bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serotypes in Adult Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Spain in the Era of Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Fernández-Delgado Lucía , Càmara Jordi , González-Díaz Aida , Grau Immaculada , Shoji Hisashi , Tubau Fe , Martí Sara , Domínguez Mª Ángeles , Carratalà Jordi , Yuste Jose , Ardanuy Carmen
Published: October 2021

We studied changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in adult pneumococcal pneumonia in Spain (2011–2019). Among 895 pneumococci collected (433 bacteremic [BPP] and 462 non-bacteremic [non-BPP]), serotypes 3 (17%), 19A (10%), 8 (6.7%) and 11A (6.7%) were the most frequent. Serotypes 16F, 19A and 24F were associated with old people (≥65) and serotypes 4, 7F, 8, 12F and 19F to young adults. Serotypes 12F, 24F and 1 were significantly more frequent in BPP and serotypes 11A, 23A and 19F in non-BPP. Amoxicillin resistance was higher in non-BPP (17% vs. 11%) while penicillin non-susceptibility (37% vs. 24%) and macrolide resistance (29% vs. 14%) were higher in older adults. In the period 2017–2019, the vaccine coverages were: 32% (PCV13), 39% (PCV15), 65% (PCV20) and 69% (PPV23). Differences were found in serotype composition and antimicrobial resistance by age and type of infection. The maintenance of serotype 3 as a leading cause of adult pneumococcal pneumonia and the increase in highly invasive (serotype 8) or antimicrobial-resistant (serotype 11A) serotypes is worrisome. Further studies will be required to analyse the impact of the upcoming broader conjugate vaccines.
Application of the AMT Method to Gold Deposits: A Case Study in the Qinling Metallogenic Belt of North China Craton
Authors: Li Fengchun , Zeng Qingdong , Zhu Rixiang , Chu Shaoxiong , Xie Wei , Zhang Bolin , Zhang Xingxing
Published: October 2021

The Lushi gold polymetallic ore-concentration area, located in the southern margin of North China Craton, is an important polymetallic ore district in the Qinling metallogenic belt. The Jianbeigou gold deposit is an important quartz vein type gold deposit in this district. In order to reveal the geological structure of the Jianbeigou gold deposit to guide deep prospecting, the EH4 conductivity image system was used in the Jianbeigou area. The sections obtained by the audio magnetotellurics method (AMT) indicate that the steeply dipping low resistivity zone in the area has a good corresponding relationship with the location of the known shallow ore bodies, and an extension in the deep. The low resistivity anomaly zone obtained by the inversion results are well correlated with the gold mineralization zone of the ore bodies, indicating good deep prospecting and exploration potential in this area. Based on geological and geophysical evidences, this paper inferred the possible occurrence location and depth range of the buried ore bodies. The AMT survey results reflect good exploration potential of the mining area and provide a geophysical basis for deep prospecting.
The Role of Metallic Iron in Low Temperature Carbothermic Reduction of MnO: Phase Chemistry and Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Coetsee Theresa
Published: October 2021

Manganese ore reduction is quite complex at intermediate reaction temperatures of 1100–1400 °C due to the formation of liquid oxide and/or alloy phases in varying phase proportions and distributions. Evidence in the literature shows that MnO reduction rates are higher for manganese ores of higher iron mineral content. This is due to a lowering of the manganese activity in the presence of iron and carbon in the alloy. Consequently, the minimum required temperature for carbothermic reduction of MnO is lowered. The simplification of the complex ore reduction system is achieved by reacting pure MnO with carbon instead of using gangue-containing ore. The effect of variation in the %C in the alloy product has not been well quantified in previous works. Here the complete alloy phase analyses are used to clarify the role of metallic iron added to MnO-Fe-C compressed pellets reacted at 1100 and 1200 °C. The phase chemistry analyses show that the alloy compositions follow a polynomial curve in %Mn vs. %C plots, with alloy phase compositions formed internal to the MnO particles containing lower %Mn (<50%) and lower %C (<6%) vs. alloy phase compositions formed external to the MnO particles at 60–71% Mn and 6–10% C. Most of the Mn-Fe-C alloy areas internal to the MnO particles are liquid at 1200 °C. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the low-temperature reduction (1200 °C) of MnO in the presence of metallic iron is possibly due to lowered Mn activity in the product alloy Mn-Fe-C alloy and reduction via CO.
Modeling the Solubility of Phenolic Acids in Aqueous Media at 37 °C
Authors: Furia Emilia , Beneduci Amerigo , Malacaria Luana , Fazio Alessia , La Torre Chiara , Plastina Pierluigi
Published: October 2021

