bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of three insecticides on the expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Huang Yun , Luo Yuanyuan , Wu Peizhuo , Zheng Junyue , Qiu Lihong
Published: January 2021

Cytochrome P450 genes can be induced by xenobiotics, which may contribute to insect's adaptability to the environments and resistance to insecticides. Previous studies indicated that cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 played a vital role in the resistance of Helicoverpa armigera to fenvalerate. However, effects of different insecticides on the expression of CYP6B7 in H. armigera are still unclear. In this study, resistance level of H. armigera to six insecticides was determined by topical application method, and effects of fenvalerate, phoxim and indoxacarb on the expression of CYP6B7 in susceptible (HDS) and fenvalerate‐resistant (BJR) strains of H. armigera were evaluated by RT‐qPCR. The results showed that BJR strain had an extremely high level of resistance to fenvalerate (1990.57‐fold), and the induction of CYP6B7 in different tissues of BJR strain was significantly higher than that of HDS strain after exposure to fenvalerate for 24 and 48 hr. The highest induction level by fenvalerate was observed in the midgut, which were 13.7‐fold in HDS strain and 127.9‐fold in BJR strain at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. After exposure to phoxim, the expression level of CYP6B7 in HDS and BJR strains was induced by 2.3‐ and 316.8‐fold at 24 hr, respectively. It is worth to note that CYP6B7 could be induced by phoxim at different time points in BJR strain, but only induced at 24 and 72 hr in HDS strain. After indoxacarb exposure, the expression of CYP6B7 was induced by 1.6‐fold at 72 hr in BJR strain, whereas it was induced at 24 and 48 hr in HDS strain. These results demonstrated that the expression level of CYP6B7 could be induced by fenvalerate, phoxim and indoxacarb, but the induction time and levels varied; moreover, the induction in BJR strain was markedly higher than that in HDS strain after exposure to fenvalerate and phoxim.
Climate change‐driven disease in sympatric hosts: Temporal dynamics of parasite burden and proliferative kidney disease in wild brown trout and Atlantic salmon
Authors: Lauringson Magnus , Nousiainen Ilkka , Kahar Siim , Burimski Oksana , Gross Riho , Kaart Tanel , Vasemägi Anti
Published: January 2021

Global climate change is altering the abundance and spread of various parasites, which has important consequences not only for host–parasite interactions but also for the relationships between different host species. Here, we focus on the myxozoan endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae that causes temperature‐dependent proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. We characterized the temporal changes in the parasite load and the severity of PKD signs (renal hyperplasia, haematocrit) in two sympatric populations of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We found that both the parasite load and disease signs vary considerably between individuals, species, rivers and sampling periods. We showed that Atlantic salmon was able to slow down the initial parasite proliferation rate and subsequently tolerate high parasite burden without obvious disease signs. In contrast, the initial parasite proliferation rate was much higher in brown trout, which was followed by the development of severe PKD signs. Thus, the speed of parasite proliferation, rather than the absolute number of the parasites in the host kidney, may play an important role in interspecific variation in PKD susceptibility. To conclude, this study illustrates the usefulness of temporal perspective for understanding host defence mechanisms and climate change‐mediated impacts in the wild.
Artificial intelligence in pancreaticobiliary endoscopy
Authors: Akshintala Venkata S , Khashab Mouen A
Published: January 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in health care have exponentially increased in recent years, and a few of these are related to pancreatobiliary disorders. AI‐based methods were applied to extract information, in prognostication, to guide clinical treatment decisions and in pancreatobiliary endoscopy to characterize lesions. AI applications in endoscopy are expected to reduce inter‐operator variability, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and assist in therapeutic decision‐making in real time. AI‐based literature must however be interpreted with caution given the limited external validation. A multidisciplinary approach combining clinical and imaging or endoscopy data will better utilize AI‐based technologies to further improve patient care.
Novel mouse model for cholestasis‐induced liver fibrosis resolution by cholecystojejunostomy
Authors: Yoshino Kenji , Taura Kojiro , Iwaisako Keiko , Masano Yuki , Uemoto Yusuke , Kimura Yusuke , Nam Nguyen Hai , Nishino Hiroto , Ikeno Yoshinobu , Okuda Yukihiro , Nishio Takahiro , Yamamoto Gen , Seo Satoru , Uemoto Shinji
Published: January 2021

Background and Aim

Studies on the resolution of liver fibrosis are becoming more important in this era of etiologic eradication. In contrast to the extensive research on the recovery of liver fibrosis induced by hepatotoxic injuries, regression of cholestatic liver fibrosis has been insufficiently examined owing to the limited availability of animal models.

Methods

We examined our novel recanalization mice model of biliary obstruction, involving anastomosis between the gallbladder and jejunum (G–J anastomosis) by invagination. Transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the collagen 1(α)1 promoter underwent G–J anastomosis 14 days after bile duct ligation (BDL) and were sacrificed 14 days later.

