bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppressor of Pyrimidine 3 Mutants of
Neurospora
and Its Relation to Arginine Synthesis
Authors: Davis Rowland H.
Published: October 2006

The basis of the mutant phenotype of the
pyr 3a
strain of
Neurospora
appears to be the arginine sensitivity of an early step in pyrimidine synthesis. The effect of a suppressor mutation which renders
pyr 3a
pyrimidine-independent is to reduce arginine levels in the mycelium by its effect on ornithine transcarbamylase.
Hemorrhagic Disease in Rodents Infected with Virus Associated with Thai Hemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Halstead Scott B. , Buescher Edward L.
Published: October 2006

KLA 16 virus, recovered from a child with Thailand hemorrhagic fever, produces infant mouse, rat, and hamster disease that is characterized by spontaneous bleeding at multiple sites, notably in the gastrointestinal tract, and by marked abnormalities in hemostatic mechanisms. This virus differs in this respect from Chikungunya virus to which it is immunologically similar and from other Thai hemorrhagic fever viruses.
"Hypersexuality" in Male Cats without Brain Damage
Authors: Michael Richard P.
Published: October 2006

During 5 years of observation in a cat colony where mating tests are routinely conducted, the spontaneous occurrence of distortions of sexual activity in male cats has been recorded. Many of the behavioral patterns encountered have previously been described only in brain-damaged animals when they have been used as an index of "hypersexuality." Identical behavior occurs in normal males as a simple training effect.
Effects of 3-Methylcholanthrene and Phenobarbital on Amino Acid Incorporation into Protein
Authors: Gelboin H. V. , Sokoloff L.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of rats with methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital, two compounds known to enhance microsomal enzyme activity, stimulates the incorporation of free or soluble ribonucleic acid bound amino acid into proteins of cell-free liver preparations. Mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap all contribute to the methylcholanthrene effect on the incorporation of free amino acid.
Influence of Soil Oxygen Concentrations on the Development of
Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Van Gundy S. D. , Stolzy L. H.
Published: October 2006

Roots of tomato plants infected with
Meloidogyne javanica
were grown in soil subjected to oxygen concentrations of 21 percent, 5.5 percent, 3.5 percent, 2.0 percent, 0.6 percent, and 0 percent for 28 and 35 days. The lowest oxygen tension which still allowed development of the host and the nematode was 3.5 percent. Below this level the plant root growth, size of developing females, and production of nematode eggs were reduced. Nematode activity as measured by the number of nematode galls on the roots of treated plants was sharply reduced at the 5.5-percent level of oxygen.
Stimulation of Uterine Contraction by Extracts of the Cockroach,
Periplaneta
Authors: Browne L. Barton , Hodgson E. S. , Kiraly J. K.
Published: October 2006

Blood and extracts of gut of the American cockroach,
Periplaneta americana
, powerfully stimulate contractions of the isolated rat uterus. The contractions are characterized by long latency and a prolonged relaxation phase having superimposed rhythmic contractions. Evidence indicates that the stimulating factor is not acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, or substance P. The active factor is heat labile and nondialyzable.
Chemical Analysis of Surfaces by Use of Large-Angle Scattering of Heavy Charged Particles
Authors: Turkevich Anthony
Published: October 2006

The Rutherford scattering of charged particles from the heavier elements and nuclear scattering and (α,p) reactions from the light elements result in energy spectra that are characteristic of the nucleus being bombarded. A simple apparatus for analyzing surfaces based on these ideas can be made by using an alpha source such as Cm
244
, a solid state detector, and an electronic pulse height analyzer.
Phototropism in
Conidiobolus
, Some Preliminary Observations
Authors: Page Robert M. , Brungard Joanne
Published: October 2006

The action spectrum for phototropism of
Conidiobolus
conidiophores was determined crudely with glass filters and by projecting a spectrum on cultures of the fungus. The active wavelengths (about 400 to 650 mμ) corresponded in general with those absorbed by extracts containing a pigment with an absorption spectrum characteristic of a porphyrin.
Puromycin-Induced Changes in Uredospores of
Puccinia sorghi
Schw.
Authors: Staples Richard C. , Syamananda Riksh , Block Richard J.
Published: October 2006

Puromycin stimulates substrate consumption and initiates an accumulation of amino acids in uredospores of the corn rust fungus. The results indicate that under suitable conditions uredospores should be able to synthesize appreciable quantities of amino acids, but must be stimulated to do so.
Radiation-Induced Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Ethylene
Authors: Stoops C. E. , Furrow C. L.
Published: October 2006

The gamma irradiation of mixtures of carbon dioxide with ethylene yielded long-chain carboxylic acids. The G(—ethylene) values varied with reaction temperature from essentially zero at —78°C to 175 at 100°C. Under the same conditions, the substitution of free radical agents for radiation gave polyethylene.
Continuous Compensatory Tracking by a Cebus Monkey
Authors: King William J.
Published: October 2006

