bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐6: Reliability of Low Temperature Poly‐Si Thin Film Transistor
Authors: Guo Wein‐Yuan , Shih An , Meng Chau‐Yu , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

The novel four‐terminal device structure of low temperature polysilicon LTPS thin film transistors TFTs has been proposed in this paper and utilized to investigate the degradation mechanism of LTPS TFTs. The degradation mechanism under DC stress could be explained by the substrate current. By the inspecting of substrate current, the DC and AC degradation phenomenon were discussed and applied to lifetime prediction of n‐channel TFTs. The experimental results showed that the AC stress mode was preferred to predict the lifetime of n‐channel TFTs. Instead, the DC stress mode was more suitable for reliability testing of p‐channel TFTs because the dominant degradation mechanism was self‐heating.
P‐7: Performance Improvement of Pentacene OTFT for Display Application
Authors: Song Chung‐Kun , Kim Kang Dae , Xu Yong‐Xian , Lee Myung‐Won , Kim Kwang‐Hyun
Published: January 2005

In this paper we investigated the effects of various surface treatments such as the selective doping on the contact metals with self‐assembly and especially gate surface treatment with O2 plasma as well as organic molecules on the performance of pentacene‐based OTFTs. It has been found that the selective doping on metal contacts is a good way to improve the contact property. And the usage of OTS as the organic molecule for surface treatment of gate insulator is the most effective way to enhance the field effect mobility to 0.3cm2/V⋅sec and the on/off ratio to 106, which is good enough for display application.
P‐8: Hydrogen Plasma Treatment on the Electrical Characterization of Inverted Staggered Pentacene Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Chang Jae Won , Kim Hoon , Kim Jong Moo , Kim Jai‐Kyeong , Kim Young‐Chul , Ju Byeong Kwon , Lee Yun‐Hi , Jang Jin ‐
Published: January 2005

In order to reach the high electrical quality of organic thin film transistors OTFTs such as high mobility and on‐off current ratio, it is strongly desirable to study the enhancement of electrical properties in OTFTs. Here, we report the novel method of hydrogen plasma treatment to improve electrical properties in inverted staggered OTFTs based on pentacene as active layer. To certify the effect of this method, we compared the electrical properties of normal device as a reference with those of device using the novel method. In result, the normal device as a reference making no use of this method exhibited a field effect mobility of 0.055 2/Vs, on/off current ratio of 103, threshold voltage of −4.5 V, and subthreshold slope of 7.6 V/dec. While the device using the novel method exhibited a field effect mobility of 0.174 2/Vs, on/off current ratio of 106, threshold voltage of −0.5 V, and subthreshold slope of 1.49 V/dec. According to these results, we have found the electrical performances in inverted staggered pentacene TFT owing to this method are remarkably enhanced. So, this method plays a key role in highly improving the electric performance of OTFTs. Moreover, this method is the first time yet reported for any OTFTs.
P‐14: Characteristics of Asymmetric Dual‐gate poly‐Si TFTs for Kink Current Reduction
Authors: Lee Min‐Cheol , Park Soo‐Jeong , Shin Moon‐Young , Han Min‐Koo
Published: January 2005

Poly‐Si TFTs with asymmetric dual‐gate which reduces the kink current has been proposed and fabricated. Under the high drain‐bias, the short gate finger may operate in the saturation mode while the long gate finger may operate in the linear mode. Our experiments show that the kink current at high drain‐bias is suppressed effectively.
P‐16: Wearable, Stereo Eyewear Display
Authors: Spitzer Mark B. , Zavracky Paul M. , Hunter Greg , Rensing Noa
Published: January 2005

This paper reports the successful construction and demonstration of a lightweight wearable stereoscopic display. The imaging element is an active matrix liquid crystal display. The optics are specially designed for wearable, portable applications and comprise a color corrected refractive magnifying system. The diagonal field of view of the VGA system is 20 degrees.
P‐17: Plastic Displays ‐ New Developments in Polyester Film for Plastic Electronics
Authors: MacDonald W. A. , Rollins K. , Eveson R. , Rustin R. A. , Handa M.
Published: January 2005

Polyester films are well‐known substrates for a wide range of electronic applications. This contribution will describe new developments in polyester film substrates for OLED displays.
P‐21: Human Factors Guidelines for Binocular Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: McLaughlin Charles , Moffitt Kirk , Pfeiffer Jim
Published: January 2005

A series of experiments was conducted that addressed basic human‐factors challenges for near‐eye displays. Topics included linking the eyebox to viewing comfort, focus and line‐of‐sight preferences, eyewear compatibility, and field‐of‐view and brightness preferences. We present highlights of this research.
P‐23: Effect of Display Line Rate and Antialiasing on the Recognition of Aircraft Aspect Angle
Authors: Winterbottom Marc D. , Geri George A. , Pierce Byron J.
Published: January 2005

Increasing display line rate did not improve aspect‐angle recognition performance beyond a level predicted by measured display resolution. Image antialiasing improved performance even though it did not increase the measured spatial resolution. Finally, the threshold for aspect‐angle recognition was found to be consistent with that obtained for other visual tasks dependent on target spatial detail.
P‐24: The Analysis Method of Dynamic Characteristics in LCD
Authors: Lee Don‐Gyou , Park Seung‐Chul , Park Ki‐Bok , Kim Kyeong‐Jin , Jeong Moon Cheol , Song Ki‐ Yon , Ahn Byung Chul
Published: January 2005

