bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of Greece
Authors: Grote George
Published: March 2012

Widely acknowledged as the most authoritative study of ancient Greece, George Grote's twelve-volume work, begun in 1846, established the shape of Greek history which still prevails in textbooks and popular accounts of the ancient world today. Grote employs direct and clear language to take the reader from the earliest times of legendary Greece to the death of Alexander and his generation, drawing upon epic poetry and legend, and examining the growth and decline of the Athenian democracy. The work provides explanations of Greek political constitutions and philosophy, and interwoven throughout are the important but outlying adventures of the Sicilian and Italian Greeks. Volume 9 contains the story of Cyrus the Younger and the epic march of the Ten Thousand Greeks, and resumes the main historical narrative with the battle of Knidus and the rebuilding of the Long Walls at Athens, and the Peace of Antalkidas in 386 BCE.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 28 contains the third volume of a collection of critical essays.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 18 contains the seventh volume of The Life of Frederick the Great.
Adversaria Critica Sacra
Authors: Scrivener Frederick Henry Ambrose
Published: March 2012

Published posthumously in 1893, Frederick Scrivener's Adversaria Critica Sacra remains a volume of key importance to biblical scholars today, representing Scrivener's remarkable accuracy in his study and collation of manuscripts. During an age when many manuscripts were being newly discovered, and New Testament textual criticism was a rapidly developing field, Scrivener's collations played an important role in highlighting and making available the many different readings in existence. The book presents sixty-three manuscripts containing all or part of the Greek New Testament, including twenty which contain the Gospels in whole or in part, fifteen Lectionaries (Greek Church Lesson-books), five copies of Acts and the Catholic Epistles, and ten which are collations of the earliest printed editions of the Greek New Testament. Scrivener provides an informative general account of each manuscript, and an estimate of their respective critical values.
T. Macci Plauti Comoediae
Authors: Plautus Titus Maccius
Published: March 2012

The foundation for the modern study of Titus Maccius Plautus rests on this monumental four-volume edition, begun by the eminent German philologist Friedrich Ritschl and completed by his colleagues Gustav Loewe, Georg Goetz, and Fritz Schöll. Scrupulously edited from existing manuscripts, including the famed Ambrosian palimpsest, this edition offers valuable insights into the metrics, literary and historical contexts, and textual history of the Latin comedic playwright. Volume 1 (1871–1881) includes Ritschl's indispensable overview of his critical method and his introduction to Trinummus, the only play he finished editing before his death, together with editions of Epidicus, Curculio, Asinaria, and Truculentus. Each play is provided with a preface, analysing the work's structures and themes and explaining its reconstruction from manuscript. A central contribution to the study of Plautine drama, Ritschl's Comoediae is also a remarkable achievement of textual criticism, a model of nineteenth-century philology at its most ambitious.
The Reinterpretation of Italian Economic History
Authors: Fenoaltea Stefano
Published: March 2012

Post-unification Italy was part of a wider world within which men and money circulated freely; it developed to the extent that those mobile resources chose to locate on its soil. The economy's cyclical movements reflected conditions in international financial markets, and were little affected by domestic policies. State intervention restricted the internal and international mobility of goods, and limited Italy's development: it kept the economy weak, reduced Italy's weight in the comity of nations, and paved the way for the frustrations and adventurism that would plunge the twentieth century into world war.
Travels in North America
Authors: Lyell Charles
Published: March 2012

Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was one of the most renowned geologists of the nineteenth century. His Principles of Geology (also reissued in this series) laid the foundations of evolutionary biology, and greatly influenced Darwin. Lyell's most important contribution to modern geology was his refining and popularising of the concept of uniformitarianism, the idea that the earth has been formed through slow-acting geological forces over billions of years. These volumes, first published in 1845, are the result of Lyell's 1841 lecture tour across the United States and Canada, in the course of which he made many observations on the formation of the American landscape. Using the popular format of a travel diary, Lyell provides vivid and detailed descriptions of North American geology, with discussions of important geological sites. Volume 2 contains his travels in Canada.
The Naval Chronology of Great Britain
Authors: Ralfe James
Published: March 2012

James Ralfe (fl. 1820–1829) was a historian best remembered for this comprehensive history of British naval involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. First published in 1820 and intended as a successor and continuation of Captain Isaac Schomberg's history of the navy, Naval Chronology, Ralfe's work is remarkably detailed, using first-hand accounts of naval engagements taken from interviews with officers and sailors in addition to contemporary official naval documents. Chronologically by year, Ralfe notes and explains major parliamentary proceedings relating to the navy, lists the serving flag officers for the given year, and describes naval battles and engagements, arranged according to location. The innovative structure of these volumes, with detailed descriptions of naval battles, provide a valuable reference for the study of the British navy during the Napoleonic Wars. Volume 1 covers 1803–1806.
Sermons Preached in India
Authors: Heber Reginald
Published: March 2012

