bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREDISPOSING FACTORS AND PREVENTION FOR OVERUSE INJURIES IN ANKLE AND FOOT COMPLEX IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Grueva-Pancheva Tanya
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The ankle and foot complex is a body segment that undergoes a high load in rhythmic gymnasts. Constant standing on toes and repetitive movements like relevé, pirouettes, and jumps, apply acute stress on soft tissues in the area. Due to poor proprioception, incorrect performance techniques of these rigorous activities repeated many times daily by a gymnast can lead to overuse injuries. Additional factors related to these conditions are weak Posterior Tibial muscle; tight Achilles tendon or short Triceps Surae; inadequate or forced turnout, provoking increased pronation of the foot; a muscle imbalance between invertors and evertors muscles. These contributing factors could be corrected by changes in technique or the way of training. The purpose of the present report is to follow the effect of proprioceptive training on postural balance and limb functioning in elite gymnasts. Methodology. Eighteen elite gymnasts from RG club “NUANCE NSA” have been investigated. The rhythmic gymnast aged between 10-17 (mean 13.3 years) underwent two (2) months of proprioceptive program, which included specific preventive and balance exercises performed before each practice. Star Excursion Balance Test and One Leg Hop for a time were used to measure the dynamic postural balance before starting the exercise program and two (2) months after. Results. Star Excursion Balance Test showed the shortest tap distance in the anterolateral direction for both dominant and non-dominant legs. The anterior and lateral direction were as follow. The performance improved after the two (2) months of proprioceptive program, but these directions still show the shortest tap distance. One Leg Hop test did not show any significant improvement in the performance. Conclusion: The 8-week proprioceptive training positively affects postural balance in elite rhythmic gymnasts. However, the tested period is short to make deep conclusions. A further prolonged investigation is needed to summarize the preventive effect of proprioceptive training.
COMBINED METHODS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN CASE OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Naydenova Stefania , Dimitrova Evgeniya ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aims to compare the efficacy of two different physiotherapy methods for relieving the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to supplement already imposed methods, and to summarize a new methodology for prevention. Relevance: Improving the overall physical condition of patients, combating a sedentary lifestyle, and training in the correct body position is the way to prevent the disease. Our study provides scientific evidence to justify the role of physiotherapy for the treatment and prevention of relapses in this condition. Subjects: The randomized controlled trial has been conducted since January 2016 in a private physiotherapy practice. A total of 111 patients with clinically confirmed idiopathic CTS were divided in two groups of treatment. Interventions consisted of 15 physiotherapy sessions for at least 10 weeks and with two different physiotherapy programs -Group A (68 patients) and Group B (42 others). Material and methods: Manual muscle stretching and relaxation techniques, joint mobilization therapy and active exercises, strengthening program, soft tissue mobilization therapy, and mobilization of the nervous system in the wrist, and forearm area were already part of their treatment program. When contingent and conducting tests for functional examination showed us the presence of Upper cross syndrome in over 75% of cases participants. Manual therapy on the “Manuthera” table and the combination of active training with Electro Muscle Stimulation to overcome muscle dysbalance. Results: Analysis of the results so far shows that the findings are empirical data difference is not random, so the methodology has a proven effect. During the experiment, the experimental group realized statistically significant results related to the symptoms and complaints typical of the syndrome. Conclusion: The results showed great statistical significance in proving the effect from the conducted experimental methodology.
SCAPULOTHORACIC DYSKINESIA - ETIOLOGY, FUNCTIONAL STUDY AND GUIDELINES FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY
Authors:   Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department Physiotherapy, Popova Daniela , Filipova Mariela ,   SWU “Neofit Rilski”, Faculty of Public Health, Health Care and Sport, Department of Physiotherapy, Kantchev David ,   Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Department Physiotherapy
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction. In recent years, the attention of orthopedists and physiotherapists involved in the rehabilitation of upper limbs has often focused on the evaluation and overcoming of scapulothoracic dyskinesias observed in shoulder pathologies, which is a key point in restoring the complex function of the shoulder. Purpose of the report. To present the causes of changes in the movement of the scapulae or anomalies in their position, defined by the scientific community as “scapulo-thoracic dyskinesia” and methods of functional research, as well as guidelines for overcoming with physiotherapy. Material and methods. An object of the study were 27 patients, aged 45 to 55 years old, with rotator cuff pathologies treated conservatively. Scapulothoracic dyskinesia was found in all of them. The patients were divided into 2 groups - control and experimental, in which the author’s methodology for physiotherapy was applied for 6 weeks. We applied: tests for the stabilizer muscles of the scapula, manual muscle testing, and goniometry. Results and discussion. The results show that reducing scapulothoracic dyskinesia significantly reduces pain and improves joint mobility and complex function of the shoulder girdle. In the frontal plane, we found an increase in abduction of an average of 43±5.61 ° in the experimental group. In MMT of the scapular stabilizers, an average increase in muscle strength of about one unit was found. Conclusion. The full restoration of the function of the shoulder girdle is impossible without a correct concept of the restoration of the kinematics of the scapulo-thoracic joint. Restoration of physiological kinematics of the scapulothoracic joint provides reliable prevention for subsequent rotator cuff pathologies.
METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE TECHNICAL SKILLS OF SHOOTING IN BIATHLON
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Klechorov Mihayl , Vukov Valentin ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Haralampieva Aleksandra ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

In this study, we are going to find out how to improve the shooting technique of biathletes. Shooting is an important component of biathlon and its impact on the end result of the race is significant. Many authors specify that the main elements of biathlon shooting are: the shooting position, aiming, holding one’s breath, and processing the trigger. This article examines some methods of improvement of the shooting elements and the results of their application. The elite athletes from the Bulgarian national biathlon team - (seven women) were studied, as a specialized methodology for the development of accuracy in shooting was developed and applied in the training process. The following scientific methods were used to resolve the tasks of the research: Bibliography analysis of specialized literature on the problems of the research; Testing; Pedagogical observation. Statistical methods: Variational analysis, the mean and standard deviation were calculated; Percentage analysis. The results show that the overall success rate of the two shooting positions - prone and standing, in all subjects has increased, after the application of exercises to develop shooting abilities, in particular accuracy. Most of the athletes have a high hit rate. Mean ± SD: 86,9 ± 7,3 % for the first test and 92,4 % ± 7,6 % for the second test, which signifies very good shooting skills. In biathlon, the success rate of the shooting is more important, but the higher number of points speaks of better shooting results, respectively for better preconditions to achieve a high success rate in the competitions.
COMPARISON OF TWO PHYSIOTHERAPY METHODS IN PATIENTS WITH SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Dimitrova Evgeniya , Daci Faton ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Shoulder impingement syndrome is the most common diagnosis of shoulder dysfunction. Physical therapy has been found to be effective in reducing pain and disability in these patients. Methodology: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two physical therapy interventions in the treatment of primary shoulder impingement syndrome: 1) supervised exercise only, and 2) supervised exercise with manual therapy techniques. Thirty-six subjects diagnosed with primary shoulder impingement were randomly assigned to one of these two groups. Physiotherapy protocol involved twelve treatment sessions over a 6-weeks period. Participants in the exercise-only group performed exercises focusing on strengthening the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizing musculature, stretching to decrease capsular tightness, and patient education on proper posture. Participants in the exercise with the manual therapy group received the standard exercise protocol with the addition of joint mobilization and manual muscle techniques. Main outcome measures included 24-hour pain (Visual Analogue Scale – VAS), shoulder active range of motion (AROM), and shoulder function (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index – SPADI). Results: The statistical analyses were carried out using an SPSS package. Repeated-measures analyses indicated significant decreases in pain, improved function, and increases in AROM. Univariate analyses on the change from pre- to post-treatment for each dependent variable found statistically significant differences (α ≤ .05) between the two groups. The Manual therapy group had a higher level of change from pre- to post-treatment on pain measures (VAS), SPADI, and AROM, in comparison with the Exercise therapy group. Conclusions: This study suggests that performing manual therapy techniques in combination with a supervised exercise program may result in a greater decrease in pain and improved function although studies with larger samples are needed.
