bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roman Rosdolsky (1898-1967): um intelectual em tempos de extremos
Authors: Paula João Antonio de
Published: January 2008

O artigo apresenta a trajetória intelectual de Roman Rosdolsky, destacando suas contribuições para a interpretação da obra de Marx e para os estudos de história.
Principais copolímeros elastoméricos à base de butadieno utilizados na indústria automobilística
Authors: Rocha Tereza C. J. , Soares Bluma G. , Coutinho Fernanda M. B.
Published: January 2008

Copolímeros elastoméricos à base de butadieno são amplamente utilizados na indústria automobilística. Dentre esses destacam-se os copolímeros de butadieno-estireno (SBR) e butadieno-acrilonitrila (NBR). O SBR apresenta maior importância comercial, devido a sua aplicação na produção de pneus. Quando SBR é utilizado juntamente com o homopolímero de butadieno BR-alto cis, excelentes propriedades são obtidas para sua aplicação na banda de rodagem de pneus. O copolímero elastomérico NBR é empregado em artefatos em que é necessária boa resistência a solventes orgânicos e a óleos. Nos últimos anos, as empresas automobilísticas e produtoras de pneumáticos vêm se preocupando com o meio-ambiente e, conseqüentemente, têm investido em novos processos de síntese, mais limpos, para a produção desses elastômeros. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma revisão sobre dois importantes copolímeros elastoméricos à base de butadieno, SBR e NBR, abordando os processos de síntese, características principais, processamento e aplicações.
Estudo comparativo de diferentes tipos de polibutadieno na tenacificação de poliestireno
Authors: Coutinho Fernanda M. B. , Costa Marcia P. M. , Guimarães Maria José O. C. , Soares Bluma G.
Published: January 2008

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a tenacificação de poliestireno (PS) utilizando três tipos de polibutadieno (PB): polibutadieno baixo-cis (PBb), polibutadieno alto-cis (PBa) e copolímero em bloco (SBS) de estireno e butadieno (PBco). Foi observado um aumento na resistência ao impacto de 138, 208 e 823%, quando foram utilizados polibutadieno baixo-cis, polibutadieno alto-cis e copolímero em bloco de estireno e butadieno respectivamente. Os materiais apresentaram morfologia dispersa com domínios de polibutadieno distribuídos aleatoriamente na matriz de poliestireno, cujo tamanho foi inferior a 1 µm. A energia de ativação para o escoamento foi calculada segundo a equação de Arrhenius e variou de 34 a 71 kJ/mol. Em todos os experimentos reológicos as misturas poliméricas apresentaram comportamento pseudoplástico.
Dispositivos flexíveis de monitoramento de pH e de deflexão mecânica à base de polianilina
Authors: Travain Silmar A. , Bianchi Rodrigo F. , Colella Enia M. L. , Andrade Adnei M. de , Giacometti José Alberto
Published: January 2008

Nesse trabalho descrevemos a arquitetura e a operação de filmes finos de polianilina (PAni) usados como elemento ativo de sensores flexíveis de pH e de deformação mecânica. Tais dispositivos apresentam grande interesse tecnológico devido aos seus baixos custos de produção e à possibilidade de integração com outros sistemas orgânicos e inorgânicos, incluindo transistores, diodos e baterias. Filmes finos de PAni foram preparados pelo método de polimerização in-situ sobre microeletrodos de Cr/Au previamente depositados sobre substratos de polietilenoteraftalato (PET). As características elétricas do sistema foram investigadas como função do nível de dopagem da PAni. Os dispositivos apresentaram boa resposta elétrica para diferentes soluções ácidas e básicas, bem como para pequenas variações de deformações mecânicas.
Composição dos resíduos poliméricos, pós-consumo, gerados no município de São Carlos, SP
Authors: Matos Tássio F. L. , Schalch Valdir
Published: January 2008

Os resíduos poliméricos pós-consumo - embalagens plásticas - se destacam nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, por apresentarem crescimento de participação no lixo urbano e possuírem características como degradação lenta e volumetria elevada, o que compromete a vida útil dos aterros sanitários. Ressalta-se, ainda, o potencial econômico para reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos poliméricos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a composição percentual, mássica, dos resíduos poliméricos no município de São Carlos, SP. O método adotado para caracterização, para determinação da composição, foi por amostragem, na coleta regular, e pela massa total coletada, na coleta seletiva. Na coleta regular, o número de amostragem compreendeu todos os quinze setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feita uma caracterização no inverno e outra no verão. Destacam-se, nos resultados da coleta regular, os percentuais em massa de 10,47% de resíduos poliméricos, o PET com maior participação (35,96%) nas resinas e o uso preferencial em embalagens para alimentação (56,42%), e, na coleta seletiva, os percentuais de 20,60% de resíduos poliméricos, a resina PET com maior participação (50,64%) e uso preferencial em embalagens para alimentação (66,06%). Os resultados evidenciam a tendência de crescimento de resíduos de PET e do uso preferencial dos polímeros termoplásticos em embalagens para alimentação.
As Flores do Mal e o fracasso do poema
Authors: Moraes Marcelo Jacques de
Published: January 2008

