bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Accuracy of Controlled Attenuation Parameter Measured by Transient Elastography for the Non-invasive Assessment of Liver Steatosis: a Prospective Study
Authors: Lupșor-Platon Monica , Feier Diana , Stefănescu Horia , Tamas Attila , Botan Emil , Sparchez Zeno , Maniu Anca , Badea Radu
Published: March 2015

Background & Aims: A novel non-invasive tool based on the evaluation of ultrasound attenuation using transient elastography (TE) has been developed, called controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). We aim to establish the histopathological parameters that significantly influence CAP, the cutoff values and their performance in predicting each steatosis grade on a group of biopsied patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) from Romania.Methods. We prospectively analyzed 201 consecutive CLD patients who underwent CAP measurements using TE. Steatosis, liver fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity were staged and graded during the pathological analysis of bioptic specimens. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied to identify the variables correlated with CAP values. The diagnostic performance of CAP for steatosis prediction was assessed using an AUC analysis.Results. Among the histopathological factors correlating with CAP, the multivariate analysis found steatosis as the only factor independently influencing CAP values (p<0.001). Maximal diagnostic accuracy (DA) was obtained for the prediction of ≥34-66% (S2) fatty load and of 67-100% (S3) fatty load (82.06%, respectively 81.59%) while, for the prediction of ≥11-33% (S1) fatty load, DA reached only 76.11%. The negative predictive value for the exclusion of ≥S2 and S3 was 93.5% and 98.7%, respectively. AUCs calculated between each two steatosis grades were: 0.772 (S0 vs S1), 0.874 (S0 vs S2), 0.904 (S0 vs S3), 0.659 (S1vs S2), 0.777 (S1 vs S3), and 0.665 (S2 vs S3).Conclusion. Steatosis is the only histopathological factor independently influencing CAP. Maximal DA could be obtained for the prediction of ≥S2 and S3 (82.06% and 81.59%), while for the prediction of S1, the accuracy reached only 76.11%.
Насіннєва продуктивність деревних рослин в умовах забруднення довкілля викидами металургійного підприємства
Authors: Gritzay Z. V. , Denisenko A. G.
Published: March 2015

Вивчено вплив забруднення довкілля викидами металургійного підприємства на показники плодоношення деревних рослин. Результати дослідження свідчать про зниження інтенсивності плодоношення, зменшення розмірів плодів, насіння, насіннєвих камер у деревних порід за дії техногенних емісій. Встановлено зниження маси 1 000 насінин. Виявлено збільшення кількості плодів із порушеннями розвитку: недорозвиток і аномальна форма крилатки сенівв я і айланта, викривлення та звуження або розширення окремих ділянок коробочки в катальпи. Надано рекомендації щодо використання чутливих показників насіннєвої продуктивності деревних рослин у моніторингових дослідженнях за умов техногенного навантаження.
Сезонна динаміка підстилкової мезофауни антропогенно трансформованих екосистем м. Дніпродзержинськ
Authors: Moroz K. O. , Lygun A. V. , Brygadyrenko V. V.
Published: March 2015

Досліджено особливості формування та сезонної динаміки фауни підстилкових безхребетних територій, що перебувають під техногенним тиском металургійної та коксохімічної промисловості. Виявлено сезонні коливання чисельності, кількості видів, зміни таксономічної та функціональної структури герпетобію. Проаналізовано динаміку рівня біорізноманіття угруповань наґрунтових артропод
Перспективи створення гідрологічних заказників у середній течії р. Сула
Authors: Starovoitova M. Y.
Published: March 2015

Проаналізовано проблему збереження біорізноманіття у зв’язку із загальним збільшенням антропогенного впливу на природні екосистеми. Встановлено, що ефективним способом збереження біорізноманіття та екосистем у цілому є створення природоохоронних територій. Найуразливіші – водні об’єкти, які зазнають негативного впливу, у тому числі вища водна рослинність р. Сула.
Характеристика популяцій звичайного вужа лісових біогеоценозів Присамар’я
Authors: Gasso V. Y.
Published: March 2015

Наведено результати семирічних досліджень популяції звичайного вужа у лісових біогеоценозах Присамар’я (Дніпропетровська обл., Україна). Популяція має достатньо високу щільність населення, але з тенденцією до її зниження. Охарактеризовано статеву та просторову структуру популяції, основні показники морфометрії та фолідозу, які характеризують популяційну специфічність, що сформована мікроеволюційним процесом.
Фенотипічна мінливість листків рослин роду Acer, інтродукованих у степову зону України
Authors: Zaitseva I. O. , Povorotnaya M. M.
Published: March 2015