Reginald Heber (1783–1826), second bishop of Calcutta, was appointed to the role in 1823, and had for a long time been interested in the Church of England's overseas missions. His diocese in the subcontinent had been established less than a decade before, in 1814, and included India, southern Africa and Australia. Heber travelled extensively throughout, visiting remote Anglican communities and later publishing journals about his travels. In addition, he was well-known as a hymn-writer. Sermons Preached in India, however, was published posthumously in 1829, and edited by his widow, Amelia. This volume also illustrates Heber's zeal to carry out his work across his diocese, the location of his sermons range from Delhi to Dum Dum. Missionaries would have been a significant part of his diocese, and these homilies reflect many of the difficulties faced by Anglicans living in a place that had its own strong religious beliefs.
FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock Examinations
Authors: Shaw Aidan , Smith Benjamin , Howlett David C.
Published: March 2012

FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock MCQ Examinations provides essential practice for the new anatomy examination introduced by the Royal College of Radiologists. Written according to the syllabus set by the Royal College, each mock examination is laid out and structured in the same way as the actual papers, ensuring users gain familiarity with both the content and the style. Containing 10 mock examinations and 200 high quality MRI, CT, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, angiography and plain film images, all anatomical areas are covered, including normal variants and paediatric cases. By the end of the book, readers will have encountered every imaging modality and the majority of cases covered in the exam itself. Written by specialist registrars and a highly experienced radiology consultant and Fellowship examiner, FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock MCQ Examinations is the must-have revision tool for all Part 1 FRCR candidates.
Premodern Financial Systems
Authors: Goldsmith Raymond W.
Published: March 2012

Premodern Financial Systems: A Historical Comparative sStudy describes (in quantitative terms whenever possible) the financial superstructure, such as the method of financing the government, and links it to the essential characteristics of the infrastructure of nearly a dozen societies ranging from Athens in the late fifth century BC to the United Provinces in the mid-seventeenth century. The main features of the financial superstructures discussed are the monetary system, the types of financial instruments and institutions, interest rates, and the methods of financing agriculture, non-agricultural business, households, foreign trade, and government. Aspects of the infrastructures covered include population, urbanization, prices, national output, wealth, and their sectoral and size distribution.
An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega y Gasset
Authors: Dobson Andrew
Published: March 2012

This book provides a general survey of the life and work of the Spanish philosopher and essayist Ortega y Gasset (1183–1955), author of the widely read The Revolt of the Masses. Dr Dobson divides his study into sections devoted to Ortega's political thinking and to his philosophy, rooting these in the context of contemporary Spain and discussing the wider implications of their influence. He examines Ortega's position with regard to the Civil War, his ambivalent espousal of socialism, his emphasis on the importance of the select individual in the modernisation of society and creation of a nació vital; the appropriation of his ideas by Primo de Rivera in the cause of fascism. This book is intended to be accessible to both Hispanists and general readers with an interest in literature, history, intellectual and political thought and philosophy.
Threescore Years and Ten
Authors: De Morgan Sophia Elizabeth
Published: March 2012

Sophia Elizabeth De Morgan (1809–1892) was the wife of the mathematician and logician Augustus De Morgan and mother of ceramicist William De Morgan. In Threescore Years and Ten, completed in 1887, edited by her daughter Mary, and published in 1895, De Morgan recounts her formative early years and the influence of her father, the social reformer William Frend. She followed in his footsteps and fought for many causes, including higher education for women and prison reform. She was also an early animal rights activist and campaigned against vivisection. Throughout her life, De Morgan encountered some of the leading writers and thinkers of the time – she was introduced to William Blake when she was a child and many years later found herself the neighbour of Thomas Carlyle. De Morgan's reflections on her life offer an insight into the intellectual world of a Victorian social reformer.
The Natural History of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: March 2012

Alfred Harker (1859–1939) was a prominent petrologist who spent his career at St John's College, Cambridge, lecturing on and researching rock formations and related geological activity. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1902, and was president of the Geological Society from 1916 to 1918. He used his Cambridge lectures as the foundation for this book (first published in 1909), offering an introduction to the development of rocks and related volcanic activity. With more than one hundred diagrams of various aspects of geological formations, this work also provides a visual guide to the location and formation of igneous rocks. Over the course of the work, he covers the themes of vulcanicity, rock structure, crystallization, the role of magma and the principles of rock classification, giving a broad picture of the field of petrology around the beginning of the twentieth century.
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa
Authors: Barth Heinrich
Published: March 2012

