bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the tumour extracellular matrix by in vivo Fast Field Cycling relaxometry after the administration of a Gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agent
Authors: Baroni Simona , Ruggiero Maria Rosaria , Aime Silvio , Geninatti Crich Simonetta
Published: January 2019

1H Fast Field Cycling NMR (FFC‐NMR) relaxometry is proposed as a powerful method to investigate tumour stroma in vivo upon the administration of a Gd‐based contrast agent. To perform this study, an FFC‐NMR equipment endowed with a wide bore magnet was used for the acquisition of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Dispersion profiles on healthy muscle and tumour tissue in living mice. At magnetic field strengths < of ca. 1 MHz, the differences in the relaxation rates of the intra and extracellular compartment become of the same order of magnitude of the exchange rate across the cellular membranes. Under this condition, the water exchange rate between the two compartments yields to a biexponential magnetization recovery that can be analysed by fitting the experimental data with the two‐Site eXchange (2SX) model. Using this model, it was possible to obtain, for the two compartments, both relaxation properties and water kinetic constants for water exchange across cell membranes. The method allowed us to determine the effect of the “matrix” on the water proton relaxation times and, in turn, to get some insights of the composition of this compartment, till now, largely unknown.
Frequency‐dependent lipid raft uptake at rat diaphragm muscle axon terminals
Authors: Gonzalez Porras Maria A. , Fogarty Matthew J. , Gransee Heather M. , Sieck Gary C. , Mantilla Carlos B.
Published: January 2019

Introduction: In motor neurons, cholera toxin B (CTB) binds to the cell‐surface ganglioside GM1 and is internalized and transported via structurally unique components of plasma membranes (lipid rafts). Methods: Lipid raft uptake by axon terminals adjoining type‐identified rat diaphragm muscle fibers was investigated using CTB and confocal imaging. Results: Lipid raft uptake increased significantly at higher frequency stimulation (80 Hz), compared with lower frequency (20 Hz) and unstimulated (0 Hz) conditions. The fraction of axon terminal occupied by CTB was ∼45% at 0‐ or 20‐Hz stimulation, and increased to ∼65% at 80 Hz. Total CTB fluorescence intensity also increased (∼20%) after 80‐Hz stimulation compared with 0 Hz. Discussion: Evidence of increased lipid raft uptake at high stimulation frequencies supports an important role for lipid raft signaling at rat diaphragm muscle axon terminals, primarily for motor units physiologically activated at the higher frequencies. Muscle Nerve 59:611–611, 2019
Heterogeneity in Response to Treatment of Adolescents with Severe Obesity: The Need for Precision Obesity Medicine
Authors: Ryder Justin R. , Kaizer Alexander M. , Jenkins Todd M. , Kelly Aaron S. , Inge Thomas H. , Shaibi Gabriel Q.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Treating pediatric severe obesity is challenging because of the complex biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that underpin the disease. The multifactorial etiology of obesity combined with the physiologic complexity of the energy regulatory system contributes to treatment variability. The goal of this secondary analysis of pooled data was to describe the degree of individual variation in response to various interventions among adolescents with severe obesity.

Methods

Data from three centers across the United States conducting either lifestyle (n = 53), pharmacotherapy (n = 40), or metabolic and bariatric surgery (n = 78) interventions were pooled. Inclusion criteria were severe obesity at baseline and at least one follow‐up visit > 30 days after treatment start.

Results

Change in BMI following intervention ranged from −50.2% to +12.9%, with each intervention (lifestyle [range: −25.4% to 5.0%], pharmacotherapy [range: −10.8% to 12.9%], and metabolic and bariatric surgery [range: −50.2% to −13.3%]) exhibiting wide individual variation in response. Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors demonstrated similarly high variability.

Conclusions

Adolescents with severe obesity demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of BMI reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor response across treatment modalities. Reporting individual response data in trials and identifying factors driving variability in response will be vital for advancing precision medicine approaches to address obesity.
Surface‐Group‐Oriented, Condensation Cyclization‐Driven, Nitrogen‐Doping Strategy for the Preparation of a Nitrogen‐Species‐Tunable, Carbon‐Material‐Supported Pd Catalyst
Authors: Lu Chunshan , Zhang Xuejie , Qi Yani , Ji Haoke , Zhu Qianwen , Wang Hao , Zhou Yebin , Feng Zhenlong , Li Xiaonian
Published: January 2019