Results

Transaminase and total bilirubin levels decreased to almost normal values on day 14 after G–J anastomosis. G–J anastomosis resulted in dramatic reversal of liver fibrosis induced by BDL. Activated portal fibroblasts (PFs) double‐positive for GFP and Thy‐1 on immunofluorescence in the liver of BDL‐injured mice became less noticeable following G–J anastomosis. Messenger RNA expression of markers for activated PFs in the liver was downregulated after anastomosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were induced by BDL. After anastomosis, expressions of MMP‐3, 8 as well as hepatocyte growth factor were further upregulated, whereas those of TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐3 were markedly downregulated.

Conclusions

Our established G–J anastomosis model is associated with fibrosis resolution and reduced PF activation through reopening of bile duct obstruction and will be valuable for studying the recovery process of cholestatic liver fibrosis.
Antidopaminergic‐Antiparkinsonian Medication Prescribing Cascade in Persons with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Singh Sonal , Cocoros Noelle M. , Haynes Kevin , Nair Vinit P. , Harkins Thomas P. , Rochon Paula A. , Platt Richard , Dashevsky Inna , Reynolds Juliane , Mazor Kathleen M. , Bloomstone Sarah , Anzuoni Kathryn , Crawford Sybil L. , Gurwitz Jerry H.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Persons living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be at increased risk for prescribing cascades due to greater multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and the need for more complex care. Our objective was to assess the proportion of the antidopaminergic‐antiparkinsonian medication prescribing cascades among persons living with Alzheimer's disease.

Setting

Two large administrative claims databases in the United States.

Participants

We identified patients aged ≥50 on January 1, 2017, who were dispensed a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease for at least 1 day in the 365 days prior to or on cohort entry date and who had medical and pharmacy coverage in the 365 days prior to the cohort entry date. We excluded individuals with a recent institutional stay. We identified incident antidopaminergic (antipsychotic/metoclopramide) use in the 183 days following cohort entry and identified subsequent incident antiparkinsonian drug use within 8 to 365 days.

Results

There were 121,538 patients with Alzheimer's disease eligible for inclusion. Approximately 62% were women with a mean age of 79.5 (SD ± 8.6). The mean number of drugs dispensed was 9.2 (SD ± 4.9). There were 36 incident antiparkinsonian users among 4,534 incident antipsychotic/metoclopramide users (0.8%).

Conclusion

We determined that the proportion of antidopaminergic‐antiparkinsonian medication prescribing cascades, widely considered as high‐priority, was low. Our approach can be used to assess the proportion of prescribing cascades in populations considered to be at high risk and to prioritize system‐level interventional efforts to improve medication safety in these patients.
Comprehensive identification of lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylated proteins in Ustilaginoidea virens reveals the involvement of lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation in fungal virulence
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Li Xiabing , Li Pingping , Chen Xiaolin , Liu Hao , Huang Junbin , Luo Chaoxi , Hsiang Tom , Zheng Lu
Published: January 2021

Lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newly identified post‐translational modification (PTM) that plays important roles in transcription and cell proliferation in eukaryotes. However, its function remains unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. Here, we performed a comprehensive assessment of Khib in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)‐based quantitative proteomics approach. A total of 3 426 Khib sites were identified in 977 proteins, suggesting that Khib is a common and complex PTM in U. virens. Our data demonstrated that the 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylated proteins are involved in diverse biological processes. Network analysis of the modified proteins revealed a highly interconnected protein network that included many well‐studied virulence factors. We confirmed that the Zn‐binding reduced potassium dependency3‐type histone deacetylase (UvRpd3) is a major enzyme that removes 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation and acetylation in U. virens. Notably, mutations of Khib sites in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) UvSlt2 significantly reduced fungal virulence and decreased the enzymatic activity of UvSlt2. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation in UvSlt2 increased the hydrophobic solvent‐accessible surface area and thereby affected binding between the UvSlt2 enzyme and its substrates. Our findings thus establish Khib as a major post‐translational modification in U. virens and point to an important role for Khib in the virulence of this phytopathogenic fungus.
Medical conditions of children and young people with Down syndrome
Authors: Valentini D. , Di Camillo C. , Mirante N. , Vallogini G. , Olivini N. , Baban A. , Buzzonetti L. , Galeotti A. , Raponi M. , Villani A.
Published: January 2021

Abtract

Background

The life expectancy of people with Down syndrome (DS) has significantly increased in the last decades. We describe the congenital malformations and main comorbidities of a cohort of children and young people with DS and analyse their differences according to age and gender groups.

Methods

This retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted at DS centre of Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome (Italy). The period for reviewing all electronic health records ran from July 2016 to September 2017. We collected data on clinical conditions and compared them with the general paediatric population. Moreover, we compared the main comorbidities, dental diseases and body mass index data between age groups.

