bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gypsies Exempted from Deportation
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The number of Gypsies exempted from deportation to Auschwitz in March 1943 and left living in the Reich can only be estimated. As I noted in chapter 9, it must have been at least 5,000 and may have been as high as 1 5,000. The latter figure would mean that more Gypsies were exempted than were deported, and a statistic from Württemberg/Hohenzollern suggests that this could indeed have been the case. In September 1943 the Stuttgart Kripo noted that there were still about seven hundred Gypsies in that state (out of a population of about 1,000 before the 1943 deportation).1 As provided in the implementing regulations for the Auschwitz decree issued in January 1943, some of those allowed to stay in the Reich were “racially pure” Gyp sies and Mischlinge accepted into the ranks of the “pure Gypsies”; others were exempted from deportation for reasons such as social adjustment or meritorious military service.
The Seats of Power, I
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

A modem-minded reformer living in the 1770s might sum up the prospects for general emancipation somewhat as follows. In the absence of full-scale insurrection or civil war, there will be little likelihood of persuading governments to take positive steps toward emancipation in regions dominated by the plantation system and dependent on slave labor. Even where slavery is of marginal economic importance, it will be sheltered by a concern for the rights and security of private property. An era of revolution may have begun, but revolutionary assemblies will generally be in the hands of merchants or landed interests imbued with a commercial spirit. Such groups will be acutely sensitive to any precedent that might harm traders, investors, and property owners, or to any threatened tax increases for poor relief or for compensation payments to slaveholders. In many areas white workers will threaten violence if faced by the competition in free Negro laborers. And as Benjamin Franklin cautiously warned, “slavery is such an atrocious debasement of human nature, that its very extirpation, if not performed with solicitous care, may sometimes open a source of serious evils.
Understanding the Dynamics of Change in the Health Care Arena
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

In the last two decades of the twentieth century, health care was not far from the top of the policy agenda in any advanced industrial nation. As governments sought to reduce or stabilize expenditures in the prevailing climate of fiscal stringency, state-sponsored programs of universal health insurance in most nations presented large but politically risky potential targets. In the minority of nations (notably the United States, but also the Netherlands) in which statesponsored programs were not universal, major policy initiatives were undertaken to extend the scope of public programs and to better integrate public and private coverage. In nations emerging from the era of communist regimes, the restructuring of health care was caught up in the wrenching readjustments of the move to market economies. Everywhere, the centrality of health care to social well-being-and the appropriate roles of the “state” and the “market,” the “public” and the “private” sector in the health care arena-were debated with new vigor.
Institutions, Ideas, Interests, Actors, and the Accidents of Policy Episodes
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes
Published: October 2023

Readers of the literature of comparative public policy will recognize the argument of the previous two chapters as a version of “historical institutionalism: This approach emphasizes the importance of decisions taken at crucial points in time, decisions that become crystallized in the formal and informal rules governing behavior, and that establish the context in which subsequent decisions will be made. Historical institutionalism, however, is a house with many mansions: it allows for a variety of emphases regarding the factors that bring about critical moments of decision-making and that shape decisions at those moments.
Source or Resource? Human Embryo Research as an Ethical Issue
Authors: Campbell Courtney S
Published: October 2023

A central consideration in the debate about the ethics and policy of research on human embryos is the moral status of the preimplantation embryo.1 Broadly speaking, three philosophical views of this question have been articulated. The first two views do not see human embryo research as an ethical issue as such, but rather as a scientific, political, or ideological question. One view contends that the early embryo has full moral status, especially in light of its possession of the necessary and sufficient genetic complement for biological development into a human being or person. Those who affirm such a perspective are characteristically opposed to biomedical research on the unimplanted human embryo on the grounds that it violates the moral respect and humanity of the embryo. A second position holds that the developing embryo, at least during the period immediately after fertilization and for some time thereafter (e.g., until attainment of sentience) has negligible moral status.2 As a cluster of developing cellular materials, the embryo is an “object” for medical research and manipulation. On this understanding, research on the unimplanted human embryo is primarily a technical question under the domain of the scientific method because the embryo is not vested with moral value or may be assessed as “property.”
Creating Embryos for Research: On Weighing Symbolic Costs
Authors: Ryan Maura A
Published: October 2023

Much of the controversy surrounding the release of the report of the Human Embryo Research Panel (HERP) in September 1994 concerned its approval of federal funding for research involving embryos created expressly for experimental use. Critics as diverse as the Ramsey Colloquium and Daniel Callahan joined in accusing the panel of going a step too far1; the Washington Post pronounced the creation of research embryos “unconscionable”2; and President Clinton promptly declared his intention to block the appropriation of federal funds for research of this kind.
The Plessy Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

