bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marsh Tit Poecile palustris territories in a British broad‐leaved wood
Authors: BROUGHTON RICHARD K. , HINSLEY SHELLEY A. , BELLAMY PAUL E. , HILL ROSS A. , ROTHERY PETER
Published: June 2006

We used individual colour‐marking and territory mapping to quantify the spatial extent of 32 Marsh Tit Poecile palustris territories in Monks Wood, eastern England, during spring of the years 2002–04. A mean territory size of 4.1 ha was identified. All 2004 spring territories were located, allowing a breeding density of 14 pairs/km2 to be calculated. Availability of airborne digital remote sensing (LiDAR) data for Monks Wood allowed the characterization of the canopy structure in territories and non‐breeding areas using a three‐dimensional canopy‐height model. The difference between the mean canopy height of the 2004 territories and that of the unoccupied area of the study site in the same year was 1.8 m, or 14%. Sampling the unoccupied area, with hypothetical ‘pseudo‐territories’, showed a statistically significant difference of 1.6 m (13%) between the mean canopy heights of the ‘taller’ 2004 territories and the unoccupied pseudo‐territories. A comparison by field survey of tree and shrub species composition between the 2004 territories and pseudo‐territories found no difference in species richness or the mean density of shrubs or mature trees (> 30 cm diameter at breast height, dbh). The mean density of medium‐sized (5–30 cm dbh) and small (< 5 cm dbh) trees was, respectively, 1.9 and 3.9 times greater in the pseudo‐territories, values that were statistically significant. Overall, Marsh Tits in Monks Wood appeared to require mature trees with a shrub layer beneath the top canopy, but avoided areas with large numbers of young and immature trees.
Methionine restriction decreases visceral fat mass and preserves insulin action in aging male Fischer 344 rats independent of energy restriction
Authors: Malloy Virginia L. , Krajcik Rozlyn A. , Bailey Steven J. , Hristopoulos George , Plummer Jason D. , Orentreich Norman
Published: June 2006

Reduced dietary methionine intake (0.17% methionine, MR) and calorie restriction (CR) prolong lifespan in male Fischer 344 rats. Although the mechanisms are unclear, both regimens feature lower body weight and reductions in adiposity. Reduced fat deposition in CR is linked to preservation of insulin responsiveness in older animals. These studies examine the relationship between insulin responsiveness and visceral fat in MR and test whether, despite lower food intake observed in MR animals, decreased visceral fat accretion and preservation of insulin sensitivity is not secondary to CR. Accordingly, rats pair fed (pf) control diet (0.86% methinone, CF) to match the food intake of MR for 80 weeks exhibit insulin, glucose, and leptin levels similar to control‐fed animals and comparable amounts of visceral fat. Conversely, MR rats show significantly reduced visceral fat compared to CF and PF with concomitant decreases in basal insulin, glucose, and leptin, and increased adiponectin and triiodothyronine. Daily energy expenditure in MR animals significantly exceeds that of both PF and CF. In a separate cohort, insulin responses of older MR animals as measured by oral glucose challenge are similar to young animals. Longitudinal assessments of MR and CF through 112 weeks of age reveal that MR prevents age‐associated increases in serum lipids. By 16 weeks, MR animals show a 40% reduction in insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) that is sustained throughout life; CF IGF‐1 levels decline much later, beginning at 112 weeks. Collectively, the results indicate that MR reduces visceral fat and preserves insulin activity in aging rats independent of energy restriction.
Comparison of staging systems to predict survival in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Pascual Sonia , Zapater Pedro , Such José , García‐Herola Antonio , Sempere Laura , Irurzun Javier , Palazón José María , Carnicer Fernando , Pérez‐Mateo Miguel
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Purpose: Some new staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been described in the last years. The aim of this study was to compare the survival‐predicting capacity of some variables and the prognostic classifications.

Methods: Demographic, clinical, analytical variables and tumour characteristics were collected in a study including 115 patients with HCC. Predictors of survival were identified using the Kaplan–Meier test and the Cox model. Comparison between different staging systems was carried out.

Results: The 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year estimated survival was 65%, 45% and 30%, respectively. Child–Pugh score and α‐fetoprotein level greater than 400 UI/l were independent predictors of survival in the Cox model. Although all systems correctly differentiated between patients regarding survival (Kaplan–Meier, log rank <0.05 for all), the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) showed a better discriminatory ability than the other evaluated scores. In addition, the independent homogenizing ability and stratification value of BCLC was better than that of other systems. On the contrary, model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) showed the worst results.

Conclusions: Child–Pugh score and α‐fetoprotein levels were the only independent predictors of survival in patients with HCC. Child–Pugh score showed a better prediction value for survival when compared with MELD. BCLC is more accurate than the other prognostic models evaluated in this investigation.
Value of fusing PET plus CT images in hepatocellular carcinoma and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma patients with extrahepatic metastases: preliminary findings
Authors: Nagaoka Sakae , Itano Satoshi , Ishibashi Masatoshi , Torimura Takuji , Baba Kenkichi , Akiyoshi Junji , Kurogi Junichi , Matsugaki Satoru , Inoue Kinya , Tajiri Nobuyoshi , Takada Akio , Ando Eiji , Kuromatsu Ryoko , Kaida Hayato , Kurogi Mina , Koga Hironori , Kumashiro Ryukichi , Hayabuchi Naofumi , Kojiro Masamichi , Sata Michio
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose positron emission tomography (PET) and PET plus computed tomography (CT) fusion images for the detection of extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (combined HCC/CC).

