bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding tumor endothelial cell abnormalities to develop ideal anti‐angiogenic therapies
Authors: Hida Kyoko , Hida Yasuhiro , Shindoh Masanobu
Published: February 2008

Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for solid tumor progression and metastasis. Tumor blood vessels have been shown to differ from their normal counterparts, for example, by changes in morphology. An important concept in tumor angiogenesis is that tumor endothelial cells are assumed to be genetically normal, even though these endothelial cells are structurally and functionally abnormal. To date, many anti‐angiogenic drugs have been developed, but, their therapeutic efficacy is not dramatic and they have also been reported to cause toxic side effects. To develop ideal antiangiogenic therapies, understanding tumor endothelial cell abnormalities is important. We have isolated tumor endothelial cells from mouse tumor xenografts and have shown that tumor‐associated endothelial cells are abnormal. Tumor‐associated endothelial cells upregulate many genes, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Tumor‐associated endothelial cells are also more sensitive to EGF. They also have relatively large, heterogeneous nuclei. Unexpectedly, tumor endothelial cells are cytogenetically abnormal. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that freshly isolated uncultured tumor endothelial cells were aneuploid and had abnormal multiple centrosomes. The degree of aneuploidy was exacerbated by passage in culture. In marked contrast, freshly isolated normal skin and adipose endothelial cells were diploid. They had normal centrosomes and remained cytogenetically stable in culture even up to 20 passages. We conclude that tumor endothelial cells can acquire cytogenetic abnormalities while in the tumor microenvironment. Questions as to whether or not tumor endothelial cells become resistant to antiangiogenic drugs are thus raised. Our preliminary data show that tumor endothelial cells are more resistant to certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Studies to evaluate the mechanism for cytogenetic abnormalities in tumor endothelial cells are underway. It is becoming quite clear that the tumor vasculature is much more complex and unpredictable than initially perceived. Here, we provide an overview of the current studies on tumor endothelial cell abnormalities. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 459–466)
Changes in macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in a medium‐sized river following a breach of a low‐head dam
Authors: MALONEY KELLY O. , DODD HOPE R. , BUTLER STEVEN E. , WAHL DAVID H.
Published: February 2008

1. Dam removal has great potential for restoring rivers and streams, yet limited data exist documenting recovery of associated biota within these systems following removals, especially on larger systems. This study examined the effects of a dam breach on benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in the Fox River, Illinois, U.S.A.

2. Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected above and below the breached dam and three nearby intact dams for 1 year pre‐ and 3 years post‐breach (2 years of additional pre‐breach fish data were obtained from previous surveys). We also examined the effects of the breach on associated habitat by measuring average width, depth, flow rate and bed particle size at each site.

3. Physical habitat at the former impoundment (IMP) became comparable to free‐flowing sites (FF) within 1 year of the breach (width and depth decreased, flow rate and bed particle size increased). We also found a strong temporal effect on depth and flow rate at all surveyed sites.

4. Following the breach, relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (largely due to hydropsychid caddisflies) increased, whereas relative abundance of Ostracoda decreased, in the former IMP to levels comparable to FF sites. High variation in other metrics (e.g. total taxa, diversity) precluded determination of an effect of the breach on these aspects of the assemblage. However, non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations indicated that overall macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at the former IMP shifted to a characteristically FF assemblage 2 years following the breach.

5. Total fish taxa and a regional fish index of biotic integrity became more similar in the former IMP to FF sites following the breach. However, other fish metrics (e.g. biomass, diversity, density) did not show a strong response to the breach of the dam. Ordinations of abundance data suggested the fish assemblage only slightly shifted to FF characteristics 3 years after the breach.

6. Effects of the breach to the site immediately below the former dam included minor alterations in habitat (decreased flow rate and increased particle size) and short‐term changes in several macroinvertebrate metrics (e.g. decreased assemblage diversity and EPT richness for first post‐year), but longer‐term alterations in several fish metrics (e.g. decreased assemblage richness for all three post‐years; decreased density for first two post‐years). However, NMDS ordinations suggested no change to overall assemblage structure for both macroinvertebrates and fish following the breach at this downstream site.

7. Collectively, our results support the effectiveness of dam removal as a restoration practice for impaired streams and rivers. However, differences in response times of macroinvertebrates and fish coupled with the temporal effect on several habitat variables highlight the need for longer‐term studies.
Sensitivity and specificity of different skin prick tests with latex extracts in pediatric patients with suspected natural rubber latex allergy – A cohort study
Authors: Bernardini Roberto , Pucci Neri , Azzari Chiara , Novembre Elio , De Martino Maurizio , Milani Massimo
Published: February 2008