In this work, the solubility of vanillic, gallic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic acids was determined at 37 °C under different conditions, namely pure water and two different ionic media, NaCl(aq) and NaClO4(aq), at different ionic strengths (i.e., 0.16, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 M). The solubility in water of all the acids was found to be higher than that in both of the ionic media. Moreover, the solubility of hydroxycinnamic acids was lower than that of hydroxybenzoic acids. The activity coefficients of neutral species were calculated from these data; this knowledge is necessary when modeling the dependence of equilibrium constants on the ionic strength. Results obtained in this work can be useful for further studies regarding complex formation equilibria between these ligands and bioavailable metal cations.
Omics-Based Analytical Approaches for Assessing Chicken Species and Breeds in Food Authentication
Authors: Dirong Goh , Nematbakhsh Sara , Selamat Jinap , Chong Pei Pei , Idris Lokman Hakim , Nordin Noordiana , Fatchiyah Fatchiyah , Abdull Razis Ahmad Faizal
Published: October 2021

Chicken is known to be the most common meat type involved in food mislabeling and adulteration. Establishing a method to authenticate chicken content precisely and identifying chicken breeds as declared in processed food is crucial for protecting consumers’ rights. Categorizing the authentication method into their respective omics disciplines, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, and the implementation of bioinformatics or chemometrics in data analysis can assist the researcher in improving the currently available techniques. Designing a vast range of instruments and analytical methods at the molecular level is vital for overcoming the technical drawback in discriminating chicken from other species and even within its breed. This review aims to provide insight and highlight previous and current approaches suitable for countering different circumstances in chicken authentication.
Stereoselective Synthesis of δ- and ε-Amino Ketone Derivatives from N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Aldimines and Functionalized Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Sirvent Ana , Foubelo Francisco , Yus Miguel
Published: October 2021

The addition of functionalized organolithium compounds derived from 5-chloro-2-methoxy-1-pentene and 6-chloro-2-methoxy-1-hexene to N-tert-butanesulfinyl aldimines imines, and a subsequent hydrolysis of the enol ether moiety, yielded different δ- and ε-amino ketone derivatives, respectively, in moderate yields and diastereoselectivities. The application of these compounds in organic synthesis was demonstrated by the preparation of 2-substituted 6-methylpiperidines in a stereoselective manner, among them natural alkaloids (+)- and (−)-isosolenopsin A.
Mucin 1 as a Molecular Target of a Novel Diisoquinoline Derivative Combined with Anti-MUC1 Antibody in AGS Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Gornowicz Agnieszka , Szymanowski Wojciech , Bielawski Krzysztof , Kałuża Zbigniew , Michalak Olga , Bielawska Anna
Published: October 2021

Background: The aim of the study was to examine the molecular mechanism of the anticancer action of a monoclonal antibody against MUC1 and a diisoquinoline derivative (OM-86II) in human gastric cancer cells. Methods: The cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. The disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and activity of caspase-8 and caspase-9 was performed by flow cytometry. Fluorescent microscopy was used to confirm the proapoptotic effect of compounds. LC3A, LC3B and Beclin-1 concentrations were analyzed to check the influence of the compounds on induction of autophagy. ELISA assessments were performed to measure the concentration of mTOR, sICAM1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and pro-apoptotic Bax. Results: The anti-MUC1 antibody with the diisoquinoline derivative (OM-86II) significantly reduced gastric cancer cells’ viability. This was accompanied by an increase in caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity as well as high concentrations of pro-apoptotic Bax. We also proved that the anti-MUC1 antibody with OM-86II decreased the concentrations of MMP-9, sICAM1 and mTOR in gastric cancer cells. After 48 h of incubation with such a combination, we observed higher levels of the crucial component of autophagosomes (LC3) and Beclin-1. Conclusions: Our study proved that the anti-MUC1 antibody sensitizes human gastric cancer cells to the novel diisoquinoline derivative (OM-86II) via induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibition of selected proteins such as mTOR, sICAM1 and MMP-9.
Schisandrin C Affects Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells and Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Lee Dahae , Kim Young-Mi , Kim Hyun Woo , Choi You-Kyoung , Park Bang Ju , Joo Sang Hoon , Kang Ki Sung
Published: October 2021

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of three lignans (schisandrol A, schisandrol B, and schisandrin C) on insulin secretion in rat INS-1 pancreatic β-cells and glucose uptake in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Schisandrol A and schisandrin C enhanced insulin secretion in response to high glucose levels with no toxic effects on INS-1 cells. The effect of schisandrin C was superior to that of gliclazide (positive control), a drug commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, western blot analysis showed that the expression of associated proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), was increased in INS-1 cells after treatment with schisandrin C. In addition, insulin secretion effect of schisandrin C were enhanced by the Bay K 8644 (L-type Ca2+ channel agonist) and glibenclamide (K+ channel blocker), were abolished by the nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ channel blocker) and diazoxide (K+ channel activator). Moreover, schisandrin C enhanced glucose uptake with no toxic effects on C2C12 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of associated proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PI3K, Akt, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), was increased in C2C12 cells after treatment with schisandrin C. Schisandrin C may improve hyperglycemia by enhancing insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells and improving glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. Our findings may provide evidence that schisandrin C may be beneficial in devising novel anti-T2D strategies.
Comparative Study of Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Properties of Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Copper Complexes with Amino Acids, Dipeptides and 1,10-Phenanthroline: The Quest for Antitumor Compounds
Authors: Veiga Nicolás , Alvarez Natalia , Castellano Eduardo E. , Ellena Javier , Facchin Gianella , Torre María H.
Published: October 2021

