bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
8 The Christian Life: Ethics
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

Gregory sees his advice for the good life as springing from his conceptions of incarnation and salvation. If Gregory thinks that in Christ the human is not obliterated, but transformed, and if in salvation human nature in general will not be obliterated but transformed, then one would expect his ethics similarly to be aimed at the transformation, not the denial, suppression, or punishment of the material aspects of life. However, it must be admitted that some of his language about the soul turning away from the things of this world is very ambivalent. This chapter investigates how some contemporary commentators have reacted to it, and looks at some particular practical issues which have drawn writers' attention to Gregory's theology, notably those of the ascetic life, pilgrimage, and the ethical implications of his doctrine of creation and the Trinity. The chapter then considers what one might call the eschatological fulfilment of these ideas.
9 Reading Gregory of Nyssa on Christ, Salvation, and Human Transformation
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter offers some reflections on how Gregory is read, to what extent these readings reflect developments in recent theology and the study of patristics, and to what extent they reflect ambiguities in Gregory's own thought. Although the questions asked mirror those dealt with at the end of Part I, it is shown that while some answers demonstrate the same patterns of reading, other answers are strikingly different.
10 Introduction: Feminism and the Fathers
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of Gregory of Nyssa's anthropology: ideas on what it means to be human — male and female —, which have caught the attention of feminist theologians. It then presents a brief overview of the chapters in Part III of the book.
13 Macrina—in Life and in Letters
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

The bond between Gregory of Nyssa an his sister, Macrina, as portrayed in On the Soul and the Resurrection and in The Life of Macrina, has been used by some modern writers as a kind of test to verify whether Gregory's real life attitudes toward women bear out his more theoretical advocacy of equality. Other modern authors have approached these texts more suspiciously — not so much reading in them evidence of Gregory's duplicity or androcentrism, as using them to demonstrate how, even in these apparently intimate pictures of a female life, the woman is a construct and is not allowed to speak for herself. This chapter examines a range of these accounts, beginning with the more straightforward ones, which use the texts as historical evidence for the life of a 4th-century ascetic woman and her relationship with her brother. It discusses the problems of such historical readings and then sets out various alternative and more literary readings.
15 Apophatic Theology as ‘Reaching out to What Lies Ahead’
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter presents an overview of Part IV of the book, which extends the discussion of Gregory of Nyssa's concept of epektasis which was begun in Chapter 7. From the perspective of theologians of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, who frequently question previous assumptions about the nature of theology and its relation to contemporary culture, the writings of Gregory are very interesting and attractive: not only did he write about the nature of God and the difficulty of knowing God, but he also wrote about the nature of language (both religious and non-religious) and its implications for the writing of theology. Furthermore, he, along with the other Cappadocian fathers, is quite clearly in his writings trying to negotiate a place for Christian theology in the late antique world: he develops various genres of theological writing, and thinks about the arenas of theological reflection and Christian action (monasteries and every day life). To him, the questions of what theology is and how it should be done are very live. The chapters in this part of the book focus on two readings of Gregory (from Scot Douglass and John Milbank) which set him alongside, or in the context of, writers such as Heidegger, Derrida, and Jean-Luc Marion.
16 God and Being: Beings and Language
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter deals with a reading of Gregory's apophaticism which is particularly focused on his philosophy of language. In his interpretation, Scot Douglass builds on the work of patristic scholars such as Mariette Can évet, Ekkehard Mühlenberg, and Alden Mosshammer; he brings to his analysis, however, a profound interest in post-Heideggerian philosophy and his approach assumes that Gregory still has profound and interesting things to say about the nature and purpose of theology. The chapter first outlines Douglass's account of Gregory's philosophy language. It then indicates how Douglass makes connections between this and the rest of Gregory's theology, in particular Gregory's notions of divine presence through revelation and incarnation; the specific nature of theological discourse and the nature of the soul's encounter with that of which it cannot speak. It then comments on the connections that Douglass draws between Gregory's theology and Heidegger, Derrida, and Marion and the conclusions he subsequently draws about the nature of theology as the Cappadocians saw it.
17 The Gift, Reciprocity, and the Word
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

