bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Food Purchases: A Study of Inter‐Ethnic and Intra‐Ethnic Group Patterns Involving the Hispanic Community
Authors: Paulin Geoffrey D.
Published: March 2007

The Hispanic community in the United States is growing rapidly. Understanding food expenditure patterns for this group is of increasing importance. Yet, as implied by the term Hispanic community, most literature treats Hispanics as one group rather than as a collection of diverse cultures with some common linguistic and other characteristics. This article uses data from the 1995 and 1996 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Diary Surveys to examine food expenditure patterns for Hispanics as a group compared to non‐Hispanics and for subgroups within the Hispanic community (i.e., families of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or other Spanish origin). The data show not only that Hispanics in general have different food expenditure patterns than non‐Hispanics, but also, and perhaps more important, that the subgroups within the Hispanic community are not homogeneous in their food expenditure patterns. Researchers should recognize the diversity in the Hispanic population when considering goals for nutritional and related policies.
Specimen Preparation of Raw and Cooked Carrot Phloem and Xylem for the Scanning Electron Microscope1
Authors: Davis Eugenia A. , Gordon Joan , Hutchinson Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Xylem and phloem tissues of raw and cooked carrots were prepared (1) by mechanical excision and (2) by cryofracturing the tissue in liquid nitrogen. Both sets were subse quently fixed with gluteraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and critical point dried aftersuc cessive dehydrations with acetone. It was concluded that for these particular tissues and sample preparations the cryofractured‐critical point drying technique was less damaging, more preserving with fewer artifactual distortions, and gave more information on the sur face structure and interfacial properties than did mechanical excision of these tissues.
The Grants Economy and Study of the American Family: A Possible Framework for Trans‐Disciplinary Approaches1
Authors: Bivens Gordon E.
Published: March 2007

Use and allocation of family and societal resources are guided by market forces and the grants economy. This paper expands on the grants economy with special reference to the family. Examples of grants within families and between families and society are cited as well as the possible ramifications on the grants economy of cross‐generational estrange ment and impeded communications, lengthened period of economic dependence of the younger generation, changes in family stability, more married women working for pay, and shifts of functions from family to organizations outside the family. Finally, a plea is made for greater trans‐disciplinary cooperation in research on the family to yield more complete and meaningful results‐e.g., on topics such as estimating the costs and benefits of public programs as well as changes in the market economy affecting families, estimating the “worth” to society of integrative structures that result in large part from family experi ence, delegation outside the family, and monetization of functions previously performed by family members for family members, estimation of the relative “worth” of different family forms, and determination of the multidimensional effects of divorce, alternative child care arrangements, and various care and living arrangements for the elderly.
The Design of Protective Equipment for Ice Hockey
Authors: Watkins Susan M.
Published: March 2007

The major objectives of the research were to provide the apparel designer with informa tion about user needs with regard to protective equipment and to stimulate the devel opment of new apparel forms for protective materials. Hockey players were observed under game conditions to gather impact and body movement data. Impact data were related to medical literature and recommendations were made for the shape and structure of protec tive equipment for various body areas. Body movement data were used to determine the amount of over‐the‐joint movement needed in the protective covering of players during performance. Two additional studies were undertaken to provide the apparel designer with a basis for exploring design solutions: a suspension study that explored a variety of means for suspending rigid forms over parts of the body, and a jointing study that examined means of connecting rigid materials in ways which related to body joint movements. The results of the research were sketched proposals for protective ice hockey equipment and fin ished prototypes.
Relationship Between Traditionalism of Dress and Social Values of Ghanaian Women
Authors: Matthews Lillian B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine to what degree adherence to traditional dress and adoption of western dress by Ghanaian university students differs from that of their mothers. If there is a difference, is this difference reflected in changing marriage and family values between the two generations?

Dress of Ghanaian women was classified as traditional, modified traditional, combined tradi tional with western, and western dress. Data were gathered by questionnaire and camera, Fall 1975, from 177 female students at the University of Ghana and at Winneba Specialist Training College.

Students' dress for class and social occasions was most frequently a simply styled western dress and, for funeral and memorial services, the modified traditional dress. Their mothers more fre quently wore traditional dress for all occasions. The differences in use of traditional and western dress between mothers and daughters was highly significant.

