bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allowing for uncertainty due to missing and LOCF imputed outcomes in meta‐analysis
Authors: Mavridis Dimitris , Salanti Georgia , Furukawa Toshi A. , Cipriani Andrea , Chaimani Anna , White Ian R.
Published: October 2018

The use of the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method for imputing missing outcome data in randomized clinical trials has been much criticized and its shortcomings are well understood. However, only recently have published studies widely started using more appropriate imputation methods. Consequently, meta‐analyses often include several studies reporting their results according to LOCF. The results from such meta‐analyses are potentially biased and overprecise. We develop methods for estimating summary treatment effects for continuous outcomes in the presence of both missing and LOCF‐imputed outcome data. Our target is the treatment effect if complete follow‐up was obtained even if some participants drop out from the protocol treatment. We extend a previously developed meta‐analysis model, which accounts for the uncertainty due to missing outcome data via an informative missingness parameter. The extended model includes an extra parameter that reflects the level of prior confidence in the appropriateness of the LOCF imputation scheme. Neither parameter can be informed by the data and we resort to expert opinion and sensitivity analysis. We illustrate the methodology using two meta‐analyses of pharmacological interventions for depression.
Natural Breviscapin, Mangiferin, and a Modified Mangostin Present Inhibitory Effect on Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐IV
Authors: Hou Bo , Kuang Meng‐Ting , Chi Xiao‐Qian , Li Jin‐Yu , Yang Liu , Liu Zhen‐Hua , Yuan Ming‐Yan , Kong Qing‐Hua , Hu Jiang‐Miao , Zhou Jun
Published: October 2018

Type 2 diabetes was usually caused by inadequate secretion of insulin or insulin resistance in tissues and organs. About 90% diabetes belongs to type 2 diabetes, which is seriously harmful to human health. Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) target have attracted much attention because of its ability to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D). Clinical application of chemical synthetic medicines has different degrees of side effects. Therefore, the present evaluation aims to seek DPP‐IV inhibitors as the source of natural products. DPP‐IV inhibitory activities of eight natural products and a structural modification of mangostin (eight chromone of 1–8 and iridoid glycoside for 9) were evaluated by this manuscript at the enzyme level. As a result, three chromones of 2 (a modified mangostin), 3 (mangiferin) and 5 (breviscapin) showed moderate DPP‐IV inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 69.27 μM, 44.19 μM, and 49.53 μM via the use of the fluorescence‐based method (0.25 mM, 0.34 mM and 0.85 mM for the chromogenic substrate method). This study suggests that natural products, which mainly consist by chromone that generated from Mango and Scutellaria baicalensis may have beneficial effects on treating T2D.
An Expeditious Synthesis of Chiral 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole Peptidomimetics from Heteroaroyl Monopeptides
Authors: Purushotham Nikil , Poojary Boja
Published: October 2018

Amino acid derived amide bond bioisosteric peptidomimetics, such as 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles are generally prepared by two‐step processes as demonstrated well in the literature. There have been no reports on the synthesis of 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles from heteroaroyl peptides in a single step to date. In our work, 1,2,4‐oxadiazole peptidomimetics were synthesized efficiently via one‐pot cyclodehydration of O‐acyl amidoximes engendered in situ, from heteroaroyl monopeptides and aryl or benzyl amidoximes with up to 93% yield. The process utilized DCC as the activating agent and did not considerably affect the conversion with the variation of amidoximes or monopeptides. Hence, the process could be useful in the design and synthesis of novel 1,2,4‐oxadiazole peptidomimetic based therapeutics.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Photocatalysed Degradation of Ibuprofen and Naproxen in Water: Competing Hydroxyl Radical Attack and Oxidative Decarboxylation by Semiconductor Holes
Authors: Romeiro Andreia , Azenha M. Emília , Canle Moisés , Rodrigues Victor H. N. , Da Silva José P. , Burrows Hugh D.
Published: October 2018

The accumulation of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of major concern, and efficient procedures are needed to eliminate them. Inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, such as titanium dioxide, offer a promising solution. We compare the photocatalytic degradation of the two non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NPX) by TiO2 nanoparticles in water. Photocatalysts synthesized using different methods were evaluated and compared with commercially available Evonik‐P25 TiO2, and with direct photodegradation. The synthesized nanoparticles show high photocatalytic activity towards IBP (>97% degradation) and NPX (>90% degradation), and up to 79% mineralization is observed with NPX, and ca 50% with IBP. Major IBP photoproducts were 1‐(4‐isobutylphenyl)ethanol, 1‐(4‐isobutylphenyl)ethanone and 1‐(4‐ethylphenyl)‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol, while photocatalysis of NPX, showed the formation of 1‐(6‐methoxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)ethanol and 1‐(6‐methoxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)ethanone. The results were rationalized by considering one major primary pathway that involves initial decarboxylation of a chemisorbed compound followed by degradation of the radical intermediate produced. Our findings strongly suggest that with these compounds possessing carboxylic acid groups, the degradation mechanism involves competition between oxidative decarboxylation of chemisorbed compounds by semiconductor holes, and hydroxyl radical attack on physisorbed substrates.
Agar‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon for CO2 Adsorption
Authors: Xu Jianguo , Cui Hongmin , Shi Jinsong , Yan Nanfu , Liu Yuewei , Li Dan
Published: October 2018

