bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preference Transaction Avoidance in Ghana: Has the Liquidator's burden changed?
Authors: Adarkwah Samuel
Published: March 2019

Financially distressed companies sometimes conceive plans to pay off certain creditors before petitioning the Court for winding up. This last‐minute payment referred to as a preference transaction puts the preferred creditor in a better position than the rest of the company's creditors because the distressed company may not have enough assets to satisfy everyone. Insolvency law frowns on such last‐minute transactions and provides the Liquidator with the power to avoid these transactions, to restore the asset to the company and distribute it to all the creditors. Preference avoidance forms an integral part of the corporate insolvency law in Ghana. These principles founded upon the common law of England are now provided for under the Bodies Corporate (Official) Liquidation Act 1963 (Act 180) of Ghana. This essay discusses preference avoidance under Ghanaian law. It also examines a recent judicial application of the law and finally suggest avenues for reform.
Further investigation of increasing vocalizations of children with autism with a speech‐generating device
Authors: Bishop Shawn K. , Moore James W. , Dart Evan H. , Radley Keith , Brewer Robyn , Barker Laura‐Katherine , Quintero Laura , Litten Sarah , Gilfeather Angelina , Newborne BreAnna , Toche Crystal
Published: March 2019

We replicated and extended the findings of Gervarter et al. (2016) by using prompting and reinforcement to produce increased vocal speech with 3 young children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who used a speech generating device (SGD). We extended Gervarter et al. by adopting a more robust experimental design, conducting session‐by‐session preference assessments, and measuring the emergence of novel vocalizations. The frequency of vocalizations increased for all 3 participants after the introduction of an echoic prompt. These results suggest that SGD‐based interventions may lead to increased vocal output for children with ASD.
Inter‐arterial saphenofemoral junction: A rare anatomical variation
Authors: Idilman Ilkay S.
Published: March 2019

Several anatomical variations involving the great saphenous vein have been described in the literature. Some of them concern the saphenofemoral junction, including duplication, ectasia, and different numbers of tributaries. In this case series, a rare, distinct variation, the inter‐arterial saphenofemoral junction was reported.
Treatment outcomes, 30‐day readmission and healthcare resource utilization after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic malignancies
Authors: Peluso Heather , Jones Wesley B. , Parikh Alexander A. , Abougergi Marwan S.
Published: March 2019

Background

We sought to determine treatment outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head and uncinate process malignancy and its impact on mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Discharges were included if they had an ICD‐9 CM procedure code for pancreatoduodenectomy and any code for malignancy of the pancreas head and uncinate process. Independent predictors of readmission were identified using multivariable Cox regression analysis.

Results

A total of 4,445 patients were included. The surgical complication rate was 17.3%, and in‐hospital mortality rate was 3%. The 30‐day readmission rate was 19.7% with an in‐hospital mortality rate of 3.9%. The most common reason for readmission was postoperative infection. The mean length of stay during readmission was 6.50 days, while the mean total hospitalization costs and charges were $15,589 and $52,922, respectively. The number of hospital days associated with readmission was 5,548, with an in‐hospital economic burden of $12.9 million (costs) and $43.7 million (charges). Hospital volume and discharge disposition were independent predictors of 30‐day readmission.

Conclusions

Pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic malignancies is still associated with significant morbidity, mortality and 30‐day readmission. Reducing readmission can impact mortality, quality of life, and healthcare economic burden in this setting.
An antiviral drug screening system for enterovirus 71 based on an improved plaque assay: A potential high‐throughput method
Authors: Yin Yingxian , Xu Yi , Ou Zhiying , Yang Xiangling , Liu Huanliang
Published: March 2019

Plaque assay plays an irreplaceable role in a variety of virological studies, including determining titers of viruses. Our previous study showed that a simple and highly repeatable plaque assay could be used for enterovirus 71 (EV‐A71). Now, we show that using a subclone of a clinical EV‐A71 isolate and a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD), a plaque assay based on an EV‐A71/RD model could exhibit the most rapid formation of plaques (<2 days), with much higher repeatability and consistency. Inspired by a plaque inhibitory test for testing ribavirin and interferon, as well as a plaque reduction neutralization test, this modified method has been used to establish a convenient system by using 96‐well plates for screening anti‐EV‐A71 drugs from a 130‐compound library containing multiple types of inhibitors. Nine candidate effective compounds for EV‐A71 have been screened out, and among them, nobiletin (flavonoid) was found to be a novel effective compound at the concentration of 10 μM. Our findings imply that this improved method based on an EV‐A71/RD model proved to be a potential high‐throughput method in screening novel antiviral drugs for EV‐A71. Undoubtedly, this method can also be applied to other viruses that can produce an obvious cytopathic effect.
The life cycles of two species of Myxomycetes in Physarales, Physarum rigidum and Didymium squamulosum
Authors: Zhu Xiangyang , Moodley Odeshnee , Wang Qi , Li Yu
Published: March 2019

