bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
? In Judges 3: a Scatological Reading
Authors: Jull Tom A.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the biblical story of the Israelite Judge, Ehud, in Judges 3. It posits a new translation of the phrase traditionally understood as King Eglon's 'cool roof chamber'. The author argues that both literary and archaeological evi dence lead to an understanding of the phrase as Eglon's royal toilet. The literary evidence comes from Deuteronomy 23, Leviticus 15, the Mishna, and Judges 3 itself. The archaeological evidence comes primarily from Iron-Age Jerusalem. This scatological translation fits well within what has already been understood as a humorous, scatological story and it implies that while the story may illuminate real cultural attitudes that existed at the time of its composition, it has limited historical value.
To Preserve the Marital State: the Basler Ehegericht, 1550-1592
Authors: Safley Thomas Max
Published: March 2007

The Protestant magistrates of early modern Europe sought to control marriage as a primary element of social order. To accomplish this, they tried to educate and discipline their subjects in a reformed definition of marriage and its purpose in the community.1 The records of the Ehegericht, or marriage court, of Basel, Switzerland, from 1550 to 1592, demon strate two fundamental theses. First, en forcement of the reformed marital code sharpened and reinforced a specific model of marriage which was indicative of the values and concerns of the Basel magistra cy. Second, in the last half of the sixteenth century the Protestant tribunal of Basel as sumed an increasingly activist posture in the enforcement of marital discipline and public morality. Both of these conclusions are based on the notion that marital crime and dysfunction, exposed and corrected by the authorities, served a vital purpose in defining the group experience of the com munity. This essay examines the contem poraneous role and definition of marital deviance in Basel.
Some Aspects of Social Security in Medieval England
Authors: Clark Elaine
Published: March 2007

Medieval historians have long maintained that social welfare in the com munities of rural England often involved private systems of support for the elderly. Individuallv arranged pension plans provide a case in point. The best evidence of these pension plans is found in the records of manor courts. To read the records is to learn how pension plans enabled the elderly to adjust their needs to local patterns of production and domestic structure, to law, to expressions of personal autonomy. and the confines of personal dependency. Simply stated, the old ac commodated their needs for support by looking to benefactors to manage their lands and tenements. The subsequent arrangement involved a contractual agree ment designed both to ensure and to supplement familial support, and also, under certain circumstances, to provide a substitute for it. As a result, not even peasants without children or spouses necessarily experienced dislocation. Contracts assured cooperation. They afforded the partners a way to negotiate mutually beneficial bargains wherein the conditional transfer of property was meant to guarantee securitv during retirement.
Widowhood and Remarriage in Sixteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the social, economic, and legal position of Parisian widows in the second half of the sixteenth century. Three principal aspects of widowhood are discussed: the position of the widow in the break-up of the family's economic community that occurred with the death of the head of the household, the continuing role of the widow in the management of family properties, and the situation of the widow who remarried. The author argues that sixteenth-century notions of feminine frailty and the legal incapacity of married women in sixteenth- century Paris must be understood within the context of a traditional concern for the protection of the family line and property, and that there is an ironic contrast between the presumed frailty of the female sex and the important responsibilities for the management of family affairs and property with which widows were in fact entrusted.
Domesticity, Feminism, and Friendship: Female Aristocratic Culture and Marriage in England, 1660-1760
Authors: Brown Irene Q.
Published: March 2007

Domesticity, the careful, self-conscious cultivation of affection and mutuality in the family, has usuallv been recognized only in its Victorian and sub sequent modes. This essay identifies an earlier Enlightenment form of domesticity, based on rational friendship, the equal capacity for reason in both sexes, and a dis tinctive view of death and Christian spirituality.