Запропоновано алгоритм статистичного аналізу неоднорідності морфоструктурних ознак листя та диференціації їх величин на дискретні групи, який полягає у послідовному виділенні складових компонент нормального виду з інтегральної кривої розподілу ознаки. Досліджено особливості мінливості питомої ваги листка у видів роду AcerL., інтродукованих у різних районах степової зони України. Адаптація кленів до ксеротермних факторів середовища пов’язана зі змінами співвідношення груп варіювання ознаки та їх внеску до сумарної вибірки. Установлено пряму залежність щільності імовірності прояву (фенотипічної реалізації) ознаки у певному діапазоні варіювання та ступеня адаптованості, або відповідності організму певним умовам середовища. Для видів із найвираженішими ксероморфними ознаками (A. campestre, A. tataricum, A. monspessulanum) властиве послідовне збільшення як середньої величини одного з компонентів кривої розподілу ознаки питомої ваги листя, так і його внеску до сумарної вибірки в міру посилення гідротермічного стресу. У малостійких видів кленів імовірність прояву ознаки в різних районах степової зони практично рівнозначна для кожного з виділених компонентів сумарної вибірки, що свідчить про відсутність у цих видів адаптивного потенціалу, який може бути реалізований у даних умовах середовища. Екокліматична адаптація мезофітних видів клена проявляється у звуженні довірчих інтервалів складових компонентів сумарної кривої, зменшенні загального інтервалу варіювання питомої ваги листя та спрямована на зниження фенотипічного поліморфізму в умовах степової зони.
Територіальна структура та класифікація ґрунтів Криворізького залізорудного басейну
Authors: Dolina О. О. , Smetana О. М.
Published: March 2015

Створена класифікація ґрунтів, адаптована до умов індустріального регіону, яка стала основою для визначення ступеня трансформації ґрунтового покриву Криворізького залізорудного басейну під дією техногенезу. Розроблена класифікація є ієрархічною системою об’єктів різних таксономічних рівнів, визначає зв’язки між об’єктами та їх властивості. Визначено закономірності розподілу структур ґрунтового покриву території досліджень, створена карта структури ґрунтового покриву як основа для класифікації ґрунтів. Класифікація адаптована для умов утворення ґрунтів у регіоні з потужним техногенним навантаженням. Для цього до неї включено специфічні класифікаційні рівні та одиниці, що забезпечують детальнішу диференціацію ґрунтів. Запропоновано розділяти ґрунти за ступенем реалізації потенціалу ґрунтоутворення на рівні надвідділів. Поділ ґрунтів за потенціалом ґрунтоутворення є основою для прогнозування результату ґрунтоутворення та виявлення масштабів перетворення структури ґрунтового покриву регіону. Виявлено, що основу структури ґрунтового покриву техногенно порушених територій складають примітивні ґрунти, які виділено як окремий тип. Вони є динамічними елементами у структурі ґрунтового покриву техногенно порушених територій. Наявність структур ґрунтового покриву з домінуванням ґрунтів техногенного походження, зокрема посттехногенних ґрунтів, є маркером ґрунтового покриву Криворізького залізорудного басейну.
The Orchids of Tonga, Niue, and the Cook Islands
Authors: Cribb Phillip , Whistler Arthur
Published: March 2015

Orchids are one of the largest families of flowering plants in the Pacific region, especially in the tropics. Despite the remoteness of Tonga, Niue, and the Cook Islands, orchids have reached them in some numbers. Both terrestrial and epiphytic genera are well represented in the floras of these distant but neighboring archipelagos. Most of the species are found elsewhere in the Pacific, particularly in Fiji, Samoa, and the Society Islands. The affinities of these orchids can be traced to New Guinea and the adjacent archipelagos. New Guinea, with an estimated 3000 species that make it one of the richest orchid floras in the world, is a fertile source of seed for the scattered islands that lie to its east and southeast. The orchids appear to have reached Tonga, Niue, and the Cook Islands in recent times. Only two species, Habenaria amplifolia from Rarotonga and Robiquetia tongaensis from Tonga, are endemic to the islands covered in the present book, and both are closely related to more widespread Pacific species. This guide constitutes the fourth of a series of orchid floristic treatments that have so far covered Vanuatu (Lewis & Cribb 1989), the Solomon Islands and Bougainville (Lewis & Cribb 1991), and Samoa (Cribb & Whistler 1996). A recent, excellent and detailed account of the Fijian orchid flora (Kores 1991) has also been a valuable source for those interested in Pacific islands orchids. These accounts have generated renewed interest in the orchid floras of those archipelagos, leading to new discoveries and re-interpretations of several species. We hope that this small guide will likewise bring a renewal of interest in not only the orchids, but also the floras of these islands as a whole.
Mating systems in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): evolutionary and systematic implications
Authors: Leite Borba Eduardo , Barbosa Ariane Raquel , Cabral de Melo Marcos , Loureiro Gontijo Samuel , Ornellas de Oliveira Henrique
Published: March 2015

