bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the Starbucks effect exist? Searching for a relationship between Starbucks and adjacent rents
Authors: Donner Herman , Loh Tracy Hadden
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the popular perception that the storefront location choices of premium brands are positively related to adjacent rents. Focusing on the case of Starbucks, a popular international coffee chain, the authors examine the association between Starbucks locations and rents in Manhattan, New York.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a multi-year data set for average rent per square foot for office and multifamily residential properties within 1/10th of a mile of several hundred coffee shop locations in Manhattan, controlling for vacancy, job density, overall amenity density (WalkScore), coffee shop density, transit accessibility, neighborhood and the Starbucks brand. The authors take two different methodological approaches to isolate potential statistical evidence for an association between Starbucks locations and adjacent rents: the authors run a pooled-cross-sectional model and apply propensity-score matching.

Findings

The authors find a statistically significant positive relationship between the presence of Starbucks and average office rents when applying the authors’ pooled-cross-sectional model and applying propensity-score matching. This finding is consistent with several potential causal hypotheses: Starbucks may be attributed to higher rent office locations; the “Starbucks effect” may cause higher rents in adjacent locations; or there may be a mutual reinforcing of positive feedback between Starbucks locations and office rents. The authors find no strong association between Starbucks and residential rents (one model indicates an effect of 2.3 percent on residential rent at 10 percent level of significance), which challenges the direct linearity of the consumption theory of gentrification popularly called the “Starbucks effect.”

Originality/value

In the literature, the existence, causality and directionality of a relationship between Starbucks locations and neighborhood change have been largely unstudied. In this paper, the authors test the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between Starbucks locations and rents.
Methodological lapses in plant and equipment valuation amongst Lagos valuers
Authors: Otegbulu Austin Chike
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the level of discrepancy in the valuation process adopted by valuers in the study area with a view to provide solution.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on both structured questionnaire and content analysis of valuation reports. In total, 185 (41 percent) structured questionnaires were randomly distributed to practicing estate surveying firms; out of 450 firms in Lagos, 173 were retrieved and used for analysis. However, the content analysis was based on 54 valuation reports on plants and equipment to investigate the extent of compliance to valuation process, standard and best practices among practitioners.

Findings

The findings from the study show that most of the practitioners lack the expertise to carry out plant and machinery (P&M) valuation, and there is evidence of poor application of methodology and lack of adherence to standards.

Practical implications

The findings from this study will reinforce the need for specialization and enforcement of standard in plant and equipment valuation practice, which will enthrone consistency, uniformity and reliability.

Originality/value

This study is the first to deal with methodology lapses in plant and equipment valuation in the study area. Ashaolu (2016) worked on the inter-disciplinary nature of plant and equipment valuation, whereas Otegbulu and Babawale (2011) worked on valuer’s perception or potential sources of inaccuracy in P&M valuation in Nigeria.
Making sense of heritage luxury brands: consumer perceptions across different age groups
Authors: Halwani Lama
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Scholars have repeatedly concluded that heritage is a significant value driver for luxury brands (Rileyet al., 2004; Fionda and Moore, 2009; Wuestefeldet al., 2012; DeFantiet al., 2014; Ardeletet al., 2015; Dion and Borraz, 2015; Dion and Mazzalovo, 2016). However, little is known on how consumers of different age group make sense of heritage luxury. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how consumers of different age groups make sense of heritage luxury brands (HLBs).

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve this, semi-structured, one-on-one, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 consumers of HLBs who fell into one of three age groups: Emerging adults (18 to 25 years), middle-aged adults (33 to 40 years) and older adults (67 to 74 years old).

Findings

The findings of this paper explored the different perceptions of the dimension of heritage in relation to luxury among consumers of different age groups. This paper focuses on the pioneering contributions of Urde, Greyser and Balmer (2007) in defining the dimensions of heritage brands. Although the dimensions of heritage brands defined by Urdeet al.(2007) were useful as a starting point, differing perceptions among consumers of different age groups emerged which need to be considered. Findings of this study showed that consumers of all three age groups revealed three characteristics of HLBs. These are timelessness, quality craftsmanship and prestige. The durability and lasting appeal of HLBs was attributed to their high-quality craftsmanship. Quality craftsmanship, recognizability and price contributed to the perceived prestige value of HLBs. It was apparent throughout this study that HLB items helped participants feel connected to others, including their mothers or more remote forebears, their contemporaries and their descendants.

Originality/value

The author aims to understand the interplay between heritage and luxury, to understand how luxury brand consumers of different age groups are influenced by the heritage dimension. The relation between luxury and heritage becomes particularly intriguing when we consider how it affects the perceptions of consumers of different age groups.
Motion capture sensing techniques used in human upper limb motion: a review
Authors: Yahya Muhammad , Shah Jawad Ali , Kadir Kushsairy Abdul , Yusof Zulkhairi M. , Khan Sheroz , Warsi Arif
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Motion capture system (MoCap) has been used in measuring the human body segments in several applications including film special effects, health care, outer-space and under-water navigation systems, sea-water exploration pursuits, human machine interaction and learning software to help teachers of sign language. The purpose of this paper is to help the researchers to select specific MoCap system for various applications and the development of new algorithms related to upper limb motion.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides an overview of different sensors used in MoCap and techniques used for estimating human upper limb motion.