In this study, we defined the dynamic characteristics of LCD Liquid Crystal Display and developed the new analysis method of dynamic delay phenomena in LCD. We could analyze the dynamic delay phenomena through some experiment and we could quantify the value of it. We used a high speed CCD for this experiment. The resolution is 480 × 420 pixel and the dynamic range is eight bit. Generally we can measure the response time by using some optic equipment. But the dynamic delay phenomena can be only detected by human. Therefore we need an objective analysis method for dynamic delay. We proposed some equation so called DDC Dynamic Delay Contrast Ratio. Especially we compared the phenomena in TN Twisted Nematic, VA Vertical Alignment and IPS In Plane Switch mode LCD.
P‐25: The Relationship between Pixel Density and Readability on Computer Displays ‐ Effectiveness of an Anti‐aliased Font on a High Density LCD ‐
Authors: Yoshitake Ryoji , Kubota Satoru
Published: January 2005

A human factors' experiment involving 67 subjects was carried out to investigate the effects of pixel density on character legibility and readability on computer displays. Five displays with different pixel densities were used, including a “204 ppi” LCD monitor. A bi‐level font and an anti‐aliased font were used in this study. We examined the effectiveness of the anti‐aliased font for the higher density LCD.
P‐29: X‐Ray Absorption of Oxide Cathode Emission Materials
Authors: Weon Byung Mook , Park Gong Seog , Je Jung Ho , Hwu Yeukuang , Tsai Wen‐Li
Published: January 2005

Soft‐X‐ray absorption spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical structure of oxide cathode emission materials. High energy resolution spectra of the Ba 3d absorption edge revealed that the free Ba content significantly increased on the surface of oxide cathodes down to several tens of nanometers in depth after activation process. This result gives clear evidence of free Ba formation on the surface of cathode spray layers.
P‐31: Effect of Metal Surface Treatments on the Characteristics of MIM Diode for the FED Application
Authors: Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Hwang Chi‐Sun , Yun Sun Jin
Published: January 2005

We investigated the effect of bottom metal surface treatments on the characteristics of metal/insulator/metal MIM cathode including ALD grown AlOx thin film as an insulating layer. The electrical conduction properties of AlOx thin film with Al bottom electrode, treated under N2/H2alloy, oxygen, air, or water atmosphere at the temperature of 400°C, and TiN/Al top electrode were characterized. The MIM cathode containing alloyed Al as bottom electrode showed high breakdown strength and high current density compared to other MIM cathodes.
P‐32: Design of an Integrated Low‐Power High‐Voltage Driver for Bistable Displays
Authors: Hendrix Wim , Doutreloigne Jan , Vermandel Miguel , Van Calster Andreé
Published: January 2005

This paper focuses on the design of an integrated high‐voltage HV driver chip for bi‐stable LCDs. First of all, the design of HV generators, based on the Dickson charge pump is discussed. A short summary of the most important simulation results is given. Subsequently, the paper describes the design of integrated HV multiplexers for switching the HV outputs of the generators to the pixel electrodes. Finally, the implementation of the design in a prototype chip, together with measurement results are mentioned and the paper is concluded with some thoughts on future improvements and possible applications.
P‐34: A Micro‐Power 100‐V Cholesteric Texture LCD Driver
Authors: Doutreloigne J. , Vermandel M. , De Smet H. , Van Calster A.
Published: January 2005

A complete micro‐power high‐voltage driver for a 80×104 passive matrix cholesteric texture LCD is monolithically integrated in a 0.7μm CMOS I2T technology. It features 100V driving capability on all row and column outputs, comprises all necessary digitally programmable high‐voltage generators, and exhibits a total internal power consumption below 10mW from a 3V battery power supply. In parallel to this dedicated cholesteric texture LCD driver, a much more universal high‐voltage driver chip was also manufactured in the same 100V I2T technology. This multifunctional driver chip is intended to be used as a laboratory tool to develop different types of high‐voltage reflective bistable display systems and to design new display addressing schemes in order to achieve maximum optical performance at minimum power consumption.
P‐41: Novel Fabricating Process for Nanocrystalline Indium Tin Oxide Thin Film for Flexible Substrate by Low‐temperature One‐time Mixing and Oxidation LOMO
Authors: Hong Sung‐Jei , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Lee Chan‐Jae , Han Jeong‐In
Published: January 2005

Nanocrystalline indium‐tin‐oxide particles were successfully synthesized with the help of newly developed low‐temperature one‐time mixing and oxidation LOMO method. The process temperature did not exceed 300°C by the exclusion of chloride ions from the synthetic materials. The synthesized nanocrystalline particles showed the ultrafine size below 3 nm and ultrahigh specific surface area above 117 m2/g. Also, using the particles and ITO sol, nanocrystalline ITO thin film could be successfully fabricated with good optical transmittance over 83%.
P‐42: Metal Patterning on Flexible Substrates Suitable for Roll‐to‐Roll Processes
Authors: Jin Dong‐Un , Chowdhuri Abhijit Roy , Takoudis Christos G. , Zhang Jie , Gamota Daniel
Published: January 2005

A simple, low‐cost patterning technique suitable for high volume manufacturing of thin film transistors is proposed. This method utilizes photolithographic templates and electroless plating to generate high‐resolution metal patterns on flexible substrates. A major advantage of the process comes from simultaneous copper deposition and template dissolution that reduces the effective number of processing steps.
P‐44: Profit Maximization of TFT‐LCD Manufacturing by Optimizing TFT‐Array Test Parameters
Authors: Chung Kyo Y.
Published: January 2005

This paper shows that the profit of TFT‐LCD manufacturing can be maximized by optimizing the parameters of TFT‐array test. The parameter optimization is achieved by tuning the test parameters to make the right balance between the improvement of cell and module yield and the cost reduction of TFT‐array repair.
P‐45: Efficient & Selective Rework of LC Alignment Layer with Photo‐Spacer, Protrusion, and Resin Black Matrix on CF & TFT
Authors: Jeong Tonky , Kim Mel , Lee Eric , Kim Paul , Yeo J. B. , Lee S. H. , Chen Liehlin , Chung Kevin , Tseng L. H. , Huang Joseph K.
Published: January 2005

We have developed the new process about PI Poly Imide: Liquid crystal alignment layer of TFT LCD rework with photo‐spacer and/or protrusion and/or resin black matrix for mass production using new chemical & EPD technology.

