bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Top Management Compositional Effects on Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Role of Perceived Technological Uncertainty
Authors: Heavey Ciaran , Simsek Zeki
Published: July 2013

Because corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is central to firms' ability to compete, adapt, and perform in increasingly turbulent environments, there is a great interest in understanding its origins. To date, prior studies have overwhelmingly focused on the architectural factors—the structures, cultures, resources, and incentives—that shape entrepreneurial processes within organizations and the environmental conditions that stimulate entrepreneurial activity. However, some researchers have recently begun to argue that the requirements and challenges of CE fall most saliently on the shoulders of the firm's top management team. Focusing on various aspects of top managers' activities, roles, and processes, this line of research demonstrates the enabling role of top management teams in their firm's pursuit of CE. We extend this research by examining the impact of top management team composition in terms of human capital and social capital on CE. Additionally, because external environment perceptions within top teams shape their sociopolitical process and framing of the issues facing their firms, we submit that a team's level of perceived technological uncertainty moderates the impact of the team's human and social capital on CE. We find support for these arguments using multisource data from a sample of 99 high‐technology firms. The discussion finally traces the implications of our theory and findings for research and managerial understanding on CE.
A reappraisal of the genus Leptocylindrus (Bacillariophyta), with the addition of three species and the erection of Tenuicylindrus gen. nov
Authors: Nanjappa Deepak , Kooistra Wiebe H. C. F. , Zingone Adriana
Published: July 2013

Centric diatoms of the genus Leptocylindrus are common in the marine plankton worldwide. Only two species, L. danicus Cleve and L. minimus Gran, so far clearly belong to this genus, whose diversity has not been fully investigated. We investigated frustule and spore morphology as well as three nuclear‐ and three plastid‐encoded markers of 85 Leptocylindrus strains from the Gulf of Naples, and one from the Atlantic US. The strains grouped into five molecularly distinct species with different levels of morphological differentiation. Two species matched the description of L. danicus and produced similar spores but differed in morphometric characters and sub‐central pore position, supporting the description of L. hargravesii Nanjappa and Zingone as a distinct species. Leptocylindrus danicus var. apora French III and Hargraves, lacking a sub‐central pore and not forming spores, was raised to the species level as L. aporus (French III and Hargraves) Nanjappa and Zingone. A fourth species with convex valves was described as L. convexus Nanjappa and Zingone. The fifth species matched the description of L. belgicus Meunier, considered as synonym of L. minimus. However, ultrastructural differences from all other Leptocylindrus supported the erection of the genus Tenuicylindrus Nanjappa and Zingone with T. belgicus (Meunier) Nanjappa and Zingone as type species. None of the sequences matched the L. minimus sequence in GenBank. The species analyzed showed different or partially overlapping seasonal distributions. Despite the addition of the new taxa, the ancient diatom lineage of the Leptocylindraceae shows a relative species poorness and considerable morphological stasis.
A new potentially toxic Azadinium species (Dinophyceae) from the Mediterranean Sea, A. dexteroporum sp. nov.
Authors: Percopo Isabella , Siano Raffaele , Rossi Rachele , Soprano Vittorio , Sarno Diana , Zingone Adriana
Published: July 2013

A new photosynthetic planktonic marine dinoflagellate, Azadinium dexteroporum sp. nov., is described from the Gulf of Naples (South Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea). The plate formula of the species, Po, cp, X, 4′, 3a, 6″, 6C, 5?S, 6‴ and 2″″, is typical for this recently described genus. Azadinium dexteroporum is the smallest rep‐resentative of the genus (8.5 μm average length, 6.2 μm average width) and shares the presence of a small antapical spine with the type species A. spinosum and with A. polongum. However, it differs from all other Azadinium species for the markedly asymmetrical Po plate and the position of the ventral pore, which is located at the right posterior end of the Po plate. Another peculiarity of A. dexteroporum is the pronounced concavity of the second intercalary plate (2a), which appears collapsed with respect to the other plates. Phylogenetic analyses based on the large subunit 28S rDNA (D1/D2) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA) support the attribution of A. dexteroporum to the genus Azadinium and its separation from the other known species. LC/MS‐TOF analysis shows that Azadinium dex‐teroporum produces azaspiracids in low amounts. Some of them have the same molecular weight as known compounds such as azaspiracid‐3 and ‐7 and Compound 3 from Amphidoma languida, as well as similar fragmentation patterns in some cases. This is the first finding of a species producing azapiracids in the Mediterranean Sea.
Two Case Presentations of Profound Labial Edema as a Presenting Symptom of Hypermobility-Type Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Krapf Jill M. , Goldstein Andrew T.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Hypermobility-type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), an often-missed diagnosis with the potential for serious sequelae, may have a variety of uncommon presentations, some of which may be gynecologic.

Aim

The aim of this case report is to present two cases of profound labial edema associated with intercourse as a presenting symptom of hypermobility-type EDS.

