bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and characteristics of frequent presenters to Auburn Hospital emergency department
Authors: Cordell Billie , Nguyen Khanh , Shahir Ahmed K , Lord Sarah J , Gallego Gisselle
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Frequent presenters (FPs) to the ED are common and contribute to ED overcrowding. Our aim was to identify the proportion of FPs over a 12‐month period and to investigate the sociodemographic, clinical and attendance characteristics of FPs.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) presenting to Auburn Hospital ED between 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Patients with ≥4 presentations in 12 months were classified as FP. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics and FP.

Results

During the study period, there were 22 679 presentations to the ED from 16 624 adult patients. FPs represented 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.8–5.5) of the total population, but 15.8% of the total ED visits. Median age of FPs was 46 years (interquartile range 29–72), 51.9% were males. Age over 65 was the strongest determinant of FP (odds ratio [OR] 2.33; 95% CI 2.01–2.72 adjusted for sex). FP was more likely for Arabic speakers compared to English speakers (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.28–1.86 adjusted for age and sex) and least likely for Mandarin speakers (adjusted OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.27–0.59).

Conclusions

FPs represent a significant proportion of ED visits, yet a small proportion of ED patients. Our findings suggest that identifying ways to provide targeted services to older FPs may reduce the overall rates. The differences between language groups and FP highlights the importance of social context and culture when developing targeted interventions.
Oesophageal perforation following cervical spinal surgery with instrumentation: A case report on primary repair with pedicled sternocleidomastoid muscle flap reinforcement and review of the literature
Authors: Chan Yan Lilian , Cheuk Kwan Yee , Lai Kit Wai , Mak Kwong Lin , Lai Tak Wing
Published: May 2022

Anterior cervical spine fusion and stabilisation is an entrenched procedure for managing traumatic spinal fracture. Oesophageal perforation by spinal hardware after cervical spinal fusion surgery is a rare complication that can be life‐threatening. We present a case with a complication of oesophageal perforation following anterior and posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation performed 7 years ago with a review of literature.
Altitude‐dependent variation in leaf structure and pigment content provides the performance of a relict shrub in mountains of Mongolia
Authors: Ivanov Leonid A. , Migalina Svetlana V. , Ronzhina Dina A. , Tumurjav Shinekhuu , Gundsambuu Tserenkhand , Bazha Sergey N. , Ivanova Larissa A.
Published: May 2022

Mountain climate and vegetation change rapidly with altitude therefore many plant species may be found within a narrow elevation range. In the mountains of northern Mongolia, a relict shrub Prunus sibirica L. occurs within restricted upland areas. We studied 25 whole‐plant and leaf traits of P. sibirica at 10 locations in the Khentei Mountains. A comparison with a global trait variation of terrestrial plants and a path model of apricot data measured were used to evaluate the pattern of functional response to altitude. The intraspecific variation of pigment content found in Siberian apricot was surprisingly comparable to the ranges of interspecific variation among terrestrial plants over a global scale. Increasing altitude caused a dramatic increase in both chlorophylls and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio and a decrease in the chlorophyll a/b. We also found a decrease in leaf thickness contributed to transpiration and water use efficiency. Photosynthetic capacity and kinetics, plant sizes and biomass were not affected by altitude. The path modelling revealed that pigment content and leaf structure were two independent ways to maintain the plant carbon and water balance. Our results identify the important role of intraspecific variation in leaf pigments and structure in plant response to altitude. We propose that these leaf traits could be used as predictors for the species altitudinal limits.
Effect of a brain‐penetrant selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) on binge drinking in female mice
Authors: Chen Hu , Lu Yunlong , Xiong Rui , Rosales Carlo I. , Coles Cassandre , Hamada Kana , Asad Nuria , Thatcher Gregory R. J. , Lasek Amy W.
Published: May 2022

Background

Greater circulating levels of the steroid hormone 17β‐estradiol (E2) are associated with higher levels of binge drinking in women. In female mice, estrogen receptors in the ventral tegmental area, a dopaminergic region of the brain involved in the motivation to consume ethanol, regulate binge‐like ethanol intake. We recently developed a brain‐penetrant selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), YL3‐122, that could be used to test the behavioral role of brain estrogen receptors. We hypothesized that treating female mice with this compound would reduce binge‐like ethanol drinking.

Methods

Female C57BL/6J mice were treated systemically with YL3‐122 and a related SERD with low brain penetrance, XR5‐27, and tested for binge‐like ethanol consumption in the drinking in the dark (DID) test. Mice were also tested for sucrose and water consumption and blood ethanol clearance after treatment with the SERDs. Finally, the effect of ethanol exposure on Esr1 gene expression was measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of male and female mice by quantitative real‐time PCR after 4 DID sessions.

Results

YL3‐122 reduced ethanol consumption when mice were in diestrus but not estrus. YL3‐122 also decreased sucrose consumption but did not alter water intake or blood ethanol clearance. XR5‐27 did not affect any of these measures. Binge‐like ethanol drinking resulted in increased Esr1 transcript in the VTA of both sexes, male vHPC, and female PFC.

