bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: QUATERNARY AMMONIUM PERIODATE AS A NEW OXIDIZING AGENT
Authors: INOMATA K. , NAKAYAMA Y. , KOTAKE H.
Published: April 2016

Das Ammoniumperiodat (II) ‐ zugänglich aus äquimolaren Mengen Ammoniumhalogenid (I) und NaIO4 ‐ erweist sich als ein gutes Oxidationsmittel für 1,2‐Diole und Olefine (in wasserfreien Solvenzien).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW REACTION FOR THE CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE INTO METHANE: PROTON‐INDUCED REDUCTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN A METAL CARBONYL CLUSTER, (FE4(CO)132‐)
Authors: WHITMIRE K. , SHRIVER D. F.
Published: April 2016

Das Titelanion als Salz des p‐Nitrido‐Monokations [(PPh3), N] wurde im Vakuum 3 Tage bei Raumtemp. mit H803 CF3 behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: PERFORMED MANNICH SALTS: A FACILE PREPARATION OF DIMETHYL(METHYLENE)AMMONIUM IODIDE
Authors: BRYSON T. A. , BONITZ G. H. , REICHEL C. J. , DARDIS R. E.
Published: April 2016

Tetramethyl‐methylendiamin (I) liefert mit Trimethylsilyliodid das Ammoniumsalz (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BI‐SECONDARY AND TERTIARY/SECONDARY KETONES BY ACYLATION OF ESTER ENOLATES AND α‐ANIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACID SALTS
Authors: LION C. , DUBOIS J.‐E.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzen der Ester (Ia) und (Ib) (als Enolate) und der Carbonsäuren (Ic)‐(If) (als Dianionen) mit den Säurechloriden (II) liefert primär die entsprechenden β‐Ketoester bzw. β‐Ketosäuren, deren Hydrolyse / Decarboxylierung (K0‐tBu/DMSO, 4 h, 90°C) bzw. Decarboxylierung (160‐180 °C) zu den Bi‐sek.‐ketonen (IIIa) und (IIIb) bzw. (IIIc)‐(IIIj) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONTROLLED CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE ENZYMICALLY PRODUCED EICOSANOIDS 11‐, 12‐, AND 15‐HETE FROM ARACHIDONIC ACID AND CONVERSION INTO THE CORRESPONDING HYDROPEROXIDES (HPETE)
Authors: COREY E. J. , MARFAT A. , FALCK J. R. , ALBRIGHT J. O.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung von IS‐HETE (II), 1 1‐HETE (VI) und 12‐HETE (VII) sowie des Hydroperoxids (VIII) erfolgen ausgehend vom 14,15‐ Epoxid der Arachidonsäure (Ia) bzw. des Esters (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: STATIC AND FLOW NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF DEHYDROHALOGENATION OF 2‐CHLOROPROPANOYL CHLORIDE
Authors: COCIVERA M. , EFFIO A.
Published: April 2016

2‐Chlorpropionylchlorid (I) reagiert mit Aminen (II) wie Triethylamin oder Dabco über eine intermediäre Bildung des Ketens (VI) zu den Folgeprodukten (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: STABILITY OF CARBON‐BONDED ANIONIC Σ COMPLEXES. 3. DECOMPOSITION IN AQUEOUS ACIDIC MEDIA
Authors: RENFROW R. A. , STRAUSS M. J. , TERRIER F.
Published: April 2016

1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzol (I) und Ketone (II) mit einer α‐Methylengruppierung liefern in Gegenwart von Triethylamin die Salze (III), die mit Säuren wieder zu (I) und (II) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF 1,3‐DIOLS BY METALATION‐HYDROBORATION OF ALKYNES. A 1,2‐HYDROGEN MIGRATION FROM BORON TO CARBON
Authors: MEDLIK‐BALAN A. , KLEIN J.
Published: April 2016

Metallierung der Alkine (I) bzw. (V) [→(II), (VI)] und nachfolgende Hydroborierung/Oxidation liefern die Diole (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) (1:2‐ threo/erythro‐Gemisch) [ + wenig des Ketols (IV)] bzw. (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE MONO O‐ALKYLATION OF Γ‐RESORCYLIC ESTERS
Authors: BASS R. J. , BANKS B. J. , SNAREY M.
Published: April 2016

Resorcin‐2‐carbonsäuremethylester (I) reagiert mit Alkoholen (II) in Gegenwart von Azodicarbonsäureester/ Triphenylphosphin zu den Monoethern (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYL BIS(THIOARYL)SULFONIUM SALTS AND THEIR USE FOR THE PREPARATION OF S‐ARYLEPISULFONIUM SALTS
Authors: GYBIN A. S. , SMIT W. A. , BOGDANOV V. S. , KRIMER M. Z. , KALYAN J. B.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit den Antimonpentahalogeniden (II) erhält man aus Arylsulfenylchloriden (I) die Bis‐arylthio‐sulfonium‐Salze (III), die auch aus den Diaryldisulfiden (IV) mit den Halogeniden wie (IIa) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF 1,2‐DIAROYL‐1,2‐DIAZETIDINES BY LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE
Authors: LANDIS M. E. , MITCHELL J. C.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung mit Azo‐Verbindungen (II) erhält man aus Quadricyclan (I) das Addukt (III), das bei 81°C zu den Dibenzylverbindungen (IV) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR NUCLEOPHILIC PARTICIPATION. 12. SOLVOLYSIS OF O‐(CARBOPHENOXY)BENZHYDRYL BROMIDE IN 2,2,2‐TRIFLUOROETHANOL‐BENZENE MIXTURES
Authors: BALL S. S. , ANDREWS L. J. , KEEFER R. M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung des‐o‐Carboxyphenyl‐benzylbromids (I) mit 2,6‐Lutidin entsteht das in verschiedenen tautomeren Formen zu formulierende Salz (II), das mit Trifluorethanol in das Addukt (III) übergeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: UNREACTIVE 1‐AZADIENE AND REACTIVE 2‐AZADIENE IN DIELS‐ALDER REACTION OF PENTACHLOROAZACYCLOPENTADIENES
Authors: DANIELS P. H. , WONG J. L. , ATWOOD J. L. , CANADA L. G. , ROGERS R. D.
Published: April 2016

