bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female-Christ Warriors: A Study of the Church of Almighty God / 征战的女基督
Authors: Ling Liu
Published: July 2016

Previous research has paid much attention to the conflicts between the Church of Almighty God and its exterior world but ignored the fact that the relationship between them is not always in high tension and that the church is only selectively destructive of the exterior world. By analyzing the relationships between its members and between CAG and other churches and society, this paper discusses how CAG uses high-tension practices, mainly expressed as rejecting and vandalizing the exterior world, as a development strategy to repudiate its background of Chinese traditional family ethics and obscure its sources in Western religions, thus also strengthening its followers’ commitment.
Technological Changes in Economic Growth Theory: Neoclassical, Endogenous, and Evolutionary-Institutional Approach
Authors: Sredojević Dragoslava , Cvetanović Slobodan , Bošković Gorica
Published: July 2016

The aim of the research in this paper is to analyse the issue of the treatment of the category of technological changes within the main aspects of economic growth theory. The analysis of the key positions of neoclassical theory (Solow), endogenous approach (Romer), and evolutionary growth theory (Freeman) advocates has pointed to the conclusion that these approaches agree on the fact that the category of technological changes is a key generator of economic growth. Neoclassicists were the first to explicitly analyse the category of technological changes in growth theory. They exerted a strong influence on a large number of governments to allocate significant funds for scientific and research development, to stimulate the creation and diffusion of innovation. Supporters of endogenous theory also see the category of technological changes as a key driver of economic growth. Unlike neoclassicists, they emphasise the importance of externalities, in the form of technological spillover and research and development activities, for the creation and diffusion of innovation. Finally, evolutionary and institutional economists explore the category of technological changes inseparably from the economic and social environment in which they are created and diffused. Recommendations of this research can be of particular use to economic growth and development policy makers in the knowledge economy, whose basic and substantial feature is the so-called fourth industrial revolution
Abdominal lymphadenopathy in an adolescent with Kawasaki disease: a major sign?
Authors: Bulkool Danielle , de Carvalho Ana Vidal , Grippa Aurea , Fernandes Marcia , Figueiredo Israel
Published: July 2016

In adolescence, Kawasaki disease (KD) may present with varied clinical pictures, and the classic clinical criteria are often insufficient to establish the diagnosis. This report presents a clinical case of KD in an adolescent and a brief review of the relevant literature, based on a PubMed search using the terms “adolescence” and “KD”. A 13-year-old girl presented with fever, rash, hepatomegaly, and ultrasonographic evidence of abdominal lymphadenopathy. On week 2 after onset of symptoms, the patient developed desquamation of the extremities and thrombocytosis. Echocardiography was normal during the acute illness and remained unchanged at 2-year follow-up. Clinicians should be aware that, in adolescents, KD poses a diagnostic challenge and rarely corresponds to the classic presentation. On retrospective analysis, we believe that abdominal lymphadenopathy should have been recognized as a substitute manifestation of the classic symptom of cervical lymphadenopathy to establish the diagnosis of this fearsome systemic vasculitis syndrome.
Ethics in sexual behavior assessment and support for people with intellectual disability
Authors: Stein Sorah , Dillenburger Karola
Published: July 2016

Sexuality is an issue of equality, rights, and ethics, especially when it comes to the sexuality of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). This paper offers a discussion of ethics related to the assessment and intervention supports of sexual behavior in people with IDD. A brief history of sexuality and disability is presented. Issues of sexual abuse of people with IDD and the laws related to sterilization, pornography, sexual rights, and consent are explored. Finally, specific ethical concerns related to intervention by behavior analysts in the realm of sexual behavior are examined.
Assessment of Awareness and Preparedness of Pennsylvania Veterinarians to Recognize and Respond to Foreign Animal Diseases
Authors: Campagnolo Enzo Riccardo , Bicking Kinsey Cara , Beaudoin Amanda , Long Jonah
Published: July 2016

Foreign animal diseases (FADs) are recognized as a threat to agriculture, with potential devastating effects on our nation’s livestock and poultry industries. As weapons of bioterrorism, FADs also represent a threat to our nation’s homeland security. Veterinarians play a vital role in protecting our nation’s agricultural resources through their ability to identify and promptly respond to FADs, some of which are of public health concern. Veterinarians working in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess their awareness of FADs and their preparedness to recognize and respond to potential cases. Two hundred thirty-seven veterinary practitioners completed an online questionnaire which included demographic and practice characteristics, federal accreditation status, awareness of FAD history in the United States, awareness of current FAD threats, training, and professional experiences with FADs. In the analysis, we identified topics respondents were most familiar, and those which they feel pose the greatest disease threat. We also assessed respondents’ interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs. Results of this survey indicate that most participating Pennsylvania veterinarians are familiar with FADs and have had educational exposure to FADs either during their formal veterinary education or through the United States Department of Agriculture veterinary accreditation program. However, the majority feels unprepared to recognize FADs. Most survey respondents expressed an interest in receiving supplemental training on FADs, and were willing to travel to receive the training.
Kettle Holes in the Agrarian Landscape: Isolated and Ecological Unique Habitats for Carabid Beetles (Col.: Carabidae) and Spiders (Arach.: Araneae)
Authors: Platen Ralph , Kalettka Thomas , Ulrichs Christian
Published: July 2016

