bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction and separation of unsaturated fatty acids from sunflower oil
Authors: Yong Qiwen , Yuan Guoming , Li Haijun
Published: March 2021

In this paper, natural sunflower seed oil was used as the raw material to extract mixed fatty acids with potassium hydroxide-methyl alcohol solution, and then benzene and methanol were added for methylation reaction, and finally the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester were separated by urea encapsulation method. The optimal reaction temperature of the mixed fatty acid extraction process, the optimal dosage ratio of urea to mixed fatty acid methyl ester and the optimal freezing temperature in the urea encapsulation process were explored. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and GC-MS were used to analyze. The results show that after methyl esterification of the extracted fatty acids, the separation efficiency of the saturated fatty acid methyl esters by the urea encapsulation method was extremely high, and the content of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester in the filtrate was up to 99.67%, which made a solid foundation for further demethylation to prepare unsaturated fatty acids.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Cobalt Complex of Tetra-2,3-(5-tert-butyl-pyrazino) porphyrazine
Authors: Wang Dejun , Li Hui , Jiang Xiren , Zhao Chaocheng
Published: March 2021

A two-step synthesis of cobalt complex of tetra-2,3-(5-tert-butyl-pyrazino) porphyrazine as porphyrazine derivatives carrying six-membered pyrazine rings annulated at the periphery of the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle was described starting from 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, selenium dioxide, 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile, metal salts, and urea. In comparison with the previously reported multistep procedure, this new multicomponent protocol for the preparation of synthetically, biologically, and technologically relevant tetra-2,3-(5-tert-butyl-pyrazino) porphyrazine includes some important aspects like the fast and simple reaction, easy workup procedure, and high atom economy.
Photolysis Effect of Muyu Stone/Magnetism Chitosan Microspheres on Chromium in Source Water
Authors: Xia Hongxia , Zhu Qihong , Li Qilan , Yuan Kang
Published: March 2021

In this paper, Fe3O4 magnetism chitosan was made by emulsification crosslinking method. Muyu stone/Magnetism Chitosan Microspheres were prepared by embedding, and then used to photolysis chromium in source water. Based on single factor test, the experimental condition was optimized by quadratic regression orthogonal rotatable composite factorial design. The orthogonal regression model between the removal rate of Cr6+ (y) and microspheres dosage (x1), solution pH value (x2), reaction time (x3) was established as y=88.335+1.380x1+1.468x2+2.217x3-4.465x12-2.556x22-1.266x32+2.363x1x2+4.313x1x3-0.636x2x3. It can be inferred from the model that the removal rate of Cr6+ can reach 93.93% under these conditions of microsphere dosage of 2.444g, pH value of 4.6 and reaction time of 80.4min. Microsphere dosage of 2.444g,pH value of 4.6 and reaction time of 80.4min. Under these conditions, chromium removal rate reaches 93.13%.
Mechanism and application of aggregation induced luminescence compounds
Authors: Xu Zhongan
Published: March 2021

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology has gained wide acceptance in recent years. The popularity of OLED is attributed to the superior properties of organic luminescent materials such as low biotoxicity, outstanding optical properties and easy preparation and modification. Traditional organic luminescent materials usually suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect and can be hardly utilized in aqueous or solid conditions, while the compounds exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property can overcome this limitation. Thus, AIE luminogens have attracted wide attention in the past ten years. Based on the research on the mechanism, classification and application of AIE compounds, a novel aggregation induced luminescence compound based on triphenylamine structure was synthesized and characterized. Our work suggested and confirmed that the synthesized compound showed apparent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property.
Self-assembly preparation and thermal decomposition of Al/CuO/graphene oxide
Authors: Li Chen , Lu Yanling , Yu Weibo , Zhao Ran , Du Shiguo , Ke Niu
Published: March 2021

Al/CuO/GO composite nanoenergetic materials were prepared by self-assembly. In this text, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, TA-IR, TG-DSC were used to characterize Al/CuO/GO. The results show that the addition of graphene oxide decreased the initial reaction temperature of Al/CuO, indicating that graphene oxide promoted the reaction of Al/CuO. The exothermic energy of Al/CuO/GO (1 wt %) is 2089 J/g, which is 705 J/g higher than that of the Al/CuO without graphene oxide prepared by solvent ultrasonic method. When the content of graphene oxide exceeds a certain value, the increase of graphene oxide content will cause the decrease of reaction heat release of Al/CuO/GO. The results of thermal analysis infrared combined test show that graphene oxide promoted the reaction of Al/CuO.
Effect of mechanical stirring on CO2 foaming in petroleum
Authors: Zhang Shuhao , Ma Hongtao , Li Yuxing
Published: March 2021