The students were significantly more accepting of western marriage and family values than their mothers. The traditional values held by mothers had a positive association with their wearing of traditional Ghanaian dress. The daughters' more western attitudes were associated only with their use of modified traditional dress.
The Effects Of Wife's Employment Time On Her Household Work Time
Authors: Stafford Kathryn
Published: March 2007

The effects of the length of the employed wife's employment day on her time in household work activities were examined for 362 wives in a 1967–68 Syracuse, New York, time‐use study. This research is based on a household time allocation model which assumes employment status and length of employment day are outside the realm of families’choices when making daily time‐use decisions. Incorporation of this assumption permits a theoretically and statistically valid empirical examination of the effects of length of employment day on time in household work for the first time. Employment effects were estimated at five stages in the life cycle by multiple regression using a logistic function. The effects on wives’daily time were negative for all activities except yard and car care, nonphysical family care, and marketing and chauffeuring. Increases in wives’daily nonphysical care time were greater than their decreases in physical care time for all families except those with only preschool age children. The novel results of this research indicate employment status may not be a suitable substitute measure for employment time. The results also cast suspicion on the results of time‐use studies which aggregate employed and nonemployed wives. The results also support the superior performance of nonlinear functions in explaining household time use.
Use of Perceptions of Female Dress as an Indicator of Role Definition
Authors: DeLong Marilyn Revell , Salusso‐Deonier Carol , Larntz Kinley
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare 60 male and 59 female responses to social and business female dress. Suits and dresses were selected as stimuli to represent a social‐to‐ business continuum. A semantic differential instrument was adapted for use from a previous study. Use of word pairs was similar in nature for male and female responses, although there was a difference in relative influence. Separation of responses was mostly evaluative in nature. The social‐to‐business continuum was a key parameter in male‐female differences in response. Commonality in female response led to the conclusion that females accepted the business image represented by the stimuli. The male response was more diverse for business and social images.
Consumer, Consumption, and Family Economics/Household Management Research, 1972–82: Survey of the Past and Outlook for the Future
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed , Nickols Sharon Y.
Published: March 2007

The state of the art in family economics/home management research was as sessed. An analysis of research in the areas of consumer, consumption, and family economics/household management, published during the period 1972–82 in four journals revealed a fairly even distribution of articles across the four major topic areas. The majority of articles reported studies that used survey method ology, while a few studies used experimental design. A variety of statistical methods were observed, with multiple regression being the most frequently used. Articles were organized by topic, journal, statistical analysis, etc. to expe dite the work of researchers, teachers, and graduate students interested in lo cating examples of a particular source, methodology, or analysis.
Use of the Ethnographic Approach As Interpretive Science Within The Field of Home Economics: Textiles and Clothing as an Example
Authors: Daly M. Catherine
Published: March 2007

The ethnographic approach refers to a descriptive and interpretive process used in research which aims to understand individuals and their behavior from their perspective and sociocultural context. It is presented as a possible alternative methodological approach to the methods of the analytic‐empirical perspective which dominates the research in the field of home economics. The objectives of this article are: (1) to establish the significance of an alternative theoretical structure and methodological approach to research within the area of textiles and clothing, (2) to examine the use of the ethnographic approach as an interpretive science perspective by reviewing the textile and clothing research literature, and (3) to illustrate the application and compatibility of the ethnographic approach as interpretive science to the range of human problems addressed in the study of textiles and clothing.
Figure Attractiveness: Male and Female Preferences for Female Figures
Authors: Douty Helen I. , Brannon Evelyn L.
Published: March 2007

The principal objectives of this study were (1) to identify figure characteristics that trigger pervasive judgments on attractiveness and (2) to develop and apply a new research method for securing assessments under the realistic conditions of complex figures with multiple varied characteristics. Ratings on attractiveness of 29 female figures with variant physiques were made by college students—20 men and 20 women. Somatographs of the figures (silhouette photographs taken under controlled conditions) served as stimuli for the responses during interview sessions. Attractiveness/unattractiveness was rated on a five‐point scale from side and back views; open‐end questions were used to identify figure characteristics that influenced the ratings. Hypotheses predicted significant agreement among ratings of subjects within male and female groups, and between male and female raters. Subjects' ratings on figure attractiveness were significantly related, indi cating general agreement on attractiveness. Admired and disapproved figure characteristics were identified.
Comfort Of Warm‐Up Suits During Exercise As Related To Moisture Transport Properties Of Fabrics
Authors: Morris M.A. , Prato H.H. , Chadwick S.L. , Bernauer E.M.
Published: March 2007

