bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information on past seismicity of the western NAF system (Turkey) combining ground-motion models with historical earthquakes and event deposits recorded in the sediments of Lake Iznik (NAF system, Turkey)
Authors: de Sigoyer Julia , Domenge Jarod , Céline Beauval , Gastineau Renaldo , Sabatier Pierre , Duarte Edward
Published: March 2024

The seismic chronicle, derived from the analysis of 14 short sediment cores and three long cores from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey), along with the identification of a subaquatic fault segment belonging to the Middle Strand of the North Anatolian Fault (MNAF), provides insights into both local seismicity and the regional seismic activity over the last 6000 years.The integration of this seismic chronicle with ground-motion estimations at the core locations for all historical earthquakes, together with the evolution of sedimentation rate through time, allow to discuss the epicentral region and epicentral intensity of each historical earthquake in the western NAF system. This analysis also helps us to discriminate which earthquake is likely to generate an event deposit in the case of several historical earthquake candidate, especially when chronological uncertainty are largesThis approach allows a discussion of the factors influencing the threshold (sedimentation rate, ground motions at different spectral frequencies ) for triggering an event deposit in the Lake Iznik and the type of slope destabilization that can be triggered .Thanks to these finding and through the established scaling relationship it is then possible to infer a minimum intensity for prehistoric earthquakes recorded in Lake Iznik at a given period.Combining these data with paleoseismological data from the region allows us to propose a scenario for the long-term seismic cycle of the western NAF system.
MUDA: the dynamic geophysical and geocehmical multiparametric database
Authors: Massa Marco , Ferrari Elisa , Rizzo Andrea , Lovati Sara , Luzi Lucia
Published: March 2024

MUDA (geophysical and geochemical MUltiparametric DAtabase) is a new infrastructure of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, www.ingv.it) serving geophysical and geochemical multiparametric data, designed and developped in the framework of Dynamic Planet -Working Earth project (https://progetti.ingv.it/it/pian-din).MUDA is a dynamic and relational database based on MySQL (https://www.mysql.com) with a web interface realised in php (https://www.php.net) using a responsive design technique. The multi-parametric data are stored and organised using a table-structure able of correlating different types of data that allow possible future integration with new type of data acquired through both real-time and off-line transmission vectors.MUDA collects information from different types of sensors, such as seismometers, accelerometers, hydrogeochemical sensors, sensors for measuring the flux of carbon dioxide on the ground (CO2), sensors for detecting the concentration of Radon gas and weather stations with the aim of making possible correlations between seismic phenomena and variations in environmental parameters such as the level of groundwater as well as its temperature and electrical conductivity.MUDA archives and publishes data of multiparametric stations belonging both to permanent (i.e. the National Seismic Network, RSN, https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/IV/) or temporary (e.g. PDnet, Massa et al., 2021, https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/ZO_2021/) INGV seismic networks, as well as data from a multi-parametric Salse di Nirano Reserve (MO) site in cooperation with the PD PROMUD 2023-2025 (Definition of a multidisciplinary monitoring PROtocol for MUD volcanoes) project and two additional multi-parametric sites installed in the inter-mountain basin of Norcia, as a part of the GEMME 2023-2025 project. Data from Radon stations belong to the INGV-IRON national network (Italian Radon Monitoring Network, https://www.ingv.it/en/monitoring-and-infrastructure/monitoring-networks/ingv-and-its-networks/iron).MUDA daily publishes multi-parametric data updated to the previous day and offers the chence to view and download dynamic time series for all available data and for different periods, up to a maximum of 30 days. For longer periods, users can request data to muda@ingv.it.MUDA is now published at http://muda.mi.ingv.it
GeoTeRi: A new geochemical database of post-caldera (< 180 ka) eruptions of Teide-Pico Viejo central complex and adjacent rift systems (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
Authors: Dorado Olaya , Geyer Adelina , Marti Joan
Published: March 2024

