bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Listeners Store in Memory a Speaker’s Habitual Utterance-Final Phonation Type?
Authors: Bőhm Tamás , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: September 2009

Earlier studies report systematic differences across speakers in the occurrence of utterance-final irregular phonation; the work reported here investigated whether human listeners remember this speaker-specific information and can access it when necessary (a prerequisite for using this cue in speaker recognition). Listeners personally familiar with the voices of the speakers were presented with pairs of speech samples: one with the original and the other with transformed final phonation type. Asked to select the member of the pair that was closer to the talker’s voice, most listeners tended to choose the unmanipulated token (even though they judged them to sound essentially equally natural). This suggests that utterance-final pitch period irregularity is part of the mental representation of individual speaker voices, although this may depend on the individual speaker and listener to some extent.
Epistemology of Mental Symptoms
Authors: Marková Ivana S. , Berrios German E.
Published: September 2009

Background and Methods: Psychiatric diagnosis is dependent on the identification of mental symptoms. On the assumption that they are ‘natural kinds’, the latter are routinely entered as correlational variables in empirical research. Published work on the philosophy of psychiatry has tended to concentrate on the concept of mental disorder or on individual symptoms but has given less attention to mental symptoms as a class. This paper deals specifically with the epistemology of mental symptoms, that is, with focusing on the nature of mental symptoms as a class of ‘objects’ and how the clinician gets to know them. In order to do this, mental symptoms can be explored from various perspectives, namely: (i) as types of objects, (ii) as structures, (iii) as definitions, (iv) as pockets of meanings, (v) as comprising constituents, (vi) as attractors in specific dialogical contexts, etc. In this paper, on account of space constraints, we deal only with the former 4 perspectives. Results and Conclusion: Our analysis shows mental symptoms to be unstable constructs with implications for both correlational research and further theoretical exploration.
Pulmonary Vein Isolation for the Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Piccini Jonathan P. , Lopes Renato D. , Kong Melissa H. , Hasselblad Vic , Jackson Kevin , Al-Khatib Sana M.
Published: September 2009

Background—

Catheter ablation is an established yet evolving nonpharmacologic intervention for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The efficacy and safety of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) compared with medical therapy remain in question.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a meta-analysis of all randomized, controlled trials comparing PVI and medical therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm. The primary end point in this analysis was freedom from recurrent AF at 12 months. The relative efficacy of PVI was estimated using random-effects modeling according to intention to treat. We identified 6 trials that randomized a total of 693 patients with AF to PVI or control. PVI was associated with markedly increased odds of freedom from AF at 12 months of follow-up (n=266/344 [77%] versus n=102/346 [29%]; odds ratio, 9.74; 95% CI, 3.98 to 23.87). When we excluded the trial that only enrolled patients with persistent AF (Q-statistic, 2.485;
P
=0.647 after exclusion), PVI was associated with even greater odds of AF-free survival (15.78; 95% CI, 10.07 to 24.73). PVI was associated with a decreased hospitalization for cardiovascular causes (14 versus 93 per 100 person-years; rate ratio, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.23). Among those randomly assigned to PVI, 17% required a repeat PVI ablation before 12 months. The rate of major complications was 2.6% (n=9/344) in the catheter ablation group.

Conclusions—

Compared with a nonablation treatment strategy, PVI results in dramatically increased freedom from AF at 1 year. Although the procedure can be associated with major complications, the risk of these complications is comparable to other interventional procedures.
Validation of 3-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Imaging to Quantify Regional Myocardial Deformation
Authors: Seo Yoshihiro , Ishizu Tomoko , Enomoto Yoshiharu , Sugimori Haruhiko , Yamamoto Masayoshi , Machino Tomoko , Kawamura Ryo , Aonuma Kazutaka
Published: September 2009

Background—

Three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (3D-STI) has been introduced to assess regional left ventricular (LV) myocardial function. This study was designed to validate LV strain measurements by 3D-STI against data obtained by sonomicrometry.

Methods and Results—

In each of 10 anesthetized sheep, sonomicrometry crystals were implanted on the endocardium and epicardium at the LV basal, mid, and apical anterior and lateral walls. LV 3D-STI data sets were obtained from the apical approach at a frame rate of approximately 30 frames/s. Segmental longitudinal (LS), radial (RS), and circumferential strain (CS) measurements by 3D-STI were compared with those by sonomicrometry at baseline and during pharmacological stress tests (dobutamine and propranolol infusion) and acute myocardial ischemia induced by coronary artery occlusion. Data were available from 136 LS, 108 CS, and 175 RS measurements. Good correlations were observed between strain measurements by 3D-STI and those by sonomicrometry (LS:
r
=0.89,
P
<0.001; RS:
r
=0.84,
P
<0.001; CS:
r
=0.90,
P
<0.001). In each segmental study, significant correlations of the 3 strain components were observed (LS:
r
=0.65 to 0.68,
P
<0.001; RS:
r
=0.59 to 0.70,
P
<0.001; CS:
r
=0.71 to 0.78,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