Findings

The existing MoCaps suffer from several issues depending on the type of MoCap used. These issues include drifting and placement of Inertial sensors, occlusion and jitters in Kinect, noise in electromyography signals and the requirement of a well-structured, calibrated environment and time-consuming task of placing markers in multiple camera systems.

Originality/value

This paper outlines the issues and challenges in MoCaps for measuring human upper limb motion and provides an overview on the techniques to overcome these issues and challenges.
Occurrence of major and trace elements in powdered milk from Argentina
Authors: Arellano Flavia E , Braeuer Simone , Fernández Cirelli Alicia , Goessler Walter , Pérez Carrera Alejo L
Published: June 2019

The concentrations of major and trace elements in Argentinean commercial powdered milk samples were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Also the daily intake (DI) was calculated for adults and infants. The concentrations of B, Mg, Na, K and Ca were significantly higher in skimmed milk. Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn and Zn were significantly higher in infant formula. All the DIs were below the tolerable upper intake levels. The mean As concentration (26.0 ± 8.6 ng/g) in the powdered skimmed milk samples was slightly higher than in the others. Mean Pb concentrations ranged from 4.1 ± 2.1 to 13.5 ± 8.2 ng/g. The highest mean U concentration was 7.8 ± 2.6 ng/g for whole milk. This study contributes to the knowledge of major and trace elements in powdered milk and its contribution to the diet in Argentina.
microRNA Detection in Blood, Urine, Semen, and Saliva Stains After Compromising Treatments
Authors: Layne Tiffany R. , Green Raquel A. , Lewis Carolyn A. , Nogales Francy , Dawson Cruz Tracey C. , Zehner Zendra E. , Seashols‐Williams Sarah J.
Published: June 2019

Evaluation of microRNA (miRNA) expression as a potential method for forensic body fluid identification has been the subject of investigation over the past several years. Because of their size and encapsulation within proteins and lipids, miRNAs are inherently less susceptible to degradation than other RNAs. In this work, blood, urine, semen, and saliva were exposed to environmental and chemical conditions mimicking sample compromise at the crime scene. For many treated samples, including 100% of blood samples, miRNAs remained detectable, comparable to the untreated control. Sample degradation varied by body fluid and treatment, with blood remarkably resistant, while semen and saliva are more susceptible to environmental insult. Body fluid identification using relative miRNA expression of blood and semen of the exposed samples was 100% and 94%, respectively. Given the overall robust results herein, the case is strengthened for the use of miRNAs as a molecular method for body fluid identification.
Taking sides: Gender and third‐party partisanship in disputes
Authors: Rogers Ethan M. , Felson Richard B. , Berg Mark T. , Krajewski Andrew
Published: June 2019

We examine the role of a norm protecting women in understanding third‐party partisanship in verbal and violent disputes. Our analyses are based on reports provided by male inmates and men they know who have never been arrested. The results show that third parties are more likely to support female adversaries than male adversaries. The gender effect is stronger when we control for the relational distance between adversaries, which indicates that a privacy norm might inhibit this normative protection. The gender effect is somewhat weaker when we control for the relative physical size of the adversaries, which indicates that a general norm protecting vulnerable people partly explains the gender effect. The strong gender effect that remains, however, demonstrates the importance of the normative protection of women, regardless of relative size, during disputes. The results have implications for research on situational factors in violence and violence against women.
Carbon sink reduction by fruit removal triggers respiration but not nitrous oxide emissions from the root zone of cucumber
Authors: Nett Leif , Hauschild Ingo , Kläring Hans‐Peter
Published: June 2019

Root exudation of organic carbon (C) is generally believed to be the cause of positive effects of root activity on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We tested the effects of root exudation in an actual soil–plant system on N2O emissions while excluding most other potential factors. The C source/sink ratio in cucumber was changed by removing fruits to increase root exudation. Root‐zone emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O were monitored in complete stands of adult plants in a greenhouse. Whereas CO2 emissions rapidly increased as a result of fruit removal the N2O emissions were completely unaffected. After cutting the shoots CO2 emissions decreased within 2 weeks in both the fruit removal treatment and the control to a value significantly lower than that before the start of the treatments. However, N2O emissions immediately exhibited a short peak, which was significantly higher in the fruit removal treatment compared to the control. Thereafter N2O emissions in both treatments remained on the same level but considerably higher than before shoot cutting. We concluded that in a well‐aerated root zone, a root exudation pulse does not necessarily increase N2O emissions, because C substrates are quickly respired by microorganisms before they can support heterotrophic denitrification. The results further indicate the significance of dying/dead roots for the creation of denitrificaton hot‐spots, which likely result from providing C substrates as well as poorly aerated habitats.
Aging‐induced Akt activation involves in aging‐related pathologies and Aβ‐induced toxicity
Authors: Chen Yu‐Ru , Li Yu‐Hsuan , Hsieh Tsung‐Chi , Wang Chih‐Ming , Cheng Kuan‐Chung , Wang Lei , Lin Tzu‐Yu , Cheung Chun Hei Antonio , Wu Chia‐Lin , Chiang HsuehCheng
Published: June 2019

