bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marxist Archaeologies
Authors: Iacono Francesco
Published: July 2020

Marxist archaeologies have represented one of the most important theoretical developments of archaeology. The approaches that go under this label can be extremely diverse, but often maintain the use of and/or the engagement with some basic ideas derived from the thought of Marx, Engels, and subsequent thinkers of the Marxist tradition. These concepts can be identified, for instance, in the notions of means, relations, and mode of production as well as in that of class. Contrarily to many other strands of archaeological theory, however, Marxism is not only a philosophy but has had an active role in recent global history, being related to both emancipatory struggles and dictatorial regimes worldwide. Because of this, the development of Marxist archaeologies (variously declined) will be discussed also in their historical development through the twentieth century and beyond, until the present day.
Social Organization and Change
Authors: Kadrow Sławomir
Published: July 2020

First, this chapter considers the meaning of ‘society’ in sociology, and how it relates to the concept of culture. It then proposes an interpretation of social organization and change based on theories taken from the social sciences. The main aim is to investigate these issues as they have been presented by different schools and currents within archaeology from the mid-19th century to present times. Evolutionist, culture-historical, Marxist, functionalist and processual archaeologies have based their ideas of social change on an organic metaphor of society, rooted deeply in the classic views of 19th-century social sciences. Post-processual archaeology has been the only one to adopt other concepts of society, drawn from various sociological theories, e.g. those of Bourdieu, Habermas, Giddens, or Sztompka.
Economy and exchange
Authors: Tripković Boban
Published: July 2020

The economics of past societies has traditionally been one of the most important topics of scientific archaeology. On one hand, economic activities are related to fundamental human survival and have always been part of the daily routine of an individual or small family group. On the other, the study of past economies is inevitably associated with the broad historical context in which archaeology as a discipline originated and further developed. For that reason, this chapter combines theoretical perspectives that include a wide range of economies, from domestic to political, traditional to modern, gift economies to commodity economy. The chapter consists of four parts: it reviews the historical development of economic archaeology, relates economic development to social complexity, discusses the categories and classes of items that have been produced and used in different cultural contexts, and explores distribution, namely the trade and exchange activities in which goods become gifts and commodities.
Slaves and the Roman Economy
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents an economic view of Roman slavery and the modern literature about it. The chapter starts by defining slavery and distinguishing positive and negative incentives to work. Roman slavery was ‘open’, while United States slavery was ‘closed’. The related roles of manumission, education, and skills are discussed and evaluated. The chapter considers Roman slavery as part of the Roman labour force, and combines imprecise estimates by various ancient historians into a rough idea of the magnitude of Roman slavery. Finally, Roman slavery continued into the imperial decline. There are three overall lessons. First, economic analysis adds to our understanding of ancient slavery. Second, Roman slavery was nothing like United States slavery. Third, slaves were less than one-quarter of the Roman labour force in the Principate and less than that both earlier and later.
Paul and Postcolonial Studies
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: July 2020

This chapter asks the question: What is the relationship between Pauline studies and postcolonial studies? At first glance, it might appear that there is not much of a relationship at all between the two. But expanding the notion of postcolonial approaches shows there has in fact been plenty of work—though of a rather particular kind—on Paul and empire. Thus, depending upon how one classifies and maps postcolonial studies, Pauline interpreters could be cast as relative latecomers, or as having been involved all along, even before the recent vogue for anti-imperial readings. But this chapter also demonstrates an additional layer of complication to this mapping, particularly if one is attempting to grapple with the complex intersections and embodiments of imperial and colonial formations, the sorts of factors that might be characterizing the current, ‘third moment’ space in postcolonial theory. Thus, while there are all sorts of precursors and resources for counter-kyriarchal analyses and uses of Pauline epistles (particularly among feminist and race-critical scholars), it would seem justifiable to argue that these do not yet characterize the landscape of postcolonial approaches to these epistles and interpretations.
Celtic
Authors: Eska Joseph F.
Published: July 2020

Greek and Roman ethnographic writers provide information about the bardic poets of Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul, as well as the character of their poetry. Among the fragmentary epigraphic records of the Cisalpine Celtic and Transalpine Celtic languages, furthermore, a number have been claimed to display poetic features such as alliteration, rhyme, and non-standard word order. The poetic features of two inscriptions whose status as poems can hardly be doubted are discussed.
History of Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Cole Michael A. , Sozda Christopher N. , D’Esposito Mark
Published: July 2020

Modern functional neuroimaging techniques can be dated to the 1960s, although humans have been trying to understand the functional organization of the brain for millennia. Precursors of modern techniques were quite crude and date roughly to the 19th century. Rapid technological advances during the end of the 20th century provided researchers with tools capable of measuring hemodynamic activity within the brain, such as changes in blood flow and metabolism, and these techniques quickly became core methodological approaches in the disciplines of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Notably, clinicians and researchers were significantly aided in their ability to examine diffuse neural networks underlying complex cognitive functions such as working memory, learning, and attention in normal subjects and patient populations. Although the clinical application of functional neuroimaging methodologies have been limited to date, research in this area is rapidly growing and empirical support exists for effective use of techniques such as fMRI and PET, for instance, in presurgical mapping and early detection of Alzheimer’s disease.
Evaluation of Complications in Postpartum Women Receiving Therapeutic Anticoagulation
Authors: Côté-Poirier Gabrielle , Bettache Nazila , Côté Anne-Marie , Mahone Michèle , Morin Francine , Cumyn Annabelle , Bureau Yves-André , Malick Mandy , Sauvé Nadine
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate complications associated with early postpartum therapeutic anticoagulation.

