bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Caries on Individual Tooth Surfaces and its Distribution by Age and Gender in University Clinic Patients
Authors: Demirci Mustafa , Tuncer Safa , Yuceokur Ahmet Ayhan
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence rate of caries on individual permanent tooth surfaces, and to compare individual tooth surface caries rates among gender and age groups.

Methods: Without drying the teeth, examinations were performed with dental mirrors and blunt, sickle-shaped explorers under a dental chair light, according to WHO recommendations.

Results: Caries distribution was higher in the maxillary jaw (62.4%) than in the mandibular jaw (37.6%). Except molars, approximal surfaces of all teeth demonstrated the highest caries rates, ranging from 58.5% to 77.5%. Occlusal fissures on the first and second molars contributed most significantly to caries frequency, from 52.7% to 66.3%. Females (59.1%) showed a higher incidence of caries than males (40.9%). Approximal surfaces of incisors, canines, premolars and occlusal fissure sites in molars showed the highest caries rates in both sexes. Caries were most common among individuals aged 17 to 25 years. Approximal surfaces of incisors, canines, premolars and occlusal surfaces in molars had the highest caries rates in all age groups, except for individuals older than 65 years of age.

Conclusions: Gender and age do not affect the prevalence of caries on teeth sites. In addition, more caries are experienced in younger age groups, and their incidence decreases as age increases. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:270-279)
Influence of Blood Contamination on Bond Strength of a Self-Etching System
Authors: de Carvalho Mendonça Ellen Cristina , Vieira Samuel Nilo , Kawaguchi Fernando Aparecido , Powers John , Matos Adriana Bona
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To detect the influence of blood contamination (BC) on the bond strength (BS) of a selfetching bonding system (SES) to enamel and dentine.

Methods: 25 human molars were longitudinally sectioned on the mesio-distal axis in order to obtain 50 specimens, which were embedded in acrylic resin. At first, the specimens were ground to expose a flat surface of enamel, and a bond strength test was performed. Afterwards, the samples were ground again in order to obtain a flat surface of dentine. Ten groups (total: n=100) were assigned according to substrate (enamel and dentine), step in the bonding sequence when contamination occurred (before the acidic primer and after the bonding resin), and contamination treatment (dry or rinse and dry procedure). Fresh human blood was introduced either before or after SES application (Clearfil SE Bond) and treated with air drying, or by rinsing and drying following application. Composite resin (Filtek Z-250,3M ESPE) was applied as inverted, truncated cured cones that were debonded in tension.

Results: The mean tensile BS values (MPa) for enamel/dentine were 19.4/23.0 and 17.1/10.0 for rinse-and-dry treatment (contamination before and after SES, respectively); while the measurements for the dry treatment, 16.2/23.3 and 0.0/0.0 contamination before and after SES, respectively.

Conclusions: It was determined that blood contamination impaired adhesion to enamel and dentine when it occurred after bond light curing. Among the tested contamination treatments, the rinseand- dry treatment produced the highest bond strength with BC after SES application, but it was not sufficient to recover the BS in the contamination-free group. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:280-286)
Severity of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among 12- to 15-Year-Old School Children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Shivakumar KM , Chandu GN , Shafiulla MD
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess the severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, India, by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 1800 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. Talukas (administrative units in some states in India) were considered clusters. Schools were selected using simple random sampling procedures. The 300 study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling procedures. Data consisting of DAI components were recorded pro forma. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The Chi-square test (X2) was used to compare malocclusion severity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the changes in DAI scores and the mean DAI scores between age groups. The Z test was used to compare mean DAI scores between the 2 sexes and between children residing in urban and rural areas.

Results: Of the 1800 school children examined, 899 (49.9%) were boys and 901 (50.1%) were girls. Most of the children (79.9%) had DAI scores ≤ 25 with no or minor malocclusion requiring no or little treatment, 15.4% had DAI scores of 26–30 with definite malocclusion requiring elective treatment, 4.2% had DAI scores of 31–35 with severe malocclusion requiring highly desirable treatment, and 0.5% had DAI scores ≥ 36 with handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory treatment.

Conclusions: The majority of the children in our study (79.9%) required no or little treatment; 20.1% had definite malocclusion requiring definite orthodontic treatment. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:298- 307)
Influence of Curing Light Attenuation Caused by Aesthetic Indirect Restorative Materials on Resin Cement Polymerization
Authors: Pick Bárbara , Gonzaga Carla Castiglia , Junior Washington Steagall , Kawano Yoshio , Braga Roberto Ruggiero , Capel Cardoso Paulo Eduardo
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To verify the effect of interposing different indirect restorative materials on degree of conversion (DC), hardness, and flexural strength of a dual-cure resin cement.

