bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Insect Pests in the First Alfalfa Crop, 1993
Authors: Bisges A. , Berberet R.
Published: December 2017

Nine chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids on a second year stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa located at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 3.3 AW larvae/stem, while aphid numbers averaged 45 per 25 stems. Sprays were applied on 9 Apr using a tractormounted boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles (Spraying Systems Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi while traveling at 3.0 mph. Plot size was 5 × 8 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Efficacy of treatments was determined from samples of 25 stems pulled from each plot at 2, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Standard Berlese funnels were used to extract AW larvae and aphids from the stem samples for counting. Subsamples of aphids were examined on each date for species determination. Dry matter yield estimates were made by harvesting two 0.5 m quadrates from each plot on 14 May and drying forage before weighing and calculating yield on a per acre basis.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1993
Authors: Jarvi Keith J.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticides were applied to 8 inch tall alfalfa near Concord, NE, on 25 Jun. Plots were 20 × 20 ft arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with T-jet 11002 nozzles delivering 14.25 gal/acre at 20 psi. Air temperature at the time of application was 75°F with a wind speed of 10-20 mph. Evaluation was by counting the number of leafhoppers (adults and nymphs) per 10 sweeps of a 15 inch diam net on 3, 7, 10, and 13 DAT. Pretreatment field counts averaged 10 leafhoppers per 10 sweeps.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Foster John E.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 × 30 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 24 Jun with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 liter/min. Each plot received about 3.25 liters of water along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 57 cm. Rainfall amounts during the sampling period were measurable on 24 Jun (1.5 cm), 28 Jun (7.5 cm), 5 Jul (1.8 cm), 7 Jul (1.3 cm), 8 Jul (1.3 cm), 12 Jul (1.9 cm), and 13 Jul (3.4 cm). Plots were sampled 0 (pretreatment), 1,7, 14, and 21 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Potato Leafhopper in Wisconsin, 1993
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots measuring 12 × 15 m were established in a field of ‘Garst 636’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCBD, and applied on 14 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 TeeJet flat fan nozzles delivering 150 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 PSI when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net at 1, 7 and 14 DAT.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Ohio, 1993
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston to evaluate the efficacy of 7 insecticide treatments for control of PLH on a 3rd cutting of 4 year old alfalfa stand. Plots were 30 × 50 ft with 4 replications per treatment in a RCBD. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 37 gpa at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Treatments were applied when avg alfalfa stem length was 11.5 inches (29.3 cm). PLH adult abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot prior to treatment and 2, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Counts of PLH nymphs were omitted since presence of PLH nymphs was minimal. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and during final sampling taken at 21 DAT.
Seed Treatments for Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1993
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farms at Moscow and Genesee. ID. Treated and untreated seed was planted at about 7 lb/acre using a 6-row (7 inch spacing), small-plot cone seeder on 11 May at Moscow and 13 May at Genesee. Plots were 3.5 × 25 ft arranged in a RCBD with each treatment replicated 4 times. The plots were cultivated and harrowed twice and fertilized (200 lb 30-0-0-6/acre) prior to planting. Seed treated with 5 rates of Gaucho (imidacloprid), a Vitavax/ Thiram (fungicide only) treatment, a Vitavax RS (Vitavax/Thiram/Lindane) standard and untreated seed were supplied by Gustafson Inc. In the case of the granular treatment of Furadan CR-10, the granules were mixed with the seed prior to planting. The foliar treatment of Sevin XLR was applied when FB damage to cotyledons was first noted (20 and 26 May for Moscow and Genesee, respectively) using a COypressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 10 gal/acre at 20 psi. The Moscow plots were sprayed 25 Jun and 1 Jul with endosulfan (1 lb [AI]/ acre) to control diamondback moth and cabbage aphids. The Genesee plots were sprayed 1 Jul with endosulfan (1 lb [AI]/acre) and on 29 Jul an aerial application of methyl parathion (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to also control diamondback moth and aphids. FB damage ratings and counts of all plants in 6.6 ft of rows 2 and 5 were made 3 and 8 d following the foliar application of Sevin XLR. FB damage to cotyledons was scored using a 0-6 rating system. Final stand counts were made following harvest on 24 and 23 Sep for Moscow and Genesee, respectively.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola Using Coated Seed, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David , Nordick Dean
Published: December 2017

This was a cooperative study with Agrigenetics and was located at Breckenridge, MN. Coated seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisker, Alberta, Canada. The trial was located on clay type soils. Individual plots were 5 ft × 20 ft and treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Granular treatments were planted with the seed on 5 May. The liquid broadcast treatments (Furadan 4F) were applied immediately post plant to the soil surface and were lightly raked in.