METHODS:

A multicenter retrospective cohort study was done to evaluate the association between therapeutic anticoagulation postpartum and major complications (hemorrhagic and wound complications). Secondary outcomes included minor complications, risk factors associated with total complications (including the time to therapeutic anticoagulation resumption after delivery) and recurrent thrombotic events within 6 weeks postpartum.

RESULTS:

From 2003 to 2015, 232 consecutive women were treated with therapeutic anticoagulation within 96 hours postpartum; among those treated, 91 received unfractionated heparin, 138 received low-molecular-weight heparin, and three received other anticoagulants. The primary outcome, a composite of major hemorrhagic complications (requiring transfusion, hospitalization, volume resuscitation, transfer to intensive care unit, or surgery) and major wound complications, occurred in 7 of 83 (8.4%) for cesarean deliveries and 9 of 149 (6.0%) for vaginal deliveries (P=.490). Total complications (including major and minor hemorrhagic and wound complications) occurred in 13 of 83 (15.7%) for cesarean deliveries compared with 9 of 149 (6.0%) for vaginal deliveries (P=.016). When comparing cases associated with and without complications, the median delay before resuming anticoagulation was significantly shorter for both cesarean (12 vs 33 hours, P=.033) and vaginal deliveries (6 vs 19 hours, P=.006). For vaginal deliveries, 8 of 51 (15.7%) women had complications when anticoagulation was started before 9.25 hours postpartum, compared with 1 of 98 (1.0%) when started after 9.25 hours. For cesarean deliveries, 7 of 21 (33.3%) of women experienced complications compared with 6 of 62 (9.7%) if anticoagulation was started before or after 15.1 hours, respectively. Two (0.9%) episodes of venous thromboembolism occurred within 6 weeks postpartum.

CONCLUSION:

Among postpartum women who received early therapeutic anticoagulation, major complications occurred in 8.4% for cesarean deliveries and 6.0% for vaginal deliveries. Complications were associated with earlier resumption of therapeutic anticoagulation, particularly before 9.25 hours for vaginal deliveries and before 15.1 hours for cesarean deliveries.
Resident and Program Director Confidence in Resident Surgical Preparedness in Obstetrics and Gynecologic Training Programs
Authors: Banks Erika , Gressel Gregory M. , George Karen , Woodland Mark B.
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To assess self-reported readiness of U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents to perform surgical procedures compared with the perceptions of their program directors.

METHODS:

The 2019 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology Survey assessed resident self-confidence and perceived readiness to independently perform common surgical procedures. Concurrently, obstetrics and gynecology residency program directors were surveyed about the readiness of their graduating residents to independently perform the same procedures.

RESULTS:

The overall response rate was 99.3% for residents (5,473/5,514 examinees attempted to complete the survey) and 83% for program directors (241/292 returned surveys). There were no significant differences in graduating residents and program directors' assessments of graduating residents' surgical confidence in performing cesarean delivery (99.6% [95% CI 98.9–99.9] vs 100% [95% CI 98.2–100.0]), vacuum delivery (96.5% [95% CI 95.2–97.4] vs 98.6% [95% CI 95.9–99.7]), abdominal hysterectomy (95.1% [95% CI 93.6–96.2] vs 96.7% [95% CI 93.3–98.7]) or operative hysteroscopy (99.5% [95% CI 98.9–99.9] vs 100% [95% CI 98.2–100.0]). Ninety percent, 86%, and 69% of graduating residents felt that they could independently perform an abdominal hysterectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy, and vaginal hysterectomy, respectively, in the event of an emergency. Ninety-seven percent (95% CI 93.3–98.7) of program directors reported their residents could perform a laparoscopic hysterectomy by graduation, as did 93% of graduating resident respondents (95% CI 90.8–94.0). Ninety percent (95% CI 85.3–93.8) of program directors felt their residents could perform vaginal hysterectomies by graduation, compared with 79% (95% CI 76.9–81.8) of fourth-year residents.