John Milbank is not interested in an analysis of Cappadocian theology for its own sake. Rather, he is usually more interested in how Gregory fits into the a broader spectrum of Christian writers and to what extent those writers can answer the questions posed by the contemporary context. This chapter shows that although questions of the origin and nature of language do come into Milbank's analysis, his primary interest in Gregory revolves around the more basic questions of theological language — how is it possible to speak of that which is other? — and (especially) ontology — in what way are humans related to that which is other? In order to answer these questions, Milbank appeals to the notion of gift and, in particular, his own notion of gift as ‘purified gift-exchange’. It is argued that Milbank's reading of Gregory is best understood as the discovery (in the sense of an uncovering) of a theology of purified gift-exchange in a pre-modern writer. This background explains his focus on various elements in Gregory's theology (reputation, generation, growth, and embodiment), which he thinks are characterized by a particular notion of reciprocity.
Political Parties in Ukraine
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Brich Sarah
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the development of political parties in the Ukraine. It focuses on their popular legitimacy, organizational strength, and role in the process of government, in particular, governance, political recruitment, political participation, and political communication and education.
Poland
Authors: Jasiewicz Krzysztof
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the development of political parties and the party system in post-communist Poland. Special attention is given to the ways in which elections, parliamentary and presidential, have contributed to the emergence and consolidation of political cleavages and the party system. Other factors, such as legislation, organizational structures, mass media, patterns of voting behaviour, and popular political attitudes, are discussed as well. Finally, the adequacy of the cartel party model in relation to Poland is assessed. The analysis focuses on the issue of the functionality of parties and the party system: have the unquestionable achievements of Poland in her democratic transition been generated within a political process in which parties played significant and functional role, or has Poland succeeded on the road to pluralist democracy despite her complex and confusing party system?
10 The Durability of the Party System in Chile
Authors: Angell Alan
Published: January 2008

Chilean parties have shown a remarkable capacity for survival after years of turbulent ideological polarization followed by a prolonged period of clandestine activity during the Pinochet dictatorship 1973-1990. This chapter argues that this is due to the deep historical and social roots of the parties; their capacity to represent most major social groups; and their efficiency as agents of government. A remarkable characteristic since the return to democracy in 1990 is the electoral success of the same coalition in every Presidential, Congressional, and Municipal election. This is explained because the centre-left coalition encompasses the majority of the electorate, because it is seen as the agent of democracy in the long struggle against dictatorship, and because of its sustained and impressive economic performance.
2 Late Christendom
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the wide-ranging role played by Christianity and the churches in Western societies in the 1940s and 1950s, and considers the limits of their influence and the new challenges which they were facing. The years of the Second World War and then of the cold war boosted the sense of Christian national identity in many Western countries. The church building boom was accompanied by a relatively brief surge in church-going, which was probably strongest in the middle classes and among students. However, the biggest problem faced by most of the churches was still the lack of involvement, or even alienation, of the working class.
5 Affluence
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter looks at the ways in which rising living standards and changes in family life affected religion, focusing mainly on England and France. It argues that the booming economies and the individual affluence of the ‘long 1960s’ had far-reaching effects on many aspects of life in Western societies, not least including religion. Countries that had previously been overwhelmingly Christian and Jewish were pushed in the direction of a growing religious pluralism by large-scale non-Christian immigration. Affluence weakened the position of Christianity and the churches in at least four other ways. Economic change in the countryside undermined the rural cultures which had often been strongholds of Catholicism. The burgeoning youth culture provided a host of new possibilities for adolescents, often drawing them away from the organizations provided and the values propagated by the churches. Collective identities and communal institutions of all kinds were weakened as the life of married couples focused on the home and the nuclear family, and as individuals claimed the right to live in their own way without outside interference. A more prosperous society could also afford to pay a growing number of trained professionals to take over many of the roles previously performed by priests, nuns, or voluntary religious workers.
6 New Worlds
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on the emergence and spread of various counter-cultures in the 1960s. Counter-cultures began to emerge around 1965 in California's Bay Area, and quickly spread eastward, to New York, reaching London and Amsterdam in 1966, and eventually meeting in the Pacific in Sydney and Auckland. In the short run, the most obvious point was that large numbers of young people — as one aspect of a wider rebellion against conventional society — were breaking away from the churches in which they had been brought up. In the longer term, the more significant fact was that in breaking away they became open to a huge variety of new ideas, many of which were to have a continuing influence in the latter part of the century. Many of these apparently new ideas were actually quite old, but until the 1960s they had not been widely known.
10 From ‘Christian Country’ to ‘Civilized Society’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the impact of legal reforms in the in the 1960s and 1970s on religion. It argues that legal reforms mark an important stage in the decline of Christendom, and the move towards a pluralistic society, in which a range of contrasting moral standpoints have an accepted standing. The precise ways in which this happened varied between countries. In mainly Catholic countries, the issues of abortion and sometimes divorce brought an inevitable conflict between the church authorities and the proponents of reform. In mainly Protestant countries, the role of the churches was usually more complex and varied. But the overall result was to reject the idea that any one set of moral principles should be regarded as normative, and to seek viable compromises between the requisites of rival moralities.
11 The End of Christendom?
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses the shift in public perceptions of the religious identity of Western societies during the ‘long 1960s’.It argues that whatever the real extent of change in popular belief and practice, most people believed that they were moving into a ‘pluralist’, ‘post-Christian’, or even ‘secular’ society. Some enthused; some were horrified; most simply regarded it as a fact. This was as much true in the United States as in Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This concluding chapter presents a summary of discussions in the preceding chapters, discussing the similarities and differences between these explanations and those offered by other writers. It contends that explanations for religious change in the 1960s must operate at three levels: the long-term preconditions, the effects of more immediate social changes, and the impact of specific events, movements, and personalities. In this respect, the methodology used in this study is closest to that of Alan Gilbert who, in The Making of Post-Christian Britain integrates a range of factors, some very long-term and others much more recent.
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE HEALTH EVALUATION
Authors: GRANATH Sten , HELANDER Jan
Published: January 2008