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT ON THE PATIENTS WITH SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Daci Faton , Dimitrova Evgeniya ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aims of our study were to identify the available functional examination tests (FET) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) instruments designed for subacromial impingement, to analyze and evaluate them and to develop a methodology for functional assessment of patients with shoulder impingement. Methods: A comprehensive search for all available FET and PROM and published review articles for subacromial impingement was undertaken on PubMed, PEDRO, Google Scholar, and Physiopedia up to June 2021. All full-text articles reporting evaluation, validation, surgical, and non-surgical treatment outcomes of these subacromial impingement FET and PROM were retrieved and analyzed by us, and a methodology for functional assessment of patients with subacromial impingement was developed. The methodology includes the following methods and tests: patient history, observation, palpation, examination of the movements, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, examination of muscle balance (muscle length and tonus, isometric test, manual muscle testing), goniometry of the shoulder active range of motion (AROM), special tests (Neer test, Hawkins-Kennedy test), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results And Discussion: For a period of 1 year, we accessed 36 subjects diagnosed with primary shoulder impingement. They were randomly assigned to one of two physiotherapy groups: 1) supervised exercise only, and 2) supervised exercise with manual therapy techniques. Physiotherapy protocol involved twelve treatment sessions over a 6-weeks period. The analysis of the results confirms the positive effect of physiotherapy to decreases in pain, improved function, and increases in shoulder active range of motion. Conclusion: A methodology for functional examination of patients with subacromial impingement allows objective monitoring of the results of physiotherapy. Physiotherapy is effective in reducing pain and improving shoulder function in patients with subacromial impingement.
FITBALL EXERCISES AS A MEANS OF TRAINING AND PREVENTION OF POSTURAL CONTROL
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Mincheva-Bolgurova Penka
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to investigate the use of fitball exercises as a means of training the trunk muscles and stimulating postural control in children and adolescents. Methods and methodology. Contemporary literature sources and methodologies for training the static strength endurance of the postural muscles and the possibilities for their application as part of a methodology for training to maintain good postural control were studied and analyzed. Results. Modern research on the possibility of incorporating a variety of therapeutic tools, devices and exercises for training and control of postural muscles stimulates the interest of children and enriches the methodology of physiotherapy. The goal of postural correction is to incorporate exercises from starting positions that stimulate postural reflexes. Postural correction includes exercises that stimulate muscular endurance of the postural muscles, balance, equilibrium and coordination. Fitball exercises are also recommended as exercises that stimulate postural correction and control. Conclusion. Fitball exercises can be included in the methodology of physiotherapy in the treatment of postural disorders. They provide variety in the complexes by creating a positive emotional stimulus during exercise. They help to improve muscular strength endurance, balance, and postural muscle equilibrium which aids in postural correction and postural control training.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MASSAGЕ (TUINA) FOR CHRONIC NECK PAIN
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Marinova Denka
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Chronic neck pain is something common which can be hard to treat. There is limited evidence for the efficiency of differ-ent alternative therapies. This research aimed to assess the efficiency of the traditional Chinese massage on the range of motion and intensity of pain in the cervical area of the spinal column. Objects and methods: 38 patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The control group performed only controlled therapeutic exercises. The patients from the experimental group were subjected to ten Chinese therapeutic massages and therapeutic exercises twice a week. The range of motion in the neck was assessed with a universal goniometer for flexion, potations, and lateral flexion. The intensity of the pain was assessed with the visual-analogical scale. At the end of the research, we found statistically significant, better results in the EG in the left rotation (58,4° ± 2°), right rotation (54,4° ± 2,1°), right lateral flexion (32,6° ± 4,7°), and left lateral flexion (37,2° ± 5,6°), with a statistical significance level (p < .05). Tracing the dynamics in the pain symptoms showed a reduction in the pain in both groups of patients, with a significant downward trend in the experimental group. Conclusion: Traditional Chinese massagе alleviates pain symptoms and relaxes the increased muscle tone, which leads to an increase in the range of motion in the neck area. Compared to routine physiotherapy, the Chinese massage methods has a proven effect on the traced indicators.
ASSESSMENT OF BODY POSTURE OF 6-7 YEARS OLD CHILDREN IN RELATION TO THE BMI
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Sadikova Daniela
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Increased weight in childhood is a determining factor in developing several diseases in adulthood. The poor posture of the child might be a result of the rapidly growing musculoskeletal system, the increased BMI, or a combination of both. This study aims to investigate the relation between BMI and poor posture in 7-6 years old children. Material and Methodology: The study included 2 kindergartens in Sofia and was held in September 2018. The New York Posture Rating Chart was used to evaluate the posture. The anthropometric data were assessed and the BMI was calculated by BMI-for-age (5-19) years. The screening covered 112 children with a mean age of 6.14 years. Results: Poor posture was identified in 32 (28.5%) of the subjects. Abnormal BMI was amounted to 22 (19.6%) of the children: 4 (3.5%) underweight, 16 (14.3%) overweight and 2 (1.7 %) obese. The increase in BMI correlated with a higher chance of poor posture was identified by almost 11.6 % of the pupils.
