bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intranasal Immunization with Influenza Virus-Like Particles Containing Membrane-Anchored Cholera Toxin B or Ricin Toxin B Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses and Protection against an Antigenically Distinct Virus
Authors: Ji Xianliang , Ren Zhiguang , Xu Na , Meng Lingnan , Yu Zhijun , Feng Na , Sang Xiaoyu , Li Shengnan , Li Yuanguo , Wang Tiecheng , Zhao Yongkun , Wang Hualei , Zheng Xuexing , Jin Hongli , Li Nan , Yang Songtao , Cao Jinshan , Liu Wensen , Gao Yuwei , Xia Xianzhu
Published: April 2016

Vaccination is the most effective means to prevent influenza virus infection, although current approaches are associated with suboptimal efficacy. Here, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M1) of A/Changchun/01/2009 (H1N1) with or without either membrane-anchored cholera toxin B (CTB) or ricin toxin B (RTB) as molecular adjuvants. The intranasal immunization of mice with VLPs containing membrane-anchored CTB or RTB elicited stronger humoral and cellular immune responses when compared to mice immunized with VLPs alone. Administration of VLPs containing CTB or RTB significantly enhanced virus-specific systemic and mucosal antibody responses, hemagglutination inhibiting antibody titers, virus neutralizing antibody titers, and the frequency of virus-specific IFN-γ and IL-4 secreting splenocytes. VLPs with and without CTB or RTB conferred complete protection against lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted homologous virus. When challenged with an antigenically distinct H1N1 virus, all mice immunized with VLPs containing CTB or RTB survived whereas mice immunized with VLPs alone showed only partial protection (80% survival). Our results suggest that membrane-anchored CTB and RTB possess strong adjuvant properties when incorporated into an intranasally-delivered influenza VLP vaccine. Chimeric influenza VLPs containing CTB or RTB may represent promising vaccine candidates for improved immunological protection against homologous and antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
Le droit de l'environnement : un exemple de conciliation de l'intérêt général et des intérêts économiques particuliers
Authors: Calmette Jean-François
Published: April 2016

Le droit de l'environnement est de plus en plus considéré par la doctrine comme un droit à portée économique. Dans cette nouvelle logique, il cherche à concilier au mieux les intérêts privés et l'intérêt général. Cette recherche de conciliation est concomitante à l'évolution de l'intérêt général. On constate, en effet, que les acteurs privés et certains outils juridiques classiques de droit privé participent de plus en plus à la protection de l'environnement. Parallèlement, se développent des outils juridiques qui permettent une meilleure conciliation des intérêts économiques et écologiques.
Publicités : interdictions et dérogations de recouvrir une baie
Authors: Strebler Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2016

In order to protect the environment and the quality of life, the legislator has forbidden that advertisements should cover bay Windows totally or partially. However some exceptions have been allowed to this ruling. First of all, advertisement can be posted on the front Windows of shops temporarily closed for renewal, after compulsory liquidation or closing down. Secondly, municipalities, even in restricted publicity areas, may adopt local advertising regulations. They may fix conditions allowing publicity to be posted on bays. Several local regulations offer exemples of this possibility.
Droit des lagons de Polynésie française
Authors: Cazalet Bertrand
Published: April 2016

Les lagons polynésiens font partie du domaine public de la collectivité de Polynésie française. Les lois successives d'autonomie ont renforcé le transfert des compétences au profit des autorités polynésiennes en matière de protection et de gestion des espaces lagonaires. Certains sites font l'objet de pressions anthropiques multiples et accrues, pouvant remettre en cause à moyen et long terme la pérennité et la richesse exceptionnelle des écosystèmes coralliens. L'article propose une analyse des principes juridiques et des normes relatives à l'accès et à l'utilisation des lagons. Au-delà de l'approche seulement descriptive, l'auteur s'intéresse également à la mise en œuvre et à l'application in concreto de la réglementation, à travers l'action des autorités politiques, administratives et juridictionnelles de ce magnifique Pays d'outre-mer.
The Formation of Syrian Opposition Coalitions as Two-Level Games
Authors: Draege Jonas Bergan
Published: April 2016

This article investigates coalition patterns between two main factions of the Syrian opposition before and after the 2011 uprising. The two factions united over common platforms on several occasions following the 2000 Damascus Spring, but failed to do so in 2011 despite repeated domestic
and international pressure. Drawing upon two-level game theory to explain this change, this article argues that increased interest from both domestic and international audiences after 2011 made the two factions less flexible in negotiating a unified platform. Thus, paradoxically, it was increased
pressure for unification that deterred the opposition factions from unifying.
Menachem Begin's Attitude toward the Jewish Religion
Authors: Shilon Avi
Published: April 2016

This article argues that Menachem Begin's religious ideology shaped many of his decisions in both domestic and foreign policy from his days as commander in the pre-State underground through his two terms as Israel's prime minister. A traditionalist approach toward Judaism, in contrast
to secularist streams of Zionist thought that previously prevailed, was central to his actions and won him the political support that propelled him into power.
Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO2/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size
Authors: Schilling Martin , Ziemann Paul , Zhang Zaoli , Biskupek Johannes , Kaiser Ute , Wiedwald Ulf
Published: April 2016

