bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the integration of theory and practice during practice education: Placement A
Authors: Reidlinger D. , Croxford S. , Illingworth S.
Published: July 2008

Background:  The need to increase student placement capacity resulted in a new model for the delivery of Placement A by the Scottish Stakeholder Partnership (Transition Team Implementation Programme, 2007). A number of initiatives to increase capacity have also been implemented in London, including a pilot building on the Scottish experience where Placement A is delivered in two parts: a series of integrated ‘day placements’, followed by a 2‐week block placement at an approved placement setting. The delivery of the 4 week model for Placement A was evaluated to obtain baseline data and to ensure students’ ability to integrate campus‐based learning with placement learning was considered in the design of an alternative delivery model.

Methods:  A questionnaire was completed by 35 third year undergraduate students at King's College London and 14 second year undergraduate students at London Metropolitan University, after they had returned to university after a 4‐week Placement A. Using a five‐point Likert scale, students were asked to indicate the level of agreement with 29 statements, including nine relating to the tasks and integration of learning between campus and placement. Other questions related to student enjoyment, motivation, range of experiences and student perception of Placement A's impact on their preparation for Placement B.

Results:  The results showed that 38 of the 53 (72%) students felt that the 4‐week placement duplicated learning at university, but the same number also felt that the tasks undertaken helped them to apply what they had learned at university. Whilst the majority of students (43/53) agreed that the placement was enjoyable, 26 students responded they were bored at times during their placement. Four students indicated that after Placement A they were rethinking their decision to study dietetics.

Discussion:  Students’ responses reflected the role of the placement in the application of theory, and the duplication of tasks between practice and university is likely to be necessary to fulfil this role. The integration of theory and practice is an important educational outcome of practice placements, and the finding that some students’ are unable to relate placement tasks to campus‐based learning raises a concern that the theory‐practice gap could be better addressed. Improved integration may benefit the student experience and enjoyment of Placement A.

Conclusions:  The results from this evaluation will inform the pilot of the new delivery model for Placement A in London.

Reference  Transition Team Implementation Programme. (2007) Working In Partnership Towards Local Allocation of Dietetic Practice Placements – TTIP Progress Report, February 2007. Available at http://www.lmu.ac.uk/health/ttip/documents/progressreport.pdf (accessed on 18 January 2008).
A review into the use of ‘light diets’ for patients on surgical wards
Authors: Scutt S. , Hellman Z.
Published: July 2008

Background:  The use of unnecessary or inappropriate dietary restriction may place patients at increased risk of malnutrition, the consequences of which are widely recognised (Alberda et al., 2006). The ‘light diet’, a historical approach to post‐operative nutrition, is commonly requested for the dietary management of surgical patients. The aim of the review was to quantify the use and establish knowledge and understanding of the ‘light diet’.

Methods:  A literature search using the term ‘light diet’ was conducted using MEDLINE (1966 August 2005) and EMBASE (1980 August 2005).Surgical patients (170) were reviewed on a single day and those on a ‘light diet’ (indicated by bed signs) were recorded. A questionnaire of five multiple choice and open questions was developed, piloted and distributed to 100 multidisciplinary health professionals within the surgical directorate (surgeons, doctors, nurses, auxiliaries, dietitians and caterers) at random. All patients on a ‘light diet’ were asked if they were clear on what the dietary instruction involves.

Results:  No literature was found using the search term ‘light diet’. Ten per cent of patients (17/170) were found to be on a ‘light diet’ on the day of the review; none of the patients understood the reason the diet was prescribed. The completion rate for the staff questionnaires was 67%. Fifty‐six believed that the diet consisted of soup and dessert, 30 small frequent meals and <10 thought it consisted of low fibre choices or light coloured foods, e.g. meringue, rice. The reasons given for prescribing a ‘light diet’ were following any gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, any GI investigation, oesophageal stent insertion, bowel obstruction, renal transplant or cardiothoracic surgery. The duration of the diet ranged from 1 to 7 days or on end point including the patient eating more, bowel function returned, level of nausea or at the surgeon's discretion. No group of healthcare professionals was identified as being responsible for providing dietary information although nurses or dietitians were most frequently cited. None of the staff were aware of any clinical evidence or hospital policy to support the use of ‘light diets’.

Discussion:  There appears to be little evidence to support or refuse the use of ‘light diets’. Patients and healthcare professionals appear to be unclear of advocacy for the use of ‘light diets’.

Conclusions:  The advocacy of a ‘light diet’ is neither evidence based practice nor best practice.