Desarrollamos un proyecto dirigido a determinar, a través de polinización experimental, la auto- incompatibilidad de los géneros representativos de los linajes más importantes de Pleurothallidinae, buscando el grupo donde posiblemente apareció por primera vez y cuántas veces ha ocurrido desde entonces. Adicionalmente estudiamos la biología floral de algunas especies de Octomeria, un género con características típicas de plantas con flores polinizadas por abejas, que previamente han sido conocidas como melitófilas. Hasta el momento, todas excepto una, de las especies estudiadas de los géneros seleccionados (Acianthera, Anathallis, Masdevallia, Octomeria, Specklinia, and Stelis) son auto-incompatibles, pudiendo ser fuerte o parcialmente auto-incompatibles. Se encontró dos sitos donde las reacciones de auto-incompatibilidad podrían ocurrir, siendo éstas el estigma y el canal del estilo. Los dos sitios de auto-incompatibilidad no fueron encontrados dentro de las especies del mismo género, a excepción de Anathallis. En este género, los dos grupos que difieren morfológicamente (anteriormente Pleurothallis subgen. Specklinia sect. Muscosae and sect. Acuminatae) presentan diferentes sitios de auto- incompatibilidad. Las flores de las especies de Octomeria, producen néctar y son polinizadas tanto por machos y hembras de moscas Sciaridae y sus poblaciones tienen alta variabilidad genética, similar a la encontradas en las especies de Acianthera. Nuestros resultados indican que la auto-incompatibilidad es una característica generalizada y ampliamente distribuida del clado miófilo de Pleurothallidinae y que posiblemente evolucionó tempranamente en la subtribu, permitiendo el mantenimiento de un alto nivel de variabilidad genética en las poblaciones de cada especie a pesar del comportamiento de su polinizador. Más aún, a pesar que la sapromiofilia es mucho más común en el grupo, la miofilia s.s. (polinización por moscas antófilas que buscan néctar) aparentemente se desarrolló a partir de una condición melitófila plesimórfica. Adicionalmente a la morfología sinapomórfica que une a los miembros de la subtribu (una articulación entre el ovario y el pedicelo) nuestros resultados apuntan a la presencia de dos sinapomórfias biológicas dentro del grupo, la auto-incompatibilidad y la miofilia. Basados en estas diferencias, sugerimos la división de Pleurothallidinae, como está actualmente reconocida, en dos subtribus: una compuesta por el gran clado de especies auto-incompatibles y miófilas; la segunda, compuesta por el clado de especies auto-compatibles y ornitófilas.
¿Las Sobralias se pueden clasificar? — El complejo de Sobralia warszewiczii
Authors: Dressler Robert
Published: March 2015

Sobralia warszewiczii Rchb.f. fue descrita de Panamá occidental en 1852. El nombre se ha usado hasta el sur de México, aunque ninguna de las especies con flores lilas o moradas conocidas de Costa Rica concuerda del todo con S. warszewiczii. Una especie que forma colonias grandes en el noroeste de Costa Rica podría ser la misma especie que se encuentra en el sur de México, pero requiere más estudio, y no son nada claros los nombres correctos para los miembros de este complejo (salvo S. labiata Warsz. & Rchb.f. y S. warszewiczii). Más al sur en Costa Rica parece que hay varias especies distintas y algunos enjambres híbridos.
Preliminary molecular phylogenetics of Sobralia and relatives (Orchidaceae: Sobralieae)
Authors: Neubig Kurt , Whitten Mark , Blanco Mario , Endara Lorena , Williams Norris , Koehler Samantha
Published: March 2015

Con más de 200 especies, la tribu de orquídeas Sobralieae es un componente importante de la riqueza florística de los neotrópicos. Actualmente esta tribu está constituída por cuatro géneros: Elleanthus, Epilyna, Sertifera, y Sobralia. Las plantas de éstos cuatro géneros generalmente producen tallos largos como cañas, pero difieren en forma drástica en el tamaño de la flor y la estructura de las inflorescencias. Datos de ADN apoyan la monofilia de Elleanthus, Epilyna, y Sertifera, pero no de Sobralia. Sobralia es un ensamblaje polifilético, tradicionalmente circunscrito por el gran tamaño de sus flores. Los detalles de la morfología floral y la posición de la inflorescencia proporcionan caracteres que fácilmente permiten distinguir los diferentes clados de Sobralia. El tamaño de la flor y ciertas otras características superficiales probablemente han sufrido cambios evolutivos en respuesta a cambios en el síndrome de polinización dentro de la tribu. La mayoría de las especies de Sobralia no ofrecen ninguna recompensa y son polinizadas por abejas en busca de néctar. Elleanthus y Sertifera tienen flores pequeñas que aparentemente son polinizadas por colibríes, en estos dos géneros las flores ofrecen néctar. No se conoce nada sobre la polinización de Epilyna. Mas observaciones empíricas de los polinizadores de Sobralieae son necesarias para entender la evolución de los síndromes de polinización, y requerirá un mayor muestreo de especies y una mejor resolución filogenética antes de realizar recircumscripciones genéricas.
Fitness landscapes in orchids: parametric and non-parametric approaches
Authors: Trremblay Raymond
Published: March 2015

La selección natural y la deriva genética son dos procesos que pueden conducir a la cladogénesis. Sin duda, la gran diversidad y adaptación floral a polinizadores específicos es sorprendente y es una consecuencia de la selección natural. La observación de la selección natural en el medio ambiente silvestre requiere el medir la ventaja de su idoneidad para ciertos caracteres específicos; sin embargo, hay pocos trabajos científicos publicados que apoyan la idea de que los caracteres están bajo la influencia de la selección de caracteres florales en las orquídeas. Una de las razones que podría explicar porqué raramente identificamos la selección en caracteres florales es que la selección puede ser temporal. Una hipótesis alternativa es que la selección de caracteres podría no seguir los modelos básicos que se basan en selección linear, disruptiva, y estabilizadora. Estas ventajas de idoneidad son usualmente puestas a prueba con modelos generales que asumen que los parámetros están distribuidos en forma normal. Si nos olvidamos de la idea de que la selección sigue tal tipo de distribución Gaussiana y que todos los tipos de panoramas de selección son posibles, podríamos descubrir evidencia de que el proceso de selección si tiene un rol en la explicación de la gran variedad de orquídeas. Aquí demuestro y comparo el uso del enfoque tradicional y no-paramétrico para medir la selección de caracteres florales con ejemplos de Tolumnia variegata, Lepanthes rupestris, y Caladenia valida.
On the relationship between bryophyte cover and the distribution of Lepanthes spp. OF LEPanTHES SPP.
Authors: Crain Benjamin
Published: March 2015

