bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL PHYSICS APPLIED TO STONE-AGE CIVILIZATION
Authors: SUMOUR M. A. , RADWAN M. A. , SHABAT M. M. , EL-ASTAL A. H.
Published: November 2011

About 45000 years ago, symbolic and technological complexity of human artefacts increased drastically. Computer simulations of Powell, Shennan and Thomas (2009) explained it through an increase of the population density, facilitating the spread of information about useful innovations. We simplify this demographic model and make it more similar to standard physics models. For this purpose, we assume that bands (extended families) of stone-age humans were distributed randomly on a square lattice such that each lattice site is randomly occupied with probability p and empty with probability 1 - p. Information spreads randomly from an occupied site to one of its occupied neighbors. If we wait long enough, information spreads from one side of the lattice to the opposite site if and only if p is larger than the percolation threshold; this process was called "ant in the labyrinth" by de Gennes 1976. We modify it by giving the diffusing information a finite lifetime, which shifts the threshold upwards.
Vancomycin Hypersensitivity Diagnosed by Lymphocyte Blast Transformation
Authors: Tran Nguyen P. , Katcher Jeremy , Rohman Erin , Hall Mary Francis , Michael Christie F. , Miyairi Isao , Lew D. Betty
Published: November 2011

A 15-year-old male admitted for Pott's puffy tumor developed recurrent episodes of fever, diffuse morbilliform rash, eosinophilia, and tubulointerstitial nephritis while on multiple antibiotics. Lymphocyte blast transformation (LBT), a method of detecting cellular immune response by measuring levels of interferon-γ(IFN-γ), was used to diagnose vancomycin hypersensitivity and guide antibiotic selection.
Hyaluronan Synthase HAS2 Promotes Tumor Progression in Bone by Stimulating the Interaction of Breast Cancer Stem–Like Cells with Macrophages and Stromal Cells
Authors: Okuda Hiroshi , Kobayashi Aya , Xia Bo , Watabe Misako , Pai Sudha K. , Hirota Shigeru , Xing Fei , Liu Wen , Pandey Puspa R. , Fukuda Koji , Modur Vishnu , Ghosh Arnab , Wilber Andrew , Watabe Kounosuke
Published: November 2011

The molecular mechanisms that operate within the organ microenvironment to support metastatic progression remain unclear. Here, we report that upregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) occurs in highly metastatic breast cancer stem–like cells (CSC) defined by CD44+/CD24−/ESA+ phenotype, where it plays a critical role in the generation of a prometastatic microenvironment in breast cancer. HAS2 was critical for the interaction of CSCs with tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), leading to enhanced secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB from TAMs, which then activated stromal cells and enhanced CSC self-renewal. Loss of HAS2 in CSCs or treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone, an inhibitor of HAS, which blocks hyaluronan production, drastically reduced the incidence and growth of metastatic lesions in vitro or in vivo, respectively. Taken together, our findings show a critical role of HAS2 in the development of a prometastatic microenvironment and suggest that HAS2 inhibitors can act as antimetastatic agents that disrupt a paracrine growth factor loop within this microenvironment. Cancer Res; 72(2); 537–47. ©2011 AACR.
Amyloid-β Contributes to Blood–Brain Barrier Leakage in Transgenic Human Amyloid Precursor Protein Mice and in Humans With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Hartz Anika M.S. , Bauer Björn , Soldner Emma L.B. , Wolf Andrea , Boy Sandra , Backhaus Roland , Mihaljevic Ivan , Bogdahn Ulrich , Klünemann Hans H. , Schuierer Gerhard , Schlachetzki Felix
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a degenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the blood–brain barrier (BBB). CAA contributes to injuries of the neurovasculature including lobar hemorrhages, cortical microbleeds, ischemia, and superficial hemosiderosis. We postulate that CAA pathology is partially due to Aβ compromising the BBB.

Methods—

We characterized 19 patients with acute stroke with “probable CAA” for neurovascular pathology based on MRI and clinical findings. Also, we studied the effect of Aβ on the expression of tight junction proteins and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in isolated rat brain microvessels.

Results—

Two of 19 patients with CAA had asymptomatic BBB leakage and posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome indicating increased BBB permeability. In addition to white matter changes, diffusion abnormality suggesting lacunar ischemia was found in 4 of 19 patients with CAA; superficial hemosiderosis was observed in 7 of 9 patients. Aβ
40
decreased expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and claudin-5 and increased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Analysis of brain microvessels from transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein revealed the same expression pattern for tight junction and MMP proteins. Consistent with reduced tight junction and increased MMP expression and activity, permeability was increased in brain microvessels from human amyloid precursor protein mice compared with microvessels from wild-type controls.

