bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial Regulation, Credit Risk and Financial Stability
Authors: Goodhart C. A.E.
Published: April 2005

In contrast to recent successful developments in macro monetary policies, the modelling, measurement and management of systemic financial stability has remained problematical. Indeed, the focus of most effort has been on improving individual, rather than systemic, bank risk management; the Basel II objective has been to bring regulatory bank capital into line with the (sophisticated) banks‘ assessment of their own economic capital. Even at the individual bank level there are concerns over (i) appropriate diversification allowances, (ii) differing objectives of banks and regulators, (iii) the need for a buffer over regulatory minima, and (iv) the distinction between expected and unexpected losses (EL and UL). At the systemic level the quite complex and prescriptive content of Basel II raises dangers of ‘endogenous risk’ and procyclicality. Simulations suggest that this latter could be a serious problem.
Ectopic and IFN-induced expression of Fas overcomes resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Dimberg Lina Y. , Dimberg Anna I. , Ivarsson Karolina , Strömberg Thomas , Österborg Anders , Nilsson Kenneth , Öberg Fredrik , Wiklund Helena Jernberg
Published: April 2005

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an as-yet incurable B-cell malignancy. Increased survival in vitro is a hallmark of MM cells, implying that a therapeutic potential may lie in circumventing antiapoptotic signals. We have previously reported that interferons (IFNs) sensitize MM cells to Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis. In the present study, we explore the mechanism underlying this effect. In a wide screening of apoptosis-related genes, Apo2L/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related apoptosis inducing ligand) and Fas were identified as IFN targets. Sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis by IFNs was not affected by blocking Apo2L/TRAIL, suggesting that Apo2L/TRAIL is not a key mediator in this process. In contrast, we found that an elevated Fas expression was functionally linked to increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This was further supported by the finding that IFN treatment enhanced Fas-mediated caspase-8 activation, one of the earliest signaling events downstream receptor activation. In addition, IFN treatment attenuated the interleukin 6 (IL-6)-dependent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), interfering with a known survival pathway in MM that has previously been linked with resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, our results show that IFN-induced up-regulation of Fas sensitizes MM cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis and suggest that attenuation of Stat3 activation may be a potentially important event in this process. (Blood. 2005;106:1346-1354)
Societal Regulation of the Marketing Function: Does the Patchwork Create a Quilt?
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: April 2005

A wide variety of laws and sources regulate the marketing function. Although some laws were adopted specifically to regulate marketing, others were adopted primarily for other purposes. Despite the many differences, there appears to be an underlying and unifying theme to marketing regulation. However, clarification could improve the consistency of marketing regulation.
Antiglobal Challenges to Marketing in Developing Countries: Exploring the Ideological Divide
Authors: Witkowski Terrence H.
Published: April 2005

Antiglobalization critics have accused marketing in developing countries of undermining local cultures, placing intellectual property rights ahead of human rights, contributing to unhealthy dietary patterns and unsafe food technologies, and promoting unsustainable consumption. Following a brief review of the history of development theory and practice, the author describes these four challenges and presents rebuttals, drawing from the philosophy of marketing. Subsequent sections explore some areas of similarity between antiglobal and marketing thought, as well as some further ideological differences.
cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of a wheat proteinase inhibitor of subtilisin and chymotrypsin (WSCI) that interferes with digestive enzymes of insect pests
Authors: Di Gennaro Simone , Ficca Anna G. , Panichi Daniela , Poerio Elia
Published: April 2005

A cDNA encoding the proteinase inhibitor WSCI (wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor) was isolated by RT-PCR. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the amino acid sequence of WSCI and on the nucleotide sequence of the two homologous inhibitors (CI-2A and CI-2B) isolated from barley. For large-scale production,wscicDNA was cloned into theE. colivector pGEX-2T. The fusion protein GST-WSCI was efficiently produced in the bacterial expression system and, as the native inhibitor, was capable of inhibiting bacterial subtilisin, mammalian chymotrypsins and chymotrypsin-like activities present in crude extracts of a number of insect larvae (Helicoverpa armigera,Plodia interpunctellaandTenebrio molitor). The recombinant protein produced was also able to interfere with chymotrypsin-like activity isolated from immature wheat caryopses. These findings support a physiological role for this inhibitor during grain maturation.
FUTURA: uma base de dados sobre a biblioteca do futuro
Authors: Ferreira Sueli Mara Soares Pinto , Kiyotani Normanda Miranda , Parker Abel , Santos Paola De Marco Lopes
Published: April 2005

Base de dados que objetiva disponibilizar, em único local de fácil e rápido acesso, informações básicas essenciais aos interessados na biblioteca do futuro, seja ela eletrônica, virtual, digital, sem paredes ou biônica. Desenvolvida com o software MicroIsis, encontra-se disponível na Internet a todo e qualquer interessado por intermédio do servidor de bases de dados ISIS para o WWW (software intitulado WWWIsis, desenvolvido pela Bireme). A recuperação da informação é possível por índice de termos indexados ou formulário de pesquisa utilizando-se lógica booleana em campos de autoria, título, assunto, data e língua. Delimitações de pesquisa por tipo de documento e conteúdo de informação também são oferecidas. URL: http://www.eca.usp.br/eca/nucleos/biblial/futura/index.htm
Embates na definição das políticas de formação de professores para a atuação multidisciplinar nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: respeito à cidadania ou disputa pelo poder?
Authors: Brzezinski Iria
Published: April 2005

