bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Orthodontic Extrusion on Keratinized Gingiva
Authors: Arsić Ivan , Marinković Nemanja , Pajević Tina , Marković Jovan , Dragović Miroslav , Stamenković Zorana , Stefanović Neda , Nedeljković Nenad
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives: The key factor that enables osteoblastic activity and the formation of new bone, as well as gingiva, during orthodontic tooth extrusion (OE) is the periodontal ligament. The reaction of periodontal tissues associated with changes in the gingiva is a part of orthodontic tooth displacement. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OE on the width of the zone of the keratinized and attached gingiva, the position of the mucogingival junction, and the height of the interdental papillae in the region where the OE was performed as well as in the adjacent region. Materials and Methods: This research included 28 adult patients (both orthodontically treated and untreated). The treated group included 15 patients, in whom orthodontic extrusion of the upper or lower frontal teeth was indicated and performed. The untreated group included 13 patients, with no previous or undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontal disease and periodontal pockets in the frontal region and patients allergic to iodine were excluded from the study. Gingivomorphometric measurements were performed on two occasions in three groups of teeth (24 extruded and 30 agonist teeth in the treated patients; 66 teeth in the untreated patients). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the software package SPSS version 26.0. Results: Orthodontic extrusion induced changes in the position of the mucogingival line and an increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva. There were no statistically significant effects on the depth of the gingival sulcus, the attached gingiva width, or the height of the interdental papillae. Conclusions: Orthodontic tooth extrusion has an effect on the periodontium in the observed region. Vertical orthodontic force, directed towards the coronal plane, affects the surrounding soft oral tissues.
Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters
Authors: Afzal Mohammad A. , Peles Joshua , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: July 2024

The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve® NFP and Viresolve® Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor® DV20 and PegasusTM SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve® Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing.
The Effect of Germanium Additions on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-Mg-Al Alloys
Authors: Malla Amar Dhoj , Sullivan James Henley , Penney David Jonathan , Sackett Elizabeth , Lancaster Robert Joseph , Barker Peter
Published: July 2024

In this investigation, 0.19–1.8 wt.% of Ge was introduced into a ternary Zn-Mg-Al alloy. The introduction of Ge had a significant impact on the microstructure, leading to the formation of Mg2Ge. The area fraction of the eutectic phase diminished with increasing Ge additions. Small-scale test techniques were utilised to evaluate the mechanical properties due to the changes in microstructure. Zn-Mg-Al alloys were found to be inherently harder compared to standard hot-dip Zn-containing 0.2 wt.% Al. The hardness and strength of the Zn-Mg-Al alloys decreased with the increase in Ge additions.
Parameter Equivalence and Impedance Characteristics of NiTi Wires Embedded in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Based on Secondary Bridging Model
Authors: Huang Yizhe , Luo Xipeng , Zhang Huizhen , Wang Jun , Huang Bin , Zhang Zhifu , Huang Qibai , Zhan Xin
Published: July 2024

This article presents a metal matrix composite material consisting of NiTi wires embedded in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) that preserves NBR’s inherent acoustic characteristics while enabling acoustic modification through the NiTi phase transition induced by stress and temperature. The macroscopic mechanical parameters of transversely isotropic NiTi-NBR composite materials are derived by means of a secondary bridging model that takes into account interfacial phases. On this basis, the acoustic impedance properties and absorption coefficient of composite materials were examined as a function of NiTi volume fraction using the transfer matrix method. The accuracy and effectiveness of the theoretical method were verified by comparing the calculated results with finite element simulation. The research results indicated that regulating the volume fraction of NiTi can lead to the anticipated value of the input impedance of composite materials, improving impedance matching with media like water and rubber, which offers novel insights and a theoretical foundation for the development of underwater sound-absorbing materials.
Influence of Single- and Double-Aging Treatments on the Mechanical and Corrosion Resistance of Alloy 625
Authors: Rivolta Barbara , Gerosa Riccardo , Panzeri Davide
Published: July 2024

Nickel–chromium–molybdenum Alloy 625 exhibits an excellent combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, the high-temperature plastic deformation process and the heat treatment represent critical aspects for the loss in mechanical strength by grain coarsening. This detrimental behavior is worsened by the absence of phase transformation temperatures. However, the chemical composition permits slow precipitation-hardening response upon single aging. Therefore, when the soft- or solution-annealed condition is associated with insufficient mechanical properties, this potentiality can be exploited to improve the mechanical strength. Since the γ″ precipitation can be accelerated by double-aging treatment, different time–temperature combinations of double aging at 732 °C and 621 °C are investigated. The simultaneous precipitation of intergranular carbides can dramatically affect the corrosion resistance. Such an undesired phenomenon occurs very quickly at 732 °C, but it is obtained only after very long exposure times at 621 °C. For this reason, a performance chart is developed to compare all the tested conditions. In particular, single aging at 621 °C for 72 h and 130 h are associated with an acceptable combination of mechanical and corrosion properties. Double aging permits a conspicuous acceleration of the aging response. For instance, with double aging at 732 °C 3 h and 621 °C 72 h, it is possible to obtain the same mechanical properties of single aging at 621 °C for 260 h. Such acceleration is accompanied by a more critical corrosion behavior, especially because of the primary step. However, even after its optimization, none of the tested conditions were acceptable.
Adaptation of Saccharomyces to High Glucose Concentrations and Its Impact on Growth Kinetics of Alcoholic Fermentations
Authors: Ginovart Marta , Carbó Rosa , Portell Xavier
Published: July 2024

