bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marks and inscriptions in the spider web of the Internet
Authors:   Gorbatov Research Center for Food Systems, Krylova V.B. , Gustova T.V. ,   Gorbatov Research Center for Food Systems
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the rules for labeling meat and meat-containing canned foods and examples of their intentional violation. Photo materials from the sites of trading organizations and canned food manufacturers are shown that demonstrate marketing tricks misleading consumers. Explanations and comments to revealed violations in marks and inscriptions are given. The obligatory fulfillment of the requirements of the standard GOST 13534 “Meat and meat containing cans. Packing, marking and transportation” is emphasized with regard to introducing the index of the type of the enterprise’s economic activity, number of an enterprise and assortment number of canned foods into marks, which is a guarantee of finished product safety
South Korean Taxes on Alcoholic Beverage
Authors: Maharani Raden Ajeng Cendikia Aurelie , Putra Arjie Sukmawijaya Arpian , Widjaja Angela Melani , Kumara Tyananda Agathalia
Published: December 2020

This research aims to find out whether Korea violates the provisions of International trade Article III: 2 First sentence and second sentence of GATT in 1994. Soju is a traditional alcoholic beverage that is most famous in Korea has been produced in a diluted manner so that the beverage content of 25% alcoholic soju can be said that the beverage has a content that is below 20%. But people in European countries and the United States have complaints or opinions that they do not agree with the alcohol tax policy in South Korea, especially soju is considered unfair. So Korea is trying to offer a preference for taxes on soju drinks compared to certain imported western-style drinks. The research conclusions show that Soju and Imported Liquor Spirits are not substitutive products. Soju and Imported Liquor Spirits do not compete directly, seen from the fact that although there has been a decrease in the number of Soju sales in Korea since the ILS tax was lowered, the distance between Soju and ILS sales is still far away. So from the facts above, South Korea does not violate GATT Article III: 2 Second Sentence. From our explanation above, Like Products is a cumulative requirement to meet: Common Charateristics End Uses Channels of distribution Prices. From that data, South Korea does not violate GATT Article III: 2 First Sentence and Second Sentence although there are differences in tax imposition because the two products, Soju and ILS are not like products.
Storytelling Platform for Interactive Digital Content in Virtual Museum
Authors: Khundam Chaowanan
Published: December 2020

Virtual Reality (VR) generates realistic visualization and sensation applied to various practises. Virtual Museum (VM) is a use case where VR may be applied to convince museum visitors to participate with a story told through digital content. Recently, immersive VR technologies are intensively developed providing a lot of devices which support interactive VM application. In a development of interactive VM, interaction is always depending on the selected device. Then content is tuned to fit specific device capacity; major development must be addressed again whenever the virtual environment is adapted to a new device. This paper proposed a storytelling platform to assist interactive content design which is device independent. Our framework provides high-level abstraction of story and interaction which is then translated to any low-level device. Storytelling model and interaction model are introduced to create a common language for story making. It works with a viewer, an asset manager, an event editor and a timeline to achieve virtual environments organization and interaction assignment. An example of interactive content design on our platform is presented to demonstrate the development process which can be applied to collaborative interactive content designing in the future work.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR POTENSI WILAYAH YANG MEMENGARUHI RASIO MUZAKI MUSTAHIK DI KOTA TANGERANG
Authors: Pradana Reza Septian
Published: December 2020

Islam memiliki solusi zakat sebagai pengentas kemiskinan sehingga diperlukan pendistribusian zakat yang optimal. Pengoptimalan potensi zakat juga memerlukan pengetahuan akan potensi wilayah yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor potensi wilayah yang memengaruhi rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil estimasi dengan analisis. regresi linier berganda menunjukkan bahwa jumlah industri pengolahan dan fasilitas perdagangan secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Jumlah fasilitas perbengkelan/ reparasi dan jasa lainnya tidak secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Dengan demikian, prioritas pembangunan wilayah lebih diarahkan pada pengembangan sektor industri pengolahan dan perdagangan. Hal ini dikarenakan kedua sektor ini berperan secara signifikan dalam pengentasan kemiskinan khususnya meningkatkan jumlah muzaki dan mengurangi jumlah mustahik di Kota Tangerang.

 

Islam has a zakat solution as poverty alleviation so that an optimal distribution of zakat is needed. Optimizing the potential of zakat also requires knowledge of the regional potential. This study aims to analyze the regional potential factors that affect the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The estimation results with multiple linear regression analysis show that the number of manufacturing industry and trade facilities significantly have positive influence to the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. The number of workshop/ repair facilities and other services insignificantly influent to the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. Thus, regional development priorities are more focused on developing the manufacturing industry and trade sectors. This is because these two sectors have a significant role in poverty alleviation, especially increasing the number of muzaki and reducing the number of mustahik in Tangerang City.
Yeni Etiketleme Yönetmeliğine Göre Alerjen Gıdalar ve Sağlık Etkileri
Authors: AKAY Ecem , YILMAZ İlkay
Published: December 2020

