bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parsons, Luhmann and the Theorem of Double Contingency
Authors: Vanderstraeten Raf
Published: July 2003

This article analyzes the ego/alter ego constellation of social interaction. Every social interaction constitutes a situation with double contingency, which is recognized as such by both sides: both know that both know that one could also act differently. The circularity of the relationship brings about indeterminacy; self-commitment would presuppose that others commit themselves and vice versa. How is this infinity problem solved? How can we account for the possibility of social interaction, and social order? Both Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann have devoted considerable attention to the theorem of double contingency. Here, I analyze their theoretical formulations on this topic.
If Goffman Had Read Levinas
Authors: Raffel Stanley
Published: July 2003

The article attempts to explore fundamental assumptions underlying Goffman’s theory of interaction. Goffman’s work has long been criticized for certain pervasive weaknesses such as the idea of a self as ‘inside’ and therefore inaccessible, an indifference to any distinction between appearance and reality, and a lack of concern for morality. It is argued that combating these and related problems necessitates uncovering the philosophical roots of Goffman’s way of conceptualizing the self. The article identifies these roots in some assumptions that Goffman shares with and may well have adapted from Sartre. Sartre’s theory of the self is outlined and clear affinities between these two authors’ main assumptions are revealed. The import of this linkage is to point to inevitable obstacles standing in the way of developing the self as a truly social being if one begins with the understanding of what a self is common to both Goffman and Sartre. Next the article puts forward, as an alternative, the ideas of Levinas who has produced an almost point by point rebuttal of Sartre’s version of the self. The key point is that, unlike Sartre and Goffman, Levinas locates the self’s being or consciousness as taking a positive rather than negative form. This differing starting point has demonstrable repercussions for the way the self can relate to both material things and other people. In particular, such a self can be available to, rather than (as in Sartre and Goffman) hidden from, others and is therefore susceptible to others’ influence. Instead of being threatened by the other, there is scope for what Levinas calls non-possessiveness towards and hospitality to others. Finally, the article points out how such a conception of self can be utilized to resolve some specific problems with Goffman’s depiction of social interaction such as his amorality, his views on the role of language and his claims to the omnipresence of concealment.
Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa
Authors: Saldanha Arun
Published: July 2003

Tourism studies has extensively analysed how the ‘tourist gaze’ constructs the experiences and social relationships within tourism. This article seeks to engage entire bodies in the analysis of tourism and shifts away from a focus on vision. Ethnographic details from the psychedelic rave tourism scene in Goa, India, are presented to account for what could happen when differences between bodies at a rave event are considered. In the final theoretical section, drawing on Merleau-Ponty and Deleuze and Guattari, these ethnographic details are used to make some tentative suggestions as to how music is capable of organizing ‘factions’ of bodies along dynamic socio-spatial boundaries. The main argument is that it is not music itself, but its material connections to bodies, spacetimes and objects, that enable social differentiation in the multiracial touristic environment of Goa.
Country and garden
Authors: Head Lesley , Atchison Jennifer , Fullagar Richard
Published: July 2003

We examine spatial and temporal variability in Aboriginal plant use in the Keep River region, northwestern Australia, using ethnobotanical and archaeobotanical evidence. The concepts of country and garden, and domain, domus and domiculture (after Chase), are used to problematize important variables such as scale, boundedness and landscape transformation, and incorporate notions of social space. We focus on three main examples: yam patches, fruit trees and a modern domestic garden. The interplay between social and ecological processes, and the characteristics of human intervention, are examined in each case. In combination with archaeological data relating to fruit seed processing, we discern patterns of plant manipulation over a period of 3500 years, focusing on the changes associated with European arrival.
Archaeological ethnographies
Authors: Robin Cynthia , Rothschild Nan A.
Published: July 2003

The way people organize living spaces defines and is defined by all aspects of their lives - social, political, economic and ritual. People meaningfully produce, use and experience living spaces. This calls for social and historical analyses of space as actually lived. By exploring notions of lived or living spaces we attempt to take up the idea of socializing spatial archaeology called for by Ashmore in her distinguished lecture. As a vehicle for exploring a holistic notion of lived space we, like many landscape archaeologists, advocate a greater incorporation of analyses of outdoor spaces in archaeological thought and research design, because it is important to consider the loci of all human activities (e.g. indoor/outdoor, built/unbuilt), and because outdoor spaces, significant to many aspects of life, have been traditionally overlooked by site- or structure-centric archaeologies.
Bargains with modernity in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere
Authors: Foster Robert J.
Published: July 2003

