bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mission and Reconciliation in the Orthodox Church
Authors: Vassiliadis Petros
Published: November 2020

This article examines the Orthodox view on reconciliation as reflected in the famous patriarchal and synodical encyclicals early in the last century and in more recent official documents: the Messages of the Primates of the Orthodox Churches, the approved documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew’s official statements. These are looked at in reference to (i) the mission statement of the Commission on World Mission and Evangelism, Together towards Life, and (ii) the papal encyclicals Unitatis redintegratio and Ut unum sint. The article further examines the need for a common Christian witness and the reactions within the Orthodox world from a tiny but vocal anti‐ecumenical minority. It underlines the importance of a Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities along with the existing Universal Declaration of Human Rights to address the ecological problem and inequities of the current world economic system, based on the interrelatedness of economy and ecology and the consolidation of the interfaith dialogue for a wider reconciliation. The article also underlines the highest priority of the theological dialogues at all levels and by all bodies of the Orthodox ecclesial reality as a necessary step to promote reconciliation. Finally, the article assesses (i) the dialogue aiming to achieve the visible unity of the church; (ii) dialogues generally focusing on Christian unity, or even unity with other faithful; (iii) dialogues aiming as much as possible at common Christian witness; and (iv) dialogues focusing on the church’s responsibility toward society and the integrity of creation.
The African Palaver Reconciliation Model and Mission
Authors: Oborji Francis Anekwe
Published: November 2020

This article presents the African palaver as a model of reconciliation in the social context and examines its missiological significance. Palaver is the interactive dialogue that animates many African communities’ affairs, seeking holistic interventions on issues of life and maintaining relationships within the hierarchy of existence. The African palaver model of reconciliation is about managing “words” in a reconciliation process that takes place in a public assembly discourse. The African palaver model has implications for (1) an appreciation of the importance of “words” as a source of reconciliation in a social context and (2) an introduction, in an African context, to the catechesis on the “Word of God,” revealed in Jesus Christ, as the language of God to humanity and the entire world. The article is developed in three parts: reconciliation and mission, the African palaver model of reconciliation, and the South African model of palaver. In its conclusion, it relates the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission model of reconciliation to the African palaver, which is rooted in people’s culture and tradition.
Mission and Reconciliation
Authors: Ezekiel Lesmore Gibson
Published: November 2020

Mission and reconciliation are intrinsically connected because of the inherent vocational objectives of the two in human life. Both are meant to lead to some tangible transformation in the human ecosystem that fosters collegiality and fraternity between and among humans regardless of humanly set boundaries of race, culture, religion, and social classification. Both doubtless come with the massive task of making the objectives experienced by people. Neither are one‐off assignments, but require lifetime engagement because of human frailty and susceptibility to do harm whether consciously or unconsciously, particularly the dimension of mission that focuses on reconciliation. Bringing about reconciliation is cumbersome in nature because it involves multilayered analysis and multidimensional approaches. These enable the processes to be deep and broad to avoid a situation where the healing being gained relapses and the building blocks of wholeness collapse. Achieving reconciliation between the victim and the perpetrator or the oppressed and the oppressor is often the most difficult task. Reconciliation is not as easy as it is expressed in biblical narratives. Jesus Christ's mission was to reconcile the world and humanity with the Godhead, and this was accomplished on the cross. That sounds more like a one‐off task for Christ, but it was brought about by the ultimate sacrifice. His dying on the cross reminds everyone involved in the mission of reconciliation that it comes with enormous sacrifice, which may lead to the supreme price in some cases. This article engages with different themes, including African concepts of building and sustaining reconciliation and the reconciled as life‐giving mission.
A Scottish Millennial Mission to Jews
Authors: Kovács Ábrahám
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates how the missionaries of the Church of Scotland sought to convert the Jews in Hungary. The research studies carefully Adolph Saphir's change of faith, his theological views, and his work. His family was the first “fruit” of Scottish missionary activity among the Hungarian Jews in 1843. After scrutinizing his conversion, the study proceeds to map his sphere of work as a missionary. In particular, it examines his millennial views, which gave the impetus to his missionary activity. Finally, the paper demonstrates that he became an ardent supporter of mission to the Jews not only in Britain but also in Central Europe.
Mission, Reconciliation, and the Politics of Place
Authors: Ewell C. Rosalee Velloso
Published: November 2020

Through the retelling of some familiar biblical stories – Jonah, Acts 1, Acts 10 – and gospel narratives of inclusion, this paper looks at the transformation of politics and identities made possible by the sending of the Holy Spirit and the mission of reconciliation to which Christians are called. Through an examination of the themes of power, prejudice, partnership, and identity, the paper aims to offer a concrete approach to rethinking the spaces and places where a reconciling mission can be enacted. Central to an understanding of reconciliation are the disruption and transgressing of boundaries in which Jesus engaged. In addition to this, Jesus creates these unique spaces for reconciliation around his very person, and the Spirit leads the church into these same contexts. Finally, selections of John 17 are examined through a biographical lens in order to offer a new understanding of the politics of identity and the surprising contexts where God’s Spirit reconciles all things in Christ.
Association between nurse work environment and severe maternal morbidity in high‐income countries: A systematic review and call to action
Authors: Brown Kyrah K. , Smith Jessica G. , Jeffers RaeAnna L. , Jean Pierre Claudy
Published: November 2020

Aim

To identify evidence related to association between the nurse work environment and severe maternal morbidity in high‐income countries.

