bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathologists' Computer-Assisted Diagnosis: A Mock-up of a Prototype Information System to Facilitate Automation of Pathology Sign-out
Authors: Farahani Navid , Liu Zheng , Jutt Dylan , Fine Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2017

Context.—

Pathologists' computer-assisted diagnosis (pCAD) is a proposed framework for alleviating challenges through the automation of their routine sign-out work. Currently, hypothetical pCAD is based on a triad of advanced image analysis, deep integration with heterogeneous information systems, and a concrete understanding of traditional pathology workflow. Prototyping is an established method for designing complex new computer systems such as pCAD.

Objective.—

To describe, in detail, a prototype of pCAD for the sign-out of a breast cancer specimen.

Design.—

Deidentified glass slides and data from breast cancer specimens were used. Slides were digitized into whole-slide images with an Aperio ScanScope XT, and screen captures were created by using vendor-provided software. The advanced workflow prototype was constructed by using PowerPoint software.

Results.—

We modeled an interactive, computer-assisted workflow: pCAD previews whole-slide images in the context of integrated, disparate data and predefined diagnostic tasks and subtasks. Relevant regions of interest (ROIs) would be automatically identified and triaged by the computer. A pathologist's sign-out work would consist of an interactive review of important ROIs, driven by required diagnostic tasks. The interactive session would generate a pathology report automatically.

Conclusions.—

Using animations and real ROIs, the pCAD prototype demonstrates the hypothetical sign-out in a stepwise fashion, illustrating various interactions and explaining how steps can be automated. The file is publicly available and should be widely compatible. This mock-up is intended to spur discussion and to help usher in the next era of digitization for pathologists by providing desperately needed and long-awaited automation.
A produção, difusão e recepção de conteúdos telejornalísticos na era da convergência digital
Authors: Canelas Carlos , Ferraz de Abreu Jorge , Godinho Jacinto
Published: July 2017

Neste artigo, tendo por base uma revisão bibliográfica, são expostas algumas apreciações acerca da produção, difusão e receção de conteúdos informativos televisivos na era da convergência digital.
O rosto do sofrimento na TV
Authors: Lage Leandro Rodrigues
Published: July 2017

Neste artigo, investigamos a exposição dos rostos de pessoas comuns na televisão a partir de implicações estéticas e políticas relativas à inscrição do testemunho de sujeitos sofredores em narrativas televisivas. Partimos do reconhecimento das imagens televisivas em primeiro plano como formas expressivas capazes de produzir intimidade com o sujeito que sofre diante da câmera. Em seguida, à luz da chamada política da piedade, tomamos o primeiro plano como estratégia orientada pela instrumentalização do sofrimento alheio. Problematizamos, então, a coincidência entre a aparição dos rostos dos personagens e a tomada de sua palavra. Ao final, examinamos o vis-à-vis televisivo em sua propriedade de colocar os espectadores diante da singularidade e da ordinariedade de sujeitos sofredores. Como lugar de problematização, analisamos os programas A Liga (Rede Bandeirantes) e A verdade de cada um (National Geographic).
Inovação em Software as a Service: funcionalidades em ferramentas de monitoramento de mídias sociais
Authors: Silva Tarcizio
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo busca descrever o lançamento de inovação incremental em softwares de monitoramento de mídias sociais. A tática, típica de produtos SaaS (software as a service) vai ao encontro do conceito de beta perpétuo, característico das mídias sociais e web 2.0.  Como estudo de caso, trazemos a referência ao lançamento de módulos de análise de redes baseadas em grafos em 4 fornecedoras de serviço: Sysomos, Pulsar, Digimind, V-Tracker.
Natural Language Processing–Assessed Unmet Medical and Social Needs in Cancer Crowdfunding Stories
Authors: Zheng Zhiyuan , Yu Shaojun , Islami Farhad , Banegas Matthew P. , Zhao Jingxuan , Zhang Jing , Chino Fumiko , Yabroff K. Robin
Published: October 2024

This cross-sectional study uses a large natural language processing model to examine unmet medical and social needs based on cancer-related fundraising stories in the US.
Annual variation in recruitment rates for the sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in eastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Uno Hiroyuki , Iijima Hayato
Published: October 2024

To understand wildlife population dynamics, it is crucial to determine the factors influencing annual variations in recruitment rates. Over a 12‐year period (1995–2007), we conducted herd count surveys in Akan‐Mashu National Park, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, to investigate the recruitment rate of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) population. The observed trend revealed a decline in fawn‐female ratio (number of fawns per 100 females) from January to April each year. Furthermore, there was significant annual variation in recruitment rates (fawn‐female ratio in April). We analyzed the effects of relative density of sika deer, snow water equivalent (SWE), wind speed (WIND), and survey date on the number of females with or without a fawn using generalized linear mixed models. The selected model, including SWE, WIND, and survey date, highlighted SWE and WIND as strong determinants of recruitment rate. Conversely, the relative density index had no influence on recruitment rate. We hypothesize that the reduced availability of food resources and winter weather severity, due to snow cover and wind chill, led to fawn malnutrition and increased winter mortality.
Hyperparameter selection for dataset‐constrained semantic segmentation: Practical machine learning optimization
Authors: Boyd Chris , Brown Gregory C. , Kleinig Timothy J. , Mayer Wolfgang , Dawson Joseph , Jenkinson Mark , Bezak Eva
Published: October 2024

Purpose/aim

This paper provides a pedagogical example for systematic machine learning optimization in small dataset image segmentation, emphasizing hyperparameter selections. A simple process is presented for medical physicists to examine hyperparameter optimization. This is also applied to a case‐study, demonstrating the benefit of the method.

