bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLISH RAPESEED AS A COMPANION CROP WHEN ESTABLISHING SWEETCLOVER FOR DRY MATTER PRODUCTION
Authors: MALIK NAJIB , WADDINGTON JOHN
Published: April 2011

The effect of a Polish rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) companion crop on establishment and yield of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.) was investigated in four field experiments conducted between 1979 and 1986 at Melfort, Saskatchewan. In each test, rapeseed was seeded at 3, 5 and 7 kg ha−1 and sweetclover at 1, 4, 7 and 10 kg ha−1. Rapeseed yield was not affected by its seeding rate or that of sweetclover. At a constant seeding rate of rapeseed, sweetclover forage dry matter yield increased as its seeding rate increased. Sweetclover yield decreased as the seeding rate of rapeseed increased only 1 year of the 3 with successful establishment. The highest mean sweetclover yield of 4020 kg ha−1 was obtained when sweetclover and rapeseed were sown at 10 and 5 kg ha−1, respectively, and the lowest sweetclover yield was obtained at seeding rates of 1 and 7 kg ha−1, respectively, for sweetclover and rapeseed. In 1982, when the mean rapeseed yield across all seeding rates was the lowest (1100 kg ha−1) compared to those of other years, the mean sweetclover yield obtained the following year was the highest (4700 kg ha−1). In 1985, when the mean rapeseed yield was maximum (3110 kg ha-1), the sweetclover yield obtained the following year was minimum (1340 kg ha−1).Key words: Rapeseed, sweetclover, companion crop, forage yield, seeding rate
AMMONIUM SULPHATE ENHANCES CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASS WEEDS IN CANOLA (Brassica campestris) WITH SETHOXYDIM
Authors: HARKER K. N. , O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: April 2011

Field studies were conducted from 1984 to 1986 to determine the ability of ammonium sulphate to enhance the activity of sethoxydim on green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.), volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and volunteer barley (Hardeum vulgare L.) in canola (Brassica campestris L.). Considerable variation in control from year to year was observed. However, green foxtail control was 100% with 0.15 kg ha−1 of sethoxydim alone for the entire study. In 1984 and 1985, control of the other grass species was usually improved with the addition of 4.0 kg ha−1 of ammonium sulphate to 0.15 kg ha−1 of sethoxydim. In 1986, all grasses were completely killed. The high degree of weed control observed in 1986 was attributed to high temperatures at application time followed by more moderate temperatures, adequate relative humidity and rainfall which occurred the day of and the day after application. The lower level of control observed in 1985 was attributed to poor growing conditions including less rainfall and high temperatures in the days following application.Key words: Rapeseed, green foxtail, wild oat, volunteer cereals, adjuvants, environment
INTERPLOT COMPETITION BETWEEN WHEAT OR BARLEY CULTIVARS OF DIFFERING HEIGHTS
Authors: BAKER R. J. , ROSSNAGEL B. G.
Published: April 2011

Four trials with 18 triplet combinations of tall, intermediate and short cultivars of spring wheat, and four trials with 18 triplet combinations of one short and two tall cultivars of spring barley, were conducted over 3 yr at Saskatoon to test the hypothesis that differences in height would not cause interplot competition for grain yield. Significant competition between cultivars was detected in two trials with wheat and in one of the barley trials.Key words: Wheat (spring), Triticum aestivum L., barley (spring), Hordeum vulgare L., interplot competition, grain yield
THE EFFECTS OF PREFREEZING AND CONTROLLED DEHYDRATION ON CRYOPRESERVATION OF DORMANT VEGETATIVE APPLE BUDS
Authors: TYLER N. J. , STUSHNOFF C.
Published: April 2011

The survival of dormant, vegetative apple buds frozen to −30 °C or −40 °C for 5 min or 24 h prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen was investigated for 15 apple cultivars. Although survival after immersion in liquid nitrogen was optimum for the majority of cultivars when prefrozen to −30 °C for 24 h, some cultivars had low survival regardless of the prefreezing treatment. For these cultivars, survival was improved if the tissue was dehydrated prior to prefreezing.Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., apple freezing, moisture content, cold hardiness
CONTROL OF LATE YELLOW RUST [Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.] OF RED RASPBERRY
Authors: LUFFMAN MARGIE , BUSZARD DEBORAH
Published: April 2011

Late yellow rust [Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.] has recently become a serious problem in Rubus idaeus L. (red raspberry) plantings of the Atlantic provinces of Canada. The alternate host is Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (white spruce). A program to determine the optimum schedule of fungicide applications for rust control based on the life cycle of the pathogen was established. Anilazine applications at the time of aeciospore release reduced leaf and fruit infections. Later applications at flowering time had a deleterious effect on fruit set and yield. Sulphur used late in the season did not improve disease control and had a negative effect on fruit yield. A program of three anilazine applications early in the season, terminating before flowering gave the best disease control.Key words: Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth., Rubus idaeus L., disease control, anilazine
PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON LIGHT INTERCEPTION BY GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS ATHANASIOS P. , ORMROD DOUGLAS P.
Published: April 2011

