bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly transparent singlet fission solar cell with multistacked thin metal contacts for tandem applications
Authors: Lee Ju Min , Futscher Moritz H. , Pazos‐Outón Luis M. , Ehrler Bruno
Published: July 2017

Singlet fission solar cells combined with silicon photovoltaics allow the construction of parallel tandem solar cells, which benefit from better usage of high‐energy photons. A key limiting factor for the performance of such a tandem configuration is the transparency of the singlet fission front cell. Here we show highly transparent singlet fission solar cells with a top contact of thin Ca:Ag blends. The optimized contact leads to 81% average solar cell transmittance in the near‐infrared while maintaining more than half the short‐circuit current density compared with an opaque device. We simulate the performance of the parallel tandem stack and assess the improvements needed to fully realize the potential of singlet fission in this device configuration.
Measuring the contribution of art therapy in multidisciplinary treatment of personality disorders: The construction of the Self‐expression and Emotion Regulation in Art Therapy Scale (SERATS)
Authors: Haeyen Suzanne , van Hooren Susan , van der Veld William M. , Hutschemaekers Giel
Published: July 2017

Despite the use of art therapy in clinical practice, its appreciation and reported beneficial results, no instruments are available to measure specific effects of art therapy among patients with personality disorders cluster B/C in multidisciplinary treatment. In the present study, we described the development and psychometric evaluation of the Self‐expression and Emotion Regulation in Art Therapy Scale (SERATS). Structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), reliability, construct validity and sensitivity to change were examined using two independent databases (n = 335; n = 34) of patients diagnosed with personality disorders cluster B/C. This resulted in a nine‐item effect scale with a single factor with a high internal reliability and high test–retest reliability; it demonstrated discriminant validity and sensitivity to change. In conclusion, the SERATS is brief and content‐valid and offers objective and reliable information on self‐expression and emotion regulation in art therapy among patients with personality disorders cluster B/C. Although more research on construct validity is needed, the SERATS is a promising tool to be applied as an effect scale and as a monitoring tool during art therapy treatment. © 2017 The Authors Personality and Mental Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Prevalence and predictors of conflict in the families of patients with advanced cancer: A nationwide survey of bereaved family members
Authors: Hamano Jun , Morita Tatsuya , Mori Masanori , Igarashi Naoko , Shima Yasuo , Miyashita Mitsunori
Published: July 2017

Objectives

Family conflict has several adverse impacts on caregivers. Thus, there is significant value in determining the prevalence and predictors of family conflict, which can enable the health care provider to intervene if family conflict arises during end‐of‐life care. Accordingly, we aimed to explore the prevalence and predictors of conflict among the families of patients with advanced cancer who died in palliative care units.

Methods

This study was a nationwide multicenter questionnaire survey of bereaved family members of cancer patients who died in Japanese palliative care units participating in evaluation of the quality of end‐of‐life care.

Results

We sent out 764 questionnaires, and 529 questionnaires (69.2%) were returned. As 70 family members refused to participate and we could not identify the answers in one questionnaire, we analyzed a total of 458 responses. The average Outcome‐Family Conflict score was 13.5 ± 4.9 (maximum score: 39.5), and 42.2% of family members reported at least one family conflict during end‐of‐life care. Greater family conflict was significantly associated with younger family age, with family members asserting control over decision making for patient care and with communication constraints among family members, although absent family members “coming out of the woodwork” reduced family conflict.

Conclusions

Many families of patients with advanced cancer experienced conflict during end‐of‐life care. Family members asserting control over decision making and communication constraints among family members after diagnosis of cancer can predict the occurrence of family conflict. Absent family members “coming out of the woodwork” might reduce family conflict in particular cultures.
New Gaugings and Non‐Geometry
Authors: Lee Kanghoon , Strickland‐Constable Charles , Waldram Daniel
Published: July 2017

We discuss the possible realisation in string/M theory of the recently discovered family of four‐dimensional maximal gauged supergravities, and of an analogous family of seven‐dimensional half‐maximal gauged supergravities. We first prove a no‐go theorem that neither class of gaugings can be realised via a compactification that is locally described by ten‐ or eleven‐dimensional supergravity. In the language of Double Field Theory and its M theory analogue, this implies that the section condition must be violated. Introducing the minimal number of additional coordinates possible, we then show that the standard S3 and S7 compactifications of ten‐ and eleven‐dimensional supergravity admit a new class of section‐violating generalised frames with a generalised Lie derivative algebra that reproduces the embedding tensor of the and gaugings respectively. The physical meaning, if any, of these constructions is unclear. They highlight a number of the issues that arise when attempting to apply the formalism of Double Field Theory to non‐toroidal backgrounds. Using a naive brane charge quantisation to determine the periodicities of the additional coordinates restricts the gaugings to an infinite discrete set and excludes all the gaugings other than the standard one.
TEX15: A DNA repair gene associated with prostate cancer risk in Han Chinese
Authors: Lin Xiaoling , Chen Zhongzhong , Gao Peng , Gao Zhimei , Chen Haitao , Qi Jun , Liu Fang , Ye Dingwei , Jiang Haowen , Na Rong , Yu Hongjie , Shi Rong , Lu Daru , Zheng Siqun Lilly , Mo Zengnan , Sun Yinghao , Ding Qiang , Xu Jianfeng
Published: July 2017