Methods: Discs (2 mm-thick, n=5) of four indirect restorative materials were manufactured: a layered glass-ceramic (GC); a heat-pressed lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic veneered with the layered glass-ceramic (LD); a micro-hybrid (MH); and a micro-filled (MF) indirect composite resin. The light transmittance of these materials was determined using a double-beam spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. Bar-shaped specimens of a dual-cure resin cement (Nexus 2/SDS Kerr), with (dual-cure mode) and without the catalyst paste (light-cure mode), were photoactivated through the discs using either a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) or a light-emitting diode (LED) unit. As a control, specimens were photoactivated without the interposed discs. Specimens were stored at 37ºC for 24h before being submitted to FT-Raman spectrometry (n=3), Knoop microhardness (n=6) and threepoint bending (n=6) tests. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey’s test (α=0.05).

Results: MH presented the highest transmittance. The DC was lower in light-cure mode than in dual-cure mode. All restorative materials reduced the cement microhardness in light-cure mode. GC and LD with QTH and GC with LED decreased the strength of the cement for both activation modes compared to the controls. Curing units did not affect DC or microhardness, except when the dualcure cement was photoactivated through LD (LED>QTH). Flexural strength was higher with QTH compared to LED.

Conclusions: Differences in transmittance among the restorative materials significantly influenced cement DC and flexural strength, regardless of the activation mode, as well as the microhardness of the resin cement tested in light-cure mode. Microhardness was not impaired by the interposed materials when the resin cement was used in dual-cure mode. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:314-323)
Surgical Retreatment of an Invaginated Maxillary Central Incisor Following Overfilled Endodontic Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Ozbas Hakan , Subay Rustem Kemal , Ordulu Melike
Published: September 2019

This case report presents the periapical surgical retreatment of an Oehlers Class III invaginated maxillary central incisor with extruded root canal filling into the periapical lesion. After local anesthesia, a full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap was reflected, and the granulomatous tissue and extruded gutta-percha points were curetted carefully. A deep and wide root-end cavity was prepared and filled with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). At 6 months and 2 years after the treatment, the tooth exhibited no clinical symptoms, and the radiograph performed during the 2-year follow-up showed a complete periapical healing around the root end. The present report indicates that MTA retrofilling can be used successfully in the surgical retreatment of dens invaginatus type III cases in which the invagination exits apically. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:324-328)
Oral Health Status of Disabled Individuals Oral Health Status of Disabled Individuals Attending Special Schools
Authors: Altun Ceyhan , Guven Gunseli , Akgun Ozlem Marti , Akkurt Meltem Derya , Basak Feridun , Akbulut Erman
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the dmft-DMFT indexes and the oral hygiene status of 136 individuals attending a special school for the disabled.

Methods: Participants were grouped according to disability [Mental Retardation (MR), Cerebral Palsy (CP), Autistic Disorder (AD), Down Syndrome (DS), Other (OTH)] and age [2-6 years (n=24), 7-12 years (50 children) and 13+ years (62 children]. Caries examinations were carried out in accordance with WHO criteria and oral cleanliness was evaluated by visually assessing the presence of plaque on teeth.

Results: The age range of patients was 2-26 years (mean age: 11.89±5.19 years). Mean dmft and DMFT scores by age group were as follows: 2-6 years: dmft=2.04±2.24; 7-12 years: dmft=2.24±2.60, DMFT=0.98±2.58; 13+years: DMFT=2.68±2.91. Overall, 15.4% of children had no caries or fillings. While dmft and DMFT levels (P>.05) did not vary significantly by type of disability, oral cleanliness did. Children with autism were observed to maintain the best oral hygiene and those with mental retardation (MR), the poorest.

Conclusions: It is important for the dentist to concentrate on a preventive approach and provide proper dental education to parents of disabled individuals. Among the children with disabilities, more attention should be paid to the oral hygiene of MR group. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:361-366)
The Effects of Prophylactic Ozone Pretreatment of Enamel on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with Total or Self-Etch Adhesive Systems
Authors: Cehreli Sevi Burcak , Guzey Asli , Arhun Neslihan , Cetinsahin Alev , Unver Bahtiyar
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study is to determine (1) shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded with self-etch and total-etch adhesive after ozone treatment (2) bond failure interface using a modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).

Methods: 52 premolars were randomly assigned into four groups (n=13) and received the following treatments: Group 1: 30 s Ozone (Biozonix, Ozonytron, Vehos Medikal, Ankara, Turkey) application + Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (SEP) (3M) + Transbond XT (3M), Group 2: Transbond Plus SEP + Transbond XT, Group 3: 30 s Ozone application + 37% orthophosphoric acid + Transbond XT Primer (3M) + Transbond XT, Group 4: 37% orthophosphoric acid + Transbond XT Primer + Transbond XT. All samples were stored in deionised water at 37oC for 24 hours. Shear debonding test was performed by applying a vertical force to the base of the bracket at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min.

Results: The mean SBS results were Group 1: 10.48 MPa; Group 2: 8.89 MPa; Group 3: 9.41 MPa; Group 4: 9.82 MPa. One-Way Variance Test revealed that the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P=0.267). Debonded brackets were examined by an optical microscope at X16 magnification to determine the bond failure interface using a modified ARI. The results were (mean) Group 1: 2.38; Group 2: 1.31; Group 3: 3.00; Group 4: 1.92. Multiple comparisons showed that Groups 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 4 were statistically different (P=0.014, P<.001 and P=0.025).