Current ideas of alternative or multiple modernities promise to overcome Eurocentric assumptions about personhood and culture as well as gross binary oppositions between global and local, the West and the Rest. They rightly direct attention to the complex imbrication and dialectical refashioning of indigenous and exogenous practices, that is, to contingent social processes with unpredictable outcomes. Does pluralizing Modernity then serve primarily to designate hybrid possibilities and historical particularities? Or can the idea of plural modernities be specified so as to make it useful for purposes of comparative ethnography? This article understands modernity to entail contests over faceless commitments, that is, the trust of people in anonymous others (experts), symbolic tokens (money), and abstract systems (technical knowledge) (Giddens, 1990). It uses ethnographic examples from Papua New Guinea to look at how trust relations — basic to the extended time—space distanciation associated with modernity — develop and fail to develop around encounters with novel forms of economy and polity. The article argues that an ethnographic focus on trust relations offers one framework for a compartive study of modernities.
The Nature and Usefulness of Qualitative Social Work Research
Authors: Gilgun Jane F. , Abrams Laura S.
Published: July 2003

In this commentary, the authors respond to challenges that Denzin’s article poses. (See Denzin, this issue.) We draw upon our own experiences as qualitative social work researchers to reflect upon several issues, such as personal connections with research participants; the match between qualitative approaches and the complexities of practice; the roles of values such as social justice and empowerment; the centrality of theories; and the benefits of methodological pluralism. We agree with Denzin that social work has applied feminist, emancipatory, and culturally-based pluralistic values and frames of reference and that qualitative research can implement these values. To fully realize what qualitative approaches offer, however, members of the discipline must contend with obstacles related to opportunities for graduate training and for funding of qualitative research. We invite social workers and friends of social work to engage in dialogue about the nature and usefulness of qualitative research to social work.
Musings of a Skeptical Software Junkie and the Hyper Research™ Fix
Authors: Staller Karen M.
Published: July 2003

This article considers some of the hazards and benefits of using computer-assisted software to analyze qualitative empirical evidence. Specifically, I discuss HyperRESEARCH, one software package currently on the market and available to both Macintosh and PC users. This article is not intended as a substitute for the user’s manual nor to be an exhaustive discussion of the software’s features. Instead I attempt to illustrate some of HyperRESEARCH’s unique characteristics, suggest how qualitative researchers might think about using them and provide some basic practical advice.
Generating New Metaphors: Downsizing as Cancer
Authors: Kraemer Theresa J.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. HRD must be careful not to confine itself to known metaphors and instead remain open to transferring metaphors into HRD from other disciplines and to generating new ones. But how are new metaphors generated? This chapter reports on one approach: noticing similarities between unconnected objects. In this particular case, new insights result from the metaphor of downsizing as cancer.
Strategies for Applying Metaphor in HRD Research, Practice, and Education
Authors: Short Darren C.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Chapters 2 through 7 of this journal describe different aspects of the application of metaphor to HRD work. They contribute metaphorical threads that are useful in their own right and can be made even more so when combined. How, then, can HRD professionals weave those threads together to produce a more coherent picture of ways to apply metaphor in their own work? This chapter provides an overview of the variety and range of metaphor application in HRD with reference to approaches described in this journal and elsewhere.
Structured on-the-Job Training in Developing Nations
Authors: Stolovitch Harold D. , Ngoa-Nguele Daniel
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Structured on-the-job training (structured OJT), adapted to a developing nation environment, can significantly improve, at low cost, the performance capability of workers. The chapter presents the rationale for structured OJT in this setting;describes an adapted model to fit the context of a specific developing nation, Cameroun;and presents an application of structured OJT complete with results.
Knowledge Management, Human Resource Development, and Internet Technology
Authors: Ardichvili Alexander
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Human resource development (HRD) professionals consider the integration of the basic HRD functions an important goal. A part of this integration involves linking online technology-based knowledge management solutions and the technology-enabled learning and development of an organization’s human potential. This chapter explores the role of online technologies in the integration of knowledge generation and sharing, and organizational and individual learning and development.
The Evolution of Workplace Tools for Group Communications and Collaboration
Authors: Schrum Lynne , Benson Lisa
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Information technologies have had an enormous impact on today’s world of work, and in particular, in the ways that individuals and groups communicate and collaborate,as well as learn and perform. This chapter looks at the theoretical constructs that aid in understanding these new realities. Second, it explores the extent of the impact the technologies have had. Next, it looks at the types of simple and complex communications that are currently being used throughout the world of work. Finally, it explores the unanticipated results of the wide adoption of these communication tools.
Conceptualizations of Emotion Research in Organizational Contexts
Authors: Callahan Jamie L. , McCollum Eric E.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. Emotion research is frequently classified into psychological and sociological approaches; the authors believe this dichotomization is limiting and not representative of the nature of emotion in organizations. The authors contend that the ways in which people conceptualize the nature of emotion and its role in organizations has profound effects with regard to both theory development and practical interventions. This chapter presents a schema of four overlapping approaches to researching emotion in organizations and introduces four empirical chapters that represent each of these approaches.
Developing Policy, Governance, and Foundation Systems
Authors: Naquin Sharon S. , Baker Deborah E.
Published: July 2003

