bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of rs2237781 withinGRM8in eating behavior
Authors: Gast Marie‐Therese , Tönjes Anke , Keller Maria , Horstmann Annette , Steinle Nanette , Scholz Markus , Müller Ines , Villringer Arno , Stumvoll Michael , Kovacs Peter , Böttcher Yvonne
Published: June 2013

Introduction:

Theglutamate receptor,metabotropic 8gene (GRM8) encodes a G‐protein‐coupled glutamate receptor and has been associated with smoking behavior and liability to alcoholism implying a role in addiction vulnerability. Data from animal studies suggest thatGRM8may be involved in the regulation of the neuropeptide Y and melanocortin pathways and might influence food intake and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the genetic variant rs2237781 withinGRM8on human eating behavior.

Methods:

The initial analysis included 548 Sorbs from Germany who have been extensively phenotyped for metabolic traits and who completed the German version of the three‐factor eating questionnaire. In addition, we analyzed two independent sample sets comprising 293 subjects from another German cohort and 430 Old Order Amish individuals. Genetic associations with restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed in an additive linear regression model.

Results:

Among the Sorbs the major G allele of rs2237781 was significantly associated with increased restraint scores in eating behavior (P = 1.9 × 10−4;β = +1.936). The German cohort and the Old Order Amish population revealed a trend in the same direction for restraint (P = 0.242;β = +0.874;P = 0.908;β = +0.096; respectively). A meta‐analysis resulted in a combinedP = 3.1 × 10−3(Z‐score 2.948).

Conclusion:

Our data suggest that rs2237781 withinGRM8may influence human eating behavior factors probably via pathways involved in addictive behavior.
Neuropsychological outcomes in fatty acid oxidation disorders: 85 cases detected by newborn screening
Authors: Waisbren Susan E. , Landau Yuval , Wilson Jenna , Vockley Jerry
Published: June 2013

Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders include conditions in which the transport of activated acyl‐Coenzyme A (CoA) into the mitochondria or utilization of these substrates is disrupted or blocked. This results in a deficit in the conversion of fat into energy. Most patients with fatty acid oxidation defects are now identified through newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry. With earlier identification and preventative treatments, mortality and morbidity rates have improved. However, in the absence of severe health and neurological effects from these disorders, subtle developmental delays or neuropsychological deficits have been noted. Medical records were reviewed to identify outcomes in 85 children with FAOD's diagnosed through newborn screening and followed at one metabolic center. Overall, 54% of these children identified through newborn screening experienced developmental challenges. Speech delay or relative weakness in language was noted in 26 children (31%) and motor delays were noted in 24 children (29%). The majority of the 46 children receiving psychological evaluations performed well within the average range, with only 11% scoring <85 on developmental or intelligence tests. These results highlight the importance of screening children with fatty acid oxidation disorders to identify those with language, motor, or cognitive delay. Although expanded newborn screening dramatically changes the health and developmental outcomes in many children with fatty acid oxidation disorders, it also complicates the interpretation of biochemical and molecular findings and raises questions about the effectiveness or necessity of treatment in a large number of cases. Only by systematically evaluating developmental and neuropsychological outcomes using standardized methods will the true implications of newborn screening, laboratory results, and treatments for neurocognitive outcome in these disorders become clear. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013;17:260–268.
Environmental effects on molecular and phenotypic variation in populations of Eruca sativa across a steep climatic gradient
Authors: Westberg Erik , Ohali Shachar , Shevelevich Anatoly , Fine Pinchas , Barazani Oz
Published: June 2013

In Israel Eruca sativa has a geographically narrow distribution across a steep climatic gradient that ranges from mesic Mediterranean to hot desert environments. These conditions offer an opportunity to study the influence of the environment on intraspecific genetic variation. For this, we combined an analysis of neutral genetic markers with a phenotypic evaluation in common‐garden experiments, and environmental characterization of populations that included climatic and edaphic parameters, as well as geographic distribution. A Bayesian clustering of individuals from nine representative populations based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) divided the populations into a southern and a northern geographic cluster, with one admixed population at the geographic border between them. Linear mixed models, with cluster added as a grouping factor, revealed no clear effects of environment or geography on genetic distances, but this may be due to a strong association of geography and environment with genetic clusters. However, environmental factors accounted for part of the phenotypic variation observed in the common‐garden experiments. In addition, candidate loci for selection were identified by association with environmental parameters and by two outlier methods. One locus, identified by all three methods, also showed an association with trichome density and herbivore damage, in net‐house and field experiments, respectively. Accordingly, we propose that because trichomes are directly linked to defense against both herbivores and excess radiation, they could potentially be related to adaptive variation in these populations. These results demonstrate the value of combining environmental and phenotypic data with a detailed genetic survey when studying adaptation in plant populations.
A critical examination of seismic response uncertainty analysis in earthquake engineering
Authors: Bradley Brendon A.
Published: June 2013

