bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Ecologist‐Friendly R Workflow for Expediting Species‐Level Classification of Camera Trap Images
Authors: Petroni L. , Natucci L. , Massolo A.
Published: December 2024

Camera trapping has become increasingly common in ecological studies, but is hindered by analyzing large datasets. Recently, artificial intelligence (deep learning models in particular) has emerged as a promising solution. However, applying deep learning for images processing is complex and often requires programming skills in Python, reducing its accessibility. Some authors addressed this issue with user‐friendly software, and a further progress was the transposition of deep learning to R, a statistical language frequently used by ecologists, enhancing flexibility and customization of deep learning models without advanced computer expertise. We aimed to develop a user‐friendly workflow based on R scripts to streamline the entire process, from selecting to classifying camera trap images. Our workflow integrates the MegaDetector object detector for labelling images and custom training of the state‐of‐the‐art YOLOv8 model, together with potential for offline image augmentation to manage imbalanced datasets. Inference results are stored in a database compatible with Timelapse for quality checking of model predictions. We tested our workflow on images collected within a project targeting medium and large mammals of Central Italy, and obtained an overall precision of 0.962, a recall of 0.945, and a mean average precision of 0.913 for a training set of only 1000 pictures per species. Furthermore, the custom model achieved 91.8% of correct species‐level classifications on a set of unclassified images, reaching 97.1% for those classified with > 90% confidence. YOLO, a fast and light deep learning architecture, enables application of the workflow even on resource‐limited machines, and integration with image augmentation makes it useful even during early stages of data collection. All R scripts and pretrained models are available to enable adaptation of the workflow to other contexts, plus further development.
Investigation on specific evaporation rates during biosolid air drying process
Authors: Li Fangtian , Zhang Xin , Ji Yun
Published: December 2024

Biosolids, inevitable by‐products of wastewater treatment processes, can be potentially used as a biomass feedstock for energy and resource applications. These by‐products have a high moisture content, which must be reduced before they can be used for further applications. Natural air drying is an energy saving and sustainable approach, but it highly depends on local climatic conditions. We conducted biosolid air drying experiments under room temperature and winter outdoor temperature. The biosolid air drying experiment under room temperature was designed to screen four factors: wind speed, solid content, layer thickness and pan location. Wind speed and solid content were identified as primary factors, and the specific evaporation rate increased as the wind speed increased and decreased as solid content increased. The developed regression model can effectively predict the specific evaporation rate. Under winter outdoor temperature, the results revealed the surrounding temperature has a great effect on the sublimation rate.
Optimisation of Essential Oil Extraction of Lindera neesiana From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid and Comparison to Steam and Simultaneous Distillation Extraction
Authors: Shyaula Sajan L. , Ghimire Mandira , Maharjan Sajan , Gurung Khilendra
Published: December 2024

A study was performed on the fruits of Lindera neesiana (Wall. ex Nees) Kurz essential oil extracted by different methods; steam distillation (SD), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The operating conditions tested achieved a maximum yield, 11.08% for supercritical CO2 extraction, 1.03% for steam distillation and 2.53% for solvent distillation. The response surface methodology was used to optimise the experiment. The extractions using supercritical CO2 were performed at different pressure 131, 140, 163, 185 and 194 bar and at temperatures 41°C to 49°C. The optimised condition for the experiment was the pressure of 162 bar and temperature of 42°C in order to get the maximum extraction yield of about 10.44% of L. neesiana oil. Total 33 compounds were identified in L. neesiana oil from the fruits by GCMS. The constituents of oil extracted by different methods were mostly similar qualitatively whereas the relative proportions of compounds identified were markedly different. In the SFE, the less volatile compounds such as myristicin, elemicin, geranic acid and caryophyllene oxide are predominant whereas, in the SDE and SD process, the high volatile compounds including sulcatone, citral, α‐pinene and eucalyptol are principal compounds. This variation in chemical composition suggests diverse potential industrial applications for the essential oils extracted by different methods. The increment of extraction yields upto 11.08% from SFE is an impressive achievement in the plant business.
Evaluation of the Nutritional Properties and Biodegradation of Novel Disposable Edible Tableware Made of Olive Pomace
Authors: Grzelczyk Joanna , Gałązka‐Czarnecka Ilona , Drożdżyński Piotr , Oracz Joanna
Published: December 2024

Olive pomace is a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Olive pomace is not fully utilized, so the goal was to create edible disposable tableware from the by‐products of the olive pressing process. For this purpose, a mixture was created from olive pomace, teff flour, sorghum, and lecithin (75.5/12/12/0.5), from which the vessels had various shapes were obtained. The edible dishes were analyzed for their antioxidant potential, aroma, and nutritional value, and the biodegradability of the dishes was tested. Studies have shown that the dining tableware is nutritious, protein content of 3.25 g/100 g, fiber content of 11.84 g/100 g, 2.45 mg/100 g of vitamin E, and high content of omega fatty acids. Edible dishes made of bran, corn, or leaves do not contain vitamin E and omega acids. Additionally, due to the frequent use of flour mixtures, the packages available on the market contain up to 7 g/100 g of fiber, while the protein content is similar when using flour mixtures. The edible disposable tableware was also characterized by good biodegradability. Olive pomace is a valuable source for creating edible dishes, while maintaining the principles of sustainable envelopment and sustainability.
Psychological significance of name changes: A case study of (north) Macedonia's name referendum
Authors: Stojanov Ana , Segal Keren , Halberstadt Jamin , Whitehouse Harvey
Published: December 2024