APPLICATION OF AN INCLINOMETER IN THE FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDREN SPORTING FOOTBALL
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Tasheva Rumiana
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to apply for the first time in Bulgaria a Digital Pelvic Inclinometer in the functional diagnostic of children playing football. Material and methods. During the period March-August 2020, 107 boys aged 6-10 years (mean age 8.63 ±.115) from soccer clubs Baroko, Vitosha 13, Talant, Tsarsko Selo were assessed. Players train an average of 1.91 ±0.866 years with a frequency of 2.70 ±0.461 times a week. All children were tested for pelvic inclination using a Digital Pelvic Inclinometer (DPI) based on Sub-4 Technologies. Pelvic angle data is calculated electronically and digitally displayed on an LCD. The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) levels were measured bilaterally and the difference between the two values was determined as pelvic torsion. Results: Data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0. Pearson’s coefficient demonstrates a correlation of 0.813 between the in-clinometer data on the left and right. There is also a 0.357 correlation between the inclinometer data on pelvic torsion and the isometric test for static strength endurance of the lower paravertebral muscles. Test of Normality Koplmogorov-Smirnov shows other than normal distribution – on the left 0,101 (Sig. .013) and on the right 0,134 (Sig. .000). These results determine applying of the nonparametric test Kruskal Wallis. The data demonstrate statistically significant differences between teams, in the inclinometer on the right x2=7.86 (Sig. .049) and pelvis torsio x2=10.506 (Sig. .015). In addition also the data of the pelvis torsio shows statistically significant differences between groups according to age (first 6-7, second 8-9, and third 10-11 years) x2=8.432 (Sig. .015). Conclusion: The application of Digital Pelvic Inclinometer provides an accurate diagnosis of pelvic inclination and the presence of torsion, which is essential for the timely treatment of functional dysfunctions and for the prevention of complications.
ALTERED MOBILITY IN THE SPINE AS A PREREQUISITE FOR CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Dimitrova Vesela , Sazdova Lyubomira ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Chronic low back pain is a common pathology, both in everyday life and in sports also. It impairs daily comfort, quality of life, and physical activity - for amateurs, and professionals. Doctors, physiotherapists, fitness trainers, psychologists, and others see into this issue. The causes of chronic low back pain can be mechanical, biochemical, and psycho-emotional. In 95% of cases, the cause is myofascial structures (Malanga, Cruz, Colon, 2010). A meta-analysis that looks through the treatment of this type of pain indicates exercise as a mandatory tool to address this problem. Specifying the type of motor activity is a condition for managing the pain. (Shipton, 2018) The aim of the study was to establish characteristic pathobiomechanical patterns in the mobility of the spine in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methodology: A cohort study of 60 patients who complained of chronic nonspecific low back pain was performed. The indicators on which they were studied are the measurement of the mobility of the thoracic spine according to Ott, and the measurement of the mobility of the lumbar spine according to Schober. The relationship between the change in mobility in the different parts of the spine and the presence of chronic pain was studied. Conclusion: The results of the study showed statistically significant data that the change(alternate) in the mobility of each of the sections in the spinal column leads to an increase or decrease in mobility in the adjacent parts. In this study, in 2/3 of cases with chronic non-specific low back pain, there is an increase in the mobility of the lumbar region, which leads to instability and overwhelming of soft tissues in the area, and this leads to pain.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE PROGRAMS ON THE CERVICAL SYNDROME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors:   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia, Jorgić Bojan , Kostić Sandra ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia, Dordević Stefan ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia, Hadžović Miljan ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia, Antić Vladimir ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Serbia
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Cervical syndrome is one of the most common painful conditions of modern times. It can be defined as a set of disorders caused by degenerative changes to the joints of the cervical spine. The clinical picture of a person affected by the cervical syndrome includes pain, increased tone of the neck muscles, as well as the muscles of the shoulder girdle, reduced range of motion of the cervical spine, etc. This study aimed to determine the effects of exercise programs on cervical syndrome based on a systematic review of previous research. PubMed, Google Scholar, SCIndex, and Medline databases were all searched to compile data on the effects of exercise programs on cervical syndrome. The following keywords were used in the search: cervical syndrome, physical exercise, and neck pain. The inclusion criteria were that the papers were written in English, were available in full text, and were published between 2015 and 2020. Based on the set criteria, 13 studies were included in the final analysis. Based on their analysis, it was determined that various forms of physical exercise programs have numerous positive effects among people affected by the cervical syndrome (reduction of pain, increased range of motion of the cervical spine, increased muscle strength and endurance of neck muscles, relaxation of cervical flexor muscles, reduction of pain in response to pressure, reduction of nocturnal neck pain, etc.). Physical exercise programs lead to strengthening and increased flexibility. By strengthening the musculature, the support that the muscles give to the surrounding joints increases, while the increase in flexibility affects the function of the joints and enables a greater range of motion, which is reduced by cervical syndrome. Due to all the previously mentioned positive effects of physical exercise programs among people affected by the cervical syndrome, physical exercise programs should be included as their first-line treatment.
