bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das identidades aos processos identitários: repensando conexões entre cultura e poder
Authors: Ennes Marcelo Alario , Marcon Frank
Published: April 2014

Neste artigo, sugerimos uma reflexão crítica sobre os usos superficiais da noção de identidade nas Ciências Sociais e propomos tratá-la como um fenômeno social dinâmico e em processo, implicado fundamentalmente por relações de poder. Realizamos uma contextualização do tema nas últimas décadas e apontamos para um conjunto de ideias de autores clássicos dos quais nos aproximamos para pensar o tema. Também apontamos para o que entendemos ser um dos caminhos possíveis para a pesquisa sobre os processos identitários. A partir daí, destacamos e definimos quatro elementos, os atores, as disputas, as normas e os contextos, que consideramos constituintes deste fenômeno social, sugerindo como proceder com sua análise.
Josué de Castro e a agricultura de sustentação em Geografia da fome
Authors: Schappo Sirlândia
Published: April 2014

Neste artigo, destacam-se as análises de Josué de Castro sobre a agricultura de sustentação presentes em um de seus principais livros: Geografia da Fome (1946), articulando-as ao contexto histórico e intelectual da época. O autor concebe o termo agricultura de sustentação ao se referir aos cultivos de sustento, especialmente aqueles existentes nos quilombos e no Sertão, que possibilitam a ampliação das possibilidades alimentares de uma região e que resultam diretamente no atendimento das necessidades da população. As influências para o desvendamento da importância da agricultura de sustentação no pensamento de Josué de Castro advêm tanto da sua trajetória de vida, das influências teóricas, bem como do contexto, dos espaços e grupos nos quais o autor circulou. Destacam-se aspectos considerados primordiais na consolidação de seu projeto político ancorado no combate à fome por meio do incentivo à agricultura de sustentação e do combate ao latifúndio e à monocultura como seus pilares essenciais.
Patrones de diversidad y composición florística de parcelas de evaluación permanente en la selva central de Perú
Authors: Marcelo-Peña José Luis , Reynel Rodriguez Carlos
Published: April 2014

En una muestra de bosque de una hectárea ubicada en la región Junín, provincia de Satipo, a una altura 990 y 1050 m. Se registraron 775 árboles > 10 cm de DAP, representados en 102 especies, 67 géneros y 37 familias. Desde el punto de vista de la diversidad la zona de estudio posee una riqueza de especies moderada, en contraste a otras muestras estudiadas en selva central de Perú. El presente trabajo también incluye un análisis de siete parcelas de una hectárea ubicadas a lo largo de la gradiente altitudinal en selva central, establecidas en investigaciones previas. De las parcelas instaladas entre 900 y 1500 m en el piso premontano, el ensamblaje de especies muestra afinidades florísticas entre ellas y con los bosques de Amazonía baja. No obstante, por encima de los 2000 m, la mayor presencia de familias y géneros altoandinos revela marcadas diferencias con el bosque premontano. Las familias Lauraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Urticaceae y Leguminosae, así como, los géneros Ocotea, Ficus, Nectandra, Inga y Miconia son los más ricos en especies en los bosques de selva central del Perú.
Variações na riqueza e na diversidade de espécies arbustivas e arbóreas no período de 14 anos em uma Floresta de Vale, Mato Grosso, Brasil
Authors: Abreu Thiago Ayres Lazzarotti , Pinto José Roberto Rodrigues , Mews Henrique Augusto
Published: April 2014

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever variações na riqueza, na diversidade e na contribuição dos grupos ecológicos para a composição florística da vegetação arbustiva e arbórea (DAP > 5 cm) na Floresta de Vale no Véu de Noiva (FVVN), localizada no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brasil, num período de 14 anos, com base em cinco inventários (1996, 1999, 2003, 2006 e 2010). Todas as espécies arbustivas e arbóreas (DAP > 5 cm) foram amostradas sistematicamente em 18 parcelas de 600 m² distribuídas em três transecções no vale. As mudanças na riqueza de espécies resultaram em aumento, porém não significativos, nos intervalos menores (1996-1999, 1999-2003, 2003-2006 e 2006-2010) enquanto no intervalo maior (1996 a 2010) o aumento foi significativo (comparações entre contagens de Poisson, p < 0,05) e caracterizado por acréscimo líquido de 20 espécies. Apesar disso, a manutenção da equabilidade determinou ausência de alterações significativas na diversidade de espécies ao longo do período estudado (teste t de Hutcheson, p > 0,05). A contribuição dos grupos ecológicos para a composição florística também não apresentou mudanças significativamente durante os 14 anos de monitoramento. Estes resultados sugerem uma comunidade com dinâmica acelerada na composição florística, porém com manutenção temporal da diversidade e da distribuição das espécies entre os grupos ecológicos.
Morphological study of fruits, seeds and embryo in the tropical tribe Dipterygeae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)
Authors: Pinto Rafael Barbosa , Francisco Vanessa Maria da Costa Rodrigues , Mansano Vidal de Freitas
Published: April 2014

