bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Chen Gang
Published: November 2023

The major sources of inspiration for this book are the recent rapid advancements in microtechnology and nanotechnology. Microtechnology deals with devices and materials with characteristic lengths in the range of submicron to micron scales (0.1-100 µm), while nanotechnology generally covers the length scale from 1 to 100 nm. For example, integrated circuits are now built on transistors with characteristic device length scales around 100 nm. The semiconductor industry roadmap predicts that, in 2010, the characteristic length in integrated circuits will further shrink to 25 nm (SEMATECH, 2002). In the late 1980s, microelectronics fabrication technology began to impact mechanical engineering, and the field of microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, blossomed (Trimmer, 1997). Meanwhile, nanoscience and nanotechnology, explored by a few pioneers (Feynman, 1959, 1983), are currently generating much excitement across all disciplines of science and engineering. The fields of micro- and nanotechnologies are enormous in breadth and cannot be covered completely in any single book. In this book, we focus on microscopic mechanisms behind energy transport, particularly thermal energy transport. As the device or structure characteristic length scales (such as the gate length in field-effect transistors, used to build computers, and the film thickness in coatings) become comparable to the mean free path and the wavelength of energy and information carriers (mainly electrons, photons, phonons, and molecules), some of the classical laws are no longer applicable. By examining the microscopic pictures underlying transport processes, we will develop a consistent framework for treating thermal energy transport phenomena from the nanoscale to the macroscale.
On the Road: Of Highways and Gasoline
Authors: Lienhard John H
Published: November 2023

Any massive infusion of new technology brings with it all kinds of unintended consequences. Certainly, no automobile maker was thinking about ending the impulse toward building titan cities. And the outward diffusion of urban life was only one of many effects brought on by the automobile. Beneath the obvious rearrangement of our dwellings ran a parallel reshaping of our metaphors, our language, and the very ways in which we thought about the world around us.
Massacre At Mountain Meadows
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

On September 11, 1857, a band of Mormon militia, under a flag of truce, lured unarmed members of a party of emigrants from their fortified encampment and, with their Paiute allies, killed them. More than 120 men, women, and children perished in the slaughter. Massacre at Mountain Meadows offers the most thoroughly researched account of the massacre ever written. Drawn from documents previously not available to scholars and a careful re-reading of traditional sources, this gripping narrative offers fascinating new insight into why Mormons settlers in isolated southern Utah deceived the emigrant party with a promise of safety and then killed the adults and all but seventeen of the youngest children. The book sheds light on factors contributing to the tragic event, including the war hysteria that overcame the Mormons after President James Buchanan dispatched federal troops to Utah Territory to put down a supposed rebellion, the suspicion and conflicts that polarized the perpetrators and victims, and the reminders of attacks on Mormons in earlier settlements in Missouri and Illinois. It also analyzes the influence of Brigham Young’s rhetoric and military strategy during the infamous “Utah War” and the role of local Mormon militia leaders in enticing Paiute Indians to join in the attack. Throughout the book, the authors paint finely drawn portraits of the key players in the drama, their backgrounds, personalities, and roles in the unfolding story of misunderstanding, misinformation, indecision, and personal vendettas. The Mountain Meadows Massacre stands as one of the darkest events in Mormon history. Neither a whitewash nor an exposé, Massacre at Mountain Meadows provides the clearest and most accurate account of a key event in American religious history.
Competitive Spirits
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: November 2023

R. Andrew Chesnut shows how the development of religious pluralism over the past half-century has radically transformed the "spiritual economy" of Latin America. In order to thrive in this new religious economy, says Chesnut, Latin American spiritual "firms" must develop an attractive product and know how to market it to popular consumers. Three religious groups, he demonstrates, have proven to be the most skilled competitors in the new unregulated religious economy. Protestant Pentecostalism, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal, and African diaspora religions such as Brazilian Candomble and Haitian Vodou have emerged as the most profitable religious producers. Chesnut explores the general effects of a free market, such as introduction of consumer taste and product specialization, and shows how they have played out in the Latin American context. He notes, for example, that women make up the majority of the religious consumer market, and explores how the three groups have developed to satisfy women's tastes and preferences. Moving beyond the Pentecostal boom and the rise and fall of liberation theology, Chesnut provides a fascinating portrait of the Latin American religious landscape.
Writing Fighting War
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Cicero, discussing Caesar’s Gallic Warcommentaries in a work on rhetoric and Latin style, made the general comment, “They really must be thought excellent. For they are naked and lovely, with every oratorical ornament stripped away like clothing. For in history nothing is sweeter than a pure and clear brevity” (Brutus262). In the preceding chapters we have seen Caesar’s style at work constructing arguments and offering an interpretation of people and events that served Caesar’s needs. Here we concentrate on features of Caesar’s style that facilitate his presentation. We will see that in the Civil War, at least, the general impression Caesar gives of an unornamented plainness is effective in itself and also serves as a foil that allows his occasional ornaments to shine. Everywhere Caesar shows both his “mastery of easy, everyday language” and his sensitivity to the effects produced by variation.
Ultrasound Imaging Systems Design, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

