bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzyme activities in experimental gingivitis in man
Authors: NORD CARL‐ERIK , MODÉER THOMAS , SÖDER PER‐ÖSTEN , BERGSTRÖM JAN
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the present investigation was to study hyaluronidase, protease, and lysozyme in dental plaque material and gingival fluid during the initial stages of gingivitis. Ten persons with healthy gingiva were subjected to a three‐week period without oral hygiene. During this period they developed abundance of plaque and generalized gingivitis. Hyaluronidase activity in dental plaque was highest on day 3 and then decreased during the whole experimental period. Protease and lysozyme activities varied during the experiment. An apparent trend towards higher lysozyme activity of gingival fluid with increased severity of gingival inflammation was noticed. No hyaluronidase and protease activities were detected in the gingival fluid. The hyaluronidases from plaque material of different days were separated by isoelectric focusing into at least two different fractions (pI 5.0 and pI 8.0). Proteolytic fractions were found over a wide pi interval (4.2–6.8) during all days. In all separations one lysozyme peak between pH 9.5–10.0 was found.
Studies on long‐term maintenance of teeth and viable associated cells in vitro
Authors: LITWIN J. , LUNDQUIST G. , SÖDER P.‐Ö.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present study describes techniques for maintaining teeth in vitro in which the cells surrounding the root are viable and able to multiply. Microbial contamination could be controlled by use of antibiotics. The material consisted of 20 extracted human teeth. Immediately after extraction the teeth were put in Eagle's medium and incubated at 37°C. Cells surrounding the root could be kept viable in a liquid medium or fixed in a semi‐solid medium containing Eagle's + 1 % agar. Viable cells could be trypsinized from teeth after as long as one year in vitro and grown in glass culture bottles.
Relation between combined widths of incisors and dimensions of the dental arches
Authors: INGERVALL BENGT , SEEMAN LARS , THILANDER BIRGIT
Published: October 2007

abstract – The correlation between the total widths of the incisors and the widths and lengths of the dental arches was studied in 149 boys and 175 girls, aged 8 years 10 months to 11 years 10 months. Eighty‐two of the children were judged as having normal occlusion. The widths and lengths of the dental arches were positively correlated with the total widths of the incisors. The correlation coefficients were higher for the arch lengths than for the arch widths. The correlation was, however, only weak or moderate. Calculation of the width of the maxillary dental arch from the total widths of the incisors according to Pont's Index is of little diagnostic value because of the weak correlation between the variables. The determination coefficient between the total widths of the maxillary incisors and the anterior maxillary dental arch length was found to be 0.62, so that the total widths of the maxillary incisors is of some value for predicting the anterior dental arch length.
Twinning in γ‐crystals of the silver‐mercury system
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

abstract – This X‐ray diffraction study of γ(Ag‐Hg)‐crystals formed by the reaction between an aqueous solution of silver nitrate and mercury has shown that the crystals are twinned and that the most common form of twinning can be described either as a reflection across the cubic (2)‐plane or as a 180° rotation around the [2]‐direction.
Glycosaminoglycans of temporomandibular articular discs
Authors: GRANSTRöM GöSTA , LINDE ANDERS
Published: October 2007

abstract— The glycosaminoglycans of the fibrous cartilage of temporomandibular articular discs from rat, rabbit, dog and monkey have been separated by means of cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis on a micro scale. The total glycosaminoglycan amount present in these tissues was found to be 1.8, 1.8, 1.4 and 1.2 μg uronic acid, respectively, per mg tissue wet weight. Two major glycosaminoglycan fractions with the electrophoretic mobility of hyaluronate and dermatan sulfate were present, with the latter predominating.
Ultrastructural changes of the periodontal fibers and their attachment in rat molar periodontium incident to orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: RYGH PER
Published: October 2007

abstract— Changes of the periodontal fibers and their attachment to cementum and alveolar bone in pressure zones of rat molars subjected to experimental forces were studied in the transmission electron microscope. In 67 rats, one maxillary first molar was moved buccally with a fixed appliance, using forces of 5–25 g. After experimental periods of 30 min to 28 d the animals were sacrificed and the experimental teeth with surrounding periodontal structures were processed for electron microscopy. After 24 h individual fibrils revealed bending and loss of functional orientation, while dense packing of fibrillar elements in irregular arrangement was a characteristic finding between 3 and 7 d. Within localized areas non‐striated filaments had formed by longitudinal splitting of collagen fibrils. Even in the hyalinized zones of longest duration (7–14 d) less than 5% of the area seen in the electron microscope had degradèd in this manner. Regenerative processes predominated in the 14–28 d specimens. The apposition of cementum and alveolar bone had come to a halt during hyalinization, as indicated by distinct demarcation lines. The matrix of the new cementum and alveolar bone which had been deposited during the period of repair of the tooth attachment appeared more granular than the old hard tissues, due to a lower content of fibrillar elements.
Dissolution of enamel
Authors: LARSEN M. JOOST
Published: October 2007