The last decade of performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) research has seen a rapidly increasing emphasis placed on the explicit quantification of uncertainties. This paper examines uncertainty consideration in input ground‐motion and numerical seismic response analyses as part of PBEE, with particular attention given to the physical consistency and completeness of uncertainty consideration. It is argued that the use of the commonly adopted incremental dynamic analysis leads to a biased representation of the seismic intensity and that when considering the number of ground motions to be used in seismic response analyses, attention should be given to both reducing parameter estimation uncertainty and also limiting ground‐motion selection bias. Research into uncertainties in system‐specific numerical seismic response analysis models to date has been largely restricted to the consideration of ‘low‐level’ constitutive model parameter uncertainties. However, ‘high‐level’ constitutive model and model methodology uncertainties are likely significant and therefore represent a key research area in the coming years. It is also argued that the common omission of high‐level seismic response analysis modelling uncertainties leads to a fallacy that ground‐motion uncertainty is more significant than numerical modelling uncertainty. The author's opinion of the role of uncertainty analysis in PBEE is also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of semi‐distributed hydrological model for basin level water balance of the Ken basin of Central India
Authors: Murty P. S. , Pandey Ashish , Suryavanshi Shakti
Published: June 2013

In the present study, a semi‐distributed hydrological model soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) has been employed for the Ken basin of Central India to predict the water balance. The entire basin was divided into ten sub basins comprising 107 hydrological response units on the basis of unique slope, soil and land cover classes using SWAT model. Sensitivity analysis of SWAT model was performed to examine the critical input variables of the study area. For Ken basin, curve number, available water capacity, soil depth, soil evaporation compensation factor and threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer (GWQ_MN) were found to be the most sensitive parameters. Yearly and monthly calibration (1985–1996) and validation (1997–2009) were performed using the observed discharge data of the Banda site in the Ken basin. Performance evaluation of the model was carried out using coefficient of determination, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, root mean square error‐observations standard deviation ratio, percent bias and index of agreement criterion. It was found that SWAT model can be successfully applied for hydrological evaluation of the Ken basin, India. The water balance analysis was carried out to evaluate water balance of the Ken basin for 25 years (1985–2009). The water balance exhibited that the average annual rainfall in the Ken basin is about 1132 mm. In this, about 23% flows out as surface run‐off, 4% as groundwater flow and about 73% as evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pedagogical Potential of Video Remix
Authors: Burwell Catherine
Published: June 2013

Appropriation, transformation and remix are increasingly recognized as significant aspects of digital literacy. This article considers how one form of digital remix – the video remix – might be used in classrooms to introduce critical conversations about representation, appropriation, creativity and copyright. The first half of the article explores the opportunities that remix presents to reflect on mainstream media ideologies, emerging modes of collaborative creativity, and the complexities of intellectual property. The second half illustrates this potential by examining the use of one popular video remix, Buffy vs. Edward, in a secondary school English class and an undergraduate popular culture course. Throughout, the article argues that critical discussion of digital texts and practices opens up the possibilities for students to analyze their everyday lived media experience. This is an important undertaking in a context in which young people's identities and world views are increasingly shaped through digital texts and interactions.
Effects of metal binding on solubility and resistance of physiological prions depend on tissues and glycotypes
Authors: Kuczius Thorsten , Kelsch Reinhard
Published: June 2013

Prion diseases entail the conversion of a normal host‐encoded prion protein (PrPC) into an infectious isoform (PrPSc). Various PrPC types differing in banding profiles and detergent solubility are present in different tissues, but only few PrPSc types have been generated although PrPC acts as substrate. We hypothesize that distinct PrPC subtypes may be converted more efficiently to PrPSc than others. One prerequisite for the analysis is the identification of the PrPC subtypes present in the protein complexes. Metal binding to PrPC is one of the most prominent features of the protein which induces increased proteolysis resistance and structural changes which might play an important role in the conversion process. Here we analyzed the metal‐induced structural PrPC transformation of two different Triton X‐100 soluble PrPC types derived from human platelets and brains by changes in protein solubility. We found that zinc and copper rendered approximately half of total PrPC and mainly un‐ and low‐glycosylated PrPC to the Triton insoluble fraction. Our results indicate the presence of at least two distinct PrPC subtypes by metal interactions. The differentiation of high and low soluble metal bound PrPC offers precious information about PrPC protein composition and provides approaches for analyzing the transformation efficiency to PrPSc. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2690–2698, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The optical manifestation of dispersive field‐aligned bursts in auroral breakup arcs
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Semeter J. L. , Marshall R. A. , Zettergren M.
Published: June 2013