Multiple instances of rebranding of corporations or sports teams, or changes of personal names suggest that imposed change of symbols that people identify with leads to resistance towards the symbol change. In this paper, we examine the predictive role of sacred values, identity fusion, identification and essentialism in explaining such resistance, in a unique political context of a national referendum to change Macedonia to North Macedonia. Participants (ethnic Macedonians, N = 301) took a survey measuring these variables, along with their voting intentions and behaviour, 1 week prior to a national referendum on the name change, and again several weeks later. The results indicated that while all variables predicted negative attitudes towards the name change, only considering the name a sacred value and, to a lesser extent, being identified with the country, uniquely predicted this outcome, and only sacred values uniquely predicted voting behaviour. A large proportion of the participants were fully fused with the name “Macedonia,” which may have limited its predictive value. A cross‐lagged analysis suggested a potential causal path from national identification to viewing the name as sacred, essentializing it and becoming fused with it. This study is the first to examine the psychological mechanisms that drive resistance to symbol change.
Dual Wavelength LEDs Induce Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide That Inhibit the Production of Dihydrotestosterone by 5‐α Reductase
Authors: Kocher Jacob , Jandick Nicole , Spragion Derry , DeSena P. Joseph , Womble T. Matthew , Crizer Katelyn , Stasko Nathan
Published: December 2024

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) causes balding in approximately 50% of adults. One primary cause of AGA is synthesis of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone by 5‐α reductase. Systemic pharmaceutical interventions have potentially serious side effects, necessitating development of localized interventions. One such approach is administration of red light via low level light therapy (LLLT), which has promising clinical data. However, the LLLT mechanism of action remains unclear. We investigated the ability of LLLT to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) and the role of NO in inhibition of DHT synthesis. Our results show that red and red‐orange light induce NO release in a cell‐free platform. In A549 and HEK293T cells, we demonstrate 620 and 660 nm LED‐emitted light stimulates the production of NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreases DHT synthesis. These results provide a plausible mechanism of action for LLLT employing LED‐emitted red and red‐orange wavelengths of light to treat AGA.
A Snapshot of Cytokine Dynamics: A Fine Balance Between Health and Disease
Authors: Mallick Sumit , Duttaroy Asim K. , Bose Bipasha
Published: December 2024

Health and disease are intricately intertwined and often determined by the delicate balance of biological processes. Cytokines, a family of small signalling molecules, are pivotal in maintaining this balance, ensuring the body's immune system functions optimally. In a healthy condition, cytokines act as potent mediators of immune responses. They orchestrate the activities of immune cells, coordinating their proliferation, differentiation, and migration. This intricate role of cytokine signalling enables the body to effectively combat infections, repair damaged tissues, and regulate inflammation. However, the delicate equilibrium of cytokine production is susceptible to disruption. Excessive or abnormal cytokine levels can lead to a cascade of pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, infections, allergies, and even cancer. Interestingly, from the bunch of cytokines, few cytokines play an essential role in maintaining the balance between normal physiological status and diseases. In this review, we have appraised key cytokines' potential role and feedback loops in augmenting the imbalances in the body's biological functions, presenting a critical link between inflammation and disease pathology. Moreover, we have also highlighted the significance of cytokines and their molecular interplay, particularly in the recent viral pandemic COVID‐19 disease. Hence, understandings regarding the interplay between viral infection and cytokine responses are essential and fascinating for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
A decision‐making tool for navigating extracellular vesicle research and product development
Authors: Loria Francesca , Picciotto Sabrina , Adamo Giorgia , Zendrini Andrea , Raccosta Samuele , Manno Mauro , Bergese Paolo , Liguori Giovanna L. , Bongiovanni Antonella , Zarovni Nataša
Published: December 2024

Due to their intercellular communication properties and involvement in a wide range of biological processes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being studied and exploited for different applications. Nevertheless, their complex nature and heterogeneity, as well as the challenges related to their purification and characterization procedures, require a cautious assessment of the qualitative and quantitative parameters that need to be monitored. This translates into a multitude of choices and putative solutions that any EV researcher must confront in both research and translational environments. In this respect, decision‐making tools may help assess various options, weigh pros and cons, and ultimately arrive at a thought‐out decision that considers both the best fit‐to‐source and fit‐to‐scope EV application(s). Here, we present a multi‐criteria EV decision‐making grid (EV‐DMG) as a novel, efficient, customizable, and easy‐to‐use tool to support EV research and innovation. By identifying and weighing key assessment criteria for comparing distinct EV‐based preparations and related processes, our EV‐DMG may assist any EV community member in making informed, traceable, and reproducible decisions regarding the management of EV sources or samples. Ultimately, this EV‐DMG may guide the adoption of the most suitable EV production and analytical pipelines for targeting a defined aim or application.
Conformation Dependence of Phenylalanine Characteristic Raman Markers
Authors: Hernández Belén , Coïc Yves‐Marie , Kruglik Sergei G. , Sanchez‐Cortes Santiago , Ghomi Mahmoud
Published: December 2024

