bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growthism and the Green Backlash
Authors: DOUGLAS RICHARD
Published: September 2010

Recent years have seen the growth of a ‘green backlash’ movement which has argued against ‘the myths of environmentalism’. Many environmentalists have pointed out the political motivation and factual errors in much of these arguments. But what has not been given much attention is their underlying philosophy. To look at this is to find an ideology, related to neoliberalism, which we might call ‘growthism’; based on a utopian faith in the inevitability of endless material growth, this is animated by a revolt against the very idea of limits. This faith has a potent influence on contemporary politics, which we can best see in relief: as today the only serious challenge to the neoliberal hegemony over electoral politics comes from environmentalism, so we can see revealed in the green backlash the utopianism of that unquestioned principle at the heart of all mainstream political debate ‐ the commitment to economic growth.
Preserving Curious Institutions
Authors: SEATON JEAN
Published: September 2010

Reviewing the BBC ‘Impartiality’ review and the OFCOM report on the future of news the piece argues that impartiality remains a vital tool of maintaining standards of public service news, which in the end have to be objective. Sustaining journalism that reveals new knowledge is the problem and vital to the maintainance of democratic discussion.
The Australian Republic Referendum, 1999
Authors: CROSS BERNARD
Published: September 2010

The 1999 Australian republic referendum was intended to finalise the nation‐building process begun in the mid‐nineteenth century and to exploit growing national consciousness in the wake of post‐World War II cosmopolitan immigration and the 1988 bicentenary. Despite strong republican support recorded by opinion polls and a broadly favourable media climate the proposal to institute a republic was defeated. The article summarises the campaign and explores some of the reasons that have been advanced, including the part played by the prime minister, for its outcome; it concludes that ‘the model’ might have been a contributory factor, but probably not the sole explanation. A re‐run is unlikely before the election of a sympathetic, probably Labor, government. The episode illustrates the immensity of the difficulty facing republicans in Britain where similarly favourable conditions are inconceivable in the foreseeable future.
Trustworthiness: the Commentators
Authors: LE GRAND JULIAN , WILSON RICHARD , FRANKS SUZANNE , BURNS ANDREW , MOORE MARTIN , BARNETT STEVEN
Published: September 2010

Mark Thompson deplores the decline in the public trust of government and of public service institutions such as the BBC. But there has also been a decline in another form of trust: government's trust in the ability of professionals such as doctors and teachers to deliver high quality public services. And, unlike Thompson's type of trust, this decline was inevitable, because it was based on untenable assumptions concerning professional motivation.

The author discusses the importance of trust in an unwritten constitution, including trust in the use made of public resources, trust that appointments are being made on merit, trust that the civil service is ‘speaking truth unto power’ behind the scenes and ultimately trust that it retains the ability to serve future governments.

In a world where trust in institutions is diminishing, there are still surprising levels of trust in the world of private philanthropy. The public are only too ready to give donations without seeking to question, especially in the wake of major disasters. Yet the nature of aid agencies has changed dramatically in the past thirty years into major global enterprises with sophisticated media and marketing operations. In this case a greater degree of scepticism from those who donate and paradoxically less trust might actually result in better outcomes from aid and better use of funding.

Trust is critical to the mission of the FCO. The public needs to trust the competence and sound judgment of the professional diplomats. The diplomats themselves need to be able to rely on the commonsense of their fellow colleagues. Ministers and diplomats need to trust each other. And other governments need to have confidence in the discretion of their British counterparts. This is an increasing challenge in the world of instant news. Trust can be quickly lost by indiscreet or self‐serving revelations. But the key is to be as open and transparent as possible about the processes of diplomacy.

A new survey commissioned by the British Journalism Review demonstrates that public confidence in journalism has collapsed over the last five years. This is particularly true for the commercial broadcasters ITV and Channel 4, whose journalism has traditionally commanded as much public esteem as the BBC. Trust in the BBC and print journalists has also declined, and journalism suffered more than any of the other 16 occupational groups being assessed. This is partly due to the cumulative effect of various “fakery” scandals that have afflicted broadcasters over the last 18 months and partly down to a more widespread cynicism directed at those in authority.
Labour's Lost Youth: Young People and the Labour Party's Youth Sections
Authors: BERRY CRAIG
Published: September 2010

Falling levels of membership and activism are threatening the Labour Party's status as a mass party. This problem has to be seen in the context of growing disillusionment with formal politics in Britain, especially among young people. If Labour continues to fail in socialising future generations of members and activists into its mission, its fate will be sealed. This article examines Labour's relationship with young people, with particular attention to the organisation of the Party's youth sections. It utilises the results of original research into the attitudes of young members to diagnose the problem of young people in the Labour Party, and assesses the prospects of meaningful reform.
The Gordon Brown Problem: New Labour and the Two ‘Adam Smiths’
Authors: GLAZE SIMON
Published: September 2010

