bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abuse and smoking cessation in clinical practice
Authors: Smith Patricia M , Spadoni Michelle M , Proper Veronica M
Published: August 2012

Aims and objectives.  This discursive paper explores issues of abuse during smoking cessation counselling.

Background.  During a training session for a smoking cessation intervention pilot study, nurses expressed concerns about issues of abuse that had previously surfaced during cessation counselling in their practice. Abused women are more likely to smoke. As guidelines recommend integrating cessation interventions into practice, issues of abuse are likely to surface.

Methods.  A literature review and synthesis of abuse and smoking cessation was undertaken to arrive at recommendations for practice.

Results.  There are a few suggestions about how to manage abuse within cessation counselling, but none have been studied: (1) integrate stress‐management strategies, (2) assess for abuse, (3) provide separate interventions for partners to create a safe environment, and (4) develop interventions that consider the relationship couples have with tobacco. However, coping strategies alone do not address abuse, screening without treatment is not helpful, and partner interventions assume both partners are open to quitting/counselling. In contrast, as with all clinical practice, abuse and cessation would be considered separate but intertwined problems, and following best practice guidelines for abuse would provide the guidance on how to proceed. After care has been taken to address abuse, it is the patient’s decision whether to continue with cessation counselling.

Conclusion.  Guidelines addresses both care planning and the ethical/legal issues associated with the disclosure of abuse and provide a practical tool for addressing abuse that obviates the need to tailor cessation interventions to abuse.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This paper clarifies a relationship between smoking and abuse and the subsequent implications for smoking cessation interventions and highlights the importance of addressing abuse and smoking cessation separately, even though they are interrelated problems. It provides nurses with appropriate initial responses when abuse is disclosed during an unexpected encounter such as during a smoking cessation intervention.
Identification of a complex genetic network underlying Saccharomyces cerevisiae colony morphology
Authors: Voordeckers Karin , De Maeyer Dries , van der Zande Elisa , Vinces Marcelo D. , Meert Wim , Cloots Lore , Ryan Owen , Marchal Kathleen , Verstrepen Kevin J.
Published: August 2012

When grown on solid substrates, different microorganisms often form colonies with very specific morphologies. Whereas the pioneers of microbiology often used colony morphology to discriminate between species and strains, the phenomenon has not received much attention recently. In this study, we use a genome‐wide assay in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify all genes that affect colony morphology. We show that several major signalling cascades, including the MAPK, TORC, SNF1 and RIM101 pathways play a role, indicating that morphological changes are a reaction to changing environments. Other genes that affect colony morphology are involved in protein sorting and epigenetic regulation. Interestingly, the screen reveals only few genes that are likely to play a direct role in establishing colony morphology, with one notable example being FLO11, a gene encoding a cell‐surface adhesin that has already been implicated in colony morphology, biofilm formation, and invasive and pseudohyphal growth. Using a series of modified promoters for fine‐tuning FLO11 expression, we confirm the central role of Flo11 and show that differences in FLO11 expression result in distinct colony morphologies. Together, our results provide a first comprehensive look at the complex genetic network that underlies the diversity in the morphologies of yeast colonies.
Temperature response of carbon isotope discrimination and mesophyll conductance in tobacco
Authors: EVANS JOHN R. , VON CAEMMERER SUSANNE
Published: August 2012

The partial pressure of CO2 at the sites of carboxylation within chloroplasts depends on the conductance to CO2 diffusion from intercellular airspace to the sites of carboxylation, termed mesophyll conductance (gm). We investigated the temperature response of gm in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by combining gas exchange in high light, ambient CO2 in either 2 or 21% O2 with carbon isotope measurements using tuneable diode laser spectroscopy. The gm increased linearly with temperature in 2 or 21% O2. In 21% O2, isotope discrimination associated with gm decreased from 5.0 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.2‰ as temperature increased from 15 to 40 °C, but the photorespiratory contribution to the isotopic signal is significant. While the fractionation factor for photorespiration (f = 16.2 ± 0.7‰) was independent of temperature between 20 and 35 °C, discrimination associated with photorespiration increased from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 2.7 ± 0.02‰ from 15 to 40 °C. Other mitochondrial respiration contributed around 0.2 ± 0.03‰. The drawdown in CO2 partial pressure from ambient air to intercellular airspaces was nearly independent of leaf temperature. By contrast, the increase in gm with increasing leaf temperature resulted in the drawdown in CO2 partial pressure between intercellular airspaces and the sites of carboxylation decreasing substantially at high temperature.
The putative auxin efflux carrier OsPIN3t is involved in the drought stress response and drought tolerance
Authors: Zhang Qian , Li Jingjing , Zhang Wenjiao , Yan Shuning , Wang Rui , Zhao Junfeng , Li Yujing , Qi Zhiguang , Sun Zongxiu , Zhu Zhengge
Published: August 2012

