bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Honey, How Can I Help? Gender and Distribution of Unpaid Labour during COVID-19
Authors: Thennakoon Dharshani , Wanninayake Shalini Dananja Kumari , Kailasapathy Pavithra
Published: November 2022

Societies’ ideologies on the distribution of unpaid labour seem to have remained stagnant despite dramatic shifts in the worlds of work and society. The distribution of unpaid labour has implications for the wellbeing of individuals and the sustainability of their various personal and professional relationships. Our study addressed the less-researched “what” and “why” of the distribution of unpaid labour among dual-earner couples during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a qualitative approach, conducting 32 semi-structured interviews with individuals belonging to dual-earner couples in Sri Lanka. Interview data were thematically analysed using social role theory. Six major findings emanated from our study; (1) the pandemic did not drastically change the distribution of unpaid labour in most dual-earner couples, confirming traditional gender norms; (2) there was a change in the contribution of men towards unpaid labour when the woman was at home (working from home or during maternity leave), or had other means of support from domestic aid or extended family; (3) three clusters of men were identified as “sharing”, “chipping-in”, and “not-my-problem” types, depending on their involvement in unpaid labour; (4) “chipping-in” and “not-my-problem” type men reinforced the notion of gendered distribution of unpaid labour; (5) three clusters of women were identified as “sharing”, “asking-for-help”, and “bearing-the-cross” types; and (6) these couples, and women specifically, endured the unequal division of unpaid labour with the assistance of parents, in-laws, or paid domestic help. Our study has implications for the sustainability of individuals, as well as their wellbeing, families, organisations, and society.
Exploring Driving Factors of Digital Transformation among Local Governments: Foundations for Smart City Construction in China
Authors: Xiao Jianying , Han Lixin , Zhang Hui
Published: November 2022

To achieve sustainable urban development, many countries around the world are exploring the path of smart cities. The progress and development of digital technology has paved a promising road. Digital transformation of the government is an important factor for smart cities in China. Scholars are increasingly interested in the digital transformation of government, but there is little empirical research on the driving factors of digital transformation among local governments. Based on the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework, this study explores the driving factors of digital transformation among local governments in China. A questionnaire survey and the structural equation model were used. Technological readiness, organizational efficiency, public service delivery, citizens’ expectations and superior pressure are significant driving factors. Technological readiness is the first factor affecting the government’s digital transformation. Applying the identified drivers, the results of this research could be used as orientation towards, and provide concrete practical approaches for, successful digital transformation among local governments, which would lay a foundation for smart city construction.
Study on the Impact of Road Traffic Accident Duration Based on Statistical Analysis and Spatial Distribution Characteristics: An Empirical Analysis of Houston
Authors: Sun Xu , Hu Hanxiao , Ma Shuo , Lin Kun , Wang Jianyu , Lu Huapu
Published: November 2022

In this study, factors affecting crash duration and geostatistical analysis were examined using traffic crash data from Houston, USA. Significant factors affecting road crash duration included 14 independent factors related to time, roadway, and environment. Delays caused by traffic crashes were used as an indicator to assess the impact of traffic crashes of different severity on the roadway network. In addition, the spatial distribution characteristics of the different values corresponding to each key impact factor under different scenarios in the region were studied using ArcGIS kernel density analysis techniques. This is because the combination of these two methods is more operational and understandable. The results show that accidents are more likely to occur at night and on holidays, that accidents last longer after they occur in residential areas, and that accident duration varies near different road facilities. This study may provide a reference for targeted management and improvement measures for road safety.
Workplace Favoritism and Workforce Sustainability: An Analysis of Employees’ Well-Being
Authors: Lasisi Taiwo Temitope , Constanţa Enea , Eluwole Kayode Kolawole
Published: November 2022

The goal of sustainability in business is the maximization of resources for long-term productivity at a minimized negative impact for all key stakeholders. Several functions of human resources management are designed to achieve this goal. However, HRM practices can sometimes spiral down and result in the perception of favoritism–a practice that recruits or rewards relationship over merit. Hence, this project was designed to measure the impact of favoritism on the development of a sustainable hospitality workforce through the measures of subjective well-being, psychological capital, and knowledge hiding behavior. With the aid of randomly selected employees and estimation of structural models, the study validates the deleterious impact of favoritism and organizational politics on employee outcomes and by extension the sustainability of the workforce. Practical and theoretical recommendations are provided.
Study on the Influence of Undertaking Industrial Transfer on the Sustainability Development of Wanjiang City Belt
Authors: Gui Lizhi , Hu Xiaowen , Li Xiaorui , Zheng Ming
Published: November 2022