A cebus monkey was trained to hold a continuously moving voltmeter needle on-target for 60 seconds to obtain a food-pellet reinforcement. The task confronting the animal was relatively complex in that the high-frequency error voltage fed to the voltmeter needle was nulled by the animal by means of a joystick physically separated from the stimulus display.
Interstitial Waters of Recent Marine Muds Off Cape Cod
Authors: Siever Raymond , Garrels Robert M. , Kanwisher John , Berner Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Interstitial waters of Recent muds off Cape Cod have salinities higher than the present ocean water in the same location and
p
H values lower than normal sea water in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The salinities may be either "paleosalinities" or an effect produced by behavior of the clay-water system as a semipermeable membrane. The low
p
H values are due to higher pressures of CO
2
in the sediment, probably coming from bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
Lactic Acid Accumulation as a Cause of Hypoxia-Induced Malformations in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Grabowski Casimer T.
Published: October 2006

Most hypoxia-induced malformations are caused by a syndrome involving tremendous edema followed by formation of clear blisters and hematomas. These, in turn, mechanically interfere with development. Studies of blood
p
H and lactic acid indicate that lactate accumulation initiates this syndrome. The effects of lactic acid injections parallel those of subjection to hypoxia, confirming this conclusion.
Passage of Saccharides from Cerebrospinal Fluid to Blood
Authors: Prockop Leon D. , Schanker Lewis S. , Brodie Bernard B.
Published: October 2006

Saccharides with a molecular weight ranging from 182 to 50,000, which enter the cerebrospinal fluid at extremely slow rates when administered intravenously, all pass readily at similar rates from cerebrospinal fluid to blood after injection into a lateral cerebral ventricle. The mechanism of transfer appears to be a filtration of cerebrospinal fluid across a sieve-like boundary possibly located at the arachnoid villi.
Immunological Studies of Gastrin
Authors: Waddell William R. , Lythgoe J. Philip , Monaco Anthony P.
Published: October 2006

Hog gastrin prepared by the Gregory method stimulates antibody production in rabbits. Rabbit anti-hog gastrin serum which was reacted with hog, dog, and human gastrins in vitro caused reduction of their gastric stimulatory effect, indicating a biological cross reaction among these species.
Method for Sensory Scaling with Animals
Authors: Herrnstein R. J. , van Sommers Peter
Published: October 2006

Two pigeons were trained to peck at a transilluminated disk. The training procedure caused the rate of pecking to increase as a function of the luminance of the disk. The results suggest that the relation between apparent magnitude of light and physical intensity is a power function.
Anomalous Greying Effect in Mice with Higher Doses of X-rays
Authors: Galbraith Donald B. , Chase Herman B.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of mouse hair follicles to 1200, 1300, and 1400 r of x-rays results in delay of hair growth, precocious melanogenesis, and disruption of melanocyte distribution. The diversity of greying responses obtained with 1100 to 1700 r appears to be due to inactivation of radiosensitive follicles rather than to tissue replacement or to displacement of external sheath melanocytes into the hair bulb.
Licking Behavior of Rats on a Schedule of Food Reinforcement
Authors: Weissman Albert
Published: October 2006

Rats were trained on a variable-interval food reinforcement schedule. Lever presses and licks at the milk reinforcement were recorded independently. A dose of
d
-amphetamine which increased lever-pressing rates failed to affect licking rates. Licking rates increased as the duration between reinforcements on the variable-interval schedule increased.
Probability of Signal Detection in a Vigilance Task
Authors: Baker C. H.
Published: October 2006

It is hypothesized that the probability of detecting a signal in a vigilance task depends upon its temporal location with respect to the preceding series of signals. Probability of detection should be at a maximum when the signal occurs after a temporal interval which is equivalent to the mean of the intervals between the preceding signals detected. The experimental results support this hypothesis.
Refractive Error and Vision in Fishes
Authors: Baylor Edward R. , Shaw Evelyn
Published: October 2006

The eyes of living immersed herring and silversides are farsighted and require greater hypermetropic correction for lateral vision than for anterior vision. Comparisons of lens-to-retina distances in frozen material with focal lengths of lenses are consistent with the degree of hypermetropy found by retinoscopy.
Transpiration Rate Reduction in Plants with Atrazine
Authors: Smith Don , Buchholtz K. P.
Published: October 2006

When treated with atrazine, a herbicide that acts as an inhibitor of photosynthesis, both tolerant and susceptible plants showed a reduction in transpiration rate. This occurred within 1 to 3 hours of application and usually reduced transpiration by 50 percent or more after about 6 hours.
Magnesium Binding as an Explanation of the Mode of Action of Novobiocin
Authors: Brock Thomas D.
Published: October 2006

Novobiocin affects a wide variety of biochemical and biological processes in bacteria, whereas most other antibiotics seem to affect one specific process. All of the processes known to be affected by novobiocin require magnesium ions, and in a number of cases magnesium deficiency mimics the action of the antibiotic. Evidence is presented that novobiocin complexes with magnesium ions.
Acoustic Techniques in Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Bolef D. I.
Published: October 2006

In conclusion, I believe it fair to say that the marriage of ultrasonics and magnetic resonance holds promise of being a productive one. In the application of these disciplines to nuclear spins, little more has been done than to demonstrate the acoustic techniques and to apply them to a particular problem of quadrupolar coupling in the heavy alkali halides. Particularly promising is the extension of acoustic NMR techniques to bulk metals, to ferromagnetic crystals, and to the study of spin-lattice relaxation as a function of temperature. In the technique of phonon coupling to electron spins in paramagnetic materials, also, the reports to date have all been of a preliminary nature. Used in combination with the powerful new hypersonic technique of generating microwave acoustic waves, electron spin-phonon interaction measurements may help to resolve some of the present confusion regarding the mechanisms of spin-lattice relaxation in paramagnetic solids.
Separation of Aluminum Phosphate from Iron Phosphate in Soils
Authors: Chang S. C. , Liaw F. H.
Published: October 2006

