bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—Trilobites from the Upper Stinchar Limestone (Ordovician) of the Girvan District, Ayrshire
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

One new genus and nineteen new species of trilobites from the platy upper Stinchar Limestone of the Girvan District are described. Sixteen of the twenty-nine genera recorded occur in the stratigraphically earlier confinis Flags; the strong North American stamp provided by many of these forms is greatly strengthened by the appearance of such genera as Dimeropyge, Mesotaphraspis, Heliomera and Pliomerella. Hypodicranotus has hitherto been recorded only from strata of Trenton Limestone age in North America and Baffin Island.
VI.—Vegetational Change, Shoreline Displacement and the Human Factor in the Late Quaternary History of South-West Scotland
Authors: Nichols Harvey
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Palynological investigations were made at two sites in south-west Scotland where peat bogs overlying late Quaternary marine clays and sands were dated by reference to the established British pollen zonation. The “25 foot” shoreline was formed during late Zone VI and early VIIa near Dumfries (c. 8100 to 6600 years B.P.), while the “50 foot” beach near Campbeltown has been referred to Zone III (ending c. 10,000 years B.P.). Close-interval analysis of the upper sections of the pollen diagrams has allowed the recognition of human interference with the vegetation. Minor short-term changes in Zone VI have been tentatively referred to Mesolithic activities, while from Neolithic times (Zone VIIb) onwards there is evidence for an increasingly effective modification of the natural environment. The pollen diagrams allow some conclusions to be drawn about the types of farming (including cereal cultivation) which were characteristic of the settlements near Dumfries and in south Kintyre.
XII. Some Notices concerning the Plants of various Parts of India, and concerning the Sanscrita Names of those Regions
Authors: Hamilton Francis
Published: January 2013

As it is my intention soon to publish, in various works on Natural History, the observations on the Botany of India which I made during my residence there, I wish to place on record an account of the opportunities which I enjoyed of making such observations, with the view of explaining to the Botanist where he may find the various collections which I made in different parts. I also wish to explain the geographical terms that I shall employ, in giving an account of the places where I found each species. For this purpose I prefer using the ancient Sanscrita names, both as being more scientific, and as being more likely to remain permanent; for, after a lapse of many ages, they continue to be known to all Hindus of learning, while each new invasion or revolution sinks into immediate oblivion the mushroom appellations imposed by modern rulers, whether Muhammedans or Christians.
XVI. Inquiry into the Structure and probable Functions of the Capsules forming the Canal of Petit, and of the Marsupium Nigrum, or the peculiar Vascular Tissue traversing the Vitreous Humor in the Eyes of Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes
Authors: Knox Robert
Published: January 2013

The following additional observations on the comparative structure of the eye-ball, are intended chiefly to illustrate the philosophical anatomy and physiology of the capsules forming the Canal of Petit, and of the Marsupium Nigrum; yet as I have here taken notice of several other points in the comparative anatomy of the eye, the memoir may be considered as supplementary to those formerly read to this learned Society, and which it did me the honour to insert in its Transactions. I have stated in the first of those essays, that I had been led to inquire into the structure of the Eye, partly as connected with researches into the comparative anatomy of all the organs of sense, but more particularly with a view to elucidate the nature and distribution of the nervous system. I did not presume to think that any remarkable peculiarities in the structure of this most interesting organ, had escaped preceding anatomists; but though I found this to be true, in so far as regards the structure of the eye in most of the mammalia, it yet appeared that the same organ in other vertebral animals had by no means been investigated, or at least describedj with the same care.
XIX. Description of Fergusonite, a New Mineral Species
Authors: Haidinger W.
Published: January 2013

Few cabinets of minerals contain so many of the rare substances, which were discovered in Greenland, by Sir Charles Giesècke', and perhaps none in equally interesting varieties, as that of Mr Allan. The most prominent of them hare been examined both in a mineralogical and chemical point of view, and some described as particular species. Mineralogy is already indebted for Allanite, Sodalite, Eudialyte, and Gieseckite, to the zeal of die indefatigable explorer of Greenland, and the subsequent labours of Dr Thomson and Professor Stromeyer; and it is probable that the number of new species from this source will yet be increased upon farther examination.
XXII. On the Consolidation of the Strata of the Earth
Authors: Hall James
Published: January 2013

The public attention, animated by scientific controversy, has of late years been much directed to Geological subjects; and the certainty of many important facts, has in consequence been ascertained beyond dispute, which were formerly unknown, or at least involved in such obscurity, that no person could have ventured to assert them, without being charged with extravagance. But though, no doubt, many branches of this science still remain to be investigated, such inquiries may now be said to have acquired a considerable degree of consistency and interest, from the substantial basis upon which they have been found to rest.
XXIX. On the Refractive Power of the Two New Fluids in Minerals, with Additional Observations on the Nature and Properties of these Substances
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In the Paper which I had the honour of submitting to the Society, on the Two New Fluids in mineral bodies, I have given the index of refraction for the most expansible of the two, as it exists in the cavities of Amethyst; but as I had not then ascertained the refractive power of the second fluid, and as the principal phenomena of the two fluids, especially those which related to their properties when taken out of the cavities, were observed in specimens of Topaz, it became desirable to have an approximate measure of the refractive power of both of them, as they exist in that mineral. As the fluid in Amethyst had never been examined in the open air, its identity with that in Topaz was inferred solely from the equality of their expansion by heat, so that the determination of the refractive power of the latter was necessary to establish either a difference between these two substances, or their perfect identity.
XVI. On the Expansion of different kinds of Stone from an increase of Temperature, with a Description of the Pyrometer used in making the Experiments
Authors: Adie Alexander J.
Published: January 2013

