bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between therapeutic use and abuse of opioid analgesics in rural, suburban, and urban locations in the United States
Authors: Cicero Theodore J. , Surratt Hilary , Inciardi James A. , Munoz Alvaro
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The goal of these studies was to determine the relationship between prescribed use of opioid analgesics and their non‐medically related use (abuse) at a regional level across the country.

Methods

To gather information about prescription drug abuse, we asked 233 drug abuse treatment specialists to provide us Quarterly reports on the number of cases of prescription opioid analgesic abusers who used opioid analgesics to get high in the past 30 days.

Results and Conclusions

We found that there was a very strong correlation between therapeutic exposure to opioid analgesics, as measured by prescriptions filled, and their abuse. There were, however, geographical loci that represented outliers in which abuse was disproportionately high relative to therapeutic use (>95th percentile), most of which were in very small urban, suburban, and rural areas. The rank order of abuse shows that buprenorphine products, extended release (ER) oxycodone and methadone are the most intensely abused prescription opioid analgesics, with hydrocodone the least abused, when the data are corrected for degree of exposure, i.e., cases/1000 persons filling a prescription. If, on the other hand, one uses the number of cases/100 000 population, hydrocodone ranked as high as ER oxycodone and all other drugs grouped together at very low levels of abuse. Since the latter conclusion ignores therapeutic exposure, we conclude that the rate of abuse of highly efficacious opioid analgesics is best expressed as cases of abuse/1000 persons filling a prescription, which yields the best possible estimate of the risk‐benefit ratio of these drugs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New links between depression and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mayor Sue
Published: July 2007

A multinational study –PRODEST (Profile of Depression Symptoms in PD patients) –found that 27 per cent of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) had symptoms of depression and that more than one‐third of these continued to suffer depression despite anti‐ depressant treatment. Sue Mayor reports from a Press Conference held at Boehringer Ingelheim Center, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany, in February. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Isoprene polymerization via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Germack David S. , Wooley Karen L.
Published: July 2007

Until recently, the primary living radical polymerization method available for preparing polyisoprene was nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization, with reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization being applied only in a few cases within the last couple of years. We report here the preparation of polyisoprene by RAFT in the presence of the trithiocarbonate transfer agent S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(r,r′‐dimethyl‐r′′‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate and t‐butyl peroxide as the radical initiator. The kinetics of this polymerization at an optimized temperature of 125 °C and radical initiator concentration of 0.2 equiv relative to transfer agent have been studied in triplicate and demonstrate the living nature of the polymerization. These conditions resulted in polymers with narrow polydispersity indices, on the order of 1.2, with monomer conversions up to 30%. Retention of chain‐end functionality was demonstrated by polymerizing styrene as a second block from a polyisoprene macrotransfer agent, resulting in a block copolymer presenting a unimodal gel permeation chromatogram, and narrow molecular weight distribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4100–4108, 2007
Novel michael addition networks containing urethane hydrogen bonding
Authors: Williams Sharlene R. , Mather Brian D. , Miller Kevin M. , Long Timothy E.
Published: July 2007

Covalently crosslinked networks based on poly(propylene glycol) bis(acetoacetate) with either neopentyl glycol diacrylate or hydroxyethyl acrylate derivatized bis(4‐isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane (HMDI) were prepared utilizing the Michael addition reaction in the presence of catalytic quantities of diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU). These networks were prepared in the absence of solvent at 23 °C without the formation of byproducts. Mechanical and thermal analyses of the networks were performed utilizing DMA, tensile testing, and TGA. Tensile analysis revealed that the introduction of hydrogen‐bonding urethane linkages in the diacrylate segment resulted in higher tensile strengths and elongation to break compared with nonhydrogen‐bonding analogs. All crosslinked products exhibited high gel fractions and excellent thermomechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4118–4128, 2007
Atmospheric Cold Plasmas for Synthesizing Nanocrystalline Anatase TiO2 using Dielectric Barrier Discharges
Authors: Nie Long‐Hui , Shi Chuan , Xu Yong , Wu Qing‐Hao , Zhu Ai‐Min
Published: July 2007

Nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 has been successfully synthesized using TiCl4 and O2 as precursors by atmospheric cold plasmas generated by dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) without extra heating or thermal treatment. For the TiO2 powders synthesized by DBD plasma at an energy density of 5.9 kJ · L−1, XRD and TEM analyses revealed that the nanocrystallite size is about 10–15 nm. Only a single crystalline structure of anatase was observed performing XRD, HRTEM and SAED measurements. It was found that the particle size decreased with increasing the discharge power, and that the chlorine contamination dramatically decreased when using high discharge power levels.