High‐resolution optical observations of a substorm expansion show dynamic auroral rays with surges of luminosity traveling up the magnetic field lines. Observed in ground‐based imagers, this phenomenon has been termed auroral flames, whereas the rocket signatures of the corresponding energy dispersions are more commonly known as field‐aligned bursts. In this paper, observations of auroral flames obtained at 50 frames/s with a scientific‐grade Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor (30° × 30° field of view, 30 m resolution at 120 km) are used to provide insight into the nature of the precipitating electrons similar to high‐resolution particle detectors. Thanks to the large field of view and high spatial resolution of this system, it is possible to obtain a first‐order estimate of the temporal evolution in altitude of the volume emission rate from a single sensor. The measured volume emission rates are compared with the sum of modeled eigenprofiles obtained for a finite set of electron beams with varying energy provided by the TRANSCAR auroral flux tube model. The energy dispersion signatures within each auroral ray can be analyzed in detail during a fraction of a second. The evolution of energy and flux of the precipitation shows precipitation spanning over a large range of energies, with the characteristic energy dropping from 2.1 keV to 0.87 keV over 0.2 s. Oscillations at 2.4 Hz in the magnetic zenith correspond to the period of the auroral flames, and the acceleration is believed to be due to Alfvenic wave interaction with electrons above the ionosphere.
A Quantum Chemical Study of the Abnormal Reactivity of 2‐Methoxyfuran
Authors: Simmie John M. , Somers Kieran P. , Yasunaga Kenji , Curran Henry J.
Published: June 2013

The gas‐phase pyrolytic and oxidative chemistry of furans has received much attention recently because of their potential as platform chemicals and biofuels. Typically these compounds exhibit very strong ring carbon to H or CH3 bonds. 2‐Methoxyfuran had been reported to be exceptionally unstable in comparison to related substituted heterocycles in pyrolytic experiments. The origins of its reactivity are shown to be due to the very weak O–CH3, which at 189.5 ± 1.9 kJ mol−1 is some 200 kJ mol−1 weaker than C–H bonds in the molecule. We show that the reported reactivity is somewhat overestimated but that does not alter the fact that 2‐methoxyfuran is exceptionally unstable. It may prove to be a useful alternative to azomethane as a thermal source of methyl radicals.
The derivative of the parallel volume difference
Authors: Kampf Jürgen
Published: June 2013

In this paper we continue the investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the parallel volume in Minkowski spaces as the distance tends to infinity that was started in and . Our main result is that the derivative of the difference between the parallel volume of the convex hull of a planar body and the parallel volume of the body itself tends to 0 for at order . We will use this result to examine Brownian paths and Boolean models.
Crystallographic groups of Sol
Authors: Ha Ku Yong , Lee Jong Bum
Published: June 2013

We classify all the closed 3‐dimensional orbifolds with Sol‐geometry. These are aspherical orbifolds and so their fundamental groups determine the orbifolds completely. Thus we will classify all the crystallographic groups of Sol, together with all the Bieberbach groups, up to isomorphism.
Mechanistic study of the unimolecular decomposition of 1,2‐dioxetanedione
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: June 2013

The unimolecular decomposition of 1,2‐dioxetanedione, the high‐energy intermediate of the chemiluminescence peroxyoxalate reaction, was studied by theoretical means for the first time. Our calculations have provided results in line with the experimental data regarding this compound. 1,2‐Dioxetanedione decomposes due to a step‐wise biradical mechanism. In the biradical region of the decomposition path, there is a path for singlet chemiexcitation. Interactions between the singlet ground and excited states with triplet states can explain the weak unimolecular chemiluminescence of 1,2‐dioxetanedione. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian subset analysis in a colorectal cancer clinical trial
Authors: Dixon Dennis O. , Simon Richard
Published: June 2013

Subset analysis is the examination of treatment comparisons within groups of patients with restricted levels of patient characteristics. Such analyses are vulnerable to multiplicity effects. We examine the problem in the context of a proportional hazards model with terms for treatment, each of several dichotomous covariates representing the patient characteristics of interest, and treatment‐by‐covariate interaction effects. Parametrically, a subset‐specific treatment effect is equal to the treatment effect term plus a linear combination of the interaction terms. We present Bayesian point and interval estimates under the assumption that the interaction terms are exchangeable and the prior distributions for the other regression parameters are locally uniform. This produces a shrinking of the estimated interaction effects towards zero, thereby discounting them and dealing in a natural way with multiplicity. We illustrate the method using results of a recent North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Mayo Clinic study in advanced colorectal cancer.
Interim analyses for monitoring clinical trials that do not materially affect the type I error rate
Authors: Gould A. Lawrence
Published: June 2013

Monitoring clinical trials often requires examining the interim findings to see if the sample size originally specified in the protocol will provide the required power against the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true, and to increase the sample size if necessary. This paper presents a new method, based on the overall response rate, for carrying out interim power evaluations when the observations have binomial distributions, without unblinding the treatment assignments or materially affecting the type I error rate. Simulation study results confirm the performance of the method.
An annotated bibliography of methods for analysing correlated categorical data
Authors: Ashby M. , Neuhaus J. M. , Hauck W. W. , Bacchetti P. , Heilbron D. C. , Jewell N. P. , Segal M. R. , Fusaro R. E.
Published: June 2013

