bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contribution of research-based master’s theses to knowledge building in nursing
Authors: Hellesø Ragnhild , Fagermoen May Solveig
Published: June 2018

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the topics and method applied in research-based master's theses in nursing science.Methods: A total of 694 research-based master’s theses produced in a period of 30 years representing the entire period of a university programme in nursing science were examined. We used an explorative design with a deductive-inductive approach.Results: The master’s theses covered a variety of topics, ranging from basic theoretical and methodological issues to topics in clinical research, education and leadership. Four main themes were addressed: patient studies, practice studies, nursing education, and nursing management and leadership. Qualitative methods using interviews and some observations were the preferred approach. For those who used quantitative methods, surveys and a few quasi-experiments were identified. Nurses’ responsibility for providing high-quality and safe care is a fundamental issue in nursing science. When great changes in health care alter the conditions for reaching this aim, we identified that master’s students want to investigate the consequences for patients and nursing care. The fact that few students addressed education and leadership is worrying. It might affect the quality of education. Furthermore, one may question how nurses can be visionary and take a leading role, which is stated to be important in the literature, in developing future health and nursing care.Conclusions: Our study uncovered the importance of investigating research-based master’s theses because it provides a basis for reflection on topics that need to be emphasised in the future.
Musculoskeletal disorder: Risk factors and coping strategies among nurses
Authors: Awad Salama Lamia Amin , Eleshenamie Hend Abdel Monem
Published: June 2018

Background: It is established that nurses suffer from varying degrees of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) at different regions of their body, which results in frequent loss of work days. Aim of study is to identify the risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorder and to determine the coping strategies to reduce their frequency.Methods: This study was conducted in the Outpatient Departments (OPDs), intensive care units of University Hospital and also from the nursing schoolof the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria, Egypt.Results: A high proportion of nurses reported MSD (99.0%) during the last year. Also during their whole careers at one or the other body regions, with the shoulder (97.0%) and Neck (95.0%) being the most commonly affected. Nurses with more than two pregnancies and usage of computer for more than two years were those with the most perceived risk factors for MSD. The usage of different part of body by the nurses as a coping mechanism during the nursing procedures (34.0%) and change of posture (30.0%) were the top two statistically significant coping strategies.Conclusions: The study confirms very high prevalence of MSD among the nursing staff and it was prominent at some specific body parts, of which neck and shoulder were the most affected.
Scientometric analysis of Condensed Matter Physics journal
Authors: Mryglod Olesya
Published: June 2018

The paper is dedicated to 25th anniversary of Condensed Matter Physics journal (CMP). It contains the results of comprehensive analysis of different journal-related data. CMP co-authorship relationships are studied analysing the collaboration network. Its cumulative statical and dynamical properties as well as the structure are discussed. The international contribution to the journal is assessed using the authors' affiliation data. The network of the countries collaborating within CMP is considered. Another kind of network is used to investigate the topical spectrum: two PACS indices assigned to one paper are connected by link here. The structure of the most significant interdisciplinary connections is analysed. Finally, the download statistics and the corresponding records of the papers' citations are used to discuss the journal's impact.
A Study on “Innovative and Entrepreneurial” Part-time Jobs at Colleges and Universities
Authors: Zhang Xuan , He Hanzi
Published: June 2018

With the student aid becoming more and more diversified, China has established an integrated financial aid system of scholarships, educational loans, aids, subsidies and reduction of tuitions. However, there still remain some problems to be resolved regarding the part-time jobs, such as focusing too much on economic aid, mismanagement of part-time positions and slow integration with innovation and entrepreneurship education. In order to achieve the dual goal of financial relief and integral education, we should expand and enrich the part-time positions, form new brands and ensure a sustainable development model. In this way, we can arouse students’ enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship to the most extent and better incorporate education in students’ study, work and life so as to develop an omnibearing educational system.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 14, No. 7
Authors: Zhang Jenny
Published: June 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 14, No. 7, 2018.
The Influence of Self-Concept on Perceived Value in Apparel Brand Adoption Behavior - Based on Research Data from Hangzhou, China
Authors: Zhang Yiling , Bian Xiangyang , Cao Aijuan , Yu Ziyin
Published: June 2018

In consumer society, consumers intend to pay more attention to the brand culture, symbolic meaning, brand value and the brand-self fit when they choose apparel or brand. By self-concept as breakthrough point, this paper analyze the interactive relationship between self-concept and perceived value. The empirical results show that: During the apparel brand adoption process, using functional value, social value, emotional value, cognitive value, and situational value to evaluate the perceived value of Chinese consumers is feasible and effective; The ideal self and actual self interact with each other, and also can affect the formation of perceived value; Through the perceived value of brand, self-concept has a significant impact on the apparel brand adoption behavior. With more homogenous and competitive apparel, enterprises should give thorough consideration to enhance the objective brand value, as well as to reduce the gap between consumer perceived value and brand value.
Finding Size Factor and Value Factor in Indonesia Stock Exchange
Authors: Yudhistirangga Yudhistirangga , Siregar Hermanto , Andati Trias
Published: June 2018

