bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
p-n Junctions How They Work and What You Can Do With Them
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

So far we have considered the properties of various types of solids, and, in the case of semiconductors, seen how we can alter these properties. In order to make a device we need to combine two or more materials with different characteristics. We will start with the p-n junction. This is the simplest semiconductor device in terms of structure; however, it is by no means simple to understand. Several effects must be taken into account, but we will work through these slowly, describing each in turn before looking at some of the applications of the device.

First of all we should clear up one common misunderstanding. The name p-n junction is misleading in that it implies that we start off with a crystal of p-type semiconductor and another of n-type semiconductor and somehow join the two together. If we did this we would not end up with a single crystal. Instead we would have two crystalline regions separated by a disorganized jumble of atoms at the interface. In addition, the surfaces of the crystals will be contaminated with a large number of impurities. If we fuse the two together then these impurities will be incorporated into the middle of the new structure. Such effects would completely destroy the phenomena that we are about to describe in this chapter. It is therefore essential that we start off with one single crystal of semiconductor. The ‘junction’ is then created by selectively introducing donor atoms into one half of the sample and acceptors into the other half.
When is a Particle not a Particle? The Importance of Electron vliives
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

We have already encountered several aspects of quantum theory: the presence of discrete energy levels in atoms; the exclusion principle which tells us how these levels are occupied; and the formation of energy bands in solids. We did not make a big deal of it at the time since, once we accepted the premise of the band gap in semiconductors, we were able to understand the operation of the transistor without worrying about whether we were using results of quantum theory. However, if we wish to probe further—to understand the devices of the future, those under development, and some which are already commercially available—then there is no escape. We have to confront quantum theory head on.

We will not be concerned with any of the deep philosophical questions which arise from quantum theory. These are addressed in many other books, and do not concern us here. Instead, we will concentrate on the practical effects—how quantum theory affects the behaviour of semiconductor devices. From this point of view, there are two principal consequences, and we will devote a chapter to each. This chapter deals with wave-particle duality. If you have not encountered this phrase before, do not worry—all will be revealed in due course. The following chapter describes a phenomenon called tunnelling. It is only after exploring these concepts that it is possible to understand the operation of the quantum transistor, a subject which we turn to in Chapter 9.
The Joy of Tunnelling From Superatoms to Superlattices
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

Let us begin by considering the following thought experiment. Suppose we take two identical buckets. We fill one with water and leave the other one empty. They are placed side by side and left undisturbed for a short while. Will the water levels have changed when we return? Of course not? We might even wonder why someone should ask such a stupid question. However, suppose we consider a seemingly analogous case in which the buckets are replaced with quantum wells. A number of electrons are initially placed in just one of the wells. Surprisingly, we find that after a short while the numbers of electrons in each well are equal. How does this happen?

Of course, a small proportion of the electrons will gain enough thermal energy to allow them to jump out of the well, in a way similar to that in which an electron in a semiconductor is occasionally promoted into the conduction band. A number of these electrons may then find their way into the adjacent well. This process can therefore explain the appearance of a few electrons in the second well, but it cannot explain how half of the electrons from the first well suddenly appear in the neighbouring well. There must be some other mechanism at work. It seems that the only way in which we can explain this behaviour is if the electrons somehow tunnel through the intervening barrier that separates one well from the other.
Superconductors and Single Electron Tunnelling
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

In March 1987 the term ‘superconductor’ hit the headlines. Newspapers worldwide carried articles about these amazing materials which exhibit a complete absence of resistance to an electrical current. Fantastic claims—some true, others the product of wishful thinking—were made about the properties and applications of these materials. What was all the hype about? After all, superconductivity was by no means a new discovery. The sudden interest was due to the relatively high temperatures at which this zero resistance phenomenon was observed, despite the fact that these temperatures were not much above minus two hundred Celsius. To put these results in perspective we need to take a brief look at the history of superconductivity.

The Dutch physicist Heike Kammerlingh Onnes dedicated his life to the subject of cryogenics: the production and effects of extremely low temperatures. In 1908 he succeeded for the first time in liquefying the inert gas helium at a temperature of minus two hundred and sixty-nine Celsius. This was a significantly lower temperature than anyone had ever achieved before, being just four degrees above the very lowest possible temperature, absolute zero. In dealing with temperatures of this magnitude it is far more convenient to use the Kelvin scale. In this case the temperature interval is the same as on the Celsius scale, but the zero point corresponds to absolute zero, or approximately minus two hundred and seventy three Celsius. Accordingly, the temperature produced by Onnes was just four Kelvin.
Personal Identity and the Historian‘s Vocation
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The Personal and the Professional:PA Generational Approach