This is the second of two chapters concerned with imaging systems. Its purpose is to describe a number of important matters directly related to imaging and imaging systems and to discuss some of the special ways in which clinical imaging can be performed. It begins by looking at matters concerning system design, followed by an analysis of the process of image formation, and the formation and characteristics of image speckle. Methods are then discussed for using coded excitation schemes to increase the depth to which satisfactory images can be obtained, and this is followed by a discussion of synthetic aperture schemes. Imaging using either the nonlinear properties of the propagation medium or the properties of injected contrast media are important developments. Descriptions of ultrasound tomography, elastography, and microscopy lead to the final section of this chapter: methods for imaging from within body cavities and blood vessels.
Body and Soul
Authors: Wacquant Loöc
Published: November 2023

When French sociologist Loïc Wacquant signed up at a boxing gym in a black neighborhood of Chicago's South Side, he had never contemplated getting close to a ring, let alone climbing into it. Yet for three years he immersed himself among local fighters, amateur and professional. He learned the Sweet science of bruising, participating in all phases of the pugilist's strenuous preparation, from shadow-boxing drills to sparring to fighting in the Golden Gloves tournament. In this experimental ethnography of incandescent intensity, the scholar-turned-boxer supplies a model for a "carnal sociology" capable of capturing "the taste and ache of action." Body and Soul marries the analytic rigor of the sociologist with the stylistic grace of the novelist to offer a compelling portrait of a bodily craft and of life and labor in the black American ghetto, but also a fascinating tale of personal transformation and social transcendence. "Body and Soul is a gem, destined for a life of classics like Street Corner Society (though much fleshier and juicier and denser), studied over and over again as a pattern to follow, though defying the ability, imagination, and, indeed, humanity of the would-be followers. An act impossible to match. A poem in prose, a work of love and wisdom rolled into one: this is how ethnography should be written, were the ethnographers capable of writing like that." --Zygmunt Bauman, author of Liquid Modernity
Prologue
Authors: Wacquant Loöc
Published: November 2023

In August 1988, following a combination of chance circumstances, I enrolled in a boxing gym in a neighborhood of Chicago’s black ghetto. I had never practiced that sport or even considered trying it. Aside from the superficial notions and stereotyped images that everyone can gain of boxing through the media, movies, and literature, I had never had any contact with the pugilistic world. I thus found myself in the situation of the perfect novice.
The Street and the Ring
Authors: Wacquant Loöc
Published: November 2023

Just as one cannot understand what an instituted religion such as Catholicism is without studying in detail the structure and functioning of the organization that supports it, in this case the Roman Church, one cannot elucidate the meaning and roots of boxing in contemporary American society—at least in the lower regions of social space, where it continues to defy an extinction periodically announced as its imminent and inevitable fate—without canvassing the fabric of the social and symbolic relations woven in and around the training gym, the hub and hidden engine of the pugilistic universe.
Fight Night at Studio 104
Authors: Wacquant Loöc
Published: November 2023

Monday, 30 July 1990. Nervous wakeup at 8:30, the weather is cloudy. Let’s hope it doesn’t rain. A month’s worth of intensive preparation down the drain, that would really take the cake! The weigh-in is scheduled for 11 a.m. at the Illinois State Building in the heart of downtown, a stone’s throw from the Chicago River. I drive by to pick up DeeDee at his house as planned at 9:20 so we can head back to our base camp at the gym together. He’s in a very good mood: his catfish stew was succulent and the weather report says it’s going to clear up.
Migrants and Their Parents: Caregiving from a Distance
Authors: Baldock Cora Vellekoop
Published: November 2023

My aim in this article is to report on a study of transnational migrants and their relationships with their elderly parents “back home.” The article is based on the assumption that these migrants make a contribution to the caregiving of their parents through letters, telephone calls, and return visits, which has not been acknowledged in the literature on aged care. My definition of caregiving incorporates both the practices and emotions of caring about—illustrated by frequency of contact, the sense of loss when apart, and the importance of visits—and the practices and emotions of caring for— through participation in decision making about issues of health and well-being and the actual hands-on caregiving during return visits.
Adolphus Washington Greely
Authors: WinChester Simon
Published: November 2023