Materials and methods

An unrestricted public Computed Tomography (CT) dataset, with binary organ segmentation, was used to develop a multiclass segmentation model. To start the optimization process, a preliminary manual search of hyperparameters was conducted and from there a grid search identified the most influential result metrics. A total of 658 different models were trained in 2100 h, using 13 160 effective patients. The quantity of results was analyzed using random forest regression, identifying relative hyperparameter impact.

Results

Metric implied segmentation quality (accuracy 96.8%, precision 95.1%) and visual inspection were found to be mismatched. In this work batch normalization was most important, but performance varied with hyperparameters and metrics selected. Targeted grid‐search optimization and random forest analysis of relative hyperparameter importance, was an easily implementable sensitivity analysis approach.

Conclusion

The proposed optimization method gives a systematic and quantitative approach to something intuitively understood, that hyperparameters change model performance. Even just grid search optimization with random forest analysis presented here can be informative within hardware and data quality/availability limitations, adding confidence to model validity and minimize decision‐making risks. By providing a guided methodology, this work helps medical physicists to improve their model optimization, irrespective of specific challenges posed by datasets and model design.
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based Fuzzy PID Controller Design for Speed Tracking Control of Separately Excited DC Motor
Authors: Wubu Dessale Akele , Salau Ayodeji Olalekan , Alitasb Girma Kassa
Published: October 2024

Fuzzy logic control is the most common method utilized to tune proportional integral derivative (PID) controller parameters online. However, proportional integral derivative controllers often perform poorly in the control of nonlinear and/or complicated systems, such as direct current motors, where the model parameters are not exactly known if the scaling factors are not properly selected besides the membership function and rule sets in a fuzzy logic controller design. Finding the most suitable scaling factors for complex systems where the model parameters are not exactly known or nonlinear systems is a challenging task. Furthermore, traditional trial and error techniques of determining appropriate scaling factors are experience based, time consuming, and may not always provide optimal response. In this paper, a particle swarm optimization algorithm is suggested for optimizing the input and output gains of the fuzzy PID controller. The robustness and effectiveness of the suggested controller was validated using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the suggested controller is compared with the Ziegler Nichols and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm tuned PIDs, and fuzzy PID controllers. The simulation result show that the fuzzy PID controller whose scaling factor was tuned using particle swarm optimization outperforms the other controllers in avoiding disturbance and has a better trajectory tracking capability.
Atomically Dispersed Fe‐N4 Bridged with MoOx Clusters as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zn‐Air Battery
Authors: Yang Jie , Wang Yuyang , Zhao Xuqian , Kang Jianghao , Zhou Xiaojie , Ma Lixia , Yang Yingguo , Jiang Ruibin
Published: October 2024

Bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts with low cost, high activity, and long‐term durability are highly desired for rechargeable zinc‐air batteries (RZABs). However, the design of such catalysts is a significant challenge. Herein, a new bifunctional electrocatalyst composed of atomically dispersed Fe‐N4 sites bridged with MoOx clusters (FeN4/MoOx) on carbon black substrate is designed for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involved in liquid and flexible RZABs. The FeN4/MoOx is prepared by pyrolyzing hematin porcine adsorbed on carbon black, followed by hydrothermal growth of MoOx. In the FeN4/MoOx catalyst, the Fe atoms are atomically dispersed and penta‐coordinated with four pyrrolic N atoms and one O atom of MoOx clusters. Such a structure produces strong electronic interactions between the Fe and Mo atoms. The FeN4/MoOx electrocatalyst exhibits excellent ORR and OER activities, with an ORR half‐wave potential of 0.902 V, an OER overpotential of 337 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and an ultrasmall potential gap of 0.665 V. Liquid and flexible RZABs based on the FeN4/MoOx catalyst show a high energy and power density, as well as excellent cycling stability and rechargeability. This work introduces a novel type of bifunctional catalysts consisting of connected single atoms and clusters for energy storage devices and wearable electronics.
Supramolecular Porphyrin Photosensitizers Based on Host−Guest Recognition for In Situ Bacteria‐Responsive Near‐Infrared Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wu Dan , Du Xianlong , Xue Qiangqiang , Zhou Jie , Ping Kunmin , Cao Yibin , Liu Shuang , Zhu Qing
Published: October 2024