Succinimid (I) wird mit Phosphorpentachlorid zu (II) und weiter zu (III) chloriert.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF 4‐ AND 5‐ARYLTRITHIONES WITH 4‐PHENYL‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLINE‐3,5‐DIONE
Authors: DROZD V. N. , FEDOSEEV V. M. , BOGOMOLOVA G. S. , SERGEICHUK V. V. , SEMENENKO N. M. , MANDRUGIN A. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Dithiolthione (Trithione) (I) reagieren mit dem stark dienophilen Triazolindion (II) unter Bildung der Betaine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐HALO COMPOUNDS. PART 7. SYNTHESIS AND IODINE‐CATALYZED REARRANGEMENT TO 6‐CHLOROIMINO‐1‐AZACYCLOHEXADIENES OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED 2‐(DICHLOROAMINO)‐3,5,6‐TRIFLUOROPYRIDINES
Authors: BANKS R. E. , BARLOW M. G. , HORNBY J. C. , MAMAGHANI M.
Published: April 2016

Elektrophile Chlorierung der Aminopyridine (Ia) liefert die Dichloramine (II), die sich mit I2 zu Gemischen der feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen 1,4 (III) und.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF 3‐CHLORO‐4‐HYDROXY‐ AND 3,4‐EPOXYPHOSPHOLANE 1‐OXIDES
Authors: CAVAGNA F. , FELCHT U.‐H. , PAULUS E. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Phospholenoxide (I) addieren an der Doppelbindung glatt aus Chlor und Wasser in situ erzeugte unterchlorige Säure zu den 3‐Chlor‐4‐hydroxyphospholanoxiden (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N,N‐DISUBSTITUTED 5‐PHENYL‐1,3,5‐DIAZAPHOSPHORINANES AND BIS(AMINOMETHYL)PHENYLPHOSPHINES
Authors: ARBUZOV B. A. , ERASTOV O. A. , NIKONOV G. N.
Published: April 2016

Durch einfaches Vermischen von Dihydroxymethylphenyl‐phosphin (I), primären Aminen (II) und Formaldehyd (III) bei Zimmertemperatur in Benzol oder auch ohne Lösungsmittel erhält man das Diaza‐phosphorinan (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED 1,2‐BIS(DIALKYLALUMINATION) OF DIPHENYLACETYLENE
Authors: HOBERG H. , AZNAR F.
Published: April 2016

Diphenylacetylen (II) und Trialkylaluminiumverbindungen (III) reagieren in Toluol unter Bestrahlung zu den Produkten (I) oder (IV), wobei der unterschiedliche Reaktionsverlauf auf den Assoziationsgrad von (III) zurückgeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PSEUDOHALIDE DERIVATIVES OF (η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐η‐METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL)TITANIUM(IV)
Authors: TULI R. K. , CHANDRA K. , SHARMA R. K. , KUMAR N. , GARG B. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (II) werden durch Reaktion der bei hydrolytischer Spaltung des analogen Dichlorids (I) in saurem Medium gebildeten Lösung, die Cyclopentadieny1‐methylcyclopentadienyl‐Ti(IV)‐ und Hydroxocyclopentadienyl‐methylcyclopentadienyl‐Ti(IV)‐Kationen enthält, mit den entprechenden Na‐ und K‐Salzen quantitativ gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRAPHENYLCYCLOBUTADIENE(CYCLOALKENE)NICKEL(0) COMPLEXES
Authors: HOBERG H. , FROEHLICH C. +
Published: April 2016

Der Ni(II)‐Komp1ex (I) reagiert mit Na in Gegenwart der Olefine (II) zu den neuen diamagnetischen Komplexen (III), in denen die cyclischen Olefine stabilisierend wirken.
ChemInform Abstract: GOLD(I) COMPLEXES OF THIOAMIDES
Authors: AARTS A. J. , DESSEYN H. O. , HERMAN M. A.
Published: April 2016

Die neutralen Au(I)‐Komplexe (I) werden dur Reduktion von HAuCl4 oder AuBr3 bei der 1:2‐molaren Umsetzung mit den Thioamiden in Ethanol bzw. durch die direkte Reaktion von AuI mit den Liganden in Ether erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SESQUITERPENE LACTONES OF HYMENOXYS INSIGNIS. X‐RAY ANALYSES OF HYMENOGRANDIN AND HYMENOSIGNIN
Authors: HERZ W. , GOVINDAN S. V. , BIERNER M. W. , BLOUNT J. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Verbindungen (I) und (II) werden isoliert und strukturell sichergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: UPIAL, A SESQUITERPENOID BICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANE ALDEHYDE LACTONE FROM THE MARINE SPONGE DYSIDEA FRAGILIS
Authors: SCHULTE G. , SCHEUER P. J. , MCCONNELL O. J.
Published: April 2016

Das Sesquiterpen (I) wird strukturell sichergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: WISSMANN H. , KLEINER H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Eine neue Synthese für Peptide z.B. (IV), in der für die Kondensation von Amino‐ und Carboxyl‐Komponenten wie (I) und (II) als Kondensations mittel cyclisch trimeres Propylphosphonsäureanhydrid (III) verwendet wird, wird vorgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES BY USING LEVULINIC ESTER AS AN HYDROXYL PROTECTING GROUP
Authors: KOENERS H. J. , VERHOEVEN J. , VAN BOOM J. H.
Published: April 2016

Das Galaktose‐Derivat (Ia) reagiert mit Lävulinsäure und Triethylamin zu einem Ester (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ABSORPTION ON THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND CALCIUM‐NICKEL (CANI5)
Authors: YAGISAWA K. , YOSHIKAWA A.
Published: April 2016

