bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A note on star-shaped compact hypersurfaces with prescribed scalar curvature in space forms
Authors: Spruck Joel , Xiao Ling
Published: May 2017

Guan, Ren and Wang obtained a

C^2

a priori estimate for admissible 2-convex hypersurfaces satisfying the Weingarten curvature equation

\sigma_2(\kappa(X))=f(X, \nu(X)).

In this note, we give a simpler proof of this result, and extend it to space forms.
Deferred Correction Methods for Forward Backward Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Tang Tao , Zhao Weidong , Zhou Tao
Published: May 2017

The deferred correction (DC) method is a classical method for solving ordinary differential equations; one of its key features is to iteratively use lower order numerical methods so that high-order numerical scheme can be obtained. The main advantage of the DC approach is its simplicity and robustness. In this paper, the DC idea will be adopted to solve forward backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs) which have practical importance in many applications. Noted that it is difficult to design high-order and relatively “clean” numerical schemes for FBSDEs due to the involvement of randomness and the coupling of the FSDEs and BSDEs. This paper will describe how to use the simplest Euler method in each DC step–leading to simple computational complexity–to achieve high order rate of convergence.
High Order Hierarchical Divergence-Free Constrained Transport H(div) Finite Element Method for Magnetic Induction Equation
Authors: Cai Wei , Hu Jun , Zhang Shangyou
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we propose to use the interior functions of an hierarchical basis for high order BDMp elements to enforce the divergence-free condition of a magnetic field B approximated by the H(div)BDMp basis. The resulting constrained finite element method can be used to solve magnetic induction equation in MHD equations. The proposed procedure is based on the fact that the scalar (p–1)-th order polynomial space on each element can be decomposed as an orthogonal sum of the subspace defined by the divergence of the interior functions of the p-th order BDMp basis and the constant function. Therefore, the interior functions can be used to remove element-wise all higher order terms except the constant in the divergence error of the finite element solution of the B-field. The constant terms from each element can be then easily corrected using a first order H(div) basis globally. Numerical results for a 3-D magnetic induction equation show the effectiveness of the proposed method in enforcing divergence-free condition of the magnetic field.
High Order Mass-Lumping Finite Elements on Simplexes
Authors: Cui Tao , Leng Wei , Lin Deng , Ma Shichao , Zhang Linbo
Published: May 2017

This paper is concerned with the construction of high order mass-lumping finite elements on simplexes and a program for computing mass-lumping finite elements on triangles and tetrahedra. The polynomial spaces for mass-lumping finite elements, as proposed in the literature, are presented and discussed. In particular, the unisolvence problem of symmetric point-sets for the polynomial spaces used in mass-lumping elements is addressed, and an interesting property of the unisolvent symmetric point-sets is observed and discussed. Though its theoretical proof is still lacking, this property seems to be true in general, and it can greatly reduce the number of cases to consider in the computations of mass-lumping elements. A program for computing mass-lumping finite elements on triangles and tetrahedra, derived from the code for computing numerical quadrature rules presented in [7], is introduced. New mass-lumping finite elements on triangles found using this program with higher orders, namely 7, 8 and 9, than those available in the literature are reported.
Computing Residual Diffusivity by Adaptive Basis Learning via Spectral Method
Authors: Lyu Jiancheng , Xin Jack , Yu Yifeng
Published: May 2017

We study the residual diffusion phenomenon in chaotic advection computationally via adaptive orthogonal basis. The chaotic advection is generated by a class of time periodic cellular flows arising in modeling transition to turbulence in Rayleigh-Bénard experiments. The residual diffusion refers to the non-zero effective (homogenized) diffusion in the limit of zero molecular diffusion as a result of chaotic mixing of the streamlines. In this limit, the solutions of the advection-diffusion equation develop sharp gradients, and demand a large number of Fourier modes to resolve, rendering computation expensive. We construct adaptive orthogonal basis (training) with built-in sharp gradient structures from fully resolved spectral solutions at few sampled molecular diffusivities. This is done by taking snapshots of solutions in time, and performing singular value decomposition of the matrix consisting of these snapshots as column vectors. The singular values decay rapidly and allow us to extract a small percentage of left singular vectors corresponding to the top singular values as adaptive basis vectors. The trained orthogonal adaptive basis makes possible low cost computation of the effective diffusivities at smaller molecular diffusivities (testing). The testing errors decrease as the training occurs at smaller molecular diffusivities. We make use of the Poincaré map of the advection-diffusion equation to bypass long time simulation and gain accuracy in computing effective diffusivity and learning adaptive basis. We observe a non-monotone relationship between residual diffusivity and the amount of chaos in the advection, though the overall trend is that sufficient chaos leads to higher residual diffusivity.
Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment among Indian Households Claiming to Treat Their Water
Authors: Rosa Ghislaine , Clasen Thomas
Published: May 2017

