bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of profit-sharing distributions on employee stock purchase plan participation
Authors: Hennig Jan C. , Hullmann Rieke , Rau Holger A. , Wolff Michael
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Firms use various forms of equity-based compensation to allow employees to participate in their success.

Methods

We examine how an unannounced profit-sharing distribution (PSD) affects participation in Employee stock purchase plans (ESPPs), which offer discounted shares. Using panel data from a multinational firm, we find counterbalancing effects of the PSD.

Results

While it attracts new participants to the ESPP, a similar share of former participants exit the program after receiving the distribution. This latter effect is particularly pronounced in countries characterized by higher average levels of prosociality.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that unexpected profit sharing can have heterogeneous effects on ESPP participation across different cultural contexts.
Determinant of unmet need for family planning among adolescent and young women in Kenya: multilevel analysis using recent Kenyan demographic health survey
Authors: Damtew Beyene Sisay , Abdi Hinsermu Bayu , Hussien Beker Ahemed , Tiruye Getahun , Urgie Nafyad Tolossa , Yigezu Beniam worku , Mohammed Sifan Ahmed , Fente Bezawit Melak
Published: February 2025

Background

Unmet need for family planning (FP) refers to the proportion of women who are fecund, sexually active, and wish to delay or limit childbearing but are not using any effective contraceptive method. Unmet need for FP remains a significant public health concern, particularly among young women aged 15–24 years. This study explores the determinants of unmet need for FP among young women.

Method and material

This study used data from the 2022 Kenyan Demography and Health Survey to investigate the relationship between various factors and a binary outcome variable of unmet need for family planning among adolescent young age group. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the data, accounting for the clustering effects of the survey data. The statistical significance of the relationships was assessed using adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The model with the lowest deviance was considered the best fit for the data.

Result

Magnitude of unmet need family planning among adolescent young age in Kenya is 25% (95% CI: 24.5%–26%). Determinants of Unmet need for family planning are age 15–19 (AOR: 3.4, 95%CI (1.3–11), undecided desire number of children (AOR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.4–2.1), age at first sex 15–29 (AOR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.2–6.2), rural residency (AOR: 3.9, 95%CI: 1.1–14), high community level poverty (AOR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.1–4.5).

Conclusion

The study finds that 25% of young women in Kenya lack access to family planning. Factors like age, desired family size, early sex, rural life, and poverty contribute to this. These factors create barriers that hinder women's ability to plan their pregnancies and access necessary resources. Younger women, those in rural areas, and those living in poverty are particularly affected. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that considers the specific circumstances of these vulnerable populations.
Open and Extensible Benchmark for Explainable Artificial Intelligence Methods
Authors: Moiseev Ilia , Balabaeva Ksenia , Kovalchuk Sergey
Published: February 2025

The interpretability requirement is one of the largest obstacles when deploying machine learning models in various practical fields. Methods of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) address those issues. However, the growing number of different solutions in this field creates a demand to assess the quality of explanations and compare them. In recent years, several attempts have been made to consolidate scattered XAI quality assessment methods into a single benchmark. Those attempts usually suffered from a focus on feature importance only, a lack of customization, and the absence of an evaluation framework. In this work, the eXplainable Artificial Intelligence Benchmark (XAIB) is proposed. Compared to existing benchmarks, XAIB is more universal, extensible, and has a complete evaluation ontology in the form of the Co-12 Framework. Due to its special modular design, it is easy to add new datasets, models, explainers, and quality metrics. Furthermore, an additional abstraction layer built with an inversion of control principle makes them easier to use. The benchmark will contribute to artificial intelligence research by providing a platform for evaluation experiments and, at the same time, will contribute to engineering by providing a way to compare explainers using custom datasets and machine learning models, which brings evaluation closer to practice.
Antifungal Efficacy of Essential Oils and Their Predominant Components Against Olive Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Petrović Elena , Vrandečić Karolina , Ćosić Jasenka , Siber Tamara , Godena Sara
Published: February 2025

The antifungal effectiveness of essential oils (EOs) and their predominant components were tested on 14 phytopathogenic fungi isolated from olive trees. Commercial EOs from holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.), Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Ness), lemon (Citrus × limon), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), oregano (Origanum compactum Benth), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and components eugenol, e-cinnamaldehyde, limonene, menthol, carvacrol, and thymol were used. Antifungal efficacy was tested on six species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family: Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not.; Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Fr.; D. seriata De Not.; Dothiorella iberica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves; Do. sarmentorum (Fr.) A.J.L. Phillips, Alves & Luque; and Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips. Other tested species included Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze, B. nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze; Cytospora pruinosa Défago; Nigrospora gorlenkoana Novobr.; N. osmanthi Mei Wang & L. Cai; N. philosophiae-doctoris M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai; Phaeoacremonium iranianum L. Mostert, Grafenhan, W. Gams & Crous; and Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not. The results show that Chinese cinnamon and oregano EOs, along with their components, completely inhibited the growth of all tested fungi, indicating their potential as biological control agents in sustainable agriculture. In contrast, the least effective treatments were the EOs derived from lemon and peppermint, as well as the components limonene, menthol, and thymol. Notably, the fungi Do. iberica and N. gorlenkoana were among the most sensitive to all the treatments applied.
Multi-Neural Network Localisation System with Regression and Classification on Football Autonomous Robots
Authors: Lopes Carolina Coelho , Ribeiro António , Ribeiro Tiago , Lopes Gil , Ribeiro A. Fernando
Published: February 2025

