bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Tolerance Differences Between Hu Sheep and Hu Crossbred Sheep in Microbial Community Structure and Metabolism
Authors: Yuan Jing-Da , Wang Li-Wei , Fu Shao-Yin , E Ri-Ge-Li-Tu , Ren Xiao-Qi , Sun Hua , Liu Fang , Wang Biao , An Jiang-Hong , Zhao Meng-Ran , He Jiang-Feng , He Xiao-Long
Published: January 2025

Background: The frequent occurrence of extreme temperature events causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Therefore, delving into the differences in the physiological and molecular mechanisms of heat stress across different sheep breeds is crucial for developing effective management and breeding strategies. Methods: This study explores the differences in heat tolerance mechanisms between Hu sheep and Xinggao sheep by comparing their growth performance under normal and heat stress conditions, as well as examining the differences in physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant indicators related to heat tolerance, serum metabolomics, and gut microbiomics in a heat stress environment. Results: The results indicate that with changes in the temperature–humidity index (THI), Hu sheep exhibit superior stability in respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) fluctuations compared to Xinggao sheep. In terms of biochemical indicators and antioxidant capacity, the levels of creatinine (Cr) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Hu sheep serum are significantly higher than those in Xinggao sheep. In comparison, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are significantly lower. Metabolomic results showed that, compared to Hu sheep, Xinggao sheep exhibited higher cortisol (COR) and dopamine (DA) levels under heat stress conditions, a stronger lipid mobilization capacity, and elevated levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related metabolites. Furthermore, gut microbiome analysis results indicate that Hu sheep demonstrate stronger cellulose degradation capabilities, as evidenced by significantly higher abundances of microorganisms such as Ruminococcus, Fibrobacter, and Bacteroidales_RF16_group, compared to Xinggao sheep. Conclusions: In summary, Hu sheep exhibit stronger heat tolerance compared to Xinggao sheep. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for the breeding and selection of heat-tolerant meat sheep varieties and offer strong support for the region’s livestock industry in addressing the challenges posed by global warming.
Design and Fabrication of Ultrathin Metallic Phase Shifters for Visible and Near-Infrared Wavelengths
Authors: Guo Qing , Chu Jinkui , Guan Chuanlong , Zhang Chuxiao , Zhang Ran
Published: January 2025

The polarization state of light is critical for biological imaging, acousto-optics, bio-navigation, and many other optical applications. Phase shifters are extensively researched for their applications in optics. The size of optical elements with phase delay that are made from natural birefringent materials is limited; however, fabricating waveplates from dielectric metamaterials is very complex and expensive. Here, we present an ultrathin (14 nm) metallic phase shifter developed using nanoimprinting technology and the oxygen plasma ashing technique for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The fabrication process can produce desirable metallic phase shifters with high efficiency, large area, and low cost. We demonstrate through a numerical simulation and experiment that the metallic phase shifter exhibits phase delay performance. Our results highlight the simplicity of the fabrication process for a metallic phase shifter with phase delay performance and offer important opportunities for creating high-efficiency, ultrathin polarizing elements, which can be used in miniaturized devices, such as integrated circuits.
Vibrio vulnificus—A Review with a Special Focus on Sepsis
Authors: Candelli Marcello , Sacco Fernandez Marta , Triunfo Cristina , Piccioni Andrea , Ojetti Veronica , Franceschi Francesco , Pignataro Giulia
Published: January 2025

Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacillus known for causing severe infections such as gastroenteritis, necrotizing fasciitis, and septic shock, with mortality rates exceeding 50% in high-risk individuals. Transmission occurs primarily through the consumption of contaminated seafood, exposure of open wounds to infected water, or, in rare cases, insect bites. The bacterium thrives in warm, brackish waters with high salinity levels, and its prevalence is rising due to the effects of climate change, including warming ocean temperatures and expanding coastal habitats. High-risk populations include individuals with underlying conditions such as chronic liver disease, diabetes, or immunosuppression, which heighten susceptibility to severe outcomes. The pathogenicity of V. vulnificus is mediated by an array of virulence factors, including hemolysins, proteases, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mechanisms facilitating iron acquisition and immune system evasion. Clinical manifestations range from localized gastrointestinal symptoms to life-threatening systemic infections such as septicemia. Rare but severe complications, including pneumonia and meningitis, have also been reported. Treatment typically involves the use of doxycycline in combination with third-generation cephalosporins, although the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is an escalating concern. Alternative therapeutic approaches under investigation include natural compounds such as resveratrol and the application of antimicrobial blue light. For necrotizing infections, prompt and aggressive surgical intervention remains essential to improving patient outcomes. As global temperatures continue to rise, understanding the epidemiology of V. vulnificus and developing innovative therapeutic strategies are critical to mitigating its growing public health impact.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis as a Tool to Address Aβ Impact on Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Vaz Margarida , Soares Martins Tânia , Leandro Kevin , de Almeida Luís Pereira , da Cruz e Silva Odete A. B. , Nunes Alexandra , Henriques Ana Gabriela
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease is a challenge in modern healthcare due to its complex etiology and increasing prevalence. Despite advances, further understanding of Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology is needed, particularly the role of Aβ neurotoxic peptide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has shown potential as a screening tool for several pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease. Nonetheless, limited research has explored Aβ direct effects on neurons and extracellular vesicles metabolic profiles. Hence, this study aims to investigate Aβ impact on the spectroscopic profiles of neuronal-like cells (N2a) and N2a-derived extracellular vesicles, employing FTIR spectroscopy and focusing on the 1280–900 cm−1 region. A comprehensive analysis of spectral data was carried out, including multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analysis and peak intensities analysis. PLS analysis revealed moderate to strong correlations within this spectral region for both N2a and N2a-derived extracellular vesicles. The peak intensity analysis revealed additional peaks with significant differences in EVs’ spectra relative to N2a, following Aβ treatment. Specifically, Aβ seems to cause alterations in protein phosphorylation and in the nucleic acids content of extracellular vesicles. These findings support that Aβ’s role in Alzheimer’s disease pathology may be mediated by extracellular vesicles and highlight FTIR’s potential for advancing Alzheimer’s disease research and clinical applications.
Proteome-Wide Identification and Comparison of Drug Pockets for Discovering New Drug Indications and Side Effects
Authors: Zhang Renxin , Chen Zhiyuan , Li Shuhan , Lv Haohao , Li Jinjun , Yang Naixue , Dai Shaoxing
Published: January 2025

Drug development faces significant financial and time challenges, highlighting the need for more efficient strategies. This study evaluated the druggability of the entire human proteome using Fpocket. We identified 15,043 druggable pockets in 20,255 predicted protein structures, significantly expanding the estimated druggable proteome from 3000 to over 11,000 proteins. Notably, many druggable pockets were found in less studied proteins, suggesting untapped therapeutic opportunities. The results of a pairwise pocket similarity analysis identified 220,312 similar pocket pairs, with 3241 pairs across different protein families, indicating shared drug-binding potential. In addition, 62,077 significant matches were found between druggable pockets and 1872 known drug pockets, highlighting candidates for drug repositioning. We repositioned progesterone to ADGRD1 for pemphigus and breast cancer, as well as estradiol to ANO2 for shingles and medulloblastoma, which were validated via molecular docking. Off-target effects were analyzed to assess the safety of drugs such as axitinib, linking newly identified targets with known side effects. For axitinib, 127 new targets were identified, and 46 out of 48 documented side effects were linked to these targets. These findings demonstrate the utility of pocket similarity in drug repositioning, target expansion, and improved drug safety evaluation, offering new avenues for the discovery of new indications and side effects of existing drugs.
Sport-Related Injuries in Portuguese CrossFit® Practitioners and Their Characteristics
Authors: Ferreira Ricardo Maia , Fernandes Luís Gonçalves , Minghelli Beatriz , Feito Yuri , Sampaio António Rodrigues , Pimenta Nuno
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: CrossFit® is one of the most popular yet controversial training regimens. Some groups extol the positive effects of its practice, while others argue that it is unsafe and that there is limited information. The aim of this study was to investigate, through a self-reported questionnaire, the epidemiology of Portuguese CrossFit® training practitioners. Methods: Statistical analyses, including Mann–Whitney U, chi-square, Spearman’s rho correlations, and logistic regressions, were conducted. Results: A total of 288 practitioners completed the questionnaire, with 39.9% reporting injuries. These injuries occurred mainly during training, particularly when performing gymnastics exercises. Tendon (40.9%) and shoulder (46.1%) were the most common injuries. Key risk factors for injury included male gender (OR = 2.7), years of practice (4–6 years: OR = 7.22), heavier body weight (OR = 4.76), and higher weekly training volume (4–6 times per week). Conclusions: Approximately 40% of CrossFit® practitioners are expected to experience injuries, particularly in the shoulder and tendons. Injury risk is influenced by factors such as practice years, weekly training, sex, and body weight. These findings may help guide practitioners, coaches, and health professionals in better understanding the risk factors, mitigating injuries, and developing effective injury prevention strategies.
Effect of Different Synthetic Nitrogen Forms and Levels on Nitrification and Denitrification Key Genes Abundances: Implications for Oligotrophic Forest Soil Management
Authors: Ameer Muhammad Jamal , Liu Yushan , Zhao Xiaoting , Yan Siyu , Qu Tongbao
Published: January 2025