Reference  Alberda, C., Graf, A. & McCargar, L. (2006) Malnutrition: etiology, consequences, and assessment of a patient at risk. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol.20, 419–439.
Ice cream, a new alternative to oral nutritional supplements
Authors: Wright C.L. , Marks M. , McDougall T.
Published: July 2008

Background:  Cancer patients have been identified as being at risk of nutritional problems due to the treatments of cytotoxic chemotherapy and local radiotherapy which can cause side effects such as general loss of appetite, sore, dry mouth, mucositis and oral thrush (Bella Talwar, 2007). Traditionally, oral nutritional supplement drinks are prescribed to provide nutritional support. Ice cream presents a new popular approach to treat malnutrition and has been proved successful in at least one previous unpublished trial. Ice cream is a cool, soft nutritious food which is very palatable and easy to swallow. Therefore, soft whip ice cream (Malibu Ice cream) machines were installed on the oncology wards. The aims of this study were to assess overall patient satisfaction of the ice cream compared with the standard hospital ice cream, how easy patients thought the new ice cream is to eat and the preference of ice cream over taking oral nutritional supplements.

Methods:  A total of 123 patients on two oncology wards admitted from in 2007 over a 4 week period were asked to complete an internally developed patient satisfaction survey on the intervention, the new ice cream. Patients were asked to rate the new ice cream on taste, texture and preference over the standard ice cream. The new ice cream was given at meal times and available in between meals. The nutritional content of the ice cream (Malibu), 1269.7 kJ (300 kcal), 6 g protein per 6.6 oz portion [679 kJ (162 kcal), 4.1 g protein per 100 g] compares favourably with oral nutritional supplement drinks. The ice cream was given at meal times and available between meals on demand.

Results:  There was a 41% (n = 59) response rate from the patient satisfaction survey. Of the responses received 74% rated the new ice cream as either excellent or good for taste. The majority (79%) of patients who responded thought that the ice cream was easy to eat. When asked about preference of the new ice cream compared to the standard hospital ice cream 77% of patients would prefer to eat the Malibu ice cream. Most (88%) patients would rather eat the ice cream than conventional nutritional supplements.

Discussion:  The patients’ response to the introduction of this variety of ice cream was very positive. The ice cream showed potential benefits due to the compliance in this patient group.

Conclusion:  The use of ice cream illustrates a positive way forward for the dietetic treatment of malnutrition in cancer patients and further work is planned for the future. The use of branded ice creams provides an acceptable alternative to oral nutritional supplements in cancer patients with chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated mouth problems.

Reference  Talwar, B. (2007) Tackling nutritional problems related to cancer and its treatment. Complete Nutr. 7, 61–63.
Diet quality of persons living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Duran A. C. F. L. , Almeida L. B. , Segurado A. A. C. , Jaime P. C.
Published: July 2008

Background  This study sought to assess the diet quality of individuals living with HIV/AIDS who were receiving antiretroviral therapy in São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods  This cross‐sectional study involved 56 HIV‐infected adults. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected, and diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), modified for Brazilians, which included ten components: adequacy of intake of six different food groups, total fat, cholesterol, dietary fibre and dietary variety.

Results  Among the individuals assessed, 64.3% of the participants had a diet needing improvement, while 8.7% had a poor diet. The overall HEI score was 68.3 points (SD = 14.9). Mean scores were low for fruits, vegetables, dairy products and dietary fibre; and high for meats and eggs, total fat and cholesterol. The overall HEI score was higher among individuals who were not overweight (P = 0.003), who were also more likely to achieve dietary goals for dairy products (P = 0.039) and grains (P = 0.005).

Conclusion  Most of these adults living with HIV/AIDS had diets that required improvement, and being overweight was associated with poorer diet quality. Nutritional interventions aimed at maintaining healthy body weight and diet should be taken into account in caring for HIV‐infected people.
Personalized nutrition for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a future perspective
Authors: Lovegrove J. A. , Gitau R.
Published: July 2008

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the Western and developing world. This multi‐factorial disease is influenced by many environmental and genetic factors. At present, public health advice involves prescribed population‐based recommendations, which have been largely unsuccessful in reducing CVD risk. This is, in part, due to individual variability in response to dietary manipulations, that arises from nutrient–gene interactions (defined by the term ‘nutrigenetics’). The shift towards personalized nutritional advice is a very attractive proposition, where, in principle, an individual can be given dietary advice specifically tailored to their genotype. However, the evidence‐base for the impact of interactions between nutrients and fixed genetic variants on biomarkers of CVD risk is still very limited. This paper reviews the evidence for interactions between dietary fat and two common polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ genes. Although an increased understanding of how these and other genes influence response to nutrients should facilitate the progression of personalized nutrition, the ethical issues surrounding its routine use need careful consideration.
Does maternal knowledge and parent education affect blood phenylalanine control in phenylketonuria?
Authors: MacDonald A. , Davies P. , Daly A. , Hopkins V. , Hall S. K. , Asplin D. , Hendriksz C. , Chakrapani A.
Published: July 2008

Background  Metabolic control in phenylketonuria (PKU) may be influenced by parental ability because dietary treatment involves complex food choices. This is an observational study to compare maternal carer (MC) knowledge and parental education with phenylalanine concentrations in children with PKU.

