bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicological, Behavioral, and Horizontal Transfer Effects of Cycloxaprid Against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Zhang Lang , Zhang Jianlong , Wang Changlu , He Yinghao , Wen Xiujun , Xu Zhiping , Wang Cai
Published: April 2022

Cycloxaprid, 9-((6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl)-4-nitro-8-oxa-10,11-dihydroimidazo-[2,3-a]-bicyclo-[3,2,1]-oct-3-ene, is a cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide. In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effect of cycloxaprid against Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), was evaluated and compared with fipronil. Toxicity bioassays showed that cycloxaprid had slightly lower toxicity than fipronil. The minimum cycloxaprid concentration in sand and soil that causes 100% termite mortality was 100 ppm. Similar to fipronil, cycloxaprid significantly reduced wood consumption and tunneling activities of termites. In the tunneling-choice tests, termite tunneling activity measured in both length and area was significantly lower in sand treated with cycloxaprid (10 or 100 ppm) than that in untreated sand. In the aggregation-choice tests, cycloxaprid exhibited inhibition to termite aggregation starting from 100 ppm. In addition, cycloxaprid exhibited significant horizontal transfer effect at 10 ppm. In conclusion, our study showed that cycloxaprid is slightly less toxic than fipronil and more repellent to C. formosanus than fipronil. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of cycloxaprid against subterranean termites in the field.
Is there a relationship between parental age and offspring sex ratios in meadow voles?
Authors: Scauzillo Ryan C , Rohrer Karl N , Ferkin Michael H
Published: April 2022

Deviations from a 50:50 sex ratio by producing either more sons or daughters can provide fitness benefits for the parents. This is especially true for species where one sex has skewed reproductive success, in most cases males. The factors responsible for these shifts are not fully understood, but some relationships have been uncovered such as parental age. We looked for a potential relationship between the parental age of meadow voles and offspring sex ratios using a captive population. A trending linear relationship was found with paternal age and a significant quadratic relationship was found with maternal age. For males, older fathers tended to sire more sons compared to younger fathers which may be the result of selective forces of competition because of skewed reproductive success. For females, middle-aged mothers sired more sons compared to younger or older mothers. Middle age for a female could represent an optimal point for producing sons that are able to survive and compete with other males for reproductively available females.
Adjuvant skin-sparing electrochemotherapy in a breast cancer patient with a prosthetic implant: 5-year follow-up outcomes
Authors: Campana Luca G , Balestrieri Nicola , Menin Nicola
Published: April 2022

A 55-year-old woman with previous skin-sparing mastectomy and prosthetic reconstruction for multifocal ductal carcinoma developed homolateral axillary recurrence. Following nodal dissection, partial periprosthetic capsulectomy and the overlying breast skin excision, the pathology report revealed a positive cutaneous margin. Since further breast skin excision or radiotherapy would have compromised the prosthetic implant, and the patient was adamant about avoiding any endangering intervention, the multidisciplinary recommendation included skin-directed electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the frame of a multimodal treatment strategy. The procedure lasted 20 minutes under mild general sedation and included a bolus of intravenous bleomycin followed by local application of electric pulses using a needle electrode. The postprocedural course was uneventful, except for mild dermatologic toxicity. At 5 years, the patient is disease-free with the implant in situ. This report illustrates the proof-of-concept of adjuvant skin-sparing ECT to sterilize resection margins, preserve a breast implant and highlight procedural details to avert toxicity.
Total resection of sellar and suprasellar epidermoid cyst by using endoscopic endonasal approach: a case report
Authors: Alabdullah Muhammad Nour , Awad Abdulrahman , Abdullah Ammar , Alabdullah Hadi
Published: April 2022

Epidermoid cysts (EC) are benign lesions resulting from incomplete separation of the neuroectoderm during embryonic development. The investigation of choice for EC is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Full resection of EC including the cyst wall to prevent recurrence and malignant transformation should be considered when possible. Two main approaches were described in the literature and included craniotomy and endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). Using of EEA to accomplish total resection could be challengeable. To best of our knowledge, only 6 manuscripts (with a total of eight patients) reported total resection of EC by using EEA. Our case should be the ninth such cases in the literature. In this paper, we reported a case of sellar and suprasellar epidermoid cyst which was resected completely by using EEA. We revealed the safety and efficacy of this approach in management of such cases.
Multichannel convolutional neural networks for detecting COVID-19 fake news
Authors: Samadi Mohammadreza , Momtazi Saeedeh
Published: April 2022

