bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Axis of Contemporary Art Arguments Writing as a Process of Interpretation
Authors: SAYAN Şule , DELİDUMAN Canan
Published: December 2020

Yer aldıkları tarihsel dönemin yapısı ve kültür politikasının belirlediği günümüz sanatında sanatçılar yeni arayışlar, yorumlar ve üretim yöntemlerini destekleyen yeni değerleri karşımıza çıkarır. Bu bağlamda, yazının sanatsal bir
anlatım dili olarak kullanılmasına yol açan pratikler görülmüştür. Yazının güncel sanatta konumunun çeşitlilik göstermesi ile plastik, estetik ve kavramsallığı yanında yazının tek başına bile izleyenle buluştuğu yapıtlar çözümlenmesi
gereken bir söyleme dönüşür. Günümüz sanatının çoksesli/çokkatmanlı yapılanması çoğu zaman algıyı zorlaştırdığından yapıtlar anlamsal dönüşümlere uğrayarak yoruma açık duruma gelmektedirler. Ancak yapıt ve izleyen arasındaki ilişki,
algılanmadıkça gerçekleşmez. İzleyicinin algısına gereksinim duyan böyle bir çözümleme modelinde yazıdan, anlam oluşturma sürecinde, yapıtın değişik öznelerce alımlanması amacıyla yararlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yazının
anlamlandırma süreci üzerinden yola çıkarak, örnekleme alınan güncel eserlerin özel bir çözümlemesi yanında alıntılama, aktarma ve etkileşim süreci göz önünde bulundurup bu görüngüdeki işleyişlerine ve bileşenlerine ilişkin bir
dizi saptama yapmak olacaktır. Bu çerçevede, sanat yapıtında verilmek istenen fikre yönelik ipucunu yazıyı kullanarak, eserler üreten James Webb, Sean Landers, Fiona Banner, Joseph Kosuth, On Kawara ve Erdem Taşdelen’e ait birer
eserin çözümlemesi yapılmaktadır. Makale kapsamında görsel analizler, okumalar ve literatür taraması yapılarak veriler toplanmış ve derlenen veriler ışığında anlamlandırma sürecinde yazının kullanımı incelenerek söz konusu yapıtlar
ve güncel sanat pratiklerindeki konumu ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma güncel sanatta yazının kullanımını belirli dinamiklerle okuma ve ifade etme pratiğinin yerine, yeni bir öneri niteliği taşımaktadır.
Interpersonal Conflict and Conflict Resolution Processes in the Children's Books By Nur İçözü
Authors: BÜYÜKIŞIK Emre , OKUYAN Hülya YAZICI
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı Türk çocuk edebiyatının tanınmış yazarlarından Nur İçözü’nün çocuk kitaplarında yer alan kişilerarası çatışmalar ve çatışma çözme süreçlerinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda incelenen çocuk kitaplarındaki
kişilerarası çatışmalar ve bu çatışmaların nedenleri; çatışma çözme yaklaşımları ve çatışmaların nasıl sonuçlandığı sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yazarın ortaokul düzeyindeki çocuklara
yönelik oluşturduğu on çocuk kitabı araştırmanın çalışma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Araştırma kapsamına alınan kitaplar düzeye uygun olup olmadıkları bağlamında iç yapı ve dış yapı özelliklerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Doküman incelemesi
yoluyla elde edilen veriler içerik analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. Çatışma nedenleri (kıt kaynaklar, karşılanmayan psikolojik gereksinimler ve farklı değerler); çatışma çözme biçimleri (güç kullanma, geri çekilme, uyma, uzlaşma
ve işbirliği) ve çatışma çözme sonuçları (kazan-kazan; kazan-kaybet ve kaybet-kaybet) ile ilgili kategoriler oluşturulurken alanyazındaki araştırmalardan yararlanılmıştır. Bu kategorilere uymayan durumlar ‘diğer’ başlığı altında
değerlendirilmiştir. Kitaplardan alınan doğrudan alıntılar ilgili kategorilerin altında verilmiştir. İncelenen tüm kitaplarda toplam 140 kişilerarası çatışma yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çatışmaların % 44,28’i ‘Karşılanmayan Psikolojik
Gereksinimler’ bağlamında gerçekleşmiştir. Yaşanan çatışmaların çözümünde en fazla güç kullanma ( %29,28) çatışma biçimi kullanılırken çatışmaların %41,4’ü kazan-kazan ile sonuçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda yazarın kitaplarında
kullandığı çatışma nedenlerinin seslenilen yaş grubuna uygun olduğu ve yazarın çatışma çözme sürecinde farklı çatışma çözme yaklaşımlarını çocuk okurla paylaştığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Engaging School Going Children During COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Kasturkar Pooja Rameshrao , Gawai Jaya Pranoykumar
Published: December 2020

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is current crisis in more than 200 countries in the world. The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans in December 2019 via still unknown intermediate animals in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. In India, Corona virus confirmed cases are 101,139, recovered cases are 39,174, deaths 3,163 and active cases are 58,802 on the date of 19 May 2020. “In India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared phase wise complete lockdown for corona virus pandemics to save India and every Indian.” In this lockdown period, children are getting bored, separation from playgroups and friends and their daily routine of playing is creating a lot of anxiety for children, they are losing their attachments. Children’s social life and learning have been affected. Due to the corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic, closure of schools has affected the education of more than 1.5 billion children and young people worldwide. It should be well-known that school closures are liable to broaden the learning gap between the lower-income and higher-income families among children. So we need to engage the children in purposive and creative activity and give them some leaning task related to their studies. This short communication concludes with the key learning for the parents of children on how to engage school going children during covid-19 lockdown.
Field observations of a cryptic agamid (Chameleon Dragon Chelosania brunnea Gray, 1845) in semi-arid savanna woodland of northern Australia
Authors: de Laive Alana , Jolly Chris J.
Published: December 2020