Kettle holes are small depressional wetlands and because of the high variability of site factors they are potential hotspots of biodiversity in the monotone arable land. We investigated eight kettle holes and two agrarian reference biotopes for carabid beetles and spiders. The animals were captured with pitfall traps from May to August 2005, along with surveys of the soil and vegetation. We asked whether each kettle hole has specific ecological properties which match with characteristic carabid beetle and spider coenoses and whether they represent isolated biotopes. Differences in the composition of ecological and functional groups of carabid beetles and spiders between the plots were tested with an ANOVA. The impact of the soil variables and vegetation structure on the distribution of species was analyzed with a Redundancy Analysis. The assemblage similarities between the kettle hole plots were calculated by the Wainstein-Index. Ecological groups and habitat preferences of carabid beetles had maximal expressions in seven different kettle holes whereas most of the ecological characteristics of the spiders had maximal expression in only two kettle holes. High assemblage similarity values of carabid beetle coenoses were observed only in a few cases whereas very similar spider coenoses were found between nearly all of the kettle holes. For carabid beetles, kettle holes represent much more isolated habitats than that for spiders. We concluded that kettle holes have specific ecological qualities which match with different ecological properties of carabid beetles and spiders and that isolation effects affect carabid beetles more than spiders.
Impact of routine transvaginal ultrasound monitoring of cervical length in twins on administration of antenatal corticosteroids
Authors: Marcellin Louis , Senat Marie Victoire , Benachi Alexandra , Regis Sophie , Cabrol Dominique , Goffinet François
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To evaluate whether routine measurement of cervical length (CL) by transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) in twin pregnancies can enable identification of women who will give birth before 34 weeks and require antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs), and whether it can limit their administration to women who will give birth later.

Study design:

Retrospective comparative study in two tertiary referral centers in France. Women with twin gestations followed in two tertiary university hospital maternity units and who delivered from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009 were included. In one center, TVU was targeted to women with cases of suspected preterm labor, while the other center used it monthly for all twin pregnancies. The main outcome measure was the administration of a full course of ACS to twins delivered before 34 weeks.

Results:

Two hundred and seventy women were eligible in the “targeted use” group, and 296 women in the “routine use” group. The rate of administration of at least one full course of ACS for twins born before 34 weeks did not differ between the two groups (85.0% in the targeted use group and 90.0% in the routine use group, P=0.40), but the rate of such administration for those born after 34 weeks was lower in the targeted use group (25.7% vs. 81.2%, P<0.01). On adjusting for confounders using logistic regression modeling, no significant difference in ACS administration before 34 weeks was found between the two groups [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39–1.30].

Conclusion:

Routine monitoring performed every month of CL with TVU does not affect the rate of administration of ACS to twins born before 34 weeks, but is associated with a higher rate of such administration for those born later in the specific center of the study.
Development of predatory behaviours in young southern tigrinas (Leopardus guttulus)
Authors: Bogoni Juliano A. , Graipel Maurício E. , de Castilho Pedro V. , Peroni Nivaldo
Published: July 2016

Prey killing behaviours in juvenile wild cats are subject to most influence by their mothers and siblings. The learning strategies enable an individual to create opportunities for conspecifics to participate in operant conditioning. We present for the first time video recordings of two southern tigrinas learning to capture and kill a live cavy (Cavia aff. aperea). The videos demonstrate release and recapture of the prey multiple times, likely as practise for development of hunting skills. Predation skills are particularly important for survival during adverse conditions such as low prey population densities, which commonly occur for some time after young cats become independent. In addition to providing the first description of the learning of predation behaviours in this species, our results offer general information on the ecology of Leopardus guttulus, a species recently recognised as distinct.
Quand Thot devient babouin
Authors: Larcher Cédric
Published: July 2016

The baboon is a recognized hypostasis of Thoth, however it is not until the reign of Amenhotep III that the animal is explicitly referring to the god in the iconography. This connection can be explain by the predilection at this time for the animal forms of the gods. It is related too to the theological orientations that emerge around the nature of the kingship and its link with the god Ra and the Moon. It seems that this new characterstical form of Thot is highlighted at the occasion of the king’s sed-festival.
Effects of terminal alkyl substituents on the low-dimensional arrangement of π-stacked molecules in the crystal structures of bisazomethine dyes
Authors: Jindo Takumi , Kim Byung-Soon , Akune Yoko , Horiguchi-Babamoto Emi , Lee Kyun-Phyo , Kinashi Kenji , Ueda Yasukiyo , Matsumoto Shinya
Published: July 2016

