bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Organophosphoms-resistant Mt Alford, Gracemere and Silkwood Strains of the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: Schnitzerling HJ , Schuntner CA , Roulston WJ , Wilson JT
Published: July 2016

Dosage-mortality tests on larval ticks have indicated that the Mt Alford and Gracemere strains of B. micro pius differ from the Biarra and Ridgelands strains respectively, not only as previously reported by exhibiting markedly greater resistance to both chlorpyrifos and diazinon, but also by exhibiting moderately greater resistance in the Mt Alford strain to bromophos-ethyl and dioxathion and in the Gracemere strain to carbophenothion and coumaphos. Their responses to other chemicals were similar to those of the Biarra and Ridgelands strains respectively.
Amino Acid Composition of Semen and the Secretions of the Male Reproductive Tract
Authors: Brown-Woodman PDC , White IG
Published: July 2016

The free amino acid content of rete testis fluid, epididymal fluid, vesicular fluid and ejaculated seminal plasma was studied in the ram, bull and rat, and a comparison made with the blood plasma of the same species. The amino acid content of human seminal plasma and the various fractions of the boar ejaculate was also determined.
The Genetic Architecture of Resistance to Desiccation in Populations of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans
Authors: McKenzie A , Parsons PA
Published: July 2016

Populations of D. melanogaster and D. simulans from Melbourne, Vic., and Brisbane, Qld, were regularly sampled for resistance to desiccation. D. melanogaster was more resistant than D. simulans and females of each species were more resistant than males for both populations.
Influence of Carbohydrate Accessibility on Cellulase Production by Lenzites trabea and Polyporus versicolor
Authors: Hulme MA , Stranks DW
Published: July 2016

Cellulase and hemicellulase, both free and bound to cellulose, were produced in shake cultures of L. trabea and P. versicolor grown on ball-milled aspen (Populus tremuloides) or filter paper. Most of the enzyme was initially bound to cellulose plus mycelium and could not be readily dislodged, even by ultrasonic disintegration. Proportionally more enzyme could be obtained in the supernatant by reducing the cellulose concentration in the medium. No correlation was observed between the amount of growth and the amount of enzyme production. Rather, enzyme production was shown to be influenced by regulation of the growth rate through the use of cellulosic substrates of varying ease of accessibility and also when cultures were continuously supplied with glucose at a slow rate.
A Survey of Methionine Adenosyltransferase and Cystathionine "g-Lyase Activities in Ruminant Tissues
Authors: Radcliffe BC , Egan AR
Published: July 2016

The activities of two key enzymes, methionine adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6) and cystathionine y-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1), involved in the metabolism of methionine to cyst(e)ine have been studied in the liver, heart, kidney medulla, kidney cortex, pancreas, duodenal wall, spleen and skeletal muscle in the neonatallarnb, unweaned lamb, adult sheep, pre-ruminant calf, ruminant steer and adult goat, and for comparative purposes in the adult rat.
Some Quantitative Features of Drosophila Sternite Bristle Patterns
Authors: Claxton JH
Published: July 2016

The arrangement of bristles on the third sternite of D. melanogaster is characterized by a tendency towards even spacing between bristles. There are postero-anterior and latero-medial gradients of increasing density, of decreasing distance between nearest neighbours and of decreasing bristle length. A large bristle tends to be constantly positioned in each posterior-lateral 'corner' of the sternite.
Translation of Rabbit Haemoglobin mRNA in Oocytes of the Queensland Cane Toad, Bufo marinus
Authors: May BK , RGlenn A
Published: July 2016

Rabbit haemoglobin mRNA is translated in oocytes of the toad, B. marinus. The product was identified by Sephadex chromatography, tryptic peptide analysis and CM-cellulose chromatography using authentic rabbit haemoglobin as a marker. Oocytes of this species provide a suitable alternative to those of Xenopus laevis for the detection of mRNA.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins. V. Amino Acid Sequence of the a-Chain of Haemoglobin From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Authors: Whittaker RG , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Blood from the platypus contained three haemoglobins which were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The major component, Hb-I, was converted to globin and fractionated into the oc-and p-chains by chromatography on eM-cellulose in 8M urea-thiol buffers, and the complete amino acid sequence of the 141 residues of the oc-chain were determined. Peptides derived from the oc-chain by tryptic digestion were isolated by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. The amino acid sequences were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure or by further digestion with other enzymes.
The Fatty Acid Composition of the Ethanolamine and Choline Phosphoglycerides of Ovine and Porcine Testes
Authors: Neill AR
Published: July 2016

The fatty acid composition of the ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides was examined in the testes of Merino sheep aged 2� 5 years and lambs aged 2 weeks, and Large White crossbred pigs aged 3 years and young pigs aged 5 months. Only in the case of the choline phosphoglycerides was there a noticeable increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content with maturation, but the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides contained higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout. Sheep testes were characterized by the absence of 4,7,1O,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid, but contained high levels of 4,7,1O,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, particularly in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. This latter acid was also evident in the pig testes, but derivatives of linoleic acid, particularly arachidonic and 4,7,10,1 3, I 6-docosapentaenoic acids, were dominant.
Some Biochemical Features of White Muscle Disease in Lambs, and the Influence of Selenium
Authors: Godwin KO , Kuchel RE , N Fuss Christine
Published: July 2016

