bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Released Lipids Regulate Transient Receptor Potential Channel (TRP)-Dependent Oral Cancer Pain
Authors: Ruparel Shivani , Bendele Michelle , Wallace Ashley , Green Dustin
Published: May 2015

Background

Pain in the head neck area is an early symptom in oral cancer, supporting the hypothesis that cancer cells control the activities of surrounding nociceptors at the site of the tumor. Several reports implicate TRPV1 and TRPA1 in cancer pain, although there is a large gap in knowledge since the mechanisms for tumor-induced activation of these TRP receptors are unknown. Interestingly, TRP-active lipids such as linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid are significantly elevated in the saliva of oral cancer patients compared to normal patients, supporting a possible linkage between these lipids and oral cancer pain. We therefore hypothesize that oral squamous cell carcinomas release certain lipids that activate TRPV1 and/or TRPA1 on sensory neurons, contributing to the development of oral cancer pain.

Methods

Lipid extracts were made from conditioned media of three human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines as well as one normal human oral keratinocytes cell line. These were then injected intraplantarly into rat hindpaws to measure spontaneous nocifensive behavior, as well as thermal and mechanical allodynia. For interventional experiments, the animals were pretreated with AMG517 (TRPV1 antagonist) or HC030031 (TRPA1 antagonist) prior to extract injection.

Results

These studies demonstrate that lipids released from the three OSCC cell lines, but not the normal cell line, were capable of producing significant spontaneous nocifensive behaviors, as well as thermal and mechanical allodynia. Notably each of the cell lines produced a different magnitude of response for each of three behavioral assays. Importantly, pre-treatment with a TRPVI antagonist blocked lipid-mediated nocifensive and thermal hypersensitivity, but not mechanical hypersensitivity. In addition, pre-treatment with a TRPA1 antagonist only reversed thermal hypersensitivity without affecting lipid-induced nocifensive behavior or mechanical allodynia.

Conclusions

These data reveal a novel mechanism for cancer pain and provide strong direction for future studies evaluating the cellular mechanism regulating the TRP-active lipids by OSCC tumors.
Outcrops and well logs as a practicum for calibrating the accuracy of traveltime tomograms
Authors: Hanafy Sherif M. , Mattson Ann , Bruhn Ronald L. , Liu Shengdong , Schuster Gerard T.
Published: May 2015

We have developed two case studies demonstrating the use of high-resolution seismic tomography and reflection imaging in the field of paleoseismology. The first study, of the Washington fault in southern Utah, USA, evaluated the subsurface deposits in the hanging wall of the normal fault. The second study, of the Mercur fault in the eastern Great Basin of Utah, USA, helped to establish borehole locations for sampling subsurface colluvial deposits buried deeper than those previously trenched along the fault zone. We evaluated the seismic data interpretations by comparison with data obtained by trenching and logging deposits across the Washington fault, and by drill-core sampling and video logging of boreholes penetrating imaged deposits along the Mercur fault. The seismic tomograms provided critical information on colluvial wedges and faults but lacked sufficient detail to resolve individual paleoearthquakes.
More efficient and cost-effective ways of evaluating and high grading unconventional plays
Authors: Edman Janell , Sprunt Eve , Newman Jane , Ruder Michal , Ellis Jim
Published: May 2015

With unconventional exploration expanding into basins with little seismic data and few wellbores, some lower cost technologies should be exploited up front to select areas of greater economic potential. Typically, 3D seismic is used for high grading, but it is expensive, ground access can be limited resulting in partial coverage, and, as with many technologies, interpretations can be ambiguous. However, there are less expensive alternatives, such as remote sensing, gravity and magnetics, geochemistry, and petrography, that can be used to initially identify areas with higher potential. After the initial screening evaluation, the high-graded areas can subsequently be appraised using more expensive techniques. Using less expensive screening alternatives up front can improve results and project economics. Two examples, one from the Bakken in the Williston Basin and another from the Eagle Ford at First Shot Field in Texas, are given showing how such less expensive screening data can be used to locate areas that have either better production and/or oil that is more easily produced from tight rocks. Our Bakken and Eagle Ford examples determined that our integrated approach could add value in different tectonic settings that involve rocks of very different geologic ages and depositional settings. Detecting and investigating igneous events in a sedimentary basin were important steps in our integrated approach. Igneous activity was more common in the upper crust and sedimentary basins than was generally assumed. In both of these examples, production “sweet spots” were related to igneous drivers that create areas of localized convective high heat flow that in turn were associated with recurrent movement of basement faults. Convective heat flow via hydrothermal fluids along faults and fracture zones was much more efficient than the transfer of heat by conductive heat flow. The screening data at the mega- and microscale supported the hypothesis that recurrent movement on faults and lineaments provided conduits for hydrothermal fluids and igneous volatiles. The hydrothermal fluids were interpreted to have had an important impact on in situ hydrocarbon generation, and petrography further suggested that precipitation of minerals from these hydrothermal fluids could affect porosity, permeability, rock fracturability, and overpressuring. The work and our examples proved how less expensive screening techniques, such as remote sensing, gravity, magnetics, geochemistry, and petrography, could be used to high grade unconventional shale oil plays, so the sweet spots could be drilled first.
Acceleration-Based Vibration Control for Structural Systems with Actuator Faults and Finite-Time State Constraint
Authors: Weng Falu , Ding Yuanchun , Liang Liming , Ge Ji
Published: May 2015