erhaps I personify a curious paradox. Many years ago I developed a strong admiration for such distinguished historians as Carl Becker and Johan Huizinga, and noticed that, among other qualities, they

were notable for their intellectual detachment. Yet for decades now I have also been a fascinated reader of historians ‘ biographies and autobiographies, their correspondence, interviews conducted with them, and lengthy necrologies. Consequently I feel something more than empathy with an observation made by one senior historian (who has written an autobiography) and is quoted approvingly by another, C. Vann Woodward, in his semiautobiographical essay. “Unless there is some emotional tie, “ H. Stuart Hughes declared, “some elective affinity linking the student to his subject, the results will be pedantic and perfunctory. ‘

That sentiment might appear, at least on the surface, to be somewhat at odds with the professional goal of detachment. Could it be that the mind and heart of this historian are not entirely in sync, that my vocational
The Enduring Challenges and Changing Role of Cultural Institutions
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Although I have been an enthusiastic museum visitor for some forty years, a personal episode that occurred more than twenty years ago memorably altered my thinking about such places and left me with the inescapable feeling that museums must be very much in the eye of the beholder.*

In March of 1969 my wife and I and our two young sons made a long-planned, much discussed weekend trip to Manhattan in order to see close friends and visit such places as the American Museum of Natural History. The museum was frequently mentioned in table talk as an incentive to pique the enthusiasm (and perhaps the good behavior) of our younger son, then a little more than three years old.

When the great day came, a crisp but clear Saturday morning, six of us descended into the subway to catch a train for Central Park West and This essay was first presented on October 28, 1990, in Princeton, New Jersey, as the keynote address at the annual conference of the Mid-Atlantic Association of Museums.
The Problem of AmericanExceptional ism: A Reconsideration
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

National consciousness, which is not nationalism, is the only thing that will give us an international dimension.-Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1966) everal new and important publications have appeared recently concerning a subject that has engaged many of us for decades--one that we discuss with colleagues and advanced students on a regular basis.*

I am inclined to suspect that we continue to do so largely because the issue remains so intriguing. One striking feature of the latest contributions is that they differ so radically among themselves. The most visibly polarized are Ian Tyrrell‘s “American Exceptionalism in an Age oflnternational History “ (which repudiates American exceptionalism) and a collection of essays edited by Byron Shafer entitled Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (which reaffirms the notion). Moreover, I have “ This essay was presented on April 3, 1992, at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Chicago.
Some Patterns and Meanings of Memory Distortion in American History
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Within less than a decade, beginning late in the 1980s, a distinctive body of writing began to appear that is concerned with aspects of collective memory in the history and culture of the United States. Comparable works have also been generated for France, Germany, Great Britain, Israel, and, to a lesser degree, Russia, Japan, and diverse developing nations or constituent social groups within those nations, such as tribes and sects.* Much of this literature emphasizes the socially constructed nature of memory and its political or cultural uses.

Although memory distortion per se has not commonly been a defining focus in this literature, it does emerge as an implicit theme, and sometimes rather prominently. Its appearance thus far more nearly resembles the highly visible vein patterns of a leaf rather than the exoskeleton of shellfish.

This essay was presented on May 8, 1994, at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the first conference sponsored by the Harvard Center for the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior. The focus of that multidisciplinary conference was memory distortion.
Narrating Nationalisms
Authors: Ling Jinqi
Published: November 2023

This book rereads five major works by John Okada, Louis Chu, Frank Chin, and Maxine Hong Kingston in order to reconceptualize the relationship between the past and present of postwar Asian American literary history. Drawing on work in cultural studies, postmodern and poststructuralist theory, social history, and neo-pragmatism, Ling offers fresh perspectives on the cultural politics and formal strategies of texts too often seen in recent criticism as devoid of complexities and fraught with totalizing implications. In challenging uncritical adoption of posthumanist views of history, agency, and identity in Asian American cultural criticism, this pioneering book opens an approach to Asian American literary texts that simultaneously registers their rich specificity and relatedness to works before and after.
Development of the Current Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