O artigo situa os embates contemporâneos travados entre o mundo oficial e o mundo real em relação às políticas de formação de professores para a educação básica, em particular, às políticas de formação de professores das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Nele buscam-se alternativas para a indagação: esses embates expressam respeito à cidadania ou constituem disputa pelo poder? Tal busca requereu uma incursão na história das políticas, das instituições (loci) e dos cursos que, na modalidade regular, vêm formando professores para atuar multidisciplinarmente no Ensino Fundamental em nosso país. Concomitantemente, foi necessária uma fundamentação em aportes teóricos que tratam das relações de poder presentes na sociedade e na escola brasileiras, as quais convivem com a existência de dois mundos bem definidos: um mundo do sistema e um outro, do vivido. Tal dicotomia é própria das sociedades modernas e pressupõe um jogo de interações entre esses mundos, consistindo em uma luta poderosa e dinâmica entre a coerção da sociedade política e a resistência ativa da sociedade civil.
CASEMIRO DOS REIS FILHO E A EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA
Authors: Saviani Dermeval
Published: April 2005

O presente artigo procura traçar a trajetória do Prof. Casemiro dos Reis Filho a partir da origem de seus pais, em Portugal, passando pela sua escolarização no interior de São Paulo, sua formação em pedagogia na USP, o doutorado na PUC-SP, sua atuação destacada no magistério do ensino fundamental, médio e superior, na produção científica, na administração universitária e na divulgação de pesquisas educacionais, evidenciando sua relevante contribuição ao desenvolvimento da educação brasileira.
Hérnia diafragmática traumática transpericárdica: relato de caso
Authors: PANDO-SERRANO ROBERTO RUBEN , LEAL ANTONIO J. FERREIRA , GOMES MÁRCIO R.A. , CREPALDI FILHO RENÉ
Published: April 2005

Relata-se caso de ocorrência rara, apenas um publicado nos últimos 30 anos. O diagnóstico e a correção de hérnia traumática transpericárdica, com redução espontânea, foram feitos intra-operatoriamente pela verificação de lesões na parede lateral esquerda do pericárdio, pericárdio diafragmático e do tendão central, com hemidiafragma esquerdo intacto.
Avaliação do desempenho de materiais absorvedores de radiação eletromagnética por guia de ondas
Authors: Pinho Magali S. , Lima Roberto C. , Soares Bluma G. , Nunes Regina C. R.
Published: April 2005

Neste trabalho, amostras elastoméricas contendo diferentes tipos de cargas absorvedoras de microondas, sob a forma de pós, foram obtidas para medidas de refletividade. Os materiais utilizados com diferentes composições percentuais em peso foram: ferrocarbonila, negro de fumo, polianilina e ferrita dopadas. As medidas de refletividade foram determinadas com base nas propriedades magnéticas e dielétricas dos compósitos elastoméricos a partir de dados de espalhamento, através da inserção e fixação em um guia de ondas, para a faixa de freqüência de 8-16 GHz. Os melhores resultados foram apresentados pelo ferrocarbonila e negro de fumo para as freqüências mais baixas, enquanto a ferrita dopada absorveu em uma freqüência mais elevada.
Carboximetilação de polpas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e caracterização dos materiais absorventes obtidos
Authors: Morais Luís C. , Campana Filho Sérgio P.
Published: April 2005

Os processos soda/antraquinona e etanol/água foram aplicados à produção de polpas de fibras e de medulas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Tais polpas foram carboximetiladas em suspensão de isopropanol/água (8/1 m/m) por 4 horas a 80(0)C, empregando a relação molar 8,5/5,4/1 para ácido monocloroacético/hidróxido de sódio/celulose. Os graus médios de susbtituição dos produtos carboximetilados foram determinados por espectroscopia ¹H R.M.N. e variaram entre 0,44 e 1,27 em função da polpa empregada na derivatização. Os derivados mais substituídos foram os melhores absorventes, sugerindo que a capacidade de retenção de água desses produtos está diretamente associada a seus graus de substituição.
Estudos sobre a cinética de decomposição térmica do poli(sulfeto de fenileno)
Authors: Lage Laércio G. , Kawano Yoshio
Published: April 2005

A cinética de decomposição térmica do poli(sulfeto de fenileno) (PPS) foi estudada através da termogravimetria (TG). Duas amostras comerciais de PPS foram utilizadas neste trabalho: Ryton, da Philips Petroleum, e Fortron, da Hoechst-Celanese. Os parâmetros cinéticos, isto é, a energia de ativação e o fator pré-exponencial de Arrhenius, foram calculados através de três métodos diferentes. Os resultados aqui apresentados concordaram com os dados da literatura. A estimativa do tempo de meia-vida do polímero também foi feita, mostrando que o Fortron é mais estável termicamente que o Ryton.
Aspectos epidemiológicos do uso de drogas entre estudantes do ensino médio no município de Palhoça 2003
Authors: Sanceverino Sérgio Luiz , Abreu José Luiz Crivelatti de
Published: April 2005

