bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RENDEMEN, SWELLING POWER, KADAR AIR, TOTAL PADATAN TERLARUT, DAN WARNA TEPUNG UBI JALAR MADU DENGAN VARIASI SUBSTITUSI FILLER MALTODEKSTRIN
Authors: Fatmah Fatmah , Mulyani Sri , Dwiloka Bambang
Published: October 2022

Latar belakang: Tepung ubi jalar madu merupakan salah satu inovasi produk tepung non terigu yang belum banyak diminati karena masih terdapat kelemahan baik dalam proses pengolahan maupun hasil yang diperoleh. Maltodekstrin merupakan bahan tambahan pangan yang bisa disubstitusikan dalam proses pembuatan tepung untuk memperbaiki kualitas tepung.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh substitusi maltodekstrin terhadap kualitas tepung ubi jalar madu yang meliputi rendemen, swelling power, kadar air, total padatan terlarut dan warna.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan variasi jumlah substitusi bubur ubi jalar madu dan maltodekstrin, P0=100g: 0 g (b/b), P1=90g: 10 g (b/b), P2=85g: 15 g (b/b), P3=80g: 20 g (b/b), P4=75g: 25 g (b/b), setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Hasil uji rendemen, swelling power, kadar air, total padatan terlarut dan warna dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan jika terdapat pengaruh dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formulasi tepung ubi jalar madu terbaik adalah tepung P1 (bubur ubi madu 90g: maltodekstrin 10 g). Tepung ubi jalar madu terbaik memiliki rendemen 8,22%, swelling power 6,74g/g, kadar air 4,38%, TPT 4,50 ºbrix, kecerahan 66,65, kemerahan 1,52, dan kekuningan 18,82.Simpulan: Formulasi tepung ubi jalar madu terbaik adalah tepung P1 (bubur ubi madu 90g: maltodekstrin 10 g) karena rendemen yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi, swelling power tidak terlalu rendah, kadar air rendah sehingga memenuhi SNI, TPT lebih tinggi, kecerahan lebih tinggi, serta kemerahan dan kekuningan yang lebih rendah.Kata Kunci: Kualitas; Maltodekstrin; Substitusi; Tepung ubi jalar madu.
KEPATUHAN DIET, STATUS GIZI DAN KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI POSBINDU PTM PUSKESMAS ULEE KARENG
Authors: Mardhatillah Ghina , Mamfaluti Teuku , Jamil Kurnia Fitri , Nauval Iflan , Husnah Husnah
Published: October 2022

Latar Belakang : Penatalaksanaan diabetes sangat ditentukan oleh faktor kepatuhan diet dan status gizi. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan diet dan status gizi dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 di Posbindu PTM Puskesmas Ulee Kareng.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah non-probability sampling dengan metode accidental sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dari tanggal 14 September sampai dengan 21 Oktober 2021 dan didapatkan sampel 110 responden. Kepatuhan diet dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (PDAQ), kualitas hidup dengan kuesioner Abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) dan status gizi dengan pengukuran IMT.Hasil: Responden dengan kepatuhan diet rendah (50,9%) dan kepatuhan diet tinggi (49,1%). Status gizi obesitas yaitu 60,9%, status gizi lebih 11,8%, status gizi normal 21,8%, dan status gizi kurang 5,5%. Responden dengan kualitas hidup tinggi 3,6%, kualitas hidup sedang 68,2%, dan kualitas hidup rendah 28,2%. Hasil analisis korelasi spearman rank didapatkan hubungan antara kepatuhan diet dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 (p-value<0,001, r=0,513) dengan korelasi kuat (0,51 ≤ r ≤ 0,75) dan terdapat hubungan antara status gizi dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 (p-value<0,001, r=-0,332) dengan korelasi cukup (0,26 ≤ r ≤ 0,5).Simpulan : Terdapat hubungan antara kepatuhan diet dan status gizi dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2. Semakin tinggi tingkat kepatuhan diet maka semakin tinggi kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 dan semakin berlebih status gizi maka semakin rendah kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2.Kata kunci: Diabetes melitus tipe 2; Kepatuhan diet; Kualitas hidup; Status gizi.
An Analysis of the Recording, Reporting, and Use of School Attendance Data in Australia
Authors: White Matthew Oliver
Published: October 2022

Despite the growing body of literature on school attendance, there is relatively little known about the different approaches that are used to define, record, and report school attendance across countries. This paper seeks to fill this literature gap by providing a policy analysis of how attendance and absenteeism are defined, measured and reported in Australia. This paper explores how school attendance is conceptualised in Australia, with a specific focus on New South Wales where the author resides. The analysis examines what indicators of absence are recorded and how schools along with education authorities make use of this data. The national setting of goals to improve the educational outcomes of all Australian young people has been a driver behind the collection and public reporting of attendance data. This policy analysis highlights the multilateral achievement of the Commonwealth, state and territory governments in Australia to nationally align the collecting and reporting of school attendance data. This has elevated the importance of attendance beyond an administrative task to its current position as a key performance indicator of school effectiveness.
Patients’ satisfaction with the effects of microporous tape on surgical scars: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Ilori Oluwatosin Stephen , Olaitan Peter Babalola , Ilori Oluwatosin Ruth , Aderounmu Adebimpe Oyebisi
Published: October 2022