Crystal structures of three bisazomethine dyes with dipropyl, dibutyl, and dihexyl substituents on their terminal amino groups are reported. To systematically interpret the effects of the terminal dialkyl substituents on the low-dimensional arrangements of the π–π stacked molecules, the structural features of the molecular geometries and the low-dimensional arrangements were compared with those in the reported crystal structure of two bisazomethine dyes, i.e. with terminal dimethylamino and diethylamino groups. Lattice energy calculations were also carried out to interpret the substitution effects from an energetic perspective. In the crystal structures of all five dyes, one-dimensional arrangements of the π–π stacked molecules were found. The slip angles between the π–π stacked molecules constituting the characteristic one-dimensional arrangements of the five bisazomethine dyes were distributed in the range of 24.66(4)–79.34(7)°. The lengths of the alkyl chains and projections of the terminal dialkyl substituents from the molecular planes in the five bisazomethine dyes were found to play significant roles in determining the slip angles between the π–π stacked molecules and the distances between the molecules aligned along the long molecular axes.
Anatomy of a Periodically Driven p-Wave Superconductor
Authors: Zhao Erhai
Published: July 2016

The topological properties of periodically driven many-body systems often have no static analogs and defy a simple description based on the effective Hamiltonian. To explore the emergent edge modes in driven p-wave superconductors in two dimensions, we analysed a toy model of Kitaev chains (one-dimensional spinless p-wave superconductors with Majorana edge states) coupled by time-periodic hopping. We showed that with proper driving, the coupled Kitaev chains can turn into a fully gapped superconductor, which is analogous to the p

x
+ip

y
state but has two, rather than one, chiral edge modes. A different driving protocol turns it into a gapless superconductor with isolated point nodes and completely flat edge states at quasienergy ω=0 or π/T, with T as the driving period. The time evolution operator U(k

x
, k

y
, t) of the toy model is computed exactly to yield the phase bands. And the “topological singularities” of the phase bands are exhausted and compared to those of a periodically driven Hofstadter model, which features counter-propagating chiral edge modes. These examples demonstrate the unique edge states in driven superconducting systems and suggest driving as a potentially fruitful route to engineer new topological superconductors.
War, State Economic Policies and Resistance by Agricultural Producers in Turkey 1939-1945
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: July 2016

For governments in power during periods of war, securing the food supply of the urban areas and the military has been one of the most important economic problems. The expansion of the armed forces and the necessity to feed them better inevitably leads to increases in the demand for foodstuffs. In the more developed economies, the more mechanized and more flexible agricultural sectors have often been capable of responding to increased demand. The pressures of an emergency situation, however, have a much more severe impact on the agrarian structures in an underdeveloped economy, often leading to decreases in the levels of production. Under these circumstances, the food supply policies of the governments will have far-reaching implications for different strata of the peasantry and for the urban classes.
Modernization and Commercialization in the Tanzimat Period: 1838-1875
Authors: Toprak Zafer
Published: July 2016

The aim of the present study is to reconsider and reconstruct the economic history of the “decaying” Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat period. Scores of scholars have already interpreted the decay in terms of imperial expansion. The decay paradigm is part of empire histories. Therefore, it is strongly imprinted with political discourse.

Below, I will argue that the Ottoman case would be better understood if viewed within the context of a more dynamic process of change versus inertia rather than decay, and that such an approach to Ottoman economic and social history would be less tainted with political concerns.

The ultra-nationalist approach to Ottoman economic history, has always blamed the 1838 Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty for the “under-development” or “dependency” of the late Ottoman Empire. This scenario with a xenophobic hint and backed by Marxist as well as nationalist historiographies, finds the main scapegoat of modern Ottoman-Turkish economic history in the 1838 Treaty.
Tryptophan‐rich basic protein (WRB) mediates insertion of the tail‐anchored protein otoferlin and is required for hair cell exocytosis and hearing
Authors: Vogl Christian , Panou Iliana , Yamanbaeva Gulnara , Wichmann Carolin , Mangosing Sara J , Vilardi Fabio , Indzhykulian Artur A , Pangršič Tina , Santarelli Rosamaria , Rodriguez‐Ballesteros Montserrat , Weber Thomas , Jung Sangyong , Cardenas Elena , Wu Xudong , Wojcik Sonja M , Kwan Kelvin Y , del Castillo Ignacio , Schwappach Blanche , Strenzke Nicola , Corey David P , Lin Shuh‐Yow , Moser Tobias
Published: July 2016

