bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicompartment Tubular Micromotors Toward Enhanced Localized Active Delivery
Authors: Esteban‐Fernández de Ávila Berta , Lopez‐Ramirez Miguel Angel , Mundaca‐Uribe Rodolfo , Wei Xiaoli , Ramírez‐Herrera Doris E. , Karshalev Emil , Nguyen Bryan , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang , Wang Joseph
Published: May 2020

A tubular micromotor with spatially resolved compartments is presented toward efficient site‐specific cargo delivery, with a back‐end zinc (Zn) propellant engine segment and an upfront cargo‐loaded gelatin segment further protected by a pH‐responsive cap. The multicompartment micromotors display strong gastric‐powered propulsion with tunable lifetime depending on the Zn segment length. Such propulsion significantly enhances the motor distribution and retention in the gastric tissues, by pushing and impinging the front‐end cargo segment onto the stomach wall. Once the micromotor penetrates the gastric mucosa (pH ≥ 6.0), its pH‐responsive cap dissolves, promoting the autonomous localized cargo release. The fabrication process, physicochemical properties, and propulsion behavior are systematically tested and discussed. Using a mouse model, the multicompartment motors, loaded with a model cargo, demonstrate a homogeneous cargo distribution along with approximately four‐fold enhanced retention in the gastric lining compared to monocompartment motors, while showing no apparent toxicity. Therapeutic payloads can also be loaded into the pH‐responsive cap, in addition to the gelatin‐based compartment, leading to concurrent delivery and sequential release of dual cargos toward combinatorial therapy. Overall, this multicompartment micromotor system provides unique features and advantages that will further advance the development of synthetic micromotors for active transport and localized delivery of biomedical cargos.
3D Printing of Micrometer‐Sized Transparent Ceramics with On‐Demand Optical‐Gain Properties
Authors: Cooperstein Ido , Indukuri S. R. K. Chaitanya , Bouketov Alisa , Levy Uriel , Magdassi Shlomo
Published: May 2020

Transparent ceramics are usually polycrystalline materials, which are wildly used in many optical applications, such as lasers. As of today, the fabrication of transparent ceramic structures is still limited to conventional fabrication methods, which do not enable the formation of complex structures. A new approach for 3D printing of micrometer‐size, transparent ceramic structures is presented. By using a solution of metal salts that can undergo a sol–gel process and photopolymerization by two‐photon printing, micrometer‐sized yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) structures doped with neodymium (Nd) are fabricated. The resulting structures are not only transparent in the visible spectrum but can also emit light at 1064 nm due to the doping with Nd. By using solution‐based precursors, without any particles, the sintering can be performed under air at ambient pressure and at a relatively low temperature, compared to conventional processes for YAG. The crystalline structure is imaged at atomic resolution by ultrahigh‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), indicating that the doped Nd atoms are located at the yttrium positions. Such miniaturized structures can be used for diverse applications, e.g., optical components in high‐intensity laser systems, which require heat resistance, or as light sources in optical circuits.
Ion Selective Transport of Alkali Ions through a Polyelectrolyte Membrane
Authors: Motta Viviana , Schäfer Martin , Hühn Jonas , Zierold Robert , Blick Robert H. , Parak Wolfgang J. , Weitzel Karl‐Michael
Published: May 2020

The ionic conductivity of a polyelectrolyte membrane consisting of 30 bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and p‐sulfonato‐calix[8]arene, (PAH/calix8)30, is investigated for two alkali ions, i.e., Li+ and Rb+. Two different transport pathways, a fast and a slow one, are identified for Li+ transport. By contrast, only the fast transport pathway is observed for Rb+ transport. This fast transport pathway is assigned to regular hopping through bulk material, whereas the slow transport pathway originates from retarding interaction with the calixarene rings, only operative for Li+ but not for Rb+. This observation constitutes a clear manifestation of ionic selectivity for transport in polyelectrolyte membranes.
Enhanced Light Emission by Magnetic and Electric Resonances in Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Murai Shunsuke , Castellanos Gabriel W. , Raziman T. V. , Curto Alberto G. , Rivas Jaime Gómez
Published: May 2020

An enhanced emission of high quantum yield molecules coupled to dielectric metasurfaces formed by periodic arrays of polycrystalline silicon nanoparticles is demonstrated. Radiative coupling of the nanoparticles, mediated by in‐plane diffraction, leads to the formation of collective Mie scattering resonances or Mie surface lattice resonances (M‐SLRs), with remarkable narrow line widths. These narrow line widths and the intrinsic electric and magnetic dipole moments of the individual Si nanoparticles allow resolving electric and magnetic M‐SLRs. Incidence angle‐ and polarization‐dependent extinction measurements and high‐accuracy surface integral simulations show unambiguously that magnetic M‐SLRs arise from in‐ and out‐of‐plane magnetic dipoles, while electric M‐SLRs are due to in‐plane electric dipoles. Pronounced changes in the emission spectrum of the molecules are observed, with almost a 20‐fold enhancement of the emission in defined directions of molecules coupled to electric M‐SLRs, and a fivefold enhancement of the emission of molecules coupled to magnetic M‐SLRs. These measurements demonstrate the potential of dielectric metasurfaces for emission control and enhancement, and open new opportunities to induce asymmetric scattering and emission using collective electric and magnetic resonances.
Thiazolothiazole‐Based Quinoidal Compounds for High‐Performance n‐Channel Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Low‐Cost Metal Electrodes
Authors: Feng Yan , Qiao Xiaolan , Ouyang Guangcheng , Liu Guohua , Li Hongxiang
Published: May 2020