Conclusions: Ozone treatment prior to bracket bonding does not affect the shear bond strength. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:367-373)
Effect of Autogenous Cortical Bone Grafting in Conjunction with Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Treatment of Intraosseous Periodontal Defects
Authors: Keles Gonca Cayir , Sumer Mahmut , Cetinkaya Burcu Ozkan , Tutkun Ferda , Simsek S. Burcak
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the additional benefit of using guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with autogenous cortical bone (ACB) grafting versus ACB grafting alone for the regenerative treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects.

Methods: Via a split-mouth design, 12 patients with chronic periodontitis (five men, seven women; mean age, 45.3±4.6 years) who had probing pocket depths (PPDs) of ≥6 mm following initial periodontal therapy were randomly assigned to two treatments in contralateral areas of the dentition: a combination of ACB grafting and GTR (with a absorbable membrane of polylactic acid) or ACB grafting alone. The compared parameters were preoperative and 6-month postoperative PPDs, clinical attachment levels (CALs), and radiographic alveolar bone heights.

Results: Both treatment modalities resulted in significant changes in the postoperative measurements from the preoperative values (P<.01). The reduction in the PPDs, gain in the CALs, and gain in the radiographic alveolar bone heights were 4.58±1.08, 4.25±1.06, and 5.50±2.24 mm in the patients treated with ACB grafting and GTR and 4.92±1.00, 4.50±0.80, and 5.92±1.83 mm in those treated with ACB grafting alone, respectively. The differences between the treatments were not statistically significant (P>.05).

Conclusions: Within the study limitations, both ACB grafting with GTR and ACB grafting alone lead to significant improvements in clinical and radiographic parameters at 6 months postoperatively. The combined approach does not provide any additional benefit for treating intraosseous periodontal defects. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:403-411)
Effect of Acidic Challenge Preceded by Food Consumption on Enamel Erosion
Authors: Honório Heitor Marques , Rios Daniela , Júnior Edmêr Silvestre Pereira , de Oliveira Daniela Silva Barroso , Fior Fernanda Alves , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: September 2019

Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of food consumption followed by acidic challenge on enamel erosion.

Methods: Seventy-five enamel blocks obtained from bovine teeth were divided randomly into five groups (n=15 per group): GI – erosion with previous immersion in milk; GII – erosion with previous immersion in cheese extract; GIII – erosion with previous immersion in liver extract; GIV – erosion with previous immersion in broccoli extract; and GV – erosive effect of cola drink (control). Over 24 h, the slabs were submitted to 3 pH-cycles, each consisting of immersion in the studied food (GI to GIV) for 5 min followed by immersion in a cola drink for 5 min, and subsequently, the slabs were stored in artificial saliva (110 min). At the end of the pH-cycles, the slabs were stored in artificial saliva for 18 h. Enamel alterations were assessed by profilometry (μm). Data were tested using ANOVA and Scott-Knott’s tests (P<.05).

Results: Mean erosion depths for enamel (μm) were 0.46 in GI, 0.55 in GII, 0.64 in GIII, 0.54 in GIV, and 1.18 in GVI. Enamel loss by acidic challenge alone (GV) was significantly higher than when the acidic challenges were preceded by food extract immersion.

Conclusions: The data suggest that all studied foods could minimize the erosive effect on enamel. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:412-417)
Effect of EDTA and Phosphoric Acid Pretreatment on the Bonding Effectiveness of Self-Etch Adhesives to Ground Enamel
Authors: Ibrahim Ihab M. , Elkassas Dina W. , Yousry Mai M.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: This in vitro study determined the effect of enamel pretreatment with phosphoric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the bond strength of strong, intermediary strong, and mild self-etching adhesive systems.

Methods: Ninety sound human premolars were used. Resin composite cylinders were bonded to flat ground enamel surfaces using three self-etching adhesive systems: strong Adper Prompt L-Pop (pH=0.9–1.0), intermediary strong AdheSE (pH=1.6–1.7), and mild Frog (pH=2). Adhesive systems were applied either according to manufacturer instructions (control) or after pretreatment with either phosphoric acid or EDTA (n=10). After 24 hours, shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Ultra-morphological characterization of the surface topography and resin/enamel interfaces as well as representative fractured enamel specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: Neither surface pretreatment statistically increased the mean shear bond strength values of either the strong or the intermediary strong self-etching adhesive systems. However, phosphoric acid pretreatment significantly increased the mean shear bond strength values of the mild self-etching adhesive system. SEM examination of enamel surface topography showed that phosphoric acid pretreatment deepened the same etching pattern of the strong and intermediary strong adhesive systems but converted the irregular etching pattern of the mild self-etching adhesive system to a regular etching pattern. SEM examination of the resin/enamel interface revealed that deepening of the etching pattern was consistent with increase in the length of resin tags. EDTA pretreatment had a negligible effect on ultra-morphological features.