Aluminum phosphate in the soil can be more discretely separated from iron phosphate by extracting 1 gram of soil with 50 milliliters of neutral 0.5
N
ammonium fluoride solution for 1 hour than by extracting with alkaline solution for a longer period of time.
Countercurrent Streaming in Liquid Surfaces and Its Relevance to Protoplasmic Movements
Authors: Kavanau J. Lee
Published: October 2006

Movements of surface films counter to the interior stream are brought about by film pressure generated by surface tension gradients. In a similar process, the formation of new interfaces during protoplasmic syntheses could sustain gradients of interfacial tension with resulting protoplasmic movements.
Intermittent Reinforcement by Removal of a Conditioned Aversive Stimulus
Authors: Azrin N. H. , Holz W. C. , Hake D.
Published: October 2006

Brief electric shocks were delivered at irregular time intervals but only while a light was on. A response was reinforced on a ratio schedule by the termination of the light. This method produced a high rate of response quite similar to that produced by a comparable schedule of food reinforcement.
Vacuum Filtration of Large Volumes in the Laboratory
Authors: Shapiro Joseph , Rurainski Hans
Published: October 2006

Laboratory vacuum filtration of large volumes of liquids may be safely, easily, and economically accomplished without the use of pumps and without the necessity for placing receivers under vacuum. In the method described the lowered pressure is generated by the filtrate as it falls down a vertical tube.
Evocation by Fear of a Habit Learned for Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
Authors: Deutsch J. A. , Howarth C. I.
Published: October 2006

Rats were trained to press a lever for electrical stimulation of the brain. After extinction of the habit, fear-producing stimuli (a buzzer or electrical shock to the feet) recalled the rat to the lever, although its lever pressing on these occasions never produced further intracranial stimulation. Operant levels of the lever-pressing habit were also greatly increased for long periods following the fear-producing stimuli. The phenomenon is most striking in rats trained with tegmental electrodes and is almost completely absent in rats trained with electrodes in the hypothalamus. This suggests that electrical self-stimulation in some sites may be caused by an activation of mechanisms underlying normal fear and escape.
Clams as Indicators of Strontium-90
Authors: Nelson D. J.
Published: October 2006

Fresh-water clams concentrate strontium-90 in their shells and may be used as indicators of the Sr
90
contamination of their environment. Analysis of data derived from the specific activity of Sr
90
in shells showed that Sr
90
released to the Tennessee River system remained in solution and that concentrations to a distance of 500 miles from the release site can be predicted on the basis of the dilution of contaminated White Oak Creek water by uncontaminated Clinch-Tennessee River water.
Higher Nervous Activity in Cats with Midpontine Pretrigeminal Transections
Authors: Affanni J. , Marchiafava P. L. , Zernicki B.
Published: October 2006

In cats with midpontine pretrigeminal transections, orientation reflexes to visual stimuli consist only of vertical eye movements, pupillary dilation, and electroencephalographic arousal. Extinction of the orientation reflex by repetition of the photic stimulus is easily obtained; the reflex partially recovers after a few minutes of rest. By using as reinforcement stimulation of hypothalamus producing pupillary dilation and EEG arousal, conditioned responses to a visual stimulus may be obtained. The cat with midpontine pretrigeminal transection can be used as convenient preparation for the study of the orientation and conditioned reflexes.
Conditions Influencing Vocal Responsiveness of Infant Chimpanzees
Authors: Mason William A. , Berkson Gershon
Published: October 2006

Infant chimpanzees were tested to determine the effects on distress vocalizations (whimpering, screaming) of stimulus conditions approximating the physical relationship to the mother. Under such conditions spontaneous vocalizations were infrequent, and vocal responsiveness to a painful stimulus was substantially reduced.
Heterogeneity of Human Serum Beta-lipoprotein
Authors: Lawrence S. H. , Shean F. C.
Published: October 2006

Human serum beta-lipoprotein (specific gravity 1.063 to 1.007) has previously been shown to form two lines on immunoelectrophoresis. In the study of a large number of individual sera it appears that both are not always present, that they are present in varying amounts in normal individuals, that a third form sometimes exists, that they are not separable by sedimentation techniques, and that they cross-react immunologically. These can also be demonstrated on starch gels and starch gel immunoelectrophoresis, one form entering the gel and the other remaining at the origin.
Gases in Tektite Bubbles
Authors: O'Keefe John A. , Lowman Paul D. , Dunning Kenneth L.
Published: October 2006

Spectroscopic analysis of light produced by electrodeless discharge in a tektite bubble showed the main gases in the bubble to be neon, helium, and oxygen. The neon and helium have probably diffused in from the atmosphere, while the oxygen may be atmospheric gas incorporated in the tektite during its formation.
Animals Used as Food by Late Archaic and Woodland Cultural Groups in New England
Authors: Waters Joseph H.
Published: October 2006

