bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computerized analysis of mammographic parenchymal patterns for breast cancer risk assessment: Feature selection
Authors: Huo Zhimin , Giger Maryellen L. , Wolverton Dulcy E. , Zhong Weiming , Cumming Shelly , Olopade Olufunmilayo I.
Published: July 2002

Our purpose in this study was to identify computer‐extracted, mammographic parenchymal patterns that are associated with breast cancer risk. We extracted 14 features from the central breast region on digitized mammograms to characterize the mammographic parenchymal patterns of women at different risk levels. Two different approaches were employed to relate these mammographic features to breast cancer risk. In one approach, the features were used to distinguish mammographic patterns seen in low‐risk women from those who inherited a mutated form of the BRCA1/BRCA2 gene, which confers a very high risk of developing breast cancer. In another approach, the features were related to risk as determined from existing clinical models (Gail and Claus models), which use well‐known epidemiological factors such as a woman's age, her family history of breast cancer, reproductive history, etc. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was employed to identify features that were useful in differentiating between “low‐risk” women and BRCA1/BRCA2‐mutation carriers. Stepwise linear regression analysis was employed to identify useful features in predicting the risk, as estimated from the Gail and Claus models. Similar computer‐extracted mammographic features were identified in the two approaches. Results show that women at high risk tend to have dense breasts and their mammographic patterns tend to be coarse and low in contrast.
Consistent analogs of the Fourier uncertainty relation
Authors: Forbes G. W. , Alonso M. A.
Published: July 2002

To resolve an issue that was raised in our earlier paper in this journal [69, 340–347 (2001)], a direct analog of the standard uncertainty relation is derived for the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). This inequality gives a simple lower bound for the degree of localization of the DFT of any sequence in terms of just the localization of the original sequence. It is also shown that the earlier uncertainty relations for the Fourier transform and the Fourier series can be derived from this new relation by taking appropriate limits. Because the same cannot be said of the others, this new relation is arguably the most fundamental of the three.
Thermodynamics of high temperature, Mie–Gruneisen solids
Authors: Lemons Don S. , Lund Carl M.
Published: July 2002

We construct a set of equations of state for condensed matter at temperatures well above the Debye temperature. These equations incorporate the Mie–Gruneisen equation of state and generic properties of high temperature solids. They are simple enough to provide an alternative to the ideal gas and the van der Waals equations of state for illustrating thermodynamic concepts.
On the interpretation of the redshift in a static gravitational field
Authors: Okun L. B. , Selivanov K. G. , Telegdi V. L.
Published: July 2002

The classical phenomenon of the redshift of light in a static gravitational potential, usually called the gravitational redshift, is described in the literature essentially in two ways: On the one hand, the phenomenon is explained through the behavior of clocks which run faster the higher they are located in the potential, whereas the energy and frequency of the propagating photon do not change with height. The light thus appears to be redshifted relative to the frequency of the clock. On the other hand, the phenomenon is alternatively discussed (even in some authoritative texts) in terms of an energy loss of a photon as it overcomes the gravitational attraction of the massive body. This second approach operates with notions such as the “gravitational mass” or the “potential energy” of a photon and we assert that it is misleading. We do not claim to present any original ideas or to give a comprehensive review of the subject, our goal being essentially a pedagogical one.
Gap detection for similar and dissimilar gap markers
Authors: Grose John H. , Hall Joseph W. , Buss Emily , Hatch Debora
Published: July 2002

Detection thresholds for temporal gaps between markers of dissimilar frequency are usually elevated with respect to thresholds for gaps between markers of similar frequency. Because gaps between markers of dissimilar frequency represent both a spectrally based perceptual discontinuity as well as a temporal discontinuity, it is not clear what factors underlie the threshold elevation. This study sought to examine the effects of perceptual dissimilarities on gap detection. The first experiment measured gap detection for configurations of narrow-band gap markers comprised of pure tones, frequency-modulated tones, and amplitude-modulated tones. The results showed that gap thresholds for frequency-disparate pure-tone markers were elevated with respect to isofrequency tonal markers, but that perceptual discontinuities between markers restricted to the same frequency region did not uniformly elevate threshold. The second experiment measured gap detection for configurations of markers where the leading and trailing markers could differ along the dimensions of bandwidth, duration, and pitch. The results showed that, in most cases, gap detection deteriorated when the bandwidth of the two markers differed, even when the spectral content of the narrower-band marker was completely subsumed by the spectral content of the wider-band marker. This finding suggests that gap detection is sensitive to spectral dissimilarity between markers in addition to spectral discontinuity. The effects of marker duration depended on the marker bandwidth. Pitch differences across spectrally similar markers had no effect.
Hyperbolic location errors due to insufficient numbers of receivers
Authors: Spiesberger John L.
Published: July 2002

Animal locations are sometimes estimated by measuring the difference in travel times of their sounds at pairs of receivers. Ideally, each difference specifies the animal’s location to a hyperboloid, and sufficient numbers of intersecting hyperboloids specify the location. Most bioacoustic publications state that one needs three receivers to locate animals in two spatial dimensions and four receivers in three spatial dimensions. However, the actual numbers of receivers required for locations in two and three dimensions are four and five, respectively. Significant location errors can result from using insufficient numbers of receivers. Methods are provided for determining locations of ambiguous source-location regions.
Effectiveness of the continuous wavelet transform in the analysis of some dispersive elastic waves
Authors: Kim Yoon Young , Kim Eung-Hun
Published: July 2002