Focusing on English aristocratic widows, the author explores rational friendship and its corollaries—the legitimacy of marriage refusal, socially unequal intermar riage, and the single life. She introduces a new paradigm of sociality and sexuality, and interprets some demographic changes and issues of family affect. She concludes that rational domesticity promoted emotional interdependence beyond the nuclear family, especially among siblings, but also among other kin and non kin. Enlightenment domesticity had a far-reaching effect on family culture in a modernizing society because of its emphasis on reason, choice, egalitarian moral responsibility, and hetersocial as well as homosocial friendships.
Family and Household in Nineteenth-Century Canada: Regional Patterns and Regional Economies
Authors: Gordon Darroch A. , Ornstein Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper examines patterns of household composition in Canada in 1871. A classification of households was developed that differs from the Laslett scheme and emphasizes forms of household complexity. The paper presents the first detailed view of household composition in nineteenth-century Canada as a whole. As expected, the nuclear family predominated, but there were unexpect edly large numbers of households with two or more unrelated families. The analysis focusses on regional and rural-urban differences in household composi tion, as well as variations by occupation, ethnic origin, immigration status, and age. The regional and rural-urban differences were most marked. Life-cycle pat terns were least well defined. Households in urban areas and outside of Ontario were especially complex. Multivariate analysis reveals that no one variable ac counted for the effects of others. An explanation is offered that centers on the relationship between nuclearity and the development of markets in commodities and in labour. Unevenly developed market conditions foster complex uses of the household as a node in networks of aid and exchange.
Combining Marriage, Motherhood, and Jobs Before World War Ii: Women College Graduates, Classes of 1905-1935
Authors: Cookingham Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This paper is an analysis of the demographic and labor force behavior of women college graduates in the first four decades of the twentieth century. These women's behavior differed from that of nineteenth-century alumnae in several notable ways. First, the later graduates married earlier and morefrequent ly. Second, they were markedly more likely to be married and childless. Third, significant proportions of these classes worked after marriage-both before and after childbearing. An economic model that extends the ideas of Richard A. Easterlin is used to understand better these twentieth-century graduates' behavior and why it differed from that of both earlier college women and other women in their own birth cohorts.
Anthropology and Family History
Authors: Kertzer David I.
Published: March 2007

The growing interchange between family historians and sociocultural anthropologists is part of a broader movement linking anthropology and history, which is discussed in this article. Two traditions in anthropology—one symbolic and the other social organizational—have contributed in different ways to this in terdisciplinary development. The reasons for paying greater anthropological at tention to historical materials are discussed, as are the benefits to family historians of making more use of anthropology. Among the topics of mutual in terest considered are (a) the need for comparative research; (b) developing analytical tools for kinship study; (c) the relationship between norms and behavior; and (d) the relationship between structure and process.
Demographic Transitions in a Sicilian Rural Town
Authors: Schneider Jane , Schneider Peter
Published: March 2007

Combining archival, ethnographic, vital, and oral historical data, this paper compares the experiences of population growth and demographic transi tion among different social classes of a Sicilian rural town from 1850 to the pres ent. Four locally named groups have dominated this town's social life during most of the period in question—gentry, artisans, landed, and landless peasants. Of particular concern are the contrasting patterns of demographic transition be tween the gentry and artisanry, and a consideration of why, in both cases, fertility decline occurred earlier than among landless peasants. Comparison underscores the theoretical advantage of disaggregating population change in relation to historical context and social class.
The Relationship of Inheritance Systems To Genealogical Structures and Male Longevity
Authors: Martin John F.
Published: March 2007

It has been observed that in some populations male succession to petty offices and inheritance of impartible male property pass down a line of brothers before members of a more junior generation inherit or succeed. When the proper ty or office is conveyed to a member of a junior generation, populations vary as to whether the heir or successor is usually a son, a brother's son, or a sister's son. The present paper argues that these diverse patterns evolve in response to dif ferent genealogical structures and the patterning of male survivorship. The arguments, while general, are developed through historical exegeses of the demography and inheritance systems of the Havasupai Indians of northern Ari zona and the Aborigines of Groote Eylandt.
Why Are There No Spinsters in Japan?
Authors: Cornell Laurel L.
Published: March 2007

The Western European folk model of spinsterhood portrays the spinster as a woman who eschews marriage because of economic difficulties or who deliberately chooses a career other than marriage. How does this model fare in other societies? Using population registers covering a single village in Japan in the preindustrial period (1671-1871), this paper finds that spinsters are rare. There are few economic bars to marriage, but, more importantly, there are no careers for unmarried women. They do not serve as domestic servants or as sur rogates in other roles in the household; they do not occupy specialist helping roles, and they do not become religieuses. On the contrary, even women whose prospects are slim are deliberately placed in households as married women. Hence, spinsterhood in Western Europe is an anomaly. Its existence must be ex plained, not assumed.
The Decline of Remarriage: Evidence From German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Knodel John , Lynch Katherine A.
Published: March 2007

Family reconstitution data for fourteen German village populations permit the examination of remarriage during the eighteenth and nineteenth cen turies. The results provide compelling evidence for a secular decline in the tenden cy to remarry. Pronounced age and sex differentials in the likelihood of remar riage were evident: widows were far less likely to remarry than widowers, and the probability of remarriage declined rapidly with age, particularly for women. The probability of remarriage was also inversely associated with the number and age of children. There were, however, no clear differences in either the probability of remarriage or its tendency to decline over time among major occupational groups. The decline in remarriage probabilities was caused in part by declines in adult mortality, which gradually raised the ages of surviving spouses to levels at which remarriage has historically been rather unlikely. However, age-specific marriage probabilities also declined, affecting both men and women and all oc cupational groups, suggesting the presence of a social change of wide scope. Some comments on possible factors contributing to the decline of remarriage are presented. The need for a comprehensive explanation of remarriage trends and differentials remains an important challenge for family historians.
Tabernacles for Waiting Spirits: Monogamous and Polygamous Fertility in a Mormon Town
Authors: Logue Larry
Published: March 2007

