bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anion gap as a prognostic indicator in horses with abdominal pain
Authors: Bristol D.G.
Published: February 2025

The anion gap was calculated for each of 90 horses with signs of abdominal pain, using laboratory data obtained shortly after admission. The anion gap was defined as the difference between the sodium concentration (mEq/L) and the sum of the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations. To evaluate the use of the anion gap as a prognostic indicator, the survival rates were calculated for horses whose anion gap concentrations were within various ranges. It was found that the probability of survival decreased as the anion gap progressively increased above 20 mEq/L. The survival rates for increasing ranges of anion gap were as follows: < 20 mEq/L, 81% survival; 20 to 24.9 mEq/L, 47%; ≥ 25 mEq/L, 0%. Though not of diagnostic significance as to the source of abdominal pain, the anion gap is a suitable prognostic indicator.
Flexible carbon fiber for repair of gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor tendons in a heifer and gastrocnemius tendon in a foal
Authors: Valdez H. , Coy C. H. , Swanson T.
Published: February 2025

Severed gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor tendons in a 15-month-old Guernsey heifer and an avulsed gastrocnemius tendon in a 3-month-old Pinto filly were surgically repaired, using carbon fiber. The heifer was able to stand and to walk normally after approximately 12 weeks. The filly was slightly lame when last seen, at 18 months.
Diseases of pigeons and doves in Texas: Clinical findings and recommendations for control
Authors: Panigrahy B. , Grimes J. E. , Glass S. E. , Naqi S. A. , Hall C. F.
Published: February 2025

A total of 153 pigeons (Columba livia) from 65 flocks were received for necropsy between September 1974 and August 1981. The diseases diagnosed in pigeons/flocks were tetrameriasis (40/20), trichomoniasis (19/12), salmonellosis (21/9), ascariasis (23/10), pox (7/3), capillariasis (3/2), coccidiosis (2/1), sarcosporidiosis (1/1), pasteurellosis (1/1), and rickets/osteomalacia (4/1).

Of 695 pigeon serum samples collected in the upper coastal area of Texas, 206 (29.6%) were positive for chlamydial antibodies.

A total of 32 doves (Streptopelia sp, Scardafella inca, and Zenaida macroura) were received during the same period. The diseases diagnosed were trichomoniasis (4) and salmonellosis (28).
Periosteal transection for correction of angular limb deformities in foals
Authors: Auer Joerg A. , Martens Ronald J. , Williams E. H.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen foals with angular limb deformities of the distal end of the radius (valgus: 26 limbs), distal end of the tibia (valgus: 6 limbs), and distal end of the 3rd metacarpal bone/metatarsal bone (varus: 4 limbs) were treated surgically by means of hemicircumferential division of the periosteum proximal to the involved growth plate, at the concave side of the bone. There was some correction in all cases. The best results were seen in the radius, where 22 of 25 limbs were corrected to a deviation of 4 degrees or less. Satisfactory correction was obtained in the 6 tibias, the 2 third metacarpal bones, and the 2 metatarsal bones.
Sarcocystosis in an aborted bovine fetus
Authors: Hong C. B. , Giles R. C. , Newman L. E. , Fayer R.
Published: February 2025

Sarcocystosis was diagnosed in an aborted bovine fetus. Immature and mature schizonts of Sarcocystis were disseminated in the vascular endothelium of all organs, but especially the brain. Microscopic granulomas, focal gliosis, and petechial hemorrhages in the neuropil were scattered in the brain. Multifocal collections of mononuclear cells were observed in the kidney, liver, and heart. Organisms in sections of frozen tissues were demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques to be Sarcocystis.
Streptococcus suis type II-associated diseases in swine: observations of a one-year study
Authors: Sanford S. Ernest , Tilker Anne M. E.
Published: February 2025

Streptococcus suis type II was isolated from 170 pigs submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Ontario, Canada, over a 1-year period. The most common disease condition with which the organism was identified was suppurative bronchopneumonia, usually secondary to enzootic pneumonia of pigs. The organism was also isolated in cases of pleuropneumonia, valvular endocarditis, arthritis, and vaginitis as well as from aborted fetuses.

A condition characterized by neonatal disease and rapid death, usually within the first 24 hours of life, was identified in 23 pigs from 5 farms. Meningitis was identified in 15 weaned pigs from 8 farms.

All S suis type II isolates tested for antimicrobial sensitivity were sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. Most isolates were also sensitive to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline.