Although there have been many investigations employing the continuous wavelet transform for the analysis of dispersive waves, they seem to lack theoretical justifications for the effectiveness of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) over other time–frequency analysis tools such as the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). The goal in this paper is to offer theoretical and experimental justifications for its effectiveness by comparing the performance of CWT and STFT in terms of their time–frequency analysis capabilities of certain dispersive elastic waves. The waves in consideration are elastic flexural waves generated by an impact in a solid circular cylinder. The ridge analysis procedure is employed to estimate instantaneous frequencies by CWT and STFT. Although in the present investigation we are focused on a limited class of dispersive waves, it gives an insight into the effectiveness of CWT for the analysis of other types of dispersive wave systems.
Multi-section matched-peak tomographic inversion with a moving source
Authors: Skarsoulis E. K.
Published: July 2002

An extended matched-peak inversion approach is proposed for the simultaneous analysis of travel-time data from multiple tomographic sections, from a moving source to a number of peripheral fixed receivers, to estimate the position of the source and the ocean state along the various sections. The proposed solution consists of finding those model states and source positions that maximize the joint number of peak identifications in the arrival patterns measured simultaneously along all sections. The offset calibration problem, associated with the uncertainty regarding mooring positions and possible unresolved internal instrument delays, is also addressed using the peak-matching principle. The time offsets are estimated such that the total number of identifications, over all sections and all transmissions, is maximized. The same analysis also applies to the case of a moving receiver listening to a number of fixed sources. The proposed approach is applied for the analysis of 9-month-long travel-time data from four conodal sections of the Thetis-2 tomography experiment.
Broadband radiation modes: Estimation and active control
Authors: Berkhoff Arthur P.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we give a formulation of the most efficiently radiating vibration patterns of a vibrating body, the radiation modes, in the time domain. The radiation modes can be used to arrive at efficient weighting schemes for an array of sensors in order to reduce the controller dimensionality. Because these particular radiation modes are optimum in a broadband sense, they are termed broadband radiation modes. Methods are given to obtain these modes from measured data. The broadband radiation modes are used for the design of an actuator array in a feedback control system to reduce the sound power radiated from a plate. Three methods for the design of the actuator are compared, taking into account the reduction of radiated sound power in the controlled frequency range, but also the possible increase of radiated sound power in the uncontrolled frequency range.
Effects of modulator phase for comodulation masking release and modulation detection interference
Authors: Richards Virginia M. , Buss Emily , Tian Lijun
Published: July 2002

In an effort to evaluate the importance of across-frequency comparisons of envelope patterns in comodulation masking release (CMR) experiments and to compare joint effects of target–masker frequency separation for both CMR and modulation detection interference (MDI) tasks, thresholds were measured for three tasks. These tasks were: (a) the detection of sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) of a tone, (b) the detection of a reduction in the modulation depth of a fully modulated SAM tone, and (c) the detection of a tone added to a narrow band of noise. Thresholds were obtained for the target alone and for the target presented with two maskers. For the detection of SAM, thresholds did not depend on whether the modulation patterns of the target and masker elements were the same or random. For the latter two tasks, modulator phase effects were apparent for target–masker frequency separations less than 1–2 oct. In contrast, past work has shown that observers can compare modulator envelope phases across frequency separations larger than 1–2 oct [Strickland et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 2160–2166 (1989); Yost and Sheft, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 848–857 (1989)]. In a second experiment, thresholds for the detection of SAM were obtained after prolonged exposure to a fully modulated SAM tone. For four of the five observers, modulation-rate specific adaptation was obtained for test/adapting carrier-frequency separations approaching 2 oct below and 1 oct above the adaptor.
Sound generation by interaction of two inviscid two-dimensional vortices
Authors: Tang S. K. , Ko N. W. M.
Published: July 2002

Sound generated by the pairing of two inviscid finite-core-size two-dimensional vortices is studied numerically using the contour dynamics method and vortex sound theory. Results indicate that the resulting sound field is a lateral quadrupole type and its axis rotates with nonuniform speed about the origin of the source region. Results also show that the accelerating and decelerating motions of the vortices are important in the sound generation.
Estimating parameters for psychometric functions using the four-point sampling method
Authors: Lam Chan F. , Dubno Judy R. , Ahlstrom Jayne B. , He Ning-Ji , Mills John H.
Published: July 2002