Nineteenth-century Mormon doctrine strongly emphasized high fertili ty, offering heavenly rewards to large families. This essay examines fertility in a Utah town, St. George, finding that there were no identifiable determinants of fertility other than Church doctrine. Polygamous fertility rates, contrary to ex pectations, were about the same as monogamous rates. Social standing likewise made no important difference in fertility, and the economic value of children as an incentive to high fertility is questionable in a town that had a labor surplus. The most likely cause of St. George's uniform pattern of natural fertility was the residents' desire to ensure their heavenly status.
The Family and Society in Nineteenth-Century Latin America: an Historiographical Introduction
Authors: Kuznesof Elizabeth , Oppenheimer Robert
Published: March 2007

This historiographic essay reviews literature on the Latin American family within the context of themes, issues, and methodologies important in studies of European and United States families. The family in Latin America is found to have been a more central and active force in shaping political, social, and economic institutions of the area than was true in Europe or the United States. The authors suggest that institutions in Latin American society make much more social sense, particularly in the nineteenth century, if viewed through the lens of family relationships. The eight essays in this issue represent research substantially expanding our knowledge of the nineteenth-century Latin American family as an active force.
Lower-Class Families, Women, and the Law in Nineteenth-Century Argentina
Authors: Guy Donna J.
Published: March 2007

The concept of patria potestad, or the right of male heads of house holds to control family members, including their labor, has undergone a marked transformation in Argentina. In the colonial period patria potestad served to re inforce imperial codes related to inheritance, marriage, and race relations, but after independence and before new codes were passed, the weak Argentine nation rarely interfered in family matters except to conscript vagrant men or force poor women to work for the state. Gradually, economic conditions, along with the location of the work to be performed, replaced race as criteria for state inter ference in family labor. As the Argentine state became more powerful in the twentieth century it finally usurped the right of family heads to select occupations and to keep the incomes of family members.
Families and Lives: Some Developments in Life-Course Studies
Authors: Elder Glen H.
Published: March 2007

As a theoretical orientation, the life course brings a contextual, dy namic, and temporal perspective to studies of families and lives in the past and present. Building upon literature reviews in the mid-1970s, this essay examines some elementary distinctions of life-course analysis, including the links between age, temporality and the life course; the dynamics of interdependent lives; and the unit of analysis problem. Emerging conceptual and research approaches to the household exemplify these distinctions. The relation between social change and the life course remains one of the more central and challenging areas of life-course study.
Iberian Family History
Authors: Douglass William A.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the 1970s there was a dearth of Iberian contributions to the expanding body of knowledge regarding European family history, but this is no longer the case. Studies carried out in the 1980s, as well as scholarship incorporated in the anthropological/ethnographic tradition and in the juristic tradition, provide contemporary as well as historical baselines against which the student of family history can compare and evaluate information gleaned from the analysis of population. The greater availability of primary sources in southern Europe portends the future proliferation of Iberian family history studies.
Property, Progeny, and Emotion: Family History in a Leonese Village
Authors: Behar Ruth , Frye David
Published: March 2007

This article considers, from the historical, demographic, and anthropological points of view the various forms that the Leonese peasant family takes during its development cycle, and demonstrates the importance of extended and multiple family households in an area long characterized by partible inheritance and nuclear family households. Two methods of doing family history, at times held incompatible, are used and are shown to be complementary: a structural analysis of households, based on four household lists from 1920 to 1978, and on demographic data from 1739 to 1978; and an interpretive analysis of the lived reality of the Leonese household, based on ethnographic data and on locally held notions of proper relations between kin, as embedded in stories people tell about family histories.
Peasant Household Formation and the Organization of Rural Labor in the Valley of Segura During the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Carrión José Miguel Martinez
Published: March 2007

Meant as a contribution to the recently initiated debate over household and family composition in the Mediterranean area, the study presents the first results of an investigation of class differences in family behavior in several rural communities in the Segura Basin of southeastern Iberia during a period of agrarian change. A variety of measures and classifications suggest the predominance of the nuclear family, but also that the household formation process and the family life cycle are conditioned by the land tenure system, inheritance practices, and transmission of the patrimony. Also, patterns of mobility and demographic mechanisms exert a powerful influence over family forms and household structures.
The Northeastern Algarve and the Southern Iberia Family Pattern
Authors: Bastos Cristiana
Published: March 2007

