bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self - Adaptive Load Balancing Using Live Migration of Virtual Machines in Cloud Environment
Authors: Lavanya V. , Saravanan M. , Sudhakar E.P.
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a self-adaptive load balancing technique is proposed using live migration of heterogeneous virtual machines (VM) in a Hyper-V based cloud environment. A cloud supported plugin as a management activity within the infrastructure as a service strategy. It is proposed to assist the load balancing process in such a way so that all hypervisors are almost equally loaded once the overload status gets triggered. In the cloud computing environment, load balancing plays a major role if the large number of events triggered has a high impact on the performance of the system. The efficiency of cloud computing is based on the efficient load balancing having a self-adjustable technique using live migration of VMs across clusters of nodes. The proposed load balancing model is efficient in performance improvement by efficient resource utilization and also it helps to avoid the situation occurrence of server hanging by the cause of server overload within the infrastructure of multiple Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisors environment.
Property Inheritance Management: Issues Unclaimed Property
Authors: Bakar Azizi Abu , Rapi Muhammad Ashraf Aliff Mohamad , Sallehuddin Mohd Rashdan
Published: December 2020

Unclaimed property is a major issue in Malaysia. It is also a disadvantage to the Islamic economy because wealth cannot be exploited. It continues to grow year by year and it does not appear that it will be completed in a short time. This article discusses issues affecting the increase of unclaimed property and the authorities involved in resolving these endless issues. In addition to issues of public awareness, social issues and administrative and legal issues, educational level also plays a significant role in contributing to the increase in unclaimed property as the availability of education on this property will provide awareness and smart people to act to prevent frozen inheritance. Therefore, this artwork provides an overview of related issues and provides steps to be taken to mitigate the increase in unclaimed property.
Information and Communication Technology Adoption and the Demand for Female Labor: The Case of Indian Industry
Authors: Jain Ritika
Published: December 2020

Does the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) lead to better and more inclusive women representation in the workforce? We explore this question for India- a developing economy characterized by strong patriarchal norms and gender-based discrimination in the workforce. Using the World Bank Enterprise Survey of 2014, we examine the effect of computerization, email usage and Internet services on three aspects of female representation- total female representation, representation across the hierarchy of workforce and quality of female representation. Using instrumental variable estimation models, we find that ICT adoption has a positive effect on the total share of women in the workforce. A deeper analysis reveals that the positive effect of ICTs on female employment is limited to the share of females in the highly skilled workforce. In contrast, it does not affect the female share in the low or unskilled workforce. This indicates that ICT adoption has a semi-polarization effect on women. We also find that ICT adoption is associated with better quality females in the workforce. Both rises in demand for skilled people and a women-friendly work environment drive these results. The overall findings establish the effective role of ICTs in enhancing women’s representation in the workforce.
miR-339-3p regulated acute pancreatitis induced by caerulein through targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3 in AR42J cells
Authors: Wang Qi , Liu Shaofeng , Han Zhen
Published: December 2020

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with high morbidity and mortality. The regulation mechanism of miRNA is involved in the production and development of various diseases, but the regulation mechanism of miRNA in AP is still not fully elucidated. The expression of miR-339-3p was detected using quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. The protein expressions of TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), Bcl-2, C-caspase 3, Bax, p-p38, and p38 were measured using western blot. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were applied to ensure that miR-399-3p targeted TRAF3. Caerulein promoted the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, enhanced the expression of C-caspase 3 and Bax while inhibited Bcl-2 protein expression. Meanwhile, caerulein also reduced the expression of miR-339-3p and induced the expression of TRAF3 in rat pancreatic acinar cells. miR-399-3p transfection inhibited the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and C-caspase 3 and Bax protein expression as well as suppressed cell apoptosis, while increased Bcl-2 protein expression in caerulein-induced AP. TRAF3 has been verified as a target of miR-339-3p. Interestingly, the reduction of miR-399-3p inhibited the p38 pathway, which was impaired by the upregulation of TRAF3. In addition, the suppression effects of miR-339-3p on cell inflammation and apoptosis in caerulein-induced AP were reversed by enhancing TRAF3 expression. In this study,in vitromodel of AP was characterized by strong inflammation and cell apoptosis. We have first demonstrated the regulatory network of miR-339-3p and TRAF3. Overexpression of miR-339-3p inhibited cell inflammation and cell apoptosis in caerulein-induced AP through modulating TRAF3 expression via the p38 pathway, providing a new therapeutic target in the treatment of AP.
Optimization of sliding mode control with PID surface for robot manipulator by Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Loucif Fatiha , Kechida Sihem
Published: December 2020

In this paper, a sliding mode controller (SMC) with PID surface is designed for the trajectory tracking control of a robot manipulator using different optimization algorithms such as, Antlion Optimization Algorithm (ALO) Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Whale Optimizer Algorithm (WOA). The aim of this work is to introduce a novel SMC-PID-ALO to control nonlinear systems, especially the position of two of the joints of a 2DOF robot manipulator. The basic idea is to determinate four optimal parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd and lamda) ensuring the best performance of a robot manipulator system, minimizing the integral time absolute error criterion (ITAE) and the integral time square error criterion (ISTE). The robot manipulator is modeled in Simulink and the control is implemented using the MATLAB environment. The obtained simulation results prove the robustness of ALO in comparison with other algorithms.
Polymer degradation: a short review
Authors: Vohlídal Jiří
Published: December 2020