By the outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), started in late 2019, people have been exposed to false information that not only made them confused about the scientific aspects of this virus but also endangered their life. This makes fake news detection a critical issue in social media. In this article, we introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for detecting fake news spread in social media. Considering the complexity of the fake news detection task, various features from different aspects of news articles should be captured. To this aim, we propose a multichannel CNN model that uses three distinct embedding channels: (1) contextualized text representation models; (2) static semantic word embeddings; and (3) lexical embeddings, all of which assist the classifier to detect fake news more accurately. Our experimental results on the COVID-19 fake news dataset (Patwa et al., 2020, Fighting an infodemic: COVID-19 fake news dataset, arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.03327) shows that our proposed three-channel CNN improved the performance of the single-channel CNN by 0.56 and 1.32% on the validation and test data, respectively. Moreover, we achieved superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art models in the field proposed by Shifath et al., 2021, A transformer based approach for fighting COVID-19 fake news, arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.12027 and Wani et al., 2021, Evaluating deep learning approaches for COVID-19 fake news detection, arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.04012.
A new measurement method of Chinese texts’ difficulty based on the digital analysis of two-character continuations
Authors: Zhou Dongjie , Zheng Zezhi
Published: April 2022

A new measurement method of Chinese texts’ difficulty based on the digital analysis of two-character continuations is proposed, which is ‘i + 1’ measurement model of language difficulty. The new method shifts the focus of the measurement of text difficulty from language units and grammatical complexity to combinations of language units, which breaks the limitations of existent methods of the measurement of Chinese texts’ difficulty. First, the effectiveness of the two-character continuations in the differentiation of texts difficulties is verified. Second, for the application of the ‘i + 1’ model in measuring text difficulty, the pedagogy and language acquisition theories are analyzed to check its rationality. Third, a corpus of two-character continuations is built up, with which the empirical values of ‘1’ for two-character continuations with various difficulty levels in the ‘i + 1’ measurement model are obtained. Subsequently, the testing texts, the two-character continuations corpus, and the empirical values of ‘1’ are integrated to test the validity of the ‘i + 1’ model in the measurement of text difficulty. The research shows that, compared to those methods based on the complex features of language, the ‘i + 1’ measurement model based on two-character continuations, with fewer indicators and more convenience in the measurement, demonstrates better measurement result of text difficulty.
Sahlqvist correspondence theory for second-order propositional modal logic
Authors: Zhao Zhiguang
Published: April 2022

Modal logic with propositional quantifiers (i.e. second-order propositional modal logic ($\textsf {SOPML}$)) has been considered since the early time of modal logic. Its expressive power and complexity are high, and its van Benthem–Rosen theorem and Goldblatt–Thomason theorem have been proved by ten Cate (2006, J. Philos. Logic, 35, 209–223). However, the Sahlqvist theory of $\textsf {SOPML}$ has not been considered in the literature. In the present paper, we fill in this gap. We develop the Sahlqvist correspondence theory for $\textsf {SOPML}$, which covers and properly extends existing Sahlqvist formulas in basic modal logic. We define the class of Sahlqvist formulas for $\textsf {SOMPL}$ step by step in a hierarchical way, each formula of which is shown to have a first-order correspondent over Kripke frames effectively computable by an algorithm $\textsf {ALBA}^{\textsf {SOMPL}}$. In addition, we show that certain $\varPi _2$-rules correspond to $\varPi _2$-Sahlqvist formulas in $\textsf {SOMPL}$, which further correspond to first-order conditions, and that even for very simple $\textsf {SOMPL}$ Sahlqvist formulas, they could already be non-canonical.
Indian plate paleogeography, subduction and horizontal underthrusting below Tibet: paradoxes, controversies and opportunities
Authors: van Hinsbergen Douwe J J
Published: April 2022

The India–Asia collision zone is the archetype to calibrate geological responses to continent–continent collision, but hosts a paradox: there is no orogen-wide geological record of oceanic subduction after initial collision around 60–55 Ma, yet thousands of kilometers of post-collisional subduction occurred before the arrival of unsubductable continental lithosphere that currently horizontally underlies Tibet. Kinematically restoring incipient horizontal underthrusting accurately predicts geologically estimated diachronous slab break-off, unlocking the Miocene of Himalaya–Tibet as a natural laboratory for unsubductable lithosphere convergence. Additionally, three endmember paleogeographic scenarios exist with different predictions for the nature of post-collisional subducted lithosphere but each is defended and challenged based on similar data types. This paper attempts at breaking through this impasse by identifying how the three paleogeographic scenarios each challenge paradigms in geodynamics, orogenesis, magmatism or paleogeographic reconstruction and identify opportunities for methodological advances in paleomagnetism, sediment provenance analysis, and seismology to conclusively constrain Greater Indian paleogeography.
Effects of dietary polyphenols in the glycemic, renal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Macena Mateus de Lima , Nunes Lara Fernanda da Silva , da Silva Andreza Ferreira , Pureza Isabele Rejane Oliveira Maranhão , Praxedes Dafiny Rodrigues Silva , Santos Juliana Célia de Farias , Bueno Nassib Bezerra
Published: April 2022

Context

Polyphenols have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycation properties.

