bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight bias among professionals treating eating disorders: Attitudes about treatment and perceived patient outcomes
Authors: Puhl Rebecca M. , Latner Janet D. , King Kelly M. , Luedicke Joerg
Published: September 2013

Objective

This study aimed to assess weight bias among professionals who specialize in treating eating disorders and identify to what extent their weight biases are associated with attitudes about treating obese patients.

Method

Participants were 329 professionals treating eating disorders, recruited through professional organizations that specialize in eating disorders. Participants completed anonymous, online self‐report questionnaires, assessing their explicit weight bias, perceived causes of obesity, attitudes toward treating obese patients, perceptions of treatment compliance and success of obese patients, and perceptions of weight bias among other practitioners.

Results

Negative weight stereotypes were present among some professionals treating eating disorders. Although professionals felt confident (289; 88%) and prepared (276; 84%) to provide treatment to obese patients, the majority (184; 56%) had observed other professionals in their field making negative comments about obese patients, 42% (138) believed that practitioners who treat eating disorders often have negative stereotypes about obese patients, 35% (115) indicated that practitioners feel uncomfortable caring for obese patients, and 29% (95) reported that their colleagues have negative attitudes toward obese patients. Compared to professionals with less weight bias, professionals with stronger weight bias were more likely to attribute obesity to behavioral causes, expressed more negative attitudes and frustrations about treating obese patients, and perceived poorer treatment outcomes for these patients.

Discussion

Similar to other health disciplines, professionals treating eating disorders are not immune to weight bias. This has important implications for provision of clinical treatment with obese individuals and efforts to reduce weight bias in the eating disorders field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:65–75)
Metal‐Free Directed ortho C–H Iodination: Synthesis of 2′‐Iodobiaryl‐2‐carbonitriles
Authors: Sarkar Satinath , Jana Manoranjan , Narender Tadigoppula
Published: September 2013

Metal‐free directed ortho C–H iodination of biaryl‐2‐carbonitriles was developed. A series of 2′‐iodobiaryl‐2‐carbonitriles were synthesized from substituted biphenylcarbonitriles and naphthylbenzonitriles in reasonably good yields by using bis(pyridine)iodonium(I) tetrafluoroborate (IPy2BF4, Barluenga's reagent) and HBF4·OEt2. The biaryl‐2‐carbonitriles are useful precursors for the synthesis of benzocyclic ketones.
Gallium(III) Triflate Catalyzed Diastereoselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction by Using Low Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Plancq Baptiste , Justafort Lyse Carole , Lafantaisie Mathieu , Ollevier Thierry
Published: September 2013

A mild method for the diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction is reported. By using a low loading of the gallium(III) triflate catalyst (down to 0.01 mol‐%), the transformation proceeds efficiently to afford the corresponding β‐hydroxy ketones in yields up to 92 %. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a metal triflate acting as a safe, bench‐stable, and slow‐releasing source of triflic acid for the Mukaiyama aldol reaction.
Electrochemical Sensing of Catecholamines at the Water/ 1,6‐Dichlorohexane Interface
Authors: Ribeiro José A. , Silva F. , Pereira Carlos M.
Published: September 2013

In this work, the analytical use of facilitated ion transfer of catecholamines by dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 was investigated at the water/1,6‐dichlorohexane interface using electrochemical methods (cyclic and square wave voltammetry). The experimental conditions for the analytical determination of noradrenaline and dopamine were established and detection limits of 1.7 and 0.35 µM were obtained, respectively. The effect of excess ascorbic acid on the transfer and detection of the two catecholamines was investigated. The selectivity coefficients obtained for dopamine and noradrenaline in the presence of ascorbic acid were 3.5×10−4 and 2.5×10−3, respectively.
Genome wide assessment of mRNA in astrocyte protrusions by direct RNA sequencing reveals mRNA localization for the intermediate filament protein nestin
Authors: Thomsen Rune , Pallesen Jonatan , Daugaard Tina F. , Børglum Anders D. , Nielsen Anders L.
Published: September 2013

Subcellular RNA localization plays an important role in development, cell differentiation, and cell migration. For a comprehensive description of the population of protrusion localized mRNAs in astrocytes we separated protrusions from cell bodies in a Boyden chamber and performed high‐throughput direct RNA sequencing. The mRNAs with localization in astrocyte protrusions encode proteins belonging to a variety of functional groups indicating involvement of RNA localization for a palette of cellular functions. The mRNA encoding the intermediate filament protein Nestin was among the identified mRNAs. By RT‐qPCR and RNA FISH analysis we confirmed Nestin mRNA localization in cell protrusions and also protrusion localization of Nestin protein. Nestin mRNA localization was dependent of Fragile X mental retardation syndrome proteins Fmrp and Fxr1, and the Nestin 3'‐UTR was sufficient to mediate protrusion mRNA localization. The mRNAs for two other intermediate filament proteins in astrocytes, Gfap and Vimentin, have moderate and no protrusion localization, respectively, showing that individual intermediate filament components have different localization mechanisms. The correlated localization of Nestin mRNA with Nestin protein in cell protrusions indicates the presence of a regulatory mechanism at the mRNA localization level for the Nestin intermediate filament protein with potential importance for astrocyte functions during brain development and maintenance. GLIA 2013;61:1922–1937
Circulating concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐I, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐3, genetic polymorphisms and mammographic density in premenopausal Mexican women: Results from the ESMaestras cohort
Authors: Rinaldi S. , Biessy C. , Hernandez M. , Lesueur F. , dos‐Santos‐Silva I. , Rice M.S. , Lajous M. , Lopez‐Ridaura R. , Torres‐Mejía G. , Romieu I.
Published: September 2013