Evaluation of Furadan 4F as a Cultivation Treatment for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1991 and 1992
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: December 2017

The performance of Furadan 4F as a cultivation-time rescue treatment tank-mixed with Marksman herbicide was evaluated in comparison with Furadan 15G and 2 placement methods (banded and in-furrow) of Counter 15G applied at planting time. Experimental design was a randomized complete block containing 4 replicates, and was carried out at 3 SD sites each year (Armour, Brookings, and Nunda in 1991; Aurora #1, Aurora #2, and Nunda in 1992). Individual plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by drag chains. Infurrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between double disk furrow openers. Banded liquid applications were carried out using a CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom with a single TeeJet 8002 nozzle, that delivered 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. The 38 cm band was created by applying a 7.5 inch band on either side of, and including the treatment row. Broadcast treatments were applied using the aforementioned sprayer system, however the boom had 4 Teejet 8002 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart which were also calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection (1 - [treatment root rating/untreated root rating] × 100) was calculated for a more visible comparison of treatment performances.
Corn Rootworm Control in Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Rebarchak P. B. , Spangler S. M. , Roth G. W. , Hoffman L.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-six corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Springs, PA, during 1991. A RCBD with 5 replications of each treatment was used, including 2 controls. Plots were 39 ft long by 5 ft wide or 2 rows. Insecticides were applied in-furrow or as a T-band application using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 10 May for a target population of 28,000 plants/acre. T-band applications were applied in 7 inch bands over the row and into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into the furrow in front of the press wheel. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 70°F. Drought conditions existed during the growing season, contributing to the low plant vigor and low yields.
Granular and Liquid Insecticide Performance Against Corn Rootworm, 1993
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots measuring 2 rows (30-inch row spacing) by 50 ft were planted on 12 May in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Granular insecticides were applied with a modified Noble applicator at planting, either banded ahead of the press wheel or in furrow. Postemergence (25 Jun) sidedress applications of liquid insecticides were made with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa. Percent lodging was determined on 16 Aug. On 25 Aug, 5 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (with half-point increments for higher sensitivity).
Apple, Evaluation on Ntn-33893 as a Trunk Application, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 10 replicates. Test trees were 2 years old and spaced 3.7 × 5.5 m apart on M.26 EMLA rootstock. The average trunk diameter of trees 46 cm above the ground was 3 cm. Treatments for all plots were applied with a paint brush to the trunk in a 20-40 cm band beginning below the main scaffold limbs on 14 Apr. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of captan 50WP and Nova 40WP, The effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree for the first generation and nymphs/50 randomly selected leaves for the second generation. Effectiveness on SA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/5 growing shoots, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM, AF and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/ tree, 250 leaves/treatment. STLM were counted at the end of both 1st and 2nd generation by examining 4 one year old shoots and determining the number of tissue feeding mines per leaf.