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Atmospheric‐Pressure Glow Discharge CVD of Composite Metallic Aluminium Thin Films
Authors: Sheel David W. , Hodgkinson John L.
Published: July 2007

We present the first reported investigation exploring the deposition of composite metal/metal oxide thin films using APGD CVD. The approach taken employs a parallel‐plate dielectric barrier configuration, and the deposition of such materials is discussed with respect to their influence on discharge conditions. Controlled and variable composition films were produced based on aluminium which showed metallic‐like reflection (up to 60% visible), and were conductive (≈1 Ω per square). The films are analysed by RBS, SEM, AFM and optical spectroscopy. This new class of APGD‐CVD‐derived thin‐film material, when combined with the associated low thermal load and attractions for industrial scaling, offers significant potential for new applications.

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Proteomics in ocular fluids
Authors: Grus Franz H. , Joachim Stephanie C. , Pfeiffer Norbert
Published: July 2007

The focus of this article is to review recent techniques in proteomic analysis of ocular fluids. These fluids include tears, aqueous humor, and vitreous, they will also be compared to serum analysis. Furthermore, we attempt to summarize some disease correlated biomarkers in ocular fluids that were discovered through different proteomic techniques in eye diseases like dry eye, glaucoma, age‐related macular degeneration, uveitis, or diabetic retinopathy. This review is trying to point out the importance of these biomarkers for clinical applications.
ID1‐, ID2‐, and ID3‐regulated gene expression in E2A positive or negative prostate cancer cells
Authors: Asirvatham Ananthi J. , Carey Jason P.W. , Chaudhary Jaideep
Published: July 2007

Background

The inhibitor of differentiation (Id) proteins are expressed in prostate cancer (PCA). However, there is a general lack of Id isoform‐specific downstream effectors.

Methods

Id1, Id2, or Id3 were silenced in PCA cell lines LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 using gene‐specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). The effect of Id gene silencing on representative genes involved in apoptosis (p53, SNAIL2), proliferation (p21, p16), and tumor invasion (E‐cadherin and MMP9) was investigated by real‐time PCR. Expression of E‐proteins, the primary Id interaction partners was also evaluated to understand the molecular mechanism of action.

Results

The Id proteins regulated the expression of CDKNIs p16 and p21 even in the absence of E‐proteins. Loss of Id1 and Id3 up‐ or downregulated E‐cadherin expression in E‐protein negative or positive PCA cell lines, respectively. The effect of Id genes on cell proliferation was also independent of CDKNIs in p16 and p21 null PC3 cells. The p53‐independent anti‐apoptotic effect of Id2 was mediated in part by transcriptional repressor SNAI2. MMP9 seems to be the common target of all three Id genes (Id1, Id2, and Id3).

Conclusions

The overall effect of Id proteins on proliferation and apoptosis is independent of E‐proteins. E‐proteins can however determine the magnitude of response or in some cases even reverse the Id‐mediated target gene expression. Evaluating E‐protein expression in conjunction with Id proteins will allow better understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of Id proteins and increase their prognostic significance in PCA. Prostate 67: 1411–1420, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antidepressant and antistress activity of GC‐MS characterized lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves
Authors: Kalkunte Satyan S. , Singh Ajay P. , Chaves Fabio C. , Gianfagna Thomas J. , Pundir Vishal S. , Jaiswal Arun K. , Vorsa Nicholi , Sharma Surendra
Published: July 2007

Lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves were tested for their possible role on rodent models of depression and stress. Lipophilic extracts of Ginkgo leaves (LEG) at (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited dose dependent, significant antidepressant activity in the behavioral despair test and learned helplessness rodent model of depression. The activities were comparable to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg) and EGb 761 (50 mg/kg). In the cold immobilization stress induced gastric ulcer model of stress, only the LEG showed a significant reduction in the ulcer index. GC‐MS characterization of this bioactive extract was found to be rich in a group of 6‐alkyl salicylates (6‐AS), along with a fatty alcohol, fatty acids and cardanols. The n‐heptadecenyl salicylate represented 60% of the 6‐AS. Notable was the absence of dihydroxy alkylphenols which are linked to allergic reactions similar to the urushiols present in poison ivy. In commercial products of Ginkgo, these dihydroxy phenols as well as the favorable 6‐AS are removed during enrichment of flavonol glycosides and terpenic lactones. The current findings suggest that intact carboxylic acid groups containing 6‐AS are the bioactive components of the lipophilic extract of Ginkgo leaves with antidepressant and antistress activities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) on adriamycin‐induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity in rats
Authors: You Jyh‐Sheng , Pan Tai‐Long , Lee Ying‐Shiung
Published: July 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of Danshen (DS, Salvia miltiorrhiza) on adriamycin (ADR)‐induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity. Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control group, 10 animals received saline (i.p.); 15 animals received ADR (3 mg/kg, i.p.) three times weekly, for 2 weeks; 10 animals each received DS1 (20 mg/kg, oral) and DS2 (100 mg/kg, oral) for 30 days; 15 animals each received DS1 + ADR and DS2 + ADR. The ADR‐induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity and protective action of DS were determined and quantitated with the use of hemodynamic measurements, biochemical analyses of serum, synthesis rates of DNA, RNA and protein, myocardial antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and histopathological procedure. Liver function was damaged. Nucleic acid as well as protein synthesis was inhibited, while lipid peroxidation was increased. Myocardial glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) were decreased and histopathology revealed myocardial lesions indicative of ADR‐induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity. In contrast, administration of DS before and concurrent with ADR significantly attenuated these effects. In conclusion, DS is potentially protective against ADR‐induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of Slim339® in reducing body weight of overweight and obese human subjects
Authors: Toromanyan Edward , Aslanyan Gayane , Amroyan Elmira , Gabrielyan Emil , Panossian Alexander
Published: July 2007