Myxomycetes are eukaryotic microorganisms containing characteristics akin to both fungi and amoebae. They can complete their whole life cycles while being cultured on agar media, and under‐laboratory conditions, which favors taxonomic, phylogenetic, and cytological researches. Here, we describe the life cycles of two such species: Didymium squamulosum collected from the field and Physarum rigidum cultured from moist chamber both belonging to the Order Physarales. Three per cent oat‐agar media (OAM) was used to culture the plasmodia until they aggregated and were almost starved. Natural light was then applied to the plasmodia to induce fructification. Their life cycles share the same common stages, namely: spore, myxamoebae, swarm cell, plasmodia, and sporulation. In this study, we describe the morphogenesis from spore to spore of two species by differential interference contrast (DIC) and stereoscopic microscopies, as well as discuss the differences between the development of both species and interspecies. We found that the spore germination method of both species was the same. However, there were differences noted in time taken and fruiting body formation. Unlike P. rigidum, the species D. squamulosum did not require natural light stimulation. Moreover, the maturation process of both species had similar color transitions but exhibited distinct morphology in each developmental stage except during the swarm cell stage.
Trichoderma–Azotobacter biofilm inoculation improves soil nutrient availability and plant growth in wheat and cotton
Authors: Velmourougane Kulandaivelu , Prasanna Radha , Chawla Gautam , Nain Lata , Kumar Arun , Saxena Anil Kumar
Published: March 2019

Microbial biofilms are gaining importance in agriculture, due to their multifaceted agronomic benefits and resilience to environmental fluctuations. This study focuses on comparing the influence of single inoculation—Azotobacter chroococcum (Az) or Trichoderma viride (Tv) and their biofilm (Tv–Az), on soil and plant metabolic activities in wheat and cotton grown under Phytotron conditions. Tv–Az proved superior to all the other treatments in terms of better colonisation, plant growth attributes and 10–40% enhanced availability of macronutrients and micronutrients in the soil, over control. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells attached to the root tips initially, followed by their proliferation along the surface of the roots. Soil polysaccharides, proteins and dehydrogenase activity showed several fold enhancement in Tv–Az biofilm inoculated samples. Time course studies revealed that the population of Az and Tv in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere was significantly higher with a 0.14–0.31 log colony‐forming unit (CFU) increase in the biofilm‐inoculated treatment in both crops. Enhancement in soil biological activities was facilitated by the improved colonisation of the biofilm, due to the synergistic association between Tv and Az. This demonstrates the utility of Tv–Az biofilm as a multifunctional plant growth promoting and soil fertility enhancing option in agriculture.
Body Composition Using Air Displacement Plethysmography in Children With Intestinal Failure Receiving Long‐Term Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Neelis Esther , Kouwenhoven Stefanie , Olieman Joanne , Tabbers Merit , Jonkers Cora , Wells Jonathan , Fewtrell Mary , Wijnen René , Rings Edmond , de Koning Barbara , Hulst Jessie
Published: March 2019

Background

Children with intestinal failure (IF) are at risk of growth failure, but little information about body composition is available. Our aim was to assess body composition using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and relate it to clinical and growth parameters.

Methods

In this prospective descriptive observational 2‐center cohort study, children aged 2–18 years receiving home parenteral nutrition (PN) for ≥6 months underwent ADP measurement. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat‐free mass index (FFMI) standard deviation scores (SDSs) were calculated to normalize for small body size.

Results

Twenty‐one out of 22 children, median age 7.4 years, underwent successful ADP measurement after a median PN duration of 5.5 years. They were significantly lighter (median weight for age SDS −0.71, P = 0.004) and shorter (median height for age SDS −1.55, P < 0.001) than the normal population mean; 52% were growing below target height range. They had low FFMI (median SDS −1.53, P < 0.001) and high FMI (median SDS 0.80, P = 0.002). Weight for height and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with FFMI and BMI with FMI, but children with the same weight and height showed different body composition. In 13 patients with 1‐year follow‐up, growth and body composition did not change significantly.

Conclusion

Children with IF receiving long‐term PN show lower FFM and higher FM than healthy children. Additionally, children with similar routine growth parameters showed different body composition. Further studies should evaluate the effect of a patient‐tailored approach including physical activity and nutrition advice based on body composition.
Tolerability and Effects of the Use of Energy‐Enriched Infant Formula After Congenital Heart Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Scheeffer Vanessa Adriana , Ricachinevsky Claudia Pires , Freitas Alessandra Thaís , Salamon Francis , Rodrigues Flavia Feijó Nunes , Brondani Tamires Goldani , Sutil Andrea Tomasi , Ferreira Cristina Helena Targa , Matte Ursula da Silveira , da Silveira Themis Reverbel
Published: March 2019