This study conducted by gathering data from Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with 2 specifics model, Capital Market Pricing Model (CAPM) and Fama French 3 Factors Model (FF3FM). These model was estimated by classify 557 stocks in Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) to 6 classes: S/L class is class with small size and low Book to Equity (BE) to Market Equity (ME), S/M class is class with small size and medium in BE/ME, S/H class is class with small size and high in BE/ME, otherwise B/L class is class with big size and low in BE/ME, B/M class is class with big size and medium in BE/ME, B/H class is class with big size and high in BE/ME. With F test, t test and classic assumption test, best class and best model were B/L class and FF3FM. The result was confirmed size factor and value factor in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Size factor are confirmed in 3 classes (S/M, S/H and B/L), and value factor are confirmed in 4 classes (S/M, S/H, B/L and B/H). Therefore, classes with size and value factor are S/M, S/H and B/L. With BE/ME is 1/PBV and PBV indicating the stock price relative to its book value, so in Indonesia Stock Exchange the size factor and value factor confirmed in market with small market capitalization with low to medium in stock price relative to its book value and market with big market capitalization with high stock price relative to its book value.
Legal Regulations of Flexible Working in Jordan
Authors: Sarairah Ibrahim Saleh Al
Published: June 2018

The flexible working system in Jordan for the year 2017 represents a qualitative leap in the field of work, for providing an easy work for the workers, especially the working woman, which enables her to enter the labor market. However, this system has many conditions that must be met in flexible working contract in terms of a written agreement between the worker and the employer and the time limit and specified some categories that are subject to flexible working.The flexible working system collides with some general principles of the labor law, such as the legal subordination, and the disciplinary authority of the employer in imposition of disciplinary sanctions in the event that the worker violates the flexible working rules.The study concluded with a number of results, the most important is that the flexible working contract is a formal contract in which the writing is required. The Jordanian legislator ruled out the event from the workers who are subject to the flexible working system.The most important recommendations were, It is necessary explicitly state that the rights of the worker may be established in the flexible working contract by all means of legal proofs. If the contract was not issued in writing, it is necessary to stipulate that the wage might be determined in the flexible working contract on a daily or weekly basis.
On the Cultural Selection of Hua Chun: A Chinese Japanese Female Writer
Authors: Zhang Jirong
Published: June 2018

Hua Chun, a Chinese Japanese female writer, embodies cross-border and cross-cultural characteristics in her creation. She pays attention to the ecological environment, chooses the theme of environmental protection, and chooses the “Earth Man” perspective to narrate. She shuttles between Japanese and Chinese cultures, transcends the embarrassment of personal and national sentiments and faces human nature directly. On the one hand, she actively integrates Japanese culture. On the other hand, she mourns the traditional Chinese culture. She creates a third space with mixed culture in her works through the cultural experience of crossing the border.
Militair strafrecht en militair optreden in het ruimte- en informatiedomein
Authors: Stad J.M.
Published: June 2018

Militair strafrecht en militair optreden in het ruimte- en informatiedomein – Nog sciencefiction of al realiteit?

De Nederlandse krijgsmacht treedt behalve op land, ter zee en in de lucht steeds meer op in het ruimte- en informatiedomein. In het artikel wordt het belang voor de partijen in het militair strafproces verkend om voldoende kennis te vergaren over de aard van het militair optreden in deze twee nieuwe domeinen. Daartoe wordt kort beschreven wat de twee nieuwe domeinen inhouden en waar deze zijn geïncorporeerd in de organisatie van de krijgsmacht. Verder wordt de noodzaak om tot een ruimere interpretatie van aanbeveling 2 van de Commissie Borghouts te komen beschreven.
Profiling chlorine residuals using DPD and amperometric field test kits in a chlorinated small drinking water system with ammonia present in source water
Authors: Beeharry Sunil , Sihota Simon , Kelly Chris
Published: June 2018

Effective chlorine residual monitoring of water treatment systems that have ammonia in the raw source water is crucial to ensure adequate disinfection. Understanding the limitations related to monitoring chlorine in these systems is important to help reduce risk from microbiological hazards. The presence of ammonia and the resulting chlorine demand can be very challenging to address in drinking water treatment, especially for small water systems. This study profiles a number of situations where erratic chlorine dosing, operational, and testing conditions create a false-positive free available chlorine result. This study identified that the field test kit using amperometric testing methodology is superior to the traditional DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine) tests in a water system that has the presence of ammonia with erratic chlorine dosage.
Prime ministers as leaders: Applying self-determination theory on Australian prime ministers
Authors: Eidenfalk Joakim , Forner Vivien W. , Jones Michael , Parrish Dominique Rene
Published: June 2018

The leadership capability of Australia’s four Prime Ministers 1996 – 2015 has been widely debated by political commentators, financial analysts and the general public. The success of these senior leaders has been questioned, as has their management of their office, staff, and colleagues. This article will investigate the performances of these four Australia Prime Ministers – John Howard, Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard and Tony Abbott. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is presented as a framework that could provide guidance on the aspects of leadership that if attended to could result in enhanced performance of political leaders and ultimately security of their position. SDT is also used as a theoretical lens to evaluate the behaviour and provide a comparative assessment of these four Australian Prime Ministers. It is posited that SDT analysis illustrates ways that each of the four Prime Ministers could have performed better and highlights key lessons for current and future leaders around the world.
Biotechnology, communication and the public: Keys to delve into the social perception of science
Authors: Brossard Dominique
Published: June 2018

