bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein supplements and adolescent athletes: A pilot study investigating the risk knowledge, motivations and prevalence of use
Authors: Whitehouse Gavin , Lawlis Tanya
Published: July 2017

Aim

Protein‐based sports supplements are among the more common types of nutrition supplements consumed by athletes; however, there is currently limited data investigating the knowledge, motivations and occurrence of use among the adolescent population (13–18 years). This pilot study looks to obtain initial data regarding the use of protein supplements in this population.

Methods

This study investigates the understanding and occurrence of protein supplement use in 87 adolescent athletes based in an Australian capital city who compete in a variety of sports. Sources of information, regularity of use, purchasing habits, associated risk knowledge and supplement beliefs were examined using a self‐reported, written questionnaire.

Results

A total of 60% (n = 52) of athletes reported using protein supplements, with a positive relationship between age and use (P < 0.05); 48 participants (55%) perceived risks associated with protein supplement consumption, with the most common risk reported as ‘I don't know’ (22%). Coaches were found to initiate protein supplement use more than other figures in the athlete's life (50%) and were the primary source of information regarding supplements (58%). It was found that 19% of adolescent athletes obtained information about protein supplements from the Internet, and 17% of all consumers purchase their supplements online.

Conclusions

The evident lack of knowledge regarding protein supplements demonstrates a necessity for further education of athletes, coaches and families regarding the responsible purchasing and use of protein supplements in the current landscape of sports nutrition. Future research should further explore the role of the Internet in protein supplement purchase and education.
Extravasal albumin concentration modulates contractile responses of renal afferent arterioles
Authors: Gao X. , Liu Z. Z. , Mohammed H. , Braun D. , Zhuge Z. , Liu M. , Lai E. Y. , Jansson L. , Carlström M. , Patzak A. , Persson A. E. G.
Published: July 2017

Aim

Afferent arterioles (AA) hold a key position in the regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Being the effector site of tubuloglomerular feedback, the afferent arteriole contributes to the renal handling of sodium and fluid. Dehydration goes along with increased renal interstitial protein concentration. Here, the hypothesis was tested that extravasal protein concentration directly modulates afferent arteriolar tone, a mechanism which may contribute to body fluid volume control.

Method

The effect of increased extravasal albumin concentration on the vascular reactivity was investigated in renal AA and interlobar arteries of mice, in rat renal AA and in pancreatic islet arterioles.

Results

Albumin (2 and 4% in the bath solution) significantly potentiated the contractile response of renal afferent arterioles induced by angiotensin II and adenosine, as well as their combination, compared to the control situation (0.1% albumin). Albumin did not influence the contractility of larger renal vessels or pancreatic islet arterioles. Mimicking the increase in the osmolality induced by 4% albumin by applying mannitol to the bath solution also increased the response of renal arterioles to Ang II. However, the effect was smaller compared to that of albumin. The nitric oxide bioavailability, measured by DAF‐FM fluorescence, was reduced in afferent arterioles exposed to 4% albumin.

Conclusion

The protein‐induced modulation of AA tone is mediated by the increased osmolality as well as by NO scavenging. The results suggest a possible contribution of these mechanisms to the control of extracellular fluid volume via adjustment of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
Reproductive phenology of Creole horses in Ecuador in the absence of photoperiod variation: The effects of forage availability and flooding affecting body condition of mares
Authors: Carranza Juan , Yoong Washington A. , Mateos Concha , Caño Vergara Belén , Gómez Chian L. , Macías Verónica
Published: July 2017

Horse reproduction tends to be seasonal. The main adjusting factor in their original temperate ranges is photoperiod variation, although it is absent in equatorial areas where horses were introduced by European colonizers. Hence, dates of reproduction in these areas may be influenced by factors affecting mares’ conditions and the success of foaling. Here we study reproductive timing in Creole horses in Ecuador reared in an extensive production system. We found that foaling peaked in August. Mares’ conditions showed one peak in June‐July, before the start of the breeding season, and another in December, and it was highly variable along the year. Mares’ conditions increased after a period of vegetation growth and thus appeared negatively associated with the increment of grass greenness (normalized difference vegetation index data). Seasonal flooding of some pasturelands during March and April appeared to seriously impair mares’ conditions and probably influenced the timing of foaling toward the dry season. Our results evidenced that horse breeding in these equatorial areas tended to be seasonal and point to some key factors that influence phenology by affecting body condition of mares, which may have implications for horse biology and management.
Maxillary unicystic ameloblastoma in a 6‐week‐old filly evaluated with computed tomography
Authors: Smith HL , Rosenblatt AJ , Suen WW , Owen H , Ahern BJ
Published: July 2017

Case report

A 6‐week‐old Thoroughbred filly was presented for evaluation of an expansile mass overlying the right nasal passage and causing respiratory stertor. On skull radiographs, there was a loculated, soft tissue‐opaque mass identified dorsal to the right upper premolars and effacing the right nasal cavity. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a locally extensive mass with relatively benign characteristics located centrally on the tooth root apices of the deciduous second premolar (506). The mass extended axially into the right nasal cavity, occluding the meatuses and causing displacement of the nasal septum to the left.