abstract— Each of six premolars were exposed to 8 ml of a buffer, pH 5.0. The ionic activity products for FA, HA, CaHPO4, CaF2 and Ca4H(PO4)3 were determined. It was found that the liquid phase initially was unsaturated with respect to all solid phases and that FA and HA were dissolving from the enamel. Four hours after initiation of the experiments the liquid phase was supersaturated with respect to FA while still unsaturated with respect to HA, which resulted in a precipitation of FA in the enamel and a dissolution of HA from the enamel. Teeth which had been exposed to a buffer unsaturated with respect to both FA and HA exhibited the signs of a natural erosion, while teeth exposed to a buffer supersaturated with respect to FA and unsaturated with respect to HA showed the characteristics of a caries lesion. It was found by analyzing various acidic beverages that these were unsaturated with respect to both FA and HA. By calculation it was found that saliva was unsaturated with respect to HA and supersaturated with respect to FA at a pH of between 5.5 and 4.5. It was concluded that the erosive lesion can be described as the result of a demineralization caused by a liquid phase unsaturated with respect to both HA and FA and the carious injury by a liquid phase unsaturated with respect to HA and supersaturated with respect to FA.
The ultrastructure of black stain on human primary teeth
Authors: THEILADE J. , SLOTS J. , FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Primary teeth with typical black stain were obtained from 10 children and processed for electron microscopy. The deposit consisted of microorganisms in an intermicrobial matrix of varying density. The majority of the bacteria were Gram‐positive cocci or rods. Calcification of the black stain was observed. The results indicate that this deposit is a special type of dental plaque. It differs from regular dental plaque in that Gram‐positive rods constitute the majority of the bacterial population, and it resembles plaque in its ability to provide a matrix for calcification.
Incidence of stained tooth surfaces in students using chlorhexidine‐containing dentifrices
Authors: ERIKSEN HARALD M. , GJERMO PER
Published: October 2007

abstract— Previous clinical studies have shown that chlorhexidine may cause brownish discoloration of tooth surfaces. In a longitudinal periodontitis and caries experiment evaluating the effectiveness of dentifrice as a vehicle for chlorhexidine, the frequency of discoloration has been studied by a microphotometric technique. The present study indicates a definite correlation between brownish discoloration on tooth surfaces and the use of chlorhexidine‐containing dentifrices. Furthermore, the results of this investigation indicate that the discoloration may be influenced by the degree of abrasiveness of the dentifrice.
Comparison of radiographic and clinical signs of early periodontal disease
Authors: AINAMO JUKKA , TAMMISALO ERKKI H.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of the study was to examine the justification of the common assumption that early periodontal disease can be diagnosed on the basis of qualitative radiographic changes in the alveolar bone margin. The material comprised 100 bite wing radiographs of quantitatively intact interdental septa between the mandibular first and second premolars of 65 males aged 19–22 years. The width of the periodontal space, the continuity of the crestal cortical bone layer, and the pattern of trabeculation of each septum were used as criteria for classifying the septa as either healthy or probably or positively diseased. The study revealed that no relationship exists between the Gingival Index score and the presently studied qualitative radiographic findings. It was concluded that the constant interplay between physiologic constructive and destructive phases within the alveolar bone efficiently masks the minute qualitative radiographic changes pertaining to early periodontal disease.
Elution of cadmium from dentures
Authors: ROSSOW BERIT , KOPPANG ROLF
Published: October 2007

abstract— Heat‐cured, red‐pigmented acrylic dentures without teeth were eluted with 150 ml 0.1 N HC1, and the concentration of cadmium in the eluant was measured. The analyses were performed after 7, 14, and 28 d. Already after 7 d, further elution of cadmium from the dentures came approximately to a stop. This seems to indicate a dissolution effect connected with the pigments in the surface of the denture only. The amount of cadmium eluted with 150 ml 0.1 N HC1 varied from 0.9 to 3.5 μg after 7 d.
A technique for isolating the enamel organ of the rat incisor for histologic studies
Authors: JOSEPHSEN K.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The present report describes a new method for rapidly and gently isolating the enamel organ of the rat incisor for use in histologic studies. Incisors from 3‐month‐old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. The jaws were trimmed, and, using a technique that controlled the fracture of the alveolar bone, the enamel organ was denuded along its entire length. After 3 d in an EDTA solution, the denuded enamel organ could be isolated in three parts. The apical cone representing the growing end of the incisor was cut off. The intermediate portion adjacent to the thick, immature enamel was separated from the dentin by blunt dissection, and the remaining part on the mature enamel was readily lifted away from the tooth surface. The specimens were dehydrated, taking special precautions against twisting due to shrinkage, and embedded in polyester wax. Sections of such enamel organs show excellent cellular preservation with no disruption of histologic relationships.
Biologic effect of polyisobutylene on HeLa cells and on subcutaneous tissue in guinea pigs
Authors: WENNBERG ALF , BERGDAHL MARGRETH , SPÅNGBERG LARZ
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – Polyisobutylenc (Oppanol B®) is a resin which may possibly have physical properties that make it suitable as a root filling material. The biologic compatibility of the material was assessed in in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (subcutaneous implantation) tests. Oppanol B compounds of low molecular weights caused no cell damage in the in vitro tests. The results of the in vivo experiments indicated that Oppanol B was at least as well tolerated by the tissue as the conventional root filling materials, guttapercha and AH26®.
A method for obtaining periodic identical bitewing radiographs
Authors: KIRKEGAARD E. , ZEUNER P.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – A method for obtaining periodic identical bitewing radiographs has been developed using impression.s of the occlusal surface of molars and premolars. Two positioning devices, one fixed to the film holder, and the other mounted on the X‐ray tube, were used in order to obtain periodic identical radiographs. Because no fixed connection between the film holder and the X‐ray tube is employed, it is possible to obtain several radiographs with the same film holder. Using a stereoautograph, the error of the method was found to be very low and probably without clinical importance. The method may be valuable in clinical trials where no changes in the occlusal anatomy are taking place over time, or where it is possible to correct minor changes due to tbe insertion of fillings.
Pulp reactions in human teeth to tooth colored filling materials
Authors: QVIST VIBEKE
Published: October 2007