Texture formation and epitaxy of thin metal films and oriented growth of nanoparticles (NPs) on single crystal supports are of general interest for improved physical and chemical properties especially of anisotropic materials. In the case of FePt, the main focus lies on its highly anisotropic magnetic behavior and its catalytic activity, both due to the chemically ordered face-centered tetragonal (fct) L10 phase. If the c-axis of the tetragonal system can be aligned normal to the substrate plane, perpendicular magnetic recording could be achieved. Here, we study the orientation of FePt NPs and films on a-SiO2/Si(001), i.e., Si(001) with an amorphous (a-) native oxide layer on top, on MgO(001), and on sapphire(0001) substrates. For the NPs of an approximately equiatomic composition, two different sizes were chosen: “small” NPs with diameters in the range of 2–3 nm and “large” ones in the range of 5–8 nm. The 3 nm thick FePt films, deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), served as reference samples. The structural properties were probed in situ, particularly texture formation and epitaxy of the specimens by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and, in case of 3 nm nanoparticles, additionally by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) after different annealing steps between 200 and 650 °C. The L10 phase is obtained at annealing temperatures above 550 °C for films and 600 °C for nanoparticles in accordance with previous reports. On the amorphous surface of a-SiO2/Si substrates we find no preferential orientation neither for FePt films nor nanoparticles even after annealing at 630 °C. On sapphire(0001) supports, however, FePt nanoparticles exhibit a clearly preferred (111) orientation even in the as-prepared state, which can be slightly improved by annealing at 600–650 °C. This improvement depends on the size of NPs: Only the smaller NPs approach a fully developed (111) orientation. On top of MgO(001) the effect of annealing on particle orientation was found to be strongest. From a random orientation in the as-prepared state observed for both, small and large FePt NPs, annealing at 650 °C for 30 min reorients the small particles towards a cube-on-cube epitaxial orientation with a minor fraction of (111)-oriented particles. In contrast, large FePt NPs keep their as-prepared random orientation even after doubling the annealing period at 650 °C to 60 min.
Hearing Aid Benefit in Patients with Mild Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review
Authors: Johnson Carole E. , Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Ellis Blakely B. , Jilla Anna Marie
Published: April 2016

Background:Untreated sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is associated with chronic health-care conditions, isolation, loneliness, and reduced quality of life. Although hearing aids can minimize the negative effects of SNHL, only about one in five persons with SNHL seeks help for
communication problems. Many persons wait 10 yr or more from the time they first notice a problem before pursuing amplification. Further, little information about the benefits of amplification is available for persons with mild SNHL (MSNHL), who likely defer treatment even longer.Purpose:To
conduct a systematic review to weigh the evidence regarding benefits derived from the use of amplification by adults with MSNHL.Research Design:Systematic review with meta-analysis.Study Sample:Adult hearing aid wearers with bilateral average pure-tone thresholds ≤45 dB HL
at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.Data Collection and Analysis:PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied-Health Literature, Cochrane Collaboration, and Google Scholar were searched independently by the authors during September 2013. The authors used a consensus approach to assess
the quality and extract data for the meta-analysis.Results:Of 106 articles recovered for full-text review, only 10 met inclusion criteria (at least Level IV of evidence and involved and reported separate pre-/postfitting hearing aid outcomes for patients with MSNHL). Included studies
involved mainly middle-aged to elderly patients using hearing aids of various styles and circuitry. Results from all of the studies indicated positive benefits from amplification for patients with MSNHL. Data from five studies were suitable for a meta-analysis, which produced a small-to-medium
effect size of 0.85 (95% confidence intervals = 0.44‐1.25) after adjusting for a small publication bias. This evidence confirmed benefits from the use of amplification in adults with MSNHL.Conclusions:Evidence exists supporting the notion that adults with MSNHL benefit from hearing
aids. This information is important and useful to audiologists, patients, and third-party payers, even considering that most of the studies in this systematic review were limited, somewhat dated, and used analog and early digital technology available when the studies were conducted. Clinical
recommendations may be even stronger as future studies become available for patients fit with modern styles and high-technology hearing aids.
THE AGE OF THE DIRECTLY IMAGED PLANET HOST STAR
κ
ANDROMEDAE DETERMINED FROM INTERFEROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Jones Jeremy , White R. J. , Quinn S. , Ireland M. , Boyajian T. , Schaefer G. , Baines E. K.
Published: April 2016

κ Andromedae, an early-type star that hosts a directly imaged low-mass companion, is expected to be oblate due to its rapid rotational velocity (v sin i = ∼162 km s−1). We observed the star with the CHARA Array’s optical beam combiner, PAVO, measuring its size at multiple orientations and determining its oblateness. The interferometric measurements, combined with photometry and this v sin i value are used to constrain an oblate star model that yields the fundamental properties of the star and finds a rotation speed that is ∼85% of the critical rate and a low inclination of ∼30°. Three modeled properties (the average radius, bolometric luminosity, and equatorial velocity) are compared to MESA evolution models to determine an age and mass for the star. In doing so, we determine an age for the system of

