bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching computer‐aided mechanism design and analysis using a high‐level mechanism toolkit
Authors: Campbell Matt , Cheng Harry H.
Published: October 2007

A pedagogically effective teaching strategy that integrates computer‐aided design and programming into a course on mechanism analysis and design is presented. Mechanism analysis is enhanced when coupled with computer programming that allows students to find solutions to more complex systems than would otherwise be possible. Web‐based distance learning is part of the class and students also learn how to create these kinds of materials themselves. Students can better understand the course material through an integrated computing environment. By solving mechanism design problems in C/C++, the programming skills gained in the course are widely applicable in other areas of engineering. Ch, a C/C++ interpreter, is used to incorporate programming and mechanism design because of its high‐level numerical and graphical plotting capabilities, scripting capability, and a mechanism toolkit with easy and quick animation. A student project is presented as an example to show how computer programming is integrated for effective learning. This teaching strategy has been actively used at the University of California, Davis for several years in an undergraduate course in computer‐aided mechanism design and has been adopted by other universities as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 277–288, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20156
V2AlC, V4AlC3‐x (x ≈ 0.31), and V12Al3C8: Synthesis, Crystal Growth, Structure, and Superstructure.
Authors: Etzkorn Johannes , Ade Martin , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Controlled Chemical Reduction of Uranyl Salts into UX4(MeCN)4 (X: Cl, Br, I) with Me3SiX Reagents.
Authors: Berthet Jean‐Claude , Siffredi Gerald , Thuery Pierre , Ephritikhine Michel
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Family of Octahedral Rhenium Cluster Complexes [Re6Q8(H2O)n(OH)6‐n] n‐4 (Q: S, Se; n = 0—6): Structural and pH‐Dependent Spectroscopic Studies.
Authors: Brylev Konstantin A. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Characterization of Two Phosphate Compounds Related with the Mineral Struvite: KNiPO4×6H2O and NaNiPO4×7H2O.
Authors: Trobajo Camino , Salvado Miguel A. , Pertierra Pilar , Alfonso Belen F. , Blanco Jesus A. , Khainakov Serguei A. , Garcia Jose R.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polymer‐Supported Fesulphos Ligands and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Martin‐Matute Belen , Pereira Susana Isabel , Pena‐Cabrera Eduardo , Adrio Javier , Silva Artur M. S. , Carretero Juan C.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interrelation Between the Structure and Cyclization Direction of o‐Alkynylbenzenediazonium Salts.
Authors: Zol'nikova N. A. , Fedenok L. G. , Peresypkina E. V. , Virovets A. V.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Efficient Catalytic Method for the Reduction of Ketones.
Authors: Ekstroem Jesper , Wettergren Jenny , Adolfsson Hans
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl or Vinyl Iodides with Ethyl Diazoacetate.
Authors: Peng Cheng , Cheng Jiajia , Wang Jianbo
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bidentate N,O‐Prolinate Ruthenium Benzylidene Catalyst Highly Active in RCM of Disubstituted Dienes.
Authors: Samec Joseph S. M. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Butadiene Hydroamination with Aqueous Ammonia Catalyzed by Palladium(II) Sulfoxide Complexes.
Authors: Dzhemilev U. M. , Tolstukov G. A. , Khusnutdinov R. I. , Shchadneva N. A. , Baiguzina A. R. , Oshnyakova T. M. , Mukhametshina L. F.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Prochiral Ketones Catalyzed by Nanocrystalline Copper(II) Oxide.
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Laha Soumi , Yadav Jagjit , Likhar Pravin R. , Sreedhar B. , Choudary B. M.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pd‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Anilides with Olefins Through Regioselective C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Wang Jia‐Rui , Yang Chu‐Ting , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Aromatic Alkynyl Ketones from Aromatic Esters.
Authors: Yim Sang Jun , Kwon Chan Ho , An Duk Keun
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction in the Presence of Water.
Authors: Gryko Dorota , Saletra Wojciech J.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition of Propargylic 2,3‐Allenoates for the Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐1(8),5‐dien‐4‐ones: A Dramatic Substituent Effect.
Authors: Jiang Xuefeng , Ma Shengming
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrogenerated Base Promoted Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Fotouhi Lida , Heravi Majid M. , Fatehi Azadeh , Bakhtiari Khadijeh