Spoke-Injection of Liquid Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Iowa, 1993
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Warshaw R. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Spoke-injection of liquid insecticides (100% incorporation), was compared with conventional planting- and cultivation-time applications. Plots were established at Rhodes (silty clay loam) and Nashua (loam). A RCB design, with 4 replications, was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Plantingtime liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 10 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, one on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7, or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 10 gpa at 10 psi. Broadcast applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 17 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of each "broadcasted" row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. “Spoke-injection” treatments were applied within several days of planting. The spoked applicator cylinder, mounted behind a small tractor, consisted of a 7-inch high-density polyethylene rod, with a 1.5-inch brass axle. Injection points (0.19-inch diam × 1.3-inch in length) were aligned in 10 rows on the cylinder, for a total of 220 points. A tension spring forced the points into the soil. Flat steel scrapers, positioned between rows of points, kept debris from interfering with the function of the spoke injector. Liquid insecticide was injected to a depth of ca. 1 inch using CO2; 20 gpa at 50 psi. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Cotton, 1992
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in a RCBD with 4 replicates at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 34 ft long. Rows were 40 inches apart. There were 3 unplanted buffer rows between plots and 20 ft alleys that separated blocks. Cotton was grown using standard cultural practices. The cotton was planted and irrigated for germination on 20 Mar. A total of 17 chemicals or mixtures of chemicals was evaluated. Foliar applications of the chemicals were initiated on 16 Apr, 3 days after plant emergence reached about 95%. Additional applications were made every 2 wk for a total of 9 times. The last foliar applications were made on 5 Aug when over 50% of leaves were defoliated by sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF). Chemicals were applied with a John Deere 700 High Cycle Sprayer in 20 gal of water/acre at 90 psi with 3 nozzles/row until plants were about 1 ft high. One nozzle was positioned above the top of plants and 1 on each side of the plants. From 24 Jun, chemicals were applied in 27 gal of water/acre at 90 psi with 5 nozzles each row. One nozzle was positioned above tops of plants, one on each side of plants to provide bottom leaf coverage and one on each side of plants to provide coverage of leaves on the middle and top portions of plants. SPWF immatures were counted from underside of leaves on ten 12 cm2 leaf disks from the 5th leaf from the top of the main stems sampled from each plot, 1 day before and 2 days after each chemical application. Overall means of SPWF immatures were derived from 11 sampling days from 9 Jun to 21 Aug. Seed cotton was sampled on 17 Aug from two 1/1000 acre areas of each plot and ginned for lint yields.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm During Late Season, 1993
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted in a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam on 1 Jul. Plots consisted of 3 rows on 1.02 m centers × 12.2 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Field preparation and plot maintenance followed conventional cultural practices. Plots were irrigated to maintain satisfactory soil moisture. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.3 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 7 and 10 Sep and evaluated on 16 Sep (6 DAT) by visually examining 50 squares on each of 2 rows/plot for bollworm-tobacco budworm damage and live larvae. All plots were heavily infested with eggs and larvae (primarily tobacco budworm) on 7 Sep. No other insecticides were applied to the test area. The plots received 1.7 cm rainfall on 13 Sep (3 DAT).
Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiens1S Products Against Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Moar W. J. , McCollum R. , Smith R.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 23 May at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, AL in 8 row plots (36 inch centers) × 75 ft long with 25 ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer to deliver 8 gal/acre using Teejet TX10 hollow cone tip nozzles on 18-inch spacing at 55 psi at 5 mph. Water pH was 7.2—7.4 and Prime Oil was used as a spreader/sticker at recommended rates. Foliar treatments were applied 7 times (3, 9, 22, 30 Jul and 6, 9, 16 Aug) followed by 1 blanket overspray of Karate on 22 Aug in order to preserve the results of the microbial treatments. Treatments were evaluated 6 times (8, 12, 25 Jul and 1, 8, 12 Aug) at 3-5 DAT for the presence of eggs, larvae, and square/boll damage by sampling 25 terminals in the middle 4 rows/plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting the middle 2 rows/plot on 6 Nov.
Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products Against Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Moar W. J. , McCollum R. , Smith R.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 10 Apr at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, AL, in 8-row plots (36 inch centers) × 75 ft long with 25 ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre using Teejet TX10 hollow cone tip nozzles on 18-inch spacing at 55 psi and 5 mph. Water pH was 7.2-7.4 and Prime Oil was used as a spreader/sticker at recommended rates. Foliar treatments were applied 7 times (7, 10, 20, 24, 31 Jul and 5, 12 Aug) followed by 1 blanket overspray of Karate on 20 Aug in order to preserve the results of the microbial treatments. Treatments were evaluated 7 times (10, 14, 23-24, 28-29 Jul and 4-5, 10-11, 17-18 Aug) at 3-5 DAT for the presence of eggs, larvae, and terminal damage by sampling 25 terminals in the middle 4 rows/plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting the middle 2 rows/plot on 27 Oct.
Cage Evaluation of Spray Applications on Cotton for Plantbug Control, 1993
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S. , Porter R. Patrick
Published: December 2017

Eight insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy against TPB at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS. A RCBD with 4 replications was used. Plots were 35 ft long × 2 rows wide (38 inch spacing) separated by 12 untreated buffer rows. Foliar applications were applied 7 Jul at 9:45 a.m. with a high clearance spray tractor at 4 mph and 33 psi and 5 gpa. Temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were 91°F, 63% and 0.2 to 4.0 mph, respectively. Insects were collected the day prior to infestation by sweeping wild flowers (clover) with a sweep net, placing them in a glass enclosure, and collecting the adults with an aspirator. Adults were kept overnight in a glass container with a water wick and snap beans. Plants were infested on 7 Jul and 9 Jul by placing a cloth sleeve over the upper third of the plants, fastening them around the stem at the bottom with a rubber band containing two beads (Ponytail holder) placing 10 live insects on the plant and then closing the sleeve above the terminal with a second ‘ponytail holder’. Plants with cages were cut at 24h and returned to the laboratory where the cages were opened in a glass enclosure and the insects were evaluated for mortality. Those that could not move normally when prodded were considered dead. There were only enough insects for 3 replications for the 9 Jul infestation.