Typical white muscle disease has been induced in lambs that were normal at weaning but thereafter fed natural dystrophogenic fodder for 2-4 months. Protection from the disease was given by selenium when it was administered regularly as an oral drench, or incorporated into an intraruminal heavy pellet placed in the rumen at weaning.
Genetic Variation and Immunochemical Properties of L-Malate : NAD+ Oxidoreductase Isozymes in the Bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus.
Authors: Holmes RS , VandeBerg JL , Gordon G
Published: July 2016

A genetic polymorphism for the soluble isozyme (MDH-A2) of malate dehydrogenase (L-malate : NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.37) was found in a Townsville-Inkerman population of short-nosed bandicoots, 1. macrourus. The enzyme seems to be inherited in a normal autosomal codominant manner. The gene frequencies for the MDH-A and MDH-A' alleles were O' 82 and 0�18 respectively. The genotypic frequencies indicated that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. None of 22 pouch young from seven litters expressed a phenotype inconsistent with its mother's genotype, assuming autosomal co dominance. Other populations of I. macrourus and of the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) exhibited only the MDH-A allele. Homologous relationships of bandicoot MDH-A2 and MDH-B2 isozymes to those of other vertebrates were established by immunochemical studies.
Amino Acid Imbalance in the Liquid-fed Lamb
Authors: Rogers QR , Egan AR
Published: July 2016

Eleven Poll Dorset x Merino crossbred female lambs 4 weeks of age were trained to suck liquid diets from bottles. In three separate experiments liquid diets providing 14� 2 % (expt 1) 10� 6 % (expt 2) or 8�0 % (expt 3) of gross energy as protein and amino acids were fed. Responses in voluntary intake, growth rate and changes in plasma amino acid concentrations were studied when complete or incomplete mixtures of amino acids were added to the liquid diet. These mixtures supplied either: (1) all amino acids in quantities to bring the total of protein plus amino acids to provide more than 20% of dietary gross energy, the amino acids being provided in proportions estimated to meet adequately the lamb's requirements ('complete'); or (2) as the same total amount of amino acids but with the amino acid supplement devoid of threonine ('low-threonine', expts 1 and 2) or isoleucine ('low isoleucine', expt 3).
The Isolation of Aggregates of Spectrin From Bovine Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Ralston GB
Published: July 2016

Aggregated states of spectrin from bovine erythrocyte membranes can be detected in sedimentation velocity experiments. These aggregates have been isolated by means of gel filtration on columns of 4 % agarose. They appear to be stable over a wide range of pH and ionic strength, although they are dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulphate. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements yielded values of 960000 and 480000 for the molecular weights of the major aggregates, corresponding to a tetramer and dimer, respectively. The presence of different aggregated states in spectrin preparations may explain the wide variation in the reported physica~ properties of spectrin.
Pyridine Nucleosidase in Bull Semen I. Breed and Sire Differences in Enzyme Concentration
Authors: Macmillan KL , Giles KH , Hart NL
Published: July 2016

The concentration of a pyridine nucleosidase which cleaves the nicotinamide-ribose bond in NAD and related compounds was assayed using the cyanide addition reaction in semen samples collected by artificial vagina from 246 bulls. Among the 205 sires of recognized dairy breeds the nucleosidase concentration ranged from 0 to 1470 units/ml semen. Of the dairy sires 18 % produced semen containing no nucleosidase activity. Among the 41 sires of recognized beef breeds 54 % had no nucleosidase and the highest concentration was 630 units/ml semen.
Studies on the Role of the are a Gene in the Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Hynes MJ
Published: July 2016

Mutants of Apergillus nidulanswith lesions in a gene, areA (formerly called amdT), have been isolated by a variety of different selection methods. The areA mutants show a range of pleiotropic growth responses to a number of compounds as sole nitrogen sources, but are normal in utilization of carbon sources. The levels of two amidase enzymes as well as urease have been investigated in the mutants and have been shown to be affected by this gene. Most of the areA mutants have much lower amidase-specific activities when grown in ammonium-containing medium, compared with mycelium incubated in medium la9king a nitrogen source. Some of the areA. mutants do not show derepression of urease upon relief of ammonium repression. The dominance relationships of areA alleles have been investigated in� heterozygous diploids, and these studies lend support to the proposal that areA codes for a positively acting regulatory product. One of the new areA alleles is partially dominant to areA + and areA102. This may be a result of negative complementation or indicate that areA has an additional negative reiuIatory function. Investigation.of various amdR; areA double mutants has led to the conclusion that amdR and areA participate in independent regulatory circuits in the control of acetamide utilizatiol1. Studies on an amdRc; areA.double mutant indicate that areA is involved in derepression of acetamidase upon relief of ammo.nium repression.
Studies on the Interaction of Organic Phosphates with Haemoglobin in an Amphibian (Bufo marinus), a Reptile (Trachydosaurus rugosus) and Man
Authors: Coates MichaeI
Published: July 2016

The primary organic phosphate modifiers of haemoglobin function are DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) in the toad Bufo marinus and ATP in the lizard Trachydosaurus rugosus. Myo-IP6 (myoinositol hexaphosphate) and myo-IPs (myo-inositol pentaphosphate) are more effective than ATP or DPG in reducing the oxygen affinities of the haemoglobins of B. marinus, T. rugosus and man, while ATP and DPG are about equally effective. Competition experiments indicate that ATP, DPG and myo-IP6 bind to the same site or sites on the haemoglobins of each of the species. These findings, and those of others, are interpreted as evidence that the evolution of an organic phosphate binding site on the haemoglobin of an ancient vertebrate pre-adapted haemoglobin for interaction with a set of organic phosphates having certain structural features in common.
Influence of Nutrition on the Crimping Rate of Wool and the Type and Proportion of Constituent Proteins
Authors: E Campbell M , Whiteley KJ , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