Background

Undernutrition is a common problem among children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and may lead to poorer surgical outcomes. A higher intake of energy during the postoperative period of CHD surgery seems to be associated with better outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the use of energy‐enriched formula (EE‐formula) compared with normocaloric formula during 30 days after CHD surgery.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial with patients undergoing heart surgery in a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil from March 2017 to December 2017 was performed. The intervention group received EE‐formula (1 kcal/mL), and the control group received normocaloric formula (0.67 kcal/mL). The researcher in charge of anthropometric evaluation was blinded to the randomization.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were included; 30 in control group and 29 in intervention group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding age, gender, anthropometry, and surgical risk classification after randomization. A statistically significant difference in z‐score of weight for age and in weight gain variation rate between groups after intervention was observed. Antibiotic use was less frequent in the intervention group, and hospital length of stay was shorter. General gastrointestinal side effects were similar between groups, whereas diarrhea was more frequent in the intervention group. However, this side effect was limited and had spontaneous resolution in 4 out of 6 cases.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that EE‐formula use after heart surgery of patients with CHD is well tolerated and may improve short‐term nutrition outcome, decrease hospital stay, and reduce antibiotic use.
Molecularly imprinted polymeric shell coated monodisperse‐porous silica microspheres as a stationary phase for microfluidic boronate affinity chromatography
Authors: Süngü ÇağılZeynep , Kip Çiğdem , Tuncel Ali
Published: March 2019

Molecular imprinting of cis‐diol functionalized agents via boronate affinity interaction has been usually performed using nanoparticles as a support which cannot be utilized as a stationary phase in continuous microcolumn applications. In this study, monodisperse‐porous, spherical silica particles in the micron‐size range, with bimodal pore diameter distribution were selected as a new support for the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted boronate affinity sorbent, using a cis‐diol functionalized agent as the template. A specific surface area of 158 m2/g was achieved with the imprinted sorbent by using monodisperse‐porous silica microspheres containing both mesoporous and macroporous compartments as the support. High porosity originating from the macroporous compartment and sufficiently high particle size provided good column permeability to the imprinted sorbent in microcolumn applications. The mesoporous compartment provided a large surface area for the parking of imprinted molecules while the macroporous compartment facilitated the intraparticular diffusion of imprinted target within the microsphere interior. A microfluidic boronate affinity system was first constructed by using molecularly imprinted polymeric shell coated monodisperse‐porous silica microspheres as a stationary phase. The synthetic route for the imprinting process, the reversible adsorption/ desorption behavior of selected target and the selectivity of imprinted sorbent in both batch and microfluidic boronate affinity chromatography systems are reported.
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the [2π+2σ+2σ]‐cycloaddition of quadricyclane with 2,3‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone
Authors: Kornilov Dmitry A. , Anikin Oleg V. , Kolesnikova Anastasia O. , Bermeshev Maxim V. , Gubaidullin Aidar T. , Kiselev Vladimir D.
Published: March 2019

Two‐stage [2π+2σ+2σ]‐cycloaddition of quadricyclane (2) with 2,3‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (1) with a huge difference in the activity of two reaction centers has been studied. In the first stage (kinetic control), the cycloaddition of 2 takes place on the activated С2=С3 bond of 1 to form the monoadduct 3, and in the second stage the cycloaddition of 2 on the С5=С6 bond of the monoadduct 3 occurs by 6 orders of magnitude lower with the formation of bisadduct 4. The structures of adducts 3 and 4 have been proved by NMR data and the X‐Ray method, respectively. The kinetics of the first and second stages, the enthalpy of dissolution of 1 in the π‐donor solvents, and the enthalpy of the reaction 1+2→3 have been measured.
A framework for analysing learning health systems: Are we removing the most impactful barriers?
Authors: McLachlan Scott , Dube Kudakwashe , Johnson Owen , Buchanan Derek , Potts Henry W.W. , Gallagher Thomas , Fenton Norman
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Learning health systems (LHS) are one of the major computing advances in health care. However, no prior research has systematically analysed barriers and facilitators for LHS. This paper presents an investigation into the barriers, benefits, and facilitating factors for LHS in order to create a basis for their successful implementation and adoption.

Methods

First, the ITPOSMO‐BBF framework was developed based on the established ITPOSMO (information, technology, processes, objectives, staffing, management, and other factors) framework, extending it for analysing barriers, benefits, and facilitators. Second, the new framework was applied to LHS.

Results

We found that LHS shares similar barriers and facilitators with electronic health records (EHR); in particular, most facilitator effort in implementing EHR and LHS goes towards barriers categorised as human factors, even though they were seen to carry fewer benefits. Barriers whose resolution would bring significant benefits in safety, quality, and health outcomes remain.

LHS envisage constant generation of new clinical knowledge and practice based on the central role of collections of EHR. Once LHS are constructed and operational, they trigger new data streams into the EHR. So LHS and EHR have a symbiotic relationship. The implementation and adoption of EHRs have proved and continues to prove challenging, and there are many lessons for LHS arising from these challenges.

