bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The American Revolution
Authors: Burnard Trevor
Published: May 2010

As a transformative event in American, world, and Atlantic history, the American Revolution has always attracted great interest. One of the results is an enormous literature, meaning that any bibliography is necessarily selective and partial. There are two major ways in which scholars have viewed the American Revolution and two major ideological approaches that they have taken to their studies. The American Revolution can be viewed as the culmination of colonial British American history. In this reading, colonial British American history is but a precursor of the main event. In these accounts, the main aim is to see how the American Revolution led to the creation of the United States. It is thus a key event in the development of American nationalism and the American state. Although a number of works listed in this article illuminate this approach, this article sees the American Revolution as part of a larger age of revolutions, encompassing the French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions, and sees it as arising out of global contexts and having major consequences as a key event in the birth of the modern world. Most of the events leading up to the American Revolution and the War of Independence itself are well known. What remains contested is how those events are interpreted. One school of thought—the Whig or neo-Whig approach—stresses the Revolution as caused mainly by ideological difference. Whig historians of the Revolution tend to see the American Revolution as having mainly political rather than socioeconomic consequences. The second school of thought—termed the Progressive school—sees the American Revolution as a social as well as a political revolution, akin to the French and the Russian Revolutions. The early-20th-century debates that set the parameters are well surveyed in Greene 1968, cited under Reference Works.
The Black Atlantic in the Age of Revolutions
Authors: McDonald Roderick , McDonald Michelle Craig
Published: May 2010

Between 1630 and 1780 at least five Africans landed in Britain’s Atlantic empire for every two Europeans, and between 1700 and 1780 the ratio increased to 4 to 1. Such demographics gave shape to a Black Atlantic world during the age of revolutions and established the history of the nearly twelve million Africans who crossed the Atlantic Ocean between the 16th and the 19th centuries as central to the field of Atlantic history. Whereas early Black Atlantic studies tended to focus on the economic and demographic importance of the African diaspora to the Atlantic’s northern and western shores, with some attention to slave rebellion, more recent studies have considered the cultural impact of African community and family structures, language and artistic expression, labor, and resistance. Black Atlantic history finds analytic strength in its separation from national historiographies, for while transatlantic perspectives on colonialism, imperialism, and slavery still rely more on frameworks bounded by European states and nations, Black Atlantic scholarship crosses British, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Danish boundaries in understanding the complex history of Africans and their descendants within a broader Atlantic context.
British Atlantic World
Authors: Burnard Trevor
Published: May 2010

The English were latecomers into the Atlantic, with permanent settlement not beginning in earnest until the 17th century. From 1607 and the founding of Jamestown until the latter part of the 19th century, the English and, after the union of England and Scotland in 1707, the British were the most numerous of all European migrants across the Atlantic. The British world was a world in motion, both at home and in the Americas. The sources collected here reflect the dynamism, restlessness, and willingness to take risks that characterized early modern British imperial expansion both into the Americas and into Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. The British Atlantic was most important in the two centuries before the American Revolution but continued to be important after the creation of the United States, as Canada and the West Indies grew while under British control. The British Atlantic world began after the Spanish Atlantic world and changed earlier than the Spanish world into a different sort of polity (one composed of nation-states as well as an empire) but was at least as important in shaping the Atlantic world. British Atlantic world history does not stand by itself: It needs to be placed within an imperial and “British world” perspective and needs to be connected to manifold changes that happened between the mid-16th and mid-19th centuries in Britain itself.
Colonization of English America
Authors: Burnard Trevor
Published: May 2010

England was a latecomer in the colonization of the Americas. It drew heavily on the example of Spain for its early colonization efforts in North America and the West Indies. It also drew on its experience in subduing the inhabitants of the Celtic peripheries of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland in shaping relations with Native Americans. The advent of Atlantic history has been decisive in considering 17th-century colonization in comparative context. More effort is deployed now than previously to see English settlement as an encounter with peoples of an Old World rather than as a discovery of a New World by Englishmen and Englishwomen. English America refers to those areas settled by the English on the eastern seaboard of mainland North America (extending from Newfoundland in the north to the Carolinas in the south) and in the West Indies (including islands in the Lesser Antilles, such as Barbados and the Leeward Islands, and Jamaica in the Greater Antilles).
Emancipation
Authors: McDonald Roderick , McDonald Michelle Craig
Published: May 2010