The phytohormone auxin plays a critical role in plant growth and development, and its spatial distribution largely depends on the polar localization of the PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carrier family members. In this study, we identify a putative auxin efflux carrier gene in rice, OsPIN3t, which acts in auxin polar transport but is also involved in the drought stress response in rice. We show that OsPIN3t–GFP fusion proteins are localized in plasma membranes, and this subcellular localization changes under 1‐N‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatment. The tissue‐specific expression patterns of OsPIN3t were also investigated using a β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter, which showed that OsPIN3t was mainly expressed in vascular tissue. The GUS activity in OsPIN3tpro::GUS plants increased by NAA treatment and decreased by NPA treatment. Moreover, knockdown of OsPIN3t caused crown root abnormalities in the seedling stage that could be phenocopied by treatment of wild‐type plants with NPA, which indicated that OsPIN3t is involved in the control of polar auxin transport. Overexpression of OsPIN3t led to improved drought tolerance, and GUS activity significantly increased when OsPIN3tpro::GUS plants were subjected to 20% polyethylene glycol stress. Taken together, these results suggest that OsPIN3t is involved in auxin transport and the drought stress response, which suggests that a polar auxin transport pathway is involved in the regulation of the response to water stress in plants.
OsARG encodes an arginase that plays critical roles in panicle development and grain production in rice
Authors: Ma Xuefeng , Cheng Zhijun , Qin Ruizhen , Qiu Yang , Heng Yueqin , Yang Hui , Ren Yulong , Wang Xiaole , Bi Jingcui , Ma Xiaoding , Zhang Xin , Wang Jiulin , Lei Cailin , Guo Xiuping , wang Jie , Wu Fuqing , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin
Published: August 2012

Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth and development. Arginine is considered to be an important amino acid for nitrogen transport and storage, playing a crucial role during plant seedling development. However, little is known about the role of arginine in nitrogen remobilization at the reproductive stage. We isolated a rice mutant nglf‐1 with reduced plant height, small panicle and grain size, and low seed‐setting rate (10% in nglf‐1 compared to 93% in wild‐type). Map‐based cloning revealed that the mutant phenotype was caused by loss of function of a gene (OsARG) encoding an arginine hydrolysis enzyme, which is consistent with arginine accumulation in the mutant. The phenotype was partially corrected supplying exogenous nitrogen, and fully corrected by expression of a wild‐type OsARG transgene. Over‐expression of OsARG in rice (cv. Kitaake) increased grain number per plant under nitrogen‐limited conditions. OsARG was ubiquitously expressed in various organs, but most strongly in developing panicles. The OsARG protein was localized in the mitochondria, consistent with other arginases. Our results suggest that the arginase encoded by OsARG, a key enzyme in Arg catabolism, plays a critical role during panicle development, especially under conditions of insufficient exogenous nitrogen. OsARG is a potential target for crop improvement.
Time to computed tomography scanning for major trauma patients: the Australian reality
Authors: Easton Ruth , Sisak Krisztian , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: August 2012

Background

Computed tomography (CT) can facilitate the diagnosis of life‐threatening injuries in polytrauma patients. Reported times to imaging vary widely, but it has been suggested that rapid whole body scanning improves mortality rates. The aim of this study was to determine the time to CT for severe polytrauma patients presenting to a level I trauma centre in Australia.

Methods

Retrospective audit of prospectively collected trauma registry data combined with electronic medical records. Inclusion criteria were trauma patients with injury severity score ≥16 who underwent CT scanning over a 12‐month period. Exclusion criteria were scans performed at regional centres or greater than 5 h after arrival. Time to commencement of CT was defined as time from arrival to the first CT image being recorded, and time to completion of CT as the time from arrival to recording the final CT image. Time in CT was defined as minutes between acquisition of the first and final images.

Results

Two hundred thirty‐three eligible patients were admitted over the study period. CT acquisition times were median 76 min (interquartile range (IQR) 52–115) to commencement, 93 min (IQR 71–129) to completion and time in CT 14 min (IQR 6–24). Time to completion was faster for isolated head scans, abbreviated injury scale head >3, intubated patients and those with subsequent fatal outcome.

Conclusions

Although 93 min to completion of trauma CT scans is comparable with some international reports, it falls well behind centres who have demonstrated improved outcomes with CT scanning. Our results serve as a baseline to our and potentially other Australasian trauma centres to improve on this surrogate measure of trauma team efficacy.
The Living with Dysarthria group: implementation and feasibility of a group intervention for people with dysarthria following stroke and family members
Authors: Mackenzie Catherine , Paton Gillian , Kelly Shona , Brady Marian , Muir Margaret
Published: August 2012

Background: The broad life implications of acquired dysarthria are recognized, but they have received little attention in stroke management. Reports of group therapy, which may be a suitable approach to intervention, are not available for stroke‐related dysarthria.

Aims: To examine the operational feasibility of and response to a new eight‐session weekly group intervention programme, Living with Dysarthria, designed for people with chronic dysarthria following stroke and their main communication partners.