Tenerife island (Canary Islands, Spain), home to nearly a million inhabitants and attracting over 5 million tourists annually, hosts one of Europe's potentially most hazardous volcanic systems. Current volcanic activity on the island is primarily located in its central region comprising the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex, and extends along the Santiago del Teide and Dorsal ridges towards the NW and NE, respectively. Understanding the volcanic stratigraphy, petrology, and geochemistry of the different eruptions within the central complex and their correlation with the rift systems is crucial to comprehend how this complex volcanic system will behave in the future, thereby improving hazard assessment for the island.In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of the geochemistry of eruptive products associated with events that occurred in the area over the last 180ka, following the El Abrigo eruption, the island's latest caldera-forming event. Special emphasis is given to Holocene eruptions sourced at the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex and the two adjacent rifts. To facilitate this, we have constructed the GeoTeRi database, which includes an exhaustive compilation of whole-rock major and trace elements analyses, along with isotopic data available in the literature (over 49 consulted references). Additionally, a review of the chronostratigraphy of the eruptions included in the database was conducted, drawing on published volcanostratigraphic maps and/or existing radiometric data.The GeoTeRi database currently includes information from 651 rock samples, comprising over 500 major and trace elements analyses, and 176 isotopic analyses. This database aims to serve as a tool for reconstructing the geochemical evolution of the active volcanic system on the island of Tenerife and it will provide a starting point for future studies. Additionally, a detailed statistical analysis of this database is planned to evaluate its robustness, the representativeness of the analysed samples, and possible knowledge gaps in the understanding of the active system.This research was partially funded by E.G., grant EVE (DG ECHO H2020 Ref. 826292) and the Intramural CSIC grant MAPCAN (Ref. 202130E083). OD was supported by an FPU grant (FPU18/02572) and a complementary mobility grant (EST19/00297) from the Ministry of Universities of Spain.
First indications on CH4 origin in the CO2-dominated gas discharges of the western Eger Rift (Czech Republic)
Authors: D'Alessandro Walter , Daskalopoulou Kyriaki , Grassa Fausto , Vieth-Hillebrand Andrea , Zimmer Martin , Niedermann Samuel , Woith Heiko
Published: March 2024

Tectonic structures such as faults and fractures act as preferential pathways for gas ascent and their consequent release into the atmosphere. Magma-derived gases are widespread throughout the western Eger Rift (Czech Republic), an intraplate region without active volcanism but with the occurrence of mid-crustal earthquake swarms. Geogenic CO2 discharges from the Počatky–Plesná fault zone (PPZ), Mariánské Lázně Fault (MLF), Bad Brambach (BB), and a deep local fault (DLF) have been sampled since 2021. Gases were analysed for their chemical (CO2, N2, O2, Ar, He, CH4, and H2) and isotopic contents (noble gases, CO2, and CH4). Results showed that CO2 is the dominant gas species (concentrations > 99.4%), with the remaining gases being present in minor amounts. The He isotopic composition for gas samples from the PPZ and MLF is typical for the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM - with 3He/4He ratios between 5 and 6 RA), while gases from BB and the DLF show a lower mantle input (3He/4He is 3.2 and 2.4 RA, respectively). δ13CCO2 data reflect a SCLM CO2 signature (-4 to -1 ‰ vs. V-PDB). First CH4 isotopic data present values between -52.0 and -47.1 ‰ vs. V-PDB for δ13CCH4 and between -307 and -284 ‰ vs. V-SMOW for δ2HCH4. With the exception of samples collected from the MLF that show a clear thermogenic CH4 origin, all the other samples present isotopic values and CH4/(C2H6+C3H8) ratios that suggest a likely biogenic origin, with secondary processes playing a crucial role on the gases’ isotopic signature. It should be noted that low CH4concentrations (
Assessment of atmospheric and surface energy budgets using observation-based data products
Authors: Mayer Michael , Kato Seiji , Bosilovich Michael , Bechtold Peter , Mayer Johannes , Schroeder Marc , Behrangi Ali , Kobayashi Shinya , Roberts Brent , L'Ecuyer Tristan
Published: March 2024

Accurate diagnosis of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets is a critical component for understanding the spatial distribution of the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI). This contribution reviews frameworks and methods for consistent evaluation of key quantities of those budgets using observationally constrained data sets. It thereby touches upon assumptions made in data products which have implications for these evaluations. We evaluate 2001-2020 average regional total (TE) and dry static energy (DSE) budgets using satellite-based and reanalysis data. Uncertainties of the computed budgets are assessed through inter-product spread and evaluation of physical constraints. Furthermore, we infer fields of net surface energy flux by combining top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes from satellites with reanalysis-based atmospheric TE budget terms (i.e., divergence and storage of energy). Results indicate biases
Global 30 arcsecond PCR-GLOBWB: Challenges and Opportunities. 
Authors: van Jaarsveld Barry , Dunn Frances , Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , Janzing Joren , van Beek Rens L.P.H. , Droppers Bram , Bierkens Marc F. P. , Wanders Niko
Published: March 2024

Land surface characteristics play an important role in shaping hydrological response and groundwater-surface water interactions. It is therefore paramount to model the terrestrial hydrological at cycle spatial resolutions which incorporate appropriate land surface heterogeneities.Our objective is to enable modelling of the global terrestrial hydrological cycle at very high spatial resolution. As a first step towards this goal, we present the first global application of PCR-GLOBWB at 30 arcseconds (~1 km) resolution. In this global 30 arcseconds PCR-GLOBWB model we implement  a new statistical downscaling routine for meteorological forcing that relies on CHELSA high resolution climatologies to provide an improved spatial distributions of precipitation, temperature and reference evapotranspiration. To better capture snow and ice dynamics, we have embedded an improved snow and ice distribution scheme, which is critital for high mountain regions. Finally, we improve on the method of parralisation used when running the model at a global scale to overcome computational limitations.We simulated the global terrestrial hydrological cycle from 1985 – 2019 at the daily timestep and validate simulated river discharge, evaporation, total water storage anomalies and snow cover against observed data. The model outputs are also compared to previous more coarse scale global PCR-GLOBWB model at 5 arcminute and 30 arcminute resolutions as well as simulations with the lower resolution meteorological forcing to separately quantify the impact of increasing the spatial resolution in the land surface and meteorological forcing. Furthermore, we discuss the computational challenges encountered along the way and outline future directions and opportunities in high-resolution global hydrological modelling.
A new ESMValTool metric using point source observations from AeroNET
Authors: Hardacre Catherine , Zimmermann Klaus , Löw Joakim , Mulcahy Jane
Published: March 2024