An efficient carbonaceous CO2 adsorbent with doped nitrogen element is derived from agar. Agar was mixed with urea and the mixture was then carbonized. After chemical activation with KOH, nitrogen doped microporous carbon was obtained. The nitrogen content was up to 8.58 wt %, depending on the preparation conditions. The CO2 adsorption properties, including the adsorption isotherms, the isosteric heat of adsorption and the adsorption selectivity were studied. The highest CO2 uptake of 6.5 mmol g−1 (273 K, 1 bar) was achieved by a carbon activated at 600 °C with moderate nitrogen content, while the carbon activated at 550 °C exhibited the best CO2/N2 selectivity of 37. The current work exploits the potential use of agar as carbon precursor for CO2 adsorbent, and provides a convenient and effective approach to nitrogen doping.
Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of Novel Diacylhydrazines Derivatives Containing a N‐Pyrazolepyrazole Moiety
Authors: Yu Gang , Luo Lijun , Chen Shunhong , He Feng , Xie Yun , Luo Dexia , Xue Wei , Wu Jian
Published: October 2018

A series of novel diacylhydrazine derivatives containing a N‐pyrazolepyrazole heterocycle was designed, synthesized and evaluated for insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, Nilaparvata lugens, Mythimna separata, Culex pipiens pallens, Helicoverpa armigera, and Ostrinia nubilalis. The bioassays showed that some of the title compounds had moderate to good insecticidal activity. Compound 9 v exhibited 100% activity at 125 mg/L and with LC50 was 13.6 mg/L (much better than that of chlorpyrifos). Compounds 9 b, 9 g, and 10 a exhibited 100% activity against N. lugens at 500 mg/L. Compound 10 a produced 100% mortality of C. pipiens pallens at 10 mg/L. Preliminary structure‐activity relationships (SAR) and molecular docking were discussed.
Nanofluidic Biosensor Created by Bonding Patterned Model Cell Membrane and Silicone Elastomer with Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Tanabe Masashi , Ando Koji , Komatsu Ryota , Morigaki Kenichi
Published: October 2018

Selective and sensitive detection of specific molecules in a solution containing diverse coexisting molecules is important in many biomedical and environmental applications, including diagnostics and pollutant detection. Here, a nanofluidic biosensor is developed to detect specific target molecules (e.g., toxin proteins) in the presence of nontarget molecules by bonding a patterned model cell membrane and a silicone elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane: PDMS) sheet using surface‐modified silica nanoparticles as the adhesive layer. Owing to the uniform size of nanoparticles, a nanometric gap junction is formed between the fluid bilayer and PDMS (nanogap‐junction). The thickness of the nanogap‐junction is controlled by the size of the silica nanoparticles. Target molecules that specifically bind to the receptor molecules in the fluid bilayer are selectively transported into the nanogap‐junction via lateral diffusion through the lipid membrane. A thinner gap formed with smaller nanoparticles can enhance the sensitivity (signal‐to‐background ratio) more effectively, owing to the suppression of nonspecific penetration of coexisting molecules. Silica nanoparticles also provide excellent mechanical robustness, realizing long‐term stability of the gap structure. Nanogap‐junction using silica nanoparticles provides a versatile platform for highly selective and sensitive sensing by realizing detection of specific target molecules in a solution containing more concentrated nontarget molecules.
A Highly Reversible Long‐Life Li–CO2 Battery with a RuP2‐Based Catalytic Cathode
Authors: Guo Ziyang , Li Jinli , Qi Haocheng , Sun Xuemei , Li Hongdong , Tamirat Andebet Gedamu , Liu Jie , Wang Yonggang , Wang Lei
Published: October 2018

Rechargeable Li–CO2 batteries have attracted worldwide attention due to the capability of CO2 capture and superhigh energy density. However, they still suffer from poor cycling performance and huge overpotential. Thus, it is essential to explore highly efficient catalysts to improve the electrochemical performance of Li–CO2 batteries. Here, phytic acid (PA)‐cross‐linked ruthenium complexes and melamine are used as precursors to design and synthesize RuP2 nanoparticles highly dispersed on N, P dual‐doped carbon films (RuP2‐NPCFs), and the obtained RuP2‐NPCF is further applied as the catalytic cathode for Li–CO2 batteries. RuP2 nanoparticles that are uniformly deposited on the surface of NPCF show enhanced catalytic activity to decompose Li2CO3 at low charge overpotential. In addition, the NPCF its with porous structure in RuP2‐NPCF provides superior electrical conductivity, high electrochemical stability, and enough ion/electron and space for the reversible reaction in Li–CO2 batteries. Hence, the RuP2‐NPCF cathode delivers a superior reversible discharge capacity of 11951 mAh g−1, and achieves excellent cyclability for more than 200 cycles with low overpotentials (<1.3 V) at the fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g−1. This work paves a new way to design more effective catalysts for Li–CO2 batteries.
A Pseudolayered MoS2 as Li‐Ion Intercalation Host with Enhanced Rate Capability and Durability
Authors: Gong Shan , Zhao Guangyu , Lyu Pengbo , Sun Kening
Published: October 2018