In environments like the RoboCup Middle Size League (MSL), precise and rapid localisation of robots is crucial for effective autonomous interaction. This study addresses the limitations of conventional localisation approaches—often based on single-camera systems or sensors such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and infrared—by developing a robust Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based multi-camera system solution. This method uses multiple neural networks, breaking down the problem while taking advantage of both classification and regression methods. The solution includes a classification neural network to detect field markers, such as line intersections, and two regression neural networks: one for calculating the position of the markers, and another for determining the robot’s position in real-time. It takes advantage of both approaches while maintaining the desired performance, accuracy, and robustness, simplifying the training process and adapting it to different scenarios. Designed specifically to meet MSL robotics’s high-speed demands and precision requirements, the system employs data augmentation techniques to ensure resilience against lighting, angles, and position variations. The results show that this optimised approach improves spatial awareness and accuracy, promising robot football advancements. Beyond MSL applications, this method has the potential for broader real-world uses that require dependable, real-time localisation in dynamic settings.
Engineering Properties of Television Plastic Shell Waste (TPSW) to Replace Part of Sand–Cement Mortar
Authors: Hung Chang-Chi , Wu Chung-Hao , Wang Her-Yung , Lo Chun-Fu , Wang Chien-Chih , Tsai Shen-Lun
Published: February 2025

Adding domestic waste into cement mortar or replacing fine aggregate can effectively reduce the use of natural sand and gravel and reduce carbon emissions, thereby preventing waste from polluting the Earth’s environment. This study explored a sustainable method for recycling television plastic shell waste (TPSW) by using it as a partial replacement for sand in cement mortar production. By evaluating water–cement ratios (0.4, 0.5, 0.6), ages (3, 7, 28, 56, 91 days), and TPSW levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%), this research assessed key properties, such as the slump, compressive strength, and durability. The results show that the TPSW absorbed less water than natural sand, increased the number of pores and slightly reduced the strength. However, a 5% substitution led to a minimal performance loss after 91 days, while it improved the sulfate resistance and resistivity. Overall, incorporating 5% TPSW reduces the environmental impact and carbon emissions, offering a sustainable solution for cement production.
Dynamic Response Simulation for a Novel Single-Point Mooring Gravity-Type Deep-Water Net Cage Under Irregular Wave and Current
Authors: Pang Guoliang , Wan Chengyu , Sui Liuyang , Zhu Shiyao , Liu Hangfei , Li Gen , Yuan Taiping , Hu Yu , Tao Qiyou , Huang Xiaohua
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the structural response characteristics of a novel single-point mooring gravity-type deep-water (SPM-GDW) net cage under irregular waves and currents. A hydrodynamic numerical model of the cage was created and validated through model experiments. Based on the validated cage model, the structural response characteristics such as cage motion response, mooring line forces, and floating collar stress were studied, considering the actual operating conditions in the target sea area. The response time history curves, wave height time history, and spectral density statistics were studied and compared. The results showed that the heave motion of the cage was consistent with wave elevation in the vertical direction and mainly influenced by wave conditions. The surge motion of the cage was closely related to the current, with a significant lag effect compared to wave elevation motion. Low-frequency loads under the combined action of waves and currents had a significant impact on the surge motion of the cage. In addition, the mooring line tension and pontoon stress were closely related to the wave elevation, with peak values of tension and stress occurring almost simultaneously with the peak wave elevation. However, the pontoon stress exhibited high-frequency response characteristics while satisfying the wave frequency response trend. It was found that the flow velocity had a significant impact on the spectral density of mooring line tension and pontoon stress in the low-frequency range, with an increase in spectral density values as the flow velocity increased. The structural response characteristics identified in this study provide a computational basis for the optimized design and analysis of single-point mooring gravity-type deep-water cages.
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Textiles: Insights from GC–MS with Metal Content Assessment Using ICP-MS
Authors: Foschi Martina , Colantoni Virginia , Reale Samantha , Scappaticci Claudia , D’Archivio Angelo Antonio , Biancolillo Alessandra
Published: February 2025

