bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrastructure Impacts of Iowa's Renewable Energy
Authors: (Nadia)Gkritza Konstantina , Nlenanya Inya , Jiang Weiwei , Sperry Robert , Smith Duane
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates the physical and fiscal impacts of Iowa's existing biofuel plants and wind power industries. A four-county cluster in northern Iowa and a two-county cluster in southern Iowa were identified through a local agency survey as having a large number of diverse facilities and were selected for analysis of traffic and physical impact. The large-truck traffic patterns on Iowa's secondary and local roads from 2002 to 2008 were analyzed and associated with the pavement condition and county maintenance expenditures. A trend of increased maintenance costs in the year after a biofuel plant became operational as well as during the construction period was observed. Large-truck traffic also increased dramatically during the construction period and then dropped after the plant became operational, but not to the levels before the plant's construction. The major road damage associated with wind farms occurred during construction activities and predominantly on gravel roads. Face-to-face interviews with county engineers were conducted to validate the observed trends and discuss the limitations of the data. Finally, with an expanded sample of 24 counties, one-way panel data regression models were developed to estimate pavement condition and maintenance costs as a function of vehicle miles traveled, plant capacity and years of operation, corn and soybean production, and soil and environmental conditions.
An Electromagnetically-Actuated All-PDMS Valveless Micropump for Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhou Yu , Amirouche Farid
Published: July 2011

This paper presents the fabrication process of a single-chamber planar valveless micropump driven by an external electromagnetic actuator. This micropump features a pair of micro diffuser and nozzle elements used to rectify the fluid flow, and an elastic magnetic membrane used to regulate the pressure in the enclosed fluid chamber. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the main construction material of this proposed micropump, including the structural substrate and the planar actuation membrane embedded with a thin micro magnet. Both the Finite Element Method and experimental analysis are used to assess the PDMS-membrane actuation under the applied electromagnetic forces and characterize the pump performance at variable working conditions. The resonant frequency of this micropump is identified experimentally and de-ionized (DI) water is loaded to account for the coupling effects of the working fluid. The experimental data was used to demonstrate the reliability of flow rates and how it can be controlled by consistently adjusting the driving frequencies and currents. The proposed micropump is capable of delivering a maximum flow rate of 319.6 μL/min and a maximum hydrostatic backpressure of 950 Pa (9.5 cm H2O). The planar design feature of the pump allows for potential integration of the pump with other PDMS-based microfluidic systems for biomedical applications.
Consumption of Milk-Protein Combined with Green Tea Modulates Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
Authors: Hursel Rick , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: July 2011

Green tea and protein separately are able to increase diet-induced thermogenesis. Although their effects on long-term weight-maintenance were present separately, they were not additive. Therefore, the effect of milk-protein (MP) in combination with green tea on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was examined in 18 subjects (aged 18–60 years; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.1 kg/m2). They participated in an experiment with a randomized, 6 arms, crossover design, where energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured. Green tea (GT) vs. placebo (PL) capsules were either given in combination with water or with breakfasts containing milk protein in two different dosages: 15 g (15 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 15/47/38; 1.7 MJ/500 mL), and 3.5 g (3.5 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 41/59/0; 146.4 kJ/100 mL). After measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) for 30 min, diet-induced energy expenditure was measured for another 3.5 h after the intervention. There was an overall significant difference observed between conditions (p < 0.001). Post-hoc, areas under the curve (AUCs) for diet-induced energy expenditure were significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) for GT + water (41.11 [91.72] kJ·3.5 h) vs. PL + water (10.86 [28.13] kJ·3.5 h), GT + 3.5 MP (10.14 [54.59] kJ·3.5 h) and PL + 3.5 MP (12.03 [34.09] kJ·3.5 h), but not between GT + 3.5 MP, PL + 3.5 MP and PL + water, indicating that MP inhibited DIT following GT. DIT after GT + 15 MP (167.69 [141.56] kJ·3.5 h) and PL + 15 MP (168.99 [186.56] kJ·3.5 h) was significantly increased vs. PL + water (P < 0.001), but these were not different from each other indicating that 15 g MP stimulated DIT, but inhibited the GT effect on DIT. No significant differences in RQ were seen between conditions for baseline and post-treatment. In conclusion, consumption of milk-protein inhibits the effect of green tea on DIT.
Origin of XMRV and its Demise as a Human Pathogen Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Hohn Oliver , Bannert Norbert
Published: July 2011

Retroviruses are well known pathogens of mammals, birds and fish. Their potential to induce cancer in chickens was already described almost 100 years ago and murine retroviruses have been a subject of study for 50 years. The first human retroviruses, HTLV and HIV, were discovered more than 30 years ago, surprising researchers and physicians by the profound differences in the diseases they cause. HTLV-1 is able to induce, after decades of infection, lymphomas/leukemia or neuroimmune disorders whereas untreated HIV infection leads almost inevitably to AIDS. The recently described XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) appeared to possess many of the features known for HTLV and was regarded by some to be the third human retrovirus. However, recent publications by Knox et al. [1] and Paprotka et al. [2] have shed new light on this gammaretrovirus. Knox and colleagues clearly demonstrate that XMRV is absent in patients belonging to a chronic fatigue syndrome cohort who had previously been reported to be XMRV-positive [3]. This supports the growing suspicion that laboratory contamination was responsible for the postulated link between XMRV and the disease. Furthermore, Paprotka et al’s identification of XMRV’s origin and the phylogenetic analysis of known XMRV sequences are further nails in the coffin to the notion that XMRV is a clinically relevant infectious human retrovirus.
The effect of tibial tuberosity advancement and meniscal release on kinematics of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle during early, middle, and late stance
Authors: Syrcle J. A. , McLaughlin R. M. , Elder S. H. , Butler J. R.
Published: July 2011

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and meniscal release on cranial-caudal and axial rotational displacement during early, middle and late stance phases in the canine cranial cruciate ligament- (CCL) deficient stifle.