Skin prick tests (SPT) with latex extracts are commonly used in the diagnostic approach of natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy. Non‐ammoniated latex extracts are commonly utilized for this purpose. There is only one commercially available ammoniated latex extract for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. To our knowledge, no direct clinical comparisons have been made so far comparing sensitivity and specificity of different latex extracts in patients with clinically confirmed latex allergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of non‐ammoniated or ammoniated SPT of latex extracts in children with a clinical history suggestive of NRL allergy. Forty‐two subjects (age 4–15 yr), referred to our Allergy Clinic Center, with suspected clinical signs of NRL allergy were evaluated. Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: pediatric patients of age above 4 yr with a suspected clinical history of urticaria, rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma due to sensitization to NRL. A definitive NRL allergy diagnosis was made on the identification of latex‐specific IgE (>0.7 kU/l), positive glove use test and a highly indicative clinical history. NRL allergy was confirmed in 26 (62%) subjects. SPT for latex were performed with three different SPT solutions containing non‐ammoniated NRL extracts (product A: Lofarma SpA, Milan, Italy and product B: Stallergenes, Milan, Italy) or an ammoniated extract (product C: ALK‐Abellò, Madrid, Spain). A positive result was considered as the appearance of a wheal with a diameter >3 mm. In patients with confirmed NRL allergy, wheal mean (s.d.) diameters were 7.3 (2.1) with product C, and 5.7 (2.3) and 4.4 (1.8) with products B and A respectively (p = 0.004 C vs. B and A). Mean wheal diameters were significantly higher for product C in comparison with product B and A (p < 0.04). Sensitivity according to the different products tested was 65% (product A); 81% (product B) and 96% (product C) (p = 0.0084; C vs. A). No difference between the three products was observed regarding diagnostic specificity (94%, 88% and 94%, product A, B and C, respectively). Our study shows that diagnostic sensitivity of different latex extract for SPT could differ. In this particular clinical setting (i.e., children with NRL allergy) ammoniated latex extract shows a higher sensitivity in comparison with non‐ammoniated products. This aspect should be considered in the diagnostic approach in subjects with suspected NRL allergy. In children with clinical confirmed latex allergy, sensitivity and specificity of different commercially available skin prick test could vary. Ammoniated latex extract has shown a higher sensibility in comparison with non‐ammoniated products.
Influence of mood state on capacity to consent to research in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Misra Sahana , Socherman Robert , Park Byung S , Hauser Peter , Ganzini Linda
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  Experts have debated the ability of patients with bipolar illness to consent to research participation when manic. We compared 25 euthymic bipolar and 26 manic bipolar patients in their understanding of three hypothetical studies of varying complexity.

Methods:  Hypothetical studies were presented as written informed consent forms, which were reread up to three times. Questions included assessment of hypothetical study purposes, procedures, risks and benefits, and voluntariness of participation.

Results:  After adjusting for educational level, subjects with mania had lower mean understanding scores for all three hypothetical studies compared to euthymic subjects on initial assessment. By the end of Trial 3 of each hypothetical study, there were no significant differences between groups. The proportion of subjects with mania who met predetermined pass criteria for sufficient understanding was lower than the proportion of euthymic subjects on initial assessment of the first hypothetical study, but not the other hypothetical studies (odds ratio = 0.24; 95% confidence interval = 0.07–0.8; p = 0.02). Both groups exhibited an increase in the pass proportion by the end of the third trial for each hypothetical study with no significant differences between groups.

Conclusions:  We conclude that subjects with mania exhibited significantly poorer levels of understanding of relevant information in hypothetical research consent forms compared to euthymic subjects when initially presented with research information. The improvement in manic patients’ understanding scores with the iterative review of consent forms suggests that many manic patients may be able to consent to research protocols containing an educational intervention as a part of the informed consent process.
Call divergence is correlated with geographic and genetic distance in greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloides): a strong role for stochasticity in signal evolution?
Authors: IRWIN D. E. , THIMGAN M. P. , IRWIN J. H.
Published: February 2008

Divergence in signalling systems might play a central role in speciation. To assess the importance of possible causes of signal divergence, we examine two types of vocalizations within a geographically variable species complex, the greenish warblers (Phylloscopus trochiloidesSundevall). Calls, which are used by both sexes throughout the year, and songs, which are sung primarily by breeding males, differ distinctly between two distinct Siberian forms. Through a ring of southern populations that connect the northern forms, signal divergence is correlated with both geographic distance and genetic divergence. Calls and songs differ in their particular patterns of geographic variation, probably because of the larger influence of sexual selection on songs than on calls. These patterns are supportive of neither acoustic adaptation nor morphology being major drivers of divergence in vocalizations. Rather, these results support the importance of stochastic evolution of communication systems in the evolution of new species.
A MODEL FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS WITH CRACKS UNDER HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT CONDITIONS
Authors: Goldstein R. V. , Balueva A. V.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— We consider the slow growth of normal tension cracks as quasi‐brittle behaviour under hydrogen embrittlement conditions. Experiments show that the cracking resistance of a material in such cases is not a constant of the material, but is characterized by some function that relates the rate of crack growth to the stress intensity factor. We propose a numerical method for the calculation of opening mode crack growth when the kinetics are controlled by the gas diffusion into the material. The problems under consideration model the fracture phenomena inherent to structures (e.g. pressure vessels, pipelines) that operate in an aggressive medium and in particular a hydrogen environment.