Conformational dependence of six characteristic phenylalanine (Phe) Raman markers (Fi, i = 1, …, 6) was assessed through a multiconformational approach. Herein, aqueous solution off‐resonance Raman spectra of the cationic species of the tripeptide Gly‐Phe‐Gly, with amine/amide backbone terminal groups, accompanied by the density functional theory calculations, using three different hybrid functionals (B3LYP, wB97XD and M062X), were presented. A set of 15 initial conformers, having five types of backbone secondary structures (β‐strand, polyproline‐II, helical, classic and inverse γ‐turn) and three plausible side chain orientations, were submitted to geometry optimization. The optimized conformers permitted analysing the effect of non‐bonded interactions, such as intramolecular hydrogen bonds, as well those occurring through space between aromatic side chain and adjacent peptide bonds. It has been shown that M062X was the only functional capable of maintaining the stability of all conformers, especially those having an inverse γ‐turn backbone. In all calculations, extended chains (β‐like) and classic γ‐turn structures were shown to form the lowest and the highest energy conformers, respectively. Helical and pP‐II structures belong to intermediate energy conformers. Raman spectrum was calculated by the thermal (Boltzmann) average of those spectra arising from the whole optimized conformers. An increasing global improvement of the spectral shape is to be noticed in going from the data obtained B3LYP to ωB97XD and M062X. Furthermore, explicit hydration of conformers improves the quality of the calculated spectrum by means of M062X. Wavenumber dispersion of the characteristic Raman markers revealed that F5 (~1004 cm−1) has the lowest dispersion (≤ 1 cm−1), remaining unaffected by explicit hydration. In contrast, F3 (~1207 cm−1) shows the largest shift (≤ 6 cm−1), whereas a moderate one (≤ 3 cm−1) was predicted for F1 (~1605 cm−1), F2 (~1586 cm−1) and F4 (~1035 cm−1). Explicit versus implicit hydration seems to affect the wavenumber dispersion of F6 (~622 cm−1). It can be concluded that the conformational sensitivity of the Phe characteristic markers basically arises from the nature of their vibrational motions.
Impact of Vegetation Canopy, Litter, and Roots on Soil Erosion Under Complex Rainfall Regimes: A Case Study With Artemisia sacrorum in Loess Hilly Region of China
Authors: Yin Qiuyu , Liu Jianbo , Zhang Bing
Published: December 2024

Vegetation restoration in loess hilly areas effectively controls soil erosion. However, the impact mechanisms of vegetation canopy, litter, and roots on soil erosion under complex rainfall regimes remain uncertain. The typical sub‐shrub species (
Artemisia sacrorum
) set up four treatments (natural condition, NC; canopy + roots, CR; roots only, OR; and bare soil, BS) in 2015–2017. K value clustering analysis was used to classify three rainfall regimes: Regime‐I (short duration, small amount and medium intensity), Regime‐II (medium duration, amount and high intensity), and Regime‐III (long duration, large amount and low intensity). The results showed that the average runoff, soil loss and sediment concentration followed the order: BS treatment > OR treatment > CR treatment > NC treatment. The canopy accounted for more than 60% of the total contribution to soil loss and sediment concentration reduction. The litter had the lowest relative contribution to both runoff and soil loss reduction (29.76% and 4.19%, respectively). Roots accounted for the most contribution of 37.27% to reduce runoff, and just contributed 28.41% to reduce soil loss. Rainfall regimes significantly influenced the contribution of
Artemisia sacrorum
components to control soil erosion. Regime‐III showed the highest contribution of different treatments to runoff and soil loss reduction (51.5%–79.9% and 65.7%–99.1%, respectively), while the lowest contributions occurred in Regime‐II (14.4%–47.5%) and Regime‐I (6.89%–95.08%), respectively. The canopy accounted for the 180.02% of the total contribution to reduce soil loss in Regime‐II, but it instead had the minimum relative contribution of 6.81% in Regime‐III. The relative contribution of roots to runoff reduction reached 91.24% in Regime‐III, but just was 37.31% in Regime‐II. The litter and roots even had negatively relative contribution in Regime‐II or Regime‐III. Besides, contributions of canopy and roots showed increase and decrease responses to increasing I
30, respectively, while the litter contribution only negatively related to rainfall duration. These findings indicated that the canopy was the most critical factor in controlling soil erosion, while the litter played the lowest function, and the roots had continuous effects. The functions of plant components would change with different regimes, which maybe not always beneficial for reducing soil erosion. This study provides new insights into the rainfall‐vegetation‐erosion relationship.
Borderline personality disorder treatment guidelines updated
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: December 2024

On Dec. 9 the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published an updated Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. The guideline provides recommendations for evidence‐based assessment, treatment planning, psychosocial interventions and pharmacotherapy treatments, an APA news release stated.
COVID-recruited anglers: Who are they and how can we retain them?
Authors: Granneman Jennifer , Bauer Hanna , Bodine Kristopher A. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Guild Nick , Schlechte J. Warren , Taylor John B. , Thomas Zack
Published: December 2024

Objective

During the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 Texas fishing license sales were 25% higher than those in 2019, with over 200,000 first-time anglers. To better understand this unprecedented cohort of new anglers, we conducted an online survey to examine motivations, behaviors, preferences, and barriers to participation.