In 1890, the Louisiana legislature, following a trend initiated in Florida a few years earlier, passed a law requiring railroads to provide “equal but separate” accommodations for black passengers. A citizens’ committee of upper-class Afro-Creoles in New Orleans organized to challenge the law, which was emblematic of the deterioration in the civil and political rights of southern blacks around this time. The committee thought a legal challenge to the statute was important not simply for the immediate effect it might have in stemming the tide of Jim Crow legislation, but also because “the North needs to be educated as to conditions in the South and its disloyalty and rebellious tendencies.” Committee members hired a famous Republican advocate of civil rights, Albion Tourgee, to represent them, and selected as their plaintiff Homer Plessy, a working-class Afro-Creole who shared the white physical appearance of the members but not their elite cultural status.
World War II Era: Consequences
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

Lane v. Oklahoma (1939) invalidated the Oklahoma statute that grandfathered the grandfather clause, but that decision had little effect on black voting. Despite the statute, blacks had been permitted to register and vote in most Oklahoma counties. Whites in Oklahoma viewed black suffrage in much the same way as did whites in border states, such as Maryland and Kentucky, where blacks had not suffered disfranchisement since the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. Oklahoma had a thriving two-party political system, and blacks made up only 7 percent of the population. Moreover, because Oklahoma’s grandfathering statute was unique, Lane had no direct consequences elsewhere. All that it did was to invalidate an outlier statute that was already generally ignored.
Part of a Tradition
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

The need to find new ways of thinking about, collecting, and reporting social information, described in the last chapter, has been recognized in other times and in other nations. This tradition has undergone a recent renewal. The effort to create the social side of America’s official portrait is therefore part of something larger.
Indicators of Worsening Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

A number of indicators in critical areas of society have worsened steadily and significantly over the past quarter century, but the magnitude and consistency of their deterioration has attracted relatively little public attention. If such changes were to occur in the economic or business sphere, the news would quickly resonate throughout our society. Yet, these worsening social trends have remained largely invisible.
Judging The Nation’s Social Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

The previous three chapters represent a starting point in the task of framing the nation’s social health. They make clear that a great deal has been missing from our public discourse over the past three decades. Much has occurred that has changed the nature and character of our society. Some of the changes have been for the better, many have not, but what is most important is that these movements have been cumulatively invisible to the public and to the makers of policy.
York and Newcastle, 1813–1833
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

A Picturesque Graveyard adjacent to the church of All Saints North Street (Fig. 1.1) in the ancient English city of York contains one of the few tangible traces of John Snow’s origins: the Snow family plot with a gravestone for four members buried there just before city authorities outlawed intramural interments. The church was one of six in Micklegate Ward, an area of about forty acres south of the River Ouse. The ward included the northern part of North Street and contiguous courts, rows, and alleys, many named Tanner, indicative of a long-standing local industry, tanning (Fig. 1.2). The buildings were a mixture of residential housing, craft shops, flour mills, and warehouses. Carts from the southern and western hinterlands carrying grain and produce, cattle bound for the central market, and coaches all used the city portal at Micklegate Bar, where incoming traffic was inspected and tolls assessed. Quays along the Ouse were the unloading point for goods brought downstream by barges and small boats from the west and the north via a tributary, the River Swale, as well as from London, Newcastle, and elsewhere via the Humber inlet from the North Sea. The vessels were then refilled with cattle, agricultural produce from the Yorkshire countryside, and assorted commercial goods. Large warehouses lined the riverbank and served double duty as dikes, protecting low-lying houses in North Street from periodic flooding of the slowmoving river.
Snow’s Cholera Theory
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

After Noting With Increasing Anxiety that cholera was spreading across Russia and into western Europe in the summer of 1848, the Lancet reported several confirmed cases of cholera in the London metropolis early in October. However, Dr. John Webster, the incoming president of the Westminster Medical Society, stated at the opening meeting of the session on 21 October that it had not “made much progress in the metropolis” since then despite the attention given to its advance, whereas influenza and scarlatina received little press but were no less dangerous. The minutes reveal that the society was prospering: “the rooms in Saville-row were completely crowded, reminding us of the society in its most palmy days. About sixty fellows and visitors were present.”