This work analyses and describes fruit, seed and embryo morphology of 12 Dipterygeae species. The fruit is quite distinct among genera, being a legume in Taralea, a drupoid legume in Dipteryx and a cryptosamara in Pterodon. It was observed that the three genera present distinct morphological characteristics in the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. These structures are strongly associated with the dispersal syndromes presented by the genera. Embryonic descriptions are provided for the first time in this manuscript for the three genera presented here and the main diagnostic characteristics are: (1) a gradual extent of development of the hypocotyl-radicle axis from Taralea (undeveloped) to Dipteryx (the most developed); (2) the plumules are entire in Taralea and pinnate in Dipteryx and Pterodon; (3) a cleft below the hypocotyl-radicle axis in Taralea, absent in the other genera, because of the strongly cordate base of the cotyledonar leaves; (4) differences in the degree of development of the hypocotyl-radicle axis between D.alata, D.rosea and D.micrantha. Dipterygeae presents a noticeable diversity of fruit, seed and embryo, Taralea being the most distinct of all. The results of this morphological analysis suggest an evolutive path for the diaspores in the clade, based on phylogenetic studies which show Taralea as sister to the clade constituted by Dipteryx and Pterodon.
Palmeiras (Arecaceae) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Soares Kelen Pureza , Longhi Solon Jonas , Witeck Neto Leopoldo , Assis Lucas Coelho de
Published: April 2014

O presente trabalho consiste no levantamento das espécies da família Arecaceae no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram reconhecidas 15 espécies nativas no estado (Bactris setosa, Butia catarinensis, B. eriospatha, B. exilata, B. lallemantii, B. odorata, B. paraguayensis, B. witeckii, B. yatay, Euterpe edulis, Geonoma gamiova, G. schottiana, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Trithrinax acanthocoma e T. brasiliensis), três espécies foram excluídas da flora gaúcha (Acrocomia aculeata, A. totai e Butia microspadix); três binômios foram considerados sinônimos (Butia missionera, B. pulposa e B. quaraimana); Butia stolonifera foi considerada espécie dúbia; além disso, são apresentados dois híbridos naturais, sendo um deles descrito no presente trabalho (× Butyagrus alegretensis e × Butyagrus nabonnandii).
Richterago (Asteraceae, Gochnatieae) na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço em Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Franco Izabela Moreira , Costa Fabiane Nepomuceno , Nakajima Jimi Naoki
Published: April 2014

As espécies do gênero Richterago Kuntze são endêmicas dos campos rupestres do Brasil, ocorrendo em solos areno-pedregosos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar o tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Richterago que ocorrem na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço em Minas Gerais, situada entre os municípios de Congonhas do Norte (sul) e Olhos d'Água e Bocaiúva (norte), incluindo a Serra do Cabral (oeste) e o Planalto de Diamantina (leste). Os espécimes estudados foram coletados entre novembro de 2009 e junho de 2012. Todo o material foi incorporado ao herbário DIAM. Duplicatas foram enviadas aos herbários ALCB, HUFU e SPF. Além disso, foram examinados espécimes dos herbários HUFU e SPF. Os estudos morfológicos e as identificações foram feitas com base na literatura disponível e consulta a especialista. No total foram registradas as ocorrências de oito espécies: Richterago amplexifolia (Gardner) Kuntze, R. angustifolia (Gardner) Roque, R. arenaria (Baker) Roque, R. conduplicata Roque, R. discoidea (Less.) Kuntze, R. elegans Roque, R. polyphylla (Baker) Ferreyra e R. radiata (Vell.) Roque. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrição e ilustração das espécies, assim como comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e status de conservação.
Cactaceae no estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Soller André , Soffiatti Patrícia , Calvente Alice , Goldenberg Renato
Published: April 2014

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo taxonômico de Cactaceae no estado do Paraná. A metodologia inclui a análise de coleções de herbário e realização de coletas em todos os biomas do estado. Doze gêneros e 26 espécies nativas foram inventariados para o estado. Os gêneros mais ricos são Rhipsalis, representado por 11 espécies, Lepismium (4) e Schlumbergera (2). Os outros nove gêneros estão representados por apenas uma espécie cada: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis, Cereus hildmannianus, Epiphyllum phyllanthus, Hatiora salicornioides, Hylocereus setaceus, Opuntia monacantha, Parodia carambeiensis, Pereskia aculeata e Praecereus euchlorus. O Paraná representa o limite norte de ocorrência no Brasil de S. rosea e S. gaertneri e limite sul de ocorrência de B. brasiliensis, H. salicornioides e R. pilocarpa . Parodia carambeiensis é a única Cactaceae endêmica do estado. São apresentadas descrições, chaves para identificação de gêneros e espécies, ilustrações e comentários taxonômicos.
O gênero Phymatidium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) no estado do Paraná
Authors: Royer Carla Adriane , Brito Antonio Luiz Vieira Toscano de , Smidt Eric de Camargo
Published: April 2014