As is well known, New Labour is often presented as an alternative to the conventional preferences of the left and right in British politics. Less commented upon is Gordon Brown's self‐conscious appeal to the thought of Adam Smith in doing so. Brown claims to have rescued Smith from those on the right that interpret his ‘invisible hand’ metaphor from The Wealth of Nations to represent dogmatic advocacy of free markets. Rather than interrogate this view, Brown attempts to complement it with the ‘helping hand’ that Smith supposedly proffers in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, in order to stress New Labour's resolution of ‘enterprise and fairness.’ I argue that Brown instead reiterates the academically discredited Adam Smith Problem, in which the moral ‘Smith’ is deemed subordinate to the economic ‘Smith,’ and that his use of these erroneous characterisations highlights his commitment to a set of preferences usually associated with the right.
Perfect Political Storm
Authors: JOHNSON JOY
Published: September 2010

After months of battering by allegations of cronyism and sustained hostile media from London's only paid for newspaper, Ken Livingstone's election campaign turned into the perfect political campaign. His third term bid to be Mayor of London wrecked on the high seas of democracy as the government grappled with economic gloom, a credit crunch and its lowest poll rating
An Opposing View of Scotland's Ballot Paper Problem: Arbuthnott and the Government had the Right Idea
Authors: LUNDBERG THOMAS CARL
Published: September 2010

The May 2007 Scottish Parliament election used a different ballot format from the one used in the previous elections, one that combined the regional and constituency votes onto one ballot paper (two separate papers were used before). Because there were many more invalid votes in 2007, the problem was blamed on the two‐vote ballot paper, which was recommended by the Arbuthnott Commission to prevent misunderstandings about what the two votes were for. Other places that use the mixed‐member proportional (MMP) electoral system tend to use a two‐vote ballot paper, with Germany and New Zealand seeing low levels of invalid votes. While the decision to revert to two separate papers in future Scottish Parliament elections might reduce the number of invalid votes, the price could be more confusion about the proportional nature of the electoral system unless public education improves significantly.
Looming Issues for Scotland and the Union
Authors: BONNEY NORMAN
Published: September 2010

The minor electoral gains for the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2007, which made it the largest party but a minority Scottish Executive administration, have provoked a fundamental review of Scottish devolution. Political imperatives rather than reasoned argument seem to dominate the actions of those pushing for independence and/or greater powers for the Scottish Parliament. The renaming of the Scottish Executive by the SNP as the Scottish Government is creating confusion. The Scottish Executive's plans to move to independence are inadequate for the significance of the intended outcome. The unionist opposition parties could not agree to form a majority coalition but have launched a major review of devolution which includes the possibility of increased tax powers for the Scottish Parliament even when existing tax powers are not used. Federalism has been proposed by the Liberal Democrats and others but evidence from other states suggests that this is by no means a stable or certain solution.
Old and New Labour Narratives of Whitehall: Radicals, Reactionaries and Defenders of the Westminster Model
Authors: RICHARDS DAVID , BLUNKETT DAVID , MATHERS HELEN
Published: September 2010

This article argues that throughout its history, the leadership of the Labour Party has chosen to embrace a benign view of the Civil Service, as part of a wider acceptance of the constitutional status quo reflected in the Westminster model. There has nevertheless been a long tradition in the wider Labour movement that has questioned whether Whitehall is capable of working for a government with radical aspirations. This article examines Labour's historical approach towards Whitehall, before reflecting on the extent to which the present Administration, while appealing to radical and reforming rhetoric has, like its predecessors, continued to embrace the status quo. It concludes by arguing that a contemporary and credible narrative capable of challenging the Westminster model has yet to emerge from the broader movement.
US Think Tanks and the Politics of Expertise: Role, Value and Impact
Authors: AHMAD MAHMOOD
Published: September 2010

Think tanks are non‐profit policy research organisations that provide analysis and expertise to influence policy makers. Since the early twentieth century, US think tanks have played a major role in framing policy issues and providing analysis, but in the last thirty years, there has been a veritable think tank proliferation. This paper chronicles and analyses the development of think tanks; classification, organization, staffing and funding; marketing, public relations and public engagement, current trends. Finally an attempt has been made to measure the influence of think tanks on the American policy process.
File‐sharing, Filtering and the Spectre of the Automated Censor
Authors: HORTEN MONICA
Published: September 2010

The European Parliament's Bono report is an example of how politicians can speak up for the interests of citizens against those of multi‐national corporations. The report concerned the economic status of the cultural industries in Europe, but it has become known for one amendment, protecting citizens' rights on the Internet. The issue at stake is open access to the Internet, versus alleged copyright infringement through online file sharing. As the UK sets out its own policy proposals for copyright and the Internet, the Bono amendment invites us to consider the wider agenda for copyright enforcement, content filtering and the potential for industrial censorship.
Of ‘Misguided Notions’ and Misguiding Nations: The Growth Report, Poverty and Climate Change
Authors: WOODWARD DAVID
Published: September 2010