Background

Both common and rare genetic variants may contribute to risk of developing prostate cancer. Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified ∼100 independent, common variants associated with prostate cancer risk. However, little is known about the association of rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] <1%) in the genome with prostate cancer risk.

Methods

A two‐stage study was used to test the association of rare, deleterious coding variants, annotated using predictive algorithms, with prostate cancer risk in Chinese men. Predicted rare, deleterious coding variants in the Illumina HumanExome‐12 v1.1 beadchip were first evaluated in 1343 prostate cancer patients and 1008 controls. Significant variants were then validated in an additional 1816 prostate cancer patients and 1549 controls.

Results

In the discovery stage, 14 predicted rare, deleterious coding variants were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk (P < 0.01). In the confirmation stage, Q1631H in TEX15 (rs142485241), a DNA repair gene, was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk (P = 0.0069). The estimated odds ratio (OR) of the variant in the combined analysis was 3.24 (95% Confidence Interval 1.85‐6.06), P = 8.81 × 10−5. Additionally, rs28756990 (V741F) at MLH3 (P = 0.06) and rs2961144 (I126V) at OR2A5 (P = 0.065) were marginally associated with prostate cancer risk in the replication stage.

Conclusions

Our study provided preliminary evidence that the rare variant Q1631H in DNA repair gene TEX15 is associated with prostate cancer risk. This finding complements known common prostate cancer risk‐associated variants and suggests the possible role of DNA repair genes in prostate cancer development.
Identification of carboxylesterase genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Wu Xue‐Mei , Xu Bo‐Ying , Si Feng‐Ling , Li Jianyong , Yan Zhen‐Tian , Yan Zheng‐Wen , He Xiu , Chen Bin
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Carboxylesterases (CCEs) are one of three large detoxification enzyme families. Some CCEs are active on synthetic insecticides with ester structures. Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in eastern Asia. This study identified and characterized the CCE genes in the A. sinensis genome and determined CCE genes associated with pyrethroid resistance using RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and quantitative reverse transcription − polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), in A. sinensis from Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan in China.

RESULTS

Fifty‐seven putative CCEs were identified and placed into three classes, 12 subfamilies and 14 clades through phylogenetic and homology analyses. Exon sizes ranged from 31 to 4317 bp, with 49 CCEs having two to five exons and eight having six to 11 exons. A total of 183 introns were recognized with sizes ranging from 31 to 4317 bp. The 57 CCEs were located on 14 scaffolds, with 70% located on four scaffolds. The alpha‐esterase subfamily was significantly expanded compared with that of Anopheles gambiae. In a pyrethroid‐resistant strain, RNA‐seq detected five upregulated CCE genes and qRT‐PCR detected 12 upregulated CCE genes. The α‐esterase 10 (AsAe10) and acetylcholinesterase 1 (AsAce1) genes were the main CCE genes associated with pyrethroid resistance.

CONCLUSION

This information will be useful for further study of the CCE gene family and pyrethroid resistance mechanisms mediated by CCEs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved efficiency and short‐term stability of the planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with a polyelectrolyte layer
Authors: Xiong Jian , He Zhen , Zhan Shiping , Zhang Xiaowen , Long Liangzhu , Yang Junliang , Yang Bingchu , Xue Xiaogang , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2017

The power conversion efficiency and the short‐term stability of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are very important for their commercialization. The decay of the planar heterojunction PSCs (PHJ‐PSCs) based on p‐i‐n structure (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CH3NH3PbI3/PCBM/Al) dramatically took place when they were exposed in air. We confirmed that the electrode bubble was responsible for this quick degradation and revealed a preliminary physical mechanism as well. A polyelectrolyte layer (ethoxylated polyethylenimine, PEIE) was inserted into the interface between the active layer and the cathode to enhance the interface contact and facilitate the charge carrier extraction. The power conversion efficiency (PCE), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) were found to be enhanced with the PEIE insertion. In addition, the PEIE layer largely improved the interface stability. The PEIE insertion could prohibit the formation of the electrode bubbles, which dramatically enhance the short‐term air stability of the devices. The T50 (time for performance to decay to 50% of its initial measured value) of the devices with PEIE layer was 90 min, which was enhanced by 9 times compared with that without any modification layer. These results provide important information for understanding the decay of the PHJ‐PSCs, which may benefit the application of PSCs.
Potential of migration of active compounds from protein‐based films with essential oils to a food and a food simulant
Authors: Ribeiro‐Santos Regiane , de Melo Nathália Ramos , Andrade Mariana , Sanches‐Silva Ana
Published: July 2017

