bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Casio Longino, fr. 42.75 P.-B. ¿Un gramático llamado Odiseo o un error textual?: una propuesta de corrección
Authors: Verdejo Manchado Javier
Published: September 2016

El gramático del s. III Casio Longino en su introducción al comentario al Manual de métrica (Ἐγχειρίδιον περὶ μέτρων) de Hefestión de Alejandría (s. II) menciona a un metricólogo de nombre Odiseo (Ὀδυσσεὺς ὁ μετρικός), que no es conocido por ninguna otra fuente. Este artículo pretende identificar a este autor y dar una explicación satisfactoria a su mención en la obra de Longino. Ahora bien, la peculiaridad del nombre, que no está testimoniado como antropónimo fuera de la épica, así como su aparición en Longino, quien en su comentario sólo cita a autores teóricos que utilizó como fuente directa, nos han llevado a proponer una corrección textual, Διονύσιος ὁ μουσικός, que, como se intenta demostrar, es plausible paleográficamente y coherente desde el punto de vista de la identificación.
El dios que nace de la roca. Aspectos comparativos del mito del nacimiento de Mitra
Authors: Álvarez-Pedrosa Juan Antonio
Published: September 2016

El artículo tiene como objeto mejorar y completar algunas propuestas ya existentes que relacionan el mito del nacimiento del dios romano Mitra de una roca con otras tradiciones como la hitita o algunos mitos de proveniencia minorasiática. Incluyendo datos de la Teogonía hitita, del RigVeda e integrándolos con la información iconográfica del mitraísmo romano y la irania de época sasánida, se propone un origen indoeuropeo para el mito de un dios que nace de una roca.
From Geiger-Counters to File Systems: Remote Hardware Access for the Operating Systems Course
Authors: Wolfer James , Keeler William J.
Published: September 2016

Operating systems interface between hardware and the user, random numbers are useful for security and simulation, and file systems form the program access to them in a modern operating system. �  Blending these items into a remotely accessed infrastructure forms the basis for supporting operating systems projects.  This work describes the hardware, software, and communication infrastructure to support student projects by sharing remote hardware to acquire background radiations events with a Geiger counter, transforming those events into random numbers, and providing those numbers through a custom file system.  Collectively, the hardware and software provide an inexpensive remote laboratory experience for computing students.
Cloud-based Design and Virtual Prototyping Environment for Embedded Systems
Authors: Werner Stephan , Lauber Andreas , Koedam Martijn , Becker Juergen , Sax Eric , Goossens Kees
Published: September 2016

The design and test of Multi-Processor System-on-Chips (MPSoCs) and development of distributed applications and/or operating systems executed on those hardware platforms is one of the biggest challenges in today’s system design. This applies in particular when short time-to-market constraints impose serious limitations on the exploration of the design space. The use of virtual platforms can help in decreasing the development and test cycles. In this paper, we present a cloud-based environment supporting the user in designing heterogeneous MPSoCs and developing distributed applications. Therefore, the design environment generates virtual platforms automatically allowing fast prototyping cycles especially in the software development process, and exports the design to a hardware flow synthesizing compatible FPGA designs. The extension of the peripheral models with debug information supports the developer during test and debug cycles and avoids the need of adding special debug codes in the application. This improves the readability, portability and maintainability of produced software. Additionally, this paper presents the benefits of using cloud-based design environments in engineers’ trainings and educations. Therefore, the framework supports testing the system including complex software stacks with prerecorded data or testbenches.
A Neuromarketing Perspective on Measuring Marketing Influence at the Unconsciousness Level
Authors: Iancu Ioana
Published: September 2016

In a context characterized by an inflation of marketing messages, it is imperious to understand how consumers succeed in making the buying decision. Starting by briefly describing the structure and the role of the brain and the differences between consciousness and unconsciousness, the paper aims to investigate the way neuromarketing can help in comprehending the feelings of the consumers, the way products or services match the consumers' needs, and the way companies can discover the insights of decision-making process. This paper can be perceived either as a guide for the companies that aim to find more on the way people manage information and make decisions or as a comprehensive description on human being marketing behavior that can serve both business, academic environments and consumers.
Numerical Study of High Velocity Impact onto MMC/Ceramic Layered Systems
Authors: Lee Seung Hwan , Lee Minh
Published: September 2016

