance assessment systems, most organizations would do well to revamp them to ensure accuracy and fairness. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activities of daily living among St Petersburg women after mild stroke
Authors: Johansson Ann , Mishina Ekaterina , Ivanov Andrey , Björklund Anita
Published: July 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine how women living in St Petersburg, Russia, who have had a mild stroke, describe their performance in activities of daily living (ADL) and to elicit possible causes of their occupational dysfunction. Thirty‐six women who had experienced a mild stroke and been referred to a rehabilitation centre participated in the study. Data collection was conducted through interviews, including the ‘ADL Staircase’ and a modified ‘Frenchay Activities Index for Stroke Patients’. Additional data were collected through field notes and information from team members and relatives. The results showed that women who have had a mild stroke and ADL limitations experience occupational dysfunction in ADL that is most often caused by a combination of overprotection from relatives, the women's own feelings of anxiety and insecurity, and an overemphasizing of their disability. The results are limited, based on the small sample and restricted geographic area. There is a need to further investigate how individuals who have had a mild stroke can be physically and socially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the community in countries with developing economies such as Russia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexplained elevated maternal serum β‐HCG concentration and adverse pregnancy outcome
Authors: Ganapathy Ramesh , Lamont Ronald F. , Bassett Paul
Published: July 2007

Objective

To investigate the association between unexplained elevated maternal serum β‐Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in the second trimester of pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome.

Methods

In a case‐controlled study of 3463 women who opted for second‐trimester serum screening for Down syndrome, 142 were found to have a serum β‐HCG of ≥3.5 multiples of the median (MoM), 56 of whom had a serum β‐HCG of ≥5.0 MoM. These women were compared with a control group of women with serum β‐HCG within the 95% confidence interval around the median.

Results

In the elevated β‐HCG group (≥5 MoM) significantly more babies required admission to the special care baby unit (p = 0.02) and were small for gestational age (SGA) (p = 0.03). The mean birth weight was also significantly lower in the group with elevated β‐HCG. Women with a serum β‐HCG of ≥5, ≥6, ≥7 or ≥8 MoM were associated with SGA babies in 40, 44, 64 and 86% respectively. All babies born to the six women with β‐HCG of 8.75–24.1 MoM were SGA.

Conclusion

Increased surveillance is necessary in pregnancies where the maternal serum β‐HCG in the second trimester is inexplicably elevated to ≥5 MoM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of lung proteome profiles in two rodent models of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Laudi Sven , Steudel Wolfgang , Jonscher Karen , Schöning Wenzel , Schniedewind Björn , Kaisers Udo , Christians Uwe , Trump Saskia
Published: July 2007

We studied the lung proteome changes in two widely used models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): monocrotaline (MCT) injection and chronic hypoxia (CH); untreated rats were used as controls (n = 6/group). After 28 days, invasive right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured. Lungs were immunostained for α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA). 2‐DE (n = 4/group) followed by nano‐LC‐MS/MS was applied for protein identification. Western blotting was used additionally if possible. RVSP was significantly increased in MCT‐ and CH‐rats (MCT 62.5 ± 4.4 mmHg, CH 62.2 ± 4.1 mmHg, control 25.0 ± 1.7 mmHg, p<0.001). This was associated with an increase of αSMA positive vessels. In both groups, there was a significantly increased expression of proteins associated with the contractile apparatus (diphosphoHsp27 (p<0.001), Septin2 (p<0.001), F‐actin capping protein (p<0.01), and tropomyosin β (p<0.02)). In CH, proteins of the nitric oxide (Hsc70; p = 0.002), carbon monoxide (biliverdin reductase; p = 0.005), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway (annexin 3; p<0.001) were significantly increased. In MCT, proteins involved in serotonin synthesis (14‐3‐3; p = 0.02), the enhanced unfolded protein response (ERp57; p = 0.02), and intracellular chloride channels (CLIC 1; p = 0.002) were significantly elevated. Therefore, MCT‐ and CH‐induced vasoconstriction and remodeling seemed to be mediated via different signaling pathways. These differences should be considered in future studies using either PAH model.
Purification of the Prep1 interactome identifies novel pathways regulated by Prep1
Authors: Díaz Víctor M. , Bachi Angela , Blasi Francesco
Published: July 2007

Prep1 homeodomain transcription factor interacts with Pbx proteins to regulate oculogenesis, angiogenesis, and hematopoiesis in mice. To isolate new Prep1 interactors competing or copurifying with Pbx, we identified proteins copurified with Prep1‐TAP by tandem affinity purification (TAP). Prep1–TAP was fully functional and allowed the isolation of a Prep1 proteome from cytoplasm and nucleus, but most interactors were nuclear. The Prep1–TAP complex included Pbx1b, Pbx2, and other nonhomeodomain proteins: p160 Myb‐binding protein (p160), β‐actin, NMMHCIIA.
Isolation of signal transduction complexes using biotin and crosslinking methodologies
Authors: Freed Julie K. , Smith Julia R. , Li Peigang , Greene Andrew S.
Published: July 2007

