bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the self‐assembly of gemini surfactants
Authors: Groth C. , Nydén M. , Holmberg K. , Kanicky J. R. , Shah D. O.
Published: December 2006

A stopped‐flow technique combined with pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements was used to study the kinetics of exchange, size, and shapes in micellar systems of cationic surfactant dimers of the alkanediyl‐α‐ω‐bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) type, with alkanediyl being 1,2‐ethylene, 1,3‐propylene, and 1,4‐butylene. By measuring the slow relaxation time for micelles, τ2, the micelle lifetime as a function of spacer length was obtained and was further confirmed by micelle exchange measurements by NMR diffusometry. The micelle lifetimes for the gemini surfactants were found to be in orders of magnitude longer than for the corresponding conventional surfactants. All three cationic surfactant dimers showed an increase in micelle size in one direction, i.e., became prolates, as the concentration was increased. The growth of the micelles was most pronounced for the gemini surfactants with the shortest linker unit, i.e., ethylene.
Effect of hydrotropes on the aqueous solution behavior of surfactants
Authors: Varade Dharmesh , Bahadur Pratap
Published: December 2006

Aqueous solutions of surfactants—cationic: tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C14TABr); anionic: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); and nonionic: polyoxyethylenet‐octylphenol (trade name Triton X‐102, also called OPE‐8)— in the presence of three hydrotropes,viz., sodium xylene sulfonate, sodiump‐toluene sulfonate, and sodium chlorobenzene sulfonate, were examined by measuring surface tension, viscosity, and cloud points for the nonionic surfactant. The results show a marked decrease in the critical micelle concentration with increase in hydrotrope concentration for C14TABr, a marginal decrease for SDS, and very little change for OPE‐8 up to 0.1 M hydrotrope. The viscosity of cationic surfactant solutions showed a remarkable increase in the presence of trace amounts of hydrotropes (up to 15 mM). In contrast, the SDS solution showed only a slight increase in viscosity at high hydrotrope concentration (150 mM), and the viscosity of the OPE‐8 solution remained constant. The cloud point of OPE‐8 increased in the presence of hydrotropes, unlike its behavior with the simple salt NaCl. The strong dependence of the solution behavior of cationic surfactants on the presence of hydrotropes is discussed in terms of electrostatic interaction.
Synthesis, properties, and application of novel silane‐modified polyoxyethylene ether surfactants
Authors: Peng Zhong‐Li , Wu Qing , Wang Yue‐Lin , Yang Shao‐Tao
Published: December 2006

Novel silane‐modified polyoxyethylene ether surfactants (SMPES) were synthesized to improve the properties of water‐based silicone rubber by reacting polyoxyethylene ether, RO(CH2CH2O)nH (where R=nonylphenyl or dodecyl and n is 17 or 15), with 3‐chloropropylalkoxylsilane, ClCH2CH2‐CH2SiR1(OR2)2 or CICH2CH2CH2Si(OR2)3 (where R1=methyl and R2=methyl or ethyl). The structural characteristics of SMPES were indicated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, carbon NMR spectroscopy, silicon NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry. The properties of SMPES were also investigated. SMPES were found to be good emulsifiers, with a low foaming power and low cloud point. The water‐based silicone rubber prepared with SMPES exhibited a shorter tack‐free time and resistance to frosting when it contacted water.
Chlorophenol wastewater degradation in micellar solutions: A gas chromatographic study
Authors: Badawi A. M. , Ahmed S. M. , El‐Naggar A. Y. , El‐Zahar S. M. , Aboul‐Gheit A. K.
Published: December 2006

The effect of photocatalysis and some surfactant micelles on the degradation of m‐chlorophenol was investigated. All photochemical experiments were performed with artificial sunlight illumination. The remaining m‐chlorophenol was quantitatively determined using gas chromatography, applying the internal standard method. Three catalysts—ethylenediamine tetrachlorocuprate complex (catalyst I), chlorophyllin trisodium copper complex (catalyst II), and 5,10,15,20‐tetracarboxy phthalocyanine tetrasodium copper complex (III)—were used in the absence or presence of an anionic or nonionic surfactant. All studied catalysts exhibited high efficiency in degrading m‐chlorophenol compared with photodegradation in the absence of a catalyst. Catalyst III was more active than II owing to the higher degree of conjugation in its ligand, and the nonionic surfactant was more efficient than the anionic surfactant. Catalyst I was the least active because it did not accommodate a closed shell system. The studied anionic and nonionic surfactants accelerated photocatalytic degradation. The nonionic surfactant was more effective than the anionic surfactant owing to its greater surface activity parameters. Kinetic decay was found to obey a first‐order equation. However, some internal stages appeared to occur during the course of the reaction. Although higher rates were encountered in the advanced stages, the initial stage was the rate that controlled the overall process.
Composition, Structure, and Color of Fat Bloom Due to the Partial Liquefaction of Fat in Dark Chocolate
Authors: Kinta Yasuyoshi , Hatta Tamao
Published: December 2006

