bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RISE AND FALL OF QADI ABD AL-JABBAR
Authors: Reynolds Gabriel Said
Published: January 2005

Scarcity of information can present a difficulty for writing a biography. Abundance of information can do the same. As perspectives multiply, a subject sometimes becomes clearer; other times it becomes complicated. In Islamic studies, for example, the more sources that are uncovered on central historical figures such as the Prophet Muhammad, al-Hasan al-Basri, and al-Ghazzali, the more scholars are in dispute over their biographies. Yet historical figures of the second degree—those individuals whose biography has not yet attracted a separate study but who are studied for their role in larger questions—are often portrayed with deceptive simplicity. Scholars tend to stick to the most coherent and simple biography and move on to the question at hand. Such coherence and simplicity, however, often is not found in the sources.
THE POLITICS OF POPULAR RELIGION: SUFIS, SALAFIS, AND MUSLIM BROTHERS IN 20TH-CENTURY HAMAH
Authors: Weismann Itzchak
Published: January 2005

With the advent of the 20th century, Sufism found itself under increasing attack in many parts of the Muslim world. In previous centuries, mystical movements had played a prominent role in the struggle for the revival of Islam and occasionally, where governments were weak or nonexistent, also in actual resistance to European encroachment. In the wake of the increasing consolidation of the state and the spread of Western rationalism, however, Sufis came to be regarded as a major cause of the so-called decline of Islam and an obstacle to its adaptation. In the Arab world, this anti–Sufi feeling was generally associated with the Salafiyya trend. The Salafi call for a return to the example of the forefathers (al-salaf al-**sdotu**āli**hdotu**) amounted to a discrediting of latter-day tradition, which was described as cherishing mystical superstition as well as scholarly stagnation and political quietism. Under the burden of this critique, and as a response to the general expansion of education and literacy, Sufism has been forced to assimilate new ideas and to make room for a new form of organization; the populist Islamic association. These developments culminated in the establishment of the Society of the Muslim Brothers.
PHILANTHROPIC ACTIVITY, OTTOMAN PATRIOTISM, AND THE HAMIDIAN REGIME, 1876–1909
Authors: Özbek Nadir
Published: January 2005

This article aims to explore state–society relations during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909) through the filter of a unique conjunction of state and society—that is, various social groups' voluntary activities, especially fund-raising campaigns with philanthropic and patriotic purposes, often initiated by the palace itself. These campaigns offer fruitful case studies for the study of state–society relations and the dispositions of the public sphere in the late Ottoman era. In light of these activities and their importance for understanding late Ottoman society, the public sphere in this context may be best defined as a dynamic political realm where social and political groups pursued their particular interests; at the same time, it was “the public domain where authority is constituted as legitimate and exposed to popular review, both inside and outside the accepted terms of the given discourse.” Within the parameters of this definition, which is descriptive of the multiple agencies and fragmented nature of the public sphere in this period, this article focuses on how the Hamidian regime sought to unify this fragmented social and political space by promoting public participation in voluntary activities in the broader political arena.
THE STRENGTH OF THE STREET MEETS THE STRENGTH OF THE STATE: THE 1972 LABOR STRUGGLE IN KARACHI
Authors: Ali Kamran Asdar
Published: January 2005

Why did they kill us? We wanted our rights—bonus, wages, health benefits, why did they kill us? To be honest we all cried, I cried too. —Textile worker remembering June 1972
Beware of individual differences
Authors: Borkenau Peter , Mauer Nadine
Published: January 2005

Most judgmental biases are found at the level of samples, but do not apply to each person; they reflect prevailing, but not universal, response tendencies. We suggest that it is more promising to study differences between biased and unbiased persons, and between easier and more difficult tasks, than to generalize from a majority of research participants to humans in general.
Functional clothes for the emperor
Authors: Brase Gary L.
Published: January 2005

A more complete and balanced theoretical framework for social psychology, as recommended in the target article, must include functional explanations of processes – moving beyond enumerations of processes and their properties. These functional explanations are at a different, but complementary, level from process descriptions. The further advancement of social psychology relies on the incorporation of such multilevel explanations.
Duality's hidden influences in models of the mind
Authors: Charles Eric
Published: January 2005

Dualistic approaches to the mind-body relationship are commonplace; however, the adoption of dualistic thinking can often obscure aspects of the way the organism functions as a whole biological entity. Future versions of the emulation theory will, it is hoped, address some of these issues, including the nature of process noise, how distinct iterations can occur, and how to deal with non-emulated aspects of motor control.
But what would a balanced approach look like?
Authors: Dunning David
Published: January 2005

Krueger & Funder (K&F) could have gone further to sketch out a more comprehensive vision of “balanced” psychology. The triumphs and travails of other sciences (e.g., economics) provide clues about the advantages and pitfalls of pursuing such an approach. Perhaps introducing more positivity into psychology may involve asking how people can do better, not how well they do already.
Epistemology, emulators, and extended minds
Authors: Dartnall Terry
Published: January 2005