Design

Quantitative Systematic review.

Data Sources

Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed/Medline, and Scopus were systematically searched for studies published in English from January 1990‐December 2019. Studies were selected based on a priori eligibility criteria.

Review Methods

Two independent reviewers used a two‐phase screening process. First, the reviewers assessed the eligibility of studies based on titles and abstracts; followed by assessing the full text of all remaining studies based on the eligibility criteria. An adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool was created to extract relevant information from studies reviewed during the second screening phase.

Results

Of the 535 de‐duplicated articles examined by two independent reviewers, there were no eligible empirical studies that assessed the association between nurse work environment and severe maternal morbidity.

Conclusion

There is a critical gap in knowledge regarding how characteristics of the nurse work environment may influence severe maternal morbidity in high‐income countries. Future directions for nursing research include using available maternal health surveillance hospital‐level data, conducting high‐quality studies, and using evidence‐based frameworks to guide future studies. Future directions for nursing practice include leveraging professional learning communities for nursing education and training and leveraging quality improvement initiatives.

Impact

As the first known systematic review of its kind, this ‘empty review’ provides evidence of a lacking body of literature on the association between nurse work environment, as a modifiable organizational characteristic and preventable severe maternal morbidity in high‐income countries. This article provides a call to action in the form of five recommendations for future nursing research and practice, which could serve to elucidate research, practice, and policy opportunities to reduce preventable severe maternal morbidity in high‐income countries.
The story of endurance: Biogeography and the evolutionary history of four Holarctic butterflies with different habitat requirements
Authors: Maresova Jana , Suchackova Bartonova Alena , Konvicka Martin , Høye Toke T. , Gilg Olivier , Kresse Jean‐Claude , Shapoval Nazar A. , Yakovlev Roman V. , Faltynek Fric Zdenek
Published: November 2020

Aim

Biogeographical studies on the entire ranges of widely distributed species can change our perception of species’ range dynamics. We studied the effects of Pleistocene glacial cycles on current butterfly species distributions, aiming to uncover complex biogeographic patterns in the Holarctic, a region dramatically affected by Cenozoic climate change.

Location

Eurasia and North America.

Taxon

Boloria chariclea, Agriades optilete, Carterocephalus palaemon, Oeneis jutta.

Methods

We reconstructed the biogeographic history of four butterfly species differing in habitat preferences (B. chariclea – tundra, A. optilete – bogs, C. palaemon – temperate grasslands, O. jutta – taiga), using one mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA markers and species distribution modelling.

Results

Except for B. chariclea, all species originated in Eurasia. The open habitat species A. optilete and C. palaemon formed widely distributed east‐west genetic clusters in continental Asia and clusters separated from them in Europe. Genetic clusters of the taiga species O. jutta were not geographically separated in Eurasia, suggesting Pleistocene fragmentation and recent reconnection. The glaciated North America was recolonized from Beringian and southerly situated refugia by all four species.

Main conclusions

The Pleistocene mammoth steppe allowed a widespread continuous distribution of open habitat butterflies, while in contrast the distribution of a taiga‐specialist species was more limited. In the mostly flat and continental North Asia, the butterflies of various types of open habitats survived ice age in widely distributed east‐west belts. In the mountainous and oceanic regions of Europe, Beringia and west North America, all four species persisted in contracted areas during the glacials. After deglaciation, they expanded their ranges and formed contact zones among populations. To conclude, the harsh climate of the glacials did not represent an obstacle for butterflies. Instead, different habitat specialists selected their own ways to thrive in the dynamic conditions of Quaternary glacial periods.
The role of balancing selection in maintaining human RhD blood group polymorphism: A preregistered cross‐sectional study
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Toman Jan , Hůla Martin , Kaňková Šárka
Published: November 2020

