bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upregulation of PNCK Promotes Metastasis and Angiogenesis via Activating NF-κB/VEGF Pathway in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Xiaochuan , Weng Youliang , Li Ying , Fu Wankai , Huang Zongwei , Pan Yuhui , Hong Wenquan , Lin Wanzun , Lin Xiandong , Qiu Sufang
Published: April 2022

Background. Distant metastasis is the major cause of treatment failure in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Thus, the identification of the molecular mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic strategies are important. Previous studies suggest that PNCK promotes tumor growth by suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in NPC. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of PNCK for NPC invasion and metastasis remains unclear. Methods. The PNCK expression level was evaluated in nonmetastatic and metastatic NPC specimens by mRNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. In vitro migration and invasion and in vivo nude mouse metastasis model and zebrafish model were used to evaluate the effects of PNCK ectopic expression on the metastatic ability of NPC cells. Gene set enrichment and western blot analyses were used to investigate the PNCK downstream signaling pathway. Results. Human metastatic NPC samples showed elevated PNCK expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Upregulated PNCK promoted in vitro NPC cell migration, invasion, and the formation of lung metastases; the vascular-labeled fluorescence signal increased in the in vivo zebrafish model. Mechanistically, pathway analysis showed that the upregulation of PNCK may promote cell metastasis by activating the NF-κB/VEGF signaling pathway. Conclusions. These findings revealed the specific critical role of PNCK in promoting NPC metastasis and angiogenesis, which suggested that PNCK may have implications as a potential therapeutic target for individualized NPC treatment.
Online Anomaly Detection of Industrial IoT Based on Hybrid Machine Learning Architecture
Authors: Guo Jia , Shen Yue
Published: April 2022

Industrial IoT (IIoT) in Industry 4.0 integrates everything at the level of information technology with the level of technology of operation and aims to improve Business to Business (B2B) services (from production to public services). It includes Machine to Machine (M2M) interaction either for process control (e.g., factory processes, fleet tracking) or as part of self-organizing cyber-physical distributed control systems without human intervention. A critical factor in completing the abovementioned actions is the development of intelligent software systems in the context of automatic control of the business environment, with the ability to analyze in real-time the existing equipment through the available interfaces (hardware-in-the-loop). In this spirit, this paper presents an advanced intelligent approach to real-time monitoring of the operation of industrial equipment. A hybrid novel methodology that combines memory neural networks is used, and Bayesian methods that examine a variety of characteristic quantities of vibration signals that are exported in the field of time, with the aim of real-time detection of abnormalities in active IIoT equipment are also used.
[Retracted] Study on Factors Associated with High Myopia CNV in Aqueous Humor and Serum
Authors: Xia Yi Fan , Wei Jing
Published: April 2022

Objective. The objective is to investigate the relationship and correlation between PEDF and TGF‐β in aqueous humor and serum and high myopia CNV lesions. Methods. For each group of patients (namely, group A: patients with high myopia CNV (mCNV); group B: patients with high myopia without CNV; group C: patients with CNV caused by other eye diseases; and group D (control group): patients with simple cataract (without CNV and high myopia)), 20 patients were collected. A total of 40 patients have been collected since the beginning of the study in December 2020, including 7 patients in group A, 13 patients in group B, 10 patients in group C, and 10 patients in group D. Serum and aqueous humor samples were collected, and PEDF and TGF‐β levels in serum and aqueous humor were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to process the data. Independent sample t‐test was used to compare the data of the same factor in the same group between serum and aqueous humor. Comparisons of the same factors between different groups were performed using a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlation analysis was conducted by the Pearson correlation coefficient test. P < 0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant. Results. There were no significant differences in age, gender, and course of disease among all groups (P > 0.05). The concentration of PEDF in aqueous humor in group A and group C was higher than that in group B and group D. There was no significant correlation between serum PEDF content and the above‐mentioned diseases. The concentration of TGF‐β in aqueous humor in groups A, B, and C was significantly higher than that in group D. However, there was no significant correlation between TGF‐β content in serum and the above‐mentioned diseases. There was no significant correlation between aqueous humor and serum PEDF. There was no significant correlation between the content of TGF‐β in aqueous humor and serum. Conclusion. TGF‐β in aqueous humor may be involved in the development of high myopia and intraocular CNV disease. However, PEDF in aqueous humor may be involved in the development of intraocular CNV disease and has no significant correlation with high myopia. At the same time, TGF‐β and PEDF in serum had no significant correlation with high myopia and intraocular CNV disease. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of TGF‐β and PEDF in aqueous humor and serum.
Design and Research of Computer-Aided Translation Teaching Course under the Background of Embedded Microprocessor Wireless Communication
Authors: Yuan Xiujuan , Zhu Ruike
Published: April 2022