In the northeastern Algarve, Portugal, semi-dispersed settlements and property fragmentation evidently had coexisted with a predominantly nuclear family household pattern since the midnineteenth century, suggesting that a small holding pattern of land tenure need not always lead to a stem-family household as is so often true in other areas of Iberia. Other comparisons, drawn between the Algarve and the adjacent region of Alentejo, suggest that regional variation is strong on all measures and poses an interesting challenge to social scientific explanation.
Under One Roof: Household Formation and Cultural Ideals in an Astu Rian Mountain Village
Authors: Fernandez James W. , Fernandez Renate Lellep
Published: March 2007

Using the concept of "operational cultural ideals, " the study examines household formation in the Asturian mountain village of Escobines and argues that such ideals are not a set of preexisting perfectly compatible norms against which countrymen and women can easily measure their actions and achievements. Rather, what is seen is a series of negotiated understandings of incompatible ideals —between man and wife, parents and children, lineal and collateral relatives, and between villagers and external powers such as aristocratic landowners and the government. These understandings repose in the sense of the appropriate relationship between building structures and family structures, between the desire to gather "under one roof" and the impulse toward separation of individual conjugal units.
Household, Family, and Social Stratification
Authors: d'Argemir Dolors Comas
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the family structure of a rural village in Catalonia in light of economic and social changes at the end of the nineteenth century. The main aim is to evaluate contextuallly the presence of the stem family as an empirical reality in relation to the impartible inheritance system. Some family and work strategies corresponding to different social groups are also analyzed.
Church Membership, Consanguineous Marriage, and Migration in a Scotch-Irish Frontier Population
Authors: Reid Russell M.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the persistence of a pattern of close consanguineous mar riages among a group of Scotch-Irish American families that migrated in almost every generation from the early 1700s to the mid- 1800s. These migrations involved not separate nuclear families, but small networks of families already related by marriage and common descent. Such kin- structured migration created a small set of kin at each new destination who became the focus of spouse selection for the next generation of marriages. The histories of these families suggest that ethnic and denominational separateness from other frontier populations may have contributed both to the pattern of kin-structured migration and, through endogamy, to the associated consan guineous marriages.
THE POWER OF CULTURE: A Review of the Idea of Africa's Influence on Family Structure in Antebellum America
Authors: McDaniel Antonio
Published: March 2007

American Indian, African, and European culture distinguish American histo ry from 1619 to 1870. Yet, African and American Indian cultures are given secondary importance in understanding the American population. This paper argues that culture is critical for a proper understanding of African American family patterns. The African Ameri can family is not simply a functional adaptation to new social conditions, but a product of history and culture that has been conducive to the survival of the African American family. The effect of racism and economic exploitation on the African population in America during slavery was tempered by its African past.
The Peasant Family in Northern Italy, 1750-1930: a Reassessment
Authors: Viazzo Pier Paolo , Albera Dionigi
Published: March 2007

Northernmost Italy is a land of great ecological variability, providing a natural laboratory for examining the impact of environmental factors on demography and society. A sharp contrast between mountains and plains was reflected in sharp differences in land tenure and social structure. Differences in access to marriage and in household composition between upland and lowland communities are examined and the impact on family life of economic changes occurring over the period 1750-1930 are explored. Environmental factors are found to play a major role in determining the kind of demographic and family patterns that prevailed.
The Distinguishing Features of Domestic Service in Italy
Authors: Arru Angiolina
Published: March 2007

The identity of Italy's urban servants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is explored, focusing especially on the city of Rome. Of particular interest is the transformation of urban service in the eighteenth century from a primarily male occupation to one in which women were more prominent. The immigrant streams that fed the urban servant population are examined, and the place of service in the individual's life course is discussed.
The Viability of Scatter Analysis On the Wisc-r aNd the Sbis: Examining a Vestige
Authors: Kramer Jack J. , Henning-Stout Mary , Ullman Daniel P. , Schellenberg Richard P.
Published: March 2007

