bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Fire Seeding in Western United States Forests: Perspectives of Resource Managers
Authors: Peppin Donna L. , Mottek-Lucas Anne L. , Fulé Peter Z.
Published: April 2014

Recent reviews have brought into question the effectiveness of post-fire seeding in mitigating soil erosion and non-native plant invasions, yet millions of dollars continue to be spent annually on post-fire seeding as a primary post-fire rehabilitation response. Overall policy development and implementation direction regarding post-fire rehabilitation treatments rests heavily on national- and regional-level natural resource managers. We conducted personal interviews and telephone surveys with the population of national- and regional-level natural resource managers (N = 6 and N = 17, respectively) involved directly in post-fire seeding activities on federally managed lands. We found that 71 % of the respondents felt that information on the long-term effects of seeding was not sufficient. Respondents’ perception about the effectiveness of seeding in curtailing spread of non-native species was mixed: 64 % felt seeding was very or somewhat effective and 36 % felt it was not effective at all. Additional monitoring and research is needed that utilizes cost-benefit analyses for areas where values at risk are high. These analyses include whether or not to seed, seeding implementation methods, seed mix composition, and effectiveness of seeding in curtailing non-native species spread and reducing soil erosion. The majority of information available on seeding comes from short-term studies (≤2 years). Testimonies and recent reviews demonstrate the need for review and refinement of current policy that includes stronger mandates and adequate funding for dedicated staff to conduct long-term monitoring spanning 5 years to 10 years. Land managers and scientists agree that there is a need for data on the long-term effectiveness of seeding treatments as well as further inquiry regarding effectiveness of seeding in mitigating non-native species invasions. Stronger communication and collaboration between these two groups would allow researchers to develop well-replicated monitoring designs for areas that land managers consider to be high priority for intensive quantitative long-term research of post-fire treatments.
Survival and Recovery Following Wildfire in the Southern Range of the Coast Redwood Forest
Authors: Lazzeri-Aerts Rachel , Russell Will
Published: April 2014

Fire plays a central role in determining structure, composition, and recruitment in many forest types. In coast redwood forests, the role of fire is not well understood and scant literature exists on post-fire response, particularly in the southern part of the range. In order to better understand patterns of survival and recruitment following fire for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [lamb. ex D. Don] Endl.) and associated tree species, three sites in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, USA, were sampled following wildfire. Randomly selected 10 m diameter plots were used to collect data on survivorship and post fire regeneration in order to analyze short-term responses including mortality, crown retention, basal sprouting, canopy regeneration, and seedling production. Results indicated that coast redwood had the lowest percent mortality (11.98 %) and highest mean canopy retention (43.10 %) of all species sampled, followed by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) (25.54 %), tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus [Hook. & Arn.] Manos) (23.27 %), combined oak species (Quercus sp.) (6.67 %), and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) (4.13 %). In addition, associated species experienced higher survival rates when proximate to coast redwoods. Coast redwood trees also exhibited the highest canopy regeneration (53 %), the highest average density of basal sprouts (3.54 × 104 ha), and the greatest average number of seedlings, ranging from zero to 2.09 × 105 seedlings ha−1. Overall, coast redwood appeared to have a balance of fire adaptive features, exceeding all associated species, which allow individual trees to withstand fire, while at the same time promoting recruitment following fire.
Intercomparison of Fire Size, Fuel Loading, Fuel Consumption, and Smoke Emissions Estimates on the 2006 Tripod Fire, Washington, USA
Authors: Drury Stacy A. , Larkin Narasimhan Sim , Strand Tara T. , Huang ShihMing , Strenfel Scott J. , Banwell Erin M. , O’Brien Theresa E. , Raffuse Sean M.
Published: April 2014

Land managers rely on prescribed burning and naturally ignited wildfires for ecosystem management, and must balance trade-offs of air quality, carbon storage, and ecosystem health. A current challenge for land managers when using fire for ecosystem management is managing smoke production. Smoke emissions are a potential human health hazard due to the production of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) precursors. In addition, smoke emissions can impact transportation safety and contribute to regional haze issues. Quantifying wildland fire emissions is a critical step for evaluating the impact of smoke on human health and welfare, and is also required for air quality modeling efforts and greenhouse gas reporting. Smoke emissions modeling is a complex process that requires the combination of multiple sources of data, the application of scientific knowledge from divergent scientific disciplines, and the linking of various scientific models in a logical, progressive sequence. Typically, estimates of fire size, available fuel loading (biomass available to burn), and fuel consumption (biomass consumed) are needed to calculate the quantities of pollutants produced by a fire. Here we examine the 2006 Tripod Fire Complex as a case study for comparing alternative data sets and combinations of scientific models available for calculating fire emissions. Specifically, we use five fire size information sources, seven fuel loading maps, and two consumption models (Consume 4.0 and FOFEM 5.7) that also include sets of emissions factors. We find that the choice of fuel loading is the most critical step in the modeling pathway, with different fuel loading maps varying by 108 %, while fire size and fuel consumption show smaller variations (36 % and 23 %, respectively). Moreover, we find that modeled fuel loading maps likely underestimate the amount of fuel burned during wildfires as field assessments of total woody fuel loading were consistently higher than modeled fuel loadings in all cases. The PM2.5emissions estimates from Consume and FOFEM vary by 37 %. In addition, comparisons with available observational data demonstrate the value of using local data sets where possible.
De mythe van de dichter - Willem Bilderdijks beroemdheidscultus
Authors: Honings Rick
Published: April 2014

