bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Diffractive Optical Elements
Authors: Katz Shlomit , Kaplan Natan , Grossinger Israel
Published: October 2018

A diffractive optical element (DOE) uses thin micro‐structure patterns to alter the phase of the light that is propagated through it. Those micro‐structures, once properly designed, can manipulate the light to almost any desired intensity profile or shape. This technology enables many functions and light manipulations which are not feasible with standard refractive optics.

In many applications, these functions are highly beneficial and improve system performance significantly. Diffractive optical solutions have many advantages such as: high efficiency, high precision, small dimensions, low weight, and, most importantly, are flexible solutions that meet a variety of different applications' requirements.
Grazing practices affect the soil microbial community composition in a Tibetan alpine meadow
Authors: Yang Fei , Niu Kechang , Collins Courtney G. , Yan Xuebin , Ji Yangguang , Ling Ning , Zhou Xianhui , Du Guozhen , Guo Hui , Hu Shuijin
Published: October 2018

Grazing is the primary land‐use activity on the Tibetan Plateau and can affect soil microbes and their function through aboveground vegetation removal, animal trampling, and manure deposition. Two distinct grazing systems (i.e., winter grazing [WG] and annual grazing [AG]) dominate on the Tibetan Plateau, but their effects on soil microbes have rarely been assessed. Taking advantage of a 5‐year field experiment that controlled timing and density of grazers via fence exclosures, we examined impacts of different grazing practices on the biomass, diversity, and composition of the soil microbial community in a Tibetan alpine meadow. On the basis of high‐throughput sequencing, we found that grazing had no significant effects on bacterial and fungal α‐diversities but altered their community compositions. Although total soil carbon (TC), total soil nitrogen (TN), and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) were related to both bacterial and fungal community compositions, plant shoot biomass only correlated with bacteria, and soil pH and moisture significantly influenced fungi under grazing. Also, grazing altered plant community composition but did not lead to corresponding changes in bacterial or fungal community composition. Moreover, grazing practices affected the relative abundance of specific bacterial and fungal taxa, reducing Actinobacteria but increasing Basidiomycete fungi in WG. Soil TC and TN were higher, and the soil microbial community was more stable in AG than WG, likely due to more stable litter inputs in AG. Together, these results showed that AG was less disruptive to soil microbes, suggesting that AG may provide a viable option for sustainable utilization and conservation of these fragile alpine systems.
Accidental Double Dirac Cones and Robust Edge States in Topological Anisotropic Photonic Crystals
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Dong , Deng Wei‐Min , Zhao Fu‐Li , Dong Jian‐Wen
Published: October 2018

Dirac cones in photonic systems have many profound applications such as achieving zero‐index materials and nontrivial photonic phases. It is shown that double Dirac cones at the zone boundary can be restored by achieving accidental degeneracy between transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes in 2D photonic crystals with anisotropic permittivity. The topological band gap can be obtained by lifting nontrivial double Dirac cones, each of which is formed by two orthogonally polarized linear branches sharing the same mirror parities. Robust transport of gapless and high transmission of gapped edge states are also demonstrated in topological anisotropic photonic crystals, demonstrating that a high transmission flat‐top spectrum is observed in various working frequency regions even when the interface is no longer straight. This may pave the way to a paradigm for a bandwidth‐controllable robust waveguide in topological photonics.
Sustained Virological Response Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Liver Transplant Recipients with Hepatitis C–Related Liver Disease
Authors: Roccaro Giorgio A. , Mitrani Robert , Hwang Wei‐Ting , Forde Kimberly A. , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: October 2018

Posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), an increasingly recognized complication of solid organ transplantation, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation (LT). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a consistent and modifiable risk factor for PTDM. Prior studies have demonstrated improvement in glucose metabolism following sustained virological response (SVR). However, the effect of SVR on the incidence of PTDM has not been previously investigated in a large cohort of LT recipients. We performed a single‐center retrospective cohort study of LT recipients with HCV from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2015 to compare the risk of sustained posttransplant diabetes mellitus (s‐PTDM) prior to and following SVR. SVR was treated as a discrete time varying exposure. The s‐PTDM was defined as de novo diabetes mellitus following LT of a >6‐month duration. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare crude and adjusted time to s‐PTDM prior to and following SVR. There were 256 eligible LT recipients analyzed. Median follow‐up was 41.2 months. Overall, 31 (12.1%) and 178 (69.5%) patients achieved SVR prior to LT and following LT, respectively. During follow‐up, 71 (27.7%) patients developed s‐PTDM. The incidence of s‐PTDM was greatest in the first year after LT. After adjustment for potential confounders, SVR was associated with a significantly reduced risk of s‐PTDM (HR, 0.40; P = 0.048). In conclusion, eradication of HCV is independently associated with a reduced incidence of s‐PTDM. This benefit appears to be most influenced by pre‐LT SVR and persists throughout the post‐LT period. Given the association between PTDM and posttransplant morbidity and mortality, these data provide another motivator for pre‐LT or early post‐LT treatment of HCV.
PEGDA/PVP Microneedles with Tailorable Matrix Constitutions for Controllable Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Gao Ya , Hou Mengmeng , Yang Ruihao , Zhang Lei , Xu Zhigang , Kang Yuejun , Xue Peng
Published: October 2018