Clinical outcome & significance

Surgical excision was not deemed feasible with an athletic future in mind and the owners elected to euthanase the filly. Histopathologically, the mass was consistent with unicystic ameloblastoma and was lined intermittently with palisading, columnar basal cells (ameloblast‐like cells) overlying a zone containing stellate cells in loose stroma. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of aCTscan of an equine ameloblastoma. Although histopathology was essential for definitive diagnosis,CTclearly defined the origin of the mass and identified its locally extensive, cystic nature, which enabled informed decisions to be made.
Neuroendodermal cyst in the fourth ventricle of a dog
Authors: Kent M , Glass EN , Miller AD , de Lahunta A
Published: July 2017

Case report

We describe the MRI appearance and surgical outcome of a rare neuroendodermal cyst in the fourth ventricle of a German Shorthaired Pointer. The dog presented with uncoordinated gait and occasional falling that increased when she became excited. The MRI appearance is shown and the surgical treatment described. Recurrence occurred on two occasions and the dog was euthanased.

Conclusion

Recurrence of these cysts is highly likely unless there is complete surgical resection.
Inhibition of histone deacetylases sensitizes EGF receptor‐TK inhibitor‐resistant non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells to erlotinib in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yu Weiwei , Lu Weiqiang , Chen Guoliang , Cheng Feixiong , Su Hui , Chen Yihua , Liu Mingyao , Pang Xiufeng
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose

Intrinsic and/or acquired resistance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) commonly occurs in patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we developed a combined therapy of histone deacetylase inhibition by a novel HDAC inhibitor, YF454A, with erlotinib to overcome EGFR‐TKI resistance in NSCLC.

Experimental Approach

The sensitization of the effects of erlotinib by YF454A was examined in a panel of EGFR‐TKI‐resistant NSCLC cell lines in vitro and two different erlotinib‐resistant NSCLC xenograft mouse models in vivo. Western blotting and Affymetrix GeneChip expression analysis were further performed to determine the underlying mechanisms for the effects of the combination of erlotinib and YF454A.

Key Results

YF454A and erlotinib showed a strong synergy in the suppression of cell growth by blocking the cell cycle and triggering cell apoptosis in EGFR‐TKI‐resistant NSCLC cells. The combined treatment led to a significant decrease in tumour growth and tumour weight compared with single agents alone. Mechanistically, this combination therapy dramatically down‐regulated the expression of several crucial EGFR‐TKI resistance‐related receptor tyrosine kinases, such as Her2, c‐Met, IGF1R and AXL, at both the transcriptional and protein levels and consequently blocked the activation of downstream molecules Akt and ERK. Transcriptomic profiling analysis further revealed that YF454A and erlotinib synergistically suppressed the cell cycle pathway and decreased the transcription of cell‐cycle related genes, such as MSH6 and MCM7.

Conclusion and Implications

Our preclinical study of YF454A provides a rationale for combining erlotinib with a histone deacetylase inhibitor to treat NSCLC with EGFR‐TKI resistance.
Supergene and exotic Cu mineralization occur during periods of landscape stability in the Centinela Mining District, Atacama Desert
Authors: Riquelme Rodrigo , Tapia Miguel , Campos Eduardo , Mpodozis Constantino , Carretier Sebastien , González Rodrigo , Muñoz Sebastian , Fernández‐Mort Alberto , Sanchez Caroline , Marquardt Carlos
Published: July 2017

The Centinela Mining District (CMD), Atacama Desert (northern Chile), includes several mid‐late Eocene porphyry Cu deposits that contains supergene mineralization and provides access to a record of gravel deposits that host syn‐sedimentary exotic Cu mineralized bodies. By studying these gravels, we reconstruct the unroofing history and constrain the geomorphological conditions that produced supergene and exotic Cu mineralization. We present an integrated study based on stratigraphic and sedimentological data, lithology clast counts, 40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb ages from interbedded tuff layers and U/Pb detrital zircon geochronology data. To relate the gravel deposition episodes to the timing of the supergene mineralization, we provide in‐situ and exotic supergene mineral ages (40Ar/39Ar and K‐Ar). Six gravel units were deposited between the mid‐Eocene and the mid‐Miocene. The Esperanza gravels were deposited concurrently with the emplacement of porphyry Cu deposits at depth. The subsequent Tesoro I, II and III and Atravesado gravels register the unroofing of these deposits, from the advanced argillic zone to the sericitic and prophylitic hypogene zones. The Arrieros gravels register landscape pediplanation, that is, denudational removal and wear of the landscape to base level on a relatively stable tectonic regime, occurring roughly contemporaneous with supergene activity. The supergene mineral ages of the CMD define a time span (ca. 25–12 Ma) during which most of the supergene ages cluster in northern Chile. This time span corresponds with a period of warm and humid climate conditions in the southern hemisphere. We conclude that landscape pediplanation favours supergene mineralization and helps preserve the former supergene mineralized zones from significant erosion. Low erosion rates during pediplanation may constitute a necessary condition for the efficiency of the supergene processes in such semi‐arid climate.
Exploring quality of life of children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability: What are the important domains of life?
Authors: Davis E. , Reddihough D. , Murphy N. , Epstein A. , Reid S. M. , Whitehouse A. , Williams K. , Leonard H. , Downs J.
Published: July 2017

Background

Although it is estimated that half of all children with cerebral palsy also have comorbid intellectual disability, the domains of quality of life (QOL) important for these children are not well understood. The aim of this study was to identify important domains of QOL for these children and adolescents.