Study design: In vitro biomechanical study.

Methods: Eighteen pelvic limbs were evaluated for the effects of TTA on cranial-caudal displacement and axial rotation under a load equivalent to 30% bodyweight, and under the following treatment conditions: normal (intact CCL), CCL deficient, TTA-treated (CCL deficient + TTA), and meniscal release (TTA treated + meniscal release). The limbs were evaluated in the early, middle, and late stance phases using electromagnetic tracking sensors to determine cranial tibial displacement and tibial rotation relative to the femur.

Results: Transection of the CCL resulted in significant cranial tibial displacement during early, middle, and late stance (p < 0.0001) and significant internal rotation during early (p = 0.049) and middle stance (p = 0.0006). Performance of TTA successfully eliminated cranial tibial displacement in early, middle, and late stance (p <0.0001) however, the TTA was unsuccessful in normalizing axial rotation in middle stance (p = 0.030). Meniscal release had no effect on cranial-caudal or rotational displacement when performed in conjunction with the TTA.

Clinical significance: Tibial tuberosity advancement effectively eliminates cranial tibial displacement during early, middle and late stance however, TTA failed to provide rotational stability in mid-stance.
Evaluation of the transarticular external skeletal fixator for the treatment of tarsocrural instability in 32 cats
Authors: Grierson J. , Okushima S. , Cariou M. , House A. , Kulendra E.
Published: July 2011

The medical records of all cats with tarsocrural joint instability that were treated between June 2002 and December 2008 at the Royal Veterinary College were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 32 cats were identified. Information gathered included signalment, type of injury (subluxation or luxation), concurrent fractures, presence of soft tissue wounds, transarticular external skeletal fixation (TESF) type, configuration of TESF (number of pins proximal and distal to the joint), duration of hospitalisation, duration of TESF prior to removal, complications and cost. A significant association was identified between the length of hospitalisation and the presence of wounds. Similarly a significant association was present between wounds and final cost of treatment. Additionally, the authors found that a high number of implant related complications were present when only two pins were used proximal and distal to the tarsocrural joint, but this association was not significant.
Elbow arthrodesis following a pathological fracture in a dog with bilateral humeral bone cysts
Authors: Arnold G. A. , Choate C. J.
Published: July 2011

A 10-month-old Yorkshire Terrier was referred for evaluation of an intermittent right thoracic limb lameness that acutely progressed to non-weight-bearing. A diagnosis of bilateral bone cysts of the humeral condyles with a pathologic fracture of the lateral aspect of the right humeral condyle was given following radiographic and histopathologic examination. Bilateral pathology necessitated consideration of treatment modalities other than amputation of the limb, as previously reported. Arthrodesis of the right elbow using a 2.0 mm locking bone plate was performed. The dog did not experience any complications associated with the procedure or the contralateral bone cyst.
A novel high-yield synthesis of aminoacyl p-nitroanilines and aminoacyl 7-amino-4-methylcoumarins: Important synthons for the synthesis of chromogenic/fluorogenic protease substrates
Authors: Wu Xinghua , Chen Yu , Aloysius Herve , Hu Longqin
Published: July 2011

Aminoacyl p-nitroaniline (aminoacyl-pNA) and aminoacyl 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (aminoacyl-AMC) are important synthons for the synthesis of chromogenic/fluorogenic protease substrates. A new efficient method was developed to synthesize aminoacyl-pNA and aminoacyl-AMC derivatives in excellent yields starting from either amino acids or their corresponding commercially available N-hydroxysuccinimide esters. The method involved the in situ formation of selenocarboxylate intermediate of protected amino acids and the subsequent non-nucleophilic amidation with an azide. Common protecting groups used in amino acid/peptide chemistry were all well-tolerated. The method was also successfully applied to the synthesis of a dipeptide conjugate, indicating that the methodology is applicable to the synthesis of chromogenic substrates containing short peptides. The method has general applicability to the synthesis of chromogenic and fluorogenic peptide substrates and represents a convenient and high-yield synthesis of Nα-protected-aminoacyl-pNAs/AMCs, providing easy access to these important synthons for the construction of chromogenic/fluorogenic protease substrates through fragment condensation or stepwise elongation.
Identification and Structural Characterization of Novel Genetic Elements in the HIV-1 V3 Loop Regulating Coreceptor Usage
Authors:   on behalf of the OSCAR study group, Svicher Valentina , Alteri Claudia , Artese Anna , Zhang Jing Maria , Costa Giosuè , Mercurio Fabio , D'Arrigo Roberta , Alcaro Stefano , Palù Giorgio , Clementi Massimo , Zazzi Maurizio , Andreoni Massimo , Antinori Andrea , Lazzarin Adriano , Ceccherini-Silberstein Francesca , Perno Carlo Federico
Published: July 2011

Background

The interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and CCR5 N terminus is critical for R5-virus entry and affects CCR5 antagonists’ activity. Knowledge of how different genetic signatures of gp120 V3 domain effect the strength of this interaction is limited.