Methods: Twenty‐one patients with HCC and combined HCC/CC were enrolled in the study from December 2004 to February 2005. In all patients, PET and CT of the chest to pelvis region were performed. The sensitivity of PET plus CT fusion images was compared with the sensitivity of PET, CT, and bone scintigraphy.

Results: In 14 patients, a total of 58 extrahepatic metastases were diagnosed. The detection rate of PET plus CT fusion images, PET, CT, and bone scintigraphy was 98.2% (57 of 58 metastases), 89.6% (52 of 58 metastases), 91.2% (52 of 57 metastases), and 68.7% (11 of 16 bone metastases), respectively. No extrahepatic metastases were detected in the other seven patients. The detection rate of PET was 10/18 (55.6%) for intrahepatic lesions of HCC and combined HCC/CC.

Conclusions: The fusion of PET plus CT images is useful in detecting extrahepatic metastases in HCC and combined HCC/CC patients.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes, precore and core promoter variants among predominantly Asian patients with chronic HBV infection in a Canadian center
Authors: Fung Scott K. , Wong Florence S. H. , Wong David K. H. , Hussain Munira T. , Lok Anna S. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background and Aims: The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North America may be changing as a result of immigration from endemic countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV genotypes, precore (PC) and core promoter (CP) variants, and the proportion of patients meeting treatment criteria for HBV.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study of consecutive HBV patients attending a Canadian tertiary liver center was conducted. HBV DNA was quantified by polymerase chain reaction assay. HBV genotypes and variants were determined using a line probe assay.

Results: Two hundred and seventy‐two patients were enrolled; 200 were not receiving treatment at enrollment, of whom 116 were men and 84 women with a mean age 42±14 years. Among this group, 177 (88%) patients were Asian and 19 (10%) were Caucasian and 69 (35%) patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive. Genotypes B and C were found in 42% and 50% untreated patients, respectively; while CP and PC were detected in 52% and 43% patients, respectively. Approximately 20% patients not receiving treatment (29% HBeAg positive, 14% HBeAg negative) met AASLD guidelines for antiviral therapy. If lower cutoff values for alanine aminotransferase and HBV DNA levels were used, 49% patients would qualify for treatment.

Conclusions: The vast majority of patients at a Canadian tertiary referral center were Asian. Virological and clinical characteristics of these patients reflect their country of origin. Our findings highlight the need to monitor the changing patterns of HBV infection in countries with large immigrant populations.
Antiviral treatment withdrawal in viremic HCV‐positive liver transplant patients: impact on viral loads, allograft function and morphology
Authors: Kornberg Arno , Küpper Bernadett , Tannapfel Andrea , Thrum Katharina , Bärthel Erik , Settmacher Utz
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical long‐term consequences of antiviral treatment discontinuation in viremic hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive liver transplant recipients.

Methods: Twenty‐five HCV‐positive patients after liver transplantation were included in this study. After diagnosing recurrent hepatitis C, a combination therapy with interferon‐α2b and ribavirin for a minimum of 12 months was initiated. Viremia levels and allograft function were monitored continuously. Allograft biopsies were performed yearly, analyzing grading of inflammation and staging of fibrosis.

Results: HCV recurrence rate was 100%. Up to 114 months post‐transplantation, sustained virological response rate was 64%. Treatment discontinuation in virological nonresponders led subsequently to a significant increase of viral loads and deterioration of allograft function (P<0.05) within 1 month. In three patients, a fibrosing cholestatic syndrome developed, resulting in one patient death. Antiviral retherapy was maintained for a mean of 33 months, leading to a significant decline of aminotransferases (P<0.05) as well as decreasing serum levels of bilirubin and HCV‐RNA within 6 months. In addition, development of severe allograft fibrosis was prevented despite persistent viral loads.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that antiviral treatment withdrawal carries the risk of severe disease progression in persistently viremic HCV‐positive liver transplant patients.
Demonstration of PDC‐E1 subunits as major antigens in the complement‐fixing fraction M4 and re‐evaluation of PDC‐E1‐specific antibodies in PBC patients
Authors: Berg Christoph P. , Stein Gerburg M. , Klein Reinhild , Pascu Maria , Berg Thomas , Kammer Winfried , Priemer Martin , Nordheim Alfred , Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Gregor Michael , Wesselborg Sebastian , Berg Peter A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Autoantibodies specific for the mitochondrial M4 antigen can be detected by a complement fixation test (CFT) but not by immunoblotting. The aim of this study was to elucidate the identity of the M4 antigen.

Patients and methods: M4 proteins were purified by affinity chromatography using IgG fractions of PBC marker sera being CFT positive (n=5) or negative (n=5) and identified by Western blotting, silver staining and sequence analysis. Further, a cohort of 57 PBC patients was tested for the reactivity to M4 and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).