abstract— In each of 49 intact premolars from children between 9 and 15 years of age, one buccal and one lingual cavity were prepared. The 98 cavities were filled with either Silicap®, Sevriton® Simplified or Addent® XV. After 2 weeks 19, and after 6 months 30 of the teeth were extracted. The histologic investigation included remaining dentin, reduction in the number of odontoblasts, inflammatory cells, necrosis, tertiary dentin and bacteria. After 2 weeks a loss of odontoblasts and inflammation was seen beneath two‐thirds of the cavities, and small necrotic areas in 11 of the 38 instances. After 6 months the loss of odontoblasts was a little more pronounced, the inflammation a little less, and necrosis could not be observed. Tertiary dentin was registered beneath most of the cavities after 6 months. The reactions to the three filling materials were quite similar in quality and quantity. The amount of remaining dentin influenced the degree of inflammation and amount of tertiary dentin after 6 months beneath cavities filled with Silicap, and inflammation after 2 weeks and 6 months beneath Addent. Bacteria were observed in nearly all cavities 6 months after the treatment.
Leucine and fucose incorporation into odontoblast protein
Authors: JONTELL MATS , LINDE ANDERS , RöGKERT HANS
Published: October 2007

abstract—Odontoblasts isolated from rat incisors were incubatedin vitroin the presence of tritiated leucine or fucose, and the amount of precursor incorporated into TCA‐precipitated proteins was determined. The effect on precursor incorporation of varying the total precursor concentration was examined. The incorporation of leucine and fucose into TCA‐precipitated proteins was found to be linear with time for at least 90 min. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol demonstrated the presence of odontoblastic protein synthesis. One hour afterin vivoadministration of tritiated leucine the highest specific activity of odontoblast‐predentin protein material was noted the corresponding maximum for pulp proteins was found to occur after 30 min. Thein vivoincorporation of tritiated fucose was maximal after 4 h in both odontoblasts and pulp tissue.
The ultrastructural localization of iron in rat incisor enamel
Authors: SELVIG KNUT A. , HALSE AGNAR
Published: October 2007

abstract— Previous studies have shown that the pigmented surface layer of rat incisor enamel contains up to 30% iron but have left the question open as to whether iron is bound to the hydroxyapatite crystals or is present as a separate crystalline phase. Maxillary incisors from adult rats were demineralized for an extended period of time in EDTA. An insoluble membranous structure representing the remaining superficial portion of the enamel was collected and analyzed in the electron microprobe. The analyses showed that the demineralization procedure had removed calcium and phosphorus nearly completely, whereas the iron content of the surface layer had not been appreciably reduced. Electron microscopic examination of these specimens showed that the residual material contained electron‐dense particles whose size, form and orientation indicated that they were remnants of the original crystal population. Several other demineralized and undemineralized specimens were also examined electron microscopically. The results indicate that iron is not present as a separate particulate phase but is, probably, bound to the surface of hydroxyapatite crystals.
Long‐term prognosisof 66 permanent anterior teethwith root fracture
Authors: ZACHRISSON BJÖRN U. , JACOBSEN INGEBORG
Published: October 2007