A nitrogen‐carbon framework with the thickness of several molecules was fabricated through a straightforward nitrogen‐doping strategy, in which specially designed surface‐oxygen‐containing groups (SOGs) first introduced onto the porous carbon support were used to guide the generation of a surface‐nitrogen‐containing structure through condensation reactions between SOGs and the amidogen group of organic amines under hydrothermal conditions. The results indicate that different kinds of SOGs generate different types and abundances of N species. The CO‐releasing groups are apt to form a high proportion of amino groups, whereas the CO2‐releasing groups, especially carboxyl and lactones, are mainly transformed into pyrrolic‐type nitrogen. In the framework with dominant pyrrolic‐type nitrogen, an electron‐rich Pd activated site composed of Pd, pyrrolic‐type N and C is built, in which electron transfer occurs from N to C and Pd atoms. This activated site contributes to the formation of electron‐rich activated hydrogen and desorption of p‐chloroaniline, which work together to achieve the superior selectivity about 99.90 % of p‐chloroaniline and the excellent reusable performance. This strategy not only provides low‐cost, nitrogen‐doped carbon materials, but also develops a new method for the fabrication of different kinds of nitrogen species structures.
Development and validation of algorithms to identify newly diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pediatric population using electronic medical records and claims data
Authors: Teltsch Dana Y. , Fazeli Farsani Soulmaz , Swain Richard S. , Kaspers Stefan , Huse Samuel , Cristaldi Christina , Nordstrom Beth L. , Brodovicz Kimberly G.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To develop and validate algorithms to classify diabetes type in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with DM.

Method

Data from the United States Department of Defense health system were used to identify patients aged 10 to 18 years with incident DM. Two independent sets of 200 children were randomly sampled for algorithm development and validation. Algorithms were developed based on clinical insight, published literature, and quantitative approaches. The actual DM type was ascertained via chart review. Finally, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were evaluated.

Results

Among the 400 patients, mean age was 14.2 (±2.5 years), and 50% were female. The best performing algorithms were based on data available in claims. They consisted of several logical expressions based on one predictor or more, which classified patients by use of glucose‐lowering drugs or testing, DM ICD‐9 diagnosis codes, and comorbidities. The best performing T2DM and T1DM algorithms achieved 90% and 98% sensitivity, 95% and 95% specificity, 87% and 98% PPV, and 96% and 96% NPV, respectively.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that claims algorithms can accurately identify newly diagnosed T1DM and T2DM pediatric patients, which can facilitate large database studies in children with T1DM and T2DM. However, external validation in other data sources is needed.
Oxidation of Catocene in AP/Catocene Mixture at Low Temperature
Authors: Jiang Ben‐Z. , Wang Ting‐P.
Published: January 2019

The mixture of Catocene and fine AP after 175 °C heat treatment was washed by acetone and water, and the washing liquids of acetone and water were characterized by SP and microwave digestion‐ICP, and the solid products were characterized by XPS, XRD, SEM‐EDS. The results show that the oxidation of Catocene is a multi‐step reaction, and the final products are nano‐sized Fe2O3 and amorphous C. DTA‐TG test shows the productions can enhance the thermal decomposition of AP. Compared with the mixture of fine AP and Catocene, the mixture of fine AP and the final solid product of Catocene decomposition is insensitive to the impact. The effective constituents of Catocene catalysis for thermal decomposition of AP are nano‐sized Fe2O3 and amorphous C. Analyzing by synthesis, the final solid product may be an effective and safe catalyst for AP based propellant.
Some safety aspects on the cleavage of cumene hydroperoxide in the phenol process
Authors: Weber Manfred , Hoffmann Rüdiger , Weber Markus
Published: January 2019

The acid‐catalyzed cleavage of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) to phenol and acetone is an exothermic reaction in homogeneous liquid phase. The reaction occurs within a minute. Therefore, a reliable heat removal and temperature control is essential in commercial units. In addition, an uncomplete conversion of CHP must be detectable to avoid any accumulation of the peroxide in the reaction system which can cause dangerous conditions. This article describes some process safety aspects of the CHP cleavage unit.

The first part of the cleavage is a circulation loop with one or several heat exchangers in series to remove the heat from the exothermic reaction at around 50°C. CHP is added to the circulation loop and so diluted with cleavage product. The cleavage product consists of mainly phenol, acetone and cumene. Sulfuric acid in low concentrations is used as catalyst. CHP decomposes to phenol and acetone while passing through the cooler(s). In a specific side reaction, dicumylperoxide (DCP) is formed from CHP. Potential hazards in this unit rise from feeding too much CHP into the loop, which could lead to high temperatures and an impermissible high pressure due to the fast exothermic reaction. A failure of the equipment with product release could be the consequence. A countermeasure is for example a ratio control between the flows of the circulating cleavage product and the CHP feed stream. Another hazard for the circulation loop is the accumulation of CHP due to a deactivation of the sulfuric acid. A delayed start of the reaction could then lead to a severe runaway reaction when the accumulated CHP starts to decompose. This can cause a complete destruction of the unit. A “low temperature” interlock can be used to early stop the CHP feed in case of an acid deactivation.