Conclusions

These results indicate that SERD treatment can decrease binge‐like ethanol drinking in female mice. Thus, it could be a novel strategy to reduce binge drinking in women, with the caveat that effectiveness may depend on menstrual cycle phase. In addition, Esr1 transcript is increased by binge ethanol exposure in both sexes but in a brain region‐specific manner.
Are Australians willing to pay more tax to support wage increases for aged care workers? Findings from a national survey
Authors: Crocker Matthew , Milte Rachel , Duff Gordon , Lawless Michael , Corlis Megan , Ratcliffe Julie
Published: May 2022

Objective

To explore the perceptions of the Australian public regarding Australia's aged care workforce, including their willingness to pay more tax to fund better pay and conditions for aged care workers.

Methods

An online survey was developed and administered to a representative sample of Australian adults (aged ≥18 years) by age group, gender and Australian state. Survey respondents completed a series of attitudinal statements to elicit their perceptions of the value of Australia's aged care workforce and were asked to indicate their willingness to pay additional tax to fund better pay and conditions for aged care workers. Those who gave a positive response were then asked to indicate what percentage of additional tax per year they would be willing to pay to ensure better pay and conditions for aged care workers.

Results

A total of 2033 adult respondents completed the survey. A majority (78%) of respondents either ‘agreed’ or ‘strongly agreed’ that aged care workers should be paid more. Approximately half of the respondents (50.57%) expressed a willingness to pay more tax to ensure better pay and conditions for aged care workers. The mean willingness to pay was 1.31% additional tax overall, and mean percentage additional tax values were relatively consistent across key socio‐demographic indicators.

Conclusions

A majority of the Australian public are in favour of improving the wages and employment conditions of aged care workers. However, only one in two Australians is willing to pay more tax to ensure better pay and conditions for aged care workers.
Air pollution exposure impairs lung function in infants
Authors: Lundberg Björn , Gruzieva Olena , Eneroth Kristina , Melén Erik , Persson Åsa , Hallberg Jenny , Pershagen Göran
Published: May 2022

Aim

To assess associations between air pollution exposure and infant lung function.

Methods

Healthy infants from Stockholm were recruited to two cohorts (n = 99 and n = 78). Infant spirometry included plethysmography and raised volume forced expiratory flows. In pooled analyses, lung function at ~6 months of age was related to time‐weighted average air pollution levels at residential addresses from birth until the lung function test. The pollutants included particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM10) or <2.5 μm and nitrogen dioxide.

Results

There were significant inverse relations between air pollution exposure during infancy and forced expiratory volume at 0.5 s (FEV0.5) as well as forced vital capacity (FVC) for all pollutants. For example, the decline was 10.1 ml (95% confidence interval 1.3–18.8) and 10.3 ml (0.5–20.1) in FEV0.5 and FVC, respectively, for an interquartile increment of 5.3 μg/m3 in PM10. Corresponding associations for minute ventilation and functional residual capacity were 43.3 ml/min (−9.75–96.3) and 0.84 ml (−4.14–5.82).

Conclusions

Air pollution exposure was associated with impaired infant lung function measures related to airway calibre and lung volume, suggesting that comparatively low levels of air pollution negatively affect lung function in early life.
Screening for neurodegeneration in Langerhans cell histiocytosis with neurofilament light in plasma
Authors: Sveijer Malin , von Bahr Greenwood Tatiana , Jädersten Martin , Kvedaraite Egle , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Lourda Magda , Gavhed Désirée , Henter Jan‐Inge
Published: May 2022

Patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may develop progressive neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (ND‐CNS‐LCH). Neurofilament light protein (NFL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a promising biomarker to detect and monitor ND‐CNS‐LCH. We compared paired samples of NFL in plasma (p‐NFL) and CSF in 10 patients (19 samples). Nine samples had abnormal CSF‐NFL (defined as ≥380 ng/l) with corresponding p‐NFL ≥ 2 ng/l. Ten samples had CSF‐NFL < 380 ng/l; eight (80%) with p‐NFL < 2 ng/l (p < 0.001; Fisher's exact test). Thus, our results suggest that p‐NFL may be used to screen for ND‐CNS‐LCH. Further studies are encouraged, including the role of p‐NFL for monitoring of ND‐CNS‐LCH.
Dermatitis in an irritable infant
Authors: Lynch Fiona , Ryan Ciara , Roche Lisa , McDermott Michael , Browne Fiona
Published: May 2022

This is the case of an infant with a persistent dermatitis affecting the perioral, acral and napkin areas, in whom a simple oral therapy provided a rapid treatment response.
Toric intraocular lenses: Evidence‐based use
Authors: Goggin Michael
Published: May 2022