Methods

We invited 60,000 anglers to participate in a self-administered online survey by e-mailing an invitation to anglers from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department customer license database.

Result

Sixty-eight percent of survey respondents were new anglers recruited during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the remaining 32% were retained anglers that began fishing before the pandemic. Compared to the typical retained angler (i.e., White, male, 45–54 years old), new anglers were 1.9 times more likely to be female, twice as likely to fish in freshwater, 2.8 times more likely to be younger than 44 years old, and more likely to identify as Black or African American (1.9 times) or as Asian or Pacific Islander (2.8 times). New anglers were motivated to fish to spend time with family and friends and were less likely than retained anglers to keep the fish that they caught (1.5 times), to fish from a boat (1.5 times), to fish more than an hour from home (1.4 times), and to renew their fishing license (3.9 times). License sales of survey respondents in 2022 showed that 68% of retained anglers purchased another license, while 51% of new anglers purchased another fishing license.

Conclusion

In summary, new anglers differed significantly from retained anglers in terms of sociodemographics, motivations to fish, preferred amenities at fishing sites, and the challenges they face to continue fishing. To retain these new anglers, novel approaches are likely needed, which may include targeting specific demographics with more beginner information about fishing and directing users to sites with their preferred amenities.
Biomedical Applications of Aerogels: Therapeutic Potential, Safety, and Future Research Directions
Authors: Jaiswal Sheetal , Yadav Paramjeet , Kumar Rajesh
Published: December 2024

Aerogels are garnering considerable attention in biomedical fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. These materials are noted for their low density, high porosity, and customizable pore structures, making them highly suitable for applications such as drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and wound healing. They provide excellent platforms for loading drugs and active biomolecules. Consequently, research into the therapeutic potential of aerogels has surged, both in vitro and in vivo, reflecting an increased acknowledgment of their biomedical promise. Despite this growing body of research, detailed data on the in vivo performance and safety of aerogels remain sparse. While polymer‐based, silica‐based, and hybrid aerogels are generally deemed safe, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity. This review presents a thorough examination of the biomedical applications of aerogels, exploring both conventional uses and innovative applications like decontamination. We assess the biological impacts of aerogels on cells and organisms, focusing on their therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Through this detailed review, we aim to highlight the current state of aerogel research in the biomedical field and pinpoint key areas where further investigation is needed to ensure their safe and effective use in medical applications.
Preparation and Characterization of Amphoteric Polysaccharides Derived From Chitosan and Gellan Gum
Authors: Tuleyeva Rysgul N. , Tatykhanova Gulnur S. , Gizatullina Nargiz N. , Kaldybekov Daulet B. , Bardadym Yuliia V. , Aseyev Vladimir O. , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt E.
Published: December 2024

Polysaccharides such as chitosan (Ch) and gellan gum (GG) were chemically modified to produce water–soluble amphoteric polyelectrolytes. These derivatives were synthesized via carboxymethylation and quaternization reactions and characterized using techniques including 1H NMR, FTIR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The degree of quaternization of gellan gum (QGG) with trimethylammonium groups was determined to be ~38% as by 1H NMR spectroscopy; ~35% based on potentiometric titration, and ~39% according to elemental analysis. Similarly, the degree of carboxymethylation of chitosan (CMCh) was calculated as ~37% according to 1H NMR data, while back potentiometric titration provided a value of ~35%. The modified polysaccharides exhibited distinct isoelectric points (pHIEP) as determined through electrophoretic mobility measurements and conventional viscometric analysis. The data collected from both techniques were in good agreement indicating pHIEP = 2.0–2.5 for the modified gellan gum and pHIEP = 7.0 for the modified chitosan. Amphoteric Ch and GG were used to stabilize spherical (AuNSs) and rod‐like (AuNRs) gold nanoparticles, synthesized using “one‐pot” and seed‐growth methods, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed particle binding to the modified polymers. The average diameters of AuNSs stabilized with QGG and CMCh were ~45 and 85 nm, respectively, whereas AuNRs stabilized by QGG and CMCh exhibited dimensions of ~50–55 nm (length) and ~12–14 nm (width). These findings suggest that amphoteric QGG and CMCh‐stabilized AuNSs and AuNRs could potentially be used as effective photothermal agents for treating Ehrlich cancer cells, as previously reported by our research group (Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2024, 2400128).
Nonuniformity of Irradiation Distribution on Vehicles' Bodies
Authors: Sovetkin Evgenii , Gordon Michael , Patel Neel , Gerber Andreas , Reinders Angèle , Peibst Robby , Pieters Bart E.
Published: December 2024