Accessions from which the organism was isolated were concentrated in the colder months of the year, with few or no isolates recorded in the summer months.
Osteochondrosis, degenerative joint disease, and vertebral osteophytosis in middle-aged bulls
Authors: Weisbrode Steven E. , Monke Donald R. , Dodaro Stephen T. , Hull Bruce L.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-five middle-aged (65 ±18 months) dairy bulls sent to slaughter for nonmedical reasons were evaluated for joint disease in the stifle and the lumbar vertebrae. Fourteen bulls had degenerative joint disease and 3 had osteochondrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) of the distal end of the femur. These lesions predominantly involved the lateral trochlear ridge. Twenty-one bulls had vertebral osteophytosis. Degenerative joint disease and vertebral osteophytosis were common in these middle-aged bulls and, even when severe, were rarely associated with lameness.
Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the hip in six mature dogs
Authors: Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the hip was diagnosed in 6 mature dogs (7 hips). The most common clinical signs were lameness, anorexia, and lethargy. Periacetabular new-bone formation with concurrent destruction of the articular contours of the hip was the most consistent radiographic finding. Thorough debridement of the joint, including femoral head and neck excision, followed by systemic antibiotic therapy was effective in controlling infection and maintaining acceptable limb function in dogs that were surgically managed.
Blood groups in animals
Authors: Stormont Clyde J.
Published: February 2025

The membrane of rbc is literally peppered with a great variety of antigenic determinants (blood factors). Some are fixed genetically, ie, they occur on the rbc of all members of the species under study. Others segregate genetically, ie, they occur on the rbc of some but not all members of the species under study. It is these segregating determinants that form the blood groups proper, the classic example being blood factors A and B of the ABO system of human blood groups. The number of blood group determinants varies considerably between species (eg, >80 in domestic cattle to only 1 in the new world Camelidae). Genetic analysis has shown that the blood factors belong to one or another of a limited number of blood group systems. Some of these systems, similar to the B system of cattle, are enormously complex, whereas others involve but a single blood factor. The object of the present paper is to report on the extent of genetic variation in blood groups and how information on blood groups is being used clinically.
Assays of cellular immunity
Authors: Schultz Ronald D.
Published: February 2025

Numerous cellular assays are available to study the response or activities of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in domestic species. When the assays, most developed originally to study rodent or human cells, are adapted to the cells of domestic species, minor or major modifications have been necessary. Furthermore, interpretation of results of the assays with cells from domestic species are not always consistent with those obtained in the original system, and it should not be expected that the assays will always provide results that can be interpreted similarly among species. Application and additional experience with these techniques, as well as new techniques, will provide a foundation for our understanding of the importance of cellular mechanisms in immunity of domestic species.
Parasitisms among wild swine in southeastern United States
Authors: Smith H. Μ. , Davidson W. R. , Nettles V. F. , Gerrish R. R.
Published: February 2025

Examination of 187 wild swine from 20 locations in 11 southeastern states revealed at least 25 species of endoparasites and 7 species of ectoparasites. Three parasites of public health importance (Sarcoptes scabiei, Spirometra sp, and Toxoplasma gondii) were disclosed by this study. The absence of Trichinella spiralis indicates that wild swine in the Southeast are not a reservoir for Tr spiralis.
Papilloma-like virus infection in Bolivian side-neck turtles
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Gaskin Jack Μ. , Clvbb Susan , Calderwood Maron B.
Published: February 2025

Five Bolivian side-neck turtles had multifocal small, round to confluent, white skin lesions distributed over the head. Several gram-negative microorganisms were isolated from the lesions. Light microscopy revealed hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia of the epidermis. Ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated crystalline aggregates of virus particles within nuclei of cells in the stratum granulosum and free within the stratum corneum. On the basis of size, location, arrangement, and tissue affected, the particles resembled papillomaviruses.
Complications during treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus in thoroughbred horses
Authors: Bowman K. F. , Leitch Midge , Nunamaker D. M. , Fackelman G. E. , Tate L. P. , Park M. I. , Boles C. L. , Raker C. W.
Published: February 2025

A total of 19 Thoroughbred horses were treated for traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus, using either external support of the injured limb, removal of fractured proximal sesamoid bone fragments, metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis, compression screw fixation of the fractured proximal sesamoid bones, application of a cast-brace attached to a transfixation pin inserted through the third metacarpal bone, or combinations thereof.

Major complications during the treatment of traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus were infection (9 of 19 horses, 47%), large cast sores (10 of 14 treated horses, 71%), laminitis (7 of 19 horses, 37%), and orthopedic implant failure or loosening (4 of 6 treated horses, 67%), which led to euthanasia in 16 of 18 cases with complete follow-up information. Increased pain and lameness signaled the development of such complications.

In 7 of 9 cases with infection confirmed by microbiologic culture, the horse had received surgical treatment; in 6 of those 7 cases, the infection involved the surgical site. Postoperative wound infection developed in 4 of 7 cases when the surgery was performed within 18 days of injury. In 3 cases, septic metacarpophalangeal arthritis developed, but it was unrelated to surgical procedures. Implant failure or loosening and infection led to euthanasia in 5 of 6 horses treated by internal fixation to stabilize the metacarpophalangeal joint. Three of 6 attempts to perform metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis by application of a bone plate to the dorsal aspect of the joint resulted in implant failure after 45 to 101 days. Major complications did not develop in 2 horses that were treated successfully.
Aflatoxicosis in feeder cattle
Authors: Colvin Bill M. , Harrison Lenn R. , Gosser Harvey S. , Hall Richard F.
Published: February 2025

Aflatoxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of deaths in a group of crossbred feeder steers. Corn used in the ration being fed the steers was found to be contaminated with 1,500 ng of aflatoxin/g. Residues of the mycotoxin were detected in kidney tissue, and microscopic examination of liver sections revealed lesions typical of aflatoxicosis.
Scrotal circumference adjustment for differences due to age of beef bulls
Authors: Vogt D. W. , Massey John W. , Ellersieck M. R. , Bierschwal Clarence
Published: February 2025

