bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
Authors: Moretti Antonio , Panzarini Giuseppe , Somma Stefania , Campagna Claudio , Ravaglia Stefano , Logrieco Antonio , Solfrizzo Michele
Published: April 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat worldwide caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (syn. Gibberella zeae). This fungus can be highly aggressive and can produce several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well known harmful metabolite for humans, animals, and plants. The fungus can survive overwinter on wheat residues and on the soil, and can usually attack the wheat plant at their point of flowering, being able to infect the heads and to contaminate the kernels at the maturity. Contaminated kernels can be sometimes used as seeds for the cultivation of the following year. Poor knowledge on the ability of the strains of F. graminearum occurring on wheat seeds to be transmitted to the plant and to contribute to the final DON contamination of kernels is available. Therefore, this study had the goals of evaluating: (a) the capability of F. graminearum causing FHB of wheat to be transmitted from the seeds or soil to the kernels at maturity and the progress of the fungus within the plant at different growth stages; (b) the levels of DON contamination in both plant tissues and kernels. The study has been carried out for two years in a climatic chamber. The F. gramineraum strain selected for the inoculation was followed within the plant by using Vegetative Compatibility technique, and quantified by Real-Time PCR. Chemical analyses of DON were carried out by using immunoaffinity cleanup and HPLC/UV/DAD. The study showed that F. graminearum originated from seeds or soil can grow systemically in the plant tissues, with the exception of kernels and heads. There seems to be a barrier that inhibits the colonization of the heads by the fungus. High levels of DON and F. graminearum were found in crowns, stems, and straw, whereas low levels of DON and no detectable levels of F. graminearum were found in both heads and kernels. Finally, in all parts of the plant (heads, crowns, and stems at milk and vitreous ripening stages, and straw at vitreous ripening), also the accumulation of significant quantities of DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), a product of DON glycosylation, was detected, with decreasing levels in straw, crown, stems and kernels. The presence of DON and DON-3G in heads and kernels without the occurrence of F. graminearum may be explained by their water solubility that could facilitate their translocation from stem to heads and kernels. The presence of DON-3G at levels 23 times higher than DON in the heads at milk stage without the occurrence of F. graminearum may indicate that an active glycosylation of DON also occurs in the head tissues. Finally, the high levels of DON accumulated in straws are worrisome since they represent additional sources of mycotoxin for livestock.
Comment on Hurley, J.C. Towards Clinical Application of Anti-endotoxin Antibodies; A Re-Appraisal of the Disconnect. Toxins 2013, 5, 2589-2620
Authors: Brock-Utne John
Published: April 2014

I have read with interest James C. Hurley’s very good review [1].
Mouvements de l'eau dans les couches superficielles du sol
Authors: Pouquet J.
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - A l'inverse de l'opinion généralement admise, le réchauffement de la surface du sol ne provoque pas l'évaporation et la dissipation dans l'atmosphère de l'eau contenue dans les horizons pédologiques supérieurs. Au contraire, il est la cause de l'amplification des mouvements vers le bas. Le refroidissement déclenche des phénomènes inverses.

Les applications d'une semblable constatation sont multiples, ressortissant aux domaines agronomiques, pédologiques, géologiques, géographiques et à celui des Travaux Publics...
Questions de géomorphologie en Israël
Authors: Dresch Jean
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

La Galilée est humide, mais le climat d'Israël n'a jamais été très froid. Ces conditions expliquent les formes des versants. Ceux- ci sont très différents dans le Neguev aride : l'importance des formes structurales est analysée ainsi que les formes d'érosion, glacis en roche tendre, et que les dépôts fluvio-lacustres quaternaires. Glacis et dépôts les plus récents semblent dater de la dernière oscillation humide, complexe, et ne pouvoir s'expliquer par des mouvements tectoniques, qui sont par contre à l'origine de la Mer Morte, encore plus récente.
Note sur le développement récent de l'agglomération d'Istanbul.
Authors: Burgel Guy
Published: April 2014

L'auteur souligne l'importance de la croissance démographique dans l'agglomération d'Istanbul, depuis la dernière guerre mondiale. Elle résulte beaucoup plus de l'accélération de l'immigration que de l'accroissement naturel. Sans remettre en cause la répartition de la population entre rive européenne et rive asiatique, les phénomènes récents entraînent l'affaiblissement des quartiers centraux et une extension très importante à la périphérie de l'agglomération.

Cette croissance démographique n'est pas soutenue par un développement économique en rapport : sous-emploi croissant, importance du secteur tertiaire. Aux problèmes généraux de toute agglomération en expansion rapide (circulation, énergie, eau), s'ajoute l'extension préoccupante des bidonvilles.
Phénomènes périglaciaires dans le Nord de l'Alaska et du Yukon.
Authors: Journaux André
Published: April 2014

Résumé

Invité à séjourner en Alaska et au Yukon, l'auteur présente de nombreuses photographies des paysages et expose certains problèmes de morphologie périglaciaire : la glace dans le sol, et notamment les coins de glace et les pingos ; les lacs orientés et leur évolution ; les pustules d'argile ou de timon, etc.
L'automatisation : une ère nouvelle pour la cartographie
Authors: Gambin Marie-Thérèse
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Parmi les diverses possibilités d'un ordinateur, celles qui peuvent aider le cartographe aux différentes phases de son travail - recherche et traitement des données, sélection d'un fond de carte, dessin et habillage - sont successivement évoquées. L'accent est mis sur l'intérêt d'utiliser l' ordinateur pour tout l'ensemble des opérations cartographiques et non séparément pour certaines d'entre elles.
Les migrations de retraite en France : matériaux pour une géographie du troisième âge
Authors: Cribier F.
Published: April 2014

Summary.