A partir de uma leitura do poema O mau monge, o ensaio retoma o debate em torno da reflexão baudelairiana sobre as condições da poesia, apresentando o trabalho do poema como produção/ encenação da experiência de seu próprio fracasso.
Complacência pulmonar com uma hora de vida e displasia broncopulmonar em recém-nascidos prematuros
Authors: Barros Lídia Mayrink de , Guinsburg Ruth , Miyoshi Milton H , Peluzzo Adriana V. , Figueira Simone NA , Kopelman Benjamin I
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVOS: avaliar se a complacência pulmonar precoce é fator preditor da presença de displasia broncopulmonar aos 28 dias de vida, em prematuros. MÉTODO: coorte prospectiva de neonatos com idade gestacional <32 semanas e peso ao nascer entre 500 e 1250 g, que receberam surfactante profilático com 30 minutos de vida. Com 60 minutos de vida, um pneumotacógrafo acoplado entre a cânula traqueal e o circuito do respirador mediu, através do WinTracer®, o fluxo de gases e os gradientes de pressão, obtendo-se valores de complacência pulmonar e resistência das vias aéreas. Procedeu-se à regressão logística dos fatores associados à presença de dependência de oxigênio e/ou ventilação aos 28 dias de vida. RESULTADOS: dos 32 recém-nascidos inicialmente avaliados, 25 sobreviveram até 28 dias, quando 17 (68%) eram dependentes de oxigênio e/ou de ventilação assistida (Grupo 1) e oito (32%) não (Grupo 2). O Grupo 1 apresentava idade gestacional mais baixa, índice de gravidade clínica mais elevado e maior freqüência de persistência do canal arterial. A complacência pulmonar e a resistência de vias aéreas foi similar nos dois grupos. Na regressão logística, a persistência do canal arterial e a idade gestacional foram preditores para displasia. CONCLUSÕES: a complacência pulmonar na primeira hora de vida não foi fator preditor da presença de displasia broncopulmonar na população analisada.
A variabilidade hemodinâmica venosa detectada pelos parâmetros da pletismografia a ar nas classes clínicas da classificação CEAP
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo de Ávila , Barros Jr. Newton de , Miranda Jr. Fausto
Published: January 2008

CONTEXTO: A variabilidade hemodinâmica da pletismografia a ar é conhecida, mas o exato papel dessa variabilidade no cotidiano clínico não foi investigado, podendo ter algum significado clínico ainda não explorado. Sabe-se que há sobreposição entre as classes clínicas (C0 a C6) da classificação CEAP e mesmo entre membros inferiores de uma mesma classe clínica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a variabilidade hemodinâmica dos parâmetros da pletismografia a ar nas classes clínicas da classificação CEAP. MÉTODO: Este estudo retrospectivo confronta a doença varicosa de membros inferiores classificada de C0 a C6 pela classificação CEAP com os parâmetros hemodinâmicos venosos obtidos pela pletismografia a ar. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados em suas classes clínicas pelos testes de variância de Kruskal-Wallys e Barllett. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 310 exames em 230 pacientes cujas idades variaram entre 19 a 81 anos, com uma média de 46,2 anos. Os parâmetros índice de enchimento venoso e volume venoso funcional mostraram aumento da variabilidade hemodinâmica quando analisados na classe clínica C0 do CEAP, demonstrada por meio do coeficiente de variabilidade que, para o índice de enchimento venoso foi de 28,12% na classe clínica C0 e se manteve acima de 57% nas classes de C2 a C6. A fração de ejeção e a fração de volume residual não aumentaram a variabilidade quando comparados com a classe clínica C0 do CEAP. CONCLUSÃO: O índice de enchimento venoso foi o melhor parâmetro para avaliação e triagem de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica, mas tem grande variabilidade nas classes clínicas C2 a C6 do CEAP.
Identification and Remediation of Systematic Error Patterns in Subtraction
Authors: Riccomini Paul J.
Published: February 2008

The present study investigated 90 elementary teachers' ability to identify two systematic error patterns in subtraction and then prescribe an instructional focus. Presented with two sets of 20 completed subtraction problems comprised of basic facts, computation, and word problems representative of two students' math performance, participants were asked to examine each incorrect subtraction problem and describe the errors. Participants were subsequently asked which type of error they would address first during math instruction to correct students' misconceptions. An analysis of the data indicated teachers were able to describe specific error patterns. However, they did not base their instructional focus on the error patterns identified, and more than half of the teachers chose to address basic subtraction facts first during instruction regardless of error type. Limitations of the study and implications for practice are discussed.
Robust binary regression with continuous outcomes
Authors: Heritier StÉPhane , Ronchetti Elvezio
Published: February 2008

The authors propose a robust bounded‐influence estimator for binary regression with continuous outcomes, an alternative to logistic regression when the investigator's interest focuses on the proportion of subjects who fall below or above a cut‐off value. The authors show both theoretically and empirically that in this context, the maximum likelihood estimator is sensitive to model misspecifications. They show that their robust estimator is more stable and nearly as efficient as maximum likelihood when the hypotheses are satisfied. Moreover, it leads to safer inference. The authors compare the different estimators in a simulation study and present an analysis of hypertension on Harlem survey data.
Interval censoring: Model characterizations for the validity of the simplified likelihood
Authors: Oller Ramon , Gomez Guadalupe , Calle M.Luz
Published: February 2008

