bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
7. Poststructuralism And International Relations
Authors: Lawler Peter
Published: August 2024

This chapter looks at the origin of poststructuralism and its correlation with international relations (IR). It references the works of poststructuralist scholars, Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, exploring the key themes of deconstruction and discourse in poststructuralist scholarship and its historical and theoretical contexts. Poststructuralist IR scholarship represents and interprets international and global politics while challenging the practices of international politics, especially those concerned with sovereign statehood. The chapter also mentions the criticisms surrounding poststructuralist IR, such as nihilism and the idea that poststructuralist IR has little value in the world of international policy-making. It explains the counterargument that argues for change through critiquing existing exclusionary theories and practices, which opened up the exploration into alternative ways of being.
The aftermath and afterlives of the Napier Fizzle across the British empire, 1834–42; or, how did Lord Napier die?
Authors: Bellamy Andrew
Published: August 2024

In the fall of 1834 Lord William Napier died shortly after retreating from a tense stand-off with local authorities in Canton. While Napier’s retreat and conduct during the stand-off might easily have been construed as unbecoming of a Briton in China, his death marked the beginning of his afterlife as a martyr and hero across the British empire. This article asks how and why this happened. It argues that Napier enjoyed this afterlife because his death was placed within the context of a certain reading of Britain’s relationship with China to become a stand-in for all Britons. This assessment of the aftermath and afterlives of the ‘Napier Fizzle’ ultimately suggests a longer history that prevailing understandings of these events as a ‘fizzle’ do not fully encapsulate.
Steep Decline in the Rare Flat Abalone, Haliotis walallensis, Following Fishing Exploitation and a Marine Heat Wave: The Next Neoextinction?
Authors: Rogers-Bennett Laura , Groth Scott D , Carlton James T
Published: August 2024

Synopsis

Ocean warming is impacting marine systems directly and indirectly via intensifying multiple stressors such as hypoxia, acidification, and kelp forest collapse potentially exacerbating neoextinctions. Abalones are extremely vulnerable to both ocean warming and fishing stressors making them marine “canaries in the coal mine”. The rare flat abalone, Haliotis walallensis, has been subject to a targeted commercial fishery and then exposed to an extreme marine heat wave. We examine the current status of flat abalone before and after a marine heat wave of 2014–2016 and the concomitant collapse of the bull kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana) forest in 2015. We find that flat abalone density (as assessed in surveys) and abundances (inside deployed “abalone modules”) in the core of the range dropped to near-zero after the marine heat wave and have not recovered. Further, we examine the status of flat abalone in southern Oregon after both overfishing and the kelp forest collapse and find dramatic declines, especially in former fishery hot spots. Our results show that flat abalone have experienced a major decline and may be an example of a neoextinction in the making. A standardized and well-funded status review and proactive restoration plan, if not too late, are both critically needed for flat abalone throughout its range.
Isocycloseram, a novel isoxazoline insecticide seed treatment for protection of wheat and barley and mortality of wireworms, Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: van Herk Willem G , Vernon Robert S , Labun Ted , Spies Joshua
Published: August 2024

Populations of various economic species of wireworms are increasing in the key cereal crop production areas of Canada and the United States. To address this problem, seed treatments are under development that both provide crop protection and significantly reduce populations equivalent in effectiveness to the formerly used but now deregistered organochlorine lindane. Herein, we evaluated isocycloseram (PLINAZOLIN technology), the first isoxazoline (GABA-gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulator) agricultural insecticide, as a seed treatment for the protection of cereal crops from the sugarbeet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim). In wheat and barley field trials conducted over 4 years under extreme wireworm pressure, isocycloseram applied as a seed treatment at 5.0–7.5 g AI/100 kg seed was as effective as or more effective than the current industry standard thiamethoxam at 20.0 g AI/100 kg seed in protecting crop stand and yield. Isocycloseram also reduced neonate wireworms (produced from eggs during the growing season) and resident wireworms (in the field at the time of planting) to levels expected from the formerly used seed treatment lindane.
Six-compound combo remedy ameliorates corticosterone-induced depressive behaviors in mice via targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A signaling
Authors: Sun Yilu , Chen Qilei , Cui Wei , Chen Hubiao , Zhao Jia , Rong Jianhui
Published: August 2024

