bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O DANO EXISTENCIAL NAS RELAÇÕES DE TRABALHO E A EFICÁCIA HORIZONTAL DOS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS NAS RELAÇÕES PRIVADAS
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa Rocha
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: Indiscutivelmente os direitos fundamentais vinculam tanto o Estado, quanto o particular. Tendo por base essa eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas, o presente artigo se propõe a discutir o dano existencial na seara laboral, que é o dano criado pela violação do direito à existência da própria pessoa, ou seja, pela frustração de seus projetos de vida em decorrência da superexploração causada pelo empregador. Será feita uma análise do direito ao lazer e do direito ao trabalho como requisitos necessários à existência digna de qualquer trabalhador, com a possibilidade de se pleitear este dando, quando o empregador exige deliberadamente e de forma contumaz do trabalhador mais do que seria possível, de forma remunerada ou não, o impedindo de usufruir de outros aspectos de sua existência.
REDEMOCRATIZAÇÃO E TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA INSPEÇÃO DO TRABALHO NO BRASIL: ALGUNS APORTES SOBRE EFICIÊNCIA E FRAGILIDADES
Authors: Assumpção Luiz Felipe Monsores
Published: September 2016

Pretende-se, com este artigo, realizar uma análise da trajetória da Inspeção do Trabalho no Brasil, após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. O objetivo é examinar o processo de transformação do Sistema de Inspeção do Trabalho, e as intervenções estatais em seu desenho institucional, considerando não só os vários contextos político-econômicos que se sucederam a partir da década de noventa, como também as estratégias de ação e mobilização dos Fiscais do Trabalho. A análise proposta não dispensa alguma demarcação política, procurando estabelecer uma comparação entre as intervenções que caracterizaram os governos neoliberais e pós-neoliberais.
A RBSD COMO ESPAÇO DE PESQUISA SOCIOLÓGICA DO DIREITO. HOMENAGEM A FERNANDO RISTER
Authors: Stamford da Silva Artur
Published: September 2016

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Freezing differences: politics, law, and the invention of cultural diversity in Latin America
Authors: Costa Sergio
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: A pesquisa analisa a interferência do poder na sociedade e nas transformações da vida individual através do estudo dos seus mecanismos e das práticas sociais observadas no Brasil a partir do século XIX, verificando o sistema legal que levou as instituições a alterarem seu cotidiano implantando os mecanismos disciplinares junto com a aplicação de políticas públicas voltadas para a população juntamente com a produção de novas verdades que transformaram o comportamento das pessoas, com consequências políticas e econômicas interferindo na liberdade. Para tanto, a pesquisa bibliográfica e o método observacional foram utilizados para construção do arcabouço teórico e desenvolvimento dos questionamentos que fazem parte da pesquisa. Assim, percebeu-se que os mecanismos de poder atuam como fonte de interferência sobre a vida de uma população modificando comportamentos em direção a outros hábitos mais favoráveis aos efeitos políticos e econômicos desejados ao mesmo tempo em que aparecem novas práticas sociais como demonstrações de liberdade se opondo ao poder e, por isso, representam espaços de antagonismo a comportamentos que são impostos, normalizados e regulamentados, concretizando o aparecimento de novas verdades.
Reflexo do medo na formação dos espaços urbanos à luz de Bauman: alternativas propostas pelo direito à cidade
Authors: Da Silva Alanna Maria Lima
Published: September 2016

A partir de algumas obras da autoria de Zygmunt Bauman, o presente trabalho busca analisar a influência do medo na formação das cidades, o qual, segundo o autor, foi determinante para a formação do espaço urbano, bem como pela proliferação de mecanismos individuais para repelir as prováveis ameaças aos cidadãos. As respostas às ameaças geradas no âmbito das sociedades passaram a ser objeto de preocupação dos habitantes individualmente considerados. Nesse contexto, tomando por base a abordagem sugerida por Zygmunt Bauman, o presente trabalho analisa o direito à cidade como relevante instrumento desestimulador da interferência do medo no processo de formação dos espaços urbanos na atualidade.
O esverdeamento das convenções americana e europeia de direitos humanos: limites, confluências e contradições
Authors: Reis Ulisses Levy Silvério dos , Araújo Alana Ramos
Published: September 2016

Resumo: O trabalho aborda a proteção ambiental como elemento jurídico inerente à categoria de direito humano nas Cortes Interamericana e Europeia de Direitos Humanos por meio de estudo de caso de sentenças proferidas por tais órgãos. O problema é: quais as consonâncias e dissonâncias nas argumentações destas cortes na temática da proteção ambiental como direito humano? A pesquisa importa na medida em que avança a proliferação normativa do Direito Internacional Ambiental, especialmente sob a forma de soft law. Faz-se análise empírica de estudo de casos (case-law) sob a forma qualitativa, partindo-se do método indutivo e dos procedimentos hermenêutico e comparativo, com apoio em fontes documentais. A primeira seção destina-se a abordar a evolução normativa do Direito Internacional Ambiental; a segunda traça os pormenores desta proteção no sistema interamericano de direitos humanos; o tópico seguinte trabalha o mesmo tema com foco na atuação do mecanismo regional de direitos humanos do Conselho da Europa; ao final, analisa-se as proximidades e dissonâncias discursivas de ambos os modelos confrontados. Espera-se demonstrar os aspectos em que as cortes citadas se assemelham e se diferenciam de modo a estabelecer comparações no tema da proteção jusambiental.
Reflexões sobre a construção de uma perspectiva de humanização das penas através das convicções de Diogo Feijó
Authors: Tomé Semiramys Fernandes , Karam Andrea Maria Sobreira
Published: September 2016