By Dutch literary scholars Willem Bilderdijk is often represented as an unhappy man with a miserable life, full of poverty, illness and underestimation. He is, indeed, famous for his endless complaining and his burning desire for death. There were good reasons for him to be unhappy: he was often ill, lived in exile, suffered the loss of children and had the constant feeling he couldn’t find his way in life. In spite of all this, the case of Bilderdijk’s poethood is more complicated. Because of the dominant biographical focus on Bilderdijk’s life and work, one aspect of his authorship has until now largely been neglected: the way in which he created a ‘branded identity’ and presented himself as a celebrity. This article focuses on the manners in which Bilderdijk created an image of himself as a poet of mythical proportions. In other words: it will examine the different ways in which Bilderdijk established his celebrity cult.
Development of an aerosol microphysical module: Aerosol Two-dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS)
Authors: Matsui H. , Koike M. , Kondo Y. , Fast J. D. , Takigawa M.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Number concentrations, size distributions, and mixing states of aerosols are essential parameters for accurate estimation of aerosol direct and indirect effects. In this study, we develop an aerosol module, designated Aerosol Two-dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS), that can represent these parameters explicitly by considering new particle formation (NPF), black carbon (BC) aging, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) processes. A two-dimensional bin representation is used for particles with dry diameters from 40 nm to 10 μm to resolve both aerosol size (12 bins) and BC mixing state (10 bins) for a total of 120 bins. The particles with diameters from 1 to 40 nm are resolved using an additional 8 size bins to calculate NPF. The ATRAS module is implemented in the WRF-chem model and applied to examine the sensitivity of simulated mass, number, size distributions, and optical and radiative parameters of aerosols to NPF, BC aging and SOA processes over East Asia during the spring of 2009. BC absorption enhancement by coating materials is about 50% over East Asia during the spring, and the contribution of SOA processes to the absorption enhancement is estimated to be 10–20% over northern East Asia and 20–35% over southern East Asia. A clear north-south contrast is also found between the impacts of NPF and SOA processes on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations: NPF increases CCN concentrations at higher supersaturations (smaller particles) over northern East Asia, whereas SOA increases CCN concentrations at lower supersaturations (larger particles) over southern East Asia. Application of ATRAS to East Asia also shows that the impact of each process on each optical and radiative parameter depends strongly on the process and the parameter in question. The module can be used in the future as a benchmark model to evaluate the accuracy of simpler aerosol models and examine interactions between NPF, BC aging, and SOA processes under different meteorological conditions and emissions.
Quantification of iron-rich volcanogenic dust emissions and deposition over ocean from Icelandic dust sources
Authors: Arnalds O. , Olafsson H. , Dagsson-Waldhauserova P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Iceland has extremely active dust sources that result in large scale emissions and deposition on land and sea. The dust has volcanogenic origin of basaltic composition with about 10 % Fe content. We used two independent methods to quantify dust emission from Iceland and dust deposition on sea. Firstly, aerial extent (map) of deposition on land was extended to ocean areas around Iceland. Secondly, survey of number of dust events over the past decades and calculations of emissions and sea deposition for the dust storms were made. The results show total emissions range from 30.5 (dust event based calculation) to 40.1 million tons (map calculation), which places Iceland among the most active dust sources on Earth. Ocean deposition ranges between 5.5 (dust events calculations) and 13.8 million tons (map calculation). Calculated iron deposition from Icelandic dust ranges between 0.56 to 1.4 million tons, which are distributed over wide areas (> 370 000 km2) and consist of fine reactive volcanic materials. The paper provides the first quantitative estimate of total dust emissions and oceanic deposition from Iceland. Iron is a limiting nutrient for primary production in the oceans around Iceland and the dust is likely to affect Fe levels in Icelandic ocean waters.
Disentangling the response of forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves under idealized land–atmosphere coupling
Authors: van Heerwaarden C. C. , Teuling A. J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This study investigates the difference in land–atmosphere interactions between grassland and forest during typical heat wave conditions in order to understand the controversial results of Teuling et al. (2010) (T10, hereafter), who have found the systematic occurrence of higher sensible heat fluxes over forest than over grassland during heat wave conditions. With a simple, but accurate coupled land–atmosphere model, we are able to reproduce the findings of T10 for both normal summer and heat wave conditions, and to carefully explore the sensitivity of the coupled land–atmosphere system to changes in incoming radiation and early-morning temperature. Our results emphasize the importance of fast processes during the onset of heat waves, since we are able to explain the results of T10 without having to take into account changes in soil moisture. In order to disentangle the contribution of differences in several static and dynamic properties between forest and grassland, we have performed an experiment in which new land use types are created that are equal to grassland, but with one of its properties replaced by that of forest. From these, we conclude that the closure of stomata in the presence of dry air is by far the most important process in creating the different behavior of grassland and forest during the onset of a heat wave. However, we conclude that for a full explanation of the results of T10 also the other properties (albedo, roughness and the ratio of minimum stomatal resistance to leaf-area index) play an important, but indirect role; their influences mainly consist of strengthening the feedback that leads to the closure of the stomata by providing more energy that can be converted into sensible heat. The model experiment also confirms that, in line with the larger sensible heat flux, higher atmospheric temperatures occur over forest.
Contrasting responses of terrestrial ecosystem production to hot temperature extreme regimes between grassland and forest