Methods & Procedures: The target participation was for programme completion by two groups of eight people with dysarthria (PWD) and available family members (FMs) or carers. An active recruitment strategy was undertaken from the speech and language therapy case records for the previous 6 years in two hospitals with combined annual stroke admissions of over 500 people. Twelve PWD and seven FMs were recruited (group 1: seven PWD and four FMs; group 2: five PWD and three FMs). Speech intelligibility, communication effectiveness, general well‐being, quality of communication life, and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria were assessed pre‐ and post‐programme. Each PWD and FM also set an individual goal and rated their achievement of this on a 0–10 scale.

Outcomes & Results: Recruitment to the programme was lower than anticipated and below target. The 12 PWD were recruited from 62 initial contacts, which was the total number who according to available information met the criteria. The programme was viable: it ran to plan, with only minor content alterations, in community accommodation, and with good participant engagement. Group median score changes were in a positive direction for all measures and effect sizes ranged from 0.17 (quality of communication life) to 0.46 (intelligibility). Significant post‐programme changes were present for intelligibility and knowledge of stroke and dysarthria (p= 0.05). Participants’ ratings of goal achievements ranged from 6 (some change) to 10 (a lot of change).

Conclusions & Implications: The recruitment experience revealed a take‐up rate of around 20% from PWD following stroke, informing future planning. The participant engagement and performance results from the piloting of the programme indicate that the Living with Dysarthria programme is viable and has potential for effecting positive change. Further testing is justified.
Advances in computational analysis of metagenome sequences
Authors: Davenport Colin F. , Tümmler Burkhard
Published: August 2012

Second‐generation sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the study of metagenomes. Whole‐genome shotgun sequencing of metagenomic DNA may become an attractive alternative to the current widely used ribosomal RNA gene studies. Large data sets of short sequence reads are mapped onto a custom microbial reference sequence. If a bacterial pangenome of completely sequenced genomes is taken as a reference, the output consists of the distribution of bacterial taxa in and bacterial gene contents of the metagenome. The relative abundance of functional categories and of individual pathways and fitness traits encoded by the metagenomic gene pool provides insight into habitat‐specific features of the microbial community. Polymorphic sites in sequence reads may resolve the number and abundance of individual clonal complexes of dominant species in the polymicrobial community. These SNPs and de novo mutations may be exploited to trace the spatiotemporal spread of clones and the emergence of novel traits such as fitness or resistance determinants. In conclusion, massively parallel sequencing of metagenomic DNA allows deep insights into the composition and the genetic repertoire of polymicrobial communities.
Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems
Authors: KÅNNEBY TOBIAS , TODARO M. ANTONIO , JONDELIUS ULF
Published: August 2012

Kånneby, T., Todaro, M. A., Jondelius, U. (2012). Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems. —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 88–105.

Chaetonotidae is the largest family within Gastrotricha with almost 400 nominal species represented in both freshwater and marine habitats. The group is probably non‐monophyletic and suffers from a troubled taxonomy. Current classification is to a great extent based on shape and distribution of cuticular structures, characters that are highly variable. We present the most densely sampled molecular study so far where 17 of the 31 genera belonging to Chaetonotida are represented. Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches based on 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA are used to reconstruct relationships within Chaetonotidae. The use of cuticular structures for supra‐specific classification within the group is evaluated and the question of dispersal between marine and freshwater habitats is addressed. Moreover, the subgeneric classification of Chaetonotus is tested in a phylogenetic context. Our results show high support for a clade containing Dasydytidae nested within Chaetonotidae. Within this clade, only three genera are monophyletic following current classification. Genera containing both marine and freshwater species never form monophyletic clades and group with other species according to habitat. Marine members of Aspidiophorus appear to be the sister group of all other Chaetonotidae and Dasydytidae, indicating a marine origin of the clade. Halichaetonotus and marine Heterolepidoderma form a monophyletic group in a sister group relationship to freshwater species, pointing towards a secondary invasion of marine environments of these taxa. Our study highlights the problems of current classification based on cuticular structures, characters that show homoplasy for deeper relationships.
Accuracy of HistoScanning™ for the prediction of a negative surgical margin in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Salomon Georg , Spethmann Jan , Beckmann Ann , Autier Philippe , Moore Caroline , Durner Leopold , Sandmann Mareike , Haese Alexander , Schlomm Thorsten , Michl Uwe , Heinzer Hans , Graefen Markus , Steuber Thomas
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

HistoScanning™ is a novel ultrasonography technique for visualization of prostate cancer. The technology it uses and its encouraging results in prostate cancer foci detection in 29 men with prostate cancer have been described previously. A recent study confirmed these results in 31 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of prostate cancer foci detection were 90% and 72%, respectively. These promising results raised the question of whether HistoScanning™ technology might also be helpful in therapy planning.