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a prevalência do uso de drogas entre estudantes do ensino médio em um município do Sul do Brasil, em 2003, além de averiguar se houve utilização de algum serviço de saúde. Foi realizado em nove - entre dez - escolas de ensino médio da rede pública e particular. A amostra foi de 889 (18, 1%) em um universo de 4.909 estudantes - 4.139 (84,3%) da rede pública e 770 (15,7%) da rede particular. Os participantes responderam a questionário que seguiu o modelo utilizado por Galduróz, Noto e Carlini no IV Levantamento sobre o Uso de Drogas entre Estudantes de 1º e 2º graus em Dez Capitais Brasileiras. Os dados foram inseridos no Programa Epi Info 6.04d e observou-se que as drogas de maior prevalência foram o álcool, o tabaco, os inalantes, a maconha e as anfetaminas. Excetuando-se o álcool e o tabaco, as drogas mais consumidas entre as mulheres foram os inalantes, a maconha, os tranqüilizantes, as anfetaminas e os sedativos; e entre os homens, os inalantes, a maconha, as anfetaminas, os tranqüilizantes e a cocaína. O consumo de drogas também é maior entre estudantes de maior faixa etária e os que freqüentam as aulas no período noturno. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas entre os níveis socioeconômicos. Foram feitas comparações com outras pesquisas.
Admission Intervention Team: Medical Center Based Intensive Case Management of the Seriously Mentally Ill
Authors: Cox W. Kent , Penny Lynda C. , Statham Richard P. , Roper Brad L.
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect a medical center based intensive case management team had on utilization of inpatient psychiatric treatment. A frequent user of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization was defined as any patient who had 3 or more admissions during the 12 months prior to referral to the program. A within-subjects design was used comparing rates of hospital admissions and hospital days before and after program enrollment for 185 patients in the program for 1 year, and for 50 of those patients in the program for 7 years. Cost savings across program years 1992 through 2000 were calculated using inpatient per diem rates. The number of admissions, length of stay, and cost of care were significantly reduced during the study period. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that a medical center based intensive case management team can significantly reduce admissions, length of stay, and the cost of care of frequent users of hospital inpatient services. Development of a true multidisciplinary team, enhancement of medication and treatment compliance, and a team case management model were the factors suggested as contributing to the success of this treatment program.
Computational Study of Structures and Properties of Metallaboranes: Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide)
Authors: Bühl Michael , Hnyk Drahomír , Macháček Jan
Published: April 2005

A density functional study at the BP86/AE1 level is presented for the cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ion [3‐Co‐(1,2‐C2B9H11)2]−(1) and selected isomers and rotamers thereof. Rotation of the two dicarbollide moieties with respect to each other is facile, as judged by the small energetic separation of the three rotamers located (within 11 kJ mol−1) and by the low barriers for their interconversion (at most 41 kJ mol−1). Among the isomers differing in carbon atom positions that contain two equivalent dicarbollide ligands, the 1,7 (“carbon apart”) form [2‐Co‐(1,7‐C2B9H11)2]−is the most stable, 121 kJ mol−1below1. The electronic structure of1is characterized in terms of molecular orbitals, population analysis, and excitation energies from time‐dependent density functional theory, relevant to UV/Vis spectroscopy. Experimental11B NMR chemical shifts of1are reproduced to better than 5 ppm at the GIAO‐B3LYP/II′ level, and the computedδ(11B) values are only little affected by rotational averaging or the presence of a polarizable continuum. Larger such effects are found for the as‐yet unknown59Co chemical shift, for which a value in the range between −1800 and −2400 ppm is predicted. Even though the accuracy achieved for the theoreticalδ(11B) values is somewhat lower than that for heteroboranes at conventional ab initio levels, the level of density functional employed can afford qualitatively reliable chemical shifts, which can be useful in assignments and structural refinements of heteroboranes containing transition metal.
Structural and Binding Features of Cofacial Bis‐Porphyrins with Calixarene Spacers: Pac‐Man Porphyrins That Can Chew
Authors: Jokic Danica , Boudon Corinne , Pognon Grégory , Bonin Michel , Schenk Kurt J. , Gross Maurice , Weiss Jean
Published: April 2005

Based on the efficient combination of calixarene spacers and acetylenic porphyrin derivatives, a new generation of cofacial bis‐porphyrins has been synthesized. The first crystal structure of a cofacial bis‐porphyrin–calixarene conjugate is reported. Their unique architectural features, analogous to those of pac‐man‐type bis‐porphyrins, allow these calixarene–porphyrin conjugates to adapt their shape to the size of bidentate guests, such as diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) and 1,4‐pyrazine. The predefined, cofacial arrangement of the porphyrin moieties observed in the solid state and in solution results in extremely high affinities (in the range of 109 M−1) for these guests. The 1,3‐alternate calixarene conformations afford “open‐mouth” pac‐man structures whose ability to bite on nitrogen bidentates depends on their functionalization. A cone conformer provides a much more flexible structure that exhibits the highest affinity for dabco and pyrazine.
The Photochemistry of 4‐Chlorophenol in Water Revisited: The Effect of Cyclodextrins on Cation and Carbene Reactions
Authors: Manet Ilse , Monti Sandra , Bortolus Pietro , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: April 2005