Migration tests at different temperatures and storage periods were performed to evaluate the release of active compounds from active whey protein films (WPFs) to a food and food simulants. Whey protein film incorporated with different levels of an optimized essential oils (EOs) blend (1%, 2%, 2.7%, and 5%, w/w) were prepared by casting. This blend contained EOs from rosemary and 2 species of cinnamon. Salami was packaged with WPF and stored during 180 days at 5°C. Temperature influenced significantly the migration of compounds (P<.1). It was observed that eucalyptol was the compound that presented the highest potential of migration into 95% ethanol (v/v). After contact of film with salami, it was observed that, in general, more than 50% of active compounds released from WPF to salami. It was observed that higher amounts of active compounds were released to salami than to fatty food simulant. Results suggested that the release of compounds depends on their affinity with the food/food simulant, temperature, their concentration in packaging, and composition of food. Active packaging may ensure the quality of food due the migration of compounds from EO with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity incorporated in the film to the foodstuff.
Nonparametric signed‐rank control charts with variable sampling intervals
Authors: Coelho M.L.I. , Graham M.A. , Chakraborti S.
Published: July 2017

Variable sampling interval (VSI) charts have been proposed in the literature for normal theory (parametric) control charts and are known to provide performance enhancements. In the VSI setting, the time between monitored samples is allowed to vary depending on what is observed in the current sample. Nonparametric (distribution‐free) control charts have recently come to play an important role in statistical process control and monitoring. In this paper a nonparametric Shewhart‐type VSI control chart is considered for detecting changes in a specified location parameter. The proposed chart is based on the Wilcoxon signed‐rank statistic and is called the VSI signed‐rank chart. The VSI signed‐rank chart is compared with an existing fixed sampling interval signed‐rank chart, the parametric VSI
‐chart, and the nonparametric VSI sign chart. Results show that the VSI signed‐rank chart often performs favourably and should be used.
Equivalence analysis of accelerated degradation mechanism based on stochastic degradation models
Authors: Wang Han , Zhao Yu , Ma Xiaobing , Yang Li
Published: July 2017

For an effective accelerated degradation test, it is important to ensure that the degradation mechanism under different stress levels remains unchanged. In this article, we are interested in the equivalence analysis of accelerated degradation mechanism based on degradation data rather than physical or chemical techniques. Under the assumption that products' underlying degradation follows stochastic degradation models, we first introduce the relationship between mechanism equivalence and parameters of stochastic degradation models based on the acceleration factor invariant principle. Then the necessary conditions for mechanism equivalence, which should be satisfied under different stress levels, are derived and tested by the proposed parameter equivalence test method based on the modified Bartlett statistic and T statistic. Next a novel selection method for stochastic degradation models is derived therefrom by comparing the variation of coefficients of acceleration factors. The accuracy of the necessary conditions and the parameter equivalence test method is demonstrated through a simulation study. In addition, an electrical connector example with real stress relaxation data is analyzed to illustrate the proposed method further.
The importance of a small ephemeral tributary for fine sediment dynamics in a main‐stem river
Authors: Marteau B. , Batalla R. J. , Vericat D. , Gibbins C.
Published: July 2017

Studies of ephemeral streams have focused mainly in arid and semi‐arid regions. Such streams also occur widely in temperate regions, but much less is known about their influence on fluvial processes in main‐stem rivers here. In this paper, we present evidence of the importance of a small ephemeral temperate stream for main‐stem fine sediment dynamics. The paper focuses on a restoration project (River Ehen, North West England) which involved the reconnection of a headwater tributary to the main‐stem river. We present data on suspended sediment transport 2 years prior to and 2 years following the reconnection. Despite the small size and non‐perennial flow of the tributary, its reconnection resulted in an increase of 65% in the main‐stem sediment yield. During both the pre‐reconnection and post‐reconnection periods, a higher proportion of the annual yield was conveyed during short events with relatively high suspended sediment concentrations. Following the reconnection, the magnitude and frequency of such events increased, primarily due to sediment being delivered from the tributary at times when main‐stem flows were not elevated. Overall, the main‐stem remains supply limited and so is highly dependent on sediment delivered from the tributary. The study helps stress that even non‐perennial tributaries yielding only a small increase in catchment size (+1.2% in this case) can have a major influence on main‐stem fluvial dynamics. Their role as sediment sources may be especially important where, as in the case of the Ehen, the main‐stem is regulated and the system is otherwise starved of sediment.
Evaluating upstream passage and timing of approach by adult bigheaded carps at a gated dam on the Illinois River
Authors: Lubejko M.V. , Whitledge G.W. , Coulter A.A. , Brey M.K. , Oliver D.C. , Garvey J.E.
Published: July 2017