Climate change and anthropogenic nitrogen addition alter the soil physicochemical properties and microbial activity in oligotrophic forest soil. Unbalanced and non-selective nitrogen fertilizer application is lost as gas emissions (N2O, NO) and also contributed to eutrophication through NO3− leachate. Similarly, NO3− infiltrates and contaminated drinking water sources lead to human thyroid dysfunction. In order to protect depleting timber growth due to nitrogen deficiency and increasing ecological concerns from nitrogen misapplication, we reviewed the effects of different synthetic nitrogen forms and levels on the biogeochemical process. In this review, we focused on the most recent findings from research articles, review articles, and meta-analyses on forest soil and also followed the complementary insights from agricultural soil so that we may be able to highlight how these observations contribute to the understanding of the forest soil nitrogen cycle. Firstly, we elaborated the role of nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen transformation process. Secondly, we discussed the effect of different nitrogen forms and levels on nitrification and denitrification functional gene abundances. Thirdly, we analyzed the possible effect of gene abundances on the nitrogen conversion process. Finally, we revealed that different forms and levels of synthetic nitrogen not only alter the nitrogen conversion pathways by increasing the gene abundances through substrate availability but also shift the gene dominance, thereby modifying soil physicochemical properties, such as pH. This collectively changes the conditions, which are critical for gene expression potential involved in the nitrogen conversion process. These findings may create a direction for sustainable and eco-friendly fertilizer application in nitrogen-deficient soil.
Celiac Disease: A Transitional Point of View
Authors: Aitella Ernesto , Cozzolino Domenico , Ginaldi Lia , Romano Ciro
Published: January 2025

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic, lifelong, multifactorial, polygenic, and autoimmune disorder, characteristically triggered by exposure to the exogenous factor “gluten” in genetically predisposed individuals, with resulting duodenal inflammation and enteropathy, as well as heterogeneous multisystemic and extraintestinal manifestations. The immunopathogenesis of CeD is complex, favored by a peculiar human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic predisposition, leading to gluten presentation by antigen-presenting cells to CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, T cell–B cell interactions, and production of specific antibodies, resulting in the immune-mediated killing of enterocytes and, macroscopically, in duodenal inflammation. Here, the most relevant correlations between cellular and molecular aspects and clinical manifestations of this complex disease are reviewed, with final considerations on nutritional aspects for disease management.
The Association Between Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Cheng Murong , Meng Yuchi , Song Zhenxue , Zhang Ling , Zeng Yuanjun , Zhang Dongfeng , Li Suyun
Published: January 2025

Background: Although several studies have demonstrated a link between obesity and cognitive function, the majority have primarily utilized body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, ignoring the distribution of body fat. Evidence regarding the association of metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF), a proposed measurement for visceral adipose tissue (VAT), with cognitive function remains limited. We mainly aimed to investigate this association in older adults in the United States. Methodology: Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2014. Weighted linear regression models were adopted to examine the association of METS-VF and cognitive function scores, with further exploration of these associations across different obesity subgroups. Smoothing curve analysis, along with threshold and saturation effect analysis, were conducted to explore potential non-linear relationships. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile (Quartile 4) of METS-VF exhibited a β coefficient of −1.52 [95% CI (−2.43, −0.62)] for the CERAD score compared with those in the lowest quartile (Quartile 1). Threshold and saturation effect analysis revealed non-linear associations of METS-VF with DSST score and Z-score. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that elevated METS-VF scores are inversely related to cognitive function, highlighting the importance of considering visceral fat distribution in cognitive health assessments.
Food Insecurity Predictors Differ for White, Multicultural, and International College Students in the United States
Authors: Glick Abigail A. , Winham Donna M. , Shelley Mack C.
Published: January 2025

Background: Higher education institutions and public health agencies in the United States (US) have recognized that food insecurity is pervasive and interferes with student learning on multiple levels. However, less research has examined food insecurity among culturally diverse college students. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and predictors of food insecurity for US-born White, US-born Multicultural, and International students aged 18–34 at a Midwest university. The secondary aims were to describe dietary and meal characteristics, and the use of food assistance programs, including the on-campus food pantry. Methods: In April 2022, 853 students completed the 10-item US Adult Food Security Module, and demographic, dietary fat intake, food attitude, food access barriers, and nutrition assistance program usage questions using a socio ecological model (SEM) framework. Results: Food security prevalence was 73.3% (54.7% high, 18.5% marginal) and food insecurity prevalence was 26.7% (14.4% low, 12.3% very low). Significantly more International (26.8%) and Multicultural (35.6%) students were classified as food-insecure compared to White students (19.9%; p < 0.001). Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models indicated that predictors of food insecurity were intrapersonal factors of race/ethnicity, poor self-reported health, being an undergraduate, and the community barriers of high food costs and limited transportation. Conclusions: Dietary characteristics differed more by nativity–ethnicity groups than they did by food security levels. Food cost emerged as a strong influence on food choice for the food-insecure students. International students utilized more nutrition assistance programs, including the on-campus food pantry, than other groups.
Relative Validity of the Groningen IBD Nutritional Questionnaire (GINQ-FFQ): A Food Frequency Questionnaire Designed to Assess Nutritional Intake in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Barth Iris , Stevens Corien L. , Peters Vera , Lucassen Desiree A. , Feskens Edith J. M. , Dijkstra Gerard , Campmans-Kuijpers Marjo J. E.
Published: January 2025