Antibiotic resistance resulting from the overuse of antibiotics sets a high challenge for brutal antimicrobial treatment. Although photothermal therapy (PTT) overcomes the awkward situation of antibiotic resistance, it usually mistakenly kills the beneficial bacteria strains when eliminating pernicious bacteria. Specifically recognizing and damaging the target pathogens is urgently required for PTT‐mediated sterilization strategy. Based on the host–guest recognition between cucurbit[10]uril (CB[10]) and porphyrins, two water‐soluble supramolecular porphyrins are designed and implement selective bactericidal effect via in situ bacteria‐responsive near‐infrared (NIR) PTT. With the help of CB[10], the π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions of porphyrins are efficiently inhibited, thus contributing to a good photostability and a high photothermal conversion efficiency. Attributing to the matching reduction potential between facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and porphyrins, they are selectively in situ reduced into supramolecular phlorin and supramolecular chlorin by E. coli, successfully achieving a selective sterilization against E. coli. In vivo, the in situ bacteria‐responsive NIR PTT systems also promote the quick recovery of E. coli‐infected abscesses and trauma on mice without inducing obvious systemic toxicity, providing a new alternative to the current antibiotics and helping relieve the global public health crisis of abusive antibiotics.
Tailoring Ultra‐Narrowband Tetraborylated Multiple Resonance Emitter for High‐Performance Blue OLED
Authors: Yuan Wenbo , Jin Qian , Du Mingxu , Duan Lian , Zhang Yuewei
Published: October 2024

Ultra‐narrowband multiple resonance (MR) emitters are a key component in the fabrication of highly efficient and stable blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). To explore the theoretical boundaries of wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM) in blue emitters, the currently narrowest boron‐based MR emitter is carefully designed by integrating the superior v‐DABNA and BBCz‐DB structures under the auspices of the ingenious short‐range charge‐transfer region regulation strategy. The target tetraboron compound TB‐PB demonstrates a blue emission with an emission maximum of 473 nm, a small FWHM of 12 nm and a CIEy coordinate of 0.14. Benefiting from the emitter's high photoluminescence quantum yield (99%), low excited‐state energy (2.74 eV) and short delayed fluorescence lifetime (0.53 µs), the corresponding OLED achieves exceptional efficiencies of 36.4%, 49.1 cd A−1, and 51.4 lm W−1 with a record‐high luminescence of 9.0 × 105 cd m−2, an ultra‐narrow FWHM of 15 nm and a CIEy coordinate of 0.20. These breakthroughs will accelerate the development of next‐generation blue emitters and lead to the advancement of OLED technology.
Domain Dynamics Response to Polarization Switching in Relaxor Ferroelectrics
Authors: Li Yang , Lin Wei , Wang Cong , Zhang Shumin , He Yunfei , Gao Weibo , Zhao Shifeng
Published: October 2024

Nanoscale polar regions, or nanodomains (NDs), are crucial for understanding the domain structure and high susceptibility of relaxors. However, unveiling the evolution and function of NDs during polarization switching at the microscopic level is of great challenge. The experimental in situ characterization of NDs under electric‐field perturbations, and computational accurate prediction of the dipole switching within a sufficiently large supercell, are notoriously tricky and tedious. These difficulties hinder a full understanding of the link between micro domain dynamics and macro polarization switching. Herein, the real‐time evolution of NDs at the nanoscale is observed and visualized during polarization switching in an exemplary relaxor system of Bi5‐xLaxMg0.5Ti3.5O15. Two fundamentally different domain switching pathways and dynamic characteristics are revealed: one steep, bipolar‐like switching between two degenerate polarization states; and another flat, multi‐step switching process with a thermodynamically stable non‐polar mesophase mediating the degenerate polarization states. The two are determined by the distinct Landau energy landscapes that are strongly dependent on the intrinsic domain configurations and interdomain interactions. This work bridges the gap between micro domain dynamics and macro polarization switching, providing a guiding principle for the strategic design and optimization of relaxors.
Deconvoluting Effects of Lithium Morphology and SEI Stability at Moderate Current Density Using Interface Engineering
Authors: Shuchi Sanzeeda Baig , Oyakhire Solomon T. , Zhang Wenbo , Sayavong Philaphon , Ye Yusheng , Chen Yuelang , Yu Zhiao , Cui Yi , Bent Stacey F.
Published: October 2024

Lithium (Li)‐morphology and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are among the most significant performance regulators in Li‐metal batteries (LMBs). While both Li‐morphology and SEI composition play key roles in the cyclability of LMBs, less is understood about the individual contributions of each factor to overall Li reversibility, particularly at a practical current density (1 mA cm−2) at which the kinetics of both factors are not naturally separated. Herein, an interface engineering approach is introduced to deconvolute the impacts of Li‐morphology and SEI composition on battery performance. By using interfacial nanofilms with differing resistivity (resistive HfO2 versus conductive ZnO), the morphology of Li is varied, and by virtue of similar acidic character of the nanofilms, the formation of anion‐rich SEIs is maintained. It is established that although the surface acidity of the thin films enables preformation of a more anion‐rich SEI, it is not preserved after Li plating. It is further shown that resistance‐controlled, low‐surface‐area Li‐morphology exhibits up to threefold increase in stable cycle life when tested in multiple electrolytes. Overall, these findings explain why Li‐morphological control is more advantageous for performance improvement than preformed SEI modulation due to the inherent challenges in SEI preservation.
Diaryliodonium Salt‐Mediated Radical Transformation of Indoles with Alcohols for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Bis(indolyl)methanes
Authors: Wang Hongzhen , Jiang Haohao , Lin Shuizhen , Zhang Shuoshuo , Huang Xiaolei
Published: October 2024