Padre Diogo Feijó se apresenta como um sacerdote regente de notoriedade tanto na seara política quanto religiosa, em especial, ao estabelecer o direcionamento da humanização das penas. Indaga-se assim se é possível a construção da ideia de uma pena humanizada através do exame das ideologias de Padre Feijó ainda no século XIX. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa almeja analisar as teses de Diogo Feijó que culminara com a constituição contemporânea da ideia de humanização das penas junto ao texto constitucional. Perfaz-se assim a aferição da gradativa consolidação da humanização das penas desde meados do século XIX quando Diogo Feijó discute a ideia de uma pena justa, direcionada pela legalidade como método de exclusão de arbitrariedades ao se condenar, de modo a trazer por consequência uma pena norteada pela humanização. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica que expõe as ideias de Diogo Feijó e como estas desembocam na ideologia de humanização das penas, apesentando-se através do método indutivo. Verifica-se assim que através do pensamento do Padre Feijó ocorreram alterações de convicções que denotam relevo que ecoam até os dias atuais, em especial, ante a consolidação do princípio da humanização das penas pela Constituição Federal de 1988.
Marcas textuais e consequências sociais da anistia política de militares na justiça de transição brasileira
Authors: De Oliveira David Barbosa
Published: September 2016

Resumo: Este artigo trata das disputas discursivas sobre a anistia política decorrente da ditadura civil-militar brasileira (1964-1985). Esse estudo busca fazer análise de discurso sobre um corpus composto por entrevistas realizadas com militares anistiados e com militares que representam o pensamento dominante dentro das Forças Armadas (estabelecidos). Para tanto, adotamos a abordagem metodológica da Análise de Discurso Crítica de Fairclough (1992, 2003, 2010). Temos por objetivos neste artigo: analizar as identidades sociais dos militares de cada grupo (anistiados e estabelecidos) e como evoluiu a identidade dos militares de cassados a anistiados; entendido isso, investigar, por meio de análise de discurso a existência de marcas, dentro dos textos, para diferenciar as identidades de cada grupo; e, por fim, perquerir quais as consequências da disputa identitária por hegemonia dessas identitárias. Como resultado, apontamos quais marcas textuais diferenciam essas identidades contrapostas, bem como expomos a existência tanto do expurgo do outro (THOMPSON, 2011) quanto de estigmatizações de ambos os grupos (ELIAS e SCOTSON, 2000).Palavras-chave: análise de discurso, identidade, texto, estigmatização, expurgo do outro.
Dumping social transnacional e a República Popular da China
Authors: De Lucena Filho Humberto Lima
Published: September 2016

O presente trabalho cuida de analisar as condições de trabalho no território chinês e sua origem para a concretização de uma conduta anticoncorrencial construída pela doutrina especializada e denominada dumping social. A pesquisa centra-se fundamentalmente numa análise de caso, razão pela qual utiliza o método empírico para desenvolver suas propostas e se socorre de dados técnicos e revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema. Conclui que o empoderamento dos sindicatos e dos trabalhadores chineses, bem como o acesso à informação das circunstâncias de contratação e gestão da mão de obra são instrumentos úteis para minimizar os efeitos econômicos do rebaixamento de salários e demais condições trabalhistas.
Collective right to life and new social justice: the case of the bolivian indigenous movement
Authors: Henrique Martins Paulo
Published: September 2016

Para explorar o interesse atual em novos direitos coletivos e comunitários que surgiram através de lutas coletivas, tirando os limites da perspectiva do liberalismo como solução para os desequilíbrios sistêmicos como a violência atual e a desigualdade, sugerimos o caso da Bolívia, portanto do pluralismo político e dos direitos comunitários. Para nós, este caso é importante para se refletir sobre a emergência de novos direitos coletivos focando nos aspectos humanos e inspirado nas perspectivas de boa vida e dos bens comuns com base na justiça social e igualitarismo. O caso dos bolivianos nos ajuda a refletir sobre os limites de direitos privados capitalistas para governar a atual complexidade das sociedades globais.
Pluralidade temática e metodológica: o problema da identidade do pensar sociologicamente o direito
Authors: Stamford da Silva Artur
Published: September 2016

Palavras do Editor e apresentação dos trabalhos publicados neste número.
Participación política y electoral en las democracias de América Central a inicios del siglo XXI
Authors: Romero Ballivián Salvador
Published: September 2016