The history of scatter analysis on the WISC-R and the SBIS is reviewed. Evidence is presented that indicates that the practice of scatter analysis has yielded little of significance. Even in its most benign form, scatter analysis has the potential for doing more harm than good. Scatter analysis on the WISC-R, the SBIS, and similar tests is argued to be an exhausted research area, with little hope offered that any subsequent research efforts will prove beneficial.
The Prose Quantification System for Evaluating the Creative Quality of Prose: a Construct Validation Study
Authors: Redfield Doris L. , Holt John L. , Martray Carl R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the validity of the Prose Quantification System (PQS) as a method of evaluating the creative quality of prose. PQS story- starters (opening story lines) and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were ad ministered to 141 fifth-grade students. Completed PQS stories were: (a) rated for creativity by 10 teachers and (b) scored by 9 raters trained to use the PQS and 4 raters trained to use the Carlson Scale for Measuring the Originality of Children's Stories. Stepwise multiple regression analysis in dicated that the Carlson Scale, PQS, and TTCT scores accounted for significant amounts of variance in teachers' creativity ratings. PQS in terrater agreement was .81; intrarater stability co efficients ranged from .84 to .94. Mixed factorial ANOVAs indicated two equivalent forms of the PQS.
Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition
Authors: Ownby Raymond L. , Carmin Cheryl N.
Published: March 2007

This study presents results of confirmatory factor analyses of the recently published Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Four possible models of the scale's factor structure were tested with confirmatory factor analysis via LISREL at five age levels and for the standardiza tion sample as a whole. Results of these analyses show that although the four-factor model presented by the scale's authors fits the general standardiza tion data fairly well, it did not fit similarly well with data from several age groups. Overall, however, models based on the authors' theoretical structure were usually significantly better fitting to empirical data than were models with fewer fac tors. Results are discussed in terms of their im plications for interpretation and use of the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition with young children.
Assessment of Cigarettes of Reduced Ignition Power and Their Role to Reduce Fire Risks of Upholstered Seating, Mattresses, and Bed Assembies
Authors: Paul K.T.
Published: March 2007

In the UK, the flammability of domestic upholstered furniture is regulated by a cigarette composite test and flame ignition tests for components. In the USA, cigarettes of reduced ignition power have been suggested as a means of complementing the voluntary UFAC Code for cigarette resistant seating. This type of cigarette may be defined by the NIST mock-up and cigarette smouldering propensity tests that were developed from empirical correlations with seating tests. The NIST tests have been criticised by the Cigarette Ignition Propensity Joint Venture, (CIPJV, see note) which examined the effect of variations of con ditions and materials on results.

Part 1 of this paper deals with the determination of the ignition power of se lected commercial cigarettes that included popular and slender filter-tipped cigarettes and the untipped cigarettes used for standard tests. Part 2 deals with the cigarette testing of seating, Part 3 with mattresses, Part 4 with bed assem blies, and Part 5 assesses the role of cigarettes of reduced ignition power in re ducing the fire risks of upholstery composites.
On the Low-Temperature Reactivity of a Low-Rank Coal
Authors: Jones J.C.
Published: March 2007

An Australian low-rank coal is examined in a microcalorimeter for heat-release behaviour at temperatures between 30 and 60°C. In some exper iments, the coal had previously been acetone-treated and this had a major effect on the heat release.
Studies on Small Scale Testing Compared to Cal 133 Mockup Test: Part II
Authors: Stone Herman , Pcolinsky Michael
Published: March 2007

Development of a simple laboratory scale ignition test to serve as a quality control tool in conjunction with larger scale tests such as California Technical Bulletin 133 has been continued.

Using the California Technical Bulletin 117 configuration the proposed foam test procedure uses a lightweight standard polypropylene fabric and an igni tion source of a 55 ml cube of 160 kg/m3 density rigid foam.

Alternatively the procedure may be useful in screening fabrics and in nerliners with an appropriate foam. Main criteria are burn time and weight loss.
Application of the Zone Model FIRST on the Development of Smoke Layer and Evaluation of Smoke Extraction Design for Atria in Hong Kong
Authors: Chow W.K. , Wong W.K.
Published: March 2007

Whether a smoke extraction system has to be installed for an atrium building in Hong Kong is determined by its volume. This article reports an evaluation of this regulation using the zone model FIRST developed at the Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST, U.S.A. A survey of the geometri cal configurations of the local atria is made. The general shapes of the atria are classified into three types: 1, 2 and 3, with types 2 and 3 further divided into three sub-types: A, B and C. Smoke filling in those atria is simulated by the model FIRST with the volumes of the atrium space varied from 2500 m3 to 35,000 m 3. It is illustrated that specifying only the volume of the atrium space is not good enough to determine whether a smoke extraction system has to be installed. The geometrical configuration is recommended to be included as well. A time constant is defined for the atrium with a certain design fire.
Remedying Salary Inequities: Cleaning Up Your Act Systematically
Authors: Emans Jeff S. , Seithel William W.
Published: March 2007

The authors present a method for designing a fair, rational salary structure that not only meets the requirements of antidiscrimination legislation, but also boosts employee morale and productivity.
Pay Concepts for the 1990s, Part 1
Authors: Whitney James L.
Published: March 2007