This study primarily focuses on the analysis of volatile organic compounds using GC–MS, with ICP-MS employed as a complementary method to quantify trace metal content. Headspace GC–MS was conducted to detect alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs), formaldehyde, aromatic amines derived from azo dyes, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, chlorophenols (PCPs), tetrachlorophenols (TPCs), and phthalates in textile samples of different origin and composition. Principal component analysis was used to detect patterns in the volatilome according to the origin and the textile composition. In addition, seven metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were quantified in a subset of samples. The study revealed distinct chemical profiles in textiles based on their origin, with GC–MS identifying key volatile organic compounds and ICP-MS quantifying heavy metals in a subset of samples. Principal component analysis highlighted cotton content as a critical factor in differentiating textile profiles. While most samples adhered to regulatory standards, some exceeded thresholds for metals like copper and nickel, underscoring the need for enhanced quality control in manufacturing processes. By integrating advanced analytical methods, this study provides insights into sustainable and safe textile production, offering valuable benchmarks for regulatory compliance and industry best practices. The outcomes contribute to improving product safety, promoting responsible manufacturing, and supporting regulatory bodies in the enforcement of environmental and safety standards, aligning with the growing demand for sustainability in the textile sector.
Dynamic Damping of Power Oscillations in High-Renewable-Penetration Grids with FFT-Enabled POD-P Controllers
Authors: Bernal-Sancho Marta , Muñoz-Lázaro Marta , Comech María Paz , Ferrer-Fernández Pablo
Published: February 2025

The growing integration of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) and wind power, presents challenges such as reduced system inertia and increased susceptibility to inter-area oscillations. These issues, coupled with stricter regulatory demands for grid stability, highlight the urgent need for effective damping solutions. This study proposes a novel method for detecting and mitigating inter-area oscillations using a power oscillation damping (POD) controller enhanced by applying a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The controller’s parameters are optimized through the Nobel Bat Algorithm (NBA) and fully implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory (DSPF). Simulations conducted on the New England IEEE-39 power system model under varying levels of renewable energy penetration demonstrate the model’s capability to dynamically detect, mitigate, and deactivate oscillations once stability is achieved. This work addresses emerging regulations requiring oscillation damping systems and offers a framework for certifying POD controllers for real-world implementation, ensuring their adaptability to diverse energy systems and regulatory contexts.
Update: Heart Failure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Blachut Dominika , Mazurkiewicz Michalina , Schulz Marcin , Cieśla Julia , Przywara-Chowaniec Brygida , Tomasik Andrzej
Published: February 2025

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease that significantly increases cardiovascular risk. Although cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in SLE patients, the correlation between SLE and heart failure (HF) remains unexplored. Myocardial dysfunction in SLE patients is frequently asymptomatic or nonspecific, which makes it difficult to identify HF using standard diagnostic techniques. In addition, there are serious difficulties in its early diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the latest reports on the epidemiology of heart failure in SLE patients. Current evidence on the impact of SLE treatment on the development of HF, as well as potential risk factors that increase the risk of HF, is presented. Potential methods of treatment and early detection of HF with special attention to potential biomarkers are also provided. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of the correlation between HF and SLE and to develop effective treatment strategies.
Industry 5.0: Are We Going to Accept Robots as Co-Workers in Office Environments? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Doven Gozde , Sezen Bulent , Demir Kadir , Balcioglu Yavuz
Published: February 2025

This research aims to assess the readiness of professionals working in offices to accept robots as co-workers, and to provide insight for robot developers and organizations in promoting robot acceptance. This study investigates the acceptance of robots in office environments using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, extended with a specific focus on perceived sociability. A two-country comparative approach was employed. The research involved participants from the United Kingdom and Turkey to explore differences on robot acceptance. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire with demographics, robot usage or intention to use, and robot appearance preferences, targeting working professionals in office environments. The findings highlight key factors influencing behavioral intentions to use robots, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and perceived sociability. Our research results indicate that robots will likely to be accepted in our future office work environments. The results provide actionable insights for designing socially interactive robots and utilizing them in diverse workplace environments. Future research directions include expanding the cultural scope and utilizing qualitative methods for the additional investigation of factors that may enhance our understanding of robot acceptance.
Distribution of Operating Costs Along the Value Chain of an Open-Pit Copper Mine
Authors: Losaladjome Mboyo Hervé , Huo Bingjie , Mulenga François K. , Mabe Fogang Pieride , Kaunde Kasongo Jimmy Kalenga
Published: February 2025

This study analyzes the distribution of operating costs along the value chain of an open-pit copper mine with a focus on key operational units or operations such as drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, stockpiling, blending, crushing, milling, and flotation. Using process costing analysis, key cost drivers were identified, and their individual contributions to total expenses were quantified. Results revealed that comminution processes dominate the operational cost structure, with milling accounting for 6.18 USD/ton, representing 59.1% of total operating costs, and crushing costing 1.15 USD/ton, that is, 11% of total operating expenditure. The study also highlighted several opportunities for cost reduction and enhanced mining sustainability through strategies such as energy consumption optimization, the use of alternative energy sources, and optimized blast design. Finally, valuable insights aimed at promoting sustainable resource utilization, improved cost efficiency, and data-driven decision-making in mining operations are offered to mine planners and operators. This is eventually expected to lay the foundation for benchmarking work on the establishment of a baseline and standards for similar mining operations.
Estimation of Directional Wave Spectra with Motion Data of Floating Structure Using Complex-Valued Neural Networks
Authors: Yoon Taehyun , Park Young-IL , Kim Jeong-Hwan
Published: February 2025