Summary

A medical, psychological and sociological study of 400 persons of various ages was carried out. The investigation was aimed at verifying frequent reports in the literature regarding the discrepancy between the health statements made by doctors about the patients' health and the patients' own statements of their health condition. The World Health Organization's definition of good health was used as a basis for the hypotheses to be tested. Factor analysis was used to analyse the results and the following conclusions were reached.

The nature of the doctor's health statements depend upon the patient's age and his psychological well being.

The patient's own statements about his health are similarly dependent upon age and psychological well being.

Therefore, discrepancies between the patients' and the doctor's statements are not attributable to differences in other variables examined in the study.
PROFESSIONAL ISOLATES IN NEW ZEALAND'S ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME1
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W.
Published: January 2008

A comparison was made between 24 ‘professional isolates’ with a current practical interest in Antarctica and 19 other men from winter‐over parties at Scott Base. The results showed that the ‘professionals’ were the more self‐sufficient, but that both groups were composed of slightly introverted and well‐balanced individuals.
Non‐instructional correlates of student ratings: a brief review
Authors: Morgan Ben B , Ogden George D
Published: January 2008

It is clear from this review that student ratings are influenced by a variety of different extraneous variables, and not only by single variables in isolation, but also by the interaction of variables. Although there has been a recent resurgence of research in this area which has contributed to our understanding of the effects of these variables, a considerable amount of additional research is needed in order to explicate the direct and interacting effect of the relevant variables. Research from a wide variety of instructional systems, and cross‐cultural research is particularly needed.

Class variables seem to be the most potent set of variables since almost all variables related to the class situation have been found to influence rating. The weakest set of variables seems to be the student variables. With a few notable exceptions (e.g. student grades and grade expectations), the findings with respect to student variables have been inconsistent. At best, the effects of instructor (but non‐instructional) variables seem to be intermediate in strength to class and student variables.

The findings of this review suggest that individual ratings must be interpreted in light of the situation in which the ratings are made. At the very least, departmental norms should be established along dimensions based on class variables such as size, level, subject matter, etc. (cf. Hoffman, 1978), and indeed, until their effects are better understood, norms should also be based on certain of the student and instructor variables.
The dynamics of work‐family relationships in managerial lives
Authors: Evans Paul , Bartolomé Fernando
Published: January 2008

This article will focus on the relationship between professional and private life among successful managers, people who live outwardly meaningful work lives. We wish to report some findings from a broader study, showing the dynamic nature of this relationship which changes during the course of adult life. The latter part of the paper assesses those dynamics and their implications.
Job and educational level of company managers: their relations with job satisfaction
Authors: Frances R.
Published: January 2008

In a previously published study, we used a Satisfaction Inventory to measure the job satisfaction of managerial staff (theInventaire de Satisfaction Appliqué aux Cadres, ISAC). The method of construction and certain metric qualities of the inventory were explained (Frances, 1983).
Job Evaluation, Comparable Worth, and Compensation: An Introduction
Authors: Elizur Dov , Thierry Henk
Published: January 2008

L'evaluation des taches est la base de l'établissement du salaire de millions d'employes. Des objectifs secondaires la relient a d'autres secteurs de la direction de personnel, tels la selection, la planification de carrieres et dans quelques pays, (elaboration de politiques nationales. L'evaluation des taches est en plein developpement dans les cas ou les femmes qui travaillent se plaignent de discriminations sexuelles dan leur remuneration. La plupart des contributions a cette discussion particuliere portent sur la comparaison des taches et legalisation des salaires. A ce propos sont abordes certains sujets comme la legislation, la description de taches, l'implantation systematique de plans devaluation et les negotiations salariales. D'autres articles concernent l'usage et la rentabilite de systémes de remuneration d'apres les resultats, et l'approche operatoire des problemes d'appreciation.
An Alternative Performance Measurement Approach: Applied Operant Measurement in the Service Sector
Authors: Komaki Judith L. , Collins Robert L. , Temlock Stephen
Published: January 2008