The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the development of the mammary gland. High circulating levels of IGF‐I and of its major binding protein IGFBP3 have been related with increased mammographic density in Caucasian premenopausal women. Some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF pathway have also been suggested to play a role in mammographic density. We conducted a cross‐sectional study nested within the large Mexican ESMaestras cohort to investigate the relation between circulating levels of IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, the IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio, five common SNPs in the IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3 and IGF‐1R genes and mammographic density in 593 premenopausal Mexican women. Mean age at mammogram was 43.1 (standard deviation, SD = 3.7) years, and average body mass index (BMI) at recruitment was 28.5 kg/m2. Mean percent mammographic density was 36.5% (SD: 17.1), with mean dense tissue area of 48.3 (SD: 33.3) cm2. Mean IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 concentrations were 15.33 (SD: 5.52) nmol/l and 114.96 (SD: 21.34) nmol/l, respectively. No significant associations were seen between percent density and biomarker concentrations, but women with higher IGF‐I and IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 concentrations had lower absolute dense (ptrend = 0.03 and 0.09, respectively) and nondense tissue areas (ptrend < 0.001 for both parameters). However, these associations were null after adjustment by BMI. SNPs in specific genes were associated with circulating levels of growth factors, but not with mammographic density features. These results do not support the hypothesis of a strong association between circulating levels of growth hormones and mammographic density in Mexican premenopausal women.
Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophy as assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody titer
Authors: Yoshida Takeichi , Kato Jun , Inoue Izumi , Yoshimura Noriko , Deguchi Hisanobu , Mukoubayashi Chizu , Oka Masashi , Watanabe Mika , Enomoto Shotaro , Niwa Toru , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Tamai Hideyuki , Utsunomiya Hirotoshi , Yamamichi Nobutake , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Iwane Masataka , Takeshita Tatsuya , Ushijima Toshikazu , Ichinose Masao
Published: September 2013

Our study investigated the relationship between gastric cancer development and activity of Helicobacter pylori‐associated chronic gastritis or the resulting chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). A cohort of 4,655 healthy asymptomatic subjects, in whom serum pepsinogen (PG) and H. pylori antibody titer had been measured to assess the activity and stage of H. pylori‐associated chronic gastritis, was followed for up to 16 years, and cancer development was investigated. In subjects with a serologically diagnosed healthy stomach (H. pylori‐negative/CAG‐negative), cancer incidence rate was low, at 16/100,000 person‐years. With the establishment of H. pylori infection and progression of chronic gastritis, significant stepwise cancer risk elevations were seen from CAG‐free subjects (H. pylori‐positive/CAG‐negative) [hazard ratio (HR) = 8.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7–54.7] to subjects with CAG (H. pylori‐positive/CAG‐positive) (HR = 17.7, 95% CI = 5.4–108.6) and finally to subjects with metaplastic gastritis (H. pylori‐negative/CAG‐positive) (HR = 69.7, 95% CI = 13.6–502.9). In H. pylori‐infected CAG‐free subjects, significantly elevated cancer risk was observed in the subgroup with active inflammation‐based high PG II level or potent immune response‐based high H. pylori antibody titer; the former was associated with a particularly high risk of diffuse‐type cancer, and both subgroups showed high cancer incidence rates of around 250/100,000 person‐years, comparable to that in subjects with CAG. No such risk elevation was observed in H. pylori‐infected subjects with CAG. These results clearly indicate that gastric cancer develops mainly from the gastritis‐atrophy‐metaplasia‐cancer sequence and partly from active inflammation‐based direct carcinogenesis, and that serum levels of PG and H. pylori antibody titer provide indices of cancer development in H. pylori‐infected subjects.
Epigenetic silencing of Aristaless‐like homeobox‐4, a potential tumor suppressor gene associated with lung cancer
Authors: Liu Wen‐Bin , Han Fei , Du Xing‐Hua , Jiang Xiao , Li Yong‐Hong , Liu Yong , Chen Hong‐Qiang , Ao Lin , Cui Zhi‐Hong , Cao Jia , Liu Jin‐Yi
Published: September 2013