In case of previous PI rework using O2 / SF6, it is seldom possible to remove selectively PI layer without a little damage to photo‐spacer and/or protrusion and/or resin BM including device characteristics such as I‐V curve of TFT and CIE color coordinates.

But the present O2 / N2 chemical let the PI layer rework be embodied with a little damage to the photo‐spacer and/or protrusion and/or resin Black Matrix replaced for previous Cr metal BM. Therefore, it is possible for TFT LCD makers to cut‐down drastically the failure‐cost in case of using photo‐spacer narrow & constant cell gap and/or protrusion Vertical Alignment mode‐multi vertical alignment for wide viewing angle and/or resin BM for the 5th generation mother glass size TFT‐LCD.
P‐47: Evaluation Method of Gap and Pretilt Angle for Twisted‐Nematic Liquid‐Crystal Cells by Apparent Retardation Measurement using Two Wavelengths
Authors: Kurata Tetsuyuki , Satake Tetsuya , Nishioka Takahiro , Maehara Toshiaki
Published: January 2005

We have proposed a novel method of evaluating a gap and a pretilt angle for TN cells from apparent retardation measured with different wavelengths. This method is suitable for the LCD estimation because of no voltage application and easy retardation measurement, even if the rough value of the gap is unknown.
P‐48: Gap Distribution Measurement for Reflective Twisted‐Nematic Liquid‐Crystal Cells with Roughened Reflector
Authors: Nishioka Takahiro , Satake Tetsuya , Kurata Tetsuyuki , Maehara Toshiaki
Published: January 2005

We have proposed a novel gap measurement method for reflective cells. This method evaluates the gap from the reflected light intensities considering the effect of the undesirable signal such as the surface reflection. The gap distribution over the roughened reflector can be obtained by this method.
P‐49: A Real‐Time 2‐D to 3‐D Image Conversion Method Using Motion Parallax
Authors: Kwon Byong‐Heon , Choi Chul‐Ho , Choi Myung‐Ryul
Published: January 2005

We propose a real‐time 2D to 3D image conversion method that can generate stereoscopic image with different perspective depth using motion parallax from a 2‐D image and offer realistic 3‐D effect regardless of the direction and velocity of the moving object in the 2‐D image. The stereoscopic image is generated by computing the motion parallax between adjacent two 2‐D images using the proposed method for motion detection and region segmentation. The proposed method is suitable for real‐time 2‐D to 3‐D processing on various image formats. It has been evaluated the proposed method by seeing the stereoscopic image on monitor.
P‐52: Large Fiber‐Based Displays
Authors: Moore Chad
Published: January 2005

A novel method of creating the structure in a panel using complex‐shaped fibers and tubes with co‐drawn wire electrodes will be discussed. The fiber‐based method of manufacturing eliminates all multi‐level processing, all photolithography, and all vacuum deposition steps. In addition, it reduces the number of process steps by a factor of two, simplifies the manufacturing equipment, and removes the requirement for large area process equipment. These advantages lead to a one‐tenth reduction in upfront capital cost and over a 50% lower manufacturing cost.
LP‐3: Late‐News Poster: New Blue Emitting Phosphor for Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Ohto Akihiro , Matsuda Kouhei , Hisamune Takayuki
Published: January 2005

A new blue‐emitting phosphor, 1.29BaO•6Al2O3: Eu, for PDPs has been developed. Photoluminescence of this compound under VUV excitation shows efficient blue emission with color coordinates x=0.153, y=0.047. The deterioration caused by VUV irradiation is much less than that of BaMgAl10O17: Eu, which has conventionally been used as a blue phosphor for PDPs.
LP‐4: Late‐News Poster: The First Cathodoluminescence Spectra from Photonic Band Gap Phosphors for Low Voltage Applications
Authors: Silver J. , Withnall R. , Martinez‐Rubio M. I. , Ireland T. G. , Fern G. R.
Published: January 2005

It is demonstrated under e‐beam excitation at low voltages that, using cubic Y2O3: Eu as an example, photonic phosphor crystals offer the opportunity of altering the emission band signature of the phosphor. The conclusion is that nano‐structured phosphor lattices can now be designed and tailored for low voltage applications.
P‐54: Characteristics of High Efficient In‐bus Structure with High Xe Mixture Gases
Authors: Min W. K. , Kang J. , Choi S. C. , Song J. W. , Park J. B. , Lim J. R.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we proposed the in‐bus structure and modified in‐bus structures in order to use the higher Xe mixture gases. The potential drops between bus and ITO were minimized in the proposed structures and the intensive electric field could be formed at the center of the cell. 7.5″ test panel in 0.68 mm × 0.72 mm pixel pitch was fabricated. 2.5 lm/W full‐white luminance efficacy was achieved with 10kHz and 80% duty sustained pulses. Xe14%‐Ne at 500 Torr gas was used for the experiment.
P‐56: Characteristics of Triangular Color pixel Arrangement TCA Structure AC Plasma Display Panel with Fine Pixel Pitches
Authors: Kim Joong Kyun , Choi Tae Wan , Ahn Young Joon , Heo Min Noung , Kang Seong Ho , Ryu Jae Hwa , Choi Kwang Yeol
Published: January 2005