Polymeric microneedles have attracted increasing interest for transdermal drug delivery owing to the unique advantages of minimal invasiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and efficient drug‐loading capacity. However, drug release from polymeric microneedles lacks controllability during transdermal administration. Herein, a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PEGDA/PVP) microneedle patch with tailorable matrix constitutions is designed and fabricated using a two‐step ultraviolet (UV) light‐induced polymerization method. Scanning electron microscopic characterization reveals a non‐uniform interior matrix of microneedles, resulting from the aggregation of PVP in the polymerized PEGDA matrix induced by UV irradiation. The fabricated microneedles are found to show sufficient mechanical strength for skin penetration and they can be removed intact after application. The controllable release property of rhodamine B (RhB)‐loaded PEGDA/PVP microneedles is demonstrated in vitro by tuning the fraction of PVP content. The typical characteristics including initial burst and subsequent sustained release are attributed to the rapid dissolution of PVP and prolonged swelling of PEGDA, respectively. In addition, the microneedle insertion site can be completely recovered within 1 h on a porcine skin, indicating the minimally invasive feature of microneedle‐mediated therapeutic delivery. This scalable microneedle platform may serve as a convenient and effective drug carrier for transdermal delivery of various pharmaceuticals under precise control.
Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for treatment of essential tremor: A 2‐year outcome study
Authors: Meng Ying , Solomon Benjamin , Boutet Alexandre , Llinas Maheleth , Scantlebury Nadia , Huang Yuexi , Hynynen Kullervo , Hamani Clement , Fasano Alfonso , Lozano Andres M. , Lipsman Nir , Schwartz Michael L.
Published: October 2018

Background

Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound is an emerging, minimally invasive thermoablation technique for medically refractory essential tremor. Beyond the initial year, data regarding efficacy and potential predictors of efficacy are still preliminary.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess the outcome at 2 years and the association between lesion volume and outcome 1 year after treatment.

Methods

We reviewed data from 37 patients who underwent unilateral magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy, with primary outcome being dominant tremor subscore of the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor. We used multivariable linear regression to model initial lesion volume with 1‐year outcome, adjusting for other clinically relevant variables.

Results

Although we detected a trend in loss of clinical benefit within the first year, the dominant tremor score at 2 years continued to be significantly improved (43.4%, 95% confidence interval 27.8%‐59.0%) from baseline. Secondarily, initial lesion volume is significantly associated with 1‐year outcome.

Conclusion

Our findings show that magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy results in sustained tremor reduction for medically refractory essential tremor even in the long term, and we highlight areas for improvement.
Current technological trends in biosensors, nanoparticle devices and biolabels: Hi‐tech network sensing applications
Authors: Vigneshvar Senthilkumaran , Senthilkumaran Balasubramanian
Published: October 2018

Biosensors are micro‐analytical devices usually coupled to a bio‐integrated transducer that emits signal to measure specific molecules as an analyte, either qualitatively or quantitatively for various downstream applications. Improved detection methods at quantum level in nanoscale became a reality due to the invention of integrated circuits involving nanoparticle devices and biolabels. Next level of discoveries leads to the identification of novel particulates to improve the specificity and sensitivity for single analyte detection. Although different kinds of biosensors show promise for multifaceted applications in science and technology, certain limitations do exist in terms of portability, selectivity and sensitivity as well as in multi‐analyte detection. Recent methodical advancements involving nanomaterials or nanoparticles/metals in combination with biomarkers or biolabels as sensors provide new insights to solve these limitations to prepare flawless detecting devices. These technical advances are evident in modern‐day sensors including hand‐held, smartphone‐based, wearable and flexible sensors developed for multifaceted applications. This concise review article describes the new technological trends in the development of biosensors integrated to nanoparticle devices and/or biolabels involving hi‐tech network system for better efficiency. Future perspectives on new technological developments for effective combination of several nanomaterials and biolabels with strategic engineering methodology were highlighted.
Sensitivity of tropical cyclone predictions in the coupled atmosphere–ocean model WRF‐3DPWP to surface roughness schemes
Authors: Greeshma Mohan , Srinivas Challa V. , Hari Prasad Kottu B.R.R. , Baskaran Ram , Venkatraman Balasubramanian
Published: October 2018

