bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Behavior, Adolescents’ Self-Representations, and Adolescents’ Adjustment:
Authors: Repinski Daniel J. , Shonk Susan M.
Published: March 2007

The goals in this study were to examine the differential association of mothers’ and of fathers’warm/supportive and hostile behavior with adolescents’school functioning and problem behavior and to consider both the direct and indirect processes whereby parents’behavior is related to those domains of adolescents’adjustment. Specifically, one aim was to examine the degree to which adolescents’ self-representations of adaptive sociability and behavioral reactivity mediate the relations of parents’warm/supportive and hostile behavior with adolescents’school functioning and problem behavior. Participants were 76 two-parent families with a seventh-grade adolescent. Adolescents’reports and parents’reports of the study variables were used in the statistical analyses. Models predicting problem behavior explained more variance than did those predicting school functioning. The results indicated that adolescents’ self-representations, in part, mediated the associations between parents’ behavior and adolescents’ adjustment. Results attest to the importance of external and internal regulators of young adolescents’ behavior.
Position in the Peer Group’s Perceived Organizational Structure:
Authors: Lease A. Michele , Axelrod Jennifer L.
Published: March 2007

Position in the perceived peer group organization was assessed using a multidimensional scaling strategy and was compared with measures of social status and mutual friendship in a sample of 404 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students. Perceived organization position was correlated significantly to social preference, like-most nominations, and like-least nominations but not to social impact. Furthermore, peer group members who were marginal in the perceived structure were more likely to have a rejected status and to be friendless, whereas those in a central position were more likely to be popular and have at least one friend. Most rejected students, however, were not marginal in the perceived structure. Marginal-rejected group members, compared with nonmarginal-rejected individuals, had more negative scores on social status measures. It was hypothesized that studying the overlap between position in the group’s perceived organization and social status might be useful for discriminating types of rejected children and adolescents.
The Influence of Older Adolescents on Younger Adolescents: Do Grade-Level Arrangements Make a Difference in Behaviors, Attitudes, and Experiences?
Authors: Blyth, Dale A. , Hill John P. , Smyth Charlotte K.
Published: March 2007

In considering the issue of different grade-level arrangements for early adolescents, many scholars have chosen to look only at the degree of similarity of developmental characteristics between different grade levels and have not empirically examined the consequences of combining them. Using MANOVA on almost 3,000 seventh through ninth grade students in a suburban school district as it changed from a 6-3-3 to a 6-2-2-2 structure, we explored the influence of older students on younger students at each grade level in terms of participation, substance use, perceptions of the school environment, victimization, dating/sexual behavior, and self-evaluations. Results indicated that the presence of older students does affect the attitudes, behaviors, and experiences of younger students, particularly their perceptions of the school environment, participation, and substance use. The effects were stronger for ninth graders placed with tenth graders than for seventh and eighth graders placed with ninth
Lipsticks and Backpacks: Life as a Seventh Grader
Authors: Mergendoller John R. , Swarthout Donald W. , Packer Martin J.
Published: March 2007

Narrative descriptions and the commentaries of teachers, parents, and observers are blended to describe the diverse experiences of four seventh-graders; Ernie, Beth, Tammy, and Wayne. Although each student's experience at Waverley Junior High School was distinct in some ways, their portraits display a common developmental characteristic of increased interest in peers and the opposite sex.
Variables in Social Cognitive Development: Moral Judgment, Role-taking, Cognitive Processes, and Self-concept in Delinquents and Nondelinquents
Authors: Hains Anthony A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present project was to replicate past research showing delinquents lagging behind nondelinquents on moral judgment, role-taking, and logical cognitive tasks, and to provide instructions on moral judgment and role-taking tasks to stimulate delinquents' performance. The instructions were intended to investigate whether delinquents' inferior social cognitive performances may be due to a structural deficit, or whether they do not evoke skills they possess or not utilize skills they have the capacity to possess. Finally, since self-concept could play a role in monitoring cognitive activity, a self-concept as a learner questionnaire was administered to assess any differences between groups. Delinquents displayed poorer performances than nondelinquents on moral reasoning and logical cognitive abilities, but not on role-taking. Instructions to enhance moral reasoning improved all participants' scores. However, the overall inferior performance by delinquents on moral reasoning appeared to be due to structural deficit. Delinquents' self-concept as a learner scores were similar to nondelinquents despite their lower performance on other measures, suggesting they may not be as aware of their cognitive capabilities.
Family and Peer Systems in Early Adolescence: New Models of the Role of Relationships in Development
Authors: Cooper Catherine R. , Ayers-Lopez Susan
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a reconsideration of the role of family experiences in early adolescent peer relations. Although early models of family-peer relations stressed either their dissimilarity or their inevitably competitive quality, current research indicates greater integration and continuity between them. Recent findings suggest that the picture of early adolescent peer relations as universally successful in providing adolescents with the experience of intimacy is inaccurate, and that accounting for individual differences in adolescents' capacity to engage in and benefit from close relationships is a significant goal of future work. This paper proposes that one source of these differences can be found in the conceptions and skills of relationships young adolescents bring with them from their experiences in their families. Three compatible approaches to the investigation of such issues are examined; they address individuation in relationships, the construction of self through social means, and the development of the capacity for mutuality in negotiation.
Three Research Traditions in the Study of Adolescents in Divorced Families: Quasi-Experimental, Developmental; Clinical; and Family Sociological
Authors: Santrock John W. , Madison Terry D.
Published: March 2007