Objective

To assess the effects of dietary polyphenols, from food sources or supplements, on the anthropometric, glycemic, renal, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in adults with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Data sources

Systematic searches for randomized clinical trials were performed in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, opengrey.eu, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases until December 2021.

Data extraction

Studies with adults with DN were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Risk of bias of the studies and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessment were carried out.

Data analysis

The searches resulted in 5614 unique occurrences, and 34 full-text articles were retrieved. Of these, 17 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most of the studies used soy protein or milk (n = 5; 0.5–1 g/kg of body weight/d of soy protein, or introduction of 240 mL/d of soy milk) or turmeric/curcumin (n = 5; dose range, 80 to 1500 mg/d) as the intervention. The following outcomes were analyzed: body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), proteinuria, creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, and levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, serum urea and creatinine, C-reactive protein, serum tumor necrosis factor-α, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA). The polyphenol intervention significantly decreased HbA1c (n = 7 studies; –0.27% [95%CI, –0.51%, –0.04%]), proteinuria (n = 5 studies; –109.10 [95%CI, –216.57, –1.63] mg/24 h), and MDA (n = 5 studies; z-score: –0.41; 95%CI, –0.71, –0.10), and significantly increased GFR (n = 7 studies; 3.65 [95%CI, 0.15–7.15] mL/min/1.73 m2). Overall, studies showed a high risk of bias, and outcomes showed a low or very-low quality in the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessment.

Conclusions

There is a clinically modest effect of dietary polyphenols intervention in HbA1c, proteinuria, GFR, MDA, and C-reactive protein levels in patients with DN. It is impossible to establish clinical recommendations, because the evidence was of’ low or very-low quality and because of the heterogeneity of types and dose regimens used in the studies.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. ID245406.
Wild Sound
Authors: Cimini Amy
Published: April 2022

“We haven’t even made it to breakfast!” Composer Maryanne Amacher (1938–2009) often used this phrase to marvel at critical and partial approaches to knowledge production across the vast artistic, technical, and scientific discourses with which she worked. Her musical thought encompassed original presentational formats in existing and speculative media as well as approaches to sound and ways of listening that conjoined real and imagined social worlds. In these conjunctions, this book discerns meeting points between frameworks for life that emerged from Amacher’s multidisciplinary study of sound and listening: within acoustical spectra, inside human bodies and ears, across cities and edgleands, amid hypothetical creatures, and between virtual, fictive, or distanciated environments. These figurations guide interpretative study of six signal projects: Adjacencies (1965/1966); City-Links (1967–1988); Additional Tones (1976/1987); Music for Sound-Joined Rooms (1980–2009); Mini Sound Series (1985–2009); and Intelligent Life (1980s), and countless sketches, notes, and unrealized projects. The book explores Amacher’s working methods with an interpretive style that emphasizes technical study, conceptual juxtaposition, intertextual play, and narrative transport. This book also takes up Amacher’s work as a guiding thread across shifting social discourses on life in the late twentieth-century United States. Her projects convoked figurations of life and technoscience that could be partially and ironically accessed or conceptualized via complex auditory thresholds. This nascent epistemology rooted in feminist science and technology studies centers biopolitical questions about difference and power in artistic and critical work that counts Amacher among its precedents.
“I Want to Make a Music . . .”
Authors: Cimini Amy
Published: April 2022