The sensitivity of tropical cyclone simulations in a coupled ocean–atmospheric model WRF‐3DPWP to surface roughness parameterizations is investigated. Six cyclones, Hudhud, Phailin, Helen, Jal, Nilam and Khaimuk, which occurred in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) during 2008–2014, are simulated. Three schemes for drag and enthalpy co‐efficients (control (CNTL): Garrett C
d and C
k, Opt1: Donelan C
d + Constant C
k, Opt2: Donelan C
d + Garret C
k) are used. India Meteorological Department (IMD) best track parameters are used for comparison. The results indicate that the simulated cyclone intensity is highly sensitive to the formulation of drag and enthalpy co‐efficients in all cyclone categories, whereas the simulated tracks for strong cyclones only are affected by these schemes. The results showed that CNTL produced better predictions for track and Opt2 for intensity for the three cyclones. An improvement of 12.3, 35.2 and 34.9% in central sea level pressure (CSLP) and 2.9, 31.5 and 45.9% in maximum surface winds (MSW) at 24, 48 and 72 hr respectively are found with Opt2 over Opt1. Simulations showed the model enthalpy co‐efficients mainly affected the intensity of the cyclones by producing a wind‐induced surface heat exchange (WISHE)‐type of feedback through heat and moisture fluxes and warm‐core structure. Opt1 produced highly intensified cyclones due to simulating large enthalpy fluxes associated with a high C
k/C
d ratio. The stronger wind‐induced moisture fluxes, higher vorticity and strong vertical motion associated with large enthalpy fluxes all support stronger simulated cyclones in Opt1 compared with CNTL and Opt2. The study shows that the decreasing C
k for higher winds in Opt2 produced realistic intensity predictions.
Stability of a tree‐shaped network of strings and beams
Authors: Ammari Kaïs , Shel Farhat
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we study the stability of a tree‐shaped network of elastic strings and beams with some feedbacks at the ends. The whole system is asymptotically stable. Moreover, the energy of the solution decay exponentially to zero if there is no beam following a string (from the root to the leaves) and decay polynomially if not. Our technique is based on a frequency domain method.
The Robin problem for bending of elastic plates
Authors: Constanda Christian , Doty Dale
Published: October 2018

The solution of the Robin problem in a finite domain for the system of equations modeling the bending of elastic plates with transverse shear deformation is approximated by means of a generalized Fourier series method closely connected to the structure of the boundary integral equation treatment of the problem. The theory is exemplified by numerical computation that shows a high degree of accuracy and efficiency.
Convergence of a method based on the exponential integrator and Fourier spectral discretization for stiff stochastic PDEs
Authors: Asgari Zohreh , Hosseini S. Mohammad
Published: October 2018

In this article, we propose and analyze some efficient numerical methods for the solution of a class of stiff stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) with additive noise. First, we apply the polynomial chaos (PC) expansion to treat the randomness, which results to a set of deterministic stiff PDEs. Then this system of PDEs is discretized in space by the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method, enabling us to use the FFT algorithm to reduce computational cost efficiently. To overcome the instability in discretizing time component of resulting system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we apply the exponential time differencing (ETD), integrating factor Runge‐Kutta (IFRK) and modified exponential time differencing Runge‐Kutta (ETDRKB) methods. We also analyze the strong error bound of numerical approximation in a framework of Lipschitz nonlinearities for the method based on the ETDRKB scheme. Some numerical experiments are included to demonstrate the performance and convergence of methods. Numerical results show that the method based on the ETDRKB scheme is more efficient for stiff SPDEs.
On a systems involving fractional Kirchhoff‐type equations and Krasnoselskii's genus
Authors: Costa Augusto , Pereira Fabio
Published: October 2018

We consider a class of variational systems involving fractional Kirchhoff‐type equations of the form:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5295:mma5295-math-0001
where s ∈ (0,1), N > 2s,
a smooth and bounded domain, the functions Fu, Fv, M1 and M2 are continuous and ( − Δ)s is the fractional Laplacian operator. In this paper, we show that, under appropriate growth conditions on the nonlinearities Fu and Fv and on the nonnegative functions M1 and M2, the (weak) solutions are precisely the critical points of a related functional defined on a fractional Hilbert space Y(Ω) = X(Ω) × X(Ω) and the existence infinitely many solutions can be obtained by the use of the Krasnoselskii's genus. Besides, a regularity result can also be obtained by using specific results for systems in conjunction with the growth assumptions of these functions.
An effective way regarding to coupling reduction and pattern correction in base station design
Authors: Huang He
Published: October 2018

An effective method regarding to coupling reduction and pattern correction in base station antenna design is developed. Initially, a hybrid antenna with one lower band element, two middle band elements, two higher band elements, and a reflector is designed. It is found that a “C‐shaped” current loop is formed by the horizontal radiating arm of the middle band element, its vertical balun ground, and the horizontal reflector. Strong coupling between the lower and middle band elements occurs, making the lower band beamwidth nonconvergent. Hence, a middle band element with comparatively enclosed feeding structure is chosen to interrupt the resonant loop, thus weakening the coupling among those elements. Then, a π‐shaped metal plate and rectangle baffles are added to finely reshape the radiation pattern of these elements. As a result, the coupling between these elements are weakened and the HPBWs of the proposed antenna can keep an extremely stable value of 65° ± 5°. The discovery and analysis of coupling mechanism has great value for improving the radiation performance of the antenna array.
Dual‐mode bandpass filter based on substrate‐integrated waveguide loaded with complementary split ring resonators
Authors: Chaudhury Soumit Samadder , Awasthi Seema , Singh Rajat Kumar
Published: October 2018