Nonuniformity of irradiation in photovoltaic (PV) modules causes a current mismatch in the cells, which leads to energy losses. In the context of vehicle‐integrated PV (VIPV), the nonuniformity is typically studied for the self‐shading effect caused by the curvature of modules. This study uncovers the impact of topography on the distribution of sunlight on vehicle surfaces, focusing on two distinct scenarios: the flat‐surface cargo area of a small delivery truck and the entire body of a commercial passenger vehicle. We employ a commuter pattern driving profile in Germany and a broader analysis incorporating random sampling of various road types and locations across 17,000 km2 in Europe and 59,000 km2 in the United States using LIDAR‐derived topography and OpenStreetMap data. Our findings quantify irradiation inhomogeneity patterns shaped by the geographic landscape, road configurations, urban planning, and vegetation. The research identifies topography as the primary factor affecting irradiation distribution uniformity, with the vehicle's surface orientation and curvature serving as secondary influencers. The most significant variation occurs on vertical surfaces of the vehicle in residential areas, with the lower parts receiving up to 35% less irradiation than the top part of the car. These insights may be used to improve the design and efficiency of vehicle‐integrated photovoltaic systems, optimizing energy capture in diverse environmental conditions.
Effect of Caloric Restriction and Aerobic Exercise on Premenstrual Syndrome, Anthropometric, and Hormonal Parameters in Obese Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Soliman Yara M. , Okeel Fahiema M. , Yousef Amel M. , Mostafa Mohamed H. , Osman Doaa A.
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects physical, psychological, and behavioral symptoms in women. Obesity may worsen PMS, but the impact of caloric restriction and aerobic exercise on PMS in obese women is unclear. This study examines their effects on PMS, anthropometric, and hormonal parameters in obese females.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial involved 40 obese females with PMS. They were randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. The control group (A) received medical treatment in the form of Brufen 400 mg: one tablet daily for 5 days before menstruation and two tablets daily during menstruation for 12 weeks. The study group (B) received the same medical treatment and additionally engaged in a program of caloric restriction and aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included the premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS), weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, waist‐hip (W/H) ratio, and serum levels of progesterone and cortisol.

Results

At baseline, no significant between‐group differences were observed in PMSS scores, anthropometric measures (weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, W/H ratio), or hormonal parameters (serum cortisol and progesterone). Post‐treatment, the study group (B) demonstrated significantly greater improvements compared to the control group (A), including reductions in PMSS scores, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, W/H ratio, and serum cortisol, along with significantly higher serum progesterone levels (p < 0.05).

Discussion

A 12‐week program of caloric restriction and aerobic exercise resulted in substantial improvements in PMS symptoms, anthropometric parameters, cortisol levels, and progesterone levels in obese females with PMS.
A tutorial on pharmacometric Markov models
Authors: Ooi Qing Xi , Plan Elodie , Bergstrand Martin
Published: December 2024

The Markov chain is a stochastic process in which the future value of a variable is conditionally independent of the past, given its present value. Data with Markovian features are characterized by: frequent observations relative to the expected changes in values, many consecutive same‐category or similar‐value observations at the individual level, and a positive correlation observed between the current and previous values for that variable. In drug development and clinical settings, the data available commonly present Markovian features and are increasingly often modeled using Markov elements or dedicated Markov models. This tutorial presents the main characteristics, evaluations, and applications of various Markov modeling approaches including the discrete‐time Markov models (DTMM), continuous‐time Markov models (CTMM), hidden Markov models, and item‐response theory model with Markov sub‐models. The tutorial has a specific emphasis on the use of DTMM and CTMM for modeling ordered‐categorical data with Markovian features. Although the main body of this tutorial is written in a software‐neutral manner, annotated NONMEM code for all key Markov models is included in the Supplementary Information.
Characterization of Edible pH‐Responsive Ink Based on Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Purple Potato Anthocyanin/Curcumin for Monitoring Pork Freshness
Authors: Hu Haichuan , Chen Jinghua , Lin Chenlu , Sun Haolin , Chen Yuheng
Published: December 2024

This study developed an edible indicator ink based on purple potato anthocyanins and curcumin for monitoring the freshness of pork. By utilizing dual colourants and adjusting the pH value of the ink matrix, the pH and ammonia sensitivity of the ink were significantly enhanced. The FT‐IR analysis reflected that the composite pigments were successfully integrated into the ink. To assess its practicality, the ink was used to monitor the freshness changes of pork stored at 4°C for 7 days. The colour change of ink was positively correlated with the degree of pork spoilage, indicating that the ink can accurately reflect the freshness of pork. The ink provided an intuitive detection effect, further enhancing the application value of natural pigments in the packaging industry.
Spontaneous Metal‐Chelation Strategy for Highly Dense Ni Single‐Atom Catalysts with Asymmetric Coordination in CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Kim Jae Hak , Kim Jaehyun , Ma Joonhee , Cho Jin Hyuk , Jeong Jaemin , Iimura Soshi , Jang Ho Won , Kim Soo Young
Published: December 2024

