bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN X-CROSSING PRESERVING SKELETONIZATION ALGORITHM
Authors: HU GONGZHU , LI ZE-NIAN
Published: November 2004

For an image consisting of wire-like patterns, skeletonization (thinning) is often necessary as the first step towards feature extraction. But a serious problem which exists is that the intersections of the lines (X-crossings) will be elongated when applying a thinning algorithm to the image. That is, X-crossings are usually difficult to be preserved as the result of thinning. In this paper, we present a non-iterative line thinning method that preserves X-crossings of the lines in the image. The skeleton is formed by the mid-points of run-length encoding of the patterns. Line intersection areas are identified via a histogram analysis of the lengths of runs, and intersections are detected at locations where the sequences of runs merge or split.
CHARACTERISATION OF CHAOS IN CHUA'S OSCILLATOR IN TERMS OF UNSTABLE PERIODIC ORBITS
Authors: OGORZAŁEK MACIEJ J. , GALIAS ZBIGNIEW
Published: November 2004

We present a picture book of unstable periodic orbits embedded in typical chaotic attractors found in the canonical Chua's circuit. These include spiral Chua's, double-scroll Chua's and double hook attractors. The "skeleton" of unstable periodic orbits is specific for the considered attractor and provides an invariant characterisation of its geometry.
ON CHAOTIC SYNCHRONIZATION IN A LINEAR ARRAY OF CHUA'S CIRCUITS
Authors: BELYKH V. N. , VERICHEV N. N. , KOCAREV LJ. , CHUA L. O.
Published: November 2004

In this paper sufficient conditions that each cell in a one-dimensional array of Chua's circuits has an identical and synchronized behavior are given.
A SOFTWARE RELIABILITY MODEL FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROGRAMS
Authors: BASTANI FAROKH B. , CHEN ING-RAY , TSAO TA-WEI
Published: November 2004

In this paper we develop a software reliability model for Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs. We show that conventional software reliability models must be modified to incorporate certain special characteristics of AI programs, such as (1) failures due to intrinsic faults, e.g., limitations due to heuristics and other basic AI techniques, (2) fuzzy correctness criterion, i.e., difficulty in accurately classifying the output of some AI programs as correct or incorrect, (3) planning-time versus execution-time tradeoffs, and (4) reliability growth due to an evolving knowledge base. We illustrate the approach by modifying the Musa-Okumoto software reliability growth model to incorporate failures due to intrinsic faults and to accept fuzzy failure data. The utility of the model is exemplified with a robot path-planning problem.
CDL—A COMPONENT DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE FOR REUSE
Authors: GAUTIER ROBERT J. , OLIVER HUW E. , RATCLIFFE MARK , WHITTLE BENJAMIN R.
Published: November 2004

CDL is a language for describing reusable software components. It facilitates the reuse of software components by providing a high-level model for component interfaces and mechanisms for describing the relationships between them. CDL extends the parameterisation mechanisms of modern high-level languages and helps to avoid the difficulties that can be encountered in specifying and instantiating generic components. CDL does this without explicit parameterisation or inheritance operators, and thus frees the designer from having to predict the reusability potential of the component.

In these respects, CDL supports reuse at two levels. Components may inherit, generically instantiate or import other components. Furthermore, a CDL schema provides a design description that can itself be reused.
STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING OF BROADBAND XeCl-LASER RADIATION BY HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS
Authors: EICHLER H.J. , KÖNIG R. , MENZEL R. , PÄTZOLD H.J. , SCHWARTZ J.
Published: November 2004

Stimulated Brillouin backscattering has been investigated using an unmodified excimer laser without spectral narrowing. Strong focussing is important for the achievement of significant backscattering. Intensity reflectivities up to 30% were observed as well as reproduction of the input laser spectrum in the reflected beam. 26 organic liquids were compared as scattering materials. Best performance has been obtained with small size molecules.
OPTICAL LIMITING IN LEAD GALLIATE GLASSES
Authors: PETRIN R.R. , MUNOZ A. F. , REEVES R.J. , POWELL R.C. , JEWELL J.M.
Published: November 2004

Optical limiting of nanosecond duration laser pulses is demonstrated in lead galliate glasses. The dominant mechanism is thermally induced refractive index change with a small contribution from nonlinear absorption. Output fluences typically clamp about 5 µ J/cm 2 for blue laser pulses and ~ 20 µ J/cm 2 for red laser pulses, corresponding to optical densities of ~ 2.0. Effects of the addition of various traditional network formers ( SiO 2, GeO 2, and B 2 O 3) on the limiting are evaluated. Additionally, some material independent parameters associated with the optical limiting system are studied.
PHOTONIC SWITCHING DEVICES BASED ON EXCITED-STATE NONLINEAR ABSORPTION IN C60
Authors: LI CHUNFEI , YANG MIAO , GUO FENGYUN , WANG YUXIAO , TADA KUNIO
Published: November 2004