The problem and the solution. The promise ofeffective workforce development (WFD) systems is that they will support the sustainable development oforganizations and communities by building the capacity for individuals to be successful in the world of work and to make positive contributions to the communities in which they live. Unfortunately, many WFD systems in the United States are not fulfilling these expectations. A major reason for this failure is lack ofintegration of workforce system elements across several levels. This chapter presents policy, governance, and foundation system standards to address these problems.
Rx for the Nursing Crisis? The Economic Impact of Mandatory RN Staffing to Patient Ratios
Authors: Vessey Judith A. , Andres Sharon , Fountain Monique , Wheeler Acquenetta
Published: July 2003

Efforts to legislatively mandate minimum registered nurse (RN) to patient ratios is a complex issue that appears to benefit RNs and patients alike. However, such ratios have significant economic implications for the RN workforce, patient care delivery, hospitals, third-party payors and purchasers of health care, and nursing education. The potential changes in market demands and unintended consequences for each of these entities are explored. Evidence indicates that mandatory RN to patient ratios have some significant downsides that need to be considered prior to adoption.
Ncaa Scholarship Limits and Competitive Balance in College Football
Authors: Sutter Daniel , Winkler Stephen
Published: July 2003

Conventional wisdom holds that parity has increased in college football in recent decades due largely to limits on the number of scholarships teams can offer. The authors find that competitive balance has not increased in college football since the end of World War II, and they find mixed evidence of scholarship limits’ effect on a range of measures of parity, including the standard deviation of winning percentages and Associated Press rankings. They also examine the 1991 NCAA roll-call vote to reduce the scholarship limit and find some evidence that stronger teams were more likely to vote for the lower limit.
Does the Assignment of Property Rights Encourage or Discourage Shirking?
Authors: Marburger Daniel R.
Published: July 2003

Economic organization literature suggests that property rights assignment affects employee incentives to shirk. Specifically, when firms own employee property rights, the rents from increased effort accrue to the employer and encourage shirking. Applied to major league baseball (MLB), this suggests that the conversion from the reserve clause to free agency should increase player effort. However, free agency also saw an increase in the number of guaranteed multiyear contracts, which also creates shirking incentives. This article investigates the net impact of property rights assignment on shirking in MLB. An empirical model reveals that free agents with 1- and 2-year contracts outperform comparable reserve era players over the same time frame. The performance of free agents with contracts exceeding 2 years do not differ from that of comparable reserve era players over the same time period.
Superstar Effects in Sport
Authors: Lucifora Claudio , Simmons Rob
Published: July 2003

This article investigates wage determination among professional soccer players appearing in the Italian league. Given the popularity of “top” soccer players, the relationship between individual productivity and pay can lead to “superstar” effects. In that context, the marginal revenue product of a soccer player is related to the extra price that a spectator is willing to pay to see him play (live or on television) times the number of spectators who are attracted. The authors use rare data on individual earnings and other personal characteristics of a set of soccer players in the 1995-1996 Italian league season to estimate human capital earnings equations and test for superstar effects in wage determination via convexity of earnings in performance. Earnings are found to be highly convex in two performance measures after controlling for a set of personal characteristics and team fixed effects.
Protecting the Health of American Communities: Access to Information
Authors: Afzal Brenda M.
Published: July 2003

The events of September 11th have triggered a national reexamination of the security of airlines, drinking water supplies, nuclear plants, and other areas. Policymakers to date have inadequately addressed the public health threat posed by the use and storage of highly hazardous chemicals in our communities. Across America, thousands of industrial facilities use and store hazardous chemicals in quantities that put large numbers of Americans at risk of serious injury or death in the event of a chemical release, explosion, or fire. This article focuses on community health risks associated with the use, transport, and storage of hazardous chemicals in communities across America. The aim is to draw attention to the inadequacies of national policies regarding access to information about potentially hazardous chemicals in our neighborhoods.
Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides
Authors: Conley Richard S.
Published: July 2003

Prior studies of executive-legislative relations have not adequately examined presidential influence on veto overrides. This research posits that presidential liaison with party leaders in Congress can play a crucial role in forging sustaining coalitions and is an element of presidential skill that has been overlooked. The study examines Gerald Ford’s relations with the 94th Congress and focuses on legislators’ decisions to change positions to sustain the president’s vetoes between the passage of the original legislation and veto override attempts. Archival data are integrated into a multinomial logistic regression analysis of vote-switching by Republican legislators to test the impact of leadership contact on voting decisions. The results emphasize the importance of partisan linkages between the White House and the minority party leadership organization on Capitol Hill as part of Ford’s bicameral strategy to halt veto overrides.
Tax Policy Attitudes and the 1996 Presidential Election
Authors: Grant J. Tobin , Mockabee Stephen T.
Published: July 2003

This study examines whether voters employ a collectively based evaluation of tax policies when voting. We model public opinion toward Bob Dole’s 15% income tax cut proposal and assess the issue’s impact on presidential vote choice in 1996. A preelection survey experiment offered two versions of a question about tax cuts: One presents the issue in terms of what is right or wrong for the country (collective version), whereas the other poses a “favor or oppose” question (individual version). We find that support for the tax cut is far greater in the individual version than in the collective version, and asking voters to consider the potential fiscal consequences of the tax cut drives down its popularity. However, logit models of vote choice show that support for the tax cut has a greater effect on vote choice when judgment of the policy is based on its collective consequences.
Is Autism Partly a Consolidation Disorder?
Authors: Femia Lisa A. , Hasselmo Michael E.
Published: July 2003