To assess the relationship between comfort and moisture transport properties of warm‐up suit fabrics, a wear study was designed in which physiological and subjective measurements were obtained from subjects wearing warm‐up suits under controlled conditions of exercise and environment. During the wear study, the subjects were under moderate heat stress in the warm environment and under no heat stress in the cool environment. Three fabrics were used in the study. Two of the fabrics were similar in thickness and insulative value but differed in ability to absorb and transport moisture. The other fabric had moisture properties that were similar to one of the above fabrics, but it was thinner and had a lower insulative value. Under cool environmental conditions the three fabrics provided similar levels of comfort. When the wearers were subjected to moderate heat stress, they were most comfortable when wearing either the thinnest fabric or the fabric which absorbed and transported the most moisture. Comparisons between the two fabrics with similar insulative values indicated that the under garments contained less moisture and the wearers felt drier when wearing the suit which had better moisture transport properties. Laboratory measurements of liquid transport and drop absorption were the best predictors of subjective eval uations of wetness and differences in the amounts of moisture in the garments when worn under conditions of moderate heat stress.
Nutritional Status Of Preschool Children From Intact And Divorced Families
Authors: Bowering Jean , Wynn Ruth L.
Published: March 2007

We examined nutritional status data on selected white preschool children from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) who were from either two‐parent, intact families or single‐parent families headed by divorced or separated women. Income was significantly lower in single‐parent families, regardless of mothers' employment status. Neither marital status nor work status was significantly related to laboratory indicators of iron and vitamin status, anthropometric measures, or nutrient intake. Children (especially boys) in single‐parent families tended to have more low serum transferrin saturation values than children from intact families. Girls with single mothers had heights below the fifth percentile more frequently than girls from intact families. Al though we found no strong evidence for nutritional deficiency, there were indi cations of potential for increased nutritional risk among preschoolers with di vorced or separated parents.
Employment Orientation's Influence on Lifestyle and Evaluative Criteria for Apparel
Authors: Cassill Nancy , Drake Mary Frances
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of female consumers' employment orientation on lifestyle and evaluative criteria of apparel. Employ ment orientation—a person's attitude toward employment outside of the home—was classified into four distinct segments: Career‐Oriented Working Women, Just‐a‐Job Working Women, Plan‐to‐Work Housewives, and Stay‐at‐Home Housewives. A random sample of 2,000 female consumers, ages 25–44, was sent questionnaires resulting in a 45 percent (n = 842) return rate. Principal Compo nents Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used to reduce the number of lifestyle and evaluative criteria items to 11 factors. Analysis of Variance was per formed to determine if influence did occur. Employment orientation did signifi cantly influence lifestyle and evaluative criteria. The four employment orientation groups differed significantly on lifestyle and on the evaluative criteria used in selecting social apparel. In addition, female consumers were segmented into four distinct groups each with its own demographic and psychographic profile. Segmentation by employment orientation provided a richer and more accurate marketing framework than previous consumer profiles, reaffirming that women's employment orientation does change them as consumers and therefore as a target market.
Nutrition Information Sources Used by Adolescents
Authors: Thomsen Patrice A. , Terry R. Dale , Amos Rosalie J.
Published: March 2007

Sources from which adolescents receive general nutrition information and are most likely to seek information about specific nutrition topics were examined. Data were collected from 163 14‐ to 18‐year‐old males and females. Over 90 per cent of the respondents reported that they had Iearned about nutrition in at least one school course during the current or previous school years. Home economics class was most frequently reported, followed by health, science, and physical education. Respondents indicated that they had often received information about nutrition during the current school year from television and parents or guardians. Other frequently cited sources were labels on food packages, maga zines, and radio. Respondents who were older or in higher grades were more likely than those who were younger or in lower grades to report receiving nutri tion information from mass media sources, and were less likely to report re ceiving information from health professionals and significant others. The respon dents reported that they would most frequently seek information from physicians and parents or guardians if they had questions about losing or gaining weight or using vitamin/mineral supplements. However, if they had questions about eating to help sports performance, the majority reported that they would first seek in formation from coaches.
Implications of the Interface of Home Economics and Women in Development
Authors: Prehm Marilyn S. , Murray Eloise Comeau
Published: March 2007