Background and Objective: To assess nutritional intake of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disease-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed: the Groningen IBD Nutritional Questionnaire (GINQ-FFQ). Aim of this study was to assess the relative validity of the GINQ-FFQ. Methods: Between 2019 and 2022, participants of the 1000IBD cohort were included and filled out a 3-day food diary and the GINQ-FFQ. Nutritional intake of nutrients and food groups was calculated. Bland–Altman analysis was conducted for energy intake, while paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used for nutrient and food group intake. Additionally, group-level bias, cross-classification, and correlation analysis were performed. Results: 142 patients (59.2% females, mean age of 49 ± 14 years) were included. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference between the GINQ-FFQ and 3FD of –63.6 kcal (±638.4), with limits of agreement ranging from –1315 to 1188 kcal. Differences in energy intake was significantly associated with higher mean total energy intake (p < 0.001). When stratifying for sex, this association only was significant for males. Group-level bias showed that the GINQ-FFQ tends to result in lower intake reports for macro- and micronutrients. Ranking ability (cross-classification) of macro-, micronutrients and food groups was good. Correlation coefficients for nutrients and food groups were considered acceptable or good. Conclusions: Overall, the GINQ-FFQ is a valid food frequency questionnaire to assess nutritional intake specifically for patients with IBD. However, for males with high total energy intakes, dietary assessment could be less accurate.
Education and Training on Infection Prevention and Control Provided by Long-Term Care Homes to Visitors: A Scoping Review
Authors: MacLean Rachel , Durepos Pamela , Keeping-Burke Lisa , Witherspoon Richelle , Morris Patricia , Gibbons Caroline , Taylor Natasha , McCloskey Rose
Published: January 2025

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify, examine, and map the literature on infection prevention and control (IPAC) education and training for visitors to long-term care (LTC) homes. Introduction: Visitor restrictions during infectious outbreaks in LTC homes aim to reduce virus transmission to vulnerable residents. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the negative impacts of such restrictions, prompting the need for IPAC education for visitors. Inclusion Criteria: This review includes research, narrative papers, and grey literature on IPAC education and training for LTC visitors. It focuses on intentional education aimed at preventing infection transmission. Studies not involving visitors or offered in other settings were excluded. Methods: Following the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, bibliographic databases (CINAHL, Embase, AgeLine, Medline, and ERIC) were searched from 1990 to present in English or French. Data were extracted by two reviewers, focusing on the educational content, delivery mode, frequency, timing, and qualifications of educators. A narrative summary and descriptive statistics were produced. Results: The 26 included documents contained guidelines, policies, educational resources, and opinion papers. Pre-2020, healthcare workers were responsible for educating visitors. Post-2020, more detailed recommendations emerged on the frequency, content, and delivery methods. Key topics included hand hygiene (92.3%), respiratory hygiene (80.8%), and PPE use (73.1%). Conclusions: IPAC education and training for LTC visitors is essential for safe visitation. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these educational interventions.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Surgical Neonatal Nursing Workload Tool for an Italian Context: The Italian Winnipeg Surgical Complex Assessment of Neonatal Nursing Needs Tool
Authors: Buccione Emanuele , Pinto Floriana , Lo Cascio Alessio , Palumbo Viola , Hart Kerry , Marchuk Allison , Walsh Jessica-Lynn , Howlett Alexandra ,   The Italian Neonatal Nursing Workload Study Group, Rasero Laura , Ausili Davide , Bambi Stefano
Published: January 2025

Background: Complexity of care, adequate staffing levels, and workflow are key factors affecting nurses’ workloads. There remain notable gaps in the current evidence regarding clinical complexity classification and related staffing adjustment, limiting the capacity for optimal staffing practices. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Winnipeg Surgical Complex Assessment of Neonatal Nursing Needs Tool (WANNNT-SC) for an Italian context to allow the assessment of newborns admitted to NICUs. Methods: This was a validation study. Results: To evaluate the reliability of the tool among different professionals, a correlation test was performed using Pearson’s correlation, which revealed a strong correlation (r = 0.967, p = 0.01). In the test–retest phase, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.910 and p = 0.01). Using an analysis of variance, we found that the higher the I-WANNNT-SC score was, the higher the predicted death rate (F = 13.05 and p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Italian Winnipeg Surgical Complex Assessment of Neonatal Nursing Needs Tool represents the first tool available for an Italian context that aims to measure the nursing workload in neonatal intensive care. It could allow adjustments in nursing staffing based on NICU activities and patient needs. This study was prospectively approved by the local Ethics Committee “Palermo 1” (Protocol CI-NICU-00).
Cause of Death Analysis in a 9½-Year-Old with COVID-19 and Dravet Syndrome
Authors: Meher Vedashree R. , Huntsman Richard J. , Green Francis H. Y. , Wooff Jill C. , Auer Roland N.
Published: January 2025