As a popular strategy, interlayer expansion significantly improves the Li‐ion diffusion kinetics in the MoS2 host, while the large interlayer spacing weakens the van der Waals force between MoS2 monolayers, thus harming its structural stability. Here, an oxygen‐incorporated MoS2 (O‐MoS2)/graphene composite as a self‐supported intercalation host of Li‐ion is prepared. The composite delivers a specific capacity of 80 mAh g−1 in only 36 s at a mass loading of 1 mg cm−2, and it can be cycled 3000 times (over 91% capacity retention) with a 5 mg cm−2 loading at 2 A g−1. The O‐MoS2 exhibits a dominant 1T phase with an expanded layer spacing of 10.15 Å, leading to better Li‐ion intercalation kinetics compared with pristine MoS2. Furthermore, ex situ X‐ray diffraction tests indicate that O‐MoS2 sustains a stable structure in cycling compared with the gradual collapse of pristine MoS2, which suffers from excessive lattice breathing. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the MoOx(OH)y pillars in O‐MoS2 interlayers not only expand the layer spacing, but also tense the MoS2 layers to avoid exfoliation in cycling. Therefore, the O‐MoS2 shows a pseudolayered structure, leading to remarkable durability besides the outstanding rate capability as a Li‐ion intercalation host.
Chromium Oxynitride Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia Under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yao Yao , Feng Qi , Zhu Shangqian , Li Jiadong , Yao Yuze , Wang Yajun , Wang Qi , Gu Meng , Wang Haijiang , Li Hui , Yuan Xiao‐Zi , Shao Minhua
Published: October 2018

The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia via nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has received much attention as a more environmentally friendly and less energy consuming technology than the conventional Haber–Bosch process. The catalytic activities of all NRR electrocatalysts reported so far, however, are very low under ambient conditions. In this study, partially oxidized chromium nitride (chromium oxynitride) nanoparticles are synthesized and their NRR activities are evaluated in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer under ambient conditions. The highest ammonia formation rate of 8.9 × 10−11 mol s−1 cm−2 and 15.56 µg h−1 mg−1cat are achieved at a cell voltage of 2.0 V. The highest Faradaic efficiency of 6.7% is achieved at a cell voltage of 1.8 V. The findings demonstrate that metal nitride–based materials can be promising electrocatalysts toward NRR and could guide rational design of more advanced catalysts for various reactions.
Making Local Knowledge Visible: The Case of the University for Business and Technology in Kosovo
Authors: Mirijamdotter Anita , Somerville Mary M. , Salavati Sadaf , Hajrizi Edmond
Published: October 2018

A vision to further national development through higher education now informs planning for the University for Business and Technology Knowledge Center. At its essence, the Center aims to make local knowledge visible through furthering discovery of and access to research content produced by academic students and university professors on institutional, local and international levels. This paper reports on conceptual exploration of this institutional idea during spring semester 2017 in a graduate course on systems thinking and methodology. Using active learning pedagogy to improve local situations, an international teaching team facilitated student and stakeholder engagement in participatory design activities using soft systems methodology tools and techniques. Course evaluation outcomes revealed students' improved levels of knowledge and development of insights. In addition, their course work demonstrated their advanced understanding of systems thinking and its application. Furthermore, students expressed high motivation to learn more about other human‐centred theories and participatory design tools. In considering the value of the University's knowledge vision, they were especially enthusiastic about its implications for furthering national democratic development in Kosovo and regional economic growth in south‐eastern Europe. © 2018 The Authors. System Research and Behavioral Science published by International Federation for Systems Research and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
A Novel Chemiresistive Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Copper Coordination Polymer Microrods
Authors: Yin Yan‐Yan , Li Ting , Li Ya‐Ning , Yin Zhao‐Bo , Wang Xuan , Zhang Le‐Xi
Published: October 2018

Coordination polymer microrods of [Cu(μ2‐L)(H2O)]n (CuL) (H2L = thiazolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized via a simple and versatile precipitation method at room temperature. Chemiresistive sensory devices based on these CuL microrods were prepared to investigate the gas sensing performance for the first time. The CuL microrod gas sensor exhibits reliable linear response towards trimethylamine (TMA) vapor at 95 °C with high response, fast response‐recovery, and good selectivity. Notably, as low as 1 ppm TMA can be well detected with high response value (Sr = 9.2). This work provides an ideal candidate material for monitoring TMA vapor and further develops a new promising application for coordination polymer micro‐/nano‐structures.
Changes of blood pressure following initiation of physical inactivity and after external addition of pulses to circulation
Authors: Sackner Marvin A. , Patel Shivam , Adams Jose A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To determine whether an innovative, motorized, wellness device that effortlessly produces physical activity (JD) can mitigate the hypertensive effects of prolonged sitting or lying down.