CO2 flooding is an effective technology to improve oil recovery. However, because the foam layer produced in the actual production may affect the gas-liquid separation effect and cause damage to downstream devices. Therefore, it is necessary to study the defoaming technology in the separator. This paper mainly studies the influence of different stirring speeds on the death of the foam layer during the depressurization process and after the depressurization is stopped. The stirring blade can accelerate the formation and disappearance of foam, and the final result is to reduce the time required for defoaming. During the whole process, the survival time of large bubbles is short, but stirring has less influence on small bubbles. Stirring will increase the height of the foam layer, which will affect the gas-liquid separation efficiency in severe cases. Therefore, if the fluid entering the separator has good foam-ability, it is not recommended to directly use mechanical stirring to eliminate foam in the gas-liquid separation process.
Research progress of nano lubricating additives
Authors: Li Ting , Chen Xianggang , Wang Junhai , Zhang Lixiu , Wei Xiaoyi , Zhao Libo , Ma Mengzhou
Published: March 2021

Nano-materials are ultra-fine materials with nano-sized particles, and their unique structure also makes nano-materials have different physical and chemical properties. Nano-materials can be added to a variety of lubricants, play a good anti-wear and anti-friction effect, and can be used in many fields, such as bearing lubrication, gear transmission, cutting processing. At present, the types of nano-lubricating additives include metal element nanoparticles, oxide and hydroxide nanoparticles, nano-carbide and its derivatives, nano-sulfide, nano-rare-earth compound, nano-boron series, polymer nano-beads, etc. This article reviews the research status of nano lubricating additives.
Analysis of the Application of Virtual Simulation Software in Food Testing Technology Course with Atomic Absorption Spectrum1-- Taking the Example of Determining Calcium in Drinking Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Yan Gu , Wei Huang
Published: March 2021

Atomic absorption spectrometry is the core content of instrumental analysis and also one of the most commonly used skills in modern detection positions. It can improve the teaching effect to train students on this skill with virtual simulation software. In this project, the experimental group (virtual simulation teaching) and the control group (traditional teaching) were adopted to make a check test in the teaching project of determining calcium in drinking water by atomic absorption spectroscopy, with the purpose of introducing information teaching means and improving teaching quality with simulation software.
Visualization analysis of adsorption of diatomite resources in China
Authors: Zhang Mengxin , Huang Hui , Zhang Jia , Li Ru
Published: March 2021

Objective: Diatomite is widely used in food safety, energy saving, environmental protection, health, biochemical and other fields because of its superior performance. With the help of CiteSpace software, this paper makes a visual analysis of all the literatures related to the adsorption of diatomite in HowNet database. Results: The number of published papers of related research in China is increasing year by year, and the number of published journals is relatively concentrated. There are many authors who have been engaged in related research for a long time, but there are too few research institutions, and the intensity of cooperation among research institutions is not high. Conclusion: This paper deeply explores the development process and research hotspot of diatomite in adsorption, in order to promote the application of diatomite in production and life, and provide reference research ideas for scholars.
Lattice Boltzmann Method development of PEMFC in mesoscopic scale
Authors: Wu Mao-Liang , Li Ru-Run , Lang Xian-Ji , Song Ming
Published: March 2021

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) mainly relied on the modeling analysis of the traditional numerical method. However, the scale of the research is bigger than porous medium layer of the particle that can’t meet the actual mechanism of the simulation. Hence, as a new mesoscopic numerical method, Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) builds a model based on the microstructure and analyzes the dynamics, while the transfer state of the porous media layer of PEMFC can be more realistically described during its actual operation.
Efficient Biodiesel Production Catalysed by Lipase Immobilized on Nanowire Coils
Authors: Liu Peng , Liu Xinlong , Liu Hao , Wang Peng
Published: March 2021

The lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) was covalently immobilized on various carbon nanomaterials (functionalized nanowire coils and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and tested for biodiesel production. Using the most active lipase preparation (covalently immobilized CRL on Nanowire coils) under optimal conditions, 96.8% conversion of waste oil was obtained after only 12 h reaction time. Moreover, the biocatalyst maintained nearly 90% of its initial activity in the batch system after 13 recycling experiments and still 80 % initial activity after storage 240 d.
Temperature Switch: Why a Solution Reversely Changes Between Transparent @ 25 °C and Cloudy @ 45 °C
Authors: Yang Xing
Published: March 2021