Background Following surgery or other types of trauma, scar formation occurs with wound healing because of the replacement of normal skin with fibrous tissue. The conversion of a normal scar to an abnormal scar usually occurs 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. Abnormal scars can be a source of patient dissatisfaction, especially following cosmetic surgical procedures. Therefore, supporting scars with tape after surgery is critical for reducing scar tension. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of patients’ satisfaction with their scar outcomes following microporous taping and to identify the determinants of scar satisfaction.Methods A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted to compare the scar satisfaction of postsurgical patients who underwent scar taping with microporous tape to those who did not. The scars were assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery using the Patient Scar Assessment Scale (PSAS). The test group had microporous tape applied to their scars and the tape was worn 24 hours a day for a period of 6 months. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Categorical variables and mean PSAS scores were compared using the chi-square test and repeated-measures analysis of variance, respectively.Results At 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months the taped group had significantly lower PSAS scores and higher satisfaction scores than the control group. Scar thickness and pruritus were statistically significant determinants of patient satisfaction.Conclusions Microporous tape is an effective modality for improving scar satisfaction in postsurgical patients.
A split-face study to evaluate the efficacy of a dissolving microneedle-encapsulated niacinamide skin patch for the reduction of facial hyperpigmentation
Authors: Bae Joon Suk , Nam Seung Min , Cha Han Gyu , Park Eun Soo
Published: October 2022

Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a dissolving microneedle (DMN)-encapsulated niacinamide skin patch to reduce facial hyperpigmentation.Methods A split-face study was conducted between April and June 2022 in 17 patients treated with a DMN-encapsulated niacinamide skin patch, which was applied only on the right side of the face, while the left face remained free of a pigmentation-improving agent. A topical moisturizer and physical sunscreen were applied on both sides of the face for 2 weeks. We compared both sides of the face 2 weeks after applying the skin patch using an automatic skin analysis device to investigate skin pigmentation. The melasma severity scores of both sides were evaluated before and 2 weeks after application.Results A significant difference in the epidermal pigmentation score between pre-treatment and 2 weeks after treatment was noted on the right side (P<0.05), but not on the left side of the face (P>0.05). A significant difference in the melanin score between pre-treatment and 2 weeks after treatment was noted on the right side (P<0.05), but not on the left side (P>0.05) of the face. There was no significant difference in the melasma severity score on either side of the face between pre-treatment and 2 weeks after treatment (P>0.05).Conclusions The application of a DMN-encapsulated niacinamide skin patch to improve skin pigmentation may yield good outcomes and provide comfort to patients without any complications.
A think-aloud method of investigating translanguaging strategies in learning Chinese characters
Authors: Zhang Qi , Lin Xu , Osborne Caitríona
Published: October 2022

Asian scripts that are significantly different from Roman-derived alphabets usually impose difficulties in learning. Translanguaging has therefore been explored as a pedagogical tool for the language classroom, including Chinese. While learning Chinese characters is thought to be one of the main challenges for students learning Chinese as a foreign language (CFL), there seems to be a paucity of up-to-date research into the strategies that adult students use to learn this logographic script. Situated in the translanguaging framework, this study employs the think-aloud method to investigate strategies utilised by a group of CFL beginner adult learners when learning characters. Drawing on the results of five think-aloud exercises with CFL learners over five weeks, as well as follow-up tests of their long-term memory of Chinese characters, this study shows that a variety of translanguaging strategies were utilised during the process of learning Chinese characters, and that overall three types of translanguaging strategies were observed: a) embodiment, b) translanguaging resemblance, and c) hybrid. The proposed typology of translanguaging strategies contributes to the further application of translanguaging as a methodology. It also sheds light on future learning strategy research across different linguistic systems.
Positivization time of a COVID-19 rapid antigen self-test predicts SARS-CoV-2 viral load: a proof of concept
Authors: Salvagno Gian Luca , Henry Brandon M. , Bongiovanni Giulio , De Nitto Simone , Pighi Laura , Lippi Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

Objectives

This proof of concept study was aimed to validate the hypothesis that the time of positivization of SARS-CoV-2 self-performed rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may reflect the actual viral load in the specimen.

Methods

A SARS-CoV-2 positive sample with high viral load was diluted and concomitantly assayed with molecular assay (Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2) and RDT (COVID-VIRO ALL IN RDT). The (mean cycle threshold; Ct) values and RDT positivization times of these dilutions were plotted and interpolated by calculating the best fit. The parameters of this equation were then used for converting the positivization times into RDT-estimated SARS-CoV-2 Ct values in routine patient samples.

Results

The best fit between measured and RDT-estimated Ct values could be achieved with a 2-degree polynomial curve. The RDT-estimated Ct values exhibited high correlation (r=0.996) and excellent Deming fit (y=1.01 × x − 0.18) with measured Ct values. In 30 consecutive patients with positive RDT test, the correlation between RDT positivization time and measured Ct value was r=0.522 (p=0.003). The correlation of RDT-estimated and measured Ct values slightly improved to 0.577 (Deming fit: y=0.44 × x + 11.08), displaying a negligible bias (1.0; 95% CI, −0.2 to 2.2; p=0.105). Concordance of RDT-estimated and measured Ct values at the <20 cut-off was 80%, with 0.84 sensitivity and 0.73 specificity.