Maintenance of genetic polymorphism remains one of the big questions of evolutionary biology, which for a long time tended to be explained by balancing selection. This explanation was later criticized, but now is again accepted as an important mechanism in evolution. Human blood group systems seem affected by balancing selection especially strongly. In this preregistered study, we focused on stable coexistence of RhD‐positive and RhD‐negative subjects in a population. This is an evolutionary conundrum, because carriers of the less frequent negative allele suffer from lower fecundity due to haemolytic disease of the newborn affecting RhD‐positive infants born to RhD‐negative women. One explanation of persisting stability of RhD polymorphism points to heterozygote advantage. Over the past decade, numerous studies demonstrated that RhD‐positive subjects score better than RhD‐negative homozygotes in psychomotor tests and physical health‐related variables. Still, evidence of better health and performance of heterozygotes is scarce and merely indirect. We compared the physical and mental health of 2,539 subjects whose RhD genotype was estimated based on their and their parents' RhD phenotype. We confirmed that RhD‐negative homozygotes fare worse in terms of physical and mental health than subjects with RhD‐positive phenotype and that RhD‐positive heterozygotes enjoy better health than both homozygotes. For the first time, we demonstrated that RhD‐positive homozygotes might suffer from worse health than RhD‐negative homozygotes. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that RhD polymorphism is maintained by heterozygote advantage and that balancing selection may have played an important role in human evolution in this context and in general.
Effect of climate change and urbanisation on flood protection decision‐making
Authors: Daksiya Velautham , Mandapaka Pradeep V. , Lo Edmond Y. M.
Published: November 2020

The changing climate and the rapid urbanisation may alter flood severity and influence the decision‐making process for flood management. In this study, a Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework for optimal decision‐making in flood protection is developed and applied to a central flood‐prone basin of Jakarta, Indonesia. Specifically, the decisions are on levees corresponding to protection under different rainfall return periods (RP), considering climate change and associated uncertainties, urbanisation, and evolving socio‐economic features of the flood plain. Three cases were studied to analyse future (year 2050) conditions (i) future rainfall/current urban, (ii) current rainfall/future urban and (iii) future rainfall/future urban. Future climate change projections from the NASA Earth Exchange are used to obtain information about changes in rainfall, whereas Landsat derived imperviousness maps along with the population projections are used for future urban conditions. Annual Expected Loss, Graduality, upgrade Construction cost and Net‐Socio‐Economic Vulnerability Index are the criteria used in the MCDA. It is found that climate change has a higher impact compared to urbanisation on the flood protection decisions. For the basin studied, the extreme future case of increased rainfall and urbanised conditions have the optimal decision in levee protection level corresponding to 250 years RP under current rainfall which corresponds to ~60 years RP under future rainfall.
Delirium in Patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Rebora Paola , Rozzini Renzo , Bianchetti Angelo , Blangiardo Paolo , Marchegiani Alice , Piazzoli Andrea , Mazzeo Francesca , Cesaroni Giulia , Chizzoli Anita , Guerini Fabio , Bonfanti Paolo , Morandi Alessandro , Faraci Bianca , Gentile Simona , Bna Claudio , Savelli Giordano , Citerio Giuseppe , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Mazzola Paolo , Bellelli Giuseppe ,   for the CoViD‐19 Lombardia Team
Published: November 2020

Objectives

The aims of this study are to report the prevalence of delirium on admission to the unit in patients hospitalized with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, to identify the factors associated with delirium, and to evaluate the association between delirium and in‐hospital mortality.

Design

Multicenter observational cohort study.

Settings

Acute medical units in four Italian hospitals.

Participants

A total of 516 patients (median age 78 years) admitted to the participating centers with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection from February 22 to May 17, 2020.

Measurements

Comprehensive medical assessment with detailed history, physical examinations, functional status, laboratory and imaging procedures. On admission, delirium was determined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) criteria, 4AT, m‐Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, or clinical impression depending on the site. The primary outcomes were delirium rates and in‐hospital mortality.

Results

Overall, 73 (14.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.0–17.3%) patients presented delirium on admission. Factors significantly associated with delirium were dementia (odds ratio, OR = 4.66, 95% CI = 2.03–10.69), the number of chronic diseases (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03; 1.40), and chest X‐ray or CT opacity (OR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.12–9.64 and 3.35, 95% CI = 1.07–10.47, for multiple or bilateral opacities and single opacity vs no opacity, respectively). There were 148 (33.4%) in‐hospital deaths in the no‐delirium group and 43 (58.9%) in the delirium group (P‐value assessed using the Gray test <.001). As assessed by a multivariable Cox model, patients with delirium on admission showed an almost twofold increased hazard ratio for in‐hospital mortality with respect to patients without delirium (hazard ratio = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.25–2.83).

Conclusion

Delirium is prevalent and associated with in‐hospital mortality among older patients hospitalized with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
To click or not to click – The importance of understanding the layers of the forehead when injecting neuromodulators – A clinical, prospective, interventional, split‐face study
Authors: Davidovic Kristina , Melnikov Dmitry V. , Frank Konstantin , Gavril Diana , Green Jeremy B. , Freytag David L. , Heisinger Stephan , Pavicic Tatjana , Gold Michael H. , Cotofana Sebastian
Published: November 2020

Background

Differences in the effectiveness of neuromodulator treatments for horizontal forehead lines dependent on depth of product administration have been described. However, knowledge in respect to the fascial anatomy of the forehead still remains elusive.