Prior adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the fermentation medium ensures its implantation and success in alcoholic fermentations. Fermentation kinetics can be characterized with mathematical models to objectively measure the success of adaptation and growth. The study aims at assessing and comparing two pre-culture procedures using, respectively, one or two adaptation steps, analyzing the impact of different initial glucose concentrations on the fermentation profiles of S. cerevisiae cultures, and assessing the performance of three predictive growth models (Buchanan’s, modified Gompertz, and Baranyi and Roberts models) under varied initial glucose concentrations. We concluded that both protocols produced S. cerevisiae pre-cultures with similar viability and biomass increase, which suggests that short protocols may be more cost-effective. Furthermore, the study highlights the need of inoculating a high S. cerevisiae population to minimize the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the medium and to ensure that glucose is predominantly directed toward the ethanol formation at early fermentative steps. This study shows that the relationship between kinetic parameters is model-dependent, which hinders inter-study comparisons and stresses the need for standardized growth models. We advocate for the generalized use of confidence intervals of the kinetic parameters to facilitate objective inter-study comparisons.
Effect of Solid Concentration on Particle Size Distribution and Grinding Kinetics in Stirred Mills
Authors: Guo Wang , Guo Keqi
Published: July 2024

In this study, the evolution behavior of the particle size distribution during the grinding process was examined with fractal theory. According to the distribution index k of the Rosin–Rammler–Benne model, the relationship between the fractal dimension D of the fractal theory and the distribution index k is discussed. The fractal dimension D was used to evaluate the uniformity of the particle size distribution of the grinding product. In addition, the population balance model was used to simulate the breakage behavior of each size interval. The result indicates that the non-first-order model presented a better fitting performance in the breakage behavior of the coarse size and the desired size when compared with the other type of model. It can be found that the breakage rate increased with the solid concentration. However, the breakage distribution function is independent of the solid concentration in this study. These results suggest that the effect of the solid concentration on the fraction of the coarse size broken into the desired size was not significant. Furthermore, the simulated data are discussed and analyzed with the attainable region method as well as the difference in the change rate of the desired size and the overgrinding size. It can be found that to produce a higher fraction of the desired size in the grinding products, the residence time of the material in the mill needs be shortened with a higher solid concentration.
Quantum Transport through a Quantum Dot Coupled to Majorana Nanowire and Two Ferromagnets with Noncollinear Magnetizations
Authors: Gao Yu-Mei , Shen Yao-Hong , Chi Feng , Yi Zi-Chuan , Liu Li-Ming
Published: July 2024

We study the electron tunneling (ET) and local Andreev reflection (AR) processes in a quantum dot (QD) coupled to the left and right ferromagnetic leads with noncollinear ferromagnetisms. In particular, we consider that the QD is also side-coupled to a nanowire hosting Majorana bound states (MBSs) at its ends. Our results show that when one mode of the MBSs is coupled simultaneously to both spin-up and spin-down electrons on the QD, the height of the central peak is different from that if the MBS is coupled to only one spin component electrons. The ET and AR conductances, which are mediated by the dot–MBS hybridization, strongly depend on the angle between the left and right magnetic moments in the leads. Interaction between the QD and the MBSs will result in sign change of the angle-dependent tunnel magnetoresistance. This is very different from the case when the QD is coupled to regular fermonic mode, and can be used for detecting the existence of MBSs, a current challenge in condensed matter physics under extensive investigations.
Single Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration Tracking into Glioblastoma Using Photoconvertible Vesicles
Authors: Sindeeva Olga A. , Demina Polina A. , Kozyreva Zhanna V. , Terentyeva Daria A. , Gusliakova Olga I. , Muslimov Albert R. , Sukhorukov Gleb B.
Published: July 2024