Born in Hamburg, Henry (Heinrich) Barth (1821–1865) studied history, archaeology, geography and Arabic. He joined James Richardson's 1849 expedition to Africa, which aimed to open the interior to trade and to study slavery. Following the deaths of Richardson (1851) and his colleague Overweg (1852), Barth led the expedition alone. His travels extended to Lake Chad in the east, Cameroon in the south and Timbuktu in the west. He was the first European to use the oral traditions of the local tribes for historical research, learning several African languages, and studying the history, resources and civilisations of the people he encountered. Barth's five-volume account includes plates, engravings and detailed annotated maps. Published in both English and German in 1857–1858, it is still regarded as a major source on African culture. Volume 1 covers the expedition's journey from Tunis to present-day Niger, and includes descriptions of Roman ruins in Libya.
French Books of Hours
Authors: Reinburg Virginia
Published: March 2012

The Book of Hours was a 'best-seller' in medieval and early modern Europe, the era's most commonly produced and owned book. This interdisciplinary study explores its increasing popularity and prestige, offering a full account of the Book of Hours as a book - how it was acquired, how it was read to guide prayer and teach literacy and what it meant to its owners as a personal possession. Based on the study of over 500 manuscripts and printed books from France, Virginia Reinburg combines a social history of the Book of Hours with an ethnography of prayer. Approaching the practice of prayer as both speech and ritual, she argues that a central part of the Book of Hours' appeal for lay people was its role as a bridge between the liturgy and the home. Reinburg describes how the Book of Hours shaped religious practice through the ways in which it was used.
Esotericism and the Academy
Authors: Hanegraaff Wouter J.
Published: March 2012

Academics tend to look on 'esoteric', 'occult' or 'magical' beliefs with contempt, but are usually ignorant about the religious and philosophical traditions to which these terms refer, or their relevance to intellectual history. Wouter Hanegraaff tells the neglected story of how intellectuals since the Renaissance have tried to come to terms with a cluster of 'pagan' ideas from late antiquity that challenged the foundations of biblical religion and Greek rationality. Expelled from the academy on the basis of Protestant and Enlightenment polemics, these traditions have come to be perceived as the Other by which academics define their identity to the present day. Hanegraaff grounds his discussion in a meticulous study of primary and secondary sources, taking the reader on an exciting intellectual voyage from the fifteenth century to the present day and asking what implications the forgotten history of exclusion has for established textbook narratives of religion, philosophy and science.
The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: March 2012

Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), the English writer and printer best known for his epistolary novels, including Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1748), had preserved copies of his extensive correspondence with a view to its eventual publication, and these volumes, edited by Anna Laetitia Barbauld and first published in 1804, contain her selection from his papers. Richardson became a printer's apprentice in 1706 and for the rest of his life managed a successful printing business in addition to writing his highly popular and influential novels. After the success of Pamela, Richardson regularly corresponded with leading contemporary literary figures including Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson. The letters provide fascinating insights into Richardson's life and literary and social activities, as well as discussions of current affairs. Volume 5 contains his correspondence with (among many others) Samuel Johnson.
Random Matrices: High Dimensional Phenomena
Authors: Blower Gordon
Published: March 2012

This book focuses on the behaviour of large random matrices. Standard results are covered, and the presentation emphasizes elementary operator theory and differential equations, so as to be accessible to graduate students and other non-experts. The introductory chapters review material on Lie groups and probability measures in a style suitable for applications in random matrix theory. Later chapters use modern convexity theory to establish subtle results about the convergence of eigenvalue distributions as the size of the matrices increases. Random matrices are viewed as geometrical objects with large dimension. The book analyzes the concentration of measure phenomenon, which describes how measures behave on geometrical objects with large dimension. To prove such results for random matrices, the book develops the modern theory of optimal transportation and proves the associated functional inequalities involving entropy and information. These include the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, which measures how fast some physical systems converge to equilibrium.
Raja Rao
Authors: Alterno Letizia
Published: March 2012

Contemporary Indian Writers in English (CIWE) is a series that presents critical commentaries on some of the best-known names in the genre. With the high visibility of Indian writing in English in academic, critical, pedagogic and reader circles, there is a perceivable demand for lucid yet rigorous introductions to several of its authors and genres. Raja Rao, along with RK Narayan and Mulk Raj Anand, defined Indian writing in English in the early twentieth century. His works exhibit a deep engagement with psychology, mysticism, spiritualism and philosophy. His narratives become cultural as well as individual chronicles, and very often draw implicitly or explicitly upon various aspects  the freedom movement to Gandhi to myths  of an Indian ethos. Letizia Alternos detailed, incisive and eminently readable introduction is a rigourous examination of the diverse, and complex, Raja Rao canon, including some of his lesser known short-fiction.
The Principle of Proportionality: ‘Force Protection’ as a Military Advantage
Authors: Geiss Robin
Published: March 2012