Dams are a conservation threat because they function as barriers to native fish movement; however, they may prevent the spread of invasive species. Invasive bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) threaten the Great Lakes ecosystem and are advancing towards Lake Michigan via the Illinois River. Navigation dams on the Illinois River may deter bigheaded carps' upstream movement. We investigated the permeability of the Starved Rock Lock and Dam (SRLD), the most downstream gated Illinois River dam, to bigheaded carps' migration by examining the timing of individuals approaching and passing through SRLD in relation to gate openness, tailwater elevation, and water temperature. Using acoustic telemetry of (N = ~104 per year) tagged fish, 13 upstream passages of bigheaded carps occurred through SRLD between 2013 and 2016. Eleven passages occurred through the dam gates and 2 through the lock chamber, indicating deterrents (e.g., CO2) placed in SRLD lock chamber may only limit passage of a small proportion of all fish passing through the lock‐and‐dam structure. Passages were documented only in 2013 and 2015. Most of the dam gate passages occurred during high water when gates were completely out of the water. Timing of bigheaded carps approaching SRLD was positively correlated with rising water temperature and high tailwater elevation, and all fish approached during late March through mid‐September. Movement through dams is rare; modifying gate operations to reduce gate openness during late spring and summer could further reduce the permeability of gated dams such as SRLD to bigheaded carps, slowing their upstream advance.
Linking ecological science with management outcomes on New Zealand's longest river
Authors: Collier K.J. , Baker C. , David B.O. , Górski K. , Pingram M.A.
Published: July 2017

New Zealand's Waikato River has had a short but intense history of development, primarily through land‐use change and flow regulation in the upper river, and in the lower river through flood control works, non‐native species invasion, and land‐use intensification. The river undergoes sharp transitions across montane‐flood plain‐coastal environments over a short distance and under similar climate. Together with specialized life‐history requirements of many native fish, these features provide valuable insights into large river ecology and management. Testing approaches to determine outcomes of water quality changes have highlighted the value of functional indicators over traditional biotic measures for monitoring anthropogenic impacts. Initiatives to enhance native fish populations in the lower river have included remediation of migration barriers to improve access to tributary habitat, enhancement of tidal spawning habitat, and traps and gates to limit movement of large pest fish into flood plain lakes for spawning. This example of a southern temperate large river system highlights the importance of recruitment habitat and connectivity for native fish communities dominated by migratory species. Their slender bodies provide opportunities to create semipermeable barriers that enable access to flood plain habitats while restricting larger invasive fish. Recent initiatives have increased momentum to restore the ecological health of this river, but the underpinning science to guide priority actions is often lacking, and there is limited monitoring over the scales and time frames required to evaluate effectiveness.
Does perceived stress moderate the association between depressive symptoms and socioemotional and behavioural strengths and difficulties in adolescence?
Authors: Lätsch Alexander
Published: July 2017

More and more students report high level of perceived stress during childhood and adolescence, which is associated with socioemotional and behavioural strengths and difficulties. This study aims—based on the cognitive vulnerability‐transactional stress theory—to examine perceived stress in early adolescence as a potential moderator in the association between depressive symptoms and socioemotional and behavioural strengths and difficulties from early to middle adolescence. Results of latent moderated structural equations with questionnaire data from a longitudinal study with 1,088 German students (Time 1: Mage = 13.70, SD = 0.53; Time 2: N = 845, Mage = 15.32, SD = 0.49) indicate that perceived stress functions as a moderator in the above‐mentioned association and dominates the interaction if perceived strongly.
Deflating the Determination Argument
Authors: Henderson Jared ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2017

This article argues for the compatibility of deflationism and truth-conditional semantic theories. I begin by focusing on an argument due to Dorit Bar-On, Claire Horisk, and Willian Lycan for incompatibility, arguing that their argument relies on an ambiguity between two senses of the expression ‘is at least.’ I go on to show how the disambiguated arguments have different consequences for the deflationist, and argue that no conclusions are established that the deflationist cannot accommodate. I then respond to some objections and gesture at a more general defense of the compatibility claim.
The materiality of human–water interaction in the Caribbean: an archaeological perspective
Authors: Finneran Niall P.
Published: July 2017