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline Derivatives via the Friedlaender Reaction.
Authors: Yang Dingqiao , Jiang Kailing , Li Jingning , Xu Feng
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Chemo‐ and Regioselective Three‐Component Dihydropyrimidinone Synthesis.
Authors: Bailey Chris D. , Houlden Chris E. , Bar Gregory L. J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of Stable Enols from 1,4‐Dilithio‐1,3‐dienes and Acid Chlorides by a Dearomatization/Michael Addition/Rearomatization Domino Process.
Authors: Hu Qiaoshu , Wang Chao , Li Dongzhen , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Tetranortriterpenoid from Munronia delavayi.
Authors: Cai Xiang‐Hai , Luo Xiao‐Dong
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Revised Structure of Deacetyl‐1,10‐didehydrosalvinorin G.
Authors: Ma Zhongze , Lee David Y. W.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of (S)‐2‐((S)‐2‐(3,5‐Difluorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxyacetamido)‐N‐( (S,Z)‐3‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐benzo[d] [1,2]diazepin‐5‐yl)propanamide (BMS‐433796): A γ‐Secretase Inhibitor with Aβ Lowering Activity in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer′s Disease.
Authors: Prasad C. V. C. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple Synthesis of 2‐C‐Branched Glycoacetic Acids.
Authors: Yin Jian , Spindler Juergen , Linker Torsten
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of Methyl‐4‐methylene‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside with N‐Bromosuccinimide in Aqueous Tetrahydrofuran.
Authors: Ivanova N. A. , Valiullina Z. R. , Shitikova O. V. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Pinnaic Acid.
Authors: Xu Shu , Arimoto Hirokazu , Uemura Daisuke
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Spirotryprostatin B via Diastereoselective Prenylation.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Stiles Dylan T.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of Some 3′‐Carboxymethyl‐3′‐deoxyadenosine Derivatives.
Authors: Peterson Matt A. , Ke Pucheng , Shi Houguang , Jones Carl , McDougall Brenda R. , Robinson W. Edward Jr.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thuggacins, Macrolide Antibiotics Active Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Isolation from Myxobacteria, Structure Elucidation, Conformation Analysis and Biosynthesis.
Authors: Steinmetz Heinrich , Irschik Herbert , Kunze Brigitte , Reichenbach Hans , Hoefle Gerhard , Jansen Rolf
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dibromomethane as One‐Carbon Source in Organic Synthesis: Formal Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Nephrosteranic Acid (VI)
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Hsieh Cheng‐Han , Chen Hsien‐Fan
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Bisorbicillinoids Isolated from a Deep‐Sea Fungus, Phialocephala sp. FL30r.
Authors: Li Dehai , Wang Fengping , Cai Shengxin , Zeng Xiang , Xiao Xiang , Gu Qianqun , Zhu Weiming
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Novel Dialkyl Substituted Thiophene Inhibitors of HCV by in silico Screening of the NS5B RdRp.
Authors: Louise‐May Shirley , Yang Wengang , Nie Xingtie , Liu Dongmei , Deshpande Milind S. , Phadke Avinash S. , Huang Mingjun , Agarwal Atul
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Golberg Dmitri , Bando Yoshio , Tang Chengchun , Zhi Chunyi
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Development in α1‐Adrenergic Receptors Antagonists
Authors: Malawska B. , Kulig K.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Glyconanocavities: Cyclodextrins and Beyond
Authors: Garcia Fernandez Jose M. , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , Defaye Jacques
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(S)‐ and (R)‐5‐Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl‐1H‐tetrazoles: Enantiomeric Organocatalysts of Broad Utility in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Longbottom Deborah A. , Franckevicius Vilius , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thione—Thiol Rearrangement: Miyazaki—Newman—Kwart Rearrangement and Others
Authors: Zonta Cristiano , De Lucchi Ottorino , Volpicelli Raffaella , Cotarca Livius
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Basis for the Inhibition of Anticancer Agents‐Induced Apoptosis by Thymidine Phosphorylase
Authors: Ikeda Ryuji
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Allosteric Bindings of Hydrindacene‐Based Receptors with Benzenediols: Regulation by the Cooperative Amide Hydrogen‐Bonding
Authors: Kawai Hidetoshi
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular chiral recognition processes probed by chiroptical luminescence
Authors: Hopkins Todd A. , Metcalf David H. , Richardson Frederick S.
Published: October 2007