Methods

Due to the children's communication impairments, qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 18 parents. The children (9 males) had a median age of 12 (range 7 to 17) years at interview and nearly two thirds were classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System IV or V. A grounded theory approach was used to identify domains of QOL.

Results

The 11 domains identified as important to QOL were physical health, body comfort, behaviour and emotion, communication, predictability and routine, movement and physical activity, nature and outdoors, variety of activity, independence and autonomy, social connectedness, and access to services.

Conclusions

The domains of QOL that emerged from this study will be useful for professionals who support children with cerebral palsy and their families. They will also be important for developing a QOL instrument essential for informing the development of interventions and their monitoring and evaluation.
Particulate matter adheres to human hair exposed to severe aerial pollution: consequences for certain hair surface properties
Authors: Galliano A. , Ye C. , Su F. , Wang C. , Wang Y. , Liu C. , Wagle A. , Guerin M. , Flament F. , Steel A.
Published: July 2017

Background

The deposit and adherence of particulate matter (PM) from aerial pollution onto the surface of human hair is a poorly studied phenomenon.

Objectives

(i) To reproduce in vitro the deposit of known PM on standardized hair swatches in a closed box, (ii) to compare in vitro data with those obtained under ‘real‐life’ conditions of severe aerial pollution and (iii) to assess the changes of the hair surface properties, potentially caused by the adherence of airborne PM onto the hair.

Methods

In vitro: a PM was sprayed onto untreated or sebum‐coated hair swatches. Real‐life conditions: other swatches were exposed to a severely polluted environment, for 24 to 72 h, in Baoding (PR China). In both cases, swatches were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The shine, the frictional properties and the level of metals were measured and compared to those same properties for the unexposed swatches.

Results

This work clearly indicates that, under real‐life conditions, a large number of PM of various sizes are deposited onto the hair surface. This phenomenon is increased by the presence of sebum and longer exposure times. The in vitro level of PM deposited onto the hair surface is comparable to the in vivo level. The presence of sebum seems to favour the deposit of larger PM. The shine of the exposed swatches is significantly decreased, whereas their respective friction coefficients are significantly increased. Both the presence of sebum and length of exposure time increased the amount of analysed metals present on the exposed hair surface (Al, Fe, Cu, Ba and Zn).

Conclusion

This work indicates that a very high amount (e.g. billions) of PM can be deposited on a full head of hair for subjects living in a severely aerially polluted environment. This process can be reproduced in vitro. In real‐life, pollution has a strong impact on hair surface properties, leading to a modification of the visual aspect (loss of shine) and the alteration of hair surface (increase in friction force). This work may be used to pave the way for prevention and cleansing studies in the field of hair care.
The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients
Authors: Kravvas G. , Shim T.N. , Doiron P.R. , Freeman A. , Jameson C. , Minhas S. , Muneer A. , Bunker C.B.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) is an acquired, chronic, inflammatory skin disease that is associated with significant morbidity and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (PSCC). However, some clinical, diagnostic and management controversies endure, including the relationship with penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN).

Objectives

To clarify clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, histological findings, response to treatment and the relationship with PeIN.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of MGLSc who attended a specialist male genital dermatoses clinic.

Results

301 patients were identified: 260 had isolated MGLSc and 41 both MGLSc and PeIN. Referrals were made from the local Urology and Andrology departments (128), primary care (89), GUM (54), other dermatology departments (28) and other specialties (2). In isolated MGLSc, 94.6% were diagnosed clinically with 93.5% accuracy (based on data from subsequent circumcisions). In combined MGLSc/PeIN, 85.4% were diagnosed following diagnostic biopsy and 14.6% retrospectively after circumcision. In isolated MGLSc, 50% were treated topically, and 50% required surgery. In MGLSc/PeIN, 78% required surgical interventions. In isolated MGLSc, 92.2% achieved resolution of symptoms, 3.5% were awaiting procedures, and 4.8% were receiving ongoing topical therapy. In MGLSc/PeIN, 90.2% achieved clearance, 2.4% were waiting surgery, and 7.3% were treated topically. Only 2.7% reported ongoing symptoms, all in patients treated surgically. None progressed to PSCC.