The reader will find basic knowledge about the degradation of polymers, its causes, course and consequences in a broader context, as indicated through the list of the chapter titles: Introduction; Depolymerization; Initiated cleavage (degradation) of macromolecules; Thermal degradation; Photochemical degradation; Mechanochemical degradation; Oxidative degradation; Polymer burning; Kinetics of cleaving macromolecules when chain depolymerization is negligible; Degradation in polymer recycling; Protection of polymers against degradation.
Caputo generalized ψ-fractional integral inequalities
Authors: Anastassiou George A.
Published: December 2020

Very general univariate and multivariate Caputo ψ-fractional integral
inequalities of Poincaré, Sobolev and Hilbert–Pachpatte types are
presented. Estimates are with respect to

∥
⋅
∥

p

{\lVert\,\cdot\,\rVert_{p}}

,

1
≤
p
<
∞

{1\leq p<\infty}

. Applications are given.
The Impact of the Business Environment on the Formalization of Informal Firms. The Case of Kosovo
Authors: Zylfijaj Kujtim , Nikoloski Dimitar , Tournois Nadine
Published: December 2020

The research presented here investigates the impact of the business environment on the formalization of informal firms, using firm-level data for 243 informal firms in Kosovo. The findings indicate that business-environment variables such as limited access to financing, the cost of financing, the unavailability of subsidies, tax rates, and corruption have a significant negative impact on the formalization of informal firms. In addition, firm-level characteristics analysis suggests that the age of the firm also exercises a significant negative impact, whereas sales volume exerts a significant positive impact on the formalization of informal firms. These findings have important policy implications and suggest that the abolition of barriers preventing access to financing, as well as tax reforms and a consistent struggle against corruption may have a positive influence on the formalization of informal firms. On the other hand, firm owners should consider formalization to be a means to help them have greater opportunities for survival and growth.
It’s Time to Do News Again
Authors: Wilson Anna
Published: December 2020

The study analyses the RT USA show “The News with Rick Sanchez” to identify persuasive and manipulative communication strategies realised by the host’s integration of speech and co-speech gestures.

What cognitive systems, conceptual processes and schemas does the speaker employ to construct and communicate viewpoint? What linguistic and gestural units enable certain viewpoint construction? What role does social context play in the interpretation of these units?

After a quantitative overview of the use of body-directed and related outward-directed gestures in 180 minutes of RT recordings, the study offers a fine-grained qualitative analysis of viewpoint construction behind four situations from these RT data. It develops an advanced cognitive-linguistic approach anchored in conceptual blending (Fauconnier and Turner 2002) and the cognitive system of force dynamics (Talmy 1988, 2000). The study argues that this approach is successful in revealing speech-gesture integrations as triggering viewpoint blending for the purpose of manipulation and is useful for transferring manual qualitative analysis to analysis at scale.
Organic Geochemistry and Microfossils of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Strata in the Lower Reaches of the Olenek River (Northeastern Framing of the Siberian Platform, Arctic Siberia)
Authors: Kashirtsev V.A. , Nikitenko B.L. , Peshchevitskaya E.B. , Fursenko E.A. , Shevchenko N.P.
Published: December 2020

—The organic-geochemistry data reveal two levels in the reference Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous section of the lower reaches of the Olenek River: lower (Volgian–lower Boreal Berriasian (diasterene)) and upper (Boreal Berriasian–Valanginian (hopane)). The Volgian beds are composed of clays with abundant prasinophytes Leiosphaeridia and Tasmanites and various dinocyst assemblages and have the highest content of organic carbon (Corg), up to 9%. Isoprenoids, in particular, pristane and phytane, are highly predominant among aliphatic hydrocarbons; their content is more than three times higher than that of coeluting n-alkanes, which is typical of buried chlorophyll-containing plankton (dinocysts and prasinophytes). Sedimentological, biofacies, and paleoecological analyses show that the highly carbonaceous beds of the Buolkalakh Formation formed under oxygen deficit conditions. An integrated analysis demonstrated that the pristane/phytane ratio does not always reliably reflect the reducing or oxidizing conditions of organic-matter accumulation and diagenesis. The discrepancy between the geochemical identification of organic matter according to the pristane/phytane ratio and the biofacies and sedimentological data is due to the low catagenetic maturity of OM. The Volgian was marked by a significant transgression of the Anabar–Lena sea, which was gradually changed by a successive regression of its basin at the end of this stage and in the Boreal Berriasian. The Corg contents in the coastal and subcontinental sediments decreased. Diasterenes and 4-methyldiasterenes disappeared from the balance of biomarker molecules, and the portion of hopanoids increased. Aerobic environments prevailed in the subbottom waters. Earlier, three biomarker horizons were identified according to geochemical criteria in the synchronous sections of Anabar Bay (Laptev Sea coast): terpane, diasterene, and hopane ones. In the section of the Olenek basin, the upper two horizons are well identified by specific biomarkers, and the lower one is absent because of the sedimentation break. Stratigraphic analysis of the location of these geochemical levels in different parts (and bathymetric zones) of the Anabar–Lena basin shows their diachronous formation. According to all geological and geochemical criteria, the Volgian Stage and the lower beds of the Boreal Berriasian Stage of this basin have a high petroleum potential. In the axial zone of the basin and, especially, on the Laptev Sea shelf, there were probably favorable conditions for the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons genetically related to the Upper Jurassic highly carbonaceous rocks.
The Development Process of Classroom Teacher Candidates for Teaching Mathematics: Self-Efficacy, Anxiety and Professional Belief
Authors: ÖZBEN Ayşe , KİLİCOGLU Elif
Published: December 2020