The problem of acceleration-based vibration control for structural systems with actuator faults and finite-time state-constraint is discussed in this paper. The objective of designing controllers is to guarantee the closed-loop systems satisfying a finite-time state-constraint condition while having a prescribed level of acceleration attenuation performance. First, by describing the actuator faults into a fault matrix, the actuator-fault-included state-space model, with the acceleration as its controlled output, is obtained. Then, based on a combination of matrices and rank-1 vectors, the obtained model is extended to its uncertain description which contains parameter uncertainties appearing in all the mass, damping and stiffness matrices. Second, based on the finite-time stability analysis, the sufficient conditions for the existence of acceleration-based vibration controllers are obtained. By solving these conditions, the desired controllers, with considerations of actuator faults and parameters uncertainties, are obtained for the closed-loop system to be stable with finite-time state-constraint and acceleration-based H-infinite performance. In the end, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed theorems.
Distribution of Voltage Induced by Parallel Transmission Line Along Dead and Grounded Line
Authors: Токарский  , Tokarskiy A. , Рубцова  , Rubtsova Nina
Published: May 2015

Calculation algorithm for Currents and voltages induced by electric field of operating overhead transmission line (OTL) along

dead and grounded parallel OTL is presented. The data indicates the coincidence of the results of calculation under OTL

parameters outside the "dead zone" obtained by Carson’ method and calculation with hequ method not having a "dead zone".
Arrive Alive: Road Safety in Kenya and South Africa
Authors: Lamont Mark , Lee Rebekah
Published: May 2015

This article is among the first historical considerations of road safety in Africa. It argues that race and class, as colonial dualisms, analytically frame two defining moments in the development of African automobility and its infrastructure—“Africanization” in the first decade of Kenya’s political independence from Britain, 1963–75, and democratization in postapartheid South Africa. We argue that recent road safety interventions in both countries exemplify an “epidemiological turn” influenced by public health constructions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. African states’ framing of road safety in behaviorist terms has obscured larger debates around redressing the historical legacies of racialized access to roads and the technopolitics of African automobility. Civic involvement in road safety initiatives has tended to be limited, although the specter of road carnage has entered into the public imagination, largely through the death of high profile Africans. However, some African road users continue to pursue alternative, and often culturally embedded, strategies to mitigate the dangers posed by life “on the road.”
Mobility Integration of ERP systems
Authors: Lozano Álvaro , Villarrubia Gabriel , López Alberto
Published: May 2015

Nowadays a lot of enterprises work with ERP systems. It usefulness is generally used in office environments and different enterprises which offer this software are developing mobile applications. These mobile applications work with their own system and they don’t usually work in other platforms. Currently any mobile application can communicate with more than one ERP system because each one has its own communications methods. This article presents a system that expect unify the communication between different ERP systems and allows mobile applications to communicate with them in a homogeneous way.
MODERNIZATION FEATURES OF A VACUUM INSTALLATION BASED ON LOW-PRESSURE ARC DISCHARGE FOR COMPOSITE TIN-CU LAYERS FORMATION
Authors: Tsyrenov Dmitriy , Semenov Aleksandr , Smirnyagina Natalia
Published: May 2015

A hybrid technology for forming composite TiN-Cu layers under the combined influence of a magnetron and low pressure arc discharges has been designed. The parameters of the plasma generator have been studied. The technological parameters for layer deposition in the conditions of coordinated action of the vacuum arc evaporator and the planar magnetron have been studied. This report describes the phase composition of TiN-Cu layers and the structure on fused silica substrates.
Spatial Marking and Quantitative Counting Cell Membrane αIIbβ3Integrin in Single Cells via Peptide-Au Cluster Probes
Authors: Zhao Lina , Gao Xueyun
Published: May 2015

We propose a theoretical designed peptide-Au cluster probe and realize spatially marking and quantitatively counting αIIbβ3integrin via this novel nanoprobe. On single cell level, we find the number of αIIbβ3integrin ranges from 5.75 to 9.11×10-17mol for the heteroexpression of individual cells. Because the variation of proteins (including integrin and other biomarkers) on single cell has a tight correlation with many serious human diseases, our quantifying protein method on a single cell level is helpful for estimating the disease progression for diagnosis and detecting the drug response for therapy.
Direct Writing of Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Patterns
Authors: Banerjee Derrick A. , Sierros Konstantinos A.
Published: May 2015

Solution-based fabrication methods have been widely used for depositing uniform functional coatings. These coatings can be utilized in a variety of applications such as optoelectronics, biomedical, and energy. However, such fabrication techniques are not appropriate for directly depositing patterned micro/nano-scale features, which are required in many contact-based applications such as in MEMS.