Methods

HIV-1 coreceptor usage was assessed in 251 patients using enhanced-sensitivity Trofile assay and V3 sequencing plus tropism prediction by Geno2pheno algorithm. Bayesian partitional model and recursive model selection have been used to define V3 genetic determinants correlated with different coreceptor usage. Gp120 interaction with CCR5 N terminus was evaluated by docking-analysis/molecular–dynamic simulations starting from the model described previously.

Results

Selected V3 genetic determinants (beyond known aminoacidic positions) significantly correlate with CCR5-or CXCR4-usage, and modulate gp120 affinity for CCR5 N terminus. This is the case for N5Y and N7K, absent in CCR5-using viruses and present in 4.5% and 6% of CXCR4-using viruses, respectively, and A19V, occurring in 2.6% of CCR5-using viruses and 22.0% of CXCR4-using viruses ( P=10-2 to 10-7). Their presence determines a decreased affinity for CCR5 N terminus even stronger than that observed in the presence of the well-known mutation S11R (N5Y: -6.60 Kcal/mol; N7K: -5.40 Kcal/mol; A19V: -5.60 Kcal/mol; S11R: -6.70 Kcal/mol; WT: -6.90 Kcal/mol). N7K significantly increases the distance between V3 position 7 and sulphotyrosine at CCR5 position 14 (crucial for binding to gp120; from 4.22 Å to 8.30 Å), thus abrogating the interaction between these two important residues.

Conclusions

Key determinants for tropism within the V3 sequence, confirmed by structure- and by phenotypictropism, have been identified. This information can be used for a finer tuning of potential efficacy of CCR5-antagonists in clinical practice, and to provide molecular implications for design of new entry inhibitors.
Ribavirin and Interferon Alter Mmp-9 Abundance In Vitro and in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Kennedy Alan , Hennessy Martina , Bergin Colm , Mulcahy Fiona , Hopkins Susan , Spiers J Paul
Published: July 2011

Background

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are central to tissue remodelling during HIV–HCV infection. Here, we assess the potential for antiviral therapy to modulate MMP abundance in THP-1 monocyte/macrophages and LX-2 hepatic stellate cells, and in a coinfected patient cohort.

Methods

THP-1 and LX-2 cells were treated with ribavirin (RBV)/interferon-α (IFN-α) and select HIV antivirals. Venous blood was reserved from HIV–HCV-coinfected patients, HIV- and HCV-monoinfected patients, and healthy controls, with the HIV–HCV cohort being sampled again at day 3 and 14 subsequent to the start of combination therapy with RBV/pegylated IFN-α. Samples were subjected to gelatin zymography, real-time RT-PCR and/or ELISA, where appropriate.

Results

RBV/IFN-α decreased MMP-9 activity, and increased MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in THP-1 cells, but not in LX-2 cells. Decreases in MMP-9 activity were mediated by IFN-α, which also attenuated RBV induction of MMP-9 activity and protein expression in THP-1 cells. Saquinavir and lopinavir, HIV protease inhibitors, reduced MMP-9 activity in THP-1 and LX-2 cells, respectively. Plasma MMP-9 activity and expression was higher in HIV–HCV and HIV patients compared with HCV patients and healthy controls. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were similar in all groups. RBV/pegylated IFN-α decreased plasma MMP-9 abundance in HIV–HCV patients.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that RBV/pegylated IFN-α reduce plasma MMP-9 abundance in vivo and may reduce its activity in vitro through immune cells, such as monocyte/macrophages, rather than hepatic stellate cells. The results of this study indicate that such therapy may mediate tissue remodelling associated with HIV–HCV coinfection through effects on MMP-9.
Ch(e) va : Schwa français en syllabe initiale
Authors: Geerts Twan
Published: July 2011

Cet article, partant d’une nouvelle définition du schwa en français, propose d’abord un aperçu des analyses existantes des alternances schwa/zéro en syllabe initiale de mot et de phrase. Ces données sont ensuite comparées à celles du corpus Phonologie du Français Contemporain (PFC) , plus particulièrement à celles des points d’enquête de Brécey, Brunoy, Dijon, Paris Centre et Treize-Vents. Parmi les différents facteurs évoqués par les analyses précédentes, ce n’est pas tant le statut morphologique que la possibilité de réaliser les consonnes avoisinantes qui détermine l’effacement du e muet. Par contre, l’effet de cette contrainte est difficilement perceptible à cause de la variation libre à laquelle est sujet le schwa dans cette position.
Que savons-nous de la liaison aujourd'hui ?
Authors: Durand Jacques , Laks Bernard , Calderone Basilio , Tchobanov Atanas
Published: July 2011

La thèse doctorale de Sanford Schane (1965) a lancé une longue tradition de travaux où la liaison est envisagée premièrement comme une question essentiellement phonologique, deuxièmement comme le résultat passif du non effacement de segments sous-jacents, troisièmement comme facilement explicable si on a recours aux outils théoriques pertinents (traits, frontières, règles ou contraintes, par exemple). Dans cet article, nous présentons une autre méthodologie pour étudier la liaison fondée sur le programme PFC (Phonologie du Français Contemporain : usages, variétés et structures) . Nous soutenons qu’une base empirique plus adéquate fournit une image différente de la liaison comme un phénomène multi-factoriel et multi-niveaux largement influencé par des effets de fréquence. Nous présentons un ensemble de résultats allant de l’enchaînement au rôle de l’âge, du niveau d’études, du sexe ou de la localisation géographique.
Precisiones a las menciones de origo con la fórmula domo + topónimo/gentilicio en la epigrafía romana de Hispania
Authors: González Fernández Rafael , Molina Gómez José Antonio
Published: July 2011

