bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable photonic crystal circuits
Authors: Grillet C. , Monat C. , Smith C.L. , Lee M.W. , Tomljenovic‐Hanic S. , Karnutsch C. , Eggleton B.J.
Published: March 2009

We describe progress in the field of tuning, (re)configuration of Photonic crystal (PhC) based devices with a particular emphasis on our recent concepts and techniques that we have developed to tune and/or reconfigure the properties of photonic crystal nanocavities. We show how our hybrid approach based on photosensitive material and tapered silica fiber can tune the (Q, λ) properties of preexisting Photonic crystal cavities. We describe our alternative techniques to create ‘a posteriori’ spatially (re)configurable high‐Q cavities in a PhC platform. We show that optofluidics – the fusion of microfluidics with photonic devices – offers an unquestionable added value to the quest of a truly versatile, (re)configurable photonic crystal based photonic chip.
Interfacial Excess Free Energies of Solid–Liquid Interfaces by Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Thermodynamic Integration
Authors: Leroy Frédéric , dos Santos Daniel J. V. A. , Müller‐Plathe Florian
Published: March 2009

A method to compute the interfacial excess free energy of systems where a liquid phase is interacting with a solid phase is presented. The calculations are carried out by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The algorithm is based on a thermodynamic integration scheme that reversibly turns a flexible atomistically detailed solid surface that interacts with a liquid phase into a flat surface and allows the calculation of the variation in Gibbs free energy. The approach is probed by applying it to a model system of Lennard–Jones particles and comparing to previous calculations on similar systems.

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Toy amphiphiles on the computer: What can we learn from generic models?
Authors: Schmid Friederike
Published: March 2009

Generic coarse‐grained models are designed such that they are (i) simple and (ii) computationally efficient. A priori, they do not aim at representing particular materials, but classes of materials, hence they can offer insight into universal properties of these classes. Here we review generic models for amphiphilic molecules and discuss applications in studies of self‐assembling nanostructures and the local structure of bilayer membranes, i.e., their phases and their interactions with nanosized inclusions. Special attention is given to the comparison of simulations with elastic continuum models, which are, in some sense, generic models on a higher coarse‐graining level. In many cases, it is possible to bridge quantitatively between generic particle models and continuum models, hence multiscale modeling works on principle. On the other side, generic simulations can help to interpret experiments by providing information that is not accessible otherwise.

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Carbohydrate recognition by boronolectins, small molecules, and lectins
Authors: Jin Shan , Cheng Yunfeng , Reid Suazette , Li Minyong , Wang Binghe
Published: March 2009

Carbohydrates are known to mediate a large number of biological and pathological events. Small and macromolecules capable of carbohydrate recognition have great potentials as research tools, diagnostics, vectors for targeted delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents, and therapeutic agents. However, this potential is far from being realized. One key issue is the difficulty in the development of “binders” capable of specific recognition of carbohydrates of biological relevance. This review discusses systematically the general approaches that are available in developing carbohydrate sensors and “binders/receptors,” and their applications. The focus is on discoveries during the last 5 years. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 2, 171–257, 2010
A tri‐citation analysis exploring the citation image of Kurt Lewin
Authors: Marion Linda S.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the initial phase of a comparison of cocitation and social network analysis methods for the study of scholarly communication. The subject is a case study of the intellectual contributions of the social psychologist, Kurt Lewin. Lewin's “citation image” is examined with an analysis of intellectual “fellow travelers” as viewed by writers who cite both Lewin and other authors. In this paper I report the findings of an author tri‐citation analysis that explores the relationships among authors linked to Lewin by citations in the three ISI databases. Lists of the sixty authors most highly cocited with Lewin in two time periods (1972–1986 and 1987–2001) were derived and then explored with two multivariate techniques: cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Findings indicate the continuing diffusion of Lewin's ideas. Group Dynamics and Social Psychology clusters show a shift in members from the early period to the late. The later map shows the growing dominance of organizational development and business management. Although psychology remains a prominent arena for Lewin's ideas there is increasing divergence between the disciplines of psychology and organizational development.
Fast‐twitch sarcomeric and glycolytic enzyme protein loss in inclusion body myositis
Authors: Parker Kenneth C. , Kong Sek Won , Walsh Ronan J. , Bch  , Salajegheh Mohammad , Moghadaszadeh Behzad , Amato Anthony A. , Nazareno Remedios , Lin Yin Yin , Krastins Bryan , Sarracino David A. , Beggs Alan H. , Pinkus Jack L. , Greenberg Steven A.
Published: March 2009

