bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in naturally infected cattle in the Zona da Mata Mineira
Authors: Alcindo Jefferson Filgueira , Vieira Maria Clara Guimarães , Rocha Thamiris Vilela Pereira , Cardinot Cinthya Brillante , Deschk Maurício , Amaral Gláucia Guimarães , Araujo Rafael Ferreira de , Franciscato Carina , Castilho Neto Kayo José Garcia de Almeida , Machado Rosângela Zacarias , André Marcos Rogério
Published: February 2022

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic techniques for trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, in naturally infected cattle in Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. The deaths of six lactating cows with similar clinical conditions—characterized by hyporexia, hypogalactia, and recumbency—had been reported from one property. Initially, two animals were examined and diagnosed with trypanosomiasis through identification of the protozoan in a blood smear. After the initial diagnosis, all lactating cows (n=37) on the property were examined, and blood samples were collected for tests including whole blood smear, buffy coat smear, Woo's technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Woo's test, buffy coat smears, and whole blood smears indicated that 4/37 (10.81%) animals were positive for trypanosomiasis, whereas ELISA and PCR indicated that 33/37 (89.19%) and 27/37 (72.97%) animals, respectively, were positive. The agreement obtained between parasitological techniques was classified as high, while between ELISA and PCR, no agreement. In conclusion, parasitological techniques have a low capacity to identify infected animals in the chronic stage of T. vivax infection. Therefore, techniques such as PCR and/or ELISA should be used to minimize the occurrence of false negatives.
Mechanical and environmental characteristics of geogrid-reinforced waste foundry sand beds
Authors: Chowdepalli Bhargavi , Karnamprabhakara Bhargav Kumar , Balunaini Umashankar
Published: February 2022

Different waste materials, such as fly-ash and bottom-ash, slag waste and construction and demolition waste have been extensively studied to replace depleting natural granular materials for fill applications. Waste foundry sand (WFS), a by-product from the aluminium metal-casting industry, is one such waste material that can be a viable fill material. In the current study, extensive large-scale model experimental tests were carried out on geogrid-reinforced WFS beds to understand their load–settlement behaviour. Basic characterisation studies on WFS included gradation, specific gravity, morphology, chemical composition and compaction testing. During large-scale model experimental  testing, the geogrid reinforcement was placed at an optimum placement depth, and the maximum improvement in the load-carrying capacity of the footing resting on the reinforced WFS layer was quantified in terms of bearing capacity ratio (BCR). The BCR of reinforced WFS beds was found to be in the range of 1.3–2.0 based on the test conditions considered in the study. The reduction in the settlement of footing on reinforced WFS beds was also quantified. Additionally, the environmental impact of using WFS in reinforced foundation beds was assessed through leachate tests. The dissolved metal concentrations from leachate studies were found to be within permissible limits.
Revisiting personal immunities for incumbent foreign heads of state in South Africa in light of the Grace Mugabe decision
Authors: Dyani-Mhango Ntombizozuko
Published: February 2022

In the Grace Mugabe decision in which the conclusion was arrived at that Grace Mugabe was not entitled to spousal immunity by virtue of being the wife of the then incumbent foreign head of state, Vally J remarked that the late former President Mugabe would not have been entitled to immunity had he been accused of committing the assault. This article analyses this remark and its potential negative impact on South Africa's relationship with other African states. The analysis is valuable as South Africa has positioned itself as being a human rights state that strives to play a significant role in peace making in Africa and consistently has argued that removing customary international law immunity, to which foreign heads of state are entitled, may undermine these intentions. The article examines South Africa's position on personal immunity for foreign heads of state in customary international law against the backdrop of the Mugabe decision. It argues that as it currently stands South African law recognises absolute personal immunity for foreign heads of state in cases not relating to the perpetration of international crimes.
Control of Acute Thermal Stress in Broilers Ross Line 308 by Inclusion of Betaine in the Water and its Economic Analysis
Authors: Moya Wladimir , Barba Jorge
Published: February 2022

The research evaluated the impact of three pesticides on Eisenia fetida in the cultivation of Allium cepa (onion) in thedistrict of Lurín, Lima, Peru. The mean lethal dose values (LD50) at 14 days, evasion percentage and food activity were evaluated as well as the exposure ratio of the toxic (TER) and the environmental risk coefficient (RQ) on pesticides zeta-cypermethrin, pendimethalin and profenofos based on ecotoxicological tests with E. fetida. The LD50 values atan exposure time at 14 d for the three pesticides were: zeta cypermethrin>profenofos>pendimethalin. A relationship with the dose of pesticides close to the LD50 was calculated for the evasion and for food activity. TER value for thethree pesticides was calculated which indicated no ecotoxicological impact for E. fetida. However, in the CR value,there were high risk values in the total, where zeta-cypermethrin indicated 92.77% of the environmental risk, whilependimethalin presented the lowest environmental risk with 0.09%. Within Peruvian legislation, these pesticides are still allowed to be used; hence, based on this research, it is suggested that zeta-cypermethrin be evaluated in more detail, because it was the only pesticide that presented a significant CR. In conclusion, zeta-cypermethrin causes an environmental impact on the onion crop in Lurin.
Efecto de la temperatura previa a la extracción en el rendimiento y perfil de ácidos grasos del aceite de Morete (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.)
Authors: Rivera Maritza , Ramos Milton , Silva Mónica , Briceño Jorge , Álvarez Mario
Published: February 2022