For a long time I was anxious to know the rate of expansion of the common building-stone of this neighbourhood, as it is not given in any of the tables of the expansions of substances, because I have sometimes thought that the vertical cracks frequently seen intersecting rubble walls might arise from the contraction caused by a diminution of temperature. During a long-continued and severe frost which occurred in 1826, I thought the rents in a considerable stretch of wall, which I passed at all seasons, appeared more open than usual. This, however, was merely conjectural, and I paid no more attention to the subject until 1830, when, as I mentioned in a notice on the commencement of my experiments read at the meeting of the British Association in September last, an interdict of the Dean of Guild Court of Edinburgh rendered the rate of expansion of stone a matter of more importance than merely a curious philosophical speculation.
V.—On the Geology of Cockburnlaw, and the adjoining District, in Berwickshire; with a Map and Sections
Authors: Stevenson William
Published: January 2013

The portion of Berwickshire, of which the object of this paper is to describe the more remarkable geological features, comprises, within a very limited space, an assemblage of phenomena of the highest interest, in relation to the wonderful changes which this part of our island has undergone in the earlier periods of the earth's history. Its situation is immediately to the north of Dunse, and its area is about 16 square miles, within which are comprehended the junctions of the greywacke rocks of the Lammermuirs, with the strata of the old red sandstone formation, and of the latter with the lower members of the coal measures. The chief eminences within the district are Cockburnlaw, which attains a height of 912 feet above the level of the sea; Dunselaw, 630 feet; the Knock, Borthwick, and Castlemains Hills; and the Staneshiel, a hill of the same formation as Cockburnlaw, from which it is separated by a ravine of 300 or 400 feet deep, in which the Whiteadder flows. The general topographical features of the district will be best understood by reference to the accompanying map.
XXVII.—The Dragon's Blood Tree of Socotra (Dracæna Cinnabari, Balf. fil.)
Authors: Balfour Bayley
Published: January 2013

The following remarks on the dragon's blood tree of Socotra are intended to serve as introduction to Dr Dobbie's and Mr Henderson's paper on the red resin obtained from the tree, and to furnish a technical description of the plant which has not hitherto appeared. In my account of the Botany of Socotra, which will shortly be published by the Society, further remarks upon this interesting tree will be found, along with a figure.
XXVIII.—A New Graphic Analysis of the Kinematics of Mechanisms
Authors: Smith Robert H.
Published: January 2013

A mechanism may be defined as a combination of plates, bars, or flexible members jointed together, so that, while the parts may move relatively to each other, the relative positions of all the different parts are determinate for each given possible relative position of any two parts.

It follows immediately that the simultaneous relative displacements, velocities, and accelerations of velocity of all parts are also strictly determinate.

This determination, by accurate graphic means, forms the subject of this paper. In it those mechanisms alone are considered that are composed of rigid members, the motions of whose parts are all continually parallel to one plane, the constancy of the plane being defined relatively to one of the members of the mechanism itself.
IV.—The Eggs and Larvæ of Teleosteans
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this memoir is (1) to make known a number of drawings and descriptions of the eggs, embryos, and larvæ of the species of Teleosteans which I have been able to study at the Scottish Marine Station; (2) to review as comprehensively as possible what is known at the present time concerning the structure of the embryos and larvæ of the species of Teleosteans, and to discover what features are common to each family or each order; (3) to discuss the changes which take place in the protoplasm and nucleus of the mature ovum immediately after it is shed, both when fertilised and when unfertilised. The ova of the following species were taken directly from the parent fish, and artificially fertilised. The necessary operations were carried out, in some cases by myself, on board fishing boats—usually steam trawlers from Granton. In many instances I did not myself go out in the boats, but the ova were obtained and brought to me at the laboratory by Alexander Turbyne, keeper of the station. But in every case there is no uncertainty as to the species of the fish from which the ova were taken; if there was any doubt, specimens of the parent fish were brought with the ova.
VII.—On the Electrical Properties of Hydrogenised Palladium
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: January 2013

In the following paper I desire to place on record the results of certain experiments which have lately engaged my attention. The facts established are, so far as I am aware, novel and in themselves interesting.