The newly developed 3D-STI technique can estimate LV regional circumferential, longitudinal, and radial strain components with reasonable correlation to sonomicrometry data. This methodology could be applied clinically to assess alteration of myocardial function by accurately measuring strain in basal, mid, and apical LV segments, even during pharmacological and ischemic interventions. Therefore, 3D-STI appears to be a reliable tool to assess LV regional wall function.
Trends in the Prevalence of Low Risk Factor Burden for Cardiovascular Disease Among United States Adults
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Li Chaoyang , Zhao Guixiang , Pearson William S. , Capewell Simon
Published: September 2009

Background—

Cohorts consistently show that individuals with low levels of cardiovascular risk factors experience low rates of subsequent cardiovascular events. Our objective was to examine the prevalence and trends in low risk factor burden for cardiovascular disease among adults in the US population.

Methods and Results—

We used data from adults 25 to 74 years of age who participated in 4 national surveys. We created an index of low risk from the following variables: not currently smoking, total cholesterol <5.17 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL) and not using cholesterol-lowering medications, systolic blood pressure <120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg and not using antihypertensive medications, body mass index <25 kg/m
2
, and not having been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The age-adjusted prevalence of low risk factor burden increased from 4.4% during 1971 to 1975 to 10.5% during 1988 to 1994 before decreasing to 7.5% during 1999 to 2004 (
P
for nonlinear trend <0.001). The patterns were similar for men and women, although the prevalence among women exceeded that among men in each survey (
P
<0.001 for each survey). In addition, whites had a significantly higher prevalence of low risk factor burden than blacks during each survey except during 1976 to 1980 (1971 to 1975, 1988 to 1994, 1999 to 2004:
P
<0.001; 1976 to 1980:
P
=0.154). Furthermore, a larger percentage of whites had a low risk factor burden than Mexican Americans during 1988 to 1994 (
P
<0.001) and 1999 to 2004 (
P
=0.001).

Conclusions—

The prevalence of low risk factor burden for cardiovascular disease is low. The progress that had been made during the 1970s and 1980s reversed in recent decades.
Perioperative Risk Predictors of Cardiac Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation Surgery
Authors: Safadi Anas , Homsi Mohamed , Maskoun Waddah , Lane Kathleen A. , Singh Inder , Sawada S.G. , Mahenthiran Jo
Published: September 2009

Background—

Cardiac risk assessment for perioperative outcomes of liver transplantation patients is limited. We examined the outcomes of an older intermediate-cardiac-risk group of patients undergoing liver transplantation surgery.

Methods and Results—

Patients who had liver transplantation surgery between 2001 and 2005 were studied. The 3 outcomes analyzed were nonfatal myocardial infarction, death, and either outcome within the first 30 days after the liver transplantation surgery. Of 403 patients (mean age, 52±9 years; 67% male), 106 (26%) were diabetic, 84 (21%) were hypertensive, and 173 (43%) had a history of smoking. There were 48 total events (12%), 25 myocardial infarctions (7%), and 38 deaths (9%) recorded during the perioperative period. From the final multivariate model, history of coronary artery disease, prior stroke, and postoperative sepsis predicted greater risk (
P
=0.014; odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 11.8;
P
=0.025; OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 33.8; and
P
<0.001; OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 3.3 to 17.1, respectively). Use of perioperative β-blockers was protective (
P
=0.004; OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.6) for combined cardiac outcomes. For the outcome of death on multivariate analysis, postoperative sepsis and increased interventricular septal thickness predicted risk (
P
<0.001; OR, 8.6; 95% CI, 3.5 to 20.9; and
P
=0.027; OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.2, respectively), whereas the use of perioperative β-blockers was again protective (
P
=0.012; OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.56).

Conclusion—

In our study of cardiac risk assessment for liver transplantation surgery, history of stroke, coronary artery disease, postoperative sepsis, and increased interventricular septal thickness were markers of adverse perioperative cardiac outcomes, whereas use of perioperative β-blockers was significantly protective.
Analysis of Stroke in ATHENA: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dronedarone 400 mg BID for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death From Any Cause in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter
Authors: Connolly Stuart J. , Crijns Harry J.G.M. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , van Eickels Martin , Gaudin Christophe , Page Richard L. , Hohnloser Stefan H.
Published: September 2009

Background—

Many patients with atrial fibrillation are at high risk for stroke and require antithrombotic therapy. Antiarrhythmic drugs have not previously been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. The effect of dronedarone, a new multichannel-blocking antiarrhythmic drug, on stroke has been evaluated in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, ATHENA (A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm Trial to assess the efficacy of dronedarone 400 mg BID for the prevention of cardiovascular Hospitalization or death from any cause in patiENts with Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter).

