bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IRF4 in Dendritic Cells Inhibits IL-12 Production and Controls Th1 Immune Responses against Leishmania major
Authors: Akbari Masoud , Honma Kiri , Kimura Daisuke , Miyakoda Mana , Kimura Kazumi , Matsuyama Toshifumi , Yui Katsuyuki
Published: February 2014

IRF4 is a transcription factor from the IRF factor family that plays pivotal roles in the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. Although IRF4 is also expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, its roles in these cells in vivo are not clearly understood. In this study, conditional knockout mice that lack IRF4 in DCs or macrophages were generated and infected with Leishmania major. Mice lacking DC expression of IRF4 showed reduced footpad swelling compared with C57BL/6 mice, whereas those lacking IRF4 in macrophages did not. Mice with IRF4-deficient DCs also showed reduced parasite burden, and their CD4+ T cells produced higher levels of IFN-γ in response to L. major Ag. In the draining lymph nodes, the proportion of activated CD4+ T cells in these mice was similar to that in the control, but the proportion of IFN-γ–producing cells was increased, suggesting a Th1 bias in the immune response. Moreover, the numbers of migrating Langerhans cells and other migratory DCs in the draining lymph nodes were reduced both before and postinfection in mice with IRF4 defects in DCs, but higher levels of IL-12 were observed in IRF4-deficient DCs. These results imply that IRF4 expression in DCs inhibits their ability to produce IL-12 while promoting their migratory behavior, thus regulating CD4+ T cell responses against local infection with L. major.
GM-CSF–Responsive Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Are Pivotal in Th17 Pathogenesis
Authors: Ko Hyun-Ja , Brady Jamie L. , Ryg-Cornejo Victoria , Hansen Diana S. , Vremec David , Shortman Ken , Zhan Yifan , Lew Andrew M.
Published: February 2014

Although multiple dendritic cell (DC) subsets have the potential to induce Th17 differentiation in vitro, the key DC that is critical in Th17 induction and Th17-mediated disease remains moot. In this study, we revealed that CCR2+ monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), but not conventional DCs, were critical for in vivo Th17 induction and autoimmune inflammation. Functional comparison in vitro indicated that moDCs are the most potent type of Th17-inducing DCs compared with conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the importance of GM-CSF in Th17 induction and Th17-mediated disease is its endowment of moDCs to induce Th17 differentiation in vivo, although it has little effect on moDC numbers. Our findings identify the in vivo cellular targets that can be selectively manipulated to ameliorate Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases, as well as the mechanism of GM-CSF antagonism in such diseases.
A Direct and Nonredundant Role for Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin on Antiviral CD8 T Cell Responses in the Respiratory Mucosa
Authors: Shane Hillary L. , Klonowski Kimberly D.
Published: February 2014

Mucosally produced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) regulates Th2 responses by signaling to dendritic cells and CD4 T cells. Activated CD8 T cells express the TSLP receptor (TSLPR), yet a direct role for TSLP in CD8 T cell immunity in the mucosa has not been described. Because TSLP shares signaling components with IL-7, a cytokine important for the development and survival of memory CD8 T cells in systemic infection models, we hypothesized that TSLP spatially and nonredundantly supports the development of these cells in the respiratory tract. In this study, we demonstrate that influenza infection induces the early expression of TSLP by lung epithelial cells with multiple consequences. The global loss of TSLP responsiveness in TSLPR−/− mice enhanced morbidity and delayed viral clearance. Using a competitive adoptive transfer system, we demonstrate that selective loss of TSLPR signaling on antiviral CD8 T cells decreases their accumulation specifically in the respiratory tract as early as day 8 after infection, primarily due to a proliferation deficiency. Importantly, the subsequent persistence of memory cells derived from this pool was also qualitatively and quantitatively affected. In this regard, the local support of antiviral CD8 T cells by TSLP is well suited to the mucosa, where responses must be tempered to prevent excessive inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that TSLP uniquely participates in local immunity in the respiratory tract and modulation of TSLP levels may promote long-term CD8 T cell immunity in the mucosa when other prosurvival signals are limiting.
Inflammatory Cytokines Break Down Intrinsic Immunological Tolerance of Human Primary Keratinocytes to Cytosolic DNA
Authors: Chiliveru Srikanth , Rahbek Stine H. , Jensen Simon K. , Jørgensen Sofie E. , Nissen Sara K. , Christiansen Stig H. , Mogensen Trine H. , Jakobsen Martin R. , Iversen Lars , Johansen Claus , Paludan Søren R.
Published: February 2014