Conclusions—

Our findings indicate that Aβ contributes to changes in brain microvessel tight junction and MMP expression, which compromises BBB integrity. We conclude that Aβ causes BBB leakage and that assessing BBB permeability could potentially help characterize CAA progression and be a surrogate marker for treatment response.
Spread of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A at Standard Doses Is Inherent to the Successful Treatment of Spastic Equinus Foot in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Frasson Emma , Dall’Ora Elisa , Bordignon Monia , Brigo Francesco , Tocco Pierluigi , Primon Daniela , Didonè Giuseppe , Vicentini Silvana , Fiaschi Antonio , Bertolasi Laura
Published: November 2011

To evaluate whether botulinum toxin type A at standard doses spreads to antagonist leg muscles in dynamic equinus foot, we studied 18 ambulatory children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The gastrocnemius muscle on the affected side was injected with botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) (mean ± standard deviation, 14.3 ± 0.9 U/kg). Compound muscle action potential areas were assessed in the lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles on the treated and untreated sides before botulinum toxin type A injections and on days 10 and 30 after injections. In all patients, compound muscle action potential areas recorded from both the muscles on the treated side decreased from preinjection values at day 10 ( P < .05) and 30 ( P < .002). After injection, ankle spasticity had diminished ( P < .05), equinus foot excursion increased ( P < .05), and functional gait improved ( P < .05). This study shows that botulinum toxin type A spreads from foot flexors to antagonist extensors and suggests that spread may be partly responsible for improving gait in children with cerebral palsy.
A note on the Frobenius conditional number with positive definite matrices
Authors: Li Hongyi , Gao Zongsheng , Zhao Di
Published: November 2011

In this article, we focus on the lower bounds of the Frobenius condition number. Using the generalized Schwarz inequality, we present some lower bounds for the Frobenius condition number of a positive definite matrix depending on its trace, determinant, and Frobenius norm. Also, we give some results on a kind of matrices with special structure, the positive definite matrices with centrosymmetric structure.
Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
Authors: Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Neyestani Tirang R , Djazayery Abolghassem , Eshraghian Mohammad-Reza , Houshiarrad Anahita , Gharavi A'azam , Kalayi Ali , Shariatzadeh Nastaran , Zahedirad Malihe , Khalaji Niloufar , Haidari Homa
Published: November 2011

Background

Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying cause of diabetic angiopathy that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in diabetes. We recently demonstrated the ameliorating effect of regular vitamin D intake on the glycemic status of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, the effects of improvement of vitamin D status on glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects were investigated.

Methods

Subjects with T2D were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive either plain yogurt drink (PYD; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL, n1 = 50) or vitamin D3-fortified yogurt drink (FYD; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL, n2 = 50) twice a day for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, glycemic status, lipid profile, body fat mass (FM) and endothelial biomarkers including serum endothelin-1, E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were evaluated at the beginning and after the 12-week intervention period.

Results

The intervention resulted in a significant improvement in fasting glucose, the Quantitative Insulin Check Index (QUICKI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triacylglycerols, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 in FYD compared to PYD (P < 0.05, for all). Interestingly, difference in changes of endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 concentrations in FYD compared to PYD (-0.35 ± 0.63 versus -0.03 ± 0.55, P = 0.028; -3.8 ± 7.3 versus 0.95 ± 8.3, P = 0.003 and -2.3 ± 3.7 versus 0.44 ± 7.1 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.05 for all), even after controlling for changes of QUICKI, FM and waist circumference, remained significant for endothelin-1 and MMP-9 (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005, respectively) but disappeared for E-selectin (P = 0.092). On the contrary, after controlling for serum 25(OH)D, the differences disappeared for endothelin-1(P = 0.066) and MMP-9 (P = 0.277) but still remained significant for E-selectin (P = 0.011).

Conclusions

Ameliorated vitamin D status was accompanied by improved glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects. Our findings suggest both direct and indirect ameliorating effects of vitamin D on the endothelial biomarkers.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01236846
An antisense transcript in the human cytomegalovirus UL87 gene region
Authors: Ma Yanping , Wang Ning , Li Mali , Gao Shuang , Wang Lin , Ji Yaohua , Qi Ying , He Rong , Sun Zhengrong , Ruan Qiang
Published: November 2011

Background

Rapid advances in research on antisense transcripts are gradually changing our comprehension of genomic and gene expression aspects of the Herpesviridae. One such herpesvirus is the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Although transcription of the HCMV UL87 gene has not been specifically investigated, cDNA clones of UL87 antisense transcripts were found in HCMV cDNA libraries previously. In this study, the transcription of the UL87 antisense strand was investigated in three clinically isolated HCMV strains.

Results

First, an 800 nucleotides transcript having an antisense orientation to the UL87 gene was found in a late HCMV cDNA library. Then, the UL87 antisense transcript was confirmed by Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and Northern blot in three HCMV clinical strains. Two ORFs were predicted in the antisense transcript. The putative protein of ORF 1 showed a high degree of conservation among HCMV and other CMV strains.