Aims

To relate the fascial anatomy of the forehead to the effectiveness of neuromodulator treatments by conducting a clinical, prospective, interventional split‐face study in which injections for the treatment of horizontal forehead lines are performed differently between facial sides.

Methods

This study included a total of n = 14 patients with a mean age of 35.71 (7.8) years and mean body mass index of 21.9 (3.0) kg/m2. One side of the forehead was injected superficially by positioning the product in the superficial fatty layer, whereas the contralateral side was injected deep targeting the supraperiosteal plane (random selection). The treatment outcome was rated by the physician and by two independent observers according to a forehead line severity scale (0‐4) at 14 and at 30 days.

Results

All three observers agreed in their ratings (ICC: 0.942) that the deep injection technique resulted in a superior outcome: D14 (superficial vs deep) 0.17 (0.4) vs 0.14 (0.4; P = .583) at rest and 1.26 (0.6) vs 0.43 (0.5; P < .001) for frontalis contraction; D30 0.17 (0.4) vs 0.14 (0.3) at rest (P = .583) and 1.21 (0.6) vs 0.43 (0.5; P < .001) for frontalis contraction.

Conclusion

The results of this study underscore how detailed anatomic knowledge can enhance results of aesthetic interventions, in this case horizontal forehead line treatment with neuromodulators.
The Declining Scope of Practice of Family Physicians Is Limited to Urban Areas
Authors: Nasim Urooj , Morgan Zachary J. , Peterson Lars E.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Scope of practice of family physicians (FPs) has been decreasing overall. Our objective was to determine if the distribution of declining scope occurs across urban and rural settings.

Methods

We used secondary data from practicing FPs collected on the American Board of Family Medicine examination registration demographic questionnaire from 2014 to 2016 on scope of practice merged with county‐level data from the Area Health Resources File. Rurality was assigned using 4 population‐based groupings from the Rural Urban Continuum Codes. Outcome measures were scope of practice score (0‐30, higher score reflecting broader scope) and provision of specific types of care/procedures. Bivariate statistics assessed changes in scope of practice over time. Adjusted regression models tested associations between time, physician, practice, and county characteristics with scope of practice score.

Findings

Our sample was 27,343 practicing FPs. Overall, the scope score decreased from 15.5 to 15.0 (Pvalue < .05) but was significant only for urban settings. Regression analysis found that scope decreased each year (β = –0.15), broader scope for rural FPs, and no interaction between year and rural.

Conclusions

The decrease in FP scope of practice is largely an urban phenomenon. FPs in rural areas have a broad scope of practice, which may ensure access to care in rural areas that rely on FPs to provide a large portion of health care services. However, county characteristics like persistent poverty and the presence of nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other physicians were associated with changes in scope that may modify the gains associated with rurality.
Deploying an Electronic Clinical Decision Support Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumonia Into Rural and Critical Access Hospitals: Utilization, Effect on Processes of Care, and Clinician Satisfaction
Authors: Carr Jason R. , Jones Barbara E. , Collingridge Dave S. , Webb Brandon J. , Vines Caroline , Zobell Blake , Allen Todd L. , Srivastava Rajendu , Rubin Jenna , Dean Nathan C.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Electronic clinical decision support (CDS) for treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia (ePNa) is associated with improved guideline adherence and decreased mortality. How rural providers respond to CDS developed for urban hospitals could shed light on extending CDS to resource‐limited settings.

Methods

ePNa was deployed into 10 rural and critical access hospital emergency departments (EDs) in Utah and Idaho in 2018. We reviewed pneumonia cases identified through ICD‐10 codes after local deployment to measure ePNa utilization and guideline adherence. ED providers were surveyed to assess quantitative and qualitative aspects of satisfaction.

Findings

ePNa was used in 109/301 patients with pneumonia (36%, range 0%‐67% across hospitals) and was associated with appropriate antibiotic selection (93% vs 65%, P < .001). Fifty percent of survey recipients responded, 87% were physicians, 87% were men, and the median ED experience was 10 years. Mean satisfaction with ePNa was 3.3 (range 1.7‐4.8) on a 5‐point Likert scale. Providers with a favorable opinion of ePNa were more likely to favor implementation of additional CDS (P = .005). Satisfaction was not associated with provider type, age, years of experience or experience with ePNa. Ninety percent of respondents provided qualitative feedback. The most common theme in high and low utilization hospitals was concern about usability. Compared to high utilization hospitals, low utilization hospitals more frequently identified concerns about adaptation for local needs.