A type of fat bloom, which had not previously been fully characterized, was investigated to identify the state of its existence and its formation mechanism. Samples of bloom on solid chocolate resulting from the partial liquefaction of fat during temperature variations were analyzed to determine the crystal characteristics, fat contents, and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions. Also, observation and elemental analyses were performed by scanning electron microscope with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer, color analyses of minute regions were made by using PARISS®, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) analyses were performed. The dark‐ and light‐brown areas did not show any differences in fat content or TAG compositions that could lead to the observed color differences. Although differences in component distributions were noted in micrometer‐sized regions, no relation to the colors was confirmed. The bloom samples in this study and bloom developed without a tempering process resembled each other in the tone of color at their discolored regions, but the states they adopted differed from one another. It is suggested that the color in this type of bloom was affected by the roughness and/or porosity of the microstructure and could also be a result of the coarsened fat crystal network and of the liquid fat migration.
Reinforcement sensitivity, coping, and delinquent behaviour in adolescents
Authors: Hasking Penelope A.
Published: December 2006

Since 1964, the relationship between personality and criminal behaviour has been extensively studied. However, studies, which have examined the Eysenckian dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism have produced mixed results. Gray's [Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extroversion. Behavior Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266] Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory provides an alternative conceptualisation of the role of personality in criminal behaviour, and has generally produced more consistent findings. This study aimed to examine the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity and delinquent behaviour in a sample of 259 adolescents, and to examine the role that coping strategies play in this relationship. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that use of problem solving mediated the relationship between reward sensitivity and delinquent behaviour, while use of non‐productive coping strategies moderated the relationship between BAS drive and delinquency. Consequently, it was suggested that coping skills training could be an effective early intervention for delinquent behaviour.
Identification of an amyloidogenic region on keratoepithelin via synthetic peptides
Authors: Yuan Ching , Berscheit Heather L. , Huang Andrew J.W.
Published: December 2006

Mutations of keratoepithelin (KE) gene in human chromosome 5q31 have been linked with corneal epithelial or stromal dystrophies characterized by the abnormal deposits of amyloid fibrils and/or non‐amyloid aggregations in corneal tissue. We report herein that synthetic peptide containing amino acid (a.a.) residues of 515–532 of native KE protein can readily form β‐sheet‐containing amyloid fibrils in vitro. Amyloid fibrils formed in various conditions from short synthetic peptides (containing a.a. 515–532 and 515–525, respectively) were characterized by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, Congo red staining, electron microscopy (EM) and circular dichroism (CD). Triple‐N‐methylation of the synthetic peptides prevented the β‐sheet polymerization and related amyloid fibril formation. Comparison study with ThT fluorescence further demonstrated that synthetic peptides containing corneal dystrophy‐related mutations within this region formed amyloid fibrils to various extents. Our results suggest that each individual dystrophy‐related mutation by itself does not necessarily potentiate amyloid fibril formation of KE. Roles of these intrinsically amyloidogenic foci in abnormal KE aggregations and amyloid deposits of stromal corneal dystrophies await further investigation.
Erosive polyarthritis associated with Mycoplasma gateae in a cat
Authors: Zeugswetter Florian , Hittmair Katharina M. , de Arespacochaga Abigail G. , Shibly Sarina , Spergser Joachim
Published: December 2006

Erosive polyarthritis was diagnosed in an 11-month-old neutered male Egyptian Mau-cross cat with concurrent glucocorticoid-responsive dermatitis. Clinical signs, synovial fluid analysis, serological tests and radiographic appearance could not differentiate between immune-mediated and infective arthritis. Mycoplasma gateae was isolated by strictly anaerobic culture of the synovial fluid. Treatment with Enrofloxacin led to a rapid improvement of the cat's condition. Two months later the cat was euthanased because of severe glomerulonephritis and direct Coombs' test positive anaemia, possibly caused by mycoplasma infection. M gateae could not be isolated at post-mortem examination.
Promotion de la démocratie dans les Balkans: L'efficacité inégale de la conditionnalité et des incitatifs
Authors: Éthier Diane
Published: December 2006

Résumé.Certains travaux indiquent qu'en matière de promotion de la démocratie, la conditionnalité des élargissements de l'Union européenne (UE) vers l'Europe du Sud et de l'Est s'est avérée plus efficace que les incitatifs employés par diverses organisations internationales. Cet article confirme la validité de ce constat en démontrant que, dans les Balkans, la conditionnalité du Processus de stabilisation et d'association de l'UE a eu des retentissements plus marqués que les incitatifs du Pacte de stabilité pour l'Europe du Sud-Est. En outre, à l'aide des théories des relations internationales, l'article analyse les fondements de l'efficacité de la conditionnalité de l'UE et les raisons pour lesquelles celle-ci a néanmoins des effets inégaux d'un pays à l'autre.