Conclusions: Use of phosphoric acid pretreatment can be beneficial with mild self-etching adhesive systems for bonding to enamel. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:418-428)
Permeability of Dental Adhesives – A SEM Assessment
Authors: Malacarne-Zanon Juliana , de Andrade e Silva Safira M. , Wang Linda , de Goes Mario F. , Martins Adriano Luis , Narvaes-Romani Eliene O. , Anido-Anido Andrea , Carrilho Marcela R.O.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To morphologically evaluate the permeability of different commercial dental adhesives using scanning electron microscopy.

Methods: Seven adhesive systems were evaluated: one three-step system (Scotchbond Multi- Purpose - MP); one two-step self-etching primer system (Clearfil SE Bond – SE); three two-step etch-and-rinse systems (Single Bond 2 – SB; Excite – EX; One-Step – OS); and two single-step selfetching adhesives (Adper Prompt – AP; One-Up Bond F – OU). The mixture of primer and bond agents of the Clearfil SE Bond system (SE-PB) was also tested. The adhesives were poured into a brass mold (5.8 mm x 0.8 mm) and light-cured for 80 s at 650 mW/cm2. After a 24 h desiccation process, the specimens were immersed in a 50% ammoniac silver nitrate solution for tracer permeation. Afterwards, they were sectioned in ultra-fine slices, carbon-coated, and analyzed under backscattered electrons in a scanning electron microscopy.

Results: MP and SE showed slight and superficial tracer permeation. In EX, SB, and OS, permeation extended beyond the inner superficies of the specimens. SE-PB did not mix well, and most of the tracer was precipitated into the primer agent. In AP and OU, “water-trees” were observed all over the specimens.

Conclusions: Different materials showed distinct permeability in aqueous solution. The extent of tracer permeation varied according to the composition of each material and it was more evident in the more hydrophilic and solvated ones. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:429-439)
The Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Primary Tooth Injuries
Authors: Arikan Volkan , Sari Saziye , Sonmez Hayriye
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the type and prevalence of primary tooth injuries, as well as their treatment and treatment outcomes, among children referred to the Department of Pedodontics at the Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry in Turkey.

Methods: The study population consisted of patients applying to the department with a primary tooth injury over a period of 21 months. Fifty-one patients presented with trauma to 99 primary teeth. Clinical and radiographic examinations were conducted on each patient. Age, sex, time, cause of injury, and number of teeth affected were recorded, and the type of trauma was identified according to Andreasen’s classification. The teeth were treated by one of the authors.

Results: The majority of trauma occurred between the ages of 2 and 4. The most common type of injury was lateral luxation (33.3%). Most injuries (33.3%) presented during May. The most common form of treatment was follow-up only (39.4%), followed by extraction (29.3%) and root canal treatment (12.1%). The average follow-up period was 11 months. During the follow-up period, complications were observed in 4 teeth.

Conclusions: The study results show that in the absence of acute symptoms, parents tend not to apply to a dental clinic for children’s injuries. This finding highlights the importance of informing the public about primary tooth injuries and their consequences. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:447-453)
Occlusal Interferences: How Can This Concept Influence The Clinical Practice?
Authors: Lima Adriano Fonseca , Cavalcanti Andrea Nóbrega , Marcondes Martins Luis Roberto , Marchi Giselle Maria
Published: September 2019

This brief review discusses the role of occlusal interferences on the development and progression of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and postural disorders. The eligible literature is described and critically presented to demonstrate that occlusal interferences are an important factor in the risk of TMD. Several studies have demonstrated through their findings that the use of occlusal adjustments, whether or not associated with restorative procedures, might avoid the development of articular problems in vulnerable patients. The occlusal interferences caused by restorative procedures or orthodontic treatment can cause TMDs in susceptible patients, and occlusal adjustments can be an alternative in the treatment of these TMDs. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:487-491)
Endonasal Arteriovenous Fistula Following Transsphenoidal Resection of Pituitary Adenoma Treated with N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate
Authors: Saal-Zapata Giancarlo , Castro Walter Durand , Varela Rodolfo Rodriguez
Published: September 2019

Vascular lesions of the external carotid artery after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery are rare. Immediate diagnosis must be done and endovascular embolization is the treatment of choice.