A partir de consultas a herbários nacionais e estrangeiros, cinco espécies e duas variedades de Phymatidium Lindl. foram encontradas no Paraná: Phymatidium aquinoi, P. delicatulum, P. delicatulum var. curvisepalum, P. falcifolium, P. hysteranthum, P. microphyllum e P. microphyllum var. herteri. O gênero é registrado em 35 dos 399 municípios paranaenses, principalmente na Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Floresta Ombrófila Mista, localizadas na Serra do Mar, Primeiro e Segundo Planaltos. Segundo os critérios da IUCN, a maioria dos táxons encontra-se classificada na categoria vulnerável para o estado. Phymatidium delicatulum é a espécie mais comum, com ampla distribuição, e P. hysteranthum a espécie mais restrita, registrada pela primeira vez no estado. Chave de identificação dos táxons, descrições, ilustrações, dados sobre distribuição geográfica e conservação, além de uma lista de materiais representativos, são apresentados.
Plasticity of lime/cement-stabilised dredged clayey sediments
Authors: Federico Antonio , Vitone Claudia , Murianni Agnese , Internò Gaetano
Published: April 2014

This paper presents the results of experimental research into the effects of lime and/or cement stabilisation on the plasticity of clayey sediments dredged from the Port of Taranto (Italy). The general aim of the research is to study the effect of artificial stabilisation on the physical properties and behaviour of this material in order to choose the best option for its re-use. After a brief description of the physical and mechanical properties of these natural sediments, their plasticity properties are compared with those of the same clays when treated with lime and/or cement, after different curing times of up to 4 years. For each stabilising agent, the effect of treatment is analysed and the experimental data are interpreted by means of a chart of plasticity paths. The chart was developed to provide a method for evaluating the effect on clay plasticity of treatment with given additives for given curing times.
Service life of bonded concrete overlay
Authors: Kim Young Kyu , Lee Seung Woo
Published: April 2014

More than 60% of highways in Korea are constructed with cement concrete and when their condition has deteriorated rehabilitation and reconstruction are required. Recently, bonded concrete overlay has been considered as a possible alternative material for use in pavement rehabilitation as its material properties are similar to those of the existing concrete pavements. The present study investigated the service life of bonded concrete overlay and evaluated the appropriateness of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) prediction for bonded concrete overlay life based on a comparison with the measured life of bonded concrete overlay obtained from long-term pavement performance data analysis. The findings of this study lead to the conclusion that there is significant correlation between the predicted life of bonded concrete overlay based on the AASHTO design method and the measured life based on long-term pavement performance data after eliminating early distressed pavement sections. It was also found that the thickness and existing pavement type have significant influence on the service life of bonded concrete overlay.
Cambridgeshire guided busway, UK – an analysis of usage
Authors: Brett Alan , Menzies Bob
Published: April 2014

The UK's Cambridgeshire guided busway, the longest in the world, opened in the UK in August 2011, providing high-quality bus services in the corridor connecting Huntingdon, St Ives, Cambridge and Addenbrooke's/Trumpington. The opening of the busway resulted in an immediate near doubling of bus patronage being reported by the main operator in the corridor, with busway patronage at a level not expected until 2 years after opening. Atkins and Cambridgeshire County Council have jointly funded a programme of surveys and research to develop an understanding of who is using the busway and why they are using it. Detailed user surveys were undertaken in April/May 2012, with more than 800 completed interviews at stops across the busway system. The analysis shows some unexpected results, including very high numbers of users who had a car available and also a high proportion of new users with free parking available in Cambridge. This paper provides an overview of the research results with comparison to other data sets where available. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this research for patronage forecasting and scheme design for future high-quality bus systems.
Dialogues in Partner Abusive Clients’ Group Treatment: Conversational Tools Used by Counselors With Differently Motivated Clients
Authors: Rasanen Eveliina , Holma Juha , Seikkula Jaakko
Published: April 2014

This qualitative study investigated talk and interaction as process factors potentially influencing outcomes in abuser group intervention. The findings showed that (a) abusers participate in group programs with considerably different degrees of motivation; (b) the interaction in abusers’ various stages of change is characterized by different qualities; and (c) group counselors face a challenge in adapting their ways of working to abusers’ various needs and backgrounds. The findings demonstrate the importance of attending to the interactional elements in abuser treatment programs and show the value of matching an abuser’s needs and degree of motivation with the timing of interventions. It is argued that attention to all these matters could help in making abuser programs more effective.
Strain, Self-Control, and Spousal Violence: A Study of Husband-to-Wife Violence in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Yuet W. , Choi Susanne Y. P. , Cheung Adam K. L.
Published: April 2014

This study examines the applicability of Agnew’s strain theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory in explaining husband-to-wife psychological aggression and physical assault in a community survey of 871 couples in Hong Kong. Three strains, each belonging to 1 type of Agnew’s types of strain, were selected, namely, dissatisfaction with family financial situation, dissatisfaction with relationship with spouse, and physical abuse by parents in childhood. Self-control was measured with a simplified version of 12 items selected from the 24-item Self-control Scale developed by Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, and Ameklev (1993). The conditioning effect of self-control on the relationship between strain and husband-to-wife violence was also examined. Results show that 2 of the 3 types of strain and self-control significantly affected both types of spousal violence. In addition, self-control has a conditioning effect on the relationship between strain and husband-to-wife violence, reducing the likelihood of strain leading to violence. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Effect of Victimization, Mental Health, and Protective Factors on Crime and Illicit Drug Use Among Homeless Young Adults
Authors: Tyler Kimberly A. , Kort-Butler Lisa A. , Swendener Alexis
Published: April 2014