Scrotal circumference measurements on 870 Angus, 759 Polled Hereford, and 309 Simmental bulls ranging in age from 484 to 704 days were analyzed to develop an appropriate method of adjustment of scrotal circumference for differences associated with age of the bull. Data were separated by breed, year, and season and then each subset of data was subjected to statistical analysis. Adjustment factors to remove differences due to age were developed for bulls of the three breeds studied.
Ultrasonographic detection of fistulous tracts and foreign objects in muscles of horses
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Rumph Paul F.
Published: February 2025

The results from water-bath studies on equine muscle in which foreign material had been inserted and then scanned ultrasonographically were compared with the results from scanning of the muscles of horses hospitalized for diagnosis of suspected foreign objects embedded in muscle.

The water-bath studies showed that bone, wood, and large tendons all will demonstrate acoustic shadowing, but that subtle differences in the characteristics of the relative hyperechogenicity and acoustic shadows facilitate elimination of certain considerations in the differential diagnosis. Ultrasonography was effective in locating fistulous tracts and bone sequestra. A protocol for diagnosis of suspected foreign objects imbedded in muscle was proposed.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hyperthyroidism in the cat
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Peterson Mark E. , Fox Philip R.
Published: February 2025

In a 2½-year period, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found at necropsy of 23 cats that died (13 cats) or were euthanatized (10) because of problems associated with hyperthyroidism. Of these, 4 (17%) also had evidence of cardiac failure (pulmonary edema or pleural effusion). The mean body weight of the cats with hyperthyroidism and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was significantly less (P<0.001) than that of clinically normal cats and cats with primary cardiomyopathy (congestive or restrictive) or excessive moderator band cardiomyopathy. In addition, the ratio of heart weight to body weight was significantly greater (P<0.001) in the 23 hyperthyroid cats than in the normal cats and cats with primary cardiomyopathy. Twenty (87%) of the cats had symmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum and left ventricular free wall, whereas the remaining 3 cats had disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum, compared with the free wall, similar to what is found in cats with asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Histologic cardiac abnormalities included large, hyperchromatic nuclei, interstitial fibrosis, endocardial fibroplasia, fibrosis of the atrioventricular node, and marked disorganization of cardiac muscle cells.

The study showed that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy develops in most hyperthyroid cats, some of which also develop congestive heart failure. Although the signs of heart disease in primary myocardial disease and thyrotoxic disease are similar, the characteristic signalment and clinical signs of hyperthyroidism should lead one to suspect the association of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the hyperthyroidism.
Puncture of shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints in goats and sheep
Authors: Sack W. O. , Cottrell W.
Published: February 2025

The forelimb joints and bones of 16 normal goats and sheep were studied to determine optimal injection techniques for the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints. Based on the findings, trial injections of marker substances were made in 8 anesthetized animals. The joints were then dissected and rates of success were determined, and they were 88% of shoulder, 87% of elbow, 94% of radiocarpal, and 81% of midcarpal and carpometacarpal joints.
Ulnar fracture and dislocation of the proximal radial epiphysis (Monteggia lesion) in the dog and cat: A review of 28 cases
Authors: Schwarz Peter D. , Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Ulnar fracture with dislocation of the proximal epiphysis of the radius (Monteggia lesion) was diagnosed in 16 dogs and 12 cats. The lesions were classified into 4 types on the basis of direction of the dislocation of the radial head and angulation of the ulnar fracture. Cranial dislocation of the radial head, with cranial angulation of the ulnar fracture (type 1 lesion) was the most common. Radial head chip fractures were frequently associated with the lesions. In 25 cases, open reduction and internal fixation were required. The most common postoperative complications were restricted range of motion in the elbow, osteoarthritis, and recurrent dislocation of the radial head. Follow-up evaluations in 16 cases revealed good to excellent results in 10 animals and fair to poor results in 6 animals.
Plasma gastrin immunoreactivity in dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Leib Michael S. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Twedt David C. , Bottoms Gerald D.
Published: February 2025

Plasma gastrin immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay in 45 dogs with acute gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv). Significant increases (P < 0.05) were found in dogs with acute gdv and in the fasted state after surgical treatment and recovery. The data suggested that dogs that have had gdv may have preexisting high plasma gastrin immunoreactivity.

In dogs with acute gdv, plasma gastrin immunoreactivity was not found to be helpful in formulating prognosis. Circumcostal gastropexy did not affect plasma gastrin immunoreactivity.
Staphylococcal bacterin for treatment of chronic staphylococcal blepharitis in the dog
Authors: Chambers E. D. , Severin G. A.
Published: February 2025

A homologous Staphylococcus aureus bacterin was used successfully in the treatment of chronic staphylococcal blepharitis after antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy had not prevented disease recurrence. Of 44 dogs with staphylococcal blepharitis, 31 responded to the antibiotic/corticosteroid treatment, whereas 13 also required injections of bacterin to promote regression of clinical signs. Weekly bacterin injections controlled clinical signs without adverse side effects.
Acute diarrhea in horses of the Potomac River area: Examination for clostridial toxins
Authors: Ehrich Marion , Perry Brian D. , Troutt H. Fred , Dellers Robert W. , Magnusson Roger A.
Published: February 2025