The photochemistry of 4‐chlorophenol (1) in water and in the presence of cyclodextrins has been studied by means of steady‐state and time‐resolved experiments. These have shown that 1 undergoes photoheterolysis of the CCl bond in the triplet state to yield the 4‐hydroxyphenyl cation 32 in equilibrium with 4‐oxocyclohexa‐2,5‐dienylidene, 33. These triplet intermediates scarcely react with a n nucleophile, such as water, nor abstract hydrogen from this solvent, thus they are long‐lived (≈1 μs). Specific trapping of both intermediates has been achieved. The cation adds to 2‐propenol, kadd∼1.3×108 m−1 s−1, to form the long‐lived phenonium ion 11 (with λmax = 290 nm), which then converts to 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane‐1,2‐diol (10). Carbene 33 is trapped by oxygen to give benzoquinone and is reduced by D‐glucose (kq = 8.5×106 m−1 s−1) to give the phenoxyl radical (8) and phenol (9). Cyclodextrins have been found to trap the intermediates much more efficiently (kq = 9.4×108 m−1 s−1 with β‐CD), which indicates that inclusion is involved. Ground state 1 forms inclusion complexes with 1:1 stoichiometry and association constants of 140 and 300 M−1 with α‐ and β‐CD, respectively. Complexation does not change the efficiency or the mode of photofragmentation of 1; however, it does influence the course of the reaction because the major portion of the intermediates are reduced to phenol within the cavity (k′red≥5×107 s−1) either via a radical 8 or via a radical cation 9+.. Under these conditions, neither 2‐propenol nor oxygen trap the intermediates to a significant extent.
Pyrazolino[60]fullerene–Oligophenylenevinylene Dumbbell‐Shaped Arrays: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, Photophysics, and Self‐Assembly on Surfaces
Authors: Langa Fernando , Gomez‐Escalonilla Maria J. , Rueff Jean‐Michel , Figueira Duarte Teresa M. , Nierengarten Jean‐François , Palermo Vincenzo , Samorì Paolo , Rio Yannick , Accorsi Gianluca , Armaroli Nicola
Published: April 2005

Symmetrically substituted oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) derivatives bearing terminal p‐nitrophenylhydrazone groups have been prepared and used for the synthesis of dumbbell‐shaped bis(pyrazolino[60]fullerene)–OPV systems. In these triad arrays, the OPV‐type fluorescence is dramatically quenched as a consequence of ultrafast OPV→C60 singlet energy transfer. In its turn the fullerene singlet state is quenched by pyrazoline→C60 electron transfer, in line with the behavior of the corresponding reference fullerene molecule. The occurrence of electron transfer in the multicomponent arrays is evidenced by recovery of fullerene fluorescence at 77 K in CH2Cl2 and in toluene at 298 K. Under these conditions the OPV→C60 energy transfer is unaffected. The rate of this process turns out to be higher for the OPV trimer than for the corresponding pentameric OPV arrays, in agreement with energy‐transfer theory expectations. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning force microscopy (SFM) revealed that the bis(pyrazolino[60]fullerene)–OPV can self‐assemble into ordered layered crystalline architectures on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite.
A Guideline to the Design of Molecular‐Based Materials with Long‐Lived Photomagnetic Lifetimes
Authors: Létard Jean‐François , Guionneau Philippe , Nguyen Olivier , Costa José Sánchez , Marcén Silvia , Chastanet Guillaume , Marchivie Mathieu , Goux‐Capes Laurence
Published: April 2005

Materials presenting a stable and reversible switch of physical properties in the solid state are of major interest either for fundamental interests or potential industrial applications. In this context, the design of metal complexes showing a light‐induced crossover from one spin state to another, leading to a major change of magnetic and optical properties, is probably one of the most appealing challenges. The so‐denoted spin‐crossover materials undergo, in some cases, a reversible photoswitch between two magnetic states, but, unfortunately, lifetimes of the photomagnetic states for compounds known so far are long enough only at low temperatures; this prohibits any applications. We have measured and collected the temperatures above which the photomagnetic effect disappears for more than sixty spin‐crossover compounds. On the basis of this large data base, a correlation between the nature of the coordination sphere of the metal and the photomagnetic lifetime can be drawn. Such correlation allows us to propose here a general guideline for the rational design of materials with long‐lived photomagnetic lifetimes. This result clearly opens the way towards room‐temperature photonic materials, based on the spin‐crossover phenomenon, which will be of great interest for future communication devices.
Orientational Isomerism and Binding Ability of Nonsymmetrical Guests Encapsulated in a Self‐Assembling Heterodimeric Capsule
Authors: Kobayashi Kenji , Ishii Kei , Yamanaka Masamichi
Published: April 2005

The ability of a guest to induce the assembly of tetracarboxyl‐cavitand 1 and tetra(3‐pyridyl)‐cavitand 2 into a heterodimeric capsule 1⋅2, and the orientational isomerism of nonsymmetrical p‐disubstituted‐benzene guests encapsulated in 1⋅2, are described. For example, the ability of a guest to induce the assembly of guest⊂(1⋅2) increases in the order p‐iodoaniline≤p‐chloroanisole<p‐bromoanisole<N‐methyl‐p‐iodoaniline<p‐iodoanisole. For these five guests encapsulated in 1⋅2, the halogen atoms are specifically oriented with respect to the cavity of the 2 unit. By contrast, the orientational isomeric selectivities of p‐chloroiodobenzene, p‐bromoiodobenzene, and p‐methylanisole encapsulated in 1⋅2 are quite low, in the range of 1:1.7 to 1:1. The ortho‐fluoro derivatives of these three guests, however, are encapsulated in 1⋅2 with a highly selective orientation, in which the substituent next to the fluorine atom greatly prefers the cavity of the 2 unit to that of the 1 unit.
Rancidity development during frozen storage of mackerel (Scomber scombrus): effect of catching season and commercial presentation
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Rodríguez Alicia , Gallardo José M.
Published: April 2005

Hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity development and its effect on quality loss were studied in frozen mackerel (Scomber scombrus) by biochemical and sensory indices. The effect of the lipid content on fish damage at a commercial freezer temperature (−20 °C) was studied for up to 12 months; thus, mackerel caught at two different times of the year (May and November) was checked, May being the period of minimum lipid content, while November is known to be the time of maximum lipid content. The study was also focused on two different kinds of fish products (whole fish and fillets). Increasing lipid hydrolysis was observed for all kinds of samples during the frozen storage; no differences (p >0.05) between whole fish and fillets were found for free fatty acid formation; however, mackerel from May showed a higher (p <0.05) hydrolysis development than its counterpart from November. Increasing lipid oxidation (peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index) was observed for all kinds of samples during the frozen storage. Fillet lipid oxidation was found to be higher (p <0.05) than in whole fish. Fattier mackerel (November fish) showed a higher (p <0.05) oxidation development than its counterpart from May in the case of fillet products. Results of fluorescence assessment, related to interaction compound formation, proved to be higher (p <0.05) in fillets than in whole fish, although they were higher (p <0.05) in May samples. Sensory analysis corroborated the biochemical analyses, so that fillets showed a shorter shelf life (1 and 3 months for November and May fish, respectively) than their whole fish counterparts (5 months for November and May mackerel).
Epoxidation and hydroxlation of rubber seed oil: one‐pot multi‐step reactions
Authors: Okieimen Felix E. , Pavithran C. , Bakare Isiaka O.
Published: April 2005

Epoxidized and hydroxylated rubber seed oils were prepared by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with RSO, a renewable resource. The structural and physico‐chemical properties of RSO have been determined. The fatty acid composition showed a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The modified products were characterized with regard to their structure and properties. The findings of this study revealed that both hydroxylated and epoxidized RSO can be prepared by one‐pot multi‐step reactions.
Automatic comparison of thermodynamic data for species in detailed chemical kinetic modeling
Authors: Simmie John M. , Rolland Sébastien , Ryder Evan
Published: April 2005

This article describes the performance of an automatic comparator of thermochemical databases and demonstrates the use of a hypertext preprocessor to link chemical names with a three‐dimensional molecular viewer thus providing an unambiguous identification of species in a facile manner over the Internet. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 341–345, 2005
Influences of product gases on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite evaluated by controlled rate evolved gas analysis coupled with thermogravimetry
Authors: Koga Nobuyoshi , Yamada Shuto
Published: April 2005

An instrument of controlled rate evolved gas analysis (CREGA) coupled with TG‐DTA was constructed for analyzing the influences of product gases on the kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of solids that produce more than one gaseous products at the same stage of reaction. The thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite, Cu2(OH)2CO3, was subjected to the measurements of CREGA‐TG under controlled concentrations of H2O and CO2 in the reaction atmosphere with taking account of self‐generated H2O and CO2 during the course of reaction. By a series of CREGA‐TG measurements carried out under various atmospheric conditions, it was reconfirmed that the reaction is accelerated and decelerated by the effects of atmospheric H2O and CO2, respectively. From the kinetic analysis of the CREGA‐TG curves and results of high temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements under various reaction atmospheres, it was revealed that the anomalous effects of atmospheric H2O on the reactivity and on the reaction rate of the thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite appear at the early stage of the reaction. Usefulness of the CREGA‐TG technique for measuring the kinetic rate data for the thermal decomposition of solids was demonstrated in the present study, by emphasizing the importance of quantitative control of self‐generated reaction atmosphere. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 346–354, 2005
A kinetic and mechanistic study on the oxidation of indole‐3‐acetic acid by peroxodisulfate
Authors: Kalyanasundharam S. , Chandramohan G. , Suresh M. , Anbazhagan, V. , Lavanya S. , Renganathan R.
Published: April 2005

The kinetics of oxidation of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) by peroxodisulfate (PDS) has been carried out in aqueous acetic acid medium. First‐order dependence of rate each with respect to [IAA] and [PDS] was observed. The reaction rate was unaffected by added [H+]. Increase of percentage of acetic acid decreased the rate. Variation of ionic strength (μ) had negligible influence on the rate. A suitable kinetic scheme based on these observations involving a nonradical mechanism is proposed. The reactivity of peroxodisulfate toward indole‐3‐acetic acid was found to be lower than that with peroxomonosulfate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 355–360, 2005
Energetics of Cooperative Transitions of N‐Vinylcaprolactam Polymers in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Dubovik Alexander S. , Makhaeva Elena E. , Grinberg Valerij Ya. , Khokhlov Alexei R.
Published: April 2005

Summary: Phase and conformational behavior of poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) was studied as a function of polymer concentration, concentration of NaCl, and concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Precise measurements of the partial heat capacity of the polymer were first carried out within the temperature range 10–125 °C. Thermodynamic parameters of the phase separation transition (transition temperature, enthalpy, and heat capacity increment) do not change with variations in polymer concentration. In the presence of salt the transition temperature decreases, the enthalpy increases, and the heat capacity increment does not vary significantly. Beginning with the SDS concentration of 0.005 M, the phase separation is suppressed and the heat capacity peak splits into two peaks. Upon further increase in surfactant concentration the amplitude of the low‐temperature peak increases while that of the high‐temperature peak vanishes. Phase separation transition in aqueous solutions of N‐vinylcaprolactam‐methacrylic acid copolymers of different compositions were studied at different polymer concentrations and pH (4–12). The transition parameters do not depend on polymer concentration and pH.