To meet the competitive challenges of the coming decades, compensation managers must shed some outmoded concepts that still guide compensation decisions.
Gainsharing Revisited
Authors: Welbourne Theresa M. , Gomez-Mejia Luis R.
Published: March 2007

Because gainsharing plans incur administrative expenses and the possibility of employee dissatisfaction, employers considering installing such plans should be aware of the factors that affect their success.
Long-Term Care Insurance: A Benefit for the Future
Authors: Arnone William J.
Published: March 2007

As the cost of long-term and custodial care threatens the resources of many elderly and disabled people, private industry and the government are investigating various ways of funding insurance to pay for such care.
Flexible Wage Systems in Newly Industrialized Countries
Authors: Putti Joseph M. , Wong Kwei Cheong
Published: March 2007

Companies in newly industrialized countries have adopted flexible wage systems that are tied to profits or productivity and help them compete in the international marketplace .
How to Help Executives Avoid a "Golden Haircut"
Authors: Grant Dale B.
Published: March 2007

Company-sponsored benefits may mean new financial headaches for executives—the result of recent tax changes. Careful analysis of the impact of these changes on company plans is required.
ESOPs: Seven Myths Dispelled
Authors: Bixler Edward M.
Published: March 2007

For benefits plan administrators who have heard the horror stories about ESOPs, the author sets the record straight.
For Managers and Stockholders: Win-Win Incentives
Authors: Sauer Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The company, its managers, and its stockholders will reap benefits from an incentive plan that encourages cooperation and is tied to profits.
Designing a Strategic Benefits Program
Authors: Bowen David E. , Wadley Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

The right combination of benefits can go a long way in helping a company reach its strategic goals and attract a highly capable workforce.
A New Approach to Salary Structures
Authors: Sauer Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a usable, rational approach to salary structures based on competitive market forces.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 5: Selecting the Right Program
Authors: Bickford Lawrence C. , Sorkin Jill E.
Published: March 2007

Choosing the appropriate long-term incentive program for your company requires defining a clear set of objectives, analyzing the company's strategy and philosophy, and considering various external factors.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 6: Plan Administration and Grant Usage
Authors: Bickford Lawrence C. , Lucania Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

The success of a company's long-term incentive compensation program depends in large part on how well the plan is administered and how the grants are structured.
Compensation for the 1990s: A Look at IBM
Authors: Edman Donald H.
Published: March 2007

IBM's new compensation program uses a range of short- and long-term features to reward outstanding performance while setting the stage for continued company growth.
Beyond Stock Options: Emerging Practices in Executive Incentive Programs
Authors: Kay Ira T.
Published: March 2007

By using long-term compensation mechanisms that entail risk as well as the potential for gain, companies can strongly motivate executives to try to increase shareholder value.
Structuring Compensation Plans for Spinoffs
Authors: Graskamp Edward D.
Published: March 2007

By approaching the issues in an organized and educated fashion, the development of an effective compensation program for a spinoff company will simplify the transition process and increase the likelihood of future success for both the parent and the spinoff companies.
Strategic Impact Merit Pay
Authors: Newman Jerry M. , Fisher Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

To truly pay for performance, the authors contend that differences in merit pay should be based on the expected time impact of the employee's performance on organizational goals.
Preparation for an Initial Public Offering
Authors: Aisenbrey Beverly W.
Published: March 2007

Companies that are for the first time selling shares to the public need a compensation program that ties employee rewards to the performance of company stock and to long-term company health.
Compensation Under Seige
Authors: Longnecker Brent M. , Wood Cynde L.
Published: March 2007

Dateline: The Southwest. A utilities company comes under attack for "excessive" executive compensation practices. These practices include supplying a cov ered garage and awarding bonuses to executives.

Dateline: The Midwest. A disgruntled employee of a publicly owned beauty-supply company sues her employers, complaining of excessive executive com pensation. Her case is based on the argument that given her age and experience in the field, her com pensation should match management's.

Dateline: The South. A minority shareholder accuses a husband-and-wife-owned investment firm of shady practices when it comes to self-compensation. The shareholder states that the owners are being compen sated far above what is considered appropriate.
The Private Pension Plan
Authors: Flagg Barry D.
Published: March 2007

Funded by an investment-oriented life insurance contract, this novel retirement plan can lower your tax costs while increasing your retirement benefits.
Choosing the Right Investment Manager for Your Defined Contribution Plan
Authors: Pallan Richard N.
Published: March 2007

This step-by-step approach will help you choose a supplier capable of making high-quality decisions while meeting the individual needs of your company and its employees.
Top Ten Mistakes Made in Employee Health Benefit Plans
Authors: Knoll Ann
Published: March 2007