In such problems it is necessary to calculate the pressure variation inside a crack as a result of gas diffusion and crack growth under the action of this pressure. Hence it is necessary to solve problems of diffusion theory and elasticity theory for a cracked medium together with some additional conditions that provide the link between these two fundamental problems.

We study the case of an infinite medium containing a crack which occupies a plane domain of arbitrary shape. To avoid difficulties related to the three‐dimensionality of the problems, we reduce them to two‐dimensional integro‐differential equations for the crack domain. The integro‐differential equation of the elasticity problem of the crack is solved on the basis of the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The crack kinetics are calculated using a scheme previously introduced by one of the authors and then the BEM is used to solve the integral equation for the diffusion‐into‐the‐crack problem similar to the analogous problem of filtration of the fluid into a crack.
GROWTH OF SPHEROIDAL VOIDS IN ELASTIC‐PLASTIC SOLIDS
Authors: Søvik O. P. , Thaulow C.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The effect of void shape on the mechanical behaviour of an elastic‐plastic solid containing an isotropic array of aligned axisymmetric voids is examined. The mechanical response of such a material is studied by means of finite element (FE) analyses of an elementary unit cell containing an isolated void. The void shape is found to have a strong influence on both void growth rate and coalescence strain. This effect is strongest for low stress triaxialities. The numerical results are compared with analytical models of void growth, but none of the examined models give any good predictions of the results obtained numerically. A simple modification of the classical Gurson model is suggested so as to give reasonable correspondence with numerical results. Finally, some practical considerations of void shape effects are given.
MODE I AND MIXED MODE I/II FATIGUE CRACKING IN Ni3Al(CrB) SINGLE CRYSTALS
Authors: Zhang G. P. , Wang Z. G.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Nominal mode I and mixed mode I/II fatigue tests were carried out using the intermetallic compound Ni3Al(CrB) in the form of single crystal specimens. The effects of crystal orientation and load mode on fatigue crack initiation and growth were studied. The fracture surfaces of the single crystals were characterized by a cleavage‐like appearance and cracking occurred either on a single {111} plane or on multiple {111} planes irrespective of whether mode I or mixed mode I/II loadings were applied. It was found that the crack initiation and growth behaviour are dependent on both crystal orientation and applied loading mode. The cracking behaviour predicted by three mixed mode fracture criteria (MTS, SED and G criteria) in polycrystalline materials under mixed mode loading can be understood from the present results on single crystals.
THE BOUSSINESQ WEDGE AND THE Jk, L AND M INTEGRALS
Authors: Seed G. M.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex‐variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path‐dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path‐dependent whereas L and M are path‐independent.

The property that the L and M integrals are path‐independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner‐loaded edge crack in a half‐plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half‐plane.
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ESTIMATES OF FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE IN AN ALUMINIUM‐COPPER ALLOY PART II: A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Ashbaugh N. E. , Dattaguru B. , Khobaib M. , Nicholas T. , Prakash R. V. , Ramamurthy T. S. , Seshadri B. R. , Sunder R.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— A numerical investigation of the fatigue crack closure phenomenon has been performed by an elastic‐plastic finite element analysis. Computer software was developed to consider many aspects affecting plasticity‐induced crack closure. Linear and power‐law hardening models are considered in the finite element analysis. The paper presents results from the study carried out on compact tension (CT) coupons at various crack lengths corresponding to different loading conditions. Finally the results of the analysis are compared with the experimental estimates of fatigue crack closure levels obtained from laser interferometry, scanning‐electron and transmission‐electron fractography presented in Part I of this paper on identical specimens.
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN D16T A1‐ALLOY SHEET SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL OUT‐OF‐PHASE LOADING
Authors: Shaniavski A. A. , Orlov E. F. , Grigoriev V. M.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Fractographic peculiarities of fatigue crack development are studied in cruciform specimens of D16T aluminium alloy under out‐of‐phase biaxial tension and tension‐compression. In the range of the biaxial load ratios λ from −0.5 to +0.5 and an R‐ratio of 0.3, fatigue striation formation took place beyond a crack growth rate near to 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The striation spacing and the crack growth rate increase as the φ‐angle of the out‐of‐phase biaxial loads increases in the range of φ‐angles from 0° to 180°. The ratio between the increment of crack growth, da/dN, and the striation spacing, δ, is approximately 1 to 1 when da/dN is greater than 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The relationship between the number of cycles from the beginning of a test up to the growth rate of 10−6 m/cycle (Nd), and the crack growth period, NP, from when the crack initiates up to the instant when that growth rate is reached, was determined for different λ ratios and φ angles. The value of Nd decreases as the φ angle is increased in the range from 0° to 1807deg;.

Cycle loading parameters must be taken into account in order to describe the crack growth period when using a unified method that involves an equivalent stress intensity factor Ke=KIF1(λ, R)F2(φ). The values of F2(φ) were determined.