abstract— A longitudinal clinical and radiographic follow‐up study was made of all permanent teeth with root fractures referred to the Oslo University Department of Pedodontics between 1953 and 1972 (n = 66). The material included 51 patients aged 6–21 years. The mean observation period was 5.2 years, ranging from 1 to 19 years. The present report documents background data and the long‐term results. Two teeth with exarticulation of the coronal fragment (3%) were immediately extracted. Repair of the fracture area occurred in 51 teeth (77%). Pulp necrosis was found in 13 teeth (20%), nine of which were successfully treated endodontically; only four teeth had to be extracted. Several factors were found to influence the prognosis, most notably the degree of dislocation of the coronal fragment. The localiátion of the fracture influenced repair only slightly. Despite somewhat increased mobility in some cases, the longevity of teeth with fractures even in the coronal third of the root was not significantly shortened. It is concluded that when optimally treated by repositioning, fixation and relief of occlusion, anterior teeth with root fracture have a favorable prognosis. Even when pulp necrosis occurs, the long‐term prognosis is good.
Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after exarticulation of their primary predecessors
Authors: RAVN J. J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the patient's age at the time of injury were examined in 77 patients with 85 exarticulated primary incisors. The central incisors are the most frequently affected teeth and injuries occur more often to teeth on the righ't than on the left side. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 74.1 % for the total material. From 0–2 years the frequency is 94.5 % and after the age of 5 years the frequency is only 18.2 %. External enamel hypoplasia is the more common result in patients whose trauma occurred when they were less than 3 years old, whereas internal enamel hypoplasia is the usual result of traumas occurring after the age of 3 years.
Formation of an experimental dental cuticle
Authors: LIE TRYGGVE , SELVIG KNUT A.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Slices of dental enamel, cementum and dentin, and segments of epoxy resin splints with exposed synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals were incubated in human serum overnight. Observations by light and electron microscopy revealed that a cuticular structure with staining reactions and ultrastructural appearance similar to those of dental cuticle had formed on the various surfaces. The results support the hypothesis that the dental cuticle in vivo may consist of serum components which have been adsorbed to the tooth surface as a result of gingival exudation.
Experimental periodontal breakdown in the dog
Authors: ERICSSON INGVAR , LINDHE JAN , RYLANDER HARALD , OKAMOTO HIROSHI
Published: October 2007

abstract – This paper describes a method for inducing rapidly progressing and reproducible periodontal lesions around selected teeth in dogs. The experiments were performed on 10 beagles which were fed a diet favoring gross formation of plaque. Approximately 1 mm of the marginal alveolar bone around 4P and P4 was removed and a notch prepared in the root. A ligature of cotton floss was placed around 4P and P4 at the cemento‐enamel junction. Radiographs and sections prepared 230 d later revealed that a progressive breakdown of the periodontal tissues had occurred. The average bone loss was 2.4 mm and the distance between the apical cells of the pocket epithelium and the notch was 854μm.
Effect of toothbrushing with chlorhexidine gel on salivary microflora, oral hygiene, and caries
Authors: EMILSON C. G. , FORNELL J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of daily toothbrushing with 0.5 % chlorhexidine‐containing gel for 12 months was evaluated in a double‐blind study in 37 dental students. The active gel did not markedly influence plaque formation, gingival conditions, or caries as compared with placebo gel treatment. Salivary bacterial counts were performed on subgroups of six subjects using chlorhexidine gel and on six using placebo gel. No differences in the effect of treatment on the microorganisms studied in the two subgroups could be detected except for S. sanguis. The percentage of this species decreased in the placebo group and increased in the chlorhexidine group. The difference became significant after 2 weeks. A tendency to a greater reduction of S. mutans noted in the chlorhexidine group was most marked in individuals who had high initial counts of this species. The proportion of S. sanguis, which could grow on chlorhexidine‐containing mitis salivarius medium, increased and after 12 months of chlorhexidine treatment averaged 34 % of cultivable S. sanguis compared with 0.002 % prior to treatment. The number of less sensitive S. sanguis decreased in the 12 months following termination of treatment. There was no observed tendency for the selection or proliferation of other streptococci, gram‐negative rods, yeasts, or staphylococci.
Less dental caries among secretor than among non‐secretors of blood group substance
Authors: ARNEBERG PÅL , KORNSTAD LEIF , NORDBÖ HÅKON , GJERMO PER
Published: October 2007

abstract – Salivary mucins can aggregate oral bacteria and are also constituents of pellicle and plaque. A, B, and H blood group antigens are present on the mucins of secretors only. These mucins have also been shown to contain more carbohydrate than non‐secretor mucins. The aim of the present study was to relate these genetically determined differences in mucin composition to caries prevalence. Data on blood group, secretor status, and caries prevalence was collected from 69 dental students. In all blood groups, the average caries prevalence was lower for secretors than for non‐secretors. The difference was more pronounced for smooth surface than for total surface prevalence. The secretors of blood group mucin A had the lowest caries prevalence. The results would be consistent with an impact of the mucin composition upon the caries prevalence, and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Relative effects of sucrolytic enzymes in human dental plaque
Authors: AKSNES A.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The relative effects in human dental plaque material from the three main extracellular sucrolytic enzymes from bacterial origin, invertase, dextransucrase and levansucrase, have been investigated by means of quantitative determination of products with sucrose as the substrate. Twenty young men having carious lesions and harboring plaque material on the tooth surfaces, were selected. One gram (wet weight) of plaque material was obtained and divided in five samples, 0.2 g each, for different investigations and controls. Twice as much fructan as glucan was found in plaque. Invertase activity was found to dominate sucrolysis within plaque with 99.67 % of the total activity.
Lysozyme activity and flow rate of mixed saliva in children, adolescents and adults
Authors: RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA , TUOMPO HELENA
Published: October 2007