Many of the physical properties of hydrogenised palladium or hydrogenium have been carefully studied by Graham, Dewar, and others; but no one seems to have called attention to its thermoelectric peculiarities, or to have made a special study of its electrical resistance. These two inquiries form the subject of this paper. Throughout I shall use, for brevity's sake, the name Hydrogenium, which was applied by Graham to the fully-saturated form.
XXIII.—On the Geometrical Mean Distance of Two Figures on a Plane
Authors: Maxwell J. Clerk
Published: January 2013

There are several problems of great practical importance in electro-magnetic measurements, in which the value of a quantity has to be calculated by taking the sum of the logarithms of the distances of a system of parallel wires from a given point. The calculation is in some respects analogous to that in which we find the potential at a point due to a given system of equal particles, by adding the reciprocals of the distances of the particles from the given point. There is this difference, however, that whereas the reciprocal of a line is completely defined when we know the unit of length, the logarithm of a line has no meaning till we know not only the unit of length, but the modulus of the system logarithms.
XXIV.—On the Lunar Diurnal Variation of Magnetic Declination at Trevandrum, near the Magnetic Equator, deduced from Observations made in the Observatory of His Highness the Maharajah of Travancore, G.C.S.I.
Authors: Broun J. A.
Published: January 2013

1. The lunar diurnal variation of magnetic declination as first discovered by Kreil, depended on too few observations to be free from the errors introduced by irregular disturbing causes. The independent discovery of the lunar action on the magnetic needle made afterwards by myself, was liable to the same criticism; but the agreement of the results obtained, both for the magnetic declination and the horizontal force, was sufficiently great to give a considerable value to the conclusion, that the magnetic needle obeys a diurnal law, depending on the moon's hour angle, both as to its direction and the force with which it is directed. This conclusion was farther confirmed in the discussion first made by myself, for the lunar diurnal variation of the vertical magnetic force, which gave, within an hour, the same epochs of maxima and minima as those obtained previously by me for the horizontal component.
XVIII.—Researches in Thermometry
Authors: Mills Edmund J. , Thomson William
Published: January 2013

In the course of a series of experiments upon fusion point, as determined by the mercurial thermometer, I had occasion to investigate several of the properties of that instrument. In the hope that the results of that investigation may economise the labour of other experimenters, and aid in its accuracy, I have ventured to submit them to the consideration of the Society. The memoir comprises the following sections:—

I. Calibration and the calibration unit.

II. The exposure correction.

III. The movement of the zero with (α) time, and (β) temperature.

IV. Poggendorff's correction.

V. Comparison of the mercurial with the air thermometer.

VI. Effect of compression.
XXIV.—On the Structure and Arrangement of the Soft Parts in Euplectella aspergillum
Authors: Schulze Franz Eilhard
Published: January 2013

Although, from the careful descriptions which have been given by several competent naturalists, we may now consider ourselves tolerably well acquainted with the structure of the dainty siliceous skeletons of this and several allied Hexactinellid Sponges, this is by no means the case with their soft tissues ; and the great cause of our imperfect knowledge of these interesting structures is that no observer has hitherto succeeded in procuring a really well-preserved Sponge of this group. It was with pleasure, therefore, that I accepted the offer of the Director of the Challenger Expedition to place some well-preserved examples belonging to different genera in my hands for investigation. Of all the specimens which have been sent to me, some fragments of Euplectella aspergillum in absolute alcohol are much the best preserved, and therefore the best suited for thorough examination. I commence with the description of the soft parts of this well-known and beautiful form, following the classification which has been adopted by Sir Wyville Thomson in his descriptions of the species.
I.—On Reciprocal Figures, Frames, and Diagrams of Forces
Authors: Maxwell J. Clerk
Published: January 2013

Two figures are reciprocal when the properties of the first relative to the second are the same as those of the second relative to the first. Several kinds of reciprocity are known to mathematicians, and the theories of Inverse Figures and of Polar Reciprocals have been developed at great length, and have led to remarkable results. I propose to investigate a different kind of geometrical reciprocity, which is also capable of considerable development, and can be applied to the solution of mechanical problems.
II.—On Scientific Method in the Interpretation of Popular Myths, with special reference to Greek Mythology.
Authors: Blackie
Published: January 2013

Of all the branches of interesting and curious learning, there is none which has been so systematically neglected in this country as mythology—a subject closely connected both with theology and philosophy, and on which those grand intellectual pioneers and architects, the Germans, have expended such a vast amount of profitable and unprofitable labour. The consequence of this neglect has been, that of the few British books we have on the subject, the most noticeable are not free from the dear seduction of favourite ideas, which possess the minds of the writers as by a juggling witchcraft, and prevent them from looking on a rich and various subject with that many-sided sympathy and catholic receptiveness which it requires. In fact, some of our most recent writers on this subject have not advanced a single step, in respect of scientific method, beyond Jacob Bryant, unquestionably the most learned and original speculator on mythology of the last century; but whose great work, nevertheless, can only be compared to a grand chase in the dark, with a few bright flashes of discovery, and happy gleams of suggestion by the way. For these reasons, and to make a necessary protest against some ingenious aberrations of Max Müller, Gladstone, Inman, and Cox in the method of mythological interpretation, I have undertaken to read the present paper; which, if it possess only the negative virtue of warning people to be sober-minded and cautious when entering on a path of so slippery inquiry, cannot be deemed impertinent at the present moment.
VI.—The Genetic Succession of Zooids in the Hydroida
Authors: Allman
Published: January 2013