A compact dual‐mode bandpass filter adapted from circular substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) is presented in this paper. The excited modes of the cavity are controlled by introducing metal vias and loading complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) to the cavity. Higher order dual resonant modes are used to generate the passband response. Single ring CSRRs with double splits are loaded in the SIW cavity to provide independent control over the passband resonant modes. The loading of CSRRs contributes to further size reduction of the cavity. The fundamental mode of the cavity is controlled by using optimally configured metal vias. Thus, a nearly symmetric passband response and an improved out‐of‐band response below the dual‐mode passband are achieved by suppressing the fundamental mode. The modified SIW cavity loaded with CSRRs reduces the size of the standard circular cavity by 83%. The proposed bandpass filter has center frequency at 8.7 GHz with 14% fractional bandwidth. 0.7 dB is the measured minimum insertion loss with a return loss better than 20 dB.
A 470‐990 MHz digital‐controlled VCO with temperature compensation
Authors: Su Ching‐Hong , Chen Hsiao‐Chin
Published: October 2018

A 470‐990 MHz ring oscillator with 10‐bit digital control is implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. A complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) current bias is employed to achieve temperature compensation. Operating from a 1.8 V supply, the oscillator consumes the currents of 5.41 mA and 15.15 mA at 470 MHz and 990 MHz, respectively. Measurement results show that the frequency drift of the oscillator is within 1% from−10 to 80°C.
Diet and Condition of Age-0 Scaphirhynchus Sturgeon: Implications for Shallow-Water Habitat Restoration
Authors: Civiello Anthony P. , Gosch Nathan J. C. , Gemeinhardt Todd R. , Miller Marcus L. , Bonneau Joseph L. , Chojnacki Kimberly A. , DeLonay Aaron J. , Long James M.
Published: October 2018

Insufficient food during early life could limit the population growth of endangered Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River. Shallow-water habitat restoration is intended to provide nursery benefits, including food, for young sturgeon, but the effect of shallow-water habitat on their diet is unknown. Age-0 Pallid Sturgeon are rare, providing little opportunity for direct evaluation; however, studying the closely related and abundant Shovelnose Sturgeon S. platorynchus may provide valuable information to guide habitat restoration efforts. We compared diet, body condition (lipid content), and change in body weight (24-h bioenergetics simulation) for postdrift, age-0 sturgeon among five reaches ranging widely in shallow-water habitat availability. Lipid content of satiated and emaciated laboratory-reared individuals were compared with that of wild-caught fish. In general, shallow-water habitat availability appeared to have little effect on the variables examined. Regardless of reach, wild-caught fish primarily consumed chironomids, and empty stomachs were rare. Additionally, differences in prey weight, lipid content, or the modeled change in body weight did not usually correspond to differences in shallow-water habitat availability. Instead, we found annual differences, as prey weight consumed and the percentage of fish with modeled weight gain was often higher in 2015 than 2014, while the opposite was true for the percentage of fish with lipid content values that were comparable with the emaciated laboratory standard. Overall, our findings complement recent suggestions that shallow-water habitat restoration efforts, as previously implemented, may not benefit sturgeon populations. Our results coupled with previous research suggest that the lower Missouri River prey base can support a stable Shovelnose Sturgeon population; however, additional research is needed to determine whether this applies to Pallid Sturgeon.
Double quantum filtered 23Na MRI with magic angle excitation of human skeletal muscle in the presence of B0 and B1 inhomogeneities
Authors: Gast Lena V. , Gerhalter Teresa , Hensel Bernhard , Uder Michael , Nagel Armin M.
Published: October 2018

Double quantum filtered 23Na MRI with magic angle excitation (DQF‐MA) can be used to selectively detect sodium ions located within anisotropic structures such as muscle fibers. It might therefore be a promising tool to analyze the microscopic environment of sodium ions, for example in the context of osmotically neutral sodium retention. However, DQF‐MA imaging is challenging due to various signal dependences, on both measurement parameters and external influences. The aim of this work was to examine how B0 in combination with B1 inhomogeneities alter the DQF‐MA signal intensity. We showed that, in the presence of B0 inhomogeneities, flip angle schemes with only one 54.7° pulse can be favorable compared with the classical 90°‐54.7°‐54.7° scheme. DQF‐MA images of the human lower leg were acquired at B0 = 3 T with a nominal spatial resolution of 12 × 12 × 36 mm3 within an acquisition time of TAcq < 10 min, and compared with spin density weighted (DW), as well as triple quantum filtration (TQF) 23Na images. We found mean normalized signal‐to‐noise ratios of TQF/DW = 13.7 ± 2.3% (tibialis anterior), 11.9 ± 2.3% (soleus) and 11.4 ± 2.2% (gastrocnemius medialis), as well as DQF‐MA/DW = 4.7 ± 1.1% (tibialis anterior), 3.3 ± 0.73% (soleus) and 3.4 ± 0.6% (gastrocnemius medialis). These ratios might serve as additional measures in future clinical studies of sodium retention within human skeletal muscle. However, the influence of B0 and B1 inhomogeneities should be considered when interpreting DQF‐MA images.
Accurate computations with Laguerre matrices
Authors: Delgado Jorge , Orera Héctor , Peña Juan Manuel
Published: October 2018