Thiazolothiazole‐based quinoidal molecules B1 and B2 are designed and synthesized. B1 and B2 have low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of −4.47 and −4.41 eV, respectively. In thin films, B1 forms J‐type aggregation while B2 adopts H‐type aggregation. B1 and B2 can react with copper and silver metals and form charge transfer salts. Thin‐film transistor characteristics show both compounds display n‐channel field‐effect behavior, and the Ag and Cu source–drain electrode‐based devices exhibit similar mobility as Au source–drain electrode‐based ones. B1‐based transistors with Au, Cu, and Ag electrodes exhibit electron mobilities of 0.54, 0.45, and 0.39 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The mobility of B2 is 0.061 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Au electrode‐based devices, 0.081 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Cu electrode‐based devices, and 0.09 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Ag electrode‐based devices. The self‐doping layer formed by the reaction of electrodes (Ag, Cu) and organic semiconductors (B1 and B2), at the interface of electrode/organic semiconductor is responsible for the high performance of Ag and Cu electrode‐based devices. All these results demonstrate the introduction of self‐doping layer at electrode/organic semiconductor is a general strategy to fabricate high performance transistors with low cost metals Ag and Cu as source–drain electrodes.
Space‐Confined Growth of 2D InI Showing High Sensitivity in Photodetection
Authors: Suleiman Abdulsalam Aji , Huang Pu , Jin Bao , Jiang Jizhou , Zhang Xiuwen , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou
Published: May 2020

Layered InI has a great potential in optoelectronic applications due to its direct wide tunable bandgap. However, there is no single report about its 2D synthesis. Here, the growth of high‐quality and ultrathin InI flake (as thin as 8 nm) is reported via space‐confined physical vapor deposition. Impressively, an InI flake‐based photodetector exhibits an ultralow off‐state current of ≈4.2 × 10−12 A, high on/off photocurrent ratio of 104, excellent detectivity of 4.2 × 1012 Jones, a high‐speed response time of 10 ms, as well as excellent effective quantum efficiency of 1600%, suggesting its promising applications in optoelectronics.
Materials Design for High‐Safety Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Yang Chao , Xin Sen , Mai Liqiang , You Ya
Published: May 2020

Sodium‐ion batteries, with their evident superiority in resource abundance and cost, are emerging as promising next‐generation energy storage systems for large‐scale applications, such as smart grids and low‐speed electric vehicles. Accidents related to fires and explosions for batteries are a reminder that safety is prerequisite for energy storage systems, especially when aiming for grid‐scale use. In a typical electrochemical secondary battery, the electrical power is stored and released via processes that generate thermal energy, leading to temperature increments in the battery system, which is the main cause for battery thermal abuse. The investigation of the energy generated during the chemical/electrochemical reactions is of paramount importance for battery safety, unfortunately, it has not received the attention it deserves. In this review, the fundamentals of the heat generation, accumulation, and transportation in a battery system are summarized and recent key research on materials design to improve sodium‐ion battery safety is highlighted. Several effective materials design concepts are also discussed. This review is designed to arouse the attention of researcher and scholars and inspire further improvements in battery safety.
Temperature effects on phosphorus requirements for creeping bentgrass establishment and spring growth
Authors: Øgaard Anne Falk , Aamlid Trygve S.
Published: May 2020

Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient, but primary resources are limited and overfertilization may cause eutrophication of freshwater. Our objectives were to examine temperature effects on (a) optimal P rate for turfgrass establishment, and (b) increasing rates of foliar vs. granular P for early spring growth of established greens. Two trials, both on USGA root zones and replicated in April−May over 2 yr, were conducted in daylight phytotrons at 7, 12 and 17 °C. Experiment 1 compared 5 P rates from 0 to 0.48 g P m−2 wk−1 for creeping bentgrass establishment on a sand containing 13 mg P kg−1 (Mehlich‐3). Results showed no temperature effect on the optimal P rate. Bentgrass coverage and clipping yield increased up to 0.12 and 0.24 g P m−2 wk−1, corresponding to 6 and 12% of the N input, respectively. The concentration of P in clippings was higher at 7 than at 17 °C indicating that temperature was more limiting to shoot growth than to P uptake. A higher root/top ratio showed that plants invested more in roots under P deficiency. Experiment 2 was conducted using intact cores from a 4‐yr‐old creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) green with a Mehlich‐3 P level of 34 mg P kg−1. Results showed increased clipping yields up to 0.18 g P m−2 wk−1 and higher P uptake with granular than with foliar application, but there was no effect on turfgrass color and no interaction with temperature. Low temperatures did not justify higher P applications.
Establishment of a hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus and its density‐dependent suppressing effect on a grass: A case study from golf roughs
Authors: Hejduk Stanislav , Bitomský Martin , Pornaro Cristina , Macolino Stefano
Published: May 2020