We have developed a strategy to preferentially label the N‐terminal α‐amino groups of intact proteins allowing the internal ϵ‐amino groups to remain free to react with chemical crosslinking reagents. The convergence of these methodologies allows biotinylated ligands to bind to their receptors within the cell membrane followed by removal of the crosslinked complex from cell lysate. This technique allows for the isolation of protein complexes in an MS‐compatible system, thus providing a tool for furthering our understanding of signal transduction.
A prospective study on educational level and adaptation to cancer, within one year after the diagnosis, in an older population
Authors: Barbareschi Giorgio , Sanderman Robbert , Tuinstra Jolanda , van Sonderen Eric , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: July 2007

Socio‐economic status (SES) has often been associated with health disparities and mortality in cancer patients, yet systematic research into the role of SES in the course of the disease is lacking. This prospective study intends to examine the role of SES (i.e. educational level in this study) in psychological and physical adaptation to cancer. Ninety‐nine cancer patients were followed from a community‐based survey. Pre‐ and post‐morbid data on patients' quality of life (QoL) were available. Adaptation was defined by looking at the level and pattern of scores on QoL scales from pre‐ to post‐disease assessments. Results show some non‐significant trends that more high‐educated patients managed to adapt completely to cancer in relation to role and physical functioning when compared with low‐educated participants. Furthermore, the greater part of high‐educated patients who completely adapted in physical functioning achieved this result more rapidly without an initial deterioration. Unexpectedly, these differences were not significant when tested in a regression model. Hence, although there are some indications for differences in adaptation to role and physical functioning between educational groups, we did not find any evidence that proved such a relation. For the group as a whole, it is very interesting to see that based on our operationalization of adaptation, only a small percentage of patients deteriorated from pre‐ to post‐disease assessments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach to local similarity of protein binding sites substantially improves computational drug design results
Authors: Ramensky Vasily , Sobol Alexandr , Zaitseva Natalia , Rubinov Anatoly , Zosimov Victor
Published: July 2007

We present a novel notion of binding site local similarity based on the analysis of complete protein environments of ligand fragments. Comparison of a query protein binding site (target) against the 3D structure of another protein (analog) in complex with a ligand enables ligand fragments from the analog complex to be transferred to positions in the target site, so that the complete protein environments of the fragment and its image are similar. The revealed environments are similarity regions and the fragments transferred to the target site are considered as binding patterns. The set of such binding patterns derived from a database of analog complexes forms a cloud‐like structure (fragment cloud), which is a powerful tool for computational drug design. It has been shown on independent test sets that the combined use of a traditional energy‐based score together with the cloud‐based score responsible for the quality of embedding of a ligand into the fragment cloud improves the self‐docking and screening results dramatically. The usage of a fragment cloud as a source of positioned molecular fragments fitting the binding protein environment has been validated by reproduction of experimental ligand optimization results. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffuse Reflectance Spectrum of Cuprous Oxide
Authors: Tandon S. P. , Gupta J. P.
Published: July 2007

The diffuse reflectance spectrum of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) for both pure and diluted samples has been studied in the region 200 to 1000 nm. Four bands having energies 2.67, 3.85, 4.64, and 5.00 eV have been observed. The results are discussed in the light of the band structure of Cu2O. The forbidden energy gap has been estimated to be 2.02 eV.
Isomeric Shifts in Some Tellurium (IV) Isoelectronic Complexes
Authors: Gukasyan S. E. , Iofa B. Z. , Karasev A. N. , Semenov S. I. , Shpinel V. S.
Published: July 2007

The Mössbauer effect of the 35.5 keV transition in Te125 has been studied in Me[TeIVHal6] type compounds. The dependence of the isomeric shift on ligand electronegativity has been found to disagree with the behaviour expected from the positive sign of ΔR/R established for Te125. Such disagreement can be explained by the presence of an unshared pair of electrons on the valence shell of the four‐valent tellurium in the compounds studied.
Mössbauer Effect in the FeS1+x System
Authors: Goncharov G. N. , Ostanevich Yu. M. , Tomilov S. B. , Cser L.
Published: July 2007