Who was Maryanne Amacher? In episodes that span the years 1965–1990, this chapter introduces Amacher in relation to feminist science and technology studies (through her working notes), realized and unrealized projects in broadcast, architectural staging, and dramatic formats (through her writings, scores, project notes), as well as personal and artistic aspirations (in her letters). This survey emphasizes speculation, deferred or distributed audibility, and ongoing drama within auditory sensitivities as organizational logics across Amacher’s work. The chapter builds on these logics to orient listening toward expressions of social tense and mood. By denaturalizing the structuring conditions under which sounds can be heard together, Amacher’s work prompts questions about how sound and listening are co-materialized across disparate social locations in a shared present or uncertain future. Attention to these transits can reveal a situated politics of life in the late twentieth-century United States and intersects a music and sound studies with whom Amacher shares interlocutors in feminist science studies and epistemology.
Amacher’s House for Strange Life
Authors: Cimini Amy
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how Amacher developed diegetic involvements, in her Music for Sound-Joined Rooms (1980) and Mini Sound Series (1985), that redoubled participants’ listening within fictive narrative structures that entangle acoustical and speculative conditions of audibility. To do so, it illuminates what Amacher called structure-borne sound, which created three-dimensional sonic shapes to guide listeners through a clue-filled architectural setting. Her 1980 Living Sound (Patent Pending)—a reference to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that granted patents to laboratory-created life forms—paired social discourses on microorganismal life with interaural perceptual geographies in a fictional laboratory environment. Though its structure-borne sound cannot be reconstructed, this chapter embraces Living Sound’s fictive world with abandon and rigor, unpacking its clues and set pieces in order to discern ambivalent articulations of life and a critical address to high-tech environments that Amacher expressed, in a different way, in the unrealized media opera Intelligent Life.
Two Offshoots of Progressivism
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines two tenets of the American progressive movement in art education: the belief that the arts should be connected with the academic curriculum (which would also be a way of getting more arts into the classroom) and the recognition of the importance of aesthetic experience in human development. These two principles helped propel both the arts integration and the aesthetic education movements. Both movements were attempts to make the arts available to all children at the elementary school level, and both often involved the use of teaching artists brought in from arts organizations rather than the classroom teacher.
Studio Thinking
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter tells the story of how the author and colleagues responded to the anger caused by their report on the lack of causal evidence for arts boosting academic performance. They decided that if they wanted to change the conversation about why arts education is important, they needed first to determine what could plausibly be claimed about the effects arts education on thinking and behavior. They therefore set out to observe and document the kind of teaching taking place in exemplary visual arts classes at the time. They found the explicit and implicit teaching of big broad habits of mind that are indisputably important but unlikely to be captured by test scores and grades in standard academic subjects. These habits of mind are forms of thinking that are central to art making and important in life. They dubbed these the eight Studio Habits of Mind: Craft, Engage & Persist, Envision, Express, Observe, Reflect, Stretch and Explore, and Understand Art Worlds. The framework they presented caught the imaginations of art teachers, who told the researchers that this is what the teachers had been doing all along but that this framework gave them a language to explain what they are doing so that parents and school administrators do not write off art education as a frill. Hence, the Studio Habits are referred to as the “real benefits of visual arts education.”
Race for Revival
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

In 1973, Billy Graham, “America’s Pastor,” held his largest ever “crusade.” But he was not, as one might expect, in the American heartland, but in South Korea. Why there? Race for Revival seeks not only to answer that question, but to retell the story of modern American evangelicalism through its relationship with South Korea. With the outbreak of the Korean War, the first “hot” war of the Cold War era, a new generation of white fundamentalists and neo-evangelicals forged networks with South Koreans that helped turn evangelical America into an empire. South Korean Protestants were used to bolster the image of the United States as a nonimperial beacon of democratic hope, in spite of ongoing racial inequalities. At the same time, South Koreans used these racialized transpacific networks for their own purposes, seeking to reimagine their own place in the world order. They envisioned Korea as the “new emerging Christian kingdom,” which would beat the American evangelical empire in a race for revival. Yet these nonstate networks ultimately foreshadowed the rise of the Christian Right in the United States and South Korea in the 1980s and 1990s. Employing a bilingual and binational approach, Race for Revival re-examines the narrative of modern evangelicalism through an innovative transpacific framework, offering a new lens through which to understand evangelical history from the Korean War to the rise of Ronald Reagan.
Students
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

The war triggered a new wave of Korean immigration to the United States through which South Korean Protestants and white fundamentalists forged new networks. Billy Kim’s and Joon Gon Kim’s narratives of immigration and conversion show how they inhabited “racial interstitiality” in a Black and white racial hierarchy, respectively in the 1950s Jim Crow South and Southern California, at white-led fundamentalist institutions, namely Bob Jones, Fuller Theological Seminary, and Campus Crusade. Korean integration into Cold War American institutions was not seamless, as the outbreak of the Korean War ignited suspicion of a communist overthrow from within the United States. Yet, in alignment with the Eisenhower administration’s Cold War emphasis on US-Asian integration, Joon Gon Kim’s and Billy Kim’s narratives bridged affective gaps between the US and noncommunist Asia. Moreover, white fundamentalist America’s survival depended on the integration of nonwhite and noncommunist Koreans, whose life narratives reflected a commitment to a racialized and religious Cold War.
Revival
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