Los términos domus (con el que se designa la origo) y domicilium comparten estrechos rasgos, pero no significan lo mismo. La origo combina elementos tales como el origen, nacimiento, procedencia geográfica, familiar, de linaje y estirpe. El domicilium designa el lugar de residencia, al incola o habitante que ha emigrado a una comunidad, por contraposición al municeps, por lo tanto es un vínculo jurídico entre la ciudad y la persona que ha emigrado a ella. La mayor parte de los manuales de epigrafía identifican erróneamente origo con domicilium o no llegan siquiera a plantear la cuestión. Analizamos los ejemplos de la epigrafía hispánica en los que se introduce la mención de origen a través del término domus. Cuando aparece la secuencia domo + topónimo/gentilicio se entiende una mención de origo, nunca de domicilium y se debe traducir ‘natural de’, ‘originario’, y no ‘con domicilio en’.
Riqueza, impiedad y ὕβρις en el Contra Midias de Demóstenes
Authors: Sancho Rocher Laura
Published: July 2011

En el discurso Contra Midias, Demóstenes elabora el carácter de su acusado, construyéndolo sobre los vicios que, desde época arcaica, habían sido concebidos como propios del mayor enemigo interno de la comunidad: el tirano. La voluntad del demandante es convertir a Midias, no en su enemigo personal, sino en el de toda la ciudad, de los dioses y de las leyes. Por ello elige un procedimiento público a pesar de los riesgos que ello conlleva, y para ello lo acusa de delitos que resultan rechazables para la ética cívica y que pueden ser vistos como peligrosos para la polis: la ὕβρις, la σέβεια y una actitud impropia hacia las riquezas. El discurso además incluye lo que parece ser un ataque indiscriminado a los ricos por contrarios al poder del demos. Sin embargo, en una línea muy convencional, la de la defensa de los valores tradicionales comunitarios, Demóstenes ensalza la dedicación a lo común y denuesta el ocuparse de las cosas privadas, sirviéndose de principios de actuación más tradicionales que específicamente democráticos.
De la classification typologique des phrases relatives en latin classique
Authors: Pompei Anna
Published: July 2011

Las oraciones de relativo en latín clásico se han analizado muy poco desde un punto de vista tipológico. Este artículo aplica los parámetros tipológicos más relevantes al análisis de las oraciones de relativo que se encuentran en el de bello Gallico: (a) jerarquía de accesibilidad, (b) estrategias de relativización, (c) posición de la oración de relativo con respecto al núcleo nominal y a la oración matriz, (d) nivel de nominalización de la oración de relativo. Los datos muestran que el sujeto es la posición sintáctica más relativizada, aunque el pronombre relativo pueda relativizar cualquier posición. Los pronombres relativos son la única estrategia de relativización en latín clásico, junto con la denominada estrategia de no reducción. Por contra, todas las posibles posiciones de la oración de relativo con respecto al núcleo nominal y a la oración matriz se encuentran en el corpus, con el nivel de nominalización que está previsto por los estudios tipológicos. De otro lado, en latín clásico la estrategia de no reducción no se limita a las oraciones antepuestas y circumnominales —como establecería la tipología— sino que atañe también a las oraciones pospuestas y postnominales. En este caso, esta estrategia desempeña una función diferente según la oración de relativo sea restrictiva o apositiva.

[fr] Les phrases relatives du latin n’ont fait que très rarement l’objet d’une étude typologique. Cet article applique les paramètres typologiques les plus importants —(a) hiérarchies d’accessibilité, (b) stratégies de relativisation, (c) position de la phrase relative par rapport à sa tête nominale et à la phrase matrice, (d) degré de nominalisation de la relative— à l’analyse des phrases relatives qu’il y a dans le e bello Gallico. Les données montrent que le sujet est la position syntaxique la plus relativisée, même si le pronom relatif peut relativiser n’importe quelle position. En dehors du pronom relatif, en latin classique il n’y a que la stratégie de relativisation nommée de non-réduction, tandis que toutes les positions possibles de la relative par rapport à sa tête nominale et à la phrase matrice apparaissent en montrant le degré de nominalisation
prévu. En revanche, à la différence de ce qui serait attendu en général en typologie, en latin classique la stratégie de non-réduction n’est pas bornée aux relatives préposées ou circumnominales, mais on peut la trouver même dans les postnominales et les postposées. Dans ces cas, cette stratégie a un comportement différent selon la nature restrictive ou appositive de la phrase relative.
Inscripciones celtibéricas con fórmula de filiación onomástica expresa
Authors: Olcoz Yanguas Serafín , Medrano Marqués Manuel
Published: July 2011

Revisión paleográfica y posible nueva lectura de tres inscripciones que presentan expresiones de filiación: una tésera celtibérica de La Custodia (Viana), la estela de Langa de Duero (Soria, Castilla y León) y otra tésera que también podría haber sido hallada en Viana. Con esta revisión se completa el estudio de las inscripciones paleohispánicas con filiación expresa en su fórmula de onomástica celtibérica que, ahora, se extendería a una novena, al menos.
La nominación de los espectáculos romanos en la epigrafía provincial del Occidente latino
Authors: Ceballos Hornero Alberto , Ceballos Hornero David
Published: July 2011

