bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pouring Cold Water on Fake News: A Qualitative Review of Misinformation Related to Burns First Aid
Authors: O’Leary Annmarie , O’Connor Cathal , Gibson Louise , Murphy Michelle
Published: November 2023

Health misinformation is pervasive on the internet and social media and can have wide-ranging and devastating repercussions. Burn injuries are highly prevalent, especially in resource-poor countries with less rigorous health and safety regulations and reduced access to quality healthcare, and especially among the pediatric population who rely on caregivers to tend to their injuries. Correct first aid is crucial to improving burn outcomes and avoiding further complications. The aim of this study was to qualitatively assess the content of misinformation related to burns online. A literature search was conducted on PubMed using the search terms “burns” OR “burn injury” OR “burns trauma” OR “major burns” AND “first aid” AND “conspiracy” OR “disinformation” OR “misinformation” OR “fake news.” Combinations of these terms were searched via Google, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and PubMed. Key areas of misinformation included unfounded use of “natural” remedies, injudicious use of antibiotics, omission of key steps of first aid, and errors in specific details of first aid. Clinicians should be aware of misinformation available online related to first aid for burns, be aware that patients presenting with burns may have caused further injury with insufficient first aid or inappropriate home remedies, and lead public health campaigns to educate on the initial emergency management of burns.
Culture for Sale: Unpacking Consumer Perceptions of Cultural Appropriation
Authors: Lin Jason D , Kim Nicole You Jeung , Uduehi Esther , Keinan Anat
Published: November 2023

High-profile instances of brands accused of cultural appropriation suggest that even the most prominent brands fail to fully understand the complexities of this phenomenon. This work experimentally unpacks consumer perceptions of cultural appropriation and its impact on brand attitudes and purchase interest. The authors begin by developing and validating a scale for measuring perceptions of cultural appropriation. Next, a series of studies demonstrates that viewing this phenomenon through a historical lens can help determine when and why the use of cultural elements is viewed as appropriative. Specifically, an emphasis on historical power imbalance explains why liberal consumers are more likely to recognize cultural appropriation and why commercializing disadvantaged cultures is considered appropriation, whereas using elements from advantaged cultures may be more acceptable. The conceptualization further identifies brand actions and interventions that influence perceptions of cultural appropriation, including externally emphasizing historical power imbalance, how brands obtain cultural elements, and how brands represent the culture in their product offerings and marketing. These findings help marketers (1) avoid launching products that can be damaging to the brand and offensive to consumers and (2) understand how to better promote products in a way that prevents rather than amplifies these negative perceptions.
Seeds for New Beginnings? Ecological Uncertainty, Blurry Ideology, and Speculative Design at the Universitas Symposium, 1972
Authors: Halland Ingrid
Published: November 2023

In 1972, designer Emilio Ambasz (b. 1943) organized the symposium “The Universitas Project” at MoMA in New York City. The issue at stake was how the field of design should tackle the possibly irresolvable societal, political, and ecological problems of post-industrial society. Ambasz proposed a new design approach, which he named design as a mode of thought, with the aim of building a new research-education institution for design that could tackle the wicked problems ahead. In order to articulate his proposal, Ambasz turned to the speculative realm: discursive design critique, metaphysical cybernetics, design fiction, and storytelling. By critically engaging with some of the participants’ conference presentations, the article first discusses how the concept of the environment was reconfigured by the emerging ecological catastrophe. Then the article discusses ideological responses to the Universitas Project to show how the seemingly different ideological positions between French so-called “radical left” and American “right-wing technocrats” were grounded in the same; all-encompassing uncertainty and a strive for open-endedness. Finally, the article analyses Ambasz’s design fiction writing and the speculative nature of the Universitas and thereby identifies the Universitas as a rare moment in the history of design in which design stopped engaging in the status quo and turned towards a speculative future for finding seeds for new beginnings. The article re-visits the Universitas in order to support a presentist argument: that speculation, discursive design critique, and storytelling might not be sufficient methods on their own to tackle the forthcoming accelerating wicked uncertainties that lie ahead.
Isolation and characterization of intestinal bacteria associated with cellulose degradation in grasshoppers (Orthoptera)
Authors: Li Wen-Jing , Li Fei-Fei , Bai Jing , Liang Ke , Li Kai , Qin Guo-Qing , Zhang Yu-Long , Li Xin-Jiang
Published: November 2023