Keratinocytes are involved in protecting the body from infections and environmental challenges, but also in inflammatory conditions like psoriasis. DNA has emerged as a potent stimulator of innate immune responses, but there is largely no information of how keratinocytes respond to cytosolic DNA. In this study, we report that human keratinocytes are tolerant to cytoplasmic DNA. However, if treated with inflammatory cytokines, keratinocytes gained the capacity to respond to DNA through a mechanism antagonized by the antimicrobial peptide LL37, proposed to be involved in activation and regulation of skin inflammation. The DNA sensor IFN-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) colocalized with DNA and the signaling molecule stimulator of IFN genes (STING) in the cytoplasm only in cytokine-stimulated cells, correlating with recruitment of the essential kinase TANK-binding kinase 1. Moreover, IFI16 was essential for DNA-driven innate immune responses in keratinocytes. Finally, IFI16 was upregulated in psoriasis skin lesions and localized to the cytoplasm in a subpopulation of cells. Collectively, this work suggests that inflammatory environments in the skin can lead to breakdown of tolerance for DNA in keratinocytes, which could contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases.
IFN-γ–Producing and IL-17–Producing γδ T Cells Differentiate at Distinct Developmental Stages in Murine Fetal Thymus
Authors: Shibata Kensuke , Yamada Hisakata , Nakamura Masataka , Hatano Shinya , Katsuragi Yoshinori , Kominami Ryo , Yoshikai Yasunobu
Published: February 2014

γδ T cells develop at the double-negative (DN) 2 and DN3 stages and acquire functions to produce IL-17 and IFN-γ in fetal thymus. However, the relationship between differentiation stages and their functions was unclear. In this study, we found that, although IFN-γ–producing and IL-17–producing γδ T cells developed from DN2 cells, only IFN-γ–producing γδ T cells developed from DN3 cells, indicating the direct generation of IL-17–producing γδ T cells from the DN2 stage, not through the DN3 stage. Single-cell analysis revealed that DN2 cells contained heterogeneous γδ T cell precursors with or without an ability to develop IL-17 producers. Inactivation of B cell leukemia/lymphoma 11b, a zinc finger transcription factor responsible for transition from early to late stages of DN2 cells, completely abrogated the development of IL-17–producing γδ T cells, although a unique subset of IFN-γ–producing γδ T cells expressing a high level of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger was able to develop. Thus, our results reveal that γδ T cells are functionally differentiated to IFN-γ and IL-17 producers at different developmental stages in fetal thymus.
Halofuginone-Induced Amino Acid Starvation Regulates Stat3-Dependent Th17 Effector Function and Reduces Established Autoimmune Inflammation
Authors: Carlson Thaddeus J. , Pellerin Alex , Djuretic Ivana M. , Trivigno Catherine , Koralov Sergei B. , Rao Anjana , Sundrud Mark S.
Published: February 2014

The IL-23 pathway is genetically linked to autoimmune disease in humans and is required for pathogenic Th17 cell function in mice. However, because IL-23R–expressing mature Th17 cells are rare and poorly defined in mice at steady-state, little is known about IL-23 signaling. In this study, we show that the endogenous CCR6+ memory T cell compartment present in peripheral lymphoid organs of unmanipulated mice expresses Il23r ex vivo, displays marked proinflammatory responses to IL-23 stimulation in vitro, and is capable of transferring experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor halofuginone blocks IL-23–induced Stat3 phosphorylation and IL-23–dependent proinflammatory cytokine expression in endogenous CCR6+ Th17 cells via activation of the amino acid starvation response (AAR) pathway. In vivo, halofuginone shows therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, reducing both established disease progression and local Th17 cell effector function within the CNS. Mechanistically, AAR activation impairs Stat3 responses downstream of multiple cytokine receptors via selective, posttranscriptional suppression of Stat3 protein levels. Thus, our study reveals latent pathogenic functions of endogenous Th17 cells that are regulated by both IL-23 and AAR pathways and identifies a novel regulatory pathway targeting Stat3 that may underlie selective immune regulation by the AAR.
PPAR-γ/IL-10 Axis Inhibits MyD88 Expression and Ameliorates Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Ferreira Ana Elisa , Sisti Flavia , Sônego Fabiane , Wang Suojuan , Filgueiras Luciano Ribeiro , Brandt Stephanie , Serezani Ana Paula Moreira , Du Hong , Cunha Fernando Q. , Alves-Filho Jose Carlos , Serezani Carlos Henrique
Published: February 2014

Polymicrobial sepsis induces organ failure and is accompanied by overwhelming inflammatory response and impairment of microbial killing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a nuclear receptor with pleiotropic effects on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. The insulin-sensitizing drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are specific PPAR-γ agonists. TZDs exert anti-inflammatory actions in different disease models, including polymicrobial sepsis. The TZD pioglitazone, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, improves sepsis outcome; however, the molecular programs that mediate its effect have not been determined. In a murine model of sepsis, we now show that pioglitazone treatment improves microbial clearance and enhances neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. We also observed reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and high IL-10 levels in pioglitazone-treated mice. These effects were associated with a decrease in STAT-1–dependent expression of MyD88 in vivo and in vitro. IL-10R blockage abolished PPAR-γ–mediated inhibition of MyD88 expression. These data demonstrate that the primary mechanism by which pioglitazone protects against polymicrobial sepsis is through the impairment of MyD88 responses. This appears to represent a novel regulatory program. In this regard, pioglitazone provides advantages as a therapeutic tool, because it improves different aspects of host defense during sepsis, ultimately enhancing survival.
8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase-1 Augments Proinflammatory Gene Expression by Facilitating the Recruitment of Site-Specific Transcription Factors
Authors: Ba Xueqing , Bacsi Attila , Luo Jixian , Aguilera-Aguirre Leopoldo , Zeng Xianlu , Radak Zsolt , Brasier Allan R. , Boldogh Istvan
Published: February 2014

