bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐synthesis of ZnO–CuO Nanostructures by Directly Heating Brass in Air
Authors: Zhu Y. , Sow C.‐H. , Yu T. , Zhao Q. , Li P. , Shen Z. , Yu D. , Thong J. T.‐L.
Published: November 2006

ZnO–CuO nanostructures have been simultaneously synthesized by directly heating a CuZn alloy (brass) on a hotplate in ambient conditions. Depending on the Zn concentrations in the brasses, the dominant products transition from CuO nanowires to ZnO nanostructures. By changing the growth temperature and local Zn contents, 1D ZnO nanowires/nanoflakes, 2D ZnO nanosheets, and complicated 3D ZnO networks are obtained. Electron microscopy studies show that the as‐synthesized ZnO nanoflakes and nanosheets are single crystalline. Based on “self‐catalytic” growth, a tip‐growth mechanism for ZnO nanostructures is discussed, in which the Cu in brass plays an important role to confine the lateral growth of ZnO. Finally, the electron field emission from the ZnO–CuO hybrid systems is tested for the demonstration of potential applications.
Bilayer Organic–Inorganic Gate Dielectrics for High‐Performance, Low‐Voltage, Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Transistors, Complementary Logic Gates, and p–n Diodes on Plastic Substrates
Authors: Cao Q. , Xia M.‐G. , Shim M. , Rogers J. A.
Published: November 2006

High‐capacitance bilayer dielectrics based on atomic‐layer‐deposited HfO2 and spin‐cast epoxy are used with networks of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to enable low‐voltage, hysteresis‐free, and high‐performance thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on silicon and flexible plastic substrates. These HfO2–epoxy dielectrics exhibit excellent properties including mechanical flexibility, large capacitance (up to ca. 330 nF cm–2), and low leakage current (ca. 10–8 A cm–2); their low‐temperature (ca. 150 °C) deposition makes them compatible with a range of plastic substrates. Analysis and measurements of these dielectrics as gate insulators in SWNT TFTs illustrate several attractive characteristics for this application. Their compatibility with polymers used for charge‐transfer doping of SWNTs is also demonstrated through the fabrication of n‐channel SWNT TFTs, low‐voltage p–n diodes, and complementary logic gates.
Membrane bioreactor with bubble‐size transformer: Design and fouling control
Authors: Phattaranawik Jirachote , Fane Anthony G. , Pasquier Audrey C. S. , Bing Wu
Published: November 2006

Bubbling requirements for membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are typically split into fine bubbles for aeration and larger coarse bubbles for fouling control. This article examines the possibility of reducing air requirements by using the same air supply to achieve both tasks for a submerged flat‐sheet MBR. A bubble‐size transformer (BST) comprising converging channels and a tube‐bank unit was used to coalesce fine bubbles into coarse bubbles. The BST was located under the flat‐sheet membrane modules and generated coarse bubbles to scour the membrane surfaces. Approximately 65% of the fine bubbles produced from fine ceramic air diffusers were transformed into coarse bubbles, and 35% of the fine bubbles were used for biological activities and to prevent the settlement of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) in the bioreactor. Both bubble diameters and bubbling velocities were found increased after the transformations. The BST increased bubble diameters from 0.5–2 mm to 9–18 mm. The coarse bubbles after transformation were bigger than the gaps between the flat‐sheet modules at 5 mm so that slug flow probably occurred in the module gaps. Long‐term MBR experiments at air flowrates of 3 and 5 L/min with permeate fluxes of 22.5 and 35 L/m2.h were used to evaluate the bubble‐size transformation technique for the MBR. The benefit from the BST can be seen by comparing the “sustainable” flux period before a rapid rise in transmembrane pressure. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Zur Berechnung der Rißbreite: Teil 1: Grundlagen zum Rechenmodell
Authors: Duţulescu Eugen
Published: November 2006