Enantiopreferential energy transfer processes between dissymmetric lanthanide and transition metal complexes dissolved in acetonitrile are studied using chiroptical luminescence techniques. The energy donors (luminophores) in this study are a racemic mixture of Ln(dpa) complexes (where Ln = Eu3+ or Tb3+ and dpa = 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylate), and the energy acceptors (quenchers) are an enantiomerically‐resolved population of Co(R,R‐chxn) (where R,R‐chxn = trans‐1R,2R‐diaminocyclohexane) complexes. The luminophores are dissolved in acetonitrile as (NEt4)3[Ln(dpa)3] (where NEt4 = tetraethlylammonium) and (NBu4)[Ln(dpa)3] (where NBu4 = tetrabutylammonium) salts. The unquenched luminescence lifetimes are reported for both Eu(dpa) and Tb(dpa) in acetonitrile over the range 263–333 K, and these results are compared to luminescence lifetimes in aqueous solution. Time‐resolved chiroptical luminescence measurements of enantiopreferential quenching kinetics are reported for samples with Eu(dpa) and Co(R,R‐chxn) in acetonitrile over 263–333 K range. These results are analyzed using a phenomenological quenching kinetics model, and the results are compared to results in aqueous solution. These comparisons show that the overall Eu‐Co luminescence quenching efficiency is reduced in acetonitrile vs. aqueous samples, because the salts of (NX4)3[Eu(dpa)3] are not completely dissociated in acetonitrile. However, the enantiopreference exhibited is identical in acetonitrile vs. aqueous solution. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant methylation of E‐cadherin and H‐cadherin genes in nonsmall cell lung cancer and its relation to clinicopathologic features
Authors: Kim Dong Sun , Kim Mi Jin , Lee Ji Yun , Kim Young Zoo , Kim Eun Jin , Park Jae Yong
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The epigenetic inactivation of certain genes by aberrant promoter methylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In addition, DNA hypermethylation is an extremely promising cancer marker. Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that modulate the epithelial phenotype and regulate tumor invasion. Although the aberrant methylation of E‐cadherin (CDH1) or H‐cadherin (CDH13) genes has been reported in lung cancer, to the authors' knowledge, the relation between the concurrent hypermethylation in E‐cadherin and H‐cadherin has not been explored to date.

METHODS.

The authors investigated the methylation status of the promoter region of human E‐cadherin and H‐cadherin genes in resected samples of primary nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) analysis and correlated the results with clinicopathologic characteristics. The methylation status of the promoter regions of the E‐cadherin and H‐cadherin genes was examined by using nested MSP in 88 primary lung cancers and paired adjacent normal tissues. Data were compared with clinicopathologic features.

RESULTS.

The frequency of methylation in neoplastic and corresponding nonneoplastic lung tissues was 30 of 88 tissue samples (34.1%) and 5 of 88 tissue samples (5.7%) for E‐cadherin and 26 of 88 tissue samples (29.5%) and 7 of 88 tissue samples (8%) for H‐cadherin, respectively. In addition, in 9 patients (10.2%), both genes were methylated. Although there was no significant difference in the overall survival of patients according to the methylation pattern of the E‐cadherin gene alone or the H‐cadherin gene alone, patients with NSCLC who had hypermethylation of both genes had a significantly longer overall survival. However, no correlation was observed between their methylation status and any other clinicopathologic factors.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current findings suggested that simultaneous methylation of the E‐cadherin and H‐cadherin genes occurs in a subset of NSCLCs and may be used as a prognostic marker for patients with NSCLC. However, further studies with large numbers of patients will be needed to confirm the findings. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Intermittent chemotherapy in patients with metastatic androgen‐independent prostate cancer
Authors: Beer Tomasz M. , Ryan Christopher W. , Venner Peter M. , Petrylak Daniel P. , Chatta Gurkamal S. , Ruether J. Dean , Chi Kim N. , Young James , Henner W. David
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Survival in patients with metastatic, chemotherapy‐naive, androgen‐independent prostate cancer (AIPC) is improved with 10 to 12 cycles of docetaxel‐containing chemotherapy but further management is undefined. In the current study, the authors examined retreatment with the same regimen after a treatment holiday.