Results: Two AMA patterns of the marker sera were visualized: CFT‐positive sera were defined as PDC‐E2+/E1+ and the CFT‐negative sera as PDC‐E2+/E1−. The major proteins in the M4 fraction could be related to the PDC‐E1 subunits. A clear‐cut association between anti‐M4 reactivity in the CFT and the reactivity to both PDC subunits could also be documented in the cohort of 57 PBC patients showing anti‐PDC‐E1α and E1β antibodies at a frequency of 74% and 67%.

Conclusions: CFT reactivity against M4 antigens could be preferentially identified as a reaction against PDC‐E1. As PDC‐E1 subunits as compared with PDC‐E2 lack lipoyl‐binding sites, they probably have to be considered as an independent and important target.
Development and validation of Transfusion Risk Understanding Scoring Tool (TRUST) to stratify cardiac surgery patients according to their blood transfusion needs
Authors: Alghamdi Abdullah A. , Davis Aileen , Brister Stephanie , Corey Paul , Logan Alexander
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND:  Allogeneic blood transfusion is associated with transfusion reactions, infection transmission, and postoperative morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an accurate and simple clinical index to stratify cardiac surgery patients according to their blood transfusion needs.

METHODS AND RESULTS:  Data on consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery at Toronto General Hospital (n = 11,113) and Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Center (n = 5316) between May 1999 and June 2004 were collected for the development, validation, and external validation of the index. Primary outcome was the exposure to blood transfusion in the operative and first postoperative days. Multivariable logistic regression modeling techniques were used to determine the relationship between each independent variable and the exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion. Score assignment for each predictor variable was based on its regression coefficient. The predicted probabilities at each total score were compared to the observed proportions of patients exposed to blood transfusion. The clinical tool consists of eight preoperative variables: preoperative hemoglobin, weight, female sex, age, nonelective procedure, preoperative creatinine, previous cardiac surgical procedure, and nonisolated procedure.

CONCLUSIONS: Based on the standards of measurement in clinical research, a valid clinical tool was developed for predicting the need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The clinical tool was internally and externally validated, and the results suggest that it should perform well at other institutions.
Antithrombin reduces monocyte and neutrophil CD11b up regulation in addition to blocking platelet activation during extracorporeal circulation
Authors: Rinder Christine S. , Rinder Henry M. , Smith Michael J. , Fitch Jane C.K. , Tracey Jayne B. , Chandler Wayne L. , Rollins Scott A. , Smith Brian R.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND:  Patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass develop a systemic inflammatory reaction. Antithrombin III (AT) has anticoagulant effects but also shows evidence of anti‐inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether exogenous AT could reduce white blood cell activation (CD11b up regulation or elastase release), in addition to inhibiting platelet (PLT) activation and fibrin generation, during simulated cardiopulmonary bypass (sCPB), undertaken in the absence of endothelium.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  sCPB was carried out with minimally heparinized (2 U/mL) human blood for 90 minutes in controls and with supplementation by low‐dose (1 U/mL) and high‐dose (5 U/mL) AT.

RESULTS:  High‐dose AT blunted thrombin generation during sCPB (prothrombin fragment 1.2); both doses significantly inhibited thrombin activity (fibrinopeptide A). Complement activation (C3a and C5b‐9) was unaffected by AT. High‐dose AT inhibited PLT activation (P‐selectin expression and P‐selectin–dependent monocyte‐PLT conjugate formation). AT supplementation at the higher dose significantly abrogated monocyte and neutrophil CD11b up regulation and neutrophil elastase release.

CONCLUSION:  In addition to anticoagulant and anti‐PLT effects, pharmacologic AT doses significantly blunted monocyte and neutrophil CD11b up regulation and neutrophil elastase release during sCPB, independent of endothelial effects. These data provide evidence for the direct anti‐inflammatory activity of AT that has clinical relevance for CPB complications.
Acute hepatitis B virus window‐period blood donations detected by individual‐donation nucleic acid testing: a report on the first two cases found and interdicted in Spain
Authors: González Rocio , Echevarria José Manuel , Avellón Ana , Barea Luisa , Castro Emma
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND:  Mathematical models predict that, in Spain, a significant number of blood units will be obtained during the window period of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Routine nucleic acid testing (NAT) on individual blood units may provide experimental data to evaluate such a theoretical risk.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Between February and July 2005, a total of 34,631 individual units were screened for HBV DNA by a multiplex transcription‐mediated amplification (TMA) test. Units that repeatedly reacted in the test, but did not react for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), were submitted to additional testing by both molecular and conventional assays, and the donors were recalled for follow‐up studies and the collection of clinical and epidemiologic data.