Adolphus Washington Greely has been my personal American hero since I first discovered his remarkable life story, hidden away in a cabin trunk in his granddaughter’s summer cottage in North Conway, New Hampshire, in 1973. I hope that by including this Giant among these Invisibles I will bring him entirely out of the shadows and bring Adolphus Washington Greely due regard for being one of the more extraordinaryfi guresfr om recent American history that,for the past thirty years, I have steadfastly believed him to be.
William Halsted
Authors: Nuland Sherwin
Published: November 2023

Every time I or any other American surgeon perform an operation, our technique is guided by principles first elucidated by William Halsted. Over a period of about twenty-five years, he introduced an entirely new approach to surgery, characterized by meticulous attention to detail and a profound knowledge of human biology. Halsted’s work abolished the old smash-and-grab methods of his predecessors and taught generations of us that surgery i’s an aesthetic and intellectual undertaking. It is because of his teachings that I chose it as my life’s work.
Fannie Lou Harner
Authors: Steinem Gloria
Published: November 2023

Fannie Lou Hamer was a civil rights leader from rural Mississippi who helped to change the face of electoral politics in this country. She is not recognized enough for that work, but she is recognized even less for her feminist work on behalf of all women. This may be because issues that affect only females are still taken less seriously than those, like racism, that also affect males; yet, as a black woman, she suffered from both forms of oppresswn.
MalcolmX
Authors: koch Ed
Published: November 2023

I never met Malcolm X, but I was aware of his many efforts to secure equality for blacks. Early on, his rhetoric was racist. But there came a time when he recognized that he could not espouse equality for blacks and continue making racist comments about whites when so many whites were part of the civil rights movement and working with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to achieve justice for all Before he was brutally murdered, Malcolm X was on the verge of becoming a crossover national leader, very much as Rev. Jesse Jackson ultimately did.
Joseph Smith
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

If one is not a Mormon believer, then Joseph Smiths success has to be attributed to his extraordinary human qualities. An autodidact and inspired personality, Smith emanated a human force and spiritual intensity that converted and kept loyal to him such extraordinary persons as Brigham Young and Parley Pratt. The mystery of his charisma was and is an enduring fact. Even his own people, he insisted, did not know him, and it is still difficult to apprehend how so much energy of being inhabited a single personality.
Greek Mythography in the Roman World
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

By the Roman age the traditional stories of Greek myth had long since ceased to reflect popular culture. Mythology had become instead a central element in elite culture. If one did not know the stories one would not understand most of the allusions in the poets and orators, classics and contemporaries alike; nor would one be able to identify the scenes represented on the mosaic floors and wall paintings in your cultivated friends’ houses, or on the silverware on their tables at dinner. Mythology was no longer imbibed in the nursery; nor could it be simply picked up from the often oblique allusions in the classics. It had to be learned in school, as illustrated by the extraordinary amount of elementary mythological information in the many surviving ancient commentaries on the classics, notably Servius, who offers a mythical story for almost every person, place, and even plant Vergil mentions. Commentators used the classics as pegs on which to hang stories they thought their students should know. A surprisingly large number of mythographic treatises survive from the early empire, and many papyrus fragments from lost works prove that they were in common use. In addition, author Alan Cameron identifies a hitherto unrecognized type of aid to the reading of Greek and Latin classical and classicizing texts—what might be called mythographic companions to learned poets such as Aratus, Callimachus, Vergil, and Ovid, complete with source references. Much of this book is devoted to an analysis of the importance evidently attached to citing classical sources for mythical stories, the clearest proof that they were now a part of learned culture. So central were these source references that the more unscrupulous faked them, sometimes on the grand scale.
Protostomes and Platyhelminthes: The Worm’s Turn
Authors: Littlewood D Timothy J , Telford Maximilian J , Bray Rodney A
Published: November 2023

The simplest partitioning of the bilaterally symmetrical animals (Bilateria) is the split between the Deuterostomia and Protostomia, divisions founded primarily on very different modes of embryonic development. The protostomes (Gr. “mouth first”) include those animals in which, after gastrulation, the mouth is formed at or near the blastopore opening rather than being a secondary opening (deuterostomy). Here we introduce some of the major protostome groups not treated elsewhere in this volume, with a particular emphasis on the flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) and their allies. We cover 15 phyla, including a number of important but enigmatic groups that have either flirted with shared ancestry with the flatworms or that are difficult to place among the protostomes. Early phylogenetic scenarios often placed the flatworms as basal bilaterian groups (even as ancestral archetypes) from which a range of more complex protostomes arose. As with any phylogenetic tree, the placement of the most basal group has important consequences for our understanding of an evolutionary radiation. Consequently, identifying the basal bilaterian is pivotal for understanding the evolutionary radiation of the major animal phyla.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of Insects
Authors: Willmann Rainer
Published: November 2023