Existen 279 espectáculos mencionados en 234 inscripciones latinas, de cronología altoimperial, que provienen de las provincias del Occidente romano, excluida Italia. El objetivo de este artículo es establecer qué fórmulas latinas se utilizan para nominar la edición de los diferentes espectáculos. Se organizaban principalmente cinco tipos de espectáculos: munus gladiatorum, uenatio, ludi scaenici, circenses y certamina pugilum.
El relato de mensajero en el Orestes de Eurípides
Authors: Encinas Reguero M. Carmen
Published: July 2011

Orestes incluye dos relatos de mensajero, cada uno de ellos situado en cada una de las dos partes en que se puede dividir la tragedia. Ambos son singulares frente a los habituales relatos de mensajero de la escena griega, porque se produce en ellos la unión de los rasgos convencionales con los propios de otros elementos trágicos (ag.n y monodia respectivamente), lo que repercute en ambos casos en la autoridad del discurso. Dado que las dos partes de Orestes representan respectivamente diferentes planos temporales y espaciales, las peculiaridades de los relatos de mensajero apuntan también, en mi opinión, a cuestiones de contenido en diferentes niveles (no sólo en el nivel literario, sino también en el histórico y político).
El motivo del lecho conyugal en la Alcestis Barcinonensis: dos notas de lectura
Authors: Moreno Soldevila Rosario
Published: July 2011

En este trabajo se estudia la centralidad del motivo amatorio del lecho conyugal en el poema anónimo Alcestis Barcinonensis, a la luz de lo cual se ofrecen dos nuevas interpretaciones de los versos 21-22 y 83-85. En el primer pasaje, beato … toro ha de interpretarse como una sutil alusión al amor conyugal, tema central del poema; en el segundo, uestigia alude a un conocido motivo literario relacionado con el lecho de amor y permite una interpretación más certera de la petición de fidelidad post mortem que hace Alcestis a su marido.
Ariosto, los Reyes Católicos y la Monarchia Christianorum carolina
Authors: Serés Guillermo
Published: July 2011

En la tercera redacción del Orlando furioso, Ariosto añade unos versos para dejar constancia de las buenas relaciones hispano-italianas. Es un texto de tipo providencialista en que se ensalza a Carlos V como sucesor de Augusto y autor de una especie de «pax Hispana», que vincula el viejo con el nuevo mundo. Lo interpreto a la luz de una exposición de Luis Vives sobre la Edad de Oro, a partir, a su vez, de un texto de Virgilio, y lo comparo con algunos historiadores del humanismo italiano, que no comparten aquel uniformismo que preside la mayor parte de crónicas españolas.
Eficacia política, ética y corrupción en el Gobierno de Guayaquil (1779-1790)
Authors: Molina Martínez Miguel
Published: July 2011

El gobierno de Ramón García de León y Pizarro en Guayaquil mereció los elogios de la Corona y más tarde de la investigación histórica. Sin embargo, algunos de sus actos podrían ser cuestionados por su dudosa ética y moralidad. Las amenazas, sobornos, medidas de presión, favoritismos, etc. formaron parte de su práctica política en beneficio propio y el de su clan. Este artículo analiza algunos de esos comportamientos irregulares en el contexto del debate sobre la corrupción de la burocracia colonial.
Hacia un nuevo clero en los Andes a finales del siglo XVIII: la ordenación A título de lengua en el Arzobispado de Lima
Authors: Lavallé Bernard
Published: July 2011

En el arzobispado de Lima, como en otros, a finales del siglo XVIII se nota un cambio sustancial en el reclutamiento del clero secular para las doctrinas. Se privilegia entonces a los lenguaraces, conocedores de la lengua indígena, pasando ese requisito por encima de los demás. Eso tuvo consecuencias notables sobre la preparacion pero también el origen social y étnico de esos sacerdotes, obligados a trabajar con estatuto fragilizado, sin posibilidad de promocion ni cambio de destino, desembocando todo eso en la aparicion de un verdadero bajo clero.
«Desamparo en que con la vida, se pierde el alma». Las controversias en torno a la obra pía del Abad Sidoti para la recogida de niños chinos abandonados (Filipinas, 1705-1740)
Authors: Manchado López Marta M.ª
Published: July 2011

El presente estudio se centra en la obra pía fundada en 1705 en Manila por el clérigo italiano Juan Bautista Sidoti, destinada al rescate de niños abandonados por sus padres en China. Se ha realizado a partir de documentación inédita procedente de los fondos del Archivo General de Indias. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido explicar el origen y características de dicha fundación, así como las vicisitudes que sufrió a lo largo de los años y que obstaculizaron su aplicación, iniciada en fechas ya tardías.
Depreciación de la plata, políticas públicas y desarrollo empresarial. Las pequeñas y medianas empresas mineras mexicanas de Pachuca y Real del Monte
Authors: Uribe Salas José Alfredo , Núñez Altamirano Rubén Darío
Published: July 2011