The latest biotechnology applications allow for faster and cheaper gene editing than ever before. Many people are calling for a public debate on these issues, including the social, cultural and ethical implications of these applications. On the other hand, the information available to citizens is sometimes contradictory and communication that takes all these aspects into account is important and increasingly necessary. Therefore, understanding public attitudes towards biotechnology should be a priority for the work ahead.
O petróleo no Brasil: exploração, capacitação técnica e ensino de geociências (1864-1968)
Authors: Peyerl Drielli
Published: June 2018

A indústria do petróleo nasceu muito tardiamente no Brasil, mesmo quando comparada a de outros países da América Latina. A emergência dessa atividade produtiva no país ocorre em consequência da persistência de atores nacionais públicos e privados, que apostaram no potencial geológico do país. Nessa trajetória singular evidencia-se também que a institucionalização das geociências ocorre a reboque da atividade produtiva. Foi quando o Estado brasileiro se empenhou em desenvolver a atividade petrolífera no país, por meio da criação do Conselho Nacional do Petróleo, em 1938, e, posteriormente, da Petrobras, em 1953, que ficou evidente a ausência de recursos humanos qualificados no campo das geociências no Brasil. Esse último aspecto é particularmente impressionante em um país de dimensão continental e de tantas riquezas minerais. Essa experiência singular é descrita de forma cativante e magistral por Drielli Peyerl. Ela retoma essa história desde os albores da indústria do petróleo, em 1864, até o final dos anos 1960, quando a Petrobras realiza os seus primeiros avanços na produção offshore. O caso brasileiro ilustra claramente a tese de que o progresso na formação de recursos humanos e, posteriormente, na pesquisa, somente se deu, em nosso país, em decorrência de um projeto explícito de desenvolvimento. De fato, foi a partir do imperativo da industrialização, e da decorrente expansão da demanda interna de derivados de petróleo, que surgiu a necessidade de produzir petróleo em solo nacional. Contudo, foi apenas com a expansão da indústria do petróleo no país que se consolidou a necessidade de formar recursos humanos qualificados, contribuindo para a sedimentação da ciência geológica no país. Nesse sentido, a Petrobras teve um papel decisivo na criação dos primeiros cursos de geologia do país, cabendo-lhe exercer a função de agência de fomento na institucionalização dessa disciplina
Effect of Different Placement of Heel Rockers on Lower-Limb Joint Biomechanics in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Farzadi Maedeh , Safaeepour Zahra , Nabavi Hoda , Cham Masumeh Bagherzadeh , Mousavi Mohammad Ebrahim
Published: June 2018

Background:

Rocker shoes are commonly prescribed to healthy and pathologic populations to decrease stress on the lower limbs. An optimal rocker shoe design must consider both toe and heel rockers. Heel rockers are as effective as toe rockers in relieving foot plantar pressures. However, most studies have focused on the position of toe rockers. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different heel rocker apex placements on lower-limb kinetics and kinematics.

Methods:

Eighteen healthy females participated in this study. Three pairs of rocker shoes with rocker apex positions anterior to the medial malleolus (shoe A), at the medial malleolus (shoe B), and posterior to the medial malleolus (shoe C) were fabricated and then compared with a flat shoe (shoe D). Kinetic and kinematic data were collected, and lower-extremity joint ranges of motion and moments were calculated.

Results:

Ankle range of motion was increased by shoe C (P = .04) during initial contact and by shoe A (P = .02) during single-limb support. Peak knee moment was significantly larger for shoes A and B (P < .05) during single-limb support.

Conclusions:

Results showed that forward and backward shifting of the heel rocker apex could change the knee moment and ankle joint range of motion in the stance phase of gait. Therefore, placement of the heel rocker in a rocker-bottom shoe can be manipulated to promote the desired lower-limb motion, at least in healthy individuals.
A stable mode of bookmarking by TBP recruits RNA polymerase II to mitotic chromosomes
Authors: Teves Sheila S , An Luye , Bhargava-Shah Aarohi , Xie Liangqi , Darzacq Xavier , Tjian Robert
Published: June 2018

Maintenance of transcription programs is challenged during mitosis when chromatin becomes condensed and transcription is silenced. How do the daughter cells re-establish the original transcription program? Here, we report that the TATA-binding protein (TBP), a key component of the core transcriptional machinery, remains bound globally to active promoters in mouse embryonic stem cells during mitosis. Using live-cell single-molecule imaging, we observed that TBP mitotic binding is highly stable, with an average residence time of minutes, in stark contrast to typical TFs with residence times of seconds. To test the functional effect of mitotic TBP binding, we used a drug-inducible degron system and found that TBP promotes the association of RNA Polymerase II with mitotic chromosomes, and facilitates transcriptional reactivation following mitosis. These results suggest that the core transcriptional machinery promotes efficient transcription maintenance globally.
Perplexing Rash: Challenges to Diagnosis and Management of Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Aun Jonathan A. , Patel Hamish S. , Patel Kinal K. , Cashman Jeffrey , Bailey Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