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) can be applied to military applications due to the light weight and the ballistic performance. In this study, a numerical simulation has been performed for the penetration of a long-rod penetrator into MMC/Ceramic layered systems. The impact velocity is 1.5km/s and the length to diameter (L/D) ratio is 10.6. First, the ballistic performances of each candidate materials are examined by doing the semi-infinite target simulation to estimate the depth of penetration (DOP) data. The materials included in this study are four (tungsten alloy, mild steel, SiC, MMC. The MMC materials are SiC/Al7075 (volume fraction around 45%). For a reference data, the impact simulation into mild-steel target only was also carried out. Finally, the main simulation is performed by varying the position of ceramic tile at three types of the thickness of ceramic tile. The residual velocity, residual mass and residual kinetic energy of the long-rod are obtained from the simulation. Based on these predicted values, the optimum system of the layered plate has been estimated.
Theoretical Analysis of Dynamic Spherical Cavity Expansion in Reinforced Concretes
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Wu Hai Jun , Tan Zheng Jun , Huang Feng Lei
Published: September 2016

This paper aims to establish a model that considers the penetration resistance caused by the constraint effects of steel reinforcements on concrete. Firstly, based on the experiment phenomena that reinforcements increase the toughness and tensile strength of concretes, the fitting relational expression between toughness of reinforced concrete and ratio of reinforcement was used to improve the Griffith yield criterion for reinforced concrete. Then, the dynamic spherical cavity expansion analysis was developed using the improved Griffith yield criterion as constitutive model and the dilation equation as equation of state, and the response regions were consisted of six distinct zones: cavity, compaction zone, dilation zone, radially cracked zone, elastic zone and undisturbed zone. This dynamic analysis considered the compression and dilation of concretes at the same time and was applicable to the penetration problem of reinforced concrete target. At last, based on the theoretical model of this paper, the experiments of projectiles with different weights penetrating into reinforced concrete targets with different reinforcement ratios were calculated using penetration analysis method of rigid projectiles. The comparison results showed that the theoretical analysis model of this paper can be used to predict the depth of penetration and other physical parameters such as velocity and deceleration with certain rationality.
Numerical Simulation of Thixo-co-Extrusion of 7075/AZ91D Double-Layer Tubes
Authors: Li Xiao Wei , Wang Kai Kun , Fu Jin Long , Yin Fei
Published: September 2016

Due to the excellent thermal conductivity and high strength of aluminum alloy and unique advantages containing shock absorbing, vibrations dampening and corrosion resistant of magnesium alloy, Al/Mg double-layer tubes have been widely utilized in household appliances, automobiles, aerospace industries, and high-speed trains in recent years. Conventionally, double-layer tubes are produced by welding, extrusion, hydroforming, magnetic pulse cladding. These processes are either complex or highly energy-consuming. To improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption, a new technology, thixo-co-extrusion (TCE), is put forward for production of double-layer tubes. In this paper, the thixo-co-extrusion of a 7075/AZ91D double-layer tube is investigated by numerical simulation. This study assesses the influences of extrusion velocity, the thickness ratios of two layers, the reheating temperatures of billets and the preheating temperature of die on the flow behaviors. The results show that the extrusion velocity and the thickness ratios significantly influence the contact pressures on the interface as well as the velocity fields. Besides, the reheating temperatures of billets and the preheating temperatures determine the distribution of temperature fields. Under the contact pressures and a certain temperature, atomic diffusion takes place on the interface between inner and outer layer, which leads to metallurgical bonding of the interface. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the thixo-co-extrusion technology for the production of double-layer tubes with desirable mechanical properties.
Rheological Properties of Liquid Metals and Semisolid Materials at Low Solid Fraction
Authors: Tocci Marialaura , Zang Christoph , Cadòrniga Zueco Ines , Pola Annalisa , Modigell Michael
Published: September 2016

Rheological properties of liquid metals are difficult to investigate experimentally because of the extreme border conditions to consider. One difficulty is related to the low viscosity of liquid metals. Surface tension effects can cause forces that can be considerably higher than the viscous forces in the liquid metals. Evaluating the experimental data without considering these effects leads to an apparent shear thinning behavior of the material. In the present study, experiments were performed by means of a Searle rheometer changing the dimension of the measuring system with metals of high surface tension, as mercury and tin. It became evident that surface tension plays a significant role in the effects that falsify measurements at low shear rate. Conclusions can be drawn to what extent measurements of semi-solid metals are affected.
A New Rheo-HPDC Process with Air-Cooled Stirring Rod Device for Wireless Base Station Shells of Al-8Si Alloy
Authors: Qi Ming Fan , Kang Yong Lin , Zhu Guo Ming , Li Yang De , Li Wei Rong
Published: September 2016