The pattern of the settlement of elderlies, according to size and location of communities, is of a great interest for the geographer. The aged are getting more and more mobile, and this mobility has to be studied, as it is becoming and important factor in the age-structure of communities of different sizes, kinds, regions. We present here the results of two researches ; the first one deals with the aged population of a sample of 15 French resort-towns of the Atlantic and Channel coasts, its social structure, its origin. The second analyses the distribution in France of retired Parisian civil-servants having left the Capital after retirement. In both cases, correlations have been established between the choice of a retirement settlement, region of origin, social and economic characteristics of the migrants.
Pollution des eaux et télédétection
Authors: Pouquet J.
Published: April 2014

Summary.

Muddy waters increase the near infrared reflectance while they raise the emissivity value, hence the radiance temperature.

Field work performed in the 10,5-12,5 μm spectral range provided positive clues with respect to water pollution which emissivity is drastically reduced when chemicals, micro organisms or oily films alter the quality of water. In the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, one observes the same trend, i.e., higher radiance temperature, as viewed in the field when irrigation waters were artificially changed into muddy ones.

Such a tool should be a part of every geography department, merging center of all the disciplines pertaining to the Earth Sciences.
Contribution à l'étude de la solubilité de la calcite dans l'eau en présence d'anhydride carbonique, à 20°C et 30°C
Authors: Stchouzkoy-Muxart T.
Published: April 2014

Résumé

Nous avons déterminé expérimentalement, les courbes de solubilité de la calcite à 20°C et 30°C, pour des pressions partielles d' anhydride carbonique comprise entre 4,0.1 0-a et 2,5.10-2 atmosphères.

La comparaison de nos résultats avec ceux de la littérature à 10°C et 15°C nous a conduit à établir des expressions permettant de déterminer les courbes de solubilité de ce minéral entre 5°C et 35° C, dans la gamme de Pco2 précitée.
Quelques remarques sur la dissolution des dolomies
Authors: Nicod Jean
Published: April 2014

Résumé

Après une définition pétrographique des dolomies, surtout la distinction entre dolomie et dolomite et l'examen de leurs propriétés, en particulier de leur porosité, nous étudions les conditions de dissolution, d'abord au niveau de l'échantillon, puis au niveau des bancs. Le rôle de la texture, et les paramètres de la mise en solution du sel double que constitue la dolomite sont envisagés. Des renseignements sont apportés par l'analyse des eaux de ruissellement et de percolation sur et dans une dalle dolomitique. Il est facile de montrer que le bilan total de la dissolution est plus élevé dans les dolomies, et de mettre en rapport avec cette constatation les formes majeures, superficielles et souterraines des massifs dolomitiques. Mais ces formes sont en grande partie héritées, et une analyse plus précise, appuyée sur de nombreuses mesures, est nécessaire pour faire la part respective des influences structurales et des actions subaériennes, ou sous le couvert pédologique.
Remarques sur le modèle de deux hauts massifs de l'Aïr (Sahara méridional)
Authors: Morel A.
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Situés dans le Sud de l'Air, les deux hauts massifs des Baguezans et Agalak, de forme ovale, dominent de plus de 500 m le socle ancien, par un abrupt généralement bien marqué. Leur surface sommitale, comprise entre 1.500 et 1.800 m est entaillée par un réseau rayonnant de vallées parfois recouvertes de coulées basaltiques.

Ces hauts massifs constitués de divers granites, auraient été mis en place au Jurassique. Ils présentent divers types de formes structurales. On peut se demander d'autre part quelle est, dans leur modelé, la part des processus hérités et celle des actions actuelles.

L'existence de chaos de boules, de glacis, de sols rubéfiés, de terrasses anciennes... sont la preuve de climats tropicaux humides anciens. Leur examen permettra sans doute de résoudre un certain nombre de problèmes de l'histoire encore mal connue de l'Aïr.
Utilisation d'un échantillon de population à l'étude de la division sociale de l'espace urbain
Authors: Burgel Guy
Published: April 2014

Abstract.