A new principle of all-optical switching devices based on the excited-state nonlinear absorption working at non-resonant frequency with small linear absorption are proposed. The theory and experimental studies using C60 material are presented in this paper.
EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME PROBLEM SOLVERS IN DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SHEKHAR SHASHI , HAMIDZADEH BABAK
Published: November 2004

There are many real-time application domains in which the world changes during the problem solving process. Several real-time search algorithms have been proposed for problem solving in dynamic environments. However, there has not been any systematic evaluation and comparison of these algorithms. This paper provides a classification of different dynamic worlds. It then provides a detailed model of a dynamic world where changes occur in edge costs around a zero mean. A formal analysis of the model suggests that the static rank ordering of solution paths is preserved in the proposed dynamic model. The paper provides analysis of two real-time search algorithms, namely DYNORAII and RTA*, for the real-time path planning problem. DYNORAII addresses response-time constraints and dynamic world issues simultaneously. We provide new results on the path planning problem in the proposed dynamic model of graphs. We also provide experimental evaluation of DYNORAII and RTA* in their ability to minimize response-times in dynamic environments.
THREE ASPECTS OF INTELLIGENT COOPERATION IN THE QUALITY CYCLE
Authors: JARKE MATTHIAS , JEUSFELD MANFRED A. , SZCZURKO PETER
Published: November 2004

The WibQuS project investigates distributed computer and communication support for Total Quality Management in industrial organizations. An interdisciplinary study of this task reveals three aspects of intelligent cooperation required from such a system which we call conceptual, technical, and social integration. We use the repository standard IRDS to characterize these aspects. A solution concept derived from this characterization employs advanced conceptual modeling techniques to derive interoperability among technical subsystems and coordination technology for the human subsystem semi-automatically while taking important social factors into account.
On the Linearized Artin Braid Representation
Authors: Constantinescu F. , Toppan F.
Published: November 2004

We linearize the Artin representation of the braid group given by (right) automorphisms of a free group providing a linear faithful representation of the braid group. This result is generalized to obtain linear representations for the coloured braid groupoid and pure braid group too. Applications to some areas of two-dimensional physics are mentioned.
AN APPROACH TO LINGUISTIC INSTRUCTION BASED LEARNING
Authors: SUGENO MICHIO , PARK GYEI-KARK
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we notice the fact that a human learning process is characterized by a process under a natural language environment, and discuss an approach of learning based on indirect linguistic instructions. An instruction is interpreted through some meaning elements and each trend. Fuzzy evaluation rules are constructed for the searched meaning elements of the given instruction, and the performance of a system to be learned is improved by the evaluation rules. In this paper, we propose a framework of learning based on indirect linguistic instruction based learning using fuzzy theory: FULLINS(FUzzy-Learning based on Linguistic INStruction). The validity of FULLINS is shown by applying it to two control examples: truck backer-upper control and helicopter flight control problem.
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATION IN INNOVATION PROCESS OF THE RUSSIAN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Authors: SHAW BRIAN
Published: November 2004

This paper examines and attempts to explain the nature and role of entrepreneurship and organisational partnerships in the technological innovation process in the Russian aerospace industry, the Russian way.

The context of the study is the transition of an industry which had absolute priority in terms of resource allocation in a "shortage economy" and only one customer, the government of the Soviet Union, to one of financial crisis, substantial disruption in the supply chains with ex- Soviet suppliers and the need to meet the revenue generation, cost constraints and quality expectations of new customers and international certification bodies. This transition has necessitated the inclusion of new actors into what was a sophisticated and stable networking system resulting in new partnerships and turbulence in the old system.

The Russian way appears to be similar to the Japanese Competitive-Cum-Cooperation (CCC) business system of the 70's and 80's. The CCC system means a set of structures, procedures and practices that allows the implementation of competitive mechanism in intra and inter-firm relations bonded with a strong sense of cooperation and interdependence, generating both market-like and synergetic effects. This system is based upon the orientation of a society and culture towards interpersonalism rather than individualism.

These multi-organisational partnerships are present at government, institution, corporate and individual levels. Any understanding of the technological innovation process can only be gained by examining the collaboration at each of these levels and the linkages and interdependencies between levels.
Prevalence, Characteristics, Associated Mental Disorders and Predictors of DSM-IV Nicotine Dependence
Authors: Schumann Anja , Hapke Ulfert , Meyer Christian , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , John Ulrich
Published: November 2004

Objective: Focussing on ever-smokers and comparing nicotine-dependent with nondependent subjects, we examined the characteristics, associations of nicotine dependence with other mental disorders as well as predictors of nicotine dependence. Never-smokers were not included in the reference group of the nondependent subjects, but were analyzed as a third group. Methods: Data of 1,636 never-smokers and 2,437 ever-smokers (i.e. 1,520 current smokers, 917 former smokers) were taken from the German Transitions in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Study. Assessments were made using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: About a third of the ever-smokers met the criteria for nicotine dependence in some point in their lives. Nicotine-dependent smoking was significantly associated with various substance use disorders, affective disorders and anxiety disorders using nondependent smoking as a reference group. Comparing never-smokers and nondependent ever-smokers, significant associations were found for substance use disorders only. Smoking behavior variables, alcohol abuse or dependence and anxiety disorders but not sociodemographic variables and affective disorders were predictors for nicotine dependence. Conclusion: Nicotine-dependent smoking is distinct from smoking alone and nicotine-dependent smokers are a characteristically different subgroup within the smoking population.
Impact of Interleukin-6 on Plaque Development and Morphology in Experimental Atherosclerosis
Authors: Schieffer Bernhard , Selle Tina , Hilfiker Andres , Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise , Grote Karsten , Tietge Uwe J.F. , Trautwein Christian , Luchtefeld Maren , Schmittkamp Christian , Heeneman Sylvia , Daemen Mat J.A.P. , Drexler Helmut
Published: November 2004