In this study, the correlation between the perceived self-efficacy, anxiety levels of prospective elementary school teachers in their mathematics education skills and the correlation between these factors and their professional belief levels were aimed to be measured. The sample of the study consists of 250 prospective elementary school teachers who were continuing their education at a state university in Turkey. The study was formed in accordance with the mixed method research. In the study, "Personal Information Form”, "Self-Efficacy Scale for Teaching Mathematics”, "Anxiety Scale for Teaching Mathematics “, “Professional Belief Scale” and interview forms were used as data collection tools. Tests which are parametric or non-parametric in terms of their normality distributions in quantitative data analysis were used as statistical packages for social sciences. The analysis of qualitative data was made according to content analysis method. It was determined that the prospective teachers' anxiety level about mathematics teaching was below average and the other variables were in average value. In addition, while there is a positive relationship between self-efficacy perception and professional belief level of teacher trainees to be consistent “candidate” can be used here too, there is a low-level negative relationship between anxiety level and self-efficacy perception level. On the other hand, it was found out that qualitative data showed that teacher candidates perceived themselves as inadequate due to lack of practical training in the university, this situation caused them anxiety and developed belief that they should develop professionally.
A SUMO Based Simulation Framework for Intelligent Traffic Management System
Authors:   Applied Intelligent System and Information Processing Lab, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Akhter Shamim , Ahsan Md. Nurul , Quaderi Shah Jafor Sadeek , Forhad Md. Abdullah Al , Sumit Sakhawat H , Rahman Md. Rahatur
Published: December 2020

Continuous increments in world population demands transportation with essential vehicle facilities and directly effect on road traffic volume or congestion, mostly in metropolitan cities, and thus it needs significant investigation, analysis, and maintenance. In these regards, an Intelligent Traffic Management System (ITMS) with a Deep-Neuro-Fuzzy model was proposed and implemented. Dijkstra algorithm is used to select optimum path from source to destination on the basis of calculated road segment weights from Deep-Neuro-Fuzzy framework. However, Deep-Neuro-Fuzzy framework needs some comprehensive analysis, other means some simulation or emulation, and etc, to proof the efficiency and workability of the model. In this paper, we are going to explore the Deep-Neuro-Fuzzy model in pragmatic style with an open-source traffic simulation model (SUMO) and helps to explore traffic-related issues including route choice, simulate traffic light or vehicular communication, etc in our ITMS. In addition, a new GUI is developed to control the simulation input attributes and presents the feedbacks into the traffic flow in SUMO environment. Results highlight that the proposed SUMO model can realistically simulate ITMS based on the road segment weights from Deep-Neuro-Fuzzy model. Different built-in routing algorithms are also used to proof the workability of this model.
Study of changes in macular thickness following uneventful cataract surgery
Authors: Nasreen Shaik , Sudha R
Published: December 2020

Worldwide, cataract accounts 47.8%. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery had good results.Current study aimed to identify the macular thickness following uneventful phacoemulsification & small incision cataract surgery method (SICS) comparison with visual acuity.

In total (n=50) patients, 50% undergone SICS for one eye with bag polymethacrylate intraocular lens implantation and 50% undergone phacoemulsification method in one eye with in bag acrylic type of foldable IOL. Postoperatively patients followed on day 7, week 2 and week 4 and upto 3 months. The complete ophthalmological examination and OCT of macula was done at follow-up.

Subclinical macular oedema noted in one case at 1, 2 and 4 week follow-up, but it was reduced at 3 month. There was statistical (p<0.05) significant difference observed in macular thickness between the preoperative & post operative 1 week, post-operative 2 week & post-operative 4 week followup in Phaco group. Eyes with SICS procedure also shown statistical (p<0.05) significant difference as above pre and postoperative follow-ups without affecting the final visual outcome.