Remains of vertebrates and invertebrates found at several New England Woodland sites confirmed results and conclusions of earlier investigators, and further indicated that amphibians and reptiles were not used much as food, if so used at all. Vertebrate remains found at Late Archaic sites indicate the presence of a largely contemporary fauna. Failure of Late Archaic people at sites studied to use mollusks in quantity as food may have been determined by cultural barriers, and not by lack of availability.
Toxicity of Blood Clotting Factors
Authors: Marciniak Ewa , Rodríguez-Erdmann F. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2006

Pure bovine thrombin was separated from autoprothrombin C, and the lethal intravenous dose for mice weighing 25 g was 0.4 ml of a solution containing 50 units of thrombin per milliliter. Autoprothrombin C was not toxic alone, but with crude cephalin it was fatal. The clotting time of human plasma was only slightly accelerated by autoprothrombin C alone; the clotting time was as short as 5 seconds with a combination of autoprothrombin C and cephalin.
Daily Rhythm in the Reaction of Fish to Light
Authors: Davis Roger E.
Published: October 2006

Bluegills in a 24-hour light-dark cycle were exposed briefly to light at a random time in the daily dark period. The duration of the accompanying "light-shock reaction" daily became longer at times early in the dark period and shorter at times in the later hours of darkness.
Patterns and Populations
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R. , Holm Richard W.
Published: October 2006

In summary, then, we would like to suggest that in broad investigations of the patterns of interaction and relationship among organisms the artificial and stultifying fragmentation of population biology into divisions such as taxonomy, population genetics, and ecology should be ignored. Care also should be taken to scrutinize current concepts such as "species," "niche," and "community." If some emergent patterns seem to correspond to a great degree with these concepts, then the concepts may be given operational definitions and the labels should be retained. If there is no such correspondence, then the concepts will have outlived their usefulness and should be discarded.

The basic units of population biology are not communities, species, or even populations, but individual organisms. In populations, variation, growth, genetic equilibria, selection, behavior, and so on are not "things" but relationships. Therefore, what is of interest in population biology is the pattern in which organisms are related in space and time.
Preception in the Rat: Autonomic Response to Shock as Function of Length of Warning Interval
Authors: Lykken David T.
Published: October 2006

The autonomic response (galvanic skin response) to a noxious stimulus (shock) is reduced when the stimulus is preceded by a warning signal. The greatest reduction, 53 percent, was obtained with a warning interval of 1 second. Warning also reduces variance of the response over trials, a decrease of over 90 percent for the optimum 1-second interval.
Equilibration of Isoagglutinins of Human Group O Serum
Authors: Solomon Joel M
Published: October 2006

Cross-reactive antibodies are shown to be responsible for the difference in final levels of agglutination reached after dissociation of a centrifuged group O serum-erythrocyte mixture as compared with duplicate mixtures allowed to aggregate freely. This difference is seen only with certain group O sera, it is independent of complement, and it may be eliminated by absorption of the serum with A or B erythrocytes. The phenomenon is most likely the result of steric inhibition of smaller, cross-reactive antibodies in the aggregative system.
Nevada Test Fallout and Radioiodine in Milk
Authors: Lapp Ralph E.
Published: October 2006

The iodine-131 dosage to infant thyroids as a result of Nevada testing is evaluated. The case of heavy fallout in the Troy, N.Y., area on 26 April 1953 is cited. The possibility is discussed that a thyroid cancer survey would provide a critical test of linear response versus threshold theory for radiation injury to tissue.
Increase in Diffusible Auxin after Treatment with Gibberellin
Authors: Kuraishi Susumu , Muir Robert M.
Published: October 2006

When dwarf pea plants, normal pea plants, and sunflower plants were treated with gibberellin, they yielded 3, 2, and 10 times more auxin, respectively, than untreated plants.
Individuality of Human Serum by Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Laudel Albert F. , Grunbaum Benjamin W. , Kirk Paul L.
Published: October 2006

A method is described which implements the direct comparison of serum samples from different individuals by simultaneous electrophoresis followed by simultaneous diffusion and precipitation by anti-human horse serum. Results have been evaluated, with an arbitrary reference grid, by comparison of the numbers of precipitin bands present in the paired immunoelectrophoretograms. Graphic representation of these differences distinguishes serum samples of like from those of unlike origin.
Jamin and "True" Meniscal Resistances: A Single Meniscus Apparatus
Authors: Jacobs Henry R.
Published: October 2006

Meniscal resistance to movement of aqueous liquids in glass capillary tubes is due either to soiled walls or to dissolved surface-active agents. With the latter there are sharp maxima at concentrations of ¼; to ½ gram per liter. Blood serum and plasma exhibit significant "true" meniscal resistance.
Letter Recognition within Words Flashed Left and Right of Fixation
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Jones Mary Linda
Published: October 2006

Neural activity related to eye movements has been proposed as a reason for superior recognition of words to the right of fixation. Predictions from such propositions were verified in our experiment. The distribution of recognition errors among letter positions on the left is relatively symmetrical, while the distribution on the right increases from fixation.
Lactic and Malic Dehydrogenases in Human Fetal Tissues
Authors: Wiggert B. , Villee C. A.
Published: October 2006