When the nutritional level of sheep is restricted, the staple crimp frequency of the resultant fleece increases substantially whereas the cystine and high-sulphur protein contents decrease. This is in marked contrast to the direct relationship between crimp frequency and cystine content among sheep.
Enzyme Polymorphism and Species Discrimination in Fruit Flies of the Genus Dacus (Tephritidae)
Authors: W McKechnie Stephen
Published: July 2016

Sympatric populations of D. tryoni and D. neohumeralis are difficult to completely distinguish taxonomically. Using five pigmentation characters, each of some taxonomic value, a small proportion of individuals cannot be assigned to either species nor definitely classified as hybrids. To aid in species discrimination and hybrid identification gene frequencies in natural populations were estimated at three polymorphic protein loci, an alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), an octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and an esterase (E-2). Samples of flies were taken from four sites spread over 1200 miles along the Australian eastern coast.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Two Chromosomal Male-sterility Mutants in Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: Driscoll CJ
Published: July 2016

The two chromosomal male-sterility mutants referred to as Pugsley's male-sterile and the Probus male-sterile fail to complement one another. Partial monosomic analysis revealed that both mutants are located on chromosome 4A. A strong homoeoallelic 'echo' was received from chromosome 4B with the Probus mutant, mslb, but not with Pugsley's mutant, msla.
Electron Microscopy of Japanaut and Tilligerry Viruses: Two Proposed Members of the Orbivirus Group
Authors: Schnagl RD , Holmes IH
Published: July 2016

Japanaut and Tilligerry viruses were studied by thin-section and negative-contrast electron microscopy, and from their morphology and morphogenesis both appear to be typical orbiviruses.
Aminopeptidases in Webbing Clothes Moth Larvae. Properties and Specificities of Enzymes of Highest Electrophoretic Mobility
Authors: W Ward Colin
Published: July 2016

The group of aminopeptidase bands from Tineola bisselliella larvae with highest electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels were purified further and partially separated by ion exchange chromatography. Three aminopeptidase bands were present in this material and were very similar with respect to their pH optima (7� 7), their molecular weight of 94000, their responses to metal ions and enzyme inhibitors and in their substrate specificity requirements.
Fate of Mimosine Administered Orally to Sheep and its Effectiveness as a Defleecing Agent
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA , Hegarty MP
Published: July 2016

Mimosine was administered orally to Merino sheep once daily for periods of 1-3 days, either as the isolated compound or in the foliage of Leucaena leucocephala. A single daily dose of mimosine of 450 or 600 mg/kg body weight was effective for defleecing sheep. A daily dose rate of 300 mg/kg was effective for defleecing sheep if given on two sucessive days.
Artificial Induction of Lactation in Ewes: The Role of Prolactin
Authors: Fulkerson WJ , McDowell GH , Fell LR
Published: July 2016

The mammary glands of 30 non-pregnant, intact ewes were developed by subcutaneously injecting oestrogen plus progesterone at intervals of 3 days from day 0 to day 27. Two days later (day 29), 15 ewes were injected subcutaneously with 18 mg ergocryptine, to inhibit specifically secretion of prolactin. Then groups of ewes, each comprising five ergocryptine-treated and five untreated ewes, were injected from days 30 to 34 with either four intravenous injections each day of 1 i.u. syntocinon, one subcutaneous injection each day of 10 mg dexamethasone trimethylacetate, or two subcutaneous injections each day of 2� 5 mg oestradiol benzoate plus 6�25 mg progesterone. All ewes were milked by hand on days 30-50. Within 24 h of injecting ergocryptine, levels of prolactin in serum were reduced to negligible values ( < 2 ng/ml).
A Study of Physiologic Specialization of Rye Stem Rust in Australia
Authors: Tan BH , Watson IA , Luig NH
Published: July 2016

Self-fertile lines of Secale cereale possessing single genes for resistance were successfully used to differentiate between Australian cultures of Puccinia graminis secalis and of putative P. graminis tritici x secalis hybrids. The technique, which is economical of seed and yields repeatable results, represents a significant improvement over older procedures.
Molecular Genetics of Avian Proteins XIII.Protein Polymorphism in Three Species of Australian Passerines
Authors: Manwell Clyde , Ann Baker CM
Published: July 2016

An introduced species, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and two Australian native species, the welcome swallow (Hirundo tahitica neoxena) and the fairy martin (Petrochelidon ariel), have moderately low levels of protein polymorphism compared with domesticated or semi-wild 'managed' species of birds.
Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium Deficient in DNA Polymerase I: Further Characterization and Genetic Analysis
Authors: G MacPhee Donald , R Beazer MichaeI
Published: July 2016