Fecal specimens from horses in Montgomery County, Md, and in Fairfax and Loudoun counties, Va, were examined for Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin and for C difficile cytotoxin (92 and 108 specimens, respectively). The toxins were found in feces from horses that had experienced an acute diarrhea syndrome and from clinically normal horses. The toxins did not appear to be primary determinants of the diarrhea syndrome, although they may have contributed to the spectrum of clinical entities observed.
Personal computer word processing for veterinary article writing: Selecting a suitable word processing program
Authors: Stogdale Lea
Published: February 2025

Word processing makes the writing and altering of scientific articles faster, easier, and more accurate. Personal computers that are ideally suited to this use are now available. The major problem affecting the veterinarian who wishes to purchase a personal computer word processing system, is that of spending the time to acquire sufficient information in order to choose the computer and the programs that will be appropriate to his or her requirements. These will include the specialized word processing demands of scientific article writing and many other applications, as applicable. Despite this obstacle, the acquisition of a personal computer and a suitable word processing program, soon results in time saving. The use of the computer for many other tasks logically follows. An additional benefit is the understanding of computers, their abilities and their limitations—a decided benefit in the 1980s.
Cynoglossum officinate (H\hound's-Tongue)—A cause of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in horses
Authors: Knight Anthony P. , Kimberling Cleon V. , Stermitz Frank R. , Roby Mark R.
Published: February 2025

The death of 10 horses was attributed to feeding dried grass hay containing hound's-tongue, Cynoglossum officinale. Affected horses developed weight loss, icterus, photosensitization, and hepatic encephalopathy. Histologic examination of the liver of 3 of the horses revealed megalocytosis, biliary hyperplasia, and fibrosis characteristic of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning. Hound's-tongue was found to contain large quantities (0.6% to 2.1%, dry matter basis) of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which, when fed to a pony for 20 days, caused liver fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia.
Papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas of horses
Authors: Junge Randall E. , Sundberg John P. , Lancaster Wayne D.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study encompassing 13 years of diagnostic work, papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas from horses were screened for papillomavirus antigens, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.

Papillomas were most commonly found on the penis and vulva, followed by cutaneous, ocular, and oral locations. Squamous cell carcinomas were most frequently located on the third eyelid and cornea, followed by genital, oral, maxillary sinus, and cutaneous sites.

Papillomavirus structural antigens were detected in 7 cutaneous and 5 genital papillomas, but not in squamous cell carcinomas.
Canine idiopathic thrombocytopenia: Clinical observations and long-term follow-up in 54 cases
Authors: Williams David A. , Maggio-Price Lillian
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (itp) was diagnosed in 54 dogs. Bleeding was associated with platelet counts ≤30,000/mm3, and occurred most frequently at mucosal surfaces and in the skin. Other hematologic changes were variable, the most common being regenerative anemia with leukocytosis. Bone marrow examination revealed variable megakaryocyte numbers, but hyperplasia was most commonly observed. Results of the platelet factor 3 test were positive in only 7 of 25 dogs so tested. Treatment included various combinations of corticosteroid, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and splenectomy. The dogs could be classified into 4 groups on the basis of the course of disease: (1) 14 dogs that died or were euthanatized during the first episode of thrombocytopenia, (2) 17 dogs that recovered after a single episode of thrombocytopenia (acute itp), (3) 8 dogs in which thrombocytopenia recurred over a period of up to 8 months before recovering (acute, recurrent itp), and (4) 15 dogs that experienced repeated episodes of itp for periods of up to 8 years (chronic itp).
Cost comparison of anesthetic regimens in the dog and cat
Authors: Bednarski R. M. , Bednarski L. S. , Muir W. W.
Published: February 2025

Comparative costs of anesthetic regimens for the dog and cat were calculated. Various combinations of currently popular sedatives, tranquilizers, and antimuscarinics (preanesthetic drugs), and anesthetic induction and maintenance drugs were studied. The preanesthetic drug affected overall anesthetic cost through its own cost, its effect on the amount of anesthetic drug necessary for intubation, and its effect on the amount of anesthetic necessary to maintain anesthesia. The combination of acetylpromazine-thiamylal-halothane was the least expensive regimen for both the dog and cat, whereas drug combinations that included isoflurane as the maintenance drug were the most expensive. In the cat, induction of anesthesia by use of N2O, O2, and halothane in a plexiglas chamber was more expensive than by the use of thiamylal.
Xylazine-induced prolongation of gastrointestinal transit in dogs: Reversal by yohimbine and potentiation by doxapram
Authors: McNeel Sandra V. , Hsu Walter H.
Published: February 2025