Se estudian las estrategias empresariales y la capacidad de las pequeñas y medianas empresas mineras que operaron en el Distrito de Real del Monte y Pachuca para obtener ventajas relativas tanto de la depreciación de la plata en los mercados internacionales como de las políticas públicas establecidas por los gobiernos mexicanos después de 1873 para paliar la caída del valor argentífero, en un contexto de monopolio minero-metalúrgico promovido por la Compañía de Minas Pachuca y Real del Monte. Se analiza cómo algunos pequeños y medianos empresarios locales dieron nuevos bríos a la actividad minera y cómo se vieron beneficiados con la situación internacional. Se concluye que fueron las pequeñas y medianas empresas las que sustentaron el desarrollo productivo y empresarial que caracterizó el auge minero en la región de estudio durante periodo porfirista en México.
Los reales de minas de la caja de Guadalajara durante el siglo XVIII: Circuitos comerciales y producción de plata
Authors: De León Meza C. René
Published: July 2011

Este artículo da a conocer la importancia económica que tuvo un conjunto de reales de minas que perteneció a la jurisdicción de la caja de Guadalajara. Es novedoso porque por primera vez son estudiados aquéllos que la historiografía local ha considerado erróneamente como «pequeños reales de minas». Estas explotaciones fueron el eje articulador de la economía en una vasta región que impulsó el desarrollo de la ganadería, agricultura y comercio. Vincula las fluctuaciones en la producción de plata con sucesos ocurridos en Europa.
Biotecnología en las pampas: ciencia y política en la Argentina de la última reinstauración democrática
Authors: Vallejo Gustavo
Published: July 2011

El trabajo indaga relaciones entabladas entre gestión científica y política en la Argentina durante las décadas del ‘80 y ‘90 del siglo XX, en torno a la creación de lo que debía ser el principal Instituto de biotecnología, el INTECH. A partir de ese hecho se interroga la mirada de la ciencia enunciada desde poder público para impulsar acciones como el retorno de investigadores expatriados, convocando a un Premio Nobel, o luego a una figura de amplia popularidad en los mass media. Dentro de esta problemática se sitúan coyunturas políticas y económicas de la última restauración democrática que plantearon precisas condiciones de posibilidad para el desarrollo de la ciencia en la Argentina.
Procesos de subalternización de la población indígena en Argentina: los ranqueles en La Pampa, 1870-1970
Authors: Salomón Tarquini Claudia
Published: July 2011

A partir de las campañas militares de 1878-1885, conocidas en Argentina como «Conquista del Desierto», las poblaciones indígenas ensayaron distintas estrategias para enfrentar las condiciones adversas y las políticas que pretendían su subalternización e invisibilización. Este trabajo explora las particularidades del proceso protagonizado por el grupo étnico ranquel en La Pampa (primero Territorio Nacional y luego provincia a partir de 1952) desde los últimos años de su autonomía y hasta la década de 1970. El estudio se basa en una triangulación de fuentes de diverso tipo que, reduciendo la escala de análisis, toma como ejemplo la trayectoria de las agrupaciones ligadas al cacique Ramón Cabral, El Platero.
La sociedad y la cultura andina contemporánea: estudio de los saberes para la salud y la enfermedad en los pueblos originarios del norte de Chile
Authors: Gavilán Vivian , Vigueras Patricia , Parra Michel , Madariaga Carlos , Morales Nicolás , Arratia Alejandra , Andrade Rosa
Published: July 2011

El estudio de los saberes para la salud y la enfermedad y de las prácticas médicas en la población de origen indígena plantea desafíos teóricos, sociales y políticos. Desde el punto de vista del análisis, la heterogeneidad cultural en la que se encuentra obliga a considerar los procesos de modernización, lo cual implica asumir una perspectiva histórica que no siempre consideran las investigaciones sobre la sociedad y cultura andina contemporánea. Este artículo pretende avanzar en este sentido. Planteamos que el peso de la escolaridad es gravitante en la diferenciación social y cultural y por lo tanto el nivel alcanzado incide en la comprensión de la naturaleza del cuerpo y su funcionamiento y en las prácticas para la salud. Los datos coinciden en gran parte con los informados por otros investigadores; a partir de estos, proponemos que es preciso ampliar el debate sobre la cuestión de la materialidad-inmaterialidad de las bases teóricas del pensamiento médico andino.
Intelligent Cardiac Monitoring System using Virtual Instrumentation Techniques
Authors: Purohit Rajesh , Sahu Shashank , Kant Sharva
Published: July 2011

This paper describes the design of a portable, cheap and easy to handle microcontroller-based heart monitoring system using a Atmega32 model-based microcontroller and GLCD. The project is capable of detecting and distinguishing the normal heart signal from an abnormal one. A circuit was designed to convert the sound signals from the heart into electrical signals. The signal so obtained was then processed and conditioned to get a Phonocardiogram (PCG). The design considerations of this project are influenced by its target users. Its major application lies with medical practitioners in remote areas and army units in warzones where technical help is usually difficult. This project will facilitate a PCG read in such areas resulting in preventive timely measures being taken. This paper also gives solution to display the graphs and results on a GLCD which would further enhance the portability of this system.
Production and Use of Lipases in Bioenergy: A Review from the Feedstocks to Biodiesel Production
Authors: Ribeiro Bernardo Dias , Castro Aline Machado de , Coelho Maria Alice Zarur , Freire Denise Maria Guimarães
Published: July 2011