Household water treatment (HWT) can improve drinking water quality and prevent disease if used correctly and consistently by populations at risk. Current international monitoring estimates by the Joint Monitoring Programme for water and sanitation suggest that at least 1.1 billion people practice HWT. These estimates, however, are based on surveys that may overstate the level of consistent use and do not address microbial effectiveness. We sought to assess how HWT is practiced among households identified as HWT users according to these monitoring standards. After a baseline survey (urban: 189 households, rural: 210 households) to identify HWT users, 83 urban and 90 rural households were followed up for 6 weeks. Consistency of reported HWT practices was high in both urban (100%) and rural (93.3%) settings, as was availability of treated water (based on self-report) in all three sampling points (urban: 98.8%, rural: 76.0%). Nevertheless, only 13.7% of urban and 25.8% of rural households identified at baseline as users of adequate HWT had water free of thermotolerant coliforms at all three water sampling points. Our findings raise questions about the value of the data gathered through the international monitoring of HWT as predictors of water quality in the home, as well as questioning the ability of HWT, as actually practiced by vulnerable populations, to reduce exposure to waterborne diseases.
Violence and warfare in prehistoric Japan
Authors: Nakagawa Tomomi , Nakao Hisashi , Tamura Kohei , Arimatsu Yui , Matsumoto Naoko , Matsugi Takehiko
Published: May 2017