Results

Seven hundred sixty‐three children and young people with DS included in this study were aged 7.45 ± 5.49 years. Gender distribution included 58.19% male patients. The majority of our population (71.04%) came from central regions of Italy. Respiratory diseases (19%), congenital heart defects (72.23%), malocclusions (58.62%), astigmatism (20.31%), farsightedness (16.51%), near‐sightedness (12.19%) and autoimmune hypothyroidism (3.28%) were more frequent in our population compared with the typical paediatric population. Upper respiratory tract infections and underweight were significantly more frequent in the youngest children, whereas dental diseases, refractive errors, obesity and autoimmune hypothyroidism increased over age.

Conclusions

Children and young people with DS present a high prevalence of potentially treatable medical conditions making multidisciplinary teams a mandatory need for this population.
An exploratory study of self‐reported complicated grief symptoms in parentally bereaved adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Dodd P. , McEvoy J. , Lockhart K. , Burke T. , O'Keeffe L. , Guerin S.
Published: January 2021

Background

Complicated grief involves the experience of grief‐related symptoms at a time, and severity, beyond which could be considered adaptive, while persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) has been identified as a condition that requires further study in the typical population. The aims of this study are to (1) explore the symptoms of complicated grief associated with parental bereavement as self‐reported by adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who have experienced a parental bereavement and (2) conduct an initial examination of how the existing criteria for PCBD apply to this group.

Methods

This study uses a comparative group design, assessing self and staff (proxy) reports for a group of parentally bereaved individuals and a matched group of non‐bereaved individuals using the Complicated Grief Questionnaire – ID Self‐Report. Participants were 46 individuals with ID, 30 (65%) of whom who had experienced a parental bereavement within the previous 2 years. The age range was 23–67 years (mean = 43.8; SD = 10.3).

Results

The results highlight the presence of a range of symptoms of complicated grief in individuals' self‐reports, although there was some evidence that separation distress‐related symptoms were more apparent. An analysis of individual symptoms showed patterns of higher reports among the bereaved group as would be expected. Comparing staff and self‐reports, key criteria showed higher levels in self‐reports among the bereaved group.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated the capacity of people with ID to self‐report personal experience of symptoms of complicated grief, when appropriate and accessible assessment tools are used. Some symptoms were more evident among bereaved individuals (compared with non‐bereaved participants), and they tended to be from separation distress criteria. This may indicate the relevance of these symptoms for people with ID and question the existing criteria for PCBD in this population, which may have clinical implications for supporting people with ID experiencing a more complicated bereavement response.
Comparison of energy intake assessed by image‐assisted food records to doubly labelled water in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a feasibility study
Authors: Ptomey L. T. , Willis E. A. , Reitmeier K. , Dreyer Gillette M. L. , Sherman J. R. , Sullivan D. K.
Published: January 2021

Background

There are currently no validated methods for energy intake assessment in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of collecting 3‐day image‐assisted food records (IARs) and doubly labelled water (TDEEDLW) data in adolescents with IDD and to obtain preliminary estimates of validity and reliability for energy intake estimated by IAR.

Methods

Adolescents with IDD completed a 14‐day assessment of mean daily energy expenditure using doubly labelled water. Participants were asked to complete 3‐day IARs twice during the 14‐day period. To complete the IAR, participants were asked to fill out a hard copy food record over three consecutive days (two weekdays/one weekend day) and to take before and after digital images of all foods and beverages consumed using an iPad tablet provided by the study. Energy intake from the IAR was calculated using Nutrition Data System for Research. Mean differences, intraclass correlations and Bland–Altman limits of agreement were performed.

Results

Nineteen adolescents with IDD, mean age 15.1 years, n = 6 (31.6%) female and n = 6 (31.6%) ethnic/racial minorities, enrolled in the trial. Participants successfully completed their 3‐day food records and self‐collected doubly labelled water urine samples for 100% of required days. Images were captured for 67.4 ± 30.1% of all meals recorded at assessment 1 and 72.3 ± 29.5% at assessment 2. The energy intake measured by IAR demonstrated acceptable test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.70). On average, IAR underestimated total energy intake by −299 ± 633 kcal/day (mean per cent error = −9.6 ± 22.2%); however, there was a large amount of individual variability in differences between the IAR and TDEEDLW (range = −1703 to 430).