Suppression effect of hemiparasites on grasses is a phenomenon, that can be utilized to increase biodiversity of various grassland systems. Host suitability, environmental effects, and hemiparasite abundance most likely influence the impact of parasitism on host height and biomass. However, the role of these factors is unclear in field conditions. We studied host suitability, establishment rates, and effects of a hemiparasitic plant Greater yellow rattle [ Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.)] (RA) on canopy height and biomass of a grass tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in five trials with manipulated fertilization conducted in golf roughs. Particularly, we examined how grass height and biomass changed with increasing hemiparasite abundance. On average, grasses (nine in total) were better hosts than legumes (four in total). Tall fescue belonged to the group of better hosts. The average establishment rate of Rhinanthus plants ranged from 4.4 to 24.8% regardless of fertilization treatments. In fertilization trials, Rhinanthus did not affect grass height but weakly suppressed grass biomass in non‐fertilized plots. The relationship between grass height/biomass and Rhinanthus abundance was best described by a logarithmic decay model. The suppressive effect tended to saturate (negative density dependence) in plots where the Rhinanthus abundance was very high. However, such high densities were quite rare and low Rhinanthus abundances were usually insufficient to substantially suppress grass growth. Our results indicate that we should aim for at least 50 Rhinanthus plants per 1 m2 to achieve desirable effects on biodiversity and that Rhinanthus performance will be better when nutrients are rather limiting.
Effects of mulching and maize cultivars on grain yield and photosynthetic characteristics in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Wang Xiukang , Li Meitian , Niu Xiaoli , Jiang Wenting , Qin Wei , Lei Xin , Xing Yingying
Published: May 2020

Millions of small farmers rely on maize (Zea mays L.) produced in the Loess Plateau of China. The purpose of this study was to find a fine maize variety in the Check Dam and to reveal the reasons for the effects of white plastic film mulch and maize varieties on crop yield and photosynthetic characteristics. Three maize cultivars (Dafeng 26 [DF], Xianyu 335 [XY], and Tianci 19 [TC]) were grown with and without plastic mulch in 2016 and 2017 in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province, China. Results showed that mulch increased grain yield by 10.5% in 2016 and 11.3% in 2017 across all cultivars. Among all cultivars, XY had the highest grain yield under both mulch and no mulch. Grain yield was significantly correlated with soil water content in the 0‐20 cm layer. Soil temperature under mulch decreased with increasing soil depth. On average, mulch increased soil temperature from 0.2 to 1.9 °C over the entire growing season. Photosynthetic characteristics were directly determined for all tested maize cultivars. Grain yield was more closely related to photosynthetic rate in July (r = .828, P = .001; n = 12) than in August (r = .617, P = .032; n = 12). Moreover, grain yield was correlated with stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in July and August (r = .913–.928, P < .001; n = 12). Our findings suggest that photosynthetic characteristics were an important index affecting maize grain yield for small farmers using check dams in the Loess Plateau.
Epileptic Activity Intrinsically Generated in the Human Cerebellum
Authors: Okada Yoshio , Khan Sheraz , Curran Ashley , Ahtam Banu , Hämäläinen Matti S. , Traub Roger D. , Pearl Phillip L.
Published: May 2020

Neoplastic or dysplastic neuronal tissue in the brain stem and cerebellum can become epileptogenic in pediatric patients. However, it is unknown whether such tissue may transform intrinsic properties of the human cerebellum, making it capable of generating epileptic population activity. We noninvasively detected epileptiform signals unaveraged in a pediatric patient with epilepsy due to a tumor in the middle cerebellar peduncle. Analysis of generators of the signals revealed that the cerebellum ipsilateral and contralateral to the tumor was the dominant interictal spike generator and could initiate ictal activity, suggesting that human cerebellum may become capable of intrinsically generating epileptic activity. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:418–422.
Cooperative Ni/Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Alkylation of Aldimine Esters
Authors: Peng Lingzi , He Zhuozhuo , Xu Xianghong , Guo Chang
Published: May 2020

A novel Ni/Cu dual catalysis gives rise to fundamentally new cooperative reactivity and enables the regio‐ and enantioselective propargylic alkylation reaction. A diverse set of α‐quaternary propargylated amino ester derivatives were synthesized in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). This work highlights the power of cooperative catalysis, which can be expected to have broad implications in homogeneous catalysis beyond the highly valuable synthetic intermediates.
Metal–Organic Layers Leading to Atomically Thin Bismuthene for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Liquid Fuel
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Ma Dong‐Dong , Gu Jia‐Fang , Xie Xiuyuan , Zeng Guang , Li Xiaofang , Han Shu‐Guo , Zhu Qi‐Long , Wu Xin‐Tao , Xu Qiang
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels is appealing for CO2 fixation and energy storage. However, the development of electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity in a wide potential window is challenging. Herein, atomically thin bismuthene (Bi‐ene) is pioneeringly obtained by an in situ electrochemical transformation from ultrathin bismuth‐based metal–organic layers. The few‐layer Bi‐ene, which possesses a great mass of exposed active sites with high intrinsic activity, has a high selectivity (ca. 100 %), large partial current density, and quite good stability in a potential window exceeding 0.35 V toward formate production. It even deliver current densities that exceed 300.0 mA cm−2 without compromising selectivity in a flow‐cell reactor. Using in situ ATR‐IR spectra and DFT analysis, a reaction mechanism involving HCO3− for formate generation was unveiled, which brings new fundamental understanding of CO2 reduction.
A Physical Model for Understanding the Activation of MoS2 Basal‐Plane Sulfur Atoms for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Mingjie , Hybertsen Mark S. , Wu Qin
Published: May 2020