Multicellular signals are altered in the processes of both aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similarities in behavioral and cellular functional changes suggest a common regulator between aging and AD that remains undetermined. Our genetics and behavioral approaches revealed the regulatory role of Akt in both aging and AD pathogenesis. In this study, we found that the activity of Akt is upregulated during aging through epidermal growth factor receptor activation by using the fruit fly as an in vivo model. Downregulation of Akt in neurons improved cell survival, locomotor activity, and starvation challenge in both aged and Aβ42‐expressing flies. Interestingly, increased cAMP levels attenuated both Akt activation‐induced early death and Aβ42‐induced learning deficit in flies. At the molecular level, overexpression of Akt promoted Notch cleavage, suggesting that Akt is an endogenous activity regulator of γ‐secretase. Taken together, this study revealed that Akt is involved in the aging process and Aβ toxicity, and manipulating Akt can restore both neuronal functions and improve behavioral activity during the processes of aging and AD pathogenesis.
The relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tael‐Öeren Mariliis , Naughton Felix , Sutton Stephen
Published: June 2019

Aims

The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and their child's alcohol use. Secondary aims included assessing the relationship between attitudes reported by parents and those perceived by children, and between perceived parental attitudes and children's alcohol use.

Methods

Meta‐analysis of studies reporting on the associations between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and children's self‐reported alcohol use. Published, peer‐reviewed cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies were identified from the following databases up to April 2018: Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Quality assessment was performed by using guidelines developed by Hayden, Cote & Bombardier. Pooled effect sizes were calculated by using random‐effects meta‐analyses, if there were at least two studies that could be included per analysis. Of 7471 articles screened, 29 were included comprising data from 16 477 children and 15 229 parents.

Results

Less restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use were related to higher rates of alcohol use initiation [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–1.80], alcohol use frequency (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.24–1.86) and drunkenness (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.35–1.85) among children. Less perceived restrictive parental attitudes were related to higher alcohol use frequency (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.29–2.40). Perceived parental attitudes were not clearly related to alcohol use initiation. Parent‐reported attitudes and perceived parental attitudes were weakly positively correlated (r = 0.27, P = ≤ 0.001). The strength of the relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use frequency attenuated with children's age. Study design, sample size, study location and levels of alcohol use frequency did not have a detectable effect on the relationship.

Conclusions

Less restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use are associated with increases in children's alcohol use onset, alcohol use frequency and drunkenness. Children's perception of less restrictive parental attitudes is associated with children's alcohol use.
Associations between young adult marijuana outcomes and availability of medical marijuana dispensaries and storefront signage
Authors: Shih Regina A. , Rodriguez Anthony , Parast Layla , Pedersen Eric R. , Tucker Joan S. , Troxel Wendy M. , Kraus Lisa , Davis Jordan P. , D'Amico Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2019

Aims

We investigated associations between the density of medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) around young adults' homes and marijuana use outcomes.

Design

Secondary data analysis.

Setting

Los Angeles County, CA, USA.

Participants

A total of 1887 participants aged 18–22 years, surveyed online in 2016–17.

Measurements

Outcomes were past‐month marijuana use (number of days used, number of times each day), positive expectancies and perceived peer use. Density was measured as the total number of MMDs and number of MMDs with storefront signage indicative of marijuana sales, within 4 miles of respondents' homes.

Findings

Eighty‐four per cent of respondents had 10 or more MMDs within 4 miles of their homes. Multiple linear regression analyses that adjusted for individual‐level socio‐demographic characteristics and neighborhood socio‐economic status indicated that living near a higher number of MMDs was associated with greater number of days used in the past month [β = 0.025; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.001, 0.049; P = 0.04] and higher positive marijuana expectancies (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.007; P = 0.04). Living near more MMDs with storefront signage had a four‐ to six‐fold larger effect on number of times used per day and positive expectancies, respectively, compared with associations with the total MMD count. Adjusting for medical marijuana card ownership attenuated the association with number of days used in the past month and positive expectancies, and an unexpected association emerged between higher MMD density and fewer number of times used each day (β = −0.005; 95% CI = –0.009, −0.001; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

For young adults in Los Angeles County, living near more medical marijuana dispensaries (MMDs) is positively associated with more frequent use of marijuana within the past month and greater expectations of marijuana's positive benefits. MMDs with signage show stronger associations with number of times used each day and positive expectancies.
Pre‐operative voice evaluation as a hypothetical predictor of difficult laryngoscopy
Authors: de Carvalho C. C. , da Silva D. M. , de Carvalho Junior A. D. , Santos Neto J. M. , Rio B. R. , Neto C. N. , de Orange F. A.
Published: June 2019