From all the facts which the study of the Hydroida has made apparent, we may regard it as certain that however long zooidal multiplication may continue, this is not sufficient for the perpetuation of the species, but that a period must at last come in the life of the hydroid when by an act of true sexual reproduction, new individuals are produced for the indefinite extension of the species through time.
XI.—An Account of the Great Finner Whale (Balænoptera Sibbaldii) stranded at Longniddry Part I. The Soft Parts.
Authors: Turner Wm
Published: January 2013

On the 3d November 1869, a huge Finner whale was stranded on the beach at Gosford Bay, Longniddry, Firth of Forth.

Most of the large Fin whales which have been examined by British and Continental anatomists have been found floating dead on the surface of the sea, and have then been towed ashore by their captors. But, from the account which was given in the Edinburgh daily newspapers, it would appear that, for some days previously, this animal had been recognised by the fishermen, swimming to and fro in the Firth. On the morning of the 3d it was seen from the shore, blowing with great violence from its nostrils, flapping its huge tail, and obviously struggling to disengage itself from the rocks and shoals, amidst which an unusually high tide had permitted it to wander. Shots were fired at it, and, from the wounds produced, blood poured forth which tinged the surrounding waves. As the tide receded, the animal was fairly stranded; and, after some vigorous but ineffectual attempts to disengage itself from its position, it slowly died. The animal lay some yards above low-water mark, so that for several hours each day it could be examined, and photographs taken from various points of view.
XXII.—Report on Fossil Plants, collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale
Authors: Kidston Robert
Published: January 2013

Through the kindness of Dr. A. Geikie, Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, I have had the pleasure of examining the fossil plants collected by the Scottish Geological Survey from the Calciferous Sandstones of Eskdale and Liddesdale.
XXIII.—On Mirage
Authors: Tait
Published: January 2013

I was led to the following investigations while seeking an elementary, and at the same time instructive, application of Hamilton'sGeneral Method in Optics. They were completed in all but a few of their numerical details before I met with the remarkable paper by Wollaston, in which the subject of multiple atmospheric images seems first to have been treated by a sound physical method. Wollaston's experiment with a long bar of iron raised to a high temperature suggests undoubtedly the true explanation of at least many of the curious phenomena seen by Vince, Scoresby, and others. But he seems to have thought that sufficient temperature-differences for the natural production of the phenomena could not exist in the atmosphere; and thus the latter part of his paper, in which he tries to explain them by the agency of aqueous vapour, presents a singular contrast to the strength and correctness of the earlier part. A good deal of what follows is implied, if not directly stated, in Wollaston's paper; but I think there is sufficient novelty in what remains to justify my bringing it before the Society.
XVII.—The Enumeration, Description, and Construction of Knots of Fewer than Ten Crossings
Authors: Kirkman Thomas P.
Published: January 2013

1. By a knot of n crossings, I understand a reticulation of any number of meshes of two or more edges, whose summits, all tessaraces (ἀκή), are each a single crossing, as when you cross your forefingers straight or slightly curved, so as not to link them, and such meshes that every thread is either seen, when the projection of the knot with its n crossings and no more is drawn in double lines, or conceived by the reader of its course when drawn in single line, to pass alternately under and over the threads to which it comes at successive crossings.
XXV.—Notice of High-Water Marks on the Banks of the River Tweed and some of its Tributaries; and also of Drift Deposits in the Valley of the Tweed
Authors: Home David Milne
Published: January 2013

A few years ago, a memoir on high-water marks on the banks of the Rivers Earn and Teith, in Perthshire, by the Rev. Thomas Brown, was read in our Society, and published in our Transactions.

The only other Scotch geologist, so far as I know, who has alluded to the existence of river terraces, much above the level of existing floods, is the late Dr Robert Chambers. In his work, entitled “Ancient Sea Margins,” Dr Chambers specifies many Scotch rivers, in the valleys occupied by which, he had seen terraces, at considerable heights above the rivers and above the sea.
XXVI.—On the Decennial Period in the Range and Disturbance of the Diurnal Oscillations of the Magnetic Needle, and in the Sun-spot Area
Authors: Broun J. A.
Published: January 2013

The presentation to the Royal Society of Edinburgh of results relating to the decennial period, derived from observations of magnetic declination made during nearly a quarter of a century at Trevandrum, has seemed to me a favourable occasion for a determination of the mean duration of this period. Upon the explanation of the decennial variations depends the solution of several important problems in solar and terrestrial physics, and the first step towards this result is to ascertain the true mean duration of the period. Two markedly different results have been obtained, each of which has been accepted by men of the highest scientific reputation.
XXVII.—On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber
Authors: Home David Milne
Published: January 2013