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an inflammatory disease of skeletal muscle of unknown cause. To further understand the nature of the tissue injury in this disease, we developed methods for large‐scale detection and quantitation of proteins in muscle biopsy samples and analyzed proteomic data produced by these methods together with histochemical, immunohistochemical, and microarray data. Twenty muscle biopsy samples from patients with inflammatory myopathies (n = 17) or elderly subjects without neuromuscular disease (n = 3) were profiled by proteomic studies using liquid chromatographic separation of peptides followed by mass spectrometry. Thirteen of the diseased samples additionally underwent microarray studies. Seventy muscle specimens from patients with a range of neuromuscular disorders were examined by ATPase histochemical methods. Smaller numbers of samples underwent immunohistochemical and immunoblot studies. Mass spectrometric studies identified and quantified ≈300 total distinct proteins in each muscle sample. In IBM and to a lesser extent in polymyositis, proteomic studies confirmed by histochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunoblot studies showed loss of many fast‐twitch specific structural proteins and glycolytic enzymes despite relative preservation of transcript levels. Increased abundance of a nuclear membrane protein, immunoglobulins, and two calpain‐3 substrates were present. The atrophy present in IBM muscle is accompanied by preferential loss of fast‐twitch structural proteins and glycolytic enzymes, particularly glycogen debranching enzyme, with relative preservation of the abundance of their respective transcripts. Although muscle atrophy has long been recognized in IBM, these studies are the first to report specific proteins which are reduced in quantity in IBM muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Lidocaine prevents referred hyperalgesia associated with cystitis
Authors: Guerios Simone D. , Wang Zun‐Yi , Boldon Kyle , Bushman Wade , Bjorling Dale E.
Published: March 2009

Aims

Lidocaine produces analgesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or blocking impulse conduction in peripheral nerves. This study was performed to determine whether intrathecal or intravesical administration of lidocaine prior, or subsequent, to induction of chemical cystitis in rats would block referred mechanical hyperalgesia.

Methods

Intrathecal or intravesical lidocaine was administered 15 (intrathecal) or 30 (intravesical) min before intravesical instillation of saline or 1 mM acrolein (400 µl) or 4 hr after saline or acrolein instillation in female Wistar rats. Mechanical sensitivity of hind paws was determined at 24 hr prior to any treatment (baseline) and, 4, 24, and 48 hr after intravesical instillation of acrolein or saline. Also, nerve growth factor (NGF) content was measured in bladder and dorsal root ganglia (DRG).

Results

Pre‐treatment with intrathecal or intravesical lidocaine attenuated acrolein‐induced referred mechanical hyperalgesia of the hind paws. Lidocaine administered after acrolein instillation did not alter referred hyperalgesia. Lidocaine treatment prior to or after induction of cystitis reduced NGF content in the bladder.

Conclusions

These results indicate that pre‐treatment with lidocaine attenuates referred hyperalgesia associated with cystitis. Lidocaine treatment 4 hr after induction of cystitis failed to prevent referred hyperalgesia despite a similar decrease in bladder NGF. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity analysis and stochastic simulations of non‐equilibrium plasma flow
Authors: Lin G. , Karniadakis G. E.
Published: March 2009

We study the parametric uncertainties involved in plasma flows and apply stochastic sensitivity analysis to rank the importance of all inputs to guide large‐scale stochastic simulations. Specifically, we employ different gradient‐based sensitivity methods, namely Morris, multi‐element probabilistic collocation method on sparse grids, Quasi‐Monte Carlo and Monte Carlo methods. These approaches go beyond the standard ‘One‐At‐a‐Time’ sensitivity analysis and provide a measure of the non‐linear interaction effects for the uncertain inputs. The objective is to perform systematic stochastic simulations of plasma flows treating only as stochastic processes the inputs with the highest sensitivity index, hence reducing substantially the computational cost. Two plasma flow examples are presented to demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the stochastic sensitivity analysis. The first one is a two‐fluid model in a shock tube whereas the second one is a one‐fluid/two‐temperature model in flow past a cylinder. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of the hydrophobic–hydrophilic macroporous poly divinylbenzene/poly(sodium acrylate) IPN resin and adsorption performance for berberine
Authors: Xiao Guqing , Gao Shuqin , Xie Xianglin , Xu Mancai
Published: March 2009

The macroporous polydivinylbenzene/poly(methyl acrylate) interpenetrating polymer network (PDVB/PMA IPN) was prepared by the sequential suspension polymerization method, and was modified to be hydrophobic–hydrophilic macroporous polydivinylbenzene/poly (sodium acrylate) IPN (PDVB/PNaA IPN) by converting the PMA to PNaA under the condition of base. The effects of different mass ratio of the two networks and different cross‐linking degree of the second network on the pore structure and adsorption capacity of PDVB/PNaA IPN resin were studied. The PDVB/PNaA IPN resin whose adsorption quantity is the biggest was chosen to study further. The pore structure, the weak acid exchange capacity, the water retention capacity, and the swelling ability of PDVB/PNaA IPN resin were measured. The study focused on the adsorption isotherms of berberine at different temperatures. Isosteric adsorption enthalpy, adsorption Gibbs free energies can be calculated according to thermodynamic functions. The results show that the saturated adsorption quantity of berberine is up to 109.4 mg ml−1 (wet resin) by the way of dynamic adsorption and desorption experiment. The resin could be reused by the mixture with 0.5% sodium chloride and 80% ethanol. On the one hand the hydrophobic PDVB in the PDVB/PNaA IPN resin has the ability of adsorption using π–π interaction, and on the other hand the hydrophilic PNaA in the PDVB/PNaA IPN resin has the ability of adsorption using ion exchange interaction. An important conclusion can be drawn that the PDVB/PNaA IPN resin has a promising application prospect in extracting and separating quaternary ammonium type alkaloids such as berberine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular characterization of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders of donor origin occurring in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Capello Daniela , Rasi Silvia , Oreste Pierluigi , Veronese Silvio , Cerri Michaela , Ravelli Erika , Rossi Davide , Minola Ernesto , Colosimo Anna , Gambacorta Marcello , Muti Giuliana , Morra Enrica , Gaidano Gianluca
Published: March 2009