In survival data analysis, the interval censoring problem has generally been treated via likelihood methods. Because this likelihood is complex, it is often assumed that the censoring mechanisms do not affect the mortality process. The authors specify conditions that ensure the validity of such a simplified likelihood. They prove the equivalence between different characterizations of noninformative censoring and define a constant‐sum condition analogous to the one derived in the context of right censoring. They also prove that when the noninformative or constant‐sum condition holds, the simplified likelihood can be used to obtain the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the death time distribution function.
Analyzing multivariate longitudinal binary data: A generalized estimating equations approach
Authors: Sutradhar Brajendra C. , Farrell Patrick J.
Published: February 2008

The authors consider regression analysis for binary data collected repeatedly over time on members of numerous small clusters of individuals sharing a common random effect that induces dependence among them. They propose a mixed model that can accommodate both these structural and longitudinal dependencies. They estimate the parameters of the model consistently and efficiently using generalized estimating equations. They show through simulations that their approach yields significant gains in mean squared error when estimating the random effects variance and the longitudinal correlations, while providing estimates of the fixed effects that are just as precise as under a generalized penalized quasi‐likelihood approach. Their method is illustrated using smoking prevention data.
Partially replicated two‐level fractional factorial designs
Authors: Liao Chen‐Tuo , Chai Feng‐Shun
Published: February 2008

In a two‐level factorial experiment, the authors consider designs with partial duplication which permit estimation of the constant term, all main effects and some specified two‐factor interactions, assuming that the other effects are negligible. They construct parallel‐flats designs with two identical parallel flats that meet prior specifications; they also consider classes of 3‐flat and 4‐flat designs. They show that the designs obtained can have a very simple covariance structure and high D‐efficiency. They give an algorithm from which they generate a series of practical designs with run sizes 12, 16, 24, and 32.
Stability in Parliamentary Regimes: The Italian Case
Authors: PELIZZO RICCARDO , COOPER JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

Abstract: In this article, we distinguish legislative stability from government stability and argue that the character of the relationship that exists between them is a complex one in which various combinations are possible. We focus on Italy because of the manner in which it has combined legislative stability with government instability. Our findings indicate that the relationship between legislative and government stability in Italy is best seen as curvilinear, that the analysis of government stability must take the number of governments as well as the duration of governments into account, and that the attributes of the party system that stabilize the legislature destabilize governments. Given these findings, we discuss their implications for explaining stability in parliamentary regimes in terms of events, “strong parties,” and strategic calculation. We conclude that legislative stability should not be treated simply as a secondary or derivative effect of government stability and that Italy can serve as a benchmark for further study of the nature and determinants of the relationship between the two in other parliamentary systems.
Theories of Urbanization and the Colonial City in West Africa
Authors: Rayfield J. R.
Published: February 2008

Opening Paragraph

The main purpose of this paper is to show how recent research into the process of urbanization in Africa and into the structure of African cities and nations compels us to rethink our theories of urbanization in general.

The relationship between theory and research is a reciprocal one. New research compels the creation of new models, and new models suggest new subjects and methods of research. But both theory and research are affected by politics in the broadest sense of the term. Many African scholars consider the study of modern Africa by Westerners an extension of economic and political colonialism, especially when African cities are studied in terms of Western models. And many African governments, aware of the social problems involved in urbanization, seriously study the work of both African and non-African social scientists. The period since 1960 has been one of rapid development in the study of urbanization in Africa and the rest of the world, and the African material should throw new light on general theories of urbanization.
On the Implications of the Practice–Institution Distinction: Macintyre and the Application of Modern Virtue Ethics to Business
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: February 2008

After exploring MacIntyre’s (1985) practice—institution distinction, the article demonstrates its applicability to business-as-practice and to corporations as institutions. It then considers the implications of MacIntyre’s schema to ethical schizophrenia, to the claim that the market is a source of the virtues and to the opposite claim that capitalism corrodes character. A fully worked out modern virtue ethics, based on MacIntyre’s work, is then established and the claim is made and substantiated that such an understanding of MacIntrye’s work revitalises it and makes it directly applicable to business and to corporations.
Notes for a Panel on Entrepreneurship in Business History
Authors: Cuff Robert D.
Published: February 2008

I want to begin with a question. Why did the historical study of entrepreneurship take such a decidedly “organizational turn” during the 1950s? One might have thought that a Research Center in Entrepreneurial History would have stimulated work on the individual entrepreneur; that it might have encouraged a focus on such questions as exactly why and how individual entrepreneurs created and sustained new businesses.
Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity
Authors: Jarzombek Mark
Published: February 2008