Tests with a plasmid-borne ochre suppressor (sup-BI2) and a chromosomal amber suppressor (supD50I) revealed that one of three mutants of S. typhimurium deficient in DNA polymerase I was an amber mutant. Assays performed on crude extracts established that derivatives of this mutant (designatedpoIA3) carrying ochre and amber suppressors had about 13 and 20% respectively of the enzyme activity found in the wild-type parent. The unsuppressed mutant showed less than 1 % of the wild-type level of activity. Other properties of the polA3 mutant that were also partially or in some cases completely reversed by the sup-BI2 and supD50I suppressors included: u.v. sensitivity, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) sensitivity, reduced ability to effect host-cell reactivation of u.v.-irradiated or MMS-treated bacteriophages, inability to maintain the (Col El) plasmid, and reduced ability to plate the phage mutant P22 c2 hpi-30B. Mapping by PI-mediated transduction showed that all three polA mutations lie between metE and rha on the S. typhimurium chromosome, and that the polAI mutation is cotransduced with metE at a frequency of 20 % and with rha at a frequency of 8 %.
Instability of DTNB-Treated Globin or Haemoglobin
Authors: Baptist NG , Nash AR , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Human haemoglobin or globin in its native form reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) with uptake of two 3-carboxylato-4-nitrothiophenol groups, one for each of the reactive thiols at the {393 positions. Attempts to isolate the DTNB-treated globin by the acetone-Hel method, which unfolds the protein chains, result in disulphide interchange and oxidation of almost all the uncoupled 'masked' thiol groups. This modification is in marked contrast to the stability of haemoglobin or globin treated with reagents such as iodoacetic acid or N-ethylmaleimide that do not form disulphide bonds in blocking the thiol groups. The derivatized globin chains have been separated by urea-thiol buffer chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping established the presence and location of disulphide bonds, whilst gel filtration in urea buffers and sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis defined the size of the products.
Inhibition of Wool Follicle DNA Synthesis by Mimosine and Related 4(1H)-Pyridones
Authors: Ward KA , N Harris RL
Published: July 2016

The. in vitro incorporation of [3Hjthymidine has been examined in thin slices of sheep skin. Most of the radioactivity (88 %) was incorporated into the bulb cells of the wool follicles, and the technique is therefore suitable for the study of some aspects of wool follicle DNA synthesis. The t1ffect of mimosine and a number of related 4(IH)-pyridones on [3Hjthymidine incorporation into sheep skin slices was t1xamined. Mimosine was shown to inhibit the incorporation at a concentration of 0�2mM. At this concentration, the incorporation of [3Hjuridine or ['4C]leucine was not affected. The inhibition of [3Hjthymidine incorporation was time dependent, 2 h of incubation being requ4"ed for maximal inhibition of DNA synthesis, and was readily reversible by removal of mimosine from the incubation medium. The 3-hydroxyl-4-oxo function of the pyridone ring appears to be directly involved in DNA synthesis inhibition. The amino acid side chain is not a toxophoric centre, but changes in its polarity have been shown to affect the inhibitory activity. The results suggest that the primary action of mimosine on the inhibition of wool biosynthesis in vivo is the inhibition of follicle bulb cell DNA synthesis and consequently of cell division.
Linkage and Dominance Characteristics of Genes for Resistance to Organophosphorus Acaricides and Allelic Inheritance of Decreased Brain Cholinesterase Activity in Three Strains of the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus
Authors: F Stone Bernard , T Wilson John , J Youlton Nerida
Published: July 2016

Resistance to the organophosphorus acaricides diazinon, dimethoate and formothion in the Biarra (B), Mackay (M) and Ridgelands (R) strains respectively of the cattle tick B. microplus has been shown previously to be controlled in each strain by a single incompletely dominant autosomal genetic factor. A very similar mode of inheritance of fenthion resistance in strain B has now been demonstrated with no departure in degree of dominance of resistance from the mean value of + 0�57 common to these strains exposed to these chemicals. No F 1 larval progeny from the following crossings were appreciably more resistant than their parents to these chemicals: R x B-bromophos ethyl and fenthion; B x M-carbaryl, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, ethion, fenthion and formothion; M x R-chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, ethion, formothion. The field importance of this absence of overdominance is discussed.
Studies on the Apoproteins of the Major Lipoprotein of the Yolk of Hen's Eggs II. The Dimer-Tetramer Transition of Apovitellenin I
Authors: Burley RW , Davies WA
Published: July 2016

Further studies have been made of the physical properties of hen's apovitellenin I, the principal low-molecular-weight protein from the high-lipid low density lipoprotein of the yolk of hen's eggs. The methods used included chromatography, sedimentation, viscosity, optical rotation, and spin labelling; the solvents used were aqueous urea, and, for some experiments, aqueous formamide. It is concluded that at neutral pH the protein is present in these solvents as an aggregate of molecular weight 36000 corresponding to a tetramer. Below about pH 4�5 solutions of the tetramer increased greatly in viscosity; furthermore, a covalently bound spin label increased in mobility. These changes were reversible and were apparently the result of dissociation of the tetramer to a dimer. This dissociation did not involve a change in the proportion of a-helix. In contrast to the results of previous experiments, it now seems probable that the apovitellenin I dimer is stabilized by an interchain disulphide bond.
Artificial Induction of Lactation in Ewes: The Involvement of Progesterone and Prolactin in Lactogenesis
Authors: Fulkerson WJ , Hooley RD , McDowell GH , FelI LR
Published: July 2016