A double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study has been carried out in order to evaluate the effect of orally self‐administered Slim339®, a proprietary fixed combination of Garcinia cambogia extract with calcium pantothenate (standardized for the content of hydroxycitric acid and pantothenic acid) and extracts of Matricaria chamomilla, Rosa damascena, Lavandula officinalis and Cananga odorata, on body weight in overweight and obese volunteers. During a 60‐day treatment period, the average reduction in body weight for the group receiving Slim339 (n = 30) was 4.67% compared with 0.63% for the placebo group (n = 28) (p < 0.0001). Weight losses of ≥3 kg were recorded for 23 subjects in the treatment group and only one in the placebo group. It is concluded that Slim339 represents a potential therapy for obesity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling, prediction and adaptive adjustment of recruitment in multicentre trials
Authors: Anisimov Vladimir V. , Fedorov Valerii V.
Published: July 2007

This paper is focused on statistical modelling, prediction and adaptive adjustment of patient recruitment in multicentre clinical trials. We consider a recruitment model, where patients arrive at different centres according to Poisson processes, with recruitment rates viewed as a sample from a gamma distribution. A statistical analysis of completed studies is provided and properties of a few types of parameter estimators are investigated analytically and using simulation. The model has been validated using many real completed trials. A statistical technique for predictive recruitment modelling for ongoing trials is developed. It allows the prediction of the remaining recruitment time together with confidence intervals using current enrolment information, and also provision of an adaptive adjustment of recruitment by calculating the number of additional centres required to accomplish a study up to a certain deadline with a pre‐specified probability. Results are illustrated for different recruitment scenarios. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How should managers treat ethics in international business?
Authors: Phatak Arvind , Habib Mohammed
Published: July 2007

Business ethics concern the consideration of moral in corporate decision making. International managers may be confronted with a variety of ethical dilemmas, usually due to differences among national markets in what constitutes legal or acceptable practice. Beliefs about what constitutes ethical business behavior commonly stem from one of four moral philosophies: teleology, deontology, the theory of justice, and cultural relativism. A framework incorporating all four is presented here which should provide a useful decision tool for international managers. An application of the framework and the complexities associated with it are presented next. We conclude that an effective integration of the company's perspective on ethics and the business behavior of the employees is critical and that it depends on top management, and the entire organization, demonstrating that they are serious about ethical business behavior on an ongoing basis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An international patent protection system: A new approach
Authors: Sood James
Published: July 2007

For all practical purposes, there are two patent protection systems in the world today. The developed countries have national systems, although different in some respects, that provide reasonably effective protection for patent holders. On the other hand, the less developed countries have national systems that are generally not enforced. The lack of enforcement is primarily because these countries own less than one percent of the world's patents. Thus, they have little reason to provide effective protection for those in the industrial countries who hold patents. It would seem advantageous to all concerned to develop a patent system that is accepted by the majority of nations. This study uses an analysis of the major economic and social implications of the present system to propose a suggested approach to a truly international patent system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Business strategy, organizational culture, and market orientation
Authors: Appiah‐Adu Kwaku , Blankson Charles
Published: July 2007

This study investigates the impact of the structural adjustment program (SAP) on business practices in an emerging African country. The research instrument was based on constructs of business strategy, organizational culture, and market orientation. Compilation of the research data was achieved through in‐depth interviews and a self‐administered mail survey. The findings provide evidence of a positive influence of SAP‐induced strategies and certain culture types on the level of firm market orientation. The article concludes with a discussion on management implications as well as directions for future research. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Doing business in Russia: Lessons from early entrants
Authors: Puffer Sheila M. , McCarthy Daniel J. , Zhuplev Anatoly V.
Published: July 2007