Methods  Children (n = 46; 26 boys) aged 1–10 years (median age 6 years) on dietary treatment were recruited. Their median lifetime and median phenylalanine concentrations in the year prior to study were estimated. MC completed a questionnaire to assess dietary knowledge.

Results  Overall maternal knowledge on most aspects of diet was good and there was a correlation between annual median blood phenylalanine concentrations, but at the age of 5–6 years of age only, and higher maternal carer scores on PKU knowledge (r = −0.646; P < 0.0001). Three of only four children (12%) with median phenylalanine concentrations above 500 μmol L−1 in the year prior to study had both parents leave school without educational qualifications. Children who had median phenylalanine concentrations (n = 3; 7%) over the recommended ranges at 3 years of age or earlier continued to have poor control.

Conclusions  Blood phenylalanine control within the first 3 years of age, poor parental educational achievement at school level, and unsatisfactory maternal dietary knowledge may all influence longer‐term blood phenylalanine control in children.
A truer measure of the market: the molecular ecology of fisheries and wildlife trade
Authors: BAKER C. SCOTT
Published: July 2008

Wildlife and fisheries markets are end‐points in the supply chain of both legitimate and illegitimate or unregulated trade in species and natural products. Molecular ecology provides powerful tools for surveillance and estimation of this trade. Here, I review the application of these tools to market surveys and species in trade, including species identification and molecular taxonomy, population assignment and ‘mixed‐stock’ analysis, genetic tracking and capture–recapture by individual identification. I consider the analogy of markets to natural populations and also the unique features that require novel analytical approaches and sampling design. In the most developed of these applications, the molecular ecology of market surveys and confiscated trade shipments has provided independent estimates of illegal, unregulated or unreported exploitation for sharks, elephants and whales. Although each study has taken advantage of information from trade records or official government reports concerning the ostensible levels of exploitation, it is telling that the truer measure of exploitation seems to arise from the market end‐point of the supply chain.
The evolved stars of Leo II dSph galaxy from near-infrared UKIRT/WFCAM observations
Authors: Gullieuszik M. , Held E. V. , Rizzi L. , Girardi L. , Marigo P. , Momany Y.
Published: July 2008

We present a study of the evolved stellar populations in the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Leo II, based on JHKs observations obtained with the near-infrared array WFCAM at the UKIRT telescope. Combining the new data with optical data, we derived photometric estimates of the distribution of global metallicity [M/H] of individual red giant stars from their V−Ks colours. Our results are consistent with the metallicities of red giant branch (RGB) stars obtained from Ca ii triplet spectroscopy, once the age effects are considered. The photometric metallicity distribution function has a peak at [M/H]=−1.74 (uncorrected) or [M/H]=−1.64 ± 0.06 (random) ±0.17 (systematic) after correction for the mean age of Leo II stars (9 Gyr). The distribution is similar to a Gaussian with σ[M/H]= 0.19 dex, corrected for instrumental errors. We used the new data to derive the properties of a nearly complete sample of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in Leo II. Using a near-infrared two-colour diagram, we were able to obtain a clean separation from Milky Way foreground stars and discriminate between carbon- and oxygen-rich AGB stars, which allowed us to study their distribution in Ks-band luminosity and colour. We simulate the JHKs data with the trilegal population synthesis code together with the most updated thermally pulsing AGB models, and using the star formation histories derived from independent work based on deep Hubble Space Telescope photometry. After scaling the mass of Leo II models to the observed number of upper RGB stars, we find that present models predict too many O-rich thermally pulsing AGB (TP-AGB) stars of higher luminosity due to a likely underestimation of either their mass-loss rates at low metallicity, and/or their degree of obscuration by circumstellar dust. On the other hand, the TP-AGB models are able to reproduce the observed number and luminosities of carbon stars satisfactorily well, indicating that in this galaxy the least massive stars that became carbon stars should have masses as low as ∼1 M⊙.
Freshwater calcite precipitates from in vitro mesocosm flume experiments: a case for biomediation of tufas
Authors: PEDLEY MARTYN , ROGERSON MIKE , MIDDLETON RICHARD
Published: July 2008