The background of wireless communication is the background of the current society. On this basis, the use of embedded microprocessors for computer-assisted translation teaching courses can well cultivate the practical abilities of college students and enable them to quickly integrate into the society. In the context of wireless communication, this article conducts the design and research of computer-assisted translation teaching courses based on embedded microprocessors, explores the use of high-tech system to train students in colleges and universities, and promotes the reform of college classrooms. This research is to use computers for assisted translation and embedded microprocessors for related calculations in translation teaching courses in colleges and universities, which can improve students’ learning efficiency to a certain extent. The experimental results show that the concentration of students in computer-assisted teaching is 20% higher than that of students in traditional teaching, and other related data are more than 8% higher. The teaching of computer-assisted translation courses benefits students greatly.
Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Regimes on Growth Patterns and Antioxidants Capacity of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler
Authors: Zahid Noosheen , Maqbool Mehdi , Tahir Majid Mahmood , Horvitz Sandra , Hamid Abdul , Khalid Muhammad Shafique , Ejaz Shaghef , Jawad Rashid , Awan Shahid Iqbal , Rehman Abdur , Ali Asgar
Published: April 2022

Fertilization, either in the form of organic or inorganic, always affects plant growth, yield, and nutritional quality of fruit crops. Further, the efficacy of fertilizers depends on various factors, including the area, climatic conditions, and cultivars. Rawalakot has ideal climatic conditions for growing strawberries. However, no studies related to the impact of different soil amendments on the growth habit and fruit quality of strawberries have been conducted so far. Therefore, in this study, different combinations of organic (farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM)) and inorganic (urea) (N 150 kg/ha) fertilizers were used for comparison of growth pattern and postharvest quality of strawberry cv. Chandler. The organic and inorganic fertilizer regimes showed comparatively better results in terms of all the parameters studied. However, plants grown on soils amended with FYM equivalent to 75 kg N per ha + PM equivalent to 75 kg N per ha and FYM equivalent to 50 kg N per ha + PM equivalent to 50 kg N per ha + urea 50 kg N per ha showed 41% and 28% more survival percentage compared to control. Furthermore, the number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruits, and yield were significantly high in plants grown on amended soil. Moreover, a significantly high amount of total soluble solids (10.0°Brix), titratable acidity (1.18%), ash (0.84%), fiber (3.03%), total phenols (7.61 μg gallic acid/g fresh weight), total flavonoids (7.93 mmol quercetin/100 g fresh weight), and total antioxidants (0.60 activity of FeSO4 mg/g fresh weight) was noted in comparison with control. Similarly, a combined treatment of FYM, PM, and urea also showed good results in terms of all the growth and fruit quality parameters as compared with other fertilizer regimes as well as control. However, the overall results of this study revealed that strawberries grown on soil amended with a combined dose of FYM equivalent to 75 kg N per ha + PM equivalent to 75 kg N per ha could be a potential dose for maximum yield and better quality fruits of strawberry.
Computational Intelligence for Observation and Monitoring: A Case Study of Imbalanced Hyperspectral Image Data Classification
Authors: Datta Debaleena , Mallick Pradeep Kumar , Shafi Jana , Choi Jaeyoung , Ijaz Muhammad Fazal
Published: April 2022

Imbalance in hyperspectral images creates a crisis in its analysis and classification operation. Resampling techniques are utilized to minimize the data imbalance. Although only a limited number of resampling methods were explored in the previous research, a small quantity of work has been done. In this study, we propose a novel illustrative study of the performance of the existing resampling techniques, viz. oversampling, undersampling, and hybrid sampling, for removing the imbalance from the minor samples of the hyperspectral dataset. The balanced dataset is classified in the next step, using the tree-based ensemble classifiers by including the spectral and spatial features. Finally, the comparative study is performed based on the statistical analysis of the outcome obtained from those classifiers that are discussed in the results section. In addition, we applied a new ensemble hybrid classifier named random rotation forest to our dataset. Three benchmark hyperspectral datasets: Indian Pines, Salinas Valley, and Pavia University, are applied for performing the experiments. We have taken precision, recall, F score, Cohen kappa, and overall accuracy as assessment metrics to evaluate our model. The obtained result shows that SMOTE, Tomek Links, and their combinations stand out to be the more optimized resampling strategies. Moreover, the ensemble classifiers such as rotation forest and random rotation ensemble provide more accuracy than others of their kind.
Surgical Repair of Skull Base CSF Leaks after Cisternography Diagnosis: Analysis of Validity and Surgical Outcome and Impact on Future Treatment Strategies
Authors: Steiert Christine , Kraus Luisa M. , Roelz Roland , Urbach Horst , Beck Juergen , Meckel Stephan , Grauvogel Juergen
Published: April 2022

Skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can lead to severe complications and require appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Cisternography is applied when exact localization via conventional imaging is not successful. The present study is aimed at identifying factors with potential impact on radiological results and surgical success. Cisternography followed by surgical repair due to skull base CSF leaks was performed in 63 cases between 2002 and 2020. The clinical and radiological findings were analyzed retrospectively. The etiology of CSF leaks was traumatic in 30.2%, spontaneous in 36.5%, and iatrogenic in 33.3%. The sensitivity of cisternography was 87.9%. Spontaneous CSF leaks tended to be diagnosed less frequently via cisternography and were significantly less frequently localized intraoperatively. The median postoperative follow‐up period was 34 months. The primary surgical success rate was 79.4%, with a significantly higher success rate for lateral than for anterior skull base defects. Surgical failure tended to be lower in iatrogenic and higher in traumatic defects. Cisternography proved to be a highly sensitive method to localize skull base CSF leaks and can be recommended for advanced diagnostics. Iatrogenic leaks seemed to be more likely to have a favorable surgical outcome, whereas traumatic leaks tended to have a lower surgical success rate.
Research on the Influence of Economic Globalization on International Relations in the Background of Big Data and Internet of Things
Authors: Li Fang , Li Tao , Liu Lijia
Published: April 2022

Under the current background of the continuous development of big data and Internet of Things technology, the ability to collect and process data has become one of the core competitiveness of the country. A good information management model can help the country obtain more information resources and take the lead in the competition of national power. More opportunities to get more benefits. At the same time, economic globalization is no longer just a concept. Countries have become global economic villages, and the relations between countries have undergone tremendous changes in the context of technological and economic globalization. Research on the impact of changes in relations between countries can enable us to formulate effective diplomatic strategies to defend territory and sovereignty. At the same time, it can also allow us to recognize the current international situation and understand the laws of social development as a whole. Economic globalization has become more realistic in the current era of the Internet of Everything, and it has become an unchangeable form of development. Big data has changed the development model of the economy and various industries and has also added new forecasting tools to the development of international relations. International relations have also become closer in this context, and international culture, politics, and economy are almost integrated into a whole. This paper first analyzes the basic concepts of big data, the Internet of Things, economic globalization, and international relations and then describes the profound impact of economic globalization on international relations under the background of big data and the Internet of Things from the perspectives of culture, politics, and economy, using the method of online questionnaire survey to interview the diplomatic staff of different countries and using the statistical analysis method to analyze the obtained questionnaire data, and finally obtain the background of big data and the Internet of Things and the different effects of economic globalization on international relations effect of direction. The contribution of this paper is to provide innovative solutions to promote the development of relations between countries in the context of big data and the Internet of Things.
Complexity Analysis of a 2D‐Piecewise Smooth Duopoly Model: New Products versus Remanufactured Products
Authors: Askar S. S. , Al-khedhairi A.
Published: April 2022

Recent studies on remanufacturing duopoly games have handled them as smooth maps and have observed that the bifurcation types that occurred in such maps belong to generic classes like period‐doubling or Neimark‐Sacker bifurcations. Since those games yield piecewise smooth maps, their bifurcations belong to the so‐called border‐collision bifurcations, which occur when the map’s fixed points cross the borderline between the smooth regions in the phase space. In the current paper, we present a proper systematic analysis of the local stability of the map’s fixed points both analytically and numerically. This includes studying the border‐collision bifurcation depending on the map’s parameters. We present different multistability scenarios of the dynamics of the game’s map and show different types of periodic cycles and chaotic attractors that jump from one region to another or just cross the borderline in the phase space.
Identification of the Pyroptosis-Related Prognosis Gene Signature and Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yu Heng , Bai Xue , Zheng Wangyang
Published: April 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most heterogeneous malignancies worldwide with a dismal prognosis. Lack of efficient biomarkers, early detection, and prognosis is still a challenge for HCC. Pyroptosis is a new discovery inflammatory form of programmed cell death. There is growing evidence revealed that pyroptosis plays a role in physiological and pathological conditions of human cancers. However, the prognostic evaluation of these pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in HCC remains blank. Consensus clustering of PRGs was used to classify 374 patients with HCC from the TCGA-LIHC cohort. By applying the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression method, a 2-gene prognostic gene model (PLCG1 and GSDMC) was built and indicated the survival rate in HCC with medium-to-high accuracy. Then, the median risk score from the TCGA cohort was utilized; the prognostic gene model was also accurate in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that the oncogenic properties are associated with prominent hallmarks of cancer. The ssGSEA analyses and TIMER database indicated that immune infiltration tumor microenvironment in the HCC. In conclusion, our findings provide a foundation for further research targeting PRGs and their immune microenvironment.
Loureirin B Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting PAI-1/TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway
Authors: Kong Fei , Zhao Meng
Published: April 2022