Grush's framework has epistemological implications and explains how it is possible to acquire offline empirical knowledge. It also complements the extended-mind thesis, which says that mind leaks into the world. Grush's framework suggests that the world leaks into the mind through the offline deployment of emulators that we usually deploy in our experience of the world.
Balance where it really counts
Authors: Epley Nicholas , Van Boven Leaf , Caruso Eugene M.
Published: January 2005

A balanced approach that considers human strengths and weaknesses will lead to a more flattering set of empirical findings, but will distract researchers from focusing on the mental processes that produce such findings and will diminish the practical implications of their work. Psychologists ought to be doing research that is theoretically informative and practically relevant, exactly as they are doing.
Emulators as sources of hidden cognitive variables
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter
Published: January 2005

I focus on the distinction between sensation and perception. Perceptions contain additional information that is useful for interpreting sensations. Following Grush, I propose that emulators can be seen as containing (or creating) hidden variables that generate perceptions from sensations. Such hidden variables could be used to explain further cognitive phenomena, for example, causal reasoning.
The “bias” bias in social psychology: Adaptive when and how?
Authors: Friedrich James
Published: January 2005

In following the form of a standard “bias” paper, the authors highlight a potentially serious bias of uncertain magnitude. A negative focus in research has certain adaptive features in terms of professional and public support, as well as theory generation. The bias deserves attention and correction, but in ways that do not exaggerate its liabilities or overlook its virtues.
Computational ideas developed within the control theory have limited relevance to control processes in living systems
Authors: Latash Mark L. , Feldman Anatol G.
Published: January 2005

Exclusively focused on data that are consistent with the proposed ideas, the target article misses an opportunity to review data that are inconsistent with them. Weaknesses of the emulation theory become especially evident when one tries to incorporate physiologically realistic muscle and reflex mechanisms into it. In particular, it fails to resolve the basic posture-movement controversy.
The wrong standard: Science, not politics, needed
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R.
Published: January 2005

Krueger & Funder (K&F) focus on an important problem, but they offer a political rather than a scientific remedy. “Balance” is not our problem; systematic, scientific research is. Only that sort of research will ever lead social psychology out of its current malaise that focuses on positive and negative aspects of human behavior.
Internal models and spatial orientation
Authors: Merfeld Daniel M.
Published: January 2005

Aspects of “emulation theory” have been seminal to our understanding of spatial orientation for more than 50 years. Sometimes called internal models, existing implementations include both traditional observers and optimal observers (Kalman filters). This theoretical approach has been quite successful in helping understand and explain spatial orientation – successful enough that experiments have been guided by model predictions.
Emulation of kinesthesia during motor imagery
Authors: Sadato Norihiro , Naito Eiichi
Published: January 2005

Illusory kinesthetic sensation was influenced by motor imagery of the wrist following tendon vibration. The imagery and the illusion conditions commonly activated the contralateral cingulate motor area, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and ipsilateral cerebellum. This supports the notion that motor imagery is a mental rehearsal of movement, during which expected kinesthetic sensation is emulated by recruiting multiple motor areas, commonly activated by pure kinesthesia.
Modality, quo vadis?
Authors: Sathian K.
Published: January 2005

Grush's emulation theory comprises both modality-specific and amodal emulators. I suggest that the amodal variety be replaced by multisensory emulators. The key distinction is that multisensory processing retains the characteristics of individual sensory modalities, in contrast to amodal processing. The latter term is better reserved for conceptual and linguistic systems, rather than perception or emulation.
Building an even better conceptual foundation
Authors: Kameda Tatsuya , Hastie Reid
Published: January 2005

Krueger & Funder (K&F) spend too much time on their critique of some classic studies in social psychology. They should have spent more time developing their constructive ideas about better methodologies and, especially, better conceptual foundations for the field. We endorse their exhortation to consider social behavior in its ecologically adaptive context, and we present a few ideas of our own about how to develop a more comprehensive conceptual framework.
Representation: Emulation and anticipation
Authors: Stojanov Georgi , Bickhard Mark H.
Published: January 2005

We address the issue of the normativity of representation and how Grush might address it for emulations as constituting representations. We then proceed to several more detailed issues concerning the learning of emulations, a possible empirical counterexample to Grush's model, and the choice of Kalman filters as the form of model-based control.
A neuropsychological approach to motor control and imagery
Authors: Tomasino Barbara , Corradi-Dell'Acqua Corrado , Tessari Alessia , Spiezio Caterina , Rumiati Raffaella Ida
Published: January 2005

In his article Grush proposes a potentially useful framework for explaining motor control, imagery, and perception. In our commentary we will address two issues that the model does not seem to deal with appropriately: one concerns motor control, and the other, the visual and motor imagery domains. We will consider these two aspects in turn.
People actually are about as bad as social psychologists say, or worse
Authors: Maratsos Michael P.
Published: January 2005