La democracia en América Central llegó de manera más tardía que en el sur del continente y, a menudo, después de procesos más violentos, aunque pertenece de pleno derecho a la “tercera ola de la democracia”. Ese retorno planteó la necesidad de generar acuerdos entre fuerzas políticas antagónicas, a veces enfrentadas militarmente, que dejaron como resultado miles de víctimas. El rediseño de las reglas del juego se tradujo en los acuerdos de paz o en nuevas Constituciones que plantearon implícitamente algunos de los dilemas abordados por el Contrato Social de Jean Jacques Rousseau: cómo lograr que el contrato social supere el estado de guerra (en el caso centroamericano, entendido en un sentido literal), cómo garantizar la libertad y la igualdad en sociedades altamente desiguales, cómo establecer la legitimidad de las autoridades a partir del consentimiento de todos
Development of a Novel T-tube Frontal Sinus Irrigation Catheter
Authors: Rotenberg Brian W. , Ioanidis Khrystyna E. , Sowerby Leigh J.
Published: September 2016

Background

The problem of postoperative management after frontal sinus surgery remains a challenge. The bilateral opening created in the Draf III procedure does not fit any currently available stent, and patients find rinsing the frontal sinus difficult, which thus decreases compliance. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the successful use of a novel frontal sinus catheter fashioned from a biliary T tube by addressing these issues in patients with complicated sinus disease.

Methods

This was a review of 30 patients who underwent a Draf III procedure between January and October 2014, and who had a T-tube stent inserted at the end of the procedure. Patient charts were analyzed for complications such as bleeding, infection, and restenosis as well as indications of ease of rinsing ability after surgery.

Results

From the chart data, there was only one intraoperative bleed and only one postoperative bleed that required packing. Four patients had infections that required antibiotics after surgery. At the time of data collection, only one patient had signs of restenosis as judged by the operating surgeon. Patients reported an ease of rinsing ability with the T-tube stent.

Conclusions

The novel biliary T-tube stent use presented in this article is a promising future direction for postoperative care after extended frontal sinus surgery.
Mucocele Formation after Surgical Treatment of Inverted Papilloma of the Frontal Sinus Drainage Pathway
Authors: Verillaud Benjamin , Le Clerc Nicolas , Blancal Jean-Philippe , Guichard Jean-Pierre , Kania Romain , Classe Marion , Herman Philippe
Published: September 2016

Background

Inverted papillomas (IP) inserted in the frontal sinus and/or recess may be treated by using an endoscopic endonasal or an external approach. There are still few data available on this uncommon localization of IPs.

Objective

To report our experience in the management of IP of the frontal drainage pathway, to describe a previously unreported specific complication of this surgery, and to discuss the optimal surgical strategy.

Methods

A retrospective study of the patients at a tertiary care center between 2004 and 2014 who were operated on for an IP with an insertion in the frontal recess and/or the frontal sinus. Clinical charts were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, surgical treatment, and outcome.

Results

Twenty-seven patients were included. Patients were operated on by using a purely endoscopic approach (Draf procedure; n = 14 [51.9%]) when the IP was inserted in the frontal recess and/or the frontal sinus infundibulum (with a nasoseptal-septoturbinal flap placed on the exposed bone in four patients), or by using a combined endoscopic and open approach (osteoplastic flap procedure; n = 13 [48.1%]) when the IP invaded the frontal sinus beyond the infundibulum. There were two recurrences (7.4%), with a mean follow-up of 40 months (range, 9-123 months). During follow-up, single or multiple iatrogenic frontal mucoceles were observed in 10 patients (37%), with a mean delay of 60 months (range, 27-89 months). These mucoceles occurred both after using endoscopic (n = 3) or combined (n = 7) approaches, and required a surgical treatment in eight patients. No postoperative mucocele was observed in the four patients who had had a septal flap.

Conclusion

In our experience, an approach based on the localization of the IP insertion provided acceptable results in terms of the local control rate (92.6%). However, the significant rate of postoperative mucoceles indicated that specific strategies (such as local flaps) still need to be developed to avoid this iatrogenic complication.
New Insights into Upper Airway Innate Immunity
Authors: Hariri Benjamin M. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: September 2016

Background

Protecting the upper airway from microbial infection is an important function of the immune system. Proper detection of these pathogens is paramount for sinonasal epithelial cells to be able to prepare a defensive response. Toll-like receptors and, more recently, bitter taste receptors and sweet taste receptors have been implicated as sensors able to detect the presence of these pathogens and certain compounds that they secrete. Activation of these receptors also triggers innate immune responses to prevent or counteract infection, including mucociliary clearance and the production and secretion of antimicrobial compounds (e.g., defensins).

Objective

To provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of innate immunity in the upper airway, the mechanisms by which it is carried out, and its clinical relevance.

Methods

A literature review of the existing knowledge of the role of innate immunity in the human sinonasal cavity was performed.

Results

Clinical and basic science studies have shown that the physical epithelial cell barrier, mucociliary clearance, and antimicrobial compound secretion play pivotal innate immune roles in defending the sinonasal cavity from infection. Clinical findings have also linked dysfunction of these defense mechanisms with diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis. Recent discoveries have elucidated the significance of bitter and sweet taste receptors in modulating immune responses in the upper airway.