47

−
40

+
27

Myr. Based on this age and previous measurements of the companion’s temperature, the BHAC15 evolution models imply a mass for the companion of

22

−
9

+
8

M
J.
DISCOVERY OF AN EXTRAORDINARY NUMBER OF RED SUPERGIANTS IN THE INNER GALAXY
Authors: Messineo Maria , Zhu Qingfeng , Menten Karl M. , Ivanov Valentin D. , Figer Donald F. , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Chen C.-H. Rosie
Published: April 2016

In this Letter, we present a search for Galactic red supergiant stars (RSGs) in the direction of the inner Galaxy. A total of 94 targets selected from the 2MASS and GLIMPSE I North catalogs—via their blue extinction-free Q1 and Q2 colors—were spectroscopically observed at infrared wavelengths (in the H- and K-bands at R ∼ 1000), and an extraordinary high detection rate of RSGs (

>
61
%

) was found. We identified spectroscopically 58 RSGs, based on their flat continua and large equivalent widths of the CO-band at 2.293 μm (EW > 45 Å). This increase corresponds to about 25% of previously known RSGs in the Galactic region 10° < l < 60°, −1.°1 < b < 1.°1. In order to confirm the location of the new RSGs in the inner Galaxy, distances were estimated for a subsample of 47 stars with the clump method and found to range from 3.6 ± 0.4 to 8.6 ± 0.7 kpc. The large new sample will allow us to investigate Galactic metallicity gradients as a function of galactocentric distances and azimuthal angles. Such information is currently an highly disputed issue to constrain models of Galaxy formation and evolution.
BENCHMARK TRANSITING BROWN DWARF LHS 6343 C: SPITZER SECONDARY ECLIPSE OBSERVATIONS YIELD BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE AND MID-T SPECTRAL CLASS
Authors: Montet Benjamin T. , Johnson John Asher , Fortney Jonathan J. , Desert Jean-Michel
Published: April 2016

There are no field brown dwarf analogs with measured masses, radii, and luminosities, precluding our ability to connect the population of transiting brown dwarfs with measurable masses and radii and field brown dwarfs with measurable luminosities and atmospheric properties. LHS 6343 C, a weakly irradiated brown dwarf transiting one member of an M+M binary in the Kepler field, provides the first opportunity to probe the atmosphere of a non-inflated brown dwarf with a measured mass and radius. Here, we analyze four Spitzer observations of secondary eclipses of LHS 6343 C behind LHS 6343 A. Jointly fitting the eclipses with a Gaussian process noise model of the instrumental systematics, we measure eclipse depths of 1.06 ± 0.21 ppt at 3.6 μm and 2.09 ± 0.08 ppt at 4.5 μm, corresponding to brightness temperatures of 1026 ± 57 K and 1249 ± 36 K, respectively. We then apply brown dwarf evolutionary models to infer a bolometric luminosity

log
(

L

⋆

/

L

⊙

)
=
−
5.16
±
0.04

. Given the known physical properties of the brown dwarf and the two M dwarfs in the LHS 6343 system, these depths are consistent with models of a 1100 K T dwarf at an age of 5 Gyr and empirical observations of field T5-6 dwarfs with temperatures of 1070 ± 130 K. We investigate the possibility that the orbit of LHS 6343 C has been altered by the Kozai–Lidov mechanism and propose additional astrometric or Rossiter–McLaughlin measurements of the system to probe the dynamical history of the system.
Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Platygastroidea
Authors: Buhl Peter , Broad Gavin , Notton David
Published: April 2016

A revised checklist of the British and Irish Platygastroidea (Platygastridae) substantially updates the previous comprehensive checklist, dating from 1978. Distribution data (i.e. occurrence in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man) is reported where known.

A total of 381 British and Irish Platygastroidea represents a 47% increase on the number of British and Irish species reported in 1978.
La responsabilité sociale des entreprises de la bonne intention à la discipline de gestion
Authors: Dutton Robert , Larouche Daniel
Published: April 2016

La notion de responsabilité sociale des entreprises n’a rien de neuf. Dès 1953, l’économiste et moraliste américain Howard Bowen faisait état de l’obligation de « mettre en œuvre des politiques, de prendre des décisions ou de suivre les orientations qui sont désirables en ce qui concerne les objectifs et les valeurs de notre société ». Pourquoi alors parle-t-on aujourd’hui de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, ou RSE, comme d’une innovation ?
La gestion des talents : quatre questions à débattre au comité de direction
Authors: Gosselin Alain , Morvan Dominique
Published: April 2016

Plus que jamais, la gestion des talents se maintient au sommet des préoccupations des dirigeants. En effet, dans un contexte d’affaires où il n’y a pas de place pour l’erreur, il revient au comité de direction de chaque organisation de minimiser les risques d’échec en ce qui concerne l’attraction, la fidélisation et le développement de ses talents prometteurs. Voici quatre questions qui méritent d’être examinées attentivement pour fins de discussion.
Comment tirer profit de la recherche universitaire ?
Authors: d’Amours Liette
Published: April 2016