A new process so-called air-cooled stirring rod (ACSR) was developed to prepare semisolid slurries of Al-8Si alloy. A simplified rheological high pressure die-casting (Rheo-HPDC) process was developed by combining the ACSR device with a HPDC machine to form wireless base station shells. Microstructures of slurries at different rotation speeds and air flows prepared by ACSR device were studied. Microstructures, mechanical properties and thermal conductivities of the shells formed by Rheo-HPDC were studied and compared with those produced by HPDC. The results indicate the ACSR device can prepare slurries in which primary particles are fine, spherical and uniformly distributed in the matrix. As rotation speed or air flow increases, the size of primary particles (α1-Al) decreases and shape factor increases. Rheo-HPDC parts show improved properties to those formed by HPDC, and increasing rates of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, hardness and thermal conductivity are 15.4%, 8.2%, 62.1%, 6.67% and 2.1%, respectively.
In Situ Observation of Semisolid Fe-2.5C-1.5Si Gray Cast Iron
Authors: Benati Davi Munhoz , Ito Kazuhiro , Kohama Kazuyuki , Yamamoto Hajime , Zoqui Eugênio José
Published: September 2016

Fe-2.5C-1.5Si gray cast iron evaluated in previous works exhibited promising potential as semisolid raw material presenting low levels of maximum stress and viscosity, similar to Al-Si alloys. This work is intended to investigate phase transformations and liquid phase formation for the Fe-2.5C-1.5Si gray cast iron in order to understand the performance of the alloy during the semisolid processing. Thus in situ heating experiments via high temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy were performed to analyze the solid-to-liquid transition. At room temperature alloy presented a matrix of pearlite and ferrite with type D flake graphite. During the heating process the main transformations observed were graphite precipitation on the austenite grain boundaries, graphite precipitates and flakes graphite growing and coarsening with the increasing of temperature and the beginning of melt around 1140°C. Coarsened flakes at high temperatures resulted in a liquid continuous network after melting, thereby the liquid phase was formed surrounding and wetting homogeneously the solid phase. This favors the detachment of grains from each other and leads to the intended solid globules immersed in liquid.
Semi-Solid Processing and Properties of RE-Containing Mg Alloys
Authors: Wu Shu Sen , Fang Xiao Gang , Lü Shu Lin , Zhao Li , Wang Jing
Published: September 2016

The RE-containing Mg alloys usually have big RE-rich intermetallic compounds distributed along grain boundaries. In this paper, a 3 wt.% RE containing Mg alloy is processed by combination of semi-solid slurry-making with ultrasonic vibration (UV) and squeeze casting. Results show that good semi-solid slurry with fine and spherical primary α-Mg particles can be obtained due to the effects of the cavitation and acoustic streaming induced by UV, and the average particle size and average shape factor are about 30 μm and 0.70 respectively. The RE-rich intermetallic compounds are refined and uniformly distributed along grain boundaries. With the increase of squeeze pressure from 0 MPa to 200 MPa during the casting of semi-solid slurry, the tensile strength and the elongation of the as-cast samples are increased continuously, which reach 182 MPa and 8.4% respectively. The microstructure is also analyzed with SEM, TEM, XRD and EDS, and the phase constitutions of this Mg-RE-Zn-Y-Zr alloy are mainly α-Mg matrix, α-Zr, W phase (Mg3Zn2Y3), I phase (Mg3Zn6Y) and T phase ((La,Ce)(Mg1-xZnx)11). The mechanism of refinement of RE-rich intermetallic compounds is also discussed.
The Kinetics of Melting: Liquid Fraction versus Time
Authors: Zhang Du Yao , Atkinson Helen V. , Dong H.B.
Published: September 2016

The fraction liquid present during semi-solid processing has a critical effect. Conventionally the process window has been defined by inspecting the liquid fraction versus temperature curve (derived from thermodynamic prediction using a thermodynamic prediction software package for example, or derived from differential scanning calorimetry results). It has been assumed that a freezing range with temperature is required for semi-solid processing to be possible. However, recently a South African group (Curle, Moller and Wilkins) has shown that it is possible to rheo-process both high-purity aluminium and a binary Al-Si eutectic alloy i.e. materials with no freezing range. This behaviour highlights the fact that it takes time for liquid to form i.e. the kinetics of melting are important. Here the liquid fraction vs time for high purity aluminium is derived from experimental results to identify the process window in terms of time rather than temperature. The time sensitivity in thixoforming or rheocasting depends on the sample mass, the heat flux and the phase transformation temperature. It is also important in determining the vulnerability to defects such as hot tears, which tend to occur particularly with the alloys which are conventionally wrought rather than cast such as the 2000 series aluminium alloys.
Axial length elongation in adults with long-standing unilateral traumatic cataract
Authors: Steffen Jonel , Du Toit Nagib , Rice James C. , Aboobaker Shaheer
Published: September 2016