The process of emancipation in the Atlantic world spanned most of the 19th century and took a variety of forms. Some, such as Haiti’s 1804 declaration of immediate emancipation and the United States’ Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment, followed long, violent conflicts. Other nations, such as Britain, attempted a more gradual transition to freedom in an effort to prepare both former slaves and slave owners for new social and economic systems. Thereafter, France and Denmark (in 1848), Holland (1863), Puerto Rico (1873), and Cuba (1886) all abolished slavery through combinations of international pressure, religious and moral petitioning, legislative action, and violent confrontations, as did many of the newly independent nations of Latin America. In 1888 Brazil became the last nation in the Americas to abolish slavery, though in many ways the process of emancipation itself had just begun. Post-emancipation scholarship starts at abolition and asks not only what factors contributed to slavery’s demise, but also how subsequent freedoms, or denials of freedom, can be measured politically, socially, culturally, and economically. These studies have moved beyond the first few decades of freedom to explore how emancipation experiences contributed to contemporary ideas about liberty and equality, as well as ongoing problems with racial conflict and violence.
Domestic Production and Consumption in the Atlantic World
Authors: DuPlessis Robert
Published: May 2010

In the past several decades, household production and consumption have emerged as important—and usually linked—historical subjects. Much of the scholarship is concerned with societies located around the Atlantic, though only a minority attempts either to organize research within an explicitly Atlantic framework or to discuss more than one area in the basin. More commonly, works focus on these topics within individual political units (regions, states, empires), social groups, or categories of consumer goods. Many studies encompass more than the Early Modern period (16th–18th centuries). But that era is typically seen as decisive, the eighteenth century most of all. Then, it is frequently argued, occurred a “consumer revolution” that accompanied or, in some accounts, preceded factory industrialization. Even when no consumer revolution is postulated, moreover, scholars generally agree that fundamental changes took place between about 1500 and about 1800: the wide diffusion of innovative agricultural and manufactured commodities in areas in which they had previously been unknown; the proliferation of new shopping venues and retailing techniques; the participation in household production and consumption of marketed goods by many more and more varied groups than ever before. The exciting scholarship that investigates these themes is multinational and multidisciplinary. Anglophone historians have been particularly attuned to developments in anthropology and cultural studies, their counterparts elsewhere to economics and sociology—though neither “school” is exclusive in its orientation and cross-fertilization is constant. Research into household production and consumption in the past can also be found in works on economic and cultural history. More often, these consumer and material culture histories overlap; though consumption is often defined as the processes and practices of acquiring and using, and material culture as what is acquired and used, in reality the distinctions are difficult to maintain either theoretically or empirically. This means that a multitude of competing concepts, interpretations, and approaches characterize the historical study of consumption and household production, making it a lively and rewarding field.
Pre-Contact America
Authors: DuVal Kathleen
Published: May 2010

People lived in the Americas for at least ten thousand years before the arrival of Europeans and Africans beginning in 1492. This history is both important in its own right and relevant to the interactions between the Americas and the Atlantic World that emerged in the 16th century. Because most precolonial Americans did not have written languages and because their oral histories either were destroyed or much changed by the devastation of colonization, most information about the precolonial Americas comes from archaeology, combined with information gleaned from early European documents. Increasingly, historians are integrating the “pre-contact” period (which has also been called “prehistory”) into a longer version of the history of the Americas, cognizant of continuities as well as ruptures in the 15th and 16th centuries. This entry seeks to provide readings in English by historians familiar with archaeology and by archaeologists writing in ways accessible to historians and general readers. Bibliographies within individual works will lead researchers to more works in particular fields, including in languages besides English and by archaeologists and anthropologists writing for specialists.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Northrup David
Published: May 2010

The slave trade was one of the earliest and the most capital-intensive forms of Atlantic interaction. The largest intercontinental migration in history before the mid-1800s, this forced transportation of enslaved Africans repopulated the Americas and greatly affected cultural and racial mixes there. Europeans had acquired some slaves during the first two centuries of direct contacts with sub-Saharan Africa, but only with the growth of West Indian plantation colonies in the mid-1600s did slaves become the predominant African export. In all periods Africans received vast quantities of European, American, and Asian goods in return. The growing transportation of trade goods, of millions of Africans, and of plantation products gradually tied the Atlantic continents together. The earliest studies of the Atlantic slave trade were by British abolitionists, who emphasized the cruelties of the Middle Passage across the Atlantic as a way of rallying support for ending the trade. While this approach to the subject is still common, modern scholarship has opened up several new areas of study: the slave trade as a business, the participation of African merchants in this business, and the social and cultural consequences of so large an African migration to the Americas. All aspects of studying the slave trade have benefited from efforts to measure the flow of slaves across the Atlantic with greater precision.
Fiscal-Military State
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: May 2010

