bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Folic Acid‐Conjugated 4‐Amino‐Phenylboronate, a Boron‐Containing Compound Designed for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, is an Unexpected Agonist for Human Neutrophils and Platelets
Authors: Achilli Cesare , Jadhav Sushilkumar A. , Guidetti Gianni F. , Ciana Annarita , Abbonante Vittorio , Malara Alessandro , Fagnoni Maurizio , Torti Mauro , Balduini Alessandra , Balduini Cesare , Minetti Giampaolo
Published: November 2013

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an anticancer treatment based on the accumulation in the tumor cells of 10B‐containing molecules and subsequent irradiation with low‐energy neutrons, which bring about the decay of 10B to very toxic 7Li3+ and 4He2+ ions. The effectiveness of BNCT is limited by the low delivery and accumulation of the used 10B‐containing compounds. Here, we report the development of folic acid‐conjugated 4‐amino‐phenylboronate as a novel possible compound for the selective delivery of 10B in BNCT. An extensive analysis about its biocompatibility to mature blood cells and platelet progenitors revealed that the compound markedly supports platelet aggregation, neutrophil oxidative burst, and inhibition of megakaryocyte development, while it does not have any manifest effect on red blood cells.
Impact of untreated dental caries on quality of life of preschool children: different stages and activity
Authors: Ramos‐Jorge Joana , Pordeus Isabela A. , Ramos‐Jorge Maria L. , Marques Leandro S. , Paiva Saul M.
Published: November 2013

Objective

The aim of the present population‐based cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the association between untreated dental caries, considering stages and activity, and the impact on OHRQoL among preschool children and their parents/caregivers.

Methods

A randomly selected sample of 451 Brazilian preschool children aged three to 5 years underwent a clinical oral examination for the assessment of dental caries using the ICDAS II criteria. Parents/caregivers were asked to answer two questionnaires: one on the OHRQoL of the children (ECOHIS) and another on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the children and families. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, the chi‐square test, Mann–Whitney test and hierarchically adjusted Poisson regression models.

Results

The prevalence of early childhood caries was 51.2%. The majority of teeth with caries exhibited severe decay (60.6%). Untreated severe decay, such as active lesions within visible dentin (P < 0.001), extensive active and inactive cavity without pulp exposure or fistula (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), extensive cavity with pulp exposure and absence of fistula (P = 0.003) and root remnant (P = 0.002), were associated with a negative impact on quality of life.

Conclusion

Active and inactive untreated severe carious lesions were associated with a negative impact on the quality of life of preschoolers and their parents/caregivers.
Synthesizing Two‐character Interactions by Merging Captured Interaction Samples with their Spacetime Relationships
Authors: Chan Jacky C.P. , Tang Jeff K.T. , Leung Howard
Published: November 2013

Existing synthesis methods for closely interacting virtual characters relied on user‐specified constraints such as the reaching positions and the distance between body parts. In this paper, we present a novel method for synthesizing new interacting motion by composing two existing interacting motion samples without the need to specify the constraints manually. Our method automatically detects the type of interactions contained in the inputs and determines a suitable timing for the interaction composition by analyzing the spacetime relationships of the input characters. To preserve the features of the inputs in the synthesized interaction, the two inputs will be aligned and normalized according to the relative distance and orientation of the characters from the inputs. With a linear optimization method, the output is the optimal solution to preserve the close interaction of two characters and the local details of individual character behavior. The output animations demonstrated that our method is able to create interactions of new styles that combine the characteristics of the original inputs.
TrayGen: Arranging Objects for Exhibition and Packaging
Authors: Yang Yong‐Liang , Huang Qi‐Xing
Published: November 2013