Authors: Zhang Y. , Voigt M. , Liu H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Observational data during the past several decades show faster increase of hot temperature extremes over land than changes in mean temperature. Towards more extreme temperature is expected to affect terrestrial ecosystem function. However, the ecological impacts of hot extremes on vegetation production remain uncertain across biomes in natural climatic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of hot temperature extremes on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) by combining MODIS EVI dataset and in situ climatic records during 2000 to 2009 from 12 long-term experimental sites across biomes and climates. Our results showed that higher mean annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) greatly reduced grassland production, and yet enhanced forest production after removing the effects of precipitation. Relative decreases in ANPP were 16% for arid grassland and 7% for mesic grassland, and the increase were 5% for forest. We also observed a significant positive relationship between interannual ANPP and Tmax for forest biome (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). This line of evidence suggests that hot temperature extreme leads to contrasting ecosystem-level response of vegetation production to warming climate between grassland and forest. Given that many terrestrial ecosystem models use average daily temperature as input, predictions of ecosystem production should consider these contrasting responses to more hot temperature extreme regimes associated with climate change.
Soil, snow, weather, and sub-surface storage data from a mountain catchment in the rain–snow transition zone
Authors: Kormos P. R. , Marks D. , Williams C. J. , Marshall H. P. , Aishlin P. , Chandler D. G. , McNamara J. P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A comprehensive hydroclimatic data set is presented for the 2011 water year to improve understanding of hydrologic processes in the rain–snow transition zone. This type of data set is extremely rare in scientific literature because of the quality and quantity of soil depth, soil texture, soil moisture, and soil temperature data. Standard meteorological and snow cover data for the entire 2011 water year are included, which include several rain-on-snow (ROS) events. Surface soil textures and soil depths from 57 points are presented as well as soil texture profiles from 14 points. Meteorological data include continuous hourly shielded, unshielded, and wind-corrected precipitation, wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, and incoming solar and thermal radiation data. This data is often viewed as "forcing data", and is gap filled and serially complete. Sub-surface data included are hourly soil moisture data from multiple depths from seven soil profiles within the catchment, and soil temperatures from multiple depths from two soil profiles. Hydrologic response data include hourly stream discharge from the catchment outlet weir, continuous snow depths from one location, intermittent snow depths from 5 locations, and snow depth and density data from ten weekly snow surveys. Snow and hydrologic response data are meant to provide data on the catchment hydrologic response to the weather data. This data is mostly presented "as measured" although snow depths from one sensor and streamflow at the catchment outlet have been gap filled and are serially complete. Though the weather, snow, and hydrologic response data only covers one water year, the presentation of the additional subsurface data (soil depth, texture, moisture, and temperature) makes it one of the most detailed and complete hydro-climatic data sets from the climatically sensitive rain–snow transition zone. The data presented are appropriate for a wide range of modeling (energy balance snow modeling, soil capacitance parametric modeling, etc.) and descriptive studies. Data is available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.819837.
Road assessment after flood events using non-authoritative data
Authors: Schnebele E. , Cervone G. , Waters N.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This research proposes a methodology that leverages non-authoritative data to augment flood extent mapping and the evaluation of transportation infrastructure. The novelty of this approach is the application of freely available, non-authoritative data and its integration with established data and methods. Crowdsourced photos and volunteered geographic data are fused together using a geostatistical interpolation to create an estimation of flood damage in New York City following Hurricane Sandy. This damage assessment is utilized to augment an authoritative storm surge map as well as to create a road damage map for the affected region.
A sea ice concentration estimation algorithm utilizing radiometer and SAR data
Authors: Karvonen J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We have studied the possibility of combining the high-resolution SAR segmentation and ice concentration estimated by radiometer brightness temperatures. Here we present an algorithm for mapping a radiometer-based concentration value for each SAR segment. The concentrations are estimated by a MLP neural network which has the AMSR-2 radiometer polarization ratios and gradient ratios of four radiometer channels as its inputs. The results have been compared numerically to the gridded FMI ice chart concentrations and high-resolution AMSR-2 ASI algorithm concentrations provided by University of Hamburg and also visually to the AMSR-2 bootstrap algorithm concentrations, which are given in much coarser resolution. The results when compared to FMI ice charts were very promising.
Repeat UAV photogrammetry to assess calving front dynamics at a large outlet glacier draining the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Ryan J. C. , Hubbard A. L. , Todd J. , Carr J. R. , Box J. E. , Christoffersen P. , Holt T. O. , Snooke N.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. To quantify the ice-ocean processes which drive dynamic and geometric change at calving outlet glaciers, detailed measurements beyond the capability of present satellites are required. This study presents the application of a cost-effective (< USD 2000), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to investigate frontal dynamics at a major outlet draining the western sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The UAV was flown over Store Glacier on three sorties during summer 2013 and acquired over 2000 overlapping, geo-tagged images of the calving front at ∼40 cm resolution. Stereo-photogrammetry applied to these images enabled the extraction of high-resolution digital elevation models with an accuracy of ±1.9 m which we used to quantify glaciological processes from early July to August 2013. The central zone of the calving front advanced by ~500 m whilst the lateral margins remained stable. In addition, the ice surface thinned by 3.5 m m−1during the melt-season in association with dynamic thinning. Ice flux through the calving front is calculated at 2.96 × 107 m3 d−1, equivalent to 11 Gt a−1, which is comparable to flux-gate estimates of Store Glacier's annual discharge. Water-filled crevasses were observed throughout the observation period, but covered a limited area (1200 to 12 000 m2 of the ∼5 × 106 m2 surveyed area) and did not appear to exert any significant control over calving. We conclude that the use of repeat UAV surveys coupled with the processing techniques outlined in this paper have a number of important potential applications to tidewater outlet glaciers.
Who Was Swimming Naked When the Tide Went Out? Introducing Criminology to the Finance Curriculum
Authors: Drew Jacqueline M. , Drew Michael E. ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: April 2014