Mycosis fungoides is the most ubiquitous form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Diagnosis is arduous, as early phases often resemble common inflammatory dermatoses. The principal histologic features of MF include medium to large-sized cerebriform mononuclear cells in single or small clusters in the epidermis. Treatment modalities are prodigious and relapses are common. The authors present a case of a 69-year-old man with mycosis fungoides, followed by a review of diagnostic modalities and phototherapeutic interventions for patients with this condition. According to literature reports, monochromatic excimer light therapy is the most advantageous and well-tolerated phototherapy modality for patients with early patch stage mycosis fungoides.
Where Words Trap the Mind: The Bewitchment of Psychotherapy
Authors: Li Chin
Published: June 2018

When psychotherapists reify the concepts they are using to describe human experiences, both therapist and patient are likely to end up with befuddled thinking, and become unable to grasp the lived experience of the emotional turmoil the patient is struggling with. In this context, proper use of language is of vital importance, and the first task of the psychotherapist is to think clearly about the words she uses. This essay attempts to clarify some of these issues, and to discuss their relevance to the practice of psychotherapy.
Nitrogen addition increases the contents of glomalin-related soil protein and soil organic carbon but retains aggregate stability in a Pinus tabulaeformis forest
Authors: Sun Lipeng , Jing Hang , Wang Guoliang , Liu Guobin
Published: June 2018

Background

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) contribute to the formation and stability of soil aggregates, but the mechanism by which global atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition changes soil aggregate stability by altering the distribution of GRSP and SOC in different aggregate fractions remains unknown.

Methods

We used a gradient N addition (0–9 g N m−2 y−1) in Pinus tabulaeformis forest for two years in northeast China and then examined the changes in SOC contents, total GRSP (T-GRSP), and easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) contents in three soil aggregate fractions (macro-aggregate: >250 μm, micro-aggregate: 250–53 μm, and fine material: <53 μm) and their relationship with aggregate stability.

Results

(1) The soil was dominated by macro-aggregates. Short term N addition had no significant effect on mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). (2) GRSP varied among aggregate fractions, and N addition had different effects on the distribution of GRSP in aggregate fractions. The EE-GRSP content in the macro-aggregates increased initially and then decreased with increasing N addition levels, having a peak value of 0.480 mg g−1 at 6 g N m−2 y−1. The micro-aggregates had the lowest EE-GRSP content (0.148 mg g−1) at 6 g N m−2 y−1. Furthermore, the T-GRSP content significantly increased in the aggregate fractions with the N addition levels. (3) The macro-aggregate had the highest SOC content, followed by the micro-aggregate and the fine material had the lowest SOC content. N addition significantly increased the SOC content in all the aggregate fractions. (4) GRSP and SOC contents were not significantly correlated with MWD.

Conclusion

Glomalin-related soil protein and SOC contents increased by N addition, but this increase did not enhance aggregate stability in short term, and the improvement of stability might depend on binding agents and incubation time.
It’s a matter of design—how pitfall trap design affects trap samples and possible predictions
Authors: Boetzl Fabian A. , Ries Elena , Schneider Gudrun , Krauss Jochen
Published: June 2018

Background

Pitfall traps are commonly used to assess ground dwelling arthropod communities. The effects of different pitfall trap designs on the trapping outcome are poorly investigated however they might affect conclusions drawn from pitfall trap data greatly.

Methods

We tested four pitfall trap types which have been used in previous studies for their effectiveness: a simple type, a faster exchangeable type with an extended plastic rim plate and two types with guidance barriers (V- and X-shaped). About 20 traps were active for 10 weeks and emptied biweekly resulting in 100 trap samples.

Results

Pitfall traps with guidance barriers were up to five times more effective than simple pitfall traps and trap samples resulted in more similar assemblage approximations. Pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates did not only perform poorly but also resulted in distinct carabid assemblages with less individuals of small species and a larger variation.

Discussion

Due to the obvious trait filtering and resulting altered assemblages, we suggest not to use pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates. In comprehensive biodiversity inventories, a smaller number of pitfall traps with guidance barriers and a larger number of spatial replicates is of advantage, while due to comparability reasons, the use of simple pitfall traps will be recommended in most other cases.
A protein chimera strategy supports production of a model “difficult‐to‐express” recombinant target
Authors: Hussain Hirra , Fisher David I. , Roth Robert G. , Mark Abbott W. , Carballo‐Amador Manuel Alejandro , Warwicker Jim , Dickson Alan J.
Published: June 2018

Due in part to the needs of the biopharmaceutical industry, there has been an increased drive to generate high quality recombinant proteins in large amounts. However, achieving high yields can be a challenge as the novelty and increased complexity of new targets often makes them ‘difficult‐to‐express’. This study aimed to define the molecular features that restrict the production of a model ‘difficult‐to‐express’ recombinant protein, Tissue Inhibitor Metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP‐3). Building from experimental data, computational approaches were used to rationalize the redesign of this recombinant target to generate a chimera with enhanced secretion. The results highlight the importance of early identification of unfavourable sequence attributes, enabling the generation of engineered protein forms that bypass ‘secretory’ bottlenecks and result in efficient recombinant protein production.
Composition‐dependent membrane disruption by the proapoptotic protein PB1F2 from HK97 influenza A virus
Authors: Wang Yujuan , Yang Jing , Wang Jiarong , Zhu Lei , Wang Junfeng
Published: June 2018