A fiscal-military state was one capable of sustaining large-scale warfare through taxation and fiscal innovation, such as the creation of a national debt or credit-providing institutions. As armies and navies grew in size and sophistication, and the theater of war extended globally, so the cost of warfare spiraled; and the ability of states to pay for this determined their status as a “great power” in European or global affairs. Although it had its origins in the 16th- and 17th-century so-called military revolution, this process was a particular feature of 18th-century states. But the type and success of fiscal-military states varied: some, such as Britain, claimed to raise resources through consensual means, but others, such as Prussia or Russia, levied taxation more autocratically. The development of fiscal-military states of the 18th century was particularly important in an Atlantic context, since rivalry between Britain, France, and Spain was often fought out in a global theater that required huge resources and abilities. In turn, the colonies had a major impact on the character of the fiscal-military states. Spain’s decline in the 17th century arguably had much to do with the bullion from South America that had enabled the mother country to wage war for so long: but this approach also sidelined fiscal innovation and the growth of trade. And in the 18th century the cost of defending America placed a huge strain on the British state’s capacity, forcing it to adopt policies that precipitated conflict and to rethink economic policy. At the end of the 18th century the wars with France in some ways not only accentuated the trend toward fiscal-military muscle, they also led to an appreciation that concerted diplomacy was also a vital tool if a balance of power was to be maintained peacefully. The conceptualization of the fiscal-military state owes much to historians working on 18th-century Britain, which was in some ways precocious and different from other nations. The result is that much of the work on the character of the fiscal-military state (as opposed to the absolutist-bureaucratic military state) has been focused on Britain (and its empire). The sections that follow reflect that bias, but Comparative Studies and Imperial Conflict point to more specific European and global treatments.
Early Modern Spain
Authors: Poska Allyson M.
Published: May 2010

During the Early Modern period, the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were unique in many ways. For centuries, they had struggled with significant Islamic and Jewish populations both inside and just beyond their borders. Long after the conquest of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews, the presence of newly converted and assimilated peoples informed Spanish culture. Columbus’s voyages to the Caribbean made Castile the head of an expanding American empire that transformed the kingdom politically, socially, and economically. With the succession of Charles I to the thrones of Castile and Aragon and his subsequent election as Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V), that empire grew to include much of northern and central Europe. Charles’s successors would add Portugal and parts of Asia to its possessions. As a result, Spain’s monarchs, institutions, policies, and social norms became critical in the formation of the early modern world.
Relationship between Anesthetic Depth and Venous Oxygen Saturation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Stein Erica J. , Glick David B. , Minhaj Mohammed M. , Drum Melinda , Tung Avery
Published: May 2010

Background

During cardiopulmonary bypass, mixed venous oxygen saturation (Svo2) is frequently measured to assess circulatory adequacy. Fluctuations in Svo2 not related to patient movement or inadequate oxygen delivery have been attributed clinically to increased cerebral oxygen consumption due to "light" anesthesia. To evaluate the relationship between anesthetic depth and Svo2, we prospectively measured bispectral index (BIS) and Svo2 values in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods

Adults scheduled for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were recruited for this prospective observational study. During bypass, BIS and Svo2 values were recorded every 5 min. To control for confounding effects of changes in other variables known to affect Svo2, temperature, hematocrit, bypass pump flow, muscle relaxant use, and intravenous and inhaled anesthetic doses were also recorded. Only periods with limited variation in other variables affecting Svo2 were analyzed. The relationship between BIS and Svo2 was evaluated using mixed linear regression.

Results

One thousand thirty-four data points were obtained in 41 patients. No overall association between BIS and Svo2 was observed, either in unadjusted analysis or adjusted for covariates. In data points with temperatures less than the median (T < 34.1 degrees C), a significant association between BIS and Svo2 was observed both in unadjusted (beta = -0.32, P = 0.01) and adjusted (beta = -0.27, P = 0.04) analyses.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, we found no overall association between BIS and Svo2. A weak but statistically significant association between BIS and Svo2 was observed in patients with temperatures less than 34.1 degrees C. These data suggest that low Svo2 values on bypass are unlikely to be due to light or inadequate anesthesia. The relationship among temperature, BIS and Svo2 deserves further study.
Association between Epidural Analgesia and Cancer Recurrence after Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Gottschalk Antje , Ford Justin G. , Regelin Cedric C. , You Jing , Mascha Edward J. , Sessler Daniel I. , Durieux Marcel E. , Nemergut Edward C.
Published: May 2010

Introduction

Animal studies suggest that regional anesthesia and optimal postoperative analgesia independently reduce cancer metastasis. Retrospective clinical studies suggest reductions in recurrence of several cancer types in patients receiving perioperative neuraxial analgesia. Thus, the authors determined the association between perioperative epidural analgesia and cancer recurrence in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods

After obtaining approval of institutional review board, the authors reviewed the records of 669 patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery between January 2000 and March 2007. Follow-up ended in November 2008. The authors' primary outcome was time to cancer recurrence. Cox proportional hazards models were used.