Conclusions

Successful adoption of LHS should take account of the framework proposed in this paper, especially with respect to its focus on removing barriers that have the most impact.
NEXT‐GENERATION LEADERSHIP: LEADING CHANGE FROM WITHIN
Authors: Kuhl Joan
Published: March 2019

Kuhl explains why a leader must become an “inclusive changemaker,” and relates how she formed Why Millennials Matter six years ago to help leaders “transform their organizations into the kinds in which the youngest members of our workforce want to work for the long haul.”She writes about “eight bold leadership moves that work together to create change from the inside while showcasing the benefits to employees at all levels of a more inclusive workplace.” These are, in Kuhl's words: (1) model inclusive leadership, (2) take control of your growth and development, (3) engage your employee networks, (4) lift as you climb, (5) ignite an industry‐wide conversation, (6) accelerate toward equal representation, (7) get pay straight, and (8)advocate behind closed doors.
Mild phenotype in Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: A new patient and review of the literature
Authors: Scelsa Barbara , Gasperini Serena , Righini Andrea , Iascone Maria , Brazzoduro Valeria G. , Veggiotti Pierangelo
Published: March 2019

Background

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is a rare autosomal‐recessive disorder that results in the combined deficiency of molybdenum‐dependent enzymes. Four different genes are involved in Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis: MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, and GEPH. The classical form manifests in the neonatal period with severe encephalopathy, including intractable seizures, MRI changes that resemble hypoxic‐ischemic injury, microcephaly, and early death. To date, an atypical phenotype with late‐onset has been reported in the literature in 13 patients.

Methods

We describe a late‐onset and a relatively mild phenotype in a patient with MOCS2 homozygous mutation.

Results

Pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs are recognized in those patients, often exacerbated by intercurrent illness. Expressive language is usually compromised. Neurological deterioration is possible even in adulthood, probably due to accumulation of sulfite with time.

Conclusion

Sulfite inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism could be responsible for the ischemic lesions described in patients with MoCD or alternatively could predispose the brain to suffer an ischemic damage through the action of other insults, for instance intercurrent illness. It is possible that sulfite accumulation together with other external triggers, can lead to neurological deterioration even in adulthood. The role of other factors involved in clinical expression should be investigated to establish the reason for phenotypic variability in patients with the same mutation.
Superconvergence analysis of a linearized three‐step backward differential formula finite element method for nonlinear Sobolev equation
Authors: Wang Junjun , Li Qingfu
Published: March 2019

A linearized three‐step backward differential formula (BDF) Galerkin finite element method (FEM) is developed for nonlinear Sobolev equation with bilinear element. Temporal error and spatial error are discussed through introducing a time‐discrete system. Solutions of the time‐discrete system are bounded in H2‐norm by the temporal error. Superconvergence results of order O(h2 + τ3) in H1‐norm for the original variable are deduced based on the spatial error. Some new tricks are utilized to get higher order of the temporal error and the spatial error. At last, two numerical examples are provided to support the theoretical analysis. Here, h is the subdivision parameter, and τ is the time step.
Existence of solution for a fractional‐order Lotka‐Volterra reaction‐diffusion model with Mittag‐Leffler kernel
Authors: Khan Hasib , Li Yongjin , Khan Aftab , Khan Aziz
Published: March 2019

In the literature, many researchers have studied Lotka‐Volterra (L‐V) models for different types of studies. In order to continue the study, we consider a fractional‐order L‐V model involving three different species in the Atangana‐Baleanu‐Caputo (ABC) sense of fractional derivative. This new model has potentials for a large number of research‐oriented studies. The first point that arises is whether the new model has a solution or not. Therefore, to answer this question, we consider the existence and uniqueness (EU) of the solutions and then Hyers‐Ulam (HU) stability for the proposed L‐V model.
Predictors of breastfeeding self‐efficacy among women attending an urban postnatal clinic, Uganda
Authors: Nankumbi Joyce , Mukama Ashely Atwiine , Ngabirano Tom Denis
Published: March 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with breastfeeding self‐efficacy among postnatal women in Kampala, Uganda.

Methods

This was a descriptive cross‐sectional study that was conducted among women attending a postnatal clinic at a teaching hospital in Kampala. Three hundred and eighty‐four postnatal women were randomly selected to respond to an interviewer‐administered questionnaire. We used the Breastfeeding Self‐Efficacy scale (BFSES) to assesses breastfeeding self‐efficacy (BFSE). Descriptive statistics and percentages were used to summarize the findings. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine predictors of BFSE.

Results

Participants had a mean BFSE score of 48.65. The 14 item BFSES consistently measured breastfeeding confidence with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. About six in 10 women (60.2%) had high BFSE, the rest (39.8%) had low BFSE. Having a partner (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 13, 95% CI 3.46–15) and receiving breastfeeding support from health workers (aOR: 4.45, 95% CI: 1.95–6.12) were significantly associated with BFSE.

Conclusion

A notable number of mothers had a low BFSE. Health workers should support breastfeeding mothers to achieve the desired exclusive breastfeeding levels.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of the study provide a direction for midwives in maternity care in educating and supporting women about breastfeeding for the improvement of exclusive breastfeeding rates thus realization of benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.
The contribution of nursing doctoral schools to the development of evidence 10 years after their establishment in Italy: An exploratory descriptive survey of former and current doctoral students’ publications
Authors: Sasso Loredana , Watson Roger , Barisone Michela , Pellegrini Ramona , Timmins Fiona , Aleo Giuseppe , Bressan Valentina , Bianchi Monica , Cadorin Lucia , Dasso Nicoletta , Valcarenghi Dario , Catania Gianluca , Zanini Milko , Bagnasco Annamaria
Published: March 2019

Aim

To analyse through an exploratory descriptive survey how former and current doctoral students’ publications have contributed to the development of evidence between the establishment of the doctoral schools of nursing in 2006–2015.