The solubility of a substance determines how much of it will dissolve in a particular solvent at a given temperature. For most of the organic/inorganic compounds such as glucose and sodium chloride, their solubility in water increases with temperature. However, for polymers such as poly N-isopropylacrylamide and polyethylene oxide, they show lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviors and their solubility decreaseswhen temperature increases. A small molecule, 1,8-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione) (AQ-1,8-3E-OCH3
), shows an LCST behavior that its water solution is transparent at a temperature less than 45 °C, and cloudy at a temperature above 45 °C. More importantly, the whole process is reversible.[19] The aim of this study is to explain the LCST behavior of AQ-1,8-3E-OCH3
so that further application can be developed. After reviewing inorganic compounds, organic molecules, and polymers, The essay concluded that the hydrophilic tails (3E-OCH3
) and the hydrophobic core (AQ) of AQ-1,8-3E-OCH3
endow its amphiphilic property to form micelles, thus being phase separated from water when it is heated. In the future, it is expected that AQ-1,8-3E-OCH3 can be applied for drug release. For example, drug molecules can be first surrounded in the AQ-1,8-3E-OCH3
micelles at a higher temperature, then get released to targeted cells at a lower temperature.
Analysis of Methanation Path Based on Power-to-X Technology——Taking China as an Example
Authors: Zhao X L , Li Q F , Yang Y W , Song L F
Published: March 2021

In order to accelerate the realization of the “Paris Agreement” global warming temperature control goals and to achieve carbon emission reduction and green sustainable energy development, countries around the world are actively exploring and developing new energy utilization technologies. This paper takes China as an example to study and analyze the methanation path based on Power-to-X technology. The results show that:①China’s potential for hydrogen production from renewable energy in the future, as well as the introduction of CO2 capture technology for thermal power plants and other sectors for carbon emission reduction and resource utilization, all have good potential, and both can provide sufficient raw materials for the methanation process;②Methanation production by providing green hydrogen and capturing and recovering carbon dioxide is in line with the goals and requirements of the new generation of energy systems for sustainable development. This technological path is actually helpful for delaying global warming and realizing the reduction and resource utilization of renewable energy curtailment in CO2. At the same time, in the future, relying on the synergy of technology and policy to continuously increase the scale of the system to reduce the overall cost, it is expected to achieve large-scale applications.
Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Purification Effect of Formaldehyde in Decorated Indoors under Different Ventilation Methods
Authors: Hao Hong , Zhang Yidan , Zhang Hailong , Song Xinyi
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes the improvement of formaldehyde concentration in residential decoration after one month and ten months by testing, and uses simulation software to numerically simulate the distribution of formaldehyde in the closed, natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation conditions of the decorated house. The results indicate that, the concentration of formaldehyde is 0.10 mg/m3 after one month of decoration, 25% above standard;reduced to 0.08mg/m3 after ten months, reaching the standard. In closed conditions, the concentration of formaldehyde near the sofa and bed is the highest at 0.08mg/m3, while the concentration in the kitchen and bathroom is slightly lower, around 0.07mg/m3. Compared with closed conditions, the concentration of formaldehyde in the living room, master bedroom, secondary bedroom, and kitchen is reduced by 40%, 35%, 10%, and 25% respectively when the natural ventilation wind speed is 0.2m/s; reduced by 80%, 80%, 50%, and 70% respectively when the natural ventilation wind speed is 2m/s; reduced by 40%, 55%, 55%, and 25% respectively when the mechanical ventilation wind speed is 2m/s.
Dynamic Changes and Analysis of Air Quality in Private Cars
Authors: Hao Hong , Zhang Hailong , Song Xinyi , Zhang Yidan
Published: March 2021

This paper selects CO2, formaldehyde and VOC as pollutants, and dynamically tests the concentration of CO2,formaldehyde and VOC in different ventilation modes, different seasons, different road conditions and different purification methods to explore the change of pollutant concentration and its influencing factors under different working conditions. According to the dynamic test results, more representative formaldehyde was selected. The breathing height Z=0.75m section was used as typical section. Simulation conditions are divided into: different air supply speed, different air supply temperature. The results show that the concentration of formaldehyde / VOC is the highest in summer, the lowest in excessive season, higher in crowded road conditions, the highest of CO2 in excessive season and the lowest in summer.Concentration of pollutants is relatively ideal in open-window ventilation and air conditioning external cycle. The use of activated carbon and vehicle purifier in the vehicle can play a certain purification effect, among which the purification effect of vehicle purifier is better. Higher air supply speed and lower air temperature will reduce formaldehyde concentration.
Soil quality assessment of coal gangue piles under different ecological restoration pattern in Yunnan-Guizhou Mountainous area
Authors: Tao Lanchu , He Chengzhong , Tu Chunlin , Liu Zhennan , Li Bo
Published: March 2021