After the president concluded his remarks and a fellow presented a case report on removal of a placenta while the patient was under the influence of chloroform, Mr. Francis Hird read a paper on “The pathology and treatment of cholera.”
The War of 1877–1878 and Diverging Perceptions of Islam and Europe
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

As the ideas of the new Ottoman middle classes and information about the situation of the Muslims in Russia, India, Indonesia, and Africa were disseminated among Ottoman Muslims by the print media and modern education, Islam began to acquire a new international dimension that the West described as “pan-Islamism” and attributed to Abdulhamid rather than to the rising political consciousness of the very middle classes that England and France had helped create.
The Sultan’s Advisers and the Integration of Arabs and Immigrants
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

The war of 1877–78 and the Berlin Treaty of 1878 were instrumental in determining the fate of the Ottoman state and the policies and ideological views of Sultan Abdulhamid. The loss of the Balkan provinces deprived the country of over one-third of its population and of substantial revenues, reducing the once mighty Empire to a secondclass power, with its main strength now in Asia and in its Muslim population and its survival dependent upon England. Even worse, the Berlin Treaty introduced the concept of the nation-state as the new principle of political organization. As the Greeks had before them, the Serbians, Romanians, and Montenegrins declared independence and the Bulgarians autonomy and went on to form states based on a communal nationalism that blended ethnicity and religion and was bolstered by various myths of glorious historic pasts.
Big Hole
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Much of the press would celebrate the battle of the Big Hole as a shin- ing triumph of the army and a crushing defeat of the Nez Perces.

In this, “one of the most desperate Indian fights on record,” the San Francisco Chronicle sang, Gibbon’s force (“only a handful of men”) struck “a fierce and telling blow” against the Nez Perces, “such a blow as they never before had received.” Official reports heaped praise on Gibbon and his men; Sherman wrote that if the colonel had only had another hun- dred troops, “the Nez Perce war would have ended right there.” Five years after the fight, Gibbon himself would write an epic poem saluting the troops who had stormed the village: “The stream now running red with human gore / Is passed in triumph, and the teepees gained, / Whilst shouts of victory, louder than before, / Give promise that the victory’s more than feigned.” A year later, the battle’s first historian called it “one of the most brilliant, heroic, and desperate pieces of work known in the annals of Indian warfare,” “a glorious achievement” on a par with “the charge of Balaklava or the battle of Bunker’s Hill.”
Housing Indicators as Instruments of Policy
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

An enabling housing policy regime requires a system of measurement and feedback that will make it possible to set limits and provide support to all the actors in the housing sector, while relinquishing control over the actors. Once policy makers recognize that housing activity is largely”out of their hands,” they have no choice but to listen, to discover how the housing sector behaves over time and across space, to set policies in motion to correct its failures, and then to measure whether these policies have their intended effect. What are the essential characteristics of such a measurement system for the housing sector? One sweltering afternoon I found myself crossing a rickety bridge intoa Bangkok slum, accompanied by one of my students. The slum was built on private land in a swamp along a noisy railway line, but the landlord also lived there, and he collected land rent and supplied the houses with water and electricity. We walked from one house to the other, inquiring, among other things, how much people paid in land rent. We got the same answer everywhere: One baht (5 U.S. cents in 1975) per square meter per month. The landlord told us so himself: everyone pays the same land rent-one baht per square meter per month. But when we paced a few of the plots we noticed that the total rent paid by each family did not correspond to how much land it had: Some had 40 m and were paying 60 baht, and some had 60 m2 and were paying 40 baht. It turned out that the price per square meter was indeed the same for everyone, but that the amount of land they occupied was not an actual measure but a number fixed arbitrarily by the land-lord. Nobody argued.
Measuring the Effect of Policy on Performance
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The actual performance of the housing sector has as much to do with not building as it does with building, and in the future the balance will surely tilt in favor of the former. Surely, houses are all too real. They are the actual places ir. which we all live and they can be seen, touched and experienced directly. The construction process is real as well. It too can be seen, touched, and experienced directly. But neither can be understood, let alone changed for the better, without shifting our focus to not building, and to the connections between building and not building. This shift is essential for anyone concerned with improving housing conditions. It is quite clear—as any squatter family involved in a political struggle to resist eviction knows-that there is often more housing value in activities related to nonbuilding than there is in building.
The Regulatory Regime
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Laws and regulations affect housing performance both or. the demand side and on the supply side. In the preceding chapters we discussed in passing the laws and regulations that affect the demand-side of housing-the adjudication of property rights, the regulation of housing finance institutions, and the regulation of prices and rents. In this chapter we focus on regulations that affect the supply-side of housing, those that constrain and guide the process of building, developing, owning, and managing the urban housing stock. As we shall see, the proper regulation of the supply of housing is indeed a key component of any enabling housing policy environment.
The Availability of Mortgage Credit
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