Die Beschränkung der Rißbreite, die von der DIN 1045‐1 verlangt wird, kann durch sukzessive Veränderungen der Stahlfläche oder/und des ‐Durchmessers nachgewiesen werden. Ein allgemeines Rechenverfahren, das diese iterativen Nachweise in eine Bemessung – für mittigen Zug bzw. Biegung mit Normalkraft – überführt, wird vorgestellt. Anschließend werden für die üblichen praktischen Fälle Diagramme und Tabellen angegeben.
Structure of the Boronic Acid Dimer and the Relative Stabilities of Its Conformers
Authors: Larkin Joseph D. , Bhat Krishna L. , Markham George D. , Brooks Bernard R. , Schaefer Henry F. III , Bock Charles W.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium Flux Synthesis of Ln4Ni2InGe4 (Ln: Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm): An Ordered Quaternary Variation on the Binary Phase Mg5Si6.
Authors: Salvador James R. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Localized and Delocalized Chemical Bonding in the Compounds CaNiGe2, SrNiGe2, and SrNiSn2.
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Eck Steffen , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Layered Titanoniobate LiTiNbO5: Topotactic Synthesis and Electrochemistry versus Lithium.
Authors: Colin J.‐F. , Pralong V. , Caignaert V. , Hervieu M. , Raveau B.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Nickel Molybdates.
Authors: Klissurski D. , Mancheva M. , Iordanova R. , Tyuliev G. , Kunev B.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
{‐N+ (CH3)2CH2Ch2N+ [(CH3)2] (CH2) 4‐}nS2O82‐: A Selective and Recyclable Reagent for Oxidation of Alcohols and Hydroquinones in Water.
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Lakouraj Moslem Mansour , Ramzanian‐Lehmali Farhad
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation Products from 4‐Methoxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐naphthol.
Authors: Musgrave Oliver C. , Skoyles Douglas
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactivity in the Upper Limits of the Reduction Potential in Solution: Arene Dianion Intermolecular Carbolithiation of Alkenes.
Authors: Melero Cristobal , Guijarro Albert , Yus Miguel
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General Process for the Haloamidation of Olefins, Scope and Mechanism.
Authors: Yeung Ying‐Yeung , Gao Xuri , Corey E. J.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds from Allyl Alcohols and Vinyl or Isopropenyl Acetates Catalyzed by [IrCl(cod)]2.
Authors: Morita Masao , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Symbiotic Reagent Activation: Oppenauer Oxidation of Magnesium Alkoxides by Silylglyoxylates Triggers Second‐Stage Aldolization.
Authors: Linghu Xin , Satterfield Andrew D. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Asymmetric Conjugate Addition—Trapping of Zinc Enolates by Activated Electrophiles.
Authors: Rathgeb Xavier , March Sebastien , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heteropolyacids as New Catalysts of the Ritter Reaction.
Authors: Kartashov V. R. , Malkova K. V. , Arkhipova A. V. , Sokolova T. N.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Tri‐ and Difluoromethylated Amines from Aldimines Using (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Mogi Ryo , Olah George A.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Cardanol Derivatives Through Combined Iodination/Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Attanasi Orazio A. , Berretta Stefano , Bianchi Gabriele , Filippone Paolino
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Keto Esters Using Chiral Diphosphonites.
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Li Xiaoguang
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thiourea‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Activated Methylene Compounds to α,β‐Unsaturated Imides: Dual Activation of Imide by Intra‐ and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding.
Authors: Inokuma Tsubasa , Hoashi Yasutaka , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Syntheiss of Electron‐Donating Substituted Benzonitriles by Photolysis of Phenyl Halides and Esters.
Authors: Dichiarante Valentina , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution: A Divergent Approach to Propargylic and Allenyl Sulfonamides.