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a common clinical problem after myocardial infarction without effective therapy. Loureirin B (LrB) is a kind of flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities. However, the effect of LrB on MI/R and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, a mouse model of MI/R was established by coronary artery occlusion. Administration of LrB (0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) for 4 weeks effectively improved left ventricular (LV) function and reduced myocardial infarction in MI/R mice. MI/R-induced expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the hearts was reduced by LrB treatment. Histological analysis showed that LrB attenuated myocardial collagen deposition. LrB downregulated fibronectin, collagen I, collagen III, and α-SMA expression. Notably, LrB inhibited the expression of profibrotic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β1R, and p-Smad2/3. Consistently, LrB inhibited the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in angiotensin (Ang) II-treated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Overexpression of PAI-1 abolished the effects of LrB on Ang II-treated CFs, suggesting that LrB may function through regulating PAI-1. These results indicated that LrB may alleviate MI/R-induced myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting PAI-1/TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Thus, LrB may be a potential drug in the treatment of MI/R injury.
Analysis of the Internal Force and Deformation Characteristics of Double-Layer Lining Structure of Water Conveyance Tunnel
Authors: Yueyue Zhu  , Cheng Liu  , Xiaotian Yin  , Jingyu Zhang
Published: April 2022

Shield double-layer lining structure is used to bear large internal water pressure in water conveyance tunnel engineering, but the mechanism of joint stress of structure and force transmission between linings is still unclear. In this paper, a stress calculation model of the double-layer lining structure of shield water conveyance tunnel considering the influence of transition layer between the inner lining and the outer lining is presented. By analyzing the inner lining and outer lining separately, the calculation formulas of radial displacement and circumferential stress are obtained. Then, according to the deformation coordination condition, the relationship between the inner and outer lining radial displacements is established. Thus, the magnitude of the unknown interaction force among the structures is calculated. Finally, through the stress analysis of the lining structure, the axial force, shear force, and bending moment acted on the structure are obtained. By comparing finite element calculation results with analytical calculation results, the rationality of analytical solutions is verified. Based on the proposed analytical method, the influence of inner lining thickness and material parameters of transition layer on the internal force and deformation of lining structure is analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the thickness of the inner lining, the axial force and bending moment increase, while the internal pressure shared by the outer lining decreases. The larger the elastic modulus of the transition material, the smaller the difference between the internal force and deformation of the inner and outer linings.
The Effect of Organic and Inorganic Modifiers on the Physical Properties of Granite Residual Soil
Authors: Yuan Bingxiang , Chen Weijie , Zhao Jin , Yang Fei , Luo Qingzi , Chen Tianying
Published: April 2022

As a kind of highly weathered special soil in South China, granite residual soils (GRS) feature high strength and high void ratio in a dry environment, so they tend to disintegrate in water and cause geological disasters including collapse. Therefore, modifying GRS for higher strength has become a hot spot. Glass fiber reinforced soils boast fewer cracks, higher energy absorption, and residual strength. This study aims to analyze the reinforcement effect of glass fibers on GRS with inorganic and organic solutions and its environmental feasibility. The inorganic solution contains silicon ion and sodium ion at the ratio of 1 : 4 (hereinafter referred to as Si : Na = 1 : 4 solutions), and the organic one is a modified polyvinyl alcohol solution (hereinafter referred to as SH solution). The reinforced samples were subjected to plate and impact load tests, SEM, and XRD analysis to investigate their mechanical properties, microcharacteristics, and the components produced. Results indicate that the reinforcement effect of glass fibers on GRS under Si : Na = 1 : 4 solutions was better than that of SH solutions. After being reinforced by Si : Na = 1 : 4 solutions, the samples reached maximum impact resistance. SEM results show that glass fibers bond more soil and form an integral structure; thereby the strength was improved as glass fibers share external impact load. XRD results show that geopolymer and alkali-activated materials and potassium feldspar were formed. Geopolymer and alkali-activated materials are pollution-free, inorganic polymers featuring viscosity and high compressive strength. Potassium feldspar is an aluminosilicate mineral with high strength and stable chemical properties, which can adhere to more granules and form a stronger whole structure with geopolymers playing a role. Therefore, it is feasible to reuse these soils sustainably by reinforcing them with glass fibers and the best Si : Na = 1 : 4 solutions. This study finds a new direction for recycling and reusing construction waste, GRS.
Nanomaterials Based Monitoring of Food‐ and Water‐Borne Pathogens
Authors: Reddy Bandi Lokesh , Jatav Hanuman Singh , Rajput Vishnu D. , Minkina Tatiana , Ranjan Anuj , Harikrishnan A. , Veena Vijay Kumar , Chauhan Abhishek , Kumar Shailendra , Prakash Anand , Prasad Ram
Published: April 2022