A third set of housing market conditions, the actual conditions in the housing finance industry, calls for a more thorough investigation of the housing sector as seen through yet another perspective-the perspective of those who lend for housing. Housing policy is intimately tied to the development of the housing finance industry because ample and affordable housing relies heavily on the ability of the financial sector to provide ample and affordable credit for housing. How do mortgage markets develop? What accounts for the variations in the availability of credit among countries? The creation of an effective, vibrant, and responsible housing finance regime is indeed one of the five key components of an enabling housing policy regime. But does a more-enabling housing finance regime indeed result in more credit becoming available for housing? In this chapter we seek to explore these questions.
Movement, Mood, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

At first glance, movement, mood, and obsessive-compulsive disorders seem a strange assortment of conditions to group together, but there is commonality in the anatomical and neurochemical findings and treatment of these disparate conditions. Symptoms coexist in varying combinations in diseases such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette’s syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Although the actual pathologic mechanisms have not been clarified in each type of disorder, the catecholamine and indoleamine systems of the brain have been implicated in all of them. Anatomic evidence indicates that the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, and their connections with the frontal lobes and thalamus are important to the pathophysiology of movement disorders, mood disorders, subcortical dementia, obsessive compulsive disorder, psychosis, and sleep disorders. There is also considerable overlap in the pharmacological treatment of these conditions, and this area is a common clinical and theoretical meeting ground for psychiatrists and neurologists.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

In medical school many years ago, the professor who introduced the musculoskeletal system to one of us referred to osteoarthritis as a disorder where “patients never died and never got better.” This flippant remark belied the enormity of a problem which threatens to overwhelm organized medicine’s ability to Marshall Resources to deal with osteoarthritis in the twenty-first century. Among the 150 rheumatic disorders classified and characterized by the Arthritis Foundation, osteoarthritis is the most common. It accounts for 60 percent of the patients and visits to physicians with musculoskeletal complaints. Forty-three million Americans have symptomatic and clinically relevant arthritis, and 6 million of those afflicted have never seen a physician. According to the American Medical Association, every day 23% of the United States population complain of joint pain, 22% suffer from backache, 21% have sore feet, 20% experience muscle pain, and 18% have arthritis discomfort.
What Is Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

The family of osteoarthritis is the subject of this book. Table 1 lists the 7 families, which include 90% of the 150 rheumatic disorders recognized by the American College of Rheumatology. Some of the other types of arthritis (which we prefer to call rheumatic diseases) are categorized as follows: crystal arthritis (mostly due to gout-a uric acid crystal or pseudogout, which is a calcium pyrophosphate crystal); septic arthritis (due to an infection in a joint such as staphlococcus, or a musculoskeletal reaction to an infection as in rheumatic fever or Lyme disease); autoimmune disorders (including lupus or rheumatoid arthritis); soft tissue conditions which spare the joints (such as fibromyalgia or bursitis); disorders of bone modeling (too much calcium in bone causes osteopetrosis,
Who Gets Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Osteoarthritis, has existed as far back as the prehistoric eras-it has been found in dinosaur skeletons, and affects all mammals. Studies of skeleton X-rays from all ages show that if one lives long enough, osteoarthritis will develop in some joints. However, even though more than 80% of X-rays in people older than 75 years have osteoarthritis of the knee, less than 30% of people will ever develop knee pain from their osteoarthritis. Other estimates are that 10-15% of all Americans suffer from osteoarthritis knee pain. Clearly there is a large discrepancy between those that have X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis and those who eventually develop joint pain; however, the reasons for this are not yet clear. The older we get, the higher the chance of getting osteoarthritis, with a nearly 90% chance of X-ray findings in some joint by age 75. However, after the seventh decade the incidence appears to plateau, and this may mean that those who reach this age without symptoms are not likely to get them or that it has not yet been carefully studied in older individuals. While osteoarthritis appears to be an inescapable cause of aging, there is still no clear link between the normal aging process and the articular cartilage loss seen with osteoarthritis. Here we will review the risk factors for developing osteoarthritis (summarized in Table 3, at the end of the section).
Cartilage and Its Accomplices
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Osteoarthritis is mostly a disease of cartilage. Cartilage is a dense, rubbery or sponge-like material that serves a number of functions in the body. It gives shape and stability of the ear lobe and nose, provides supporting structure for the vocal cords and airways (the trachea and the bronchi within the lung), and makes up material in discs, allowing the spine to provide shock absorption or cushioning. All bones in our skeletons begin as cartilage. As the skeleton matures, cartilage is replaced with hard tissue or bone. Here we will review the structure and function of cartilage in the context of how it influences osteoarthritis. What Is Cartilage Made Up Of? There are three types of cartilage in our bodies. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant form, found in the hips, knees, and fingers. Fibrocartilage is localized in the discs of the spine, between the vertebrae, and provides shock absorbing ability. Elastic cartilage is found around the ear.
What Causes Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