A method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs) using simple indoles and readily available alcohols as the coupling partners under both heat and 390–400 nm light conditions was developed. Detailed research of the mechanism demonstrated that the diaryliodonium salt‐mediated transformation undergoes a nucleophilic hydroxymethyl radical formation process. Moreover, the diaryliodonium salt‐mediated method is also applicable for synthesizing symmetrical BIMs.
Targeting KIFC1 Promotes Senescence in Soft Tissue Sarcoma via FXR1‐Dependent Regulation of MAD2L1 mRNA Stability
Authors: Lu Xiu‐Xia , Que Yi , Yang Jing , Le Li‐Yuan , Cai Qi‐Yan , Xu Bu‐Shu , Hong Dong‐Chun , Liang Yao , Zhang Xing
Published: October 2024

Patients diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) often present at intermediate to advanced stages, with inherently limited therapeutic options available. There is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this study, by screening STS data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, KIFC1 is identified as a potential biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for STS. Notably, a significant increase in KIFC1 levels, which exhibited a strong correlation with a poor prognosis in STS patients is observed. The findings revealed that knockout of KIFC1 suppressed STS growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, KIFC1 is found to regulate cellular senescence in STS, which has not been reported before. that targeting KIFC1 induced cellular senescence via interacting with FXR1, an RNA‐binding protein is discovered, thereby further stabilizing MAD2L1 mRNA in an m6A‐dependent manner. Additionally, the suppression of KIFC1 markedly diminished the growth of patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) and triggered senescence. This study provides the first evidence that KIFC1 inhibition induces cellular senescence through MAD2L1, underscoring KIFC1 as a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for STS.
Insights into the Biological Activity and Bio‐Interaction Properties of Nanoscale Imine‐Based 2D and 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Ye Hao , Franco Carlos , Aboouf Mostafa A. , Thiersch Markus , Sevim Semih , Llacer‐Wintle Joaquin , Veciana Andrea , Llauradó‐Capdevila Gemma , Wang Kaiyuan , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Tang Qiao , Matheu Roc , Wendel‐Garcia Pedro D. , Sánchez‐Murcia Pedro A. , Nelson Bradley J. , Luo Cong , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Pané Salvador
Published: October 2024

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) emerged as versatile materials with promising potential in  biomedicine. Their customizable functionalities and tunable pore structures make them valuable for various biomedical applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, antimicrobial activity, and targeted drug delivery. Despite efforts made to create nanoscale COFs (nCOFs) to enhance their interaction with biological systems, a comprehensive understanding of their inherent biological activities remains a significant challenge. In this study, a thorough investigation is conducted into the biocompatibility and anti‐neoplastic properties of two distinct imine‐based nCOFs. The approach involved an in‐depth analysis of these nCOFs through in vitro experiments with various cell types and in vivo assessments using murine models. These findings revealed significant cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Moreover, the activation of multiple cellular death pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis is determined, supported by evidence at the molecular level. In vivo evaluations exhibited marked inhibition of tumor growth, associated with the elevated spontaneous accumulation of nCOFs in tumor tissues and the modulation of cell death‐related protein expression. The research contributes to developing a roadmap for the characterization of the intricate interactions between nCOFs and biological systems and opens new avenues for exploiting their therapeutic potential in advanced biomedical applications.
Combination of AMMI, GGE biplot, stability parameters, and physiological traits in promising barley genotypes under water‐deficit condition
Authors: Saidi Abbas , Barati Ali , Ghazvini Habibollah , Hajibarat Zohreh
Published: October 2024

Successful improvement of stable genotypes is dependent on the interaction of genotype with environment, which has a great influence on breeding new barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties. The main objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of drought tolerance indices for the selection of drought‐tolerant barley genotypes, (2) identify stable high‐yielding genotypes in variable environments, and (3) survey physiological traits of five contrasting genotypes under water deficit. In this experiment, 18 spring barley genotypes were evaluated under two moisture regimes (normal and deficit irrigations) for 2 years during the crop periods of 2022–2023 in Varamin Agriculture Experimental Station. In order to identify drought‐tolerant barley genotypes in response to water deficit, GGE (genotype and genotype by environment interaction) biplot and AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) analysis, stability parameters, and drought indices under water deficit and normal condition were used. Also, physiological traits in three tissues (leaf, penultimate, and peduncle) were measured. Based on our results, AMMI and GGE biplot analysis revealed that the G15 genotype was superior to other genotypes under water‐deficit condition. Based on the physiological traits, the G3 and G15 had higher chlorophyll content and carotenoids than other genotypes under water deficit as compared to normal condition. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of the stability evaluation techniques to select genotypes that are high‐yielding and responsive to drought stress condition.
Valorization of Mexican cabernet sauvignon grape pomace: A source of oil and lipophilic bioactive compounds
Authors: Leon‐Bejarano Marcos , Ovando‐Martínez Maribel , Simsek Senay
Published: October 2024