We examined the potential for voice sounds to predict a difficult airway as compared with prediction by the modified Mallampati test. A total of 453 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were studied. Five phonemes were recorded and their formants analysed. Difficult laryngoscopy was defined as the Cormack–Lehane grade 3 or 4. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association between some variables (mouth opening, sternomental distance, modified Mallampati and formants) and difficult laryngoscopy. Difficult laryngoscopy was reported in 29/453 (6.4%) patients. Among five regression models evaluated, the model achieving better performance to predict difficult laryngoscopy, after a variable selection criteria (stepwise, multivariate) and included a modified Mallampati classification (OR 2.920; 95%CI 1.992–4.279; p < 0.001), first formant of /i/(iF1) (OR 1.003; 95%CI 1.002–1.04; p < 0.001), and second formant of /i/(iF2) (OR 0.998; 95%CI 0.997–0.998; p < 0.001). The receiver operating curve for a regression model that included both formants and Mallampati showed an area under curve of 0.918, higher than formants alone (area under curve 0.761) and modified Mallampati alone (area under curve 0.874). Voice presented a significant association with difficult laryngoscopy during general anaesthesia showing a 76.1% probability of correctly classifying a randomly selected patient.
Letter: contraindicated drug‐drug interactions before and after initiation of direct‐acting anti‐viral agents in chronic hepatitis C patients in Taiwan
Authors: Shao Shih‐Chieh , Lai Edward Chia‐Cheng , Chang Kai‐Cheng , Chan Yuk‐Ying , Chen Hui‐Yu , Chien Rong‐Nan
Published: June 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Liu et al and Liu and Kao papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15011 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15329.
Editorial: assessing histological disease activity in Crohn’s disease—a call for standardisation of mucosal biopsy location. Authors' reply
Authors: Vande Casteele Niels , Jairath Vipul
Published: June 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Novak et al and Bryant and Costello papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15250 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15284.
Editorial: suicide and IBD—a call to action. Authors’ reply
Authors: Malham Mikkel , Jakobsen Christian , Hald Mette , Paerregaard Anders , Virta Lauri J. , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Wewer Vibeke
Published: June 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Malham et al and Banerjee and Gearry papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15258 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15299.
Genetic parameters for mastitis incidence and its indicators based on somatic cell score for Holsteins in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Masuda Yutaka , Nakagawa Satoshi , Abe Hayato , Gotoh Yusaku , Baba Toshimi , Kawahara Takayoshi
Published: June 2019

The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of mastitis incidence and genetic correlations between the mastitis and the somatic cell score (SCS) statistics, and to compare the practicability between different models. We used test‐day records with the mastitis incidence and SCS collected from Holstein cows calving from 1988 to 2015 in Hokkaido, Japan. As indicators of mastitis, the average SCS (avSCS), the standard deviation of SCS (sdSCS), and the maximum SCS (maxSCS) were calculated using test‐day records up to the first 305 days in milk within a lactation. We compared a four‐trait repeatability animal model (MTRP) with a four‐trait multiple‐lactation animal model (MTML). The heritability for mastitis was equal to or lower than 0.05 in all the models. Genetic correlations between lactations with MTML within the same trait were positive and close to 1. With MTRP, the estimated genetic correlations of the mastitis incidence with avSCS, sdSCS, and maxSCS were 0.66, 0.79, and 0.82, respectively. A joint evaluation with SCS statistics is expected to give an extra reliability for mastitis because of high and positive genetic correlations among the traits.
Predictors of disengagement from cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in a National Health Service setting: A retrospective evaluation
Authors: Richardson Thomas , Dasyam Ben , Courtney Helen , White Lucy , Tedbury Jo , Butt Jane , Newman‐Taylor Katherine
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To evaluate whether demographic and clinical variables are related to disengagement rates in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis in a clinical setting.

Methods

The medical records and symptom severity data (from Health of the Nation Outcome Scales) were analysed retrospectively for 103 referrals for CBT for psychosis in a National Health Service secondary care and Early Intervention in Psychosis team.

Results

Overall, 42.7% (n = 44) disengaged from CBT. There was no impact of gender or ethnicity, and no impact of clinical variables such as risk history and comorbid diagnosis. However, risk of disengagement was significantly higher for those who were younger, F = 6.89, partial η2 = .064, p = <.05; those with greater total HoNOS scores, F = 4.22, partial η2 = .04, p < .05; more severe symptoms on the HoNOS items of overactive, aggressive, disruptive, or agitated behaviour, χ2 = 6.13, p < .01; problem drinking or drug taking, χ2 = 7.65, p < .05; depressed mood, χ2 = 7.0, p < .01; and problems with occupation and activities: χ2 = 3.68, p < .05. There was a non‐significant trend for shorter waiting times to be associated with greater levels of disengagement.