This paper provides an annotated bibliography of over 100 articles concerning methods for analysing correlated categorical response data. Most of the papers listed here concern categorical regression models and estimation, with particular emphasis on binary responses. The papers are classified by several characteristics which group them according to common themes. The bibliography serves as a reference of methods for analysts of correlated categorical data, as well as for persons interested in methodologic work in this active area of statistical research.
Evidence-Based Intervention Strategies for Veterans and Military Personnel with Traumatic Brain Injury and Co-Morbid Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Matarazzo Bridget B. , Wortzel Hal S. , Dorsey Holliman Brooke A. , Brenner Lisa A.
Published: June 2013

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is prevalent among veterans and military personnel. These individuals present with increased rates of co-morbid mental health conditions and are at increased risk for suicide. Evidence-based treatments are needed to serve this population. A systematic review was conducted in order to determine the state of the science with respect to interventions aimed at improving mental health outcomes among veterans and military personnel. Results indicate that only three published articles exist that met inclusion criteria for this systematic review. All three study designs were observational in nature. Significant risk of bias was noted. The body of evidence was rated according to the GRADE approach. Although the published work marks an important starting point in evaluating evidence-based treatments for veterans and military personnel with TBI, the overall quality of evidence was determined to be very low. Implications for both future research and current practice are discussed.
The nonlinear problem of a gliding body with gravity
Authors: Semenov Y. A. , Wu G. X.
Published: June 2013

Analysis based on the velocity potential free flow theory with the fully nonlinear boundary condition is made for the steady flow generated by a body gliding along a free surface. Employing the integral hodograph method, we derive analytical expressions for the complex velocity and for the derivative of the complex potential with the coordinate of a parameter plane. The boundary value problem is transformed into a system of two integro-differential equations for the velocity modulus on the free surface and for the slope of the wetted body surface in the parameter plane. The same slope and curvature of the free surface and the body surface at the intersection are adopted to determine the separation points of the flow and from the body. Numerical results are provided for a gliding flat plate and a circular cylinder. The pressure distribution along the body and the free surface shape are presented for a wide range of Froude numbers, within the limit for which the solution corresponding to non-breaking waves downstream can be obtained.
Buellia subericola, a new species with triseptate ascospores from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: GIRALT Mireia , VAN DEN BOOM Pieter P. G.
Published: June 2013

Buellia subericola,a new corticolous species characterized by a brown, blastidiate thallus without secondary chemistry and triseptate to occasionally submuriform ascospores, is described from the southern Iberian Peninsula. The species occurs onQuercus suberin grass-woodlands of cork-oak in the mesomediterranean belt with a warm mediterranean climate and oceanic influence. It is compared with other knownBuellias. lat. taxa which also reproduce asexually and have similar ascospores.
Further species diversity in Neotropical Oropogon (Lecanoromycetes: Parmeliaceae) in Central America
Authors: LEAVITT Steven D. , ESSLINGER Theodore L. , NELSEN Matthew P. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: June 2013

The new species Oropogon evernicus Essl. & S. Leavitt and O. protocetraricus S. Leavitt & Essl. are described from montane regions of Central America, further increasing the diversity of this genus in the New World. Oropogon evernicus is separated from O. americanus by the presence of medullary tissue directly beneath the pseudocyphellae, while O. protocetraricus is separated from O. caespitosus by the presence of protocetraric acid. The segregation of both species is confirmed by molecular sequence data (nuclear ITS, nuLSU, and β-tubulin). Both species appear to have split from their most recent common ancestor during the Miocene, supporting Miocene-dominated diversification of neotropical Oropogon species found in Central America.
The complexity-cost factor in bilingualism
Authors: Festman Julia
Published: June 2013

Language processing changes with the knowledge and use of two languages. The advantage of being bilingual comes at the expense of increased processing demands and processing costs. I suggest considering bilingual complexity including these demands and costs. The proposed model claims effortless monolingual processing. By integrating individual and situational variability, the model would lose its idealistic touch, even for monolinguals.
An ecological alternative to a “sad response”: Public language use transcends the boundaries of the skin
Authors: Fowler Carol A.
Published: June 2013

Embedding theories of language production and comprehension in theories of action-perception is realistic and highlights that production and comprehension processes are interleaved. However, layers of internal models that repeatedly predict future linguistic actions and perceptions are implausible. I sketch an ecological alternative whereby perceiver/actors are modeled as dynamical systems coupled to one another and to the environment.
“Well, that's one way”: Interactivity in parsing and production
Authors: Howes Christine , Healey Patrick G. T. , Eshghi Arash , Hough Julian
Published: June 2013