Authors: Evans P. Andrew , Lawler Michael J.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Suzuki Coupling Reaction of Sodium Tetraphenylborate with Hypervalent Iodanes.
Authors: Yan Jie
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphine‐Free Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Carboxylic Anhydrides of Acyl Chlorides in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Xin Bingwei , Zhang Yuhong , Cheng Kai
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Ru‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction Forming Polycyclic Cyclohexadienes from 1,6‐Diynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Varela Jesus A. , Rubin Silvia G. , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Carlos , Castedo Luis , Saa Carlos
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reaction of o‐Alkynylarene and Heteroarene Carboxaldehyde Derivatives with Iodonium Ions and Nucleophiles: A Versatile and Regioselective Synthesis of 1H‐Isochromene, Naphthalene, Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzothiophene Compounds.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Vazquez‐Villa Henar , Merino Isabel , Ballesteros Alfredo , Gonzalez Jose M.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Two‐Step Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐1‐benzhydrylazetidine.
Authors: Li Bryan , Witt Michael F. , Brandt Thomas A. , Whritenour David
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct, One‐Step Synthesis of Condensed Heterocycles: A Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Approach.
Authors: Jafarpour Farnaz , Lautens Mark
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General and Versatile Entry to 4,5‐Fused Polycyclic Imidazolones Systems. Use of the Tandem Transposition/π‐Cyclization of N‐Acyliminium Species.
Authors: Pesquet Anthony , Daich Adam , Van Hijfte Luc
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of Ionic Liquids: Imidazolium Tetrafluoroborates with Unsaturated Side Chains.
Authors: Min Gwan‐Hong , Yim Taeeun , Lee Hyun Yeong , Huh Dal Ho , Lee Eunjoo , Mun Junyoung , Oh Seung M. , Kim Young Gyu
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Condensation of N‐3‐Substituted 5‐Pyrazolones with Esters of β‐Keto Acids. Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐6‐ones.
Authors: Nam N. L. , Grandberg I. I.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[c]chromen‐6‐ones by a Suzuki Coupling and Lactonization Sequence Using Ionic Liquids — From Laboratory Scale to Multi‐Kilogram Synthesis.
Authors: Kemperman Gerardus J. , Horst B. Ter , Van de Goor D. , Roeters T. , Bergwerff J. , Van der Eem R. , Basten J.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemical Cyclization of Dimethyl Aminomalonates.
Authors: Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Yoshida Takashi , Hoshi Masayuki , Hattori Kazuyuki , Komata Masashi , Numata Kaori , Tomozawa Kenta
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5,7‐Diarylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives Catalyzed by KF‐Alumina.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Zeng Zhao‐Sen , Shi Da‐Qing , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Wei Xian‐Yong , Zong Zhi‐Min
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Anellated Quinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Aly Aly Abdel‐Maboud
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Some New Biologically Active Coumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Hamdi N. , Lidrissi C. , Saoud M. , Nievas A. Romerosa , Zarrouk H.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Macrolactonization via Hydrocarbon Oxidation.
Authors: Fraunhoffer Kenneth J. , Prabagaran Narayanasamy , Sirois Lauren E. , White M. Christina
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Leaves of Excoecaria agallocha.
Authors: Zou Jian‐Hua , Dai Jungui , Chen Xiaoguang , Yuan Jing‐Quan
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diterpenes from the Seeds of Locally Grown Zea mays.
Authors: Hossain M. Amzad , Islam A. , Jolly Y. N. , Ahsan M. Aminul
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biosynthesis of Sespendole.
Authors: Uchida Ryuji , Tomoda Hiroshi , Omura Satoshi
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Marine Cyclic Depsipeptide Halipeptins A—D.
Authors: Yu Shouyun , Pan Xianhua , Ma Dawei