Present results are the conclusion of a study done 3.000 households of Greater Athens. It had become indispensable because the insuffisance of census of population. After an analytical process, we try to obtain a synthetic definition of the social space of the town. Three criterion are tested : the proportion of upper and middle classes (socio-economic), the proportion of conjugal households (socio-familiar), thone of internal migrants (socio-educational). There projection on urban space show three well known schemes of the american geography : radiant (socio-economic), concentric (socio-familiar), nodular (socio-educational). The combination of the three representatives allows to obtain a typical figuration. Its principal interest jies more on a general value of the employed method than on theoritical convergences.
L'éclatement des exploitations dans le département de la Mayenne : des marchands de bestiaux aux autres exploitants
Authors: Macé Georges
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Les marchands de bestiaux ont constitué de grandes exploitations-puzzle dont les terres sont situées sur plusieurs communes éloignées les unes des autres. D'autres exploitations sans unité spatiale se sont développées avec la concentration par location, achat, reprise ; mais les paysans n'adoptent que lentement ces structures nouvelles, peu répandues, de sorte que la grande exploitation du marchand garde son originalité.
Premiers résultats de recherches géomorphologiques dans le piémont de Thèbes (Haute-Egypte)
Authors: Coque Roger
Published: April 2014

Abstract.

Geomorphological field works in Thebes aera (Upper Egypt) bring evidence of 3 stepped « glacis d'ablation » topped with thin alluvial quaternary covers. Each of them shows an alluvial unit made of local material (limestone, chert) overlying unconformably an alluvial unit which contains a number of allochtonous pebbles (quartz) carried by a streamflood coming from the South. The analysis of relationships between these units and the geomorphological features suggest that local Pluvials would be contemporaneous with the Southern ones during the Quaternary times. The discovery of very archaic tools included into the most ancient alluvium established the precocity of Human life along the large vallery where the Nile flows presently. It strengthened the preliminary idea of a powerful streamflood draining waters from Southern humid countries in this valley very early in Quaternary times.
Le désert de l'Afar (Ethiopie)
Authors: Rognon Pierre
Published: April 2014

Summary.

The Afar Desert is the most arid part of the Dankalia (country of the Danakil people). Situated at a very low latitude (11 to 15 degrees North) and isolated from the sea by the Danakil mountains, this desert is particularly torrid, and exceptionally receives winter rains that do not exceed a few tens of millimeters per year. But this aridity is locally compensated by the surface or underground waters coming from the Ethiopian Plateau. They supply some lakes that were much more extensive at the Quaternary. In the Afar there is a particular instability of the earth-crust, the volcanic edifices and the fault-scarps are very numerous. We observe many different topographic manifestations of faulting, from the fresh scarps to fault-slopes bordered by large pediments. Among the volcanic reliefs, some hyaloclastite cones, formed under water, put difficult questions about the reconstitutions of Quaternary lakes.
L'originalité de la culture de la canne à sucre australienne
Authors: Huetz de Lemps Alain
Published: April 2014

Abstract.

After a first stage of large plantations with New Hebrides and Salomon Islands workers, has succeeded a second stage of smaller properties (20-50 ha). With the help of Government Sugar Experiment Stations, the white farmers practise a very intensive monoculture and the yields are very high. Recently, mechanical harvesters have replaced the Europeans hand cuttters'work.
Evolution récente de la production et du marché des vins de Bordeaux
Authors: Roudié Philippe
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Depuis un demi-siècle le vignoble bordelais connaît une réduction des superficies plantées en vignes compensée par une forte augmentation des rendements qui maintient la production. Mais depuis deux ans environ, une très brusque envolée des prix des vins de Bordeaux, d'ailleurs très inégale selon les crus, laisse entrevoir un renouvellement de divers aspects du vignoble et annonce sans doute une période de grande prospérité.
Les méthodes de recherche pour l'étude du trafic routier de marchandises : l'exemple de la Bretagne
Authors: Spill J.M.
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Le transport routier de marchandises apparaît d'autant plus difficile à connaître qu'il est le fait d'entreprises nombreuses. Les moyens d'enquête traditionnels qui ont une origine administrative sont aujourd'hui complétés. Les organisations professionnelles du transport routier publient des statistiques utiles qui rendent possible une véritable étude des courants de trafic.
Les cavités des quartz des principaux types de granites corses : contribution à l'étude de la résistance des roches cristallines.
Authors: Grelou-Orsini C
Published: April 2014

Résumé.

Les pores intergranulaires ont un remplissage gazeux, liquide ou solide ; ils se forment au cours de la croissance du cristal et lors des phases hydrothermales postérieures qui cicatrisent des alignements de fissures. Les aiguilles de rutile enregistrent les déformations des cristaux de quartz. Les granites corses sont tous riches en inclusions hydrothermales. Les granites calco-alcalins ont des inclusions plus grandes, en moyenne, que celles des granites acides tardifs, et ont conservé des inclusions syngénétiques. Les cavités n'ont pas été affectées par le gel expérimental.
Carte géomorphologique d'Axel-Heiberg (hors texte)
Authors: Joly Fernand
Published: April 2014