Design

An exploratory descriptive survey.

Methods

We analysed the papers published in peer‐reviewed journals by the four Italian PhD Schools of Nursing between 2006–2015. Additional missing information was retrieved from Web of Science.

Results

We identified 478 scientific papers. The papers increased from 12 in 2006–110 in 2015. Most are published in 29 journals, of which 15 had an impact factor ranging between 0.236–3.755. These results show the increasingly significant contribution of nursing doctoral programmes to the production of evidence, which can be used to improve the quality of nursing and inform health policies. Nursing doctoral schools deserve a greater recognition, especially by Italian funding agencies and political institutions.
Weak Galerkin finite element methods for a fourth order parabolic equation
Authors: Chai Shimin , Zou Yongkui , Zhou Chenguang , Zhao Wenju
Published: March 2019

This paper is devoted to a newly developed weak Galerkin finite element method with the stabilization term for a linear fourth order parabolic equation, where weakly defined Laplacian operator over discontinuous functions is introduced. Priori estimates are developed and analyzed in L2 and an H2 type norm for both semi‐discrete and fully discrete schemes. And finally, numerical examples are provided to confirm the theoretical results.
Relationship of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Breast Milk Hormone Concentrations
Authors: Sadr Dadres Ghazaleh , Whitaker Kara M. , Haapala Jacob L. , Foster Laurie , Smith Katy D. , Teague April M. , Jacobs David R. , Kharbanda Elyse O. , McGovern Patricia M. , Schoenfuss Tonya C. , Le Laura J. , Harnack Lisa , Fields David A. , Demerath Ellen W.
Published: March 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to test associations of prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, oral glucose challenge test results, and postpartum weight loss as predictors of breast milk leptin, insulin, and adiponectin concentrations and whether these relationships vary over time.

Methods

Milk was collected at 1 and 3 months from 135 exclusively breastfeeding women from the longitudinal Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) study. Hormones were assayed in skimmed samples using ELISA. Mixed‐effects linear regression models were employed to assess main effects and effect‐by‐time interactions on hormone concentrations.

Results

In adjusted models, BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.03) and negatively associated with milk adiponectin (P = 0.02); however, the association was stronger with insulin and weaker with adiponectin at 3 months than at 1 month (time interaction P = 0.017 for insulin and P = 0.045 for adiponectin). Gestational weight gain was positively associated and postpartum weight loss was negatively associated with milk leptin (both P < 0.001), independent of BMI. Oral glucose challenge test results were not associated with these milk hormone concentrations.

Conclusions

Maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy contributes to interindividual variation in human milk composition. Continuing work will assess the role of these and other milk bioactive factors in altering infant metabolic outcomes.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Home‐Based Lifestyle Therapy on Postpartum Weight in Underserved Women with Overweight or Obesity
Authors: Haire‐Joshu Debra , Cahill Alison G. , Stein Richard I. , Cade W. Todd , Woolfolk Candice L. , Moley Kelle , Mathur Amit , Schwarz Cynthia D. , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Klein Samuel
Published: March 2019

Objective

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a home‐based lifestyle intervention delivered through Parents as Teachers (PAT), a national home‐visiting organization, designed to minimize excessive weight gain through 12 months post partum in socioeconomically disadvantaged (SED) African American women with overweight or obesity.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a single center as part of the Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms (LIFE‐Moms) consortium. Analysis was conducted with 185 SED African American women (BMI 25.0‐45.0 kg/m2 at pregnancy onset) retained from an original sample of 267 randomized to standard PAT or PAT+Lifestyle, which embedded lifestyle therapy within standard PAT delivered prenatally and for 12 months post partum.

Results

Compared with standard PAT, the PAT+Lifestyle group gained less weight (2.5 kg vs. 5.7 kg; P = 0.01) and were more likely to return to their baseline weight (38.0% vs. 21.5%; P = 0.01) from baseline to 12 months post partum. There were no differences between groups in cardiometabolic outcomes, indices of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity, and plasma lipid profile. The estimated cost of PAT+Lifestyle was $81 more to deliver per family than standard PAT.

Conclusions

PAT+Lifestyle decreases weight gain during pregnancy through 12 months post partum in SED African American women with overweight or obesity at the start of pregnancy with minimal additional cost.
The Combination of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Modifies the Genetic Predisposition to Obesity
Authors: Celis‐Morales Carlos A. , Lyall Donald M. , Bailey Mark E.S. , Petermann‐Rocha Fanny , Anderson Jana , Ward Joey , Mackay Daniel F. , Welsh Paul , Pell Jill P. , Sattar Naveed , Gill Jason M.R. , Gray Stuart R.
Published: March 2019

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether the association between a validated genetic profile risk score for BMI (GPRS‐BMI) (based on 93 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms) and phenotypic obesity (BMI) was modified by the combined categories of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors in a large population‐based study.

Methods

This study included cross‐sectional baseline data from 338,216 white European adult men and women aged 37 to 73 years. Interaction effects of GPRS‐BMI with the combined categories of PA and sedentary behaviors on BMI were investigated.