Methods

A 25-year-old female presented with severe labia minora swelling and bladder pressure associated with intercourse, in addition to persistent genital arousal. History revealed easy bruising, joint pain, and family history of aneurysm. A 22-year-old female presented with intermittent profound labial swelling for 6 years, associated with sensitivity and pain with intercourse. The patient has a history of joint pain and easy bruising, as well a sister with joint hypermobility and unexplained lymphedema. The presenting symptom of profound labial edema led to the diagnosis of hypermobility-type EDS.

Results

Patients with hypermobility syndrome exhibit an increased ratio of type III collagen to type I collagen, causing tissue laxity and venous insufficiency. Abnormal collagen may lead to gynecologic manifestations, including unexplained profound labial edema, pelvic organ prolapse in the absence of risk factors, and possibly persistent genital arousal.

Conclusions

This case report highlights the need for further research to determine incidence of labial edema in hypermobility-type EDS and to further elucidate a potential correlation between profound labial edema and collagen disorders.
Secondary Provoked Vestibulodynia in Sexually Active Women with Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Salonia Andrea , Clementi Maria Chiara , Graziottin Alessandra , Nappi Rossella E. , Castiglione Fabio , Ferrari Matteo , Capitanio Umberto , Damiano Rocco , Montorsi Francesco
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common among healthy, reproductive-aged women. Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a major reason of sexual pain in premenopausal women.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to assess prevalence and predictors of secondary PVD in a cohort of Caucasian–European, heterosexual, sexually active, reproductive-aged women seeking medical help for rUTIs as their primary complaint.

Methods

Clinical and psychometric variables for 60 consecutive patients with rUTIs were considered. Patients were assessed with a thorough medical and sexual history, a number of psychometric instruments, and a specific physical examination. Urinalysis and self-collected urine cultures from the previous 12 months were also examined.

Main Outcome Measure

Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to test the associations between secondary PVD and sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Results

Mean age was 34.2 years (median 33 years; range 21–42). Secondary PVD was found in 36 of 60 patients (60%). Women with PVD had a higher prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) over the previous 12 months (χ2: 4.54; P =0.03) and suffered more frequently from UPEC-related rUTIs (χ2: 5.92; P =0.01) than those without PVD. Moreover, women with PVD showed significantly lower scores on Female Sexual Function Index domains (all P ≤0.01), as compared with PVD-negative women. UPEC-related rUTIs (odds ratio [OR]: 3.1; P =0.01), six or more UTIs over the previous 12 months (OR: 2.8; P =0.01), and treatment with three or more antibiotics throughout the same period (OR: 2.1; P =0.04) emerged as independent predictors of PVD.

Conclusions

Three of five Caucasian–European, heterosexual, sexually active women of reproductive age complaining of rUTIs as their primary disorder also suffer from secondary PVD. Uncomplicated UPEC-related rUTIs are more frequently associated with secondary PVD than are UTIs caused by different uropathogens.
Effects of Expressive Writing on Sexual Dysfunction, Depression, and PTSD in Women with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Meston Cindy M. , Lorenz Tierney A. , Stephenson Kyle R.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) have high rates of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and sexual problems in adulthood.

Aim

We tested an expressive writing-based intervention for its effects on psychopathology, sexual function, satisfaction, and distress in women who have a history of CSA.

Methods

Seventy women with CSA histories completed five 30-minute sessions of expressive writing, either with a trauma focus or a sexual schema focus.

Main Outcome Measures

Validated self-report measures of psychopathology and sexual function were conducted at posttreatment: 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months.

Results

Women in both writing interventions exhibited improved symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Women who were instructed to write about the impact of the abuse on their sexual schema were significantly more likely to recover from sexual dysfunction.

Conclusions

Expressive writing may improve depressive and PTSD symptoms in women with CSA histories. Sexual schema-focused expressive writing in particular appears to improve sexual problems, especially for depressed women with CSA histories. Both treatments are accessible, cost-effective, and acceptable to patients.
BPH/LUTS and ED: Common Pharmacological Pathways for a Common Treatment
Authors: Fusco Ferdinando , D'Anzeo Gianluca , Sessa Aurelio , Pace Gianna , Rossi Andrea , Capece Marco , d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca Roberta
Published: July 2013

Introduction and Aim

This article reviews the current literature on common physiopathogenetic factors and pharmacological pathways of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED) in men and their implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Main Outcome Measures and Methods

A literature search was conducted to identify original articles, reviews, editorials, and international scientific congress abstracts by combining the following terms: lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (and their abbreviations LUTS, ED and PDE5-Is).

Results

We identified manuscripts presenting: (i) The existence of several newly discovered common pathophysiological mechanisms of LUTS and ED indicating that PDE5-Is might represent an alternative to current treatments of men with LUTS (e.g., α1-adrenergic blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors); (ii) Randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that treatment with PDE5-Is is associated with improvements in both LUTS and ED in men with significant problems in both areas.