Chameleon Dragons Chelosania brunnea Gray, 1845 are well known amongst naturalists of northern Australia as being one of the most cryptic and least frequently observed of Australia’s large, iconic lizards. Despite their broad distribution across the savanna woodlands that dominate northern Australia, very few records exist of this species and, as a consequence, nearly nothing is known about their natural history. Here, we present records of 19 Chameleon Dragons, detected during clearing activities of a small area of semi-arid woodland at Delamere Air Weapons Range, Northern Territory. Additionally, we provide notes on sexual dimorphism, antipredator behaviour and shelter site use in this species. We discuss how some of this novel information may explain why this species is so rarely detected and suggests that this cryptic agamid may be much more common in savanna woodland than currently appreciated.
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Microsporidian Parasite Heterosporis sutherlandae: Prevalence, Severity, and Transmission
Authors: Tomamichel Megan M. , Venturelli Paul A. , Phelps Nicholas B. D.
Published: December 2020

Heterosporis sutherlandae is an invasive microsporidian parasite in the Great Lakes region of North America that infects the skeletal muscle of numerous fish species, rendering the fillet unfit for human consumption. Although H. sutherlandae has been identified as a pathogen of concern by state management agencies, there is little information to inform regulation and intervention. We sampled fishes over 1 year from three lakes in northern Minnesota with known infected populations to determine the importance of host demographic and environmental variables for influencing H. sutherlandae infection prevalence. Heterosporis sutherlandae was present during all sampling periods, ranging in prevalence from 1% to 11%. The prevalence of H. sutherlandae among Yellow Perch Perca flavescens varied significantly according to season, with winter having the lowest prevalence (1%) and summer having the highest prevalence (11%). For other fish species, the prevalence of H. sutherlandae also varied significantly with season: the lowest prevalence occurred during spring (1%) and the highest prevalence occurred in fall (9%). Rates of pathogen transmission were estimated by exposing Fathead Minnows Pimephales promelas in the laboratory. Transmission rates were 23% when naïve fish were fed infected tissues and only 2% when naïve fish were held in cohabitation with tissue-fed fish. Exposure method and exposure duration (d) increased the probability that a fish was infected with H. sutherlandae. These findings suggest that H. sutherlandae transmission is greater when a susceptible host consumes infected tissue than when the fish is exposed to spores present in the water column. The current rates of infection in wild fishes are in stark contrast to the prevalence documented in 2004 (28%), suggesting a reduction in H. sutherlandae prevalence within at least one Yellow Perch population in the Laurentian Great Lakes region since the early 2000s.
Effect of obesity on ability to lower exposure for detection of low‐attenuation liver lesions
Authors: Herts Brian R. , Schreiner Andrew , Dong Frank , Primak Andrew , Bullen Jennifer , Karim Wadih , Nachand Douglas , Hunter Sara , Baker Mark E.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of obesity and iterative reconstruction on the ability to reduce exposure by studying the accuracy for detection of low‐contrast low‐attenuation (LCLA) liver lesions on computed tomography (CT) using a phantom model.

Methods

A phantom with four unique LCLA liver lesions (5‐ to 15‐mm spheres, –24 to –6 HU relative to 90‐HU background) was scanned without (“thin” phantom) and with (“obese” phantom) a 5‐cm thick fat‐attenuation ring at 150 mAs (thin phantom) and 450 mAs (obese phantom) standard exposures and at 33% and 67% exposure reductions. Images were reconstructed using standard filtered back projection (FBP) and with iterative reconstruction (Adaptive Model‐Based Iterative Reconstruction strength 3, ADMIRE). A noninferiority analysis of lesion detection was performed.

Results

Mean area under the curve (AUC) values for lesion detection were significantly higher for the thin phantom than for the obese phantom regardless of exposure level (P < 0.05) for both FBP and ADMIRE. At 33% exposure reduction, AUC was noninferior for both FBP and ADMIRE strength 3 (P < 0.0001). At 67% exposure reduction, AUC remained noninferior for the thin phantom (P < 0.0035), but was no longer noninferior for the obese phantom (P ≥ 0.7353). There were no statistically significant differences in AUC between FBP and ADMIRE at any exposure level for either phantom.