We report the case of a 53-year-old woman with visual complaints who underwent transsphenoidal surgery of a pituitary adenoma with good clinical and radiological evolution. Five days after surgery nasal tampons were removed and suddenly the patient started to bleed: nasal packing and air way protection were required. Digital subtraction angiography revealed an endonasal arteriovenous fistula with a feeder from the sphenopalatine artery and drainage to sphenopalatine veins. Embolization with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was performed with total obliteration of the arteriovenous fistula. We suggest that endovascular treatment of external carotid artery lesions after transsphenoidal surgery is the best alternative in cases of active bleeding.
Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Chlorhexidine Paste and Other Intracanal Medications against Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Silveira Cláudia Fernandes de Magalhães , Cunha Rodrigo Sanches , Fontana Carlos Eduardo , Martin Alexandre Sigrist de , Almeida Gomes Brenda Paula Figueiredo de , Motta Rogério Heládio Lopes , Silveira Bueno Carlos Eduardo da
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of four formulations of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] pastes against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Methods: A broth dilution test was performed, and the lengths of time for different pastes to kill the microbial cells were recorded and statistically analyzed. The following medications were assessed: Group I  Ca(OH)2 + 2.0% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel; Group II  Ca(OH)2 + camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) and propylene glycol; Group III  Ca(OH)2 + propylene glycol; Group IV  Ca(OH)2 + saline. Results: The results showed that E. faecalis was the most resistant microorganism. Groups II and III eliminated all the microbial cells in 15 seconds. Group I took 45 seconds to eliminate E. faecalis. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, it was concluded that all the intracanal medications tested showed antibacterial activity. However, the association of Ca(OH)2 and PMCC or Ca(OH)2 and propylene glycol showed a better performance, since Groups II and III took a shorter length of time than the other groups to eliminate S. aureus and E. faecalis. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:1-7)
Lack of Correlation between Periodontitis and Renal Dysfunction in Systemically Healthy Patients
Authors: Brotto Renata Squariz , Vendramini Regina Célia , Brunetti Iguatemy Lourenço , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chierici , Ramos Adriana Pelegrino Pinho , Pepato Maria Teresa
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess a suggested association between periodontitis and renal insufficiency by assaying kidney disease markers. Methods: Variables used to diagnose periodontitis were: (i) probing pocket depth (PPD), (ii) attachment loss (AL), (iii) bleeding on probing (BOP), (iv) plaque index (PI) and (v) extent and severity index. Blood and urine were collected from 60 apparently healthy non-smokers (men and women), consisting of a test group of 30 subjects with periodontitis (age 46±6 yrs) and a control group of 30 healthy subjects (age 43±5 yrs). Kidney function markers (urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin contents) were measured in the serum and urine. Also, the glomerular filtration rate was estimated from creatinine clearance, from the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula and from the albumin : creatinine ratio in a 24–h sample of urine. Results: It was found that the control group had a greater mean number of teeth than the test group and that the two groups also differed in PPD, AL, BOP and PI, all these variables being higher in the test group (P=0.006). For the extent and severity index of both PPD and AL, the test group had much higher medians of both extent and severity than the control group (P=0.001). With regard to kidney function, none of the markers revealed a significant difference between the control and test groups and all measured values fell within the reference intervals. Conclusions: It is proposed that severe periodontitis is not associated with any alteration in kidney function. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:8-18)
Evaluation of Mental Index, Mandibular Cortical Index and Panoramic Mandibular Index on Dental Panoramic Radiographs in the Elderly
Authors: Hastar Esin , Yilmaz H Huseyin , Orhan Hikmet
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of gender and dental status on the mental index, mandibular cortical index and panoramic mandibular index from dental panoramic radiographs in elderly who had osteoporosis or did not have osteoporosis. Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 487 elderly dental patients (age range 60-88 years) were evaluated. It were recorded osteoporotic status according to the patients' medical anamnesis and values of the mandibular cortical index (MCI), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical width (MCW) Results: Dental status was statistically significantly associated with the mandibular cortical width, panoramic mandibular index and the categories of MCI (P<.05). There were statistically different mandibular cortical width and panoramic mandibular index values in patients with osteoporosis and without osteoporosis (P<.05) Conclusions: Our study showed that there were statistically significant differences according to gender, dental status, and values of the MCW, MCI and PMI between patients with and those without osteoporosis. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:60-67)
Three-Year Follow Up of Customized Glass Fiber Esthetic Posts
Authors: Costa Rogério Goulart da , Morais Eduardo Christiano Caregnatto de , Leão Moira Pedroso , Bindo Márcio José Fraxino , Campos Edson Alves , Correr Gisele Maria
Published: September 2019