Conclusion

The presence of common pathophysiological mechanisms between LUTS and ED seems well recognized and needs further exploration. Further comparisons between different PDE5-Is would be useful to determine the most appropriate regimen and their efficacy to safety ratio.
Effect of Lupinus (Lupinus albus) and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Protein Concentrates on Wheat Dough Texture and Bread Quality: Optimization by a D‐Optimal Mixture Design
Authors: Totosaus Alfonso , López Hugo , Güemes‐Vera Norma
Published: July 2013

The effect of Lupinus and Jatropha protein concentrates (PC) in dough rheology and white bread texture was determined by a d‐optimal mixture design approach. Incorporation of Lupinus PC decreased dough texture profile analysis cohesiveness and increased hardness and resilience. Dough adhesion force, adhesiveness and stringiness decreased with the incorporation of PC, reducing dough extensibility as well (with no effect on maximum resistance and extension work). Lupinus affected markedly dough textural and rheological properties than Jatropha PC. In bread formulation optimization, the use of Lupinus PC (12%) and Jatropha PC (12%) and Lupinus/Jatropha protein isolate (6.4/6.4%) resulting in a tougher bread texture and lower weight and volume. Nonetheless, no difference in specific volume indicated different bread crumb development. Crumb quality resulted more affected with Lupinus PC than with Jatropha‐containing samples. Jatropha PC use in baked food seems to be promising since there was no major effect on bread quality.

Practical Applications

Legumes represent an alternative resource for bread fortification. These PC had an effect on dough texture and rheology as well on bread texture and crumb quality. Although Lupinus PC, a more studied seed, seems to have a detrimental effect, its combination with Jatropha PC enhanced dough and bread textural properties. Nonetheless, Jatropha PC has a better performance to fortify white bread with no textural detrimental effects, as compared with Lupinus PC. Although Jatropha has not been extensively employed in baking, its functional properties in this kind of food systems seem promising since the use of Jatropha PC caused no major effect on bread quality.
Coat Color Genotypes and Risk and Severity of Melanoma in Gray Quarter Horses
Authors: Teixeira R.B.C. , Rendahl A.K. , Anderson S.M. , Mickelson J.R. , Sigler D. , Buchanan B.R. , Coleman R.J. , McCue M.E.
Published: July 2013

Background

Both graying and melanoma formation in horses have recently been linked to a duplication in the STX17 gene. This duplication, as well as a mutation in the ASIP gene that increases MC1R pathway signaling, affects melanoma risk and severity in gray horses.

Objective

To determine if melanoma susceptibility in gray Quarter Horses (QH) is lower than gray horses from other breeds because of decreased MC1R signaling resulting from a high incidence of the MC1R chestnut coat color allele in the QH population.

Animals

A total of 335 gray QH with and without dermal melanomas.

Methods

Blood or hair root samples were collected from all horses for DNA extraction and genotyping for STX17, ASIP, and MC1R genotypes. Age, sex, and external melanoma presence and grade were recorded. The effect of age and genotype on melanoma presence and severity was evaluated by candidate gene association.

Results

Melanoma prevalence (16%) and grade (0.35) in this QH cohort was lower than that reported in other breeds. Age was significantly associated with melanoma prevalence (P = 5.28 × 10−11) and severity (P = 2.2 × 10−13). No significant effect of MC1R genotype on melanoma prevalence or severity was identified. An effect of ASIP genotype on melanoma risk was not detected. Low STX17 homozygosity precluded evaluation of the gray allele effect.

Conclusion and clinical importance

Melanoma prevalence and severity is lower in this population of gray QH than what is reported in other breeds. This could be because of the infrequent STX17 homozygosity, a mitigating effect of the MC1R mutation on ASIP potentiation of melanoma, other genes in the MC1R signaling pathway, or differences in breed genetic background.
Markers of Coagulation Activation, Endothelial Stimulation, and Inflammation in Dogs with Babesiosis
Authors: Barić Rafaj R. , Kuleš J. , Selanec J. , Vrkić N. , Zovko V. , Zupančič M. , Trampuš Bakija A. , Matijatko V. , Crnogaj M. , Mrljak V.
Published: July 2013

Background

Babesia infections in dogs can result in a wide range of clinical and laboratory presentations, including coagulopathy. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in dogs with babesiosis is unknown.

Objectives

Whether inflammation in babesiosis triggers activation of ICAM‐1 and the coagulation system.

Animals

Twelve and 10 dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis before and after antiparasitic treatment, respectively, were compared with 10 healthy dogs.

Methods

In this prospective study, diagnosis was made by blood smear examination and confirmed by PCR. C‐reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM‐1), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels were measured by a canine ELISA kit, fibrinogen (FIB) and factor VIII activity levels were measured by coagulometric methods, and blood cell counts (WBC, RBC, PLT) were determined with an automatic analyzer.