Conclusions

Accuracy for lesion detection was not only significantly lower in the obese phantom at all relative exposures, but detection accuracy decreased sooner while reducing the exposure in the obese phantom. There was no significant difference in lesion detection between FBP and ADMIRE at equivalent exposure levels for either phantom.
Online co‐witness discussions also lead to eyewitness memory distortion: The MORI‐v technique
Authors: Cadavid Sara , Luna Karlos
Published: December 2020

When co‐witnesses exchange information, false information may be presented, and false memories could be created. This co‐witness suggestibility effect has been studied in face‐to‐face interactions, and little is known about the impact of online discussions on co‐witnesses' memories. In two experiments, we explored whether (1) the co‐witness suggestibility effect appeared following online discussion and (2) enlightenment instructions reduced the effect. We created a virtual variant of the MORI procedure, the MORI‐v technique, in which participants watched a short film of a crime on a smartphone and then discussed the event via an instant‐messaging app. Results replicated the classic co‐witness suggestibility effect: false information presented by witnesses was often incorporated in their memories. Also, enlightenment instructions reduced the co‐witness suggestibility effect, just as in the misinformation paradigm. This research showed that online‐based communication might induce memory distortions and that cognitive science may help to find ways to protect us from them.
Perovskite Single Crystals: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Properties, and Application
Authors: Li Junyu , Han Zeyao , Gu Yu , Yu Dejian , Liu Jiaxin , Hu Dawei , Xu Xiaobao , Zeng Haibo
Published: December 2020

Recently, lead halide perovskite (PVSK) polycrystalline films have drawn much attention as photoactive material and scored tremendous achievements in solar cells, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes, and lasers owing to their engrossing optoelectronic properties and facile solution‐processed fabrication. However, large amounts of grain boundaries unfavorably induce ion migration, surface defect, and poor stability, impeding PVSK polycrystalline film‐based optoelectronic devices from practical application. In comparison with the polycrystalline counterparts, PVSK single crystals (SCs) with lower trap density serve as a better platform for not only fundamental research but also device applications. In light of this, the idea of using PVSK single crystals (SCs) to construct the optoelectronic devices is then proposed. Since then, a series of synthesis methods of PVSK SCs have emerged. In this review, recent progress of synthesis method of PVSK SCs is tried to be summarized and their advantages and limitations are analyzed. And then, the optoelectronic properties including carrier dynamic, defects, ion migration, and instability issues in these 3D and 2D PVSK SCs are overviewed and accordingly the proper device configurations of corresponding solar cells, photodetectors, X‐ray, γ‐ray detectors, etc., are proposed. It is believed that this review can provide the guidance for the further development of PVSK SCs and their applications.
Recent Advances in 2D Rare Earth Materials
Authors: Chen Ping , Han Wei , Zhao Mei , Su Jianwei , Li Zexin , Li Dongyan , Pi Lejing , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou
Published: December 2020

2D rare earth (RE) materials have received considerable attention in recent years due to the fascinating luminescence, magnetism, and electric properties originated from RE associated with sharp and various emission peaks, intrinsic 2D ferromagnetism, and incommensurate charge density wave. These materials might open up a new prospect in next‐generation lighting, magnetic devices, and phototransistors. Herein, a comprehensive review of 2D RE materials is presented, focusing on their recent progresses. First, the crystal structures of 2D RE materials are discussed. Then, typical synthesis methods such as mechanical exfoliation, molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition are introduced. Furthermore, various properties in luminescence, magnetism, and electronics are summarized. The recently reported RE‐based 2D novel photodetectors are outlined as three constructions: MoS2/RE, graphene/RE, and perovskite/RE, which show promising applications for both narrow and broad band detection arised from the special absorption windows of different RE elements. Finally, the conclusions and outlook of this area are proposed, such as exploring novel 2D RE compounds, improving stability, and broadening applications.
Development of Electrocatalysts for Efficient Nitrogen Reduction Reaction under Ambient Condition
Authors: Liu Dong , Chen Mingpeng , Du Xinyu , Ai Haoqiang , Lo Kin Ho , Wang Shuangpeng , Chen Shi , Xing Guichuan , Wang Xuesen , Pan Hui
Published: December 2020

As one of the most important chemicals and an energy carrier, synthetic ammonia has been widely studied to meet the increasing demand. Among various strategies, electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (e‐NRR) is a promising way because of its green nature and easy set‐up on large‐scale. However, its practical application is extremely limited because of the very‐low production rate, which is strongly dependent on the electrocatalysts used. Therefore, searching novel efficient electrocatalysts for e‐NRR is essential to promote the technology. In this review, it highlights the insights on the mechanism for the NH3 electrochemical synthesis, recommend a reliable protocol for the ammonia detection, and systematically summarize the recent development on novel electrocatalysts, including noble metal‐based materials, single‐metal‐atom catalysts, non‐noble metal, and their compounds, and metal‐free materials, for efficient e‐NRR in both experimental and theoretical studies. Various strategies to improve the catalytic performance by increasing exposed active sites or tuning electronic structures, including surface control, defect engineering, and hybridization, are carefully discussed. Finally, perspectives and challenges are outlined. It can be expected that this review provides insightful guidance on the development of advanced catalytic systems to produce ammonia through N2 reduction.
Barnacle Cement Proteins‐Inspired Tough Hydrogels with Robust, Long‐Lasting, and Repeatable Underwater Adhesion
Authors: Fan Hailong , Wang Jiahui , Gong Jian Ping
Published: December 2020