Abstract. - Comments concerning the legend of the geomorphological map at 1/50.000 of Mc Gill University expeditions territory in Axel- Heiberg island (N.W.T., Canada). We lay stress on comparison with the map at same scale of the Brögger peninsula (Spitsberg).
Introduction
Authors: Verger Fernand
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - Le développement de la télédétection oblige à envisager quels en sont les méthodes et l'intérêt dans des domaines géographiques particuliers. Les participants à ce colloque ont tenté de décrire les méthodes qu'ils utilisent pour étudier le littoral français d'après des données recueillies à partir d'avions et surtout du Satellite ERTS-1 de la Nasa, puis de dégager l'intérêt spécifique de la télédétection dans l'étude du littoral. Un commentaire d'une image obtenue dans une seule bande du spectre montre les avantages d'une vue homogène de 185 km de large pour la connaissance d'un milieu littoral étendu comme le marais Poitevin, objet de la communication de ]. Dupuis, communication qui ne concerne que le canal 5 du MSS d' ERTS-1. La richesse des combinaisons multispectrales est soulignée par R. Regrain qui commente quatre images noir et blanc correspondant aux 4 canaux MSS d' ERTS-1 (exemple du littoral picard) et par Joëlle Deries qui analyse une image composite couleur de la baie du Mont Saint- Michel. Ch. Cazabat montre les multiples possibilités des équidensités colorées dans les zones littorales et P. Demathieu l'intérêt des thermographies dans l'étude des eaux du golfe de Fos. J.-P. Pinot montre les progrès que l'utilisation des données des canaux MSS 4 et 5 d'ERTS-1 permettent de faire dans la connaissance des mouvements des eaux turbides du nord du golfe de Gascogne. F. Verger, enfin, souligne les possibilités offertes par l'informatique en s' appuyant sur des exemples de traitement des bandes magnétiques d'ERTS dans la région de Noirmoutier. Non seulement la télédétection offre de nouveaux moyens de mettre à jour notre connaissance des zones littorales, mais encore elle apporte des données nouvelles, notamment dans le problème difficile des mouvements des sédiments en suspension.
Introduction à une géographie des sols de la France du Nord-Est et de l'Europe rhénane
Authors: Bonnefont Jean-Claude
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Four great pedological provinces are distinguished in the North-East of France and Rhenish Germany. The brown soils are developed on the liasic and triasic regions of the « Plateau Lorrain ». The calcareous landscapes are characterised by red rendzinas, inherited from tertiary alterations and recarbonated in the periglacial times. In the hercynian mountains, the bad decomposition of the organic matter produces brown acid soils or sometimes podzolic soils, when rocks and expositions are favourable. In the Rhenish rift, the variety of soils is very great : the loess bears generally brown and brown bleached soils, but locally near Mainz a chernozem inherited from the Boreal period. The author attempts to give a chronology of this soils : the most evolved are dated from Boreal, Atlantic (brown soils) or Subboreal (heath-podzols).
La stratégie du développement de l'agriculture en Côte-d'Ivoire
Authors: Sawadogo Abdoulaye
Published: April 2014

Résumé. - L'économie ivoirienne connaît depuis l'Indépendance une croissance à la japonaise, dont l'agriculture est le moteur principal. L'industrie elle-même est avant tout fondée sur la transformation de matières premières agricoles. Cette croissance est l'élément essentiel d'un développement national planifié dont des Sociétés d'Etat, spécialisées dans un produit ou un groupe de produits, ont la responsabilité : la SODEPALM, responsable du plan palmier, en est le modèle le plus achevé. Leur succès est le fruit de choix rationnels, fondés sur les résultats de la recherche scientifique et un strict encadrement des producteurs. Les facteurs naturels, historiques et financiers favorables ont été mobilisés grâce à l'action d'encadrement du Parti, à l'accueil d'une abondante main-d'œuvre de migrants et à une volonté politique incarnée par le Président Houphouet-Boigny. L'étape atteinte par le développement pose de nouveaux problèmes qu'on envisage de régler par la régionalisation des Sociétés d'Etat, un nouvel effort de recherche sur les cultures vivrières, la lutte contre la détérioration des termes de l'échange, etc. Bref, le développement ivoirien n'a rien d'un « miracle » mais est le résultat d'un effort planifié et d'une organisation où l'Etat joue le rôle primordial.
Le pouvoir fixateur des sols tropicaux en P2O5 comme indice agrologique
Authors: Jacques-Félix H. , Chezeau R.
Published: April 2014

La méthode préconisée par Demolon pour évaluer le pouvoir fixateur des sols a été appliquée à cinquante sols tropicaux. Les résultats obtenus confirment que chaque sol a un comportement propre et que son pouvoir fixateur ne peut être exactement calculé à partir des données analytiques classiques. Il a été reconnu que pour certains sols l'acidité d'échange est un facteur de fixation. L'indice du pouvoir fixateur est primordial en pratique agricole tropicale et il devrait s'ajouter aux autres caractéristiques agrologiques obtenues au Laboratoire.
Nouvelles observations sur le thigmotactisme du Thrips des céréales (Limothrips cerealium Hal.) (Thysanoptère)
Authors: de Mallmann R. J.
Published: April 2014

Nous avons comparé le Thigmopreferendum de Limothrips cerealium Hal. femelle chez des individus normaux et des individus privés artificiellement d'antennes. On observe un décalage marqué du preferendum chez les animaux dont les antennes ont été sectionnées.
Columnar/herringbone dual crystal packing of pyrenylsumanene and its photophysical properties
Authors: Shrestha Binod Babu , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: April 2014