El morete (Mauritia fleuxosa L. f.) es una palmera de la Amazonía que produce un fruto de agradable sabor, buen valor nutricional y alto contenido de aceite. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar el efecto del tratamiento térmico de las diferentes partes del morete en el rendimiento y perfil de ácidos grasos del aceite obtenido por prensado. Se aplicó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres réplicas, combinando el uso de pulpa y pulpa con corteza del fruto en diferentes condiciones de calentamiento antes del prensado: 45 °C por 30 min, 65 °C por 20 min y 85 °C por 10 min. También, se determinó la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite empleando un Reactor Oxitest. Se obtuvieron aceites con diferentes contenidos de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados, prevaleciendo el ácido oleico. El mejor tratamiento fue empleando la pulpa calentada a 85 °C por 10 min y prensada, encontrándose un rendimiento de 56,77% de aceite con 79,80% de ácido oleico, y una estabilidad a la oxidación de 14,5 meses a 21 °C, temperatura promedio de la ciudad de El Puyo, Ecuador, sitio donde se recolectó el morete. Por otro lado, se debe evaluar el efecto de esta temperatura previa a la extracción sobre el contenido de compuestos bioactivos y la posibilidad de oxidación de las grasas.  En conclusión, el morete es una fuente de aceite y la tecnología de tratamiento con calor permitirá mejorar la extracción e industrialización, y ofrecer un aceite alternativo para la alimentación.
Estudio de las propiedades enológicas de la naranjilla con fines gastronómicos en Pacto-Pichincha
Authors: Méndez Jhony , Molina Edison , Valdiviezo Rodrigo , Armendáriz Catalina , Portilla Arnulfo
Published: February 2022

El presente estudio buscó brindar una alternativa económica a los pobladores de la parroquia Pacto, como iniciativa a la producción, optimización en postcosecha e industrialización del área frutícola local, considerando además las potencialidades turísticas de la zona, donde el enoturismo representa una oportunidad. El objetivo planteado fue encontrar la viabilidad técnica para la elaboración de vino a partir de la naranjilla. El enfoque de investigación aplicado fue de carácter mixto, y se hizo una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica sobre las técnicas de elaboración del vino. El ensayo evaluó la cantidad de azúcares en el mosto (18, 21 y 24 ?Brix), adición de agua (4:1) (Ma) y mosto íntegro (Mo). Se determinó el rendimiento, el tiempo de fermentación, y las propiedades organolépticas del producto final (color, olor y sabor) mediante una escala hedónica de 5 puntos y características fisicoquímicas de vinos con mejor aceptación. Como inóculo se utilizó Saccharomyces cerevisiae comercial. El rendimiento promedio para Ma fue 70,6% p/p y Mo 45,0% p/p, y se observó fermentación hasta 288 horas. La adición de agua afectó negativamente al sabor; sin embargo, la valoración organoléptica general tuvo una ponderación entre 3 y 4 de 5 puntos. Los vinos con mejor aceptación fueron Mo24 y Ma21, apegados a requisitos de la Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana para vino de frutas, caracterizándose como semidulce. Es necesario trabajar en la mejora y la transferencia del proceso técnico establecido, especialmente para obtener mayores rendimientos, disminución de la acidez e incorporar nuevos estudios con frutas tropicales en beneficio del agro, gastronomía, turismo y desarrollo local.
Combined treatment of giant cell bone tumor
Authors: Safin I. R. , Rodionova A. Yu. , Rukavishnikov D. V. , Khasanov R. Sh. , Safin R. N.
Published: February 2022

Introduction. Giant cell tumor refers to tumors with an uncertain malignancy potential, has a locally aggressive  course. Intra-focal resections performed for a giant cell tumor of long tubular bones are accompanied by the development of relapse in 30–46 % of cases. The combination of pathogenetic therapy with surgical intervention makes it  possible to reduce the frequency of relapses in operable tumors after marginal and intra-focal resections, and in inoperable tumors to provide local control and relieve pain.  

Objective – to analyze the results of combined treatment of patients with giant cell bone tumor.  

Materials and methods. In the conditions of Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary of the Ministry of Health  of the Republic of Tatarstan, 13 patients aged 20 to 63 years are in the process of combined treatment of a giant cell  tumor. As of November 2021, 7 patients have completed treatment.

Results. Among the 7 patients who completed treatment, 6 people were operated on (1 patient refused surgery).  In 5 patients, intra-focal resection of the tumor with osteoinductive material “BoneMedic-S” was performed, in 1 patient with a giant cell tumor of the sciatic bone, resection of the sciatic bone was performed without reconstruction.  1 patient with a widespread tumor (sacral lesion) receives supportive treatment.  