Finance programs around the world have been revising their curricula following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). While much of the debate has centred on the dominance of scientific and quantitative pedagogical approaches to finance education in business schools, one of the most egregious aspects uncovered during the deleveraging of the financial system was the scale and scope of finance crime and financial fraud (including the Madoff scandal, described as the largest Ponzi scheme in history). This paper argues that those “on the inside”, the professionals within the finance industry, have a central role to play in safeguarding the ethics and integrity of financial markets. It is our conjecture that prevention and earlier detection of finance crime and financial fraud may be addressed, in part, by better educating finance professionals about these issues. We posit that the enormity of illegal activity uncovered in the wake of the GFC demands, as a matter of priority, the integration of criminological and criminal justice theory into the finance curriculum.
How California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Research Programs Support Science and Regulatory Policy
Authors: Lomax Geoffrey P. , DeWitt Natalie D. , Millan Maria T. , Feigal Ellen G.
Published: April 2014

The authors discuss the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine's focus on state, national, and international regulatory policy issues impacting basic research and translational medicine.
Road Artery Traffic Light Optimization with Use of the Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Marsetič Rok , Šemrov Darja , Žura Marijan
Published: April 2014

The basic principle of optimal traffic control is the appropriate real-time response to dynamic traffic flow changes. Signal plan efficiency depends on a large number of input parameters. An actuated signal system can adjust very well to traffic conditions, but cannot fully adjust to stochastic traffic volume oscillation. Due to the complexity of the problem analytical methods are not applicable for use in real time, therefore the purpose of this paper is to introduce heuristic method suitable for traffic light optimization in real time. With the evolution of artificial intelligence new possibilities for solving complex problems have been introduced. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the use of the Q learning algorithm for traffic lights optimization is suitable. The Q learning algorithm was verified on a road artery with three intersections. For estimation of the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm comparison with an actuated signal plan was carried out. The results (average delay per vehicle and the number of vehicles that left road network) show that Q learning algorithm outperforms the actuated signal controllers. The proposed algorithm converges to the minimal delay per vehicle regardless of the stochastic nature of traffic. In this research the impact of the model parameters (learning rate, exploration rate, influence of communication between agents and reward type) on algorithm effectiveness were analysed as well.
Alternativas para a catação química de touceiras de capim-colonião e capim-braquiária em cana-soca
Authors: Melo Edvaldo Barbosa de , Silva André Augusto Pazinato da , Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Guerra Naiara , Vilar Cesar Crispim , Bottega Eduardo Leonel , Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes
Published: April 2014