Conclusion

An 800nt antisense transcript in the UL87 gene region exists in HCMV clinical strains.
Next-generation sequencing technologies and applications for human genetic history and forensics
Authors: Berglund Eva C , Kiialainen Anna , Syvänen Ann-Christine
Published: November 2011

Rapid advances in the development of sequencing technologies in recent years have enabled an increasing number of applications in biology and medicine. Here, we review key technical aspects of the preparation of DNA templates for sequencing, the biochemical reaction principles and assay formats underlying next-generation sequencing systems, methods for imaging and base calling, quality control, and bioinformatic approaches for sequence alignment, variant calling and assembly. We also discuss some of the most important advances that the new sequencing technologies have brought to the fields of human population genetics, human genetic history and forensic genetics.
Phytogeographic implications of fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae from the Paleocene of Colombia
Authors: Herrera Fabiany , Manchester Steven R. , Hoot Sara B. , Wefferling Keir M. , Carvalho Mónica R. , Jaramillo Carlos
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Fossil leaves of Menispermaceae were previously described from the Paleocene of Colombia. Because of strong homoplasy of leaf characters, the fossils could not be placed more specifically within recognized clades, and additional data were needed to specify intrafamilial and paleogeographic relationships during the Paleocene.

• Methods: Fossil endocarps of Menispermaceae were collected from the Cerrejón Formation, the recently discovered Bogotá flora, and Wyoming (∼60 Ma). We surveyed the endocarp morphology of almost all extant genera, conducted character optimization, a molecular scaffold analysis, and critically reviewed the related fossil genera.

• Key results: Parallel syndromes of fruit characters have appeared in unrelated clades of the family according to current phylogenetic reconstructions. However, mapping selected endocarp characters across those clades that contain horseshoe‐shaped endocarps facilitates identification and phylogenetic assessment of the fossils. Three fossil species are recognized. One of them belongs to the extant genus Stephania, which today grows only in Africa and Australasia. Palaeoluna gen. nov. is placed within the pantropical clade composed of extant Stephania, Cissampelos, and Cyclea; this morphogenus is also recognized from the Paleocene of Wyoming. Menispina gen. nov. shows similarity with several unrelated clades.

• Conclusions: The new fossils from Colombia reveal a complex paleobiogeographic history of the recognized clades within Menispermaceae, suggesting a more active exchange among neotropical, paleotropical, North American, and European paleoforests than previously recognized. In addition, the new fossils indicate that neotropical forests were an important biome for the radiation and dispersal of derived lineages in Menispermaceae after the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.
Globalisation and the Paradox of Participatory Governance in Southern Africa: The Case of the New South Africa
Authors: Omano Edigheji
Published: November 2011

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it will explore the tensions and contradictions of participatory governance in the context of globalisation in the new South Africa. Second, the paper will interrogate the links between neo-liberal economicreforms and participatory governance in South Africa. In particular, it will explore the question of whether or not participatory governance is inherently democratic and development enhancing. On the basis of the analysis, the paper will explore analternative scenario that will be relevant for policy and academic purposes for South Africa and other developing countries.
Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected under haze and non-haze conditions at a high-elevation mountain site in the North China plain
Authors: Li W. J. , Zhang D. Z. , Shao L. Y. , Zhou S. Z. , Wang W. X.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The North China plain is a region with megacities and huge populations. Aerosols over the highly polluted area have a significant impact on the regional and global climate. In order to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of aerosol particles in elevated layers there, observations were carried out at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) from 19 to 28 April, 2010, when the air masses were advected from the east (phase-I: 19–21 April), from the south (phase-II: 22–25 April), and from the northwest (phase-III: 26–28 April). Individual aerosol particles were identified with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), new particle formation (NPF) and growth events were monitored by a wide-range particle spectrometer, and ion concentrations in PM2.5 were analyzed. During phase-I and phase-II, haze layers caused by anthropogenic pollution were observed, and a high percentage of particles were sulfur-rich (47–49%). In phase-III, the haze disappeared due to the intrusion of cold air from the northwest, and mineral dust particles from deserts were dominant (43%). NPF followed by particle growth during daytime was more pronounced on hazy than on clear days. Particle growth during daytime resulted in an increase of particle geometric mean diameter from 10–22 nm in the morning to 56–96 nm in the evening. TEM analysis suggests that sulfuric acid and secondary organic compounds should be important factors for particle nucleation and growth. However, the presence of fine anthropogenic particles (e.g., soot, metal, and fly ash) embedded within S-rich particles indicates that they could weaken NPF and enhance particle growth through condensation and coagulation. Abundant mineral particles in phase-III likely suppressed the NPF processes because they supplied sufficient area on which acidic gases or acids condensed.
Acute Mountain Sickness and Retinal Evaluation by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ascaso Francisco J. , Nerín María A. , Villén Laura , Morandeira José R. , Cristóbal José A.
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Acute mountain sickness (AMS), the commonest form of altitude illness, might represent early-stage high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) consequences following a sojourn to extreme altitude.

Methods

This prospective study included 4 high-altitude expeditions in Himalayas. Twenty-four eyes of 12 healthy male climbers underwent baseline and postexpedition complete ophthalmic evaluation, including OCT to measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ONH parameters, and macular thickness and volume. Lake Louise Scoring (LLS) self-report questionnaire was used to estimate AMS severity.