Post operatively, there was increased macular thickness without affecting the final visual outcome following phacoemulsification procedure. Subclinical macular edema noted at 1 week and reduced at 3 month.
FIFTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECUADORIAN RECORDS IN ORNITHOLOGY (CERO), WITH COMMENTS ON SOME PUBLISHED, UNDOCUMENTED RECORDS
Authors: Freile Juan , Olmstead Scott , Athanas Nick , Brinkhuizen Dusan , Navarrete Lelis , Nilsson Jonas , Sánchez-Nivicela Manuel , Solano-Ugalde Alejandro , Greenfield Paul
Published: December 2020

Wepresent new distributional records of birds in Ecuador evaluated by the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from November 2017 through June 2019. This report includes two species new to Ecuador (Pelecanoides garnotii, Conirostrum margaritae), five species with first documented country records (Thaumastura cora, Anous minutus, Setophaga pensylvanica, S. virens, Spiza americana), two species with first documented Galapagos records (Oceanodroma hornbyi, Egretta tricolor), remarkable range extensions for 15 species (Amazilia amazilia, Aramus guarauna, Vanellus chilensis, Attagis gayi, Anous stolidus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus elegans, T. sandvicensis, Eurypyga helias, Mycteria americana, Plegadis falcinellus, Gampsonyx swainsonii, Rosthramus sociabilis, Glaucidium peruanum, Thlypopsis sordida), new records of 16 rare species (Oressochen jubatus, Spatula cyanoptera, Podiceps major, Stercorarius longicaudus, Larus belcheri, Pelagodroma marina, Oceanodroma markhami, Egretta rufescens, Plegadis ridgwayi, Buteo swainsonii, Megascops koepckeae, Tyrannus albogularis, Setophaga castanea, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Icterus chrysater, I. galbula) and additional records for 8 species. Finally, we invalidate previous records of Pyrilia pyrilia published in different sources, reject records of six species submitted to CERO, and discuss six previously published, undocumented records that might prove erroneous. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1696 species (1642 confirmed and documented; 54 undocumented).
Factores de crecimiento en las fintech peruanas: una caracterización en un estudio de caso múltiple
Authors: Pérez Chuquiruna Fanny , Benito Cardenas Rosa , Ramos Sánchez José
Published: December 2020

Las fintech son un tipo de empresa emergente, emprendimiento o startup que posee modelos de negocio innovadores basados en la tecnología para atender necesidades financieras. En el Perú, las fintech poseen un alto crecimiento debido a la gran cantidad de usuarios insatisfechos por los servicios del sistema financiero tradicional; sin embargo, pese a su acelerado desarrollo, no se encuentran estudios empíricos que aborden el fenómeno del crecimiento en las fintech. Por tanto, este artículo pretende aportar conocimiento, caracterizando los factores internos y externos de crecimiento encontrados en la teoría y comparados en un contexto local. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de casos múltiple con ocho fintech peruanas que pertenecen a los segmentos con mayor crecimiento al 2019 en Lima Metropolitana. Los hallazgos identifican factores clave transversales a la etapa de crecimiento, así como otro grupo en el cual la relevancia sí dependerá de la etapa en la que se encuentren la compañía.
“El más piadoso de todos los animales”: en torno a las motivaciones religiosas del descenso a la caverna en República
Authors: Orellano QuiJano Carlo Jesús
Published: December 2020

El punto central de análisis del trabajo es la katábasis o descenso del filósofo a la caverna como parte de la alegoría presentada en República VII. Frente a tres interpretaciones alternativas que serán mencionadas, se expondrá una interpretación que, sin entrar en conflicto con las anteriores, podría complementarlas por cuanto toma en cuenta el aspecto religioso inherente a la comprensión platónica de la filosofía: la homoíōsis theōi. Para ello, se analizarán pasajes del diálogo mencionado a la luz de otros provenientes del Timeo y de Leyes X, lo que implicará un análisis intertextual de la obra platónica.
Inventario de Estrategias de Control de Recursos: Validación en preadolescentes chilenos
Authors: Franco Chalco Eduardo , Berger Silva Christian
Published: December 2020

La Teoría de Control de Recursos (Hawley, 1999) se ha presentado como una teoría alternativa del estudio de la conducta social en preadolescentes. Sin embargo, carece de instrumentos para evaluar sus propuestas en el idioma español. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo validar el Inventario de Estrategias de Control de Recursos para la población de pre-adolescentes chilenos. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se utilizaron metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se entrevistaron a 7 estudiantes y se encuestaron 180 estudiantes de 5to y 8vo básico de dos escuelas públicas de Santiago de Chile. Posterior a la traducción y adaptación, el inventario tuvo un excelente ajuste en el modelo factorial y la validación de criterio obtuvo resultados similares a los reportados en la literatura actual.
El Perú y sus vecinos: fundamentos para una cultura de paz
Authors: González Riesle Álvaro
Published: December 2020