Gıda alerjileri vücudun bir besine karşı spesifik ve tekrarlanabilir bir bağışıklık tepkisi olduğunda ortaya çıkmasıdır. Besin ögelerinin vücuda alınıp kullanılabilmesinin sonucu olarak insanlar; büyür, gelişir ve sağlıklı bir birey olurlar. Kişilerin; yaşı, cinsiyeti, genetik özellikleri, tıbbi geçmişi ve demografik özellikleri beslenmede etkilidir. Günümüzde, özellikle de sağlık alanında hassaslaşan dengeler düşünüldüğünde, yiyecek içecek hizmeti veren işletmeler; gıda alerjisi veya gıda intoleransı olan kişiler için daha dikkatli organize olmak zorundadır. Bu kapsamda Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Etiketleme ve Tüketicileri Bilgilendirme Yönetmeliği ile tüketicilere yönelik düzenlemeler 1 Ocak 2020 tarihi ile hayata geçmiş, bu tarihten itibaren hazır yemek veren restoran, kantin, okul ve hastane gibi toplu tüketim yerlerindeki gıdalar için alerjen bilgilerin tüketiciye sunulmasının zorunluluğu başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada yeni alerjen yönetmeliği ışığında alerjen maddelerin sağlık etkiler incelenmiş, menü tasarımı ve menüde bildirimleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Literatür taraması için Science Direct, Pubmed, Ulusal Tez Merkezi ve Google Akademik veri tabanları kullanılmış ve araştırma, Ocak 2020 – Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı yeni etiketleme yönetmeliği ile bildirimi zorunlu olan alerjen gıdaların sağlık etkileri hakkında araştırma yapmak bilimsel literatür çerçevesinde alerjenlerin bildirildiği menü tasarımı konusunda bilgi vermektir.
In Vitro Koşullarda Farklı İki Nanohibrit Akışkan Kompozitin Derin Class II Kavitelerde Mikrosızıntı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÇETİN Anıl
Published: December 2020

Amaç: Mine-sement sınırının altında hazırlanan kavitelerde mikrosızıntı ile mücadele edebilmek oldukça güçtür. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı derin class II kavitelerdeki stres ve marginal bölgedeki kapanma problemlerinin çözümüne yönelik son yıllarda sağlanan teknolojik ilerlemelerle geliştirilen nano dolduruculu kompozitlerin akışkan formlarının açık sandviç tekniği ile restore edilen derin kavitelerdeki etkinliğinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: 60 adet dişe standart meziyo-okluzal (MO), aproksimal kutu (box) şeklinde kaviteler, oklüzo-gingival derinliği mine-sement sınırının 1 mm altında olacak şekilde ve aproksimal kutunun ebatları 2x4x6 mm olacak şekilde açılmıştır. Restorasyonları bitirilen dişler rastgele seçilerek 3 gruba ayrılmıştır (n=20). Grup 1 kontrol grubudur ve kaviteler direkt kompozit (Filtek Z250) uygulaması ile bitirilmiştir. Grup 2 de basamakta Supreme XT Flow, Grup 3 te basamakta Grandio Flow kullanılmış olup, her 3 grubun üst yapıları mikrohibrit kompozit rezin (Filtek Z250) ile restore edilmiştir. Tüm örnekler termo-mekanik yüklemeye maruz bırakılarak yaşlandırılmıştır. Mikrosızıntı tayini bazik fuksin boyasının penetrasyon miktarının stereomikroskop (X40) altında incelenmesi ile yapılarak istatistiksel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgular: Sonuçların değerlendirilmesinde Mann Whitney U Test kullanılmıştır. Her iki nano dolduruculu akışkan kompozitler Supreme XT Flow ve Grandio Flow kontrol grubunda yer alan mikrohibrit rezine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir üstünlük sağlayamamışlardır (p>0,05). Ayrıca Supreme ve Grandio materyallerinin mikrosızıntı dereceleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Sonuç: Nanohibrit akışkan kompozitler kendilerinden beklenen derin class II kavitelerdeki mikrosızıntıyı azaltma konusunda daha üstün özellikler sergileyememiştir.
The Rules of Contagion: Why Things Spread – And Why They Stop
Authors: Salgado Mauricio
Published: December 2020

Reseña del libro The Rules of Contagion: Why Things Spread – And Why They Stop de Adam Kucharski.
A MODEL FOR PERSONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING TOWARDS RETIREMENT
Authors: Herrador-Alcaide Teresa C. , Hernández-Solís Montserrat , Topa Gabriela
Published: December 2020