This study presents the development and validation of a complex-valued neural network model to predict wave conditions—such as wave direction, height, and period—surrounding floating structures. Accurate wave predictions are crucial for optimizing the design, operation, and maintenance of offshore platforms and floating offshore wind turbines, particularly in the context of digital twins. The proposed methodology leverages motion data obtained through numerical simulations of a floating structure to train the prediction model, enabling it to predict both the amplitude and phase information of the surrounding waves. The model successfully addresses the challenges of representing wave direction data in polar coordinates and capturing phase differences between motion components, which are difficult for traditional real-valued neural networks. The performance of the model was validated through various test cases, with the maximum prediction error found to be less than 10% and most predictions showing an error of less than 5%. Wave direction predictions demonstrated high accuracy, with errors consistently below 2%. While the model was trained using pseudo-measurement data, the results suggest that high-accuracy predictions can be achieved using real-world measurement data. This work contributes to enhancing wave prediction models for floating structures and is expected to improve the safety, performance, and long-term stability of such systems.
Patch-Wise-Based Diffusion Model with Uncertainty Guidance for Low-Light Image Enhancement
Authors: Li Li , Peng Jishen , Wan Yingcai
Published: February 2025

Low-light image enhancement is crucial for accurately interpreting images captured under low-lighting conditions. Existing low-light enhancement methods based on diffusion models have demonstrated effectiveness; however, they suffer from slow training processes and less structured guidance during optimization. We propose a navel patch-wise-based diffusion model, which introduces the low curvature reverse trajectory to ensure stable parameter optimization and uncertainty guidance in the diffusion training process. Specifically, we randomly select patches of varying sizes from the entire image and apply patch-wise optimization between the generated image and the ground truth to enforce a stable optimization path in the diffusion model. Additionally, within each patch-wise region, an uncertainty network estimates the uncertainty, which is then integrated as a weighting factor in the diffusion process to balance areas of abrupt change in the image. Experimental evaluations on various datasets demonstrate that our method achieves significant improvements, particularly in experiments with real-world images. These results indicate that the proposed patch-wise-based diffusion model enhancements are effective.
Photofixation Pd Functionalization of ZnO Thin Films for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Doxycycline Antibiotic in Aqueous Phase
Authors: Ivanova Dobrina , Kolev Hristo , Stefanov Bozhidar , Kaneva Nina
Published: February 2025

In this work, we demonstrate the co-catalytic modification of ZnO films via the photodeposition of palladium (Pd) to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of doxycycline (DC). Pristine ZnO films were synthesized using a sol–gel method and deposited onto glass substrates via dip-coating. The films were subsequently modified with Pd through chemical photodeposition under UV light, which facilitated the photoreduction of an aqueous 5 × 10−3 M Pd2+ precursor. The influence of varying UV photodeposition doses (2.5, 5, and 10 J/cm2) on the morphology and chemical composition of the Pd-modified films was investigated to control Pd surface coverage and chemical state. Characterization techniques included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At low UV doses (2.5 J/cm2), approximately 1.6 at.% of Pd was photodeposited, primarily as PdO, while higher UV doses (5–10 J/cm2) increased the metallic Pd0 content. The photocatalytic degradation of DC was evaluated in both distilled and tap water, where Pd/ZnO films demonstrated significantly higher removal efficiency (40–380% higher) than pristine ZnO films, with those containing higher Pd0 levels exhibiting the greatest activity. Across all samples, removal efficiency in tap water was approximately double that in distilled water.
Identification of Pseudomonas protegens and Bacillus subtilis Antimicrobials for Mitigation of Fuel Biocontamination
Authors: Barry Schroeder Amanda L. , Reed Adam M. , Radwan Osman , Bowen Loryn L. , Ruiz Oscar N. , Gunasekera Thusitha S. , Hoffmann Andrea
Published: February 2025