Conclusions

This proof of concept study demonstrates the potential feasibility of using RDTs for garnering information on viral load in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Evaluation of the mechanical properties of different parts of bending bamboo culm by nanointendation
Authors: Wang Xuehua , Cao Mingxin , Ma Jingwen , Zhu Junjie , Lian Caiping , Fei Benhua , Xu Wei , Sun Fengbo
Published: October 2022

Bamboo is a flexible natural material, which has high potential value. However, manufacturing processes for bent bamboo products are highly reliant on manual labor. The main challenge in the industrial processing of raw bamboo is that bamboo’s characteristics have not yet been extracted accurately. This mainly originates from bamboo’s complexity and its response to bending, which depends on chemical composition, structure, and properties of bamboo. In order to understand the response of bamboo to bending, samples from different parts of manual processed bent bamboo culm ring were studied through nanoindentation tests. In this regard, elastic modulus, hardness, irreversible work, and residual depth on different bamboo parts were analyzed. The results show that bending has different effects on the tension side (TS, the convex side) and compression side (CS, the concave side) of the bamboo culm. Moreover, the bending effect was different on the green (GBP) and middle bamboo parts (MBP). It was found that bending improved the elastic modulus of GBP in TS by 101%. Moreover, the hardness of GBP in TS decreased by 21% while that of MBP increased by 12.4%. In CS, the hardness of GBP increased by 10% while that of MBP decreased by 19%. The performed analyses reveal that the ratio of irreversible work to total work increased in the bent bamboo and the difference between GBP and MBP was not large for both TS and CS. The relative residual depth was about 60% for the neutral side (NS) and increased to above 70% in TS and CS. It was proposed that either TS or CS formed a respective complete tension-compression stress system in the bent bamboo specimen.
The efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Li Xinyi , Sun Tong , Du Xin , Xie Xiaohui , Shi Luwen
Published: October 2022

Background

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population is increasing. There is a great need to develop more drugs for pediatric T2DM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been approved for adults with T2DM and they might be effective in youths due to the similar pathogenic defects associated with T2DM. Here we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in pediatric patients with T2DM.

Contents

We performed a systematic review including trials comparing GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors against placebo in pediatric T2DM. This project was conducted based on the quality of reporting of meta-analyses (QUOROM) statement. Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane library were searched by two independent investigators for selecting relevant studies.

Summary and outlook

Five RCTs with a total sample size of 237 children were included. GLP-1 agonists showed superiority in glycemic improvement than placebo for pediatric T2DM. The advantage of DPP-4 inhibitors versus placebo for glycemic improvement is still unclear. GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors were well tolerated in pediatrics and further strictly designed trials are needed.
Towards a History of Syriac Rhetoric in Late Antiquity
Authors: Rigolio Alberto
Published: October 2022

This article presents the first comprehensive study of Syriac rhetoric in late antiquity. It builds on existing scholarship on the Syrians’ engagement with Graeco-Roman paideia and Christian rhetoric, but it also goes further in that it draws attention to the Syrians’ participation in Near Eastern rhetorical traditions (mainly transmitted through Aramaic) and in the rhetoric of the Hebrew Bible, which was translated into Syriac without Greek intermediaries. At the same time, this article demonstrates that Syriac rhetoric flourished in distinctive and original ways: It developed its own literary genres (with a strong predilection for poetry and a sensibility for gendered voices), performative settings (including the liturgy and the school), and thematic domains (notably Scriptural exegesis and religious controversy). It is especially remarkable that an elaborate “meta-rhetorical” reflection flourished in Syriac, as it first emerged in the work by Antony of Tagrit in the ninth century and in the broader context of late antique and Byzantine Aristotelianism. This comprehensive survey and its conceptual systematisation are designed to facilitate further research on Syriac rhetoric both during late antiquity and in later centuries, when the Syrians’ interaction with Arabic rhetoric came to play an increasingly influential role.

Syriac words are given in a simplified transcription. For consonants, the standard system in use for Semitic languages is followed; spirantisation of b g k p t is marked by v gh kh f th respectively. East Syrian vocalisation is generally adopted unless the words are quoted from a West Syrian author; vowel length is not marked, with the exception of a/ā and e/ē in Eastern Syriac.
A Skyline of Churches and Monasteries: The Changing Sacred Landscape of Oxyrhynchus in Late Antiquity
Authors: Dijkstra Jitse H. F. , Hidding Aaltje
Published: October 2022