The new evangelicalism set the stage for a humanitarianism that sought global compassion without global equality. Yet the darker dimensions of these racialized transpacific networks did not slow the fervor for evangelical revival. On June 3, 1973, Billy Graham, the “star” of modern evangelical America, preached his largest “crusade,” not in the United States, as one might expect, but in South Korea. Billy Kim joined him at the pulpit to preach to 1.1 million people. Graham and his multiracial, transnational team of American and Korean male evangelists used the crusade not only to strengthen diplomatic relations between the United States and South Korea in the tense Nixon-Park era (1969–1974) of the global Cold War, but also to establish a transpacific evangelical consensus under the canopy of Graham’s theology. The crusade encouraged Koreans to believe in both God and America and to imagine their own ascendancy in the world order through evangelical revival.
I Feel Fine
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

The consequences of optimism and pessimism often change in relation to an individual’s health status quo. The person who is in generally good health and has no looming danger, may not be particularly motivated to do anything differently. If, on the other hand, there is possible danger in the future—for a smoker or for someone living through a pandemic—there are actions that should be taken now. In this case, optimism may not be beneficial. Overwhelming numbers of smokers who start young thinking they can quit come to regret their decision to start smoking. In this case, defensive pessimism, while relatively unpleasant in the moment, may lead to more effective action and better outcomes in the future. Once the status quo has been lost and the goal is recovery from illness or injury and in the hope of regaining one’s prior healthy status, optimism, even unrealistic optimism, maintains motivation and leads to positive outcomes.
Things Unseen
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

Despite the pervasive evidence of the power of scientific thinking, many people place their faith in lucky shirts, astrology, and psychics. Although there are no magic forces in the world, could there be psychological or practical benefits to superstitious belief and action? People report feeling better when they employ their superstitions, which is enough to keep people using superstition, but the evidence for more practical benefits, such as performance of a skilled activity—in sport or in the professional world—is currently lacking. Similarly, there is evidence that religious people are happier than the nonreligious, but it is less clear whether belief itself is the source of religion’s positive effect. Being an active member of a religious community is more important to the positive effects of religion than strength of belief.
The Living Dead
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

A traditional view of bereavement suggests that it is work. There are stages one must go through to detach from the deceased loved one and arrive at acceptance. But in the case of sudden loss, many people go through a period of delusional belief that their spouse or loved one will return. Joan Didion described such an experience in her memoir, The Year of Magical Thinking. More recent research suggests that bereavement is a highly individualized process, and that many people report having a sense of presence of the departed person and in some cases experience a continuing relationship with their deceased loved one. These relationships often reflect the nature of the relationship in life, which means that some are disturbing and unwelcome. But most people who have a sense of continuing relationship with a deceased loved one find it a positive aspect of their lives.
The Gangster Within
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

People think of themselves as having consistent personalities, and they count on those around them to behave in predictable ways. Consistent with these assumptions, personality psychologists have discovered a number of stable traits that they suggest describe human personality. But much of social psychology demonstrates that people are profoundly affected by the situations they are placed in. People who seem incapable of cruelty and violence can be moved to do horrible things. As Hannah Arrendt suggested, evil is banal. This chapter argues that the continuity of personality is a delusion that people construct in order to trust others and negotiate the social world. A person’s moral behavior is the most important quality to establishing a relationship, and consistent moral behavior is a useful fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