Although a psychometric function describing a subject’s responses to some physical stimuli is of considerable value, characterizing such functions is time consuming and, hence, is not carried out routinely in psychophysical experiments. A principal reason for the lack of efficiency in characterizing a psychometric function is the use of sampling methods that either converge on a single point on the psychometric function, such as the PEST method, or which distribute observations uniformly over a wide range, such as the constant stimuli method. As an alternative, a multimodal four-point sampling method has been proposed [C. F. Lam, J. H. Mills, and J. R. Dubno, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 3689–3693 (1996)]. A psychometric function is then fitted to the four points (each with several trials) to estimate the threshold and slope parameters of the psychometric function. Adaptive methods, such as the up–down methods [H. Levitt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 467–477 (1971)], can be used to provide good initial estimates of the threshold and spread parameters of a psychometric function described by a logistic function. In ongoing studies of age-related changes in auditory masking and discrimination, this new four-point sampling method has been applied to determine psychometric functions for absolute thresholds as a function of duration, thresholds in simultaneous and forward masking, frequency discrimination, and intensity discrimination in both young and aged human subjects. Results indicate that a reduction in data collection time of about 50% with no increase in variance can be achieved. This increase in efficiency applies to simple detection tasks by normal hearing subjects as well as to complex discrimination tasks by older subjects with hearing loss.
Wideband optimal a posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain shallow ocean environment
Authors: Shorey J. A. , Nolte L. W.
Published: July 2002

A wideband extension of the Optimum Uncertain Field Processor (OUFP) is presented. Combined with Monte Carlo estimation methods, this processor provides a fast, efficient, and robust technique for Matched-Field Processing (MFP). Under a simulated Hudson Canyon environment, a quantitative, probabilistic analysis of the sensitivity of the Optimum Matched-Field Processor (OMFP) to various kinds of environmental mismatch is shown. Similarly, the performance of the OUFP is calculated. Finally, the optimum wideband OUFP is applied to a data set collected from the Hudson Canyon, the results tabulated, and then compared to a standard Bartlett processor. The performance of the optimum wideband OUFP and the suboptimum Bartlett processor are in very good agreement with the performance predicted from simulation results.
Effects of sensorineural hearing loss on interaural discrimination and virtual localization
Authors: Smith-Olinde Laura , Koehnke Janet , Besing Joan
Published: July 2002

Cross-frequency binaural processing was investigated in listeners with normal hearing (NH) and with bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing impairment (IH). In experiment 1 just-noticeable-differences for interaural time and interaural intensity were measured using 1/3-octave narrow-band noises (NBNs) centered at 0.5 and 4 kHz. These stimuli were presented in isolation and in different cross-frequency interaural combinations. IH listeners displayed the best interaural time discrimination when the 0.5-kHz NBN was dichotic and the best intensity discrimination when both bands were dichotic. Both NH listeners (time) and IH listeners (time and intensity) displayed the poorest interaural discrimination when the NBNs were presented simultaneously with interaural differences in only the 4-kHz NBN (0.5 kHz NBN diotic). Localization accuracy was measured in experiment 2 using the 0.5- and 4-kHz NBNs in isolation and with 0.5-kHz target/4-kHz interferer and 4-kHz target/0.5-kHz interferer conditions. Best localization of NH and IH subjects was seen for the 0.5-kHz target, with or without an interferer. Poorest localization of IH subjects was observed for the 4-kHz target and 0.5-kHz interferer. Results suggest that for these IH subjects, localization is most difficult when they are forced to rely on interaural information in a higher-frequency region with conflicting interaural information at low frequencies.
Wave scattering and propagation in bubbly liquids
Authors: Ye Zhen , Alvarez Alberto
Published: July 2002

Acoustic wave propagation through bubbly liquids can be modified significantly by its scattering by the bubbles. The effects may be conveniently studied either by diagram methods when the number of bubbles is large, or by numerical simulation when the number is not so large. In this paper, numerical simulation on the acoustic scattering and propagation in a bubbly mixture is reported, with comparison to the effective medium theories. The analysis shows possible Anderson localization of acoustics waves. It is found that collective modes in bubble clouds are possible when the bubble volume fraction reaches a certain value. [Work supported by NSC of ROC and Spanish Ministry of Education.]
Effects of high-frequency amplification on double-vowel identification in listeners with hearing loss
Authors: Arehart Kathryn Hoberg
Published: July 2002

[J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40, 1434–1444 (1997)] reported that the ability of listeners with moderate to moderately-severe sensorineural hearing loss to correctly identify two simultaneous vowels was significantly worse than the identification ability of listeners with normal hearing. The present study investigated the effects of amplification on double-vowel identification in six listeners with hearing loss by comparing double-vowel identification with unamplified vowels and amplified vowels. Increasing the sensation level of the second and higher formants by application of high-frequency amplification did not improve the overall ability of listeners with hearing loss to identify double vowels. Spectro-temporal processing deficits not compensated for by increased sensation levels may contribute to the reduced overall performance by listeners with hearing loss on the double-vowel task.
The role of preceding closure interval and voice onset time in the perception of voicing: A comparison of English versus Spanish-English bilinguals
Authors: Green Kerry P. , Zampini Mary L. , Clarke Connie
Published: July 2002