The relationship of preferences for programs and policies addressing women in developing countries to professional training, professional association member ship, international experience, and related demographic variables was studied. The sample consisted of 299 respondents from the combined total membership of the International Section of the American Home Economics Association (AHEA) and the Association for Women in Development (AWID). The interface of pref erences was explored by first grouping respondents according to discipline or to professional association membership and then comparing subscale and factor analysis scores. Findings indicate that AWID home economists' preferences over lap with those of other members of AWID and the remaining home economists. Home economists strongly preferred household approaches, and women‐ in‐development professionals preferred empowerment approaches. Home econ omists need to examine critically how their preferences might either limit or facilitate their collaboration with those outside the profession.
Clothing and Changing Sex Roles: Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses
Authors: Lennon Sharron J.
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this exploratory study was to compare qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and results via an investigation of sex role changes and clothing. Clothing and other appearance variables from videotaped episodes of situation comedies aired from 1953 to 1988 were analyzed for mas culinity and femininity. The results of both analyses were remarkably similar. The increasing masculinity of working women's appearance as depicted in the sitcoms over time was found to be related to concomitantly changing sex roles, from highly differentiated roles in 1953–1957, when the least masculinity was found in women's appearance, to modestly differentiated roles in 1986—1988, when the most masculinity was found in women's appearance. Further, the clothing and appearance of working men and working women became less differentiated as sex roles became less differentiated. This was primarily due to the fact that wom en's appearance came to incorporate more, and men's appearance came to in corporate fewer, masculine elements. However, men's appearance did not come to incorporate more feminine elements.
Dermatological Health Problems Attributed by Consumers to Contact With Textiles
Authors: Davis Leslie L. , Markee Nancy , Dallas Merry Jo , Harger Barbara , Miller Janet
Published: March 2007

The present research analyzed dermatological health problems attributed by con sumers to textiles. A two‐phase survey was used to collect data. The first phase involved a self‐administered mail questionnaire sent to a disproportionate strat ified random sample of 750 households in each of five western states. Information from 1,785 usable questionnaires (55% response rate) provided baseline data on the existence of perceived dermatological problems attributed to textiles. The relationships between perceived problems and respondents' demographic char acteristics and climatic conditions of their residences were analyzed. The second phase was a telephone questionnaire directed to those initial respondents who indicated they perceived dermatological health problems caused by contact with textiles. Implicated fibers, fabrics, finishes, and dyes were identified. Symptoms of the problems and coping strategies for relieving symptoms were also identi fied. Financial losses encountered by such problems were estimated.
Promoting Fitness: Behavior, Knowledge, and Confidence of Extension Home Economists
Authors: Pratt Charlotte , Howze Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the personal exercise behavior, exercise knowledge, and perceived confidence of extension home economists (EHEs) in promoting exer cise in their communities. One hundred ten of 124 EHEs in Virginia completed a mailed questionnaire. Results indicated that the EHEs were fairly active, obtaining an average physical activity score of 9.2 ± 3.3 out of a possible 13. Scores on exercise knowledge averaged 10.1 ± 2.2 out of a possible 13. The Kuder‐ Richardson reliability estimate (KR20) of the exercise knowledge scores was .72. Overall, the EHEs were confident in writing and talking about exercise, but sig nificantly less confident about organizing exercise classes and evaluating the outcome of exercise. No significant associations were observed between exer cise knowledge and professional confidence in undertaking activities at work to promote community fitness. In contrast, personal physical activity scores corre lated significantly with exercise knowledge and with professional confidence in writing and talking with clients about exercise. Nonetheless, no significant cor relations were observed between physical activity scores and professional confi dence in arranging a class to promote fitness or in evaluating the outcomes of exercise programs in the community. It is suggested that continuing education training for EHEs encourage them to maintain physically active lifestyles and pro vide them with the skills needed to network with community agencies to promote community fitness more effectively.
Determinants of Women's Roles in Home Maintenance
Authors: Baillie Sheila T. , Peart Virginia
Published: March 2007