These common mistakes may sabotage the cost savings potential that caused an employer to select a particular health benefit plan in the first place.
Research Roundup
Authors: Fine Steven K.
Published: March 2007

Recent research studies document quite serious-but not insoluble-problems with employees' savings patterns in the increasingly popular 401 (k) plans.
"Pay for Work"
Authors: Leblanc Peter V.
Published: March 2007

It is imperative to revive the old idea of "pay for work "—aligning the reward system to fit new work dimensions—to reinforce the new way employees operate.
The ESOP Fable: Employees Beware!
Authors: Mano Ronald M. , DeVon Deppe E.
Published: March 2007

An ESOP can provide both good retirement benefits and employer tax advantages, but legal protections for other kinds of retirement plans don't apply to ESOPs, whose assets are safe only if the employer stays in business.
Shifting the Health Care Focus From Sickness to Wellness
Authors: Haltom Camille
Published: March 2007

By weaning employees away from the entitlement mentality, workplace health promotion programs are strengthening the new employment partnership in support of overall business goals.
The Promise of Broadbanding
Authors: Abosch Kenan S.
Published: March 2007

Groundbreaking research reveals what benefits companies expect to receive from broadbanding—and what benefits such systems actually deliver.
A Proven Connection
Authors: Mcdonald Danielle , Smith Abbie
Published: March 2007

A new research study shows a clear correlation between HR performance management programs and improved bottom-line results.
How Self-Directed Work Teams Support Strategic Alignment
Authors: Seaman Richard
Published: March 2007

To make sense of self-directed teams, or any other new management technique, for that matter, go back to the basics—how market conditions are shaping your company's strategy.
Moving One Notch North
Authors: Zingheim Patricia K. , Schuster Jay R.
Published: March 2007

Your people will execute your strategies so long as you tell them the problem, ask their help in finding solutions, help them develop the competencies they'll need, and show them how they will share in the company's success.
The Sleeping Giant Awakens
Authors: Schieber Sylvester J.
Published: March 2007

We cannot wait until 2010 when the baby boom is on the threshold of retirement to begin to sort out these retirement issues.
Executive Compensation
Authors: Tormey Douglas
Published: March 2007

To create an effective executive compensation paclcage, you must consider key tax and securities laws and ERISA.
Future Compensation Shock
Authors: Rich Jude T.
Published: March 2007

It's 2015. Most of the world's "industrial economies" of the 1990s have been fully trans formed into "knowledge economies." Knowledge is, by far, the central resource of the world's econo my. The preeminence of knowledge has led to more effective processing and, as a consequence, has reduced the need for raw materials. Worker productivity has increased significantly, lessening the need for labor. (This was similar to the mid- 20th century change in farming, when better machinery increased farm productivity and reduced the need for farm workers.) Requirements for time, space, and capital also have diminished due to faster inventory turns, resultingfrom better information systems to determine inventory requirements. A major bonus of the knowledge economy is that knowledge, unlike physical assets, is inexhaustible. Knowledge offers unlimit ed possibilities for growth, for speed, for better products.
The Art and Science of Nursing: Similarities, Differences, and Relations
Authors: Peplau Hildegard E.
Published: March 2007

The terms art and science are significant for the practice of nursing. These two concepts have a particular meaning and their defining char acteristics help to illuminate the nature of nursing practice. An under standing of each term is foundational to the comprehension of similari ties and differences and to an understanding of the complex relation played out in nursing practice. Nursing as an art form has three major components—medium, process, and product. The science consists of the systematized knowledge. Both nursing's art and its science are essential for excellence in the performance of nursing's mission. There is a delicately balanced movement between art and science portrayed by experienced nurses that transcends as it uses the differences between these two forms.
The Lived Experience of Recovering from Addiction: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Banonis Barbara C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evolve a structural description of the experience of recovering from addiction. The phenomenological method was chosen for the study. The sample consisted of three subjects recover ing from addiction. The subjects were asked to write a description of a situation in which they were aware of recovering from their addiction. Each subject was then interviewed to elaborate on portions of the written description. The phenomenon, recovering from addiction, emerged from the findings of this study as a lived experience of struggling to pull self out of a well of darkness into the comfort of light. This is experienced as the person lives profound shifts in ways of being. As these shifts rhythm ically move the person toward openness to the light of possibilities, the person chooses to move beyond with comfort and trust in the negentropic process of becoming. The findings of this study support the value of the phenomenological method for nursing research and the nursing theory, man-living-health. The results of this study also support nursing practice as a healing relationship illuminating meaning in situations and mobiliz ing choices in the negentropic process of becoming.
Standards for Qualitative Research
Authors: Burns Nancy
Published: March 2007