Green et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 3136 (1997)] showed that Spanish speakers (monolingual and bilingual) use preceding closure interval (CI) to help distinguish the voicing characteristics of word-initial stops during production, while native English (NE) speakers do not. The current study compared NE and Spanish-English bilinguals with respect to the role of CI in the perception of voicing in word-initial stops. Members from a /bada-pada/ continuum, varying in voice onset time (VOT) from prevoiced to long lag values, were presented in an English and a Spanish sentence context using three different preceding CIs: 25, 75 and 125 ms. NE listeners were presented with either the English sentence tokens or the Spanish sentence tokens. One group of Bilinguals (in English mode) was presented with the English sentences while a second group (in Spanish mode) was presented with the Spanish sentences. Each subject was presented with the continuum in isolation after presentation of the sentences. The results show that although the bilinguals have similar VOT boundaries to monolinguals when the tokens are presented in isolation, they exhibit greater sensitivity to CI in the sentence context, as evidenced by larger shifts in VOT boundaries as a function of preceding CI.
The measurement of frame motion in flexible porous materials
Authors: Khirnykh K. , Cummings A.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a method for measuring the vibrational velocity of the solid skeleton of a flexible porous sound-absorbing material. The method is based on a simple electromagnetic principle, involving a thin conductor that is structurally connected to the frame of the absorbent and placed in a magnetic field. The sample test results that are presented here demonstrate that links may be established between acoustic data and frame velocity measurements. In the presence of a high-amplitude sound field, measurements showed that the velocity of the frame exhibits very nonlinear properties, which cannot be explained by nonlinearities in the airborne sound wave.
The effects of aspirin on a psychophysical estimate of basilar membrane compression
Authors: Hicks Michelle L. , Bacon Sid P.
Published: July 2002

It has been suggested that the amount of basilar membrane (BM) compression to tones at characteristic frequency can be estimated psychophysically by examining the slope of a growth-of-masking function for a masker that is lower in frequency than the signal [A. J. Oxenham and C. J. Plack, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3666–3675]. In this study, growth-of-forward masking functions were measured before and during administration of a moderate dose of aspirin that caused 5–15 dB of temporary hearing loss. The level of a 200-ms sinusoidal masker required to mask a 5-ms, 4-kHz sinusoidal signal presented 2 ms after the offset of the masker was determined for signal levels from 30 to 90 dB SPL. The masker was either the same frequency, or lower in frequency than the signal (signal-masker ratios of 1.2 to 1.8). High-pass noise was presented continuously to prevent off-frequency listening. In general, the aspirin, by presumably altering outer hair cell function, resulted in growth-of-masking functions (masker level versus signal level) for the off-frequency maskers that were steeper by as much as a factor of 2. These results support the argument that the slopes of the functions reflect BM compression, and that aspirin reduces that compression. [Work supported by NIDCD.]
Transient rheological behavior of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer. I. The startup of shear flow
Authors: Kim Seung Su , Han Chang Dae
Published: July 2002

The transient rheological responses upon startup of shear flow were investigated for a well-characterized thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer in the nematic region using a cone-and-plate rheometer. For the study, an aromatic polyester, poly[(phenyl sulfonyl)-p-phenylene 1,10-decamethylene-bis(4-oxybenzoate)] (PSHQ10), was synthesized via solution polymerization in our laboratory. The PSHQ10 was found via gel permeation chromatography to have the weight-average molecular weight of 45 000 relative to polystyrene standards and a polydisperity index of 2, and via differential scanning calorimetry to have (a) a glass transition temperature of 88 °C; (b) a melting point of 115 °C; and (c) a nematic–isotropic transition temperature (TNI) of 175 °C. The initial morphology (i.e., initial conditions) for the startup of shear flow of PSHQ10 in the nematic region was controlled by first heating a solvent-cast specimen to 190 °C (i.e., to the isotropic region), shearing at a rate of 0.085 s−1 for 5 min, and then cooling slowly down to a predetermined temperature in the nematic state (i.e., 130, 140, 150, or 160 °C). A fresh specimen was employed for each transient experiment, and the growths of shear stress σ+(t,γ̇) and first normal stress difference N1+(t,γ̇) were recorded as functions of time (t) for shear rates (γ̇) ranging from 0.107 to 1.07 s−1 and for temperatures ranging from 130 to 160 °C. It was found that thermal and deformation histories could be erased, and large overshoots in σ+(t,γ̇) and N1+(t,γ̇) were observed with only positive steady-state normal stress difference existing for all temperatures.
Shear-induced microstructural changes in flocculated suspensions of fumed silica
Authors: Raghavan Srinivasa R. , Khan Saad A.
Published: July 2002

Suspensions of fumed silica exhibit a wide range of rheological properties, depending on the type of microstructure present. At high silica concentrations, the rheological behavior is ‘‘gel-like,’’ due to the formation of a network consisting of interconnected silica flocs. When large amplitude oscillatory preshear is applied on these systems, the network linkages are disrupted, resulting in the formation of isolated flocs. In this study, we focus on the extent to which the network is restored on cessation of preshear. By applying small amplitude oscillations we can study the development of the elastic modulus (G′) with time, following disruptive shear. We find that the restoration of the network after preshear is instantaneous; however, G′ recovers to different levels depending on the amplitude of the imposed preshear strain. Contrary to expectations, larger preshear strains (which cause a greater degree of microstructural disruption) do not always lead to lower levels of recovered G′. For strains greater than a critical value, the recovered G′ progressively increases with increasing preshear strain. This anomalous behavior of the elastic modulus is explained in terms of microstructural rearrangements that may occur during oscillatory preshear.
Rotational magnetic particle microrheometry: The Newtonian case
Authors: Besseris George J. , Miller Irving F. , Yeates Donovan B.
Published: July 2002