Women aged 20 through 59 who owned their homes were surveyed to determine which home maintenance tasks they perform themselves and which home main tenance tasks they would be willing to perform if they knew how. The majority of women were most likely to do interior painting themselves. More than one‐fourth of the women surveyed also were the most likely one in the family to clean the outside of the house, refinish wood surfaces, mow the lawn, caulk cracks, hang wallpaper, or do outside painting. In addition to these tasks, the majority of women indicated that if they knew how they also would be willing to do many other tasks, including skilled tasks such as window repair, minor plumbing re pairs, and installation of new flooring. Discriminant analysis was used to deter mine variables that best predict the characteristics of women most likely to be involved in home maintenance and those most likely to be willing to learn more tasks. The best predictors of female “do‐it‐yourselfers” were found to be percep tion of skill, marital status, age, employment status, and race, with do‐ it‐yourselfers most likely to be younger, unmarried white women who are em ployed fewer hours per week and have a high perception of their skill level. The best predictors of willingness to do home maintenance tasks were skill, value of the dwelling, marital status, household size, age, and household income. Those most willing to learn more tasks were most likely to be younger, unmarried women with families, living in lower‐value housing on low‐to‐moderate incomes, and having a high perception of their skill level.
Assessing the Food Intake of Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled Adults
Authors: Farrar Deborah H. , Varner M. June , Ward Joan Y.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the difficulties and limitations of responding to a food frequency instrument for 44 mentally retarded/developmentally disabled (MR/DD) adults and 49 college students was made. Variables included responses to closed‐ended (CE), open‐ended frequency (OF), and open‐ended quantity (OQ) questions, and frequency of eight behaviors that indicate difficulties in responding to a food frequency questionnaire. There were significant differences in responses be tween the two groups for OF and OQ, with the MR/DD group having more difficulty. The two groups were similar in responses to the CE question, having little difficulty. MR/DD adults may be unable to provide information with regard to quantity and frequency of food intake. Behaviors that may indicate limitations in ability to respond to a food frequency instrument were significantly higher for the MR/DD group. Based on the results of this study it appears that it is possible to gather basic, but not quantitative, dietary information from MR/DD individuals, such as food preferences and whether or not specific foods are eaten.
User Input in Housing Design: The Interdisciplinary Challenge
Authors: Gabb Betsy S. , Lodl Kathleen Ann , Combs E. Raedene
Published: March 2007

A consortium composed of home economists, architects, engineers, and horti culturists at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln undertook a project to develop housing designs that would respond to the current and future needs and desires of people living in Nebraska. The consortium hoped to reduce the considerable gap between the thinking of designers and that of the people for whom they design (users) by linking designers with professionals in social sciences. This article contains a discussion of the user evaluation of the designs and the impli cations of these and other findings.

From the housing designs created in response to user input, two were selected for user evaluation. A third design (that of a manufactured modular home cur rently on the market in Nebraska) was also included. The results show that the two designs created in response to user input were not, in general, acceptable to these users and that the modular home currently on the market was more ac ceptable. The findings raise some important questions and challenges for hous ing and design professionals.
Optimum Internal Temperature Established by Sensory Evaluation for Fish Prepared in Conventional and Microwave Ovens
Authors: Johansson Lisbeth , Rudérus Håkan , Beilby Ruby I.
Published: March 2007

Rainbow trout and cod were baked in conventional and microwave ovens to final internal temperatures of 55°C, 65°C, and 75°C, and then subjected to sensory evaluation. Cooking loss and lipid content in accumulated liquid were measured. For both species of fish in both ovens, an increase in temperature meant a decrease in tenderness, juiciness, and flavor as well as in surface moistness. The internal temperature of the fish had a greater effect on the eating quality than did the method of heating. Cod had a greater weight loss when microwave cooked than when cooked in the conventional oven. The rainbow trout had similar total weight loss in both ovens but lost more lipid when microwave cooked. When the fish cooked in those ovens were compared at 55°C, no difference between ovens was found in the sensory characteristics.
Effect of Safe Food Handling Programming on Participants' Food Handling Behaviors
Authors: Nies Joyce I. , Van Laanen Peggy Gentry
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which participants adopted safe food handling behaviors after attendingfood safety programs conducted by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service. One hundred telephone interviews with program participants were completed. The interview schedule included 16 food handling questions. Participants reported practicing safefood handling behaviors a higher percentage of the time after participating in the programs than before participating in the programs. The food handling behaviors showing statistically significant changes included thawingfrozenfood in the refrigerator; usingappliance thermometers; keepingfood preparation areas clean; washing hands before handlingfood, after handling raw meat, and before handling cooked food; refrigerating perishable foods promptly; and using different cutting boardsfor raw meats and otherfoods. Based on participant responses, the food safety programs appear to be effective in the promotion of behavioral change and the adoption of safe food handling behaviors.
Characteristics Related to Elderly Persons' Perceived Difficulty of Remaining in Their Current Homes
Authors: Sherman Sonia L. , Combs E. Raedene
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to discoverfactors related to elderly persons' perceived difficulty of remaining in their current homes as they grow older. On the basis of the literature review, a conceptual framework was developed to guide the procedure for the research project. Data collected through personal interviews with 192 older persons living in a Midwestern state were examined using analyses of variance with the least significant difference test and chi‐square distributions. The findings suggest that unless older individuals are personally experiencing health and mobility problems, are currently having difficulty performing routine tasks, and/or are livingfurtherfrom services, they are not likely to perceive that it will be difficult to remain in their current homes as they advance in age. They do not appear to take into consideration the absence of support‐relatedfactors thatforce many older persons to leave their homes. Educational programs that help older persons recognize possiblefuture challenges and make appropriate plans are suggested.
Apparel Expenditure Patterns of Elderly Consumers: A Life‐Cycle Consumption Model
Authors: Lee Jinkook , Hanna Sherman D. , Mok Chiu Fui Joyce , Wang Hui
Published: March 2007