In a search for new antitumoral agents, a series of homoleptic copper(II) complexes with amino acids and dipeptides, as well as heteroleptic complexes containing both dipeptides and 1,10-phenanthroline, were studied. Furthermore, a single-crystal structure containing alanyl-leucinato ([Cu3(AlaLeu)3(H2O)3(CO3)]·PF6·H2O), which is the first homotrinuclear carbonato-bridged copper(II) complex with a dipeptide moiety, is presented. To assess possible antitumor action mechanisms, we focused on the comparative analysis of pro- and antioxidant behaviors. Pro-oxidant activity, in which the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by the reaction of the complexes with H2O2 produce oxidative damage to 2-deoxy-d-ribose, was evaluated using the TBARS method. Additionally, the antioxidant action was quantified through the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, using a protocol based on the inhibitory effect of SOD on the reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT) by the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Our findings show that Cu–amino acid complexes are strong ROS producers and moderate SOD mimics. Conversely, Cu–dipeptide–phen complexes are good SOD mimics but poor ROS producers. The activity of Cu–dipeptide complexes was strongly dependent on the dipeptide. A DFT computational analysis revealed that complexes with high SOD-like activity tend to display a large dipole moment and condensed-to-copper charge, softness and LUMO contribution. Moreover, good ROS producers have higher global hardness and copper electrophilicity, lower copper softness and flexible and freely accessible coordination polyhedra.
Selection and Characterization of Vimentin-Binding Aptamer Motifs for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Costello Andrea M. , Elizondo-Riojas Miguel-Angel , Li Xin , Volk David E. , Pillai Anil K. , Wang Hongyu
Published: October 2021

The application of aptamers in biomedicine is emerging as an essential technology in the field of cancer research. As small single-stranded DNA or RNA ligands with high specificity and low immunogenicity for their targets, aptamers provide many advantages in cancer therapeutics over protein-based molecules, such as antibodies. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that is overexpressed in endothelial cells of cancerous tissue. High expression levels of vimentin have been associated with increased capacity for migration and invasion of the tumor cells. We have selected and identified thioated aptamers with high specificity for vimentin using human ovarian cancer tissues. Tentative binding motifs were chosen for two vimentin aptamers based on predicted secondary structures. Each of these shorter, tentative binding motifs was synthesized, purified, and characterized via cell binding assays. Two vimentin binding motifs with high fidelity binding were selected and further characterized via cell and tissue binding assays, as well as flow cytometric analysis. The equilibrium binding constants of these small thioated aptamer constructs were also determined. Future applications for the vimentin binding aptamer motifs include conjugation of the aptamers to synthetic dyes for use in targeted imaging and therapy, and ultimately more detailed and precise monitoring of treatment response and tumor progression in ovarian pathology.
Determination of the Size Distribution of Metallic Colloids from Extinction Spectroscopy
Authors: Mansour Yehia , Battie Yann , En Naciri Aotmane , Chaoui Nouari
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we explore the ability of extinction spectroscopy to characterize colloidal suspensions of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We demonstrate that the Au NPs’ size distribution can be deduced by analyzing their extinction spectra using Mie theory. Our procedure, based on the non-negative least square algorithm, takes advantage of the high sensitivity of the plasmon band to the Au NP size. In addition, this procedure does not require any a priori information on the Au NP size distribution. The Au NPs’ size distribution of monomodal or bimodal suspensions can be satisfactorily determined from their extinction spectra. Finally, we show that this characterization tool is compatible with in situ measurement and allows following the change in NPs’ radii during laser exposure.
Preparation of Multilayered Core–Shell Fe3O4-SnO2-C Nanoparticles via Polymeric/Silane–Amino Functionalization
Authors: Hur Jae Uk , An Gye Seok , Choi Sung-Churl
Published: October 2021

Multilayered core–shell Fe3O4-SnO2-C nanoparticles were prepared via surface treatment and carbonization at atmospheric pressure. Fe3O4-SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the carboxylation of the pivotal particles (Fe3O4) with an anionic surfactant to immobilize SnO2 nanoparticles. A method was proposed to externally surround hydrophilic carbon with amine-forming materials, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). The synthesis strategy was based on the electrostatic bonding of the introduced amine group with the hydroxyl group on the carbon precursor and the carbonization of the coating layer by the catalytic reaction of sulfuric acid.
Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi
Authors: Ziental Daniel , Mlynarczyk Dariusz T. , Czarczynska-Goslinska Beata , Lewandowski Konrad , Sobotta Lukasz
Published: October 2021

Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative.
Higher-Dimensional Fractional Order Modelling for Plasma Particles with Partial Slip Boundaries: A Numerical Study
Authors: Zubair Tamour , Asjad Muhammad Imran , Usman Muhammad , Awrejcewicz Jan
Published: October 2021

We integrate fractional calculus and plasma modelling concepts with specific geometry in this article, and further formulate a higher dimensional time-fractional Vlasov Maxwell system. Additionally, we develop a quick, efficient, robust, and accurate numerical approach for temporal variables and filtered Gegenbauer polynomials based on finite difference and spectral approximations, respectively. To analyze the numerical findings, two types of boundary conditions are used: Dirichlet and partial slip. Particular methodology is used to demonstrate the proposed scheme’s numerical convergence. A detailed analysis of the proposed model with plotted figures is also included in the paper.
Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composite by Adding Fishbone-like Silicon Carbide
Authors: Xia Juncheng , Qin Yue , Wei Xianzhe , Li Linhong , Li Maohua , Kong Xiangdong , Xiong Shaoyang , Cai Tao , Dai Wen , Lin Cheng-Te , Jiang Nan , Fang Shuangquan , Yi Jian , Yu Jinhong
Published: October 2021

The rapid development of chip technology has all put forward higher requirements for highly thermally conductive materials. In this work, a new type of material of Fishbone-like silicon carbide (SiC) material was used as the filler in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix. The silicon carbide/polyvinylidene fluoride (SiC/PVDF) composites were successfully prepared with different loading by a simple mixing method. The thermal conductivity of SiC/PVDF composite reached 0.92 W m−1 K−1, which is 470% higher than that of pure polymer. The results show that using the filler with a new structure to construct thermal conductivity networks is an effective way to improve the thermal conductivity of PVDF. This work provides a new idea for the further application in the field of electronic packaging.
Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study
Authors: Hallinan Skyler , Rose Chelsea , Buszkiewicz James , Drewnowski Adam
Published: October 2021

Typical diets include an assortment of unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed foods, along with culinary ingredients. Linear programming (LP) can be used to generate nutritionally adequate food patterns that meet pre-defined nutrient guidelines. The present LP models were set to satisfy 22 nutrient standards, while minimizing deviation from the mean observed diet of the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS III) sample. Component foods from the Fred Hutch food frequency questionnaire comprised the market basket. LP models generated optimized 2000 kcal food patterns by selecting from all foods, unprocessed foods only, ultra-processed foods only, or some other combination. Optimized patterns created using all foods contained less fat, sugar, and salt, and more vegetables compared to the SOS III mean. Ultra-processed foods were the main sources of added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Ultra-processed foods also contributed most vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, and calcium, and were the main sources of plant protein. LP models failed to create optimal diets using unprocessed foods only and ultra-processed foods only: no mathematical solution was obtained. Relaxing the vitamin D criterion led to optimized diets based on unprocessed or ultra-processed foods only. However, food patterns created using unprocessed foods were significantly more expensive compared to those created using foods in the ultra-processed category. This work demonstrates that foods from all NOVA categories can contribute to a nutritionally adequate diet.
A Mixed Methods Case Study of Food Shopping in a Community with High Infant Mortality
Authors: Evenosky Sarah , Lewis Eleanor , DiSantis Katherine I.
Published: October 2021

In the U.S., preterm birth disproportionately impacts certain racial/ethnic groups, with Black women experiencing preterm birth at a rate 50% higher than other groups. Among the numerous factors that likely contribute to these increased rates are neighborhood characteristics, such as food environment. In this mixed-methods case study, we evaluated how pregnant women living in a predominately minority, lower income community with high preterm birth rates navigate and perceive their food environment. Qualitative interviews were performed to assess perceptions of food environment (n = 7) along with geographic and observational assessments of their food environment. Participants traveled an average of 2.10 miles (SD = 1.16) and shopped at an average of 3 stores. They emphasized the importance of pricing and convenience when considering where to shop and asserted that they sought out healthier foods they thought would enhance their pregnancy health. Observational assessments of stores’ nutrition environment showed that stores with lower nutritional scores were in neighborhoods with greater poverty and a higher percent Black population. Future policies and programmatic efforts should focus on improving nutrition during pregnancy for women living in communities with high rates of poor birth outcomes. Availability, affordability, and accessibility are key aspects of the food environment to consider when attempting to achieve birth equity.
Effect of Geumgwe-Sinkihwan on Renal Dysfunction in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Renal Failure Mice
Authors: Han Byung Hyuk , Lee Hyeon Kyoung , Jang Se Hoon , Tai Ai Lin , Jang Youn Jae , Yoon Jung Joo , Kim Hye Yoom , Lee Ho Sub , Lee Yun Jung , Kang Dae Gill
Published: October 2021