Background—

Vascular lipid accumulation and inflammation are hallmarks of atherosclerosis and perpetuate atherosclerotic plaque development. Mediators of inflammation, ie, interleukin (IL)-6, are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes and may contribute to the exacerbation of atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

To assess the role of IL-6 in atherosclerosis,
ApoE
−/−
–
IL-6
−/−
double-knockout mice were generated, fed a normal chow diet, and housed for 53±4 weeks. Mortality and blood pressure were unaltered. However, serum cholesterol levels and subsequent atherosclerotic lesion formation (oil red O stain) were significantly increased in
ApoE
−/−
–
IL-6
−/−
mice compared with
ApoE
−/−
, wild-type (WT), and
IL-6
−/−
mice. Plaques of
ApoE
−/−
–
IL-6
−/−
mice showed significantly reduced transcript and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, collagen I and V, and lysyl oxidase (by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry). Recruitment of macrophages and leukocytes (Mac3- and CD45-positive staining) into the atherosclerotic lesion was significantly reduced in
ApoE
−/−
–
IL-6
−/−
mice. The transcript and serum protein (ELISA) levels of IL-10 were significantly reduced.

Conclusions—

Thus, a lifetime IL-6 deficiency enhances atherosclerotic plaque formation in
ApoE
K
−/−
–
IL-6
−/−
mice and leads to maladaptive vascular developmental processes. These observations are consistent with the notion that baseline levels of IL-6 are required to modulate lipid homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis.
BOOK NOTICES
Authors: Henshaw H. W.
Published: November 2004

Notes on the Indian Tribes of the Yukon District and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia, by George M. Dawson (Reprinted from the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1887).
BOOK NOTICES
Authors: Tracy P.
Published: November 2004

La Haute Guyane (Upper Guyana), by Henri Coudreau; Revue d'Ethnographie, Paris, Sept.–Oct., 1888.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: November 2004

AFRICA: Indian Houses of Puget Sound. T. T. Waterman and Ruth Greiner

AFRICA: Native Houses of Western North America. T. T. Waterman and Collaborators

AFRICA: Types of Canoes on Puget Sound. T. T. Waterman and Geraldine Coffin

AFRICA: The Whaling Equipment of the Makah Indians. T. T. Waterman.
Book Reviews
Authors: HAMBLY WILFRID DYSON
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

AFRICA: RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE UPPER VOLTA AND THE IVORY COAST

AFRICA: Les Tribus du Rameau Lobi. H. Labouret.

AFRICA: Religion, Mœurs et Coutumes des Agnis dela Côte–D̂Ivoire. L. Tauxier.

AFRICA: Djénné une Cité Soudanaise. C. Monteil.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Haas Mary R.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

A Study of the Kanuri Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Johannes Lukas.

A Grammar of Chichewa: a Bantu Language of British Central Africa. Mark Hanna Watkins.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: McAllister J. Gilbert
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology of Futuna. Edwin G. Burrows.

Ethnology of Uvea (Wallis Island). Edwin G. Burrows.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Knowles Nathaniel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

North America: The Fort Belknap Assiniboine of Montana: a Study in Culture Change. David Rodnick.

North America: Adventure on Red River. Report on the Exploration of the Headwaters of the Red River by Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Captain G. B. McClellan. Grant Foreman (ed.).

North America: Red Cloud's Folk: a History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. George E. Hyde.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Burrows E. G.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OCEANIA: A Preliminary Consideration of Aboriginal Australian Decorative Art. Daniel Sutherland Davidson.

OCEANIA: L'Art des Iles Marquises. Willowdean C. Handy.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lessing Ferdinand
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ASIA: Typen chinesischer Volksmärchen. Wolfram Eberhard.

ASIA: Chinese Fairy Tales and Folk Tales. Wolfram Eberhard.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Kluckhohn Clyde
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: The Agricultural and Hunting Methods of the Navaho Indians. W. W. Hill.

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: A Brief History of Navajo Silver smithing. Arthur Woodward.