A study was made of the composition dependence of the Mössbauer effect in the FeS1+x system in the range 0 ≪ x ≪ 0.135 at room temperature. The observed changes of the Mössbauer parameters are attributed to phase transitions and related to the variation of the concentration of iron vacancies with composition. The measured value of the quadrupole splitting is in good agreement with the prediction from the point charge model. The presence of Fe3+ could not be inferred from any observation in the studied range of concentration. The observed influence of iron vacancies indicates a strong superexchange which can be held responsible for the ferromagnetic bond of iron spins in the C‐plane. A short range order of vacancies is suggested for the explanation of the observed composition dependence of the phase transitions.
On the Mechanism of the Reduction of the Specular Boundary Scattering of Phonons
Authors: Bausch W. , Waidelich W.
Published: July 2007

The Boltzmann equation is solved for the case of the thin film and the cylindrical rod with a surface layer of different relaxation time. It can be shown that the reduction of specular boundary scattering observed after sandblasting is mainly due to the numerous dislocations introduced by this procedure.
ESR Spectra of Se− in Silver Chloride Crystals Doped with Selenium and Cadmium
Authors: Schwarz D.
Published: July 2007

An impurity ion centre identified as Se− has been produced by irradiation with blue light at − 100°C in AgCl:Se, Cd. The p‐function containing the unpaired electron points along [100] crystal direction and the centre has orthorhombic symmetry (point group C2v). A hyperfine interaction of the unpaired electron with one 77Se nucleus is observed. Apart from this an additional splitting of the lines indicates a strong superhyperfine interaction with two silver ions. A qualitative understanding of this structure can be obtained as follows: The ground state pz (z parallel [100]) forms σ‐bonds with two Ag+ ions on the z‐axis of the centre.
EPR Investigations on CaWO4:Pb Single Crystals
Authors: Born G. , Hofstaetter A. , Scharmann A.
Published: July 2007

Electron paramagnetic resonance has been observed at single crystals of calcium tungstate doped with lead. After exposure to X‐ray irradiation at the temperature of liquid air paramagnetic centres appear. One group of lines originates from the Vk‐centre in the tungstates. The resonance of Pb3+ ions at Ca2+ sites is reported. This spectrum is characterized by a pronounced hyperfine interaction of the unpaired 6s electron of the Pb3+ ion with the nuclear magnetic moment of the Pb207 isotope. Superhyperfine interaction with four surrounding tungsten nuclei is observed indicating covalent bonding effects with the tungstate groups as ligands and a treatment of the complex in terms of molecular orbitals is proposed. The thermal annealing of the centres detected by EPR is correlated with the thermoluminescence glow curve.
On the Schrödinger Equation in the Extended Crystal Momentum Representation
Authors: Iadonisi G. , Preziosi B.
Published: July 2007

An extended crystal momentum representation is proposed and an alternative form of the Schrödinger equation in the crystal momentum representation (CMR) is given, which can be useful for strong impurity potentials. Moreover, properties of the operators and wave functions, which characterize such a representation, are discussed.
F19 Spin‐Lattice Relaxation in Solid K3ZrF7
Authors: Sharp A. R. , Lahajnar G. , Pintar M. M.
Published: July 2007

The model of Hampson and Pauling for the structure of the [ZrF7]3− ion is considered in the light of a transient nuclear magnetic resonance study of K3ZrF7.
The Elastic Anisotropy of CuZn as Determined by an Electron Microscope Study of Unstable Dislocations
Authors: Morton A. J. , Head A. K.
Published: July 2007

The elastic anisotropy of equiatomic β′‐CuZn has been determined by an electron microscope study of regions of directional instability of glide dislocations. Contrary to the previous measurements of McManus, it is concluded that the elastic anisotropy of β′‐CuZn is not significantly different from that of β′‐Cu‐48 at% Zn.
Electrical Resistivity of Dilute Chromium‐Rich Chromium‐Iron Alloys below 30 °K
Authors: Arajs S.
Published: July 2007

Electrical resistivity ϱ of chromium‐iron alloys containing 0.04, 0.08, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, and 3.3 at% iron has been measured as a function of temperature T below 30 °K. There are no anomalies in the ϱ vs. T curves for pure chromium and the alloys with 0.04 and 0.08 at% iron. The sample of 0.9 at% iron exhibits a small resistivity minimum at 10 °K. Higher iron contents cause a disappearance of this minimum. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity for 1.3, 1.8, and 3.3 at% iron solid solutions is anomalous. The transverse electrical magnetoresistivity of alloys containing 0.9, 2.3, and 3.3 at% iron has been studied at 4.2 °K in magnetic fields up to 12 kOe. The change in the magnetic component of the total magnetoresistivity has been found to be negative for all these samples. The above results have been interpreted as resulting from the localized magnetic moments on the iron atoms which couple weakly with the antiferromagnetic lattice of chromium.
Distribution of M‐Centres after Annealing in Plastically Deformed LiF Crystals
Authors: Serughetti J. , Saucier H.
Published: July 2007