Computational modeling has been useful for understanding processes of encoding and consolidation in cortical structures. In particular, this work suggests a role of neuromodulators in setting dynamics for consolidation processes during different stages of waking and sleep. Because autistic individuals show symptoms of a cognitive nature coupled with a high prevalence of comorbid conditions such as epileptiform discharge during sleep and sleep disorders, it is possible that autism could involve a breakdown in consolidation processes, which are essential to build effective cognitive representations of the environment on the basis of individual experiences. In this article, theories of consolidation during different stages of waking and sleep and the role of different neuromodulators in these consolidation processes are reviewed in conjunction with different features of autism, which may be understood in the context of these theories.
The Nucleus Accumbens and Reward: Neurophysiological Investigations in Behaving Animals
Authors: Carelli Regina M.
Published: July 2003

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) is a crucial component of the brain reward system. This report reviews electrophysiological studies that examined Acb cell firing during goal-directed behaviors for natural reinforcers (food, water, sucrose) and drugs of abuse (cocaine, heroin, ethanol). Studies that examined the role of environmental stimuli and operant contingencies on Acb activity during behavior are also explored. Given the extensive literature that links dopamine in the Acb with drug reinforcement, experiments are considered that examined the influence of dopamine in modulating Acb cell firing during drug-seeking behaviors. Finally, because the Acb is one neural substrate of a larger brain reward circuit, the influence of afferent input (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) on Acb cell firing during behavior is also discussed. These findings provide a unique insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying reward-related processing and goal-directed behaviors and reveal a level of functional organization in the Acb not identified by other experimental approaches.
Cultural Values and Choice of Strategic Move in Therapy
Authors: Leung Patrick W. L. , Sung-Chan Pauline P. L.
Published: July 2003

A Chinese woman (Mrs. L) suffering from lowbackpain was referred for psychological consultation. Subsequent investigation linked her back pain to a chronology of life events, including premarital sex, desertion, arranged marriage, and miscarriage. The therapist chose a strategic move that reframed her problems in terms of Chinese familism. Eventually, low back pain was alleviated, contingent upon an improved marital relationship and the birth of a baby boy. The case of Mrs. L highlighted the interplay between psychotherapy and cultural considerations. However, warnings were served against noncritical acceptance of broad generalization and cultural relativism.
Client Readiness for Change, Cultural Concerns, and Risk Taking
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A.
Published: July 2003

This is a straightforward case in which several interrelated components nevertheless called for specific therapeutic attention. Matters pertaining to racial discrimination, cultural limits, and readiness for change had to be factored into the treatment trajectory. The anxiety, depression, and self-denigrating tendencies that had brought the client to therapy called for careful timing, some audacious advice, and several standard cognitivebehavioral procedures.
Emotional Intelligence: Its Connection to HRD Theory and Practice
Authors: Weinberger Lisa A.
Published: July 2003

The study of emotion has primarily evolved out of two disciplines, sociology and psychology. Each area has evaluated this phenomenon from a multitude of perspectives. Emotional intelligence has its roots within the psychological discipline. There has been a surge of interest throughout the 1990s in the area of emotional intelligence, and two different views of this phenomenon are emerging. The first perspective is called a “mixed-model” and is commonly associated with Goleman. This model is broader and a more inclusive description of emotional intelligence. The second perspective is referred to as an “ability-model,” which is a more restrictive description of emotional intelligence and is associated with Salovey and Mayer. These models form the foundation for research and practice into the role of emotional intelligence in human resource development.
Who Received Loans? Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Lending and Discrimination in Philadelphia in the 1930s
Authors: Hillier Amy E.
Published: July 2003

The lending record of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has received little attention compared with HOLC’s residential security maps. Specifically, the extent to which HOLC practiced racial and ethnic discrimination in the process of making and servicing more than a million loans to homeowners during the Depression has not been carefully examined. Using primary sources including HOLC publications, newspaper articles, 1930 census data, and mortgage records from Philadelphia, this research shows that HOLC did make loans to African Americans, Jews, and immigrants. Evidence suggests, however, that HOLC supported racial segregation in the process of reselling properties acquired through foreclosure.
Opportunity Lost: A Clash between Politics, Planning, and Design in Defense Housing for Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Authors: Kotval Zenia
Published: July 2003

In 1941, a small group of planners working for the Federal Works Agency’s Division of Defense Housing saw a tremendous opportunity both to provide a quick increase in housing availability and to improve the quality of their design as models for the future of American housing. To this end, they contracted with many of the nation’s leading architects to create innovative designs, only to have their efforts thwarted by those preferring the status quo and opting for short-term economic gain. This article focuses on an event that ultimately led to conflict between two of America’s most forceful figures: Frank Lloyd Wright, arguably America’s most esteemed architect of the twentieth century, and John W. McCormack who, for more than forty years, was one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Congress.
The Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow: An Anatomic, Sonographic, and Histology Comparison
Authors: Thoirs Kerry , Scutter Sheila , Wilkinson Maureen
Published: July 2003