Hydrocarbon fuel biofouling and biocorrosion require expensive cleanup of aviation infrastructures unless appropriate sustainment measures are applied. The identification of novel biological control agents offers promising alternatives to the current chemical biocides used in fuel sustainment. In this study, 496 microbial fuel isolates from our in-house repository were screened to identify new endogenously produced antimicrobial compounds. Using agar plug screening, liquid culture growth testing, and Jet A fuel culture assays, the two fuel-isolate strains Pseudomonas protegens #133, and Bacillus subtilis #232 demonstrated promising biocontrol activity against bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) of #232 culture filtrate identified several common lipopeptide antimicrobials including gageostatin C, gageopeptin B, and miscellaneous macrolactins. In contrast, LC-QTOF-MS/MS identified the siderophore pyochelin as one of the predominant compounds in #133 culture filtrate with previously demonstrated antimicrobial effect. Jet fuel microbial consortium culture testing of #133 culture filtrate including flow-cytometry live/dead cell mechanism determination demonstrated antimicrobial action against Gram-positive bacteria. The study concludes that antimicrobial compounds secreted by #133 have bactericidal effects against Gordonia sp. and cause cell death through bacterial lysis and membrane damage with potential applications in the biocidal treatment of hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels.
Identifying Biomarkers for Remyelination and Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis: A Measure of Progress
Authors: Ricigliano Vito A. G. , Marenna Silvia , Borrelli Serena , Camera Valentina , Carnero Contentti Edgar , Szejko Natalia , Bakirtzis Christos , Gluscevic Sanja , Samadzadeh Sara , Hartung Hans-Peter , Selmaj Krzysztof , Stankoff Bruno , Comi Giancarlo ,   ECF Young Investigators/Fellows Initiative
Published: February 2025

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology is characterized by acute and chronic inflammation, demyelination, axonal injury, and neurodegeneration. After decades of research into MS-related degeneration, recent efforts have shifted toward recovery and the prevention of further damage. A key area of focus is the remyelination process, where researchers are studying the effects of pharmacotherapy on myelin repair mechanisms. Multiple compounds are being tested for their potential to foster remyelination in different clinical settings through the application of less or more complex techniques to assess their efficacy. Objective: To review current methods and biomarkers to track myelin regeneration and recovery over time in people with MS (PwMS), with potential implications for promyelinating drug testing. Methods: Narrative review, based on a selection of PubMed articles discussing techniques to measure in vivo myelin repair and functional recovery in PwMS. Results: Non-invasive tools, such as structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), are being implemented to track myelin repair, while other techniques like evoked potentials, functional MRI, and digital markers allow the assessment of functional recovery. These methods, alone or in combination, have been employed to obtain precise biomarkers of remyelination and recovery in various clinical trials on MS. Conclusions: Combining different techniques to identify myelin restoration in MS could yield novel biomarkers, enhancing the accuracy of clinical trial outcomes for remyelinating therapies in PwMS.
Challenging the Biomimetic Promise—Do Laypersons Perceive Biomimetic Buildings as More Sustainable and More Acceptable?
Authors: Gorki Michael , Speck Olga , Möller Martin , Fenn Julius , Estadieu Louisa , Menges Achim , Schiller Mareike , Speck Thomas , Kiesel Andrea
Published: February 2025

This study investigates whether or not laypersons perceive biomimetic buildings as more sustainable and acceptable, a notion termed the “biomimetic promise”. Employing an experimental design (N = 238), we examined assessments of three real-world biomimetic buildings at the University of Freiburg, namely the Fiber Pavilion in the Botanic Garden, the ceiling of the former zoology auditorium, and the Biomimetic Shell at the technical faculty. Participants were divided into two groups: one group was informed about the biomimetic nature of the buildings and the other group was not. Results showed no significant difference in perceived sustainability or acceptability between the two groups, favoring the hypothesis that there exists no “biomimetic bias”. Notably, with the exception of perceived sustainability comparing the pavilion and the auditorium, significant differences in assessments regarding sustainability and acceptability were observed between the buildings, emphasizing the importance of domain-specific factors in public judgments. These findings suggest that merely framing a technology as biomimetic does not inherently enhance its perceived sustainability or acceptability by laypersons. Instead, the study highlights the need for transparency and clear communication regarding sustainability benefits to gain societal acceptance of biomimetic technologies.
Three Cases of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) and Pediatric Literature Review: Do Not Forget Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders in Childhood-Onset Progressive Ataxia
Authors: Sartorelli Jacopo , Pomponi Maria Grazia , Garone Giacomo , Vasco Gessica , Cumbo Francesca , Colona Vito Luigi , D’Amico Adele , Bertini Enrico , Nicita Francesco
Published: February 2025

Background: Childhood-onset progressive ataxias are rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar signs, sometimes associated with other neurological or extra-neurological features. The autosomal dominant forms, known as spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), linked to trinucleotide (i.e., CAG) repeat disorders, are ultra-rare in children. We describe three patients from two unrelated families affected by spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and present a literature review of pediatric cases. Methods: The patients’ clinical and genetic data were collected retrospectively. Results: The first case was a 9.5-year-old boy, affected by ataxia with oculomotor apraxia and cerebellar atrophy, subcortical myoclonus, and peripheral axonal sensitive polyneuropathy caused by a pathologic expansion in ATXN2, inherited from his asymptomatic father. Two brothers with familial SCA2 presented neurodegeneration leading to early death in one case and progressive ataxia, parkinsonism, and epilepsy with preserved ambulation at age 18 years in the second. To date, 19 pediatric patients affected by SCA2 have been reported, 3 of whom had a phenotype consistent with progressive ataxia with shorter CAG repeats, while 16 had more severe early-onset encephalopathy, with longer alleles. Conclusions: Although they are ultra-rare, trinucleotide repeat disorders must be considered in differential diagnosis of hereditary progressive ataxias in children, especially considering that they require targeted genetic testing and can manifest even before a parental carrier becomes symptomatic. Thus, they must also be taken into account with negative family history and when Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) results are inconclusive. Notably, the association between cerebellar ataxia and other movement disorders should raise suspicion of SCA2 among differential diagnoses.
Nano-Zirconia as a Protective and Consolidant Material for Marble in Architectural Surfaces
Authors: Urbanek Matea , Gil-Díaz Teba , Lützenkirchen Johannes , Castelvetro Valter
Published: February 2025