We present a framework, called TrayGen, to generate tray designs for the exhibition and packaging of a collection of objects. Based on principles from shape perception and visual merchandising, we abstract a number of design guidelines on how to organize the objects on the tray for the exhibition of their individual features and mutual relationships. Our framework realizes these guidelines by analyzing geometric shapes of the objects and optimizing their arrangement. We demonstrate that the resultant tray designs not only save space, but also highlight the characteristic of each object and the inter‐relations between objects.
Learning and Applying Color Styles From Feature Films
Authors: Xue S. , Agarwala A. , Dorsey J. , Rushmeier H.
Published: November 2013

Directors employ a process called “color grading” to add color styles to feature films. Color grading is used for a number of reasons, such as accentuating a certain emotion or expressing the signature look of a director. We collect a database of feature film clips and label them with tags such as director, emotion, and genre. We then learn a model that maps from the low‐level color and tone properties of film clips to the associated labels. This model allows us to examine a number of common hypotheses on the use of color to achieve goals, such as specific emotions. We also describe a method to apply our learned color styles to new images and videos. Along with our analysis of color grading techniques, we demonstrate a number of images and videos that are automatically filtered to resemble certain film styles.
Dissociation between small and large numerosities in newborn infants
Authors: Coubart Aurélie , Izard Véronique , Spelke Elizabeth S. , Marie Julien , Streri Arlette
Published: November 2013

In the first year of life, infants possess two cognitive systems encoding numerical information: one for processing the numerosity of sets of 4 or more items, and the second for tracking up to 3 objects in parallel. While a previous study showed the former system to be already present a few hours after birth, it is unknown whether the latter system is functional at this age. Here, we adapt the auditory‐visual matching paradigm that previously revealed sensitivity to large numerosities to test sensitivity to numerosities spanning the range from 2 to 12. Across studies, newborns discriminated pairs of large numerosities in a 3:1 ratio, even when the smaller numerosity was 3 (3 vs. 9). In contrast, newborn infants failed to discriminate pairs including the numerosity 2, even at the same ratio (2 vs. 6). These findings mirror the dissociation that has been reported with older infants, albeit with a discontinuity situated between numerosities 2 and 3. Two alternative explanations are compatible with our results: either newborn infants have a separate system for processing small sets, and the capacity of this system is limited to 2 objects; or newborn infants possess only one system to represent numerosities, and this system either is not functional or is extremely imprecise when it is applied to small numerosities.
Typical and atypical phenotypes of PNPO deficiency with elevated CSF and plasma pyridoxamine on treatment
Authors: Ware Tyson L , Earl John , Salomons Gajja S , Struys Eduard A , Peters Heidi L , Howell Katherine B , Pitt James J , Freeman Jeremy L
Published: November 2013

Pyridox(am)ine phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency causes severe early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and has been characterized as responding to pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate but not to pyridoxine. Two males with PNPO deficiency and novel PNPO mutations are reported and their clinical, metabolic, and video‐electroencephalographic (EEG) findings described. The first child showed electro‐clinical responses to pyridoxine and deterioration when pyridoxine was withheld. At last review, he has well‐controlled epilepsy with pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate monotherapy and an autism spectrum disorder. The second child had a perinatal middle cerebral artery infarct and a myoclonic encephalopathy. He failed to respond to pyridoxine but responded well to pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate. At the age of 21 months he has global developmental delay and hemiparesis but is seizure‐free with pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate monotherapy. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pyridoxamine levels were increased in both children during treatment with pyridoxine or pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate. These observations indicate that differential responses to pyridoxine and pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate treatment cannot be relied upon to diagnose PNPO deficiency.
Comparison of the efficacies of oral iron and pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome patients with low serum ferritin
Authors: Lee C. S. , Lee S. D. , Kang S.‐H. , Park H. Y. , Yoon I.‐Y.
Published: November 2013

Background and purpose

It is not clear which is preferred between iron supplement and a dopamine agonist in the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) with iron deficiency. The efficacies of oral iron supplementation and pramipexole for treatment of RLS with low‐normal serum ferritin (15–50 ng/ml) were compared.