One problem for sustainability of systems pensions is how people without specialized financial training could manage their resources and their actual personal intentions towards retirement. Research objective is to analyse the relationship among several factors that affect the behaviour towards retirement, the financial management practices and the financial resources, by carrying out a structural equation model (SEM) that was tested in Spanish workers sample in three phases. The influence of financial literacy, financial retirement objectives, optimism on retirement, tolerance to financial risk, and the commitment to financial planning at time 1, are analysed as explanatory variables of financial management practices at time 2. Financial resources for retirement at time 3 are explained by financial management practices. According to results, the model can predict the 36% of the variance of financial management practices and 53% of the variance of financial resources for retirement. Thus, the model can be used for checking of knowledge of the personal financial behaviour before retirement, what enables a better personal financial planning. It would be possible to apply a model based on self-assessment in order to implement a complementary financial planning that would allow to maintain the welfare during retirement.
Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a hepatitis A outbreak in Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Authors: Barathidasan Rajamani , Vanathy Kandasamy , Venkatesh Kaliaperumal , Sharmila Ferdina Marie , Dhodapkar Rahul
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Hepatitis A virus causes an acute infection mainly in young children. The present study was carried out to characterize the nature of hepatitis A virus (HAV) involved in an outbreak of jaundice in children.

Methodology: Serum and stool samples from five children were sampled from among 26 clinically diagnosed jaundice cases. HAV IgM ELISA and PCR were used for confirmatory diagnosis and molecular characterization by direct amplicon sequencing and analysis.

Results: All the serum samples collected from the symptomatic cases were found to be positive for Anti-HAV IgM ELISA as were all the serum samples and stool samples using semi-nested PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HAV involved in the outbreak belonged to genotype IIIA.

Conclusions: The infection was caused by HAV genotype IIIA. Improved access to clean drinking water, sanitation around drinking water sources and routine chlorination of drinking water in poor and developing countries are needed, as well as childhood HAV vaccination under regular immunization programs in endemic countries.
Dual versus triple therapy for uncomplicated brucellosis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Al-Madfaa Rawan O , Alalawi Mai A , Basudan Lana O , Alhejaili Shahad F , Eljaaly Khalid , Madani Tariq A , Thabit Abrar K
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. affecting multiple body systems and may lead to complications. Saudi Arabia is a country where brucellosis is endemic. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of uncomplicated brucellosis and to assess outcomes of different antibiotic regimens.

Methodology: A retrospective cohort study in a Saudi tertiary academic medical center. Adults with confirmed uncomplicated brucellosis between January 2008 and December 2018 who received antibiotics were included. The primary endpoint was clinical cure. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality and length of stay.

Results: Fifty-four patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Twenty five patients received a combination of doxycycline, rifampin, and aminoglycoside (group 1), whereas 29 patients received doxycycline and rifampin (group 2). There was no significant difference between the two groups in clinical cure, all-cause mortality, length of stay, and end of therapy parameters, including temperature, white blood cells count, C-reactive protein levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.

Conclusions: Due to lack of differences in clinical outcomes, mortality, length of stay, and end of therapy parameters between the two groups, a regimen comprising two, rather than three, agents can be sufficient for uncomplicated brucellosis. This finding conforms to previous studies. Therefore, replacing rifampin with an aminoglycoside for its presumed superior efficacy as per the World Health Organization's guidelines is not substantiated by our study. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these findings.
blaOXA, blaSHV-, and blaTEM- extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative strains from burn patients in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Haider Muhammad H , Ain Noor U , Abrar Samyyia , Riaz Saba
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are associated with complications of post-burn infections that showed significant association with different genotypic variants of extended-spectrum β-lactamases. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of ESBL gene variants among bacterial pathogens from post-burn infections.

Methodology: Cephalosporin-resistant isolates were collected from Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Centre, Lahore. Phenotypic testing: double-disk synergy test, combination disk test, multiplex PCR for blaOXA, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes were performed.

Results: Of the 53.5% cephalosporin-resistant isolates, 50.7% were community-acquired and 49.3% were nosocomial pathogens. Seventy-two percent of post-burn infections were found in males (p-value = 0.92, OR = 1.04). The age of burn victims ranged from 4 to 85 years (mean = 28.9, SD = 15.6). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most predominant at a rate of 49%. There were 83.3% multidrug-resistant isolates, which showed susceptibility to meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin in 28.7%, 25.3%, and 26% respectively. In phenotypic tests 16% ESBLs detected by the DDST and 14% confirmed by the CDT. Molecular detection proved effective for the detection of 79.7% blaTEM, 37.7% blaOXA, and 18.8% blaSHV isolates. blaTEM genes were confirmed in 18.1% CDT-positive isolates, with 62.6% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI = 54.7-70) and 88% specificity (95% CI = 80.4-93.4).

Conclusions: The antimicrobial resistance associated with the ESBL-producing Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae is becoming a challenge for the treatment and survival of burn patients. The high rate blaTEM, blaOXA, and blaSHV genes confirm the need to improve the management of burn patients in order to prevent post-burn infections.
Long-term application of hydroxychloroquine could not prevent the infection of COVID-19
Authors: Zhu Yin , Chen Yongping , Gong Yuewen , Pan Aijun , Ding Huijie , Fang Jianjiang , Yu Biyun , Wang Boding , Ke Chunhai , Xu Lanman
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Current pandemic of the coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents an urgent issue to the world due to lack of vaccine and medication. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has generated a lot of controversies whether it is effective in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Current report presents a 63-year-old woman who has taken HCQ for many years but still infected by COVID-19.