Results

Two hundred fifty-six patients who received epidural analgesia and 253 who did not were analyzed in a multivariable model to assess the association between epidural use and cancer recurrence. Overall, no association between epidural use and recurrence was found (P = 0.43), with an adjusted estimated hazard ratio of 0.82 (95% CI 0.49-1.35). In post hoc analyses, epidural use was associated with a lower cancer recurrence in older patients (age older than 64 yr), but not in younger (interaction P = 0.01). A sensitivity analysis using propensity score analysis found similar results.

Conclusion

In contrast to previous retrospective studies in the colon, breast, and prostate cancer surgery, the authors found that the use of epidural analgesia for perioperative pain control during colorectal cancer surgery was not associated with a decreased cancer recurrence; however, a potential benefit was observed in older patients. The benefit of regional anesthesia on cancer recurrence may thus depend on the specific tumor type.
Morphometric Analysis of Vertebral Growth Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Normal Skeletally Immature Spine
Authors: Zhang Hong , Sucato Daniel J. , Nurenberg Pamela , McClung Anna
Published: May 2010

Study Design.

Morphometic analysis of the thoracic and lumbar pedicle, vertebral body, and spinal canal in the normal infantile and juvenile patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Objective.

To 3-dimensionally characterize the growth of the vertebral column in vivo and define the accurate dynamic growth rate of the normal immature spine.

Summary of Background Data.

There is a relationship between growth of the spine and the development of spinal deformity. Currently available information regarding vertebral column growth is remarkably limited and poorly defined. The detailed morphologic research is needed to obtain accurate data with regard to growth of the vertebra, including coronal, sagittal, and axial growth information for normal states.

Methods.

A total of 34 pediatric patients with a normal straight spine who had MRI from thoracic vertebra 1 to lumbar vertebra 5 were assigned to 3 groups: infantile group (n = 11), 0 to 3 years of age; juvenile-young group (n = 16), 4 to 7 years of age; and juvenile-old group (n = 7), 8 to 10 years of age. True transverse and midsagittal MRI images were used for pedicle (width and length), vertebral body (height, depth and width), and spinal canal area measurements.

Results.

The mean increase of the pedicle width and length was 0.7 mm (16%) and 3.2 mm (18%) from the infantile to the juvenile-young, and was 0.9 mm (15%) and 2.2 mm (11%) through the juvenile-old group. The mean increase of the vertebra body width, depth, and height were 3.6 mm (15%), 4.5 mm (27%), and 3.1 mm (27%), respectively, from the infantile to the juvenile-young, and were 2.9 mm (10%), 1.9 mm (9%) and 2.1 mm (15%), respectively, through the juvenile-old group. The mean increase of the spinal canal area was 41 mm2 (19%) from the infantile to the juvenile-young and was only 1.8 mm2 (0.7%) through the juvenile-old group.

Conclusion.

The current study established the growth of the pedicle, spinal canal, and vertebral body in vivo in a sample of normal pediatric subjects. The vertebral growth rate in the infantile and the juvenile-young period was significantly greater than that in the juvenile-old period. Spinal canal growth is associated with the growth of the pedicle width and has little growth after the juvenile-young period. Pedicle screw fixation would be unlikely to influence the size of the spinal canal after the early juvenile period, but may disturb the pedicle growth in length.
Evidence of Intestinal Inflammation in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Werlin Steven L , Benuri‐Silbiger Ishay , Kerem Eitan , Adler Sam N , Goldin Eran , Zimmerman Joseph , Malka Netta , Cohen Limor , Armoni Shoshana , Yatzkan‐Israelit Yardena , Bergwerk Ari , Aviram Micha , Bentur Lea , Mussaffi Huda , Bjarnasson Ingvar , Wilschanski Michael
Published: May 2010

Objectives:

Treatment with pancreatic enzymes fails to completely correct malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the present study was to examine the small intestine of patients with CF without overt evidence of gastrointestinal disease using capsule endoscopy (CE).

Methods:

Patients with CF received the agile patency capsule and, depending on the result of that procedure, then underwent standard CE using the PillCam SB capsule (Given Imaging, Yokneam, Israel). A stool specimen was taken on the same day as the CE for determination of the calprotectin level.

Results:

Forty‐two patients with CF ages 10 to 36 years were included; 29 had pancreatic insufficiency. One patient failed to excrete the patency capsule after 36 hours and was withdrawn from the study. Pulmonary function was mild to moderate with FEV1 68.5% ± 16% predicted. Review of the CE videos showed that most of the patients had varying degrees of diffuse areas of inflammatory findings in the small bowel including edema, erythema, mucosal breaks, and frank ulcerations. There were no adverse events. Fecal calprotectin levels were markedly high in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, 258 μg/g (normal <50).