RESULTS:  Confirmatory testing and follow‐up studies identified 2 blood units donated during the HBV infection window period (1/17,316 units studied). Sequencing of amplification products obtained by nested polymerase chain reaction (n‐PCR) revealed two HBV strains from genotypes D/ayw3 and F/adw4q‐, but did not identify HBsAg mutants. The HBV DNA concentration in the index donations was estimated to be below the n‐PCR detection level (180 IU/mL), in both cases. One donor developed acute hepatitis 2 months after donating blood, but the other remained asymptomatic and displayed normal alanine aminotransferase levels at follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS:  The HBV infection window period is a real issue in the setting of Spanish blood transfusions. NAT of individual units by TMA would make a significant contribution to improving the safety of the blood supply in Spain. Additional studies involving a larger number of units and longer periods of time are required, however, to ascertain the true incidence of the problem in this country.
Reduction of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infectivity from human red blood cells with prion protein affinity ligands
Authors: Gregori Luisa , Lambert Brian C. , Gurgel Patrick V. , Gheorghiu Liliana , Edwardson Peter , Lathrop Julia T. , MacAuley Claudia , Carbonell Ruben G. , Burton Steven J. , Hammond David , Rohwer Robert G.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND:  There is a demonstrated risk of infection by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) through transfusion from asymptomatic donors. Currently, blood‐borne TSE infectivity cannot be detected with a diagnostic test, nor is it likely to be amenable to inactivation; however, its depletion with specific adsorp‐tive ligand resins is possible.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Six ligands that bind the prion protein, PrP, were selected by screening large solid‐phase combinatorial chemical libraries. The selected resins were placed in columns and challenged with a unit of leukoreduced human red blood cells (RBCs) spiked with hamster brain–derived scrapie infectivity. The performance of each ligand was assessed by comparing the TSE infectivity titer in the RBCs before and after passage through each of five resin columns in series.

RESULTS:  Four resins were able to reduce infectivity titer by 3 to more than 4 log ID50 per mL. The reduction was not due to nonspecific matrix interactions since a chemical modification of the most effective ligand completely abolished its ability to bind infectivity (negative control). A small subfraction of the infectivity, 0.01 percent, could not be removed, even upon repeated passage through successive columns.

CONCLUSION:  If endogenous TSE infectivity in RBCs binds to the ligands in the same proportion as brain‐derived infectivity spiked into RBCs, the four most effective ligands would remove 3 to 4 log ID50 per mL. A follow‐up experiment is in progress to test whether endogenous blood‐borne infectivity is also reduced.
Apparent hemolysis following intravenous antithymocyte globulin treatment in a patient with marrow failure and a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone
Authors: Tran Minh‐Ha , Fadeyi Emmanuel , Scheinberg Phillip , Klein Harvey G.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND: Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is a commonly used medication in the treatment of aplastic anemia. Although serum sickness has been described with the use of ATG, few cases of acute intravascular hemolysis have been reported. We report a case of apparent ATG‐related hemolysis in a patient with aplastic anemia and a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clone.

CASE REPORT: A 62‐year‐old, group A, RhoD+ man with aplastic anemia and an 11.6 percent glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein–negative population of red cells (RBCs), representing approximately 190 mL of his RBC volume, and 90 percent GPI‐negative neutrophils were scheduled to receive equine ATG at 40 mg per kg per day for 4 days. After the first infusion, he developed a 1.6 g per dL decline in hemoglobin concentration and an increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase (normal, 113‐226 U/L) from 284 to 1127 U per L. The hemolytic process was complicated by acute renal failure characterized by an increase in serum creatinine from 0.9 to 4.2 mg per dL and the appearance of dark‐colored urine. Pre‐ and post‐ATG direct antiglobulin tests were negative.

CONCLUSION: The temporal association of intravenous ATG to lysis of complement‐sensitive RBCs suggests a causal relationship. Although intravascular hemolysis after ATG administration appears to be uncommon, the clinical consequences may be severe, and determining the pathophysiology may yield clues to the mechanism of intravascular hemolysis.
Antenatal administration of Rh‐immune globulin causes significant increases in the immunomodulatory cytokines transforming growth factor‐β and prostaglandin E2
Authors: Branch Donald R. , Shabani Fariba , Lund Nicole , Denomme Gregory A.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND: Production of specific cytokines in response to administration of Rh‐immune globulin (RhIG) was examined to assess the mechanism of inhibition of the anti‐D production and prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma levels of 17 different cytokines before and 48 hours after antenatal administration of anti‐D were measured in 10 women candidates for prophylaxis with RhIG.