Dysregulation of brain innate immunity involving microglia is implicated in the pathology of neurological disorders including depression. Depression is a prominent medical challenge to global public health systems. Synthetic antidepressant drugs are limited by severe side effects. The present study aimed to identify the active compounds from the well-documented herbal medicine formula Banxia-Houpo decoction (BHD) and discover the underlying mechanisms for tuning microglia. We initially employed Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling and network pharmacology analysis to predict the active compound–target interaction networks. We subsequently validated the potential active compounds and targets in a mouse model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression and postsynaptic microglia BV2 cells. As a result, 64 compounds were identified in the ethanolic Banxia-Houpo decoction extract and predicted to target 25 depression-related genes. Interestingly, the serotonergic synapse pathway received the highest enrichment score while 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A) was targeted by 6 compounds (i.e. baicalein, luteolin, N-nornuciferine, roemerine, scutellarin, and 6-shogaol). In parallel assays, a six-compound combo (SCC) and Banxia-Houpo decoction markedly ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors in corticosterone-lesioned mice and well-protected highly differentiated (HD) PC12 cells against corticosterone challenge. Moreover, six-compound combo and Banxia-Houpo decoction effectively induced hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A expression in mice and postsynaptic microglia BV2 cells. Hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A antagonist WAY-100635 at 1 mg/kg/d via intraperitoneal injection attenuated the effects of six-compound combo and Banxia-Houpo decoction on the depressive behaviors in mice. These results suggest that six-compound combo might be a potential remedy against depression and other neurological disorders via targeting hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A in microglia.
Foraging habitat use by sympatric Cuvier’s Gazelle, Dama Gazelle, and Dorcas Gazelle on a private reserve in Morocco
Authors: Segura Amalia , Moreno Eulalia
Published: August 2024

Habitat use influences the survival and fitness of animals. Habitat quality and food availability in spring and summer are crucial determinants of ungulate population dynamics, peaking in spring and drastically decreasing in summer in Mediterranean region. Here, over a 2-year period we examine foraging habitat use in both spring and summer of 3 threatened gazelle species living in sympatry in a private reserve in Morocco: Cuvier’s Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri), Dama Gazelle (Nanger dama), and Dorcas Gazelle (G. dorcas). We observed differences among species—Cuvier’s Gazelle foraged in woodland, Dama Gazelle in grassland, and Dorcas Gazelle in scrubland—with differences being mediated by seasonal effects as all species broadened their foraging habitat use in summer. We observed differences between years in foraging patterns of Dama Gazelle and Dorcas Gazelle, reflecting greater herb and scrub cover in 2018, potentially related to greater rainfall. Given the seasonal and annual differences observed, reductions in rainfall predicted with the progression of changing climatic conditions in the Mediterranean basin would reduce the availability of food resources and heighten the vulnerability of these species. The study illustrates interspecific coexistence through food resource partitioning of the 3 species, contributing to support conservation management actions of their populations in setting up structured reintroduction programs within their range.
Nonconservative extensions by propositional quantifiers and modal incompleteness
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: August 2024

Propositional modal logics can be extended by propositional quantifiers, i.e. quantifiers binding proposition letters understood as variables. This paper investigates whether such an extension is always conservative. It is shown that the answer depends on the way in which propositional quantifiers are added. On a minimal approach, according to which propositional quantifiers only have to satisfy the classical principles of quantification, every classical modal logic has a conservative extension by propositional quantifiers. However, in the context of normal modal logics it is natural to require propositionally quantified extensions also to be closed under the rule of necessitation. It is shown that in this setting, there are normal modal logics whose propositionally quantified extensions are nonconservative. Nonconservativity is shown to be a special case of a number of model-theoretic notions of incompleteness. More tentatively, it is suggested that nonconservativity indicates incompleteness in a more substantial sense, concerning the intended target of capturing the logics of modalities.
Eliciting Clinician Perspectives on Asymptomatic Bacteriuria to Identify Targets for Antimicrobial Stewardship Education and Decision Support
Authors: Durkin Michael J , Schmitz Viktoria , Hsueh Kevin , Ney Katheryn , Politi Mary C
Published: August 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to elicit clinicians’ perspectives to help reduce antibiotic prescribing for asymptomatic bacteriuria and improve a patient-centered educational brochure for older adults with urinary tract infections or asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Methods

Between October 2023 and April 2024, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews of clinicians who treat patients aged ≥65 years for urinary tract infections or bacteria in the urine, at infectious disease clinics, community senior living facilities, memory care clinics, and general practice. We developed an interview guide based on a behavior change framework and thematically analyzed written transcripts of audio-recorded interviews using inductive and deductive coding techniques.

Results

We identified several common themes surrounding management of asymptomatic bacteriuria from clinicians. These included an emphasis on ordering and interpreting urine tests, tension between guidelines and individual patient care for older adults, use of epidemiologic data to influence prescribing practices, pre-prepared communication talking points, and interest in educational materials for patients and clinical teams.