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of acute renal failure (ARF). Geumgwe-sinkihwan (GSH) was recorded in a traditional Chines medical book named “Bangyakhappyeon” in 1884. GSH has been used for treatment for patients with diabetes and glomerulonephritis caused by deficiency of kidney yang and insufficiency of kidney gi. Here we investigate the effects of GSH in mice model of ischemic acute kidney injury. The mice groups are as follows; sham group: C57BL6 male mice, I/R group: C57BL6 male mice with I/R surgery, GSH low group: I/R + 100 mg/kg/day GSH, and GSH high group: I/R + 300 mg/kg/day GSH. Ischemia was induced by clamping both renal arteries and reperfusion. Mice were orally given GSH (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) during 3 days after surgery. Treatment with GSH significantly ameliorated creatinine clearance, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. Treatment with GSH reduced neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), specific renal injury markers. GSH also reduced the periodic acid–Schiff and picro sirius red staining intensity in kidney of I/R group. Western blot and real-time RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that GSH decreased protein and mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines in I/R-induced ARF mice. Moreover, GSH inhibited protein and mRNA expression of inflammasome-related protein including NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3, cryoprin), ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), and caspase-1. These findings provided evidence that GSH ameliorates renal injury including metabolic dysfunction and inflammation via the inhibition of NLRP3-dependent inflammasome in I/R-induced ARF mice.
Human Astrovirus in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: A Cross-Sectional Study on Hospitalized and Outpatients from Rural Communities of South Africa between 2017–2021
Authors: Khumela Ronewa , Kabue Jean Pierre , Traore Afsatou Ndama , Potgieter Natasha
Published: October 2021

Human astroviruses are considered acute gastroenteritis agents (AGE) and are largely reported in children worldwide. There are limited data on astrovirus prevalence in rural communities, especially in hospitalized and asymptomatic cases. This study was a cross-sectional survey aiming to investigate the prevalence of classic human astroviruses in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and hospitalized and outpatient children in rural communities of the Vhembe District, South Africa. A total of 236 stool samples (166 symptomatic and 70 asymptomatic) were collected from young children under 5 years of age. Real-time RT-PCR for astrovirus detection, RT-PCR amplification of capsid and polymerase partial genes as well as Sanger sequencing were performed. The classic astrovirus prevalence in symptomatic patients (7.23%, 12/166) as compared to healthy controls (4.29%, 3/70) was not statistically different (t-value: 1.782, p = 0.141: 95% CI). We did not observe a significant difference of classic astrovirus prevalence rate between the hospitalized group (6.52%, 3/46) and outpatient group (7.5%, 9/120). Symptomatic children below 6 months old were the most affected group (18.18%, 6/33). This study characterized human astrovirus genotype 2 and a putative recombinant strain (polymerase genotype 1/capsid genotype 2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed these genotypes are closely related to the strains circulating elsewhere within the African continent. The findings suggest that astrovirus is a common enteric pathogen in the study area. The results highlight the exposure of children and the need to monitor astroviruses for their potential impact in diarrhoeal diseases.
Clay Minerals as Bioink Ingredients for 3D Printing and 3D Bioprinting: Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: García-Villén Fátima , Ruiz-Alonso Sandra , Lafuente-Merchan Markel , Gallego Idoia , Sainz-Ramos Myriam , Saenz-del-Burgo Laura , Pedraz Jose Luis
Published: October 2021

The adaptation and progress of 3D printing technology toward 3D bioprinting (specifically adapted to biomedical purposes) has opened the door to a world of new opportunities and possibilities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this regard, 3D bioprinting allows for the production of tailor-made constructs and organs as well as the production of custom implants and medical devices. As it is a growing field of study, currently, the attention is heeded on the optimization and improvement of the mechanical and biological properties of the so-called bioinks/biomaterial inks. One of the strategies proposed is the use of inorganic ingredients (clays, hydroxyapatite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and other silicate nanoparticles). Clays have proven to be useful as rheological and mechanical reinforcement in a wide range of fields, from the building industry to pharmacy. Moreover, they are naturally occurring materials with recognized biocompatibility and bioactivity, revealing them as optimal candidates for this cutting-edge technology. This review deals with the use of clays (both natural and synthetic) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine through 3D printing and bioprinting. Despite the limited number of studies, it is possible to conclude that clays play a fundamental role in the formulation and optimization of bioinks and biomaterial inks since they are able to improve their rheology and mechanical properties, thus improving printability and construct resistance. Additionally, they have also proven to be exceptionally functional ingredients (enhancing cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation and alignment), controlling biodegradation and carrying/releasing actives with tissue regeneration therapeutic activities.
Fate of Tableted Freeze-Dried siRNA Lipoplexes in Gastrointestinal Environment
Authors: Rehman Asad Ur , Busignies Virginie , Coelho Silva Ribeiro Marcela , Almeida Lage Nayara , Tchoreloff Pierre , Escriou Virginie , Charrueau Christine
Published: October 2021

