bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN INVERSE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR A SECOND ORDER ELLIPTIC EQUATION IN A RECTANGLE
Authors: Mehraliyev Yashar T. , Kanca Fatma
Published: May 2014

In this paper, the inverse problem of finding a coefficient in a second order elliptic equation is investigated. The conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the classical solution of the problem under consideration are established. Numerical tests using the finite-difference scheme combined with an iteration method is presented and the sensitivity of this scheme with respect to noisy overdetermination data is illustrated.
TAUBERIAN REMAINDER THEOREMS FOR THE WEIGHTED MEAN METHOD OF SUMMABILITY
Authors: Sezer Sefa Anil , Canak Ibrahim
Published: May 2014

Using the weighted general control modulo, we prove several Tauberian remainder theorems for the weighted mean method of summability. Our results generalize the results proved by Meronen and Tammeraid [Math. Model. Anal. 18 (1) 2013, 97–102].
Updating the OMERACT Filter at OMERACT 11
Authors: Kirwan John R. , Boers Maarten , Tugwell Peter
Published: May 2014

The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) community strives to develop core outcome sets for rheumatologic conditions to specify, for each condition, the minimum set of outcomes necessary to provide consistent estimates of the benefits of an intervention. The original and successful OMERACT filter of “truth, discrimination, and feasibility” requires development and updating because of application to a widening range of conditions by an expanding group, particularly patients. It should more explicitly identify the relevant core outcomes that might be universal to all randomized controlled trials within rheumatology. Working from first principles, comparing proposals against actual procedures adopted by OMERACT working groups, and seeking a broad consensus over several major sessions at the OMERACT 11 meeting, a new version has emerged, OMERACT Filter 2.0, which will form the central theme of the intended OMERACT handbook and offers an approach to core outcome set development in many areas of healthcare.
Renal Cell Carcinoma presenting as small bowel obstruction secondary to a metastatic ileal intussusception
Authors: Hegde Rahul Ganapati , Gowda Harish K , Agrawal Rachana D , Yadav Vikas K , Khadse Gopal J
Published: May 2014

We report a rare clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma in the form of small bowel obstruction which was secondary to a metastatic ileal intussusception. Intussusception in the elderly is most commonly due to an underlying neoplasm, however metastases from a renal cell carcinoma is very uncommon. We present clinical details, radiological and pathological findings of the case followed by a discussion of the diagnosis and management of intussusception in the adult population.
Intercostal lung herniation - The role of imaging
Authors: DETORAKIS EFSTATHIOS , ANDROULIDAKIS EMMANUEL
Published: May 2014

Extrathoracic lung hernias can be congenital or acquired. Acquired hernias may be classified by etiology into traumatic, spontaneous, and pathologic. We present a case of a 40-year-old male with a history of bronchial asthma and a blunt chest trauma who presented complaining of sharp chest pain of acute onset that began after five consecutive days of vigorous coughing. Upon physical examination a well-demarcated deformity overlying the third intercostal space of the left upper anterior hemithorax was revealed. Thoracic CT scan showed that a portion of the anterior bronchopulmonary segment of the left upper lobe had herniated through a chest wall defect. The role of imaging, especially chest computed tomography with multiplanar image reconstructions and maximum (MIP) and minimum intensity projection (MinIP) reformats can clearly confirm the presence of the herniated lung, the hernial sac, the hernial orifice in the chest wall, and exclude possible complications such as lung tissue strangulation.
A Case Study of a Knowledge-Sharing Web-Based Platform for Energy Education
Authors: Chang Mei-Chen , Chu Yao-Ming
Published: May 2014

This study presented the implementation and development of a knowledge-sharing web-based platform for energy education, called “Energy Magician”. The web-based platform was designed for the students who participating in “Energy Saving and CO2 Reduction Innovation Contest” to share their experience and ideas of energy saving. The researchers applied a web-based survey to explore how the participants with different personal characteristics value the key factors of functional mechanism design, reward system, and knowledge sharing of the platform. The research found that the participants valued differently the various key factors such as the reward system, the platform's functional mechanisms, and sustained knowledge sharing. Participants in different groups with different background, such as prior experience in using the platform, usage duration, and degree of participation, valued the platform's reward system differently, Moreover, participants in different groups ordered the importance of the platform's functional mechanisms in distinct ways. As for the key factor of sustained knowledge sharing, the participants with prior experience in web-based knowledge sharing tended to emphasize the “fostering of the ability in data compilation”; elementary school students tended to emphasize “level titles and privileges” and “cash and prize rewards” while contestants with high degrees of participation tended to emphasize the “joy in knowledge sharing”, “joy in taking part in the contest”, and “level titles and privileges”. When building similar platforms in the future, it is recommended that the design should be differentiated in terms of the reward systems and platform functions and be tailored to the participants' characteristics, so as to maximize their effective use.
Comparison of Airway Management Practices Between Registered Nurses and Respiratory Care Practitioners
Authors: Sole Mary Lou , Bennett Melody
Published: May 2014

Background

Airway management, an essential component of care for patients receiving mechanical ventilation, is multifaceted and includes oral hygiene and suctioning, endotracheal suctioning, and care of endotracheal tubes. Registered nurses and respiratory care personnel often share responsibilities for airway management. Knowledge of current practices can help facilitate evidence-based practices to optimize care of patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

Objectives

To describe current practices for airway management of intubated patients and determine if practices differ between registered nurses and respiratory care practitioners.