Customized glass fiber posts that is well adjusted into the root canal and have mechanical properties similar to those of dentin may be a suitable treatment for severely compromised endodontically treated teeth. This article reports a 3-year follow up of severely damaged endodontically treated teeth restored with unidirectional fiber glass customized post and core system instead of a conventional fiber post. The fabrication of this glass fiber customized post is a simple technique, providing an increased volume of fibers into the root canal, and an adequate polymerization of the post-core system. Over a three-year period, the treatments demonstrated good clinical and radiographic characteristics, with no fracture or loss of the post and/or crown. This technique can be considered effective, less invasive, and suitable for restore endodontically treated teeth. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:107-112)
Comparison of the Degree of Conversion of Resin Based Endodontic Sealers Using the DSC Technique
Authors: Cotti Elisabetta , Scungio Paola , Dettori Claudia , Ennas Guido
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of conversion (DC) of three resin based endodontic sealers using the DSC technique. Methods: The sealers tested were: EndoREZ (ER) (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT); EndoREZ with Accelerator (ER+A) (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT); RealSeal (RS) (SybronEndo, Orange, CA). Two LED units were used to activate the sealers: UltraLume LED 5 (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA); Mini LED Satelec (Satelec Acteon Group, Mérignac Cedex, France). Samples of 4.0 mg were analyzed with a DSC 7 calorimeter (Perkin Elmer Inc., Wellesley, MA, US). Each specimen was irradiated by each lamp four times for 20 seconds at an interval of 2 mins, while the DSC 7 recorded the heat flow developed during the treatment. The degree of conversion and the kinetic curves were calculated from the values of heat developed during each polymerization. The data were statistically analysed with a Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA multiple range and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests at a P value of .05. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the degree of conversion among the sealers: ER+A showed the highest values with both lamps. Conclusions: The higher polymerization rate in resin sealers is obtained with the addition of a catalyst. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:131-138)
Bleaching Agent Action on Color Stability, Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Composites Submitted to Accelerated Artificial Aging
Authors: Rattacaso Raphael Mendes Bezerra , Garcia Lucas de Fonseca Roberti , Aguilar Fabiano Gamero , Consani Simonides , Pires-de-Souza Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bleaching agent action on color stability,
surface roughness and microhardness of composites (Charisma, Filtek Supreme and Heliomolar - A2) submitted to accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Methods: A Teflon matrix (12 x 2 mm) was used to fabricate 18 specimens (n=6) which, after polishing (Sof-Lex), were submitted to initial color reading (ΔE), Knoop microhardness (KHN) (50 g/15 s load) and roughness (Ra) (cut-off 0.25 mm) tests. Afterwards, the samples were submitted to AAA for 384 hours and new color, microhardness and roughness readings were performed. After this, the samples were submitted to daily application (4 weeks) of 16% Carbamide Peroxide (NiteWhite ACP) for 8 hours and kept in artificial saliva for 16 hours. New color, microhardness and roughness readings were made at the end of the cycle, and 15 days after bleaching. Results: Comparison of the ΔE means (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, P<.05) indicated clinically unacceptable color alteration for all composites after AAA, but without significant difference. Statistically significant increase in the KHN values after AAA was observed, but without significant alterations 15 days after bleaching. For Ra there was no statistically significant difference after AAA and 15 days after bleaching. Conclusions: The alterations promoted by the bleaching agent and AAA are material dependent. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:143-149)
Influence of Heat Treatment and Veneering on the Storage Modulus and Surface of Zirconia Ceramic
Authors: Siavikis Georgius , Behr Michael , der Zel Jef M van , Feilzer Albert J , Rosentritt Martin
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Glass-ceramic veneered zirconia is used for the application as fixed partial dentures. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate whether the heat treatment during veneering, the application of glass-ceramic for veneering or long term storage has an influence on the storage modulus of zirconia. Methods: Zirconia bars (Cercon, DeguDent, G; 0.5x2x20 mm) were fabricated and treated according to veneering conditions. Besides heating regimes between 680°C and 1000°C (liner bake and annealing), sandblasting (Al2O3) or steam cleaning were used. The bars were investigated after 90 days storage in water and acid. For investigating the influence of veneering, the bars were veneered in press- or layer technique. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in a three-point-bending design was performed to determine the storage modulus between 25°C and 200°C at a frequency of 1.66 Hz. All specimens were loaded on top and bottom (treatment on pressure or tensile stress side). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for evaluating the superficial changes of the zirconia surface due to treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann Whitney U-test (α=0.05). Results: Sintered zirconia provided a storage modulus E’ of 215 (203/219) GPa and tan δ of 0.04 at 110°C. A 10%-decrease of E’ was found up to 180°C. The superficial appearance changed due to heating regime. Sandblasting reduced E’ to 213 GPa, heating influenced E’ between 205 GPa (liner bake 1) and 222 GPa (dentin bake 1). Steam cleaning, annealing and storage changed E’ between 4 GPa and 22 GPa, depending on the side of loading. After veneering, strong E’-reduction was found down to 84 GPa and 125 GPa. Conclusions: Veneering of zirconia with glass-ceramic in contrast to heat treating during veneering procedure had a strong influence on the modulus. The application of the glass-ceramic caused a stronger decrease of the storage modulus. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:191-198)
Early Diagnosis of Bilateral Supplemental Primary and Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A Case Report
Authors: Yildirim Gozde , Bayrak Sule
Published: September 2019

Supernumerary teeth occur frequently in permanent dentition, but they are rarely found in primary dentition. Supernumerary teeth of orthodox shape and size that resemble normal dentition are called ‘supplemental teeth’. Supplemental teeth are less common than supernumerary teeth and are often overlooked because of their normal shape and size. Supplemental teeth may cause esthetic problems, delayed eruption and crowding, and they require early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. The case reported here is one of bilateral supplemental teeth impeding the eruption of permanent maxillary lateral incisors, and it emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment during early mixed dentition. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:215-219)
Restoring Function and Aesthetics in a Class II Division 1 Patient with Amelogenesis Imperfecta: A Clinical Report
Authors: Doruk Cenk , Ozturk Firat , Sari Fatih , Turgut Mehmet
Published: September 2019