This contribution offers a broad overview of the material evidence (archaeology) of multiscalar approaches to human–water interaction on the islands of the Caribbean from the precontact period up to the present day (i.e., ca 3000 BC–AD 2000). Precontact indigenous hunting/gathering/fishing and early farming peoples relied upon water management technology to mitigate problems of water shortage and drought (and indeed problems of excess of water, flooding). Further, archaeological work linked to other interdisciplinary approaches can demonstrate that their perception of water use was also linked to symbolic behavior as well. After AD 1492 as the newly Europeanized Caribbean islands industrialized in response to developing intensive sugar monoculture systems, more emphasis was placed upon extensive and complex water storage and irrigation works that at once reflected differing environmental demands of island ecologies, and also residual cultural traditions of the European colonial powers regarding water management and conservation. It will be demonstrated that within these socially and culturally diverse islandscapes, novel symbolic approaches to water also emerged, reflecting these many and varied roots of Caribbean cultural traditions. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1235. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1235

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Making the Novel
Authors: Hammond Brean , Regan Shaun
Published: July 2017

This book advances a new cultural reading of the formation of the British novel. Rejecting a teleological narrative of the genre’s ‘rise’ and through close analysis of key texts, the authors present a dynamic picture of the emergence of the novel, which focuses upon formal innovation, social engagement, and artistic and commercial competition.
Crystallization Behavior of High Behenic Acid Stabilizers in Liquid Oil
Authors: Kim Ga Yae , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: July 2017

The crystallization behavior and structure of mixtures of a high behenic acid stabilizer (HBS) in peanut oil, high oleic safflower oil and sesame oil were studied in order to elucidate the mechanism behind liquid oil stabilization. Both the chemical composition of the oil and cooling rate influenced the crystallization behavior and structure of HBS. The critical gelation concentration of HBS ranged from 6.5% for peanut oil crystallized at 3 °C/min to 11% for sesame oil mixtures crystallized at 0.6 °C/min. The free energy of nucleation (ΔG) was the highest for sesame oil (142 kJ/mol) followed by high oleic safflower oil (75.8 kJ/mol) and peanut oil (15.9 kJ/mol). The HBS peanut oil mixture displayed the highest storage modulus (G′) under both cooling rates studied. In general, HBS‐oil mixtures crystallized at a higher cooling rate exhibited high SFC values, lower crystallization temperatures and a predominance of the β′ polymorph, and they had a microstructure characterized by uniformly sized spherulites. In contrast, slow cooling rates led to higher critical gelation concentrations of HBS, lower SFC, fractionation of higher melting and lower melting fractions, a more stable polymorphic form β and a wide range of spherulite sizes.
Self-assessed remission rates after electroconvulsive therapy of depressive disorders
Authors: Brus O. , Cao Y. , Gustafsson E. , Hultén M. , Landen M. , Lundberg J. , Nordanskog P. , Nordenskjöld A.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effectively treats severe depression, but not all patients remit. The aim of the study was to identify clinical factors that associate with ECT-induced remission in a community setting.

Methods:

Depressed patients who underwent ECT in 2011–2014 were identified from the Swedish National Quality Register for ECT. Remission was defined as self-rated Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores of 0–10 after ECT. Other registers provided data on previous antidepressant use, comorbidities, and demographics.

Results:

Of 1671 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 42.8% achieved remission. Older age, education length over 9 years, psychotic symptoms, shorter duration of preceding antidepressant use, pulse width stimulus ≥ 0.50 ms, absence of substance use disorders, anxiety diagnosis, lamotrigine, and benzodiazepines, were associated with remission.

Conclusions:

This study shows that psychotic subtype of depression and older age are clinically relevant predictors of a beneficial ECT effect. Additionally, ECT outcomes can be further improved by optimizing the treatment technique and concomitant medication.
Sleep characteristics and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Lutsey Pamela L. , Misialek Jeffrey R. , Mosley Thomas H. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Punjabi Naresh M. , Shahar Eyal , MacLehose Richard , Ogilvie Rachel P. , Knopman David , Alonso Alvaro
Published: July 2017

Introduction

This study tested the hypotheses that late‐midlife obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and short and long sleep duration are associated with dementia over 15 years of follow‐up.

Methods

A total of 1667 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants underwent in‐home polysomnography (1996–1998) and were followed for dementia. Dementia was defined by (1) hospitalization diagnosis codes (1996–2012) and (2) a comprehensive neurocognitive examination (2011–2013) with adjudication.

Results

OSA and sleep duration were not associated with risk of incident dementia. When using adjudicated outcomes, severe OSA (≥30 vs. <5 apnea‐hypopnea events/hour) was associated with higher risk of all‐cause dementia (risk ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.35 [1.06–5.18]) and Alzheimer's disease dementia (1.66 [1.03–2.68]); associations were attenuated with cardiovascular risk factor adjustment. Sleeping <7 versus 8 to ≤9 hours was associated with higher risk of all‐cause dementia (2.00 [1.03–3.86]).