Lipases represent one
of the most reported groups of enzymes for the
production of biofuels. They are used for the
processing of glycerides and fatty acids for
biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) production.
This paper presents the main topics of the
enzyme-based production of biodiesel, from the
feedstocks to the production of enzymes and
their application in esterification and
transesterification reactions. Growing
technologies, such as the use of whole cells as
catalysts, are addressed, and as concluding
remarks, the advantages, concerns, and future
prospects of enzymatic biodiesel are
presented.
The development of an instrument to measure women’s experience of an aerobic dance class
Authors: Patel Cynthia J. , Kasiram Madhubala I.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to pilot an instrument to measure women’s experience in an aerobic dance class with regard to their descriptions of the general atmosphere, the music, the dance moves and routines, and the instructor. In addition, the participants were asked to rate a list of exercise benefits in order of personal importance. A sample of 27 women, ranging in age from 25 to 60 years participated in this pilot study. The women responded with positive endorsements for all aspects of the overall dance experience, but their most affirming descriptions revolved around the instructor. There was an almost unanimous agreement amongst the participants about the importance of the instructor’s role in their experience of the class. Their responses to the open‐ended questions supported these sentiments. The mental and physical benefits were rated as important for most of the women whilst a much lower percentage rated the social benefit as important. Two items in the semantic differential posed problems but the instrument showed promise in eliciting key aspects of women’s experience in an aerobics dance class.OpsommingDie doel van die studie was om ‘n instrument daar te stel wat die ervaring van vroue in ‘n fiksheidsdans‐klas meet: hulle ervaring ten opsigte van die algemene atmosfeer en die musiek, asook hulle opinie oor die dans‐roetines en ‐bewegings en die instrukteur. Die deelnemers is ook gevra om ‘n lys te maak van die voordele van oefening met verwysing na hulleself. ‘n Steekproef van 27 vroue tussen die ouderdomme van 25 tot 60 jaar is in hierdie loodsstudie gebruik. Die vroue het positief gereageer op alle aspekte van die algehele dansondervinding, maar hul mees positiewe ervaring was gesentreer om die instrukteur. Verder was hulle opinie rakende die belangrikheid van die instrukteur se rol in hul ondervinding van die klas byna dieselfde. Hulle antwoorde op die oop‐einde vrae het hierdie sentimente ondersteun. Die psigiese en fisiese voordele is as die belangrikste deur die meeste vroue aangedui, terwyl ‘n veel laer persentasie die sosiale voordeel as belangrik beskou het. Afgesien van twee problematiese items in die semantiese differensiasie, het die instrument belofte getoon om sleutelaspekte van vroue se persepsies van ‘n fiksheidsdansklas te identifiseer.
Christianity and globalisation: An alternative ethical response
Authors: Müller Retief
Published: July 2011

This article critically evaluated the role of Christian Ethics in response to globalisation. It showed that ethical critiques of globalisation inevitably fall short when Christianity’s historical contributions to processes of globalisation are neglected or de-emphasised. A Christian Ethics that attempts completely to wash its hands of and disavow globalisation is therefore indicated to be perched on a false premise. In this regard, the author specifically discussed the divergent stances of Max Stackhouse and Rebecca Todd Peters and opted for the former as the more helpful when considered from an interdisciplinary approach. In the final analysis, the author argued that the problem of globalisation might fruitfully be addressed with an ethics that is not averse to bring the various insights of missiology, church history and practical theology to the table, focusing particularly on rituals of reconciliation and forgiveness.
Clinically Relevant Imaging in Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Radhakrishnan Rupa , Verma Sadhna
Published: July 2011

Tuberous sclerosis (TS), also known as Bourneville disease or Bourneville–Pringle disease, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder classically characterized by the presence of hamartomatous growths in multiple organs. TS and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are different terms for the same genetic condition. Both terms describe clinical changes due to mutations involving either of the two genes named TSC1 and TSC2, which regulate cell growth. The diagnosis of TSC is established using diagnostic criteria based on clinical and imaging findings. Routine screening and surveillance of patients with TSC is needed to determine the presence and extent of organ involvement, especially the brain, kidneys, and lungs, and identify the development of associated complications. As the treatment is organ specific, imaging plays a crucial role in the management of patients with TSC.
Management Options in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Minami Christina A. , Chung Debra U. , Chang Helena R.
Published: July 2011

Notorious for its poor prognosis and aggressive nature, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease entity. The nature of its biological specificity, which is similar to basal-like cancers, tumors arising in BRCA1 mutation carriers, and claudin-low cancers, is currently being explored in hopes of finding the targets for novel biologics and chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we aim to give a broad overview of the disease's nomenclature and epidemiology, as well as the basic mechanisms of emerging targeted therapies and their performance in clinical trials to date.
Deployment and operation of a transportable burn intensive care unit in response to a burn multiple casualty incident
Authors: Barillo, MD, FACS COL David J. , Cancio, MD, FACS COL Leopoldo C. , Stack, MD, FACS COL Richard S. , Carr, MD LCDR Shamus R. , Broger, RN, MHA, CCRN CPT Kristine P. , Crews, LVN SSG David M. , Renz, MD, FACS LTC Evan M. , Blackbourne, MD, FACS COL Lorne H.
Published: July 2011