The transmembrane recognition complex (TRC40) pathway mediates the insertion of tail‐anchored (TA) proteins into membranes. Here, we demonstrate that otoferlin, a TA protein essential for hair cell exocytosis, is inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the TRC40 pathway. We mutated the TRC40 receptor tryptophan‐rich basic protein (Wrb) in hair cells of zebrafish and mice and studied the impact of defective TA protein insertion. Wrb disruption reduced otoferlin levels in hair cells and impaired hearing, which could be restored in zebrafish by transgenic Wrb rescue and otoferlin overexpression. Wrb‐deficient mouse inner hair cells (IHCs) displayed normal numbers of afferent synapses, Ca2+ channels, and membrane‐proximal vesicles, but contained fewer ribbon‐associated vesicles. Patch‐clamp of IHCs revealed impaired synaptic vesicle replenishment. In vivo recordings from postsynaptic spiral ganglion neurons showed a use‐dependent reduction in sound‐evoked spiking, corroborating the notion of impaired IHC vesicle replenishment. A human mutation affecting the transmembrane domain of otoferlin impaired its ER targeting and caused an auditory synaptopathy. We conclude that the TRC40 pathway is critical for hearing and propose that otoferlin is an essential substrate of this pathway in hair cells.
Política fiscal y cambio climático en Costa Rica: oportunidades y desafíos
Authors: Vargas Alfaro Leiner
Published: July 2016

El presente artículo expone las distintas opciones, desafíos y posibilidades que tiene Costa Rica de alterar los incentivos en el campo fiscal con miras a reducir su impacto en el ambiente y abatir, a través de la reducción de emisiones y otras medidas, las consecuencias locales y globales del cambio climático. Este último y sus efectos se han convertido en uno de los principales problemas globales del siglo XXI. Si bien Costa Rica había comprometido una meta de carbono neutralidad al 2021, dicho proceso fue redefinido en la nueva estrategia al 2030. Costa Rica se ha propuesto convertirse en un país carbono neutro, lo cual no solo representa un reto en materia de reducción de las emisiones, sino que involucra un cambio tecnológico e institucional capaz de garantizar la sostenibilidad del propósito país. Identificar los actuales instrumentos fiscales y parafiscales, así como futuras posibles medidas en este campo, es el enfoque metodológico utilizado, esencialmente a través de la información secundaria existente. Es claro que el país requiere de corregir los incentivos económicos de manera que se garantice propiciar tecnologías y procesos productivos bajos en emisiones. Para lo anterior, el uso de instrumentos fiscales puede ser de gran ayuda en el cumplimiento de este objetivo.
Selective RP-HPLC method for determination of quetiapine in presence of coadministered drugs: Application for long-term stability study of quetiapine in whole blood
Authors: Youssef Rasha M. , Abdine Heba H. , Barary Magda A. , Wagih Mira M.
Published: July 2016

Incidence of suicidal attempts presents an explanation for the high prevalence of quetiapine (QTI) in forensic cases. Thus, the interpretation of its concentrations in biological specimens is needed, but in forensic toxicology, potential postmortem changes such as instability of the target drugs should be taken in consideration. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for determination of QTI. This method was based on reversed phase (RP)-HPLC separation of QTI on a C-18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with elution system of acetonitrile—methanol—0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), containing 1 mL TEA in each 250 mL, in a ratio of 40:30:30%, v/v, at the flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 using mirtazapine as internal standard (IS). The proposed method was applied to the determination of QTI in plasma in presence of coadministered drugs. The application of the proposed method was extended for long-term stability study of two different concentration levels of QTI in the whole blood.
Simultaneous determination of eleven alkaloids in Corydalis decumbens by HPLC with diode-array detection
Authors: Gu Gui-Hua , Yang Da-Jian , Wang Shi-Yun , Zeng Wei , Wang Wei , Yuan Jing-Song
Published: July 2016

A high-performance liquid chromatography—diode-array detection method was developed and validated to determine simultaneously eleven major alkaloids in Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. The alkaloids detected were corlumidine, protopine, coptisine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, sanguinarine, papaverine hydrochloride, tetrahydropalmatine, bicuculline, and corydaline. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C-18 column with a mobile phase composed of A (0.2% acetic acid solution, adjusted with triethylamine to pH 5.0) and B (acetonitrile), with stepwise gradient elution. Ultraviolet diode-array detection was used; chromatograms were examined at the wavelength of 280 nm. The regression equations showed a good linear relationship between the peak area of each marker and concentration (r = 0.9994–0.9999). The recovery values ranged between 93.66% and 100.54%. The method was fully validated with respect to detection and quantification limits, precision, reproducibility, and accuracy. The described high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully used for the differentiation and quantification of the eleven major alkaloids in C. decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. and can be considered an effective procedure for the analyses of this important class of natural compounds.
The i-bridge – a novel bridge concept
Authors: Harryson Peter
Published: July 2016