The Wanjiang City Belt is an important part of Anhui’s economic development. It is the core area of the two national strategies regarding the rise of the central region and the integration of the Yangtze River Delta. This paper analyzes the urban development level of the Wanjiang City Belt using a nonparametric test. Holt’s linear trend method of a time series prediction model is used to predict and analyze the GDP growth rate of the second and third industries in the Wanjiang area. The results show that: (1) the economic development level of cities in the Wanjiang City Belt is unbalanced, and there is a significant gap in some cities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai; (2) the speed of undertaking industrial transfer in the Wanjiang City Belt is slowing down, and the competition of undertaking industrial transfer in the Wanjiang region is increasingly fierce; (3) in the process of the Wanjiang City Belt undertaking an industrial transfer, there are some problems such as the imbalance of undertaking ability, industrial isomorphism and regional competition, which hinder the coordinated development and sustainable economic development of the Wanjiang area. To achieve high-quality and sustainable development of the Wanjiang City Belt, it is necessary to further improve the policy guarantee, industrial cluster, talent introduction and independent innovation.
Daily Penalty System under Revision of the Marine Environment Protection Law in China: Review and Prospect
Authors: Zhang Kang , Chang Yen-Chiang
Published: November 2022

The strictness of legal liability for the marine environment protects the marine space of China. Designed to impose the most severe punishment for polluting marine environmental violations, the use of a daily penalty system in maritime legislation has been developed from scratch and from the national to the local levels. Based on Article 73 of The Marine Environment Protection Law, the introduced factors, application, and innovative regulations of the daily penalty system are also hereby discussed. Although substantial progress has been made, the daily penalty system still faces two major obstacles, i.e., shortcomings in The Marine Environment Protection Law and the imperfection in the marine supporting laws, regulations, and local legislation. To this end, to provide an effective guarantee for marine administrative law enforcement and fundamentally solve the problem of the low law-breaking cost, the liability design of the daily penalty system should be improved by expanding the application scope, increasing the daily fine quota, and formulating specific applicable standards adaptable to the marine environment. In this case, a reference can also be provided for the revision of The Marine Environment Protection Law in China. Additionally, it is also suggested to enhance the relevant provisions of marine supporting laws, regulations, and local legislation.
Online Shopping in Relationship with Perception, Attitude, and Subjective Norm during COVID-19 Outbreak: The Case of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thi Mai Anh , Nguyen Thi Hue , Le Hieu Hoc
Published: November 2022

People all across the world, especially in Vietnam, have been motivated to make online purchases since the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in early 2020. Despite the problematic developments of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the 2020–2021 period, Vietnam has experienced a considerable increase in e-commerce, both in terms of users and revenue, contributing considerably to national economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine how COVID-19 affects Vietnamese customers’ online purchasing decisions. We conducted a survey of 638 Vietnamese internet shoppers for this, and the results were analyzed using SPSS. The results show that attitudes, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and subjective norms all positively and significantly impact customer purchase intention. The desire to make an online purchase, however, is negatively and negligibly impacted by perceived risk. Online purchasing behavior is positively influenced by the intention to buy online. The perceived risk of the COVID-19, in particular, significantly modifies the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived usability and online shopping intention, but only marginally modifies the relationship between attitude, subjective norms, and perceived risk and online purchase intention. Using a combined Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB) model with COVID-19 as an external model variable, the study adds to the body of knowledge by providing empirical findings.
How Does Population Aging Impact Household Financial Asset Investment?
Authors: Yuan Haidong , Puah Chin-Hong , Yau Josephine Tan-Hwang
Published: November 2022

The accelerated aging of China’s population will inevitably increase the burden of social retirement and significantly impact the development of financial markets, which is not conducive to sustainable social development. A proper allocation of financial assets will enable households to earn more property income and facilitate the appropriate allocation of social capital. The aging of the population is an essential factor affecting the allocation of financial assets to households. This paper examines the impact of an aging population on household financial asset allocation based on data from the 2015, 2017, and 2019 China Household Finance Surveys (CHFS). The study finds that aging significantly negatively affects household risky financial asset participation, depth of participation, and diversity. The findings remain robust after robustness tests using a two-way fixed effects model. In addition, this paper examines the mechanisms of influence from the perspectives of both risk aversion and financial literacy. In terms of mediating variables, aging increases the risk aversion of household heads, and an increase in risk aversion discourages households from investing in risky financial assets. In terms of moderating variables, the dampening effect of aging on investment in risky financial assets diminishes as financial literacy increases. In addition, empirical findings based on heterogeneity find that aging has a stronger negative impact on risky financial asset participation, depth of participation, and diversity in rural areas. Aging has a stronger negative impact on risky financial asset participation for households with children.
A Review on the Effect of Metakaolin on the Chloride Binding of Concrete, Mortar, and Paste Specimens
Authors: Homayoonmehr Reza , Ramezanianpour Ali Akbar , Moodi Faramarz , Ramezanianpour Amir Mohammad , Gevaudan Juan Pablo
Published: November 2022