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) encompasses a complicated group of hereditary conditions that cause developmental alterations in the structure of the enamel in the absence of a systemic disorder. AI primarily affects the quality and/or quantity of dental enamel, and it may affect all or only some of the teeth in the primary and/or permanent dentition. This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation of a 21-year-old man diagnosed with hypomaturation-type AI. He presented with discolored and mutilated teeth. Cephalometrically, the patient has skeletal class II malocclusion due to mandibular deficiency considered as a result of maxillary constriction. The interdisciplinary approach was followed because of the complex needs of the patient. The aim of treatment was to restore aesthetics, improve malocclusion and masticatory function. Aesthetic and functional expectations were met with metal ceramic restorations. In this report, the interdisciplinary approach for a patient with AI and a malocclusion is described. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:220-228)
Temperature Rise during Resin Composite Polymerization under Different Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Yondem Isa , Altintas Subutay Han , Usumez Aslihan
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure temperature increase induced by various light polymerizing units during resin composite polymerization beneath one of three types of ceramic restorations. Methods: The resin composite (Variolink II) was polymerized between one of three different ceramic specimens (zirconium oxide, lithium disilicate, feldspathic) (diameter 5 mm, height 2 mm) and a dentin disc (diameter 5 mm, height 1 mm) with a conventional halogen light, a high intensity halogen light, or an LED unit. The temperature rise was measured under the dentin disc with a J-type thermocouple wire connected to a data logger. Ten measurements were carried out for each group. The difference between the initial and highest temperature readings was taken and the 10 calculated temperature changes were averaged to determine the mean value in temperature rise. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data (polymerizing unit, ceramic brand) for significant differences. The Tukey HSD test was used to perform multiple comparisons (α=.05). Results: Temperature rise did not vary significantly depending on the light polymerizing unit used (P=.16), however, the type of ceramic system showed a significant effect on temperature increases (P<.01). There were no statistically significant differences between lithium disilicate and feldspathic ceramic systems (P >.05); in comparison, the resin composite polymerized under the zirconium oxide ceramic system induced a significantly lower temperature increase than the other ceramic systems tested (P<.05) Conclusions: The resin composite polymerized beneath zirconium oxide ceramic system induced significantly smaller temperature changes. The maximal temperature increase detected in all groups in this study was not viewed as critical for pulpal health. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:305-309)
Sociodemographic Comparison in Patients with Subjective and Objective Clinical Findings of Temporomandibular Dysfunctions
Authors: Sener Sevgi , Akgunlu Faruk
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To investigate the differences in healthy persons and patients with myofacial pain without limitation, objective signs of temporomandibular dysfunctions (TMDs), and both subjective and objective features with respect to age, gender, effects of TMDs on daily life, economic condition, smoking habit, marital status, and education. Methods: Sociodemographic information of 296 persons (212 females and 84 males) was evaluated. Subjects were categorized into 4 groups according to clinical findings: no TMD symptoms (control, C); myofacial pain without limitation (MP); objective signs (PWOS); or both subjective and objective features (MP/PWOS). Results: The C, MP, PWOS, and MP/PWOS groups comprised 64 (22%), 66 (22%), 68 (23%), and 98 (33%) subjects. PWOS and MP/PWOS differed significantly between the 15–30 and 30–45 year age groups. Although patients with PWOS were significantly higher in the 15–30 year age group, patients with MP/PWOS were significantly higher in the 30–45 year age group. A significant difference was observed with respect to gender in all groups except the control group. The effects of TMD symptoms on daily life differed statistically among the groups. Conclusions: Female gender is a risk factor for TMDs. Females are more vulnerable to subjective and objective signs than males. During general dental examinations, females should be checked for TMD symptoms. PWOS manifest before MP. Moreover, mechanical derangements can cause myofacial pain. MP can mostly affect daily life, but PWOS tend to be prohibitive. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:380-386)
Conservative Approach for Restoring Posterior Missing Tooth with Fiber Reinforcement Materials: Four Clinical Reports
Authors: Karaarslan Emine Sirin , Ertas Ertan , Ozsevik Semih , Usumez Aslihan
Published: September 2019

Adhesively luted, fiber-reinforced, composite-inlay, retained fixed-partial dentures can be a clinical alternative for the replacement of missing posterior teeth in selective situations. This type of restoration allows for satisfactory esthetics and reduced tooth preparation compared to a conventional, fixed-partial denture. This clinical report describes the use of a fiber-reinforced, compositeinlay, retained fixed-partial denture as a conservative alternative for the replacement of missing posterior teeth. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:465-471)
Bonding of adhesives to Er:YAG laser-treated dentin
Authors: Koliniotou-Koumpia Eugenia , Kouros Pantelis , Zafiriadis Lazaros , Koumpia Effimia , Dionysopoulos Pavlos , Karagiannis Vassilis
Published: September 2019

Objective: The shear bond strength of adhesives applied to dentin was investigated after irradiation with an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser.

Methods: Superficial and deep dentin specimens from human molars were treated either with carbide bur or an Er:YAG laser. Two etch and rinse adhesives (Single Bond and XP Bond) and two self-etch adhesives (Prompt L-Pop and Xeno III) were employed to bond the composite. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined after storage in water for 24 h using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure patterns and modes were analyzed and evaluated using a stereomicroscope. In addition, samples were processed for Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM evaluation. A linear mixed model was used, and pairwise comparisons were made using the Bonferroni test.