Uncorrected refractive astigmatism degrades visual acuity. Spherical intraocular lenses (IOLs) leave astigmatic errors resident in the cornea manifest in refractive astigmatism. Toric IOLs, correcting for this corneal astigmatism, contribute to spectacle‐free vision in the pseudophakic eye. This review provides information to assist surgeons in a rational choice of eyes suitable for toric IOL implantation, methods of IOL cylinder power calculation, surgical techniques for toric IOLs and management of complications. With appropriate application of this information, correction of visually detrimental astigmatism can be achieved routinely.
Determinants of noncognitive skills: Mediating effects of siblings' interaction and parenting quality
Authors: Hayduk Iryna , Toussaint‐Comeau Maude
Published: May 2022

This paper sheds light on the formation process of noncognitive skills by examining the determinants of a host of personality traits. Using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), for individuals in larger families (three or more children), we find having a same‐sex sibling leads to improved long‐run noncognitive skills and positive personality traits. The latter result is driven entirely by females. We examine potential mechanisms by exploring the links between parental investment and sibling interactions. The results could possibly speak to public actions to enhance child development and human capital accumulation.
Pigmented PRRX1::NCOA1‐rearranged fibroblastic tumor: A rare morphologic variant of an emerging mesenchymal tumor
Authors: Cloutier Jeffrey M. , Maloney Nolan S. , Wang Wei‐Lien , Lazar Alexander J.
Published: May 2022

PRRX::NCOAx‐rearranged fibroblastic tumor is a recently described, morphologically distinctive subcutaneous fibroblastic tumor with benign behavior. To date, 12 cases have been reported. Here, we report a new case of PRRX::NCOAx‐rearranged fibroblastic tumor showing a prominent pigmented component. The lesion occurred on the shoulder of a 23‐year‐old male. It was an at least 2.5 cm subcutaneous tumor with a multinodular and plexiform appearance. Morphologically, the tumor was characterized by a variably cellular proliferation of uniform oval to spindle cells arranged in fascicles and cords within a myxocollagenous stroma. Irregular, elongated, dilated vessels were prominent at the periphery of tumor nodules. In addition, nests and clusters of pigment‐laden epithelioid and dendritic cells were present. Immunohistochemically, the non‐pigmented tumor cells showed patchy positivity for factor XIIIa and focal positivity for S100 protein. The pigmented cells were positive for S100 protein, SOX10, MITF, and a pan‐melanocytic cocktail (Melan‐A, HMB‐45, and tyrosinase). Next‐generation RNA sequencing identified an in‐frame PRRX1::NCOA1 fusion. In summary, this case highlights a rare pigmented variant of PRRX::NCOAx‐rearranged fibroblastic tumor, expanding the morphologic spectrum of this newly described mesenchymal tumor.
Prenatal auditory experience and its sequelae
Authors: Vogelsang Marin , Vogelsang Lukas , Diamond Sidney , Sinha Pawan
Published: May 2022

Towards the end of the second trimester of gestation, a human fetus is able to register environmental sounds. This in utero auditory experience is characterized by comprising strongly low‐pass‐filtered versions of sounds from the external world. Here, we present computational tests of the hypothesis that this early exposure to severely degraded auditory inputs serves an adaptive purpose—it may induce the neural development of extended temporal integration. Such integration can facilitate the detection of information carried by low‐frequency variations in the auditory signal, including emotional or other prosodic content. To test this prediction, we characterized the impact of several training regimens, biomimetic and otherwise, on a computational model system trained and tested on the task of emotion recognition. We find that training with an auditory trajectory recapitulating that of a neurotypical infant in the pre‐to‐postnatal period results in temporally extended receptive field structures and yields the best subsequent accuracy and generalization performance on the task of emotion recognition. This strongly suggests that the progression from low‐pass‐filtered to full‐frequency inputs is likely to be an adaptive feature of our development, conferring significant benefits to later auditory processing abilities relying on temporally extended analyses. Additionally, this finding can help explain some of the auditory impairments associated with preterm births, suggests guidelines for the design of auditory environments in neonatal care units, and points to enhanced training procedures for computational models.
Subpopulation contributions to a breeding metapopulation of migratory arctic herbivores: survival, fecundity and asymmetric dispersal
Authors: Alisauskas Ray T. , Calvert Anna M. , Leafloor James O. , Rockwell Robert F. , Drake Kiel L. , Kellett Dana K. , Brook Rodney W. , Abraham Kenneth F.
Published: May 2022