Weak binding of hydrogen atoms to the 2H‐MoS2 basal plane renders MoS2 inert as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Transition‐metal doping can activate neighboring sulfur atoms in the MoS2 basal plane to bind hydrogen more strongly. Our theoretical studies show strong variation in the degree of activation by dopants across the 3d transition‐metal series. To understand the trends in activation, we propose a model based on the electronic promotion energy required to partially open the full valence shell of a local S atom and therefore enable it to bond with a H atom. In general, the promotion is achieved through an electron transfer from the S to neighboring metal‐atom sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate a specific, electronic‐structure‐based descriptor for the hydrogen‐binding strength: Δdp, the local interband energy separation between the lowest empty d‐states on the dopant metal atoms and occupied p‐states on S. This model can be used to provide guidelines for chalcogen activation in future catalyst design based on doped transition‐metal dichalcogenides.
A Self‐Supporting Strategy for Gas‐Phase and Slurry‐Phase Ethylene Polymerization using Late‐Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Dai Shengyu , Chen Changle
Published: May 2020

The polyolefin industry is dominated by gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization using heterogeneous catalysts. In contrast, academic research is focused on homogeneous systems, especially for late‐transition‐metal catalysts. The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts is a general strategy to provide catalyst solutions for existing industrial polyolefin synthesis. Herein, we report an alternative, potentially general strategy for using homogeneous late‐transition‐metal catalysts in gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization. In this self‐supporting strategy, catalysts with moderate chain‐walking capabilities produced porous polymer supports during gas‐phase ethylene polymerization. Chain walking, in which the metal center can move up and down the polymer chain during polymerization, ensures that the metal center can travel along the polymer chain to find suitable sites for ethylene enchainment. This strategy enables simple heterogenization of catalysts on solid supports for slurry‐phase polymerization. Most importantly, various branched ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylenes can be prepared under various polymerization conditions with proper catalyst selection.
Topology‐Matching Design of an Influenza‐Neutralizing Spiky Nanoparticle‐Based Inhibitor with a Dual Mode of Action
Authors: Nie Chuanxiong , Parshad Badri , Bhatia Sumati , Cheng Chong , Stadtmüller Marlena , Oehrl Alexander , Kerkhoff Yannic , Wolff Thorsten , Haag Rainer
Published: May 2020

In this study, we demonstrate the concept of “topology‐matching design” for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nanoparticle‐based inhibitor (nano‐inhibitor) that has a matched nanotopology to IAV virions and shows heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano‐inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano‐inhibitors. Even when used 24 hours after the infection, more than 99.999 % inhibition is still achieved, which indicates such a nano‐inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
Iodine Catalysis for C(sp3)–H Fluorination with a Nucleophilic Fluorine Source
Authors: Bafaluy Daniel , Georgieva Zoritsa , Muñiz Kilian
Published: May 2020

Iodine catalysis was developed for aliphatic fluorination through light‐promoted homolytic C−H bond cleavage. The intermediary formation of amidyl radicals enables selective C−H functionalization via carbon‐centered radicals. For the subsequent C−F bond formation, previous methods have typically been limited by a requirement for electrophilic fluorine reagents. We here demonstrate that the intermediary instalment of a carbon–iodine bond sets the stage for an umpolung, thereby establishing an unprecedented nucleophilic fluorination pathway.
Air‐Stable Fe3O4@SiO2‐EDTA‐Ni(0) as an Efficient Recyclable Magnetic Nanocatalyst for Effective Suzuki‐Miyaura and Heck Cross‐Coupling via Aryl Sulfamates and Carbamates
Authors: Dindarloo Inaloo Iman , Majnooni Sahar , Eslahi Hassan , Esmaeilpour Mohsen
Published: May 2020

The synthesis of inexpensive and novel air‐stable Ni(0) nanoparticles immobilized on the EDTA‐modified Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocatalyst was investigated in Suzuki‐Miyaura and Heck cross‐coupling reactions. This catalytic system displayed a greatly improved substrate scope for the carbon–carbon bond formations starting from a wide range of green and economical electrophiles aryl and heteroaryl carbamates and sulfamates via highly efficient method under mild, operationally simple reaction conditions. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst was also fully characterized by FT‐IR, TEM, XRD, DLS, FE‐SEM, UV–Vis, EDX, XPS, TGA, NMR, VSM, ICP and elemental analysis techniques. The heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst can easily be recovered by an external magnetic field and reused for the next reactions for at least seven times with negligible leaching of catalyst and no substantial decrement in the activity. All these highlights have made the present protocol an interesting, simple and environmentally benign process with low catalyst loading and easy manipulations.
Novel indole hydrazide derivatives: Synthesis and their antiproliferative activities through inducing apoptosis and DNA damage
Authors: Kilic‐Kurt Zühal , Acar Cemre , Ergul Mustafa , Bakar‐Ates Filiz , Altuntas Tunca G.
Published: May 2020