The nonparticulate fraction of homogenates of heart, liver, kidney, lung, and cerebral cortex from human fetuses of varying gestational ages was subjected to electrophoresis on starch grains. Five lactic dehydrogenases and two malic dehydrogenases with characteristic rates with pyridine nucleotide analogs were found in all tissues at all ages. Quantitative differences in the relative proportions of these peaks were observed as gestation proceeded.
Force of Response during Ratio Reinforcement
Authors: Mintz Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Sharp decline in response force after reinforcement and progressive force elevation over a sequence of unreinforced responses were observed for subjects in a fixed ratio lever-press situation. It is suggested that these systematic variations in force level may provide, through feedback, discriminable cues for behavioral regulation.
Impedance to Water Movement in Soil and Plant
Authors: Gardner W. R. , Ehlig C. F.
Published: October 2006

The total impedance to water movement from the soil into the plant was compared with that predicted for the soil alone. When soil suction was below 0.6 bar, the impedance was largely in the plant. When suction was greater than 1 or 2 bars, the soil became the limiting factor. Water movement to the plant roots takes place primarily in the liquid phase.
Fallout Radionuclides in Euphausiids
Authors: Osterberg Charles
Published: October 2006

Radioanalyses by gamma-ray spectrometry have been carried out on 37 samples of
Euphausia pacifica
obtained from a network of stations off the Oregon coast. Data on euphausiids taken from this area in November 1961 and in March and April 1962 are compared to show the variation in concentration of zirconium-95 and niobium-95, ruthenium-103, and cerium-141, with time and location. A mixture of zirconium-95 and niobium-95 was the most abundant fission product noted.
Water Relations of Plant Communities as a Management Factor for Western Watersheds
Authors: Decker John P.
Published: October 2006

Altering natural succession may become a major way of modifying plant cover thereby increasing water yield.
Alarm Reaction of the Top Smelt,
Atherinops affinis
(Ayres)
Authors: Skinner W. A. , Mathews R. D. , Parkhurst R. M.
Published: October 2006

The "alarm" substance of the top smelt,
Atherinops affinis
(Ayres), has been isolated by extraction with methanol or ether from suffocated top smelt. These concentrated extracts, when introduced into an aquarium containing top smelt, induce a strong alarm reaction in the fish, characterized by rapid swimming, jumping, and often severe seizures. The fact that extracts from white surfperch,
Phanerodon furcatus
(Girard); surf smelt,
Hypomesus pretiosus
(Girard); northern anchovy,
Engraulis mordox
(Girard); or Pacific herring,
Clupea pallasi
(Valenciennes) caused only mild excitation in the top smelt indicates the species-specificity of the alarm reaction.
Blood Group A Active Substances in Embryonated Chicken Eggs and Their Relation to Egg-Grown Virus
Authors: Springer Georg F. , Tritel Harvey
Published: October 2006

Nondialyzable substances similar to blood group A antigens occur in White Leghorn embryos, and in partially purified egg-grown influenza virus preparations. The presence of material with group A activity in the virus itself is not proved. Commercial influenza virus vaccines which were tested contained nondialyzable substances with group A activity. Injections of this nondialyzable material into human volunteers caused an increase in anti-human blood group A
1
and A
2
antibodies.
Effect of Malathion Analogs upon Resistant and Susceptible
Culex tarsalis
Mosquitoes
Authors: Dauterman W. C. , Matsumura F.
Published: October 2006

The effects of minor variations in the malathion molecule upon the resistance of
Culex tarsalis
have been examined. By replacing the carboethoxy group by carbomethoxy, the 60-fold resistance to malathion is abolished. The results confirm the importance of carboxyesterase action in determining susceptibility to malathion.
X-Ray-Induced Chromosome Aberrations in the Corneal Epithelium of the Chinese Hamster
Authors: Brewen J. Grant
Published: October 2006

When the corneal epithelium of the Chinese hamster is irradiated with ionizing radiation in vivo, a rectilinear relationship is observed between the yield of chromosome aberrations and the dose of x-rays within a dose range of 10 to 150 r. There is no threshold effect for chromosome breakage down to the 10-r level. The mean breakage rate of 0.00352 breaks per cell per roentgen is in very close agreement with the data obtained on other mammalian tissues, both in vitro and in vivo.
Archeological Investigations in East Central Arizona
Authors: Martin Paul S.
Published: October 2006

A blend of traditional and new methodologies is being employed to analyze extinct cultural systems up to 4000 years old. A Univac computer was used to demonstrate a functional attribute of ceramics, and sociological inferences were made from spatial distributions of pottery designs.
Postvernalization Seed Treatment with Vitamins in
Vigna catjang
Authors: Mohanty P. K. , Mishra D.
Published: October 2006

Thermoinduction for 1 week, followed by 48 hours of vitamin treatment of seeds, resulted in complete annihilation of the cold effect, the plants from the treated seeds having shown a significant increase in elongation of the root and shoot and an increase in the fresh weight as well as in the dry matter over vernalized and unvernalized controls. An increase in vegetative vigor was also noted after treatment with vitamins at lower concentrations in the unvernalized series. Cold treatment not combined with vitamin treatment resulted in a decrease in vegetative vigor.
Interactions of Pectin and Protein in the Heat Coagulation of Proteins
Authors: Galston Arthur W. , Kaur Ravindar
Published: October 2006

Pectin decreases the heat coagulation of many proteins, including the soluble proteins of pea stems, ovalbumin, and bovine serum albumin. This observation probably explains the decrease in heat coagulation of proteins from pea stems following in vivo auxin administration, since auxin causes a great increase in the soluble pectin content of treated cells.
Embryogenesis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Baume L. J.
Published: October 2006