Preoperative knowledge of the distribution and size of tumours might be useful for treatment planning of a nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy. We tested the ability of HistoScanning™ to predict a negative surgical margin in 80 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Objective

To assess the accuracy of HistoScanning™ (HS) as a visualization tool for preoperative treatment planning for nerve‐sparing (NS) radical prostatectomy (RP).

Patients and Methods

A retrospective study was carried out on 80 patients with prostate cancer undergoing RP from October 2009 to December 2009.

All patients underwent a HS procedure 1 day before surgery.

Frozen sections (FSs) were performed on each latero‐posterior side of the prostate to assess for the presence of cancer.

On the HS analysis, the region corresponding to that removed at FS was assessed for suspicious lesions. The size of suspicious lesions within this volume was compared with the FS histopathological analysis.

Results

HS results corresponded to a 93% probability of having a negative surgical margin in the FSs. The presence of a HS volume ≥0.2 mL in a specific side was associated with a 3.7 times increased risk of a positive surgical margin at FS.

Conclusions

HS has the potential to assist in the planning of NSRP.

Larger, multicentre studies need to be performed for validation of these encouraging results.
Prognostic value of the CAPRA clinical prediction rule: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Meurs Pieter , Galvin Rose , Fanning Deirdre M. , Fahey Tom
Published: August 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Prostate cancer is a significant cause of mortality among men. A number of prognostic instruments exist to predict the risk of recurrence among patients with localised prostate cancer. This systematic review examines the totality of evidence in relation to the predictive value of the CAPRA clinical predication rule by combining all studies that validate the rule.

Objectives

To perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis that assesses the 3‐ and 5‐year predictive value of the CAPRA rule, a clinical prediction rule derived to predict biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival in men with localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

To examine the predictive value of the CAPRA rule at 3 and 5 years stratified by risk group (0–2 low risk, 3–5 intermediate risk, 6–10 high risk).

Patients and Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to retrieve papers that validated the CAPRA score.

The original derivation study was used as a predictive model and applied to all validation studies with observed and predicted biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 and 5 years stratified by risk group (0–2 low, 3–5 intermediate, 6–10 high).

Pooled results are presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals, in terms of over‐prediction (RR > 1) or under‐prediction (RR < 1) of biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 and 5 years.

A chi‐squared test for trend was computed to determine if there was a decreasing trend in survival across the three CAPRA risk categories.

Results

Seven validation studies (n = 12 693) predict recurrence‐free survival at 5 years after radical prostatectomy. The CAPRA score significantly under‐predicts recurrence‐free survival across all three risk strata (low risk, RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.98; intermediate risk, RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99; high risk, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.85).

Data on six studies (n = 6082) are pooled to predict 3‐year recurrence‐free survival. The CAPRA score correctly predicts recurrence‐free survival in all three groups (low risk, RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95–1.00; intermediate risk, RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.08; high risk, RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.73–1.05).

The chi‐squared trend analysis indicates that, as the trichotomized CAPRA score increases, the probability of survival decreases (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results of this pooled analysis confirm the ability of the CAPRA rule to correctly predict biochemical‐recurrence‐free survival at 3 years after radical prostatectomy.

The rule under‐predicts recurrence‐free survival 5 years after radical prostatectomy across all three strata of risk.
Male ‘Providers’ and Female ‘Housewives’: A Gendered Co‐performance in Rural North India
Authors: Rao Nitya
Published: August 2012

Problems of measuring and public recognition of women's work are not merely statistical. This article highlights the co‐performance of stereotypical gender roles, where men and women jointly seek to establish the status of women as housewives rather than as farmers and of men as providers, thereby upholding a particular social order and simultaneously reinterpreting the meanings of existing norms to include new realities. Evidence from rural north India demonstrates the discernable disjunctures between social norms, narratives and action. Conscious of the growing insecurities faced by their husbands in the context of a rapidly changing economy, women try to allay rather than aggravate them. Instead of asserting their identities as ‘workers’, their strategies for gaining recognition and reciprocity from their husbands focus on reconstituting gender relations in the household, by expanding individual spaces and making incremental gains within the existing social order, rather than struggling for wider transformative changes.
Cash Transfers and the Well‐being of Older People in Brazil
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter , Saboia João , Ramírez‐Rodríguez Baruch
Published: August 2012

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the effects of social protection interventions on material and subjective elements of well‐being. Drawing on a longitudinal survey located in two relatively deprived parts of Brazil, it assesses the effects of pensions and other cash transfers on the well‐being of older people and their households. This analysis is located within a dynamic economic and public policy context. The article finds that pension benefits significantly increase per capita income and that this is strongly associated with overall levels of satisfaction with household well‐being. Levels of reported subjective well‐being do not fall as respondents age, and the survey finds high levels of optimism about future well‐being. The positive effects of pension benefits were supported by upgraded health services and by more specific policies such as access to credit on favourable terms. Overall, the authors conclude that a combination of economic growth and effective public policies significantly boosted the well‐being of most households in their survey, and that Brazil can be taken as a model of good practice for other middle‐income countries.
Substitution and Subversion: Two Paths through the Renaissance
Authors: Hunt Katherine
Published: August 2012