The incorporation of siRNA into nanocarriers is mandatory to facilitate its intracellular delivery, as siRNA itself cannot enter cells. However, the incorporation of these nanocarriers into oral, solid dosage forms and their fate in the gastrointestinal environment is yet to be explored. In the present work, the fate of, (i) naked siRNA, (ii) freshly prepared siRNA lipoplexes, and (iii) tableted siRNA lipoplexes, in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was studied. The siRNA, either released from or protected within the lipoplexes, was quantified by gel electrophoresis and siRNA efficacy was assessed in cell transfection. The freshly prepared lipoplexes kept their siRNA load and transfection efficiency totally preserved during 1 h of incubation in simulated gastric fluid at 37 °C. However, in simulated intestinal fluid, despite no release of siRNA from lipoplexes after 6 h of incubation, gene silencing efficacy was dramatically decreased even after 1 h of exposure. The lipoplexes obtained from tablets efficiently protected siRNA in simulated gastric fluid, thus preserving the gene silencing efficacy, whereas their incubation in simulated intestinal fluid resulted in a marked siRNA release and decreased gene silencing efficacy. These results provided a detailed explanation for understanding the fate of siRNA in gastrointestinal conditions, when simply loaded in lipoplexes or formulated in the form of tablets.
Multi-Wavelength Optical Patterning for Multiscale Materials Design
Authors: Audia Biagio , Pagliusi Pasquale , Mazzulla Alfredo , Cipparrone Gabriella
Published: October 2021

Laser interferometry is a consolidated technique for materials structuring, enabling single step and large area patterning. Here we report the investigation of the morphological modification encoded on a thin film of a photosensitive material by the light interference pattern obtained from a laser operating in multiline mode. Four lines with equal intensity are retained, with the same p linear polarization. An azopolymer is exploited as medium for the holographic recording. Optical microscopy and profilometer measurements analyze the modification induced in the bulk and on the surface of the irradiated area. We show that the intensity profile of the interference patterns of two laser beams is the one obtained assuming each line of the laser as an independent oscillator of given intensity and wavelength, and how these light structures are faithfully replicated in the material bulk and on the topography of the free surface. Patterns at different length scales are achievable in a single step, that can be traced back to both interference fringes and wave envelopes. The proposed multi-wavelength holographic patterning provides a simple tool to generate complex light structures, able to perform multiscale modifications of photoresponsive materials
Roles of Exogenous α-Lipoic Acid and Cysteine in Mitigation of Drought Stress and Restoration of Grain Quality in Wheat
Authors: Elkelish Amr , El-Mogy Mohamed M. , Niedbała Gniewko , Piekutowska Magdalena , Atia Mohamed A. M. , Hamada Maha M. A. , Shahin Mostafa , Mukherjee Soumya , El-Yazied Ahmed Abou , Shebl Mohamed , Jahan Mohammad Shah , Osman Ali , El-Gawad Hany G. Abd , Ashour Hatem , Farag Reham , Selim Samy , Ibrahim Mohamed F. M.
Published: October 2021

Cysteine (Cys) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) are naturally occurring antioxidants (sulfur-containing compounds) that can protect plants against a wide spectrum of environmental stresses. However, up to now, there are no conclusive data on their integrative roles in mitigation of drought stress in wheat plants. Here, we studied the influence of ALA at 0.02 mM (grain dipping pre-cultivation treatment) and Cys (25 and 50 ppm as a foliar application) under well watered and deficit irrigation (100% and 70% of recommended dose). The results showed that deficit irrigation markedly caused obvious cellular oxidative damage as indicated by elevating the malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2). Moreover, water stressed plants exhibited multiple changes in physiological metabolism, which affected the quantitative and qualitative variables of grain yield. The enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were improved by Cys application. SOD and APX had the same response when treated with ALA, but CAT and POX did not. Moreover, both studied molecules stimulated chlorophyll (Chl) and osmolytes’ biosynthesis. In contrast, the Chl a/b ratio was decreased, while flavonoids were not affected by either of the examined molecules. Interestingly, all above-mentioned changes were associated with an improvement in the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leaf relative water content (RWC), grain number, total grain yield, weight of 1000 kernels, gluten index, falling number, and alveographic parameters (P, W, and P/L values). Furthermore, heatmap plot analysis revealed several significant correlations between different studied parameters, which may explore the importance of applied Cys and ALA as effective compounds in wheat cultivation under water deficit conditions.
Photosynthesis-Related Responses of Colombian Elite Hevea brasiliensis Genotypes under Different Environmental Variations: Implications for New Germplasm Selection in the Amazon
Authors: Sterling Armando , Guaca-Cruz Lised , Clavijo-Arias Edwin Andrés , Rodríguez-Castillo Natalia , Suárez Juan Carlos
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate photosynthetic performance based on gas exchange traits, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and leaf water potential (ΨL) in nine Hevea brasiliensis genotypes from the ECC-1 (Élite Caquetá Colombia) selection and the cultivar IAN 873 (control) in response to different climatic (semi-humid warm and humid warm climates), seasonal (dry and rainy periods), and hourly (3:00 to 18:00) variations that can generate stress in the early growth stage (two-year-old plants) in two large-scale clonal trials in the Colombian Amazon. The photosynthetic performance in 60% of the Colombian genotypes was slightly affected under the conditions with less water availability (dry period, semi-humid warm site, and between 9:00 and 15:00 h), as compared with IAN 873, whose affectation was moderate in terms of photosynthesis rates, but its water conservation strategy was strongly affected. The ECC 90, ECC 83, and ECC 73 genotypes had the best photosynthetic performance under conditions of greater water limitation, and ECC 35, and ECC 64 had a higher water status based on the leaf water potential, with intermediate photosynthetic performance. This germplasm has a high potential for selection in rubber tree breeding programs in future scenarios of climate change in the Colombian Amazon.
Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Planta: Their Role in Plant Development, Contribution to the Flavour and Aroma of Fruits and Flowers, and Their Nutraceutical Benefits
Authors: Simkin Andrew J.
Published: October 2021