Conclusion

Numerous innate immune mechanisms seem to work in a concerted fashion to keep the sinonasal cavity free of infection. Understanding sinonasal innate immune function and dysfunction in health and disease has important implications for patients with respiratory ailments, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and cystic fibrosis.
Congenital Bilateral Adult Choanal Atresia Undiagnosed until the Second Decade: How We did it
Authors: Verma Roshan K. , Lokesh P. , Panda Naresh K.
Published: September 2016

Background

Bilateral congenital choanal atresia that presents in adulthood is rare. There are only eight reported cases in the literature.

Method

We present a ninth case of adult bilateral choanal atresia diagnosed at the age of 20 years. Can a bilateral choanal atresia present so late in life when such a condition is considered incompatible with life?

Results and Conclusion

Clinical details, diagnosis, and surgical steps with a clear depiction of photographs and comparison with all other previously reported cases, which can help novel otolaryngologists in their clinical practice are discussed.
A Novel Insight into the Immunologic Basis of Chronic Granulomatous Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rae William , Doffinger Rainer , Shelton Fenella , Sproson Eleanor , Ismail-Koch Hasnaa , Lund Valerie J. , Harries Philip G. , Eren Efrem , Salib Rami J.
Published: September 2016

Background

Chronic granulomatous invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (CGIFRS) is a rare disease. The underlying immune responses that drive the development of CGIFRS, as opposed to successful pathogen clearance and controlled inflammation, are not currently known.

Objective

To characterize the immune responses associated with CGIFRS.

Methods

In addition to a battery of basic investigations, more in-depth immunologic testing involves ex vivo whole-blood stimulation with the polyclonal T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin and fungal antigens with interleukin (IL) 12, was undertaken to investigate cell-mediated immune responses associated with CGIFRS.

Results

Ex vivo whole-blood stimulation with the polyclonal T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin and fungal antigens with IL-12 identified reduced interferon gamma and increased IL-17A levels within the supernatant, which indicated increased in vivo T-helper (Th)17 responses and impaired Th1 responses compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the development of CGIFRS may be associated with an abnormally exaggerated host Th17 response, which caused failure to clear the fungal pathogen with refractory fungal infection of mucosal membranes, resulting in chronic tissue inflammation.
Are People With Whiplash-Associated Neck Pain Different From People With Nonspecific Neck Pain?
Authors: Anstey Ricci , Kongsted Alice , Kamper Steven , Hancock Mark J.
Published: September 2016

Study Design

Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study with cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Background

The clinical importance of a history of whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) in people with neck pain remains uncertain.

Objective

To compare people with WAD to people with nonspecific neck pain, in terms of their baseline characteristics and pain and disability outcomes over 1 year.

Methods

Consecutive patients with neck pain who presented to a secondary-care spine center answered a comprehensive self-report questionnaire and underwent a physical examination. Patients were classified into a group of either those with WAD or those with nonspecific neck pain. We compared the outcomes of baseline characteristics of the 2 groups, as well as pain intensity and activity limitation at follow-ups of 6 and 12 months.

Results

A total of 2578 participants were included in the study. Of these, 488 (19%) were classified as having WAD. At presentation, patients with WAD were statistically different from patients without WAD for almost all characteristics investigated. While most differences were small (1.1 points on an 11-point pain-rating scale and 11 percentage points on the Neck Disability Index), others, including the presence of dizziness and memory difficulties, were substantial. The between-group differences in pain and disability increased significantly (P<.001) over 12 months. At 12-month follow-up, the patients with WAD had on average approximately 2 points more pain and 17 percentage points more disability than those with nonspecific neck pain.

Conclusion

People referred to secondary care with WAD typically had more self-reported pain and disability and experienced worse outcomes than those with nonspecific neck pain. Caution is required when interpreting the longitudinal outcomes due to lower-than-optimal follow-up rates.

Level of Evidence

Prognosis, level 2. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):894–901. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6588
The Traumatic Injuries Distress Scale: A New Tool That Quantifies Distress and Has Predictive Validity With Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: Walton David M. , Krebs Dan , Moulden Dianna , Wade Peter , Levesque Lenerdene , Elliott James , MacDermid Joy C.
Published: September 2016

Study Design

Observational cohort.

Background

Outcomes for acute musculoskeletal injuries are currently suboptimal, with an estimated 10% to 50% of injured individuals reporting persistent problems. An early risk-targeted intervention may hold value for improving outcomes.

Objectives

To describe the development and preliminary concurrent and longitudinal validation of the Traumatic Injuries Distress Scale (TIDS), a new tool intended to provide the magnitude and nature of risk for persistent problems following acute musculoskeletal injuries.