Conclusions

ePNa deployment to rural and critical access EDs was moderately successful and associated with improved antibiotic use. Concerns about usability and adapting ePNa for local use predominated the qualitative feedback.
We read, we write: reconsidering reading–writing relationships in primary school children
Authors: Taylor Lucy , Clarke Paula
Published: November 2020

The extent to which children's reading experiences influence their writing production is not well understood. It is imperative that the connections between these literacy practices are elucidated in order to inform the development of stimulating curricula and to support children's development. This paper presents new data and key findings from a project investigating relationships between children's free choice reading and volitional writing in Key Stage 2 (9–10 years). The data were collected in two primary schools in northern England, using mixed methods. Quantitative data were collected using an online reading survey taken by 170 children, and qualitative data were provided through independent writing journals maintained by 38 participants. Through analysis of the data using a multiliteracies approach, we demonstrate that the writing that children choose to do is influenced by the texts they encounter as readers in terms of content, text type and linguistic style. The child readers in this project encountered texts in different media and created texts in a range of genres. By examining a sample of children's written texts from the data set, we show that children's interactions and transactions with texts as readers and writers are complex and multiple. Children creatively work across media, and in doing so the boundaries of traditional text genres and styles are redeveloped and redesigned. These findings highlight the importance of providing children with opportunities to freely choose and create texts and recognising the wide variety of text experiences that children bring to their classroom learning.
A population genomic unveiling of a new cryptic mosquito taxon within the malaria‐transmitting Anopheles gambiae complex
Authors: Tennessen Jacob A. , Ingham Victoria A. , Toé Kobié Hyacinthe , Guelbéogo Wamdaogo Moussa , Sagnon N’Falé , Kuzma Rebecca , Ranson Hilary , Neafsey Daniel E.
Published: November 2020

The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of multiple morphologically indistinguishable mosquito species including the most important vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in sub‐Saharan Africa. Nine cryptic species have been described so far within the complex. The ecological, immunological and reproductive differences among these species will critically impact population responses to disease control strategies and environmental changes. Here, we examine whole‐genome sequencing data from a longitudinal study of putative A. coluzzii in western Burkina Faso. Surprisingly, many specimens are genetically divergent from A. coluzzii and all other Anopheles species and represent a new taxon, here designated Anopheles TENGRELA (AT). Population genetic analysis suggests that the cryptic GOUNDRY subgroup, previously collected as larvae in central Burkina Faso, represents an admixed population descended from both A. coluzzii and AT. AT harbours low nucleotide diversity except for the 2La inversion polymorphism which is maintained by overdominance. It shows numerous fixed differences with A. coluzzii concentrated in several regions reflecting selective sweeps, but the two taxa are identical at standard diagnostic loci used for taxon identification, and thus, AT may often go unnoticed. We present an amplicon‐based genotyping assay for identifying AT which could be usefully applied to numerous existing samples. Misidentified cryptic taxa could seriously confound ongoing studies of Anopheles ecology and evolution in western Africa, including phenotypic and genotypic surveys of insecticide resistance. Reproductive barriers between cryptic species may also complicate novel vector control efforts, for example gene drives, and hinder predictions about evolutionary dynamics of Anopheles and Plasmodium.
Efficacy of Arthroscopic Treatment for Concurrent Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn and Lateral Meniscus Anterior Horn Injury: A Retrospective Single Center Study
Authors: Cui Jun‐cheng , Wu Wen‐te , Xin Long , Chen Zhi‐wei , Lei Peng‐fei
Published: November 2020

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of arthroscopic surgery for combined tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM) and the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus (AHLM).

Methods

Between September 2009 and December 2013, a retrospective investigation was performed on 48 patients (48 knees) with combined tears of PHMM and AHLM who underwent arthroscopic surgery. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis in the outpatient department. After admission, other basic examinations were performed. PHMM was treated with partial meniscectomy and AHLM was treated with external–internal suture or partial meniscectomy. Curative effect was evaluated according to Lysholm score and IKDC score. The differences of the functions as well as Lysholm and IKDC scores pre‐ and postoperatively were compared, while the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and arthroscopy for PHMM and AHLM were compared.

Results

Seven patients with combined tears of PHMM and AHLM were misdiagnosed during MRI examination when arthroscopy was used as the gold standard. All patients were followed up for an average of 34.58 months (range 10–52 months) and all incisions healed by first intention with no obvious complication. The preoperative and postoperative Lysholm scores were 47.22 ± 2.77 and 87.36 ± 5.45, respectively. The IKDC scores are 54.73 ± 4.65 preoperatively and 89.62 ± 3.71 postoperatively. The positive rates of the diagnosis through MRI and arthroscopic surgery is 85.42% and 100%, respectively. At the last follow‐up, the patients had no pain, weakness, and instability, and tenderness in medial and lateral joint space disappeared. Mcmurray test was weakly positive in four patients. Excellent outcome was achieved in 39 cases, and a good outcome was achieved in five cases; the good to excellent rate was 91.67%.