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53, 60 cm) on interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’CR-6’) was studied. A silicon cell sensor was used to measure PAR in and around the test plant canopies. These observations were used to construct canopy profiles of PAR absorption, as affected by plant spacing and cultivar. Measurements under both clear and overcast skies revealed no major differences in the pattern of PAR interception within a canopy due to the presence or absence of direct light over the sampling period. The proportion of available PAR intercepted increased with closer plant spacing, but PAR penetration increased and distribution improved with increasing plant spacing. An increasing degree of self-shading of the central and north parts of the canopies was evident with closer planting. Plant spacing also had a large effect on the quality of canopy transmitted light. The ratios of blue:far-red, red:far-red and blue:red light transmitted through the four-row canopies of both cultivars decreased with decreases in plant spacing and in general were lower under the canopies of CR-6, than under the canopies of Jumbo.Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, light interception
RCAT Persian soybean
Authors: Ablett G. R. , Beversdorf W. D.
Published: April 2011

RCAT Persian is a mid-late Maturity Group I soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivar with excellent yield potential, good lodging tolerance and resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
Performance of oligoculm spring wheats grown in a semiarid environment
Authors: Hucl P. , Baker R. J.
Published: April 2011

Oligoculm and low-tillering spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were compared to free-tillering cultivars in each of 3 yr. On average, oligoculms yielded 20–40 and 4–27% less than the free- and low-tillering genotype groups, respectively. Averaged over years, oligoculms produced 44% fewer tillers and headed 3 d earlier than the free-tillering genotypes. These two groups did not differ consistently in tiller mortality across years. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., restricted tillering, grain yield, wheat (spring)
Straw residues in wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) stands in northern Saskatchewan
Authors: Archibold O. W.
Published: April 2011

Straw production in wild rice stands fluctuates markedly from year to year. In the short term, heavy straw accumulation may reduce grain yields by smothering seedlings; in the long term, the balance of nutrients in a lake may be affected. An aquatic weed harvester was used to remove standing straw from part of a wild rice stand at the end of the growing season. Compared to the control plot, grain production increased twofold in the following year. However, straw production also increased significantly and may exacerbate the problem in future years. Decomposition bags containing chopped and unchopped straw were submerged in a lake to assess the rate of straw breakdown: complete decomposition may require 3 yr. Decomposition occurred most rapidly during the early part of each growing season. No difference was noted in rates of decomposition or nutrient release between the chopped and unchopped straw. Reduced light levels under straw loadings up to 5000 kg ha−1 in laboratory trials did not affect seedling development. However, seedling survival was severely reduced under artificial straw loads and none survived straw additions equivalent to 5000 kg ha−1. Key words: Wild rice, Zizania palustris, Saskatchewan, straw production, nutrient content, decomposition rates
Effects of temperature and pathogen isolate on laboratory screening of soybean for resistance to Sclerotina sclerotiorum
Authors: Nelson Berlin D. , Helms Theodore C. , Rural Ilhan
Published: April 2011

The effects of temperature and pathogen isolate on laboratory screening of soybean (Glycine max. L.) for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were investigated. The screening procedure used excised stems from 5-wk-old plants. Temperature and isolate significantly affected the length of stem lesions on 15 and 10 cultivars, respectively. At 15 °C, lesions were significantly shorter, but there was no difference in lesion length between 20 and 25 °C. One of the isolates caused significantly shorter lesions. There were significant differences among cultivars, but there were no temperature × cultivar or isolate × cultivar interactions. Choice of isolate and temperature between 15 and 25 °C, therefore, should not affect the relative differences among cultivars when screened for resistance using the excised stem method. Maple Presto, Maple Arrow and Maple Ridge were the most resistant of 19 cultivars evaluated. Key words: Soybean, resistance, temperature, isolate, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Temperature response of dry matter accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence in an old and a new maize hybrid during early development
Authors: Tollenaar M. , Mihajlovic M. , Aguilera A.
Published: April 2011

Studies were conducted to investigate whether genetic improvement in dry matter accumulation of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids recommended in Ontario from the late 1950s to the late 1980s is associated with cold-temperature tolerance during early phases of development. The maize hybrids Pride 5 (released in 1959) and Pioneer 3902 (released in 1988) were compared at 16/7, 23/14, and 33/24 °C under a 16-h photoperiod with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 650 μmol m−2 s−1 in long-term and short-term temperature experiments conducted in controlled-environment cabinets. In the long-term temperature experiment, plants were grown at the three temperature regimes from the 4- to the 12-leaf stage. Total and plant component dry matter was determined at the 8-, 10-, and 12-leaf stage, and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at the 10-leaf stage. In the short-term temperature experiment, plants were exposed to the three temperature regimes during a 3-d period after the 9-leaf stage, followed by 2 d at 23/14 °C. Dry matter accumulation during the 5-d period was measured and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during each of the last 3 d of the 5-d period. Results showed a highly significant temperature effect on all measured parameters. Dry matter of Pride 5 at the 10-leaf stage was higher than that of Pioneer 3902, but rates of dry matter accumulation and leaf photosynthesis did not differ among hybrids, and hybrid × temperature interactions were not significant for these parameters. Hybrid × temperature interactions were significant for dry matter partitioning and the fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, suggesting better low-temperature tolerance for Pride 5. Results of the short-term temperature study showed a significant hybrid × temperature interaction for dry matter accumulation, with Pride 5 higher than Pioneer 3902 at the low temperature regime and Pride 5 lower than Pioneer 3902 at the high temperature regime. Results of these experiments suggest that improvement over the past 30 yr of Ontario maize hybrids is not associated with improved low-temperature tolerance during early development. Key words: Maize, low-temperature tolerance, dry matter accumulation, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence
Stability of forage yield of alfalfa clones grown with five associate species
Authors: Rumbaugh M. D. , Pendery B. M.
Published: April 2011