More than 1.2 million recent insect species have been described, but recent estimates suggest several million additional species are to be expected (see the early discussion in Weber 1933). About 25,000 fossil species are known, but more than one billion insect species must have existed in the past, of which only a small minority have left any trace in sediments, and again, of these, only a small fraction will ever be found (Willmann 2002). Systematically, insects are one of the most studied groups. Modern biosystematics was developed with insects as one of its main targets, because Willi Hennig (1913–1976), the founder of phylogenetic systematics, was an entomologist dealing mainly with Diptera. However, the branching sequence of the insect tree is difficult to reconstruct for several reasons. First, insects are a fastevolving, enormously diverse group, and synapomorphies of subordinate groups may have become veiled by more recent evolutionary changes. Second, some taxa have preserved ancient characters, and it appears that structures once lost may reappear from time to time, leading to confusion among phylogenetists. Third, the amount of homoplasy has been underestimated. Fourth, although a huge number of fossil insects have been assembled and described, the gaps in the fossil record are considerable.
Golf Anecdotes
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

In the ten years since Golf Anecdotes was first published, the game and its players have changed dramatically. This new edition, now with a foreword by Arnold Palmer and a new chapter covering the latest and greatest golf stars like Annika Sorenstam and Tiger Woods, reflects those changes. Readers can enjoy a sweeping look at this royal and ancient game, in a volume that is both an informal history as well as a vivid recounting of golf’s most striking incidents and personalities. Robert Sommers takes us on a grand tour that stretches from the game’s dim origins in the 12th century right up to the modern PGA tour. Indeed, no other anecdote book offers this much historical depth or serves up such fascinating lore. We learn for instance that the first known golf match took place in 1504, between James IV of Scotland and the Earl of Bothwell. Sommers likewise paints a colorful portrait of golf in the era of the first professionals--Old Tom Morris, Allan Robertson, and Willie Park--describing the earliest rules, the equipment used, the most memorable events. Much of the book focuses on the 20th century. Here readers will find wonderful tales of Harry Vardon and Francis Ouimet, Bobby Jones and Walter Hagen, Sam Snead and Ben Hogan, Joyce Wethered and Babe Zaharias, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus, Tom Watson and Lee Trevino, Nancy Lopez and Annika Sorenstam, Nick Faldo and Greg Norman, and of course, the amazing Tiger Woods. Thus the wide world of golf is presented, the first professionals and the latest stars, the double eagles and the double hits. Informative and highly entertaining, Golf Anecdotes will appeal to anyone who loves the game.
The Shi’a
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The anger of the Shi’ ite Muslims, of which so much has been heard of late, has a long history, going back to the beginnings of Islam and rooted in the very nature of Muslim religion and government. When the Prophet Muhammad died in the year ad 632, he had founded a new religion. In doing this, he had also created a community, of which he was the leader and guide, and established a state, of which he was sovereign. He had begun his preaching in his birthplace, the oasis city of Mecca, and had won a number of disciples among its people. But the ruling oligarchy of Mecca rejected his message, and in 622 the Prophet and his disciples felt obliged, under growing pressure, to leave their homes and move to another oasis town, henceforth known as Medina.
Handbook of Evidence-Based Treatment Manualsfor Children and Adolescents
Authors: LeCroy Craig Winston
Published: November 2023

In this second edition of Handbook of Evidence-Based Child and Adolescent Treatment Manuals, LeCroy gathers fifteen varied program manuals and brief summaries of the research supporting each, ensuring that practitioners will truly understand the tools they are using. A completely revised and expanded edition of the handbook’s previous editions, this is an essential guide to some of the best programs for helping children and teens.
The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: Fostering Children’s Resilience through Group Support and Skill-Building
Authors: Pedro-Carroll JoAnne
Published: November 2023

Each year in the United States, over one million children experience the dissolution of their parents’ marriage, marking the beginning of a series of life changes and adjustments, ranging from emotional to economic. Divorce is an enormously stressful process for families, and especially for children. Although the form of children’s responses varies by age and developmental level, most children react initially to their parents’ separation with distress.
Radiometry and Radiation Propagation
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