Chloride binding is a complex phenomenon in which the chloride ions bind with hydrated Portland cement (PC) phases via physical and chemical mechanisms. However, the current utilization of clays as (Al)-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as metakaolin (MK), can affect the chloride-binding capacity of these concrete materials. This state-of-the-art review discusses the effect of clay-based SCMs on physical and chemical chloride binding with an emphasis on MK as a high-reactivity clay-based SCM. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms playing a role in physical and chemical binding and the MK effect on the hydrated cement products before and after exposure to chloride ions are discussed. Recent findings have portrayed competing properties of how MK limits the physical chloride-binding capacity of MK-supplemented concrete. The use of MK has been found to increase the calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) content and its aluminum to silicon (Al/Si) ratio, but to reduce the calcium to silicon (Ca/Si) ratio, which reduces the physical chloride-binding capacity of PC-clay blended cements, such as limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). By contrast, the influence of MK on the chemical chloride capacity is significant since it increases the formation of Friedel’s salt due to an increased concentration of Al during the hydration of Portland cement grains. Recent research has found an optimum aluminum to calcium (Al/Ca) ratio range, of approximately 3 to 7, for maximizing the chemical binding of chlorides. This literature review highlights the optimal Al content for maximizing chloride binding, which reveals a theoretical limit for calcined clay addition to supplementary cementitious materials and LC3 formulations. Results show that 5–25% of replacements increase bound chloride; however, with a higher percentage of replacements, fresh and hardened state properties play a more pivotal role. Lastly, the practical application of four binding isotherms is discussed with the Freundlich isotherm found to be the most accurate in predicting the correlation between free and bound chlorides. This review discusses the effects of important cement chemistry parameters, such as cation type, sulfate presence, carbonation, chloride concentration, temperature, and applied electrical fields on the chloride binding of MK-containing concretes—important for the durable formulation of LC3.
Influence of the Primary Key Stratum on Surface Subsidence during Longwall Mining
Authors: Wang Kang , Li Jiazhen , Jin Zhupeng
Published: November 2022

The surface subsidence caused by mining influences the mine environment and construction safety. In this paper, strata movement and surface subsidence were combined. Based on elasticity and Winkler theory, a prediction method of surface subsidence was established with the primary key stratum as the research object. Using the Tingnan Coal Mine as an example, the mining subsidence of the second panel was predicted. Comparing the predicted results with the measured results, the causes of errors were analyzed and the field of application of the model was clarified. Besides, the geological and mining factors affecting surface subsidence were also analyzed. The results show that the mining subsidence is the surface manifestation of the strata movement. Surface subsidence is affected by the mining area, load, and flexural rigidity of the primary key stratum, foundation modulus of the goaf, and the rock mass. The research results have significance for the planning of the coal resources and the prevention of geological disasters.
Numerical Optimization of the Capacitors Selection in the MSBA Converter to Reduce the Output Voltage Ripple
Authors: Alejo-Reyes Avelina , Rodríguez Alma , Mendoza Abraham , Rosas-Caro Julio C.
Published: November 2022

DC–DC power electronics converters are widely used in many applications, such as renewable energy systems. The multistage-stacked boost architecture (MSBA) converter is a large voltage gain converter whose PWM scheme may reduce a percentage of the output voltage ripple, taking advantage of the symmetry of the voltage signals in capacitors (they are triangular waveforms) to have a symmetry cancelation. The switching ripple is unavoidable; the correct selection of components can reduce it, but this may result in a large amount of stored energy (larger size). The selection of capacitors influences the output voltage ripple magnitude. This article proposes a design methodology that combines a recently introduced PWM scheme with a numerical optimization method to choose the capacitors for the MSBA converter. The objective is to minimize the output voltage ripple by choosing two capacitors simultaneously while ensuring the constraint of a certain (maximum) amount of stored energy in capacitors is not overpassed. The internal optimization was performed with the differential evolution algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method that includes numerical optimization allows having a very low output voltage ripple with the same stored energy in capacitors compared to the traditional converter. In a design exercise, up to 60% reduction was observed in the output voltage ripple with the same stored energy in capacitors.
Supervised Machine Learning–Based Detection of Concrete Efflorescence
Authors: Fan Ching-Lung , Chung Yu-Jen
Published: November 2022