CONCLUSION:

Graduating obstetrics and gynecology residents and their program directors are confident in their abilities to perform the majority of core surgical procedures by graduation. By the second year, more than 90% of residents and their program directors were confident in their ability to perform cesarean deliveries and operative hysteroscopy. Sixty-nine percent and 86% of graduating residents felt comfortable performing vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomies, respectively.
Mitotically Active Nevus and Nevoid Melanoma: A Clinicopathological and Molecular Study
Authors: Mesbah Ardakani Nima , Singh Shalinder , Thomas Carla , Van Vliet Chris , Harvey Nathan Tobias , Calonje Jaime Eduardo , Wood Benjamin Andrew
Published: July 2020

The distinction between nevoid melanoma and a mitotically active nevus can be challenging at the microscopic level. In this study, we performed cytogenetic testing on a cohort of 25 mitotically active melanocytic proliferations resembling common melanocytic nevus from 25 patients. Based on cytogenetic findings, the lesions were classified as “nevoid melanoma” (n = 13) or “mitotically active nevus” (n = 12). Subsequently, we compared the clinicopathological features between these 2 groups. Nevoid melanomas occurred in older patients (P = 0.007); however, there were no significant differences in gender, size, or anatomical distribution between the 2 groups. Histologically, deep/marginal mitoses (P = 0.006), lack of maturation with depth (P = 0.036), and pseudo-maturation (P = 0.006) were significantly more common in nevoid melanomas. Immunohistochemically, complete loss of p16 was an important divisive feature (P = 0.0004), seen in 70% of nevoid melanomas, and highly correlated with loss of CDKN2A gene (chromosome 9p21). Our findings suggest that such reproducible immunomorphological differences can be of value in distinguishing nevoid melanoma from mitotically active nevus. Nevoid melanomas demonstrated a spectrum of chromosomal aberrations similar to those seen in common subtypes of melanoma, which can serve as a powerful adjunct diagnostic tool in morphologically challenging lesions.
Evaluation of Burnout and Work-Life in Surgical Trauma Acute Care Units
Authors: Bethea Audis , Samanta Damayanti
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Stressors unique to trauma patients may potentiate burnout in the trauma care team. Among health care workers, nurses historically demonstrate high rates of burnout and are often the first caregivers in which patients interact. There is limited research, however, investigating burnout in trauma nurses. This study aims to evaluate levels of burnout and perceptions of work-life in nurses and ancillary staff at a Level 1 trauma center.

Methods:

An anonymous, cross-sectional, online survey was administered utilizing the Maslach Burnout Toolkit to investigate levels of burnout and work-life. Supplemental questions developed by investigators were included to gather additional details about the work environment.

Results:

A total of 126 trauma staff completed the survey yielding a response rate of 73%. Trauma staff exhibited low degrees of emotional exhaustion (M = 2.53, SD = 1.29) and depersonalization (M = 1.83, SD = 1.33). Staff with 4 to less than 9 years of tenure at the study institution experienced these emotions at the highest level. Overall, staff cited documentation requirements and patient-to-staff ratios as prominent concerns with their work-life. There were significant negative associations between manageable workload with emotional exhaustion (r = −0.68) and depersonalization (r = −0.56).

Conclusions:

Overall, low degrees of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were exhibited, but significant increases were noted in staff with increasing tenure. These findings suggest that cited aspects of work-life may impact the development of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization over time. Pilot interventions are underway to identify an acuity-adjusted staffing process and a user-friendly electronic documentation platform to improve the institution's work environment.
Activation of Guinea Pig Irregular Semicircular Canal Afferents by 100 Hz Vibration: Clinical Implications for Vibration-induced Nystagmus and Vestibular-evoked Myogenic Potentials
Authors: Dlugaiczyk Julia , Burgess Ann M. , Curthoys Ian S.
Published: July 2020

Hypothesis:

Bone-conducted vibration (BCV) at 100 Hz causes endolymph displacement at hair cell stereocilia in semicircular canal (SCC) ducts of the intact bony labyrinth resulting in activation of irregularly discharging afferent neurons.

Background:

Suprathreshold 100 Hz BCV is employed in the clinic to evoke skull vibration-induced nystagmus, an indicator for peripheral vestibular asymmetry. Recently, this stimulus has also been used in vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, a selective test for otolithic function.

Methods:

We performed extracellular recordings from utricular and SCC afferents in guinea pigs during application of suprathreshold BCV stimuli (100–500 Hz) to the animal's skull. Vibration was administered in a way that the animal, the vibrator, and the recording electrode moved as one.

Results:

In summary, 19 of 43 recorded SCC afferents displayed a stimulus- and phase-locked increase in firing during stimulation at 100 Hz BCV with no perstimulatory adaptation and no poststimulatory silencing. All of the 19 activated SCC afferents had an irregular resting discharge. Neuronal activation of SCC afferents was less pronounced at 200 Hz and largely absent at 500 Hz. On the contrary, a stimulus- and phase-locked increase in firing was observed for irregularly discharging utricular neurons at all frequencies tested.

Conclusions:

At intensities usually applied in the clinic, 500 Hz BCV is a largely selective otolithic stimulus, while 100 Hz BCV can activate both otolith and SCC afferents. Therefore, while 100 Hz BCV is ideally suited for evoking skull vibration-induced nystagmus in peripheral vestibular asymmetry, it is not recommended for vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, as it lacks otolithic specificity.
Efficacy of high-dissolution turmeric-sesame formulation for pain relief in adult subjects with acute musculoskeletal pain compared to acetaminophen
Authors: Rudrappa Girish H. , Chakravarthi Pruthvi T. , Benny Irin Rosanna
Published: July 2020

Background:

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter for pain relief. Management of acute pain with plant-based nutrients has remained suboptimal due to an absence of data supporting acute relief of pain. In the present study, it was hypothesized that high-dissolution liquid treatment of black sesame extract oil, Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata may provide pain relief in people with acute musculoskeletal pain as quickly as acetaminophen.