Conclusion. The combined approach in the treatment of giant-cell bone tumor allows performing a functional-saving, organpreserving surgical intervention, significantly reducing the risk of tumor recurrence and its malignant transformation.
EĞİTİM ÖRGÜTLERİNDE İŞ YAŞAMINDA YALNIZLIK İLE YAŞAM DOYUMU İLİŞKİSİ: İŞLE BÜTÜNLEŞMENİN ARACI ROLÜ
Authors: Demir Selçuk , Çobanoğlu Necati
Published: February 2022

Bu araştırmada; öğretmenlerin iş yaşamında yalnızlık ile işle bütünleşme ve yaşam doyumu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma; nicel araştırma desenlerinden korelasyonel desen ile tasarlanmıştır. Siirt ilindeki ilkokullarda görev yapan öğretmenler, araştırmanın evrenini meydana getirmektedir. Araştırmanın örneklemi ise Siirt ilindeki 26 ilkokulda görev yapan 241 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemlerinden oransız küme örnekleme yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Çalışmanın verilerinin elde edilmesinde “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “İş Yaşamında Yalnızlık Ölçeği”, “İşle Bütünleşme Ölçeği” ve “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Hiyerarşik çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçları; öğretmenlerin iş yaşamında yalnızlık düzeylerinin işle bütünleşme düzeylerini anlamlı olarak yordadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca işle bütünleşme değişkeninin, iş yaşamında yalnızlık ile yaşam doyumu değişkenleri arasında tam aracı rolü bulunmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin; işlerine gönülden adanmalarını ve yaşam doyumlarının yüksek düzeyde olmasını isteyen okul yöneticilerinin, okulda sosyal ilişkilerini güçlendirici faaliyetler organize etmesinde fayda bulunmaktadır.
Psychological analysis of women’s experiencing of late pregnancy termination for fetal anomaly
Authors: Mikhailov Anton V. , Zamanaeva Iulia
Published: February 2022

Goals. Psychological analysis and summarizing of information of womens experiencing of late pregnancy termination for fetal anomaly.
Participants and methods. 105 participants from 19 to 43 years old, experienced late pregnancy termination for fetal anomaly after 22 gestation weeks, which needed the psychological support during being in maternal hospital. Method of data collection is structured clinical interview with following analysis and summarizing information that had been received. It was also performed many other authors data analysis. This led us for the conclusion about psychological prophylactics long-term consequences after late pregnancy termination.
Results. It was revealed general psychological mechanisms of womens experiencing of several consequential steps of process of pregnancy termination: primary diagnosis, process of decision- making, during the feticide procedure, delivery and postpartum period. Tasks of psychological support formulated; types of reasons for termination decision were described, influence of psychological status of fetus for character of experience. The analysis of foreign issues was made and the result was description of faraway traumatic consequences of late pregnancy termination for woman and her family.
Conclusions. Late pregnancy termination is traumatic choice for woman and her family and it has medical, psychological, ethical and legal context. Psychological maintenance can optimize patients contact with medical stuff in period she stays in maternity hospital. Psychologically conceived experience ensure constructive attitude to the future pregnancy and its positive conditions.
Maternal hydronephrosis in normal pregnancy in Bayelsa state, South-South Nigeria
Authors: Oriji Peter Chibuzor , Kiridi Enefia Kelvin , Abasi Issac Joel
Published: February 2022

Background: Hydronephrosis is a common finding in normal pregnancy. It is the dilatation of the renal calyces and pelvis by urine, as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal to the renal pelvis. It is usually physiological. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of maternal hydronephrosis, and correlate it with age, parity and gestational age in normal pregnancy in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the obstetrics and gynaecology, and radiology departments of the two tertiary hospitals in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, over a six-month period. Sonographic measurements of pelvicalyceal diameters of 400 consecutive normal pregnant women were done, after written informed consent. Data were entered into a pre-designed proforma, and analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 25.0. Results were presented in frequencies and percentages for categorical variables; mean and standard deviation for continuous variables; Student’s t-test to compare sample means; and Chi-square for associations.Results: Four hundred pregnant women were scanned. Pelvicalyceal dilatation was present in 144 (36%) women; it affected one kidney in 108 (27%) women; while in 36 (9%) women, the two kidneys were affected. Renal calculi were present in 16 (4%) women. The right kidney was affected in 12 (3%) women and the left kidney in 4 (1%) women.Conclusions: The prevalence of hydronephrosis in this study is lower than that from many centres. Pelvicalyceal dilatation was more on the right, and the degree of dilatation increased with increasing gestational age.
Transvaginal sonographic cervical length assessment in predicting the outcome of induction of labor
Authors: Sreenivas Anju , Geetha K. , Subhashini M.
Published: February 2022