The development of automated systems for detecting defects in and damage to buildings is ongoing in the construction industry. Remaining aware of the surface conditions of buildings and making timely decisions regarding maintenance are crucial. In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a key technique in image classification methods. It can quickly handle large amounts of symmetry and asymmetry in images. In this study, three supervised machine learning models were trained and tested on images of efflorescence, and the performance of the models was compared. The results indicated that the support vector machine (SVM) model achieved the highest accuracy in classifying efflorescence (90.2%). The accuracy rates of the maximum likelihood (ML) and random forest (RF) models were 89.8% and 87.0%, respectively. This study examined the influence of different light sources and illumination intensity on classification models. The results indicated that light source conditions cause errors in image detection, and the machine learning field must prioritize resolving this problem.
The Opto-Mechanical–Thermal Coupling Analysis and Verification of an All-Aluminum Freeform Imaging Telescope
Authors: Gao Rong , Li Jinpeng , Wang Peng , Yu Jiadong , Xie Yongjun , Mao Xianglong
Published: November 2022

A freeform imaging telescope (FIT) can achieve a large field of view, high resolution, light weight, and small volume at the same time. Single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is usually used to fabricate FITs, which is made entirely of aluminum alloy. Compared with a traditional telescope, whose reflector is made of glass and whose structure is aluminum, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the structure and reflector of which is non-conforming, the CTE of the structure and reflector in an all-aluminum FIT is identical. Therefore, it was expected to theoretically have athermalization properties. In this paper, an all-aluminum off-axis three-mirror FIT was verified. The opto-mechanical–thermal coupling analysis of the FIT at −20 °C was carried out, including data processing and coordinate transformation. The reflector node deformation data of the global coordinates obtained from the finite-element analysis were converted into XY polynomial coefficients of the local coordinate system in ZEMAX. The results showed that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the FIT at −20 °C~+40 °C still reached the diffraction limit. Moreover, the MTF of the FIT at −20 °C was 0.291 through a thermal environmental test, which was almost the same as the MTF at 22 °C. These results showed that the all-aluminum FIT could achieve athermalization properties.
General Entropy with Bayes Techniques under Lindley and MCMC for Estimating the New Weibull–Pareto Parameters: Theory and Application
Authors: Eliwa Mohamed S. , EL-Sagheer Rashad M. , El-Essawy Samah H. , Almohaimeed Bader , Alshammari Fahad S. , El-Morshedy Mahmoud
Published: November 2022

Censored data play a pivotal role in life testing experiments since they significantly reduce cost and testing time. Hence, this paper investigates the problem of statistical inference for a system of progressive first-failure censoring data for a new Weibull–Pareto distribution. Maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters as well as some lifetime indices such as reliability, hazard rate functions, and coefficient of variation are derived. Lindley approximation and the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique are applied to obtain the Bayes estimates relative to two different loss functions: balanced linear exponential and general entropy loss functions. The results of the Bayes estimate are computed under the consideration of informative prior function. A real-life example "the survival times in years of a group of patients given chemotherapy treatment" is presented to illustrate the proposed methods. Finally, a simulation study is carried out to determine the performance of the maximum likelihood and Bayes estimates and compare the performance of different corresponding confidence intervals.
Existence Results of Periodic Solutions to First-Order Neutral Differential Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Zhang Qiaoling , Du Bo , Hu Xueping
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this paper is to study the existence of periodic solutions for the first-order nonlinear neutral differential equation on time scales. Burton–Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem will be sufficiently general for application to the considered equation. An example has been carried out to show our results. It should be pointed out that the problem of periodic solutions is one of the current hot topics in the study of dynamic equations, which contains rich symmetry ideas and methods.
Characterization of Extremal Unicyclic Graphs with Fixed Leaves Using the Lanzhou Index
Authors: Alrowaili Dalal Awadh , Zafar Farwa , Javaid Muhammad
Published: November 2022

A topological index being a graph theoretic parameter plays a role of function for the assignment of a numerical value to a molecular graph which predicts the several physical and chemical properties of the underlying molecular graph such as heat of evaporation, critical temperature, surface tension, boiling point, octanol-water partition coefficient, density and flash points. For a (molecular) graph Γ, the Lanzhou index (Lz index) is obtained by the sum of deg(v)2de¯g(v) over all the vertices, where deg(v) and de¯g(v) are degrees of the vertex v in Γ and its complement Γ¯ respectively. Let Vαβ be a class of unicyclic graphs (same order and size) such that each graph of this class has order α and β leaves (vertices of degree one). In this note, we compute the lower and upper bounds of Lz index for each unicyclic graph in the class of graphs Vαβ. Moreover, we characterize the extremal graphs with respect to Lz index in the same class of graphs.
A Cultural-Centered Model Based on User Experience and Learning Preferences of Online Teaching Platforms for Chinese National University Students: Taking Teaching Platforms of WeCom, VooV Meeting, and DingTalk as Examples
Authors: Wang Min , Zhao Zhewen
Published: November 2022