Among the insidious DNA base lesions, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) is one of the most abundant, a lesion that arises through the attack by reactive oxygen species on guanine, especially when located in cis-regulatory elements. 8-oxoG is repaired by the 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1)–initiated DNA base excision repair pathway. In this study, we investigated whether 8-oxoG repair by OGG1 in promoter regions is compatible with a prompt gene expression and a host innate immune response. For this purpose, we used a mouse model of airway inflammation, supplemented with cell cultures, chromatin immunoprecipitation, small interfering RNA knockdown, real-time PCR, and comet and reporter transcription assays. Our data show that exposure of cells to TNF-α altered cellular redox, increased the 8-oxoG level in DNA, recruited OGG1 to promoter sequences, and transiently inhibited base excision repair of 8-oxoG. Promoter-associated OGG1 then enhanced NF-κB/RelA binding to cis-elements and facilitated recruitment of specificity protein 1, transcription initiation factor II-D, and p-RNA polymerase II, resulting in the rapid expression of chemokines/cytokines and inflammatory cell accumulation in mouse airways. Small interfering RNA depletion of OGG1 or prevention of guanine oxidation significantly decreased TNF-α–induced inflammatory responses. Taken together, these results show that nonproductive binding of OGG1 to 8-oxoG in promoter sequences could be an epigenetic mechanism to modulate gene expression for a prompt innate immune response.
Dynamics of Chemokine, Cytokine, and Growth Factor Serum Levels in BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Patients during BRAF Inhibitor Treatment
Authors: Wilmott James S. , Haydu Lauren E. , Menzies Alexander M. , Lum Trina , Hyman Jessica , Thompson John F. , Hersey Peter , Kefford Richard F. , Scolyer Richard A. , Long Georgina V.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study is to profile the changes in the serum levels of a range of chemokines, cytokines, and growth and angiogenic factors in MAPK inhibitor–treated metastatic melanoma patients and to correlate these changes with clinical outcome and changes in melanoma tissue biopsies taken from the same patients. Forty-two chemokine, cytokine, angiogenic, and growth factors were measured in the sera of 20 BRAF inhibitor–treated and four combination BRAF and MEK inhibitor–treated metastatic melanoma patients using a multiplex chemokine assay. The changes were correlated with Ki-67 and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumor biopsies taken at the same time points, as well as clinical outcome, including response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Serum levels of IFN-γ, CCL4, and TNF-α were significantly increased, whereas CXCL8 significantly decreased from pretreatment (PRE) to early during treatment (EDT) serum samples. The decrease in serum CXCL8 levels from PRE to EDT significantly correlated with decreases in markers of melanoma proliferation (Ki-67) and increases in cytotoxic tumor-infiltrating T cells in corresponding tumor biopsies. In addition, a greater fold reduction in CXCL8 serum levels from PRE to EDT serum samples was associated with decreased overall survival. These results suggest that BRAF inhibition causes decreased CXCL8 secretion from melanoma cells and induce an immune response against the tumor associated with increased IFN-γ, CCL4, and TNF-α. Further studies are needed to determine if CXCL8 is predictive of response and to confirm the functions of these chemokine and cytokine in BRAF-mutant melanoma under BRAF inhibition.
Inhibition of the Membrane Attack Complex of the Complement System Reduces Secondary Neuroaxonal Loss and Promotes Neurologic Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Fluiter Kees , Opperhuizen Anne Loes , Morgan B. Paul , Baas Frank , Ramaglia Valeria
Published: February 2014

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of disability and death in young adults. The secondary neuroinflammation and neuronal damage that follows the primary mechanical injury is an important cause of disability in affected people. The membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement system is detected in the traumatized brain early after TBI; however, its role in the pathology and neurologic outcome of TBI has not yet been investigated. We generated a C6 antisense oligonucleotide that blocks MAC formation by inhibiting C6, and we compared its therapeutic effect to that of Ornithodoros moubata complement inhibitor (OmCI), a known inhibitor of C5 activation that blocks generation of the anaphylatoxin C5a and C5b, an essential component of MAC. Severe closed head injury in mice induced abundant MAC deposition in the brain. Treatment with C6 antisense reduced C6 synthesis (85%) and serum levels (90%), and inhibited MAC deposition in the injured brain (91–96%). Treatment also reduced accumulation of microglia/macrophages (50–88%), neuronal apoptosis, axonal loss and weight loss (54–93%), and enhanced neurologic performance (84–92%) compared with placebo-treated controls after injury. These data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that inhibition of MAC formation in otherwise complement-sufficient animals reduces neuropathology and promotes neurologic recovery after TBI. Given the importance of maintaining a functional complement opsonization system to fight infections, a critical complication in TBI patients, inhibition of the MAC should be considered to reduce posttraumatic neurologic damage. This work identifies a novel therapeutic target for TBI and will guide the development of new therapy for patients.
IDO2 Is a Critical Mediator of Autoantibody Production and Inflammatory Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Merlo Lauren M. F. , Pigott Elizabeth , DuHadaway James B. , Grabler Samantha , Metz Richard , Prendergast George C. , Mandik-Nayak Laura
Published: February 2014

Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders are associated with altered activity of the immunomodulatory enzyme IDO. However, the precise contributions of IDO function to autoimmunity remain unclear. In this article, we examine the effect of two different IDO enzymes, IDO1 and IDO2, on the development of autoimmune arthritis in the KRN preclinical model of rheumatoid arthritis. We find that IDO2, not IDO1, is critical for arthritis development, providing direct evidence of separate in vivo functions for IDO1 and IDO2. Mice null for Ido2 display decreased joint inflammation relative to wild-type mice owing to a reduction in pathogenic autoantibodies and Ab-secreting cells. Notably, IDO2 appears to specifically mediate autoreactive responses, but not normal B cell responses, as total serum Ig levels are not altered and IDO2 knockout mice are able to mount productive Ab responses to model Ags in vitro and in vivo. Reciprocal adoptive transfer studies confirm that autoantibody production and arthritis are modulated by IDO2 expression in a cell type extrinsic to the T cell. Taken together, our results, provide important insights into IDO2 function by defining its pathogenic contributions to autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
Human γδ Thymocytes Are Functionally Immature and Differentiate into Cytotoxic Type 1 Effector T Cells upon IL-2/IL-15 Signaling
Authors: Ribot Julie C. , Ribeiro Sérgio T. , Correia Daniel V. , Sousa Ana E. , Silva-Santos Bruno
Published: February 2014

Cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production by human γδ T cells underlie their potent antitumor functions. However, it remains unclear where and how human γδ T cells acquire these key effector properties. Given the recent disclosure of a major contribution of the thymus to murine γδ T cell functional differentiation, in this study we have analyzed a series of human pediatric thymuses. We found that ex vivo–isolated γδ thymocytes produced negligible IFN-γ and lacked cytolytic activity against leukemia cells. However, these properties were selectively acquired upon stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15, but not IL-4 or IL-7. Unexpectedly, TCR activation was dispensable for these stages of functional differentiation. The effects of IL-2/IL-15 depended on MAPK/ERK signaling and induced de novo expression of the transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin, as well as the cytolytic enzyme perforin, required for the cytotoxic type 1 program. These findings have implications for the manipulation of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Microleakage at enamel and dentin margins with a bulk fills flowable resin
Authors: Scotti Nicola , Comba Allegra , Gambino Alberto , Paolino Davide Salvatore , Alovisi Mario , Pasqualini Damiano , Berutti Elio
Published: February 2014

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal sealing ability of a bulk fill flowable resin composite on both enamel and dentin substrates. Materials and Methods: 48 non-carious molars were selected and four Class-V cavities were prepared at the CEJ of each sample. Cavities were filled with Venus Diamond (Heraeus Kulzer); Venus Diamond Flow (Heraeus Kulzer) and Surefil SDR (Dentsply). Samples were divided into two groups: First group samples were immersed in a methylene blue solution for 30 min at 25°C. Second group samples were artificially aged and then treated with methylene blue. Samples were sectioned in the center of the restoration and observed with a 40x stereomicroscope, and the percentage of cavity infiltration was calculated. Results: Results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA (P < 0.05). The amount of infiltration was significantly lower for the enamel substrate compared with dentin (P = 0.0001) and in samples immediately immersed in methylene blue compared with those that were artificially aged (P = 0.011). The interaction between the composite material and the marginal substrate significantly affected dye penetration (P = 0.006). Conclusions: Bulk fill flowable resins provided significantly better marginal seal in dentin, both before and after artificial ageing. Nanohybrid resin composites and bulk fill flowable resins showed similar microleakage values at enamel margins. Bulk fills flowable resins provided significantly better marginal seal in dentin, both before and after artificial ageing. Nanohybrid resin composites and bulk fill flowable resins showed similar microleakage values at enamel margins.
Influence of softening test and light-activation protocols on resin composite polymer structure
Authors: Giorgi Maria Cecília Caldas , Lima Débora Alves Nunes Leite , Marchi Giselle Maria , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria , Aguiar Flávio Henrique Baggio
Published: February 2014

Objective: This study analyzed the influences of the light-activation protocol and softening test on the degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop Hardness (KHN) of a microhybrid resin composite. Materials and Methods: Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) was light-activated with a third-generation light-emitting diode (Valo Ultradent) by three protocols – standard, high power, and plasma emulation – or with a quartz-tungsten halogen XL 3000 (3M ESPE) in conventional mode. All modes were set to deliver 19 J/cm2. The DC (N = 20) was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry on the top (T) and bottom (B) surfaces. For the KHN test, samples were subdivided in four groups (n = 5 each) according to the storage media: absolute ethanol, 75% ethanol, distilled water, and air (control group). The KHN values were evaluated on T and B before and 24 h after immersion in the storage media. Data were analyzed by split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA; for DC) or repeated-measures split-plot ANOVA (for KHN), followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: For the DC, the light-activation protocol did not influence the results and there was no difference between T and B. For the KHN test, the light-activation protocol did not influence the results and T showed higher microhardness values than B for all experimental conditions. There were significant differences in KHN depending on the storage media. Samples immersed in absolute ethanol generally presented lower KHN values, with no differences compared to samples in 75% ethanol. Conclusion: The storage media affected the outcomes of the softening test.
Effect of different adhesive strategies on the post-operative sensitivity of class I composite restorations
Authors: Sancakli Hande Sar , Yildiz Esra , Bayrak Isil , Ozel Sevda
Published: February 2014