Dirigiéndose a fundamentar el diseño de estrategias para instaurar una Cultura de Paz en las relaciones entre el Perú y sus países vecinos, se realizó una investigación con 409 estudiantes de Educación (159 de una universidad privada y 250 de una pública). Se evaluaron las relaciones entre las seis variables independientes: Dogmatismo (DOG), Autoritarismo de Derecha (RWA), Dominación Social (OSD), Maquiavelismo (MAQ), Nacionalismo (NAC) y Patriotismo (PAT), con las variables dependientes representadas en percepciones sobre las actitudes hacia el Perú en las áreas de: Cortesía, No Probabilidad de Guerra, Confiabilidad, Solidaridad y Cooperatividad-Conflictividad percibidas en cinco países limítrofes: Ecuador, Colombia, Brasil, Bolivia y Chile. Se aplicaron seis cuestionarios de actitudes tipo Likert y un Diferencial Semántico. Los resultados confirman solo parcialmente la hipótesis planteada. Las variables independientes no configuran un modelo predictor aceptable. Solo destacan individualmente el Autoritarismo de Derecha (RWA) como predictor de las percep-ciones de Probabilidad de Guerra con Chile, y el Patriotismo (PAT) respecto a la Cortesía, No Probabilidad de Guerra, Confianza, Solidaridad y Cooperatividad-Conflictividad en el caso de Bolivia. El PAT se relacionó directamente con RWA, e inversamente con el SDO, ambos componentes de la Ideología Conservadora (IC). En el Diferencial Semántico (DS), las percepciones de las actitudes hacia el Perú de cuatro países: Ecuador, Colombia, Brasil y Bolivia se acumularon más cerca del polo favorable y las de Chile, al polo desfavorable. En base a los hallazgos se brindaron recomendaciones para el diseño de estrategias de Investigación y Educación para la Paz
Racial Disparities in Access to and Utilization of Jail- and Community-Based Mental Health Treatment in 8 US Midwestern Jails in 2017
Authors: Hedden Bethany Joy , Comartin Erin , Hambrick Nanci , Kubiak Sheryl
Published: December 2020

Objectives. To examine the dual disproportionality that individuals with serious mental illness and people of color (PoC) occupy in the criminal–legal system.

Methods. This study follows a cohort of 623 individuals who screened positive for mental health issues at booking in 8 Midwestern jails in 2017. We followed individuals through the jails’ practices of jail-based mental health treatment, and we used Medicaid billing data to assess community-based behavioral health treatment engagement in the postyear period after jail release. The aim was to examine if an individual’s race/ethnicity was associated with their access to jail- and community-based mental health treatment.

Results. We did not find any racial disparities in jail-based treatment, although 3 community-based outcomes significantly differed. Compared with PoC, White people had 1.9 times greater odds of receiving community-based mental health and substance use treatment and 4.5 times greater odds of receiving co-occurring disorder treatment.

Conclusions. Barriers that individuals released from jail face adversely affect PoC, resulting in reduced access to treatment. Critical race theory can expose the assumptions and functions of systems of care and the possible reproduction of implicit bias in potential solutions.
Lethal Means Counseling, Distribution of Cable Locks, and Safe Firearm Storage Practices Among the Mississippi National Guard: A Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial, 2018–2020
Authors: Anestis Michael D. , Bryan Craig J. , Capron Daniel W. , Bryan AnnaBelle O.
Published: December 2020

Objectives. To examine whether lethal means counseling and provision of cable locks prompt safe firearm storage relative to control among firearm-owning members of the Mississippi National Guard.

Methods. This randomized controlled trial utilized a 2 × 2 factorial design (lethal means counseling vs control, provision of cable locks vs no cable locks). Follow-up assessments took place at 3 and 6 months after baseline. Data were collected (n = 232; 87.5% male; mean age = 35.01 years; 77.2% White) from February 2018 through July 2020.

Results. Relative to control, lethal means counseling and provision of cable locks resulted in greater adoption of several safe storage methods over time. Lethal means counseling outperformed control (3 months: 55.0% vs 39.0%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.91). Cable locks outperformed control at 3 and 6 months on number of storage methods (1.41 vs 1.11; d = 0.29 and 1.34 vs 1.16; d = 0.15, respectively) and locking devices (59.8% vs 29.9%; OR = 3.49 and 58.4% vs 35.8%; OR = 2.52, respectively)

Conclusions. Lethal means counseling and cable locks can result in sustained changes in firearm storage.

Public Health Implications. The military may benefit from lethal means counseling, perhaps administering at point of entry.

Trial Registration. Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT03375099.
Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Desa Tanggap Covid-19 Berdasarkan Surat Edaran Nomor 8 Tahun 2020 Tentang Desa Tanggap Covid-19 di Desa Kepuhrejo Kecamatan Kudu Kabupaten Jombang
Authors: Indriani Iin , Qotimah Inggitta Khusnul , Musyafa'ah Nurlailatul
Published: December 2020

Pandemi COVID-19 masih terus menyebar di berbagai wilayah dan menimbulkan banyak korban setiap harinya serta berdampak besar bagi masyarakat menengah ke bawah. Pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan Desa Tanggap COVID-19 yang disebutkan dalam Surat Edaran Nomor 8 tahun 2020 sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan dan penanganan COVID-19 di desa dengan membentuk Relawan Desa Lawan COVID-19 dan penggunaan dana desa untuk memperkuat ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pelaksanaan kebijakan-kebijakan Desa Tanggap COVID-19 yang diterapkan di Desa Kepuhrejo Kecamatan Kudu Kabupaten Jombang yang mengacu pada Surat Edaran Menteri Desa Nomor 8 Tahun 2020 dan kebijakan lain yang diatur lebih lanjut oleh pemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris, dimana sumber utama yang diperoleh melalui penelitian lapangan dengan mengamati fenomena yang terjadi, dan melakukan wawancara, serta menggunakan pendekatan normatif. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan bahwa dalam hal penyediaan sarana dan prasarana untuk pemudik yang melakukan isolasi di gedung SD tidak sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku dimana segala kebutuhan konsumsi yang dibutuhkan oleh pemudik tersebut tidak disediakan oleh pemerintah desa, kemudian penjaga pos pantau COVID-19 yang bertugas di beberapa titik desa tidak memperolah upah atas tenaga dan waktunya, dan keluarga miskin dan masyarakat marjinal yang memperoleh bantuan sosial yang berasal penggunaan dana APBDes.
Mineras y parcioneras. La participación de las mujeres en la minería de San Luis Potosí, una aproximación a través de los pleitos, siglo XVIII
Authors: Povea Moreno Isabel María
Published: December 2020