A series of novel indole hydrazide derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities. Compound 12 exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against the MCF‐7 cell line, with an IC50 value of 3.01 µM. Treatment of MCF‐7 cells with compound 12 led to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and also displayed a significant annexin V binding pattern, indicating that compound 12 is effective in apoptotic cell death. The Western blot analysis showed that compound 12 increased the expression of proapoptotic Bax and decreased the levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 protein. It was also observed that MCF‐7 cells treated with compound 12 showed reduced levels of procaspase‐3 and ‐9 proteins. Moreover, compound 12 treatment induced a significant DNA damage in MCF‐7 cells by increasing H2AX and ATM phosphorylation.
Efficacy and Safety of PF‐06651600 (Ritlecitinib), a Novel JAK3/TEC Inhibitor, in Patients With Moderate‐to‐Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate
Authors: Robinson Michael F. , Damjanov Nemanja , Stamenkovic Bojana , Radunovic Goran , Kivitz Alan , Cox Lori , Manukyan Zorayr , Banfield Christopher , Saunders Michael , Chandra Deepa , Vincent Michael S. , Mancuso Jessica , Peeva Elena , Beebe Jean S.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PF‐06651600 (ritlecitinib), an irreversible inhibitor of JAK3 and the tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) kinase family, in comparison with placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

An 8‐week, phase II, double‐blind, parallel‐group study was conducted. Seventy patients who were seropositive for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies and/or rheumatoid factor were randomized 3:2 to receive oral PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. Eligible patients had an inadequate response to methotrexate, and the study design allowed up to 50% of patients to have previously received 1 tumor necrosis factor inhibitor that was inadequately effective and/or not tolerated. The primary end point was change from baseline in the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) score at week 8, assessed by Bayesian analysis using an informative prior distribution for placebo response.

Results

Mean change from baseline in the SDAI score at week 8 was greater in the PF‐06651600 group (−26.1 [95% credible interval −29.7, −22.4]) than in the placebo group (−16.8 [95% credible interval −20.9, −12.7]; P < 0.001). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild in severity, and no treatment‐related serious AEs, severe AEs, or deaths were reported. The most common classes of AE were infections and infestations as well as skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders; there was 1 mild case of herpes simplex in the PF‐06651600 group that was considered to be treatment related, which resolved within 3 days without study treatment discontinuation or antiviral therapy.

Conclusion

Treatment with the oral JAK3/TEC inhibitor PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) was associated with significant improvements in RA disease activity and was generally well‐tolerated in this small 8‐week study.
Vanillic acid as phospholipase A2 and proteases inhibitor: In vitro and computational analyses
Authors: S. Cesar Pedro H. , Trento Marcus V. , Sales Thais A. , A. Simão Anderson , C. Ramalho Teodorico , Marcussi Silvana
Published: May 2020

Enzymatic inhibition by natural compounds may represent a valuable adjuvant in snakebite serum therapy. The objective in this work was to evaluate possible in vitro interactions between vanillic acid and enzymes from Bothrops spp. and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, and also suggest a theory as how they interact based on molecular docking. Vanillic acid inhibited the phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops alternatus (∼25% inhibition); the caseinolytic activity induced by Bothrops atrox (∼30%), Bothrops jararacussu (∼44%), and C. d. terrificus (∼33%); the fibrinogenolysis induced by B. jararacussu, B. atrox, and C. d. terrificus (100%); the serine protease activity induced by Bothrops moojeni (∼45%) and Bothrops jararaca (∼66%); the hemolytic activity induced by B. moojeni (∼26%); the thrombolysis activity induced by B. atrox (∼30%) and B. jararacussu (∼20%); and the thrombotic activity induced by C. d. terrificus (∼8%). The compound was also capable of delaying the coagulation time in citrated plasma by 60, 35, and 75 Sec, when incubated with B. moojeni, B. atrox, and B. jararaca, respectively. The results obtained expand the possibilities for future pharmaceutical use of vanillic acid, considering the high homology degree among human and snake venom phospholipases A2 and proteases (involved in chronic inflammatory diseases). Also, this compound can be used as adjuvant to improve currently available treatments for ophidism victims.
Students as political actors? Similarities and differences across six European nations
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Gupta Achala , Jayadeva Sazana , Abrahams Jessica , Lažetić Predrag
Published: May 2020

Drawing on data from students, higher education staff and policymakers from six European countries, this article argues that it remains a relatively common assumption that students should be politically engaged. However, while students articulated a strong interest in a wide range of political issues, those working in higher education and influencing higher education policy tended to believe that students were considerably less politically active than their predecessors. Moreover, while staff and policy influencers typically conceived of political engagement in terms of collective action, articulated through common reference to the absence of a ‘student movement’ or unified student voice, students’ narratives tended not to valorise ‘student movements’ in the same way and many categorised as ‘political’ action they had taken alone and/or with a small number of other students. Alongside these broad commonalities across Europe, the article also evidences some key differences between nation‐states, institutions and disciplines. In this way, it contributes to the comparative literature on young people’s political engagement specifically, as well as wider debates about the ways in which higher education students are understood.
Rethink management, operation of college sports in light of COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: May 2020