Methods

Thirty RLS patients who took either oral iron or pramipexole for 12 weeks and were followed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after treatment commencement were enrolled. Severities of RLS symptoms were assessed using the international RLS study group rating scale for severity (IRLS) at every visit. Treatment response was defined as a decrease in IRLS score of at least 50% from baseline.

Results

The 30 subjects were assigned equally to an iron or pramipexole group. At baseline, IRLS scores and serum ferritin levels were similar between these two groups. After 12 weeks, IRLS scores were lower than those at baseline in both groups (iron −9.1 ± 7.07, P < 0.001; pramipexole −8.7 ± 8.31, P = 0.001) and similar between the two groups. Changes in IRLS scores from baseline were similar between the two groups at each visit. The response rates of the groups were identical at 46.7%.

Conclusions

Pramipexole was not different from oral iron in terms of efficacy and improvement speed in RLS patients with a low‐normal serum ferritin, but response rate of either oral iron or pramipexole alone was moderate. Some proportion of RLS patients with iron deficiency might benefit from combined use of oral iron and dopamine agonists.
Genetic assessment of a summer chum salmon metapopulation in recovery
Authors: Small Maureen P. , Johnson Thom H. , Bowman Cherril , Martinez Edith
Published: November 2013

Programs to rebuild imperiled wild fish populations often include hatchery‐born fish derived from wild populations to supplement natural spawner abundance. These programs require monitoring to determine their demographic, biological, and genetic effects. In 1990s in Washington State, the Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative developed a recovery program for the threatened Hood Canal summer chum salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) (the metapopulation) that used in‐river spawners (wild fish) for each respective supplementation broodstock in six tributaries. Returning spawners (wild‐born and hatchery‐born) composed subsequent broodstocks, and tributary‐specific supplementation was limited to three generations. We assessed impacts of the programs on neutral genetic diversity in this metapopulation using 16 microsatellite loci and a thirty‐year dataset spanning before and after supplementation, roughly eight generations. Following supplementation, differentiation among subpopulations decreased (but not significantly) and isolation by distance patterns remained unchanged. There was no decline in genetic diversity in wild‐born fish, but hatchery‐born fish sampled in the same spawning areas had significantly lower genetic diversity and unequal family representation. Despite potential for negative effects from supplementation programs, few were detected in wild‐born fish. We hypothesize that chum salmon natural history makes them less vulnerable to negative impacts from hatchery supplementation.
Evolutionary potential of marine phytoplankton under ocean acidification
Authors: Collins Sinéad , Rost Björn , Rynearson Tatiana A.
Published: November 2013

Marine phytoplankton have many obvious characters, such as rapid cell division rates and large population sizes, that give them the capacity to evolve in response to global change on timescales of weeks, months or decades. However, few studies directly investigate if this adaptive potential is likely to be realized. Because of this, evidence of to whether and how marine phytoplankton may evolve in response to global change is sparse. Here, we review studies that help predict evolutionary responses to global change in marine phytoplankton. We find limited support from experimental evolution that some taxa of marine phytoplankton may adapt to ocean acidification, and strong indications from studies of variation and structure in natural populations that selection on standing genetic variation is likely. Furthermore, we highlight the large body of literature on plastic responses to ocean acidification available, and evolutionary theory that may be used to link plastic and evolutionary responses. Because of the taxonomic breadth spanned by marine phytoplankton, and the diversity of roles they fill in ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, we stress the necessity of treating taxa or functional groups individually.
Coculture system of keratinocytes and dorsal‐root‐ganglion‐derived cells for screening neurotrophic factors involved in guidance of neuronal axon growth in the skin
Authors: Kumamoto Jun‐ichi , Nakatani Masashi , Tsutsumi Moe , Goto Makiko , Denda Sumiko , Takei Kentaro , Denda Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2013