Natural weathering of carbonate building surfaces exposed to outdoor conditions can be effectively tackled by appropriate products. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-zirconia (n-ZrO2) as a consolidant for calcite surfaces. Sorption kinetics were investigated in batch experiments by applying aqueous dispersions of n-ZrO2 onto model, crushed Apuan marble samples of different bead sizes. Adsorption and desorption by the action of simulated rainwater as an environmentally relevant leaching solution were investigated. Adsorption studies revealed a good chemical affinity between n-ZrO2 and calcite, while desorption resulted in <6% release of n-ZrO2 and 100-fold lower solubility for 1 mm-sized beads compared to controls. These results suggest that n-ZrO2 may adsorb efficiently to calcite and protect the surface from dissolution. The results of further tests performed on artificially aged and consolidated samples of Apuan marble indicate that the application of n-ZrO2 only moderately affects water vapor permeability, water absorption coefficient, and drying behaviour. Therefore, no harmful effects are expected from the treatment. Micromechanical tests showed slightly increased mechanical strength after treatment. The obtained results highlight the effectiveness of n-ZrO2 as a surface consolidant and protective agent for calcite.
Enhanced the Catalytic Performance of Samarium and Cerium Co-Modified Mn-Based Oxide Catalyst for Soot Oxidation
Authors: Tang Long , He Danfeng , Wang Wenyi , Jin Zhongxin , Song Qiang , Gu Xiangshi , Li Zheng , Jin Baofang
Published: February 2025

Manganese-based oxides with good redox properties exhibit high soot oxidation activity. To further enhance their catalytic performance, introducing additional metal elements into manganese-based oxides is considered an effective approach. Herein, two rare earth elements (Sm and Ce)-modified MnOx catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized MnOx catalyst primarily consists of the Mn3O4 phase, with trace amounts of Mn5O8. The addition of Sm or Ce maintains the predominance of the Mn3O4 phase, increases the proportion of Mn5O8, and enhances the redox properties, thereby boosting the catalytic activity for NO and soot oxidation. Notably, the coexistence of Sm and Ce achieves optimal soot oxidation activity, with T10 reaching 306 °C. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization elucidates the underlying structure–performance relationships of these catalysts.
Intramolecular [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization of a Model Triyne to [7]Helical Indeno[2,1-c]Fluorene with Air-Stable Ni(0) and Other Precatalysts
Authors: Degač Marina , Kotora Martin
Published: February 2025

In this work, we demonstrated that air-stable Ni(0) complexes with phosphine ligands can effectively catalyze intramolecular cyclotrimerization of a triyne to a compound with a [7]helical indeno[2,1-c]fluorene skeleton. The obtained results are comparable to those achieved by using Rh-based catalytic systems. Screening of the reaction conditions showed that bidentate phosphine ligands with small bite angles (70–80°) gave the best results in terms of yields. The highest asymmetric induction with the investigated air-stable Ni(0) precatalyst was obtained using the PROPHOS ligand in HFIP (62% ee). Other catalytic systems, like [Rh(CH2=CH2)2Cl]2 and [CpCo(P{OEt}3)(trans-MeO2CHC=CHCO2Me)], have also been investigated, showing promising results.
Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Leaf and Pulp of Annona muricata
Authors: Ruiz-López Mario Alberto , Vargas-Guerrero Belinda , Vargas-Radillo J. de Jesús , Montalvo-González Efigenia , Salcedo-Pérez Eduardo , Rodriguez-Macias Ramon , Gurrola-Diaz Carmen Magdalena , García-López Pedro Macedonio , Pizano-Andrade Juan Carlos
Published: February 2025