Methods and Results—

Patients with persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and at least 1 risk factor for cardiovascular hospitalization were randomized to receive dronedarone (400 mg BID) or double-blind matching placebo and followed up for a minimum of 1 year to a common termination at 30 months. All strokes that occurred during the study were included in the present post hoc analysis. There were 4628 patients randomized to placebo or dronedarone. The baseline risk factors for stroke were well balanced between the 2 groups, and the baseline mean CHADS
2
score was 2. The baseline use of either oral anticoagulant therapy or antiplatelet agent alone was 60%. Dronedarone reduced the risk of stroke from 1.8% per year to 1.2% per year (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.46 to 0.96,
P
=0.027). The effect of dronedarone was similar whether or not patients were receiving oral anticoagulant therapy, and there was a significantly greater effect of dronedarone in patients with higher CHADS
2
scores.

Conclusions—

In this post hoc analysis, a reduction in stroke was observed in patients with atrial fibrillation who were receiving usual care, which included antithrombotic therapy and heart rate control, who were randomized to dronedarone. Further studies to investigate the effect of dronedarone and other antiarrhythmic agents on stroke are indicated.
Religion and Belief Discrimination and the Employment of Teachers in Faith Schools
Authors: Vickers Lucy
Published: September 2009

This article considers the extent to which the right to freedom of religion of teachers is adequately protected in English schools under the Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations 2003 and the Schools Standards and Framework Act 1998. It first considers the context in which religious schools operate, then considers the legislation that protects the religious freedom of teaching and non-teaching staff in state schools. It concludes that the legislative framework provides inadequate protection for the right of teachers to enjoy freedom of religion and belief, and, further, that the protection may not comply with EU standards protecting employees against religious discrimination.
On the Buoyancy Forcing and Residual Circulation in the Southern Ocean: The Feedback from Ekman and Eddy Transfer
Authors: Badin Gualtiero , Williams Richard G.
Published: September 2009

The effect of buoyancy forcing on the residual circulation in the Southern Ocean is examined in two different ways. First, the rates of water-mass transformation and formation are estimated using air–sea fluxes of heat and freshwater in the isopycnal framework developed by Walin, which is applied to two different air–sea flux climatologies and a reanalysis dataset. In the limit of no diabatic mixing and at a steady state, these air–sea flux estimates of water-mass transformation and formation are equivalent to estimating the residual circulation and the subduction rates in the upper ocean, respectively. All three datasets reveal a transformation of dense to light waters between σ = 26.8 and 27.2, as well as positive formation rates peaking at σ = 26.6, versus negative rates peaking at σ = 27. The transformation is achieved either by surface heating or freshwater inputs, although the magnitude of the formation rates varies in each case. Second, an idealized model of a mixed layer and adiabatic thermocline for a channel is used to illustrate how changes in ocean dynamics in the mixed layer and freshwater fluxes can modify the buoyancy fluxes and, thus, alter the residual circulation. Increasing the Ekman advection of cold water northward enhances the air–sea temperature difference and the surface heat flux into the ocean, which then increases the residual circulation; an increase in wind stress of 0.05 N m−2 typically increases the surface heat flux by 8 W m−2 and alters the peaks in formation rate by up to 8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Conversely, increasing the eddy advection and diffusion leads to an opposing weaker effect; an increase in the eddy transfer coefficient of 500 m2 s−1 decreases the surface heat flux by 3 W m−2 and alters the peaks in formation rate by 1 Sv.
Making it Open and Keeping it Safe
Authors: Axelsson Ann-Sofie , Schroeder Ralph
Published: September 2009

This article focuses on data-sharing — a central aspect of an ambitious e-Science programme recently embarked on in Sweden. Data-sharing has become a powerful and promising direction in e-Science in general, even though fraught with difficulties. Sweden has a unique position in relation to data-sharing: a world-unique set of social science and medical data collections, a well-established tradition of regulations concerning data protection, a widely used form of personal identification that allows integration of databases, and a population that generally trusts researchers and the Swedish state with personal data. The aim of this study was to find out how Swedish database owners/managers and database users — key actors in the Swedish e-Science enterprise — anticipate the way that databases will be built up, managed and used in the future, and how this will influence e-Science. For this purpose, these actors were interviewed and official documents on the topic were studied. It is concluded that openness and the integrity of personal data are particularly critical elements for the success of a range of future e-Science endeavours in Sweden and elsewhere.
The Weberian Legacy of Thom Greenfield
Authors: Samier Eugenie
Published: September 2009