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: Navaho Life of Yesterday and Today. Katharine Luomala.
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: Picture‐Writing of Texas Indians. A. T. Jackson
Authors: Knowles Nathaniel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Nathaniel Knowles
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: Exploraciones en Oaxaca, Quinta y Sexta Temporadas 1936–1937, Alfonso Caso
Authors: Vaillant George C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Zapotecan Antiquities and the Paulson Collection in the Ethnographical Museum of Sweden. S. Linné
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Edel May
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

AFRICA: Native Standards of Living and African Culture Change. Margaret Read

AFRICA: Social and Psychological Aspects of Education in Taleland. M. Fortes.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Mason J. Alden
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Preliminary Report on the Smithsonian Institution‐Harvard University Archaeological Expedition to Northwestern Honduras, 1936. William Duncan Strong, Alfred Kidder II and A. J. Drexel Paul, Jr.

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northwestern Honduras: A Report of the Work of the Tulane University‐Danish National Museum Expedition to Central America 1935. Jens Yde.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Hewes Gordon W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker Chinas. Wolfram Eberhard.

Lokalkulturen im alien China. Erster Teil. Wolfram Eberhard.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Sebeok Thomas A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Suomen Lappalaiset vuoteen 1945 (The Lapps of Finland until 1945). T. I. ITKONEN.

The Lapps. BJÖRN COLLINDER.
Book Notes
Authors: Ford Clellan S.
Published: November 2004

Some Sex Beliefs and Practices in a Navaho Community. Flora L. Bailey.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Garvin Paul L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Linguistics: An Analytical Dictionary of the Tonkawa Language. Harry Hoijer.

Linguistics: Tunica Texts. Mary R. Haas.
Book Reviews
Authors: Ishino Iwao
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Handbook for Industry Studies. Everett E. Hagen

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Japanese Factory: Aspects of Its Social Organization. James G. Abegglen
Book Reviews
Authors: Orlans Harold
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER: People of Coal Town. Herman R. Lantz

OTHER: Small Town in Mass Society: Class, Power and Religion in a Rural Community. Arthur J. Vidich and Joseph Bensman
Book Reviews
Authors: Casagrande Joseph B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Worker in the Cane: A Puerto Rican Life History. Sidney W. Mintz:

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Beyond the Mountains of the Moon: The Lives of Four Africans. Edward H. Winter
Book Reviews
Authors: Gunn H. D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology. Thomas Hodgkin

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Borrioboola‐gha: The Story of Lokoja, the First British Settlement in Nigeria. Howard J. Pedraza
Book Reviews
Authors: Luomala Katharine
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

LINGUISTICS AND FOLKLORE: Alpha: The Myths of Creation. Charles H. Long

LINGUISTICS AND FOLKLORE: The Two Hands oj God: The Myths of Polarity. Alan W. Watts. (Patterns of Myth and Experience. Alan W. Watts, ed.)

LINGUISTICS AND FOLKLORE: The Wisdom of the Serpent: The Myths of Death, Rebirth, and Resurrection. Joseph L. Henderson, and Maud Oakes
Tooth Size Reduction: A Hominid Trend
Authors: BAILIT HOWARD L. , FRIEDLAENDER JONATHAN S.
Published: November 2004

C. L. Brace proposes that the reduction in the size of the anterior teeth in hominid phytogeny resulted from the accumulation of random mutations when these teeth became selectively neutral as a result of increased tool use. In contrast, we contend that the incisors have adaptive significance; they reflect the selection pressures on the whole functional matrix in which they exist. Moreover, the accumulation of mutations is not biologically possible without affecting the fitness of the whole organism. Lastly, there is no apparent relationship between the size of the anterior teeth and the level of technology in contemporary populations, as the Brace model would predict.
Patrilateral Cross‐Cousin Marriage among the Magpie Miao: Preferential or Prescriptive1
Authors: Li Mark Lindy
Published: November 2004

Marriages between persons of specified kin relationships are favored more in some societies than in others. Sometimes where a great preference is apparent, there is nevertheless a discrepancy between verbal expression and actual practice. An examination of Magpie Miao genealogies is made in order to discover the extent to which the supposedly highly favored (prescriptive) patrilateral cross‐cousin marriage is practiced, and to evaluate the extent against certain situational restraints.
Book Reviews
Authors: Longacre William A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Kaiparowits Plateau and Glen Canyon Prehistory: An interpretation based on ceramics. Florence C. Lister. (Anthropological Papers, Number 71, July 1964.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 23).

1962 Excavations, Glen Canyon Area. Floyd Sharrock. With sections by Kent C. Day, David S. Dibble, Heber H. Hall, and Harry P. Hewitt. With appendices by Kent C. Day and Erik K. Reed. With addenda by Jeffery S. Dean, Bryant Bannister, and Paul S. Martin. (Anthropological Papers, Number 73, August 1964.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 25).

Notes on the Human Ecology of Glen Canyon. Angus M. Woodbury. (Anthropological Papers, Number 74, May 1965.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 26).