The paper aimed at the problem of soil quality and heavy metal pollution of coal gangue piles in Yunnan-Guizhou mountainous area, the soil quality and heavy metal pollution of copper, zinc, iron, manganese and other heavy metals in coal gangue piles at different ecological restoration pattern were determined, and the soil quality and pollution risk degree were evaluated. Results showed that soil pH value of the survey sites ranged from 3.04 to 8.11, soil organic matter content ranged from 48.58 g·kg−1 to 202.29 g·kg−1, soil total nitrogen content ranged from 0.66 g·kg−1 to 2.04 g·kg−1, soil available nitrogen content ranged from 5.25 mg·kg−1 to 33.25 mg·kg−1, soil total phosphorus content ranged from 0.61 g·kg−1 to 2.56 g·kg−1, soil available phosphorus content ranged from 0.46 mg·kg−1 to 102.41 mg·kg−1, soil total potassium content ranged from 9.44 g·kg−1 to 33.25 g·kg−1, and soil available potassium content ranged from 3.25 mg·kg−1 to 149.63 mg·kg−1; soil total copper content of the survey sites ranged from 66.76 mg·kg−1 to 225.83 mg·kg−1, soil total zinc content of the survey sites ranged from 115.15 mg·kg−1 to 368.48 mg·kg−1, Soil total iron content of the survey sites ranged from 22.57 g·kg−1 to 64.17 g·kg−1, and soil total manganese content of the survey sites ranged from 223.79 mg·kg−1 to 1898.57 mg·kg−1. These Results implied that the coal gangue piles were barren, nutrition and water retention need to be improved in the process of restoration, and the risk of soil copper and zinc pollution in these coal gangue piles were low.
Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Hg in Soil around Coal Gangue in Fengfeng Mining Area
Authors: Tian De , Gu Mingxu , Zhao Jianqing , Wang Chenchen , Du Lin
Published: March 2021

In order to understand the present situation and ecological risk of Hg pollution in soil around the gangue hills in Fengfeng mining area. Based on the concentrations of Hg in the soil samples, the pollution status and ecological risks of Hg in the soils were assessed by single contamination index, Nemerow comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological risk index. The results showed that: firstly, the concentrations of Hg were 1.98 mg kg−1 to 65.75 mg kg−1 in the research field, and the concentrations of Hg in 97% of the soil samples exceeded the background value of the soil. Secondly, the average concentration of Hg was higher than the risk screening standard value in China. Thirdly, the comprehensive pollution index of the soil around the coal gangue hills was ES>E>EN>S>WN>3, which belonged to heavy pollution. Lastly, the potential ecological risk index of surface soil at a distance of 0-100m from coal gangue hills and deep soil at a distance of 0-80m from coal gangue hills were greater than 320, which represented extremely high potential ecological risk in the research area.
Energy Saving Strategy and Realization of Honda Eco-car body
Authors: Geng Jie , Wang Xinjian , Kong Chao
Published: March 2021

How many miles can an eco-car run with 1 literature gasoline? The saving fuel requirement is presented by Honda Eco Mileage Challenge (HEMC) to the competing teams. In order to save fuel of eco-car during the race, each team adopts different methods and strategy. In this study, kinds of saving fuel methods of car body are put forward. According to automobile design theory, the car shell with low coefficient of aerodynamic drag and frontal area is designed and made. The frame model is built and simulation analysis with enough torsion rigidity, strength, and light weight is finished in the software UG and ANSYS. The material object of frame and car shell are made.
Research on Relationship between Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Efficiency and Economic Development of Guangdong
Authors: Zhang Caihua , Wu Xiling , Peng Shiyun
Published: March 2021

First, energy consumption and industrial waste gas emission factors are selected to analyze the energy conservation and emission reduction efficiency of Guangdong. Based on which, panel data model is established selecting the three indicator variables of per capita GDP, unit energy consumption, and unit industrial waste gas emission. In addition a series of empirical analysis is carried out through software to explore and research the relationship between energy saving and emission reduction efficiency and economic development.
The impact of government subsidies on the green innovation capability of new energy automobile companies
Authors: Lu Ye , Liu Qin , Li Jia Hui
Published: March 2021

The rapid development of the new energy automobile industry is inseparable from the support of government policies. The subsidy policy is an important policy tool that promotes the improvement of new energy green innovation capabilities to a certain extent. This paper divides government subsidies into two types, direct subsidies and indirect subsidies, and uses a panel regression model to compare and analyze the impact of the two types of subsidies on the green innovation capabilities of enterprises. The research results show that direct subsidies have a greater impact on the green innovation input of new energy companies than indirect subsidies, while indirect subsidies have a greater impact on new energy green innovation output than direct subsidies.
Research on energy consumption monitoring and control method of energy saving and emission reduction for hybrid ships
Authors: Li Fangxuan
Published: March 2021

Hybrid ship as a kind of transport mode with high energy consumption, the monitoring of energy consumption and the control of energy conservation and emission reduction are particularly important. Therefore, effective energy consumption monitoring and emission control methods in the process of ship operation have attracted great attention in related fields. Therefore, this study optimized the structure of the energy consumption monitoring equipment for hybrid ships, and achieved the energy consumption monitoring and control by effectively collecting the energy consumption data of hybrid ships. The application of real-time monitoring system for ship energy consumption can better monitor the energy consumption of hybrid ships and realize the treatment and control of energy conservation and emission reduction according to the monitoring results. At the same time, according to the current situation of ship energy consumption management, through the analysis of the characteristics of ship operation and diesel engine fuel system, this study proposed a low loss, high precision mass flowmeter, to achieve the requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction control. Based on this, strengthening ship basic management, saving Marine fuel and reducing pollution can achieve a win-win situation between economy and environment.
Study on heavy metal pollution in soil by electronic information processing
Authors: Haoran Yang
Published: March 2021