ESMValTool is an open-source community-developed diagnostics and performance metrics tool for the evaluation and analysis of Earth System Models (ESMs). Key to model evaluation with ESMValTool is the use of observational data, which must comply with Climate Model Output Rewriter (CMOR) standards. ESMValTool provides methods to generate CMOR compliant datasets, but these are designed to process gridded observational data sets, such as those from satellites, and currently it is more difficult to develop point source datasets. Here we present a new ESMValTool metric for evaluating model output against an observation-based climatology of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AeroNET). This metric includes a downloader and formatter to generate CMOR compliant datasets for the observational AOD timeseries from all AeroNET stations. These are collated into a single NetCDF file. A new ESMValTool recipe and diagnostic process and evaluate the model output against the observational AOD dataset at model grid cells co-located with the AeroNET stations. Model output is processed in the recipe using available pre-processers to generate multi-annual seasonal means. The observational AOD timeseries from the AeroNET stations are processed in the diagnostic to generate multi-annual seasonal means, or ‘climatologies’. Because the AOD timeseries from the AeroNET stations can be incomplete, filtering criteria are applied to the data from each station to ensure sufficient temporal coverage according to the user’s requirements. We evaluate AOD at 440mn simulated by CMIP6 historical ensemble members against the AOD climatologies using the new ESMValTool metric. We also demonstrate how changing the filtering criteria can modify the observational climatologies, and thus the evaluation metrics. The new method extends atmospheric composition evaluation in the ESMValTool framework by adding a key aerosol metric. We hope that the techniques used to develop this metric can be applied to other point source observation datasets.
Do clouds care about aerosol from sea ice sources (blowing snow, open leads) during Arctic winter/ spring? – a case study from MOSAiC 2019-2
Authors: Frey Markus , van den Heuvel Floor , Kirchgäßner Amélie , Chopra Simran , Lachlan-Cope Thomas , Engelmann Ronny , Ansmann Albert , Wex Heike , Ranjihkumar Ananth , Yang Xin , Mirrielees Jessica , Pratt Kerri , Beck Ivo , Schmale Julia , Gong Xianda
Published: March 2024

Aerosols play a key role in Arctic warming via radiative direct and indirect effects. It is well-known that increased aerosol concentration due to Arctic haze raises cloud longwave emissivity, resulting in surface warming. Recently, a MOSAiC study demonstrated that blowing snow above sea ice generates fine sea salt aerosol, which results in up to tenfold enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei leading to potentially significant surface warming rivalling that due to Arctic haze. Yet, radiative properties of aerosol emitted by sea ice sources, vertical coupling and interaction with clouds remain major uncertainties in quantifying the aerosol impact on Arctic climate change.We use MOSAiC observations to analyse the coupled ocean-ice/snow-atmosphere system and assess contributions of sea ice sources (blowing snow, open leads) to atmospheric cloud-forming particles in particular ice-nucleating particles (INP). Choosing the 2020 winter/spring transition with profound seasonal changes in sea ice and air mass origin, we discuss the importance of sea ice aerosol to low-level clouds in comparison to advected aerosol. We consider measurements of snow particles, physico-chemical properties and INP content of aerosol and snow on sea ice, vertical profiles linking ground observations to the level of cloud formation, and assess climate sensitivity using the UKESM model.
First insights into the geochemical and petrological features of the Eger Rift’s plumbing system (Czech Republic)
Authors: Daskalopoulou Kyriaki , Niedermann Samuel , Wilke Franziska D.H. , Martin Martin , Woith Heiko
Published: March 2024