The static and dynamic characteristics of Triangular Color pixel Arrangement TCA structure Alternating Current Plasma Display Panel AC PDP were observed with the variation of the discharge gas. We observed the characteristic changes of operation voltages, brightness and luminous efficacy with required addressing time for TCA structure AC PDP. And the performance was verified in a 42‐in. diagonal WXGA PDP of 1024×768 format.
P‐59: Improved Waveform for the Sustain Pulse for High Luminance
Authors: Lim Jong‐Sik , Kim Hyun‐Seok , Kim Joon‐Yub
Published: January 2005

A new waveform for the sustaining pulse for the AC PDP that improves the luminance and the luminous efficiency is presented. When the conventional sustaining pulse is used, the discharge that produces the VUV Vacuum Ultra Violet tends to be concentrated to the narrow region between the two sustain electrodes. In order to expand the VUV generating region to a wider range, efficient ITO Indium Tin Oxide shapes have been investigated. This approach often required costing complicated structure for the electrodes and showed limitation in improving the luminance. By simply changing the waveform for the sustaining pulse without changing the structure of the electrodes, more efficient discharge can be produced resulting in higher luminance and higher luminous efficiency. The experiments using the new waveform for the sustaining pulse showed luminance of 868 cd/m2 and luminance efficiency of 1.18lm/W at the sustaining frequency of 71kHz. It is 30% and 181% improvement compared to the luminance of 667cd/m2 and to the luminous efficiency of 0.42 lm/W measured using the conventional sustaining pulse respectively.
P‐61: New Driving Method for High Speed Addressing in AC PDP
Authors: Kim Jae‐Sung , Yang Jin‐Ho , Whang Ki‐Woong
Published: January 2005

A new high speed addressing method is proposed to reduce the addressing time below 1us per line in AC PDP. In this method, priming discharges are used to achieve a high speed addressing without adding an auxiliary electrode. The scan and sustain electrodes are divided into two groups even and odd lines and every even line is scanned first with priming discharges in the adjacent odd line electrodes and then every odd line is scanned through the selective erase addressing method. In the panel experiment, the address discharge time lag was reduced to one half of that of the conventional method when the new addressing method was used. Therefore, this addressing method is adequate to drive a high resolution PDP with a single scan method and it also can be used for high luminance and high picture quality by allocating the increased display time to sustain period or extra subfields.
P‐66: Simulation Study of High Resolution SM‐PDP
Authors: Tu Yan , Zhang Xiong , Wang Baoping , Yin Hanchun , Tong Linsu
Published: January 2005

The discharge characteristics of novel high resolution Shadow Mask type AC PDP SM‐PDP have been studied by Fluid‐Monte Carlo Method. Compared with AC Coplanar PDP ACC PDP, the influence of discharge cell size on discharge process of SM‐PDP is smaller than ACC PDP in a certain range. Therefore SM‐PDP is easy to realize high resolution.
P‐67: Wall Voltage during Sustain Period Simulated Using an Equivalent Circuit Model for AC PDPs
Authors: Kim Joon‐Yub , Lim Jong‐Sik , Kim Hyun‐Seok
Published: January 2005

The variation of the wall voltage and the wall charge during the sustain period were investigated using an equivalent circuit model for AC PDPs. Efforts of many researchers have been invested to understand the behavior of the wall charge. This paper presents an equivalent circuit model for AC PDPs consisting of capacitors and thyristors. The equivalent circuit model is based on the physical structure of the AC PDP and the I‐V characteristic of the discharge spaces. This equivalent circuit model can be easily implemented in the standard simulators such as SPICE and can easily simulate the variation of the current, charge and voltage involved in AC PDPs as the supply voltage varies. The simulated results using the equivalent circuit model in SPICE are presented and compared with the measured results.
P‐68: Numerical Modeling of Heat Flow, Deformation and Stress in PDP Module
Authors: Kim D.‐S. , Shin K.‐S. , Park J.‐K.
Published: January 2005

Predictive modeling schemes have been developed to characterize the heat transfer and thermo‐mechanical behavior for the plasma display panel PDP in operation. The inverse approach was adopted to predict the accurate temperature distribution and deformation in PDP. The predictive models were validated with the measurements from real panel. The developed models could be utilized to predict and/or improve the product quality of PDP.
P‐72: A Novel Pixel Circuit for Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Goh Joon‐Chul , Kim Choong‐Ki , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

In this paper, a novel pixel circuit for active‐matrix organic lightemitting diodes (AMOLED's), is proposed. This circuit is composed of 4 TFT's and one capacitor. It has high immunity to threshold voltage and mobility variations of poly‐Si TFT's.
P‐73: ITO Characteristics on Different Under‐Layer for AM‐OLED Displays
Authors: Hsieh Hsiu‐Chun , Chang Shih‐Chang , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

The characteristics of ITO film on different under‐layers including Si‐containing insulators and organic materials were investigated. It was found that the visible light transmittance of ITO film on different under‐layer is maintained, however, the surface morphology of ITO film depends strongly on different underlayers. The surface roughness of ITO film on the organic materials is 3 times larger than that on insulating materials. Also observed is the strong dependent of surface roughness on luminance efficiency. Base on these results, a new pixel structure is proposed for AM‐OLED applications. With this new pixel structure, the good properties of ITO film can be obtained and used for high efficiency and long lifetime AM‐OLED displays.
P‐74: Full Color PM OLED with Novel Small Molecule Materials
Authors: Zhang Deqiang , Qiao Juan , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2005