Abstract.Various works indicate that, in the matter of democracy promotion, the conditionality of the European Union (EU) enlargements towards Southern and Eastern Europe has proved to be more effective than incentives of many international organizations. This article confirms the validity of this finding. It shows that, in the Balkans, the conditionality of the EU Stabilization and Association Process has had more significative impacts than the incentives of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Furthermore, with the help of international relations theories, it explains the determinants of the EU conditionality efficiency and the reasons why its effects nevertheless vary from one target state to another.
Exit Polling in Canada: An Experiment
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Docherty David , Henderson Ailsa , Kay Barry , Ellis-Hale Kimberly
Published: December 2006

Abstract. Although exit polling has not been used to study
Canadian elections before, such polls have methodological features that
make them a potentially useful complement to data collected through more
conventional designs. This paper reports on an experiment with exit
polling in one constituency in the 2003 Ontario provincial election. Using
student volunteers, a research team at Wilfrid Laurier University
conducted an exit poll in the bellwether constituency of Kitchener Centre
to assess the feasibility of mounting this kind of study on a broader
scale. The experiment was successful in a number of respects. It produced
a sample of 653 voters that broadly reflected the partisan character of
the constituency, and which can hence be used to shed light on patterns of
vote-switching and voter motivations in that constituency. It also yielded
insights about best practices in mounting an exit poll in the Ontario
context, as well as about the potential for using wireless communication
devices to transmit respondent data from the field. The researchers
conclude that exit polling on a limited basis (selected constituencies) is
feasible, but the costs and logistics associated with this methodology
make a province-wide or country-wide study unsupportable at present.

Résumé. Bien que les sondages “sortie des
urnes” n'aient pas été utilisés
jusqu'ici dans l'étude des élections au Canada, de
tels sondages possèdent certaines caractéristiques qui en
font un complément potentiellement très utile des
méthodes plus traditionnelles de cueillette des données. Cet
article rend compte d'un sondage “sortie des urnes”
expérimental effectué dans une circonscription lors de
l'élection provinciale de 2003 en Ontario. Utilisant des
bénévoles étudiants, une équipe de recherche
de l'Université Wilfrid Laurier a conduit un sondage
“sortie des urnes” à Kitchener Centre, une
circonscription indicatrice de tendance, afin de déterminer la
faisabilité de ce type d'étude au niveau
fédéral. L'expérience a réussi à
plusieurs égards. Elle a fourni un échantillon de 653
électeurs qui reflétaient en gros le caractère
partisan de la circonscription, ce qui a rendu possible
l'étude des motivations des électeurs et des
revirements de vote dans la région. L'expérience a
aussi fourni des renseignements sur les pratiques exemplaires concernant
l'utilisation des sondages “sortie des urnes” au niveau
provincial, ainsi que sur la possibilité d'employer des
techniques de communication sans fil pour transmettre les données
recueillies des répondants. Les chercheurs ont conclu que les
sondages “sortie des urnes” sont réalisables dans un
cadre restreint, dans certaines circonscriptions
sélectionnées, mais que les coûts et la logistique
nécessités par cette méthodologie la rendent
actuellement impraticable pour une étude à
l'échelle provinciale ou nationale.
A Question of Balance: The Cult of Research Intensivity and the
Professing of Political Science in Canada: Presidential address to the
Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, Ontario, June 2, 2006
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard
Published: December 2006

Abstract. In 1998, Tom Pocklington's presidential
address examined what he believed was a progressive displacement of
teaching by research in Canadian political science departments. The
purpose of this address is to examine Pocklington's contentions eight
years on, after dramatic increases in research funds flowing to Canadian
universities. As research funds become more important to the financial
health of Canadian universities, we have seen the growth in Canada of what
I argue is a “cult of research intensivity.” I argue that the
cult has serious implications both for the research that political
scientists will do, and for our teaching of undergraduate students.
However, I conclude that we need to put the reverential enthusiasm for
research intensivity in broader perspective, given the perennial concerns
that are expressed over the imbalance between teaching and research.

Résumé. En 1998, dans son message annuel, le
président Tom Pocklington s'était penché sur ce
qui lui apparaissait comme la substitution progressive de la recherche
à l'enseignement dans les départements de science
politique au Canada. Notre objectif ici est d'analyser les propos de
Tom Pocklington quelque huit ans plus tard, à la suite des hausses
impressionnantes des fonds de recherche versés aux
universités canadiennes. À mesure que les subventions de
recherche prennent de plus en plus d'importance pour la santé
financière des universités canadiennes, nous voyons dans ce
pays l'expansion de ce que j'appellerais le “ culte de la
prédominance de la recherche ”. Je soutiens que ce culte a de
sérieuses implications tant pour les recherches que mèneront
les politologues que pour l'enseignement que nous dispenserons aux
étudiants de premier cycle. Je conclus que nous devons replacer
dans un contexte plus vaste cet enthousiasme à tous crins à
l'égard de la recherche, étant donné les
préoccupations qu'a toujours soulevées le
déséquilibre entre l'enseignement et la recherche.
Democracy, External Debt and Growth in Nigeria: An Impact Analysis
under a Narrow Definition of Debt-Led Growth
Authors: Dinneya Godson
Published: December 2006

Abstract. The imposition of political conditionality for debt
relief and further assistance to debtor nations presupposes that the
political leadership under which borrowing and spending decisions were
made could have contributed to the poor performance of external capital in
debtor countries. Yet no attention seems to have been given to an
empirical evaluation of the link between the level of democratization and
growth of debtor economies caused by foreign capital. This paper employs
two models—debt-cum-growth and democracy-debt-led growth—to
investigate the contribution of external debt to the growth of the
Nigerian economy, and to evaluate whether the direction of this
contribution could be explained by, for instance, the process of power
change among political stakeholders, the quality of governance, the
political environment, and democratic dividends in the democratization
process in a typical debtor nation. Although the results in the first
model are mixed, Wantchekon's links between natural resource
endowment and regime type on the one hand, and external capital and the
nature of the host country's industry on the other, are established
for Nigeria, with the implication that the gains of political
conditionality for debt relief should not be expected from debt-led growth
of the Nigerian economy.