When making sonographic measurements of peripheral nerves, either for research or clinical purposes, it is important to have established that the measurements are valid. This study compared sonographic measurements and appearances of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with anatomic measurements of the nerve and with histologic findings. The results demonstrated that the anatomic measurements were very similar to the sonographic measurements of the nerve, when the nerve was imaged postdissection. However, the in situ sonographic measurements of the nerve were discrepant with the anatomic measurements of the nerve. This discrepancy occurred because the predissection sonographic measurement did not include the echogenic border surrounding the hypoechoic nerve. Histologic correlation demonstrated that the hypoechoic structure on the sonogram probably represented the major fascicle(s) of the nerve rather than the complete nerve and that the surrounding echogenic tissue represents the epineurial connective tissues of the nerve.
Early Endometrial Cancer in a Postmenopausal Woman: A Case Report
Authors: Pearson Lisa J.
Published: July 2003

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The traditional sonographic screening technique has been the measurement of the endometrial thickness. There is disagreement, however, as to what constitutes a normal sonographic measurement of the endometrium in postmenopausal women. This case study demonstrates the importance of examining the entirety of the endometrium and surrounding myometrium using sensitive transvaginal color/power Doppler. Color and/or power Doppler in conjunction with the transvaginal examination will increase the sensitivity of diagnosing endometrial pathology.
Unsuspected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Davis Debbie , Craig Marveen
Published: July 2003

The authors present three cases of occult abdominal aortic aneurysm discovered by screening the abdominal aorta during routine transthoracic echocardiography.
Diagnosis of Pseudoaneurysms of the Breast by Ultrasound
Authors: Vavala Carla
Published: July 2003

Pseudoaneurysm of the breast is a rare occurrence. The author reports a case of a pseudoaneurysm occuring after core biopsy diagnosed by ultrasound, and was treated angiographically.
Sonography of the Right Upper Quadrant With Free Intraperitoneal Fluid
Authors: Jackson Donald F. , Hagmeyer Thomas E. , Gelormini Russell G.
Published: July 2003

A knowledge of intraperitoneal pathways is essential in sonographically evaluating the causes of free intraperitoneal fluid. The right and left paracolic gutters allow free communication of fluid between the abdominal and pelvic cavities,with the right paracolic gutter communicating with Morison's pouch and pericholecystic region. In this case,sonographic demonstration of right upper quadrant fluid with no sonographic or clinical evidence of right upper quadrant pathology prompted the sonographer to evaluate the pelvis for possible etiology.
JAML, a novel protein with characteristics of a junctional adhesion molecule, is induced during differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Moog-Lutz Christel , Cavé-Riant Florence , Guibal Florence C. , Breau Marie A. , Di Gioia Yolande , Couraud Pierre Olivier , Cayre Yvon E. , Bourdoulous Sandrine , Lutz Pierre G.
Published: July 2003

Retinoic acid induces clinical remission in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by triggering differentiation of leukemia promyelocytes. Here, we have characterized a gene encoding a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, among novel retinoic acid–induced genes identified in APL cells. This protein, which was named JAML (junctional adhesion molecule–like), contains 2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail. JAML mRNA is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is prominently expressed in granulocytes. The fact that JAML protein is localized at the cell plasma membrane in the areas of cell-cell contacts, whereas it is not detected at free cell borders, suggests that JAML is engaged in homophilic interactions. Furthermore, a conserved dimerization motif among JAM members was shown to be important for JAML localization at the cell membrane. Finally, exogenous expression of JAML in myeloid leukemia cells resulted in enhanced cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Altogether, our results point to JAML as a novel member of the JAM family expressed on leukocytes with a possible role in leukocyte transmigration.
Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses against the oncofetal antigen-immature laminin receptor for the treatment of hematologic malignancies
Authors: Siegel Sandra , Wagner Andreas , Kabelitz Dieter , Marget Matthias , Coggin Joseph , Barsoum Adel , Rohrer James , Schmitz Norbert , Zeis Matthias
Published: July 2003

The oncofetal antigen immature laminin receptor protein (OFA-iLRP) is a highly conserved protein that is preferentially expressed in fetal tissues and in many types of cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies, whereas OFA-iLRP is not detectable on healthy differentiated adult cells. To investigate whether OFA-iLRP-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are capable of killing OFA-iLRP-expressing hematologic targets, CTLs were generated from healthy HLA-A*0201-positive volunteers by incubating T cells with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with OFA-iLRP RNA. OFA-iLRP-specific CTLs lysed HLA-A2+ OFA-iLRP+ tumor cells, including several lymphoma and leukemia cell lines, as well as fresh leukemic targets from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), indicating that OFA-iLRP-derived peptides are naturally processed and presented by hematologic tumors. Healthy OFA-iLRP-negative target cells (CD14+ monocytes, activated B cells, DCs, bone marrow cells) were not attacked by OFA-iLRP-specific CTLs. Furthermore, in an established murine B-cell lymphoma model (A20), treatment with syngeneic DCs transfected with OFA-iLRP-coding RNA resulted in powerful antitumor effects in a significant portion of mice. For the first time, these data show that OFA-iLRP can be used as a target for T-cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies against hematologic malignancies. (Blood. 2003;102:4416-4423)
The amino terminal and E2F interaction domains are critical for C/EBPα-mediated induction of granulopoietic development of hematopoietic cells
Authors: D'Alo' Francesco , Johansen Lisa M. , Nelson Erik A. , Radomska Hanna S. , Evans Erica K. , Zhang Pu , Nerlov Claus , Tenen Daniel G.
Published: July 2003