Carotenoids and apocarotenoids are diverse classes of compounds found in nature and are important natural pigments, nutraceuticals and flavour/aroma molecules. Improving the quality of crops is important for providing micronutrients to remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. Carotenoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on a number of human diseases, improving the survival rates of some cancers and slowing the progression of neurological illnesses. Furthermore, carotenoid-derived compounds can impact the flavour and aroma of crops and vegetables and are the origin of important developmental, as well as plant resistance compounds required for defence. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to increase carotenoid content in plants and research the benefits to human health and the role of carotenoid derived volatiles on flavour and aroma of fruits and vegetables.
Bioresource Nutrient Recycling in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System: Cornerstone of Organic Agriculture
Authors: Nazir Saba , Zaman Qamar uz , Abbasi Asim , Komal Nayab , Riaz Umair , Ashraf Kamran , Ahmad Nabeel , Agarwal Shweta , Nasir Rabiya , Chen Yinglong
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the impact of conventional practices (fertilizer alone) and diverse farming approaches (such as green manuring, farmyard manure application, rice-residue incorporation, residue mulching, residue removal and residue burning) on soil attributes. A total of thirty-five farm sites were selected, with five sites (replications) for each farming approach system, which were used over the past three years in the study farms. Characterization of rice residues of all cultivars, green manure crop (sesbenia: Sesbania sesban) and decomposed farmyard manure samples showed differential behaviours for macronutrients and micronutrients. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers significantly influenced soil attributes, especially electrical conductivity, nutrient contents, bacterial and fungal population and soil enzymatic attributes. The crop residue treatments favourably influenced the soil parameters over the control. Crop residue incorporation or burning significantly increased soil available potassium, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and organic carbon when compared with applications of chemical fertilizer alone, while total nitrogen content was increased by residue incorporation. However, green manuring and farmyard manure applications showed inferior responses compared with residue management treatment. It is therefore recommended that bioresources should be managed properly to warrant improvements in soil properties, nutrient recycling and the sustainability for crop productivity, in order to achieve sustainable development goals for climate action.
Impacts of Agriculture on the Environment and Soil Microbial Biodiversity
Authors: Barros-Rodríguez Adoración , Rangseekaew Pharada , Lasudee Krisana , Pathom-aree Wasu , Manzanera Maximino
Published: October 2021

Agriculture represents an important mechanism in terms of reducing plant, animal, and microbial biodiversity and altering the environment. The pressure to cope with the increasing food demands of the human population has intensified the environmental impact, and alternative ways to produce food are required in order to minimize the decrease in biodiversity. Conventional agricultural practices, such as floods and irrigation systems; the removal of undesired vegetation by fires, tilling, and plowing; the use of herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides; and the intensification of these practices over the last 50 years, have led to one of the most important environmental threats—a major loss of biodiversity. In this study, we review the impact that agriculture and its intensification have had on the environment and biodiversity since its invention. Moreover, we demonstrate how these impacts could be reduced through the use of microorganisms as biostimulants.
Cytotoxic Effect In Vitro of Acalypha monostachya Extracts over Human Tumor Cell Lines
Authors: Guillén-Meléndez Gloria A. , Villa-Cedillo Sheila A. , Pérez-Hernández Raymundo A. , Castillo-Velázquez Uziel , Salas-Treviño Daniel , Saucedo-Cárdenas Odila , Montes-de-Oca-Luna Roberto , Gómez-Tristán Christian A. , Garza-Arredondo Aimé Jazmín , Zamora-Ávila Diana Elisa , de Jesús Loera-Arias María , Soto-Domínguez Adolfo
Published: October 2021