A selective and critical review of research focused on adolescents in divorced families is provided. Three traditions of research on adolescents in divorced families are portrayed-family sociological, clinical, and quasi-experimental, developmental. These traditions are evaluated on seven research criteria, examples of each tradition are presented, and suggestions are made for improving the quality of research in each of the traditions. A call is made for multi-method studies in the developmental tradition that focus on a fine-grained analysis of post-divorce family functioning over time.
Stress and Burnout Amoung Preadolescent and Early Adolescent Gifted Students: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Fimian Michael J. , Cross Arthur H.
Published: March 2007

Classroom stress and burnout experienced by 121 preadolescent and early adolescent gifted students were assessed in combination with seven background, five personal, three general anxiety and stress, and two organizational variables. The student's age, sex, birth order, IQ, and achievement level bore little relationship to either stress or burnout. Poor self-esteem, externalized locii of control, high levels of state and trait anxiety, poor school life quality, and tedium were significant predictors of classroom stress. These, plus classroom stress, also predicted classroom burnout. Low self-esteem levels, poor behavioral/academic self-esteem, creative personality typology, and state anxiety predicted preadolescent stress, while poor self esteem, state and trait anxiety, and poor school life quality predicted early adolescent stress. An externalized locus of control, trait anxiety, poor school life quality, and student stress predicted preadolescent burnout, while poor self esteem, poor school life quality, classroom tedium, and student stress predicted early adolescent burnout.
Friendship Conceptions among Early Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study of Stability and Change
Authors: Bukowski William M. , Newcomb Andrew F. , Hoza Betsy
Published: March 2007

Stability and change in early adolescents' friendship conceptions were examined in a one-year longitudinal study. Once during sixth grade, and again during seventh grade, 99 girls and 98 boys were asked to rate 14 items according to how important each item was for friendship. These items were grouped according to the results of a factor analysis into three clusters referred to as Commonality, Help/Support, and Intimacy. A multivariate analysis of variance, followed by planned comparisons and simple effects tests, revealed: (a) a decrese over time in the importance ascribed to the Commonality cluster; (b) a decrease over time in the boys' ratings on the Help/Support cluster, but no change in the girls' ratings on this cluster; (c) no change over time in the ratings on the Intimacy cluster; (d) higher ratings from the girls than the boys for the Intimacy and Help/Support clusters, with the differences on the Help/Support cluster becoming larger over time; and (e) relatively higher ratings for the Help/Support cluster than for the Intimacy or Commonality clusters. The correlations computed between respective clusters across the one year interval indicate a moderate degree of stability in early adolescents' friendship conceptions. These results are discussed in light of previous research on children's friendship conceptions and in regard to the social experiences of boys and girls during early adolescence.
Cohesion and Control: Adolescents' Relationships with Parents as Mediators of Television
Authors: Rothschild Nancy , Morgan Michael
Published: March 2007