Conclusion

MRI examination of combined tears of PHMM and AHLM may result in misdiagnosis. Arthroscopic primary repair seemed to be an effective surgical option for treatment of combined tears of PHMM and AHLM.
Admiration Over Time
Authors: Archer Alfred , Matheson Benjamin
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we investigate the diachronic fittingness conditions of admiration – that is, what it takes for a person to continue or cease to be admirable over time. We present a series of cases that elicit judgements that suggest different understandings of admiration over time. In some cases, admirability seems to last forever. In other cases, it seems that it can cease within a person's lifetime if she changes sufficiently. Taken together, these cases highlight what we call the puzzle of admiration over time. We then present a potential solution to this puzzle.
CAM‐physiology and carbon gain of the orchid Phalaenopsis in response to light intensity, light integral and CO2
Authors: Hogewoning Sander W. , van den Boogaart Stefan A.J. , van Tongerlo Evelien , Trouwborst Govert
Published: November 2020

The regulation of photosynthesis and carbon gain of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants has not yet been disclosed to the extent of C3‐plants. In this study, the tropical epiphyte Phalaenopsis cv. “Sacramento” was subjected to different lighting regimes. Photosynthesis and biochemical measuring techniques were used to address four specific questions: (1) the response of malate decarboxylation to light intensity, (2) the malate carboxylation pathway in phase IV, (3) the response of diel carbon gain to the light integral and (4) the response of diel carbon gain to CO2. The four CAM‐phases were clearly discernable. The length of phase III and the malate decarboxylation rate responded directly to light intensity. In phase IV, CO2 was initially mainly carboxylated via Rubisco. However, at daylength of 16 h, specifically beyond ±12 h, it was mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP‐C) carboxylating CO2. Diel carbon gain appeared to be controlled by the light integral during phase III rather than the total daily light integral. Elevated CO2 further enhanced carbon gain both in phase IV and phase I. This establishes that neither malate storage capacity, nor availability of PEP as substrate for nocturnal CO2 carboxylation were limiting factors for carbon gain enhancement. These results advance our understanding of CAM‐plants and are also of practical importance for growers.
Apparent inhibition of induced plant volatiles by a fungal pathogen prevents airborne communication between potato plants
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Granjel Rodrigo R. , de la Fuente María , Fernández‐Conradi Pilar , Pasch Viviana , Soengas Pilar , Turlings Ted C. J. , Vázquez‐González Carla , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Rasmann Sergio
Published: November 2020

Plant communication in response to insect herbivory has been increasingly studied, whereas that involving pathogen attack has received much less attention. We tested for communication between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants in response to leaf infection by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To this end, we measured the total amount and composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by control and infected emitter plants, as well as tested for induced resistance of receiver plants exposed to VOCs from emitters. We further tested for changes in the expression of defensive genes due to pathogen infection. Fungal infection did not significantly affect the total amount or composition of VOCs produced by emitter plants. Correspondingly, we found no evidence of higher resistance to the pathogen in receiver plants exposed to VOCs from infected emitters relative to control emitters. Molecular analyses indicated that pathogen infection drove a down‐regulation of genes coding for VOC precursors, potentially explaining the absence of pathogen effects on VOC emissions and thus of communication. Overall, these results indicate no evidence of airborne communication between potato plants in response to fungal infection and point at pathogen inhibition of VOC emissions as a likely explanation for this result.
Interplay between donor and recipient factors impacts outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation: An analysis from the united network for organ sharing database
Authors: Das Bibhuti , Trivedi Jaimin R. , Sinha Pranava , Ramakrishnan Karthik , Alsoufi Bahaaldin , Deshpande Shriprasad R.
Published: November 2020

Background

Donor utilization rates continue to be low for pHT, however, efforts to expand the donor acceptance criteria have shown mixed results in single‐institution studies in pediatric and adult transplantation. Purpose of this study is to assess impact of individual and cumulative donor risk factors on transplant outcomes as well as the interplay between donor and recipient risk factors as it relates to transplant outcomes.

Method

We analyzed pHT UNOS data (2008‐2018) to compare the recipient characteristics, donor characteristics, and outcomes based on donor ejection fraction of less than 50% (low EF) and or ischemic time of greater than 4 hours (prolonged IT).

Results

A total of 4345 pHT were performed of which 1309 (30.1%) were with prolonged IT and 122 (2.8%) in low EF. Additionally, 58 (1.3%) were performed with both low EF and prolonged IT (combined risk). Rest (2856 patients, 65.7%) was considered low risk. Recipients of combined risk were more likely to be younger, have post‐surgical congenital heart disease, be on ECMO or ventilator but less likely on VAD (all P < .01) compared with any other group. Waitlist time was significantly lower for low EF (mean 39 days, 15‐109) or combined risk group (36 days, range 15‐80) compared with other groups (60 days, range 23‐125) (P = .01). 1‐year mortality was 8% in low‐risk group, 12% in prolonged IT, 14% in reduced EF, and 28% in combined risk patients (P < .01). Number of treated rejections in one year were significantly higher in prolonged IT and combined risk group compared to other groups (P < .01). When stratified by recipient risk, there was no difference in outcomes for low risk, prolonged IT, or low EF groups; however, there were significant survival differences for high‐risk recipient versus low‐risk recipient in each donor group.