Objective: To evaluate the post-operative sensitivity of occlusal restorations using different dentin adhesives performed by an undergraduate and a post-doctorate dentist. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty-eight molar occlusal restorations were placed in 39 patients (ages between 18 and 30) using 3 different kind of adhesive systems; Optibond FL (OBF), Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), and iBond (IB) by a post-doctorate dentist or a fifth-year dental student according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Post-operative sensitivity to cold and air was evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after 24 hours, 30, 90, and 180 days. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests (P < 0.05). Results: Post-operative sensitivity scores for OBF and CPB were higher for the dental student (P < 0.05), while IB scores did not differ statistical significantly according to the operator (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Operator skill and experience appears to play a role in determining the outcome of post-operative sensitivity of multi-step adhesive systems although the post-operative sensitivity was low. It is suggested that the less experienced clinicians (rather than experienced clinicians) should better use the self-etching dentin bonding systems with reduced application steps to minimize the potential risk of post-operative sensitivity of dental adhesives.
A comparative in-vivo evaluation of the alignment efficiency of 5 ligation methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Reddy Vijaya Bhaskara , Kumar Talapaneni Ashok , Prasad Mandava , Nuvvula Sivakumar , Patil Rajedra Goud , Reddy Praveen Kumar
Published: February 2014

Objectives: To conduct a prospective randomized study comparing the efficiency of 5 different ligation systems (ELL; elastomeric ligature, SSL; stainless steel ligature, LL; leone slide ligature, PSL; passive self-ligation and ASL; active self-ligation) over the duration of mandibular crowding alleviation. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive patients (54.2% male, 45.8% female; mean age: 16.69 years) satisfying the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to 5 ligation groups with an equal sample size of 10 per group. The 5 groups received treatment with 0.022-inch MBT pre-adjusted edge-wise technique (ELL: Gemini 3M Unitek, SSL: Gemini 3M Unitek, LL: Gemini 3M Unitek, PSL: SmartClip 3M Unitek and ASL: In-Ovation R Euro GAC International). The models and cephalograms were evaluated for anterior arch alignment, extraction space closure, and lower incisal inclinations at pre-treatment T1 and at the end of initial alignment T2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. Results: Forty-eight participants completed the study, and SL systems showed a significant difference over CL groups in time to alignment, passive space closure, and incisal inclination. Multiple regression showed a reduction of 5.28 days in time to alignment by changing the ligation group in the order of ELL to ASL group and 1 mm increase in initial irregularity index increases time to alignment by 11.68 days. Conclusion: Self-ligation brackets were more efficient than conventional ligation brackets during initial leveling and alignment.
Comparative analysis of three different filling techniques and the effects of experimental internal resorptive cavities on apical microleakage
Authors: Keles Ali , Ahmetoglu Fuat , Ocak Mevlut S. , Dayi Burak , Bozkurt Alperen , Orucoglu Hasan
Published: February 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing abilities of three different gutta-percha techniques in experimentally defective roots (EDR) and non-defective roots (NR). Materials and Methods: Sixty canine teeth were divided into six groups of ten; Group 1, NR + cold lateral condensation (CLC); Group 2, EDR + LC; Group 3, NR + BeeFill; Group 4, EDR + BeeFill; Group 5, NR + Thermafil; and Group 6, EDR + Thermafil. Apical leakage was measured using a computerized fluid filtration meter with a laser system. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that the CLC demonstrated more microleakage in the EDR than in the NR (P < 0.01). Thermafil demonstrated more microleakage in the NR than in the EDR (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found between the BeeFill groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that internal resorptive cavities can affect the apical sealing properties of different root canal filling techniques, with Thermafil ensuring the lowest apical microleakage.
Evaluation of dental maturation in children according to sagittal jaw relationship
Authors: Esenlik Elcin , Atak Aslihan , Altun Ceyhan
Published: February 2014

Objective: The aims of this retrospective study were to determine compliance with dental and chronological ages and to analyze the relationships between dental age and orthodontic sagittal anomalies. Materials and Methods: A total of 221 subjects between the ages of 7 and 15.9 years (165 girls and 156 boys) were included in the study. The dental age of seven left mandibular teeth was assessed according to the Demirjian method. The maxillary protrusion, mandibular protrusion, maxillo-mandibular and vertical plane angles were measured from cephalometric films. Results: The mean difference between the chronological age and dental age in female patients was 0.94 years and 0.33 years in male patients (P < 0.01). No differences between the sagittal classification groups were found. There was no relationship between dental age and the SNA° or the GoGn-SN°. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between dental age and the SNB° and there was a significant linear relationship between dental age and the ANB°. Conclusion: Dental age in girls and boys has been estimated to be more advanced than chronological age in all classes and dental maturation advanced in cases with a tendency to develop Class II malocclusions.
Effectiveness of different irrigation systems on smear layer removal: A scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Ahmetoglu Fuat , Keles Ali , Yalcin Muhammet , Simsek Neslihan
Published: February 2014