Une strategic devaluation utilisee par les psychologies praticiens pour mesurer les comportements dans les situations appliquees, 1‘“Applied Operant Measurement” (AOM) permet d'aborder le probleme des criteres dans les organisations. Huit points sont abordes, en particulier la definition des termes, la formation des observateurs, la flexibility du contenu et la procedure de mesure. Ces caracteristiques, dans leur globalite, distinguent l'AOM des methodes traditionnelles devaluation. Un exemple montre la finesse d'une AOM appli‐quee a 1'evaluation de la performance dans une tache aussi complexe qu'insai‐sissable, les relations avec les clients potentiels. Le caractere operationnel des résultats apparait dans une intervention experimentale destinee a ameliorer le service clients d'une entreprise nationale de vente au detail. On discute enfin des a vantages de l'AOM et des orientations des recherches a venir.
Absence from Work: Explanations and Attributions
Authors: Nicholson Nigel , Payne Roy
Published: January 2008

Quatre groupes de travailleurs (employés de bureau, employées de bureau, ouvriers et ouvrières) ont été interrogés sur les chances qu'avaient douze évènements particuliers de les contraindre à s'absenter de leur travail et si ces mêmes évènements avaient effectivement étéàľorigine ďabsences spécifiques récentes. Parmi ces évènements, on compte la maladie grave, les problèmes familiaux mineurs et la difficulté de se lever àľheure. Ces derniers ont été choisis pour représenter un continuum ďévenèments qui diffèrent de par leur influence plus ou moins grande sur ľindividu qui décide si il/elle devra s'absenter du travail. On a manifeste un soutien que très modéré en faveur de ľhypothèse qu'il y aurait des différences entre les quatre groupes profession‐nels. Certaines divergences intéressantes sont apparues entre les estimations quant aux probabilityés qu'avaient certains évènements de se produire et la fréquence à laquelle ces mêmes évènements étaient signalés comme causes ďabsence réelles (par exemple maladie bénigne). Ainsi les motifs attribués aux absences peuvent différer des causes réelles. Les implications de ces résultats pour les recherches futures ainsi que des suggestions destinées aux directeurs de sociétés confrontés au problème de ľabsentéisme sont exposées brièvement.

Four groups of workers (white‐collar males, white‐collar females, blue‐collar males, and blue‐collar females) were asked how likely it was that each of 12 different events would lead to their being absent from work, and then whether the same 12 events had actually been causes of recent specific problems. Examples of these events were serious illness, minor domestic problems and difficulties getting up on time. These have been chosen to represent a continuum of events which vary in the degree to which they leave the individual free to decide if he/she will need to be absent from work if they occur. There was only moderate support for the hypothesis that there would be differences between the four occupational groups. Some interesting discrepancies occurred between the estimates of how likely some events were to occur, and the frequency with which the same events were reported as actual causes of absence (e.g. minor illness). Thus attributions for absences may differ from real causes. The implications for future research and suggestions for managers dealing with absenteeism are briefly outlined.
Candidate Personality as an Influence on Selection Interview Assessments
Authors: Fletcher Clive
Published: January 2008

Les interviewers décrivent couramment leur travail comme une tâche ďévaluation de la personnalité. Pourtant, on recense peu de recherches sur la façon dont la personnalité des candidats influence les jugements de ľinterviewer. Dans cette étude, des demandeurs de formation ont rempli la “self‐monitoring scale” de Snyder, ľE.P.I. et une mesure de ľanxiété comportementale; ces données ont été corrélées avec les appréciations des interviewers. Conformé‐ment aux hypothèses, on a trouvé que les extravertis étaient jugés plus positivement. Le névrotisme, bien que corrélé avec plusieurs appréciations ďinterviewers, ne semblait pas liéà la décision finale. Contrairement aux prédictions, les scores ďautonomie n‘étaient pas corrélés avec les appréciations des interviewers.

Interviewers frequently see their task as being one of personality assessment, yet there is little research on how candidate personality influences interviewer assessments. In this study, applicants for places on a course completed Snyder's self‐monitoring scale, the E.P.I, and a measure of state anxiety, and their scores were correlated with interviewers' ratings. As had been hypothesised, there was some indication that extraverts were judged to be more acceptable. Neuroti‐cism, despite being correlated with several interviewer ratings, did not seem to be related to final acceptance decision. Contrary to prediction, self‐monitoring scores did not correlate with the interviewers' assessments.
Disadvantaged Pupils and the Psychometric Test Context
Authors: Zeidner Moshe , Zaki Moshe
Published: January 2008

Le but principal de cette étude est de tester la validité de ľassertion communé‐ment avancée par les auteurs, à savior que la performance aux tests psychomé‐triques en moyenne relativement pauvre des élèves issus de milieux défavorisés serait dûe en partie à des attitudes défavorables envers les tests et à des préjugés systématiquement négatifs vis‐à‐vis de leur performance aux tests. On donna à un échantillon de 233 élèves issus de milieux défavorisés ďune école élémen‐taire, des questionnaires en feed‐back, immédiatement après des passassions de tests, afin de jauger chez ces sujets, attitudes et motivations face à des tests psychométriques classiques. Dans 1'ensemble, les éléves exprimèrent des attitudes favorables aux tests et aux différents aspects de la passassion (atmosphère, instructions, temps limités). De plus, la relation entre les scores aux tests et les attitudes exprimées était relativement significative. Ainsi nos résultats apportent‐ils peu de contribution àľhypothèse du biais situationnel, procla‐mant, parmi ďautres choses, oue la performance en moyenne relativement pauvre des élèves issus de milieux défavorises pourrait être partiellement attribuée à des attitudes et des motivations négatives, affectant en revanche leur niveau de réalisation des tests.