The calculated fatigue crack growth period, Nc, applicable up to and including the stage of fatigue striation formation (predicted by using both of the F1(λ, R) and F2(φ) functions) is correlated with the experimental data and the error is of the order of 15%.
CONSIDERATION OF MULTIAXIALITY IN FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION USING THE CLOSURE CONCEPT
Authors: Savaidis G. , Seeger T.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Based on fracture mechanics a model has been developed for predicting the fatigue lifetime to initiate a crack of technical size (2a∼ .5mm) in engineering components under multiaxial‐proportional loading. Using material data determined for uniaxial loading, the model describes and evaluates the elasto‐plastic multiaxial notch stresses and strains using the effective range of the J‐integral, ΔJeff, as a crack tip parameter. Mean stresses, load sequence effects and various modes of crack propagation due to variable amplitude loading with individual multiaxiality ratios can be explicitly considered. The prediction accuracy of the model is demonstrated using experimental fatigue life data determined with unnotched specimens of FeE460 and A15083 for proportional fully‐reversed constant and variable amplitude loading with various multiaxiality ratios.
FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF A PLASMA‐SPRAYED 8%Y2O3‐ZrO2 THERMAL BARRIER COATING
Authors: Rejda E. F. , Socie D. F. , Beardsley B.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Thick thermal barrier coatings with thicknesses on the order of a few millimeters are being developed for use in diesel engines with operating temperatures of about 800°C. In this environment, a coating will experience thermomechanical cycling due to differences in elastic and thermal expansion properties between the coating and the substrate. The inelastic constitutive behavior of the coating material results in both compressive and tensile stresses. To observe the effects of such stresses, specimens of plasma‐sprayed 8%Y2O3‐ZrO2 were fabricated to allow testing of the coating material independent of the substrate. Cyclic compression fatigue tests were conducted at room and high temperature (800°C) to simulate the loading environment to which the coating materials will be exposed during service. At high temperature, the compressive fatigue strength of the coating material increased by nearly 100%. Fatigue tests in tension and combined tension/compression were conducted at room temperature to evaluate the effect of mean stress. It was observed that a varying mean stress had no significant impact on the fatigue lives of the coating material and the fatigue life was controlled by the maximum tensile stress of the cycle. Results from fatigue tests and SEM observations indicated that the damage accumulated during the tensile and the compressive portions of the fatigue cycle were independent of each other.
The Prospects for Foreign Debt Sustainability in Post‐Completion‐Point Countries: Implications of the HIPC‐MDRI Framework
Authors: Nwachukwu Jacinta
Published: February 2008

The Enhanced HIPC Initiative was launched in 1999 to reduce the Net Present Value (NPV) of foreign debt of the world's poorest countries to a sustainable threshold of 150% of their exports. This article applies a simple growth‐with‐debt model to 16 post‐completion‐point HIPCs to assess whether this goal will be met by 2015. Its somewhat optimistic base‐case projections suggest that participation in the current Enhanced HIPC‐MDRI initiative will only reduce the NPV of their total external debt to 176% of exports by this date. Sensitivity tests which expose these countries to adverse exogenous shocks help draw attention to policies that could ensure that they do not again accumulate unsustainable debt levels.
The role of teacher, student and ICT in enhancing student engagement in multiuser virtual environments
Authors: Rappa Natasha Anne , Yip Daniel Kok Hoong , Baey Shi Chen
Published: February 2008

This paper reviews the teaching and learning practices and processes that were adopted in a study that incorporated multi‐user virtual environments to support General Paper teaching and learning. The paper discusses the roles of the teacher, student and ICT in facilitating engaged learning. As this project is the first of its kind for the subject in Singapore, the paper seeks to highlight strategies that were adopted or could have been adopted to facilitate the enactment of such teacher and student roles as well as ensure effective deployment of ICT to support engaged learning.
Knowledge and discipline – knowledge as discipline: aspects of the oral history of Irish sexuality
Authors: Salazar Carles
Published: February 2008

This article examines the recent history of sexual morality in rural Ireland. My thesis is that this history can be defined as a process of structural change in which a normative model has been replaced by a cognitive model. Both models give rise to disciplinary systems but, I argue, they differ from each other in their respective objects: whereas a normative model has the body as its immediate object of discipline, in the cognitive model body discipline is mediated through the individual's self. Since the normative model is grounded in religious values, I consider that this transition can be also interpreted as an instance of the process of secularization.

L’auteur examine l’histoire récente de la moralité sexuelle dans l’Irlande rurale. Sa thèse est que cette histoire peut être définie comme un processus de changement structurel dans lequel un modèle normatif a été remplacé par un modèle cognitif. Les deux modèles donnent tous deux naissance à des systèmes disciplinaires mais, de l’avis de l’auteur, ceux‐ci n’ont pas le même objet : alors que le modèle normatif définit le corps comme objet immédiat de la discipline, la discipline corporelle dans le modèle cognitif est médiée par le Soi de l’individu. Dans la mesure où le modèle normatif est ancré dans les valeurs religieuses, l’auteur considère que cette transition peut aussi être interprétée comme une manifestation du processus de sécularisation.
Underwater photosynthesis and respiration in leaves of submerged wetland plants: gas films improve CO2 and O2 exchange
Authors: Colmer Timothy David , Pedersen Ole
Published: February 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02372.x
Laticifers and secretory ducts: two other tube systems in plants
Authors: Pickard William F.
Published: February 2008