Excavations in Southwest Utah. C. Melvin Aikens. (Anthropological Papers, Number 76, December 1965.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 27).
Microcosm‐Macrocosm Relationships in North American Agrarian Society1
Authors: BENNETT JOHN W.
Published: November 2004

The analysis of the relationship of the local community to the larger national society is a major development in sociocultural anthropology of the last generation. While most of the work has centered on tribal and peasant societies undergoing incorporation in larger social systems, the structure of local‐national or local‐governmental relationships is a problem of equal cogency for the modern agrarian sector of North American society. Despite great cultural homogenization of the rural and urban social sectors of North America, the agrarian person is still required to avoid, respond to, and manipulate the agencies of the national social system in order to acquire the resources he needs for economic and social existence. The structure of these complex relationships is described and exemplified with data from a Canadian Great Plains agrarian society.
Secular Reinforcement in Aymara Death Ritual1
Authors: CARTER WILLIAM E.
Published: November 2004

Death ritual offers a primary channel for the study of values and general life orientation. As a series of complex symbol sets, each of which has multiple referrents, it clarifies and reinforces relationships among the living as well as between living and dead. An analytical example is taken from the Aymara. Each symbol set is described in terms of its relationship to manifest function, social structure, ecology, dogma, and other ceremonies. The most consistently reinforced attitude is found to be that of negativistic fatalism. This tends to confirm much that has already been written about the Aymara, and, when combined with brief examinations of death ritual in other cultures, argues for the rite's plasticity, and therefore its analytical usefulness.
Individual Ownership and the Sharing of Game in Hunting Societies1
Authors: DOWLING JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

In most hunting societies there occur together two patterns of behavior that seem incompatible: on the one hand, there are precise formulae for ascribing ownership of an animal to one person when many contribute to acquiring it; and on the other hand, there are patterns for community wide distribution of such animals. Why should such explicit property rules exist if the animals will be distributed anyway? The seeming paradox becomes resolved when these patterns are viewed in the context of the dynamics of reciprocal distributive systems and patterns of esteem‐acquisition through superiority in contributing to the community subsistence. The pattern of ownership involved appears to have the function of suppressing conflict among those who contribute to acquiring an animal, since all would like to own it and thus be able to share it. Support for this conclusion derives from social situations in which the pattern of property ascription is absent and conflict is present.
Change, Barriers to Change, and Contradictions in the Arab Village Family1
Authors: ROSENFELD HENRY
Published: November 2004

While changes in the Arab village in Israel have been extensive over the last few decades, they have not been sufficiently radical to transform family structure completely. This article considers processes of structural change and of changes in interpersonal relations within the Arab family and tries to explain the meaning of such changes when the structure nevertheless maintains a semblance of formal continuity. Formalist and equilibrium interpretations are inadequate since the only changes they consider are those of form. A historical and dialectical approach, however, takes into consideration, among other things, the direction of the processes of structural change; the accumulated effects of change; contradictions between the existing economic, political, and cultural forces that have created the structure over time and the forces present but not brought to bear on the structure or manipulated so as to contain it; and the awareness people have of the forces involved.
A Deluge? Which Deluge?: Yet Another Facet of the Problem of the Copper Hoard Culture
Authors: LAL B. B.
Published: November 2004

“Copper hoards” found in the Gaṅgā Valley over the past century and a half remain enigmatic. Some attribute them to the invading Aryans, others to the Harappan refugees, and still others to the indigenous people. Be that as it may, circumstantial evidence suggests the association of the hoards with the so‐called “Ocher Color Ware,” datable to a period prior to c. 1200 b.c. However, at almost all the sites the potsherds occur sporadically, in a deposit of neat earth bereft of any signs of habitation like ash, flooring material, or the like, and with the deposit itself imperceptibly merging into the natural soil. How did the sherds find their way to the places where they are found? Could the deposits have been waterlogged? If so, it would mean that an area of over 60,000 square kilometers had gone under water at some time. Was this waterlogging due to incessant rain over a long period, or to the diversion of the waters of the Ghaggar, a tributary of the Indus, to the Gaṅgāa system, or to the bunding‐up of the latter at some stage? The matter is far from clear and requires detailed investigation.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stephenson Robert L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Gilbert Site: A Norteño Focus Site in Northeastern Texas. Edward B. Jelks

Excavations at Stillhouse Hollow Reservoir. William M. Sorrow, Harry J. Shafer, and Richard E. Ross.
Social Mobility and Kinship: A Reexamination of the Hypothesis1
Authors: AIKEN MICHAEL , GOLDBERG DAVID
Published: November 2004

Two hypotheses relating occupational mobility to kinship involvement are examined: (1) the interaction hypothesis, which argues that the occupationally mobile, either upward or downward, have less involvement with their kin, and (2) the median hypothesis, which argues that occupational mobility has no uniformly depressing effect on kinship involvement but rather that kinship involvement is simply an additive function of the class of origin and the class of destination. The median hypothesis is supported. On the other hand, the interaction hypothesis is supported in the case of religious mobility. The implications of these different findings are explored.
Paddling Experiments and the Question of Polynesian Voyaging1
Authors: Horvath Steven M. , Finney Ben R.
Published: November 2004