This study aims to explore online teaching from the perspective of the cultural-centered model (CCM) of user experience (UX) design and learning preferences (LP) for by investigating in Chinese national universities. A mixed-method approach was used based on the results of a questionnaire survey; results showed that questions mostly reported by students mainly concerned the need for test preparation, such as playback and optimized interactive functions. The need for playback feedback also indicates that teachers are reluctant to turn on the playback function when teaching online, and there are certain pressures and concerns. In terms of interface functions and user interface (UI) design, more students tend to prefer simple and easy-to-operate designs, while neutral colors are the main color choices. In general, under the test-oriented education model, the above phenomenon reflects that the students at national universities in China do not have a significant demand for communication and discussion in online courses, which is related to the overall characteristics of being shy to express their opinions and more concerned and anxious about the pressure of course examinations. For the above phenomenon, the paper discusses the possibility of a teaching platform and proposes four main platform interactions under the curriculum to better improve the UX of online teaching and meet the needs of students. Finally, this study presents that cultural differences and educational background significantly impact online learning preferences. The UX and UI of the teaching platform system should be based on generality, and more attention should be paid to the cultural characteristics and realistic needs of user groups.
In Silico Study of the Mechanisms Underlying the Action of the Snake Natriuretic-Like Peptide Lebetin 2 during Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Allaoui Hinda , Rached Nedra , Marrakchi Naziha , Cherif Ameur , Mosbah Amor , Messadi Erij
Published: November 2022

Lebetin 2 (L2), a natriuretic-like peptide (NP), exerts potent cardioprotection in myocardial infarction (MI), with stronger effects than B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying its cardioprotection effect, we used molecular modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to describe the binding mode, key interaction residues as well as mechanistic insights into L2 interaction with NP receptors (NPRs). L2 binding affinity was determined for human, rat, mouse and chicken NPRs, and the stability of receptor–ligand complexes ascertained during 100 ns-long MD simulations. We found that L2 exhibited higher affinity for all human NPRs compared to BNP, with a rank preference for NPR-A > NPR-C > NPR-B. Moreover, L2 affinity for human NPR-A and NPR-C was higher in other species. Both docking and MD studies revealed that the NPR-C–L2 interaction was stronger in all species compared to BNP. Due to its higher affinity to human receptors, L2 could be used as a therapeutic approach in MI patients. Moreover, the stronger interaction of L2 with NPR-C could highlight a new L2 signaling pathway that would explain its additional effects during cardiac ischemia. Thus, L2 is a promising candidate for drug design toward novel compounds with high potency, affinity and stability.
Weak Deflection Angle by Kalb–Ramond Traversable Wormhole in Plasma and Dark Matter Mediums
Authors: Javed Wajiha , Irshad Hafsa , Pantig Reggie C. , Övgün Ali
Published: November 2022

This paper is devoted to computing the weak deflection angle for the Kalb–Ramond traversable wormhole solution in plasma and dark matter mediums by using the method of Gibbons and Werner. To acquire our results, we evaluate Gaussian optical curvature by utilizing the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in the weak field limits. We also investigate the graphical influence of the deflection angle α˜ with respect to the impact parameter σ and the minimal radius r0 in the plasma medium. Moreover, we derive the deflection angle by using a different method known as the Keeton and Petters method. We also examine that if we remove the effects of plasma and dark matter, the results become identical to that of the non-plasma case.
Urological Management of the Spinal Cord-Injured Patient: Suggestions for Improving Intermittent Catheterization and Reflex Voiding
Authors: Walter James , Wheeler John , Dieter Raymond , Piyevsky Brandon , Khan Aasma
Published: November 2022