This article traces through Greenfleld's work his use of Weber's interpretive social analysis, including Webers view of the individual unit of analysis, value typologies, methods of comparative history, and the construction and use of analytical ideal typologies. Compared are Greenfield 's and Weber's metaphysical assumptions, ontological perspectives, and epistemological frameworks, and their implications for research representative of interpretive or verstehende organizational study.
Revisiting an Innovative High School: What Happens when the Principal Leaves?
Authors: Brouillette Liane
Published: September 2009

This article revisits an innovative high school five years after the departure of the founding principal. Located in a medium-sized suburban district, Sagebrush High had been set up as a break-the-mold school with an integrated core curriculum, a mix of single-period and block-scheduled classes, and the involvement of all teachers and administrators in student advising. Sagebrush High adopted the philosophy that all students should learn together, with no students tracked into “advanced” or “basic” classes. This article explores how Sagebrush High, a school that operated according to a shared decision-making model of school governance, with teachers deeply involved in decisions ranging from curriculum to budgets, had weathered changes in building and district-level administration, as well as changes in both the membership and the philosophical outlook of the school board.
Initiating Secondary School Reform: The Dynamic Relationship between Restructuring, Reculturing, and Retiming
Authors: Hannay Lynne M. , Ross John A.
Published: September 2009

In this article, we examine the elements influencing the change processes experienced over the last 3 years in eight Ontario (Canada) secondary schools. The school staffs were empowered to develop new organizational structures that differed from a subject departmental organization and that met their contextual needs. The process was supported through collaboration between the school district and the teachers' union. The data illuminated the dynamic elements involved in secondary school change: restructuring (form of organizational model, use of new structure, and role of school administrator), reculturing (common school direction, culture of inquiry, and images of secondary school education), and retiming. These elements provide a glimpse into whether the schools successfully or unsuccessfully dealt with the process of change. We conclude that some degree of restructuring might be necessary before reculturing can occur, but this is only possible if the school staffs themselves develop the new structures and it is not mandated by an external agent.
Theory and Practice of School Communities
Authors: Oxley Diana
Published: September 2009

This article describes a study of a school community established within a larger high school as part of a district-wide effort to organize high schools into collections of smaller learning communities. The author presents an ecological framework of school communities that specifies their features across multiple dimensions and levels of schooling. The framework provides a scheme for bringing the entire organization into line with the concept of school communities and a guide for describing and assessing their functioning. Student- and teacher-survey measures were assembled and administered to gauge school community processes and goals specified in the framework. The findings indicated that students in the school community perceived their school environment and instruction in a manner more consistent with the framework than students in either the unrestructured school or magnet programs. School community teachers' relations with colleagues and students were also more consistent with the framework than other teachers 'relations.
Collegiality in Schools: Its Nature and Implications for Problem Solving
Authors: Timperley Helen S. , Robinson Viviane M. J.
Published: September 2009

Greater collegiality among teachers is frequently suggested in the research literature as one way of improving decision making and problem solving in schools. In this article, we argue that this claim cannot be sustained without more sophisticated theorizing about the attributes of collegiality that promote quality decision making and problem solving. In the first part of our argument, we use a constraint inclusion theory of a problem to argue that the attributes of collegiality most frequently discussed in the literature are as likely to generate poor as high quality problem-solving processes and solutions. In the second part of the article, we illustrate this argument in a case study of collegial problem solving by identifying the precise processes that contributed to the quality of the problem solutions.
Teacher Empowerment and Principal Leadership: Understanding the Influence Process
Authors: Rinehart James S. , Short Paula M. , Short Rick Jay , Eckley Mona
Published: September 2009

Traditionally, principals have been held accountable for the effectiveness of schools. This continues to be largely true as principals work to influence the change process toward increased teacher involvement and empowerment. As principals initiate these changes, they do so primarily through interactions with the faculty. One explanation for a principal's influence may be social influence theory from social psychology. Social influence theory suggests that credibility (a combination of expertness and trustworthiness) and social attractiveness are potent and persuasive elements of influence. Using social influence theory components, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the principal's social influence and teacher empowerment. Results of the study indicated that teacher empowerment is most closely related to principal's social attractiveness (perceived similarity to teachers) and trustworthiness (perceived willingness to suppress one's own self-interest for the benefit of the school).
Restructuring's Impact on Student Achievement: Contrasts by School Urbanicity
Authors: Shouse Roger C.
Published: September 2009

Based on hierarchical regression analysis of National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) data, achievement effects of traditional and restructuring characteristics and practices are examined across lines of school urbanicity. Although some positive effects are linked to restructuring across all schools, urban students appear to also benefit from more traditional characteristics and practices.
Effects of In-Car Support on Mental Workload and Driving Performance of Older Drivers
Authors: Davidse Ragnhild J. , Hagenzieker Marjan P. , van Wolffelaar Peter C. , Brouwer Wiebo H.
Published: September 2009