An attempt has been made to evaluate the importance of prolactin and 'progesterone withdrawal' for lactogenesis. The experimental model system used was the ovariectomized, non-pregnant ewe induced to lactate artificially by treatment with trigger hormone (either oestrogen, glucocorticoid or oxytocin) alone or in combination with progesterone. It appears from the results that prolactin is important in the lactogenic responses elicited by oestrogen and oxytocin but not as important in the response elicited by glucocorticoid. Moreover, the results suggest that, in the ewe, an appropriate positive hormonal stimulus will overcome the inhibitory influence of progesterone on lactogenesis.
Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome in Chicks II. Biochemical Role of Biotin
Authors: Hood RL , RJohnson A , Fogerty AC , A Pearson Judith
Published: July 2016

The role of biotin-dependent enzymes in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of young chicks was studied. Under conditions of a marginal deficiency of dietary biotin, the level of biotin in the liver has differing effects on the activities of two biotin-dependent enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is increased, but when the dietary deficiency of biotin produces biotin levels which are below o� 8 p,g/g of liver, the activity of pyruvate carboxylase may be insufficient to completely metabolize pyruvate via gluconeogenesis. There is an increase in liver size and in the activities of enzymes involved in alternate pathways for the removal of pyruvate. Blood lactate accumulates and there is increased synthesis of fatty acids, and an accumulation of palmitoleic acid; these steps are accomplished by increased activities of at least the following enzymes: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) and the desaturase enzyme. When the biotin level is below 0�35 p,g/g of liver and the chick is subjected to a stress, physiological defence mechanisms of the chick may be inadequate to maintain homeostasis and they finally collapse, resulting in accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver and blood; the chick is unable to maintain blood glucose levels and death occurs, often only a few hours after the imposition of the stress.
Disruption of the Metabolism, Motility and Morphology of Spermatozoa by Injection of a-Chlorohydrin Into Rams
Authors: Brown-Woodman PDC , White IG
Published: July 2016

Ejaculated spermatozoa from rams given intramuscular injections of <x-chlorohydrin (25 mg/kg, daily for 5 days) were studied. Respiratory and glycolytic activity of the spermatozoa was almost entirely suppressed within 1 day and motility had decreased within 4 days of the first injection. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa appeared in ejaculates after 2 weeks. The most common abnormality was an increase in the number of spermatozoa with looped or bent tails. There was little change in the fructose or amino acid concentration of the seminal plasma. All effects of <x-chlorohydrin were fully reversible. It is suggested that the initial primary mode of action of <x-chlorohydrin is to disrupt the metabolism of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis.
Oxygen Uptake, Glucose Utilization, Lactate Release and Adenine Nucleotide Content of Sheep Ovarian Follicles in Culture: Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Authors: Seamark RF , Amato F , Hendrickson Susan , Moor RM
Published: July 2016

A study has been made of the oxygen uptake, glucose utilization, lactate release and cellular content of adenine nucleotides of isolated sheep ovarian follicles (4-6 mm in diameter) maintained in organ culture, and of the effects on these parameters of the addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The mean oxygen consumption of the entire follicles when freshly isolated and of the theca and membrana components was 0�56, 1�08 and 0�05 .umol per milligram wet weight of tissue per hour respectively. About 8.umol of glucose was taken up and 16 .umol of lactate released per milligram wet weight of follicular tissue per hour during the first 24-h period of culture. This rate reduced by about 30 % for each subsequent day of culture, but was significantly increased by the addition of hCG. The mean ATP content of theca and granulosa tissues was 4�6 and 2�8 nmol/mg wet weight of tissue respectively. There was no discernable change in tissue adenine nucleotide content or energy charge ratio during the 3-day culture period, and prolonged exposure to hCG was without effect. Untreated follicles produced both oestrogen and androgens throughout the culture period. The addition of hCG resulted in a transitory stimulation in oestrogen secretion, inhibition of androgen secretion, and a marked and sustained rise in progestin secretion.
Fate of Cyst(e)ine Synthesized by Microbial Activity in the Ruminant Caecum
Authors: Elliott R , Little DA
Published: July 2016

Cyst(e)ine synthesized by microorganisms in the caecum of sheep was labelled following the infusion of Naz'5S04 into the terminal ileum. [35S1Cyst(e)ine activity was detected in the faeces, but not in plasma or wool. Appreciable absorption of 35S, presumably in the form of sulphide, into the circulation occurred, and its presence in saliva was demonstrated. It was concluded that nutritionally negligible quantities of cyst(e)ine are likely to be absorbed from the ovine large intestine.
Effect of Ingestion of Oestrogenic Clover on Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Ovariectomized Ewe
Authors: Hearnshaw H , Cuming IA , RGoding J
Published: July 2016

Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was measured in the jugular plasma of six groups of ovariectomized ewes which were fed oestrogenic clover (Trifolium subterranean L. Gray cv. Yarloop) for 3 days. Ewes in groups B, D and F received an injection of oestradiol-17 p (E2 ) 24 h after first being offered clover, whilst ewes in groups A, C and E received no oestrogen treatment. Following the initial ingestion of clover, plasma LH concentrations for all groups fell within 3 h and then increased significantly. Each subsequent feeding of clover usually resulted in a temporary decrease and then an elevation of the LH concentrations. When ewes in groups B, D and F were injected with E2 , LH concentrations fell and remained low for approximately 9 h, then increased to a peak of 72�3 � 10� 4 ng/ml within 5 h. The LH concentrations remained elevated for a period of about 12 h. The present paper indicates that the ingestion of oestrogenic clover by ovariectomized ewes results in a depression and then a release of LH, and that this release does not appear to deplete the pituitary of LH or cause refractoriness to an oestrogenic stimulus.
Isolation of Toxic Metabolites of Phomopsis leptostromiformis Responsible for Lupinosis
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Beck AB , Clarke M , Cockrum PA , Edgar JA , Frahn JL , Jago MV , Lanigan GW , Payne AL , Peterson JE , Petterson DS , Smith LW , White RR
Published: July 2016