This study explores the ways in which the contribution of television exposure to adolescents' conceptions of social reality is mediated by their relationships with their parents. The data come from a national survey of 10 to 14-year olds (N = 888). Indicators of parent-adolescent "cohesion" (e.g., maternal affection, shared activities, and satisfaction with time spent together) and "control" (e.g., parental rules, firmness, and disciplinary styles) were examined both in terms of family relationships in general and in terms directly related to television viewing. The analysis attempted to determine whether relationships between amount of viewing and adolescents' images of parental roles, divorce, and fear of strangers vary according to these key aspects of the family context. The results suggest that less parental control (either in general or specifically related to television) tends to increase television's impact on adolescents, especially when combined with lower levels of cohesion. Family cohesion and involvement surrounding television, however, works to intensify television's contribution; adolescents who co-view with their parents, who discuss television with them, and whose parents do not set rules about viewing seem most vulnerable to television.
School Transitions and Adjustment During Early Adolescence
Authors: Crockett Lisa J. , Petersen Anne C. , Graber Julia A. , Schulenberg John E. , Ebata Aaron
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of the timing and number of school transitions on young adolescents' subsequent adjustment. Three groups of adolescents (total N = 253) were compared: those making a single early school transition prior to sixth grade, those making a single later transition prior to seventh grade, and those making a double transition prior to both sixth and seventh grades. Adjustment was assessed in terms of course grades and self-image. Negative effects were found for both early and repeated school transitions, with the double transition being especially debilitating. In addition, effects were seen primarily with course grades. Few gender differences were observed in the response to early and double transitions, but those that emerged suggest that girls may be more adversely affected than boys.
Concurrent and Longitudinal Assessment of Risk for Alcohol Use among Seventh Graders
Authors: Webb John A. , Baer Paul E. , Caid Charlene D. , McLaughlin Robert J. , McKelvey Robert S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between risk factors and alcohol use among seventh graders concurrently and over a 15-month period. Subjects were classified as abstainers, experimenters and users based on a quantity-frequency index of usage. A discriminant analysis predicting alcohol usage using concurrent risk factors generated two functions. The first was composed of measures associated with deviance and peer-related measures. Family-related risk factors and grade average comprised the second function. These functions correctly classified 68% of subjects. A second analysis used Time 1 risk factors to predict alcohol usage 15 months later. The first function was composed of factors related to deviance, family factors, and peer approval. Only peer use loaded on the second function. These functions were able to correctly classify 58% of subjects. Results are discussed in terms of implications of these findings for use in targeting prevention programs relative to adolescents' risk level, and the relative importance of various risk factors.
The Pubertal Development Scale
Authors: Robertson Elizabeth B. , Skinner Martie L. , Love Margaret M. , Elder Glen H. , Conger Rand D. , Dubas Judith S. , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2007

The Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) is a noninvasive measure of pubertal development. The purpose of this study was to compare means and standard deviations on the PDS across samples of seventh graders from rural Iowa and suburban Chicago who were matched on gender, age, race, and grade in school. Matched samples of boys each comprised 50 subjects; those of girls each comprised 52 subjects. Results of MANOVAs showed that rural Iowa girls were more advanced on the five markers of pubertal development than were suburban Chicago girls. Rural Iowa boys were more advanced than their counterparts in the suburban Chicago sample on four of the five markers. Psychometric analysis of the five-item scale suggested adequate internal consistency for boys and girls (.66 to .81). The predictive validity of the PDS was satisfactory. Possible reasons for differences in rates of development are discussed.
Math and Verbal Achievement and Self-Concepts
Authors: Skaalvik Einar M. , Rankin Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Predictions from the Marsh Internal/External Frame of Reference Model were tested on two groups of sixth-grade Norwegian students. Data were analyzed through path analysis for latent variables using structural analysis. The predictions were supported for students who perceived their level of math and verbal achievement as substantially different (n = 309): Math and verbal self-concepts were not correlated and there were significant negative correlations between verbal achievement and math self-concept and between math achievement and verbal self-concept. However, the predictions were not supported for students who perceived their level of achievement in the two areas to be relatively equal (n = 138): Math and verbal self-concepts were strongly correlated and there were no significant negative correlations between achievement in one area and self-concept in the other area. The results support the theoretical basis of the I/E Model but indicate that it offers different predictions for different students.
Classroom Belonging among Early Adolescent Students
Authors: Goodenow Carol
Published: March 2007

Early adolescents'sense of classroom belonging and support-of being liked, respected, and valued by fellow students and by the teacher-was investigated among 353 sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade middle school students. Focusing on one academic class, students completed scales of classroom belonging and support, expectancies for success, and intrinsic interest and value; course grades and effort ratings were obtained from English teachers. Each of three belonging/support factors identified by principal components analysis contributed significantly to explaining variance in expectancies and value, with teacher support having the most consistently substantial influence across student subgroups. The strength of association between support and motivation dropped significantly from sixth to eighth grade. Teacher support was more closely related to motivation for girls than for boys. Expectancy was the primary predictor of class effort and grades. These findings underscore the importance of belonging and interpersonal support in fostering academic motivation and achievement.
Relations of Perceived Social Efficacy and Social Goal Pursuit to Self-Efficacy for Academic Work
Authors: Patrick Helen , Hicks Lynley , Ryan Allison M.
Published: March 2007