Anachronic Renaissance by Alexander Nagel and Christopher S. Wood, New York: Zone Books, 2010, 456 pp., 175 b. & w. illus., £29.95

In Your Face: Professional Improprieties and the Art of Being Conspicuous in Sixteenth‐Century Italy by Douglas Biow, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010, 272 pp., 20 b. & w. illus., $70.00 hdbk, $24.95 pbk
‘It Belonged to Time Now’: Modernizing Britain in the Twentieth Century
Authors: de Mille Charlotte
Published: August 2012

John and Myfanwy Piper, Lives in Art by Frances Spalding, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, 598pp., 84 col. and 98 b. & w. illus. £25.00 hdbk, £16.99 pbk
Effect of physician dress style on patient confidence
Authors: Maruani A. , Léger J. , Giraudeau B. , Naouri M. , Le Bidre E. , Samimi M. , Delage M.
Published: August 2012

Background  We lack data on how physicians can instill confidence in patients.

Objectives  We aimed to determine whether dress style (professional white coat or formal, semiformal or casual attire) affects confidence in the physician by patients (children, teenagers, adults) with dermatology complaints consulting in the hospital or private practice.

Methods  Design. Descriptive prospective cross sectional study carried out from July 1, 2008 to July 1, 2009. Setting. Outpatients in the department of dermatology of a French tertiary care hospital, and two dermatological private consulting rooms. Participants and design. Consulting patients were ≥ 7 years and classified as children 7‐11 years old, accompanying parents, teenagers (12–17 years), and adults ≥ 18 years consulting alone. Subjects viewed two iconographic boards containing 4 photographs in a random order of a male physician on 1 board and a female physician on the other board in 4 different dress styles: professional (white coat and stethoscope), formal (shirt and tie for men), semiformal, and casual (T‐shirt, jeans). Subjects then completed a questionnaire asking them to rate, on a scale of 0‐10, their confidence in the physicians portrayed and answered whether they considered physician dress important. Main outcomes and measures. The main outcome was subjects’ ranking of photos of physicians by dress style, according to the confidence they felt. For children 7‐11 years old, we considered the frequency of the chosen dress style. The secondary outcome was whether physician dress was important to patients.

Results  We included 329 patients. Children at the hospital most frequently chose the photo of the physician, both male (62%) and female (64%), with the white coat. Teenagers’ choices were professional dress, then semiformal, formal, and casual attire. Accompanying adults and adults consulting alone had the same ranking.

Conclusions  In France, patients of all ages who consult for dermatology complaints in hospital and in private practice have the most confidence in a physician who wears a professional white coat.
The Relationship of Lexical Richness to the Quality of ESL Learners’ Oral Narratives
Authors: LU XIAOFEI
Published: August 2012

This study was an examination of the relationship of lexical richness to the quality of English as a second language (ESL) learners’ oral narratives. A computational system was designed to automate the measurement of 3 dimensions of lexical richness, that is, lexical density, sophistication, and variation, using 25 different metrics proposed in the language acquisition literature. This system was used to analyze large‐scale data from the Spoken English Corpus of Chinese Learners (Wen, Wang, & Liang, 2005) together with the vocd utility of the Computerized Language Analysis programs (MacWhinney, 2000), which offers an additional measure of lexical variation, the D measure (Malvern, Richards, Chipere, & Durán, 2004; McKee, Malvern, & Richards, 2000). This comprehensive analysis allowed us to identify measures that correlate strongly with the raters’ judgments of the quality of ESL learners’ oral narratives, as well as to understand the relationships among these measures. This research provides ESL teachers and researchers with a robust tool for assessing the lexical richness of ESL language samples and insights into how lexical richness measures may be effectively used as indices of the quality of ESL learners’ speaking task performance.
Balancing Content and Language in Instruction: The Experience of Immersion Teachers
Authors: CAMMARATA LAURENT , TEDICK DIANE J.
Published: August 2012

Research on immersion teaching has consistently shown that immersion teachers tend to focus on subject matter content at the expense of language teaching. The response to that research has often entailed suggestions for teachers on how better to integrate language and content in their instruction. However, missing from the discussion are rich descriptions of the actual experiences that immersion teachers have as they attempt to balance language and content in their teaching. This phenomenological study aims to address this gap by exploring teachers’ lived experience with content and language integration. In this article, authors report on findings suggesting that immersion teachers’ experience with balancing language and content is a multifaceted struggle involving issues related to teacher identity, stakeholder expectations, and understandings regarding the relationship between language and content. Implications for school‐based support for immersion programs as well as calls for reform in immersion teacher preparation and professional development are shared.
Effect of Anxiety and Depression on the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation After Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Ablation
Authors: YU SHENGBO , ZHAO QINGYAN , WU PAN , QIN MU , HUANG HE , CUI HONGYING , HUANG CONGXIN
Published: August 2012

Effect of Anxiety and Depression on the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: Whether circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) can alleviate anxiety and depression symptoms is unknown and the effect of anxiety and depression on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after CPVA is not clear.