The origins and consequences of warfare or large-scale intergroup violence have been subject of long debate. Based on exhaustive surveys of skeletal remains for prehistoric hunter-gatherers and agriculturists in Japan, the present study examines levels of inferred violence and their implications for two evolutionary models, which ground warfare in parochial altruism versus subsistence. The former assumes that frequent warfare played an important role in the evolution of altruism, while the latter sees warfare as promoted by social changes induced by agriculture. Our results are inconsistent with the parochial altruism model but consistent with the subsistence model, although the mortality values attributable to violence between hunter-gatherers and agriculturists were comparable.
Satellite-derived methane hotspot emission estimates using a fast data-driven method
Authors: Buchwitz Michael , Schneising Oliver , Reuter Maximilian , Heymann Jens , Krautwurst Sven , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. , Boesch Hartmut , Parker Robert J. , Somkuti Peter , Detmers Rob G. , Hasekamp Otto P. , Aben Ilse , Butz André , Frankenberg Christian , Turner Alexander J.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Methane is an important atmospheric greenhouse gas and an adequate understanding of its emission sources is needed for climate change assessments, predictions, and the development and verification of emission mitigation strategies. Satellite retrievals of near-surface-sensitive column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of atmospheric methane, i.e. XCH4, can be used to quantify methane emissions. Maps of time-averaged satellite-derived XCH4 show regionally elevated methane over several methane source regions. In order to obtain methane emissions of these source regions we use a simple and fast data-driven method to estimate annual methane emissions and corresponding 1σ uncertainties directly from maps of annually averaged satellite XCH4. From theoretical considerations we expect that our method tends to underestimate emissions. When applying our method to high-resolution atmospheric methane simulations, we typically find agreement within the uncertainty range of our method (often 100 %) but also find that our method tends to underestimate emissions by typically about 40 %. To what extent these findings are model dependent needs to be assessed. We apply our method to an ensemble of satellite XCH4 data products consisting of two products from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and two products from TANSO-FTS/GOSAT covering the time period 2003–2014. We obtain annual emissions of four source areas: Four Corners in the south-western USA, the southern part of Central Valley, California, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. We find that our estimated emissions are in good agreement with independently derived estimates for Four Corners and Azerbaijan. For the Central Valley and Turkmenistan our estimated annual emissions are higher compared to the EDGAR v4.2 anthropogenic emission inventory. For Turkmenistan we find on average about 50 % higher emissions with our annual emission uncertainty estimates overlapping with the EDGAR emissions. For the region around Bakersfield in the Central Valley we find a factor of 5–8 higher emissions compared to EDGAR, albeit with large uncertainty. Major methane emission sources in this region are oil/gas and livestock. Our findings corroborate recently published studies based on aircraft and satellite measurements and new bottom-up estimates reporting significantly underestimated methane emissions of oil/gas and/or livestock in this area in EDGAR.
Investigation of global nitrate from the AeroCom Phase III experiment
Authors: Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Hauglustaine Didier A. , Schulz Michael , Myhre Gunnar , Bauer Susanne E. , Lund Marianne T. , Karydis Vlassis A. , Kucsera Tom L. , Pan Xiaohua , Pozzer Andrea , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Sudo Kengo , Tsigaridis Kostas , Tsimpidi Alexandra P. , Tsyro Svetlana G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. An assessment of global nitrate and ammonium aerosol based on simulations from nine models participating in the AeroCom Phase III study is presented. A budget analyses was conducted to understand the typical magnitude, distribution, and diversity of the aerosols and their precursors among the models. To gain confidence on model performance, the model results were evaluated with various observations globally, including ground station measurements over North America, Europe, and East Asia for tracer concentrations and dry and wet depositions, as well as with aircraft measurements in the Northern Hemisphere mid-high latitudes for tracer vertical distributions. Given the unique chemical and physical features of the nitrate occurrence, we further investigated the similarity and differentiation among the models by examining: (1) the pH-dependent NH3 wet deposition; (2) the nitrate formation via heterogeneous chemistry on the surface of dust and sea-salt particles; and (3) the nitrate coarse mode fraction (i.e., coarse/total). It is found that HNO3, which is simulated explicitly based on full O3–HOx–NOx–aerosol chemistry by all models, differs by up to a factor of 9 among the models in its global tropospheric burden. This partially contributes to a large difference in NO3−, whose atmospheric burden differs by up to a factor of 13. Analyses at the process level show that the large diversity in atmospheric burdens of NO3−, NH3, and NH4+ is also related to deposition processes. Wet deposition seems to be the dominant process in determining the diversity in NH3 and NH4+ lifetimes. It is critical to correctly account for contributions of heterogeneous chemical production of nitrate on dust and sea-salt, because this process overwhelmingly controls atmospheric nitrate production (typically > 80 %) and determines the coarse and fine mode distribution of nitrate aerosol.
Autonomous marine hyperspectral radiometers for determining solar irradiances and aerosol optical properties
Authors: Wood John , Smyth Tim J. , Estellés Victor
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We have developed two hyperspectral radiometer systems which require no moving parts, shade rings or motorised tracking, making them ideally suited for autonomous use in the inhospitable remote marine environment. Both systems are able to measure direct and diffuse hyperspectral irradiance in the wavelength range 350–1050 nm at 6 nm (Spectrometer 1) or 3.5 nm (Spectrometer 2) resolution. Marine field trials along a 100° transect (between 50° N and 50° S) of the Atlantic Ocean resulted in close agreement with existing commercially available instruments in measuring (1) photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), with both spectrometers giving regression slopes close to unity (Spectrometer 1: 0.960; Spectrometer 2: 1.006) and R2  ∼  0.96; (2) irradiant energy, with R2 ∼  0.98 and a regression slope of 0.75 which can be accounted for by the difference in wavelength integration range; and (3) hyperspectral irradiance where the agreement on average was between 2 and 5 %. Two long duration land-based field campaigns of up to 18 months allowed both spectrometers to be well calibrated. This was also invaluable for empirically correcting for the wider field of view (FOV) of the spectrometers in comparison with the current generation of sun photometers ( ∼  7.5° compared with  ∼  1°). The need for this correction was also confirmed and independently quantified by atmospheric radiative transfer modelling and found to be a function of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and solar zenith angle. Once Spectrometer 2 was well calibrated and the FOV effect corrected for, the RMSE in retrievals of AOD when compared with a CIMEL sun photometer were reduced to  ∼  0.02–0.03 with R2 > 0.95 at wavelengths 440, 500, 670 and 870 nm. Corrections for the FOV as well as ship motion were applied to the data from the marine field trials. This resulted in AOD500 nm ranging between 0.05 in the clear background marine aerosol regions and  ∼  0.5 within the Saharan dust plume. The RMSE between the handheld Microtops sun photometer and Spectrometer 2 was between 0.047 and 0.057 with R2 > 0.94.
Airborne DOAS retrievals of methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor concentrations at high spatial resolution: application to AVIRIS-NG
Authors: Thorpe Andrew K. , Frankenberg Christian , Thompson David R. , Duren Riley M. , Aubrey Andrew D. , Bue Brian B. , Green Robert O. , Gerilowski Konstantin , Krings Thomas , Borchard Jakob , Kort Eric A. , Sweeney Colm , Conley Stephen , Roberts Dar A. , Dennison Philip E.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. At local scales, emissions of methane and carbon dioxide are highly uncertain. Localized sources of both trace gases can create strong local gradients in its columnar abundance, which can be discerned using absorption spectroscopy at high spatial resolution. In a previous study, more than 250 methane plumes were observed in the San Juan Basin near Four Corners during April 2015 using the next generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) and a linearized matched filter. For the first time, we apply the Iterative Maximum a Posteriori Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) method to AVIRIS-NG data and generate gas concentration maps for methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor plumes. This demonstrates a comprehensive greenhouse gas monitoring capability that targets methane and carbon dioxide, the two dominant anthropogenic climate-forcing agents. Water vapor results indicate the ability of these retrievals to distinguish between methane and water vapor despite spectral mixing in the short wave infrared. We focus on selected cases from anthropogenic and natural sources, including emissions from mine ventilation shafts, a gas processing plant, tank, pipeline leak, and natural seep. In addition, carbon dioxide emissions were mapped from the flue-gas stacks of two coal-fired power plants and a water vapor plume was observed from the cooling towers of one power plant. Observed plumes were consistent with known and suspected emission sources verified by the true color AVIRIS-NG scenes and higher resolution Google Earth imagery. Real time detection and geolocation of methane plumes by AVIRIS-NG provided unambiguous identification of individual emission source locations and communication to a ground team for rapid follow up. This permitted verification of a number of methane emission sources using a thermal camera, including a tank and buried natural gas pipeline.