Discussion

When adjudicated outcome definitions were used, late‐midlife OSA and short sleep duration were associated with all‐cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia in later life.
Effect of heat treatment residual stress on stress behavior of constant stress beam
Authors: Kwak Si Young , Hwang Ho Young
Published: July 2017

Although most casting and heat treatment processes generate significantly high residual stress in the products, this factor is generally not taken into account in the design stage of the product. In this study, experimental study and numerical analysis were conducted on a constant stress beam to examine effects of the residual stress generated during the heat treatment process on yielding behavior of the product in use. A constant stress beam of SUS 304 was designed in order to test the stress behavior related to residual stress. The residual stresses generated during quenching heat treatment of the beam were measured in advance by ESPI (Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry) equipment, and then the external stresses generated while applying a simple external load on the beam were measured. Also, the residual stress distribution generated during the heat treatment process was computed using a numerical analysis program designed for analyzing heat treatment processes. Then, the stress distribution by a simple external load to the beam was combined with the calculated residual stress results of the previous heat treatment step. Finally, the results were compared with experimental ones. Simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Consistency between experimental results and computational results prove that residual stress has significant effects on the stress behavior of mechanical parts. Therefore, the residual stress generated in the previous heat treatment step of casting must be taken into account in the stage of mechanical product design.

Highlights The bigger compressive residual stress occurs, the closer surface. When the residual stress is close to plastic deformation, the stress by external load did not significantly change. The residual stress generated during the manufacturing process should be considered in the design stage.
Country of Origin Labelling on the Rise in EU Member States – An Analysis under EU law and the EU’s International Trade Obligations
Authors: CARREÑO Ignacio , DOLLE Tobias , ROVNOV Yury
Published: July 2017

On 1 January 2017, France started a two-year trial of a mandatory country of origin labelling (hereinafter, COOL) scheme, which requires producers of milk, food containing milk products and food containing meat to provide information on the country of origin of the products. The scheme was introduced through Decree No 2016-1137 (i.e. Décret n° 2016-1137 du 19 août 2016 relatif à l’indication de l’origine du lait et du lait et des viandes utilisés en tant qu’ingrédient,1 hereinafter, the Decree). Before the end of this trial period, France has promised to provide a report to the European Commission (hereinafter, Commission) that would allow it to review consumer patterns and the potential impact on the internal market. In view of the report, the Commission may consider implementing such a scheme in all EU Member States. This article also notes that other EU Member States are introducing their own COOL measures and concludes that, when COOL is being made mandatory, the EU’s international trade obligations must be taken into account by the EU and its Member States.
COPing with the global tobacco epidemic: FCTC COP7 and its implications
Authors: GRUSZCZYNSKI Lukasz
Published: July 2017

This report analyses the outcome of the latest meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. In this context, it concentrates on the adopted amendments to the partial guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the Framework Convention, recommendations on the regulation of e-cigarettes, and discussion on the interactions between international trade/investment obligations and implementation of the obligations of the Convention.
More Reality in the CJEU’s Interpretation of the Average Consumer Benchmark – Also More Behavioural Science in Unfair Commercial Practices?
Authors: PURNHAGEN Kai
Published: July 2017

The ageless question regarding the interpretation of the average consumer benchmark at EU level recently gained momentum. The Court of Justice of the European Union has de facto deviated in a judgment from a strict application of the formula of the “reasonably well informed and reasonably observant and circumspect” consumer established in Gut Springenheide. This report investigates the possible implications of this judgment on the implementation of behavioural sciences in the “average consumer” benchmark.
Determining a Science-based Food Safety Objective/Appropriate Level of Protection for Application in Developing Countries
Authors: WAHIDIN Dasep , PURNHAGEN Kai P
Published: July 2017

When determining the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP) in food safety law, developed countries rely on the Food Safety Objective (FSO) to meet the requirements of World Trade Organization (WTO) law and to provide a high level of protection based on insights from food safety science. Implementing an FSO/ALOP is resource-intensive and costly. Developing countries who would like to provide similar levels of protection are restricted by limited resources and often face difficulties implementing such an FSO-based ALOP. As a consequence, developing countries may base their ALOP on other legally acceptable reasons, which are non-scientific and less effective. We illustrate a less resource-intensive way to implement the FSO in the ALOP, which enables developing countries to design an ALOP that is based on food safety science. Depending on the resources available in the respective country, we map different possibilities to determine a science-based FSO/ALOP concept for developing countries, which also takes into account the requirements of WTO law.
3D Bioprinting Regulations: a UK/EU Perspective
Authors: LI Phoebe , FAULKNER Alex
Published: July 2017

This report introduces the challenges 3D bioprinting poses to the existing legal regime across bioethics, safety, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. We briefly review the 3D bioprinting technology and look into the relevant regulatory instruments for the pre-printing, printing, and post-printing stages. Special attention is paid to the applications of the EU Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Regulation and the new Medical Device Regulation.
Innovation Types and Regulation: the Regulatory Framing of Nanotechnology as “Incremental” or “Radical” Innovation
Authors: SMISMANS Stijn , STOKES Elen
Published: July 2017