The western Eger Rift (Czech Republic) is a non-volcanic rift setting of intraplate seismicity that is characterized by abundant degassing of mantle-derived fluids. Since 2019, gases obtained from the free gas phase and volcanic rock samples of Quaternary age have been collected in order to determine the origin and evolution of volatiles in the system and define the magma chamber p-T conditions. Results of the CO2-dominated gas discharges of the Bublák and Hartoušov mofette fields yield an ~93 % mantle input (considering a subcontinental lithospheric mantle) for He. Ne isotopic ratios range from 9.8 to 11.0 for 20Ne/22Ne and from 0.0282 to 0.0480 for 21Ne/22Ne. Notwithstanding the samples enriched in 20Ne likely due to mass fractionation, many samples show a mixed atmospheric-mantle type source for Ne. However, an additional crustal input cannot be excluded. 40Ar/36Ar ratios also cover a wide spectrum of values (between 300 and 4680). Overall, gas samples typically present a higher-than-atmospheric value with 40Ar likely deriving from the mixing of an atmospheric and deep source. The 4He/40Ar* ratio is moderately constant and falls within the MORB range, suggesting an unfractionated magma that originates from mantle sources.. Results obtained from mineral quantitative analyses and by using thermobarometry of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene rim pairs of matrix grains yield predominantly temperature and pressure conditions of 700 ±100 °C and 1.1 ±0.5 GPa, respectively, indicating a lithospheric depth that ranges between 40 - 45 km for 1.5 GPa and 20-25km for 0.5 GPa. In addition, pairing cores of mm-sized pyroxenes point to a temperature of 1100 ±100 °C and a pressure of 2.5 ±0.5 GPa that correspond to a lithospheric depth of ~75 km. Those minerals that indicate greater depths are likely the oldest ones as they were able to grow for longer times during their ascent. On the other hand, secondary overgrowths or smaller matrix grains represent younger grains that have grown during magma evolution. Therefore, their diverse chemistry and the wide range of p-T conditions reveal rising (and cooling) of magma.This research is a part of the “MoRe-Mofette Research” and MoCa - “Monitoring Carbon” projects, which were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 419880416, 461419881.
Utilizing Remote Sensing Data to Locate Managed Aquifer Recharge Facilities Using Floodwater 
Authors: Ferrer Núria , Rodríguez-Escales Paula , Fernández Daniel , Martínez Javier Ignacio
Published: March 2024

Climate projections from the IPCC for the Mediterranean indicate anticipated increases of up to 3.5ºC in average temperatures and a consequential reduction of approximately 10% in precipitation. Such projections suggest a shift in climatic regimes, predicting an escalation in extreme events, particularly floods. In the face of water scarcity, diverting floodwater to the sea signifies a significant loss of a valuable resource. Enabling the recharge of this water into the aquifer not only increases water resources but also mitigates flood severity and enhances resilience against droughts.To identify optimal locations for aquifer recharge strategies, the integration of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proves invaluable. In this study, we coupled both tools to propose a methodology for locating the best places for Managed Aquifer Recharge using floodwater. For that, we have processed a set of river images using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to evaluate the evolution of river width. Subsequently, this data was integrated into a proposed multicriteria analysis to determine the optimal location for MAR. Upon establishing the methodology, we applied it to the Llobregat River (Spain), a crucial source of groundwater supplying Barcelona. Located in the Mediterranean region, the aquifer is particularly vulnerable to the impending droughts predicted by the IPCC. 
Automated Crevasse Mapping Using Deep Learning Foundation Models to Analyse Climate Change and Glaciology 
Authors: Wallace Steven , Durrant Aiden , Harcourt William D. , Leontidis Georgios
Published: March 2024

Climate change poses a significant global challenge, with its effects manifesting prominently through melting and retreating glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic. Understanding the dynamics of glacier flow is imperative for predicting the future evolution of the Polar ice sheets. Crevasses play an important role in regulating ice flow by acting as a conduit for surface meltwater to reach the bed and speed up ice flow, as well as providing the line of weakness through which icebergs detach from tidewater glacier termini. Furthermore, this study delves into the potential of computer vision techniques that use deep learning, leveraging foundation models trained using self-supervised learning like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) and DINOv2 from Meta AI, to automate crevasse mapping on glacial surfaces. Manual mapping crevasses on any glacier is currently labour-intensive and time-consuming without automation. Therefore, automating the process will allow scientists to map crevasses automatically over time in the exact location and over larger areas. Notably, this research addresses the scarcity of image segmentation datasets specifically tailored for mapping crevasses in polar regions and explores alternative deep learning methodologies, such as domain adaptation and few-shot learning, to overcome data limitations. The evaluation of foundation models harnesses high-resolution satellite imagery sourced from open-source remote sensing satellites such as Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 provided by the European Space Agency (ESA). Using multiple high-resolution image data modalities (e.g. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical satellite images) will provide insights into how different image data types help deep learning models generalise to crevasse mapping segmentation applications. The study seeks to develop advanced technological solutions to automate the mapping of crevasses tens of metres in width in order to address the knowledge gap of the role that crevasses play in modulating ice flow, particularly in response to climate warming.
Exploring vertical component dominance in seismic bedload transport signals: Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) analysis in the River Feshie, Scotland
Authors: Matthews Bronwyn , Naylor Mark , Sinclair Hugh , Gervais Matthew
Published: March 2024

