bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of multiple climate data sources for managing environmental resources in East Africa
Authors: Gebrechorkos Solomon Hailu , Hülsmann Stephan , Bernhofer Christian
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Managing environmental resources under conditions of climate change and
extreme climate events remains among the most challenging research tasks in
the field of sustainable development. A particular challenge in many regions
such as East Africa is often the lack of sufficiently long-term and spatially
representative observed climate data. To overcome this data challenge we used
a combination of accessible data sources based on station data, earth
observations by remote sensing, and regional climate models. The accuracy of
the Africa Rainfall Climatology version 2.0 (ARC2), Climate Hazards Group
InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRP), CHIRP with Station data (CHIRPS),
Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid (ORH), and regional climate models (RCMs) are
evaluated against station data obtained from the respective national weather
services and international databases. We did so by performing a comparison in
three ways: point to pixel, point to area grid cell average, and stations'
average to area grid cell average over 21 regions of East Africa: 17 in
Ethiopia, 2 in Kenya, and 2 in Tanzania. We found that the latter method
provides better correlation and significantly reduces biases and errors. The
correlations were analysed at daily, dekadal (10 days), and monthly
resolution for rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax
and Tmin) covering the period of 1983–2005. At a daily
timescale, CHIRPS, followed by ARC2 and CHIRP, is the best performing
rainfall product compared to ORH, individual RCMs (I-RCM), and RCMs' mean
(RCMs). CHIRPS captures the daily rainfall characteristics well, such as
average daily rainfall, amount of wet periods, and total rainfall. Compared
to CHIRPS, ARC2 showed higher underestimation of the total (−30 %) and
daily (−14 %) rainfall. CHIRP, on the other hand, showed higher
underestimation of the average daily rainfall (−53 %) and duration of
dry periods (−29 %). Overall, the evaluation revealed that in terms of
multiple statistical measures used on daily, dekadal, and monthly timescales,
CHIRPS, CHIRP, and ARC2 are the best performing rainfall products, while ORH,
I-RCM, and RCMs are the worst performing products. For Tmax and Tmin, ORH was identified as the most
suitable product compared to I-RCM and RCMs. Our results indicate that CHIRPS
(rainfall) and ORH (Tmax and Tmin), with higher
spatial resolution, should be the preferential data sources to be used for
climate change and hydrological studies in areas of East Africa where station
data are not accessible.
Brief communication: Firn data compilation reveals the evolution of
the firn air content on the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Vandecrux Baptiste , MacFerrin Michael , Machguth Horst , Colgan William T. , van As Dirk , Heilig Achim , Stevens C. Max , Charalampidis Charalampos , Fausto Robert S. , Morris Elizabeth M. , Mosley-Thompson Ellen , Koenig Lora , Montgomery Lynn N. , Miège Clément , Simonsen Sebastian B. , Ingeman-Nielsen Thomas , Box Jason E.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The firn covering the Greenland ice sheet interior can retain part of the surface melt, buffering the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level, but its characteristics are still little known. Using remote-sensing observations from 2000–2017, we estimate that firn covers 1,405,500 ± 17,250 km2 of the ice sheet. We present 344 firn-core-derived observations of the top 10 m firn air content (FAC10), indicative of the firn’s meltwater retention capacity. FAC10 remained stable in the coldest 74 % of the firn area during 1953–2017, while FAC10 decreased in the warmest and driest 12 % of the firn area between 1997–2008 and 2011–2017, resulting in a loss of 180 ± 78 km3 (−26 ± 11 %) of air from the near-surface firn.
The Hidden Punitiveness of Fines
Authors: Quilter Julia , Hogg Russell
Published: August 2018

The fine is the most common penalty imposed by courts of summary jurisdiction in Australia, and fines imposed by way of penalty notice or infringement notice are a multiple of those imposed by the courts. The latter are being used for an increasing range of offences. This progressive ‘monetization of justice’ (O’Malley) and its effects have passed largely unnoticed. The enforcement of fines has, in most parts of Australia, been passed from the justice system to government revenue agencies with barely any public scrutiny or academic analysis. Sentencing councils, law reform commissions and audit and ombudsman offices have completed inquiries on fines, some of them wide-ranging and highly critical of existing arrangements. Yet, these inquiries arouse little public or media interest and, partly in consequence, there has been little political will to tackle fundamental problems as distinct from tinkering at the margins. After surveying the theoretical literature on the role of the fine, this paper considers the neglected question of fines enforcement. We present three case studies from different Australian jurisdictions to highlight issues associated with different models of enforcement. We show that fines enforcement produces very real, but often hidden, hardships for the most vulnerable. Despite its familiarity and apparent simplicity and transparency, the fine is a mode of punishment that hides complex penal and social realities and effects.
Contemporary Social Work practice and education: A call for a reexamination
Authors: Martínez-Brawley Emilia , Zorita Paz M-B.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we will suggest that social work needs to recover its connection to the Aristotelian ethical tradition wherein, to be “virtuous” is a “practice”. Virtue ethics, we argue, is holistic. It implies a strength of character within the polity. No one can live a good life by focusing only on a single “virtue” or dimension of character. Social work is complex a practice through which not only the client but the practitioner will be enhanced or transformed. In spite of the Kantian emphasis on duty, the behaviorists emphasis on “behavior”, the professional associations emphasis on “codes” to control misconduct, and more recently the emphasis on risk management in social agencies, social work is still a “calling” , a moral enterprise wherein excellence depends on the character traits or virtues of the practitioner. The article suggests paths for incorporating virtue ethics in the curriculum.
Diez enunciados para pensar la identidad profesional en Trabajo Social.
Authors: Krmpotic Claudia Sandra , Ponce de León Andrés
Published: August 2018