Using the 1990 and 1991 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Interview Survey of Consumer Expenditures, apparel expenditure patterns of elderly consumers were analyzed based on a life‐cycle consumption model. The life‐cycle consumption model implies planned decreases in apparel expenditure with age, and the empirical analysis supported this hypothesized age effect. In addition, income, financial assets, household composition, number of earners, and education werefound to influence elderly consumers' apparel expenditure patterns.
The Influence of Open‐Mindedness and Knowledge on Attitudes Toward Teen Pregnancy Among Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers
Authors: Rolling Peggy C. , Burnett Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of knowledge about teenage pregnancy/parenting and open‐mindedness on the attitudes offamily and consumer sciences (FCS) teachers toward teenage pregnancy/parenting. A simple random sample of 200 FCS teachers in Louisiana was selected from the population. Data were collected by mailed questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify a model that explained 26.4% of the variance in teachers' attitudes. Variables that contributed significantly to the model included open‐mindedness! dogmatism, number of pregnant teens taught, number of in‐service programs attended, age, whether teacher was married, and whether teacher was widowed. The hypotheses that teachers with higher knowledge scores and higher levels of open‐mindedness would have more positive attitudes were supported. Conclusions serve to validate FCS programs. Recommendations for improvement of programs andforfuture research are identified.
The Effect of Uniforms on Nonuniform Apparel Expenditures
Authors: Norum Pamela S. , Weagley Robert O. , Norton Marjorie J. T.
Published: March 2007

The uniform industry has grown steadily the past 20 years with increased attention from employers trying to create a professional image among workers as well as school administrators considering uniforms to curtail school violence. Although an important part of human dressfor centuries, uniforms have received little attentionfrom researchers of the clothing market. This study examines the impact of uniform purchases on household expenditures for selected nonuniform apparel subcategories based on an economic model of conditional demand. Expenditure equations are estimated using the 1990–1991 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results suggest that, on average, consumers do not substitute uniforms for other apparel purchases. Rather, uniforms and nonuniform apparel appear to be complements in consumers' purchases, resulting in greater household expenditures on nonuniform apparel. These results are first step in understanding the economic effect that uniform purchases, mandated by employers, schools, or others, have on household clothing expenditures.
Opportunities for the Advancement of Home Economists in the Food Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Michael Carol M.
Published: March 2007

The objective in this research was to determine the opportunities in the food manufacturing industry for people with home economics backgrounds to advance into top level management positions. Participants were 133 home economists employed by food manufacturers who responded to a pretested mail questionnaire. The relationships of selected independent variables to a success/achievement index were examined by analysis of variance, multiple regression, and chi square. Thet test was used to analyze qualities deemed necessary by home economists for advancement to upper levels of the company. Positive, statistically significant (p ≤ .01) relationships were found between the index score and three variables: years of employment with the company, number of professional positions held in the company, and years in career. Two findings involving mentor/sponsor relationships were also significant (p ≤ .01). Additional factors associated with advancement opportunities are discussed and implications of the findings for those seeking advancement in this industry are presented.
Exploring Consumer and Retailer Exchange in Rural Communities: Part I
Authors: Miller Nancy J. , Kean Rita C. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: March 2007