We present empirical evidence from dialogue that challenges some of the key assumptions in the Pickering & Garrod (P&G) model of speaker-hearer coordination in dialogue. The P&G model also invokes an unnecessarily complex set of mechanisms. We show that a computational implementation, currently in development and based on a simpler model, can account for more of this type of dialogue data.
Integrate, yes, but what and how? A computational approach of sensorimotor fusion in speech
Authors: Laurent Raphaël , Moulin-Frier Clément , Bessière Pierre , Schwartz Jean-Luc , Diard Julien
Published: June 2013

We consider a computational model comparing the possible roles of “association” and “simulation” in phonetic decoding, demonstrating that these two routes can contain similar information in some “perfect” communication situations and highlighting situations where their decoding performance differs. We conclude that optimal decoding should involve some sort of fusion of association and simulation in the human brain.
Towards a complete multiple-mechanism account of predictive language processing
Authors: Mani Nivedita , Huettig Falk
Published: June 2013

Although we agree with Pickering & Garrod (P&G) that prediction-by-simulation and prediction-by-association are important mechanisms of anticipatory language processing, this commentary suggests that they: (1) overlook other potential mechanisms that might underlie prediction in language processing, (2) overestimate the importance of prediction-by-association in early childhood, and (3) underestimate the complexity and significance of several factors that might mediate prediction during language processing.
Does what you hear predict what you will do and say?
Authors: Pazzaglia Mariella
Published: June 2013

I evaluate the bottlenecks involved in the simulation mechanism underpinning superior predictive abilities for upcoming actions. This perceptual-motor state is characterized by a complex interrelationship designed to make predictions using a highly fine-tuned and constrained motor operation. The extension of such mechanisms to language may occur only in sensorimotor circuits devoted to the action domain.
Intentional strategies that make co-actors more predictable: The case of signaling
Authors: Pezzulo Giovanni , Dindo Haris
Published: June 2013

Pickering & Garrod (P&G) explain dialogue dynamics in terms of forward modeling and prediction-by-simulation mechanisms. Their theory dissolves a strict segregation between production and comprehension processes, and it links dialogue to action-based theories of joint action. We propose that the theory can also incorporate intentional strategies that increase communicative success: for example, signaling strategies that help remaining predictable and forming common ground.
Investigating the relationship between prenatal growth and postnatal outcomes: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Norris T. , Cameron N.
Published: June 2013

Theories regarding the relationship between pre- and postnatal growth and programming of health have been based on characteristics at birth, with little or no reference to the patterns of growth occurringin utero. Review of the literature to identify studies using ultrasonographically obtained fetal dimensions to track prenatal growth and relate these patterns of growth to postnatal anthropometry and cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Review of Medline, Scopus and Proquest for studies reporting on ultrasonographically derived estimates of fetal growth and their association with postnatal anthropometry, body composition or cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Quality of papers were assessed using the method developed by Downs and Black. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria, with a mean score of high quality. Twenty of the studies had follow-up in infancy, five in childhood, three in adolescence and one in adulthood. The associations observed suggest that centile tracking may occur early in pregnancy though whether this is as early as the first trimester is uncertain. The second trimester may be a critical period for the programming of blood pressure and abdominal circumference may be the most sensitive fetal dimension to indicate any programming.
MBDC Cradle to Cradle® Product Evaluation and Certification Program
Authors: Bolus Jay J. , Platin Rachel , Semisch Christoph
Published: June 2013

Cradle to Cradle® is a design philosophy created by Michael Braungart and William McDonough, two pioneers merging intentional design, chemistry and products for industry. In essence, Cradle to Cradle is about intentional design using Nature as a guide with all materials seen as nutrients for either the technical or biological metabolism, thus eliminating the concept of waste as everything becomes food for another system. Products designed according to this paradigm not only utilize materials that are safe for human and ecological systems, but also utilize manufacturing processes that maximize the use of clean, renewable energy while maintaining, or improving, overall water quality and ensuring social fairness for all involved.
Chemical Hazard Assessment and the GreenScreen™ for Safer Chemicals
Authors: Heine Lauren G. , Franjevic Shari A.
Published: June 2013

Whether driven by market pressures or increasing global regulations, businesses are seeking to understand better the hazards associated with the chemicals in their supply chain and to move toward the use of inherently safer alternatives to substances of high concern. In order to do so, they need reference tools that will allow them to compare options. Chemical hazard assessment (CHA) is an approach that allows one to compare chemicals based on inherent hazard and to make more informed decisions. Clean Production Action, a non‐profit organization, has developed the first freely available and fully transparent CHA methodology called the GreenScreen™ for Safer Chemicals (GreenScreen™). The method builds on national and international precedents for hazard classification including the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the US EPA Design for the Environment (DfE) Program Alternatives Assessment Criteria for Hazard Evaluation, and includes a structured decision logic in the form of Benchmarks. Clean Production Action has published all of the supporting documentation and is in the process of developing infrastructure to enable broader adoption of the GreenScreen™. This chapter traces the origins of the GreenScreen™, describes the process of applying the method, highlights how it can be and is being used to make more informed decisions by organizations including Hewlett‐Packard, Staples, Royal DSM and The Wercs and outlines the future direction of the GreenScreen™ program.
Hewlett‐Packard's Use of the GreenScreen™ for Safer Chemicals
Authors: Holder H. A. , Mazurkiewicz P. H. , Robertson C. D. , Wray C. A.
Published: June 2013