The Growth Report neither addresses the issue of growth and poverty, nor considers the implications of binding constraints on global carbon emissions, which invalidate the argument for global growth as a positive‐sum game. The polarisation of the debate on growth and poverty reflects different perspectives and priorities between economists, environmentalists and development professionals, and the absence of constructive dialogue between them. “Growth or no growth?” is the wrong question. Reconciling poverty eradication and tackling climate change requires us rather to ask what our ultimate objectives are, and how economic policy can best achieve them.
Who Will Pay for Better Care?
Authors: BURKE STEPHEN
Published: September 2010

In launching its review of adult social care in May 2008, the Government acknowledged that this is one of the biggest challenges for the 21st century. With our ageing population and the increasing expectations of baby boomers, the current system simply isn't fit for the future. But what kind of care system do we want for this and future generations and critically how are we going to pay for it? There are no easy answers but what is certain is that we will all have to pay more for better care. In this article Stephen Burke examines the care crunch
The Four Predicaments of American Liberalism: Challenges and Opportunities in a Presidential Election Year
Authors: FOLEY MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

The presidential campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama have indicated an apparent resurgence in American liberalism. More significantly, they have underlined both the highly problematic nature of the liberal legacy within the Democratic Party and the difficulties of mobilising liberal themes in the battle of ideas that characterises the conduct of politics in the United States. The article examines the difficulty of the issue by reference to four predicaments that persistently condition the status and deployment of liberal themes. In analysing the problems of strategy, historical narrative, political positioning and ideational engagement, the study analyses the negative connotations of contemporary liberalism, the multiple limitations of liberal reform, and liberalism's deficiencies in the politics of America's core ideas. A revived liberal prospectus will depend upon the ingenuity of liberal forces in challenging the conservative ascendancy in ideational competition, and in renegotiating a public settlement of their own with the central strands of political legitimacy.
The House of Lords: The Working of the Electoral Process in the 1999 Act of Parliament
Authors: LANKINA TOMILA , PHILLIPS MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

This article investigates the working of the 1999 Act of Parliament in relation to the electoral process. One of the more controversial measures in the 1999 Act was the preservation of the representation of the hereditary element in the House of Lords. In the 2007‐2008 session of Parliament, Lord Avebury introduced the House of Lords (Amendment) Bill, to repeal this electoral process, and Lord (David) Steel of Aikwood introduced the House of Lords Bill, which had provisions to the same effect as Lord Avebury's Bill. The working of this electoral process is therefore likely to be a topic of debate in the 2008‐2009 session of the House of Lords. We suggest that there are three possible options to deal with the likely future issues for this electoral process. These we present as a contribution to a wider debate on the way forward for this constitutional issue.
Treating Voters as an Afterthought? The Legacies of a Decade of Electoral Modernisation in the United Kingdom
Authors: WILKS‐HEEG STUART
Published: September 2010

Over the past decade, the UK's New Labour government has been at the forefront of efforts internationally to modernise electoral procedures, promising to deliver ‘an e‐enabled, multi‐channel general election by 2006’. This paper considers the origins and the impacts of reforms to UK electoral procedures with a particular focus on the adoption of postal voting on demand and pilots of electronic voting and counting since 2000. The paper concludes that the principal legacy of the modernisation agenda to date is likely to have been a negative impact on public confidence in the electoral process.
Exploring the Paradox of Liberal Democracy: More Political Communications Equals Less Public Trust
Authors: GABER IVOR
Published: September 2010

Francis Fukuyama asks: ‘Is liberal democracy prey to serious internal contradictions, contradictions so serious that they will eventually undermine it as a political system?’ This paper argues that one of these ‘internal contradictions’ is the political communications process and it can be sufficiently serious to undermine the democratic system—but such an undermining is not inevitable.
Rebels without a Cause? The Irish Referendum on the Lisbon Treaty
Authors: QVORTRUP MATT
Published: September 2010

The Irish referendum on the Lisbon Treaty follows a pattern of class‐voting also seen in the 2005 referendums on the European Constitution. However, the poll differed in other respects. Polling in the wake of the vote suggested that the main reason given for voting no was a lack of knowledge about the treaty (22 per cent of no voters holding that view). A further 40 per cent of the voters voted no because they claimed not to understand the Treaty. This is in contrast to referendums in 2005 in Spain and the Netherlands where, respectively 70 and 51 per cent, of those with a self confessed ‘very limited ‘ knowledge of the Constitution voted yes.
Good Administration: Why We Need It More Than Ever
Authors: ABRAHAM ANN
Published: September 2010

This article relates the concept of ‘good administration’ to a range of key constitutional issues, including The Governance of Britain, the debate about a British Bill of Rights, the creation of the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council, and the Law Commission's consultation on public law remedy. It argues that ‘good administration’, far from being remote from these issues, is a critical component of much that we value most in public life. By drawing upon, for example, the Parliamentary Ombudsman's publication of Principles of Good Administration and the Court of Appeal judgment in a case concerning the Ombudsman's report on occupational pensions, the article suggests that the principles of deliberative democracy, human rights and restorative justice combine to make the Parliamentary Ombudsman an effective instrument for ‘humanising the bureaucracy’, as first envisaged when the Office was created by the Wilson government in 1967.
The Political Origins of the Financial Crisis: The Domestic and International Politics of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Authors: THOMPSON HELEN
Published: September 2010