The origin of modern mathematical modeling of the universe is usually attributed to Einstein. After publication of his general theory of relativity, Einstein developed the first model of the cosmos with large-scale properties as he understood them to be. This was published in 1917 in a paper called “Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity.” Among the assumptions in this model, the most important to Einstein was that on a scale spanning its major observational features, the universe was homogeneous and isotropic (the same features would be observed wherever one might be located in the cosmos and would appear to be the same in all directions one might look). Moreover, he assumed that the smearing-out of the matter contained in all the visible structures, averaged over the universe, would lead to a single density of matter as a description of the contents of the universe, with the proper ties of this material content being those of an ideal gas, and with an equation of state (a mathematical relation between density and pressure) described by the basic laws of physics for dilute ideal gases. An ideal gas is homogeneous, isotropic, and free of viscosity (i.e., inviscid), so that it will not respond to shear forces. This equation of state, together with an equation describing the conservation of energy and Einstein’s basic field equations relating the curvature of space-time to the content of energy (including mass) and momentum, constituted the model’s representation of the universe.
Further Discussion of Alternatives
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

With some hubris, we would argue that the standard Big Bang model is the best model of the observable cosmos that has yet been devised. Does it have problems? Yes! Might theoretical and observational developments in the future bear on the model’s correctness at some level of detail? Very likely! Could any such developments rule out the Big Bang model as a descriptor? Perhaps. It is not at all impossible that something new in the way of theory or observation will send cosmologists back to the drawing board. Moreover, the Big Bang model did not appear out of nowhere, unopposed. Other attempts to understand the cosmos were being put forward at the same time, and their successes and failures certainly influenced the Big Bang model. There are still valiant efforts by some cosmologists to come up with alternatives, including in particular an argument that the correct model is a modified Steady State model. This quasi-Steady State model was presented, as we have already mentioned, in 1999 by G. Burbidge, F. Hoyle, and J. Narlikar, in Nature and in Physics Today, and a strong refutation was published in the same issue of Physics Today, by Andre Albrecht, otherwise known for his work on inflationary models.
Calvinism Feminized
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

Confronting her New England religious heritage with more personal credulity than Hawthorne ever did his, the seventh child of Lyman and Roxana Beecher found herself engaged in a lifelong struggle to assimilate-and to remake-her ancestral Calvinism. The fruit of this engagement is evident in the subject matter of later novels, such as The Minister’s Wooing, Oldtown Folks, and Pogunuc People, as well as in the apocalyptic urgency and evangelical fervor of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Deficient in several crafts of the belletristic novelist, Stowe yet knew how to infuse her writing with the powerful rhetoric of conversion preaching. In fact, her best fiction often shows a temper closer to symbolic romance than to novelistic realism, with the author drawing on mythic and personal energies to sustain her heightened rhetoric. Thus, episodes in Uncle Tom’s Cabin such as Eliza’s perilous crossing of the Ohio River or the deaths of Eva and Tom amount to rituals of passage laden with mythological import.
Eliot’s Archetypal Lady of Sea and Garden
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

In the first quarter of the twentieth century, a critic reviewed a major literary work, penned by an author born to New England Unitarianism, that abounds in irony and cosmopolitan skepticism. Self-consciously addressing the problem of modernity, the work under review highlights images of discontinuity and cultural fragmentation. Clearly, the reviewer finds much to dislike-as well as some things to admire-about this expression of malaise, alienation, and “dissolvent” disbelief coming from “a sceptical patrician.” Was such a critical response provoked by T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land? One might suspect as much. In fact, the review in question was written by Eliot, not about Eliot, and its object is The Education of Henry Adams .
Textual Revision and Cultural Trans/ormation
Authors: Levinson Bernard M
Published: November 2023

For centuries the legal corpus of Deuteronomy 12-26 has presented biblical scholars with two key difficulties. The first involves the seemingly arbitrary selection of topics within the legal corpus, their lack of coherent order, their frequent repetition, and their often tortuous philological structure. The second involves the ambiguous relationship of the corpus as a whole to the Covenant Code (Exod 20:22-23:33), a text on which it seemingly depends for both content and language but from which it nonetheless diverges in significant ways.1 These problems, usually considered independently, have not yet found satisfactory solution. In this book I argue that they are inextricably linked. Innovation took place by means of literary reformulation in Deuteronomy; once that is recognized, the long-standing critical difficulties begin to yield.
Islam and Gender: Dilemmas in the Changing Arab World
Authors: Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck
Published: November 2023