Conclusions

These results indicate that it may not be psychosis per se that disrupts engagement in CBT, but linked behavioural and emotional factors. A more assertive approach to these factors – overactive, aggressive, disruptive, or agitated behaviour, problem drinking or drug taking, depressed mood, and problems with occupation and activities, particularly in younger people – may be valuable prior to or early on in therapy as a means of increasing engagement in CBT for psychosis.

Practitioner Points

Risk of disengagement from CBT for psychosis increases with overactive, aggressive, disruptive, or agitated behaviour (54.9% vs. 30.8%), problem drinking and drug taking (61.1% vs. 32.8%), depressed mood (56% vs. 30.2%), and problems with occupation and activities (53.3% vs. 34.5%), with a trend for younger age.

An assertive and motivational approach to engagement and a focus on addressing low mood and problematic behaviours, prior to or early in therapy, may be warranted, particularly for younger people.

This evaluation is limited by small sample size and being retrospective.

These results speak to the question of whether psychosis itself renders people inappropriate for CBT for psychosis, or whether problems arise due to behavioural and emotional factors that might be addressed to increase access to CBT for psychosis.
Liraglutide 3.0 mg for the management of insufficient weight loss or excessive weight regain post‐bariatric surgery
Authors: Wharton Sean , Kuk Jennifer L. , Luszczynski Magdalena , Kamran Elham , Christensen Rebecca A. G.
Published: June 2019

To assess the effectiveness of liraglutide 3.0 mg in post‐bariatric surgery patients, and to determine whether this would differ based on the type of bariatric surgery. One hundred seventeen post‐bariatric surgery patients from the Wharton Medical Clinic were analysed. Changes in weight while taking liraglutide 3.0 mg were examined for all patients, and by three types of bariatric surgery—Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, gastric banding and gastric sleeve. Patients primarily underwent Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (n = 53, 45.3%) or gastric banding (n = 50, 42.7%). Over 7.6 ± 7.1 months taking liraglutide 3.0 mg, patients lost a statistically significant amount of weight (−6.3 ± 7.7 kg, P < .05) regardless of the type of surgery they had (P > .05). This decrease in weight remained significant after 1‐year of taking liraglutide 3.0 mg (P < .05). Nausea was the most prevalent side effect, reported by 29.1% patients. While options for excess weight management in post‐bariatric surgery patients are limited, results of this study suggest that post‐bariatric surgery patients can lose a significant amount of weight while taking liraglutide 3.0 mg regardless of the type of surgery they had. Further, similar to non‐surgical populations, post‐bariatric surgery patients taking liraglutide 3.0 mg may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and can continue to lose weight up to 1 year.
Neurodevelopmental problems of unaccompanied refugee and migrant children: a new challenge for pediatric neurologists
Authors: Fazzi Elisa , Korff Christian , Bernabe Gelot Antoinette , Leroy Patricia , Rivier Francois , San Antonio-Arce Victoria , Veggiotti Pierangelo
Published: June 2019

This article is commented on by Ventevogel and Melville on pages 1247–1248 of this issue.
Glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes using an open source artificial pancreas system (OpenAPS)
Authors: Melmer Andreas , Züger Thomas , Lewis Dana M. , Leibrand Scott , Stettler Christoph , Laimer Markus
Published: June 2019

Open source artificial pancreas systems (OpenAPS) have gained considerable interest in the diabetes community. We analyzed continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) records of 80 OpenAPS users with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A total of 19 495 days (53.4 years) of CGM records were available. Mean glucose was 7.6 ± 1.1 mmol/L, time in range 3.9–10 mmol/L was 77.5 ± 10.5%, <3.9 mmol/L was 4.3 ± 3.6%, <3.0 mmol/L was 1.3 ± 1.9%, >10 mmol/L was 18.2 ± 11.0% and > 13.9 mmol/L was 4.1 ± 4.0%, respectively. In 34 OpenAPS users, additional CGM records were obtained while using sensor‐augmented pump therapy (SAP). After changing from SAP to OpenAPS, lower mean glucose (−0.6 ± 0.7; P < 0.0001), lower estimated HbA1c (−0.4 ± 0.5%; P < 0.0001), higher time in range 3.9–10 mmol/L (+9.3 ± 9.5%; P < 0.0001), less time < 3.0 mmol/L (−0.7 ± 2.2%; P = 0.0171), lower coefficient of variation (−2.4 ± 5.8; P = 0.0198) and lower mean of daily differences (−0.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L; P = 0.0005) was observed. Glycaemic control using OpenAPS was comparable with results of more rigorously developed and tested AP systems. However, OpenAPS was used by a highly selective, motivated and technology‐adept cohort, despite not being approved for the treatment of individuals with T1D.
Efficacy of local eradication treatments against the sudden oak death epidemic in Oregon tanoak forests
Authors: Hansen Everett , Reeser Paul , Sutton Wendy , Kanaskie Alan , Navarro Sarah , Goheen Ellen M.
Published: June 2019

Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death, has been distributed widely across the United States in horticultural situations, but is not established in forests outside of California and Oregon. Here, it has triggered widespread concern and, especially in Oregon, an intensive disease management programme. Now, we provide the first systematic evaluation of the efficacy of that effort.