Successful functioning in a classroom setting requires students to interact effectively and form positive social relationships both with teachers and peers. Self-efficacy for success in schoolwork, therefore, should depend in part on students' perceptions of their social efficacy and on their endorsement of goals to be responsible class members and to form intimate peer relationships. Survey data from 753 fifth-grade students indicated that girls felt more efficacious in their interactions with their teachers and endorsed both responsibility and intimacy goals more strongly than did boys. No gender difference was found for social efficacy with peers. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that students' perceptions of their social efficacy both with teacher and peers and their endorsement of responsibility goals were related significantly to their academic efficacy after accounting for prior achievement and gender These findings indicated that such social perceptions are important for students'academic progress and that teachers should pay serious attention to students'social relationships in the classroom.
Sociometric Popularity and Peer-Perceived Popularity
Authors: Parkhurst Jennifer T. , Hopmeyer Andrea
Published: March 2007

Sociometric popularity is computed based on peer liking and dislike. The relation between sociometric popularity and perceived popularity, based on peer identification of school associates considered popular, was investigated in a sample of 727 middle school students (7th and 8th grades). Most sociometrically popular students were not high on perceived popularity. Most students high on perceived popularity were not sociometrically popular Perceived popularity was correlated more highly with a measure of dominance than was sociometric popularity. Sociometrically popular students who were not high on perceived popularity were characterized by peers as kind and trustworthy but not as dominant, aggressive, or stuck-up. Students who were high on perceived popularity but not sociometrically popular were characterized as dominant, aggressive, and stuck-up but not as kind and trustworthy. Sociometrically popular students who also were high on perceived popularity were characterized as kind, trustworthy, and dominant but not as aggressive or as stuck-up.
Relations of Peer Acceptance, Friendship Adjustment, and Social Behavior to Moral Reasoning During Early Adolescence
Authors: Schonert-Reichl Kimberly A.
Published: March 2007

The relations between moral reasoning and six dimensions of peer relationships were examined. Participants were 108 adolescents, age 10 through 13 years, who completed sociometric measures of acceptance, peer behavioral assessment items, a measure to assess the number of their close friendships, a questionnaire on the features of their very best friendship, a measure to assess the frequency of their participation in socializing and agentic activities with close friends, and the Kohlberg moral judgment interview. Results indicated that moral reasoning was related significantly and positively to leadership status, prosocial behaviors (for girls), antisocial behaviors (for boys), number of close friendships, and socializing and agentic activities (for girls). Results also revealed that social behaviors mediate the link between early adolescents’moral reasoning and their peer acceptance as operationalized in terms of leadership status. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of peer relationships in the moral reasoning of early adolescents.
Enhancing Students’ Role Identity As Marketing Majors
Authors: Kleine Susan Schultz
Published: March 2007

An undergraduate student’s major often becomes an important part of his or her self-definition. A student’s major identifies him or her with respect to certain classes, places on campus, behaviors, aspirations, and with certain other people. When a student selects marketing as a major, he or she is choosing not just to receive the attributes and benefits of the major but also to become something through a process of role-identity development. The more effectively this identification process takes place, the better the outcomes for the student and, potentially, for marketing educators. This article identifies and empirically demonstrates variables that marketing educators can influence to facilitate the role-identity development process. As marketing educators work to attract more and better undergraduate students to marketing, it may be time to pay greater attention to enhancing the identification process that links students with marketing.
The Value of Students’ Classroom Experiences from the Eyes of the Recruiter: Information, Implications, and Recommendations for Marketing Educators
Authors: Barr Terri Feldman , Mcneilly Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

Marketing students represent their years of undergraduate education with resumes, which along with interviews, become the process recruiters use to assess student employability. This article reviews research on resume development and presents a study that examines recruiters’ comments about the value they place on experience in and out of the classroom. Most recruiters indicate that internships, part-time jobs, and leadership positions in university organizations are better indicators of employability than classroom experiences. Recent changes in marketing/business pedagogy have led to more classes in which active learning approaches with client projects, field experiences, and skill-building activities are used. It is a concern that recruiters are unaware of, or pay little attention to, these classroom experiences where real-world knowledge and skill sare developed. Suggestions are made regarding how to include more business-relevant skill development into our classrooms and how to communicate these classroom changes to both studentsand recruiters.
Determination of Measurement Scales for Revising or Developing Teacher Evaluation Instruments
Authors: Bertsch Thomas , Peek Linda
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the problem of identifying symbolic cues that can be used to reflect quality in teaching as perceived by students. The findings of this study may be applicable to evaluation of faculty rating scales in present use or to development of new instruments for student evaluation of faculty performance.
Class Projects as a Form of Instruction
Authors: Goretsky M. Edward
Published: March 2007