I. The Parallel Roads of Lochaber have presented to geologists a problem, which is still unsolved. Dr Macculloch, about sixty years ago, when President of the Geological Society of London, first called attention to these peculiar markings on the Lochaber Hills, by an elaborate Memoir afterwards published in that Society's Transactions. He was followed by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, who in the year 1824, read a paper in our own Society, illustrated by excellent sketches. His paper is in our Transactions. The next author who attempted a solution was the present Mr Charles Darwin. He maintained that these Roads were sea-beaches, formed, when this part of Europe was rising from beneath the Ocean. He was followed by Professor Agassiz, Dr Buckland, Charles Babbage, Sir John Lubbock, Robert Chambers, Professor Rogers, Sir George M'Kenzie, Mr Jamieson of Ellon, Professor Nicol, Mr Bryce of Glasgow, Mr Watson, and Mr Jolly of Inverness. Sir Charles Lyell, though he wrote no special memoir, treated the subject pretty fully in his works, giving an opinion in support of the views of Agassiz.
XXVIII.—On the Shedding of Branches and Leaves in Coniferœ
Authors: Stark James
Published: January 2013

In referring to the tendency to bilateral ramification on the branches and even on the main stem in Cupressineæ, such as Cupressus, Thuja, and Libocedrus, Professor Sachs, in his Text-book (Bennett's translation pp. 444–5), thus expresses himself: “Branch systems of three or four orders of shoots are developed in one plane in such a manner that a system of this kind assumes a definite contour, and somewhat the appearance of a pinnate leaf. In Taxodium the foliage-leaves are formed in two rows on slender branches a few inches in length; in T. distichum these fall off in autumn, together with their leaves, thus presenting a still greater resemblance to pinnate leaves.”
XVIII.–The Histology of Disseminated Sclerosis
Authors: Dawson James W.
Published: January 2013

The research of which this paper gives an account was originated by the late Dr Alexander Bruce and undertaken in conjunction with him; most of the material used had been accumulated by him during the later years of his life. The following preliminary communication made to the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland in July 1910 represents in brief outline the position which had been reached at the time of Dr Bruce's lamented death:—
XXVI.—Observations on the Early Development of the Human Embryo
Authors: Bryce Thomas H.
Published: January 2013

This memoir is based upon the study of three normal human embryos belonging to the period of development preceding the cleavage of the paraxial mesoderm into the primitive segments, as well as of certain abnormal specimens of the same early period which have yielded valuable corroborative data, but will not be described in detail. Well-preserved specimens belonging to these early stages are very rare, and our knowledge has been, and can only be, built up from the detailed descriptions of isolated cases by the individual observers into whose hands they happen to fall.
XXXIV.—Studies in the Ammonites of the Family Echioceratidæ
Authors: Trueman A. E. , Williams Daisy M.
Published: January 2013

The ammonites dealt with in this paper belong to the family Echioceratidæ (Buckman, T.A., 1913), a varied group of slender, generally evolute forms, usually ornamented by ribs but very rarely tuberculate. In many members of the family the periphery has only a feeble keel, but in some a sharp keel, with or without sulci, may be present.

Ammonites of this family have most frequently been recorded as Ammonites raricostatus, and the raricostate species are by far the best known. The species at present classified with the Echioceratidæ, however, can be roughly grouped, with reference to their form only, as follows :—

1. Raricostate forms, with strong widely spaced ribs and feeble carina, e.g. A. raricostatoides, A. zieteni.

2. Forms with closely spaced ribs, with carina absent or feeble, e.g. A. viticola, A. prorsum.

3. Forms with elevated whorls, bearing regular ribs of moderate strength and with carina and sulci, e.g. A. aplanatum.

4. Forms becoming smooth on the last whorls, which are thin, with an acute keel and obsolescent sulci, e.g. A. macdonnellii.
VII.—The Scottish Kames and their Evidence on the Glaciation of Scotland
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

The word “kame” is regarded by one usage as the Scottish equivalent of the Irish term “esker”; according to another usage, the terms are not synonymous, for an esker is regarded as the British representative of the Swedish “osar” and as a ridge of sand and gravel deposited along the course of a river within a glacier, while a kame is a ridge of similar materials deposited outside the glacier along its edge. The Polmont kame, as seen from the railway, strikingly resembles the Swedish osar; but it and those at Carstairs, the best known of Scottish kames, proved, on examination, not to have the cross-banding characteristic of osar, and to be marginal deposits. The typical Irish eskers are also marginal deposits (Gregory, “The Irish Eskers,” Phil. Trans., A, 210, pp. 115–51) and of the same origin as the Polmont and Carstairs kames. A few small Irish eskers have the structure of osar, while many are the remnants of denuded sheets of sand and gravel. I therefore suggested that the term esker, being Irish in origin, should be applied generally, as it is in Ireland, to hills of glacial sand and gravel.
VIII.—Scottish Drumlins
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