One of the greatest obstacles to the identification of excellence in qualitative studies is the lack of generally accepted criteria. The criteria developed for quantitative studies are based on a different set of as sumptions and are not appropriate. Those who critique qualitative stud ies need context flexibility, skills in inductive reasoning, skills in theory analysis, and the capacity to transform ideas across levels of abstrac tion. The following standards are proposed for critique of qualitative studies: (a) descriptive vividness; (b) methodological congruence; (c) an alytic preciseness; (d) theoretical connectedness; and (e) heuristic rele vance. Methodological congruence has four elements: rigor in documen tation ; procedural rigor; ethical rigor; and auditability. Heuristic rele vance has three elements: intuitive recognition; relationship to existing body of knowledge; and applicability. Threats to each of these standards are identified. Creative strategies for improving the published presenta tion of qualitative studies must be developed to allow adequate critique.
The Lived Experience of Taking Life Day-By- Day in Later Life
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: March 2007

The research reported here explores the meaning of taking life day-by- day in later life. This phenomenon is a common experience of human relating which is reported to occur with increasing frequency as one ages. Parse's nursing theory, man-living-health, was the nursing per spective in this research. The researcher proposed that taking life day- by-day is a way of living health. Parse's qualitative research methodology was used to uncover a structural definition of taking life day-by-day. Ten individuals over the age of 75 and living in various settings in Canada participated in the study. Participants were asked to discuss on audi otape the meaning of taking life day-by-day. The common concepts extracted from participant propositions were: affirming self through interrelationships, glimpsing a diminishing now amidst expanding pos sibles, and the unburdened journeying of moving beyond. This article presents the extraction-synthesis process which moved raw data to propositional statements. Heuristic interpretation shows how the com mon concepts were then linked with the major concepts of Parse's theory to reveal the theoretical definition of taking life day-by-day as: valuing the enabling-limiting of transforming. Implications for practice and re search are offered.
Health: A Personal Commitment
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

Health as a personal commitment is a view that evolves from Parse's theory of man-living-health. This article describes different models of human nature and explains health from the perspectives of each, de scribes a view of health from the man-living-health theory supported by other contemporary works, and posits some implications for nursing practice and research related to this view of health. The author elabo rates on ways human beings move beyond the moment to change pat terns of health through creative imagining, affirming self, and sponta neous glimpsing of the paradoxical. The meaning of true presence is discussed as well as some basic suggestions for the study of phenomena using the Parse research methodology.
Struggling in Change: From the Traditional Approach to Parse's Theory-Based Practice
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the struggle of a nurse who changed in practice from being guided by the traditional problem-based approach to being guided by Parse's theory of nursing. Experiences that led to the change are described, and specific practice situations from an acute care setting demonstrate how values and beliefs about human beings and health transformed over time. The nurse's changed values and beliefs lead to a different approach in practice. The nature of the nurse-person relation ship is described as it relates to Parse's practice dimensions and proc esses : illuminating meaning through explicating what is, synchronizing rhythms through dwelling with, and mobilizing transcendence through moving beyond. Emerging patterns of health are presented as an alter native to problem-based statements for guiding nurse-person activities. The value of Parse's theory for guiding practice is offered as it relates to the individual's perspective of enhanced quality of life and the nurse's perspective of professional practice.
Does Citizen Participation Matter?: Toward the Development of Theory
Authors: Pollak Patricia Baron
Published: March 2007

Requirements for private citizen involvement in the local implementation of federal programs have existed for a number of years now. In urban planning programs, a role for "citizen participation" has been formalized since the "workable program" of the Housing Act of 1954. During the three decades since 1954, requirements for citizen participation have been incorporated in programs of a number of other fed eral agencies as well. As a result, a number of scholars have focused their attention on a variety of aspects of citizen participation and an impressive body of literature has been developed. There is, however, little in that literature that focuses upon the effect of "required" citizen participation on decision outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to add an additional dimension to the existing literature by proposing a conceptual framework for examining the impact of mandated citizen participation on planning decisions.

Based on the assumptions that (1) mandated citizen participation groups can be regarded as interest groups, and (2) that the nature of the administrative and deci sion making processes to which mandated citizen participation committees are as cribed are political rather than technical, the paper suggests the uttlity of a decision making framework for the analysis of the impact of citizen participation efforts. A model of the decision making process based upon reference group theory is proposed for examining the role of mandated citizen participation in the decision making pro cess. While the proposed model explicitly addresses mandated citizen participation in the role of contributor to a planning decision, the conceptual framework should be applicable to other organized efforts to "participate" in public policy decisions.