Conclusions

Education about the need for symptoms to supplement urine testing, data about the impact of overuse of antibiotics, and oral and written communication strategies should be addressed to reduce antibiotic prescribing for asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Mixed-Methods, Cross-sectional Assessment of a Client-facing, Family Planning Counseling Chatbot in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Little Kristen M , Prata Ndola , Denise Kpebo Djoukou Olga , Tefouet Nadia , Fotso Jean Christophe , Angel Alexandra , Brittingham Sarah , Bouanchaud Paul , Soro Amadou Donapoho , Dulli Lisa
Published: August 2024

Background

Evidence is limited about the feasibility, acceptability, and effects on family planning (FP) intentions of digital tools such as chatbots. To help fill this gap, we assessed a chatbot in Côte d’Ivoire with 3 components: 1) menstrual health information; 2) FP information; 3) method recommendations and referrals.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe user characteristics and perceptions of chatbot usability, content, and relevance, and perceived effects on FP-related self-efficacy. We used a mixed-methods approach including an online survey and in-depth interviews (IDI) with chatbot users, and chatbot back-end data. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Between January 11 – July 15, 2022, we recruited 280 chatbot users for the survey, of whom 28 completed an IDI. Survey participants averaged 22 years old, were majority female (96%), resided in Abidjan (71%) and had some university education (61%). Less than half (48%) were currently using a method to delay/avoid pregnancy. Participants primarily accessed the chatbot to get information for themselves (73%) and felt it was ‘easy’ (29%) or ‘very easy’ to use (65%). Most respondents somewhat or strongly agreed that the information provided was accurate/reliable (97%) and was useful to them (96%). Respondents reported feeling more confident in discussing FP topics with their partners and providers after interacting with the chatbot.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that chatbots may be a feasible and acceptable approach to sharing tailored FP information with end-users in a West African context, especially for young women in urban areas.
The National Health Commission, Laboratory Regulation, and Pathogen Verification
Authors: Yang Dali L.
Published: August 2024

Early during the COVID-19 outbreak, the Chinese political-administrative system showcased an organizational culture that prioritized social stability and information control. Despite considerable investment in detection capabilities and the rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 and lessons from the 2003 SARS crisis, strict control measures imposed by the National Health Commission limited the dissemination of vital information to the public and international health community and stifled discussion among specialists. The restrictions on laboratories also impeded testing capacity when it was most required, hindering the identification of new cases and community spread. This chapter underscores the importance of transparency and information sharing in handling public health emergencies, highlighting the significant repercussions of information control.
Geographic Inequity in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Services: An Administrative Case Report of Successful Advocacy for Change
Authors: Ofek Hadas , Khatib Mohammad , Joubran Katherin
Published: August 2024

Objective

Following an injury or disease, physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) services are often necessary to help patients recover function, activity, and community participation. Ten years ago, there was a significant gap between PM&R services in central Israel and those in the rural north of the country in terms of quality, quantity, and layout. The purpose of this administrative case report is to outline the gap in PM&R services between regions in Israel, as portrayed above; to describe a decade of civil action; and to describe civil action administrative approaches and actions that contributed to changes in the PM&R services now available in northern Israel.

Methods

A decade of civil action to promote PM&R services is reviewed, illustrating the main administrative steps, including initiating and organizing meetings with key partners, lobbying, testifying in front of parliament and government committees, garnering media attention to promote public awareness, and filing a case with the Supreme Court of Israel. The encountered challenges and the subsequent actions are also described.

Results

Awareness of the significance of PM&R services and of the inadequacy of such services in the northern part of Israel rose due to our actions, with practical field results, including a 180-bed government rehabilitation center that plans to open during 2024, and 5 daycare rehabilitation clinics and a private inpatient center that opened between 2020 and 2023. Data-driven research will aid in understanding the current gaps and tracking improvements with the opening of the new rehabilitation facility.

Conclusion

When inequality is brought to light and legislation for equality exists, civil action can promote change to reduce these gaps.

Impact

Others can follow the steps taken in this administrative case report to achieve success in struggles aiming to correct comparative inequality.
Should Obtaining Informed Consent Be Considered an Entrustable Professional Activity? Insights From Whether and How Attendings Entrust Surgical Trainees
Authors: White Erin M. , Esposito Andrew C. , Yoo Peter S.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Because residents are frequently delegated the task of obtaining consent early in their training, the American Association of Medical Colleges describes “obtaining informed consent” as a core entrustable professional activity (EPA) for medical school graduates. However, prior studies demonstrated that residents frequently perform this task without receiving formal instruction or assessment of competency. This study sought to understand how attending physicians decide to delegate obtaining informed consent for surgical procedures to trainees.

Method

The authors conducted a survey of attending surgeons at a university-based health care system of 6 affiliated teaching hospitals (October–December 2020) to collect data about current entrustment practices and attendings’ knowledge, experience, and attitudes surrounding the informed consent process. Summary statistics and bivariate analyses were applied.