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a frequent complication of solid organ transplantation. Although most PTLDs arise from recipient lymphoid cells, a considerable fraction of cases may arise from donor B‐cells. In an attempt to clarify the histogenesis and pathogenesis of PTLDs derived from donor B‐cells, monoclonal PTLDs occurring in liver transplant recipients were chosen as a model to compare donor (D‐PTLDs) versus recipient PTLDs (R‐PTLDs). The tumour panel included nine D‐PTLDs and six R‐PTLDs. D‐PTLDs were early‐onset, EBV‐infected lymphoproliferations classified as polymorphic PTLD (P‐PTLD; n = 7) or diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL; n = 2) with tumour localization confined to the hepatic hilum. All R‐PTLDs were late‐onset DLBCLs and showed extrahepatic localization. A BCL‐6−/MUM1+/CD138+/− phenotype, consistent with a post‐germinal centre (GC) stage of pre‐terminal B‐cell differentiation, was observed in all D‐PTLDs and in 2/6 R‐PTLDs, whereas a BCL6+/MUM1−/CD138− profile, reminiscent of GC B‐cells, was detected in 4/6 R‐PTLDs. The presence of somatic IGHV hypermutation was observed in 6/9 D‐PTLDs and in 4/6 R‐PTLDs, suggesting derivation from antigen‐experienced B‐cells. IGHV4‐39 was the IGHV gene most frequently encountered, being rearranged in 3/9 D‐PTLDs. Among IGHV‐mutated PTLDs, a mutational profile suggesting antigen stimulation and/or selection was observed in 4/6 D‐s and in 2/4 R‐PTLDs. The presence of ongoing IGHV mutations was detected in 2/4 D‐PTLDs. Aberrant SHM was detected in 10/15 (66.7%) PTLDs, including 6/9 D‐PTLDs and 4/6 R‐PTLDs. Our findings suggest that (i) D‐PTLDs show a clinical presentation distinct from R‐PTLDs; (ii) immunophenotypic and genetic features of D‐PTLDs are consistent with mature, GC‐experienced B‐cells; (iii) transformed donor‐derived B‐cells may experience antigen‐driven stimulation and selection, and may acquire genetic lesions during neoplastic expansion in the recipient environment; and (iv) EBV infection and expression of viral oncoproteins may be relevant in the pathogenesis of D‐PTLDs. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe Evans syndrome with multi‐system involvement is a distinct immunodeficiency disorder
Authors: Jubinsky Paul T. , Moulton Thomas , Tewari P. , Short Mary K.
Published: March 2009

A female infant who presented with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia subsequently developed hepatic, dermatologic, renal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and nervous system involvement. Prolonged and intensive treatment with prednisone, IVIG, mycophenolate mofetil, and anti‐CD20 and anti‐CD52 antibodies was necessary to control the symptoms. Laboratory evaluation showed normal lymphocyte subsets and function. There was normal Foxp3 and CD25 expression, no increased CD4−CD8− T‐cell population, and the AIRE and Fas genes were without mutations. These features place the patient at the most severe portion of the Evans syndrome spectrum, and suggest that this case may represent a rare, new immunodeficiency disorder. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:659–661. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sickle cell disease and plumbism in children
Authors: Issaivanan Magimairajan , Ahmed Rafat , Shekher Monica , Esernio‐Jenssen Debra , Manwani Deepa
Published: March 2009

Childhood lead poisoning is common, affects multiple organs and is preventable. Co‐existence of plumbism and sickle cell disease (SCD) is uncommon, with major overlap in signs and symptoms. We describe a patient with SCD and plumbism. Dysfunctional eating patterns may cause ingestion and increased absorption of lead in these patients. Routine screening for pica and other dysfunctional eating habits with appropriate behavioral interventions is emphasized. Annual screening for lead in patients with SCD of all ages (1–21years) and supplementation of micronutrients like zinc and iron in deficient cases may help prevent plumbism in these patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:653–656. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal metabolomic analysis of o‐glucoside phenolic compounds and their aglycone forms in olive tree and derived materials
Authors: Luján Rafael Japón , Capote Feliciano Priego , de Castro María Dolores Luque
Published: March 2009

Introduction

Maturity is one of the most important factors associated with evaluation of the quality of fruit and vegetables. In olive oil, maturation plays a key role in the kinetics of biosynthetic pathways of the secondary metabolism. One of the most relevant pathways is that catalysed by β‐glucosidases, which are involved in olive oil debittering. Therefore, the knowledge of this influence can be of particular interest for olive oil industry.