In many hospitals, intensive care units (ICUs) operate at or above capacity on a daily basis. Multiplecasualty incidents will create a sudden need for additional ICU beds and hospital planning for disaster response must anticipate the need for rapid ICU expansion.In this article, the authors describe the management of 6 patients who were burned in Guam and successfully transported a distance of 7,268 miles to San Antonio, TX, for tertiary burn center care. The mission required creation of a temporary burn ICU at Tripler Army Medical Center in Hawaii, approximately midway between the referring hospital and the receiving burn center. A method of creating a temporary burn center is described. Lessons learned, including the need to standardize equipment, and to cross-train and cross-credential medical personnel, are applicable to both military and civilian mass casualty management.
Quality control in disaster medicine training—Initial regional medical command and control as an example
Authors: Nilsson, RN Heléne , Vikström, MD, PhD Tore , Rüter, MD, PhD Anders
Published: July 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to show the possibility to identify what decisions in the initial regional medical command and control (IRMCC) that have to be improved.Design: This was a prospective, observational study conducted during nine similar educational programs for regional and hospital medical command and control in major incidents and disasters. Eighteen management groups were evaluated during 18 standardized simulation exercises.Main Outcome Measure: More detailed and quantitative evaluation methods for systematic evaluation within disaster medicine have been asked for. The hypothesis was that measurable performance indicators can create comparable results and identify weak and strong areas of performance in disaster management education and training.Methods: Evaluation of each exercise was made with a set of 11 measurable performance indicators for IRMCC. The results of each indicator were scored 0, 1, or 2 according to the performance of each management group.Results: The average of the total score for IRMCC was 14.05 of 22. The two best scored performance indicators, No 1 “declaring major incident” and No 2 “deciding on level of preparedness for staff,” differed significantly from the two lowest scoring performance indicators, No 7 “first information to media” and No 8 “formulate general guidelines for response.”Conclusion: The study demonstrated that decisions such as “formulating guidelines for response” and “first information to media” were areas in initial medical command and control that need to be improved. This method can serve as a quality control tool in disaster management education programs.
Chemically contaminated casualties: Different problems and possible solutions
Authors: Scanlon, BJ, DPA, MA Joseph
Published: July 2011

The initial response to mass casualty incidents is usually informal as uninjured and injured survivors and passersby assist the injured and take them to medical centers. This creates some problems, for example, most victims go to one or two hospitals and the least injured arrive first; but, on the whole, it works. However, the same response does not work when victims are contaminated, and some of the solutions that work when victims are only injured do not work when victims are contaminated. This article suggests an approach that accepts the reality of what happens—the first receiving hospital becomes contaminated—and suggests how planning can begin with that as a starting point. It stressed that current plans are based on false assumptions and that this can lead to inadequate preparation.
Federal and state public health authority and mandatory vaccination: Is Jacobson v Massachusetts still valid?
Authors: Marshall Jr, MS, MD, JD, LLM Lewis W. , Marshall, EdD, APN Brenda L. , Valladares, MD, MBA Glenn
Published: July 2011

Novel H1N1 influenza virus infected more than 43,000 people, killed 353 and spread to more than 122 countries within a few months. The World Health Organization declared a stage 6 worldwide pandemic. Healthcare workers and hospitals prepared for the worst. Federal and State regulations provided the legal framework to allow for the preparation and planning for a pandemic. One State had mandated both seasonal and Novel H1N1 vaccination of all healthcare workers in an effort to reduce transmission of influenza in healthcare facilities.The US Supreme Court decided in 1905 that the police power of the State permitted a State Department of Health the leeway to mandate vaccination in the face of a contagious disease. Law suits were filed, and a temporary injunction barring mandatory vaccination was entered by the court.While awaiting a court hearing, the mandatory vaccination regulation was rescinded because of the shortage of both seasonal and H1N1 vaccine. Based on the current state of the pandemic and the shortage of vaccination, it is possible that the US Supreme Court would uphold mandatory vaccination in a pandemic.
Utilizing paramedics for in-patient critical care surge capacity
Authors: Reilly, DrPH(c), MPH, NREMT-P Michael J. , Markenson, MD, EMT-P David
Published: July 2011

Introduction: While many hospitals have developed preliminary emergency department and in-patient surge plans, the ability to surge is often limited by critical resources.The resource which is often the most limited is usually the human resource and within this category the limiting factor is almost universally nursing. As a result, nursing shortages can result in an inability of a hospital or emergency department to create surge capacity to deal with large numbers of ill or injured patients. Utilizing paramedics in acute-care hospitals or at alternate care sites could serve as expansion staff to supplement existing nursing staff, allowing fewer nurses to care for a larger numbers of patients during a disaster, act of terrorism, or public health emergency.While the procedures performed for nursing do vary from hospital to hospital, there are national certifications for both emergency nursing (CEN®) and critical care nursing (CCRN®) that can be used to establish a standard for comparison.Methods: A detailed review and curriculum mapping of the specific educational objectives and competencies of the US Department of Transportation National Standard Curriculum for the Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic as well as the competencies and criteria for board certification as a Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) and Critical Care Registered Nurse (CCRN) was performed.Results: Approximately 90 percent of the CEN and CCRN knowledge skills and competencies are met or exceeded by the National Standard Paramedic Curriculum.Conclusions: With appropriate training and orientation, paramedics may be used in an in-patient setting to augment emergency and critical care nursing staff during a disaster, act of terrorism, or public health emergency.
O2C3: A unified model for emergency operations planning
Authors: Keim, MD Mark E.
Published: July 2011

The leadership in each jurisdiction of the world has been described as legally, morally, and politically responsible for ensuring that necessary and appropriate actions are taken to protect people and property from the consequences of emergencies and disasters. As emergencies often evolve rapidly and become too complex for effective improvisation, a government can successfully discharge its emergency management responsibilities only by taking action beforehand. This requires preparedness in advance of the disaster event. Accordingly, preparedness measures should not be improvised or handled on an ad hoc basis.