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Four New neo‐Clerodane Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Scutellaria barbata with Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Dai Sheng‐Jun , Chen Meng , Liu Ke , Jiang Yong‐Tao , Shen Li
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Benzofuran Derivatives from the Roots of Zanthoxylum flavum.
Authors: Ross Samir A. , Krishnaveni Kesanapalli S. , Burandt Charles L.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biosynthetic Capacities of Actinomycetes. Part 36. Fogacin (I), a Novel Cyclic Octaketide Produced by Streptomyces Strain T 6319.
Authors: Radzom Markus , Zeeck Axel , Antal Noemi , Fiedler Hans‐Peter
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Study of Plant Coumarins. Part 1. Transformations of Peucedanin.
Authors: Osadchii S. A. , Shul'ts E. E. , Shakirov M. M. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Dapiramicin B.
Authors: Ohno Hiroyuki , Terui Takashi , Kitawaki Takafumi , Chida Noritaka
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kettapeptin: Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Activity of a New Hexadepsipeptide Antibiotic from a Terrestrial Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Maskey Rajendra P. , Fotso Serge , Sevvana Madhumati , Uson Isabel , Gruen‐Wollny Iris , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation and Insecticidal/Anthelmintic Activity of Xanthonol, a Novel Bis‐Xanthone, from a Non‐Sporulating Fungal Species.
Authors: Ondeyka John G. , Dombrowski Anne W. , Polishook Jon P. , Felcetto Tom , Shoop Wesley L. , Guan Ziqiang , Singh Sheo B.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biosynthetic Capacities of Actinomycetes. Part 37. Fluostatins C‐E, Novel Members of the Fluostatin Family Produced by Streptomyces Strain Acta 1383.
Authors: Fiedler Hans‐Peter , et al. et al.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Activity Relationship Studies of Gymnocin‐A.
Authors: Tsukano Chihiro , Sasaki Makoto
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Review of Second‐Order Models for Adsorption Systems
Authors: Ho Yuh‐Shan
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solution—Liquid—Solid Growth of Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Wang Fudong , Dong Angang , Sun Jianwei , Tang Rui , Yu Heng , Buhro William E.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Template‐Grown Metal Nanowires
Authors: Kline Timothy R. , Tian Mingliang , Wang Jinguo , Sen Ayusman , Chan Moses W. H. , Mallouk Thomas E.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Physicochemical Properties of ZnSO4—H2SO4—H2O Electrolytes of Relevance to Zinc Electrowinning
Authors: Guerra Eduard , Bestetti Massimiliano
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Hydroxides of Transition Elements
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Singh Sanjay , Yusuff K. K. M. , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dipyrrinones — Constituents of the Pigments of Life
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Applications of C2‐Symmetric Chiral Diols
Authors: Bhowmick Kartick C. , Joshi Navalkishore N.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ionic Liquids: A Most Promising Research Field in Solution Chemistry and Thermodynamics
Authors: Heintz Andreas , Wertz Christiane
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Five‐Membered Ring Systems: with O‐ and N‐Atoms
Authors: Cordero Franca M. , Giomi Donatella
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enzymes for Biocatalysis in Non‐Aqueous Media
Authors: Salis Andrea , Monduzzi Maura , Solinas Vincenzo
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bonchio Marcella , Carofiglio Tommaso
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Fate of Vanadate in Human Blood
Authors: Gorzsas Andras , Andersson Ingegaerd , Pettersson Lage
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Nose as a Stereochemist. Enantiomers and Odor
Authors: Bentley Ronald
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Detecting RNA and DNA with Templated Chemical Reactions
Authors: Silverman Adam P. , Kool Eric T.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermal transpiration for the linearized Boltzmann equation
Authors: Chen Chiun‐Chuan , Chen I‐Kun , Liu Tai‐Ping , Sone Yoshio
Published: November 2006