Methods:

In this randomized active controlled open label study, 88 healthy subjects with acute musculoskeletal pain were randomized to receive treatment capsule (Rhuleave-K; 1,000 mg/d) or 1,000 mg/d acetaminophen for 7 days. Change in pain intensity and pain relief at first 6 hours, 3 days, and 7 days were measured. The onset of analgesia was measured by perceptible pain relief and meaningful pain relief. Other measures were McGill Pain Questionnaire and Patient Global Impression Change.

Results:

The treatment formulation resulted in average magnitude of pain relief comparable to the acetaminophen. Sixty-six percent of subjects in the treatment group reported positive response in pain relief (≥50% max TOTPAR; total pain relief) after 6 hours, compared to 73% of control. Seventy-three percent of subjects on treatment were considered positive responders, compared to 80% in the control group. The average time of onset of analgesia was 1 hour for the treatment group, versus 0.83 hour for control. At the end of day 3 and 7, there was significant improvement (P < .001 for day 3 and day 7) in the pain condition of treatment group and was comparable to control (P = .436 for day 3 and P = .529 for day 7). The total McGill Pain score showed significant reduction in pain with the treatment irrespective of the pain intensity statistically equal (P = .468) to control. Both the groups were equal in providing sensory pain relief (P = .942), but the treatment was 8.57 times significantly better (P = .027) than acetaminophen in reducing the unpleasantness and emotional aspects (affective domain) involved with acute pain.

Conclusion:

The results showed that the treatment used in the study may act as a natural, fast acting, and safe alternative for acute pain relief comparable to acetaminophen.
Two mutations in the axonemal dynein heavy chain gene 5 in a Chinese asthenozoospermia patient
Authors: He Jing , Li Leilei , Yu Yang , Hu Xiaonan , Zhang Hongguo , Liu Ruizhi , Wang Ruixue
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

As one of the most common causes of male infertility, asthenozoospermia mainly shows low sperm motility, accounting for 81.84% of male infertility patients. Recently, there has been a notable increase for relationship between genetic testing and asthenozoospermia. In this report, we design to provide clues to prove relationship between dynein heavy chain gene 5 (DNAH5) gene alterations and asthenozoospermia. This also provides a reference for patients to choose a reasonable treatment plan or genetic counseling to assist reproductive reproduction.

Patients concern:

In the present study, we screened 143 patients with asthenozoospermia for variants in DNAH5 gene. We used high-throughput targeted gene sequencing technology and the data were assessed by bioinformatics analysis.

Diagnosis:

We found 1 of 143 asthenozoospermia patients was detected as carrying DNAH5 compound heterozygous variants (c.3502G>A and c.2578–11_2578-7del).

Outcomes:

The variation c.2578-11_2578-7del was predicted in silico to not affect the splicing by HSF3. The variation c.3502G > A (p.E1168K) may cause disease by Mutationtaster software. They may contribute to a risk of male infertility in Chinese patients.

Conclusions:

We discussed the possible association between mutations in DNAH5 and asthenospermia for the first time in Chinese people. If confirmed in larger samples and different races, this result was meaningful for a better diagnosis of asthenospermia patients.
Dental caries experience and related risk indicators of 12-year-old students in Jilin, China
Authors: Chen Chong , Zhang Fenglan , Wang Rui
Published: July 2020

An effective prevention policy for dental caries is absent in Jilin, China because of outdated and insufficient data. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dental caries status and related risk indicators among 12-year-old students in Jilin Province.

We conducted a cross-sectional investigation among 2324 children aged 12 years from 9 regions of Jilin in 2017. Caries was evaluated with the decayed-missing-filled teeth index and the significant caries index. The rate of pit and fissure closure, education level of patients, brushing habits, and sugar consumption were evaluated in a structured questionnaire. The associated risk indicators of caries were also assessed through logistic regression analysis.

The prevalence of dental caries is 56.11%, and the value of decayed-missing-filled teeth was 1.53. More dental caries was found in students living in high-fluorine areas (P < .01). The results of logistic regression analysis show that females, poor self-assessment of oral health, toothache experience, dental visits, and education levels of parents are risk indicators for caries (P < .01).