With a novel binuclear gallium complex as the red host material, full color organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were developed with the color coordinates of Red (0.67, 0.33), Blue (0.17, 0.15) and Green (0.31, 0.63).
P‐75: Low Peak Current Driving Scheme for Passive Matrix‐OLED
Authors: Chen Shih‐Yu , Li Yi‐Mei , Chen Chern‐Lin , Chiang Johnson
Published: January 2005

Small size passive matrix organic light emitting display (PM‐OLED) has the advantages of simple manufacture process and low total cost. Typical pulse width modulation (PWM) driving method consumes large peak driving current. In this paper, a switching type PWM driving method is proposed to decrease the peak current. The peak driving current was half than before, and the method provided the system a more steady current.
P‐76: Efficient and Bright OLED based on Hexaphenylsilole
Authors: Chen Haiying , Chen Junwu , Qiu Chengfeng , Tang Benzhong , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2005

OLED devices based on hexaphenylsilole (HPS) have been fabricated. These devices emit very bright greenish‐blue light, up to 55,880cd/m2 at 16V. Emission starts at 2.6V, and reaches 100‐ cd/m2 and 10,790‐cd/m2 at 5V and 10V respectively. The maximum electroluminescence (EL) efficiency and power efficiency are 20‐cd/A and 12.8‐lm/W, respectively. The maximum external quantum efficiency is 7%.
P‐78: Design and Characterization of Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Microcavity Structure
Authors: Peng H. J. , Wong M. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

An organic light emitting diode with a microcavity structure has been fabricated. The intensity enhancement at the resonance wavelength is 2.3 compared to a non‐cavity device. The emission color is also modified from a yellow‐green of non‐cavity device to a primary green for the microcavity device. The experimental results compared well to theoretically calculations.
P‐81: Enhanced Efficiency of Red Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Using Partially Doping Method
Authors: Han Jeong Whan , Kim Byung Soo
Published: January 2005

Red organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with dotted‐line doping layer (DLDL) structures or totally doping layer (TDL) structure are fabricated by ultra‐low pressure molecular beam deposition method. The structure of the OLEDs with DLDL structures studied is ITO/α‐NPD(40nm)/(Alq: DCJTB(3%))n (30nm)/ Alq(30nm)/MgAg(150nm). Here, n is the DLDL number varying from 2 to 8. The red OLED with DLDL of 6 exhibits current efficiency up to 3.94Cd/A at 100Cd/m2, which is 46% increase compared to that of the red OLED with TDL structure. We attribute this enhancement to the fact that the charge carriers and the excitons are effectively trapped in the DLDLs and generate photons, and also distributed over the DLDL region, hence this decreases the quenching of emission exciton.
P‐82: Top Emission Organic Light Emitting Diode with Ni Anode
Authors: Lee Chan‐Jae , Moon Dae‐Gyu , Han Jung‐In , Park Noh‐Hoon , Baik Sung‐Ho , Ju Seung‐Sam
Published: January 2005

The hole injection and emissive properties of top emission organic light emitting diodes with Nickel anode were investigated. The effect of oxygen plasma treatment on the Ni anodes was also investigated for enhancing the electrical properties of the devices. The device with Ni anode having an high work function shows better hole injection and emission characteristics than that with ITO. Oxygen plasma treatment of Ni anode induced further improvement of electrical properties and surface toughness. CIE coordinates of top emission device were different from bottom emission device. Ni anode induced the internal quantum efficiency of the device to be improved.
P‐83: The Dependence of OLED Luminance Efficiency on Cathode Constituency
Authors: Wood R. P. , Krasnov A. N. , Johnson D. J. , Kim W. Y.
Published: January 2005

We report on a new AlSiO cathode for high‐contrast OLED devices. Our results suggest that the luminance efficiency can be correlated to the cathode reflectivity for a wide range of the Al/SiO ratios, while the I‐V characteristics remain unchanged. Potential effects of the vacuum level shift, and other parameters, on the observed characteristics are discussed.
P‐85: Time Dependence of OLED Luminance
Authors: Kobrin Paul , Boehmer Ellen , King Phil , Fisher Robert , Robinson Scott , Green Pat
Published: January 2005

The luminance decay of several DC‐driven, small‐molecule OLEDs has been measured. A simple empirical equation fit the time‐dependence for many of the devices. This equation has utility in describing the characteristics of an OLED and may help to identify the causes of the decay.
P‐87: Optical Simulation of Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shiga Takahiro , Fujikawa Hisayoshi , Taga Yasunori
Published: January 2005

We have developed an optical simulator of OLED performance named “OptDesigner”, which can calculate external emission spectra, color, and luminance of particular structures at every observation angle. Actual OLEDs with different ITO thickness were fabricated for validation. The calculated spectra, color, and luminance at each angle showed a good agreement with the actually observed values.
P‐89: Passivation Properties of Inorganic Films for Flexible OLEDs (F‐OLED)
Authors: Kim Hoon , Kim Kwang‐Ho , Koo Hong‐Mo , Kim Jae‐Kyung , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Do Lee‐Me , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