PB1F2 is a proapoptotic protein encoded by an alternative reading frame in the influenza A virus. Its accumulation accelerates mitochondrial fragmentation by decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential following translocation into the mitochondrial inner membrane space, but the mechanistic underpinnings remain unclear. Herein, the PB1F2 from HK97 was expressed and purified in soluble form. The interaction between PB1F2 and the mitochondrial membrane were investigated using three membrane mimics, liposomes, bicelles, and nanodiscs. We show that the interactions between PB1F2 and membrane mimics depend on lipid type and are time‐ and dose‐dependent. The primary membrane target of PB1F2 is phosphatidylcholine, the lipid that forms the major component of mitochondrial inner membranes. PB1F2 disrupts the integrity of lipid membranes by forming micelle‐like PB1F2–lipid assemblies.
Effect of air pressure on moisture transfer inside porous building materials
Authors: Fukui Kazuma , Iba Chiemi , Hokoi Shuichi , Ogura Daisuke
Published: June 2018

The effect of air pressure on moisture transfer inside porous building materials cannot be omitted in cases where air cannot escape through the surface of the materials; in such cases, air is compressed by the movement of moisture. In this study, we conducted water‐absorption tests on a brick specimen. By comparing the result of the experiment on a specimen whose side surfaces were sealed with that of a specimen whose bottom surface was additionally sealed, it was demonstrated that the water‐absorption was evidently delayed in the latter case, wherein air could not escape from the specimen except for the top surface, through which water was absorbed. We also developed a numerical model based on the equations for simultaneous air and moisture transfer. The calculated result is reasonably consistent with the experimental result, which supports the validity of the model that includes the change in air pressure in the material and air loss through the top surface as air bubbles. By using this model, the behavior of the air and water inside the specimen was investigated in detail.
Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Precursors for Biomedical Radiotracers
Authors: Telu Sanjay , Siméon Fabrice G. , Lu Shuiyu , Pike Victor W.
Published: June 2018

This chapter summarizes the increasing role that hypervalent aryliodine compounds, especially aryliodine(III) compounds, are serving as precursors for biomedical radiotracers due to their ease of synthesis, often adequate storage stabilities, and high reactivities in useful labeling reactions, especially those with short‐lived [18F]fluoride ion (t1/2= 109.8 min) for producing radiotracers for imaging with positron emission tomography.
Stereoselective Reactions
Authors: Singh Fateh V. , Wirth Thomas
Published: June 2018

In the past few decades, the chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has been developed as an important tool for synthetic and natural product chemistry. The variety of hypervalent iodine reagents has led to number of versatile oxidative strategies in synthetic organic chemistry. Various synthetic moieties can be selectively introduced into complex molecules under very mild reaction conditions. In addition, various hypervalent iodine‐catalyzed stereoselective approaches have been developed by generating active catalytic speciesin situvia oxidation of precatalysts. This chapter highlights some recent developments of stereoselective reactions using hypervalent iodine reagents including catalysis.
Zirconium Alloys for Orthopaedic and Dental Applications
Authors: Mehjabeen Afrin , Song Tingting , Xu Wei , Tang Hui Ping , Qian Ma
Published: June 2018

Zirconium alloys for biomedical applications are receiving increasing attention due to their two unique properties: 1) the formation of an intrinsic bone‐like apatite layer on their surfaces in body environments, and 2) better compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics due to their low magnetic susceptibility, as well as their overall excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and bio‐corrosion resistance. In particular, since both of the MRI quality and speed depend on magnetic field strength, there is a compelling drive for use of high magnetic field strength (>3 Tesla) MRI systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the characteristics of commercially pure (CP) Zr and Zr‐based alloys as orthopaedic and dental implant materials. These include their 1) phase transformations; 2) unique properties including corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, magnetic susceptibility, shape memory effect, and super‐elasticity; 3) mechanical properties; 4) current orthopaedic and dental applications; and 5) the d‐electron theory for Zr alloy design and novel Zr‐alloys. The mechanical properties of Zr‐based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and their application as implant materials are also assessed. Future directions for extending the use of Zr‐alloys as orthopaedic and dental implants are discussed.
Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− Nanoagent Generating 1O2 for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Poß Marieke , Zittel Eva , Seidl Carmen , Meschkov Anna , Muñoz Leonel , Schepers Ute , Feldmann Claus
Published: June 2018

Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− (AlPCS4: aluminium(III) chlorido phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate) inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH‐NPs) are presented as a novel photosensitizer for singlet oxygen (1O2) generation with potential use in localized photodynamic therapy. The saline nanoparticles contain an unprecedented high phthalocyanine content of 81 wt% AlPCS4; they show red emission (680 nm), and efficient 1O2 generation. In vitro studies (HepG2 and HeLa cells) demonstrate excellent uptake, low cytotoxicity, and a remarkable induced phototoxicity. Most interestingly, Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− IOH‐NPs (in suspension) significantly outperform the clinically approved H4AlPCS4 (in solution) in terms of photostability, reactive oxygen species generation, phototoxic effect in cells (i.e., Gd43+[AlPCS4]34−: LD50 < 5 × 10−6 m; H4AlPCS4: LD50 > 20 × 10−6 m, both illuminated 10 min at 670 nm), as well as suppression of microcapillary networks and vascular cord formation. According to in vivo studies, IOH‐NP‐pretreated HeLa‐GFP cells injected into zebrafish larvae can be easily colocalized based on the red emission of the IOH‐NPs and the green emission of the tumor cells. Upon light exposure (0–20 min at 635 nm), the transgenic HeLa‐GFP cells show drastically reduced viability in vivo due to the induced phototoxicity of the Gd43+[AlPCS4]34− IOH‐NPs.
NIR Light‐Triggered Degradable MoTe2Nanosheets for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Ma Ning , Zhang Ming‐Kang , Wang Xiao‐Shuang , Zhang Lu , Feng Jun , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: June 2018

Telluride molybdenum (MoTe2) nanosheets with wide near‐infrared (NIR) absorbance are functionalized with polyethylene glycol‐cyclic arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid tripeptide (PEG‐cRGD). After loading a chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX), MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX is used for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. With the high photothermal conversion efficiency, MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX exhibits favorable cells killing ability under NIR irradiation. Owing to the cRGD‐mediated specific tumor targeting, MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD/DOX shows efficient accumulation in tumors to induce a strong tumor ablation effect. MoTe2‐PEG‐cRGD nanosheets, which are relatively stable in the circulation, could be degraded under NIR ray. The in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrate that this theranostic nanoagent, which could accumulate in tumors to allow photothermal imaging and combined therapy, is readily degradable in normal organs to enable rapid excretion and avoid long‐term retention/toxicity, holding great potential to treat tumor effectively.
Compartmentalized Thin Films with Customized Functionality via Interfacial Cross‐linking of Protein Cages
Authors: Liu Aijie , de Ruiter Mark V. , Zhu Wei , Maassen Stan J. , Yang Liulin , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M.
Published: June 2018

Hybrid thin films with a high loading and homogeneous dispersion of functional nanoparticles (and/or molecules) find applications in (bio)‐sensors and electronic devices. The fabrication of such hybrid thin films, however, suffers from the complex and diverse surface and physicochemical properties of individual nanoparticles. To address this challenge, a facile and general strategy toward compartmentalized thin films through the interfacial cross‐linking of viral protein cages is reported. Employing these protein cages, gold nanoparticles, as well as enzyme horseradish peroxidase, are encapsulated into virus‐like particles and then cross‐linked into thin films with a thickness varying from monolayer to submicron dimensions. These compartmentalized thin films not only ensure that the cargo is homogeneously dispersed, but also display good catalytic activity. This strategy is, in principle, applicable for a wide range of (bio)‐organic nanocontainers, enabling the versatile fabrication of 2D thin films with extensive application prospects.
The Development of Yolk–Shell‐Structured Pd&ZnO@Carbon Submicroreactors with High Selectivity and Stability
Authors: Tian Hao , Huang Fei , Zhu Yihan , Liu Shaomin , Han Yu , Jaroniec Mietek , Yang Qihua , Liu Hongyang , Lu Gao Qing Max , Liu Jian
Published: June 2018

Design of multicomponent yolk–shell structures is crucial for the fabrication of micro/nanoreactors for a variety of applications. This work reports the rational design and synthesis of yolk–shell‐structured submicroreactors with loaded metal nanoparticles into ZnO–microporous carbon core–shell structures. The solvothermal treatment and carbonization process of uniform zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)@resin polymer core–shell structures leads to the generation of yolk–shell‐structured ZnO@carbon. The synthesis conditions are optimized to track the evolution of ZIF‐8 in a confined space of resin polymer as a submicroreactor itself. It is found that nanoribbon evolution occurs via the formation of the intermediate needle‐like particles. The Pd&ZnO@carbon submicroreactor is shown to be a highly selective catalyst (selectivity >99%) for hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to phenylethylene. The excellent performance of Pd&ZnO@carbon particles is evidenced by higher conversion and selectivity than that of Pd/ZnO and Pd/C with similar Pd loading. Furthermore, Pd&ZnO@carbon submicroreactors show superior catalytic stability, and no deactivation after 25 h of reaction. The proposed strategy is promising for the design of multifunctional micro/nanoreactors or nanocontainers for construction of artificial cells.
Precisely Controlling the Grain Sizes with an Ammonium Hypophosphite Additive for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Weidong , Lei Gang , Tao Chen , Zhang Jiandong , Liu Xiaoke , Xu Xiang , Lai Wen‐Yong , Gao Feng , Huang Wei
Published: June 2018