This paper evaluates four measures of the efficacy of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) local eradication treatments: inoculum availability; inoculum from tree species other than tanoak; disease spread from treated areas; and cumulative infested area with and without treatment. We conclude that local treatments demonstrably reduce local inoculum levels. Eradication of SOD from infested sites is difficult but not impossible. The disease usually does not persist after cutting infected trees but spread on the landscape continues because the pathogen may be present on undetected new infections for a year or two before whole tree symptoms are visible. This limits early detection and coupled with delays in completing eradication treatments, prolongs the chances for long‐distance aerial dispersal.
The medical treatment of epilepsy in the elderly: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lezaic Nastasija , Gore Geneviève , Josephson Colin B. , Wiebe Samuel , Jetté Nathalie , Keezer Mark R.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in elderly individuals with epilepsy.

Methods

We searched four electronic databases as well as bibliographies and conference abstracts. Published and unpublished, randomized, or quasirandomized trials reporting the use of AEDs in people aged at least 60 years with epilepsy were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently carried out each stage of the review. Meta‐analyses were performed using random‐effects models.

Results

Three thousand four hundred seventeen titles and abstracts were reviewed. Eighteen studies evaluating 12 AEDs met all eligibility criteria. Ten studies, comprising 1999 subjects, were suitable for meta‐analysis. Among the elderly with epilepsy, lamotrigine (LTG) is better tolerated relative to carbamazepine (pooled weighted risk ratio [RR] of experiencing withdrawal due to adverse events = 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23‐2.43). There is a higher probability, although with a 95% CI of borderline importance, of seizure freedom when comparing levetiracetam to LTG (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.68‐0.97). Single studies provide evidence for the efficacy and/or tolerability of other AEDs in the elderly, including brivaracetam, gabapentin, lacosamide, perampanel, and topiramate. The risk of bias of the included studies was frequently low or unclear, although there was on occasion a high risk of bias (especially with regard to selective reporting).

Significance

There is some evidence for AED use in the elderly with epilepsy. More evidence is required, comparing newer AEDs to prior generations as well as examining the effects of determinants such as frailty, to guide clinicians when treating this rapidly growing patient population.
Misspecification in stock assessments: Common uncertainties and asymmetric risks
Authors: Hordyk Adrian R. , Huynh Quang C. , Carruthers Thomas R.
Published: June 2019

Common uncertainties in stock assessment relate to parameters or assumptions that strongly determine both the estimates of quantities of management interest (e.g. stock depletion) and related reference points (e.g. biomass at maximum sustainable yield). The risks associated with these uncertainties are often presented to managers in the form of decision tables. However, a formal evaluation of the risks from misspecifying an assessment model over time‐horizons spanning multiple assessment cycles requires closed‐loop simulation. There were two aims of this study: (a) develop an approach to identify and evaluate asymmetries in risk to yields and spawning biomass due to biases in key parameters and data sources in a stock assessment model, (b) quantify the relative importance of correctly specifying the various assessment attributes. A computationally efficient stock reduction analysis was evaluated using closed‐loop simulation to identify risks associated with a stock assessment with persistent positive and negative biases in the key parameters and inaccurate assumptions regarding data sources. Six types of assessment misspecification were examined, namely the assumed natural mortality rate, the assumed recruitment compensation ratio, the assumed age of maturity, a hyper‐stable or hyper‐deplete index of abundance, over‐ or under‐reporting of historical catch, and misspecification of the assumed shape of the selectivity curve. This study reveals large asymmetries in risk associated with common uncertainties in stock assessment processes. We highlight the value of reproducible and computationally efficient stock assessment models that can be investigated by closed‐loop simulation before being used for fisheries management.
Using different carrots: How incentivization affects proficiency testing outcomes
Authors: Gass Susan , Van Gorp Koen , Winke Paula
Published: June 2019

This study represents program‐level action research. A U.S. university Spanish language program had a goal for students to reach the ACTFL (2012) Intermediate Mid level after 2 years. An empirical question that resulted after regular end‐of‐year testing was whether the students were doing their best on assessments. To investigate this, 253 end‐of‐second‐year students were divided into two experimental conditions: (a) 95 students received up to 10% of their final grade based on meeting the speaking goal, and (b) 73 students received up to 5% of their grade on the same criterion. Eighty‐five students formed a control group with no grading incentive. All took ACTFL tests in speaking (the Oral Proficiency Interview‐computerized [OPIc]), listening (Listening Proficiency Test), and reading (Reading Proficiency Test). The group whose OPIc score counted for 10% performed significantly higher than other two groups. Females were more positively affected by the incentivization. Programs with language goals should consider incentivized proficiency‐based exit tests to motivate their students (Chalhoub‐Deville, 1997).
Engineering engagement: Perceived L2 development and short‐term service learning abroad
Authors: Gaugler Kevin M. , Matheus Carolyn C.
Published: June 2019