The regulatory literature has long been concerned with the challenges of technological innovation, yet it says relatively little about what we understand as “innovative” and how innovation “types” impact on regulation. This article unpacks the concept of “innovation” and analyses its significance for the development of regulatory strategy. It shows that innovation types – such as “incremental” and “radical” innovation – are not clear-cut, but involve differences of interpretation. This interpretive flexibility makes them powerful discursive resources in regulatory decision-making. Through a study of the EU’s regulation of nanotechnology, the article shows how arguments of “incremental” and “radical” innovation can be mobilised to very different effect. These different ways of conceptualising new technology affect decisions on: (i) the desirability of legislative reform; (ii) the evidence-base for regulation; and (iii) the use of the precautionary principle. The study also shows how the framing of technology as “incrementally” innovative can contribute to a strategy of “deliberate regulatory ignorance”. The article concludes by arguing that the incremental/radical distinction can be put to more positive use, so that regulatory choices take account of the different techno-scientific and socio-economic dimensions of innovation.
Flow complexity in open systems: interlacing complexity index based on mutual information
Authors: Pozo Jose M. , Geers Arjan J. , Villa-Uriol Maria-Cruz , Frangi Alejandro F.
Published: July 2017

Flow complexity is related to a number of phenomena in science and engineering and has been approached from the perspective of chaotic dynamical systems, ergodic processes or mixing of fluids, just to name a few. To the best of our knowledge, all existing methods to quantify flow complexity are only valid for infinite time evolution, for closed systems or for mixing of two substances. We introduce an index of flow complexity coined interlacing complexity index (ICI), valid for a single-phase flow in an open system with inlet and outlet regions, involving finite times. ICI is based on Shannon’s mutual information (MI), and inspired by an analogy between inlet–outlet open flow systems and communication systems in communication theory. The roles of transmitter, receiver and communication channel are played, respectively, by the inlet, the outlet and the flow transport between them. A perfectly laminar flow in a straight tube can be compared to an ideal communication channel where the transmitted and received messages are identical and hence the MI between input and output is maximal. For more complex flows, generated by more intricate conditions or geometries, the ability to discriminate the outlet position by knowing the inlet position is decreased, reducing the corresponding MI. The behaviour of the ICI has been tested with numerical experiments on diverse flows cases. The results indicate that the ICI provides a sensitive complexity measure with intuitive interpretation in a diversity of conditions and in agreement with other observations, such as Dean vortices and subjective visual assessments. As a crucial component of the ICI formulation, we also introduce the natural distribution of streamlines and the natural distribution of world-lines, with invariance properties with respect to the cross-section used to parameterize them, valid for any type of mass-preserving flow.
Mechanisms of dynamic wetting failure in the presence of soluble surfactants
Authors: Liu Chen-Yu , Carvalho Marcio S. , Kumar Satish
Published: July 2017

A hydrodynamic model and flow visualization experiments are used to understand the mechanisms through which soluble surfactants can influence the onset of dynamic wetting failure. In the model, a Newtonian liquid displaces air in a rectangular channel in the absence of inertia. A Navier-slip boundary condition and constant contact angle are used to describe the dynamic contact line, and surfactants are allowed to adsorb to the interface and moving channel wall (substrate). The Galerkin finite element method is used to calculate steady states and identify the critical capillary number $Ca^{crit}$ at which wetting failure occurs. It is found that surfactant solubility weakens the influence of Marangoni stresses, which tend to promote the onset of wetting failure. Adsorption of surfactants to the substrate can delay the onset of wetting failure due to the emergence of Marangoni stresses that thicken the air film near the dynamic contact line. The experiments indicate that $Ca^{crit}$ increases with surfactant concentration. For the more viscous solutions used, this behaviour can largely be explained by accounting for changes to the mean surface tension and static contact angle produced by surfactants. For the lowest-viscosity solution used, comparison between the model predictions and experimental observations suggests that other surfactant-induced phenomena such as Marangoni stresses may play a more important role.
Geometric formulation of the Cauchy invariants for incompressible Euler flow in flat and curved spaces
Authors: Besse Nicolas , Frisch Uriel
Published: July 2017