Bedload transport plays a crucial role in shaping landscapes, yet monitoring it is challenging. Seismic sensors have emerged as valuable tools for continuous and non-invasive bedload transport monitoring. However, isolating the seismic signal of bedload transport from other environmental signals such as flow turbulence remains a challenge. While seismic waves propagate both vertically and horizontally, previous seismic bedload transport studies focused solely on the vertical component. This was based on the assumption that the bedload transport signal was mainly contained in Rayleigh waves which propagate with both vertical and horizontal motion, as opposed to Love waves which propagate with only horizontal motion. We hypothesise that there may be a significant signal from horizontally-propagating waves that characterises the interactions of coarse bedload impacts, and that this signal will be strongest in a flow-parallel orientation.  This study employs the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) which is a passive method, commonly used in engineering seismology, that determines the ratio between horizontal and vertical seismic signal components. In this study, we explore the potential of the HVSR method to isolate the dominant component in seismic bedload transport signals and its applicability for monitoring fluvial processes within rivers. Using seismic, hydroacoustic, and hydrological measurements from the River Feshie in Scotland, our findings challenge prior belief that the seismic signal of bedload transport predominantly resides in the vertical component; instead, the horizontal component contains significant fluvial and bedload transport information. Due to differences in seismic wave characteristics, the HVSR method acts as a tool to isolate signals of bedload transport and water turbulence.Additionally, the HVSR method demonstrates promise in effectively filtering out meteorological signals that may contaminate raw river-induced seismic signals, enabling more accurate monitoring of bedload transport occurrences. However, we acknowledge that the contributions of horizontal and vertical signals greatly depend on sensor location and site characteristics. This study emphasises the significance of utilising horizontal seismic signals for comprehensive bedload transport monitoring, presenting an opportunity for this method to enhance our understanding of complex fluvial processes within river systems.
Estimating flood exceedance probabilities for several levee breach scenarios for an urban riverine environment in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Mainguenaud Florence , Khan Usman , Peyras Laurent , Carvajal Claudio , Sharma Jitendra , Beullac Bruno
Published: March 2024

Assessing flood risk requires the combination of flood hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.  Hence, flood hazard is a key component of flood risk assessments. As flood propagation is impacted by hydraulic structures built along the river, flood defense such as levees have gained attention as they are rarely included in large scaled flood risk assessments. However, flood events such as hurricane Katrina showcased the impact that levee failure has on flow depth, velocity, and flood extent. Therefore, its consideration should be regularly implemented in flood risk assessments. However, with current flood risk assessment methods, considering different levee failure scenarios results in numerous flood scenarios, simulations, and hazard maps. The multiplication of simulations and maps increases the complexity of flood risk management. We propose to improve flood hazard assessments by considering a single probabilistic flood map accounting for several flood events and levee breaching scenarios. For flood events enabling the performance assessment of the levee (i.e. levee breaching), we assessed levee failure probabilities, associating each levee segment to a fragility curve. Then, we defined breaching and non-breaching scenarios and ran flood simulations using HEC-RAS and its integrated parametric levee breaching model. We propose a new method to compute flood scenario probabilities and flood exceedance probabilities. The cumulative flood exceedance probability provides a curve for every location of the flooded area. Using GIS, we applied this method to the entire flooded area, resulting in an interactive flood hazard map. An application to the Etobicoke Creek located in the Greater Toronto Area showed that this new approach provides an operational levee breaching flood hazard method that can be used in integrated flood risk assessments.
Reconstructing past seawater δ88/86Sr from calcium-sulfates (gypsum and anhydrite)
Authors: Shalev Netta , Lugli Stefano , Manzi Vinicio , Leitner Christoph , Li Yining , Kirichenko Yana
Published: March 2024