This study explored attitudes, beliefs, and concerns about marketplace exchange among consumers and retailers in rural midwest U.S. communities. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research procedures provided complementary perspectives in that overlapping facets of a phenomenon emerged. Reciprocity, an important construct in exchange theory, surfaced in the content analysis of qualitative focus group data. Using survey methodology, further examination of reciprocity's role in marketplace exchange uncovered a significant relationship between retailers' satisfaction with reciprocity and their level of satisfaction with conducting business in the rural community. Statistical analysis provided a measure of retailers' satisfaction with conducting business in the rural community while also acknowledging that direct questioning in the self‐reported measures may have generated socially desirable responses.
Talking Circus, Not Culture: The Politics of Identity in European Circus Discourse
Authors: Little Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This article examines the production of circus talk as an ambiguous, even eccentric, form of identity formation. By situating this talk within the larger contexts of the ironies of representation, especially the given authoritative discourses concerning the invention of culture, I discuss how a circus artist, Luciano Bello, and an ethnographer, me, struggled over the production of meaning and the uses of circus identity concepts. The course of this struggle organizes itself around the vocabulary of the cultural impositions and appropriations, the practices of dialogue, and the mutual parodies of meaning production and the power dynamics out of which the ethnographer's and the circus artist's identities are perfarmed.
Farewell to Criteriology
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Criteriology is the quest for permanent or stable criteria of rationality founded in the desire for objectivism and the belief that we must somehow transcend the limitations to knowing that are the inevitable consequence of our sociotemporal perspective as knowers. The project of criteriology has, in turn, shaped our way of thinking about the epistemology of social inquiry. This article offers a way of redefining social inquiry without recourse to criteriology. It presents a view of social inquiry as practical philosophy and discusses the vision that enables that practice, the conditions that sustain that practice, and the place of such a practice in society.
Qualitative Models: Visually Representing Complex Data in an Image/Text Balance
Authors: Radnofsky Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Although traditional narration that depicts relationships and cultures studied by social scientists will always be essential to qualitative research, another valuable mode of analyzing data and presenting findings is also available. "Qualitative models" simulta neously represent coexisting realities and illustrate multiple layers of meaning. Models may be either metaphoric (i.e., connotative, mcludmg metonymy) or denotative, and the mode of representation may be either iconic (based on resemblance) or symbolic (based on conventional signification). The models provide a qualitatively different grasp of phenomena by stimulating a wider variety of neural processes through spatial arrangement, color, shape, and figures. This examination of four qualitative models from a school ethnography demonstrates the complementarity of such nonlinguistic and linguistic interpretations. In this sense, qualitative models are visual representations that lead reader and researcher to construct a qualitatively different understanding from "an image/text balance" wherein the two mutually define and support one another.
The End(s) of Ethnography
Authors: Clough Patricia Ticineto
Published: March 2007

The author's book The End(s) of Ethnography: From Realism to Social Criticism is to be republished sometime this spring. While writing an introduction to the second edition, the author thought about experimental ethnographic writing from the point of view of its recent past, starting back at the time when End(s) was conceived. In this article, the author discusses what led her to write End(s) as well as her thoughts on the relationship between the criticism of ethnography and the recent experiments in ethno graphic writing.
Confronting Anthropology's Silencing Praxis: Speaking Of/From a Chicana Consciousness
Authors: Russel y Rodríguez Mónica
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author explores how both normative and oppositional stances contrib ute to a silencing praxis in anthropology. She suggests that anthropology as a discipline and as an institution works hard to silence due to its history, its theoretical nature, and its methods that require static and uncomplicated single identities of its subjects and theoreticians. The practice and theory of anthropology contradict each other. Its practice demands an ethnographer-Native informer dyad, placing the ethnographer as the knower while only valuing the knowledge of the Native. Its theory values native knowledge and exalts diversity vis-à-vis cultural relativism. Opposing either theory or practice underscores the paradox. As a Chicana anthropologist, the author experiences a tricky conflation of these competing agendas. She recommends exposing these limita tions and actively reclaiming the very voice and epistemology that has been denounced to persist in the method and efficacy of anthropology .
Explaining Girls' and Women's Crime and Desistance in the Context of Their Victimization Experiences
Authors: KATZ REBECCA S.
Published: March 2007

Recent work illustrates that early childhood victimization and oppressive neighborhood dynamics predict female offending. Revised strain theory is used to illuminate how such early experiences lead White and minority women to initial involvement in crime. Moreover, another developmental perspective, the life course theory, explains how similar adult experiences may lead women toward ongoing persistence or desistance. Using Waves 1 and 7 of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, findings reveal that early childhood victimization, adult racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, and having been a victim of domestic violence explain women's involvement in crime and deviance, whereas desistance processes remain largely unidentified.
Hybrid Nonwomen and Corporate Violence
Authors: RYNBRANDT LINDA J. , KRAMER RONALD C.
Published: March 2007

Unlike many issues relating to women's health, the recent controversy concerning the safety of silicone breast implants created a great deal of public interest. Despite growing public concern, corporate violence against women has received insufficient empirical and theoretical study. Using a feminist gaze, this article places the silicone breast implant dispute within the larger theoretical framework of corporate violence. A case study of the historical development of the silicone breast implant debate illustrates duplicity in the chemical industry, the power of special interest groups, the impotence/complicity of governmental regulatory agencies, and the vital impact of cultural prescriptions of beauty on women. The study also points to the force of the media in contested social issues, in addition to the increased power of ordinary people to affect change through collective action that fights governmental and corporate crime and cultural myths of beauty on behalf of women.
Athletic Participation, Fraternity Membership, and Date Rape
Authors: KOSS MARY P. , CLEVELAND HOBART H.
Published: March 2007