A single crystal of pyrenylsumanene was found to exhibit both columnar and herringbone crystal packing. The sumanene moieties form unidirectional columnar structures based on π–π stacking while the pyrene moieties generate herringbone structures due to CH–π interactions. The absorption and emission maxima of pyrenylsumanene were both red-shifted relative to those of sumanene and pyrene, owing to the extension of π-conjugation. Monomer emission with high quantum yield (0.82) was observed for pyrenylsumanene in solution, while excimer-type red-shifted emission was evident in the crystalline phase.
Millipedes and centipedes in German greenhouses (Myriapoda: Diplopoda, Chilopoda)
Authors: Decker Peter , Reip Hans , Voigtländer Karin
Published: April 2014

A review is given of all the literature records of millipedes and centipedes that have been found in German greenhouses together with additional records for 29 such sites. Species lists are given for 46 greenhouses investigated throughout Germany. Thirty-five diplopod and 18 chilopod species were found to occur in greenhouses, of which 15 (3 Chilopoda, 12 Diplopoda) are restricted to this type of habitat. First records for Germany include Anadenobolus monilicornis (Porat, 1876), Epinannolene cf. trinidadensis Chamberlin, 1918, Epinannolene sp., Mesoiulus gridellii Strasser, 1934, Leptogoniulus sorornus (Butler, 1876), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894), Cryptops doriae Pocock, 1891, Lamyctes coeculus (Brölemann, 1889) and Tygarrup javanicus (Attems, 1907). The millipedes Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) and Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) and the centipedes Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) are the species most frequently found in greenhouses.
The Influence of Landscape Heterogeneity - Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Fthiotida, Central Greece
Authors: Chapman Anna
Published: April 2014

Pitfall traps were used to sample Carabidae in agricultural land of the Spercheios valley, Fthiotida, Central Greece. Four pairs of cultivated fields were sampled. One field of each pair was located in a heterogeneous area and the other in a more homogeneous area. Heterogeneous areas were composed of small fields. They had high percentages of non-cropped habitats and a high diversity of land use types. Homogeneous areas were composed of larger fields. They had lower percentages of non-cropped habitats and a lower diversity of land use types. One pair of fields had been planted with cotton, one with maize, one with olives and one with wheat. Altogether 28 carabid species were recorded. This paper describes the study areas, the sampling methods used and presents the data collected during the study. Neither heterogeneous nor homogeneous areas had consistently higher abundance levels, activity density levels, species richness levels or diversity levels. However, significant differences were seen in some of the comparisons between heterogeneous and homogeneous areas.
Análisis arqueológico del pabellón occidental del palacio Al-Badi’ de Marrakech
Authors: Almagro Antonio
Published: April 2014

Las ruinas del palacio al-Badi’ son seguramente uno de los testimonios más sugerentes de lo que fue un edificio deslumbrador en su tiempo, llevado a un estado de obligada austeridad por efecto de su expolio sistemático. Sus dimensiones colosales hacen que sus restos aún estén revestidos de un carácter monumental que recuerda el de ciertas construcciones de la antigua Roma que nos evocan su pasada exhuberancia ornamental a través de meros detalles y sutiles huellas. Un detenido análisis de éstas, junto con un estudio comparativo con otros monumentos andalusíes de los que éste fue sin duda un emulador a una escala hasta entonces desconocida, nos permite plantear hipótesis sobre su forma y decoración originales que nos facilitan a su vez entender algunos de sus significados. El proceso metodológico seguido, que ha incluido un levantamiento detallado, el análisis de las huellas que permanecen en las estructuras existentes y el estudio comparativo con edificios anteriores y coetáneos desembocando en el recurso a las tecnologías infográficas, ha conducido a unos resultados que estimamos de interés para la mejor comprensión del carácter de esta magna obra que fue un portentoso epígono de la arquitectura andalusí.
Agua, arquitectura y poder en una capital del Islam: la finca real del Agdal de Marrakech (ss. XII-XX)
Authors: Navarro Palazón Julio , Garrido Carretero Fidel , Torres Carbonell José Manuel , Triki Hamid
Published: April 2014

El Agdal es una finca real situada al sur de Marrakech y anexa a la kasba, fundada en época almohade. El perímetro amurallado actual contiene 340 ha que en su mayor parte son huertas que se han mantenido cultivadas ininterrumpidamente. En su interior se han estudiado más de 40 edificios conservados y numerosos restos arqueológicos; los más significativos han permitido identificar el recinto de Dar al-Hana como el área residencial de la finca almohade y saadí. Al sur de este recinto se han localizado los restos de un gran palacio saadí de patio central, edificado sobre otro más antiguo de época almohade. La prospección arqueológica origen de la presente investigación ha documentado el proceso de expansión del Agdal hacia el norte, que acabó transformando lo que era una finca aislada (una almunia) en un apéndice de la kasba. La prospección arqueológica de la llanura de Tasltante, inmediata al Agdal, ha permitido definir un modelo de finca y un patrón de implantación al que pertenece también esta finca real. Esta información arqueológica y el análisis exhaustivo de las fuentes cronísticas han hecho posible el primer intento de reconstrucción del Agdal y del paisaje periurbano, con anterioridad a la restauración alauí de la capitalidad imperial en Marrakech en el siglo XVIII.
Critical assessment of the current understanding/ knowledge of the framework of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Mediterranean and Black Seas
Authors: Sartor Paolo , Colloca Francesco , Maravelias Christos , Maynou Francesc
Published: April 2014