“Macroglobule” formed spontaneously as a result of the phase separation of a poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) solution.

image

“Macroglobule” formed spontaneously as a result of the phase separation of a poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) solution.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 9/2005
Authors: Fujita Masahiro , Sawayanagi Tomoharu , Tanaka Toshihisa , Iwata Tadahisa , Abe Hideki , Doi Yoshiharu , Ito Kazuki , Fujisawa Tetsuro
Published: April 2005

Cover: Thermal behavior of poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] single crystals was followed in real time by synchrotron small‐ (SAXS) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. The structural changes as observed by SAXS and WAXS were in response to the thermal properties of single crystals characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Further details can be found in the Communication by M. Fujita,* T. Sawayanagi, T. Tanaka, T. Iwata, H. Abe, Y. Doi, K. Ito, and T. Fujisawa on page 678.
The effect of crosslinked networks with poly(ethylene glycol) on sulfonated polyimide for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Authors: Yang Seung‐Jin , Jang Wonbong , Lee Choonkeun , Shul Yong Gun , Han Haksoo
Published: April 2005

To investigate the effect of crosslinking by a hydrophilic group on a sulfonated polyimide electrolyte membrane, sulfonated polyimide end‐capped with maleic anhydride was synthesized using 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl, 2,2′‐disulfonic acid, 2‐bis [4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl] hexafluropropane and maleic anhydride. The sulfonated polyimides end‐capped with maleic anhydride were self‐crosslinked or crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. A series of the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides having various ratios of sulfonated polyimide and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were prepared and compared with uncrosslinked and self‐crosslinked sulfonated polyimides. The synthesized sulfonated polyimide films were characterized for FTIR spectrum, thermal stability, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, hydrolytic stability, morphological structure, and proton conductivity. The formation of sulfonated polyimide was confirmed in FTIR spectrum. Thermal stability was good for all the sulfonated polyimides that exhibited a three‐step degradation pattern. Ion exchange capacity was the same for both the uncrosslinked and the self‐crosslinked sulfonated polyimides (1.30 mEq/g). When the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) were compared, the ion exchange capacity was decreased as 1.27 > 1.25 > 1.23 mEq/g and water uptake was increased as 23.8 < 24.0 < 24.3% with the increase in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate content. All the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were stable for over 200 h at 80 °C in deionized water. Morphological structure and mean intermolecular distance were obtained by WAXD. Proton conductivities were measured at 30, 50, 70, and 90 °C. The proton conductivity of the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate increased with the increase in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate content despite the fact that the ion exchange capacity was decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1455–1464, 2005
Plasma Surface Modification of ePTFE Vascular Grafts
Authors: Jardine Suzanne , Wilson John I. B.
Published: April 2005

Summary: Exposure to RF plasma in argon, oxygen or ammonia has converted the normally hydrophobic surface of ePTFE tubing to a stable hydrophilic surface. The change has been maximised by statistical selection of the plasma parameters and has been analysed by contact angle measurements with three liquids, in order to obtain the dispersive and polar components of the surface energy, and by XPS. Argon produced the most hydrophilic surfaces (and oxygen the least) due to a much‐increased polar component of their surface energy.

The micrograph shows the porous structure of ePTFE.

magnified image

The micrograph shows the porous structure of ePTFE.
Review of selected recent research on US seismic design and retrofit strategies for steel structures
Authors: Bruneau Michel , Engelhardt Michael , Filiatrault Andre , Goel S C , Itani Ahmad , Hajjar Jerome , Leon Roberto , Ricles James , Stojadinovic Bozidar , Uang Chia‐Ming
Published: April 2005

This paper provides a brief review of selected recent work on the development of solutions for the seismic design and retrofit of steel structures by various members of the US research community. In particular, this paper focuses on research on retrofit of beam‐to‐column moment connections, frame modifications at beams' mid‐span, self‐centering systems, zipper frames, buckling‐restrained braced frames, steel plate shear walls, plastic and rotation limits for buildings, and shear links and truss piers for bridges. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O composite films as host materials for Li+ intercalation
Authors: Wang Ying , Lee Kyoungho , Shang Huamei , Wiley Benjamin , Xia Younan , Cao Guozhong
Published: April 2005

We have prepared Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O composite films by dispersing Ag nanowires into V2O5·nH2O sol and have investigated electrochemical properties of the films for Li+‐ion intercalation applications. With the molar ratio of Ag nanowires to V2O5·nH2O as 0.1, such prepared films are composed of metallic Ag nanowires embedded in the matrix of Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O, due to partial Ag reacted with V2O5·nH2O. At a current density of 85 mA/g, such Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O film can intercalate about two equivalents of Li ions and delivers twice the capacity of the V2O5·nH2O xerogel film. Such improved electrochemical performance is ascribed to the changes in the microstructure and crystallinity of the Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O films including (i) further amorphization of V2O5·nH2O, (ii) increased porosity, and (iii) enhancement of electrical conductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reported childhood trauma, attempted suicide and self-mutilative behavior among women in the general population
Authors: Akyuz Gamze , Sar Vedat , Kugu Nesim , Doğan Orhan
Published: April 2005