Background: Cause of death analysis is fundamental to forensic pathology. We present the case of a 9½-year-old girl with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of Dravet syndrome who died in her sleep with no evidence of motor seizure. She also had a lifelong history of recurrent pneumonias and, along with her family, had tested positive for COVID-19 10 days before death. Methods: Long-term clinical history of Dravet Syndrome and respiratory infections were obtained from patient’s medical charts and radiology reports. A Rapid-Antigen Test was used to confirm SARS-CoV2 infection days prior to death. At autopsy, brain, heart and lung tissues were obtained. Paraffin-embedded tissues were double-stained with H&E, and immunohistochemically stained using various antibodies. Results: Autopsy revealed evidence of previous seizure activity in the brain and cellular interstitial thickening in the lung. The brain showed edema and fibrillary gliosis without neuronal loss in neocortex and hippocampus. The lung showed inflammatory interstitial thickening with histiocytes, megakaryocytes, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes, including helper/suppressor cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Diffuse alveolar damage was observed as alveolar flooding with proteinaceous fluid. Conclusions: The cause of death may be attributed to Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) in Dravet syndrome, sudden death in viral pneumonia, or some combination of the two. When two independent risk factors for sudden unexpected death are identified due to co-pathology, it may not be possible to determine a single cause of death beyond a reasonable doubt.
Identification of Two Flavonoids as New and Safe Inhibitors of Kynurenine Aminotransferase II via Computational and In Vitro Study
Authors: Rebai Redouane , Jasmin Luc , Boudah Abdennacer
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT-II) is a target for treating several diseases characterized by an excess of kynurenic acid (KYNA). Although KAT-II inactivators are available, they often lead to adverse side effects due to their irreversible inhibition mechanism. This study aimed to identify potent and safe inhibitors of KAT-II using computational and in vitro approaches. Methods: Virtual screening, MM/GBSA, and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to identify the top drug candidates, followed by kinetic measurements and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. Results: The study showed that two compounds, herbacetin and (-)-Epicatechin exhibited the best scores. Their Glide docking scores are −8.66 kcal/mol and −8.16 kcal/mol, respectively, and their MM/GBSA binding energies are −50.30 kcal/mol and −51.35 kcal/mol, respectively. These scores are superior to those of the standard inhibitor, PF-04859989, which has docking scores of −7.12 kcal/mol and binding energy of −38.41 kcal/mol. ADMET analysis revealed that the selected compounds have favorable pharmacokinetic parameters, moderate bioavailability, and a safe toxicity profile, which supports their potential use. Further, the kinetic study showed that herbacetin and (-)-Epicatechin are reversible KAT-II inhibitors and exhibit a competitive inhibition mechanism. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) are 5.98 ± 0.18 µM and 8.76 ± 0.76 µM, respectively. The MTT assay for cell toxicity indicated that the two compounds do not affect HepG2 cell viability at the necessary concentration for KAT-II inhibition. Conclusions: These results suggest that herbacetin and (-)-Epicatechin are suitable for KAT-II inhibition and are promising candidates for further development of KAT-II inhibitors.
Neuroprotective Effect of Melatonin Loaded in Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Applied Subconjunctivally in a Retinal Degeneration Animal Model
Authors: Martinez Sofia Mickaela , Inda Ayelen , Ríos Maximiliano Nicolás , Bessone Carolina del Valle , Bruera Bossio Abril , Guido Mario Eduardo , Luna Pinto José Domingo , Allemandi Daniel Alberto , Quinteros Daniela Alejandra
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, represent growing public health concerns. Oxidative stress plays a key role in their development, damaging retinal cells and accelerating disease progression. Melatonin (Mel) is a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective properties; however, it faces limitations such as low solubility. This study proposes the use of human serum albumin nanoparticles (Np-HSA) to enhance the delivery of Mel to the posterior segment of the eye and evaluates its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects on the retina. Methods: A model of retinal degeneration was induced in New Zealand albino rabbits using cytotoxic and oxidative agents. Np-HSA-Mel nanoparticles were administered subconjunctivally, and cellular viability and retinal functionality were assessed using flow cytometry and pupillary light reflex (PLR). Histological and immunohistochemical studies, including the TUNEL assay, were performed to analyse cell survival and apoptotic index. Results: Np-HSA-Mel significantly preserved pupillary function and cell viability, demonstrating lower apoptosis compared to Mel solution and Np-HSA alone. Histologically, eyes treated with Np-HSA-Mel exhibited fewer structural alterations and greater cellular organisation. The TUNEL assay confirmed a significant reduction in the apoptotic index of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) treated with Np-HSA-Mel. Conclusions: Np-HSA-Mel effectively overcame ocular barriers, achieving greater neuroprotective efficacy at the retinal level. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of albumin and Mel in treating neurodegenerative ocular diseases, opening new perspectives for future therapies.
A Practical Guide to Grade Adjustment or Curving for Pharmacy and Other Professional Health Programs
Authors: Mehvar Reza
Published: January 2025