‘Force protection’ is a primary concern of every military commander. Undoubtedly, it is an important and legitimate factor in the planning of every attack. However, when it comes to the humanitarian proportionality principle there is considerable controversy over the question to what extent ‘force protection’ can be factored into the humanitarian proportionality calculus as a relevant military advantage to be weighed against expected civilian casualties, injuries and damage. This question is pursued in this article.
Do Soldiers' Lives Matter? A View from Proportionality
Authors: Ziegler Reuven (Ruvi) , Otzari Shai
Published: March 2012

A military operation is about to take place during an ongoing international armed conflict; it can be carried out either by aerial attack, which is expected to cause the deaths of enemy civilians, or by using ground troops, which is expected to cause the deaths of fewer enemy civilians but is expected to result in more deaths of compatriot soldiers. Does the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law impose a duty on an attacker to expose its soldiers to life-threatening risks in order to minimise or avert risks of incidental damage to enemy civilians? If such a duty exists, is it absolute or qualified? And if it is a qualified duty, what considerations may be taken into account in determining its character and scope?

This article presents an analytic framework under the current international humanitarian law (IHL) legal structure, following a proportionality analysis. The proposed framework identifies five main positions for addressing the above queries. The five positions are arranged along two ‘axes’: a value ‘axis’, which identifies the value assigned to the lives of compatriot soldiers in relation to lives of enemy civilians; and a justification ‘axis’, which outlines the justificatory bases for assigning certain values to lives of compatriot soldiers and enemy civilians: intrinsic, instrumental or a combination thereof. The article critically assesses these positions, and favours a position which attributes a value to compatriot soldiers' lives, premised on a justificatory basis which marries intrinsic considerations with circumscribed instrumental considerations, avoiding the indeterminacy and normative questionability entailed by more expansive instrumental considerations.
Study ofStaphylococcus aureuscollected at slaughter from dairy cows with chronic mastitis
Authors: Piccinini Renata , Tassi Riccardo , Daprà Valentina , Pilla Rachel , Fenner Jackie , Carter Ben , Anjum Muna F.
Published: February 2012

Staphylococcus aureusis one of the most important pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. Recent studies have shown thatStaph. aureusstrains may differ in virulence, and in their ability to disseminate across commercial dairy herds. The goal of this study was to determine whetherStaph. aureusisolates differed in their ability to colonize mammary tissue, and whether such differences could be related to molecular characteristics. Quarter milk and mammary tissues of 22 cows from two dairy herds, were collected at slaughter and bacteriological analysis was performed. AllStaph. aureusisolates were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and microarray. Overall 45 mammary quarters were infected and 20Staph. aureusisolates were identified. The bacteria were mostly recovered from both milk and tissue of the same quarter in significantly higher numbers from herd A cows compared with herd B. Molecular characterization of the isolates showed distinct PFGE profiles for isolates from each herd. Differences in virulence factors between herds A and B isolates were evidenced The genes for enterotoxin D, J and R were present in herd A, those for G, I, N, M, O and U were shown in herd B, whilst both components of the leukocidinlukD/Egenes were only carried by herd A isolates. Furthermore, all herd A isolates showed β-haemolysin activity, which was absent in all but one isolate from herd B. Therefore our data indicate thatStaph. aureusisolates showing differences in their ability to disseminate and colonize across quarters, also have significantly different virulence characteristics.
Geographical distribution modelling for Neospora caninum and Coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle farms in northeastern Spain
Authors: NOGAREDA C. , JUBERT A. , KANTZOURA V. , KOUAM M. K. , FEIDAS H. , THEODOROPOULOS G.
Published: February 2012

Maximum entropy ecological niche modelling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographical range and to investigate clusters of infections for Neospora caninum and Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle farms in Catalonia, northeastern Spain, using the Maxent and SaTScan programs, respectively. The geographical distribution of Neospora and Coxiella with the highest level of probability (P > 0·60) covers central Catalonia and spreads towards northeastern Catalonia which contains a high concentration of dairy cattle farms. The most important environmental factor that contributed to the ecological niche modelling was precipitation of driest month followed by elevation. Significant clusters (P < 0·001) were detected for Neospora and Coxiella infections in the western and eastern regions of Catalonia, respectively.
The Origins of Ground-edge Axes: New Findings from Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land (Australia) and Global Implications for the Evolution of Fully Modern Humans
Authors: Geneste Jean-Michel , David Bruno , Plisson Hugues , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Petchey Fiona
Published: February 2012