El artículo de carácter teórico recupera un tópico fundamental para la disciplina desde una lectura ‘situada’ en la realidad sudamericana, y ‘motivada’ por los interrogantes que presentan los trabajadores sociales en la actualidad. A partir de un contexto de justificación que revela la necesidad de reflexionar sobre la identidad profesional, la argumentación se estructura en diez proposiciones que reúnen de manera sintética los aspectos más significativos, con el fin de recomponer una matriz analítica que exponga las restricciones más también las posibilidades de realización del núcleo duro como los márgenes con que un profesional cuenta para identificarse como tal y sustentar la conciencia profesional. Procuramos demostrar que siendo Trabajo Social emergente del proceso de modernización, y visto los cambios acontecidos en la transición al siglo XXI, habrá de revisar sus supuestos y fundamentos en clave posmoderna. En el contexto actual, el análisis respecto del rol profesional en las políticas sociales, de las prácticas, y del sujeto que da sentido a la intervención, deberá anclar en los contextos locales de práctica pero sometido al diálogo transcultural.
Deontologia profesional: la ética denostada
Authors: Verde-Diego Carmen , Cebolla Bueno Óscar
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo ofrece una discusión teórica en torno a tres debates ligados a la buena praxis del trabajo soial desde la perspectiva de la práctica profesional. El primero alude al sentido que se le otorga a la "etica" y a la "deontología profesional" en la práctica del trabajo social.El segundo debate es una reflexion sobre la necesidad de la estrucutra colegial como garante de la buena praxis profesional a través del codigo deontológico, de las comisiones deontológicas y, en esoecail, ante la reciente aparición de los Comités de ética de la Administraión. El tercer apartado gira en torno a la exigencia ede formación en ética y en deontología profesional: un requerimiento fundado en los resultados de la investigación realizada para este articulo sobre la situación de estas materias en lo planes de estudio de Grado en Trabajo social de las Universidades públicas españolas.El método llevado a cabo para la realización del artículo ha ido la revisión bibliográfic y documental así como una investigación empírica consistente en el análisis de 30 páginas web de otras tantas universidades cuyo objetivo era valorar la situación de la formación en ls titulaciones de trabajo social en España.
Performing Circles in Ancient Egypt from Mehen to Ouroboros
Authors: Roblee Mark
Published: August 2018

Drawing from cultic literature and iconography, this article examines the use of encirclement and circular imagery in ancient Egypt—ritual circumambulation, circular knots and jewelry, painted papyri, encircling utterances, and especially the apotropaic serpentine figure Mehen, who prefigured the ouroboros in Byzantine, Arabic, Jewish, and early modern European thought. Encirclement and circular imagery were performative in the ancient Egyptian context, functioning on a personal, psychological level as much as a shared, social level. Performing circles was an inner ritual or imaginative technology of self-transformation for the ancient Egyptian ritual practitioner and audience alike.
Economic Growth and Government Debt of Six Large National Economies before and after the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Loo Jean , He Haihong
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and government debt of six large national economies ten years before and ten years after the 2008 financial crisis. There have been numerous studies on whether government debt has any negative effect on economic growth. The results of most empirical studies are mixed depending on the levels of government debt, the countries included in the sample, the sample periods chosen, and the methodologies employed. This paper focuses on six large national economies, namely, the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Canada during the periods ten years before and ten years after the most recent financial crisis of 2008. It is found that there are significant increases in the level of government debt and decreases in economic growth during the ten years after the financial crisis for all six countries. Our results show that the hypothesis that government debt does not Granger-cause economic growth is rejected for all six countries combined for the pre- financial crisis sub-period and the whole sample period, but not for the post financial crisis sub-period.  The hypothesis that economic growth does not Granger-cause government debt is also rejected for both the pre- and post- financial crisis sub-periods as well as for the whole period. In short, our investigation documented a bidirectional Granger causality between government debt and economic growth during periods ten years before, ten years after, and the combined periods before and after the 2008 financial crisis. The evidence also suggests that economic growth reduced government debt for most countries during all three sample periods.
Preparation of Biochars from Bio-Waste for Removing Pollutants from River Water
Authors: Wu Yiyu , Xu Xinhua
Published: August 2018

As a low-cost adsorbent, biochar can be used as a great tool for water treatment. Instead of using expensive woody biomass for biochar production, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using biowaste such as sugarcane skins, orange peels, and peanut shells to produce biochars through pyrolysis at 700°C. The optimal time length, dosage, and temperature for water purification were explored afterwards in batch tests. The ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal efficiencies of sugarcane skin, orange peel, and peanut shells were 74.4%, 96.3% and 90.8%, respectively, and the simultaneous permanganate index removal efficiencies were 26.6%, 31.0% and 26.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in NH4+-N and permanganate index removal efficiencies when the dosage of three kinds of biochars was higher than 1.0 g/100 ml water. Greater adsorption capacity of biochars was observed for pollutants when temperature was increased from 10 to 30°C. These results confirmed our assumption that biowaste could make for good raw materials in producing biochars.
Factors Associated with Smoking and Alcohol Consumption among Street Vendors in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez Amaya Reynaldo Mauricio
Published: August 2018