Reliable cell labeling and tracking techniques are imperative for elucidating the intricate and ambiguous interactions between mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and tumors. Here, we explore fluorescent photoconvertible nanoengineered vesicles to study mMSC migration in brain tumors. These 3 μm sized vesicles made of carbon nanoparticles, Rhodamine B (RhB), and polyelectrolytes are readily internalized by cells. The dye undergoes photoconversion under 561 nm laser exposure with a fluorescence blue shift upon demand. The optimal laser irradiation duration for photoconversion was 0.4 ms, which provided a maximal blue shift of the fluorescent signal label without excessive laser exposure on cells. Vesicles modified with an extra polymer layer demonstrated enhanced intracellular uptake without remarkable effects on cell viability, motility, or proliferation. The optimal ratio of 20 vesicles per mMSC was determined. Moreover, the migration of individual mMSCs within 2D and 3D glioblastoma cell (EPNT-5) colonies over 2 days and in vivo tumor settings over 7 days were traced. Our study provides a robust nanocomposite platform for investigating MSC–tumor dynamics and offers insights into envisaged therapeutic strategies. Photoconvertible vesicles also present an indispensable tool for studying complex fundamental processes of cell–cell interactions for a wide range of problems in biomedicine.
Should We Vote in Non-Deterministic Elections?
Authors: Jacobs Bob M. , Heitzig Jobst
Published: July 2024

This article investigates reasons to participate in non-deterministic elections, where the outcomes incorporate elements of chance beyond mere tie-breaking. The background context situates this inquiry within democratic theory, specifically non-deterministic voting systems, which promise to re-evaluate fairness and power distribution among voting blocs. This study aims to explore the normative implications of such electoral systems and their impact on our moral duty to vote. We analyze instrumental reasons for voting, including prudential and act-consequentialist arguments, alongside non-instrumental reasons, assessing their validity in the context of non-deterministic systems. The results indicate that non-deterministic elections could strengthen the case for voting based on prudential and act-consequentialist grounds due to their proportional nature and the increased influence of each vote. We conclude that, while non-deterministic elections strengthen our duty to vote overall, they do not strengthen it for all the arguments in the literature. This paper contributes to the discourse on electoral systems by critically evaluating the moral obligation to vote in non-deterministic elections.
G. H. von Wright on Logical Empiricism
Authors: Niiniluoto Ilkka
Published: July 2024

Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003) started his studies in theoretical philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1934. His teacher, Professor Eino Kaila (1890–1958), was an associate of the Vienna Circle who had changed the course of Finnish philosophy with his own version of logical empiricism. Under Kaila’s supervision, von Wright wrote his early studies on probability and defended his doctoral thesis The Logical Problem of Induction in 1941. Von Wright met Ludwig Wittgenstein in Cambridge in 1939 and 1947 and eventually became his successor there in 1948–1951. Later, von Wright characterized these two philosophers as his “father figures”: “Kaila had turned me into a logical positivist or empiricist. Wittgenstein, on the other hand, thoroughly eradicated this personality of mine.” This article studies von Wright’s changing relation to logical empiricism. The main sources include his correspondence with Kaila in 1937–1958 and his books Den logiska empirismen (in Swedish in 1943; in Finnish in 1945) and Logik, filosofi och språk (in Swedish in 1957, in Finnish in 1958). In his “Intellectual Autobiography” (1989), von Wright described the former book as “a farewell to the philosophy of my student years”. Wittgenstein’s influence can be seen in von Wright’s denial of the unity of science and his cool cultural pessimism as expressed in his critical essays. But it is also evident that logic and exact thinking continued to be central tools and ingredients of his subsequent and highly appreciated work as an analytic philosopher.
Bismuth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Operating from O- to U-Band: Current State of the Art and Outlook
Authors: Alyshev Sergey , Khegai Aleksandr , Umnikov Andrey , Firstov Sergei
Published: July 2024

The development of unique optical materials that provide amplification and lasing in new wavelength ranges is a major scientific problem, the solution of which is becoming the basis for the emergence of new optical technologies, which are primarily targeting the expanding of operating wavelengths in silica glass. In fact, one of the notable advances in the field of fiber optics over the past two decades has been the production of a new type of laser-active fibers (namely bismuth-doped fibers), which has made it possible to cover previously inaccessible (for rare-earth-doped fibers) spectral ranges, in particular O-, E-, S-, and U-telecom bands. The advance in this direction has led to further growth of the technological capabilities in the telecom industry for amplification and generation of optical radiation in various wavelength bands, which will result in the near future to overcoming the problem known as “capacity crunch” by means of expanding the data transmission range. Recently, bismuth-doped fibers have been actively studying in order to improve their characteristics, which would allow for efficient implementation of optical devices based on bismuth-doped fibers (BDFs) with deployed telecommunications systems. This is one of the dynamically developing areas, where progress has already manifested in form of emergence of new achievements, in particular commercially available various types of BDFs, as well as a series of novel fiber-optic amplifiers for the O- and E-bands. In this review, a number of scientific studies that have already led to a noticeable progress in the field of optical properties of BDFs and the practical implementation of optical devices (lasers and amplifiers) based on them are presented and discussed, with much attention to the achievements of recent years.
An Adjustment Strategy for Tilted Moiré Fringes via Deep Q-Network
Authors: Jin Chuan , Yu Dajie , Sun Haifeng , Liu Junbo , Zhou Ji , Wang Jian
Published: July 2024