Las comunidades epífitas de plantas en los ecosistemas tropicales de montaña son particularmente vulnerables al cambio climático. Lepanthes es un género grande de orquídeas epífitas el cual es prominente en la flora de Costa Rica. Por lo general, estas orquídeas son muy pequeñas, y con frecuencia ocurren en hábitats altamente expuestos, lo que conduce a la teoría de que son dependientes de la cobertura de briófitos para prevenir la desecación. El objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar si la distribución de Lepanthes está limitada por la distribución de la cobertura de musgos en los árboles. Para lograr esto, se midió la cobertura de briófitos sobre los forófitos que hospedan Lepanthes spp., así como en otros árboles desprovistos de briófitos localizados en las áreas circundantes. Los resultados sugieren que Lepanthes spp. esta correlacionada con altos niveles de cobertura de musgos, además hubo substancialmente más cobertura de musgos en los lugares donde Lepanthes ocurre que en los lugares donde no ocurre. En consecuencia, parece que los briofitos forman un comensalismo con este grupo diverso de orquídeas. Los resultados de este estudio concuerdan con estudios similares que sugieren que la cobertura de musgos es importante para el crecimiento y supervivencia de las orquídeas. Por consiguiente, si el cambio climático tiene un impacto negativo en la cobertura de musgos, las orquídeas Lepanthes sufrirían simultáneamente.
Um estudo sobre a avaliação de sistemas integrados de gestão na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-MG
Authors: Couto Warley Wanderson do , De Souza Antônio Artur , Avelar Ewerton Alex , Guimarães Eloísa Rodrigues , Gervásio Luísa Raad
Published: March 2015

O objetivo da pesquisa descrita neste artigo foi avaliar sistemas integrados de gestão (ERPs) em empresas da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte – MG sob a perspectiva de usuários e gestores. Os dados foram coletados entre os anos de 2011 e 2012, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, pesquisa documental e questionários. A análise dos dados foi realizada com base nas seguintes técnicas: análise de conteúdo, análise documental, teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, correlação de Spearman e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados indicam que, apesar de algumas limitações, tanto os usuários quanto os gestores demonstram estar satisfeitos com os ERPs implementados em suas empresas.Sistemas integrados de gestão (ERPs).Palavras-chave: Avaliação de sistemas de informação. Satisfação dos usuários.
Implantação de metodologia de análise do valor agregado em uma indústria metalúrgica de produtos sob encomenda
Authors: Mayer Paulo Cesar , Maciel Alessandra Costenaro , Baggio Daniel Knebel , Siedenberg Dieter Rugard
Published: March 2015

Este trabalho aborda a implantação de uma metodologia de análise do valor agregado em um posto de trabalho onde são processadas chapas de aço através de operações por oxicorte numa máquina CNC (comando numérico computadorizado). O método utilizado baseou-se num estudo de caso, seguido da pesquisa descritiva por meio da observação e registro dos movimentos do trabalho. Para esta finalidade foram definidos todos os movimentos e tarefas dos operadores e da máquina, sendo classificados segundo os conceitos adotados por Ohno (2002). As respectivas cronoanálises ocorreram no período de março a junho de 2010 e posteriormente foram realizadas melhorias em todo o posto de trabalho, possibilitando eliminação e redução de perdas, aumento significativo do valor agregado e aumento de ocupação da máquina. Através deste estudo de caso foi possível constatar que os entendimentos de Ohno (2002) sobre valor agregado desenvolvido para uma indústria automobilística manufaturando um produto padrão, são perfeitamente aplicáveis a uma empresa que trabalha com um sistema de produção sob projeto e que não manufatura produtos padronizados.Palavras-chave: Sistema Toyota de Produção. Trabalho com Valor Agregado. Cronoanálises de Processos. Melhoria de Processos.
The contractor's role in the sustainable construction industry
Authors: Holloway Skyler , Parrish Kristen
Published: March 2015

With the advent of sustainable building ordinances in the USA and internationally, contractors are increasingly required to deliver sustainable projects; however, they have traditionally not been considered partners in developing the sustainability goals and objectives for projects. Moreover, as alternative project delivery methods become more popular, contractors have an opportunity and – in an increasing number of cases – a requirement, to take a larger role in sustainability efforts across the building life cycle. Understanding the contractor's self-perceived role, in addition to their incentives for participation, in the sustainable construction industry is imperative to providing insight into their future role within the industry. This paper presents data from and analysis of a survey of US-based general contractors. The survey asked general contractors for their opinions and viewpoints regarding sustainable construction; respondents provided feedback about corporate profitability, growth forecast and specific obstacles to sustainable building. The authors present a potential path from the current state of sustainable construction industry in the USA to a projected future state (both characterised by the survey responses). Finally, factors that will affect the transition to the future state of the sustainable construction industry are discussed.
Experimental investigation of dry granular flow impact via both normal and tangential force measurements
Authors: Jiang Y-J. , Zhao Y.
Published: March 2015