The structures of this articulation were found to originate from two different blastemata situated at some distance from each other and operating at different rates and opposing directions. A condylar blastema evolving dorsally contributes to the formation of the condylar cartilage, the disc, the aponeurosis of the external pterygoid muscle, and the capsular elements of the lower joint level, while a temporal blastema develops the articular structures of the upper level in a forward direction. At the end of the fourth fetal month all joint elements including a glenoid fossa and articular eminence are present in their primitive form.
Functional Organization of the Brain Stem Reticular Formation and Sensory Input
Authors: Courville Jacques , Walsh John , Cordeau J. Pierre
Published: October 2006

Injections of 20 μg of adrenaline, dissolved in 10 μl of Tyrode solution, directly into the brain stem reticular formation, are followed by a transient increase in the amplitude of the cortical-evoked response obtained from single-shock stimulation of the optic chiasma, while injections of the same amount of acetylcholine produce a transient decrease. Furthermore, injections of procaine in the medial region of the rostral pontine reticular formation are followed by a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of these evoked responses, while the same injections at mesencephalic levels produce a marked decrease. These findings are interpreted in terms of the presence, in the reticular formation, of two antagonistic ascending systems: one adrenergic, the other cholinergic, whose
tonic
activity originates in the mesencephalic tegmentum in one case and in the caudal regions of the brain stem in the other.
Aversive Training: Long-Term Effects
Authors: Hoffman Howard S. , Fleshler Morton , Jensen Philip K.
Published: October 2006

Three years ago a tone ending in unavoidable electric shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. When pecking was disrupted by tone, shock was disconnected and the training tone and tones of different frequencies were presented. At first all tones caused a reduction in the rate of pecking, but as testing proceeded the gradient narrowed. In our study, testing was resumed after a 2½-year interruption. Despite the interruption the tones still suppress behavior.
Genetic and Environmental Variation: Effect on Pigments of Selected Maize Mutants
Authors: Richardson Lou Betty , Robertson D. S. , Anderson I. C.
Published: October 2006

The chloroplast pigments of three "pastel" mutants of maize were found to vary with temperature as well as with genotype.
Plotting Kinetic Data To Determine Reaction Order and Specific Rate Constant
Authors: Mullet Gary M. , Noddings Charles R.
Published: October 2006

The Pessen method for obtaining from kinetic experiments both order of reaction and rate constant by means of single straight-line graphs has been combined with the concept of unit time to permit handling of data over the range of 0 to 99 percent conversion or reaction.
Anticholinergic Drugs and the Central Control of Thirst
Authors: Stein Larry
Published: October 2006

Atropine and scopolamine were compared with their centrally inactive quaternary analogs, atropine methyl nitrate and scopolamine methyl nitrate, for effects on water and food intake in rats. All drugs inhibited eating, but only the centrally active compounds inhibited drinking. Anticholinergic drugs evidently block drinking by a central effect and eating by a peripheral effect.
Metabolic Deficiencies in Protozoa Induced by Thalidomide
Authors: Frank Oscar , Baker Herman , Ziffer Herman , Aaronson Sheldon , Hutner S. H. , Leevy C. M.
Published: October 2006

Thalidomide inhibits growth of some protozoa. This inhibition was counteracted by nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and vitamin K
1
. The mechanism of toxicity may be an interference of cellular oxidation. A protozoan test system is useful for studying the potential "side actions" of drugs in higher animals and man.
Antagonistic Relationship between Dietary Cadmium and Zinc
Authors: Supplee William C.
Published: October 2006

The growth of chicks decreased, and specific abnormalities of hocks and feathers increased, when cadmium was added to a zinc-deficient diet. Supplementation of the diet with zinc prevented the adverse effect of cadmium on hock and feather development and partially offset the effect on growth. Changes in the gizzard lining, also resulting from cadmium ingestion, were partially prevented by increase in the zinc intake.
Estradiol: Evidence for its Direct Effect on Hypothalamic Neurons
Authors: Lisk Robert D. , Newlon Michael
Published: October 2006

When estrogen has been implanted in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat, the size of the nucleoli of the neurons in this nucleus decreases, as determined by measurement of the mean diameters. These changes are accompanied by atrophy, similar to that caused by hypophysectomy, of the ovaries and uterus of the female or testes and accessory glands of the male.
Status of the Pleistocene Wisconsin Stage in Central North America
Authors: Flint Richard Foster
Published: October 2006

A brief review of the history of the Wisconsin Stage in Pleistocene stratigraphy and of research since 1950 shows that post-Sangoman glacial drift older than the Wisconsin drift reported in the older literature is present in central North America. Known and possible stratigraphic positions of the relevant units are shown.
A Stonefly Aquatic in the Adult Stage
Authors: Jewett Stanley G.
Published: October 2006

An undescribed species of stonefly (Plecoptera) of the genus
Capnia
, taken in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, appears to pass its entire life history at depths of nearly 200 to at least 264 feet.
Thermal Properties of Meteoritic Iron from -150° to 300° Celsius
Authors: Butler Clay P. , Jenkins Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Thermal diffusivity and specific heat have been measured by the flash method on a small specimen of meteoritic iron from the Canyon Diablo fall. Measurements have been made over the temperature range -150° to 300°C from which thermal conductivity values have been calculated.
N
-Methylmetanephrine: Excretion by Juvenile Psychotics
Authors: Perry Thomas L.
Published: October 2006