This study presents the first analysis of the lipophilic composition of oil extracted from Mexican Cabernet sauvignon grape pomace in Sonora, using ultrasound‐assisted extraction. The findings reveal a promising oil yield of 7.52%, with linoleic acid dominating the fatty acid profile at 64.72%. Notably, the oil is rich in bioactive compounds, including tocopherols‐tocotrienols (828.83 mg/kg), chlorophylls (32.15 mg/kg), carotenoids (550.04 mg/kg), and sterols (513265.51 mg/kg), highlighting its potential for valorization. These components are recognized for their biological potential, suggesting the grape pomace as a valuable source of high‐value lipophilic compounds. This research contributes to the growing interest in utilizing wine industry by‐products, advocating for further exploration of grape pomace's applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, thereby supporting sustainable practices in the agricultural sector.
The combustion mechanism of aluminium in the steam/carbon dioxide mixed atmosphere
Authors: Qian Xiaoyan , Ji Yanwu , Wang Jiquan , Zhu Baozhong , Xu Minggao , Sun Yunlan
Published: October 2024

The ignition and combustion characteristics of aluminium (Al) in the steam/carbon dioxide (H2O/CO2) mixed atmosphere were calculated by using a close homogeneous catch reactor and premixed laminar flame‐speed of CHEMKIN‐PRO. The effects of initial reaction temperature and H2O/CO2 ratios on the system temperature, products, and ignition delay time were explored. The main reaction paths were analyzed by the temperature sensitivity. Al (l) entered the system with a pronounced phase transition and only one heating stage, but there are two heating stages in the Al (g) system. The reaction of Al in the H2O/CO2 mixed atmosphere has a positive effect on the ignition delay time of the system. The high contents of CO2 in the H2O/CO2 mixed atmosphere can increase the maximum temperature of system and decrease the ignition delay time. Temperature sensitivity analysis shows that AlO, Al2O, and AlOH are important intermediate products, and Al2O2 is the main substance that produces Al2O3. The dominant reaction path is Al → AlOH→AlO → Al2O → Al2O2 → Al2O3. In addition, when the initial temperature was 2300 K, the laminar flame velocity was calculated to reach 35.6 m/s.
Mild behavioral impairment in the general population aged 55+ and its association with incident dementia
Authors: Gracia‐García Patricia , López‐Antón Raúl , de la Cámara Concepción , Santabárbara Javier , Lobo Elena , Lobo Antonio
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to investigate the dementia risk associated with mild behavioral impairment (MBI) and its domains in older community‐dwelling individuals. A total 4803 community‐dwelling individuals aged over 55 years were followed for 4.5 years (ZARADEMP study). MBI was assessed according to the International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (ISTAART) diagnostic criteria using the Geriatric Mental State (GMS). Odds ratios (OR) for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were determined using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders (such as age, disability, or vascular disease). In cognitively normal individuals, decreased motivation was the only MBI domain that was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause dementia (OR: 2.30 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.16‐4.61]) in multivariable analyses, although the increase in the risk of AD was not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that decreased motivation may be a phenotypic marker for individuals at risk of dementia. Further research is required to evaluate the association between MBI domains and different types of dementia.
Hospital admissions for dementia in the Brazilian public health system over the last decade
Authors: Justo Alberto Fernando Oliveira , Gonçalves Natalia Gomes , Santos Adriana Nancy Medeiros Dos , Paradela Regina Silva , Aliberti Márlon Juliano Romero , Ferri Cleusa Pinheiro , Suemoto Claudia Kimie
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

The rise in dementia prevalence, particularly in lower‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), places a significant burden on healthcare systems. However, comprehensive data on dementia hospital admissions are scarce.

METHODS

We analyzed admission rates for dementia, cost of hospital admissions, lengths of hospital stay, and in‐hospital deaths in 2010 and 2019 in Brazil.

RESULTS

Admission rates declined from 19.7/100,000 inhabitants in 2010 to 14.6/100,000 in 2019. In‐hospital mortality increased from 3.9% in 2010 to 8.8% in 2019, particularly for short‐term stays. Although 9.6% of hospital admissions occurred in regions with lower economic power in 2010 and 10.4% in 2019, these regions had higher mortality, reaching 4.3% of in‐hospital deaths in 2010 and 9.3% in 2019.

CONCLUSION

The observed trends, alongside sex and regional disparities, underscore the need for targeted investment in healthcare infrastructure and training to improve dementia care in LMIC.

Highlights

The rate of hospital admissions for dementia was similar in 2010 and 2019 in Brazil.