AIM: The objective of the study was to characterize, learn and establish related factors about the behavior of alcohol and tobacco consumption in a sample of street vendors in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, Colombia.METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 425 street vendors. With regard to sampling, a non-probability sampling was conducted on the streets of every city in the Metropolitan Area. Each worker was given a questionnaire that included socio-demographic and occupational variables, in addition it was applied the Fagerstrom test was applied along with the Alcohol Use Disorders Inventory Test (AUDIT).RESULTS: Twenty one percent of the workers reported being consumers of cigarettes, 57% had consumed alcohol and 17% had both habits; consuming liquor and cigarettes. As for consumption of harmful liquor, men had higher risk (OR 2.97 p =.001), the age of highest consumption was between 18-39 years (OR 1.3 p =.01) and smokers had a significant risk (OR 4.33 p=.001). According to the logistic regression model, among the main factors associated with harmful alcohol use they were: male gender, not having health insurance, smoking and living in the main city of the Metropolitan Area.CONCLUSION: Street vendors have certain socio-demographic and labor variables that lead to raising their vulnerability. As for their spending habits, they have a high consumption of cigarettes and alcohol in relation to other group of workers, however the level of dependence is not superlative. In those who had detrimental alcohol consumption, the most important related variables to intervene were insufficient health coverage and smoking.
Direct and Indirect Cost of Obesity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wulandari Galih Putri , Kristina Susi Ari
Published: August 2018

Obesity is a predictor for various diseases, especially for non-communicable diseases. Obesity impacts large economic burden for patient, healthcare system and the government. This study aims to review the economic impact of obesity worldwide, in terms of direct and indirect costs component of obesity. A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases during the period 2008-2018. A combination key terms such as “obesity”, “overweight and obesity”, “weight excess”, “economic burden”, “financial burden”, “cost”, “cost of illness”, “direct cost”, “healthcare cost”, “indirect cost”, “productivity loss cost”, and “adult” were used for the search. Relevant original articles published in English and reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity were included in the study. A total of 61 studies were retrieved, then 8 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria which reported both direct and indirect cost of obesity in developing and developed countries. Almost all of studies reported that indirect costs have more proportion than direct costs. The economic burden of obesity was estimated to 0.13-0.22% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 1.5-5.6% of health expenditures. Our review indicated that the direct and indirect cost of obesity has a significant impact to healthcare system and the country. Some health programs and policies are required and should be implemented as soon as possible to reduce the economic impact of obesity.
Investigating Preschool Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in Inclusion Practices in Turkey
Authors: Ozokcu Osman
Published: August 2018

This study investigated preschool teachers’ self-efficacy levels in inclusion practices in terms of teacher-related demographic variables. The study was designed as a descriptive survey study using quantitative data collection tools. The participants were 318 teachers who are working in preschool educational institutions in the province of Malatya, Turkey. The Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practice (TEIP) Scale, which was developed by Sharma, Loreman, and Forlin (2012) and whose validity and reliability studies were carried out by Bayar (2015), was used to determine preschool teachers’ self-efficacy in inclusive practices. The study found that the preschool teachers scored 4.91 out of six points on the TEIP scale, which measures self-efficacy in inclusion practices. The preschool teachers’ age, gender, educational level, and level of interaction with individuals with special needs were not found to affect their scores on the scale significantly; however, their levels of special education training, knowledge of local laws and policies, self-confidence in working with disabled individuals, and experience in working with disabled students were found to affect their scores significantly. The findings of this study were discussed with possible implications for teachers in Turkey.
An Insight to Middleware Technologies used for Cloud Computing Frameworks: From the Perspective of Successful Enterprise Application Integration
Authors: Harfoushi Osama , Obiedat Ruba
Published: August 2018

At present, the use of middleware technologies has been observed to be used by the companies for successful enterprise application integration (EAI). The EAI can helps in integrating the data and information relating to the systems. Thus, the study focuses on highlighting a brief overview of the EAI along with its architecture. The study has also focused on providing a concise description of all the middleware technologies and the frameworks of cloud computing. In addition, the research study has also focused on using qualitative approach collecting data and information for obtaining data relating to the middleware technologies with respect to the cloud computing and its alignment with EAI. Thus, it can be stated that the use of the middleware technologies can significantly help the companies to cloud computing framework.
Toekomst van arbeid, toekomst van arbeidsrecht
Authors: De Vos M.
Published: August 2018

Toekomst van arbeid, toekomst van arbeidsrecht

De wereld van werk is in diepe verandering door megatrends in de demografie en sociologie van de beroepsbevolking, in de economische globalisering en in technologische innovatie. ‘Werk 4.0’ fascineert en beroert de geesten. Maar wat betekent de toekomst van werk voor de toekomst van arbeidsrecht? Deze bijdrage herijkt het arbeidsrecht op de schaal van Werk 4.0. Ze argumenteert paradigmaveranderingen die de focus van het arbeidsrecht verschuiven naar activeringsrecht, loopbaanrecht, arbeidskwaliteitsrecht, talentrecht en activiteitsrecht. Ze schetst een verbreding van het arbeidsrecht in een context van transversale talentontwikkeling, alsook een verpersoonlijking van sociale bescherming. Deze bijdrage pleit ook voor nieuw sociaal overleg dat inspeelt op de nieuwe noden die de arbeidsveranderingen teweegbrengen. Ze trekt assen die toelaten om de toekomst van arbeid en arbeidsrecht als een positieve keuze te omarmen.
Het autonome ontslagbegrip in Richtlijn 98/59: inclusief de wijziging?
Authors: Gundt N.
Published: August 2018

Het autonome ontslagbegrip in Richtlijn 98/59: inclusief de wijziging?