Estimating a planetary magnetic field with time-dependent global MHD simulations using an adjoint approach
Authors: Nabert Christian , Othmer Carsten , Glassmeier Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The interaction of the solar wind with a planetary magnetic field causes electrical currents that modify the magnetic field distribution around the planet. We present an approach to estimating the planetary magnetic field from in situ spacecraft data using a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation approach. The method is developed with respect to the upcoming BepiColombo mission to planet Mercury aimed at determining the planet's magnetic field and its interior electrical conductivity distribution. In contrast to the widely used empirical models, global MHD simulations allow the calculation of the strongly time-dependent interaction process of the solar wind with the planet. As a first approach, we use a simple MHD simulation code that includes time-dependent solar wind and magnetic field parameters. The planetary parameters are estimated by minimizing the misfit of spacecraft data and simulation results with a gradient-based optimization. As the calculation of gradients with respect to many parameters is usually very time-consuming, we investigate the application of an adjoint MHD model. This adjoint MHD model is generated by an automatic differentiation tool to compute the gradients efficiently. The computational cost for determining the gradient with an adjoint approach is nearly independent of the number of parameters. Our method is validated by application to THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) magnetosheath data to estimate Earth's dipole moment.
On the Future Role of the most Parsimonious Climate Module in Integrated Assessment
Authors: Khabbazan Mohammad M. , Held Hermann
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We test the validity of a one-box climate model as an emulator for Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) when the application is confined to the subset of scenarios approximately in-line with the 2° target. The one-box climate model is currently in use in the integrated assessment models FUND and MIND. For our assessment, we crucially rely on 14 recent CMIP5 AOGCM diagnostics of the total radiative forcing for various representative concentration pathways. Our findings are two-fold. Firstly, when directly prescribing AOGCMs’ respective equilibrium climate sensitivities (ECSs) and transient climate responses (TCRs) to the one-box model, global mean temperature (GMT) projections are generically too large by 0.5 K at peak temperature. Accordingly, corresponding integrated assessment studies might overestimate mitigation need and cost. Secondly, the one-box model becomes an excellent emulator of those AOGCMs once their ECS and TCR values are universally mapped onto effective one-box intrinsic counterparts. We suggest utilizing this one-box model in integrated assessment also in the future, in particular when computationally demanding decision-making under climate response uncertainty might be modelled. However, then the roles of ECS and TCR must be re-interpreted. For the MIND model as used over the past 5 years, even the transformed ECS values comply with the ranges explicated by IPCC AR5, however now at the high-end.
Mean Transit Times in Headwater Catchments: Insights from the Otway Ranges, Australia
Authors: Howcroft William , Cartwright Ian , Morgenstern Uwe
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Understanding the timescales of water flow through catchments and the origins of stream water at different flow conditions is critical for understanding catchment behaviour and managing water resources. Here, tritium (3H) activities, major ion geochemistry and discharge data were used in conjunction with Lumped Parameter Models (LPMs) to investigate mean transit times (MTTs) and the stores of water in six headwater catchments of the Otway Ranges in southeast Australia. 3H activities of stream water ranged from 0.20 to 2.14 TU, which are far lower than those of modern local rainfall (2.4 to 3.2 TU). The 3H activities of the stream water are lowest during the low summer flows and increase with stream discharge. Calculated MTTs vary from approximately 7 to 234 years which, in many cases, exceed those reported for river systems globally. The MTT estimates, however, are subject to a number of uncertainties, including, uncertainties in the most appropriate LPM to use, aggregation errors, and uncertainty in the modern and bomb-pulse 3H activity of rainfall. These uncertainties locally result in uncertainties in MTTs of several years; however, they do not change the overall conclusions that the water in these streams has MTTs of several years to decades. There is discharge threshold of approximately 104 m3 day−1 in all catchments above which 3H activities do not increase appreciably above ~ 2.0 TU. The MTT of this 3H activity is approximately ten years, which implies that changes within the catchments, including drought, deforestation, land use and/or bush fire, would not be realised within the streams for at least a decade. A positive correlation exists between 3H activities and nitrate and sulphate concentrations within several of the catchments, which suggests that anthropogenic activities have increasingly impacted water quality at these locations over time.
Coseismic displacements of the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake using the Planet optical cubesat constellation
Authors: Kääb Andreas , Altena Bas , Mascaro Joseph
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Satellite measurements of coseismic displacements are typically based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry or amplitude tracking, or based on optical data such as from Landsat, Sentinel-2, SPOT, ASTER, very high-resolution satellites, or air photos. Here, we evaluate a new class of optical satellite images for this purpose – data from cubesats. More specific, we investigate the PlanetScope cubesat constellation for horizontal surface displacements by the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, earthquake. Single PlanetScope scenes are 2–4 m-resolution visible and near-infrared frame images of approximately 20–30 km  ×  9–15 km in size, acquired in continuous sequence along an orbit of approximately 375–475 km height. From single scenes or mosaics from before and after the earthquake, we observe surface displacements of up to almost 10 m and estimate matching accuracies from PlanetScope data between ±0.25 and ±0.7 pixels (∼ ±0.75 to ±2.0 m), depending on time interval and image product type. Thereby, the most optimistic accuracy estimate of ±0.25 pixels might actually be typical for the final, sun-synchronous, and near-polar-orbit PlanetScope constellation when unrectified data are used for matching. This accuracy, the daily revisit anticipated for the PlanetScope constellation for the entire land surface of Earth, and a number of other features, together offer new possibilities for investigating coseismic and other Earth surface displacements and managing related hazards and disasters, and complement existing SAR and optical methods. For comparison and for a better regional overview we also match the coseismic displacements by the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data.
Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: a case study on an alluvial plain (central Turkey)
Authors: Şeker Cevdet , Özaytekin Hasan Hüseyin , Negiş Hamza , Gümüş İlknur , Dedeoğlu Mert , Atmaca Emel , Karaca Ümmühan
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Sustainable agriculture largely depends on soil quality. The evaluation of agricultural soil quality is essential for economic success and environmental stability in rapidly developing regions. In this context, a wide variety of methods using vastly different indicators are currently used to evaluate soil quality. This study was conducted in one of the most important irrigated agriculture areas of Konya in central Anatolia, Turkey, to analyze the soil quality indicators of Çumra County in combination with an indicator selection method, with the minimum data set using a total of 38 soil parameters. We therefore determined a minimum data set with principle component analysis to assess soil quality in the study area and soil quality was evaluated on the basis of a scoring function. From the broad range of soil properties analyzed, the following parameters were chosen: field capacity, bulk density, aggregate stability, and permanent wilting point (from physical soil properties); electrical conductivity, Mn, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, pH, and NO3-N (from chemical soil properties); and urease enzyme activity, root health value, organic carbon, respiration, and potentially mineralized nitrogen (from biological properties). According to the results, the chosen properties were found as the most sensitive indicators of soil quality and they can be used as indicators for evaluating and monitoring soil quality at a regional scale.
O ESTATUTO DO PORTUGUÊS E DAS LÍNGUAS BANTU MOÇAMBICANAS ANTES, DURANTE E DEPOIS DA LUTA PELA INDEPENDÊNCIA DA NAÇÃO EM 1975
Authors: PONSO Letícia Cao
Published: May 2017