Plus que jamais, les chercheurs universitaires travaillent de pair avec les entreprises pour les aider à innover, à accroître leurs performances et à résoudre des problèmes complexes. Toutefois, au Québec, trop peu d’organisations semblent connaître l’existence de ces ressources, et encore moins y ont recours. Gestion se propose de remédier à cette situation en présentant I différentes avenues de collaboration avec le milieu de la recherche.
Patrons : prenez la vague ou prenez l’eau !
Authors: Dussart Christian
Published: April 2016

Lorsqu’ils sont en position dominante, les leaders d’un secteur sont souvent incapables de se remettre en question, même lorsqu’un produit concurrent vient tout bouleverser. Les diamants artificiels qui font leur apparition sur le marché apportent encore une fois la preuve de l’inutilité de cette résistance au changement.
L’avenir appartient aux portefeuilles mobiles
Authors: Bournival Geneviève
Published: April 2016

Les nouvelles technologies permettent désormais aux consommateurs de payer autrement les biens et services qu’ils achètent : avec leur appareil mobile. L’article de Bob Violino intitulé « Payments on the go », publié dans le CFO Magazine le 13 mai 2015, dresse un portrait de cette nouvelle tendance sur le marché.
Collaborer et réussir en tant que membre d’un comité exécutif
Authors: Neatby Jacques , Bournival Geneviève
Published: April 2016

Pour qu’une organisation atteigne ses objectifs, les dirigeants qui se rapportent directement au PDG doivent savoir collaborer. Or, l’environnement hautement politique d’un comité exécutif est souvent plus propice aux conflits qu’à la collaboration. Quelles sont les tactiques que peuvent alors adopter les dirigeants s’ils veulent mieux collaborer afin d’assurer le succès de leur entreprise ?
S.O.S. leadership : prière de ne pas tuer vos employés !
Authors: Gaudet Marie-Claude , Bertholet Jean-François
Published: April 2016

Qualifié de nouveau « mal du siècle », le stress au travail est désormais bien présent dans tous les milieux professionnels. Rattrapées par cette réalité et par les coûts faramineux qu’elle occasionne, plusieurs entreprises prennent un « virage santé ». Cela dit, l’implantation de ces pratiques ne suffit pas à assurer l’intégration durable de la notion du bien-être des employés. En effet, aucune démarche ne peut faire l’économie de s’intéresser à l’acteur qui, ultimement, a le plus fort impact sur le personnel : le gestionnaire !
Escuela elemental, Kester Avenue, California
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: April 2016

Neutra ha impuesto un estilo característico de arquitectura escolar y su impronta, fuerte y acusada, se personaliza en cada una de sus obras. Particularmente en California, donde el clima benigno permite una vida de relación exterior interna durante la mayor parte del año, las escuelas proyectadas por Neutra y, concretamente, ésta de Kester Avenue, se abren pródigamente hacia la naturaleza, comunicándose con ella y haciéndole partícipe de la misión docente en una integración espacial que, muchas veces, se materializa en un sencillo cerramiento de baja altura.
Maquinaria ligera para estabilización de suelos
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: April 2016

El empleo de maquinaria pesada para trabajos de estabilización de suelos, tropieza a veces con dificultades, inherentes a las condiciones económicas, a limitaciones de movilidad, etc.
Viaducto Olímpico de Roma
Authors: Nervi P. L.
Published: April 2016

Con motivo de la última olimpíada, celebrada en Roma (Italia), se tuvo que hacer frente al problema que presentaban los transportes y comunicaciones. El acceso a esta zona olímpica, además de no ser suficiente, necesitaba de vías que encauzaran el tráfico y se prestasen a absorber el volumen del mismo, que con motivo de reuniones deportivas se crea, y como complemento ulterior, dotar de accesos permanentes a esta zona que debía ser aprovechada después de estos cometidos como una amplia extensión residencial.
Sistemas de control automático en pavimentadoras acabadoras
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: April 2016

Los sistemas de control automático tienden a lograr la fijación de la posición de la placa acabadora, de forma que, independientemente de las irregularidades del suelo y alteraciones producidas por las ruedas y orugas durante el movimiento de máquina, se consiga una superficie plana uniforme y del espesor y pendiente deseados.
Puente sobre el lago Maracaibo. Construcción
Authors: Sbalzarini L.
Published: April 2016

Segunda parte del trabajo iniciado en el número anterior (144) de informes de la construcción.
Is President Erdoğan Really a Dictator?
Authors: Erçetin Şefika Şule , Açıkalın Şuay Nilhan
Published: April 2016

The notion of dictatorship has been central in leadership exegeses the world over. Indeed, almost all leaders are alleged to be dictators at a certain point in time, once they side step expectations abound. Like in many, a country, talk of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan being a dictator in Turkey has been massive over the years. The interesting conundrum though defeating all analyses of such nature is the authority on which the claim of dictatorship owes its abode or rests. One wonders whether a leader's being a dictator is determined by opposition politicians in a country, the local media, the international media, foreign politicians or the local masses (those benefitting directly or indirectly and not). It is also interesting to question the yardstick used for justification of the same; whether it is simply over stay in power, the character and appearance of a leader or the modus operandi of a leader. This conceptual paper, therefore explored the so called Erdogan dictatorship illusion of opposition parties in Turkey by examining the concept of dictatorship in leadership, Erdogan's assumed dictatorial accusations, and an effort toward disengagement of Erdogan from dictatorship claims. The paper has also shown that there are some dictatorship tendencies within opposition parties.
Social Work and Its Complexity in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Hameed Shahul , Raman Anthony
Published: April 2016