Objective

To monitor the profile of O‐glucoside phenols and their aglycone forms in olive oil, alperujo (the semisolid residue resulting in the production of olive oil), stones, leaves and branches in order to interpret its evolution according to the sample and the period of the season (October, when olive drupes are green; December, when these drupes are green‐purple; and February, when they are mostly black).

Methodology

Targeted phenols were extracted by previously optimised methods assisted by auxiliary energies (i.e. ultrasound, microwaves or superheated liquids) according to the characteristics of the sample. The analysis was carried out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole mass detector. Highly selective identification and sensitive determination of metabolites was performed in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode. Statistical analysis to evaluate differences in the profile of the target compounds was based on principal compounds analysis.

Results

The evolution of the analytes concentration is strongly related to the role of β‐glucosidases. An explanation for this evolution in olive oil, alperujo and stones is given by relation to the industrial process for olive oil production. For leaves and small branches, the concentration was practically constant over the season, which was foreseeable because of the perennial character of olive trees. Leaves and branches were found to be highly concentrated in O‐glucoside derivatives, demonstrating their capacity for phenolic compounds storage.

Conclusions

Targeted metabolomic profiling has proved a useful tool to monitor O‐glucoside phenolic compounds and their aglycone forms in olive materials. The profile of target compounds enables interpretion of their evolution according to the olive material and the period of the season. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Swelling and viscoelastic properties of new magnesium acrylate hydrogels
Authors: Otegui Jon , Fernández Emiliano , Rubio‐Retama Jorge , López‐Cabarcos Enrique , Mijangos Carmen , López Daniel
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we report on the preparation of a novel poly(magnesium acrylate) (PAMGA) hydrogel by free radical homopolymerization of magnesium acrylate in aqueous solution. The effect of the concentration of monomer and initiator on the rheological and swelling properties of PAMGA hydrogels was studied. In the equilibrium of swelling, these hydrogels show a phase transition characterized by the transformation from a transparent to an opaque‐milky structure associated with a change in the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels. The influence of the concentrations of monomer and initiator on the phase transition has been studied and the results show that the temperature of the phase transition increases with both the concentration of monomer and the concentration of initiator, the effect of the initiator being more pronounced. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Utilizing the convergence of data for expedited evaluations: Guidelines for school psychologists
Authors: Clopton Kerri L. , Etscheidt Susan
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this article is to propose that a combined response to intervention (RTI)‐psychoeducational assessment model be used for expedited evaluations required during disciplinary proceedings [Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k)(5)(D)(ii)]. An expedited evaluation would determine if the child had a disability requiring special education or related services prior to considering disciplinary sanctions. The usefulness of the academic and behavioral data generated by RTI in the expedited evaluation is demonstrated. The IDEA requirements for expedited evaluations are overviewed, and case study examples are presented. Guidelines to assist school psychologists and child study teams in converging both RTI and psychoeducational assessment data in the expedited evaluation are offered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Apolipoprotein AI tertiary structures determine stability and phospholipid‐binding activity of discoidal high‐density lipoprotein particles of different sizes
Authors: Chen Bin , Ren Xuefeng , Neville Tracey , Jerome W. Gray , Hoyt David W. , Sparks Daniel , Ren Gang , Wang Jianjun
Published: March 2009

Human high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a key role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway that delivers excess cholesterol back to the liver for clearance. In vivo, HDL particles vary in size, shape and biological function. The discoidal HDL is a 140–240 kDa, disk‐shaped intermediate of mature HDL. During mature spherical HDL formation, discoidal HDLs play a key role in loading cholesterol ester onto the HDL particles by activating the enzyme, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). One of the major problems for high‐resolution structural studies of discoidal HDL is the difficulty in obtaining pure and, foremost, homogenous sample. We demonstrate here that the commonly used cholate dialysis method for discoidal HDL preparation usually contains 5–10% lipid‐poor apoAI that significantly interferes with the high‐resolution structural analysis of discoidal HDL using biophysical methods. Using an ultracentrifugation method, we quickly removed lipid‐poor apoAI. We also purified discoidal reconstituted HDL (rHDL) into two pure discoidal HDL species of different sizes that are amendable for high‐resolution structural studies. A small rHDL has a diameter of 7.6 nm, and a large rHDL has a diameter of 9.8 nm. We show that these two different sizes of discoidal HDL particles display different stability and phospholipid‐binding activity. Interestingly, these property/functional differences are independent from the apoAI α‐helical secondary structure, but are determined by the tertiary structural difference of apoAI on different discoidal rHDL particles, as evidenced by two‐dimensional NMR and negative stain electron microscopy data. Our result further provides the first high‐resolution NMR data, demonstrating a promise of structural determination of discoidal HDL at atomic resolution using a combination of NMR and other biophysical techniques.
Practical protocols for production of very high yields of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli
Authors: Sivashanmugam Arun , Murray Victoria , Cui Chunxian , Zhang Yonghong , Wang Jianjun , Li Qianqian
Published: March 2009

The gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli offers a mean for rapid, high yield, and economical production of recombinant proteins. However, high‐level production of functional eukaryotic proteins in E. coli may not be a routine matter, sometimes it is quite challenging. Techniques to optimize heterologous protein overproduction in E. coli have been explored for host strain selection, plasmid copy numbers, promoter selection, mRNA stability, and codon usage, significantly enhancing the yields of the foreign eukaryotic proteins. We have been working on optimizations of bacterial expression conditions and media with a focus on achieving very high cell density for high‐level production of eukaryotic proteins. Two high‐cell‐density bacterial expression methods have been explored, including an autoinduction introduced by Studier (Protein Expr Purif 2005;41:207–234) recently and a high‐cell‐density IPTG‐induction method described in this study, to achieve a cell‐density OD600 of 10–20 in the normal laboratory setting using a regular incubator shaker. Several practical protocols have been implemented with these high‐cell‐density expression methods to ensure a very high yield of recombinant protein production. With our methods and protocols, we routinely obtain 14–25 mg of NMR triple‐labeled proteins and 17–34 mg of unlabeled proteins from a 50‐mL cell culture for all seven proteins we tested. Such a high protein yield used the same DNA constructs, bacterial strains, and a regular incubator shaker and no fermentor is necessary. More importantly, these methods allow us to consistently obtain such a high yield of recombinant proteins using E. coli expression.
Chemical synthesis and biotinylation of the thrombospondin domain TSR2
Authors: Tiefenbrunn Theresa K. , Dawson Philip E.
Published: March 2009

The type 1 repeat domain from thrombospondin has potent antiangiogenic activity and a structurally interesting fold, making it an attractive target for protein engineering. Chemical synthesis is an attractive approach for studying protein domains because it enables the use of unnatural amino acids for site‐specific labeling and detailed structure‐function analysis. Here, we demonstrate the first total chemical synthesis of the thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain by native chemical ligation. In addition to the natural domain, five sites for side chain modification were evaluated and two were found to be compatible with oxidative folding. Several challenges were encountered during peptide synthesis due to the functional complexity of the domain. These challenges were overcome by the use of new solid supports, scavengers, and the testing of multiple ligation sites. We also describe an unusual sequence‐specific protecting group migration observed during cleavage resulting in +90 Da and +194 Da adducts. Synthetic access to this domain enables the synthesis of a number of variants that can be used to further our understanding of the biochemical interaction network of thrombospondin and provide insight into the structure and function of this important antitumorogenic protein domain.
Active site conformational changes of prostasin provide a new mechanism of protease regulation by divalent cations
Authors: Spraggon Glen , Hornsby Michael , Shipway Aaron , Tully David C. , Bursulaya Badry , Danahay Henry , Harris Jennifer L. , Lesley Scott A.
Published: March 2009

Prostasin or human channel‐activating protease 1 has been reported to play a critical role in the regulation of extracellular sodium ion transport via its activation of the epithelial cell sodium channel. Here, the structure of the extracellular portion of the membrane associated serine protease has been solved to high resolution in complex with a nonselective d‐FFR chloromethyl ketone inhibitor, in an apo form, in a form where the apo crystal has been soaked with the covalent inhibitor camostat and in complex with the protein inhibitor aprotinin. It was also crystallized in the presence of the divalent cation Ca+2. Comparison of the structures with each other and with other members of the trypsin‐like serine protease family reveals unique structural features of prostasin and a large degree of conformational variation within specificity determining loops. Of particular interest is the S1 subsite loop which opens and closes in response to basic residues or divalent ions, directly binding Ca+2 cations. This induced fit active site provides a new possible mode of regulation of trypsin‐like proteases adapted in particular to extracellular regions with variable ionic concentrations such as the outer membrane layer of the epithelial cell.
Phenomenological aspects of type IIB flux compactifications
Authors: Pajer E.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this work is to investigate how phenomenologically successful constructions in the field of high energy physics can be embedded into a fundamental theory, and what we can learn from this procedure. In fact, the synergy of an effective and a fundamental approach might be very fruitful. On the one hand, it poses several theoretical challenges to potential candidates for a fundamental theory, which might be ruled out or restricted in their generality. On the other hand, this mutual interplay can inspire new experiments and observations or suggest correlations which are invisible from an effective point of view. Our starting point is that string theory is entitled to be a valid candidate for a fundamental theory by a series of properties such as the fact that it is a consistent, UV‐finite, anomaly‐free quantum theory and it describes, in appropriate limits, quantum field theory and general relativity, hence providing a unified description of the four known forces. Within string theory, we choose to work in the framework of type IIB flux compactifications where the issue of moduli stabilization can be successfully addressed. On the phenomenological side, we focus on particle physics and cosmology, and in particular on the MSSM and the mechanism of inflation, respectively. We construct and study two different models of inflation in string theory. These are models of brane inflation, i.e. models where the primordial exponential expansion of the universe is driven by a scalar field representing the position of a D3‐brane (a 3+1‐dimensional dynamical object) in a compact space. We show explicitly that, allowing for fine tuning, a prolonged stage of slow‐roll inflation can be achieved during which perturbations are generated in good agreement with the CMB data. In addition, we give an example of the fruitful synergy we mentioned above. One of our two models, namely inflation at the tip, might induce also DBI inflation which produces peculiar features in the spectrum of density perturbations that might be looked for using CMB data. On the particle physics side, we consider a model, the large volume scenario (LVS), which, among other things, provides a rationale for a low scale susy‐breaking. We perform some checks on the consistency of LVS as a string theory model. To this end, we formulate an educated guess for the form of string loop corrections. We then show that physical predictions such as the soft susy‐breaking terms are actually surprisingly robust against the inclusion of these corrections.
Effects of chlorantraniliprole on eggs and larvae of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Ioriatti Claudio , Anfora Gianfranco , Angeli Gino , Mazzoni Valerio , Trona Federica
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole is a novel insecticide belonging to the class of selective ryanodine receptor agonists. The aims of this study were to evaluate the toxicity and the length of residual activity of chlorantraniliprole against the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller), larvae and eggs, under laboratory and field conditions.