For many, legal material can be difficult to comprehend, especially given the complexities of legal terminology and writing style. This introduction describes the purpose of this book, which is to present in a straightforward and understandable way, the major laws and regulations concerning employment discrimination so that readers of different levels of experience (beginner, intermediate, advanced) can understand it. It also describes the different ways that content will be presented throughout the chapters, including practical applications, links to external sources, and supplemental reading lists. In addition, a list of useful links to legal information sites is provided at the end of this introduction.
Overview of Employment Discrimination Law and the Civil Court System
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides a brief summary of the structure of the civil court system in the United States, including the US Supreme Court. The chapter also covers major laws that relate to employment discrimination. In doing so, the authors present several constitutional amendments that have been used in workplace discrimination cases, protections granted by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964), and laws designed to protect discrimination on the basis of age and disability. Some Title VII exemptions are also discussed (bona fide seniority systems, bona fide occupational qualifications). Additionally, the authors note the role of federal agencies that are involved in employment discrimination. These include the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Data on the frequency and type of suits filed with the EEOC are also included.
Basic Discrimination Scenarios
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the authors introduce fundamental discrimination scenarios. These include disparate treatment, pattern or practice scenarios, class action suits, adverse impact, and situations involving mixed motives. As the authors outline, these scenarios consist of the presentation of evidence using a three-step burden-shifting process—beginning with evidence presented by plaintiffs, followed by the defense, and then back to plaintiffs. Another section in the chapter describes how statistics are used to provide evidence of discrimination under the adverse impact scenario. In addition, the authors provide some possible options to help avoid adverse impact. Further, the chapter discusses the vital role that performing a systematic job analysis can have in justifying personnel decisions, thus helping defend against allegations of employment discrimination. A list of best practices/recommendations is included at the end of the chapter.
Race, Color, and National Origin Discrimination
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes some of the most significant cases in the area of employment discrimination (e.g., McDonnell Douglas v. Green [1977], which largely established the disparate treatment scenario; Teamsters v. United States [1977], and Hazelwood v. United States [1977], which solidified legal guidelines for pattern or practices cases [a subtype of the disparate treatment scenario]). The authors also present the historic adverse impact case Griggs v. Duke Power (1972). Among other concepts, Griggs famously contained the key terms of job-relatedness and business necessity to defend tests and job requirements that unintentionally disadvantage protected subgroup members. The authors also describe the complicated cases Wards Cove v. Atonio (1989) and Ricci v. DiStefano (2009), both of which have often been mischaracterized and misunderstood. Finally, concerns about discrimination due to the use of criminal history background and credit history checks are discussed. The chapter ends with a summary of the law on English-language requirements.
Age Discrimination
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents an overview of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). Examples of age discrimination cases are summarized under the disparate treatment scenario, including criteria for establishing a similarly situated younger employee and a substantially younger employee. The authors also include a section on the ADEA and mixed-motive cases, its coverage within the federal sector, and hostile environment cases based on age. Another section discusses the history of the ADEA and adverse impact cases and includes how this process differs from that under Title VII. Various organizational defenses are discussed, supported by relevant court decisions. A final component is a discussion of the Older Workers Benefit Act (1990). The chapter concludes with recommended best practices, representative age discrimination settlements with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and a list of supplemental readings.
Disability Discrimination
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers legal protections for individuals with legally qualified disabilities. The authors begin by describing the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 followed by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA). Much of the chapter revolves around the legal definition of a disability and the various criteria that are used to assess whether a disability exists. This coverage illustrates how Congress, by amending the ADA, overturned several Supreme Court decisions to more accurately reflect the original intentions of the Act. The authors also present defenses that are available to organizations and the practices that are allowed under the law. Additional material includes supplemental readings, best practices, and a representative summary of disability settlements with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Introduction
Authors: Patel Sujata
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the neoliberal programmes and policies in India and elaborates on its specific economic and political features. It argues that its orientation was distinct: rather than being pro-market the policies implemented were pro-business. India’s neoliberal policies emphasized continuities with the earlier forms of organizing state-market relationships through business. Though the state dismantled the centralized system of licensing policy and regulations, it also introduced new regulations in deregulated sectors, such as electricity, railways, airports, roads, ports, and telecommunications. This inaugurated a change in the social composition of the business groups with new first-generation players entering the market and affecting the growth of new businesses and political party networks. If the new upper caste Hindutva oriented middle class was formed, it continued the strategy of patronage fine-tuned earlier to hegemonize the lower factions of the middle class thereby creating exclusions among this class and affecting contemporary politics.
Democracy in Smart Times
Authors: Chaudhuri Maitrayee
Published: April 2022

This chapter is located in a context that is defined by neoliberalism and growing populism. The new instant communication helps both. For they require organization by political institutions; and orchestration by a new media whose messaging is smart, short, and emotive. This new instant communication is global. The paradox is that while the internet is global, its use is not. Information thus flows globally but is consumed by ‘bounded’ groups. This I argue is akin to the way advertisements are made with specified target audience in mind. What defines the logic of commercial advertisement is its ‘closed circle of ideas’; affirmation of common-sense ideas and prejudices. Populism operates similarly. Further algorithms ensure that we get to ‘know’ and ‘consume’ only what we already believe in. The question that arises is what happens then to the public sphere and democracy in such a world?
Dalits in Neoliberal Economy
Authors: Narayan Badri
Published: April 2022

This chapter is an attempt to document and analyse the impact of neoliberal economy on the livelihood of the most marginal Dalit artisanal communities with further examination of its impact on their resistance, needed to accelerate their struggle for a better future. The new economy is adversely impacting their traditional occupations. At present, state led governance largely influenced by a liberal economy is proposing not only moderate earnings but small savings too, as a survival strategy. It claims it is making innovative efforts to develop entrepreneurship among marginals and Dalits. These communities have the capacity neither to compete in nor to negotiate new situations. They are reverting to unskilled labour. Such groups might be called ‘communities in confusion’. A new liberal economy is promoting consumerism-led dreams and desires. This market is accelerating their aspirations on the one hand, and diminishing the element of dissent and resistance on the other.
From Social Justice to Aspiration
Authors: Pai Sudha
Published: April 2022