The effects of yohimbine and doxapram on xylazine-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit of barium sulfate were studied in 5 dogs. Base-line transit time was determined while the dogs were nonsedated and undisturbed; the time for barium sulfate to move from the stomach to the duodenojejunal junction was 5.6 ± 4.0 minutes (mean ± sd). An iv injection of xylazine (1 mg/kg) prolonged the transit time to 95.0 ± 14.6 minutes. During the xylazine-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit, there were no vigorous gastric or intestinal peristaltic contractions for at least 60 minutes. Yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenergic blocking agent, given iv at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg, reversed the gastrointestinal and sedative effects of xylazine. Doxapram hydrochloride, an analeptic, given iv at a dosage of 5.5 mg/kg, prolonged the transit time to 43.0 ± 22.8 minutes. When doxapram was given in combination with xylazine, it potentiated the gastrointestinal effect of xylazine, and further prolonged the transit time to 148.0 ± 32.7 minutes. It was concluded that yohimbine is effective as an antidote to reverse the xylazine-induced prolongation of gastrointestinal transit, whereas doxapram has no value in this respect.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of uroliths in dogs: Definitive determination of chemical type
Authors: Bovee Kenneth C. , McGuire Tobi
Published: February 2025

Effective treatment and prevention of urolithiasis depends on accurate determination of the chemical nature of the uroliths. A widely used qualitative chemical procedure was compared with quantitative crystallographic analysis of 272 canine uroliths. Agreement between the 2 methods was 78%. Qualitative analysis failed to detect 62% of calcium-containing uroliths and 83% of carbonate apatite uroliths. Qualitative analysis gave false-positive results for urates in 55% of cystine uroliths. Mixed uroliths comprising 6% of the total could not be classified without quantitative analysis. Silicate, cystine, and urate uroliths generally were of pure composition.

Crystallographic analysis indicated the following distribution of major types: struvite, 69%; calcium oxalate, 10%; urate, 7%; silicate, 3.5%; cystine, 3.2%; calcium phosphate, 1%; and mixed, 6%. Among dogs with struvite uroliths, 66% had positive results of bacterial culturing from the urinary bladder. Six breeds (Miniature Schnauzer, Welsh Corgi, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Pekingese, and Pug) had a significantly higher risk for urolithiasis, compared with other breeds. The German Shepherd Dog had a significantly lowered risk, compared with other breeds. Two breeds had significant relationship to a specific type of urolith: Miniature Schnauzer for oxalate, and Dalmatian for urate (P < 0.001).

It was concluded that quantitative analysis, using crystallography, was superior for the detection of calcium oxalate, carbonate apatite, cystine, urate, and mixed uroliths.
Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion in eight dogs
Authors: Berg R. John , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hoopes P. Jack
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion was diagnosed in 8 dogs. The patients were typically males of large or giant breeds and a wide age range was represented. In all dogs clinical features of acute or chronic cardiac tamponade and right-sided heart failure were present. The pericardial effusion in each case was identified by thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Cytologic examination of the fluid did not allow differentiation from hemorrhagic effusions caused by neoplasia. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative in 5 dogs. In 6 cases, a presumptive diagnosis was based on the absence of cardiac masses on 2-dimensional echocardiography, contrast pericardiography, or both. The condition was managed successfully by partial pericardiectomy in 5 cases. The definitive diagnosis in each case was established by gross cardiac examination at surgery or necropsy and by histologic examination of tissues. Blood vessels and lymphatics of the parietal and visceral pericardia appeared to be the primary targets of the disease process.
Seroprevalence of canine parvovirus in wild coyotes from Texas, Utah, and Idaho (1972 to 1983)
Authors: Thomas Nancy J. , Foreyt William J. , Evermann James F. , Windberg Lamar A. , Knowlton Frederick F.
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of serum antibodies against canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), as measured by a standard hemagglutination-inhibition test, was determined in serum samples collected from 1,184 coyotes (Canis latrans) in Texas, Utah, and Idaho from 1972 to 1983. No evidence of parvoviral infection was found before 1979, after which seroprevalence rapidly increased to >70% at all sites by 1982. There were minor differences in prevalence between age groups and among sites, but no consistent differences between sexes. The onset of CPV-2 seroprevalence in free-ranging coyotes coincided remarkably with the recognition of the clinical disease and seroprevalence in domestic dogs in the United States.
Surgical implantation of radiotelemetry devices in American river otters
Authors: Hoover John P.
Published: February 2025

The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation elected to investigate the feasibility of reintroducing American river otters (Lutra canadensis) into Oklahoma waterways. Intra-abdominal radiotelemetry devices were selected to monitor otter movements following release. For implantation of those devices, the anesthetic regimen included a mixture of ketamine HCl, xylazine, and acepromazine maleate given intramuscularly followed by delivery of iso-flurane through precision vaporizers. A ventral midline approach and adherent surgical barrier drapes facilitated aseptic placement of the devices, with minimal tissue damage and loss of insulating pelage. Absorbable monofilament suture (polydioxanone) was used in a buried 3-layer closure of surgical incisions. The incisions healed rapidly and without complications.
Candidiasis in captive pinnipeds
Authors: Dunn J. Lawrence , Buck John D. , Spotte Stephen
Published: February 2025