The study of granular flow is important for natural hazards such as avalanche and debris flow. In this context, granular flow impact against a retaining wall was investigated through the measurement of both normal and tangential sub-forces. The tangential sub-forces change from positive to negative with respect to the wall in the impact process, which can be classified into two impact states according to the development of the stagnant zone. In the process, interface friction between the granular material and the wall is calculated according to normal and tangential forces and defined as the equivalent interface friction angle, which is observed to vary, and is smaller than the value measured in interface friction tests. The absolute value of the equivalent interface friction angle decreases with slope angle. It was also observed that a reduction in the interface friction angle of the wall has a negligible influence on the impact force calculation, while a reduction in the interface friction angle of the flume base leads to a significant overestimation of the force. These findings should significantly aid the study of granular flow and its applications.
Modelling the abrasion resistance of self-consolidating concrete
Authors: Ghafoori Nader , Najimi Meysam , Sobhani Jafar
Published: March 2015

This work aimed to model the abrasion resistance of self-consolidating concretes (SCCs) utilising artificial neural networks (ANNs) and to compare their prediction performances with those of traditional regression models. To do this, 12 SCC mixtures were made with different mixture proportions and their abrasion depths were measured every 30 s for a testing period of 20 min. Several ANN and regression models were developed by varying a number of independent variables, the number of neurons, regression functions and samples allotted for training and testing. The results of the study revealed the superior performance of the neural network models compared with the regression models. The ANN models showed satisfactory performance in predicting the abrasion depth of SCCs, particularly when testing samples were chosen from data inside the boundaries of mixture proportions and abrasion depths. Prediction errors increased when mixtures with the highest and lowest abrasion depths were selected as testing mixtures. It was also found that increases in the number of independent variables did not improve the training and testing performances of the models.
A vidék fogalma, lehatárolása és új tipológiai kísérlete
Authors: Kovács András Donát , Farkas Jenő Zsolt , Perger Éva
Published: March 2015

A vidék fogalmát és lehatárolását, a vidéki térségek újrastrukturálódását, valamint differenciálódását évtizedek óta tudományos diskurzusok övezik. Sokak szerint a vidéki terek jól definiálhatók és objektív mutatók segítségével egzakt módon körülírhatók, míg mások megkérdőjelezik a vidékfogalmak általános érvényét és időtállóságát. Az ezzel kapcsolatos eddigi eredményeket, különböző nézeteket és polémiákat áttekintve – más hazai műhelyekhez hasonlóan – mi is arra a végkövetkeztetésre jutottunk, hogy a „vidék” mint térkategória pontosan nem határozható meg. A szakmai viták azonban általában nem csupán elméleti és módszertani kérdéseket vetnek fel, hanem legtöbbször a területfejlesztéshez kötődő gyakorlatias szempontokat is; mint például az egyes európai uniós tagországok vidékfejlesztését szabályozó irányelvek kérdéskörét. A vidéki térségekről alkotott felfogás ugyanis nagyban meghatározza a nemzeti vidékpolitikák specifikus céljait, illetve predesztinálja a támogatási források elosztását, végső soron pedig a tájak, települések és az ott élő közösségek jövőjét is. Meglátásunk szerint hazánkban mind a témakör elvi kérdésfelvetései, mind a fejlesztésekhez kapcsolódó empíriák rendkívül időszerűek, hiszen a rurális értékek megőrzése és a vidéken élők helyzetének javítása az egyik legsürgetőbb társadalmi feladatunk. A vidék szerepének növekvő jelentőségét kiemelő komplex vidékkutatási program (2013) alkalmat teremtett a korábbi nemzetközi és hazai vidéktanulmányok áttekintésére, valamint a már ismert módszerek együttes alkalmazásával új szemléletű térkategória-rendszer kialakítására. Tanulmányunkban – a vidék fogalomkörével és területi lehatárolásával kapcsolatos eddigi megközelítések áttekintő összegzésén túl – a magyarországi vidéki térségek új szempontok szerinti tipológiai kísérletét is bemutatjuk. Kutatásunk során az újonnan kialakított közigazgatási egységeket, vagyis a járásokat vettük alapul, és vizsgálatainkat, majd az ezt követő tipizálásokat az általunk vidékinek „besorolt” járások körében végeztük el. Reményeink szerint munkánk támpontokat nyújt a 2014–2020-as költségvetési időszak vidékfejlesztési politikája számára, amely lehetővé teszi a téregységenként differenciált fejlesztési irányok és intézkedések alkalmazását.
A társadalmi-térbeli marginalizáció folyamatai a leszakadó vidéki térségekben
Authors: Nagy Erika , Timár Judit , Nagy Gábor , Velkey Gábor
Published: March 2015

Tanulmányunkban a szakmai diskurzusokban hátrányos helyzetűként megjelenített rurális térségekre fókuszálunk, azok marginalizációs folyamataira helyezve a hangsúlyt. Kiindulópontunk az, hogy a marginalitáskoncepció releváns értelmezési keret a „leszakadó” vidéki térségek társadalmi problémáinak megértéséhez. Az ilyen térségekben élő-működő, marginalizált helyzetű társadalmi csoportok – helyi lakosok és gazdasági szereplők – napi gyakorlatain keresztül vizsgáljuk azokat a mechanizmusokat, amelyekkel újratermelődnek a gazdasági-társadalmi hátrányok, a függőségek és a kirekesztettség. Írásunkban amellett érvelünk, hogy egyrészt a társadalmi marginalizálódás és a térbeli hátrányok halmozódása nem választhatók el egymástól; a vidéki terek marginalizálódása az ott élő-működő egyének, csoportok marginalizálódását is eredményezi, tovább rontva a térség helyzetét; másrészt hogy a vidéki terekben élő, marginalizált helyzetű társadalmi csoportok maguk is arra kényszerülnek, hogy napi gyakorlataikkal fenntartsák/újratermeljék saját (marginalizált) helyzetüket a fennálló társadalmi-térbeli struktúrák keretei között. Következtetéseinket négy magyarországi – a társadalmi és a térbeli marginalizáció számos összetevőjét hordozó – terepen végzett empirikus vizsgálatra alapozzuk.
Vidéki térségeink innovációt befogadó képessége – Egy kutatás tapasztalatai
Authors: Szörényiné Kukorelli Irén
Published: March 2015