The development of adhesives that can achieve robust and repeatable adhesion to various surfaces underwater is promising; however, this remains a major challenge primarily because the surface hydration layer weakens the interfacial molecular interactions. Herein, a strategy is proposed to develop tough hydrogels that are robust, reusable, and long‐lasting for underwater adhesion. Hydrogels from cationic and aromatic monomers with an aromatic‐rich composition inspired by the amino acid residuals in barnacle cement proteins are synthesized. The hydrogels are mechanically strong and tough (elastic modulus 0.35 MPa, fracture stress 1.0 MPa, and fracture strain 720%), owing to the interchain π–π and cation–π interactions. In water, the hydrogels firmly adhere to diverse surfaces through interfacial electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions (adhesion strength of 180 kPa), which allows for instant adhesion and reversibility (50 times). Moreover, the hydrogel shows long‐lasting adhesion in water for months (100 days). Novel adhesive hydrogels may be useful in many applications, including underwater transfer, water‐based devices, underwater repair, and underwater soft robots.
Discovery of a Novel Polymer for Xeno‐Free, Long‐Term Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion
Authors: Nasir Aishah , Thorpe Jordan , Burroughs Laurence , Meurs Joris , Pijuan‐Galito Sara , Irvine Derek J. , Alexander Morgan R. , Denning Chris
Published: December 2020

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be expanded and differentiated in vitro into almost any adult tissue cell type, and thus have great potential as a source for cell therapies with biomedical application. In this study, a fully‐defined polymer synthetic substrate is identified for hPSC culture in completely defined, xenogenic (xeno)‐free conditions. This system can overcome the cost, scalability, and reproducibility limitations of current hPSC culture strategies, and facilitate large‐scale production. A high‐throughput, multi‐generational polymer microarray platform approach is used to test over 600 unique polymers and rapidly assess hPSC‐polymer interactions in combination with the fully defined xeno‐free medium, Essential 8 (E8). This study identifies a novel nanoscale phase separated blend of poly(tricyclodecane‐dimethanol diacrylate) and poly(butyl acrylate) (2:1 v/v), which supports long‐term expansion of hPSCs and can be readily coated onto standard cultureware. Analysis of cell‐polymer interface interactions through mass spectrometry and integrin blocking studies provides novel mechanistic insight into the role of the E8 proteins in promoting integrin‐mediated hPSC attachment and maintaining hPSC signaling, including ability to undergo multi‐lineage differentiation. This study therefore identifies a novel substrate for long‐term serial passaging of hPSCs in serum‐free, commercial chemically‐defined E8, which provides a promising and economic hPSC expansion platform for clinical‐scale application.
A Library of Atomically Thin 2D Materials Featuring the Conductive‐Point Resistive Switching Phenomenon
Authors: Ge Ruijing , Wu Xiaohan , Liang Liangbo , Hus Saban M. , Gu Yuqian , Okogbue Emmanuel , Chou Harry , Shi Jianping , Zhang Yanfeng , Banerjee Sanjay K. , Jung Yeonwoong , Lee Jack C. , Akinwande Deji
Published: December 2020

Non‐volatile resistive switching (NVRS) is a widely available effect in transitional metal oxides, colloquially known as memristors, and of broad interest for memory technology and neuromorphic computing. Until recently, NVRS was not known in other transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), an important material class owing to their atomic thinness enabling the ultimate dimensional scaling. Here, various monolayer or few‐layer 2D materials are presented in the conventional vertical structure that exhibit NVRS, including TMDs (MX2, M = transitional metal, e.g., Mo, W, Re, Sn, or Pt; X = chalcogen, e.g., S, Se, or Te), TMD heterostructure (WS2/MoS2), and an atomically thin insulator (h‐BN). These results indicate the universality of the phenomenon in 2D non‐conductive materials, and feature low switching voltage, large ON/OFF ratio, and forming‐free characteristic. A dissociation–diffusion–adsorption model is proposed, attributing the enhanced conductance to metal atoms/ions adsorption into intrinsic vacancies, a conductive‐point mechanism supported by first‐principle calculations and scanning tunneling microscopy characterizations. The results motivate further research in the understanding and applications of defects in 2D materials.
Enhanced Capture of Broadband Solar‐Blind UV Light via Introducing Alkali‐Metal Ions (Li+, Na+, and K+) into DC Spectral Converter
Authors: Jia Hong , Li Xue , An Ximei , Chang Shasha , Liu Zhongli , Peng Feng , Liu Xiaofeng , Gao Linhui , Zhou Shifeng , Qiu Jianrong
Published: December 2020

Rare earth doped down‐conversion (DC) materials, due to their unique spectral conversion characteristics, are promising candidates for narrow band solar‐blind ultraviolet (UV) light detection devices. Herein, an enhanced capture device for broadband solar‐blind UV light is constructed by combining an ordinary semiconductor with a DC spectrum converter, the essence of which is to introduce the appropriate alkali‐metal ions (Li+, Na+, and K+) into DC layer. Europium‐doped organic–inorganic composite films are used as spectral converters because of their excellent DC characteristic, which can convert broadband solar‐blind UV incident illumination into visible light suitable for capture by light dependent resistor (LDR). Interestingly, the spectral conversion efficiency is positively correlated with the capture ability of broadband solar‐blind UV photons. The introduction of alkali‐metal ions in the DC layer enhances the photon detection efficiency with an increase rate of around 200%, which is attributed to alkali‐metal ions changing the local crystal field symmetry around the Eu3+emitter and distorting the matrix crystal of Y2O3, thus increasing the probability of intra‐4felectron transition. These results signify that the present rare‐earth doped DC luminescent materials are promising building blocks for assembly of high‐performance broadband solar‐blind UV detector.
Bacterium‐Inspired Nanoagents Armed with On‐Switch of Immune Recruitment and Immune Activation
Authors: Li Chu‐Xin , Zhang Yu , Qi Yong‐Dan , Liu Miao‐Deng , Li Bin , Zhang Ming‐Kang , Feng Jun , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: December 2020