For much of the last decade it was clear that the commercial operations of the government‐sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were creating an increasing systemic financial risk. That risk was compounded by the fact that the Japanese and Chinese central banks were acting as cheap creditors. The Bush administration and some Republicans in Congress made efforts from 2001 to create a tougher regulatory framework for Fannie and Freddie. Fannie and Freddie were able to defeat these attempts to constrain their operations by a four‐fold political strategy involving campaign contributions to members of Congress, a vast lobbying apparatus, the cultivation of a political language around affordable housing for minorities, and abusing and smearing their regulator. Since Japan and China understood that the US government would have to assume Fannie and Freddie's liabilities in a crisis they had no incentive to expose the political fiction that it would not.
House of Lords Reform: Are We Nearly There Yet?
Authors: RUSSELL MEG
Published: September 2010

Twelve years after coming to office, Labour has still not achieved the second stage of House of Lords reform that was promised in 1997. In July 2008 a White Paper—the government's fifth on the subject—was published, setting out plans for an 80 or 100 per cent elected upper house. This article reviews its prospects. It concludes that although the government is now apparently more in line with the views of its supporters, there are many other obstacles. Fundamental differences remain both within and between the political parties, and several key principles remain unresolved. Progress is therefore unlikely.
The ‘Taking Liberties’ Exhibition at the British Library
Authors: KELLNER PETER
Published: September 2010

The British Library is currently staging an exhibition, Taking Liberties, on the history of liberty and democracy in Britain. This article reviews the exhibition. Its verdict is that the BL has done an outstanding job. As well as displaying a wide range of original documents, and providing an enticing means of interaction for visitors, the exhibition reminds us that liberty continues to evolve and its meaning continues to be contested. By showing how the evolution of liberty in Britain has taken centuries, rather than decades, it also reminds us that when we rightly criticise newer democracies for their imperfections, we should remember that the liberties of their citizens have evolved at a far faster rate than we ever achieved.
RELIGION ON WHICH THE DEVOUT AND SKEPTIC CAN AGREE
Authors: Rossano Matt J.
Published: September 2010

A starting point for a constructive exchange between two groups, devout religionists and scientific skeptics, is that they can hold certain religious ideas in common. These ideas, however, must preserve the compelling nature of religious commitment without unduly compromising rational sensibilities. In the histories of both science and religion progress has been made by synthesis. The definition of religion is a key issue for the success or failure of synthesis, and I propose a new definition. Both devout religionists and scientific skeptics must make compromises if synthesis is to be successful. For the devout these compromises include waiving the prerequisite of belief in the supernatural and placing behavior above belief. For the skeptic they include abandoning explanatory exclusivity, acknowledging the authority of moral experts, and recognizing the necessity of community in achieving moral excellence. I defend each of these compromises as reasonable and tolerable costs of integration.
Believers and Their Disbelief
Authors: King Thomas M.
Published: September 2010

Several recent Roman Catholics who were known for their devotion have left accounts of their troubled faith. I consider three of these: St. Therese of Lisieux, Mother Teresa of Calcutta, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Then I tell of the troubled atheism of Jean‐Paul Sartre. Finally, I use texts of Sartre and Teilhard to understand the unsettled nature of belief.
GRAVITY MODEL APPLICATIONS IN HEALTH PLANNING: ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN HOSPITAL MARKET*
Authors: Lowe John M. , Sen Ashish
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. In this paper a gravity model is formulated to model a hospital patient flow system. Both spatial and nonspatial measures of separation are used to estimate the model. Travel time was found to provide improved fits over linear distance in modeling patient flow behavior. Transformations of travel time (square root and log) were found to improve model performance further. Model diagnostics suggested additional spatial separation measurw, separation measure parameters demonstrated stability over time. The model is used to forecast the effects of health care financing reform and hospital closure on patient flows in an urban hospital market. Universal health coverage was found to dramatically improve access to hospital services for lower income patient populations. Hospitals at risk for closure were forecast to receive increased patient flows. Medical school hospitals are expected to lose patients after implementation of health reform, with important implications for graduate medical education. Hospital closures were shown to have negative effects on access to services in poor neighborhoods, but relatively little effect on access in the system as a whole.
REPLY TO SUBSIDIES, ADDITIONALITY AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Wren Colin
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. In Wren (1994) I find that industrial subsidies have significantly greater employment effects in small firms, and interpret this as arising from the poorer access that these firms have to private funds. Holden and Swales (1996) criticize this interpretation, arguing that financial constraints typically limit the effectiveness of subsidies. In this paper I show that their results arise from the particular properties of the homogeneous production function. More generally, I show that the effectiveness of assistance increases with the marginal cost of private funds and is greater in those firms facing financial constraints. As such, differential access to private funds can explain the greater effectiveness of assistance found in small firms.
Horror Crime or Bad Habit? Blasphemy in Premodern Europe, 1200–1650
Authors: SCHWERHOFF GERD
Published: September 2010