Nas regiões canavieiras do Estado do Paraná, o Panicum maximum (capim-colonião) e a Brachiaria decumbens (capim-braquiária) destacam-se como plantas daninhas de difícil controle e que comprometem a vida útil do canavial. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar alternativas para a catação química de touceiras de P. maximum e B. decumbens na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos de campo, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições no primeiro experimento e cinco para o segundo. No primeiro foram avaliados os herbicidas hexazinone e diuron+hexazinone nas concentrações de 0; 10; 11,7; 13,3; 15 e 16,7%. No segundo utilizou-se o isoxaflutole nas concentrações 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%. As avaliações visuais de controle foram realizadas aos 4, 10, 20 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os herbicidas diuron + hexazinone e hexazinone foram eficientes no controle de P. maximum e B. decumbens a partir da concentração de 10%. Em relação ao isoxaflutole, foi necessária uma concentração mínima de 4,8 e 4,2% para se obter a máxima eficiência de controle das rebrotas de P. maximum e B. decumbens, respectivamente.
Potencialização da eficiência do mesotrione em mistura com inibidores de Fotossistema II em diferentes vias de absorção de capim-colchão
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Guerra Naiara , Maciel Alice Maria De Campos , Jardim Celso Eduardo , Silva André Augusto Pazinato da , Karpinski Ricardo André Kloster , Helvig Enelise Osco
Published: April 2014

Com objetivo de avaliar a potencialização da eficiência do mesotrione em mistura em tanque com herbicidas inibidores do Fotossistema II no controle de capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis), quatro experimentos foram conduzidos em estufas plásticas pertencentes à Escola Superior de Agronomia de Paraguaçu Paulista, município de Paraguaçu Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, utilizando-se um Latossolo de textura arenosa. Os delineamentos experimentais dos quatro experimentos foram o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos e 5 repetições, em fatorial 3x3+1, considerando-se o contraste entre mesotrione (96 g ha-1) e  herbicidas inibidores do Fotossistema II (ametryn, 1500 g ha-1; metribuzin, 1440 g ha-1; diuron + hexazinone, 936+264 g ha-1 e atrazine, 2000 g ha-1), isolados e em mistura para três condições de absorção e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As condições de absorção constituíram-se pelo isolamento e/ou exposição parcial das plântulas alvo de D. horizontalis (3 a 6 folhas) em relação a deposição das pulverizações pelas modalidades: (a) plântulas protegidas com canudos plásticos em solo descoberto (absorção radicular); (b) plântulas desprotegidas em solo coberto com papel alumínio (absorção foliar); (c) plântulas e solo submetido à deposição dos herbicidas (absorção raízes + folhas) e (d) testemunha. Os maiores níveis de sinergismo obtidos no controle de D. horizontalis foram registrados para a absorção radicular e foliar+radicular da mistura mesotrione + atrazine, assim como da absorção foliar e foliar+radicular de mesotrione + diuron + hexazinone dos 3 aos 7 DAA (dias após aplicação) e de mesotrione + ametryn a partir dos 7 DAA, ambos caracterizados pela redução do tempo inicial do controle em atingir níveis ótimos (≥ 90%). Não foram constatados efeitos antagônicos para as misturas.
Harmonic Balance Simulation and Analysis
Authors: Bonani Fabrizio , Cappelluti Federica , Guerrieri Simona Donati , Traversa Fabio L.
Published: April 2014

The contribution reviews the use of the Harmonic Balance technique for the numerical determination of the steady‐state working point of nonlinear circuits operated in periodic or quasi‐periodic conditions. Details are also provided on the main steps for the implementation of harmonic balance in EDA tools.
Microwave Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Nikolova Natalia K.
Published: April 2014

A systematic overview of past and recent developments in the microwave imaging of tissue is given with emphasis on the active microwave imaging methods. A brief outline of microwave radiometry and microwave‐induced thermoacoustics is also provided. Recent progress in applications to breast cancer diagnostics is reviewed.
Proton temperature change with heliocentric distance from 0.3 to 1 AU according to relative temperatures
Authors: Lamarche Leslie J. , Vasquez Bernard J. , Smith Charles W.
Published: April 2014

Helios spacecraft data excluding shocks, ejecta, and low‐cadence plasma intervals are averaged into hour‐long intervals and binned by heliocentric distance. In each distance bin, relative classes of fluctuation‐normalized cross helicity and total energy are made with a further refinement of each of these classes according to the relative proton radial component of temperature. The relative classes of temperature itself are also examined. All temperatures in each class are fitted by a power law as a function of heliocentric distance to determine the power law index. The difference between this index and the adiabatic index for isotropic plasma can be the first‐order indicator of heat addition to the plasma. Relative total energy has temperature indices and behaviors that can be consistent with heat addition from a turbulent energy cascade. Relative cross helicity also shows indices that can support heat addition, but the results are inconclusive on heat addition, especially at high cross helicity. A detailed knowledge of the thermal anisotropy, at least, is required in the case of high cross helicity.
A statistical approach to determining energetic outer radiation belt electron precipitation fluxes
Authors: Simon Wedlund Mea , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Cobbett Neil , Breen Paul , Danskin Donald , Spanswick Emma , Rodriguez Juan V.
Published: April 2014