abstract – Reports of lysozyme activity in mixed saliva differ greatly from lysozyme determination in pure form. In this study lysozyme activity of mixed saliva was determined by turbidimetric method in healthy children, adolescents, and adults, 111 subjects altogether. The salivary flow rate was estimated. The lysozyme activity of mixed saliva in 24‐ children was 129.4 ± 42.4, in 21 adolescents 160.9 ± 58.2, and in 66 adults 165.7 ± 36.7 (|ig/ml hen's egg white lysozyme). The flow rate of mixed saliva was similar in different groups. No statistically significant linear dependence between saliva lysozyme and flow rate was found. The lysozyme activities obtained correspond with the results of saliva lysozyme in pure form.
Elastic properties of resin‐based filling materials
Authors: GJERDET NILS ROAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – Some aspects of the viscoelastic behavior of resin‐based filling materials have been studied by the use of a bending test. The specimens, designed as cantilever beams, were loaded for 30 sec and then unloaded. The tests were performed at 1/2 h, 1 h, 3 h, 24 h, and 1 week after mixing of the materials. The strains were measured by electric strain gauges cemented to the tensile side of the beam. Six products were tested, five of them composites. Different brands of materials showed considerable variation in degree of viscoelastic behavior. The values for elastic after‐effect decreased markedly with time, reaching a fairly constant value at 24 h. Elastic moduli showed a similar increase and the stiffest materials exhibited the least elastic after‐effect.
Direction and intensify of mandibular rotation in the sagittal adjustment during growth of the jaws
Authors: LAVERGNE JEAN , GASSON NICOLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – A material of 22 patients with metallic implants in both jaws has been used to study, longitudinally on lateral headplates, the relationship between the degree of mandibular rotation, the difference in amount of growth of both jaws, represented by the value (E), and the sagittal intermaxillary relationship (G). It has been established that the variation of sagittal intermaxillary relationship and the variation of the degree of mandibular rotation are two phenomena presenting a “balance mechanism” when related to the value (E). The different combinations of these three variables during mandibular growth are proposed, represented in diagrams. This study reveals that several possible mandibular responses correspond to a single given initial condition.
Effect of some heavy metals on protein and collagen biosynthesis in rabbit dental pulp in vitro
Authors: HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – Cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury, being components of dental alloys, have been tested at concentrations from 20 to 120 μM for their effect on the incorporation of 14C‐proline into various fractions of rabbit dental pulp incubated in vitro. With cadmium and zinc an increased amount of 14C‐activity was recovered from the TCA‐soluble pool, whereas the further incorporation into total protein and collagen, i.e. 14C‐hydroxypraline, was markedly inhibited. Copper and mercury, however, reduced the amount of label in the TCA‐soluble fraction. Both metals exhibited a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on the hydroxylation step in collagen synthesis, whereas for mercury only, an inhibition of the general protein synthesis was indicated. With all four metals the proportion of 14C‐labeled protein and hydroxyproline recovered from the medium was reduced, the effect being most prominent with cadmium and zinc.
Fluoride content of dental plaque before, during and after ingestion of sucrose modified with fluoride or bicarbonate‐phosphate
Authors: TURTOLA L. O.
Published: October 2007

abstract
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Students ingested tablets daily during a period of 3 d growth of dental plaque and in connection with the collection of plaque specimens. The tablets varied in composition: sucrose (C), sucrose containing sodium bicarbonate‐monopotassium orthophosphate and fluoride (BPF), and sucrose modified with fluoride (F). The daily fluoride dose in conjunction with the growth of plaque and the collection of specimens was 0.5 mg of total fluoride and 0.2 mg in the determination of ionized fluoride. The fluoride taken during the growth period did not significantly affect the total and ionized fluoride contents of the plaque. During the consumption of all the tablets, the total fluoride content of the plaque increased temporarily, after which a drop took place to close to the original value. In the case of the C‐ and the BPF‐tablets, the increase was statistically significant (P‐values <0.02 and <0.001, respectively). During the consumption of the BPF‐ and F‐tablets, the ionized fluoride content dropped significantly (P‐values < 0.001 and <0.01, respectively). The investigation showed that a binding of the free fluoride ions in dental plaque takes place in connection with fermentation.
Experimental pulpitis in immunized monkeys
Authors: BERGENHOLTZ GUNNAR , AHLSTEDT STAFFAN , LINDHE JAN
Published: October 2007

abstract
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as topically applied to exposed dentin to assess whether inflammatory reactions can be induced in the pulp of monkeys immunized against BSA. Four cynomolgus monkeys received repeated injections of BSA emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Pulp challenge as performed by applying BSA in freshly cut dentin cavities prepared on the buccal surface in 34 teeth. In 29 control teeth ovalbumin (OVA) as applied. Control applications of BSA ere also performed in 15 teeth prepared in three nonimmunized monkeys. Forty‐eight hours after the initiation of the pulp challenge the monkeys ere sacrificed and the pulp tissue examined in the light microscope. Topical application of BSA to freshly exposed dentin in immunized monkeys resulted in severe inflammatory lesions in the pulp, characterized by bleeding and extravascular infiltration of large numbers of leukocytes. Extensive tissue damage as an important feature in several pulps. Identical applications of OVA in control teeth and BSA applications in nonimmunized monkeys produced no such reactions. The results indicate that interactions between antigens and antibodies can occur within the dentin‐pulp area and following the formation of immune‐complexes, severe injury to the pulp can be induced.
Clinical findings in temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis
Authors: KOPP SIGVARD
Published: October 2007