Using genome‐wide methylation screening, we found Aristaless‐like homeobox‐4 (ALX4) preferentially methylated in lung cancer. ALX4 is a putative transcription factor that belongs to the family of paired‐class homeoproteins involved in epithelial development. However, the role of ALX4 in tumorigenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we analyzed its epigenetic regulation, biological functions and related molecular mechanisms in lung cancer. CpG island methylation and expression of ALX4 were evaluated by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulfite genomic sequencing, reverse‐transcription PCR and Western blotting. ALX4 functions were determined by cell viability, colony formation, flow cytometry and in vivo tumorigenicity assays. ALX4 hypermethylation was detected in 55% (54/98) of primary lung cancers compared to none (0/20) of the normal lung tissue samples tested (p < 0.01). ALX4 was readily expressed in normal lung tissues with an unmethylated status, but downregulated or silenced in 90% (9/10) of lung cancer cell lines with a hypermethylation status. Demethylation experiments further confirmed that loss of ALX4 expression was regulated by CpG island hypermethylation. Re‐expression of ALX4 in lung cancer cell lines suppressed cell viability, colony formation and migration, whereas it induced apoptosis and G1/S arrest and restrained the tumorigenicity in nude mice. These effects were associated with upregulation of proapoptotic proteins caspase‐7, ‐8 and ‐9, and downregulation of Bcl‐2. On the other hand, knockdown of ALX4 expression by siRNA increased cell viability and proliferation, whereas it inhibited apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, our results suggest that ALX4 is a novel putative tumor suppressor with epigenetic silencing in lung carcinogenesis.
Systematic administration of B vitamins attenuates neuropathic hyperalgesia and reduces spinal neuron injury following temporary spinal cord ischaemia in rats
Authors: Yu C.‐Z. , Liu Y.‐P. , Liu S. , Yan M. , Hu S.‐J. , Song X.‐J.
Published: September 2013

Background

B vitamins have been demonstrated to be effective in treating chronic pain due to peripheral nerve injury. We investigated whether B vitamins could alleviate neuropathic pain and reduce neuron injury following temporary ischaemia in a rat model of spinal cord ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (SCII).

Methods

SCII was produced by transiently blocking the unilateral lumbar arteries in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Behavioural and neurochemical signs of neuropathic pain and spinal neuron injury were analysed with and without B vitamin treatment.

Results

SCII caused behavioural thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and neurochemical alterations, including increased expression of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and induction of c‐Fos, as well as activation of the astrocytes and microglial cells in the spinal cord. Repetitive systemic administration of vitamin B complex (B1/B6/B12 at 33/33/0.5 mg/kg, i.p., daily, for 7–14 consecutive days) significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and the increased expression of VR1 and c‐Fos, as well as activation of the astrocytes and microglial cells. SCII caused a dramatic decrease of the expression of the rate‐limiting enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase‐65 (GAD65), which synthesizes γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the axonal terminals, and β‐III‐tubulin, and also caused loss of Nissl bodies in the spinal cord. These alterations were largely prevented and rescued by the B vitamin treatment.

Conclusions

These findings support the idea that the B vitamins are capable of neuroprotection and antinociception during spinal cord injury due to temporary ischaemia. Rescuing the loss of inhibitory GABAergic tone may reduce spinal central sensitization and contribute to B vitamin‐induced analgesia.
Microcystins in potable surface waters: toxic effects and removal strategies
Authors: Roegner Amber F. , Brena Beatriz , González‐Sapienza Gualberto , Puschner Birgit
Published: September 2013

In freshwater, harmful cyanobacterial blooms threaten to increase with global climate change and eutrophication of surface waters. In addition to the burden and necessity of removal of algal material during water treatment processes, bloom‐forming cyanobacteria can produce a class of remarkably stable toxins, microcystins, difficult to remove from drinking water sources. A number of animal intoxications over the past 20 years have served as sentinels for widespread risk presented by microcystins. Cyanobacterial blooms have the potential to threaten severely both public health and the regional economy of affected communities, particularly those with limited infrastructure or resources. Our main objectives were to assess whether existing water treatment infrastructure provides sufficient protection against microcystin exposure, identify available options feasible to implement in resource‐limited communities in bloom scenarios and to identify strategies for improved solutions. Finally, interventions at the watershed level aimed at bloom prevention and risk reduction for entry into potable water sources were outlined. We evaluated primary studies, reviews and reports for treatment options for microcystins in surface waters, potable water sources and treatment plants. Because of the difficulty of removal of microcystins, prevention is ideal; once in the public water supply, the coarse removal of cyanobacterial cells combined with secondary carbon filtration of dissolved toxins currently provides the greatest potential for protection of public health. Options for point of use filtration must be optimized to provide affordable and adequate protection for affected communities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catabolism of Host‐Derived Compounds During Extracellular Bacterial Infections
Authors: Meadows Jamie A. , Wargo Matthew J.
Published: September 2013

Efficient catabolism of host‐derived compounds is essential for bacterial survival and virulence. While these links in intracellular bacteria are well studied, such studies in extracellular bacteria lag behind, mostly for technical reasons. The field has identified important metabolic pathways, but the mechanisms by which they impact infection and in particular, establishing the importance of a compound's catabolism versus alternate metabolic roles has been difficult. In this review we will examine evidence for catabolism during extracellular bacterial infections in animals and known or potential roles in virulence. In the process, we point out key gaps in the field that will require new or newly adapted techniques. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 217–223, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
miR‐495 Enhances the Sensitivity of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Platinum by Modulation of Copper‐Transporting P‐type Adenosine Triphosphatase A (ATP7A)
Authors: Song Liqiang , Li Yan , Li Weina , Wu Shouzhen , Li Zhikui
Published: September 2013