What sets in motion the sequence of events that leads to osteoarthritis? We already know that certain populations, such as women and the elderly, are predisposed, and that a variety of environmental factors such as occupation, weight, exercise, and trauma further increase one’s risk of developing osteoarthritis. But what actually initiates the process, and how does the disease progress? The Initiating Event Many theories have been proposed to explain the degeneration of the articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. The initiating event is most likely from a mechanical stress that leads to altered chondrocyte activities. The chondrocyte increases its production of enzymes, referred to as a group as metalloproteinase enzymes. These enzymes break down the cartilage matrix, and the cartilage loses some of its unique functional properties.
The Upper Body and Extremities
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

The body has one hundred joints, and some of them are found in unlikely places, such as the cricoarytenoid joint in the larynx. Not all of these joints are susceptible to osteoarthritic changes, and some are involved infrequently. This chapter will focus on the temporomandibular (TMJ or jaw), sternal, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand joints. Arthritic Jaws Because of jaw pain, John had a great deal of difficulty chewing meat and finally consulted his dentist. He had injured the area several years before and also had a tendency to grind his teeth. X-rays revealed evidence for right temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. He was given ibuprofen, a bite guard, and a muscle relaxant to use at bedtime. Within a month, the discomfort had greatly decreased, and he only occasionally needed medicine. The jaw is a lay term describing the temporomandibular joints, or TMJ. The TMJ represents the articulation of the temporal tubercle with the condyle of the mandible. The synovial lining of the joint may become inflamed in rheumatoid arthritis.
I Have Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Twenty-three million people in the United States have osteoarthritis. Most have mild or localized symptoms, some have none. Other patients are crippled by the degenerative process. Many different physicians and allied health professionals manage osteoarthritis. Sometimes the cast of characters can be confusing. Who should be consulted and what is the optimal process? Physicians Physicians are medical doctors who have completed four years of medical school after an undergraduate education. In order to be licensed to practice in the United States, all physicians have to complete a postgraduate year or internship, and pass the National Board Exams. A physician who stops their training at this point is a general practitioner, or GP. A GP usually has had, at best, a few weeks of training in arthritis.
Can Or Should I Work?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Though seemingly as benign as the common cold, osteoarthritis is a public health menace to be reckoned with. Causing over 700,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States, the disease and its related health care visits lead to 68 million days of missed work, annually. Another 1.5 billion dollars are lost due to restricted work activities, making osteoarthritis the second most common cause of disability in the United States. These figures depend on how the definition of “disability” is used, and how work abilities are assessed. A survey of patients with X-ray findings indicating osteoarthritis found that 30% had symptoms only, 20% felt it was a “significant health problem;’ 7% had some restricted activity or form of disability, and only 0.5% had a severe disability. Nevertheless, if 60 million Americans have the criteria on X-ray consistent with osteoarthritis, this translates to 4.2 million people with some disability, and 300,000 people with severe disability. This chapter will address disability issues.
Prognosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Now that we know what osteoarthritis is, who develops the condition, and how it is manifested and treated, what happens to people with the disease? The outcome is influenced by how society approaches the condition as well as how patients view it. This chapter approaches the issue from the patient’s point of view. What Happens To Osteoarthritis Over Time? The prognosis of osteoarthritis is as variable as those afflicted with the condition. The outcome of secondary forms of osteoarthritis such asochronosis, Wilson’s disease, acromegaly, and hyperparathyroidism (detailed in chapter 9) is entirely dependent upon how they are managed. Successful treatment of the causes of these conditions can sometimes even prevent osteoarthritis from occurring.
The Ratification Vote within Individual State Conventions
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

In an attempt to provide a test of the relationship between economic interests and the contest over the ratification of the Constitution, chapter 6 examined the voting of the delegates during the overall ratification process. Because of the sparseness of the data for several states and be cause some constituent-interest variables are available at the state level only, the data for delegates from all thirteen state conventions were pooled together, and different combinations of state conventions also were pooled into various subsamples.
The reality of public policy making
Authors: Kingdon John W
Published: October 2023

Many of us would like public policy making to be orderly. A tidy world, governed by transparent rules and rational decisions, would certainly make a scholar’s life easier. In fact, any observer seeking to understand how this world works would be aided by more order. So would participants in the policy-making process. Lobbyists, for instance, might like a surer sense of the right levers to pull to manipulate this process.
Private sector incentives and ethical health care
Authors: Butler Stuart
Published: October 2023