Methods

Twenty-two normotensive and hypertensive adults of both genders gave informed consent to participate in a randomized controlled crossover study of a passive simulated jogging device (JD) in both supine and seated postures. Each study participant was monitored with a continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring device (CNAP) over 60 min. The initial 10 min served as baseline for each posture. The subjects were randomized to begin with either JD or SHAM control for 30 min, and monitoring was continued for an additional 10 min in one posture; three days later posture and order of JD or SHAM were changed.

Results

In both seated and supine postures, SHAM was associated with a significant rise in blood pressure (BP) which was observed within 5–10 min; it continued to rise or remain elevated for over a 40-min observation period. In contrast, JD produced a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both postures. During recovery in seated posture JD decreased systolic and diastolic BP by − 8.1 and − 7.6 mmHg, respectively. In supine posture, a similar decrease in BP occurred.

Conclusions

There is rapid onset of increase in systolic and diastolic BP with physical inactivity in both supine and seated postures. Administration of JD significantly decreased BP in both postures. Further studies are needed to assess long-term effectiveness.
Is non-variety boring? The perception of consumers who incorporate variety or non-variety in their consumer choices
Authors: Stasiuk Katarzyna , Bochyńska Katarzyna , Śliwińska Paulina
Published: October 2018

Previous research has shown that self-presentation could be a relevant motive in explaining variety-seeking behavior. Individuals anticipate that sticking to a limited range of one’s favorites would make a negative impression on others, and others might conclude that they are boring or narrow-minded (Ariely and Levav Journal of Consumer Research, 27, 279–290, 2000; Ratner and Kahn The Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 246–257, 2002). In our research, we wanted to investigate this lay assumption. We also hypothesized the moderating role of a consumer’s gender. The results of study 1 (N = 211) confirmed that incorporating variety in consumer behavior may be a cue for social perception. Consumers who preferred non-variety in consumer choices were evaluated as less socially attractive than those who preferred variety. However, female consumers who preferred variety were evaluated as less responsible. These results were replicated in study 2 (N = 276). The study also revealed the mediational role of the evaluation of a consumer’s predictability in the relationship between her variety seeking and social attractiveness. Study 2 also showed the moderating role of participant gender in the evaluation of a consumer’s responsibility. The female consumer who incorporated variety in her consumer choices was evaluated as less responsible, but only when she was described as a mother and wife and only by female participants.
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: October 2018

The UK Government has finally come out and stated what many of us already presumed – that the Russian Government's chief military intelligence agency, the GRU (or Main Directorate) is behind some of the more egregious and effective hacking attacks that we've witnessed in the recent past.
Contingent Canons
Authors: Krishnan Madhu
Published: October 2018

This Element explores the mechanisms through which 'African literature', as a market category, has been consecrated within the global literary field. Drawing on archival, textual and field-based research, it proposes that the normative story of African literary writing has functioned to efface a broader material history of African literary production located on and oriented to the continent itself.
The Trump Administration's Assault on California's Global Climate Leadership
Authors: Carlson Ann
Published: October 2018

The Trump Administration is taking direct aim at California's global leadership on climate change. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to revoke the most effective tool California has to exercise climate leadership: its special authority under federal law to regulate tailpipe emissions more stringently than the federal government. California's use of this authority has led to the invention of automotive technology now standard around the world, including the catalytic converter. The state also used this power in 2002 to enact the globe's first greenhouse gas standards for automobiles. If the Trump Administration succeeds in revoking California's authority, California will find it very difficult to meet its ambitious 2030 greenhouse gas target. The attack on the state's authority will also undermine other states’ efforts to cut their greenhouse gas emissions as well as conventional air pollutants, since thirteen states follow California's standards in whole or in part. And the Trump Administration's revocation will undercut California's role as a green technology innovator by eliminating the strongest regulatory signal the state sends to automotive entrepreneurs. The last result is perhaps the most pernicious of all, because the state's role as a green technology leader has the capacity to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions around the world.
Reassessing the need for active surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae in the neonatal intensive care population
Authors: Song Xiaoyan , Soghier Lamia , Floyd Tara Taylor , Harris Tracie R. , Short Billie L. , DeBiasi Roberta L.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To determine the continued need for active surveillance to prevent extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) transmission in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Design

This retrospective observational study included patients with ESBL-E colonization or infection identified during their NICU stay at our institution between 1999 and March 2018. Active surveillance was conducted between 1999 and March 2017 by testing rectal swab specimens collected upon admission and weekly thereafter. The overall incidence rates, of ESBL-E colonization or infection (including hospital acquired) before and after active surveillance were calculated. The cost associated with active surveillance was then estimated.