Over the last two centuries, the role of women and the family in Islamic society has been a central component of the debates over modernization and progress. While the socioeconomic and political changes that have taken place as a consequence of modernization and programs for development, along with the legislation introduced by Arab governments, have left their mark on society, the debates have been instrumental in keeping a check on indiscrimate change-and in some cases reversing what was conceived as gains for women.
Gender Issues and Contemporary Quran Interpretation
Authors: Stowasser Barbara
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about new trends in contemporary Muslim Quran interpretation and their interrelationship with contemporary Islamic paradigms on gender issues. From the beginning, Muslims have interpreted their eternal and inimitable, mu)az scripture in the light of specific socioeconomic and political situations. The eternal text has thus served as both the foundational basis and as the point of convergence of many different, specific, human interpretations. “Classical Islam” produced a number of methodological approaches to the text (traditionist, rationalist, or a combination of the two), as well as some variations in the paradigms of the status of women. These paradigms had been given shape in Islamic law (sharia) well before the lifetime of the first great Quran interpreter whose exegesis (tafsir) has survived in its entirety. Thus medieval scholastic divergences in approaches to the Quranic text failed to find an “application” in equally divergent readings on questions of women ‘s status. Change came with the modern age and its modernist and reformist scholars. While the nineteenth century produced new approaches to the Quran that were equally “applied” to social questions, the contemporary age has brought forth a whole new Islamic epistemology where scripture-sanctioned gender paradigms play an important part. In what follows, the interrelationship of Muslim exegetic methodology and its “application” lo gender issues is pursued by examining different readings of Sura 4:. ‘34, a Quranic verse that puts men “in charge of” or as “protectors of” women.
The John Scot Eriugena
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

This volume provides a brief and accessible introduction to the 9th-century philosopher and theologian John Scottus Eriugena, who was perhaps the most important philosophical thinker to appear in Latin Christendom in the period between Augustine and Anselm. Eriugena was known as the interpreter of Greek thought to the Latin West, particularly as teacher to Frankish emperor Charles the Bald, and this book emphasizes the relation of Eriugena’s thought to his Greek and Latin sources, while also looking at his speculative philosophy.
Cassian the Monk
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

This book is a study of the life, monastic writings and spiritual theology of John Cassian (c.365-430). Cassian's writings were the bridge between eastern monasticism and the developing Latin monasticism of Southern Gaul, and exerted a major influence on the Rule of Benedict and the theology of Gregory the Great.
Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

This book looks at the role of Methodism in the Revolutionary and early national South. When the Methodists first arrived in the South, Lyerly argues, they were critics of the social order. By advocating values traditionally deemed “feminine”, treating white women and African Americans with considerable equality, and preaching against wealth and slavery, Methodism challenged Southern secular mores. For this reason, Methodism evoked sustained opposition, especially from elite white men. Lyerly analyses the public denunciations, domestic assaults on Methodist women and children, and mob violence against black Methodists. These attacks, Lyerly argues, served to bind Methodists more closely to one another; they were sustained by the belief that suffering was salutary and that persecution was a mark of true faith.
The Marrow of the Methodist Self: Doctrines, Values, and Practice
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

Sarah Jones, Like Many Methodists, ascended to heights of rapture and sank to depths of self-loathing as she strove to live in what Wesleyans called “the narrow way.” Methodists so diligently explored their inner selves that even a single day’s soul searching could cause them to both soar and plummet in tortured self-examination. Jones, in a letter to a friend, described her thoughts on a typical day. During an hour of prayer in which she suffered “accute agony,” she “plunged in a sea of self-abasement, and self-abhorrence; and groan[ed] . . . for the deepest measure of profound humility,” but later, when recalling that Christ was “ointment” “for every sore,” she became “buried in wonder, swallowed up in extatic joy and gladness.” Sarah Jones’s psyche, like those of her fellow Methodists, can scarce be understood apart from the church’s doctrines, values, and practices. Views about the self, about obligations to others, and about humanity’s relationship to God formed the core of Methodist identity and shaped the way members viewed the world around them. Church practices and rituals reinforced these identities and provided models for men and women in the church to follow as they refashioned the self and built communities of like-minded believers. Although factors such as race, civil status, gender, class, and age render analysis of “the Methodist psyche” problematic, Methodists shared a religious identity that transcended these differences. Much of the remainder of this work will explore how religion intersected with these other key variables, and we will occasionally note those differences here. Yet these diverse people with varied experiences also had at least one important characteristic in common-they were all Meth odists.
Turning the World Upside Down: The Stakes the of Coeflict
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

In 1807, Jesse Lee preached a sermon in New Bern, North Carolina, on Acts 17: 6, “These that have turned the world upside down are come hither.” The men referred to in the Bible verse were Christian leaders who had been forcibly brought by a mob of “lewd fellows” before city officials and charged with attempting to invert the world. Lee proudly identified himself and his fellow Methodist preachers as having a similar mission, a mission justified by Lee’s claim that the world was currently “wrong side up” because of sin and that “it was ... the business of the ministry to restore it to its original position.” The following morning, people in New Bern awoke to a “ridiculous” sight: “Wagons, boats, signs, gates, almost everything was bottom side upward.
Women and the Escalation of the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