Drumlins are mounds of boulder clay and are characteristic features of the minor topography of Southern Scotland. The word drum or drumlin as the name of these drift hills is indigenous both in Scotland and Ireland. It is common in Scottish place-names as in Drymen, Tyndrum, and Drumadoon. J. Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1880, vol. ii, p. 116) defines a drum as a knoll or ridge, and refers to its use in the Statistical Account of Scotland as early as 1797. Joseph Wright, English Dialect Dictionary (1900, vol. ii, p. 190), attributes drum to Scotland, but quotes drumlin from Ireland in Antrim and Down. Its first use as a technical term in geology appears to have been in Ireland by Scouler in 1833, who applied it to eskers and to mounds of boulder clay; its restriction to the latter is due first to Maxwell Close (Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, i, 1866, pp. 212, 213.)
IX. The Geology of Viðey, S.W. Iceland: A Record of Igneous Action in Glacial Times
Authors: Peacock Martin A.
Published: January 2013

At the commencement of the 1924 geological expedition to Iceland, which was conducted by Dr G. W. Tyrrell and the present writer, aided by a grant from the Carnegie Trust, the author took advantage of his earlier arrival in Iceland by devoting his time to a detailed survey of Viðey, a small island which lies 3 miles E.N.E. of Reykjavík. His interest having been aroused by a study of the curious rock specimens which Mackenzie collected from that locality in 1810 (author, 1925), the writer intended at first to make only a rapid examination of the island in order to ascertain their field relations, and, if possible, to determine their mode of formation. A day's field work, however, convinced him that a more protracted survey would be amply repaid, and this was accordingly undertaken; during two days, out of the total of ten which were devoted to this work, the writer enjoyed the invaluable assistance of Dr Tyrrell.
IV.—Calamoichthys calabaricus J. A. Smith. Part I. The Alimentary and Respiratory Systems—concluded
Authors: Purser G. Leslie
Published: January 2013

Before continuing the description of the alimentary tract, there are two general questions which must first be discussed very shortly. So far we have only dealt with the first two parts, the buccal cavity and the pharynx, and the latter name has such a well-defined significance that it is easy to state the boundaries of that part of the canal to which it should be applied, and therefore to fix the limits of the part in front. Unfortunately there seems to be no sort of unanimity with regard to the exact application of the names of the parts which follow, so that it is not easy to be sure to what parts the names should properly be applied, and it is extremely difficult to make comparisons between different forms without repeating a large part of the work already done by other observers. To take a concrete case: the part to which the name “œsophagus” has been applied has been limited, by different workers, by the extent of the stratified epithelium, by the extent of the striated muscle, by the absence of a serosa, by the absence of glands, and even by the relative diameter of the tube. Needless to say, these various boundaries do not coincide (in many cases some of them do not exist), and hence the difficulty of unravelling the descriptions in the literature of the subject is very great. So in what follows the names used will be defined, and I hope the nomenclature suggested will be such as to be acceptable and of scientific utility throughout the Chordata.
V.—On Some Points in the Anatomy and Habits of the Lophogastrid Crustacea
Authors: Manton S. M.
Published: January 2013

In the following pages two separate subjects are considered which are connected only by their relation to the same animals. The first concerns the feeding mechanisms and habits of the Lophogastridæ, but unfortunately no living animals could be examined.

As a result of some work on the feeding mechanisms of the Malacostraca (Cannon and Manton, 1927, in the press, etc.) it was concluded that in the Syncarida, Peracarida, and Eucarida a primary filter-feeding habit exists. This has been modified or given up entirely in the higher forms of each division in favour of feeding on larger masses of food. In the adult Hemimysis, Anaspides, and Nyctiphanes the filter-feeding mechanisms are essentially similar. The maxilla forms a combined suction pump and filter and draws a current of water through a filtering comb of setæ borne on its proximal endite. This comb is scraped by the basal part of the first trunk limb, which transfers the collected food forwards on to the proximal endite of the maxillule by which it is pushed into the mouth.
VII.—A Gravitational Survey over the Buried Kelvin Valley at Drumry, near Glasgow
Authors: McLintock W. F. P. , Phemister J.
Published: January 2013

The mapping of sub-drift topography is an important problem in this country and one which, under suitable circumstances, lends itself readily to solution by the method of gravitational survey with the Eötvös Torsion Balance. It has been pointed out in previous papers that structures such as anticlines, synelines, faults, and dykes may be determined by a linear traverse with the balance transverse to the strike; but in the case of buried topographic features a network of observations with subsequent plotting of the gradients and isogams, i.e. lines of equal gravity, is necessary to determine even approximately the shape and dimensions of rock-masses underlying a thick covering of drift.
VIII.—The Oogenesis of Carcinus mœnas Penn., with Special Reference to Yolk Formation
Authors: Harvey L. A.
Published: January 2013