Results

Compared to healthy dogs, the CRP, sICAM‐1, and FIB concentrations were significantly increased before therapy and remained high for 3 days after therapy in dogs with babesiosis. vWF activity was significantly decreased in dogs with babesiosis before treatment. FVIII activity did not differ between dogs with babesiosis and healthy dogs. WBC; RBC and PLT were significantly lower before treatment and normalized by 3 days after treatment.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

A proinflammatory condition in babesiosis appears to influence endothelial dysfunction and hemostatic activity. Although clearly beneficial for the parasite, sequestered blood cells can obstruct blood flow in small vessels, promote an inflammatory state, and could increase the severity of babesiosis.
The Relationship of Serum Cobalamin to Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations and Clinical Variables in Cats
Authors: Worhunsky P. , Toulza O. , Rishniw M. , Berghoff N. , Ruaux C.G. , Steiner J.M. , Simpson K.W.
Published: July 2013

Background

Serum cobalamin concentration [CBL] suggests CBL deficiency in cats but serum methylmalonic acid concentration [MMA] more accurately indicates CBL deficiency.

Objective

To examine the ability of [CBL] to predict CBL deficiency defined by increased [MMA], and relationships of [CBL] and [MMA] with select clinical and clinicopathological variables.

Animals

One hundred sixty‐three client‐owned cats with [CBL] measurements, 114 cats with simultaneous [MMA] measurements; 88 cats with medical information.

Methods

Prospectively collected [CBL] and [MMA] were compared using scatter plots, receiver operating characteristic and correlative analyses with historical [CBL] thresholds and those identified in the study. [CBL] and [MMA] were compared retrospectively to specific clinical and clinicopathological variables.

Results

[CBL] correlated negatively with [MMA] (τ = −0.334, P < .0001). [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L identified CBL deficiency. [CBL] = 209 pg/mL optimized sensitivity (0.51), specificity (0.96), PPV (0.89), and NPV (0.74) for detecting [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L. Prevalence of CBL deficiency was 42% (48/114) when defined by [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L versus 23% (27/114) by [CBL] ≤ 209 pg/mL. Unexpectedly, 23 and 45% of 48 cats with [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L had [CBL] > 900 pg/mL and 290 pg/mL (historical thresholds). [CBL] correlated with mean corpuscular volume (τ = −0.199, P = .013) and [MMA] with hematocrit (τ = −0.28, P = .006).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Cobalamin deficiency ([MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L) occurred in 42% of cats and is predicted with high specificity by [CBL] ≤ 209 pg/mL. CBL status correlates with microcytosis and anemia. Discordance between [CBL] and [MMA] cautions against relying on any single marker for determining CBL status.
Legal Emotions: An Ethnography of Distrust and Fear in the Arab Districts of an Israeli City
Authors: Pasquetti Silvia
Published: July 2013

Recent sociolegal scholarship has explored the role of emotions in lawmaking and policymaking on security and crime issues. This article extends this approach to the relationship between law enforcement and affect by addressing the role of policing and security agencies in the (re)production of long-term emotions, which bind a collective and fuel ethnonational division. An ethnography of the distinct emotional climate within the Arab districts of Lod, an Israeli city, shows that this climate is structured by two emotions: rampant distrust toward friends and neighbors, and intense fear of the Israeli authorities. This emotional climate is the product of the subterranean ties of Lod Palestinians with the Israeli security agencies as well as their experiences of the blurred line between state security and crime control enforcement. I embed the initial creation and relative stability of this emotional climate in the broader relationship between the Israeli state and its Palestinian citizens from 1948 to the present. The article concludes with a discussion of how the law enforcement's affective production has consequences for the salience and scope of citizenship and by arguing for a greater focus on the link between law enforcement, collective emotions, and processes of inclusion and exclusion.
Paradoxes of Urban Housing Informality in the Developing World
Authors: van Gelder Jean-Louis
Published: July 2013

This article addresses a series of paradoxes regarding informal settlements in cities in the developing world and their relation with the legal system. The first paradox regards the penalization of illegal land occupations on the one hand versus the legalization of that same practice on the other. Second, it looks at the relationship between land occupations as systematic violations of property rights, but with the goal of forming new property rights and thus paradoxically supporting private property as a substantive principle. Third, the reasoning behind the fact that the same system that denies legal access to housing for poor sectors simultaneously attempts to incorporate informal settlements in an ad hoc manner through legalization schemes is examined. It is shown that there is a logic to these paradoxes, which, although contradictory from standard legal perspectives, can be accommodated within a theoretical framework that distinguishes an internal normative order operating within informal settlements, from the state legal system, operative outside it. The proposed framework not only settles the paradoxes, but, this article concludes, can also guide attempts to deal with the enormous anticipated growth of informality in the developing world.
Basketball in the Key of Law: The Significance of Disputing in Pick-Up Basketball
Authors: DeLand Michael
Published: July 2013