The phenomena of thermal transpiration due to the boundary temperature gradient is studied on the level of the linearized Boltzmann equation for the hard‐sphere model. We construct such a flow for a highly rarefied gas between two plates and also in a circular pipe. It is shown that the flow velocity parallel to the plates is proportional to the boundary temperature gradient. For a highly rarefied gas, that is, for a sufficiently large Knudsen number κ, the flow velocity between two plates is of the order of log κ, and the flow velocity in a pipe is of finite order. Our analysis is based on certain pointwise estimates of the solutions of the linearized Boltzmann equation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Second‐order backward stochastic differential equations and fully nonlinear parabolic PDEs
Authors: Cheridito Patrick , Soner H. Mete , Touzi Nizar , Victoir Nicolas
Published: November 2006

For a d‐dimensional diffusion of the form dXt = μ(Xt)dt + σ(Xt)dWt and continuous functions f and g, we study the existence and uniqueness of adapted processes Y, Z, Γ, and A solving the second‐order backward stochastic differential equation (2BSDE)

If the associated PDE

has a sufficiently regular solution, then it follows directly from Itô's formula that the processes

solve the 2BSDE, where 𝓁 is the Dynkin operator of X without the drift term.

The main result of the paper shows that if f is Lipschitz in Y as well as decreasing in Γ and the PDE satisfies a comparison principle as in the theory of viscosity solutions, then the existence of a solution (Y, Z,Γ, A) to the 2BSDE implies that the associated PDE has a unique continuous viscosity solution v and the process Y is of the form Yt = v(t, Xt), t ∈ [0, T]. In particular, the 2BSDE has at most one solution. This provides a stochastic representation for solutions of fully nonlinear parabolic PDEs. As a consequence, the numerical treatment of such PDEs can now be approached by Monte Carlo methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of ethyl sulfate – a marker for recent ethanol consumption – in human urine by CE with indirect UV detection
Authors: Esteve‐Turrillas Francesc A. , Bicker Wolfgang , Lämmerhofer Michael , Keller Thomas , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: November 2006

A CE method for the determination of the ethanol consumption marker ethyl sulfate (EtS) in human urine was developed. Analysis was performed in negative polarity mode with a background electrolyte composed of 15 mM maleic acid, 1 mM phthalic acid, and 0.05 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at pH 2.5 and indirect UV detection at 220 nm (300 nm reference wavelength). This buffer system provided selective separation conditions for EtS and vinylsulfonic acid, employed as internal standard, from urine matrix components. Sample pretreatment of urine was minimized to a 1:5 dilution with water. The optimized CE method was validated in the range of 5–700 mg/L using seven lots of urine. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy values, determined at 5, 60, and 700 mg/L with each lot of urine, fulfilled the requirements according to common guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The application to forensic urine samples collected at autopsies as well as a successful cross‐validation with a LC‐MS/MS‐based method confirmed the overall validity and real‐world suitability of the developed expeditious CE assay (sample throughput 130 per day).
Properties of moving boundaries in electrophoretic systems with multivalent weak electrolytes: Principles of non‐Kohlrausch concentration adjustment
Authors: Malá Zdena , Gebauer Petr
Published: November 2006

This paper describes the properties of electrophoretic moving boundaries in systems containing multivalent weak electrolytes where the Kohlrausch regulating law is not valid. It is shown that zones of unexpected properties can be formed in such systems and that the adjusted concentrations in these zones cannot be predicted using present knowledge. A theoretical approach to the properties of such “non‐Kohlrausch” systems is presented that allows the explanation and prediction of their properties. The theory based on velocity diagrams describes the electrophoretic evolution of a concentration boundary between a pair of zones (differing only in the concentration ratio of their components) as the formation of two moving boundaries migrating in opposite directions. The concentration profiles and velocities of these moving boundaries, that can be either sharp or broadening by electromigration dispersion, as well as the adjusted concentrations in the formed intermediate zones can be predicted from calculated velocity diagrams. Such zones differ from normal systems in that their adjusted concentrations are a function of the composition of both zones that formed the original boundary. The theory is illustrated and verified by both computer simulations and experiments.
A new approach for the detection of a nonfluorescent compound by CE‐resonance Raman spectroscopy based on the sweeping‐MEKC mode
Authors: Tsai Chih‐Hsin , Chan Po‐Han , Lin Cheng‐Huang , Chang Ta‐Chau , Chia Chih‐Ta
Published: November 2006