The plant kingdom has elaborated several conducting systems. Three are primarily for mass transport: the aerenchyma (for gas exchange in submerged parts), the phloem (for exchange of nutrients within the plant), and the xylem (largely for transport of water from soil to transpiring leaves). Two others are believed to be primarily defensive and to store under pressure aversive contents which they exude when punctured: the laticifer and the secretory duct. This review provides for the latter two systems the highlights of what is known about their general physiology and ecophysiology but not their metabolism and their molecular biology. It is argued that, given the importance of laticifers and secretory ducts to plant defense against insect herbivory, these structures are under‐investigated and deserve more intensive study.
SELF‐THINNING AND SIZE INEQUALITY DYNAMICS IN A CLONAL SEAWEED (SARGASSUM LAPAZEANUM, PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Rivera Mónica , Scrosati Ricardo
Published: February 2008

Fronds of clonal seaweeds with extensive holdfasts relative to frond size are known not to self‐thin during growth, even in crowded stands. We tested whether frond self‐thinning would occur for such a seaweed since these traits are more similar to those of unitary seaweeds, which do self‐thin in crowded conditions. We used Sargassum lapazeanum Setch. et N. L. Gardner (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico, for which we first confirmed its clonal nature by performing a regeneration experiment in culture tanks. During the growth season (winter to late spring), S. lapazeanum stand biomass increased, while frond density and size inequality (Gini coefficient for frond biomass) decreased. These results indicate that self‐thinning occurred at the frond level. We propose a conceptual model for frond dynamics for clonal seaweeds in general. In stands of clonal species with small fronds and relatively extensive holdfasts (particularly when holdfasts are perennial), frond dynamics would be determined mostly by intraclonal regulation, which seems to prevent excessive crowding from occurring. Such species display a positive biomass–density relationship during the growth season. On the contrary, in stands of clonal species with large fronds relative to holdfast size, frond dynamics would be determined mostly by interactions among genets. For such species, self‐thinning may be detected at the frond level in crowded stands, resulting in a negative biomass–density relationship during growth.
PROROCENTRUM LEVIS, A NEW BENTHIC SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND, TWIN CAYS, BELIZE1
Authors: Faust Maria A. , Vandersea Mark W. , Kibler Steven R. , Tester Patricia A. , Litaker R. Wayne
Published: February 2008

As part of a long‐term study of benthic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef system, we report a new species: Prorocentrum levis M. A. Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P. A. Tester et Litaker sp. nov. P. levis cells are oval in valve view and range in size from 40 to 44 μm long and 37 to 40 μm wide. Each valve surface is smooth, with 221–238 valve pores and 99–130 marginal pores. These pores are uniformly small and range in diameter from 0.13 to 0.19 μm. Asexual reproduction in P. levis is atypical, occurring within a hyaline envelope, and produces long branching chains of adherent cells. A phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated that of the Prorocentrum species sequenced so far, P. levis was most closely related to P. concavum. P. levis produces okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin‐2 (DTX2). Further, SEM observations and SSU rDNA sequence for P. belizeanum M. A. Faust, which was isolated at the same time, are also presented.
Medication Quantification Scale Version III: Internal Validation of Detriment Weights Using a Chronic Pain Population
Authors: Gallizzi Michael , Gagnon Christine , Harden R. Norman , Stanos Steven , Khan Anjum
Published: February 2008

▪ Abstract

Introduction:  We report an internal validation of the Medication Quantification Scale (MQS III) using a chronic pain population. The MQS was designed as a methodology of quantifying different drug regimens in 1992, updated in 1998 (MQS II), and again updated in 2003 (MQS III) using “detriment” weights determined by surveying physician members of the American Pain Society. The MQS has been used as a unitary clinical and research outcome.

Methods:  A retrospective chart review was collected from 400 patients in an interdisciplinary outpatient chronic pain clinic. A linear regression equation was developed using the patients' composite MQS III score, and those values were used in a Pearson correlation analysis.

Results:  The correlation between the subjects' computed regression detriment weights and the corresponding MQS III detriment weights yielded a significant result (r = 0.962, P < 0.01; two‐tailed).

Discussion:  Our chronic pain sample‐derived detriment weights did differ in some drug classes from that of the physician consensus, most notably the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Opioid Schedule II, and NSAID class detriment. It is necessary to periodically resurvey large groups of physicians in order to control and modify the detriment weights of our categories in light of new information about detrimental effects (eg, COX‐2 inhibitors), or to accommodate medical or political changes in prescribing habits (eg, more liberal opioid prescribing in the later years). This work suggests it may also be important to assess patients' perspective on detriment, as well as statistical and empiric use patterns. ▪
The Prevalence of Facet Joint‐Related Chronic Neck Pain in Postsurgical and Nonpostsurgical Patients: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah , Manchikanti Kavita N. , Pampati Vidyasagar , Brandon Doris E. , Giordano James
Published: February 2008

▪ Abstract

Background:  Facet (zygapophysial) joints may be clinically important sources of chronic cervical spinal pain. Previous studies have demonstrated the value and validity of controlled, comparative local anesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of facet joint pain, and reported an overall prevalence of 36% to 67% facet joint involvement in cervical spinal pain. The reports of lumbar facet joint‐involvement in postsurgery syndrome have been shown to be highly variable with prevalence ranging from 8% to 32%. To date, however, the prevalence of postsurgical facet joint‐related pain in the cervical spine has not been evaluated. In light of this, the present retrospective study was conducted to assess and compare the prevalence of chronic postsurgical facet joint cervical spinal pain to nonsurgical, chronic cervical facet joint pain.