Radiometric image analysis involves a quantitative assessment of the energy or flux recorded by an imaging system and some form of reverse engineering to determine the parameters that controlled the energy levels observed. For example, we might want to know the reflectance of elements in a scene, their temperature, or the distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere above the scene. This chapter con-tains the basic radiometric principles needed to describe, and eventually analyze, the brightness levels in an image. Before beginning this quantitative review of the fundamental physics, we will conceptually describe the energy paths we may need to analyze in deciphering an image.
Spectroscopic Image Analysis
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will expand the discussion of image processing algorithms to include those algorithms that have been developed or adapted for use with image spectrometer data. We will see that, in some cases, this is a very arbitrary distinc-tion, with the imaging spectroscopy data simply representing more bands to be processed in the same fashion as multispectral data. From this perspective, the multispectral algorithms of Chapter 9 can all be applied to spectroscopic data (al-beit with significant run time penalties in many cases).
Image/Data Combination and Information Dissemination
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

One of the most important and often overlooked links in the image chain is the distribution of the information to the user. In many cases, the information is pro-vided in a form where only an imaging expert can use it (i.e., the user sees meaningless blobs) or without sufficient support data to justify meaningful decisions (e.g., a class map with no information on the class accuracies). Entire fields of science are evolving around the topics of information display and scientific visu-alization. Remote sensing scientists need to take advantage of advances in these fields to assist in the distribution of remotely sensed information.
Weak Links in the Chain
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

In much of our discussion to this point, we have simplified many of the equations and concepts in order to introduce and deal with the fundamental or governing equations. In doing so, we recognize that there are times when the simplifications will be less valid than desired and that, in general, noise and/or error sources should become part of the equation. In analyzing an individual image or image product, we have to realize that it is the net result of the entire image chain: acquisition conditions, sensor system, processing procedures, and display or analysis.
Image Modeling
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter, we look at the process of generating synthetic images. This subject is of interest to remote sensing in its own right but is particularly interest-ing from the image chain perspective. The process of effectively modeling nature to generate synthetic images that mimic real images requires a detailed knowledge and representation of the image chain. In this chapter, we will look at methods for generating synthetic images and how in many ways they represent a computer simulation of actual imaging systems.
Who Should Be Blamed for Being Sick?
Authors: Wikler Daniel
Published: November 2023

Health promotion is frequently said to proceed from the premise that individuals are responsible for their health. Fine-but what does it mean? Perhaps nothing more profound than that people will usually be healthier if they try to take better care of themselves. However, if that is all it means, it is too simple an idea to serve as the philosophical foundation for a comprehensive approach to health and health care. To fulfill that latter role, it must be understood as having moral and policy implications and must involve ethical and even juridical concepts: role, obligation, and duty; perhaps fault, blame, and excuses, guilt, punishment, and compensation. Even when one who uses the slogan intends no such message, those who hear it may do so. In either case, it is important to explore the meanings and implications of the concept of personal responsibility for health before enshrining it as the motto of a new school of health promotion and education.
Why Justice Is Good for Our Health The Social Determinants of Health Inequalities
Authors: Daniels Norman , Kennedy, Bruce P , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: November 2023

We have known for over 150 years that an individual’s chances of life and death are patterned according to social class: The more affluent and educated people are, the longer and healthier their lives. These patterns persist even when there is universal access to health care-a fact quite surprising to those who think financial access to medical services is the primary determinant of health status. In fact, recent cross national evidence suggests that the greater the degree of socioeconomic inequality that exists within a society, the steeper the gradientof health inequality. As a result, middle-income groups in a less-equal society will have worse health than comparable or even poorer groups in a society with greater equality. Of course, one cannot infer causation from correlation, but there are plausible hypotheses about pathways that link social inequalities to health. Even if more work remains to be done to clarify the exact mechanisms, it is not unreasonable to talk here about the social “determinants” of health.2
Ethical Issues in the Vaccination of Children
Authors: Diekema Douglas S , Marcuse Edgar K
Published: November 2023

The vaccination of children against a multitude of infectious agents has been hailed by many as one of the most effective health interventions of the 20th century. Vaccination serves two goals. The first is to prevent disease among individuals and within groups. This goal may be accomplished directly through the protection offered to vaccinated individuals and indirectly to unvaccinated individuals surrounded by vaccinated individuals who neither contract nor spread the agent in question-a phenomenon known as herd immunity. A second goal of vaccination programs is the eradication of disease. The global eradication of smallpox in 1977 is an example of a vaccine program that attained the second goal, as a result eliminating the need for smallpox vaccination.
Representing Agrippina
Authors: Ginsburg Judith
Published: November 2023