Feasibility studies on a novel bridge concept embracing industrial bridge engineering, conceptual design and finite-element analyses have been carried out at Chalmers University of Technology. The i-bridge concept consists of V-shaped glass-fibre-reinforced polymer beams reinforced by carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer profiles. The deck consists of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer plates in composite action with ultra-high-performance steel-fibre-reinforced concrete. A general description of the bridge concept as well as the conducted initial investigations and numerical analyses are presented. The investigations performed indicate that the bridge concept could be realised from a technical structural point of view. In addition, the industrial characteristics proposed aim at ensuring efficient production and operation of the bridge.
Bridge crossing of the River Nidelva, Trondheim, Norway
Authors: Andersen Ib Blom , Jensen Michael Birk
Published: July 2016

A new bridge over the River Nidelva in Trondheim, Norway, is part of a new ring road on the city’s northern coast which relieves the city centre of heavy traffic. The bridge design – developed and completed by COWI in co-operation with Danish architects Dissing and Weitling – was selected through a design competition tendered out by the Norwegian Road Administration, Vegvesenet Midt. A convincing scheme was submitted for the design competition and the contract was eventually awarded to the team to bring forward the tender design into the detailed design phase. This paper presents the as-built bridge with emphasis on selected key items and special solutions with respect to the entry’s outlined objectives, which helped to win the design competition. Attention is given to how the objectives and corresponding solutions found their expression in the final detailed design. The paper also describes how special technology has been implemented and how the engineering process has been able to bring life to the aesthetic objectives.
Te Wero Bridge, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Tindall Philip
Published: July 2016

Auckland City Council set up an international design competition for an opening bridge and, after two hotly contested stages, selected the striking design prepared by Hyder Consulting with architect Denton Corker Marshall and mechanical and electrical consultant Kenneth Grubb Associates. The project’s aspiration was to create an iconic object, a breathtaking symbol for Auckland embodied in a unique and distinctive structure. Iconic status demands differentiation and, in the case of opening bridges, this can be provided by the built form, operation and scale. The Te Wero design responded to this challenge with a solution targeted specifically at the Viaduct Basin’s unique history and environment. This paper considers the function and visual aspects of the bridge, its form and image, together with consideration of materials, design and construction issues that led to the final bridge design. The design is for a twin bascule bridge, with a tall mast structure that houses counterweights and a control room. When it opens, the effect will be dramatic, with the twin decks rising to either side. Thanks to lightweight aluminium decks and an ingenious counterweight system, however, it will be a low-energy, low-maintenance and sustainable solution.
Identifying early reinforced concrete buildings in Scotland
Authors: Borden A. H.
Published: July 2016

This paper reports the results of a pre-inventory, or review of documentary sources, to identify buildings constructed using proprietary reinforced concrete systems in Scotland. A number of buildings were constructed using proprietary, or patented, reinforced concrete systems in Britain between roughly 1900 and the 1920s. The majority of these buildings were designed by specialist firms with origins outside Britain. Although some of these buildings are listed, as a group they have been little studied due to their relative youth, negative perceptions of them and difficulties faced in their conservation. As development pressures mount and calls for the reuse and, in some cases, demolition of these buildings become more frequent, there is an increasing need to locate documentation to assist with their investigation. It is hoped that this pre-inventory of Scottish buildings will not only serve as a framework for gathering information about this building type, but will also serve as a model for wider conservation efforts.
John Rennie, mechanical engineer
Authors: Hills Richard L.
Published: July 2016

While John Rennie is now remembered as the leading civil engineer of his day, his contributions to mechanical engineering are largely forgotten. With his iron gearing and shafting, he had probably developed corn milling as far as was possible until the advent of roller milling in the 1880s. We have few details of the machinery he installed at places such as Kirkstall forge and the dockyard at Copenhagen and few drawings of his mechanical inventions have survived to enable us to judge them and compare them with others. If they had, perhaps Rennie might be remembered alongside his contemporaries such as Joseph Bramah and Henry Maudslay. Archives show that he was extensively involved in this industry but few details of his work remain. This, sadly, is also true of so much of his mechanical engineering and prevents his work in this field becoming better recognised. His major achievement in mechanical engineering was his use of steam power in so many applications for civil engineering.
Eefit: the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team
Authors: Booth Edmund , Wilkinson Sean , Spence Robin , Free Matthew , Rossetto Tiziana
Published: July 2016

The UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (Eefit) was established as an independent society in 1982. Between 1984 and 2011, it carried out field missions to 29 earthquake zones, with reports on all of them freely available online. Over a hundred UK-based engineers have participated, split almost equally between industry and academia. There have been a number of significant benefits, including training through observations of the practical effects of ground shaking, fostering strong links between practising and academic participants, establishing international links and gathering data for research into a wide range of earthquake engineering topics. The paper outlines Eefit’s history and development, sets out its achievements and presents details of a recent 5-year government grant that will extend its effectiveness still further.
Reliability analysis of a bridge network in Ireland
Authors: Hanley Ciarán , Pakrashi Vikram
Published: July 2016