When we, as a society, ponder how to assure an affordable level of basic health care to everyone, we have to determine the most effective role of different institutions and players, from government agencies to doctors and nurses, in achieving this goal. All too often, policy makers assume that because the goal is social or collective in nature and requires the transfer of resources within society, the self-interest of private individuals in the healthcare industry will tend to be in conflict with the goal. This assumption leads many policy makers to advocate approaches based heavily on public sector agencies and employees, in which the private sector in health care-the hospitals, doctors, insurers, drug companies, and others not directly employed by the government-is seen as lacking the institutions and incentives for anything more than a supporting role to government programs.
Values in resesrch: picking research priorities ethically 1
Authors: Lo Bernard
Published: October 2023

The choice of topics for study, the specification of research questions, and the design of a health services research project all involve a series of value choices. At each decision point the investigator’s choices have important implications. Many factors influence the design of a research project, including such external considerations as information available in databases, access to databases, and funding priorities. However, the justification for a research project should never be merely that the data and funding are available to carry out the work. The personal interests of the researcher in a topic or methodology have an important influence in shaping research projects. Indeed, because difficulties and complications always occur in projects, it is easier to sustain a project in which the investigator has a heartfelt personal interest. However, the personal interests of the investigator are also not sufficient justification for a research project. Ultimately, health services research should benefit the public. Arcane “pure” research may eventually have important real-world implications, but a researcher developing a research agenda or protocol should articulate how it will affect clinical care, decisions by health care organizations, or public policies. If the researcher cannot give a plausible account of how the research might have such an impact, the investigator should consider whether different studies should have higher priority.
The law of compurgation
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

Like the law of sanctuary, the law of procedure, both civil and criminal, provided abundant opportunities for interchange and conflict between the medieval English common law and the ius commune. Today, it provides an equally good vantage point for anyone interested in comparative legal history. The two legal systems took diver- gent paths on a central aspect of procedural law: settling upon the best way to decide questions of fact. The one chose jury trial, the other judicial evaluation of evidence. However, the divergence between the two systems was never total. Not everything was decided in the same way within either system. In some circumstances, each system used one or another of the special procedural forms that were also used by the other.
Integrative Control of Cardiac Function by Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Neurons
Authors: Foreman Robert D , Dejongste Mike J L , linderoth bengt
Published: October 2023

Angina pectoris is regarded as a warning signal for jeopardized cardiac tissue and elicits a very strong emotional component. This type of pain, in general, is a treatable symptom, however, in some patients angina be­ comes refractory to conventional therapies. For these patients, chest pain associated with angina does not serve as a useful warning signal. Fur­ thermore, these patients need to adapt their lifestyle accordingly and are often forced to severely restrict their physical activity. The exact mechanisms and neural network behind the manifestation of angina pectoris are obscure.
The Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Authors: Wyss J Michael , Carlson, Scott H , Oparil Suzanne
Published: October 2023

The nervous system is known to play an important role in the minute-to­ minute setting of arterial pressure, but its contribution to chronic blood pressure regulation is less clear. For instance, the activation of baroreflex receptors can acutely reduce vascular resistance, plasma volume, and cardiac function, thereby decreasing arterial pressure, but these receptors re­ set quickly to a new baseline pressure, and thus their ability to chronically modify arterial pressure is limited under normal conditions. In contrast to this “normal” situation, baroreflex mechanisms appear to be maladaptive in some forms of hypertension and thus may contribute importantly to the blood pressure elevation. Further, primary disturbances in the brain may underlie several forms of hypertension. This chapter re­ views available evidence for a role of the nervous system in hypertension and considers newer work suggesting that an examination of circadian rhythms of nervous and cardiovascular system function may clarify the contribution of the nervous system to blood pressure regulation and the pathophysiology of hypertension.
Twentieth-Century Sprawl, Highways and the Reshaping of the American Landscape
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