Agrippina the Younger, wife of the emperor Claudius and mother of his successor Nero, wielded power and authority at the center of the Roman empire in ways unmatched by almost any other woman in Roman history. Such, at least, is the portrait of Agrippina delivered by our sources and perpetuated in modern scholarship. In this posthumous work, Judith Ginsburg provides a fresh look at both the literary and material representations of Agrippina. Unlike previous treatments, she seeks neither to condemn nor to rehabilitate Agrippina. Nor does she endeavor to exhume the "real Agrippina" from the embellished or fabricated portraits found among the ancients. Ginsburg trains her focus on the representations themselves. Her painstaking dissection of the portrayals by historians exposes the rhetorical tropes, the recurrent motifs, and the craft that shaped the literary image of Agrippina. The designs, as Ginsburg shows, were more than literary flourishes. They aimed to blur the boundaries between the domestic and the imperial realms, deploying the image of Agrippina as domineering wife and mother to suggest the flaws and instability of the regime, a dysfunctional family entailing a dysfunctional system of governance. Gender inversions at home played themselves out on the public scene as imperial rule compromised by female ascendancy. Distorted stereotypes of the "wicked stepmother," the domineering woman, and the sexual transgessor were applied to underscore the violations of status and disruption of gender relations that characterized the imperial administration. Ginsburg has as keen an eye for visual (mis)representations as for literary ones. The depictions of Agrippina on coinage and statuary provide a stark contrast with the written evidence. She appears as matron and priestess, emblematic of domestic rectitude and public piety, and a central figure in the continuity of the dynasty. Ginsburg incisively demonstrates the means whereby Agrippina's imagery was molded both to serve the interests of the Julio-Claudian regime and to advance the ends of its critics.
Continuity of Format and Computation in Short-Term Memory Development
Authors: Feigenson Lisa
Published: November 2023

In their first year of life, infants face the enormous task of making sense of the world around them. Without the ability to store and reason about representations of the individual objects, actions, and sounds in their environment, infants would never accomplish the monumental changes they do. Storing representations of such individuals in memory allows infants to perform computations that, while seemingly simple, are critical to learning about the world. Comparing a scene to one observed earlier, keeping track of the presence of objects even when the objects are temporarily occluded, and making predictions about the outcomes of hidden events are some examples of such computations. The thesis of this chapter is that the short-term memory system that enables infants to store object representations, and many of the computations infants perform over these representations, are continuous throughout the human life span. Infants and adults show similar capacities and similar limitations regarding their ability to represent and reason about objects. At the same time, infants’ and adults’ short-term memory abilities may differ in some important respects. This chapter explores what is shared and what may differ in early versus mature short-term memory.
To have and have Not:What Do We Mean When We Talk About Long-Term Memory Development?
Authors: Newcombe Nora S , Crawley Stacie L
Published: November 2023

When we look at babies in their cradles or their car seats or their parents’ arms, we wonder what they make of their experience, and what they will retain of what goes on around them. Opinions on this issue vary widely, with some observers claiming that early memories vanish quickly, if they are ever formed at all, and others arguing that infant memories are formed easily, are retained forever, and are profoundly influential on adult personality. While researchers are working hard on understanding early memory, extreme points of view coexist in popular sources. In a few cases, this public discourse has involved citation of professional papers-although sometimes in opposite ways. For example, Carolyn Rovee-Collier’s extensive work with the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm has been used both to bolster the notion that babies forget and to support the idea of lifelong influence of infant experience.
Welfare Transformed
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

In the ten years after President Clinton made good on his promise to "end welfare as we know it" by signing the reform act of 1996, the number of families on welfare dropped by over three million. This hotly contested legislation has fueled countless hyperbolic arguments from both sides of the political spectrum rather than a clearheaded examination of the actual results of the reform. Robert Cherry steps into the fray with a story that differs sharply from both conservative and liberal critiques. He portrays the women who left welfare as success stories rather than victims, and stresses the many positive lessons of the policy initiatives that accompanied the reform without downplaying the problems it created. The result is an eye-opening look at the ground-level repercussions of welfare policy changes, developments that have been overshadowed by partisan politics for too long. Anchored by solid economic research and policy background, Welfare Transformed comes alive with revealing interviews of key members of the Clinton Administration, directors and staff at welfare-to-work programs and community colleges, and - most importantly - welfare leavers themselves. Cherry carefully explains the factors (racial, social, economic, generational) that spurred and shaped the reform, and moves past partisan rhetoric in his review of its effects. Instead, he pays attention to concrete data and real people's experiences that combine to provide a full account of the legislation's aftermath. Armed with this new view, Cherry offers a range of strong suggestions for transforming successful welfare policies into universal family policies, from strengthening federal economic supports for working families to improving our community colleges. A refreshing take on a lightning-rod subject, this book is certain to foment heated discussions among all who read it.
Figuring Genre in Roman Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine
Published: November 2023