Freshwater carbonates (tufas) develop today from the Arctic to the tropics, many being localized about springs and upper water courses. Some Quaternary tufas, especially in the Mediterranean region, extend over tens of square kilometres and exceed 30 m in thickness. Radiometric dating of Holocene deposits shows that many have accumulated at an average rate of 1 mm year−1. However, local precipitation may be much faster and some Holocene deposits may even have outpaced their tropical marine carbonate counterparts. Recently, the study of active sites has attempted to quantify the precipitation mechanisms which lead to tufa deposition. However, field observation and sampling procedures suffer from the inherent disadvantages of uncontrolled fluctuations in environmental conditions during the study programme. These disadvantages compromise any interpretations, particularly where controls on spar versus micrite precipitation are concerned. Many of these problems have been overcome in the current study by the construction and operation of laboratory mesocosm flumes which simulate the natural conditions (e.g. pH, flow rate, ambient temperature and daylight) in which freshwater carbonate (tufa) is deposited. Three mesocosms were supplied with natural river water from tufa precipitating streams and two mesocosms were supplied with UV‐treated (sterile) river water from the same source. One of the untreated flume mesocosms was linked with a calcium reactor, which replaced calcium ions removed during the precipitation process in order to maintain tufa growth over extended experimental runs. Low‐magnesium calcite precipitates (both rhombic sparite grown from long‐crystallite dendrites and short‐crystallite dendrite triad precursors) and micrite peloids (grown from spherulitic precursors) were precipitated in intimate association with biofilm (extracellular polymeric substances) within the four mesocosms supplied with natural river water. Virtually, no tufa‐like precipitate was obtained from the flumes supplied with UV‐treated river water. A second extended run flume experiment was also carried out for comparison purposes using a calcium hydroxide solution in deionized water. Collectively, these experiments provide convincing evidence confirming that the presence of a microbial biofilm strongly influences the precipitation of carbonates in riverine freshwater settings. In particular, experimental results show that micro‐peloidal micrite and short‐crystallite calcite dendrites are only produced in the presence of microbial extracellular polymeric substances.
Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor gene diversity, KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1
Authors: Meenagh A. , Gonzalez A. , Sleator C. , McQuaid S. , Middleton D.
Published: July 2008

Polymorphism in the alleles of the killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor 2DL1 and 2DS1 genes has been investigated by the development of polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probing systems. The methods have been applied to 77 Northern Irish families, establishing allele frequencies from the unrelated parents. Additionally, cell line DNA from individuals and CEPH families of the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop panel were investigated. Eight of the reported KIR2DL1 alleles and only the KIR2DS1*002 allele were identified in the groups studied. Two individuals were positive for three alleles of KIR2DL1, and a putative variant of KIR2DL1*001 was observed. Results also indicated an inherited KIR2DL1/2DS1 splice variant present in a haplotype with several core loci absent, in two families.
Sequencing of new HLA‐A*3025 and HLA‐Cw*0221 alleles found in Caucasian donors
Authors: Balas A. , Sánchez‐Gordo F. , Bustamante L. , García‐Sánchez F. , Vicario J. L.
Published: July 2008

Two new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles, A*3025 and Cw*0221, were identified in Spanish Caucasian donors by polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific oligonucleotide and subsequently characterized by full coding region sequencing. HLA‐A*3025 shows a single amino acid replacement at residue 70 (H>Q) compared with A*300201. HLA‐Cw*0221 differs from Cw*020202 by a change at position 14 (H>Q).
Eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensates in the assessment of childhood asthma
Authors: Kiełbasa Bogumila , Moeller Alexander , Sanak Marek , Hamacher Joerg , Hutterli Monika , Ćmiel Adam , Szczeklik Andrew , Wildhaber Johannes H.
Published: July 2008

The value of measurements of eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for the evaluation of childhood asthma is still inconclusive most likely because of the limited value of the methods used. In this case–control study in 48 asthmatic and 20 healthy children, we aimed to characterize the baseline profile of the inflammatory mediators cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), 9α11βPGF2, PGE2, PGF2α, 8‐isoprostane (8‐iso‐PGF2α) within EBC in asthmatic compared with healthy children using new methods. In addition, we investigated their relation to other inflammatory markers. The assessment included collection of EBC, measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and evaluation of urinary excretion of leukotriene E4. cysLTs were measured directly in EBC by radioimmunoassay and prostanoids were measured using gas chromatography negative‐ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Only cysLT levels were significantly higher in asthmatic compared with healthy children (p = 0.002). No significant differences in cysLTs were found between steroid naïve and patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids. In contrast, FENO was significantly higher in steroid naïve compared with steroid‐treated asthmatic and healthy children (p = 0.04 and 0.024, respectively). The diagnostic accuracy of cysLTs in EBC for asthma was 73.6% for the whole group and 78.2% for steroid‐naïve asthmatic children. The accuracy to classify asthmatic for FENO was poor (62.9%) for the whole group, but improved to 79.9% when only steroid‐naïve asthmatic children were taken into consideration. cysLTs in EBC is an inflammatory marker which distinguishes asthmatics, as a whole group, from healthy children.
The Mucosa of the Digestive Tract in Micropogonias furnieri: A Light and Electron Microscope Approach
Authors: Diaz A. O. , García A. M. , Figueroa D. E. , Goldemberg A. L.
Published: July 2008