Discussion

MGLSc is generally a disease of the uncircumcised; the majority of cases of MGLSc are accurately diagnosed clinically; suspected PeIN or PSCC requires histological confirmation; circumcision histology can be non‐specific; most men are either cured by topical treatment with ultrapotent corticosteroid (53.1%) or by circumcision (46.9%); surgical intervention is required in most cases of concomitant MGLSc and PeIN; the majority of patients with MGLSc alone or with MGLSc and PeIN remit with this approach; effective management appears to negate the risk of malignant transformation to PSCC.
Therapy of ulcus cruris of venous and mixed venous arterial origin with autologous, adult, native progenitor cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue: a prospective clinical pilot study
Authors: Konstantinow A. , Arnold A. , Djabali K. , Kempf W. , Gutermuth J. , Fischer T. , Biedermann T.
Published: July 2017

Background

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue consists of cellular subpopulations with distinct regenerative potential.

Objective

To investigate the regenerative capacities of autologous SVF cells in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers of venous (VLU) and arterial‐venous (AVLU) origin.

Methods

Multimorbid ulcer patients received a singular topical treatment with 9–15 × 106 SVF cells, separated from abdominal lipoaspirates by digestion with collagenase and neutral protease and applied immediately after isolation. The primary endpoints were the change in wound size 12 weeks after treatment and evaluation of adverse events. Secondary endpoints included the time to complete wound epithelialization and change in pain levels. Postoperative wound treatment modalities and treatment of comorbidities were not intensified compared with pre‐operative management. Follow‐up period was at least 6 months.

Results

Sixteen elderly ulcer patients (seven with VLU, nine with AVLU) were treated as described. All VLU patients (median ulcer size: 48.25 cm2) and four of nine AVLU patients showed complete epithelialization of the ulcers within 71–174 days. In three patients with large ulcerations on both legs, ulcerations on the non‐treated, contralateral leg also epithelialized. Patients reported a considerable rapid decrease in pain intensity by 2.5 points on average on a visual scale from 1 to 5 within the first 2 weeks after treatment. The patients were followed up for 9–44 months (median: 30 months). No severe side‐effects were observed.

Conclusions

The use of SVF cells presents an effective, minimally invasive option for the treatment of VLU and AVLU even in multimorbid patients. In patients with larger predominantly ischaemic AVLU and comorbidities, one‐time application of the used amounts of SVF cells was not sufficient in the majority of cases.
Emergent programme theories of a national quality register – a longitudinal study in Swedish elderly care
Authors: Nordin Annika , Andersson Gäre Boel , Andersson Ann‐Christine
Published: July 2017

Rationale, aim, and objective

This study aimed to explore programme theories of a national quality register. A programme theory is a bundle of assumptions underpinning how and why an improvement initiative functions. The purpose was to examine and establish programme theories of a national quality register widely used in Sweden: Senior alert. The paper reports on how programme theories among change recipients emerge in relation to the established programme theory of the initiator.

Methods

A qualitative approach and a longitudinal research design were used. To develop programme theories among change recipients, individual semistructured interviews were conducted. Three sets of interviews were conducted in the period of 2011 to 2013, totalling 22 interviews. In addition, 4 participant observations were made. To develop the initiator's programme theory, an iterative multistage collaboration process between the researchers and the initiator was used. A directed content analysis was used to analyse data.

Findings

The initiator and change recipients described similar programme logics, but differing programme theories. With time, change recipients' programme theories emerged. Their programme theories converged and became more like the programme theory of the initiator.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated the importance of making both the initiator's and change recipients' programme theories explicit. To learn about conditions for improvement initiatives, comparisons between their programme theories are valuable. Differences in programme theories provide information on how initiators can customize support for their improvement initiatives. Similar programme logics can be underpinned by different programme theories, which can be deceptive. Programme theories emerge over time and need to be understood as dynamic phenomena.
Melatonin suppresses platelet activation and function against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury via PPARγ/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathways
Authors: Zhou Hao , Li Dandan , Zhu Pingjun , Hu Shunying , Hu Nan , Ma Sai , Zhang Ying , Han Tianwen , Ren Jun , Cao Feng , Chen Yundai
Published: July 2017

Platelet activation is a major (patho‐) physiological mechanism that underlies ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we explored the molecular signals for platelet hyperactivity and investigated the beneficial effects of melatonin on platelet reactivity in response to I/R injury. After reperfusion, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was progressively downregulated in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and in mice with I/R injury model. Loss of PPARγ was closely associated with FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) dephosphorylation and mitophagy activation, leading to increased mitochondrial electron transport chain complex (ETC.) activity, enhanced mitochondrial respiratory function, and elevated ATP production. The improved mitochondrial function strongly contributed to platelet aggregation, spreading, expression of P‐selectin, and final formation of micro‐thromboses, eventually resulting in myocardial dysfunction and microvascular structural destruction. However, melatonin powerfully suppressed platelet activation via restoration of the PPARγ content in platelets, which subsequently blocked FUNDC1‐required mitophagy, mitochondrial energy production, platelet hyperactivity, and cardiac I/R injury. In contrast, genetic ablation of PPARγ in platelet abolished the beneficial effects of melatonin on mitophagy, mitochondrial ATP supply, and platelet activation. Our results lay the foundation for the molecular mechanism of platelet activation in response to I/R injury and highlight that the manipulation of the PPARγ/FUNDC1/mitophagy pathway by melatonin could be a novel strategy for cardioprotection in the setting of cardiac I/R injury.
Constitutional Innovation and Animal Protection in Egypt
Authors: Stilt Kristen A.
Published: July 2017