The 2000s have witnessed transformation in lower-caste politics in Uttar Pradesh: the Bharatiya Janata Party obtained the support of a section of Dalits and backwards in the 2014 and 2019 general and 2017 assembly elections. Examining the ideology/methods used by the Bharatiya Janata Party to obtain their electoral support, the chapter argues that in 2014 and 2017 they deftly wove together the promise of inclusion within the Hindu fold through non-Brahminical Hindutva and rapid economic development; in 2019 nationalism and able marketing of welfare schemes attracted an even greater number. These strategies proved successful in Uttar Pradesh due to a shift from desire for social justice to aspiration among the lower-castes impacted by globalization and cultural modernization. Will this new social coalition be sustained? Dalits have little space in it; growing atrocities have made them unhappy. A shift in the lower castes from the social justice parties towards the Bharatiya Janata Party has immense significance for Uttar Pradesh and national politics.
The Muslim Middle Class
Authors: Fazal Tanweer
Published: April 2022

Empirical studies claim a phenomenal swelling in the size of the middle class since the liberalization of the Indian economy. But does the expansion of the middle class suggest the rise of new social groups hitherto outside the frame? This chapter examines the size, affluence, and cultural attributes of the new middle class among Muslims of India. It seeks to answer several questions that emerge. These relate to the routes of middle-class formation as much as to the social composition of its rank and file. However, what constitutes the Muslim middle class is a subject to be probed, but beyond that, in what ways are its traits and aspirations incongruent with middle-class standards and norms, needs to be studied. The chapter draws from a variety of data sources—narratives, statistics, and life histories—to comprehend the course, process, and impact of middle-class formation among Indian Muslims.
White She-Devil in an Otherwise Black Cast
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

Page’s first large-scale ballet, La Guiablesse, is most famous for its casting of a twenty-three-year-old Katherine Dunham. Produced for the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair, A Century of Progress, the ballet featured Page as the She-Devil, opposite an otherwise all-black cast. Later, Page asked Dunham to assume the title role and to restage the ballet for the Chicago Grand Opera; then, the mentor turned the performance rights to the ballet over to her mentee. La Guiablesse was quite a feat of intercultural communication: a Martinique folk tale recorded by Lafcadio Hearn, an immigrant European American folklorist; envisioned as a ballet scenario by Page, a globe-trotting Midwestern choreographer; given life as a ballet score by William Grant Still, an African American composer with classical and jazz roots; and made into choreography in a process that blurred authorship between white choreographer and black performer and her troupe. This chapter “re-choreographs” the ballet through an intertextual reading of the original folktale, the music score and recording, the ballet scenario, the choreographer’s notebook, and Chicago reviews and press coverage, considering the subtext of the ballet within the frame of what each of the collaborators brought to the project. Page’s previous excursions into world dance, Hearn’s cross-cultural studies of folklore, Still’s trajectory as a composer who strove to fuse musical classicism with African American idioms of the blues and jazz, and Dunham’s education and early successes figure into the picture, as do the contexts of the Harlem Renaissance and the Chicago jazz scene of the period.
Embodying “Lowlife” in High Art
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

A masterpiece of ballet Americana, Frankie and Johnny (1938) remains unique in the history of ballet because of its burlesque, irreverent attitude toward ballet; its frank incorporation of African American idioms; its feminist slant; and the richness of its collaborative process. Jerome Moross rooted the music in African American jazz by incorporating into the score a stomp, the blues, two rags, a foxtrot, and a one-step. Paul du Pont’s ingeniously functional set and flagrant costume designs lay the groundwork for choreographic invention within a demi-monde of barroom and bawdyhouse characters. Page and Bentley Stone’s choreography reveled in street characters, street culture, and street style. Its intermingling of jazz, tap, and modern dance idioms contested Frankie’s very framing as a ballet. Thematically, the characters embodied a “cool” counterculture—one that satirized the sanctimony of Main Street, white, reformist culture. Frankie rasped life on the margins, everyday violence, countercultural iconoclasm; its heroine was a popular-culture Venus thrashing about in high art. The collaborative, collective spirit that generated Frankie emerged in part from the Federal Theatre Project’s working-class ethos. At the same time, the “messy” process of co-creation resulted in certain ambiguities and tensions—and several conflicts about credit, royalties, and remuneration. This chapter parses the contributions and claims of the diverse collaborators to relay a sense of Page’s network of creativity. The argument is made that the work—a testament to her earthy, mixed-genre, ballet-burlesque aesthetics—germinated in her deep-seated aversion to conventionality and conformity.
Postwar Anomie
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