Richtlijn 98/59 omtrent collectief ontslag ziet blijkens de in deze annotatie besproken arresten niet alleen op een ‘ontslag’ in strikte zin, maar onder omstandigheden ook op een wijziging van de arbeidsovereenkomst door de werkgever. De auteur analyseert of en in hoeverre de arresten toepasbaar zijn op het stelsel van (collectief) ontslag en wijziging in het Nederlandse alsmede het Duitse, Franse en Belgische recht.
Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of bifid mandibular canal in a Turkish population
Authors: Laçin Nihat , Aytuğar Emre , Veli İlknur
Published: August 2018

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals (BMC) in a Turkish population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methodology: The CBCT images of 350 untreated patients (178 male, 172 female ranging in age between 18 and 65,) were included in this study. The presence or absence of BMC was determined in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes by considering gender and side. For statistical evaluation, a chi‑square test was used to determine any differences in the prevalence of BMC with significance set at 5%.

Results: BMCs were observed in 129 out of 700 sides (18.42%) and 97 out of 350 patients (27.71%), of which, 55 were in males and 42 in females. Regardless of gender, the right side was more frequently affected (73%). Male patients showed higher prevalence (15.71%) than the female patients (12%).

Conclusion: BMC was observed in 27.71% of examined Turkish subjects and detected more frequently in males and on the right side.
Normes objectives et variation socio-stylistique : le français québécois parlé en contexte d’entrevues télévisées
Authors: Villeneuve Anne-José
Published: August 2018

Les variétés linguistiques nord-américaines se distinguent depuis longtemps de leurs contreparties européennes. Pourtant, les « français d’ici » demeurent stigmatisés puisque souvent associés systématiquement au parler des classes populaires ou à des vernaculaires jugés trop éloignés de la norme fantasmée associée à l’écrit. Or, l’usage québécois oral n’est pas exempt de styles soutenus, dont l’essentiel reste à décrire : plusieurs études ont porté sur le vernaculaire, mais seules quelques-unes se sont penchées sur les usages spontanés en situations plus formelles. Le présent article propose la description d’une norme objective en décrivant l’usage linguistique des élites culturelles et politiques du Québec dans deux contextes d’entrevues télévisées sur les ondes de Radio-Canada. En plus d’étoffer les descriptions existantes du français québécois parlé, la comparaison des deux contextes permet de mesurer la variation stylistique chez les individus. Les résultats de l’analyse de deux variables susceptibles de distinguer l’oral soutenu de l’écrit—l’alternance des auxiliaires et la négation verbale—montrent que les styles observées en contexte d’entrevues télévisées se situent à mi-chemin entre les vernaculaires et le ‘standard’ écrit. En examinant d’une part des normes objectives émanant d’un groupe socio-culturellement valorisé et, d’autre part, la variation socio-stylistique en français québécois du 21esiècle, la présente contribution éclaire la sociolinguistique française et ses applications pédagogiques éventuelles en contexte canadien.
Variation sociophonétique dialectale et stylistique : quelle est la langue cible en français langue seconde à Montréal ?1
Authors: Guertin Monelle
Published: August 2018

La variété de français parlée dans l’Hexagone a été par le passé considérée comme un modèle de « bon français », tandis que la variété québécoise s’est trouvée dépeinte de façon moins prestigieuse. En enseignement des langues secondes, ces opinions ont un impact sur les choix et les perceptions des apprenants envers de la langue cible. Plusieurs chercheurs ont étudié ces perceptions dans une comparaison France–Québec. Cette étude propose de vérifier si la variation stylistique propre à chaque variété dialectale affecte les réactions envers le français de France et celui du Québec de la même manière que les variétés le font, pour des apprenants de français langue seconde à Montréal. Selon la technique du locuteur masqué, les participants ont écouté et réagi à des locutrices natives du français parisien et du français québécois produisant exactement le même contenu linguistique dans deux situations différentes, formelle et informelle. Les résultats montrent que la variation stylistique a eu une importance considérable dans les perceptions et les choix des participants. Parallèlement, les données révèlent un amalgame réalisé entre, d'une part, langue formelle et français européen et, d’autre part, langue informelle et français québécois.
Optimal exponent-pairs for the Bertalanffy-Pütter growth model
Authors: Renner-Martin Katharina , Brunner Norbert , Kühleitner Manfred , Nowak Werner-Georg , Scheicher Klaus
Published: August 2018