As the world continues to confront COVID‐19, every governing body, conference, and association, and virtually every collegiate institution, continues to carefully monitor, evaluate, and consider both the current situation and their next steps.
Clinical and immunological features of platelet transfusion refractoriness in young patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Hu Xuelian , Cai Haodong , Zheng Lu , Luo Yi , Zhou Jing , Hui Yan , Dai Zhenyu , Lin Haolong , Li Dengju , Xiao Yi , Huang Liang , Zhou Jianfeng
Published: May 2020

Platelet transfusion is important in the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after receiving intensive chemotherapy. However, platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) is an intractable clinical issue occurred in these patients. And its clinical and immunological features remain largely unknown. The potential causes and clinical features of PTR were retrospectively analyzed in 560 patients who were diagnosed as de novo AML in Tongji Hospital from June 2012 through June 2018. A high‐throughput antibody screening for the detection of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and its serotypes was performed in 133 newly diagnosed AML patients. PTR occurred in 11.8% of the de novo AML patients. The median age for patients with PTR was 46 years (range, 15‐70). It frequently manifested in female patients and in patients with splenomegaly, M4 subtype, c‐Kit gene mutation, and rearrangements of RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 or CBFB‐MYH11, commonly referred to as core binding factor AML (CBF‐AML). Notably, CBF‐AML was independently associated with the occurrence of PTR. PTR predominantly developed in patients who had CBF‐AML (P < .001) and in patients who further had better minimal residual disease (MRD) reduction (≥3‐log) before the second consolidation chemotherapy (P = .007). HLA‐I antibodies were detected in the serum of 9.0% of AML patients and markedly enriched in patients with PTR (P < .001) and in patients with CBF‐AML (P = .018). HLA‐B was the most frequently identified serum epitope in PTR patients. Patients with CBF‐AML had higher tendency to develop HLA‐I antibodies and PTR, which depicted novel features of PTR in AML and might provide insights into its efficient managements.
Crime victimization distress, neighbourhood social cohesion and perceived police effectiveness
Authors: Avery Eileen E. , Hermsen Joan M. , Towne Katelynn
Published: May 2020

Despite important policy implications, there is scant research on the relationship between distress from victimization and perceptions of police effectiveness. This study investigates the relationship between extent of distress due to violent victimization and perceptions of local law enforcement. In addition, we examine the way that perceived neighbourhood social cohesion accounts for the relationship. We use data from a U.S. statewide victimization survey to estimate regression models that compare victims of violent crime with no/mild distress, victims with moderate/severe distress and nonvictims of violent crime on ratings of police effectiveness. Models include controls for local crime and poverty rates, demographic characteristics, property crime victimization and respondents' exposure to negative policing via media and their own contact with law enforcement. Results show that 10% of respondents are victims of violent crime, and among victims, 40% report no/mild distress and 60% report moderate/severe distress. While victims with greater distress rate police lower on the effectiveness scale, these differences can be accounted for by controls for neighbourhood context, especially the level of perceived social cohesion. Results suggest neighbourhood social environments should be incorporated into models of perceptions of police effectiveness and policing more broadly and that increasing social cohesion may improve police‐community dynamics.
Synthesis of Stable NAD+ Mimics as Inhibitors for the Legionella pneumophila Phosphoribosyl Ubiquitylating Enzyme SdeC
Authors: Madern Jerre M. , Kim Robbert Q. , Misra Mohit , Dikic Ivan , Zhang Yong , Ovaa Huib , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Filippov Dmitri V. , van der Heden van Noort Gerbrand J.
Published: May 2020

Stable NAD+ analogues carrying single atom substitutions in either the furanose ring or the nicotinamide part have proven their value as inhibitors for NAD+‐consuming enzymes. To investigate the potential of such compounds to inhibit the adenosine diphosphate ribosyl (ADPr) transferase activity of the Legionella SdeC enzyme, we prepared three NAD+ analogues, namely carbanicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (c‐NAD+), thionicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (S‐NAD+) and benzamide adenosine dinucleotide (BAD). We optimized the chemical synthesis of thionicotinamide riboside and for the first time used an enzymatic approach to convert all three ribosides into the corresponding NAD+ mimics. We thus expanded the known scope of substrates for the NRK1/NMNAT1 enzyme combination by turning all three modified ribosides into NAD+ analogues in a scalable manner. We then compared the three NAD+ mimics side‐by‐side in a single assay for enzyme inhibition on Legionella effector enzyme SdeC. The class of SidE enzymes to which SdeC belongs was recently identified to be important in bacterial virulence, and we found SdeC to be inhibited by S‐NAD+ and BAD with IC50 values of 28 and 39 μM, respectively.
2,3‐Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Decarboxylase from Fusarium oxysporum: Crystal Structures and Substrate Recognition Mechanism
Authors: Song Mengkun , Zhang Xuemei , Liu Weidong , Feng Jinghui , Cui Yunfeng , Yao Peiyuan , Wang Min , Guo Rey‐Ting , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming
Published: May 2020