A facile approach to precisely control the perovskite grain sizes is proposed and demonstrated for high‐performance photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. With the introduction of various amounts of NH4H2PO2 (AHP) additives into the PbI2/CH3NH3I precursors, the grain scale of CH3NH3PbI3 films can be finely turned from hundreds of nanometer to micrometer scale, allowing evaluating the effects of crystalline grain boundary on trap densities, charge recombination, and PV device performance. The X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the formation of intermediates plays a key role in assisting the perovskite crystal growth. The optimized devices show much larger open‐circuit voltages (VOC) up to 1.10 ± 0.02 V and significantly enhance power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.5 ± 0.7%, as compared to the control devices with PCE of 9.4 ± 1.0% and VOC of 1.00 ± 0.03 V. Further investigations confirm that the boosted PV performance origins from the decreased defect densities due to enlarged grain sizes. It is also demonstrated that the approach is general and applicable to other perovskite systems, e.g., HC(NH2)2PbI3. The results suggest the promising application of AHP in achieving high‐performance perovskite PV devices, and shed light on understanding the grain boundary effects on perovskite optoelectronics.
An Electron Acceptor with Broad Visible–NIR Absorption and Unique Solid State Packing for As‐Cast High Performance Binary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Xueliang , Liao Xunfan , Gao Ke , Zuo Lijian , Chen Jingde , Zhao Jingbo , Liu Feng , Chen Yiwang , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: June 2018

A novel acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) type electron acceptor 6TIC‐4F with terthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (6T) as the core unit is rationally designed and synthesized, which exhibits an extraordinarily narrow bandgap (≈1.24 eV) and strong absorption between 650 and 1000 nm. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that it has unique intermolecular π–π stacking. The solar cells based on the as‐cast poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))]) (PBDB‐T):6TIC‐4F binary blends exhibit an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.14% with a high JSC of 23.00 mA cm−2, and a high fill factor of 0.67, which represents one of the best PCE values for low bandgap (Eg < 1.3 eV)–based organic solar cells.
Built‐In Haze Glass‐Fabric Reinforced Siloxane Hybrid Film for Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
Authors: Lim Young‐Woo , Kwon O Eun , Kang Seung‐Mo , Cho Hyunsu , Lee Jonghee , Park Young‐Sam , Cho Nam Sung , Jin Won‐Yong , Lee Jaeho , Lee Hyunhwan , Kang Jae‐Wook , Yoo Seunghyup , Moon Jaehyun , Bae Byeong‐Soo
Published: June 2018

Substrates with high transmittance and high haze are desired for increasing the light outcoupling efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, most of the polymer films used as substrate have high transmittance and low haze. Herein, a facile route to fabricate a built‐in haze glass‐fabric reinforced siloxane hybrid (GFRH) film having high total transmittance (≈89%) and high haze (≈89%) is reported using the scattering effect induced by refractive index contrast between the glass fabric and the siloxane hybrid (hybrimer). The hybrimer exhibiting large refractive index contrast with the glass fabric is synthesized by removing the phenyl substituents. Besides its optical properties, the hazy GFRH films exhibit smooth surface (Rsq = 0.2 nm), low thermal expansion (13 ppm °C−1), high chemical stability, and dimensional stability. Owing to the outstanding properties of the GFRH film, OLED is successfully fabricated onto the film exhibiting 74% external quantum efficiency enhancement. The hazy GFRH's unique optical properties, excellent thermal stability, outstanding dimensional stability, and the ability to perform as a transparent electrode enable them as a wide ranging substrate for the flexible optoelectronic devices.
Turning Toxicants into Safe Therapeutic Drugs: Cytolytic Peptide−Photosensitizer Assemblies for Optimized In Vivo Delivery of Melittin
Authors: Jia Hao‐Ran , Zhu Ya‐Xuan , Xu Ke‐Fei , Wu Fu‐Gen
Published: June 2018

Melittin (MEL) is recognized as a highly potent therapeutic peptide for treating various human diseases including cancer. However, the clinical applications of MEL are largely restricted by its severe hemolytic activity and nonspecific cytotoxicity. Here, it is found that MEL can form a stable supramolecular nanocomplex of ≈60 nm with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), which after hyaluronic acid (HA) coating can achieve robust, safe, and imaging‐guided tumor ablation. The as‐designed nanocomplex (denoted as MEL/Ce6@HA) shows largely reduced hemolysis and selective cytolytic activity toward cancer cells. Upon laser irradiation, the loaded photosensitive Ce6 can synergistically facilitate the membrane‐lytic efficiency of melittin and greatly increase the tumor penetration depth of the complexes in multicellular tumor spheroids. In vivo experiments reveal that MEL/Ce6@HA can realize enhanced tumor accumulation, reduced liver deposition, and rapid body clearance, which are beneficial for highly efficient and safe chemo‐photodynamic dual therapy. This work develops a unique supramolecular strategy for optimized in vivo delivery of melittin and may have implications for the development of peptide‐based theranostics.
Under Diffusion Control: from Structuring Matter to Directional Motion
Authors: Cera Luca , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: June 2018