Overlay accuracy, one of the three fundamental indicators of lithography, is directly influenced by alignment precision. During the alignment process based on the Moiré fringe method, a slight angular misalignment between the mask and wafer will cause the Moiré fringes to tilt, thereby affecting the alignment accuracy. This paper proposes a leveling strategy based on the DQN (Deep Q-Network) algorithm. This strategy involves using four consecutive frames of wafer tilt images as the input values for a convolutional neural network (CNN), which serves as the environment model. The environment model is divided into two groups: the horizontal plane tilt environment model and the vertical plane tilt environment model. After convolution through the CNN and training with the pooling operation, the Q-value consisting of n discrete actions is output. In the DQN algorithm, the main contributions of this paper lie in three points: the adaptive application of environmental model input, parameter optimization of the loss function, and the possibility of application in the actual environment to provide some ideas. The environment model input interface can be applied to different tilt models and more complex scenes. The optimization of the loss function can match the leveling of different tilt models. Considering the application of this strategy in actual scenarios, motion calibration and detection between the mask and the wafer provide some ideas. To verify the reliability of the algorithm, simulations were conducted to generate tilted Moiré fringes resulting from tilt angles of the wafer plate, and the phase of the tilted Moiré fringes was subsequently calculated. The angle of the wafer was automatically adjusted using the DQN algorithm, and then various angles were measured. Repeated measurements were also conducted at the same angle. The angle deviation accuracy of the horizontal plane tilt environment model reached 0.0011 degrees, and the accuracy of repeated measurements reached 0.00025 degrees. The angle deviation accuracy of the vertical plane tilt environment model reached 0.0043 degrees, and repeated measurements achieved a precision of 0.00027 degrees. Moreover, in practical applications, it also provides corresponding ideas to ensure the determination of the relative position between the mask and wafer and the detection of movement, offering the potential for its application in the industry.
Wavelength Dependence of Modal Bandwidth of Multimode Fibers for High Data Rate Transmission and Its Implications
Authors: Chen Xin , Dong Hao , Chen Hao , Hurley Jason E. , Bullock Zoren D. , Li Ming-Jun
Published: July 2024

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-based transmission over multimode fiber (MMF) has achieved data rates of 100G per lane and is progressing towards 200G per lane. Recently, high-data-rate MMFs derived from OM3 and OM4 have been proposed. These fibers exhibit higher effective modal bandwidths at 910 nm, leading to a different wavelength dependence compared to conventional OM3 and OM4 MMFs. Understanding the wavelength dependence of these fibers is crucial to address their utilization in a broader range of applications. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we have obtained the low-end boundary of the effective modal bandwidths (EMBs) for these fibers, revealing capability improvements over the existing OM3 and OM4. The high-data-rate OM4 performs the same as or better than OM5 from 840 nm to 920 nm, while also showing a high bandwidth for the 850–870 nm wavelength window, favoring VCSELs with center wavelengths shifted toward 860 nm. We also obtained the link bandwidth, which includes both modal bandwidth and chromatic dispersion contributions, and the transmission reaches for various types of transceivers. We find that for both high-data-rate OM3 and high-data-rate OM4, the link bandwidth stays above the value at 850 nm until around 910 nm, delivering a similar transmission performance from 850 to 910 nm without declining towards longer wavelengths, unlike the standard OM3 and OM4. This characteristic favors a wider range of wavelength choices for VCSELs and enables optimal deployments for various applications.
Progress in Polyurethane and Composites
Authors: Xu Chang-An , Yang Zhuohong
Published: July 2024

Polyurethane materials have received increasing attention as daily materials due to their unique structures and properties [...]
The Effects of Combined Treatments of Laser Engraving, Plasma Spraying and Resin Pre-Coating on Improving the Bonding Strength of Titanium Alloy and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Authors: Huang Wenyi , Cheng Fei , Zuo Shihao , Ji Yi , Yang Guangming , He Jiaxin , Ashfaq Sidra , Hu Yunsen , Hu Xiaozhi
Published: July 2024