The use of the case method in marketing courses has become commonplace, and perhaps automatic, without much consideration of its intended role. While the case method is appropriate for educating marketing managers and subordinates who may gather and analyze data, business firms are not likely to hire undergraduate marketing students as managers. Therefore the undergraduate needs exposure to activities more like those to be experienced at entry-level positions. This article considers several innovative teaching techniques and suggests that the class projects offer a worthwhile solution.
The Syllabus Quiz: A Multipurpose Strategy
Authors: Glascoff David W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of a graded quiz on the course syllabus as a teaching tool in marketing classes. The benefits and implementation of such quizzes are identified and discussed in light of four years of practical experience in their use. Data are presented to suggest an additional, unexpected benefit of using a syllabus quiz.
Appeals Policy for Multiple-Choice Exams
Authors: Ratz David G. , Perrachione John
Published: March 2007

The need—and a procedure—for establishing a formal policy under which students may submit written appeals for their incorrect answers to multiple-choice exam questions are presented. Benefits to the instructor and to students are discussed.
Marketing Education in Developing Countries: The View from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Tuncalp Secil
Published: March 2007

A number of problems arise when marketing is taught in developing countries. In this article, difficulties relating to the selection of textbooks and cases, availability of marketing information, relevancy of marketing concepts, communication requirements, and attitudes toward marketing are considered. Specific examples of these problem areas are offered from marketing education in Saudi Arabia Many of the solutions point to the need to adapt the marketing discipline to the needs and wants of students in developing countries.
Marketing Educators' Views Regarding the Introductory Marketing Course
Authors: McDaniel Carl D. , Lamb Charles W. , Jarboe Glen R.
Published: March 2007

The introductory marketing course plays a key role in the marketing curriculum and in the curricula of other business maj}ors. This article reports the findings of a study designed to elicit marketing educators' views regarding (1) the relative emphasis currently being placed on various conceptual content and experiential areas in the undergraduate introductory course; (2) the ideal level of emphasis that should be placed on each area; and (3) the desirability of a two-course sequence in the introductory marketing course. Findings suggest that the concept of a two-course sequence has support among some marketing educators and that it should be carefully examined.
The Diffusion of Marketing Research Techniques in Business: Implications for Marketing Education
Authors: Bellenger Danny N. , Howell Roy D. , Wilcox Jim , Greenberg Barnett A.
Published: March 2007

The use of more sophisticated research techniques, particularly multivariate statistical procedures, has increased dramatically over the past decade. Graduate education appears to be a significant change agent in this diffusion process. Marketing educators must prepare future managers to effectively use information developed with increasingly complex procedures.
Educators are Contributing to Major Deficiencies in Marketing Profitability Reports
Authors: Lambert Douglas M. , Sterling Jay U.
Published: March 2007

For almost 30 years, contribution analysis has been recognized as the most meaningful method of measuring profitability. Recent research shows that the majority of marketers are using reports that contain significant measurement errors. A review of 25 college marketing texts revealed that educators are contributing to this lack of knowledge.
Internationally Oriented Marketing Curriculum Development: A Comparative Study of Canada, the U.S.A., and New Zealand
Authors: Kaynak Erdener , Yucelt Ugur , Barker A. Tansu
Published: March 2007

The study compared business school programs and curricula in Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S.A. Findings indicate that business schools of all sizes and in different countries need to prepare their students for the competitive global markets. In particular, knowledge and expertise in international marketing are important prerequisites for general business education and they need to be acquired by all business students around the world.
The Revival and Growth of Marketing Education in China
Authors: Zhou Nan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the current status of marketing education in China, following a review of the reasons for its disappearance and reappearance in the past four decades. Implications for the future of China's marketing education are also discussed.
The Decision-Making Process Underlying Curriculum Revision
Authors: Mayo Michael A. , Miciak Alan
Published: March 2007

This study assessed influences on educators' intentions to add an undergraduate marketing course. Results indicated that curriculum revisions take advantage of present faculty's expertise and interests. Further exploration of curriculum innovations is necessary to assess fully what impact other inputs may have on the decision-making process underlying curriculum development.
An Exploratory Examination of Teaching Styles Currently Employed in Marketing Education: Developing a Typology and its Implications for Marketing Students
Authors: Roach Scott S. , Johnston Mark W. , Hair Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