Three out of 18 psychotic children excreted
N
-methylmetanephrine, a metabolite of
N
-methylepinephrine. It is not clear whether this tertiary amine plays a part in causing some forms of psychosis or is merely a secondary result of mental dysfunction. Urinary excretion of bufotenin and of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine, each of which has been reported elevated in some adult schizophrenics, was not unusual in these children.
Cytochemical Assay of Interferon Produced by Duck Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Sueltenfuss E. A. , Pollard Morris
Published: October 2006

A microscopic, cytochemical technique for assay of interferon is described in which psittacosis virus is the indicator agent. Interferon, produced in tissue culture cells in response to duck hepatitis virus, is used to illustrate the procedure.
Hypothalamic Temperature in the Cat during Feeding and Sleep
Authors: Adams Thomas
Published: October 2006

Anterior hypothalamic temperature is reported for the unanesthetized cat resting at an air temperature of 22° to 25°C during the ingestion of cold or warm liquids, and during sleep. Drinking cold (5°C) milk resulted in an immediate depression of hypothalamic temperature and a period of peripheral vasodilation in the ear and forepaw foot and toe pads, followed by a drop in rectal temperature. Drinking warm (body temperature) milk did not bring about these changes. Hypothalamic temperature during sleep is lower by approximately 0.5°C and is characterized by widely varying, slow-frequency oscillations, compared to the higher, more precisely controlled temperature seen when the animal is awake.
Xenon Difluoride and the Nature of the Xenon-Fluorine Bond
Authors: Agron P. A. , Begun G. M. , Levy Henri A. , Mason A. A. , Jones C. G. , Smith D. F.
Published: October 2006

Xenon reacts with fluorine to form XeF
2
which can be isolated before it reacts with fluorine to form XeF
4
. The linear configuration of XeF
2
with the 2.00-A bond length and the vibrational force constants support the assignment of 10 electrons to the valence shell of xenon. Similar arguments support the assignment of 12 and 14 valence electrons respectively to xenon in XeF
4
and XeF
6
.
Shunt Bilirubin: Evidence for Two Components
Authors: Israels L. G. , Yamamoto T. , Skanderbeg J. , Zipursky A.
Published: October 2006

Studies with C
14
-labeled glycine and δ-aminolevulinic acid as heme-bilirubin precursors in man indicate that the early labeled or shunt bilirubin consists of two fractions. Fraction 1 requires 1 to 24 hours for maximum synthesis, is not dependent on marrow erythropoietic heme synthesis, and is possibly of anabolic origin (formed by a direct pathway from heme precursors). Fraction 2 requires 3 to 4 days for maximum production, is dependent on heme synthesis, and probably has its origin in the bone marrow, as a degradation product of red-cell heme.
Yttrium-88 on High-Activity Zirconium-95 Fallout Particles
Authors: Malvicini A. , De Bortoli M. , Gaglione P. , Van der Stricht E.
Published: October 2006

Yttrium 88 has been identified, by gamma spectroscopy, in residues of grass samples gathered in the neighborhood of the Euratom Research Center, Ispra, Italy. The yttrium-88 is associated with zirconium-95.
Antigenic Determinants in Fragments of Gamma Globulin from Rabbit Serum
Authors: Goodman Joel W.
Published: October 2006

Peptic digestion of fraction III from papain-digested rabbit serum γ-globulin produces a variety of smaller fragments. Some are too large to pass through a dialysis bag, and these retain the capacity to precipitate with antiserum to rabbit γ-globulin. Others pass through the bag and fail to precipitate with antibody, but they can inhibit the precipitation of antibody with fraction III. This indicates that antigenic determinants of the γ-globulin molecule are carried in these fragments.
Inherited Variant of Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase in Micronesians from Guam and Saipan
Authors: Tashian Richard E. , Plato Chris C. , Shows Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

A variant of one form of red cell carbonic anhydrase was discovered in "Chamorro" inhabitants from the islands of Guam and Saipan. Segregation of this trait in four pedigrees indicates that it is under the control of a single autosomal gene.
Chemical Examination of a Core from Lake Zeribar, Iran
Authors: Hutchinson G. E. , Cowgill U. M.
Published: October 2006

Chemical studies indicate that during the first half of the history of Lake Zeribar, since about 14,800 years ago, the outlet ran very intermittently, thus resulting in a carbonate deposition and a moderate chloride content of the water. The later sediments are largely littoral and cannot easily be interpreted. A fall in exchangeable potassium at the top is probably correlated with the development of extensive beds of aquatic macrophytes. The data appear to be in harmony with those derived from pollen analysis.
Methylmalonate Excretion in Vitamin B
12
Deficiency
Authors: Barness Lewis A. , Young Diana G. , Nocho Robert
Published: October 2006

Urinary methylmalonate excretion is increased in rats with an insufficiency of vitamin B
12
. Excretion of methylmalonate is not affected by folic acid, vitamin E, or selenium, but is markedly decreased by small amounts of vitamin B
12
added to the diet.
Phenol in Quackgrass Associated with Dalapon
Authors: Flanagan Theodore R. , Langille Alan R.
Published: October 2006