Results

Overall, 171 NICU patients were found to have ESBL-E colonization or infection, and 150 of those patients (87.7%) were detected by active surveillance. The overall incidence rate was 1.4 per 100 patient admissions. The hospital-acquired incidence rate was 0.41 per 1,000 patient days, and this rate had decreased since 2002, with an average of 6 cases detected annually. A significant decrease was observed in 2009 when the unit moved to a new single-bed unit featuring private rooms. Active surveillance was discontinued with no increase in the number of infections. Of the 150 ESBL-E colonized patients, 14 (9.3%) subsequently developed an infection. Active surveillance resulted in a total of 50,950 specimen collections and a cost of $127,187 for processing, an average of $848 to detect 1 ESBL-E colonized patient.

Conclusion

ESBL-E transmission and infection in our NICU remains uncommon. Active surveillance may have contributed to the decline of ESBL-E transmission when used in conjunction with contact precautions and private rooms, but its relatively high cost could be prohibitive.
The effect of perceived organisational politics on organisational silence through organisational cynicism: Moderator role of perceived support
Authors: AL-Abrrow Hadi A.
Published: October 2018

This study examines the effect of perceived organisational politics on organisational silence through the mediating role of organisational cynicism. In addition, it tests the effect of perceived support on this relationship. A quantitative (questionnaire survey) design was used to gather data from 346 employees in three public hospitals in Iraq. The structural equation model was used for data analysis. The results demonstrate that all the major hypotheses were accepted, and important role of perceived support in reversing the positive relationship between perceived organisational politics and organisational cynicism was also highlighted. Furthermore, the mediating role was clear in terms of organisational cynicism and the relationship between perceived organisational politics and organisational silence.
Division or Union of Labor? Analyzing Workers’ Representation in the Argentine Congress
Authors: Micozzi Juan Pablo
Published: October 2018

Does social background affect legislators’ behavior in office? Do individuals with specific social ties tend to be mainly concerned with representing their group of reference, beyond partisanship? This article deals with these questions by analyzing bill-drafting patterns by representatives in the Argentine Congress who belong to an understudied group: workers. The wide presence of a broad, populist party (Peronism) that historically incorporated organized labor, along with other groups, provides consistent variation for empirical assessment. Evidence demonstrates that only labor-based representatives in general, regardless of party membership, tend to use legislative resources to target workers, while every other member of the populist party does not consider labor issues at all in their legislative tasks. Such findings open new directions for analysis of representation, legislative performance, and strategies developed by dissimilar groups in broad political organizations.
On the behaviour of an under-studied population of bottlenose dolphins in the Southern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Affinito Flavio , Olaya Meza Cristobal , Akkaya Bas Aylin , Brill Deborah , Whittaker Guy , Capel Lasse
Published: October 2018

Perhaps the world's best-known cetacean, the bottlenose dolphin shows considerable variation in behaviour between and within populations in relation to differences in natural and anthropogenic conditions. Drivers of behavioural variation need to be identified to understand the dynamics of wild dolphin populations. Little research has been published on the bottlenose dolphin population found in the Southern Adriatic Sea. Using a set of spatial, temporal and social predictors, we aimed to investigate what variables are related to the behaviour of an under-studied population of bottlenose dolphins along the coastline of Montenegro. We present the results of a year-long study monitoring the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins along coastal Montenegro. We considered the effect of topography, seasonality and group size. A large proportion of travelling (55%) small groups (mean 4, range 1–9) in shallow waters (<50 m) was observed. We showed that seasonality alone explained behaviour best, with surface-feeding and socializing-resting increasing in autumn and winter. Group size was found to be a result of behavioural choice. We suggest seasonal changes in environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressure may explain the recorded behavioural pattern. This research points to the necessity of increased collaboration in the region to help understand complex patterns in behaviour and habitat use of local dolphin populations if effective conservation measures are to be developed.
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ATTENTIONAL MANIPULATIONS ON SECOND LANGUAGE GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Issa Bernard I. , Morgan-Short Kara
Published: October 2018

The role of attention has been central to theoretical and empirical inquiries in second language (L2) acquisition. The current eye-tracking study examined how external and internal attentional manipulations (Chun, Golomb, &Turk-Browne, 2011) promote L2 grammatical development. Participants (n= 55) were exposed to Spanish direct-object pronouns under external or internal attentional manipulations, which were implemented through textual input enhancement or structured input practice, respectively. Results for both manipulations indicated that (a) learner attentional allocation to the form was affected; (b) L2 gains were evidenced, although only the internal manipulation led to above-chance performance; and (c) L2 gains were related to attention allocated to the form under the external manipulation and to a lesser extent the internal manipulation. Overall, findings may inform theoretical perspectives on attention and elucidate cognitive processes related to L2 instruction.
Variable stem-final fricative voicing in American English plurals: Different pa[ð ~ θ]s of change
Authors: MacKenzie Laurel
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates analogical leveling in a small set of English nouns that have irregular plural forms. In these nouns, all of which end in a voiceless fricative, the fricative standardly voices in the plural (e.g.,wolf–wol[v]es, path–pa[ð]s, house–hou[z]es). Using audio data from three large spoken corpora of American English, I demonstrate that this stem-final fricative voicing is variable and conditioned by a number of factors, most notably the identity of the stem-final fricative—with /f/-final lexemes (e.g.,wolf), /θ/-final lexemes (e.g.,path), and the /s/-final lexemehouseall patterning differently in apparent time—and the frequency of a lexeme in its plural form. I argue that the way these two factors affect the variation is reminiscent of the patterns seen in children's first language acquisition errors, providing a potential source for the variation and underscoring the importance of considering morphophonological factors when accounting for patterns of change.
Dose–response association of dietary sodium intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Milajerdi Alireza , Djafarian Kurosh , Shab-Bidar Sakineh
Published: October 2018