In this work we propose the direct writing of hydrophobic silica-based sol-gel patterns with sustained functionality and their subsequent tribological characterization. Such an approach may be an advantageous alternative to current lithography-based methods due to the relative ease of processing and low material waste. This investigation involves the abrasive wear and frictional analysis of patterned fluorinated silica sol-gel coatings that are directly printed onto glass substrates with a robotically controlled pneumatic nozzle system. Such work sheds light on the tribological properties of lithography-free processed hydrophobic patterns for applications spanning from micromotors to biomedical fluidic devices.
Non-aqueous PEDOT:PSS dispersion for improved inverted organic solar cells
Authors: Schumann Stefan , Elschner Andreas , Gaiser Detlef , Lövenich Wilfried
Published: May 2015

A non-aqueous Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) dispersion was developed to enable the accommodation of non-polar additives. This additional functionalisation targets selected interface characteristics and results in an improved adhesion of PEDOT:PSS on the photo-active layer. Such mechanical robustness is paramount in inverted organic photovoltaic cells contributing to improved long-term stability.
A Heterogeneidade e suas Implicações para as Políticas Públicas no Rural Brasileiro
Authors: Belik Walter
Published: May 2015

O artigo faz uma rápida revisão sobre os trabalhos que tratam da heterogeneidade da agricultura brasileira, demonstrando que essa é uma condição historicamente verificada no nosso meio rural e que pode ser encontrada em outras agriculturas, mais tecnificadas ou intensivas em mão de obra. Procura-se evidenciar que, mais que a heterogeneidade, a política pública deve voltar a sua atenção para a redução das desigualdades que têm suas causas ligadas ao acesso diferenciado aos fatores de produção e à baixa capacidade dos produtores em obter ganhos líquidos nas suas explorações. Recomenda-se a adoção de ações simples ligadas à assistência técnica, extensão rural, financiamento da produção e comercialização.
Motives for requesting an electrocardiogram in primary health care
Authors: Santos Paulo , Martins Carlos , Sá Luísa , Hespanhol Alberto , Couto Luciana
Published: May 2015

The management of requests for diagnostic exams presents its own inherent characteristics in primary health care and reflects the specific nature of the physician-patient relationship. The scope of the study was to identify the reasons for requesting an electrocardiogram (ECG) in primary health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban region in Portugal, establishing the motives to ask for an ECG consecutively over two years, starting on 01/03/2007 using data retrieved from structured forms filled out by the physician at the moment of requesting the exam. A total of 870 ECGs of 817 patients were included. Symptoms manifested during the patient visit justified 48.5% of the ECGs, and follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors motivated 25.2%. A global health examination accounted for 22.8% of the requests. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of symptoms (p < 0.001), presence of any cardiovascular risk factor (p = 0.002), hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.002), and urgency (p < 0.001) were the main factors associated with the requests. The requests for electrocardiograms are predominantly for clinical reasons as a result of patients symptoms. The integration of expectations and beliefs of the patients is present in the decision-making process.
Social scientists in public health: a fuzzy approach
Authors: Nascimento Juliana Luporini do , Stephan Celso , Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: May 2015

This study aims to describe and analyze the presence of social scientists, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists in the field of public health. A survey by the Lattes Curriculum and sites of Medical Colleges, Institutes of Health Research Collective, seeking professionals who work in healthcare and have done some stage of their training in the areas of social sciences. In confluence with Norbert Elias' concepts of social networks and configuration of interdependence it was used fuzzy logic, and the tool free statistical software R version 2.12.0 which enabled a graphic representation of social scientists interdependence in the field of social sciences-health-social sciences. A total of 238 professionals were ready in 6 distinct clusters according to the distance or closer of each professional in relation to public health and social sciences. The work was shown with great analytical and graphical representation possibilities for social sciences of health, in using this innovative quantitative methodology.
Seasonal effects and antifungal activity from bark chemical constituents of Sterculia apetala (Malvaceae) at Pantanal of Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: FONTOURA Fernanda Mussi , MATIAS Rosemary , LUDWIG Juliane , OLIVEIRA Ademir Kleber Morbeck de , BONO José Antonio Maior , MARTINS Pedro de Figueiredo Rocha Barbosa , CORSINO Joaquim , GUEDES Neiva Maria Robaldo
Published: May 2015

In the Southern Pantanal, the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), an endangered species, often chooses the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala) as a nesting site, because of its physical properties. In addition, the chemical composition of the wood may also contribute to a nesting selection by the hyacinth macaws. The objective of this study was to determine the main chemical components of S. apetala bark for two seasons, and evaluate its fungicidal potential. Bark samples from S. apetala trees with and without nests of A. hyacinthinus were collected in January (wet season) and August (dry season) of 2012. The inhibition of mycelium growth (MGI) from tree samples with and without nests were assessed using a phytochemical analysis to evaluate their antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. In both seasons, samples obtained from nested trees had higher content of total phenols than those collected from non-nested trees. The average content of total flavonoids was higher in January for samples with nest and in August for samples without nest. All selected samples showed antifungal activity, and those with nest collected in August (peak of hyacinth macaw breeding) resulted in an MGI of 51.3%. Therefore, this percentage, related to the content of flavonoids and the presence of coumarins, may influence the reproductive success of hyacinth macaws and other species of birds, in this region. This is the first chemical study report with the stem bark of S. apetala.
A AULA DE PORTUGUÊS: SOBRE VIVÊNCIAS (IN)FUNCIONAIS
Authors: CERUTTI-RIZZATTI Mary Elizabeth , IRIGOITE Josa Coelho da Silva
Published: May 2015