Background: The aim of the study was to assess Bishop Score in women undergoing induction of labor followed by cervical length measurement by transvaginal sonography and to study the role of transvaginal sonographic cervical assessment in predicting outcome of induction of labor.Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out in 300 pregnancy women undergoing induction of labor. In all the women, Bishop score was calculated by per vaginal examination and cervical length assessed by transvaginal ultrasound, both prior to induction of laborResults: This study has demonstrated that in singleton pregnancies undergoing induction of labor at 37-41 weeks of gestation, successful vaginal delivery within 24hrs of induction occurred in 66.8%. The study has also demonstrated that induction to delivery interval is significantly associated with both the preinduction Bishop score and sonographically measured cervical length, higher the Bishop score and lesser the cervical length, better the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 hrs of induction. The best cutoff point for successful induction was ≥3 for Bishop score and ≤2.5 cm for cervical length, which was obtained from the ROC curve.Conclusions: Cervical length assessment by transvaginal ultrasound was a better predictor of successful induction of labor.
Leech therapy: a non-surgical management for varicose vein
Authors: Iqbal Arshid , Jan Afroza , Rashid Adil , Anayat Syed
Published: February 2022

Varicosity refers to multiple, dilated, tortuous, and elongated veins that have permanently lost their valvular efficiency, such as haemorrhoids, varicocele, and esophageal varices. Varicose veins are twisted and enlarged veins that are commonly found in the legs. When veins become varicose, the valves stop working properly, allowing blood to flow backwards and the veins to engorge. Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs, with the veins engorging and ulcerating as a result of standing under high pressure. The purpose of this case series is to evaluate the efficacy of Hirudotherapy in the treatment of varicose veins in the lower legs. Hirudotherapy was carried out scientifically by employing appropriate hygienic measures, and 8 to 10 leeches were used locally to suck the blood and transmit important bioactive enzymes that could aid in the treatment of varicose veins of the lower legs. Hirudotherapy was given every ten days for 60 days, and patients were monitored for a year. Leech therapy was found to significantly reduce venous engorgement by resolving edema, inflammation, and venous congestion.
Myomectomy scar ectopic pregnancy: diagnostic challenges and management conundrum: a case report
Authors: Kandaswami Dhanabagyam , Jayapal Kavitha , Sudhakar Pradeepa , Usman Shyla
Published: February 2022

Two patients with a history of previous myomectomy came to the centre for infertility evaluation. Both underwent controlled ovarian stimulation followed by ICSI at our centre. Frozen embryo transfer was done with hormone replacement therapy protocol where two good quality blastocysts were transferred on day 5. After embryo transfer, urine pregnancy tests were positive. But early scans showed pregnancies implanted in the previous scar sites. Laparoscopic removal of the gestational sac was done under ultrasound guidance. This rare form of ectopic pregnancy could occur when the embryo implantation occurs under the serosa at the site of suture failure from the previous surgery. Laparascopic enucleation is the best form of treatment in such cases.
Cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods: a review
Authors: Moray Kusum V. , Chaurasia Himanshu , Joshi Beena N.
Published: February 2022

Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods are proven to be effective in preventing unintended pregnancies. Evidence on cost-effectiveness of these methods will enable policy makers to introduce them in national policies and programs to improve contraceptive access. The aim was to review the studies based on economic evaluations of LARC methods and provide evidence to policy makers to renew their commitment to family planning access. A review of studies on economic evaluations of LARC methods was done. This article uses data from three electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science to examine whether LARC is cost-effective for clinical trials. The results are presented as a narrative review and summary tables. The literature search yielded 87 studies and 12 studies (five economic evaluations studies from USA) and (five studies from Europe while two studies were from low and middle-income countries) were included. Out of 12 papers, nine had multiple comparators; seven included female sterilization as a comparator, while two studies compared one individual LARC contraceptive method with an individual SARC method. All studies consistently showed that LARCs dominated all SARC (short acting reversible contraceptives) methods. Within LARC, copper IUD, LNG-IUS and implant were more cost-effective than DMPA. After a period of five years, female sterilization turned out to be more cost-effective than LARC methods. LARC methods are cost-effective as compared to SARC methods, especially after 1 year of use. Vasectomy is more cost-effective than LARC methods. Policy makers can consider the findings of this review to aid decision making in contraceptive method introduction or scale-up access.
Epidemiology of burn injuries in the elderly: 5-year review of a burn care unit in a referral hospital in Mexico City
Authors: Vélez Maria de los Angeles Mendoza , Salazar Leidy Arias , Munguia Mariana Montes , Quintana Erika Barlandas , Luna Zepeda Brenda Lorena
Published: February 2022

Background: Burn injuries in elderly are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Mexican people over 65-year. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of burn epidemiology in people over 65-years old over a 5-year period at a level II general Hospital in Mexico City. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of burn injuries in people over 65-years in a regional Hospital in Mexico City over a 5-year period.Methods: Retrospective study; records of burn department of all adult patients who sustained burn injury between January 2017 to July 2021 were collected. Details about age, gender, and location of the injuries were recorded and analyzed.Results: From a total of 61 cases, 40 males (65.57%) and 21 females (34.43%) were affected. The two most burn places in the human body were the head and neck with 30 cases (49.18%), followed by the upper extremity in 29 cases (47.54%), 41 burns (67.21%) were due to flames, 13 (21.31%) due to scalds and 7 (11.48%) were electrical.Conclusions: Burn injuries in elderly people are a frequent cause of mortality injury in the burn care unit, representing a health issue in our country. Proper patient evaluation and treatment are essential to prevent further complications and subsequent morbidity and mortality in this population.
The relationship of diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndrome in Bima Public Hospital: a cross sectional study
Authors: . Nurfitriani , Aryana Nurfathonah
Published: February 2022