The persistence of M‐centres in glide bands after annealing is explained with the aid of edge dislocations dipoles. On one hand these would cause the segregation of M‐centres, and on the other hand the segregation of the complementary interstitials, migrating in the opposite direction under the action of residual stresses. This slows down the recombination of these defects and consequently the thermal bleaching.
Thermally Stimulated Conductivity of Irradiated KBr
Authors: Taylor A.
Published: July 2007

The thermally stimulated conductivity of KBr crystals irradiated at 10 °K with monoenergetic neutrons and γ‐rays was studied over the temperature range 10 to 300 °K. The peak spectrum below 70 °K was associated with the annihilation of lattice defects created by the irradiation, while the higher temperature peaks were interpreted as due to the depopulation of impurity traps. The annealing kinetics of the low‐temperature peak were consistent with defect annihilation processes controlled by the migration of the Br− interstitials. Neutron bombardment enhanced significantly the low‐temperature peaks above the level established by background γ‐rays.
Calculation of the Magnetoconductivity in n‐Si in High Electric Fields
Authors: Asche M. , Sarbei O. G.
Published: July 2007

The magnetoconductivity of hot carriers in n‐Si for 77 °K is examined theoretically. Ellipsoidal constant energy surfaces and redistribution of electrons between the valleys are taken into account. The calculations are performed for the case of weak magnetic fields in the <110> direction, when the electric field is applied along <001>. The numerical results exhibit the characteristic features observed experimentally, i.e. a region of negative magnetoresistivity for intermediate electric field strengths.
Preparation and Optical Properties of Evaporated β‐HgS Films
Authors: Siemsen K. J. , Riccius H. D.
Published: July 2007

A modified vacuum deposition technique has been developed for producing thin films of HgS with cubic structure. Transmission and reflection measurements near the fundamental absorption edge have been carried out at various temperatures. The room temperature energy gap is determined to be 0.54 eV. The temperature shift of the optical absorption edge in β‐HgS is +7.7 × 10−4 eV/°K. With increasing carrier concentration, the absorption edge exhibits a shift to higher energies. The electron effective mass has been determined from reflectivity measurements. Its dependence on carrier concentration indicates nonparabolic behaviour of the conduction band. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and mobility between 4.2 and 300 °K has been measured. These studies reveal semimetallic behaviour of β‐HgS.
Hole Conduction in Non‐Stoichiometric Silver Chloride
Authors: Müller P. , Spenke S. , Teltow J.
Published: July 2007

To remedy the lack of experimental data for holes in AgCl crystals, new measurements of the conductivity increase of zone‐refined AgCl crystals in Cl2 atmospheres were undertaken in the range 50 to 300 °C. The hole mobility was derived from a kinetic study of the conductivity change after admission/removal of the chlorine gas, taking into account the diffusion potential. Values for the enthalpy of hole formation in AgCl under different conditions of lattice disorder are given.
On the Quantum Theory of the Ferroelectric State in Electric Dipole Systems
Authors: Saburova R. V.
Published: July 2007

A theoretical investigation of the possibility of the existence of “spin” waves in a system of OH− dipoles in the KCl lattice is presented. The system is shown to exist in the ferro‐electric state at very low temperatures. The expressions for the electric polarization and the heat capacity of the electric dipole system are obtained. A short theory of ferroelectric resonance is given.
Strong‐Coupled Optical and Piezoelectric Polarons in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Porsch M.
Published: July 2007

Polaron ground‐state energies and longitudinal effective masses in magnetic fields of arbitrary strength are investigated in the strong‐coupling limit. Approximate formulas are given in the weak‐ and strong‐field cases.
On the Conductivity Mechanism of β‐Rhombohedral Boron
Authors: Werheit H. , Leis H. G.
Published: July 2007

Electron and hole trapping levels of high density of states determine essentially the conductivity mechanism of β‐rhombohedral boron. The ionization energy of trapped electrons is much greater than that of trapped holes; so, up to high temperatures, the electrons do not appreciably contribute to the charge transport. From electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power at higher temperatures one obtains the activation energy of the hole mobility (0.19 eV). At low temperatures hopping within the hole trapping level seems to be the prevailing conductivity mechanism.
Low Temperature Specific Heat Measurements of Semi‐Borides of the First Series of Transition Elements
Authors: Kuentzler R.
Published: July 2007

The low temperature specific heat of nineteen borides T2B of transition elements was measured between 1.2 and 4.2 °K. The variation of the electronic specific heat coefficient γ as a function of the e/a ratio of the transition metal gives the shape of the 3d‐band of T2B. The band shape shows a minimum for the transition from weak to strong ferromagnetism. For the concentrations where the ferromagnetism appears and disappears, the γ values are strongly enhanced and do not express the real density of states at the Fermi level. The end of the T2B band compared with that of transition metals is shifted to lower e/a values as a result of a transfer of electrons to the 3d‐band due to the presence of boron atoms.
Resistivity Changes in Quenched Cd
Authors: Sprušil B. , Vostrý P. , Pamêtnická I.
Published: July 2007