A critical review was carried out involving experts from 17 countries, to identify, summarize and evaluate the current understanding related to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries management (EAF) in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The existing information available at country level, coming from research and monitoring projects and other types of activities, was explored. The evaluation was done following a standardized protocol and using simple semi-quantitative methods. The results highlighted an overall low-medium degree of fulfilment of the requirements of the EAF, with some differences related to the different issues considered. The highest scores were reported for the knowledge related to fleet structure/ behaviour and species/habitat distribution, whereas the lowest scores were reported for modelling, and socio-economic and management issues. Although only semi-quantitative, these results provided an initial picture at a broad regional level on the state of knowledge with a view to a proper implementation of the EAF in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and identified gaps in scientific knowledge that should be covered.
Summary and analysis of the available information for the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries management in Turkey
Authors: Tokaç Adnan , Ünal Vahdet , Tosunoğlu Zafer , Lök Altan , Ceyhan Tevfik , Özbilgin Hüseyin
Published: April 2014

This review has been prepared by Ege University, a partner of the CREAM Project, on the basis of data and information relevant to Turkish fisheries. To this end, data belonging to a total of 31 information sources produced from 19 fisheries studies were collected, investigated, and analysed. The data are heterogeneous and were obtained from scientific studies, national and international fisheries projects, regulations, management tools, and information on marine protected areas and no-take zones, all of which may be relevant to the ecosystem approach to Turkish fisheries. Analysis of these data shows that few studies have potential to serve the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) management in Turkey. In other words, there is a lot to be done in order to organize current fishing, aquaculture and other costal activities for EAF management, for which transition is targeted in Turkey’s 10th five-year development programme. This review aims to present results of scientific research, decisions taken, applied enforcements, and a summary of presently used technical measures from the EAF perspective for sustainable fisheries. It also puts forward suggestions on strategies needed for transition to targeted EAF management in Turkey.
A trophic indicators toolbox for implementing an ecosystem approach in data-poor fisheries: the Algerian and Bou-Ismail Bay examples
Authors: Babouri Karim , Pennino M. Grazia , Bellido José Maria
Published: April 2014

Over the past decade, the Algerian government has undertaken several incentives financed by state subsidies, via a range of development plans for fishing activities. Although these have led to the growth and modernization of the fishing fleet and the creation of various jobs, this increased fishing pressure has not maximized production as anticipated. In fact, catch is decreasing, and there are clear signs of stock overexploitation for several species, particularly sardines, for which catches have fallen dramatically. This study analyses the impact of fishing from an ecosystem perspective, with a view to the implementation of ecosystem approach to fishery management (EAFM) at the level of Algerian fisheries. To this end, a series of trophic indicators are used. The analysis shows that ecosystems at both national level and in the Bou-Ismail Bay are excessively exploited, and are altered by overexploitation and probably eutrophication. This situation is demonstrated in particular by the decrease in the average trophic level of catch, which is synonymous with “Fishing Down Marine Food Webs” (FDMW).
Trawling disturbance on benthic ecosystems and consequences on commercial species: a northwestern Mediterranean case study
Authors: Muntadas Alba , Demestre Montserrat , De Juan Silvia , Frid Chris L.J.
Published: April 2014

Trawling is known to disturb benthic communities and habitats, which may in turn indirectly affect populations of commercial species that live in close association with the seabed. The degree of impact on both benthic communities and demersal species depends on the fishing effort level. This may vary over the year because of the fleet dynamics, which are in turn normally driven by the main target species’ life cycle. In this study we describe changes in benthic functional components of a northwestern Mediterranean fishing ground that represents a recruitment area for an important target species (red mullet, Mullus barbatus). This fishing ground experiences a varying intensity of fishing effort over the year and benthic functional components under different levels of trawling were compared with an unfished, control area. Traits related to sexual maturity and life span for infauna and body size and life span for epifauna were found to vary with fishing activity. Potential effects of these changes on ecological functioning and the impact on red mullet population are discussed. The development of fisheries management plans under an ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) requires the links between target species and benthic communities’ disturbance due to fishing practices to be explicitly considered.
Fishing strategies and the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Maravelias Christos D. , Haralabous John , Tsitsika Efthymia V.
Published: April 2014