Background: Diabetes Mellitus type II (DM) is one of risk factors of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Based on a study, hyperglycaemia can increase mortality in hospitalized patients due to ACS. Other studies also mention that there is significant relation between hyperglycaemia and incidence of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Currently, data regarding the relationship between DM and ACS in Indonesia is still limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the ACS and DM in inpatients at Bima public hospital, Indonesia.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study. Data were obtained from medical records of inpatients at Bima public hospital in January 2020 to December 2020. The sample was selected by consecutive sampling. All 146 patient’s data that met inclusion criteria were analysed using chi-square test.Results: This study was a cross sectional study. Data were obtained from medical records of inpatient at Bima public hospital in January 2020 to December 2020. The sample was selected by consecutive sampling. All 146 patient’s data that met inclusion criteria were analysed using chi-square test.Conclusions: Patients with DM are 2.7 times more likely to have ACS compared to non-DM. There is statistically significant relationship between DM and ACS.
Serum adiponectin and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in relation to body mass index
Authors: Onyegbule Onyema A. , Meludu Samuel C. , Dioka Chudi E. , Okwara John E. , Obi-Ezeani Chikaodili N. , Njoku Chidiadi M.
Published: February 2022

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrine disorder which affects approximately 5-10% of women in reproductive age. It is both a reproductive endocrinopathy and a metabolic disorder.Methods: 160 women aged 18 to 40 years attending obstetrics and gynaecology clinic at Federal medical centre, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria were recruited and divided into 2 groups (women diagnosed with PCOS using Rotterdam criteria and control) of 80 participants each. Anthropometric data were collected, and participants categorized into 3 based on BMI. Fasting blood samples was collected for biochemical analyses. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 23.0, and level of significance set at p<0.05.Results: The mean serum levels of adiponectin and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) were significantly lower while fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and triglyceride were significantly higher in women with PCOS when compared with the control (p<0.05) as well as in obese when compared with normal weight women with PCOS (p<0.05). BMI negatively correlated with serum adiponectin and HDL-C, but positively correlated with FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C in women with PCOS (p<0.05).Conclusions: This study highlights the prevalent biochemical and metabolic derangements in PCOS patients and was more evident in the obese and overweight patients. Early detection with subsequent application of preemptive measures including lifestyle modifications are therefore essential in the management of PCOS patients.
Risk factors for extrauterine growth restriction in preterm neonates: a prospective analytical cohort study
Authors: Roshan Reashma , Naik Suhail A. , Shah Mubashir H.
Published: February 2022

Background: Objective of the study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) at discharge in preterm neonates.Methods: This prospective analytical cohort study included 107 preterm neonates between 30-35 weeks of gestational age who were admitted to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit from January 2016 to December 2016. These preterm neonates were classified into EUGR group (n=93) and non-EUGR group (n=14) based on the body weight at discharge. The risk factors for EUGR were analyzed statistically.Results: The incidence of EUGR at discharge was 87.4% in the cohort. Delay in initiation of parenteral nutrition (p=0.04), longer time to reach full enteral feeds (p=0.03), very low birth weight (p=0.01), small for gestational age (p=0.01), intrauterine growth restriction (p=0.01), necrotizing enterocolitis (p=0.03), late-onset sepsis (p=0.03) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p=0.04) were significant risk factors for extra-uterine growth restriction at discharge in preterm neonates.Conclusions: The incidence of EUGR can be decreased by improving perinatal care, minimizing preterm deliveries, early initiation of parenteral nutrition and enteral feeding and reducing immediate postnatal complications.
Oxygen requirements in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children admitted in tertiary care hospital of North India
Authors: Sood Ambika , Sharma Deepak , Katoch Raju , Sharma Rakesh , Sharma Sanya , Kaushik Dipesh
Published: February 2022