Bacterium‐based immunotherapy holds promise for tumor eradication, yet its application is hindered by significant safety concerns. Inspired bacteria, an immunity‐switch nanotherapeutic termed FMaP, for precise immunity control is developed. This nanotherapeutic remains immunologically inert (immunity‐off) during its circulation period but elicits immune‐associated activity (immunity‐on) upon reaching tumors. The FMaP nanoconstruction is composed of 1) a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) nanocore, 2) a bacteria‐derived chemotactic peptide conjugated onto MNP, and 3) a bacterial capsule‐like polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona coupled via a tumor‐labile linkage. The PEG corona acts as the off–on switch to enable FMaP immune‐off under normal conditions. Upon magnetotactic entry into acid tumors, the PEG corona can escape to expose the chemotactic peptide, functioning as the on‐switch to initiate immunoregulation of intratumoral immune cells and site‐specific recruitment of circulating immune cells. Compared with the performance of bacteria, FMaP shares most of their immune features but avoids their toxicity. FMaP demonstrates high immunotherapeutic potency either alone or in combination with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy toward colon carcinoma and melanoma tumor models, showing versatile adaptability for treating multiple tumor types. This study offers a paradigm of how to rationally design materials by seeking advantages from micro‐organisms.
Multifunctional Nanotheranostic Agent for NIR‐II Imaging‐Guided Synergetic Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Tuanwei , Liu Le , Xu Pengping , Yuan Pan , Tian Youliang , Cheng Quan , Yan Lifeng
Published: December 2020

All‐in‐one phototheranostics triggered by near‐infrared (NIR) light are receiving significant attention. Herein, an NIR (NIR‐I) probe with intrinsic multifunctionality is synthesized and encapsulated by an amphiphilic polypeptide P(OEGMA)21‐P(Asp)16. The as‐fabricated polymeric micelles (P@BDP) serve as an NIR‐II imaging‐guided nanotheranostic platform for NIR‐I photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The P@BDP exhibit excellent photostability and equally outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency upon irradiation with a 730 nm laser (40.1%) or 808 nm laser (42.0%), yet significantly superior reactive oxygen species production capability under 730 nm laser irradiation. In vivo studies reveal that the capillary vessel of the mouse can be unambiguously detected and the accumulation of P@BDP in tumors can be monitored in real‐time by NIR‐II fluorescence imaging. Synergistic phototherapy (730 nm) can provide a highly desirable therapeutic effect under NIR‐II imaging‐guided PTT/PDT combination therapy.
Silver‐Nanowire‐Embedded Photopolymer Films for Transparent Film Heaters with Ultra‐Flexibility, Quick Thermal Response, and Mechanical Reliability
Authors: Jin In Su , Choi Jun , Jung Jae Woong
Published: December 2020

A novel approach to fabricate mechanically robust and flexible transparent film heaters (TFHs) in which a highly conductive silver nanowire (Ag NWs) network is sandwiched by photo‐curable polymer layers is demonstrated. The photopolymer provides an excellent platform as a substrate and a passivation layer of the solution‐processed Ag NWs network due to its favorable optical and mechanical properties. The flexible TFHs exhibit excellent heat‐generating properties, reaching to >130 °C within 15 s at a driving voltage of 4 V. The unique bilayer structure also provides an important role for protecting the Ag NWs network from external stimuli, such as waterproof properties, physical damages, and ambient moisture, which promises practical wearable, medical, or industrial heating applications.
Partially Oxidized MXene Ti3C2Tx Sheets for Memristor having Synapse and Threshold Resistive Switching Characteristics
Authors: Sokolov Andrey , Ali Mumtaz , Li Hui , Jeon Yu‐Rim , Ko Min Jae , Choi Changhwan
Published: December 2020

Transition metal carbides, called MXenes, can be used for MXene‐based unique electronic devices such as new types of batteries, energy storage devices, and supercapacitors, where MXene is used as an electrode. The unique surface properties of MXene and 2D structure can be further applied to the new electronic devices. In this paper, the unique insulating properties of partially oxidized MXene (Ti3C2Tx) sheets are utilized for memory storage and electronic synapse applications. The device exhibits threshold resistive switching characteristics based on Ag+ migration dynamics. It is found that this Ag+ cation migration is similar to Ca2+ ion dynamics of a biological synapse, and thus, biological synapse functions such as intrusion/extrusion of Ag+ cation, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), post‐tetanic potentiation (PTP), short‐term potentiation (STP), and transition of STP to long‐term potentiation (LTP) are well‐emulated. It is believed that this device development can be potentially used in the next‐generation hardware‐based artificial intelligence systems.
Near‐Unity Molecular Doping Efficiency in Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Yarali Milad , Zhong Yiren , Reed Serrae N. , Wang Juefan , Ulman Kanchan A. , Charboneau David J. , Curley Julia B. , Hynek David J. , Pondick Joshua V. , Yazdani Sajad , Hazari Nilay , Quek Su Ying , Wang Hailiang , Cha Judy J.
Published: December 2020