Challenges to interstate, state, and local Jim Crow transportation laws had occurred since the 1 Soos, with Black women and men refusing to relinquish their seats or to cooperate with segregated transportation facilities. One of the earliest cases of this resistance occurred when seventy-year-old Sojourner Truth was assaulted and injured by a conductor. Truth, an ex-slave and forceful anti slave and women’s rights advocate, often staged sit-ins on public transportation. Many conductors either refused to stop for Black riders or would force them to run for the car. Truth sued the rail line and won. In response to her triumph Truth replied:

It created a great sensation, and before the trial was ended, the inside of the cars looked like salt and pepper.... Now they who so lately cursed me for wanting to ride, would stop for black as well as white, and could even condescend to say “walk in ladies.”
Sustaining the Momentum of the Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

The Montgomery bus boycott lasted a year and was sustained by local as well as outside resources. On November 13, 1956, the state court of Alabama issued an order declaring car pools illegal. This devastating news proved short-lived, how ever. On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery’s segregated transportation laws violated the Constitution of the United States, thrilling the boycotters. They had achieved a monumental victory. Yet that triumph did not propel Black leaders to organize boycotts in other cities throughout the South.

After the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, the members of In Friendship—Miss Ella Baker, A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, and Stanley Levin son-began to discuss the lack of protest momentum in the South and the possibility of developing a southern-based organization that would challenge the oppressive order. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, designed to protect the constitutional rights of Black voters, voter registration became a priority. It was the first civil rights act to be passed since 1875, and gave the federal government the right to sue a state on behalf of anyone denied his or her legal right to vote. It also established the Civil Rights Commission, which studied the conditions of Black people in the United States.
Cooperation and Conflict in the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) continued its courageous effort to combat the entrenched Jim Crow laws that kept Blacks from voting. Despite increasingly violent reprisals, the MFDP succeeded in challenging the southern order through their alternative elections. With sixty-eight delegates and elected representatives, the challenge to the Democratic National Convention was well under way.

Upon their arrival in Atlantic City, the delegation was met by other Black civil rights leaders, including the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin, and Roy Wilkins, as well as longtime White activist attorney Joseph Rauh. Rauh worked out the likeliest strategies for their challenge to the seats held by White delegates elected under Jim Crow laws. At the same time, political tension over the challenge reached the White House.
Text and Tradition
Authors: Wengert Timothy J
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates the way Melanchthon used Erasmus’s Latin translation of Colossians and the intricate web of commentators on the text to establish his own approach to this book of the Bible. The cry of the Reformation, sola scriptura, has sometimes been misunderstood to imply biblical exegesis shorn of patristic and medieval interpretations. This was never the case, least of all with Philip Melanchthon. Understanding the Bible always involved a complex interaction between text, interpreter, and tradition, as the following example indicates.
Colossians 2:23 as Melanchthon’s “Politics”
Authors: Wengert Timothy J
Published: November 2023

On what basis did Melanchthon attack Erasmus? He was clearly not simply mimicking Luther’s own views. What, then, constituted the heart of Melanchthon’s theology as he set his own course within the Reformation? A wide range of scholars have realized that from the mid-i52os, perhaps as early as 1522, Melanchthon’s thought was dominated by a distinction between two spheres of human existence: activity in this world and encounter with God in matters of salvation —alternatively called a distinction between the two governments or kingdoms, between two kinds of righteousness or between law and gospel.
Introduction: Narrative and Identity in Russian Radical Culture
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

The Russian revolution has been written as both an epic and a tragedy: the heroic struggle of the working class as the agent of history, and the Bolshevik seizure of power diverting Russia from the natural path of liberal reform. Both versions represent dramatizations of a complex and contradictory tangle of events and of the chaotic and unordered experiences of participants. Yet those confronted with making sense of the past, such as memoirists and historians, must select, reject, and then organize the “relevant” facts into a narrative form. In this task, they are assisted by the metaphors, structures, and conventions of their cultural context, which, in the case of the historian, includes the various practices of a scholarly discipline. For both memoirists and historians, “making sense of the past” can also serve to legitimize or delegitimize aspects of the present. This is especially true in the history of revolutions.
The History of Science and Religion
Authors: Brooke John Hedley
Published: November 2023