Background: Study was aimed to describe the oxygen requirements among children admitted as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, from January 2021 to July 2021, in the pediatric ward of Indira Gandhi Medical College (IGMC), Shimla. Children admitted with a diagnosis of MIS-C were included. Data regarding socio-demographic factors and oxygen requirements were extracted and analyzed using Epi Info V7 software.Results: A total 31 children diagnosed as MIS-C were included. Tachypnea was present in 18 (58.1%) respiratory distress in 15 (48.4%). Optimal oxygen saturation (SpO2) more than 94% in 9 (25.8%), 93-94% in 8 (25.8%), 91-92% in 5 (16.1%), 86-90% in 2 (6.5%), 81-85% in 4 (12.9%), 75-80% in 1 (3.2%), 71-75% in 1 (3.2%) and <60% in 1 (3.2%). Oxygen at the rate of 2 l/min in 1 (3.2%), 3 l/min in 2 (6.5%), 4 l/min in 1 (3.2%), 5 l/min in 5 (16.1%) and 10 l/min in 9 (29.0%), was given through nasal prong in 1 (3.2%), Venturi mask in 3 (9.7%), NRM in 7 (22.6%) and mechanical ventilation in 7 (22.6%). Duration was for 2 days in 4 (12.9%), for 3 days in 7 (22.6%), for 4 days in 3 (9.7%), for 7 days in 1 (3.2%), for 10 days in 1 (3.2%), for 11 days in 1 (3.2%) and for 13 days in 1 (3.2%). Ventilatory support was given to 7 (22.6%), for 4 days in 2 (6.5%), for 7 days in 2 (6.5%), for 10 days in 1 (3.2%), for 11 days in 1 (3.2%) and for 13 days in 1 (3.2%).Conclusions: Oxygen is a crucial component of MIS-C therapy, children, observing a dip in SpO2 level should immediately start oxygen therapy.
Osteoid osteoma in a metacarpal bone: literature review and case report
Authors: Mendoza Vélez Maria de los Angeles , Rendon Medina Marco Aurelio , Viana Erik Hanson , Rojas Ortiz Jorge Arturo , Lopez Ricardo Pacheco
Published: February 2022

Osteoid osteomas are benign skeletal tumors; more than half of the lesions occur in lower extremity long bones, with very few cases reported in metacarpal bones. We presented the case of a patient at the plastic surgery department of a regional hospital, who presented with a tender tumor in the left hand over the past 2 years.
Physical therapy in a patient with post-encephalitis tetra-paresis: a case report
Authors: Mahayati Dewi Suci , Aryudha Teja
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the rehabilitation program is to improve motor skills, coordination, mobilization and other existing disorders to achieve independence in daily living (ADL). Physical therapy as part of the rehabilitation program can provide core stability exercises, facilitation and stimulation of motion of the upper and lower extremities, balance exercises and mobilization exercises, as well as strengthening exercises with facilitation and active stimulation techniques and using the patient's body weight as a training burden. Strengthening exercise can reduce spasticity by strengthening the antagonist muscles. After six months of the rehabilitation program, manual muscle testing (MMT) was evaluated for the right upper extremity 3/5, left upper extremity 5/5, right lower extremity 1/5, left lower extremity 2/5. Ashworth scale right upper extremity 1/4, right lower extremity 2/4, and left lower extremity 1/4. Clonus is reduced, the patient can stand with maximum support without clonus for 10 minutes. Trunk impairment scale 12/23 and Barthel index 65/100. Mobilization of the patient is being able to sit with minimal assistance, namely stabilization in the pelvis, sitting to standing with moderate support, which is supported at the knee bilaterally, and standing with support at the knee and pelvic for 10 minutes. This case report concludes that although physiotherapy is done late with strengthening exercise and core stability strengthening techniques, it can improve motor skills, which in turn will increase the patient's independence in carrying out functional activities and ADLs.
Right sided infective endocarditis: a forgotten complication of septic abortion
Authors: Anand Vishal , Singh Abhishek Pratap , Anand Aditya , Achari Vijay
Published: February 2022

Right-sided native valve infective endocarditis (IE) refers to IE involving the tricuspid or pulmonic valve. In developing countries, septic abortion is still prevalent due to instrumental delivery by untrained personnel. We report a case of a 22-year-old lady with right-sided IE and pulmonary septic embolization complicating septic abortion. The patient was treated with IV antibiotics, however, she succumbed to the illness following worsening respiratory distress and cardiac arrest.
Functional outcome in surgical fixation of fibrous dysplasia of proximal femur
Authors: Kancherla Nageshwar Rao , Eppakayala Srikanth , Nagesh C. , Peddamadyam Shravan , Bodla Arvind , Lakkireddy Maheshwar
Published: February 2022

Background: Fibrous dysplasia is a rare benign intramedullary fibro-osseous lesion. Surgical management is usually indicated in pathological fractures, symptomatic patients due to pain and due to deformity. The aim of this study was to summarize the functional results and to investigate surgical treatment methods by conducting a retrospective study of patients with fibrous dysplasia (FD) in the proximal femur.

Methods: This study is a retrospective study using patient’s medical records, including analysis of 14 patients with fibrous dysplasia of proximal femur treated at Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences. The primary outcome was success of the procedure according to the Musculoskeletal tumour society score (MSTS). Secondary outcomes, which were assessed at one year and at the end of follow up in terms of revision free survival and change in femoral neck-shaft angle over time.

Results: Analysis of data showed that revision-free survival was 85% after a median follow-up of 2 years. Revision was necessary in one patient for structural failure due to a fracture distal to Dynamic hip screw and other patient due to progressive deformity after being operated with broad DCP. At the end of follow-up 85% of all patients had good walking ability and all patient were pain free.