The Social workers need to call on a broad range of sources of bodies of knowledge and respond to the complexity and its chaotic nature of situations arising in social work profession. There appears to be dire need to consider the use of (a) the theoretical knowledge into practice by being more caring and supportive with the aim of (b) disentangling the various elements of a complex system and enhancing the resilience both of the people involved and the social and organizational systems that they are inter-twined with people lives. The current acknowledgement of the bi-cultural framework by the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) is no doubt a positive move towards infusing indigenous practice frame work into dealing with the chaotic nature and complexity of the social work profession in New Zealand but still remains to be seen in actual social work practice .The purpose of this chapter is to attempt to explore the potential of infusing Indigenous bodies of knowledge into practice against the background of the complexity nature of the social work profession in a developed world like New Zealand.
Five Insights for Change Managers in Second-Order Change. Organizations as Complex Systems
Authors: Blomme Robert J. , Morsch Jan P.M.
Published: April 2016

When managers are confronted with the necessity to bring about second-order change in their organization, their change efforts are often not very successful. This chapter attempts to redefine organizational change using complexity theory and the work of Karl Weick and Ralph Stacey as a basis. Organizational change can be defined as emergent change in complex adaptive systems and is based on self-organizational principles. One important attractor that guides the process of emergence is equivocality. This article expounds the concept of ambiguity as a main attractor for emergent change and how managers can make use of this attractor to make change successful.
Utilizing Complexity Theory and Complex Adaptive Systems in Global Business
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: April 2016

This chapter aims to utilize complexity theory and complex adaptive systems in global business, thus describing the theoretical and practical overview of complexity theory, the application of complex adaptive systems, and the significance of complexity theory and complex adaptive systems in global business. The utilization of complexity theory and complex adaptive systems is vital for modern organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, strengthen competitiveness, and acquire routine success in global business. Thus, it is essential for modern organizations to utilize complexity theory and complex adaptive systems, create a strategic plan to investigate their dynamic promotions, and instantly respond to the needs of customers. The chapter argues that utilizing complexity theory and complex adaptive systems has the potential to improve organizational performance and gain sustainable competitive advantage in global business.
Leader-Member Exchange and Transformational Leadership in Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Doğru Çağlar
Published: April 2016

Since the attribution model of leadership, a long way has been made in the literature of leadership. The newest approach to leadership against the ‘average leadership model', is the leader-member exchange model of leadership (Dienesch and Liden, 1986). Furthermore, being a very attractive topic in leadership transformational leadership is gaining more and more importance. In addition to all these, today's chaotic and complex environment has made changes to organizational mechanisms and relations. As a high need of analyzing leadership in these constructions, here one of the most important issues in leadership literature which are, leader-member exchange and the concept of transformational leadership will be analyzed throughout chaos and complexity. The aim of this chapter is drawing a conceptual framework of leader-member exchange and transformational leadership from the perspective of chaos theory and complexity.
Comparing Foreign Workers' Rights in Uganda and Turkey
Authors: Nanyonga Sophia
Published: April 2016

The issue of foreign workers has received increased media and national attention. However, to date there has been limited research on the nature and consequences of employment of foreign workers in various countries. Introduction of significant changes in recruitment phenomenon has ended in painful and traumatic atmosphere which is barely acceptable by local workforce in many countries. This conceptual paper examines the foreign workers' rights specifically in Uganda and Turkey. Foreign workers are likely to face challenges and difficulties as compared to the nationals for obvious reasons, thus the need for the enactment of laws and, or instruments to protect them and fill in the loopholes.
Using the Internet to Plan for Terrorist Attack
Authors: Romyn David , Kebbell Mark
Published: April 2016

In this chapter, we discuss how terrorists can use the Internet as a source of information to plan for terrorist attacks. Online anonymity services such as virtual private network (VPN) are discussed, along with advantages and disadvantages of using these services. We also discuss online bomb-making instructions and highlight ways in which these can be used to the advantage of law enforcement. Finally, the use of the Internet as a reconnaissance tool for target selection is discussed, with descriptions of current and past research in this field to identify key information that is available to terrorists, and how this information can be manipulated to reduce the likelihood or severity of a terrorist attack.
Towards a Comprehensive Approach to Combating Violent Extremist Ideology in the Digital Space
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: April 2016

Based on the assumption that ideology is the centre of gravity of a violent Islamist terrorist network, this chapter proposes a Counter-Ideological Response (CIR) Model for countering violent extremism (CVE) in Southeast Asia. The Model seeks to gradually diminish the appeal of violent extremist ideology. It comprises of five conceptual Spaces of Sender, Message, Mechanism, Recipient and Context, within which ideology-relevant policy interventions may be attempted, so as to impact the overall reach and appeal of the violent extremist narrative vis-a-vis any countervailing narrative put out against it. The model is applied to the Indonesian CVE milieu in this chapter.
A Study of Sub-Pattern Approach in 2D Shape Recognition Using the PCA and Ridgelet PCA
Authors: Ahmed Muzameel , Aradhya V.N. Manjunath
Published: April 2016