Case presentation: A patient with rheumatoid arthritis came to the clinic with fever and sore throat. The patient has been treated with 200 mg HCQ per day since 2016. Laboratory tests showed that the patient had lymphopenia, increased levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Chest radiography showed that the patient had pneumonia. Throat swab test confirmed COVID-19 positive. On admission, she was treated with nebulized interferon alfa-2b, oral Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and ceftriaxone sodium for the COVID-19 in addition to HCQ. The patient stayed in hospital for 18 days, recovered from oxygen intake, and eventually discharged from hospital. Follow up investigation showed the patient developed antibody against COVID-19.

Conclusions: Long-term application of HCQ could not prevent COVID-19 infection, but whether HCQ exerts benefit to alleviation of clinical symptoms and duration of hospital stays remains to be further investigated.
Changes in valve morphology of two pennate diatom species during long-term culture
Authors: Petrova Darya P. , Bedoshvili Yekaterina D. , Zakharova Yulia R. , Volokitina Nadejda A. , Likhoshway Yelena V. , Grachev Michael A.
Published: December 2020

The morphology of diatom siliceous is a primary basis for their species identification. This study aims to measure the range of morphological changes induced in the monoclonal cultures of Fragilaria radians strains 280 and A6 and Ulnaria danica strain BK17 by cultivation in the lab for a year or more. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the number of abnormal valves increases during the first year of culture maintenance. Specific abnormalities observed include curved valves and apices, axial areas and rimoportulae shifted from their normal positions, disordered or otherwise abnormal striae, and various growths on the valves. Similar morphological abnormalities are known to occur in diatoms exposed to microtubule inhibitors. These results show the limits of morphological variance in studied species and could be used to estimate the effect of toxic agents in natural and experimental conditions.
Percutaneous treatment of a ventricular septal defect caused by MINOCA
Authors: Dimitrov George , Samardzhieva Martina , Stankov Zoran , Getsov Y. , Simova Iana , Zlatareva Naidenka , Adam Gloria , Petrov Ivo
Published: December 2020

We present a case of a 78-year-old female with a history of hypertension, paroxysmal atrial ﬁ brillation and ischemic stroke which was admitted due to an hour-long chest pain with ECG changes indicating sinus rhythm and a newly formed LBBB.  Subsequently a ventricular septal defect (VSD) was discovered which we successfully treated percutaneously. At admission, echocardiography revealed septo-apical hypokinesis with an accompanying reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 38%, in addition to the mid-ventricular septal defect (7/14 mm in size) causing a signiﬁ cant left to right shunt (QP/QS = 1.8/1.0). Coronary angiography demonstrated lack of obstruction of the coronary vessels – MINOCA. Rapid response and Intensive care treatment, including Intra-Aortic Balloon Catheter insertion, lead to LV-functional improvement and hemodynamic stabilization. A dual access approach through the right jugular vein and right radial artery was used and eventual closure of the VSD was achieved with an Occlutech ASD occluder (20.5/16.5 mm), inserted via the venous introducer, while under constant angiographic and transesophageal echo guidance. Immediate VSD shunt elimination was disclosed by EchoCG and angiography. Overall, an uneventful in-hospital stay and six months event-free follow-up period were registered including further EchoCG which conﬁ rmed lack of major cardio-vascular events and the stable position of the occluder, without a visible shunt.
Acute myocardial infarction,arterial thrombosis and thrombophilia in young patients
Authors: Petrov Ivo , Zlatareva-Gronkova Naydenka , Kundurdjiev Todor , Dimitrova Viktoria
Published: December 2020

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represent emergency state in an intensive cardiovascular care unit, which implies immediate and speciﬁc treatment. Of peculiar interest for cardiologists are young patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The family history taking for premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and establishment of genetic factors, responsible for coagulation, both are on target for this group of patients. Gold standard for AMI diagnosis is coronary angiography (CA), which usually implies endovascular treatment (EVT). When coronary thrombus formation is found in young patients, different diagnostic opportunities are possible. Thrombophilia (TF) represents blood coagulation abnormality resulting in an increased risk of thrombosis. It could affect different sections of the cardiovascular system, most commonly venous, but also arterial. This clinical condition could be conﬁrmed by performing laboratory genetic tests. We studied a group of forty-one young patients with ﬁrst appearance of ACS ≤ 55 years old included for a ﬁve-year period. All of them were evaluated with CA and received EVT. According to the thrombotic risk, we deﬁned a high-risk group, treated with anticoagulant (AC) on top of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). The patients were followed-up for recurrent ischemic and bleeding events. We performed laboratory tests for the most frequent TF gene mutations in Bulgarian population. There is a conﬂicting data about this issue in different ethnic origins. The aim of our study is to estimate the possible relationship between the TF and the arterial thrombosis in young ACS patients, to deﬁ ne speciﬁc treatment strategies, improving the prognosis of the patients.
Ring-first Mitral Valve Repair
Authors: Cirillo Marco
Published: December 2020