Results

All mountaineers experienced symptoms of AMS (LLS: 5.1±1.1, range 4.0-7.0). Average peripapillary RNFL thickness showed a significant increase in postexpedition examination (94±23 μm, 47-115), compared with baseline values (89±19 μm, range 45-114) (p=0.034). Superior (p=0.036) and temporal (p=0.010) quadrants also showed an increased RNFL thickness following exposure to high altitude. Vertical integrated rim area (VIRA) was significantly higher in postexpedition examination (0.71±0.43 mm3, 0.14-1.50) than in baseline examination (0.51±0.26 mm3, 0.11-1.00) (p=0.002). Horizontal integrated rim width was significantly higher in postexpedition examination (1.90±0.32 mm2, range 1.37-2.34) than in baseline examination (1.77±0.27 mm2, 1.27-2.08) (p=0.004). There was no correlation between LLS and OCT parameters (p>0.05).

Conclusions

In climbers with AMS, OCT was able to detect subtle increases in the peripapillary RNFL thickness and in some ONH measurements, even in absence of HACE and papilledema. These changes might be a sensitive parameter in physiologic acclimatization and in the pathogenesis of AMS.
Volume-Based Care among Young Women Diagnosed with Uterine Cancer
Authors: Diaz-Montes Teresa P. , Giuntoli Robert L.
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To characterize volume-based care of uterine cancer among women aged ≤50 years. Methods. The Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission database was accessed for uterine cancer surgical cases from 1994 to 2005. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression models were used to evaluate for significant associations among volume-based care and other variables comparing women ≤50 years with those aged >50 years. Results. Women ≤50 years comprised 13.6% of the cases. Women ≤50 years were less likely to be managed by high-volume surgeons (31.6% versus 35.1%, ). For women ≤50 years, there was a trend toward management at low-volume hospitals (52.0% versus 54.0%, ). No deaths were reported among the group of women ≤50 years treated by high-volume providers or at high-volume centers. Women ≤50 years managed by high-volume surgeons had longer length of stay () and higher adjusted cost of hospital-related care (). Women ≤50 years managed at high-volume centers had higher adjusted cost of hospital-related care (). Conclusion. Primary surgical care of young women with uterine cancer is often performed by low-volume providers.
Constructive Proof of the Existence of Nash Equilibrium in a Finite Strategic Game with Sequentially Locally Nonconstant Payoff Functions
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: November 2011

We will constructively prove the existence of a Nash
equilibrium in a finite strategic game with sequentially locally nonconstant
payoff functions. The proof is based on the existence of approximate Nash
equilibria which is proved by Sperner's lemma. We follow the Bishop-style
constructive mathematics.
Biochemical and mechanical extracellular matrix properties dictate mammary epithelial cell motility and assembly
Authors: Shebanova Olga , Hammer Daniel A.
Published: November 2011

Biochemical and mechanical cues of the extracellular matrix have been shown to play important roles in cell‐matrix and cell‐cell interactions. We have experimentally tested the combined influence of these cues to better understand cell motility, force generation, cell‐cell interaction, and assembly in an in vitro breast cancer model. MCF‐10A non‐tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells were observed on surfaces with varying fibronectin ligand concentration and polyacrylamide gel rigidity. Our data show that cell velocity is biphasic in both matrix rigidity and adhesiveness. The maximum cell migration velocity occurs only at specific combination of substrate stiffness and ligand density. We found cell‐cell interactions reduce migration velocity. However, the traction forces cells exert onto the substrate increase linearly with both cues, with cells in pairs exerting higher maximum tractions observed over single cells. A relationship between force and motility shows a maximum in single cell velocity not observed in cell pairs. Cell‐cell adhesion becomes strongly favored on softer gels with elasticity ≤1250 Pascals (Pa), implying the existence of a compliance threshold that promotes cell‐cell over cell‐matrix adhesion. Finally on gels with stiffness similar to pre‐malignant breast tissue, 400 Pa, cells undergo multicellular assembly and division into 3D spherical aggregates on a 2D surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide, V6O13 Hollow‐Flowers Materials and Their Application in Electrochemical Supercapacitors.
Authors: Huang Zhiyong , Zeng Hongmei , Xue Li , Zhou Xiangge , Zhao Yan , Lai Qiongyu
Published: November 2011

Hollow flower‐like V6O13 with an average size of 3 μm is synthesized by a simple sol—hydrothermal process starting with V2O5 in 30% aq.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rational Synthesis of New Anion [HgBr4Cl]3‐: Synthesis, Characterization and Single Crystal X‐Ray Structure Determination of [Co(NH3)6][HgBr4Cl].
Authors: Sharma Raj Pal , Singh Ajnesh , Saini Anju , Venugopalan Paloth , Ferretti Valeria
Published: November 2011

Single crystals of the title compound are obtained from an hot aqueous solution of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, HgBr2, and KBr (75% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: The First Et3N‐Mediated Transesterification of β‐Keto Esters Using Baylis—Hillman Alcohols.
Authors: Mhasni Olfa , Rezgui Farhat
Published: November 2011

Title reaction provides access to a variety of allylic esters (III) and (V) in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Highly Substituted Five‐Membered Rings: Mukaiyama‐Aldol‐Oxonoium‐Ene (MAOE) Domino Reaction.
Authors: Li Hao , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: November 2011