Subionospheric radio wave data from an Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐Belt (Dynamic) Deposition VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia (AARDDVARK) receiver located in Churchill, Canada, is analyzed to determine the characteristics of electron precipitation into the atmosphere over the range 3 < L < 7. The study advances previous work by combining signals from two U.S. transmitters from 20 July to 20 August 2010, allowing error estimates of derived electron precipitation fluxes to be calculated, including the application of time‐varying electron energy spectral gradients. Electron precipitation observations from the NOAA POES satellites and a ground‐based riometer provide intercomparison and context for the AARDDVARK measurements. AARDDVARK radiowave propagation data showed responses suggesting energetic electron precipitation from the outer radiation belt starting 27 July 2010 and lasting ~20 days. The uncertainty in >30 keV precipitation flux determined by the AARDDVARK technique was found to be ±10%. Peak >30 keV precipitation fluxes of AARDDVARK‐derived precipitation flux during the main and recovery phase of the largest geomagnetic storm, which started on 4 August 2010, were >105 el cm−2 s−1 sr−1. The largest fluxes observed by AARDDVARK occurred on the dayside and were delayed by several days from the start of the geomagnetic disturbance. During the main phase of the disturbances, nightside fluxes were dominant. Significant differences in flux estimates between POES, AARDDVARK, and the riometer were found after the main phase of the largest disturbance, with evidence provided to suggest that >700 keV electron precipitation was occurring. Currently the presence of such relativistic electron precipitation introduces some uncertainty in the analysis of AARDDVARK data, given the assumption of a power law electron precipitation spectrum.
The substorm current wedge: Further insights from MHD simulations
Authors: Birn J. , Hesse M.
Published: April 2014

Using a recent magnetohydrodynamic simulation of magnetotail dynamics, we further investigate the buildup and evolution of the substorm current wedge (SCW), resulting from flow bursts generated by near‐tail reconnection. Each flow burst generates an individual current wedge, which includes the reduction of cross‐tail current and the diversion to region 1 (R1)‐type field‐aligned currents (earthward on the dawn and tailward on the duskside), connecting the tail with the ionosphere. Multiple flow bursts generate initially multiple SCW patterns, which at later times combine to a wider single SCW pattern. The standard SCW model is modified by the addition of several current loops, related to particular magnetic field changes: the increase of Bz in a local equatorial region (dipolarization), the decrease of |Bx|away from the equator (current disruption), and increases in |By|resulting from azimuthally deflected flows. The associated loop currents are found to be of similar magnitude, 0.1–0.3 MA. The combined effect requires the addition of region 2 (R2)‐type currents closing in the near tail through dawnward currents but also connecting radially with the R1 currents. The current closure at the inner boundary, taken as a crude proxy of an idealized ionosphere, demonstrates westward currents as postulated in the original SCW picture as well as North‐South currents connecting R1‐ and R2‐type currents, which were larger than the westward currents by a factor of almost 2. However, this result should be applied with caution to the ionosphere because of our neglect of finite resistance and Hall effects.
Thermodynamics of melting relations in the system Fe‐FeO at high pressure: Implications for oxygen in the Earth's core
Authors: Komabayashi Tetsuya
Published: April 2014

The thermodynamics of melting relations in the system Fe‐FeO was investigated to the outer core–inner core boundary condition from a self‐consistent thermodynamic database which was evaluated from the latest static high‐pressure (P) and high‐temperature (T) experiments. The evaluated database together with an existing nonideal mixing model for liquids reproduces experimental data on the eutectic composition and temperature to P = 50 GPa. On the other hand at the outer core pressures (136 to 330 GPa), employing an ideal solution model gives calculated eutectic temperatures of T = 2990–4330 K, which are also consistent with experimental data. Hence, the ideal solution model is applied to calculate the liquid property under outer core conditions and yields the eutectic compositions of Fe–7.2–9.1 wt % O. From the Gibbs free energy for the Fe‐FeO liquids, I calculated the density, sound velocity, and isentropic temperature gradient of a hypothetical oxygen‐bearing outer core. Under the outer core conditions, the addition of oxygen reduces the compressional wave velocity of iron liquid, moving it away from seismologically constrained values. An overall O‐rich bulk outer core model is thus excluded. Seismological observations however suggest the presence of a low‐velocity layer with a thickness of 60–70 km at the top of the outer core. The origin of such a low‐velocity layer can be explained by an enrichment of oxygen which might be a consequence of chemical interactions between the core and mantle.
Ultra‐Low Friction on 100Cr6‐Steel Surfaces After Direct Laser Interference Patterning
Authors: Bieda Matthias , Schmädicke Cindy , Roch Teja , Lasagni Andrés
Published: April 2014

This study discusses the effects of surface topographies on the frictional behavior of 100Cr6 bearing steel. A solid state laser with nanosecond pulses is used to produce one‐ and two‐dimensional periodic micropatterns using direct laser interference patterning. Line‐, cross‐, and dot‐like patterns with pitches of 5 μm, and aspect ratios (AR) between 0.02 and 0.17 are fabricated. The friction tests of the surface textured samples are performed under lubricating conditions using a ball‐on‐disk configuration in rotating mode. The results show that through the surface structure a reduction of the friction coefficient from 25 to 65% can be achieved compared to unstructured surfaces. The smallest coefficients of friction are obtained for ARs between 0.07 and 0.11.
Control of Structural Distortions in Transition‐Metal Oxide Films through Oxygen Displacement at the Heterointerface
Authors: Aso Ryotaro , Kan Daisuke , Shimakawa Yuichi , Kurata Hiroki
Published: April 2014