The changing sacred landscape of Late Antiquity has long been seen in terms of a monolithic development ‘from temple to church’. Recent scholarship, however, has discarded this picture in favour of a more complex view, in which freestanding churches (and monasteries) were increasingly built from the fourth century onwards, while at the same time various, mostly practical, ways were found of dealing with the sacred built environment of the past. The Late Antique papyri from Oxyrhynchus contain dozens of references to churches and monasteries, and, occasionally, also temples. The city thus affords an excellent opportunity to study the changing sacred landscape of this period in a local context. In previous scholarship, several lists have been compiled to collect the attestations of churches. The last comprehensive collection of the material dates back two decades, however, while the one list of monasteries is heavily outdated. Moreover, a list of temples in the Late Antique papyri has never been put together. This article, then, presents, in the appendix, a brand-new Checklist of temples, churches and monasteries of Late Antique Oxyrhynchus. It serves as the basis for the detailed analysis of the data that precedes it, which shows that these data are in perfect agreement with the now prevalent general view among Late Antique scholars of how the sacred landscape changed over time. For comparison with the findings from the papyri, we will also briefly discuss the results of recent excavations at the site.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[diiodido-(μ2-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-((pyridin-4- ylmethylene)amino)-1,2-dihydro-3H -pyrazol-3-one-κ2
N: O)zinc(II)], C17H16I2N4OZn
Authors: Li Ben , Huang Yujiao , Qian Weicheng , Pang Haixia , Tang Qiang
Published: October 2022

C17H16I2N4OZn, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 7.4827(5) Å, b = 14.9521(10) Å, c = 18.2838(13) Å, β = 99.251(1)°, V = 2019.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0404, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.787, T = 298 K.
The crystal structure of 3-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid—pyrazine-2-carboxamide(1/1), C13H10N4O7
Authors: Jiang Cheng-Jun , Cheng Die , Xia Ying-Fan , Zhang Jia-rong , Lin Shu-ting
Published: October 2022

C13H10N4O7, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.7017(7) Å, b = 7.1240(5) Å, c = 19.0878(13) Å, β = 99.280(3)°, V = 1436.19(17) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt
(F) = 0.0586, wRref
(F
2) = 0.1746, T = 296.15 K.
Synthesis of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido methylpropane sulfonic acid) hydrogel containing copper and nickel nanoparticles with easy recycling and efficient catalytic potential
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Ajmal Muhammad , Naseem Atif , Jabeen Nusrat , Farooqi Zahoor H. , Mahmood Khalid , Ali Abid , Rasheed Lubna , Saqib Ahmad Nauman Shah
Published: October 2022

Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido methyl propane sulfonic acid) hydrogel was prepared and used as matrix for the fabrication of nickel and copper nanoparticles. Nickel and copper nanoparticles were fabricated via in situ reduction of Ni (II) and Cu (II) ions within the hydrogel matrix. The manufactured hydrogel and its corresponding composites with Ni and Cu nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM, and TGA. Thermal stability of hydrogel was found to be increased upon fabricating with metal nanoparticles. The hydrogel showed ability to absorb water 63 times of its weight in dried form. The Ni and Cu nanoparticles were observed to be well dispersed, spherical in shape and most of them were having diameters in the range of 12.5 to 38.8 nm and 58 to 102 nm, respectively. The as-prepared hydrogel-nickel and hydrogel-Cu nanocomposite were used as catalysts for the reduction of a toxic pollutant 4-nitrophenol. At 25 °C, the reduction of 4-NP was found to proceed with apparent rate constant (k
app) of 0.107 and 0.122 min−1 in the presence of composite containing Ni and Cu nanoparticles, respectively. However, k
app was increased with corresponding increase in temperature and its maximum value was found to be 0.815 min−1 at 88 °C with catalyst containing Ni nanoparticles. The formation of well dispersed Ni and Cu nanoparticles in the prepared hydrogel reflected that this hydrogel system can act as efficient stabilizing agent along with acting as a reactor medium. Recycling potential of catalysts was studied for five successive cycles.
Cortico-Subthalamic Field Potentials Support Classification of the Natural Gait Cycle in Parkinson’s Disease and Reveal Individualized Spectral Signatures
Authors: Louie Kenneth H. , Gilron Ro’ee , Yaroshinsky Maria S. , Morrison Melanie A. , Choi Julia , de Hemptinne Coralie , Little Simon , Starr Philip A. , Wang Doris D.
Published: October 2022

The ability of humans to coordinate stereotyped, alternating movements between the two legs during bipedal walking is a complex motor behavior that requires precisely timed activities across multiple nodes of the supraspinal network. Understanding of the neural network dynamics that underlie natural walking in humans is limited. We investigated cortical and subthalamic neural activities during overground walking and evaluated spectral biomarkers to decode the gait cycle in three patients with Parkinson’s disease without gait disturbances. Patients were implanted with chronic bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and electrocorticography paddles overlaying the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Local field potentials were recorded from these areas while the participants performed overground walking and synchronized to external gait kinematic sensors. We found that the STN displays increased low-frequency (4–12 Hz) spectral power during the period before contralateral leg swing. Furthermore, STN shows increased theta frequency (4–8 Hz) coherence with the primary motor through the initiation and early phase of contralateral leg swing. Additional analysis revealed that each patient had specific frequency bands that could detect a significant difference between left and right initial leg swing. Our findings indicate that there are alternating spectral changes between the two hemispheres in accordance with the gait cycle. In addition, we identified patient-specific, gait-related biomarkers in both the STN and cortical areas at discrete frequency bands that may be used to drive adaptive DBS to improve gait dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Identification of the Acid-Sensitive Site Critical for Chloral Hydrate (CH) Activation of the Proton-Activated Chloride Channel
Authors: Xu Xiang-Ying , Zhang Fei-Fei , Gan Jun , Zhang Mao-Yin , Shen Zhong-Shan , Guo Qing , Teng Yue , Ji Jun-Wei , Cao Jun-Li , Tang Qiong-Yao , Zhang Zhe
Published: October 2022