Este artículo aborda la participación de las mujeres en la minería del distrito de San Luis Potosí durante el siglo XVIII. Se esbozan algunas explicaciones sobre la poca atención prestada al papel de las mujeres en la historia de la minería colonial. A continuación, con base en litigios mineros y fuentes notariales, se explican las diferentes formas de acceso a la propiedad minera y se indaga en el uso del aparato legal por parte de las mujeres mineras para la salvaguardia de sus intereses. Así, este ensayo muestra cómo los pleitos mineros son una valiosa fuente para recuperar el quehacer y las experiencias de las mujeres mineras.
Forming Higher School Students’ Inclusive Competence: Efficiency of Organizational Teaching Models
Authors: Goryunova Liliya Vasilievna , Timchenko Ekaterina Sergeevna , Timchenko Ivan Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The paper analyses efficiency of organizational teaching models aimed at forming higher school students’ inclusive competence. The authors identify prerequisites for origin of the “inclusive competence” notion, reveal its essence, describe methodological approaches to forming students’ inclusive competence, provide a comparative survey of the existing models of students’ inclusive competence formation in the process of teaching pedagogical disciplines. Scientific originality of the research involves justifying the thesis that efficiency of the organizational teaching models under study depends on the level of students’ interest in the discipline, level of their involvement in problematic of social and educational inclusion, in choice of a learning trajectory, forms and methods of teaching. The research findings are as follows: the notion “inclusive competence” is defined; assessment criteria for inclusive competence are ascertained; conclusion is made that the elective education model is more efficient in terms of students’ inclusive competence formation.
Comparative Study of Sample Preparation Techniques for Backside Analysis
Authors: Perdu Philippe , Desplats Romain , Beaudoin Felix
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a comparative study of backside sample preparation techniques with applicability to conventional as well as flip chip package types. We will cover mechanical (grinding and milling tools), chemical (wet and dry chemistries) and other approaches such as laser ablation. Backside sample preparation is very challenging. The preparation process flow starts with decapsulation of the ceramic or plastic package, continues with the die paddle removal, silicon thinning and finishes with silicon polishing. The techniques involved include mechanical, chemical and other novel approaches for ceramic and plastic package. Today, only CNC milling can cover the whole process for almost any kind of packages. Nevertheless, photo ablation is a rising technology for package decapsulation. In addition, chemical wet etch can be used to perform silicon thinning and polishing. We will illustrate the complexity of the process through examples. The first one is a ceramic package where the main issue is the hardness of ceramic. The second one is a TSOP package where the main challenge is the chip scaled package. Both will be observed through the IR emission microscope to demonstrate the efficiency of the preparation.
Failure Analysis of MEMS Using Thermally-Induced Voltage Alteration
Authors: Walraven Jeremy A. , Cole Edward I. , Tangyunyong Paiboon
Published: December 2020

Electrical shorting in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is a significant production and manufacturing concern. We present a new approach to localizing shorted MEMS devices using Thermally-Induced Voltage Alteration (TIVA) [1]. In TIVA, the shorted, thermally isolated MEMS device is very sensitive to thermal stimulus. The site of the MEMS short will respond as a thermocouple when heated. By monitoring the potential across the shorted MEMS device as a laser scans across the sample, an image showing the location of the thermocouple (short site) can be generated. The TIVA signal for thermally isolated MEMS devices is much higher than that observed for conventional IC interconnections. This results from the larger temperature gradients generated during laser scanning due to little or no substrate heat sinking. The capability to quickly localize shorted MEMS structures is demonstrated by several examples. Thermal modeling of heat distributions is presented and is consistent with the experimental results.
A Novel X-Ray Microtomography System with High Resolution and Throughput for Non-Destructive 3D Imaging of Advanced Packages
Authors: Scott David , Duewer Fred , Kamath Shashi , Lyon Alan , Trapp David , Wang Steve , Yun Wenbing
Published: December 2020

X-ray microscopy has the potential to solve many failure analysis problems associated with advanced package technologies because of its ability to non-destructively inspect advanced multi-layer package designs. In addition, x-ray imaging has the potential to perform fault isolation in 3D using well-established tomographic reconstruction methods. The ability to perform high-resolution, artifact free tomographic reconstructions will be critical to the Advanced Packaging Failure Analysis community. This article discusses the requirements for a high-resolution, three-dimensional tomographic imaging microscope and shows how these requirements pose a problem for conventional projection based x-ray microscopes, specifically the requirement to place the sample in near contact with the x-ray source. The article then discusses the results from the Micro-XCT, an x-ray tomographic imaging microscope designed by Xradia, Inc., whose unique design allows for the required 180 degrees of sample rotation while simultaneously maintaining resolutions as high as 1 micrometer.
Magnetic Current Imaging with Magnetic Tunnel Junction Sensors—Case Study and Analysis
Authors: Schrag Benaiah D. , Carter Matthew J. , Liu Xiaoyong , Hoftun Jan S. , Xiao Gang
Published: December 2020