Structural distortions in the oxygen octahedral network in transition‐metal oxides play crucial roles in yielding a broad spectrum of functional properties, and precise control of such distortions is a key for developing future oxide‐based electronics. Here, it is shown that the displacement of apical oxygen atom shared between the octahedra at the heterointerface is a determining parameter for these distortions and consequently for control of structural and electronic phases of a strained oxide film. The present analysis by complementary annular dark‐ and bright‐field imaging in aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that structural phase differences in strained monoclinic and tetragonal SrRuO3 films grown on GdScO3 substrates result from relaxation of the octahedral tilt, associated with changes in the in‐plane displacement of the apical oxygen atom at the heterointerface. It is further demonstrated that octahedral distortions and magnetrotransport properties of the SrRuO3 films can be controlled by interface engineering of the oxygen displacement. This provides a further degree of freedom for manipulating structural and electronic properties in strained films, allowing the design of novel oxide‐based heterostructures.
A New High Power LiNi0.81Co0.1Al0.09O2 Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jo Minki , Noh Mijung , Oh Pilgun , Kim Youngsik , Cho Jaephil
Published: April 2014

Among the various Ni‐based layered oxide systems in the form of LiNi1‐y‐zCoyAlzO2 (NCA), the compostions between y = 0.1–0.15, z = 0.05 are the most successful and commercialized cathodes used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). However, tremendous research effort has been dedicted to searching for better composition in NCA systems to overcome the limitations of these cathodes, particularly those that arise when they are used use at high discharge/charge rates (>5C) and in high temperature (60 °C) environments. In addition, improving the thermal stability at 4.5 V is also very important in terms of the total amount of heat generated and the onset temperature. Here, a new NCA composition in the form of LiNi0.81Co0.1Al0.09O2 (y = 0.1, z = 0.09) is reported for the first time. Compared to the LiNi0.85Co0.1Al0.05O2 cathode, LiNi0.81Co0.1Al0.09O2 exhibits an excellent rate capability of 155 mAh g−1 at 10 C with a cut‐off voltage range between 3 and 4.5 V, corresponding to 562 Wh kg−1 at 24 °C. It additionally provides significantly improved thermal stability and electrochemical performance at the high temperature of 60 °C, with a discharge capacity of 122 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with capacity retention of 59%.
Application of microbial enhanced oil recovery technology in water‐based bitumen extraction from weathered oil sands
Authors: Ding Mingshan , Zhang Yan , Liu Juan , Jia Weihong , Hu Bin , Ren Sili
Published: April 2014

When using the water‐based extraction processes (WBEPs) to recover bitumen from the weathered oil sands, very low bitumen recovery arisen from the poor liberation of bitumen from sand grains is always obtained. Application of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) technology in WBEPs to solve the poor processability of the weathered ore was proposed. It was found that processability of the microbial‐treated weathered ore was greatly improved. The improved processability was attributed to the biosurfactants production in the culture solution, alteration of the solids wettability, degradation of the asphaltene component, and the decrease of the bitumen viscosity, which collectively contributed to the bitumen liberation from the surface of sand grains. Although it still has many issues to be solved for an industrial application of the MEOR technology in oil sands separation, it is believed that the findings in this work promote the solution to the poor processability of the weathered ore. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2985–2993, 2014
Phase II clinical study of erlotinib for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Komrokji Rami S. , Padron Eric , Yu Daohai , Fulp William J. , Rodriguez Yuraima , Tinsley Sara , List Alan F. , Lancet Jeffrey E.
Published: April 2014

Outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after azanucleoside failure is poor with unmet need for active novel agents. Preclinical data have suggested that erlotinib has in vivo and in vitro off epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐target activity in MDS. We conducted a phase II study with single‐agent erlotinib 150 mg/day orally in MDS patients following azanucleoside failure. All intermediate‐2 or high‐risk MDS patients by International Prognostic Scoring System and only those low/intermediate‐1 patients with transfusion‐dependent anemia or platelet counts <50 × 109/L or a significant clinical hemorrhage requiring platelet transfusion or ANC <1 × 109/L were eligible, with most of our patients being at high risk. In 35 eligible patients, overall best response was 14% (3 patients having marrow complete response and 2 hematological improvement). Four deaths occurred on study (sepsis, intracranial hemorrhage, sudden death, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)). The most common observed grade 3/4 toxicities according to CTCAE v3 were diarrhea (17.1%), rash (17.1%), and infection (11.6%), accompanied by fatigue, thrombocytopenia, and anorexia at 5.7% each. Median overall survival was 6.8 months (95% CI 4.9–13.2), and leukemia‐free survival was 5 months (95% CI 3.4–7.3). Erlotinib was generally well tolerated, with modest single‐agent activity. Given these results and preclinical data suggesting synergistic effect with azanucleosides, the combination should be further explored. Am. J. Hematol. 89:809–812, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical interneuron loss and symptom heterogeneity in Huntington disease
Authors: Kim Eric H. , Thu Doris C. V. , Tippett Lynette J. , Oorschot Dorothy E. , Hogg Virginia M. , Roxburgh Richard , Synek Beth J. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M.
Published: April 2014

Objective

The cellular basis of variable symptoms in Huntington disease (HD) is unclear. One important possibility is that degeneration of the interneurons in the cerebral cortex, which play a critical role in modulating cortical output to the basal ganglia, might play a significant role in the development of variable symptomatology in HD. This study aimed to examine whether symptom variability in HD is specifically associated with variable degeneration of cortical interneurons.