Regarding the current status of DC among 12-year-old students in Jilin Province, (1) The high-fluorine areas have lower DC prevalence than the non-high fluorine areas, (2) Female students have higher DC prevalence than male students, (3) Poor self-assessment of dental health, toothache experience, dental visits, and low education levels of parents can increase the risk of dental caries.
Characterization of tracheotomized patients after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Chang Yu-Ming , Lee Tsung-Han , Liao Chen-Chieh , Huang Yu-Hua
Published: July 2020

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a catastrophic event with high disability and fatality rates. Post-SAH survivors may require prolonged intubation with the assistance of mechanical ventilators, and some patients will undergo tracheostomy to facilitate their pulmonary hygiene and airway protection. The aim of this study is to identify the incidence and risk factors of the need for tracheostomy after spontaneous SAH. We used a retrospective approach and enrolled 838 adult patients with a primary diagnosis of spontaneous SAH who survived >7 days after hospitalization. Medical information was retrieved from the administrative database utilizing diagnostic and procedure codes by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Patients with first-ever SAH included 329 men and 509 women, and their average age was 56.9 ± 14.4 years, ranging between 18 and 91 years. Fifty-eight of these 838 patients underwent tracheostomy procedures, and the overall incidence was 6.9%. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the independent risk factors of the need for tracheostomy were underlying diabetes mellitus (P = .02), hydrocephalus (P < .01), and pneumonia (P < .01). The mean duration of hospital stay was 26.0 ± 15.3 and 16.8 ± 12.2 days for patients with and without a tracheostomy, respectively (P < .01). In conclusion, a significant percentage of post-SAH survivors underwent tracheostomy during acute hospitalization. Attention to independent risk factors, including preexisting diabetes mellitus, concomitant hydrocephalus, and nosocomial pneumonia, is essential for timely patient selection for tracheostomy.
Successful treatment of a unique case of congophilic fibrillary glomerulonephritis
Authors: Gandhi Pulkit , Tang Jie
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Amyloidosis and fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FGN) share similar electron microscopic signatures including random arrangement of fibrils. However, distinction between the 2 can often be made using Congo Red staining.

Patient concerns:

Here we describe a unique case of FGN, which stained positive for Congo Red, as well as DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B9 which is more specific for FGN. The patient presented with acute kidney injury and severe proteinuria.

Diagnosis:

Congophilic FGN.

Interventions:

Six-month course of mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone.

Outcomes:

complete resolution of acute kidney injury and proteinuria

Take home lessons:

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful treatment of this rare condition using mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone.
Ultra-high field 7 T imaging in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Louapre Céline , Treaba Constantina A. , Barletta Valeria , Mainero Caterina
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review

Ultra-high field 7 T MRI has multiple applications for thein vivocharacterization of the heterogeneous aspects underlying multiple sclerosis including the identification of cortical lesions, characterization of the different types of white matter plaques, evaluation of structures difficult to assess with conventional MRI (thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord, meninges).

Recent findings

The sensitivity of cortical lesion detection at 7 T is twice than at lower field MRI, especially for subpial lesions, the most common cortical lesion type in multiple sclerosis. Cortical lesion load accrual is independent of that in the white matter and predicts disability progression.

Seven Tesla MRI provides details on tissue microstructure that can be used to improve white matter lesion characterization. These include the presence of a central vein, whose identification can be used to improve multiple sclerosis diagnosis, or the appearance of an iron-rich paramagnetic rim on susceptibility-weighted images, which corresponds to iron-rich microglia at the periphery of slow expanding lesions. Improvements in cerebellar and spinal cord tissue delineation and lesion characterization have also been demonstrated.

Imaging at 7 T allows assessing more comprehensively the complementary pathophysiological aspects of multiple sclerosis, opening up novel perspectives for clinical and therapeutics evaluation.
Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for movement disorders: clinical and neuroimaging advances
Authors: Martínez-Fernández Raúl , Pineda-Pardo José A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review

To describe the path of technological developments that have led to the actual application of MRI-guided focused ultrasound in multiple neurological disorders and to update the more recent technical advances in the field. An insight into the latest clinical achievements in movement disorders will be provided, together with the neuroimaging advances for the screening, planning, and outcome evaluation.

Recent findings

Developments, such as phased array transducers and MRI guidance have allowed the use of focused ultrasound to successfully perform incisionless therapeutic ablation in deep brain structures. Although its indication through a thalamotomy has been approved for essential and parkinsonian tremor, it has also shown preliminary efficacy for other types of tremor, Parkinson's disease motor signs and neuropsychiatric disorders. In parallel, neuroradiological techniques have helped to improve treatment application and provided new evidence in terms of lesion topography, impact on distant structures and understanding of action mechanisms.