After this first cleavage unit, the product from the circulation loop is then treated in a second unit with a plug‐flow reactor operating at temperatures above 100°C. The temperature can be increased by adding CHP to use the exothermic reaction from decomposed CHP for heating‐up. In the downstream section of this second reactor, DCP reacts back to CHP at the higher temperature and this CHP immediately further decomposes to phenol and acetone. As well as for the circulation loop, too high concentrations of CHP can be avoided by a proper ratio‐controlled dosing of the CHP. A non‐complete conversion of CHP due to a loss of acid activity will result in a decrease of the temperature. This can be detected by either “low temperature” interlocks or, preferably, by permanently monitoring and verifying the “swan‐neck” temperature profile across the plug‐flow reactor. Finally, a sufficiently high conversion of DCP can be observed by the slope of the temperature profile at the end of the plug‐flow reactor. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog: e12034 2019
Evaluation of spray pattern uniformity using three unique analyses as impacted by nozzle, pressure, and pulse‐width modulation duty cycle
Authors: Butts Thomas R , Luck Joe D , Fritz Bradley K , Hoffmann W Clint , Kruger Greg R
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

The increasing popularity of pulse‐width modulation (PWM) sprayers requires that application interaction effects on spray pattern uniformity be completely understood to maintain a uniform overlap of spray, thereby reducing crop injury potential and maximizing coverage on target pests. The objective of this research was to determine the impacts of nozzle type (venturi vs. non‐venturi), boom pressure, and PWM duty cycle on spray pattern uniformity. Research was conducted using an indoor spray patternator located at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln in Lincoln, NE, USA. Coefficient of variation (CV), root mean square error (RMSE), and average percent error (APE) were used to characterize spray pattern uniformity.

RESULTS

Generally, across nozzles and pressures, the duty cycle minimally impacted the CV of spray patterns. However, across nozzles and duty cycles, increasing pressure decreased CV values, resulting in more uniform spray patterns. The RMSE values typically increased as pressure and duty cycle increased across nozzles. This may be the result of a correlation between RMSE values and flow rate as RMSE values also increased as nozzle orifice size increased. Generally, APE increased as the duty cycle decreased across nozzles and pressures with significant increases (40%) caused by the 20% duty cycle. Within non‐venturi nozzles, increasing pressure reduced APE across duty cycles, while venturi nozzles followed no such trend.

CONCLUSION

Overall, results suggest PWM duty cycles at or above 40% minimally impact spray pattern uniformity. Further, increased application pressures and the use of non‐venturi nozzles on PWM sprayers increase the precision and uniformity of spray applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Bibliometric Epilogue: Measuring the Works of D.R.T. Zahn
Authors: Schreiber Michael
Published: January 2019

The articles in the present issue show in an impressive way the width and the depth of the works of D.R.T. Zahn. In this epilogue some bibliometric data are compiled in order to provide quantitative measures of the author's work. Traditional indicators like the numbers of publications and received citations are discussed. Web of Science and Google Scholar search results are compared. The index h proposed by Hirsch and several variants of h are determined for Zahn's oeuvre. The claimed predictive power of h is traced to its inert evolution.
Improving initial condition perturbations in a convection‐permitting ensemble prediction system
Authors: Keresturi Endi , Wang Yong , Meier Florian , Weidle Florian , Wittmann Christoph , Atencia Aitor
Published: January 2019

One of the main challenges presented by a limited‐area model ensemble prediction system (LAMEPS) concerns the limited capacity for its initial condition perturbations to correctly represent large‐scale flow uncertainties due to its limited‐size domain and deficiencies in formulating lateral boundary conditions. In addition, a mismatch between LAMEPS (initial condition) and host EPS lateral boundary perturbations can form spurious gravity waves at the boundaries. In the present work, an ensemble Jk blending method is proposed for improving representation of large‐scale uncertainties and for addressing consistent initial conditions and lateral boundary perturbations. Our approach involves employing Jk blending within a framework of three‐dimensional variation (3D‐Var) ensemble data assimilation (EDA). In such a system, small‐scale perturbations are generated from 3D‐Var EDA, while large‐scale perturbations are generated from the host ensemble via Jk blending.

The ensemble Jk method is implemented in the C‐LAEF (Convection‐permitting Limited‐Area Ensemble Forecasting) system and is compared to the standard perturbed‐observation EDA approach, i.e. perturbed‐observation EDA without large‐scale constraint. The comparison shows that the ensemble Jk method gives a more skilful and reliable EPS, especially for upper‐air variables. In addition, positive effects on the surface pressure and precipitation of large‐scale perturbations are shown. Finally, the ensemble Jk method's capacity to alleviate perturbation mismatches is demonstrated.
NMR relaxation and relaxivity parameters of MRI probes revealed by optimal wavelet signal compression of molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Gonçalves Mateus A. , Santos Lizandro S. , Peixoto Fernando C. , Ramalho Teodorico C.
Published: January 2019