In order to deeply analyze the influencing factors and main sources of soil heavy metal pollution in Huangdao District of Qingdao, 35 soil samples collected from the electronic information area of Haier Industrial Park and Aokema Industrial Park in Huangdao District were selected as the research objects, and the significant biological toxicity of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, As in the soil samples were analyzed and the result shows that the variation coefficients of Cr and Ni were examined high, which indicated that the pollutants mainly came from the production and processing activities in the electronic information area. Besides, in accordance with the soil risk assessment level, the analysis of heavy metal pollution status and human health risks of the site in the electronic information area were accomplished and also alarmingly conveyed an obvious risk carcinogenic grade of Cr and As with the “hand-mouth exposure” as the transmission routine of the highest carcinogenic risk level, which urges us to be vigilant.
Preliminary Exploration of Establishing a Spot Quotation Alliance for Cascade Hydropower Stations
Authors: Sun Yi , Xiao Chang , Zhu Yanmei , Chen Shijun , Huang Weibin , Ma Guangwen
Published: March 2021

For the spot electricity market, the quotation combining the hydropower stations is more resistant to uncertainties of runoff and spot price in market bidding. Therefore, it is of great significance to set up a spot quotation system for these hydropower stations. The paper first studied the fundamental characteristics of hydropower stations at different tiers, based on which the establishment of a quotation system of hydropower stations at different tiers and the bidding procedures were proposed. In addition, the paper investigated the joint bid model suitable for hydropower stations at different tiers based on cooperation between bidding stations. Finally, the paper established a coordinated management model and conflict-solving model for the quotation system of hydropower stations at different tiers, providing theoretical support for the system to take part in the spot electricity market and improve its marketing capabilities.
Fuel Consumption Saving Strategy and Realization of Honda Eco-car Engine
Authors: Geng Jie , Wang Xinjian , Kong Chao
Published: March 2021

In the race of Honda Eco Mileage Challenge (HEMC), with the engine from the organizing committee, the Binhai Team makes different kinds of methods and strategy to reduce fuel consumption of eco-car. In this study, the engine 1-D simulation model is built in software GT-Power and 3-D model is made in UG. With GT-Power the engine intake and exhaust system and compression ratio are optimized and analyzed. In order to realize light weight, several parts of the engine are cut off. Besides, electrical control system is calibrated. Lubrication and starting system are adjusted to adapt to the race.
Research on 3D printing materials used in environmental art design
Authors: Zhenhua Gong
Published: March 2021

Based on the innovation of science and technology in China, 3D printing has achieved good application effects in many fields and engineering. Environmental art design is an important part of the current social development. The reasonable use of 3 D printing technology to print materials is an important technical means to carry out green concept, energy saving and emission reduction and environmental protection. In view of this, this article mainly analyzes 3D printing technology, studies the status of environmental art design, and explores the application of 3D printing materials to provide good reference for related engineering and design activities.
Evaluation of Material Modification using PET in 3D Concrete Printing Technology
Authors: Skibicki S , Pultorak M , Kaszynska M
Published: March 2021

Use of recycled materials and incorporation of sustainable development ideas are one of the most popular trends in civil engineering. The 3D concrete printing technology which has been developing rapidly in recent years can benefit from use of both of them. The study evaluates the possibility of using PET granules in mixes suitable for 3D printing. The study compares the properties of two mixes, a reference one (well-studied mix which is suitable for 3D printing) and mix modified by replacing the aggregate with PET (30% of volume). The concretes were tested to evaluate their mechanical properties. The samples for flexural and compressive strength determination were prepared as traditional prisms (40x40x160 mm) as well as printed out with similar dimensions. Additionally, a hollow cylinder structure was printed out and tested for its strength after 24 h. Obtained results has shown that replacement of the aggregate with PET granules did not inhibit the suitability of mix for 3D concrete printing. Use of PET granules decreases the mechanical properties of printed specimens by few to several percent. Presented results can be considered as an initial study for introduction of recommendations for use of PET in printed concretes.
The Water-Dependent Evolution of Pore Size Distribution due to Hydro-Chemical Transport within Cement-based Materials
Authors: Qing xiang XIONG , Fekri MEFTAH
Published: March 2021