Estimates of demographic parameters for lesser snow geeseAnser caerulescens caerulescenshave become critical to understand ecosystem change in northern Canada. Exponential increase in abundance has produced hyperdensities of these herbivores that can affect Arctic ecosystem stability through intense foraging. Increased and sustained marking of individually‐identifiable lesser snow geese over their breeding distribution now permits joint estimation of local vital rates and movement probabilities among widely scattered subpopulations. We used multi‐state models, including an unobservable state, with live captures from 5 subpopulations and dead recoveries to estimate annual probabilities of 1) survival, 2) capture, 3) reported mortality and 4) movement to other subpopulations, as well as derived estimates for probabilities of site fidelity and harvest. Our dataset included 144 719 captures of 139 177 lesser snow geese marked with metal legbands, from 2006 to 2015, of which 5542 were recaptured near breeding sites and 9709 were recovered dead in North America. The best model supported variation in survival by subpopulation and age, with additive effects of subpopulation, age and sex on movement probability. Male breeding dispersal was greater than by females, and juvenile geese were more likely to move than adults. Strong northeastward geographic asymmetry in the probability of breeding movement was consistent with an eastward shift in wintering distribution observed in hunter recoveries. Mean annual survival ranged from 0.79 to 0.94 for adults, and 0.16 to 0.47 for juvenile geese, with a strong negative relationship between regional adult and juvenile survival. Harvest probabilities were all ≤ 0.03 for adult and ≤ 0.06 for juvenile geese, suggesting little influence from direct anthropogenic exploitation. Metrics for subpopulation persistence and contributions of each to the metapopulation suggested declines in all but one subpopulation, and a declining Midcontinent population overall. Our study highlights the importance of all subpopulation demographic parameters as modulators of persistence at both local and range‐wide population dynamics.
The impact of tax policy on firm debt maturity: Evidence from China's VAT reform
Authors: Zou Jingxian , Shen Guangjun
Published: May 2022

This paper mainly discusses how tax reduction policies may affect a firm's debt maturity structure by altering firm performance. When an indirect financing system is dominated by banks, such as is the situation in China, tax reduction policies impose two opposite effects on the firm debt maturity structure. The improved profitability will encourage banks to lengthen debt maturity to retain firm customers, which can be called the ‘customer competing effect’. Meanwhile, the increased free cash flow will exaggerate the principle‐agent problem between banks and firms, leading to a shortened debt maturity, which is designated the ‘agency cost effect’. In this paper, based on China's Industrial Enterprise Database, we use China's VAT (value‐added tax) reform as a natural experiment to empirically test the two effects. After the tax reduction, firm debt maturity was found to generally lengthen. Meanwhile, such an extension is found to be larger when the firm's profit gain is greater or the increased free cash flow is less, which confirms our hypothesis.
Free vitamin D3 index and vitamin D‐binding protein in multiple sclerosis: A presymptomatic case–control study
Authors: Grut Viktor , Biström Martin , Salzer Jonatan , Stridh Pernilla , Lindam Anna , Alonso‐Magdalena Lucia , Andersen Oluf , Jons Daniel , Gunnarsson Martin , Vrethem Magnus , Hultdin Johan , Sundström Peter
Published: May 2022

Background and purpose

High levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) are associated with a lower risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). The bioavailability of 25(OH)D3 is regulated by its main plasma carrier, vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP). Free 25(OH)D3 can be estimated by also measuring DBP concentration. In addition, DBP has immunomodulatory functions that may independently affect MS pathogenesis. No previous studies have assessed free 25(OH)D3 or DBP in presymptomatically collected samples. This study was undertaken to assess free 25(OH)D3 and DBP as risk factors for MS.

Methods

A nested case–control study was performed with presymptomatic serum samples identified through cross‐linkage of MS registries and Swedish biobanks. Concentration of 25(OH)D3 was measured with liquid chromatography and DBP levels with sandwich immunoassay. Free 25(OH)D3 was approximated as free vitamin D3 index: (25[OH]D3/DBP) × 103. MS risk was analyzed by conditional logistic regression, calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Serum samples from 660 pairs of matched cases and controls were included.

At <20 years of age, high levels of free vitamin D3 index were associated with a lower risk of MS (highest vs. lowest quintile: OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.15–0.91, p for trend across quintiles = 0.04). At age 30–39 years, high levels of DBP were associated with a lower MS risk (highest vs. lowest quintile: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15–0.85, p for trend = 0.02).

Conclusions

These findings support the hypothesis that high levels of free 25(OH)D3 at a young age reduce the risk of MS later in life. They also implicate a role for DBP in MS etiology.
The contribution of the European Union to the rule of law in the field of international investment law through the creation of a Multilateral Investment Court
Authors: Brown Colin M.
Published: May 2022

The concept of the international rule of law has developed in a form distinct from, but related to, the rule of law at the domestic (or European) level. This article examines the notion of the international rule of law and then, after explaining the international system of investment protection and its dispute settlement system, sets these against the international rule of law. It concludes by looking at how the European Union's proposal for a Multilateral Investment Court would contribute to augmenting the international rule of law in the field of investment protection.
Attitudes towards COVID‐19 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Duong Tuan A. , Bryant Robert V. , Andrews Jane M. , Lynch Kate D.
Published: May 2022

The majority of the Australian public are willing to have a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination. It is unclear whether people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have the same attitude towards COVID‐19 vaccination. A survey was performed to assess the attitude of patients with IBD towards COVID‐19 vaccination in South Australia. Two‐thirds of surveyed patients with IBD were willing to accept COVID‐19 vaccine. Females and younger patients were less likely to accept the COVID‐19 vaccine, as were those who had never had a discussion around vaccines.
Investing in nursing and its leadership to secure global health: Are we making progress?
Authors: Rosser Elizabeth Anne
Published: May 2022