The business climate in Russia during the first half of the 1990s has been uncertain and difficult. Many companies would hesitate to invest in such a risky environment. Yet some have, and many others will do so, in light of President Boris Yeltsin's continued commitment to a market economy, and other positive developments. A survey of 49 American firms compares 24 American early entrant companies which began doing business in Russia before 1990, with 25 later arrivals. Companies in both groups shared many views about doing business there. However, differences between the two groups concerning motives, attitudes, and strategies suggest characteristics which might contribute to longer term staying power in this uncertain environment. Analyses are supplemented with examples of recent company activities, particularly those of early entrants. The article concludes with lessons based on early entrants' experiences. These lessons may benefit other firms like the newer entrants if they too choose a similar long‐term horizon. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Competition policy and global competitiveness in South Africa
Authors: Klein Saul
Published: July 2007

This article discusses proposals for competition policy reform in South Africa as an issue facing all developing countries. The South African environment is described and government philosophy summarized. Policy proposals are critiqued within the context of their impact on competitiveness. The consequences of competition policy on economic growth are considered in terms of their relative standing with respect to key trading and FDI competitors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk taking under transition: An empirical comparison between Chinese, western‐, and eastern‐German managers
Authors: Löbler Helge , Bode Jürgen
Published: July 2007

Even after 10 years, countries under transition are still on their way to becoming developed, internationally competitive countries. At this stage it is helpful for business cooperation to know whether managers in countries undergoing transition are behaving like socialists or Western managers, or somewhere in between. Many joint ventures and other alliances between Western companies and companies in countries in transition are seeking to establish new markets with new products or new technologies (i.e., new processes). They are risky because the returns are uncertain. Understanding the risk attitudes of managers in countries in transition can explain different investment behavior and provide vital information for installing the right incentives. This study compares the risk attitudes of Chinese, eastern, and western German managers. Chinese managers' risk attitudes seem to be more similar to the attitudes of western German managers than to those of their counterparts in eastern Germany. Some of the reasons and consequences are discussed in this article. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Profiling exporting and nonexporting service firms: Critical differences to decision‐makers
Authors: White D. Steven , Griffith David A. , Ryans John K.
Published: July 2007

The internationalization of services has become a critical element in the global marketplace. While the internationalization of services has increased in importance, the lack of empirically based research has been a shortcoming. This article empirically examines key characteristics (i.e., total sales, number of employees, age of firm, management's desire to export, perceived profit potential from internationalization, top management's foreign language skills, and international work experience) separating exporting from nonexporting domestic‐based service firms. It provides a profile for the exporting service firm that is distinctly different than that of the nonexporting service provider. These differences suggest important policy considerations for federal and state export promotion agencies and strategy considerations for service firm owners and management. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International business standards: The competitive imperative
Authors: Loucks Vernon R. , Winter Gretchen A.
Published: July 2007

The global marketplace is a reality, and standards for business behavior should be as well. Isolated laws and sanctions do not allow for a level playing field. We believe that adoption of international business standards would provide a better and truly competitive business environment. Unifying the efforts of multinational businesses would intensify the potential impact and hopefully reduce the need for government mandates. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The multinational corporation as a coordinated network: Organizing and managing differently
Authors: Ensign Prescott C.
Published: July 2007

A multinational corporation (MNC) has a number of unique advantages. Of these, the flexibility to operate as a coordinated multinational network places the strategic emphasis on resources and learning. Coordination and integration are needed to provide coherence in resource commitments. Operating as a coordinated multinational network can provide the flexibility needed to implement global strategies. A network organization results in linkages and interrelationships that require organizing and managing differentially. This article focuses on the organizational and managerial characteristics that are needed to operate as a coordinated multinational network. These characteristics include: a strong central leadership role; the flexibility to respond to opportunities; a differentiated, multidimensional focus; distributed, interdependent capabilities; the managerial capacity to achieve coordination; and a collaborative decision‐making process. This article also discusses the changes needed in structural mechanisms and systems. Explored are the planning process, performance evaluation and control, information technology/management information systems, and human resource management. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The treatment of usury in the holy scriptures
Authors: Jafri Syed Hussain Ali , Margolis Lawrence S.
Published: July 2007

Interest‐free banking has recently evoked interest in financial as well as economic development literature. While the main focus of the special issue of this review is in interest‐free banking, this concept is not new nor is it unique to Islam. This article notes how usury or interest on loans has been prohibited in Judaism and Christianity–the other monotheistic religions of the world. We offer a comparative and historical perspective of the treatment of usury or interest and aim to help readers (especially in the West) gain an understanding of this concept, a concept which seemingly has a growing role in the financial markets of the Islamic world. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Progress and challenges of Islamic banking
Authors: Iqbal Zamir , Mirakhor Abbas
Published: July 2007