This paper provides an accurate method to obtain the bidiagonal factorization of collocation matrices of generalized Laguerre polynomials and of Lah matrices, which in turn can be used to compute with high relative accuracy the eigenvalues, singular values, and inverses of these matrices. Numerical examples are included.
Randomized algorithms for total least squares problems
Authors: Xie Pengpeng , Xiang Hua , Wei Yimin
Published: October 2018

Motivated by the recently popular probabilistic methods for low‐rank approximations and randomized algorithms for the least squares problems, we develop randomized algorithms for the total least squares problem with a single right‐hand side. We present the Nyström method for the medium‐sized problems. For the large‐scale and ill‐conditioned cases, we introduce the randomized truncated total least squares with the known or estimated rank as the regularization parameter. We analyze the accuracy of the algorithm randomized truncated total least squares and perform numerical experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of our randomized algorithms. The randomized algorithms can greatly reduce the computational time and still maintain good accuracy with very high probability.
Oral and Post‐Oral Actions of Low‐Calorie Sweeteners: A Tale of Contradictions and Controversies
Authors: Glendinning John I.
Published: October 2018

Objective: Many scientists and laypeople alike have concerns about low‐calorie sweeteners (LCSs). These concerns stem from both a dissatisfaction with the taste of LCSs and reports that they cause metabolic disruptions (e.g., weight gain, glucose intolerance).

Methods: This article provides a critical review of the literature on LCSs from the standpoint of their taste, gastrointestinal, and metabolic effects; biological fate in the body; and impact on ingestion and glucose homeostasis.

Results and Conclusions: Mammals can readily discriminate between LCSs and sugars because both types of sweetener activate distinct oral and post‐oral sensory pathways. LCSs differ in their ability to access post‐oral tissues, but few studies have incorporated this observation into their design. It is difficult to extrapolate results between mice, rats, and humans because of interspecies differences in the taste and post‐oral actions of LCSs and the fact that investigators often use different response measures in rodents and humans. There is confounding in the experimental design of some of the most widely cited studies of LCS‐induced metabolic disruptions. The uncritical acceptance of these studies has generated considerable controversy. More work is needed to obtain a clearer understanding of the metabolic effects of LCSs.
Development and Application of Carbon‐Layer‐Stabilized, Nitrogen‐Doped, Bamboo‐Like Carbon Nanotube Catalysts in CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: Sikora Emőke , Prekob Ádám , Halasi Gyula , Vanyorek László , Pekker Péter , Kristály Ferenc , Varga Tamás , Kiss János , Kónya Zoltán , Viskolcz Béla
Published: October 2018

Nitrogen‐doped, bamboo‐like carbon nanotubes (BCNTs) were synthesized from butylamine by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD method). The nanotubes were oxidized by H2SO4/HNO3 treatment and used to prepare calcium alginate gelled BCNT spheres. These beads were first carbonized and then Pd, Rh and Ni nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of the spheres. These systems were then applied as catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation. The BCNT support was examined by Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared catalysts were characterized by HRTEM and SEM. The oxidation pretreatment of BCNTs was successful, with the electrokinetic potential of the water‐based dispersion of BCNTs measuring −59.9 mV, meaning the nanotube dispersion is stable. Pyridinic and graphitic types of incorporated nitrogen centers were identified in the structure of the nanotubes, according to the XPS measurements. The Pd‐containing BCNT sphere catalyst was the most efficient in the catalytic studies. The highest conversion was reached on the Pd catalyst at 723 K, as well as at 873 K. The difference in the formation rate of CO was much less at 873 K between the Pd and Rh compared to the 723 K values. Accordingly, the application of Pd‐containing BCNT/carbon‐supported catalyst favored the generation of CO. However, the Ni‐BCNT/carbon catalyst leads to the formation of CH4 as the major product.
Explaining global network emergence and nonemergence: Comparing the processes of network formation for tuberculosis and pneumonia
Authors: Quissell Kathryn , Berlan David , Shiffman Jeremy , Walt Gill
Published: October 2018