Methods:
Two hundred and ten patients with a diagnosis of paroxysmal AF were admitted in the study. Ninety‐eight patients (CPVA group) and 102 patients (medicine group) were treated with CPVA and antiarrhythmic drugs, respectively. All patients were followed up for 1 year. Zung Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Short‐Form life survey‐36 items (SF‐36) were assessed before and after follow‐up.

Results:
In CPVA group, the scores of SAS and SDS decreased (41.69 ± 8.32 vs 37.66 ± 4.82, P < 0.001 and 45.01 ± 9.71 vs 40.05 ± 8.56, P < 0.001, respectively) and SF‐36 score improved (565.29 ± 143.37 vs 606.84 ± 102.84, P = 0.021) after follow‐up. Compared with the data in recurrent patients, the SAS and SDS scores were significantly lower in nonrecurrent patients at baseline (44.68 ± 8.40 vs 38.10 ± 7.55, P < 0.001 and 51.75 ± 9.41 vs 43.96 ± 8.95, P < 0.001, respectively). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed normalized scores of SAS (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [3.05, 3.48], P = 0.023) and SDS (OR = 3.26, 95% CI [3.12, 3.49], P = 0.023) were the independent risk factor of AF recurrence after CPVA.

Conclusions:
CPVA can ameliorate anxiety and depression, which may contribute to improvement of quality of life in patients with paroxysmal AF. Anxiety and depression increase the recurrence risk of AF after CPVA. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. S17‐S23, November 2012)
Laminated Safety Glass as an Intermediate Target: A Wound Ballistic Study
Authors: Kunz Sebastian N. , Zinka Bettina M. , Fieseler Sybille , Graw Matthias , Peschel Oliver
Published: August 2012

Various 9‐mm ammunitions (A1, A4, A5, ST, GS, GSb, P.E.P., SeCa, HP, PTP/s, VM, McVG, DM41, PTP, SX2, PT, and MEN frangible) were tested regarding their velocity, energy, angle of impact, and potential wound channel after penetrating a car window at 30° and 90°. Test materials were gelatine, soap, and pig cadavers. The velocities of the projectiles were between c. 288 and 430 m/ses, the energy spread between 394 and 564 J. Handgun bullets fired through vehicular side window glass lose substantial energy reducing the effectiveness of the ammunition. This effect is greater when fired at an angle of 30° compared to 90°. At a shooting angle of 90°, none of the different projectiles showed remarkable differences considering its wound ballistic features. Accuracy is maintained at a 90° angle but seriously impaired at 30°. None of the examined ammunition complied with the demanded wound channel effectiveness of 30–60 J/cm.
Mating performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis strains from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal
Authors: Mutika Gratian N. , Kabore Idrissa , Seck Momar T. , Sall Baba , Bouyer Jeremy , Parker Andrew G. , Vreysen Marc J.B.
Published: August 2012

The mating performance of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (Diptera: Glossinidae) mass‐reared in Burkina Faso (BKF strain) was compared with that of target populations originating from the Bamako peri‐urban area of the Niger River Basin, Mali (MLI strain) and the Niayes area, Senegal (SEN strain). The tests were carried out using a field cage either set up outdoors in Burkina Faso or inside the laboratory in Austria. The target population strains (MLI and SEN) were a few generations from the wild whereas the laboratory‐reared flies (BKF) were adapted to laboratory rearing over many generations. The laboratory‐reared BKF strain significantly out‐competed the MLI strain in the mating tests, but showed close to equal competitiveness with the SEN strain. At least one‐third of possible matings occurred during each observation period. The females from the two target populations readily mated with males from the BKF strain. The selected mating parameters and behaviour in the cage showed that there was mating compatibility between the strains and this absence of obvious mating barriers indicates the potential of using BKF strain males in programmes that have a sterile insect technique (SIT) component targeting the two G. p. gambiensis populations of Mali and Senegal.
When mating disruption does not disrupt mating: fitness consequences of delayed mating in moths
Authors: Mori Boyd A. , Evenden Maya L.
Published: August 2012