A rotating sphere microrheometer, based on extensions of the work of Valberg [Valberg, P.A., “Magnetometry of Ingested Particles in Pulmonary Macro-Phages,” Science 224, 513–516 (1984); Valberg, P.A., and H. A. Feldman, “Magnetic Particle Motions within Living Cells: Measurement of Cytoplasmic Viscosity and Motile Activity,” Biophys. J. 52, 551–572 (1987)] and Edwards and Yeates [Edwards, P.A., and D. B. Yeates, Viscoelasticity of Biomaterials, Chap. 16, ACS Symposium Series, 489, edited by W. Glasser and H. Hatakeyama (Boston, MA, 1992)], was developed to rapidly (within 10 s) measure the rheological properties of small (∼10 μL) quantities of highly viscous (100–10 000 poise) fluids at small (10−3–10−1 Hz) rates of strain. Previous experimental work was extended by the use of MQP-B™ 1.4-μm-radius particles, which have extremely high coercivity and remanent magnetic field, and in which rotation of magnetic domains within the particle does not occur. The microrheometer was tested with a series of Newtonian viscosity standards (100–10 000 poise) and found to accurately predict viscosity (error range 3%–9%). The effects of shape, size distribution, sedimentation, particle–particle magnetic interactions, and agglomeration were investigated and found to be either negligible or easily determined. This microrheometer can be used to determine the rheological properties of minute quantities of viscous fluids and may be applicable to the measurement of zero-shear-rate viscosity of viscoelastic fluids.
The dislocations contrast factors of cubic crystals in the Zener constant range between zero and unity
Authors: Dragomir I. C. , Ungár T.
Published: July 2002

Diffraction peak profiles broaden due to the smallness of crystallites and the presence of lattice defects. Strain broadening of powders of polycrystalline materials is often anisotropic in terms of thehklindices. This kind of strain anisotropy has been shown to be well interpreted assuming dislocations as one of the major sources of lattice distortions. The knowledge of the dislocation contrast factors are inevitable for this interoperation. In a previous work the theoretical contrast factors were evaluated for cubic crystals for elastic constants in the Zener constant range 0.5≤Az≤8. A large number of ionic crystals and many refractory metals have elastic anisotropy, Az, well below 0.5. In the present work the contrast factors for this lower anisotropy-constant range are investigated. The calculations and the corresponding peak profile analysis are tested on ball milled PbS and Nb and nanocrystalline CeO2.
Practical Considerations for the Use of Circulating Tumor DNA in the Treatment of Patients With Cancer
Authors: Krebs Matthew G. , Malapelle Umberto , André Fabrice , Paz-Ares Luis , Schuler Martin , Thomas David M. , Vainer Gilad , Yoshino Takayuki , Rolfo Christian
Published: October 2022

Importance

Personalized medicine based on tumor profiling and identification of actionable genomic alterations is pivotal in cancer management. Although tissue biopsy is still preferred for diagnosis, liquid biopsy of blood-based tumor analytes, such as circulating tumor DNA, is a rapidly emerging technology for tumor profiling.

Observations

This review presents a practical overview for clinicians and allied health care professionals for selection of the most appropriate liquid biopsy assay, specifically focusing on circulating tumor DNA and how it may affect patient treatment and case management across multiple tumor types. Multiple factors influence the analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility of testing. This review provides recommendations and practical guidance for best practice. Current methodologies include polymerase chain reaction-based approaches and those that use next-generation sequencing (eg, capture-based profiling, whole exome, or genome sequencing). Factors that may influence utility include sensitivity and specificity, quantity of circulating tumor DNA, detection of a small vs a large panel of genes, and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. Currently, liquid biopsy appears useful in patients unable to undergo biopsy or where mutations detected may be more representative of the predominant tumor burden than for tissue-based assays. Other potential applications may include screening, primary diagnosis, residual disease, local recurrence, therapy selection, or early therapy response and resistance monitoring.

Conclusions and Relevance

This review found that liquid biopsy is increasingly being used clinically in advanced lung cancer, and ongoing research is identifying applications of circulating tumor DNA-based testing that complement tissue analysis across a broad range of clinical settings. Circulating tumor DNA technologies are advancing quickly and are demonstrating potential benefits for patients, health care practitioners, health care systems, and researchers, at many stages of the patient oncologic journey.
Systemic Anticancer Therapy at the End of Life—Changes in Usage Pattern in the Immunotherapy Era
Authors: Canavan Maureen E. , Wang Xiaoliang , Ascha Mustafa S. , Miksad Rebecca A. , Calip Gregory S. , Gross Cary P. , Adelson Kerin B.
Published: October 2022