In the beginning, as students of American evangelicalism often remind us, was Jonathan Edwards. In many respects it is difficult to imagine a more auspicious beginning for the relations between an evangelical theology and science. For Edwards, the beauties of nature are communications of God’s excellence. Moreover, scientific knowledge provides a theoretical rationale for affirming that beauty is not merely in the eye of the beholder: Edwards wrote that “light, or our organ of seeing, is so contrived that an harmonious motion is excited in the animal spirits and propagated to the brain.
Christianity and Early Modern Science
Authors: Davis Edward B
Published: November 2023

Did Christianity “cause “ modem science? The question would have shocked Voltaire, provoked a heated denial from Andrew Dickson White, and knocked George Sarton entirely off his chair. According to the Enlightenment tradition in which each of these men lived and moved and had their being, the very possibility that theology could have had any formative influence on an enterprise as “rational” and fruitful as the natural sciences was almost unthinkable: at best, theology had sometimes provided (the wrong) motivation for some people to pursue the life of science; at worst, theology had often played the role of the obscurantist, standing in the way of scientific progress like Bellarmino entrenched before Galileo. On this view, the normative relation between Christianity and science in all periods has been one of cultural and intellectual conflict rather than cooperation or conversation.
Science and Evangelical Theology in Britain from Wesley to Orr
Authors: Bebbington David W
Published: November 2023

Evangelicals, in Britain as elsewhere, have often been seen as wary of science. The movement springing from the Evangelical Revival, it has been supposed, generated a species of religion alien to painstaking research. The hothouse atmosphere of evangelicalism, marked by intense feeling and sudden conversions, seemed unlikely to nurture the calm, reflective temper of scientific investigation. Historians have pointed out that it was not evangelicals but liberal Anglicans of the Broad Church school, often seconded by Unitarians, who were at the heart of British science. Evangelicals, by contrast, appeared the defenders of a literal interpretation of the Bible that made them suspicious of advances in the understanding of nature. It has been suggested, furthermore, that their antiscientific stance was theologically grounded. They so exalted biblical revelation as to cast aspersions on other sources of religious knowledge. Hence evangelicals, it has recently been argued, were marked by a “rejection of the natural theology” that bound together science and religion during the eighteenth century.
Science, Natural Theology, and Evangelicalism in Early Nineteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Topham Jonathan R
Published: November 2023

It has often been noted that evangelical attitudes were of enormous importance in shaping British culture in the early nineteenth century, having considerable impact on everything from politics and business to literature and art.1 Yet surprisingly little has been written concerning the relevance of evangelicalism to science in that period. The fact that there were exceedingly few evangelicals among the gentlemanly elite of science (a phenomenon itself clearly deserving of attention) by no means excuses this omission.
Creating A Climate For Innovation
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Every organization profiled in this book makes a habit of innovation. Each believes that it must continually improve itself and find new ways of doing things or fall by the wayside.
Figures of Play
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Figures of Play explores the reflexive aspects of ancient theatrical culture across genres. Fifth century tragedy and comedy sublimated the agonistic basis of Greek civilization in a way that invited the community of the polis to confront itself. In the theatre, as in the courts and assemblies, a significant subset of the Athenian public was spectator and judge of contests where important social and ideological issues were played to it by its own members. The “syntax” of drama is shown to involve specific “figures of play” through which the theatrical medium turns back on itself to study the various contexts of its production. Greek tragedy and comedy were argued to be tempermentally metafictional in that they are always involved in recycling older fictions into contemporary scenarios of immediate relevance to the polis. The phemonenology of this process is discussed under three headings, each a “figure of play”: 1) surface play--momentary disruption of the theatrical pretense through word, sign, gesture; 2) mise en abyme--a mini-drama embedded in a larger framework; 3) contrafact--an extended remake in which one play is based on another. Following three chapters in which this framework is set forth and illustrated with concrete examples there are five case studies named after the protagonists of the plays in question: Aias, Pentheus, Tereus, Bellerophontes, Herakles. Hence the other meaning of “figures of play” as stage figures. In the second section of the book on “the Anatomy of Dramatic Fiction,” special attention is paid to the interaction between genres. In particular, Aristophanic comedy is shown to be engaged in an intense rivalry with tragedy that underscores the different ways in which each genre deployed its powers of representation. Tragedy refashions myth: in Bakkhai, for example, it is argued that Euripides reinvented Dionysis to be specifically a theatrical god, a symbol of tragedy’s powers of representation. Comedy refashions tragedy: in a series of utopian comedies, Aristophanes re-enacts a tragic scenario in a way that revals comedy as a superior means of solving political and social crisis.
The Prolegomena to the Qur’An
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