Conclusions:

Small bowel mucosal pathology may be detected using CE in most of the patients with CF. The high fecal calprotectin levels found are suggestive of mucosal inflammation, which may correlate with the CE findings. Additional study is required to examine the possible relation of these mucosal lesions, which may be part of a newly identified enteropathy associated with CF, with persistent intestinal malabsorption in many of these patients.
Eosinophilic Oesophagitis in Infants and Children in the Region of Southern Denmark: A Prospective Study of Prevalence and Clinical Presentation
Authors: Dalby Kasper , Nielsen Rasmus G , Kruse‐Andersen Soren , Fenger Claus , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Ljungberg Susanne , Larsen Kirsten , Walsted Anne‐Mette , Husby Steffen
Published: May 2010

Objective:

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EE) is a clinical entity characterised by a set of symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration of the oesophageal epithelium. Recent reports indicate that EE is increasingly diagnosed in paediatric patients. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of paediatric EE in a European population.

Design:

Infants and children in the Region of Southern Denmark were prospectively referred for further evaluation of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after treatment failure with a proton pump inhibitor. The evaluation included endoscopy, 24‐hour oesophageal pH‐metry, histology of oesophageal biopsies, and investigations for food allergy (double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge, skin prick test, S‐IgE antibodies, atopy patch test).

Results:

Of the 78 referred patients, 28 qualified for a diagnosis of GERD. Six children had >15 eosinophils per high‐power field in biopsies from the oesophageal mucosa and qualified for the diagnosis of EE. The median age at diagnosis was 9.6 years. In 4 of the 6 patients, food allergy was confirmed by double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge. In the Region of Southern Denmark with a paediatric population of 256,164 between 0 and 16 years of age, a yearly incidence of EE of 0.16/10,000 was estimated.

Conclusion:

We report a European prospective study of EE. It was documented in 6 of 78 patients with symptoms of GERD corresponding to an annual incidence of 0.16/10,000 infants and children.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Long‐term Risk of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Peetsold Marieke G , Kneepkens CM Frank , Heij Hugo A , IJsselstijn Hanneke , Tibboel Dick , Gemke Reinoud JBJ
Published: May 2010

Objectives:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a well‐recognized consequence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Results of studies examining predictive factors for early and late GERD are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of early (<2 years) and late GERD (≥6 years) following CDH repair and to identify predictive variables.

Patients and Methods:

Of 183 patients born with high‐risk CDH, 107 survived and 38 were excluded. Perinatal and postnatal data of 69 eligible patients were analysed to identify variables predictive for early GERD. For the follow‐up study, 58 patients (84%) (ages 12.1 ± 3.4 years; range 6–17) completed a standardised questionnaire. Results were compared with those from a healthy control group (n = 83). Patients who had a score indicating increased risk of GERD underwent further diagnostic assessment. Predictive factors for early and late GERD were identified using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:

Early GERD was demonstrated in 27 patients (39%). Patch closure and intrathoracic position of the stomach were independent predictive variables for early GERD. At the time of follow‐up, 9 of 58 patients (16%) had symptoms suggestive of GERD. In 7 patients (12%), late GERD was confirmed. For late GERD, however, no perinatal or postnatal risk factors were identified.

Conclusions:

Early GERD is more common in CDH patients with patch closure or intrathoracic position of the stomach. Predictive factors for late GERD could not be identified and screening for early GERD does not protect for future GERD; therefore, long‐term follow‐up for GERD in CDH survivors is mandatory.
Evidence of a Generalized Defect of Acinar Cell Function in Shwachman‐Diamond Syndrome
Authors: Stormon Michael O , Ip Wan F , Ellis Lynda , Schibli Susanne , Rommens Johanna M , Durie Peter R
Published: May 2010

Background:

Because the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas in patients with Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome (SDS) are severely depleted, we hypothesized that a similar deficiency may be present in acinar cells of the parotid gland.

Patients and Methods:

We determined serum pancreatic isoamylase and parotid amylase activities in 16 patients with SDS, 13 healthy controls, and 13 disease controls (cystic fibrosis or fibrosing pancreatitis). Parotid amylase and electrolyte concentrations were measured in stimulated parotid gland secretions. Starch digestion was assessed by breath hydrogen testing in patients with SDS (with and without enzyme supplements) and healthy controls.