This cohort study evaluates the rate of systemic anticancer therapy use among patients dying of cancer.
Individual differences in student consciousness during the wooden craftsmanship activity: Case study on the “Mokusho‐juku” in Miyama Ward, Kyoto prefecture
Authors: Habara Yasunari , Toda Tsukio , Awajitani Naoki , Kihara Hirotaka , Matsubara Naoki
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study is to clarify the individual differences in the consciousness of the students participating in a wooden craftsmanship activity (WCA) program. Based on a study conducted in Ono, a village located in the low uplands and mountainous region of Miyama Ward, Nantan City, in the Kyoto Prefecture, we determined the three principal components in the consciousness of the participants: “Awareness to contribution to the local region,” “Awareness to forest conservation,” and “Awareness to wooden craftsmanship.” We subsequently conducted a cluster analysis using the principal component scores of the university students participating in the study and categorized them into the following four groups: “Contribution to the local region group,” “Design‐oriented group,” “Moderate group,” and “Environment conservation group,” to clarify the effects of the activity and the important themes related to design education and WCA programs.
Electrodeposited PEDOT:BF4 Coatings Improve Impedance of Chronic Neural Stimulating Probes In Vivo
Authors: Hagler Jo'Elen , Yeu Jeeyeon , Zhou Xin , Ducharme Guillaume , Amilhon Bénédicte , Cicoira Fabio
Published: October 2022

Resulting from its many unique properties, such as mechanical compliancy, electrochemical stability, and high conductivity, the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a promising material for improving the stimulation efficiency of neural microelectrodes. The long‐term electrochemical stability of penetrating PEDOT‐coated electrodes undergoing high‐frequency stimulation is not extensively studied in vivo and the inflammatory response of the brain to PEDOT‐coated stimulating neural probes is not well understood. In this work, electropolymerized PEDOT doped with tetrafluoroborate (PEDOT:BF4) is selectively deposited on the electrode sites of platinum iridium (PtIr) neural probes and implanted for 2 weeks and 2 months to evaluate the effect of implantation on the electrical performance, and the foreign body response to the probes. Histological evaluation after 8 weeks of implantation reveals no difference in the degree of inflammation around PtIr and PEDOT probes. Additionally, PEDOT and PtIr probes are implanted for 60 days, subjected to daily high frequency stimulation and are monitored for changes in electrochemical properties. Impedance measurements reveal an overall lower impedance for PEDOT probes.  These results indicate that PEDOT:BF4 coatings offer a promising approach for improving the stability of neural interfaces for stimulation.
Print‐and‐Grow within a Novel Support Material for 3D Bioprinting and Post‐Printing Tissue Growth
Authors: Machour Majd , Hen Noy , Goldfracht Idit , Safina Dina , Davidovich‐Pinhas Maya , Bianco‐Peled Havazelet , Levenberg Shulamit
Published: October 2022

3D bioprinting holds great promise for tissue engineering, with extrusion bioprinting in suspended hydrogels becoming the leading bioprinting technique in recent years. In this method, living cells are incorporated within bioinks, extruded layer by layer into a granular support material followed by gelation of the bioink through diverse cross‐linking mechanisms. This approach offers high fidelity and precise fabrication of complex structures mimicking living tissue properties. However, the transition of cell mass mixed with the bioink into functional native‐like tissue requires post‐printing cultivation in vitro. An often‐overlooked drawback of 3D bioprinting is the nonuniform shrinkage and deformation of printed constructs during the post‐printing tissue maturation period, leading to highly variable engineered constructs with unpredictable size and shape. This limitation poses a challenge for the technology to meet applicative requirements. A novel technology of “print‐and‐grow,” involving 3D bioprinting and subsequent cultivation in κ‐Carrageenan‐based microgels (CarGrow) for days is presented. CarGrow enhances the long‐term structural stability of the printed objects by providing mechanical support. Moreover, this technology provides a possibility for live imaging to monitor tissue maturation. The “print‐and‐grow” method demonstrates accurate bioprinting with high tissue viability and functionality while preserving the construct's shape and size.
Fluorinated Rocksalt Cathode with Ultra‐high Active Li Content for Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Pei Yi , Chen Qing , Ha Yang , Su Dong , Zhou Hua , Li Shuang , Yao Zhenpeng , Ma Lu , Sanders Kevin J. , Sheng Chuanchao , Goward Gillian R. , Gu Lin , Yu Aiping , Yang Wanli , Chen Zhongwei
Published: October 2022

The key to increasing the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries is to incorporate high contents of extractable Li into the cathode. Unfortunately, this triggers formidable challenges including structural instability and irreversible chemistry under operation. Here, we report a new kind of ultra‐high Li compound: Li4+xMoO5Fx (1≤x≤3) for cathode with an unprecedented level of electrochemically active Li (>3 Li+ per formula), delivering a reversible capacity up to 438 mAh g−1. Unlike other reported Li‐rich cathodes, Li4+xMoO5Fx presents distinguished structure stability to immunize against irreversible behaviors. Through spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, we find an anionic redox‐dominated charge compensation with negligible oxygen release and voltage decay. Our theoretical analysis reveals a “reductive effect” of high‐level fluorination stabilizes the anionic redox by reducing the oxygen ions in pure‐Li conditions, enabling a facile, reversible, and high Li‐portion cycling.
Unexpected Formation and Potent Antioxidant Activity of Macrocyclic Dimers Containing Disulfide and Selenide Groups
Authors: McMillan Jacob D. R. , Sands Kai N. , Cooney Gary S. , Gelfand Benjamin S. , Back Thomas G.
Published: October 2022