Spinal cord injury can either be complete with no neural communication across the injury level or incomplete with limited communication. Similarly, motor neuron injuries above the sacral spinal cord are classified as upper motor neuron injuries, while those inside the sacral cord are classified as lower motor neuron injuries. Specifically, we provide recommendations regarding the urological management of complete upper motor neuron spinal cord injuries; however, we also make limited comments related to other injuries. The individual with a complete upper motor neuron injury may encounter five lower urinary tract conditions: first, neurogenic detrusor overactivity causing urinary incontinence; second, neurogenic detrusor underactivity resulting in high post-void residual volumes; third, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, which is contraction of striated and/or smooth muscle urethral sphincters during detrusor contractions; fourth, urinary tract infection; and fifth, autonomic dysreflexia during detrusor contractions, which produces high blood pressure as well as smooth muscle detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Intermittent catheterization is the recommended urinary management method because it addresses the five lower urinary tract conditions and has good long-term outcomes. This method uses periodic catheterizations to drain the bladder, but also needs bladder inhibitory interventions to prevent urinary incontinence between catheterizations. Primary limitations associated with this management method include difficulties with the multiple catheterizations, side effects of bladder inhibitory medications, and urinary tract infections. Three suggestions to address these concerns include the use of low-friction catheters, wireless, genital-nerve neuromodulation for bladder inhibition, and consideration of urine egress into the urethra as a risk factor for UTI as well as egress treatment. The second management method is reflex voiding. This program uses external condoms for urine collection in males and diapers for females. Suprapubic tapping is used to promote bladder contractions. This method is not recommended because it has high rates of medical complications. In particular, it is associated with high detrusor pressure, which can lead to ureteral reflux and kidney pathology. Botulinum toxin injection into the urethral striated sphincter can manage detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, reduce voiding pressures, and risks to the kidney. We suggest a modified method for botulinum toxin injections as well as five additional methods to improve reflex voiding outcomes. Finally, the use of intermittent catheterization and reflex voiding for individuals with incomplete spinal injuries, lower motor neuron injuries and multiple scleroses are briefly discussed.
Tough Way In, Tough Way Out: The Complex Interplay of Host and Viral Factors in Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking during HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Sarkar Satarupa , Balakrishnan Kannan , Chintala Kumaraswami , Mohareer Krishnaveni , Luedde Tom , Vasudevan Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva , Münk Carsten , Banerjee Sharmistha
Published: November 2022

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus that integrates its reverse-transcribed genome as proviral DNA into the host genome to establish a successful infection. The viral genome integration requires safeguarding the subviral complexes, reverse transcription complex (RTC) and preintegration complex (PIC), in the cytosol from degradation, presumably effectively secured by the capsid surrounding these complexes. An intact capsid, however, is a large structure, which raises concerns about its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus crossing the nuclear membrane, guarded by complex nuclear pore structures, which do not allow non-specific transport of large molecules. In addition, the generation of new virions requires the export of incompletely processed viral RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, an event conventionally not permitted through mammalian nuclear membranes. HIV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms involving redundant host pathways by liaison with the cell’s nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system, failure of which would lead to the collapse of the infection cycle. This review aims to assemble the current developments in temporal and spatial events governing nucleocytoplasmic transport of HIV-1 factors. Discoveries are anticipated to serve as the foundation for devising host-directed therapies involving selective abolishment of the critical interactomes between viral proteins and their host equivalents.
Epidemiological and Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Circulating between April–December 2021 in Italy
Authors: Lai Alessia , Bergna Annalisa , Della Ventura Carla , Menzo Stefano , Bruzzone Bianca , Sagradi Fabio , Ceccherini-Silberstein Francesca , Weisz Alessandro , Clementi Nicola , Brindicci Gaetano , Vicenti Ilaria , Sasset Lolita , Caucci Sara , Corvaro Benedetta , Ippoliti Silvia , Acciarri Carla , De Pace Vanessa , Lanfranchi Leonardo , Bellocchi Maria C. , Giurato Giorgio , Ferrarese Roberto , Lagioia Antonella , Francisci Daniela , Colombo Martina L. , Lazzarin Samuel , Ogliastro Matilde , Cappelletti Maria R. , Iannetta Marco , Rizzo Francesca , Torti Carlo , Fumi Maurizio , d’Avenia Morena , Brusa Stefano , Greco Francesca , Menchise Angela , Letizia Vittoria , Vaccaro Emilia , Santoro Carmen R. , Fraccalvieri Chiara , Testa Sophie , Carioti Luca , Rocco Teresa , Saracino Annalisa , Cattelan Annamaria , Clementi Massimo , Sarmati Loredana , Riva Agostino , Galli Massimo , Antinori Spinello , Zehender Gianguglielmo ,   SARS-CoV- ITALIAN RESEARCH ENTERPRISE–(SCIRE) Collaborative Group
Published: November 2022

SARS-CoV-2 is constantly evolving, leading to new variants. We analysed data from 4400 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples in order to pursue epidemiological variant surveillance and to evaluate their impact on public health in Italy in the period of April–December 2021. The main circulating strain (76.2%) was the Delta variant, followed by the Alpha (13.3%), the Omicron (5.3%), and the Gamma variants (2.9%). The B.1.1 lineages, Eta, Beta, Iota, Mu, and Kappa variants, represented around 1% of cases. There were 48.2% of subjects who had not been vaccinated, and they had a lower median age compared to the vaccinated subjects (47 vs. 61 years). An increasing number of infections in the vaccinated subjects were observed over time, with the highest proportion in November (85.2%). The variants correlated with clinical status; the largest proportion of symptomatic patients (59.6%) was observed with the Delta variant, while subjects harbouring the Gamma variant showed the highest proportion of asymptomatic infection (21.6%), albeit also deaths (5.4%). The Omicron variant was only found in the vaccinated subjects, of which 47% had been hospitalised. The diffusivity and pathogenicity associated with the different SARS-CoV-2 variants are likely to have relevant public health implications, both at the national and international levels. Our study provides data on the rapid changes in the epidemiological landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 variants in Italy.
Associations between NK Cells in Different Immune Organs and Cellular SIV DNA and RNA in Regional HLADR− CD4+ T Cells in Chronically SIVmac239-Infected, Treatment-Naïve Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Li Xinjie , Zhu Liyan , Yin Yue , Fan Xueying , Lv Linting , Zhang Yuqi , Pan Yijin , Yan Yangxuanyu , Liang Hua , Xue Jing , Shen Tao
Published: November 2022