Cauchy invariants are now viewed as a powerful tool for investigating the Lagrangian structure of three-dimensional (3D) ideal flow (Frisch & Zheligovsky,Commun. Math. Phys., vol. 326, 2014, pp. 499–505; Podviginaet al.,J. Comput. Phys., vol. 306, 2016, pp. 320–342). Looking at such invariants with the modern tools of differential geometry and of geodesic flow on the space SDiff of volume-preserving transformations (Arnold,Ann. Inst. Fourier, vol. 16, 1966, pp. 319–361), all manners of generalisations are here derived. The Cauchy invariants equation and the Cauchy formula, relating the vorticity and the Jacobian of the Lagrangian map, are shown to be two expressions of this Lie-advection invariance, which are duals of each other (specifically, Hodge dual). Actually, this is shown to be an instance of a general result which holds for flow both in flat (Euclidean) space and in a curved Riemannian space: any Lie-advection invariant$p$-form which is exact (i.e. is a differential of a$(p-1)$-form) has an associated Cauchy invariants equation and a Cauchy formula. This constitutes a new fundamental result in linear transport theory, providing a Lagrangian formulation of Lie advection for some classes of differential forms. The result has a broad applicability: examples include the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations and various extensions thereof, discussed by Lingamet al.(Phys. Lett. A, vol. 380, 2016, pp. 2400–2406), and include also the equations of Tao (2016,arXiv:1606.08481 [math.AP]), Euler equations with modified Biot–Savart law, displaying finite-time blow-up. Our main result is also used for new derivations, and several new results, concerning local helicity-type invariants for fluids and MHD flow in flat or curved spaces of arbitrary dimension.
‘I missed a penalty’: the constitutional referendum and Matteo Renzi’s mistakes
Authors: Gianluca Bianchi Davide
Published: July 2017

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the result of the referendum on constitutional reform held in Italy on 4 December 2016. The votes against (59.1%) won by a significant margin, with an unexpectedly high turnout at the polls and more than 33 million citizens voting. Using as a point of departure the polls carried out prior to and following the referendum, in which Italians said they were essentially in favour of the reform proposed by the prime minister, the essay focuses on the mistakes made by Matteo Renzi that discouraged Italians from voting Yes. These touch on all aspects of the referendum: 1) the parliamentary process, 2) its combination with electoral law, 3) institutional communication, and 4) his political analysis and strategic approach. The final section evaluates the effects of the referendum result on the Italian political system, emphasising the setback to reformism and the strengthening of the anti-system parties that support leaving the Euro (in particular the Movimento 5 Stelle).
Livestock mobility and the territorial state: South-Western Niger (1890–1920)
Authors: Turner Matthew D.
Published: July 2017

Colonial rule in West Africa initiated the incorporation of mobile people, particularly pastoralists, into Western territorial states. This article reports on the early period of French colonial rule of the area that is now South-Western Niger – a strategically important area with respect to territorial competition among the French colonies of Dahomey and Soudan (later the colonies of Senegambia and Niger) as well as the British colony of Nigeria. Building from the study of contemporary patterns of livestock mobility and their logics, archival and secondary literatures are used to develop an understanding of dominant herd mobility patterns at the time (transhumance for grazing and trekking to distant markets); the importance of livestock as a source of tax revenue; colonial anxieties about the loss of livestock from within their borders; and efforts of colonial administrators to reduce the potential loss of livestock from their territories. This case illustrates the limitations of the territorial state model where the state lacks sufficient power over mobile subjects utilizing a sparse and fluctuating resource base. The actions of French administrators and Fulɓe pastoralists worked as a form of ‘hands-off’ negotiation, with each group monitoring and reacting to the actions of the other. Due to the limitations of colonial state control, the existence of boundaries elicited greater monitoring of livestock movements by colonial administrators but also increased the leverage held by mobile pastoralists as the French sought to increase the attractiveness of their territory to the principal managers of its wealth (livestock). The proximity of borders to the study area complicated the task of French colonial administrators, who necessarily became increasingly focused on monitoring the movements of their subjects (labour and capital) to avoid their possible escape as they moved within the borderlands of what is now South-Western Niger. The limits of colonial power to monitor and control these movements led administrators to initiate policies favouring pastoralists.
Barriers to and facilitators of ultra-processed food consumption: perceptions of Brazilian adults
Authors: Almeida Luara Bellinghausen , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza , Duran Ana Clara , Jaime Patricia Constante
Published: July 2017

Objective

To explore how individuals perceive the availability of ultra-processed foods in their neighbourhoods and the barriers to and facilitators of consumption of such foods.

Design

A qualitative design was chosen. In-depth, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted and a content analysis was performed.

Setting

São Paulo, Brazil.

Subjects

A purposeful sample of adults (n 48), stratified by sex and age group (20–39 years and 40–59 years).

Results

All participants perceived their neighbourhoods as favourable regarding the availability of ultra-processed foods. Three barriers were identified: health concerns, not appreciating the taste of these foods and not being used to eating them. Five facilitators, however, were identified: appreciating the taste of these foods, their children’s preference, convenience, addiction and cost.

Conclusions

Participants perceived their neighbourhoods as favourable to the consumption of ultra-processed foods and reported more facilitators than barriers to their consumption. Reported barriers point to the need to include measures promoting a healthy food system and traditional eating practices. The facilitators reinforce the idea that these foods are habit-forming and that regulatory measures to offset the exposure to ultra-processed foods are necessary.