The Bertalanffy-Pütter growth model describes mass m at age t by means of the differential equation dm/dt = p⋅ma−q⋅mb. The special case using the Bertalanffy exponent-pair a=2/3 and b=1 is most common (it corresponds to the von Bertalanffy growth function VBGF for length in fishery literature). For data fitting using general exponents, five model parameters need to be optimized, the pair a<b of non-negative exponents, the non-negative constants p and q, and a positive initial value m0 for the differential equation. For the case b=1 it is known that for most fish data any exponent a<1 could be used to model growth without affecting the fit to the data significantly (when the other parameters p, q, m0 were optimized). Thereby, data fitting used the method of least squares, minimizing the sum of squared errors (SSE). It was conjectured that the optimization of both exponents would result in a significantly better fit of the optimal growth function to the data and thereby reduce SSE. This conjecture was tested for a data set for the mass-growth of Walleye (Sander vitreus), a fish from Lake Erie, USA. Compared to the Bertalanffy exponent-pair the optimal exponent-pair achieved a reduction of SSE by 10%. However, when the optimization of additional parameters was penalized, using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), then the optimal exponent-pair model had a higher (worse) AIC, when compared to the Bertalanffy exponent-pair. Thereby SSE and AIC are different ways to compare models. SSE is used, when predictive power is needed alone, and AIC is used, when simplicity of the model and explanatory power are needed.
ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ ВЕЛИЧИНЫ РЕЧНОГО СТОКА В ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПРОШЛОМ (СТ. 3. АНАЛИЗ СТРУКТУРЫ СЕТИ ВОДОТОКОВ), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Сидорчук А.Ю. , Панин А.В. , Борисова О.К. , Еременко Е.А.
Published: August 2018

Между параметрами структуры современных речных систем и их гидрологическими характеристиками существуют как косвенные, так и прямые связи. Такие связи используются для оценки гидрологических характеристик древних русловых систем по параметрам их структуры в случае совпадения ландшафтно-климатических и литолого-геоморфологических условий на современных и древних водосборах. Эрозионный рельеф Русской равнины сохраняет информацию о прошлых событиях максимального стока воды. Максимальный сток во время валдайского позднеледниковья оставил в рельефе фрагменты больших меандрирующих пале-орусел в речных долинах и сеть балок на водосборах. На склонах водосборов широко распространена и хорошо сохранилась сеть ложбин, многие из которых сформировались во время события максимального стока воды в период деградации московского покровного оледенения. Густота сети балок и ложбин является индикатором гидрологических условий их формирования, в первую очередь максимального стока. Применены два способа оценки этих гидрологических условий: 1) распространение на прошлое современных статистических регрессионных связей густоты речной и долинно-балочной сети областей распространения вечной мерзлоты с величинами стока воды; 2) математическое моделирование формирования эрозионного рельефа в верхних частях водосбора с поиском таких гидрологических характеристик стока, которые соответствуют фактическому эрозионному рельефу. Первым способом получены значения годового слоя стока воды для всего бассейна р. Хопер для валдайского позднеледниковья 200-250 мм, для московского позднеледниковья 600-700 мм. Вторым способом для небольшого водосбора балки Переполье в средней части бассейна Хопра получены величины 230 и 690 мм соответственно. В поздневалдайское время формирование эрозионного рельефа происходило при стоке в 2-3 раза, а во время московского позднеледниковья - в 6-7 раз больше современного.
КЛИНОВИДНЫЕ СТРУКТУРЫ В РЫХЛЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ ПРИНЕВСКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ КАК СЛЕДСТВИЕ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ В РАННЕМ ГОЛОЦЕНЕ (ОПОРНЫЙ УЧАСТОК “НИЗИНО”), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Шварев С.В. , Никонов А. А. , Русаков А.В.
Published: August 2018

В статье рассматривается происхождение клиновидных структур, обнаруженных к югу от Финского залива в районе с. Низино в контексте геолого-геоморфологических и палеогеографических особенностей района. Полученные в 2000-2005 и 2014 гг. результаты обосновывают сейсмогенное происхождение клиньев. Морфологические особенности, характер и последовательность заполнения и деформаций вмещающей толщи свидетельствуют о мгновенном раскрытии, быстром одноактном заполнении полостей материалом с бортов и кровли, последующем мгновенном закрытии со сжатием в связи с направленным латерально динамическим воздействием. Кроме клиньев, анализируется распространение различных деформационных структур в районе исследований в породах палеозойского цоколя и в послеледниковых отложениях. Сделан вывод об их структурной обусловленности и возникновении в результате сильного местного землетрясения.
НОВЫЙ ТИП ВУЛКАНО-ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКОЙ МОРФОСТРУКТУРЫ?- 42-КИЛОМЕТРОВАЯ ГЛУБОКОВОДНАЯ КАЛЬДЕРОИДА НА ПОДВОДНОЙ ВОЗВЫШЕННОСТИ ГОРА ДЕТРОЙТ (СЗ ПАЦИФИКА), "Геоморфология"
Authors: Мелекесцев И.В.
Published: August 2018