The goals of pheromone‐mediated mating disruption are to interfere with mate finding, suppress insect population growth, and prevent crop damage. In addition to prevention of mating, pheromone treatment can also result in a delay of mating so that the fitness and subsequent population dynamics of the target insect pest are impacted. Females have a limited time to mate, mature eggs, and find suitable oviposition hosts, and a delay in mating can have large consequences on female fitness. As a result, delayed mating could be considered an indirect method by which mating disruption works to control pest populations. We perform a meta‐analysis on 24 experimental studies to assess the consequences of delayed mating on female moth fecundity, egg fertility, adult longevity, and pre‐oviposition period. Our goal is to determine whether the effect of delayed mating on female moth fitness is influenced by the following explanatory variables: moth family, voltinism, larval diet breadth, adult dispersal capacity, female mating strategy, and egg development strategy. Across species, the effect of delayed mating on female moths significantly decreases fecundity, fertility, and pre‐oviposition period and increases female longevity. The effect of delayed mating on female fitness is only marginally affected by the explanatory variables tested. We discuss the observed patterns and argue that delayed mating can be an important method by which population regulation is achieved through pheromone‐mediated mating disruption. Finally, we highlight areas where future research could add to the growing body of knowledge on mating disruption‐imposed delayed mating of female moths.
Yield, development, and quality response of dual‐toxin Bt cotton to Helicoverpa spp. infestations in Australia
Authors: Lu Baoqian , Downes Sharon , Wilson Lewis , Gregg Peter , Knight Kristen , Kauter Greg , McCorkell Bruce
Published: August 2012

To verify current thresholds for Bollgard II® cotton in Australia, the impact of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on yield, development, and quality under various infestation intensities and durations, and stages of growth, was tested using small plot field experiments over two seasons. Infestation with up to 80 eggs m−1 of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren showed that species, infestation level, and stage of growth had no significant effect on yields of seed‐cotton or lint and on maturity and fibre quality. The duration of infestation of white flowers with H. punctigera neonates (maximum of every day for up to 4 weeks) had no impact on the yield of seed‐cotton or lint, maturity, and fibre quality, but when 100% of flowers were infested (compared with 0 or 50%), seed‐cotton and lint yields were significantly reduced and maturity was delayed. Infestation with up to 18 medium H. armigera larvae m−1 at several plant stages did not significantly affect yields of seed‐cotton and lint, maturity, and fibre quality. A heliocide spray applied on a commercial farm at the current threshold resulted in a significantly higher lint yield, compared with a farm where no spray was applied. In conclusion, Bollgard II® cotton is highly resistant to Helicoverpa spp. infestation.
Taok2 controls behavioral response to ethanol in mice
Authors: Kapfhamer D. , Taylor S. , Zou M. E. , Lim J. P. , Kharazia V. , Heberlein U.
Published: August 2012

Despite recent advances in the understanding of ethanol's biological action, many of the molecular targets of ethanol and mechanisms behind ethanol's effect on behavior remain poorly understood. In an effort to identify novel genes, the products of which regulate behavioral responses to ethanol, we recently identified a mutation in the dtao gene that confers resistance to the locomotor stimulating effect of ethanol in Drosophila. dtao encodes a member of the Ste20 family of serine/threonine kinases implicated in MAP kinase signaling pathways. In this study, we report that conditional ablation of the mouse dtao homolog, Taok2, constitutively and specifically in the nervous system, results in strain‐specific and overlapping alterations in ethanol‐dependent behaviors. These data suggest a functional conservation of dtao and Taok2 in mediating ethanol's biological action and identify Taok2 as a putative candidate gene for ethanol use disorders in humans.
Immediate Fixed Rehabilitation of the Edentulous Maxilla: A Prospective Clinical and Radiological Study after 3 Years of Loading
Authors: Agliardi Enrico L. , Pozzi Alessandro , Stappert Christian F. J. , Benzi Riccardo , Romeo Davide , Gherlone Enrico
Published: August 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of immediate full‐arch fixed maxillary prosthesis supported by two axial and four tilted implants after 3 years of loading.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two patients with atrophic maxilla were consecutively enrolled and treated. Each patient received a fixed full‐arch maxillary rehabilitation supported by four tilted implants that engaged the posterior and the anterior sinus walls and two axial anterior implants. A total of 192 implants (30 Brånemark System MK IV and 162 NobelSpeedy Groovy, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) were inserted and immediately loaded. The definitive restorations were placed 6 months later, and follow‐up visits were scheduled every 6 months. During follow‐ups, marginal bone loss (MBL), plaque and bleeding scores, and patient's satisfaction were recorded.

Results

All patients reached at least 3‐year follow‐up examination (range 36–78, average 55.53 months). Two tilted implants failed before delivering the definitive restoration, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 98.96%. All final prostheses were stable and functional, resulting in a cumulative survival and success rate of 100%. At the 3‐year follow‐up there was no significant difference in MBL between axial (1.55 ± 0.31 mm) and tilted implants (1.46 ± 0.19 mm) (p = .05). Plaque and bleeding scores decreased over time, while patient's satisfaction in both aesthetics and function increased.