Results

Eighty-five attending surgeons participated (response rate, 49.4%) from diverse specialties, practice types, and years in practice. Fifty-eight of 85 (68.2%) stated they “never” granted responsibility for the consent conversation to a trainee, and 74/81 (91.4%) reported they typically repeated their own consent conversation whenever a trainee already obtained consent. The most common reasons they retained responsibility for consent were ethical duty (69/82, 84.1%) and the patient relationship (65/82, 79.3%), while less than half (40/82, 48.8%) described concerns about trainee competency. Reflecting on hypothetical clinical scenarios, increased resident competency did not correspond with increased entrustment (P = .27–.62). Nearly all respondents (83/85, 97.7%) believed residents should receive formal training; however, only 41/85 (48.2%) felt additional training and assessment of residents might change their current entrustment practices.

Conclusions

Attendings view informed consent as an ethical and professional obligation that typically cannot be entrusted to trainees. This practice is discordant with previous literature studying residents’ perspectives. Furthermore, resident competency does not play a predominant role in this decision, calling into question whether informed consent can be considered an EPA.
Rethinking Informed Consent as an EPA in Surgery
Authors: Hafferty Frederic W. , Hamstra Stanley J.
Published: August 2024

Over the past decade, entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have become an important element in the competency-based medical education movement. In this Commentary, the authors explore informed consent as an EPA within resident surgical training. In doing so, they foreground the concept of culture and reexamine the nature of trust and entrustment decisions from within a cultural framework. The authors identify role modeling and professional identity formation as core elements in the training process and suggest that faculty are sometimes better off using these tools than uncritically adopting a formal EPA framework for what is, in essence, a professionally oriented and values-based moral enterprise. They conclude that EPAs work best when they are developed at a local level, stressing the unique culture of specialty and program as well as the care that must be taken when attempting to transfer notions of entrustment from the undergraduate medical education level to graduate medical education settings.
The Breast–Areola Reduction/Reconstruction Technique Addressing the Central Lumpectomy Defect in Ptotic Breasts
Authors: Wong Won Brian S. , Wang Howard T. , Karamanos Efstathios
Published: August 2024

For decades, oncoplastic techniques have been an emerging, yet underutilized approach to breast cancer surgery. Recent developments in breast oncology support the potential for the omission of radiation therapy in a subset of patients eligible for breast-conserving surgery, which makes immediate reconstruction available to a much larger demographic. Although existing oncoplastic methods have offered durable and cosmetically acceptable results in select cases, there remains significant room for improvement. This publication presents a novel option in oncoplastic reconstruction named Breast–Areola Reduction/Reconstruction (BARR) that utilizes the tenets of a superomedial pedicle breast reduction and a Wise-pattern closure to address asymmetry and deformity in treatment of central breast cancers. The BARR technique features principles that are foundational to plastic surgery training, which should augment the acquisition and delivery of oncoplastic surgery in the era of progress to come.
Epidemiology, natural history, and outcome of chronic hepatitis B in children
Authors: Huang Chenyang , Li Jing , Zhang Min , Fu Junliang , Wang Fu-Sheng
Published: August 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global epidemic whose prevention and control among children warrant significant attention. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the disease continues to affect millions of children worldwide, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology and natural history in this vulnerable population. While research on HBV in adults has advanced considerably, the natural history of HBV infection in children remains less well-defined and may differ from adult studies due to unique immunological and physiological characteristics. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics of HBV infection in children worldwide and summarizes the research progress on the natural outcomes of children with chronic HBV infection. Furthermore, the necessity of this review stems from the critical role that early detection, monitoring, and timely intervention play in mitigating the long-term consequences of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in children. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying knowledge gaps, we hope to inform clinical practice, guide future research directions, and ultimately improve the health outcomes of children living with HBV. In doing so, this review article offers a valuable reference for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers working to combat the global challenge of HBV infection among children. The aim is to provide a relevant reference for the monitoring, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of children with CHB.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in Soccer Players
Authors: Tagliero Adam J. , Miller Mark D.
Published: August 2024

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries to soccer players present unique challenges in sports medicine, given the sport’s global prevalence and intricate injury dynamics. These injuries, especially in the youth and female demographic, have become a substantial concern in sports medicine. This review explores the epidemiology, mechanism of injury, diagnostic procedures, treatment modalities, and rehabilitation strategies related to ACL tears within the soccer community. Progress in diagnostics, treatments, and rehabilitation underscores the importance of evidence-based approaches. As soccer continues its ascent in popularity, addressing the specific risks and nuances of ACL injuries in this context remains of paramount significance.
Concussions in Soccer
Authors: Jordan Luke , Andrie Joseph
Published: August 2024