The density of peripheral nerve fibres is increased in atopic dermatitis. Moreover, reduction in the fibres in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis reduces scratching behaviour. Thus, regulation of nerve fibre extension could be an effective strategy to reduce itching in pruritus dermatosis. In this study, we established a new coculture system of keratinocytes and dorsal‐root‐ganglion‐derived cells using an apparatus, AXIS™, which consists of two different channels connected via a set of microgrooves, through which signalling molecules and axons, but not living cells, can pass. When we seeded keratinocytes in one chamber, extension of nerve fibres was observed from dorsal root ganglion cells seeded in the other chamber. Addition of anti‐BDNF antibody in the keratinocyte‐seeded chamber significantly reduced the extension. Application of Semaphorin 3A also reduced the extension by approximately 50%. We suggest that this coculture system may be useful for screening of anti‐itching drugs.
Carcass analogues provide marine subsidies for macroinvertebrates and juvenile Atlantic salmon in temperate oligotrophic streams
Authors: Guyette Margaret Q. , Loftin Cynthia S. , Zydlewski Joseph , Cunjak Richard
Published: November 2013

Anadromous fish populations entering freshwater ecosystems provide organic matter and marine‐derived nutrients during spawning and subsequent mortalities of adults. Dams and other impediments to connectivity in rivers and streams have affected anadromous fish populations in many regions and prevented or reduced this influx of organic materials and nutrients.

This study used historical data on the timing of delivery of marine‐derived nutrients; we added a carcass analogue (pellets made from the carcasses of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytcha) to simulate potential effects of restored access of anadromous fish to streams. We used stable isotopes to document the extent of nutrient incorporation of nitrogen and carbon from the carcass analogue by macroinvertebrates and juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in salmon nursery streams. We stocked four headwater streams that historically hosted spawning Atlantic salmon and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Maine, U.S.A. with Atlantic salmon fry and simulated timing of nutrient addition by spawning sea lamprey in the early summer and Atlantic salmon in the autumn.

Macroinvertebrates and Atlantic salmon assimilated nitrogen (12–57% of total N) and carbon (21–65% of total C) from the added pellets, and the magnitude and duration of enrichment varied temporally and with macroinvertebrate functional feeding group.

Assimilation of nutrients from carcass analogues was both direct and indirect, and a nutrient legacy was evident in the second year of sampling. Incorporation of nutrients from the pellets at a range of heights in the food web demonstrated the potential for marine‐derived subsidies to contribute to freshwater ecosystem processes in Atlantic salmon nursery streams.
Habitat traits and food availability determine the response of marine invertebrates to ocean acidification
Authors: Pansch Christian , Schaub Iris , Havenhand Jonathan , Wahl Martin
Published: November 2013

Energy availability and local adaptation are major components in mediating the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine species. In a long‐term study, we investigated the effects of food availability and elevated pCO2 (ca. 400, 1000 and 3000 μatm) on growth of newly settled Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus to reproduction, and on their offspring. We also compared two different populations, which were presumed to differ in their sensitivity to pCO2 due to differing habitat conditions: Kiel Fjord, Germany (Western Baltic Sea) with naturally strong pCO2 fluctuations, and the Tjärnö Archipelago, Sweden (Skagerrak) with far lower fluctuations. Over 20 weeks, survival, growth, reproduction and shell strength of Kiel barnacles were all unaffected by elevated pCO2, regardless of food availability. Moulting frequency and shell corrosion increased with increasing pCO2 in adults. Larval development and juvenile growth of the F1 generation were tolerant to increased pCO2, irrespective of parental treatment. In contrast, elevated pCO2 had a strong negative impact on survival of Tjärnö barnacles. Specimens from this population were able to withstand moderate levels of elevated pCO2 over 5 weeks when food was plentiful but showed reduced growth under food limitation. Severe levels of elevated pCO2 negatively impacted growth of Tjärnö barnacles in both food treatments. We demonstrate a conspicuously higher tolerance to elevated pCO2 in Kiel barnacles than in Tjärnö barnacles. This tolerance was carried over from adults to their offspring. Our findings indicate that populations from fluctuating pCO2 environments are more tolerant to elevated pCO2 than populations from more stable pCO2 habitats. We furthermore provide evidence that energy availability can mediate the ability of barnacles to withstand moderate CO2 stress. Considering the high tolerance of Kiel specimens and the possibility to adapt over many generations, near future OA alone does not seem to present a major threat for A. improvisus.
Salivary secretion and drug treatment in four 70‐year‐old Swedish cohorts during a period of 30 years
Authors: Johanson Cecilia N. , Österberg Tor , Lernfelt Bodil , Ekström Jörgen , Birkhed Dowen
Published: November 2013