The transcription factor C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α) is critical for granulopoiesis. Gene disruption in mice blocks early granulocyte differentiation and disruption of C/EBPα function has been implicated in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but no systematic structure-function analysis has been undertaken to identify the mechanisms involved in C/EBPα-mediated granulocyte differentiation. Here we demonstrate that loss of either of 2 key regions results in disruption of C/EBPα granulocytic development: the amino terminus and specific residues residing on the non-DNA binding face of the basic region. Mutation of either results in loss of C/EBPα inhibition of E2F and down-regulation of c-Myc, but only mutation of the basic region results in loss of physical interaction with E2F. In contrast, while the amino terminal mutant retains the ability to interact with E2F, this mutant fails to bind a C/EBPα site efficiently, fails to activate C/EBPα target genes, and is also defective in inhibition of E2F activity. These results further emphasize the importance of inhibition of proliferative pathways in granulopoiesis and demonstrate that several regions of the C/EBPα protein are involved in this mechanism.
ADAMTS-13 cysteine-rich/spacer domains are functionally essential for von Willebrand factor cleavage
Authors: Soejima Kenji , Matsumoto Masanori , Kokame Koichi , Yagi Hideo , Ishizashi Hiromichi , Maeda Hiroaki , Nozaki Chikateru , Miyata Toshiyuki , Fujimura Yoshihiro , Nakagaki Tomohiro
Published: July 2003

A severe lack of von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease (VWF-CP) activity can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). This protease was recently identified as a member of the ADAMTS family, ADAMTS-13. It consists of a preproregion, a metalloprotease domain, a disintegrin-like domain, a thrombospondin type-1 motif (Tsp1), a cysteine-rich domain, a spacer domain, additional Tsp1 repeats, and CUB domains. To explore the structural and functional relationships of ADAMTS-13, we prepared here 13 sequential COOH-terminal truncated mutants and a single-point mutant (ArgGlyAsp [RGD] to ArgGlyGlu [RGE] in the cysteine-rich domain) and compared the activity of each mutant with that of the wild-type protein. The results revealed that the truncation of the cysteine-rich/spacer domains caused a remarkable reduction in VWF-CP activity. We also prepared immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions containing inhibitory autoantibodies against ADAMTS-13 from plasma from 3 patients with acquired TTP, and we performed mapping of their epitopes using the aforementioned mutants. The major epitopes of these antibodies were found to reside within the cysteine-rich/spacer domains. These results suggest that the ADAMTS-13 cysteine-rich/spacer domains are essential for VWF-CP activity.
Expression of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Corticotropin-Secreting Mouse Pituitary Tumor Cells Is Stimulated by Glucocorticoid and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Authors: Araki Osamu , Morimura Tadashi , Ogiwara Takayuki , Mizuma Haruo , Mori Masatomo , Murakami Masami
Published: July 2003

We identified the presence of iodothyronine deiodinase in AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells that secrete corticotropin. Iodothyronine deiodinating activity in AtT-20 cells fulfills all the characteristics of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), including the inhibition by thyroid hormones, the insensitivity to inhibition by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, and the low Michaelis-Menten constant value for T4. Northern analysis using mouse D2 cRNA probe demonstrated the hybridization signal of approximately 7.0 kb in size in AtT-20 cells. D2 activity and D2 mRNA were stimulated by glucocorticoid in a dose-dependent manner but were not stimulated by testosterone or β-estradiol. D2 expression was stimulated by (Bu)2cAMP, and CRH in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of dexamethasone. These results suggest the previously unrecognized role of local thyroid hormone activation by D2 in the regulation of pituitary corticotrophs.
Opposite Contribution of Two Ligand-Selective Determinants in the N-Terminal Hormone-Binding Exodomain of Human Gonadotropin Receptors
Authors: Vischer Henry F. , Granneman Joke C. M. , Bogerd Jan
Published: July 2003