RESULTS: Dose–response bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole had a high level of toxicity to neonate larvae of L. botrana. In field trials, chlorantraniliprole applied at 35 mg AI L−1 was as effective against the larvae as the commercial standard reference, chlorpyrifos‐ethyl, and had a long‐lasting effect. When applied at a field rate of 35 mg AI L−1, chlorantraniliprole caused greater than 20% egg mortality. The toxic effect of chlorantraniliprole is completed by its substantial activity against neonates emerging from eggs.

CONCLUSION: Chlorantraniliprole can be considered as a useful tool for L. botrana control, providing a new standard in efficacy and an extremely good residual control. The combined effects against eggs and larvae of grapevine moth should contribute to its efficacy in the field. The new mode of action of chlorantraniliprole and its safety to beneficials and non‐target organisms would be extremely useful in IPM and for managing resistance to insecticides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Older migrants to the Mediterranean: the Turkish example
Authors: Bahar Halil İbrahim , Laçiner Sedat , Bal İhsan , Özcan Mehmet
Published: March 2009

To take advantage of a better climate and enjoy the sunshine as one element of a healthier, happier lifestyle, it would seem that retired people from northern and western Europe are settling in increasing numbers along Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. This paper reports the findings from a random sample of 504 EU citizens who had settled full‐time, or who had spent a large part of each year, in Turkey. The work focuses on the demographics of the sample, their reasons for settling in Turkey, their perceived problems in adjusting to life in a foreign country, and looks at their relationships with their fellow countrymen and local Turkish communities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoelastic behaviour of orientationally disordered NH4Br
Authors: Tiwari Alpana , Gaur N. K. , Singh R. K.
Published: March 2009

We have investigated the second and third order elastic constants of orientationally disordered NH4Br using an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) in the temperature range 240 K ≤ T ≤ 320 K. The second order elastic constants (C11, C12 and C44) obtained by us show an anomalous behaviour with the variation of temperature. The variation of the second and third order elastic constants with temperature are in good agreement with the measured data. Besides, the results on cohesive and thermal properties are also discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The magnetization of γ′‐Fe4N: theory vs. experiment
Authors: Blancá Eitel L. Peltzer y , Desimoni Judith , Christensen Niels E. , Emmerich Heike , Cottenier Stefaan
Published: March 2009

By reviewing the experimental and theoretical literature on γ′‐Fe4N, and by a systematic survey of predictions by the LDA, PBE, WC, LDA + U (2×), PBE + U (2×) and B3PW91 exchange‐correlation functionals, the structural, magnetic and hyperfine properties of this material as well as their pressure dependencies are interpreted. The hypothesis is put forward that γ′‐Fe4N as found in Nature is exactly at a steep transition between low‐spin and high‐spin behaviour. PBE + U (U = 0.4 eV) is identified as the most accurate exchange‐correlation functional for this material, although it is needed to fix the magnetization at the experimental value to obtain a satisfying description. Remaining disagreement between theory and experiment is pointed out. A recent experimental claim for a giant magnetic moment in γ′‐Fe4N is discussed, and is not reproduced by our calculations. We expect that the new insight obtained in the present work can lead to a consistent ab initio modeling of other materials in the iron‐nitrogen binary system. In an accompanying didactic section, the physics behind some common exchange‐correlation functionals is outlined. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio study of Os0.5W0.5B2, Re0.5W0.5B2, and Os0.5Re0.5B2 with high shear modulus
Authors: Du Xiang Po , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: March 2009