Mitral valve repair is one of the most frequent interventions in cardiac surgery. It involves eliminating the dysfunctional part(s) of the mitral valve and reconstructing, using the residual tissue or with the addition of prosthetic components, a properly functioning valve, without residual stenosis or regurgitation. A fundamental component of mitral repair is the implantation of a ring (annuloplasty) which reconstitutes the normal, saddle-shaped geometry of the valve. Such ring is usually implanted at the end of the surgical reconstruction regardless of the repair techniques. The implantation of the ring can however change the final anatomy of the valve in an unexpected way and therefore force new corrective surgical actions. We therefore propose a research project that plans the execution of annuloplasty as the first surgical step and then the correction of the valvular disease affecting the leaflets and chordae. The sizing of the ring is always performed on parts of the valve that are usually not changed during the reconstructive surgery, therefore it is possible to decide its size before surgically correcting the valve. In this way we could act on the leaflets and chordae in the definitive geometrical arrangement of the mitral valve.
Revision of the endemic Afrotropical genus Tetractenion (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) with an identification key to genera of Banchinae for the region
Authors: Berry Terry Reynolds , van Noort Simon
Published: December 2020

The Afrotropical banchine fauna comprises 12 genera: Apophua Morley, Atropha Kriechbaumer, Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, Exetastes Gravenhorst, Glyptopimpla Morley, Himertosoma Schmiedeknecht, Lissonota Gravenhorst, Sjostedtiella Szépligeti, Spilopimpla Cameron, Syzeuctus Förster, Tetractenion Seyrig, and Tossinola Viktorov. A well-illustrated revised key to the genera using high definition images is provided, and the endemic Afrotropical genus Tetractenion is revised, previously represented by two described species. Four new species are described: T. ibayaensissp. nov., T. pascalisp. nov., T. pseudoluteasp. nov., and T. roseisp. nov. The first species-level identification key is provided for this rare genus. Based on morphological attributes the hypothesis is presented that the species in this genus are probably nocturnal. All images and online interactive Lucid keys are available at: www.waspweb.org and the associated underlying data is made available as Suppl. materials 1, 2 LIF3 files to this paper for inter-exchange with other key production software.
Self-Regulation Strategies Among Community-Dwelling People Aging With Arthritis and Multimorbidity
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Radhakrishnan Kavita , Becker Heather , Acton Gayle J. , Holahan Carole K.
Published: December 2020

Self-regulation strategies of selection, optimization, and compensation (SR-SOC) have been found to predict arthritis self-efficacy and quality of life among community-dwelling people aging with arthritis and multimorbidity. The current study aimed to describe the health resources and chronic disabling symptom characteristics of community-dwelling people aging with arthritis and multimorbidity and investigate how these characteristics influence and predict SR-SOC strategies in managing arthritis multimorbidity after controlling for demographics and comorbidities. One hundred forty individuals aged >50 years completed surveys on demographics, comorbidities, health resources, symptoms, and SR-SOC strategy use frequencies. Descriptive statistics were used to describe sample characteristics. Correlations and multivariate hierarchical stepwise regressions were used to examine the associated characteristics and predictors for SR-SOC strategy use frequency. Lower health literacy, health care provider communication quality, and smaller social network were reported less often than arthritis in general. Significant predictors of SR-SOC strategy use were physical symptoms, health care provider communication quality, and age (
p
< 0.05). Better symptom management and health care provider communication quality could help promote self-regulation. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47
(1), 35–45.]
Reaching “Creating” in Bloom's Taxonomy
Authors: Halupa Colleen
Published: December 2020

Creativity of thought and critical thinking are two concepts that faculty struggle with teaching in higher education, particularly in the distance learning environment. Bloom's taxonomy has been used to define taxonomic levels in learning since the 1950's; “create” is one of its highest taxonomic levels. It can be difficult to create relevant, authentic assessments that require students to display both synthesis of meaning, as well creative synthesis of concepts learned to reach this “create” level in an effective manner. Transformative learning and especially heutagogy or “self-determined learning” can be used as theoretical curriculum models or frameworks to help students learn and solve problems. These two theories are particularly effective when leveraged with technology. Today's instructional technologies allow students to more readily create and explore new concepts on their own to generate a more fulfilling education process with meaningful relevant practice and assessment.
The Ethics of Machine-Based Learning
Authors: Willis III James E. , Strunk Viktoria A.
Published: December 2020

Technological advances in the previous two decades have created an environment of innovation; however, there seems to be sometimes conflicting, emerging educational practices within communities of learners and educators. The central role of the instructor is being redefined by technology due to quickly-changing educational delivery modalities. By employing utilitarianism, relativism, and care ethics, the centrality of human agency in educational interaction is argued to be indispensable. Teaching and learning in massive open online courses, automated instruction, and learning analytics is altering the role of human instructors. This rapid modification of instructors' roles suggests that the ethical discourse of new educational technologies can be a frontier of critical thinking, especially as rubric-driven, automatic graders are refined and scaled.
Critical Thinking
Authors: Thomas Karen S. C.
Published: December 2020