In public debates the issue of blasphemy is often marked as a modern phenomenon. In fact, blasphemous speech acts were also an integral part of everyday life in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern Europe. Cursing and swearing, oaths and other blasphemous utterances were used in all strata of society. While enraged preachers condemned this mortal sin and various laws threatened with capital punishment, the common practice was different as most blasphemies passed with minor punishments or even without any kind of prosecution. Attacks on the honour of God were constituent elements of everyday conflict behaviour. Blasphemy therefore must not be misinterpreted as indication of religious indifference or even unbelief, but rather as different usage of the religious sphere in premodern times.
ASSERTION AND CAPITULATION
Authors: KENYON TIM
Published: September 2010

The context or manner of an utterance can alter or nullify the speech‐act that would normally be performed by utterances of that sort. Coercive contexts have this effect on some kinds of seeming assertions: they end up being non‐assertoric, and are merely capitulations. An earlier version of this view is clarified, defended, and extended partly in response to a useful critique by Roy Sorensen. I examine some complications that arise regarding resistance to speaking under coercion when ideological or religious commitments are implicated.
CHANGE AND THE ETERNAL PART OF THE MIND IN SPINOZA
Authors: LEBUFFE MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

Spinoza insists that we can during the course of our lives increase that part of the mind that is constituted by knowledge, but he also calls that part of the mind its eternal part. How can what is eternal increase? I defend an interpretation on which there is a sense in which the eternal part of the mind can become greater without changing intrinsically at all.
THE DESIRES OF OTHERS
Authors: MARUŠIĆ BERISLAV
Published: September 2010

An influential view, defended by Thomas Scanlon and others, holds that desires are almost never reasons. I seek to resist this view and show that someone who desires something does thereby have a reason to satisfy her desire. To show this, I argue, first, that the desires of some others are reasons for us and, second, that our own desires are no less reason‐giving than those of others. In concluding, I emphasize that accepting my view does not commit one to a desire‐based account of reasons. Desires can be simply one kind of reasons alongside many others.
On the Structure of the Gut of the Ascoglossan Nudibranchs.
Authors: Fretter Vera
Published: September 2010

As regards anatomy and histology the alimentary canals of Elysia viridis, Limapontia capitata and Hermæa dendritica are very similar and exhibit specializations for manipulating their filamentous algal food. The mouth leads through an oral tube to a small vestibule ventral to the anterior tip of the odontophore. Into the vestibule and the tube open subepithelial glands which secrete mucus and adhesive substances. The vestibule leads into the dorsal part of the buccal cavity containing the odontophore. This is lined by a cuticularized epithelium and muscles—‐striped in Hermæα—radiate from the basement membrane or from the cuticle. The buccal cavity with its thick muscular walls acts as an organ for sucking into the alimentary canal the contents of plant‐cells. The salivary glands open by ducts into its posterior part, behind the opening each duct swelling into a muscular vesicle which acts as a pump. The saliva probably contains enzymes.

The œsophagus, ciliated and glandular, passes to the stomach. In Elysia and Herma a muscular œsophageal pouch is developed which assists in the transport of food along the gut.

The small stomach, of little physiological significance, receives the wide ducts of the digestive gland. In Elysia these open into the left and mid‐posterior walls. In Limapontia and Hermæa the posterior part of the stomach opens freely into the main tubules of the gland, which are sufficiently wide to accommodate sudden inflows of food pumped from the œsophagus. Owing to the type of food, from which the fæcal matter is inconsiderable, and the total absence of a mantle‐cavity, there is no necessity for extensive arrangements to elaborate the fæccess; consequently the intestine is short and, except in Hermæa, without glands.

The gut and the nervous system show greater resemblances to those of the Lophocercidæ and Diaphanidcæ than to those of the other groups of nudibranchs. It is therefore in the primitive groups of the tectibranchs that the origin of the Ascoglossa is to be sought.
A Revision of African and Asiatic Forms of the Genus Duthiersia (Cestoda)
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: September 2010

A more extended acquaintance with the African forms of Duthiersia (altogether 254 examples from Uganda, the Sudan, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Portuguese East Africa, Orange Free State, and Transvaal) appears to show that, on account of intermediate conditions, all these forms must be regarded as varieties of one species, Duthiersia fimbriata (Diesing, 1854). Differences of specific value are present in this material, but are not associated to constitute species. Duthiersia elegans Perrier, 1873, and the two species instituted by me in 1938—‐D. robusta and D. latissima—cannot therefore be maintained.