Investing in nursing and its leadership has been a key global priority in achieving world health. This paper aims to explore what it means to invest in nursing and its leadership and whether we are progressing in its endeavour. Consideration is given to whose responsibility it is to invest, the importance of education to support strategic nurse leaders and enable them to have a voice to lead as well as create a culture in which their staff wish to stay. Further, the paper explores the importance of each country accepting responsibility for developing and funding its strategic workforce plan and paying nurse professionals fairly and taking steps to reduce workforce shortages. Finally, the paper examines the progress the United Kingdom is making and concludes that investment in nursing is everyone's business, the government, healthcare organisations, society and above all nurses themselves. Collectively, we must step up to influence change and have nursing voices heard.
Study on rapid nitridation process of molten silicon by thermogravimetry and in situ Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Jinguang , Wu Ping , Wang Li , Zhang Shiping , Yan Dan , Li Ya‐nan
Published: May 2022

The melt of silicon, hindering nitridation for its agglomeration, should be avoided in the direct nitridation of silicon to synthesize silicon nitride powders, although liquid phase facilitates nitridation. Therefore, we proposed a method to nitride molten silicon without agglomeration. Thermogravimetric and in situ Raman studies on the nitridation process of molten silicon were performed. The as‐prepared silicon nitride samples were found to be micron clusters composed of submicron grains with high α‐Si3N4 content. The nitridation of molten silicon at 1500°C was completed after 500 s and 109 times faster than the nitridation of solid silicon at 1350°C. β‐Si3N4 is produced dominantly by α–β‐phase transition. Less nitridation time and low temperature can decrease the β‐Si3N4 content. The rapid nitridation was owning to core–shell structure Si@Si3N4, which was formed after the initial nitridation of silicon particles and hindered the agglomeration of molten silicon.
Fire, climate and biotic interactions shape diversity patterns along an Afrotropical elevation gradient
Authors: Doležal Jiří , Dančák Martin , Kučera Jan , Majeský Luboš , Altman Jan , Řeháková Klára , Čapková Kateřina , Vondrák Jan , Fibich Pavel , Liancourt Pierre
Published: May 2022

Aim

Untangling multiple drivers influencing biodiversity along elevation gradients is necessary for predicting the consequences of climate change on mountain communities. We examine the direct and indirect effects of macroclimate, edaphic conditions, fire frequency and putative biotic interactions on species richness and abundance of co‐occurring primary producers on Mount Cameroon.

Location

Mount Cameroon, Cameroon.Taxon: vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, and soil microbial phototrophs.

Methods

We combine ground‐level survey of multi‐taxa diversity, soil nutrient stoichiometry, continuous climate monitoring using dataloggers and remote sensing data, for 115 plots sampled along a 2200–4000 m elevation gradient. We used GAMs to assess elevational patterns in ecosystem properties and SEMs to determine their direct and indirect effects on species richness and abundance.

Results

Vascular plant diversity peaked at mid‐elevation and emerged from the combined effects of intermediate levels of energy, total above‐ground standing biomass, fire frequency, guild abundances and edaphic conditions. Bryophyte–lichen diversity increased monotonically towards high elevation with decreasing temperature and increasing nutrient scarcity, while the diversity of soil phototrophs peaked at both lower elevation fire‐prone Afromontane and cold higher elevation Afroalpine zones. The role of macroclimate was indirect and scale dependent. Higher temperatures increased plant richness mainly indirectly via enhanced fire frequency, while soil N:P ratio had direct positive effect on plant richness. Precipitation decreased plant richness indirectly via decreased fire frequency. Fires also increased plant and bryophyte–lichen cover. Positive bryophyte–lichen and vascular plants associations strengthened in the Afroalpine zone.

Main conclusions

We demonstrate the role of disturbance/fire and biotic interactions in mitigating macroclimate effects and in controlling variation in community diversity along elevation gradients. While the macroclimate is often a strong predictor of ecological patterns along elevation gradients, our study illustrates that attributing these patterns exclusively to climate can lead to an incorrect assessment of the impact of climate change on biodiversity.
Elite‐Mass Linkages in the Preference Formation on Differentiated Integration
Authors: Telle Stefan , de Blok Lisanne , de Vries Catherine E. , Cicchi Lorenzo
Published: May 2022

How does the public form preferences about differentiated integration (DI)? The literature on mass‐elite linkages offers two perspectives: top‐down, political elites cue the public, or bottom‐up, political elites react to public preferences. This paper develops expectations based on both perspectives, and presents novel empirical data on citizens, political parties, and governments to test them. We distinguish preferences over differentiated policy integration, like ‘Opt‐Outs’, from preferences over polity differentiation, such as ‘Two‐Speed Europe’. Although our evidence is observational and therefore cannot establish causal relationships between elites and the mass public, our results are most compatible with the notion of a top‐down linkage. This is because DI preferences are generally of low salience, and first revealed at the European level in the context of negotiations. Subsequently, this revelation of DI preferences shapes domestic discussions about DI, especially at the level of political parties. Yet, this mostly pertains to situations when governments do not yet have clear DI preferences of their own, meaning government preferences are not yet formed and revealed in the context of the supranational negotiations. Overall, this study suggests that mass‐elite linkage in the preference formation on DI might be more tenuous than either the top‐down or bottom‐up perspective might assume.
Tailings storage facilities flood exposure assessment using a 2D hydrodynamic model
Authors: Murillo Gabriel Perez , McIntyre Neil , Cohen Raymond C. Z. , Prakash Mahesh
Published: May 2022