The histomorphological aspects as well as the histochemical content and distribution of glycoproteins (GPs) in the mucosa of the digestive tract of the white croaker Micropogonias furnieri were studied. The buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous showed a squamous stratified epithelium with mucous cells. The stomach presented three portions: cardias, fundus and pylorus. Tubular glands formed by a single type of gland cell were located along the cardias and fundus. Histochemical tests showed that the buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous presented the largest amount of the different types of mucosubstances. Both organs showed abundant secretory mucous cells that synthesize large quantities of neutral, sulphated and sialylated GPs. The surface epithelium in the cardias and fundus synthesized and secreted scarce sialylated and neutral GPs whereas the secretions of the apical surface were abundant. The pylorus secreted large amounts of neutral as well as sulphated and sialylated GPs. Gland cells secreted neutral GPs. The ultrastructural features of the gut cells were quite similar to those of other teleosts. The buccopharyngeal cavity and the esophagous surface epithelial cells, identified by their superficial localization, were characterized by cytoplasmic vesicles of different size. Abundant goblet cells with secretory mucous granules were also present. Gastric glands in the stomach contained just one form of cell with a fine structure similar to cells that secrete pepsinogen.
Pineal System of Desert Rodents and its Relationship to the Epithalamus
Authors: Djeridane Y.
Published: July 2008

The morphological relationships of the pineal complex to the epithalamic structures have been examined at light microscopic level in five desert rodent species, Meriones crassus, Meriones lybicus, Gerbillus gerbillus, Psammomys obesus and Ctenodactylus vali. The pineal complex is classified as type ABC in M. crassus and G. gerbillus, AC in M. lybicus, AβC in P. obesus and αβC in C. vali. In these rodent species, the pineal is an elongated organ which is dumbbell‐shaped in G. gerbillus and M. lybicus, and extends above the cerebral hemispheres in M. crassus, leaf‐shaped in P. obesus and lancet‐shaped in C. vali. In P. obesus, pigment‐containing cells are noted in the superficial part of the gland. In all species examined, the suprahabenular recess which is an extension of the choroid plexus of the third ventricule establishes a close anatomical relationship with the deep pineal. In C. vali, the suprahabenular recess is also contiguous with the pineal stalk and the superficial pineal component. In M. lybicus, M. crassus, G. gerbillus and P. obesus, a prominent dorsal vessel, the vena cerebri magna, intervenes between the suprahabenular recess, the superficial portion and the stalk. The most striking feature noted in this study is the presence of numerous melanocytes in the connective tissue capsule of the pineal gland, in the connecting stalk and in the connective tissue core of the highly convoluted suprahabenular recess in M. lybicus and M. crassus. The location of melanocytes in the restricted pineal area may suggest that these cells have a morphosignificance in photoreception or photoprotection.
Age‐Related Three‐Dimensional Morphological Changes in Rat Motoneurons Innervating Diaphragm and Longissimus Muscles
Authors: Miyata H. , Suzuki T. , Maruyama A. , Wada N.
Published: July 2008

We investigated age‐related morphological changes of rat motoneurons innervating diaphragm muscle (DI‐MN) and lumber longissimus muscle (LL‐MN) in which quite different activation patterns exist. In young (2–4 months) and old (24–26 months) rats, the motoneurons innervating both muscles were labelled retrogradely by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin B subunit. After a 4‐day survival, horizontal slices of the spinal cord were processed with immunohistochemical staining (first antibody to cholera toxin B subunit and second antibody with Cy3) and observed with a confocal microscope. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of labelled motoneurons was performed to examine soma and dendrite morphology. As compared to the soma volume in young rats, significantly smaller values were found in old rats in both motoneurons and the degrees of decline were 16.1% in DI‐MN and 20.3% in LL‐MN. Significant decreases in the thickness of primary dendrites were also found in both motoneurons, and the degrees of decline were 17.5% in DI‐MN and 22.3% in LL‐MN. Smaller changes were found in DI‐MN than in LL‐MN, indicating the possibility that increased activation by central drives can attenuate age‐related morphological changes of the motor system in the spinal cord.
Bovine Lingual Tonsil: Histomorphological Characteristics With Special Reference to the Follicular Dendritic Cells
Authors: Rebmann S. , Gasse H.
Published: July 2008

In the bovine, the lingual tonsil is localized at the lingual radix. However, as the expansion of the tonsillar tissue was presumed to be much larger than the macroscopically visible part, selected specimens from the bovine tongue were examined to clarify if lymphatic tissue of the lingual tonsil was present rostral of a defined macroscopical landmark, i.e. rostral of the most caudal of the papillae vallatae. The identification of the lymphoreticular system was validated by means of the detection of reticulum cells, especially follicular dendritic cells (FDC). They characterize the tonsillar lymph nodules and distinguish them structurally from unspecific accumulations of lymphocytes. In our study, two monoclonal antibodies, i.e. CNA.42 and D46, detected bovine FDC cells in situ. ‘Organized’ lymphoid tissue – i.e. solitary lymph nodules and aggregations of lymph nodules, both either with or without surrounding connective tissue, and with or without crypts, but with immunopositive reactions for FDC – could be observed up to 30 mm rostral of the most caudal of the papillae vallatae. As these formations were not identified macroscopically, they shall be referred to as the disseminate part of the lingual tonsil.
Molecular detection and identification of Aspergillus spp. from clinical samples using real‐time PCR
Authors: Ramírez Mercedes , Castro Carmen , Palomares José Carlos , Torres Ma José , Aller Ana Isabel , Ruiz Maite , Aznar Javier , Martín‐Mazuelos Estrella
Published: July 2008