This article examines constitutional innovation through the case study of the emergence of animal protection in Egypt's 2014 Constitution. Egypt's provision, which is a state obligation to provide al-rifq bi-l-hayawan (kindness to animals), was adopted in Article 45 as part of the country's second constitution following the 2011 revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Three aspects proved crucial to the adoption of the provision: a decision by animal protection activists to influence the constitutional process; the ability of citizens to convey their ideas to the constitutional drafters, albeit in a limited way; and, most importantly, the use of frame bridging. The activists and then the constitutional drafters presented the new cause of constitutional animal protection in terms of well-established areas of social, and constitutional, concern in the country, including Islamic law, women's rights, human rights, and the protection of the environment.
Haemolysis in haemodialysis
Authors: Tharmaraj Dhakshayini , Kerr Peter G
Published: July 2017

Summary at a Glance

This is a review article on haemolysis in haemodialysis patients, highlighting the causes, investigation and management of such clinical situations.
Evidence that auxin is required for normal seed size and starch synthesis in pea
Authors: McAdam Erin L. , Meitzel Tobias , Quittenden Laura J. , Davidson Sandra E. , Dalmais Marion , Bendahmane Abdelhafid I. , Thompson Richard , Smith Jennifer J. , Nichols David S. , Urquhart Shelley , Gélinas‐Marion Ariane , Aubert Gregoire , Ross John J.
Published: July 2017

In recent years the biosynthesis of auxin has been clarified with the aid of mutations in auxin biosynthesis genes. However, we know little about the effects of these mutations on the seed‐filling stage of seed development.

Here we investigate a key auxin biosynthesis mutation of the garden pea, which results in auxin deficiency in developing seeds. We exploit the large seed size of this model species, which facilitates the measurement of compounds in individual seeds.

The mutation results in small seeds with reduced starch content and a wrinkled phenotype at the dry stage. The phenotypic effects of the mutation were fully reversed by introduction of the wild‐type gene as a transgene, and partially reversed by auxin application.

The results indicate that auxin is required for normal seed size and starch accumulation in pea, an important grain legume crop.
“Assessment of relationship between xerostomia and oral health‐related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis”
Authors: Chamani G , Shakibi MR , Zarei MR , Rad M , Pouyafard A , Parhizkar A , Mansoori M
Published: July 2017

Objective

To determine the relationship between xerostomia and oral health‐related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Materials and Method

Two hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis were assessed using Fox and OHIP‐14 questionnaires concerning xerostomia and oral health‐related quality of life, respectively. The sum of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) was determined via an intra‐oral examination. In addition, intergroup comparisons were evaluated using t test, chi‐square, regression, and Tukey analysis.

Result

Among rheumatoid arthritis patients, 51% had been afflicted with xerostomia. We found a statistically significant relationship between xerostomia and oral health‐related quality of life (p‐value=.004), as xerostomia cases have significantly worse oral health‐related quality of life. Also, there was a statistically significant association between oral health‐related quality of life and gender as well as DMFT.

Conclusion

Because there seem to be a high prevalence of xerostomia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, screening in such population is highly recommended. Therefore, educational programs and/or workshops should be encouraged among healthcare providers to prevent worsening of oral health‐related quality of life.
Predictors and processes related to employees’ change‐related compliance and championing
Authors: Fugate Mel , Soenen Guillaume
Published: July 2017

This field study of a merger examines the antecedent factors and processes that explain two different forms of employee support for change—compliance and championing. Our overarching goal is to understand why some employees comply and others champion change efforts. We examine the combined effects of context and person factors on both positive and negative employee reactions to change, and then investigate the differential effects of these reactions on employee support for change. Results support our hypotheses and show that change management support (context factor) negatively predicts threat appraisals and positively predicts challenge appraisals. Both compliance and championing are positively predicted by challenge appraisals, and threat appraisals are negatively related to championing. Analyses also reveal that the positive relationship between change management support and challenge appraisal is stronger when dispositional resistance to change (person factor) is high. Moderated‐mediation analyses suggest employees’ compliance and championing for change are differentially affected by management actions, their own dispositional resistance, and that these effects are mediated through positive and negative appraisals.
De novo hepatocellular carcinoma post‐multivisceral transplantation in a child
Authors: Tran P. , Zhou S. , Wang L. , Finegold M. , Mascarenas L. , Alexopolous S. , Genyk Y. , Kerkar N.
Published: July 2017

De novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) post‐transplantation in patients without viral hepatitis is extremely rare, with only three reported adult cases in the English literature. Here, we present a case of de novo HCC that developed in a 7‐year‐old female, who at 8 months of age received a liver, small bowel, spleen, and pancreas transplantation 6.5 years ago for gastroschisis and total parenteral nutrition (TPN)‐related cirrhosis. The post‐transplant course was complicated by Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and subsequent development of multifocal EBV‐associated post‐transplant smooth muscle tumors (EBV‐PTSMT) in the small bowel 1 year and 10 months after transplantation, respectively. This was managed by reducing immunosuppression with rituximab and EBV‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell therapy. She was noted to have a new lesion in her transplanted liver graft 6.5 years post‐transplantation that was diagnosed as HCC. The HCC was resected, and the patient remained clinically stable for 7 months. At that time, recurrence of the HCC was discovered on MRI. She passed away 6 months after. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence of de novo HCC post‐transplantation in the pediatric population that is unrelated to viral hepatitis in either recipient or donor.
Host discrimination modulates brood guarding behaviour and the adaptive superparasitism in the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus semistriatus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: Todoroki Yusuke , Numata Hideharu
Published: July 2017

Because hosts utilized by parasitoids are vulnerable to further oviposition by conspecifics, host guarding benefits female wasps. The present study aims to test whether female adults regulate brood guarding behaviour by host discrimination in a solitary parasitoid Trissolcus semistriatus by presenting an intact or parasitized host egg mass to a female adult. Virgin females without oviposition experience have host discrimination ability, which enables them to adjust the number of eggs laid in the hosts. Mating experience increases superparasitism by female adults, whereas mated females achieve a higher discrimination ability as a result of oviposition experience and show a lower superparasitism rate. As expected, females exhibit brood guard after parasitizing an intact host egg mass, whereas those females visiting a previously parasitized host egg mass, do not. Because the survival of eggs in superparasitized hosts is relatively low, regulating brood guarding behaviour by host discrimination is adaptive for female wasps.
IL‐6 promotes CD4+ T‐cell and B‐cell activation during Plasmodium infection
Authors: Sebina I. , Fogg L. G. , James K. R. , Soon M. S. F. , Akter J. , Thomas B. S. , Hill G. R. , Engwerda C. R. , Haque A.
Published: July 2017

Humoral immunity develops in the spleen during blood‐stage Plasmodium infection. This elicits parasite‐specific IgM and IgG, which control parasites and protect against malaria. Studies in mice have elucidated cells and molecules driving humoral immunity to Plasmodium, including CD4+ T cells, B cells, interleukin (IL)‐21 and ICOS. IL‐6, a cytokine readily detected in Plasmodium‐infected mice and humans, is recognized in other systems as a driver of humoral immunity. Here, we examined the effect of infection‐induced IL‐6 on humoral immunity to Plasmodium. Using P. chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) infection of wild‐type and IL‐6−/− mice, we found that IL‐6 helped to control parasites during primary infection. IL‐6 promoted early production of parasite‐specific IgM but not IgG. Notably, splenic CD138+ plasmablast development was more dependent on IL‐6 than germinal centre (GC) B‐cell differentiation. IL‐6 also promoted ICOS expression by CD4+ T cells, as well as their localization close to splenic B cells, but was not required for early Tfh‐cell development. Finally, IL‐6 promoted parasite control, IgM and IgG production, GC B‐cell development and ICOS expression by Tfh cells in a second model, Py17XNL infection. IL‐6 promotes CD4+ T‐cell activation and B‐cell responses during blood‐stage Plasmodium infection, which encourages parasite‐specific antibody production.
Issues of aquatic experimentation in research on marine finfish larval production in Europe and North America
Authors: Nicolaisen Ove
Published: July 2017

The aim of this review was to examine practices in academic research focusing on production of larvae of European marine fish species. The literature spanned peer‐reviewed articles over the years 1977–2014 for the main commercially produced marine species: Atlantic cod, halibut, sea bream, sea bass and turbot. Search hits were categorized into the main themes basic biology, natural habitat studies and aquaculture, and the latter theme further subdivided into nutrition, health, reproduction and production factor studies. In total, 74 of the production factor studies were thoroughly examined in terms of overall research structure, study designs, methods, analyses and reporting practices. A picture of a fragmented whole with many isolated contributors and limited cooperation appeared, and despite the multivariate nature and high complexity of the area, isolated and low replicated studies focusing on one variable at the time dominated. Randomization and blinding procedures were rarely accounted for, and a need to standardize practical conduct of research in terms of physical infrastructure, biological material used, control of tank environment, sampling, tank tending and response measurements appeared. Issues of statistical analysis were also apparent, spanning the choice of main techniques and follow‐up contrast procedures and Pseudoreplication. Additionally, the reporting of designs, analyses and results was often incomplete. Consequences of the different issues are discussed, and possible remedies proposed. The findings are in accordance with conclusions from contemporary studies addressing scientific quality and methodological issues at other areas of research.
miR3954 is a trigger of phasiRNAs that affects flowering time in citrus
Authors: Liu Yuanlong , Ke Lili , Wu Guizhi , Xu Yuantao , Wu Xiaomeng , Xia Rui , Deng Xiuxin , Xu Qiang
Published: July 2017