Este artigo tematiza a aula Português, discutindo a educação linguística escolar para os usos sociais da escrita. Trata-se de uma abordagem – fundada em reflexões sobre (in)funcionalidade de Ponzio (2008-2009) – que objetiva responder à seguinte questão-problema: ‘Em se tratando de aulas de Português em classes de Educação Básica situadas em entornos de vulnerabilidade social, é possível ensaiar um processo de elaboração didática – no ensino dos usos sociais da escrita – que não se limite à funcionalidade?’ A base teórica é a filosofia da linguagem bakhtiniana, a antropologia da linguagem dos estudos do letramento e a psicologia da linguagem de fundamentação vigotskiana. Trata-se de um estudo de caso cujos dados foram gerados por meio de pesquisa documental em vivências do Programa Institucional de Iniciação à Docência – Pibid/Capes – e cuja análise tem base interpretativista. Os resultados sinalizam possibilidades de uma ação didática que, valendo-se da funcionalidade que caracteriza o aparelho escolar e as novas tecnologias, abra espaços à educação para o infuncional, para os usos da escrita em que a palavra não se rende à lógica do mercado global.
QUAL VIA PARA A ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO?: UMA ENTREVISTA COM JEAN-JACQUES COURTINE
Authors: KOGAWA João
Published: May 2015

O percurso de Jean-Jacques Courtine no campo da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa bem como as contribuições do autor para a teoria já são bastante conhecidos pelos estudiosos do domínio. Como é comum aos grandes pensadores, o pensamento desse estudioso das ciências humanas não permaneceu o mesmo, nem tampouco os espaços pelos quais ele circulou academicamente (França, EUA e, atualmente, Nova Zelândia). De Análise do discurso político: o discurso comunista endereçado aos cristãos à História da Virilidade, muitas problemáticas foram enfrentadas por Courtine. Nesta entrevista inédita, o autor nos fala sobre sua história no campo da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa; sobre os anseios, expectativas e perspectivas comuns aos anos 1960 e que influenciaram a Análise do Discurso; sobre aspectos de sua relação com Michel Pêcheux e os caminhos que seus trabalhos tomaram após os anos 1980. Tudo isso nos leva a refletir sobre a complexidade, a importância e a atualidade do discurso como objeto de investigação.
Emergência e uso da perífrase conjuncional no que: gramaticalização, polissemia e argumentação
Authors: Longhin Sanderléia Roberta
Published: May 2015

Resumo: Neste trabalho, investigo as construções de junção mobilizadas  pela perífrase no que, entendendo-as como uma instância recente de gramaticalização que contribui para ampliação do repertório conjuncional do português brasileiro. Com base em dados de no que extraídos de textos narrativos, procedentes de enunciação falada e escrita, busco consolidar dois objetivos: (i) descrever aspectos do processo de constituição de no que como juntor perifrástico, particularmente no que toca à reanálise sintagmática e à emergência dos sentidos; e, (ii) analisar as condições de uso de no que, visando a explicitar a manobra argumentativa que singulariza o juntor e que ajuda a compreender suas motivações de uso.Palavras-chave: Gramaticalização; Junção; Polissemia; Argumentação. Abstract: In this work I investigate junction constructions mobilized by the periphrasis no que, considering them as a recent instance of grammaticalization that contributes to enhance the conjunctional repertoire of Brazilian Portuguese. Based on no que data extracted from narrative texts, both from spoken and written enunciations, I seek to achieve two goals: (i) describe aspects of the no que constitution process as a periphrastic junctor, particularly with regard to the syntagmatic reanalysis and the emergence of meanings; and (ii) analyze the use conditions of no que with the purpose of elaborating on the argumentative maneuver which singularizes the junctor and helps understand its use motivations.Keywords: Grammaticalization; Junction; Polyssemy; Argumentation
Expressividade e frequência de uso: aspectos pragmáticos e cognitivos da gramaticalização
Authors: Vitral Lorenzo Teixeira
Published: May 2015