Methods.

Patients treated with docetaxel at a dose of 36 mg/m2 plus either high‐dose calcitriol (DN‐101; 45 μg) or placebo administered weekly for 3 of every 4 weeks could suspend treatment if their serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level was reduced ≥50% and reached a level ≤4 ng/mL. PSA was monitored every 4 weeks (computed tomography scans were administered every 8 weeks in patients with measurable disease) during the treatment holiday. Treatment was resumed when the serum PSA rose by ≥50% and was ≥2 ng/mL or when there was other evidence of disease progression. The study was not powered to compare treatment holiday outcomes between the 2 arms.

RESULTS.

A total of 250 patients were randomized 1:1. Overall, 18% of patients (20% in the high‐dose calcitriol group and 16% in the placebo group) entered the intermittent chemotherapy arm. The median duration of the first chemotherapy holiday was 18 weeks (range, 4%70 weeks). On resumption of treatment after the first holiday, 45.5% of evaluable patients responded with a ≥50% reduction in serum PSA from their postholiday baseline, 45.5% met the criteria for stable PSA for at least 12 weeks, and 9.1% of patients developed disease progression.

CONCLUSIONS.

To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first report of intermittent chemotherapy in patients with AIPC who were prospectively tested in a large multi‐institutional trial. This strategy results in a clinically significant duration of chemotherapy holidays and can be offered to a minority of patients. At the time of retreatment, the majority of patients again respond to treatment or their PSA levels stabilized. Additional studies of intermittent chemotherapy are needed to better characterize the optimal patient population and the optimal approach. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Room Temperature COad Desorption/Exchange Kinetics on Pt Electrodes—A Combined In Situ IR and Mass Spectrometry Study
Authors: Heinen Martin , Chen Yan‐Xia , Jusys Zenonas , Behm Rolf Jürgen
Published: October 2007

The room temperature desorption and exchange of CO in a saturated CO adlayer on a Pt electrode, at potentials far below the onset of oxidation, was investigated by isotope labeling experiments, using a novel spectroelectrochemical setup, which allows the simultaneous detection of adsorbed species by in situ IR spectroscopy and of volatile (side) products and reactants by online mass spectrometry under controlled electrolyte flow conditions. Time‐resolved IR spectra show a rapid, statistical exchange of pre‐adsorbed 13COad by 12COad in 12CO containing electrolyte; mass spectrometric data reveal first‐order exchange kinetics, with the rate increasing with CO partial pressure. The increasing COad desorption rate in equilibrium with a CO containing electrolyte is explained by a combination of an increasing COad coverage upon increasing the CO pressure, and a decrease of the CO adsorption energy with coverage, due to repulsive COad–COad interactions.
Orchestration of pathogen recognition by inflammasome diversity: Variations on a common theme
Authors: Martinon Fabio
Published: October 2007