Three decades have passed since the first Islamic bank began its operations in Mit Ghamr, Egypt, and more than a decade has passed since the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan adopted a non‐interest‐based financial system.1 The growth of financial institutions, instruments, and transactions operating without interest has been impressive, from assets totaling a meager $5 billion in 1985 to a current level of approximately $100 billion. Today, Islamic banking is spreading and gaining acceptance in non‐Muslim countries as well as Muslim ones. Equally important has been the growth of scholarly interest in the subject. The viability and feasibility of noninterest‐based financial transactions, instruments, institutions and systems as well as the legitimacy of academic research in this area are no longer questioned. The objectives of this article are to (i) review the progress of Islamic banking and Islamic financial markets; (ii) present the fundamental principles of an Islamic financial system in light of developments in modern financial theory; and (iii) identify the challenges ahead for the development and further growth of a non‐interest based financial system. The article is organized into six sections. Section I discusses the progress of Islamic banks and financial markets. Section II and III summarize developments in Islamic economic and financial theory respectively. Section IV discusses the relevance of Islamic financial principles to modern financial theory. Section V addresses the issues and challenges facing Islamic finance, and finally Section VI concludes the discussion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Challenges and opportunities for Islamic banking and finance in the west: The United Kingdom experience
Authors: Wilson Rodney
Published: July 2007

London has emerged as the major centre for Islamic banking and finance in the West. The aim of this article is to examine the characteristics of the British market for Islamic banking and financial services and analyse the activities of the major institutions involved. Regulatory issues are covered, which present a particular challenge in an environment where hitherto little account has been taken of the needs and preferences of Muslim clients, especially with regard to those who wish to respect the Shariah Islamic law which prohibits interest based transactions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Al‐Bay' Bithaman Ajil financing: Impacts on Islamic banking performance
Authors: Rosly Saiful Azhar
Published: July 2007

The dual‐banking system in Malaysia is expected to put Islamic banks at a disadvantage due to the latter's over‐dependency on fixed rate asset financing such as al‐bay' bithaman ajil and murabahah. When interest rates are rising, rational product choice among non‐Muslim customers (NMC) is expected to produce a shifting effect that may frustrate deposit mobilization and at the same time able deplete an Islamic bank's earnings. The shifting effect occurs when NMC either transfer deposits from Islamic banks to conventional banks, or, in a period of declining interest rates, opt for loans rather than for deferred sale financing. These shifts occur solely due to pecuniary incentives sought by NMC as the suppliers of deposits or demanders of funds. During an economic slowdown normally accompanied by falling interest rates, the shifting effect is expected to increase idle balances as the demand for fixed rate asset financing declines. Thus, in the choice of banking products, it is argued that NMCs will be the main beneficiaries of the dual‐banking system since they are open to more options than the Muslim customers (MC). Consistent with these expectations, we find that profit margins of Bank Islam Malaysia suffered a decline between the 1996–1997 period of rising interest rates while interest margins of conventional banks showed a rising trend. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combined triangular FV‐triangular FE method for nonlinear convection‐diffusion problems
Authors: Bejček M. , Feistauer M. , Gallouet T. , Hájek J. , Herbin R.
Published: July 2007

The paper is concerned with the analysis of the combined finite element ‐ finite volume method for the solution of nonstationary nonlinear convection‐diffusion problems. Here a special version of this technique is analyzed, combining conforming piecewise linear triangular elements, used for the discretization of diffustion terms, with triangular finite volumes for the approximation of nonlinear convective terms. The finite volume and finite element meshes have to be of the same size, but their shape can be practically independent. In the paper, the error estimates of this method are proven under the assumptions that the finite element meshes are shape regular, the size of the finite element and finite volume meshes are equivalent and the exact solution is sufficiently regular. Theoretical analysis is accompanied by numerical experiments, showing the optimality of the derived error estimates.
Buckling and post‐buckling of a nonlinearly elastic column
Authors: Brojan M. , Puksic A. , Kosel F.
Published: July 2007

The classical problem of buckling of an inextensible elastic column, under the action of a compressive force is examined. The column is made of nonlinearly elastic material for which the stress‐strain relation is represented by the Ludwick constitutive law. An approximative formula for determination of the force at immediate post‐buckling is given. Further post‐buckling solutions are obtained for different values of the nonlinearity parameter by numerical integration using the Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg algorithm, and are presented in non‐dimensional diagrams. It is shown that no bifurcation point is found in the case of nonlinearly elastic column.
On a class of differential equations with left and right fractional derivatives
Authors: Atanackovic T.M. , Stankovic B.
Published: July 2007

We treat fractional order differential equations that contain left and right Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivatives. Such equations arise as the Euler‐Lagrange equation in variational principles with fractional derivatives. We find solutions of such equations or construct corresponding integral equations.
Oxymercuration‐demercuration of hydroxy acetylenic acids
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Oxymercuration‐demercurationof methyl 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12‐ynoate (I) and methyl 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐9‐ynoate (II) gave 9‐hydroxy‐12‐oxooctadecanoate (III) and 12‐hydroxy‐9‐oxooctadecanoate (IV) in ca. 80% yields. Jones's oxidation of III and IV afforded a quantitative yield of 1,4‐dioxooctadecanoate (V).
Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous palladium hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N.
Published: July 2007