Increased attention is being paid to networks in public administration and development policy, yet there is limited understanding of how voluntary global networks form and why some of these networks cohere and emerge faster than others. Comparisons between the global networks for tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia reveal processes of network formation relevant to other contexts. Though selected as most similar paired cases, their trajectories of network emergence diverged and TB's formed far earlier and more easily. By using a theoretic framework allowing for networks to be considered as outcomes of a policy process, this study reveals an iterative process of network emergence corresponding to the three streams model of issue attention. Successful emergence is based on building shared identities among policy entrepreneurs, agreeing on issue frames, creating institutions, developing relationships, sustaining latent networks during issue neglect, and linking to opportunities in the policy environment. Further, this study reveals that once formed, network structures enable access to political opportunities and more effective development policymaking and governance. Additionally, for networks struggling to take shape, we identify deliberate efforts that can overcome earlier iterations of failed attempts at network formation.
Ile‐Lys‐Val‐ala‐Val (IKVAV) peptide for neuronal tissue engineering
Authors: Patel Rajkumar , Santhosh Mallesh , Dash Jatis Kumar , Karpoormath Rajshekhar , Jha Amitabh , Kwak Jeonghun , Patel Madhumita , Kim Jong Hak
Published: October 2018

Despite the great advances in microsurgery, some neural injuries cannot be treated surgically. Stem cell therapy is a potential approach for treating neuroinjuries and neurodegenerative disease. Researchers have developed various bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering, exhibiting enhanced cell viability, attachment, migration, neurite elongation, and neuronal differentiation, with the aim of developing functional tissue grafts that can be incorporated in vivo. Facilitating the appropriate interactions between the cells and extracellular matrix is crucial in scaffold design. Modification of scaffolds with biofunctional motifs such as growth factors, drugs, or peptides can improve this interaction. In this review, we focus on the laminin‐derived Ile‐Lys‐Val‐Ala‐Val peptide as a biofunctional epitope for neuronal tissue engineering. Inclusion of this bioactive peptide within a scaffold is known to enhance cell adhesion as well as neuronal differentiation in both 2‐dimensional and 3‐dimensional environments. The in vivo application of this peptide is also briefly described.
Zinc ferrite @ polyindole nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and gas sensing applications
Authors: Anjitha T. , Anilkumar T. , Mathew G. , Ramesan M. T.
Published: October 2018

This research work deals with the synthesis and characterization of polyindole (PIN)/zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanocomposite. In situ polymerization of indole with different contents of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles has been employed in the work. Structural, morphological, thermal, gas sensing and electrical properties of the prepared composites have been evaluated. The shifting of peaks in the Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectrum has been found to reveal the interaction of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles with the PIN matrix. Crystalline nature of the nanocomposites resulting from the presence of crystalline ZnFe2O4 has been revealed by X‐ray diffraction studies (XRD). Scanning electron microscope and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles at lower loading while at 15 wt% there are particle agglomerations. Improved thermal stability with the addition of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles in PIN has been confirmed by thermogravimetry while the enhancement in glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite with respect to pure polymer has been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. The addition of nanoparticles greatly enhanced the alternating current and direct current conductivity, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of PIN. The composite with 7 wt% shows the maximum properties. The fabricated composites showed excellent sensitivity and fast response to ammonia gas at room temperature. Thus the study reveals that the PIN/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites can be considered as a potential candidate for the applications in sensors and nanoelectronic devices. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2802–2811, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Medication history assessment in research: A randomized controlled trial comparing tablet‐based (eMedHAT) versus structured interview (MedHAT)
Authors: Green Jody L. , Anderson Victoria , Dart Richard C. , Heard Kennon
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Accurate capture of medication use is important for high quality research. For epidemiologic studies, medication histories are the most common measure of exposure when trying to identify associations between medications and outcomes. Concomitant medications can alter the efficacy or safety of study drugs in clinical trials. However, there are few studies evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of methods to collect these histories. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of medication histories collected by structured interview to histories captured using a tablet‐based application.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial. Subjects were instructed to record all prescription medications, non‐prescription medications, vitamins, and dietary supplements in a diary for 30 days. At the end of the diary collection, subjects were randomized to providing a medication history during a structured interview by a trained research assistant (MedHAT) or using a tablet‐based application (eMedHAT). The accuracy of these histories was compared using an adjusted analysis. We also measured the duration of the history collection and data entry.

Results

A total of 111 subjects were in the MedHAT group and 109 subjects were in the eMedHAT group. Recall of medications for the 30‐day period was similar for MedHAT and eMedHAT (76.9% versus 75.2%, respectively). The total time required for researchers and subjects for history collection and data entry was 16 minutes shorter for the tablet‐based method.