The peer-reviewed literature on the adjustment or curving of assessments in health profession programs is almost non-existent. This communication aims to present potential methods of grade adjustment for individual questions or entire assessments. Simulated data for a 25-item assessment were used as an example to analyze the effects of different methods of grade adjustment on students’ scores. Grade adjustments were made by adjusting the points for individual questions or the scores for the entire assessment. Adjustment for the individual questions was carried out by dropping the question, adding points to those who missed the question, or adding a bonus point to all students. Grade adjustment methods for the entire assessment included adjusting the mean or mean plus distribution (i.e., standard deviation) of the assessment score. Different methods of grade adjustments or curving for individual questions or the entire assessment resulted in drastically different outcomes for individual students’ scores. The justifications for selecting the appropriate method for adjustment of the individual scores are presented based on item analysis statistics. Curving or adjusting the score for the entire exam may be justified when there is a need for consistency in grade distribution among the assessments across the years or different sections of the course. Although methods for adjustment of grades are relatively easy to implement, instructors should have reasonable educational justification for deciding whether to adjust grades or which method to use.
Precision Calibration of Robot Magnetorheological Finishing System Based on Laser Tracker
Authors: Wei Yujing , Cheng Runmu , Li Longxiang , Cheng Qiang , Pan Yue , Zhu Chaoyue , Zhang Jinbo , Zheng Jun , Ai Bo
Published: January 2025

Six-degree-of-freedom industrial robots, known for their low cost and high flexibility, have been extensively applied in optical processing. Precise pose control in robot-based optical processing systems depends on the accurate calibration of the tool coordinate system. However, in robot magnetorheological finishing (Robot-MRF) systems, the spherical shape of the polishing wheel poses significant challenges in precisely identifying the working point on the tool’s surface. Traditional calibration methods, such as the four-point or six-point techniques, fail to accurately calibrate the tool coordinate system for MRF tools. To overcome this limitation, a laser tracker-based calibration method is proposed for parameter calibration of the Robot-MRF system. Experimental results show that this method achieves a maximum repeatability error of just 0.0505 mm, significantly improving the stability and reliability of the calibration results and meeting the high-precision processing requirements of MRF technology.
A High-Peak-Power Mechanically Q-Switched Tb:LiYF4 Laser in the Green Spectral Region
Authors: Yu Linpeng , Yang Haotian , Uehara Hiyori , Yasuhara Ryo
Published: January 2025

We report on a mechanically Q-switched Tb:LiYF4 laser at 544 nm based on an optical chopper. With appropriate chopper settings, 521 μJ, 86 ns green pulses are generated at 1 kHz, corresponding to a peak power of 6.1 kW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest peak power generated using Tb:LiYF4 lasers to date. Numerical simulations are carried out and agree well with the experimental results, which show that the pulse energy can be further scaled to the millijoule level and the peak power to over 10 kW.
Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis and Cytocompatibility Assessment of TiO2/SiO2 Nanoparticles-Impregnated Gum Arabic Nanocomposite: Edible Coating of Dates for Shelf-Life Extension
Authors: Athinarayanan Jegan , Periasamy Vaiyapuri Subbarayan , Alshatwi Ali A.
Published: January 2025

The post-harvest management of fruit is crucial to preventing its decay and loss. Generally, edible coatings are applied to fruit to avoid decay and microbial contamination. We have used ultrasonication to synthesize TiO2 and Pennisetum glaucum residue-derived biosilica embedded in gum arabic nanocomposite. The SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic nanocomposite morphological and crystalline features were investigated using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. The SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic cytocompatibility was assessed using cell viability and microscopic assay. The SEM images revealed that 70–90 nm biosilica and 70–100 nm TiO2 nanostructures were present on the gum arabic. According to MTT assay and microscopic examination results, SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic do not inhibit cell viability and modulate cellular structural features; it inferred that SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic possess good cytocompatibility on human mesenchymal stem cells even up to 400 µg/mL. The date fruits were immersed in SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic-based coating mixtures and stored at 6 °C for 4 weeks. When date fruits were examined during storage, it was found that the applied coatings contributed to maintaining physicochemical features (e.g., color and texture). These findings suggest that the SiO2/TiO2/gum arabic-based coating can be applied to extend the shelf life of dates.
Cellulose-Based Materials and Their Application in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zampieri Muriel , Tommasone Guillermina , Morel Luciana , Luque Guillermina Leticia
Published: January 2025

Lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, their commercialization is hindered by challenges, such as the polysulfide shuttle effect, lithium dendrite growth, and low electrical conductivity of sulfur cathodes. Cellulose, a natural, renewable, and versatile biopolymer, has emerged as a multifunctional material to address these issues. In anode protection, cellulose-based composites and coatings mitigate dendrite formation and improve lithium-ion diffusion, extending cycle life and enhancing safety. As separators, cellulose materials exhibit high ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and excellent wettability, effectively suppressing the polysulfide shuttle effect and maintaining electrolyte stability. For the cathode, cellulose-derived carbon frameworks and binders improve sulfur loading, conductivity, and active material retention, resulting in higher energy density and cycling stability. This review highlights the diverse roles of cellulose in Li-S batteries, emphasizing its potential to enable sustainable and high-performance energy storage. The integration of cellulose into Li-S systems not only enhances electrochemical performance but also aligns with the goals of green energy technologies. Further advancements in cellulose processing and functionalization could pave the way for its broader application in next-generation battery systems.
A Postcolonial Conversational Approach to Preaching in Multicultural Contexts
Authors: Donahue-Martens Scott
Published: January 2025

Preachers cannot assume the mere presence of different cultures or diversity means a congregational context is multicultural. Fostering an environment conducive to multiculturalism can be difficult, partly due to the persisting colonial structures. The colonial systems created spaces where different cultures and diverse groups interacted, yet these interactions were destructive. The goal of integrating, especially understood through assimilation, cultures into the existing system limits multiculturalism. This article outlines three inter-related foci for preaching, especially preaching where both the preacher and the congregation have social privilege, to foster healthy multiculturalism. Drawing from the works of Jared Alcántara and Matthew Kim, I recognize the need for preachers and congregations to increase their intercultural competence and hermeneutical tools for recognizing, interpreting, and ethically navigating biblical and modern cultures. Because some preachers and congregations have taken their cultural formation for granted, intercultural development is a critical step toward preaching in multicultural contexts. The article discusses Homi Bhabha’s The Location of Culture as the second major movement. His notions of hybridity and the distinction between diversity and difference are particularly helpful for pushing against colonial limits. Preaching in multicultural contexts needs to be approached as more than the sum of diverse cultures present and absent. Through the work of Bhabha, I conceive of preaching in multicultural contexts as fostering interstitial spaces which embrace difference, while resisting the objectification of culture. Turning more directly to the homiletical theory in the final section, I argue that O. Wesley Allen’s conversational model, guided by the concepts of interstitiality and hybridity, can develop preaching in multicultural spaces by emphasizing open-ended relational discovery rather than singular objective understanding. This conversational approach actively seeks relational participation where individuals are committed to mutual growth through critical interactions which account for culture as a general concept and particular cultures. This conversational reframing invites growth through multicultural understanding.
Using Futures Prices and Analysts’ Forecasts to Estimate Agricultural Commodity Risk Premiums
Authors: Cortazar Gonzalo , Ortega Hector , Pérez José Antonio
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a novel 5-factor model for agricultural commodity risk premiums, an approach not explored in previous research. The model is applied to the specific cases of corn, soybeans, and wheat. Calibration is achieved using a Kalman filter and maximum likelihood, with data from futures markets and analysts’ forecasts. Risk premiums are computed by comparing expected and futures prices. The model considers that risk premiums are not solely determined by contract maturity but also by the marketing crop years. These crop years, in turn, are influenced by the respective harvest periods, a crucial factor in the agricultural commodity market. Results show that risk premiums vary across commodities, with some exhibiting positive and others negative values. While maturity affects risk premiums’ size, sign, and shape, the crop year plays a critical role, especially in the case of wheat. As speculators in the financial markets demand a positive risk premium, its sign provides insights into whether they are buyers or sellers of futures for each crop year, maturity, and commodity. This research offers valuable insights into grain price behavior, highlighting their similarities and differences. These findings have significant practical implications for market participants seeking to refine their trading and risk management strategies and for future research on the industry structure for each crop. Moreover, this enhanced understanding of risk premiums can be directly applied in the finance and agricultural industries, improving decision-making processes.
A High Efficiency Discontinuous Galerkin Method for 3D Ground-Penetrating Radar Simulation
Authors: Xue Shuyang , Yin Changchun , Li Jing , Zhu Jiao , Liu Wuyang
Published: January 2025

As an effective geophysical tool, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used for environmental and engineering detections. Numerous numerical simulation algorithms have been developed to improve the computational efficiency of GPR simulations, enabling the modeling of complex structures. The discontinuous Galerkin method is a high efficiency numerical simulation algorithm which can deal with complex geometry. This method uses numerical fluxes to ensure the continuity between elements, allowing Maxwell’s equations to be solved within each element without the need to assemble a global matrix or solve large systems of linear equations. As a result, memory consumption can be significantly reduced, and parallel solvers can be applied at the element level, facilitating the construction of high-order schemes to enhance computational accuracy. In this paper, we apply the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method based on unstructured meshes to 3D GPR simulation. To verify the accuracy of our algorithm, we simulate a full-space vacuum and a cuboid in a homogeneous medium and compare results, respectively, with the analytical solutions and those from the finite-difference method. The results demonstrate that, for the same error level, the proposed DG method has significant advantages over the FDTD method, with less than 20% of the memory consumption and calculation time. Additionally, we evaluate the effectiveness of our method by simulating targets in an undulating subsurface, and further demonstrate its capability for simulating complex models.
Energy-Efficient Route Planning Method for Ships Based on Level Set
Authors: Zhu Jiejian , Shen Haiqing , Tang Qiangrong , Qin Zhong , Yu Yalei
Published: January 2025