Two metabolites of P. leptostromijormis (phomopsins A and B) have been isolated as a crystalline mixture from a culture of the fungus on lupin seed. The mixture has been shown to be capable of inducing lupinosis in sheep and in young rats. Key steps in the isolation were the transfer of the phomopsins from crude aqueous solution to tetrahydrofuran and chromatography on macroreticular polystyrene resin. The bioassays used in monitoring fractions were based on inhibition of cell cultures and the mitosis-arresting effect of the metabolites on liver cells in vivo.
Early Pregnancy in the Ewe: Effects of Oestradiol and Progesterone on Uterine Metabolism and on Embryo Survival
Authors: Miller BG , Moore NW , Murphy Leigh , Stone GM
Published: July 2016

The hormonal regulation of embryo development during early pregnancy in the ewe has been examined. Ovariectomized ewes received injections of oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion during the luteal phase of the previous oestrous cycle (priming P), around the time of oestrus (oestrous E2 ) and during early pregnancy (maintenance P, maintenance E2)' Embryos were transferred to the ewes on the 4th day after induced oestrus, and ewes were killed at 6 or 13 days after transfer to assess embryo development. Cytosol concentrations of oestradiol 'and progesterone receptors and RNA and protein metabolism in the endometrium and amounts of protein in uterine flushings were examined on the day of embryo transfer and 6 days after transfer.
Population Cytology of the Genus Phaulacridium VI. Seasonal Changes in the Frequency of the B Chromosome in a Population of Ph. vittatum
Authors: Westerman M , Dempsey J
Published: July 2016

Sequential sampling of adult males from the La Trobe University campus population of Ph. Vittatum has been carried out over two successive years. Within each year there is seen to be a similar change in frequency of males carrying a large, mitotically stable B chromosome. Early in the summer, when adults first appear, the B frequency of the population is low; it then rises to a maximum value in late summer and then declines once more. Possible reasons for this change in B frequency are discussed. Chiasma frequency scores of individuals with and without B chromosomes were also recorded for each sample. It was found that although at anyone time there was no significant difference between individuals with and without B chromosomes, due no doubt to the small numbers sampled, nonetheless the chiasma frequency of the former was always higher than the latter. Since this was the finding for collections over three years, it is concluded that the B chromosomes of Ph. vittatum, like those of other acridids, raise mean cell chiasma frequency.
Apparent Fusion of the TOL Plasmid with the R91 Drug Resistance Plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: White GP , Dunn NW
Published: July 2016

The TOL catabolic plasmid was shown to be compatible with the R91 drug resistance plasmid. However, the TOL plasmid was extremely unstable in mutant PA03 of P. aeruginosa. By selecting for stabilization of the TOL plasmid in PA03 harbouring R91, it was possible to isolate a strain in which markers from both R91 and TOL appeared to exist in a single recombinant plasmid. This plasmid, pND3, encoded resistance to carbenicillin, was able to transfer at the same frequency as the R91 plasmid and encoded the ability to grow on m-toluate, p-toluate, m-xylene, p-xylene and toluene. In addition, it was shown to be incompatible with the NAH catabolic plasmid and it could be transferred by transduction. The TOL plasmid could stabilize in PA03 harbouring R91 without fusion with R91, and could stabilize in PA03 in the absence of R91. PA03 harbouring either the recombinant plasmid or the stable TOL plasmid in the absence of R91 could promote bacterial chromosome transfer between mutant derivatives of P. aeruginosa strain P AO.
Electrophoretic Comparisons between Allopatric Populations of Five Australian Pseudomyine Rodents (Muridae)
Authors: Baverstock PR , Watts CHS , Cole SR
Published: July 2016

Allopatric populations of the pseudomyine rodents Pseudomys albocinereus, P. delicatulus, the P. nanus-P. gracilicaudatus complex, Zyzomys argurus and Mesembriomys gouldi were surveyed for electrophoretic variability of 14-17 red cell and plasma proteins. Few or no electrophoretic differences were found to parallel the chromosomal differences between populations of P. delicatulus, Z. argurus, and M. gouldi. Populations of the P. nanus-P. gracilicaudatus complex, however, fell into two groups defined both chromosomally and electrophoretically. The western form (P. nanus) extends from Western Australia into the Northern Territory whilst the eastern form (P. gracilicaudatus) occurs only along the east coast of Queensland and New South Wales. The biochemical differentiation between South Australian, Western Australian mainland and Bernier Island P. albocinereus parallels the chromosomal, morphological and breeding data, all of which indicate that the Western Australian mainland and Bernier Island forms belong to one species (P. albocinereus), whilst the South Australian form represents a distinct biological species (P. apodemoides).
Some Properties of Human Skeletal Muscle Creatine Kinase
Authors: Lee CS , Nicholson GA , O'Sullivan WJ
Published: July 2016