Este artigo examina o estatuto das línguas bantu moçambicanas e da língua portuguesa antes, durante e depois da luta pela independência de Moçambique, colônia de Portugal no Índico até 1975. O discurso fundador de Moçambique pós-colonial considera a premência do português como meio de integração dos cidadãos no sistema nacional e como facilitador do desenvolvimento das instituições políticas e sociais. Porém, apenas o português parece não dar conta da complexa realidade sociolinguística moçambicana; por isso, a Frente pela Libertação de Moçambique e o primeiro governo independente admitem a necessidade de se elaborarem programas educativos considerando as línguas africanas como bases.
O TEMA DA TRADIÇÃO COMO TRAÇO DA ORIGINALIDADE DE MIA COUTO
Authors: BORBA Cláudia De Rodrigues , SPALDING Marcelo
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo busca analisar o livro Estórias Abensonhadas, escrito pelo renomado autor e biólogo moçambicano Mia Couto, nascido em 1955 na Beira, também conhecido pela sua autoria dos títulos O outro pé da sereia e Terra Sonâmbula. A obra em análise tem como foco a tradição regional africana, mais especificamente de Moçambique, como uma forma de originalidade da obra na literatura contemporânea. Cada conto da obra possui marcas de tradição consideráveis à compreensão da história e da literatura. Portanto, a análise é embasada no contexto histórico pós-guerra civil de Moçambique, bem como nos elementos estruturais da narrativa, como a linguagem, o foco narrativo, o espaço, o tempo e principalmente a construção dos personagens que envolvem todos os contos que compõem o livro.
A REALIZAÇÃO DO OBJETO DIRETO ANAFÓRICO NO PB E NO PE: RESULTADOS GERAIS DE UM ESTUDO
Authors: ARRUDA Niguelme Cardoso
Published: May 2017