Objective

The aim was to examine the association between drug treatment and unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in four 70‐year‐old Swedish cohorts, between 1971 and 2001.

Background

Both diseases and their medication can affect the salivary secretion rate.

Materials and methods

The study was based on selected samples of four cohorts born in 1901/1902, 1906/1907, 1911/1912 and 1930/1931, respectively, a total of 1072 individuals. The response rate varied between 65% and 85%.

Results

The mean value for the stimulated salivary secretion rate was higher in men (1.3 ± 0.8 ml/min) than in women (1.0 ± 0.7 ml/min) (p < 0.001)). There was a significant association between the salivary secretion rate and the number of drugs among both women (p < 0.01) and men (p < 0.001). This influence was most pronounced in participants who were treated with cardiovascular drugs, mainly diuretics and non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor blockers, but also with antipsychotics and antidepressants, even when adjusted for cohort, gender, number of teeth and other drugs. There was an increase in treatment with medicines during the three decades.

Conclusion

In these four groups of 70‐year‐old participants, high drug consumption was associated with lower salivary flow. Unstimulated secretion was only affected in women and then, when taking four or more drugs. Pronounced hyposalivation was, however, uncommon. Cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants and antipsychotics were associated with low salivary secretion. In this age group, the frequently observed association between polypharmacy and a lower saliva secretion rate represents a risk of impaired dental health.
Role of sodium thiosulfate therapy in the treatment of digital necrosis due to Mönckeberg sclerosis
Authors: Brucculeri Michael , Rullan Eugenia , Zanchi Antonela , Marcotte Anthony
Published: November 2013

Accelerated vascular calcification is a well‐described complication of chronic kidney disease often affecting large and small vessels alike through a variety of mechanisms. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium and phosphate balance, vitamin D metabolism, hyperparathyroidism, and endothelial injury can lead to both macrovascular and microvascular complications. We describe a 56‐year‐old Hispanic male with a history of end‐stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and medical noncompliance who developed sequential digital ischemia and necrosis involving both hands as well as right foot as a result of Mönckeberg sclerosis. An extensive metabolic and serologic workup was unrevealing but radiographic studies and histopathology revealed the diagnosis. A multifaceted approach was instituted including wound debridement and amputations along with intensive medical support. In addition to improving hypertensive control and striving for improved calcium and phosphate balance, sodium thiosulfate solution was administered for more than 1 year. This aggressive approach allowed his wounds to heal and has arrested further digital ischemia from occurring.
BAI3, CDX2 and VIL1: a panel of three antibodies to distinguish small cell from large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas
Authors: Bari Muhammad F , Brown Helen , Nicholson Andrew G , Kerr Keith M , Gosney John R , Wallace William A , Soomro Irshad , Muller Salli , Peat Danielle , Moore Jonathan D , Ward Lesley A , Freidin Maxim B , Lim Eric , Vatish Manu , Snead David R J
Published: November 2013

Aims

Discriminating small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) from large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) rests on morphological criteria, and reproducibility has been shown to be poor. We aimed to identify immunohistochemical markers to assist this diagnosis.