In plant, a few 22‐nt miRNAs direct cleavages of their targets and trigger the biogenesis of phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) in plant. In this study, we characterized a miRNA triggering phasiRNAs generation, miR3954, and explored its downstream target genes and potential function. Our results demonstrated that miR3954 showed specific expression in the flowers of citrus species, and it targeted a NAC transcription factor (Cs7 g22460) and two non‐coding RNA transcripts (lncRNAs, Cs1 g09600 and Cs1 g09635). The production of phasiRNAs was detected from transcripts targeted by miR3954, and was further verified in both sequencing data and transient expression experiments. PhasiRNAs derived from the two lncRNAs targeted not only miR3954‐targeted NAC gene but also additional NAC homologous genes. No homologous genes of these two lncRNAs were found in plants other than citrus species, implying that this miR3954‐lncRNAs‐phasiRNAs‐NAC pathway is likely citrus‐specific. Transgenic analysis indicated that the miR3954‐overexpressing lines showed decreased transcripts of lncRNA, elevated abundance of phasiRNAs and reduced expression of NAC genes. Interestingly, the overexpression of miR3954 leads to early flowering in citrus plants. In summary, our results illustrated a model of the regulatory network of miR3954‐lncRNA‐phasiRNAs‐NAC, which may be functionally involved in flowering in citrus.
Feline leukocyte adhesion (CD18) deficiency caused by a deletion in the integrin β2(ITGB2) gene
Authors: Bauer Thomas R. , Pratt Suzanne M. , Palena Christina M. , Raj Karthik , Giger Urs
Published: July 2017

Background

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) orCD18 deficiency is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency which has been described in people, cattle, dogs, and knockout mice.

Objectives

The study goals were to characterize the clinicopathologic, immunologic, and molecular genetic features of felineLAD(FLAD) in a neutered male adult Domestic Longhair cat with severe leukocytosis and recurrent infections.

Methods

Flow cytometry evaluated surface expression ofCD18 on neutrophils. In vitro functional assays assessedCD18‐dependent neutrophil adhesion and T‐cell proliferation. GenomicDNAandcDNAwere used to identify a causative mutation in the coding sequence of the integrin β2subunit (ITGB2) gene.

Results

The affected cat developed periodontitis during the first months of life followed by recurrent infections poorly responsive to antibiotic therapy, accompanied by extreme neutrophilia. Neutrophils from the proband, compared to feline controls, did not express anyCD18 on the cell surface. Adhesion of affected neutrophils was severely impaired with and without phorbol‐myristate‐acetate activation. The proband's T‐cells proliferated weakly to 1 pg but normally to 100 pg staphylococcal enterotoxin A, suggesting aCD18‐independent T‐cell response at higher doses. Molecular genetic analysis of theITGB2gene revealed a 24 bp deletion at the exon 2 to intron 2 boundary (c.46_58 + 11del), predicting premature translational termination due to abnormal splicing of exon 1 to exon 3 or 4.

Conclusions

FelineLADexhibits features similar toLADin other species. However, clinical episodes inFLADappeared milder allowing for an extended life expectancy under long‐term antimicrobial therapy, possibly due to an alternative,CD18‐independent T‐cell proliferation pathway.
Analytic variability in the enumeration of neutrophil subpopulations in canine blood
Authors: Paltrinieri Saverio , Talon Elisa
Published: July 2017

Background

Conventional differential leukocyte counts do not enumerate hyposegmented neutrophils (Hypo‐PMN), ie, immature neutrophils that already lost the band morphology but are not yet completely segmented. They may be early indicators of acute inflammation.

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the analytic variability of counts of segmented neutrophils (Seg‐PMN), band neutrophils (Band), hyposegmented neutrophils (Hypo‐PMN), non‐Bands (Hypo‐PMN + Seg‐PMN), and Young‐PMN (Bands + Hypo‐PMN) assess if Hypo‐ or Young‐PMNidentify inflammation better than Bands.

Methods

Neutrophil subpopulations were counted by 2 observers on 2 sets of 100 cells in 267 blood smears from dogs with changes potentially consistent with inflammation to calculate the intra‐ and inter‐observer variability.

Results

Median intra‐observerCVs were < 5.0% for Seg‐PMNand non‐Bands, and 20.0% and 28.0% for Hypo‐PMNand Young‐PMNfor observer 1 and 2, respectively; median inter‐observerCVs for Seg‐PMN, non‐Bands, Hypo‐PMN, and Young‐PMNwere 4.6%, 5.0%, 60.0%, and 47.1%, respectively. MedianCVof Band counts in blood smears with bands was 141%.