The definite and rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is necessary because of the high mortality caused. The objective of this study was to evaluate a real‐time PCR assay to detect Aspergillus spp. in clinical samples, based on the Light Cycler technology. Specificity was assessed by using DNA extracted from pathogenic and non‐pathogenic bacteria/fungi from Spanish Collection including: two Aspergillus flavus, four Aspergillus fumigatus, two Aspergillus nidulans, two Aspergillus niger and two Aspergillus terreus isolates. The analytical sensitivity was evaluated with different inocula (101–105 conidia ml−1), and serially diluted DNA of A. fumigatus. To assess clinical applicability, samples from patients at risk were analysed. Species identification was determined by analysing the melting curves. Reactions using genomic DNA from other species of different genera than Aspergillus were negative (specificity: 100%). Analytical sensitivity was 60 fg using DNA and 5–20 conidia using conidial suspensions. The linear range was from 60 to 6 × 107 fg. The Tm ranged from 67.34 to 70.7 °C for the different Aspergillus spp. studied. Nine hundred and forty‐eight consecutive blood samples from 127 patients were processed. In total, 10 (1%) of 948 samples from blood samples were PCR‐positive. The real‐time PCR assay provides a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of fungal DNA and rapidly identifies most of clinically relevant Aspergillus species.
Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans proteins in blood donors and HIV patients with active cryptococcosis
Authors: Chai H. C. , Tay S. T.
Published: July 2008

The serological responses to Cryptococcus neoformans proteins of blood donors and HIV patients with active cryptococcosis from a tropical region were investigated in this study. Exposure to C. neoformans, an organism ubiquitous in the environment, contributes to the antibody responses observed in the blood donors. IgG responses to cryptococcal proteins were stronger than IgM responses in most sera tested in this study. A 53‐kDa cryptococcal protein fragment was identified as the most immunoreactive protein on the IgM immunoblots of both blood donors and patients. Overall, there was no obvious difference in IgG responses of patients when compared with blood donors. Some immunogenic protein fragments (27.5, 76, 78 and 91.5 kDa) were detected at least two times more frequently on IgM immunoblots of patients compared with those of blood donors. It is yet to be investigated whether the proteins identified in this study may have any potential to be used as biomarker for cryptococcosis.
A case of tinea manuum caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei: the first isolation in Korea
Authors: Rhee Do‐Young , Kim Myoung‐Shin , Chang Sung‐Eun , Lee Mi‐Woo , Choi Jee‐Ho , Moon Kee‐Chan , Koh Jai‐Kyoung , Choi Jong‐Soo
Published: July 2008

Hedgehogs have recently become popular exotic pets in Korea. Several diseases may be acquired from these animals including dermatophytosis, Salmonella infections, contact urticaria and possibly Mycobacterium infections. We describe here a 15‐year‐old girl who developed tinea manuum after keeping a hedgehog for 4 months. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic and mycological examination. The causative agent was identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei, a zoophilic dermatophyte.
Pulmonary aspergilloma with renal oxalosis: fatal effect at a distance
Authors: Vaideeswar Pradeep , Sakhdeo Uma M.
Published: July 2008

Some species of the fungus Aspergillus, especially Aspergillus niger, produce oxalic acid as a fermentation byproduct. The acid combines with calcium ions at physiological pH to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals that are mainly deposited at local sites. This is often seen in the lungs, where the crystals tend to potentiate the destructive capacity of the fungus. In rare instances, there is hyperoxaluria and deposition of the crystals in the renal tubules. We report this rare occurrence in a 59‐year‐old man with pulmonary aspergilloma and acute renal failure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth case to be reported.
Steps to a sustainable Northern Australia
Authors: Blanch Stuart
Published: July 2008

Summary  Northern Australia's globally significant savannas and rivers face major threats, from cattle to weeds to land clearing to climate change. In the face of imperatives and pressures such as reducing carbon emissions, nature conservation, alleviating Indigenous disadvantage, the resources boom and global food security, how should development be managed to protect its globally significant ecosystems? Nine planks in a ‘Sustainable Northern Australia’ agenda are proposed: (i) enhance investment in mitigating pervasive landscape threats; (ii) strengthen support for Indigenous Caring for Country activities and incorporation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge into land management; (iii) align and strengthen invasive species control and management; (iv) facilitate new economic development pathways focused on sustainability; (v) build climate resilience by maintaining and enhancing landscape‐scale connectivity; (vi) protect free‐flowing rivers from dams and major water resource development; (vii) establish and effectively manage a large interconnected network of protected areas; (viii) develop cooperative governance arrangements; and (ix) enhance knowledge generation and research and monitoring capacity.
Evaluating the role of the Dingo as a trophic regulator: Additional practical suggestions
Authors: Claridge Andrew W. , Hunt Rob
Published: July 2008