Insect gut bacteria play an essential role in the nutritional metabolism, growth, and development of insects. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) are cellulose-rich plant-feeding pests. Although the biological potential of grasshopper gut microorganisms to assist cellulose decomposition is well established, microbial resources for efficient degradation of cellulose biomass are still scarce and need to be developed. In this study, we used selective media to isolate cellulose-degrading bacteria from the intestines of Atractomorpha sinensis, Trilophidia annulata, Sphingonotus mongolicus, and Calliptamus abbreviatus. Phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum likelihood method using 16S rDNA sequencing sequences to identify bacteria revealed the isolation of 11 strains belonging to 3 genera, including Klebsiella, Aeromonas, and Bacillus. The degradability of the isolates to cellulose was then determined by the DNS colorimetric method, and the results showed that Bacillus had the highest degradation rate. The elucidation of microbial cellulose degradation capacity in grasshoppers not only contributes to the understanding of multiple plant–insect–microbe interactions, but also provides a valuable microbial resource for solving the biomass conversion of cellulose species problem.
Seasonal habitat-use patterns of large mammals in a human-dominated landscape
Authors: Dagtekin Dilsad , Ertürk Alper , Sommer Stefan , Ozgul Arpat , Soyumert Anil
Published: November 2023

Large mammals in temperate climates typically display seasonal patterns of habitat use. However, these patterns are often overlooked because large mammals are usually surveyed at annual intervals. In addition, most studies focus on a single species and ignore other species with which the focal species could interact. Knowing seasonal patterns of habitat use in multiple species and understanding factors that cause these patterns can provide further detail on population dynamics and guide effective conservation planning. Here, using dynamic occupancy modeling, we analyze 11 years of camera-trap data collected in northwestern Anatolia, Turkey, to investigate seasonal habitat use of 8 large-mammal species: Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx), Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), European Hare (Lepus europaeus), and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). For each species, we study the strength of seasonality in habitat use and its dependence on human population density and elevation, which have been shown to affect distributions of species in the region. Although all species exhibited seasonality in habitat use, the strength of this seasonality varied among species; it was strongest in Wild Boar, Roe Deer, and Brown Bear. Moreover, except for Brown Bear, all species tended to avoid sites close to humans. The species responded differently to changing elevation; increasing elevation had both positive and negative effects on species-specific colonization and desertion probabilities, and these effects were likely related to either feeding habits or tendency to avoid humans. These results indicate that seasonality should be taken into consideration in population studies. However, because species differ, seasonality patterns should be identified separately for each species of interest, as differences in these patterns can explain the underlying dynamics of habitat-use patterns more accurately.
Perspective and prospects of in situ transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Sharma Renu , Yang Wei-Chang David
Published: November 2023

In situ transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) measurements have taken a central stage for establishing structure–chemistry–property relationship over the past couple of decades. The challenges for realizing ‘a lab-in-gap’, i.e. gap between the objective lens pole pieces, or ‘a lab-on-chip’, to be used to carry out experiments are being met through continuous instrumental developments. Commercially available TEM columns and sample holder, that have been modified for in situ experimentation, have contributed to uncover structural and chemical changes occurring in the sample when subjected to external stimulus such as temperature, pressure, radiation (photon, ions and electrons), environment (gas, liquid and magnetic or electrical field) or a combination thereof. Whereas atomic resolution images and spectroscopy data are being collected routinely using TEM/STEM, temporal resolution is limited to millisecond. On the other hand, better than femtosecond temporal resolution can be achieved using an ultrafast electron microscopy or dynamic TEM, but the spatial resolution is limited to sub-nanometers. In either case, in situ experiments generate large datasets that need to be transferred, stored and analyzed. The advent of artificial intelligence, especially machine learning platforms, is proving crucial to deal with this big data problem. Further developments are still needed in order to fully exploit our capability to understand, measure and control chemical and/or physical processes. We present the current state of instrumental and computational capabilities and discuss future possibilities.
Characteristics of post hoc subgroup analyses of oncology clinical trials: a systematic review
Authors: Alrawabdeh Jawad , Alzu'bi Marah , Alzyoud Muntaser , Odeh Nada , Hamadneh Yazan , Mian Hira , Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Kelkar Amar H , Goodman Aaron M , Chakraborty Rajshekhar , Russler-Germain David A , Mehra Nikita , Baggio Diva , Cliff Edward R Scheffer , Al Hadidi Samer
Published: November 2023

Background

Subgroup analyses in clinical trials assess intervention effects on specific patient subgroups, ensuring generalizability. However, they are usually only able to generate hypotheses rather than definitive conclusions. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of post hoc subgroup analysis in oncology.

Methods

We systematically reviewed published subgroup analyses from 2000 to 2022. We included articles presenting secondary, post hoc, or subgroup analyses of interventional clinical trials in oncology, cancer survivorship, or cancer screening, published separately from the original clinical trial publication. We collected cancer type, year of publication, where and how subgroup analyses were reported, and funding.