In the area of computer vision and machine intelligence, image recognition is a prominent field. There have been several approaches in use for 2D shape recognition using shape features extraction. This paper suggest, subspace method approach. Normally in the earlier methods proposed so far, an entire image is considered in the training and matching operation, with sub pattern approach a given image is partitioned in to many sub images. The recognition process is carried out in two steps, in the first step the Ridgelet transform is used to feature extraction, in the second step PCA is used for dimensionality reduction. For recognition efficiency rate a test study is conducted by using seventeen different distance measure technique. The training and testing process is conducted using leave-one-out strategy. The proposed method is tested on the standard MPEG-7 dataset. The results of Ridgelet PCA are compared with PCA results.
Fault Tolerant Control of an AUV using Periodic Output Feedback with Multi Model Approach
Authors: Joshi Sneha , Talange D. B.
Published: April 2016

Active thruster control is an important problem in AUV. One of the way to tackle this problem is to make the dynamic system like AUV as adaptive and self-controlling. This article discusses the fault tolerant controller design with periodic output feedback for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle using multi model approach. The entire system is modelled in state space. Assuring high degree of reliability and persisting autonomy under thruster failure the controller has to be designed such that the thrust distribution is effectively controlled if any one of the signals and corresponding thrusters fails. The AUV is modelled in six degrees of freedom having six inputs and six outputs. Four thrusters are used for vertical and horizontal movements in AUV. Fault tolerant controller is designed for depth control of AUV, with periodic output feedback gains with multi model approach. To each thruster failure the multi model is presented with the gain matrix having all off diagonal terms zero. The designed robust fault tolerant controller with periodic output feedback with multi model approach provides satisfactory stabilization to AUV depth system.
Applications of ANFIS in Loss of Excitation Faults Detection in Hydro-Generators
Authors: Abdel Aziz Mohamed Salah El-Din Ahmed , El Samahy Mohamed , Hassan Mohamed A. Moustafa , El Bendary Fahmy
Published: April 2016

This article presents a new methodology for Loss of Excitation (LOE) faults detection in Hydro-generators using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System. The proposed structure was trained by data from simulation of a 345kV system under different faults conditions and tested for various loading conditions. Details of the design process and the results of performance using the proposed technique are discussed in the article. Two different techniques are discussed in this article according to the type of inputs to the proposed ANFIS unit, the generator terminal impedance measurements (R and X) and the generator RMS Line to Line voltage and Phase current (Vtrms and Ia). The two proposed techniques results are compared with each other and are compared with the traditional distance relay response in addition to other techniques. The results show that the proposed Artificial Intelligent based technique is efficient in the Loss of Excitation faults (LOE) detection process. The obtained results are very promising.
The Methods of Surface Preparations of Titanium Alloys Applicable for Friction Pairs in Endoprostheses
Authors: Nabrdalik Marcin , Sobociński Michał
Published: April 2016

The paper presents the results of tribological tests on titanium alloys subjected to modification of surface layer. The tests were conducted with metal biomaterials coated with TiN layer and anodized, applied in knee and hip joint endoprostheses. One of the ways of improving abrasion resistance of metal and polyethylene elements of endoprostheses is TiN coating by means of PVD method. It results in getting the metal of high bio-compatibility and more friction resistant. The research were carried out for various friction pairs applied in total knee and hip joint endoprostheses.
The Destruction Mechanism of Titanium Subjected to Cavitation Erosion
Authors: Jasionowski Robert , Polkowski Wojciech , Zasada Dariusz
Published: April 2016

A cavitation erosion is the process based on an impact of pressure pulses on a material’s surface caused by the phenomenon of cavitation. The term cavitation is defined as a phenomenon of formation, growth and disappearance (implosion) of bubbles due to cyclic pressure variations in a liquid. The cavitation initiators are embryos (cavitation nuclei with a size up to 50 μm), located in the water or on wetted surfaces that lead to decreasing of the liquid ability to transfer tensile stresses. The role of embryos is played by micro gas bubbles, fine solid particles, micro-organisms or gas-filled pores on a surface of solid body embedded in a liquid. A rapid pressure drop occurring within the liquid and a presence of cavitational kernel causes rupture the continuity of the liquid and thus lead to the formation of steam-gas mixture areas, a so called cavitation bubbles. A cavitation bubble may be filled with a gas, a vapor or a steam/gas mixture.A course of cavitation depends on a cavitation type. In thepresent work, a mechanism of cavitiational destruction of 99,7 % titaniumtested on vibrational and jet-impact valaboratory stands, is analyzed. Results of thecavitational resistance evaluation of Ti99.7 titanium carried out onvibrational and jet-impact stands have revealed different mechanisms of acavitation destruction caused by various forms of cavitation. It was found thata surface of titanium samples tested on the vibratory stand was covered by verylarge number of microcracks which in a later stage of the research leads to theerosion of the material. The cavitational destruction of Ti samples on the jet-impact stand is initiatedby a plastic straining of subsurface area, which in the further stage leads toan erosion represented by the detachment of whole grains anda formation of deep pits on the material’s surface. Additionally, results of conducted studies have confirmed the fatigue character of the cavitationaldestruction process.
Cross-Wedge Rolling of Driving Shaft from Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V
Authors: Pater Zbigniew , Bulzak Tomasz , Tomczak Janusz
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with the issue of the helicopter SW4 rear gear driving shaft forming. It was assumed that this shaft will be made from titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and it will be formed by means of cross-wedge rolling technology (CWR). It was also assumed that rolling will be realized in double configuration, which will guarantee axial symmetry of forming forces. The conception of tools guaranteeing the CWR process realization and numerical analysis results verifying the assumed CWR process parameters of the subject shaft were presented. Tests of shaft rolling in laboratory conditions at Lublin University of Technology were made, in the result of which the possibility of forming by means of CWR of a driving shaft, manufactured from titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, of the helicopter SW4 rear gear was verified.
Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Phenomena in Coronary Stent Made of Titanium Alloy Ti-13Nb-13Zr
Authors: Idziak-Jabłońska Aneta
Published: April 2016