Objective

High Na intake has been associated with different health problems. However, serious controversies exist over studies investigating associations of Na intake with mortality from all-causes and CVD. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was done to investigate, for the first time, the dose–response association of dietary Na intake with all-cause and CVD mortality among prospective studies.

Design

Relevant papers published up to August 2017 were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases. Prospective cohort studies on the association of dietary Na intake with all-cause or/and CVD mortality were included. Linear and non-linear dose–response associations between Na intake and CVD and all-cause mortality were examined.

Results

Overall, twenty publications met inclusion criteria. A significant non-linear association (P<0·001) was found between Na intake and CVD mortality risk among studies assessing urinary Na excretion, with a relatively steep slope at Na intakes above 2400mg/d. However, the association was not significant in studies using dietary Na intake (P=0·61). Additionally, the non-linear association of Na intake with all-cause mortality was also non-significant. No linear association (effect size; 95 % CI; I2) was seen between 100mg/d increment in Na intake and CVD mortality (1·01; 0·97, 1·05; 98·4 %) or all-cause mortality (1·01; 1·00, 1·02; 89·2 %). Following subgroup analyses, the association between Na intake and CVD mortality was observed only among studies conducted in the USA (0·99; 0·99, 1·00; 20·0 %).

Conclusions

The study showed a direct association between urinary Na excretion and CVD mortality which was more considerable at intakes above 2400mg/d. In contrast, no significant association was found between Na intake and all-cause mortality. Further long-term prospective studies on different populations are required to confirm these findings.
Do manufacturer ‘nutrient claims’ influence the efficacy of mandated front-of-package labels?
Authors: Acton Rachel B , Hammond David
Published: October 2018

Objective

To examine consumers’ ability to correctly interpret front-of-package (FOP) ‘high in’ warnings in the presence of a voluntary claim for the same or a different nutrient.

Design

A between-group experimental task assigned respondents to view food products labelled as ‘high in sodium’, with a ‘reduced sodium’ claim positioned next to the warning, away from the warning or absent. A second experiment assigned participants to view a food product labelled as ‘high in sugar’, with a ‘reduced fat’ claim positioned next to the warning, away from the warning or absent. For both tasks, respondents were asked to identify whether the products were high in the indicated nutrient.

Setting

Online survey (2016).

Subjects

Canadians aged 16–32 years (n 1000) were recruited in person from five major cities in Canada.

Results

Respondents were less likely to correctly identify a product as ‘high in sodium’ when packages also featured a voluntary ‘reduced sodium’ claim, with a stronger effect when the claim was positioned away from the FOP symbol (P<0·001). The number of correct responses was similar across conditions when the nutrient claim was for a different nutrient than the one featured in the FOP ‘high in’ warning.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate that the presence of a voluntary nutrient claim can undermine the efficacy of mandated FOP labels for the same nutrient. Countries considering nutrient-specific FOP warnings, including Canada, should consider regulations that would prohibit claims for nutrients that exceed the threshold for nutrient-specific FOP warnings.
The effects of a nutrition education curriculum on improving young children’s fruit and vegetable preferences and nutrition and health knowledge
Authors: Schmitt Sara A , Bryant Lindsey M , Korucu Irem , Kirkham Lisa , Katare Bhagyashree , Benjamin Tamara
Published: October 2018

Objective

The main objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education curriculum to enhance young children’s dietary behaviours and nutrition and health knowledge.

Design

A randomized controlled design was utilized. The intervention was designed to improve children’s nutrition and health knowledge and preferences for fruits and vegetables through classroom lessons and activities, including direct instruction and tastings (implemented twice per week for 6 weeks).

Setting

The study took place in elementary schools in a Midwestern US state.

Subjects

One hundred and thirty-one 2nd grade children from ten classrooms (n 82 intervention, n 49 control) participated.