The grinding of stone to make sharp cutting edges did not evolve with the emergence of biologically modern humans in Africa, but late in the Pleistocene at the completion or nearcompletion of the Out-of-Africa 2 migration. Here we discuss the earliest securely-dated fragment of ground-edge axe from Australia, dated at 35,500 cal. bp, an age slightly older or comparable to the earliest ages for edge-grinding from the Pacific Ocean's western seaboard. In this region ground-edge axes did not evolve with the emergence of agriculture, nor for the clearance of forests, but, rather, as socially mediated technology, part of the development of symbolic storage that is the hallmark of the evolution of cognitively modern humans at the geographical end, during, or following, Out-of-Africa 2.
A Spectacular History of Survey by Flying Machine!
Authors: Wickstead Helen , Barber Martyn
Published: February 2012

The origins of archaeological methods are often surprising, revealing unexpected connections between science, art and entertainment. This article explores aerial survey, a visual method commonly represented as distancing or objective. We show how aerial survey's visualizing practices embody subjective notions of vision emerging throughout the nineteenth century. Aerial survey smashes linear perspective, fragments time-space, and places radical doubt at the root of claims to truth. Its techniques involve hallucination, and its affinities are with stop-motion photography and cinema. Exposing the juvenile dementia of aerial survey's infancy releases practitioners and critics from the impulse to defend or demolish its ‘enlightenment’ credentials.
Preface to special issue: EXPRESS, ICE and SOS 2009
Authors: BONCHI FILIPPO , FRÖSCHLE SIBYLLE , GORLA DANIELE , KLIN BARTEK
Published: February 2012

This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science contains a selection of papers presented at three satellite events of CONCUR'09, which was held between 31 August and 5 September 2009 in Bologna (Italy). Specifically, it contains three papers from the 16th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency (EXPRESS'09), one paper from the 2nd Interaction and Concurrency Experience (ICE'09) and two papers from the 6th Workshop on Structural Operational Semantics (SOS'09).
C.E. FERGUSON’S LOST REPLY TO JOAN ROBINSON ON THE THEORY OF CAPITAL
Authors: CARTER SCOTT
Published: March 2012

In 1971, Joan Robinson entered into a debate with the American neoclassical economist C.E. Ferguson in theCanadian Journal of Economicsover the efficacy of the neoclassical theory of capital in light of the Cambridge Controversies raging at the time. Recent archival evidence from the Martin Bronfenbrenner Papers at Duke Archive has uncovered a heretofore lost reply Ferguson wrote to Robinson on or around September 1971, three months before his death. That reply is published for the first time as an Appendix to this article. Uncovering this reply, as well as correspondence between Ferguson, Bronfenbrenner, and Solow, shines a light into the American neoclassical camp of the late 1960s and early 1970s as the early phase in the Cambridge Controversies was drawing to a close.
Calendar
Authors: Webster Paul
Published: February 2012

Following is a list of microscopy related meetings and courses. The editors would greatly appreciate input to this list via the electronic submission form under “events/other microscopy events” at the MSA webpage: www.microscopy.org. We will gladly add hypertext links to the notice on the web and insert a listing of the meeting in the next issue.
Diffraction
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: February 2012

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of X-ray diffraction and the 85th anniversary of electron diffraction (see Microscopy Pioneers). For most of the time since their introduction, microscopists have known these two techniques as the primary phase identification methods used in conjunction with various microscopies. However, these two diffraction methods also have played enormous roles in understanding the structure of matter, as well as the nature of both X rays and electrons.
What do codes of conduct do? Hybrid constitutionalization and militarization in military markets
Authors: LEANDER ANNA
Published: March 2012

This article contributes to the debate over the whether or not the mainstreaming of Corporate Social Responsibility/Codes of Conduct should be welcomed. It suggests that to grapple with this question requires an engagement with the multiple and necessarily situated performativities (or jursigenerativities) of these codes. The article illustrates the argument through an analysis of two jurisgenerative processes (linked to regulation and to politics) triggered by Codes of Conduct in commercial military markets. It shows that the codes are creatingbotha hybrid regulatory (or constitutional) network that makes it possible to hold firms accountableanda militarization of politics. It does so by showing that the codes create first-, second- and third-order rules but also processes of misrecognition through distraction, distinction and diffusion that empower military professionals. It draws on a study of three cases involving ArmorGroup, a forerunner and advocate of regulation in military markets. This argument makes sense of the disagreements surrounding the virtues of global constitutionalism by highlighting the tensions that become apparent once it is acknowledged that Codes of Conduct are not only performative but are so in multiple ways. It can provide no easy way to dissolve the specific dilemma this multiple jurisgenerativity poses in the context of military markets specifically. But logically flowing from the argument is a suggestion that encouraging and empowering a broader, non-military/security professional involvement in the debate over the regulation of commercial military markets would be the appropriate way of handling it.
Genetics of Alcohol Dependence in Humans: Recent Findings and Perspectives
Authors: Preuss Ulrich W. , Walther Christine , Wong Jessica W. M.
Published: February 2012