Surface functionalization with organic electron donors (OEDs) is an effective doping strategy for 2D materials, which can achieve doping levels beyond those possible with conventional electric field gating. While the effectiveness of surface functionalization has been demonstrated in many 2D systems, the doping efficiencies of OEDs have largely been unmeasured, which is in stark contrast to their precision syntheses and tailored redox potentials. Here, using monolayer MoS2 as a model system and an organic reductant based on 4,4′‐bipyridine (DMAP‐OED) as a strong organic dopant, it is established that the doping efficiency of DMAP‐OED to MoS2 is in the range of 0.63 to 1.26 electrons per molecule. The highest doping levels to date are also achieved in monolayer MoS2 by surface functionalization and demonstrate that DMAP‐OED is a stronger dopant than benzyl viologen, which is the previous best OED dopant. The measured range of the doping efficiency is in good agreement with the values predicted from first‐principles calculations. This work provides a basis for the rational design of OEDs for high‐level doping of 2D materials.
Recent Progress and Challenges toward Highly Stable Nonfullerene Acceptor‐Based Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yiwen , Lee Jinho , Hou Xueyan , Labanti Chiara , Yan Jun , Mazzolini Eva , Parhar Amber , Nelson Jenny , Kim Ji‐Seon , Li Zhe
Published: December 2020

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) have made significant breakthrough in their device performance, now achieving a power conversion efficiency of ≈18% for single junction devices, driven by the rapid development in their molecular design and device engineering in recent years. However, achieving long‐term stability remains a major challenge to overcome for their commercialization, due in large part to the current lack of understanding of their degradation mechanisms as well as the design rules for enhancing their stability. In this review, the recent progress in understanding the degradation mechanisms and enhancing the stability of high performance NFA‐based OSCs is a specific focus. First, an overview of the recent advances in the molecular design and device engineering of several classes of high performance NFA‐based OSCs for various targeted applications is provided, before presenting a critical review of the different degradation mechanisms identified through photochemical‐, photo‐, and morphological degradation pathways. Potential strategies to address these degradation mechanisms for further stability enhancement, from molecular design, interfacial engineering, and morphology control perspectives, are also discussed. Finally, an outlook is given highlighting the remaining key challenges toward achieving the long‐term stability of NFA‐OSCs.
Unraveling the Mechanisms of Lithium Metal Plating/Stripping via In Situ/Operando Analytical Techniques
Authors: Um Ji Hyun , Yu Seung‐Ho
Published: December 2020

Lithium, the lightest metal with the lowest standard reduction potential, has been long considered as the ultimate anode material for next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. However, an unexpected Li dendrite formation, which causes poor reversibility of electrochemical reactions and safety concerns, is a major problem that has to be solved for the commercialization of Li metal anodes. For the implementation of stable Li metal anodes, complete understanding on the dendritic Li formation and its dissolution is essential for electrode material design, which requires the development of advanced characterization techniques. Specifically, compared to an ex situ characterization as a postmortem analysis, in situ/operando characterizations allow dynamic structural and chemical evolution to be directly observed in a realistic battery cell, which helps unravel the complex reactions and degradation mechanisms in Li metal anodes. Here, recent progress in the understanding of electrochemical behavior in Li metal anodes upon deposition and dissolution, verified by the in situ/operando analytical techniques using light, electron, X‐ray, neutron, and magnetism‐based characterizations, is covered. This progress report provides a fundamental understanding of Li deposition and dissolution mechanisms and highlights the critical role of in situ/operando analyses in developing stable Li metal anodes.
Extending the Performance Limit of Anodes: Insights from Diffusion Kinetics of Alloying Anodes
Authors: Choi Yong‐Seok , Scanlon David O. , Lee Jae‐Chul
Published: December 2020

Alloying anodes have long attracted attention as promising candidate electrodes for application in grid‐level energy storage systems owing to their high energy capacity. Alloying anode‐based batteries, however, remain far from practical applications, which require several issues affecting cell performance to be addressed. The large volumetric expansion of anodes and associated phenomena that occur during battery cycling are the main reasons for the poor electrochemical performance of alloying anodes. These electrochemical behaviors of alloying anodes originate from the reactions between the unreacted anode material and inflowing carrier ions. Thus, the diffusion kinetics play a key role in determining the electrochemical properties of alloying anodes. Recent advances in analytical instruments and atomic simulations offer new approaches for interpreting anode performance. Beginning with a brief historical background, this review presents an overview of the origin of diffusion kinetics and how this concept has been extended to alloying anodes. Accordingly, the relationship between the diffusion kinetics and electrochemical performance of alloying anodes is discussed, combined with efficient strategies that can be adopted to improve electrochemical properties. Finally, a design overview of next‐generation alloying anodes that can extend the batteries’ performance limit is proposed.
Engineering the Site‐Disorder and Lithium Distribution in the Lithium Superionic Argyrodite Li6PS5Br
Authors: Gautam Ajay , Sadowski Marcel , Ghidiu Michael , Minafra Nicolò , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Albe Karsten , Zeier Wolfgang G.
Published: December 2020