This study focused on effective methods of laser engraving treatment (LET), plasma spraying, and resin pre-coating (RPC) to manufacture the reinforced adhesive joints of titanium alloy and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (TA-CFRP) composites. The combined treatments contributed to the creation of a better adhesive bonding condition and offer a vertical gap between circular protrusions to form epoxy pins and carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced epoxy pins. The bonding strength of the TA-CFRP composite was reinforced by 130.6% via treatments with a twice-engraving unit of 0.8 mm, plasma spraying, and RPC. The original debonding failure on the TA surface was changed into the cohesive failure of the epoxy adhesive and delamination-dominated failure of the CFRP panel. Overall, laser engraving has been confirmed as an effective and controllable treatment method to reinforce the bonding strength of the TA-CFRP joint combined with plasma spraying and RPC. It may be considered as an alternative in industry for manufacturing high-performance metal–CFRP composites.
Three-Dimensional Physical Test Study on the Overburden Breaking Behavior of Non-Penetrating Pre-Splitting in Small-Coal-Pillar Roadway Roofs
Authors: Cheng Shixing , Ma Zhanguo , He Wenhui , Zhang Xiao , Li Shiye , Yang Chao , Liang Pengfei
Published: July 2024

In longwall coal mining, significant deformation of small-pillar roadways presents challenges for the safe and efficient retreat of mining panels. Non-penetrating directional pre-splitting alters the roof structure of these roadways and effectively manages their stability under high stress during mining operations. In this study, a three-dimensional experimental model for the non-penetrating pre-splitting of small-coal-pillar roadway roofs was established, the apparent resistivity change in the rock layer during mining of the working face was determined, the propagation law of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in the overlying rock was studied, and the stress distribution law of the surrounding rock was investigated. After non-penetrating pre-splitting in the roof, the apparent resistivity change rate of the overlying rock increased and the electromagnetic waveform exhibited scattering and diffraction, forming a short cantilever beam. After mining, the stress in the adjacent mining panel gateway reduced, resulting in a pressure relief effect on the surrounding rock. These findings were further validated through field application, where the overall deformation of the roadway was reduced by 57%. The research results shed light on the management of roof control in small-coal-pillar roadways and the rational determination of non-penetrating pre-splitting parameters.
Study of Low-Temperature Energy Consumption Optimization of Battery Electric Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems Considering Blower Efficiency
Authors: Zhang Dezheng , Ni Jimin , Shi Xiuyong
Published: July 2024

Battery electric vehicle (BEV) air conditioning systems often use positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters to heat the passenger compartment. The heating process consumes a lot of energy in low-temperature environments, which seriously affects the driving range and user experience. This study aims to reduce the low-temperature energy consumption of the air conditioning system and improve energy efficiency through an innovative optimization method. In this study, the energy consumption composition of the air conditioning system was analyzed, and the goal of minimizing the sum of the total power consumption of the PTC heater and the blower was determined, while the efficiency characteristic of the blower was considered at the same time. The relationship between the average temperature of the passenger compartment measurement points and the PTC power and airflow rate was studied by combining experiments and numerical simulations, and the alternative operating conditions that met the temperature requirement were determined. On this basis, the total power consumption of the air conditioning system was analyzed and optimized. The results show that PTC power, airflow rate, and blower efficiency all have an important influence on the total power consumption of the air conditioning system. The optimized scheme could reduce the theoretical total power from 1315.32 W of the original scheme to 1246.83 W, and the actual total power from 1350.05 W of the original scheme to 1326.56 W, with reductions of 5.21% and 1.74%, respectively. The low-temperature energy consumption optimization method for the BEV air conditioning systems proposed in this study is instructive for the selection of blowers and the design of control strategies for air conditioning systems.
Improving Typhoon Muifa (2022) Forecasts with FY-3D and FY-3E MWHS-2 Satellite Data Assimilation under Clear Sky Conditions
Authors: Shen Feifei , Yuan Xiaolin , Li Hong , Xu Dongmei , Luo Jingyao , Shu Aiqing , Huang Lizhen
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the impacts of assimilating the Microwave Humidity Sounder II (MWHS-2) radiance data carried on the FY-3D and FY-3E satellites on the analyses and forecasts of Typhoon Muifa in 2022 under clear-sky conditions. Data assimilation experiments are conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Three-Dimensional Variational (3D-Var) Data Assimilation method to compare the different behaviors of FY-3D and FY-3E radiances. Additionally, the data assimilation strategies are assessed in terms of the sequence of applying the conventional and MWHS-2 radiance data. The results show that assimilating MWHS-2 data is able to enhance the dynamic and thermal structures of the typhoon system. The experiment with FY-3E MWHS-2 assimilated demonstrated superior performance in terms of simulating the typhoon’s structure and providing a prediction of the typhoon’s intensity and track than the experiment with FY-3D MWHS-2 did. The two-step assimilation strategy that assimilates conventional observations before the radiance data has improved the track and intensity forecasts at certain times, particularly with the FY-3E MWHS-2 radiance. It appears that large-scale atmospheric conditions are more refined by initially assimilating the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) data, with subsequent satellite data assimilation further adjusting the model state. This strategy has also confirmed improvements in precipitation prediction as it enhances the dynamic and thermal structures of the typhoon system.
Does Air Quality Ecological Compensation Improve Total Factor Energy Efficiency?—A Quasi-Natural Experiment from 282 Cities in China
Authors: Zhang Xiekui , Wu Lijun , Zhang Zefeng
Published: July 2024