Az MTA és a Magyar Nemzeti Vidéki Kutatóhálózat (MNVH) közötti kutatási megállapodás keretében az egyik részkutatás témája a Társadalmi és gazdasági innováció, valamint a vidéki térségeink innovációt befogadó képessége címet viselte. A kutatás célja kettős volt, egyrészt a vidéki innováció fogalmának és összetevőinek elemzése, másrészt a társadalmi és gazdasági innovációt befogadó tér és társadalom jellemzőinek feltárása egy helyzetkép bemutatásán keresztül. A tanulmányban a fogalmak tisztázását követően az innovációs esetek empirikus vizsgálatának eredményeit mutatom be, majd meghatározom a rurális innováció földrajzi, társadalmi és gazdasági térre vonatkozó tulajdonságait az interjúk tapasztalatain keresztül. A vizsgálat rámutatott arra, hogy a befogadó közeg nagymértékben függ a társadalom, a gazdaság nyitottságától és a humán tőkétől. A tanulmány a társadalmi és gazdasági innováció egymásra hatását is vizsgálja, és eseteken keresztül mutatja be, hogyan képesek erősíteni egymást és magát az innovációra való hajlamot is. Végül elemzem a rurális innováció területi specifikumait és az innovátorok tulajdonságait.
Current clinical features and treatment of acute enteric infections in children
Authors: Shadzhalilova M S
Published: March 2015

Aim. To study the current clinical manifestations and treatment of acute enteric infections in children at an early age.Methods. 225 in the age of 4 months to 3 years were followed-up. Clinical presentations and clinical current of the disease, as well as features and type of gastrointestinal system damage and treatment effects were registered in specially developed report forms. Bacterioloicy, microbiologic, immunologic and genetic tests were used to determine the causative factor of the acute enteric infections. Principal component analysis was used for mathematical modelling and factorial analysis. The optimal number of isolated factors was determined using Kaiser criterion, Scree-test and the completeness of the factorization.Results. The clinical picture of acute enteric infections was quite severe in all children. The disease had a typical clinical current, with relapses registered in 63 (28.0%) patients. Gastroenterocolitis was the most frequent clinical form of the disease, with prevalence of moderately severe cases (167 children, 74.2%). Severe enteric infections were seen in 58 children (25.8%) who developed acute toxemia and stage III dehydration. All children (100%) had comorbidities. Causative factor was determined in 77.6% of patients. It should be considered that acute enteric infection and its treatment using antibiotics in 100% of cases leaded to enteric dysbiosis and may be a reason of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile.Conclusion. Fever duration, pain intensity, level of Escherichia coli with normal enzyme activity, causative factor and opportunistic pathogenic microbiota were the strongest factors influencing the baseline condition of children with acute enteric infections. The most effective treatment choice was gentamicin, in cases of moderate and severe cases - ceftriaxone.
Evaluation of systemic circulation at laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Lyapakhin A B , Mazitova M I
Published: March 2015

Aim. To study the effect of tension carboxyperitoneum on central circulatory parameters of patients undergoing laparoscopy.Methods. Vascular wall condition, linear blood flow velocity, pulse wave velocity, vascular wall rigidity, general and specific peripheral resistance (by the method of volumetric compression oscillometry) were evaluated. The study included patients with tubal pregnancy undergoing endovideosurgery. In the first group, 76 patients, the operation was performed without introducing carbon dioxide into the abdominal cavity; operational volume has been created using the original retractor of the anterior abdominal wall. In the second group (67 patients), classical technique of laparoscopic surgery with the use of carboxyperitoneum was applied. Measurements of systemic circulatory parameters were performed in patients twice - in the group where no gas was used - before and 15 minutes after introducing laparoscopic devices, in the group of carboxyperitoneum - before and 15 minutes after carbon dioxide introduction.Results. The changes of systemic circulatory parameters were non-significant in patients of the first group and did not lead to statistically significant changes of mean, lateral and systolic blood pressure. Endovideosurgery using carboxyperitoneum lead to systemic circulatory disorders: blood pressure instability, increased cardiac output and index, decreased total peripheral vascular resistance, and the actual and specific peripheral resistance, as well as linear flow velocity and vascular rigidity.Conclusion. Laparoscopic surgery using carbon dioxide are associated with the vessel compression and increased heart load, clinically manifesting as blood pressure disorders.
Diabetic macular edema. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, treatment
Authors: Amirov A N , Abdulaeva E A , Minkhuzina E L
Published: March 2015