Self‐organization in synthetic chemical systems is quickly developing into a powerful strategy for designing new functional materials. As self‐organization requires the system to exist far from thermodynamic equilibrium, chemists have begun to go beyond the classical equilibrium self‐assembly that is often applied in bottom‐up supramolecular synthesis, and to learn about the surprising and unpredicted emergent properties of chemical systems that are characterized by a higher level of complexity and extended reactivity networks. The present review focuses on self‐organization in reaction‐diffusion systems. Selected examples show how the emergence of complex morphogenesis is feasible in synthetic systems leading to hierarchically and nanostructured matter. Starting from well‐investigated oscillating reactions, recent developments extend diffusion‐limited reactivity to supramolecular systems. The concept of dynamic instability is introduced and illustrated as an additional tool for the design of smart materials and actuators, with emphasis on the realization of motion even at the macroscopic scale. The formation of spatio‐temporal patterns along diffusive chemical gradients is exploited as the main channel to realize symmetry breaking and therefore anisotropic and directional mechanical transformations. Finally, the interaction between external perturbations and chemical gradients is explored to give mechanistic insights in the design of materials responsive to external stimuli.
Solution Mask Liquid Lithography (SMaLL) for One‐Step, Multimaterial 3D Printing
Authors: Dolinski Neil D. , Page Zachariah A. , Callaway E. Benjamin , Eisenreich Fabian , Garcia Ronnie V. , Chavez Roberto , Bothman David P. , Hecht Stefan , Zok Frank W. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: June 2018

A novel methodology for printing 3D objects with spatially resolved mechanical and chemical properties is reported. Photochromic molecules are used to control polymerization through coherent bleaching fronts, providing large depths of cure and rapid build rates without the need for moving parts. The coupling of these photoswitches with resin mixtures containing orthogonal photo‐crosslinking systems allows simultaneous and selective curing of multiple networks, providing access to 3D objects with chemically and mechanically distinct domains. The power of this approach is showcased through the one‐step fabrication of bioinspired soft joints and mechanically reinforced “brick‐and‐mortar” structures.
Thin Film Tin Selenide (SnSe) Thermoelectric Generators Exhibiting Ultralow Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Burton Matthew R. , Liu Tianjun , McGettrick James , Mehraban Shahin , Baker Jenny , Pockett Adam , Watson Trystan , Fenwick Oliver , Carnie Matthew J.
Published: June 2018

Tin selenide (SnSe) has attracted much attention in the field of thermoelectrics since the discovery of the record figure of merit (ZT) of 2.6 ± 0.3 along the b‐axis of the material. The record ZT is attributed to an ultralow thermal conductivity that arises from anharmonicity in bonding. While it is known that nanostructuring offers the prospect of enhanced thermoelectric performance, there have been minimal studies in the literature to date of the thermoelectric performance of thin films of SnSe. In this work, preferentially orientated porous networks of thin film SnSe nanosheets are fabricated using a simple thermal evaporation method, which exhibits an unprecedentedly low thermal conductivity of 0.08 W m−1 K−1 between 375 and 450 K. In addition, the first known example of a working SnSe thermoelectric generator is presented and characterized.
Investigation of the Prussian Blue Analog Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as an Anode Material for Nonaqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Deng Leqing , Yang Zhao , Tan Lulu , Zeng Liang , Zhu Yujie , Guo Lin
Published: June 2018

Nonaqueous potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are attracting increasing attention as a potential low‐cost energy‐storage system due to the abundance of potassium resources. Here, cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co3[Co(CN)6]2), a typical Prussian blue analog (PBA), is reported as an anode material for nonaqueous KIBs. The as‐prepared Co3[Co(CN)6]2 exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 324.5 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, a superior rate capability (221 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and a favorable long‐term cycling stability (200 cycles with 82% capacity retention). Based on a series of characterizations, it is found that potassiation/depotassiation in Co3[Co(CN)6]2 proceeds via solid‐state diffusion‐limited K‐ion insertion/extraction process, in which both carbon‐ and nitrogen‐coordinated cobalt are electrochemically active toward K‐ion storage. Finally, the reaction pathway between potassium and Co3[Co(CN)6]2 is proposed. The present study provides new insights on further exploration of PBAs as high‐performance electrode materials for KIBs.
Relay Catalysis of Bismuth Trichloride and Byproduct Hydrogen Bromide Enables the Synthesis of Carbazole and Benzo[α]carbazoles from Indoles and α‐Bromoacetaldehyde Acetals
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Huang Wenbo , Yiliqi  , Yang Jian , Gu Yanlong
Published: June 2018

Benzo[α]carbazoles were synthesized from 2‐phenylindoles and α‐bromoacetaldehyde using bismuth trichloride as a catalyst. The reaction was triggered by a bismuth trichloride‐catalyzed Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of these two precursors, which provided a tryptaldehyde intermediate that underwent intramolecular olefination to form the final product. Interestingly, the HBr byproduct generated in the upstream step of the reaction catalyzed the following downstream reaction steps, thus creating a byproduct‐participated relay catalytic process. Motivated by this mechanism, we developed a three‐component reaction of indole, α‐bromoacetaldehyde acetal, and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds. This study offers a straightforward method for synthesizing substituted carbazoles.

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