Pathogenic illnesses that are transmitted through food and water sources are admitted as a global problem with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, the monitoring of food‐ and water‐borne pathogens is a critical aspect of control. The large number of investigations has recently been emphasized analytical techniques to build a strategy for fast, sensitive, and accurate monitoring of food‐ and water‐borne pathogens employing nanomaterials. Irrespective of several efforts in ensuring the food‐ and water safety, food‐ and water‐borne outbreaks are evident around the world. In pathogen detection and monitoring, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials have gotten a lot of interest. Various types of nanomaterials and electrochemical technological solutions have improved the innovative diagnostics tools to detect the food‐ and water‐borne pathogens. Nanomaterial that includes quantum dots, gold, silver, magnetic, metal oxides, and carbon‐based nanomaterials that can be functionalized with biomarkers are commonly used for pathogen detections. Recently, the nanocomposites combined with these functionalized nanomaterials have enhanced the more sensitive, rapid, accurate, and cost‐effective biosensors. The proper assessments of pathogens on food and water, along with their quality monitoring, are critical variables in making policy decisions about the infrastructure of food and water distribution networks, the efficient water treatment, and the prevention of food‐ and water‐borne epidemics.
Utilizing Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Integrated Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology to Investigate the Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii against Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Authors: Wang Shifa , Liu Yunjing , Wang Qingguo , Xu Xiufeng , Huang Tao , Dong Peikang , Wang Lide , Cao Bufan , Jiao Qiuhong , Sun Xiaodong , Li Jingtian , Wang Tao
Published: April 2022

Background. Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a rare, life-limiting cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by the progressive and remodeling of pulmonary vasculature. Although the development of the technology brings us many approaches for the treatment of PAH, the effect of treatment is unsatisfactory. Tripterygium wilfordii (TW), as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in anti-inflammation, anticancer, and other fields. However, the potential of TW in treating PAH is currently unclear. Methods. Active ingredients and their corresponding genes were harvested from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), CTD, and STITCH. Meanwhile, genes associated with PAH were adopted from OMIM and GeneCards databases. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, potential targeting KEGG pathways and functions were further collected. Then, STRING was used to generate the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The “ingredients-targets-pathway” network was built by Cystoscope. Finally, the binding between active ingredients of TW and corresponding targets of PAH was identified via molecular docking technology and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Results. The network pharmacology analysis revealed 36 active ingredients in TW and 150 potential targets related to the treatment of PAH with TW. Moreover, GO enrichment analysis showed that the key function in molecular function (MF) was related to enzyme binding, the key function in biological process (BP) was related to cellular response to organic substance, and the key function in cellular component (CC) was related to KEGG enrichment analysis and found that it was closely related to the IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and apoptosis. At last, molecular docking results revealed that the main active ingredients of TW had a strong binding ability with the PAH target protein. In addition, the SPR experiment revealed that kaempferol was combined with the CASP3 protein rather than PARP1, while triptolide was combined with PARP1 rather than the CASP3 protein. Conclusion. TW may have therapeutic effects on PAH through multitargets and multimethods, which provide a scientific basis for further elaborating the mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii in the treatment of PAH.
Perfil e migração de membros dos Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade
Authors: Leite Ana Paula Tussi , Mai Scheila , Waquil Alice Paul , Cordero Elvira Alicia Aparicio , Rosa Vitória Silva da , Daudt Carmen Vera Giacobbo , Wander Brenda , Pinto Maria Eugênia Bresolin , Correia Isabel Brandão , Sarti Thiago Dias
Published: April 2022

OBJETIVO Caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico e analisar as características migratórias dos integrantes dos Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade em 2020 no Brasil. MÉTODOS O estudo segue um delineamento observacional transversal de natureza quantitativa a partir da perspectiva dos integrantes dos Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade. Foram desenvolvidos questionários adaptados para cada grupo participante, aplicados por meio de plataforma on-line. RESULTADOS A maioria dos participantes é do sexo feminino e de cor branca. A maioria dos supervisores e preceptores foi residente de Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade, contudo, há alguns que não são especialistas na área. A maior parte dos participantes está vinculada às capitais ou regiões metropolitanas. Em relação à fixação, 41,1% dos supervisores e 73,1% dos preceptores estão vinculados a um programa no mesmo município onde foram residentes. Para a maioria dos médicos residentes, o local da residência coincide com o local de nascimento e/ou graduação (57,4%), sendo que 48,5% estão no mesmo local de graduação. CONCLUSÕES A pesquisa reforça a necessidade de políticas de promoção da migração de residentes para Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade fora das capitais e regiões metropolitanas, bem como estimula a fixação dos egressos formados fora dos grandes centros urbanos para que eles possam contribuir com a distribuição e com o provimento de médicos onde ainda é necessário.
Non-Proliferation and State Succession
Authors: Budjeryn Mariana
Published: April 2022