Single species spaced-plant clonal nurseries are useful in the first stage of selection to develop forage crop cultivars for semiarid and arid environment pastures. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the degree of stability of forage yield of individual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones when grown with five associate species and (2) to examine the relationships of alfalfa and the associate species in the determination of total plot forage yield in a spaced-plant nursery with a stand density comparable to that of natural plant communities on semiarid rangelands. One hundred plants of NC-83-1 alfalfa were vegetatively propagated and grown in a replicated spaced-plant selection nursery in association with Fairway crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertner s. lat.), Oahe intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D. R. Dewey), RS-2 hybrid wheatgrass (Elytrigia repens [L.] Nevski × Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh]Löve), Vinall Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea [Fisch.] Nevski), and NC-83-1 alfalfa. Plants were spaced 0.5-m apart on a rectangular grid in which eight plants of an associated species surrounded each alfalfa plant. Forage yield per plant was measured in four harvests each year during the 2nd and 3rd years following establishment. Alfalfa was the most competitive associated species. Rhizomatous grasses were more competitive to alfalfa than were bunchgrasses. Some clones were phenotypically more stable than others. The degree of stability was inversely, but weakly, associated with the amount of alfalfa forage produced. Alfalfa plant yield was negatively related to yield of the associate species. This compensatory effect tended to stabilize total plot forage yield. Simultaneous selection of range forage species may best be accomplished in nurseries in which a grass and a legume are interplanted at a density and in a pattern that simulates the competitive relations occurring in semiarid environments. Key words: Competition, grass, Medicago, plant breeding, pasture, range
Perlo winter wheat
Authors: Nass H. G. , Johnston H. W. , Hansel E. , Blatt R. , Caldwell C. , Peill J. E. , Walton R. B.
Published: April 2011

Perlo is a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with breadmaking quality, high grain yield, and adequate lodging resistance. It is moderately resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis Merat D.C. ex f. sp. tritici Marchal) and septoria leaf and glume blotch (caused by Septoria nodorum Berk.). Perlo is suited for production in areas of Eastern Canada where winter survival is not a problem. Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description
SWS-52 soft white spring wheat
Authors: Sadasivaiah R. S. , Thomas J. B.
Published: April 2011

SWS-52 has higher grain yield potential than Fielder and Owens, combined with resistance to prevalent races of stripe rust and moderate resistance to black point and bunt. It matures 5–6 d later than Fielder and Owens and has good resistance to lodging and moderate resistance to shattering. Compared with Fielder and Owens, it has a higher falling number accompanied by lower α-amylase and better sprouting resistance. SWS-52, however, has slightly stronger gluten and thus marginal cookie quality. Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description
Harmil winter wheat
Authors: Sampson D. R. , Fulcher R. G. , Seaman W. L. , Fregeau-Reid J.
Published: April 2011

Harmil is a new soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar well adapted to southwestern Ontario. It has high yield, medium height, strong straw, low grain and flour protein, and low 1000-grain weight. It is moderately susceptible to leaf and head diseases, but it is the only cultivar available for the area that is resistant to the two prevalent races of loose smut (Ustilago tritici). Key words: Triticum aestivum L., wheat (winter), soft white, cultivar description
Pearl, Altai wild ryegrass
Authors: Lawrence T. , Jefferson P. G. , Ratzlaff C. D.
Published: April 2011

Pearl, Altai wild ryegrass, Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger, exhibits 27% greater seed yield and 30% more seedling emergence than Prairieland. It is distinct in appearance because 80% of the plants are glaucous compared to 50% for Prairieland. Key words: Leymus angustus (Trin.), Elymus angustus Trin., cultivar description, wild ryegrass (Altai), seed yield, seedling vigor
Influence de la température d'endurcissement sur la tolérance au gel de la luzerne et sa teneur en sucres, amidon et proline
Authors: Bertrand Annick , Paquin Roger
Published: April 2011

