bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal variations in the infection of a population of Clypeomorus bifasciata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) by a digenean microphallid larva in Kuwait Bay
Authors: Abdul-Salam J. , Sreelatha B.S. , Al-Kandari W.
Published: June 2009

The prosobranch snail Clypeomorus bifasciata in Kuwait Bay was examined for digenean infections over a one year period during 1994/1995. A total of 1500 snails was examined and 567 (37.8%) were found to harbour nine digenean species. The prevalence of a microphallid species was 33.9% while each of the others occurred in less than 1.2% of the snails. The prevalence of infection increased with shell size. Multiple infections were observed in only five of the infected snails and the microphallid was involved in all of them. Snails were infected with the microphallid throughout the year and there appeared to be two peaks in the proportion of infected snails shedding cercariae, a winter peak from November to January and a summer peak from June to August. The crab Xantho exaratus collected from snail sampling sites was heavily parasitized by microphallid metacercariae of the genera Longiductotrema and Microphallus. This is the first report on microphallid metacercariae in crabs in the Arabian Gulf region.
Preliminary biochemical characterization of faeces from uninfected rats and rats infected with the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Pappas P.W. , Wardrop S.M.
Published: June 2009

Faecal pellets were collected from uninfected rats and rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta, and analysed for caloric value, lipids, carbohydrates, glucose, amino acids, and proteins. Faeces from infected rats contained significantly more lipid and less carbohydrate and glucose than faeces from control rats. The total free amino acid content of faeces from infected and control rats did not differ, but there were significant differences in the amounts of individual free amino acids. The data support the hypothesis that the nutrient composition of faeces from infected and control hosts differ. Beetles that serve as the intermediate host for H. diminuta may be able to detect these differences, and this may explain why beetles preferentially ingest faeces containing the tapeworm's eggs.
Echinococcus granulosus: characterization of the Spanish strains using in vitro vesicular development
Authors: Gordo F. Ponce , Bandera C. Cuesta
Published: June 2009

Differences in in vitro vesicular development (microcyst formation) in three Spanish strains of Echinococcus granulosus (sheep–cattle, horse and pig–goat) are reported. Microcyst formation occurred in 19–37 days (sheep strain), 9–18 days (pig strain) and 35–47 days (horse strain). Comparing these results with those from human samples (microcyst formation in 24–38 days), it is possible to consider the sheep strain as the most likely source of human infections in Spain.
Analysis of T cell populations and IL-3 mRNA expression in mesenteric lymph node cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes inStrongyloides ratti-infected mice
Authors: Abe T. , Sugaya H. , Yoshimura K.
Published: June 2009

T cell populations and IL-3 mRNA expression were analysed in mesenteric lymph node cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) inStrongyloides ratti-infected mice. On days 7 and 12 post-infection, 2.6 times as many mesenteric lymph node cells were present inS. ratti-infected mice compared with uninfected mice. Although the percentages of CD3+, CD4+and CD8+cells decreased during infection, the absolute numbers of these cell types increased on day 7 due to an overall increase in the mesenteric lymph node cell number. The CD4/CD8 ratio in IEL was increased on day 5, whereas no significant change in the CD4/CD8 ratio was observed in the mesenteric lymph node cells. Expression of IL-3 mRNA, which is an important cytokine for the induction of murine mucosal mastocytosis andS. ratti-expulsion, was examined in mesenteric lymph nodes and IEL of uninfected and infected mice. IL-3 mRNA was detected in mesenteric lymph nodes ofS. ratti-infected mice but not detected in the lymph nodes of uninfected mice. IL-3 mRNA was detected in IEL from both infected and uninfected mice with an 20-fold increase in expression in IEL of infected mice. Overall, IL-3 mRNA levels were higher in IEL than in mesenteric lymph nodes followingS. ratti-infection. Expression of IL-4, IL-10, stem cell factor (SCF or c-kitligand) and IFN-γmRNA was also examined in these two tissues. IL-10 mRNA was not detected in any tissue examined and IFN-γmRNA levels were unaltered as a result of anS. ratti-infection. Elevated expression of mRNA for SCF (5-fold) and IL-4 (20-fold) was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. In contrast, SCF mRNA levels were similar in IEL of uninfected and infected animals and only a modest increase in IL-4 mRNA was observed in IEL of infected mice.
Experimental infection of larval Echinococcus multilocularis in the rodent brain as a model for cerebral alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Sato Y. , Nakao M. , Nakaya K. , Ito A.
Published: June 2009

Experimental infection of larval Echinococcus multilocularis in the rodent brain was attempted to establish a murine model for cerebral alveolar echinococcosis. Balb/c mice and jirds were injected intracranially with 10% of a homogenated hydatid cyst mass. Small cystic larvae were observed macroscopically in the cranial cavity 1, 2 and 5 months post-infection in both mice and jirds. Some larval cysts from both rodents contained mature or immature protoscoleces. In mice, the laminated layer was found in the lateral ventricle 2 months post-infection but without protoscoleces. At five months post-infection, larger larval cysts were found in the cranial cavity of a mouse, which also demonstrated partial palsy of the legs. A laminated layer with mature protoscoleces was observed in the third ventricle and the mouse also harboured, in the left lung, a larval cyst containing protoscoleces surrounded by lymphocytes. Jirds were also found to be infected with metacestodes in the cranial cavity, but neither unusual behaviour nor establishment of cysts inside the brain was observed in jirds during the course of infection.
Preliminary Note on the use of Root Excretions as a Method of Controlling the Nematode Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