The transmembrane protein TMEM206 was recently identified as the molecular basis of the extracellular proton-activated Cl−channel (PAC), which plays an essential role in neuronal death in ischemia-reperfusion. The PAC channel is activated by extracellular acid, but the proton-sensitive mechanism remains unclear, although different acid-sensitive pockets have been suggested based on the cryo-EM structure of the human PAC (hPAC) channel. In the present study, we firstly identified two acidic amino acid residues that removed the pH-dependent activation of the hPAC channel by neutralization all the conservative negative charged residues located in the extracellular domain of the hPAC channel and some positively charged residues at the hotspot combined with two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) recording in theXenopusoocytes system. Double-mutant cycle analysis and double cysteine mutant of these two residues proved that these two residues cooperatively form a proton-sensitive site. In addition, we found that chloral hydrate activates the hPAC channel depending on the normal pH sensitivity of the hPAC channel. Furthermore, the PAC channel knock-out (KO) male mice (C57BL/6J) resist chloral hydrate-induced sedation and hypnosis. Our study provides a molecular basis for understanding the proton-dependent activation mechanism of the hPAC channel and a novel drug target of chloral hydrate.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProton-activated Cl−channel (PAC) channels are widely distributed in the nervous system and play a vital pathophysiological role in ischemia and endosomal acidification. The main discovery of this paper is that we identified the proton activation mechanism of the human proton-activated chloride channel (hPAC). Intriguingly, we also found that anesthetic chloral hydrate can activate the hPAC channel in a pH-dependent manner. We found that the chloral hydrate activates the hPAC channel and needs the integrity of the pH-sensitive site. In addition, the PAC channel knock-out (KO) mice are resistant to chloral hydrate-induced anesthesia. The study on PAC channels' pH activation mechanism enables us to better understand PAC's biophysical mechanism and provides a novel target of chloral hydrate.
Pathological Slow-Wave Activity and Impaired Working Memory Binding in Post-Traumatic Amnesia
Authors: Mallas Emma-Jane , Gorgoraptis Nikos , Dautricourt Sophie , Pertzov Yoni , Scott Gregory , Sharp David J.
Published: October 2022

Associative binding is key to normal memory function and is transiently disrupted during periods of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electrophysiological abnormalities, including low-frequency activity, are common following TBI. Here, we investigate associative memory binding during PTA and test the hypothesis that misbinding is caused by pathological slowing of brain activity disrupting cortical communication. Thirty acute moderate to severe TBI patients (25 males; 5 females) and 26 healthy controls (20 males; 6 females) were tested with a precision working memory paradigm requiring the association of object and location information. Electrophysiological effects of TBI were assessed using resting-state EEG in a subsample of 17 patients and 21 controls. PTA patients showed abnormalities in working memory function and made significantly more misbinding errors than patients who were not in PTA and controls. The distribution of localization responses was abnormally biased by the locations of nontarget items for patients in PTA, suggesting a specific impairment of object and location binding. Slow-wave activity was increased following TBI. Increases in the δ-α ratio indicative of an increase in low-frequency power specifically correlated with binding impairment in working memory. Connectivity changes in TBI did not correlate with binding impairment. Working memory and electrophysiological abnormalities normalized at 6 month follow-up. These results show that patients in PTA show high rates of misbinding that are associated with a pathological shift toward lower-frequency oscillations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow do we remember what was where? The mechanism by which information (e.g., object and location) is integrated in working memory is a central question for cognitive neuroscience. Following significant head injury, many patients will experience a period of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) during which this associative binding is disrupted. This may be because of electrophysiological changes in the brain. Using a precision working memory test and resting-state EEG, we show that PTA patients demonstrate impaired binding ability, and this is associated with a shift toward slower-frequency activity on EEG. Abnormal EEG connectivity was observed but was not specific to PTA or binding ability. These findings contribute to both our mechanistic understanding of working memory binding and PTA pathophysiology.
Emergence of Distinct Neural Subspaces in Motor Cortical Dynamics during Volitional Adjustments of Ongoing Locomotion
Authors: Xing David , Truccolo Wilson , Borton David A.
Published: October 2022

