Total cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA levels correlate with vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels, tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Yuan Ang , Yu Chong‐Jen , Shun Chia‐Tung , Luh Kwen‐Tay , Kuo Sow‐Hsong , Lee Yung‐Chie , Yang Pan‐Chyr 
Published: February 2005

Interaction between cancer cells and adjacent stromal cells is important to promote tumor development. Our aim was to study total COX‐2 mRNA expression in both cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells and its association with angiogenic factor VEGF mRNA expression, tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in patients with NSCLC. COX‐2 mRNA expression in both cancer cells and stromal tissue was analyzed using real‐time quantitative (RTQ) RT‐PCR in 60 NSCLC surgical specimens. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to localize COX‐2 protein in tumor specimens. Correlations between tumoral total COX‐2 mRNA expression and VEGF mRNA expression (measured by RTQ RT‐PCR), intratumoral microvessel counts (evaluated by IHC), other clinicopathologic variables, survival and relapse were tested. COX‐2 protein expression was found in cancer as well as the surrounding stromal cells (including infiltrating inflammatory cells and endothelial cells of tumor‐associated microvessels). VEGF protein expression was mainly located in cancer cells. There was a significant association between high tumoral total COX‐2 mRNA expression and high VEGF mRNA expression (p = 0.01) or high intratumoral MVC (p < 0.001) but not other clinicopathologic variables, including tumor status and lymph node metastasis. Patients with higher tumoral total COX‐2 mRNA expression had a statistically shorter survival time (median 15.0 ± 2.61 months) and relapse time (median 5.0 ± 1.37 months) than those with lower tumoral total COX‐2 mRNA expression (median 40.0 ± 3.12 and 34.0 ± 3.11 months; p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively, log‐rank test). A significant difference in survival and relapse time was also seen between patients with high and low tumoral VEGF mRNA expression and between those with high and low intratumoral MVC (p = 0.0046 and p = 0.0038, respectively). After stratification by disease stage or histologic subtype, the prognostic significance of high total COX‐2 mRNA expression was still apparent in both stage I and stage II–IV and in both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (p ≤ 0.01 for all). Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model with backward elimination showed that tumoral total COX‐2 mRNA expression and lymph node status were the 2 most important independent prognostic predictors for survival and disease relapse. We report that total COX‐2 mRNA expression in cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells correlates strongly and positively with VEGF mRNA expression, intratumoral MVC and adverse prognosis in NSCLC patients. This implies that COX‐2 expression in both cancer cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in upregulating the expression of the angiogenic factor VEGF and tumor angiogenesis in NSCLC and explains, in part, the adverse prognostic effect of COX‐2 overexpression in patients with NSCLC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.