RESULTS: No striking changes were observed in levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1 sRII, IL‐12 p40, IL‐16, or monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. Levels of IL‐4, ‐5, ‐10, ‐13, and ‐17; macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α; granulocyte‐macrophage–colony‐stimulating factor; tumor necrosis factor‐β; and interferon‐γ remained below detection levels both before and after testing. IL‐1ra levels, however, showed a slight to moderate decrease in 7 of 10 women after RhIG administration. In contrast, levels of TGF‐β1 increased more than 1.3‐fold in 7 of 10 women and more than 2‐fold in 4 of 10 women; in 1 instance the increase was more than 5‐fold and this woman also had a significant increase in TGF‐β2. In addition to TGF‐β, 5 of 10 women had a modest increase (>1.5‐fold) in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Analyses of the combined results of the 10 women showed that increases in both TGF‐β1 and PGE2 after RhIG were significant.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that RhIG prophylaxis can induce higher than baseline levels of two strongly immunomodulatory cytokines, TGF‐β and PGE2. These findings represent one possible mechanism for the inhibition of the primary immune response to the D antigen in women receiving RhIG prophylaxis for prevention of HDN.
Molecular basis of two novel high‐prevalence antigens in the Kell blood group system, KALT and KTIM
Authors: Lee Soohee , Debnath Asim K. , Wu Xu , Scofield Terry , George Terry , Kakaiya Ram , Yogore III Mariano G. , Sausais Laima , Yacob Michelle , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Reid Marion E.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND: The Kell blood group system consists of 25 antigens that result from single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Most polymorphic Kell antigens reside on the N‐terminal domain of Kell before the zinc‐binding catalytic motif, which is the major site for endothelin‐3–converting enzyme activity. Kell antigens are important in transfusion medicine owing to their strong immunogenicity, and the corresponding antibodies are clinically significant. Two probands were studied whose serum samples contained antibodies to different high‐prevalence Kell antigens.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Standard hemagglutination methods were used for serologic testing of Proband 1 and Proband 2. DNA was prepared from both probands and family members. The 19 exons and the intron‐exon regions of KEL from both probands were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the sequences were compared with that of common KEL. The identified substitutions were located on a three‐dimensional model of Kell generated based on the crystal structure of neutral endopeptidase, a homolog of Kell.

RESULTS: In Proband 1, a homozygous 1988G>A mutation (Arg623Lys) in Exon 17 was present. One sibling of Proband 1 was homozygous for 1988G>A. In Proband 2, a homozygous 1033G>A mutation (Asp305Asn) in Exon 8 was present. Three siblings of Proband 2 were heterozygous for 1033G>A.

CONCLUSION: The identified KEL mutations of the two probands are novel and inherited. The antigen absent from the red blood cells (RBCs) of Probands 1 and 2 are named KALT and KTIM, respectively. KALT is unique in that it is the only Kell antigen sensitive to treatment of RBCs by trypsin.
Face‐to‐face interviewing in predonation screening: lack of effect on detected human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections
Authors: O’Brien Sheila F. , Fan Wenli , Ram Shefali S. , Goldman Mindy , Nair Rama C. , Chiavetta Jo Anne , Vamvakas Eleftherios C.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND: Predonation screening has become more elaborate over the years, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐ and hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive donations have declined. The impact of face‐to‐face interviewing and of the format of the Donor Health Assessment Questionnaire (DHAQ) have not been evaluated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Canadian Blood Services DHAQ records between 1990 and 2004 were examined, and changes in them were tracked. The proportion of first‐time donors permanently deferred for HIV or HCV risk, and the HIV and HCV rates per 100,000 donations, were calculated annually. Time‐series analysis was used to determine whether major predonation screening changes had any effect on the HIV or HCV rates or permanent deferrals.

RESULTS: In 1992, receiving money or drugs for sex was added to the DHAQ; otherwise, the content of high‐risk questions changed little between 1990 and 2004. In 1997, the method of administration of the DHAQ changed from donor‐completed to face‐to‐face interviewing for high‐risk questions. Permanent deferrals for HIV or HCV risk factors and HIV and HCV rates in first‐time donors decreased over this period. The HIV rates were close to 0 before 1997, whereas HCV rates decreased steadily through 2004. There was no interruption in rates in 1997 when the method of administration changed.

CONCLUSION: Face‐to‐face interviewing for high‐risk questions had no effect on HIV or HCV rates in first‐time donations over 15 years of observation (during the latter 8 of which face‐to‐face interviewing was in place), and it did not increase permanent deferrals for HIV or HCV risk factors.
Negotiating Umbrella Agreements
Authors: Mouzas Stefanos
Published: June 2006

Experienced negotiators know that it is often impossible to define all terms of a complex agreement. By negotiating umbrella agreements, the negotiating parties try to balance the need for certainty and calculability of give‐and‐take processes with the need to remain sufficiently flexible to embrace new or emerging business opportunities. Umbrella agreements describe a joint consent that explicitly articulates a framework of rules and principles that guides future agreements. It is argued that negotiators are better able to maximize their joint gains if they differentiate between agreements and the framework in which agreements are made.
Corneal tattooing to mask subsequent opacification after amniotic membrane grafting for stromal corneal ulcer
Authors: Lee Ji‐Eun , Jun Jong Bae , Choi Hee Young , Oum Boo Sup , Lee Jong Soo
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  We aimed to report on the cosmetic efficacy of corneal tattooing using India ink for resolving corneal opacities resulting from amniotic membrane grafting carried out to promote corneal wound healing in stromal corneal ulcers.

Methods:  Amniotic membrane grafting of corneal ulcers was carried out in three patients. After corneal re‐epithelialization, a 30‐gauge needle filled with India ink was placed into the amniotic membrane space located between the regenerated corneal epithelium and the stromal bed. The ink was then carefully injected.

Results:  The cornea was successfully stained with India ink in all cases. There were no significant complications during the mean follow‐up period of 17 months. All the patients were satisfied with the corneal staining.