Experimental studies are not representative of how badly people function. We study people under relatively innocuous conditions, where their self-interests are very low. In the real world, where people's self-interests are much higher, people are much worse a good deal of the time (some illustrations are cited). This is often “adaptive” for the perpetrators, but that doesn't make it “good” behavior. That people function so badly in our experiments, where self-interest is relatively minimal, is what is really terrifying.
Small brains and minimalist emulation: When is an internal model no longer a model?
Authors: Webb Barbara
Published: January 2005

Many of Grush's arguments should apply equally to animals with small brains, for which the capacity to internally model the body and environment must be limited. The dilemma may be solved by making only very approximate predictions, or only attempting to derive a “high-level” prediction from “high-level” output. At the extreme, in either case, the “emulation” step becomes trivial.
Social psychological research isn't negative, and its message fosters compassion, not cynicism
Authors: Regan Dennis T. , Gilovich Thomas
Published: January 2005

Krueger & Funder (K&F) correctly identify work on conformity, obedience, bystander (non)intervention, and social cognition as among social psychology's most memorable contributions, but they incorrectly portray that work as stemming from a “negative research orientation.” Instead, the work they cite stimulates compassion for the human actor by revealing the enormous complexity involved in deciding what to think and do in difficult, uncertain situations.
Two distinctions concerning emulators
Authors: Wexler Mark
Published: January 2005

The target article distinguishes between modal and amodal emulators (the former predict future sensory states from current sensory states and motor actions, the latter operate on more abstract descriptions of the environment), and motor and environment emulators (the former predict the results of one's own actions, the latter predict all changes in the environment). I question the applicability of modal emulators, and the generalization to environment emulators.
From disorder to coherence in social psychology
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Vallacher Robin R.
Published: January 2005

Krueger & Funder (K&F) presuppose that the base rate for social cognition is more rational than is indicated by research, and that a focus on cognitive errors and behavioral shortcomings is responsible for the fragmented nature of social psychology. Insight concerning both issues is forthcoming from advances in evolutionary psychology and the adaptation of dynamical systems theory to social psychology.
Goodness has nothing to do with it: Why problem orientation need not make for parochial theory
Authors: Slater Carol
Published: January 2005

Social-cognitive psychologists' problem orientation is, in itself, no threat to the generation of normatively neutral general theory. What would put general theory at risk is, rather, the reliance on a valence-balancing explanatory heuristic. Fortunately, social-cognitive research communities have resources to override this heuristic and utilize more epistemically effective cultural tools.
Why is ain't ought, or: Is Homo sapiens a rational humanist?
Authors: Vitouch Oliver
Published: January 2005

Although the critique of disputable norms is largely legitimate in the cognitive realm, the role of social norms is a different one. Darley, Zimbardo, Milgram, and CNN have compellingly demonstrated that humans are not always humane. But the very cognitive ability to distinguish between “is” and “ought” shows that there is behavioral plasticity, and space for education, inoculation, and learning.
Designing studies to investigate the relationships between genes, environments, and developmental language disorders
Authors: TAGER–FLUSBERG HELEN
Published: January 2005

This paper focuses on designing studies that will compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD) drawn from several syndromes in which there are primary impairments in the acquisition of language. This kind of research can be used to address four key questions: (a) What are the developing language phenotypes that characterize specific disorders? (b) What factors are key precursors and predictors of language acquisition in DLD? (c) What are the genes that contribute to DLD in different syndromes? (d) What environmental factors influence the trajectories of language development in DLD? Several design issues are discussed including an overall study design, subject selection and recruitment, matching and comparisons across groups, and methodologies. A number of important challenges to the design and implementation of these kinds of studies are presented in the final section of the paper.
Designing measures for profiling and genotype/phenotype studies of individuals with genetic syndromes or developmental language disorders
Authors: MERVIS CAROLYN B. , ROBINSON BYRON F.
Published: January 2005

Accurate phenotypic description is critical for the success of studies of the genetic basis for developmental language disorders. An important purpose of such a phenotypic description is to differentiate the language and associated cognitive profiles of syndromes or other developmental language disorders with diverse genotypes. In this paper we consider six measurement issues relevant to genotype/phenotype research and profiling: (a) Who is the target population? (b) What is the “ideal” measure of a single component of language? (c) What is the “ideal” measure(s) for quantifying the language (or language and cognitive) profile for a particular syndrome or disorder? (d) What are the special measurement issues for infants and young children? (e) How do we develop a profile? (f) What are the unresolved issues?
Neurocognitive studies of language impairments: The bottom-up approach
Authors: MÜLLER RALPH-AXEL
Published: January 2005