The cost per hospital admission in 2010 decreased by 38.5% compared with 2019.

There was an increase in short‐term hospital stays for dementia in 2019 compared to 2010, accompanied by an increase in mortality rates for these short‐term stays.

While hospital admissions for dementia decreased in men and increased in women, the in‐hospital mortality due to dementia increased for both sexes.
Task‐evoked pupillary responses as potential biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Opwonya Julius , Kim Kahye , Lee Kun Ho , Kim Joong Il , Kim Jaeuk U.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Eye movement alterations are effective biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examines task‐evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) as potential biomarkers of the mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the symptomatic stage preceding AD.

METHODS

The prospective cohort study included 213 MCI patients and 514 cognitively normal controls (CNs). Participants performed a prosaccade (PS) or antisaccade (AS) task while their eye movements were tracked using a Tobii Pro Spectrum system.

RESULTS

The CNs showed unique TEPRs linked to better performance, characterized by larger baselines, greater PS target‐onset variability, and smaller AS target‐onset variability. Conversely, for MCI patients, better performance was linked to larger AS target‐onset sizes. Furthermore, MCI patients displayed reduced dilation during the cue and target‐onset periods compared to CNs.

DISCUSSION

MCI patients showed altered pupillary response patterns associated with cognitive task performance, highlighting the potential of oculomotor changes as a biomarker for early cognitive decline.

Highlights

MCI patients displayed markedly smaller pupil dilation than CNs in response to cue and target stimuli.

For MCI patients, larger pupil size upon target appearance during antisaccades correlated with better performance.

Faster and more consistent prosaccades were linked to better performance in both groups.

For MCI patients, the association between longer AS latencies and better performance was more pronounced than in CNs.

Combined analysis of TEPRs and saccade performances in a sizeable cohort strengthens the generalizability of our findings to the broader MCI population.
Linking resource selection to population performance spatially to identify species' habitat across broad scales: An example of greater sage‐grouse in a distinct population segment
Authors: Milligan Megan C. , Coates Peter S. , Brussee Brianne E. , O'Neil Shawn T. , Mathews Steven R. , Espinosa Shawn P. , Miller Katherine , Skalos Daniel , Wiechman Lief A. , Abele Steve , Boone John , Boatner Kristie , Stone Heather , Casazza Michael L.
Published: October 2024

Management decisions often focus on the habitat selection of marked individuals without considering the contribution to demographic performance in selected habitats. Because habitat selection is not always adaptive, understanding the spatial relationship between habitat selection and demographic performance is critical to management decisions. Mapping both habitat selection and demographic performance for species of conservation concern can help guide population‐scale conservation efforts. We demonstrate a quantitative approach to differentiate areas supporting selection and survival at large spatial extents. As a case study, we applied this approach to greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage‐grouse), an indicator species for sagebrush ecosystems. We evaluated both habitat selection and survival across multiple reproductive life stages (nesting, brood‐rearing) in the Bi‐State Distinct Population Segment, a genetically distinct and geographically isolated population of sage‐grouse on the southwestern edge of the species' range. Our approach allowed us to identify both mismatches between selection and survival and trade‐offs between reproductive life stages. These findings suggest resource demands vary across time, with predation risk being a dominant driver of habitat selection during nesting and early brood‐rearing periods when chicks are smaller and flightless, whereas access to forage resources becomes more important during late brood rearing when resources become increasingly limited. Moving beyond identifying and managing habitat solely based on species occupancy or use by incorporating demographic measures allows managers to tailor actions to their specific goals; for example, protections of areas that support high selection and high survival and restoration actions focused on increasing survival in areas of high selection and low survival.
Leveraging Open‐Source Geographic Databases to Enhance the Representation of Landscape Heterogeneity in Ecological Models
Authors: Gelmi‐Candusso Tiziana A. , Rodriguez Peter , Fidino Mason , Rivera Kim , Lehrer Elizabeth W. , Magle Seth , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: October 2024