The electronics industry is now being impacted by a rapidly growing number of chemical regulations and substance restrictions. In the light of this trend, there is a significant risk of facing multiple substitutions for the same application unless potential replacement technologies are properly assessed against environmental and human health criteria in advance of their widespread adoption. To ensure that replacements for restricted substances have lower impact to human health and the environment, it is essential to be able to determine the impacts of the alternatives compared with the original substances. In this work, we evaluated tools and methods for comparing restricted substances to their alternatives, including restricted substance list (RSL) screening, risk phrase or hazard statement screening, multi‐criteria decision analysis, life‐cycle analysis (LCA), risk assessment and hazard scoring schemes. This chapter describes how these tools were incorporated into an integrated alternatives assessment protocol for evaluating the environmental and human health impacts of replacements for restricted substances.
Development of high quantum efficiency GaAs/GaInP double heterostructures for laser cooling
Authors: Bender Daniel A. , Cederberg Jeffrey G. , Wang Chengao , Sheik-Bahae Mansoor
Published: June 2013

We report on the growth and characterization of high external quantum efficiency (EQE) GaAs/GaInP double heterostructures. By properly treating the GaAs/GaInP interface, we are able to produce structures measuring a record EQE of 99.5% ± 0.1% in GaAs. This efficiency exceeds the requirement for achieving laser cooling in GaAs. However, net cooling has not yet been realized due to residual below gap background absorption.
Magnetic nanoparticles of core-shell structure for recoverable photocatalysts
Authors: Jing Ying , He Shi-Hai , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: June 2013

Si doped iron-iron oxide core-shell magnetic nanoparticles are presented in this paper for photocatalysis applications. The nanoparticles were fabricated by a gas phase method with control of small size. Enhanced optical absorption was observed in them compared to the ones without Si, particularly in the 310 nm–450 nm wavelength range. This active optical property is beneficial for photocatalysis in terms of the efficient hole transfer from the catalysts to the reacting chemistry groups. The nanoparticles also possess a strong and active magnetic property which provides an easy way for recyclable usage. This work offers a route towards the improvement of a photocatalytic system which integrates a nanoparticulate structure of a large surface area with effective doping and recoverability by a magnetic field.
Social networks amongst older people in OECD countries: a qualitative comparative analysis
Authors: Haynes Philip , Banks Laura , Hill Michael
Published: June 2013

Using data from The International Social Survey Programme this paper compares the social networks of those aged 50 and above in 18 countries. Two different types of networks are conceptualised: family contact and community participation. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), international sets are established for four groups of countries. Set one includes countries that only satisfy a minimal number of social network thresholds (France, Norway, Great Britain, Denmark and the USA). Set two includes a homogeneous group of countries with above-threshold rates of marriage and community participation (Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Austria and Canada). Other separate sets with stronger social network features comprise Eastern European countries (set three) and Southern Europe countries (set four) in these sets, family contacts are above the international country average but community participation is less strong. Country sets with low comparative threshold scores in the QCA are argued to be likely to be in greater need of government care policy interventions.
Replication and trafficking of a plant virus are coupled at the entrances of plasmodesmata
Authors: Tilsner Jens , Linnik Olga , Louveaux Marion , Roberts Ian M. , Chapman Sean N. , Oparka Karl J.
Published: June 2013

Plant viruses use movement proteins (MPs) to modify intercellular pores called plasmodesmata (PD) to cross the plant cell wall. Many viruses encode a conserved set of three MPs, known as the triple gene block (TGB), typified by Potato virus X (PVX). In this paper, using live-cell imaging of viral RNA (vRNA) and virus-encoded proteins, we show that the TGB proteins have distinct functions during movement. TGB2 and TGB3 established endoplasmic reticulum–derived membranous caps at PD orifices. These caps harbored the PVX replicase and nonencapsidated vRNA and represented PD-anchored viral replication sites. TGB1 mediated insertion of the viral coat protein into PD, probably by its interaction with the 5′ end of nascent virions, and was recruited to PD by the TGB2/3 complex. We propose a new model of plant virus movement, which we term coreplicational insertion, in which MPs function to compartmentalize replication complexes at PD for localized RNA synthesis and directional trafficking of the virus between cells.
Two isomorphous transition metal complexes displaying a coordinated tetrathionate unit: bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)(tetrathionato-κ2S,S′)cadmium(II) dimethylformamide disolvate and the zinc(II) analogue
Authors: Harvey Miguel Angel , Suarez Sebastián , Doctorovich Fabio , Baggio Ricardo
Published: June 2013