Owen Gutfreund’s Twentieth-Century Sprawl explains important--and largely unexamined--changes in the American landscape. He offers an illuminating look at how highways have dramatically transformed American communities, aiding growth and development in unsettled areas and undermining existing urban centers. Gutfreund takes a “follow the money” approach to show how government policies--from as early as the 1890s--subsidized the spread of cities and fueled a chronic nationwide dependence on cars and roadbuilding, with little regard for expense, efficiency, ecological damage, or social equity. As federal, state, and local governments invested in toll-free highways, Americans moved in unprecedented numbers to newly accessible open land on the urban periphery. The consequence was the collapse of center cities, ballooning municipal debt, and rapidly increasing air pollution, not to mention profound changes in American society and culture. Gutfreund tells the story via case studies of three communities--Denver, Colorado; Middlebury, Vermont; and Smyrna, Tennessee. Different as these places are, they all show the ways that government-sponsored highway development radically transformed America’s cities and towns. Indeed, though seeming quite dissimilar, both Denver and Middlebury have crippling traffic problems; housing and commercial activity has sprawled outward, leaving downtown areas in danger of decay, while residents have longer commutes, fewer transportation options, and increasing concerns about air quality and environmental problems. Smyrna, once a dusty backwater, is now booming, thanks to its location near three interstate highways, which attracted a huge Nissan factory (the largest auto assembly plant in North America, the size of 92 football fields). Based on original research and vividly written, Twentieth-Century Sprawl makes a major contribution to our understanding of issues that still plague our cities and suburbs today.
Introduction
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D
Published: October 2023

In 1896, two bicycle mechanics from Springfield, Massachusetts, built the first automobile in the United States. In the century that followed, Americans spent enormous sums of money expanding and overhauling the nation’s transportation network to accommodate the motorcar. This reconstruction, propelled by a multilayered set of private initiatives and government programs, had profound consequences on the landscape, on residential and commercial choices, on occupational patterns, and, most important, on the way that ordinary families went about their daily lives. As the states and the federal government invested in streets, roads, highways, and bridges, the citizenry simultaneously flocked to the open land on the urban periphery. These two related trends—the suburbanization of the nation and the overhaul of the transportation infrastructure—combined to define and shape late twentieth-century America, laying the groundwork for the twenty-first century legacy of ballooning municipal debt burdens, deteriorating center cities, incessant demands for capital improvements, and unstable municipal tax bases.
Colonial Women
Authors: Hutner Heidi
Published: October 2023

Colonial Women is the first comprehensive study to explore the interpenetrating discourses of gender and race in Stuart drama. Analyzing the plays of Shakespeare, Fletcher, Davenant, Dryden, Behn and other playwrights, Heidi Hutner argues that in drama, as in historical accounts, the symbol of the native woman is used to justify and promote the success of the English appropriation, commodification, and exploitation of the New World and its native inhabitants.
The Theory and Practice of Democratic Tragedy (2): Ishmael’s Grand Erections
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

First-time readers of Moby-Dickapproaching it through the tradition of the novel are often surprised and disconcerted by chapter 29, “Enter Ahab, to Him Stubb”; they thought they had been reading a retrospective first-person narrative and suddenly find themselves in what presents itself as a stage play. Chapter 30 (“The Pipe”) goes on to feature a dramatic soliloquy, chapter 31 (“Queen Mab”) a conversation between Stubb and Flask that Ishmael does not even pretend to have overheard. With chapter 32 (“Cetology”) the book returns to Ishmael’s point of view until chapter 36 (“The Quarter Deck”) introduces a new set of stage directions and a ubiquitous perspective unavailable to sailor Ishmael. Chapters 37-39 are soliloquies by Ahab, Starbuck, and Stubb, chapter 40 a theatrical crowd scene. All of these chapters are framed by stage directions; nowhere is character or narrator Ishmael in sight or in mind.
“The Ugly Socrates”: Melville, Hawthorne, and the Varieties of Homoerotic Experience
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

“The Ugly Socrates,” an echo of Alcibiades’ words in Plato’s Symposium,is drawn from a letter Melville wrote to Hawthorne on or around November 17, 1851, in response to Hawthorne’s “joy-giving and exultation-breeding letter” of praise for Moby-Dick (Corr212). What we know of Melville’s feelings toward Hawthorne is largely contained in such letters, along with “Hawthorne and His Mosses,” which Edwin H. Miller called “a love letter” in the guise of a book review. Hawthorne’s letters to Melville do not survive, and his journal entries on Melville, while respectful, even admiring, tend to hide rather than reveal his private feelings and to hint very little about Melville’s. “Our intellectual and active powers increase with our affection,” Emerson observed in “Friendship”: “the scholar sits down to write, and all his years of meditation do not furnish him with one good thought or happy expression; but it is necessary to write a letter to a friend,-and, forthwith, troops of gentle thoughts invest themselves, on every hand, with chosen words.” Emerson was speaking generally, but the content and language of his essay borrow from his sometimes ardent letters of the period to twenty one-year-old Caroline Sturgis. What was Emerson, married and in his late thirties, thinking when he told Sturgis he “could spend ‘the remainder of [his] days’ in her ‘holy society,”‘ or when he wrote erotically in “Friendship” of those “jets of affection which make a young world for me again”?
Colonizing London Australian Women’s Neighborhoods, Networks, And Associations
Authors: Woollacott Angela
Published: October 2023