Resumo: O artigo busca explicitar a intuição de Meillet (1912) de que os fenômenos de gramaticalização resultam da tensão entre a expressividadee a frequência de uso das formas da língua. Tratando a expressividade por meio da noção de subjetificação (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2005;LANGACKER, 2006), formulamos as seguintes questões: (1) o que quer dizer mais conteúdos e por que (e de que maneira) mais formas implicam mais conteúdos?; (2) o que quer dizer menos conteúdos e como se explica sua relação com a redução de formas? Por meio de princípios da pragmática neo-griceana e da análise da dupla negação em português,procuramos explicar como os falantes extraem conteúdos que se associamà sua subjetividade, o que estaria no cerne do fenômeno de inovação linguística. Após discussão sobre a noção de abstração e sua relação coma subjetividade, propomos que a perda de expressividade das formas se deve a seu espraiamento no sistema da língua e entre os falantes.Palavras-chave: Gramaticalização; Subjetificação; Pragmática; Abstração; Dupla negação.Abstract: This article seeks to clarify Meillet’s supposition (1912) that the phenomena of grammaticalization result from tension between the expressiveness and the frequency of use of language forms. Treating through the notion of subjectification (TRAUGOTT;DASHER, 2005; LANGACKER, 2006), we formulated the following questions: (1) What does more content mean? And why (and how) do most forms imply more content; (2) what does less content mean? And how does it explain its relation to the reduction of forms? Through the principles of Neo-Gricean pragmatism and the analysis of double negation in Portuguese, we seek to explain how speakers extract content that are associated with the subjectivity of speakers, which would be at the heart of the phenomenon of linguistic innovation. After discussing the notion of abstraction and its relation to subjectivity, we propose that the loss of expressiveness of forms is caused by its expansion in the language system and among speakers.Keywords: Grammaticalization; Subjectification; Pragmatics; Abstraction; Double Negation.
A New Way To Die
Authors: Forrest Laura
Published: May 2015

A review of the recent Supreme Court decision regarding assisted-suicide.
From Courtroom to Bedside - A Discussion with Dr. Jeff Blackmer on the Implications of Carter v. Canada and Physician-Assisted Death
Authors: Santi Nicolas
Published: May 2015

Introduction:On February 6th, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) concluded that “the prohibition on physician-assisted dying is void insofar as it deprives a competent adult of such assistance where (1) the person affected clearly consents to the termination of life; and (2) the person has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition.”[1]. The Court added, “The declaration of invalidity is suspended for 12 months,”[1] to allow the government to respond with appropriate legislation to guide and regulate the practice of Physician-Assisted Death (PAD).Dr. Jeff Blackmer is the Vice President of Medical Professionalism at the Canadian Medical Association (CMA). He holds a Masters in Medical Ethics from the University of Toronto. He served as the Executive Director of the CMA’s Office of Ethics, Professionalism and International Affairs and has been the interim Director of Ethics for the World Medical Association in Geneva. In an interview on February 11th, Dr. Blackmer kindly agreed to help us navigate through an array of ethical and practical ramifications stemming from the decision on Carter v. Canada.
Why I use Poetry in My Medical Teaching.
Authors: Grynspan David
Published: May 2015

Opinion piece - no abstract required.
Chemotherapy Induced Cardiotoxicity: Facts, Breakthroughs, and Challenges.
Authors: Maharsy Wael
Published: May 2015

Chemotherapy involves the use of one or more cytotoxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing malignant cells. One of the most promising fields of chemotherapy is the so-called targeted therapy, where a group of antibodies and small-molecule kinase inhibitors are designed to target key proteins involved in growth and proliferation pathways. Today, targeted therapeutics, such as Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), have radically transformed the treatment of solid tumors and some blood malignancies. Unfortunately, the emerging chemotherapy associated cardiotoxicity posing unexpected challenges that may limit effective use of these novel drugs. Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is associated with cardiac cell death, cardiac dysfunction, and can lead to life threatening heart failure. The mechanisms underlying this cardiotoxicity remain poorly understood. In this review we discuss the cardiotoxicity of some of the major anticancer chemotherapy drugs, and summarize recent insights into the mechanisms implicated in cardiac cell death and survival.
Terrain inventory and quaternary geology, Lytton, British Columbia
Authors: Ryder J M
Published: May 2015

The Lytton map area includes parts of the Coast and Cascade mountains and the Interior Plateau. The terrain ranges from rugged glaciated mountains to undulating plateaus, and from narrow rocky canyons to broad terraced valleys. The valleys contain thick
successions of Quaternary sediments that have resulted from glacial, lacustrine, fluvial and colluvial deposition. A till mantle of variable thickness and composition covers much of the uplands, but merges into colluvium and rock on higher and steeper slopes. Terrain units are defined according to
surficial material characteristics, landforms, and present day geomorphic processes. A concise description of each terrain type is presented. Most present day landforms and surficial materials are the result of the last (Fraser) glaciation and postglacial processes. The earlier Quaternary history
tentatively can be reconstructed {rom the structure and stratigraphy of valley fill materials.
Inferring Stable Acquisition Durations for Applications of Perfusion Imaging in Oncology
Authors: Hobbs Brian P. , Ng Chaan S.
Published: May 2015

Tissue perfusion plays a critical role in oncology. Growth and migration of cancerous cells requires proliferation of networks of new blood vessels through the process of tumor angiogenesis. Many imaging technologies developed recently attempt to measure characteristics pertaining to the passage of fluid through blood vessels, thereby providing a noninvasive means for cancer detection, as well as treatment prognostication, prediction, and monitoring. However, because these techniques require a sequence of successive imaging scans under administration of intravenous imaging tracers, the quality of the resulting perfusion data depends on the acquisition protocol. In this paper, we explain how to infer stability for stochastic curve estimation. The topic is motivated by two recent attempts to determine stable acquisition durations for acquiring perfusion characteristics using dynamic computed tomography, where in inference used inappropriate statistical methods. Notably, when appropriate statistical techniques are used, the resulting conclusions deviate substantially from those previously reported in the literature.
Аномалии рассеяния в резонаторе выше порогов непрерывного спектра
Authors: Nazarov Sergei Aleksandrovich
Published: May 2015