Conclusion:  When a corneal opacity occurs after an amniotic membrane graft for stromal corneal ulcer, corneal tattooing by intrastromal injection of India ink into the amniotic membrane space may be a very useful method of achieving a good cosmetic result.
Which factors affect the costs of psychiatric residential care? Findings from the Italian PROGRES study
Authors: Amaddeo F. , Grigoletti L. , De Girolamo G. , Picardi A. , Santone G. ,   the PROGRES Study Group
Published: June 2006

Objective:  In the latest years, mental hospitals have gradually been replaced by a community‐based network of facilities, including non‐hospital residential facilities (RFs). Little information is still available about their costs. Our aims were to estimate the costs of Italian RFs and to evaluate which factors affect the cost of RFs and their patients.

Method:  A representative sample of 265 Italian RFs, hosting 2962 patients, was selected for the study. RFs costs and costs of psychiatric, medical and informal care were estimated.

Results:  Patients in RFs cost between 7851 and 34 650 US$ per year; to this amount, it should be added from 2032 to 4702 US$ per year for the community psychiatric services (CPS). Significant differences were found by facility type, geographical areas, number of beds and age and diagnosis. About 45% of the variability for RF costs and 19% for CPS costs was explained by the regression models.

Conclusion:  The results can be useful to inform service planning and resource allocation.
Health behavior in psychiatric in‐patients compared with a German general population sample
Authors: Kilian R. , Becker T. , Krüger K. , Schmid S. , Frasch K.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To compare the health relevant behavior of psychiatric patients and the general population.

Method:  Health behavior of 363 psychiatric in‐patients with ICD‐10 diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, major depressive disorders and neurotic, and somatoform disorders was compared with health behavior of a representative sample of 7200 persons from German general population.

Results:  Increased prevalence rates for smoking and illicit drug use were found for all diagnostic groups. Risk alcohol consumption was increased in patients with schizophrenia and depression. Smokers with schizophrenia had an excess cigarette consumption compared with general population. The number of unhealthy food habits was increased in all diagnostic groups, and the body mass index was found to be increased for patients with schizophrenia. Patients with depression were more physically active than general population.

Conclusion:  Poor health behavior is widespread in patients with all major psychiatric diagnoses. Interventions to reduce risk behavior and strengthen health preventive lifestyles are necessary.
Economic costs of minor depression: a population‐based study
Authors: Cuijpers P. , Smit F. , Oostenbrink J. , De Graaf R. , Ten Have M. , Beekman A.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  Although the clinical relevance of minor depression has been demonstrated in many studies, the economic costs are not well explored. In this study, we examine the economic costs of minor depression.

Method:  In a large‐scale, population‐based study in the Netherlands (n = 5504) the costs of minor depression were compared with the costs of major depression and dysthymia. Excess costs, i.e. the costs of a disorder over and above the costs attributable to other illnesses, were estimated with help of regression analysis. The direct medical costs, the direct non‐medical costs and the indirect non‐medical costs were calculated. The year 2003 was used as the reference year.

Results:  The annual per capita excess costs of minor depression were US$ 2141 (95% CI = 753–3529) higher than the base rate costs of US$ 1023, while the costs of major depression were US$ 3313 (95% CI = 1234–5390) higher than the base rate. The costs of minor depression per 1 million inhabitants were 160 million dollars per year, which is somewhat less than the costs of major depression (192 million dollars per year).

Conclusion:  The economic costs associated with minor depression are considerable and approach those of major depression.
Violence from young women involuntarily admitted for severe drug abuse
Authors: Palmstierna T. , Olsson D.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To simultaneously evaluate actuarial and dynamic predictors of severe in‐patient violence among women involuntarily admitted for severe drug abuse.

Method:  All patients admitted to special facilities for involuntary treatment of absconding‐prone, previously violent, drug abusing women in Sweden were assessed with the Staff Observation Aggression Scale, revised. Actuarial data on risk factors for violence were collected and considered in an extended Cox proportional hazards model with multiple events and daily assessments of the Broset Violence Checklist as time‐dependent covariates.

Results:  Low‐grade violence and being influenced by illicit drugs were the best predictors of severe violence within 24 h. Significant differences in risk for violence between different institutions were also found.

Conclusion:  In‐patient violence risk is rapidly varying over time with being influenced by illicit drugs and exhibiting low‐grade violence being significant dynamic predictors. Differences in violence between patients could not be explained by patient characteristics.
Parietal white matter abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 3‐Tesla
Authors: Kitamura H. , Shioiri T. , Kimura T. , Ohkubo M. , Nakada T. , Someya T.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To identify a neurochemical basis for the hypothesis that an aberrant cortico‐subcortical circuit underlies obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The white matter was also investigated because of recent research which suggests the altered connectivity of axons.

Method:  Using 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the relative concentrations of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline‐containing compounds (Cho) to creatine/phosphocreatine (Cr) were measured in the anterior cingulate, basal ganglia, thalamus, frontal and parietal white matter of 12 OCD patients, and 32 control subjects.

Results:  The mean concentration of Cho/Cr was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls, but only in the parietal white matter, while no significant group differences in NAA/Cr were observed in any of the brain regions. Parietal Cho/Cr correlated positively with the severity of OCD symptoms.