Methods

A descriptive, comparative design was used. Registered nurses and respiratory care practitioners who provided direct care to intubated patients receiving mechanical ventilation were recruited to complete an online survey of self-reported practices.

Results

A total of 85 participants completed the survey. Most were experienced caregivers with a bachelor’s degree and certification or registration in their field. Selected practices have improved, including increasing oxygen saturation before endotracheal suctioning, maintaining pressure of endotracheal tube cuffs, and providing oral hygiene and suctioning. The practices of registered nurses and respiratory care practitioners differed in many ways. The nurses assumed responsibility for oral antisepsis, whereas the respiratory care practitioners managed the endotracheal tube. The 2 groups shared responsibility for oral and endotracheal suctioning. Knowledge of current guidelines for endotracheal suctioning was lacking.

Conclusions

Practices in airway management have improved, but opportunities exist to develop shared policies and procedures based on current evidence.
The Ligand-Binding Domain of Siglec-G Is Crucial for Its Selective Inhibitory Function on B1 Cells
Authors: Hutzler Stefan , Özgör Lamia , Naito-Matsui Yuko , Kläsener Kathrin , Winkler Thomas H. , Reth Michael , Nitschke Lars
Published: May 2014

Siglec-G is an inhibitory receptor on B1 cells. Siglec-G–deficient mice show a large B1 cell expansion, owing to higher BCR-induced Ca2+ signaling and enhanced cellular survival. It was unknown why Siglec-G shows a B1 cell–restricted inhibitory function. With a new mAb we could show a comparable Siglec-G expression on B1 cells and conventional B2 cells. However, Siglec-G has a different ligand sialic acid–binding pattern on peritoneal B1 cells than on splenic B cells, and its sialic acid ligands are expressed differentially on these two B cell populations, suggesting that cis-ligand binding plays a crucial role on B1 cells. This observation was further studied by generation of Siglec-G knockin mice with a mutated ligand-binding domain. These mice show increased B1 cell numbers, increased B1 cell Ca2+ signaling, better B1 cell survival, and changes in the B1 cell Ig repertoire. These phenotypes are very similar to Siglec-G–deficient mice. The mutation of the ligand-binding domain of Siglec-G strongly reduces the Siglec-G–IgM association on the B cell surface. Thus, Siglec-G sialic acid–dependent binding to the BCR is crucial for the B1 cell–restricted inhibitory function of Siglec-G and is regulated in an opposite way to that of the related protein CD22 (Siglec-2) on B cells.
A Polysaccharide Virulence Factor of a Human Fungal Pathogen Induces Neutrophil Apoptosis via NK Cells
Authors: Robinet Pauline , Baychelier Florence , Fontaine Thierry , Picard Capucine , Debré Patrice , Vieillard Vincent , Latgé Jean-Paul , Elbim Carole
Published: May 2014

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that sheds galactosaminogalactan (GG) into the environment. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and NK cells are both part of the first line of defense against pathogens. We recently reported that GG induces PMN apoptosis. In this study, we show that PMN apoptosis occurs via a new NK cell–dependent mechanism. Reactive oxygen species, induced by the presence of GG, play an indispensable role in this apoptotic effect by increasing MHC class I chain–related molecule A expression at the PMN surface. This increased expression enables interaction between MHC class I chain–related molecule A and NKG2D, leading to NK cell activation, which in turn generates a Fas-dependent apoptosis-promoting signal in PMNs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the crosstalk between PMNs and NK cells is essential to GG-induced PMN apoptosis. NK cells might thus play a role in the induction of PMN apoptosis in situations such as unexplained neutropenia or autoimmune diseases.
Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), Overwintering
Authors: Showler Allan T. , Osbrink Weste L.A. , Lohmeyer Kimberly H.
Published: May 2014

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), is an ectoparasitic blood feeder mainly on cattle. Its cosmopolitan distribution extends from boreal and grassland regions in northern and southern latitudes to the tropics. Stress and blood loss from horn flies can reduce cattle weight gain and milk production. Horn flies show substantial plasticity in their response to winter. Populations in warmer, lower latitudes have been reported to overwinter in a state of dormancy, but most overwinter as active adults in normal or reduced numbers. As latitudes increase, winters are generally colder, and correspondingly, larger percentages of horn fly populations become dormant as pharate adults (a post-pupal, pre-emergent stage) or die. Reports on the effect of elevation on horn fly dormancy at high elevations were contradictory. When it occurs, dormancy takes place beneath cattle dung pats and in the underlying soil. The horn fly's mode of dormancy is commonly called diapause, but the collective research on horn fly diapause (behavioral and biochemical) is not conclusive. Understanding the horn fly's overwintering behaviors can lead to development of pre-dormancy insecticide spray strategies in colder latitudes while other strategies must be determined for warmer regions.
De zoektocht naar het midden - Nieuwe perspectieven op de herinnering aan de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Vlaanderen en Duitsland
Authors: Lensen Jan
Published: May 2014