Developing metal–nitrogen‐doped carbon single‐atom catalysts (M–NC SACs) with high loadings for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) remains challenging owing to the risk of metal aggregation. Herein, the study presents a facile strategy for synthesizing M–NC SACs using metal‐chelating ligands, eliminating the need for additional processing steps. Specifically, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a strong metal‐chelating ligand, the formation of Ni nanoparticles is effectively prevented and a high loading of ≈2.7 wt.% is achieved, leading to the development of high‐loading Ni SACs. The resulting catalysts exhibit a high CO faradaic efficiency (FECO) of 96.6% and CO partial current density of −120.2 mA cm−2 and retain a FECO over 90% in a broad potential range of −0.4 to −0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, theoretical calculations indicate that the asymmetric Ni–N3C1 local coordination structure within the catalyst reveals an optimal balance between *COOH formation and *CO desorption, which enhances the activity for eCO2RR to CO. This study offers an efficient strategy to suppress metal nanoparticle formation while simultaneously improving the metal loading in M–NC SACs.
Gold Tetrahedral Nanoframes with Mono‐Rim or Dual‐Rim Morphologies for Enhanced Near‐Field Focusing in SERS
Authors: Kwon Sunwoo , Kim Hyunji , Zhao Qiang , Oh Myeong Jin , Hur Kyuvin , Jung Insub , Park Sungho
Published: December 2024

This study presents a synthesis method for Au tetrahedral nanoframes (Td NFs) through a rationally designed multiple‐step process, followed by an investigation of their distinctively ordered self‐assembly for enhanced performance in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Two distinct Au Td NF building blocks are synthesized, exhibiting mono‐rim or dual‐rim morphologies. The mono‐rim structure lacks intra‐nanogaps, whereas the dual‐rim configuration features well‐defined intra‐nanogaps. The non‐centrosymmetric Td NFs self‐assemble into a distinctive antiparallel arrangement that alternates between the tip‐up and face‐up orientations of the Au Td NFs. This configuration results in the formation of both triply tip‐to‐tip and face‐to‐face nanogaps. The unique zigzag pattern exhibited strong electromagnetic field enhancement and extensive spatial hot zones, significantly amplifying near‐field focusing and, consequently, the SERS effect. The near‐field enhancement of Au Td NF assemblies is confirmed through finite element method simulations and experimentally validated by comparing bulk SERS measurements with those of Au octahedron NF assemblies, which tend to adopt a parallel face‐to‐tip alignment during assembly. Owing to the complex arrangement of multiple intra‐nanogaps between the internal rim‐to‐rim interfaces and the four exposed facets, dual‐rim Td NFs exhibited single‐particle SERS activity, a capability not observed in analogous Td NFs with single rims.
Redox State‐Driven Synthesis of Mesoporous and Microsphere Poly(phenylenediamine) for Transition Metal‐Free and All‐polymer Dual‐Ion Battery
Authors: Ramar Alagar , Foeng Ruben , Divyavalli Jayaraman , Wang Fu‐Ming , Kao Pei‐Yun , Sundari Citra Deliana Dewi , Chang Ching‐Kai , Merinda Laurien , Liu Bai‐Tai
Published: December 2024

Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) are garnering immense attention for their capability to operate without the expensive elements required by lithium‐ion batteries. Phenylenediamine serves as a versatile and sustainable resource, enabling the efficient preparation of both cathode and anode materials through precise molecular control and straightforward synthesis. The innovative asymmetrical DIBs based on amine‐rich poly(phenylenediamine) cathodes and imine‐rich poly(phenylenediamine) anodes enable oxidative and reductive states, providing a transition metal‐free rechargeable battery. The polarity difference between amine and imine redox groups in the polymeric structure resulted in a high cell voltage of 2.2 V and a specific capacity of 100 mAh g−1, yielding an energy density of 220 Wh kg−1. The radical cation generated at the cathode found stability through aromatic resonance, while the radical anion formed at the anode is supported by the quinoid structure. The exciting insights in energy storage promise a revolution with rechargeable batteries using abundant elements, offering sustainable energy solutions.
Tailoring the Interfacial Composition of Heterostructure InP Quantum Dots for Efficient Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Shin Seungki , Lee Yunseo , Kim Jeon , Na Jina , Gwak Namyoung , Kim Seongchan , Seo Jaeyoung , Yoon Chong Seung , Oh Nuri
Published: December 2024

The formation of core–shell quantum dots (QDs) with type‐I band alignment results in surface passivation, ensuring the efficient confinement of excitons for light‐emitting applications. In such cases, the atomic composition at the core–shell heterojunction significantly affects the optical, and electrical properties of the QDs. However, for InP cores, shell materials are limited to compositions consisting of II–VI group elements. The restricted selection of shell materials leads to an interfacial misfit, resulting in a charge imbalance at the core–shell heterojunction. In this study, the effect of interfacial stoichiometry is investigated on the optical, and electrical properties of InP core–shell QDs. Direct Se injection strategy is employed during the synthesis of the InP core to regulate the interfacial chemical composition, resulting in the formation of an InZnSe alloy on the core surface. This InZnSe layer reduces the misfit between the InP core, and ZnSe shell, leading to a remarkable photoluminescence quantum yield of 95% with a narrow emission bandwidth of 34 nm. The InZnSe interlayer significantly influences the electroluminescence (EL) processes, increasing the charge injection efficiency, and mitigating charge imbalance. A green‐emitting EL device is demonstrated with a maximum luminance of 26370 cd m−2, and a peak current efficiency of 31.5 cd A−1.
Molecular Design and Alignment for Ambipolar SCLC Mobility in Self‐Assembled Columnar Discogens
Authors: De Joydip , De Ritobrata , Bala Indu , Gupta Santosh Prasad , Yadav Rahul Singh , Pandey Upendra Kumar , Pal Santanu Kumar
Published: December 2024