With the development of NK cell-directed therapeutic strategies, the actual effect of NK cells on the cellular SIV DNA levels of the virus in SIV-infected macaques in vivo remains unclear. In this study, five chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques were euthanized, and the blood, spleen, pararectal/paracolonic lymph nodes (PaLNs), and axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) were collected. The distributional, phenotypic, and functional profiles of NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The highest frequency of NK cells was found in PBMC, followed by the spleen, while only 0~0.5% were found in LNs. Peripheral NK cells also exhibited higher cytotoxic potential (CD56− CD16+ NK subsets) and IFN-γ-producing capacity but low PD-1 and Tim-3 levels than those in the spleen and LNs. Our results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the frequency of NK cells and the ratios of cellular SIV DNA/RNA in HLADR− CD4+ T cells (r = 0.6806, p < 0.001) in SIV-infected macaques, despite no discrepancies in the cellular SIV DNA or RNA levels that were found among the blood, spleen, and LNs. These findings showed a profile of NK cell frequencies and NK cytotoxicity levels in different immune organs from chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques. It was suggested that NK cell frequencies could be closely related to SIV DNA/RNA levels, which could affect the transcriptional activity of SIV proviruses. However, the cytotoxicity effect of NK cells on the latent SIV viral load in LNs could be limited due to the sparse abundance of NK cells in LNs. The development of NK cell-directed treatment approaches aiming for HIV clearance remains challenging.
Case Fatality of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection Suffering from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Germany
Authors: Sagoschen Ingo , Keller Karsten , Wild Johannes , Münzel Thomas , Hobohm Lukas
Published: November 2022

Aims: Patients suffering from viral pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a serious complication of COVID-19 that requires early recognition and comprehensive management. Little is known about the concomitant prevalence of both entities in Germany. Thus, we sought to analyze predictors and regional trends of case fatality in patients with COVID-19 and ARDS in Germany. Methods: We analyzed data on the characteristics, comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes for all hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and compared those with and without ARDS in Germany in 2020. Results: Overall, 176,137 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this analysis; among these, 11,594 (6.6%) suffered from ARDS. Most patients with ARDS were treated in hospitals in urban areas (n = 6485); proportion rate of mechanical ventilation was higher (45.9%) compared to those treated in hospitals of suburban (36.1%) or rural areas (32.0%). Proportion of ARDS grew exponentially with age until the sixth decade of life. Case-fatality rate was considerably higher in COVID-19 patients with ARDS compared to those without (48.3% vs. 15.8%; p < 0.001). Independent predictors of in-hospital case fatality with an OR > 3 were age ≥ 70 years, severe ARDS, severe liver disease, acute renal failure, stroke, dialysis treatment, shock and necessity of ECMO. Conclusions: The case fatality of COVID-19 patients with ARDS is dramatically high and shows relevant regional disparities. Our findings may help to draw more attention to predictors for in-hospital case fatality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and suffering from ARDS.
COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Factors Affecting Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women during the Pandemic Period in Turkey: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Karagöz Özen Düriye Sila , Karagöz Kiraz Arzu , Yurt Ömer Faruk , Kiliç Ilknur Zeynep , Demirağ Mehmet Derya
Published: November 2022