The study of the original 78 and of 48 additional specimens—126 altogether— of Duthiersia, mostly from the United Provinces in India, but also, in the case of a few specimens, from Calcutta and Madras and, outside India, from Sarawak and Java, leads to a similar conclusion for non‐African forms, viz., that all are to be included in one species, Duthiersia expansa Perrier, 1873, the differences in structure not being segregated so as to form species.

The scoleces of African forms of Duthiersia appear, in large part, to assume shapes distinct from those of Asiatic forms, but, apart from this, the sole distinction which can at present be adduced to separate Duthiersia fimbriata from Duthiersia expansa, i. e., the African from the Asiatic forms, is the uniform absence in the former and the uniform presence in the latter of posterior pore‐openings of the bothrial grooves. This statement is based on serial sections of 74 scoleces cut by me (47 African and 27 Asiatic) and on some additional evidence quoted in my original paper from Monticelli and Crety, Lühe (E. Africa), Shipley (Ceylon), Southwell (India), Klaptocz (Sudan), and Beddard. This distinction is thus founded upon a very small and inconvenient feature, but it is perfectly definite and is the only one I know of at present.
The Skull of the Chameleon, Lophosaura ventralis (Gray); some Developmental Stages.
Authors: Brock Gwendolen Trude
Published: September 2010

Graphic reconstructions are given of ne cnondrocranium and membrane bone structures of embryos of Lophsaura ventralis (Gray), head‐lengths 4.5 and 6.5 mm.; also of the temporal region of an embryo near hatching stage, and a sketch is given of the temporal region of an adult Lophosaura.

The chondrocranium of Lophosaura conforms in essentials to the general lacertilian plan, but has very obvious specializations which appear to be correlated with the large size of the orbit and with the adaptations of the feeding mechanism with its large tongue. The specializations are the telescoping of the ethmoidal region, the exceptional height of the interorbital septum and the reduction of the supraseptals, the vestigial condition of the ascending process, and the degeneration of the joint between the basitrabeeular process and the pterygoid bone.

Although the basitrabecular joint is akinetic, yet tho quadrate is fully streptastylic and widely separated from the jugal.

The bony casque structure at the back of the skull is formed by the parietal processes which meet in the dorsal median line and extend backwards in a prominent roof or crest. The squamosals are also elongated and the superior temporal fossa enlarged, but Lophosaura differs from Chameleo in that the squamosals are separated by the parietal crest instead of extending with the parietal rod; in Chameleo they almost meet in the median dorsal line.

The casque structure seems to be correlated with the increased jaw muscle development associated with the streptostylism of the quadrate; with the rigid upper jaw and the akinetism of the akinetism joint these muscles give a rapid snapping action to the jaws which is associated with the tongue mechanism.

Lophosaura has a tiny tabular (supratemporal) wedged between the squamosal, the quadrate, and the paroccipital process; it is a bone of the occiput.

The problem of the temporal bones in lizards is fully discussed and the differing view‐points of Broom, de Beer and Parrington, Gaupp, and Watson (1914) are tabulated.
Tissue abscission and wound healing in the operculum of Pomatoceros lamarckii Quatrefages (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)
Authors: Bubel A. , Thorp C. H.
Published: September 2010

Following opercular amputation in Pomatoceros lamarckii Quatrefages, wound healing is initiated from a predetermined point on the peduncle. The events of abscission, cell migration and cuticle deposition during wound healing have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Abscission occurs at a predetermined point on the peduncle indicated by specialized epidermal cells, the easy break‐point cells (EBP). Following detachment of tissues distal to the EBP cells, the resultant wound is plugged by a knot of coelomocytes which provide a substratum over which epidermal cells migrate to seal and restore the epidermis. During their migration, the epidermal cells undergo differentiation and deposit a new cuticle. Cuticle formation is initiated by the deposition of a finely filamentous matrix. The fine filaments subsequently coalesce to form thicker fibrils which become aggregated into layers of orthogonally‐arranged fibril bundles. The mechanisms involved in abscission, cell migration and cuticle deposition during wound healing of the opercular filament are discussed.
Strain patterns in the horncores, cranial bones and sutures of goats (Capra hircus) during impact loading
Authors: Jaslow C. R. , Biewener A. A.
Published: September 2010

The design of bovid horns and skulls for the function of head‐to‐head fighting has been well studied using mechanical and kinematic analyses, but actual strain measurements from the horncores, cranium and sutures during impact loading have never been made. During in vitro impact loading of one or both horns on the heads of female domestic goats, principal strains were measured from the surfaces of the horncore bases, frontal and parietal bones, and interfrontal and frontoparietal sutures. Impact produced a bending moment at the bases of the horncores, with compressive strains on the posterior surfaces more than doubling the anterior tensile strains. These ratios of compression to tension exceed our predictions (and those in the literature) based on curved beam theory. Principal strains in the cranial bones dropped by as much as 50% crossing the sutures, which acted like springs or hinges to allow cranial bone movement. Sutures also experienced very high strain magnitudes, being more than 10 times greater than those of the surrounding cranial bones. Sutural strains during impact loading of the horns also greatly exceeded the strain levels recorded during mastication in other studies. The decrease in strain between adjacent cranial bones across a suture and the large strains at the sutures indicate that the sutures function as shock absorbers during impact.
Isozyme variation in roe deer in relation to their population history in Britain
Authors: Hewison A. J. M.
Published: September 2010