Résumé. Lorsqu'on impose des conditions
politiques à l'allégement de la dette et à
d'autres mesures d'aide aux nations débitrices, on
présuppose que les gouvernements responsables des emprunts et de
leur utilisation peuvent avoir contribué à la piètre
performance du capital externe dans les pays concernés. Cependant,
il semble qu'on ne se soit pas préoccupé
d'évaluer empiriquement le lien entre le niveau de
démocratisation et la croissance économique des nations
débitrices due au capital étranger. Cet article utilise deux
modèles—d'abord endettement avec croissance, puis
démocratie et croissance économique par endettement
externe—pour étudier la contribution de la dette externe
à la croissance de l'économie nigérianne et pour
évaluer si la direction de cette contribution peut
s'expliquer, par exemple, par le processus de changement de pouvoir
entre intervenants politiques, par la qualité de la gouvernance,
l'environnement politique et les dividendes démocratiques dans
le processus de démocratisation d'une nation débitrice
typique—le Nigéria. Bien que les résultats du premier
modèle soient mitigés, les liens que fait Wantchekon entre
les richesses en ressources naturelles et le genre de régime
politique d'une part et le capital étranger et la nature de
l'industrie du pays d'autre part sont établis pour le
Nigéria, ce qui implique qu'il ne faut pas s'attendre
à ce que l'imposition de conditions politiques à
l'allégement de la dette produise des gains politiques dans
une économie nigérianne dont la croissance est
alimentée par la dette extérieure.
The Moral Ecology of Markets: Assessing Claims about Markets and
Justice
Authors: Narveson Jan
Published: December 2006

The Moral Ecology of Markets: Assessing Claims about Markets and
Justice, Daniel K. Finn, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006,
pp. ix, 169.

There is a subtitle to this book: “Assessing Claims about
Markets and Justice.” Its aim is not to settle the question of how
just markets are, but rather to identify the framework within which the
morality of markets can be profitably discussed. In the opening chapter,
he takes to task some celebrated economists who, he thinks, try to defend
markets without moral judgment. We can certainly agree that if they really
thought they were doing that, their task was hopeless. But more likely
they felt their moral premises were uncontroversial.
Femmes et Parlements. Un regard international
Authors: Chardalia Nikoletta
Published: December 2006

Femmes et Parlements. Un regard international, Sous la
direction de Manon Tremblay, Montréal, Éditions du
remue-ménage, 2005, 672 pages.

Femmes et Parlements se donne comme objectif de présenter un
état des lieux des droits politiques des femmes et de leur
présence dans les assemblées législatives, et
d'examiner les mesures prises par les États et les partis en
vue d'accroître la participation politique des femmes dans 37
pays répartis sur les cinq continents. Cet ouvrage collectif, qui
rassemble des textes de 34 auteurs, spécialistes de
différents pays, sous la coordination de Manon Tremblay,
professeure à l'Université d'Ottawa,
s'inscrit dans un débat engagé depuis environ vingt ans
quant à la présence des femmes dans les instances
représentatives (cf. Projets féministes,
no spécial “ Actualité de la parité
”, février 1996). On s'est aperçu que, si les
femmes ont obtenu le droit de vote et d'éligibilité
dans les démocraties représentatives, leur présence
numérique dans les assemblées législatives progresse
lentement. L'objectif récent de la “ parité
” adopté par des mouvements féministes et quelques
partis politiques résulte du constat que
l'égalité en droit acquise entre hommes et femmes
n'a pas apporté ce qu'elle était censée
apporter en matière d'égale représentation des
hommes et des femmes en politique. Un certain nombre d'États
ont élaboré des cadres législatifs destinés
à promouvoir la féminisation de leurs institutions
représentatives.
Continuity and Change in Canadian Politics: Essays in Honour of
David E. Smith
Authors: Thomas Paul G.
Published: December 2006

Continuity and Change in Canadian Politics: Essays in Honour of
David E. Smith, Hans J. Michelmann and Cristine de Clercy, eds.,
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, pp. 273.

Festschrifts pose tricky problems for editors, publishers and
reviewers. Editors have to confront the sensitive issue of whom to ask to
contribute, how to nudge tardy contributors along and whether the honoree
will be pleased with the result. Such collections are seldom thematically
coherent enough to guarantee large sales, which is an issue for publishers
facing bottom-line calculations. Reviewers have to critically appraise
essays on which they are often not experts and they have to remember the
occasion for putting those essays between covers. Despite these problems
the genre persists, partly on the basis of tradition but also out of the
genuine desire to honour colleagues who have been outstanding scholars and
“citizens” in their professional fields.
Calling Power to Account: Law, Reparations, and the Chinese Head Tax
Case
Authors: Li Peter
Published: December 2006

Calling Power to Account: Law, Reparations, and the Chinese Head
Tax Case, David Dyzenhaus and May Moran, eds., Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 471.