Cd wires of purity 99.998 at% were quenched from TQ = 503 and 543 °K to 78 °K. Resistivity changes upon an isochronal and isothermal annealing were studied in the temperature range 78 to 430 °K. In the specimens investigated four recovery intervals were observed and in three of them recovery kinetics and activation energies were determined. The possible role of vacancies is discussed.
Exciton Absorption in Compensated Germanium
Authors: Safarov V. I. , Shlimak I. S. , Titkov A. N.
Published: July 2007

The fine structure of the indirect absorption edge in highly compensated germanium has been investigated by the wavelength derivative technique. This technique offers significant advantages, the exciton knees in the indirect absorption being transformed into sharp peaks. With increasing impurity concentration in compensated samples the excitonic structure disappears. This phenomenon has been shown to be due to ionization of excitons in electric fields of randomly distributed impurity ions. The critical concentration found experimentally is 2 × 1017 cm−3, which agrees well with theoretical estimates.
Ionic Charge and Lattice Dynamics of Cubic Zinc Sulphide
Authors: Kunc K. , Balkanski M. , Nusimovici M.
Published: July 2007

The lattice dynamics of cubic zinc sulphide is established with special attention paid to the value of static ionic charge. A simple ten parameters model of deformable ions is used which treats the short‐range interactions in terms of the valence force field and which considers the mechanical and electrical polarizabilities of the atoms in a simple manner. The recent inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the phonon dispersion curves being taken into account, the static ionic charge was found to be within the limits qZn ϵ (+0.25; +0.5) ∣e∣ and the value qZn = +0.335 ∣e∣ is considered as the most convenient one for the lattice dynamical calculations. Phonon dispersion curves and the density of states are calculated, the influence of various simplifications of the model is discussed.
The Fine Structure of Weak Kinematical Diffraction Beams. Observations on Coherent Domain Boundaries
Authors: de Ridder R. , van Landuyt J. , Gevers R. , Amelinckx S.
Published: July 2007

The fine structure of a weak kinematical diffraction beam, arising from the presence of a coherent domain boundary in the selected area for transmission electron diffraction, is analysed by comparing the positions and intensities of the observed satellites with the theoretical predictions deduced in a previous paper. Because of the large variations in relative intensity only a limited number of the seven predicted satellites could be revealed. In order to observe and identify a larger number of satellites, diffraction patterns are made of an area containing a number of parallel boundaries. The observed satellite configuration is analysed in detail; the positions and intensities are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Localized and Self‐Trapped Excitons in CsI
Authors: Lamatsch H. , Bossel J. , Saurer E.
Published: July 2007

Additionally to the well‐known 3380 Å band in the excitonic transitions of CsI at LHeT a new emission band at 2900 Å is reported and its behaviour is studied as a function of temperature. Experimental evidence is given which establishes the connection of the 2275 Å absorption band with localized exciton transitions. Measurements using ionizing β‐irradiation especially the temperature dependence of the β‐excited emission give further support to this model.
A Contribution to the Interpretation of Optical Properties of Amorphous Selenium
Authors: Kramer B.
Published: July 2007

The imaginary part of the dielectric constant is evaluated for an assembly of atoms without long range order. The complex band structure of amorphous selenium is calculated and the optical properties arising from it are discussed.
A Formal Theory of Electron Diffraction by a Crystal Slab
Authors: Kerre E. , Phariseau P.
Published: July 2007

A formal theory of electron diffraction by a crystal slab is developed using a Green's function formalism. The inner potential due to the occurrence of potential barriers at the crystal surfaces is also taken into account. Explicit expressions for the reflection and transmission amplitudes are obtained and a detailed comparison with Kambe's treatment of the problem is given.
Total Coherent Cross Sections for the Scattering of Neutrons from Crystals
Authors: Binder K.
Published: July 2007

A calculation of the cross sections for polycristalline bismuth and aluminium is presented. Various methods are applied to calculate the incoherent part and the interference part of the cross section. A description of the scattering is obtained which is valid for the whole range of neutron energies. Previous treatments are critically discussed.
On the Dynamical Theory of X‐Ray Images of Real Crystals
Authors: Chukhovskii F. N. , Shtolberg A. A.
Published: July 2007