abstract
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The clinical findings in 20 patients with TMJ‐crepitation (E1‐group) and 19 patients with TMJ palpatory tenderness (E2‐group) have been compared with the findings in 29 other patients with mandibular dysfunction (R‐group). The patients underwent a clinical examination of the masticator system and of the second distal interphalangeal joints (DIP II joints). No statistically significant differences could be found between groups with respect to clinical signs, occlusal interferences, or dental attrition. Loss of molar support was found to be significantly more frequent in the E1‐group than in the R‐group. The frequency of tenderness to palpation or pain on movement of DIP II joints was significantly higher in the E2‐group than in the R‐group. Periarticular bony swelling of DIP II joints was significantly correlated with TMJ‐crepitation. The patients with TMJ‐crepitation were considered to have TMJ‐osteoarthrosis. The results of the present study indicate that patients with TMJ‐OA have a similar clinical picture to other patients with mandibular dysfunction and that molar loss plays a role in the etiology of TMJ‐OA.
Fluoride release from a glass ionomer cement
Authors: FORSTEN LENNART
Published: October 2007

abstract
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The release of fluoride from a glass ionomer cement (ASPA®) was. compared with that from a silicate cement. Test specimens were shaken in a solution with hydroxyapadte for 7 weeks. The solution was changed every week and the fluoride taken up by the hydroxyapatite measured. The specimens released considerably more fluoride during each of the first 2 weeks than during each of the subsequent 5 weeks. The continued release did not decrease very much with time. Slightly more fluoride was released from the glass ionomer cement than from the silicate.
Contamination of toothpaste and toothbrush by Streptococcus mutans
Authors: SVANBERG M.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Toothbrushes and toothpaste tubes used by persons infected with S. mutans were examined for the presence of this microorganism. Fifteen minutes after brushing >106S. mutans were isolated from the toothbrushes and after ordinary storage for 24 h 104 were recovered. From two out of 10 toothpaste tubes S. mutans was isolated from the orifice of the tube. The implications of these findings for the spread of the microorganism are discussed.
A 5‐year evaluation of semipermanent composite resin crowns
Authors: ULVESTAD HARALD
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – The use of composite resin crowns in the restoration of traumatized and hypoplastic permanent incisors has proved to be of great clinical and aesthetic value for the pedodontic practice. Due to the composite resin materials and the acid etch technique, an easy method of making and retaining the restorations is at hand. The present study deals with long‐term observations of composite resin crowns in restoring Ellis Class II and Class III coronal fractures of traumatized permanent incisors. In all, 253 composite resin crowns were controlled every year for a minimum of 5 years. In no case was an intermediate resin layer applied on etched enamel before the restoration material was placed. Surface, marginal and “body” discoloration, marginal leakage, marginal caries, abrasion, and fractures were controlled. The study demonstrated that discoloration of the surface of the restorations, and a discoloration of the restorative material not restricted to its surface (“body” discoloration) were the most frequent causes for considering the crowns as semipermanent restorations. The other factors seemed to be of minor clinical significance.
Prevalence of malocclusion in medieval and modern Danes contrasted
Authors: HELM SVEN , PRYDSÖ UWE
Published: October 2007