The identification, management, and prevention of concussion across all competitive sports and athletic populations has been a notable topic of research over the last decade. Soccer is no exception, with over a billion participants worldwide. In soccer, 3 distinct subsets of head injuries are often the contributors to concussion: head-to-equipment, head-to-surface, and head-to-player collisions. Recognition of concussion is crucial, and ideally made on the sideline during competitive play. Recently updated screening tools include the SCAT6 and ChildSCAT6, which are widely utilized at all levels of play. Management of concussion is divided into on-field and in clinic management. Initial management includes removal from the field of play. There is increased emphasis on earlier incorporation of exercise prescription as a means to improve recovery in the concussed athlete. While few objective diagnostic tests exist to identify concussion, many are in development, most notably advanced imaging and biomarker modalities.
New perspectives on the high-density lipoprotein system and its role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Lan Nick S.R. , Watts Gerald F.
Published: August 2024

Purpose of review

The causal role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains debated. Considering recent evidence, the purpose of this review is to a provide a focused update and new perspectives on HDL and CVD.

Recent findings

A Mendelian randomization study demonstrated an increased risk of CVD when HDL-cholesterol was predominantly transported in larger HDL particles and a decreased risk of CVD when HDL-cholesterol was predominantly transported in smaller HDL particles. Moreover, another Mendelian randomization study demonstrated that concentration and content of medium HDL particles is associated with CVD. A Mendelian randomization study that utilized stratified analyses demonstrated that individuals with HDL-cholesterol 50 mg/dl or less were at increased risk of CVD. Lastly, the AEGIS-II trial demonstrated that CSL112, a human apolipoprotein A-I that increases cholesterol efflux, did not significantly reduce cardiovascular events in patients at very high risk. Exploratory analyses showed that patients treated with CSL112 had numerically lower rates of cardiovascular events.

Qualitative markers of HDL may be causally related to CVD. There is a need for ongoing research into HDL therapeutics that promote the biological properties of HDL. The optimal cohort or disease state that will benefit from these therapies needs to be identified.
Best Practices and Lessons Learned From the Public Health Disability Specialists Program: Addressing the Needs of People With Disabilities During COVID-19
Authors: Cree Robyn A. , Wray Allison , Evans Adrianna , Lyons Sara , Burrous Haley , Nilz Margaret , Clarke Cendra , Li Jennifer , Baio Jon
Published: August 2024

Context

The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) and the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) applied funding issued by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to implement the Public Health Disability Specialists Program, part of a project to address the needs of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Disability specialists (subject matter experts) were embedded within state, territorial, and city/county health departments to help ensure disability inclusion in emergency planning, mitigation, and recovery efforts.

Objective

To evaluate the success of the Disability Specialists Program in improving emergency response planning, mitigation, and recovery efforts for people with disabilities within participating jurisdictions.

Design

Disability specialists worked with their assigned jurisdictions to conduct standardized baseline health department needs assessments to identify existing gaps and inform development and implementation of improvement plans. CDC, ASTHO, and NACCHO implemented a mixed methods framework to evaluate specialists’ success.

Setting

State, territorial, and local health departments across 28 jurisdictions between January 2021 and July 2022.

Main Outcome Measures

Average number of categories of gaps addressed and qualitative documentation of strategies, barriers, and promising practices.

Results

Specialists identified 1010 gaps (approximately 36 per jurisdiction) across eight needs assessment categories, most related to mitigation, recovery, resilience, and sustainability efforts (n = 213) and communication (n = 193). Specialists addressed an average of three categories of gaps identified; common focus areas included equitable COVID-19 vaccine distribution and accessible communications. Specialists commonly mentioned barriers related to limited health agency capacity (eg, resources) and community mistrust. Promising practices to address barriers included sharing best practices through peer-to-peer networks and building and strengthening partnerships between health departments and the disability community.

Conclusions

Embedding disability specialists within state, territorial, and local health departments improved jurisdictional ability to meet evolving public health needs for the entire community, including people with disabilities.
Agreement and Consistency of Absolute and Relative Corticospinal Stimulus–Response Curves for Upper, Lower, and Axial Musculature in Healthy Adults
Authors: Hougland Juliana R. , Proessl Felix , Meglino Nicholas , Canino Maria C. , Sterczala Adam J. , Connaboy Chris , Nindl Bradley C. , Flanagan Shawn D.
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

To assess the agreement and consistency of absolute and relative stimulus–response curve (SRC) parameter estimates for upper extremity, lower extremity, and axial muscles.