The article reviews domestic and international publications addressing the features of spectral optic coherence tomography in patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic macular edema. Modern concepts of pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques and treatment of diabetic macular edema are described. Diabetes mellitus is one of the World’s most important medical and social problems. The significance of the problem is due to the prevalence of diabetes. The incidence is increasing annually in all countries, and the catastrophic positive trend can be treated as non-infective epidemics. Diabetic retinopathy is considered as one of the most severe specific eye diseases in diabetes. Despite significant advances and new directions of medical and surgical treatment in the last years, macular edema is the most common cause of central visual acuity reduction in diabetes. The most common and informative method of diagnosis of diabetic macular edema is optical coherence tomography. This non-invasive and precise method, allowing to obtain an cross section images of studied tissues in vivo, to estimate the thickness of the retina in micrometers, the volume in cubic millimeters and its structure. Introduction of this method induced revolutionary changes in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Treatment of diabetic macular edema requires compensating the set of biological and pathophysiological local and systemic changes in the eye, occurring in diabetes. Currently treatments for diabetic retinopathy include laser surgery, surgical techniques (vitrectomy), intravitreal injections of corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications. Despite the results achieved it diagnosis and treatment of diabetic macular edema, these questions require further research.
Molecular diagnosis of cancer in the large regional oncology center: possibilities and limitations for use in clinical oncology
Authors: Petrov S V , Akhmetov T R , Balatenko N V , Mazitova F M , Sabirov A G , Galeev M V , Zagvozkina D O , Gordiev M G , Khasanov R Sh
Published: March 2015

Aim. To summarize the results of 19-year activity in laboratory of immunohistochemical tumor diagnosis of Tatarstan Regional Cancer Centre of Ministry of Health, Republic of Tatarstan.Methods. Advantages and limitations of modern molecular techniques for the diagnosis of human tumors are discussed based on our own experience and the literature data.Results. A number of tumor cells molecular targets (e.g., growth factor receptors, differentiation antigens) are being determined in Tatarstan Regional Cancer Centre since 1996 on the daily basis for creating a «molecular portrait of tumor» and customized therapy adjustment. The total number of tumors investigated using immunohistochemistry, systematically increased from 150 in 1996 to 5910 in 2014, and for each tumor 1 to 12 (usually 4-5) or more antigens expression is evaluated. Since 2007, molecular cytogenetic studies of potential targets for the treatment of breast cancer, stomach and lung are investigated. To identify HER2 oncogene amplification performed 894 assays were performed in 2007-2011 using chromogenic in situ hybridization and 1064 assays using fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed in 2011-2014. Since November 2014 we are using fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect ALK-EML4 translocation in lung adenocarcinomas, during the last month of the 2014 38 tests were performed. For two decades, the laboratory, which has a reference status in the Volga region of Russian Federation, has verified the diagnosis in 32 thousand patients, among them 55% cases of breast cancer (prognostic markers), 18% - lymphoproliferative processes, 15% - anaplastic tumors and metastatic cancers of unknown primary source, 12% were soft tissue tumors. Error rate for immunohistochemical diagnosis was 2.6%, mainly involving central nervous system tumors, lymphomas, and metastatic cancers of unknown primary source.Conclusion. Modern morphological tumor verification provides high quality diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients in the Republic of Tatarstan for many years.
Identifying Pious and Heretical Citizens in a Permanent Supported Housing Community
Authors: Wright Anthony
Published: March 2015

This article offers an analysis of the impact of recovery-oriented treatment discourses and practices on tenant–staff relationships in the context of the Pinewood Apartments, a Texas-based permanent supported housing community. Drawing on 6 months of ethnographic research and personal experience of working as a caregiver at Pinewood, I demonstrate how tenant–staff relationships were compromised by service providers’ negative evaluations of certain tenants in the context of emotionally charged service interactions. These negative evaluations, I argue, stem from deeply held ideas about valuable citizenship that are embedded in the philosophy and practices of recovery, which emphasizes client choice, self-sufficiency, and autonomy. It should be noted, though, that negative evaluations were not necessarily definitive; both tenants and service providers at times exhibited sympathy and forgiveness for each other.
Effects of Electroacupuncture on Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Lisboa Mario R. P. , Gondim Delane V. , Ervolino Edilson , Vale Mariana L. , Frota Nicolly P. R. , Nunes Nara L. T. , Mariguela Viviane C. , Taba Mario , Messora Michel R. , Furlaneto Flávia A. C.
Published: March 2015

Background: Acupuncture has shown the capability of modulating the immuno‐inflammatory response of the host. This study aims to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.

Methods: Thirty‐two animals were divided into four groups: 1) control; 2) experimental periodontitis (EP); 3) sham‐treated (EP/EA‐sham); and 4) treated with EA (EP/EA). For the EP groups, a ligature was placed around the right mandibular first molars at day 1. Sessions of EA or EA‐sham were assigned every other day. For EA treatment, large intestine meridian points LI4 and LI11 and stomach meridian points ST36 and ST44 were used. EA‐sham was performed in off‐meridian points. Animals were euthanized at day 11. Histomorphometric and microtomographic analyses were performed. Immunolabeling patterns for the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were assessed. Expressions of interleukin (IL)‐1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, IL‐6, and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed statistically (P <0.05, analysis of variance).