Teaching critical thinking skills to students has become a central focus the language arts classroom. It is therefore important to examine what critical thinking may look like for the language arts teacher: How do language arts teachers come to know and understand? How do language arts teachers engage in critical thinking in order to enhance their pedagogical practices? This chapter examines the ways in which teachers' involvement in developing their critical thinking skills can aid them in establishing their knowledge and understandings. The chapter explores findings from a study that involved teachers in Grades 2 and 4 in the development of a framework for reading instruction in the primary grades. These findings make a case for encouraging teachers to engage in critical thinking in professional learning communities that foster professional development and collaboration in an active and reflective process.
Digital Technologies for Teaching for Allied Healthcare Students and Future Directions
Authors: Rose'Meyer Roselyn , Singh Indu
Published: December 2020

Digital technologies are an integral component of the allied healthcare curricula, including dental technology, physiotherapy, pharmacy, nutrition, nursing, and laboratory medicine. Various digital technologies are implemented for the education of allied healthcare students. They have been used for curriculum design, engaging and facilitating the understanding of fundamental concepts in various disciplines, the development of active learning strategies, and designing critical thinking and clinical reasoning education. Online digital atlases and libraries provide flexible resources as study tools for students in the classroom and on industry placement. Adaptive digital learning, communication technologies, and virtual reality for teaching have become an essential component of the allied healthcare education. As students develop skills for their profession, the digital technologies have provided a platform for the documentation of their competencies and progress through industry placement, allowing academic staff to chart their progress and employers to assess the graduate competencies.
Understanding the Value of Website Design and Analysis in a Comprehensive CALL Environment
Authors: Roy Debopriyo
Published: December 2020

Website design, analysis, and related critical thinking in a CALL context are rather unique. This chapter presents an in-depth exploration of how website analysis and design pedagogy could help support analytical thinking and English language production in an EFL context. The study investigated if students could analyze English websites and comprehend and produce responses in English for eight open-ended questions, divided into two sets of design and inference-based queries. Additionally, students answered a questionnaire on their own awareness about the use of metacognitive reading strategies during website analysis and questionnaire responses. Results have demonstrated the reasonable ability for students to answer most design and inference set queries. This chapter also introduces the idea of a project-based CALL environment. This was created through 3D-printing-related processes and in-class design, and manufacturing of digital prototypes of products, that culminated in procedural documentation in a computer-mediated collaborative environment and with related website production.
The Role of Metacogntion and Knowledge Transfer in Self-Directed Learning
Authors: Mariano Gina J. , Batchelor Kirsten
Published: December 2020

Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school. This quote by Albert Einstein embodies the essence of the relationship between metacognition and self-directed learning. It is important for students to remember what they learn in school, but many forget the information because they have not been taught metacognitive learning strategies. The learning strategies we teach students supports them in their effort to become good learners. In this chapter, we discuss the relationships between metacognition and knowledge transfer, critical thinking and self-directed learning. It brings together multiple perspectives on metacognition and knowledge transfer and discusses instructor strategies to engage students in metacognitive learning strategies.
Metacognitive Strategies and Student Evaluations in a STEM Field
Authors: Mariano Gina J. , Figliano Fred J. , Dempsey Chelsea A. , Johnson Reeves
Published: December 2020

This chapter reviews metacognition in relation to college settings while focusing on ways to use this information to help improve student learning outcomes. Metacognition in relation to critical thinking and student evaluations of their own learning is discussed, specifically focusing on the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) area of mathematics. Next, we will elaborate on a pilot study that focuses on asking students metacognitive questions to gain a better understanding of their metacognitive skills in relation to basic statistics courses. This chapter concludes with a discussion of how incorporating metacognitive and critical thinking strategies can impact student learning.
A Review on the Opinions of Teachers About the Development of Computational Thinking Skills in K-12
Authors: Yılmaz Fatma Gizem Karaoğlan , Yılmaz Ramazan , Durak Hatice Yıldız
Published: December 2020

This study aims to reflect the opinions of expert teachers from different branches about the definition of computational thinking skills, how and through which methods and instruments they should be acquired, their integration into the curriculum and the present condition of schools in terms of administrators, teachers, parents and infrastructure. In this study that was designed with qualitative method, semi-structured interview form was applied to teachers who had received in-service training for the development of computational thinking skills. Qualitative data were coded with content analysis. According to the results reached in the research, it is prevalent to think that information processing thinking is generally defined by teachers as problem solving skills, knowledge processing thinking is the most important contribution of the student to production, and that the training of information processing skills should be started in primary school with an interdisciplinary approach.
Understanding Tacit Knowledge in Decision Making
Authors: Mortier Terry , Anderson David
Published: December 2020