Neste artigo, são apresentados resultados de um estudo norteado pela perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Sociolinguística Variacionista, tendo como foco a investigação de um fenômeno linguístico de natureza sintática (a realização do objeto direto anafórico) no português brasileiro (PB) e no português europeu (PE). Os dados para análise foram obtidos de corpora organizados a partir de entrevistas veiculadas em programas de auditórios, permitindo, assim, a comparação entre as duas variedades linguísticas, posto que, de um lado, os falantes estariam expostos a situações semelhantes de uso da língua e, de outro, os dados pertenceriam a uma mesma sincronia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, cujas frequências foram obtidas a partir do programa GoldVarb X. Os resultados apontaram para uma alta frequência de objeto nulo nas variedades do português, fornecendo evidências de que, resguardadas as diferenças quantitativas, há semelhanças em relação aos contextos que favorecem a realização desse fenômeno linguístico.
Corruption and Illegal Payments in Greece
Authors: Zacharakis Giorgos P. , Antonopoulou Panagiota Ι. , Travlos Antonios K. , Kipreos George S.
Published: May 2017

The phenomenon of corruption is global and extends in many areas of the public sector. However, in Greece it appears to be socially acceptable since in the case of illegal benefits and pensions, the corruption of the public officials takes place with the collaboration of the citizens who receive such pensions and allowances. It should be noted that in Greece the phenomenon has not been fully recorded since the only information available can be derived from the Press due to the publicity that such cases take and because of the large sums of money involved and the great damage they cause to the public sector. The fact is that this phenomenon is an important proof for the social fostering of corruption and that it is motivated by the pursuit of illicit enrichment both by the public officials and the citizens.
Alternative Tourism Development: A Theoretical Background
Authors: Triarchi Eirini , Karamanis Kostas
Published: May 2017

This paper presents the development of tourism market through the alternative forms of tourism. Origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. It is about developing new forms of sustainable tourism that integrate local populations and both natural and human environments of host countries. Ecotourism, cultural tourism and creative tourism support a different philosophy of tourism. Ecotourism in recent years encloses many tourism forms focused on natural environment. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. Τhe increase of educated population around the world, the globalization and technology supported this growth. Cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. Since this type of tourist becomes more interactive and creative, cultural tourism needs to be repositioned and become more “creative” too. In this way, the present article provides a simplified approach of the new “alternative” tourism development and distinguishes the current trends in tourism market.
The role of dimensions in classification under predicates predicts their status in degree constructions
Authors: Sassoon Galit Weidman , Fadlon Julie
Published: May 2017

This paper presents an experimental study of multidimensional gradability across categories. The study tests whether and to what extent the naturalness of multidimensional adjectives and nouns in degree constructions is predictable from their conceptual-semantic properties – the way their dimensions are typically bound to create a unified interpretation. Past research suggests that binding by counting operations is common in multidimensional adjectives, possible in certain nouns (labeled additive nouns), and rare in others (dubbed multiplicative nouns; Hampton et al. 2009). We hypothesize that the higher naturalness of adjectives in degree constructions (Kennedy 1999) stems from a preference for dimension-binding by counting operations. Accordingly, we predict that additive nouns would be judged more natural than multiplicative nouns in any construction whose interpretation involves dimension-counting, e.g., dimensional quantifiers (as in: in {some, most, every} respect}) and degree modifiers (as in more P {than y, than Q, than y is Q}). The results of a naturalness survey involving 139 English speakers confirm our predictions. Moreover, our results indicate that the naturalness of a predicate in degree constructions and dimensional-quantifier constructions are tightly correlated, suggesting that dimension accessibility for counting is indeed an important predictor of morphological gradability.
Children’s quantification with every over time
Authors: Aravind Athulya , de Villiers Jill , de Villiers Peter , Lonigan Christopher J. , Phillips Beth M. , Clancy Jeanine , Landry Susan H. , Swank Paul R. , Assel Michael , Taylor Heather B. , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy , Valiente Carlos
Published: May 2017

This article looks closely at two types of errors children have been shown to make with universal quantification—Exhaustive Pairing (EP) errors and Underexhaustive errors—and asks whether they reflect the same underlying phenomenon. In a large-scale, longitudinal study, 140 children were tested 4 times from ages 4 to 7 on sentences involving the universal quantifier every. We find an interesting inverse relationship between EP errors and Underexhaustive errors over development: the point at which children stop making Underexhaustive errors is also when they begin making EP errors. Underexhaustive errors, common at early stages in our study, may be indicative of a non-adult, non-exhaustive semantics for every. EP errors, which emerge later, and remain frequent even at age 7, are progressive in nature and were also found with adults in a control study. Following recent developmental work (Drozd and van Loosbroek 2006; Smits 2010), we suggest that these errors do not signal lack of knowledge, but may stem from independent difficulties appropriately restricting the quantifier domain in the presence of a salient, but irrelevant, extra object.This article is part of the special collection: Acquisition of Quantification
A atuação estatal desempenhada para fomentar o desenvolvimento brasileiro
Authors: Pinto Felipe Chiarello de Souza , Santos Larissa Dias Puerta dos
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo propõe uma análise do cenário desenvolvimentista brasileiro através da ótica proposta pela autora Mariana Mazzucato, em sua obra “O Estado Empreendedor”. Com as ideias apresentadas em toda sua obra, pretende-se compreender a aplicação de seu ideal na construção do desenvolvimento brasileiro tendo em vista que sua obra, originalmente, serviu de suporte para incentivar que o governo inglês assumisse a postura de fomentador do desenvolvimento interno. A ideia desenvolvida por ela pode facilmente ser adotada no Brasil, e as razões para isso podem ser vislumbradas nesse ensaio que se propôs a trazer uma abordagem inicial da necessidade de uma postura arrojada do governo brasileiro no desenvolvimento nacional em meio ao cenário de crise atual.
O sequestro da produção doméstica no Brasil: uma análise insumo-produto do vazamento de demanda
Authors: Marcato Marilia Bassetti , Ultremare Fernanda Oliveira
Published: May 2017