Neuroimaging developments have helped to increase successful applications of focused ultrasound as a minimally invasive ablative approach and to understand the mechanisms by which ablation of a certain brain region improves neurological disorders. The field is expanding rapidly and in the coming years it will transform functional neurosurgery.
Reclassification of Streptomyces diastaticus subsp. ardesiacus, Streptomyces gougerotii and Streptomyces rutgersensis
Authors: Komaki Hisayuki , Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2020

We investigated the taxonomic relationships among

Streptomyces diastaticus

subsp.

ardesiacus

,

Streptomyces diastaticus

subsp.

diastaticus

,

Streptomyces gougerotii

and

Streptomyces rutgersensis

. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between

S. diastaticus

subsp.

ardesiacus

and

S. diastaticus

subsp.

diastaticus

was 97.7 %, whereas

S. diastaticus

subsp.

diastaticus

,

S. gougerotii

and

S. rutgersensis

showed 100 % nucleotide sequence identity. In addition,

S. diastaticus

subsp. diastaticus, S. gougerotii and

S. rutgersensis

formed a single clade in the phylogenetic tree. Digital DNA–DNA relatedness between

S. diastaticus

subsp.

diastaticus

and

S. diastaticus

subsp.

ardesiacus

was only 22.8%, indicative of different species. In comparison, DNA–DNA relatedness values for

S. diastaticus

subsp.

diastaticus

,

S. gougerotii

and

S. rutgersensis

ranged from 95.8 to 97.2 %, suggesting the three taxa belong to the same genomospecies. Previously reported phenotypic data also supported synonymy. Therefore, we propose that

S. diastaticus

subsp.

ardesiacus

should be classified as an independent species, Streptomyces ardesiacus sp. nov. The type strain is NBRC 13412T (=ATCC 3315T=CBS 713.72T=DSM 40496T=ISP 5496T=JCM 4745T=NBRC 3714T=NRRL B-1241T=RIA 1373T). Our data also suggests that

S. rutgersensis

and

S. gougerotii

should be reclassified as later heterotypic synonyms of

S. diastaticus

.
Beat the heat:Culex quinquefasciatusregulates its body temperature during blood-feeding
Authors: Reinhold Joanna M. , Shaw Ryan , Lahondère Chloé
Published: July 2020

Mosquitoes are regarded as one of the most dangerous animals on earth. As they are responsible for the spread of a wide range of both human and animal diseases, research of the underlying mechanisms of their feeding behavior and physiology is critical. Among disease vector mosquitoes,Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a known carrier of West Nile virus and Western Equine Encephalitis, remains relatively understudied. As blood sucking insects, adaptations (either at the molecular or physiological level) while feeding on warm blood is crucial to their survival, as overheating can result in death due to heat stress. Our research aims to study howCx. quinquefasciatuscopes with heat associated with the ingestion of a warm blood-meal and to possibly uncover the adaptations this species uses to avoid thermal stress. Through the use of thermographic imaging, we analyzed the body temperature ofCx. quinquefasciatuswhile blood feeding. Infrared thermography has allowed us to identify a cooling strategy, evaporative cooling via the production of fluid droplets, and an overall low body temperature in comparison to the blood temperature during feeding. UnderstandingCx. quinquefasciatus’adaptations and various strategies that they employ to reduce their body temperature while blood-feeding constitutes the first step towards the discovery of potential targets of opportunity for their control.

Highlights

Mosquitoes have evolved to cope with heat stress associated with warm blood ingestion

Culex quinquefasciatusdisplays heterothermy while blood-feeding

The abdominal temperature decreases due to evaporative cooling using urine droplets

Overall, the mosquito body temperature is much cooler than the ingested blood
Novel Approach for Parallelizing Pairwise Comparison Problems as Applied to Detecting Segments Identical By Decent in Whole-Genome Data
Authors: Sapin Emmanuel , Keller Matthew C.
Published: July 2020

Motivation

Pairwise comparison problems arise in many areas of science. In genomics, datasets are already large and getting larger, and so operations that require pairwise comparisons—either on pairs of SNPs or pairs of individuals—are extremely computationally challenging. We propose a generic algorithm for addressing pairwise comparison problems that breaks a large problem (of ordern2comparisons) into multiple smaller ones (each of orderncomparisons), allowing for massive parallelization.

Results

We demonstrated that this procedure is very efficient for calling identical by descent (IBD) segments between all pairs of individuals in the UK Biobank dataset, with a user time savings roughly 180-fold over the traditional (non-parallel) approach to detecting such segments. This efficiency should extend to other methods of IBD calling and, more generally, to other pairwise comparison tasks in genomics or other areas of science.

Contact

emmanuel.sapin@colorado.edu
Improved temporal resolution for mapping brain metabolism using functional PET and anatomical MRI knowledge
Authors: Sudarshan Viswanath P. , Li Shenpeng , Jamadar Sharna D. , Egan Gary F. , Awate Suyash P. , Chen Zhaolin
Published: July 2020