Conclusion

Lower EF donors performed similar to prolonged IT donor, but were uncommonly used. Acceptance of risk was common in recipients deemed higher risk for waitlist mortality and led to shorter wait times. Caution should be used in accepting combined risk transplants. The recipient risk factors have significant impact on outcomes across all donor risk groups and further analysis will help balance the waitlist mortality with post‐transplant outcomes.
Preparatory suppression and facilitation of voluntary and involuntary responses to loud acoustic stimuli in an anticipatory timing task
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Jacobs Le‐Anne , Tresilian James R. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Marinovic Welber
Published: November 2020

In this study, we sought to characterize the effects of intense sensory stimulation on voluntary and involuntary behaviors at different stages of preparation for an anticipated action. We presented unexpected loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) at‐rest and at three critical times during active movement preparation (−1,192, −392, and 0 ms relative to expected voluntary movement onset) to probe the state of the nervous system, and measured their effect on voluntary and involuntary motor actions (finger‐press and eye‐blink startle reflex, respectively). Voluntary responses were facilitated by LAS presented during active preparation, leading to earlier and more forceful responses compared to control and LAS at‐rest. Notably, voluntary responses were significantly facilitated on trials where the LAS was presented early during preparation (−1,192 ms). Eye‐blink reflexes to the LAS at −392 ms were significantly reduced and delayed compared to blinks elicited at other time‐points, indicating suppression of sub‐cortical excitability. However, voluntary responses on these trials were still facilitated by the LAS. The results provide insight into the mechanisms involved in preparing anticipatory actions. Induced activation can persist in the nervous system and can modulate subsequent actions for a longer time‐period than previously thought, highlighting that movement preparation is a continuously evolving process that is susceptible to external influence throughout the preparation period. Suppression of sub‐cortical excitability shortly before movement onset is consistent with previous work showing corticospinal suppression which may be a necessary step before the execution of any voluntary response.
Kenya's regional ambitions or China's Belt‐and‐Road? News media representations of the Mombasa‐Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway
Authors: Basu Pratyusha , Janiec Milena
Published: November 2020

Kenya's Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), and its construction and financing by China, exemplifies the prominence accorded to mega‐infrastructural projects in contemporary economic development, as well as the dependence this has engendered on external loans. Alongside, multiple geographies intertwine in the SGR which is both a component of China's global ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI), as well as an East African regional link between coastal Kenya and neighbouring landlocked countries. In most popular and academic analyses, the role of China is emphasized over the SGR's positioning within East Africa. Does this then lead to an undermining of the meanings that are attached to the SGR within Kenya? This article seeks to add Kenyan perspectives to the debate over China's infrastructural loans by examining the range of news media discourses that have emerged around the SGR. Utilizing the theoretical lens of South‐South cooperation and African agency, this study analyzes how material infrastructure becomes meaningful within the context of a political superstructure. For Kenya, this political superstructure is shaped not only by Kenya‐China relations, but also by infrastructural competitions within East Africa, as well as within Kenya itself.
An International survey on living kidney donation and transplant practices during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Salvalaggio Paolo R. , Ferreira Gustavo F. , Caliskan Yasar , Vest Luke S. , Schnitzler Mark A. , de Sandes‐Freitas Taina V. , Moura Lucio R. , Lam Ngan N. , Maldonado Rafael A. , Loupy Alexandre , Axelrod David A. , Lentine Krista L.
Published: November 2020

The scope of the impact of the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic on living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) practices across the world is not well‐defined. We received survey responses from 204 transplant centers internationally from May to June 2020 regarding the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on LDKT practices. Respondents represented 16 countries on five continents. Overall, 75% of responding centers reported that LDKT surgery was on hold (from 67% of North American centers to 91% of European centers). The majority (59%) of centers reported that new donor evaluations were stopped (from 46% of North American centers to 86% of European centers), with additional 23% of centers reporting important decrease in evaluations. Only 10% of centers reported slight variations on their evaluations. For the centers that continued donor evaluations, 40% performed in‐person visits, 68% by video, and 42% by telephone. Center concerns for donor (82%) and recipient (76%) safety were the leading barriers to LDKT during the pandemic, followed by patients concerns (48%), and government restrictions (46%). European centers reported more barriers related to staff limitations while North and Latin American centers were more concerned with testing capacity and insufficient resources including protective equipment. As LDKT resumes, 96% of the programs intend to screen donor and recipient pairs for coronavirus infection, most of them with polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal swab samples. The COVID‐19 pandemic has had broad impact on all aspects of LDKT practice. Ongoing research and consensus‐building are needed to guide safe reopening of LDKT programs.
Clinical efficacy of spray‐based heat‐treated lactobacilli in canine atopic dermatitis: a preliminary, open‐label, uncontrolled study
Authors: Santoro Domenico , Fagman Lana , Zhang Yanping , Fahong Yu
Published: November 2020

Background

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common inflammatory and pruritic skin disease, with various treatment options. The use of topical products containing natural ingredients has proven increasingly popular.