Al-Khu'i (1899-1992) was one of the most respected Shi'i scholars of this century. This book, published in Arabic in 1974, presents al-Khu'is ideas on the interpretation of the Qur'an. In it, al-Khu'i treats many critical and controversial topics associated with the collection and canonization of the text, including the possible alterations to the Qur'an introduced by succeeding generations of reciters. Throughout, he stresses the importance of understanding the historical setting in which the Qur'an was revealed in order to apply its provisions appropriately in contemporary Muslim society.
The Inimitability of the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The meaning of i’jiiz (inimitability); [the fact that] it is incumbent on the prophets to perform miracles; [that] the best miracles are those which best resemble the most advanced arts of the time; the Qur’an as a divine miracle; the Qur’an as an eternal miracle; the Qur’an and the [forms of] knowledge; the Qur’an and the correctness of expression; the systems of regulation and legislation in the Qur’an; the precision of expression in the Qur’an; the disclosure of hidden matters by the Qur’an; the Qur’an and its characteristic underlying meanings.
Insight about the Readers of the Qur)an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The biographies of the Seven Readers: ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Amir al-DimishqI; lbn Kathir al-MakkI; ‘A im b. Bahdala al-Kufi; Abu ‘Amr al-Ba rI; .f;Iamza al-Kufi; Nafi’ al-MadanI; al-Kisa’I al-Kufi. And the three other readers: Khalafb. Hisham al Bazzar; Ya’qub b. Isl).aq; Yazid b. al-Qa’qa’.

Opinions have varied about the seven famous readings of the Qur’an that are most commonly known among people. A number of Sunni scholars have maintained that all of them have been reported through uninterrupted transmission (t awatur )1 from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). This is sometimes assumed to be the most common view among them. It has been maintained, on the authority of al SubkI, that the readings reported by uninterrupted transmission are ten in number. 2 Some of them have gone so far as to assert that whoever maintains that the seven readings of the Qur’an need not be reported by uninterrupted transmission has com mitted an act of disbelief. This radical opinion has been attributed to the MuftI of Andalusia, Abu Sa’Id Faraj b. Lubb.
The Protection of the Qur)an from Alteration
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS Alterations to the meaning of the Qur’an that Muslims are in agreement about; alterations that did not occur in the Qur’an, and on which Muslims are in agreement about; alterations that occurred, and on which there is disagreement; declar tions of the major lmamite figures regarding the absence of alteration, this being part of their religious beliefs; abrogation of the recitation-a well-known doctrine among Sunni scholars; utterances of the prominent Companions of the Prophet about the occurrence of alteration; the belief in the abrogation of a recitation is tantamount to the belief in alteration; five proofs against the [presence of] alteration; specious arguments of those maintaining a belief in alteration.
Can God Be Trusted?
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

In a world riddled with disappointment, malice, and tragedy, what rationale do we have for believing in a benevolent God? If God is all-powerful and all-loving, why is there so much evil in the world? John Stackhouse takes a historically informed approach to this dilemma, examining what philosophers and theologians have said on the subject and offering reassuring answers for thoughtful readers. Stackhouse explores how great thinkers have grappled with the problem of evil--from the Buddha, Confucius, Augustine, and David Hume to Martin Luther, C. S. Lewis, and Alvin Plantinga. Without brushing aside the serious contradictions posed by a God who allows incurable diseases, natural disasters, and senseless crimes to bring misery into our lives, Stackhouse asks if a world completely without evil is what we truly want. Would a life without suffering be a meaningful life? Could free will exist if we were able to choose only good? Stackhouse examines what the best minds have had to say on these questions and boldly affirms that the benefits of evil, in fact, outweigh the costs. Finally, he points to Christian revelation--which promises the transformation of suffering into joy--as the best guide to God’s
Introduction
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

“There was more trouble today in the Middle East. Three terrorists commandeered a school bus in east Jerusalem and then set off explosives that killed both themselves and ... “A major storm hit the west coast of India last night. Red Cross officials in Bombay estimate that dozens of people were killed, more than 300 injured, and thousands left homeless by the cyclone. Waves over forty feet high crashed ashore at ... “It is day four of the siege of the presidential palace mounted by military rebels in the African capital of ... “The White House announced this morning that yet another welfare program will be discontinued.
Is There a Problem?
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

Many of us lack Hume’s concision and the Psalmist’s eloquence, but we feel the same way when evil confronts us. How can God be all powerful and all-good, and yet evil afflict us so widely and deeply? Most of this book responds directly to Hume’s central challenge. Let us pause, however, to consider some implications in his litany of questions. Hume wondered whether God is not able to prevent evil, or is malevolent and does not want to do so. He might also have wondered whether evil is real or, if it is, whether it is something for which God ought to be held responsible.
Further Problems
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