Conclusions

Tablet‐based medication histories were as accurate as histories obtained by research assistants and required less time for the researcher.
Composites Overmolding Expanding Opportunities
Authors: Malnati Peggy
Published: October 2018

Overmolding—the technique of sequentially covering all or part of a plastic or composite part with another layer of a related plastic or composite from the same chemical family—is not new. However, there is both renewed interest in the technique and active work in the technology area based on a new, day‐and‐a‐half‐long technical conference in the Detroit suburbs that attracted 170 people to see 18 presentations and visit the displays of seven sponsors
Enlightening Possibilities: Plastics Expand Role in Vehicle Lighting Applications
Authors: Malnati Peggy
Published: October 2018

Automotive lighting is something that few people spend much time thinking about—that is until something stops working or someone's eyes are blasted by another car's high beams at night. While lighting is rarely the reason people buy cars, it plays an important safety role in all personal and commercial vehicles—both in terms of making a vehicle more visible to humans and animals as well as improving a driver's ability to see potential problems in the vehicle's path. Not surprisingly, plastics play an important role in these applications and, in fact, are being used for visual branding on many passenger vehicles. Nominations for the SPE Automotive Innovation Awards Competition—organized by the SPE Automotive Division—show just how innovative lighting has become for increasing occupant comfort and safety, adding functionality, and making vehicles memorable to consumers
Uptake and intracellular fate of nona‐arginine peptide in yeast
Authors: Banerjee Riddhi , Deb Rachayeeta , Roy Karabi , Chatterjee Sunanda , Nagotu Shirisha
Published: October 2018

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) which are capable of crossing biological membranes are important tools for the delivery of cargo in modern day science and medicine. Mammalian cells are commonly used as model systems to study the uptake mechanism of several CPPs. In contrast, there are very few reports describing the mode of internalization of CPPs in fungal cells. Despite these studies, our understanding of the mechanism of translocation of CPPs in yeast is ambiguous. In this work, we evaluated the uptake of carboxyfluorescein‐labeled nona‐arginine (CF‐R9) CPP into the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Translocation of R9 was concentration and time‐dependent and did not largely affect the viability of the cells. Endocytosis was the preferred mode of uptake when the cells were grown at 30 °C. A significant effect on the translocation of R9 was observed in cells treated with chemicals that inhibit energy‐dependent uptake and endocytosis. A substantial reduction in the uptake of the peptide was also observed in mutant cells lacking End3p, an essential protein for endocytosis. Interestingly, as proposed for other cell types, significant direct uptake was not observed in our experimental conditions. To our knowledge, this study for the first time reports the mechanism of translocation of R9 in yeast cells.
Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend film: effects of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol) on the properties
Authors: Saha Debarghya , Samal Sushanta K , Biswal Manoranjan , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K
Published: October 2018

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film plasticized with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at various weight percentages (1–5 wt%) was prepared to improve the elongation, thus overcoming the inherent brittleness of the material. After optimization of the amount of PEO (4 wt%) through mechanical analysis, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a well‐established plasticizer of PLA, was added (0.5–1.5 wt%) without hampering the transparency and tensile strength much, and again its amount was optimized (1 wt%). Neat PLA and PLA with the other components were solvent‐cast in the form of films using chloroform as a solvent. Improvement in elongation at break and reduction in tensile strength suggested a plasticizing effect of both PEO and PEG on PLA. Thermal and infrared data revealed that the addition of PEO induced β crystals in PLA. Scanning electron micrographs indicated a porous surface morphology of the blends. PEO alone in PLA exhibited the best optical clarity with higher percentage crystallinity, while PEG incorporation in PLA/PEO resulted in superior barrier properties. Also, the stability of the blends under a wide range of pH means prospective implementation of the films in packaging of food and non‐food‐grade products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A study of an adapted social–emotional learning: Small group curriculum in a school setting
Authors: Green Jennifer H. , Passarelli Rebecca E. , Smith‐Millman Mills K. , Wagers Keshia , Kalomiris Anne E. , Scott Madeline N.
Published: October 2018

Clinicians and training programs strive to implement evidence‐based practices and manualized treatments with fidelity. However, the constraints of a local setting may limit the extent to which this is possible. In the current study, an adapted model of an evidence‐based social–emotional learning small group curriculum, the Incredible Years Children’s Small Group Training Series (Webster‐Stratton, 2004), was implemented and evaluated in an elementary school setting. Results of the study demonstrated statistically significant decreases in problem behaviors and intensity of problem behaviors, as rated by teachers. Teachers also reported improvement in classroom behavior, emotion regulation, problem‐solving, and friendship skills, as well as a high overall level of satisfaction with the intervention itself. Discussion of the results includes a review of the strengths and limitations associated with outcome research in a naturalistic setting, suggestions to consider when adapting evidence‐based programs, and recommendations for future research.
What we know and do not know about supervision in school psychology: A systematic mapping and review of the literature between 2000 and 2017
Authors: Newman Daniel S. , Simon Dennis J. , Swerdlik Mark E.
Published: October 2018