Este artigo analisa os encadeamentos produtivos da indústria doméstica frente aos estímulos de demanda vis-à-vis o vazamento de demanda para o exterior. A partir da matrizes insumo-produto, esta pesquisa propõe analisar a interdependência entre os setores econômicos e o impacto econômico de um choque de demanda na economia brasileira, para o período de 2000-2009, a partir de diferentes indicadores, cada qual sob um enfoque distinto. Dentre esses indicadores, estão: índices de Rasmussen-Hirschman; índices de campo de influência; multiplicadores de produção e de importação, que identificam, respectivamente, a interdependência entre cada setor e os demais da economia; os principais elos de ligação do processo produtivo; e os efeitos diretos e indiretos do estímulo de demanda de determinado setor, bem como seu vazamento para o exterior. Para averiguar se a estrutura de oferta doméstica foi capaz de assegurar que estímulos de demanda fossem traduzidos em produção doméstica, um indicador de vazamento de demanda setorial é construído. Este estudo corrobora a hipótese de que a indústria permanece como importante força motriz de crescimento econômico. No entanto, os resultados sugerem uma tendência de desadensamento da estrutura produtiva, que compromete a capacidade potencial do setor industrial de gerar dinamismo econômico a longo-prazo.
Cautery artifact understages urothelial cancer at initial transurethral resection of large bladder tumours
Authors: Truong Matthew , Liang Lorraine , Kukreja Janet , O’Brien Jeanne , Jean-Gilles Jerome , Messing Edward
Published: May 2017

Introduction: We sought to determine how frequently cautery (thermal) artifact precludes an accurate determination of stage at initial transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) of large bladder tumours.Methods: We queried our institution’s billing data to identify patients who underwent TURBT for large bladder tumours >5cm (CPT 52240) by two urologists at an academic centre from January 2009 through April 2013. Only patients who underwent initialstaging TURBT for urothelial cancer were included. Pathological reports were reviewed for stage, number of separate pathological specimens per TURBT, and presence of cautery artifact. Operative reports were reviewed for whether additional cold cup biopsies were taken of other suspicious areas of the bladder, resident involvement, and type of electrocautery.Results: We identified 119 patients who underwent initial staging TURBT for large tumours. Cautery artifact interfered with accurate staging in 7/119 (6%) of cases. Of these, six patients underwent restaging TURBT, with 50% percent experiencing upstaging to T2 disease. Tumour size, tumour grade, whether additional cold cup biopsies were taken, number of separate pathological specimens sent, and resident involvement were not associated with cautery artifact (all p>0.05). Bipolar resection had a higher rate of cautery artifact 5/42 (12%), compared to monopolar resection 2/77 (2.6%) approaching significance (p=0.095).Conclusions: Cautery artifact may delay accurate staging at initial TURBT for large tumours by understaging up to 6% of patients.
Shaping the Culture of Safety through Effective Leadership in Malaysia
Authors: Yam Fanny , Wong Chih Siong , Hoong Cheah Yuat , Ebrahimi Mansoureh
Published: May 2017

Despite the enforcement of safety protocols, several workplaces and organizations still face accidents in Malaysia. SOSCO reported >34,000 workplace related accidents in 2012, 983 of which were fatal. Leadership is important when creating a culture that supports and promotes health and safety. Management and Team leaders are vital in inspiring workers to higher levels of safety consciousness and productivity, which means they must personally apply good leadership attributions daily. A ‘Safety Culture’ describes a safety management style in the workplace that reflects attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values shared by all workers with regard to safety. The objectives of this study include raising the awareness among leaders in the workplace of their role and responsibility in the mitigation and construction of a safety culture that approaches zero incidents in the workplace. The methodology used in this paper includes a qualitative literature research on safety culture and leadership in addition to a quantitative survey that focused on safety culture at two Malaysian universities. This research thus provides an in-depth analysis and platform for organizations to identify areas of weakness and concern and can lead to further research that builds on existing systems to strengthen safety culture awareness and praxis.
Effect of Frozen Storage on Polyphenol Oxidase, Antioxidant Content, and Color of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp
Authors: Brannan Robert G , Wang Gai
Published: May 2017