An unknown compound isolated chromatographically from extracts of rhizome tissues of quackgrass which had previously been treated with dalapon resembled phenol. The compound reduced silver nitrate and had an ultraviolet absorption maximum similar to that of phenol and a positive reaction to the LeRosen test. Melting points and infrared absorption maxima for phenylurethane and α-naphthylurethane derivatives of the unknown matched those for the same phenol derivatives.
Coding Ambiguity in Cell-Free Extracts of
Chlamydomonas
Authors: Sager Ruth , Weinstein I. Bernard , Ashkenazi Y.
Published: October 2006

A cell-free system that incorporates amino acids into polypeptide has been prepared from extracts of the alga
Chlamydomonas
. The addition of polyuridylic acid to this system stimulates the incorporation both of phenylalanine and of leucine.
All-or-None Learning and the Role of Repetition in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Kintsch Walter
Published: October 2006

The learning of a list of stimulus-response items is a two-stage process involving response learning and association. It is assumed that both stages are learned in an all-or-none fashion. Subjects were trained to learn a list of paired-associate items with Rock's substitution procedure. Their performance could be predicted from the all-or-none theory with parameter estimates based upon the performance of a different group of subjects who learned the same items under normal conditions.
Glauconite from the Precambrian Belt Series, Montana
Authors: Gulbrandsen R. A. , Goldich S. S. , Thomas H. H.
Published: October 2006

Glauconite from the upper part of the Missoula Group of the Belt Series, Flathead County, Montana, has been dated at 1070 million years by potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium analyses. This is the first glauconite of Precambrian age reported in North America.
Following-Response Initiation in Ducklings: Age and Sensory Stimulation
Authors: Gottlieb Gilbert
Published: October 2006

On the basis of visual stimulation alone, younger ducklings are much less apt than older ducklings to follow a moving model. When the model emits both visual and auditory stimulation, the following-response of the ducklings is greatly enhanced at all ages.
A Physiologist Looks at Engineering
Authors: Gray John S.
Published: October 2006

Over the past centuries physiology has weathered a series of revolutions generated by the introduction of powerful tools and concepts from other disciplines, notably physics and chemistry. On each occasion such infusion of new ideas has enormously strengthened and enriched physiology. Today, the introduction of tools and concepts from engineering promises another revolution with another strengthening and enrichment. Among the things engineering has to offer are some that are close to the heart of physiology. These must be adapted and thoroughly integrated into the body of physiological concepts, attitudes, and operations. This goal presents a challenge which physiologists cannot afford to ignore. It calls for an "operation bootstrap" on the part of those of us long past our student days. It will entail a changing pattern of undergraduate preparation and graduate education for those who will become the physiologists of the coming generation. But a welcoming of the challenge and an encouragement of efforts to meet it will transform this opportunity, as others have been transformed, into another revolutionary advance in physiology.
Intramolecular Catalysis of the Hydrolysis of
N
-Dimethylaminomaleamic Acid
Authors: Dahlgren George , Simmerman Nancy L.
Published: October 2006

N
-Dimethylaminomaleamic acid decomposes in aqueous solution by intramolecular reaction of the ciscarboxy group with the substituted carbamyl group. The reaction follows pseudo first-order kinetics and shows a dependence on
p
H. This compound retards plant growth probably because 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazinium hydrogen maleate are products of its decomposition. Under similar conditions
N
-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid was stable.
Body Composition: Relative in vivo Determinations from Potassium-40 Measurements
Authors: Christian John E. , Combs Loyal W. , Kessler Wayne V.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of body composition from serial, in vivo determinations of potassium-40 were made on 51 obese human subjects who were placed on a low calorie diet. Weight losses in the group averaged from 12 to 36 pounds. There was no change in potassium content or in lean body weight. Weight loss resulted from the loss of excess body fat.
Arsenates: Effect on Fecundity in Some Diptera
Authors: Pickett A. D. , Patterson N. A.
Published: October 2006

Four species of adult Diptera,
Rhagoletis pomonella
(Walsh),
Drosophila melanogaster
Mg.,
Drosophila hydei
Sturt., and
Musca domestica
L. showed varying degrees of reduced fecundity when sublethal doses of arsenic were included in their food. The possible influence of the frequent use of arsenicals on arthropod populations is discussed.
When Universities Become Publishers
Authors: Bowen Carroll G.
Published: October 2006

American university presses, despite a narrow view of their duties and serious undercapitalization, have survived and have grown significantly in performance and in number. Their future development rests heavily on their capacity for making changes in policy and for implementing these changes. Therefore, let us hope, (i) that university presses will serve all fields of scholarly inquiry, including science and technology, responsively and equitably, (ii) that university presses will recognize their responsibilities for encouraging pedagogical, as well as scholarly, experimentation; (iii) that university presses, with the support of their universities, will establish a firm policy of increasing their capitalization through earned surplus; and (iv) that university presses will maintain their strong affiliation with other educational publishers but will base their associational relationships on a clearly defined view of their own mission and then proudly defend their progress toward its achievement.
Primary Scientific Publication and the Federal Government
Authors: Adkinson Burton W.
Published: October 2006

The federal government, as the nation's largest supporter of scientific research, is also its greatest producer and user of scientific information. That this properly and necessarily involves it deeply in the publication of the results of research, government and non-government, is underlined in the following pair of paragraphs from a recently issued report of the President's Science Advisory Committee.