The degree of control the Polynesians exercised over their dispersion and settlement in the islands of the Eastern Pacific has lately become a subject of debate between those who maintain that planned colonizing expeditions and long‐distance two‐way voyaging were important in this movement and those who deny this possibility and discuss settlement only in terms of random drift voyages or one‐way exile voyaging. Crucial to this debate are estimates of Polynesian maritime skills. This paper reports the results of paddling experiments involving a Hawaiian double‐canoe and discusses their relevance to the problem of Polynesian voyaging and settlement. The results of the present experiments suggested that paddling, as the sole propulsive force of a double‐canoe, would have been of extremely limited value for long‐range voyaging. The experiments indicated that a crew of physically fit and experienced paddlers were able to paddle a Hawaiian double‐canoe over fifty miles in two days, but that they were close to their physiological limit of tolerance. However, if paddling is considered to be a significant auxiliary source of power available to Polynesian voyagers, it is evident that the Polynesians exercised a significant degree of control over their movements in the Pacific.
Sibling Terminology and Cross‐Sex Behavior: Data from the Southeastern Nuba Mountains1
Authors: Faris James C.
Published: November 2004

Contrary to certain of the assumptions of Nerlove and Romney (1967) on sibling terminology and cross‐sex behavior, the sibling terminology of the Southeastern Nuba manifests a primary sex‐of‐speaker component and is shown to be conjunctive. Other data appear to weigh against their functional hypotheses for the cross‐parallel distinction in sibling terminology but support a general conclusion that there may be different levels of explanation in kinship usage and that attention should be paid to cultural conceptions of cross‐sex relations.
Linguistics and Ethnographic Description1
Authors: BURLING ROBBINS
Published: November 2004

The anthropological activity of providing ethnographic descriptions is much like the linguistic activity of providing grammatical descriptions. Both offer rules that account for the occurrence of some phenomena (such as, for instance, particular household types or particular sequences of vocal noises), but at the same time rule others out. How the rules are “discovered” is irrelevant to their status, and their degree of cognitive reality need not be crucial in judging their significance. The rules stand or fall only by their ability to account for linguistic or cultural behavior.
An Exception to the “Image of Limited Good”
Authors: Kearney Michael
Published: November 2004

Research in southern Mexico indicates that there is a general exception to Foster's Image of Limited Good, in Mexican peasant world view. The limited good concept holds that all desirable material and non‐material entities are seen as existing in finite amounts which cannot be augmented. In such communities, however, it is implicitly assumed that one can experience intensified desirable emotions without necessarily suffering a loss in some other area of life, as is implied by the Image of Limited Good.
Factor Analysis and Artifact Typology
Authors: Sackett James R.
Published: November 2004

The general utility of r‐mode factor analyses for screening and ordering artifact characteristics is severely restricted by the presence of nominal categories in typological attribute systems. Even where a correlation coefficient appropriate to qualitative data can be used, factor analysis generates spurious correlations stemming from the interdependencies that nominal attributes usually share. The resulting factors may also obscure or distort the contingent interactions that can strongly influence typological patterning, especially among lithic artifacts. R. A. Benfer's factor analysis of stone projectile points illustrates these problems, in addition to yielding factors that largely reflect the redundancy with which certain aspects of typological variation are expressed in his raw data. [factor analysis, statistics, artifact typology, archeology]
The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and theti'yčir Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture
Authors: Walker Willard
Published: November 2004

Certain structural features of spoken Nacireman are examined both objectively and from the point of view of native Nacireman folk linguistics. Discrepancies on the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels between the traditional folk analysis and that of modern structural linguistics are accounted for in terms of the cognitive structure and ideological orientation of the ti'čir caste, which plays a critical role in the enculturation of Nacireman children, and in terms of the internal organization and external relationships of the native academic institutions, whose function in Nacireman society can be specified only after intensive deep‐structure analysis.
Heider's“Anthropological Models of Incest Laws in the United States”: A Comment
Authors: Farber Bernard
Published: November 2004

In his analysis of U.S. legal prohibitions of marriage with relatives, Heider rejects the Old Testament model as an explanation of the configuration of current state laws. Although Heider's statement is generally accurate, the statutes seem to express two basic models, an attenuated Biblical and a Western American pattern. These patterns are the inverse of each other with regard to prohibition of first‐cousin marriage and marriage between affines. Historical review of statutes reveals a trend from Biblical to Western American patterns. The historical perspective suggests that confounding the two models may have weakened Heider's analysis.
North American Gypsy Terms: A Comment
Authors: Markotic Vladimir
Published: November 2004

The author comments on a recent article by Werner Cohn concerning the kinship terms among the North American Gypsies. He suggests that since pašo, meaning wife's sister's husband, is also found among the southern Slavs, it is highly probable that it is from them that the Gypsies took the term.
A Note on Regional Variation in Navajo Kinship Terminology1
Authors: Freed Stanley A. , Freed Ruth S.
Published: November 2004

Analysis of genealogies collected from ninety‐four Navajo respondents living in two widely separated areas of their reservation revealed significant regional variation in kinship terminology. Considerable individual variability in the terminologies from one of these regions suggests that the kinship terminology in this region may be changing. The reasons for this possible change are unclear, but we note that the kinship terminology in this region resembles that of the nearby Hopi.
Nacireman Academies Dysfunctional? A Rejoinder
Authors: MULLER JON
Published: November 2004