Abstract— A comparison was made of frequencies of anomalies of the dentition, occlusion, and space conditions for the permanent dentition in the skeletal remains of 278 medieval Danes and in 1258 contemporary Danes. The congenital anomalies of the dentition were equally common in the samples. Extreme maxillary overjet and distal molar occlusion, deep bite, and crowding were considerably less frequent in the Middle Ages. The frequencies of mesial molar occlusion and crossbite, but not that of midline displacement, were higher in the medieval sample, especially in the older subjects. It is suggested that the observed differences in malocclusion prevalence were related to exogenous factors, primarily the pronounced dental attrition.
Autoradiography of 90Sr in developing rats
Authors: OLSEN INGAR , JONSEN JON
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The distribution patterns of 90Sr in five littermate. 8‐day‐old Wistar rats were studied by whole body autoradiography. Rats were killed 15 min, I, 4, 24, and 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of the isotope. Immediately after administration, 90Sr was distributed throughout most of the soft tissues of the body. The soft tissue deposits had practically disappeared after 4 h. In the hard tissues of the body, 90Sr accumulated up to 24–72 h. Fifteen minutes after injection the uptake of 90Sr in the enamel of the teeth was highest in the occlusal and incisal regions. 90Sr gradually accumulated throughout the enamel and after 72 h its distribution in this layer was fairly uniform. Immediately after injection a narrow zone of radioactivity appeared in the dentin near the pulp. This zone broadened with time towards the dentinoenamel junction and included the entire dentin layer 72 h after injection. Initially, the uptake of 90Sr was higher in the dentin than in the enamel, particularly in the cervical areas of the crown. This difference became less apparent with time. There was good correlation between the uptake in teeth and bones, supporting the use of teeth as indicators of the 90Sr body burden.
Abrasion of Class 1 restorative resins
Authors: JØRGENSEN KNUD DREYER , HØRSTED PREBEN , JANUM OLE , KROGH JESPER , SCHULTZ JYTTE
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Studies have been made on the abrasion by food of different restorative resins in standard Class 1 cavities in mandibular first molars of schoolchildren. The abrasion was recorded by measuring the increasing height of the exposed cavity walls. It was found that Sevriton Simplified® was abraded more than Adaptic®, that no difference in abrasion between Adaptic and Adaptic without filler could be demonstrated, and that Adaptic was abraded more than an experimental composite containing 30% by weight Aerosil®, an ultra‐fine SiO2, filler with a grain size of the order of 25–50 nm. The results are in accord with the findings in an initial study by one of the present authors, in which the fillings were placed in denture porcelain teeth. It is stressed that the conclusions of the present work are pertinent only to the type of abrasion studied, i.e. chewing of food without the possibility of direct contact between the fillings involved and the corresponding antagonists.
Spatial position of the lateral semicircular canal in 14–60‐day‐old rat heads
Authors: VILMANN HENNING , MOSS MELVIN L.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— During growth the rat skull straightens considerably due to flexions between skull parts and individual bones. This straightening is defined as orthocephalization. Orthocephalization might also be caused by a change in head posture during growth, i.e. it may be “apparent”. In order to study the significance of this phenomenon, radiographs of dried skulls of male rats, 14, 30 and 60 d of age were subjected to angular measurements between the plane of the lateral semicircular canal and the plane of foramen magnum and of the basisphenoid bone, respectively. When the plane of the lateral semicircular canal is placed horizontally, the head is claimed to be in natural position. No changes in the angulation between the lateral semicircular canal and the basisphenoid bone could be revealed, whereas the foramen magnum was shown to rotate upwards and backwards in relation to the plane of the canal. This implies that the orthocephalization which takes place between 14 and 60 d is caused only by real angular changes, and that no apparent changes occur due to changes in head posture.
Oral aspects of osteopetrosis
Authors: BJORVATN KJELL , GILHUUS‐MOE OLE , AARSKOG DAGFINN
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The characteristic feature of osteopetrosis is a lack of osteoclastic activity, leading to a series of somatihd problems for afflicted persons. The life span of osteopetrotic patients has increased in recent years, thereby making oral aspects of the disease more evident. Four children with malignant osteopetrosis, born between 1967 and 1975, were examined. In all patients the anterior teeth were of normal shape, and erupted on schedule. Primary molars and all permanent teeth were greatly distorted, and remained totally or partly embedded in basal bone. Vertical growth of alveolar ridge was very limited. Where a fenestration of overlaying mucosa had occurred, a localized, progressive osteitis developed, leading to soft tissue inflammation and, in two cases, extraoral mandibular fistulas. Periodontal attachment was very poor, spontaneous exfoliation had occurred In all patients. In two children tooth germs and necrotic bone were surgically removed. No beneficial effect of the treatment was observed. Large doses of antibiotics were needed to control recurring infections. No means of curing progressive osseous destruction of mandibular bone has been found. The general prognosis is poor.
Dentofacial development in long‐lasting nasal stenosis
Authors: FRENG ATLE
Published: October 2007