Copper‐transporting P‐type adenosine triphosphatase A (ATP7A) is associated with platinum drug resistance in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non‐coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post‐transcriptional level. In this study, the aim is to explore which miRNAs might participate in the platinum resistance by targeting ATP7A in NSCLC. Using real‐time PCR‐based miRNA expression profiling and bioinformatics, we selected miR‐495 as a candidate miRNA. EGFP reporter assay, real‐time PCR, and Western blot validated that ATP7A was a direct target for miR‐495. The drug sensitivity assay indicated that miR‐495 enhanced the cell response to cisplatin (CDDP) in NSCLC cells, while inhibition of miR‐495 led to the opposite effects. Importantly, either overexpression or knockdown of ATP7A could override the effect of miR‐495 on chemosensitivity. We also demonstrated that miR‐495 increased the intracellular CDDP accumulation and overexpression of ATP7A can reduce the increased drug concentration induced by miR‐495. Finally, we discovered that there was a converse relationship between miR‐495 and ATP7A levels in NSCLC tissues sensitive or resistant to CDDP. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that miR‐495 regulates the multi‐drug resistance by modulation of ATP7A expression in NSCLC and suggest that miR‐495 may serve as a potential biomarker for the treatment of multi‐drug resistant NSCLC patients with high ATP7A levels. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1234–1242, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances and challenges in gene‐based approaches for osteoarthritis
Authors: Madry Henning , Cucchiarini Magali
Published: September 2013

Osteoarthritis (OA), a paramount cause of physical disability for which there is no definitive cure, is mainly characterized by the gradual loss of the articular cartilage. Current nonsurgical and reconstructive surgical therapies have not met success in reversing the OA phenotype so far. Gene transfer approaches allow for a long‐term and site‐specific presence of a therapeutic agent to re‐equilibrate the metabolic balance in OA cartilage and may consequently be suited to treat this slow and irreversible disorder. The distinct stages of OA need to be respected in individual gene therapy strategies. In this context, molecular therapy appears to be most effective for early OA. A critical step forward has been made by directly transferring candidate sequences into human articular chondrocytes embedded within their native extracellular matrix via recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors. Although extensive studies in vitro attest to a growing interest in this approach, data from animal models of OA are sparse. A phase I dose‐escalating trial was recently performed in patients with advanced knee OA to examine the safety and activity of chondrocytes modified to produce the transforming growth factor β1 via intra‐articular injection, showing a dose‐dependent trend toward efficacy. Proof‐of‐concept studies in patients prior to undergoing total knee replacement may be privileged in the future to identify the best mode of translating this approach to clinical application, followed by randomized controlled trials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human JC polyomavirus in normal colorectal mucosa, hyperplastic polyps, sporadic adenomas, and adenocarcinomas in Portugal
Authors: Coelho Tatiana Rasteiro , Gaspar Rita , Figueiredo Pedro , Mendonça Cristina , Lazo Pedro A. , Almeida Luís
Published: September 2013

John Cunningham virus (JCV) infects chronically human populations worldwide and probably might confer a higher risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The prevalence of JCV DNA has been determined in normal colon mucosa and compared it with different degrees of colorectal lesions, as well as viral presence in the urine of the individuals in the study. JCV DNA was detected by a nested‐PCR approach targeting the JCV small‐t antigen in 100 healthy controls, and 100 patients undergoing biopsy for diagnosis of colorectal disorders. JCV DNA was detected in 40% of normal mucosa from controls and patients. JCV DNA presence in urine was also similar in controls and patients (37–41% range). JCV DNA detection in normal mucosa and urine reflects the infected population in Portugal. However, in cases with colorectal tumor lesions, JCV DNA was detected in 90% cases, independently of histological type or grade, and this increase was significantly higher with respect to its normal surrounding mucosa. This higher detection of JCV DNA in tumor lesions with respect to its own normal mucosa suggested that a selection for virus containing cells has occurred at some early stage in tumor initiation or progression. JCV may have a specific tropism for colon epithelial cells with some inherent predisposition that makes them more prone to oncogenic transformation, with selection of infected cells. Several p53 polymorphisms in intron 2, common to both groups, were more frequently detected in colorectal pathology cases. A novel p53 mutation in the 3′ untranslated region (exon 11) was identified in 10 patients. J. Med. Virol. 85:2119–2127, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Important roles played by TGF‐β in hepatitis B infection
Authors: Karimi‐Googheri Masoud , Daneshvar Hamid , Nosratabadi Reza , Zare‐Bidaki Mohammad , Hassanshahi Gholamhossein , Ebrahim Maryam , Arababadi Mohammad Kazemi , Kennedy Derek
Published: September 2013