Records of the stable-Sr isotope composition of past seawater, δ88/86Srsw, have recently been demonstrated to be good proxies for the evolution of the marine ‘carbonate factory’, the ultimate sink of carbon from the ocean-atmosphere system [e.g., 1-3]. Nevertheless, these records are incomplete, and they generally do not overlap in age. Thus, despite their proven significance, these records have not been validated by data from any independent archives. The Ca-sulfate minerals, gypsum (CaSO4∙2H2O), and its burial transformation product, anhydrite (CaSO4), are relatively abundant in ancient evaporitic sequences and they contain Sr in typically high concentrations of 1000-2000 ppm. In a previous study, we show that gypsum is always 88Sr-enriched relative to its precipitating solution by around 0.2‰ and that it is possible to detect significant variations in past δ88/86Srsw (≥0.1‰) from ancient gypsum/anhydrite samples from the geological record.Here, we study Phanerozoic Ca-sulfate samples of four different ages: Ordovician, Triassic, Cretaceous, and Messinian. Preliminary δ88/86Sr results are in the range of 0.29 – 0.67‰. Most of the results cluster between the calculated gypsum composition expected for the two known extreme cases of seawater δ88/86Sr values inferred from Ca-carbonate archives: the high- δ88/86Sr Precambrian seawater [3], and Late Permian seawater - the Phanerozoic minimum [2]. Thus, our preliminary Phanerozoic data are generally in accordance with the suggestion that the long-term Precambrian seawater δ88/86Sr is higher than the Phanerozoic long-term background [3]. Furthermore, our preliminary data point to significant seawater δ88/86Sr variations during the Phanerozoic, with lower values in the Ordovician and Triassic relative to Cretaceous and Messinian samples. Such variations may suggest major changes in the ‘carbonate factory’ in the ocean between the Triassic and Cretaceous. It is further suggested that such variations in the mineralogy and/or flux of marine carbonates may result from evolutionary changes in marine calcifiers. [1] Paytan et al. (2021) A 35-million-year record of seawater stable Sr isotopes reveals a fluctuating global carbon cycle. Science 371(6536), 1346-1350.[2] Vollstaedt et al. (2014) The Phanerozoic δ88/86Sr record of seawater: New constraints on past changes in oceanic carbonate fluxes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 128, 249–265.[3] Wang et al. (2023) The evolution of the marine carbonate factory. Nature, 1-5.[4] Kirichenko et al. (n.d.), First Insights into Strontium Isotope Fractionation in Gypsum and Its Geochemical Implications. Under review in Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.
Validation of Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices for Estimating Forest Structural Parameters Using Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR in Aleppo Pine Forest Stands 
Authors: Rubio Eva , Chebbi Wafa , Andrés-Abellán Manuela , García-Morote Francisco Antonio , Picazo-Córdoba Marta Isabel , Arquero-Escañuela Rocío , López-Serrano Francisco Ramón
Published: March 2024

Remote sensing technologies have been crucial in the monitoring and the assessment of forest carbon sequestration, emphasising the need for implementing Adaptive Forest management (AFM) as a vital strategy to decrease vulnerability to climate change impacts. Within this context, obtaining quantitative information on forest structure becomes necessary because AFM depends on the pre-existing forest structure and involves its subsequent modification. Consequently, this modification of forest structure has an impact on forest carbon sequestration. The main objective of this study is to validate the use of different satellite-based indices and algorithms as reliable quantitative estimators of forest structural parameters associated with its potential photosynthetic activity. Our study relies on the application of mobile terrestrial LiDAR for characterising vegetation structure at both individual tree and plot levels in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis L.) forests. As documented in the literature, these satellite-based indices were not consistent predictors of photosynthetic performance in evergreen species for most of the year. This was attributed to seasonal reductions in photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency that occurred without substantial declines in canopy greenness. Despite this finding, we hypothesize that the spatial information provided by these remote-based indices remains valid for capturing forest structural parameters relevant for carbon sequestration studies.To achieve this, we collected LiDAR scans from 21 forest compartments, ranging in size from 8 to 30 hectares, and 24 plots of approximately 0.2 hectares each. Thus, we captured detailed information about diameter at breast height, total tree height, and overall stand structure characteristics per hectare (i.e., number of trees, basal area, total timber volume and crown coverage). By comparing these ground-truth measurements with indices and algorithms derived from satellite imagery (i.e., NDVI, EVI, red edge index, NDWI), we evaluated their efficiency as estimators of forest structural parameters. Here, two spatial scales were considered: the 300-m resolution from Sentinel-3 for the forest compartments, and the 10-m resolution of Sentinel-2 for the plots. Our findings illustrated a good correlation between LiDAR-derived structural metrics and various selected indices. Once the robustness of these indices is confirmed, their application for downscaling satellite images related to gross primary productivity (GPP) or net ecosystem productivity (NEP) can be justified. This validation process will enhance our confidence in the use of remote sensing data to extract quantitative information about forest structure and will support its application for AFM purposes.
Extreme Precipitation Events in the Northeast Brazil during the winters of 2022 and 2023
Authors: Lyra Matheus , Herdies Dirceu , Gomes Helber , Silva Maria Cristina , Silva Fabrício , Gomes Heliofábio , Quadro Mário , Mantovani Jr José , Coelho William , Calvetti Leonardo , Figueroa Silvio Nilo , Vendrasco Éder , Pendharkar Jyant , Neto Pedro Fernandes
Published: March 2024