Results

Out of 16 487 screened publications, 1612 studies were included, primarily subgroup analyses of treatment trials for solid tumors (82%). Medical writers contributed to 31% of articles, and 58% of articles reported conflicts of interest. Subgroup analyses increased significantly over time, with 695 published between 2019 and 2022, compared to 384 from 2000 to 2014. Gastrointestinal tumors (25%) and lymphoid lineage tumors (39%) were the most frequently studied solid and hematological malignancies, respectively. Industry funding and reporting of conflicts of interest increased over time. Subgroup analyses often neglected to indicate their secondary nature in the title. Most authors were from high-income countries, most commonly North America (45%).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the rapidly growing use of post hoc subgroup analysis of oncology clinical trials, revealing that the majority are supported by pharmaceutical companies, and they frequently fail to indicate their secondary nature in the title. Given the known methodological limitations of subgroup analyses, caution is recommended among authors, readers, and reviewers when conducting and interpreting these studies.
Phase I and II randomized clinical trial of an oral therapeutic vaccine targeting human papillomavirus for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3
Authors: Kawana Kei , Kobayashi Osamu , Ikeda Yuji , Yahata Hideaki , Iwata Takashi , Satoh Toyomi , Akiyama Azusa , Maeda Daichi , Hori-Hirose Yumiko , Uemura Yukari , Nakayama-Hosoya Kaori , Katoh Kanoko , Katoh Yuki , Nakajima Takahiro , Taguchi Ayumi , Komatsu Atsushi , Asai-Sato Mikiko , Tomita Naoko , Kato Kiyoko , Aoki Daisuke , Igimi Shizunobu , Kawana-Tachikawa Ai , Schust Danny J
Published: November 2023

Background

Although many human papillomavirus (HPV)–targeted therapeutic vaccines have been examined for efficacy in clinical trials, none have been translated into clinical use. These previous agents were mostly administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection to induce systemic immunity. We investigated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of an HPV-16 E7-expressing lacticaseibacillus-based oral vaccine.

Methods

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, a total of 165 patients with HPV-16–positive high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3 were assigned to orally administered placebo or low, intermediate, or high doses of IGMKK16E7 (lacticaseibacillus paracasei expressing cell surface, full-length HPV-16 E7). In the 4 groups, IGMKK16E7 or placebo was administered orally at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 postenrollment. The primary outcomes included histopathological regression and IGMKK16E7 safety.

Results

In per-protocol analyses, histopathological regression to normal (complete response) occurred in 13 (31.7%) of 41 high-dose recipients and in 5 (12.5%) of 40 placebo recipients (rate difference = 19.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5 to 37.8). In patients positive for HPV-16 only, the clinical response rate was 40.0% (12 of 30) in high-dose recipients and 11.5% (3 of 26) in recipients of placebo (rate difference = 28.5, 95% CI = 4.3 to 50.0). There was no difference in adverse events that occurred in the high-dose and placebo groups (P = .83). The number of HPV-16 E7–specific interferon-γ producing cells within peripheral blood increased with level of response (stable disease, partial, and complete responses; P = .004). The regression to normal (complete response) rates among recipients with high levels of immune response were increased in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

This trial demonstrates safety of IGMKK16E7 and its efficacy against HPV-16–positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3. IGMKK16E7 is the first oral immunotherapeutic vaccine to show antineoplastic effects.

Trial registration

jRCT2031190034.
The relationship between how agencies work together and coordinated outcomes: a configurational analysis
Authors: Roberts Michael , Milman Anita
Published: November 2023

Coordination mandates are used to steer collective action between local government agencies. When higher levels of government allow agencies to choose how to work together, the organizational forms and institutional arrangements they adopt likely influences their ability to achieve mandated coordinated outcomes. How group-level interactions influence achievement of coordinated outcomes is not well understood. California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) provides opportunity to shed light on this topic. SGMA is a state-legislative mandate that requires local agencies who share groundwater basins to undertake groundwater sustainability planning. The mandate affords agencies leeway in deciding how they engage with one another so long as they meet multiple requirements for coordinated outcomes. Drawing on institutional theories of collective action and ethnographic data collected from 2018 to 2022, we employ multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis to examine how configurations of organizational forms and institutional arrangements adopted by agencies in eighteen groundwater basins influenced their achievement of coordinated outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting collaborative institutional arrangements. Yet, the specific configuration of collaborative institutional arrangements varies depending on the type of coordinated outcomes agencies are mandated to achieve. These findings point to the need for mandates to require adoption of collaborative institutional arrangements, the specific configurations of which will be dictated by the requirements of the mandate.
Emerging Risk of Adolescent Depression and Suicide Detected Through Pediatric Primary Care Screening
Authors: Davis Molly , Jones Jason D , Schwartz Karen T G , Dysart Gillian , So Amy , Young Jami F
Published: November 2023

Objective

The goal of the current study was to document patterns of stability and change in adolescent depression and suicide risk detected via universal depression screening in pediatric primary care and to determine who may go on to experience emerging risk.