CaNis, CaNiSHM und CaNisHö sind paramagnetisch und die Suszeptibilität nimmt mit steigender H2‐Absorption ab (Messungen zwischen 6 K und RT bei Feldstärken bis 14 kOe).
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC FILM FORMATION ON OSMIUM ELECTRODES. PART II. GALVANOSTATIC AND POTENTIOSTATIC MEASUREMENTS
Authors: COLOM F. , GONZALEZ J. H.
Published: April 2016

Bildung und Reduktion von anodischen Filmen auf Os‐Elektroden in 2 M HCl‐ und HClO4‐Lösungen werden anhand anodischer und kathodischer Ladungskurven untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: (CU4W2S6)(PPH3)4O2, A COMPOUND WITH A METAL SULFUR CAGE GENERATED BY THE WOS32‐ LIGAND. PREPARATION, CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Authors: MUELLER A. + , BOEGGE H. + , HWANG T. K.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wird als Produkt der Umsetzung von Cs2WOS3 mit in Wasser gelöstem Cu(II)‐ chloriddihydrat und einer Methylenchlorid‐Lösung von Triphenylphosphin in Wasser neben Cu3WS3Cl (PPh3)3O gebildet und isoliert (Ausb.‐Angabe in Gramm).
ChemInform Abstract: BENZO‐ AND NAPHTHOQUINONE ADDUCTS OF HEXAMETHYL‐2,4‐CYCLOHEXADIENONE. SYNTHESIS, ENOLIZATION, AND REARRANGEMENTS
Authors: HART H. , TAKAGI K.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Hexamethyl‐cyclohexadienon (III) entstehen mit den Chinonen (II) bzw. (IV) die entsprechenden Addukte (I) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF FLUOROALLENE. AN AFFIRMATION OF HOMO‐LUMO CONTROL
Authors: DOLBIER W. R. JUN. , BURKHOLDER C. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus Fluordibrommethan (I) und Ethylen (II) erhält man das Addukt (III), das zu den beiden Olefinen (IV) und (V) führt und dann weiter zu (VI) bromiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC METHODS AND REACTIONS. 77. DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE/CHLOROSULFONYL ISOCYANATE: AN EXTREMELY MILD REAGENT FOR OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: OLAH G. A. , VANKAR Y. D. , ARVANAGHI M.
Published: April 2016

Mit einem Gemisch aus Dimethylsulfoxid (II) und Chlorsulfonylisocyanat (III) werden die Alkohole (I) zu den Ketonen (V) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF VITAMIN B12R WITH ORGANIC HALIDES
Authors: BLASER H.‐U. , HALPERN J. J.
Published: April 2016

In einer Reaktion 2. Ordnung reagiert Vitamin B12r (I) mit organischen Chloriden oder Bromiden wie z.B. (II) in gepufferter wäßriger Lösung zu Aquocobalamin (III) und dem am Co alkylierten Derivat (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF PHENYL CYANATE AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF α,β‐UNSATURATED NITRILES
Authors: MURRAY R. E. , ZWEIFEL G.
Published: April 2016

Phenol (I) reagiert mit Bromcyan (II) zu Phenylcyanat (III), das mit den Lithiumacetyliden (IV) und den Lithiumalkenen (VI) und (VIII) zu den Nitrilen (V) bzw. (VII) und (IX) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ONE‐POT TRANSFORMATION OF KETONES TO α,β‐UNSATURATED NITRILES VIA TRIMETHYLSILOXY NITRILES
Authors: ODA M. , YAMAMURO A. , WATABE T.
Published: April 2016

Die Ketone (I) können durch Umsetzung mit Trimethylsilylcyanid (II) unter Znlz‐Katalyse in einer Eintopfreaktion über die nicht isolierten silylierten Cyanhydrine (III) in die α,β‐ungesättigten Nitrile (IV) umgewandelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: HEXAFLUORO‐3‐OXATRICYCLO(3.2.0.02,4)HEPT‐6‐ENE (HEXAFLUORO‐DEWAR‐BENZENE OXIDE) FROM THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF HEXAFLUOROBENZENE
Authors: BARLOW M. G. , HASZELDINE R. N. , PECK C. J.
Published: April 2016

Bei Belichtung von Hexafluorbenzol (I) in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff erhält man den Bicyclus (II) und das entsprechende Oxid (III) sowie in größeren Mengen Polymere.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐FURANOEREMOPHILANE‐3,6‐DIONE AND (.+‐.)‐LIGULARONE BY A ROUTE INVOLVING ALKYLATION OF 2,4‐DIMETHYL‐3‐FUROIC ACID
Authors: TADA M. , SUGIMOTO Y. , TAKAHASHI T.
Published: April 2016

Das durch Kondensation der Furancarbonsäure (I) mit dem Methoxycyclohexenon (II) zugängliche Furylmethylcyclohexenon (III) wird nach katalytischer Hydrierung säurekatalytisch zum Furanodecalindion (IV) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNNTHESIS OF 2‐ACYL INDOLES FROM ISATINS
Authors: BLACK D. S. C. , WONG L. C. H.
Published: April 2016

Die Isatine (I) werden zu den Natriumcarboxylaten (II) gespalten, die zu den N‐substituierten Isatinen (IV) alkyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 3‐AMINOMETHYL DERIVATIVES OF SOME 5‐ARYL‐1,3,4‐OXADIAZOL‐2‐ONES
Authors: MAZZONE G. , BONINA F. , ARRIGO REINA R.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxadiazolone (I) reagieren mit Formaldehyd/Aminen zu den Mannich‐basen (II) bzw. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF 7,8‐DIPHENYL‐1,3,4,6,9,9A‐HEXAHYDRO‐2H‐QUINOLIZINES
Authors: TRIGO G. G. , GALVEZ E. , SOELLHUBER M. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Benzaldehyden (I) erhält man mit Z‐Picolyllithium (II) die Carbinole (III), die zu den Piperidinen (IV) hydriert und zu (V) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 3H‐PHENOXAZIN‐3‐ONES
Authors: BIRD C. W. , LATIF M.
Published: April 2016