Conclusions: Symptomatic fibrous dysplasia involving proximal femur needs to be operated to relieve pain due to biomechanical instability, to prevent and treat pathological fractures and to correct deformities.
The early definitive internal fixation of Complex Pelvic Fracture and its outcome: our experience in level 1 trauma care centre.
Authors: Kimmatkar Nitin , H. Kantharaju
Published: February 2022

Background: Complex pelvic fractures have high mortality and morbidity hence required urgent resuscitation, haemodynamic stabilization and fracture fixation. Keeping in mind the various schools of thought regarding definitive management, there is need to study the outcomes of complex pelvic fractures after internal fixation surgery.

Methods: Twenty patients with complex pelvic fractures treated with internal fixation surgery in between 1st June 2018-31st December 2019 with at least 12 months follow-up were included. Clinical and functional outcome of these patients was studied and evaluated using Majeed and Hannover scoring systems.

Results: Of 20 patients, 19 had closed while 1 had open pelvic fracture while 11 had tile type B and 9 had tile type C fracture. After 12 months of follow up, 72% patients of tile B fractures and 55.6% in tile C had excellent Majeed score with rest having good score. Hannover score was very good in 36.4% tile B cases and 22.2% tile C cases and good in 63.6% tile B cases and 77.8% tile C cases. Type of fracture (type B or type C) had a statistically significant co-relation with chronic pain (p=0.016). It was also found that urogenital injury and sexual dysfunction (p=0.007) had a significant co-relation.

Conclusions: Early definitive internal fixation in patients with complex pelvic fracture had very good clinical and functional outcome. Most common associated injuries in complex pelvic fractures are urogenital injuries due to close proximity. In the outcomes chronic pain and sexual dysfunction are major issues. The sexual dysfunction patients usually associated fracture of pubic rami or pubic diastasis.
The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in out-patients above 40 years of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi
Authors: Sharma Ananya , Garg Alok , Singh Binit
Published: February 2022

Background: Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder among Indian population but is still underdiagnosed. Being a treatable disease, early diagnosis can significantly reduce osteoporotic fractures and other morbidities. Despite multiple studies globally regarding the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia, the data about Indian population especially in males is limited. In this study, we aim to calculate the prevalence of osteoporosis in patients over 40 years of age attending the out-patients department of a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done including 231 patients (147 females and 84 males) over the age of 40 years. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) was used to measure the bone mineral density and the results were divided into normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic groups on the based on equivalent heel T score.

Results: Of the total 231 patients, 78 patients had a normal bone mass density as measured by calcaneal QUS. 123 patients (53.2%) were found to be osteopenic while 30 patients (13.1%) were osteoporotic. Of the 147 females, 84 (57%) were osteopenic while 27 (18%) patients were found to be osteoporotic. Among the 84 males, 39 (46%) were osteopenic and 3 (4%) were found to be osteoporotic.

Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in outpatients over 40 years was high in our study and similar in values with other studies involving the Indian population. Hence, we recommend regular screening and early detection of osteoporosis to reduce the burden of the disease.
The outcome of fresh frozen allografts in bone healing: a prospective study, in a tertiary care centre, India
Authors: Yelavarthi Raghu , Pingle Jairamchander , Palakuri Sadhan
Published: February 2022

Background: Massive bone loss is a major problem in modern orthopaedics. Allograft use in clinical practice has become a desirable option. Allografts are used to reconstruct bony defects in different disorders in orthopaedic surgeries. Fresh frozen allograft is a reconstructive biologic option for osseous defects. This article evaluates the outcome of fresh frozen allografts in bone healing in different orthopaedic procedures.

Methods: Prospective non-randomized trial was conducted in 136 patients of any age presenting to orthopaedic OPD with bone defects/disorders requiring bone grafting in a tertiary care centre. Ann et al radiological criteria for new bone formation, was used for grading outcome.

Results: The age of the patients varied between 12-76 years. About 8.1% patients belonged to 10-25 years age group, 39% to 26-40 years, 25% to 41-50 years, 15.4% to 51-60 years, 6.6% to 61-70 years and 5.9% to above 70 years age group. Mean age was 39.7 years. There were 61% male and 39% female patients. Minimum follow-up period was 1 month and maximum 4 years. Allografting was performed for 46 fractures with bone loss, 33 fractures with non-union/delayed union, 25 arthroplasties, 13 arthrodeses and 19 tumours. Follow-up results at two months showed that 84.6% had good, 12.5% had fair and 2.9% had bad results.

Conclusions: Allografting is one of the best options available for bone defects, especially in younger patients with a high life expectancy because of its potential durability.
Acute onset common peroneal nerve palsy in a child due to fibular head osteochondroma: a case report
Authors: Keny Swapnil M. , Dabral Lokesh , Meshram Prashant , Ansari Naved , Gokhale Nikhil , Nawale Shashikant , Jaroli Abhishek
Published: February 2022

A 7-year-old patient presented with acute onset spontaneous common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy due to osteochondroma of fibular head. Osteochondroma was excised resulting in complete neurological recovery. As per our knowledge, this is the first case of an acute onset CPN palsy in a child due to osteochondroma. 14 studies reporting patients with CPN palsy due to osteochondroma were analyzed. Of 24 patients reported with this condition in literature, 19 (79%) recovered completely from CPN palsy. Incomplete recovery after surgery was associated with a longer mean duration between symptoms and surgery (26 months versus 5 months for complete recovery).  
Caribbean Economics Quarterly: Volume 11: Issue 1, February 2022: Year in Review in Graphs: Economic Story of 2021 in a Series of Graphs
Authors: Rosenblatt David , Mooney Henry , Clayton Khamal , Ortiz de Mendívil Cloe , McCaskie Ariel , Gauto Victor , Graham Monique , Khadan Jeetendra , Satnarine-Singh Nirvana
Published: February 2022