Methods

Retrospective electronic health record information (sociodemographic data and depression screening results for 2 timepoints) was extracted for adolescents aged 12–17 who attended well-visits between November 15, 2017, and February 1, 2020, in a large pediatric primary care network. A total of 27,335 adolescents with 2 completed depression screeners were included in the current study.

Results

While most adolescents remained at low risk for depression and suicide across the 2 timepoints, others experienced emerging risk (i.e., low risk at time 1 but elevated risk at time 2), decreasing risk (i.e., high risk at time 1 but low risk at time 2) or stable high risk for depression or suicide. Odds of experiencing emerging depression and suicide risk were higher among adolescents who were female (compared to males), Black (compared to White), and had Medicaid insurance (compared to private insurance). Odds of experiencing emerging depression risk were also higher among older adolescents (compared to younger adolescents) as well as adolescents who identified as Hispanic/Latino (compared to non-Hispanic/Latino).

Conclusions

Findings can inform symptom monitoring and opportunities for prevention in primary care.
Locally acquired mpox outbreak in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: clinical presentation, risk factors and preventive measures
Authors: Dar Nadeem Gul , Alfaraj Sarah H , Alboqmy Khulood N , Amer Hala , Khanum Nazia , Alshakrah Faleh , Abdallah Hassan , Kumar Deva , Alzarzour Shaimaa H , Alzahrani Nojoom A , Arishy Jasser Y , Ahmed Suhair A , Escorpion Vicenta , Lopez Edna , Jedeba Sami , Memish Ziad A
Published: November 2023

A cluster of 16 locally acquired monkeypox cases in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with 10 cases reported engaging in sexual behaviour within 21 days prior to the onset of symptoms, all of whom had heterosexual contact with illegal partners within 1 week before the appearance of symptoms.
Three novel pentavalent meningococcal vaccines
Authors: Steffen Robert , Caumes Eric
Published: November 2023

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is rare in travellers but associated with high mortality and long-term sequelae. Six serogroups (MenABCWXY) account for more than 90% of IMD. Three pentavalent vaccines are on the horizon: two MenABCWY, both with a 0–6 month schedule, highly immunogenic and well tolerated, and one single-dose MenACWXY.
Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage tax credits and tax equity project financing in the USA: an assessment under bilateral tax treaties and BEPS actions
Authors: Bacci Alessandro
Published: November 2023

Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a technology for capturing man-made CO2 emissions (carbon emissions) and either storing them, hopefully permanently, underground, generally in suitable saline formations or oil and gas fields, or utilizing them by, eg, converting them into commercially viable products. Because global energy demand and carbon emissions will continue to increase until 2050 by almost 50 per cent, CCUS projects (despite a current difficult business case per metric tonne stored or used), if deployed on a large scale, could help the world to limit global warming to 2.0°C, but preferably 1.5°C, as proposed by the Paris Agreement. For economic reasons, without government support, it will be difficult to have the required number and scale of CCUS projects to tackle global warming. The introduction section of this paper explains how, if we accept the urgency of the Paris Agreement’s thresholds, there is probably not sufficient time for introducing a global emissions trading scheme (ETS) or a global carbon tax, which are considered the two best approaches to reducing carbon emissions. The CCUS legal/regulatory/fiscal approach section analyses, first, the different legal/regulatory/fiscal approaches to CCUS taken by the US and the EU, secondly, the US federal tax credits available for CCUS projects as of May 2022, and thirdly, the powerful incentive mechanism created when the US CCUS tax credits work together with tax equity partnerships. The US CCUS tax credits and tax treaties section, after some initial literature review of tax incentives and how the US CCUS tax credits can be framed within the panoply of tax incentives, focuses on the first research question, ie, on understanding how the US CCUS tax credits interact in a tax treaty environment. The US CCUS tax credits and the BEPS project section plays a similar role in relation to whether the US CCUS tax credits align well with the requirements of the OECD/G20's Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project, which is aimed at reducing tax avoidance and is more recent in its development. The last section concludes.
Stomatal improvement for crop stress resistance
Authors: Wang Lu , Chang Cheng
Published: November 2023

The growth and yield of crop plants are threatened by environmental challenges such as water deficit, soil flooding, high salinity, and extreme temperatures, which are becoming increasingly severe under climate change. Stomata contribute greatly to plant adaptation to stressful environments by governing transpirational water loss and photosynthetic gas exchange. Increasing evidence has revealed that stomata formation is shaped by transcription factors, signaling peptides, and protein kinases, which could be exploited to improve crop stress resistance. The past decades have seen unprecedented progress in our understanding of stomata formation, but most of these advances have come from research on model plants. This review highlights recent research in stomata formation in crops and its multifaceted functions in abiotic stress tolerance. Current strategies, limitations, and future directions for harnessing stomatal development to improve crop stress resistance are discussed.
Coping After COVID-19: Cognitive Behavioral Skills for Anxiety, Depression, and Adjusting to Chronic Illness
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Kanellopoulos Dora , Oberlin Lauren , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M.
Published: November 2023