Results

There was a significant interaction between GPRS‐BMI and the combined categories of objectively measured PA and total sedentary behavior (P[interaction]  =  3.5 × 10−6); among physically inactive and highly sedentary individuals, BMI was higher by 0.60 kg/m2 per 1‐SD increase in GPRS‐obesity (P  =  8.9 × 10−50), whereas the relevant BMI difference was 38% lower among physically active individuals and those with low sedentary time (β: 0.37 kg/m2; P  =  2.3 × 10−51). A similar pattern was observed for the combined categories of objective PA and TV viewing (inactive/high TV viewing β: 0.60 vs. active/low TV viewing β: 0.40 kg/m2; P[interaction]  =  2.9 × 10−6).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that combined categories of PA and sedentary behaviors modify the extent to which genetic predisposition to obesity results in higher BMI.
Fractional Chebyshev pseudospectral method for fractional optimal control problems
Authors: Habibli M. , Noori Skandari M.H.
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we introduce and apply a fractional pseudospectral method for indirectly solving a generic form of fractional optimal control problems. By employing the fractional Lagrange interpolating functions and discretizing the necessary optimality conditions at Chebyshev‐Gauss‐Lobatto points, the problem is converted into an algebraic system. By solving this system, the optimal solution of the main fractional optimal control problem is approximated. Finally, in some numerical examples, we show the applicability, efficiency, and accuracy of the proposed method comparing with some other methods.
Unexpected selective enhancement of the thermal stability of aromatic polyimide materials by cerium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Gofman Iosif , Nikolaeva Alexandra , Yakimansky Alexander , Ivanova Olga , Baranchikov Alexander , Ivanov Vladimir
Published: March 2019

The unusual effect of selective enhancement of the thermal stability of aromatic polyimide materials was established through the introduction of cerium dioxide nanoparticles into these polymers as nanofiller. Depending on the chemical structure of the polymers, a marked increase or a substantial decrease in the thermal stability of the nanocomposite material was registered by thermal analysis, as compared with that of unfilled polymer material. The positive effect was registered only for the composite materials based on the matrix polyimides containing the sulfur atoms located in the sulfonic groups arranged in the elementary units. The results of the thermogravimetric examination are compared with the data obtained during the mechanical tests of the same samples. The possible reasons for the alteration of the thermal stability of polymers by ceria nanoparticles are discussed. The effect above can be of substantial practical interest providing new options for the design of polyimide nanocomposite materials with enhanced thermal stability.
Mineralocorticoid receptor negatively regulates angiogenesis through repression of STAT3 activity in endothelial cells
Authors: Zheng Xiao‐Jun , Liu Yuan , Zhang Wu‐Chang , Liu Yan , Li Chao , Sun Xue‐Nan , Zhang Yu‐Yao , Xu Jie , Jiang Xinquan , Zhang Lanjing , Yang Wei , Duan Sheng‐Zhong
Published: March 2019

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays important roles in cardiovascular pathogenesis. The function of MR in angiogenesis is still controversial. This study aimed to explore the role of endothelial MR in angiogenesis and to delineate the underlying mechanism. Endothelial‐hematopoietic MR knockout (EMRKO) mice were generated and subjected to hindlimb ischemia and injection of melanoma cells. Laser Doppler measurements showed that EMRKO mice had improved blood flow recovery and increased vessel density in ischemic limbs. In addition, EMRKO accelerated growth and increased the vessel density of tumors. Matrigel implantation, aortic ring assays, and tube formation assays demonstrated that MRKO endothelial cells (ECs) manifested increased angiogenic potential. MRKO ECs also displayed increased migration ability and proliferation. MRKO and MR knockdown both upregulated gene expression, protein level, and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Stattic, a selective STAT3 inhibitor, attenuated the effects of MRKO on tube formation, migration, and proliferation of ECs. At the molecular level, MR interacted with CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) to suppress the transcription of STAT3. Furthermore, interactions between MR and STAT3 blocked the phosphorylation of STAT3. Finally, stattic abolished the pro‐angiogenic phenotype of EMRKO mice. Taken together, endothelial MR is a negative regulator of angiogenesis, likely in a ligand‐independent manner. Mechanistically, MR downregulates STAT3 that mediates the impacts of MR deficiency on the angiogenic activity of ECs and angiogenesis. Targeting endothelial MR may be a potential pro‐angiogenic strategy for ischemic diseases. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyurea use among children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Reeves Sarah L. , Jary Hannah K. , Gondhi Jennifer P. , Raphael Jean L. , Lisabeth Lynda D. , Dombkowski Kevin J.
Published: March 2019

This study describes hydroxyurea use among children ages 1 to 17 with sickle cell anemia (SCA) enrolled in at least one year of Medicaid in six states from 2005 to 2012. Administrative claims were used to summarize the number of days’ supply of hydroxyurea dispensed by state and year. A total of 7963 children with SCA contributed 22 424 person‐years. Among person‐years with greater than 30 days of hydroxyurea, only 18% received at least 300 days of hydroxyurea, which varied by state. Following updated recommendations for all children with SCA to be offered hydroxyurea, strategies to increase hydroxyurea adherence among this population are needed.
The continuing saga of patents and non‐invasive prenatal testing
Authors: Hawkins Naomi , Nicol Dianne , Chandrasekharan Subhashini , Cook‐Deegan Robert
Published: March 2019

Objective

This paper examines the Intellectual Property (IP) landscape for non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in three key regions: the United States; Europe, with particular focus on the United Kingdom; and Australia.