This essay examines contemporary rewritings of World War II memory narratives. Drawing on the examples of Flughunde (1995) by German author Marcel Beyer and Marcel (1999) by Flemish author Erwin Mortier, I analyse the ways in which both authors address the complex processes of the transfer of guilt and perpetratorship from one generation to the next, which have marked public discourses in both national collectives in the aftermath of the war. This analysis shows how both authors challenge such habitual transfer, instead insisting on critical distance, empathic witnessing, and narrative integration. In this manner, they enable a fresh and productive approach of the past that moves beyond guilty silence, assignation of blame, or even calls for amnesty – this stance notably sets them apart from previous writings on the war.
Intensive Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Milliner Ella L. , Farrell Lara J.
Published: May 2014

The one session treatment approach (Öst, 1989) incorporates cognitive behavioural techniques into a single 3-hour intensive session. This treatment approach has led the field in the development of more efficient and intensive approaches for treating childhood anxiety problems, and for childhood specific phobia is now considered a ‘well established’ treatment (Ollendick & Davis III, 2012). This review examines the clinical phenomenology of specific phobia in youth, provides a brief description of OST along with the evidence to support its efficacy, and provides suggestions for future research.
B. Franklin Royer:
Authors: Higgins Jim
Published: May 2014

Pennsylvania is often regarded in the historiography of public health, medicine, urban, and industrial history as little more than a disaster; her chief cities, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, highlighted the health disparity between rich and poor, their tenements among the most degraded in the nation, their water poisonous, and their skies leaden. The plight of the state's city dwellers were exceeded in misery and mortality rates only by the wretched conditions of the coal patches, small steel towns, and timber camps that dotted the Commonwealth. By the turn of the twentieth century enough political will was mustered to overcome objections to a state department of health. Benjamin Franklin Royer emerged from the public health apparatus of Philadelphia to assume a critical role in the department, eventually rising to its head and guiding the state through the influenza pandemic of 1918. In the early 1920s, after a titanic explosion leveled most of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Royer took the lessons he learned in the state and rebuilt Halifax, starting the first public health nursing program in Canada. Between 1926 and 1932 he was medical director of the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness where he led a campaign against bacteria-induced blindness in newborns and adolescents before returning to Pennsylvania to work on antiblindness and tuberculosis control efforts.
A Shambles for the President's House
Authors: Hinks Peter
Published: May 2014

“The President's House: Freedom and Slavery in the Making of a New Nation.” Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, PA. http://www.nps.gov/inde/historyculture/the-presidents-house.htm. Permanent exhibition, opened December 15, 2010. Kelly/Maiello, Architects & Planners, designers.
Lost in the City of Light:
Authors: Robert Walker Nathaniel
Published: May 2014

In the mid–nineteenth century, as Georges-Éugene Haussmann ruthlessly pursued his imperial mandate to modernize the city of Paris, a pair of authors worked to locate and interpret order in the cultural and architectural transformations taking place all around them. The products of their intellectual labors were two volumes of speculative fiction that explained and challenged the present by imagining the future of their beloved city: Paris in the Twentieth Century, the dystopian “lost novel” of Jules Verne, and Paris in the Year 2000, the radiantly optimistic but final work of Dr. Tony Moilin. The two books are in many ways opposites of one another, but they both reveal the power of the utopian imagination to shine critical, illuminating light on the buildings, squares, and boulevards of the real, if ever shifting and emerging, human city.
The Role of Utopian Projects in Urban Design
Authors: Ganjavie Amir
Published: May 2014

Utopian thinking has always played a central role in the literature of urban design, with utopians being the first urban designers. Moreover, many utopian projects throughout history have, until recently, been a research laboratory for the urban designer. This article aims to understand the role that urban utopias can play in thinking about the structure of contemporary cities. To do this, it compares two cases: KM3 by MVRDV and The Local Project book by Alberto Magnaghi. This analysis suggests that the utopian approach has two functions for the contemporary practice of urban design: First, it provides a unified external standard of criticism to diagnose urban challenges by looking at the city as a whole, and, second, it provides an approach in which catastrophic scenarios can be used to educate citizens.
Classroom Photographs: Reframing What and How We Notice
Authors: Oslund Joy A. , Crespo Sandra
Published: May 2014

Use these three activities as professional learning community tools to support powerful conversations.
Le pouvoir d’agir des salariés au prisme de la formation : les promesses non tenues d’une doctrine managériale
Authors: Perez Coralie
Published: May 2014

La volonté affichée de donner des capacités d’agir aux salariés s’incarne dans le concept d’« habilitation » (empowerment) qui désigne des formes d’initiative et de participation accordées aux salariés, d’amplitude toutefois variable. Dans une perspective critique qui inspire notre travail, l’« habilitation » peut être vue comme une rhétorique managériale destinée à mobiliser la subjectivité des salariés tout en voilant les rapports de domination. En tout état de cause, la formation devrait constituer une ressource susceptible d’accroître le pouvoir d’agir des salariés et être conçue par les directions et perçue par les salariés comme telle. Comment et avec qui conçoit-on une politique de formation en cohérence avec ce projet ? Comment (et dans quelle mesure) cette politique contribue-t-elle effectivement à l’« habilitation » des salariés ?