Methods and results

Gene expression profiling on laser captured frozen tumour samples from eight SCLC and eight LCNEC tumours identified a total of 888 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 23 of which were validated by qRT–PCR. Antibodies to four selected gene products were then evaluated as immunohistochemical markers on a cohort of 173 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) SCLC/LCNEC tumour samples, including 26 indeterminate tumours without a consensus diagnosis. Three markers, CDX2, VIL1 and BAI3, gave significantly different results in the two tumour types (P < 0.0001): CDX2 and VIL1 in combination (either marker positive) showed sensitivity and specificity of 81% for LCNEC while BAI3 showed 89% sensitivity and 75% specificity for SCLC. Of the 26 indeterminate tumours 15 (58%) showed an immunophenotype suggesting either SCLC or LCNEC, eight (31%) showed staining of both tumour types, and three (11%) were negative for all markers.

Conclusion

A panel of three markers, BAI3, CDX2 and VIL1, is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of these tumour types.
Thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) immunoreactivity is an adverse prognostic factor in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus
Authors: Ervine Aaron , Leung Sam , Gilks C Blake , McCluggage W Glenn
Published: November 2013

Aims

It is known that thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) is expressed in a small percentage of primary gynaecological adenocarcinomas. Following the observation of TTF‐1 positivity in a number of endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the uterine corpus which behaved aggressively, we undertook immunohistochemical staining of a large series of endometrial adenocarcinomas of various types to investigate whether its expression is of prognostic significance.

Methods and results

TTF‐1 was performed on tissue microarrays containing 102 low‐grade (grades 1 or 2) endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 101 grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 89 serous adenocarcinomas and 29 clear cell carcinomas. All categories of endometrial adenocarcinoma exhibited TTF‐1 staining in a small subset of cases (2% low‐grade endometrioid, 11% grade 3 endometrioid, 9% serous, 7% clear cell). TTF‐1 was less frequently expressed in low‐grade endometrioid adenocarcinomas compared to other subtypes. Endometrioid adenocarcinomas which expressed TTF‐1 had a statistically significant worse prognosis with poorer disease‐specific survival, and this was also statistically significant in the group of low‐grade endometrioid adenocarcinomas.

Conclusions

Our study confirms that TTF‐1 is expressed in a small, but not insignificant, proportion of endometrial adenocarcinomas. TTF‐1 positivity in low‐grade endometrioid adenocarcinomas is an indicator of poorer prognosis.
Do columnar cell lesions exist in the male breast?
Authors: Verschuur‐Maes Anoek H J , Kornegoor Robert , de Bruin Peter C , Oudejans Joost J , van Diest Paul J
Published: November 2013

Aims

In females, columnar cell lesions (CCLs) have been recognized as putative precursor lesions of low‐grade breast cancer, but their role in male breast carcinogenesis is as yet unclear.

Methods and results

We reviewed surgical resections from males with breast cancer (n = 89), gynaecomastia (n = 20) and normal breast specimens from autopsies (n = 5) for the presence of CCL. In addition, we performed immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), CK14 and oestrogen receptor alpha (ER). In 19 of 89 resections (two DCIS cases and 17 invasive carcinoma), some individual ducts were found to contain cells with snouts on the luminal border but lacking further typical columnar cell lesion features. We mainly found three‐layered ductal epithelium, characteristic for gynaecomastia and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we found a few ducts in male breast cancer sections that were clonally negative for basal cytokeratins.