Some preliminary experiments on the effects of potato root excretions in stimulating the larvæ of H. schachtii to hatch and emerge from the cyst, and the neutralisation of this stimulating factor by the root excretions of mustard seedlings, have already been described. Since chemical treatment of infected soil as a means of controlling the eelworm has been the subject of investigation in Europe for the past fifty years without yielding any results of practical value, investigations into the reactions of the paiasites to the root excretions of plants were undertaken in the hope that some result might be attained which would point to a solution of the eelworm problem on biological lines. The high degree of specialisation shown by the British potato-strain rendered it peculiary suitable for investigations of this character.
Hydatidosis of food animals in Greece: prevalence of cysts containing viable protoscoleces
Authors: Himonas C. , Antoniadou-Sotiriadou K. , Papadopoulos E.
Published: June 2009

The viability rate of hydatid cysts was investigated in animals slaughtered in the abattoir of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. Two hundred sheep (100% infection rate), 106 cattle (56.6% infected), 203 pigs (9.3%) and 52 goats (15.4%) were examined. All fertile cysts contained viable protoscoleces. In sheep there was a mean of 1.1 (29.8% of total cysts) fertile cysts per animal containing 297.3 (81.3%) viable protoscoleces. The percentage of viable protoscoleces in the lungs was 82.3% and in the liver 71.2%. In cattle there was a mean of 0.1 (6.6% of total) fertile cysts per animal containing 46.4 (72.2%) viable protoscoleces. The percentage of viable protoscoleces in the lungs was 69.5 and in the liver 87. In swine there was a mean of 0.02 (9.5% of total) fertile cysts per animal containing 32.0 (76.8%) viable protoscoleces. The percentage of viable protoscoleces in the lungs was 97.1 and in the liver 68.9. In goats there was a mean of 0.1 (12.5% of total) fertile cysts per animal containing 12 (54.6%) viable protoscoleces. The percentage of viable protoscoleces in the lungs was 54.4% but no fertile cysts were found in the liver.
Effect of papaya latex against Ascaris suum in naturally infected pigs
Authors: Satrija F. , Nansen P. , Bjørn H. , Murtini S. , He S.
Published: June 2009

An experiment was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of papaya latex (Carica papaya) against natural infection of Ascaris suum in pigs. Sixteen naturally infected pigs were, on the basis of faecal egg counts and body weight, allocated into four groups, each of four pigs. Three groups (groups B, C, and D) were given papaya latex per os at dose levels of 2, 4, and 8 g of papaya latex per kg body weight, respectively. The fourth group (group A) served as a non-treated control. Results of post mortem counts on day 7 post treatment revealed worm count reductions of 39.5, 80.1 and 100% in groups B, C, and D, respectively. Some of the pigs receiving the highest dose of the latex showed mild diarrhoea on the day following treatment. Otherwise, no clinical or pathological changes were observed in the treated animals. The possible future use of this traditional herbal medicine for livestock and humans is discussed.
Larval distribution of Toxocara canis in BALB/c mice at nine weeks and one year post-inoculation
Authors: Bardón R. , Cuéllar C. , Guillén J.L.
Published: June 2009

The migratory route of Toxocara canis in the mouse includes two phases: a hepato-pulmonary phase and a myotropic-neurotropic phase. A study was made of the migratory behaviour of larvae one year post-inoculation (p.i.) comparing the results to those obtained at the end of an initial experiment (day 63 p.i.). The larval distribution per organ was already definitive at 9 weeks p.i. The total parasitic load showed a reduction when the experiment was prolonged for one year.
A Note on a New Species of Breinlia (FILARIIDÆ) from a Tree Kangaroo
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

In June, 1931 a small collection of parasites from the Prosectorium of the Zoological Gardens of London was found to contain a number of long slender filaria worms from the peritoneal cavity of a tree Kangaroo. Upon examination these worms appeared to represent a new species of the genus Breinlia which was erected by Yorke and Maplestone in 1926 to contain Filaria trichosuri Breinl, 1911 (not 1913 as quoted by Yorke and Maplestone), from the abdominal cavity of the Australian opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr).
On Howardula phyllofretae n. sp., a Nematode Parasite of Flea Beetles (Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera), with Some Observations on its Incidence
Authors: Oldham J. N.
Published: June 2009

In the early spring of 1931 one or two hibernating adults of Phyllotrela undulata Kutsch., recovered from a piece of tree bark, were dissected by chance and found to be parasitized by a nematode. Realising that the host insect was not only of wide distribution throughout the country but also that, amongst farmers and other crop growers, it was known as a serious and destructive pest, this accidental record of parasitism led the writer to enter upon the present study.
Starlings as Distribution of “Gapes”
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