Objectives: To evaluate effectiveness of the apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and conventional needle irrigation (CI) systems on smear layer (SR) removal. Materials and Methods: Sixty single-rooted canines were prepared using NiTi rotary files and subjected to different irrigation regimens: EndoVac with NaOCl (Group 1) or NaOCl/EDTA (Group 2); PUI with NaOCl (Group 3) or NaOCl/EDTA (Group 4); CI with NaOCl (Group 5) or NaOCl/EDTA (Group 6). The roots were split longitudinally. SEM images were taken to evaluate the amount of residual SR. Results: In Groups 1, 3, and 5, there was no removal of SR (P > 0.05). The coronal thirds within Groups 2, 4, and 6 were cleaned completely, but the middle and the apical thirds was achieved partially or completely (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Regardless of which irrigation system was used, the use of NaOCl alone failed to remove the SR. In NaOCl/EDTA combination groups, the SR was removed partially or completely and no statistical significance. This study demonstrated that in order to remove the SR should be used EDTA solution for final irrigation in the root canal, regardless of the technique in each of the three.
Effect of Er:YAG laser on debonding strength of laminate veneers
Authors: Iseri Ufuk , Oztoprak Mehmet Oguz , Ozkurt Zeynep , Kazazoglu Ender , Arun Tulin
Published: February 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the debonding strength of laminate veneers after using erbium-doped: yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 bovine mandibular incisor teeth were divided into two groups (n = 30). Cylindrical specimens (0.7 mm × 5 mm) were fabricated from Empress II ceramic. Then, they were cemented to incisors using dual-cured resin cement (Variolink II). In the first group, no laser application was performed. The Er:YAG laser was applied on each laminate veneer at the test group for 9 s by using the scanning method. Shear force to remove the laminate veneers were applied with universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Results: Results of this study exhibited significant differences between the control (27.28 ± 2.24 MPa) and test group (3.44 ± 0.69 MPa) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that application of Er:YAG laser decreased the bond strength of laminate veneers.
Prevalence, severity and etiology of dental wear in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Sales-Peres Sílvia Helena de Carvalho , Araújo Juliana J. , Marsicano Juliane A. , Santos José E. , Bastos José R. M.
Published: February 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, distribution and associated factors of dental wear among patients with eating disorders (EDs). Materials and Methods: An epidemiological cross-sectional survey was conducted by trained, calibrated examiners, using the dental wear index. The sample was composed of 30 patients with EDs (experimental group – G1) and 30 control patients without current or previous history of EDs (G2). A questionnaire was used to assess the etiological factors of dental wear. The univariate analyses using the Chi-square (χ
2) test were used to compare the tooth wear prevalence between groups according to the surface and tooth (P > 0.05). Results: The dental wear was similar for both group; however, the G1 presented more moderate wear in molars when compared with G2 (P = 0.048). The majority of EDs patients related have one or more oral habits (n = 26; 86.6%) and only 13.4% (n = 4) affirmed did not have oral habits. The etiological factors of tooth wear related with dental wear were biting objects (P = 0.04) and pain in temporomandibular disorders (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The highest prevalence of dental wear was observed in the molars teeth. Differences in the extent and pattern of dental wear were found in an individual, emphasized the relevance of clinical parameter.
Effect of citric acid irrigation on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated roots
Authors: Arslan Hakan , Barutcigil Cagatay , Karatas Ertugrul , Topcuoglu Huseyin Sinan , Yeter Kubra Yesildal , Ersoy Ibrahim , Ayrancı Leyla Benan
Published: February 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of citric acid irrigation on root fracture in different concentrations and at various time exposures on root fracture. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight human mandibular incisors with similar dimensions were selected. The specimens were decoronated, then divided into 6 groups as follows: A group without instrumentation and filling (G1) and the 5 other groups with canal preparation and irrigation of distilled water (G2), 10% citric acid for 1 min (G3), 50% citric acid for 1 min (G4), 10% citric acid for 10 min (G5), and 50% citric acid for 10 min (G6). In the experimental groups, the canals were obturated and subjected to the strength test. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.05). Results: G6 showed the highest fracture resistance (629.97 N), and G3 showed the lowest fracture resistance (507.76 N). However, there was no statistically significant difference among the groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that use of citric acid is safe in terms of fracture resistance.
Estimation of radiographic angles and distances in coronal part of mandibular molars: A study of panoramic radiographs using EMAGO software
Authors: Tsatsoulis Ioannis N. , Filippatos Christos G. , Floratos Spyros G. , Kontakiotis Evangelos G.
Published: February 2014