The MRI contrast agents (CAs) have been routinely used for detecting tumors at early stages. Currently, the most used CAs in MRI are gadolinium (Gd3+) complexes. However, these CAs can be toxic to the body. Thus, this work proposes Ni2+ complexes ([Ni(ACAC)2(H2O)2], [Ni(TEA)]2+) as promising CAs. For the theoretical prediction, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out and the conformations were selected by the optimal wavelet signal compression algorithm method. The T1 and T2 values were obtained directly by means of the spectral density. Our findings showed that the Ni2+ complexes can be promising CAs in MRI.
Tandem mass spectrometry characterization of a conjugate between oleuropein and hydrated cis‐diammineplatinum(II)
Authors: Ventura Giovanni , Abbattista Ramona , Calvano Cosima Damiana , De Ceglie Cristina , Losito Ilario , Palmisano Francesco , Cataldi Tommaso R.I.
Published: January 2019

Rationale

Oleuropein (Ole) has been claimed to mitigate cisplatin (CP)‐induced acute injury in kidney and liver of mice. In vitro reactivity of hydrated CP species with Ole, and an Ole metabolite, hydroxytyrosol (HT), is of great interest as the preliminary step for gathering in vivo information on the possible physiological role of the Ole/HT‐cis‐diammineplatinum(II) (Ole/HT‐cis‐DAP) conjugate.

Methods

Reversed‐phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a linear ion trap instrument (RPLC/ESI‐MS) and tandem mass (MS/MS) measurements, both in positive and negative ion mode, revealed the molecular identity of platinum‐based conjugates.

Results

The Ole‐cis‐DAP conjugate (i.e., C25H36N2O13PtII) features two cis‐ammine non‐leaving ligands and a bidentate catechol ligand moiety belonging to Ole; the coordination of the central Pt(II) is square‐planar with non‐equivalent bond angles compared with the ideal arrangement of 90°. HT, the free Ole metabolite excreted in human urine, acts as bidentate O,O‐donor ligand of cis‐DAP as well.

Conclusions

The first evidence, together with structural information, is provided about the in vitro formation of a conjugate between cis‐DAP and Ole or its urinary metabolite HT. Presuming that such conjugates are also generated in vivo, the mechanisms by which they might contribute to reduce CP toxicity remain to be elucidated.
Learning to notice science concepts in engineering activities and transfer situations
Authors: Chase Catherine C. , Malkiewich Laura , S. Kumar Aakash
Published: January 2019

A persistent problem in engineering‐focused science instruction is the “design–science gap,” whereby learners focus on building successful engineering products, instead of focusing on the relevant scientific principles. This research explores (a) whether integrating contrasting cases into engineering activities can impact how deeply learners notice scientific structures both within the engineering task and in novel transfer contexts, and (b) whether the perceptual process of noticing is related to task performance and transfer. In Study 1, 41 adults designed and built a Lego cantilever, which relates to the physics concept center‐of‐mass. Learners who analyzed contrasting cases that highlighted the underlying structure of center‐of‐mass noticed that structure more deeply, compared with a no cases condition. Although both conditions performed similarly on the engineering task, learners who noticed on a deeper level performed better, regardless of condition. In a second study with 63 adults, the same two conditions were compared with a single cases condition. The contrasting cases condition demonstrated superior transfer to near but novel contexts. Moreover, noticing predicted performance and far transfer, regardless of condition. Results imply that (a) contrasting cases enhance near transfer from engineering activities and (b) noticing plays a key role in performance in and transfer from engineering activities.
Wind‐induced interference effects between twin tapered skyscrapers
Authors: Li Xiao , Li Qiu Sheng
Published: January 2019

Twin high‐rise buildings, that is, two closely located tall buildings with identical or similar geometrical features, are inevitably under wind‐induced interference effects. Most previous studies employed rectangular or circular prisms as twin tall buildings to investigate the interference effects. Therefore, these findings need further verification and modification for twin high‐rise buildings with more complex exterior geometries. This study uses wind tunnel pressure measurement tests to investigate the interference effects on typical twin super‐tall buildings with a tapered shape and recessed corners. Structural overall overturning moments and surface wind pressures applied on the twin skyscrapers are analyzed and discussed in detail. The interference effects on the twin skyscrapers are further compared with those on paired square prisms with the same height and footprint breadth. The results show that the interference effects on the twin tapered super‐tall buildings differ considerably from those on the square prisms, and the critical building configurations that need cautious treatment in the designs of twin skyscrapers are specified.
Overexpression of miR‐138‐5p suppresses MnCl2‐induced autophagy by targeting SIRT1 in SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Ma Junxiang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Ji Hongyun , Chen Li , Chen Tian , Guo Caixia , Zhang Shixuan , Jia Jiaxin , Niu Piye
Published: January 2019