APPLICATION OF A SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL EXERCISES IN RAFTING
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Staeva Veselina , Treneva Vesela ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The development of the methodology of the special training of highly qualified female rafting athletes in the past years is closely related to the precise coordination of the training system with the specific requirements of the sport-competitive activity. This happens mainly at the expense of the means by which the special strength and technico-tactical qualities are developed, which poses the problem of searching for new means and methods of special physical training. In the present study, the effectiveness of the application of the author’s experimental system of technico-tactical exercises in rafting sports is tested. The subject of the research are exercises for special training. The object of research are the characteristics of development and improvement of technico-tactical qualities of highly qualified female rafting athletes. Ten female rafting athletes from the two leading Bulgarian sports clubs in this sport - SC KK “NSA - Vasil Boyanov”, Sofia, Bulgaria and SC “Vento”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria were studied. The methodology of the study consists of a literature study and conducting a pedagogical experiment with 18 tests to determine the level of general and special training of highly qualified female rafting athletes. Methods of mathematical-statistical analysis of data are analysis of variation and comparative analysis of Student`s t-criterion. The analysis of the results showed that the system is focused on the development of several basic exercise systems, but the means aimed at the development of special physical training and technical-tactical mastery dominate. The results of the study have immediate practical-applied value both for the optimization of special training of highly skilled female rafting athletes and for subsequent and further research on the topic.
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF USING BIOROW TECH SYSTEM FOR IMPROVING SOME TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF THE ROWING STROKE WITH NOVICE ROWERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Oronova - Hristova Daniela , Ivanova - Kunzova Krasimira ,   Technical University - Sofia
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The rowing technique is one of the main factors determining good sports results. Many different factors are combined in rowing, but only if the effective technique is understood and its key factors are mastered the rowers would be able to realize the full benefit from training. The primary purpose of the current research was to determine the effect on some technical indicators after the BioRow Tech system for ergometers was used in training university students – novice rowers. Methods of the experiment include measuring three variables: the positions of the handle, seat and trunk (at the level of the shoulder joint). The velocities of the legs, trunk, and arms were derived from measured points and used for analyses. BioRow Tech system produces three indicators displayed instantly for the rower to see: Catch Factor, Rowing Style Factor, and Finish Factor. Rowers receive real-time feedback after each stroke. The received results demonstrate an increase in all the above indicators within the groups of investigated students. It was determined that when rowing with different intensities, the Catch factor increased with an average of d%=75.17, P(t) = 86.6; the Rowing Style Factor with d%=23.25, P(t) = 95.7, and the Finish Factor with d%=33.86, P(t) = 68.3. The analysis of the results reveals a positive effect on improving the rowing stroke technical indicators. Using the BioRow Tech system on an ergometer could cut down the time novice rowers typically need to improve their rowing technique.
ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS AND SPECIFIC WORKABILITY OF THE YOUNGER NATIONAL HANDBALL TEAM UP TO 18 YEARS OLD
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Avramov Emil
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Picking out and selection are the most essential elements of the multistructural system of sports training. With their help, a clear assessment is obtained, which determines the genetic talents of the athletes, who are directly dependent on the discovery of their game potential and the achievement of high sports results. That is why we set ourselves the goal to optimize the process of sports orientation and selection in handball, by revealing the peculiarities of physical development and their specific training. 22 handball players aged 17-18 from the youth national team of Bulgaria at a training camp in the town of Gabrovo were studied. Competitors passed sports and pedagogical testing on 12 indicators, of which 6 for anthropometry and 6 for sports and technical training. The data was statistically processed with the program SPSS 21, variation analysis was applied. For handball, anthropometric indicators of height, weight, and limb length are essential. Based on the research, we can say that there is potential in the selection of young handball players. In sports practice, good knowledge of physical development and motor skills allows sports professionals to properly and accurately plan and implement the training process over time.