Die Diphenylether (I) und (III) (dargestellt durch Kondensation von o‐Chlor‐nitrobenzolen mit Resorcinderivaten) werden reduktiv direkt bzw. über die Hydroxyphenoxazine (IV) zu den Phenoxazinonen (II) bzw. (V) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE CHEMISTRY OF PHENOXAZINES. 12. REACTION OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED PHENOXAZIN‐3‐ONES WITH THIOPHENOLS
Authors: AFANAS'EVA G. B. , VIKTOROVA T. S. , POSTOVSKII I. YA. , BIL'KIS I. I. , SHEIN S. M.
Published: April 2016

Das Ethoxyphenoxazinon (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Salzsäure mit p‐Thiokresol (II) zu einem Gemisch der Tolylthioderivate (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: INTRA‐ AND INTERMOLECULAR CYCLIZATION OF OLEFINIC TOSYLHYDRAZONES UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS. A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLIC AZOALKANES
Authors: WILSON R. M. , REKERS J. W. , PACKARD A. B. , ELDER R. C.
Published: April 2016

Behandlung der Tosylhydrazone (IIa)‐(IId) mit BF3 ‐etherat führt zur Cyclisierung unter Bildung der bislang unzugänglichen Bicycloazoalkane (III) [ leichtere Bildung von (IIIa), (IIIb) gegen‐ über (IIIc), (IIId)]; neben (IIIc) wird außerdem das intermolekulare Kondensations‐ produkt (IV) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF 3‐ACETOXYBENZO(B)THIOPHENE 1,1‐DIOXIDE TO CYCLOALKENES; A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED BENZO(B)THIEPINONES
Authors: KIRBY N. V. , REID S. T.
Published: April 2016

Das Benzothiophendioxid (I) reagiert mit Cyclohexen zum Cycloaddukt (III), das in Gegenwart von Alkali unter Ringerweiterung zum Benzothiepinon (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: 3,3,7,7‐BIS(10′‐METHYL‐9′,9′‐ACRIDANYL)‐1,2,5,6‐TETRAOXOCANE, A DIOXETANE DIMER, FROM THE REACTION OF 10‐METHYL‐9‐METHYLENE‐9,10‐ACRIDAN WITH SINGLET OXYGEN
Authors: WHITE E. H. , SUZUKI N. , HENDRICKSON W. H.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Methylenblau sensibilisierte Photooxidation des Methylenacridans (I) führt über das Spirodioxetan (II) und das ringgeöffnete Peroxobetain (III) zum dimeren Spiroperoxid (IV) und dem Acridon (V).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF BORON TRICHLORIDES WITH SILYLAMINES CONTAINING SILICON‐HYDROGEN BONDS
Authors: NEILSON R. H.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen von B‐ trichlorid mit Di‐ und Trisilylaminen, die mindestens eine Si‐H‐Bindung enthalten, werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐NITROXYL INTERACTIONS. 17. SPIN‐LABELED ADDUCTS OF BIS(HEXAFLUOROACETYLACETONATO)COPPER(II)
Authors: BOYMEL P. M. , BRADEN G. A. , EATON G. R. , EATON S. S.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation von Pyridincarbaldehyden mit Pyrrolidin‐ 1‐oxy‐Derivaten wurden die spin‐markierten Liganden (I) und (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHOLES AS LIGANDS: PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES OF 1‐SUBSTITUTED 3,4‐DIMETHYLPHOSPHOLES. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
Authors: MACDOUGALL J. J. , NELSON J. H. , MATHEY F. , MAYERLE J. J.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von Dichlorobis‐ [benzonitril]‐Pd mit den Phospholen unter N2 in Benzol führt zu den Dichloro‐bis‐ [phosphol]‐Komplexen (I) (X: C1), aus denen die Dibromo‐ und Diazido‐Analogen durch metathetische Reaktion mit NaBr oder NaN3 in Methanol/Chloroform darstellbar sind.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐5.BETA‐,8α‐ANDROST‐9(11)‐ENE‐3,17‐DIONE
Authors: KAKUSHIMA M. , ALLAIN L. , DICKINSON R. A. , WHITE P. S. , VALENTA Z.
Published: April 2016

Die SnCl4‐katalysierte Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion der Komponenten (I) und (II) liefert ein Gemisch vier isomerer Cycloaddukte, in dem das Isomere (III) überwiegt (55‐65% Anteil am Gemisch).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZINE DERIVATIVES OF STEROID KETONES ‐ STEROID DIHYDROPYRAZIN‐5′‐ONES
Authors: VOLOVEL'SKII L. N. , POPOVA N. V. , YAKOVLEVA M. YA. , KOROTKOV S. A. , SHNEUR V. N.
Published: April 2016

Steroid‐dihydro‐pyrazin‐5′‐one.
ChemInform Abstract: THE METHYL GROUP AS PHOSPHATE PROTECTING GROUP IN NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESES
Authors: SMITH D. J. H. , OGILVIE K. K. , GILLEN M. F.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Nucleosid (I) erhält man durch stufenweise Umsetzung mit dem Chlorid (II), Alkoholen und Iod den Ester (III), aus dem über das Derivat (IVa) nach Hydrolyse zu (IVb) in tert.‐Butylamin das Folgeprodukt (IVc) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF LEVODOPA BY BIOCONVERSIONS
Authors: NINET L. , RENAUT J.
Published: April 2016

Review: Für die industrielle Gewinnung von Levodopa(L‐2,3‐Dihydroxy‐phenylalanin) ‐ einem wirksamen Antiparkinson‐ Agens ‐ werden mehrere Bioumwandlungsmethoden vorgeschlagen.
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLE DERIVATIVES. 119. C‐ACYLATION OF METHYL (INDOL‐3‐YL)ACETATE. SYNTHESIS OF 5‐(INDOL‐3‐YL)PYRIMIDINES
Authors: ROZHKOV V. S. , SMUSHKEVICH YU. I. , SUVOROV N. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Claisen‐Kondensation des Indolylessigsäuremethylesters (I) mit Dimethylcarbonat (II), Benzoesäuremethylester (V), Ameisensäuremethylester (VII) und Essigsäuremethylester (XV) erfolgt unter Acylierung an der CH2‐Gruppe.
Multi‐scale simulation of falling film short‐path distillation
Authors: Zhu Dong , Huang Feng‐Xia , Xu Song‐Lin , Li Yang
Published: April 2016