The future of next‐generation electronics relies on low‐cost organic semiconductors that are tailored to simultaneously provide all requisite optoelectronic properties, focusing greatly on ambipolar charge‐transport and solution processability. In this regard, room‐temperature discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are potential candidates, where quasi‐1D self‐assembly affords a charge‐transport channel along their columnar axis. This work shows a molecular design strategy by utilizing anthraquinone as the primary motif, surrounded by ester functionalized tri‐alkoxy phenyl units to develop room‐temperature DLCs (1.1–1.3). Here, the polar ester functionality stabilizes the columnar mesophase over a wide range through the involvement of dipole‐dipole interaction along with the π–π stacking. Throughout the entire mesophase transition, reported compounds 1.1–1.3 exhibit a highly ordered 2D columnar oblique (Colob) self‐assembly. Space charge limited current (SCLC) experiments reveal balanced ambipolar charge transport, with the maximum hole and electron mobilities of 5.04 and 4.93 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. From the conoscopic results, their propensity to align in a highly homeotropic fashion is demonstrated. It is further justified by the azimuthal plot corresponding to the (11) peak of grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS), denoting the crucial role of the design and alignment for efficient movement of charge carriers in the material.
A High‐Resolution Microscopy System for Biological Studies of Cold‐Adapted Species Under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Marty Anne‐Pia M. , Ward Edward N. , Lamb Jacob R. , van Tartwijk Francesca W. , Peck Lloyd S. , Clark Melody S. , Kaminski Clemens F.
Published: December 2024

The Antarctic seabed harbors significant biodiversity, and almost 90% of oceanic environments are permanently below 5 °C (i.e., deep sea and polar regions). However, organisms whose entire lifecycle occurs around 0 °C are understudied, leaving this large and diverse proportion of the global biome poorly understood. To address this question at the cellular level, tools are required for high‐resolution imaging of biological systems under physiological conditions. This poses severe technical challenges. High‐resolution imaging objectives require short working distances and immersion media, causing rapid heat transfer from the microscope to the sample. This affects the viability of live specimens and the interpretability of results. Here, we present a method for high‐fidelity imaging of live biological samples at temperatures of around, or below, 0 °C. It relies on hardware additions to traditional microscopy, namely as a cooling collar, 10% ethanol as an immersion medium, and nitrogen flow to reduce condensation It can be straightforwardly implemented on different microscopy modalities, including super‐resolution imaging. The method is demonstrated in live cell cultures derived from Antarctic fish and highlights the need to maintain physiological conditions for these fragile samples. Future applications include evolutionary biology, biophysics and biotechnology.
Study on Mechanical Properties, Microstructure Evolution, and Fire Resistance Mechanism of 0.4Mo Refractory Steel at Different Temperatures
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Cao Yuxi , Jia Yuanhai , Zhang Junfen , Lin Dashuai , Yin Shubiao
Published: December 2024

Herein, the mechanical properties of 0.4Mo refractory steel bars at various temperatures are studied. The yield strength of the steel bar at 600 °C and below for 15 minutes is more than 2/3 (286 MPa) of the yield strength at room temperature, and the yield strength at 600 °C is 296 MPa. The strength of the test steel decreased as the temperature increased. The microstructure of tempered and quenched samples was observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The initial microstructure of the experimental steel consisted of ferrite and granular bainite. As the temperature increased, the bainite gradually dissolved. At 700 °C, the ferrite grains coarsened, and the granular bainite became finer and more dispersed. The original microstructure contained a high density of dislocations, which became entangled under stress, preventing the failure of the steel bars. Molybdenum carbides hindered the migration and annihilation of dislocations at high temperatures and served as nucleation sites to promote grain refinement. High‐temperature confocal microscopy observed the changes in the microstructure and second‐phase particles from room temperature to 1300 °C, with a heating rate of 60 °C/s. The austenitizing temperature of the experimental steel was ≈950 °C, and the precipitated phase gradually grew and dissolved as the temperature increased.
Optimal sizing of vibrating Bernoulli columns accounting for axial compression and self‐weight
Authors: Ferrari Federico
Published: December 2024