This study aims to evaluate the synoptic conditions responsible for two extreme precipitation events development that occurred in the same region on the east coast of Northeast Brazil (NEB) in two different years, on July 1, 2022 (185 mm/24h), and July 7, 2023 (213 mm/24h). These events are becoming increasingly frequent in all regions of Brazil, especially in areas with high population density, associated with significant material and human losses, emphasizing the significance of a deeper comprehension of these events. ERA5 global reanalysis data have been used for synoptic and vertical structure evaluation as a first analysis step. Infrared GOES-16 satellite images have been used to monitor the cloudiness development. Pluviometric stations were used to document accumulated precipitation caused by these events. The following step will consist of conducting very high-resolution simulations using the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) to assess its ability to represent the circulation patterns associated with the analyzed extreme precipitation events. Both analyzed cases occurred along the eastern coast of the NEB, specifically over the Alagoas state, and were triggered by the same synoptic-scale system, the Easterly Wave Disturbances (EWDs). The trough axis penetrating the study area was observed on both examined dates, with a very characteristic relative vorticity of this tropical disturbance. Despite satellite images in the IR channel indicating lower cloud top temperatures in the first case, thermodynamic diagram data showed a greater vertical development of cloudiness in the second case. Distinct situations were observed when analyzing moisture transport convergence fields. In the first event, moisture convergence intensified over 12 hours, while in the second event, moisture convergence over Alagoas was evident throughout the entire day. This variation can be attributed to the intensification of the subtropical anticyclone during the extreme precipitation event in July 2023, which intensified moisture transport in the region. In general, moisture convergence resulted from the high flow of moisture prevailing over the region combined with upward movements caused by the trough present at low levels, which combined with local factors in the region such as topography, contributed to the increase in rainfall over the study area in both analyzed cases.
Regional Climate Projection for Atlantic Canada under SSP245 and SSP585
Authors: Pinochet Freddy , Beltrami Hugo , Garcia-Bustamante Elena , Navarro Jorge , Gonzalez-Rouco Fidel
Published: March 2024

We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF4.4) model for a regional climate simulation in Atlantic Canada. We seek to establish a robust repository of future climate projections for the region, that include the influence of northern ice coverage from the Labrador Sea and Ungava Bay, and sea surface temperatures (SST). The simulation is bounded by a Bias-Corrected ensemble of 18 CMIP6 General Circulation Models (GCMs) that offer better quality boundary conditions than the individual CMIP6 models in terms of the climatological mean, interannual variance and extreme events.The simulation extends within the historical period from 1980 to 2014 and two future scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585) from 2015 to 2100. The configuration includes three domains with progressively increasing resolution from 30km to 9km and 3km. The finest resolution of 3 km by 3 km covers an area of approximately 561 kilometers by 462 kilometers around the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The temporal resolution in WRF is set at 180 seconds, with boundary conditions updated every 6 hours, yielding output at a 6-hour time step for all WRF variables.To validate the historical simulation, we use the reanalysis from ECMWF (ERA5)  and Station-Level Inputs and Cross-Validation for North America from The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DAYMET). Preliminary statistical metrics reveal that our historical simulation underestimates the daily maximum temperature by 13%, overestimates daily minimum temperature by 2.7%, and underestimates the daily total precipitation by 16%. These findings provide valuable insights into the model performance and variability, and highlight areas for potential refinement for our projection scenarios. Analyses of the future (2015-2100) simulations are focused on estimating future precipitation (convective permitting), and surface air temperature (T2) extreme events.
Sewage Sludge in Farmlands: A Gateway to Soil Microplastic Pollution?
Authors: Phan Le Quynh Nhu , Halsall Crispin , Kunaschk Marco , Cao Shengkai , Severe Emilee , Ashton Lorna , Surridge Ben , Quinton John
Published: March 2024

This study examines the accumulation of microplastics in agricultural soils, an emerging concern linked to the widespread application of sewage sludge. In the UK, 87% of sludge is disposed of through this route. To investigate this potential pathway for microplastic transfer to soils, we analysed dewatered-anaerobically digested sludge from a local wastewater treatment plant and adjacent fields with varied sludge usage histories, including control fields with no sludge application.Utilising fluorescent microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared and Raman micro-spectroscopies, we detected significant microplastic presence in sludge samples (2900 ± 1400 particles/g DW and 1200 ± 400 fibres/g DW), predominantly polyethene, polyester, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polyamide, sized between 20-500 µm. Preliminary results revealed elevated microplastic levels in fields that ceased sludge usage a decade ago in the topsoil (62 ± 33 particles/g DW), compared to control fields (8 ± 4 particles/g DW), with pronounced weathering effects on the surfaces of the microplastics.The study also discusses differences in microplastic concentrations detected by different analytical methods and is one of the first to investigate microplastic retention in soil after sludge disposal as dependent on soil characteristics.  These insights into microplastic fate in soil post-sludge disposal are crucial for enhancing environmental risk assessments and supporting the development of evidence-based policy revisions for sustainable land management.
A Mushy Model of Gas Bubble Nucleation and Transport in Sea Ice
Authors: Wells Andrew , Fishlock Joseph , MacMinn Christopher
Published: March 2024