This commentary discusses the papers in a special issue that addresses the contribution of athletic participation and fraternity membership to the prediction of date rape on campus. The commentary focuses on issues that make it difficult to weigh the available evidence, including methodological and conceptual problems, and concludes that the field is currently unable to answer definitively whether athletes and fraternity members, compared to other men, are more sexually aggressive in general, at some locations but not others, or are similar in overall rates of sexual aggression but favor different forms of coercive sexuality. It is suggested that future research address the relative contribution of individual determinants, self-selection into social groups, and features of the environment and culture created by and reciprocally influencing athletes and fraternity members. Such studies are a high priority because of the important practical significance of their findings on shaping prevention programs for date rape on campus.
“The War Against Women”
Authors: HOWE ADRIAN
Published: March 2007

This article explores the way in which one Australian newspaper represented men's violence against women and children in a series called “The War Against Women” in 1993. Notwithstanding widespread media coverage of men's violence, “The War” series responded with a shock-of-the-new reaction to statistics and reports indicating wide-spread domestic violence and sexual assaults in Victoria, Australia. The article comments critically on the newspaper's discursive construction of the problem of men's violence and its attempt to represent that violence as a war.
High School Students' Adherence to Rape Myths and the Effectiveness of High School Rape-awareness Programs
Authors: PROTO-CAMPISE LAURA , BELKNAP JOANNE , WOOLDREDGE JOHN
Published: March 2007

Over the past 15 years, the emergence of date rape as a social problem has resulted in college campuses implementing rape education or awareness programs. Simultaneously, researchers have worked to uncover the rates of rape on college campuses, college students' adherence to rape myths, and to a lesser extent, the effectiveness of rape-awareness programs on college campuses. This study departs from most of this prior research by focusing on high school students. The focus is twofold. First, the high school students' adherence to rape myths is assessed. Second, the effectiveness of a rape-awareness program for high school students presented by a local female victims' organization is assessed (using an experimental design). Consistent with prior research, the study found reasonably high adherence to rape myths, and that the rape-awareness program was effective in educating students about these myths.
Men's Sexual Aggression in Marriage
Authors: MEYER SHANNON-LEE , VIVIAN DINA , O'LEARY K. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated husbands' sexual aggression in marriage through both spouses' reports. The sample consisted of 252 maritally discordant heterosexual couples seeking marital therapy and 53 community control couples. Results indicated clinic wives reported significantly higher rates and frequencies of the Husbands' Sexual Coercion factor and the Husbands' Threatened/Forced Sex factor than community wives. The relationship between husbands' physical and sexual violence was also examined. Husbands' Sexual Coercion was associated with their psychological aggression, whereas Husbands' Threatened/Forced Sex was related to moderate and severe physical aggression. Compared to nonabused wives and moderately physically abused wives, severely physically abused wives reported the highest rates and frequencies of Sexual Coercion and Threatened/Forced Sex.
Crossing the Great Divide
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Henig Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on a survey of residents of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, the authors compare African-Americans and whites in terms of their perceptions of the special advantages of the central city and the suburbs as places to live and their overall preferences for the one or the other. Although a broad transracial consensus prevails in most respects about the pluses and minuses of living in the city or the suburbs, some substantial differences also emerge. Moreover, African-Americans and whites seem to weigh these factors differently in forming general preferences about where to live. This pattern of similarities and differences holds out intriguing implications for the development of metropolitan areas.
The Nation-State and Urban Governance
Authors: Sellers Jefferey M.
Published: March 2007

In recent international comparative studies of urban governance, the nation-state has usually figured as a direct influence on local government and politics. This article, drawing on case studies of a similar U.S. city and German city, demonstrates the need for a new, more sophisticated conception of the effects from national institutions. In the German city, a pro-business coalition carried out extensive social and environmental policies. In the U.S. city, a progressive coalition subordinated social and to a lesser degree environmental objectives to developmental aims. To account for these results, the author proposes and applies a typology of national institutional contexts. These contexts influenced urban governance not only through direct effects on the choices of local elites and activists but through indirect effects on translocal economies, urban economies, and local culture.