Aim: Several lines of evidence from various scientific approaches indicate that alcohol dependence (AD) in humans is genetically influenced. The aim of this review is to report recent findings, new approaches and developments in revealing the genetic underpinnings of alcohol dependence in humans. Results: Results mainly from marker-dependent studies (linkage, case-control association and genome-wide association) and intermediate phenotypes (endophenotypes) are reported as well as findings from recent pharmacogenomic and epigenetic research on alcohol use disorders. Based on the findings, potential perspectives for future research are discussed.
Influence of diagenesis on the stable isotopic composition of biogenic carbonates from the Gulf of Tehuantepec oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Blanchet C. L. , Kasten S. , Vidal L. , Poulton S. W. , Ganeshram R. , Thouveny N.
Published: February 2012

In order to evaluate the influence of diagenetic and post‐sampling processes on the stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of biogenic carbonates, we conducted a multiproxy study of organic‐rich sediments from the eastern Pacific oxygen minimum zone. Core MD02‐2520, which was retrieved from the Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mexico), has seasonal laminations and covers the last 40 kyr. Together with the presence of gypsum crystals and inorganic calcite aggregates, the occurrence of large excursions in the stable oxygen and carbon isotope records of both planktonic and benthic foraminifera (as large as +3‰ in δ18O and −5‰ in δ13C) point to significant secondary transformations. Storage‐related gypsum precipitation was ruled out since it implies sulfide reoxidation by oxygen that triggers biogenic calcite dissolution, which proved to be of minor importance here. Instead, precipitation of authigenic calcite during early diagenesis appears to be the most likely process responsible for the observed isotopic excursions. The δ13C composition for inorganic calcite aggregates (−5 to −7‰) suggests a major contribution from anaerobic oxidation of organic matter. The δ34S composition for gypsum crystals (−10 to +15‰) suggests a major contribution from anaerobic reoxidation of authigenic sulfides, potentially involving reactions with metal oxides and sulfur disproportionation. A minor part of the gypsum might possibly have formed as a result of local pore water salinity increases induced by gas hydrate formation.
Is there long‐range memory in solar activity on timescales shorter than the sunspot period?
Authors: Rypdal M. , Rypdal K.
Published: February 2012

The sunspot number (SSN), the total solar irradiance (TSI), a TSI reconstruction, and the solar flare index (SFI) are analyzed for long‐range persistence (LRP). Standard Hurst analysis yields H ≈ 0.9, which suggests strong LRP. However, solar activity time series are nonstationary because of the almost‐periodic 11 year smooth component, and the analysis does not give the correct H for the stochastic component. Better estimates are obtained by detrended fluctuation analysis, but estimates are biased and errors are large because of the short time records. These time series can be modeled as a stochastic process of the form x(t) = y(t) + σ
wH(t), where y(t) is the smooth component and wH(t) is a stationary fractional noise with Hurst exponent H. From ensembles of numerical solutions to the stochastic model and application of Bayes' theorem, we can obtain bias and error bars on H and also a test of the hypothesis that a process is uncorrelated (H = 1/2). The conclusions from the present data sets are that SSN, TSI, and TSI reconstruction almost certainly are long‐range persistent, but with the most probable value H ≈ 0.7. The SFI process, however, is either very weakly persistent (H < 0.6) or completely uncorrelated on timescales longer than a few solar rotations. Differences between stochastic properties of the TSI and its reconstruction indicate some error in the reconstruction scheme.
Attenuation of whistler waves through conversion to lower hybrid waves in the low‐altitude ionosphere
Authors: Shao X. , Eliasson B. , Sharma A. S. , Milikh G. , Papadopoulos K.
Published: February 2012

VLF waves excited by powerful ground‐based transmitters propagate in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide and leak through the ionosphere to the magnetosphere, where they are often recorded by satellites. Simulations of the propagation of whistler waves using coupled transionospheric VLF propagation and three‐dimensional ray‐tracing models have shown systematic overestimates of the VLF wavefield strength near 20 kHz in the magnetosphere by about 20 dB in the night and 10 dB during the day. The paper presents numerical simulations of the conversion between whistler and lower hybrid waves interactions in the presence of short‐scale field‐aligned density irregularities (striations) in Earth's lower ionosphere. The simulations, which incorporate a realistic ionospheric density profile, show that the mode conversion of whistler waves to lower hybrid waves leads to significant attenuation of whistler waves at altitudes between 90 and 150 km. The striation width plays an important role in the conversion efficiency between whistler and lower hybrid wave. Uniformly distributed striations with 8 m transverse size result in 15 dB attenuation in the 90–150 km propagation range, while a spectrum from 2 to 10 m results in 9 dB attenuation. It is argued that the attenuation of whistler waves in the presence of short‐scale density striations in Earth's ionosphere can account for most of the observed ∼20 dB loss in VLF intensity. Furthermore, it predicts that VLF/ELF waves with frequencies below 5 kHz will not suffer similar attenuation.
Detailed performance characteristics of vertically polarized, cylindrical, active coated nano‐particle antennas
Authors: Geng Junping , Ziolkowski Richard W. , Jin Ronghong , Liang Xianling
Published: February 2012