Gas bubble nucleation and transport within porous sea ice is an important factor in the biogeochemistry of sea ice. Freezing concentrates dissolved gas species present in ocean water, which can subsequently exceed saturation and nucleate as bubbles. Buoyant gas bubbles can escape to the atmosphere or redissolve into the liquid inclusions. The resulting transport is a key physical uncertainty for the flux of climatically important gases between the ice and the atmosphere, as well as the chemical and optical properties of the ice. 
We develop a phenomenological model for the motion of a bubble rising in porous sea ice which includes viscous drag and bubble trapping. We apply this description of bubble transport to a thermodynamic model of sea ice growth. Our model extends the traditional mushy-layer theory describing the solidification of saltwater solutions to include a gas phase. The resulting model is solved numerically to investigate idealized gas dynamics during a seasonal cycle of ice growth and melt. We find that the total gas flux to the atmosphere during a season is highly sensitive to the ratio of the bubble size to the characteristic scale of the ice pore geometry. We also extend the description of bubble transport to include a distribution of bubble sizes. We evaluate the output of different versions of the model by comparing to field observations of argon content in sea ice from a study in Barrow, Alaska.
How lessons learned during previous validation campaigns are guiding our airborne validation of EarthCARE 
Authors: Ewald Florian , Groß Silke , Wirth Martin , Delanoe͏̈ Julien
Published: March 2024

Radar and lidar are valuable active remote sensing techniques to assess global ice cloud properties from space. Recent global climate model studies are increasingly relying on ice cloud products obtained from the synergy of the radar and lidar satellites in the A-Train constellation. For the first time, the upcoming ESA/JAXA satellite mission EarthCARE will acquire radar-lidar measurements from a single platform, ensuring the continuity of vertical resolved ice cloud products on a global scale. Due to additional and higher resolved measurements and a more comprehensive retrieval framework, a seamless transition from A-Train products cannot be taken for granted.  In this light and with the imminent launch of EarthCARE, it is now crucial to establish a validation strategy for the EarthCARE products using airborne measurements.During the A-Train era, we learned numerous lessons and gained experience with coordinated aircraft and satellite underpasses which we performed during several airborne campaigns. During these exercises, the German research aircraft HALO was equipped with a EarthCARE-like payload consisting of a high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) system at 532 nm, a high-power cloud radar at 35 GHz, a microwave radiometer package, and passive radiation measurements. Coordinated flights were performed with other airborne platforms carrying instruments at different wavelengths (DLR Falcon, Safire Falcon and ATR) or for validation with in-situ measurements (FAAM BAe-146) as well as below the A-Train satellite tracks.In this presentation, we will give an overview of our lessons learned and how they are guiding our airborne validation strategy. Going along with the commissioning of EarthCARE, we will employ HALO with its remote sensing payload in the PERCUSION campaign later this year. Based from multiple locations in the tropical Atlantic (Cape Verde and Barbados) and Europe (Oberpfaffenhofen), underflights of EarthCARE will be performed. The comparison with the dataset acquired during A-Train underpasses will allow us to determine if derived cloud products can be directly compared or if conversions are necessary. By sharing our knowledge and plans with the wider community, we hope to foster helpful discussions to consolidate our airborne validation strategy for EarthCARE.
Towards Ice Sheet and Ice Shelf Meltwater Profile Retrieval from Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR)
Authors: Colliander Andreas , Hossan Alamgir , Harper Joel , Vandecrux Baptiste , Miller Julie , Schlegel Nicole , Marshall Shawn , Donlon Craig
Published: March 2024

Successful adaptation and mitigation of rising sea level demands improved constraints on emerging ice sheet processes controlling the magnitude and rate of sea level change in a warming climate. Therefore, it is vital to enhance the confidence in quantitative assessments of present-day ice sheet mass balance arising from meltwater generation and refine the explicit treatment of meltwater refreezing in firn densification models to evaluate the time evolution of runoff/retention and surface elevation change. The European Space Agency's Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR), scheduled for launch in 2028, responds to this need by measuring the brightness temperature (TB) at 1.4, 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz frequencies multiple times a day over polar regions without gaps at the poles. These measurements can resolve the stratification of the seasonal meltwater from the immediate surface to the deeper firn layers. Furthermore, the 1.4 GHz TB is sensitive to the amount of meltwater.We are developing retrieval algorithms using 1.4 GHz measurements from NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and ESA Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellites and 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz measurements from JAXA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – EOS (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 instruments on NASA Aqua and JAXA (Global Change Observation Mission – Water) GCOM-W satellites. In the algorithm development, we use ground measurements and coupled energy and mass balance models to test, calibrate, and validate the algorithm. The ground measurements include surface and subsurface measurements from PROMICE/GC-Net (Greenland) and other station and campaign data sets. The model suite includes locally calibrated and forced energy balance models and regionally forced models, such as the Ice Sheet System Model's Glacier Energy and Mass Balance module. The retrieved data product will provide twice-daily parameters such as meltwater amount, melt layer depth, and near-surface snow status (wet/dry) profile. It will also include seasonal parameters such as firn aquifer extent and evolution.The meltwater algorithm for the CIMR mission will eventually encompass two satellites capable of monitoring diurnal melt-freeze cycles and perennial firn aquifers for at least a 15-year mission period. CIMR will measure all frequencies simultaneously, which will eliminate the uncertainties related to different observation times of the current instrument combinations, increase the revisit time of the L-band observations, and improve the spatial resolution of the 6.9, 10.7, 18.9, and 36.5 GHz channels compared to what is currently available.