The nine leucine-rich repeat-containing exodomains of the human FSH receptor (hFSH-R) and the human LH/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (hLH-R) harbor molecular determinants that allow the mutually exclusive binding of human FSH (hFSH) and human LH (hLH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) when these hormones are present in physiological concentrations. Previously, we have shown that the β-strands of hLH-R leucine-rich repeats 3 and 6 can confer full hCG/hLH responsiveness and binding when simultaneously introduced into a hFSH-R background without affecting the receptor’s responsiveness to hFSH. In the present study, we have determined the nature of contribution of each of these two β-strands in conferring hCG/hLH responsiveness to this mutant hFSH-R. Human LH-R β-strand 3 appeared to function as a positive hCG/hLH determinant by increasing the hCG/hLH responsiveness of the hFSH-R. In contrast, mutagenesis of hFSH-R β-strand 6, rather than the introduction of its corresponding hLH-R β-strand, appeared to allow the interaction of hCG/hLH with the hFSH-R. Hence, hFSH-R β-strand 6 functions as a negative determinant and, as such, restrains binding of hCG/hLH to the hFSH-R. Detailed mutagenic analysis revealed that the ability of the hFSH-R to interact with hCG/hLH depends primarily on the identity of two amino acids (Asn104, a positive LH-R determinant, and Lys179 a negative FSH-R determinant) that are situated on the C-terminal ends of β-strands 3 and 6, respectively.
Evidence that the transport of ricin to the cytoplasm is independent of both Rab6A and COPI
Authors: Chen Alice , AbuJarour Ramzey J. , Draper Rockford K.
Published: July 2003

Cholera toxin, Shiga toxin and ricin are examples of protein toxins that require retrograde transport from the Golgi complex into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to express their cytotoxic activities and different toxins appear to use different pathways of retrograde transport. Cholera toxin contains the mammalian retrograde targeting signal KDEL and is believed to exploit the coat protein I (COPI) and KDEL receptor-dependent pathway to go from the Golgi complex to the ER. Shiga toxin, however, has no KDEL sequence to specify its inclusion in COPI-coated retrograde vesicles and is believed to use a recently discovered COPI-independent and Rab6A-dependent retrograde pathway to enter the ER. Ricin, like Shiga toxin, does not contain a KDEL sequence and is therefore a candidate to use the COPI-independent and Rab6A-dependent pathway of retrograde transport to access the ER. We measured the effect of the GDP-restricted mutant of Rab6A (Rab6A-T27N) on the cytotoxic activity of ricin and found that expressing Rab6A-T27N in cells did not inhibit the cytotoxicity of ricin, suggesting that ricin enters the cytoplasm by a retrograde pathway that does not involve Rab6A. Moreover, ricin still intoxicated cells when Rab6A and COPI were simultaneously inhibited, implying that ricin requires neither Rab6A nor COPI to intoxicate cells.
Caspase activation during phorbol ester-induced apoptosis requires ROCK-dependent myosin-mediated contraction
Authors: Lai Jin-Mei , Hsieh Chia-Ling , Chang Zee-Fen
Published: July 2003

Treatment of cells with phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate(PMA), triggers differentiation or apoptosis, depending on the cell type. In this study, we used an erythroblastic cell line, TF-1, to investigate the molecular mechanism that determines the cell fate in response to PMA exposure. Upon PMA treatment in the presence of serum or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA),TF-1 cells exhibited contraction followed by apoptosis. By contrast, under serum-free conditions, cells became adherent and survived after PMA treatment. Here, we show that the pathway of Rho kinase (ROCK)/myosin light chain (MLC)phosphorylation/myosin-mediated contraction was activated in PMA-induced apoptotic cells in serum-containing medium, but not in the adherent and survived cells. Pretreatment of cells with a specific ROCK inhibitor, Y27632,not only abrogated MLC phosphorylation and membrane contraction, but also prevented PMA-induced activation of caspase-3 and subsequent cell death,indicating that ROCK-dependent myosin-mediated contraction elicits an upstream signal required for caspase-3 activation in PMA-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, we further found that caspases-8 and -10 are the initiator caspases in PMA-induced apoptosis and a ROCK-dependent enhancement of specific complex formation between the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and pro-caspase-10 in pro-apoptotic cells. In summary, these results revealed that, following PMA treatment, the upregulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to a cellular context that switches-on myosin-mediated contraction, which provides a mechanism for triggering apoptotic induction mediated by caspase-8 and -10.
Refractive Index Patterns in Silicon Inverted Colloidal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Tétreault N. , Míguez H. , Yang S.M. , Kitaev V. , Ozin G.A.
Published: July 2003

Spatially resolved laser micro‐annealing (process shown on inside front cover) has been used to drive an amorphous to nanocrystalline phase transition in Si inverted colloidal photonic crystals to create micrometer‐sized refractive index patterns (observed as the yellow color in the Figure). This provides a simple means of tailoring the optical properties of Si photonic crystals, and has applications in photonic crystal miniaturized optical components, devices, and circuits.
A Miniaturized Enzyme Reactor Based on Hierarchically Shaped Porous Ceramic Microstruts
Authors: Heule M. , Rezwan K. , Cavalli L. , Gauckler L.J.
Published: July 2003