While the conception of law as a constructive and constitutive force is often stated, we have relatively few concrete and grounded case studies showing precisely where and how social actors construct the meaning of their engagements through the invocation of legality. Drawing on Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis (1974), I use the concept of “keying” to articulate how basketball players in informal “pick-up” games transform the meaning of their activity through disputing. By playing in a legalistic way, players constitute the game as “real” and “serious” rather than “mere play.” The analysis tracks basketball players in the heat of action as they perceive the game, call rule violations, contest those violations, and ultimately give up. Players organize each phase of the dispute's natural history in the “key of law” by constructing and comparing cases, invoking and interpreting rules, setting precedent, arguing over procedure, and proposing solutions. Through these practices, players infuse the game with rich meaning and generate the motivational context demanding that the game be treated as significant. This analysis contributes to an understanding of legal ontology that envisions law's essence as potentiating rather than repairing normative social life.
Identification of candidate biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma in plasma of HCV‐infected cirrhotic patients by 2‐D DIGE
Authors: Ferrín Gustavo , Ranchal Isidora , Llamoza Camilo , Rodríguez‐Perálvarez Manuel L. , Romero‐Ruiz Antonio , Aguilar‐Melero Patricia , López‐Cillero Pedro , Briceño Javier , Muntané Jordi , Montero‐Álvarez José L. , De la Mata Manuel
Published: July 2013

Background

The current methods available for screening and detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have insufficient sensitivity and specificity, and only a low percentage of diagnosis of small tumours is based on these assays. Because HCC is usually asymptomatic at potentially curative stages, identification of biomarkers for the early detection of HCC is essential to improve patient survival.

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify candidate markers for HCC development in the plasma from hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected cirrhotic patients.

Methods

We compared protein expression profiles of plasma samples from HCV‐infected cirrhotic patients with and without HCC, using two‐dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) coupled with MALDI‐TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The 2‐D DIGE results were analysed statistically using Decyder™ software, and verified by western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

In the plasma of HCV‐infected HCC patients, we observed decreased expression of complement component 9, ficolin‐3 (FCN3), serum amyloid P component (SAP), fibrinogen‐gamma and immunoglobulin gamma‐1 chain, and increased expression of vitronectin (VTN) and galectin‐3 binding protein (G3BP) by DIGE analysis. ELISA confirmed DIGE results for VTN and G3BP but not for SAP or FCN3 in a larger patient population.

Conclusions

The proteins VTN and SAP are candidate biomarkers for HCC development in HCV‐infected cirrhotic patients.
The Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) component thioredoxin‐2 is important for maintaining normal blood‐stage growth
Authors: Matthews Kathryn , Kalanon Ming , Chisholm Scott A. , Sturm Angelika , Goodman Christopher D. , Dixon Matthew W. A. , Sanders Paul R. , Nebl Thomas , Fraser Fiona , Haase Silvia , McFadden Geoffrey I. , Gilson Paul R. , Crabb Brendan S. , de Koning‐Ward Tania F.
Published: July 2013

Plasmodium parasites remodel their vertebrate host cells by translocating hundreds of proteins across an encasing membrane into the host cell cytosol via a putative export machinery termed PTEX. Previously PTEX150, HSP101 and EXP2 have been shown to be bona fide members of PTEX. Here we validate that PTEX88 and TRX2 are also genuine members of PTEX and provide evidence that expression of PTEX components are also expressed in early gametocytes, mosquito and liver stages, consistent with observations that protein export is not restricted to asexual stages. Although amenable to genetic tagging, HSP101, PTEX150, EXP2 and PTEX88 could not be genetically deleted in Plasmodium berghei, in keeping with the obligatory role this complex is postulated to have in maintaining normal blood‐stage growth. In contrast, the putative thioredoxin‐like protein TRX2 could be deleted, with knockout parasites displaying reduced grow‐rates, both in vivo and in vitro, and reduced capacity to cause severe disease in a cerebral malaria model. Thus, while not essential for parasite survival, TRX2 may help to optimize PTEX activity. Importantly, the generation of TRX2 knockout parasites that display altered phenotypes provides a much‐needed tool to dissect PTEX function.
Differentiated roles for MreB‐actin isologues and autolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis morphogenesis
Authors: Domínguez‐Cuevas Patricia , Porcelli Ida , Daniel Richard A. , Errington Jeff
Published: July 2013

Cell morphogenesis in most bacteria is governed by spatiotemporal growth regulation of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer. Much is known about peptidoglycan synthesis but regulation of its turnover by hydrolytic enzymes is much less well understood. Bacillus subtilis has a multitude of such enzymes. Two of the best characterized are CwlO and LytE: cells lacking both enzymes have a lethal block in cell elongation. Here we show that activity of CwlO is regulated by an ABC transporter, FtsEX, which is required for cell elongation, unlike cell division as in Escherichia coli. Actin‐like MreB proteins are thought to play a key role in orchestrating cell wall morphogenesis. B. subtilis has three MreB isologues with partially differentiated functions. We now show that the three MreB isologues have differential roles in regulation of the CwlO and LytE systems and that autolysins control different aspects of cell morphogenesis. The results add major autolytic activities to the growing list of functions controlled by MreB isologues in bacteria and provide new insights into the different specialized functions of essential cell wall autolysins.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis EspB binds phospholipids and mediates EsxA‐independent virulence
Authors: Chen Jeffrey M. , Zhang Ming , Rybniker Jan , Boy‐Röttger Stefanie , Dhar Neeraj , Pojer Florence , Cole Stewart T.
Published: July 2013