Using the finite element method, this study determined mechanical characteristics of slotted-tube stents. The numerical calculations were carried out using ADINA v.8.8 software. Three models with different number of segments were used. The analysis was carried out for the titanium-matrix alloys Ti-13Nb-13Zr. Assuming the actual conditions of stent implantation, the stent is expected to expand to the diameter of 3.0 mm i.e. until it reaches the internal diameter of a healthy coronary vessel. The effect of the stent geometry was analysed, with emphasis on examination of the effect of key mechanical phenomena such as expansion pressure and suitable level of stress and plastic strain in stents. Analysis of the degree of foreshortening and dogboning after stent expansion was also carried out. The following assumptions were adopted in order to determine mechanical properties of stents: implantation at low expansion pressure, limitation of foreshortening ≤ 2%, low increase in the implant diameter in the beginning and at the end of the stent (dogboning effect).
Application of Titanium Properties in Civil Engineering and Architecture
Authors: Tubielewicz-Michalczuk Malwina
Published: April 2016

Applications of specific properties of various titanium alloys applied in modern technology processes were discussed. Both, current and future trends in applications, mainly of the anti-corrosive properties of titanium in various elements of building constructions being applied in the so-called civilian products were characterized based on examples taken from civil engineering and architecture.
The Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Titanium Sheets Applied to Building Elevations and Roofs
Authors: Winowiecka Julita , Adamus Konrad
Published: April 2016

Dynamic development of various industries is tightly coupled with development of new technologies and materials which are increasingly dedicated for a particular application. This regards also titanium materials, which were often applied in aerospace and maritime industries. Gradually their applications spread into automotive, energy, civil engineering industries and medicine. Titanium and its alloys are characterized by unique properties that facilitates their wide adoption in different industries. Initially application of titanium materials was constrained by its high production and processing costs. The factors contributing to application of titanium in civil engineering include high corrosion resistance, low density and low thermal conductivity. High resistance to the elements is very important when durability and long term maintenance costs of a structure are considered. In case of components exposed to action of sea water, acid rains, pollutions, application of titanium materials is advantageous in long term perspective despite its high initial costs. Additionally titanium doesn’t require protective anticorrosive coatings unlike steels and copper. Titanium sheets are applied to large area architectural structures. There are many examples of technical grade titanium applications in building elevations and roofs. For these purposes thin (0.3÷3.0 mm) sheets are selected which allow for weight reduction. In this work properties of commercially pure titanium Grade 2, 3 and 4 were researched. During experimental research the following technological and mechanical properties were determined: offset yield strength Rp02, ultimate tensile strength Rm, elongation A, planar anisotropy Δr, normal anisotropy r, and strain-hardening exponent n.
The Role of Martensitic Transformation in Thermomechanical Development of Microstructure and Plasticity of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy
Authors: Motyka Maciej , Sieniawski Jan , Ziaja Waldemar
Published: April 2016

Phase constituent morphology in microstructure of two-phase α+β titanium alloys is determined by conditions of thermomechanical processing consisting of sequential heat treatment and plastic deformation operations. Results of previous research indicate that particularly solution treatment preceding plastic deformation significantly changes α-phase morphology and determines hot plasticity of titanium alloys. In the paper thermomechanical processing composed of β solution treatment and following hot forging of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy was analysed. Development of martensite plates during heating up and hot deformation was evaluated. Microscopic examinations revealed that elongated and deformed α-phase grains were fragmented and transformed into globular ones. Significant influence of martensitic transformation on elongation coefficient of α-phase grains after plastic deformation was confirmed. Based on results of elevated temperature tensile tests it was established that α-phase morphology in examined two-phase α+β titanium alloy, developed in the thermomechanical processing, can enhance their hot plasticity – especially in the range of low strain rates.
Influence of Adopted Heat Treatments on Properties of Tri-Layer Composite AA2519 – AA1050 – Ti GR.5 Made by Explosive Cladding Method
Authors: Najwer Michał , Kwiatkowski Grzegorz
Published: April 2016