Mechanistic and kinetic studies of Pd‐catalyzed hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure and 30–100 C were carried out with methyl sorbate, methyl linoleate and conjugated linoleate. Homogeneous Pd catalysts and particularly Pd‐acetylacetonate [Pd(acac)2] were significantly more selective than Pd/C in the hydrogenation of sorbate to hexanoates, mainlytrans‐2‐hexenoate. Relative rate constants for the different parallel and consecutive reactions, determined by computer simulation, indicated that the low diene selectivity of Pd/C can be dattributed to a significant direct reduction of sorbate to hexanoate. The similar behavior of PdCl2 to that of Pd/C suggests that Pd(II) was initially reduced to Pd(O). Valence stabilization of PbCl2 by adding DMF or a mixture of Ph3P and SnCl2 increased the diene selectivity but decreased the activity. Stabilization of Pd(acac)2 with triethylaluminum (Ziegler catalyst) resulted in increased activity but decreased selectivity. The kinetics of methyl linoleate hydrogenation showed that although Pd(acac)2 was only half as active as Pd/C, their respective diene selectivity was similar (10.4 and 9.6). The much greater reactivity of conjugated compared with unconjugated linoleate toward Pd(acac)2 suggests the possible formation of conjugated dienes as intermediates that are rapidly reduced and not detected in the lipid phase during hydrogenation.
Antioxidant activity of sodium nitrite in meat
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G. , Foglia T. A.
Published: July 2007

Polar lipids were extracted from raw, nitrite‐treated beef and pork by a dry column procedure. The polar‐lipid fraction had substantial activity in inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid as determined by a β‐carotene bleaching method and by conjugated diene formation. The antioxidant activity of the polar‐lipid fraction was stable over several months when stored in hexane at−20 C. Residual sodium nitrite, carbon‐nitroso and nitrogen‐nitroso compounds or products of the addition of nitrogen oxides to olefins do not seem to account for the antioxidant activity observed.
Relationship between titer and fatty acid composition of beef tallow
Authors: Grompone M. A.
Published: July 2007

The effect of titer increase on the composition of 60 samples of Uruguayan beef tallow was studied. The results demonstrate that the titer depends fundamentally on the stearic/oleic ratio.
Solvent solubility parameter and flour moisture effects on lipid extractability
Authors: Chung O. K. , Pomeranz Y. , Jacobs R. M.
Published: July 2007

Lipids were extracted with a series of solvent systems whose solubility parameter (δ) values ranged from 7.27 to 12.92 (hexane and its aqueous azeotrope, benzene, acetone and its azeotrope and 2‐propanol and its azeotrope) from a flour with 1.2%, 7.2% or 13.8% moisture content (MC). The extracted total lipids (TL) were fractionated into nonpolar lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) by silicic acid column chromatography. NL and PL were further subfractionated by thin layer chromatography (TLC). PL were separated into glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PhL). TL, NL and PL extractabilities were affected by both flour MC and by the nature and composition of extractants: the overall solvent effects were substantially more pronounced than the flour MC effects. Free fatty acid and digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG) extractabilities increased for all extractants, in general, as flour MC increased. Significant linear relations between the δ values of extractants and the average amounts of TL, PL, GL and PhL from flours with 3 MC were found. The high correlation (r=0.981) between δ and extractability of TL was primarily caused by PL; extractabilities of monoglycerides (among NL) and all classes of GL and PhL were significantly (at the 0.01 level) linearly related to the δ values at all 3 flour MC levels. The present study indicated no selective binding between flour proteins and a specific PL class. Among PL, DGDG showed a clear‐cut breaking point in irreversible restoration of breadmaking characteristics. Thus, the present study confirms the significant role of PL to breadmaking, resulting primarily from the contribution of DGDG.
Vernonia volkameriaefolia Seed oil: a rich source of epoxy acid
Authors: Siddiqi S. F. , Ahmad Fasih , Siddiqi M. S. , Osman S. M. , Fenwick G. R.
Published: July 2007

The seeds ofVernonia volkameriaefolia contain 20% oil and are a good source of epoxidized triglycerides. The vernolic acid (cis‐12, 13‐epoxy‐cis‐9, 10‐octadecenoic acid) content of the oil was 63.5%. The structure of this compound was established by chemical and physical methods, including a study of the mass spectral fragmentation of the parent compound and its derivatives.
HPLC analysis of nonionic surfactants. Part IV. Polyoxyethylene fatty alcohols
Authors: Aserin A. , Frenkel M. , Garti N.
Published: July 2007