Supervision is a distinct competency area in professional psychology with a burgeoning research base. Yet it remains unclear to what extent the broad supervision research base generalizes specifically to supervision of psychological services in schools for both preservice trainees and credentialed school psychologists. The purposes of this study were to map and review current evidence regarding supervision in school psychology; consider the evidence in the context of the broader psychology supervision literature; and reflect on next steps for training, practice, and research of supervision in school psychology. A systematic review across school psychology journals and psychological supervision journals found only 37 peer refereed articles (21 empirical and 16 conceptual) published on the topic of supervision in school psychology since the year 2000. The topical coverage of these articles is summarized, including its contributions and limitations. Implications are drawn for future research of supervision in school psychology.
Comparing the effects of ClassDojo with and without Tootling intervention in a postsecondary special education classroom setting
Authors: Lipscomb Anne H. , Anderson Megan , Gadke Daniel L.
Published: October 2018

ClassDojo and Tootling are two intervention techniques rooted in behavioral theory used in classwide behavior management purposes. ClassDojo is a technology‐based behavior tracking system, allowing users to provide or remove points to students based on their classroom behaviors. Tootling provides students with the opportunity to deliver positive feedback to their peers in the form of tootles. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of ClassDojo alone and Tootling plus ClassDojo for decreasing the problem behavior in a postsecondary classroom. Participants included seven emerging adult students (19–24 years old) with intellectual disabilities in a Comprehensive Transitional Program at a major university. A single subject A/A + B + C alternating treatment design was implemented to compare the intervention conditions in both baseline and ongoing control conditions. Visual analysis suggested that the ClassDojo‐alone condition produced the greatest reduction in problem behavior for the classroom as a whole and across most individual students. Further, there were strong effects using nonoverlap of all pairs of both ClassDojo and Tootling plus ClassDojo relative to baseline conditions. Limitations of the study, implication for practice, and future research are discussed.
Thermally amendable tailor‐made acrylate copolymers via RAFT polymerization and ultrafast alder‐ene “click” chemistry
Authors: Mondal Prantik , Raut Sagar Kumar , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: October 2018

This investigation reports the preparation of thermally amendable copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) via reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization followed by Alder‐ene reaction. The chemical compositions and molecular weights of the copolymers were determined via 1H NMR and gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses. The hydroxyl groups of PHEMA in the copolymer were modified to incorporate indole functional group, which was further modified via an ultrafast Alder‐ene reaction using a bifunctional 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione (TAD) derivative. The thermoreversible character of the resultant crosslinked network was studied via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FT‐IR analyses. Different microscopic analyses were performed to study the self‐healing property and self‐healing efficiency of the crosslinked network. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2310–2318
The effect of dendritic pendants on the folding of amphiphilic copolymers via supramolecular interactions
Authors: ter Huurne Gijs M. , Vantomme Ghislaine , van den Bersselaar Bart W. L. , Thota Bala N. S. , Voets Ilja K. , Palmans Anja R. A. , Meijer E. W.
Published: October 2018

The supramolecular folding of amphiphilic heterograft copolymers equipped with dendritic pendants is investigated using a combination of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Hereto, the linear poly(ethylene glycol) pendants normally used to convey water compatibility are partially substituted with branched analogues. For one set of copolymers, second‐generation polyglycerol dendrons are directly attached to the polymer backbone, while for the other a hydrophilic linker is placed in between. The results show that the branching of the hydrophilic pendants affects the local structure of the folded copolymer but does not influence the overall conformation and single‐chain character of the folded copolymers in solution. All copolymers fold into 4–5 nm single‐chain polymeric nanoparticles with a very compact spherical morphology, independent of the dendritic content of the copolymer. Intriguingly, the incorporation of the dendritic pendants affects the formation of a structured interior even at low incorporation ratios. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 411–421
Exploring the relationship between the body self and the sense of coherence in women after surgical treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Jabłoński Marcin J. , Mirucka Beata , Streb Joanna , Słowik Agnieszka J. , Jach Robert
Published: October 2018

Objective

Analysis of the relationship between the body self (BS) and the sense of coherence (SOC) in women after breast surgery due to cancer in comparison with a control group.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study in a group of 78 women using the body–self questionnaire (BS‐Q), and the life orientation questionnaire (SOC‐29). Statistics based on the IBM SPSS v.25.

Results

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) has shown significant differences based on groups in experiencing intimacy, manifesting femininity, body acceptance, and manageability. In particular, manifesting femininity and body acceptance showed a big effect size (0.30 < partial ɳ2 < 0.32). Correlation analysis between the BS‐Q and SOC‐29 subscales and Fisher's r to z transformation determines that the differences between groups were significant in favour of healthy women in two sets of variables: experiencing intimacy/meaningfulness and attitude to food and weight/manageability.

Conclusions

Breast cancer survivors are at greater risk of developing decreased body acceptance and problems in intimacy, and have less correlation than the healthy control group between manageability and meaningfulness with an appropriate attitude to food and intimate relationship with their partner, respectively. A higher manifestation of femininity in the treated group can be considered a positive but socioculturally conditioned coping strategy.