The present paper is the third of a series recording the results of investigations into the relations of the structures present in the oocyte during the growth period, particularly in their bearing on yolk formation. A Crustacean was selected for various reasons: firstly, as representing a large class about the oogenesis of which little is known, this in contrast to most other Arthropod groups which have been studied by several authors; secondly, in the hope that it would prove to have no yolk nucleus, and would exhibit nucleolar extrusion, a hope which has been fairly satisfactorily justified; thirdly, for the utilitarian reason that it is a common animal, easily obtainable, and able to live under laboratory conditions during considerable periods.
XI.—The Anatomy of a Fœtal African Elephant, Elephas africanus (Loxodonta africana). Part III. The Contents of the Thorax and Abdomen, and the Skeleton
Authors: Eales Nellie B.
Published: January 2013

The acquisition of a preserved fœtal specimen of the African Elephant has enabled the writer to prepare a series of papers on the anatomy of this interesting Mammal. The present paper forms Part III of the series. Part I (1926) dealt with the anatomy of the head, Part II (1928) with the body muscles. The contents of the thorax and abdomen have now been investigated, and Part III is concerned with a description of them and of the remaining parts of the skeleton. This part is the last of the series.
XVI. An Analysis of the Mineral Waters of Dunblane and Pitcaithly; with general Observations on the Analysis of Mineral Waters, and the Composition of Bath Water and some others
Authors: Murray John
Published: January 2013

I Propose to submit to the Society the analysis of a Mineral Water of the Saline Class, which has lately been discovered in the neighbourhood of Dunblane. The subject may have rather more interest than usually belongs to researches of this nature, from the composition of this water being such as promises to afford a spring of considerable medicinal efficacy, and from its resemblance to another mineral water, of some celebrity,—that of Pitcaithly, the analysis of which I have, from this circumstance, been also led to undertake. The investigation, too, may afford some illustrations of the different methods that may be employed in the analysis of waters of this class, and of the facility and precision which are given to these researches, by the results that have been established with regard to the definite proportions in which many bodies combine, and the uniformity of the relations which thus exist between the compounds they form. And it has led to some views with regard to the constitution of mineral waters of the saline class, which I have applied to the composition of some of the most celebrated mineral waters. In performing the principal experiments on the Dunblane water, I had the advantage of Mr Ellis's co-operation.
XVIII.—A Diatomaceous Deposit from North Tolsta, Lewis
Authors: Rattray John
Published: January 2013

The sample of the remarkable deposit of Diatomite, upon which the subjoined observations have been made, was forwarded to me some time ago by William Morrison, Esq., of the Academy, Dingwall, through my friend Mr John Gunn. With the exception of a brief notice in the newspapers soon after the discovery of the deposit by Mr Morrison a few months ago, and a paper entitled “On some New Localities for the Mineral Diatomite, with Notes on the Chemical Composition of the Specimens exhibited,” in the Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, vol. vii. No. 32, pp. 30–34, July 1886, by W. Ivison Macadam, F.C.S., F.I.C., Professor of Chemistry, New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, no statistics have been published in connection with the deposit, nor has any account hitherto been given of the Diatomaceœ which play so prominent a part in its composition.
XXIII.—A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Physical Properties of Methyl-Alcohol
Authors: Dittmar W. , Fawsitt Charles A.
Published: January 2013

Since its discovery by Dumas and Péligot in 1834, methyl-alcohol has been the subject of a great many researches, and as a result we have long had a perfectly certain knowledge of its atomic composition, and a very accurate knowledge of a great many of its reactions. Yet the physical properties of the substance CH4O have not yet been determined with a satisfactory degree of precision. At this we need not wonder. For the study of the transmutations of a species a very impure specimen may suffice, and a series of such studies may leave no doubt about the correct atomic formula of the species in question, and consequently also, if it is a volatile substance, about its perfect gas density. But no other physical properties can be determined otherwise than by direct experiments on a pure specimen. And pure methyl-alcohol is very difficult to obtain. In whatever reasonable sense we may take the word “pure,” as attached to the name of a chemical preparation, “pure” methyl-alcohol must be admitted to have been little more than a chemical fiction until Wöhler in 1852 discovered his well-known (oxalate) process for its extraction from wood-spirit.
VI.—On the Products of the Destructive Distillation of Animal Substances. Part V.
Authors: Anderson Thomas
Published: January 2013

In the fourth part of these researches, I described a new base produced by the action of sodium upon picoline, to which I gave the name of Parapicoline, because it has the same composition as picoline, although the circumstances of its formation appeared to show that it had been produced by the combination of two molecules of that substance, so that its true formula would be C12H14N2. Unfortunately, its high boiling point, and tendency to decompose when distilled, made it impossible to determine its vapour density, which afforded the only means of ascertaining whether this hypothesis was correct; and it was only assumed, because similar cases of polymerisation had been established beyond a doubt in the case of other classes of organic compounds. In the hope of obtaining a similar base of lower boiling point, and therefore better adapted to the necessary experiments, I have submitted pyridine to the action of sodium, and the results of the inquiry are contained in the following pages.
IV. Of the Solids of Greatest Attraction, or those which, among all the Solids that have certain Properties, Attract with the greatest Force in a given Direction
Authors: Playfair John
Published: January 2013