Joseph August Lux (1871-1947), who wrote numerous books and articles on Peter Behrens, Bruno Paul, Otto Wagner, and others, saw himself as the first "spokesman for the German movement." Yet, for various reasons, his work has fallen into oblivion. Lux needs to be reassigned his proper niche in the development of modern architectural theory, if only to show that the thrust of modernism was by no means as direct and unimpeded as is often supposed. Lux's historiographic argument emerges piecemeal from a vast array of writings. In this article, I clarify his concept of modernism, pointing in particular to his interest in historical fiction and amateur photography. Lux was among the first modern theorists to champion the notion of genius loci as a way to unify traditional and modern sensibilities. But it was this insistence on a teleological-and, for Lux, a "Catholic inspired"-dimension to architecture that led to a rift with Friedrich Naumann, one of the founders of the Werkbund. An investigation into Lux's work not only sheds light on the early theorizing of modernity within the Werkbund circle, but also begins to add a historical dimension to various strands of conservative-modernist thinking, including what is now called phenomenology.
The House of the Sea: An Essay on the Antiquity of Planked Canoes in Southern California
Authors: Fagan Brian
Published: February 2008

The Chumash tomol, a sophisticated planked canoe, came into use in the Santa Barbara Channel region of Southern California about 1,500 years ago. It is often assumed that planked watercraft were first developed in the region at about that date. This paper argues, on theoretical grounds, that planked canoes were developed much earlier in Southern California, perhaps as early as 8,500 years ago.
Do Cucurbita pepo Gourds Float Fishnets?
Authors: Hart John P. , Daniels Robert A. , Sheviak Charles J.
Published: February 2008

Among the various pre-maize indigenous crops of eastern North America, Cucurbita pepo gourd is the most enigmatic.C. pepogourd remains have been found on mid-Holocene (8000–4000 B.P.) archaeological sites as far north and east as Maine. Their presumably extremely bitter flesh would have made the fruits inedible. Two not mutually exclusive hypotheses for use of the fruit are currently being debated: (1) the nutritious seeds were processed to remove bitterness and consumed, and (2) dried fruits were used as fishnet floats and/or containers for general use. We report on a series of experiments that demonstrate the gourds function extremely well as fishnet floats. These results lend support to the second hypothesis, but do not conclusively prove they were used for this purpose.
Long-Term Settlement History and the Emergence of Towns in the Zuni Area
Authors: Kintigh Keith W. , Glowacki Donna M. , Huntley Deborah L.
Published: February 2008

From a regional perspective, the late thirteenth-century aggregation of village populations into large towns in the northern Southwest appears to be a brief and dramatic episode of social reorganization. That it is apparent across such a range of cultural and ecological circumstances suggests that a regional perspective will be needed to understand why it occurred. However, if we are to understand how it occurred—the social processes involved in the aggregation of populations into large towns—a high resolution, long-term view of the settlement history of particular localities provides a necessary complement to the regional view. We present a detailed examination of the development of one town in the American Southwest, the large, prehistoric Zuni town of Heshot uła. Without the long-term demographic reconstruction made possible by a fine-grained seriation and full-coverage survey, we would have seen this key transition as much more rapid and much less closely tied to the local situation than it now appears to be. Although this pueblo was built about A.D. 1275, we argue that its appearance was, at once, the culmination of demographic processes operating over at least 150 years, and the outcome of two more rapid, qualitative organizational transformations separated by a century.
Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama
Authors: Sherwood Sarah C. , Driskell Boyce N. , Randall Asa R. , Meeks Scott C.
Published: February 2008

Dust Cave (1Lu496) is a habitation site in a karstic vestibule in the middle Tennessee River Valley of Northern Alabama. The cave, periodically occupied over 7,000 years, contains well-preserved bone and botanical materials and exhibits microstratigraphy and intact occupation surfaces. The chronostratigraphic framework for Dust Cave is based on 43 14C dates, temporally diagnostic artifacts, and detailed geoarchaeological analysis. In a broad sense, five cultural components are defined and designated: Quad/Beaver Lake/Dalton (10,650–9200 cal B.C.), Early Side-Notched (10,000–9000 cal B.C.), Kirk Stemmed (8200–5800 cal B.C.), Eva/Morrow Mountain (6400 to 4000 cal B.C.), and Benton (4500–3600 cal B.C.). Microstratigraphic and artifact analyses indicate that the primary differences in the deposits over time relate to intensity of activity and spatial organization with regard to changing conditions in the cave, not to the types of activities. Geomorphic transformations influenced the timing of occupation at Dust Cave, especially the initial occupation. The chronostratigraphy provides a framework for assessing the stratigraphic separation of Dalton and Early Side-Notched materials, the shift in technology from blades to bifacial tools, and the context of detailed flora and fauna evidence. These remains provide unique insights into forager adaptations in the Midsouth from the end of the Pleistocene through the first half of the Holocene.
Additional Evidence for Gourd Floats on Fishing Nets
Authors: Hudson Jean L.
Published: February 2008

The utility of gourds as fishnet floats was recently supported by experimental evidence (Hart et al. 2004). Additional lines of evidence are provided by archaeological and ethnographic work in Peru.
A Middle Archaic Burial from East Central Kansas
Authors: Hoard Robert J. , Banks William E. , Mandel Rolfe D. , Finnegan Michael , Epperson Jennifer E.
Published: February 2008