Neurocognitive studies can approach gene-based developmental language impairments from two angles, which are complementary and ideally combined in a research program. One approach aims at an optimal phenotypic description of a disorder and from there proceeds to a biological and developmental understanding. Complementary to such a top-down approach, a bottom-up perspective will primarily focus on potential etiological pathways and attempt to explain complex outcome phenotypes in terms of elementary developmental disturbances. My paper is dedicated to this latter approach. I argue that in behaviorally defined disorders (such as specific language impairment or autism) shared genetic risk and common etiology can at best be expected for specific aspects of language deficit and that such shared etiology will only apply to subtypes of these disorders. One reason for this skepticism is that the emerging language system in children can be affected in many different ways via more elementary sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor impairments. Neurocognitive research on developmental language disorders relies on an understanding of such potential elementary disturbances before it can confidently proceed to the study of complex linguistic impairments.
Language and genetics: Needs and opportunities
Authors: McCARDLE PEGGY , COOPER JUDITH , FREUND LISA
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the next steps for establishing detailed, useful behavioral phenotypes and for moving forward in the study of the relationships among genes, the environment, and language disorders. Key issues are recognizing the continuum of language behaviors to accurately describe disorders and the spectrum of typical development. A coordinated plan with foundational studies that address definition, measurement, design, and analytical methods is needed. Researcher capacity must be increased, and a greater focus on communication across disciplines to successfully accomplish interdisciplinary research is required. Language is not static, even in disorders; thus, we must study change over time. It is necessary to think about behavioral phenotypes in terms of developmental trajectories. Finally, data sharing and ethical and legal issues must be addressed.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Giulietti Danilo
Published: January 2005

This issue of Laser and Particle Beams contains a selection
of papers presented at the International Workshop on Laser and
Plasma Accelerators held at Portovenere, Italy, from September 29
to October 3, 2003. The papers were subjected to the regular refereeing
procedure, in conformity with the publication standards concerning
originality and quality of presentation for articles in this journal.
The papers published here do not cover the full workshop program and
therefore do not constitute proceedings in the normal sense. The
Workshop was the last in a series sponsored by the International
Committee for Future Accelerators to promote international
collaboration in the study, development, and exploitation of advanced
and novel accelerators.
Charged particle acceleration by an intense wake-field excited in plasmas by either laser pulse or relativistic electron bunch
Authors: BALAKIREV V. A. , KARAS‘ I. V. , KARAS‘ V. I. , LEVCHENKO V. D. , BORNATICI M.
Published: January 2005

The results from theoretical and experimental studies, as well as from 2.5-dimensional (2.5-D) numerical simulation of plasma wake field excitation, by either relativistic electron bunch, laser pulse, and the charged particle wake field acceleration are discussed. The results of these investigations make it possible to evaluate the potentialities of the wake field acceleration method and to analyze whether it can serve as a basis for creating a new generation of devices capable of charged particle accelerating at substantially higher (on the order of two to three magnitudes) rates in comparison with those achievable in classical linear high-frequency (resonant) accelerators.
Electron and proton beams produced by ultra short laser pulses in the relativistic regime
Authors: MALKA V. , FRITZLER S.
Published: January 2005

It is known that relativistic laser plasma interactions can already today induce accelerating fields beyond some TV/m, which are indeed capable to efficiently accelerate plasma background electrons as well as protons. An introduction to the current state of the art will be given and possible applications of these optically induced charged particle sources will be discussed.
Pulse shape and spectrum of coherent diffraction-limited transition
radiation from electron beams
Authors: VAN TILBORG J. , SCHROEDER C.B. , ESAREY E. , LEEMANS W.P.
Published: January 2005

The electric field in the temporal and spectral domain of coherent
diffraction-limited transition radiation is studied. An electron bunch,
with arbitrary longitudinal momentum distribution, propagating at
normal incidence to a sharp metal-vacuum boundary with finite
transverse dimension is considered. A general expression for the
spatiotemporal electric field of the transition radiation is derived,
and closed-form solutions for several special cases are given. The
influence of parameters such as radial boundary size, electron momentum
distribution, and angle of observation on the waveform (e.g., radiation
pulse length and amplitude) are discussed. For a Gaussian electron
bunch, the coherent radiation waveform is shown to have a single-cycle
profile. Application to a novel THz source based on a laser-driven
accelerator is discussed.
Laser wake field acceleration with controlled self-injection by
sharp density transition
Authors: TOMASSINI P. , GALIMBERTI M. , GIULIETTI A. , GIULIETTI D. , GIZZI L.A. , LABATE L. , PEGORARO F.
Published: January 2005

Laser Wake Field Acceleration of relativistic electron bunches is a
promising method to produce a large amount of energetic particles with
table top equipment. One of the possible methods to inject particles in
the appropriate acceleration phase of the wake behind the pulse takes
advantage of the partial longitudinal breaking of the wake crests
across a density downramp. In this paper results of 2.5D PIC
simulations, showing the production of an electron bunch with reduced
energy spread, are reported. Also, a possible method to produce the
required plasma density transition by laser explosion of a suitable
couple of thin foils is discussed.
Target heating in high-energy-density matter experiments at the
proposed GSI FAIR facility: Non-linear bunch rotation in SIS100 and
optimization of spot size and pulse length
Authors: TAHIR N.A. , UDREA S. , DEUTSCH C. , FORTOV V.E. , GRANDJOUAN N. , GRYAZNOV V. , HOFFMANN D.H.H. , HÜLSMANN P. , KIRK M. , LOMONOSOV I.V. , PIRIZ A.R. , SHUTOV A. , SPILLER P. , TEMPORAL M. , VARENTSOV D.
Published: January 2005