По результатам вулкано-геоморфологического и тефрохронологического анализов материалов по северной оконечности подводного тихоокеанского Императорского хребта впервые выявлена и описана находящаяся на глубине -2900 … -2200 м сложно построенная и разбитая разрывными нарушениями на блоки разных размеров и форм в плане округлая вулкано-тектоническая морфоструктура - 42-километровая глубоководная кальдероида. Она приурочена к северной части подводной возвышенности Гора Детройт (СЗ Пацифика - плиоценовому горсту, а возникла предположительно в раннем плейстоцене в интервале глубин от -3000 до -2000 м. Согласно авторскому определению, глубоководная кальдероида - крупная полигенетическая депрессия, возникшая в подводных условиях на большой глубине, перикомпенсировано заполненная (сотни км3) в течение длительного (n · 105-n · 106 лет) времени породами приуроченных к ней многочисленных вулканических построек разных типов, одноактных и многоактных. Ее точные аналоги на Земле пока не обнаружены, но, предположительно, сходные по механизму возникновения и отчасти по морфологии образования имеются на Венере.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ТРЕНД ЭРОЗИОННО-АККУМУЛЯТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В МАЛОМ РАСПАХАННОМ ВОДОСБОРЕ, РЕСПУБЛИКА ТАТАРСТАН, "Геоморфология"
Authors: Шарифуллин А.Г. , ГУСАРОВ А.В. , Голосов В.Н.
Published: August 2018

Анализ аккумуляции наносов в днищах долин первого порядка позволяет дать достаточно надежную количественную оценку общей интенсивности и временн й изменчивости эрозионных процессов на сельскохозяйственных землях, подходящих практически вплотную к этим долинам. С использованием радиоактивного цезия-137 в качестве хрономаркера, а также усовершенствованных эрозионных моделей USLE и Государственного гидрологического института, изучение аккумулированных наносов в днище малой долины “Темева речка” (площадь водосбора - 1.13 км2), расположенной в северо-западной части Республики Татарстан (бассейн р. Мёша), показало заметное снижение темпов смыва почв с пахотной части водосбора за последние десятилетия. Так, если за период 1963-1986 гг. темпы аккумуляции в днище малой долины смытого со склонов водосбора почвенного материала составляли 0.92-1.81 см/год, то за период 1987-2015 гг. - 0.17-0.50 см/год, т.е. сократились как минимум в 3-5 раз. Причиной отмеченного уменьшения темпов смыва почв и аккумуляции наносов явилось сокращение объемов поверхностного стока со склонов в период снеготаяния, вызванное повышением температуры воздуха в весеннее время года, уменьшением глубины промерзания почв и снижением частоты выпадения экстремальных ливней со слоем 40-50 мм. Влияние хозяйственной деятельности на уменьшение темпов эрозионно-аккумулятивных процессов было, по всей видимости, несущественным, хотя некоторое изменение севооборотов с увеличением доли многолетних трав, очевидно, повлияло на снижение темпов смыва в теплое время года. Данная эрозионная тенденция и климатические причины, ее обусловившие, имели региональный характер и ранее выявлены в ряде регионов южной половины Европейской территории России.
Culturally Tailored Messages and Trial Registry Enrollment
Authors: Johnson Kevin B. , Iannone Stacy L. , Furth Susan L. , Taylor Lynne , Tan Andy S. L.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Marginalized populations have lower levels of clinical trial representation than other populations. Tailoring recruitment materials and providing incentives may improve representation.

Objective

To determine whether culturally tailored video improves parents’ decision to enroll (DTE) Black children in a research registry.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A randomized clinical trial, using mixed methods and consecutive sampling, was conducted in an urban primary care pediatric clinic. A post hoc study assessed the association of a monetary incentive with DTE. Ninety-three parents were recruited before their child’s scheduled clinic visit. Participants completed a survey during which they were randomly assigned to review a paragraph (control group), generic video, or tailored video and received a gift card. Video watchers completed questions about its effectiveness. All participants were invited to join the registry. In the post hoc study, consenting participants followed the control group protocol and the coordinator promised them an ink pen for participating. The study was conducted between November 15, 2022, and August 29, 2023.

Intervention

A survey regarding the importance of being included in research studies was administered after participants watched a culturally tailored video.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was DTE. Covariates were message effectiveness, clinical trial knowledge, and trust. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed.

Results

A total of 125 individuals were included. All groups had similar mean (SD) parent age (overall, 32.6 [7.35] years), gender (110 [88.0%] women), and race (116 [92.8%] Black or African American). There was no significant difference in the odds of DTE between the appeal video and control (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 0.38-3.72) or between the generic video and control (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.54-6.71). However, DTE was higher for all 3 gift card groups vs the ink pen incentive group (eg, control vs ink pen incentive: OR, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.68-14.95). After adjusting for trust, monetary incentives were associated with higher odds of DTE (adjusted OR, 5.92; 95% CI, 2.44-14.39).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial, targeted messaging was not associated with a higher decision to enroll in a pediatric clinical trial registry. There may be a role for combining holistic messaging with monetary incentives to improve enrollment.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06138145
Developing a Novel Surgical Care Access Score for Patients With Osteoarthritis Considering Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Ghomrawi Hassan M. K. , Huang Lynn W. , Credit Kevin , Lotfata Aynaz , Malhotra Anjali , Patel Ankita M. , Franklin Patricia , French Dustin D. , Block Daniel
Published: November 2024

Objective

Access to specialized orthopedic care is an important determinant of the decision to undergo total knee replacement (TKR); however, most studies have mainly used distance to the nearest high‐volume hospital as the primary proxy for access. We applied the two‐step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method to develop a more comprehensive TKR access score that accounts for other potential factors (ie, supply of and demand for this procedure) that also affect access.