Method

We explore the patent law issues against the commercial and healthcare environment in these regions and consider the implications for development and implementation of NIPT.

Results

There are many patents held by many parties internationally, with litigation over these patents ongoing in many countries. Importantly, there are significant international differences in patent law, with patents invalidated in the USA that remain valid in Europe. Despite the many patents and ongoing litigation, there are multiple providers of testing internationally, and patents do not appear to be preventing patient access to testing for those who can pay out of pocket.

Conclusion

The patent situation in NIPT remains in a state of flux, with uncertainty about how patent rights will be conferred in different jurisdictions, and how patents might affect clinical access. However, patents are unlikely to result in a monopoly for a single provider, with several providers and testing technologies, including both public and private sector entities, likely to remain engaged in delivery of NIPT. However, the effects on access in public healthcare systems are more complex and need to be monitored.
Computed tomography for guidance in the diagnosis and surgical correction of recurrent pediatric acute dacryocystitis
Authors: Zhang Chengyue , Cui Yanhui , Wu Qian , Li Li
Published: March 2019

Importance

This is the first retrospective study of the effect of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosis and surgical correction of recurrent pediatric acute dacryocystitis (PAD).

Objective

To explore the pathogenesis of recurrent PAD and the impact of CT in guidance of surgical planning.

Methods

Medical histories, clinical manifestations, and CT results of 10 patients with recurrent PAD were reviewed. Etiologies and treatment effectiveness were recorded for all patients.

Results

CT revealed that three patients had congenital dacryocystocele with lacrimal sac cyst, enlargement of the nasolacrimal canal, and intranasal cyst of affected sides. After regression of local inflammation, marsupialization was performed. CT showed that four patients had PAD secondary to congenital nasolacrimal canal dysplasia; these patients exhibited normal upper portions of the nasolacrimal canals, but had stenotic or atretic middle and terminal segments. After improvement of local inflammation, endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy was performed. Three patients had PAD secondary to congenital lacrimal sac diverticulum; after contrast injection, CT showed that the cysts at the lacrimal sac area were filled with contrast, and were connected to the normal lacrimal sac. After the topical infection was controlled, transcutaneous dacryocystorhinostomy was performed in combination with excision of the lacrimal sac diverticulum. No recurrence of PAD was detected at 6‐month follow‐up.

Interpretation

Causes of PAD include congenital dacryocystocele, congenital lacrimal sac diverticulum, or congenital nasolacrimal canal dysplasia. Marsupialization with endoscope, endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy, and transcutaneous dacryocystorhinostomy constitute distinct surgeries for PAD treatment. CT provides an important diagnostic function and facilitates selection of specific surgical approaches for recurrent PAD.
PK‐tailored tertiary prophylaxis in patients with severe hemophilia A at Beijing Children's Hospital
Authors: Li Peijing , Chen Zhenping , Cheng Xiaoling , Wang Yan , Zhang Ningning , Zhen Yingzi , Wu Xinyi , Wu Runhui
Published: March 2019

Importance

Tertiary prophylaxis using a low‐dose regimen is usually insufficient to prevent recurrent joint bleeding and deterioration in joint diseases in children with severe hemophilia A. Pharmacokinetic (PK) dosing is a useful approach to increase the precision and efficiency of prophylaxis.

Objective

To explore the efficacy of PK‐tailored tertiary prophylaxis in children with severe hemophilia A.

Methods

We implemented a PK‐tailored tertiary prophylaxis program for 15 boys with severe hemophilia A aged 5–16 years at Beijing Children's Hospital. Following PK testing and a 6‐month evaluation period (phase I), 15 patients were divided in two groups according to individual PK data and actual bleeding: (1) a PK‐tailored group [modified prophylaxis regimen according to PK data for the next 6 months (phase II); n = 8] and (2) a maintenance group (continued the original regimen for the next 6 months; n = 7). We compared the bleeding rate, infusion frequency, and factor VIII (FVIII) consumption between the two groups.

Results

In the PK‐tailored group, the median annual joint bleeding rate was reduced from 7.8 in phase I to 1.4 in phase II, mean annual total factor consumption increased from 1619.0 IU/kg in phase I to 2401.9 IU/kg in phase II, and median infusion frequency for prophylaxis increased from 104 times/year in phase I to 156 times/year in phase II (P < 0.05). Although the FVIII consumption increased, it remained at approximately half of the standard method.