In 1908, when Katharine Susannah Prichard, struggling Australian journalist, and later to be eminent novelist, interviewed the prominent Australian contralto singer Ada Crossley at her home in London, she referred to her as the center of “the little colony of Australian musicians and artists.” Seven years later the newsletter for the Women’s College of the University of Sydney, reporting on the various graduates whose careers and ambitions had taken them to London, commented that the “little colony of College girls is therefore growing apace.” The recurrence of the word “colony,” even with the diminutive, is significant. Prichard and the newsletter writer both suggested, even if not completely consciously, that Australians were so clustered and cohesive a group in the earlytwentieth-century imperial metropolis that they had effectively colonized it.
Metropolis As Crucible Constructing Colonial, Imperial, And National Identities
Authors: Woollacott Angela
Published: October 2023

In 1885, trying to describe for a metropolitan audience the ways her childhood in frontier Queensland had shaped her and made her a wild misfit for her current position in English society, the writer Rosa Praed settled on her occasional desire to use Aboriginal language as a shock tactic. Praed confessed: “I am oppressed sometimes by an insane longing to fire a volley of ‘Black’s yabber’ across a London dinner table.” Nearly two decades later, Kate Rooney, an Australian contralto singer with an established metropolitan career, recounted to an Australian journalist an incident that she believed would convey to readers some of the possibility for deploying colonial status in Britain. Rooney recalled that she and an Australian friend were climbing Mount Snowdon in a group that included some Welsh people, who were making jokes in Welsh at the expense of their companions. Exasperated, Rooney turned to her Australian friend and called: “Woolloomoolloo [sic], Wagga Wagga, Murrumbidgee,” to which her friend replied in kind. The strings of Aboriginal-derived Australian place names, masquerading as an Aboriginal language, apparently had the desired effect of silencing the Welsh. These two discrete instances reveal some of the complexity of the ways in which Australians conceived and articulated their Australianness in late-nineteenthand early-twentieth-century Britain. Most obviously, they show how central white Australians’ relationship to colonized indigenous people has been to the construction of white Australian identities.
180 Years of Liquidity Expansion and International Lending
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

In chapter 3 I argued that global capital flows are less a function of local growth prospects and more a function of independent expansions and contractions in underlying liquidity in rich-country financial centers. Although this liquidity approach may at first seem inconsistent with rational investor behavior, it nonetheless provides a better explanation of why capital flows into less developed economies have occurred over the past two hundred years largely in the form of investment waves. In this chapter and the next I will examine these lending waves to argue that the liquidity model does a much better job of explaining the history of these capital flows than does the investment model. Drawing in part on the work of Christian Suter,1, we can list these waves as consisting of the periods shown in table 4.1.
Toward a Theory of Sovereign Capital Structure Management
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

The concept of correlated funding is an old one and, the history of financial crises notwithstanding, has been a tool long used by authorities to reduce the costs of risk. In Babylon three thousand years ago, it was used to protect borrowers from being forced to make excessive payments during periods of low revenues. Paragraph 48 of Hammurabi ‘s code, for example, lists a rule that limits the obligations of a debtor—who was most likely to be a farmer—according to weather conditions. “When a storm prostrates the grain, or the harvest fail, or the grain does not grow for lack of water,” it commands, “in that year he need not give his creditor any grain, he washes his debt tablet in water and pays no rent for the year.”1 According to the code, in other words, the obligations of a debtor are reduced under conditions in which his revenue is likely to be very low—his debt payment is correlated to his earnings. This same sort of correlated payment structure is also a basic tool for corporate and banking specialists who want to limit earnings volatility, increase asset value, and reduce for a corporation the probability of financial distress.
Celtic Mythology
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

The origin of the Celts, today the smallest group of IndoEuropean speakers, is unclear. Some archeologists have perhaps somewhat dubiously suggested the existence of a proto-Celtic Indo-European people in the so-called Beaker and Battle-Ax cultures of the third millennium b.c.e. Still others see Celtic beginnings in the urnfield and tumulus cultures of the second millennium. Claims with more basis are those made for the central European Hallstatt culture of the ninth century b.c.e., marked by the extensive use of iron, and especially the fifth century b.c.e. La Tène culture, an Indo-European aristocratic-warrior culture that existed in the European lands we generally think of as Celtic.