The ability to modulate ongoing walking gait with precise, voluntary adjustments is what allows animals to navigate complex terrains. However, how the nervous system generates the signals to precisely control the limbs while simultaneously maintaining locomotion is poorly understood. One potential strategy is to distribute the neural activity related to these two functions into distinct cortical activity coactivation subspaces so that both may be conducted simultaneously without disruptive interference. To investigate this hypothesis, we recorded the activity of primary motor cortex in male nonhuman primates during obstacle avoidance on a treadmill. We found that the same neural population was active during both basic unobstructed locomotion and volitional obstacle avoidance movements. We identified the neural modes spanning the subspace of the low-dimensional dynamics in primary motor cortex and found a subspace that consistently maintains the same cyclic activity throughout obstacle stepping, despite large changes in the movement itself. All of the variance corresponding to this large change in movement during the obstacle avoidance was confined to its own distinct subspace. Furthermore, neural decoders built for ongoing locomotion did not generalize to decoding obstacle avoidance during locomotion. Our findings suggest that separate underlying subspaces emerge during complex locomotion that coordinates ongoing locomotor-related neural dynamics with volitional gait adjustments. These findings may have important implications for the development of brain–machine interfaces.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLocomotion and precise, goal-directed movements are two distinct movement modalities with known differing requirements of motor cortical input. Previous studies have characterized the cortical activity during obstacle avoidance while walking in rodents and felines, but, to date, no such studies have been completed in primates. Additionally, in any animal model, it is unknown how these two movements are represented in primary motor cortex (M1) low-dimensional dynamics when both activities are performed at the same time, such as during obstacle avoidance. We developed a novel obstacle avoidance paradigm in freely moving nonhuman primates and discovered that the rhythmic locomotion-related dynamics and the voluntary, gait-adjustment movement separate into distinct subspaces in M1 cortical activity. Our analysis of decoding generalization may also have important implications for the development of brain–machine interfaces.
Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) Coexpression in GABAergic, Glutamatergic, and GABA/Glutamatergic Subpopulations in the Central Extended Amygdala and Ventral Pallidum of Young Male Primates
Authors: Fudge Julie L. , Kelly Emily A. , Hackett Troy A.
Published: October 2022

The central extended amygdala (CEA) and ventral pallidum (VP) are involved in diverse motivated behaviors based on rodent models. These structures are conserved, but expanded, in higher primates, including human. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a canonical “stress molecule” associated with the CEA and VP circuitry across species, is dynamically regulated by stress and drugs of abuse and misuse. CRF's effects on circuits critically depend on its colocation with primary “fast” transmitters, making this crucial for understanding circuit effects. We surveyed the distribution and colocalization of CRF-, VGluT2- (vesicular glutamate transporter 2), and VGAT- (vesicular GABA transporter) mRNA in specific subregions of the CEA and VP in young male monkeys. Although CRF-containing neurons were clustered in the lateral central bed nucleus (BSTLcn), the majority were broadly dispersed throughout other CEA subregions, and the VP. CRF/VGAT-only neurons were highest in the BSTLcn, lateral central amygdala nucleus (CeLcn), and medial central amygdala nucleus (CeM) (74%, 73%, and 85%, respectively). In contrast, lower percentages of CRF/VGAT only neurons populated the sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEAc), ventrolateral bed nucleus (BSTLP), and VP (53%, 54%, 17%, respectively), which had higher complements of CRF/VGAT/VGluT2-labeled neurons (33%, 29%, 67%, respectively). Thus, the majority of CRF-neurons at the “poles” (BSTLcn and CeLcn/CeM) of the CEA are inhibitory, while the “extended” BSTLP and SLEAc subregions, and neighboring VP, have a more complex profile with admixtures of “multiplexed” excitatory CRF neurons. CRF's colocalization with its various fast transmitters is likely circuit-specific, and relevant for understanding CRF actions on specific target sites.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe central extended amygdala (CEA) and ventral pallidum (VP) regulate multiple motivated behaviors through differential downstream projections. The stress neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is enriched in the CEA, and is thought to “set the gain” through modulatory effects on coexpressed primary transmitters. Using protein and transcript assays in monkey, we found that CRF neurons are broadly and diffusely distributed in CEA and VP. CRF mRNA+neurons colocalize with VGAT (GABA) and VGluT2 (glutamate) mRNAs in different proportions depending on subregion. CRF mRNA was also coexpressed in a subpopulation of VGAT/VGluT2 mRNA (“multiplexed”) cells, which were most prominent in the VP and “pallidal”-like parts of the CEA. Heterogeneous CRF and fast transmitter coexpression across CEA/VP subregions implies circuit-specific effects.
The RNA-Binding Protein HuR Is Integral to the Function of Nociceptors in Mice and Humans
Authors: Kunder Nikesh , de la Peña June Bryan , Lou Tzu-Fang , Chase Rebecca , Suresh Prarthana , Lawson Jennifer , Shukla Tarjani , Black Bryan , Campbell Zachary T.
Published: October 2022