The increased sugar and starch in crowns and roots during hardening is considered a limiting factor for the acquisition of cold tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). We wanted to determine the effect of a decrease in carbohydrate on cold tolerance. Alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) were hardened at 1 °C or −2 °C during the day and at 10 °C or 15 °C during the dark while control plants were kept continuously at 1 °C or −2 °C. Hardening alfalfa at 10 °C and 15 °C during darkness decreased the total sugar content while it increased at 1 °C and −2 °C. However, frost tolerance and growth of the plants were not changed by raising the night temperature to 10 and 15 °C. The sugar increase corresponded in general to a starch degradation, mainly in the crowns. In plants hardened at −2 °C the proline content was higher in the leaves and lower in crowns. The opposite was observed in plants hardened at 10 and 15 °C during darkness. However, during hardening at −2 °C, we observed the desiccation of leaves and an increase in the proline content. We discuss the role of sugars as promoting agents for the acquisition of frost tolerance. Key words: Alfalfa, frost tolerance, sugars, starch, proline, hardening
Changes in continuous timothy production with time in a long-term dykeland experiment
Authors: Papadopoulos Y. A. , Reekie E. G. , Hunter K. , Gupta U. C.
Published: April 2011

The effects of 64 yr of various fertility strategies upon forage DM yield, botanical composition, and persistence of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were evaluated on dykeland fields (Acadia soil) under a continuous (without plowing) hay production system. Fertility treatments during the first 41 yr of this study were: (1) no fertilizer, (2) 18 t manure ha−1 every 4 yr, and (3) 36 kg ha−1 of N and 11 kg ha−1 of P applied annually. The experiment was modified in the 42nd year by increasing the rate of nutrient application to 45 t manure ha−1 every 2 yr, and 153 kg ha−1 of N plus 25 kg ha−1 of P applied annually with one of four levels of K (0, 56, 169 and 282 kg ha−1). The application of manure and commercial mineral fertilizer substantially increased yield over no fertilizer. Evidence of beneficial long-term effects was observed in the manure fertility treatment, while there appears to have been a gradual yield decline associated with commercial mineral fertilizers. Soil and foliar analyses suggest that the depletion of other nutrients not applied in this study and the decreased nutrient availability induced by lowering pH could be responsible for the observed yield decline. The application of potassium did not affect DM yield or the long-term persistence of timothy in this study. The application of manure and mineral fertilizers enhanced the long-term persistence of timothy. Key words: Dykeland, manure, N, P, K, fertilization, yield, persistence, timothy
Effect of seed quality on cooking quality and yield of a subsequent crop of field pea
Authors: Gubbels G. H. , Ali-Khan S. T.
Published: April 2011

Seed lots of field pea (Pisum sativum L.), varying in cooking quality (viscosity of puree) and protein concentration were grown in the field in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effect of those factors on subsequent yield, cooking quality and protein concentration. Under the conditions of the experiments, cooking quality and protein concentration of the seed had no marked effect on yield, 1000-seed weight, cooking quality or protein concentration of the subsequent crop. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., seed quality, cooking quality, protein concentration, yield
Influence du mode d'utilisation de l'éclairage d'appoint sur la productivité et la physiologie de la tomate de serre
Authors: Vézina François , Trudel Marc J. , Gosselin André
Published: April 2011

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum 'Vedettos') were submitted to 10 light treatments obtained by modifying the supplemental photosynthetic photon flux (FPP) (0, 100, 150 μmol m−2 s−1), the photoperiod (natural, 14 h, 17 h, 20 h, 24 h) and the light distribution mode (one or two dark periods). Supplemental light was supplied by high-pressure vapor sodium lamps (HPS). Our results showed that supplemental lighting at a level of 150 μmol m−2 s−1 (PAR) helped to maintain a weekly yield of over 1 kg m−2 during November, December and January. Prolongation of the photoperiod over 14 h did not increase the yield. Plants exposed to continuous lighting were damaged even if they had been previously exposed to long photoperiods (17 and 20 h). For photoperiods of 17 and 20 h, lighting during the night which generated two dark periods per day damaged the plants and reduced the yields. Key words: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), greenhouse, supplemental lighting, continuous lighting, yield, physiological disorders
The effect of rust on yield of faba bean cultivars and slow-rusting populations
Authors: Rashid K. Y. , Bernier C. C.
Published: April 2011

Field studies were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to assess the effect of rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on the yield components, pods per plant, seed per plant, seed per pod, total dry matter and harvest index of two faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars and one susceptible line. The effect of rust was assessed also on the yield of 14 slow-rusting populations of V. faba. Rust epidemics were created by artificial inoculation and healthy control plots were protected from rust by fungicide applications. Rust severity remained low in the cultivars Diana and Herz Freya and seed yield of each cultivar was reduced by 3.8–6.6% and 6.3–9.7% in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Rust became severe in the susceptible line 2N40 and significantly reduced some yield components and thereby yields by 67.9% and 49.5% in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Rust caused yield losses of only 1–2% in the slow-rusting population 2N43, of 1–11% in slow-rusting populations from Erfordia and Diana, and of 6–43% in other slow-rusting populations, indicating that some slow-rusting populations are more tolerant to rust than others. Key words: Vicia faba, Uromyces viciae-fabae, faba bean, rust, yield components, slow-rusting, tolerance
Harowood common bean
Authors: Park S. J.
Published: April 2011