One of the lingering legacies of the Cold War was the enormous nuclear arsenals amassed by the two superpowers. When one of them, the Soviet Union, disintegrated in 1991, its nearly 30,000 nuclear weapons were located on the territory of not one but four newly sovereign states: Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine. Although command-and-control of Soviet strategic missiles was centralized in Moscow, the specter of the single largest wave of horizontal nuclear proliferation loomed after 1991. By 1994, however, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine had decided to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapons states and to give up the missiles on their soil. Drawing on previously untapped archival records, this article reconstructs the divergent paths of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine toward relinquishing their armaments. A combination of domestic and international political factors contributed to the resolution of the problem. Among the various contributing factors, the NPT stands out as a salient force that provided normative framing and guided deliberations on post-Soviet nuclear disarmament.
Males signal their breeding burrow characteristics to females in the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa
Authors: Tina Fahmida Wazed , Muramatsu Daisuke
Published: April 2022

Females often choose mates based on their courtship signals. Males may signal their heritable genetic quality, defended resources, or parental care efforts; however, the reasons why females choose males based on their signals are often not clear. Here, we show that, in the fiddler crab Austruca perplexa, male signals (major-claw waving rates) were correlated with important characteristics of their defended resources (width and depth of breeding burrows). By using the male signals, females may be able to roughly predict the burrow quality and decide whether to enter and check the burrow characteristics. The signals are predicted to be honest because the female’s final decision is based on burrow quality. Since females can reject males if their burrow quality is insufficient for breeding, the courtship efforts of deceptive males will be dismissed. The honesty of the signals is beneficial for both sexes and thus easily evolved in their signalling system.
Spuren einer Entdeckung. (Re-)Konstruktionen der Unfruchtbarkeit im Zeitalter der Fortpflanzungsmedizin
Authors: Orland Barbara
Published: April 2022

Even though infertility seems to be an old phenomenon, it will be argued that it was discovered in a new way once it became necessary to legitimize the technological possibilities of artificial fertilization at the end of the 1970s. With the birth of the first test-tube baby in 1978 the public became excited about the new possibilities of medical procreation. Reactions were extremely divided because extracorporeal fertilization seemed to undo the difference between natural organisms and technologically created human beings.Today reproductive medicine is an accepted field of gynecology and an increasing number of couples make use of it (even in managing their fertility). This development was the result of the successful integration of reproductive techniques into the discourse of infertility which is by no means self-evident. From the perspective of how societies communicate about reproduction it becomes clear that the dividing line between fertility and infertility is disappearing.
Konstantin Sergeevič Merežkovskij (1855-1921) als Begründer der Symbiogenesetheorie der Evolution
Authors: Shumeiko Larissa
Published: April 2022

The Russian botanist, Konstantin Sergeevic Merezkovskij (1855-1921). established between 1904 and 1910 a new theory about the origin of organisms, the theory of symbiogenesis. It was based on his long-standing research of diatomeae as well as on new results in bacteriology, cytology, and physiology. Little attention was paid to this scientist and his theory which was mainly due to his unusual career, use of the Russian language, political reasons, and the bold way he propagated his theory. Only when Lynn Margulis around 1970 made new contributions to the theory of symbiogenesis was Merezkovskij remembered as the most important forerunner of this idea.
Le mélancolique et la réflexion sur l’esprit chez Huarte de San Juan. Tempérament et facultés de l’âme dans le galénisme de la Renaissance espagnole
Authors: Müllier Cristina
Published: April 2022

Huarte de San Juan’s Examen de ingenios (Examination of men’s wits') of 1575 is one of tire most significant Spanish contributions to Renaissance thought. The treatise reached an enormous popularity in Europe during the 16th and the 17th century as demonstrated by numerous translations in Italian, French, Portuguese, English, German or Dutch. However, it is barely known in modern times. Huarte’s doctrine illustrates the Renaissance attempt to restore the purity of ancient medicine, while proposing a “scientific” basis for the project of a systematic professional orientation. By means of the ancient theory of humours and that of the philosophical reflection on the genius, Huarte articulates a new pattern for the intellectual ability, seen as highly individual, but also deeply rooted in the biological nature of the human being.The intellectual fecundity is explained by recourse to humoural physiology with a special focus on the traditional image of the melancholic temperament, redefined in the spirit of the pre-modern anthropology of the variety.
Writing Stories 5–14: What must Teachers Teach?
Authors: Ellis Sue , Hughes Anne , Mackay Ronnie
Published: April 2022