The isomorphous title compounds, [Tr(S4O6)(C12H12N2)2]·2C3H7NO (Tr = CdIIand ZnII), consist of metal centres to which one tetrathionate and two 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine chelating ligands bind. The structures are completed by two symmetry-related dimethylformamide solvent molecules. Each metal-centred complex is bisected by a twofold axis running through the metal centre and halving the chelating tetrathionate dianion through the central S—S bond. The ancillary symmetry-related 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligands act as chelates. This results in a distorted six-coordinate geometry, with similar Tr—O/N distances but central angles differing substantially from 90 and 180°. Both ligands are basically featureless from a geometric point of view, with torsion angles in both coordinated tetrathionate groups suggesting a trend linking metal size (covalent radius) and ligand `openness'. Packing is directed by (C—H)aromatic...O bridges and π–π offset stacked interactions defining chains along [001], further linked by weaker (C—H)methyl...O bridges, some of them mediated by the dimethylformamide solvent molecules.
How to avoid errors when quantifying thermal environments
Authors: Bakken George S. , Angilletta Michael J.
Published: June 2013

Modelling thermal environments at high resolution becomes simpler when using operative temperature, which condenses microclimate and morphology into an index of thermal stress. Operative temperature can be mapped using large numbers of ‘operative temperature thermometers’, hollow models that duplicate external properties of the animal.

As climatologists predict that air will warm by 2–4 °C by 2100, biologists must be able to distinguish climate change from systematic errors in operative temperature of the same magnitude.

A systematic error in operative temperature of 2 °C or a similar amount of climate warming can change predicted surface activity and indices of habitat quality, thermoregulatory precision and predation risk by 5–12%, and in some cases more than 30%.

As construction details of operative temperature thermometers can affect their accuracy by 2 °C or more, biologists should use detailed physical models calibrated against living animals over potential ranges of postures, orientations and microclimates.

Water‐filled models do not measure operative temperature correctly, fail to capture thermal extremes and are an unnecessary complication as one can easily compute the body temperature of moving or stationary animals from body mass and the spatio‐temporal distribution of operative temperatures.
HEALTH INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC OUTPUT IN REGIONAL CHINA
Authors: CHEN GANG , INDER BRETT , HOLLINGSWORTH BRUCE
Published: June 2013

Using a 29‐year (1978–2006) panel of provincial‐level data from China, this article investigates the role of health capital in a human capital model of economic output. Robust evidence is found through panel cointegration analysis that health capital has a significant and positive effect on the Gross Regional Product in China; the effect being stronger in the inland regions compared to the coastal areas based on estimates that account for regional heterogeneity. This article highlights and discusses the potential role of diminishing returns to health investment in this globally important area. (JEL I15, R11, C23)
Indicators of expert judgement and their significance: an empirical investigation in the area of cyber security
Authors: Holm Hannes , Sommestad Teodor , Ekstedt Mathias , Honeth Nicholas
Published: June 2013

In situations when data collection through observations is difficult to perform, the use of expert judgement can be justified. A challenge with this approach is, however, to value the credibility of different experts. A natural and state‐of‐the art approach is to weight the experts' judgements according to their calibration, that is, on the basis of how well their estimates of a studied event agree with actual observations of that event. However, when data collection through observations is difficult to perform, it is often also difficult to estimate the calibration of experts. As a consequence, variables thought to indicate calibration are generally used as a substitute of it in practice. This study evaluates the value of three such indicative variables: consensus, experience and self‐proclamation. The significances of these variables are analysed in four surveys covering different domains in cyber security, involving a total of 271 subjects. Results show that consensus is a reasonable indicator of calibration. The mean Pearson correlation between these two variables across the four studies was 0.407. No significant correlations were found between calibration and experience or calibration and self‐proclamation. However, as a side result, it was discovered that a subject that perceives itself as more knowledgeable than others likely also is more experienced.
The attitude of Czech dental patients to the use of rubber dam
Authors: Kapitan Martin , Hodacova Lenka , Jagelska Julie , Kaplan Jiri , Ivancakova Romana , Sustova Zdenka
Published: June 2013

Background

The most frequent arguments against rubber dam are that patients generally do not like it and the prolonged time of treatment. However, according to several studies, the attitude of patients towards rubber dam is rather positive.

Objective

To find out the attitudes of patients to treatment with rubber dam; to determine influence of the circumstances of treatment or factors about patients; and to establish a mean time needed for rubber dam placement.

Design

A questionnaire survey.

Setting and participants

Patients of general dental practitioners, university clinical specialists and undergraduate dental students.