Harowood is a late-maturing, high-yielding white (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with a semideterminate growth habit. The main advantages of Harowood over other cultivars are its more erect plant type which forms a narrow canopy and its high podding nodes which make the crop suitable for narrow row production and direct combining. Harowood is resistant to the alpha and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible (navy, pea) bean, upright plant type, cultivar description
Shetland common bean
Authors: Park S. J.
Published: April 2011

Shetland is a medium-late maturing, high-yielding white (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It's main advantages are its earlier maturity and better standability than Dresden and OAC Rico. It has good cooking quality and it is resistant to the alpha and delta races of anthracnose and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., dry edible (navy, pea) bean, cultivar description, bean anthracnose, bean common mosaic virus
Le cultivar de soya Clara
Authors: Walker Alan , Hackney Jay W.
Published: April 2011

Clara is a mid-season soybean with improved yield in Québec. Its advantages are its high yield potential and its resistance to lodging. Key words: Glycine max, cultivar description, soybean, Clara cultivar
Pratylenchus penetrans and P. neglectus in tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Ontario
Authors: Olthof Th. H. A. , Wolynetz M. S.
Published: April 2011

Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) were extracted from peels of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum 'Russet Burbank'). The average number of P. penetrans recovered over a 2-wk period in a mist chamber from four batches of tubers, stored for 3–18 wk at 7 °C in a cold room, ranged from 11 to 1925 nematodes tuber−1. An average of 374 Pratylenchus neglectus tuber−1 were recovered from the peels of potato Norchip, grown in soil containing on average 4370 nematodes kg−1 of soil at harvest, and stored for 19 wk at 7 °C. P. penetrans and P. neglectus were recovered only from the outer layer of potato tubers; none was found in the inner core. Planting halves of tubers containing an average of 1925 P. penetrans tuber−1 into nematode-free soil resulted in soil population densities of 2225 P. penetrans kg−1 of soil and root population densities of 884 nematodes root system−1 after 8 wk in the greenhouse. Although many, if not most, potato fields in southern Ontario are already infested by P. penetrans, these studies have shown that stored, infested tubers can initiate a new infestation. Key words: Peel, potato tuber, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, root-lesion nematode, Solanum tuberosum
Effect of sawdust mulch on yields of select clones of lowbush blueberry
Authors: Sanderson K. R. , Cutcliffe J. A.
Published: April 2011

The effect of sawdust mulch applied at 0-, 5- and 10-cm depths on yield of select clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was studied in Prince Edward Island for three consecutive cropping cycles from 1985 to 1989. Sawdust applied post-plant, as a mulch, at a depth of 5 cm increased the total yield of the first three harvests by approximately 30% compared to the 0-cm mulch. Mean berry weight was also increased where sawdust was applied. There was not significant difference in yield between the 0- and 10-cm sawdust application treatments. The 10-cm sawdust mulch reduced plant survival by 23% compared with the check. Key words: Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., select clone, sawdust mulch, yield
Productivity of processing peas as influenced by nitrogen fertilization, Rhizobium inoculation, and fungicide seed treatment
Authors: Fritz V. A. , Rosen C. J.
Published: April 2011

A 3-yr field experiment determined the influence of nitrogen (N) rates (0, 23, 46 and 92 kg ha−1), rhizobial inoculation, and fungicide (captan and thiram) seed treatment on the productivity of processing peas (Pisum sativum L.). In 2 of the 3 yr, N rates up to 46 or 92 kg N ha−1 increased vine fresh weight, decreased nodulation and had no effect on seed yield. Seeds treated with fungicides or inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae had no effect on vine fresh weight or seed yield. Nodule dry weight was increased in 2 of 3 yr when seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium. Key words: Pisum sativum, nodulation, rhizobia, fungicides
Influence of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of hard red winter wheat in Ontario
Authors: Zebarth B. J. , Sheard R. W.
Published: April 2011

Several previous studies have reported that grain yield of cereal crops was greater from multiple than from single nitrogen (N) applications. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the time and rate of N application on the yield and quality of hard red winter wheat grown in Ontario. One experiment was conducted in each of 2 yr using a factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were rate of N application (40, 80, 120, 160, 200 or 240 kg N ha−1), and timing of N application (100/0/0, 75/25/0, 50/50/0 or 25/50/25 percent of the N applied at Zadok’s growth stages 22/32/45). Early N application reduced grain yield in a year of below-average precipitation, increased grain yield in a year of average precipitation, and increased straw yield in both years. Late N application increased grain crude protein concentration and harvest index in both years. Given the lack of a consistent yield increase and the added cost of application, it is unlikely that multiple N applications will be economical for hard red winter wheat production in Ontario.Key words: Triticum aestivum, intensive cereal management, yield components, wheat
Cross-pollination effects on maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid yields
Authors: Weiland R. T.
Published: April 2011