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY IN THE DISCIPLINE WOMEN’S SINGLES BETWEEN BULGARIAN AND FOREIGN BADMINTON PLAYERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Ivanova Rumyana
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The study aims to investigate the performance in the discipline Women’s Singles among Bulgarian and foreign badminton players. Thirty matches - semi-finals and finals of international tournaments and state championships in badminton in 2020 and 2021 were studied. The contingent of the study was 5 Bulgarian elite badminton players training at Badminton Club “Aneta Yaneva NSA”. In addition, the playing efficiency of 10 foreign badminton athletes in the top 10 of the World Ranking List for 2020 - 2021 was studied for reference and comparison. Using the author’s methodology, 15 game indicators (strokes) were separated into three groups: attacking, defensive, and neutral, as well as the technical elements: service, meeting, and the realization efficiency of each individual indicator are derived. The mathematical-statistical methods of variation and alternative analysis are applied to process the obtained data. The results show a statistically significant difference in the game efficiency of the attacking type of shots (77% for the world elite badminton players compared to 35% for the Bulgarian players); defensive, respectively 7% of won plays by the foreign players compared to 46% by the Bulgarian badminton players; in the case of the neutral type of shots there were no significant differences in the two groups studied.
INDICATORS FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SPORTS TRAINING OF THE ALPINE SKIER IN THE PREPARATION PERIOD
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kanevchev Ivan , Birnikov Ivan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The planning of the training process leads to an increase in the level of the alpine skier and in the first place it is an indicator of the effectiveness of the training. In the practice of skiing, the control of special physical training is widely used. The conducted field tests provide information on each side of the alpine skier’s training, which meet the training requirements of the competitors. This is our main goal in this study. The approbation of specialized tests for assessment of the specific working capacity and optimization of the training loads is our main task. Functional method (medical-biological) and sports pedagogical method - (field) appear as the most accurate criteria for assessing the current state of the alpine skier in the preparatory period. The functional method (KFI) gives an assessment of the specific training of the competitors. The sports-pedagogical method determines the current state and gives an assessment of the potential of the competitors. The need to increase the efficiency of the training process requires the introduction of new indicators that will give a better assessment of the athletes and their current condition in the preparation period. Such results were a 400m run, 40 cm box jump, and contact platform. Optimizing the effect of training with the help of tests that carry quantitative information about the individual factors influencing the sports result.
EFFECT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING MODEL ON MOTOR ABILITIES DEVELOPMENT AND AEROBIC CAPACITY IN PEOPLE PRACTICING FUNCTIONAL TRAINING
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Konchev Mihail , Zaykova Dilyana ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Bonova Iveta ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT There is a current interest in optimizing the training load, which is expressed on the one hand in an increased degree of adaptation to physical exercises, and on the other - reducing the time for their implementation. The aim of the present study is to monitor changes in the level of development of motor abilities and the level of development of aerobic capacity in women and men practicing functional training through an experimental training model. Methods: The experiment involved 23 people (10 men and 13 women) practicing functional training. Within the 10-week period, they performed an experimental training model combining circuit training and Tabata protocol. We measured the physical fitness indicators by means of an adapted “Eurofit” battery, and the aerobic capacity of the participants by means of “Beep test”. Results: We report positive changes in the measured indicators of physical fitness and more significant improvements in the strength endurance of the upper limbs and abdominal muscles, explosive force of the lower limbs, and aerobic capacity. Conclusion: Our proposed experimental training methodology, applied for a period of 10 weeks has led to an improvement in functional capacity in women and men practicing functional training.
HEART RATE AND BLOOD LACTATE MONITORING DURING MICROCYCLE AND MESOCYCLE IN ACROBATICS GYMNASTICS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Ivanov Nikolay
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Periodization and planning of the training load is an essential process in the preparation of an elite gymnast. On the one hand, the coaches and gymnasts have to achieve the necessary level (individual maximum) of the volume (quantity of elements and routines), and on the other hand, they have to do it at the “right time”. Last but not least is to prevent the gymnasts from injuries. That is why we need to study the dynamic of the training load from a physiological point of view and should have a better understanding of how the body’s system responds. This study aims to observe body reactions to the training load during one microcycle and one mesocycle in acrobatics gymnastics. One female youth Olympic champion (18 years old) and one male bronze medallist from junior WCH (26 years old) were tested. The study was made at the end of the preparation period and the beginning of the competitive period. The indicators measured were HR, blood La. Heart rate was recorded by Suunto Ambit 2. A drop of blood sample was taken from the fingertip to assess the average peak blood lactate concentration using an Accutrend Plus Roche. A heart rate record was made during one week of training (6 training days). Monitoring of the blood La took place once a week (every Thursday) for one month. The obtained results show how the gymnast body’s systems react to the training load in microcycles and mesocycle in acrobatics gymnastics. The data allow timely optimization of the training load and is a prerequisite for the improvement of the next periodization and planning of the training load not only for gymnasts that were tested but also for high-level gymnasts (Mixed Pair) with similar age and anthropometric indicators.
AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY OF THE DEPENDABILITY OF THE EXECUTION ON ROUTINE SCORING GOAL IN FIELD HOCKEY
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Stefanov Zdravko , Antonov Antonio ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Zagorski Dimitar ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Rusimova Galina ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Ivanov Ivan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Tishinov Ognyan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Biomechanical analyzes of field hockey players have been developed. The analysis was made for shooting in the door by video recording from two high-speed video cameras. For each of the blows with the stick, kinematic analyzes were made both from a point of view in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the blow on the ball, and from a rear point of view relative to the athlete. The aim of the development is to establish significant statistical regularities accompanying the repeatability of the stability of the motor habit in the effective execution of the blows on the ball in the hockey goal. Methods The scale of the shooting covers the athlete in general shooting. 8 control markers placed on the front of the stick, the right wrist, the right elbow, the right shoulder, the right and left knees, the right and left feet were used in the video recording from the lateral point of view. The same model for marking control markers is used when shooting the athlete from a rear view. The criterion for the selection of the studied points is to be visible when shooting. Additional lighting is used to increase the contrast required for automated kinematic analysis. Results and analysis Statistical analyzes of the shocks during the shooting were made, including the limit values of the linear velocities of the examined points by the athlete’s body during the execution of the shot in the door. The statistical processing includes variation, correlation, regression and anatomical analyses establishing the stability of the motor habit when performing the stroke by different athletes from the national hockey team. Statistically significant correlation and regression models were established connecting the instantaneous velocity of the blow with the stick on the hockey ball and the instantaneous values of the examined points of the athlete’s body.
INFORMATIONAL, TERMINOLOGICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES AS A SYSTEM TO TRAIN KARATE STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Akhmadiyev Tolgar , Boldyrev Boris ,   Kazakh Academy of Sports and Tourism, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Ongarbayeva Togzhan ,   Kazakh Academy of Sports and Tourism, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT At the beginning of the third millennium in Kazakhstan, the reform of the education system continued, including the concept of development of the theory, methodology, and terminology of physical education. To a large extent, this issue has touched on the training and retraining of teachers and trainers with higher education – national sports, including the national martial arts of the East. The analysis of scientific and theoretical-practical modern educational (OP) training of Bachelor of Physical culture and sports specializing in martial arts and, in particular, in karate, allows us to conclude that it is necessary to improve training in sports concepts and terms not only in the original language (in this case - Japanese), but also in the languages of students - Kazakh, Russian, English. The proposed article summarizes the experience of modern developments of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of information and terminological foundations for the training of Karate Bachelors while studying at a university. The most urgent problems related to teaching students the special sports terms used in modern karate are considered.
SPORTS PREPAREDNESS AMONG FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS UNDER 12 YEARS OF AGE
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Tzankova-Kaloyanova Maria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT High and stable sports results can be achieved only through well-developed and structured sports preparation. The status of the sports preparedness among adolescent female basketball players is a very accurate and objective indicator, with which we can assess the efficiency of the conducted educational and training process in basketball. The purpose of the current study is optimization of the preparation and training process for women basketball players up to 12 years old from the NSA basketball team. Based on the analysis of the players’ physical development, their specific working capacity and the technical preparedness, their training programs can be updated for their future training activities. The study has been conducted in two stages – at the end of the preparation period, and during the second part of the competition period. Testing on 14 performance indicators has been carried out, which give information about the basic parameters of the sports preparedness of the tested basketball players. In order to reach the set objectives and tasks of the current study, the following research methods have been applied: research and analysis of specialized literature, 4 anthropometric and 10 sports-pedagogical tests. The achieved results from the testing have been processed by applying the T-criterion of Student, variation analysis, body-mass index and correlation analysis. The analysis of the results from the two testing sets has established that the applied training program has made positive impact over some characteristics of the sports preparedness of the basketball players. The training methods which should be applied for female basketball players at that age, have to be aiming at improving the speed of reaction, frequency of movements and the coordination abilities, together with techniques in playing offense and defense. The examined young basketball players have significantly improved their bursting power in horizontal and vertical planes. The same is noticed for their speed and the technical success in shooting while moving (successful shots on the go).
STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROFILE OF THE MOTIONS IN VOLLEYBALL
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Nurja Anisa
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Most of the scientific reports about volleyball are focused on the technical aspect of the game and a very small amount of them are about time motion analysis. In this regard to the fore comes the necessity of the quantification of the time motion profile of the volleyball game. These analyses are important to the objectification of strength and conditioning. The aim of this research is to study the different motions of 16-17 years old female volleyball players. The main task of this report is to define basic motions that characterize the volleyball game. The second task of the research is to quantify this motion in a real game situation. The methods that are used for this research are video and statistical analysis. After thoroughly researching the reports on this topic we design a model for time motion characteristics that are important for strength and conditioning. It was based on and complied with all of the previously developed models with some modifications. The data were collected through video records of the 5 matches during the championship of the mentioned age group. Experience statistician derived the absolute values of all the motions. Based on the number of players that consist in one team it was calculated mean, maximal, and minimal values of all of the motions. Results: In total, one volleyball game at this age consisted of 83 rallies of different lengths. In these rallies one player makes 75 jumps with a different approach, 56 starts, and sprints at different distances. The most common jump is the standing jump followed by the jump after two steps. The most common movement in a game is the 3 m sprint. More than half of the rallies finished up to 10 seconds. Defending motions of the players are twice more than the attacking ones. Conclusion: On the basis of the received results in motion characteristics to the fore comes the conclusion that speed and power endurance are important factors in the game for this age group.
DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS IN GIRLS BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Borukova Mariana
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Worldwide, conducting systematic research and control of sports-competitive activities is a severe premise to a well-programmed and managed training process. An important part of control in sports is determining the level of physical development for each gender and age. The aim of the study was to determine the level of physical development in girls up to U12, U14 and U16. The survey was conducted in March - September 2021. The subject of research are the signs of physical development in girls up to U12, U14 and U16. The object of research are the main signs of physical development. 173 girls were studied, divided into three age groups. All participants are basketball players, registered in clubs in Bulgaria. Sports and pedagogical testing were conducted with the participants with the test battery, which includes 7 indicators. The applied research methods are: review study of the specialized literature and sports-pedagogical testing. Depending on the objectives of the study, the following statistical methods were applied: Descriptive statistics, One-way АNOVA and Comparative analysis by Student‘s t-test for independent samples. The results show that the age has a positive effect on the studied anthropometric characteristics. In the selection of girls up to U12, who practice basketball, we should make some corrections and select taller children. Girls from U14 are more overweight but are within the obesity norms for their age group. There is a selection problem in girls U16. There are no tall children, as desired in basketball, among the three groups.
ANALYSIS OF THE TACTICAL FORMATIONS USED IN GROUP “E” OF THE EUROPEAN UNDER-21 CHAMPIONSHIP QUALIFYING FOOTBALL COMPETITION IN THE 2021/22 SEASON
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Valchinov Yavor , Atanasov Emil ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Tactical formations play a crucial part in the outcome of every football match. The selection of a formation is based on various factors (e.g., the skill set of players on both teams, the particular vision of the coach, etc.) and is subject to dynamic changes throughout the course of the game. This paper aims to analyze the matches played in the European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition in the 2021/22 season and to assess the effect of the tactical formation on the overall performance of each team. To achieve this, a thorough comparative analysis was carried out on all 60 matches that have been played in the qualification group. Additionally, 70 Bulgarian coaches holding varying professional licenses were surveyed on their views and preferences in terms of tactical formations. The results of the analysis performed indicate a strong correlation between the best performing teams and the teams which employed the 1-4-4-2 tactical formation. Further, the data suggests that using both variations of the formation is more advantageous than strictly using only one. On the other hand, the survey suggested that the most preferred and commonly used formation among Bulgarian coaches is 1-4-3-3. Given these results, we propose that the 1-4-4-2 tactical formation should be one of the first to be considered when preparing for a match, with the specific variation being dependent on the particular skill set of the opposing team.