This study attempted to determine the prevalence of childhood trauma among women in the general population as assessed in a representative sample from a city in central Turkey. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was administered to 628 women in 500 homes. They were also asked for childhood abuse and/or neglect. DES was administered to 251 probands. Mean age of the probands was 34.8 ± 11.5 years (range 18–65). Sixteen women (2.5%) reported sexual abuse, 56 women (8.9%) physical abuse, and 56 women (8.9%) emotional abuse in childhood. The most frequently reported childhood trauma was neglect (n= 213, 33.9%). The prevalence of suicide attempts was 4.5% (n= 28). Fourteen probands (2.2%) reported self-mutilative behavior.
Roles for lysine residues of the MH2 domain of Smad3 in transforming growth factor‐β signaling
Authors: Imoto Seiyu , Sugiyama Kenji , Sekine Yuichi , Matsuda Tadashi
Published: April 2005

Sma and MAD‐related protein 3 (Smad3) plays a key role in the intracellular signaling of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family of growth factors, which exhibits a diverse set of cellular responses, including cell proliferation and differentiation. Smad3 has the N‐terminal Mad homology (MH) 1 and the C‐terminal MH2 domains. MH2 domain is essential for the TGF‐β‐induced transcriptional activation, because the MH2 domain of Smad3 is involved in the interactions with several transcriptional cofactors as well as the type I TGF‐β receptor (TβR‐I). In this study, we examined the roles for four lysine residues (Lys‐333, Lys‐341, Lys‐378, and Lys‐409) in the Smad3 MH2 domain. Mutation of the lysine (K)‐378 to arginine (R) (K378R) abolished the interaction with TβR‐I, phosphorylation, transcriptional activation by an active TβR‐I. The K341R mutant also failed to stimulate TGF‐β‐induced transcription by resting in the cytoplasm. However, the K409R mutant showed a higher transcriptional activity by stronger interactions with co‐activators, such as p300/CBP. Furthermore, both the K341R and K378R mutants act as dominant‐negative inhibitors in the TGF‐β‐induced target genes of endogenous TGF‐β signal. Thus, the lysine residues of Smad3 MH2 domain play important roles in the transcriptional regulation of TGF‐β signals through TβR‐I.
Spatial coordination of CD8 and TCR molecules controls antigen recognition by CD8+ T‐cells
Authors: Pecht Israel , Gakamsky Dmitry M.
Published: April 2005

The interactions between the TCR and peptides bound to class I MHC encoded molecules (pMHC) and a mechanism for CD8 cooperation in this process are reviewed. Observation of two TCR/CD8 populations with different lateral diffusion rate constants as well as two distinct association phases of class I MHC tetramers ((pMHC)4) with T‐cells suggest that the most efficient pMHC–T‐cell association route corresponds to a fast tetramer binding to a colocalized CD8/TCR population, which apparently resides within membrane rafts. Thus, ligand–cell association starts by pMHC binding to the CD8. This rather fast step promotes pMHC association with CD8–proximal TCRs and thereby enhances the overall association process. The model suggests that this raft‐associated CD8–TCR subpopulation is responsible for evoking T‐cell activation.
FAMILY FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION IN AN AEGEAN ISLAND
Authors: GAVALAS VASILIS S.
Published: April 2005

This paper explores family formation and dissolution in the Aegean island of Paros over the period 1894–1998. The examined issues are: trends in age at marriage, age gap between spouses, age differentials among different occupational groups, age at widowhood, remarriage, illegitimacy and bridal pregnancy. The main findings confirmed that certain characteristics of the ‘Mediterranean’ marriage pattern, such as low age at marriage for females, high for males and large age gap between spouses, were present in the study population up until the 1980s. The feature of the family cycle that has changed most dramatically over the examined period is age at widowhood, which has increased spectacularly owing to the impressive progress in adult, and especially maternal, mortality that took place in Greece in the post-war years.
PATTERNS OF CHILD FOSTERAGE IN RURAL NORTHERN THAILAND
Authors: RENDE TAYLOR LISA
Published: April 2005