The type‐VII ESX‐1 secretion apparatus, encoded by the esx‐1 genetic locus, is essential for the export of EsxA and EsxB, two major virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ESX‐1 also requires the products of the unlinked espACD operon for optimal function and these proteins are considered integral parts of the secretion apparatus. Here we show that the espACD operon is not necessary for the secretion of EspB, another ESX‐1 substrate, and this unimpeded secretion of EspB is associated with significant residual virulence. Upon further investigation, we found that purified EspB can facilitate M. tb virulence even in the absence of EsxA and EsxB, and may do so by binding the bioactive phospholipids phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, both of which are potent bioactive molecules with prominent roles in eukaryotic cell signalling. Our findings provide new insights into the impact of the espACD operon on the ESX‐1 apparatus and reveal a distinct virulence function for EspB with novel implications in M. tb‐host interactions.
Psychosocial factors in people with chronic kidney disease prior to renal replacement therapy
Authors: McKercher Charlotte , Sanderson Kristy , Jose Matthew D
Published: July 2013

Increasing evidence implicates psychosocial factors including depression, anxiety, perceived social support and health‐related quality of life in the pathophysiology of various chronic diseases. Research examining the psychosocial aspects of kidney disease has focussed predominantly on depressive disorders in dialysis patients where they are independently associated with increased risk of mortality and poor health‐related quality of life. In contrast, studies examining the influence of psychosocial factors in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) prior to the initiation of renal replacement therapy are sparse. Limited data indicate that clinical depression and depressive symptoms are common and may independently predict progression to dialysis, hospitalization and death. In contrast, the influence of anxiety disorders, lower perceived social support and impaired health‐related quality of life on the clinical course of CKD have received little attention. Large‐scale prospective cohort studies are needed to clarify the burden and prognostic impact of these factors in this vulnerable population. Given the escalating burden of CKD worldwide examining the role of these potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial. Identifying and implementing targeted interventions in order to prevent or delay the progression of CKD and improve quality of life will be a major challenge.
Nurses and subordination: a historical study of mental nurses' perceptions on administering aversion therapy for ‘sexual deviations’
Authors: Dickinson Tommy , Cook Matt , Playle John , Hallett Christine
Published: July 2013

This study aimed to examine the meanings that nurses attached to the ‘treatments’ administered to cure ‘sexual deviation’ (SD) in theUK, 1935–1974. In theUK, homosexuality was considered a classifiable mental illness that could be ‘cured’ until 1992. Nurses were involved in administering painful and distressing treatments. The study is based on oral history interviews with fifteen nurses who had administered treatments to cure individuals of theirSD. The interviews were transcribed for historical interpretation. Some nurses believed that their role was to passively follow any orders they had been given. Other nurses limited their culpability concerning administering these treatments by adopting dehumanising and objectifying language and by focussing on administrative tasks, rather than the human beings in need of their care. Meanwhile, some nurses genuinely believed that they were acting beneficently by administering these distinctly unpleasant treatments. It is envisaged that this study might act to reiterate the need for nurses to ensure their interventions have a sound evidence base and that they constantly reflect on the moral and value base of their practice and the influence that science and societal norms can have on changing views of what is considered ‘acceptable practice’.
Genetic roadmap of the Arctic: plant dispersal highways, traffic barriers and capitals of diversity
Authors: Eidesen Pernille Bronken , Ehrich Dorothee , Bakkestuen Vegar , Alsos Inger Greve , Gilg Oliver , Taberlet Pierre , Brochmann Christian
Published: July 2013

We provide the first comparative multispecies analysis of spatial genetic structure and diversity in the circumpolar Arctic using a common strategy for sampling and genetic analyses. We aimed to identify and explain potential general patterns of genetic discontinuity/connectivity and diversity, and to compare our findings with previously published hypotheses.

We collected and analyzed 7707 samples of 17 widespread arctic–alpine plant species for amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Genetic structure, diversity and distinctiveness were analyzed for each species, and extrapolated to cover the geographic range of each species. The resulting maps were overlaid to produce metamaps.

The Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, the Greenlandic ice cap, the Urals, and lowland areas between southern mountain ranges and the Arctic were the strongest barriers against gene flow. Diversity was highest in Beringia and gradually decreased into formerly glaciated areas. The highest degrees of distinctiveness were observed in Siberia.

We conclude that large‐scale general patterns exist in the Arctic, shaped by the Pleistocene glaciations combined with long‐standing physical barriers against gene flow. Beringia served as both refugium and source for interglacial (re)colonization, whereas areas further west in Siberia served as refugia, but less as sources for (re)colonization.
How will biotic interactions influence climate change–induced range shifts?
Authors: HilleRisLambers Janneke , Harsch Melanie A. , Ettinger Ailene K. , Ford Kevin R. , Theobald Elinore J.
Published: July 2013