“GAPES,” a disease of Poultry caused by the presence of Syngamus trachealis in the windpipe, is a common disease in the Aberystwyth area, and is generally known among the Welsh farmers and poultrykeepers as “Clefyd-y-big” (the disease of the beak).
A Study of the Helminths of Dogs and Cats of Aberystwyth, Wales
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

While carrying out an intensive survey of the helminths parasitic in domestic animals at Aberystwyth, an opportunity was Afforded the writer to examine the dogs and cats taken to the local police station for destruction by the lethal chamber process. These animals comprised the unclaimed “strays,” the incurably wounded or maimed, the vicious and the aged. Healthy but unwanted animals, also, were occasionally destroyed.
On Fairley's Intradermal Reaction in Schistosomiasis
Authors: Manson-Bahr Philip
Published: June 2009

In 1927 Fairley Described in the Medical Journal of Australia an Intradermal Reaction in Human Schistosomiasis, Using as Antigen the Dried Powdered Livers of Snails (Planorbis Exustus), Infested with the Cercaria of Schistosoma Spindalis of the Goat, Dissolved in Saline. The standard dose adopted was 0·25 cc. of an 0·5 per cent, extract prepared from the dried powder, ground up in a mortar with 50 ccs. of normal saline solution (0·85%) and the resulting mixture thoroughly shaken by hand. It was then incubated for one hour at 37° C. Subsequently the extract was centrifuged, the supernatant fluid pipetted off and filtered through a Seitz filter (size 3) attached to a water pump. The filtrate, consisting of a clear coloured fluid is put up in ampoules of 0·5 cc. each and stored in an ice-chest.
On a New Species of Rhabditis found in an Ice-Chest
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

In January, 1930, some free-living nematodes belonging to the genus Rhabditis were sent to Professor Leiper by Dr. Broughton-Alcock, who had found them in some fungal slime and débris accumulated in the drip from an ice-chest. Herein they are described as a new species of the genus, being named after the finder, and in view of their somewhat unusual habitat, some observations were made on the temperature reactions of the worms. The medium in which they were found proved unsuitable for the purpose of culturing, and at the suggestion of Professor Leiper a suspension in water of a mixture of powdered charcoal and faæ was used, which has proved very successful. Since January, 1930, pure cultures of the nematodes have been kept in this medium in the Department of Helminthology.
On the Occurrence of Heterodera radicicola associated with Heterodera schachtii as a Field Parasite in Britain
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

In August of the present year, specimens of young field-grown parsnips and carrots, showing heavily galled roots, were sent to this Institute by Mr. L. Ogilvie. The galls were found to result from eelworm infection, Heterodera radicicola being present in considerable numbers in the affected tissues.
Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870), from the Dog in Kenya: with a Note on its Development in the Louse-fly, Hippobosca longipennis
Authors: Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

1. Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870), has been found in dogs (Canis familiaris), in the Turkana District of Kenya and in a hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), in the Southern Rift Valley.

2. The dimensions of six male and six female worms agree with previous descriptions from hyaenas and dogs in Africa and from dogs in Portugal.

3. Infective larvae were found in seven out of ten Hippobosca longipennis taken from a heavily infected dog.

4. Morphologically the infective larvae are similar to those of other Dipetalonema spp., but they are much larger, averaging 2,400μ in length and 35μ in breadth with a tail length of 85μ.

5. In Africa the distribution of the parasite coincides with the distribution of H. longipennis on dogs and hyaenas.

6. This is the first time that a hippoboscid fly has been incriminated as the vector of a filarial worm. It is suggested that many other filarial species may be transmitted by Hippoboscidae.
Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Ghana: Family Monorchiidae
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Thomas J. D.
Published: June 2009

This report is the third in a series by the authors on the digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Ghana, and was supported in part by a State University of New York Faculty Research Fellowship (FRF 68–40–003) awarded to the senior author. Specimens have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum Helminthological Collection as indicated. All measurements are in microns.
A Redescription of Spirofilaria fulicae-atrae (Diesing, 1861) Baylis, 1944, from the leg of the moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
Authors: Pike Alan W.
Published: June 2009

This redescription is based on specimens taken from the leg of a moorhen, Gallinula chloropus (L.), that was found alive, but paralysed, in Adwick-le-Street, Doncaster, Yorkshire. The heel joints of both legs were distended and found to be infected with nematodes. The paralysis may have been caused by debility due to blood loss as a result of injury, rather than a direct effect of the parasite because a post-mortem examination also revealed “severe bruising of the right ribs and the liver had ruptured to produce an internal haemorrhage.”
The Prepatent Period of Some Horse Nematodes Determined by Experimental Infection
Authors: Round M. C.
Published: June 2009

Experimental infections with strongyles were carried out using ponies reared worm-free. Infection with Strongylus vulgaris was produced by artificially administering larvae to housed ponies. Infection with small strongyles was produced both by this method and also by exposing hitherto worm free ponies to heavily infested pasture. The shortest prepatent periods found were: S. vulgaris, 149–156 days; Triodontophorus spp. and Poteriostomum spp., 63–70 days and trichonemid species 35–42 days.
Further Observations on the Effect of Heavy Stocking on the Worm Burden under a System of Rotational Grazing
Authors: Morgan D. O. , Oldham J. N.
Published: June 2009