Concerns have been expressed about the teaching of writing, particularly the teaching of imaginative writing, in Scottish primary schools (AAP, 1993; SOEID, 1996). ‘English Language 5–14’ (SOED, 1991) provides a framework for the teaching of writing but there has been limited debate about the models it provides, and even less analysis of the teaching content and its potential to support the teaching of story writing. This paper argues that the definition of teaching content for imaginative writing in ‘English Language 5–14’ is problematic and that the definitions of process and context are not sufficiently coherent to provide a sound basis for planning and teaching story writing. It indicates how the writing criteria applied to National Tests of writing may compound these problems. It argues the need for a framework which clearly defines the specific teaching content of story writing which can be integrated with context and process and illustrates one possible model.
Local Authority Education in a Democratic Scotland
Authors: Fairley John
Published: April 2022

The establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999 Will pose questions about its relationship to local authorities, and about the local authorities’ roles in education. The Parliament could become a force for further centralisation in Scottish education policy, or, as the Scottish Constitutional Convention proposed, it could initiate a radical programme of decentralisation. Both of these scenarios hold significant implications for education and local government.

Local government has recently been reformed in ways which make education much more central to the business of local councils. This gives the new councils an opportunity to shape the emerging debate, and establish for themselves a position as partners of the Parliament in the government of Scotland.
Border Zones and Systems Thinking: Articulation and Ambivalence in S1 and S2
Authors: Hartley David
Published: April 2022

In Scotland we are beginning to see the articulation of the various levels of education into a national framework, from pre-school to post-school. This framework, I argue, is being driven largely by efficiency criteria and by concerns about the fragmenting effects of an increasingly consumerist culture. The primary-secondary ‘divide’ represents but one contentious area in this re-structuring of education. This is not to say, however, that the government’s concerns about SI and S2 are driven by the efficiency criterion alone: there have indeed been important educational arguments put forward for reform at this stage, but I argue that these educational arguments alone do not suffice as the reason for the government’s current concerns about the primary–S1 ‘divide’. This particular divide is but one of a number which are in the process of being articulated or bridged. In considering it I shall refer to the recent document Achieving Success in S1/S2. Using this document as a reference point, I seek to prompt further debate about the re-structuring of Scottish education into an integrated framework, and about the cultural, economic and intellectual reasons which may lie behind it.
Is Indiscipline Getting Worse? Scottish Teachers’ Perceptions of Indiscipline in 1990 and 1996
Authors: Munn Pamela , Johnstone Margaret , Sharp Stephen
Published: April 2022

This paper compares secondary school teachers’ perceptions of indiscipline in 1990 and 1996. It also presents information on primary teachers’ perceptions of indiscipline. Perceptions were derived from three surveys, sample sizes being 883 secondary teachers in 1990 and 561 secondary teachers and 825 primary teachers in 1996. Misbehaviours which were most common in secondary schools in 1990 remained the most common in 1996. These were typically low level, such as talking out of turn or eating in class. Violence against teachers was rare both in 1990 and 1996. There was a statistically significant finding about verbal abuse which teachers encountered towards them around the school. If this reflects a genuine change, it represents a rather more serious trend towards challenging behaviour around the school. The findings are placed in the context of research on indiscipline and in the policy context of social exclusion and target setting.
Comparing Educational ‘Performance’
Authors: Bamford Caroline , Schuller Tom
Published: April 2022

The paper draws on a wider study which is part of the ESRC’s Learning Society research programme. The study compares performance in initial and continuing education in Scotland and England. Here we report on the part of the analysis which deals with performance in initial education. Key findings include the large numbers of unqualified adults as the legacy of a previously highly polarised system; and the fact that it was girls’ greater schooling achievements which mainly account for Scotland’s earlier lead in initial education performance. We conclude that the differences between England and Scotland are reducing; and raise some questions about the foundation laid by the Scottish initial education system for a learning society.
Behaviour Support: A Constructive Model
Authors: Gray Donald , Stark Rae
Published: April 2022

The model outlined in this article was one of the outcomes of research commissioned as a small part of a much wider review of behaviour support within a Scottish local authority. The main concern of the authority at the time was to establish an overall behaviour support strategy, and the case studies, carried out in 1997, helped by providing a snapshot of issues contributing to a much wider picture that provided the starting point from which the new policy was developed. Although findings from case studies are not generalisable, what is useful is that they provide others with the opportunity to examine practice in their own area and to consider what applicability, if any, findings may have for them. Of particular interest in this example, and the focus of this article, is the model which developed from the cases examined. It is suggested here that schools should evaluate the behaviour support system within their schools by examining the strategies employed and the feedback loops adopted in the model, as a starting point for in-school discussion and development.
B.Ed and PGCE Teachers in Primary Schools: Does the Training Route Matter to Headteachers?
Authors: Fraser Helen , Taylor Warwick
Published: April 2022