By using first‐principles calculations, the authors investigate the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of experimentally synthesized Os0.5W0.5B2. The calculated structural parameters and elastic properties are in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, two new 5d transition‐metal diborides (Re0.5W0.5B2 and Os0.5Re0.5B2) are predicted to have promising large shear moduli. The latter mainly come from the non‐uniform distribution of valence charge density, which raises the value of the shear moduli. We discuss potentially high hardness in these materials. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effectiveness of isotopically labelled and non‐isotopically labelled internal standards in the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of sulfur compounds in wines: use of a statistically based matrix comprehensive approach
Authors: Lavagnini Irma , Fedrizzi Bruno , Versini Giuseppe , Magno Franco
Published: March 2009

The effectiveness of isotopically and non‐isotopically labelled internal standards in reducing matrix‐induced effects is evaluated. The question is addressed in the quantitative analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of dimethyl sulphide, chosen as a typical example of volatile sulphur compounds, in wine matrices. When matrix/run effects are not cancelled out the use of a variance component model (VCM) to handle the linear calibrations obtained by regression technique is successful. The method implies the estimation of an overall calibration straight line, which properly takes into account the uncertainty due to different matrices, the calibration run and the measurement error, making the use of an isotopically labelled internal standard not necessary. The obtained results show that the benefits of lowering times and costs for routine analyses compensate for the small increase in uncertainty in the concentration values obtained in the regression analysis and the slight increase in the detection limit. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exemplar-Based Clustering via Simulated Annealing
Authors: Brusco Michael J. , Köhn Hans-Friedrich
Published: March 2009

Several authors have touted the p-median model as a plausible alternative to within-cluster sums of squares (i.e., K-means) partitioning. Purported advantages of the p-median model include the provision of “exemplars” as cluster centers, robustness with respect to outliers, and the accommodation of a diverse range of similarity data. We developed a new simulated annealing heuristic for the p-median problem and completed a thorough investigation of its computational performance. The salient findings from our experiments are that our new method substantially outperforms a previous implementation of simulated annealing and is competitive with the most effective metaheuristics for the p-median problem.
A Musculoskeletal Profile of Elite Female Soccer Players
Authors: Chiaia Theresa A. , Maschi Robert A. , Stuhr Robyn M. , Rogers Jennifer R. , Sheridan Monique A. , Callahan Lisa R. , Hannafin Jo A.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify lower-extremity (LE) musculoskeletal characteristics of elite female soccer players and to determine whether differences between dominant and nondominant extremities exist with respect to strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical data were collected from 26 female professional soccer players. Core control, hip and knee passive range of motion (PROM), LE flexibility, hip abductor strength, and dynamic functional alignment were assessed for each LE. Of 26 subjects, 21 scored 2/5 or less on core control. Mean hip internal rotation and external rotation were 33° (±8°) and 25° (±6.7°), respectively. All subjects had shortened two-joint hip flexors with an average knee flexion angle of 50° (±11°) and increased femoral anteversion. Forty one of 48 dominant limbs and 42 of 48 nondominant limbs demonstrated deviations from neutral alignment during step down or single-leg squat. Of 25 subjects, 15 demonstrated a stiff-knee landing and/or takeoff. All subjects demonstrated limitations in hip external rotation PROM and hip flexor length. There was no difference between dominant and nondominant LEs in all variables including hip abductor strength. Additional research is needed to determine if there is a correlation between the musculoskeletal characteristics, LE biomechanics, and potential risk for injury.

Level of evidence: IV
Recent Advances toward the Clinical Application of PTH (1-34) in Fracture Healing
Authors: Cipriano Cara A. , Issack Paul S. , Shindle Lisa , Werner Clément M. L. , Helfet David L. , Lane Joseph M.
Published: March 2009

PTH 1-34, an active form of parathyroid hormone, has been shown to enhance osteoblastic bone formation when administered as a daily subcutaneous injection. The effect of the intermittent administration of PTH (1-34) is an uncoupling of bone turnover with an increase in bone mass and density and decrease in risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. While PTH (1-34) has been used clinically to increase bone mass and reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, there is increasing evidence that PTH (1-34) may promote fracture healing. Animal studies have demonstrated accelerated callus formation with enhanced remodeling and biomechanical properties of the healing fracture. Given these effects, PTH (1-34) will likely be used clinically to enhance fracture union in poor healing situations such as osteoporosis and recalcitrant nonunions.
A Process for the Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Corn Oil from Dry Milled Corn Germ and Enzymatic Wet Milled Corn Germ (E‐Germ)
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Dickey Leland C. , Johnston David B. , Hicks Kevin B.
Published: March 2009