Objective: This study examined the extent to which driving performance of 10 older (70—88 years old) and 30 younger participants (30—50 years old) improves as a result of support by a driver assistance system. Background: Various studies have indicated that advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) may provide tailored assistance for older drivers and thereby improve their safe mobility. Method: While drivers followed an urban route in a driving simulator, an ADAS provided them with prior knowledge on the next intersection. The system was evaluated in terms of effects on workload and safety performance. Results: Messages informing drivers about the right-of-way regulation, obstructed view of an intersection, and safe gaps to join or cross traffic streams led to safer driving performance. A message regarding an unexpected one-way street led to fewer route errors. In general, effects were the same for all age groups. Workload was not reduced by the support system. Conclusion: The evaluated support system shows promising effects for all age groups. Longer evaluation periods are needed to determine long-term effects. Application: The messages provided by the evaluated system are currently not provided by existing ADAS such as advanced cruise control and navigation systems, but they could possibly be added to them in the future.
VHDL-AMS Based Genetic Optimization of Mixed-Physical-Domain Systems in Automotive Applications
Authors: Wang Leran , Kazmierski Tom J.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a VHDL-AMS based genetic optimization methodology suitable for performance improvement of hardware systems in automotive applications. Models of such systems are mixed-signal (analog and digital) in which the analog parts cover mixed physical domains. A case study applying this novel method to the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) optimization in an automotive active suspension system (AASS) has been investigated. A new type of fuzzy logic membership functions with variable geometrical shapes has been proposed and optimized. In this optimization technique, VHDL-AMS is used not only for the modeling and simulation of the FLC and its underlying AASS but also for the implementation of a parallel genetic algorithm (GA). This has resulted in an integrated performance optimization system wholly implemented in the hardware description language (HDL). Results show that the proposed FLC has superior performance to that of existing FLCs that use fixed-shape membership functions.
A Technique for Small-area Poverty Analyses
Authors: de la Espriella Carlos
Published: September 2009

This paper proposes a technique for undertaking poverty analyses at city level, by studying the implementation of Costa Rica’s social housing policy in the medium-sized city of Liberia. The technique was appraised in relation to its capacity to explore the links between social housing, poverty and inequality, the effects of the implementation of the selected policy and the differences between targeting implementation strategies. The technique helps to clarify the effects that housing policies have on poverty reduction in Liberia. In particular, the use of an urban residential segregation approach in small-area poverty analyses allows the identification of concrete deprived urban areas and the prioritisation of feasible pro-poor land-based actions; therefore, it shows potential as a tool for urban planning and local decision-making.
Remaking the Monopoly Board: Urban Economic Change and Property Investment
Authors: Jones Colin A.
Published: September 2009

The paper discusses the long-term relationship between property investment and urban economic change which is in turn the consequence of changing transport and industrial technologies. This is exemplified by the decentralisation of economic activities and population suburbanisation that has transformed the spatial structure of cities in the UK over the past 30 years. As part of this process, new property forms have evolved including retail parks and office parks. The paper examines the consequences for the property market and the responses of the planning system and institutional property investors that have traditionally viewed property as a long-term investment medium. The analysis begins by considering the context of urban economic change. The heart of the research examines the changing structure of property portfolios and the development of investment markets for these new property forms. The pace of urban change is shown to be slowed by property investment responses.
Testing O’Connor and Thomas: Does the Use of Eminent Domain Target Poor and Minority Communities?
Authors: Carpenter Dick M. , Ross John K.
Published: September 2009

In dissenting from the US Supreme Court’s 2005 Kelo decision upholding the use of eminent domain for private-to-private transfers of property, Justices O’Connor and Thomas asserted, based on the history of urban renewal, that eminent domain for private development would disproportionately hurt poor and minority communities. This study uses US census data and a sample of redevelopment project areas using or identified for the use of eminent domain to test the assertions of Justices O’Connor and Thomas. Results reveal that such project areas are, in fact, disproportionately populated by those who are poor, minority and less educated.
Seeing from the South: Refocusing Urban Planning on the Globe’s Central Urban Issues
Authors: Watson Vanessa
Published: September 2009

Urban planning in many parts of the world reflects an increasing gap between current approaches and growing problems of poverty, inequality, informality, rapid urbanisation and spatial fragmentation, particularly (but not only) in cities of the global South. Given past dominance of the global North in shaping planning theory and practice, this article argues that a perspective from the global South can be useful in unsettling taken-for-granted assumptions about how planning addresses these issues. The article takes a first step in this direction by proposing a ‘clash of rationalities’, between techno-managerial and marketised systems of government administration, service provision and planning (in those parts of the world where these apply) and increasingly marginalised urban populations surviving largely under conditions of informality. It draws together theoretical resources beyond the boundaries of conventional planning theory to understand the nature of this conflict, and the nature of the ‘interface’ between those involved, where unpredictable encounter and contestation also open the possibility for exploring alternative approaches to planning.
Urban Land and Housing Markets in the Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Dowall David E. , Ellis Peter D.
Published: September 2009