Results

Multiple regression analyses that adjusted se for clustering by classroom were used to test hypotheses. Children in the intervention condition demonstrated significantly higher scores on the nutrition and health survey (β=0·47, P=0·001) and showed greater preferences for fruits and vegetables at post-test than the control group (β=0·19, P=0·003).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that a short, 6-week intervention that aligns with educational standards has the ability to significantly enhance children’s outcomes and thus may be a more feasible option for teachers to incorporate into their classrooms than what is currently available.
Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Ryan William S. , Ryan Richard M.
Published: October 2018

Authenticity entails autonomy, congruence, and genuineness. In this article, we use a self-determination theory framework to discuss a critical aspect of social environments that facilitates these aspects of authenticity, namely the experience of autonomy support. Although authenticity is often studied as a trait or individual difference, we review research demonstrating that authenticity varies within individuals and predicts variations in well-being. Next, we show that perceiving autonomy support within a relational context is associated with people feeling more authentic and more like their ideal selves and displaying constellations of Big 5 personality traits indicative of greater wellness in that context. To explore another important part of authenticity, being genuine in interactions with others, we review evidence linking autonomy support to situational variation in identity disclosure among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. This research suggests that perceiving autonomy support within a context or relationship helps lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals be more open about their sexual orientation and identity, which in turn affords greater opportunities for the satisfaction of not only autonomy, but competence and relatedness needs as well, facilitating well-being. We conclude by highlighting future directions in the study of authenticity’s dynamic nature, and the importance of the situation in its expression and its relation to well-being.
RIT1 suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis and predicts good prognosis
Authors: Feng Yan-Fen , Lei Yi-Yan , Lu Jia-Bin , Xi Shao-Yan , Zhang Yu , Huang Qi-Tao , Wu Qiu-Liang , Wang Fang
Published: October 2018

Ras-like without CAAX1 (RIT1) protein is a member of Ras family, which plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cellular process regulation. However, the role of RIT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of RIT1 is downregulated in ESCC compared to corresponding non-tumor tissues. The low-level expression of RIT1 was correlated with poorer prognosis. Then we showed that RIT1 inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of ESCC cells, and silencing RIT1 by shRNA promoted tumorigenicity and metastasis in nude mice. We further demonstrated that RIT1 inhibited the malignant behaviors of ESCC through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in ESCC cells. Our study also revealed that RIT1 increased drug sensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP), and this function could be carried out through downregulating stemness of ESCC. In conclusion, our study indicates for the first time that RIT1 displays tumor-suppressing functions in ESCC, and these functions were carried out by inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, inhibiting EMT, and downregulating cancer stemness of ESCC cells.
Azithromycin promotes alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in systematic lupus erythematosus via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Jie , Xie Lin , Wang Shangshang , Lin Jinran , Liang Jun , Xu Jinhua
Published: October 2018

Alternatively activated macrophages have been reported to be helpful to alleviate systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and azithromycin could serve as an immunomodulator by promoting alternatively activated macrophage phenotype. However, the effect of azithromycin in SLE and the involved mechanism remain undetermined. The aim of this study is to characterize azithromycin and the underlying mechanism contributing to SLE therapy. First, we compared monocytes from SLE patients and matched healthy donors, and found monocytes from SLE patients exhibited more CD14+CD86+ cells, impaired phagocytic activity, and elevated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (the classical activated phenotype), which could be blocked by azithromycin. On the contrary, there were fewer CD14+CD163+ cells in SLE patients, accompanied by decreased arginase (Arg)-1 and found in inflammatory zone (Fizz)-1 (the alternatively activated phenotype). And IL-10, the crucial immune regulatory factor secreted by alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages, also showed a decreased trend in SLE patients. In addition, all these markers were up-regulated after azithromycin treatment. Next, we used activated lymphocyte-derived-DNA to imitate SLE macrophages in vitro to investigate the possible mechanism involved. Azithromycin showed the same effect in imitated SLE macrophages, with distinct Akt phosphorylation at 30 min and 12 h. After inhibiting Akt phosphorylation by LY294002, the down-regulation of CD80, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α caused by azithromycin raised again, meanwhile, the up-regulation of CD206, Arg-1, Fizz-1, and IL-10 due to azithromycin was abolished. Additionally, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the specific agonist of Akt, played a similar role to azithromycin in imitated SLE macrophages. Taken together, our data indicated a novel role of azithromycin in alleviating SLE by promoting alternatively activated macrophage phenotype, and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved. Our findings provide a rationale for further investigation of novel therapeutic strategy for SLE patients.
APP promotes osteoblast survival and bone formation by regulating mitochondrial function and preventing oxidative stress
Authors: Pan Jin-Xiu , Tang Fulei , Xiong Fei , Xiong Lei , Zeng Peng , Wang Bo , Zhao Kai , Guo Haohan , Shun Cui , Xia Wen-Fang , Mei Lin , Xiong Wen-Cheng
Published: October 2018