Methods:

Thirty (15 W, age: 27.0 ± 6.3 y, height: 171.9 ± 8.9 cm, weight: 80.2 ± 19.3 kg) healthy adults completed absolute (5% to 100% stimulator output) and relative (65% to 160% motor threshold) SRCs of the first dorsal interosseous, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis during submaximal isometric contractions. Mean motor-evoked potential amplitudes were fit with nonlinear regression to derive MEPmax, V50, and slope. Absolute agreement and consistency were assessed with ICCs, Cronbachs alphas, and Bland–Altman plots. Independent t-tests were used to examine differences in motor threshold, physical activity, strength, and muscle activity among participants with valid and invalid SRC parameters.

Results:

Absolute and relative SRCs displayed good agreement and consistency for MEPmax and V50 but not slope. Motor thresholds were lower among participants with valid absolute SRCs for the rectus abdominis and vastus lateralis. Motor threshold, physical activity, strength, and muscle activity did not differ among those with valid and invalid parameters for all relative SRCs and absolute SRCs for the first dorsal interosseous.

Conclusions:

Absolute and relative SRCs produce similar MEPmax and V50 estimates in the first dorsal interosseous, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis. The validity of absolute and relative SRC results may differ depending on individual characteristics and tested muscles.
Genomic insights into indole-3-acetic acid catabolism in the marine algae-associated bacterium, Marinomonas sp. NFXS50
Authors: Bertrand Constança , Martins Rodrigo , Nunes Francisco , Brandão Pedro , Nascimento Francisco X
Published: August 2024

2. Abstract

Auxins, mainly in the form of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) regulate several aspects of plant and algae growth and development. Consequently, plant and algae-associated bacteria developed the ability to modulate IAA levels, including IAA catabolism. In this work, we present and analyze the genome sequence of the IAA-degrading and marine algae-associated bacterium, Marinomonas sp. NFXS50, analyze its IAA catabolism gene cluster and study the prevalence of IAA catabolism genes in other Marinomonas genomes. Our findings revealed the presence of homologs of the Pseudomonas iac gene cluster, implicated in IAA catabolism, in the genome of strain NFXS50, however, differences were observed in the content and organization of the Marinomonas iac gene cluster when compared to that of the iac-containing Pseudomonas putida 1290. These variations suggest potential adaptations in the IAA catabolism pathway, possibly influenced by substrate availability and evolutionary factors. The prevalence of iac genes across several Marinomonas species underscores the significance of IAA catabolism in marine environments, potentially influencing plant/algae-bacteria interactions. This study provides novel insights into the IAA catabolism in Marinomonas, laying the groundwork for future investigations into the role of iac genes in Marinomonas physiology and the regulation of marine plant/algae-bacteria interactions.
Social Isolation During Adolescence Differentially Affects Spatial Learning in Adult Male and Female Mice
Authors: Hanif Sadiyah , Sclar Mia , Lee Jinah , Nichols Caleb , Likhtik Ekaterina , Burghardt Nesha S.
Published: August 2024

Social isolation is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to these effects, because they are in a critical period of development marked by significant physical, hormonal, and social changes. However, it is unclear if the effects of social isolation on learning and memory are similar in both sexes or if they persist into adulthood after a period of recovery. We socially isolated male and female 129Sv/Ev mice throughout adolescence (post-natal days 29-56), provided a 2-week re-socialization recovery period, and then tested spatial learning and cognitive flexibility in the active place avoidance task. After behavioral testing, mice were injected with 5’-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) so that lasting effects of social isolation on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus could be examined. We found that in males, isolation led to a modest impairment in the rate of initial spatial learning, whereas in females, initial learning was unaffected. However, when the location of the shock zone was switched during the conflict variant of the task, cognitive flexibility was impaired in females only. Similarly, social isolation reduced cell proliferation in the ventral dentate gyrus only in females. Together, these findings indicate that social isolation during adolescence differentially impairs spatial processing in males and females, with effects that persist into adulthood.
Identification of novel fructo-oligosaccharide bacterial consumers by pulse metatranscriptomics in a human stool sample
Authors: Prattico Catherine , Gonzalez Emmanuel , Dridi Lharbi , Jazestani Shiva , Low Kristin E. , Abbott D. Wade , Maurice Corinne F. , Castagner Bastien
Published: August 2024