The reaction of silyl enol ethers (I) with acetals of type (II) affords cyclopentane derivatives as single diastereomers bearing three stereogenic centers at the ring.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Construction of Multi‐Substituted Spiro‐Cycloalkanediones by an Organocatalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation/Semipinacol Rearrangement.
Authors: Li Bao‐Sheng , Zhang En , Zhang Qing‐Wei , Zhang Fu‐Min , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Cao Xiao‐Ping
Published: November 2011

High stereoselectivity in an aqueous medium, the introduction of tri‐oxygenated functional groups, and the efficient construction of at least two chiral centers are features of this transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable Enamine Catalysts for Asymmetric Direct Cross‐Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes in Emulsion Media.
Authors: Gao Qiang , Liu Yan , Lu Sheng‐Mei , Li Jun , Li Can
Published: November 2011

The used catalyst can be recycled several times.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Selective Synthesis of Arylated Indenones by Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 2,3,5‐Tribromoinden‐1‐one.
Authors: Zinad Dhafer Saber , Hussain Munawar , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: November 2011

The order of selectivity is C‐3 < C‐2 < C‐5, temperature and stoichiometry play also an important role.
ChemInform Abstract: Branching Cascades: A Concise Synthetic Strategy Targeting Diverse and Complex Molecular Frameworks.
Authors: Liu Wei , Khedkar Vivek , Baskar Baburaj , Schuermann Markus , Kumar Kamal
Published: November 2011

Reaction of chromenones containing multiple electrophilic as well as pronucleophilic sites and a vinylogous ester with various mono‐ and bisnucleophiles and zwitterionic species provides access to a diversity of heteropolycyclic compounds via different cascade reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Some Transformations of Functionally Substituted Lactones.
Authors: Avetisyan A. A. , Alvandzhyan A. G. , Kostanyan T. A. , Bidar M. M.
Published: November 2011

Reactions of functionally substituted unsaturated five‐ and six‐membered cyanolactones (I) and (IX) with tertiary keto alcohols (II) and (V) give rise to the formation of the corresponding oxo amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Ketones via Tandem Reaction of 1,1‐Dibromoethenes.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , He Yan , Zhang Xinying , Guo Shenghai , Wang Yangyang
Published: November 2011

A direct synthesis of aroylbenzoxazoles (III) and aroylbenzothiazoles (VII) from β,β‐dibromostyrenes is presented, involving heterocyclization and Ru‐catalyzed chemoselective oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Nitroalkanes with Levoglucosenone and Its α‐Bromo and α‐Iodo Derivatives. Cyclopentaannulation of α‐Halocyclenones.
Authors: Faizullina L. Kh. , Safarov M. G. , Spirikhin L. V. , Kolosnitsyn V. S. , Kondrova Yu. A. , Valeev F. A.
Published: November 2011

Michael reactions of levoglucosenone (VI) and its halo derivatives (I) with α,ω‐dinitroalkanes are examined under conditions of chemical and electrochemical generation of base.
ChemInform Abstract: syn‐Allylstannation of N‐Acyliminium Intermediates by Tributyl[γ‐(silyloxy)allyl]stannanes: A Key Reaction for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polyhydroxypiperidines and Polyhydroxyazepanes.
Authors: Chevallier Floris , Lumbroso Alexandre , Beaudet Isabelle , Le Grognec Erwan , Toupet Loic , Quintard Jean‐Paul
Published: November 2011

The allylstannation of N‐acyliminium intermediates affords the expected adducts with high syn‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of 8H‐1‐Thia‐8‐aza‐dibenzo[e,h]azulenes.
Authors: Ozimec Landek Ivana , Pesic Dijana , Mercep Mladen , Stanic Barbara , Mesic Milan
Published: November 2011

The compounds (VI) are tested in vitro for their anti‐inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the necrosis factor alpha production (TNF‐α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated human peripheral blood monocular cells (hPBMC).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Selenium Dichloride and Dibromide with Unsaturated Ethers. Annulation of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,4‐oxaselenine to the Benzene Ring.
Authors: Potapov Vladimir A. , Musalov Maxim V. , Amosova Svetlana V.
Published: November 2011

Depending on the conditions, reactions of phenylethers (I) and (III) with selenium dihalides can be directed selectively either to annulation or to formation of bis‐adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐2‐selenoxo‐1,3‐imidazole‐4‐carboselenoamides by the Reaction of Isoselenocyanates with Aminoacetonitriles.
Authors: Tanahashi Nobuhito , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: November 2011

The reaction offers a synthesis of imidazolidines of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Target Cum Flexibility: Synthesis of C(3′)‐Spiroannulated Nucleosides.
Authors: Dushing Mangesh P. , Ramana C. V.
Published: November 2011

A simple [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition protocol allows the preparation of nucleosides with modified sugar backbone for therapeutic use.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocyclic Substituted Norcantharidin Derivatives.
Authors: Deng Liping , Yong Zhang , Tao Weifeng , Shen Jianfeng , Wang Wei
Published: November 2011

The synthesis of the novel title compounds (VI) and (VIII) with a biologically active thiazole moiety is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoexcitation of Free Radicals and Molecular Ions Trapped in Rare‐Gas Solids
Authors: Jacox Marilyn E.
Published: November 2011