The state of marketing education has been discussed a great deal in the discipline. Unfortunately, very few empirical studies have examined the actual perceptions of marketing academicians. To better understand these perceptions, a study was conducted that examined the interaction of individual differences in marketing faculty and instructional style. Results propose an "instructional style typology" consisting of three distinct types of teaching approaches. In addition, the results suggest individual differences do not seem to have a major influence on method of teaching.
Enhancing Involvement and Skills with a Student-Led Method of Case Analysis
Authors: Dröge Cornelia , Spreng Richard
Published: March 2007

A student-led approach to classroom case analysis is proposed that focuses on both process and output by dividing responsibility among "presentation," "solution," "critique," and "hand-in" student groups. A comparison to the more traditional method shows enhanced involvement, satisfaction, career preparation, and skill development.
Developing Business-Ready Marketing Professionals: The Strategic Focus of the Asian International Marketing (AIM) Program
Authors: Kamath Shyam J. , MacNab Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a unique, hands-on international marketing program that uses an international consultancy model to train market researchers in the university classroom to conduct world-class market research for foreign firms. The focus is on developing business-ready marketing professionals who can excel in today's fast-paced, global business environment.
Affirmative Action and Merit in Public Administration
Authors: Slack James D.
Published: March 2007

This study tests the hypotheses that graduates of master of public administration (MPA) programs are more supportive of affirmative action than are recipients of other graduate degrees and, conversely, that the principle of merit has a negative effect on such levels of support. Results show that type of graduate education has no bearing on levels of support for affirmative action among city managers throughout the United States. City managers' belief in the principle of merit, however, has a negative impact on city managers' attitudes toward affirmative action. The findings bring into question the effectiveness of assimilating professional values through MPA education as well as the problem of competing values within professional codes of ethics.
Toward a New Administrative Doctrine: Governance and Management for the 1990's
Authors: Hummel Ralph P.
Published: March 2007

Three successive terms of market-oriented presidents raise difficulties for federal bureaucrats in legitimating past administrative doctrine and practices, which were government-centered. The present article responds to Charles Levine's call for a new administrative doctrine that is more fully descriptive of the needs and routines of today's federal civil servants than a doctrine based on either a liberal or neo-conservative ideology. The author introduces the concept of doctrine into public administration discourse in order to clarify the differences in ideology, doctrine, and practices between an era of top-down liberal progressivism and the era of bottom-up neo-conservative progressivism that dawned with the first Reagan administration. The purpose is to take a first step in describing emerging administrative realities that both traditional bureaucrats and free-marketeers must recognize.
Marketing in the Government Sector: A Public Policy Model
Authors: Snavely Keith
Published: March 2007

Public agencies show increasing interest in marketing strategies. Although a marketing approach to service delivery can be useful, public agencies need to reformulate business marketing principles to fit the uniqueness of the public sector. Especially important are the broad purposes government agencies serve, as opposed to the narrow, self-interest goals of the private for-profit sector. Using revenue departments as an illustrative case, the author proposes a public policy model of marketing for a government sector.
The Pitfalls of Privatization: Contracting without Competition
Authors: Morgan David R.
Published: March 2007

Most authorities agree that privatization works best with vigorous competition among alternative service providers. Such competition may be difficult to achieve for certain services such as public utilities, for which a limited number of private firms exist to bid. This research first considers the theoretical issues surrounding the use of private companies in natural monopolies. Then it provides an extensive examination of the problems that confronted one large city in its efforts to privatize its wastewater treatment system. Beset by lack of competitive bidding and growing costs, Oklahoma City eventually was forced to make major changes in its procedures for handling its sewage disposal plants. The city did not return to municipal operation, however, and the city is now satisfied with the current arrangement under which a private firm operates all four of its wastewater treatment plants.
Impact of State Medicaid Program on AFDC Participation
Authors: Ting Yuan
Published: March 2007

To help low-income households meet their medical needs and remain off welfare programs, many states provide a so-called Medically Needy program. Under this program, low-income women with dependent children who meet all criteria for categorically needy assistance, but who do not participate in AFDC, may qualify for Medicaid. In this study, I develop a model based on the economic theory of income-leisure tradeoff and use the data reported in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyze how an extended Medicaid program affects AFDC participation of low-income female household heads. The empirical findings indicate that the presence of the Medically Needy program is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of AFDC participation. This study also discusses the implications of extended Medicaid coverage as a policy alternative in reducing the likelihood of AFDC participation of low-income female-headed households.
Employers and AIDS: Dealing with the Psychological and Emotional Issues of AIDS in the Workplace
Authors: Kemp Donna R.
Published: March 2007

HIV/AIDS is a major health problem which is increasingly affecting the workplace. It is a disease which impacts people during their employment years. The Centers for Disease Control believes that every U.S. employer will eventually have at least one employee with AIDS. Employers will probably deal more with the mental health aspects than the physical health aspects of AIDS.