Biotic interactions present a challenge in determining whether species distributions will track climate change. Interactions with competitors, consumers, mutualists, and facilitators can strongly influence local species distributions, but few studies assess how and whether these interactions will impede or accelerate climate change–induced range shifts. In this paper, we explore how ecologists might move forward on this question. We first outline the conditions under which biotic interactions can result in range shifts that proceed faster or slower than climate velocity and result in ecological surprises. Next, we use our own work to demonstrate that experimental studies documenting the strength of biotic interactions across large environmental gradients are a critical first step for understanding whether they will influence climate change–induced range shifts. Further progress could be made by integrating results from these studies into modeling frameworks to predict how or generalize when biotic interactions mediate how changing climates influence range shifts. Finally, we argue that many more case studies like those described here are needed to explore the importance of biotic interactions during climate change–induced range shifts.
Dietary phosphorus and kidney disease
Authors: Uribarri Jaime
Published: July 2013

High serum phosphate is linked to poor health outcome and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients before or after the initiation of dialysis. Therefore, maintenance of normal serum phosphate levels is a major concern in the clinical care of this population with dietary phosphorus restriction and/or use of oral phosphate binders considered to be the best corrective care. This review discusses (1) evidence for an association between serum phosphate levels and bone and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CKD patients as well as progression of kidney disease itself; (2) the relationship between serum phosphate and dietary phosphorus intake; and (3) implications from these data for future research. Increasing our understanding of the relationship between altered phosphorus metabolism and disease in CKD patients may clarify the potential role of excess dietary phosphorus as a risk factor for disease in the general population.
Defibrillation Threshold Testing Does Not Predict Clinical Outcomes during Long‐Term Follow‐Up: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: STAVRAKIS STAVROS , PATEL NISHIT H. , REYNOLDS DWIGHT W.
Published: July 2013

Background

Defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing at the time of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation is widely used in clinical practice, but reliable data supporting its routine use are lacking. We undertook a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy of DFT testing compared to no DFT testing at the time of ICD implantation.

Methods

We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies evaluating the effect of DFT testing on total mortality and ventricular arrhythmias during follow‐up. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effects modeling.

Results

Eight studies involving 5,020 patients (3,068 undergoing DFT and 1,952 not undergoing DFT) were included. Of those, only one study was randomized. Reasons for not performing DFT included patient characteristics (four studies), center's standard practice (three studies), or randomization (one study). Median follow‐up was 24 months. Overall, the quality of the included studies was rather poor. On the basis of the pooled estimate across the studies, DFT testing did not reduce total mortality or ventricular arrhythmias at follow‐up (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.21; P = 0.65 and RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.85–1.68; P = 0.30, respectively). No individual study had a major impact on the estimated RR or the statistical significance based on a sensitivity analysis.

Conclusion

Recognizing the limited quality of current studies in the area of DFT testing and outcomes, available data suggest that DFT testing at the time of ICD implantation does not appear to predict total mortality and ventricular arrhythmias during follow‐up. Large randomized controlled trials, adequately powered to detect clinical outcomes, are warranted.
Does Low Birth Weight Affect P‐Wave and QT Dispersion in Childhood?
Authors: AKYUZ AYDIN , ALPSOY SEREF , AKKOYUN DURSUN CAYAN , NALBANTOGLU BURCIN , OZDILEK BURCU , DONMA MUSTAFA METIN
Published: July 2013

Background

The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of low birth weight (LBW) on atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in children by using P‐wave dispersion (Pw‐d) and QT dispersion (QT‐d) analyses. These effects have not yet been studied in detail in LBW children.

Methods

Fifty LBW children and 70 normal birth weight (NBW) children were enrolled in this cross‐sectional controlled study. The Pw‐d and QT‐d of the LBW and NBW children were investigated. Independent Student's t‐test, Mann‐Whitney U test, and χ2 test were performed to compare these two groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate whether there was a relationship between P‐wave indices, QT derivatives, anthropometric and clinical features, and echocardiographic parameters.

Results

Age, gender, body mass index, waist circumferences, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and echocardiographic measurements were similar between the LBW group and the NBW group (all P values > 0.05). The following findings were recorded for the LBW and NBW groups, respectively: the Pw‐d (30 [10–50] ms vs 30 [10–50] ms, P = 0.977), QT‐d (20 [10–50] ms vs 30 [15–50] ms, P = 0.561), and QTc‐d (26 [14–54] ms vs 33 [17–62] ms, P = 0.866). No significant difference was found in Pw‐d, QT‐d, and QTc‐d in comparison between the groups (all P values > 0.05). Pw‐d was related to left atrial diameter and QTc‐d was associated with left ventricle mass index even though they were within the normal range.

Conclusion

Compared with the NBW group, no significant difference was found in both atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization features in LBW children.
Ibutilide Increases the Variability and Complexity of Atrial Fibrillation Electrograms: Antiarrhythmic Insights Using Signal Analyses
Authors: BIVIANO ANGELO B. , CIACCIO EDWARD J. , GABELMAN TARA , WHANG WILLIAM , GARAN HASAN
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Intravenous ibutilide is used to convert atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm (SR) due to its Class III antiarrhythmic mechanisms. However, the effects of ibutilide on local electrograms (EGMs) during AF have not been elucidated.