HuR is an RNA-binding protein implicated in RNA processing, stability, and translation. Previously, we examined protein synthesis in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons treated with inflammatory mediators using ribosome profiling. We found that the HuR consensus binding element was enriched in transcripts with elevated translation. HuR is expressed in the soma of nociceptors and their axons. Pharmacologic inhibition of HuR with the small molecule CMLD-2 reduced the activity of mouse and human sensory neurons. Peripheral administration of CMLD-2 in the paw or genetic elimination of HuR from sensory neurons diminished behavioral responses associated with NGF- and IL-6-induced allodynia in male and female mice. Genetic disruption of HuR altered the proximity of mRNA decay factors near a key neurotrophic factor (TrkA). Collectively, the data suggest that HuR is required for local control of mRNA stability and reveals a new biological function for a broadly conserved post-transcriptional regulatory factor.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNociceptors undergo long-lived changes in excitability, which may contribute to chronic pain. Noxious cues that promote pain lead to rapid induction of protein synthesis. The underlying mechanisms that confer specificity to mRNA control in nociceptors are unclear. Here, we identify a conserved RNA-binding protein called HuR as a key regulatory factor in sensory neurons. Using a combination of genetics and pharmacology, we demonstrate that HuR is required for signaling in nociceptors. In doing so, we report an important mechanism of mRNA control in sensory neurons that ensures appropriate nociceptive responses to inflammatory mediators.
The Smell of Water
Authors: Dupuis Chanelle
Published: October 2022

Residents of riverine and Indigenous communities in and around the Nanay River in the Peruvian Amazon have indicated that the smell of water is shifting. This article traces the changing smell of water in various communities in the Amazon to understand the importance of water for Amazonians (both spiritually and concretely), the extent to which the human nose is capable of smelling environmental change, and the future work that must be done to protect these fragile and increasingly polluted waterways. While it is well documented that the Amazon’s biodiversity and flora and fauna are under threat due to industrial activities and illegal resource extraction, the role that smell plays in recognizing and denouncing contamination is rarely considered. This article combines recent work in the field of smell studies with anthropological and environmental writings on Amazonia to translate stench into a vivid indicator of a slow violence on the waterways of this biome. Drawing on a documentary film focused on water, the writings of Indigenous philosophers Rafael Chanchari Pizuri and Ailton Krenak, and interviews with residents living along the Nanay River, the significance of water for this region is complexified and linked to larger moments of environmental destruction. The changing smell of water in the Amazon promotes what I call “slow smelling,” where harmful smells go unnoticed and become an accepted part of the odors of a place. Bilious odors indicate serious pollution and contamination of waterways that are necessary to the well-being of local communities and carry ancestral significance.
Ceviche Revolution
Authors: Irons Rebecca
Published: October 2022

As the flagship national dish and candidate for UNESCO intangible heritage, ceviche has become a poster child for Peru’s global gastronomic revolution in the past decade. Led by “gastropolitical elites,” the Peruvian boom sought to influence perceptions of the country, from struggling economy blighted by internal conflict to sophisticated culinary destination and exporter of world-class cuisine. However, the elite-led boom echoes colonial power structures, whereby indigenous and nonwhite Peruvians are exploited and/or erased. As a raw-fish dish with a historical attachment to the ocean-imported disease cholera, as well as contemporary associations with marine microplastics, ceviche is firmly entangled with water. Considering that coastal lifeways have hitherto been overlooked in analyses of Peruvian gastronomy, ceviche merits particular attention for the way in which it is globally framed by gastropolitical elites. Using interviews with Peruvian interlocutors and ethnographic fieldwork in London’s Peruvian culinary scene, in this article I address the ceviche discourse and its place within the construction of the nation. I will argue that, in relying on the popularity of Japanese food and presenting ceviche as sushi-like (though importantly, not necessarily “nikkei”), gastropolitical elites seek to remove the dish from its situated realities, where it is associated with dirt, disease, and the nonwhite. I analyze the historic cholera outbreak and an Oceana marine microplastics campaign to discuss the embedded discourse inherent in what, or who, is “not wanted” in ceviche’s exported image, to conclude that, through ceviche, elites attempt to refashion the nation following logics of coloniality.
Unfolded protein response IRE1/XBP1 signaling is required for healthy mammalian brain aging
Authors: Cabral‐Miranda Felipe , Tamburini Giovanni , Martinez Gabriela , Ardiles Alvaro O , Medinas Danilo B , Gerakis Yannis , Hung Mei‐Li Diaz , Vidal René , Fuentealba Matias , Miedema Tim , Duran‐Aniotz Claudia , Diaz Javier , Ibaceta‐Gonzalez Cristobal , Sabusap Carleen M , Bermedo‐Garcia Francisca , Mujica Paula , Adamson Stuart , Vitangcol Kaitlyn , Huerta Hernan , Zhang Xu , Nakamura Tomohiro , Sardi Sergio Pablo , Lipton Stuart A , Kennedy Brian K , Henriquez Juan Pablo , Cárdenas J Cesar , Plate Lars , Palacios Adrian G , Hetz Claudio
Published: October 2022