Dietary fibres influence the composition of the human gut microbiota and directly contribute to its downstream effects on host health. As more research supports the use of glycans as prebiotics for therapeutic applications, the need to identify the gut bacteria that metabolize glycans of interest increases. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a common diet-derived glycan that is fermented by the gut microbiota and has been used as a prebiotic. Despite being well studied, we do not yet have a complete picture of all FOS-consuming gut bacterial taxa. To identify new bacterial consumers, we used a short exposure of microbial communities in a stool sample to FOS or galactomannan as the sole carbon source to induce glycan metabolism genes. We then performed metatranscriptomics, paired with whole metagenomic sequencing (WMS), and 16S amplicon sequencing. The short incubation induced genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, like carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), including glycoside hydrolase family 32 genes, which hydrolyze fructan polysaccharides like FOS and inulin. Interestingly, FOS metabolism transcripts were notably overexpressed inBlautiaspecies not previously reported to be fructan consumers. We therefore validated the ability of differentBlautiaspecies to ferment fructans by monitoring their growth and fermentation in defined media. This pulse metatranscriptomics approach is a useful method to find novel consumers of prebiotics and increase our understanding of prebiotic metabolism by CAZymes in the gut microbiota.

Significance

Complex carbohydrates are key contributors to the composition of the human gut microbiota and play an essential role in the microbiota’s effects on host health. Understanding which bacteria consume complex carbohydrates, or glycans, provides a mechanistic link between dietary prebiotics and their beneficial health effects, an essential step for their therapeutic application. Here, we used a pulse metatranscriptomics pipeline to identify bacterial consumers based on glycan metabolism induction in a human stool sample. We identified novel consumers of FOS amongBlautiaspecies, expanding our understanding of this well-known glycan. Our approach can be applied to identify consumers of understudied glycans and expand our prebiotic repertoire. It can also be used to study prebiotic glycans directly in stool samples in distinct patient populations to help delineate the prebiotic mechanism.
Unboxing the temporal patterns of employee engagement: a daily and weekly analysis of needs satisfaction, work motivation and employee well-being
Authors: Wang Zheni
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This research used a temporal approach to operationalize employee engagement, capturing subjective/objective time of the day and day of the week to analyze the dynamic patterns of employees’ daily/weekly well-being, basic needs satisfaction, and situational work motivation under the integrated framework of self-determination theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Multi-level data was collected using the survey structure outlined under the day reconstruction methodology (DRM) with samples of Canadian part-time working undergraduate students and full-time US corporate employees (1980 work episodes reported by 321 participants).

Findings

Multi-level confirmatory factorial analysis results supported the measurement invariance for within-person variables in all the working episodes across the US and Canada samples. Structural equation modeling path analysis results, using the within-person variables, captured the daily temporal patterns that employees’ well-being (vitality and positive affect), basic psychological needs (autonomy and relatedness), and situational autonomous motivation started at a high level and decreased with both subjective and objective time of the day. Negative affect showed asymmetric daily and weekly temporal patterns compared to positive affect. A few indirect paths were found, including one from the subjective time of the day to employee well-being (vitality and affect) via situational autonomous motivation and another one from the day of the week to vitality and positive affect via relatedness needs satisfaction and situational autonomous motivation.

Research limitations/implications

The socio-cultural and business impacts of work scheduling practices and implications for theory-driven, evidence-based organizational development practices were discussed together with the research limitations.

Practical implications

Results on how the variations in self-regulation during the performance of different work tasks in a single work event help practitioners to connect repeated situational motivational change patterns to effective supervision. HR business partner can also utilize such findings to shape evidence-based practice to improve employee engagement.

Originality/value

This research is one of the few pioneer studies to look into how temporal factors, such as work scheduling, affect employees' well-being through the dynamic understanding of the mediated path model from time to employee well-being via psychological engagement conditions such as motivation and needs satisfaction.
Economic effectiveness of investment in higher education: an evaluation at the individual and national levels
Authors: Kasnauskiene Gindrute , Badaras Rokas , Pauliene Rasa , Thrassou Alkis
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study evaluates the economic effectiveness of higher education in Lithuania by measuring returns to investment in higher education for both individual university graduates and the state, particularly aiming to discover how higher education investments impact economic returns at both micro (individual) and macro (national) levels.

Design/methodology/approach

A dual methodological approach has been applied, utilizing both the Mincer earnings equation and the full discounting method, to draw a clear distinction between the returns enjoyed by individuals and those accrued to the country. Calculations for individual economic returns are done using the most recent available Lithuanian Department of Statistics data on the wage structure, while national return on education was based on the State Tax Inspectorate and Lithuanian Public Finance databases.

Findings

The research confirms that Lithuanian investments in education positively influence both individual earnings and society at large, mainly due to the low cost of education and the high returns. For individuals, net present value varies from €126,000 to €224,000, and the internal rate of return is from 7% to 46%, with the highest return being for males working in companies of 50–249 employees and holding a bachelor’s degree. It is also noteworthy that one additional year spent in education increases earnings on average by 4.1%. The financing of first cycle studies costs the state two times less than second and third cycle studies. For this reason, the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) of first cycle studies are higher than those of second and third cycle studies.