Results: Histomorphometric and microtomographic analyses demonstrated that group EP/EA presented reduced alveolar bone loss when compared to group EP (P <0.05). Reduced RANKL immunolabeling and fewer TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells were observed in the EA‐treated group in relation to group EP. No differences were observed in OPG expression among groups. EA treatment decreased the genic expression of IL‐1β and MMP‐8 (P <0.05), increased the mRNA expression of IL‐6 (P <0.05), and did not modify the genic expression of COX‐2 in animals with EP (P >0.05).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that EA reduced periodontal tissue breakdown and the expression of some proinflammatory mediators and a proresorptive factor in EP in rats.
Fish tracking in vertical slot fishways using computer vision techniques
Authors: Rodríguez Álvaro , Bermúdez María , Rabuñal Juan R. , Puertas Jerónimo
Published: March 2015

Vertical slot fishways are hydraulic structures which allow the upstream migration of fish through obstructions in rivers. The appropriate design of these devices should take into account the behavior and biological requirements of the target fish species. However, little is known at the present time about fish behavior in these artificial conditions, which hinders the development of more effective fishway design criteria. In this work, an efficient technique to study fish trajectories and behavior in vertical slot fishways is proposed. It uses computer vision techniques to analyze images collected from a camera system and effectively track fish inside the fishway. Edge and region analysis algorithms are employed to detect fish in extreme image conditions and Kalman filtering is used to track fish along time. The proposed solution has been extensively validated through several experiments, obtaining promising results which may help to improve the design of fish passage devices.
Water and the city: exploring links between urban growth and water demand management
Authors: Bouziotas Dimitrios , Rozos Evangelos , Makropoulos Christos
Published: March 2015

Urban water management is currently understood as a socio-technical problem, including both technologies and engineering interventions as well as socioeconomic dimensions and contexts vis-à-vis both end users and institutions. In this framework, perhaps the most important driver of urban water demand, at the intersection between engineering, social and economic domains, is urban growth. This paper examines aspects of the interplay between the dynamics of urban growth and the urban water cycle. Specifically, a cellular automata urban growth model is re-engineered to provide growth patterns at the level of detail needed by an urban water cycle model. The resulting toolkit is able to simulate spatial changes in urban areas while simultaneously estimating their water demand impact under different water demand management scenarios, with an emphasis on distributed technologies whose applicability depends on urban form. The method and tools are tested in the case study of Mesogeia, Greece, and conclusions are drawn, regarding both the performance of the urban growth model and the effectiveness of different urban water management practices.
Improving the rapidity of responses to pipe burst in water distribution systems: a comparison of statistical process control methods
Authors: Jung Donghwi , Kang Doosun , Liu Jian , Lansey Kevin
Published: March 2015

A pipe burst is a major water distribution system failure. Water escapes the network through the break increasing the total flow entering the network. These higher flows, in turn, increase the head losses in pipes and result in lower water pressures at customer taps. This study focuses on burst detection by seeking to identify anomalies in net system demand, pipe flow rates, and nodal pressure heads. Three univariate statistical process control (SPC) methods (the Western Electric Company rules, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method, and the exponentially weighted moving average [EWMA]) and three multivariate SPC methods (Hotelling T2 method and multivariate versions of CUSUM and EWMA) are compared with respect to their detection effectiveness and efficiency. First, the three univariate methods are tested using real system burst detection and then the six SPC methods are compared using synthetic data. The real application using net system demand shows that burst flows are proportionally too small to be detected. Synthetic data analyses suggest that the univariate EWMA method using nodal pressure provides the highest detectability. The method's long record length helps detect small bursts and avoid false detection. SPC methods require consistent system operations for measurements beyond total area flow.
Estimation of scour depth around circular piers: applications of model tree
Authors: Etemad-Shahidi Amir , Bonakdar Lisham , Jeng D.-S.
Published: March 2015

Scour around bridge piers is one of the main causes of bridge failures and is of great importance for hydraulic engineers and scientists. Prediction of the scour depth around piers is complicated, and accurate results are rarely achieved by the existing models. Recently, data mining approaches such as artificial neural networks and fuzzy inference systems have been applied successfully to predict scour depth around hydraulic structures. In this study, an alternative robust data mining approach was used for the predictions of the scour depth around piers, and the results were compared with those of three empirical approaches. Performances of developed models were tested by experimental data sets collected in laboratory experiments and field measurements, together with existing empirical approaches. Statistical measures indicate that the proposed M5′ model provides a better prediction of scour depth than the empirical approaches.
Microbial quality of domestic water: following the contamination chain in a rural township in Kenya
Authors: Macharia Pauline W. , Yillia Paul T. , Muia Wairimu A. , Byamukama Denis , Kreuzinger Norbert
Published: March 2015

A study was undertaken in Njoro Township, Kenya to evaluate the extent to which drinking water was subjected to post-collection faecal contamination in low-income and high-income households. Boreholes were the main drinking water sources, accounting for roughly 70% singular access. The microbial quality of drinking water from the boreholes deteriorated from the point-of-collection through conveying containers of small-scale water vendors to household storage containers, irrespective of their income status. The densities of Escherichia coli (EC) were relatively low at the point-of-collection – median (M): 18 CFU/100 mL, range (R): 0–220, n = 60 – increasing considerably in the containers of water vendors (M: 290 CFU/100 mL, R: 30–350) and slightly (M: 360 CFU/100 mL, R: 0–520) between vendors and low-income households, many of whom used the services of vendors unlike high-income households who relied on a piped system on premises (M: 40 CFU/100 mL, R: 0–500). Post-collection contamination was high in low-income households compared to high-income households but differences were not significant between the two household categories with and without household water treatment (HWT). Different HWT methods in the two household categories significantly reduced faecal contamination, but unhygienic handling and poor storage practices afterwards caused recontamination. HWT and behavioural change measures need not selectively target household groups solely on the basis of their income status.