In late 2001, investigators excavated a solitary Middle Archaic burial from the Plains-Prairie border in east-central Kansas. The burial was contained in a dissected colluvial apron at the foot of the valley wall, in a soil horizon that began accumulating around 9000 B.P. Burial goods include deer bone, a drill, and a side-notched projectile point/knife, the morphology of which is consistent with side-notched Middle Archaic points of the North American Central Plains and Midwest. Use-wear analysis shows that the stone tools were used before being placed with the burial and were not manufactured specifically as burial goods. A radiocarbon assay of the deer bone in direct association with the burial yielded a radiocarbon age of 6160 ± 35 B.P. This is one of only a few burials older than 5,000 years in the region. Comparison of this burial to other coeval regional burials shows similarities in burial practices.
Obsidian in Early Woodland Contexts in the Upper Mississippi Valley
Authors: Stoltman James B. , Hughes Richard E.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to report the occurrence of obsidian artifacts from Early Woodland contexts in southwestern Wisconsin. During 1995 excavations at the Tillmont site (47CR460), seven obsidian flakes were recovered from a deeply buried paleosol in association with a virtually “pure” component of the Indian Isle phase, a local variant of the Early Woodland Marion Culture (Stoltman 1990:242–244). Geochemical analyses of four of the flakes confirm that Obsidian Cliff, Wyoming, was the source, demonstrating that this distinctive material was in use among Woodland peoples of the Midwest several centuries before the commencement of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere.
Guynesomia (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus from central Chile
Authors: Bonifacino José M. , Sancho Gisela
Published: February 2008

Guynesomia (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus restricted to the western slopes of the Andes mountains in central Chile, is described. Guynesomia is a shrub characterised by raceme­like or panicle­like capitulescences, disciform capitula, alveolate receptacles, pistillate zygomorphic marginal florets with three or four short lobes, and a pappus of two series of subequal scabrid bristles. Diplostephium is the putative closest relative of Guynesomia. The new combination Guynesomia scoparia is based on Nardophyllum scoparium.
Phylogenetic relationships in subtribe Scorzonerinae (Asteraceae: Cichorioideae: Cichorieae) based on ITS sequence data
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Edwards Christine E. , Albach Dirk C. , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: February 2008

Subtribe Scorzonerinae of tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae: Cichorioideae) appears to be well supported as monophyletic; however, generic circumscription and relationships within the group have been problematic. To investigate the monophyly and circumscription of the recognized genera and their intergeneric relationships, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of subtribe Scorzonerinae using ITS sequence data. Our results reveal that most genera, including Tragopogon, Epilasia, Podospermum, Koelpinia, and Lasiospora, are monophyletic. The monotypic Pterachaenia and Tourneuxia are distinct lineages within Scorzonerinae. The monotypic Geropogon, which has often been included in Tragopogon, is phylogenetically removed from the highly supported Tragopogon clade. In contrast, Scorzonera is clearly not monophyletic, with species of the genus appearing in multiple clades with other genera. Scorzonera purpurea is weakly supported as the sister to Podospermum. Scorzonera austriaca is sister to Takhtajaniantha and may represent one ancestral parent of this monotypic polyploid genus. Species of Scorzonera sections Tuberosae, Vierhapperia, Nervosae, and Pulvinares form a clade with the genus Lasiospora. Scorzonera sections Pulvinares, Tuberosae, and Foliosae are clearly not monophyletic. Some non­DNA characters (e.g., achene morphology) generally agree with the clades recognized by ITS sequence data. However, our analyses also show that traditionally important morphological and karyological characters have multiple origins in Scorzonerinae.
History and concepts of big plant genera
Authors: Frodin David G.
Published: February 2008

“Big” plant genera, those of 500 or more species, have not only occasioned interest among systematic botanists, but for geographical, ecological or horticultural reasons, have also become well­established popular concepts. Their size has rendered them difficult, if not impossible, to study in their entirety; there have been few full revisions since the nineteenth century. Despite their embodiment of significant taxonomic, biological and evolutionary questions, from the 1980s their importance has been more generally recognised, and recent technological and methodological developments have made it easier to come to grips with their study. This paper synthesizes growth impediments to our knowledge of these genera and possible approaches to studying them. Of the 57 genera currently thought to have 500 or more species, 22 of these were also considered in 1883 to be large (300 or more species). Others gained their prominence as a result of later exploration, some of it driven by enthusiasts. It is argued that comparisons of size, phenomena, and processes will only be possible by comprehensive study of the lineages comprising these genera and their immediate historical relatives; uncritical lists or relatively limited samples are not enough. Such studies will be of great scientific as well as cultural benefit.
A re­examination of the taxonomic boundaries of Symphysia (Ericaceae)
Authors: vander Kloet Sam P. , Baltzer Jennifer L. , Appleby Julia H. , Evans Rodger C. , Stewart Donald T.
Published: February 2008