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which includes, fulminant, acute, chronic, asymptomatic, and occult HBV infection is the most prevalent virus that leads to human liver diseases. Chronic, asymptomatic, and occult infection can induce further sever diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver. The underlying mechanisms that allow progression of the prolonged forms of the infection and subsequent HCC or cirrhosis of the liver are yet to be clarified. However, many researchers have suggested that immunological and genetic parameters may play important roles in the etiology of hepatitis B. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is an important cytokine with dual regulatory functions in the immune system and in the responses against viral infections. However, the pathways and mechanisms controlling these are not fully understood. The crucial roles of TGF‐β in the development of Th17 and T regulatory lymphocytes, the main cell types involved in autoimmunity and destructive immune related diseases, have been documented and this provides insights into TGF‐β function during hepatitis infection and subsequent HCC and cirrhosis of the liver. Recent findings also confirm that TGF‐β directly alters hepatocyte function during hepatitis B, hence, the aim of this review is to address the current data regarding the association and status of TGF‐β with hepatitis B infection and its related disorders including HCC and cirrhosis of the liver. J. Med. Virol. 86:102–108, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revised Chronology of the Sulmona Lacustrine Succession, Central Italy
Authors: GIACCIO BIAGIO , CASTORINA FRANCESCA , NOMADE SEBASTIEN , SCARDIA GIANCARLO , VOLTAGGIO MARIO , SAGNOTTI LEONARDO
Published: September 2013

We present new stratigraphic, palaeomagnetic, 87Sr/86Sr and 40Ar/39Ar data from a lacustrine succession of the Sulmona basin, central Italy, which, according to an early study, included six unconformity‐bounded lacustrine units (from SUL6, oldest, to SUL1, youngest) spanning the interval >600 to 2 ka. The results of the present study, on the one hand confirm some of the previous conclusions, but by contrast reveal that units SUL2 and SUL1, previously attributed to the Holocene, are actually equivalent to the older SUL6 and SUL5 units – here dated to ∼814–>530 ka and ∼530–<457 ka, respectively – and that the U‐series dates previously published for both former SUL2 and SUL1 units yielded abnormally young ages. In light of the present results, a reassessment of the chronology of the Sulmona basin succession and a revision of the tephrostratigraphy of the SUL2/SUL6 and SUL1/SUL5 units is in order. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined oxygen and silicon isotope analysis of diatom silica from a deglacial subarctic Pacific record
Authors: MAIER E. , CHAPLIGIN B. , ABELMANN A. , GERSONDE R. , ESPER O. , REN J. , FRIEDRICHSEN H. , MEYER H. , TIEDEMANN R.
Published: September 2013

We present an SiF4 separation line, coupled to a laser fluorination system, which allows for an efficient combined silica δ18O and δ30Si analysis (50 min per sample). The required sample weight of 1.5–2.0 mg allows for high‐resolution isotope studies on biogenic opal. Besides analytical tests, the new instrumentation set‐up was used to analyse two marine diatom fractions (>63 µm, 10–20 µm) with different diatom species compositions extracted from a Bølling/Allerød–Holocene core section [MD01‐2416, North‐West (NW) Pacific] to evaluate the palaeoceanographic significance of the diatom isotopic signals and to address isotopic effects related to contamination and species‐related isotope effects (vital and environmental effects). While δ30Si offsets between the two fractions were not discernible, supporting the absence of species‐related silicon isotope effects, systematic offsets occur between the δ18O records. Although small, these offsets point to species‐related isotope effects, as bias by contamination can be discarded. The new records strengthen the palaeoceanographic history during the last deglaciation in the NW Pacific characterized by a sequence of events with varying surface water structure and biological productivity. With such palaeoceanographic evolution it becomes unlikely that the observed systematic δ18O offsets signal seasonal temperature variability. This calls for reconsideration of vital effects, generally excluded to affect δ18O measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Lateglacial fauna and early Mesolithic human remains from northern England
Authors: SMITH IAN R. , WILKINSON DAVID M. , O'REGAN HANNAH J.
Published: September 2013

Fauna from the Lateglacial Interstadial are largely limited to isolated findspots. Here we report on material from the site of Kent's Bank Cavern, Cumbria, dated to the Allerød/Younger Dryas boundary. The identification of elk (Alces alces) and horse (Equus sp.) and the inferred presence of a large canid indicates that fauna of economic utility to humans were in this area at the time. The presence of humans is attested to by records of Federmesser points from two nearby cave sites. We also report on early Mesolithic human remains from Kent's Bank Cavern. This assemblage represents one of very few Lateglacial faunas in northern Britain, and the most northerly early Mesolithic human remains in the British Isles, making Kent's Bank of importance to discussions of both resource distribution and mortuary rituals in these periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of ventilation blockages in patients affected by attic pathology: A case‐control study
Authors: Marchioni Daniele , Mattioli Francesco , Alicandri‐Ciufelli Matteo , Presutti Livio
Published: September 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Using a retrospective video evaluation of exclusive endoscopic middle ear procedures, we analyzed the different anatomical and pathological findings between patients with attic disease or cholesteatoma and patients without attic disease.

Study Design

A case‐control study based on a retrospective chart review in a tertiary university referral center.

Methods

Videos from endoscopic middle ear procedures carried out between February 2007 and August 2012 were reviewed. We analyzed and compared two groups of patients who underwent surgery in our university hospital: patients with selective attic disease (e.g., non–self‐cleaning attic selective retraction pockets or attic cholesteatoma) were compared with subjects without attic disease (e.g., chronic middle ear disease, congenital cholesteatoma, or secondary cholesteatoma).