Minimizing environmental pollution from Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) is one of the key goals of the mining sector. While much attention is given to risks from potential catastrophic failures of large TSFs, there is also a need to assess risks due to noncatastrophic but more frequent releases of contaminants. In response to this need, this article proposes a method for prioritizing TSFs in terms of flood exposure, based on flood maps produced by the Shallow Water Integrated Flood Tool. The method was implemented using a case study of a flood event in the Copiapó city region (Atacama, Chile). A sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of different model configurations and input parameters. The results showed that 10% of all the TSFs in the case study region were exposed to flood waters due to the fluvial dynamics of the Copiapo River. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis revealed that in the event of extreme local precipitation, capable of generating runoff, up to 88% of all the TSFs could have some degree of flood exposure. The results also suggest that flood simulations using satellite‐derived terrain data at moderate resolution can be used for a preliminary large‐scale assessment of TSF flood exposure.
Effects of a 12‐month home‐based exercise program on functioning after hip fracture – Secondary analyses of an RCT
Authors: Soukkio Paula K. , Suikkanen Sara A. , Kukkonen‐Harjula Katriina T. , Kautiainen Hannu , Hupli Markku T. , Aartolahti Eeva M. , Kääriä Sanna M. , Pitkälä Kaisu H. , Sipilä Sarianna
Published: May 2022

Background

Long‐term functional limitations are common after hip fractures. Exercise may alleviate these negative consequences but there is no consensus on an optimal training program. The objective was to study the effects of a 12‐month home‐based supervised, progressive exercise program on functioning, physical performance, and physical activity.

Methods

Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial targeting patients with surgical repair of a hip fracture, aged ≥60 years, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≥12. The participants were randomized into Exercise (n = 61) or Usual care (n = 60). Assessments at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months included Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), handgrip strength, and self‐reported frequency of sessions of leisure‐time physical activity. Analyzed using mixed‐effects models.

Results

Participants' (n = 121) mean age was 81 years (SD 7), and 75% were women. The mean IADL score at baseline was 17.1 (SD 4.5) in the exercise group, and 17.4 (5.1) in the usual care group. The mean SPPB scores were 3.9 (1.6) and 4.2 (1.8), and handgrip strength was 17.7 (8.9) kg and 20.8 (8.0) kg, respectively. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted mean changes in IADL over 12 months were 3.7 (95% CI 2.8–4.7) in the exercise and 2.0 (1.0–3.0) in the usual care group (between‐group difference, p = 0.016); changes in SPPB 4.3 (3.6–4.9) and 2.1 (1.5–2.7) (p < 0.001); and changes in handgrip strength 1.2 kg (0.3–2.0) and 1.0 kg (−1.9 to −0.2) (p < 0.001), respectively. We found no between‐group differences in changes in the frequency of leisure‐time activity sessions.

Conclusion

A 12‐month home‐based supervised, progressive exercise program improved functioning and physical performance more than usual care among patients with hip fractures. However, the training did not increase leisure‐time physical activity.
Signaling pathways involved in NMDA‐induced suppression of M‐channels in corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in central amygdala
Authors: Zhang Hua , Sheng Zhao‐Fu , Wang Jingxiong , Zheng PeiRu , Kang XunLei , Chang Hui‐Ming , Yeh Edward T. H. , Li De‐Pei
Published: May 2022

Glutamate N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) and Kv7/M channels are importantly involved in regulating neuronal activity involved in various physiological and pathological functions. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) critically mediate autonomic response during stress. However, the interaction between NMDA receptors and Kv7/M channels in the CRHCeA neurons remains unclear. In this study, we identified rat CRHCeA neurons through the expression of an AAV viral vector‐mediated enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) driven by the rat CRH promoter. M‐currents carried by Kv7/M channels were recorded using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp approach in eGFP‐tagged CRHCeA neurons in brain slices. Acute exposure to NMDA significantly reduced M‐currents recorded from the CRHCeA neurons. NMDA‐induced suppression of M‐currents was eliminated by chelating intracellular Ca2+, supplying phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) intracellularly, or blocking phosphoinositide3‐kinase (PI3K). In contrast, inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) or calmodulin did not alter NMDA‐induced suppression of M‐currents. Sustained exposure of NMDA decreased Kv7.3 membrane protein levels and suppressed M‐currents, while the Kv7.2 expression levels remained unaltered. Pre‐treatment of brain slices with PKC inhibitors alleviated the decreases in Kv7.3 and reduction of M‐currents in CRHCeA neurons induced by NMDA. PKC inhibitors did not alter Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 membrane protein levels and M‐currents in CRHCeA neurons. These data suggest that transient activation of NMDARs suppresses M‐currents through the Ca2+‐dependent PI3K‐PIP2 signaling pathway. In contrast, sustained activation of NMDARs reduces Kv7.3 protein expression and suppresses M‐currents through a PKC‐dependent pathway.