Wildlife abundance and movement are strongly impacted by landscape heterogeneity, especially in cities which are among the world's most heterogeneous landscapes. Nonetheless, current global land cover maps, which are used as a basis for large‐scale spatial ecological modeling, represent urban areas as a single, homogeneous, class. This often requires urban ecologists to rely on geographic resources from local governments, which are not comparable between cities and are not available in underserved countries, limiting the spatial scale at which urban conservation issues can be tackled. The recent expansion of community‐based geographic databases, for example, OpenStreetMap (OSM), represents an opportunity for ecologists to generate large‐scale maps geared toward their specific research needs. However, computational differences in language and format, and the high diversity of information within, limit the access to these data. We provide a framework, using R, to extract geographic features from the OSM database, classify, and integrate them into global land cover maps. The framework includes an exhaustive list of OSM features describing urban and peri‐urban landscapes and is validated by quantifying the completeness of the OSM features characterized, and the accuracy of its final output in 34 cities in North America. We portray its application as the basis for generating landscape variables for ecological analysis by using the OSM‐enhanced map to generate an urbanization index, and subsequently analyze the spatial occupancy of six mammals throughout Chicago, Illinois, USA. The OSM features characterized had high completeness values for impervious land cover classes (50%–100%). The final output, the OSM‐enhance map, provided an 89% accurate representation of the landscape at 30m resolution. The OSM‐derived urbanization index outperformed other global spatial data layers in the spatial occupancy analysis and concurred with previously seen local response trends, whereby lagomorphs and squirrels responded positively to urbanization, while skunks, raccoons, opossums, and deer responded negatively. This study provides a roadmap for ecologists to leverage the fine resolution of open‐source geographic databases and apply it to spatial modeling by generating research‐specific landscape variables. As our occupancy results show, using context‐specific maps can improve modeling outputs and reduce uncertainty, especially when trying to understand anthropogenic impacts on wildlife populations.
Efficacy of add‐on Cenobamate treatment in refractory epilepsy due to Rasmussen's encephalitis
Authors: Schulze‐Bonhage Andres , Steinhoff Bernhard , Garcés Mercedes , Hirsch Martin , Villanueva Vicente
Published: October 2024

Objective

To assess antiseizure effects of cenobamate, a new antiseizure medication with at least two mechanisms of action, in the rare, highly pharmacoresistant and progressive epilepsy syndrome related to Rasmussen's encephalitis.

Methods

Three patients from the epilepsy centers in Freiburg, Kork, and Valencia are reported with focal epilepsy which had been pharmacoresistant to more than 10 prior treatment regimens. Assessment included at least 1 year of follow‐up after cenobamate introduction and included seizure frequency, seizure severity (in particular status epilepticus) and changes in co‐medication.

Results

In the three patients, cenobamate add on treatment proved superior to all prior antiseizure and immunomodulatory treatments which had been individually applied. Not only were focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizure completely controlled, but also focal motor status epilepticus no longer occurred. Co‐medication could be reduced in all patients.

Significance

This case series in a rare and highly pharmacoresistant epilepsy syndrome suggests high efficacy of cenobamate add‐on treatment for seizure control. This may be a valuable information in epilepsy related to Rasmussen encephalitis and calls for further elucidation of the mechanism involved in superior seizure control also compared to prior treatments including sodium channel blockers and benzodiazepines.

Plain Language Summary

Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare type of epilepsy that gets worse over time and doesn't respond well to most seizure medications. We describe three patients who tried many treatments without much success, but when they added cenobamate to their treatment, it worked better than the other medications. This also let them lower the overall amount of medication they were taking.
A meta‐analysis of the impact of drones on birds
Authors: Brisson‐Curadeau Émile , Lacombe Rose , Gousy‐Leblanc Marianne , Poirier Vanessa , Jackson Lauren , Petalas Christina , Miranda Eliane , Eby Alyssa , Baak Julia , Léandri‐Breton Don‐Jean , Choy Emily , Legros Jade , Tranze‐Drabinia Elena , Elliott Kyle H
Published: October 2024

Drones are increasingly being used to monitor, film, and survey birds. Many studies also report that, as compared to traditional methods such as ground counts or helicopter surveys, drones can reduce bird disturbance. Yet, best practices on how drones should be flown to reduce adverse behavior are usually species‐specific and context‐dependent, and are therefore often difficult to apply to new management scenarios. Here, we reviewed 149 avian studies, all of which involved drone use and were published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals, and conducted a phylogenetically informed meta‐analysis to better understand which factors can help to reduce flushing response in birds. The distance between the drone and the bird, drone speed, bird breeding status, and species size all strongly influenced the chances of a flushing response. Finally, we provide drone operational guidelines that are specific to and applicable across both drone type and taxa of interest.
Detection of Rifampicin Resistance rpoB Gene Using GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Sharew Bekele , Berhan Ayenew , Almaw Andargachew , Erkihun Mulat , Tiruneh Tegenaw , Kiros Teklehaimanot , Solomon Yenealem , Wondmagegn Mitikie , Wondimu Etenesh , Teshager Abay , Bihonegn Simegnew , Tilahun Mihret , Getie Birhanu
Published: October 2024

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and treatable disease leading to the second death globally. The evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), particularly rifampicin resistance (RR), has hampered TB control efforts. Thus, this study aimed to provide information regarding the magnitude of MTB and rifampicin resistance among patients tested using the GeneXpert method.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out at DTCSH. The study included TB registration logbook data from all patients who visited the hospital and were tested for MTB with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay from 2017 to 2024. The laboratory‐based data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Multilogistic regression analysis was employed, and a p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 12,981 patient results were included, of which 8.9% (1160/12,981) were MTB‐positive and 7.1% (82/1160) were RR. Individuals aged 15–29 years (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.55–2.93, p < 0.001), living in rural areas (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08–1.41, p = 0.003), and HIV+ (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.48–2.33, p < 0.001) had a higher risk of developing tuberculosis. While RR was identified in 63.4% (52/82) of new, 24.4% (20/82) of re‐treated, and 12.2% (10/82) of failed presumptive TB patients.