The major goal of this study was to investigate the commonly‐held assumption in the literature that the relatively poor mean performance of disadvantaged students on psychometric ability tests is due, in part, to unfavourable test attitudes and dispositions, systematically disadvantageous to their test performance. A sample of 233 disadvantaged elementary school children was given feedback inventories, designed to gauge examinees' attitudes and motivational dispositions towards conventional psychometric testing, immediately following standardised group testing procedures. On the whole, disadvantaged students expressed favourable test attitudes and evidenced positive affective dispositions towards varying facets of the test situation (e.g. atmosphere, instructions, time limits, etc.). In addition, the relationship between test scores and test dispositions was consistently of modest magnitude. Thus, our data lend little support to the situational bias hypothesis claiming, among other things, that the poor mean performance of disadvantaged children on standardised ability tests may be partially attributed to poor test dispositions and motivational tendencies, adversely affecting their level of test attainment.
ďUne Culture A PAutre: Le Cas ďUne Procèdure ďOrientation (Le F‐Test)
Authors: Dupont J.‐B. , Jobin C. , Pellerano J.
Published: January 2008

Cet article relate une expérience ďutilisation dans un milieu cultural européen (France et Suisse francophone) ďun instrument élabore au Japon pour les adolescents présentant des problèmes ďorientation. On souligne quelques‐uns des problèmes souleves par un tel transfert (differences dans ľenvironñement, rôle de ľenseignant, style des items). Amélioréà la suite ďune première passation, le questionnaire est finalement appliquéà 282 élèves. Divers indices sont calculés, conformément à la procédure ďorigine. On compare ensuite les résultats des jeunes Européens ďune part aux standards japonais et ďautre part aux résultats obtenus par un eAchantillon ďélèves japonais. On constate que les experiences de travail, effectuées tant par les adolescents européens que japonais, paraissent inférieures à ce qui est souhaitable. Par ailleurs, par rapport au modèle proposé, les élèves japonais de ľéchantillon auraient un peu plus de difficultés que les européens à choisir une profession adéquate. A ľintérieur de ľéchantillon européen, on compare également les résultats des garçons et des filles. On peut voir que les scores obtenus aux divers indices sont très proches; en revanche, des differences se manifestent au niveau de la nature des experiences de travail.

This paper concerns an experiment on the potential utilisation in a European culture (France and Switzerland) of a questionnaire designed in Japan and adapted to adolescents with vocational guidance problems. The authors discuss several problems relative to such a transfer (differences in environment, role of teachers, nature, and style of the items). After a first tentative application, a re‐elaborated questionnaire was given to 282 students. Several indices were calculated with reference to the original procedure. The authors compare the results of young Europeans to Japanese standards and also to results from a sample of Japanese students. We note that work experiences of European and Japanese adolescents are limited and probably not sufficient for realistic decision making. Otherwise, with regard to the proposed model, Japanese students have perhaps more difficulties than European students to choose an adequate vocation. For the European sample, the authors compare the results of boys and girls. The scores obtained for different indices are quite similar; however, differences exist at the level, and in the content, of work experiences.
Computer‐assisted Diagnosis in Children's Mental Health
Authors: Stein Steven J.
Published: January 2008

This article examines the use of computers in conducting diagnostic interviews with emotionally disturbed children and their parents. Some of the literature describing the benefits of computerised interviews with adults was reviewed. Advantages mentioned include more complete information, standardised data collection, improved patient attitudes, and increased cost effectiveness. Existing structured psychiatric interviews for children were listed and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (D.I.C.A.) was more fully described. A computerised version of the D.I.C.A. was made available for clinicians, on referral, in a large children's mental health centre. A variety of seriously disturbed children and adolescents and/or their parents were assessed. Clinician attitudes towards information provided by the D.I.C.A.: Computer Version were found to be quite positive. Clinicians' recommended continued use was most strongly associated with its comprehensiveness and discovery of new information. Finally, issues related to the cost effectiveness of the computerised interview were discussed.