Recent studies have shown that pollen from a long-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid increased yield of a short-season hybrid by lengthening the effective grain-filling period, while the reciprocal cross did not alter this period or yield. This effect (metaxenia) was evaluated further in the studies reported here with hybrids of more diverse maturity and under both high and low N fertility. In the first year of this study (1989), sib- and cross-pollinations were made among B73Ht × Mo17 (B × 7) and two early-silking hybrids, LH59 × LH146 (L × 6) and Pioneer 3732 (3732) under N-sufficient (275 kg ha−1) and two lower N regimes (17 and 67 kg ha−1). Only a few significant effects were observed and these were noted at high N with one exception. With 3732 pollen, grain yield of B × 7 was decreased at 275 kg N ha−1, and physiological maturity occurred 3 d earlier. Yield of 3732 was increased by L × 6 pollen in comparison with B × 7 pollen. Kernel number and average kernel weight were not altered by pollen source. Pollen type did not affect yields under low N fertility, except for a reduction when B × 7 was pollinated by L × 6 at the 67-kg N ha−1 rate. In 1990, under N-sufficient fertility, B73Ht × LH156 (B × 6), a late-silking hybrid, and LH146 × LH82 (L × 2), an earlier hybrid, were sib- and cross-pollinated with B × 7 and 3732. The only significant effect observed was that L × 2 pollen increased B × 6 yield. Thus with the hybrids used, yields of early-season types were not altered by cross-pollination with long-season types. Previous results showing increased yields when 3732 was pollinated by B × 7 were not duplicated in either year, suggesting metaxenia effects are highly dependent upon environment.Key words: Metaxenia, xenia, cross-pollination, maize, yield, N levels
Low temperature emergence potential of short season corn hybrids grown under controlled environment and plot conditions
Authors: Hope H. J. , Maamari R. , Séguin S. , Hamilton R. I. , Dwyer L. M. , White R. P.
Published: April 2011

One important reason for limited progress in selecting corn (Zea mays L.) with superior cold tolerance during germination and early growth is the unpredictable occurrence of cold, wet test springs. Breeders need an efficient laboratory test paralleling field emergence under such climatic conditions. Laboratory screening data from 30 corn hybrids with under 2400 corn heat unit ratings were compared to field emergence data in Atlantic Canada to evaluate the usefulness of a laboratory test as an indicator of cold tolerance. Hybrids were ranked by mean percent emergence using 1985–1989 field data collected from seven locations in the Atlantic region. From daily observations on seed germinated in a germinator at 11 °C, mean times to 50% root and coleoptile initiation, and 1-cm coleoptile were calculated using probit analyses. Field emergence ranked from 1 (highest percent) to 30 was compared to ranking of time to 50% 1-cm coleoptile in the laboratory (one represented most rapid growth). Of the top 15 hybrids (by 1-cm coleoptile), 11 fell in the top half of the hybrids ranked by field emergence. Removal of hybrids with low numbers of field observations, all made during the unusually warm spring of 1989, improved the comparison. These results indicate that time to 50% production of a 1-cm coleoptile is a useful screening parameter to select corn hybrids with superior cold tolerance during germination and early growth.Key words: Corn, maize, low temperature tolerance, emergence
Heterosis in interparietal hybrids of summer turnip rape in western Canada
Authors: Schuler T. J. , Hutcheson D. S. , Downey R. K.
Published: April 2011

Handcrossed hybrids were made between Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera cv. Tobin and 19 European and Canadian strains in order to evaluate potential for future heterosis breeding. Hybrids and parents were evaluated at one location in 1987 and two in 1988 using a six-replicate randomized complete block design with accompanying analysis of covariance utilising check rows between each of the treatments. Mid-parent heterosis of the F1 strains averaged + 18% for seed yield, −1.0% for oil content (0.4% lower actual oil), + 17% for oil yield, −0.7% for days to mature (~ 0.6 d later maturing), and + 7.0% for height. No heterosis was observed for days to flower or mean single seed weight. The best canola-quality F1 hybrid (cv. Tobin × Strain SC) yielded 21% more seed than cv. Tobin, was 0.6% lower in actual oil content and 3.1 d later maturing. The level of heterosis observed may justify the development of commercial F1 hybrids.Key words: Heterosis, hybrid, B. campestris, turnip rape
HR14 and HR20 common bean germplasm
Authors: Park S. J. , Welacky T. W.
Published: April 2011

Two germplasm lines, early maturing HR14 and late maturing HR20, of white (navy/pea) dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been released. These lines are semi-determinate and have an upright plant type with high podding nodes and narrow canopy making them suitable for use in developing cultivars for solid seeding and direct combining. The lines are high yielding but lack good cooking quality.Key words: Germplasm, dry edible (navy or pea) bean, erect (upright) plant type, plant architecture
Chrysanthemum dry matter partitioning patterns along irradiance and temperature gradients
Authors: Karlsson M. G. , Heins R. D.
Published: April 2011