Conclusion

In this study, MTB and RR trends were high. Productive age groups, rural populations, and HIV patients were at risk. To lessen the burden of this contagious and fatal disease, it is recommended to increase early diagnosis of drug‐resistant TB and enhance infection control.
DNA metabarcoding reveals distinct bacterial and phytoplankton assemblages in the Agulhas Current and the adjacent coastal shelf
Authors: Gibb Ross‐Lynne A. , Botha Danielle K. L. , Venkatachalam Siddarthan , Bizani Mfundo , Bornman Thomas G. , Dorrington Rosemary A.
Published: October 2024

The Agulhas Current is a globally important western boundary current that influences numerous processes (e.g., upwelling, biogeochemical fluxes and distribution of marine taxa) in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The oceanographic processes of the Agulhas Current are well understood, but precisely how they influence coastal ecosystem productivity remains to be elucidated. In the present foundational study, we characterized the bacterial (16S rRNA gene) and phytoplankton (chloroplast 16S rRNA, rbcL, and eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes) community structures of the Agulhas Current system using a metabarcoding approach. All four markers provided consistent data on the bacterial and phytoplankton communities in the Agulhas Current and coastal sites. The study revealed distinct, conserved communities and similar patterns of dominance by taxa adapted to oligotrophic conditions within the Agulhas Current, sampled 2 yr apart. By contrast, there was significant variability in taxonomic diversity and abundance of phytoplankton communities in the adjacent coastal waters that could be linked to localized upwelling. While the Agulhas Current bacterial and phytoplankton communities were diverse and represented many functional groups, the coastal sites were more diatom‐dominated and included genera typically associated with upwelling, for example, Thalassiosira spp. Based on their relative abundance profiles, phytoplankton communities were more responsive to environmental variability than bacteria and may therefore prove more useful in linking ecosystem dynamics to environmental variability in marine systems.
Prey morphotype and abundance controls plastid retention and bloom dynamics for a mixotrophic dinoflagellate
Authors: Ladds Megan , Sosik Heidi M. , Gobler Christopher J.
Published: October 2024

Dinophysis is an obligate mixotroph that relies on consumption of the ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum, to grow and form harmful algal blooms (HABs). In this study, blooms of Dinophysis acuminata in two NY, USA, estuaries were studied over the course of 3 yr (2019–2021) using discrete samples and an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) to capture images of plankton 20–150 μm. The darkness of Dinophysis images on the IFCB was used to quantify the “fullness” or feeding state of Dinophysis cells. Culture experiments performed to ground truth this approach revealed a highly significant correlation (R = 0.98; p < 0.001) between the darkness of Dinophysis cells and the abundance of Mesodinium. With a quantitative scale developed to track the fullness of Dinophysis cells, ecosystem observations revealed the percentage of “full” Dinophysis cells increased during blooms of a large‐morphotype Mesodinium that preceded the initiation of Dinophysis blooms. A smaller morphotype Mesodinium appeared during Dinophysis bloom peaks suggesting they supported bloom maintenance. While the relative abundance of diatoms was elevated before Dinophysis blooms, other dinoflagellates and tintinnids increased in abundance during these HABs indicating they emerged within a consortium of heterotrophs and mixotrophs that may have collectively filled the same open niche as Dinophysis. This study reveals the manner in which different Mesodinium populations co‐bloom with Dinophysis to support plastid acquisition, bloom initiation, and bloom maintenance and contextualizes these changes within the larger plankton community succession associated with these HABs.
Bio‐Based Gradient Composites for 3D/4D Printing With Enhanced Mechanical, Shape Memory, and Flame‐Retardant Properties
Authors: Lalegani Dezaki Mohammadreza , Branfoot Callum , Baxendale Jon , Bodaghi Mahdi
Published: October 2024

This study explores the 3D/4D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with natural particles from mussels PLA (MPLA) and wheat PLA (WPLA) using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The study employs functionally graded (FG) and multi‐material (MM) printing processes emphasizing biodegradable and bio‐derived materials. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with various MM and FG combinations are printed and examined. The microstructure, mechanical properties, flammability, and shape memory characteristics of these SMPCs are evaluated. The findings demonstrate that incorporating mussel and wheat particles enhances the mechanical performance of PLA, with a reduced burning rate compared to pure PLA samples. A sandwich FG composite structure shows superior strength in compression, tensile, and three‐point bending tests, with WMWFG samples exhibiting a 106% increase in tensile strength compared to WPLA samples. The shape recovery and fixity of the 4D‐printed SMPCs are investigated and WPLA specimens reveal the highest shape recovery ratio of ≈ 93.3% ± 1%. These findings highlight the potential of 4D‐printed SMPCs for diverse applications, spanning shape morphing, human‐material interaction, and mechanical engineering. Additionally, the research contributes to sustainability by promoting reduced material consumption and waste generation, as demonstrated by creating reusable and lightweight objects such as miniature pots, cutlery, holders, grippers, and wrappers.