Functional positron emission tomography (fPET) imaging using continuous infusion of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a novel neuroimaging technique to track dynamic glucose utilization in the brain. In comparison to conventional static PET, fPET maintains a sustained supply of glucose in the blood plasma which improves sensitivity to measure dynamic glucose changes in the brain, and enables mapping of dynamic brain activity in task-based and resting-state fPET studies. However, there is a trade-off between temporal resolution and spatial noise due to the low concentration of FDG and the limited sensitivity of multi-ring PET scanners. Images from fPET studies suffer from partial volume errors and residual scatter noise that may cause the cerebral metabolic functional maps to be biased. Gaussian smoothing filters used to denoise the fPET images are suboptimal, as they introduce additional partial volume errors. In this work, a post-processing framework based on a magnetic resonance (MR) Bowsher-like prior was used to improve the spatial and temporal signal to noise characteristics of the fPET images. The performance of the MR guided method was compared with conventional Gaussian filtering using both simulated andin vivotask fPET datasets. The results demonstrate that the MR guided fPET framework reduces the partial volume errors, enhances the sensitivity of identifying brain activation, and improves the anatomical accuracy for mapping changes of brain metabolism in response to a visual stimulation task. The framework extends the use of functional PET to investigate the dynamics of brain metabolic responses for faster presentation of brain activation tasks, and for applications in low dose PET imaging.
Impairment of methylglyoxal detoxification systems causes mitochondrial dysfunction and schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits
Authors: Toriumi Kazuya , Berto Stefano , Koike Shin , Usui Noriyoshi , Dan Takashi , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Miyashita Mitsuhiro , Horiuchi Yasue , Yoshikawa Akane , Sugaya Yuki , Watanabe Takaki , Asakura Mai , Kano Masanobu , Ogasawara Yuki , Miyata Toshio , Itokawa Masanari , Konopka Genevieve , Arai Makoto
Published: July 2020

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a cytotoxicα-dicarbonyl byproduct of glycolysis. Our bodies have several bio-defense systems to detoxify MG, including an enzymatic system by glyoxalase (GLO) 1 and a scavenge system by vitamin B6 (VB6). We know a population of patients with schizophrenia impaired MG detoxification systems. However, the molecular mechanism connecting them remains poorly understood. We created a novel mouse model for MG detoxification deficits by feedingGlo1knockout mice VB6-lacking diets (KO/VB6(-)) and evaluated the effects of impaired MG detoxification systems on brain function. KO/VB6(-) mice accumulated MG in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and striatum, and displayed schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits. Furthermore, we found aberrant gene expression related to mitochondria function in the PFC of the KO/VB6(-) mice. We demonstrated respiratory deficits in mitochondria isolated from the PFC of KO/VB6(-) mice. These findings suggest that MG detoxification deficits might cause schizophrenia-like behavioral deficits via mitochondrial dysfunction in the PFC.
Ontogenic Shifts in Cellular Fate Are Linked to Proteotype Changes in Mouse Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
Authors: Jassinskaja Maria , Pimková Kristýna , Johansson Emil , Sitnicka Ewa , Hansson Jenny
Published: July 2020

The process of hematopoiesis is subject to extensive ontogenic remodeling that is accompanied by alterations in cellular fate both during normal development and upon malignant transformation. Although the functional differences between fetal and adult hematopoiesis are well established, the responsible molecular mechanisms have long remained largely unexplored at the proteomic level. Here, we have applied state-of-the-art mass spectrometry to gain deep coverage of the proteome of 100,000 fetal and adult lympho-myeloid multipotent progenitors (LMPPs), common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs). Our analysis resulted in the identification and quantification of 4189 proteins, with over 200 proteins per cell type displaying differential expression between the fetus and the adult. The proteomic data demonstrate that features traditionally attributed to adult hematopoiesis are conserved across lymphoid and myeloid lineages, while generic fetal features are considerably more prominent in LMPPs and CLPs than in GMPs. Furthermore, we reveal molecular and functional evidence for a diminished granulocyte differentiation capacity in fetal LMPPs and GMPs relative to their adult counterparts, and show indications of a differential requirement of myosin activity for granulopoiesis in fetal and adult LMPPs. We have additionally identified the transcription factor Irf8 as significantly lower expressed in fetal relative to adult GMPs, and shown that its expression pattern correlates with an altered capacity for monocytic differentiation in the fetal cells. Collectively, our work represents a significant advancement in the understanding of the molecular programs that govern ontogenic differences in early hematopoiesis and mature blood cell production.

Key points

In-depth proteomics links intrinsic molecular programs to functional output of fetal and adult lineage-biased hematopoietic progenitors

Myelopoiesis-associated molecular programs and myeloid differentiation capacity are subject to considerable ontogenic remodeling
Axial claw pole motor: harmonic torque estimation using finite element method
Authors: Giraud Dominique , Ristagno Baptiste , Netter Denis , Fontchastagner Julien , Labbe Nicolas , Lanfranchi Vincent
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a method to evaluate the information obtained on harmonics calculations and to estimate the precision of results using finite element method for an innovative motor topology in which some well-known meshing rules are difficult to apply.

Design/methodology/approach

The same magnetostatic problem is solved with several mesh sizes using both scalar and vector potentials magnetics formulations on a complex topology, an axial claw pole motor (ACPM). The proposed method lies in a comparison between the two weak formulations to determine what information is obtained on harmonics calculations and to estimate its precision. Moreover, an original mesh method is applied in the air gap to improve the numerical results.

Findings

The precision on harmonics calculations using finite element method on an ACPM is estimated. For the proposed motor and mesh, only the mean value (even with large mesh) and the first harmonic (with fine mesh) of torque are calculated with a good accuracy. This results confirm that the non-respect of the meshing rules have a strong impact on the results and that scalar and vector potentials magnetics formulations do not give exactly the same results. Before using torque harmonics values in vibration calculations, a finite element model has to be validated by using both fomulations.