Objective: This study was designed to investigate radiographically the effects of age and external irritating stimuli on the morphology and thickness of the pulp chamber ceiling and floor in mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: A total of 234 panoramic radiographs were recruited and 494 mandibular molars were examined in this study. The sample was divided into six age groups: Group 1, <20 years; Group 2, 20-29 years; Group 3, 30-39 years; Group 4, 40-49 years; Group 5, 50-59 years and Group 6, >60 years. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups with regard to the tooth condition (intact or non-intact teeth). Four distances, two angles and two ratios were measured, in order to estimate the dimensions of the pulp chamber and the thickness of the pulp chamber ceiling and floor. Results: The thickness of the pulp chamber ceiling and floor increased significantly from Group 1 to 6. The pulp chamber floor angle presented progressive sharpness from Group 1 to 6 whereas the pulp chamber ceiling angle presented progressive bluntness from Group 1 to 5 and sharpness from Group 5 to 6. Significant differences were identified in the thickness of the pulp chamber ceiling, the thickness of the pulp chamber floor and the ceiling-floor distance between intact and non-intact teeth. Conclusion: Based on those results, there are differences in the location of secondary dentin formation between the two pulp chamber walls. Age is related to diminished pulp chamber size. The increase rate of the pulp chamber ceiling thickness is similar to that of the pulp chamber floor thickness. Furthermore, external irritating stimuli have an effect on the pulp chamber dimensional changes.
Evaluation of antibacterial effects of pulp capping agents with direct contact test method
Authors: Yalcin Muhammet , Arslan Ugur , Dundar Ayse
Published: February 2014

Objectives: Calcium hydroxide has been used in dentistry as a major capping material having the capacity to introduce the formation of a mineralized dentin bridge, but it has no direct inducing effect to the pulp cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of three different pulp capping agents using a direct contact test (DCT). Materials and Methods: The antibacterial properties of three pulp capping agents were evaluated a DCT. For the DCT, wells (n = 12) of 96-microtiter plates were coated with the tested cements (Dycal, Dentsply, USA; DiaRoot BioAggregate, Diadent, Holland; Calcimol LC, Voco, Germany) and Kalzinol (zinc oxide/eugenol cement, Dentsply, USA) was used as control material. A Lactobacillus casei suspension was placed on the surface of each specimen for 1 h at 37°C. Bacterial growth was monitored for 16 h with a temperature-controlled microplate spectrophotometer. The kinetics of the outgrowth in each well were recorded continuously at 650 nm every 30 min. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison test. The level of significance was determined as P < 0.05. Results: All pulp capping agents showed an increase in the logarithmic growth rate of L. casei when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, all pulp capping agents did not show antibacterial activity. Conclusions: The tested pulp capping agents haven't got antibacterial properties. Therefore, they should be used carefully when pulp is exposed or only very thin dentin remained over the pulp to avoid bacterial contamination.
Clinicopathological study of jaw cysts in southeast region of Turkey
Authors: Demirkol Mehmet , Ege Bilal , Yanik Saim , Aras M. Hamdi , Ay Sinan
Published: February 2014

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze clinic and radiologic features and the prevalence of jaw cysts in southeast region of Turkey. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 149 cysts of the jaw diagnosed among 407 individuals who were taken biopsy in our department from October 2008 to December 2012. All cysts were treated by enucleation, marsupialization, or combination, and all cases were histologically examined. Results: One-hundred-and-forty-eight cases were classified odontogenic, one was non-odontogenic. There were 89 cysts (59.7%) in men, 60 (40.3%) in women. The mean age was 32.72 years. We found 80 cysts (35 F, 45 M) in the maxillary and 69 (28 F, 41 M) in mandible. It is observed that 94 were radicular cysts (63%), 40 were dentigerous cysts (26.9%), 9 were odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) (6.1%), 5 were residual radicular cysts (3.4%), and 1 was nasopalatine cyst (0.6%). In radicular cysts, 56 of them (59.5%) were located in the anterior region of the jaws; 18 dentigerous cysts and 2 OKCs were found in the posterior region of mandible. Clinically, the chief complaint of patients was expansion and pain. Radiographically, scalloping of the lesion between the teeth was found in 1 case, root resorption was seen in 3 cases, and displacement of the teeth and follicles was observed in 16 cases. Conclusions: We found similar prevalence of jaw cysts that reported in the literature, in which most odontogenic cysts (OCs) were inflammatory origin.
An in vitro study to evaluate the effects of addition of zinc oxide to an orthodontic bonding agent
Authors: Jatania Archana , Shivalinga B. M.
Published: February 2014