Interpretation

PK‐tailored prophylaxis may represent a more efficient approach to individual prophylaxis in China, but further studies are required to verify this.
The Protein Phosphorylation Landscape of Mouse Spermatids during Spermiogenesis
Authors: Li Yan , Cheng Yiwei , Zhu Tianyu , Zhang Hao , Li Wen , Guo Yueshuai , Qi Yaling , Chen Xu , Zhang Jun , Sha Jiahao , Zhou Zuomin , Zhu Hui , Guo Xuejiang
Published: March 2019

The characteristic tadpole shape of sperm is formed from round spermatids via spermiogenesis, a process which results in dramatic morphological changes in the final stage of spermatogenesis in the testis. Protein phosphorylation, as one of the most important post‐translational modifications, can regulate spermiogenesis; however, the phosphorylation events taking place during this process have not been systematically analyzed. In order to better understand the role of phosphorylation in spermiogenesis, large‐scale phosphoproteome profiling is performed using IMAC and TiO2 enrichment. In total, 13 835 phosphorylation sites, in 4196 phosphoproteins, are identified in purified mouse spermatids undergoing spermiogenesis in two biological replicates. Overall, 735 testis‐specific proteins are identified to be phosphorylated, and are expressed at high levels during spermiogenesis. Gene ontology analysis shows enrichment of the identified phosphoproteins in terms of histone modification, cilium organization, centrosome and the adherens junction. Further characterization of the kinase‐substrate phosphorylation network demonstrates enrichment of phosphorylation substrates related to the regulation of spermiogenesis. This global protein phosphorylation landscape of spermiogenesis shows wide phosphoregulation across a diverse range of processes during spermiogenesis and can help to further characterize the process of sperm generation. All MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD011890.
Reliability of Cognitive Measures in Individuals With a Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Nightingale Tom Edward , Lim Chloe Ah Ryung , Sachdeva Rahul , Zheng Mei Mu Zi , Phillips Aaron Alexander , Krassioukov Andrei
Published: March 2019

Background

Following spinal cord injury (SCI), up to 64% of individuals experience cognitive deficit. However, the reliability of commonly used neuropsychological tests is currently unknown in this population.

Objectives

To evaluate the test‐retest reliability of cognitive measures in individuals with SCI.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Vancouver General Hospital.

Participants

Individuals with a chronic (>2 years) SCI (n = 22).

Methods

Across three visits (separated by ~16 days), 22 participants with chronic SCI completed a neuropsychological battery evaluating memory (Rey Auditory‐Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]), attention/concentration/psychomotor speed (Digit Span Task, Stroop Test), and executive function (Trail Making Test A&B, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test). Coefficients of variation (CVintra) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the reliability of each test between visits. Linear regressions were performed to assess the associations between variability (CVintra) and participant characteristics, such as age or highest education level attained. Repeated‐measures, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine any significant practice effects, and smallest real differences (SRDs) were calculated.

Main Outcome Measurements

Repeated scores on aforementioned neuropsychological tests.

Results

ICCs ranged from 0.77 to 0.93, with the exception of RAVLT recognition score (ICC = 0.27). Age showed a moderate association with CVintra in RAVLT interference recall scores (r = 0.43, P = .047), but was not a confounding factor for other measures. Education was not associated with CVintra. Significant practice effects were noted for most of the cognitive tests assessed.

Conclusions

Other than the RAVLT recognition score, these cognitive measures demonstrated good‐to‐excellent reliability. Although this is encouraging, test‐retest variability should be considered when interpreting the efficacy of various cognitive training strategies to mitigate cognitive decline in this population. Thus, the SRD values presented herein will allow researchers and clinicians to identify “true” changes in cognitive function with repeated testing.

Level of Evidence

III.
Test‐Retest Reliability of the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNL‐I) to Assess Perceived Participation in Adults With Late Effects of Polio
Authors: Andersson Nilla , Lexell Jan , Brogårdh Christina
Published: March 2019

Background

Many individuals with late effects of polio have difficulties participating in daily activities. The Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNL‐I) is a self‐report questionnaire that evaluates perceived participation, but knowledge of the test‐retest reliability and measurement errors in this population is lacking.

Objective

To evaluate the test‐retest reliability of the RNL‐I in adults with late effects of polio.

Design

A postal survey with a test‐retest design.

Setting

University hospital outpatient clinic.

Participants

Fifty‐one adults (20 women and 31 men; mean age 72 years) with late effects of polio.

Main Outcome Measurements

The Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNL‐I).

Methods

The participants responded to the RNL‐I twice, 3 weeks apart. Data were analyzed with the following statistical methods: percentage agreement (PA), quadratic kappa coefficients, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean difference, standard error of measurement (SEM/SEM%), and the smallest real difference (SRD/SRD%).

Results

The PA (ie, the same scoring at both test occasions) was >70% for 10 of 11 items. The kappa coefficients showed good test‐retest agreement (>0.61) for 7 items. The ICC was 0.88 and the mean difference was −0.74. The SEM (SEM%) was 7.4 (9.7%) and the SRD (SRD%) was 20.5 (27.0%).

Conclusion

The RNL‐I can be considered reliable for adults with mild to moderate late effects of polio. It can thereby be used to assess changes in perceived participation over time or after rehabilitation interventions, both for a group of individuals and a single individual.

Level of Evidence

III.