Acalypha monostachya (A. monostachya) is a plant that is used in traditional medicine as a cancer treatment; however, its effect has not been validated. In this study, the potential cytotoxic effects and morphological changes of A. monostachya were evaluated in human tumor cell lines. The aqueous (AE), methanolic (ME), and hexane (HE) extracts were obtained, and flavonoid-type phenolic compounds were detected, which indicates an antineoplastic effect. We observed a time-dependent and concentration-selective toxicity in human tumor cells. Additionally, the ME and HE showed the greatest cytotoxic effect at minimum concentrations compared to the AE, which showed this effect at the highest concentrations. All extracts induced significant morphological changes in tumor cells. The HeLa (cervix carcinoma) cells were more sensitive compared to the MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer) cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated a cytotoxic in vitro effect of A. monostachya extracts in tumoral human cell lines. These results show the potential antineoplastic effects of A. monostachya in vitro. Hereafter, our lab team will continue working to usefully isolate and obtain the specific compounds of A. monostachya extracts with cytotoxic effects on tumor cells to find more alternatives for cancer treatment.
New Insights into Plant TPK Ion Channel Evolution
Authors: Dabravolski Siarhei A. , Isayenkov Stanislav V.
Published: October 2021

Potassium (K) is a crucial element of plant nutrition, involved in many physiological and molecular processes. K+ membrane transporters are playing a pivotal role in K+ transport and tissue distribution as well as in various plant stress responses and developmental processes. Two-pore K+-channels (TPKs) are essential to maintain plant K+ homeostasis and are mainly involved in potassium transport from the vacuoles to the cytosol. Besides vacuolar specialization, some TPK members display different membrane localization including plasma membrane, protein storage vacuole membrane, and probably the organelles. In this manuscript, we elucidate the evolution of the voltage-independent TPK (two-pore K+-channels) family, which could be represented in some species by one pore, K+-inward rectifier (Kir)-like channels. A comprehensive investigation of existing databases and application of modern bioinformatic tools allowed us to make a detailed phylogenetic inventory of TPK/KCO3 (KCO: potassium channel, outward rectifying) channels through many taxa and gain insight into the evolutionary origin of TPK family proteins. Our results reveal the fundamental evolutional difference between the first and second pores, traced throughout multiple taxa variations in the ion selection filter motif, presence of thansposon, and methylation site in the proximity of some KCO members and suggest virus-mediated horizontal transfer of a KCO3-like ancestor by viruses. Additionally, we suggest several interconnected hypotheses to explain the obtained results and provide a theoretical background for future experimental validation.
Alternative Pathway Is Involved in Hydrogen Peroxide-Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance in Hulless Barley Roots
Authors: He Li , Wang Xiaomin , Na Xiaofan , Feng Ruijun , He Qiang , Wang Shengwang , Liang Cuifang , Yan Lili , Zhou Libin , Bi Yurong
Published: October 2021

Hulless barley, grown in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, has a wide range of environmental stress tolerance. Alternative pathway (AP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are involved in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the relationship between H2O2 and AP in hulless barley tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress remains unclear. In the study, the role and relationship of AP and H2O2 under Cd stress were investigated in hulless barley (Kunlun14) and common barley (Ganpi6). Results showed that the expression level of alternative oxidase (AOX) genes (mainly AOX1a), AP capacity (Valt), and AOX protein were clearly induced more in Kunlun14 than in Ganpi 6 under Cd stress; moreover, these parameters were further enhanced by applying H2O2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) and NAD(P)H to NAD(P) ratio also increased in Cd-treated roots, especially in Kunlun 14, which can be markedly alleviated by exogenous H2O2. However, this mitigating effect was aggravated by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an AOX inhibitor), suggesting AP contributes to the H2O2-enhanced Cd tolerance. Further study demonstrated that the effect of SHAM on the antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants was minimal. Taken together, hulless barley has higher tolerance to Cd than common barley; and in the process, AP exerts an indispensable function in the H2O2-enhanced Cd tolerance. AP is mainly responsible for the decrease of ROS levels by dissipating excess reducing equivalents.
Bioactive’s Characterization, Biological Activities, and In Silico Studies of Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extracts
Authors: Stoica Florina , Aprodu Iuliana , Enachi Elena , Stănciuc Nicoleta , Condurache Nina Nicoleta , Duță Denisa Eglantina , Bahrim Gabriela Elena , Râpeanu Gabriela
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to investigate the thermal stability and biological activities of the phytochemicals from the red onion skins extract, which are a rich source of anthocyanins. Eight anthocyanins were identified in the extract by high-performance liquid chromatography, the most abundant ones being cyanidin 3-O-laminaribioside and cyanidin 3-O-(6″-malonoyl-laminaribioside). The study also involved the assessment of the thermal degradation kinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity in the 75–155 °C temperature range. The thermal degradation kinetics was described using the first-order kinetics model. In terms of thermal stability, increasing the temperature resulted in lower half-life values (t1/2) and higher degradation rate constant values (k) for both anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the phytochemicals’ degradation is a non-spontaneous and endothermic reaction. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of the extract was investigated against the enzymes affiliated with metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, and inflammatory process diseases. Thus, we also demonstrated that the red onion skins extract exerted inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase, and lipoxygenase. Considering the high content of bioactives and various biological properties, the red onion skins extract is suitable for multiple applications.