A CE‐resonance Raman spectroscopy (CE‐RRS) method based on MEKC and sweeping‐MEKC modes is described. A nonfluorescent compound, malachite green (MG), and a doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 300 mW) were selected as model compound and light source, respectively. In order to carry out a quantitative analysis of MG, a monochromator (effective bandwidth, 0.4 nm) was used to collect the specific Raman line at 1616 cm−1 (N‐ϕ and C–C stretch, corresponding to 582 nm when the wavelength of the exciting source was 532 nm). As a result, the LOD for MG was 10 ppm, based on the MEKC/RRS mode. This could be improved to 5 ppb when the sweeping‐MEKC/RRS mode was applied. Furthermore, with the addition of nano‐size silver colloids to the CE buffer the detection limits can be further improved, but the data obtained with surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) are less useful for quantitative purposes.
Signaling proteins in the axoglial apparatus of sciatic nerve nodes of Ranvier
Authors: Toews Joanna C. , Schram Vincent , Weerth Susanna H. , Mignery Gregory A. , Russell James T.
Published: November 2006

During action potential conduction, the axonal specializations at the node, together with the adjacent paranodal terminations of the myelin sheath, interact with glial processes that invest the nodal gap. The nature of the mutual signals between axons and myelinating glia, however, are not well understood. Here we have characterized the distribution of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in the axoglial apparatus by immunohistochemistry, using known myelin domain‐specific markers. While IP3R1 is not expressed in the Schwann cells or the axon, IP3R2 and IP3R3 are expressed in distinct cellular domains, suggesting distinct signaling roles for the two receptors. IP3R3 is the most predominant isoform in Schwann cells, and is expressed in particularly dense patches in the paranodal region. In addition to IP3Rs, two other members of the metabotropic Ca2+ signaling pathway, Gαq, and P2Y1 type of purinoceptors were also found in Schwann cells. Their pattern of expression matches the expression of their signaling partners, the IP3Rs. One interesting finding to emerge from this study is the expression of connexin 32 (Cx32) in close proximity with IP3R3. Although IP3R3 and Cx32 are not colocalized, their expression in the same membrane areas raises the question whether Schwann cell Ca2+ signals either control the function of the gap junctions, or whether the gap junctional channels serve as conduits for rapid radial spread of Ca2+ signals initiated during action potential propagation. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of tranferrin receptors in the pineal gland of postnatal and adult rats and its alteration in hypoxia and melatonin treatment
Authors: Kaur C. , Sivakumar V. , Ling E. A.
Published: November 2006

Transferrin receptors (Tfrc) are membrane bound glycoproteins which function to mediate cellular uptake of iron from transferrin. We examined expression of Tfrc in the pineal gland of rats of different ages from 1 day to 12 weeks. The mRNA and protein expression of Tfrc increased up to 6 weeks of age and decreased in 12 week rats. Tfrc immunoreactivity was observed on pinealocytes and macrophages/microglia. By immunoelectron microscopy, the immunoreaction in pinealocytes was observed in the cytosol, on mitochondria and plasma membrane whereas in macrophages/microglia it was localized on the plasma membrane in 1‐day to 2‐week old rats. In older rats, the immunoreaction product in pinealocytes was associated with the plasma membrane and mitochondria only. Iron localization was observed in pinealocytes as well as macrophages/microglia. It is suggested that Tfrc are required for uptake of iron for cell proliferation and maturation in the pineal gland upto 6 weeks of age. The significance of Tfrc expression on mitochondria is speculative. They may be involved in iron transport to the mitochondria or for regulation of the secretory activity of pinealocytes. The TfrcmRNA and protein expression increased significantly in response to hypoxia in 12‐week rats and this coincided with intense iron staining of the pinealocytes and macrophages/microglia. It is concluded that increased expression of Tfrc in response to hypoxia leads to excess cellular uptake of iron which may be damaging to the cells. Melatonin administration in hypoxic rats may prove to be beneficial as it reduced the Tfrc expression. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling multi‐period inflation uncertainty using a panel of density forecasts
Authors: Lahiri Kajal , Liu Fushang
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the determinants of inflation forecast uncertainty using a panel of density forecasts from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). Based on a dynamic heterogeneous panel data model, we find that the persistence in forecast uncertainty is much less than what the aggregate time series data would suggest. In addition, the strong link between past forecast errors and current forecast uncertainty, as often noted in the ARCH literature, is largely lost in a multi‐period context with varying forecast horizons. We propose a novel way of estimating ‘news’ and its variance using the Kullback‐Leibler information, and show that the latter is an important determinant of forecast uncertainty. Our evidence suggests a strong relationship of forecast uncertainty with level of inflation, but not with forecaster discord or with the volatility of a number of other macroeconomic indicators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health insurance and retirement of married couples
Authors: Blau David M. , Gilleskie Donna B.
Published: November 2006