This paper presents the reliability analysis of a network of six bridges in Ireland, with a focus on the sensitivity analysis and the analysis of parameter importance measures. The basis of the analysis stems from the possibility of investigating similarities in various parameters, leading to the establishment of network-level indicators based on fully probabilistic assessments. Initially, deterministic assessments are carried out on these bridges to verify the limit states, and a detailed probabilistic analysis is conducted, taking uncertainty in relation to the available information into account. Parametric importance measures are established across the network, and patterns identified from these studies suggest the potential for reliability-based network calibrations of bridge structures. This paper is expected to encourage a greater sharing of network-level information of the owners and managers of bridges.
Assessment of an existing fully prestressed box-girder bridge
Authors: Pimentel Mário , Figueiras Joaquim
Published: July 2016

The N.S. da Guia Bridge is a 250 m-long post-tensioned box-girder bridge built in the late 1970s using the balanced cantilever method. During a routine inspection, a systematic cracking pattern that exhibited both longitudinal and transversal symmetry was detected in the webs and bottom slab, which raised concerns about the condition of the embedded post-tensioned cables. The working programme that was devised to perform the condition examination of the bridge is described. Besides a detailed visual inspection campaign and a short-term monitoring programme, non-destructive testing was also employed, most notably gamma-ray imaging of the internal tendons. Special attention is devoted to the numerical studies developed to explain the origin of the observed crack patterns. This information was crucial in order to decide on the best rehabilitation strategies. The crack pattern could be satisfactorily reproduced by taking into account the local stress conditions around the tendon anchorages, and the concerns related to the condition of the prestressed steel could be ruled out. The applied methodology constitutes an example of how detailed analysis techniques can be used in practice to help bridge owners evaluate the condition of special bridges and plan the rehabilitation intervention in a cost-effective way.
Mitigation of alkali–silica reaction in US highway concrete
Authors: Folliard Kevin J. , Thomas Michael D. A. , Fournier Benoit , Drimalas Thano , Ahlstrom Gina
Published: July 2016

This paper provides an overview of the various field trials performed by the US Federal Highway Administration aimed at mitigating the effects of alkali–silica reaction on highway concrete elements, including pavements, bridges and barriers. The different methods used to attempt to reduce the expansion and cracking of affected concrete are described, including the use of sealings and coatings, the application of lithium nitrate and the application of external confinement. The field trials were conducted and monitored between 2005 and 2014, and the overall findings from each trial are briefly summarised. The use of silane products was found to be the most effective means of reducing the expansion and cracking due to alkali–silica reaction, with the most significant improvement seen in highway barriers. Topical and vacuum application of lithium compounds showed little or no benefit in reducing expansion and cracking, mainly due to the lack of lithium penetration. Electrochemical application of lithium nitrate was more effective in driving the lithium into the affected concrete, but had a negligible impact on the expansion and cracking induced by alkali–silica reaction. Owing to the limited time that was available to monitor most of the field trials, future monitoring is essential to delineate the efficacy of the various treatments.
Optimal material layout – applied on reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Dollerup Niels , Jepsen Michael Sandholm , Damkilde Lars
Published: July 2016

This paper introduces a general, finite-element-based optimisation tool for improving the material layout of concrete structures. The application presented is general and exemplified by material optimisation of reinforced concrete slabs. By utilising the optimisation tool, it is possible to determine the optimal material layout of a slab at the ultimate load state based on simple inputs such as outer geometry, boundary conditions, multiple load cases and design domains. The material layout of the optimal design can either be fully orthotropic or isotropic, or a combination with a predefined coupling between design domains and reinforcement directions. The implementation is a lower bound formulation, resulting in a convex optimisation problem that consists of a number of linear constraints from the equilibrium equations and a number of convex non-linear constraints from the yield criteria. By utilising the capabilities of the non-linear interior point method, the non-linear convex yield criteria can be handled directly in the optimal solution process. Further, a graphical user interface is introduced, providing the design engineer with a practical tool for designing optimal structures. Finally, a number of reinforced concrete slab examples validate the method described and show the potential to save large amounts of material in constructions.
Modelling localised fracture of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Liao Feiyu , Huang Zhaohui
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a robust finite-element procedure for simulating the localised fracture of reinforced concrete members. In this new model, the concrete member is modelled as an assembly of plain concrete, reinforcing steel bar and bond-link elements. The four-node quadrilateral elements are used for two-dimensional modelling of plain concrete elements, in which the extended finite-element method is adopted to simulate the formation and growth of individual cracks. The reinforcing steel bars are modelled using a three-node beam–column element. The two-node bond-link elements are used for modelling the interaction between plain concrete and reinforcing steel bar elements. It is evident that the non-linear procedure proposed in this paper can properly model the formation and propagation of individual localised cracks within the reinforced concrete structures. The model presented in this paper enables the researchers and designers to access the integrity of reinforced concrete members under extreme loading conditions using mesh-independent extended finite-element method.
Book review
Authors: Hendry Stephen
Published: July 2016