Cet article met la doctrine de l’« habilitation » à l’épreuve de la formation. Le terrain ici mobilisé est une enquête monographique conduite auprès d’une entreprise de l’agro-alimentaire, filiale française d’un groupe américain, qui a érigé l’« habilitation » en doctrine managériale. Saisie au niveau de l’organisation, la politique de formation apparaît congruente avec les autres pratiques mobilisatrices visant l’engagement et la responsabilisation des salariés, mais dans le cadre strict des objectifs stratégiques du groupe. Au niveau individuel, certains salariés, parmi les plus récemment embauchés, jugent leur capacité d’agir renforcée par la politique de formation de l’entreprise. Mais pour la majorité des salariés interrogés, leur rapport à la formation traduit leur désenchantement sur leur pouvoir d’agir dans un environnement où les décisions managériales demeurent opaques et imprévisibles. Le consentement et la coopération des salariés apparaissent fragilisés par ces contradictions.

Ainsi, et malgré la situation très privilégiée de l’entreprise étudiée, dans un régime de gouvernance actionnariale où la prégnance des objectifs de rentabilité financière s’impose à tous les salariés et où, en outre, la représentation collective des salariés est faible voire inexistante, la politique d’« habilitation » ne parvient pas à concrétiser ses ambitions. Pour autant, elle n’est pas dépourvue d’effectivité. Au travers de la formation s’expriment les tensions dont l’« habilitation » est porteuse. Elle révèle, dans ce contexte, les promesses non tenues de cette doctrine managériale et questionne son efficacité économique et sociale.
Les lois de l’extension des frontières du Québec de 1898 et de 1912, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois et la Première Nation Abitibiwinni
Authors: Frenette Jacques
Published: May 2014

Les lois de l’extension des frontières de 1898 et de 1912 ont défini, en bonne partie, le territoire du Québec. Des auteurs ont considéré ces lois sous l’angle des droits des Indiens, plaidant, en vertu de l’article 2 de la loi de 1912, l’obligation du Québec à cet égard. Le Québec a reconnu son obligation au moment de signer avec les Cris et les Inuits, en 1975, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois. Les Anichinabés/ Algonquins, les Attikameks et les Innus, qui habitaient aussi les territoires annexés en 1898 et en 1912, virent leurs droits éteints unilatéralement. Si la loi de 1912 servit d’argument juridique d’importance au moment de la Convention, peu d’auteurs ont cherché à replacer cet acte législatif dans son contexte. La relecture des documents de cette époque ramène au premier plan la question des droits des nations indiennes laissées de côté, comme c’est le cas pour la Première Nation Abitibiwinni.
L’alternance en formation, une figure de la pédagogie
Authors: Maubant Philippe , Roger Lucie
Published: May 2014

L’alternance s’invite à nouveau dans le débat portant sur la professionnalisation des formations. Elle porte en elle des ambitions. Elle continue d’être l’instrument d’une lecture politique de la professionnalisation des formations. L’alternance est cette articulation souhaitée entre formation et travail. Elle tend aussi à vouloir s’immiscer dans l’ingénierie de formation tout en laissant entendre qu’elle pourrait amener à penser autrement les situations d’apprentissage. L’objectif de ce texte est d’interroger l’alternance en cherchant à mettre en évidence et à situer ses valeurs éducatives au coeur du projet de formation. En soumettant aux lecteurs cette piste de lecture et d’analyse, nous proposons un autre chemin pour penser l’alternance comme une figure de la pédagogie.
Revisiter le concept de dispositif pour comprendre l’alternance en formation
Authors: Boudjaoui Mehdi , Leclercq Gilles
Published: May 2014

Dans cette contribution, les auteurs mobilisent les concepts centraux d’une théorie des dispositifs pour s’intéresser à la formation en alternance. Ils insistent sur sa nature ensemblière à travers laquelle des dispositions idéelles, fonctionnelles et actorielles font système. Ils peuvent ainsi contribuer à une réflexion capable de rendre intelligibles les processus fondamentaux dont est porteur ce type de formations. L’alternance devient ici une propriété émergente en relation avec certains vécus en formation, et non forcément la caractéristiquea priorid’un dispositif. Dans cet article, ils revisitent tout d’abord la notion de dispositif. Ensuite, ils posent les bases d’un modèle de compréhension des dispositifs de formation, ce qui leur permet, enfin, de revenir à la spécificité des dispositifs de formation alternée et d’illustrer empiriquement leur propos avec deux études de cas issues de l’enseignement universitaire français.
Laboratory investigation of the boundary layer processes of artificially created ionospheric depletion
Authors: Liu Yu , Cao Jinxiang , Xu Liang , Zhang Xiao , Wang Pi , Wang Jian , Du Yinchang , Zheng Zhe
Published: May 2014