The article shows the results of research on tri-layer composite AA2519-AA1050-Ti Gr. 5 made by explosive cladding method. Performed bond was heat treated in different conditions. Four specimens were heated in 530°C in 30 minutes, and after adopted different ways of cooling for each specimen. Used cooling in air and water. Additionally two specimens were aged at 150°C for 600 minutes. Last joint was heated at 420°C for 60 minutes and after was cooled in still air. For obtained joint were performed mechanical and technological tests. Tests included tensile strength test, yield strength test, ram strength test and bend test. Moreover performed structural tests, analysis of the chemical composition and hardness measurements. Based on the results evaluated the quality of joint, and described the influence of heat treatment on the properties of obtained multilayer material. Was found that as a result of explosive cladding, hardness in the interface increased. Heat treatments at temperature 530°C do not change properties. Only the heat treatment at temperature 420°C is decreasing hardness in the interface and in the whole cross section of the AA2519 layer.
Corrosion Resistance of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy after Nitriding and Oxynitriding Processes under Glow Discharge Conditions for Medical Applications
Authors: Kamiński Janusz , Witkowska Justyna , Wierzchoń Tadeusz
Published: April 2016

NiTi alloy is being increasingly used in medicine due to its unique properties, i.e. shape memory and superelasticity. As a self-passivating material it is characterized by relatively high biocompatibility, however its use for long-term medical implants is questionable due to the nickel content of ≥ 50%. Therefore, the investigations on the surface modification of NiTi alloy are carried out to improve its corrosion resistance and thus reduce the metalosis effect, i.e. the migration of the alloy constituents, especially nickel, into the surrounding tissue.In this paper, the surface topography and corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy (50,8%Ni) both before and after low-temperature nitriding and oxynitriding processes under glow discharge conditions, are presented.The study of surface topography showed a slight increase in roughness parameters after nitriding process and a significant increase in these parameters after the oxynitriding process. A similar trend was observed in the study of corrosion resistance. Both processes increase the corrosion resistance of NiTi alloy, as shown by both the impedance spectroscopy results, the values of corrosion potential (-65 mV for the alloy in the initial state, - 45 mV for the alloy with the nitrided layer, + 18 mV for the alloy with the oxynitrided layer) and the values corrosion current (respectively 0.047 μA/cm2, 0.043 μA/cm2, 0.015 μA/cm2).These comparative studies present an improvement of corrosion resistance of NiTi after the processes under glow discharge. The best results were obtained for the oxynitrided layer.
Prolonged Intake of Dietary Lipids Alters Membrane Structure and T Cell Responses in LDLr−/− Mice
Authors: Pollock Abigail H. , Tedla Nicodemus , Hancock Sarah E. , Cornely Rhea , Mitchell Todd W. , Yang Zhengmin , Kockx Maaike , Parton Robert G. , Rossy Jérémie , Gaus Katharina
Published: April 2016

Although it is recognized that lipids and membrane organization in T cells affect signaling and T cell activation, to what extent dietary lipids alter T cell responsiveness in the absence of obesity and inflammation is not known. In this study, we fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice a Western high-fat diet for 1 or 9 wk and examined T cell responses in vivo along with T cell lipid composition, membrane order, and activation ex vivo. Our data showed that high levels of circulating lipids for a prolonged period elevated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and resulted in an increased proportion of CD4+ central-memory T cells within the draining lymph nodes following induction of contact hypersensitivity. In addition, the 9-wk Western high-fat diet elevated the total phospholipid content and monounsaturated fatty acid level, but decreased saturated phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin within the T cells. The altered lipid composition in the circulation, and of T cells, was also reflected by enhanced membrane order at the activation site of ex vivo activated T cells that corresponded to increased IL-2 mRNA levels. In conclusion, dietary lipids can modulate T cell lipid composition and responses in lipoprotein receptor knockout mice even in the absence of excess weight gain and a proinflammatory environment.
Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40–Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection
Authors: Nieves Wildaliz , Hung Li-Yin , Oniskey Taylor K. , Boon Louis , Foretz Marc , Viollet Benoit , Herbert De’Broski R.
Published: April 2016

How the metabolic demand of parasitism affects immune-mediated resistance is poorly understood. Immunity against parasitic helminths requires M2 cells and IL-13, secreted by CD4+ Th2 and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), but whether certain metabolic enzymes control disease outcome has not been addressed. This study demonstrates that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key driver of cellular energy, regulates type 2 immunity and restricts lung injury following hookworm infection. Mice with a selective deficiency in the AMPK catalytic α1 subunit in alveolar macrophages and conventional dendritic cells produced less IL-13 and CCL17 and had impaired expansion of ILC2 in damaged lung tissue compared with wild-type controls. Defective type 2 responses were marked by increased intestinal worm burdens, exacerbated lung injury, and increased production of IL-12/23p40, which, when neutralized, restored IL-13 production and improved lung recovery. Taken together, these data indicate that defective AMPK activity in myeloid cells negatively impacts type 2 responses through increased IL-12/23p40 production. These data support an emerging concept that myeloid cells and ILC2 can coordinately regulate tissue damage at mucosal sites through mechanisms dependent on metabolic enzyme function.