Рассмотрена спектральная задача Дирихле для оператора Лапласа в многомерной области с цилиндрическим выходом на бесконечность, резонаторе Гельмгольца. При помощи асимптотического анализа матрицы рассеяния
продемонстрированы различные типы отражения высокоамплитудных околопороговых волн. Тот или иной тип рассеяния, неустойчивый или устойчивый к вариациям форм резонатора, обусловлен соответственно наличием или отсутствием стабилизирующихся решений на пороговой частоте. В волноводе с двумя цилиндрическими выходами на бесконечность обнаружен эффект почти полного прохождения волны при "точной настройке" резонатора.
Библиография: 26 названий.
О некоторых новых пространствах функций переменной гладкости
Authors: Tyulenev Alexander Ivanovich
Published: May 2015

Рассматривается новое пространство Бесова переменной гладкости, норма в котором определятся с помощью
разностных соотношений. Показано, что это пространство является следом весового пространства Соболева с весом, принадлежащим соответствующему классу Макенхаупта. С помощью методов нелинейной сплайн-аппроксимации получена теорема об атомарном разложении функций из пространства Бесова переменной гладкости. Получено полное описание следов на гиперплоскости пространства Бесова переменной
гладкости и весового пространства Бесова с весом, принадлежащим соответствующему классу Макенхаупта.
Библиография: 27 названий.
Space weather effects on the bow shock, the magnetic barrier, and the ion composition boundary at Venus
Authors: Vech D. , Szego K. , Opitz A. , Kajdic P. , Fraenz M. , Kallio E. , Alho M.
Published: May 2015

We present a statistical study on the interaction between interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and the induced magnetosphere of Venus when the peak magnetic field of the magnetic barrier was anomalously large (>65 nT). Based on the entire available Venus Express data set from April 2006 to October 2014, we selected 42 events and analyzed the solar wind parameters, the position of the bow shock, the size and plasma properties of the magnetic barrier, and the position of the ion composition boundary (ICB). It was found that the investigated ICMEs can be characterized with interplanetary shocks and unusually large tangential magnetic fields with respect to the Venus‐Sun line. In most of the cases the position of the bow shock was not affected by the ICME. In a few cases the interaction between magnetic clouds and the induced magnetosphere of Venus was observed. During these events the small magnetosonic Mach numbers inside magnetic clouds caused the bow shock to appear at anomalously large distances from the planet. The positions of the upper and lower boundaries of the magnetic barrier were not affected by the ICMEs. The position of the ICB on the nightside was found closer to the planet during ICME passages which is attributed to the increased solar wind dynamic pressure.
Colloid particle size‐dependent dispersivity
Authors: Chrysikopoulos Constantinos V. , Katzourakis Vasileios E.
Published: May 2015

Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that dispersion coefficients evaluated by fitting advection‐dispersion transport models to nonreactive tracer breakthrough curves do not adequately describe colloid transport under the same flow field conditions. Here an extensive laboratory study was undertaken to assess whether the dispersivity, which traditionally has been considered to be a property of the porous medium, is dependent on colloid particle size and interstitial velocity. A total of 48 colloid transport experiments were performed in columns packed with glass beads under chemically unfavorable colloid attachment conditions. Nine different colloid diameters and various flow velocities were examined. The breakthrough curves were successfully simulated with a mathematical model describing colloid transport in homogeneous, water‐saturated porous media. The experimental data set collected in this study demonstrated that the dispersivity is positively correlated with colloid particle size, and increases with increasing velocity. The dispersivity values determined in this laboratory study were compared with 380 dispersivity values from earlier laboratory and field‐scale solute, colloid and biocolloid transport studies published in the literature.
Advantages of a conservative velocity interpolation (CVI) scheme for particle‐in‐cell methods with application in geodynamic modeling
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Agrusta Roberto , van Hunen Jeroen
Published: May 2015

The particle‐in‐cell method is generally considered a flexible and robust method to model the geodynamic problems with chemical heterogeneity. However, velocity interpolation from grid points to particle locations is often performed without considering the divergence of the velocity field, which can lead to significant particle dispersion or clustering if those particles move through regions of strong velocity gradients. This may ultimately result in cells void of particles, which, if left untreated, may, in turn, lead to numerical inaccuracies. Here we apply a two‐dimensional conservative velocity interpolation (CVI) scheme to steady state and time‐dependent flow fields with strong velocity gradients (e.g., due to large local viscosity variation) and derive and apply the three‐dimensional equivalent. We show that the introduction of CVI significantly reduces the dispersion and clustering of particles in both steady state and time‐dependent flow problems and maintains a locally steady number of particles, without the need for ad hoc remedies such as very high initial particle densities or reseeding during the calculation. We illustrate that this method provides a significant improvement to particle distributions in common geodynamic modeling problems such as subduction zones or lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary dynamics.
Impact of snow accumulation on CryoSat‐2 range retrievals over Arctic sea ice: An observational approach with buoy data
Authors: Ricker Robert , Hendricks Stefan , Perovich Donald K. , Helm Veit , Gerdes Rüdiger
Published: May 2015