Methods

Two hundred participants recruited from emergency medicine departments and rehabilitation clinics completed the TIDS and a battery of other self-reported questionnaires. A subcohort (n = 76) was followed at 1 week and at 12 weeks after the inciting event. Exploratory factor analysis and concurrent and longitudinal correlations were used to evaluate the ability of the TIDS to predict acute presentation and 12-week outcomes.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 factors explaining 62.8% of total scale variance. Concurrent and longitudinal associations with established clinical measures supported the nature of each subscale. Scores on the TIDS at baseline were significantly associated with variability in disability, pain intensity, satisfaction, anxiety, and depression at 12 weeks postinjury, with adequate accuracy to endorse its use as part of a broader screening protocol. Limitations to interpretation are discussed.

Conclusion

We present the initial psychometric properties of a new measure of acute posttraumatic distress following musculoskeletal injury. The subscales may be useful as stratification variables in subsequent investigations of clinical interventions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):920–928. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6594
Morphology of Cervical Spine Meniscoids in Individuals With Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Farrell Scott F. , Osmotherly Peter G. , Cornwall Jon , Lau Peter , Rivett Darren A.
Published: September 2016

Study Design

Case-control study.

Background

Cervical spine meniscoids are thought to contribute to neck pain and hypomobility in individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD); however, their morphology has not been studied in a clinical population.

Objectives

To investigate cervical spine meniscoid morphology in individuals with chronic WAD.

Methods

Twenty volunteers with chronic WAD (mean ± SD age, 39.3 ± 11.0 years; 10 female) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls (age, 39.1 ± 10.6 years) underwent cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging. Lateral atlantoaxial and zygapophyseal joints (C2–3 to C6–7) were inspected for meniscoids. Length of meniscoid protrusion was measured and composition (adipose/fibrous/fibroadipose) assessed. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and linear and logistic regression (P<.05).

Results

Meniscoids were identified in the chronic WAD (n = 317) and control (n = 296) groups. At the lateral atlantoaxial joints, median meniscoid length was greater in the control group (ventral, 6.07 mm; dorsal, 7.24 mm) than the WAD group (ventral, 5.01 mm; P = .06 and dorsal, 6.48 mm; P<.01). At the dorsal aspect of zygapophyseal joints, meniscoids were more frequently fibrous in the chronic WAD group (odds ratio = 2.38, P<.01; likelihood ratio test: χ22, 9.02; P = .01).

Conclusion

In individuals with chronic WAD, lateral atlantoaxial meniscoids were shorter and dorsal cervical zygapophyseal meniscoids were more fibrous, suggesting alterations in meniscoid composition. This may have pathoanatomical implications in chronic WAD. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):902–910. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6702
Mechanisms and Mitigation of Head and Spinal Injuries Due to Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Ivancic Paul C.
Published: September 2016

Synopsis

Head and spinal injuries commonly occur during motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). The goal of this clinical commentary is to discuss real-life versus simulated MVCs and to present clinical, biomechanical, and epidemiological evidence of MVC-related injury mechanisms. It will also address how this knowledge may guide and inform the design of injury mitigation devices and assist in clinical decision making. Evidence indicates that there exists no universal injury tolerance applicable to the entire population of the occupants of MVCs. Injuries sustained by occupants depend on a number of factors, including occupant characteristics (age, height, weight, sex, bone mineral density, and pre-existing medical and musculoskeletal conditions), pre-MVC factors (awareness of the impending crash, occupant position, usage of and position of the seatbelt and head restraint, and vehicle specifications), and MVC-related factors (crash orientation, vehicle dynamics, type of active or passive safety systems, and occupant kinematic response). Injuries resulting from an MVC occur due to blunt impact and/or inertial loading. An S-shaped curvature of the cervical spine and associated injurious strains have been documented during rear-, frontal-, and side-impact MVCs. Data on the injury mechanism and the quantification of spinal instability guide and inform the emergent and subsequent conservative or surgical care. Such care may require determining optimal patient positioning during transport, which injuries may be treated conservatively, whether reduction should be performed, optimal patient positioning intraoperatively, and whether bracing should be worn prior to and/or following surgery. The continued improvement of traditional injury mitigation systems, such as seats, seatbelts, airbags, and head restraints, together with research of newer collision-avoidance technologies, will lead to safer motor vehicles and ultimately more effective injury management strategies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):826–833. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6716
Pharmacological and Interventional Management of Pain After Whiplash Injury
Authors: Curatolo Michele
Published: September 2016

Synopsis

Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is a group of symptoms and clinical manifestations resulting from rear-end or side impact. Despite the wide use of medications in WAD, the published research does not allow recommendations based on high evidence level. It may be meaningful to use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the acute posttraumatic phase. In chronic WAD, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is more concerning due to potential gastrointestinal and renal complications with prolonged use and lack of evidence for long-term benefits. Antidepressants can be used in patients with clinically relevant hyperalgesia, sleep disorder associated with pain, or depression. Anticonvulsants are unlikely first-choice medications, but can be considered if other treatments fail. The use of opioids in patients with chronic pain has become the object of severe concern, due to the lack of evidence for long-term benefits and the associated risks. Extreme caution in prescribing and monitoring opioid treatment is mandatory. Nerve blocks of the zygapophyseal (facet) joints have validity for the diagnosis of facet joint pain, which is one of the possible manifestations of WAD. One randomized sham-controlled trial and several high-quality prospective studies support the efficacy of radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of facet joint pain. The efficacy of trigger point treatments is uncertain. They can be offered due to possible efficacy and limited risks. Any medication or procedure has to be considered in the frame of a comprehensive patient evaluation. As for any chronic pain condition, concomitant consideration of rehabilitation and psychosocial interventions is mandatory. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):845–850. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6906
Recovery Pathways and Prognosis After Whiplash Injury
Authors: Ritchie Carrie , Sterling Michele
Published: September 2016