The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt has
been approved to build a new powerful facility named FAIR (Facility for
Antiprotons and Ion Research) which involves the construction of a new
synchrotron ring SIS100. In this paper, we will report on the results
of a parameter study that has been carried out to estimate the minimum
pulse lengths and the maximum peak powers achievable, using bunch
rotation RF gymnastic-including nonlinearities of the RF gap voltage in
SIS100, using a longitudinal dynamics particle in cell (PIC) code,
ESME. These calculations have shown that a pulse length of the order of
20 ns may be possible when no prebunching is performed while the pulse
length gradually increases with the prebunching voltage. Three
different cases, including 0.4 GeV/u, 1 GeV/u, and 2.7
GeV/u are considered for the particle energy. The worst case is for
the kinetic energy of 0.4 GeV/u which leads to a pulse length of
about 100 ns for a prebunching voltage of 100 kV (RF amplitude). The
peak power was found to have a maximum, however, at 0.5–1.5kV
prebunching voltage, depending on the mean kinetic energy of the ions.
It is expected that the SIS100 will deliver a beam with an intensity of
1–2 × 1012 ions. Availability of such a powerful
beam will make it possible to study the properties of
high-energy-density (HED) matter in a parameter range that is very
difficult to access by other means. These studies involve irradiation
of high density targets by the ion beam for which optimization of the
target heating is the key problem. The temperature to which a target
can be heated depends on the power that is deposited in the material by
the projectile ions. The optimization of the power, however, depends on
the interplay of various parameters including beam intensity, beam spot
area, and duration of the ion bunch. The purpose of this paper is to
determine a set of the above parameters that would lead to an optimized
target heating by the future SIS100 beam.
Acceleration phase and improved rocket model for indirectly driven
capsules
Authors: SAILLARD YVES
Published: January 2005

The system of differential equations for the non-ablated mass, the
average implosion velocity, and the ablation radius of an indirectly
driven capsule in acceleration phase, has been obtained from
conservation principles of hydrodynamics. Two phases are distinguished
during acceleration, according to the uniformity of the velocity in the
non-ablated shell. The results of the integration of this system are
well compared with numerical simulation of optimized capsules. Assuming
that the ablation pressure depends only on the Hohlraum temperature,
the relations between the non-ablated mass, the implosion velocity, and
the ablation radius are obtained for optimized temperature shape. These
relations provide the maximum implosion velocity and the remaining
non-ablated mass in terms of the initial capsule and the maximum
temperature (or the initial capsule mass in terms of the remaining
non-ablated mass) useful to determine the required ablator thickness
for optimized capsules. These results are also compared with numerical
simulations of different capsules.
The seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection in Western Europe
Authors: PEBODY R. G. , GAY N. J. , GIAMMANCO A. , BARON S. , SCHELLEKENS J. , TISCHER A. , ÖLANDER R.-M. , ANDREWS N. J. , EDMUNDS W. J. , LECOEUR H. , LÉVY-BRUHL D. , MAPLE P. A. C. , DE MELKER H. , NARDONE A. , ROTA M. C. , SALMASO S. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E. , SWIDSINSKI S. , MILLER E.
Published: January 2005

High titres of pertussis toxin (PT) antibody have been shown to be predictive of recent infection with Bordetella pertussis. The seroprevalence of standardized anti-PT antibody was determined in six Western European countries between 1994 and 1998 and related to historical surveillance and vaccine programme data. Standardized anti-PT titres were calculated for a series of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccine trials. For the serological surveys, high-titre sera (>125 units/ml) were distributed throughout all age groups in both high- (>90%) and low-coverage (<90%) countries. High-titre sera were more likely in infants in countries using high-titre-producing vaccines in their primary programme (Italy, 11·5%; Western Germany, 13·3%; France, 4·3%; Eastern Germany, 4·0%) compared to other countries (The Netherlands, 0·5%; Finland, 0%). Recent infection was significantly more likely in adolescents (10–19 years old) and adults in high-coverage countries (Finland, The Netherlands, France, East Germany), whereas infection was more likely in children (3–9 years old) than adolescents in low-coverage (<90%; Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom) countries. The impact and role of programmatic changes introduced after these surveys aimed at protecting infants from severe disease by accelerating the primary schedule or vaccinating older children and adolescents with booster doses can be evaluated with this approach.
Genetic analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated from Chilean children
Authors: TORO C. S. , FARFÁN M. , CONTRERAS I. , FLORES O. , NAVARRO N. , MORA G. C. , PRADO V.
Published: January 2005