In the spring of 1932 an experiment was set up to observe the effects of intensive grazing, by the heavy stocking of a pasture, on the worm infestation of animals, and to arrive at some estimation of the consequences of modern grazing practices. These observations covered a period of one year and the results obtained from the experiment, which was carried out by one of us, have been put forward in an earlier paper (Morgan, 1933). Some conclusions were drawn from the work but these were considered as purely provisional owing to the small scale of the experiment and to the observations covering the comparatively short period of a year. It was pointed out that the effects of overstocking would not become evident until pastures had been under a system of rotational grazing for many seasons and when the concentration of helminth ova and larvae had reached a very high level. With this in mind it was decided to proceed with observations on the effects of heavy stocking on the worm burden by setting up a fresh experiment running on lines similar to that already described but using, in places of the goats in the 1932–33 work, one-year old sheep, as it was thought that this type of stock would ensure a closer cropping on the experimental plots.
Some Parasitic Nematodes from Canadian Fishes
Authors: Smedley Enid M.
Published: June 2009

The present work forms a continuation of a survey undertaken three years ago, with a view to elucidating the nemic parasites commonly found in fishes of Canadian waters. These species have proved to be largely undescribed, and old species have always offered some new points of interest. The greatest difficulty has been encountered with the literature, much of which was difficult of access. Only those papers which have a definite bearing on the forms studied, and convey some pertinent information, are included in the appended bibliography.
On a New Nematode, Raphidascaroides bishaii sp. nov., from a Freshwater Fish, Gymnarchus niloticus, in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

Several females of this new species were collected by the writer from the stomach of the Nile fish, Gymnarchus niloticus Cuvier from Khartoum in the Sudan, on June, 1958. Three males and several females were collected from the same host and locality, by Dr. Hilmy Bishai of the Zoology Department, University of Khartoum on March, 1960 and forwarded to the writer.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Goezia
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

A new species in the genus Goezia is described from aquatic reptiles of the northern shores of Australia, west of Cape York Peninsula. It was collected from Crocodylus porosus, from a file snake (Achrochordus granulatus), and from sea snakes (Lapemis hardwickii, Enhydrina schistosa, Hydrophis elegans, and H. caerulescens). The new species is compared with G. fluviatilis from Australian freshwater fish, with G. minuta from marine fish of the east coast of North America, and with G. spinulosa and G. intermedia from South American freshwater fish. The host-relationships of the genus are discussed.
Studies with Brugia pahangi. 16. Precipitation antibody in infected cats detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Desowitz R. S. , Oothuman P. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

In cats infected with normal, or irradiated, infective (L3) larvae of Brugia pahangi counterimmunoelectro-phoresis revealed the presence of antibody to soluble antigens derived from microfilariae, adults and infective larvae of the same parasite. Infected cats with a persistently high to moderate microfilaraemia gave positive precipitin reactions to L3, microfilarial and adult worm antigens. Cats which had become amicrofilaraemic had antibody to L3 and microfilarial antigens but not to adult worm antigen. Serum from cats inoculated with irradiated L3 larvae produced a precipitin reaction only to the L3 antigen.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibia and reptiles: Paraheterotyphlum
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The genus Paraheterotyphlum is upheld, the type species, australe Johnston and Mawson, 1948, is redescribed from the type material and compared with specimens collected from the following sea snakes from Australian waters: Pelamis platurus, Hydrophis elegans, Aipysurus laevis, Astrotia stokesii, Disteira kingii. These specimens were also compared with specimens from Laticauda semifasciata and colubrina from Taiwan waters.

Two species are differentiated: P. australe and P. ophiophagos Schmidt and Kuntz, 1973 mainly by the larger and more distinct interlocking facets on the lips of the latter species. Third and fourth stage larvae, probably of P. australe are described and the distribution and affinities of these species is discussed.
Studies with Brugia pahangi. 18. Anthelmintic effects of stibocaptate
Authors: Denham D. A. , Suswillo R. R. , Rogers Rosemary
Published: June 2009

Stibocaptate (Astiban, Hoffman - La Roche) killed third stage larvae of Brugia pahangi in vitro at 50 p.p.m. but had no effect on microfilariae at 1 × 104 p.p.m. No larvae developed in infected mosquitoes fed 1% stibocaptate in 10% sucrose. It was neither micro-nor macrofilaricidal in neither jirds or cats but did affect embryogenesis.
Effect of gamma-irradiation on the survival and development of the infective larvae of the hookworm,Gaigeria pachyscelis
Authors: Ansari Md. Zafrullah , Singh Kunwar Suresh
Published: June 2009

Irradiation of the infective larvae ofGaigeria pachyscelisRailliet and Henry, 1910 with gamma rays upto 160 Kr had no significant effect on thein vitrosurvival of these larvae for a period of 49 days, maintained either at room temperature (32.2–39.4°C) or at 4°C. However, the behaviour of the irradiated larvae in the lamb host was much changed, as shown by a marked reduction in the worm establishment and the development of stunted and sterile worms from these larvae. As the level of irradiation increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the subsequent worm establishment. It was found that male larvae are more sensitive to the effects of irradiation than female ones, particularly at higher levels.
Schistosoma mansoni:interference with cercarial host-finding by various aquatic organisms
Authors: Christensen N. Ø.
Published: June 2009

Schistosoma mansonicercariae labelled with75Se-methionine were used to study host-finding capacity by determining the radioactivity of exposed mouse “target” tails. Possible interfering effects of some aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, plants and algae and secretions and excretions of aquatic organisms were examined.