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Effects of functional mandibular lateral shift on craniofacial growth and development in growing rats
Authors: Zou Yuchun , Lin Hanyu , Cai Jingwen , Xie Qingqi , Chen Weijia , Lu You‐Guang , Xu Linyu
Published: May 2022

Background

Unilateral posterior crossbite, one of the most frequent malocclusions, is often associated with functional lateral shift of the mandible. Although the effects of functional lateral shift on the mandible and temporomandibular joint have been examined in various animal experiments, cranial and maxillary changes have received less attention.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of functional lateral shift on the craniofacial complex in growing rats.

Methods

Eighty 5‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 40), which received an oblique guide appliance that shifted the mandible to the left during closure, and a control group (n = 40). The rats were scanned by cone‐beam computed tomography at 3 days and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The dimensions of the mandibular bone, condyle, maxilla and cranium were measured.

Results

The mandibles of rats in the experimental group were smaller than those of the rats in the control group and were asymmetrical. The condyles of the rats in the experimental group were thinner than those of the control rats. The condylar length on the ipsilateral side was shorter and wider than that on the contralateral side from 4 to 8 weeks. No significant differences in cranial length or height were observed between the experimental and control groups. The height of the upper first molar and alveolar bone on the contralateral side was significantly smaller than that on the ipsilateral side and in the controls from 4 to 8 weeks.

Conclusion

Functional shift in the mandible produces morphological asymmetries in the mandible and maxillary region and may cause bilateral condylar degenerative changes.
Less Than the Sum of Its Parts: Blade Clustering Reduces Drag in the Bull Kelp,Nereocystis luetkeana(Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Breitkreutz Alana , Coleman Liam J. M. , Martone Patrick T.
Published: May 2022

Nereocystis luetkeanais a large, canopy‐forming kelp that is commonly found in nearshore waters between Alaska and California. Despite regularly reaching lengths in excess of 30 m, this alga demonstrates a remarkable ability to endure hydrodynamically stressful environments without being dislodged by waves or currents. While morphological aspects of this kelp, including its long flexible stipe, have been shown to reduce drag, blade clustering has never been directly tested. In this study, we examined how the distinctive multi‐bladed morphology ofNereocystisthalli limits drag in flow. We measured drag on whole kelps in a large recirculating flume and quantified how drag was affected by serial removal of blades. We then compared measured drag with predictions of “additive drag”, which we defined as the sum of the drag that each blade experiences in isolation. We found that, on average, intact thalli experience only 37% of the predicted additive drag when subjected to a flow rate of 0.40–0.50 m · s−1. Our results indicate that the subdivision of the photosynthetic area into multiple blades has a drag‐reducing effect onNereocystisthalli. We found drag increases less than proportionally with the cumulative area, meaning the contribution of individual blades to overall drag decreases with increasing blade number. That is, as thalli develop, each additional blade incurs a reduced hydrodynamic cost, perhaps lending insight into how thalli can grow so large.
Dysbiotic relationship between arthritis and the oral‐gut microbiome. A critical review
Authors: de Oliveira Rubelisa Candido Gomes , Gardev Elly , Shaddox Luciana Macchion
Published: May 2022

Arthritis and prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) overall are associated with reduced quality of life and limited work capacity. Multiple, overlapping factors contribute to these conditions. Some investigations have suggested a dysbiotic association between the oral‐gut microbiome and pathogenesis of arthritis and PJIs. A better understanding of the role of the oral‐gut microbiota in arthritis and PJI pathophysiology can shed light into how its disequilibrium can discharge a pro‐inflammatory response, and impact the health of patients susceptible to arthritis or with established joint disease. A review of published in vivo and clinical data suggested that alterations in oral and gut microbiota can lead to a disturbance of immunoregulatory properties, and may be associated with joint infections and arthritis. This review brings new insights into the current status of the evidence on the potential molecules and inflammatory biomarkers disrupted by an oral‐gut microbial dysbiosis. Normal commensals and pathogenic oral and gut microflora homeostasis are important not only to prevent infections per se but also its potential progression. Further experiments, especially controlled clinical trials, are needed to ascertain how microbiome manipulation and other microbiota‐directed approaches can help control inflammation and effectively prevent and treat arthritic diseases. Additionally, studies on the effects of the long‐term oral diseases, such as chronic periodontitis, on arthritis and PJIs need to be conducted.
Relationship between different hepatitis B virus infection status and gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence among pregnant women with chronic HBV infection: A retrospective study
Authors: Zhou Guanlun , Chen Chao , Han Guorong , Jiang Hongxiu , Cao Minkai
Published: May 2022