The sustainable use of aquatic living resources is the cornerstone of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAF). Excess fishing effort leading to the degradation of fishery resources and significant economic waste is globally recognized by resource managers as a major problem for the implementation of the EAF and European’s Union Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Knowledge of how fishers allocate their fishing effort in space and time is essential to understand how a fishery develops. Understanding fishing strategies is also vital for predicting how a fishery might respond to proposed management changes such as effort/area restrictions and introduction of a marine protected area, and for drawing up a management policy. Random utility models were used to examine the factors affecting fishers’ behaviour in the NE Mediterranean. The probability of selecting a specific fishing rectangle was estimated using monthly purse seine data. The predictive inputs concerned both subjective behavioural and objective seasonal and technical-economic characteristics. The present study provided direct evidence of the important role that the strategic decision-making behaviour of fishers could play in understanding the way the industry will respond to changes in resource availability, market conditions and management measures under the EAF principle.
The co-management of the sand eel fishery of Catalonia (NW Mediterranean): the story of a process
Authors: Lleonart Jordi , Demestre Montserrat , Martín Paloma , Rodón Jordi , Sainz-Trápaga Susana , Sánchez Pilar , Segarra Itziar , Tudela Sergi
Published: April 2014

A management plan for the boat seines, called sonsera, used in Catalonia to target sand eels (Gymanammodytes cicerelus and G. semisquamatus) and transparent gobies was drawn up in accordance with European Union rules. A Sand Eel Co-Management Committee was formally created with the specific mission of ensuring a sustainable fishery. The Committee is composed of public administrations, fishermen’s associations, researchers and NGOs. The process has two phases: first, a comprehensive study of the fishery and subsequent advice for the establishment of a management plan and, second, the implementation and monitoring of the management plan. The study of the fishery included the analysis of the ecosystem impacts of the fishery (mainly stock status, impact on sensitive habitats and by-catch) and was carried out in the wider context of an adaptive co-management process to respond to the requirements of an ecosystem approach to fisheries.
Reconciling fisheries and habitat protection in Romanian coastal marine protected areas
Authors: Zaharia Tania , Maximov Valodia , Radu Gheorghe , Anton Eugen , Spinu Alina , Nenciu Magda
Published: April 2014

The extension of the Natura 2000 European ecological network to the Romanian marine territory (1 site according to the Birds Directive requirements and eight sites according to the Habitats Directive requirements, one also being a natural reserve and one part of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve) might cause conflicts between the Romanian marine fishery and these sites. In order to minimize such conflicts, the evaluation of the interaction between fishery and the preservation objectives of the Natura 2000 sites is compulsory and extremely important. The assessment of the environmental impact is a key tool of the EU environmental legislation, which is used in evaluating the effect of human activities on the ecosystem. In addition, the involvement of all interested stakeholders in the development of the fishery on the Romanian littoral and in environmental protection will be the key to success in finding viable co-management solutions in the Natura 2000 sites. The present paper aims to examine how the fisheries interact with the marine environment on the Romanian coast in the network of marine protected areas.
Impact of turbot fishery on cetaceans in the Romanian Black Sea area
Authors: Radu Gheorghe , Anton Eugen
Published: April 2014

The abundance of the three species of endemic Black Sea marine mammals represented by Delphinus delphis ponticus (Barabasch-Nikiforov 1935), Tursiops truncatus ponticus (Barabasch-Nikiforov 1940) and Phocoena phocoena relicta (Abel 1905) has shown a dramatic decline due to direct killing practiced in earlier times, incidental catches in fishing gears, depletion of the fish populations entering the cetacean food web, and habitat degradation. These threats are more severe in the Black Sea owing to its semi-enclosed nature, high human density, and human activities being carried out especially in coastal zones. Each year, incidental cetacean catches are registered on the Romanian littoral and, consequently, mortalities occur among individuals which strand on the beaches. These mortalities affect in particular the species Phocoena phocoena, considered the most vulnerable one to gillnet fishing. The greatest hazard for Black Sea marine mammals is turbot gillnets, taking into account their number and distribution area. This paper presents data on the description of the current fishing system used in the commercial fisheries of the Romanian Black Sea area, the geographical distribution of the incidental catches, fishing effort, IUU fishing and ghost fishing, CPUE values of cetacean by-catches, indirect impacts of fisheries and recommendations.
Best Practices of Teaching Cross-Cultural Adults in Online Format
Authors: Hagler Barbara
Published: April 2014

Online learning is on the increase, as is the teaching of cross-cultural adults. Best practices of teaching cross-cultural adults in the online format are presented and discussed in this chapter. Online learning benefits are also discussed. Online learning needs to be regularly evaluated to ensure learning is actually taking place. Suggestions relating to the evaluation of online learning are presented. Additional references are included for further reading opportunities related to the best practices of teaching cross-cultural adults in the online format.
Adult Millennials
Authors: Bourke Brian
Published: April 2014

Discussions about students in post-secondary education are often based on divisions of distinct subpopulations, which are in turn often based on demographics or generational status. In the context of adult learners who are also members of the Millennial generation, there exist no discussions of the overlaps between the two groups. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of the characteristics of both adult learners and members of the Millennial generation. Following a comparison of the characteristics of the two groups, the author offers a perspective of a distinct subpopulation: Adult Millennials. After offering strategies for working with Adult Millennials, with attention to online learning environments, the chapter concludes with suggestions for further research addressing Adult Millennials.
Professional Development with Graduate Teaching Assistants (TAs) Teaching Online
Authors: Hood Denice Ward , Huang Wen-Hao David
Published: April 2014