Well-functioning urban land and housing markets are critical success factors for achieving robust economic growth. This paper provides an overview of urban land and housing market performance in Punjab Province of Pakistan. It describes the characteristics of well-functioning markets and argues that the Punjab’s present markets are not performing adequately. In fact, there exists a range of impediments to efficient urban land and housing market performance: excessive public land ownership, inadequate infrastructure services, weak property rights, pervasive public- and private-sector rent seeking, counter-productive urban planning policies and regulations, costly sub-division and construction regulations, limited financing for property development and acquisition, rent controls and inadequate property-tax-based revenue-generating mechanisms. The paper concludes by suggesting that a prioritised comprehensive reform agenda is needed to improve urban land and housing market performance in Punjab Province. The analytical and conceptual approach used to research this paper is based on standard neo-classical economics. Therefore, the paper does not address broader political economy or structural issues. Consequently, the paper’s contribution should be viewed as limited in scope.
Defining Housing Market Areas Using Commuting and Migration Algorithms: Catalonia (Spain) as a Case Study
Authors: Royuela Vicente , Vargas Miguel A.
Published: September 2009

In the literature on housing market areas, different approaches can be found to defining them—for example, using travel-to-work areas and, more recently, making use of migration data. This paper proposes a simple exercise to shed light on which approach performs better. Using regional data for Catalonia, in Spain, housing market areas are computed with both commuting data and migration data. In order to decide which procedure shows superior performance, the uniformity of prices within areas is examined. The main finding is that commuting algorithms present more homogeneous areas in terms of housing prices.
Entrance, Exit and Exclusion: Labour Market Flows of Foreign-born Adults in Swedish ‘Divided Cities’
Authors: Hedberg Charlotta
Published: September 2009

International migrants often occupy subordinate positions in the labour market or are excluded from it. Based on unique longitudinal data, this article investigates the socioeconomic mobility of the foreign-born adult population in two Swedish cities in the period 1993—2002. Patterns of entrance, exit and exclusion pertaining to the labour of foreign-born and native-born populations are compared, focusing on variations between ‘distressed’ neighbourhoods and surrounding city-regions. The results reveal that the foreign-born population experiences a high labour turnover, generally with increasing employment stability, but that considerable vulnerability still remains. However, surprisingly small differences were found between residents of ‘distressed’ and other neighbourhoods. Hence, ethnic rather than residential status influenced the employment situation of foreign-born adults in Swedish cities.
The selection of gas-fired boiler plant for the heating of commercial premises
Authors: Pattison J. R. , Sharma V.
Published: September 2009

The selection of gas-fired boiler plant for the central heating of commercial premises may be made in order to achieve certain standards within a given budget, and economy in fuel usage is only one factor in the process of selection. An attempt is made to analyse how the selection can be made to provide for high efficiency in boiler operation and in the assessment of the merits of various boiler designs. This is supported by experimental data obtained for some typical boilers and studies of building behaviour and load patterns.
A method for the assessment of the wind-induced natural ventilation forces acting on low rise building arrays
Authors: Lee B. E. , Hussain M. , Soliman B.
Published: September 2009

Whilst the assessment of the natural ventilation rates of low-rise buildings is an area of growing concern in the continued search for greater interior comfort standards, this concern is perhaps reflected more in our awareness of the energy impact which this source of heat loss has in the present financial climate. It is surprising therefore that so little is known about air infiltration in the low rise buildings, which continue to comprise the majority of our housing stock. The relatively small amount of data which exists relates only to isolated buildings despite the fact that other spheres of fluid mechanics have for some time recognised the importance of proximity effects in the prediction of fluid flow phenomena. It is the intention of this paper to describe a series of wind tunnel investigations which have led to the development of a procedure by which it is possible to estimate the wind pressure forces which act on a low-rise building which itself is part of a large group of similar buildings. The use of this technique makes it possible to allow for the building form, the parameters which describe the array in which it is situated, the upstream building conditions and the orientation of the wind. Wind speed maps are included in an appendix so that the prediction technique may be applied to the determination of natural ventilation forces on buildings situated in parts of the UK.
Intermittent air injection into rooms—the isothermal ceiling jet
Authors: Sidaway C. S. , Hammond G. P. , Probert S. D.
Published: September 2009