This study investigated issues relating to the multi‐scale simulation of falling film short‐path distillation. Both hydrodynamic conditions and gas phase kinetics have a considerable effect on the distillation process. At the micro‐scale, the DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) method was adopted. Both molecular rotation and translation have been taken into account, and we obtained the temperature distribution along the distillation gap. At the meso‐scale, we used Excel as a bridge between the micro‐scale and macro‐scale. We obtained the evaporation efficiency for different temperatures. At the macro‐scale, the evaporation efficiency was used to modify the Langmuir equation, then the modified Langmuir equation was written into the mass transfer source. We used Fluent to carry out the numerical simulation. Thus, the gas phase and liquid phase were coupled. Only considering the gas phase and neglecting any surface wave in the liquid film leads to inaccurate results; this paper makes up for past deficiencies. It is found that the evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, and distillation gap have significant effects on the temperature distribution in the gas phase. The heat and mass transfer processes are correlated with the interfacial vorticity. To quantitatively describe the relation between the interfacial vorticity and concentration in the interface, we proposed a correlation coefficient. It is also observed that the average value ofis 0.63, and the local maximum value ofis usually located in the region of the wave trough.
Quantitative imaging for development of companion diagnostics to drugs targeting HGF/MET
Authors: Huang Fangjin , Ma Zhaoxuan , Pollan Sara , Yuan Xiaopu , Swartwood Steven , Gertych Arkadiusz , Rodriguez Maria , Mallick Jayati , Bhele Sanica , Guindi Maha , Dhall Deepti , Walts Ann E , Bose Shikha , de Peralta Venturina Mariza , Marchevsky Alberto M , Luthringer Daniel J , Feller Stephan M , Berman Benjamin , Freeman Michael R , Alvord W Gregory , Vande Woude George , Amin Mahul B , Knudsen Beatrice S
Published: April 2016

The limited clinical success of anti‐HGF/MET drugs can be attributed to the lack of predictive biomarkers that adequately select patients for treatment. We demonstrate here that quantitative digital imaging of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues stained by immunohistochemistry can be used to measure signals from weakly staining antibodies and provides new opportunities to develop assays for detection of MET receptor activity. To establish a biomarker panel of MET activation, we employed seven antibodies measuring protein expression in the HGF/MET pathway in 20 cases and up to 80 cores from 18 human cancer types. The antibodies bind to epitopes in the extra (EC)‐ and intracellular (IC) domains of MET (MET4EC, SP44_METIC, D1C2_METIC), to MET‐pY1234/pY1235, a marker of MET kinase activation, as well as to HGF, pSFK or pMAPK. Expression of HGF was determined in tumour cells (T_HGF) as well as in stroma surrounding cancer (St_HGF). Remarkably, MET4EC correlated more strongly with pMET (r = 0.47) than SP44_METIC (r = 0.21) or D1C2_METIC (r = 0.08) across 18 cancer types. In addition, correlation coefficients of pMET and T_HGF (r = 0.38) and pMET and pSFK (r = 0.56) were high. Prediction models of MET activation reveal cancer‐type specific differences in performance of MET4EC, SP44_METIC and anti‐HGF antibodies. Thus, we conclude that assays to predict the response to HGF/MET inhibitors require a cancer‐type specific antibody selection and should be developed in those cancer types in which they are employed clinically.
Masonry buildings at the borderline to high‐rise – Part 1 / Mauerwerksbauten an der Hochhausgrenze – Teil 1
Authors: Seim Werner , Sommerlade Kai
Published: April 2016

The interaction of vertical and horizontal loads is the decisive combination of actions for multi‐storey buildings with masonry shear walls in most cases. This article presents a simple and clear method, which can be used with modern open floor plans to verify a favourable load transfer of the vertical actions for masonry walls. The method is extended in the second part of the article to be published in one of the coming issues of the journal Mauerwerk for horizontal actions and explained with an example.
Installing windows in composite thermal insulation systems / Fenstermontage in Wärmedämm‐Verbundsystemen
Authors: Jehl Wolfgang , Benitz‐Wildenburg Jürgen
Published: April 2016

According to the German Association for Composite Thermal Insulation Systems, about 780 million m² of composite thermal insulation systems (ETICS) have up to now been installed in both existing and new buildings in Germany − a trend that is set to continue. Correct window installation in ETICS with a permanent and functional connection to the building fabric requires architects, engineers and contractors to be familiar with the special details of this external wall system [1], [2]. However, experience from expert witness reporting has shown that this is frequently not so and that eliminating any defects subsequently is only possible at great expense.
Sztynort Palace – Damage, repair and contemporary adaptations / Schloss Steinort – Schäden, Sicherung und modellhafte Adaption
Authors: Boekhoff Beate
Published: April 2016

The model project financed by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (German Federal Environmental Foundation) to repair anthropogenic foundation damage to Sztynort Palace was implemented in 2014/15 with the active participation of the Chair for Structural Design of the TU Dresden and thus achieved an exemplary adaptation of the house to future changes of environmental conditions. In addition to securing of the masonry of the northwest tower, which had been severely damaged by settlement, and further technically challenging refurbishment works to the partially collapsed cellar vaults, above all innovative solutions were planned, optimized and implemented to install an effective and modern drainage and rain water management system to the historic house with its complex construction.
Development of High‐Power Density Interleaved dc/dc Converter with SiC Devices
Authors: KITAMURA TATSUYA , YAMADA MASAKI , HARADA SHIGEKI , KOYAMA MASATO
Published: April 2016

We developed an interleaved dc/dc converter with SiC devices. We applied full‐SiC modules including MOSFETs and SBDs to the interleaved dc/dc converter to achieve a high‐power density. An SiC has a high temperature resistance, which facilitates an improvement in high‐frequency drives. We achieved a high‐power density by utilizing this high temperature resistance. We also fabricated a prototype and tested it with loads up to 65 kW.
An Electrical Energy Allotment Method for a Large Railway Network
Authors: KOMAKI DAISUKE , YANO KOJIN , FUKUMOTO TAKASHI
Published: April 2016