Conclusions

Implants placement with this configuration could be considered a predictable and cost‐ and time‐effective alternative approach for the immediate restoration of the edentulous maxilla, avoiding bone grafting procedures, even with a medium‐term follow‐up.
Mini‐Invasive Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation in Partially Edentulous Atrophic Maxilla Using Reduced Length Dental Implants: Interim Results of a Prospective Study
Authors: Taschieri Silvio , Corbella Stefano , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: August 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the clinical success of a treatment protocol for the rehabilitation of edentulous posterior maxilla consisting of the positioning of short implants in combination with transcrestal sinus lifting, with the adjunct of pure (leukocyte‐free) platelet‐rich plasma, in order to reducing the risk of membrane perforation and other surgical complications.

Materials and Methods

A total of 25 patients (65 implants) were treated. Pure platelet‐rich plasma was used in the sinus membrane lifting procedure. Implants of 8.5 mm length or shorter were splinted through the prosthetic rehabilitation with one or more implants longer than 10 mm.

Results

After a follow‐up period ranging from 12 to 19 months (mean 14.4 months) after prosthetic loading, 23 patients (60 implants) were evaluated. Overall implant success and survival rates were 100% at 1 year follow‐up visit. All prosthetic rehabilitations were successful and in function. After 1 year of loading, peri‐implant bone loss averaged 0.34 ± 0.21 mm for 8.5 mm or shorter implants (n = 25) and 0.36 ± 0.30 mm for longer implants (n = 35) (overall mean 0.35 ± 0.25 mm) without significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.23).

Conclusions

The proposed treatment protocol is a viable option for the rehabilitation of edentulous posterior atrophic maxilla.
How Much Information is There in the “Information Society”?
Authors: Hilbert Martin
Published: August 2012

We know our brave new world is being transformed by data. But how much more of it is there than before? Martin Hilbert finds huge untapped capacity to process information.
A CH star in the globular cluster NGC 6426
Authors: Sharina M. , Aringer B. , Davoust E. , Kniazev A. Y. , Donzelli C. J.
Published: August 2012

We report on the serendipitous discovery of a carbon star near the centre of the low-metallicity globular cluster NGC 6426. We determined its membership and chemical properties using medium-resolution spectra. The radial velocity of −159 km s−1 makes it a member of the cluster. We used photometric data from the literature and the COMARCS stellar atmospheric models to derive its luminosity, effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and approximate C, N and O abundance ratios. According to these properties, we suggest that this star is a genuine carbon-rich low-metallicity asymptotic giant branch star.
Population viability analysis: using a modeling tool to assess the viability of tapir populations in fragmented landscapes
Authors: MEDICI Emília Patrícia , DESBIEZ Arnaud Leonard Jean
Published: August 2012

A population viability analysis (PVA) was conducted of the lowland tapir populations in the Atlantic Forest of the Pontal do Paranapanema region, Brazil, including Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) and surrounding forest fragments. Results from the model projected that the population of 126 tapirs in MDSP is likely to persist over the next 100 years; however, 200 tapirs would be required to maintain a viable population. Sensitivity analysis showed that sub‐adult mortality and adult mortality have the strongest influence on the dynamics of lowland tapir populations. High road‐kill has a major impact on the MDSP tapir population and can lead to population extinction. Metapopulation modeling showed that dispersal of tapirs from MDSP to the surrounding fragments can be detrimental to the overall metapopulation, as fragments act as sinks. Nevertheless, the model showed that under certain conditions the maintenance of the metapopulation dynamics might be determinant for the persistence of tapirs in the region, particularly in the smaller fragments. The establishment of corridors connecting MDSP to the forest fragments models resulted in an increase in the stochastic growth rate, making tapirs more resilient to threats and catastrophes, but only if rates of mortality were not increased when using corridors. The PVA showed that the conservation of tapirs in the Pontal region depends on: the effective protection of MDSP; maintenance and, whenever possible, enhancement of the functional connectivity of the landscape, reducing mortality during dispersal and threats in the unprotected forest fragments; and neutralization of all threats affecting tapirs in the smaller forest fragments.
The coexistence of Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) and indigenous hunters in northeastern Honduras
Authors: DUNN Marc , ESTRADA Nereyda , SMITH Derek A.
Published: August 2012

The Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is a popular game species throughout Central America, particularly among indigenous populations, and is currently endangered. Research on Miskitu hunting was conducted over 4 months in a remote region in northeastern Honduras that overlaps with the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. The hunting zone was mapped together with hunters and interviews were conducted with elders and other community members about tapir hunting. Results show that tapir harvesting is targeted toward specific habitats at specific times of year. Harvest rates for one year suggest that tapir hunting in the area exceeds estimates of maximum sustainable production. Nevertheless, field surveys reveal the presence of tapir within 1 km of the community, and its harvest tends to be nearby, in both forested and agricultural landscapes, suggesting that the animal has not been depleted in the area. It appears that the existence of forest areas adjacent to the hunting zone that do not experience hunting, together with the anthropogenic habitats created through shifting cultivation, are factors that help explain the presence of tapirs in the area. The article concludes with a discussion regarding the potential positive role of indigenous hunters in tapir conservation throughout its distribution range.