Although research has found high rates of child maltreatment, widespread victimization, and other negative outcomes among homeless youth and young adults, resiliency among this population has largely been understudied. Specifically, a gap remains in terms of how protective factors such as self-efficacy, low deviant beliefs, and religiosity operate among homeless youth and young adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between various forms of victimization, mental health, and protective factors with property and violent crime and illicit drug use among homeless young adults. Results from regression analyses indicate that running away from home more frequently, experiencing more physical victimization on the street, higher levels of self-efficacy, and more deviant beliefs were associated with greater property crime. Significant correlates of violent crime included being male, running away from home more frequently, greater sexual and physical victimization on the street, higher levels of self-efficacy, and more deviant beliefs. Finally, being male, running away more frequently from home, greater child physical abuse and partner victimization, and more deviant beliefs were all associated with greater illicit drug use. Self-efficacy was positively related to both property and violent crime, suggesting that it may not operate for homeless young adults in the same manner as it does for normative populations.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Among Forms of Workplace Mistreatment
Authors: Walsh Benjamin M. , Magley Vicki J.
Published: April 2014

Organizational researchers argue that workplace mistreatment scholarship is hampered because of the wide variety of constructs studied. To investigate this concern, we conducted an item-level analysis of the relationship among workplace mistreatment experiences to assess construct overlap. Employed students reported how similar 17 mistreatment experiences were to one another (i.e., from measures of sexual harassment, generalized harassment, and incivility) and subject matter experts indicated the degree to which each experience represented several dimensions including Buss’s (1961) dimensions (i.e., verbal/physical, active/passive, and direct/indirect) and others (i.e., sexual/nonsexual and intentional/accidental). Nonsexual forms of mistreatment (i.e., generalized harassment and incivility) were perceived similarly despite their different conceptual definitions, whereas sexual harassment experiences were relatively distinct. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Development and Testing of the Preeclampsia Prenatal Symptom-Monitoring Checklist (PPSMC)
Authors: Black Kathleen D. , Morin Karen H.
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose: Preeclampsia, a common disorder of unknown origin, presents with signs and symptoms that can be subtle, making assessment and intervention challenging. The purpose of this study was to refine the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to assess a comprehensive range of preeclampsia symptoms. Methods: Testing of the Preeclampsia Prenatal Symptom-Monitoring Scale (PPSMC) was accomplished through a retrospective, correlational, and comparative study of 100 postpartum women with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Results: The initial 17-item Cronbach’s alpha was .73; reliability of the current 11-item PPSMC increased to .77. Content validity index for the PPSMC (17 items) was .88; for the PPSMC (11 items), .93. Exploratory factor analysis, known group comparisons, and predictive validity lend beginning support of the instrument’s construct validity. Conclusion: This instrument may be useful in examining in greater detail the symptomatology of women with preeclampsia in practice and research settings.
Measuring the Meaning of Miscarriage: Revision of the Impact of Miscarriage Scale
Authors: Huffman Carolyn S. , Swanson Kristen , Lynn Mary R.
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine a factor structure for the Impact of Miscarriage Scale (IMS). The 24 items comprising the IMS were originally derived from a phenomenological study of miscarriage in women. Initial psychometric properties were established based on a sample of 188 women (Swanson, 1999a). Method: Data from 341 couples were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: CFA did not confirm the original structure. EFA explained 57% of the variance through an 18-item, 4-factor structure: isolation and guilt, loss of baby, devastating event, and adjustment. Except for theAdjustmentsubscale, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were ≥.78. Conclusion: Although a 3-factor solution is most defensible, with further refinement and additional items, the 4th factor (adjustment) may warrant retention.
Awareness of Heuristics in Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Richardson Luann G.
Published: April 2014

Evidence-based principles should unquestionably play a key role in decision making. However, we must recognize that gaps in both knowledge and evidence occur in daily clinical practice. Subjective judgment can be a constructive component in making clinical decisions. The use of heuristics has been used both purposely and instinctively to help fill gaps and assist in solving complex dilemmas. A goal of this article is to encourage clinicians to assess their own decision-making skills as well as the skills of novices and experts with whom they work with.
Nurses’ Current Breastfeeding Knowledge: An Evidenced-Based Change Project
Authors: Cobb Marie A.
Published: April 2014

Nurses are accountable for providing current evidence-based information to patients in the clinical setting. Postpartum nurses are in the forefront of supporting exclusive breastfeeding rates to comply with professional and national standards. The aim of this project was to compare postpartum nurses’ current breastfeeding knowledge and the immediate effects of an educational session encompassing 3 common clinical practices (separation of mother and newborn, formula supplementation, and pacifier use in breastfeeding newborns) that are considered barriers to exclusive breastfeeding. The outcome indicated the nurses’ current breastfeeding knowledge or an increased their breastfeeding knowledge before and after the educational session.
Knowledge Development: Building on a Solid Foundation
Authors: Lewis C. Preston
Published: April 2014