Results:

Serum pancreatic and parotid isoamylase values were lower in the patients with SDS than in the healthy controls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Serum pancreatic isoamylase, but not parotid isoamylase, was significantly lower in the disease controls than in the healthy controls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.17, respectively). Secreted parotid gland amylase concentration (units per milligram of protein) in patients with SDS was lower than that in the healthy controls (P = 0.04), whereas the disease controls were comparable to the healthy subjects (P = 0.09). Secreted parotid chloride concentration was inversely correlated with amylase concentration in the patients with SDS (P = 0.01), but no correlation was seen in the healthy controls or disease controls. When patients with SDS ingested starch without enzyme supplementation, their breath hydrogen excretion was significantly higher than that in the healthy controls (P = 0.009). Following starch ingestion with enzymes, breath hydrogen in the patients with SDS was lower (P < 0.05) than with no enzyme treatment, and no different from controls (P = 0.37).

Conclusions:

Mutations in the SBDS gene cause a generalized functional abnormality of exocrine acinar cells.
Do film soundtracks contain nonlinear analogues to influence emotion?
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T. , Davitian Richard , Kaye Peter D.
Published: May 2010

A variety of vertebrates produce nonlinear vocalizations when they are under duress. By their very nature, vocalizations containing nonlinearities may sound harsh and are somewhat unpredictable; observations that are consistent with them being particularly evocative to those hearing them. We tested the hypothesis that humans capitalize on this seemingly widespread vertebrate response by creating nonlinear analogues in film soundtracks to evoke particular emotions. We used lists of highly regarded films to generate a set of highly ranked action/adventure, dramatic, horror and war films. We then scored the presence of a variety of nonlinear analogues in these film soundtracks. Dramatic films suppressed noise of all types, contained more abrupt frequency transitions and musical sidebands, and fewer noisy screams than expected. Horror films suppressed abrupt frequency transitions and musical sidebands, but had more non-musical sidebands, and noisy screams than expected. Adventure films had more male screams than expected. Together, our results suggest that film-makers manipulate sounds to create nonlinear analogues in order to manipulate our emotional responses.
Needle-shaped polymeric particles induce transient disruption of cell membranes
Authors: Doshi Nishit , Mitragotri Samir
Published: May 2010

Nano- and microparticles of various shapes have recently been introduced for various drug-delivery applications. Shape of particles has been shown to have an impact on various processes including circulation, vascular adhesion and phagocytosis. Here, we assess the role of particle geometry and surface chemistry in their interactions with cell membranes. Using representative particles of different shape (spheres, elongated and flat particles), size (500 nm–1 µm) and surface chemistry (positively and negatively charged), we evaluated the response of endothelial cells to particles. While spherical and elliptical disc-shaped particles did not have an impact on cell spreading and motility, needle-shaped particles induced significant changes in the same. Further studies revealed that needle-shaped particles induced disruption of cell membranes as indicated by the release of lactate dehydrogenase and uptake of extracellular calcein. The effect of needle-shaped particles on cells was transient and was reversed over a time period of 1–48 h depending on particle parameters.
Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review
Authors: Funk Sebastian , Salathé Marcel , Jansen Vincent A. A.
Published: May 2010

Human behaviour plays an important role in the spread of infectious diseases, and understanding the influence of behaviour on the spread of diseases can be key to improving control efforts. While behavioural responses to the spread of a disease have often been reported anecdotally, there has been relatively little systematic investigation into how behavioural changes can affect disease dynamics. Mathematical models for the spread of infectious diseases are an important tool for investigating and quantifying such effects, not least because the spread of a disease among humans is not amenable to direct experimental study. Here, we review recent efforts to incorporate human behaviour into disease models, and propose that such models can be broadly classified according to the type and source of information which individuals are assumed to base their behaviour on, and according to the assumed effects of such behaviour. We highlight recent advances as well as gaps in our understanding of the interplay between infectious disease dynamics and human behaviour, and suggest what kind of data taking efforts would be helpful in filling these gaps.
Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials
Authors: Boccaccini A. R. , Keim S. , Ma R. , Li Y. , Zhitomirsky I.
Published: May 2010

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is attracting increasing attention as an effective technique for the processing of biomaterials, specifically bioactive coatings and biomedical nanostructures. The well-known advantages of EPD for the production of a wide range of microstructures and nanostructures as well as unique and complex material combinations are being exploited, starting from well-dispersed suspensions of biomaterials in particulate form (microsized and nanoscale particles, nanotubes, nanoplatelets). EPD of biological entities such as enzymes, bacteria and cells is also being investigated. The review presents a comprehensive summary and discussion of relevant recent work on EPD describing the specific application of the technique in the processing of several biomaterials, focusing on (i) conventional bioactive (inorganic) coatings, e.g. hydroxyapatite or bioactive glass coatings on orthopaedic implants, and (ii) biomedical nanostructures, including biopolymer–ceramic nanocomposites, carbon nanotube coatings, tissue engineering scaffolds, deposition of proteins and other biological entities for sensors and advanced functional coatings. It is the intention to inform the reader on how EPD has become an important tool in advanced biomaterials processing, as a convenient alternative to conventional methods, and to present the potential of the technique to manipulate and control the deposition of a range of nanomaterials of interest in the biomedical and biotechnology fields.
Relative brain displacement and deformation during constrained mild frontal head impact
Authors: Feng Y. , Abney T. M. , Okamoto R. J. , Pless R. B. , Genin G. M. , Bayly P. V.
Published: May 2010