This is a collection of fifteen essays that addresses different
aspects of the Chinese head tax case. Edited by two law professors and
written mostly by lawyers and law professors, the collection has a strong
legal flavour. The book begins with the legal case of Mack vs.
Attorney General of Canada. However, the book does not provide a
succinct summary of the case. In brief, the case involves three Chinese
Canadians, Shack Jang Mack, Quen Ying Lee and Yew Lee, filing a statement
of claim through their attorney in December, 2000, in a class action on
behalf of head tax payers in the Ontario Superior Court. In all, the case
went through three courts, and the original ruling dismissing the claim of
head tax payers was upheld by the Court of Appeal and the Supreme
Court.
Unfinished Constitutional Business: Rethinking Indigenous
Self-Determination
Authors: de Costa Ravi
Published: December 2006

Unfinished Constitutional Business: Rethinking Indigenous
Self-Determination, Barbara A. Hocking, ed., Canberra: Aboriginal
Studies Press, 2005, pp. 293.

In the introduction to this collection of papers from a 2001
conference in Brisbane, Australia, the editor asks, “can indigenous
peoples' experiences of colonisation reshape our constitutional
language?” (xv). The contributions to the book reflect the breadth
of indigenous experiences as well as the range of ways that many
nation-states will have to revisit their constitutions in order to satisfy
the goal of decolonization/self-determination. Indeed, the book
requires us to rethink what we consider to be a constitution in
the context of unresolved and highly unsatisfactory indigenous-settler
relations. More than a document or series of political institutions, the
book explores the many ways that colonial societies have been and remain
constituted by non-indigenous assumptions and ideologies and considers
whether and how these impair claims for indigenous self-determination.
Perfection and Disharmony in the Thought of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Authors: Kingston Rebecca
Published: December 2006

Perfection and Disharmony in the Thought of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Jonathan Marks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005, pp. viii, 191.

This is a thoughtful and ambitious book that seeks to challenge
standard schools in the interpretation of Rousseau, while at the same time
arguing for the importance of new attention to Rousseau to address
questions concerning the defects of liberalism. It is well written and
well argued, even if not fully convincing, and deserves the attention of
serious Rousseau scholars.
Sustainability and the Civil Commons: Rural Communities in the Age
of Globalization
Authors: Epp Roger
Published: December 2006

Sustainability and the Civil Commons: Rural Communities in the Age
of Globalization, Jennifer Sumner, Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 2005, pp. viii, 179.

As we are continually reminded, Canada is now an overwhelmingly urban
country. Mythic vastness notwithstanding, most of its people and certainly
its mobile “creative class,” presumed driver of the knowledge
economy, live in major cities, whose policy requirements have captured a
good deal of national attention in the past decade. By contrast, rural
Canada has been reduced to the status of the space in-between. Its
resource-based communities and livelihoods—farming, fishing,
forestry—live with the downward price pressures of global commodity
trade as well as the most intractable trade disruptions. Its public
services and social infrastructure have been diminished. Aside from pretty
places that have become recreational or residential enclaves, its
population typically is declining and aging. Its widespread sense of
abandonment so far has generated only inchoate, perhaps incoherent
political responses. Meanwhile, the growing consensus among newspaper
editorialists and think-tank policy specialists is that
“dependent” and “unsustainable” rural Canada has
been subsidized long enough for sentimental reasons at the expense of real
needs elsewhere.
Quelle formation pour l'éducation à la
citoyenneté?
Authors: Willan Pierre
Published: December 2006

Quelle formation pour l'éducation à la
citoyenneté?, Sous la direction de Fernand Ouellet,
Québec : Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, 246
pages.

Face à la baisse du taux de participation aux élections
et à l'accentuation du pluralisme dans un monde où les
frontières sont de moins en moins étanches, le gouvernement
québécois a institué des réformes ayant comme
objectif d'inclure au curriculum une éducation à la
citoyenneté. Différents penseurs s'interrogent sur le
rôle des enseignants et sur la formation nécessaire en vue de
cet enseignement. Quelle formation pour l'éducation
à la citoyenneté, sous la direction de Fernand Ouellet,
est le produit de ces préoccupations.
The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian
Politics
Authors: Patten Steve
Published: December 2006

The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian
Politics, Stephen Clarkson, Vancouver: University of British Columbia
Press, 2005, pp. xii, 335.

Stephen Clarkson's The Big Red Machine offers an
insightful chronicle of the Liberal Party of Canada's electoral
behaviour over a period of thirty years. By bringing together revised
versions of his previously published accounts of the Liberal Party's
successes and failures in the nine general elections held between 1974 and
2004, Clarkson provides a unique opportunity for serious reflection on
Liberal Party dominance of twentieth-century Canadian politics. Beyond
that, however, his accessible and compelling presentation of the story of
Liberal electoral politics offers a nostalgic review of the events and
personalities that shaped the political journey from Pierre Elliott
Trudeau to Paul Martin. In accomplishing this, Clarkson has produced a
book that will be of as much interest to non-academic followers of
Canadian politics as it is to serious students of partisan politics.
Municipal Reform in Canada: Reconfiguration, Re-Empowerment, and
Rebalancing
Authors: Magnusson Warren
Published: December 2006

Municipal Reform in Canada: Reconfiguration, Re-Empowerment, and
Rebalancing, Joseph Garcea and Edward C. LeSage, Jr., eds., Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. ix, 350.