A dynamical theory of the X‐ray image of a crystal with a given distortion field is developed. A method for constructing the asymptotic solution of the wave field equations in the crystal is proposed. As an example of applying an analytic expression is obtained for both the transmitted and Bragg reflected waves in a slightly distorted crystal with a characteristic length of the deformation field change of the order of the crystal thickness. The numerical calculation of the X‐ray contrast of the edge dislocation normal to the sample surface has been carried out, taking into account the radiation absorption in the crystal. It is shown that in this case the analytic and numerical results for the X‐ray image problem solution are in accordance with the experimentally observed intensity distribution of the diffracted wave. The possibility of determining the sign of the Burgers vector of an edge dislocation normal to the sample surface from the X‐ray dynamical scattering data is discussed.
On the Influence of Relativistic Contributions to Spin‐Wave Spectrum on the Thermodynamics of Ferromagnets
Authors: Mitsek A. I. , Noskov A. S. , Kolmakova N. P.
Published: July 2007

The influence of magnetostatic contribution and magnetic anisotropy on the thermodynamics of ferromagnets at low T is discussed. Two example are considered: Eu3O4 — a one‐dimensional ferromagnet with large anisotropy constant K1, and EuO with a large spontaneous magnetization. It is shown that these relativistic contributions to spin‐wave spectrum are essential in the range T < TA(TM), where TA(TM) is proportional to K1(2 π M). The question of applicability of restricted statistics to spin waves with an arbitrary k is discussed on the basis of the symmetry of wave functions of the spin‐wave states.
The influence of correlations on the energy of defect crystals
Authors: Siems R.
Published: July 2007

In a crystal containing a distribution of point defects the locations of the defects are correlated. A simple and important correlation is one which prevents two defects from occupying the same position. Such correlations influence the average interaction energy of one defect with all others. The respective contributions to the energy are calculated for isotropic and cubic materials, and the results are applied to the problem of ferroelasticity.
Excitonic effect in the piezoreflectance of GaSb
Authors: Camassel J. , Auvergne D. , Mathieu H. , Pistoulet B.
Published: July 2007

In the case of gap modulated semiconductor, a theoretical treatment is given for the differential reflection coefficient relative to transitions with an excitonic character. The influence of the various parameters is shown by means of a serie of calculated theoretical curves. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is obtained with samples of undoped p‐type GaSb and degenerate n‐type GaSb. In the first case a pronounced excitonic effect is observed and the excitonic relaxation time is determined for temperatures between 300 and 80 ° K. In the second case, the high density of free carriers screens the interaction potential between electrons and holes and piezoreflectance curves without excitons are obtained.
Neutron measurements on the hydrogen bond potential in paraelectric KDP
Authors: Grimm H. , Stiller H. , Plesser Th.
Published: July 2007

Diffraction effects observed in elastic incoherent scattering of thermal neutrons from a single crystal of KDP are compared to two models for the proton ground states in the paraelectric phase. The comparison, taken together with the results of recent infrared absorption measurements, indicates that the protons fluctuate between two equilibrium sites at the hydrogen bonds. The distance of these two sites, the mean square proton amplitude, the overlap integral, and an approximate value for the energy difference of the symmetric and the antimetric ground states are determined.
Crystal structure and magnetic properties of cerium‐iron compounds
Authors: Buschow K. H. J. , van Wieringen J. S.
Published: July 2007

The crystal structure, the magnetic properties, and the phase relations of cerium‐iron compounds have been investigated. A phase diagram is presented. Lattice constants are given for CeFe2, α‐Ce2Fe17, and β‐Ce2Fe17. The compound CeFe2 is ferromagnetic with Tc = 230° K. Investigations by means of the Mössbauer effect and bulk magnetization indicate an antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic transition near 70° K and an antiferromagnetic‐paramagnetic transition close to 270° K for the compound β‐Ce2Fe17. The ordering temperatures and saturation moments for the CeFe compounds are compared with magnetic data presented for the isostructural YFe compounds.
Déformation plastique du tellure monocristallin. I. Faits expérimentaux
Authors: di Persio J. , Doukhan J. C. , Saada G.
Published: July 2007

Nous avons fait une étude expérimentale systématique de la déformation de monocristaux de tellure entre 78 et 293° K. Nous indiquons comment surmonter les problèmes expérimentaux (taille, polissage, orientation des échantillons, obtention de lames minces pour l'observation en microscopie électronique) et nous montrons que: 1. Le tellure obéit à la loi de Schmid et Boas et possède quatre systèmes de glissement indépendants. 2. Sa limite élastique varie très rapidement avec la température et de manière différente selon les systèmes de glissement utilisés. 3. Ce fait est en accord avec la propriété qu'ont les dislocations de s'aligner parallèlement à l'axe c.
La réflectivité du chrome antiferromagnétique
Authors: Caillé A. , Wallace P. R.
Published: July 2007