In this study, the inorganic thin‐film passivation layer was newly adopted to protect the organic light emitting diodes (OLED) from atmospheric moisture and oxygen. Using the electron beam evaporation system, both the various kinds of Na2O and SiO2 based inorganic composite films were deposited onto the poly(ethersulfone) substrate, and their water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) were investigated. The WVTRs as a function of layer thickness were studied and the dependence of the WVTRs as a function of composition rate in composite was also investigated. In this investigation, we can found that the WVTR of SiO2 based composite layer showed the lowest value compared to other inorganic composite layers. Based on this result, we can estimate that the time‐dependent light‐emission properties of OLED will be dramatically enhanced by adopting an inorganic composite layer.
P‐94: Polymer Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Flakes for Particle Displays
Authors: Kosc Tanya Z. , Marshall Ken L. , Jacobs Stephen D.
Published: January 2005

Polymer cholesteric liquid crystal (PCLC) flakes suspended in a moderately conductive host fluid reorient in the presence of an AC electric field within a specific frequency range, causing a dramatic change in flake reflectivity. PCLC flakes reflect light of a specific color and (circular) polarization, thereby eliminating the need for backlighting, color filters, and polarizers to attain unique optical effects. Reorientation can be seen in fields as low as several milli‐volts per micron, and reorientation times are on the order of several hundred milliseconds, thereby approaching response times for both nematic liquid crystal displays and other particle displays. Applications for electro‐optic devices, decorative commercial and consumer products, and displays, particularly electronic paper, are envisioned.
P‐102: Photo‐Alignment Technologies for Vertically‐Aligned Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Iwamoto Yoshihisa , Iimura Yasufumi
Published: January 2005

We have studied the detailed fabrication processes of vertically‐aligned liquid crystal displays prepared by a photo‐alignment method. We show that the vertically‐alignment film with weak polar anchoring strength is very suitable for generating large pretilt angle with considerable low UV energy exposure less than <1.5 J/cm2.
P‐105: Out‐of‐Plane Alignment Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals on Polyimide Surface Bombarded by Ar Ion Beam
Authors: Kang Dong Jin , Gwag Jin Seog , Kang Jin Woo , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang , Kim Hee , Cho Seong Jin
Published: January 2005

Polyimide surfaces bombarded by a low energy argon ion beam align liquid crystals parallel to ion beam exposure direction. By ion beam conditions, such as the energy of the incident ions, the angle of incidence and exposure time, the unidirectional out‐of‐plane liquid crystal (LC) tilt angle is changed. These are related with the remaining π‐bond of polyimide which is not destroyed by ion beam bombardment. For application in LCDs, unit cells fabricated by ion beam alignment method are compared with one which manufactured by the rubbing method. And The TN cell fabricated by ion beam alignment method has enough retention time to apply to TFT(Thin Film Transitor) LCDs
P‐106: Psychophysical Perception Enhancement of Red Cholesteric Liquid Crystal to Improve the Total Performance of a Full Color Outdoor Cholesteric Display
Authors: Engel‐Dvir Shlomit , Ben‐Shalom Amir , Coates David
Published: January 2005

A method of correcting for the human eyes poor perception of red colors in cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) mixture is presented. The reflection of a band for ‘red’ ChLC mixtures is tuned around 600nm but it usually appears orange or even brown due to the eye seeing the shorter wavelength overtone bands more effectively. A technique to improve the perceived red color without lowering the stability of the liquid crystal mixture is presented. The method improves not only the red color but the entire RGB color triangle.
P‐110: Spectrally Pure Waveguiding Pixels
Authors: Qi Jun , Li Liuliu , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

A novel transmission‐type display based on spectrally pure waveguiding pixels is proposed. In this display, a particular wavelength of light is selected by a slanted holographic‐polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H‐PDLC) pixel, waveguided, and redirected to the viewer. We present the electro‐optic performance of slanted H‐PDLCs for this proposed application. These novel holographic pixels can be electrically switched by voltages as low as 60 V, which is a much lower voltage than the reported switching voltages for H‐PDLCs when used in the conventional reflective mode.
P‐112: A Novel LTPS Transflective TFT LCD Driving by Double Gamma Method
Authors: Sheu Chia‐Rong , Liu Kang‐Hung , Hsin Lung‐Pin , Fan Yang‐Yi , Lin Ing‐Jer , Chen Cheng‐Chung , Chang Bou‐Chi , Chen Ching‐Yih , Shen Yuh‐Ren
Published: January 2005

A novel method to realize the good performance of transflective LCD is indicated. In one pixel, two LTPS (Low‐temperature poly‐Si) TFT devices control the optical intensity of the transmissive and reflective regions respectively. We call this way as double gamma method (DGM). Uni‐gap transflective LCD attached the DGM will have both merits of simplifying processes and good legibility. Meanwhile, we show the experimental results of optical characteristics with uni‐gap homeotropic panel design. It obviously shows that high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle have been achieved.
P‐114: Novel Method for Designing TFT‐LCDs with High Aperture Ratio
Authors: Jung Sung‐Min , Kim Ju‐Han , Park Woo‐Sang
Published: January 2005

In this study, we have developed a new method to eliminate the disclination line in the vicinity of the pixel electrode, by removing the horizontal components of the lateral field between the pixel and gate bus line electrode for the conventional thin‐film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT‐LCDs). The horizontal components of the lateral electric fields was removed by forming the dielectric bump with high dielectric constant between the pixel and the gate bus line electrode on the TFT substrate. By performing the 3‐dimensional simulation of the molecular director profiles of liquid crystals for the given complex structure, we were able to obtain about 10% large aperture ratio than that of the conventional TFT‐LCDs.
P‐115: 3D Simulations of Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals in Complex Geometries
Authors: Shiyanovskii Sergij V. , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: January 2005