Conclusions

The collection of IAR and TDEEDLW is feasible in adolescents with IDD. While future validation studies are needed, the preliminary estimates obtained by this study suggest that in adolescents with IDD, the IAR method has acceptable reliability and may underestimate energy intake by ~9%.
Relational teletherapy experiences of couple and family therapy trainees: “Reading the room,” exhaustion, and the comforts of home
Authors: Heiden‐Rootes Katie , Ferber Megan , Meyer Dixie , Zubatsky Max , Wittenborn Andrea
Published: January 2021

Couple and family therapists are increasingly using telehealth platforms to deliver services. Unfortunately, the literature on relational teletherapy is not well developed. This study sought to understand experiences of teletherapy with couples and families as it contrasts with individual clients and in‐person therapy. We utilized a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry from data collected through open‐ended questions on a web‐based survey of graduate student trainees (n = 66) in COAMFTE‐accredited couple and family therapy programs. Thematic analysis identified the body‐of‐the‐therapist and client as they exist (and are obstructed) due to technology for creating barriers and opportunities in translating CFT intervention to telehealth platforms. Relational teletherapy cultivated therapist creativity and exhaustion. It also made plain the need for systemic interventions with children and adolescents that engages their parents and home environments. Implications for CFT practice, training, and intervention research are outlined.
Lay rater evaluation of naturalness and first impression following treatment of lower face wrinkles with hyaluronic acid fillers
Authors: Dayan Steven , Fabi Sabrina , Nogueira Alessandra
Published: January 2021

Background

Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers formulated with XpresHAn TechnologyTM were subjectively assessed by investigators and subjects.

Aims

To test whether treatment with HA dermal fillers (HARR and HARD) deemed natural by injectors and subjects are considered natural by the public and receive positive first impressions.

Methods

Videos of open‐smile expressions of subjects at baseline to Day 42 were assessed by “lay raters” (n = 3004) who indicated agreement with “Face looks natural” and first impressions using Likert‐type scales.

Results

Naturalness of facial appearance was noninferior at Day 42 compared with baseline. Assessments of first impression demonstrated statistically significant changes from baseline in overall first impression, social skills, dating success, attractiveness, and athletic success. Rater gender and age did not affect scores. Subgroup analysis found three groups had significant positive changes: those aged ≤ 55 years, subjects with natural outcome, and those that received more than 4 mL of filler. Subjects without a natural outcome had a significant negative change.

Conclusions

Treatment with HA facial fillers, HARR and HARD, produces outcomes deemed natural by injectors, subjects, and the public. While subjective, this study demonstrates that clinicians should aim for a “natural outcome” that receives optimal first impressions from the public.
Clinical debriefing: A concept analysis
Authors: Toews Andrea J. , Martin Donna E. , Chernomas Wanda M.
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this paper is to enhance nursing and collaborative practice by presenting a concept analysis of clinical debriefing and introducing an operational definition.

Background

Debriefing has taken many forms, using a variety of approaches. Variations and inconsistencies in clinical debriefing, and its related terms, still exist in the clinical setting.

Design

Concept analysis.

Methods

Walker and Avant's eight‐step approach to concept analysis.

Results

The defining attributes of clinical debriefing identified in this analysis are described as the five E’s: educated/experienced facilitator, environment, education, evaluation and emotions. Antecedents identified in this analysis include the critical event, the desire or need to review such an event and the organizational awareness to execute clinical debriefs. The consequences of clinical debriefings are primarily advantageous and positively impact involved nurses, healthcare teams, patients and organizations. Empirical referents of clinical debriefing are complex and multifactorial. The productivity of a clinical debrief can be enhanced through a series of proposed questions. Together, the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences shape a proposed operational definition of clinical debriefing.

Conclusion

Clinical debriefing is a valuable tool within healthcare organizations. Debriefing can be a holistic, interprofessional, collaborative experience when all five defining attributes are present. Further investigation is required to standardise debriefing practices in clinical settings.

Relevance to clinical practice

A concept analysis on clinical debriefing promotes uniformity of debriefing practices, reflective practice among nurses and healthcare teams, and contributes to nursing science by creating a platform for the development of practice standards, research and theory development.
Hospice palliative care nurses’ perceptions of spiritual care and their spiritual care competence: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Kang Kyung‐Ah , Chun Jiyoung , Kim Hyun Yong , Kim Hyeon‐Young
Published: January 2021

Aims and Objectives

To understand hospice palliative care nurses’ (HPCNs) perceptions towards spiritual care and their competence to provide spiritual care.

Background

Previous research has shown that many nurses lack a clear understanding of the concept of spirituality and feel inadequately prepared to assess patients’ spiritual needs. Studies on competence in spiritual care are mostly descriptive, and the evidence for improving it is limited.

Design

A mixed‐methods research design was used.

Methods

Quantitative data were collected from 282 nurses in forty hospice palliative care (HPC) institutions in South Korea and analysed using descriptive statistics, independent t‐test, one‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni test and multiple regression. Qualitative data collection involved two stages: first, an open‐ended question posed to 282 nurses, and second, focus group interviews conducted with six HPC experts. Both qualitative data sets were analysed separately using content analysis. This study followed the GRAMMS guidelines.