The “semi-professional” sector of the economy continues to grow and represents one of the largest areas in the economy and within higher education programs. Of these programs, the health professions are showing the largest growth. Decision-making, reflective thinking, critical thinking, and reflective practice have all been described as contributing to professional knowledge development in these professions (; ; ; ). Professional knowledge is a collective term encompassing the explicit and tacit knowledge needed for effective practice. The explicit knowledge in these fields has received extensive study, but implicit knowledge remains largely unexamined. In this chapter, the authors examine the nature of tacit knowledge for semi-professionals in the health field and how it shapes their work environment. Specifically, this chapter presents the results of a study of medical laboratory scientists, and provides Implications for professional development, theory, and further research.
Critical Consciousness and Empowerment Issues in Undergraduate Classrooms
Authors: Alajlan Sarah M. , Aljohani Obaidalah H.
Published: December 2020

It is important to practice critical skills in the classroom in order to empower learners and to have a critical consciousness, such as critical thinking, dialogue, and problem solving. In the present study, undergraduate students' perceptions (by gender) of the practice of critical consciousness in the classroom at Taif University, Saudi Arabia is investigated. Freire's conceptualization of critical consciousness is used as the study's theoretical framework. That conceptualization is focused on critical thinking, dialogue, and problem-solving. A quantitative approach is utilized with a self-administered questionnaire in collecting data from the respondents. The results of this study indicated that Saudi undergraduate students' perspective was positive about the practice of the three elements of critical consciousness. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences at α = 0.05 among undergraduate students' perspective on the practice of critical consciousness, including dialogue, critical thinking, and the total practice based on their gender. The direction of the differences was a benefit for females.
The Critical Thinking Component in Language Learning
Authors: Schuster Engracia Angrill
Published: December 2020

Determined to find a way to keep course content interesting and her students engaged, the author researched past and current approaches to teaching languages during an academic sabbatical. The outcome of her research was the realization that culture is the driving force that propels communication in language learning. Cultural inquiry engages language learners intellectually, and the classroom provides the social environment needed for the exchange of knowledge and ideas within a learning community. The author presents teacher candidates with a systematic approach for the creation of learning tasks that incorporate critical thinking. These tasks are, furthermore, classified according to the role they play in the learning process, whether exploratory, formative, or functional in nature.
Employer Brand and Innovative Work Behaviour: Exploring the Mediating Role of Employee Engagement
Authors: John Anjali , Jagathy Raj V. P.
Published: December 2020

Over the recent decade, the employer brand has gained significant interest among academicians and practitioners and it highlights the labour market’s strength and uniqueness. However, from the employees’ perspective, employer brand outcomes are not rigorously studied and do not capture the entire scenario. Thus, this study postulates the role of employee engagement in the relationship between the employer brand and work behaviour. Four hundred responses were collected using judgemental sampling. The selected sample includes, Indian Informational Technology (IT) firms included in the “most attractive employer” titles chosen for the “Randstad Employer Brand Awards 2018”. The results indicate that the employer brand predicted innovative work behaviour, and employee engagement partially mediates the associations. The study has broader implications to the IT sector as it helps to understand the role of the employer brand in innovative work behaviour and facilitates the need for an internal employer brand that provides engagement and opportunities to be innovative.
Salmonella Flagellin Activates NAIP/NLRC4 and Canonical NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Human Macrophages
Authors: Gram Anna M , Wright John A , Pickering Robert J , Lam Nathaniel L , Booty Lee M , Webster Steve J , Bryant Clare E
Published: December 2020

Infection of human macrophages with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) leads to inflammasome activation. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes facilitating caspase-1 activation and subsequent gasdermin D–mediated cell death and IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine release. The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is activated by multiple bacterial protein ligands, including flagellin from the flagellum and the needle protein PrgI from the S. Typhimurium type III secretion system. In this study, we show that transfected ultrapure flagellin from S. Typhimurium induced cell death and cytokine secretion in THP-1 cells and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In THP-1 cells, NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 played redundant roles in inflammasome activation during infection with S. Typhimurium. Knockout of NAIP or NLRC4 in THP-1 cells revealed that flagellin, but not PrgI, now activated the NLRP3 inflammasome through a reactive oxygen species– and/or cathepsin-dependent mechanism that was independent of caspase-4/5 activity. In conclusion, our data suggest that NLRP3 can be activated by flagellin to act as a “safety net” to maintain inflammasome activation under conditions of suboptimal NAIP/NLRC4 activation, as observed in THP-1 cells, possibly explaining the redundant role of NLRP3 and NAIP/NLRC4 during S. Typhimurium infection.
Dysregulation of the RIG-I–like Receptor Pathway Signaling by Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Phosphoprotein
Authors: Li Pengfei , Zhu Zixiang , Cao Weijun , Yang Fan , Ma Xusheng , Tian Hong , Zhang Keshan , Liu Xiangtao , Zheng Haixue
Published: December 2020