Knowledge development is critical for the enhancement of evidence-based nursing practice and the overall delivery of care to obtain superior clinical outcomes. Nursing scholars have built on Carper’s (1975, 1978) fundamental patterns of knowing to improve nursing practice over the last 40 years and is still used today. Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) professionals should understand the various patterns of knowledge development and the implications provided for transforming health care models and systems in the clinical setting.
Potential Inappropriate Treatment of Suspected Urinary Tract Infections Among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Norman Angela , Monroe Todd , Carter Michael
Published: April 2014

Objective: To determine if nurse practitioners and physicians followed recommended practice guidelines prior to the initiation of antibiotics among long-term care (LTC) residents with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs). Methods: A retrospective review of 1-year reported cases of UTIs in 2 rural southern nursing homes. Results: There were 175 cases of UTI reported in the 2 homes, but 6 cases were reported in error. Only 4 of the 169 remaining cases met the diagnostic criteria for UTI. The remaining 169 cases received inappropriate antibiotics. Some of these cases may represent asymptomatic bacteria rather than UTI. Problems were identified with the methods used to collect urine sample that were sent to the laboratory for culture. Conclusion: We found that in 2 nursing homes, almost all of the reported cases of UTI did not meet the accepted diagnostic criteria. Also, there was inappropriate antibiotic therapy for most of these residents. Nurse practitioners and physicians should accurately determine the presence of UTI and document in the medical record prior to initiating antibiotic. Urine specimens should be collected using appropriate methods. Nursing homes should only report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) those cases that meet the diagnostic criteria as a UTI.
Collaboration and Supervision in Advanced Practice Nursing
Authors: Scott Tracy , Lindsey Marie
Published: April 2014

Mandated collaborative or supervisory agreements are a restriction to practice for nurse practitioners (NPs) in the United States. According to the Pearson Report (Pearson, 2012), 18 states and the District of Columbia allow NPs to practice without mandated agreements. Progress toward autonomy is being made as many states remove collaborative agreement requirements. These victories are significant but many NPs continue to work in restrictive practice environments. Stiff opposition from the American Medical Association (AMA) is one obstacle to removing these restrictions. Opponents to the removal of mandated agreements cite a concern for patient safety and the educational preparation NPs receive. The evidence regarding safety is not supported by current data and a comparison of the educational requirements for NPs to other providers reveals NPs have a strong background in science and clinical training. This article explores the issues surrounding mandatory practice agreements.
Genomic Relationship Matrix for Correcting Pedigree Errors in Breeding Populations: Impact on Genetic Parameters and Genomic Selection Accuracy
Authors: Munoz Patricio R. , Resende Marcio F. R. , Huber Dudley A. , Quesada Tania , Resende Marcos D. V. , Neale David B. , Wegrzyn Jill L. , Kirst Matias , Peter Gary F.
Published: April 2014

Quantitative genetic analyses aim to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values to select superior parents, families, and individuals. For these estimates a relationship matrix derived from the pedigree typically is used in a mixed model framework. However, breeding is a complex, multistep process and errors in the pedigree are common. Because errors reduce the accuracy of genetic parameter estimates and affect genetic gain, it is important to correct these errors. Here we show that a realized relationship matrix (RRM) derived from single nucleotide polymorphism markers based on the normality of the relationship coefficients can be used to correct pedigree errors. For a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) breeding population, errors in the pedigree were detected and corrected with the RRM. With the corrected pedigree, best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) models fit the data significantly better for 14 out of 15 traits evaluated, and the predictive ability of the genomic selection models using ridge regression BLUP increased for 13 traits. The corrected pedigree based on the normality of the relationship coefficients improves accuracy of traditional estimations of heritability and breeding values as well as genomic selection predictions. As more breeding programs begin to use genomic selection, we recommend first using the dense panel of markers to correct pedigree errors and then using the improved information to develop genomic selection prediction models.
Cultivar and N Fertilizer Rate Affect Yield and N use Efficiency in Irrigated Durum Wheat
Authors: Liang Zhejun , Bronson Kevin F. , Thorp Kelly R. , Mon Jarai , Badaruddin Mohammad , Wang Guangyao
Published: April 2014

Optimizing N management and using cultivars with high N use efficiency (NUE) are important for durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) producers in irrigated desert production systems. A field experiment with six durum wheat cultivars was conducted with five or six levels of N treatment for two growing seasons (2010–2011 and 2011–2012) to determine NUE and yield of durum wheat cultivars under irrigated desert conditions. Recovery efficiency of N fertilizer was very high, ranging from 63 to 79%. Durum wheat cultivars differed in grain N concentration (GNC) in both seasons. In the 2011 to 2012 growing season, cultivars differed in grain yield, agronomic efficiency (AE), NUE, and N harvest index (NHI). The N fertilizer rate had a highly significant, positive effect on nearly all variables in both seasons. As the N fertilizer rate increased, grain yield, GNC, and total N uptake increased and then plateaued, while AE and N utilization efficiency (NUtE) decreased linearly. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and NUE decreased as a power function with increased N fertilizer rates. Durum wheat NUE was more closely related to NUpE than NUtE. The N harvest index responded in a quadratic manner to N rate in both years. In summary, although there was variation in grain yield and NUE among durum wheat cultivars, N fertilizer effects were much more significant than cultivar effects. This indicates that grower decisions on optimal N rate will have more impact than cultivar selection.
Breeding for Competitive and High‐Yielding Crop Cultivars
Authors: Benaragama Dilshan , Rossnagel Brian G. , Shirtliffe Steven J.
Published: April 2014