Results

Of the six dimensions of spiritual care competence (SCC), the mean scores were highest in ‘attitude towards the patient's spirituality’ and ‘communication’, whereas the ‘assessment and implementation of spiritual care’ and ‘professionalisation and improving the quality of spiritual care’ had the lowest mean scores. Through content analysis, 4 themes regarding the meaning of spiritual care, 3 themes regarding requirements for spiritual care and 2 themes regarding preparedness for spiritual care were revealed. They perceived the needs of the understanding of spiritual care based on the attributes of spirituality, the education in systematic assessments and implementation for spiritual care with standardised terminology, and the opportunity to reflect on nurses’ own spirituality.

Conclusions

Practical SCC training for HPCNs and the subsequent development of clinical practice guidelines are of vital importance.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study provide a useful resource to develop educational programmes for strengthening the SCC of nurses and the entire HPC team.
The connection of the clinical learning environment and supervision of nursing students with student satisfaction and future intention to work in clinical placement hospitals
Authors: Rodríguez‐García Mª Carmen , Gutiérrez‐Puertas Lorena , Granados‐Gámez Genoveva , Aguilera‐Manrique Gabriel , Márquez‐Hernández Verónica V.
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives

To analyse nursing students’ perceptions of the clinical learning environment and supervision and the connection between their satisfaction and intention of staying in their placement hospitals.

Background

Global nursing shortage necessitates strategies for the recruitment and retention of nurses. It is believed that nursing students’ clinical placement experiences can affect their learning outcomes, as well as influence their choice of future workplace.

Design

Cross‐sectional, correlational study.

Methods

One hundred and eighty nursing students participated in the study. The data were collected in person using The Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher scale tool. Students’ satisfaction with the clinical learning environment and learning process was measured using a 4‐point Likert scale developed by the researchers. The STROBE checklist was used in this paper.

Results

Nursing students perceived a favourable clinical learning environment and supervision in the hospitals where they undertook clinical placements, recording high levels of satisfaction and high levels of intention to stay and work there. The clinical learning environment and supervision established positive correlations with student satisfaction.

Conclusions

This study promotes the development of knowledge and understanding of how student satisfaction and intention to stay and work in their placement hospitals relates to the quality of the clinical learning environment and supervision, which could be helpful to the management of healthcare facilities and faculties in improving nursing education and retention/recruitment strategies.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nursing students represent the future of the nursing workforce, so managers of healthcare facilities and faculties should move towards promoting a clinical learning and supervisory environment where supervisors, tutors and staff are aware of their commitment to student education and promote optimal learning and positive experiences in order for students to feel satisfied and motivated to work in their placement hospitals.
General self‐efficacy and social support as mediators of the association between perceived stress and quality of life among rural women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Long Qing , Guo Jia , Zhong Qinyi , Jiang Shan , Wiley James , Chen Jyu‐Lin
Published: January 2021

To explore the association between perceived stress and quality of life (QoL) and the mediating role of general self‐efficacy and social support in this association.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases suffered by pregnant women. Women with previous GDM may experience more medical‐related stress and have a lower QoL than those without it.

A multisite correlational study.

Four hundred sixty‐five women with previous GDM living in rural areas in China participated in this study from November 2017 to June 2019. The participants completed a set of self‐reported socio‐demographic questionnaires, the Perceived Stress Scale, the General Self‐Efficacy Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale and the World Health Organization QoL assessment (Brief version). STROBE checklist was used as the guideline for this study.

The mean QoL score was 13.97 (SD 2.07) for physical health, 13.75 (SD 1.98) for psychological health, 14.96 (SD 1.99) for social relations and 12.49 (SD 1.74) for environmental conditions. About 43.9% of women with previous GDM reported increased stress, which was negatively correlated with each of these QoL domains. Yet, the negative effect of perceived stress on QoL could be completely or partly mediated by better social support or general self‐efficacy among this population.

Nearly half of the women in the study living in rural China reported increased stress after delivery, and there is room to improve QoL in the environmental domain among women with previous GDM. Increasing general self‐efficacy or social support can help these women avoid the negative effects of perceived stress on their QoL.

These findings suggest that healthcare providers need to be cognizant of the importance of self‐efficacy and social support for women with previous GDM in both enhancing QoL and reducing the negative impact of perceived stress on QoL.
Association of work environment and resilience with transition shock in newly licensed nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kim Soon Ok , Kim Ji‐Soo
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives

To examine transition shock in newly licensed nurses and the association of work environment and resilience with nurses' transition shock.

Background

Although work environment is related to transition shock in newly licensed nurses, little is known about the factors of nursing work environment associated with transition shock. Furthermore, resilience is known to help nurses positively face workplace challenges; however, there is little evidence on the associations between resilience and transition shock in new nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional, descriptive study.

Methods

Data from 163 new nurses with <12 months of work experience in the current hospital since graduation were analysed. Participants' characteristics, work environment, nurse resilience and transition shock were self‐reported. Multivariable linear regressions were performed in three steps (following the STROBE checklist).