A marked interferent effect due to predatory behaviour was produced byCyclops strenuus(Copepoda),Daphnia pulexandD. longispina(Cladocera),Notodromas monachaandCypria ophthalmica(Ostracoda) andLebistes reticulatus(guppy).Bufo bufo(Amphibia) andPlanaria lugubris(Turbellaria) interfered significantly, presumably by secreting cercaricidal toxins. Several other organisms apparently produced no interference. The interferent effect of the plant speciesCeratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Ranunculus aquaticus, Holcus lanatus(grass) andBotryococcus brauniiwas particularly pronounced when they were confined to the surface layer of the water. Several other species did not interfere with host-finding.
Dunnifilaria dilli sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Rattus koratensis in Thailand
Authors: Mak J. W. , Weaver R. E.
Published: June 2009

Dunnifilaria dilli, a new species of filariid from Rattus koratensis from Thailand is described. Adult worms were recovered from the lymphatic system. They differ from D. ramachandrani in their location in the host, the tail length, the shape of the spicules, and in the number of caudal papillae. Microfilariae are much smaller and unsheathed. Additional hosts include R. rattus and R. sabanus.
Host-parasite relationship of Angiostrongylus cantonensis 1. Intracranial transplantation into various hosts
Authors: Ko Ronald C.
Published: June 2009

Various stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis recovered from the brain of experimentally infected mice were transplanted intracranially into rats. Third and fourth-stage worms recovered 2–7 days postinfection were able to develop normally after transplantation into recipient rats. The fifth-stage worm obtained 14–15 days postinfection would enter the brain tissue of rats but died shortly afterwards. However, the same stage of worms recovered from rats, after a similar transplantation, were found to develop normally in the recipient animal. Young fifth-stage worms, from the subarachnoid space of rats, which were ready for the pulmonary migration were also transplanted into rabbits but the worms failed to reach the lungs. In the control rat-to-rat transplantation, the worms successfully completed the pulmonary migration. The morphogenesis and initial growth rate of A. cantonensis were similar in both mice and rats but in the former host the worms started to grow at a markedly slower rate after the last moult and gradually degenerated.
Cytochemical studies on the prostate glands of the trematodes, Paramphistomum epiclitum and Paradistomoides orientalis
Authors: Kanwar Usha , Kansal Madhu
Published: June 2009

Pear-shaped prostatic gland cells which surround the ejaculatory duct of Paramphistomum and Paradistomoides, secrete two types of products: (i) granules which are cytochemically complex containing lipids, proteins and polysaccharides (1:2, glycol groups) and (ii) globules which contain phospholipids only. The cytoplasm of these cells, in addition to high acid phosphatase activity, also contains RNA, proteins and polysaccharides.
On the Relationships betweenAustrobilharzia variglandis(Miller and Northup, 1926) Penner, 1953,A. terrigalensisJohnston, 1917 andCercaria variglandisMiller and Northup, 1926
Authors: Baugh S. C.
Published: June 2009

It is concluded that Bearup's cercaria, described fromPyrazus australisin Australia, is different fromCercaria variglandis; the former develops intoAustrobilharzia terrigalensisand the latter intoA. variglandis(Syn.M. ChapiniPrice, 1929;M. variglandisStunkard and Hinchliffe, 1952).

Bearup's cercaria should be henceforth treated as that ofA. terrigalensisand not asC. variglandis.
Influence of immunosuppressants on the establishment of Paragonimus miyazakii in albino rats
Authors: Hashiguchi Y. , Hirai H.
Published: June 2009

The present investigation has shown that combined treatment with dexamethasone and prednisolone or with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone enhances the susceptibility of albino rats to Paragonimus miyazakii, presumably by suppressing the host’s immune responses. In the rats given these combined treatments, the size and egg production of worms were markedly increased. Use of dexamethasone or prednisolone alone had relatively little influence on the growth and maturity of P. miyazakii. In serological analysis and agar double diffusion, considerable differences were recognized between the gamma-globulin fractions and antigen-antibody systems (Precipitin bands) of the treated groups and the untreated group. The mechanism of action of these immunosuppressants in this system remains obscure.
Toxocara infection in pigs. The use of indirect fluorescent antibody tests and an in vitro larval precipitate test for detecting specific antibodies
Authors: Stevenson P. , Jacobs D. E.
Published: June 2009