This book will be an essential reference for students of local
government in Canada. It deals with the most recent period of municipal
reform, from 1990 onwards. There are chapters on each of the ten
provinces, plus a combined chapter on the northern territories. The
editors establish an analytical framework for the book in their
introduction, and then try to bring things together in a long concluding
chapter. The individual chapters differ somewhat in approach, but the
editors were fairly successful in getting the contributors to keep to a
common analytical framework. Reading the whole book straight through is a
bit of a slog, because there is so much detail; on the other hand, it is
handy to have all this material collected together. It will stimulate
useful reflection, as much about what is not here as what is.
Friends, Citizens, Strangers: Essays on Where We Belong
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: December 2006

Friends, Citizens, Strangers: Essays on Where We Belong,
Richard Vernon, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. vii,
325.

“Should we put locality before citizenship, citizenship before
human obligations?” This is the central question animating Richard
Vernon's new book. He defines the three sorts of relationship it
invokes as follows. Ties of friendship are those partial relationships
which “arise from the particular and local character of our lives,
lived as, clearly they must be, in particular local contexts”; ties
of citizenship are those that “arise from sharing political space,
from common subjection to law, and from participation in institutions and
processes through which consent to political authority is
generated”; and ties among strangers “arise among those who
are ‘only humans,’ [who are] categorically but not
concretely related to us” (3–4). Vernon recognizes that all
three are important, and that is why he believes we need to face
“the question of priority of attachment.” He himself does so
through an investigation of citizenship, which he pursues in two ways.
First, with a number of fascinating chapters—all of them models of
scholarship in the history of political ideas—that examine how the
question of priority of attachment was dealt with by eight writers, four
English (Locke, Wollstonecraft, George Eliot and Mill) and four French
(Rousseau, Comte, Proudhon and Bergson). Vernon claims that his question
has, for historical reasons, been particularly pronounced in these two
countries, although I must say that I cannot think of one country in which
it has not. Regardless, he then deals with it more directly, in chapters
about the notion of a crime against humanity and about the very nature of
special ties and what they imply we owe each other. Finally, in the
book's concluding chapter, Vernon offers us an outline of his own
solution to the question.
Plaidoyer en faveur de l'intolérance
Authors: Lemieux René
Published: December 2006

Plaidoyer en faveur de l'intolérance, Slavoj
Zižek, Éditions Climats, 2004, 164 pages.

La tolérance est aujourd'hui la nouvelle vertu cardinale
de la science politique. Intégration, ouverture,
compréhension de l'autre, hybridité : toute
pensée politique doit être au diapason du discours sur la
tolérance. Plusieurs seront heureux de voir un philosophe
introduire une note discordante dans ce refrain. Dans son essai
Plaidoyer en faveur de l'intolérance, Slavoj
Zižek tente de démontrer qu'il est possible et
même nécessaire aujourd'hui de penser et d'agir
à contre-courant des tendances politiques actuelles qui favorisent
la tolérance et le multiculturalisme.
La négation de la nation. L'identité culturelle
québécoise et le fédéralisme canadien
Authors: Caron Jean-François
Published: December 2006

La négation de la nation. L'identité culturelle
québécoise et le fédéralisme canadien,
Eugénie Brouillet, Sillery: Septentrion, 2005, 478 pages.

Compte tenu de la multitude d'ouvrages portant sur le
fédéralisme canadien et son incapacité à
reconnaître la spécificité nationale du Québec,
est-il vraiment possible d'apporter un éclairage nouveau sur
cette question ? Kenneth McRoberts a déjà
démontré l'influence qu'a eue le trudeauisme sur
la négation de la nation québécoise (Un pays
à refaire : l'échec des politiques constitutionnelles
canadiennes, Montréal : Boréal, 1999), alors que Guy
Laforest a illustré les impacts similaires de la Constitution de
1982 sur le fonctionnement actuel du fédéralisme canadien
(Trudeau et la fin d'un rêve canadien, Sillery :
Septentrion, 1992). À première vue, il semble que la
question ait déjà été discutée sous
tous ses angles et qu'il soit impossible d'innover en la
matière.
Phylogeny and origin of Jurassic irregular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Authors: SAUCÈDE THOMAS , MOOI RICH , DAVID BRUNO
Published: December 2006

A phylogenetic analysis of Jurassic irregular echinoids is realized to explore the origin and early evolution of this important subset of echinoids. The phylogeny is based on 39 characters and considers data from apical system architecture, the corona including tuberculation and spines, Aristotle's lantern, and general test shape. Results corroborate the monophyly of Irregularia, and clarify the phylogenetic interrelationships existing between the main groups of irregular echinoids. Specializations of the Aristotle's lantern, spines, tubercles and phyllodes constitute the apomorphies for different taxa, as for the whole of Irregularia. The phylogenetic signal yielded by these characters highlights the importance of the environmental context of the origin and diversification of irregular echinoids. The definition of ‘irregularity’ is re-examined, rejecting exocyclism and characters of the apical system as appropriate synapomorphies, and stressing the importance of other characters, particularly the high density and small size of tubercles and spines. A new clade name, Infraclypeidae [P], and phylocode designations (stem-based diagnoses) are proposed for the clades Irregularia, Eognathostomata, Microstomata, Neognathostomata and Atelostomata. Other groupings formerly used (Pygasteroida, Galeropygidae and Menopygidae) are considered paraphyletic.
PAPER PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 Prospects for increasing photosynthesis by overcoming the limitations of Rubisco
Authors: PARRY M. A. J. , MADGWICK P. J. , CARVALHO J. F. C. , ANDRALOJC P. J.
Published: December 2006