A microfluidic continuous flow enzyme reactor consisting of porous ceramic microstruts mounted inside polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channels has been built (see Figure). This is a novel multifunctional approach combining the biocompatibility of ceramics, enzyme immobilization, and high specific surface area of the ceramic microstructures, Also it tackles the mixing problems due to laminar flow often encountered in microfluidic systems.
Enantioselective Discrimination of D‐ and L‐Phenylalanine by Chiral Polyaniline Thin Films
Authors: Huang J. , Egan V.M. , Guo H. , Yoon J.‐Y. , Briseno A.L. , Rauda I.E. , Garrell R.L. , Knobler C.M. , Zhou F. , Kaner R.B.
Published: July 2003

Chirality is induced in polyaniline by doping with (R)‐camphorsulfonic acid ((R)‐CSA). Once de‐doped, polyaniline films cast from solution remain chiral and can discriminate between the D‐ and L‐enantiomers of phenylalanine, as the Figure shows: chiral polyaniline appears green when doped with R‐CSA (a) and blue when de‐doped (b). De‐doped films exposed to D‐phenylalanine remain blue (c), but turn green in the presence of L‐phenylalanine (d).
Carbon Monoliths Possessing a Hierarchical, Fully Interconnected Porosity
Authors: Taguchi A. , Smått J.‐H. , Lindén M.
Published: July 2003

Monolithic carbon possessing hierarchical, multimodal porosity has been prepared by nano‐casting of monolithic, meso‐ and macroporous silica. The carbon monolith (right in Figure) is a positive replica of the silica monolith on the micrometer scale, but a negative replica on the nanometer scale. The diameter of the fully interconnected macropores can be varied between 0.5 and 30 μm and they co‐exist with mesopores with diameters of 4–5 nm.
ZnS Nanowires with Wurtzite Polytype Modulated Structure
Authors: Jiang Y. , Meng X.‐M. , Liu J. , Hong Z.‐R. , Lee C.‐S. , Lee S.‐T.
Published: July 2003

A novel polytype modulated 1D structure has been grown in ZnS nanowires via intermittent laser ablation–catalytic growth. The polytype modulated ZnS nanowires show a strong blue‐shifted bandgap emission centered at 338.2 nm due to quantum size effects. The Figure shows a dark‐field image of one of the nanowires (top) and the corresponding electron diffraction patterns (bottom).
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes with a Pore‐Filling Structure for a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Yamaguchi T. , Miyata F. , Nakao S.
Published: July 2003

Pore‐filling membranes that are composed of a porous substrate and a filling polymer electrolyte have been developed. These polyelectrolyte membranes demonstrate low permeation with respect to methanol, high proton conductivity, good mechanical strength, chemical stability, and low cost, making them ideal for use in direct methanol fuel cells. The necessary characteristics can also be controlled by changing the substrate and the filling polymer electrolyte.
Electrospinning of Continuous Carbon Nanotube‐Filled Nanofiber Yarns
Authors: Ko F. , Gogotsi Y. , Ali A. , Naguib N. , Ye H. , Yang G.L. , Li C. , Willis P.
Published: July 2003

The creation of continuous nanoscale composite fibrils from carbon nanotubes using an electrospinning process is reported. Nanotube bundles align in the fiber, and upon heat treatment, the composite fibrils are carbonized at 1100 °C to form the SWNT/carbon yarns. The fibrils show superior mechanical properties and can be used as a reinforcement for a variety of materials.
Fabrication of Metallized Nanowires from Self‐Assembled Diblock Copolymer Templates
Authors: Fahmi A.W. , Braun H.‐G. , Stamm M.
Published: July 2003

Nanowires of diblock copolymer have been prepared from separated columnar phases of a polymeric complex. Cylindrical structures are formed and oriented by oscillatory shear forces, from which nanowires several micrometers long and 30–35 nm in diameter can be extracted. These nanowires can be used as templates for both metallization with Pd (see Figure), Au, or Ni, or for adsorption of CdSe nanoparticles.
Imprinted Conjugated Polymer Laser
Authors: Gaal M. , Gadermaier C. , Plank H. , Moderegger E. , Pogantsch A. , Leising G. , List E.J.W.
Published: July 2003

The realization of a distributed feedback structure by direct imprinting into a highly luminescent conjugated polymer and the subsequent lasing action from the structure (see cover) is reported. The fabrication is achieved using liquid imprinting; a new soft‐lithographic technique, which is a combination of two established techniques: micromolding in capillaries and liquid embossing. The inexpensiveness and repeatability of the process makes this approach very promising for mass production of conjugated polymer solid‐state laser devices.
Deformation of Nanoscopic Polymer Structures in Response to Well‐Defined Capillary Forces
Authors: Stoykovich M.P. , Cao H.B. , Yoshimoto K. , Ocola L.E. , Nealey P.F.
Published: July 2003

The development of strategies to measure the properties of materials with nanoscopic dimensions is a necessary but challenging topic in nanoscale science and technology. Here, combinatorial arrays of specially designed test structures are used to quantify the deformation of micro‐ and nanoscale polymer beams in response to well‐defined capillary forces. In the Figure, increasing capillary forces from left to right act on beams 95 nm wide.