Background: Unilateral eye elongation with resultant axial myopia has been reported to occur secondary to visual deprivation from birth or early childhood. Acquired axial length elongation secondary to visual deprivation in adults has rarely been reported.Aim: To report acquired axial myopia in adults with visual deprivation due to long-standing unilateral traumatic cataract.Methods: Eleven consecutive adult patients who presented for cataract surgery with unilateral, long-standing, mature, traumatic cataracts and an interocular axial length difference of more than 1 mm were studied. Patients with a post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of < 6/12 were excluded to rule out possible pre-existing anisometropic amblyopia.Results: Of the 11 patients with significant interocular axial length difference, 5 patients were excluded on the basis of possible pre-existing amblyopia. The remaining 6 patients had final BCVA of 6/12 or better. The median length of the cataractous eyes was 2.83 mm longer than the fellow eyes (range 1.12 mm – 3.52 mm). The intraocular lens power required for emmetropia was 6.8 dioptres (range 3.5 dioptres – 11.5 dioptres) less in the cataractous eyes. A refractive outcome within 1 dioptre of the target refraction was achieved in all patients. The median delay between ocular trauma and cataract surgery was 20 years (range 8–24 years).Conclusion: Significant unilateral axial length elongation may occur in adults with longstanding traumatic cataracts and visual deprivation. A potential correlation may exist between delay to surgery and degree of axial length difference. This rare phenomenon must be considered when determining intraocular lens power to avoid post-operative refractive surprises.
Why (suffering) women matter for the heart of transformative missional theology perspectives on empowered women and mission in the New Testament and early Christianity
Authors: Kok Jacobus
Published: September 2016

In this article, it is argued that from the beginning of the Christ-following movement, the gospelmessage represented a challenge to a male-dominated social system. Early Christian literature shows that women, whose voices were often silenced in antiquity, are empowered. This is seen most clearly in the Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity. There we see how the protagonists is presented as acting counter culturally, challenging the world of men and turning patriarchal values and expectations upside down. It could be argued that the gospel message portrays women in the centre of missionary witness and empowers them in this manner. Furthermore, early Christian Martyrdom texts also show how the concept of suffering, honour and shame is redefined and how power and strength in weakness and oppression is reformulated.
A conceptual model to improve performance in virtual teams
Authors: Dube Shopee , Marnewick Carl
Published: September 2016

Background: The vast improvement in communication technologies and sophisticated project management tools, methods and techniques has allowed geographically and culturally diverse groups to operate and function in a virtual environment. To succeed in this virtual environment where time and space are becoming increasingly irrelevant, organisations must define new ways of implementing initiatives. This virtual environment phenomenon has brought about the formation of virtual project teams that allow organisations to harness the skills and knowhow of the best resources, irrespective of their location.Objectives: The aim of this article was to investigate performance criteria and develop a conceptual model which can be applied to enhance the success of virtual project teams. There are no clear guidelines of the performance criteria in managing virtual project teams.Method: A qualitative research methodology was used in this article. The purpose of content analysis was to explore the literature to understand the concept of performance in virtual project teams and to summarise the findings of the literature reviewed.Results: The research identified a set of performance criteria for the virtual project teams as follows: leadership, trust, communication, team cooperation, reliability, motivation, comfort and social interaction. These were used to conceptualise the model.Conclusion: The conceptual model can be used in a holistic way to determine the overall performance of the virtual project team, but each factor can be analysed individually to determine the impact on the overall performance. The knowledge of performance criteria for virtual project teams could aid project managers in enhancing the success of these teams and taking a different approach to better manage and coordinate them.
The structural validity of the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ)
Authors: Schaap Pieter , Kekana Esli
Published: September 2016

Orientation: Best practice frameworks suggest that an assessment practitioner’s choice of an assessment tool should be based on scientific evidence that underpins the appropriate and just use of the instrument. This is a context-specific validity study involving a classified psychological instrument against the background of South African regulatory frameworks and contemporary validity theory principles.Research purpose: The aim of the study was to explore the structural validity of the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ) administered to employees in the automotive assembly plant of a South African automotive manufacturing company.Motivation for the study: Although the WLQ has been used by registered health practitioners and numerous researchers, evidence to support the structural validity is lacking. This study, therefore, addressed the need for context-specific empirical support for the validity of score inferences in respect of employees in a South African automotive manufacturing plant.Research design, approach and method: The research was conducted using a convenience sample (N = 217) taken from the automotive manufacturing company where the instrument was used. Reliability and factor analyses were carried out to explore the structural validity of the WLQ.Main findings: The reliability of the WLQ appeared to be acceptable, and the assumptions made about unidimensionality were mostly confirmed. One of the proposed higher-order structural models of the said questionnaire administered to the sample group was confirmed, whereas the other one was partially confirmed.Practical/managerial implications: The conclusion reached was that preliminary empirical grounds existed for considering the continued use of the WLQ (with some suggested refinements) by the relevant company, provided the process of accumulating a body of validity evidence continued.Contribution/value-add: This study identified some of the difficulties that assessment practitioners might face in their quest to comply with South Africa’s regulatory framework and the demands of contemporary test validity theory.
Irreducible representations of Bost–Connes systems
Authors: Takeishi Takuya
Published: September 2016