Methods and Results

We used EGM analysis techniques to characterize how ibutilide administration changes the frequency, morphology, and repeatability of AF EGM signals, thereby providing insight into ibutilide's antiarrhythmic mechanism of action. AF recordings were collected from 21 patients with AF, both before and after ibutilide administration. The effects of ibutilide on the following AF EGM parameters were assessed: (1) dominant frequency (DF), (2) variations in EGM amplitude and overall morphology, (3) repetition of EGM patterns, and (4) complexity of the AF frequency spectra. When comparing pre‐ versus post‐ibutilide administration EGMs, DF decreased from 5.45 Hz to 4.02 Hz (P < 0.0001). There was an increase in the variability of both AF EGM amplitudes (P = 0.003) and overall AF EGM morphologies (P = 0.003). AF EGM pattern repetitiveness decreased (P = 0.01), and the AF frequency spectral profile manifested greater complexity (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Novel EGM signal analysis techniques reveal that ibutilide administration causes increased complexity in the atrial electrical activation pattern with decreasing rate. These findings may be explained by the progressive destabilization of higher frequency, more homogeneous primary drivers of AF over the course of ibutilide administration, and/or less uniform propagation of atrial activation, until AF maintenance becomes more difficult and either transforms to atrial tachycardia or terminates to SR.
POST‐ACCESSION POLITICIZATION OF NATIONAL EU POLICY COORDINATION: THE CASE OF SLOVENIA
Authors: FINK‐HAFNER DANICA
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on how domestic and EU‐level political factors affect the functional aspect of the national coordination of EU affairs. Due to the idiosyncrasies of the post‐communist countries which have joined the EU since 2004, an analysis of dynamic changes in the national systems of coordination needs to focus on three factors: (a) functional pressures from the EU; (b) the consolidation of the national party system; and (c) existing traditions of politico‐administrative relations. The international economic and financial crisis is considered as a fourth factor that has affected the first three factors through the increase in the EU's 'informal intergovernmentalism', which adds to the politicization of EU matters. The Slovenian case points to an increased, though selective, politicization of EU business due to both national‐ and EU‐level factors.
COMITOLOGY CHOICES IN THE EU LEGISLATIVE PROCESS: CONTESTED OR CONSENSUAL DECISIONS?
Authors: BLOM‐HANSEN JENS
Published: July 2013

Studies show that the EU institutions have strong preferences with regard to the design of the EU comitology system which, consequently, is the result of intense inter‐institutional negotiations. However, the exact choice of comitology procedure to install in a given legislative proposal has received much less scholarly attention. Based on a behavioural logic of control maximization, this article investigates the comitology preferences of the Commission, the Council, and the European Parliament in the legislative process. The findings from an analysis of all new directives and regulations in the years 1999–2006, a total of 686 acts, show that the Council seeks strict comitology control while the Commission and the Parliament both seek permissive control. This holds even though the legislative process is characterized by a high degree of agreement on comitology. The analysis indicates that this is because the actors strategically anticipate each other's preferences, not because there is a true alignment of preferences.
EXPLAINING DECISION‐MAKING IN GOVERNMENT: THE NEO‐DURKHEIMIAN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: 6 PERRI
Published: July 2013

In understanding styles of political judgement in government decision‐making, explanatory limitations of rational choice, prospect theoretic, historical institutional, groupthink, and other approaches suggest that there is space for developing other frameworks. This article argues that the neo‐Durkheimian institutional theoretical framework deserves serious consideration. It shows that it offers a powerful causally explanatory framework for generating theories of decision‐making in government which can be examined using historical comparative research designs. The value of the concept of a ‘thought style’ for understanding political judgement is demonstrated, and contrasted sharply with ideology. The theory argues that informal institutions explain thought styles. Well‐known cases from the Cuban missile crisis, and the Wilson and Heath governments illustrate the argument. The article rebuts criticisms offered of the neo‐Durkheimian institutional framework in the literature. Finally, it identifies recent developments and innovations in the approach that make it especially suited to explaining political judgement in government decision‐making.
Adaptive radiation in the fossil record: a case study amongJurassic ammonoids
Authors: Neige Pascal , Dera Guillaume , Dommergues Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2013

Evolutionary radiations have been extensively studied especially in the fossil record and in the context of postcrisis recoveries. The concept of adaptive radiation that emerges from this very broad topic explicitly involves the effect of adaptation driven by ecological opportunity and is considered to be of the foremost importance. It is essential to be able to detect adaptive radiation because it points up factors that predispose a clade to radiate. Adaptive radiation has received much attention in recent decades based mostly on studies dealing with recent clades, but data from the fossil record are still scarce. This study begins to fill this gap with the example ofLowerJurassic ammonoids (throughc. 8 Myr of history). A survey of several clades, using both taxonomic and disparity‐based approaches, shows that they diversified successively through time, but not systematically, in terms of species numbers and morphological variety. Some clades seem to have exhibited adaptive radiation and to have become rapidly extinct. One clade (which engendered nearly all post–LowerJurassic ammonoids) has a fossil record that begins with low diversity and disparity but is superseded by a sustained radiation pattern. The results are discussed in the light of theModernSynthesis and its continuation into anExtendedEvolutionarySynthesis.