The mechanism of manganism caused by manganese (Mn), an important environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease, is still unclear. Recent evidence suggested that autophagy participated in neurodegenerative diseases, in which microRNA played a crucial role. However, roles of microRNA in the aberrant autophagy that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases remains controversial. In nervous system, miRNA‐138‐5p is highly expressed and plays a key role in regulating memory and axon regeneration. Importantly, we also found that miR‐138‐5p expression decreased significantly after SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to manganese chloride (MnCl2) in previous study. To explore the role of miR‐138‐5p in Mn‐induced autophagy, autophagy associated indicators were detected. And we found that MnCl2 could induce autophagic dysregulation and inhibit expression of miR‐138‐5p. While the levels of LC3‐II/LC3‐I, Beclin1, and p62, the number of autophagosome formation significantly decreased after miR‐138‐5p over‐expression, which demonstrated that miR‐138‐5p could clearly retard Mn‐induced autophagy. In additional, we found there were classical and evolutionarily conserved miR‐138‐5p binding sites in 3′‐UTR region of SIRT1, which was inhibited when overexpression of miR‐138‐5p. Therefore, it was speculated that elevated expression of SIRT1 may be resulted from inhibition of miR‐138‐5p after cells exposed to MnCl2. Finally, we found that SIRT1 inhibitor EX‐527 suppressed Mn‐induced autophagy as well as miR‐138‐5p, while the suppression was reversed by SIRT1‐specific activator SRT1720. These results indicated that overexpression of miR‐138‐5p suppressed Mn‐induced autophagy by targeting SIRT1.
Does fetoscopic or open repair for spina bifida affect fetal and postnatal growth?
Authors: Sanz Cortes M. , Davila I. , Torres P. , Yepez M. , Lee W. , Guimaraes C. V. , Sangi‐Haghpeykar H. , Whitehead W. E. , Castillo J. , Nassr A. A. , Espinoza J. , Shamshirsaz A. A. , Belfort M. A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

The effect of fetoscopic myelomeningocele (MMC) repair on fetal growth is unknown. Fetal surgery itself and/or exposure to a carbon dioxide (CO2) environment during spina bifida repair may affect placental function and impair fetal growth. Our aim was to assess and compare growth in fetuses, neonates and infants who underwent prenatal fetoscopic or open MMC repair.

Methods

Fetal biometrics were obtained serially using ultrasound after fetoscopic (n = 32) or open hysterotomy (n = 34) MMC repair in utero at a single institution between November 2011 and July 2017. Measurements obtained during growth scans on initial evaluation prior to surgery, and those taken at 6 weeks post‐surgery, were transformed into percentiles and compared between groups. Additional neonatal and infant anthropometric measurements, including weight, length/height and head circumference, were also transformed into percentiles and compared between the groups. The proportions of cases in each group with estimated fetal weight (EFW) or postnatal weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles were calculated and compared. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the serial fetal growth measurements of each parameter, and random intercepts and slopes were used to compare study variables between the study groups. The duration of surgery (skin‐to‐skin time at fetoscopic and open MMC repair) and duration of CO2 exposure (fetoscopic repair) were evaluated for any effect on the fetal, neonatal or infant biometric percentiles.

Results

Fetuses which underwent fetoscopic repair had a larger abdominal circumference percentile at referral (57 ± 21 vs 46 ± 23; P = 0.04). There were no other differences between the two groups in fetal biometric percentiles at the time of referral, 6 weeks post‐surgery or at birth. There were no differences between groups in EFW percentile or in proportions of cases with birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles. Linear mixed‐model analysis did not show any significant differences in any fetal growth parameter between the groups over time. There were no significant correlations between duration of surgery or duration of CO2 exposure and any of the biometric percentiles evaluated. Postnatal growth showed no significant differences between the groups in weight, height or head circumference percentiles, at 6–18, 18–30 or > 30 months of age.

Conclusions

Babies exposed to fetoscopic or open MMC repair in‐utero did not show significant differences in fetal or postnatal growth parameters. These results support the safety of the use of CO2 gas for fetoscopic surgery. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure, and Oxidation Catalysis of a Hybrid Compound of Bisubstituted Molybdovanadophosphate
Authors: Wang Hong‐Ye , Li Dong , Wang Xiao‐Bo , Chen Ya‐Guang
Published: January 2019

A new compound, Na(HINA)2(NH4)2[PMo10V2O40]·14H2O (1) (INA = isonicotinic acid) was synthesized and characterized structurally by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and TG. Bisubstituted molybdovanadophosphate anions have typical Keggin anion structure and are linked weakly by Na+ ions into an anionic chain along crystallographic b axis. Protonated INA cations form another supramolecular cationic chain also along crystallographic b axis. Two chains, water molecules, and ammonium ions form the 3D supramolecular architecture through hydrogen bonds. The compound has an excellent catalytic activity to starch oxidation. The detailed study gives optimum reaction condition.
Crystal Structure and Structural Transformation of [(CH3)3NH]2[CuZn(CN)5]
Authors: Miyahara Kana , Yoshida Jun , Yuge Hidetaka , Nishikiori Shin‐ichi
Published: January 2019