The classification problem of Bost–Connes systems was studied by Cornelissen and Marcolli partially, but still remains unsolved. In this paper, we give a representation-theoretic approach to this problem. We generalize the result of Laca and Raeburn, which is concerned with the primitive ideal space of the Bost–Connes system for

\mathbb Q

. As a consequence, the Bost–Connes

C^*

-algebra for a number field

K

has

h^1_K

-dimensional irreducible representations and does not have finite-dimensional irreducible representations for the other dimensions, where

h^1_K

is the narrow class number of

K

. In particular, the narrow class number is an invariant of Bost–Connes

C^*

-algebras.
Matrix factorizations and motivic measures
Authors: Lunts Valery A. , Schnürer Olaf M.
Published: September 2016

This article is the continuation of [17]. We use categories of matrix factorizations to define a morphism of rings (= a Landau–Ginzburg motivic measure) from the (motivic) Grothendieck ring of varieties over

\mathbb A^1

to the Grothendieck ring of saturated dg categories (with relations coming from semi-orthogonal decompositions into admissible subcategories). Our Landau–Ginzburg motivic measure is the analog for matrix factorizations of the motivic measure in [5] whose definition involved bounded derived categories of coherent sheaves. On the way we prove smoothness and a Thom–Sebastiani theorem for enhancements of categories of matrix factorizations.
Differential gene expression profiles in foetal skin of Rex rabbits with different wool density
Authors: Liu L. , Li B. , Zhu Y.L. , Wang C.Y. , Li F.C.
Published: September 2016

This study investigated the mechanisms controlling hair follicle development in the Rex rabbit. The Agilent rabbit gene expression microarray was used to determine differentially expressed genes in Rex rabbit foetuses with different wool densities. The expression patterns of selected differentially-expressed genes were further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared to low wool density rabbits, 1342 differentially expressed probes were identified in high wool density rabbits, including 950 upregulated probes and 392 downregulated probes. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the most upregulated differentially expressed probes belonged to receptors and the most downregulated differentially expressed probes belonged to DNA binding molecules. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed probes were mainly involved in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Eph signalling pathways. The results also suggest that transforming growth factor-beta 1, growth hormone receptor, and the keratin-associated protein 6.1 genes, as well as the Shh and Eph signalling pathways, may be involved in the regulation of hair follicle developmental in Rex rabbits.
Compositional analysis and physicochemical and mechanical testing of tanned rabbit skins
Authors: Sousa M.L. R. , Hoch A. L. , Gasparino E. , Scapinello C. , Mesquita Dourado D. , Claudino da Silva S. C. , Lala B.
Published: September 2016