Innate immunity is a crucial part of the immune system, capable of mounting specific host responses against distinct pathogens. An integral component of the innate immune system is a network of pathogen recognition receptors, which are present at the surface of the cell or in the cytoplasm. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod)‐like receptors form the largest known family of intracellular innate immune sensors of microbes and danger signals that initiate early host responses. Some Nod‐like receptors, such as NALP, NAIP and IPAF, form molecular machines termed inflammasomes, which are involved in the activation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β and IL‐18. The diversity and the role of the different types of inflammasomes remain poorly defined. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, it is reported that the Gram‐negative human pathogen Pseudonomas aeruginosa specifically activates an IPAF inflammasome. This finding, in combination with other recently published reports, reveals how different pathogens engage distinct types of inflammasomes, further highlighting the diversity and plasticity of inflammasomes activation.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002eji200737532
Cover Picture: The cover image features a frozen section from an embryonic day 16 mouse spleen stained by immunofluorescence to demonstrate the presence and location of lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Withers et al. (pp. 3240–3245) show that these cells form the focus of lymphocyte accumulation in the developing mouse spleen. Red staining for CD45 marks haemopoietic cells, green shows IL‐7Rα expression, and CD4 expression is in blue. LTi cells that express all markers (in white) cluster around blood vessels in the embryonic spleen where signalling to stromal cells initiates lymphocyte recruitment. – Eur. J. Immunol. 11/2007
Authors: Withers David R. , Kim Mi‐Yeon , Bekiaris Vasileios , Rossi Simona W. , Jenkinson William E. , Gaspal Fabrina , McConnell Fiona , Caamano Jorge H. , Anderson Graham , Lane Peter J. L.
Published: October 2007

CD4+CD3– lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are crucial for the development and organisation of lymph nodes and gut associated lymphoid tissues. In this report, we characterise their appearance in the developing spleen and highlight their importance in relation to the development of splenic T cell zones. LTi cells were detected in embryonic spleen from embryonic day 13, although their progenitors were present at embryonic day 12. These cells clustered initially around splenic blood vessels in a lymphotoxin (LT)‐independent manner, but up‐regulation of VCAM‐1 expression on stromal cells associated with the blood vessels was LT dependent. After birth, T cell colonisation of these clusters to form nascent white pulp areas was also LT dependent. Transfer experiments reconstituting RAG–/– mice with either WT or LTα–/– splenocytes demonstrated that lymphocyte expression of LT was not essential for the organisation of a discrete CD3+ T cell zone with localised podoplanin and CCL21 expression. Our studies indicate that a combination of LT signals from LTi cells and LT‐independent signals from lymphocytes is sufficient for expression of podoplanin and CCL21 on splenic T cell zone stroma and subsequent T cell organisation.
Childhood experiences of being bullied and teased in the eating disorders
Authors: Sweetingham Rachel , Waller Glenn
Published: October 2007

Empirical studies have found associations between eating pathology and childhood experiences of being bullied and teased about appearance. However, the nature of these links is not clear. This study investigated the possible links between such experiences and eating disorders, focusing on the potential mediating role of two socially oriented emotions–shame and social anxiety. Ninety‐two eating‐disordered women completed measures of social anxiety, shame, eating pathology and childhood experiences of being bullied and teased about their appearance (by peers and family). There was a specific relationship between teasing by peers about appearance and body dissatisfaction, which was mediated by shame. These findings support existing evidence regarding the associations between trauma and eating pathology. They suggest that clinicians need to consider the potential role of teasing by peers about appearance and shame when understanding body dissatisfaction. Further research is needed to determine if the model proposed here reflects true causal links. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Positive‐definiteq‐families of continuous subcell Darcy‐flux CVD(MPFA) finite‐volume schemes and the mixed finite element method
Authors: Edwards Michael G. , Pal Mayur
Published: October 2007

A new family of locally conservative cell‐centred flux‐continuous schemes is presented for solving the porous media general‐tensor pressure equation. A general geometry‐permeability tensor approximation is introduced that is piecewise constant over the subcells of the control volumes and ensures that the local discrete general tensor is elliptic. A family of control‐volume distributed subcell flux‐continuous schemes are defined in terms of the quadrature parametrizationq(Multigrid Methods. Birkhauser: Basel, 1993;Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, Norway, June 1994;Comput. Geosci.1998;2:259–290), where the local position of flux continuity defines the quadrature point and each particular scheme. The subcell tensor approximation ensures that a symmetric positive‐definite (SPD) discretization matrix is obtained for the base member (q=1) of the formulation. The physical‐space schemes are shown to be non‐symmetric for general quadrilateral cells. Conditions for discrete ellipticity of the non‐symmetric schemes are derived with respect to the local symmetric part of the tensor. The relationship with the mixed finite element method is given for both the physical‐space and subcell‐spaceq‐families of schemes.M‐matrix monotonicity conditions for these schemes are summarized. A numerical convergence study of the schemes shows that while the physical‐space schemes are the most accurate, the subcell tensor approximation reduces solution errors when compared with earlier cell‐wise constant tensor schemes and that subcell tensor approximation using the control‐volume face geometry yields the best SPD scheme results. A particular quadrature point is found to improve numerical convergence of the subcell schemes for the cases tested. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust methodology for RANS simulations of highly underexpanded jets
Authors: Lehnasch G. , Bruel P.
Published: October 2007