The computer‐modeling program that simulates 3‐dimensional structures of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals in arbitrary complex geometries, has been developed. The program takes into account anisotropic elasticity K11≠K22≠K33, pretilt angles on the boundaries, anisotropic surface polar and azimuthal anchoring, divergence elastic term K24, and inhomogeneity of the electric field.
P‐116: Thin Crystal Films (TCF) for LCD Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Lazarev Pavel , Paukshto Michael , Fiske Tom , Silverstein Louis D.
Published: January 2005

The paper describes applications of Optiva thin‐crystal film (TCF) coatings to enhance the contrast and viewing angle performance of many types of LCDs. These new nano‐film polarizers are based on supramolecular lyotropic liquid crystalline materials that can be deposited (printed) on virtually any substrate. The coating dries, crystallizes and exhibits the property of an E‐type polarizer, because it transmits the extraordinary wave of light. The additional thin (∼320nm) TCF coating on the front O‐polarizer of TN LCD shows the following performance changes with respect to the baseline configuration without TCF: considerable increase in contrast ratio out to about 30° and a small drop in luminance that becomes more substantial at large angles.
P‐117: Ordering in Highly Anisotropic Liquid Crystal Nano‐Droplets: Scattering Polarizer Applications
Authors: Eakin James N. , Amimori Ichiro , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

By stretching (tensile strain) a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film, the liquid crystal (LC) droplets become elliptical and a polarization separation optical element is created. These films have potential as scattering polarizers in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). We report a comprehensive study on the liquid crystal alignment in stretched 5CB/PVA polymer dispersed liquid crystal by means of solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. We are able to elucidate the nature of the liquid crystal polymer interaction by measuring the degree of orientational order at the droplet wall as a function of strain.
P‐118: Viewing Angle Improvement of TN Mode by HD Layer Inside LC Cell and a Compensation Film
Authors: Hong Hyung‐Ki , Oh Sung‐Hun , Lee Jong‐Hwae , Yoon Sung‐Whe , Lee See‐Hyung , Kim Sang‐Cheon
Published: January 2005

Holographic diffuser(HD) layer inside LC cell was demonstrated, for a transmissive LCD of TFT‐array on Color Filter structure. Master pattern of this layer was generated by holographic method and this pattern was replicated by stamping the master pattern on UV resin. Combined with a compensation film, TN‐mode LCD with this layer showed improved viewing angle characteristics, especially along the up‐down direction.
P‐119: New Multi‐Domain Vertical Alignment LCD with High Contrast Ratio and Symmetrical Wide Viewing Angle Performance and Simplest Fabrication Design and Process
Authors: Ong Hiap L. , Cheong Ngwe , Lo Jason , Metras Marty , Woodard Ollie
Published: January 2005

We invented and successfully fabricated a new multi‐domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD with high contrast ratio and wide symmetrical viewing‐angle performance. The LCD has a simple fabrication process without rubbing, with no surface protrusion, and no ITO slit geometry. The new MVA LCD makes use of the intrinsic fringe field in each pixel to control the LC alignment, and manifesting 2 domains under column inversion and row inversion, and 4 domains under pixel inversion operation. The viewing angle can be enlarged by the use of optical compensation films, and transmission can be enlarged by improved LC material, drive voltage, pixel design and circular polarizers.
P‐121: Optical Anisotropic Compensator by Polymer Stabilization Technique
Authors: Doi Toru , Chien Liang‐Chy
Published: January 2005

Polymer stabilization technique was applied for making optical anisotropic compensators for the purpose of controlling the wave length dispersion characteristic. Quarter wave compensators with hybrid aligned structure were prepared by this technique using liquid crystals (LCs) with different optical birefringence (Δn). The wavelength dispersion of the resulting compensators depended on the Δn of the LC used. The compensator using LC with the smallest Δn was found to give almost same retardation value over the wide range of visible light. Hybrid compensators were combined with hybrid aligned liquid crystal cells for reflective‐ LCD application. The hybrid compensator with very low wavelength dispersion gave the reversed dispersion characteristics very close to the ideal one at black state.
P‐122: Novel Ultra‐Thin Hybrid Aligned Nematic Compensators for Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Transflective TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Hosaki K. , Sato H. , Yoda E. , Uesaka T. , Ogasawara T. , Toyooka T.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel ultra‐thin hybrid aligned nematic compensator (NH film) for wide‐viewing‐angle transflective TFT‐LCDs. The influence of the substrate film on the viewing angle performance is discussed. By eliminating the substrate of the NH film, the total thickness of the compensator can be reduced dramatically. We also confirmed the durability of this ultra‐thin compensator.
P‐124: Design of Switchable Grating for a Color Control Element
Authors: Wang Bin , Bos Philip J.
Published: January 2005

A new type polymer wall confined of switchable grating as is proposed as a color control element. The concept of the color switch is shown as well as detailed modeling that shows high efficiency can be expected.
LP‐7: Late‐News Poster: Liquid Crystal Mixtures of Fast Response Time (<10ms) and High TNI (>85 °C) for LCD‐TV and Monitor Application
Authors: Ban B. S. , Kim B. H. , Seo B. S. , Yun Y. K. , Sakong D. S. , Chung K. H. , Lee K. J. , Souk J. H. , Kim Y. B. , Jeong J. Y. , Lee E. K. , Kim K. S. , Park J. K. , PU L. S. , Chung S. W. , Joo Y. , Seong S. , No K. T.
Published: January 2005