A total of 162 clinical isolates of Shigella collected from children in a semi-rural community of Chile were examined for the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. Ampicillin resistance was most frequently associated with the presence of blaOXA in S. flexneri and with blaTEM in S. sonnei. The blaOXA gene but not blaTEM was located in class 1 integrons. The dhfrIa gene encoding for resistance to trimethoprim was associated to class 2 integrons and detected exclusively in S. flexneri, whereas dhfrIIIc was found in all S. sonnei strains and in 10% of the S. flexneri isolates. Cat, coding for choramphenicol resistance, and blaOXA genes were located in the chromosome in all cases, whereas tetA gene, coding for tetracycline resistance, and blaTEM, dhfrIa and dhfrIIIc genes were found either in the chromosome or in conjugative plasmids. Our results show a heterogenous distribution of antibiotic-resistance determinants between S. flexneri and S. sonnei.
The Enter-net and Salm-gene databases of foodborne bacterial pathogens that cause human infections in Europe and beyond: an international collaboration in surveillance and the development of intervention strategies
Authors: FISHER I. S. T. , THRELFALL E. J.
Published: January 2005

The free movement of people and foodstuffs between countries are effective ways of distributing disease internationally. There is a requirement for a mechanism whereby data and information on potential outbreaks of foodborne pathogens can be disseminated rapidly to those who need to know. The Enter-net dedicated surveillance network provides this mechanism, complemented by the Salm-gene molecular typing network. Data on epidemiological and microbiological features on current cases, as well as background levels of infections are immediately available within the Enter-net databases. The Salm-gene network with its database of harmonized salmonella PFGE patterns from the participating European countries provides immediate, and electronically exchangeable, DNA fingerprints of outbreak strains. This prompt electronic dissemination of information regarding unusual events with international implications ensures that public health interventions can be implemented and cases of foodborne disease prevented.
The impact of Australia's measles control programme over the past decade
Authors: GIDDING H. F.
Published: January 2005

We reviewed measles surveillance data for 1993–2002 to determine the impact of Australia's measles control initiatives. The introduction of a second dose of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine for 10- to 16-year-olds in 1993 was followed by marked reductions in measles notifications and hospitalizations, especially in the targeted age group. Further rate reductions were achieved following the Measles Control Campaign (MCC) in 1998, which involved a catch-up campaign for primary-school-aged children and lowering the age for the second dose of MMR vaccine to 4 years. Since the MCC, outbreaks have continued to occur, but most had a source case who was infected overseas, which suggests that indigenous transmission has been interrupted. In addition, a greater proportion of cases have been in adults although infants aged <5 years still had the highest rates. In conclusion, Australia is making good progress towards measles elimination. However, as in other countries, this progress can be sustained only by maintaining high vaccination coverage with the routine childhood vaccination schedule.
The seasonality of human campylobacter infection and Campylobacter isolates from fresh, retail chicken in Wales
Authors: MELDRUM R. J. , GRIFFITHS J. K. , SMITH R. M. M. , EVANS M. R.
Published: January 2005

Seasonal peaks in both human campylobacter infections and poultry isolates have been observed in several European countries but remain unexplained. We compared weekly data on human campylobacter infections with thermophilic Campylobacter isolation rates from fresh, retail chicken samples (n=514) purchased weekly in Wales between January and December 2002. Human isolates (n=2631) peaked between weeks 22 and 25 (early June) and chicken isolates (n=364) between weeks 24 and 26 (late June). In the absence of a temporal association, we postulate that the seasonal rise in humans is not caused by a rise in isolation rates in poultry but that both are more likely to be associated with a common, but as yet unidentified, environmental source.
Correlation of IgA, IgM and IgG antibody-detecting assays based on filamentous haemagglutinin, pertussis toxin and Bordetella pertussis sonicate in a strictly adult population
Authors: KLEMENT E. , KAGAN N. , HAGAIN L. , KAYOUF R. , BOXMAN J. , COHEN D. , ORR N.
Published: January 2005

Pertussis diagnosis among adults is primarily based on serology. In this study, receiver operation characteristics (ROC) analysis was utilized to evaluate three IgA, IgM and IgG ELISAs based on B. pertussis whole-cell sonicate (WC), pertussis toxin (PT), or combined PT-filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) antigens in a healthy adult population and in adults suffering from symptoms consistent with pertussis. The assays were compared to a PT and FHA reference ELISA. The reference assay showed high correlation with PT- and PT-FHA-based ELISAs but low correlation was found with the WC-based ELISA. However, ROC analysis indicated that all the assays enabled fine differentiation between healthy subjects and subjects suffering from symptoms suggestive of pertussis. The WC IgA ELISA showed the best diagnostic performance [highest specificity (98·8%) with highest sensitivity (53·8%)]. We conclude that despite a low correlation between the various assays they all carry good diagnostic capability for an adult population.
Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination
Authors: GALLIMORE C. I. , PIPKIN C. , SHRIMPTON H. , GREEN A. D. , PICKFORD Y. , McCARTNEY C. , SUTHERLAND G. , BROWN D. W. G. , GRAY J. J.
Published: January 2005