This work aims at developing/combining numerical tools adapted to the simulation of the near field of highly underexpanded jets. An overview of the challenging numerical problems related to the complex shock/expansion structure encountered in these flows is given and an efficient and low‐cost numerical strategy is proposed to overcome these, even on short computational domains. Based on common upwinding algorithms used on unstructured meshes in a mixed finite‐volume/finite‐element approach, it relies on an appropriate utilization of zonal anisotropic remeshing algorithms. This methodology is validated for the whole near field of cold air jets issuing from axisymmetric convergent nozzles and yielding various underexpansion ratios. In addition, the most usual corrections of thek–ε model used to take into account the compressibility effects on turbulence are precisely assessed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arterial fluid mechanics modeling with the stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction technique
Authors: Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil , Schwaab Matthew , Conklin Brian S.
Published: October 2007

We present an overview of how the arterial fluid mechanics problems can be modeled with the stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) technique developed by the Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling (T★AFSM). The SSTFSI technique includes the enhancements introduced recently by the T★AFSM to increase the scope, accuracy, robustness and efficiency of this class of techniques. The SSTFSI technique is supplemented with a number of special techniques developed for arterial fluid mechanics modeling. These include a recipe for pre‐FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, using an estimated zero‐pressure arterial geometry, and the sequentially coupled arterial FSI (SCAFSI) technique. The recipe for pre‐FSI computations is based on the assumption that the arterial deformation during a cardiac cycle is driven mostly by the blood pressure. The SCAFSI technique, which was introduced as an approximate FSI approach in arterial fluid mechanics, is also based on that assumption. The need for an estimated zero‐pressure arterial geometry is based on recognizing that the patient‐specific image‐based geometries correspond to time‐averaged blood pressure values. In our arterial fluid mechanics modeling the arterial walls can be represented with the membrane or continuum elements, both of which are geometrically nonlinear, and the continuum element is made of hyperelastic (Fung) material. Test computations are presented for cerebral and abdominal aortic aneurysms, where the arterial geometries used in the computations are close approximations to the patient‐specific image‐based data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De‐aliasing and stabilization formalism of the cascaded lattice Boltzmann automaton for under‐resolved high Reynolds number flow
Authors: Geier M.
Published: October 2007

The central moments formalism of the cascaded lattice Boltzmann automaton is a natural approach to stabilize under‐resolved unsteady high Reynolds number flow simulations. On the basis of the two absolute length scales of shear flow simulations which are the physical scale η (Kolmogorov scale) and the numerical scale h (grid spacing), it is argued that higher central moments of the local momentum distribution should go much faster to zero than the explicitly traced hydrodynamic moments. The lattice Boltzmann formalism allows one to adjust these higher moments without affecting the velocity field and its gradients in the same time step. It is shown that setting the higher central moments to zero in each time step stabilizes the model. As an example vortex shedding behind an obstacle which is only one grid spacing wide is shown. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing community effects on adolescent substance use and delinquency
Authors: Van Horn M. Lee , Hawkins J. David , Arthur Michael W. , Catalano Richard F.
Published: October 2007

This study investigates community‐level prediction of adolescent substance use and problem behaviors using ratings by community leaders to assess the effects of four risk factors on levels of drug use and problem behaviors. Three questions are examined: (a) Can psychometrically sound measures of community leader perceptions of risk factors in their community be developed?; (b) What is the relationship between community leader ratings of the community and student perceptions of their community?; and (c) How are community leader ratings and student perceptions of the community related to community levels of current student substance use and serious delinquency? Results indicate that community leaders' perceptions of community risk factors demonstrate both internal validity and criterion validity. Community leaders and students demonstrate modest agreement in assessments of community risk factors. Community leaders' ratings of community norms favorable to substance use and community law enforcement permissive of substance use were related to levels of substance use reported by students. Leader ratings of low community attachment, community disorganization, and community law enforcement permissive of substance use were related to community levels of serious delinquency reported by students. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 925–946, 2007.
The informal social control of intimate partner violence against women: Exploring personal attitudes and perceived neighborhood social cohesion
Authors: Frye Victoria
Published: October 2007