Cet article aborde ľutilisation des ordinateurs dans la pratique des entretiens de diagnostic avec les enfants affectivement perturbés et avec leurs parents. On passe en revue une partie de la littérature portant sur les avantages des entretiens informatisés avec les adultes. Les aspects positifs mentionés com‐prennent une information plus complète, des données standardisées, des attitudes améliorées chez les patients et un meilleur rapport coût‐efficacité. Les entretiens psychiatriques structurés existant pour les enfants sont recensés et le “Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents” (D.I.C.A.) a été décrit plus soigneusement. Les cliniciens ďun grand centre de psychiatrie infantile ont reçu pour évaluation une version informatisée de la D.I.C.A. Ils y ont soumis une grande variétéďenfants et ďadolescents sérieusement perturbés et/ou leurs parents. Ces praticiens ont trouvé la version informatisée de la D.I.C.A. tout à fait intéressante. Leurs recommandations pour une utilisation continue étaient fortement influenceées par leurs conceptions relatives à son acceptabilityé professionnelle, à son aide à la programmation et àľamélioration du traitement, au Degré de contradiction avec les autres informations et à la mise en évidence de nouvelles données. On discute enfin de la question du rapport coût‐efficacité de ľinterview informatisée.
Levels of Error in Computerised Psychological Inventories
Authors: Most Robert
Published: January 2008

There are several levels of error in psychological tests and test interpretations. Error is added to the prediction of behaviours and the interpretation of the subject's responses as the responses are built up from items to scales, to algorithm combinations of scales, to interpretation of scales and algorithms. Most of these sources of error are random and are accounted for by psychological test theory. Computer administration, scoring, and interpretation of tests has analogous sources of error, but they are not random because the ‐computer reproduces an error exactly the same every time. Errors associated with computerised testing are: incorrect weighting of items into scales; poor interactive administration design leading to non‐equivalent response distributions; incorrect scoring of scales; incorrect coding of algorithms; miscommunication between the interpretation author and the programmer; poorly analysed cutting‐scores; and inconsistent algorithms. Many of these sources of error can be handled by careful design and testing of software.

II y a plusieurs catégories d'erreurs dans les tests psychologiques et dans leur interprétation. l'erreur entâche la prédiction des comportements et l'interprétation des réponses du sujet puisque les réponses sont, à partir des items, transformées en échelles, en combinaisons algorithmiques d'échelles, en interprétations d'échelles et d'algorithmes. La plupart de ces sources d'erreurs sont aléatoires et prises en compte par la théorie des tests psychologiques. l'administration des tests, la cotation et l'interprétation par ordinateur présentent des sources d'erreurs analogues, mais elles ne sont pas aléatoires parce que l'ordinateur reproduit toujours la même erreur. Les erreurs que Ton rencontre dans le testing par ordinateur sont: une pondération incorrecte des items dans la construction des échelles; une passation insumsamment intéractive qui débouche sur des distributions de réponses non comparables; une cotation incorrecte des échelles; un codage incorrect des algorithmes; des incompréhensions entre le psychologue et le programmeur; des limites de classes mal analysées; et des algorithmes imparfaits. Beaucoup de ces sources d'erreurs prevent être annulées grâce à une préparation soigneuse et au testing des logiciels.
Dimensions of Driving Behaviour and Driver Characteristics
Authors: Papacostas C. S. , Synodinos Nicolaos E.
Published: January 2008

Quatre dimensions de la conduite automobile, décrite par ceux qui la pratiquent, mesurée par le questionnaire Conduites en Circulation (BIT), furent étudiées avec plusieurs variables. Les résultats montrent que l‘âge, le sexe et l'ethnie sont corrélés a la dimension appelée “usurpation de priorité”; le sexe et la fréquence de la conduite à“voie d'urgence”; l'ethnie et le mode de voyage préféré a “extériorisation de la frustration”; le sexe à“destination‐orientation d'activité”. Les sujets caucasiens et japonais ont des réactions clairement distinctes de celles des autres conducteurs sur la route. De même, des quatre dimensions de la conduite automobile, seule “extériorisation de la frustration” (p. ex. les réactions émotionnelles et directives vis‐à‐vis des autres chauffeurs) est liée au modèle de comportement de Type A, proposé par la version étudiante du Jenkins. Cette corrélation se produit avec l’âge, le sexe et l'ethnie. Quand elles sont considérées comme liées à ce facteur, plutôt qu‘à une mesure composite de la conduite automobile, les différences entre hommes et femmes disparaissent. Done les différences dûes au sexe le sont en regard des trois autres facteurs.

Four dimensions of self‐reported driving behaviour, measured by the Behaviors in Traffic (BIT) questionnaire, were investigated vis‐a‐vis selected driver characteristics. Age, gender, and ethnicity were found to be related to the dimension that has been labelled “usurpation of right‐of‐way”; gender and driving frequency to “frceway urgency”; ethnicity and preferred mode of travel to “externally‐focused frustration”; and gender to “destination‐activity orientation”. Caucasian and Japanese subjects reported distinctly differing reactions to the actions of other drivers on the road. Also, of the four components of driving behaviour, only “externally‐focused frustration” (i.e. emotional and directive behaviour towards other drivers on the road) was found to be related to the Type A behaviour pattern as measured by the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey. This relationship was consistent across age, gender, and ethnicity. When viewed in relation to this factor, rather than in relation to a composite measure of driver behaviour, the reported differences between males and females disappeared. Hence, gender differences were due to the other three factors.
21st International Congress of Applied Psychology1
Authors: Knowles M. C.
Published: January 2008