Weed control with herbicides is not possible in several systems including control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.), red rice (Oryza sativa L. var. sylvatica) in rice (Oryza sativa L.), and in organic systems. Competitive crop cultivars can be used to manage weed competition if selective weed control by herbicides is not possible. However, most existing competitive crop cultivars often have low weed‐free yield and poor grain quality. We hypothesize that the progeny of a cross between a competitive forage‐type oat cultivar and a high‐yielding and high grain quality grain oat cultivar will have high yield and good grain quality as well as high competitive ability (CA). The objective of this study was to evaluate progeny lines from a cross between a tall, competitive, forage‐type oat cultivar with a semidwarf, high‐yielding milling oat for their CA against wild oat. A field study was performed in two locations in Saskatoon, SK, Canada, in 2008 and 2009 using seven progeny lines and the two parents. Oat was seeded with and without wild oat at a target crop and weed density of 250 plant m‐2 in a randomized block design with four replicates. All the genotypes were high yielding and did not differ in grain yield or quality either in weed‐free or weedy conditions. Some of the tall (CDC Baler, SA050498, and SA050479) and short (SA050040 and Ronald) genotypes had high average grain yield under both weed‐free and weedy conditions compared with the other genotypes. The tall oat line SA050479 was among the most weed suppressive, which resulted in less wild oat biomass. The seedling total leaf area, crop height, and the seedling third leaf area were negatively correlated with wild oat biomass. This study demonstrates that a cross between a high‐yielding and a highly competitive genotype can result in progeny with high CA, yield, and crop quality.
Planting Pattern and Irrigation Effects on Water‐Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat
Authors: Wang G.Y. , Han Y.Y. , Zhou X.B. , Chen Y.H. , Ouyang Z.
Published: April 2014

The world food demand is expected to double by 2050 and the availability and quality of irrigation water is declining because of the needs of the expanding population combined with the effects of climatic change. Therefore, productivity and water‐use efficiency (WUE) are crucial issues in the production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). The objective of this field study was to compare and evaluate the soil water characteristic, evapotranspiration (ET), yield, and yield components to identify possible ways to improve WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain. The field experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted during 2008 to 2009 and 2009 to 2010. There were three planting patterns: traditional flat seedbed with uniform row spacing of 25 cm, wide–narrow row spacing of 40‐cm and 20‐cm flat seedbed and furrow‐ridge seedbed; three irrigation treatments: 90, 135, and 180 mm. The results showed that planting pattern and irrigation had significant effect on ET, yield components, grain yield, and WUE (P< 0.05); however, interaction between planting pattern and irrigation only had a significant effect on yield (P< 0.01). Compared with the conventional flat uniform planting pattern, the new treatment of furrow‐ridge seedbed planting pattern increased WUE by 13.7%, increased grain yield by 9.7%, reduced ET by 3.4%, increased soil water content (SWC) by 7.7%, increased soil water storage (SWS) by 6.8%, and increased yield components (grains per spike 15.0%, thousand‐grain weight [TGW] by 3.2%). Irrigation increased upper SWC, SWS, and ET, but decreased WUE. Compared with 90‐mm irrigation treatment, 135‐mm irrigation treatment increased grain yield by 6.4%. The findings suggest that application of the furrow‐ridge seedbed planting pattern combined with 135‐mm irrigation may be an effective strategy to improve winter wheat production in water‐scarce regions.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Drought Tolerance in Common Bean
Authors: Mukeshimana Gerardine , Butare Louis , Cregan Perry B. , Blair Matthew W. , Kelly James D.
Published: April 2014

Drought stress is the major limitation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in subsistence farming systems worldwide. The objective of this study was to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the BARCBean6K_3 Beadchip to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with traits related to drought tolerance in common bean. An intergene pool recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross of drought tolerant line SEA5 and CAL96 cultivar was evaluated in Rwanda for 3 yr under drought stress and nonstress and in Colombia for 1 yr under drought stress. Traits evaluated included the numbers of days to flower, maturity, and seed fill; harvest index and pod harvest index; yield and yield components including number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (SW), and seed yield per day. Harvest indices, and SW were stable regardless of water treatment while number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, and yield were significantly reduced by drought. A linkage map of the RIL population spanning 1351 cM was constructed using 2122 SNP markers. The map covered all eleven bean chromosomes with an average distance of 0.64 cM between markers. A total of 14 QTL for performance under drought were consistently identified in different environments. Quantitative trait loci associated with phenology and SW traits mapped near previously reported QTL. Linkage between SW and yield QTL SY3.3SC was observed on Pv03 and could be used to simultaneously select for seed yield and size in intergene pool crosses of common bean.
Introgressing White Mold Resistance from Phaseolus coccineus PI 439534 to Common Pinto Bean
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Schwartz Howard F. , Viteri Diego , Terán Henry , Otto Kristen
Published: April 2014

White mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] is a devastating disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in cool‐ to moderate‐temperature and wet‐production regions worldwide. Use of resistant cultivars is crucial for effective and economical white mold control. Partial resistance exists in cultivated and wild common bean and Phaseolus species of the secondary gene pool. The objectives were to (i) develop highly resistant breeding lines (BL) from a recurrent interspecific backcross of common pinto bean ‘UI 320’ with P. coccineus PI 439534, and (ii) compare their response with known sources of resistance. Five pinto BL derived from UI 320 × 2/PI 439534 interspecific backcross population, the two parents, nine known sources of resistance, and susceptible pinto ‘Othello’ were screened in the greenhouse. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates ARS12D and ND710 were used at the University of Idaho, Kimberly, in 2012 and isolates CO467 and NY133 at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, in 2013. All five interspecific pinto BL (VC13‐1, VC13‐3, VC13‐4, VC13‐5, VC13‐6) in Idaho and three (VC13‐4, VC13‐5, VC13‐6) in Colorado exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher levels of resistance than PI 439534. Their resistance was either similar to (in Colorado) or higher (in Idaho) than the highest levels available in other interspecific BL (92BG‐7, I9365‐31, VCW 54, VRW 32) derived from the secondary gene pool thus far, as well as medium‐ (USPT‐WM‐1) and small‐ (‘ICA Bunsi’) seeded Middle American and large‐seeded Andean dry (G 122) and green (NY 6020‐4) beans. The effectiveness of the five interspecific pinto BL for controlling white mold with and without fungicides and other disease management strategies should be performed. Genetics of resistance and tagging and mapping of new resistance genes and/or quantitative trait loci should be performed. Also, high levels of resistance from the five interspecific pinto BL should be pyramided across Phaseolus species and/or transferred into cultivars.
Phenotypic Performance of Timothy Accessions under Irrigated and Nonirrigated Conditions
Authors: Escribano Sandra , Robins Joseph G.
Published: April 2014

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is one of the most winter‐hardy, cool‐season perennial grasses used for forage production. However, its lack of tolerance to water stress requires supplemental irrigation for successful production in more arid areas of the world. A set of 112 timothy accessions and 6 check cultivars were evaluated for dry matter yield, in vitro true digestibility, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, and water soluble carbohydrates across two production years at Lewiston, UT, and Tetonia, ID. Supplemental irrigation was not supplied at Tetonia. For each of the traits except water‐soluble carbohydrates, the variance due to the main effect of accessions differed from zero. There was also accession × environment interaction for each of the traits. Within‐environment broad‐sense heritability estimates differed from zero and ranged from 0.45 ±0.16 to 0.80 ±0.40. Thus, genetic determinants exerted substantial influence on the expression of the traits in each environment. Most of the commercial cultivars exhibited no benefit over the accessions for these traits, and there was a relationship between the accessions’ geographic origin and their potential for timothy improvement. Asian and Northwest and Northeast European accessions possessed the greatest potential for increasing timothy nutritive value under western North American conditions. Yet there was little evidence that any accessions would provide a yield improvement.
Reciprocal Effects for Biomass Yield in Lowland Switchgrass
Authors: Bhandari Hem S. , Webb Stephen L. , Bouton Joseph H. , Saha Malay C.
Published: April 2014

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivar research is focused on improvement in biomass yield and feedstock composition for bioenergy use. These improvements could be achieved by exploiting additive and non‐additive effects of nuclear genes, as well as reciprocal differences. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of reciprocal effects on biomass yield in lowland switchgrass. Forty‐six biparental crosses and their reciprocals were evaluated at two locations in south‐central Oklahoma using a honeycomb design. The trial was established in the summer of 2007, and year‐end biomass yields were recorded during 2008 and 2009. The mean DNA content of the parents ranged from 1.96 to 3.70 pg, confirming that the parental genotypes were tetraploid. Ten of the 46 crosses demonstrating favorable reciprocal effects (P ≤ 0.10) had >12% biomass yield advantage. The direction of reciprocal difference was fairly consistent across locations by years. The relative advantage of using a certain genotype as the female parent depended on the genetic background of the other genotype used in crossing, indicating the complex genetics of reciprocal effects. The hybrids from parent ‘LL43’ in crosses with ‘LL126’ and ‘LL22’ produced an average of >40% biomass when used as the pollen parent rather than using it as the female. Evaluation of genotypes of interest for reciprocal effects by crossing with several other genotypes would help identify parents with favorable maternal effects for use in development of superior synthetic or hybrid varieties.
Within‐Boll Yield Components and Fiber Traits of Upland Cotton
Authors: Jones Whitney M. , Joy Kolbyn , Smith C. Wayne
Published: April 2014

Extra‐long staple (ELS) pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) in the United States is identified by fibers with an upper half mean length (UHML) of at least 34.9 mm. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) traditionally has been referred to as short or medium staple cotton and in 2008 comprised approximately 95% of U.S. production, with pima comprising about 5%. Upland cotton is grown on the majority of acreage devoted to cotton because of its yield potential relative to pima, and its fiber has been adequate for most end uses. However, cotton breeders have long sought to develop upland cotton with the elite fiber quality of pima. Nine upland cotton germplasm lines exhibiting the ELS trait have been developed and released by Texas A&M AgriLife Research. These lines are characterized by improved UHML and fiber bundle strength, average yield, and low lint percent. Improving lint yield potential and lint percent while maintaining the ELS trait in this upland cotton germplasm pool will depend on an understanding of the impact of the ELS trait on yield components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the upland ELS trait on within‐boll yield components when compared with two cultivars of upland cotton and one pima cotton cultivar.
Yield Effects of Two Southern Leaf Blight Resistance Loci in Maize Hybrids
Authors: Santa‐Cruz Jose H. , Kump Kristen L. , Arellano Consuelo , Goodman Major M. , Krakowsky Matthew D. , Holland James B. , Balint‐Kurti Peter J.
Published: April 2014