Synopsis

Recovery from a whiplash injury is varied and complex. Some individuals recover quickly and fully, while others experience ongoing pain and disability. Three distinct patterns of predicted recovery (trajectories) have been identified using disability and psychological outcome measures. These trajectories are not linear, and show that recovery, if it is going to occur, tends to happen within the first 3 months of the injury, with little improvement after this period. Identification of factors associated with poor recovery is accumulating, and since 2000 there have been at least 10 published systematic reviews on prognostic factors for whiplash-associated disorder. Poor recovery has been consistently reported to be associated with high initial neck pain intensity and neck-related disability, posttraumatic stress symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and, to a lesser extent, low self-efficacy and cold hyperalgesia. Evidence regarding factors, including compensation status, psychological factors, structural pathology, and preinjury health status, remains equivocal. Given the huge number of predictive factors and various interpretations of recovery, adapting these data for use in clinical practice is difficult. Tools such as clinical prediction rules (CPRs), by statistically quantifying relevant data, may help to predict the probability of diagnosis, prognosis, or response to treatment. Numerous CPRs have been derived for individuals with whiplash; however, to date, only 3 prognostic CPRs have undergone external validation, and none have yet undergone impact analysis, a necessary step in providing information about the rules' ability to improve clinically relevant outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(10):851–861. Epub 3 Sep 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6918
Green synthesis of aurones and related compounds under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Boussafi Karima , Villemin Didier , Bar Nathalie , Belghosi Mabrouk
Published: September 2016

3-Coumaranones were condensed with aldehydes on alumina or alumina–potassium fluoride without solvent under microwave irradiation or classical heating. Novel aurones and analogues bearing ferrocenyl, benzodioxole or benzodioxane groups were obtained in good yields without use of heavy metal reagents.
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antisalmonella activity of Mangifera indica L. flower and seed kernel extracts
Authors: Kamble Vilas A. , Somkuwar Dipali O. , Wankhade Sushilkumar J.
Published: September 2016

The extracts obtained from flower and seed parts of Mangifera indica L. were investigated for antioxidant and antisalmonella activities. Disc diffusion assay and broth macrodilution method were used to determine the antisalmonella activity. However, DPPH assay used to determine antioxidant activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts of flower and seed kernel of Mangifera indica L. The mineral content of different parts of Mangifera indica L. was determined using ICP-OES method. Seed kernel and flower were found to be the rich source of Fe with the concentration of 660.50 and 221.75 µg per gram of dry weight. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method. The petroleum ether extract of flower and ethanol extract of flower exhibited the most significant antisalmonella activity with the lowest MIC value of 8 mg/ml. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded in petroleum ether seed kernel and chloroform flower extract with the percentage inhibition of 86.64 ± 2.49 and 79.80 ± 1.28, respectively. Among all the tested combinations chloroform flower and ethanol seed kernel extracts showed greater synergistic effect along with tetracycline against Salmonella typhi isolates. Four different compounds with dual property of antioxidant and antisalmonella were isolated from the petroleum ether seed kernel and acetone flower extracts using thin layer chromatography. GC-MS analysis of acetonic flower extract showed the presence of 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, isodecyl octyl ester (Synonym: Phthalic acid). Compounds Oleic acid and eicosyl ester were found in petroleum ether seed kernel extract. The present study revealed that identified compounds are responsible for exhibiting antioxidant and antisalmonella activities in flower and seed kernel. These findings may justify the conventional use of Mangifera indica L. in the treatment of typhoid fever.Kamble et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, September 2016, 5(10): 82-93http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue10/02.pdf
Applying Relativistic Reconnection to Blazar Jets
Authors: Nalewajko Krzysztof
Published: September 2016

Rapid and luminous flares of non-thermal radiation observed in blazars require an efficient mechanism of energy dissipation and particle acceleration in relativistic active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets. Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection is being actively studied by kinetic numerical simulations. Relativistic reconnection produces hard power-law electron energy distributions N ( γ ) ∝ γ − p exp ( − γ / γ max ) with index p → 1 and exponential cut-off Lorentz factor γ max ∼ σ in the limit of magnetization σ = B 2 / ( 4 π w ) ≫ 1 (where w is the relativistic enthalpy density). Reconnection in electron-proton plasma can additionally boost γ max by the mass ratio m p / m e . Hence, in order to accelerate particles to γ max ∼ 10 6 in the case of BL Lacs, reconnection should proceed in plasma of very high magnetization σ max ≳ 10 3 . On the other hand, moderate mean jet magnetization values are required for magnetic bulk acceleration of relativistic jets, σ mean ∼ Γ j ≲ 20 (where Γ j is the jet bulk Lorentz factor). I propose that the systematic dependence of γ max on blazar luminosity class—the blazar sequence—may result from a systematic trend in σ max due to homogeneous loading of leptons by pair creation regulated by the energy density of high-energy external radiation fields. At the same time, relativistic AGN jets should be highly inhomogeneous due to filamentary loading of protons, which should determine the value of σ mean roughly independently of the blazar class.
Economic Burden of Hospitalizations for Heat-Related Illnesses in the United States, 2001–2010
Authors: Schmeltz Michael , Petkova Elisaveta , Gamble Janet
Published: September 2016