Jerusalem, a beautiful city built in stone, and literally meaning city of peace, was the location for the twenty‐first International Congress of Applied Psychology. The purpose of this article is to review briefly the achievements of this Congress, mainly for those who were unable to go to Jerusalem, but also for others who, by virtue of attending a chosen range of sessions at the Congress, may have missed noteworthy aspects of other facets of the total programme.
Women's Choice of Innovative‐Technical Fields of Studies
Authors: Erez Miriam
Published: January 2008

L‘étude est centrée sur le problème du faible pourcentage de femmes occupant des professions masculines et se propose en deux temps (1) d'identifier les variables discriminant les étudiantes “créatives” dans les sections techniques à dominante masculine des grandes éeoles professionnelles, des étudiantes “traditionnelles”; (2) de rechercher la contribution additionnelle de l'information et des facteurs socio‐environnementaux à la différenciation entre créatifs et non‐créatifs, sous l'angle des aptitudes et de la personnalité. Les sujets étaient au nombre de 650, étudiants et étudiantes de “grandes écoles” professionnelles préparant des carrières innovatrices ou traditionnelles. Les données furent recueillies avec des questionnaires individuels, au cours de sessions de deux heures. Les résultats montrèrent que les étudiantes créatives ont des scores d'aptitudes semblables à ceux des étudiants, dans les mêmes sections techniques. L'analyse des variables multiples indiqua que les stéréotypes des rôles sexuels, les facteurs socio‐environnementaux et l'information sur les débouchés professionnels possibles contribuent significativement à la distinction entre étudiantes créatives et étudiantes traditionnelles, comme d'ailleurs et en outre la solidité de leurs aptitudes et de leur personnalité. Il est recommandé d'encourager le choix professionnel innovateur des femmes par des interventions continues sur le changement et par une large information sur les débouchés.

The study focuses on the problem of the low proportion of women in male occupations, and its purpose is twofold: (1) to identify variables discriminating between “innovative” female students in technical male‐dominated programmes in vocational high schools and “traditional” female students, and (2) to investigate the additional contribution of information and socio‐environmental factors to the discrimination between innovators and non‐innovators over and above aptitudes and personality characteristics. Subjects were 650 female and male high school students in vocational and academic high schools majoring in innovative and traditional fields of study. Data were collected by individually administered questionnaires in 2‐hour sessions. Results demonstrated that innovative female students had similar aptitude scores to boys in the same technical studies. The multiple discriminant analysis indicated that sex‐role stereotypes, socio‐environmental factors, and information about innovative vocational opportunities significantly contributed to the distinction between “innovative” and traditional female students over and above the contribution of stable characteristics of aptitudes and personality. It is recommended that women's innovative vocational choice be encouraged by a continuing process of attitude change and an intensive exposure to information on vocational opportunities.
Assessing Client Satisfaction with Mental Health Treatment among French‐Canadians
Authors: Sabourin Stéphane , Gendreau Pierre
Published: January 2008

La présente étude fournit des résultats à verser au dossier de validation de la version française “Client Satisfaction Questionnaire” (CSQ): une courte échelle en 18 items créée pour mesurer le degré de satisfaction de l'utilisation de différents aspects des services de santé mentale. L‘échantillon comprenait 89 anciens patients (en secteur) d'une clinique psychologique universitaire. Les résultats montrent la fidélité et la validité factorielle du CSQ dans le contexte franco‐canadien. De plus, comportant des similitudes avec les observations anglaises, espagnoles et hollandaises, ils représentent un important premier pas pour fonder l’équivalence inter‐culturelle de la version franco‐canadienne de l‘échelle.

The present study provides data for the cross‐cultural validity of the French version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ); a short 18‐item scale which was designed to assess degree of satisfaction with different aspects of mental health services. The sample consisted of 89 former outpatients of a University Psychology Clinic. Results supported the reliability and factorial validity of the CSQ in a French‐Canadian context. In addition, the results were similar to those observed for English, Spanish and Dutch versions and represent an important first step towards the cross‐cultural equivalence of the French‐Canadian version of the scale.
Employment Testing for the Selection and Evaluation of Bus Drivers
Authors: Ash Philip , Baehr Melany E. , Joy Dennis S. , Orban Joseph A.
Published: January 2008