Lithium argyrodite superionic conductors, of the form Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, and I), have shown great promise as electrolytes for all‐solid‐state batteries because of their high ionic conductivity and processability. The ionic conductivity of these materials is highly influenced by the structural disorder of S2−/X− anions; however, it is unclear if and how this affects the Li distribution and how it relates to transport, which is critical for improving conductivities. Here it is shown that the site‐disorder once thought to be inherent to given compositions can be carefully controlled in Li6PS5Br by tuning synthesis conditions. The site‐disorder increases with temperature and can be “frozen” in. Neutron diffraction shows this phenomenon to affect the Li+ substructure by decreasing the jump distance between so‐called “cages” of clustered Li+ ions; expansion of these cages makes a more interconnected pathway for Li+ diffusion, thereby increasing ionic conductivity. Additionally, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations provide Li+ diffusion coefficients and time‐averaged radial distribution functions as a function of the site‐disorder, corroborating the experimental results on Li+ distribution and transport. These approaches of modulating the Li+ substructure can be considered essential for the design and optimization of argyrodites and may be extended to other lithium superionic conductors.
Microstructural study on MMA/1‐hexene copolymers made by mononuclear and dinuclear α‐diimine nickel (II) catalysts
Authors: Bagherabadi Mohadeseh , Zohuri Gholamhossein , Ramezanian Navid , Kimiaghalam Mahsa , Khoshsefat Mostafa
Published: December 2020

Homogenous catalytic homopolymerization and copolymerization of 1‐hexene (H) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) were carried out in presence of two different types of mononuclear (MNC1 and MNC2) and dinuclear Ni‐based catalysts (BNC1 and BNC2). Modified methylaluminoxane was used as cocatalyst due to good reactivity in MMA/H copolymerization. Among the structures, BNC1 showed the highest catalyst activity (6.9 × 104 g P. mol−1Ni. h−1). Although Mw of the copolymer made by BNC1 was higher than its mononuclear, molecular weight distribution was broader. The optimum molar ratios for mononuclear and dinuclear were obtained at [Al]/[Ni] = 1,000:1 and [Al]/[Ni] = 1,500:1, respectively. Surprisingly, introduction of MMA (up to [MMA]/[H] = 50:50 molar ratio) into the polymerization solution increased the activity of all catalysts. 1H NMR analysis study revealed that increasing of MMA in the feed composition raised incorporation of the comonomer into the obtained copolymers. The result was consistent on the calculated reactivity ratio of monomers, using Kelen–Tudos method. In addition, BNC1 (at [MMA]/[H] = 70:30 molar ratio) demonstrated more incorporation of MMA to the main copolymer chain (95.2% mol). On the other side, study on tacticity of the PMMA sample was investigated that showed a distribution of stereoregularity in the order of atactic > > syndiotatic > isotactic (53.2 > 26.7 > 20.1). In addition, for copolymers made by BNC1, an unusual pattern was observed as lower concentration of MMA in the feed (i.e., 30%) led to high isotactic blocks of MMA. The highest branching density of the polymer, however, was obtained by BNC1 (217/1000C) and the lowest by BNC2 (80/1000C). Higher extent of the polar comonomer (MMA) in the copolymer backbone led to increasing of Tg for the copolymer samples (from 74.4 to 98.9°C). The structural properties of the obtained copolymers were investigated using both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopies, as well.
Beeswax Fractions Used as Potential Oil Gelling Agents
Authors: Sarkisyan Varuzhan , Sobolev Roman , Frolova Yuliya , Malinkin Alexey , Makarenko Maria , Kochetkova Alla
Published: December 2020

The objective of this work was the fractionation of beeswax to investigate the phase behavior of binary blends of the fractions and their potential use as gelling agents in edible oleogels. We have extracted seven distinctive fractions, using preparative flash chromatography with eluents permitted to be used in the processing of food raw materials. The odor profile of the fractions was characterized. The high purity of collected fractions was shown through thin‐layer chromatography, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scattering detector methods for hydrocarbons (94.8%), monoesters (97.6%), and mixed mono‐, di‐, and triesters fraction (98.7%). Free fatty acids and fatty alcohol fractions had lower purity which equals 82.6% and 39%, respectively. The analysis of the binary pseudo phase diagram revealed that all fractions combined with hydrocarbons express eutectic behavior. Combinations of all other fractions resulted in the formation of solid solutions. This study shows that the texture of oleogels can be improved by using a combination of various fractions of beeswax instead of native wax.
PBAT/hybrid nanofillers composites—Part 2: Morphological, thermal and rheological properties
Authors: Calderaro Mayara Pollyane , Pinheiro Ivanei Ferreira , de Holanda Saboya Souza Diego , Clepf Pagotto Carolina , Morales Ana Rita
Published: December 2020

This work is an investigation of the effect of different nanofillers: organically modified montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (SEP) and nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) and combination of them in poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) films. Thermal morphological and rheological analyses were conducted to explain the behavior of this nanoparticles on O2 and water vapor permeability coefficients, light transmission, and mechanical properties presented in previous study. Thermal stability of the nanocomposites was slightly decreased by the nanofillers presence. Differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray analyses were carried out to investigate the crystallization behavior of nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed regular and homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles, but scanning electron microscopy showed lack of adhesion in the sepiolite‐PBAT interface. Rheological measurements showed significant increase in both complex viscosity and storage modulus due to interactions between clays and PBAT and the effect of sepiolite and nTiO2 on improving the exfoliation of montmorillonite as synergism between the nanofillers.
Development of heating elements based on conductive polymer composites for electrofusion welding of plastics
Authors: Kolisnyk Roman , Korab Mykola , Iurzhenko Maksym , Masiuchok Olha , Mamunya Yevgen
Published: December 2020