In the work, we have experimentally investigated the boundary layer processes of artificially created ionospheric depletions. Those ionospheric depletions were modeled via releasing attachment chemicals, such as SF6,CF4, and CO2, into the ambient plasmas. Boundary layer of width of electric scale length emerged and separated those plasmas into two regions, the ambient plasmas and the negative ions plasmas. In the localized boundary layer, those fluctuations of the electron density and the floating potential were investigated varying with the plasma pressure and the partial pressure of released chemicals. The electron density decreased sharply that yielded steep density gradients ∇ne, and the floating potential increased which generated sheared electron flows. It is found that the magnitude of fluctuating floating potential is proportional to that of the ∇ne. Those fluctuations were analyzed in detail using digital spectra analysis techniques. Vortex‐like coherent structures were observed in the fluctuations of electrostatic potentials. These coherent frequencies are sensitive to the mass of the negative ions, and all lie in the lower hybrid range. By comparing the experimental results with theoretical predictions, the modes have been identified as the coherent structures resulting from the electron‐ion hybrid instability. Our results are important to study the early phase nonlinear evolution of the ionospheric depletion and also may be applied to the plasma sheet boundary layer in where often encounters the narrow electron density gradients and sheared electron flows.
A Chemical Route to Monolithic Integration of Crystalline Oxides on Semiconductors
Authors: McDaniel Martin D. , Ngo Thong Q. , Posadas Agham , Hu Chengqing , Lu Sirong , Smith David J. , Yu Edward T. , Demkov Alexander A. , Ekerdt John G.
Published: May 2014

This work demonstrates the growth of crystalline SrTiO3 (STO) directly on germanium via a chemical method. After thermal deoxidation, the Ge substrate is transferred in vacuo to the deposition chamber where a thin film of STO (2 nm) is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 225 °C. Following post‐deposition annealing at 650 °C for 5 min, the STO film becomes crystalline with epitaxial registry to the underlying Ge (001) substrate. Thicker STO films (up to 15 nm) are then grown on the crystalline STO seed layer. The crystalline structure and orientation are confirmed via reflection high‐energy electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrical measurements of a 15‐nm thick epitaxial STO film on Ge show a large dielectric constant (k ≈ 90), but relatively high leakage current of ≈10 A/cm2 for an applied field of 0.7 MV/cm. To suppress the leakage current, an aluminum precursor is cycled during ALD growth to grow crystalline Al‐doped STO (SrTi1‐x­AlxO3‐δ) films. With sufficient Al doping (≈13%), the leakage current decreases by two orders of magnitude for an 8‐nm thick film. The current work demonstrates the potential of ALD‐grown crystalline oxides to be explored for advanced electronic applications, including high‐mobility Ge‐based transistors.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Madangamine D
Authors: Ballette Roberto , Pérez Maria , Proto Stefano , Amat Mercedes , Bosch Joan
Published: May 2014

Madangamines are a group of bioactive marine sponge alkaloids, embodying an unprecedented diazapentacyclic skeletal type. The enantioselective total synthesis of madangamine D has been accomplished, and represents the first total synthesis of an alkaloid of the madangamine group. It involves the stereoselective construction of the diazatricyclic ABC core using a phenylglycinol‐derived lactam as the starting enantiomeric scaffold and the subsequent assembly of the peripheral macrocyclic rings. The synthesis provides, for the first time, a pure sample of madangamine D and confirms the absolute configuration of this alkaloid family.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Amination of Allenyl Phosphates: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allenes with an Additional Unsaturated Unit
Authors: Li Qiankun , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: May 2014

A highly enantioselective Pd‐catalyzed amination of allenyl phosphates generating 2,3‐allenyl amines with central chirality has been developed. Under the optimized conditions, chiral 2,3‐allenyl amines with or without (an) additional CC double or triple bond(s) have been prepared at 0 °C with up to 90 % yield and 94 % ee by identifying (R)‐3,4,5‐(MeO)3‐MeOBIPHEP as the ligand.
Synthesis of polyamidoxime chelating ligand from polymer‐grafted corn‐cob cellulose for metal extraction
Authors: Rahman Md Lutfor , Rohani Nik , Mustapa Nik , Yusoff Mashitah Mohd
Published: May 2014