DNA sequence data were generated for the nuclear ITS region for Symphysia racemosa and for 26 additional Vaccinieae representing 12 sections in the genus Vaccinium plus one species from each of five additional segregate genera. Our focus is on the placement of S. racemosa relative to Vaccinium sensu stricto and Vaccinium sect. Oreades (represented by V. poasanum). Maximum parsimony analysis of 608 bp of nrITS region suggests that S. racemosa and V. poasanum form a well­supported clade in spite of substantial morphological divergence. Furthermore, this clade is a sister group to a clade consisting of all segregate genera examined. These molecular results led us to undertake a morphological cladistic analysis of all of the other Central American green­flowered taxa. We suggest that the genus Symphysia should be expanded to encompass these 15 taxa, despite the lack of phylogenetic resolution within this group. This will necessitate eight new combinations, viz., Symphysia almedae (= V. almedae), Symphysia costaricensis (= V. costaricense), Symphysia jefensis (= V. jefense), Symphysia orosiensis (= V. orosiense), Symphysia ovata (= Lateropora ovata), Symphysia perardua (= V. santafeënsis), Symphysia poasana (= Vaccinium poasanum), Symphysia santafeënsis (= L. santafeënsis), and Symphysia tubulifera (= L. tubulifera).
Chromosome studies in the grass subfamily Chloridoideae. II. An analysis of polyploidy
Authors: Roodt Rouvay , Spies Johan J.
Published: February 2008

Polyploidy is frequent among the grasses. This study indicates that it has a high frequency in the subfamily Chloridoideae, where more than 90% of the studied specimens are polyploids. These levels range from diploid (2n= 20 forx= 10 and 2n= 18 forx= 9) to 16‐ploid (2n= 160) forx= 10 inCtenium concinnumNees and 20‐ploid (2n= 180) forx= 9 inHilaria muticaBenth. This polyploid trend is seen in southern Africa, as well as worldwide. Analysis indicates that many polyploids are alloploids, suggesting extensive hybridization within this group. This is supported by the presence of apomixis in many members of the subfamily. Both polyploidy and apomixis are thought to be important evolutionary mechanisms in Chloridoideae as well as closely related Panicoideae, and have a high frequency in southern Africa. Due to the stable ecological, geographical and climatological history of Africa, the continent is ideally suited for the stabilization of hybrid complexes by means of apomixis and polyploidization.
The systematic position of Ehretia cortesia nom. nov. (≡ Cortesia cuneifolia: Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) inferred from molecular and morphological data
Authors: Gottschling Marc , Hilger Hartmut H.
Published: February 2008

The systematic position of Argentinean Cortesia cuneifolia (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) is investigated based both on morphological and on ITS1 sequence data. Inferred from a molecular phylogeny, monotypic Cortesia is not isolated from other taxa of Ehretiaceae as previously suggested, but is nested within Ehretia. Cortesia shares a two­parted endocarp with the Ehretia II subclade (including Ehretia microphylla), which is considered as a derived condition within Ehretiaceae and is the most striking indication for a close relationship of the two. ITS1 sequence data and specialised leaf morphology suggest that Ehretia microphylla is probably the sister species of Cortesia cuneifolia, for which a new name is proposed: Ehretia cortesia.
A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia­type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)
Authors: Blanco Oscar , Crespo Ana , Elix John A. , Hawksworth David L. , Thorsten Lumbsch H.
Published: February 2008

Generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens have been discussed intensively over the past three decades without reaching a broad consensus. We have now employed molecular data from three genes to provide a basis for a revised generic concept of the parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia­type lichenan. The phylogeny of the parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia­type lichenan was reconstructed using a combined Bayesian analysis of nuclear ITS, LSU rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences, and a maximum parsimony analysis was also made for comparison. 179 new partial sequences of 58 taxa were generated and 12 sequences were downloaded from GenBank. Our results indicate that the lichens containing Xanthoparmelia­type lichenan form a monophyletic group. However, the segregates proposed earlier do not form distinct clades within the group. Alternative hypotheses of monophyletic Karoowia and Neofuscelia that are not nested within Xanthoparmelia were rejected with our dataset; Karoowia is polyphyletic, and Neofuscelia is reduced to synonymy under Xanthoparmelia. Xanthomaculina convoluta also belongs to Xanthoparmelia. Since we were unable to sequence the umbilicate type species of Xanthomaculina, we refrain from synonymizing that genus with Xanthoparmelia here. The synonymy of Chondropsis and Paraparmelia under Xanthoparmelia already proposed is supported. The revised and enlarged genus Xanthoparmelia includes species that have cell walls with Xanthoparmelia­type lichenan, a palisade plectenchyma with a pored epicortex, lack pseudocyphellae, with usually simple rhizines, generally bifusiform conidia, and medullary chemical diversity. Ten new names are proposed, and 129 new combinations are made into Xanthoparmelia.
Potamogetontaxa proposed by J. F. Wolfgang and his collaborators
Authors: Kaplan Zdenek , Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna
Published: February 2008

In the first half of 19thcentury Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1775–1859) was the outstanding expert on Potamogetonaceae. Twelve of the names he proposed in a manuscript of a monograph onPotamogetonwere validly published by Schultes & Schultes (1827). Of these, four names are now the correct names for the respective taxa, one for a species (P.rutilusWolfg.) and three for hybrids (P. ×nervigerWolfg.,P. ×salicifoliusWolfg. andP. ×undulatusWolfg.). Ten names ofPotamogetontaxa described by Wolfgang are typified in this paper, together with two names proposed by his collaborators, Besser and Gorski. The identity of these names is discussed.
A review of research on the cycad genus Ceratozamia Brongn. (Zamiaceae) in Mexico
Authors: Vovides Andrew P. , González Dolores , Pérez–Farrera Miguel Angel , Avendaño Sergio , Bárcenas Cristina
Published: February 2008