A bench‐scale aqueous enzymatic method was developed to extract corn oil from corn germ from either a commercial corn dry mill or corn germ from a newly‐developed experimental enzymatic wet milling process (E‐Germ). With both types of germs, no oil was extracted when acidic cellulase was the only enzyme used. Pre‐treating dry milled corn germ by heating it in boiling water or microwave pretreatment, followed by enzymatic extraction with the acidic cellulase resulted in oil yields of about 43% and 57%, respectively. A two‐step process, combining both acidic cellulase and alkaline protease treatments, with no heat pretreatment, achieved oil yields of 50–65% from dry milled corn germ and 80–90% from E‐Germ.
Connecting the dots: Guillaume Du Fay and Savoy during the schism
Authors: Planchart Alejandro Enrique
Published: March 2009

Following the Council of Basel in 1439, which initiated the papal schism between Eugenius IV and Felix V (Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy), Guillaume Du Fay appears to have resumed his northern connections, leaving the court of Savoy and returning to the patronage of the Duke of Burgundy. This article sheds new light on the timing of the composer's move, and on his continued contact with the court of Savoy during the schism of the 1440s. Examination of liturgical sources from the cathedral of Cambrai and elsewhere brings to light a liturgical and musical anomaly in Du Fay's polyphonic settings of Mass Propers for St Maurice, composed during this period, suggesting that this cycle may have been commissioned from Savoy, although Du Fay seems to have had access only to Cambrai chant sources for its cantus firmi.
X-Ray Microanalysis Combined with Monte Carlo Simulation for the Analysis of Layered Thin Films: The Case of Carbon Contamination
Authors: Armigliato Aldo , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: March 2009

A previously developed Monte Carlo code has been extended to the X-ray microanalysis in a (scanning) transmission electron microscope of plan sections, consisting of bilayers and triple layers. To test the validity of this method for quantification purposes, a commercially available NiOx (x ∼ 1) thin film, deposited on a carbon layer, has been chosen. The composition and thickness of the NiO film and the thickness of the C support layer are obtained by fitting to the three X-ray intensity ratios I(NiK)/I(OK), I(NiK)/I(CK), and I(OK)/I(CK). Moreover, it has been investigated to what extent the resulting film composition is affected by the presence of a contaminating carbon film at the sample surface. To this end, the sample has been analyzed both in the (recommended) “grid downward” geometry and in the upside/down (“grid upward”) situation. It is found that a carbon contaminating film of few tens of nanometers must be assumed in both cases, in addition to the C support film. Consequently, assuming the proper C/NiOx/C stack in the simulations, the Monte Carlo method yields the correct oxygen concentration and thickness of the NiOx film.
Secondary Electron Emission Contrast of Quantum Wells in GaAs p-i-n Junctions
Authors: Grunbaum Enrique , Barkay Zahava , Shapira Yoram , Barnham Keith W.J. , Bushnell David B. , Ekins-Daukes Nicholas J. , Mazzer Massimo , Wilshaw Peter
Published: March 2009

The secondary electron (SE) signal over a cleaved surface of GaAs p-i-n solar cells containing stacks of quantum wells (QWs) is analyzed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The InGaAs QWs appear darker than the GaAsP barriers, which is attributed to the differences in electron affinity. This method is shown to be a powerful tool for profiling the conduction band minimum across junctions and interfaces with nanometer resolution. The intrinsic region is shown to be pinned to the Fermi level. Additional SE contrast mechanisms are discussed in relation to the dopant regions themselves as well as the AlGaAs window at the p-region. A novel method of in situ observation of the SE profile changes resulting from reverse biasing these structures shows that the built-in potential may be deduced. The obtained value of 0.7 eV is lower than the conventional bulk value due to surface effects.
Universal processes in heliophysics
Authors: Davila Joseph M. , Gopalswamy Nat , Thompson Barbara J.
Published: March 2009

The structure of the Universe is determined primarily by the interplay of gravity which is dominant in condensed objects, and the magnetic force which is dominant in the rarefied medium between condensed objects. Each of these forces orders the matter into a set of characteristic structures each with the ability to store and release energy in response to changes in the external environment. For the most part, the storage and release of energy proceeds through a number of Universal Processes. The coordinated study of these processes in different settings provides a deeper understanding of the underlying physics governing Universal Processes in astrophysics.
Sun and planets from a climate point of view
Authors: Beer J. , Abreu J. A. , Steinhilber F.
Published: March 2009

The Sun plays a dominant role as the gravity centre and the energy source of a planetary system. A simple estimate shows that it is mainly the distance from the Sun that determines the climate of a planet. The solar electromagnetic radiation received by a planet is very unevenly distributed on the dayside of the planet. The climate tries to equilibrate the system by transporting energy through the atmosphere and the oceans provided they exist. These quasi steady state conditions are continuously disturbed by a variety of processes and effects. Potential causes of disturbance on the Sun are the energy generation in the core, the energy transport trough the convection zone, and the energy emission from the photosphere. Well understood are the effects of the orbital parameters responsible for the total amount of solar power received by a planet and its relative distribution on the planet's surface. On a planet, many factors determine how much of the arriving energy enters the climate system and how it is distributed and ultimately reemitted back into space. On Earth, there is growing evidence that in the past solar variability played a significant role in climate change.