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity values for pawpaw pulp during frozen storage were measured for the main effect of month of storage at three levels (0, 4, 8 months) and treatment at four levels (vacuum, air, ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine). A significant effect of treatment was observed in PPO activity (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant difference between samples that were vacuum packaged and those for which no attempt to exclude air was made. The addition of the two chemical browning inhibitors significantly lowered PPO activity. Ascorbic acid exhibited a significant 69% reduction in PPO activity compared to vacuum and air samples and n-acetylcysteine was significantly more effective than ascorbic acid and almost completely inhibited PPO activity compared to the vacuum and air samples. CIELAB tristimulous color values (L*, a*, b*) were used to generate the applied color values total color difference (DE), browning index, hue and chroma in pawpaw pulp for the two main effects. Analysis of variance for the main effects showed significance for all seven color attributes at p<0.001. For the main effect of storage time, ANOVA showed significance during storage for all seven color attributes at p<0.001, indicating that there were color changes during storage. Pawpaw pulp samples at 8 months of storage were significantly darker (lower L*), more yellow (higher b*), more vivid (higher chroma), and had a higher browning index than the samples at 0 or 4 months of storage. For the main effect of treatment, ascorbic acid and n-acetylcysteine treatment produced pawpaw pulp that was significantly different than samples to which air was not excluded for all seven dependent color variables. Specifically, n-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid produced pulp that was lighter (higher L*), less red (lower a*), and more yellow (higher b* and hue), more vivid (higher chroma), and exhibited more color difference (higher DE). A strategy to inhibit enzymatic browning during frozen storage would be useful for the nascent pawpaw industry.
Convergence Analysis for Mixed Finite Element Method of Positive Semi-definite Problems
Authors: Yuan Yirang
Published: May 2017

A mixed element-characteristic finite element method is put forward to approximate three-dimensional incompressible miscible positive semi-definite displacement problems in porous media. The mathematical model is formulated by a nonlinear partial differential system. The flow equation is approximated by a mixed element scheme, and the pressure and Darcy velocity are computed at the same time. The concentration equation is treated by the method of characteristic finite element, where the convection term is discretized along the characteristics and the diffusion term is computed by the scheme of finite element. The method of characteristics can confirm strong computation stability at the sharp fronts and avoid numerical dispersion and nonphysical oscillation. Furthermore, a large step is adopted while small time truncation error and high order accuracy are obtained. It is an important feature in numerical simulation of seepage mechanics that the mixed volume element can compute the pressure and Darcy velocity simultaneously and the accuracy of Darcy velocity is improved one order. Using the form of variation, energy method, $L^2$ projection and the technique of priori estimates of differential equations, we show convergence analysis for positive semi-definite problems. Then a powerfu  tool is given to solve international famous problems.
Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on development and flowering of Tagetes patula L. ‘Yellow Boy’ and Salvia splendens Buc’hoz ex Etl. ‘Saluti Red’
Authors: Janowska Beata , Andrzejak Roman
Published: May 2017

The effect of mycorrhization on development and flowering of Tagetes patula L. ‘Yellow Boy’ and Salvia splendens Buc’hoz ex Etl. ‘Saluti Red’ was assessed. Control treatments were those in which plants were grown in peat substrate, as opposed to the treatments in which the substrate was supplemented with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza-treated plants of T. patula ‘Yellow Boy’ produced more inflorescence buds. In S. splendens ‘Saluti Red’, thanks to symbiosis with fungi, more flowers per inflorescence developed. Mycorrhization had no effect on plant height in T. patula ‘Yellow Boy’ and S. splendens ‘Saluti Red’. However, after its application plants tillered more intensively forming more primary lateral shoots. Mycorrhiza-treated cultivars of both species had a higher index of greenness.
Apps and Mobile Support Services in Canadian Academic Medical Libraries
Authors: Grynoch Tess
Published: May 2017

Objective: To examine how Canadian academic medical libraries are supporting mobile apps, what apps are currently being provided by these libraries, and what types of promotion are being used. Methods: A survey of the library websites for the 17 medical schools in Canada was completed. For each library website surveyed, the medical apps listed on the website, any services mentioned through this medium, and any type of app promotion events were noted. When Facebook and Twitter accounts were evident, the tweets were searched and the past two years of Facebook posts scanned for mention of medical apps or mobile services/events. Results: All seventeen academic medical libraries had lists of mobile medical apps with a large range in the number of medical relevant apps (average=31, median= 23). A total of 275 different apps were noted and the apps covered a wide range of subjects. Five of the 14 Facebook accounts scanned had posts about medical apps in the past two years while 11 of the 15 Twitter accounts had tweets about medical apps. Social media was only one of the many promotional methods noted. Outside of the app lists and mobile resources guides, Canadian academic medical libraries are providing workshops, presentations, and drop-in sessions for mobile medical apps. Conclusion: While librarians cannot simply compare mobile services and resources between academic medical libraries without factoring in a number of other circumstances, librarians can learn from mobile resources strategies employed at other libraries, such as using research guides to increase medical app literacy.