Results

The highest mean score of transition shock was obtained for the item ‘I perceive the limitations of my professional knowledge in nursing care'. In the regression analysis adjusted for all variables, two factors of work environment—‘nurse staffing and resource adequacy’ and ‘collegial nurse‐physician relationships’—were associated with transition shock. Meanwhile, resilience was not related to transition shock.

Conclusions

The gap between newly licensed nurses' theoretical and practical knowledge continues to exist. Adequate nurse staffing and a positive relationship with physicians, rather than nurse resilience, were more likely to associate with new nurses' transition shock.

Relevance to clinical practice

Hospitals need to provide ward‐based simulations and case‐based learning methods to enhance nurses' transition to professional practice. For nurses' transition, hospitals should make efforts to provide adequate nurse staffing and resources. Furthermore, hospitals should provide communication opportunities to build a positive collaborative culture between nurses and physicians. Unit nurse managers need to assess newly licensed nurses' perception of nurse–physician professional relationship and create an atmosphere of respect and understanding for each other.
Assessment of nurses’ respect for patient privacy by patients and nurses: A comparative study
Authors: Öztürk Havva , Torun Kılıç Çiğdem , Kahriman İlknur , Meral Buket , Çolak Bahar
Published: January 2021

Aims

To determine whether nurses respect or violate patient privacy by comparing nurses’ and patients’ opinions.

Background

Although nurses want to respect patient privacy, they can sometimes violate patient privacy or not pay enough attention.

Method

This comparative and cross‐sectional study was conducted with 357 patients and 305 nurses in 12 public hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey. Data were collected with an information form and the Patient Privacy Scale. Reporting is consistent with the STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies.

Results

The total mean score of the patient privacy scale was 4.6 ± 0.39 for nurses and 4.5 ± 0.41 for patients, and no significant difference was found between their scores (U = 52999.0; p = .554). Further, the nurses (U = 14358.0; p = .000) and the patients (U = 13272.5; p = .006) in the public hospitals had statistically significantly higher overall privacy scores than those in the training and research hospitals. The overall privacy scale scores were higher and more statistically significant in the patients hospitalised in surgical clinics than those hospitalised in clinics for internal diseases (U = 8514.0; p = .005) and in single compared to married patients (U = 12364.5; p = .034).

Conclusion

Nurses respected patient privacy highly according to both nurses and patients, and there was no significant difference between their views. However, nurses working in training and research hospitals and internal diseases clinics need to improve their approaches to patient privacy.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study could be used to reduce patient privacy vulnerabilities in complex hospitals and clinics such as training and research hospitals and to improve institutional policies and activities regarding patient privacy. By comparing the results of patients and nurses, the study provided more consistent and accurate data about patient privacy.
Modifiable predictors to maternal visceral adipose tissue during pregnancy: A clinical, demographic, and nutritional study
Authors: Bernardi Juliana Rombaldi , da Silva Rocha Alexandre , de Matos Salete , Kretzer Daniela Cortés , Schöffel Alice Carvalhal , Goldani Marcelo Zubaran , de Azevedo Magalhães José Antônio
Published: January 2021

Aim

Higher amounts of maternal visceral adipose tissue were related to abnormal outcomes in pregnancy. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of modifiable and nonmodifiable predictors related to abnormal amounts of maternal visceral fat during three trimesters of pregnancy.

Methods

Visceral fat thickness was evaluated by ultrasound during three trimesters centered in the maternal epigastrium (preperitoneal m‐VAT) and additionally fat thickness evaluation centered at maternal periumbilical region (periumbilical m‐VAT) among cases with gestational age below 20 weeks. The fourth quartile was considered abnormal m‐VAT and the first three quartiles as normal m‐VAT. Nonmodifiable characteristics included maternal age, past term pregnancies, and ethnicity. Modifiable characteristics included pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain, usual macronutrients, and sugar consumption during pregnancy.

Results

Preperitoneal m‐VAT was assessed in 270 pregnant women and m‐VAT periumbilical assessment in 154. The fourth quartile measurement was 15 mm and 53 mm, respectively. Nonmodifiable predictors including maternal age and past term pregnancies significantly impacted the primary study outcome of abnormal periumbilical m‐VAT. Having a non‐Caucasian ethnicity had a significant impact on the amount of normal preperitoneal m‐VAT. Among the modifiable characteristics, both pre‐pregnancy BMI and pre‐pregnancy obesity impacted the amount of abnormal preperitoneal and periumbilical m‐VAT.

Conclusion

Abnormal amounts of maternal visceral fat during pregnancy are related to nonmodifiable predictors and those present before pregnancy. No impact was found among weight gain during pregnancy or macronutrients and sugar consumption at pregnancy.
Classed Pathways to Marriage: Hometown Ties, College Networks, and Life after Graduation
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth A. , Hamilton Laura T.
Published: January 2021

Objective

This article identifies mechanisms through which social class background shapes the marital outcomes of college‐going white American women.