Research limitations/implications

This method is time-consuming and only applied on an ACPM in this work.

Originality/value

The axial claw pole motor, for which the classic meshing rules cannot be applied, is a complex topology very under-studied. To improve the calculation of space harmonics, the authors proposed to split the airgap into four parts. Then in the two central parts, the meshing step of the structured mesh is equal to the rotating step.
Exploration of the algebraic traveling wave solutions of a higher order model
Authors: Liu Jian-Gen , Feng Yi-Ying , Zhang Hong-Yi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to construct the algebraic traveling wave solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsve (KdV-Z-K) equation, which can be usually used to express shallow water wave phenomena.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply the planar dynamical systems and invariant algebraic cure approach to find the algebraic traveling wave solutions and rational solutions of the (3 + 1)-dimensional modified KdV-Z-K equation. Also, the planar dynamical systems and invariant algebraic cure approach is applied to considered equation for finding algebraic traveling wave solutions.

Findings

As a result, the authors can find that the integral constant is zero and non-zero, the algebraic traveling wave solutions have different evolutionary processes. These results help to better reveal the evolutionary mechanism of shallow water wave phenomena and find internal connections.

Research limitations/implications

The paper presents that the implemented methods as a powerful mathematical tool deal with (3 + 1)-dimensional modified KdV-Z-K equation by using the planar dynamical systems and invariant algebraic cure.

Practical implications

By considering important characteristics of algebraic traveling wave solutions, one can understand the evolutionary mechanism of shallow water wave phenomena and find internal connections.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the algebraic traveling wave solutions have not been reported in other places. Finally, the algebraic traveling wave solutions nonlinear dynamics behavior was shown.
Indigenous need arise to protect human from self-harm behavior in Pakistan: translation and validation of inventory of statements about self-injury
Authors: Nisar Haseeb , Aqeel Muhammad , Ahmad Ammar
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the indigenous need to counter self-harm behavior in Pakistan and establish the reliability and validity of scale with translation, adaptation and cross-language validation of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS) for future health studies (Klonsky and Glenn, 2009).

Design/methodology/approach

The present study was a cross-sectional study using a quantitative method. Response items rating is made from three-point Likert-type scales ranging from the 0-not relevant, 1-somewhat relevant or 2-very relevant. ISAS has been comprised of 13 potential functions of deliberate self-harm (DSH) and all subscales have been translated from the English language into the Urdu language with a sample of 30 individuals and further applied on 200 samples of DSH patients for factorial validation. The standard back-translation method was used for translation and adaptation of the scale (Anderson and Brislin, 1976; Brislin, 1976; Hambleton, 1994).

Findings

The overall scale has good internal consistency reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the factorial validity of ISAS. Results revealed that all the items have confirmed strong factorial validity in the context of Pakistani culture and quite helpful in hospital settings to address this health issue.

Originality/value

Self-harm is considered as a major health issue in the young population of the world and therefore, the investigated scale provides an assessment of DSH and intentions of performing self-injury to achieve a better understanding of such behaviors in DSH patients, which will help further to develop measures to prevent such behavior.
Joint design of control chart, production and maintenance policy for unreliable manufacturing systems
Authors: Bahria Nadia , Harbaoui Dridi Imen , Chelbi Anis , Bouchriha Hanen
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop a joint production, maintenance and quality control strategy involving a periodic preventive maintenance policy.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed integrated policy is defined and modeled mathematically.

Findings

The paper focuses on finding simultaneously the optimal values of the preventive maintenance period, the buffer stock size, the sample size, the sampling interval and the control chart limits, such that the expected total cost per time unit is minimized.

Practical implications

The paper attempts to integrate in a single model the three main aspects of any manufacturing system: production, maintenance and quality. The considered system consists of one machine subject to a degradation process that directly affects the quality of products. The process and product quality control is carried out using an “x-bar” control chart. In the proposed model, a preventive maintenance action is performed every α inspections of product quality in order to reduce the shift rate to the “out-of-control” state. A corrective maintenance action is undertaken once the control limits are exceeded. In order to palliate perturbations caused by the stopping of the machine to undergo maintenance actions, a buffer stock is built up to ensure the continuous supply of the subsequent machine. The main goal of this work is to develop a model that captures the underlying link between the preventive maintenance policy, the buffer stock size and the parameters of an “x-bar” control chart used to control the quality of the product. Numerical experiments and a study of the effects of the input parameters variation on the obtained results are performed.

Originality/value

The existing models that simultaneously consider maintenance, inventory and control charts consist of a condition-based maintenance (CBM) policy. Periodic preventive maintenance (PM) has not been considered in such models. The proposed integrated model is original, in that it links production through buffer stocks, quality through a control chart and maintenance through periodic preventive maintenance (different practical settings and modeling approach than when CBM is used). Hence, this paper addresses practical situations where, for economic or technical reasons, only systematic periodic preventive maintenance is possible.