On examine les méthodes et les connaissances en jeu dans la sélection des conducteurs de bus des transports en commun urbains et autres (intervilles, ramassage scolaire, fret). Le “Transit Operator Selection Inventory” (TOSI), conçu pour sélectionner les conducteurs urbains, est présenté avec des éléments en faveur d'une part de sa validité dans la prédiction de critères pertinents de la performance professionnelle et d'autre part de son absence de discrimination à l'encontre des femmes et des minorités protégées par les lois et règlements garantissant des chances égales pour l'obtention d'un emploi. On a prouvé que le TOSI prédisait valablement la performance des conducteurs de bus et qu'il ne désavantageait pas les groupes protégés. On mentionne aussi que le “Personnel Selection Inventory” qui mesure les attitudes antiproductives des employés et que le “Employee Attitude Inventory” qui mesure les comportements antiproductives reconnus sont utiles pour l'examen des candidats à un poste de conducteur de bus et pour l‘évaluation chez les conducteurs professionnels de dimensions que le TOSI ne prend pas en considération (honnêteté, absence d'abus de toxiques, non violence).

Methods and issues involved in the selection of urban mass transit bus drivers and bus drivers in other settings (inter‐city, trucking, school) are reviewed. The Transit Operator Selection Inventory (TOSI), designed to select urban drivers, is described, and evidence for its validity in predicting significant criteria of job performance and for its lack of adverse impact against females and members of significant minority groups protected under equal employment opportunity laws and regulations is presented. The TOSI has been demonstrated to be a valid predictor of urban transit bus driver performance, and to be free of adverse impact against any protected group. It is also indicated that the Personnel Selection Inventory, a measure of employee counter‐productive attitudes, and the Employee Attitude Inventory, a measure of admitted counter‐productive behaviours, are useful in screening urban bus driver applicants and assessment of employed drivers for characteristics (e.g. honesty, freedom from substance abuse, and non‐violence) not measured by TOSI.
Turnover and Aggregate Organisational Performance
Authors: Koslowksy Meni , Locke Gardner
Published: January 2008

Les recherches sur le turnover ont habituellement repris l'idée couramment admise selon laquelle la rotation du personnel constitue la conséquence négative de plusieurs variables antécédentes. On recense peu de recherches concernant l'impact du turnover sur des mesures d'ensemble de la performance de l'organisation. Cette étude fait appel à 302 variables de sortie d'une organisation pour appréhender la relation entre la rotation des salariés de la base, les bénéfices et les ventes. On a en outre pris en considération deux aspects du bénéfice, les coûts salariaux et les pertes. Seule une faible relation avec les coûts salariaux a été mise en évidence. Les résultats suggèrent la complexité de la relation entre le turnover et les mesures de la performance d'une organisation, sans compter que des effets contradictoires de la rotation peuvent disparaître dans des mesures générales de la performance. Il faudrait développer un modéle qui tiendrait compte de certaines des découvertes récentes sur le turnover.
Managerial Career Progress in a Japanese Organisation: A 13‐year Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Minami Takao , Wakabayashi Mitsuru
Published: January 2008

Cette recherche porte sur les questions de base concernant le processus de développement des carrières de l'encadrement: (1) Pourquoi certaines personnes, contrairement à d'autres, bénéficient‐elles d'une carrière brillante? (2) Quels sont les indices significatifs de la carrière pendant les années d‘études de gestione? (3) Comment prédire précisément le développement de la carrièree? (4) Quelles sont les conséquences personnelles et organisationnelles de la carrière? Durant les trois premières années suivant l'embauche, des informations ont été recueillies auprès de 85 diplômés du 1° cycle universitaire récemment engagés dans l'une des plus grandes chaînes de distribution japonaises. Dans ce travail exploratoire, des évolutions de carrière variées se sont révélées être significativement corrélées avec les relations de travail de la 1° année entre le débutant et son supérieur. Pour étudier plus avant le processus, on a recueilli de nouvelles données à l'occasion de deux évènements: (1) La 7° année, quand la plupart des nouveaux sont promus au 1° grade de l'encadrement. (2) La 13° année quand quelques‐uns d'entre eux accédent au “middle management”. Les données sur les 13 ans ont été exploitées selon deux approches différentes de la mobilité de la carrière pour les managers japonais: un esprit de compétition ancien ou récent. Les résultats sont généralement en faveur de l'esprit de compétition ancien.

This study investigated basic questions concerning the process of managerial career development: (1) Why do some people achieve a higher level of management progress while others do note? (2) What are the important indicators of management development during the formative years in businesse? (3) How accurately can development in management be predictede? (4) What are the organisational and personal consequences of managerial development? Over the first three years after entry, data were collected on 85 newly hired college graduates in one of the largest department store chains in Japan. In this initial exploration various career outcomes were found to be significantly related to working relationships between newcomers and their immediate supervisor developed during the first year in the company. To further examine this process updated criterion data were collected on two occasions: (1) at the seventh‐year tenure when most newcomers were granted the first formal management position and (2) at the thirteenth‐year tenure when some of the newcomers were promoted to middle management. Utilising data over the 13‐year period two different views on the career mobility for Japanese managers were investigated: an early and a later competition view. Results generally supported the early competition view.