Satirists are social critics, but they are also products of society. Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, the verse satirists of ancient Rome, exploit this double identity to produce their colorful commentaries on social life and behavior. In a fresh comparative study that combines literary and cultural analysis, Catherine Keane reveals how the satirists create such a vivid and incisive portrayal of the Roman social world. Throughout the tradition, the narrating satirist figure does not observe human behavior from a distance, but adopts a range of charged social roles to gain access to his subject matter. In his mission to entertain and moralize, he poses alternately as a theatrical performer and a spectator, a perpetrator and victim of violence, a jurist and criminal, a teacher and student. In these roles the satirist conducts penetrating analyses of Rome's definitive social practices "from the inside." Satire's reputation as the quintessential Roman genre is thus even more justified than previously recognized. As literary artists and social commentators, the satirists rival the grandest authors of the classical canon. They teach their ancient and modern readers two important lessons. First, satire reveals the inherent fragilities and complications, as well as acknowledging the benefits, of Roman society's most treasured institutions. The satiric perspective deepens our understanding of Roman ideologies and their fault lines. As the poets show, no system of judgment, punishment, entertainment, or social organization is without its flaws and failures. At the same time, readers are encouraged to view the satiric genre itself as a composite of these systems, loaded with cultural meaning and highly imperfect. The satirist who functions as both subject and critic trains his readers to develop a critical perspective on every kind of authority, including his own.
Geography of The Pre-Columbian Maya
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The ancient Maya region was larger than modern Italy, a little smaller than France. Extending from the Pacific coast across to the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and covering the land from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec south into western El Salvador and Honduras, the region spanned 390,000 square kilometers (150,540 square miles). Even today, the region is inhabited by millions of Maya. The land is full of contrasting environments, from tropical low-lands to snow-covered mountain peaks, from near desert dryness to drenching wet, and from porous limestone to volcanic ash–enriched soils. The contrast in environment and natural resources between the highlands and the low-lands encouraged trade and cultural exchange.
Society And Government
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The ancient Maya were united by a shared ideology and worldview, but they never were unifled into a single political state. There was no Maya empire comparable to ancient Rome, and there was no single centralized authority equivalent to the Egyptian pharaoh. There were, instead, numerous substantial Maya cities, and many of these cities were independent polities. The challenge for the Mayanist has been to understand the sociopolitical nature of these cities and what, if any, relationship they had to one another.
Religion, Cosmology, And Art by Kaylee Spencer-Ahrens and Linnea H. Wren
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

In ancient Maya society, cosmological beliefs pervaded all aspects of life and integrated every individual into a unitary worldview and ethos. The Maya understood the relationship between the natural and supernatural spheres to be a constant interplay of dynamic forces. Through their cosmology and art, the Maya conceptualized the structure of cosmic space, the identities of the gods, the unfolding of creation, the significance of the sacred city, the sustenance of life, the defeat of death, the role of nobles and kings, and the purpose of ritual performances.
Challenges for the Future: Integrating Ecological Structure and Dynamics
Authors: Pascual Mercedes , Dunne Jennifer A , Levin Simon A
Published: November 2023

The visual tension between the orderly representation of the tocapu designs in the pallai and the apparent scattering of elements in the pampas reflects an important Inca’s aesthetic principle: a chaos and order that is analogous to the relationship between nature and culture.
Introduction
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the challenges of international health have captured the attention of politicians, business executives, the United Nations, celebrities, magnates, and the media. Suddenly, it seems, international health has surfaced as a pressing global priority. Yet many of the problems of international health—such as high rates of infant and maternal mortality, tuberculosis, heart disease, and other causes of premature mortality—are not new. Health workers, activists, and community members have long struggled to improve health conditions within and across societies. Moreover, the spread of disease from one place to another has been a recurring economic and political concern.
Kinship and Pilgrimage
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

The twin concepts of kinship and pilgrimage have deep roots in Protestant culture. This cultural anthropological study, based in part on the author's own fieldwork, argues that in Reformed Protestantism, the Catholic custom of making pilgrimages to sacred spots has been replaced by the custom of “reunion,” in which scattered members of a family or group return each year to their place of origin to take part in a quasi-sacred ritual meal and other ritual activities. Neville discusses open air services and kin-based gatherings in the Southern United States and Scotland as examples of symbolic forms that express certain themes in Northern European Protestant culture, contrasting these forms with the symbolic social statements in the Roman Catholic liturgical world of medieval Europe and traditional Mediterranean Catholicism. According to Neville, Protestant rituals of reunion such as family reunion, church homecoming, cemetery association day, camp meeting, and denomination conference center are part of an institutionalized pilgrimage complex that comments on Protestant culture and belief while presenting a symbolic inversion of the pilgrimage and the culture of Roman Catholic tradition.
The Central Liberal Truth
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