The genus Ceratozamia contains more than 20 species distributed in eastern and southern Mexico, with extensions into Central America. Morphology, anatomy, and molecular (ITS) data allow resolution of some aspects of species relationships, provide correlations with ecology, and suggest phytogeographic hypotheses. Some species complexes, such as those centered around C. norstogii and C. miqueliana, are restricted to southernwest Mexico, in what are regarded as Pleistocene floristic refugia. The low level of divergence of ITS sequences among taxa to the north of the Trans–Mexican Neovolcanic mountain range suggests a pattern of recent, and perhaps rapid, speciation.
Using molecular phylogenies to test phytogeographical links between East/South Africa–Southern Arabia and the Macaronesian islands—a review, and the case ofViereaandPulicariasectionVieraeopsis(Asteraceae)
Authors: Andrus Nicole , Trusty Jennifer , Santos–Guerra Arnoldo , Jansen Robert K. , Francisco–Ortega Javier
Published: February 2008

We undertook a phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA to test the hypothesis that the Canary Island genusViereais closely related toPulicariasect.Vieraeopsis, a taxon with four species restricted to Socotra and Southern Arabia. The ITS tree does not support this relationship, although many of the nodes were weakly supported (bootstrap value below 75%). Vierea is sister to the Mediterranean genusPerralderia(bootstrap support 74%). We suggest that morphological similarities between Vierea and Pulicaria sect.Vieraeopsisare due mostly to morphological convergence. It is thus concluded that these two taxa do not share a common history. A review of molecular phylogenetic studies of taxa considered to represent putative biogeographical links between Macaronesia and Southern Arabia and/or distant regions of Africa, is also presented. With a few exceptions most of these putative relationships are not supported by molecular phylogenies. Additional cladistic studies are needed for at least 15 genera or sections with a predominant disjunct phytogeographical distribution between Macaronesia, East/South Africa and Southern Arabia.
A new classification of the tribe Veroniceae—problems and a possible solution
Authors: Albach Dirk C. , Martínez–Ortega M. Montserrat , Fischer Manfred A. , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2008

Based on the most recent evidence from phylogenetic analyses of Veronica and its related genera, we propose a new infratribal and infrageneric rearrangement for Veroniceae and Veronica. These recent analyses have settled the long dispute about the relationship of the Northern Hemisphere Veronica and the Southern Hemisphere Hebe complex and have shown the derivation of the latter from within the former. Other currently recognized genera such as Synthyris and Pseudolysimachion are also derived from within Veronica. A classification based on monophyletic genera therefore needs to either lump some well recognized genera into a large genus Veronica or split Veronica into several genera that seem impossible to separate using morphological or structural characters. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages and conclude that it is best to recognize a large genus Veronica (including Hebe, Parahebe, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Detzneria, Derwentia, Pseudolysimachion, Synthyris and Besseya) with 13 subgenera, along with 8 other genera, Scrofella, Veronicastrum (inclusive of Calorhabdos and Botryopleuron), Lagotis, Wulfenia, Kashmiria, Picrorhiza, Wulfeniopsis and Paederota, in Veroniceae.
The botanical field notes prepared by Humboldt and Bonpland in tropical America
Authors: Lack H. Walter
Published: February 2008

On their famous expedition to tropical America (1799–1804) Humboldt and Bonpland recorded plant descriptions, preliminary determinations, localities and habitat information in seven collecting books, which are kept today in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. The entries were numbered in a single chronological sequence from 1 to 4528 and the numbers cited on the field labels. Together with the herbarium specimens and the field drawings this material later formed the basis for the botanical parts of the voluminous Voyage aux Régions Équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent. Bonpland, Willdenow and notably Kunth, while working on the specimens in Paris, added determinations to the collecting books, which permit a very precise analysis of the expedition and the later publication process.
Evaluation of Systematic Surface Evidence for Pottery Production in Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Stark Barbara L. , Garraty Christopher P.
Published: February 2008

Survey-based analyses have used varied criteria to detect locations of pottery production in the Gulf lowlands of south-central and southern Veracruz, Mexico. A common practice uses double criteria: high frequencies or high densities of particular kinds of pottery in conjunction with highly reliable indicators, such as kiln fragments. Reliable indicators are relatively scarce, however, and subject to sampling error. Two previous analytical approaches each present problems with respect to threshold values for applying the density and frequency criteria, and a more standard set of procedures is suggested. An alternative criterion using spatial clustering helps reduce susceptibility to sampling error from infrequent finds such as deformed wasters or kiln fragments. In a case study, two newly detected locations of possible pottery production result from application of the alternative double criteria. With incorporation of these new data, changes in Gulf lowland pottery production over time are compatible with a growing role for specialization and marketing, especially from the Late Classic to the Late Postclassic periods. The examination and application of criteria for identifying possible locations of pottery production are important for harnessing the potential of systematic survey and surface collection for studies of economic change.
Mortuary Preferences: A Wari Culture Case Study from Middle Horizon Peru
Authors: Isbell William H.
Published: February 2008