Radar altimetry measurements of the current satellite mission CryoSat‐2 show an increase of Arctic sea ice thickness in autumn 2013, compared to previous years but also related to March 2013. Such an increase over the melting season seems unlikely and needs to be investigated. Recent studies show that the influence of the snow cover is not negligible and can highly affect the CryoSat‐2 range retrievals if it is assumed that the main scattering horizon is given by the snow‐ice interface. Our analysis of Arctic ice mass balance buoy records and coincident CryoSat‐2 data between 2012 and 2014 adds observational evidence to these findings. Linear trends of snow and ice freeboard measurements from buoys and nearby CryoSat‐2 freeboard retrievals are calculated during accumulation events. We find a positive correlation between buoy snow freeboard and CryoSat‐2 freeboard estimates, revealing that early snow accumulation might have caused a bias in CryoSat‐2 sea ice thickness in autumn 2013.
Polymer Brush Guided Formation of Conformal, Plasmonic Nanoparticle‐Based Electrodes for Microwire Solar Cells
Authors: Sugnaux Caroline , Mallorquí Anna Dalmau , Herriman Jane , Klok Harm‐Anton , Morral Anna Fontcuberta i
Published: May 2015

This report explores the use of sacrificial thin polymer films prepared by surface‐initiated polymerization as a template for the fabrication of highly conformal metal nanoparticle solar cell electrodes. As a first proof‐of‐principle, the use of this method is demonstrated to prepare top electrodes on planar and microwire‐based silicon solar cell devices. These metal nanoparticle films are dual functional in that they not only mediate charge transport, but also enhance light capture due to the plasmonic scattering properties of the nanoparticles. Solar cells with a conformal silver nanoparticle‐based electrode layer show short circuit currents that are 46% higher as compared to those exhibit by devices coated with standard indium tin oxide as the electrode. It is anticipated that this methodology will contribute to novel electrode concepts in the next generation solar cells.
A New Single 808 nm NIR Light‐Induced Imaging‐Guided Multifunctional Cancer Therapy Platform
Authors: He Fei , Yang Guixin , Yang Piaoping , Yu Yuxiu , Lv Ruichan , Li Chunxia , Dai Yunlu , Gai Shili , Lin Jun
Published: May 2015

The NIR light‐induced imaging‐guided cancer therapy is a promising route in the targeting cancer therapy field. However, up to now, the existing single‐modality light‐induced imaging effects are not enough to meet the higher diagnosis requirement. Thus, the multifunctional cancer therapy platform with multimode light‐induced imaging effects is highly desirable. In this work, captopril stabilized‐Au nanoclusters Au25(Capt)18−(Au25) are assembled into the mesoporous silica shell coating outside of Nd3+‐sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for the first time. The newly formed Au25 shell exhibits considerable photothermal effects, bringing about the photothermal imaging and photoacoustic imaging properties, which couple with the upconversion luminescence imaging. More importantly, the three light‐induced imaging effects can be simultaneously achieved by exciting with a single NIR light (808 nm), which is also the triggering factor for the photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy. Besides, the nanoparticles can also present the magnetic resonance and computer tomography imaging effects due to the Gd3+ and Yb3+ ions in the UCNPs. Furthermore, due to the photodynamic and the photothermal effects, the nanoparticles possess efficient in vivo tumor growth inhibition under the single irradiation of 808 nm light. The multifunctional cancer therapy platform with multimode imaging effects realizes a true sense of light‐induced imaging‐guided cancer therapy.
Stability and Electronic Characteristics of Epitaxial Silicene Multilayers on Ag(111)
Authors: Johnson Neil W. , Muir David , Kurmaev Ernst Z. , Moewes Alexander
Published: May 2015

In this study, the stability and electronic characteristics of epitaxial silicene bilayers and multilayers on the Ag(111) surface are investigated through synchrotron‐based soft X‐ray emission and absorption spectroscopy and first‐principles, full‐potential density functional theory simulations. The calculations predict a novel tristable AA‐stacked bilayer structure that can explain the (√3 × √3)R30° honeycomb topography commonly observed through scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. It is reported that the electronic structure of this epitaxial bilayer is similar to those of epitaxial monolayers on Ag(111), namely, metallic and showing significant interaction with the underlying substrate. However, the soft X‐ray spectroscopy experiments suggest that during multilayer growth a majority of the epitaxial silicon reverts to a bulk‐like state, a result that has significant implications toward the existence of large‐area epitaxial silicene multilayers.
Cell Interactions with Vascular Regenerative MAA‐Based Materials in the Context of Wound Healing
Authors: Lisovsky Alexandra , Chamberlain Michael Dean , Wells Laura Anne , Sefton Michael Vivian
Published: May 2015