Summary  A recent review paper by Glen et al. in Austral Ecology (2007, Volume 32, 492–501) canvassed anecdotal and scientific evidence relating to the role of the Dingo as regulator of ecosystem processes in Australian landscapes. Their review forms part of an increasing volume of literature about the ecological roles of top‐order or apex predators around the globe. Although recognizing the possible functional significance of the Dingo is a noteworthy subject matter, the management of the species at an ecosystem scale is complicated by a range of practical and theoretical issues. Perhaps the most significant challenge is the degree to which the Dingo is hybridized with the domestic Dog gone wild (Feral Dog). We suggest here that there is a range of research questions that need to be experimentally addressed as a matter of urgency. This includes but is not limited to understanding the ecological significance of Dingo–Dog hybridization. Such research should precede other research initiatives suggested by Glen et al. such as reintroducing individuals of the pure Dingo back into landscapes. This is particularly the case for south‐eastern mainland Australia where the incidence of Dingo–Dog hybridization is high and the ecological consequences of this poorly understood. Finally, new terminology may be needed relating to Dingo and/or Wild Dog management that more clearly reflects both the genetic status of the species as well as its ecological function.
Effects of glyphosate herbicide on soil and litter macro‐arthropods in rainforest: Implications for forest restoration
Authors: Nakamura Akihiro , Catterall Carla P. , Kitching Roger L. , House Alan P. N. , Burwell Chris J.
Published: July 2008

Summary  Ecological restoration activities, including reforestation, often involve the use of herbicides for the removal of weedy plant cover. Little is known, however, about the effects of herbicides on assemblages of non‐target organisms that colonize restored patches. We describe a field experiment to investigate effects of glyphosate herbicide (Roundup® Biactive™) on rainforest‐associated soil‐ and litter‐dwelling macro‐arthropods. Our experimental protocol differed in two ways from other ecotoxicological studies of herbicides. First, we applied herbicide at a rate considerably greater than the manufacturer's recommended maximum in order to simulate worst‐case scenarios that may occur in the practice of forest restoration. Second, our field experiment was carried out under dense canopy cover with sparse understorey vegetation, so that indirect impacts caused by the loss of existing vegetation were eliminated. Paired herbicide‐treated and control plots were created within five rainforest remnants on the Maleny plateau of subtropical eastern Australia. Macro‐arthropods were collected using litter extraction before, approximately 3 days after, and 3 months after herbicide application. Responses of arthropods were analysed at two levels of taxonomic resolution: ‘coarse’ arthropods (arthropods sorted to Order/Class), and ant species. Our results suggest that the use of glyphosate herbicide formulated as Roundup® Biactive™ is suitable for the control of unwanted plants in rainforest restoration sites as it appears to have minimal impact on assemblages of soil and litter macro‐arthropods or at least those typical of intact rainforest.
Identifying multiscale habitat factors influencing koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) occurrence and management in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Januchowski Stephanie R. , McAlpine Clive A. , Callaghan John G. , Griffin Carol B. , Bowen Michiala , Mitchell Dave , Lunney Daniel
Published: July 2008

Summary  Modelling for the conservation of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations has primarily focused on natural habitat variables (e.g. tree species, soil types and soil moisture). Until recently, limited consideration has been given to modelling the effects of the landscape context (e.g. habitat area, habitat configuration and roads). Yet, the combined influence of natural habitats and anthropogenic impacts at multiple spatial scales are likely to be important determinants of where koala populations occur and remain viable in human‐modified landscapes. The study tested the importance of multiscale habitat variables on koala occurrence in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The models focused at three spatial scales: site (< 1 ha), patch (1–100 ha), and landscape (100–1000 s ha). Logistic regression and hierarchical partitioning analyses were used to rank alternative models and key explanatory variables.

The results showed that an increased likelihood of koala presence in fragmented landscapes in the urban–forest interface (as opposed to larger blocks of forest habitat) can best be explained by the positive effects of soil fertility and the presence of preferred koala tree species in these fragmented areas. If koalas are to be effectively conserved in Ballarat, it is critical to (i) protect remaining core areas of high‐quality habitat, including regenerating areas; (ii) protect scattered habitat patches which provide connectivity; and (iii) develop and implement habitat restoration programmes to improve habitat connectivity and enhance opportunities for safe koala movement between habitat patches intersected by main roads.
Atypical antipsychotic‐induced diabetes mellitus: an update on epidemiology and postulated mechanisms
Authors: Buchholz S. , Morrow A. F. , Coleman P. L.
Published: July 2008