Results: Results showed significant differences between the levels of dentin treatment (p=.01) in carbide bur-cut dentin and lased dentin, as well as significant interaction effects due to the depth of dentin and the bonding system used. The etch and rinse adhesives bonded less effectively with lased dentin than with carbide bur-cut dentin, while self-etch adhesives bonded equally well with lased and bur-cut superficial dentin but much less effectively with lased deep dentin than with bur-cut deep dentin. SEM revealed a predominantly adhesive failure mode in laser-ablated fractured specimens, while a mixed failure mode was apparent in the bur-cut fractured specimens.

Conclusions: Cavities prepared by laser seem less receptive to adhesive procedures than conventional bur-cut cavities. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:16-23)
Development of an intracanal mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and its susceptibility to some antimicrobial intracanal medications; an in vitro study
Authors: Mohamed Saber Shehab El-Din , El-Hady Soha A
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To develop a mature biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis inside the root canal system and to test its susceptibility to some antimicrobial medications in vitro.

Methods: Single rooted premolars were mechanically enlarged, sterilized, and then infected with a clinical isolate of E. faecalis. Biofilm formation and maturation was monitored using SEM. Biofilm bacteria were exposed to Amoxicillin+clavulanate, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medications for 1 week. Finally bacterial samples were collected, and colony-forming units were enumerated.

Results: SEM examination confirmed the formation of a mature biofilm at the end of the incubation period. All the chemotherapeutic agents used were significantly better than Calcium hydroxide in elimination of biofilm bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of Amoxicillin + clavulanate, Ciprofloxacin and Clindamycin was significantly better than Doxycycline (P=.05). However the difference in the antimicrobial effectiveness among them was statistically non-significant (P=.05).

Conclusions: The method used for bacterial biofilm development and maturation is reliable and can be used to assess the anti bacterial potential of endodontic materials. Also, the local application of antibacterial agents can be beneficial in resistant cases of apical periodontitis but only after careful culture and sensitivity testing to choose the appropriate agent for the existing flora. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:43-50)
Alveolar and symphysis regions of patients with skeletal class II division 1 anomalies with different vertical growth patterns
Authors: Esenlik Elcin , Sabuncuoglu Fidan  Alakus
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the alveolar and symphysis region properties in hyper-, hypo-, and normodivergent Class II division 1 anomalies

Methods: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 111 young adult female patients with skeletal Class II division 1 anomalies were compared to those of 54 Class I normal subjects (control group). Class II cases were divided into hyperdivergent (n = 58), hypodivergent (n = 19), and normodivergent groups (n = 34). The heights and widths of the symphysis and alveolus and the depth of maxillary palate were measured on the lateral cephalograms

Results: Mean symphysis width was wider in the hypodivergent Class II group than in the other groups, while mean symphysis height was similar among all groups. Maxillary palatal depth, upper incisor angle, upper and lower molar alveolar heights, and Id–Id′ width were also similar among groups

Conclusion: Symphysis width is the main factor in the differential diagnosis of Class II division 1 anomaly rather than symphysis height and hypodivergent Class II Division 1 anomaly is more suitable for mandibular incisors movements. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:123-132)
Interfacial integrity of bonded restorations with self-etching adhesives: Water storage and thermo-mechanical cycling
Authors: Martins Gislaine  Cristine , Sánchez-Ayala Alfonso , D’Alpino Paulo  Henrique Perlatti , Calixto Abraham  Lincoln , Gomes João  Carlos , Gomes Osnara Maria Mongruel
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Objective: To evaluate the effect of thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC) on the microleakage (μL) and axial gap width (AG) of Class V bonded restorations in premolars using self-etching adhesive systems. The bond strength of composite restorations to dentin (μTBS) using the same adhesives was also evaluated in third molars after water storage: 24 h and 6 months. The research hypotheses were tested for the results of two self-etching adhesives in comparison when a conventional two-step adhesive was used: (1) the μL and AG would be lower, regardless of TMC; (2) the μTBS of self-etching adhesives would be higher, irrespective of evaluation times.

Methods: Sixty Class V composite restorations were made in 30 premolars and bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB2), AdheSE (ASE), and Adper Prompt L-Pop (APL-P) (n=20). Dentin μL and AG were immediately measured for half of the sample. The other half was evaluated after TMC. Eighteen third molars were also selected and bonded using the same adhesives to test the μTBS to dentin. Specimens were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months of water storage.

Results: No differences in μL and AG were found among the groups (P>.05). The μTBS mean values were: ASB2>ASE>APL-P (P<.05); only Adper Single Bond 2 presented a significantly lower μTBS after water storage (P<.05)

Conclusions: The bonding approach does not influence the microleakage and interfacial gap extension. Despite the decrease in the mean values, the bond strength to dentin of the conventional, two-step adhesive remains high after 6 months of water storage. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:169-177)