Methods:  Patients presenting with chronic neck pain were studied. The procedures were performed by a single physician in an interventional pain management ambulatory surgery center. The prevalence of cervical facet joint pain in postsurgical patients was assessed and compared to nonsurgical patients.

Results:  A total of 251 patients (45 postsurgery vs. 206 nonsurgical patients) with chronic persistent neck pain were evaluated using controlled, comparative local anesthetic blocks in accordance with IASP criteria. The prevalence of the cervical facet joint pain and false‐positive rate of single blocks in postsurgical patients were 36% and 50% compared with 39% and 43% in nonsurgical patients.

Conclusions:  Cervical facet joints are clinically important pain generators in a significant proportion of patients with chronic persistent neck pain after surgical intervention(s). The prevalence of cervical facet joint pain was similar in both postsurgical and nonsurgical patients. ▪
The effect of sexual hormone abnormalities on proximal femur bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients and the possible role of RANKL
Authors: DOUMOUCHTSIS Konstantinos K. , KOSTAKIS Alkis I. , DOUMOUCHTSIS Stergios K. , GRAPSA Eirini I. , PASSALIDOU Ioanna A. , TZIAMALIS Marios P. , POULAKOU Maria V. , VLACHOS Ioannis S. , PERREA Despoina N.
Published: February 2008

Sexual hormone concentrations are commonly affected in chronic renal failure. The contribution of sex steroids to bone turnover regulation implies that sex steroid's dysfunction may be implicated in the emergence of renal osteodystrophy. This study was conducted to evaluate sex steroids and gonadotrophins in hemodialysis (HD) patients and to investigate their role in bone homeostasis in concert with other hormones and cytokines. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the proximal femur and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), osteoprotegerin, soluble receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (sRANKL), prolactin, total testosterone, estradiol, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in serum samples in 42 patients, 21 men and 21 women, on maintenance HD therapy. Possible associations between clinical characteristics, biochemical parameters, and BMD values were investigated. In male HD patients, the testosterone concentration declined significantly with aging, whereas the estradiol level increased with longer duration of HD. Concurrently, testosterone correlated negatively with sRANKL concentrations (r=−0.520, p=0.016). Luteinizing hormone levels in male patients demonstrated statistically significant negative correlations with BMD values of the proximal femur. In the entire cohort of patients, FSH and LH were negatively associated with absolute values of proximal femur BMD. Gonadotrophin and sexual hormone concentrations in HD patients are associated with bone mineral status and consequently their derangements appear to contribute to the development of bone composition abnormalities in different types of renal osteodystrophy. Furthermore, testosterone's association with sRANKL levels in male HD patients suggests that RANKL may mediate the effect of testosterone on bone metabolism in these patients.
Processing of Porous Silicon Carbide Ceramics from Carbon‐Filled Polysiloxane by Extrusion and Carbothermal Reduction
Authors: Kim Young‐Wook , Eom Jung‐Hye , Wang Chunmin , Park Chul B.
Published: February 2008

Porous silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with porosities ranging from 60% to 83% were fabricated from extruded blends of carbon‐filled polysiloxane using expandable microspheres as sacrificial templates. The fabrication process involved the following steps: (i) extrusion and in situ foaming of a mixture of polysiloxane, carbon black (used as a carbon source), Al2O3–Y2O3 (used as a sintering additive), expandable microspheres (used as sacrificial templates), and SiC (an optional inert filler); (ii) cross linking the polysiloxane in the extruded blends; (iii) transforming the polysiloxane by pyrolysis into silicon oxycarbide; and (iv) fabricating porous SiC ceramics by carbothermal reduction and subsequent sintering.
Faecal ribosomal protein L19 is a genetic prognostic factor for survival in colorectal cancer
Authors: Huang C.‐J , Chien C.‐C. , Yang S.‐H. , Chang C.‐C. , Sun H.‐L. , Cheng Y.‐C. , Liu C.‐C. , Lin S.‐C. , Lin C.‐M.
Published: February 2008