Background

Scholars are interested in the relative influences of ascriptive and achieved characteristics on mate selection. Research indicates that social class background continues to influence the marriage patterns of college‐educated Americans but does not identify the mechanisms through which this occurs.

Method

The study analyzes six waves of longitudinal interviews with 45 women from differing social class backgrounds. The first interview was conducted at age 18, when women started college at a Midwestern public university. The final interview was collected at age 30 and was supplemented by a survey collecting the income, education, occupation, and debt of women and their spouses.

Results

Women from privileged backgrounds were more likely to marry and married men who earned substantially more than the partners of less privileged women. Differences resulted from lifelong variation in social networks, originating in childhood. College did not interrupt long‐standing exclusionary class networks. After graduation, social class background shaped where women moved, as well as with whom they worked and socialized.

Conclusion

Higher education in the contemporary United States may reinforce rather than interrupt class homogamy in marriage, even when students attend the same schools. The role of higher education in shaping classed social networks is in need of further study.
Evaluation of 1‐Piece Versus 3‐Piece Framework Designs for the Edentulous Mandible with Fixed Implant‐Supported Prostheses: A Clinical, Occlusal and Biomechanical Study
Authors: Yu Wenqian , Chen Siyi , Li Xiaoqian , Ma Xiaoni , Xu Xin
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the clinical, occlusal and biomechanical performance of 1‐piece and 3‐piece designs for implant‐supported fixed dentures in the edentulous mandible.

Materials and Methods

A total of 65 patients with edentulous mandibles who underwent fixed implant‐supported restorations were recruited and subsequently assigned to 1 of 2 groups based on the framework design (1‐piece or 3‐piece). The participants underwent clinical and occlusal examination using a periodontal probe, T‐Scan III system, and electromyography 12 months after prosthesis delivery. Two mandibular finite element models were created to evaluate stress values and their distribution during function.

Results

Ninety‐five point four percent (n = 62) of participants in the follow‐up period underwent clinical and occlusal examination after prosthesis delivery. Clinical examination revealed a trend towards increased inflammation around the implants in the 1‐piece prostheses. Occlusal parameters indicated that the 1‐piece design was superior for the masticatory system than the 3‐piece design. Biomechanical analysis revealed the highest stress values in the posterior region of the 3‐piece design.

Conclusions

On the basis of ease of ensuring oral hygiene, when compared to the 3‐piece design, the 1‐piece framework design might be the superior therapy for restoring an edentulous mandible, based on occlusal and biomechanical outcomes.
Demographic & clinical correlates of admission into a specialized psychiatric inpatient service for children and adolescents in Egypt: An observational retrospective study
Authors: Seleem Mohammad A. , Amer Reham A.
Published: January 2021

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject

Admitting children and adolescents in psychiatric inpatient units is a relatively new and still debatable practice in Egyptian society and in the entire Arab world.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge

Egyptian young people diagnosed with complex behavioural problems, such as in other parts of the world, desperately need and do get benefit from inpatient psychiatric service. The demographic and clinical characteristics of children in need for such service are not clearly different from those reported in other parts of the world.

What are the implications for practice

More should be done to spread awareness, remove obstacles, and develop more specialized inpatient units, with trained child psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses to provide best care for children and adolescents diagnosed with severe emotional and behavioural problems in Egypt, the Arab world and other developing countries in the world.

Background

To our knowledge, this is the first study that aims to investigate the demographic and clinical correlates of admission into a specialized inpatient psychiatric unit for children and adolescents in Egypt and the Arab world.

Methods

The files of all service users who presented for care in the outpatient service for children and adolescents in Tanta University between July 2017 and December 2019 were reviewed. Of the 1,195 files reviewed, 100 patients were admitted to the inpatient unit for 133 admission episodes with an average duration of 18.5 days per episode.

Results

The most common diagnosis among admitted children and adolescents was disruptive behaviour disorder. Having a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, eating disorder, or trauma‐related disorders powerfully predicted admission. Both physical and sexual abuse also predicted admission, readmission and longer duration of admission.

Conclusions

The need for admission into specialized psychiatric inpatient units for children and adolescents is comparable to that in other parts of the world. There is an urgent necessity to develop such therapeutic units across the entire Arab world with subsequent need to establish suitable training programs for mental health workers to deal with children and adolescents diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders in inpatient setting.
Spatial population genomics of a recent mosquito invasion
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L. , Swan Tom , Chung Jessica , Karl Stephan , Demok Samuel , Yang Qiong , Field Matt A , Muzari Mutizwa Odwell , Ehlers Gerhard , Brugh Mathew , Bellwood Rodney , Horne Peter , Burkot Thomas R. , Ritchie Scott , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: January 2021