Conclusions

The analytic variability of Hypo‐ and Young‐PMNis lower than that of Bands. This retrospective study did not allow us to investigate the diagnostic potential or the clinical relevance of these cells. However, the low inter‐ and intra‐observer variabilities with these cell populations suggest that the count of Hypo‐ or Young‐PMNmay better identify acute inflammation than the count of Bands.
Macrococcus canis and M. caseolyticus in dogs: occurrence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance
Authors: Cotting Kerstin , Strauss Christian , Rodriguez‐Campos Sabrina , Rostaher Ana , Fischer Nina M. , Roosje Petra J. , Favrot Claude , Perreten Vincent
Published: July 2017

Background

The discovery of a new Macrococcus canis species isolated from skin and infection sites of dogs led us to question if Macrococcus spp. are common in dogs and are resistant to antibiotics.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the occurrence of Macrococcus spp. in dogs, determine antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic relationships.

Animals

One hundred and sixty two dogs (mainly West Highland white terriers and Newfoundland dogs) were screened for the presence of Macrococcus, including six dogs with Macrococcus infections.

Methods

Samples were taken from skin, ear canal and oral mucosa using swabs. Macrococci were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA sequencing and nuc‐PCR. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 19 antibiotics were determined using broth microdilution. Resistance mechanisms were identified by microarray and sequencing of the fluoroquinolone‐determining region of gyrA and grlA. Sequence type (ST) was determined by multilocus sequence typing.

Results

Out of the 162 dogs, six harboured M. caseolyticus (n = 6) and 13 harboured M. canis (n = 16). Six isolates of M. canis and one of M. caseolyticus were obtained from infection sites. The 22 M. canis strains belonged to 20 different STs and the seven M. caseolyticus strains to three STs. Resistance to antibiotics was mostly associated with the detection of known genes, with mecB‐mediated meticillin resistance being the most frequent.

Conclusion and clinical importance

This study gives some insights into the occurrence and genetic characteristics of antibiotic‐resistant Macrococcus from dogs. Presence of M. canis in infection sites and resistance to antibiotics emphasized that more attention should be paid to this novel bacteria species.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Evelyn Angelia
Published: July 2017

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 3, Number 2 Adina Criste, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaAmira Houaneb, University Ibn Khaldoun, TunisiaAnastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelDesti Kannaiah, James Cook University, SingaporeFabio Rizzato, University of Turin, ItalyFeng Jui Hsu, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, TaiwanFlorin Peci, University of Peja, KosovoGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaIoan Bogdan ROBU, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaIulia Lupu, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaIzidin El Kalak, Kent University, UKJózsef Móczár, Corvinus University of Budapest, HungaryLuca Sensini, University of Salerno, ItalyLuo Yongli, United StatesMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMawih Kareem AL ANI, Dhofar University, OmanMazurina Mohd Ali, Universiti Teknologi Mara, MalaysiaMohamed Jalloh, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), NigeriaMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianVineet Chouhan, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaVolodymyr Vysochansky, Uzhhorod National University, UkraineWei-Bin Zhang, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, JapanWilson E. Herbert, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, NigeriaYu Peng Lin, University of Detroit Mercy, USA Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail: afa@redfame.comURL: http://afa.redfame.com
Catalysis beyond frontier molecular orbitals: Selectivity in partial hydrogenation of multi-unsaturated hydrocarbons on metal catalysts
Authors: Liu Wei , Jiang Yingda , Dostert Karl-Heinz , O’Brien Casey P. , Riedel Wiebke , Savara Aditya , Schauermann Swetlana , Tkatchenko Alexandre
Published: July 2017

Broadening of inner molecular orbitals upon adsorption can predict chemoselectivity of metal catalysts.
Head of France's main funding body resigns amid acrimony
Authors: Pain Elisabeth
Published: July 2017

Cash-strapped National Research Agency was torn by clashes between scientists and administrators.
Travel ban would slam university in North Korea
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: July 2017

Pyongyang University chancellor speaks out on ban's consequences and on university-affiliated detainees.
Biology of the Book
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: July 2017

Scientists develop new ways to read the biological history of ancient manuscripts.
Seismic evidence for partial melting at the root of major hot spot plumes
Authors: Yuan Kaiqing , Romanowicz Barbara
Published: July 2017

Iceland's molten roots

Major hot spot plumes are responsible for basaltic ocean island chains such as Hawaii. Yuan and Romanowicz used seismic tomography, which constructs an x-ray–like picture of Earth's interior from seismic waves, to show that the root of Iceland's hot spot plume is partially molten. The partially molten region is located near Earth's core-mantle boundary and has been challenging to image with geophysical methods. This approach may be applicable to other hot spots with similar areas of melts or other enigmatic regions in the lower mantle.

Science
, this issue p.
393
Inevitable or improbable?
Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution
Jonathan B. Losos
Riverhead Books, 2017. 384 pp.
Authors: Woolfson Adrian
Published: July 2017

A biologist sheds light on the evolutionary likelihood of human existence
Pollen tube navigation can inspire microrobot design
Authors: Higashiyama Tetsuya
Published: July 2017

Plant pollen tube features, including directional control for cargo delivery, inspire microrobot design.