We describe the use of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) sensors for the purposes of magnetic current imaging. First, a case study shows how magnetic and current density images generated using an MTJ sensor probe were used to isolate the root cause of failure in a newly-designed ASIC. We then give a brief introduction to the operation and construction of MTJ sensors. Finally, a full comparison is made between the three types of sensors which have been used for magnetic current imaging: giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and magnetic tunnel junctions. These three technologies are quantitatively compared on the basis of spatial resolution, sensitivity, and geometry.
Packaging Material has Contributed to High Idd_Pd Failures in CMOS ICs
Authors: Chi Pun Meng , Eng Chew Gim , Sulaiman Nazita
Published: December 2020

An aggressive yield improvement program that was undertaken by the engineering teams has culminated in the works reported in this paper. The power down current (Idd_Pd) was one of the major failure modes recorded for CMOS ICs. In essence, any improvement made on the Idd_Pd test yield will result in substantial gain in terms of cost and production capacity. A taskforce to resolve high fallouts for the Idd_Pd was then formed back in the year 2004. This taskforce comprised of members from various engineering teams, for instance, Manufacturing, IC Design, Materials and Failure Analysis (FA). The length of investigation to resolve the complex high Idd_Pd failures had spanned over a period of a year. The team had devised a comprehensive sets of DOEs (Design of Experiments) which were conducted at various contract manufacturing facilities where the ICs were packaged. Results obtained from these DOEs had conclusively pointed to molded materials as the major factor contributing to high Idd_Pd yield loss. Armed with this vital information, FA had performed an indepth electrical diagnosis as well as physical analysis on the molded materials. The analysis results had confirmed contamination of the molding materials by conductive carbonized resin as the cause of high leakage current in ICs. Likewise, the material supplier had found minute contamination in the resin melt. In essence, Idd_Pds that were measured in the range of tens of microamps to thousands of microamps in ICs could be largely attributed to leakages caused by carbonized resin in the molded materials.
Floating Substrate Passive Voltage Contrast (FSPVC)
Authors: Jenkins Mark W. , Tangyunyong Paiboon , Cole Edward I. , Soden Jerry M. , Walraven Jeremy A. , Pimentel Alejandro A.
Published: December 2020

Light emission [1,2] and passive voltage contrast (PVC) [3,4] are common failure analysis tools that can quickly identify and localize gate oxide short sites. In the past, PVC was not used on electrically floating substrates or SOI (silicon-on-insulator) devices due to the conductive path needed to “bleed off” charge. In PVC, the SEM’s primary beam induces different equilibrium potentials on floating versus grounded (0 V) conductors, thus generating different secondary electron emission intensities for fault localization. Recently we obtained PVC signals on bulk silicon floating substrates and SOI devices. In this paper, we present details on identifying and validating gate shorts utilizing this Floating Substrate PVC (FSPVC) method.
A Novel Non-Destructive Approach to Deprocess the Sealing Cap from MEMS Device for Failure Analysis
Authors: Liu Hsien-Wen , Chiang King-Ting , Liu Tao-Chi , Chang Ming-Lun , Lin Jandel
Published: December 2020

Applications of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors have developed rapidly in the last decade, increasing the need of Failure Analysis (FA) to characterize abnormalities and to identify failure modes of various types of MEMS devices. One of the greatest challenges is removal of the sealing cap from the MEMS device without any impact to the moveable sensing elements. A novel non-destructive technique has been successfully developed using KOH wet chemical etching followed by application of ex-situ hand sticking to deprocess the sealing cap from an accelerometer device. This new approach provides a quick and reliable way to remove the sealing cap from a MEMS device.
Electrical Failure and Damage Analysis of Multi-Layer Metal Films on Flexible Substrate during Cyclic Bending Deformation
Authors: Kim Byoung-Joon , Shin Hae-A-Seul , Choi In-Suk , Joo Young-Chang
Published: December 2020

The electrical resistance Cu film on flexible substrate was investigated in cyclic bending deformation. The electrical resistance of 1 µm thick Cu film on flexible substrate increased up to 120 % after 500,000 cycles in 1.1 % tensile bending strain. Crack and extrusion were observed due to the fatigue damage of metal film. Low bending strain did not cause any damage on metal film but higher bending strain resulted in severe electrical and mechanical damage. Thinner film showed higher fatigue resistance because of the better mechanical property of thin film. Cu film with NiCr under-layer showed poorer fatigue resistance in tensile bending mode. Ni capping layer did not improve the fatigue resistance of Cu film, but Al capping layer suppressed crack formation and lowered electrical resistance change. The NiCr under layer, Ni capping layer, and Al capping layer effect on electrical resistance change of Cu film was compared with Cu only sample.
A Method of Stress Reduction during Silicon Thinning
Authors: Mulholland Matthew M. , Wadell Robert P.
Published: December 2020