This work explores the evolution of pore structure by considering the coupling effect of ionic transport and chemical reaction, especially salt precipitation. The reactive transport system is based on two sets of equations: a set of partial differential equations based on mass conservation for the ionic transport, and a set of nonlinear algebraic equations based on the law of mass action for the chemical processes. By adopting this model, transport properties such as ionic concentration and mass of chemical components are implemented. The porosity and the water saturation degree are also considered and examined in our work. Besides, we propose a probabilistic-based porous network representing the evolution of microstructure induced by precipitation/dissolution. The probabilistic porous network is the interconnection between the microstructure and the macro properties. With a given water saturation degree and porosity calculated by the reactive transport model, we could establish the water-dependent evolution of pore structure in cement-based materials. Such a numerical model could be used to interpret the mechanism of the local precipitation/dissolution process in pore scales, which cannot be implemented by experimental measurements.
Innovation Architecture: Pickle Processing Industry “La Pukarina” – Province of Huancayo, Peru
Authors: Garay Katherine Toralva , Maraví Jorge Sihuay , Moggiano Nabilt
Published: March 2021

The Pucara area has land with horticultural potential, so the project proposes the construction of “La Pukarina” Pickle Processing Plant. The proposal is the result of the diagnosis of horticultural production in the area to give added value to your vegetables; producing pickles, promoting associative business work. Using the Location Factors Rubric, made up of 9 indicators, the land for the Processing Plant was located, with an area of 24 823.25 m2, accumulating 34 points. The design of the plant is born from a formal search, using the geometry of the medium as the corridors and ceilings. In the same way, the Mahoney Table will be seen, a bioclimatic design method for its distribution. After the economic analysis of the project, the initial investment of 445282.73 USD was established in the first year, financed at a bank interest of 7%, and financed in 6 years. The market study requires the target population, made up of men and women between 25 and 39 years old, of whom 58% consume pickles every two weeks, especially an organic vegetable base in the area.

Finally, the Pickles Processing Industry "La Pukarina" is proposed as a technically and economically viable alternative to up 100.8 %.
Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in University Campuses: a Case Study
Authors: Nazipov Farnush , Tokbolat Serik , Khussainova Diana , Mustafa Mohamad , Almahadin Aziz
Published: March 2021

Renewable energy technologies are becoming widely integrated into energy generation systems around the world. While the majority of such technologies are integrated at a large scale in the form of wind and solar farms, there is a need for their incorporation into the built environment. A university campus is an ideal place for testing and understanding how renewable energy technologies can be integrated at a building site scale. Nazarbayev University in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, is a research intense institution which is set to lead the sustainability-related research in the region. The campus is populated with a number of technologies such as a passive house, wind turbines, and photovoltaic solar panels of different capacities and configuration. The review of the technologies and assessment of their operation allowed the study to understand the nature of pioneering technologies that can be integrated in the climate conditions of the locality and how such solutions can help to increase the awareness and popularize renewable energy through education and research.
Development of Penambang Boat Driving Cycle to Evaluate Energy Consumption and Emissions
Authors: Shahiran E.A.E.S , Anida I.N. , Norbakyah J.S. , Salisa A.R.
Published: March 2021

Penambang Boat is a service that has been developed in the Kuala Terengganu River to boost the public transport network in Terengganu. As far as real-world cities are concerned, the Penambang Boat process is important for each running waterway to increase energy efficiency and reduce pollution. This research study is to define and validate the parameters of this driving cycle and to develop the Penambang Boat driving cycle on the Kuala Terengganu River throughout its operation path, to analyze fuel economy and emissions using Advance Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) software. Through the analysis of energy consumption and emissions, the last two of the micro trips were chosen and the real driving cycles are developed. The results show that the fuel consumption is 8.7 l/100km, the CO emission is 3.479 g/km, the HC emission is 3.718 g/km and lastly the NOx emission is 0.003 g/km. Penambang Boat has been shown the needs to reduce the power consumption and thus minimize the impacts on the environment and economy.
Modeling and Simulation of an Energy Management System for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Recreational Boat (PHERB) using Penambang Boat Driving Cycle
Authors: Salisa A.R. , Shahiran E.A.E.S , Norbakyah J.S
Published: March 2021

In order to ensure that the vehicle achieve an improvement in energy efficiency, reduction in emissions and fuel use, the good energy management system needed. This paper presents an innovation of water transportation namely Plug-in Hybrid Electric Recreational Boat (PHERB) on modeling and simulation results of an energy management strategy (EMS) for PHERB. In this work, firstly, through a power flow analysis, the vehicle components are sized to meet the expected power and energy requirements. Then, the model is tested numerically in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment using the Penambang Boat drive cycle with the proposed EMS. The simulation results show that the PHERB model can be used as a reference to build a hybrid electric boat in Malaysia environment.
Study the Influence of Distance in Artificial Potential Field (APF) for Autonomous Emergency Braking System (AEB) on Longitudinal Motion
Authors: Abdullah Z , Heerwan P M , Izhar I M , Zakaria M A
Published: March 2021

Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) is one of the common control systems used by the vehicle in order to avoid the collision from the obstacle. AEB performance optimize mostly on dry road surface at low and medium speed. The slip tire model was derived in this paper in order to find the coefficient of road friction. The tire-road friction coefficient is used for the braking limit which is 450 N.m. In order to increase the ability of an AEB during presence of obstacle in front of the vehicle, combination of Time-to-Collision (TTC) and artificial potential field (APF) are proposed in this study. When the APF value was surpassed the threshold distance, the AEB will activate by itself. The limit for APF was designed based on assuming the dry road friction (0.9) condition and with present of static obstacle in front of the vehicle in longitudinal lane. Thus, the AEB system was designed considering on the dry road friction condition, time for Front Collision Warning (FCW)as well as Braking was included for the limit APF is developed. The combination of an additional distance with the maximum safety distance in the APF system will create the minimum safe distance from obstacle which is in the range of 2.0 meter after the vehicle stop entirely. The additional distance is influence by the product of the constant time setting which is t_s1 and t_s2 with current velocity. Then, the simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can adapt to the dry tire-road friction coefficient on the road.
Smart driving assistance system using Raspberry Pi and actuator networks
Authors: Ghani Saiful Anwar Che , Kettner Maurice , Aslan Ferhat , Dzharuddin Fatimah , Sazali Norazlianie
Published: March 2021

Testing and certification of vehicles in succession to their development are usually achieved on chassis dynamometer testbeds. This paper proposes the implementation of a smart real-time driving assistance system using cloud-computing, embedded tools and motorised actuator for vehicles with manual transmission powertrain under testing. For clutch actuation of the vehicle, a robotic leg actuator connected to a high torque stepper motor is controlled by Python code programmed on Raspberry Pi 4, linked through a smart network for remote controlling of the system via a user interface dashboard and digitalized working system so as to employ data connectivity through cloud-computing. By applying this network structure, the implementation functionality of smart driving assistance system using free cloud infrastructure is investigated, when the hardware is setup in Malaysia, whilst the control is from Germany. The framework that governs this prototype involves different domains of engineering such as data processing, manufacturing, mechanics, networking, embedded systems and actuators is able to be utilised in smart driving assistance system for car tested on a chassis dynamometer with latency of less than 1 s.
Solar PV Microgrids Implementation model: A case study of Local Self Governments in the Indian State of Kerala
Authors: Ajithgopi  , Sudhakar K. , Keng Ngui Wai
Published: March 2021

The State of Kerala in Southern part of India has significant potential for generation of power from renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. Most of the PV projects in the State are being implemented on roof-tops due to the unavailability of land area in the densely populated State for large utility scale PV power plants. The concept of implementing Solar PV projects by empowering Local Self Governments has been explained in this paper by illustrating the case study of the Indian State of Kerala. The respective Local Self Governments like Municipal Corporations are playing a key role in Kerala in this decision-making process to accomplish model carbon free solar communities by installing Solar Photovoltaic Projects. The requirement of local beneficiary will be analysed by local trained experts and feasibility study will be conducted for the beneficiary communities involving residential buildings, local industries and commercial institutions and educational institutions and the PV projects will be implemented utilising the local E.P.C players. Local Self Governments like Municipal Corporations were empowered to plan, formulate and implement their own Solar Photovoltaic Projects. This approach is being implemented in Kerala resulting in solar electrification of local communities/institutions through the decentralised approach. This created a new business model at the local level involving trained manpower and supply chain for meeting the Local Self Government targets for new PV projects in order to achieve the targets of carbon free communities.
Controlling motion of metal bascule structures by fluid power system (exemplified by lifting of bascule bridge span)
Authors: Ashcheulov A V
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the dynamics of power processes upon motion of bascule metal structures peculiar for many lifting heavy-duty mechanisms. Due to the forces of inertia, during the acceleration of the mechanism with a load, fluctuations in power parameters occur: efforts; stress; pressures that can lead to the destruction of the metal structures of machines. Due to high alternating load oscillations, the working capacity of machinery decreases about 3 times, herewith, this problem is traced for machinery in various industries. Using the motion of large-tonnage span of bascule bridge as the example, at the design stage it is proposed to apply simulation modeling in order to determine optimum law of drive control, in particular: the law of variation of flow rate in fluid power systems. The article presents the results of simulation of hydraulic lifting mechanisms of a single-wing bascule bridge. Two basic algorithms of proportional control are considered: by the form of the function in the form of a trapezoid and by the form of the cosine function. The results indicate the possibility of significantly reducing the amplitude of fluctuations in load parameters during acceleration of mechanisms and, thereby, to increase the service life of heavy machines. To achieve such results, it is recommended to change the existing algorithms for automatic control of the speed of the mechanisms of heavy machines. Despite the fact that this issue has been studied quite well in cybernetics, it still remains relevant in applied technical specialties, in the design of modern heavy machines. In project organizations, along with constructive design methods, digital, computational design methods should be actively developed.
Evaluation of significance of control directives for software errors detection in functional programming of on-board computers
Authors: Drabov V A , Romanova N V , Novikova T S , Vernigor A V , Rekovets A V , Ptitsyna N V
Published: March 2021