Les deux minima locaux de la courbe de réflectivité du chrome dans sa phase antiferromagnétique apparaissent à cause: 1. d'une diminution du coefficient de réflectivité, dans le domaine de fréquence oú on a une contribution importante à la conductivité provenant des électrons et trous liés; 2. d'un changement de signe de la partie réelle de la constante diélectrique du systéme provenant de l'action conjuguée des porteurs libres et des paires électron–trou.
Excitonic thermoreflectance of CdS
Authors: Iliev M. , Assenov I.
Published: July 2007

Thermoreflectance spectra of high‐resistive CdS single crystals were measured in the region 108 to 320° K. The main features of the spectra can be explained on the basis of simple models derived from existing theories. The genesis of the spectra shows that the excitonic transitions determine the thermoreflectance structure even at room temperature.
Isotope effects in defect‐induced infrared absorption
Authors: Benedek Giorgio
Published: July 2007

An investigation is made of the splitting of the defect‐induced infrared absorption peaks produced by the isotope mixture of defect ions (defect isotope effect) or nearest‐neighbour ions (nn isotope effect). The defect isotope effects in the systems KI:Cl−, KI:Br−, KBr:Li+, and KCl:Li+ are calculated within the harmonic approximation by means of a defect model in which the elastic relaxation is taken into account. Concerning the nn isotope effect, the F‐centre is found to be a suitable system for the detection of relatively large nn isotope effects.
The diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium, niobium, and tantalum by gorsky‐effect measurements
Authors: Schaumann G. , Völki J. , Alefeld G.
Published: July 2007

Gorsky‐effect measurements on vanadium‐, niobium‐, and tantalum‐samples loaded with different concentrations (0.2 to 4.3 at%) of hydrogen or deuterium are reported. From the relaxation strength the trace of the dipole‐moment tensor of hydrogen and deuterium was determined and found to be consistent with the lattice parameter changes. From the relaxation time of the Gorsky effect the diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium, niobium, and tantalum were determined in the temperature range from 600 to about 270° K (in the case of hydrogen in niobium down to 120° K). The diffusion coefficients are very large and show only a weak exponential temperature dependence, which moreover decreases for hydrogen in niobium below 300° K. In contrast to classical rate theory the activation energies are isotope dependent whereas the pre‐exponential factors are isotope independent within the experimental errors.
Untersuchung der Kreuzrelaxation von Cr3+‐Ionen in Al2O3
Authors: Cremer R.
Published: July 2007

Die Kreuzrelaxationen von Cr3+‐Ionen in Al2O3 wurde mit der Dispersions–Absorptionsmethode in Magnetfeldern bis zu H = 3 kOe untersucht. Die Messungen erfolgten im Frequenzbereich zwischen 10 Hz und 5 kHz bei einer Temperatur von 1,24 °K, bei der in diesem Frequenzbereich keine Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxationsprozesse mehr beobachtet werden. Für Konzentrationen zwischen 0,025 und 0,2% Cr3+ in Al2O3 wurden die Relaxationsraten einer Reihe von Kreuzrelaxationsprozessen als Funktion des Magnetfeldes und des Winkels zwischen Magnetfeld und Kristallachse bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse werden anhand einer von Sauermann und Schwegler entwickelten Theorie diskutiert.
ESR study of covalent bonds in some copper (II) complexes
Authors: Buluggiu E. , Dascola G. , Giori D. C. , Varacca V. , Vera A.
Published: July 2007

By means of ESR and spectrophotometric measurements the bond parameters of the magnetic orbitals in the copper (II) compounds:magnified image are evaluated. The covalency character of the copper–ligand bonds results remarkable and almost the same in all the compounds examined. This confirms the poor influence of the out‐of‐plane ligands on the magnetic parameters of the complex ion.
The separation of coherent and incoherent cross‐sections in inelastic neutron scattering using polarized nuclear targets
Authors: Jauho P. , Pirilä P.
Published: July 2007

The coherent and incoherent neutron scattering cross‐sections have different dependences on the polarization of neutrons and target. This fact can be used to separate the coherent and incoherent part of the inelastic cross‐section and to enhance the otherwise very weak coherent scattering in the cases of H1 and V51. Some details of this method are studied and the results are applied to the case of ZrH2. It seems evident that the dispersion curves of phonons in ZrH2 can be measured by this method.
Binding energy and related properties of silicon
Authors: Weaire D.
Published: July 2007

Pseudopotential theory has in the past been applied with considerable success to the calculation of the binding energy and related properties such as equilibrium atomic volume for non‐transition metals, particularly Na, Mg, Al. Its application to Si is considered here. Results for the f.c.c. structure, as well as the observed semiconducting phase with diamond structure and the metallic (white Sn) phase found under pressure, are presented and discussed. In the case of the semiconducting phase, the theory must be modified to include “covalent” contributions to the binding energy, and this is done in a crude way using Van Vechten's result for the total energy of occupied states in the isotropic semiconductor (“Penn”) model.
Hyperfine interaction of F‐centres in alkali‐halide crystals
Authors: Wood R. F.
Published: July 2007