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is ubiquitously expressed in various types of cells including bone cells. Mutations in App gene result in early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, little is known about its physiological function in bone homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence for APP’s role in promoting bone formation. Mice that knocked out App gene (APP−/−) exhibit osteoporotic-like deficit, including reduced trabecular and cortical bone mass. Such a deficit is likely due in large to a decrease in osteoblast (OB)-mediated bone formation, as little change in bone resorption was detected in the mutant mice. Further mechanical studies of APP−/−OBs showed an impairment in mitochondrial function, accompanied with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Intriguingly, these deficits, resemble to those in Tg2576 animal model of AD that expresses Swedish mutant APP (APPswe), were diminished by treatment with an anti-oxidant NAC (n-acetyl-l-cysteine), uncovering ROS as a critical underlying mechanism. Taken together, these results identify an unrecognized physiological function of APP in promoting OB survival and bone formation, implicate APPswe acting as a dominant negative factor, and reveal a potential clinical value of NAC in treatment of AD-associated osteoporotic deficits.
Cytoplasmic FLIP(S) and nuclear FLIP(L) mediate resistance of castrate-resistant prostate cancer to apoptosis induced by IAP antagonists
Authors: McCann Christopher , Crawford Nyree , Majkut Joanna , Holohan Caitriona , Armstrong Chris W. D. , Maxwell Pamela J. , Ong Chee Wee , LaBonte Melissa J. , McDade Simon S. , Waugh David J. , Longley Daniel B.
Published: October 2018

Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the serum of prostate cancer patients is associated with poorer outcome and progression to castrate-resistant (CRPC) disease. TNFα promotes the activity of NFκB, which regulates a number of anti-apoptotic and proinflammatory genes, including those encoding the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs); however, in the presence of IAP antagonists, TNFα can induce cell death. In the presence of recombinant or macrophage-derived TNFα, we found that IAP antagonists triggered degradation of cIAP1 and induced formation of Complex-IIb, consisting of caspase-8, FADD and RIPK1 in CRPC models; however, no, or modest levels of apoptosis were induced. This resistance was found to be mediated by both the long (L) and short (S) splice forms of the caspase-8 inhibitor, FLIP, another NFκB-regulated protein frequently overexpressed in CRPC. By decreasing FLIP expression at the post-transcriptional level in PC3 and DU145 cells (but not VCaP), the Class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Entinostat promoted IAP antagonist-induced cell death in these models in a manner dependent on RIPK1, FADD and Caspase-8. Of note, Entinostat primarily targeted the nuclear rather than cytoplasmic pool of FLIP(L). While the cytoplasmic pool of FLIP(L) was highly stable, the nuclear pool was more labile and regulated by the Class-I HDAC target Ku70, which we have previously shown regulates FLIP stability. The efficacy of IAP antagonist (TL32711) and Entinostat combination and their effects on cIAP1 and FLIP respectively were confirmed in vivo, highlighting the therapeutic potential for targeting IAPs and FLIP in proinflammatory CRPC.
Chromatin-remodeling factor, RSF1, controls p53-mediated transcription in apoptosis upon DNA strand breaks
Authors: Min Sunwoo , Kim Keeeun , Kim Seong-Gwang , Cho Hyeseong , Lee Youngsoo
Published: October 2018

Remodeling and spacing factor 1 (RSF1), which is one of chromatin-remodeling factors, has been linked to the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. However, the biological consequence of RSF1 deficiency in DDR in vivo and its molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Because defective DDR is related to neuropathological phenotypes, we developed neural-specific Rsf1 knockout mice. Rsf1 deficiency did not result in any neuropathological abnormalities, but prevented neural apoptosis triggered by excessive DNA strand breaks during neurogenesis. Likewise, cell death was significantly reduced in RSF1 deficient human cell lines after DNA damage, and the global transcriptome of these cells revealed that the expressions of p53 downstream genes were significantly reduced upon DNA strand breaks. Inactivation of these genes resulted from decreased binding of p53/p300 complex and subsequent reduction of H3 acetylation at their promoters. Our data show that RSF1 is necessary for p53-dependent gene expression in response to DNA strand breaks via controlling the accessibility of p53/p300 complex to its target genes and contributes to the maintenance of cellular integrity.
Common helical V1V2 conformations of HIV-1 Envelope expose the α4β7 binding site on intact virions
Authors: Wibmer Constantinos Kurt , Richardson Simone I. , Yolitz Jason , Cicala Claudia , Arthos James , Moore Penny L. , Morris Lynn
Published: October 2018

The α4β7 integrin is a non-essential HIV-1 adhesion receptor, bound by the gp120 V1V2 domain, facilitating rapid viral dissemination into gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Antibodies blocking this interaction early in infection can improve disease outcome, and V1V2-targeted antibodies were correlated with moderate efficacy reported from the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial. Monoclonal α4β7-blocking antibodies recognise two slightly different helical V2 conformations, and current structural data suggests their binding sites are occluded in prefusion envelope trimers. Here, we report cocrystal structures of two α4β7-blocking antibodies from an infected donor complexed with scaffolded V1V2 or V2 peptides. Both antibodies recognised the same helix-coil V2 conformation as RV144 antibody CH58, identifying a frequently sampled alternative conformation of full-length V1V2. In the context of Envelope, this α-helical form of V1V2 displays highly exposed α4β7-binding sites, potentially providing a functional role for non-native Envelope on virion or infected cell surfaces in HIV-1 dissemination, pathogenesis, and vaccine design.