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a Morbillivirus that causes highly contagious and severe disease in various ruminants. PPRV infection leads to a severe inhibition of host antiviral immune response. Our previous study demonstrated that PPRV V protein blocks IFN response by targeting STAT proteins. In the current study, we identified the phosphoprotein (P) as a novel antagonistic factor of PPRV to counteract host antiviral innate immune response. PPRV P protein significantly suppressed RIG-I–like receptor pathway signaling and impaired IFN-β and ISGs expression by targeting IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 in both human embryonic kidney 293T cells and primary goat fibroblasts. The 1–102 region of P protein was critical for the antagonistic function of P protein. P protein interacted with IRF association domain (IAD) of IRF3 to block the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3. The interaction between TBK1 and the IAD of IRF3 is responsible for triggering the phosphorylation of IRF3. P protein competed with TBK1 to bind to the IAD of IRF3 that contributed to the decreased phosphorylation of IRF3, which, in turn, interfered with the dimerization of IRF3 and blocked IRF3 nuclear transportation. Besides, we also found that P protein interacted with IRF5 and IRF8. However, the involved mechanism remains unknown. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which PPRV P protein antagonizes host antiviral innate immune response by interacting with the transcription factor IRF3, thereby inhibiting the type I IFN production and promoting viral replication.
Understanding the relationship between land use and land cover and malaria in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Shreejana , Kolivras Korine N. , Ghimire Kabita , Shao Yang
Published: December 2020

Malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change have been found to affect the transmission of malaria in other regions, but no study has examined such relationships in Nepal. Therefore, this study has three aims: first, to analyze the spatial and temporal trend of Malaria Incidence Rate (MIR) between 1999 and 2015, second to assess LULC change between 2000 and 2010, and finally to understand the relationship between LULC and malaria in Nepal. The land cover types examined are forest, water bodies, agriculture, grassland, shrubland, barren areas, built-up areas, and rice paddies. The temporal trend of MIR and the relationship between MIR and LULC were evaluated using Poisson and negative binomial regression. Forest, water bodies, and built-up area increased in Nepal by 0.8%, 8.2%, and 28.4% respectively, while other LULC variables decreased between 2000 and 2010. MIR decreased significantly in 21 districts; however, four districts, namely Pyuthan, Kaski, Rupandehi, and Siraha, had a significantly increasing MIR trend between 1999 and 2015. MIR was positively related to water bodies and rice paddies during 2001, 2002, and 2003 but negatively related to grassland during 2010. However, there was no relationship between LULC and MIR during 2000, 2011, 2012 and 2013. This information will be helpful for public health officials to increase control efforts in those districts and in areas near water bodies and rice paddies to aid in their effort to eliminate malaria from Nepal.
Mapping the risk for transmission of urban schistosomiasis in the Brazilian Northeast
Authors: De Oliveira Emília Carolle Azevedo , Da Silva Iris Edna Pereira , Ferreira Ricardo José , Guimarães Ricardo José de Paula Souza e , Gomes Elainne Christine de Souza , Barbosa Constança Simões
Published: December 2020

This is an analysis of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in the city of Recife in the Northeast of Brazil based on the number of schistosomiasis cases (Schistosoma mansoni) registered for the period 2007-2017 together with data resulting from active search of breeding sites of the Biomphalaria snail intermediate host. The analyses were performed using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), SaTScan and Map Algebra methodology using human socio-demographic data and biotic and abiotic data from the snail breeding sites. Investigating 44 breeding sites resulted in a total of 3.800 snails, 31.8% of which were positive for S. mansoni DNA. These data were considered in relation to total of 652 schistosomiasis cases. The KDE showed two high-risk and two medium-risk clusters, while three significant clusters were identified by SaTScan. Combining these data with the Map Algebra methodology showed that all high-risk neighbourhoods had breeding sites with snails positive for S. mansoni. It was concluded that schistosomiasis transmission cannot be controlled without basic sanitation and sewage management in the presence of Biomphalaria snails. The technique of Map Algebra was found to be fundamental for the analysis and demonstration of areas with a high probability of schistosomiasis transmission.
Spatiality in small area estimation: A new structure with a simulation study
Authors: Mehrabi Yadollah , Kavousi Amir , Baghestani Ahmad-Reza , Soltani-Kermanshahi Mojtaba
Published: December 2020

In numerous practical applications, data from neighbouring small areas present spatial correlation. More recently, an extension of the Fay–Herriot model through the Simultaneously Auto- Rregressive (SAR) process has been considered. The Conditional Auto-Regressive (CAR) structure is also a popular choice. The reasons of using these structures are theoretical properties, computational advantages and relative ease of interpretation. However, the assumption of the non-singularity of matrix (Im-ρW) is a problem. We introduce here a novel structure of the covariance matrix when approaching spatiality in small area estimation (SAE) comparing that with the commonly used SAR process. As an example, we present synthetic data on grape production with spatial correlation for 274 municipalities in the region of Tuscany as base data simulating data at each area and comparing the results. The SAR process had the smallest Root Average Mean Square Error (RAMSE) for all conditions. The RAMSE also generally decreased with increasing sample size. In addition, the RAMSE valuess did not show a specific behaviour but only spatially correlation coefficient changes led to a stronger decrease of RAMSE values than the SAR model when our new structure was applied. The new approach presented here is more flexible than the SAR process without severe increasing RAMSE values.