Most health insurance in the USA is provided by employers until eligibility for public health insurance (Medicare) begins at age 65. Retiring before 65 exposes workers who lack retiree health insurance coverage to the risk of catastrophic medical expenditure. We solve and estimate a dynamic model of the employment behavior of older married couples that includes risky medical expenditure and health insurance. Parameter estimates imply that the risk‐reducing feature of health insurance can account for about half of the observed association between retiree health insurance and employment for married men, but can account for only one tenth of the much larger observed association for married women. Policy simulations imply very small effects on employment of changing the age of eligibility for Medicare from 65 to 67. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of regional climatic simulation over Southeastern South America to SST specification during austral summer
Authors: Cuadra Santiago Vianna , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfírio
Published: November 2006

The impact of the sea‐surface temperature (SST) specification over the South Atlantic Ocean on the interannual variability of the simulated precipitation and air temperature over Southeastern South America (SESA) was studied during ten austral summers, from 1989 to 1998, using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3), driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. The analyses were performed by comparing simulations forced with: (1) monthly observed SST (OSST); (2) SST composed by the persistence of November SST anomalies superimposed on the climatological observed cycle (persisted SST‐PSST). The results show that, over the continental SESA, the PSST impact is low on the simulated seasonal precipitation and air temperature climatologies. Furthermore, the interannual seasonal anomalies in this area do not change sign as a function of the prescribed SST. This is very important since it shows that, on a seasonal timescale, the use of PSST over the subtropical South Atlantic does not introduce additional error source in the regional model simulations over the continental SESA. Over the Atlantic Ocean, mainly in the region where the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) acts, the simulations presented a direct response as a function of the SST, i.e. if the PSST is warmer (colder) than the OSST, the seasonal precipitation increases (decreases).

Ensemble simulations of a particular summer showed that the deviation introduced by PSST is of the same intensity of the model internal variability and the use of five members ensemble‐mean eliminates the differences between OSST and PSST experiments over continental SESA. However, this result cannot be applied over the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean, where the differences were not eliminated by calculating the ensemble‐mean, showing a signal generated by the prescribed SST. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
On the critical values of the standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT)
Authors: Khaliq M. N. , Ouarda T. B. M. J.
Published: November 2006

The use of the standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT) for homogenization of climatological records and studying changes in their patterns has increased in recent years. The critical values of this test were originally developed for sample sizes ranging from 10 to 250 using relatively short Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The objective of this paper is to improve the critical values of the SNHT and extend them to large sample sizes. The critical values, along with their standard errors, are developed for 108 sample sizes ranging from 10 to 50 000 using 30 replicates of one million samples for each sample size. These critical values mimic the tails of the SNHT statistic better and therefore are more accurate, and would be useful for making correct statistical inference for climate data homogenization and assessment of climate variability in future studies. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E variants alter the morphology, proliferation, and colony‐formation properties of MDA‐MB‐435 cancer cells
Authors: Goldson Tovë M. , Vielhauer George , Staub Eveline , Miller Steve , Shim Hyunsuk , Hagedorn Curt H.
Published: November 2006