This article examines the organic (AIDS Dementia Complex) and the emotional psychological aspects of AIDS, reviews the employer's and manager's responsibilities in regard to AIDS, and suggests actions that can be taken to assist employees with AIDS, their families, co-workers, and the organization.
Urban Infrastructure Policies and Capital Spending in City Manager and Strong Mayor Cities
Authors: Nunn Samuel
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the standard infrastructure policies of seven Texas city manager cities and seven Indiana strong mayor cities to (1) determine whether different levels of formality are associated with the policies; (2) assess differences in financial participation required of private developers and city governments; and (3) determine whether the resulting capital expenditure patterns of the cities vary. I use qualitative analysis, analysis of variance, and regression analysis to address these objectives. The analyses suggest that infrastructure policies of the strong mayor cities and city manager cities reflect two different approaches to the provision of public capital facilities. City manager policies are more formalized and have greater specifications for oversizing and cost sharing between the city and developers. Strong mayor policies are informal, flexible, and based on "case-by-case" consideration of developers' proposals. The different policy environments also seem to affect capital spending for roads, sewers, and water in the cities. The Texas city manager cities spend more per capita on capital facilities than the Indiana strong mayor cities. Differences in capital spending exist even after controlling for fundamental economic, fiscal, and demographic differences among the cities. City manager cities spend significantly more than the strong mayor cities on water, sewer, and road infrastructure per capita.
Expectations and Job Satisfaction of Local-Government Professionals
Authors: deLeon Linda , Taher Walied
Published: March 2007

Based on theories of job satisfaction and the motivating potential of professional work, we would expect public-sector professionals to express a level of satisfaction higher than that of other workers, yet this is not clearly the case. While some previous research has found that professionals have higher levels of job satisfaction than lower-level workers, other studies indicate that publicsector professionals are less satisfied than their private-sector counterparts and are no more satisfied than blue-collar workers.

This study surveys local-government professionals (N = 125) in Colorado to determine their job satisfaction and their expectations of intrinsic satisfaction from work. They rated their work much higher in motivating potential than comparable groups of professionals and expressed significantly higher job satisfaction. Although most said their expectations for interesting work were more than met on the job, a major fraction expressed unmet expectations for power and authority and for recognition. The findings confirm previous research showing the importance of social relations and intrinsic factors in predicting job satisfaction but fail to support the generalization that public-sector professionals experience problematically low job satisfaction or that they find their jobs relatively low in motivating potential.
Ethics, National Security and Bureaucratic Realities
Authors: Leitner Peter M. , Stupak Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

Some have characterized Oliver North's conviction in federal court, for lying to Congress among other things, as the criminalization of policy differences, whereas others have condemned his actions as subversive of constitutional checks and balances. Within the government, "designated liar" has become an unofficial title when selecting an agency official to give the "company line. "for Congress or the public. The commonplace acceptance, even expectation, of official lying as exemplified by North is merely accepted as a fact of governmental life. What is it about the culture of national security decision making that makes lying an acceptable form of behavior? The authors have found that some of the real-world factors that shape individual behavior include organizational indoctrination, access to information, succumbing to that cult-like mystique of routine access to classified information, and national-security policy making itself.
Foreign Policy Decision Making, Garbage Cans, and Policy Shifts
Authors: Newmann William W.
Published: March 2007

The organizational process, bureaucratic politics, and presidential management models of U.S. foreign policy decision making have dominated scholarly analysis. However, these models have difficulty explaining major changes in policy. This article modifies the garbage-can model of organizational choice, combining it with the foreign policy decision-making models, to explain policy shifts. If the four streams of policy hypothesized by the garbage-can process are divided into active and passive categories, policy shifts are a two-step process: a catalytic phase in which decision makers decide whether they see an opportunity to change established policy, followed by a connecting phase in which decision makers try to connect policy streams to produce a policy shift. During this second phase, the foreign policy models are most useful. Further study of policy shifts is important in a complex and unstable post-cold-war environment in which policy shifts may be more typical.
Market Mechanisms and the External Benefits of Consumption
Authors: Cadeaux Jack
Published: March 2007