The current study compared perceived language gains between learners of different preprogram proficiencies, academic interests, and genders who participated in the same predeparture preparation and short‐stay service learning program abroad. L2 learners studying Spanish and computer science students participated in a semester‐long program to design two 1‐week technology summer camps for middle school students in the Dominican Republic, followed by a sojourn to the site where participants led all camp learning and social activities. Representative statements from the NCSSFL‐ACTFL Can‐Do Statements (2015) were used to measure students’ self‐assessed predeparture and postdeparture ability in the three modes of communication (interpersonal speaking, interpretive listening, and presentational speaking). Results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in self‐assessed language gain across the modes, with females and students with a higher predeparture proficiency reporting greater gains in perceived language development. Implications for instructional design and implementation of short‐term study abroad are discussed.
Gut microbiota modulation and immune boosting properties of prebiotic dragon fruit oligosaccharides
Authors: Pansai Nattha , Chakree Korawan , Takahashi Yupanqui Chutha , Raungrut Pritsana , Yanyiam Niracha , Wichienchot Santad
Published: June 2019

This is the first report of the evaluation of suitability for consumption of dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) and its efficacy on gut microbiota modulation and in boosting the gut immune response in rats. The DFO produced significantly increased faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli but decreased bacteroides and clostridia. The DFO also showed immune‐response boosting properties by significantly increasing the plasma immunoglobulin A and G concentrations. In addition, it was confirmed by blood chemistry analysis and histology of the colon of the rats that DFO is suitable for the consumption. These results suggest that DFO is a potentially novel source of prebiotic ingredients with probiotic‐stimulation and immune boosting properties.
Effect of food ingredients on glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion in STC‐1 and HuTu‐80 cells
Authors: Yue Yuan , Madsen Sidsel , Hedemann Mette Skou , Knudsen Knud Erik Bach , Sparsø Flemming Vang , Laursen Anne , Jensen Henrik Max , Knudsen Tine Ahrendt , Purup Stig
Published: June 2019

This study aims at identifying food ingredients that have potential to enhance satiety and therefore potentially can be used for preventing and treating obesity. To do so, effects of thirteen food ingredients on the secretion of gut satiety hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) in enteroendocrine STC‐1 and HuTu‐80 cells were investigated. First, the effects of food ingredients on cell viability were investigated. This was done to determine if the individual ingredient affected cell viability, and in case so, to determine the ingredient concentration below which, the cell viability was unaffected. Enzyme‐treated whey protein, palmitic acid, stearic acid, green tea extract, and hesperidin did not affect GLP‐1 secretion. Functional soy protein, fractionated functional soy protein, acetylated monoglyceride, N‐oleoylethanolamine, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, hesperetin, rosemary extract, and kale extract increased GLP‐1 secretion in at least one cell line. However, the effects of the eight potent ingredients on GLP‐1 secretion need to be further investigated in vivo.
Identification of a de novo NLRP3 gene variation in an Italian Behçet syndrome patient
Authors: Padula Maria Carmela , Leccese Pietro , Lascaro Nancy , Padula Angela Anna , Carbone Teresa , Martelli Giuseppe , D'Angelo Salvatore
Published: June 2019

A novel nonsynonymous variation of NLRP3 was identified in an Italian patient with Behçet syndrome using both bioinformatics and molecular methods. This variation was a thymine to guanine polymorphism responsible for the isoleucine to serine amino acid change at position 348. The novel variation was predicted to be a pathogenic allele.
Factors affecting HLA expression: A review
Authors: Carey B. Sean , Poulton Kay Victoria , Poles Anthony
Published: June 2019

The detection and semiquantitative measurement of circulating human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐specific antibodies is essential for the management of patients before and after transplantation. In addition, the pretransplant cross‐match to assess the reactivity of recipient HLA antibody against donor lymphocytes has long been the gold standard to prevent hyperacute rejection. Whilst both of these tests assume that recipient HLA‐specific antibody is the only variable in the assessment of transplant risk, this is not the case. Transplant immunologists recognize that some HLA antigens are expressed at levels a magnitude lower than others (e.g., HLA‐C, HLA‐DQ), but within loci, and between different cell types there are many factors that influence HLA expression in both resting and activated cells. HLA is not usually expressed without the specific promoter proteins NLRC5, for HLA class I, and CIITA, for class II. The quantity of HLA protein production is then affected by factors including promoter region polymorphisms, alternative exon splice sites, methylation and microRNA‐directed degradation. Different loci are influenced by multiple combinations of these control mechanisms making prediction of HLA regulation difficult, but an ability to measure the cellular expression of each HLA antigen, in conjunction with knowledge of circulating HLA‐specific antibody, would lead to a more informed algorithm to assess transplant risk.
Towards a simple marker of hepato‐visceral adiposity and insulin resistance: The Z‐score change from weight‐at‐birth to BMI‐in‐childhood
Authors: de Zegher Francis , Malpique Rita , Garcia‐Beltran Cristina , Ibáñez Lourdes
Published: June 2019

Background

Insulin resistance and hepato‐visceral (central) fat excess are thought to contribute to an earlier timing of adrenarche/pubarche and puberty/menarche; this earlier timing in turn relates often to a mismatch between prenatal and postnatal weight gain, which can be estimated by calculating the Z‐score change from birth weight (BW) to body mass index (BMI) in childhood.