Objective: The objective of this study is to test the antimicrobial effect of zinc oxide when incorporated into an orthodontic bonding material and to check the effect of addition of zinc oxide on the shear bond strength of the bonding material. Materials and Methods: Zinc oxide was added to a resin modified light cure glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Fuji Ortho LC GC America, Alsip, Ill) to make modified bonding agent containing 13% and 23.1% ZnO and the antimicrobial assay was done using agar disc diffusion method. Discs of the modified bonding agent were prepared and a culture of Streptococcus mutans mixed with soft agar was poured over it and incubated at 38°C for 48 h and zones of inhibition were measured. The test was repeated after a month to check the antimicrobial effect. In addition shear bond strength of the brackets bonded with the modified bonding agent was tested. Results: The agar disc showed zones of inhibition around the modified bonding agent and the antimicrobial activity was more when the concentration of ZnO was increased. The antimicrobial effect was present even after a month. The shear bond strength decreased as the concentration of ZnO increased. Conclusion: The incorporation of ZnO into a resin modified light cure GIC (Fuji Ortho LC GC America, Alsip, Ill) added antimicrobial property to the original compound.
Application of the novel method in the diagnosis and treatment of median rhomboid glossitis Candida-associated
Authors: Pili Francesca Maria Giovanna , Erriu Matteo , Piras Alessandra , Garau Valentino
Published: February 2014

The aim of this work is to demonstrate how current molecular techniques should be integrated in the diagnostic process and can have a crucial role in the management of oral fungal infections. A case of median rhomboid glossitis Candida-associated and its resolution will be described step by step. At the time of the first observation, the lesion on the surface of the tongue did not respond to the previous administration of topical antifungal agent, such a nystatin. Firstly, in order to identify the causative agent and confirm Candida albicans infection, a brushing of the lesion was performed and polymerase chain reaction analysis was carried out. In addition, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing method, known as Pyrosequencing®, was used in the detection of point mutations commonly associated with fluconazole resistance and consequently, in the prediction of susceptibility to azole agents. According to molecular findings, the administration of fluconazole has therefore led to resolution of the case in 2 weeks. This case highlights how the use of molecular techniques, now-a-days, can assist the clinicians to quickly obtain the report with highly accurate and precise results and appropriately support them in the diagnosis and therapeutic process.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review
Authors: Karatas Orhan Hakki , Toy Ebubekir
Published: February 2014

Imaging is one of the most important tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists routinely use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging techniques, but deepness of structures cannot be obtained and localized with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990’s and has gained a precious place in dentistry, especially in orthodontics. The aims of this literature review are to summarize the current state of the 3D imaging techniques and to evaluate the applications in orthodontics.
La presencia del infoentretenimiento en los canales generalistas de la TDT española
Authors: Berrocal Gonzalo Salomé , Redondo García Marta , Martín Jiménez Virginia , Campos Domínguez Eva
Published: February 2014

El artículo se incluye dentro de las investigaciones empíricas sobre infoentretenimiento y realiza una caracterización de los estilemas del infoentretenimiento televisivo comprobando su presencia dentro de la programación de los canales generalistas de la TDT española. Metodología. Se analizan las parrillas de los seis canales generalistas contabilizando el tiempo dedicado al infoentretenimiento; posteriormente se realiza un análisis de contenido de los espacios en prime time. Resultados. Se observa cómo el infoentretenimiento ocupa una posición privilegiada dentro de la programación aunque con diferencias significativas entre cadenas. Como estilemas dominantes destacan el humorismo, la dramatización y los recursos técnicos para espectacularizar la imagen. Discusión. El infoentretenimiento se consolida como un macrogénero relevante con porcentajes que van del 34,91% (La Sexta) al 8,12% (La 2), siendo el magazine y el debate los formatos dominantes. Sorprendentemente La 1 de TVE con un índice de infoentretenimiento del 18,10% se sitúa por encima de Antena 3 o Cuatro.
Glutathione-dependent responses of plants to drought: a review
Authors: Labudda Mateusz , Safiul Azam Fardous Mohammad
Published: February 2014

Water is a renewable resource. However, with the human population growth, economic development and improved living standards, the world’s supply of fresh water is steadily decreasing and consequently water resources for agricultural production are limited and diminishing. Water deficiency is a significant problem in agriculture and increasing efforts are currently being made to understand plant tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools (especially molecular) that could underpin plant breeding and cultivation. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant water deficit tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete. Here, we review the significance of glutathione and its related enzymes in plant responses to drought. Firstly, the roles of reduced glutathione and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of glutathione related enzymes, which play an important role in plant responses to drought. Special attention is given to the S-glutathionylation of proteins, which is involved in cell metabolism regulation and redox signaling in photosynthetic organisms subjected to abiotic stress. The review concludes with a brief overview of future perspectives for the involvement of glutathione and related enzymes in drought stress responses.
Development and Use of IgM/J‐Chain Fusion Proteins for Characterization of Immunoglobulin Superfamily Ligand‐Receptor Interactions
Authors: Ammann Johannes U. , Trowsdale John
Published: February 2014

Discovery of binding partners for immunoglobulin molecules expressed by cells of the immune system is an important topic of current research. However, many ligand‐receptor interactions are of low affinity, and hence detection is refractory to most established protocols. We evaluated fusion proteins based on human IgM as high avidity probes to screen for ligand‐receptor binding. We describe methods for cloning, expression, and quantification of IgM fusion proteins with J‐chain. Furthermore, we outline protocols to assess binding of IgM fusion proteins to cells and to plate‐bound proteins. Compared to standard IgG‐fusion proteins, IgM + J chain increased binding of a test interaction, PD‐L1 to PD‐1, up to 1000‐fold. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 75:19.24.1‐19.24.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.