Diagnosis, treatment, and possible pathogenesis of candidiasis were studied in 5 species of pinnipeds in captivity: gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), California sea lion (Zalophus califor-nianus), and northern elephant seal (Mirounga an-gustirostris). The animals were kept outdoors in a freshwater exhibit. Candidiasis was characterized by purulent nasal discharge, inflammation of the lips at the mucocutaneous junction, periocular alopecia, vaginitis, and dermatitis. Administration of ketoconazole at dosages of 5 mg/kg bid and 10 mg/kg sid controlled the disease. Wild gulls were suspected as vectors of Candida albicans.
Disseminated visceral coccidiosis in sandhill cranes
Authors: Carpenter J. W. , Novilla M. N. , Fayer R. , Iverson G. C.
Published: February 2025

Disseminated visceral coccidiosis (dvc) caused by Eimeria spp was first recognized as a disease entity in captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes (G americana) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Because cranes produced at the Center are reintroduced to the wild to augment wild populations, studies involving both experimentally induced and natural infections were initiated to determine the potential or actual occurrence of dvc in wild Gruidae. Nine sandhill cranes dosed orally with eimerian oocysts of wild origin developed lesions characteristic of dvc.

Extraintestinal granulomas associated with developing schizonts were found in 6 birds. Similar lesions were observed in wild sandhill cranes throughout parts of midwestern United States, Alaska, and Saskatchewan. These studies revealed the wide geographic distribution and the high frequency of occurrence of dvc in wild cranes.
Yersinia enterocolitica infection in breeding colonies of ruffed lemurs
Authors: Bresnahan James F. , Whitworth Ulysses G. , Hayes Yumiko , Summers Ellen , Pollock Jon
Published: February 2025

Two outbreaks of yersiniosis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica occurred in breeding colonies of red ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) housed in outdoor enclosures during the winter breeding season and spring birth season, respectively. Seven of 11 animals at risk in the combined outbreaks became ill, and 3 died of acute to chronic infection. Clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hyperpyrexia. Necropsy findings included ulcerative enterocolitis and multifocal necrosis and abscess formation in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs. Histologically, lesions were characterized by necrotizing inflammation containing masses of basophilic bacteria. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:2 was isolated from lesions. Neomycin sulfate given orally and chloramphenicol given intramuscularly were effective in treatment early in the course of the disease or in mild cases. In severe cases, lemurs did not respond to antibiotic and fluid therapy. Exposure to soil contaminated with infected rodent feces, stress, and behavioral factors in the ruffed lemur species are believed to have precipitated the infection.
Pregnancy toxemia (eclampsia) in Syrian golden hamsters
Authors: Richter Alexander G. , Lausen Niels C. , Lage Arthur L.
Published: February 2025

Late-term pregnant Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) died within 24 hours of arrival in our facility. Disseminated thrombi were found in many organs, particularly in the kidneys, liver, intestines, and placenta. Pathogenic bacteria were not identified in bacterial cultures of the liver.
Adenoviral infection in infant tree shrews
Authors: Schoeb Trenton R. , DaRif Craig A.
Published: February 2025

An epizootic of fatal illness among infant common tree shrews (Tupaia glis) occurred in a research colony. Affected tree shrews were dehydrated, and ingested milk substitute remained in their stomachs for several hours without being digested. Twelve of 15 tree shrews born during a 3-month period died. The 4 tree shrews we were able to examine had intranuclear inclusions in the epithelium of the stomach and intestines, with mild to moderate multifocal necrosis. One tree shrew also had nasal epithelial inclusions and multiple foci of hepatocellular and biliary necrosis, with inclusions. The causative virus was identified as an adenovirus.
Listeriosis in seven bushy-tailed jirds
Authors: Tappe James P. , Chandler Francis W. , Westrom Wendy K. , Liu Si-kwang , Dolensek Emil P.
Published: February 2025

Listeriosis was diagnosed in 7 bushy-tailed jirds (Sekeetamys calurus). Death in all cases was acute, and there were no clinical signs. Necropsy revealed necrotizing lesions in the liver, intestines, spleen, and hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes. On histologic examination large numbers of gram-positive coccobacilli were seen in the lesions. Pneumonitis was seen in 6 jirds, and small numbers of bacteria were seen in the lungs in all cases except one. Diagnosis was based on bacterial culture of the liver in 2 jirds and on immunofluorescence of bacteria when tissue specimens from 2 other jirds were stained with fluorescein-labelled antiglobulins specific for Listeria monocytogenes.
Idiopathic skeletal muscle necrosis in bluegills
Authors: Zimmer Mark A.
Published: February 2025

Skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis in a wild population of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were investigated. Hemorrhage and large areas of muscle necrosis were evident at necropsy. Histologically, muscle fibers were granular, vacuolated, and fragmented. Ultrastructural alterations included mitochondrial swelling, clumping and loss of actin and myosin fibrils, swelling of T tubules, and loss of continuity of the sarcolemma. An etiologic agent was not identified.
Uterine prolapse and hypocalcemia in dairy cows
Authors: Risco Carlos A. , Reynolds James P. , Hird David
Published: February 2025