Intimate partner violence against women is a major public health and social problem. However, our understanding of how the geographic community or neighborhood influences its distribution is underdeveloped. In contrast, there is accumulating evidence that neighborhood characteristics, such as social cohesion and related neighborhood factors, are associated with general violence both at the neighborhood and individual levels. Drawing insights from social disorganization, feminist, and bystander intervention research and theory, this cross‐sectional, exploratory study examines influences on the predicted likelihood of intervening in general and intimate partner violence situations, termed enacting informal social control. Specificially, perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion and related neighborhood factors, and personal attitudes toward intimate partner violence are assessed using data from a community sample of 119 New York City residents. Results indicate that perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion were not positively related to predicted likelihood of enacting informal social control of either general violence or intimate partner violence. Personal attitudes towards intimate partner violence were positively associated with predicted informal social control of intimate partner, but not general violence. The need for further research in this area and theoretical and practical implications of the findings for intimate partner violence against women prevention are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 1001–1018, 2007.
Fryns syndrome: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Yucesoy Gulseren , Cakiroglu Yigit , Caliskan Eray
Published: October 2007

Fryns syndrome (FS) is a rare malformation. We report a case of FS referred to our clinic at 27 weeks' gestation with a diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Sonographic examination of the fetus revealed a left‐sided diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia, and a median orofacial cleft. The diagnosis of FS was made after exclusion of chromosome aberrations and delivery of the fetus. Macroscopic inspection revealed a coarse face (hypertelorism and broad and flat nasal bridge, anteverted nostrils, median cleft lip/palate, poorly shaped auricles with attached earlobes, facial hirsutism), a narrow thorax, nail hypoplasia, and hypoplastic, widely spaced nipples. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Anatomy of the stomatogastric nervous system associated with the foregut in Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina third instar larvae
Authors: Spieß Roland , Schoofs Andreas , Heinzel Hans‐Georg
Published: October 2007

The stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) associated with the foregut was studied in 3rd instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora vicina (blowfly). In both species, the foregut comprises pharynx, esophagus, and proventriculus. Only in Calliphora does the esophagus form a crop. The position of nerves and neurons was investigated with neuronal tracers in both species and GFP expression in Drosophila. The SNS is nearly identical in both species. Neurons are located in the proventricular and the hypocerebral ganglion (HCG), which are connected to each other by the proventricular nerve. Motor neurons for pharyngeal muscles are located in the brain not, as in other insect groups, in the frontal ganglion. The position of the frontal ganglion is taken by a nerve junction devoid of neurons. The junction is composed of four nerves: the frontal connectives that fuse with the antennal nerves (ANs), the frontal nerve innervating the cibarial dilator muscles and the recurrent nerve that innervates the esophagus and projects to the HCG. Differences in the SNS are restricted to a crop nerve only present in Calliphora and an esophageal ganglion that only exists in Drosophila. The ganglia of the dorsal organs give rise to the ANs, which project to the brain. The extensive conformity of the SNS of both species suggests functional parallels. Future electrophysiological studies of the motor circuits in the SNS of Drosophila will profit from parallel studies of the homologous but more accessible structures in Calliphora. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hindlimb muscle fiber types in two frogs (Rana catesbeiana and Litoria caerulea) with different locomotor behaviors: Histochemical and enzymatic comparison
Authors: Crockett Christy J. , Peters Susan E.
Published: October 2007