Foliar Sprays Applied at Egg and Larval Thresholds to Control Boll Worms in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 24 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Row spacing was 36 inches, and Temik I5G (5 lb product/acre) was applied at planting for early-season Thrips control. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Sprays were applied using a single nozzle (TX-VS 4) boom delivering 10 gal water/acre at 60 psi. Egg threshold sprays were applied on 13 Aug when 10 or more BW eggs were found on 100 terminals. Larval threshold sprays were applied on 26 Aug when BW numbers reached or exceeded 3 live worms/100 bolls or squares. BW pressure was low to moderate. On 6 Sep, 25 random bolls were picked from each replicate of each treatment and examined for BW feeding damage.
Evaluation of Selected BT Compounds for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1993
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Barfield M. E. , Martin S. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated against BW and TBW at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a RCBD with 3 replications. Plots were planted 8 Jun and consisted of 3 rows (1.01 m centers) × 15.2 m. Treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 107.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied 23 Aug and treatments were evaluated on 27 Aug (4 days after treatment). Treatments were evaluated by visually examining 100 squares from each plot and recording damaged squares, etched squares, total feeding injury and live larvae. Etching describes those squares that have visible signs of feeding without puncturing the square. Total feeding injury includes all squares that were damaged and etched. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Selected Seed and In-Furrow Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of seed treatments was evaluated against TT injury and for affect on plant stand in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 7 May with 36- inch row spacing. Vitavax PC was applied to all treatments, but at different rates. Gaucho and certain Orthene treatments (designated by *) were applied commercially by Gustafson, Inc., Piano, TX. Other treatments (designated by **) were applied commercially by Severn Peanut Co., Severn, NC. With ‘preblend’ treatments, Vitavax and insecticides were preblended at designated rates before application to seed. With ‘overtreat’ treatments, Vitavax was applied to seed at the designated rate, then the insecticide was applied. A ‘hopper box’ treatment was included with product and seed layered and gently mixed in the planter box just before planting. Aldicarb (Temik 15G) was applied to 1 treatment into the seed furrow (IF) at planting as a standard for comparison. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale, where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Plant stand counts were made 17 and 27 d after planting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Selected pesticides were evaluated for control of TSSM in cv. ‘NC-10’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul and again on 10 Aug using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 20 ft. Treatments were evaluated on 28, 30 Jul and on 3, 5, 10, 13, 20, and 29 Aug by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 4 randomly-selected leaflets per plot. Mite counts were made in the field using 10X magnification lenses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. A cumulative index (CI) was calculated for each treatment using ∑(Xi+1 - Xi)[(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi, and Xi+1, are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1, are corresponding points of total mite number.
Evaluation of Control for Lesser Cornstalk Border on Peanuts, 1993
Authors: Wolf S. P. , DeLamar Z. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: December 2017

This test consisted of 2 parts, a field application of the granular insecticides and a laboratory bioassay. Insecticides were applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation at Headland, AL. Eight treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. All insecticides were applied with a small plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. Dyfonate II 15G was applied at planting on 11 May and again with the other insecticides at flowering on 8 Jul. A second application of Lorsban 15G was made 27 d after flowering, on 3 Aug. Soil samples were taken from each plot once a wk by collecting a subsample (12 inches wide × 4 inches long × 1 inch deep) from 3 randomly-selected rows within each plot. Each subsample was taken by centering the longitudinal axis of the sample over the row. Samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until assaying. Soil was air dried to less than 1% moisture, and poured to a depth of 0.5 inches in a 1.0 oz plastic diet cup. Three cups were used for each plot, for a total of 12 cups per treatment. Three 1st instar larvae were put into each cup and were given a plug of artificial diet. Effectiveness of each insecticide was evaluated by exposing 36 larvae (4 replicates times 3 cups per plot times 3 larvae per cup) to each treatment. Larvae were incubated in a controlled environment chamber at 30°C. The number of living and dead larvae was recorded at 72 h.
Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana and Sevin 4-Oil for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1993
Authors: Brinkman M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Foster R. N. , Reuter K. C.
Published: December 2017

The performance of B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide of rangeland grasshoppers was compared to Sevin 4-Oil. Experimental plots were 40 acres located in Slope County, ND. Each treatment was replicated 4 times arranged in a CRD. B. bassiana and Sevin were aerially applied on 10 and 11 Jul 1993, respectively. Grasshopper densities were estimated with the use of 0.1 m2 aluminum rings. Near the center of each plot, 40 rings were placed 5 m apart in a 64 m diam circle.
Rice Water Weevil Control, California, 1990
Authors: Grigarick A. A. , Palrang A. T. , Hesler L. S. , Oraze M. J.
Published: December 2017

Two experiments were conducted to compare control of RWW larvae (Experiment 1) or adults (Experiment 2) among insecticide treatments. Both tests were performed at the California Rice Experiment Station, Biggs, in 1990. Each experiment was a RCBD with 3 replications of 3 insecticide treatments and an untreated control. Treatments were applied to 0.94-m diam circular plots, each bounded by a 0.7-m tall aluminum sheet pushed 3-4 cm into the soil. Plots were established on Stockton adobe clay soil and were water-seeded at a rate of 140 kg/ha on 6 May. Stands were thinned to 50 plants per ring on 22 May. Water depth in the plots was maintained at 10 cm during the experiments. Insecticides were applied by hand-held granule dispenser. Furadan 5G was applied 2 d before seeding plots and lightly incorporated by rake into the soil. UAP 308 2G was applied on 1 Jun (Experiment 2) or 7 Jun (Experiment 1). Plots were infested naturally by RWW adults and by adding 25 field-collected parthenogenic adults per ring on 25 May (Experiment 1) or 1 Jun (Experiment 2). The 2 youngest unfurled leaves on each of 20 plants per plot were examined on 24 and 31 May (Experiment 1) and on 31 May and 4 and 7 June (Experiment 2) for scarring caused by adult RWW feeding. Ten 10-cm diam soil cores per plot (1 plant per core) were removed on 26-28 Jun (1 replication per experiment per day). Soil was washed from the roots and the number of immature RWW (larvae plus pupae) per core was recorded.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with NTN 33893, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and used RCBD with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 14 ft × 10 ft. All plots were broadcast planted to a dry seed bed on 6 May at 120 lb seed per acre. Designated plots were sown with seed treated with NTN 33893 at 3 oz (AI)/cwt. Gustafson, Inc. treated the seed. Plots were cultipacked to help cover seed. Plots were flushed and drained as needed until application of the permanent flood on 3 Jun (21 d after rice emergence). Plots were fertilized at planting with urea at 140 lb N/acre. On 21 May plots were treated with propanil at 3 lb (AI)/acre, thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre, and bentazon at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre. Furadan 3G was applied to designated plots at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre using a hand-held shaker.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Boethel D. J. , Thomas J. , Weir A. T.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate insecticide efficacy against foliage feeding insect pests of soybean. Plots consisted of 5 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft, were planted on 7 Jun. Treatments in both tests were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug and 20 Aug in Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using two 25-sweep samples/plot with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Rows 2 and 3 were sampled 2 DAT and rows 4 and 5 were sampled 7 DAT. On 20 Aug. 0.5 inches rainfall was recorded over the test area. However, the treatments in Test 2 were not applied until after the rainfall had occurred.
Aphid Control in Wheat, Mahnomen, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

The trial was located in a commercial wheat field. Plots were 25 ft × 25 ft in size. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Application was made using a hand held CO2 sprayer, with approximately 5 gpa at 40 psi pressure. Twenty-five heads per plot were collected at 7 DAT, stored, and aphids counted with a binocular microscope. Yields were collected from a 5 ft × 25 ft strip in the best appearing section of each plot.