Coping After COVID-19: Client Workbook: Cognitive Behavioral Skills for Anxiety, Depression, and Adjusting to Chronic Illness discusses a cognitive behavioral treatment that helps people to cope with persisting symptoms of COVID-19. These symptoms may include sensory and movement challenges, fatigue, and other debilitating changes to the body and mind. People with persisting COVID-19 symptoms may also experience anxiety and depression while struggling to adjust to the changes in their everyday life and uncertainties about the future. Moreover, adjustment difficulties, anxiety, and depression can result in poor adherence to medical treatments, contribute to disability, and negatively affect overall quality of life. The self-assessments, homework exercises, and worksheets presented in this program help people become active participants in their treatment.
Introduction
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This introductory chapter explores the treatment program developed for individuals with persistent symptoms of COVID-19. Some individuals who contract COVID-19 experience persistent symptoms of the illness, even after the acute infection. Thus, the tools and techniques for the treatment program were largely drawn and adapted from psychotherapy approaches in other medical conditions and other cognitive behavioral therapy manuals. Additionally, some modules are designed to help manage cognitive difficulties, brain fog, fatigue and sleep disturbance, while some modules require rehabilitation from physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology from other medical professionals. The chapter provides an overview of the key components of the treatment program, such as learning how emotions affect medical symptoms and physical function.
Module 1: Setting Goals for Therapy
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses how to work with the therapist to set goals for therapy. It highlights the importance of identifying personal goals for treatment, since goals reflect concerns, problematic symptoms, or difficulties that need to be addressed. These goals also serve as motivation for change and engagement with the treatment program. The chapter covers strategies to explore ambivalence with the therapist and increase motivation, as people often feel ambivalence or uncertainty about making changes when starting therapy. One worksheet focuses on identifying long-term goals and short-term goals, and another worksheet allows people to consider the advantages and disadvantages of making a desired change.
Module 2: Covid-19 and the Cognitive Behavioral Model
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a cognitive behavioral model of COVID-19. It starts by providing an overview of COVID-19 and its persistent effects, such as thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that can perpetuate and worsen anxiety, depression, and emotional distress. This emotional distress can contribute to worsening adjustment and medical/rehabilitation results. In addition to thoughts, emotions, and behavioral responses, systemic and environmental stressors can influence mood and anxiety in the context of persistent COVID-19 symptoms. The chapter emphasizes the importance of home practice for the success of the treatment. Worksheets provide information about the cognitive behavioral model and allow the client to track thoughts, emotions, and responses to COVID-19 symptoms.
Module 4: Behavioral Activation
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on behavioral activation, a strategy that can be used to address depression in clients who have persistent symptoms of COVID-19. This strategy involves re-engaging in activities that the client previously enjoyed and starting new enjoyable or rewarding activities. The sense of achievement that the client experiences from participating in meaningful activities will enhance their outlook and improve their engagement in life, despite the limitations imposed by persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Putting these activities on a schedule increases the likelihood that the client will pursue them. Worksheets in this chapter focus on adapting, scheduling, and generating new activities for at-home practice.
Module 5: Mindfulness
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces mindfulness as a technique for assisting clients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms to manage their emotional distress, anxiety, and depression. Mindfulness is defined as paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally. It is not necessarily about relaxation or clearing the mind but rather a process of bringing conscious, deliberate attention and awareness to moment-to-moment experiences. Clients can practice mindfulness by engaging in culturally relevant activities or by using mobile apps outside of the therapy session. Mindfulness techniques have been incorporated into evidence-based psychotherapies for psychiatric conditions and programs for managing chronic illness. The importance of at-home practice of mindfulness techniques is emphasized.
Module 6: Relaxation Skills
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Oberlin Lauren E. , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M. , Kanellopoulos Dora
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses how relaxation skills can help deal with stress associated with persistent COVID-19 symptoms. It explains the fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, which is a physiological or bodily response to a trigger (an event, situation, or worry) that is seen as stressful or frightening. Relaxation strategies are designed to decrease physical symptoms and alleviate acute stress. However, while relaxation is an effective approach for managing severe, acute distress, relaxation techniques should not be used to try to avoid all unwanted emotions and physical sensations. The chapter details several relaxation strategies, such as diaphragmatic breathing.
New evidence of multiple channels for the origin of gamma-ray bursts with extended emission
Authors: Li Q M , Sun Q B , Zhang Z B , Zhang K J , Long G
Published: November 2023