A high performance liquid chromatographic technique (HPLC) was applied to analyze nonionic surfactants of ethylene oxide (EO) adducts. Pattern analyses of EO adducts (ethers), with 2, 10 and 20 average EO units, were carried out using a Lichrosorb SI‐60 (10 μm) column (4.6 mm inner dimension (id)×25 cm) under the following conditions: mobile phase‐mixture of isopropanol, methanol and n‐hexane (gradient): temperature of 50 C: UV detector at 220 nm. No derivatization of the compounds was needed. An improved baseline, in spite of gradient elution, was achieved by adding negligible amounts of anthracene to the eluents. Brominated ethoxylated alcohols, resulting from the addition of bromine to the hydrophobic chain of the ethoxylated fatty alcohol, did not require any changes in the elution conditions.
Kinetics of nickel catalyst poisoning
Authors: Drozdowski B. , Zajac M.
Published: July 2007

Hydrogenation was done in a “dead‐end” type of reactor with automatic recording of hydrogen absorption. In order to determine the poisoning rates of various nickel catalysts with phospholipids, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), free fatty acids, sodium soaps and products of lipid oxidation, these poisons were added to the reaction system while the reaction was approaching the highest rate. The kinetic curves show that, at the moment of inhibitor addition, the reaction rate decreases immediately; for AITC, the reaction is even stopped for a certain period of time. This observation proves inhibitors are adsorbed at the metal surface immediately after introduction to the system. In some cases, after decreasing the reaction rate, we have observed subsequent acceleration of the reaction that may result from depoisoning processes at the catalyst surface.
Volatile components from trilinolein heated in air
Authors: Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Pure trilinolein and mixtures of trilinolein‐tristearin, trilinolein‐triolein, and trilinolein‐triolein‐tristearin were heated to 192 C in air. Volatiles were collected, separated, and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Major volatiles observed from each heated sample produced compounds unique to the autoxidation‐decomposition of the trilinolein component and included: pentane, acrolein, pentanal, 1‐pentanol, hexanal, 2‐ and/or 3‐hexenal, 2‐heptenal, 2‐octenal, 2,4‐decadienal, and 4,5‐epoxydec‐2‐enal. When samples containing both trilinolein and triolein were heated, volatiles were produced that could be ascribed to each triglyceride. However, heated mixtures containing tristearin produced no observable volatiles that could be related to the oxidized saturated triglyceride. Minor volatiles identified from the heated trilinolein and its mixtures included; aliphatic acids, saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, gamma lactones, furans, hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones.
Behavior of alpha, gamma, and delta tocopherols with linoleic acid in aqueous media
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P.
Published: July 2007

Tocopherols can exhibit opposite effects in aqueous media on linoleic acid autoxidation rate. The effect which was observed depended on tocopherol concentration and on the tocopherol itself. At 0.05 mole of tocopherol per mole of linoleic acid, α‐tocopherol was prooxidant while in similar conditions, δ‐tocopherol was anti‐oxidant as well as γ‐tocopherol. However, this latter one exhibited a slight antioxidant activity. When tocopherol concentration decreased (twice as weak), α‐tocopherol still exhibited the same pro‐oxidant activity, while the antioxidant effect of γ and δ tocopherols was increased. The study of tocopherol stability by HPLC has shown that tocopherol oxidation increased in order δ < γ < α. There was a relationship between the ability for a tocopherol to be easily oxidized by air and its prooxidant activity. Tocopherol oxidation would enhance the formation of a perhydroxyl radical ([·OOH] or one of this type [O20=, ·OH]) which was responsible for the prooxidant effect.
The dsc thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in palm oil, II
Authors: Kawamura K.
Published: July 2007

Polymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter under isothermal and constant cooling conditions. Constant cooling conditions produced β1’ crystals mixed with α, and β2’ crystals. All underwent the typical transformations to the more stable forms; i.e., β2’ → α → β1’ → β. Isothermal conditions produced: (a) α crystals mixed with β1’, (b) transformation from them to β1, and (c)β2 and β3 crystals. In palm oil crystals, sorbitan tristearate retarded the transformation of the unstable α and β’ forms to the stable β form. This retardation, however, was greatly influenced by the cooling and heating conditions. Using that property of sorbitan tristearate, the polymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals could be studied in detail.
Management systems for creative product development
Authors: Ginn Martin E.
Published: July 2007

A consideration of various routes for creative product development has suggested that ambidextrous methods of management are most appropriate. This has led to an examination of how group vs. individual processing affects the individual engaged in creative product development. Based on certain scenarios and field experiences supported by the literature, it is postulated that participation in innovating groups can have positive as well as negative impacts. Thus, creativity may be facilitated or impeded, depending on the quality and duration of group involvement. This analysis suggests that management approaches should permit certain contingencies to inject variety into experiences of individuals responsible for new product development. A flexible management style allows for stimulation within groups as well as satisfaction of self‐actualization needs of individuals engaged in the creative process.
A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of free fatty acids for lipase assay
Authors: Kwon Dae Y. , Rhee Joon S.
Published: July 2007