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Oxide Film Synthesis and Its Application to New Materials Discovery
Authors: Chikyow T. , Nagata T. , Ahmet P. , Hasegawa T. , Kukuznyak D. , Koinuma H.
Published: November 2011

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetism Studied with Circularly Polarized X‐Rays
Authors: Schuetz Gisela , Goering Eberhard , Stoll Hermann
Published: November 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Iridoids and Secoiridoids. An Updated Review. Part 4
Authors: Dinda Biswanath , Debnath Sudhan , Banik Rajarshi
Published: November 2011

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Bromoamination of Chalcones with a Privileged N,N′‐Dioxide/Scandium(III) Catalyst
Authors: Huang Shao‐Xu , Ding Kuiling
Published: November 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrosilylation on Photoactivated Catalysts
Authors: Vekki D. A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Guanylated Diamines, Triamines, and Polyamines: Chemistry and Biological Properties
Authors: Castagnolo Daniele , Schenone Silvia , Botta Maurizio
Published: November 2011

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: TADDOLate Ligands
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: November 2011

Review: 190 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Activation in N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Organocatalysis
Authors: Hirano Keiichi , Piel Isabel , Glorius Frank
Published: November 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Pictet—Spengler Reaction in Nature and in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Stoeckigt Joachim , Antonchick Andrey P. , Wu Fangrui , Waldmann Herbert
Published: November 2011

Review: 228 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis and Related Reactions of Ellagitannins
Authors: Tanaka Takashi , Kouno Isao , Nonaka Gen‐ichiro
Published: November 2011

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloids
Authors: Ye Yang , Xu Ren‐Sheng
Published: November 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Syntheses of Alkaloids with a Non‐Amino Acid Origin
Authors: Gravel Edmond
Published: November 2011

Review: 273 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis of Marine Pyrrole‐2‐aminoimidazole and Guanidinium Alkaloids
Authors: Appenzeller Jerome , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: November 2011

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavonoids and Their Glycosides, Including Anthocyanins
Authors: Veitch Nigel C. , Grayer Renee J.
Published: November 2011

Review: 562 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical S‐Adenosylmethionine Enzymes: Mechanism, Control and Function
Authors: Challand Martin R. , Driesener Rebecca C. , Roach Peter L.
Published: November 2011

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Its Role in Studying Virus Structure, Dynamics, and Assembly
Authors: Uetrecht Charlotte , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: November 2011

Review: 193 refs.
An Analysis of Reducing Perchloroethylene Emissions in the Urban Environment: A Case Study of Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Tien
Published: November 2011

Selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from commercial activities and industrial processes have been classified as hazardous air pollutants, posing a potential health risk in the urban environment. In this respect, perchloroethylene (PCE), a suspected human carcinogen, is the most noticeable compound because it is widely used in laundries and hotels as a dry‐cleaning solvent. The objective of this paper was to quantify the emissions of PCE and other petroleum‐based solvents from dry cleaning business in illustration of the regulatory infrastructure of reducing PCE exposure in the environment of Taiwan. Based on the Emission Factors (AP‐42) method, the emissions of the non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from dry cleaning business had decreased from 5100 metric tons in 1997 to 2800 metric tons in 2007. The success of significant reduction of NMHCs in Taiwan has been ascribed to the fact that Taiwan established the relevant regulations at the end of the 1990s. From the data on the industrial/commercial demand for PCE and the emission inventories of NMHCs from dry cleaning business, the reduction of PCE emissions will show a declining trend in the near future.
Evaluation of Amendments to Control Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from Pig Slurry Applications to Land
Authors: O' Flynn Cornelius J. , Fenton Owen , Healy Mark G.
Published: November 2011

If spread in excess of crop requirements, incidental phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture can lead to eutrophication of receiving waters. The use of amendments in targeted areas may help reduce the possibility of surface runoff of nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify amendments which may be effective in reducing incidental dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) losses in surface runoff from land applied pig slurry. For this purpose, the DRP losses under simulated conditions across the surface of intact grassland soil cores, loaded with unamended and amended slurry at a rate equivalent to 19 kg P ha−1, were determined over a 30 h period. The effectiveness of the amendments at reducing DRP in overlying water were (in decreasing order): alum (86%), flue gas desulfurization by‐product (FGD) (74%), poly‐aluminum (Al) chloride (PAC) (73%), ferric chloride (71%), fly ash (58%), and lime (54%). FGD was the most costly of all the treatments (€7.64/m3 for 74% removal). Ranked in terms of feasibility, which takes into account effectiveness, cost, and other potential impediments to use, they were: alum, ferric chloride, PAC, fly ash, lime, and FGD.
Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR‐ATR) spectroscopy for detecting drugs in human saliva
Authors: Hans Kerstin M.‐C. , Müller Susanne , Sigrist Markus W.
Published: November 2011