This study describes the measurement of fields of relative displacement between the brain and the skull
in vivo
by tagged magnetic resonance imaging and digital image analysis. Motion of the brain relative to the skull occurs during normal activity, but if the head undergoes high accelerations, the resulting large and rapid deformation of neuronal and axonal tissue can lead to long-term disability or death. Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of acceleration-induced traumatic brain injury promise to illuminate the mechanisms of axonal and neuronal pathology, but numerical studies require knowledge of boundary conditions at the brain–skull interface, material properties and experimental data for validation. The current study provides a dense set of displacement measurements in the human brain during mild frontal skull impact constrained to the sagittal plane. Although head motion is dominated by translation, these data show that the brain rotates relative to the skull. For these mild events, characterized by linear decelerations near 1.5
g
(
g
= 9.81 m s
−2
) and angular accelerations of 120–140 rad s
−2
, relative brain–skull displacements of 2–3 mm are typical; regions of smaller displacements reflect the tethering effects of brain–skull connections. Strain fields exhibit significant areas with maximal principal strains of 5 per cent or greater. These displacement and strain fields illuminate the skull–brain boundary conditions, and can be used to validate simulations of brain biomechanics.
Short-term periodic features observed in the infrared cooling of the thermosphere and in solar and geomagnetic indexes from 2002 to 2009
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Kozyra Janet U. , Russell James M.
Published: May 2010

We report derivations of short-term periodic features observed in time series of the radiative cooling of the Earth’s thermosphere. In particular, we diagnose observations of the infrared emission from nitric oxide (NO) at 5.3 μm to reveal periodicities equal to the solar rotation period (27 days) and its next three harmonics. From 2002 to 2009 we observe 27 day, 13.5 day, 9 day and (occasionally) 6.75 day periods in the thermospheric NO cooling, the solar wind speed and the
K
p
geomagnetic index. Periodic features shorter than 27 days are absent in the time series of the 10.7 cm radio flux (F10.7) over this same time period. The periodic features in the NO cooling are found to occur throughout the depth of the thermosphere and are strongest at high latitudes. These results confirm the persistent coupling between the solar corona, the solar wind and the energy budget of the thermosphere.
SUMO functions in constitutive transcription and during activation of inducible genes in yeast
Authors: Rosonina Emanuel , Duncan Sarah M. , Manley James L.
Published: May 2010

Transcription factors represent one of the largest groups of proteins regulated by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification, and their sumoylation is usually associated with transcriptional repression. To investigate whether sumoylation plays a general role in regulating transcription in yeast, we determined the occupancy of sumoylated proteins at a variety of genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using an antibody that recognizes the yeast SUMO peptide. Surprisingly, we detected sumoylated proteins at all constitutively transcribed genes tested but not at repressed genes. Ubc9, the SUMO conjugation enzyme, was not present on these genes, but its inactivation reduced SUMO at the constitutive promoters and modestly decreased RNA polymerase II levels. In contrast, activation of the inducible GAL1, STL1, and ARG1 genes caused not only a striking accumulation of SUMO at all three promoter regions, but also recruitment of Ubc9, indicating that gene activation involves sumoylation of promoter-bound factors. However, Ubc9 inactivation, while reducing sumoylation at the induced promoters, paradoxically resulted in increased transcription. Providing an explanation for this, the reduced sumoylation impaired the cell's ability to appropriately shut off transcription of the induced ARG1 gene, indicating that SUMO can facilitate transcriptional silencing. Our findings thus establish unexpected roles for sumoylation in both constitutive and activated transcription, and provide a novel mechanism for regulating gene expression.
The death-associated protein DAXX is a novel histone chaperone involved in the replication-independent deposition of H3.3
Authors: Drané Pascal , Ouararhni Khalid , Depaux Arnaud , Shuaib Muhammad , Hamiche Ali
Published: May 2010