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the 5′ m7G cap of mRNAs and is a focal point of regulation of initiation of mRNA translation. High levels of expression of eIF4E in many epithelial cancers, including breast, head and neck, colon, and bladder, correlate with increased tissue invasion and metastasis. To further examine the role of eIF4E in the biology of cancer cells, variants of eIF4E with impaired 5′ cap binding function were expressed in MDA‐MB‐435 carcinoma cells. Cell lines overexpressing variants of eIF4E had impaired growth properties and exhibited a different morphology compared to cells expressing similar amounts of exogenous wild‐type eIF4E or control cells. Cells expressing variant eIF4E did not form foci in culture and produced smaller colonies in soft agar compared to cells expressing wild‐type eIF4E. In addition, analysis of polyribosomes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA demonstrated a shift from translationally active to inactive fractions in variant eIF4E cells, while GAPDH mRNA did not. The long G‐C rich 5′ untranslated region of VEGF mRNA is a feature of other mRNAs encoding growth regulating proteins that are predicted to have their translation enhanced by increases in eIF4E; whereas mRNA with shorter and less structured 5′ UTRs, like that of GAPDH, are predicted to be largely unaffected. These data suggest that targeting the 5′ cap‐binding domain of eIF4E may be a viable option to slow cancer cell growth and alter the malignant phenotype. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of surface crown pillar stability using artificial neural networks
Authors: Tawadrous A. S. , Katsabanis P. D.
Published: November 2006

A relatively novel technique, artificial neural networks (ANN), is used in predicting the stability of crown pillars left over large excavations. Data for the training and verification of the networks were obtained from the literature. Four artificial networks, based on two different architectures, were used. The networks used different numbers of input parameters to predict the stability or failure of crown pillars. Multi‐layer perceptron networks using mine type, dip of orebody, overburden thickness, pillar thickness, pillar length, stope height, backfill height, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of the host rock and RMR of the orebody showed excellent performance in training and verification. Adding three more variables, namely pillar width, rock density and pillar thickness to width ratio, showed symptoms of over‐learning without degrading performance significantly. Radial basis function networks were capable of predicting crown pillar behaviour on the basis of few input functions. It was shown that mine type, dip and pillar thickness to width ratio can be used for a preliminary estimation of stability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upper bound limit analysis using simplex strain elements and second‐order cone programming
Authors: Makrodimopoulos A. , Martin C. M.
Published: November 2006

In geomechanics, limit analysis provides a useful method for assessing the capacity of structures such as footings and retaining walls, and the stability of slopes and excavations. This paper presents a finite element implementation of the kinematic (or upper bound) theorem that is novel in two main respects. First, it is shown that conventional linear strain elements (6‐node triangle, 10‐node tetrahedron) are suitable for obtaining strict upper bounds even in the case of cohesive‐frictional materials, provided that the element sides are straight (or the faces planar) such that the strain field varies as a simplex. This is important because until now, the only way to obtain rigorous upper bounds has been to use constant strain elements combined with a discontinuous displacement field. It is well known (and confirmed here) that the accuracy of the latter approach is highly dependent on the alignment of the discontinuities, such that it can perform poorly if an unstructured mesh is employed. Second, the optimization of the displacement field is formulated as a standard second‐order cone programming (SOCP) problem. Using a state‐of‐the‐art SOCP code developed by researchers in mathematical programming, very large example problems are solved with outstanding speed. The examples concern plane strain and the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, but the same approach can be used in 3D with the Drucker–Prager criterion, and can readily be extended to other yield criteria having a similar conic quadratic form. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of SMA composite laminates using a multiscale modelling technique
Authors: Marfia Sonia , Sacco Elio
Published: November 2006

The present work deals with the analysis of smart laminates, obtained as stacking sequence of fibre‐reinforced composite laminae and composite shape memory alloy (SMA) layers. The behaviour of composite SMA (CSMA) laminate is studied developing a full micro–macro approach. In fact, a non‐linear 4‐node mixed interpolation of tensorial components (MITC4) laminate finite element, based on the first‐order shear deformation theory, is developed. The SMA layer constitutive relationship is determined solving a non‐linear homogenization problem at each non‐linear iteration of each time step for each integration Gauss point. Some numerical applications are developed in order to investigate the influence of the CSMA on the buckling behaviour of plates and on the transversal displacement control of plates subjected to different loading conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.