The consumption of drugs is of great concern worldwide. Various drug tests for humans have been developed but there is no compact and easy‐to‐use test device available yet for direct semi‐quantitative drug testing in the field. We suggest using attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy as a sensing method to analyze human saliva samples with respect to drugs. In this paper, we present ATR spectra in the infrared range between 2300 and 900 cm−1 as a first step towards such a device. We emphasize the common drug cocaine and its metabolites and investigate the problems of spectral interferences of selected diluents, masking agents, common medication, and soft drinks. Furthermore, spectra of saliva samples are recorded and a time‐dependent change of the spectral signatures after alcohol consumption is presented. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that not only spectra of the drug of interest (cocaine) dissolved in water and in saliva but also spectra of interfering compounds possibly present in the saliva sample of a tested subject are discussed. This paper presents the most appropriate spectral range for strong cocaine absorption (including its metabolites) and minimum interference by the investigated substances. This spectral window is found to be between 1800 and 1710 cm−1. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility to identify cocaine in saliva at a concentration of 0.020 mg/ml with IR‐ATR‐spectroscopy without any separation or extraction procedures. For example, this technique could also be applied for drug detection in waste water. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerobic Alcohol Oxidations Catalyzed by Oxorhenium Complexes Containing Redox‐Active Ligands
Authors: Lippert Cameron A. , Riener Korbinian , Soper Jake D.
Published: November 2011

The capacity of five‐coordinate oxorhenium(V) anions with redox‐active catecholate ligands to homolyze O2 and afford dioxorhenium(VII) products is utilized for the development of new aerobic alcohol oxidation catalysts. The reaction of [ReVII(O)2(cat)2]– with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) affords the expected products of net H2 transfer: [ReV(O)(cat)2]–, benzaldehyde, and presumably H2O. However, mechanistic studies reveal that the formation of the active oxidant requires both the dioxo and monooxo species, so BnOH oxidation by[ReVII(O)2(cat)2]– exhibits an unexpected catalytic dependence on [ReV(O)(cat)2]–. Attempts to oxidize more thermodynamically challenging primary alcohols, which include CH3OH, using the [ReVII(O)2(cat)2]– + [ReV(O)(cat)2]– system did not yield aldehyde products. However, experiments performed in CH3OH allowed the observation of a catalytically active intermediate species, which provides an insight into the mechanism of catalytic action and catalyst degradation. Based on these observations, complexes that contain a more oxidatively robust [Br4cat]2– ligand were shown to exhibit higher catalytic activity as measured by total turnover number. The requirement for a redox‐active ligand for catalyst function has both benefits and limitations that are discussed in the context of aerobic alcohol oxidation catalysis.
Analysis of Amperometric Spike Shapes to Release Vesicles
Authors: Watson Daniel J. , Gummi Rohit R. , Papke Jason B. , Harkins Amy B.
Published: November 2011

Carbon‐fiber amperometry is a real‐time analytical tool to detect vesicle release events from individual secretory cells. This study compared the spike events released in response to local or global depolarization. We describe each spike shape that regularly occurs, as well as those shapes of spikes that occur with less frequency, but reproducibly. We compare how frequently each type of spike occurs, and compare their amplitudes and kinetics to the commonly accepted spike release events. Analysis of the amperometric peaks typically discarded from single cell amperometry recordings may reveal unappreciated phenomena related to the release of secretory vesicles.
Particle characterization emitted during the land application of biosolids in Ohio, USA
Authors: Bhat Abhishek , Kumar Ashok , Lawrence Joseph G.
Published: November 2011

Airborne particulate matter samples were collected during biosolids applications in the summer 2009. The biosolids were applied with the injection method. The major emphasis of the analysis was on providing in depth information such as size, shape, morphology, and chemical composition of different particles collected before, during, and after land application of biosolids. A significant correlation was observed between sampling stages and size distribution of particles. Particles with larger diameter (> 10 μm) during the application stage were observed to be very high. The particle shape analysis identified particles as polygons and spherical in shape as defined by the shape factor. There was a significant increase in agglomerates and floccules for the application stage. The elemental composition of particles obtained by energy dispersive spectroscopy spectra suggests that the particles collected contained elements such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn. It was observed that Cr, Pb, P, Cd, and Mn were present only in particles collected during the application stage and were not detected during the pre‐application stage or the post‐application stage. Presence of these elements during the application stage could be attributed to the biosolids application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 325‐334, 2013
The impact of the dibutyrylchitin molar mass on the bioactive properties of dressings used to treat soft tissue wounds
Authors: Krucinska Izabella , Komisarczyk Agnieszka , Paluch Danuta , Szymonowicz Maria , Zywicka Boguslawa , Pielka Stanislaw
Published: November 2011

In this work, we describe a novel technique for producing biocompatible medical products with bioactive properties from the biodegradable polymer dibutyrylchitin (DBC). Materials produced by blowing out polymer solutions have excellent hemostaic properties and are easy to handle during surgery. Biocompatibility studies, encompassing hemostasis and the evaluation of post‐implantation reactions, indicate that the biological properties of DBC depend on the molecular mass of the polymer. Lower molecular mass polymers are preferable for use in implanted wound dressings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Morphological, demographic and genetic traces of Upper Palaeolithic human impact on limpet assemblages in North Iberia
Authors: Turrero P. , Muñoz‐Colmenero M. , Pola I. G. , Arbizu M. , García‐Vázquez E.
Published: November 2011