The influence of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, 1.8−21.6 mol d−1 m−2) and day (DT) and night (NT) temperature (10–30 °C) on dry matter accumulation and partitioning was studied in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ’Bright Golden Anne’. Total plant dry matter varied from 3.6 to 17.2 g at flowering. Plants with the greatest dry matter were from treatments with high PPF levels and temperatures. Accumulation of dry matter in roots, stems, leaves and flowers examined on a normalized time and normalized dry matter basis showed similar trends independent of DT, NT and PPF during development. Accumulated dry matter in roots, stems and leaves increased to a maximum and then decreased as the flowers were developing. Maximum leaf, root and stem dry matter was reached at 81, 85 and 91%, respectively, of required time from start of short days (SD) to flower. Proportion root dry matter increased and proportion leaf dry matter decreased in the plants as PPF increased. Partitioning to roots decreased as the DT increased. The root/shoot dry matter ratio decreased as plants developed from start of SD to flowering at all studied combinations of PPF, DT and NT. A positive difference between DT and NT (DIF) resulted in a higher percentage stem dry matter compared to plants grown at a negative DIF. Partitioning to flowers was not strongly correlated with the levels of PPF, DT and NT.Key words: Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dendranthema grandiflora, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, temperature, irradiance
AC Hill oat
Authors: Burrows V. D.
Published: April 2011

AC Hill oat (Avena sativa L.) is a spring-type, daylength-sensitive, naked-seeded cultivar suitable for the feed and food industries in eastern Canada. It outperformed the check cultivar Tibor in yield, kernel size, hectolitre weight, and percentage of covered seeds in threshed grain. It is resistant to crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cd. f.sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) race CR13 but is equal to Tibor in loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) resistance, plant height and susceptibility to septoria (Septoria avenae Frank f.sp. avenae) blotch and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). It is more susceptible to lodging and later in heading and maturity than Tibor.Key words: Avena sativa L., rust and smut resistance, cultivar description, naked oat
AC Lotta oat
Authors: Burrows V. D.
Published: April 2011

AC Lotta oat (Avena sativa L.) is a daylength-insensitive, spring-type, naked-seeded cultivar suitable for the feed, food (milling) and mixed-grain (oat and barley) industries in eastern Canada. It outyielded the naked seeded check cultivar Tibor by 10% in the Atlantic region, 19% in Quebec and 34% in Ontario in registration trials conducted in 1989 and 1990. It possesses genes conferring resistance to loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) and to race CR13 of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Cda. f.sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) and some races of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f.sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) in Ontario. It is susceptible to septoria blotch (Septoria avenae Frank f.sp. avenae) and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV).Key words: Avena sativa L., daylength insensitive, rust and smut resistance, cultivar description, naked oat
AC Stewart oat
Authors: Burrows V. D.
Published: April 2011

AC Stewart oat (Avena sativa L.) is a spring-type cultivar suitable for the feed, food (milling) and mixed grain (oat and barley) industries in Ontario. This variety combines high grain yield, large kernel size, early maturity and strong straw with disease resistance required for production in Ontario. AC Stewart is very similar in plant type and barley yellow dwarf resistance to its recurrent parent Ogle and, in addition, possesses genes conferring resistance to loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) and to prevalent races of crown rust (Puccinia coronata Pers. f. sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) and some prevalent races of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.) in Ontario.Key words: Avena sativa L., rust, smut and BYDV resistance, cultivar description, oat
Citation accuracy in the Canadian Journal of Plant Science
Authors: Harper Judith A.
Published: April 2011

A check of 5% of the citations in the bibliographies of articles in Canadian Journal of Plant Science, volumes 37–38 (1957–1958) and 69–70 (1989–1990), for accuracy identified errors in approximately 38% of the citations.Key words: Citations, references, errors, plant science
Canopy manipulation of Okanagan Riesling vines for improvement of winegrape quality
Authors: Reynolds A. G. , Sholberg P. L. , Wardle D. A.
Published: April 2011

Vigorous, Geneva Double Curtain-trained Okanagan Riesling vines were subjected over a 2-yr period (1987–1988) to four canopy manipulation practices: shoot positioning; shoot positioning plus postbloom hedging to 12 leaves per shoot; basal leaf removal; and an untreated control, in combination with the presence or absence of iprodione (Rovral 50WP) fungicide sprays. Shoot positioning and shoot positioning plus hedging reduced weight of cane prunings relative to control vines in 1988, but increased yield, cluster weight, and berries per cluster. Shoot positioning, shoot positioning plus hedging, and basal leaf removal reduced °Brix in 1988, but tended to reduce titratable acidity in both seasons. Shoot positioning plus hedging reduced pH in 1987, while shoot positioning and shoot positioning plus hedging reduced pH and potassium (K+) in 1988. Neither Rovral nor canopy manipulation appeared to have any significant impact on the percentage of bunch rot-affected clusters. Shoot positioning of Geneva Double Curtain-trained Okanagan Riesling is recommended as a method to reduce titratable acidity, pH and K+, hence improving potential winegrape quality.Key words: Vitis, grape, hedging, shoot positioning, leaf removal, canopy management
A proposed winter-injury classification for apple trees on the northern fringe of commercial production
Authors: Coleman Warren K.
Published: April 2011