Railway operators usually do not consider the limit of the electrical energy supply in Japan. Although technologies have been developed for energy efficiency, the limit on the available electrical energy is not considered. However, railway operators met the limit in summer 2011 after the earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. In this study, we develop an electrical energy allotment method for a large railway network. The method optimizes train operations to provide better railway service when the energy supply is limited. We also develop a search method to find the optimal operation from very large combinations of operation factors. These optimization and search methods are evaluated using the Tohoku earthquake scenario.
Reactivity of a Monomeric Aluminium Hydrazide towards Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates: Active Lewis Pair Behaviour versus Classical Insertion Reactions
Authors: Uhl Werner , Bruchhage Julia Silissa , Willeke Matthias , Hepp Alexander , Kösters Jutta
Published: April 2016

Hydroalumination of H10C5N–N=C(Ad) with HAliBu2 yielded the hydrazide H10C5N–N(AliBu2)Ad (4; Ad = adamantyl, NC5H10 = piperidinyl). Compound 4 is monomeric and contains a highly strained AlN2 heterocycle formed by a donor–acceptor interaction between the Al atom and the β‐N atom of the hydrazine. Two equivalents of the hydride afforded an adduct with an HAliBu2 molecule coordinated to 4 by an Al–N and a 3c–2e Al–H–Al bond (5). tBuN=C=O did not insert into the relatively weak Al←N donor–acceptor bond of 4; instead, insertion into the shorter Al–N(amide) bond yielded five‐membered AlN3C heterocycle 6 with an exocyclic C=O group. PhN=C=O showed a similar reaction, but the product 7 was dimeric in the solid state with two Al–O bonds. Reaction in a 1:2 ratio afforded a unique linear dimer of phenyl isocyanate, which is stabilised by the aluminium hydrazide (8). Isothiocyanates gave thiosemicarbazides 9–11, which have Al atoms coordinated in a chelating manner by formation of AlSCN heterocycles and show fascinating differences in their bonding situation.
Ce/Au(CN)2–‐Based Coordination Polymers Containing and Lacking Aurophilic Interactions
Authors: Roberts Ryan J. , Ahern John C. , Patterson Howard H. , Leznoff Daniel B.
Published: April 2016

New members of the Ln[Au(CN)2]3·3H2O and [nBu4N]2[Ln(NO3)4Au(CN)2] series Ln = Ce (CeAu3and CeAu respectively) are reported herein where their synthesis, structure and photoluminescence properties are discussed. The first is a 3‐D coordination polymer with aurophilic interactions of 3.35 Å and the latter is a 1‐D coordination polymer that lacks them. At 293 K both CeAu3and CeAu display characteristic CeIII‐based emission atλmax= 393 nm (5d→2FJ), however in CeAu3AuI‐based emission (λmax= 410,1MLCT) dominates the spectrum. At 77 K however, the dominant emission is AuI‐based with characteristic emissions ofλmax= 430 nm (1MLCT) and 490 nm (3MLCT). The key difference in the luminescence of these two materials can be rationalized in terms of their respective structures, through either the aurophilic network and lack thereof and/or the rigidity offered in the 3‐D structure of CeAu3.
Increased pain and muscle glutamate concentration after single ingestion of monosodium glutamate by myofascial temporomandibular disorders patients
Authors: Shimada A. , Castrillon E.E. , Baad‐Hansen L. , Ghafouri B. , Gerdle B. , Wåhlén K. , Ernberg M. , Cairns B.E. , Svensson P.
Published: April 2016

Background

A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study was conducted to investigate if single monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration would elevate muscle/serum glutamate concentrations and affect muscle pain sensitivity in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients more than in healthy individuals.

Methods

Twelve myofascial TMD patients and 12 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls participated in two sessions. Participants drank MSG (150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg; control) diluted in 400 mL of soda. The concentration of glutamate in the masseter muscle, blood plasma and saliva was determined before and after the ingestion of MSG or control. At baseline and every 15 min after the ingestion, pain intensity was scored on a 0–10 numeric rating scale. Pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) and autonomic parameters were measured. All participants were asked to report adverse effects after the ingestion.

Results

In TMD, interstitial glutamate concentration was significantly greater after the MSG ingestion when compared with healthy controls. TMD reported a mean pain intensity of 2.8/10 at baseline, which significantly increased by 40% 30 min post MSG ingestion. At baseline, TMD showed lower PPTols in the masseter and trapezius, and higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than healthy controls. The MSG ingestion resulted in reports of headache by half of the TMD and healthy controls, respectively.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that myofascial TMD patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of ingested MSG.

What does this study add?’

Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle caused by monosodium glutamate (MSG) ingestion was significantly greater in myofascial myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients than healthy individuals.

This elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle significantly increased the intensity of spontaneous pain in myofascial TMD patients.
Multi‐stage high order semi‐Lagrangian schemes for incompressible flows in Cartesian geometries
Authors: Cameron Alexandre , Raynaud Raphaël , Dormy Emmanuel
Published: April 2016

Efficient transport algorithms are essential to the numerical resolution of incompressible fluid‐flow problems. Semi‐Lagrangian methods are widely used in grid based methods to achieve this aim. The accuracy of the interpolation strategy then determines the properties of the scheme. We introduce a simple multi‐stage procedure, which can easily be used to increase the order of accuracy of a code based on multilinear interpolations. This approach is an extension of a corrective algorithm introduced by Dupont & Liu (2003, 2007). This multi‐stage procedure can be easily implemented in existing parallel codes using a domain decomposition strategy, as the communication pattern is identical to that of the multilinear scheme. We show how a combination of a forward and backward error correction can provide a third‐order accurate scheme, thus significantly reducing diffusive effects while retaining a non‐dispersive leading error term. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlated inter‐regional variations in low frequency local field potentials and resting state BOLD signals within S1 cortex of monkeys
Authors: Wilson George H. , Yang Pai‐Feng , Gore John C. , Chen Li Min
Published: April 2016