A 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylase from Fusarium oxysporum (2,3‐DHBD_Fo) has a relatively high catalytic efficiency for the decarboxylation of 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and carboxylation of catechol, thus it has a different substrate spectrum from other benzoic acid decarboxylases. We have determined the structures of 2,3‐DHBD_Fo in its apo form and complexes with catechol or 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid at 1.55, 1.97, and 2.45 Å resolution, respectively. The crystal structures of 2,3‐DHBD_Fo show that the enzyme exists as a homotetramer, and each active center has a Zn2+ ion coordinated by E8, H167, D291 and three water molecules. This is different from 2,6‐DHBD from Rhizobium sporomusa, in which the Zn2+ ion is also coordinated with H10. Surprisingly, mutation of A10 of 2,3‐DHBD_Fo to His resulted in almost complete loss of the enzyme activity. Enzyme‐substrate docking and site‐directed mutation studies indicate that residue R233Δ interacts with the 3‐hydroxy group of 2,3‐DHBA, and plays an important role in substrate recognition for this enzyme, thus revealing the molecular basis 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylase.
Fixed, high‐volume alcohol dose for septal ablation: High risk with no benefit
Authors: Kimmelstiel Carey , Rowin Ethan J.
Published: May 2020

Key Points

Alcohol volume is positively correlated with mortality following alcohol septal ablation (ASA).

Over time, there has been a trend to use lower volumes of alcohol for ASA. Most cases can and should be performed using 1–2 cc of alcohol.

The volume of alcohol utilized during septal ablation should be determined by anatomic and clinical features of the individual patient.
Incorporation of Functional Groups in Porphyrinic Metal‐Organic Frameworks by Post‐modification for Highly Efficient Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Ji Jinhua , Liu Fan , Yang Weijun , Tan Mingyang , Luo Weiping , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: May 2020

Under kinetic guidance, the stable metal‐organic framework PCN‐224 was synthesized and used as the parent MOF to embed Mn3+ to form PCN‐224(Mn). A molecule with two‐linked carboxyl groups and fluorine‐containing groups, which named 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4,4′‐diphenyl phthalate (H2L), was also designed and synthesized. The PCN‐224(Mn) was then modified by introducing the H2L into its structure, forming a new hydrophobic porphyrinic MOF of PCN‐224(Mn)‐H2L. The catalytic oxidation performance of PCN‐224(Mn)‐H2L to cyclohexane was investigated. It was found that the hydrophobicity and stability of PCN‐224(Mn)‐H2L was improved markedly, and it had excellent catalytic performance with a selectivity to KA (mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol) of 90 %, a cyclohexane conversion rate of 51.3 % under mild reaction conditions, which far superior to that of PCN‐224(Mn) and the homogeneous metalloporphyrin catalysts. The catalyst remained stable after several repeated experiments.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Isomerization of Primary Allylic Alcohols Using MaxPHOX Ligands: Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Cabré Albert , Garçon Martí , Gallen Albert , Grisoni Lorenzo , Grabulosa Arnald , Verdaguer Xavier , Riera Antoni
Published: May 2020

The asymmetric isomerization of primary allylic alcohols to chiral aldehydes using iridium‐catalysts bearing P,N‐MaxPHOX ligands has been studied. These catalysts can be fine‐tuned as they present three different stereogenic centers to modulate both the reactivity and enantioselectivity of a family of different substrates. The experimental part is supported by a DFT study of the reaction mechanism, which provides new insights into the key steps of this transformation.
C 1‐Chemie: Formaldehyd und seine Polymere
Authors: Offermanns Heribert
Published: May 2020

Formaldehyd wird aus dem C 1‐Basisprodukt Methanol und vielleicht in Zukunft direkt aus dem Abgas CO2 hergestellt. Die Homo – und Copolymeren des Formaldehyds (POM) sind sehr bedeutende Konstruktionswerkstoffe. Als C 1‐Werkstoff ist POM wegen der Rohstoffbasis (CO2) und der Recyclierbarkeit besonders zukunftsfähig, sozusagen ein potenzieller „grüner“ Kunststoff.
Salivary duct carcinoma: Updates in histology, cytology, molecular biology, and treatment
Authors: Nakaguro Masato , Tada Yuichiro , Faquin William C. , Sadow Peter M. , Wirth Lori J. , Nagao Toshitaka
Published: May 2020

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive subtype of primary salivary gland carcinoma, often with an advanced stage at presentation and high rates of metastasis and recurrence. It most commonly arises in the parotid gland of older men and microscopically resembles high‐grade breast ductal carcinoma. While 50 years have lapsed since the first report of this entity, recent intensive studies have shed light on its biologic, genetic, and clinical characteristics. The diagnosis of SDC is aided by the immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptor (AR) coupled with its characteristic histomorphology. Fine‐needle aspiration typically reveals cytologic features of high‐grade carcinoma, and ancillary studies using cell block material can facilitate the specific diagnosis of SDC. In surgical specimens, certain histologic features are important prognostic factors, including nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic counts, vascular invasion, and the morphology at the invasion front. Several clinical studies have shown promising results using targeted therapy for AR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and the latest version of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommends the evaluation of AR and HER2 status before treatment. Recent molecular analyses have revealed multiple heterogeneous alterations in well‐known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, including TP53, HRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, and BRAF. Clinical trials of drugs targeting these genes may broaden the treatment options for SDC in the near future.
Pharmaceutical Company Payments to Japanese Government Drug Regulation Committee Members
Authors: Sawano Toyoaki , Ozaki Akihiko , Saito Hiroaki , Shimada Yuki , Tanimoto Tetsuya
Published: May 2020