Conductive polymer composites have been developed based on high‐density polyethylene filled with carbon black (HDPE‐CB), capable of generating heat when an electric voltage is applied. For each voltage value, the composite reached a constant value of equilibrium temperature, which obeyed a quadratic dependence on voltage and a linear dependence on electric power. The possibility of using such composites as heating elements (HE) for electrofusion welding of polyethylene adherents was evaluated in two modes, ''hard'', when high voltage was applied for a short welding time, and ''soft'', in which a stepwise regime of the applied voltage and a longer welding time were used. The latter provided a stronger welded joint. Using HE based on the HDPE‐CB composites for welding of butt and lap joints of the polymer materials enabled to obtain welded joints with high strength.
Covid‐19: Emerging Considerations for Body Sourcing and Handling. A Perspective View from Nigeria
Authors: Okafor Izuchukwu Azuka , Chia Terkuma
Published: December 2020

The current Coronavirus disease (Covid‐19) pandemic has spread to about 220 countries of the world and has resulted in a significant number of deaths globally. Infections are still on the rise, and the impact on the global death rate could be devastating. There are fears over the likely impact of a large number of deaths on body sourcing and handling of cadavers for teaching and research. Historically, epidemics come with several challenges and have often led to some level of negligence of ethical practices and health and safety regulations associated with body sourcing and handling. The authors highlighted some emerging problems in this article, focusing on Africa and Nigeria in particular. These problems include a higher risk of coronavirus exposure for body handlers, shortage of cadavers for teaching and learning, a lack of standard regulations leading to unethical body sourcing and handling, and a lack of monitoring and collaboration needed for a well‐coordinated Covid‐19 pandemic response strategy. If these issues are ignored, the previous gains made in anatomical ethical practices may be destroyed. Some useful recommendations for policymaking geared toward prevention or curtailing these emerging issues have been instilled in this article.
In Situ ATR‐FTIR Study of the Cathode–Electrolyte Interphase: Electrolyte Solution Structure, Transition Metal Redox, and Surface Layer Evolution
Authors: Tremolet de Villers Bertrand J. , Bak Seong‐Min , Yang Junghoon , Han Sang‐Don
Published: December 2020

We present a study of the lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, NMC622) cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI) during galvanostatic charging and discharging using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) methods to investigate the voltage dependent electrolyte solution structure changes at the interface, transition metal (TM) redox chemistry, and cathode/electrolyte interfacial layer evolution. Our in situ cell design provides both reliable electrochemical device testing and strong FTIR vibrational absorption signals near the cathode surface. Specifically, advanced spectral analysis elucidates changes of near‐surface Li+ ion (de)solvation by solvent molecules during galvanostatic cycling. Moreover, cathode metal‐oxygen vibrational absorptions, sensitive to TM redox behaviors and subsequent local structural variations, were correlated to cathode de‐lithiation (and lithiation) and electrolyte solution structure changes. In addition, we have detected the formation and evolution of a CEI surface layer on the NMC622 cathode that contributes to the cell's capacity fade.
Elevated serum substance P level as a predictive marker for moderately emetogenic chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Park Hyung Soon , Won Hye Sung , An Ho Jung , Cho Sung Shim , Kim Hyun Ho , Sun Der Sheng , Ko Yoon Ho , Shim Byoung Yong
Published: December 2020

Chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is an unbearable side effect. Identifying high emetic risk patients and providing more active antiemetics strategies are mandatory to improve the tolerability of chemotherapy. In this prospective cohort study, leptin, ghrelin, and substance P were measured at baseline, day 3, and day 14 during the first cycle of chemotherapy. Nausea and vomiting were measured each day for the first 4 days of the first cycle of chemotherapy. Eighty‐two patients were enrolled. Colorectal cancer (61%) and gastric cancer (35.4%) were common cancer types. All patients received moderate emetic risk chemotherapy. Forty‐five (54.9%) patients had nausea, and 15 (18.3%) patients experienced vomiting. In univariate analysis, a higher level of baseline substance P, which is a target of NK1‐RA (Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist), was a significant predictive marker for chemotherapy‐induced nausea [odds ratio (OR): 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–6.62, p = 0.046]. Regarding chemotherapy‐induced vomiting, patients with higher levels of substance P had a greater chance of vomiting [OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 0.49–5.99, p = 0.395] than those with lower levels of substance P. In patients receiving moderate emetic risk chemotherapy, active antiemetics, including NK1‐RA, could be considered for those with high levels of substance P.
Can we anti‐consume our way to sustainability? Finding answers at the intersection of cultural values
Authors: Kuanr Abhisek , Israel Duraipandian , Pradhan Debasis , Roy Chaudhuri Himadri
Published: December 2020

Anti‐consumption behaviours are frequently seen as an effective way for an individual to mitigate harm done to the natural world and foster sustainability. Despite explicit calls to investigate the drivers of anti‐consumption behaviours, the effect of cultural values on anti‐consumption remains under‐researched. Our research examines the influence of two antecedents, cultural values (individualism and collectivism), and self‐efficacy on anti‐consumption behaviours in an emerging country setting. Our results indicate that cultural values influence anti‐consumption behaviours. Consistent with our expectations, we found that collectivistic values positively influenced anti‐consumption behaviours. This relationship remained valid across anti‐consumption behaviours, such as voluntary simplicity and brand avoidance. Furthermore, beyond our initial expectation, this study demonstrated a positive indirect relationship between individualism and anti‐consumption, which is activated through the self‐efficacy pathway. These findings suggest that approaches for managing anti‐consumption behaviour do not work equally well in all cultures, and that managers may need to fine‐tune their international marketing strategies to ensure their effectiveness.