During attempts to prepare spirodithiaselenuranes as GPx mimetics, a series of unexpected dimeric macrocycles was obtained, each containing two selenide and two disulfide moieties in rings ranging from 18‐ to 26‐membered. The products showed potent GPx‐like activity in an NMR assay based on their ability to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with benzyl thiol. The high catalytic activity was attributed to transannular effects during selenide to selenoxide oxidation. This redox process was also characterized by an induction period that indicated autocatalysis in the formation of an intermediate selenoxide from the oxidation of the corresponding selenide.
Sprayed Ag oxygen reduction reaction gas‐diffusion electrodes for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO
Authors: Wilde Patrick , Özden Anil , Winter Henrik , Quast Thomas , Weidner Jonas , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Junqueira João R. C. , Metzner Matthias , Peter Willi , Leske Werner , Öhl Denis , Bobrowski Tim , Turek Thomas , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: October 2022

Gas‐diffusion electrodes have been successfully employed in electrochemical chlorine production, and they also hold great potential in the field of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Herein, we demonstrate how sprayed Ag‐based gas‐diffusion electrodes, which show outstanding performance for the reduction of oxygen, need to be modified to produce CO from CO2. A computer‐controlled automated airbrush‐type spraying setup is used to systematically vary the core fabrication parameters of the process and investigate their effect on the electrochemical performance. Focused ion‐beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy provides deeper insight into the structure of the electrodes and serves in combination with electrochemical data as the measure for the optimisation. Eventually, electrodes can be produced that suppress the evolution of H2 to the extent that an average Faradaic efficiency of 79% for CO can be maintained for at least 10 h at a current density of −100 mA∙cm−2.
Biochar for Supercapacitor Application: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rawat Shivam , Boobalan Thangavel , Krishna Bhavya B. , Sathish Marappan , Hotha Srinivas , Bhaskar Thallada
Published: October 2022

Biochar is a carbon‐rich solid that can be prepared through heat treatment of biomass under an inert atmosphere. In the present work, biochar prepared from different feedstocks, namely, Litchi chinensis (Litchi) seeds, Syzygium cumini (Jamun) seeds, and pine cone, were evaluated for charge storage in the form of supercapacitors. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the biochar were highly dependent on the preparation temperature and the choice of feedstock. Among the three feedstocks, Litchi seed‐derived biochar showed the highest specific capacitance of 190 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a symmetric cell configuration. N and O heteroatom functionalities in the Litchi seed‐derived biochar, higher specific surface area, and pore volume for electrolyte adsorption were responsible for its superior capacitive performance as compared to Jamun seeds and pine cone biochar.
Synthesis of Chiral α‐Substituted β‐Aminophosphine Derivatives through Asymmetric Hydrophosphinylation Utilizing Secondary Phosphine Sulfides
Authors: Hirashima Shin‐ichi , Hirota Eiki , Matsushima Yasuyuki , Noda Naoki , Nishimura Yuya , Narushima Takefumi , Nakashima Kosuke , Miura Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2022

The organocatalytic enantioselective hydrophosphinylation of various secondary phosphine sulfides with aromatic and aliphatic nitroalkenes is presented in this study. The reaction produced chiral β‐nitrophosphine sulfides with excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and 99% ee). Furthermore, the chiral β‐nitrophosphine sulfides can be easily converted into α‐substituted β‐aminophosphine, which is a family of useful P, N‐ligands and phosphine catalysts.
Parsonage–Turner syndrome of the brachial plexus secondary to COVID‐19 vaccine: A case report
Authors: Mejri Islam , Ben Hmida Lenda , Bedoui Ines , Znegui Tasnim , Kacem Maroua , Moatemri Zied , Derbali Hajer , Jammeli Samia , Fekih Mrissa Nejiba
Published: October 2022

Parsonage–Turner syndrome (PTS) is a peripheral inflammatory neuropathy of unknown etiology. We present a rare case of a 50‐year‐old male patient with PTS post‐COVID‐19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Symptoms occurred 15 days after the second dose. He was treated with corticosteroids, analgesics, and physical rehabilitation with a partial recovery.
“On–off” switch for H2 and O2 generation from HCOOH resp. H2O2
Authors: Huang Wenkai , Xu Fuhua , Li Dong‐Sheng , Astruc Didier , Liu Xiang
Published: October 2022

In spite of the numerous advances in the development of H2 and O2 evolutions upon water splitting, the separation of H2 from O2 still remains a severe challenge. Herein, the novel dual‐functional nanocatalysts Pd/carbon nanosphere (CNS), obtained via immobilization of ultrafine Pd nanoparticles onto CNS, are developed and employed for both selective H2 generation from HCOOH dehydrogenation and O2 evolution from H2O2 decomposition. In these reactions, the highest activities for Pd/CNS‐800 (i.e., calcinated at 800°C) are 2478 h−1 and 993 min−1 for H2 and O2 evolution, respectively. The highly efficient and selective “on–off” switch for selective H2 generation from HCOOH is successfully realized by pH adjustment. This novel and highly efficient nanocatalyst Pd/CNS‐800 not only provides new approaches for the promising application of HCOOH and H2O2 as economic and safe H2 and O2 carriers, respectively, for fuel cells, but also promotes the development of “on‐off” switch for on‐demand H2 evolution.
Terminal Au−N and Au−O Units in Organometallic Frames
Authors: Pérez‐Bitrián Alberto , Alvarez Santiago , Baya Miguel , Echeverría Jorge , Martín Antonio , Orduna Jesús , Menjón Babil
Published: October 2022