The hypothesis that specific frequency components of the spontaneous local field potentials (LFPs) underlie low frequency fluctuations of resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) signals was tested. The previous analyses of rsfMRI signals revealed differential inter‐regional correlations among areas 3a, 3b, and 1 of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in anesthetized monkeys (Wang et al. [2013]: Neuron 78:1116–1126). Here LFP band(s) which correlated between S1 regions, and how these inter‐regional correlation differences covaried with rsfMRI signals were examined. LFP signals were filtered into seven bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma low, gamma high, and gamma very high), and then a Hilbert transformation was applied to obtain measures of instantaneous amplitudes and temporal lags between regions of interest (ROI) digit–digit pairs (areas 3b–area 1, area 3a–area 1, area 3a–area 3b) and digit–face pairs (area 3b–face, area 1–face, and area 3a–face). It was found that variations in the inter‐regional correlation strengths between digit–digit and digit–face pairs in the delta (1–4 Hz), alpha (9–14 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (31–50 Hz) bands parallel those of rsfMRI signals to varying degrees. Temporal lags between digit–digit area pairs varied across LFP bands, with area 3a mostly leading areas 1/2 and 3b. In summary, the data demonstrates that the low and middle frequency range (1–50 Hz) of spontaneous LFP signals similarly covary with the low frequency fluctuations of rsfMRI signals within local circuits of S1, supporting a neuronal electrophysiological basis of rsfMRI signals. Inter‐areal LFP temporal lag differences provided novel insights into the directionality of information flow among S1 areas at rest. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2755–2766, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Label‐free in vivo cellular‐level detection and imaging of apoptosis
Authors: Bower Andrew J. , Marjanovic Marina , Zhao Youbo , Li Joanne , Chaney Eric J. , Boppart Stephen A.
Published: April 2016

Cell death plays a critical role in health and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and can be broadly divided into two main categories: apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and necrosis, or acute cell death. While these processes have been characterized extensively in vitro, label‐free detection of apoptosis and necrosis at the cellular level in vivo has yet to be shown. In this study, for the first time, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of intracellular reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was utilized to assess the metabolic response of in vivo mouse epidermal keratinocytes following induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Results show significantly elevated levels of both the mean lifetime of NADH and the intracellular ratio of protein bound‐to‐free NADH in the apoptotic compared to the necrotic tissue. In addition, the longitudinal profiles of these two cell death processes show remarkable differences. By identifying and extracting these temporal metabolic signatures, apoptosis in single cells can be studied in native tissue environments within the living organism.

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Induction of neuronal activation by femtosecond‐pulsed laser irradiation and its potential application for amyloid‐β–induced toxicity assessment
Authors: Lee Seunghee , Yoon Jonghee , Choi Myunghwan , Choi Chulhee
Published: April 2016

Manipulating neural activity is crucial for studying the neural connectivity and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. Among various techniques for neural activation, direct optical stimulation method with femtosecond‐pulsed laser is simple and can be specifically applied on a single neuron. Brief irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses on a neuron elevates intracellular calcium, and it propagates to adjacent neurons. However, the mechanisms of laser‐induced neural activation are still unclear. In this report, we have elucidated the mechanism of laser‐induced neural activation which could be mediated by superoxide, specifically blocked by diphenyleneiodonium chloride, and depletion in intracellular calcium storage. Furthermore, we also showed that the propagation of calcium initiated by laser stimulation is dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium as well as electrical and chemical synapses. We verified the applicability of such mechanism for the assessment of neuronal functionality, by measuring calcium elevation, intracellular calcium propagation, ROS increase, and performing cell death assay in vehicle and Aβ‐treated neurons. This work suggests promising applications of the potential for implementing such laser‐induced neural activation for rapid and reliable drug screening.

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Smoking Status and Substance Use Treatment Outcomes Among Spanish Speakers Enrolled in Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: de Dios Marcel A. , Cano Miguel Ángel , Childress Sarah , Vaughan Ellen , Cerna Yohanna , Niaura Raymond
Published: April 2016

Objective

Smoking is highly prevalent among individuals with drug and alcohol disorders. Concurrent tobacco dependence treatment during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is supported, yet the association between SUD treatment outcomes and smoking status has been understudied in minorities, including Latinos.

Method

Participants were 322 Spanish‐speaking Latinos enrolled in a SUD treatment study in 5 U.S. cities. Logistic regression examined associations between baseline smoking status and treatment outcomes for nontobacco substance use at follow‐up. Covariates included age, gender, level of education, marital status, treatment group, and mandated treatment status.

Results

Results indicated smokers had a reduced likelihood of abstinence for all nontobacco substances (p = .001) and their primary drug of use (p = .007).

Conclusions

Findings contribute to the growing literature indicating a possible beneficial effect of smoking cessation services on SUD treatment, specifically among Latinos. Further research is needed to identify ideal smoking cessation treatments for Latinos.
No Way Out: Entrapment as a Moderator of Suicide Ideation Among Military Personnel
Authors: Shelef Leah , Levi‐Belz Yossi , Fruchter Eyal , Santo Yoav , Dahan Eyal
Published: April 2016

Objective

Suicide is a leading and growing cause of death in the military during peacetime. This study sought to examine the psychological mechanisms relating to entrapment, stress, and psychological protective factors facilitating suicide ideation among military personnel.

Method

The study population comprised 168 soldiers (aged 18–21) divided into 3 groups: suicide attempters (n = 58), those receiving treatment by a mental health professional, reporting no suicidal behavior (n = 58), and controls (n = 50).

Results

In general, the suicidal group scored higher than the 2 other groups in stress levels and entrapment but lower than the other 2 groups in perceived problem‐solving abilities and perceived social support. Moreover, the interaction of stress and entrapment predict suicide ideation beyond stress, protective factors, and entrapment alone.