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome are rare, but potentially fatal complications of antipsychotic‐associated hyperglycaemia. The mechanisms for this remain unclear, but are probably multifactorial. The suggested reasons include drug‐induced weight gain and adiposity, development of the metabolic syndrome, antagonism of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine) receptors, drug‐induced leptin resistance, dyslipidaemia mediated pancreatic β‐cell damage and hepatocyte transcription factor dysregulation. Patients with schizophrenia are known to be at a higher genetic risk of developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This review emphasizes a rare case of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome in a young man with schizophrenia and discusses proposed mechanisms for the development of antipsychotic‐associated diabetes mellitus.
Coronary heart disease is associated with regional grey matter volume loss: implications for cognitive function and behaviour
Authors: Almeida O. P. , Garrido G. J. , Beer C. , Lautenschlager N. T. , Arnolda L. , Lenzo N. P. , Campbell A. , Flicker L.
Published: July 2008

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has been associated with impaired cognition, but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. We designed this study to determine whether adults with CHD show regional brain losses of grey matter volume relative to controls. We used statistical parametric mapping (SPM5) to determine regional changes in grey matter volume of T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images of 11 adults with prior history of myocardial infarction relative to seven healthy controls. All analyses were adjusted for total grey and white matter volume, age, sex and handedness. CHD participants showed a loss of grey matter volume in the left medial frontal lobe (including the cingulate), precentral and postcentral cortex, right temporal lobe and left middle temporal gyrus, and left precuneus and posterior cingulate. CHD is associated with loss of grey matter in various brain regions, including some that play a significant role in cognitive function and behaviour. The underlying causes of these regional brain changes remain to be determined.
A fire inside: current concepts in chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Tattersall S. J. N. , Apte M. V. , Wilson J. S.
Published: July 2008

Chronic pancreatitis is a necroinflammatory process characterized pathologically by acinar atrophy and fibrosis and clinically by abdominal pain, diabetes and maldigestion. In this review we summarize some of the recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and how they have shaped our current understanding of chronic pancreatitis. We pay particular attention to advances in the genetic basis of idiopathic, hereditary and tropical pancreatitis as well as research into the relationship between alcohol and the pancreas. We have also reviewed current practices with respect to diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis.
5‐Fluorouracil chemotherapy affects spatial working memory and newborn neurons in the adult rat hippocampus
Authors: Mustafa Sarah , Walker Alex , Bennett Geoffrey , Wigmore Peter M.
Published: July 2008

Chemotherapy‐associated memory deficits in adults are prevalent with systemic treatment utilizing 5‐fluorouracil (5‐Fu). 5‐Fu disrupts cell proliferation and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier. Proliferating cells within the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus give rise to new neurons involved in memory and learning and require neurotrophic factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to nurture this process of adult neurogenesis. Some of these proliferating cells are anatomically and functionally supported by vascular endothelial cells. We propose that systemically administered 5‐Fu chemotherapy will cause deficits in hippocampal memory that are associated with altered BDNF levels and proliferating cells (particularly vascular‐associated cells) in the dentate gyrus. This was tested by determining the effect of 5‐Fu on spatial working memory as modelled by the object location recognition test. Numbers of vascular‐associated (VA) and non‐vascular‐associated (NVA) proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus were measured using double‐labelling immunohistochemistry with markers of proliferation (Ki67) and endothelial cells (RECA‐1). 5‐Fu‐induced changes in hippocampal BDNF and doublecortin (DCX) protein levels were quantified using Western immunoblotting. 5‐Fu chemotherapy caused a marginal disruption in spatial working memory and did not alter the total proliferating cell counts or the percentage of VA and NVA proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, 5‐Fu significantly reduced BDNF and DCX levels in the hippocampus, indicating alterations in neurotrophin levels and neurogenesis. These findings highlight the usefulness of animal models of ‘chemobrain’ for understanding the mechanisms that underlie chemotherapy‐associated declines in cognitive performance and memory.
Growth cone responses to growth and chemotropic factors
Authors: Sanford Staci D. , Gatlin Jesse C. , Hökfelt Tomas , Pfenninger Karl H.
Published: July 2008

During nervous system development axons reach their target areas under the influence of numerous guidance cues that affect rate and direction of growth. This report addresses the unsettled question of whether and to what extent growth velocity and turning responses (attraction, repulsion) are interdependent. We exposed individual growth cones of fetal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture asymmetrically to gradients of seven different factors and recorded their growth rates and turning angles. Growth cones exhibited divergent patterns of turning and growth responses. For example, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and thrombin all promoted growth, but HGF was a powerful attractant, thrombin a potent repellent and IGF‐1 did not elicit turning. Galanin and neuropeptide Y also affected growth and/or turning differentially. Finally, nerve growth factor in the culture medium not only inhibited the turning responses to HGF, but also converted growth promotion of HGF and IGF‐1 into inhibition. Overall, our studies indicate that: (i) turning and advance are regulated independently, except that strong attractive or repulsive responses generally are accompanied by growth promotion; (ii) asymmetric growth factor applicationper sedoes not elicit attraction; (iii) regulation of the two parameters may occur through a single receptor; and (iv) the effects of combined growth factors may not be additive and can be inhibitory.