The transient velocity field of a plane ‘wall jet’ formed on the ceiling of a test room has been studied. This ‘simple’, isothermal flow provided an insight into the mechanisms underlying the more complex jet/room geometries which are employed in intermittent warm-air heating systems for the domestic environment. Data are presented which may be used to predict the development of these intermittent wall jets, in either a starting or stopping mode, within typical room geometries. The time taken for the starting and stopping jets to attain their steady-state values, the so-called ‘growth’ and ‘decrement’ times respectively, were relatively short (less than 60 s). The duration of the supply fan off period required to maintain thermal comfort will therefore largely depend on the strength of local, natural draughts and not on the jet decrement time.
Integration and co-ordination of building services
Authors: Danton S. A.
Published: September 2009

A review of the problems of integrating and co-ordinating building services in any construction. The paper considers the historical problem, defines the requirements for integration and reviews the various factors affecting co-ordination, particularly the area of conflict between the various team members. Recommendations are made and advice given on design procedures and management structure, related to the whole problem of communications and the limiting effect of the present agreement under which services engineers are normally appointed. Reference is made to other current investigations into the problem.
Condensed statistics on the CIBS Example Weather Year—Kew
Authors: Letherman K. M. , Wai F. M.
Published: September 2009

Tables are given of daily, weekly, monthly and yearly mean values of external air temperatures for the CIBS Example Weather Year, (1 October 1964 to 30 September 1965) also of mean values of the temperatures at given times of day for each month. Values of degree-days are tabulated for each month, to a number of different base temperatures.
Group heating schemes—the prediction of boiler heat load allowing for uncertainties in the heat loss terms
Authors: Marks W. L. , Stockwell D. H.
Published: September 2009

Predictions of the yearly pattern of boiler heat load for the dwellings of an estate served by a group heating scheme are notoriously difficult to fit to metered values. This is because, in conventional theoretical expressions to represent the various heat loss terms, no account is taken of the uncertainties in the values of the various critical factors. A method of allowing for these uncertainties is outlined which enables theoretical predictions to be assigned limits within which measured values of heat load may be expected to lie. Predictions of boiler heat load using a computer model based on these principles are compared with metered results and shown to be realistic.
The influence of ceiling-mounted obstacles on the air flow pattern in air-conditioned rooms at different heat loads
Authors: Nielsen Peter V.
Published: September 2009

Ceiling-mounted obstacles may disturb the flow in air-conditioned rooms, resulting in a downward deflection of the supplied air jet. Dimensional analysis and experiments quantify the most important parameters of this problem and it is shown how a deflection of a jet necessitates a reduction in the supply velocity and indirectly reduces the ability of the system to remove heat from the room. The results in the paper are valid for typical rooms with sill-mounted induction units and it is shown how they can be used to express the running conditions for such a room. The experiments are both isothermal and non-isothermal and they are made in different full-scale rooms with induction units and in a model-scale room with a linear slot inlet at the ceiling.
Steady-state responses in proportional control of room temperature
Authors: Letherman K. M.
Published: September 2009

Simple equations are presented for the control characteristics of a heated room with closed loop negative feedback proportional control. The combined effects of heating load, set point and proportional band on the controlled temperature are demonstrated. An expression is derived for the range of outside temperature over which control of the inside temperature is effective. The overall inside/outside temperature characteristic is illustrated.
The calculation of energy use in dwellings
Authors: Uglow Christine E.
Published: September 2009

A simple method has been developed to enable calculation by hand of seasonal domestic energy consumption, in particular for space heating, and to assess the likely effects of an improved insulation standard. The parameters appearing in the ‘energy balance’ of a dwelling are discussed and suitable values given for substitution in the energy consumption equation. The effects of intermittent heating are discussed and data are provided on heating system efficiences. Incidental gains arising from solar radiation, occupancy and other internal sources are considered and their contribution to the total useful energy requirement evaluated. A worked example is presented to demonstrate the method of calculation. An exercise has recently been completed in which the method described in this paper has been used to predict the seasonal energy consumption of over forty occupied d. The results, which will be published later this year, indicate that on avuel consumption is predicted to within 20 per cent of the actual consu
Integration and co-ordination of building services and its relationship with project management
Authors: Michie Adrian
Published: September 2009

Co-ordination as one aspect of project management, should be carried out throughout the design/build process, and if done properly will lead to the full integration of building services with the building fabric. Particularly important is co-ordination in the early stages of a project, taking account of the functional aspects of the building. The ability to use particular techniques to co-ordinate the functional, spatial and information aspects of a project are shown to be limited by the influence of factors inherent in the industry. Because of these factors we are incurring greater costs than need be, and at the same time charging the client more for his building. Until the adverse effects of the influencing factors have been eliminated, attempts to improve co-ordination techniques will be thwarted. Fortunately steps are being taken at present to change some of these factors, e.g. New ACE Forms of Agreement and JCT Forms of Contract and the proposed revision to RIBA's Standard Conditions of Engagement. It is suggested that this degree of change may not be enough if we are to reap the benefits in the coming years of using computer systems as outlined in a computer scenario. The potential benefits of computers in improving our co-ordination techniques are enormous, but whether this potential is achieved will depend on our ability to adapt the influencing factors' so that the computer system can work efficiently.
Measurements of the heat loss through an insulated roof
Authors: Anderson B. R. , Ward T. I.
Published: September 2009