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most intense explosions in the Universe. GRBs with extended emission (GRBs EE) constitute a small subclass of GRBs. GRBs EE are divided into EE-I GRBs and EE-II GRBs, according to the Amati empirical relationship rather than duration. We test here if these two types of GRB have different origins based on their luminosity function (and formation rate). Therefore, we use Lynden-Bell’s c− method to investigate the luminosity function and formation rate of GRBs with EE without any assumption. We calculate the formation rate of two types of GRBs. For EE-I GRBs, the fitting function can be written as ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−0.34 ± 0.04 for z < 2.39 and ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−2.34 ± 0.24 for z > 2.39. The formation rate of EE-II can describe as ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−1.05 ± 1.10 for z < 0.43 and ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−8.44 ± 1.10 for z > 0.43. The local formation rate is $\rho (0) = 0.03\, {\rm Gpc}^{-3} \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ for some EE-I GRBs and $\rho (0) = 0.32 \, {\rm Gpc}^{-3} \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ for EE-II GRBs. Based on these results, we provide new evidence that the origins of EE-I GRBs are different from EE-II GRBs from the perspective of event rate. The EE-I GRB could be produced from the death of the massive star, but EE-II GRB may come from other processes that are unrelated to the star formation rate. Our findings indicate that the GRBs with EE could have multiple production channels.
Radial compositional profile of Saturn's E ring indicates substantial space weathering effects
Authors: Nölle Lenz , Postberg Frank , Schmidt Jürgen , Klenner Fabian , Khawaja Nozair , Hillier Jon , Kempf Sascha , Hsu Sean , Srama Ralf
Published: November 2023

Saturn's large and diffuse E ring is populated by microscopic water ice dust particles, which originate from the Enceladus plume. Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyser sampled these ice grains, revealing three compositional particle types with different concentrations of salts and organics. Here, we present the analysis of CDA mass spectra from several orbital periods of Cassini, covering the region from interior to Enceladus’ orbit to outside the orbit of Rhea, to map the distribution of the different particle types throughout the radial extent of the E ring. This will provide a better understanding of the potential impact of space weathering effects on to these particles, as the ice grains experience an increasing exposure age during their radially outward migration. In this context, we report the discovery of a new ice particle type (Type 5), which produces spectra indicative of very high salt concentrations, and which we suggest to evolve from less-salty Enceladean ice grains by space weathering. The radial compositional profile, now encompassing four particle types, reveals distinct radial variations in the E ring. At the orbital distance of Enceladus our results are in good agreement with earlier compositional analyses of E ring ice grains in the moon's vicinity. With increasing radial distance to Saturn however, our analysis suggests a growing degree of space weathering and considerable changes to the spatial distribution of the particle types. We also find that the proportion of Type 5 grains – peaking near Rhea's orbit – probably reflects particle charging processes in the E ring.
A systematic study of the high-frequency bump in the black-hole low-mass X-ray binary GX 339 − 4
Authors: Zhang Yuexin , Méndez Mariano , Motta Sara E , Zdziarski Andrzej A , Marcel Grégoire , García Federico , Altamirano Diego , Belloni (deceased) Tomaso M , Zhang Liang , Timmermans Thimo , Zhang Guobao
Published: November 2023

The high-frequency bump, characterized by a frequency exceeding ∼30 Hz, represents a seldom-explored time-variability feature in the power density spectrum (PDS) of black-hole X-ray binaries. In the 2002, 2004, 2007, and 2010 outbursts of GX 339 − 4, the bump has been occasionally observed in conjunction with type-C quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We systematically study the properties of the bump during these four outbursts observed by Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) in the 2–60 keV bands and detect the bump in 39 observations. While the frequencies of the type-C QPOs are in the range of ∼0.1–9 Hz, the root-mean-square (rms) amplitude of the bump shows an evolution in the hardness ratio versus the type-C QPO frequency plot. By comparing the rms amplitude of the bump with the corona temperature and simultaneous radio jet flux of the source, as previously studied in GRS 1915 + 105, we establish that in the hard state of GX 339 − 4, the bump is always strong, with the measurements of the rms amplitude in the range of 4–10 per cent. At the same time, the corona temperature is high and the radio flux is low. These findings indicate that, using the bump as a proxy, the majority of the accretion energy is directed towards the hot corona rather than being channeled into the radio jet. We discuss this phenomenon in terms of an inefficient energy transfer mechanism between the corona and jet in GX 339 − 4.
MBH binary intruders: triple systems from cosmological simulations
Authors: Sayeb Mohammad , Blecha Laura , Kelley Luke Zoltan
Published: November 2023