Creatine kinase has been purified from human skeletal muscle. The properties of the human enzyme are similar to those of the enzyme from rabbit muscle. The molecular weight was determined as approximately SO 000 with a probable two reactive sulphydryl groups per molecule. Manganous (II) ion was almost as effective as magnesium as the activating metal ion, and calcium and cobalt could also act in this capacity. Under standardized conditions the nucleotide specificity was ADP > dADP > IDP > GDP > UDP > XDP in the reverse reaction. No hydrolytic activity was observed with ATP.
Effect of Orthophosphate and Oxalate on the Cold-induced Release of Calcium from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Preparations from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Newbold RP , Tume RK
Published: July 2016

The cold-induced release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations from both white and red muscles of the rabbit was studied. Part of the release was due to the increase in pH of the reaction mixture with cooling. Calcium release was greatly reduced or completely prevented by the inclusion of oxalate or inorganic orthophosphate in the medium. No release occurred in 5 mM oxalate. With phosphate, the proportion of the calcium previously taken up at 23�C that was released at DOC became progressively smaller as the phosphate concentration was increased. When the pH was adjusted to be the same at DoC as at 23�C there was little release from white muscle preparations in 10 mM phosphate and no release when the phosphate concentration was 20 mM or more. With red muscle preparations calcium was released at higher phosphate concentrations, 8 % of the amount previously taken up still being released at 50 mM phosphate and a smaller amount at 100 mM phosphate.
Purification and Properties of the Pyrrolidonecarboxylate Peptidase of Streptococcus faecium
Authors: Sullivan JJ , Muchnicky EE , Davidson BE , RJago G
Published: July 2016

Pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase (BC 3.4.11.8) from Streptococcus faecium was purified by fractionation with streptomycin sulphate and ammonium sulphate, by chromatography on Sephadex G200 and DBAB-cellulose, and by preparative electrophoresis on Sephadex G25. The purified enzyme on acrylamide gel showed a strong protein band which contained enzyme activity and a very faint band which had no activity.
Comparative Toxicities of Mimosine and Some Chemically Related Compounds to Mouse Bone Marrow Cells in Liquid Culture
Authors: Hegarty MP , Lee CP , Christie GS , De Munk FG , Court RD
Published: July 2016

Mimosine, a plant amino acid which is toxic in mammals, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of incorporation of [3H)thymidine in mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture (> 70 % inhibition at a concentration of 2 x 10-4 M). To determine the parts of the molecule responsible for the inhibitory mechanism the effects of 13 chemically related compounds were examined in this system.
Reaction of Some Invertebrate and Plant Agglutinins and a Mouse Myeloma Anti-Galactan Protein With an Arabinogalactan From Wheat
Authors: Baldo BA , Neukom H , Stone BA , Uhlenbruck G
Published: July 2016

Plant, invertebrate and vertebrate proteins which show anti-galactan combining specificities were used in precipitation and inhibition studies with arabinogalactan preparations from wheat and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Of the agglutinins studied, only mouse anti-galactan myeloma protein J539 showed strong reactivity with wheat arabinoglactan-peptide. Weak reactions were observed with the agglutinins from the clam Tridacna maxima, the sponge Axinella polypoides and the anemone Cerianthus membranaceus. No reactions were detected with lectins from the plants Abrus precatorius and Ricinus communis. Reactions readily occurred between Lolium arabinogalactan-protein and the invertebrate and vertebrate agglutinins. Removal of terminal arabinosyl residues from the wheat and Lotium arabinogalactans either by mild acid hydrolysis or by treatment with an arabinofuranosidase increased the reactivity of both peptidoglycans with all of the agglutinins examined except the Ricinus RCAl lectin. Results obtained with wheat arabinogalactan indicate that few D-galactose units are terminal and available for reaction. The difference in reactivities between the wheat and Lotium arabinogalactans may be due to the differences in the galactose:arabinose ratios or to differences in linkage of the galactosyl residues on the two peptidoglycans, or both. Results indicate that the mouse anti-galactan could be a useful reagent for the subcellular localization of wheat arabinogalactan and that tridacnin and Axinella agglutinins could be used to localize the arabinogalactan in L. multiflorum cells.
Heterogeneity and Incomplete Disulfide Reduction in the High-sulfur Proteins of Wool
Authors: C Marshall Robert , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

During the course of a study into the causes of heterogeneity of the high-sulfur proteins of wool, it was observed that the powerful reducing agent tributylphosphine although able to completely reduce the high-sulfur proteins in 8 M urea at pH 7�5 was unable to do so in the solvent system 5 M sodium iodide-25 % (v/v) propanol. In a preparation prepared in the latter solvent system each electrophoretically resolvable high-sulfur protein was found to contain at least one intrachain disulfide bond and on average there were two of these resistant disulfides to every polypeptide chain, assuming a mean molecular weight of 20000. It is suggested that the high-sulfur proteins take up a particular conformation in 5 M sodium iodide-25 % propanol which makes certain disulfides inaccessible to tributylphosphine. The nature of this conformation is unknown but it may be significant that high-sulfur proteins, normally thought to have no ordered structure, were found by optical rotatory dispersion measurements to contain about 10% ",-helix in 5 M sodium iodide-25 % propanol.
Gonadotrophin Levels and Ovarian Development in the Neonatal Ewe Lamb
Authors: Tassell Robin , Chamley WA , Kennedy JP
Published: July 2016