A simple and rapid colorimetric method was developed to determine the lipase activity for fat splitting. Free fatty acids produced by lipase from triacylglycerols were determined by observing the color developed using cupric acetate‐pyridine as a color developing reagent. This modified method requires only a few minutes to determine the free fatty acids, whereas it takes over 20 min by the conventional methods which require solvent evaporation and centrifugation steps. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were good for caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids.
A capillary gas chromatographic method for the characterization of linear fatty alcohols
Authors: Oborn Robert E. , Ullman Alan H.
Published: July 2007

A capillary gas chromatography (GC) method for the analysis of fatty alcohols is described. The method can separate fatty alcohols, fatty acids, hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters containing 6 to 22 carbons, as well as fatty‐fatty esters to 40 or more carbons. The precision of the method is better than 2% (rsd); accuracy, based on analyses of a standard mixture and a spiking/recovery experiment, is better than 3% (relative difference between known and measured). A calculated hydroxyl value based upon the GC data agrees well with the titrimetric hydroxyl value.
Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by soluble chicken muscle proteins
Authors: Decker E. A. , Schanus E. G.
Published: July 2007

A soluble fraction of a chickenMusculus gastrocnemius muscle was used to characterize the catalyst of linoleate oxidation. Separation of the chicken muscle extract into low (free metal) and high (protein) molecular weight fractions revealed that the molecular weight of the major catalyst of linoleate oxidation in chicken muscle extract was greater than 700 daltons. Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by the protein fraction exhibited a pH optimum of 5.9. Subjecting the protein fraction to heat treatments at increasing temperatures (30–90 C) decreased the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Addition of two mM EDTA had no effect on the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Cyanide (2 mM), glutathione (1 mM) and cysteine (1 mM) decreased the oxidation of linoleate by the protein fraction 21.0%, 22.9% and 29.0% respectively. Characterization of the oxidative catalyst in chicken muscle extract indicated that free metals and hemoproteins contribute to overall catalysis of linoleate oxidation but are not the sole catalysts. Heat inactivation of the oxidative catalyst and the observed pH optimum suggests that the unidentified catalyst is proteinacious and may be an enzyme.
Routine analysis of jojoba wax fatty acids and alcohols by single column capillary GC
Authors: Graille J. , Pina M. , Ploch D.
Published: July 2007

Through a detailed study of the different steps and reactions of the ethanolysis and acetylation of jojoba wax, two analytical procedures were developed. One method could be a standard method of analysis because it includes a one‐pot derivatization of the jojoba wax followed by a single GC analysis with an overall analysis time of three hr. The other method, is suitable for the analysis of large numbers of samples for checking, screening, selection and breeding among the different jojoba genera.
Interaction of a model skin surface lipid with a modified triglyceride
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Osborne David W.
Published: July 2007

A study of the interaction between a model skin surface lipid (SSL) and an oil base skin softener (G2) was made by comparing the phase behavior of these substances in combination with the water/triethanolamine: oleic acid (1:1 wt ratio) system. A principle feature of the water/G2/triethanolamine:oleic acid (TEA:OL) system was the formation of a lamellar liquid crystal region that incorporated an average of 40% G2 over the 10–45% water range. The phase behavior of the water/SSL/TEA:OL system demonstrated only over a 4–9% water range. At greater than 5% SSL, there is the complete absence of single phase regions above 10’% water.

From comparison of the phase regions and the small angle X‐ray diffraction results, it is found that for G2/SSL mixtures the phase behavior of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by the SSL and the interlayer spacing of the lamellar liquid crystal is dominated by G2.
A simple population viability analysis of Tancho (Grus japonensis) in southeastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Masatomi Yoshiyuki , Higashi Seigo , Masatomi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

We employed population viability analysis to estimate future population trends and extinction risk of Tancho, the Japanese or red‐crowned crane (Grus japonensis). The stage matrix was based on 15 years of data collected by counting the number of wintering cranes and following the survivorship of banded cranes. The accidental death rate was estimated from the number of dead or seriously injured cranes collected in the Kushiro municipal zoo. Consequently, the accidental death rate was found to increase each year at 0.072% per year during the recent 14 years and 0.132% per year during final 6 years. The carrying capacity (K) was estimated from the mean mire area within the territory of a breeding pair and the geographic information system data in southeastern Hokkaido. Accordingly, K was estimated to be 1,659 in this area. Using the stage matrix, accidental death rates and K (and 20%‐lower K), the simulation was conducted under three conditions: (1) the increase of accidental death, (2) the limitation of carrying capacity, and (3) the concurrent occurrence of carrying capacity limitation and accidental death increase. As a result, the extinction probability during 100 years was zero, although the accidental death rate increased at the current rate of 0.132% per year. Therefore, by artificial feeding in winter, the Japanese population of Tancho reached the adequate level, which seems sustainable unless some catastrophic factors seriously damage the population. To raise the tolerance to catastrophic factors, we discuss the probability of their distributional expansion to western or northern Hokkaido and even to Honshu.