Little is known about the characteristics and distribution of financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) in the drug regulation process, both in Japan and globally. This study aimed to identify the characteristics and distribution of pharmaceutical payments to members of Japanese government drug regulation committees, and to assess the accuracy of their FCOI statements. Among members who worked for either of the five committees of the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (PAFSC), which is the advisory committee for pharmaceutical affairs in Japan, from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2019, the extent of payments in 2016 from 78 major pharmaceutical companies in Japan and the accuracy of the self‐reported FCOI disclosures were assessed. Of 108 members, 54 (50%) were medical doctors. The payments to the PAFSC members totaled ¥115,765,006 ($1,064,017), and the mean (SD) payment was ¥1,071,898 ($9,852) (¥2,272,520 ($20,887)). Fifty‐one members (47%) received at least one payment from a pharmaceutical company in 2016; 32 members (30%) received more than ¥500,000 ($4,600). Of 8,530 declarations from five councils, 409 (4.8%) of the FCOIs self‐reported by the committee members were inaccurate. Of those inaccurate disclosures, 112 of 409 inaccurate disclosures (27.4%) would have prevented the recipients from participating in the drug‐approval decision‐making processes had they been correctly disclosed. Almost half of drug regulation committee members in Japan received at least one payment from pharmaceutical companies in 2016. Moreover, several FCOIs they reported were inaccurate.
Autism prevalence increases from 1 in 60 to 1 in 54: CDC
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2020

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now one in 54 children based on 2016 data, up from one in 60 in 2014, according to the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The surveillance program estimates ASD prevalence among children aged 8 living in 11 sites. The CDC also found that the prevalence of ASD varied considerably across these sites.
Unlocking Structure–Reactivity Relationships for Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Lignin into Phenolic Monomers
Authors: Wang Shuizhong , Li Wen‐Xin , Yang Yue‐Qin , Chen Xiaohong , Ma Jiliang , Chen Changzhou , Xiao Ling‐Ping , Sun Run‐Cang
Published: May 2020

Lignin depolymerization into aromatic monomers with high yields and selectivity is essential for the economic feasibility of biorefinery. However, the relationship between lignin structure and its reactivity for upgradeability is still poorly understood, in large part owing to the difficulty in quantitative characterization of lignin structural properties. To overcome these shortcomings, advanced NMR technologies [2D HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) and 31P] were used to accurately quantify lignin functionalities. Diverse lignin samples prepared from Eucalyptus grandis with varying β‐O‐4 linkages were subjected to Pd/C‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis for efficient C−O bond cleavage to achieve theoretical monomer yields. Strong correlations were observed between the yield of monomeric aromatic compounds and the structural features of lignin, including the contents of β‐O‐4 linkages and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Notably, a combined yield of up to 44.1 wt % was obtained from β‐aryl ether rich in native lignin, whereas much lower yields were obtained from technical lignins low in β‐aryl ether content. This work quantitatively demonstrates that the lignin reactivity for acquiring aromatic monomer yields varies depending on the lignin fractionation processes.
Solid–Electrolyte Interphase During Battery Cycling: Theory of Growth Regimes
Authors: von Kolzenberg Lars , Latz Arnulf , Horstmann Birger
Published: May 2020

The capacity fade of modern lithium ion batteries is mainly caused by the formation and growth of the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). Numerous continuum models support its understanding and mitigation by studying SEI growth during battery storage. However, only a few electrochemical models discuss SEI growth during battery operation. In this article, a continuum model is developed that consistently captures the influence of open‐circuit potential, current direction, current magnitude, and cycle number on the growth of the SEI. The model is based on the formation and diffusion of neutral lithium atoms, which carry electrons through the SEI. Recent short‐ and long‐term experiments provide validation for our model. SEI growth is limited by either reaction, diffusion, or migration. For the first time, the transition between these mechanisms is modelled. Thereby, an explanation is provided for the fading of capacity with time t of the form tβ with the scaling coefficent β, 0≤β≤1. Based on the model, critical operation conditions accelerating SEI growth are identified.
Genomics and Infectious Diseases: Expert Perspectives on Public Health Considerations regarding Actionability and Privacy
Authors: Walker Alexis , Boyce Angie , Duggal Priya , Thio Chloe L. , Geller Gail
Published: May 2020

There is growing evidence that human genetics plays a significant role in shaping human responses to infectious diseases. For instance, individuals' genetic susceptibility or resistance to infectious disease is likely to affect disease transmission. Yet little attention has been paid to the ethical, legal, and social implications of research in genomics and infectious disease, despite the unique ethical issues that arise in this arena. This article presents results from a pilot study exploring ethics in research on human genetics and response to HIV and other infectious diseases and is focused on perspectives from expert stakeholders. Whereas chairs of institutional review boards, biobank directors, and researchers in genomics and infectious disease expressed similar views about research privacy in the context of a public health emergency, they expressed different perspectives about the role that public health considerations ought to play in the return of individual results to research participants. These perspectives highlight the need to emphasize the importance of broad dialogue for helping various parties navigate the ethically complex current and future challenges of genomics and infectious disease research.