Post silicon validation techniques require backside sample preparation by silicon thinning techniques. The conventional fixture to this preparation on large die packages causes silicon to crack. A new “4-point bending” fixture was developed to reduce silicon bending strain during thinning to eliminate silicon cracking. This new fixture and technique improved remaining silicon thickness uniformity as well as process time.
Filtering and Emission Area Identification in the Time Resolved Imaging Data
Authors: Chef S. , Jacquir S. , Binczak S. , Sanchez K. , Perdu P.
Published: December 2020

Time Resolved Imaging (TRI) acquisitions allow precise timing analysis of emission spots. Up to date technologies deeply challenge their isolation by hiding the weak ones, under sizing or over sizing visually detectable emission spots and finally by jeopardizing timing resolution. We report on an algorithm based on 1 and 2D signal processing tools which automates the identification of emission sites and optimizes separation between noise and useful signal, even for weak spots surrounding strong emission areas. The application of the algorithm on several sets of data from different types of devices and their results are also discussed.
Development of Advanced Non Destructive Techniques for Failure Analysis of PCBs and PCBAs
Authors: Perraud Julien , Enouz-Vedrenne Shaïma , Clement Jean-Claude , Grivon Arnaud
Published: December 2020

The continuous miniaturization trends followed by a vast majority of electronic applications results in always denser PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) designs and PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) with increasing solder joint densities. Current high-end designs feature high layer count sequential build-up PCBs with fine lines/spaces and numerous stacked filled microvias, as well as closely spaced BGA/QFN components with pitches down to 0.4mm. In recent years, several 3D packaging approaches have emerged to further increase system integration by enabling the stacking of several dies or packages. This has translated for example into the advent of highly integrated complex System in Package (SiP) modules, Package-on-Package (PoP) assemblies or chips embedded in PCBs [1]. From a failure analysis (FA) perspective, this deep technology evolution is setting extreme challenges for accurately locating a failure site, especially when destructive techniques are not desired. The few conventional non-destructive techniques like optical or x-ray inspection are now practically becoming useless for high density PCB designs. This paper reviews several advanced analysis techniques that could be used to overcome these limitations. It will be shown through several examples how three non-destructive methods usually dedicated to package analyses can be efficiently adapted to PCBs and PCBAs: • Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) • 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) • Infrared Thermography A case study of a flex-rigid board FA is presented to show the efficiency of these three techniques over classical techniques. In this example, not only the defect localization has been possible, but also the defect characterization without using destructive analysis.
Counterfeit Detection Strategies: When to Do It / How to Do It
Authors: Caswell Greg
Published: December 2020

Counterfeit components have been defined as a growing concern in recent years as demand increases for reducing costs. In fact the Department of Commerce has identified a 141% increase in the last three years alone. A counterfeit is any item that is not as it is represented with the intention to deceive its buyer or user. The misrepresentation is often driven by the known presence of defects or other inadequacies in regards to performance. Whether it is used for a commercial, medical or military application, a counterfeit component could cause catastrophic failure at a critical moment. The market for long life electronics, based on commercial off the shelf (COTS) parts, such as those used in medical, military, commercial depot repair, or long term use applications (e.g. street and traffic lights, photovoltaic systems), seems to create a perfect scenario for counterfeiters. With these products, components wear out and need to be replaced long before the overall product fails. The availability of these devices can be derived in many ways. For example, a typical manufacturer may render a component obsolete by changing the design, changing the functionality, or simply discontinuing manufacture. Also, the parts that are available after a design has been discontinued are often distributed by brokers who have very little control over the source or supply. Recycling of devices has also emerged as a means of creating counterfeit devices that are presented as new. And finally, as demand and price increase, the likelihood of counterfeits also increases. This paper will address the four unique sources of counterfeit components and insight into how they occur. Detection methodologies, such as visual inspection, mechanical robustness, X-Ray, XRF, C-SAM, Infrared Thermography, electrical characterization, decapsulation, and marking evaluations, will be compared and contrasted, as well as multiple examples of counterfeit parts identified by DfR.
Time-Resolved Thermoreflectance Imaging for Thermal Testing and Analysis
Authors: Yazawa Kazuaki , Kendig Dustin , Shakouri Ali
Published: December 2020

High speed, time-resolved, thermoreflectance imaging is a novel way to locate defects or regions of potential failures in microelectronic devices. This paper reports on our thermoreflectance technique for dynamic imaging of circuit temperature distributions. This transient imaging method is based on a precise electrical lock-in technique with image processing similar to an old fashioned animation movie. An ordinal shutter speed camera is used in conjunction with an illumination LED that is pulsed for sampling the temperature distribution. This paper presents the method and gives a description of the system hardware. A theoretical comparison to lock-in thermography, which is based on infrared emission imaging, will be given. Limitations of thermoreflectance and the driving factors for spatial and time resolution will be discussed. Finally, we highlight and provide examples of near infrared (NIR) wavelength imaging, to enable both through-silicon thermal imaging and emission imaging in the same system. The combination of these two techniques is expected to enable hotspot temperatures and any anomalous emission sites to be correlated, hopefully leading to a better understanding of the nature of the defect.