Which cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes best promote democracy, social justice, and prosperity? How can we use the forces that shape cultural change, such as religion, child-rearing practices, education, and political leadership, to promote these values in the Third World--and for underachieving minorities in the First World? In this book, Lawrence E. Harrison offers intriguing answers to these questions, in a valuable follow-up to his acclaimed Culture Matters. Drawing on a three-year research project that explored the cultural values of dozens of nations--from Botswana, Sweden, and India to China, Egypt, and Chile--Harrison offers a provocative look at values around the globe, revealing how each nation’s culture has propelled or retarded their political and economic progress. The book presents 25 factors that operate very differently in cultures prone to progress and those that resist it, including one’s influence over destiny, the importance attached to education, the extent to which people identify with and trust others, and the role of women in society. Harrison pulls no punches, and many of his findings will be controversial. He argues, for example, that Protestantism, Confucianism, and Judaism have been more successful in promoting progress than Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Harrison rejects the Bush administration’s doctrine that “the values of freedom are right and true for every person, in every society.” Thus nations like Iraq and Afghanistan--where illiteracy, particularly among women, and mistrust are high and traditions of cooperation and compromise are scant--are likely to resist democracy. Most important, the book outlines a series of practical guidelines that developing nations and lagging minority groups can use to enhance their political, social, and economic well-being. Contradicting the arguments of multiculturalists, this book contends that when it comes to promoting human progress, some cultures are clearly more effective than others. It convincingly shows which values, beliefs, and attitudes work and how we can foster them.
Fundamentalism and American Culture
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Many Americans today are taking note of the surprisingly strong political force that is the religious right. Controversial decisions by the government are met with hundreds of lobbyists, millions of dollars of advertising spending, and a powerful grassroots response. How has the fundamentalist movement managed to resist the pressures of the scientific community and the draw of modern popular culture to hold on to their ultra-conservative Christian views? Understanding the movement’s history is key to answering this question. Fundamentalism and American Culture has long been considered a classic in religious history, and to this day remains unsurpassed. Now available in a new edition, this highly regarded analysis takes us through the full history of the origin and direction of one of America’s most influential religious movements. For Marsden, fundamentalists are not just religious conservatives; they are conservatives who are willing to take a stand and to fight. In Marsden’s words (borrowed by Jerry Falwell), “a fundamentalist is an evangelical who is angry about something.” In the late nineteenth century American Protestantism was gradually dividing between liberals who were accepting new scientific and higher critical views that contradicted the Bible and defenders of the more traditional evangelicalism. By the 1920s a full-fledged “fundamentalist” movement had developed in protest against theological changes in the churches and changing mores in the culture. Building on networks of evangelists, Bible conferences, Bible institutes, and missions agencies, fundamentalists coalesced into a major protest movement that proved to have remarkable staying power. For this new edition, a major new chapter compares fundamentalism since the 1970s to the fundamentalism of the 1920s, looking particularly at the extraordinary growth in political emphasis and power of the more recent movement. Never has it been more important to understand the history of fundamentalism in our rapidly polarizing nation. Marsden’s carefully researched and engrossing work remains the best way to do just that.
Dispensationalism and the Baconian Ideal
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

At a major prophetic conference in 1895, Arthur T. Pierson, one of the leading representatives of the movement, summarized the basic philosophical assumptions of dispensational thought-and indeed much of the thought of the anti-modernist movement generally. Speaking of various systematic theologies that he considered artificial because they did not have the Second Coming at their center, he said: “I like Biblical theology that does not start with the superficial Aristotelian method of reason, that does not begin with an hypothesis, and then warp the facts and the philosophy to fit the crook of our dogma, but a Baconian system, which first gathers the teachings of the word of God, and then seeks to deduce some general law upon which the facts can be arranged.”
“The Great Reversal”
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

The evangelicals’ interest in social concerns, which lasted into the early years of the twentieth century, has been something of a puzzle to historians of fundamentalism. The chief question is the rather dramatic disappearance of this interest-or at least its severe curtailment-by the 1920s. In recent years many evangelical interpreters have commented on this “Great Reversal” in evangelical social views, although they have not always been clear on precisely what was lost.1 Non-evangelical interpreters have tended to see a less sudden transition.