Conclusion

Entrapment is an important predictor of suicide ideation and can serve as a moderator, in that its presence may exacerbate the harsh situation of subjective stress within the military context and intensify it into a suicide risk.
Neural correlates of the mother‐to‐infant social transmission of fear
Authors: Chang Da‐Jeong , Debiec Jacek
Published: April 2016

Although clinical and basic studies show that parental trauma, fear, and anxiety may be transmitted to offspring, the neurobiology of this transmission is still not well understood. We recently demonstrated in an animal model that infant rats acquire threat responses to a distinct cue when a mother expresses fear to this cue in their presence. This ability to acquire maternal fear through social learning is present at birth and, as we previously reported, depends on the pup's amygdala. However, the remaining neural mechanisms underlying social fear learning (SFL) in infancy remain elusive. Here, by using [14C]2‐deoxyglucose autoradiography, we show that the mother‐to‐infant transmission of fear in preweaning rats is associated with a significant increase of activity in the subregions of the lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, retrosplenial cortex, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, mediodorsal and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, medial and the lateral preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the lateral periaqueductal gray. In contrast to studies of adult SFL demonstrating the role of the anterior cingulate cortex and possibly the insular cortex or research of infant classical fear conditioning showing the role of the posterior piriform cortex, no changes of activation in these areas were observed. Our results indicate that the pup's exposure to maternal fear activates a number of areas involved in processing threat, stress, or pain. This pattern of activation suggests a unique set of neural mechanisms underlying SFL in the developing brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation
Authors: Cota Vinícius Rosa , Drabowski Bruna Marcela Bacellar , de Oliveira Jasiara Carla , Moraes Márcio Flávio Dutra
Published: April 2016

Many patients with epilepsy do not obtain proper control of their seizures through conventional treatment. We review aspects of the pathophysiology underlying epileptic phenomena, with a special interest in the role of the amygdala, stressing the importance of hypersynchronism in both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. We then review experimental studies on electrical stimulation of mesiotemporal epileptogenic areas, the amygdala included, as a means to treat medically refractory epilepsy. Regular high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) commonly has anticonvulsant effects and sparse antiepileptogenic properties. On the other hand, HFS is related to acute and long‐term increases in excitability related to direct neuronal activation, long‐term potentiation, and kindling, raising concerns regarding its safety and jeopardizing in‐depth understanding of its mechanisms. In turn, the safer regular low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) has a robust antiepileptogenic effect, but its pro‐ or anticonvulsant effect seems to vary at random among studies. As an alternative, studies by our group on the development and investigation of temporally unstructured electrical stimulation applied to the amygdala have shown that nonperiodic stimulation (NPS), which is a nonstandard form of LFS, is capable of suppressing both acute and chronic spontaneous seizures. We hypothesize two noncompetitive mechanisms for the therapeutic role of amygdala in NPS, 1) a direct desynchronization of epileptic circuitry in the forebrain and brainstem and 2) an indirect desynchronization/inhibition through nucleus accumbens activation. We conclude by reintroducing the idea that hypersynchronism, rather than hyperexcitability, may be the key for epileptic phenomena and epilepsy treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Motor and nonmotor heterogeneity of LRRK2‐related and idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marras Connie , Alcalay Roy N. , Caspell‐Garcia Chelsea , Coffey Christopher , Chan Piu , Duda John E. , Facheris Maurizio F. , Fernández‐Santiago Rubén , Ruíz‐Martínez Javier , Mestre Tiago , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Pont‐Sunyer Claustre , Tolosa Eduardo , Waro Bjorg ,   the LRRK2 Cohort Consortium
Published: April 2016

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with LRRK2 mutations has been described as similar to idiopathic PD with minor clinical differences. No study has compared the clinical features of LRRK2‐associated PD due to different mutations. The objective of this study was to compare LRRK2‐associated PD due to G2019S and G2385R mutations and to compare each to idiopathic PD.

Methods

Sites within the international LRRK2 Cohort Consortium undertook family‐based, community‐based, or clinic‐based studies to gather clinical data on manifesting carriers and patients with idiopathic PD.

Results

Five hundred sixteen PD patients with the G2019S mutation, 199 with the G2385R mutation, and 790 patients with idiopathic PD were included in the data set. Adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa‐equivalent daily dose, mean MDS‐UPDRS part II or III scores and the frequency of motor fluctuations were higher in the G2385R mutation carriers than in either the G2019S mutation carriers or idiopathic PD patients. G2019S mutation carriers had significantly lower UPDRS part III scores than idiopathic PD patients. Both G2019S and G2385R mutation carriers had a higher proportion of the postural instability gait disorder phenotype compared with idiopathic PD patients. LRRK2 G2019S PD patients had better UPSIT scores and lower Geriatric Depression Scale scores than idiopathic PD patients in adjusted analyses.

Conclusions

G2385R and G2019S PD appear to have motor differences that may be explained by contrasting local treatment or measurement practices or differences in the biology of the disease. Longitudinal studies should evaluate whether progression is faster in G2385R mutation carriers compared with G2019S PD or idiopathic PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
LIDAR observation and numerical simulation of vortex/wave shedding at the Eastern Runway Corridor of the Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Li Lei , Chan Pak Wai
Published: April 2016

Vortex/wave shedding is sometimes observed in the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) region by such sophisticated instruments as Doppler LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems. During the past three years several vortex/wave shedding cases have been documented, often to the west of HKIA, downwind of the mountains which can block and disturb the prevailing airflow from the southeast. These shedding movements might trigger turbulence and wind shear, threatening aircraft landing from the west. This paper documents, for the first time, that such shedding can also occur at the runway corridor to the east of the airport's south runway, caused by mountains on the eastern side of Lantau Island. It calculates the shedding period and Froude number of the events, comparing these data with results reported in the literature. It also discusses, for the first time, the use of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate these events, based on homogeneous initialization only and using the upper air ascent data closest in time to the events. The simulations were shown to successfully reproduce the main features of the shedding, pointing to the possibility of applying this kind of simulation method in real‐time forecasts to provide early warning services for aircraft taking off from HKIA.