Because of a severe and highly variable winter environment, commercially significant fruit production in New Brunswick is restricted to a few hardy apple cultivars. Cluster, principal-component and discriminant analyses were applied to monthly temperature records to derive a satisfactory classification of recorded occurrences of winter injury in New Brunswick during the 20th century. Production of a dendrogram based on a hierarchical, agglomerative clustering technique separated root- from shoot-injury years. The analyses suggested that low temperatures per se in December, January or February are not the dominant factors controlling recurring winter shoot injury of apple trees in New Brunswick. Rather mild weather during mid-winter (especially maximum air temperature in February) and the October mean air temperature during the fall hardening-off period consistently contributed to the hierarchical classification. Cluster analysis allowed the separation of recorded occurrences of winter injury into plausible groupings that should complement current attempts to understand the underlying causes of winter injury in New Brunswick.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, winter injury, cluster analysis
A technique for screening seedlings of the saskatoon for resistance to the rust Gymnosporangium nelsonii
Authors: Kabaluk J. T. , St. Pierre R. G.
Published: April 2011

A method was developed to rapidly screen saskatoon seedlings for resistance to rust caused by Gymnosporangium nelsonii. Telial galls collected from wild Juniperus horizontalis were used to produce basidiospores in the laboratory. The basidiospores were sprayed on the leaves in a 1 or 2% solution of molasses which served to adhere the spores to the leaf surface. The inoculated plants were placed in a 100% RH atmosphere at 16 °C in the dark for 24 h and then moved to a greenhouse. Pycnial lesions were apparent after 12 d. Because lesion density decreased with leafage, the mean density of pycnial lesions on the youngest three leaves was used to assess disease severity.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, rust resistance, screening
Effect of varying seeding rates on hybrid and conventional summer rape performance in Manitoba
Authors: Deynze A. E. Van , McVetty P. B. E. , Scarth R. , Rimmer S. R.
Published: April 2011

To compare the effects of varying seeding rate on the agronomic performance, phenology and seed quality of hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars, four hybrid and two conventional summer rape cultivars were seeded at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 9.0 kg ha−1 at two locations for 3 yr. The hybrid cultivars were, very importantly, 24% higher yielding and produced 50% more total dry matter than the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were, on average, 1.3% lower in seed oil content, 1.0% higher in seed protein content and equal in sum of oil and protein in the seed compared with the conventional cultivars. The hybrid cultivars were on average, 1.3 d later to 50% flowering and 1.1 d later to maturity than the average for the conventional cultivars, (i.e., equal or earlier to flowering and maturity than Regent). The hybrid cultivars were also 3.9% lower in harvest index and 1.3 ppm lower in chlorophyll content than the conventional cultivars. In spite of these differences, there were no significant cultivar-by-seeding-rate interactions, indicating that the hybrid and conventional cultivars responded similarly to varying seeding rate. Lodging, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, harvest index, survival, oil content and protein content displayed significant linear responses to varying seeding rate. Stand at maturity, seed yield and total dry matter production displayed significant linear and quadratic responses to varying seeding rate. Varying seeding rate had no effect on seed formation period, the sum of oil and protein content, or chlorophyll content. A seeding rate of 6 kg ha−1 maximized seed yield for both hybrid and conventional summer rape cultivars.Key words: Brassica napus, canola, seed quality, agronomy, phenology
Herbage yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content, and silage composition and utilization in sheep of first- and second-cut Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)
Authors: Narasimhalu P. , Kunelius H. T. , McRae K. B.
Published: April 2011

Italian ryegrasses, cultivars Barmultra and Lemtal, and Westerwolds ryegrasses, cultivars Barspectra, Merwester and Promenade, (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first- and second-cut herbages and compared for yield, leafiness and water-soluble carbohydrate content during the 2-yr study. These herbages were conserved as silages and compared for chemical composition and for intake, digestibility, and total-N retention in sheep. First-cut ryegrass yielded more dry matter than second-cut ryegrass (3.3 vs. 2.6 t ha−1). First-cut ryegrass silages contained less dry matter and NDF, and sheep consumed less, but digested better and retained less total-N in comparison with second-cut ryegrass silage. Italian ryegrasses yielded less dry matter, were more leafy, contained less ADF, and were better digested compared with the Westerwolds ryegrasses. The herbage content of water-soluble-N, and the ratio of ammonium-N to total-N in silage were not different between the ryegrasses. Italian Barmultra was more leafy than Lemtal cultivar but no other significant differences were measured between these cultivars. Westerwolds Merwester yielded more dry matter, was less leafy, contained more NDF and ADF, and had lower voluntary intake, digestibility, and its total-N was less retained in sheep as compared with the Barspectra or Promenade Westerwolds ryegrass. Italian ryegrasses were superior in composition, voluntary intake, and digestibility to Westerwolds, but the latter were superior on the basis of yielding ability and efficiency of total-N utilization in sheep.Key words: Silage, ryegrass, intake, digestion, composition, Nitrogen retention
Reward summer turnip rape
Authors: Scarth R. , Rimmer S. R. , McVetty P. B. E.
Published: April 2011

Reward summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa syn. campestris L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with good resistance to white rust disease race 7. Seed oil and protein contents are very good and the seed coat colour is predominantly yellow. Reward is widely adapted to the canola growing regions of western Canada.Key words: Rape (summer), white rust resistance, cultivar description