Chemical composition and physicochemical and mechanical parameters of New Zealand White rabbit tanned skin were evaluated. Skin samples from 70-d-old males, in natura and semi-finished, were collected for evaluation. The in natura treatment comprise skins without any processing, while semi-finished treatment comprise skins after soaking, fleshing, liming, de-liming, purging, degreasing, pickling, tanning, neutralising, re-tanning and dyeing, followed by oiling, drying, stretching and softening. After tanning, samples from the dorsal and flank regions were removed for tensile and physicochemical testing in the longitudinal and transverse directions. A split plot design was used with plot treatments (leather regions: R1=dorsal and R2=flank) and subplots directions (S1=longitudinal and S2=transversal), using 10 examples per treatment. At the end of processing, the leather analysis revealed low moisture (31.76%), protein (46.48%) and fat content (24.95%), and a high ash content (8.58%). Leather presented a pH of 4.9 and contained 2.0% chromium oxide, 25.5% extractable substances in dichloromethane, and these characteristics were coupled with a higher tensile strength (10.84 N/mm2) in the dorsal region. However, samples in the same region proved to have higher elasticity (64.57%) in the longitudinal direction, although there was no difference in the progressive tearing analysis (21.07-23.50 N/mm). Overall, our analyses suggest that, in this case, the tanned leather product does not have sufficient resistance for application in clothing production.
Glacier evolution in high mountain Asia under stratospheric sulfate
aerosol injection geoengineering
Authors: Zhao Liyun , Yang Yi , Ji Doying , Moore John C.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Geoengineering by stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection may help preserve mountain glaciers by reducing summer temperatures. We examine this hypothesis for the glaciers in High Mountain Asia using a glacier mass balance model driven by climate simulations from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). The G3 and G4 schemes specify use of stratospheric sulphate aerosols to reduce the radiative forcing under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario for the 50 years between 2020 and 2069, and for a further 20 years after termination of geoengineering. We estimate and compare glaciers volume loss for every glacier in the region using a model based on glacier surface mass balance parameterization under climate projections from 3 Earth System Models under G3, 5 under G4 and 6 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. G3 keeps the summer mean temperature from increasing in the geoengineering period, but termination of geoengineering leads to sudden temperature rise of about 1.7 ºC and corresponding increase in glacier retreat. Glacier volume in inner Tibet and eastern Himalaya is least affected by greenhouse gas forcing, and also benefits the most from geoengineering. The ensemble mean projections suggest that glacier shrinkage over the period 2010–2069 are equivalent to sea-level rises of 8.4 mm (G3), 10.7 mm (G4), 14.7 mm (RCP 4.5) and 16.8 mm (RCP8.5). After the termination of geoengineering, annual mean volume loss rate for all the glaciers under G3 increases from 0.39 % a−1 to 0.90 % a−1, which are higher than the 0.70 % a−1 under RCP8.5 at that time. While sulphate 30 aerosol injection geoengineering may slow glacier loss in the region, it cannot prevent about a third of existing glacier coverage disappearing by 2069.
Virtual sensor models for real-time applications
Authors: Hirsenkorn Nils , Hanke Timo , Rauch Andreas , Dehlink Bernhard , Rasshofer Ralph , Biebl Erwin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Increased complexity and severity of future driver assistance systems demand extensive testing and validation. As supplement to road tests, driving simulations offer various benefits. For driver assistance functions the perception of the sensors is crucial. Therefore, sensors also have to be modeled. In this contribution, a statistical data-driven sensor-model, is described. The state-space based method is capable of modeling various types behavior. In this contribution, the modeling of the position estimation of an automotive radar system, including autocorrelations, is presented. For rendering real-time capability, an efficient implementation is presented.
Implementation of a digital evaluation platform to analyze bifurcation based nonlinear amplifiers
Authors: Feldkord Sven , Reit Marco , Mathis Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Recently, nonlinear amplifiers based on the supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcation have become a focus of attention, especially in the modeling of the mammalian hearing organ. In general, to gain deeper insights in the input-output behavior, the analysis of bifurcation based amplifiers requires a flexible framework to exchange equations and adjust certain parameters. A DSP implementation is presented which is capable to analyze various amplifier systems. Amplifiers based on the Andronov–Hopf and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations are implemented and compared exemplarily. It is shown that the Neimark–Sacker system remarkably outperforms the Andronov–Hopf amplifier regarding the CPU usage. Nevertheless, both show a similar input-output behavior over a wide parameter range. Combined with an USB-based control interface connected to a PC, the digital framework provides a powerful instrument to analyze bifurcation based amplifiers.
Challenges and implementation aspects of switched-mode power supplies
with digital control for automotive applications
Authors: Quenzer-Hohmuth Samuel , Rosahl Thoralf , Ritzmann Steffen , Wicht Bernhard
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) convert an input DC-voltage into a higher or lower output voltage. In automotive, analog control is mostly used in order to keep the required output voltages constant and resistant to disturbances. The design of robust analog control for SMPS faces parameter variations of integrated and external passive components. Using digital control, parameter variations can be eliminated and the required area for the integrated circuit can be reduced at the same time. Digital control design bears challenges like the prevention of limit cycle oscillations and controller-wind-up. This paper reviews how to prevent these effects. Digital control loops introduce new sources for dead times in the control loop, for example the latency of the analog-to-digital-converter (ADC). Dead times have negative influence on the stability of the control loop, because they lead to phase delays. Consequently, low latency is one of the key requirements for analog-to-digital-converters in digitally controlled SMPS. Exploiting the example of a 500 kHz-buck converter with a crossover frequency of 70 kHz, this paper shows that the 5 µs-latency of a ΔΣ-analog-to-digital-converter leads to a reduction in phase margin of 126°. The latency is less critical for boost converters because of their inherent lower crossover frequencies. Finally, the paper shows a comparison between analog and digital control of SMPS with regard to chip area and test costs.