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was detected in the Wuhan region of China in 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world, was declared a pandemic by the WHO in 2020. Since then, despite widespread recommendations to prevent the spread of the disease and provide treatment for sick people, 6,573,968 people died all over the world, 101,203 of which in Turkey. According to the international adult vaccination guidelines, pregnant women have been recommended to get vaccinated against the new coronavirus disease, as well as influenza and tetanus, during pregnancy. Before this study, not enough information was available about the vaccination awareness and vaccination hesitancy rates of pregnant women living in Turkey. For this reason, we believe that our study will contribute to filling this gap in the literature. The main objective of this study was to investigate the vaccination rates of pregnant women in a local hospital in Turkey and the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in this patient group. The minimum sample size of the study was found to be 241, with 80% power, 0.2 effect size, and 95% confidence interval, at p < 0.05 significance level. We included 247 consecutive pregnant women who applied to the Samsun Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Clinics between January 2022 and April 2022. The researchers prepared a questionnaire by taking into account the characteristics of the local community. A preliminary survey with these questions was also conducted before starting the main study. The mean age of the pregnant women participating in the study was 28.7 ± 5.3 years, and the mean gestational age was 28.2 ± 7.9 weeks. Among the participants, 26.3% were university graduates or had a higher degree, and 17% were actively working; in addition, 93 (37.7%) of the 247 pregnant women had received the COVID-19 vaccine, 203 (82.2%) had received at least one dose of the tetanus vaccine, and only 1 (0.4%) person had been administered the influenza vaccine during pregnancy. The most common reason for COVID-19 vaccine refusal and hesitancy was safety concerns, while the low rates of tetanus and influenza vaccination were due to a lack of knowledge. These results show that it is important to inform and educate the pregnant population on this subject to improve their vaccination behavior.
Does TLS Exist in Canine Mammary Gland Tumours? Preliminary Results in Simple Carcinomas
Authors: Giambrone Giada , Di Giorgio Stefania , Vullo Cecilia , Marino Gabriele , Puleio Roberto , Mariotti Francesca , Mazzullo Giuseppe , Sfacteria Alessandra
Published: November 2022

Neoplastic progression is influenced by the expression of tumour antigens that activate an anti-tumour immune response. Human medical studies show that this body defence is carried out in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) but also directly in the tumour through organized cellular aggregates that are called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). However, their occurrence has different meanings in different tumour types. For example, the presence of TLSs in breast cancer is associated with the most aggressive subtypes. This paper aimed to study TLSs in canine mammary simple carcinomas. A morphological assessment of the inflammatory infiltrate was performed on H&E sections of fifty cases. Immunohistochemistry was then carried out to typify the inflammatory cells in the tumour microenvironment. Results showed that, sometimes, inflammatory infiltrates were organized in follicles close to high-grade carcinomas, simulating a lymphoid organization, as in breast cancer. Therefore, we can assume that even in canine mammary tumours, TLSs exist and they are entities to consider due to their presence in the most aggressive histotypes or tumours with a high degree of malignancy.
Organic Contamination Distribution Constrained with Induced Polarization at a Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Meng Jian , Zhang Jiaming , Mao Deqiang , Han Chunmei , Guo Lili , Li Shupeng , Chao Chen
Published: November 2022

Waste disposal sites are a serious concern due to their potential contamination threat. Site characterizations are the basis for contamination remediation, among which borehole-based methods are time-consuming. This study aims to utilize time-domain induced polarization (TDIP) to constrain groundwater and soil organic contamination. Fourteen TDIP profiles were arranged using three acquisition methods at a disposal site contaminated with benzene. A data quality analysis was first conducted to overcome poor signals in high-salinity groundwater conditions. The TDIP results show that solid waste can be classified into two distinct types based on chargeability. The results of induced polarization measurements and X-ray fluorescence analysis proved the presence of metal substances causing high chargeability. The waste with metals was the benzene contamination source. Finally, we propose a procedure for the integration of geophysical and geochemical methods to delineate contaminated areas. A new roll-along survey protocol was developed to meet the needs of long-profile surveys of contaminated shallow groundwater and soil sites.
Farmers’ Perceptions on an Irrigation Advisory Service: Evidence from Tunisia
Authors: Allani Mohamed , Frija Aymen , Nemer Rabiaa , Ribbe Lars , Sahli Ali
Published: November 2022

Decisions on irrigation water management are usually made at different levels, including farms, water user associations (WUAs), and regional water planning agencies. The latter generally have good access to information and decision tools regarding water resources management. However, these remain out of reach to the final water users, namely the farmers. The study, conducted in the irrigated district of Cherfech, north Tunisia, had the main objective of investigating farmer’s perceptions of, and acceptance for, the use of an irrigation advisory service (IAS) to be implemented by their WUA. The suggested IAS provides the following information: (1) reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and rainfall; (2) crop water requirement (CWR) of the most cultivated crops; (3) irrigation water requirement (IWR) of the farmer’s crop; and (4) crop monitoring and real-time estimation of IWR of crops settled, using soil moisture sensors. Such services and information would be available at the WUA level and provided in a timely manner to farmers for more effective decision making at the plot level. Prior to the acceptance study, we launched a technical study to determine the required tools and equipment required for the implementation of the IAS, followed by a farmer survey to assess their respective perceptions and acceptance towards this IAS. Results showed that only 54% of the farmers are satisfied by WUAs work, but that 77% of them accepted using the suggested IAS. Farmers are also willing to pay for most of the IAS packages suggested. The financial profitability of investing in the IAS at the WUA level shows the venture is financially viable, with a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.018. The project will be even more profitable if we add the social benefits, which may result in water savings at the WUA level.