Page’s 1946 ballet based on Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Bells” featured a male-to-male duet between the Groom and the Ghoul King that can only be described as a pas de deux owing to its lifts, physical contact, and partner work. Observing the intimate intertwining of two male bodies, their violent combat, and the Groom’s final submission to the Ghoul’s machinelike, militaristic campaign, one surmises that Page was implicating homoerotic and sadistic impulses in the call to arms. When dance critic John Martin referred to the ballet’s “psychopathic implications,” was he alluding to Poe’s deranged visions, an external world caught up in the insanity of war and its aftermath, or the choreography’s homoerotic nuances in a mainstream society that defined homosexuality as psychopathic? Perhaps the choreographer intended to express all three themes under the rubric of anomie. Poe’s dark poem; Darius Milhaud’s complex and cacophonous music score; and Isamu Noguchi’s ingenious set—the framework of a church, collapsing at the climax—are read alongside the choreography. Page’s focus on sheer sound and her novel attempts to render choreographically the onomatopoeia and repetitive rhythms in the poem certainly deserve more critical attention. What’s more, the poet’s unique sensibility of the perverse and the transgressive received compelling theatrical treatment. Like one of Poe’s characters, Page had an “Imp of the Perverse”: for him, the compulsion to confess, to implicate himself in criminal acts; for her, an impulse to go against the grain, to upend social convention.
Bible Stories Meet Music Hall
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

The very subject matter of Billy Sunday—a Midwestern, Prohibitionist evangelist—might make some New Yorkers suspicious of a lack of sophistication. Nonetheless, Page’s new ballet gave critics, censors, and balletomanes ample reason to balk. Starring Frederic Franklin as Billy and Alexandra Danilova as Mrs. Potiphar and premiered by Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo at New York City Center, Billy Sunday (1948) broke the first rule of ballet—no speaking. However, this was but the first of several formal transgressions in Page’s Bible-story revue rendering the populist preacher’s flamboyant, streetwise style. In Billy Sunday, Page turned her sense of the ridiculous toward gender, sexuality, moralistic sanctimony, and religious revivalism—even the conventions of ballet itself. She used spectacle and burlesque to comment on the performativity of such institutions—their disassociation from any unitary, natural essence or incontrovertible core of rightness. Indeed, if one defines spectacle in terms of phantasm—fabricated, irreducible excess—then it was precisely the ballet’s spectacular elements that pointed up the satire. Gender hyperbole/parody and defamiliarizing of desire though a woman’s perspective lay the core of her method. In stark contrast to revivalism’s “feminization of sin,” in Page’s choreography, campy excess of the female body ultimately capsized the staged sermons’ censure of female identity. A postmortem reveals the reasons for Billy Sunday’s failure: a weak musical score, a mediocre spoken text, and Ballet Russe’s far-from-ideal rehearsal conditions. Some thought the choreography “vulgarized” ballet. Nonetheless, Billy Sunday remains a hilarious pastiche in memory’s ballet hall of fame.
A Woman’s Will
Authors: Meglin Joellen A.
Published: April 2022

The very decision to create a ballet based on one of the world’s most popular operettas, with its rich heritage of revivals worldwide, was daring and innovative. The project would present formidable legal hurdles. Negotiating the rights to adapt Franz Lehár’s Merry Widow entailed navigation of a complex maze of correspondence, legal documents, and even lawsuits involving heirs and rights-holders from Vienna and Berlin to Paris, London, and New York. Fortunately, Page’s attorney-agent-advocate, husband Thomas Hart Fisher, was ideally suited in temperament and well equipped for such challenges. This chapter explores the creative, collaborative processes involved in several iterations of Page’s ballet, including Vilia, the 1953 version produced by Anton Dolin’s London Festival Ballet; Merry Widow, the 1955 version starring Alicia Markova, produced on Broadway; and an excerpt performed by the Chicago Opera Ballet on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1958. The argument is made that the ballet’s women-centered narrative and power-sharing model of marriage—between a rich widow and a charming ambassadorial attaché, whose marital union guarantees the prosperity of a nation—reflected Page and Fisher’s own marriage of equal partners dedicated to a common purpose. These life partners devised a sure-fire ballet, guaranteed to succeed because of its near-perfect interplay of theatrical elements: music, design, choreography, lighting, and technical wizardry. Importantly, their brand of ballet theatre offered an alternative to the dominant model of neoclassicism in the American ballet. A populist paradigm, it sought to make ballet an everyday need: art as good entertainment, glamorous but accessible.