A newly synthesized coordination polymer, [(CH3)3NH]2[CuZn(CN)5], was investigated using 13C and 63Cu solid‐state NMR techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry. It consists of a three‐dimensional (3D) net composed of tetrahedral CuI and ZnII ions and CN– ligands bridging between the two metal ions. (CH3)3NH+ ions are trapped in the inner space of the 3D net. Three coordination sites of each metal ion are used for the formation of the 3D net and the remaining site is occupied by a unidentate CN– ligand. The structure of the 3D net is chiral and categorized as srs in the notation of the Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR). In water vapor or open air at room temperature under ambient pressure, a powder of [(CH3)3NH]2[CuZn(CN)5] showed a structural transformation to [(CH3)3NH][CuZn(CN)4]·1.5H2O, which is a known compound with a diamond‐like 3D net of [CuZn(CN)4]– composed of tetrahedral CuI and ZnII ions and bridging CN– ligands. 63Cu solid‐state NMR spectroscopy revealed that the Cu‐CN‐Zn orientation of the bridging CN– ligands was conserved after the structural transformation.
Linking Integrated Coastal Zone Management to Maritime Spatial Planning: The Mediterranean Experience
Authors: Ramieri Emiliano , Bocci Martina , Markovic Marina
Published: January 2019

The Mediterranean is not only complex in ecology but also socio-politically and economically. The rapid economic development of the last decades is expected to further increase in the future, providing benefits for Mediterranean countries but also increasing pressure on coastal and marine environments and intensifying conflicts between different activities. This chapter illustrates the policy frame supporting Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) implementation in the entire Mediterranean Sea. It discusses the importance of linking MSP with Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) given the high relevance of land-sea interactions. Although the process of MSP implementation is mainly at an initial stage in this sea basin, it can rely on broad-scale project-based experience. Examples of developed practices are provided in this chapter.
Education and Training for Maritime Spatial Planners
Authors: Calado Helena , Fonseca Catarina , Ansong Joseph Onwona , Frias Manuel , Vergílio Marta
Published: January 2019

The practice of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has developed substantially during the last decade, calling for more qualified professionals. Education, training, and growth capacity for MSP, however, are (still) some of the less addressed themes in MSP forums and specific learning materials, such as textbooks and practice manuals. Some teaching initiatives have nevertheless arisen at the postgraduate level for training new and specialised practitioners in the MSP field. A quick overview of such initiatives will help answer some questions concerning the path to follow for MSP education and training. This chapter presents an exploratory diagnosis based on a discussion of the basic skills needed to achieve successful professional practice. What skills are expected from a maritime spatial planner? Is a specific background required to become a maritime spatial planner? How should such professionals be trained? These questions are discussed using the visions and insights of consultants, maritime sectors, policymakers, scientists, and teachers of MSP, with experience in countries where MSP processes are already in place.
Challenges and Opportunities for Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Spatial Planning in the Irish Sea
Authors: O’Higgins Tim , O’Higgins Linda , O’Hagan Anne Marie , Ansong Joseph Onwona
Published: January 2019

Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) integrates the connections between land, air, water and all living things including human beings and their institutions. The location of the Irish Sea, between major historical industrial centres, its history of use and exploitation, combined with its hydrographic characteristics, have led to the current patterns of use. EBM efforts have been ongoing for over a decade but political boundaries have led to fragmented governance. The forthcoming UK exit from the European Union (EU) may pose further challenges. This chapter examines articulations between political boundaries, spatial scales of Marine Spatial Planning and nested social-ecological systems including the gyre in the western Irish Sea, and Dublin Bay. Examples of emerging best practices are provided and the challenges of data availability for ecosystem services are considered.
Re-thinking Regional and Local Policies in Times of Polarisation: An Introduction
Authors: Görmar Franziska , Lang Thilo , Nagy Erika , Raagmaa Garri
Published: January 2019

Socio-spatial cohesion can be seen as one of the core issues of the European Union. However, the goal is far from being achieved. Diverging economic and social development patterns can be witnessed at various scales. This trend is closely linked to a shift in European cohesion policies in recent decades from redistributive to growth- and competitiveness-oriented policies. The results are parallel processes of centralisation and peripheralisation causing specific patterns of regional polarisation and affecting the ultimate goal to achieve territorial cohesion or, in other words, spatial justice. For this introductory chapter, we have identified three interconnected issues to look at when speaking about issues of socio-spatial polarisation and spatial justice: (1) the role of existing power relations in (re-)producing socio-spatial polarisation, (2) the failure of Cohesion Policy to support more balanced territorial development and, as a counterpoint, (3) the potentials of bottom-up initiatives and place-sensitive approaches to overcome current tendencies of polarisation. To each of these three issues, we directly link related conceptual and empirical contributions. Finally, we conclude with a call to rethink regional policies and find more just answers to current problems of regional development.
Towards a Progressive Local Development Approach: Insights from Local Community Initiatives in Hungary and Romania
Authors: Cebotari Sorin , Mihály Melinda
Published: January 2019

Increasing regional inequalities characterise the post-socialist period of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Rural villages in CEE are among the biggest losers of transition to the European Union. This chapter aims to understand how community-owned projects could empower local communities to influence peripheralisation dynamics. Specifically, the authors look at two mayor-led local development projects implemented through national and EU funding. Their research reveals that both projects are important for local communities and could generate benefits for the inhabitants. At the same time, the projects face bureaucratic burdens and lack wide participatory engagement. Based on their findings the authors formulate a series of public policy recommendations meant to foster local engagement, offer more flexibility to local actors and increase the level of support for similar projects.
Bypassing Structural Shortcomings: Innovative Firms in Peripheral Regions
Authors: Graffenberger Martin
Published: January 2019