Careful analysis of Nacireman academies does not bear out the conclusion of Walker (1970) that these are dysfunctional. Indeed, they are an integral part of Nacireman age‐grade structure and play an important role in initiation into a Nacireman adult age‐grade.
Are the Siriono Raw or Cooked?
Authors: Ingham John M.
Published: November 2004

In this paper Siriono myth and ritual are interpreted with a model of Siriono social structure. Whereas other students of the Siriono have noted their lack of sociability and have even suggested that their culture is incoherent, the present approach suggests that social exchange among the Siriono is a total social fact, but one that focuses on a peculiar relationship between men and women within a kinship idiom of parallel descent and matrilateral cross‐cousin marriage.
On the Entangled Problems of Selection and Conceptual Organization1
Authors: CHANEY RICHARD P. , MORTON KEITH , MOORE TURRALL
Published: November 2004

Naroll's Interval Sift method and D'Andrade's Matched Pair method are re‐examined. It is suggested that these present solutions to the Tylor‐Galton problem are better viewed as discussions. The intertwined problems of selection of data, data patterning, and conceptual organization are discussed.
Independence Training from a Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: YOUNG NANCY F.
Published: November 2004

Studies relating age of independence training with achievement motivation and achievement have resulted in contradictory findings. The responses of fifty‐two Chinese mothers in Hawaii to the independence training questionnaire were analyzed in conjunction with ethnographic data on child rearing practices. The lack of significant relationships between the index of independence training and measures of boys' achievement motivation and achievement behaviors was explained by the failure of the questionnaire to tap the mother's underlying motives for stating particular ages. The Chinese data revealed that cultural factors, such as values, strongly affect the mothers' responses.
Paradoxes in Western Creativity
Authors: GRAY CHARLES EDWARD
Published: November 2004

Statistical data, showing percentages of creativity in the various arts and philosophy among different nations during the history of Western civilization, can now be presented. This covers the ground quantitatively which Kroeber's Configurations of Culture Growth covered qualitatively. The study not only reveals different patterns among nations, but indicates the nature of the problem to be overcome if mankind is to achieve a universal maximum release of creativity for all in the future.
An Overview of the Phenomenon of Mixed Racial Isolates in the United States1
Authors: BEALE CALVIN L.
Published: November 2004

The subject of the paper is population groups of real or alleged tri‐racial origin—Indian, White, and Negro. There is a review of the emergence of such groups in American history, their conflicts with public authorities, and their recognition by researchers. The past importance of separate schools as a boundary maintenance mechanism is discussed, with emphasis on the declining persistence of such schools today. The role of the church as the typical remaining group institution is noted. Mention is made of the decreasing proportion of endogamous marriages in recent times. The essentially rural nature of these racial isolates is pointed out, and the general societal trend of rural depopulation is stated to be affecting their size and continued existence. A suggested list of research needs is offered.
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: PEEBLES CHRISTOPHER S.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Computer Analysis of Chronological Seriation. FRANK HOLE and MARY SHAW

Archeology: Archéologie et calculateurs: problèmes sémi‐ologiques et mathématiques. CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: TOWNSEND JOAN B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Akulivikchuk: A Nineteenth Century Eskimo Village on the Nushagak River, Alaska. JAMES W. VANSTONE

Archeology: Historic Settlement Patterns in the Nushagak River Region, Alaska. JAMES W. VAN‐STONE
Book Reviews
Authors: WEISS GERALD
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Textbooks and Readers: Anthropology Today. Del Mar, CA: CRM Books, 1971.

Textbooks and Readers: Cultural Anthropology Today. Del Mar, CA: CRM Books, 1971.

Textbooks and Readers: Physical Anthropology Today. Del Mar, CA: CRM Books, 1971.

Textbooks and Readers: Involvement in Anthropology Today. Del Mar, CA: CRM Books, 1971.

Textbooks and Readers: Study Guide to Anthropology Today. Del Mar, CA: CRM Books, 1971.
Book Reviews
Authors: COHEN RONALD
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Development and Change: Stability and Social Change. BERNARD BARBER and ALEX INKELES, eds.

Development and Change: Readings in Social Evolution and Development. S. N. EISENSTADT, ed.
The Myth of the Dam1
Authors: GEISER PETER
Published: November 2004

Change and stability can be understood not as polar opposites but as conditions necessary to the viability of organic life. Social transformation may be accomplished, in part, because there exists a mythopoeic faculty which during processes of transformation acts to preserve one's self‐concept and collective identification. Although the Nubian practiced labor migration over centuries, he asserts, today, that no one could have left Nubia had it not been for the construction of the Aswan dam in 1902. By reference to the mythical effect of the dam on his natural history, the Nubian could bring into congruence the apparent contradiction between his urban commitment and his loyalty to collective sentiments. Allegorically, by extracting his migratory behaviors from their historical roots and by attaching them to an artifact of symbolic significance for the collectivity, migration would represent no denial of his relation to nature. Myth and ritual may be cohesive forces when they act on a society undergoing change.
Seasonal Variation in Conception in Rural Uganda and Mexico1
Authors: THOMPSON RICHARD W. , ROBBINS MICHAEL C.
Published: November 2004