To investigate the relationships between different hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and analyse the potential risk factors, we conducted an observational retrospective study in HBV‐infected pregnant women to compare the differences of GDM prevalence and clinical outcomes between groups divided by HBV infection status. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlations among hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA and liver function. Logistic regression model was used to analyse the risk factors. In all, 1390 HBsAg‐positive pregnant women were enrolled. HBeAg titre and HBV DNA, ALT and AST were correlated (r = 0.743, p < 0.001; r = 0.813, p < 0.001). Overall GDM prevalence was 21%. GDM prevalence of HBV‐infected women with abnormal liver function was higher than those with normal liver function (26.8% vs. 20%, p = 0.027). Age over 35 years and abnormal liver function over 5 times ULN and 1–2 times ULN were independent risk factors for GDM prevalence with odds ratio (OR) of 1.858 (95% CI 1.227–2.815), 1.589 (95% CI 1.023–2.468) and 2.203 (95% CI 1.029–4.718), respectively. GDM prevalence in HBV‐infected pregnancies with abnormal liver function was higher than those with normal liver function. Age over 35 years and abnormal liver function were independent risk factors for GDM in HBV‐infected women.
Parallel recolonizations generate distinct genomic sectors in kelp following high‐magnitude earthquake disturbance
Authors: Vaux Felix , Parvizi Elahe , Craw Dave , Fraser Ceridwen I. , Waters Jonathan M.
Published: May 2022

Large‐scale disturbance events have the potential to drastically reshape biodiversity patterns. Notably, newly vacant habitat space cleared by disturbance can be colonized by multiple lineages, which can lead to the evolution of distinct spatial “sectors” of genetic diversity within a species. We test for disturbance‐driven sectoring of genetic diversity in intertidal southern bull kelp, Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot, following the high‐magnitude 1855 Wairarapa earthquake in New Zealand. Specifically, we use genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) to analyse fine‐scale population structure across the uplift zone and apply machine learning to assess the fit of alternative recolonizaton models. Our analysis reveals that specimens from the uplift zone carry distinctive genomic signatures potentially linked to post‐earthquake recolonization processes. Specifically, our analysis identifies two parapatric spatial‐genomic sectors of D. antarctica at Turakirae Head, which experienced the most dramatic uplift. Based on phylogeographical modelling, we infer that bull kelp in the Wellington region was probably a source for recolonization of the heavily uplifted Turakirae Head coastline, via two parallel, eastward recolonization events. By identifying multiple parapatric genotypic sectors within a recently recolonized coastal region, the current study provides support for the hypothesis that competing lineage expansions can generate striking spatial structuring of genetic diversity, even in highly dispersive taxa.
Predictive models for human–AI nexus in group decision making
Authors: Askarisichani Omid , Bullo Francesco , Friedkin Noah E. , Singh Ambuj K.
Published: May 2022

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have had a profound impact on our lives. Domains like health and learning are naturally helped by human–AI interactions and decision making. In these areas, as ML algorithms prove their value in making important decisions, humans add their distinctive expertise and judgment on social and interpersonal issues that need to be considered in tandem with algorithmic inputs of information. Some questions naturally arise. What rules and regulations should be invoked on the employment of AI, and what protocols should be in place to evaluate available AI resources? What are the forms of effective communication and coordination with AI that best promote effective human–AI teamwork? In this review, we highlight factors that we believe are especially important in assembling and managing human–AI decision making in a group setting.
The effect of administrative burden on state safety‐net participation: Evidence from food assistance, cash assistance, and Medicaid
Authors: Fox Ashley , Feng Wenhui , Reynolds Megan
Published: May 2022

Administrative burden in social welfare programs is increasingly recognized as a barrier to eligible individuals' access to their legally entitled benefits. Using composite indices of administrative rules for three major safety‐net programs (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and Medicaid) that vary in the degree and type of costs conferred on claimants across states between 2000 and 2016, we examine the effect of rule burden on program participation using two‐way fixed effects models. We find that each program contained numerous rules that confer a high degree of learning and compliance costs, and psychological costs to a lesser extent, though to varying degrees. Reducing costs associated with burdensome administrative rules was associated with higher program inclusivity across the programs, with relaxing some rules contributing more than others. Rules that automate enrollment/renewal, link eligibility with other programs and reduce asset tests seem especially promising. Easing burdensome administrative rules can increase access to services to which claimants are legally entitled.
High time for a higher‐level look at high‐technology: Plotting a course for managing government information in an age of governance
Authors: Exmeyer Patrick C. , Hall Jeremy L.
Published: May 2022

For years, scholarly interest in the intersection of government and technology has overwhelmingly focused on the end‐product of technology capabilities. Recent advancements in computational power have facilitated breathtaking growth of data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and process automation, sparking considerable attention by scholars and practitioners alike. However, insight concerning the technology hardware assets powering emergent applications in the public sector remains glaringly absent amidst this rapidly expanding area of research. We position that gaining a greater understanding of the scope of technology utility in governance requires exploration of not only the applications or interfaces produced by technology hardware, but rather the aim of promoting both modernity and processing capacity of the hardware driving technology in government.