Ribosomal proteins are encoded by a gene family, members of which are overexpressed in human cancers. Many of them have been found, using oligonucleotide microarray hybridization, to be differentially expressed in the faeces of patients with various stages of col‐orectal cancer (CRC). The gene encoding ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19), a prognostic marker for human prostate cancer, is differentially expressed in CRC patients. Measurement of faecal RPL19 mRNA might improve prognostic prediction for CRC patients. Using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR, levels of RPL19 mRNA were detected in samples of colonic tissues from 44 CRC patients, in the faeces of 54 CRC patients and 15 controls, and in 11 colonic cell lines. Seven of 24 patients with late‐stage CRC (Dukes' stages C and D) expressed over 2‐fold more RPL19 in colonic tumour tissues than in corresponding normal tissues (P= 0.038). The mean faecal RPL19 mRNA levels of late‐staged patients were higher than those of controls (P= 0.003) and early‐staged patients (P= 0.008). Patients with both high serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; >5 ng/mL) and high‐faecal RPL19 mRNA (≥0.0069) had higher risk (odds ratio, 8.0; P= 0.015) and lower overall 48‐month survival (33.8 ± 13.7%, P= 0.013). Oligonucleotide microarray hybridization analysis of faecal molecules identified gene transcripts differentially present in faeces. In conclusion, faecal RPL19 expression is associated with advanced tumour stages and addictive to serum CEA in predicting prognosis of CRC patients.
MAPK/ERK signalling mediates VEGF‐induced bone marrow stem cell differentiation into endothelial cell
Authors: Xu J. , Liu X. , Jiang Y. , Chu L. , Hao H. , Liua Z. , Verfaillie C. , Zweier J. , Gupta K. , Liu Z.
Published: February 2008

Multi‐potent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The mechanism(s) of VEGF‐induced differentiation of MAPCs to ECs are not yet known. We, therefore, examined the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (p42/44‐MAPK/ERK1/2) signalling in endothelial differentiation from bone marrow stem cells. We observed that VEGF stimulation of MAPCs for 14 days results in a significant expression of endothelial‐specific gene and/or proteins including von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular endothelial‐cadherin (VE‐cadherin), VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR2), and CD31. Up‐regulation of EC‐specific markers was accompanied by a cobblestone morphology, expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Dil‐Ac‐LDL uptake, typical for EC morphology and function. VEGF induced a sustained activation of p42 MAPK/ERK, but not that of p44 MAPK/ERK during the course of MAPCs differentiation in a time‐dependent manner up to 14 days. VEGF‐induced activation of p42 MAPK/ERK also led to the nuclear translocation of MAPK/ERK1/2. Incubation of MAPCs with MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor PD98059 blocked the sustained VEGF‐induced MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as its nuclear translocation in the differentiating MAPCs. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation by PD98059 also blocked the expression of EC‐specific genes in these cells and their differentiation to ECs. These data suggest that VEGF induces MAPC differentiation into EC via a. MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway‐mediated mechanism in vitro.
Single‐stage sinus augmentation with cancellous iliac bone and anorganic bovine bone in the presence of platelet‐rich plasma in the miniature pig
Authors: Roldán J. Camilo , Knueppel Helge , Schmidt Cristian , Jepsen Søren , Zimmermann Corinna , Terheyden Hendrik
Published: February 2008

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the osseointegration of dental implants and bone formation in maxillary sinus grafting with autologous and anorganic bovine bone in the presence of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in an established animal model.

Material and methods: We performed bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation with 50% anorganic bovine bone and simultaneously inserted a titanium screw implant in five minature pigs. Six hundred microlitre autologous PRP were added to the left side (test). The right side (no PRP) served as control. Polychrome sequential labeling was performed. The animals were sacrificed 6 weeks after surgery. Undecalcified ground sections were evaluated by microradiography, digitized histomorphometry and under fluorescent light.

Results: The mean bone implant content in the test and control group was 8.4% and 17.3% respectively (P=0.042). The mean height of newly formed mineralized bone in the augmented area of the test group was 3.6 mm and 5.7 mm respectively (P=0.342). In the PRP group, the mean area of newly formed bone in the base of the sinus was enhanced (75.23%) as compared to the control side (51.8%) (P=0.020*). Although PRP enhanced bone formation at the base of the maxillary sinus, it neither improved osseointegration of dental implants nor bone in‐growth into the bone substitute under the selected experimental conditions.
INCREMENTAL VALIDITY OF PERCEPTUAL SPEED AND ACCURACY OVER GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY
Authors: MOUNT MICHAEL K. , OH IN‐SUE , BURNS MELANIE
Published: February 2008