A conventional free‐radical initiating process was used to prepare graft copolymers from acrylonitrile (AN) with corn‐cob cellulose with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. The optimum grafting was achieved with corn‐cob cellulose (anhydroglucose unit, AGU), mineral acid (H2SO4), CAN, and AN at concentrations of 0.133, 0.081, 0.0145, and 1.056 mol/L, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrile functional groups of the grafted copolymers were converted to amidoxime ligands with hydroxylamine under basic conditions of pH 11 with 4 h of stirring at 70°C. The purified acrylic polymer‐grafted cellulose and polyamidoxime ligand were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The ligand showed an excellent copper binding capacity (4.14 mmol/g) with a faster rate of adsorption (average exchange rate = 7 min), and it showed a good adsorption capacity for other metal ions as well. The metal‐ion adsorption capacities of the ligand were pH‐dependent in the following order: Cu2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+ > Cr3+ > Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+. The metal‐ion removal efficiency was very high; up to 99% was removed from the aqueous media at a low concentration. These new polymeric chelating ligands could be used to remove aforementioned toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40833.
Chitin nanocrystal reinforced wet‐spun chitosan fibers
Authors: Yan Weixia , Shen Libin , Ji Yali , Yang Qing , Shen Xinyuan
Published: May 2014

Chitosan (CS) has been extensively studied and found wide applications in the field of biomedicine because of its favorable biological properties. Normal CS fibers are manufactured either by wet‐spinning or by dry‐jet wet‐spinning. However, the poor tensile strength of CS fibers raises much concern. The present study uses chitin nanocrystal (ChiNC), a stiff rod‐like nanofiller, to enhance the mechanical properties of wet‐spun CS fibers. Owing to the good compatibility between CS and ChiNC, the nanoparticles are well distributed in the CS matrix. When the ChiNCs loading is 5 wt %, the optimal mechanical properties of CS fibers are obtained, and the peak stress is 2.2 cN/dtex and modulus is 145.6 cN/dtex, which are increased by 57% and 84.5%, respectively, compared to that of nonfilled CS fibers under the same processing condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40852.
Australia's Role in the Pacific
Authors: Fraser Rt Hon Malcolm
Published: May 2014

For all its history, Australia has been dependent upon a major power for security. Before federation, the colonies looked to Britain. That attitude continued until World War II. Britain was then unable to defend us, and Australia was vulnerable. Strategic dependence upon a major power was in the Australian psyche. A necessity forced us to transfer that sense of dependence to the United States. This was a justifiable policy until the fall of the Soviet Union. Now, changes in the United States itself, the absence of a global threat, and changes within the Pacific theatre all point to the need for Australia to abandon its traditional policies, to stand more independently, and to carve out a future for itself.
A multidimensional approach to evaluating management journals: Refining pagerank via the differentiation of citation types and identifying the roles that management journals play
Authors: Cheang Brenda , Chu Samuel Kai Wah , Li Chongshou , Lim Andrew
Published: May 2014

In this article, the authors introduce two citation‐based approaches to facilitate a multidimensional evaluation of 39 selected management journals. The first is a refined application of PageRank via the differentiation of citation types. The second is a form of mathematical manipulation to identify the roles that the selected management journals play. Their findings reveal that Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and Administrative Science Quarterly are the top three management journals, respectively. They also discovered that these three journals play the role of a knowledge hub in the domain. Finally, when compared with Journal Citation Reports (Thomson Reuters, Philadelphia, PA), their results closely match expert opinions.
Complementary QA network analysis for QA retrieval in social question‐answering websites
Authors: Liu Duen‐Ren , Chen Yu‐Hsuan , Shen Minxin , Lu Pei‐Jung
Published: May 2014

With the ubiquity of the Internet and the rapid development of Web 2.0 technology, social question and answering (SQA) websites have become popular knowledge‐sharing platforms. As the number of posted questions and answers (QAs) continues to increase rapidly, the massive amount of question‐answer knowledge is causing information overload. The problem is compounded by the growing number of redundant QAs. SQA websites such as Yahoo! Answers are open platforms where users can freely ask or answer questions. Users also may wish to learn more about the information provided in an answer so they can use related keywords in the answer to search for extended, complementary information. In this article, we propose a novel approach to identify complementary QAs (CQAs) of a target QA. We define two types of complementarity: partial complementarity and extended complementarity. First, we utilize a classification‐based approach to predict complementary relationships between QAs based on three measures: question similarity, answer novelty, and answer correlation. Then we construct a CQA network based on the derived complementary relationships. In addition, we introduce a CQA network analysis technique that searches the QA network to find direct and indirect CQAs of the target QA. The results of experiments conducted on the data collected from Yahoo! Answers Taiwan show that the proposed approach can more effectively identify CQAs than can the conventional similarity‐based method. Case and user study results also validate the helpfulness and the effectiveness of our approach.
Personalizing news content: An experimental study
Authors: Sela Michal , Lavie Talia , Inbar Ohad , Oppenheim Ilit , Meyer Joachim
Published: May 2014