The level of genetic variation in 245 roe deer (Cupreolus cupreolus L.), taken from 15 populations across Britain, was estimated by investigating electrophoretic polymorphism at 15 enzyme loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci and the average heterozygosity of roe deer in Britain were estimated as 13.3% and 3.2%, respectively. Allele frequencies at one locus suggested the existence of an east‐west cline of an allelic variant in southern Britain which may have originated from an introduction of roe from continental Europe in the last century. These results are discussed in relation to the theoretical expectations for this species and the documented historical background of roe deer inBritain.
Sex differences in the use of daily torpor and foraging time by big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during the reproductive season
Authors: Grinevitch L. , Holroyd S. L. , Barclay R. M. R.
Published: September 2010

Temperate zone bats can use daily torpor as a means of saving energy. Some argue, however, that torpor is costly for both males and females and that individuals should only use it during times of poor foraging conditions. Others hypothesize that the costs are greater for females and that males should enter torpor more regularly. We tested these alternative hypotheses by using temperature‐sensitive radiotransmitters to monitor use of torpor and foraging by free‐ranging big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). During the pregnancy period, males used torpor at night more and foraged less often than did females. Males also went into deep torpor more often and remained in torpor longer than did females. When they foraged, males and females were away from the roosts for equal periods of time. During the lactation period, males and females rarely failed to forage and foraging times were again no different between the sexes, although males may roost at night away from the maternity colonies. Males again used torpor and deep torpor more often and for longer than females did. These results support the hypothesis that the fitness costs of using torpor are lower for males than for reproductive females and that males regularly use torpor as an energy‐saving mechanism. Females enter torpor only when foraging conditions are poor, presumably because torpor prolongs gestation and slows neonatal growth thereby leaving less time for females and their young to prepare for hibernation.
Taxonomy of shrew‐tenrecs (Microgale spp.) from eastern and central Madagascar
Authors: Stephenson P. J.
Published: September 2010

As remaining habitats come under threat from deforestation, there is an urgent need to survey the insectivore fauna of Madagascar. However, within the endemic family Tenrecidae there is uncertainty over the taxonomy of the largest genus, Microgale. The number of species recognized in this genus ranges from 10 to 21.

In the present study, Microgale specimens were obtained by live‐trapping in four forests in eastern and central Madagascar. Data on morphology, ecology and behaviour are used to review Microgale taxonomy. It is proposed that M. melanorrhachis, M. longirostris and M. laiva are distinct species, so that a total of 16 species are recognized in the genus. Further trapping is advocated to clarify the situation. The consequences for conservation are discussed
Sexual dimorphism of tail length in lacertid lizards: test of a morphological constraint hypothesis
Authors: Barbadillo L. Javier , Bauwens D.
Published: September 2010

Males of many lizard species have longer tails than similarly‐sized females. We hypothesized that this dimorphism is induced by a longer non‐autotomous tail part in males, which is associated with the presence of the copulatory organs at the tail base, and presumably reduces the males' ability to escape predation by tail shedding. A compensatory mechanism would be an increase of total tail length in males, to achieve equal lengths of the autotomous tail part in both sexes. A critical prediction of this ‘morphological constraint’ hypothesis is that the extent of dimorphism in total tail length increases with the magnitude of sexual differences in length of the non‐autotomous tail base. We tested this prediction through a comparative study in a small clade of lacertid lizards. Within each of nine species, sexual differences in length of the non‐autotomous tail base and in total tail length do not change with body size. All species, except one, exhibit a clear male‐biased dimorphism in length of the non‐breakable tail base. In all species studied, males have longer tails than females. We used the method of phylogenetically independent contrasts to explore the interspecific relation between dimorphism in length of the tail base and sexual differences in total tail length. Contrary to our prediction, we found no evidence for a positive correlation between the extent of dimorphism in both traits. Thus, constraints imposed by the male copulatory organs on tail autotomy do not seem to be a significant factor in the evolution of dimorphism in tail length in this clade of lacertid lizards.
Diving behaviour and energetics in breeding little penguins (Eudyptula minor)
Authors: Bethge P. , Nicol S. , Culik B. M. , Wilson R. P.
Published: September 2010

We present data on the diving behaviour and the energetics of breeding little penguins in Tasmania, Australia. Using an 18 m long still water canal in conjunction with respirometry, we determined the energy requirements while diving. Using electronic devices measuring dive depth or swimming speed, we investigated the foraging behaviour at sea. Cost of Transport was calculated to be minimal at the speed the birds prefer at sea (1.8 m/s) and averaged 11.1 J/kg/m (power requirements at that speed: 20.0 W/kg). Metabolic rate of little penguins resting in water was found to be 8.5 W/kg. The externally‐attached devices had no significant influence on the energy expenditure.