To reduce the fuel consumption of ships’ oceanic voyages, this study incorporates the influence of ocean currents into the traditional level set algorithm and proposes a route planning algorithm capable of identifying energy-efficient routes in complex and variable sea conditions. The approach introduces the influence factor of ocean current to optimize routing in dynamically changing marie environments. First, models for the energy consumption of ships and flow fields are established. The level set curve is then evolved by integrating the flow environment and energy consumption gradient, solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation with energy consumption parameters. The optimal path is subsequently determined through backtracking along the energy consumption gradient, enabling energy-efficient route planning from the starting point to the endpoint in complex ocean conditions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, its performance is evaluated through two case studies, comparing energy consumption under different environmental conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the shortest path method based on the level set algorithm, the proposed approach achieves an energy saving rate of approximately 2.1% in obstacle-free environments and 1.4% in environments with obstacles.
Blockchain-Facilitated Cybersecurity for Ubiquitous Internet of Things with Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: A Survey
Authors: Zhao Wenbing , Yang Shunkun , Luo Xiong
Published: January 2025

This article presents a systematic review on blockchain-facilitated cybersecurity solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in space–air–ground integrated networks (SAGIN). First, we identify the objectives and the context of the blockchain-based solutions for SAGIN. Although, typically, the blockchain is primarily used to enhance the trustworthiness of some systems or operations, it is necessary to document exactly in what context the blockchain is used that is specific to the IoT and SAGIN. Second, we investigate how blockchain technology is used to achieve the objectives. Again, we want to report the technical details on how blockchain is used in this specific field instead of general discussion. Third, we provide a critique on the technical correctness of the blockchain-based solutions. As we elaborate in this article, there are serious technical issues in the proposed solutions. The most pervasive assumption made in many blockchain-based solutions is that higher-level trustworthiness can be achieved by using any form of blockchain. Fourth, we provide a guideline on when blockchain technology could be useful for IoT and SAGIN and what types of blockchain could be useful to enhance the security of ubiquitous IoT in SAGIN.
Assessment of Water Retention and Absorption of Organic Mulch Under Simulated Rainfall for Soil and Water Conservation
Authors: Lopes Iug , de Lima João L. M. P. , Montenegro Abelardo A. A. , Carvalho Ailton Alves de
Published: January 2025

The use of organic mulch as a natural practice to enhance water retention and absorption is underexplored, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of its effectiveness under varying conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the process of interception, retention, and absorption of rainwater by different types, sizes, and densities of some organic mulch covers. Six organic mulches of various sizes were used, all largely available in the Brazilian semiarid: coconut leaf (cc), cashew leaf (ca), elephant grass (el), corn leaf (co), Brachiaria grass (br), and sugar cane leaf (su), under simulated rainfall conditions. The experimental scheme consisted of a factorial of six types of mulches, three sizes (50, 100, and 200 mm), and four densities (1, 2, 4, and 8 t ha−1). Water adsorption and retention curves were constructed, and the interception capacity of different vegetation materials was estimated. Analysis of variance, Tukey Test, Regression polynomial, and Principal Components Analysis were applied. It was observed that increasing density systematically led to an increase in water retention and absorption. For 8 t ha−1 the values were 11 to 23% for water retention and 7 to 16% for water absorption of the gross rainfall depth. When comparing 8 t ha−1 and 2 t ha−1 densities, rainfall retention and absorption increased more than 100%. Higher values were obtained for cashew and Brachiaria grass, improving water retention and cashew leaves for absorption. Coconut leaves promoted only 83% retention and 67% water absorption, when compared to the cashew leaf and Brachiaria grass.
Geographies of Historical Materialities in Transformation—Old Biographies of Rural Sustainability
Authors: Paniagua Angel
Published: January 2025

In the thematic context of rural materialities, the materialities of medieval origin are studied. In this sense, the process of land occupation and colonization in the Middle Ages as a frame of the emergence of settlements and original materialities is analyzed. The study combines historical and documentary study along with visual and spatial analysis. The study area is the area of Entresierras in the northeast of the province of Segovia, which has maintained its medieval settlement and the initial or traditional structure of many villages to the present day. In this area, spatial biographies of the villages and styles of the medieval villages’ materialities in the contemporary age are finally established.