An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis of suspected viral aetiology occurred in April 2003 in the British Royal Fleet Auxillary ship (RFA) Argus deployed in the Northern Arabian Gulf. There were 37 cases amongst a crew of 400 personnel. Of 13 samples examined from cases amongst the crew, six enteric viruses were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Five different viruses were identified including, three norovirus genotypes, a sapovirus and a rotavirus. No multiple infections were detected. A common food source was implicated in the outbreak and epidemiological analysis showed a statistically significant association with salad as the source of the outbreak, with a relative risk of 3·41 (95% confidence interval of 1·7–6·81) of eating salad on a particular date prior to the onset of symptoms. Faecal contamination of the salad at source was the most probable explanation for the diversity of viruses detected and characterized.
Summer outbreak of respiratory disease in an Australian prison due to an influenza A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like virus
Authors: YOUNG L. C. , DWYER D. E. , HARRIS M. , GUSE Z. , NOEL V. , LEVY M. H.
Published: January 2005

An outbreak of influenza A occurred in a prison system in New South Wales, Australia in January 2003 during the southern hemisphere summer. This report documents only the third confirmed outbreak of influenza in a prison environment. The outbreak investigation included case ascertainment, state-wide surveillance, a case-control study and interventions to limit the outbreak such as infection control, quarantine, cohorting of cases, and the use of antiviral medication for prophylaxis. A total of 37 clinical cases were identified. Influenza A virus was detected in 11 of the 22 respiratory tract specimens collected. The virus was typed as an influenza A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virus. This strain subsequently became the predominant virus strain during the northern hemisphere winter and the following 2003 Australian southern hemisphere winter influenza season.
Residual photosensitivity in mice lacking both rod opsin and cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel 3 α subunit
Authors: BARNARD ALUN R. , APPLEFORD JOANNE M. , SEKARAN SUMATHI , CHINTHAPALLI KRISHNA , JENKINS AARON , SEELIGER MATHEAS , BIEL MARTIN , HUMPHRIES PETER , DOUGLAS RON H. , WENZEL ANDREAS , FOSTER RUSSELL G. , HANKINS MARK W. , LUCAS ROBERT J.
Published: January 2005

The mammalian retina contains three classes of photoreceptor. In addition to the rods and cones, a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the putative sensory photopigment melanopsin are intrinsically photosensitive. Functional and anatomical studies suggest that these inner retinal photoreceptors provide light information for a number of non-image-forming light responses including photoentrainment of the circadian clock and the pupil light reflex. Here, we employ a newly developed mouse model bearing lesions of both rod and cone phototransduction cascades (Rho−/−Cnga3−/−) to further examine the function of these non-rod non-cone photoreceptors. Calcium imaging confirms the presence of inner retinal photoreceptors inRho−/−Cnga3−/−mice. Moreover, these animals retain a pupil light reflex, photoentrainment, and light induction of the immediate early genec-fosin the suprachiasmatic nuclei, consistent with previous findings that pupillary and circadian responses can employ inner retinal photoreceptors.Rho−/−Cnga3−/−mice also show a light-dependent increase in the number of FOS-positive cells in both the ganglion cell and (particularly) inner nuclear layers of the retina. The average number of cells affected is several times greater than the number of melanopsin-positive cells in the mouse retina, suggesting functional intercellular connections from these inner retinal photoreceptors within the retina. Finally, however, while we show that wild types exhibit an increase in heart rate upon light exposure, this response is absent inRho−/−Cnga3−/−mice. Thus, it seems that non-rod non-cone photoreceptors can drive many, but not all, non-image-forming light responses.
Sequential phosphorylation of visual arrestin in intactLimulusphotoreceptors: Identification of a highly light-regulated site
Authors: SINESHCHEKOVA OLGA O. , L.CARDASIS HELENE , SEVERANCE EMILY G. , SMITH W. CLAY , BATTELLE BARBARA-ANNE
Published: January 2005

The visual arrestins in rhabdomeral photoreceptors are multifunctional phosphoproteins. They are rapidly phosphorylated in response to light, but the functional relevance of this phosphorylation is not yet fully understood. The phosphorylation ofLimulusvisual arrestin is particularly complex in that it becomes phosphorylated on three sites, and one or more of these site are phosphorylated even in the dark. The purpose of this study was to examine in detail the light-stimulated phosphorylation of each of the three sites inLimulusvisual arrestin in intact photoreceptors. We found that light increased the phosphorylation of all three sites (S377, S381, and S396), that S381is a preferred phosphorylation site, and that S377and S381are highly phosphorylated in the dark. The major effect of light was to increase the phosphorylation of S396, the site located closest to the C-terminal and very close to the adaptin binding motif. We speculate that the phosphorylation of this site may be particularly important for regulating the light-driven endocytosis of rhabdomeral membrane.
Rise, fall, and persistence in Kadakkodi: an enquiry into the evolution of a community institution for fishery management in Kerala, India
Authors: PAUL ANTONYTO
Published: January 2005

Against the backdrop of a community-based fishery management institution called kadakkodi, this paper addresses the question of how institutions evolve, innovate, or disintegrate. It explains how institutional evolution is determined by factors like relative resource endowment, technology, cultural endowment, and inherited institutional structures. The strength of such informal institutions in facilitating effective resource management admitted, the paper argues that in the wake of increasing resource-related, technological, cultural and institutional heterogeneities, they may fail to perform and hence are no panacea to the problems of resource management. Such predicaments may call for complementary formal institutions whose supply, however, would depend on the cost of collective action.
Different property rights regimes in the Lake Victoria multiple species fishery
Authors: BROWN GARDNER , BERGER BRETT , IKIARA MOSES
Published: January 2005