Evolutionary theory guides an investigation of foster parent selection in two northern Thai villages with different biosocial environments: one village has high levels of labour migration and divorce, and growing numbers of parental death due to HIV/AIDS, while the other village has lower migration, divorce and parental mortality levels. Focus groups examine mothers’ and fathers’ motivations and ideals regarding foster caretaker selection, and quantitative family surveys examine real fostering outcomes: specifically, the laterality (matrilateral versus patrilateral) and genetic distance of the foster caretakers of all ever-fostered children in these two villages. As predicted, in environments of high marital stability and paternity certainty, parents seem to prefer close genetic kin from either side as foster parents for their children. In low marital stability and paternity certainty environments, parents trust their own lateral kin, regardless of genetic distance, over close genetic kin from the other side. The striking exception to this pattern, however, occurs in the case of parental death, in which case children are fostered to the deceased parent’s kin, regardless of the child’s sex or other factors. In general, the foster parents for girls are selected with more care, reflecting the daughter/female preference expected in traditionally matrilineal, matrilocal societies. An ordered decision-making pathway for foster parent selection is proposed, taking into consideration the key factors of (a) the circumstances driving the fostering decision, (b) the gender of the child, (c) the gender of the key decision-making parent, and (d) the degree of marital and population fluidity (and subsequent paternity certainty) in the village.
FROM AWARENESS TO ADOPTION: THE EFFECT OF AIDS EDUCATION AND CONDOM SOCIAL MARKETING ON CONDOM USE IN TANZANIA (1993–1996)
Authors: ELOUNDOU-ENYEGUE PARFAIT M. , MEEKERS DOMINIQUE , CALVÈS ANNE EMMANUÈLE
Published: April 2005

This paper uses retrospective event-history data covering a four-year period to examine the timing of exposure to HIV/AIDS education and social marketing condom promotion campaigns, relative to the timing of changes in sexual risk behaviour in Tanzania. Analysis of the event-history data shows that the process of exposure to AIDS education messages and exposure to brand advertising for Salama brand condoms was very different. While exposure to AIDS education was early and gradual, exposure to Salama brand condoms started later, but was much more rapid. After one year of advertising, over half of the target population had been reached by the Salama advertising campaign, mostly through newspapers, radio and television. During the study period, condom use increased from 15% at the beginning of 1993 to 42% at the end of 1996. Increases in condom use were driven both by men who became sexually active, and by men who were not yet protected, or not fully protected. The results further show that it is uncommon for men who adopted condom use to return to more risky behaviour, which suggests that behaviour change in the study population is permanent.
The 16PF5 and the NEO-PI-R in Spanish and Swiss Samples: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Aluja Anton , Rossier Jérôme , Garcia Luis F. , Verardi Sabrina
Published: April 2005

Abstract. This study compared the Spanish (Castilian) and French versions of the 16PF5 and of the NEO-PI-R in Spanish and Swiss samples. The five-factor solution for the 16PF5 only seems clear for the Castilian version, but not for the French version. Indeed, the congruence coefficients for the Tough-Mindedness and the Self-Control dimensions are low. On the other hand, the five-factor solutions are highly similar for both countries concerning the NEO-PI-R, and the congruence coefficients are above .95 for all five dimensions. The low cross-cultural replicability for the 16PF5 makes it difficult to analyze the differences at the mean level for this inventory. For the NEO-PI-R, the differences are generally very small and globally account for 2.6% of the total variance. Spaniards seem to have slightly lower scores on Actions and slightly higher scores on Dutifulness. These differences could either be due to translation problems, sample selection, or cultural differences.
Differences in Primary Mental Abilities Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
Authors: Helmbold Nadine , Rammsayer Thomas , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: April 2005

Abstract. In the present study, psychometric performance on different aspects of primary mental abilities (verbal comprehension, word fluency, space, flexibility of closure, perceptual speed, reasoning, number, and memory) was compared in 70 adult musicians and 70 nonmusicians matched for age, sex, and level of education. No significant differences could be confirmed for either mean full-scale scores or for specific aspects of mental abilities, except Flexibility of Closure and Perceptual Speed. In both these subtests, musicians performed reliably better than nonmusicians. Musicians' superior performance may reflect nonaural aspects of musical ability or the result of long-term musical training. Eventually, a similar factor structure of intelligence does not support the notion of qualitative differences in the conception of intelligence between musicians and nonmusicians.
Seismic anisotropy beneath east Greenland revealed by shear wave splitting
Authors: Ucisik Nur , Gudmundsson Ólafur , Priestley Keith , Larsen Tine B.
Published: April 2005

Seismic anisotropy was investigated by measuring shear wave splitting at 7 broadband stations in eastern Greenland. Splitting parameters (fast polarization and time delay) were determined for SKS and SKKS phases. Fast polarizations are oriented roughly parallel to the east Greenland coast at 5 stations, while for two they are nearly perpendicular to the coast. The anisotropy at 5 is unrelated to the spreading direction of the North Atlantic or absolute plate motion. The fast polarization direction can be related to tectonic fabric in the Caledonides in the north, suggesting that anisotropy is frozen in the lithosphere, deformed coherently with depth. Another explanation of the coast parallel fast polarization is asthenospheric flow along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at the time of opening of the ocean inducing fabric in the thickened lithosphere. The time delays (0.5–1.3 s) do, however, require that fabric to be strong or distributed over a substantial depth range.
Evolution and distribution of TKE production and dissipation within stratified flow over topography
Authors: Inall Mark , Rippeth Tom , Griffiths Colin , Wiles Phil
Published: April 2005

Analysis is presented of detailed observations of turbulence in stratified flow over topography. Key results are: 1) Directly measured dissipative energy losses due to skin friction and an internal hydraulic transition are relatively small, each accounting for approximately 10% of the mean flow energy loss, and 2) Production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy in flow over the topographic feature are in approximate balance throughout the transition from sub‐ to super‐critical mean flow. The study is two‐dimensional and a closed energy budget through direct measurement remains elusive; it is concluded that horizontal aspects of barotropic form drag such as eddy‐shedding are responsible for as much as 30–40% of the mean flow energy loss.