abstract— In 18 patients with congenital choanal atresia the connection between impeded nasal respiration and dentofacial development was studied by a combined radiocephalometric and biometric method. The results obtained showed that neither the dental occlusion nor the vertical facial growth diverged from normal. The sagittal growth, however, was significantly reduced. Consequently, nasal stenosis remaining during the growth period contributes not only to transitory discomfort but seems to induce permanent morphologic alterations as well.
Tooth stain during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine‐ and fluoride‐containing
Authors: DOLLES O. K. , ERIKSEN H. M. , GJERMO P.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride upon the stain‐inducing capacity of chlorhexidine. Ninety‐one children, 13 years of age, volunteered for the experiment. Three test dentifrices were used, containing 0.1% NaF, 0.1% NaF +2% chlorhexidine, and 2% chlorhexidine respectively. The experiment was carried out as a double‐blind test, and the degree of staining was recorded after 1 and 2 years. Four methods were used for stain scoring. The results after 1 year showed that chlorhexidine induced less stain when applied together with fluoride than when applied alone. After 2 years this difference disappeared, indicating that fluoride only retarded chlorhexidine‐induced staining of teeth.
Silent period and jaw jerk reflex in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges
Authors: HARALDSON TORGNY , INGERVALL BENGT
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The silent period in the masseter and in the anterior portion of the temporal muscle during tooth tapping, the rate of tooth tapping and the jaw jerk reflex evoked by a tap on the chin were compared in individuals with oral implant bridges and with natural teeth. Thirteen women with osseointegrated oral implant bridges in one or both jaws, aged 42–59 years, were compared with 10 women, aged 42–64 years, with natural teeth. There was no difference between women with implant bridges and those with natural teeth in tooth tapping rate or in the occurrence, latency or duration of the jaw jerk reflex. A silent period during tooth tapping was found in 12 of the 13 women with implant bridges. The latency of the silent period was the same as in the subjects with natural teeth but the duration tended to be somewhat longer. The jaw jerk and the silent period were the same in individuals with implants in both jaws as in the whole implant group. It is therefore concluded that periodontal or mucous membrane receptors cannot be solely responsible for the silent period.
Effect of acupuncture on headache measured by reduction in number of attacks and use of drugs
Authors: JENSEN L. BØRGLUM , MELSEN B. , JENSEN S. BØRGLUM
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The experiment was performed in order to study the effect of acupuncture on headache by comparing the number of attacks during a 2‐month period after acupuncture with the number of attacks during a similar period before treatment. Twenty‐nine students (age: 19–24 years) all suffering from headache filled out questionnaires noting the days with attacks of headache and the amount and type of drugs used for 60 consecutive days. After acupuncture this observation procedure was repeated. One group of 10 students, however, received a placebo treatment instead of acupuncture but followed the identical questionnaire procedure. After 120 days acupuncture was given to this second group without revealing that the first treatment was a placebo. This treatment was again followed by a 60‐day observation period. Comparison of the questionnaires before and after acupuncture showed a significant reduction in the number of days with headache. The placebo treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in attacks of headache. A reduction in the amount of drugs used, especially the acetylsalicylate type, was noted following the acupuncture treatment. It is concluded that acupuncture is a relevant therapy for headache with a definite symptomatic effect.
Toxic elements in silicate cements
Authors: BRUNE DAG
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Six brands of silicate cements have been characterized by means of optical emission spectrography with respect to the contents of elements in minor or trace quantities in a search for presence of possible toxic elements. Beryllium was observed in two powders at levels of 1.3 and 1.6%. Cadmium was found in two powders at levels of 0.02 and 0.03%. Lead was measured in three powders at levels of 0.001–0.003%. Bismuth, boron, copper, gallium, iron, manganese, titanium, tin and zirconium were found in various brands in either powder or liquid at levels of 0.001–0.1%. Upper limits of the amounts of the various elements that might be transferred to the gastrointestinal tract after dissolution of the cement matrix in the oral cavity have been calculated.
Selective fluorescence of mast cells: comparison of effect of staining with acid and basic dyes
Authors: HALS EINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –A previously described method in which mature rat mast cells stained with acid dyes were demonstrated by their selective fluorescence, was further studied. The material consisted of tongues from rats and mice in addition to heads and tails from 1‐d‐old rats and embryos 19 d post gestation stage. Chronically inflamed human gingiva obtained from gingivectomies was also studied. Some basic dyes were used for control and comparison. With the acid dyes acid fuchsin, fast green FCF and azocarmine G a mast cell fluorescence equal to that in rats was also demonstrated in mice and humans. Immature rat mast cells stained with acid dyes disclosed a selective fluorescence, the intensity of which was, however, lower than that observed with the basic dye acridine orange. Immature mast cells in the chronically inflamed gingiva revealed a fluorescence of lower intensity than that emitted by the mature cells. In mature mast cells from rats and mice the fluorescence color induced with acid dyes except for thiazine red R, was dependent on the dye concentration. No or insignificant change of fluorescence color was observed with the basic dyes.
Immune response in rats against lipopolysaccharides of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides oralis administered in the root canal
Authors: DAHLÉN GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from one strain of Fusobacterium nucleatum and one strain of Bacteroides oralis were examined for immunological responses in rats. The LPS were applied to the pulp chamber of the two mandibular incisors. Using the plaque forming cell (PFC) method both antigens showed a rapid IgM response in the spleen, and a slower one in the submandibular lymph nodes. In comparison with the IgM response, the IgG response was somewhat slower and weaker for LPS of Bacteroides, while for LPS of Fusobacterium it was hardly detectable. After about 3 weeks both antigens gave a significant antibody titer in serum. The results showed that locally applied antigens of oral microorganisms cam stimulate to an immune response both in the lymph nodes and the spleen resulting in circulating antibodies. The nature of this response is dependent on the chemical characteristics of the LPS‐antigen.
Galvanic currents between gold and amalgam
Authors: HOLLAND ROY I.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The galvanic currents between gold and amalgam were determined in vitro in aerated artificial saliva kept at 37°C. Using conventional amalgam, the current between gold and amalgam was rapidly fluctuating, and both the magnitude of this fluctuation and the maximum current density increased with increased ratio between the gold and the amalgam surface area (G/A). The current density exhibited by the non‐γ2 amalgam was lower, independent of G/A, and showed no fluctuations.
Tensile strength of restorative resins
Authors: ZIDAN OMAR , ASMUSSEN ERIK , JØRGENSEN KNUD DREYER
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The purpose of the present work was to measure the tensile strength of restorative resins and to study the effect of the method of measurement on the recorded results. A direct pull method using dumb‐bell shaped specimens was used. The tensile strength of the resins was also tested using die diametral compression method suggested by the A.D.A. It was found that the method of testing affects the results. Although the diametral compression method is a simple method, it cannot be considered reliable for all types of material. The tensile strength of the conventional composites was significantly higher than the tensile strength of the microfilled composites.