The impact of air-quality ecological compensation on total factor energy efficiency can help a country to achieve high-quality economic development with the goals of peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, and to explore a win–win path for the economy and the environment. This study investigates the impact of air-quality ecological compensation (AQEC) on total factor energy efficiency using the time-varying difference-in-difference model with a sample of 282 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2022. The results show AQEC significantly increases total factor energy efficiency by 1.71% in the pilot areas. This result remains robust after undergoing PSM-DID, considering only the first three pilot batches, an instrumental variable approach, the exclusion of other policies interference, and dual machine learning. The mechanisms analysis indicates that AQEC enhances total factor energy efficiency by promoting industrial structure advancement and green technology innovation. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that heterogeneity exists in the effect of AQEC on total factor energy efficiency, particularly in cities with an old industrial base and small cities. Overall, this study refines the causal relationship between air-quality ecological compensation and total factor energy efficiency, providing empirical evidence and policy insights for China and other countries to enhance energy efficiency and promote urban ecological civilization.
The Efficiency of Financing Environmental Protection Measures in the Context of Ukraine’s Future Membership in the EU
Authors: Labenko Oleksandr , Sadauskis Andrjus , Lymar Valeriia
Published: July 2024

In recent decades, humanity has had a significant negative impact on the environment. This problem can be solved only by establishing a rational environmental management policy and ensuring an effective financial policy in the context of balancing emissions and expenditures on environmental protection measures. The purpose of this article is to analyze the efficiency of financing environmental protection measures by determining the dependence of pollutant emissions on environmental protection expenditures in Ukraine and the European Union. The following methods were used for the study: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, specification, and statistical and graphical methods. The statistical information was systematized on the basis of open data from the Open Budget web portal, the State Statistics Service, and Eurostat. This study identified the dynamics of revenues from environmental taxes in Ukraine; taxes on air emissions prevail. Most of the expenditures are made from the state budget. According to the functional classification, environmental expenditures are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating environmental pollution. The dynamics of capital investments in environmental protection were also studied. To assess the effectiveness of the state policy in the field of environmental protection, we analyzed the dependence of pollutant emissions in Ukraine, Poland, and Romania on the amount of environmental expenditures and investments in this area and revenues from environmental tax. In Ukraine, the amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere depends mostly on investments in this area; in Poland—on revenues from environmental taxes; and in Romania—on expenditures on environmental protection. It has been established that the obtained models are adequate and can be used to build future forecasts of pollutant emissions. Directions for the development of financial and environmental policy are proposed. Post-war restoration of the environmental situation should be carried out on the basis of sustainable development, focusing on the European Green Deal A triple-task approach should be implemented, including environmental restoration, the minimization of negative climate change and balanced use of resources, and the expansion of powers of the relevant ministry with a focus on the strategic goals of the state policy. It is necessary to develop methodological recommendations according to international standards to assess the real state of the environment.
Impact of Digital Transformation on Carbon Performance of Industrial Firms Considering Performance–Expectation Gap as a Moderator
Authors: Yue Qin , Lv Shiyu
Published: July 2024

The swift advancement of the industrial economy has depleted resources and degraded the environment, hindering global economic growth. Digitalization provides a novel approach to decrease carbon emissions and enhance the environment. This study utilized panel data from 2012 to 2021 of listed A-share industrial enterprises as the research sample. It employed suitable measures to assess digitalization and corporate carbon performance. Furthermore, a double fixed-effects regression model was constructed to examine the correlation between digitalization and corporate carbon performance. The findings indicate that digital transformation and corporate carbon performance varied widely across different firms, but there was notable overall progress. Adopting digital transformation in the industrial sector had a substantial and favorable effect on enterprises’ carbon performance. This effect remained substantial despite multiple robustness tests. An examination of the mechanisms involved indicated that digital transformation enhances the carbon performance of industrial sector enterprises by improving the clarity and accessibility of company information. Corporations may intentionally seek difficulties and take strategic risks due to performance–expectation discrepancies. Due to the digital transformation, this behavior may improve the carbon performance of listed industrial businesses. The carbon performance of industrial businesses after digital transformation depends on elements like property rights, market rivalry, industry pollution, and capital investment.
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure and Neurocognitive Function in the General Population: A Community-Based Study
Authors: Su Feng-Chieh , Wei Yi-Chia , Sun Chiao-Yin , Hsu Heng-Jung , Lee Chin-Chan , Chen Yih-Ting , Pan Heng-Chih , Hsu Cheng-Kai , Liu Yun-An , Chen Chun-Yu
Published: July 2024

Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are pervasive in everyday environments. The impacts of these chemicals, along with EDC-related lifestyle and dietary habits on neurocognitive function, are not well understood. Methods: The Chang Gung Community Medicine Research Center conducted a cross-sectional study involving 887 participants. From this initial cohort, 120 individuals were selected based on their EDC exposure scores for detailed analysis. Among these, 67 participants aged 55 years or older were further chosen to undergo cognitive impairment assessments using the Ascertain Dementia-8 (AD-8) questionnaire. Results: These 67 older participants did not significantly differ in age, albuminuria, or estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to those with lower impairment scores. This study revealed that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) levels (8.511 vs. 6.432 µg/g creatinine, p = 0.038) were associated with greater risk of cognitive impairment (AD-8 ≥ 2). Statistical models adjusting for age, gender, and diabetes indicated that MEHP levels positively correlated with AD-8 scores, achieving statistical significance in more comprehensive models (β ± SE: 0.160 ± 0.076, p = 0.042). Logistic regression analysis underscored a significant positive association between high MEHP levels and higher AD-8 scores (odds ratio: 1.217, p = 0.006). Receiver operating characteristic curves highlighted the association of high MEHP levels and EDC exposure scores for significant cognitive impairment, with areas under the curve of 66.3% and 66.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Exposure to EDCs, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the precursor to MEHP, may be associated with neurocognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults.
Location Problem in Relativistic Positioning: Relative Formulation
Authors: Serrano Montesinos Ramón , Ferrando Joan Josep , Morales-Lladosa Juan Antonio
Published: July 2024

A relativistic positioning system is a set of four emitters broadcasting their proper times by means of light signals. The four emitter times received at an event constitute the emission coordinates of the event. The covariant quantities associated with relativistic positioning systems are analysed relative to an observer in Minkowski space-time by splitting them in their relative space-like and time-like components. The location of a user in inertial coordinates from a standard set of emission data (emitted times and satellite trajectories) is solved in the underlying 3+1 formalism. The analytical location solution obtained by Kleusberg for the GPS system is recovered and interpreted in a Minkowskian context.
Study of Wide-Field-of-View X-ray Observations of the Virgo Cluster Using the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy
Authors: Feng Wen-Cheng , Jia Shu-Mei , Zhao Hai-Hui , Yu Heng , Pan Hai-Wu , Li Cheng-Kui , Cheng Yu-Lin , Weng Shan-Shan , Chen Yong , Liu Yuan , Ling Zhi-Xing , Zhang Chen
Published: July 2024

The Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) is the pathfinder of the wide-field X-ray telescope used in the Einstein Probe mission. In this study, we present an image of the Virgo Cluster taken by LEIA in the 0.5–4.5 keV band with an exposure time of ∼17.3 ks in the central region. This extended emission is generally consistent with the results obtained by ROSAT. However, the field is affected by bright point sources due to the instrument’s Point Spread Function (PSF) effect. Through fitting of the LEIA spectrum of the Virgo Cluster, we obtained a temperature of 2.1−0.1+0.3 keV, which is consistent with the XMM-Newton results (∼2.3 keV). Above 1.6 keV, the spectrum is dominated by the X-ray background. In summary, this study validates LEIA’s extended source imaging and spectral resolution capabilities for the first time.
Evaluating the Impact of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H6N1 Outbreaks in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Poultry Farms during 2020
Authors: McMenamy Michael J. , McKenna Robyn , Bailie Valerie B. , Cunningham Ben , Jeffers Adam , McCullough Kelly , Forsythe Catherine , Cuartero Laura Garza , Flynn Orla , Byrne Christina , Connaghan Emily , Moriarty John , Fanning June , Ronan Stephanie , Barrett Damien , Fusaro Alice , Monne Isabella , Terregino Calogero , James Joe , Byrne Alexander M. P. , Lean Fabian Z. X. , Núñez Alejandro , Reid Scott M. , Hansen Rowena , Brown Ian H. , Banyard Ashley C. , Lemon Ken
Published: July 2024

In January 2020, increased mortality was reported in a small broiler breeder flock in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Gross pathological findings included coelomitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, visceral gout, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Clinical presentation included inappetence, pronounced diarrhoea, and increased egg deformation. These signs, in combination with increased mortality, triggered a notifiable avian disease investigation. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was not suspected, as mortality levels and clinical signs were not consistent with HPAIV. Laboratory investigation demonstrated the causative agent to be a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV), subtype H6N1, resulting in an outbreak that affected 15 premises in Northern Ireland. The H6N1 virus was also associated with infection on 13 premises in the Republic of Ireland and six in Great Britain. The close genetic relationship between the viruses in Ireland and Northern Ireland suggested a direct causal link whereas those in Great Britain were associated with exposure to a common ancestral virus. Overall, this rapidly spreading outbreak required the culling of over 2 million birds across the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland to stamp out the incursion. This report demonstrates the importance of investigating LPAIV outbreaks promptly, given their substantial economic impacts.
Genomic Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever Virus Involved in the 2018 and 2022 Outbreaks in Livestock in Rwanda
Authors: Nsengimana Isidore , Juma John , Roesel Kristina , Gasana Methode N. , Ndayisenga Fabrice , Muvunyi Claude M. , Hakizimana Emmanuel , Hakizimana Jean N. , Eastwood Gillian , Chengula Augustino A. , Bett Bernard , Kasanga Christopher J. , Oyola Samuel O.
Published: July 2024

Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne transboundary zoonosis, was first confirmed in Rwanda’s livestock in 2012 and since then sporadic cases have been reported almost every year. In 2018, the country experienced its first large outbreak, which was followed by a second one in 2022. To determine the circulating virus lineages and their ancestral origin, two genome sequences from the 2018 outbreak, and thirty-six, forty-one, and thirty-eight sequences of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) genome segments, respectively, from the 2022 outbreak were generated. All of the samples from the 2022 outbreak were collected from slaughterhouses. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian-based phylogenetic analyses were performed. The findings showed that RVF viruses belonging to a single lineage, C, were circulating during the two outbreaks, and shared a recent common ancestor with RVF viruses isolated in Uganda between 2016 and 2019, and were also linked to the 2006/2007 largest East Africa RVF outbreak reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia. Alongside the wild-type viruses, genetic evidence of the RVFV Clone 13 vaccine strain was found in slaughterhouse animals, demonstrating a possible occupational risk of exposure with unknown outcome for people working in meat-related industry. These results provide additional evidence of the ongoing wide spread of RVFV lineage C in Africa and emphasize the need for an effective national and international One Health-based collaborative approach in responding to RVF emergencies.
The Rare Condition of a Double Cervix: Results from the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Based Cervical Cancer Screening Program in the Lazio Region
Authors: Pisani Tiziana , Capoluongo Ettore Domenico , Cenci Maria
Published: July 2024

Precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix are known to be associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The screening of high-risk (HR)-HPV infection in the female population has led to the discovery of several cases of a double cervix, a congenital malformation that is very rare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HR-HPV infections in women with a double cervix within the National Cervical Cancer Screening program of the Lazio region (Italy). From June 2021 to March 2024, a total of 142,437 samples were analyzed by Seegene’s Anyplex TM II HR-HPV method, which identifies 14 HR-HPV genotypes. For each woman identified with a double cervix, two separate samples were taken from both cervices and analyzed separately. Twenty-seven women with a double cervix were identified (0.019%): 23 women were tested as negative for both cervices, while the remaining four (namely A, B, C, and D) resulted positive. By genotyping, the following results were obtained: (A) Both samples showed genotype 31; (B) one cervix was negative while the other showed genotype 58; (C) one cervix was positive for HPV 18 and 31 while for 18, 31, and 33 in the other; and (D) one cervix showed genotype 66 while the other carried the 66 and 68 genotypes. Double cervix is a very rare condition where the presence of HR-HPV genotypes is not homogeneous. As already described, our study confirms that different genotypes can be detected in double cervix malformation, suggesting the need to perform HPV screening on brushing samples from both cervices.
Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (Family Totiviridae)
Authors: Ibañez-Escribano Alexandra , Gomez-Muñoz Maria Teresa , Mateo Marta , Fonseca-Berzal Cristina , Gomez-Lucia Esperanza , Perez Raquel Garcia , Alunda Jose M. , Carrion Javier
Published: July 2024

Three genera of viruses of the family Totiviridae establish endosymbiotic associations with flagellated protozoa responsible for parasitic diseases of great impact in the context of One Health. Giardiavirus, Trichomonasvirus, and Leishmaniavirus infect the protozoa Giardia sp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and Leishmania sp., respectively. In the present work, we review the characteristics of the endosymbiotic relationships established, the advantages, and the consequences caused in mammalian hosts. Among the common characteristics of these double-stranded RNA viruses are that they do not integrate into the host genome, do not follow a lytic cycle, and do not cause cytopathic effects. However, in cases of endosymbiosis between Leishmaniavirus and Leishmania species from the Americas, and between Trichomonasvirus and Trichomonas vaginalis, it seems that it can alter their virulence (degree of pathogenicity). In a mammalian host, due to TLR3 activation of immune cells upon the recognition of viral RNA, uncontrolled inflammatory signaling responses are triggered, increasing pathological damage and the risk of failure of conventional standard treatment. Endosymbiosis with Giardiavirus can cause the loss of intestinal adherence of the protozoan, resulting in a benign disease. The current knowledge about viruses infecting flagellated protozoans is still fragmentary, and more research is required to unravel the intricacies of this three-way relationship. We need to develop early and effective diagnostic methods for further development in the field of translational medicine. Taking advantage of promising biotechnological advances, the aim is to develop ad hoc therapeutic strategies that focus not only on the disease-causing protozoan but also on the virus.