Modern farm machinery is equipped with on-board computers that execute complicated tasks. The main efforts are aimed at selecting and justifying methods for adequate hardware-software translation of functional programming from one computer system to another, while increasing its stability to failures of computer hardware. The development of approaches to the selection of procedures for detecting errors determines the degree of their relative information value when analyzing the programs progress. As it follows from the analysis of error types in functional programming, it is established that errors occur at the stages of forming the technical task, when developing algorithms, when programming, and when configuring programs. Errors have different frequency and different weight in terms of the impact on the functioning of on-board computers used in agricultural machinery. The article contains a detailed list of errors that must be detected when debugging working programs of on-board computers. Based on expert assessments, the errors are divided into 33 different types and formed into 6 groups. By combining errors, it is possible to minimize the time spent on performing static debugging of the functional programming of on-board computers. Using the hierarchy analysis method, matrices of paired comparisons of control directives with error types in each group are formed. Thus, the relationship between groups of errors, control directives, and values of error types is established. The first thing, programs debugging is performed using the control directives that have the highest degree of significance, since they can be used to identify and eliminate the most dangerous errors.
Simulation of internal forces of a cantilevered beam with a moving load
Authors: Kudryavtsev E , Jafari M
Published: March 2021

The simulation of cantilevered beam internal forces in any beam section with a moving load is presented. The processes of analytical and computer modeling of the structural analysis are provided depending on the location of the moving load. The cantilevered beam in this article can be a schematic for a gantry crane or an overhead crane with a moving trolley. These calculations are not only very useful for cranes, but also all kinds of bridges and trusses with a moving load. The mathematical model is provided and numerically solved in Mathcad software. As a result of the study, the program effectively determines the internal forces in any beam section depending on the location of the moving load. The proposed procedures will reduce the time and cost of conceptual and detailed design very easily when the beam parameters change, which is useful for optimization studies.
Modelling of operator walking with a load of industrial exoskeleton
Authors: Jatsun S F , Yatsun A S , Saveleva E V , Fedorov A V
Published: March 2021

The proposed article is based on mathematical models of study and development setting up computational experiments of a person using an exoskeleton walking with a load process. The development and study of anthropomorphic robots’ dynamics involves the systematic approach and use of mathematical modelling methods, the automatic control theory apparatus, which makes it possible to study a complex object as a whole and also consideration of the totality of human-machine system elements, united by diverse and multi-level types of connections, as an integral object. The research objectives are the development of mathematical models describing the process of operator-exoskeleton interaction, as well as the development of a three-link mathematical model of the exoskeleton - operator system. The development of a motion control strategy when walking allows obtaining time dependences of state vector parameters changes. Mathematical models describing the process of operator and the exoskeleton interaction are being developed. The research is based on the original three-link mathematical model of the exoskeleton-operator system proposed in the paper. The original method based on interpolation, experimentally obtained data and dynamic analysis of the operator-exoskeleton system behaviour is applied. In the course of numerical modelling, time diagrams of the hinge-mechanical system torques in the process of lifting loads were obtained. Basing on the results of mathematical modelling of an operator’s walking with a load in an industrial exoskeleton, the conclusions about the possibilities of an active gravitational compensator in the hip joint are obtained.
Optimization of acoustic profiler characteristics in the scope of underwater archeology and monitoring of underwater engineering objects
Authors: Kirichenko I A , Starchenko I B , Vishnevezkiy V Y , Markolia A I , Sizov I I , Strochan T P
Published: March 2021

In order to solve the problem of optimizing the characteristics of acoustic profiler with parametric transmitting array in the scope of underwater archeology and monitoring of underwater engineering objects, the results of theoretical studies of the influence of real conditions on the work of parametric hydro-acoustic systems and of the marine soils and bottom sediments features are presented. The necessary amplification range of the receiving path is estimated to compensate for losses during acoustic wave propagation in water and for the most common types of marine sediments: "coarse sand" and "sandy-silty clay". The necessary acoustic power is justified for the given values of the central pump frequency of the parametric profiler and the difference frequency. The most efficient penetration into the marine sediments which was commonly sand and silt occurred at 10-20 kHz of difference frequency. Penetration of frequencies higher than 20 kHz is not effective due to great power losses. The minimal gain of receiving unit must be at least 40 dB. Design and construction of parametric profiler was suggested. Main units were proposed according to the theoretical investigation. In the whole parametric arrays and hydro-acoustical devices with them occurred very effective in subbottom profiling. Small overall dimensions as was shown in construction allow achieving high resolution. So their application is perspective especially in local underwater archeology using small vessels.