Methods

We tested the hypothesis that this calculation may serve as a proxy of insulin resistance and hepato‐visceral adiposity in prepuberty by reappraising a cohort of children (mean age, 8.5 years), born appropriate‐ (AGA, n = 41) or small‐for‐gestational age (SGA, n = 45), followed since birth (n = 76) or since the age of 3 years (n = 10). Assessments included anthropometry; fasting glucose and insulin; liver volume; and hepatic fat, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat in the abdominal region (by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]).

Results

Z‐score change BW‐BMI closely associated to central fat (R = 0.74; P < .0001) and insulin resistance (R = 0.71; P < .0001).

Conclusion

These results suggest that Z‐score change BW‐BMI could be viewed as a simple candidate‐marker for hepato‐visceral adiposity and insulin resistance in prepubertal children.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and eGFR levels could be linked by the PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism in children with obesity
Authors: Marzuillo Pierluigi , Di Sessa Anna , Guarino Stefano , Capalbo Daniela , Umano Giuseppina Rosaria , Pedullà Marcella , La Manna Angela , Cirillo Grazia , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele
Published: June 2019

Background

PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism has an effect on modulation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in nonobese nondiabetic adults and in children with histologically confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Objectives

The objective of the study is to explore the impact of PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism on eGFR in children with obesity with and without NAFLD.

Methods

We genotyped 591 patients with obesity for PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism. Anthropometrical, biochemical, and instrumental data were collected. NAFLD was defined by the presence of ultrasound‐detected liver steatosis and/or ALT levels greater than 40 IU/L.

Results

Patients with NAFLD showed significantly lower eGFR levels compared with subjects without NAFLD. Children with PNPLA3 MM genotype showed lower eGFR levels compared with those with either PNPLA3 IM or II genotypes both in the presence and absence of NAFLD. A general linear model for eGFR variance, including gender, duration of obesity, PNPLA3 genotypes, HOMA, BMI‐SDS, LDL‐C, and triglycerides as covariates, confirmed an inverse association between eGFR and PNPLA3 genotype only in the presence of NAFLD.

Conclusions

Children with obesity and PNPLA3 MM genotype show lower eGFR levels compared with other genotypes, with a major effect of this polymorphism in the presence of NAFLD.
The Role of Rookie Female Directors in a Post‐Quota Period: Gender Inequalities within French Boards
Authors: Rebérioux Antoine , Roudaut Gwenaël
Published: June 2019

The board‐level gender quota enacted in France has induced the massive arrival in corporate boards of a new population—namely, women with no prior board experience. We examine the positions and the compensation of these “rookie female directors.” We show that, conditional on their individual characteristics and firm effects, rookie female directors have had a limited access to the key positions within boards and have suffered from a significant compensation gap. We interpret this evidence of positional segregation as resulting from gender stereotypes that have persisted in the process of rookie female directors’ integration within boards.
Does Individualizing the Labor Contract Hurt Women?
Authors: Cahen Claire
Published: June 2019

The twenty‐first century has been marked by a retreat of the collective bargaining rights of public employees throughout the United States. This study exploits the variation in legal environments resulting from these reforms to estimate the causal impact of different collective bargaining policies on public employee compensation. Using data from the American Community Survey, results show a modest wage penalty at the aggregate level for employees covered by constraints on collective bargaining. However, this wage penalty is differential and is concentrated on women in all but one case—a legal environment in which collective bargaining over wages has either been prohibited or directly constricted, allowing governments to periodically institute wage freezes and caps on raises for public employees. In this case, a pre‐existing wage gap in which men earned more than women is disappearing as male and female earnings converge at a lower wage. The paper suggests that the long‐term effects of restricting collective bargaining occur through the individualization of the labor contract and should be examined along individual‐level characteristics, such as gender.
Vulnerable Jobs and the Wage Effects of Import Competition
Authors: Cooke Abigail , Kemeny Tom , Rigby David
Published: June 2019

Do job characteristics modulate the relationship between import competition and workers’ wages? Using pooled cross‐sectional, linked employee‐establishment Census Bureau microdata and O*NET occupational characteristics, the paper models import competition and wages for more than 1.6 million individuals, grouped by job vulnerability defined by routineness, analytic complexity, and interpersonal interaction. Results show import competition is associated with wages that are: lower in routine and less complex jobs; higher in nonroutine and complex jobs; and higher for the highest and lowest levels of interpersonal interaction. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for occupational characteristics in understanding how trade and wages relate.