The BEd and PGCE teacher education courses constitute virtually the only current routes into primary teaching in Scotland. Little systematic study has taken place of the comparability and perceived relative quality of those routes and this paper reports evidence upon which to make such a comparison across a country-wide sample of teachers. Under scrutiny were the teachers’ background characteristics, their early experiences in post and their quality as perceived by the headteachers who employed them. It is specifically the part of the study which focused upon the data from the headteachers which forms the substance of this paper. The prevailing view of the headteachers was that the BEd and PGCE trained teachers were not distinguishable in terms of quality and this may be because other factors were as significant: some headteachers suggested that personal characteristics were more important and this was reinforced by their difficulty in generalising about training route. Alongside this majority view of having no preference there was a contradictory view held by one-third of the headteachers that BEds were better. Notable is the fact that unlike the majority, which comprised headteachers who themselves came from both routes, the minority group contained only those trained in the BEd or the earlier BEd-type courses. This paper presents evidence which may call into question the strength of the basis on which the views of this group are founded.
The Effects of School and College Cultures on Young People’s Decisions to Stay on or Move on
Authors: Finnie Colin , Finlay Ian , Ridler Catherine
Published: April 2022

The staying on rates at Scottish secondary school steadily increased between 1984 and 1997 (the latest year for which figures are currently available). At age sixteen young people, wishing to remain in full time education, have a choice of remaining in secondary school or continuing their education in a further education college. Our research examined the effects that young people’s perceptions of school and college culture had on their decisions of whether they remained in school or moved on to college. We found that some aspects of culture are important, particularly symbolic elements such as security and familiarity, and being treated as an adult. Other aspects of culture such as routines and rituals received a mixed reaction from our respondents. Our findings have implications for the way both schools and colleges should treat young people if they wish to become more culturally acceptable to them.
An Analysis of a ‘Scottish Dimension’ in the Development of School-Based Management
Authors: Campbell Carol
Published: April 2022

This article considers the introduction of ‘school-based management’ in Scotland. While there are various definitions of ‘school-based management’ (Whitty, Power and Halpin, 1998), generally it involves the devolution of selected resources and associated decision-making powers and managerial responsibilities to school level. The article begins by tracing the long-standing debate about the distinctiveness of Scottish education. However, much of this literature has focused on issues of access to education, curriculum and pedagogy, rather than on management processes and practices in particular. Therefore, in light of an international movement to school-based management, this article explores the existence and nature of a ‘Scottish’ dimension in devolving management to Scottish schools. Many of the findings drawn upon are based on research with headteachers ( 13 primary schools and 12 secondary schools) and senior education officers (located in 3 Regional authorities and 8 unitary authorities) conducted during the processes of developing and implementing school-based management.
Market Forces in Education, a Comparative Perspective in England and Scotland
Authors: Teelken Christine
Published: April 2022

This article analyses whether the concerns about increased inequality between secondary schools are justified, in the light of the numerous changes in legislation aiming at market forces and choice. From panel study interviews among respondents in England and Scotland, it becomes clear that such concerns are justified, especially in England. The main reasons for the increase in inequality between schools is the lack of educational diversity and the fact that schools are only responsive towards certain groups of students.
The Early Intervention Programme: Startrite for a New Scotland?
Authors: Pirrie Anne , Fraser Helen
Published: April 2022

This article arises from the early stages of the National Evaluation of the Early Intervention Programme (NEEIP). The aim of the Early Intervention Programme (EIP) is to raise the standards of literacy and numeracy skills in Primary 1 and 2. It is also acknowledged—tacitly at least—that standards are likely to be poorer in areas of multiple social deprivation. By its very nature, the EIP is located at the boundary between education and social policy, although it seems possible that this particular boundary may be renegotiated by the Scottish Executive. As the article progresses, we follow the trail of The Wee Kircudbright Centipede and explore some of the pitfalls and ‘terrible fankles’ that can arise at the nexus between education and social policy.

The article draws on some preliminary findings from the first round of a survey of stakeholders’ perceptions of the EIP. Stakeholders’ perceptions of the main purpose of the EIP are explored, as are Primary 1 and 2 teachers’ views of its impact upon their practice. It concludes with an exploration of how the term ‘early intervention’ is interpreted in the broad area of education and social policy.