Examining the relationship between intermediate-scale soil moisture and
terrestrial evaporation within a semi-arid grassland
Authors: Jana Raghavendra B. , Ershadi Ali , McCabe Matthew F.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Interactions between soil moisture and terrestrial evaporation affect water cycle behaviour and responses between the land surface and the atmosphere across scales. With strong heterogeneities at the land surface, the inherent spatial variability in soil moisture makes its representation via point-scale measurements challenging, resulting in scale mismatch when compared to coarser-resolution satellite-based soil moisture or evaporation estimates. The Cosmic Ray Neutron Probe (CRNP) was developed to address such issues in the measurement and representation of soil moisture at intermediate scales. Here, we present a study to assess the utility of CRNP soil moisture observations in validating model evaporation estimates. The CRNP soil moisture product from a pasture in the semi-arid central west region of New South Wales, Australia, was compared to evaporation derived from three distinct approaches, including the Priestley–Taylor (PT-JPL), Penman–Monteith (PM-Mu), and Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) models, driven by forcing data from local meteorological station data and remote sensing retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Pearson's correlations, quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the temporal distributions of soil moisture and evaporation over the study site. The relationships were examined against nearly 2 years of observation data, as well as for different seasons and for defined periods of analysis. Results highlight that while direct correlations of raw data were not particularly instructive, the Q–Q plots and ANOVA illustrate that the root-zone soil moisture represented by the CRNP measurements and the modelled evaporation estimates reflect similar distributions under most meteorological conditions. The PT-JPL and PM-Mu model estimates performed contrary to expectation when high soil moisture and cold temperatures were present, while SEBS model estimates displayed a disconnect from the soil moisture distribution in summers with long dry spells. Importantly, no single evaporation model matched the statistical distribution of the measured soil moisture for the entire period, highlighting the challenges in effectively capturing evaporative flux response within changing landscapes. One of the outcomes of this work is that the analysis points to the feasibility of using intermediate-scale soil moisture measurements to evaluate gridded estimates of evaporation, exploiting the independent, yet physically linked nature of these hydrological variables.
Spatial organisation of catchments – assessment and usage for
impartial sub-basin ascertainment and classification
Authors: Oppel Henning , Schumann Andreas
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A hydrological model should represent the hydrological most relevant catchment characteristics. These are heterogeneously distributed within a watershed but often interrelated and subject of a certain spatial organisation. In order to reproduce the natural rainfall-runoff response the reduction of variance of catchment properties as well as the incorporation of the spatial organisation of the catchment is desirable. In this study the method of the characteristic structure is introduced to detect and visualize the spatial organisation of catchments, based on stream flow length rearrangement of any catchment feature of interest. Moreover, the method is implemented in an algorithm for automated sub-basin ascertainment, which includes the definition of zones within the newly defined sub-basins. The algorithm is applied on two parameters characterising topography and soil of four mid-European watersheds. Results indicate a wide range of applicability for the method and the algorithm. As a limitation of the application for the algorithm the presence of small scale soil enclosures that do not follow the geomorphologic structure of the catchment could be identified. Finally, results of subdivisions based on soil and topography were intersected to gain insight into catchment organisation. Based on this analysis four types of physiographical types could be established.
MARINE GEOID UNDULATION ASSESSMENT OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA USING GLOBAL GEOPOTENTIAL MODELS AND AIRBORNE GRAVITY DATA
Authors: Yazid N. M. , Din A. H. M. , Omar K. M. , Som Z. A. M. , Omar A. H. , Yahaya N. A. Z. , Tugi A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Global geopotential models (GGMs) are vital in computing global geoid undulations heights. Based on the ellipsoidal height by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, the accurate orthometric height can be calculated by adding precise and accurate geoid undulations model information. However, GGMs also provide data from the satellite gravity missions such as GRACE, GOCE and CHAMP. Thus, this will assist to enhance the global geoid undulations data. A statistical assessment has been made between geoid undulations derived from 4 GGMs and the airborne gravity data provided by Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM). The goal of this study is the selection of the best possible GGM that best matches statistically with the geoid undulations of airborne gravity data under the Marine Geodetic Infrastructures in Malaysian Waters (MAGIC) Project over marine areas in Sabah. The correlation coefficients and the RMS value for the geoid undulations of GGM and airborne gravity data were computed. The correlation coefficients between EGM 2008 and airborne gravity data is 1 while RMS value is 0.1499.In this study, the RMS value of EGM 2008 is the lowest among the others. Regarding to the statistical analysis, it clearly represents that EGM 2008 is the best fit for marine geoid undulations throughout South China Sea.
OPEN-SOURCE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEMs) EVALUATION WITH GPS AND LiDAR DATA