In this study we examined the effects of two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for southern leaf blight (SLB) resistance on several agronomic traits including disease resistance and yield. B73–3B and B73–6A are two near‐isogenic lines (NILs) in the background of the maize (Zea mays L.) inbred B73, each carrying one introgression (called 3B and 6A respectively) encompassing a QTL for SLB resistance. Sets of isohybrid triplets were developed by crossing B73, B73–3B, and B73–6A to several inbred lines. A subset of these triplets for which the B73–3B and/or B73–6A hybrid was significantly more SLB resistant than the B73 check hybrid was selected and assessed in multi‐environment yield trials with and without disease. In the presence of SLB, 3B was associated with an approximately 3% yield increase over B73. 6A was associated with a yield advantage in the presence of SLB in specific pedigrees where the 6A resistance phenotype was highly expressed. Results suggested that both introgressions might confer a yield cost in the absence of SLB, but only introgression 6A was associated with a statistically significant reduction. We present evidence to suggest that the yield cost is associated with the resistance phenotype rather than with linkage drag.
Combining Ability and Variability for Fiber Color among Diverse Cotton Genotypes
Authors: Jernigan Kendra , Smith C. Wayne , Hequet Eric , Beyer Benjamin , Percy Richard
Published: April 2014

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber color is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors as well as genetics. After boll opening, exposure to the elements modifies fiber color; fibers may become grayer (excessive moisture leading to biotic activity) and lose luster (lower reflectance). Excessive weathering will lead to poorer processing efficiency and lower dye uptake. Genetically whiter cotton fibers could result in reduced use of bleaching agents before dyeing, thus lowering production costs and providing a more environmentally‐friendly product. Cotton cultivars TAM B182–33 ELS (Extra Long Staple) and Tamcot CAMD‐E were crossed with 12 cultivars from China, 7 from northern Africa, 10 from southern Africa, and 7 from the United States and grown in a line x tester design at College Station, TX during 2010 and 2011. Seedcotton was harvested by hand on the day of maturity, deburred, and allowed to dry in limited light. Lint was separated into 2‐g subsamples, and color measurements were taken using a Konica‐Minolta CR‐310 reflectance colorimeter. Absolute color measurements were obtained in the CIE L*a*b* color system. General and specific combining abilities for all the variables were determined. Genetic variation existed for all color parameters measured. The cultivars A 7215 (southern Africa), Tejas (United States), PAN 575 (northern Africa), Lintsing Sze Tze 4B (China), F 280 (northern Africa), and Nanging #12 (China) and their F1 progenies demonstrated superior whiteness. PAN 575 was the best general combiner for whiteness with the two testers in the study.
Fine Mapping of the Maize Cross‐Incompatibility Locus Gametophytic Factor 1 (ga1) Using a Homogeneous Population
Authors: Liu Xu , Sun He , Wu Ping , Tian Youhui , Cui Dezhou , Xu Chunyan , Li Song , Li Peng , Zhang Hua , Chen Tingting , Li Detao , Zhao Xianrong , Zhang Yu'e , Xue Yongbiao , Chen Huabang
Published: April 2014

Phenotyping of a mapping population is usually the bottleneck that limits the size of the mapping population and mapping resolution. A homogeneous population mapping approach was used for mapping maize (Zea mays L.) gametophytic factor 1 (ga1) that could completely eliminate phenotyping during the mapping process. The strong allele of maize ga1 (Ga1‐S), from popcorn inbred line SDGa25, showed a 100% cross‐incompatibility with the majority of Chinese dent and flint maize. A homogeneous mapping population was developed by crossing an (SDGa25/Jing66) F1 male back to an SDGa25 female. During the pollination process, pollen grains of ga1 were completely excluded from fertilization, and a homogeneous BC1F1 (SDGa25//SDGa25/Jing66) population was created in which only the Ga1‐S/Ga1‐S genotype existed, making phenotyping unnecessary. A total of 2245 individuals of this population were genotyped with SD9 and SD12 markers and 20 recombinants were identified. The Ga1‐S locus was quickly delineated to a 100 Kb region between markers dCS1 and insertion deletion ID7 at position 9,491,422 and 9,591,946 bp based on the B73 RefGen_v2 sequence. By marker‐assisted selection, Ga1‐S was introgressed into parental lines of an elite white waxy maize hybrid by six generations of backcrossing and one generation of selfing. The homozygous Ga1‐S/Ga1‐S hybrid showed full cross‐incompatibility to ga1 maize. The Ga1‐S allele could be used as a biological reproductive barrier in reducing cross‐pollination between different types of maize such as waxy and non‐waxy, genetically modified (GM) and non‐GM maize.