The low activity and the competing reactions catalysed by Rubisco are major limitations to photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants; the present paper considers how these limitations can be overcome. The limitations could be most effectively addressed by introducing Rubisco with a higher catalytic rate and/or better able to discriminate between gaseous substrates. Although enzymes with desirable characteristics are available, technical advances are required before their potential can be realized in major crop plants. Significant improvements could be achieved also by increasing the concentrations of the productive substrates, CO2 and RuBP, at the active site of Rubisco. Critically, it is essential that other environmental and genotype constraints are minimized, to realize the highest photosynthetic potential.
A many-particle approach to the gyro-kinetic theory
Authors: MISHCHENKO ALEXEY , KÖNIES AXEL
Published: December 2006

A systematic first-principles approach to the many-particle formulation of the gyro-kinetic theory is suggested. The gyro-kinetic many-particle Hamiltonian is derived using the Lie transform technique. The generalized gyro-kinetic equation is obtained following the Born–Bogoliubov–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon approach. The microscopic expression for the self-consistent potential and the polarization density is obtained. It is shown that new terms appear in the gyro-kinetic polarization that can not be derived in the conventional approach. An expression for the collision term is obtained in the Landau approximation.
Solar wind flow near a reconnection site at the dayside magnetopause: development of an existing three-dimensional model
Authors: WESTERBERG LARS G. , ÅKERSTEDT H.O.
Published: December 2006

An improvement of an existing three-dimensional analytical model describing the solar wind flow near a reconnection site at the dayside magnetopause is reported. Introducing an arbitrary orientation of the reconnection line, general solutions for the plasma velocity and magnetic field during the transition of the magnetopause are presented, together with the development of the magnetopause transition layer away from the reconnection site.
Transitions in the surface dust-ion-acoustic mode in a self-gravitating semi-bounded magnetized dusty plasma
Authors: KIM HWA-MIN , JUNG YOUNG-DAE
Published: December 2006

The transitions and the self-gravitational effects on the surface dust-ion-acoustic mode are investigated in semi-bounded magnetized dusty plasmas. We find that there is a dust-ion-acoustic resonance mode in small wave number regions. Furthermore, we find that the self-gravitational effects enhance the resonance frequency. However, the surface wave starts to propagate as the wave number increases. The transition position between the resonance oscillation and the wave propagation is shifted to the smaller wave number domain as self-gravitational effects increase. In addition, the resonance frequency is found to decrease with decreasing strength of the magnetic field in small wave number domains.
Gravitational instability of partially ionized molecular clouds
Authors: BORAH A.C. , SEN A.K.
Published: December 2006

Stars are formed as a result of the gravitational (Jeans) collapse of dense clumps in interstellar clouds. These clouds are partially ionized by nearby ionizing sources. We investigate the gravitational instability in such molecular clouds considering the non-Boltzmannian distribution for electrons and ions, which is more realistic than the Boltzmannian distribution. Assuming the perturbation (fluctuation) response in a radial direction as a mathematical analogue of the x-direction in the plane geometry approximation in the form f ∼ exp(ikx–iωt), the equations of motion for different species of the multi-fluid plasma are linearized. Jeans' swindle is used as a local approximation for the equilibrium and the dispersion relation is derived by usual normal mode analysis. Then, an analytical solution to the dispersion equation with an explanation of the effects on star formation is given.
Modelling an isolated dust grain in a plasma using matched asymptotic expansions
Authors: ARINAMINPATHY N. , ALLEN J. E. , OCKENDON J. R.
Published: December 2006

The study of dusty plasmas is of significant practical use and scientific interest. A characteristic feature of dust grains in a plasma is that they are typically smaller than the electron Debye distance, a property which we exploit using the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. We first consider the case of a spherical dust particle in a stationary plasma, employing the Allen–Boyd–Reynolds theory, which assumes cold, collisionless ions. We derive analytical expressions for the electric potential, the ion number density and ion velocity. This requires only one computation that is not specific to a single set of dust–plasma parameters, and sheds new light on the shielding distance of a dust grain. The extension of this calculation to the case of uniform ion streaming past the dust grain, a scenario of interest in many dusty plasmas, is less straightforward. For streaming below a certain threshold we again establish asymptotic solutions but above the streaming threshold there appears to be a fundamental change in the behaviour of the system.
Attraction behaviour of three entomopathogenic nematode species towards infected and uninfected hosts
Authors: RAMOS-RODRÍGUEZ O. , CAMPBELL J. F. , CHRISTEN J. M. , SHAPIRO-ILAN D. I. , LEWIS E. E. , RAMASWAMY S. B.
Published: December 2006