Regional development strategies assign a key function to firm innovation. However, actors in peripheral regions face certain limitations that expose their innovation efforts to additional complexities. Placed within this field of tension, this chapter looks at the practices and strategies firms from South Estonia and the Erzgebirgskreis (Germany) adopt to organise their innovation activities. Insights from illustrations of two specific cases (innovation projects) are related to observations of wider empirical material. Findings suggest that firms adopt a dual strategy to facilitate innovation and to overcome the limitations of regional environments. This strategy comprises strategically mobilising ties to external actors and maintaining/expanding internal capacities. The chapter makes a contribution towards better understanding firm innovation that occurs in peripheral regions and, thus, contributes to their theorisation.
Translating Scientific Results: Encouraging Reflective Policies as a Chance for Change
Authors: Cebotari Sorin , Hanell Tomas , Lang Thilo
Published: January 2019

The dynamics of polarisation and peripheralisation are addressed in this chapter at different administrative levels, starting with the EU institutions and ending with local communities. This chapter looks at the exact way policies approach and tackle these dynamics at each administrative level. Relying on materials from the previous chapters, the authors outline a series of important policy shortcomings at every level (EU, national and local). Based on these shortages, the authors suggest five guiding points that address cohesion policy, local involvement in national policy-making processes, national responsibility to build supportive infrastructure, social capital at the local level and policy-making input at the local level. Along with these five points, the authors formulate a series of public policy initiatives as tools for positive change.
Geographical Uneven Development and Regional Futures: A Conversation
Authors: Hudson Ray , Pickles John
Published: January 2019

As part of the RegPol2 Project “Socio-economic and Political Responses to Regional Polarization in Central and Eastern Europe” the authors were invited to hold a wide-ranging conversation about critical economic geography and regional development. The context for the conversation was an ongoing research programme involving scholars based in Leipzig and their colleagues interested in the intense processes of regional change in Central and Eastern Europe. The wider project focused on two key issues: first, post-1989 political and economic transformation and the emergence of spatially complex forms of representative democracy and economic forms of private instead of state-led markets and, second, the more recent emergence of new forms of social and regional polarisation and the corresponding political renewal of authoritarian state power in several Visegrad countries. We hope this conversation on the theme of contemporary critical economic geography contributes to broader discussions about post-socialist regional futures.
State Power, Spatial Inequality, and Geographical Expertise: Notes on Method
Authors: Kuus Merje
Published: January 2019

Spatial planning in Europe is becoming an increasingly transnational process: the flows and networks of expertise and influence do not fit the patchwork of states, but combine national, sub-national, and inter-national elements in new and ever-changing combinations. Studying the process requires a methodological toolbox that is more flexible than the usual catalogue of national, regional, local, and European scales. This chapter uses EU-level diplomatic negotiation as an example to begin to unpack what such a methodological toolbox might look like. The author argues that a closer look at the everyday practice of policy-making brings out nuances about symbolic capital that the usual study of nation-states obscures.
Re-conceptualising Territorial Cohesion Through the Prism of Spatial Justice: Critical Perspectives on Academic and Policy Discourses
Authors: Jones Rhys , Moisio Sami , Weckroth Mikko , Woods Michael , Luukkonen Juho , Meyer Frank , Miggelbrink Judith
Published: January 2019

This chapter’s authors conduct a critical review of academic and policy engagements with the concept of territorial cohesion as the guiding principle for the European Union’s regional policies. The authors discuss the limitations of the idea of territorial cohesion and frame some conceptual and more policy-related benefits that could arise from the notion of spatial justice. The authors argue that paying more attention to the academic literature on spatial justice, human capabilities and agency might help to spatialise the European Union’s social model in more effective ways. The authors conclude that applying more plural and long-term conceptions of ‘development’, ‘well-being’ and ‘justice’ could help to formulate regional policies that contribute more directly to the well-being and welfare of people in various parts of Europe.
Reproducing Socio-Spatial Unevenness Through the Institutional Logic of Dual Housing Policies in Hungary
Authors: Pósfai Zsuzsanna , Jelinek Csaba
Published: January 2019