Objective

To evaluate the effects of a spray solution containing heat‐killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. reuteri, on the clinical signs and cutaneous microbiota of atopic dogs.

Animals

Ten privately owned, mildly affected, nonseasonally atopic dogs.

Methods and materials

The spray was applied to the ventrum every 24 h for 28 days. Clinical scores, skin barrier function and owner assessment were evaluated on day (D)0, D14, D28 and D42. The cutaneous microbiota was analysed on D0 and D28.

Results

A reduction in the total clinical score was seen at each time point (D14, P = 0.03; D28, P = 0.04; D42, P = 0.001). A reduction in the regional clinical scores was seen after D28 (P = 0.01) and D42 (P = 0.003). A significant reduction in the pruritus score was seen on D42 (P = 0.01). A lower hydration value was seen on D28 (P = 0.02) and D42 (P = 0.02) on the pinnae. A good‐to‐excellent response and an easy‐to‐use administration was reported by owners. There were no significant changes in the cutaneous microbiota after 28 days.

Conclusions and clinical importance

There was a significant and rapid decrease in the clinical signs associated with cAD after use of the spray. Future larger, randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effects on the cutaneous immunity and microflora of atopic dogs.
Clinical techniques in veterinary dermatology: regional anaesthesia of the canine and feline distal limb
Authors: Douglas Hope , Welsh Stephanie , Barr Ciara
Published: November 2020

Background

Local anaesthesia for procedures involving the distal limb are a useful component of balanced protocols to achieve effective procedural analgesia for patients. A ring block is an effective and straightforward technique.

Hypothesis/Objective

To review and describe the ring block technique for local anaesthesia of the canine and feline distal limb.

Animals

Images of hospitalized patients were used. These photographs were obtained with owner permission.

Results

The clinical technique for the ring block of the canine or feline distal limb is described.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The ring block can be implemented simply and successfully for a variety of procedures involving the distal limb to provide effective analgesia.
Multiphase multidetector‐row CT reveals different patterns of hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia
Authors: Cordella Alessia , Bertolini Giovanna
Published: November 2020

Hepatic portal venous gas and pneumobilia (PB) are uncommon findings, indicating the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches and in the biliary tree, respectively. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive study were to describe the computed tomographic (CT) features and visualization techniques of hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) and PB in a group of small animal veterinary patients. The CT data of patients with HPVG and PB were retrospectively reviewed. Thin‐section multiplanar reformatting and minimum intensity projection (MinIP) views were used to assess the acquired volume dataset. The CT features recorded were as follows: amount, aspect, distribution, and localization of the gas in the liver. Five patients were included (four dogs and one cat), two presenting HPVG and three with PB. Gas in HPVG presented a peripheral location, whereas in PB was characterized by a central location. The aspect of the gas was tubular in case of HPVG and mixed tubular and rounded in PB. An analogous number of animals between the two groups showed comparable amount (mild, moderate, and severe) and distribution (diffuse and focal). Thin‐section CT can detect the presence of gas in the liver, and a combination of two‐dimensional and thin‐slab MinIP can differentiate between HPVG and PB in dogs and cats. The distinctive features are peripheral versus central location and tubular versus rounded aspect of the gas.
A Mobile Healing Program Using Virtual Reality for Sexual Violence Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Mi‐ran , Cha Chiyoung
Published: November 2020

Background

Many young women suffer from sexual violence, but few practice self‐healing activities.

Aims

This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effects of a mobile virtual intervention, Sister, I will tell you!©, to heal young women after sexual violence in South Korea.

Methods

A mobile virtual intervention, Sister, I will tell you!©, was developed based on a literature review and preliminary studies. In collaboration with sexual violence survivors and experts, eight modules for reflective writing and six modules for mindfulness meditation were included in this 4‐week mobile virtual intervention. Thirty‐four female sexual violence survivors were randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 19) or control groups (n = 15). The experimental group practiced reflective writing and mindfulness meditation, guided by the mobile virtual intervention. The control group practiced audio‐guided mindfulness meditation. Pretest, posttest, and post‐4‐week evaluations with standardized instruments measured perceived support, negative impact from sexual violence, and suicidal ideation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze survey data and content analysis to analyze reflective writing.

Results

Among 34 enrolled participants, 26 completed the 4‐week intervention and posttest evaluations; 24 completed post‐4‐week evaluations. Significant improvements were found among participants in the areas of perceived support, negative impact from sexual violence, and suicidal ideation. The effect size of the intervention was moderate. Four themes that emerged from reflective writings were objectifying sexual violence, healing beginning with action, confronting issues, and sharing experiences.

Linking Evidence to Action

The intervention showed potential for initiating young women’s engagement in healing from sexual violence. A simple mobile audio intervention without human interaction could benefit sexual violence survivors.