Blood samples were collected from 53 dairy cows with uterine prolapse and from 53 cows with normal parturition (no uterine prolapse) matched by dairy as controls for various management programs among dairies. Cows with uterine prolapse had significantly lower total serum calcium content than did controls (P<0.01). Mean (±sem) serum calcium content (mg/dl) for affected cows and controls were 6.08 ( ± 0.25) and 6.96 ( ± 0.20), respectively. Severe hypocalcemia (<4 mg/dl) was found in 10 (19%) of the affected cows, compared with 1 (1.8%) of the controls. Fifteen (28%) of the affected cows had moderate hypocalcemia (4.1 to 6.0 mg/dl), compared with 14 (26%) of the controls; 19 (36%) of the affected cows were mildly hypocalcémie (6.1 to 7.9 mg/dl), compared with 25 (47%) of the controls. Nine (17%) of the affected cows and 13 (25%) of the controls were within the normal range of calcium content (>8 mg/dl). Nine of the affected cows were first-calf cows. The serum of these animals did not have significantly lower calcium concentrations, compared with controls matched by parity. Serum calcium values (mg/dl) for 9 first-calf cows and the 9 matched controls were 7.24 (±0.42) and 7.00 (±0.39), respectively. It was concluded that hypocalcemia was associated with uterine prolapse in multiparous dairy cows and, along with other factors, is involved as an etiologic factor for this puerperal condition.
Pathogenicity of a modified-live pseudorabies vaccine virus in lambs
Authors: Clark L. Kirk , Molitor Thomas W. , Gunther Roland , Joo Han Soo
Published: February 2025

Subcutaneous injections of modified-live pseudo-rabies virus (prv) vaccine into lambs caused clinical signs and death within 1 week after injection in 4 of 5 inoculated lambs. The clinical signs included depression, high fever, muscle fasciculations and convulsions, occasionally followed by death within 48 hours of the initial clinical signs. Histologic examinations and virus isolation procedures demonstrated prv in the cns of infected lambs. Sera from sick lambs remained negative for prv antibodies. Two subsequent serial passages of the vaccine virus in lambs resulted in similar clinical signs and death in 6 of 10 inoculated lambs. Again, prv was isolated from tissues of sick lambs, and the histopathologic findings were characteristic of the disease. Affected lambs remained seronegative to prv, as did lambs that remained clinically normal after inoculation. There was no evidence of prv transmission to uninoculated lambs and pigs housed with the infected lambs.
Amyloidosis in six dairy cows
Authors: Johnson Reginald , Jamison Keith
Published: February 2025

Amyloidosis was diagnosed in 6 Holstein cows that were examined because of chronic intractable diarrhea. Besides diarrhea, the chief finding was a nephrotic-like syndrome, in that there was edema, hypoproteinemia, and proteinuria. Other consistent clinicopathologic abnormalities were hyperfibrinogenemia, low-normal serum calcium content or hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, prolonged bromo-sulphalein half time, high serum urea nitrogen concentration, high serum creatinine concentration, and low urine specific gravity.

Foci of inflammation including traumatic reticuloperitonitis, traumatic pericarditis, salpingitis, mastitis, and metritis were found. There was histologic evidence of amyloid in the kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, and spleen. The iodine-sulfuric acid test for amyloid was positive in 2 cows. The Congo red dye test for amyloid was positive in 2 other cows. In spite of supportive care, all the cows either died naturally or were euthanatized. Because foci of inflammation were found in each cow, it was concluded that the most likely classification of amyloidosis in these cases would be reactive systemic amyloidosis and that the major amyloid fibril protein would be type AA.
Gentamicin-associated acute renal failure in the dog
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne A.
Published: February 2025

Gentamicin-associated acute renal failure was diagnosed in 10 dogs. The disease was characterized by a poor prognosis and lengthy hospitalization. Hypoalbuminemia, disorders of potassium homeostasis, proteinuria, hematuria, and cylindruria were common during therapy for renal failure. Fever and dehydration were the most commonly identified potential predisposing factors.
Efficacy and toxicity of estrogens commonly used to terminate canine pregnancy
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Olson P. N. , Behrendt M. D. , Wheeler S. L. , Husted P. W. , Nett T. M.
Published: February 2025

Three groups of bitches were treated with diethylstilbestrol (75 (μg/kg) orally for 7 days (n = 12), estradiol cypionate intramuscularly once (22 μg/kg; n = 12), or estradiol cypionate intramuscularly once (44 μg/kg; n = 12). Treatments commenced during late proestrus (n = 4/group), the fourth day of behavioral estrus (n = 4/group), or the second day of diestrus (n = 4/group). All bitches were bred on alternate days throughout estrus to stud dogs of known fertility. Ovariohysterectomies were performed on day 25 of diestrus to diagnose pregnancy and to assess any pathologic changes in the uterus. Eleven bitches treated with diethylstilbestrol, 6 bitches treated with the low dosage of estradiol cypionate, and 4 bitches receiving the high dosage of estradiol cypionate were pregnant at the time of surgery. Ten of the bitches treated with estrogens during proestrus, 6 treated during estrus, and 4 treated during diestrus were pregnant. The serum concentration of progesterone in 2 bitches treated with the high dosage of estradiol cypionate decreased to <2 ng/ml by day 25 of diestrus, suggesting premature luteal regression.