The investigations which I have at present the honour of submitting to the Royal Society, were suggested by the experiments which have been made of late years concerning the gravitation of terrestrial bodies, first, by Dr Maskelyne, on the Attraction of Mountains, and afterwards by Mr Cavendish, on the Attraction of Leaden Balls.
XI.—The Anatomy of the Northern Beluga (Beluga catodon, Gray; Delphinapterus leucas, Pallas) compared with that of other Whales
Authors: Watson Morrison , Young Alfred H.
Published: January 2013

These openings, which are also present in numbers on the region of the cheek, indicate the ducts of numerous mucous glands which lie immediately underneath the mucous membrane. The tongue of Beluga does not appear to differ much from that of other toothed whales. In Globiocephalus intermedius, according to Macalister, not only the tip, but also the margins of the organ are free, whereas in Beluga the latter are attached along nearly their whole length. Dr Murie refers to the presence of a distinct froenum in Globiocephalus melas, but this structure is not recognisable in Beluga.
VII.—On the Cranial Osteology of Rhizodopsis
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H.
Published: January 2013

In a paper by Mr E. W. Binney on the Fossil Fishes of the Pendleton Coal Field, published in 1841, the dentary bone of Rhizodopsis is figured as the “upper jaw of a new species of Holoptychius,” to which, however, he did not attach any specific name. In the same paper its scales are also figured and referred to the same genus. Scales belonging to the same fish were afterwards figured by Professor Williamson under the name of Holoptychius sauroides, and again by Mr Salter, as those of Rhizodus granulatus. Both of these specific names occur under Holoptychius in Agassiz's general list of Ganoids published in 1843, but as they were unaccompanied either by figures or descriptions, it is really immaterial which of them, if indeed either, was applied by him to the fish in question. The authority for the term “sauroides” as applied to the common species of Rhizodopsis, the only species of the genus which is as yet known with certainty, must therefore remain with Professor Williamson. Holoptychius sauroides of Binney and of Messrs Kirkby and Atthey is quite another fish, now also distinguished generically as Strepsodus, and for it the specific name “sauroides” is therefore equally valid.
IX.—On the Geology of the Færöe Islands
Authors: Geikie James
Published: January 2013

In this paper I give an account of observations made during a visit in 1879 to the Færöe Islands in company with my friend Mr Amund Helland of Christiania. The principal object of our journey was to examine the glacial phenomena of the islands, but we studied so far as we could the various rockmasses of which the group is composed, and constructed a geological sketchmap to show the line of outcrop of coal, the disposition of the strata, the direction of dykes, and the trend of the glaciation. I have only to add, that all the observations recorded in the following pages were made in concert with my friend, and I am glad to say that we were quite at one in our general conclusions.
VIII. Account of a Remarkable Agitation of the Waters of Loch Tay
Authors: Fleming Thomas
Published: January 2013

I Did not return from the excursion on which I was when I had the pleasure to see you at Dundee till last Tuesday night. On my arrival, I found your letter respecting the phænomenon that lately happened in this neighbourhood. Although ill qualified to give you satisfaction upon this subject, I shall, however, comply with your desire, and give you the most accurate account of that phænomenon which I have been able to obtain.
III. An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland, considered as the Subject of Poetry. Written by the late Mr William Collins : And communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Authors: Carlyle Alexander
Published: January 2013

At a meeting of the Literary Class of the Royal Society, held on Monday 19th April 1784, the Reverend Dr Carlyle read an ode, written by the late Mr William Collins, and addressed to John Home, Esq; (author of Douglas, &c.) on his return to Scotland in 1749. The committee appointed to superintend the publication of the Society's Transactions, having judged this ode to be extremely deserving of a place in that collection, requested Mr Alex. Fraser Tytler, one of their number, to procure from Dr Carlyle every degree of information which he could give concerning it. This information, which forms a proper introduction to the poem itself, is contained in the two following letters.
VII. On the Theory of Waves. Part II
Authors: Kelland P.
Published: January 2013

The problems on which we were engaged in the preceding Memoir were the following:—1°, The complete determination of the velocity of transmission of a wave in a fluid of any depth, provided the depth is uniform throughout; 2°, an application of the hypothesis of parallel sections to the problem in its more complicated form, in which the depth is variable in the direction of the breadth of the canal; 3°, The investigation of the motion of a solitary wave. We propose in the following pages to continue the same subjects, and to add the more difficult problem of initial motion.
II. Notice concerning an Autograph Manuscript by Sir Isaac Newton, containing some Notes upon the Third Book of the Principia, and found among the Papers of Dr David Gregory, formerly Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford
Authors: Gregory James Craufurd
Published: January 2013

An opinion has been entertained by some of the modern French philosophers, and, among others, by the late celebrated Marquis de La Place, that it was only when far advanced in years that Sir Isaac Newton turned his attention to the study of Theology; and it has been lately assumed by M. Biot, in an account of Newton and his discoveries, contained in the “Biographie Universelle,” as a fact which can scarcely be doubted, that, at one period of his life, he was actually in a state of mental derangement.