Mortuary practices reveal a great deal about the social organization of prehistoric cultures and their landscape of places. However, tombs are favored targets for looters, making it difficult to determine original burial practices. Very little was known about Wari burial during the Middle Horizon (A.D. 500–1000), even though Wari was an imperial, early Bronze Age culture with a spectacular urban capital in highland Peru. Excavations at the secondary Wari city of Conchopata produced remains of more than 200 individuals, from disturbed and undisturbed contexts. These burials as well as information from other sites permit an initial description of ideal patterns of Wari mortuary behavior. The forms abstracted reveal graves ranging from poor and ordinary citizens to royal potentates, supporting inferences of hierarchical political organization. It is also clear that the living accessed graves of important people frequently, implying some form of ancestor worship. However, unlike the later Inkas, Wari ancestors were venerated in their tombs, located deep within residential compounds and palaces.
The Chimú Sculptures of Huacas Tacaynamo and El Dragon, Moche Valley, Perú
Authors: Jackson Margaret A.
Published: February 2008

A corpus of wooden figures archaeologically recovered from the Huacas Tacaynamo and El Dragón (also known as Huaca Arco Iris) at Chan Chan in the Moche Valley, Perú, forms the basis for this inquiry into the role and function of Chimú wooden figure sculpture. Although the sculptures were excavated from a disturbed context, they represent an important body of evidence relating to two problematic architectural complexes. The author places this group of figures within the temporal sequence of the region and defines the specific attributes of each sculpture to clarify social function. In reconciling the architecture’s relationship to the Chimú capital city, Chan Chan, and temporally placing the sites as Early Chimú, the figures are realigned within the larger artistic traditions of Perú’s North Coast. I suggest that the sculptures were part of a coherent artistic program that was integrally linked to the religious and funerary purpose of the architecture. More specifically, these characters depict scenes of socially prescribed ritual activities, including the interment of an important person whose funeral procession was attended by various servitors, and the celebration or consecration of burial through the sacrifice of prisoners.
The Southeastern Inka Frontier against the Chiriguanos: Structure and Dynamics of the Inka Imperial Borderlands
Authors: Alconini Sonia
Published: February 2008

Recent research on the Inka has documented the strategies and effects of imperial administration at a provincial and household level. Less is known, however, about the structure and dynamics of the Inka frontier and its impact on local and economic processes. The southeastern Inka frontier—according to ethnohistoric record—was the setting for conflict between the Inkas and the Guaraní-speaking Chiriguano groups from the Chaco piedmonts and Amazonian lowlands. In the context of two competing frontier models, one military (a hardened perimeter or in-depth defense) and one cultural (with wide socioeconomic processes), this article evaluates the nature of the southeastern Inka frontier and its effects on local socioeconomic dynamics. Archaeological and ethnohistorical research at Oroncota and Cuzcotuyo, two Inka centers of this frontier, suggest an alternative in the form of a “soft military frontier” formed by outposts and imperial centers disembedded from local socioeconomic processes. While architecture reveals high levels of investment, settlement data, storage capability, and the distribution of Inka imperial materials all suggest a minimal involvement in local socioeconomic processes. The results are relevant to understanding Inka frontier strategies and provide a case study of frontier interaction between a highly organized prehistoric state and tribal populations.
Enforcing Virtue: Social Norms and Self-Interest in an Eighteenth-Century Merchant Court
Authors: Kessler Amalia D.
Published: February 2008

Recent scholarship on law and norms has emphasized that important social values are at work in the law. But nothing could prepare us for the “Red Ink Case.” Decided by an eighteenth-century French merchant court, the suit was brought by a young woman driven by poverty to prostitute herself in return for a bill of exchange, written with her lover's blood. When the person on whom the bill was drawn refused to accept it for payment, the women sued her lover, demanding that he honor it instead. Although the applicable law required the defendant to pay the bill, the merchant-court judge declined to enforce payment on the ground that “humanity is the primary law.” Instead, the judge ordered the defendant to marry the plaintiff and thereby restore the virtue he had taken. With virtue thus saved, “[t]hese poor children withdrew satisfied.”

What are we to make of this case? It appears inLe négotiant patriote, an account of Old Regime commercial life and merchant-court practice penned by a successful eighteenth-century merchant named Bedos, who claimed to have served as a merchant-court judge and president of a chamber of commerce. Although Bedos' depiction of the Red Ink Case may well be exaggerated, his professional experience suggests that it must be taken seriously—if only as an expression of what contemporary merchants believed merchant-court litigation should be like. Yet, as familiar as we have become with the notion that law shapes and expresses social values, the case remains puzzling. What commercial interests are served, we might ask, by enforcing norms of sexual virtue? And how does a court order of marriage promote the transactional efficiency that bills of exchange, as a defining feature of merchant-court jurisprudence, were presumably intended to facilitate?

By examining the workings of a merchant-run court in eighteenth-century Paris, this article seeks to make sense of the Red Ink Case and its place in merchant-court jurisprudence.