Efficacy of two Pyrethroids Employed at Traditional and Extended Spray Intervals Against Fall Armyworm, Bollworm and European Corn Borer in North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted in a Wagram loamy sand on 10 May near Richlands, NC. The fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 10 ft alleys. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied via a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems nozzle per row. Initial application for all treatments, based upon exceeding a threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals, was made on 22 Jul. The second application for the Baythroid 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, regular start treatment was made on 27 Jul, while the Baythroid at 0.045 lb (AI)/acre regular start treatment received only the initial application. The Baythroid at 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, scouting-based plot was treated on 22 and 27 Jul and on 4 and 19 Aug. The Baythroid at 0.045 lb (AI)/acre, extended, 14-d interval plot was treated on 22 Jul and on 4 and 19 Aug. A final Baythroid 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, extended, 14-d interval treatment was likewise applied on 22 Jul and on 4 and 19 Aug. Karate at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre was also treated at a scouting-based schedule of 22 and 27 Jul and 4 and 19 Aug, and the same material at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on the extended 14-d interval was applied on 22 Jul and on 4 and 19 Aug. All plots were evaluated for FAW, ECB and BW-damaged bolls on 17 Aug and 15 Sep. Plots were harvested with a 1-row John Deere mechanical picker from the middle two rows on 13 Oct.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 10,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 7 Oct between 4:00 and 5:30 p.m. Both treatments were applied with a Snyder Polyolefin Agro-Tank tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer. Total spray volume was 50 gal water/acre using 8003 T-jet flat nozzles with 50 psi. Immediately before and after treatment, VS inch irrigation water was applied to all plots except the Orthene treated plots. All plots were irrigated with V* inch of water each afternoon after treatment for four weeks. Rainfall of 1.5, 0.5, and 1.5 inches occurred on 1,3, and 4 Nov, respectively. At the time of application soil and ambient temperatures were 73° and 75° F, respectively. Relative humidity was moderate with a cloud cover of 20%. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 20 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pre-treatment counts were made on 6 Oct and post-treatment counts were made on 21 Oct and 4 Nov.
Preventive Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Rough 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway (site one, Palmerton, Pa.) consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (29 Apr) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 58°F; RH, 51%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam to sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 51.0% sand, 37.0% silt, 12.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.1; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 126 DAT (2 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted on 3 putting greens on a golf course in Keene, NH. The experimental design was an RCB replicated 3 times. Plot size was 100 ft2. Treatments were applied 4 May at peak adult emergence. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer, with 8006 nozzles, delivering 1.2 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after application the NTN plots were watered with 0.5 inches irrigation. Tempo was not irrigated. Conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 52.7°F; sandy loam soil; thatch 0.25 inch; no rain for several days. Plots were rated 19 Jun by removing 3 samples (0.1 ft2 ea) per replicate and counting the number of live larvae.
Efficacy of Merit Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Merit WP were compared for efficacy against the annual bluegrass weevil on golf course greens in Keene, NH. Plot size was 10 × 20 ft arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 5 May and rated 28 Jun. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer in a volume of 1.4 gal water/1000 ft2. After application, treatments were irrigated with 0.25 inches water. Treatments were rated by removing 3 (0.1 ft2) samples per plot and counting live larvae in the laboratory. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 58.1°F; soil temperature, 1 in 56°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; soil pH, 5.9; soil texture, sandy loam; soil organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture, 22%.
Control of Bluegrass Billbug Larvae on a Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Saunders Co., Nb, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Riordan T. P. , Johnson-Cicalese J. M. , Westerholt S. R.
Published: December 2017

Conven tional insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for control of bluegrass billbug larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.5 inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.75 inches (finger compressed, 0.50 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 8 × 8 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with three replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 7 Jul. Granular insecticide treatments were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Liquid insecticides and nematodes were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 4 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. The test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water immediately following applications. A total of 3.88 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 21 Jul (14 DAT) by removing six 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the surviving larvae.