Massive black hole (MBH) binaries can form following a galaxy merger, but this may not always lead to a MBH binary merger within a Hubble time. The merger time-scale depends on how efficiently the MBHs lose orbital energy to the gas and stellar background, and to gravitational waves (GWs). In systems where these mechanisms are inefficient, the binary inspiral time can be long enough for a subsequent galaxy merger to bring a third MBH into the system. In this work, we identify and characterize the population of triple MBH systems in the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. We find a substantial occurrence rate of triple MBH systems: in our fiducial model, 22 per cent of all binary systems form triples, and $\gt 70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of these involve binaries that would not otherwise merge by z = 0. Furthermore, a significant subset of triples (6 per cent of all binaries, or more than a quarter of all triples) form a triple system at parsec scales, where the three BHs are most likely to undergo a strong three-body interaction. Crucially, we find that the rate of triple occurrence has only a weak dependence on key parameters of the binary inspiral model (binary eccentricity and stellar loss-cone refilling rate). We also do not observe strong trends in the host galaxy properties for binary versus triple MBH populations. Our results demonstrate the potential for triple systems to increase MBH merger rates, thereby enhancing the low-frequency GW signals detectable with pulsar timing arrays and with LISA.
The Tully–Fisher relation from SDSS-MaNGA: physical causes of scatter and variation at different radii
Authors: Ristea A , Cortese L , Fraser-McKelvie A , Catinella B , van de Sande J , Croom S M , Swinbank A M
Published: November 2023

The stellar mass Tully–Fisher relation (STFR) and its scatter encode valuable information about the processes shaping galaxy evolution across cosmic time. However, we are still missing a proper quantification of the STFR slope and scatter dependence on the baryonic tracer used to quantify rotational velocity, on the velocity measurement radius and on galaxy integrated properties. We present a catalogue of stellar and ionized gas (traced by H$\rm {\alpha }$ emission) kinematic measurements for a sample of galaxies drawn from the MaNGA Galaxy Survey, providing an ideal tool for galaxy formation model calibration and for comparison with high-redshift studies. We compute the STFRs for stellar and gas rotation at 1, 1.3 and 2 effective radii (Re). The relations for both baryonic components become shallower at 2Re compared to 1Re and 1.3Re. We report a steeper STFR for the stars in the inner parts (≤1.3Re) compared to the gas. At 2Re, the relations for the two components are consistent. When accounting for covariances with integrated v/σ, scatter in the stellar and gas STFRs shows no strong correlation with: optical morphology, star formation rate surface density, tidal interaction strength or gas accretion signatures. Our results suggest that the STFR scatter is driven by an increase in stellar/gas dispersional support, from either external (mergers) or internal (feedback) processes. No correlation between STFR scatter and environment is found. Nearby Universe galaxies have their stars and gas in statistically different states of dynamical equilibrium in the inner parts (≤1.3Re), while at 2Re the two components are dynamically coupled.
A generalized semi-analytic model for magnetar-driven supernovae
Authors: Omand Conor M B , Sarin Nikhil
Published: November 2023

Several types of energetic supernovae, such as superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and broad-line Ic supernovae (Ic-BL SNe), could be powered by the spin-down of a rapidly rotating magnetar. Currently, most models used to infer the parameters for potential magnetar-driven supernovae make several unsuitable assumptions that likely bias the estimated parameters. In this work, we present a new model for magnetar-driven supernovae that relaxes several of these assumptions and an inference workflow that enables accurate estimation of parameters from light curves of magnetar-driven supernovae. In particular, in this model, we include the dynamical evolution of the ejecta, coupling it to the energy injected by the magnetar itself while also allowing for non-dipole spin down. We show that the model can reproduce SLSN and Ic-BL SN light curves consistent with the parameter space from computationally expensive numerical simulations. We also show the results of parameter inference on four well-known example supernovae, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness at capturing the considerable diversity in magnetar-driven supernova light curves. The model fits each light curve well and recovers parameters broadly consistent with previous works. This model will allow us to explore the full diversity of magnetar-driven supernovae under one theoretical framework, more accurately characterize these supernovae from only photometric data, and make more accurate predictions of future multiwavelength emission to test the magnetar-driven scenario better.
A two-component clumpy model for the shell evolution of classical novae: the case of V5668 Sgr
Authors: Abraham Zulema , Takeda Larissa , Beaklini Pedro P B , Diaz Marcos , Page Kim L , Chomiuk Laura , Linford Justin D
Published: November 2023