Results

In total, 152 patients were included in the study. Of these, 102 were affected by primary acquired cholesteatoma (84/102) or severe pars flaccida retraction pockets (18/102), whereas 50 cases were controls. A blockage of the isthmus was present in almost all cases (98/102) compared with a lower prevalence in controls (3/50) (P < .0001). Similarly, a complete tensor fold was identified in 99/102 patients compared to controls (9/46; data were not available in four controls) (P = .001).

Conclusions

Selective epitympanic dysventilation occurred when a blockage of the isthmus was present and associated with a complete tensor fold, causing ventilatory separation between the epitympanum and mesotympanum. This mechanism could be the basis for a selective decrease in pressure in the attic, with the subsequent development of attic retraction pockets and cholesteatoma even in subjects with a normally functioning eustachian tube.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 123:2845–2853, 2013
Determination of the Mode of Radical Termination from Pulsed Laser Polymerization Experiments in the Presence of Retardation and Chain Transfer to Agent
Authors: Nikitin Anatoly N. , Hutchinson Robin A. , Hesse Pascal
Published: September 2013

The pulsed laser polymerization–high termination rate limit–size‐exclusion chromatography (PLP–HTRL–SEC) technique is used to estimate the mode of termination (δ) for n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA) polymerization at 30 °C. It is found that molecular mass distributions measured in these experiments are influenced by an unknown side reaction such as retardation or chain transfer that results in a marked decrease of intensity of the PLP peak. A new approach is developed to evaluate δ, with numerical experiments used to demonstrate the robustness of the methodology in the presence of retardation or chain transfer to agent. Application to the experimental n‐BMA polymerization at 30 °C leads to an estimate for δ of 0.60 ± 0.03.

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A role of zinc‐finger protein 143 for cancer cell migration and invasion through ZEB1 and E‐cadherin in colon cancer cells
Authors: Paek A Rome , Lee Chang‐Hoon , You Hye Jin
Published: September 2013

To investigate the role of zinc‐finger protein 143 in cancer cells, we stably introduced ZNF143 expression knockdown by infecting colon cancer cells with short hairpin (sh) RNA‐lentiviral particles against ZNF143 (HCT116 sh‐ZNF143). Compared to sh‐control cells, HCT116 sh‐ZNF143 cells showed faster wound healing, increased migration through Transwell chambers, and increased invasion through Matrigel in Transwell chambers. ZNF143 knockdown increased transcriptional expression of ZEB1. Additionally, ZNF143 regulated E‐cadherin transcriptional expression. Small interfering‐RNA‐mediated silencing of ZEB1 expression affected motility in HCT116 sh‐ZNF143 cells. These data suggest that ZNF143 is involved in cellular motility through a ZEB1‐E‐cadherin‐linked pathway in colon cancer cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does episiotomy protect against injury of the levator ani muscle in normal vaginal delivery?
Authors: Cassadó Jordi , Pessarrodona Antoni , Rodriguez‐Carballeira Monica , Hinojosa Lourdes , Manrique Gemma , Márquez Adriana , Macias Marina
Published: September 2013

Aims

To investigate whether episiotomy is associated with avulsion of the levator ani in its pubic insertion after normal vaginal delivery.

Methods

This is an observational study at a tertiary obstetric unit recruited 194 primiparous women who had normal vaginal delivery with or without episiotomy. All women underwent translabial 4D ultrasound scanning after delivery. Tomographic ultrasound imaging was used to diagnose levator avulsion. Lesions were recorded as unilateral or bilateral. The investigators were blinded to all clinical data. The influence of other variables associated with delivery such as maternal age, body mass index, gestational age, birth weight, fetal head circumference, and use of epidural anesthesia was recorded and their relation with avulsion was also studied.

Results

Avulsion was identified in eleven (10.9%) of the 101 women with episiotomy and in fourteen (15.1%) of the 93 women without. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.401). Other variables showed no influence on the prevalence of avulsion.

Conclusions

Episiotomy does not appear to be associated with injury to the levator ani muscle in its pubic insertion in normal vaginal delivery. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1212–1216, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstructing the upper water column thermal structure in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Cléroux Caroline , deMenocal Peter , Arbuszewski Jennifer , Linsley Brad
Published: September 2013