Using data from rural Uganda and Mexico, this study explores the use of multivariate statistical procedures for examining the combined effects of certain socio‐cultural and climatic variables on seasonal variations in conception. In addition, it fails to support the hypotheses advanced by Nurge (1970) that more conceptions occur during periods of heavy work and that more births occur during periods of light work. Different results and alternative conclusions are presented.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BAILEY WILFRID C. , TATE BENJAMIN B. , DUMBLETON DUANE D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General and Theoretical: Studying Societies. Teaching Plan. Readings. ANTHROPOLOGY CURRICULUM STUDY PROJECT

General and Theoretical: Origins of Humanness. Teaching Plan. Readings. ANTHROPOLOGY CURRICULUM STUDY PROJECT

General and Theoretical: The Emergence of Complex Societies. Teaching Plan. Readings. ANTHROPOLOGY CURRICULUM STUDY PROJECT

General and Theoretical: Modernization and Traditional Societies. Teaching Plan. Readings. ANTHROPOLOGY CURRICULUM STUDY PROJECT
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BLANK JOHN E.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern New South Wales. R. J. LAMPERT

Archeology: Archaeology of the Gallus Site, Koonalda Cave. R. V. S. WRIGHT
Associational‐Metaphorical Activity: Another View of Language and Mind
Authors: LEONE SHIRLEY
Published: November 2004

This paper extends Sapir's idea that language embodies intertwined and isolable patterns of two distinct orders—patterns of reference (in my terms, communication) and patterns of expression (associational‐metaphorical activity). Viewing language as a continuum of usages ranging from schizophrenic usage, at one extreme, to objective, representational usage at the other, associational‐metaphorical activity is seen as variously operative throughout. There are illustrations of how this dimension is woven into normal communication. Finally, there is speculation on the source of associational‐metaphorical activity and the light it throws on human mentality as projected in language.
Kwara?ae Ethnoglottochronology: Procedures Used by Malaita Cannibals for Determining Percentages of Shared Cognates1
Authors: KEESING ROGER M.
Published: November 2004

How hungry Kwara?ae cannibals are to divide a slain relative poses a non‐trivial formal problem for the savage mind. Here a mathematical model is proposed for the rigorous segmentation of a corpus—keeping in mind the highest ethnoscience standards of ethnographic rigor, psychological reality, methodological precision, explicitness, productivity, elegance, replicability, incomprehensibility, and irrelevance.
Double Standards1
Authors: MACAULAY RONALD
Published: November 2004

One of the unsatisfactory characteristics of much recent work in socio‐linguistics has been the indiscriminate use of the labels “Standard” and “Nonstandard,” particularly in dealing with varieties of language such as Black English. The greatest danger in the situation has been the tendency to identify Standard English with an upper class accent instead of treating the two notions as separate, though related, phenomena. The definition of the term “Standard Language” is examined with reference to the status of Schwyzertütsch, Scottish English, and Black English.
Sheep in Navajo Culture and Social Organization1
Authors: WITHERSPOON GARY
Published: November 2004

The sheep herd occupies an important place in Navajo thought and social organization. It provides the Navajo with both a material and psychological sense of security, contributes to a Navajo's physical and mental health, and is the object of considerable affective investment and moral responsibility. The residence group, the fundamental unit of Navajo social organization, is organized around and integrated by the sheep herd. At the residence group level, social groups correspond to the grouping of individually owned sheep into herds. A Navajo's social status within and loyalty to various residence groups are closely linked to the location and position of his sheep in a particular herd or herds. The sheep herd operation also provides an interesting convergence of the concepts of egoism and individualism with those of altruism and communalism.
Believers and Beaters: A Case Study of Supernatural Beliefs and Child Rearing in the Bahama Islands
Authors: OTTERBEIN CHARLOTTE SWANSON , OTTERBEIN KEITH F.
Published: November 2004

The research described in this article tests the hypothesis that caretakers who fear the supernatural will inflict more pain on the children in their charge than will those caretakers who do not fear the supernatural. The hypothesis is drawn from a larger body of theory which states that child training practices influence adult personality, including beliefs in the supernatural—these beliefs in turn influence the training of children. In order to test the hypothesis it was necessary to find a group of people whose adults differ from each other in theirbeliefs in the supernatural and whose children receive differential training. The village of Congo Town, located on Andros Island in the Bahamas, provides such a group of people. In the course of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 1968 in this village, twenty caretakers were interviewed about the training given to their forty‐eight children and grandchildren, as well as about their beliefs in the supernatural. Differences both in beliefs in the supernatural and in child training practices exist. Three specific hypotheses are derived from the major hypothesis described above. Each of these hypotheses is found to be supported by data gathered in Congo Town. Since each of the derived hypotheses receives support, it is concluded that the major hypothesis is confirmed.