Foraging trips can be divided into four distinct phases with different diving behaviours. A mean of 500 dives was executed per foraging trip lasting about 18 hours with 60% of this time being spent swimming. The total distance travelled averaged 73 km per day, although foraging range was about 12km. Mean swimming speed of little penguins at sea was 1.8 m/s, maximum swimming speed was 3.3 m/s. More than 50% of all dives had maxima not exceeding 2 m. Maximum depth reached was 27 m. Mean dive duration was 21 s. There were inter‐sex differences in diving behaviour as well as changes in foraging behaviour over the breeding period. Aerobic dive limits (ADL) in the wild were estimated between 42 and 50 s. From the swim canal experiments we derived an ADL of 44 s. Total oxygen stores were calculated to be 45 ml O2/kg. Only 2% of all dives exceeded the ADL. FMRs at sea were calculated to be between 1280 and 1500 kJ/kg/d according to chick size. The yearly food requirements of a breeding little penguin amount to 114 kg.
Dietary segregation of krill‐eating South Georgia seabirds
Authors: Croxall J. P. , Prince P. A. , Reid K.
Published: September 2010

The diets of six of the main seabird species (two petrels, two albatrosses, two penguins) breeding at Bird Island, South Georgia were studied simultaneously during the chick‐rearing period in 1986. For five species, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba was the main food (39–98% by mass); grey‐headed albatrosses took mainly the ommastrephid squid Martialia hyadesi (71%) and only 16% krill. The size of the krill taken was similar between seabird species, although there were small but significant differences between penguins and the other species. Sex and reproductive status of krill, however, was different between all seabird species, reflecting some combination of differences in foraging ranges, selectivity by predators, or differences in escape responses of krill. For the krill‐eating species, the rest of the diet varied substantially between species, comprising Martialia and nototheniid fish (blackbrowed albatross and, along with lanternfish, white‐chinned petrel), lanternfish and amphipods (Antarctic prion and macaroni penguin), and icefish (gentoo penguin). Long‐term data on breeding success and information on diet in 5–10 other years suggest that in 1986 seabird diet and reproductive performance was indicative of a year of good availability of krill around South Georgia. In such circumstances, ecological segregation between krill‐eating species appears to be maintained chiefly by differences in foraging range and feeding methods, which are reviewed. This situation is rather different from the few studies of seabird communities elsewhere, where prey type and size are believed to be the main mechanisms of dietary segregation.
The braincase of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus
Authors: Gower David J.
Published: September 2010

The fimt detailed description of the braincase of the Triassic early archosaurian reptile Elythrosuchus is presented. Features plesiomorphic for archosaurs that are described include an ossified laterosphenoid, a ‘semilunar depression’, posteroventrally positioned internal carotid foramina, a basisphenoid ‘intertuberal plate’, an un‐ or incompletely ossified medial wall of the otic capsule and channel for the perilymphatic duct, a metotic foramen undivided by bone, and a short lagenar recess. Among the earliest archosaurs, the braincase of Erythrosuchus is considered to share more derived similarities with the erythrosuchid Shansisuchus than with other taxa, although further study is required to ascertain whether these similarities are homologous. An understanding of non crown‐group archosaur morphology is important for resolving controversial questions of homology concerning braincase features in extant archosaurs, as well as for improving estimates of archosaur phylogeny. The most recent common ancestor of crocodiles and birds is hypothesized to have lacked a ‘semilunar depression’ and basisphenoid ‘intertuberal plate’, and to have had laterally positioned internal carotid foramina, a short lagena, an undivided metotic foramen, an unossified eustachian system, and elements of the tympanic cavity that were not pneumatized.
Introduction experiments with Gammarus spp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Isle of Man (British Isles), 1949–1995
Authors: Dick J. T. A. , Nelson N. , Bishop J. D. D.
Published: September 2010

This study uses data from field introduction experiments with Gammarus spp. conducted by H. B. N. Hynes in the Isle of Man in the period 1949‐1969, together with data from re‐sampling programmes by the present authors in 1974/5, 1988 and 1995, to examine the interaction between the native freshwater amphipod G. duebeni and the introduced G. pulex. Although Hynes' deliberate introductions of G. pulex into streams in the Isle of Man at first seemed to give equivocal results, their examination in the light of subsequent evidence indicates that G. duebeni is, under some as yet unknown condition(s), sometimes able to withstand the impact of invasions by its competitive rival G. pulex. The presentation of Hynes' data is thus a belated but valuable contribution to knowledge in this field, although we must stress that such experiments involving transplantations of species should not be carried out owing to the ecological damage that can follow. In addition, we discuss our discovery of a truly exotic amphipod in the Isle of Man, the N. American Crangonyx pseudogracilis.