Methods

To apply the 2SFCA method, we first estimated TKR demand using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates of prevalence of osteoarthritis, which were multiplied by estimates of patients who would potentially benefit from TKR. We then estimated TKR supply using the number of TKRs performed in each hospital, extracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare Provider Analysis and Review database. For the nationwide analysis, we estimated the access score for a radius of 55 km around each census tract in the contiguous United States. For a subset of the census tracts, we employed a more realistic but more computationally intensive 42‐minute driving distance to determine the robustness of the 55‐km assumption and calculated the Spearman rank correlation between the two access scores.

Results

Across the United States, the access score was categorized as low for 51%, medium for 24%, and high for 25% of census tracts. The Spearman correlation coefficient between these national scores and those with a 42‐minute driving time was 0.75.

Conclusion

We developed a novel TKR care access score that may enhance quality measures available to patients, providers, payers, and researchers.
High‐Efficiency Electrochemical Desalination: The Role of a Rigid Pseudocapacitive Polymer Electrode with Diverse Active Sites
Authors: Tao Yueheng , Cui Yujie , Wang Houxiang , Li Zhaolei , Qian Zhangjiashuo , Zhang Peipei , Zhou Hongjian , Shi Minjie
Published: November 2024

Hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) emerges as a burgeoning electrochemical desalination technology due to the utilization of profitable pseudocapacitive reactions. Although tunable organic compounds are potential faradaic electrode materials, their insufficient active sites and high water‐solubility restrict practical HCDI applications. Herein, a pseudocapacitive organic polymer (PNDS) is proposed with diverse redox‐active sites for electrochemical deionization. The pronounced molecular aromaticity and strong π‐electron delocalization not only endow PNDS polymer with framework rigidity, but refine its electronic structure to bolster redox activity and electron affinity. As an electrode material, the PNDS polymer demonstrates a substantial pseudocapacitive capacitance of 390 F g−1 and sustains long‐term stability at 96.3% after 5000 cycles, surpassing reported Na+‐capturing organic electrodes. In‐operando monitoring techniques and theoretical calculations reveal efficient Na+ capture at the C═N and C═O redox‐active sites within the PNDS electrode during repeated electrosorption processes. As a conceptual demonstration, a high‐performance HCDI device equipped with the PNDS electrode exhibits an impressive salt removal capacity (66.4 mg g−1), a rapid removal rate (2.2 mg g−1 min−1) and stable regeneration property. More importantly, an integrated desalination system is engineered to rapidly and repeatedly treat saltwater resources for human consumption and agricultural irrigation, highlighting its promising prospects for high‐efficiency desalination applications.
Multifunctional Electromagnetic Responsive Porous Materials Synthesized by Freeze Casting: Principles, Progress, and Prospects
Authors: Ning Ya , Zeng Xiaojun , Huang Jun , Shen Zong‐Yang , Gao Yanfeng , Che Renchao
Published: November 2024

Freeze casting is a solidification technique utilized in the fabrication of porous materials. However, the freeze casting process is quite complex, and significant challenges remain in precisely controlling the pore size and shape of porous structures. This study aims to investigate the customization of multifunctional electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with 3D porous structures via freeze casting. This review initially presents the fundamental principles underlying the freeze casting technique and examines the correlation between internal and external factors during the preparation process and porosity. The emerging trends in constructing novel and intricate macroscopic structures through freeze casting are subsequently outlined. Furthermore, this review focuses on the fabrication of composites with various porous microstructures through freeze casting of low‐dimensional building blocks, and their EMW response and multifunctional properties. By regulating the internal and external influencing mechanisms of freeze casting, porous EMW absorption materials exhibit outstanding advantages such as electromagnetic property manipulation, controllable structure, high porosity, high specific surface area, lightweight, and flexibility. These features broaden their applications in electromagnetic shielding, mechanical property, radar stealth, thermal insulation and fire prevention, flexible sensors, antifreeze ability, etc. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects of high‐performance EMW absorbers using freeze casting techniques.
Constructing a Multifunctional SEI Layer Enhancing Kinetics and Stabilizing Zinc Metal Anode
Authors: Li Dingzheng , Li Chuanlin , Liu Wenjie , Bu Hongxia , Zhang Xixi , Li Titi , Zhang Jing , Kong Mengzhen , Wang Xiao , Wang Chenggang , Xu Xijin
Published: November 2024

Zn dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the interface of zinc anode/electrolyte in aqueous zinc batteries severely hinder its lifespan in application. Herein, the zinc anode is effectively stabilized by introducing trace amounts of 4‐aminobutane‐1‐phosphate (ABPA) into the ZnSO4 electrolyte. The ABPA adsorbs onto the surface of zinc anode and then further decomposes to a high conductive organic/inorganic composite in situ SEI layer including amino, partial carbon chain, and zinc phosphate. In the SEI layer, the residual undecomposed carbon chain promotes the desolvation of Zn2+, the amino induces uniform Zn2+ plating and zinc phosphate facilitates the migration of Zn2+. Thus, this in situ SEI layer not only suppresses water‐related side reactions but also enhances the Zn2+ transport kinetics. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cell delivers an ultralong cycle life of over 13 000 cycles at 50 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. A high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.72% is achieved in over 1000 cycles in Zn||Cu half‐cell. The Zn||I2 full cell delivers a high‐capacity retention of 91.42% after 40,000 cycles. Moreover, a 49 mAh Zn||I2 pouch cell maintains 80.28% capacity retention over 300 cycles and 61.22% after 1000 cycles.
Realizing Bidirectional Photocurrent in Monolithic Dual‐Mode Device for Neuromorphic Vision and Logically‐Encrypted Transmission
Authors: Jiang Min , Zhao Yukun , Bian Lifeng , Chen Wei , Yang Kang , Zhou Min , Zhang Jianya , Wang Yudie , Sun Haiding , Lu Shulong
Published: November 2024