Ovarian weight has been shown to increase markedly in the newborn ewe lamb, and factors which might contribute to this growth were examined. Follicle development was studied in the ovaries of 28 lambs aged 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Plasma samples, pituitaries and one ovary were assayed for gonadotrophin or steroid hormone content.
AlIozyme Uniformity Within and Variation Between Races of the Colonizing Species Xanthium Strumarium L. (Noogoora Burr)
Authors: Moran GF , Marshall DR
Published: July 2016

The degree of polymorphism at 13 enzymic loci was tested in 12 populations of Xanthium strumarium representing all four naturalized races of this species in Australia. The races are X. chinense, X. italicum, X. pennsylvanicum and X. cavanillesii. Very little variation was found within races of X. strumarium at the loci studied. In marked contrast to this lack of intraracial variation there was considerable interracial genetic differentiation at several loci. It is concluded that genetic polymorphisms and hence populational buffering, at least at the enzyme level, has been of little significance in the adaptation of this species during its colonization of Australian environments. The observed outcrossing rate in X. italicum was zero (inestimable in the other races) with an upper confidence limit of 10-12 %, confirming previous observations that X. strumarium is predominately self-pollinated.
The Extracellular Polysaccharide of a Methylotrophic Culture
Authors: Huq MN , Ralph BJ , Rickard PAD
Published: July 2016

The constituent sugars of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by an enrichment culture, growing on methane as sole carbon source, were identified as glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose and rhamnose, in the approximate molar ratios of 1�00: o� 36: 0�19 : O� 31 : 0�16. When the culture was grown on methanol as sole carbon source, only glucose, galactose and mannose, in the approximate molar ratios of 1 �00 : 0�67 : 0�42, were identified as components of the extracellular polysaccharide.
Activity of Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism in the Reproductive Tract of the Ewe at Mating and during Early Pregnancy
Authors: O'Shea T , Murdoch BE
Published: July 2016

The glycogen concentration and the activity of several enzymes of glycogen metabolism have been measured in the mucosal tissues of the oviduct, cervix and vagina, as well as in the endometrium and caruncIes of ewes at days 0, 8, 15, 22, 30 and 44 of pregnancy. Enzyme activities were also determined in uterine and cervical rinsings.
a-Glucosidase Activity in the Reproductive Tract of the Ewe
Authors: O'Shea T , Murdoch BE
Published: July 2016

a-Glucosidase-activity has been estimated in the tissues and rinsings of the reproductive tract of the ewe. There were peaks of activity in the oviducal mucosa at pH 4�0 and 5�7. In the endometrium, caruncles and cervical mucosa the pH optimum occurred from pH 4�0 to pH 5�7. A sharp peak in the activity in the vaginal mucosa occurred at pH 5 �7.
Hormone Receptor Levels and Metabolic Activity in the Uterus of the Ewe: Regulation by Oestradiol and Progesterone
Authors: Stone GM , Murphy Leigh , Miller BG
Published: July 2016

Oestradiol and progesterone were administered alone or together in various combinations to different groups of ovariectomized ewes and several aspects of uterine and endometrial metabolism were determined. Levels of cytosol receptors for oestradiol and progesterone and metabolism of these steroids in whole uterus were measured, as well as mean cell content of RNA, rate of protein synthesis, tissue DNA concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in the endometrium, uterine weight, and the amount of protein in uterine flushing.
Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Ovine Ovarian Follicles in vitro by Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Authors: Douglas TJ , Hamilton RP , Seamark RF
Published: July 2016

Cholesterol biosynthesis from DL-[2-14C]mevalonic acid ([l4C]MVA) was demonstrated in ovine ovarian foIlicles and isolated thecal tissues and granulosaI ceIls incubated in vitro. Thecal tissues more readily synthesized cholesterol than did granulosal ceIls when incubated separately, but in the intact follicle the newly synthesized cholesterol distributed evenly between the two tissue layers, indicating that the theca could act as a supplementary source of cholesterol for the granulosal ceIls.
Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes VII. Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Expression in Tissues and Cultured Fibroblasts of Kangaroos
Authors: Johnston PG , Sharman GB , A James Elizabeth , Cooper DW
Published: July 2016

Expression of the sex-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was examined electrophoretically in tissues and cultured fibroblasts of female kangaroo heterozygotes ranging in age from 26 days post part urn to adult. All tissues expressed only the maternally derived allele irrespective of which allele was maternal or paternal in origin.
Aerobic Formation of Acetate From Pyruvate by Lactobacillus Bulqaricus
Authors: Lloyd GT , Hillier AJ , Barlow I , Rjago G
Published: July 2016

The pathway of formation of acetate from pyruvate in the homofermentative organism L. bulgaricus was studied. Three pathways for the formation of acetate were investigated. These were the formation of acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) system, the formation of acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, and the formation of acetyl phosphate by pyruvate oxidase. The first two pathways were eliminated when it was found that the formation of acetate was not inhibited by arsenite and that acetaldehyde was not converted to acetate by L. bulgaricus. The formation of acetyl phosphate and acetate by dialysed cell-free extracts indicated the presence of pyruvate oxidase in L. bulgaricus. The pyruvate oxidase system, unlike the pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoate) system, was not inhibited by unsaturated fatty acids. The organism was shown to possess both acetate kinase and phosphate acetyltransferase which suggested that acetyl phosphate could be converted to acetate or acetyl CoA.