Finite Element Mesh Generation
Critical lengths of grade in highway design for wind farms
Authors: Yang Yong-Hong , Wu Chi , Zeng Yan-Jie , Wang Xuan-Cang
Published: July 2016

Wind energy as a power source is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Globally, an increasing number of wind farms is being planned and constructed. The conditions of highway design indexes for wind farms are unique, and the current design standards are not appropriate for determining the necessary critical lengths of grade. The relative vehicle parameters for aerogenerator transportation are investigated in detail, and the typical design vehicle for aerogenerator transportation is selected. The dynamic characteristics, such as acceleration and deceleration performances, are analysed based on the nominal dynamic, kinematic and operating characteristics of the typical vehicle on wind farm grades and terrain elevation. This study proposes a formulation to obtain the relation between speed and distance travelled for heavier design vehicles, from which speed-gain and speed-drop curves are calculated and drawn. In addition, the total accumulative speed–distance profiles with different gears are also combined. Through an extensive calculation, this paper also provides practitioners with design tables for the maximum critical length of typical design vehicles for large aerogenerator transportation under full load and 80 t load. The research results can serve as a reference for aerogenerator transportation highway design and construction and are helpful for related highway geometric design guidelines.
Accessibility for the 19th century Naarden-Bussum railway station, Netherlands
Authors: Hartog Nils den , Brinkhuis Martin
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses the design and the construction of elevators in a historic (listed) station building in the Netherlands. The initial challenge was to preserve the architectural qualities of the station building while at the same time making the station suitable for persons with reduced mobility. The choices made in the conceptual design phase posed significant challenges in the subsequent project phases. The geotechnical conditions at the site contributed to major setbacks during the construction phase. The problems faced fighting the high groundwater level have striking similarities with the challenges a century ago when the passenger subway was built. Modern engineering solutions have been adopted to carry out the works without disrupting the train service while preserving the historical and architectural values of the building. After decades of discussion and planning, the elevators were successfully put in operation in 2014. People with reduced mobility and passengers with luggage travelling to the nearby Schiphol international airport can now use the station without negotiating staircases.
Lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Tanikawa Toshiharu
Published: July 2016

In the event of disasters, one of the most important priorities for rescue agencies at an early stage is to secure traffic on routes connecting with the affected areas. In the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2310 km of the expressway network operated by East Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd. (Nexco East) was closed. However, within 20 h approximately 770 km was reopened for ordinary traffic and approximately 1040 km for emergency vehicle use. Thirteen days afterwards, temporary repair works had been completed; all expressways were opened to all traffic, which contributed to emergency restoration activities. Based on the experience of this earthquake, Nexco East has been improving its disaster response capability and developing measures such as the utilisation of rest areas as disaster response bases, introducing inspection procedures in the early stages after disaster occurrence and strengthening cooperation with related organisations.
Briefing: Shocks cause trouble with BS 7385
Authors: Smith James Derek
Published: July 2016

This briefing addresses a situation where faulty roadworks gave trouble with house cracking occurring. The observed levels of peak particle velocity did not appear to be high enough to meet the critical damage levels specified in BS 7385 so further checks were made. It was found that with standard equipment the measurements of short pulses were in error and that very short pulses gave much higher damage levels than normal ground-borne vibrations. This allowed utility companies to escape liability for damage. BS 7385 should be modified.
A literature review on the potential of renewable electricity sources for mining operations in South Africa
Authors: Votteler Roman Günter , Brent Alan Colin
Published: July 2016

The economic situation of mining corporations operating in South Africa has in recent years created considerable challenges in staying globally competitive. One reason for this is the increase in average electricity costs from 7% to 20% of total operational expenses since 2007. Forecasts for the next decade predict that this development will continue at similar rates. The reliability of Eskom has also decreased, with self-generation being increasingly considered. In addition, the South African government plans to launch a carbon tax in 2016, which will further add to the costs of current electricity sources. This paper investigates the potential of renewable electricity sources for mining operations in South Africa. It is based on an extensive literature analysis, which was conducted in the form of a conceptual review. The investigation of electricity usage patterns reveals that mining operations commonly have a relatively constant day and night consumption. One of the prerequisites for a suitable source is its ability to supply electricity constantly. Most renewable sources can therefore only be used in hybrid versions, owing to relatively high intermittencies, especially with electricity supply from solar photovoltaic and wind generation. Nevertheless, the levelised costs are substantially lower than diesel generators and are already similar to Eskom tariffs, whilst also lowering carbon emissions. The business case of self-generation is shown to be positive. An on-site project can be realised through a power purchase agreement or through own investments.
unique fingerprint? Factors influencing attitudes towards science and technology in South Africa
Authors: Guenther Lars , Weingart Peter
Published: July 2016