To Be Guilty Of Something and get one’s “just deserts” is one thing. Yet all around us, the guilty prosper and the innocent suffer. Crime, all too often, pays quite handsomely. And virtue seems to be, indeed, its only reward. This is hardly an observation unique to our times, of course. In the Hebrew Scriptures believers cried out to a God who, they believed, hated injustice and took the side of the oppressed.
A Good World After All?
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

whether this is the “best of all possible worlds.” Note that they have not debated whether this is the best of all imaginable worlds, for we all can imagine (or at least we think we can imagine) a world that improves on this one. The philosophical debate instead attempts to decide whether, given all the factors involved, this world is in fact the best of all possible options.
The Fork in the Road
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

offered here so far do not provide a fully satisfactory response to the question of God and evil. Lest anyone be too easily content with such a theodicy, or any theodicy, let us come back down to earth via the words of Ivan Karamazov-Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s fictional antagonist of all easy Christian thinking, and particularly of theodicy: [Some] progressively educated parents subjected [their] poor five-year-old girl to every torture one could think of.
Hesiod’S Works And Days :Translated by David Grene
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

Muses from Pieria, celebrators in song, come hither to me, and tell of Zeus, sing of him, your own father. It is through Zeus that mortal men become famous or fail of fame. It is through mighty Zeus they are spoken of or left in silence. Lightly he makes a man strong and lightly maims one who is strong. Lightly he lessens the famous and will exalt the obscure.
The Human Context
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

Hesiod’s Theogony describes the development of the cosmos from its first beginnings to the final establishment of the order of Zeus. It does not mention us. This is unusual. As cosmogonies are human explanations told by and to human beings, our creation and the reason for our creation is generally a central point. In the Theogony we are merely presupposed. Human beings exist, but do nothing.
Entrepreneurship to Professional Management
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the transformational issues involved in changing the game at entrepreneurial companies. Specifically, it examines three examples of Transformations of the First Kind (i.e., transformations from entrepreneurships to professional management) in three companies in very different industries: health care, mutual fund management, and computers.
Successful Revitalizations
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines examples of three very different organizations that have had significant success in managing revitalization transformations. Two of our examples are entrepreneurial companies (a company we call “Miller Brothers” and Compaq Computers), and the third is Chrysler, a long established enterprise that involves one of the great revitalizations of the twentieth century.
Designing Organizational Structure
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 presented a framework and tools for planning organizational transformations. It dealt with the issues involved in creating a plan for the strategic transformation of either the game an organization is playing or the way it plays the game. This chapter and the one that follows take the process of managing transformations to the next step and deal with the issues involved in organizing people to implement the strategic transformation plan.
Transforming Behavior to Play the New Game
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Building on the concepts in Chapter 10, this chapter presents two additional tools that organizations can use to help transform the behavior of their employees and more effectively play the new game. In the last chapter, the focus was primarily on how to transform the behavior of coaches through helping them understand their roles as transformational leaders and utilizing management development as a tool to help develop the skills, mind-set, and roles needed to effectively coach the new game. The two tools discussed here—performance management systems and corporate culture management—while driven by the coaches on the team, can be used to help transform the behavior of all employees on the firm’s team.
Introduction :Convents And Conventual Life In Early Modern Italy
Authors: Hills Helen
Published: November 2023

Nowhere is the social significance of female aristocratic convents more evident than in baroque Naples. Shaped and defined by religious institutions and princely palaces, the city is scoured by narrow crevasses of sunless streets, lined with looming convents and monasteries, sealed to the outside world like sheer dark cliffs. From afar, the dominance of religious institutions is immediately evident. From Castel Sant’Elmo, the Angevin castle rebuilt in the sixteenth century, high to the west of Naples, the city cascades dramatically and unevenly down the slopes to the sea like a huge ruptured open-air theater. Conventual belfries and belvederes thrust into the air, jostling to gain advantage in this tilted city; church domes hover with a calm confidence over the chaos of crowded rooftops; and green rectangles in monastic cloisters form oases of disciplined nature amid seething buildings and bustling streets. But at street level, conventual architecture professes little overt interest in the city over which it has such dominance. It is a strangely introverted world, in which these powerful institutions turn their backs on passersby. Dark street frontages of volcanic pozzolana stone are relieved only by occasional grand doorways, rusticated windows, or a fleeting glimpse into a cloister, dappled by the shade of lemon trees. In the seventeenth century those dark walls separated the frenzy, heat, and noise of street life from the cool and protected environment, princely and religious, on the other side. Increasingly, into the urban fabric female convents inserted their massy presence.