Due to significant response contradictions, unidirectional carrier transmission of typical semiconductor p‐n junctions limits integrated sensors and artificial synapses in a monolithic device. In this work, a bipolar p‐n junction designed by employing the hydrogel/p‐GaN local contact interface with p‐GaN/(In,Ga)N heterojunction, demonstrating the bidirectional photocurrent and sensor/artificial synapse dual‐mode device successfully. After modifying Au nanoparticles, the negative (positive) photocurrent is increased by 900% (300%) under 365 nm (520 nm) light to achieve a more balanced bipolar carrier dynamic. Such a regulation of photocurrent is found to be attributed to the promotion of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the hydrogel/Au/p‐GaN interface. Thus, the device achieves the ultrahigh paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) index of 243% under self‐powered condition. Moreover, the implementation of plasticity from short‐term to long‐term demonstrates its adaptability in neural morphology visual recognition. Beyond independent working mode, the function of five classic logic gates is achieved under three‐terminal operation. Finally, an encrypted wireless communication system using dual‐channel light signals demonstrates the extensive application potential of the monolithic device. Therefore, this work presents a viable construction blueprint to meet the demands of next‐generation all‐in‐one optoelectronics for intricate application scenarios.
Ein Phosphotriester‐Maskiertes Dideoxy‐cGAMP‐Derivat als Zellpermeabler STING‐Agonist
Authors: Halbritter Anna‐Lena J. , Gärtner Yasmin V. , Nabiev Jahongir , Hernichel Fabian , Ganazzoli Giacomo , Özdemir Dilara , Pappa Aikaterini , Veth Simon , Stazzoni Samuele , Müller Markus , Hornung Veit , Carell Thomas
Published: November 2024

2′3′‐zyklisches GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) ist ein zyklischer Dinukleotid‐Botenstoff, bei dem Guanosin und Adenosin durch eine 3′‐5′‐ und eine 2′‐5′‐Phosphodiester‐Bindung verbunden sind. Es wird im Zytosol bei der Erkennung pathogener DNA durch das Enzym Guanosin‐Monophosphat‐Adenosin‐Monophosphat‐Synthase (cGAS) gebildet. cGAMP bindet anschließend an das Adapterprotein Stimulator der Interferon‐Gene (STING), um eine angeborene Immunantwort auszulösen, die zur Produktion von Typ‐I‐Interferonen und Zytokinen führt. STING‐Agonisten sind ein vielversprechender Ansatzpunkt für eine immunonkologische Krebstherapie. Eine besondere Herausforderung bei zyklischen Dinukleotid‐STING‐Agonisten sind die beiden negativen Ladungen der Phosphodiester‐Bindungen, die die Fähigkeit, Zellmembranen zu durchdringen, stark einschränken. Die Entwicklung zellpermeabler STING‐Agonisten, die das Immunsystem stimulieren können und damit ihre krebsbekämpfende Wirkung verstärken, ist derzeit von größter Bedeutung. Hier berichten wir über die Entwicklung eines Dideoxy‐Derivats von cGAMP als Phosphotriester‐Prodrug, bei dem die negative Ladung des Phosphatrückgrats durch einen Thioester maskiert wurde. Wir konnten feststellen, dass diese Thioester‐geschützte Verbindung eine drastische Steigerung ihrer zellulären Wirksamkeit aufweist, die von EC50=5 μM auf 25 nM ansteigt. Die neue Verbindung soll eine effiziente Krebstherapie auf der Basis von STING‐Agonisten ermöglichen.
Engineering Stable Decomposition Products on Cathode Surfaces to Enable High Voltage All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Qian Lanting , Huang Yangyang , Dean Cameron , Kochetkov Ivan , Singh Baltej , Nazar Linda
Published: November 2024

Sulfide solid electrolytes such as Li6PS5Cl hold high promise for solid‐state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity; however, their oxidation potential of ~2.5 V is not compatible with high voltage Ni‐rich cathodes such as LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (x≥0.8). Using guidance from density functional theory, we devise an effective, conformal, and thin coating on the cathode active material, which suppresses the oxidative decomposition of Li6PS5Cl as shown by experiment. The nanometric coating on nickel‐rich NMC85 enabled capacity retention of 82 % after 200 cycles (2.8–4.3 V vs Li+/Li) using Li6PS5Cl as the solid electrolyte. In comparison, cells with an uncoated CAM only displayed 56 % capacity retention. The coated‐NCM85 cells also demonstrate much better rate performance and higher capacity. The enhanced performance is due to the formation of a stable amorphous cathode‐electrolyte interphase accruing from the decomposition products of the LiPO2F2 precursor (as predicted by DFT), which protect the sulfide electrolyte from oxidation. The coating fabricated in this cost‐effective process showed superior performance to state‐of‐the‐art coatings such as LiNbO3. This work highlights the importance of rationally designing stable coating materials based on their potential decomposition products and confirms the suitability of a low‐cost and conformal coating to enable sulfide electrolyte‐based all‐solid‐state batteries.