The electromagnetic properties of active cylindrical coated nano‐particle antennas are investigated. It is demonstrated that the active cylindrical coated nano‐particle, whether illuminated by a plane wave or an electric Hertzian dipole (EHD) (small current) element, acts as a strong dipole radiator at its resonant frequency. It is shown that the plane wave scattering cross section could be increased by about 40 dBsm, and the maximum peak of the power radiated by an EHD element could be increased more than 65 dB in the presence of the active nano‐particle over its value when radiating into free space. An array, constructed with four active cylindrical coated nano‐particles and excited by an EHD element located at or near its center is also studied. Large directivity values, more than 8 dB, are obtained for particular array configurations and EHD locations.
Highlights of Fall Meeting 2011
Authors: McPhaden Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Every December for the past 44 years, something special has happened in the world of Earth and space science: AGU's Fall Meeting. This special pullout section ofEos offers highlights of the 2011 Fall Meeting in a format structured to echo AGU's Strategic Plan. Scientific Leadership and Collaboration were at an all‐time high: For the first time in Fall Meeting history, attendance passed the 20,000 mark—20,890 to be exact. Attendees hailed from 96 countries; 30% were students.
Public affairs events at Fall Meeting
Authors: Uhlenbrock Kristan
Published: March 2012

AGU's Public Affairs team presented two workshop luncheons and hosted 17 oral and poster sessions at the 2011 Fall Meeting. Topics ranged from defining the importance of the geosciences, to climate change science for communities and institutions. The workshop luncheon “How to Be a Congressional Science Fellow or Mass Media Fellow” was a well‐attended event with more than 115 participants. The luncheon provided the opportunity for audience members to ask fellow scientists about their experiences working either in Congress or as a reporter for a news organization. For scientists looking to expand their expertise outside the academic environment, these AGU fellowships are fantastic opportunities.
Videos, tweet‐ups, and training unite scientist communicators at Fall Meeting
Authors: Adams Mary Catherine , Ramsayer Kate
Published: March 2012

AGU's public information office held several events at the 2011 Fall Meeting designed to train, recognize, and reward member scientists who communicate with, or want to communicate with, nonscience audiences. On Sunday, about 90 researchers gathered at the Marriott Marquis hotel for an all‐day science communications training event covering topics including journalism from the insider's perspective, storytelling, and using humor to share science. On Wednesday a communications panel focusing specifically on climate science shared tips on communicating with audiences via TV and the Web, among other outlets. At a social media soiree Monday evening, geobloggers, Facebook fans, Twitter followers, and others met in person and talked about how to share news and research across the many platforms of the Internet. Later in the week, bloggers from AGU's blogosphere and other sites met for lunch to discuss the online Earth and space science community.
Students fall for Fall Meeting
Authors: Smedley Kara
Published: March 2012

From Boston to Beijing, thousands of students traveled to San Francisco for the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting. Of those who participated, 183 students were able to attend thanks to AGU's student travel grant program, which assists students with travel costs and seeks to enrich the meeting through ethnic and gender diversity. Students at Fall Meeting enjoyed a variety of programs and activities designed to help them better network with their peers, learn about new fields, and disseminate their research to the interested public. More than 800 students attended AGU's first annual student mixer, sharing drinks and ideas with fellow student members and future colleagues as well as forging new friendships and intellectual relationships.
Discovering Earth and space: Family fun at Exploration Station
Authors: Adamec Bethany Holm
Published: March 2012

The 2011 Fall Meeting started off with a bang (or at least a homemade construction paper rocket) at Exploration Station, a science exhibition geared toward children and families. This annual event, held on Sunday, 4 December, last year, featured members of the various AGU sections and focus groups who led interactive demonstrations on topics spanning the deep Earth to distant stars. The event was 4 hours long, free, and open to the public. Visitors made their way through 25 exhibits that offered a variety of easy, family friendly, and hands‐on activities. Equally important, they had an opportunity to interact one‐on‐one with scientists and education specialists.
Io's volcanism influences Jupiter's magnetosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2012