Subsurface vs. Conventional Insecticide Applications for Control of Annual White Grubs on a Goli Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Bargen K. Von , Grisso R. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.75 inches (finger compressed, 0.5 inches). Field condition at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied 20 Aug. Subsurface treatments were applied using a Cushman Prototype Subsurface Applicator designed to place liquid or granular insecticides at the soil-thatch interface (average depth. 0.75 inches). Conventional granular treatments were applied with a Gandy 24H12 drop spreader. Conventional liquid applications were applied with a CO2 sprayer with LF-4 tip delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2 at 24 psi. Immediately following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 5.35 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 10 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius on a Golf Course Fairway in Ashland County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville. Insecticides were applied 16 Jun to plots 8 × 10 ft arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2. The experimental area was irrigated approximately V* inch after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. BTA: eggs and 1st instars present, no pretreatment count. Turf: level, light dew, IVs inch height, 40% perennial ryegrass, 30% Kentucky bluegrass, 30% annual bluegrass. Thatch: dense, moist, % inch. Soil: moist, 66°F at 1 inch and 67°F at 3 inch. Weather: sunny, 65°F, 0-5 mph. Water: pH 6.5. Efficacy data taken 6 Jul (20 DAT) were based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 6, 4Vt inch in diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Efficacy of Dylox Granular Formulations for the Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs in Turf, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at Amherst Country Club, NH to determine the efficacy of two formulations of Dylox granules. The site was a fairway rough. The trial consisted of 8 × 8 ft plots, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Treatments were applied Sep 14 and rated Oct 5. At the time of application conditions were: soil temp at I inch depth, 66.7°F; at 2 inches, 65.6°F; thatch, 0.75 inch; pH 5.5; texture, silt loam, 46% sand, 50% silt, 4% clay; moisture, 25%; OM, 10.1%. Granules were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Oftanol was applied in water at a rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Plots received 0.5 inch irrigation after application. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs/2.25 ft2.
The Effect of Time on Bait Applications for the Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Tattnall County, Ga, 1992
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: December 2017

Three 0.1 acre subplots were permanently established within each of eight 1.65 acre plots. Each subplot was marked with an orange surveyor stake at its center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.1 acre subplot on 29 June. Amdro® was broadcast at 11:00 am (82° soil temperature), 2:00 pm (86° soil temperature), and 5:00 pm (91° soil temperature). Each treatment, including an untreated control, was applied to two plots. The treated plots each received 1.2 lb/acre of Amdro®. Posttreatment counts were made on 26 Aug and 14 Dec.
Control of the Serpentine Leafminer on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1993
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 8 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use. During wk 8, the plants were exposed to heavy populations of leafminers. By wk 10, all plants were moderately infested with leafminers. To ensure an equal distribution of leafminers/treatment, plants infested with approximately equivalent numbers were assigned to each treatment (4 plants/treatment). Azadirachtin treatments were applied at 40 psi to runoff using a hand sprayer. The NTN 33893 2.5%G and 240F were applied as soil treatments and drenched into the soil with approximately 250 ml of water. Pre-treatment counts and treatment applications were made on the same day (day 0). Posttreatment counts (the number of adults emerging from pupae) were taken 24 DAT. Number of emerging adults were expressed as a mean percent change from the pre-treatment count and analyzed using ANOVA. As individual leafminers were not held on isolated leaves for a specific period of time, more eggs successfully hatched than were counted in the pretreatment count; thus certain treatments showed positive percentage population increases.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds in Michigan, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Marigold plants were raised from seed in 6 inch clay pots for 10 weeks reaching 10-12 inches in height in a research greenhouse infested with greenhouse whitefly at Michigan State University. Each treatment and a control were replicated 6 times with each replication being an individual plant. Precounts were taken on 22 Jun by counting all whitefly larvae and pupae under a dissecting microscope on the undersides of 5 randomly selected leaves from each plant. The treatments were then blocked based on these precounts. Insecticide applications were applied on 24 Jun and repeated on 1 Jul with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi until first runoff. The Marshal/Suscon treatments were applied to the soil surface of the pots. Postcounts were made in the same manner as precounts on 13, 21, 28 Jul, 4 and 12 Aug. The number of whiteflies reported for all sample dates is the total number of whitefly including larvae and pupae.
Spider Mites in Rose Plant Fields, Wasco, Ca, 1992
Authors: Karlik J. , Harwood C. A.
Published: December 2017

Two field evaluations were conducted concurrently, one with acaricides registered for use on field-grown rose plants at the time of the test and another with experimental materials. Avid was included in the latter for comparison. Treatment design and procedure for both experiments was a RCB with 6 replications. Each plot was a single row of roses 25 ft in length with a 5 ft buffer between plots in the row. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with a TJ 8002 flat fan nozzle. Water was used at the rate equivalent to 100 gpa. Sampling consisted of twenty leaves per plot taken at weekly intervals, transported to the lab, brushed onto glass plates, and counted in concentric fashion using a template. Data are the mean of replicates, and represent the spider mites counted on one-sixth of the plate. Registered acaricides were applied in the first experiment 14 May under clear skies with temperature 25°C and wind velocity less than 5 mph. Experimental acaricides were applied in the second experiment 15 May under identical weather conditions.