Understanding how heat waves affect morbidity and mortality, as well as the associated economic costs, is essential for characterizing the human health impacts of extreme heat under a changing climate. Only a handful of studies have examined healthcare costs associated with exposures to high temperatures. This research explores costs associated with hospitalizations for heat-related illness (HRI) in the United States using the 2001 to 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Descriptive statistics of patient data for HRI hospitalizations were examined and costs of hospitalizations were reported using the all-payer inpatient cost-to-charge ratio. Costs were examined using a log-gamma model with patient and hospital characteristics included as fixed effects. Adjusted mean costs were then compared across racial groups. The mean costs of HRI hospitalizations were higher among racial/ethnic minorities compared to Whites, who accounted for almost 65% of all HRI hospitalizations. Observed differences in costs based on income, insurance, and gender were also significant. These results suggest that these populations are suffering disproportionately from health inequity, thus, they could shoulder greater disease and financial burdens due to climate change. These findings may have important implications in understanding the economic impact public health planning and interventions will have on preventing hospitalizations related to extreme heat.
A Fully Integrated 2:1 Self-Oscillating Switched-Capacitor DC–DC Converter in 28 nm UTBB FD-SOI
Authors: Turnquist Matthew , Hiienkari Markus , Mäkipää Jani , Koskinen Lauri
Published: September 2016

The importance of energy-constrained processors continues to grow especially for ultra-portable sensor-based platforms for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Processors for these IoT applications primarily operate at near-threshold (NT) voltages and have multiple power modes. Achieving high conversion efficiency within the DC–DC converter that supplies these processors is critical since energy consumption of the DC–DC/processor system is proportional to the DC–DC converter efficiency. The DC–DC converter must maintain high efficiency over a large load range generated from the multiple power modes of the processor. This paper presents a fully integrated step-down self-oscillating switched-capacitor DC–DC converter that is capable of meeting these challenges. The area of the converter is 0.0104 mm2 and is designed in 28 nm ultra-thin body and buried oxide fully-depleted SOI (UTBB FD-SOI). Back-gate biasing within FD-SOI is utilized to increase the load power range of the converter. With an input of 1 V and output of 460 mV, measurements of the converter show a minimum efficiency of 75% for 79 nW to 200 µW loads. Measurements with an off-chip NT processor load show efficiency up to 86%. The converter’s large load power range and high efficiency make it an excellent fit for energy-constrained processors.
Towards Accurate Prediction of Unbalance Response, Oil Whirl and Oil Whip of Flexible Rotors Supported by Hydrodynamic Bearings
Authors: Eling Rob , Te Wierik Mathys , Van Ostayen Ron , Rixen Daniel
Published: September 2016

Journal bearings are used to support rotors in a wide range of applications. In order to ensure reliable operation, accurate analyses of these rotor-bearing systems are crucial. Coupled analysis of the rotor and the journal bearing is essential in the case that the rotor is flexible. The accuracy of prediction of the model at hand depends on its comprehensiveness. In this study, we construct three bearing models of increasing modeling comprehensiveness and use these to predict the response of two different rotor-bearing systems. The main goal is to evaluate the correlation with measurement data as a function of modeling comprehensiveness: 1D versus 2D pressure prediction, distributed versus lumped thermal model, Newtonian versus non-Newtonian fluid description and non-mass-conservative versus mass-conservative cavitation description. We conclude that all three models predict the existence of critical speeds and whirl for both rotor-bearing systems. However, the two more comprehensive models in general show better correlation with measurement data in terms of frequency and amplitude. Furthermore, we conclude that a thermal network model comprising temperature predictions of the bearing surroundings is essential to obtain accurate predictions. The results of this study aid in developing accurate and computationally-efficient models of flexible rotors supported by plain journal bearings.
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of a Cold-Drawn Commercially Pure Aluminum Wire
Authors: Hou Jia-Peng , Wang Qiang , Yang Hua-Jie , Wu Xi-Mao , Li Chun-He , Zhang Zhe-Feng , Li Xiao-Wu
Published: September 2016