In diabetic patients the development of chronic non‐healing wounds is a common complication. A methacrylic acid‐based biomaterial is a vascular regenerative material that enhances diabetic healing without the use of cells or growth factors. The bioactive nature of this material is thought to be associated with its anionic charge or surface chemistry. Contact between the methacrylic acid‐based biomaterial and tissue begins with protein (including complement) adsorption and is followed by interaction of the biomaterial with resident and infiltrating cells in the wound bed (e.g., macrophages and endothelial cells). This results in changes to their surface receptors to activate phosphorylation cascades that lead to differential activation of signalling pathways such as those involving osteopontin and sonic hedgehog. These changes modulate the phenotype of the cells in the wound bed, eventually improving vessel formation and wound healing. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms will have broad implications for biomaterials, not just the methacrylic acid‐based material, and will facilitate the advancement of regenerative biomaterials for diverse applications.
Managing Charge and Exciton Transporting Behavior in White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices for High Power Efficiency and Superior Color Stability
Authors: Wang Qi , Oswald Iain W. H. , Yang Xiaolong , Zhou Guijiang , Jia Huiping , Qiao Qiquan , Hoshikawa‐Halbert Jason , Gnade Bruce E.
Published: May 2015

An advanced device structure using doped blue dual emitting layers (EMLs) and an undoped orange EML is developed for achieving white organic light‐emitting diodes. The optimized device using a single emitting species for both blue and orange emission shows a peak power efficiency of 60 lm W−1 and high color stability over the entire operation process due to the aligned energy levels for facilitated charge transport. Quantitative analysis of the device working mechanism is performed to provide an explanation for the high performance of the device. It is found that both the charge and exciton transporting behavior can be finely tuned between different emitting regions, and therefore the efficiency and spectrum of the device are improved systematically.
Preparation and characterization of a composite nanofiltration membrane from cyclen and trimesoyl chloride prepared by interfacial polymerization
Authors: Chen Gui‐E. , Liu Yan‐Jun , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Hu Deng , Huang Hui‐Hong , Sun Li
Published: May 2015

A novel nanofiltration (NF) membrane was prepared with cyclen and trimesoyl chloride by interfacial polymerization on a poly(ether sulfone) ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 50,000 Da. The effects of the reaction time, monomer concentration, and heat‐treatment temperature are discussed. The physicochemical properties and morphology of the prepared NF membrane were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy. The NF performances were evaluated with solutions of Na2SO4, MgSO4, Mg(NO3)2, and NaCl. The salt‐rejection order of the prepared NF membrane was as follows: Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > Mg(NO3)2 > NaCl. The resulting rejection of Na2SO4 and PEG600 (polyethylene glycol with the average molecular weight of 600) were more than 90%, whereas that of NaCl was approximately 10%. After the addition of silica sol in the aqueous phase (silica sol concentration = 0.1% w/v), the salt rejection of the membrane changed slightly. However, the water flux was from 24.2 L·m−2·h−1 (25°C, 0.6 MPa) up to 38.9 L·m−2·h−1 (25°C, 0.6 MPa), and the resulting membrane exhibited excellent hydrophilicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42345.
A Code of Ethics for Evidence‐Based Research With Ancient Human Remains
Authors: Kreissl Lonfat Bettina M. , Kaufmann Ina Maria , Rühli Frank
Published: May 2015

As clinical research constantly advances and the concept of evolution becomes a strong and influential part of basic medical research, the absence of a discourse that deals with the use of ancient human remains in evidence‐based research is becoming unbearable. While topics such as exhibition and excavation of human remains are established ethical fields of discourse, when faced with instrumentalization of ancient human remains for research (i.e., ancient DNA extractions for disease marker analyses) the answers from traditional ethics or even more practical fields of bio‐ethics or more specific biomedical ethics are rare to non‐existent. The Centre for Evolutionary Medicine at the University of Zurich solved their needs for discursive action through the writing of a self‐given code of ethics which was written in dialogue with the researchers at the Institute and was published online in Sept. 2011: http://evolutionäremedizin.ch/coe/. The philosophico‐ethical basis for this a code of conduct and ethics and the methods are published in this article. Anat Rec, 298:1175–1181, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PUM I Revisited: Tradeoffs in Preservation and Discovery
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R. , Gleeson Molly
Published: May 2015

An Egyptian mummy designated PUM I (Pennsylvania University Museum) was subjected to a complete autopsy in 1972. Forty‐one years later, the senior author (MZ) was invited back to the Penn Museum to identify several packages of material that had been preserved with the mummy joining the project conservator (MG) in the evaluation of these remains. A summary of the 1972 examination reviews the dating of the mummy, about 3,000 years ago. The mummy was poorly preserved and the only significant pathology was a rare skin disease, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, which was not identified by modern medicine until 1956. The review of PUM 1, as the mummy is stabilized during conservation at the Penn Museum (previously called the Pennsylvania University Museum), generates a discussion for researchers who embark on the study of mummified remains. There have been major advances in the study of mummies since 1972, including computed tomography (CT) scanning, with much less invasive endoscopically guided biopsies, analysis for ancient DNA (aDNA), nuclear magnetic resonance technology, chemical analysis, and paleoserology. The value of complete autopsy must now be balanced against preservation of a complete mummy by less invasive techniques that are tissue sampled through guided technology. Indeed it is unlikely that these regions of the skin of PUM 1 would have been sampled and studied if these new tools of analysis had been available and applied. Anat Rec, 298:949–953, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.