Entomopathogenic nematode infective juveniles are likely to encounter both uninfected and infected insects and host quality depends on the stage of the infection. We hypothesized that nematode response to infected hosts will change over the course of an infection. Here, we tested this hypothesis by focusing on the influence of host infection status on long-range attraction to host volatile cues. The attraction response of 3 nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, S. glaseri and S. riobrave) with different foraging strategies to infected and uninfected insects (Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor) was tested at 24 h intervals from start of infection to emergence of infective juveniles from depleted host. As expected, based on their foraging strategies, S. carpocapsae was not very responsive to hosts, S. glaseri was highly responsive and S. riobrave was intermediate. Generally, the level of attraction did not change with time after infection and was similar between infected and uninfected hosts. An exception was S. glaseri infected T. molitor, which tended to be less attractive to S. glaseri than uninfected hosts. These results suggest that any influence of host infection status on infection behaviour is occurring at subsequent steps in the host-infection process than host attraction, or involves non-volatile cues.
Sectional Parties, Divided Business
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: December 2006

The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) led the corporate attack on labor organization and government regulation in the early twentieth century. Yet NAM's deep distrust of coordination, in fact, developed years into its organizational life: at its inception, NAM organizers sought mechanisms to coordinate economic and political business activity, and held policy positions that resembled those favored by contemporaneous European manufacturers. Thus, the organization's dramatic shift in policy preferences almost a decade later was something of a sea change: suddenly NAM became committed to laissez-faire liberalism—the antithesis of coordination—and became best-known for its commitment to fighting organized labor.
Judicial Tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1790–1868: Frustration, Resignation, and Expiration on the Bench
Authors: Vining Richard L , Zorn Christopher , Smelcer Susan Navarro
Published: December 2006

After more than a decade of membership stability, the U.S. Supreme Court experienced a pair of vacancies following its 2004–2005 term. In July 2005, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor announced her intention to retire. It is widely believed that her own health, that of her husband, and the favorable political environment influenced her decision to step down in January 2006. In the interim, Chief Justice William Rehnquist, after struggling with ill health for many months, passed away on 3 September 2005, becoming the first sitting justice to die in more than five decades.
Capture–recapture estimation of underreporting of legionellosis cases to the National Legionellosis Register: Italy 2002
Authors: ROTA M. C. , CAWTHORNE A. , BELLA A. , CAPORALI M. G. , FILIA A. , D'ANCONA F. ,   on behalf of the Legionellosis Working Group
Published: December 2006

The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of underreporting to the Italian National Legionellosis Register (NLR). For the year 2002, all cases of Legionellosis notified to the NLR were compared with cases recorded in the hospital discharge record (HDR) database. The number of unreported cases and the total number of cases in the population were estimated using the capture–recapture method with two independent data sources. Seventeen out of 21 Italian regions participated in the study. Overall, underreporting was estimated to be 21·4% and was found to be significantly greater in the Centre-South (28·2%) than in the North (20·0%). However, even after taking into account the higher degree of underreporting, a significantly lower incidence of the disease is registered in central-southern Italy. The hypothesis, which needs to be verified, is that, in addition to underreporting, under-diagnosis of legionellosis is more widespread in this geographical area.
Räumlich-kognitive Fähigkeiten von Kindern mit Spina bifida
Authors: Wiedenbauer Gunnar , Jansen-Osmann Petra
Published: December 2006

Zusammenfassung: In dieser Studie wurden die kognitiven und räumlichen Fähigkeiten von Kindern mit Spina bifida umfassend untersucht. Bei einer systematischen Diagnose der räumlich-kognitiven Fähigkeiten konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass Kinder mit Spina bifida im Vergleich zu einer hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht und Verbal-IQ gematchten Kontrollgruppe sowohl in den räumlich-kognitiven Faktoren räumliche Veranschaulichung, räumliche Orientierung und mentale Rotation als auch in einer räumlichen Kurzzeitgedächtnisaufgabe signifikant schlechter abschnitten. Darüber hinaus zeigten Kinder mit Spina bifida eine signifikant schlechtere Orientierungsleistung in einem virtuellen Umgebungsraum. Es fanden sich Korrelationen zwischen den räumlichen Fähigkeiten und dem Lauflernalter der Kinder mit Spina bifida.
Exekutive Funktionen bei Jungen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung
Authors: Hampel Petra , Mohr Beate
Published: December 2006

Zusammenfassung: Bisher liegen inkonsistente Befunde vor, ob Kinder mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) eher ein globales Defizit oder spezifische Defizite in einzelnen exekutiven Funktionen aufweisen. In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie wurden 20 Jungen mit ADHS zweier Altersgruppen (8-10 und 11-12 Jahre) und 20 gesunde, nach Alter und Intelligenz parallelisierte Jungen in verschiedenen exekutiven Funktionen untersucht. Insgesamt zeigten die Jungen mit ADHS in allen exekutiven Komponenten signifikant schlechtere Leistungen als die gesunden Jungen, mit Ausnahme der Interferenzanfälligkeit. In der kognitiven Flexibilität zeigte sich ein Interaktionseffekt; die 8- bis 10-Jährigen mit ADHS wiesen eine signifikant höhere Perseverationstendenz als die gesunden Gleichaltrigen auf. Die in den exekutiven Komponenten gefundenen Leistungsdefizite sprechen eher für ein globales exekutives Defizit bei Jungen mit ADHS.