Diethylstilbestrol appeared to have little efficacy in terminating pregnancy. Estradiol cypionate appeared to have greater efficacy when administered during estrus or early diestrus; however, pyometra developed in 2 bitches treated with this estrogen during diestrus.
Borreliosis in dogs from southern Connecticut
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , Anderson John F. , Kaufmann Arnold F. , Lieberman Leo L. , Whitney George D.
Published: February 2025

Blood samples were obtained from dogs in tick-infested regions of southern Connecticut to assess canine exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease in human beings. An indirect fluorescent antibody test detected immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies at titers of 1:64 to 1:512 in 22 of 84 serum samples previously shown to be positive with a polyvalent rabbit anti-dog total Ig conjugate. Analyses of paired serum samples from 20 seropositive dogs revealed temporal differences in titers; changes occurred during brief (1 month) or extended (>4 years) sampling periods. Clinical records for 52 seropositive dogs indicated a history of intermittent lameness in 19 of these. Limb/joint disorders typically developed in dogs without IgM antibodies, suggesting manifestation during later phases of illness. A microscopic-agglutination test was used to assess cross reactivity between B burgdorferi and 20 serovars of Leptospira interrogans and biflexa. Analyses of 63 dog serum specimens with antibodies to B burgdorferi and a series of reference rabbit sera revealed minor antigenic relatedness. There was geographic clustering of dogs with antibodies to B burgdorferi in areas of south-central and southeastern Connecticut, where human Lyme disease also occurs.
Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs
Authors: Kornblatt Arnold N. , Urband Paul H. , Steere Allen C.
Published: February 2025

From October 1982 to May 1984, we studied 34 dogs from the Lyme, Conn area that had a history of tick exposure and lameness associated with pain, warmth, and/or swelling in one or more joints. Large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen in Giemsa-stained smears of synovial fluid from 9 dogs, and spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) were found in 1 sample by darkfield microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. The geometric mean antibody titer to B burgdorferi in the 34 dogs was 1:2,700, compared with 1:285 in 43 clinically normal dogs from the same area (P<0.0001) and 1:50 in 29 dogs from an area in New Jersey that is not endemic for human Lyme disease (P<0.00001). We concluded that B burgdorferi in dogs may cause arthritis similar to that in human Lyme disease.
Evaluation of the radial immunodiffusion enzyme assay for the detection of antibodies to pseudorabies virus
Authors: Thawley David G. , Joo Hans S. , Johnson Michael E. , Solorzano Robert F.
Published: February 2025

The validity of radial immunodiffusion enzyme assay (ridea) as a diagnostic test for antibodies to pseudorabies virus (prv) in porcine serum was determined. Serum samples from sows and offspring were tested for the presence of antibodies to prv, using both the ridea and the prv serum-neutralization (sn) test. Overall sensitivity and specificity of the ridea done on serums from the sows were 95.7% and 95.2%, respectively. This sensitivity compares with 97.3% sensitivity of the sn test of the same serums. In 658 swine serum samples from routine submissions to the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory that were tested by the ridea, the calculated sensitivity and the specificity were 94.3% and 98.9%.

The ridea and sn test were equally sensitive (99.0%) to detect antibodies resulting from infection with a field strain of virus. They had reduced sensitivity (ridea, 91.7%; sn test, 95.2%) in tests of serums from vaccinated sows. For the detection of passively transferred antibodies in young pigs, sensitivity of the ridea was 76.1%, and specificity was 100%. In all instances, ridea was 100% sensitive at sn titers of 1:16 or greater.

In testing serum samples of swine after field virus infection, sensitivity and specificity of the ridea approximated those of the sn test. This reliability, together with its ease of performance, makes the ridea an ideal field test in programs to detect prv-infected herds and in programs designed to free herds of prv infection.
Changes in prevalence and susceptibility of obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Indiveri Mary C. , Jang Spencer S. , Biberstein Ernst L.
Published: February 2025

Of 3,133 clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals, 26% contained species of bacteria that were obligate anaerobes. Members of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus accounted for 77% of the isolates. On the average, 2 species of obligate anaerobes were found in each specimen, usually admixed with facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Of those specimens containing an obligate anaerobe, 20% contained one isolate that was resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin. These resistant isolates belonged to the genus Bacteroides, the most common being Bacteroides fragilis. Approximately one third of these penicillin-resistant isolates was resistant to tetracycline as well. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline (excluding penicillin-resistant Bacteroides), metronidazole, and clindamycin.
Behavioral profiles of dog breeds
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Miller Michael F.
Published: February 2025

Breed behavior profiles were obtained by a method that was quantitative and free of personal biases. The profiles concerned 13 traits, eg, excitability, snapping at children, watchdog barking, and affection demand, which are of interest to people wanting dogs as pets. Authorities for the development of the profiles were 48 small animal veterinarians and 48 obedience judges, randomly selected from directories so as to represent equally men and women, and eastern, central, and western geographic regions of the United States. Each authority was asked to rank on each of the behavioral traits a list of 7 breeds chosen randomly from a list of 56 breeds. The data were analyzed in a custom-designed computer program that pooled the data and then ranked all 56 breeds on the basis of the 13 traits. The results indicated that some behavioral traits discriminate between breeds better than others. An examination of sample profiles indicated the feasibility of developing a statistically meaningful behavioral profile that integrates comparative rankings of several authorities balanced as to representation of geographic location, sex, and type of experience with dogs.