This study extends previous research by examining the incremental validity of a specific aptitude, perceptual speed and accuracy (PS), when it is operationalized as both the number correct (NC) and the number wrong (NW). We test the hypotheses that the NC on the PS test predicts the criterion of task performance and the NW predicts (negatively) rules compliance (RC). Based on the responses of 133 warehouse workers, hierarchical regression analyses supported both hypotheses. After controlling for respondents' demographic characteristics (race, gender, and age) and general mental ability (GMA), the NC on the PS test accounted for incremental validity in prediction of task performance (ΔR= .06, 15% increase), and the NW on the PS test accounted for substantial incremental validity in prediction of (lack of) RC (ΔR= .16, 73% increase). In addition, after controlling for demographic characteristics and both GMA and the specific ability, Conscientiousness accounted for unique validity in prediction of both task performance (ΔR= .07, 15% increase) and RC (ΔR= .06, 16% increase). Practical and theoretical implications for selection practices and models of job performance are discussed.
Effect of Heat on the Distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Plasminogen and Plasminogen Activators in Bovine Skim Milk
Authors: Wang L. , Mauer L. J.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  Differentially fluorescently labeled bovine plasminogen (PG‐594) and human tissue‐ and urokinase‐type plasminogen activators (tPA‐647 and uPA‐546) were added to bovine skim milk to track the effect of heat on the location and concentration of these plasmin system components following acid precipitation or ultracentrifugation. In unheated milk, the majority (71.7% to 89.0%) of the added PG and PAs associated with casein micelles or acid curd, and PG‐594 in the serum fraction was partially due to associations with nonsedimentable caseins. Heat treatment (85 °C for 16 s) significantly (P < 0.05) affected distribution of PG‐594, tPA‐647, and uPA‐546, resulting in reduced concentrations of PG and PAs in the serum fractions and reciprocal increases in their levels in the nonsedimentable casein fractions. Overall, almost all of the added PG and PAs (95.9% to 97.5%) became associated with caseins following heat treatment. This is the 1st study to successfully use fluorescent labeling to quantify effects of heat on the location of plasmin components in skim milk.
Preventive Effects of Edible Mushroom (Hypsizigus marmoreus) on Mouse Type IV Allergy: Fluctuations of Cytokine Levels and Antioxidant Activities in Mouse Sera
Authors: Yoshino K. , Nishimura M. , Watanabe A. , Saito S. , Sano M.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  We investigated the mechanisms for the antiallergic effects of Hypsizigus marmoreus mushrooms on an oxazolone‐induced type IV allergy in male ICR mice. Serum levels of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and γ‐interferon (γ‐IFN) were significantly increased in mice, which showed a severe ear edema induced by the type IV allergy in comparison with those of normal mice. The oral administration of an ethanol extract of H. marmoreus for 3 d at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight prevented the increase of serum IL‐12 levels but not γ‐IFN levels. Lowering of serum levels of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), spleen natural killer (NK) cell activity, and serum antioxidant activity in mice with allergic symptoms were also prevented by oral administration of the ethanol extract. These results suggested that one of the antiallergic mechanisms of H. marmoreus would be due to maintenance of antioxidant status and inhibition of the fluctuations of cytokines in allergic mice.
π‐ELECTRON PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF DL‐PHENYLALANINE IN OXYGEN SATURATED AND OXYGEN FREE SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Kenyon D. H. , Blois M. S.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The photochemistry of Dhphenylakinine in dilute aqueous solutions has been investigated in detail by means of quantitative paper chromatography using C14‐labelled material. Solutions were irradiated at the exit slit of a grating monochromator using a high pressure xenon arc as light source. The illuminating beam contained wavelengths from 2475Å to 2675 Å at the half‐power points with maximum intensity at 2575 Å

By using six different chromatographic solvent systems, the following photoproducts have been identified: tyrosine, 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), aspartic acid, benzoic acid, phenyllactic acid and a high molecular weight melanic polymer. An additonal photo‐product derived from two of the side chain carbons of phenylalanine and having an Rf value of 0.13 in n‐butanol: acetic acid: water, 4:1:5 (v/v/v), has been detected in both oxygen saturated and oxygen free solutions, but has not yet been identified. All of these substances are stable solids at room temperature. Volatile or gaseous products could not be detected directly by the methods used in this investigation. Indirect evidence has been obtained that decarboxy‐lation is the dominant photochemical process in phenylalanine solutions irradiated both in the presence and absence of oxygen. The occurrence of phenyllactic acid in irradiated phenylalanine solutions shows indirectly that ammonia is liberated, but the quantum yield is about an order of magnitude smaller than that for carbon dioxide liberation.

The kinetics of photoproduct accumulation and of phenylalanine loss have been determined under well‐defined conditions of incident light intensity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and phenylalanine concentration. These data were used to estimate quantum yields for the photoproducts and for phenylalanine loss after a specified dose of radiation at 2575Å under the given conditions. The results show that dissolved molecular oxygen greatly enhances the yields of tyrosine, DOPA, and the melanic polymer. Dissolved oxygen is not required for the synthesis of aspartic acid or phenyllactic acid. In the case of phenyllactic acid, water provides the necessary oxygen.

Evidence is presented which suggests that the optical absorbance changes occurring during ultraviolet irradiation of phenylalanine are due in part to the formation of intermediates in melanin synthesis which cannot be detected by paper chromatography because they are too oxygen labile and occur in very low concentrations.
ON THE FLUORESCENCE OF ACRIDINE DERIVATIVES IN THE PRESENCE OF DNA*
Authors: Löuber G.
Published: February 2008

Abstract— By concentration dependent fluorescence measurements, a quantitative study of the complex formation of fluorescent dyes with DNA is possible. The results are given for some amino‐acridines. In the most favourable case, there is one dye molecule per four nucleotides. The influence of heat denaturation is discussed.