Greater ecosystem complexity is recognized by studying a two species predator–prey model under two property rights regimes: free entry and a system such as individual quotas which execute an economically optimal solution. A bottom-up management experiment is discussed in the context of Lake Victoria fisheries.
Dynamics of biogenic gas bubbles in peat and their effects on peatland biogeochemistry
Authors: Strack M. , Kellner E. , Waddington J. M.
Published: January 2005

Production and emission of peat gas has attracted great interest because substantial amounts of methane (CH4) are emitted to the atmosphere from peat soils. Many studies indicate supersaturation of CH4 in peat water, implying a high potential for gas bubble formation. However, observations of bubbles in peat are often only qualitatively described, and in most cases the presence of entrapped gas has been largely ignored in peatland studies. On the basis of a review of literature, a conceptual model of entrapped gas dynamics was developed and investigated using field and laboratory measurements at a poor fen in central Québec. We investigated variations in production and volume of gas and the effect of this gas on trace gas emissions, peat buoyancy, and pore water chemistry during 2002 and 2003. Measurements made with moisture probes and subsurface gas collectors revealed that gas volume varied throughout the growing season in relation to hydrostatic and barometric pressure. Shifts in entrapped gas volume were also coincident with changes in dissolved pore water CH4. The presence of these bubbles has important biogeochemical effects, including the development of localized CH4 diffusion gradients, alteration of local flow paths affecting substrate delivery, peat buoyancy, and the potential episodic release of CH4 via ebullition events. These interactions must be included in peatland models to describe accurately the hydrology and greenhouse gas emissions from these ecosystems and to make predictions about their response to environmental change.
Application of the model of small‐scale convection under the island arc to the NE Honshu subduction zone
Authors: Honda Satoru , Yoshida Takeyoshi
Published: January 2005

We compare the results of 2‐D/3‐D time‐dependent models of small‐scale convection under the island arc with the geophysical and geologic data observed in the NE Honshu subduction zone, northeast Japan. Assuming that the temperature anomalies have a close connection with the seismic anomalies, we may constrain the geometry of the low‐viscosity wedge (LVW) overlying the slab, which may be produced by the water dehydrated from the subducting slab. Our preferred model predicts step‐like low‐velocity anomalies above the subducting slab rather than smooth anomalies subparallel to the subducting slab since the shallow nature of the LVW is required for the small‐scale convection to occur at the back‐arc end of the LVW. A movement of cold plumes generated at the back‐arc end of the LVW may be related to a possible migration of volcanism from back‐arc to volcanic front side. To be consistent with the observation, which may suggest the migration rate of ∼2 cm/yr, models require weak viscous couplings between the mantle wedge and the underlying subducting slab, whose speed of subduction is ∼10 cm/yr. Three‐dimensional models showing 3‐D temperature variation consist of fairly continuous and strong temperature anomalies (several hundreds of degrees) under the volcanic front and weak finger‐like temperature anomalies (several tens of degrees) behind them, which are similar to the pattern of the seismic tomography. The time‐dependent behavior of the temperature field shows that the pattern of fingers flip‐flops with a timescale equal to the ratio of the horizontal extent of the LVW to the migration speed of cold plumes. This change of pattern of fingers may have an important implication for understanding the past distribution of volcanism. Further studies related to (1) the detailed morphology of the low‐velocity zone above the subducting slab, (2) the spatial and temporal evolution of volcanism, and (3) the dynamic 3‐D model studies which self‐consistently determine the distribution of water/volatiles and the resultant weak rheology are important for checking the validity of our model or developing alternative models.
Triple oxygen isotope composition of tropospheric carbon dioxide as a tracer of terrestrial gross carbon fluxes
Authors: Hoag K. J. , Still C. J. , Fung I. Y. , Boering K. A.
Published: January 2005

Stratospheric photochemistry leads to anomalous oxygen isotope enrichments in CO2 (for which Δ17O = δ17O − 0.516 × δ18O ≠ 0). This isotope anomaly is not lost until air returns to the troposphere and CO2 undergoes isotope exchange with water primarily in the terrestrial biosphere and oceans. A two‐box model is used to investigate the contribution of stratospheric production and contemporary surface carbon fluxes to tropospheric Δ17OCO2. The predicted magnitude of ∼0.15‰ is large enough that measurement of a globally averaged tropospheric Δ17OCO2 should provide a new constraint for gross carbon exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere in terrestrial carbon cycle models. Importantly, Δ17OCO2 should be complementary to the primary isotopic tracer of gross carbon exchanges, δ18OCO2, but is not dependent on numerous hydrologic variables. Furthermore, with improved measurement precision, Δ17OCO2 could serve as a direct tracer of gross carbon exchanges and their variations.