The Fermi contact term of the hyperfine interaction is calculated for the first eight shells of ions surrounding the F‐centre in KCl. The smooth part of the F‐centre wave function is taken from earlier work of Wood and Öpik and contains a g‐like component which, though small, appears to be necessary for understanding the details of the interaction. A symmetrical orthogonalization procedure is used to construct orthogonal “core” orbitals from free‐ion Hartree‐Fock functions. The importance of this step is demonstrated. The overall agreement with the experimental results is good, and therefore it is concluded that these results can be explained by detailed calculations with appropriate vacancy‐centred wave functions.
N14 nuclear quadrupole resonance in ferroelectric NaNO2
Authors: Kadaba P. K. , O'Reilly D. E. , Blinc R.
Published: July 2007

The N14 NQR frequency and linewidth have been measured in ferroelectric NaNO2 as a function of temperature. It is shown that the results can be explained by an order‐disorder model where the NO2 ions are flipping between two equilibrium sites.
Transport Phenomena in Nonparabolic Semiconductors at High Electric Fields
Authors: Dubey P. K. , Chakravarti A. K.
Published: July 2007

Galvano‐ and thermo‐magnetic transport coefficients have been calculated for an n‐type nondegenerate sample of indium antimonide at high electric fields at temperatures 300 °K and above. The isotropic and anisotropic parts of the distribution function have been obtained from the Boltzmann transport equation in a relaxation time model, using the appropriate high‐field collision term for a nondegenerate sample given by Matz [1]. Electron scattering by polar optical phonons and ionized impurities have been chosen as the responsible mechanisms for the energy and momentum losses. The nonparabolicity of the conduction band has been accounted for by Kane's model. It is seen from a numerical evaluation of the results that the electrical conductivity exhibits a typical behaviour of reversal with the magnetic field below 300 °K and above fields ≈ 200 V/cm. The results have been compared with earlier theoretical and available experimental results at 77 °K, and important features of the comparison have been discussed in the last section.
On the Theory of Photoconductivity and Photoelectromagnetic Effect at High Concentrations of Non‐Equilibrium Charge Carriers
Authors: Aronov D. A. , Zaitova V. , Kotov E. P.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the theory of photoconductivity (PC) and photoelectromagnetic (PEM) effect is developed for arbitrary injection levels taking into account the trapping of non‐equilibrium carriers. On the basis of the calculations performed, the conclusion is drawn that it is possible to determine the lifetimes and capture cross‐sections of electrons and holes as well as the concentration of traps from measurements of PC and PEM effects at low and high illumination levels.
Iron Whiskers under the Effect of Time‐Dependent Fields
Authors: Trueba A.
Published: July 2007

Magnetization reversal has been studied in iron whiskers under the influence of time‐dependent magnetic fields. Switching sometimes occurs by propagation of a single Bloch wall. If the applied field is H = λ t, where λ, is a constant, it is possible to investigate various magnetic magnitudes as a function of λ. If λ < 1011 A m−1 s−1, and because of the low value of the wall mass, the results are very simple and all the magnetic magnitudes are strongly dependent on λ. Specifically, the switching time is ts = Kp λ−1/2, where Kp is a constant which depends upon the viscous damping parameter, whisker's size, and other magnitudes; the coercive “dynamic” field is given by Hc = Hp + (Kp/), λ1/2, where Hp is the propagation field. These relations have been tested on several {100} oriented whiskers and values of Kp have been computed by measuring Hc and ts vs. λ. The results are consistent for λ < 107 A m−1 s−1 and agree very well with theory. It is possible to deduce the wall mobility (C) from Kp taking into account that K = 2 l/C (l is the length of the whisker). All this enables us to understand the deformations of hysteresis loops when the frequency or other parameters of the applied field are changed.
EPR Investigation of the Internal Electric Field in Copper‐Doped Rochelle Salt
Authors: Völkel G. , Windsch W.
Published: July 2007

The EPR spectra of copper doped ferroelectric Rochelle salt and their change due to the ferroelectric polarization are studied. The spectra are described by a model using ligand field theory. The influence of the ferroelectric polarization on the EPR spectra can be explained by the formalism of the linear electric field effect. The measured g‐factor shifts at a polarization P = ±9 × 10−8 C cm−2 give a tilting of the copper complex around the y‐ and z‐complex axes by λ = ± 0.15° and ψ = ±0.23° respectively. One can conclude that the local electric field acting on the copper complex results from a superposition of effects of more than one unit cell.