Fatigue properties and cracking behavior of cold-drawn commercially pure aluminum wires (CPAWs) widely used as the overhead transmission conductors were investigated. It was found that the fracture surface of the CPAWs shows an obvious four-stage fracture characteristic, i.e., crack initiation, planar crack propagation, 45°-inclined crack propagation and final rapid fracture. The crack growth mechanisms for the CPAWs were found quite different from those for the conventional coarse-grained materials. The cracks in the CPAWs firstly grow along the grain boundaries (Stage I crack growth), and then grow along the plane of maximum shear stress during the last stage of cycling (Stage II crack growth), leading to the distinctive fracture surfaces, i.e., the granular surface in the planar crack propagation region and the coarse fatigue striations in the 45°-inclined crack propagation region. The grain boundary migration was observed in the fatigued CPAWs. The increase in fatigue load enhances the dislocation recovery, increases the grain boundary migration rate, and thus promotes the occurrence of softening and damage localization up to the final failure.
Evidence Synthesis and Translation for Nutrition Interventions to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies with Particular Focus on Food Fortification
Authors: Lawrence Mark , Wingrove Kate , Naude Celeste , Durao Solange
Published: September 2016

Over two billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Food fortification is a prominent nutrition intervention to combat such deficiencies; however, its effectiveness, risks, and ethical implications vary depending on the contexts associated with the deficiency it is addressing and the circumstances with its implementation. The aim of this research was to analyse the profile of nutrition interventions for combating micronutrient deficiency with particular focus on food fortification reported in existing systematic reviews (SRs), guidelines and policy statements, and implementation actions for nutrition. A review of secondary data available from online databases of SRs, guidelines and policy statements, and implementation actions, categorised as either “nutrition-specific interventions” (NSpI) or “nutrition-sensitive interventions” (NSeI), was conducted. Currently, there is evidence available for a diversity of food fortification topics, and there has been much translation into action. Indeed, food fortification and micronutrient supplementation interventions and NSpI more broadly dominate the profile of interventions for which there were SRs, guidelines, and policy statements available. The findings demonstrate that, although there is a rational linear relationship between evidence synthesis and translation in formulating policy and actions to combat micronutrient deficiencies, the various nutrition interventions available to help combat micronutrient deficiencies are not equally represented in the evidence synthesis and translation processes. Effective and safe policies and actions to combat micronutrient deficiencies require decisions to be informed from a body of evidence that consists of evidence from a variety of interventions. Into the future, investment in making available a higher number of SRs, guidelines and policy statements, and actions of NSeI is indicated.
Land Cover Classification Based on Fused Data from GF-1 and MODIS NDVI Time Series
Authors: Kong Fanjie , Li Xiaobing , Wang Hong , Xie Dengfeng , Li Xiang , Bai Yunxiao
Published: September 2016

Accurate regional and global information on land cover and its changes over time is crucial for environmental monitoring, land management, and planning. In this study, we selected Fengning County, in China’s Hebei Province, as a case study area. Using satellite data, we generated fused normalized-difference vegetation index (NDVI) data with high spatial and temporal resolution by utilizing the STARFM algorithm to produce a fused GF-1 and MODIS NDVI dataset. We extracted seven phenological parameters (including the start, end, and length of the growing season, base value, mid-season date, maximum NDVI, seasonal NDVI amplitude) from a fused NDVI time-series after reconstruction using the TIMESAT software. We developed four classification scenarios based on different combinations of GF-1 spectral features, the fused NDVI time-series, and the phenological parameters. We then classified the land cover using a support vector machine and analyzed the classification accuracies. We found that the proposed method achieved satisfactory classification results, and that the combination of the fused NDVI data with the extracted phenological parameters significantly improved classification accuracy. The classification accuracy based on the composited GF-1 multi-spectral bands combined with the phenological parameters was the highest among the four scenarios, with an overall classification accuracy of 88.8% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.8714, which represent increases of 9.3 percentage points and 0.1073, respectively, compared with GF-1 spectral data alone. The producer’s and user’s accuracy for different land cover types improved, with a few exceptions, and cropland and broadleaf forest had the largest increase.
Comparative Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Practices in Unconventional Shale Development: Newspaper Coverage of Stakeholder Concerns and Social License to Operate
Authors: Gehman Joel , Thompson Dara , Alessi Daniel , Allen Diana , Goss Greg
Published: September 2016

In this article we review prior literature regarding the concept of social license to operate, and related concepts, including corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, stakeholder management and cumulative effects. Informed by these concepts, we search for newspaper articles published in North American provinces and states where the Barnett, Duvernay, Marcellus and Montney shale plays are located. Using these data, we tabulate coverage of stakeholder concerns related to hydraulic fracturing and wastewater practices, and compare the extent to which these concerns vary over place and time. Our vocabulary analyses identify differences in the types and quantities of newspaper coverage devoted to concerns regarding hydraulic fracturing activities in general and wastewater practices in particular. We interpret these differences as suggesting that obtaining a social license to operate is likely not a one size fits all proposition. By understanding which stakeholder concerns are most salient in particular places and times, oil and gas operators and regulators can better tailor their strategies and policies to address local concerns. In other words, the findings from this study indicate that conventional understandings of risk as a technical or economic problem may not be adequate for dealing with unconventional resource challenges such as hydraulic fracturing. Operators and regulators may also need to manage social and cultural risks.