As the number of online courses offered continues to increase, teaching online will become a standard expectation and responsibility for graduate teaching assistants (TAs). For TAs who will seek faculty positions, experience and self-efficacy teaching online are critical to their future career. The current and future university landscape and the higher education world these TAs will embody will require qualified individuals to be well trained in online course development and delivery. Of equal importance is the quality of teaching TAs provide for the large number of online undergraduate courses for which they have sole responsibility or provide instructional support. Colleges and universities need to develop professional development for TAs that reflects best practices in online teaching and learning and engages TAs in the instructional design as well as delivery process. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the literature on teaching assistant professional development and the implications for TAs teaching online.
Assessment Processes for Online Professional Development
Authors: Farmer Lesley S. J.
Published: April 2014

Professional development (PD) assessment is an ongoing, integral activity in order to improve results at individual, training, program, and institutional levels. Principles of assessment are outlined, and the general processes of assessment design, delivery, and analysis are explained. Technology greatly expands the possible data that can be collected for assessment purposes. Emphasis is placed on online environments, noting the issues that are unique to that environment.
Adult Education and Sustainable Learning Outcome of Rural Widows of Central Northern Nigeria
Authors: Usman Lantana M.
Published: April 2014

In northern Nigeria, widows' identities and status are defined within the mores, norms, traditional religions, and legal institutions of the cultures of the community. The ethnic cultural laws are oppressive and retrogressive. The nexus of these cultural pressures trigger discriminatory practices that deny school attending widows' access, and completion of primary and secondary levels of education, leaving them literacy bankrupt and unskilled to fend for themselves and their children. These experiences motivated an all women Community Based Organization (CBO) to establish a Widows Training School to educate widows in vocational skills and basic literacy and numeracy. This paper examines research that was conducted with a sample of former graduates and attendees of the Widows Training School (WTS). The study is based on a qualitative educational research orientation, and the case study design. Multi-modal data were derived from Focused Group Interviews (FGIs) and Non Participant Observation (NPO) with a sample population of the widows. Data analysis engaged the qualitative process of transcription, categorization, and generation of codes that were merged into major themes, and presented in the as socio cultural status of the widows in the community; historical foundation, nature and curriculum implementation of the school; and the facets of sustainable learning outcome of the widows.
Online Mentoring as a Tool for Professional Development and Change of Novice and Experienced Teachers
Authors: Reali Aline Maria de Medeiros Rodrigues , Tancredi Regina Maria Simões Puccinelli , Mizukami Maria da Graça Nicoletti
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines the results of an investigation carried out by the researchers from a Brazilian public institution and experienced teachers (mentors) that aimed to produce knowledge on teacher professional development and learning, investigate educational processes of mentors interacting with novice teachers by e-mail, evaluate the continued education methodology adopted, and contribute to existing knowledge on online continued teacher education. The main sources of data were email communications between mentors and novice teachers, the mentors' and novice teachers' reflective journals, and the researchers' observations from weekly meetings between the mentors and the teachers. The development of the online Mentorship Program has been a much more complex enterprise than a face-to-face equivalent program would have been because it demands entirely new logistics, but it promoted the establishment of professional and affective bonds among the participants, the broadening of professional knowledge, the mastery of online adult education technologies, and the participants' professional growth.
Professional Development with and for Emerging Technologies
Authors: Hanewald Ria
Published: April 2014

This chapter provides a case study of professional development for a cohort of Asian languages teachers in Australia who undertook training with new technologies during 2011. While the use of emerging technologies requires a learning curve in terms of technical skill, the pedagogical understanding and affordance of those teaching and learning platforms have to be equally acquired. The group of 41 teachers of Chinese (Mandarin), Indonesian, and Japanese participated in three interwoven yet distinct components: exploration and integration of new technology devices and applications, familiarization with the pedagogical affordances of new media in the classroom, and acquaintance with action research as a tool for teacher professional development. Findings indicate that the chosen combination was a successful mixture to improve their professional practice while integrating innovative approaches into classroom practices that were not only effective in the immediate term but also sustainable over the longer term.
Lifelong Tools for the Learner, Educator, and Worker
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Scott Leodis
Published: April 2014

Discussing lifelong learning is a chance to revisit notions of education, learning, and employment. In response to the Handbook's call for “technological workforce tools” for lifelong learning, this chapter shifts toward philosophical perspectives serving as the “lifelong tools” of learning and education for considering society in communal ways. These lifelong tools may repair old thoughts or private matters of learned, education, and employment for new collaborative ideas and spirits, breathing life into all areas of learning, educating, and working. This chapter compares lifelong learning with other terms such as lifelong education and community education, and concludes that the emergence of learning cities and regions could be the twenty-first century testing ground for practicing lifelong learning.
Story-Based Professional Development
Authors: Slabon Wayne A. , Richards Randy L.
Published: April 2014

In this chapter, the authors describe an initiative to create a cross-organization, knowledge building communal network built from the personal workplace stories voluntarily contributed by conflict management practitioners. They identify various wiki adoption and usage issues and provide recommendations and strategies for addressing these issues based on survey data from the wiki target member population. Moreover, the authors compare and contrast their wiki design with recommended practices from the wiki literature and provide some suggestions for future research.