Human activities have an impact on extant biotic communities, and may have had just as important an impact in the past. We assess human impact on limpet assemblages during the Upper Palaeolithic in Asturias (north‐west Spain). The intensely exploited genus Patella exhibited a marked size decrease and a change in species assemblage composition, substituting the larger species P. vulgata for the smaller P. depressa. The present Patella assemblages in the upper tidal level exhibit the same pattern as those of the Epipalaeolithic (approx. 12 000 to 6000 years before the present). Although climate change may have contributed to such species replacement, spatial differences between close areas with different densities of Palaeolithic human settlements indicate unequivocal human impact. Present Patella species sampled from the region exhibit genetic signatures of past bottlenecks in mitochondrial DNA, which also indicate recent demographic expansion, suggesting that old impacts have been sufficiently important to leave genetic traces in current populations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital‐ and millennial‐scale paleoceanographic changes in the north‐eastern Japan Basin, East Sea/Japan Sea during the late Quaternary
Authors: Khim Boo‐Keun , Ikehara Ken , Irino Tomohisa
Published: November 2011

Two gravity sediment cores (GH99‐1239 and GH99‐1246) obtained from the north‐eastern Japan Basin in the East Sea/Japan Sea were analyzed for the orbital‐ and millennial‐scale paleoceanographic changes. Chronostratigraphically, core GH99‐1239 represents a continuous sedimentary record since 32 ka, based on correlation of distinct lithological markers (i.e. dark layer or TL layer) with those in core GH98‐1232 collected nearby. For core GH99‐1246, the age model is constructed through correlation of lightness (L*) values and tephra (Aso‐4 and Toya) layers with those in the well‐dated Oki Ridge core (MD01‐2407), indicating about 134 ka of sedimentation since the latest Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. New geochemical data from both cores corroborate orbital‐scale paleoceanographic variation, such that surface‐water productivity, represented by biogenic opal and total organic carbon (TOC) contents, increased during MIS 1 and MIS 5; CaCO3 contents do not show such distinct glacial–interglacial cycles, but were influenced by dissolution and preservation rather than foraminiferal production. During the glacial periods when sea ice was prevalent, surface‐water productivity was low, and bottom‐water conditions became anoxic, as indicated by high total sulfur (TS) contents and high Mo concentrations. The geochemical data further document millennial‐scale paleoceanographic variability, corresponding to a series of thin TL layers in response to Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles but irrespective of the glacial or interglacial periods. In particular, thin TL layers formed during MIS 3 are characterized by less TOC (about 1%) and TS (about 0.4%) contents and lower Mo (about 5 p.p.m.) concentration, whereas those during MIS 4 and MIS 5 exhibit more TOC (up to 4%) and TS (up to 5%) contents and higher Mo (up to 120 p.p.m.) concentration. Such a discrepancy is attributed to different degree of surface‐water productivity and of bottom‐water oxygenation, which is closely related to the sea level position and extent of ventilation. Flux of the East China Sea Coastal Water controlled by millennial‐scale paleoclimatic events is the most critical factor in deciding the properties of TL layers in the north‐eastern Japan Basin. Our results strongly confirm that TL layers in the Japan Basin also validate the unique feature of basin‐wide paleoceanographic signals in the East Sea/Japan Sea. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectra of melamine and other chemicals using a 1550 nm (retina‐safe) laser
Authors: Huang Hermes , Shende Chetan , Sengupta Atanu , Inscore Frank , Brouillette Carl , Smith Wayne , Farquharson Stuart
Published: November 2011

Many trace chemical analyses are being transitioned from the lab to the field, among which is surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Although initial portable Raman analyzers primarily employ 785 nm laser excitation, recent studies suggest longer wavelengths, with an appropriate surface‐enhanced Raman‐active substrate, may provide equal sensitivity. Furthermore, 1550 nm excitation may provide added safety for the user, in that permanent retina damage does not occur. Here, we show that a reasonable enhancement factor can be obtained for melamine using 1550 nm laser excitation that is nearly equivalent to those obtained using 785 and 1064 nm laser excitation. We also demonstrate that a number of other chemicals of interest can be measured by 1550 nm surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, albeit only modest sensitivity is achieved because of instrument limitations, not enhancement factors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using submaximal contractions to predict the maximum force‐generating ability of muscles
Authors: Flynn Sarah , Knarr Brian A. , Perumal Ramu , Kesar Trisha M. , Binder‐MacLeod Stuart A.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Muscle weakness can be caused by decreases in either the maximum force‐generating ability of a muscle (MFGA) or neural drive from the nervous system (e.g., after a stroke). Presently, there is no agreed‐upon practical method for calculating the MFGA in individuals with central nervous system pathology. The purpose of this study was to identify the best method for determining MFGA. Methods: The predicted and estimated MFGA of the muscles of 23 non‐neurologically impaired subjects (13 males, 21.9 ± 1.9 years) were compared using the burst superimposition, twitch interpolation, doublet interpolation, twitch‐to‐tetanus ratio, and the adjusted burst superimposition methods. Results: The adjusted burst superimposition test was the most accurate predictor of MFGA. Conclusions: Further testing is needed to validate the use of the adjusted burst superimposition test in a neurologically impaired population. Muscle Nerve 45: 849–858, 2012