The thermal structure of the upper ocean (0–1000 m) is set by surface heat fluxes, shallow wind‐driven circulation, and the deeper thermohaline circulation. Its long‐term variability can be reconstructed using deep‐dwelling planktonic foraminifera that record subsurface conditions. Here we used six species (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globorotalia tumida, Globorotalia inflata, Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Globorotalia hirsuta, and Globorotalia crassaformis) from 66 core tops along a meridional transect spanning the mid‐Atlantic (42°N to 25°S) to develop a method for reconstructing past thermocline conditions. We estimated the calcification depths from δ18O measurements and the Mg/Ca‐temperature relationships for each species. This systematic strategy over this large latitudinal section reveals distinct populations with different Mg/Ca‐temperature relationships for G. inflata, G. truncatulinoides, and G. hirsuta in different areas. The calcification depths do not differ among the different populations, except for G. hirsuta, where the northern population calcifies much shallower than the southern population. N. dutertrei and G. tumida show a remarkably constant calcification depth independent of oceanographic conditions. The deepest dweller, G. crassaformis, apparently calcifies in the oxygen‐depleted zone, where it may find refuge from predators and abundant aggregated matter to feed on. We found a good match between its calcification depth and the 3.2 ml/l oxygen level. The results of this multispecies, multiproxy study can now be applied down‐core to facilitate the reconstruction of open‐ocean thermocline changes in the past.
Combinations of organic and inorganic wastes for brick production
Authors: Mohammed Mona S. , Ahmed Abd El‐Shafey I. , Osman Randa M. , Khattab Ibrahim
Published: September 2013

A mixture of different types of clay was blended with rice straw (RS) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the presence or absence of cement kiln dust (CKD) to produce new types of brick. The ratios of RS and MCC were 0, 5, and 10% w/w in the absence of CKD while they were kept at 5% w/w in its presence. The samples produced were compared to “blended” bricks prepared using 10% w/w CKD. Samples were fired at temperatures up to 1000°C and their surface and composition studied using SEM and XRD. Moreover, the chemical and physical properties of prepared bricks were determined. Introducing RS reduced both strength and bulk density but increased porosity of prepared samples. The presence of MCC alone increased the compressive strength, while combining RS with CKD overcame the decrease in strength resulting from the presence of RS alone. This has enabled the production of light‐weight low‐cost bricks with a compressive strength close to nonblended bricks, especially at high firing temperature. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:174–179, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
A review of covariate selection for non‐experimental comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Sauer Brian C. , Brookhart M. Alan , Roy Jason , VanderWeele Tyler
Published: September 2013

This paper addresses strategies for selecting variables for adjustment in non‐experimental comparative effectiveness research and uses causal graphs to illustrate the causal network that relates treatment to outcome. Variables in the causal network take on multiple structural forms. Adjustment for a common cause pathway between treatment and outcome can remove confounding, whereas adjustment for other structural types may increase bias. For this reason, variable selection would ideally be based on an understanding of the causal network; however, the true causal network is rarely known. Therefore, we describe more practical variable selection approaches based on background knowledge when the causal structure is only partially known. These approaches include adjustment for all observed pretreatment variables thought to have some connection to the outcome, all known risk factors for the outcome, and all direct causes of the treatment or the outcome. Empirical approaches, such as forward and backward selection and automatic high‐dimensional proxy adjustment, are also discussed. As there is a continuum between knowing and not knowing the causal, structural relations of variables, we recommend addressing variable selection in a practical way that involves a combination of background knowledge and empirical selection and that uses high‐dimensional approaches. This empirical approach can be used to select from a set of a priori variables based on the researcher's knowledge to be included in the final analysis or to identify additional variables for consideration. This more limited use of empirically derived variables may reduce confounding while simultaneously reducing the risk of including variables that may increase bias. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on the Size of Defects inside RDX/HMX Crystal and Shock Sensitivity
Authors: Hua Cheng , Zhang Pan‐Jun , Lu Xiao‐Jun , Huang Ming , Dai Bin , Fu Hua
Published: September 2013

Intragranular defects inside RDX/HMX were studied by optical microscopy with matching refractive (OMS), sink‐float method (SFM), and micro‐focus CT (μCT) techniques. OMS results revealed the phenomenon that RDX/HMX had more defects and cracks than RS‐RDX/RS‐HMX. μCT results indicated that RDX/HMX had more defects with larger volume than RS‐RDX/RS‐HMX. The gap test showed that critical shock pressure/gap thickness was 6.4 GPa/19.4 mm for PBX based on RDX, while they were 7.5 GPa/17.5 mm and 8.6 GPa/16.2 mm for PBX based on M‐RDX and RS‐RDX, respectively. Meanwhile, an analysis of the relationship between defects inside RDX/HMX crystal and shock sensitivity was made. Finally, the shock pressure response under impact loading was investigated by discrete element method.
Vibrational properties of semiconductor nanowires and nanowire heterostructures: ensembles and single nanowires
Authors: Cros Ana
Published: September 2013

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Raman spectroscopy is becoming a standard method for the non‐destructive characterization of nanowires and their heterostructures due to its ability to deliver information about size, structure, carrier concentration, local density, strain and orientation. Several phenomena related to vibrations and the anisotropic nature of nanowires have been reported. The so called “Raman antenna effect” leads to an increase of the scattering intensity that depends on nanowire size, orientation and excitation wavelength. Surface related vibrational modes have been proved to be sensitive to nanowire dimensions and their dielectric environment. Interface and confined modes characteristic of nanowire heterostructures have also been reported, together with low frequency modes that involve the vibration of the nanowire as a whole. Resonant inelastic light scattering has demonstrated its capability of providing information about the internal structure of individual nanowires and nanowire ensembles, increasing at the same time the Raman scattering efficiency. Furthermore, the coupling of the phonons with real electronic excitations gives access to band structure characteristics that cannot be accessed by other means. In this review we analyse the most recent advances concerning the vibrational properties of nanowire ensembles and single nanowires, paying special attention to their potential applications. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High aspect ratio semiconducting nanostructure random networks: highly versatile materials for multiple applications
Authors: Ternon Céline , Serre Pauline , Rey Germain , Holtzinger Claire , Periwal Priyanka , Martin Mickaël , Baron Thierry , Stambouli Valérie , Langlet Michel
Published: September 2013