Conclusion:  This finding provides indirect evidence for the parietal white matter involvement in OCD, thus suggesting a change in the phospholipids of myelinated axons and/or glia cells.
Is the dementia rate increasing in Beijing? Prevalence and incidence of dementia 10 years later in an urban elderly population
Authors: Li S. , Yan F. , Li G. , Chen C. , Zhang W. , Liu J. , Jia X. , Shen Y.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To examine the time trend of dementia morbidity over the past decade in Beijing, China.

Method:  In 1997, 1593 community‐dwelling elderly aged 60+ years were examined and followed‐up over 2‐years to identify incident dementia. A similar cohort study of dementia conducted in the same district 10 years prior was used as historical comparison to examine the time trend of dementia incidence.

Results:  Forty prevalent dementia cases were identified at the initial examination for a prevalence of 2.51% (95% CI: 1.74–3.28) and 25 incident cases were identified at the follow‐up visit for an incidence of 0.90% (0.55–1.25) among residents aged 60+ years. Alzheimer's dementia (AD) was the most common type of dementia in both prevalent and incident cases.

Conclusion:  The prevalence and incidence rates of dementia in Beijing were slightly higher than those 10 years ago, which was partly because of population aging. AD became the most common subtype of dementia.
Expression pattern of adhesion molecules in junctional epithelium differs from that in other gingival epithelia
Authors: Hatakeyama S. , Yaegashi T. , Oikawa Y. , Fujiwara H. , Mikami T. , Takeda Y. , Satoh M.
Published: June 2006

Background and Objective:  The gingival epithelium is the physiologically important interface between the bacterially colonized gingival sulcus and periodontal soft and mineralized connective tissues, requiring protection from exposure to bacteria and their products. However, of the three epithelia comprising the gingival epithelium, the junctional epithelium has much wider intercellular spaces than the sulcular epithelium and oral gingival epithelium. Hence, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cell adhesion structure in the junctional epithelium compared with the other two epithelia.

Material and Methods:  Gingival epithelia excised at therapeutic flap surgery from patients with periodontitis were examined for expression of adhesion molecules by immunofluorescence.

Results:  In the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium, but not in the junctional epithelium, desmoglein 1 and 2 in cell–cell contact sites were more abundant in the upper than the suprabasal layers. E‐cadherin, the main transmembranous molecule of adherens junctions, was present in spinous layers of the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium, but was scarce in the junctional epithelium. In contrast, desmoglein 3 and P‐cadherin were present in all layers of the junctional epithelium as well as the oral gingival epithelium and sulcular epithelium. Connexin 43 was clearly localized to spinous layers of the oral gingival epithelium, sulcular epithelium and parts of the junctional epithelium. Claudin‐1 and occludin were expressed in the cell membranes of a few superficial layers of the oral gingival epithelium.

Conclusion:  These findings indicated that the junctional epithelium contains only a few desmosomes, composed of only desmoglein 3; adherens junctions are probably absent because of defective E‐cadherin. Thus, the anchoring junctions connecting junctional epithelium cells are lax, causing widened intercellular spaces. In contrast, the oral gingival epithelium, which has a few tight junctions, functions as a barrier.
The epithelial cell rests of Malassez – a role in periodontal regeneration?
Authors: Rincon J. C. , Young W. G. , Bartold P. M.
Published: June 2006

This article reviews general aspects about the epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM). The historical and general morphological features of the ERM are briefly described. The embryological derivation of the ERM is presented as an important consideration in understanding the events associated with their origin and possible functional roles within the periodontal ligament. The ultrastructural description of the ERM is also included to complement the morphological characteristics which distinguish these cells as the unique epithelial element of the periodontal ligament. The unique ability of these cells to synthesize and secrete a number of proteins usually associated with cells of mesenchymal origin, rather than ectodermal origin, is discussed in light of their role in cementum repair and regeneration. Such considerations lead to our hypothesis that one of the functional roles of the ERM may lie not only their role in maintaining and contributing to the normal periodontal cellular elements and function but also contributing, in a significant manner, to periodontal regeneration.
Identification of genes related to mechanical stress in human periodontal ligament cells using microarray analysis
Authors: De Araujo R. M. S. , Oba Y. , Moriyama K.
Published: June 2006

Background and Objective:  Differential expression of genes in human periodontal ligament (PDL) under mechanical stress, such as orthodontic force, is thought to be involved in the remodeling of PDL cells and periodontal tissues. However, little is known about the genes expressed in PDL cells under mechanical stress.

Material and Methods:  We employed microarray analysis to assess, in a comprehensive manner, the gene expression profiles in PDL cells compressed by a static force using an in vitro three‐dimensional culture system. Six genes were selected and validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis, consistent with the microarray data.

Results:  The microarray data revealed that 108 of 30,000 genes tested were differentially expressed by mechanical force loading. Among them, 85 genes were up‐regulated by mechanical stress, while 23 genes were down‐regulated, judging by the thresholds of a two‐fold increase/decrease compared with the controls. Thirty‐two of the up‐regulated and eight of the down‐regulated genes, well‐characterized in protein function, were involved in numerous biological processes including cell communication, cell signaling, cell cycle, stress response, and calcium release. However, several genes differentially expressed in our microarray data have not been well defined as stress‐response molecules.