The shell of the classical nova V5668 Sgr was resolved by ALMA at the frequency of 230 GHz 927 d after eruption, showing that most of the continuum bremsstrahlung emission originates in clumps with diameter smaller than 1015 cm. Using Very Large Array radio observations, obtained between days 2 and 1744 after eruption, at frequencies between 1 and 35 GHz, we modelled the nova spectra, assuming first that the shell is formed by a fixed number of identical clumps, and afterwards with the clumps having a power-law distribution of sizes, and were able to obtain the clump’s physical parameters (radius, density, and temperature). We found that the density of the clumps decreases linearly with the increase of the shell’s volume, which is compatible with the existence of a second media, hotter and thinner, in pressure equilibrium with the clumps. We show that this thinner media could be responsible for the emission of the hard X-rays observed at the early times of the nova eruption, and that the clump’s temperature evolution follows that of the super-soft X-ray luminosity. We propose that the clumps were formed in the radiative shock produced by the collision of the fast wind of the white dwarf after eruption, with the slower velocity of the thermonuclear ejecta. From the total mass of the clumps, the observed expansion velocity and thermonuclear explosion models, we obtained an approximate value of 1.25 M⊙ for the mass of the white dwarf, a central temperature of 107 K and an accretion rate from the secondary star of 10−9–10−8 M⊙ yr−1.
X-ray polarization properties of thermal-radiative disc winds in binary systems
Authors: Tomaru Ryota , Done Chris , Odaka Hirokazu
Published: November 2023

New X-ray polarization results are challenging our understanding of the accretion flow geometry in black hole binary systems. Even spectra dominated by a standard disc can give unexpected results, such as the high-inclination black hole binary 4U 1630−472, where the observed X-ray polarization is much higher than predicted. This system also shows a strong, highly ionized wind, consistent with thermal-radiative driving from the outer disc, leading to speculation that scattering in the wind is responsible for the unexpectedly high polarization degree from a standard optically thick disc. Here, we show that this is not the case. The optically thin(ish) wind polarizes the scattered light in a direction orthogonal to that predicted from a standard optically thick disc, reducing about 2 per cent rather than enhancing the predicted polarization of the total emission. This value is consistent with the polarization difference between the disc-dominated soft state, where absorption lines by the wind are clearly seen, and the steep power-law state, where no absorption lines are seen. If this difference is genuinely due to the presence or absence of wind, the total polarization direction must be orthogonal to the disc plane rather than parallel as expected from optically thick material.
The accretion history of the Milky Way: III. Hydrodynamical simulations of Galactic dwarf galaxies at first infall
Authors: Wang Jianling , Hammer Francois , Yang Yanbin , Pawlowski Marcel S , Mamon Gary A , Wang Haifeng
Published: November 2023

Most Milky Way dwarf galaxies are much less bound to their host than are relics of Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus and Sgr. These dwarfs are expected to have fallen into the Galactic halo less than 3 Gyr ago, and will therefore have undergone no more than one full orbit. Here, we have performed hydrodynamical simulations of this process, assuming that their progenitors are gas-rich, rotation-supported dwarfs. We follow their transformation through interactions with the hot corona and gravitational field of the galaxy. Our dedicated simulations reproduce the structural properties of three dwarf galaxies: Sculptor, Antlia II, and with somewhat a lower accuracy, Crater II. This includes reproducing their large velocity dispersions, which are caused by ram-pressure stripping and Galactic tidal shocks. Differences between dwarfs can be interpreted as due to different orbital paths, as well as to different initial conditions for their progenitor gas and stellar contents. However, we failed to suppress in a single orbit the rotational support of our Sculptor analogue if it is fully dark matter dominated. In addition, we have found that classical dwarf galaxies like Sculptor may have stellar cores sufficiently dense to survive the pericentre passage through adiabatic contraction. On the contrary, our Antlia II and Crater II analogues are tidally stripped, explaining their large sizes, extremely low surface brightnesses, and velocity dispersion. This modelling explains differences between dwarf galaxies by reproducing them as being at different stages of out-of-equilibrium stellar systems.
Multistream radial structure of cold dark matter haloes from particle trajectories: deep inside splashback radius
Authors: Enomoto Yohsuke , Nishimichi Takahiro , Taruya Atsushi
Published: November 2023

By tracking trajectories of dark matter (DM) particles accreting on to haloes in cosmological N-body simulations, we investigate the radial phase-space distribution of cold dark matter (CDM) haloes, paying attention to their inner regions deep inside the halo boundary called the splashback radius, where the particles undergo multistream flows. Improving the analysis by Sugiura et al., we classify DM particles by the number of apocentre passages, p, and count it up to p = 40 for each halo over a wide mass range. Quantifying the radial density profile for particles having the same value of p, we find that it generally exhibits a double power-law feature, whose indices of inner and outer slopes are well described by −1 and −8, respectively. Its characteristic scale and density are given as a simple fitting function of p, with a weak halo mass dependence. Interestingly, summing up these double power-law profiles beyond p = 40 reproduces well the total density profile of simulated haloes. The double power-law nature is persistent and generic not only in mass-selected haloes but also in haloes selected in different criteria. Our results are compared with self-similar solutions that describe the stationary and spherical accretion of DM. We find that even when introducing a non-zero angular momentum, none of them explain the radial multistream structure. The analysis with particle trajectories tracing back to higher redshifts suggests that the double power-law nature has been established during an early accretion phase and remains stable.