Population genomic approaches can characterize dispersal across a single generation through to many generations in the past, bridging the gap between individual movement and intergenerational gene flow. These approaches are particularly useful when investigating dispersal in recently altered systems, where they provide a way of inferring long‐distance dispersal between newly established populations and their interactions with existing populations. Human‐mediated biological invasions represent such altered systems which can be investigated with appropriate study designs and analyses. Here we apply temporally restricted sampling and a range of population genomic approaches to investigate dispersal in a 2004 invasion of Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) in the Torres Strait Islands (TSI) of Australia. We sampled mosquitoes from 13 TSI villages simultaneously and genotyped 373 mosquitoes at genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): 331 from the TSI, 36 from Papua New Guinea (PNG) and four incursive mosquitoes detected in uninvaded regions. Within villages, spatial genetic structure varied substantially but overall displayed isolation by distance and a neighbourhood size of 232–577. Close kin dyads revealed recent movement between islands 31–203 km apart, and deep learning inferences showed incursive Ae. albopictus had travelled to uninvaded regions from both adjacent and nonadjacent islands. Private alleles and a co‐ancestry matrix indicated direct gene flow from PNG into nearby islands. Outlier analyses also detected four linked alleles introgressed from PNG, with the alleles surrounding 12 resistance‐associated cytochrome P450 genes. By treating dispersal as both an intergenerational process and a set of discrete events, we describe a highly interconnected invasive system.
Do we see facts?
Authors: Vernazzani Alfredo
Published: January 2021

Philosophers of perception frequently assume that we see actual states of affairs, or facts. Call this claim factualism. In his book, William Fish suggests that factualism is supported by phenomenological observation as well as by experimental studies on multiple object tracking and dynamic feature‐object integration. In this paper, I examine the alleged evidence for factualism, focusing mainly on object detection and tracking. I argue that there is no scientific evidence for factualism. This conclusion has implications for studies on the phenomenology and epistemology of visual perception.
Azole resistance in Aspergillus isolates by different types of patients and correlation with environment ‐ An Italian prospective multicentre study (ARiA study)
Authors: Prigitano Anna , Esposto Maria C. , Grancini Anna , Biffi Arianna , Innocenti Patrizia , Cavanna Caterina , Lallitto Fabiola , Mollaschi Eva Maria Giada , Bandettini Roberto , Oltolini Chiara , Passera Marco , De Lorenzis Gabriella , Sargolzaei Maryam , Crespan Manna , Cogliati Massimo , Tortorano Anna Maria , Romanò Luisa
Published: January 2021

Background

A wide range of frequency of azole‐resistance in A fumigatus in different patient populations worldwide was observed threatening to reduce therapeutic options.

Objectives

Estimate the prevalence of azole‐resistance, investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance, compare the genotypes of resistant clinical isolates with those from the surrounding environment.

Methods

Aspergillus isolates were collected by seven Italian hospital microbiology laboratories. Strains were isolated from different clinical samples from unselected patients. The azole‐resistance was evaluated using screening test and microdilution EUCAST method. The molecular mechanism of resistance was performed sequencing the cyp51A gene. Resistant isolates were genotyped by microsatellite analysis and their profiles compared with those of azole‐resistant isolates from previous Italian studies.

Results

425 Aspergillus isolates from 367 patients were analysed. The azole‐resistance rates were 4.9% and 6.6% considering all Aspergillus spp. isolates and the A fumigatus sensu stricto, respectively. All resistant isolates except one were from a single hospital. Two rare azole‐resistant species were identified: A thermomutatus and A lentulus. The predominant resistance mechanism was TR34/L98H. No correlation between the clinical resistant strains and environmental isolates from patients’ home/work/ward was observed. The analysis of the molecular correlation between the resistant clinical strains collected in the present study and those of environmental and clinical origin collected in previous Italian studies reveals a progressive diversification of azole‐resistant genotypes starting from a founder azole‐resistant genotype.

Conclusions

This study confirms the trend of azole‐resistance rate in Italy, showing a geographical difference. Data reinforce the importance of surveillance programmes to monitor the local epidemiological situation.
National identity and populism: The relationship between conceptions of nationhood and populist attitudes
Authors: Filsinger Maximilian , Wamsler Steffen , Erhardt Julian , Freitag Markus
Published: January 2021

Conventional wisdom argues that national identity and populism go hand in hand. We disentangle this relationship by examining how populist attitudes relate to two distinct conceptions of nationhood: civic and ethnic national identity. We argue that a civic conception of nationhood is negatively related to populism, while an ethnic conception of nationhood is positively related. Additionally, we expect these relationships to be moderated by socio‐economic status. Using data from the German Longitudinal Election Study from 2017, our analyses show that, on average, both civic and ethnic conceptions of nationhood relate positively to populist attitudes. This finding, however, changes substantially once we account for socio‐economic status: For respondents with higher levels of education and/or a more positive evaluation of the state of the economy, the relationship between civic national identity and populism turns negative, which is more in line with our expectations. We find no moderation for an ethnic national identity.