An in vitro larval precipitate test using second-stage Toxocara canis larvae and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test employing cuticles of T. canis larvae as antigen were evaluated using antisera produced in pigs experimentally infected with T. canis, T. cati, Ascaris suum, Toxascaris leonina and Parascaris equorum. The former test was both specific and sensitive and is suggested as a reliable and simple method of detecting Toxocara antibodies in pigs. The latter test was considered unsuitable because of cross-reactions that occurred when sera from pigs infected with other ascarids were tested. An IFA test for Ascaris antibodies, employing cuticles of A. suum larvae as antigen, is described. The degree of specificity of this test suggests that it may be of value in the detection of antibodies to Ascaris in pigs under natural conditions.
Common host antigens in laboratory rats infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps
Authors: Chernin Jack
Published: June 2009

Laboratory rats were infected by intra-peritoneal injection with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. A soluble extract was prepared from the metacestodes removed from the peritoneal cavity of the rats. Doublediffusion, immuno-electrophoresis and fluorescent labelled antibody staining techniques were used. The extract tested against rabbit anti-normal rat serum was found to contain an antigen common to both the host and the parasite.
Paragonimus westermani in Malaysian Felidae and Viverridae: probable modes of transmission in relation to host feeding habits
Authors: Liat Lim Boo , Betterton Christine
Published: June 2009

Examination of naturally infected felids and viverrids in Malaysia confirmed previously published records which indicated that P. westermani occured only in felid cats. Felis planiceps and F. temnickii were reported as new host records. Analysis of stomach contents revealed no crab remains in either family of cats, but confirmed that felids were strictly carnivorous while viverrids were often omnivorous. In feeding experiments, only viverrids ate the host crabs Potamiscus johorensis and Parathelphusa maculata. The probable transmission of P. westermani to felids via paratenic hosts was discussed.
Survival characteristics of Cercaria chackai (Digenea: Transversotrematidae)
Authors: Mohandas A. , Koya M.S. Syed Ismail
Published: June 2009

The survival characteristics of Cercaria chackai, the larval form of the curious ectoparasitic digenetic trematode Transversotrema chackai, in sea water, sea water diluted with deionized water in different proportions, deionized water, pond water and tap water were studied. Naturally shed, fresh cercariae had the maximum life span of 20 h 40 min in pond water at salinity 17·8‰, pH 6·45, O2 5·76ml/l and temperature 31·5°C. With increase in salinities beyond 17·8‰, survival time was drastically reduced and beyond 23·58‰,, was restricted to a few minutes. In sea water with a salinity of 38·3‰, the maximum survival time was only 8 min. Below 17·8‰ salinity, although the survival time was less, the difference was not very marked and even in tap water with no salinity, the cercariae lived up to 19 h 50 min. In deionized water the maximum survival time was only 3 h 15 min. Since pond water at pH 6·45 allowed maximum survival time, it is presumed that the cercariae preferred a slightly acidic medium. As temperature was maintained constant and oxygen was available, neither of these two factors, apparently, affected the survival pattern. It is concluded that C. chackai is a typical freshwater form showing considerable tolerance to fluctuations in salinity although the family Transversotrematidae is considered to have a marine origin.
The influence of temperature and osmotic stress on the development and eclosion of hookworm eggs
Authors: Matthews Bernard E.
Published: June 2009

Time lapse video micro recording techniques have been used to investigate the development and eclosion of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme eggs under a range of temperature and osmotic conditions. Over the range 15 to 35°C increasing temperature resulted in decreased development time, the hyperbolic form of the curve being similar to that found by other workers. The adoption of a developmental parameter to mark the start of timing provided more reproducible results than previously reported. Osmotic stress in the range 0·600 mOsM/kg provided by a number of inorganic salts and organic sugars increased hatching time but did not greatly reduce the percentage that hatched. There was no correlation between the ionic composition of the solution and its effect on the eggs. Solutions of EDTA, carbonates and iodides markedly reduced hatching. Behavioural studies of the pre-hatched larvae suggested that the eggs were permeable and susceptible to osmotic and ionic changes early in their development and well before they were ready to hatch. No appreciable differences were found between the two species of hookworm investigated.
Prolonged expulsion of adultTrichinella spiralisand eosinophil infiltration in mast cell-deficient W/Wvmice
Authors: Kamiya M. , Oku Y. , Itayama H. , Ohbayashi M.
Published: June 2009

Eosinophil infiltrations were observed in the intestine and the muscle of bothTrichinella spiralis-infected (WBxC57BL/6)F1-W/Wvmice and their littermates, WBB6F1−+/+, +/W, +/Wv, almost to the same extent. W/Wvmice did not show infiltration of subepithelial mast cells and globule leucocytes in response toT. spiralisinfection. Increased numbers of these cells were observed in their littermates. Worms in W/Wvmice were retained for longer periods than those in littermates. Also, no difference was noted in the production of specific serum antibodies between W/Wvmice and their littermates, as determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) for specific IgE and by indirect haemagglutination (IHA). These results suggest a possible participation of SMC, GL and eosinophils in the expulsion of adultT. spiralis.
Studies on heterologous resistance betweenSchistosoma bovisandFasciola giganticain Sudanese cattle
Authors: Yagi A. I. , Younis S. A. , Haroun E. M. , Gameel A. A. , Bushara H. O. , Taylor M. G.
Published: June 2009