In recent decades Hungarian public policy interventions in the domain of housing have shown a strongly dualistic pattern, contributing to the reproduction of socio-spatial unevenness. The authors trace how capital investment in housing is channelled and mediated by public policies, and how these public policies are made dual along the lines of social class. The authors claim that state intervention in Hungary has deepened inequalities in the housing market at various scales—from the European to the neighbourhood. The analysis is based, on the one hand, on qualitative (and, more restrictedly, on quantitative) data related to the strategies of large economic actors of the housing market and, on the other hand, on qualitative research on housing-related public interventions in socio-economically deprived urban areas.
Low-scale leptogenesis with three heavy neutrinos
Authors: Abada Asmaa , Arcadi Giorgio , Domcke Valerie , Drewes Marco , Klaric Juraj , Lucente Michele
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Leptogenesis induced by the oscillations of GeV-scale neutrinos provides a minimal and testable explanation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. In this work we extend previous studies invoking only two heavy neutrinos to the case of three heavy neutrinos. We find qualitatively new behaviour as a result of lepton number violating oscillations and decays, strong flavour effects in the washout and a resonant enhancement due to matter effects. An approximate global

$$ B-\overline{L} $$

B
−

L
¯

symmetry (representing the difference of baryon and a generalised lepton number) can protect the light neutrino masses from large radiative corrections, while simultaneously providing the ingredients for the resonant enhancement of the lepton asymmetry due to thermal contributions to the heavy neutrino dispersion relations. This mechanism is particularly efficient for large heavy neutrino mixing angles near the current experimental limits, a regime in which leptogenesis is not feasible in the minimal scenario with two heavy neutrinos. In this new parameter regime, low-scale leptogenesis is testable by the LHC and other existing experiments.
Molière scattering in quark-gluon plasma: finding point-like scatterers in a liquid
Authors: D’Eramo Francesco , Rajagopal Krishna , Yin Yi
Published: January 2019

Abstract

By finding rare (but not exponentially rare) large-angle deflections of partons within a jet produced in a heavy ion collision, or of such a jet itself, experimentalists can find the weakly coupled short-distance quark and gluon particles (scatterers) within the strongly coupled liquid quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions. This is the closest one can come to probing QGP via a scattering experiment and hence is the best available path toward learning how a strongly coupled liquid emerges from an asymptotically free gauge theory. The short-distance, particulate, structure of liquid QGP can be revealed in events in which a jet parton resolves, and scatters off, a parton from the droplet of QGP. The probability for picking up significant transverse momentum via a single scattering was calculated previously, but only in the limit of infinite parton energy which means zero angle scattering. Here, we provide a leading order perturbative QCD calculation of the Molière scattering probability for incident partons with finite energy, scattering at a large angle. We set up a thought experiment in which an incident parton with a finite energy scatters off a parton constituent within a “brick” of QGP, which we treat as if it were weakly coupled, as appropriate for scattering with large momentum transfer, and compute the probability for a parton to show up at a nonzero angle with some energy. We include all relevant channels, including those in which the parton that shows up at a large angle was kicked out of the medium as well as the Rutherford-like channel in which what is seen is the scattered incident parton. The results that we obtain will serve as inputs to future jet Monte Carlo calculations and can provide qualitative guidance for how to use future precise, high statistics, suitably differential measurements of jet modification in heavy ion collisions to find the scatterers within the QGP liquid.
Long string scattering in c = 1 string theory
Authors: Balthazar Bruno , Rodriguez Victor A. , Yin Xi
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We study the scattering of long strings in c = 1 string theory, both in the worldsheet description and in the non-singlet sector of the dual matrix quantum mechanics. From the worldsheet perspective, the scattering amplitudes of long strings are obtained from a decoupling limit of open strings amplitudes on FZZT branes, which we compute by integrating Virasoro conformal blocks along with structure constants of boundary Liouville theory. In particular, we study the tree level amplitudes of (1) a long string decaying by emitting a closed string, and (2) the scattering of a pair of long strings. We show that they are indeed well defined as limits of open string amplitudes, and that our results are in striking numerical agreement with computations in the adjoint and bi-adjoint sectors of the dual matrix model (based on proposals of Maldacena and solutions due to Fidkowski), thereby providing strong evidence of the duality.
Double Higgs boson production at NLO in the high-energy limit: complete analytic results
Authors: Davies Joshua , Mishima Go , Steinhauser Matthias , Wellmann David
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We compute the NLO virtual corrections to the partonic cross section of gg → HH, in the high energy limit. Finite Higgs boson mass effects are taken into account via an expansion which is shown to converge quickly. We obtain analytic results for the next-to-leading order form factors which can be used to compute the cross section. The method used for the calculation of the (non-planar) master integrals is described in detail and explicit results are presented.
Transmuting CHY formulae
Authors: Bollmann Max , Ferro Livia
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The various formulations of scattering amplitudes presented in recent years have underlined a hidden unity among very different theories. The KLT and BCJ relations, together with the CHY formulation, connect the S-matrices of a wide range of theories: the transmutation operators, recently proposed by Cheung, Shen and Wen, provide an account for these similarities. In this note we use the transmutation operators to link the various CHY integrands at tree-level. Starting from gravity, we generate the integrands for Yang-Mills, biadjoint scalar, Einstein-Maxwell, Yang-Mills scalar, Born-Infeld, Dirac-Born-Infeld, non-linear sigma model and special Galileon theories, as well as for their extensions. We also commence the study of the CHY-like formulae at loop level.