Aging is a major risk factor to develop neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with decreased buffering capacity of the proteostasis network. We investigated the significance of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a major signaling pathway activated to cope with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in the functional deterioration of the mammalian brain during aging. We report that genetic disruption of the ER stress sensor IRE1 accelerated age‐related cognitive decline. In mouse models, overexpressing an active form of the UPR transcription factor XBP1 restored synaptic and cognitive function, in addition to reducing cell senescence. Proteomic profiling of hippocampal tissue showed that XBP1 expression significantly restore changes associated with aging, including factors involved in synaptic function and pathways linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The genes modified by XBP1 in the aged hippocampus where also altered. Collectively, our results demonstrate that strategies to manipulate the UPR in mammals may help sustain healthy brain aging.
Actin filaments form a size‐dependent diffusion barrier around centrosomes
Authors: Cheng Hsuan , Kao Yu‐Lin , Chen Ting , Sharma Lohitaksh , Yang Wen‐Ting , Chuang Yi‐Chien , Huang Shih‐Han , Lin Hong‐Rui , Huang Yao‐Shen , Kao Chi‐Ling , Yang Lee‐Wei , Bearon Rachel , Cheng Hui‐Chun , Hsia Kuo‐Chiang , Lin Yu‐Chun
Published: October 2022

The centrosome, a non‐membranous organelle, constrains various soluble molecules locally to execute its functions. As the centrosome is surrounded by various dense components, we hypothesized that it may be bordered by a putative diffusion barrier. After quantitatively measuring the trapping kinetics of soluble proteins of varying size at centrosomes by a chemically inducible diffusion trapping assay, we find that centrosomes are highly accessible to soluble molecules with a Stokes radius of less than 5.8 nm, whereas larger molecules rarely reach centrosomes, indicating the existence of a size‐dependent diffusion barrier at centrosomes. The permeability of this barrier is tightly regulated by branched actin filaments outside of centrosomes and it decreases during anaphase when branched actin temporally increases. The actin‐based diffusion barrier gates microtubule nucleation by interfering with γ‐tubulin ring complex recruitment. We propose that actin filaments spatiotemporally constrain protein complexes at centrosomes in a size‐dependent manner.
Vocational education teachers’ soft-competences: Assessment methodology and correlation analysis
Authors:   Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University, Sharov Аnton Аlexandrovich , Konovalov Anton Andreevich ,   Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University
Published: October 2022

Introduction. The main problem of the article lies in the search for optimal and objective principles and methods for assessing vocational education teachers’ soft-competencies, as well as valid diagnostic tools. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the vocational education teachers’ soft-competencies and to identify correlations between them. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on the principles of a competency-based approach to education (D. C. McClelland, A.-K. Koenen, F Dochy, W. Lambrechts, etc.). To assess the teachers’ soft-competencies, a set of diagnostic tools was developed and used during the pilot study from March 21 to July 17, 2022 (n=132), consisting of the following components: a motivational questionnaire; a business game (includes self-presentation, solution of a universal case, group discussion); a set of tests (for intelligence, an individual psychological questionnaire, etc.). The study applied a methodological approach to assessing the vocational education teachers’ soft-competencies with the help of the Assessment Center, which involves complex diagnostics, including both standardized tests, self-reports, cases, and observation of real behavior. The analysis of the results obtained was carried out using the methods of statistical (descriptive statistics, measures of data scatter, normal distribution) and correlation analysis (nonparametric correlation coefficient r-Spearman) using the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software. Results. The findings show that the most developed soft-competencies include the ability for self-organization and self-development, as well as the ability to communicate. The remaining competencies are at the basic level and are used only within the framework of solving familiar, standard problems. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the ability for systemic and critical thinking and the ability to communicate; between the readiness to become a leader in the educational community and the ability to communicate. Statistically significant negative correlation was found between the willingness to accept personal responsibility and the ability to communicate. Conclusions. Conclusions are drawn that there is a risk associated with the human resources potential of teachers in the vocational education system: soft-competencies are at the threshold level of development, and even with the potential for self-development formed, it will take time, additional development programs and systematic work to support vocational education teachers.
Studying the influence of developing metacognitive processes on students' academic performance (with the main focus on psychological disciplines)
Authors:   Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute (Branch in Budennovsk), Akopova Milena Avanesovna
Published: October 2022

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of improving the quality of initial teacher education, which is especially important in the conditions of increasing requirements for teachers’ proficiency and competence. In particular, the article investigates how the development of metacognitive processes influences students' learning outcomes. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between metacognitive processes of Education students and their academic performance in psychological disciplines. Materials and Methods. The article presents the study of Education students’ metacognitive processes, which involves using various methods and techniques based on the BACEIS cognitive model (Hartman H., Sternberg R.). The diagnostic part of the study consisted in didactic tests in psychological disciplines and a questionnaire of metacognitive involvement. In order to process the results, the rank correlation coefficient and the statistical criterion of signs were used. The study involved a total of 86 first- and second-year students studying Education (44.02.05, double-major programme). Results. The results of the study suggest that the majority of students demonstrate the average level of metacognitive processes; and indicators of metacognitive knowledge are slightly better developed than indicators of metacognitive regulation. Based on the results of the formative experiment, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of using the BACEIS cognitive model in order to develop indicators of metacognitive involvement. Moreover, the first stage of the diagnostic study revealed correlations between students' academic performance in psychological disciplines and metacognitive indicators. Nevertheless, despite the increase in metacognitive processes determined by thoroughly organized formative work, no significant increase in student academic performance was detected. Conclusions. Finally, the authors conclude that, despite the identified links between successful completion of the didactic test and high indicators of metacognitive processes, the increase in the level of metacognitive processes does not affect the learning outcomes in psychological disciplines.