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In this work we demonstrate that, based on a simple and versatile fabrication method, the collective use and integration of high aspect ratio (AR) nanostructures, here Si and ZnO nanowires (NWs), is possible and addresses multiple application fields, including light detection, active materials for bio‐sensing devices, or materials with interesting wettability properties. A suitable implementation of the filtration method enables then to design networks composed of semiconducting NWs with AR in the range of 10–400. Even for the lowest AR, the network is coherent. However, good electrical properties and flexibility are obtained only for AR greater than 50.

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Si nanowire (SiNW) random networks observed by SEM: Large magnification showing the nanowires and low magnification showing the electrical test structure.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Entrepreneurship and Strategy in Emerging Economies
Authors: Bruton Garry D. , Filatotchev Igor , Si Steven , Wright Mike
Published: September 2013

The goals of the special issue are to: (1) publish work that builds knowledge about the nature of strategic and entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies, as well as their antecedents and consequences; and (2) develop a theoretical foundation for future research. In this introduction to the special issue, we initially review the existing literature and the major definitions used to date for emerging economies. We then develop a framework for the analysis of where strategic entrepreneurship in emerging economies now stands that, in turn, allows us to develop an understanding of where the field needs to move in the future. We subsequently identify how each article in this special issue informs our research questions as we develop an agenda for future research. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
Prenatal prediction of need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in open spina bifida
Authors: Khalil A. , Caric V. , Papageorghiou A. , Bhide A. , Akolekar R. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To investigate whether the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunting in neonates with open spina bifida can be predicted prenatally.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of all fetuses with open spina bifida identified at a single referral center between 1998 and 2012. Ultrasound records were reviewed and outcomes were ascertained from maternal, neonatal and pediatric records. The performance of screening was determined by receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

We identified 124 cases of isolated open spina bifida, of which 48 were liveborn. Detailed postnatal follow‐up was available for 39 cases, with an average follow‐up time of 3.6 years. A shunt was inserted in 22 (56.4%) cases. The width of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp) and the ratio between its width and that of the cerebral hemisphere (Vp/H) at diagnosis were significantly greater in cases that required a shunt compared with those that did not subsequently require a shunt (Vp: median 12.4 mm vs 7.7 mm, P < 0.001, and Vp/H: median 0.54 vs 0.33, P < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, at the last scan before delivery, Vp and Vp/H were significantly higher in those requiring a shunt (Vp: median 23.1 mm vs 8.2 mm, P < 0.001; and Vp/H: 0.54 vs 0.21, P < 0.001, respectively). Using Vp and Vp/H at the initial assessment, the rates of detection of fetuses requiring a shunt postnatally were 68.2% and 86.4% for a false‐positive rate of 13%, with positive likelihood ratios of 6 and 7, respectively. All fetuses with a Vp of ≥ 12 mm or a Vp/H of ≥ 0.6 at the time of diagnosis required postnatal shunt insertion (positive predictive value = 100%).

Conclusions

In cases with open spina bifida the need for a postnatal shunt can be predicted prenatally. This novel observation should be useful in the prediction of outcome and therefore for accurate prenatal counseling and triaging cases for fetal surgery. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Is nuchal translucency a useful aneuploidy marker in fetuses with crown–rump length of 28–44 mm?
Authors: Grande M. , Solernou R. , Ferrer L. , Borobio V. , Jimenez J. M. , Bennasar M. , Soler A. , Borrell A.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To investigate whether increased nuchal translucency (NT) in fetuses with a crown–rump length (CRL) below 45 mm needs to be re‐evaluated at a later stage, or whether the early NT measurement can be used effectively as an aneuploidy marker.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study including all singleton fetuses with a CRL between 28 and 44 mm, scanned in our center during 2002–2012. The CRL, NT, fetal karyotype (when available) and pregnancy outcome were recorded. NT reference ranges were constructed using the Lambda‐Mu‐Sigma (LMS) method in non‐referred pregnancies after exclusion of chromosomal anomalies. The 95th percentile was used to calculate detection rates for chromosomally abnormal fetuses.

Results

NT was successfully measured in 643 of 672 fetuses with a CRL of 28–44 mm. Subsequent cytogenetic analysis revealed 11 cases of trisomy 21, 14 cases of trisomy 13 or 18, three cases of monosomy X, three sex trisomies, three triploidies and 12 balanced anomalies. NT was above the 95th percentile in 64% of the fetuses with trisomy 21, in 71% with trisomy 13 or 18 and in all three cases of monosomy X.

Conclusion

NT appears to be useful as a marker for the early detection of fetal trisomies at 9–10 weeks' gestation (28–44 mm CRL). Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.