Liquid crystal molecules with a new fluoro‐isothiocyanate moiety were synthesized. They showed remarkably high TNI (>190 °C), wide mesophase range of 170 °C, high dielectric anisotropy (>14) and high optical anisotropy (>0.28). New LC Mixtures of the high TNI (>85 °C) was blended with the novel fluoroisothiocyanate containing LC molecules, phenylcyclohexanes, bicyclohexanes and ester compounds. The LC mixtures show a fast speed (<10ms) of the below one frame rate in 17″ WXGA panel.
P‐125: Personal Projection, or How to Put a Large Screen in a Small Device
Authors: Bove V. Michael , Sierra Wilfrido
Published: January 2005

We introduce the technology and applications of personal projectors, small and inexpensive video projection devices intended for use in battery‐powered handheld or wearable products. We explore the engineering and perceptual suitability of arrays of surface‐emitting lasers for this application, and discuss a prototype constructed in our research group.
P‐126: Ultra‐Compact LED based Image Projector for Portable Applications
Authors: Keuper Matthijs H. , Paolini Steve , Harbers Gerard , Tsang Peter
Published: January 2005

By using a single high power Light Emitting Diode (LED) and a small size transmissive LCD very compact projectors, which can be run from batteries, can be built. Such a projector can be used in combination with or integrated into a PDA or digital camera to project images or presentations in a small size format, and would be used whenever a laptop would be unavailable or clumsy. For these types of applications the required flux can be low. We have build a very small (prototype) projector using a single, high power LED, a small LCD, and a small projection lens. The light output of such a configuration is in the range of 5 to 10 lm, which is sufficient for the projected image sizes as indicated above. In this paper we well describe the system and its performance and size, and elaborate on alternative configurations and performance.
P‐127: Linearity in Flat Panel Wedge Projection
Authors: Travis Adrian , Zhong Joe
Published: January 2005

Flat projection displays promise the convenience of a flat panel with the low manufacturing costs of projection. The displays can be made by pointing a video projector into the thick end of a wedge‐shaped piece of glass or acrylic, but it is important that the projected image be undistorted. It is shown here that paraxial wedge projection is linear, so that the projection lens can be designed using conventional lens shapes and combinations.
LP‐8: Late‐News Poster: A Novel Optical Image Shift Device with a Conventional Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal for HD‐Projection Systems using a Single CG‐Silicon TFT
Authors: Kume Yasuhiro , Kurihara Takashi , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Akai Toshio , Naka Shunichi
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel optical image shift device using a conventional TN. This device can rotate between a horizontal plane and a vertical plane of polarization at 180Hz. The optical rotatory transmittance is 97%. The rotating speed is 1.4ms at 30°C.
15.3: 2.2‐inch Full‐Color 132×162 Passive Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Display using Phosphorescent Materials
Authors: Yamamoto Hitoshi , Lee Yong‐Han , Song Ok‐Keun , Sakaguchi Yoshikazu , Kota Atsushi , Kitazume Eiichi , Tanaka Taizo , Okiyama Masayoshi , Ito Hideki , Mori Kenji
Published: January 2005

We have fabricated 2.2‐inch full color (132‐R.G.B‐162) full‐color passive matrix OLED. Phosphorescent organic materials for red and green were used to reduce the power consumption. Fluorescent materials for blue were used because phosphorescent materials for blue are not available yet. We evaluated optical properties of phosphorescent OLED.
15.4: Cavity Effects Determining The Outcoupling Efficiency of Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Nakamura Hajime , Riel Heike , Ruhstaller Beat , Beierlein Tilman A. , Karg Siegfried F. , Rost Constance , Riess Walter
Published: January 2005

A classical electromagnetic approach using the radiative dipole model is applied to study the cavity effects on outcoupling efficiency for archetype top‐emitting organic light‐emitting devices. Predicted optical performances will be compared with the combinatorial experiments.
16.1: UHP Lamps with Increased Efficiency
Authors: Moench Holger , Giese Hermann , Hechtfischer Ulrich , Heusler Gero , Koerber Achim , Noertemann Folke‐Charlotte , Pekarski Pavel , Pollmann‐Retsch Jens , Ritz Arnd , Weichmann Ulrich
Published: January 2005

Shorter arcs and higher gas pressures increase the collection efficiency and produce a spectrum which is ideal for video projection. Taking into account the physical lamp efficiency ideal arc lengths are given. New UHP products will realise 30% more light on the screen.
16.3: Novel Polarization Conversion and Integration System for Projection Displays
Authors: Duelli Markus , Taylor Andrew T.
Published: January 2005

A novel polarization conversion and integration system based on an integrator rod and wide acceptance angle polarizing beam splitter cubes is presented. This system shows similar performance compared to the common polarization conversion system arrangement consisting of two lenslet integrators and a flat polarization conversion system. The proposed system offers low cost, high reliability and a compact illumination path for certain light engine architectures.
16.4: A New Projection System with Scrolling Illumination for Motion Picture
Authors: Arai K. , Yoshii S. , Iinuma T. , Taoka M. , Miwa T. , Yokote Y. , Kanayama H. , Funazo Y.
Published: January 2005

A projection system was developed to reduce blurred images caused by fast motion pictures on hold‐type display such as LCD panels. The system incorporates an optical scrolling system using a spiral aperture wheel (SAW) made of glass and aluminum to transmit and reflect light.
17.2: Compensation of False Contours on a PDP using a Pixel Based Motion Estimator Combined with an Efficient Coding Technique
Authors: Doyen D. , Kervec J. , Le Clerc F. , Weitbruch S. , Correa C. , Zwing R.
Published: January 2005

False contours occurs on PDP since the eye tracks moving objects in a video scene. To correctly render these moving objects the definitive solution is to use the motion information and pre‐compensate the eye's tracking. Such a solution will be presented using a pixel‐based motion estimator combined to an efficient video coding technique.