Authors: Khalid N. F. , Din A. H. M. , Omar K. M. , Khanan M. F. A. , Omar A. H. , Hamid A. I. A. , Pa’suya M. F.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) are freely available Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets for environmental modeling and studies. The quality of spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of the DEM data source has a great influence particularly on the accuracy specifically for inundation mapping. Most of the coastal inundation risk studies used the publicly available DEM to estimated the coastal inundation and associated damaged especially to human population based on the increment of sea level. In this study, the comparison between ground truth data from Global Positioning System (GPS) observation and DEM is done to evaluate the accuracy of each DEM. The vertical accuracy of SRTM shows better result against ASTER and GMTED10 with an RMSE of 6.054 m. On top of the accuracy, the correlation of DEM is identified with the high determination of coefficient of 0.912 for SRTM. For coastal zone area, DEMs based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset was used as ground truth data relating to terrain height. In this case, the LiDAR DEM is compared against the new SRTM DEM after applying the scale factor. From the findings, the accuracy of the new DEM model from SRTM can be improved by applying scale factor. The result clearly shows that the value of RMSE exhibit slightly different when it reached 0.503 m. Hence, this new model is the most suitable and meets the accuracy requirement for coastal inundation risk assessment using open source data. The suitability of these datasets for further analysis on coastal management studies is vital to assess the potentially vulnerable areas caused by coastal inundation.
APPLICATION OF MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE DATA FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Pour A. B. , Hashim M. , Hong J. K.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Remote sensing imagery is capable to provide a solution to overcome the difficulties associated with geological field mapping in the Antarctic. Advanced optical and radar satellite imagery is the most applicable tool for mapping and identification of inaccessible regions in Antarctic. Consequently, an improved scientific research using remote sensing technology would be essential to provide new and more complete lithological and structural data to fill the numerous knowledge gaps on Antarctica’s geology. In this investigation, Oscar coast area in Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula (AP) was selected to conduct a remote sensing study using Landsat-7 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat-8 and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. Contrast-enhanced Red-Green-Blue (RGB) composites, band ratios and Relative Band Depth (RBD) image processing techniques were applied to Landsat-8 and ASTER dataset for establishing the spectral separation of the main lithologic groups exposed in the study area. The outcomes of this investigation demonstrated the applications of SWIR and TIR bands of the multispectral remote sensing datasets to identify lithological units and producing geological maps with suitable accuracy of ice-free rock regions in the Antarctic Peninsula. The results could be extended to map coverage of non-investigated regions further east and validated previously inferred geological observations concerning other rocks and mineral deposits throughout the Antarctica.
IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH POTENTIAL BAYS FOR HABs OCCURRENCE IN PENINSULAR MALYSIA USING PALSAR REMOTE SENSING DATA
Authors: Pour A. B. , Hashim M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Increasing frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of Harmful algal blooms (HABs) poses a serious threat to the coastal fish/shellfish aquaculture and fisheries in Malaysian bays. Rising in sea level, shoreline erosion, stresses on fisheries, population pressure, interference of land-use and lack of institutional capabilities for integrated management make major challenges. Recent investigations and satellite observations indicate HABs originated from specific coast that have favourable geographic, geomorphic and coastal geology conditions to bring the green macro algae from the coast offshore. Therefore, the identification of high HABs frequented bays using remote sensing and geology investigations in Malaysian waters is required to reduce future challenges in this unique case. This research implemented comprehensive geomorphic and coastal geology investigations combined with remote sensing digital image processing approach to identify Malaysian bays frequented with HABs occurrence in Malaysian waters territory. The landscape and geomorphological features of the Malaysian bays were constructed from the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) remote sensing satellite data combined with field observations and surveying. The samples for laboratory analysis were collected from the sediment stations with different distance across shorelines features and watersheds of the Johor Bahru estuary. This research identified that semi-enclosed bays such as Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru bays with connection to estuaries have high potential to be frequented with HABs occurrence.
Effects of Spent Mushroom Compost on Physicochemical Properties of Degraded Soil
Authors: Gümüş İlknur , Şeker Cevdet
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Land and laboratory studies show that the application of organic amendments into the soil improves the physicochemical properties of it. The study aims to study explore spent mushroom compost (SMC) application on the physicochemical properties in weak-structured degraded soil. The approach involved establishing a plot experiment under laboratory conditions with spent mushroom compost applications (control, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, 4 % and 8 %), soil samples were incubated at field capacity for 21, 42, and 62 days. Spent mushroom compost applications into the soil significantly increased the aggregate stability (AS) and decreased the modulus of rupture. Application of SMC at the rate of 1 %, 2 %, 4 %, and 8 % were significantly increased the total nitrogen (N) and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents of the degraded soil at all incubation periods (p
Do Super PACs Forfeit First Amendment Rights When They Restructure as Hybrid PACs?: The Implications of Vermont Right to Life v. Sorrell
Authors: Wozniak Brittney
Published: September 2016

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Vol. 7 Issue 2
Authors: Editors PJEPHL
Published: September 2016

Front Matter
Entre a realidade e o engano: as anamorfoses na comunicação visual
Authors: Ferreira Helena
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo visa refletir sobre a utilização das anamorfoses no contexto da comunicação gráfica e visual começando por apresentar uma breve evolução da anamorfose na comunicação visual, desde a sua origem até à atualidade, através da análise de alguns exemplos históricos e contemporâneos de representações anamórficas utilizadas na arte e no design. Trata-se de uma reflexão sobre as potencialidades do mecanismo da anamorfose enquanto veículo de comunicação visual baseada no jogo perceptivo entre a realidade e o engano. Desta forma, propõem-se a possibilidade deste mecanismo perceptivo se enquadrar numa história mais abrangente, a história da visualidade.Palavras-chave: Anamorfose, design, comunicação visual