In situ measurements have been made of the heat loss through a roof insulated at ceiling level with glass fibre quilt. The results compare favourably with predicted values obtained from standard U-value calculations. An investigation of the dependence of the thermal resistance of the insulation on the air speed at its exposed upper surface showed that the performance of the insulation was not affected by air speed within the range 0 to 0.1 m/s. The air speeds within the loft space were only weakly correlated with external wind speed, and were mostly within the range 0 to 0.1 m/s, for external wind speeds up to 10 m/s.
Planned maintenance scheme for building services at a polytechnic
Authors: James F. O. , Taylor G. C.
Published: September 2009

A case study showing how the application of condition monitoring within the overall strategy of terotechnology has been achieved when applied to building services. The first part describes the options open to building owners, when considering how to maintain the services within their buildings. The second part explains the considerable amount of thought and planning that has gone into producing a viable functioning system that is easily understood by all who have an interest in the development of terotechnology.
The Newcastle condensation survey
Authors: Preston G. K. , Stephens C. J. , Brundrett G. W.
Published: September 2009

The Housing Management Committee of the City of Newcastle wished to find some basis on which to establish priorities for remedial and up-grading work on existing houses. With the assistance of the Director of Housing three surveys were commissioned, two of which were specialist ones concentrating on over 600 dwellings sited in an area known to have condensation problems.

The first survey, a technical one, established the incidence of problems. The second was a general conditions survey to identify family living styles. The final survey was one section in the 1978 General Household Survey which asked about condensation problems throughout the whole of Newcastle. These surveys show that condensation troubles occur in over 30 per cent of all dwellings. Worst affected were private rented unfurnished accommodation (49 per cent) with Local Authority tenants and private rented furnished dwellings similar at 41 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. Owner occupiers reported dampness in only 14 per cent of their houses. Recorded temperatures were much lower than expected and the total use of energy was less than half that required to meet the notional energy demand. The two key factors influencing dampness were house design and family size. Better insulated houses and sheltered houses such as an intermediate location in a terrace had much less dampness. The incidence of condensation increased with family size and with the presence of children. Knowledge of the empirical relations between occupancy, house type, heating and the incidence of condensation problems enabled remedial work to be more positively ranked.
Electricaire central heating—a user study
Authors: Crawshaw C. M. , Dale H. C.A. , Phillips R.
Published: September 2009

An investigation of the way in which council tenants operate their Electricaire heating systems indicates that the user can misunderstand the operation and control of the system, and the engineer the problems of the user. The problems are discussed and recommendations are made to achieve more efficient operation.
Energy recovery using ventilated double glazing
Authors: Smyth Raymond
Published: September 2009

In a heated building, the outflow of some heat energy through windows is inevitable and can be a waste. It is possible to recover some of this heat loss by directing ventilation fresh air along the surface of the window. A modified double glazing unit with ventilation passage has been used to investigate the reduced heat losses with various flow rates and temperature differences. It was found that the heat losses through the external pane of the double glazing with inward flow ventilation constituted only a fraction of the total heat losses through the internal pane. Comparisons therefore with the heat losses through unventilated double glazing show that a significant reduction in heat losses could be achieved.
Validation of a smoke movement program
Authors: Irving S. J. , Wilson A. P.
Published: September 2009

Deaths due to toxic fumes produced during a building fire account for over 50 per cent of all fire deaths. This has given rise to the need for more detailed studies of smoke movement, particularly in health buildings. The development of computer techniques has provided methods to model various smoke control systems and test their effectiveness for any given fire condition. This paper describes the validation of the computer program developed by Oscar Faber and Partners for predicting the spread of smoke through buildings. The predicted smoke spread is discussed in relation to the known smoke spread following a fire in a large hospital complex.
Condensed statistics on the CIBS example weather year—Kew 2. Solar and sky radiation intensity
Authors: Letherman K. M. , Wai F. M.
Published: September 2009

Tables are given of daily, weekly, monthly and yearly mean values of direct, diffuse, global and net radiation intensities for the CIBS Example Weather Year (1 October 1964 to 30 September 1965). The mean values of these four classes of radiation intensity for each hour of the day are also tabulated, together with the minimum, mean and maximum values for each month. The observations were made at Kew, (latitude 51.3°N) by the Meteorological Office.