Originality/value

While higher education is generally and globally seen as a way to ensure financial stability and career advancement at the individual level and socioeconomic development at the national one, the question of cost versus benefits at both levels is principal and diachronic. Our research quantifies the NPV and IRR of education investments and highlights the differential economic returns of various education levels, where policymakers can utilize these insights to inform strategic decisions regarding education funding and resource allocation. This study, therefore, provides explicit quantitative answers and presents individuals and policymakers with tangible results and practicable direction in their decision-making. The findings are applicable to the specific country-focus, but also constitute an applicable case study in the international context, particularly for European and other countries of comparable economic structure and developmental stage.
Understanding Gen Z shoppers' interaction with customer-service robots: a cognitive-affective-normative perspective
Authors: Osakwe Christian Nedu , Říha David , Elgammal Islam Mahmoud Yousef , Ramayah T.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Large supermarket chains are adopting customer-service robots to improve service delivery in physical stores. Successful deployment of these robots depends on shoppers' willingness to interact with them, requiring an understanding of influencing factors. This study, grounded in the Cognitive-Affective-Normative (CAN) theory, seeks to systematically explore the factors influencing Gen Z shoppers' willingness to interact with customer-service robots.

Design/methodology/approach

A hybrid approach combining Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) was employed to analyze survey data collected from 945 Gen Zs in the Czech Republic.

Findings

The results from SEM highlight significant cognitive, normative, and affective factors that influence the intention of Gen Z shoppers to interact with a customer-service robot. Specifically, cognitive factors such as effort and performance expectancy, along with normative factors like subjective norms, emerged as critical determinants. Furthermore, affective factors such as technology anxiety and positive emotions significantly influence users' readiness to use customer-service robots for service requests. The study also underscores that positive emotions, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, and subjective norms are vital prerequisites for interacting with customer-service robots.

Originality/value

The originality of this work lies in its two significant contributions to the burgeoning field of SRs in retail literature. First, it extends the CAN theory to the context of SRs among Gen Z shoppers in Czechia, thereby enriching the existing literature on SRs in retail. Second, by employing a hybrid analytical approach, our research offers both empirical and methodological advancements, providing rigorous insights crucial for enhancing the understanding of the pivotal factors influencing shoppers' interactions with SRs in physical store environments.
The mediation role of positive psychological capital in the relationship between perceived organizational support and employee performance: a research on port administration employees
Authors: Özgül Burcu , Çelenk Erdem
Published: August 2024

Purpose

In this study, a conceptual model was developed and analyzed to test the mediating role of positive psychological capital (PPC) in the impact of organizational support perceived by employees who continue their professional lives in the port sector, which is an important sub-branch of the maritime sector, on employee performance (EP).

Design/methodology/approach

The data for the analysis of the model in question were collected through a survey method from employees in the work site and units of 14 port enterprises in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. A total of 406 usable data were analyzed with the SmartPLS 4 analysis program.

Findings

The analysis did not confirm the significant positive effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on EP. On the other hand, the analysis found that POS had a significant positive impact on PPC. Likewise, the significant positive effect of PPC on EP was confirmed. The analysis also concluded that PPC was the full mediator variable in the impact of POS on EP.

Practical implications

This study helps managers find out how they can improve employees' EP with qualified POS and PPC.

Originality/value

The current study reveals the role of PPC in the mechanism underlying the controversial relationship between POS and EP and, thus, contributes significantly to both literature and practice.
The integration between Lean Construction and the Internet of Things (IoT): a systematic literature review
Authors: Albalkhy Wassim , Sweis Rateb , Jaï Hassan , Lafhaj Zoubeir
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study explores the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) as an enabler for Lean Construction principles and tools in construction projects.

Design/methodology/approach

In response to the scarcity of studies about IoT functionalities in construction, a two-round systematic literature review (SLR) was undertaken. The first round aimed to identify IoT functionalities in construction, encompassing an analysis of 288 studies. The second round aimed to analyze their interaction with Lean Construction principles, drawing insights from 43 studies.

Findings

The outcome is a comprehensive Lean Construction-IoT matrix featuring 54 interactions. The highest levels of interaction were found in the Lean Construction principle “flow” and the functionality of “data transfer and real-time information sharing”.

Research limitations/implications

The study focuses on the role of IoT as an enabler for Lean Construction. Future work can cover the role of Lean as an enabler for advanced technology implementation in construction.

Originality/value

The Lean Construction-IoT matrix serves as a resource for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers seeking to enhance Lean Construction by leveraging IoT technology. It also provides various examples of how advanced technology can support waste elimination and value generation in construction projects.