Volcanic emissions from Jupiter's moon Io supply plasma to the planet's magnetosphere and lead to its main auroral emissions. New observations show that the main auroral oval expanded and outer emissions brightened in spring 2007. Some studies have suggested that magnetospheric changes such as these could be caused by changes in the incoming solar wind. Bonfond et al. present several lines of evidence—including images from the Hubble Space Telescope and observations of a volcanic plume on Io from the New Horizons probe along with measurements of increased emissions from Jupiter's sodium cloud—that indicate that Io's volcanism controls changes in Jupiter's magnetosphere. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL050253, 2012)
Swimming helps phytoplankton avoid being carried by currents
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2012

Observations of an upwelling event in Monterey Bay, California, show that non‐bioluminescent phytoplankton from the northern part of the bay are carried with the southward flowing currents along the entrance to the bay, but many bioluminescent dinoflagellates avoid such advection. It has been suggested that the vertical swimming ability of bioluminescent dinoflagellates to descend to deeper layers helped them avoid being carried away by currents. Shulman et al. tested that hypothesis using a tracer model in which the dinoflagellates population is modeled as a concentration, and vertical swimming speeds are introduced into the model. They show that a swimming speed of 20 meters per day, which is in the middle of the observed swimming velocity ranges for observed species of dinoflagellates, leads to only 40% of the population being advected with the current in comparison to the case without vertical swimming. This is in agreement with the observed ratio of mean bioluminescence intensity at the entrance to the bay to the observed mean intensity in the northern part of the bay. Thus, the model confirms that dinoflagellates with moderate vertical swimming speed could avoid being carried away by currents. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, doi:10.1029/ 2011JC007480, 2012)
Molecules of choice?
Authors: Morris Simon Conway
Published: February 2012

Transmembrane proteins with seven helices, whether they are in the insect ‘nose’ or the mammalian eye, are the molecule of choice for detecting the world. No matter the kingdom, evolution seems to settle on the optimal solution time and time again.
The scaling analysis on effective activation energy in HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ
Authors: Lv B. , Xie R. B. , Shao H. M. , Wu X. S.
Published: February 2012

We review the methods of calculating the effective energy Ueff(T,B,J) for both transport measurements and magnetic decay, and suggest a new resistivity expression that is compatible with both vortex glass theory and thermal assistant flux creep theory. Then we apply these methods in our HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ single phase superconductor to obtain the activation energy. Transport results confirm that the magnetic field and temperature dependence of the Ueff(T,B) can be well described by our new model. Magnetic relaxation data shows that the current density dependence of Ueff(J) can be scaled onto a single curve following the vortex glass theory. The exponent obtained from the scaling law is 0.978 in the temperature range 4.2–60 K, close to the value of 7/9 in the regime of flux creep in large vortex bundles predicted by vortex glass theory.
Magnetic and dielectric properties of layered perovskite Gd2Ti2O7 thin film epitaxially stabilized on a perovskite single crystal
Authors: Ukita Takashi , Hirose Yasushi , Ohno Sawako , Hatabayashi Kunitada , Fukumura Tomoteru , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: February 2012

Layered perovskite (LP) titanates, Ln2Ti2O7 (Ln = lanthanoids), are ferroelectric materials containing magnetic Ln3+ ions at A-site. Metastable LP-Gd2Ti2O7 was fabricated in epitaxial thin film form on lattice-matched perovskite substrates and its dielectric and magnetic properties were investigated. The (100)-oriented LP-Gd2Ti2O7 films were epitaxially grown on (110) plane of (LaAlO3)0.3-(SrAl0.5Ta0.5O3)0.7 (LSAT) and Nb-doped SrTiO3 by using a pulsed laser deposition method. Piezoresponse force microscope measurements revealed that LP-Gd2Ti2O7 has spontaneous polarization along the b-axis at room temperature, strongly suggesting room temperature ferroelectricity. Magnetization measurements showed paramagnetic behavior with weak antiferromagnetic interaction around 2 K. Small positive magneto-dielectric effect (Δɛ/ɛ ∼ 10−5 order) was also confirmed at 10 K.
Measurement of the two-dimensional magnetostriction and the vector magnetic property for a non-oriented electrical steel sheet under stress
Authors: Kai Y. , Tsuchida Y. , Todaka T. , Enokizono M.
Published: February 2012

This paper presents the influence of mechanical stress on the two-dimensional (2-D) magnetostriction and the vector magnetic property for a non-oriented electrical steel sheet. A six-axial strain gauge is developed in order to measure the in-plane mechanical stress and the magnetostriction of the non-oriented electrical steel sheet. The vector magnetic property and 2-D magnetostriction under tensile and compressive stress are also measured. From the results, the difference in the vector magnetic property and 2-D magnetostriction due to the applied mechanical stress is obtained.