Last year ended with incipient but fragile economic recoveries in most Caribbean economies. Relatively low vaccination rates remain a concern in the six countries covered by the Caribbean Country Department of the IDB. The sharp rise in commodity prices bolster prospects for commodity exporters in the region, but they also dampen prospects for tourism dependent economies. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin provides a “Year in Review in Graphs” for the overall region and each of the six countries. The graphs cover the evolution of key macroeconomic variable during the course of 2021.
En torno a la población de México-Tenochtitlan en 1519
Authors: Jiménez Martínez Eloy
Published: February 2022

Este artículo pretende contribuir al estudio del número aproximado de habitantes de México-Tenochtitlan en 1519. El trabajo se inicia con una breve introducción en la que se hacen constar las dificultades para reconstruir el volumen de población de Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, debido a la ausencia de censos prehispánicos sobre la misma, así como a las distintas conclusiones a que han llegado distintos autores. Se realiza un análisis historiográfico de los principales estudios que refieren el número de habitantes de la urbe. A continuación, se adopta un método consistente en comparar las densidades de población que se deducen de esas publicaciones con las de ciudades de entonces y de ahora, tanto del Viejo como del Nuevo Mundo, para establecer lógicamente una densidad para el conjunto Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco. Y con este resultado, teniendo en cuenta la superficie de la urbe en 1519, concluir que estuvo habitada por entre 75.000 - 95.000 personas en esa fecha.
TEXT AS A BASIS FOR LEARNING WRITTEN CONNECTED SPEECH AND SPELLING
Authors: Deykina Alevtina D. , Skryabina Olga A.
Published: February 2022

The article deals with the relevant methodological problem of the interdependence of the processes of teaching connected written speech and spelling based on the text as a didactic unit. The object of the research is the process of teaching schoolchildren the text as a product of speech activity, speech and text skills, the subject is the theoretical and practical development of methods for teaching text as the basis for the formation of text-forming (speech and text) skills in conjunction with text-forming (spelling) skills. The goals and objectives of the article include: firstly, the analysis of theoretical aspects related to the approaches to teaching schoolchildren the text as a product of speech activity and spelling as a structurally and functionally significant component of the written text, with the help of which communicative intention is realized; secondly, the identification of trends in the formation of the text-forming skills (speech and spelling); thirdly, the search for technologies to optimize the learning outcomes of working with text in conjunction with teaching spelling in a modern school. It is proved that the formation of text and spelling skills is more effective on the basis of the text, in a single process of text formation and text formatting, in the aggregate and interdependence of speech and spelling actions. The organization of the educational process is illustrated with exercises and tasks that integrate two areas of work on the text: speech and spelling.
Model Based Intrusion Detection using Data Mining Techniques with Feature Reduction
Authors: Goyal Jyotsna
Published: February 2022

As the technology is advancing so are the data storing practices. Nowadays data is stored online which is the main reason as to why the data is constantly under threat. Therefore there is an urgent need of computer se- curity for securing this confidential data, which is mostly customer personal data which if got leaked will not only pose threat to the customer but also to the organization liable for storing and preserving that data. These unwanted activities are termed as intrusions and the detection of these unwanted activities by constantly monitoring and analysing the system is known as intrusion detection. IDS created using data mining techniques is an effective way of detecting intrusions whose implementation is discussed ahead in this paper. The approach involves building of classification model and hybrid model which are created using classification techniques and, combining both classification and clustering techniques respectively. Classification model can detect known attacks effectively whereas hybrid models can detect unknown or new attacks also. NSL-KDD dataset is used as training dataset which is normalalized and then its feature reduction is done using different techniques. The best feature selection technique among all is chosen by using decision table algorithm. The comparison of the results of different models is done over different performance evaluation parameters. The results show that hybrid models perform better than classification models with improved results as the the data is first preprocessed which makes a classifier more effective.
From conformance to performance? A comparative analysis of the European Union territorial policy trends in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Peric Ana , Trkulja Sinisa , Zivanovic Zora
Published: February 2022

As several Western Balkans countries aspire to become members of the European Union (EU) in the (near) future, it is interesting to explore to what extent EU territorial trends are adopted in both the official national regulations and spatial planning practice. To do so, we: 1) screen EU territorial policies to elucidate the trends and principles of territorial development, 2) analyse the contents of spatial plans in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 3) compare the practical application of the principles such as decentralisation, diffusion of power, subsidiarity, multi-actorship, synergy, transparency, citizen participation, coordinated action (among various disciplinary bodies), and holistic strategies. The findings show the ineffectiveness of declaratively adopted EU territorial trends against place-based territorial policy approaches.