We investigate the effect of axial compression on the optimal design of columns for the maximization of the fundamental frequency of vibration. The compression may be caused by a force applied at the columns' tip or by a load distributed along its axis, which may act either independently or simultaneously. We discuss the influence of these contributions on the optimality conditions, and show how the optimal beam design, and the corresponding frequency gain, change with the level of compression. We also discuss the indirect effect of frequency optimization on the critical load factors associated with the tip () and distributed () loads. Finally, we provide quantitative results for the optimal design problem parameterized by the triple (, , ) of buckling and dynamic eigenvalues.
Expert Consensus to Guide Practice and Policy
Authors: Jorm Anthony
Published: December 2024

This chapter looks at how deliberative consensus is often used to making evidence-based recommendations to guide professional practice and public policy. When used for such purposes, deliberative consensus involves considerations additional to what the scientific evidence shows, in particular, value judgements about various courses of action. The evidence-based medicine movement is examined as an influential example of the use of deliberative consensus to guide medical practice. However, consensus processes have also been used to develop guidelines and position statements on practice and policy in other areas, with the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change an important example.
How Wisdom-of-Crowds Research Can Help Improve Deliberative Consensus Methods
Authors: Jorm Anthony
Published: December 2024

This chapter reviews research from psychological science on the conditions under which groups make optimal judgements, a subject area often called “wisdom of crowds”. It concludes that good judgements are more likely when the members of a group are selected for expertise, there is cognitive diversity among the members, they make independent judgements which are then aggregated and there is opportunity for sharing information and discussion. When the methods that scientists use to establish deliberative consensus are evaluated against these conditions, none meet them all, but some (Delphi studies and nominal group technique) are better than others.
Equivariant geometry of the Segre cubic and the Burkhardt quartic
Authors: Cheltsov Ivan , Tschinkel Yuri , Zhang Zhijia
Published: December 2024

We study linearizability and stable linearizability of actions of finite groups on the Segre cubic and Burkhardt quartic, using techniques from group cohomology, birational rigidity, and the Burnside formalism.
Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in traumatic solid organ injuries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jannatdoust Payam , Valizadeh Parya , Hassankhani Amir , Amoukhteh Melika , Ghadimi Delaram J. , Heidari-Foroozan Mahsa , Sabeghi Paniz , Adli Paniz , Johnston Jennifer H. , Vasavada Pauravi S. , Gholamrezanezhad Ali
Published: December 2024

Background

Blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is a significant contributor to pediatric mortality, often causing liver and spleen injuries. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), the gold standard for diagnosing solid organ injury, poses radiation risks to children. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) may be a promising alternative imaging modality.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CEUS for detecting solid organ injuries following BAT in the pediatric population.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted through a thorough literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to October 1, 2023. Diagnostic accuracy metrics were aggregated using a bivariate model, and subgroup meta-analysis compared CEUS accuracy across various organs.

Results

Meta-analysis from four studies, including 364 pediatric patients, revealed a pooled sensitivity of 88.5% (95%CI 82.5–92.6%) and specificity of 98.5% (95%CI 94.9–99.6%), with an area under the curve of 96% (95%CI 88 – 99%). Splenic injuries showed higher sensitivity than liver injuries (P-value < 0.01), while kidney assessments demonstrated higher specificity (P-value < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study highlights the diagnostic potential of CEUS for pediatric solid organ injuries caused by BAT. Further large-scale studies are needed due to the limited number and sample size of the included studies.
STEM GIrls fördert berufliche Orientierung in der Informatik
Authors: Arlinghaus Clarissa Sabrina
Published: December 2024

STEM GIrls (STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics; GIrls = Wortspiel aus Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) und Mädchen/Frauen als Hauptzielgruppe) ist eine ehrenamtlich organisierte, digitale Workshopreihe der Jungen Gesellschaft für Informatik, die durch weibliche Vorbilder, Vernetzung und geschützten Austausch das Ziel verfolgt, mehr Frauen und nichtbinäre Personen zu MINT-Berufen zu ermutigen. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei berufliche Möglichkeiten in der Informatik. Mit 340 Anmeldungen, 83,7 % Zufriedenheit und einem Net Promoter Score von 55,81 war die Durchführung im Jahr 2023 ein voller Erfolg. Dabei wurden vorwiegend neue Interessierte angesprochen, aber auch einige Personen, die bereits im Vorjahr teilgenommen hatten. Fast 40 % der Teilnehmenden wurden durch STEM GIrls zu einer Mitgliedschaft in der Gesellschaft für Informatik ermutigt oder zumindest dazu angeregt, über eine GI-Mitgliedschaft nachzudenken. Gleichzeitig wurden bestehende GI-Mitglieder motiviert, GI-Mitglied zu bleiben und weiterhin eine Karriere in der Informatik zu verfolgen. Die Auswertung aus 2023 ergab außerdem, dass STEM GIrls die berufliche Orientierungslosigkeit der Teilnehmenden signifikant mindert. Deskriptiv konnte nach STEM GIrls 2023 auch ein Anstieg des Interesses an MINT-Berufen sowie der beruflichen Selbstwirksamkeit bei den Teilnehmenden beobachtet werden. Somit leistet STEM GIrls einen wichtigen Beitrag für mehr Geschlechtervielfalt innerhalb der Gesellschaft für Informatik sowie der Informatik im Allgemeinen.