Since gold is located well beyond the oxo wall, chemical species with terminal Au−N and Au−O units are extremely rare and limited to low coordination numbers. We report here that these unusual units can be trapped within a suitable organometallic frame. Thus, the terminal auronitrene and auroxyl derivatives [(CF3)3AuN]− and [(CF3)3AuO]− were identified as local minima by calculation. These open‐shell, high‐energy ions were experimentally detected by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2): They respectively arise by N2 or NO2 dissociation from the corresponding precursor species [(CF3)3Au(N3)]− and [(CF3)3Au(ONO2)]− in the gas phase. Together with the known fluoride derivative [(CF3)3AuF]−, they form an interesting series of isoleptic and alloelectronic complexes of the highly acidic organogold(iii) moiety (CF3)3Au with singly charged anions X− of the most electronegative elements (X=F, O, N). Ligand‐field inversion in all these [(CF3)3AuX]− species results in the localization of unpaired electrons at the N and O atoms.
Lysosomal Targeting of β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Mascherpa Andrea , Ishii Nozomii , Tayagui Ayelen , Liu Jiang , Sollogoub Matthieu , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: October 2022

β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and derivatives are approved therapeutics in >30 clinical settings. β‐CDs have also shown promise as therapeutics for treatment of some lysosomal storage disorders, such as Niemann‐Pick disease type C, and other disease states which involve metabolite accumulation in the lysosome. In these cases, β‐CD activity relies on transport to the lysosome, wherein it can bind hydrophobic substrate and effect extraction. The post‐translational attachment of N‐glycans terminated in mannose‐6‐phosphate (M6P) residues is the predominant method by which lysosomal enzymes are targeted to the lysosome. In this work we covalently attach a synthetic biantennary bis‐M6P‐terminated N‐glycan to β‐CD and study the effect of the added glycans in a mammalian cell line. The formation of a host guest complex with a Cy5 fluorophore allows study of both cellular internalisation and transport to the lysosome by fluorescence microscopy. Results indicate that the rates of both internalisation and lysosomal transport are increased by the attachment of M6P‐glycans to β‐CD, indicating that M6P‐glycan conjugation may improve the therapeutic effectiveness of β‐CD for the treatment of disorders involving hydrophobic metabolite accumulation in the lysosome.
Inducement of an Anisotropic One‐dimensional Surface of Solution‐derived Indium Gallium Oxide Film via Imprint Lithography for Liquid Crystal Alignment
Authors: Lee Dong Wook , Kim Eun Mi , Heo Gi Seok , Kim Dong Hyun , Oh Jin Young , Yang Da Bin , Jang Jong In , Jeong Hae‐Chang , Seo Dae‐Shik
Published: October 2022

This study uses imprint lithography to produce an anisotropic unidirectional indium gallium oxide (IGO) film for the uniform liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer. The curing temperature was controlled to 110, 180, and 250 °C during the process, and the 250 °C cured film presented a distinct one‐dimensional pattern transferred from the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold during scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed an active thermal oxidation effect at a high curing temperature, contributing to the formation of a unidirectional structure. This unidirectional IGO structure functioned as a guide for LCs and induced a uniform alignment state, verified by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and a pre‐tilt angle analysis. The IGO film also revealed improved thermal endurance to the LC alignment state and optical transmittance compared with the conventional rubbed polyimide (PI) layer. Given this performance, the one‐dimensional pattern‐imprinted IGO film can be a promising LC alignment layer for an advanced LC system.
Effective Internet of Things botnet classification by data upsampling using generative adversarial network and scale fused bidirectional long short term memory attention model
Authors: K Geetha , S H Brahmananda
Published: October 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) botnet attacks are considered an important risk to information security. This work mainly focusing on botnet attack detection targeting various IoT devices. In this work, feature generation and classification are the two major processes considered for attack detection. Generative adversarial network (GAN) is applied for the feature generation process. GAN has generator and discriminator. Here effective generator network is introduced by applying added convolution layers with batch normalization and rectified linear unit activation function. In this proposed system, a novel network called the data perception network is proposed with scale fused architecture. The data perception network is developed to determine generator's efficiency in generating fake data similar to original data. This perception network is also considered for estimating loss function by analyzing in different scales. Hence, the major strength of this network is that highly reliable data are provided using the synthesized data. An efficient network architecture called scale fused bidirectional long short term memory attention model (SFBAM) is applied for the classification process. The proposed model is evaluated using the IoT‐23 dataset, which can differentiate between benign and malicious data in IoT attacks. Compared to existing models, this proposed model provides effective results by improving accuracy and reducing loss.