The delivery of personalized news content depends on the ability to predict user interests. We evaluated different methods for acquiring user profiles based on declared and actual interest in various news topics and items. In an experiment, 36 students rated their interest in six news topics and in specific news items and read on 6 days standard, nonpersonalized editions and personalized (basic or adaptive) news editions. We measured subjective satisfaction with the editions and expressed preferences, along with objective measures, to infer actual interest in items. Users' declared interest in news topics did not strongly predict their actual interest in specific news items. Satisfaction with all news editions was high, but participants preferred the personalized editions. User interest was weakly correlated with reading duration, article length, and reading order. Different measures predicted interest in different news topics. Explicit measures predicted interest in relatively clearly defined topics such as sports, but were less appropriate for broader topics such as science and technology. Our results indicate that explicit and implicit methods should be combined to generate user profiles. We suggest that a personalized newspaper should contain both general information and personalized items, selected based on specific combinations of measures for each of the different news topics. Based on the findings, we present a general model to decide on the personalization of news content to generate personalized editions for readers.
The principal‐agent problem in peer review
Authors: García Jose A. , Rodriguez‐Sánchez Rosa , Fdez‐Valdivia Joaquín
Published: May 2014

In economics, the principal‐agent problem is the difficulty in motivating one party (the agent), to act in the best interests of another (the principal) rather than in his own interests. We consider the example of a journal editor (the principal) wondering whether his or her reviewer (the agent) is recommending rejection of a manuscript because it does not have enough quality to be published or because the reviewer dislikes effort and he/she must work to acquire in‐depth knowledge of the content of the manuscript. The reviewer's effort provides him or her with superior information about a manuscript's quality. If this information is not correctly communicated, the reviewer has more information when compared with the journal editor. This inherently leads to an encouragement of moral hazard, where the editor will not know whether the reviewer has done his or her job in accordance to the editor's interest. Prescriptions need to be given as to how the journal editor should control the reviewers to curb self‐interest. Besides the associate editors monitoring the peer‐review process, incentives can be employed to limit moral hazard on the part of the reviewer. Drawing on agency theory, we examine the incentives motivating the reviewers to expend effort to generate information about the quality of submissions. This model predicts that for reviewers early in their careers, promotion‐based incentives may mean there is no need for within‐job incentives, but also that within‐job rewards for a referee's performance should depend on individual differences in ability and promotion opportunities.
Ten top indicators for liquid biofuel use in the next decade
Authors: Mousdale David
Published: May 2014

David Mousdale, from beòcarta Ltd, considers the economic and production challenges that need to be addressed over the next decade in order for biofuels to emerge from niche markets to widespread use. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
‘Should I Circumcise My Daughter?’ Exploring Diversity and Ambivalence in Egyptian Parents' Social Representations of Female Circumcision
Authors: Abdelshahid Amy , Campbell Catherine
Published: May 2014

Female circumcision is still practiced in different parts of Egypt, impacting women's health and well‐being. Existing studies often portray parents' representations of the practice as positive and homogeneous, with little attention paid to the true diversity of views within a community. This study draws on social representations theory to highlight such nuances, while identifying the psychosocial factors that shape parents' decisions to circumcise or not circumcise their daughters. In‐depth interviews with 11 mothers and five fathers were conducted in rural communities in the Al Qalyoubeya and Benisweif governorates. Thematic analysis revealed the co‐existence of positive, negative and ambivalent representations of female circumcision amongst parents and within the individuals themselves. Although some parents positively represent female circumcision as ensuring the daughter's chastity, safeguarding her femininity and preserving community identity, they feel distress about its potential harms, such as pain, bleeding and terrifying experience on the daughter. Fathers further acknowledge its negative impact on marital sexual relationships. In some cases, parents challenge the ritual and refuse to circumcise their daughters. In light of a theory of change that emphasises the role of community dialogue in renegotiating health‐damaging social practices, along with evidence of diverse views amongst parents, this study argues that sensitively facilitated ‘community conversations’ might provide parents with opportunities to debate their opposing views and allow for the construction of health‐enabling social representations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of a Transition State: Role of Lys100 in the Active Site of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Miller Stephen P. , Gonçalves Susana , Matias Pedro M. , Dean Antony M.
Published: May 2014

An active site lysine essential to catalysis in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is absent from related enzymes. As all family members catalyze the same oxidative β‐decarboxylation at the (2R)‐malate core common to their substrates, it seems odd that an amino acid essential to one is not found in all. Ordinarily, hydride transfer to a nicotinamide C4 neutralizes the positive charge at N1 directly. In IDH, the negatively charged C4‐carboxylate of isocitrate stabilizes the ground state positive charge on the adjacent nicotinamide N1, opposing hydride transfer. The critical lysine is poised to stabilize—and perhaps even protonate—an oxyanion formed on the nicotinamide 3‐carboxamide, thereby enabling the hydride to be transferred while the positive charge at N1 is maintained. IDH might catalyze the same overall reaction as other family members, but dehydrogenation proceeds through a distinct, though related, transition state. Partial activation of lysine mutants by K+ and NH4+ represents a throwback to the primordial state of the first promiscuous substrate family member.
Inhibition of Cytokine Release by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phenolic Glycolipid Analogues
Authors: Elsaidi Hassan R. H. , Lowary Todd L.
Published: May 2014

Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease characterized by alteration of host innate and adaptive immunity. These processes are mediated by a series of bacterial biomolecules, among which phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) and the related p‐hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives have been suggested to play important roles. To probe the importance of structural features of these glycans on cytokine modulation, we synthesized three M. tuberculosis PGL analogues (1–3), which differ from the native glycoconjugates by possessing a simplified lipid algycone. The ability of 1–3 to modulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MCP‐1) and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. None of the compounds stimulated the secretion of these signalling molecules. However, all showed a Toll‐like Receptor 2‐mediated, concentration‐dependent inhibition profile that was related to the methylation pattern on the glycan.
Foreign direct investment motivations and knowledge acquisition from MNEs in overseas subsidiaries
Authors: Park Byung Il , Choi Jiyul
Published: May 2014

Despite studies exploring factors affecting knowledge acquisition from multinational enterprises in subsidiaries, what accounts for a successful acquisition is unresolved. We argue that such disparity may stem from inattention to investment motivations of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign markets and to the fact that learning patterns of subsidiaries can be influenced by foreign firms' market‐seeking or efficiency‐seeking behaviors. We find that absorptive capacity in learning organizations and daily interactions with knowledge possessors are essential to learning from parent firms. In addition, active support from parent firms is particularly crucial for subsidiaries seeking to improve operational efficiency of MNEs. We also suggest that potential absorptive capacity plays a catalyst role in initiating knowledge acquisition, particularly in cases where MNEs have market‐seeking motivations. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase 2 trial of R1507, a monoclonal antibody to the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R), in patients with recurrent or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and other soft tissue sarcomas: Results of a Sarcoma Alliance for Research Through Collaboration study
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , Vassal Gilles , Crowley John J. , Bolejack Vanessa , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W. , Chugh Rashmi , Ladanyi Marc , Grippo Joseph F. , Dall Georgina , Staddon Arthur P. , Chawla Sant P. , Maki Robert G. , Araujo Dejka M. , Geoerger Birgit , Ganjoo Kristen , Marina Neyssa , Blay Jean‐Yves , Schuetze Scott M. , Chow Warren A. , Helman Lee J.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) is implicated in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), osteosarcoma (OS), and synovial sarcoma (SS). The authors conducted a multi‐institutional phase 2 trial of the monoclonal antibody R1507 in patients with various subtypes of recurrent or refractory sarcomas.

METHODS

Eligibility criteria included age ≥2 years and a diagnosis of recurrent or refractory RMS, OS, SS, and other soft tissue sarcomas. Patients received a weekly dose of 9 mg/kg R1507 intravenously. The primary endpoint was the best objective response rate using World Health Organization criteria. Tumor imaging was performed every 6 weeks × 4 and every 12 weeks thereafter.

RESULTS

From December 2007 through August 2009, 163 eligible patients from 33 institutions were enrolled. The median patient age was 31 years (range, 7‐85 years). Histologic diagnoses included OS (n = 38), RMS (n = 36), SS (n = 23), and other sarcomas (n = 66). The overall objective response rate was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%‐6.2%). Partial responses were observed in 4 patients, including 2 patients with OS, 1 patient with RMS, and 1 patient with alveolar soft part sarcoma. Four additional patients (3 with RMS and 1 with myxoid liposarcoma) had a ≥50% decrease in tumor size that lasted for <4 weeks. The median progression‐free survival was 5.7 weeks, and the median overall survival was 11 months. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were metabolic (12%), hematologic (6%), gastrointestinal (4%), and general constitutional symptoms (8%).

CONCLUSIONS

R1507 is safe and well tolerated but has limited activity in patients with recurrent or refractory bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Additional studies to help identify the predictive factors associated with clinical benefit in selected histologies such as RMS appear to be warranted. Cancer 2014;120:2448–2456. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Definition of cure in childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Inaba Hiroto , Leung Wing H. , Pounds Stanley , Cao Xueyuan , Campana Dario , Ribeiro Raul C. , Pui Ching‐Hon
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

A better understanding of when cure can be declared in childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) would reduce anxiety and improve quality of life of AML survivors. The authors determined the likelihood that patients with AML would maintain long‐term remission after the completion of therapy.

METHODS

The cumulative risk of relapse, the time to relapse, event‐free survival, and overall survival were analyzed for 604 patients with AML who were enrolled in 7 successive clinical trials divided into 3 treatment eras (1976‐1991, 1991‐1997, and 2002‐2008).

RESULTS

The median time to relapse did not change over time (0.93 years vs 0.76 years vs 0.8 years, respectively, for each consecutive era; P = .22), but the risk of relapse decreased significantly (5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse: 52.6% ± 3.1% vs 31.5% ± 3.9% vs 22% ± 3%, respectively, for each consecutive era; P < .001). Among patients who were in remission 4 years from diagnosis, the probabilities of relapse were 1.7%, 2.9%, and 0.9%, respectively, for each consecutive era. In the most recent era, all but 1 of 44 relapses occurred within 4 years of diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with AML who receive treatment with contemporary therapy and remain in remission 4 years from diagnosis probably are cured. Although late relapses and late deaths from other causes are rare, long‐term follow‐up of survivors is necessary for the timely management of late adverse effects. Cancer 2014;120:2490–2496. © 2014 American Cancer Society.