Using the local strains ofSchistosoma bovisandFasciola gigantica, it was shown that Sudanese zebu calves with mature primary infections ofF. giganticawere highly resistant to challenge withS. boviscercariae, and vice versa. Liver enzyme tests showed that, in both cases, the primary infections had caused some liver damage. Primary infection with irradiatedS. Boviscercariae, which did not cause significant liver damage, did not protect significantly against challenge withF. gigantica.
Schistosoma rodhaini: dynamics and cercarial production for mono- and pluri-miracidial infections of Biomphalaria glabrata
Authors: Touassem R. , Théron A.
Published: June 2009

No significant difference in cercarial production was noted when Biomphalaria glabrata from Brazil were exposed to one or several miracidia of Schistosoma rodhaini from Burundi, even though the dynamics seemed different. The minor differences can be explained by the intramolluscal larval development of this parasite characterized by the production of a high number of daughter sporocysts over a long period.
The ecology of infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in dry season contaminated pastures in the Nigerian derived savanna
Authors: Chiejina S. N. , Fakae B. B.
Published: June 2009

Five experimental grass paddocks were sequentially contaminated with fresh bovine faeces containing known numbers of eggs of predominantly Haemonchus and Cooperia spp. during the 1984/85 dry season (November to March). Faecal, herbage and soil samples were examined at regular intervals between November and June in order to determine the rate of development and mortality of infective larvae (L3) in faeces, the pattern of herbage infestation with L3 and the role of faeces and soil as reservoirs of L3 during the dry season and early rains. L3 first appeared in faeces approximately 4 days post contamination (PC) and peak counts were obtained 28, 14, 7 and 14 days PC in the paddocks contaminated in December, January, February and March, respectively. The counts initially declined linearly at the rate of approximately 7535 L3/week and 10 947 L3/week in P2 and P4 respectively, due primarily to mortality but later there was an accelerated fall in the counts as the surviving L3 moved out of the faecal pads onto herbage. The overall trend of faecal larval populations in each paddock was therefore distinctly curvilinear. Although large numbers of L3 were present inside dry faecal pads in most paddocks throughout the dry season, none migrated on to herbage at that time of the year. Translation of L3 to herbage was very rapid and occurred simultaneously in all the paddocks 24 hours following the first heavy rainfall in late March. Consequently peak herbage infestations in all paddocks were coincident and occurred a few days after commencement of larval migration. The closer to the end of the dry season the contaminations were carried out, the larger were the subsequent early rains rise and the peak herbage infestation and the longer this infestation survived on herbage. No L3 were recovered from soil throughout the study, which suggests that faecal pads were the sole reservoir of L3 during the dry season and hence the source of the early rains herbage infestation.
Enzyme polymorphism in Schistosoma mattheei from cattle in the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld
Authors: Kruger F. J.
Published: June 2009

Enzyme electrophoresis was conducted on 10 Schistosoma mattheei adult worm samples, comprising 270 individuals, collected from cattle in the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was studied in all the samples and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in five populations each. Only one population was polymorphic for G6PDH. In this population, in addition to the allele found in all the other samples, a second allele occurred with a similar Rf value to S. haematobium. The two alleles were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. MDH-1 exhibited two alleles. However, these alleles were not in equilibrium. In certain populations, heterozygotes occurred together with homozygotes of one of the alleles only. PGM was monomorphic in all the populations studied.
Pathological effects of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) in the domestic chick
Authors: Kim Stuart , Fried Bernard
Published: June 2009

Domestic chicks experimentally infected with Echinostoma caproni for 2 weeks showed a dilated ileum, unkempt feathers, watery diarrhoea, and weight loss. The ileum from infected and control chicks was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and prepared as 10 μm paraffin sections stained in haematoxylin and eosin, Papanicolau, periodic acid-Schiff, picro-ponceau, and alcian blue. The infected ileum showed atrophic villi, hypertrophied circular musculature with collagen-like fibres and haemorrhagic zones. The brush borders of epithelial cells and goblet cells were absent in the mucosa of the infected ileum. Worms in contact with host mucosa showed tissue plugs in the suckers. The cephalic spines of worms abraded the host mucosa.
Further studies on the effect of cyclosporin A on the course of Paragonimus infection in rats
Authors: Hashiguchi Yoshihisa , Okamura Yoshisuke
Published: June 2009

Paragonimus ohirai-infected rats were treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) at different times during the course of infection. CyA (5×80 mg/kg) affected the worm recovery, growth and maturation rates of P. ohirai with respect to control values. This tendency was most remarkable in animals treated 15 days and more after infection with CyA (groups B, +15 to +19 days; C, +25 to +29; D, +35 to +39 and E, +45 to +49). In group A (0 to +4), however, the drug did not affect markedly the growth and maturation of worms, although it significantly lowered worm recovery rates. CyA administration also affected normal migration of P. ohirai in the highly susceptible host (rat), when the drug was administered during the peritoneal and/or liver phase of infection. Thus, in this P. ohirai/rat model, CyA significantly reduced worm recovery rates, and affected the growth, maturation and migration of the worms depending on the time of administration.
A comparison of a modified quick-Kato technique and the Stoll dilution method for field examination for Opisthorchis viverrini eggs
Authors: Viyanant V. , Brockelman W. Y. , Lee P. , Ardsungnoen S. , Upatham E. S.
Published: June 2009