The histone variant H3.3 marks active chromatin by replacing the conventional histone H3.1. In this study, we investigate the detailed mechanism of H3.3 replication-independent deposition. We found that the death domain-associated protein DAXX and the chromatin remodeling factor ATRX (α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome protein) are specifically associated with the H3.3 deposition machinery. Bacterially expressed DAXX has a marked binding preference for H3.3 and assists the deposition of (H3.3–H4)2 tetramers on naked DNA, thus showing that DAXX is a H3.3 histone chaperone. In DAXX-depleted cells, a fraction of H3.3 was found associated with the replication-dependent machinery of deposition, suggesting that cells adapt to the depletion. The reintroduced DAXX in these cells colocalizes with H3.3 into the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies. Moreover, DAXX associates with pericentric DNA repeats, and modulates the transcription from these repeats through assembly of H3.3 nucleosomes. These findings establish a new link between the PML bodies and the regulation of pericentric DNA repeat chromatin structure. Taken together, our data demonstrate that DAXX functions as a bona fide histone chaperone involved in the replication-independent deposition of H3.3.
Morphological and quantitative changes in paternal brood‐pouch vasculature during embryonic development in two Syngnathus pipefishes
Authors: Ripley J. L. , Williams P. S. , Foran C. M.
Published: May 2010

Vascular corrosion casts of Syngnathus floridae and Syngnathus fuscus brood pouches were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Morphological and quantitative data on the vasculature of the paternal brood pouch during each stage of embryonic development were investigated to explore potential changes during brooding, to consider interspecific differences and to provide structural evidence for previously reported functional roles of the brood pouch. The brood pouches of both species are highly vascularized structures with cup‐like arrangements of brood‐pouch vasculature developing around each embryo shortly after fertilization and breaking down before fry release. The density and size of paternally derived blood vessels in contact with the embryos were found to be consistent for S. fuscus once this structure was established early in development. On the contrary, these vasculature measurements varied with early S. floridae brood stages when the embryo still relied heavily on the yolk sac. Diameter measurements of S. fuscus brood‐pouch blood vessels were also comparatively smaller during these early developmental stages, suggesting that the structural stability and opportunity for greater transport via slower blood flow may contribute to greater paternal allocation. This is the first study to document changes in brood‐pouch vasculature during specific stages of embryonic development, to show regression of this vasculature before fry release and to provide morphological data for two syngnathid species for which information on brood‐pouch physiology is available.
Characterizing the escape response of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus to diel‐cycling hypoxia
Authors: Brady D. C. , Targett T. E.
Published: May 2010

Swimming speed, angular correlation and expected displacement were measured in juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus acclimated to either oxygen saturation (c. 7·8 mg O2 l−1; saturation‐acclimated fish) or diel‐cycling hypoxia (cycling between 11·0 and 2·0 mg O2 l−1) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to more severe diel‐cycling hypoxia (cycling between 7·0 and 0·4 mg O2 l−1). Saturation‐acclimated P. dentatus exhibited an active response to declining dissolved oxygen (DO) by increasing swimming speed, angular correlation and expected displacement to peak levels at 1·4 mg O2 l−1 that were 3·5, 5·5 and 4·2 fold, respectively, greater than those at DO saturation. Diel‐cycling hypoxia‐acclimated P. dentatus also exhibited an active response to declining DO, although it was relatively less pronounced. Diel‐cycling hypoxia‐acclimated P. dentatus swimming speed, however, still doubled as DO decreased from 7·0 to 2·8 mg O2 l−1. Diel‐cycling hypoxia‐acclimated P. dentatus did not recover as well from low DO exposure as did saturation‐acclimated fish. This was reflected in their relatively more random swimming (low angular correlation between successive moves) and poor maintenance of rank order between individuals during the recovery phase. Even saturation‐acclimated P. dentatus did not resume swimming at speeds observed at saturation until DO was 4·2 mg O2 l−1. Paralichthys dentatus were very sensitive to decreasing DO, even at DO levels that were not lethal or growth limiting. This sensitivity and their poor recovery may preclude juvenile P. dentatus from using highly productive nursery habitats affected by diel‐cycling hypoxia.
Differential profiles of gene expression in grouper Epinephelus coioides, infected with Singapore grouper iridovirus, revealed by suppression subtractive hybridization and DNA microarray
Authors: Xu D. , Wei J. , Cui H. , Gong J. , Yan Y. , Lai R. , Qin Q.
Published: May 2010

Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to generate a subtracted cDNA library enriched with gene transcripts differentially expressed in the spleen of orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides after 5 days of infection with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). In the forward and reverse‐subtracted libraries, 260 and 153 non‐redundant expressed sequence tags (EST), respectively, were identified. These annotated genes responding to SGIV infection were grouped into eight gene categories related to immunity, cell structure, transcription–translation, cell signalling, metabolism, mitochondrial proteins, ribosomal proteins and unknown or hypothetical proteins. A DNA microarray containing all the differentially expressed genes was constructed, and the gene expression patterns in different tissues were investigated in virus‐infected E. coioides. Of these genes, four associated with the infection processes were identified and further investigated by quantitative real‐time PCR. These results provide new insights into the molecular basis of host–pathogen interactions in E. coioides, and will help the development of control strategies against SGIV infection.