Conclusion:  Our microarray is the first to show the gene profile in PDL cells caused by mechanical stress; however, further studies to clarify the physiological function of these molecules in PDL cells are required.
Prophylactic ankle bracing reduces rearfoot motion during sudden inversion
Authors: Cordova M. L. , Dorrough J. L. , Kious K. , Ingersoll C. D. , Merrick M. A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ankle bracing on rearfoot angular displacement and angular velocity during a sudden inversion movement. A 1 × 3 factorial design was used. The single independent variable was ankle brace condition with three levels: semi‐rigid, lace‐up and control. The two dependent variables were rearfoot average angular displacement and average angular velocity. Twenty‐four healthy volunteers participated in this study. A motion analysis system was used to capture, model and calculate two‐dimensional rearfoot motion while the subjects' ankle/foot complex was inverted to 35° on a platform device. All subjects performed five trials of each ankle brace condition, and the average of these trials was used for statistical analysis. The semi‐rigid brace significantly reduced rearfoot angular displacement and angular velocity compared with the lace‐up (P<0.05) and control conditions (P<0.05). Additionally, the lace‐up style brace demonstrated significantly less rearfoot angular displacement and angular velocity compared with the control condition (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that a semi‐rigid ankle brace is more superior then a lace‐up style brace in limiting rearfoot angular displacement and angular velocity. Moreover, the lace‐up style brace offers significant restriction of these measures compared with no support.
Mapping of the interaction site of CP12 with glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Lebreton Sandrine , Andreescu Simona , Graciet Emmanuelle , Gontero Brigitte
Published: June 2006

The 8.5 kDa chloroplast protein CP12 is essential for assembly of the phosphoribulokinase/glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. After reduction of this complex with thioredoxin, phosphoribulokinase is released but CP12 remains tightly associated with GAPDH and downregulates its NADPH‐dependent activity. We show that only incubation with reduced thioredoxin and the GAPDH substrate 1,3‐bisphosphoglycerate leads to dissociation of the GAPDH/CP12 complex. Consequently, a significant twofold increase in the NADPH‐dependent activity of GAPDH was observed. 1,3‐Bisphosphoglycerate or reduced thioredoxin alone weaken the association, causing a smaller increase in GAPDH activity. CP12 thus behaves as a negative regulator of GAPDH activity. A mutant lacking the C‐terminal disulfide bridge is unable to interact with GAPDH, whereas absence of the N‐terminal disulfide bridge does not prevent the association with GAPDH. Trypsin‐protection experiments indicated that GAPDH may be also bound to the central α‐helix of CP12 which includes residues at position 36 (D) and 39 (E). Mutants of CP12 (D36A, E39A and E39K) but not D36K, reconstituted the GAPDH/CP12 complex. Although the dissociation constants measured by surface plasmon resonance were 2.5–75‐fold higher with these mutants than with wild‐type CP12 and GAPDH, they remained low. For the D36K mutation, we calculated a 7 kcal·mol−1 destabilizing effect, which may correspond to loss of the stabilizing effect of an ionic bond for the interaction between GAPDH and CP12. It thus suggests that electrostatic forces are responsible for the interaction between GAPDH and CP12.
Separation and characterization of caveolae subclasses in the plasma membrane of primary adipocytes; segregation of specific proteins and functions
Authors: Örtegren Unn , Yin Lan , Öst Anita , Karlsson Helen , Nystrom Fredrik H. , Strålfors Peter
Published: June 2006

Caveolae are nearly ubiquitous plasma membrane domains that in adipocytes vary in size between 25 and 150 nm. They constitute sites of entry into the cell as well as platforms for cell signalling. We have previously reported that plasma membrane‐associated caveolae that lack cell surface access can be identified by electron microscopy. We now report the identification, after density gradient ultracentrifugation, of a subclass of very high‐density apparently closed caveolae that were not labelled by cell surface protein labelling of intact cells. These caveolae contained caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2. Another class of high‐density caveolae contained caveolin‐1, caveolin‐2 and specifically fatty acid transport protein‐1, fatty acid transport protein‐4, fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase, hormone‐sensitive lipase, perilipin, and insulin‐regulated glucose transporter‐4. This class of caveolae was specialized in fatty acid uptake and conversion to triacylglycerol. A third class of low‐density caveolae contained the insulin receptor, class B scavenger receptor‐1, and insulin‐regulated glucose transporter‐4. Small amounts of these proteins were also detected in the high‐density caveolae. In response to insulin, the insulin receptor autophosphorylation and the amount of insulin‐regulated glucose transporter‐4 increased in these caveolae. The molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in the three caveolae classes varied considerably, from 0.4 in very high‐density caveolae to 0.9 in low‐density caveolae. There was no correlation between the caveolar contents of caveolin and cholesterol. The low‐density caveolae, with the highest cholesterol concentration, were particularly enriched with the cholesterol‐rich lipoprotein receptor class B scavenger receptor‐1, which mediated cholesteryl ester uptake from high‐density lipoprotein and generation of free cholesterol in these caveolae, suggesting a specific role in cholesterol uptake/metabolism. These findings demonstrate a segregation of functions in caveolae subclasses.