This study focused on analyzing and comparing bioactive compounds, specifically phenolics, in the pulp and leaf of Annona muricata (soursop), a crop highly valued in Latin America for its culinary and traditional uses. Methanolic extractions of leaf and pulp were performed for phytochemical screening, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and measurements of antioxidant capacity. The results confirmed the presence of 15 phenolic compounds in the leaf and 14 in the pulp; these included phenolic acids and flavonoids. Shikimic acid was the main component identified, constituting 85 mg/g of the dry leaf sample and 17.50 mg/g of the dry pulp. The antioxidant capacity was determined using DPPH and FRAP. The percentages of inhibition were 70.93 and 15.10 in the leaf and pulp, respectively. This work expands our knowledge about the compounds present in A. muricata, which may be partly responsible for the known benefits of this plant for human health and nutrition.
Pediatric Primary Care Physicians’ Perceptions of, and Processes for, Pediatric Blood Pressure Screening, Follow-Up, and Hypertension Management
Authors: Goulding Melissa , Ryan Grace W. , Stevens Elise M. , Person Sharina , Goldberg Robert , Garg Arvin , Lemon Stephenie C.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Pediatric hypertension is an important and impactful condition. The 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guidelines provide recommendations for identifying and managing this condition within primary care. However, the perspectives and self-described practices of physicians are largely absent in the current evidence base. We aim to fill this gap through our qualitative investigation of physicians’ perceptions and practices related to the screening, follow-up, and management of primary pediatric hypertension. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with pediatric and family medicine physicians from the largest healthcare system in central Massachusetts. The interviews explored physicians’ perceptions, and practices related specifically to pediatric blood pressure screening, follow-up for high blood pressures, and management of primary hypertension. We used rapid qualitative analysis to synthesize data into the resulting themes. Results: Eleven interviews were conducted. Resulting themes included: (1) physicians are generally concerned about pediatric hypertension and familiar with guidelines, but other concerns often take precedence, (2) blood pressure screening occurs mainly during yearly well visits, (3) physicians do not trust high blood pressure readings, (4) follow-up after high blood pressure readings varies, and (5) primary care physicians typically refer to specialists for hypertension management. Conclusions: This study expands current literature by providing salient context to the state of pediatric blood pressure screening, follow-up, and primary hypertension management after the 2017 guidelines among primary care physicians affiliated with an academic medical center. Our findings related to physicians’ trust in electronic health record flags and the utility of follow-up by school nurses warrant further investigation.
The Role of Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Dawi John , Affa Stephen , Kafaja Kevin , Misakyan Yura , Kades Samuel , Dayal Surbi , Fardeheb Sabrina , Narasimhan Ananya , Tumanyan Kevin , Venketaraman Vishwanath
Published: February 2025

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) remains a global health crisis, with over 10 million people affected annually. Despite advancements in treatment, M.tb has developed mechanisms to evade host immune responses, complicating efforts to eradicate the disease. Two emerging cell death pathways, ferroptosis and cuproptosis, have been linked to TB pathogenesis. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, is driven by lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. This process can limit M.tb replication by depleting intracellular iron and inducing macrophage necrosis. However, excessive ferroptosis may lead to tissue damage and aid bacterial dissemination. Cuproptosis, triggered by copper accumulation, disrupts mitochondrial metabolism, leading to protein aggregation and cell death. M.tb exploits both iron and copper metabolism to survive within macrophages, manipulating these processes to resist oxidative stress and immune responses. This review examines the roles of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in TB, discussing how M.tb manipulates these pathways for survival. While therapeutic strategies targeting these processes, such as ferroptosis inducers (Erastin, RSL3) and inhibitors (Ferrostatin-1) and copper ionophores (Disulfiram, Elesclomol) and chelators, show promise, the limited understanding of these pathways and potential off-target effects remains a significant challenge. Further exploration of these pathways may provide insights into the development of targeted therapies aimed at controlling M.tb infection while minimizing host tissue damage. By elucidating the complex interactions between ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and TB, future therapies could better address bacterial resistance and improve clinical outcomes.
A Robust and Comprehensive Study of the Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurodevelopmental Delay in a Sample of 3244 Patients, Evaluated by Exome Analysis in a Latin Population
Authors: Lamilla Julian , Castro-Cuesta Taryn A. , Rueda-Gaitán Paula , Rios Pinto Laura Camila , Rodríguez Gutiérrez Diego Alejandro , Sanchez Rubio Yuri Natalia , Estrada-Serrato Carlos , Londoño Olga , Rucinski Cynthia , Arcos-Burgos Mauricio , Isaza-Ruget Mario , López Rivera Juan Javier
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including developmental delay (DD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorders, affect 15% of children and adolescents worldwide. Advances in next-generation sequencing, particularly whole exome sequencing (WES), have improved the understanding of NDD genetics. Methodology: This study analyzed 3244 patients undergoing WES (single, duo, trio analyses), with 1028 meeting inclusion criteria (67% male; aged 0–50 years). Results: Pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants were identified in 190 patients, achieving a diagnostic yield of 13.4% (singleton), 14% (duo), and 21.2% (trio). A total of 207 P/LP variants were identified in NDD-associated genes: 38% were missense (48 de novo), 29% frameshift (26 de novo), 21% nonsense (14 de novo), 11% splicing site (14 de novo), and 1% inframe (1 de novo). De novo variants accounted for 49.8% of cases, with 86 novels de novo variants and 27 novel non de novo variants unreported in databases like ClinVar or scientific literature. Conclusions: This is the largest study on WES in Colombian children with NDDs and one of the largest in Latino populations. It highlights WES as a cost-effective first-tier diagnostic tool in low-income settings, reducing diagnostic timelines and improving clinical care. These findings underscore the feasibility of implementing WES in underserved populations and contribute significantly to understanding NDD genetics, identifying novel variants with potential for further research and clinical applications.
Assignment Technology Based on Improved Great Wall Construction Algorithm
Authors: Zeng Xianjun , Wei Yao , Yu Yang , Hu Hanjie , Tang Qixiang , Hu Ning
Published: February 2025