From an international perspective, research in the field of public attitudes towards science and technology has been conducted since the 1970s. A frequently proposed – and empirically supported – theory is that strong interest in and knowledge about science in a society is associated with more favourable attitudes towards science. This positive attitude in turn affects support for public funding of science. However, this research field is not without controversy, and for the South African population many questions remain unanswered. Initial research has not explored the factors that shape attitudes towards science and technology in detail. We re-analysed data from the Human Sciences Research Council to explore the above theory. Interestingly, for the South African population, higher levels of scientific literacy and use of information sources are associated with more promises but also more reservations towards science and technology. This is especially true for relatively young and educated survey respondents. In international comparison, South Africa shows a unique fingerprint to some extent, but also shares characteristics with industrially developing countries of Europe (such as Greece or Portugal). To understand the correlations better, future research should aim to examine the overall picture when investigating the diverse South African population more extensively.
Review: Agricultural Wastes as a Source of Silica Material
Authors: Permatasari Novie , Sucahya Transmissia Noviska , Dani Nandiyanto Asep Bayu
Published: July 2016

Silica is the most abundant components in the earth's crust and is made by way of synthesis for use in the application of technology. Silica are generally found commercially as alkoxysilane compounds (i.e such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), sodium silicate, and tetramethylorthosilicat). However, these compounds can have a negative impact on health. Thus, further approaches to find the source of silica that is safer, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly is inevitable. However, not all summary journals are thoroughly discussed the silica sources. Further, method of isolation and application of the silica from agricultural waste is limited. This paper reported studied several sources of silica derived from agricultural waste, such as rice husk, rice straw, corn cobs, and bagasse. In addition, this paper discussed also about the method of isolation of silica from agricultural waste, and its application as a catalyst.
Use of Process Simulation for Plant Debottlenecking
Authors: Putra Zulfan Adi
Published: July 2016

This paper was aimed to illustrate the use of process simulation tools to find bottlenecks in a chemical plant. In practice, finding the first bottleneck of a plant is simply by increasing the capacity. However, two questions remain, e.g. what would the next bottleneck be and how big the first bottleneck needs to be expanded until the next bottleneck is reached. These questions can be repeated until eventually the whole equipment in the plant needs to be debottlenecked. Since it is impossible to answer the above questions in practice, a process simulation approach is utilized. Relevant equipment data and a validated thermodynamic model are used to build such a model. Plant performance trials are taken into account to estimate practical parameters such as fouling coefficients and plate tightness. This work requires strong interactions between operational people, consistent data gathering, and process simulation skill. The approach used in this work has shown that a reasonably accurate model can be built. The result has shown that the model can identify the first bottleneck as confirmed on the field. Sequence of bottlenecks and their corresponding increment of capacity increase have also been identified. The simulation results also illustrate the use of process simulation for plant debottlenecking.
Fabrication of Biomembrane from Banana Stem for Lead Removal
Authors: Sulastri Afianti , Rahmidar Lena
Published: July 2016

Heavy metal (i.e. lead (Pb)) is one of the environmental issues recently due to its danger for human health. Therefore, strategy for removing Pb from waste water treatment is important. One of the prospective methods to remove Pb is membrane biofilter. Here, the purpose of this study was to prepare the membrane biofilter for Pb removal process. In this study, membrane biofilter was produced from banana stem. Banana stem was selected because of its abundant availability   in Indonesia. And, for somewhat, this banana stem can be environmental problems (become waste) since Indonesia is one of the top producers in the world. In short of the experimental procedure, we conducted three steps of experiments: (1) Preparation of microbial cellulose using Acetobacter xylinum using banana stem for a main source; (2) Synthesis of cellulose acetate; and (3) Preparation of biomembrane from obtained cellulose acetate. To produce membrane biofilter, the cellulose acetate was dissolved into dichloromethane to form a dope solution. Then, the doped solution was printed in Petri dish. Some biomembrane properties were characterized for identification, i.e. infrared spectra, electron microscope, and elemental analysis. Experimental results showed that we succeeded to prepare biomembrane with a pore size of 5 μm. The filtration efficiency of our prepared membrane was 93.7% of Pb when using Pb with a concentration of 10 ppm.
Una cala en la polémica epistolar de la batalla en torno a Góngora: Cascales contra Villar
Authors: Mata Caballero Juan
Published: July 2016

Una cala en la polémica epistolar de la batalla en torno a Góngora: Cascales contra Villar