To test how differences in locomotor behaviors may be reflected in muscle fiber‐type diversity within anurans, a comparison of hindlimb muscles between the powerful terrestrial hopper, Rana catesbeiana, and the tree frog, Litoria caerulea, was done. One postural muscle (tibialis posticus, TP) and one primary hopping muscle (plantaris longus, PL), were characterized to identify muscle fiber types using standard histochemical methods. In addition, spectophotometric analysis of activity levels of the oxidative enzyme citrate synthase (CS) and the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were done in each muscle. In spite of presumed differences in behavior between the species, we found no significant differences in the proportions of the identified fiber types when the muscles were compared across species. In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportions of the different fiber types between the postural versus phasic muscles within species. Within Rana, the postural muscle (TP) had greater oxidative capacity (as measured by CS activity) than did the phasic muscle (PL). Both muscles had equivalent LDH activities. Within Litoria, PL and TP did not differ in either LDH or CS activities. Both PL and TP of Litoria had less LDH activity and greater CS activity than their homologs in Rana. Thus, in spite of the uniform populations of fiber types between muscles and species, the metabolic diversity based on enzyme activity is consistent with behavioral differences between the species. These results suggest that the range of functional diversity within fiber types may be very broad in anurans, and histochemical fiber typing alone is not a clear indicator of their metabolic or functional properties. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased muscarinic M1 receptor gene expression in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and pancreatic islets of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Gireesh G. , Kaimal S. Balarama , Kumar T. Peeyush , Paulose C.S.
Published: October 2007

The brain neurotransmitters' receptor activity and hormonal pathways control many physiological functions in the body. Acetylcholine (ACh), a major neurotransmitter from autonomic nervous system, regulates the cholinergic stimulation of insulin secretion, through interactions with muscarinic receptors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in the total muscarinic and muscarinic M1 receptor ([3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate; QNB) binding and gene expression in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and pancreatic islets of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic and insulin‐treated diabetic rats. In the hypothalamus and brainstem, total muscarinic receptor numbers were increased in diabetic rats with increase in affinity. Hypothalamic and brainstem muscarinic M1 receptors number were decreased in STZ diabetic rats with increase in affinity. In the pancreatic islets, muscarinic M1 receptors of diabetic rats were decreased, with a decrease in affinity. In all cases, the binding parameters were reversed to near control by the treatment of diabetic rats with insulin. Real‐time PCR data also showed a decrease in muscarinic M1 receptor gene expression and a similar reversal with insulin treatment. Thus our results suggest that insulin modulates binding parameters and gene expression of total and muscarinic M1 receptors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acquisitions: How to avoid implementation pitfalls and improve the odds of success
Authors: Watson Dan G.
Published: October 2007

The author examines the most common reasons acquisitions fail to meet the buyer's objectives, and presents field‐tested approaches for minimizing or avoiding these problems. The time for taking preemptive measures is before the deal is closed, and careful integration planning is the best investment the buyer can make. Specific recommendations, several illustrated with actual cases, include a structured process for integration planning that involves the seller; the “Day One Plan”; setting realistic expectations for an integration timetable; protecting “soft assets”; reducing seller apprehension in the due diligence process; and selecting an acquisition team with cultural savvy and interpersonal skills. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morrison healthcare food services finds the key ingredients in operational excellence and great customer service
Authors: Seidl Andrea
Published: October 2007

Although its new initiative had met three‐year goals for customer service and operating excellence in just two years, MHFS discovered it had uneven acceptance and implementation in the field. By making associate engagement, pride, and empowerment part of the new customer service strategy, MHFS is finally getting the results it wants. The organization appropriated talent and tools from other industries, got some outside help, and leveraged a powerful grass‐roots program to make customer service relevant, compelling, and actionable for its mostly hourly field associates in 450 facilities. This article is printed by permission of Morrison Management Services. © 2007 Morrison Management Services.
Women mentoring women: Tapping the wisdom in networks to navigate career obstacles and opportunities
Authors: Neal Annmarie
Published: October 2007

Four women thought leaders counsel a rising female executive contemplating a major career move. They emphasize the need to assess the prospective organization and culture; why a woman should build and leverage a support network of other women; and how better self‐knowledge can help identify real career priorities before making a change. Understanding politics, the power in numbers, and the pros and cons of fight or flight are a few of the career lessons the more experienced business women offer other women trying to navigate the pitfalls of working in a masculine culture. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.