The problem of allocating multiple UAV tasks is a complex combinatorial optimization challenge, involving various constraints. This paper presents an autonomous multi-UAV cooperative task allocation method based on an improved Great Wall Construction Algorithm. A model integrating battlefield environmental factors, 3D terrain data, and threat assessments is developed for optimized task allocation and trajectory planning. The algorithm is enhanced using a good point set initialization strategy, Gaussian distribution estimation, and a Cauchy reorganization variant. The simulation results show that replacing straight-line distances with actual flight distances leads to more rational mission sequences, improving combat effectiveness under realistic terrain and threat conditions. The enhanced algorithm demonstrates superior accuracy and faster convergence.
Task Allocation and Saturation Attack Approach for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Chen Qiangqiang , Liu Baisheng , Yu Changdong , Yang Mingkai , Guo Haonan
Published: February 2025

In modern marine warfare, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) have fast and efficient attack capabilities. However, existing research on UUV attack strategies is relatively limited, often ignoring the requirement for the effective allocation of different strategic value areas, which restricts its performance in the marine combat environment. To this end, this paper proposes an innovative UUV task allocation and saturation attack strategy. The strategy first divides the area according to the distribution density of enemy UUVs, and then reasonably allocates tasks according to the enemy’s regional value and the attack capability of our UUVs. Our UUVs then sail to the enemy area and are evenly distributed in the encirclement to ensure accurate saturation attacks. In the task allocation link, the grey wolf optimizer is improved by introducing Logistic chaos mapping and differential evolution mechanism, which improves the search efficiency and allocation accuracy. At the same time, the combination of the optimal matching algorithm and Bezier curve dynamic path control ensures the accuracy and flexibility of a coordinated attack. The simulation experimental results show that the strategy shows high attack efficiency and practicality in marine combat scenarios, providing an effective solution for UUV attack tasks in complex marine environments.
Hidden Markov Neural Networks
Authors: Rimella Lorenzo , Whiteley Nick
Published: February 2025

We define an evolving in-time Bayesian neural network called a Hidden Markov Neural Network, which addresses the crucial challenge in time-series forecasting and continual learning: striking a balance between adapting to new data and appropriately forgetting outdated information. This is achieved by modelling the weights of a neural network as the hidden states of a Hidden Markov model, with the observed process defined by the available data. A filtering algorithm is employed to learn a variational approximation of the evolving-in-time posterior distribution over the weights. By leveraging a sequential variant of Bayes by Backprop, enriched with a stronger regularization technique called variational DropConnect, Hidden Markov Neural Networks achieve robust regularization and scalable inference. Experiments on MNIST, dynamic classification tasks, and next-frame forecasting in videos demonstrate that Hidden Markov Neural Networks provide strong predictive performance while enabling effective uncertainty quantification.
Quantifying the Water Sources of Riparian Plants for Different Life-Forms and Water Ecotypes in the Yongding River Basin
Authors: Ren Liangsuo , Luo Mingjie
Published: February 2025

Riparian zones, acting as transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, boast a rich diversity of plant species. However, alterations in river hydrological regimes can significantly impact plant growth and distribution. In this study, seven typical reaches of Yongding River Basin were selected, and xylem water, soil water at different depths, and river water were collected in May and August. By measuring δ2H and δ18O values and combining with MixSIAR model, the proportion of water utilization by plants from different sources was quantified. The findings revealed that δ2H and δ18O values of river water, soil water, and plant xylem water were higher in August compared to May. While there was no significant difference in δ2H and δ18O values between river and soil water during different periods (p > 0.05), significant differences were observed in δ18O in plant xylem water (p = 0.022). Regardless of whether it was May or August, herbaceous plants utilized river water more extensively than trees and shrubs, and hydrophytes exhibited a higher dependence on river water compared to mesophytes and xerophytes. Some hygrophytes (P. anserina, etc.) utilized river water for over 90% of their total water intake. There were significant differences between herbs and trees and shrubs in the proportion of river water usage in August (p = 0.001). Moreover, considerable variations existed in the proportion of river water usage among different water ecotypes in both May (p = 0.005) and August (p < 0.001). Our findings provide a scientific basis for the rational allocation of plants in the process of riparian vegetation restoration.