Methods

We undertook a double‐blind study using stereological cell counting methods to quantify the 3 major types of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic interneurons (calbindin‐D28k, calretinin, parvalbumin) in 13 HD cases of variable motor/mood symptomatology and 15 matched control cases in the primary motor and anterior cingulate cortices.

Results

In the primary motor cortex, there was a significant loss (57% reduction) of only calbindin interneurons (p = 0.022) in HD cases dominated by motor symptoms, but no significant interneuron loss in cases with a dominant mood phenotype. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex showed a major significant loss in all 3 interneuron populations, with 71% loss of calbindin (p = 0.001), 60% loss of calretinin (p = 0.001), and 80% loss of parvalbumin interneurons (p = 0.005) in HD cases with major mood disorder, and no interneuron loss was observed in cases with major motor dysfunction.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that region‐specific degeneration of cortical interneurons is a key component in understanding the neural basis of symptom heterogeneity in HD. Ann Neurol 2014;75:717–727
Biosynthese und chemische Synthese von Presilphiperfolanolen
Authors: Hong Allen Y. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2014

Presilphiperfolanole bilden eine biosynthetisch bedeutende Klasse von Sesquiterpenen, die sich zu verschiedenen weiteren Sesquiterpen‐Grundgerüsten umlagern können. Ihr Ursprung lässt sich auf einfache lineare Terpenvorstufen zurückverfolgen. Durch umfassende biochemische, theoretische und synthetische Arbeiten gelang es, ein mechanistisches Verständnis für die enzymatische Cyclisierung zu gewinnen. Um die ungewöhnliche und bemerkenswerte Grundstruktur der Presilphiperfolanole synthetisch zu erhalten, wurde ebenfalls intensiv an Totalsynthesen dieser Naturstoffe gearbeitet. Die dabei entwickelten Strategien mündeten in zwei Syntheseansätzen sowie zwei vollständigen Totalsynthesen. Während biosynthetisch und durch chemische Synthese schon viel zur Aufklärung der Moleküle und ihrer Mechanismen beigetragen wurde, tauchen Fragen zur Biosynthese von neueren Presilphiperfolanolen auf. Auch die Umlagerungsmechanismen sind im Detail noch unklar.
Introducing Deep Eutectic Solvents to Polar Organometallic Chemistry: Chemoselective Addition of Organolithium and Grignard Reagents to Ketones in Air
Authors: Vidal Cristian , García‐Álvarez Joaquín , Hernán‐Gómez Alberto , Kennedy Alan R. , Hevia Eva
Published: April 2014

Despite their enormous synthetic relevance, the use of polar organolithium and Grignard reagents is greatly limited by their requirements of low temperatures in order to control their reactivity as well as the need of dry organic solvents and inert atmosphere protocols to avoid their fast decomposition. Breaking new ground on the applications of these commodity organometallics in synthesis under more environmentally friendly conditions, this work introduces deep eutetic solvents (DESs) as a green alternative media to carry out chemoselective additions of ketones in air at room temperature. Comparing their reactivities in DES with those observed in pure water suggest that a kinetic activation of the alkylating reagents is taking place, favoring nucleophilic addition over the competitive hydrolysis, which can be rationalized through formation of halide‐rich magnesiate or lithiate species.
Copper‐Catalyzed NH Insertion and Oxidative Aromatization Cascade: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Arylaminophenols
Authors: Ding Dong , Lv Xiaobing , Li Jian , Xu Guangyang , Ma Bing , Sun Jiangtao
Published: April 2014

A copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction of N‐H insertion and oxidative aromatization has been developed. 2‐Arylaminophenols have been prepared in moderate to high yields from the diazo substrates. Moreover, this newly established methodology allows efficient access to natural 1‐oxygenated carbazole alkaloids, such as glycozolicine and murrayafoline A.
Surface‐Grafted Semiconductor Layer Prepared by Surface Initiated Ring‐Opening Polymerization of L‐Lysine NCA Derivatives
Authors: Fu Wenxin , Sun Kai , Li Zhibo
Published: April 2014

Asymmetric and symmetric L‐lysine N‐carboxylic anhydrides based on perylene bisimide derivatives were successfully synthesized and grafted onto silicon wafers via surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization. The grafted n‐type semiconductor film was flat and compact, and its thickness could be tuned by variation of the polymerization conditions.