Results

A total of 179 questionnaires were distributed, from which 150 were returned. The mean time needed for rubber dam placement was 4 min for students and < 2 min for dentists. For 56% of patients, this had been their first experience with rubber dam. A total of 77% of patients indicated a higher level of comfort during treatment with rubber dam. A preference to the future rubber dam usage was indicated by 86% of patients. The preference to the further rubber dam usage was statistically significantly affected by the level of comfort during the treatment with rubber dam (P < 0.001) and by the sufficiency of explanation of reasons for rubber dam usage (P < 0.05). The other factors presented no statistically significant influence on patients' attitude to rubber dam usage.

Conclusions

The attitude of patients to rubber dam was rather positive in our study. The time needed for rubber dam application was rather short.
An approach for efficient ship routing
Authors: Romero Gonzalo , Durán Guillermo , Marenco Javier , Weintraub Andrés
Published: June 2013

Ship routing problems are a particular kind of routing problems where the vehicles to be routed are vessels or ships, usually in maritime environments. In contrast to land routing, ship routing has unique features, including overnight trips, disjoint time windows, not necessarily prespecified routes, and a great uncertainty derived from weather conditions. In this work we present a special ship routing problem, which incorporates many features present in general ship routing settings. We discuss aspects related with data gathering and updating, which are particularly difficult in the context of ship routing. Additionally, we present a GRASP algorithm to solve this problem. We apply our solution approach to a salmon feed supplier based in southern Chile, and present computational results on real data.
Revision of the oriental ant genus Cladomyrma, with an outline of the higher classification of the Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: AGOSTI DONAT
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The Oriental ant genus Cladomyrma is revised and possible phylogenetic relationships are discussed. Cladomyrma hewitti and hobbyi are newly synonymized with andrei. Cladomyrma cryptata, maschwitzi, mossyna and petalae are described as new species. A lectotype for Cladomyrma hewitti is designated. A synopsis of the classification of Formicinae, based on new morphological characters, is provided. New morphological characters at the generic level are described and the relationships of Cladomyrma within Formicinae are discussed.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis: new dermoscopic findings
Authors: Yücel Aydın , Günaşti Suhan , Denli Yasargül , Uzun Soner
Published: June 2013

Background

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has a worldwide distribution. Delayed and incorrect diagnosis may cause the significant spread of this disease and consequent increases in morbidity and drug resistance.

Objectives

We aimed to determine dermoscopic features of CL that may help to improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of the disease.

Methods

A total of 145 lesions in 102 patients were evaluated dermoscopically. Following the diagnosis of CL, all lesions were evaluated by experienced dermoscopists.

Results

A total of 51 papules, 40 nodulo‐ulcerative lesions, 31 plaques, and 23 nodules were evaluated by dermoscopy. Generalized erythema appeared in all lesions (100%), yellow tears in 58 lesions, both crust and ulcer in 51 lesions, white starburst‐like patterns in 27 lesions, ovoid salmon‐colored structures in 19 lesions, and a perilesional hypopigmented halo pattern in four lesions. Various vascular structures were present in 126 lesions. The most common vascular structure observed was an irregular linear pattern in 78 lesions, followed by a tree‐like pattern in 53 lesions. The rest of the vascular structures included hairpin vessels in 25 lesions, glomerulus‐like vessels in 24 lesions, dotted vessels in 23 lesions, comma‐shaped vessels in six lesions, and polymorphous/atypical vessels in four lesions. We did not identify the types of parasite involved.

Conclusions

Yellow tears, white starburst‐like patterns and salmon‐colored ovoid structures seem to appear specifically in CL lesions. In geographical areas in which CL is common, dermoscopy may be utilized as a useful diagnostic tool that is practical and non‐invasive.
Treatment of Pitted Scars: Punch Transplant Technique
Authors: JOHNSON WAINE C.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This paper describes an operation for treatment of pitted scars of the face. After local anesthesia, the pitted scar is removed by a cutaneous punch. Donor grafts are obtained from the postauricular skin and held in place using a Steri‐Strip or other method. The graft is placed so that it will be level or slightly elevated. The dressing is removed at 2 days and the graft site is cleaned with hydrogen peroxide. After 3 to 4 weeks, the area is levelled by a dermabrasion or other technique. Expected results and complications are discussed.
Hyperinflammatory Proliferative (Blastotnycosis‐like) Pyodermas: Review, Mechanisms, and Therapy
Authors: STONE ORVILLE J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Some sites of chronic localized infection have a vigorous granulocytic inflammatory response and develop marked tissue proliferation. This is most common in patients with poor nutrition, halogen ingestion or foreign bodies. The granulocytes release connective tissue‐activating peptides which cause fibroblast proliferation and ground substance formation. The dermal papillae enlarge and support a larger germinative cell volume, producing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Hypertrophic granulation tissue or “proud flesh” appears to be a similar phenomenon without the epithelial component. In a milder physiologic range this phenomenon probably accounts for the term “laudable pus.”