The consumption or use of a number of goods and services can yield real benefits to nonusers. The consumption of goods yielding external benefits differs from several related phenomena—notably, meritorious behavior, the production and use of public goods, the reduction of negative externalities, and the possibility of consumption surprises. Many goods and services that yield external benefits constitute sets of differentiable substitutes. Furthermore, potential third-party beneficiaries may hold not only diverse preferences for external benefits but also diverse preferences for the alternative goods and services that create these benefits. Finally, markets, if restricted to simple bilateral exchange structures, can mistakenly appear to fail in the case of external benefits. These observations lead to the development of (1) an analytic framework addressing heterogeneous supply and demand and incorporating generalized exchange structures and (2) a typology of market situations for external benefits of consumption that suggests several alternatives to conventional public policies.
The Millennial Consumer in the Texts of Our Times: Exhibitionism
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: March 2007

Two decades ago, (macro)marketing researchers awoke to the hedonic and experiential aspects of consumption—sometimes known as fantasies, feelings, or fun or the “three Fs.” More recent literature has further extended our view toward a broadened recognition of “four Es”—experience, entertainment, exhibitionism, and evangelizing. This essay presents the second in a three-installment series reviewing each of the four Es—namely, part 3 on exhibitionism.
The Millennial Consumer in the Texts of Our Times: Evangelizing
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: March 2007

Two decades ago, (macro)marketing researchers awoke to the hedonic and experiential aspects of consumption—sometimes known as fantasies, feelings, and fun or the “three Fs.” More recent literature has further extended our view toward a broadened recognition of “four Es”—experience, entertainment, exhibitionism, and evangelizing. This essay presents the third in a three-installment series reviewing each of the four Es, namely, part 4 on evangelizing.
Trade Flows in Macromarketing Systems
Authors: Layton Roger A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a simple model of the major transactional flows occurring in an economy in which consumers and producers deal with each other, both directly and indirectly, through a complex set of distribution channel options. The first step in the devel opment of the model requires estimates of an aggregated trade flow matrix for the Australian economy in 1968-69 similar to the matrix prepared by Cox, Goodman, and Fichandler for the U.S. for 1947. Using this trade flow matrix and the corresponding input-output matrix, its use is illustrated by estimating the effect on channel flows of an increase in Australia's mineral exports. The model highlights weaknesses in the data gathered by official statisticians relating to the distributive sector and suggests a conceptual framework that may provide a basis for more detailed collections and their subsequent analyses.
The Political Economy of Marketing Systems: Reviving the Institutional Approach
Authors: Arndt Johan
Published: March 2007

This article identifies elements of an institutional approach to marketing to supplement the presently dominant paradigm based on the neoclassical economic theory of resource allocation. An important part of the political economy of marketing systems is the interplay of the three main social and economic control mechanisms: markets, politics, and hierarchies. The institutional framework is applied to areas such as comparative marketing and performance indicators for marketing systems.
Framework for Analyzing Marketing Ethics
Authors: Laczniak Gene R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses three ethical frameworks drawn from moral philosophy which can bring ethical insight to marketing decision-making. The frameworks will not provide"the" ethical answer, but rather can help marketing managers better systematize their thinking when dealing with marketing problems having ethical implications. Some of the factors necessary in building a are also presented.
Industry Product Volatility and Retailer Assortments
Authors: Cadeaux Jack M.
Published: March 2007

The frequency with which manufacturers change the contents of their product lines varies among industries. Industry product volatility arguably contributes to the uncertainty retailers face as vertical matchers. Contingency theories of channel coordination and distinctive expertise support an argument about how such volatility might affect retailer assortments.
The Hierarchical Structure of Intermediate Markets: A New Approach to the Analysis of Trade Flow Tables
Authors: Tininga Ronald
Published: March 2007

The analysis of business-to-business markets is important for marketing managers and public policy makers alike. After all, market exchanges among intermediate sectors are generally around 67% of all market exchanges, yet almost no tools have been developed to systematically analyze business-to-business markets at the macro level.

The conversion of input-output tables into trade flow tables is an important step in the analysis of marketing system structures. In this context, triangulation provides a tool to examine the sequence of suppliers and customers in intermediate markets in a longitudinal and cross-sectional manner. In this article, triangulation is applied to the Dutch trade flow table in order to analyze the sequence of market exchanges in the Dutch intermediate markets.
A Test of the Validity of the "Developing Country" Analogy for the African American Community
Authors: Carter Forrest S.
Published: March 2007

Economic development of ethnic or religious minority groups receives little attention in the macromarketing or economic development literatures. It is conceivable that policies for improving the quality of life in developing countries also might improve the quality of life for some minority groups. This would require a minority group to exhibit economic characteristics and conditions similar to those in countries where development policies have proved successful. This study demonstrates how this requirement might be tested.