A modified quick-Kato technique and the Stoll dilution method for the diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini infection were compared from the standpoints of both replicability and sensitivity. One Stoll dilution preparation and two modified quick-Kato smears were prepared from single stool specimens collected from 221 persons in a village in north-eastern Thailand. Stool examinations were made in duplicate for each technique by two examiners, and the averages of the raw egg counts were used to estimate the intensity of infection. Statistical analyses revealed that the modified quick-Kato technique was slightly more sensitive, and thus would detect more positives, but was lacking in replicability and hence less suitable for measurement of individual intensity of infection. We therefore recommend the Stoll dilution technique for field surveys and measurement of individual intensity of 0. viverrini infection.
Histochemical studies on eggshell formation in Paramphistomum cervi (Digenea: Paramphistomatidae)
Authors: Gupta B. C. , Parshad V. R. , Guraya S. S.
Published: June 2009

The formation of the egg mass in the ootype, containing the oocyte, vitelline cells, numerous spermatozoa and Mehlis’ gland secretion marks the beginning of eggshell formation. Mehlis’ gland cells pour their lipoprotein secretion into the ootype; this secretion forms a thin template around the egg mass and upon this template the shell globules are deposited. Eggshell formation begins in the proximal uterus and is completed in the middle uterus. The eggshells are devoid of phenols and phenolase indicating that hardening is not by quinone tanning. The eggshells contain keratin and are stabilized by disulphide linkages.
The effect of light and darkness on the production of cercariae of Schistosoma haematobium from Bulinus globosus
Authors: Raymond K. M. , Probert A. J.
Published: June 2009

The cercariae of Schistosoma haematobium showed a diurnal periodicity of emergence from Bulinus globosus in a twelve hour light/dark cycle. Peak emission occurred at 11.00 hrs with a smaller peak at 20.00 hrs, following the start of the period of darkness. In continuous illumination this second peak was not seen, indicating that only the morning peak is circadian in origin. The evening peak occurs in response to dark treatment and can be produced by periods of darkness ranging from eight seconds to one hour. The longer the period of dark treatment the longer the rise in output is maintained on return to light conditions. Subjection of snails to periods of dark treatment during the normal light period caused a reduction in the evening peak with the largest effect seen following the longest period of darkness. An increased output of cercariae was seen following fifteen minutes exposure to a range of light intensities, the largest increase occurring at 10 000 and 7000 lux and complete darkness. The rapidity of this reaction to variations in light intensity suggests that the cercariae of S. haematobium are showing emergence in response to shadows.
Hymenolepis citelli, H. diminutaandH. microstoma: immunoglobulin-containing cells in the lamina propria of the mouse gut during primary and secondary infections
Authors: Alghali Sidi T. O.
Published: June 2009

The indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to determine the occurrence of IgA, IgM and IgG1immunoglobulin-containing cells in local intestinal mucosal immune responses toHymenolepis citelli, H. diminutaandH. microstomainfections in mice. In the intestinal lamina propria ofH. citelliandH. diminutainfected mice there was no increase in the mean numbers of immunoglobulin-containing cells when compared with uninfected control mice, but there was inH. microstomainfected mice. The numbers of IgG1– positive cells in both infected and uninfected mice were very small relative to IgA and IgM immunocytes. The distribution of immunocytes in the lamina propria of infected and uninfected mice was essentially similar and the localization of isotypes in duodenal sections showed no immunoglobulins in the villous epithelial cells. There was also no marked difference between primary and secondary infections indicating that immunoglobulin-containing cells play no major role in functional immunity against hymenolepid infections in the mouse. The presence of IgA and IgM was also demonstrated on the tegument of the tapeworms, although the distribution was patchy and more abundant onH. microstomathan onH. diminutaorH. citelli. The time of appearance of both isotypes was latest onH. citelli.
Periodicity of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in a dog from Muheza district, Tanzania
Authors: Matola Y. G.
Published: June 2009

Dirofilaria immitis (the dog heartworm) microfilarial periodicity was determined hourly for five days in an infected dog from Kambai village in Muheza district Tanzania. Maximal microfilarial counts were found at 1100 h and minimal at 2200 h. This finding represents the first record of D. immitis microfilarial periodicity in Tanzania.
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: isoenzymatic pattern in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis
Authors: Rodriguez B. , Cutillas C. , German P. , Guevara D.
Published: June 2009

In the present communication we have studied the isoenzymatic pattern activity of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichuris ovis and T. suis, parasites of Capra hircus (goat), Ovis aries (sheep) and Sus scrofa domestica (pig) respectively, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Different phenotypes have been observed in the G6PD isoenzymatic pattern activity in males and females of Oesophagostomum venulosum. Furthermore, G6PD activity has been assayed in Trichuris ovis collected from Ovis aries and Capra hircus. No differences have been observed in the isoenzymatic patterns attending to the different hosts. All the individuals exhibited one single band or two bands; this suggests a monomeric condition for G6PD in T. ovis. In T. suis the enzyme G6PD appeared as a single electrophoretic band in about 85·7% of the individuals.