Conclusion

We found no lesions with convincing CCL morphology at the periphery of invasive male breast cancers, in gynaecomastia or in normal male breast specimens. Although we cannot completely exclude the existence of CCLs in the male breast, these lesions seem to be very uncommon and are therefore unlikely to play a major role in male breast carcinogenesis.
Evaluating the performance of a rapid antigen test for the detection of influenza virus in clinical specimens from children in Cameroon
Authors: Kenmoe Sebastien , Tchendjou Patrice , Moyo Tetang Suzie , Mossus Tatiana , Njankouo Ripa Mohammed , Guillet Marlène , Kfutwah Anfumbom , Njouom Richard
Published: November 2013

The performance of SD Bioline rapid antigen test (RAT) was evaluated using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) as gold standard. A total of 718 nasal swabs, including 102 rRT‐PCR positive and 616 rRT‐PCR negative swabs, were tested. RAT demonstrates a sensitivity of 29·4% with a specificity of 100%. The positivity rate of RAT was highly associated with lower cycle threshold (Ct) values (P < 0·0001). The excellent specificity of the RAT allowed for the rapid identification of influenza cases. However, negative results should be verified by rRT‐PCR test because of limitations observed in sensitivity.
Pension Obligation Bonds and Government Spending
Authors: Calabrese Thad D. , Ely Todd L.
Published: November 2013

We examine the use of pension obligation bonds (POBs) as a financing strategy to address the effects of unfunded pension liabilities on government operating budgets. POBs are publicly marketed as money‐saving mechanisms that reduce pension system payments while allowing for increased spending on other government priorities. We review general POB usage and examine whether POBs altered school district spending patterns in Oregon and Indiana. Our results indicate that districts issuing POBs have not increased educational spending relative to other districts. Because POBs cost money to issue and manage, decision makers are encouraged to consider annual budgetary effects prior to issuance.
Assessing Participation in the State‐Sponsored Local Government Investment Pool during the Recession: An Examination of North Carolina Counties
Authors: Modlin Steve , Stewart La Shonda
Published: November 2013

This study examines county government participation in the state‐sponsored investment pool, the North Carolina Capital Management Trust (NCCMT), during the recession years. Using panel data of all 100 counties in North Carolina with additional survey data from finance officers concerning annual practices between fiscal years 2008–2011, findings suggest that county sales taxes were the most influential revenue stream on NCCMT cash portfolio participation while the accumulation of alternative revenue sources decreased participation. The findings also determined that the NCCMT was the safest investment option for idle local government funds during the recession.
The Effectiveness of Dual Antiplatelet Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Intracranial Arterial Stenosis: A Subgroup Analysis of CLAIR Study
Authors: Wang Xin , Lin Wen Hua , Zhao Yu Dong , Chen Xiang Yan , Leung Thomas W. , Chen Christopher , Fu Jianhui , Markus Hugh , Hao Qing , Wong Ka Sing ,   for the CLAIR Study Investigators
Published: November 2013

Background

Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin reduces the presence and number of microembolic signals in patients with large artery disease. However, whether it is effective in patients with intracranial disease alone remains uncertain. We performed a subgroup analysis of the The CLopidogrel plus Aspirin for Infarction Reduction (CLAIR in acute stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with large artery stenosis and microembolic signals) study of only patients with intracranial occlusive disease, excluding those with extra cranial disease.

Methods

CLAIR was a randomized-controlled, open-label, multicenter clinical trial with blinded outcome evaluation, which recruited patients with symptoms of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack within seven-days of onset, with large artery stenosis verified by transcranial Doppler and carotid ultrasound, and with microembolic signals detected by transcranial Doppler recording. All patients were randomized to receive clopidogrel plus aspirin daily for seven-days (dual treatment), or aspirin alone for seven-days (monotherapy). Repeated transcranial Doppler recordings for microembolic signals were made on day one, two, and seven. This subgroup study only analyzed the patients with purely intracranial large artery disease and excluded those with extra cranial stenosis.

Results

There were 70 patients recruited with purely intracranial stenosis, 34 in the dual treatment group and 36 in the monotherapy group. The proportion of the patients with positive emboli at day seven in the dual treatment group was significantly lower than that in the monotherapy group (relative risk reduction 56·5%, 95% confidence interval 2·5–80·6; P = 0·029). The number of emboli in the dual treatment group decreased significantly at day two ( P = 0·043) and day seven ( P = 0·018) compared with the monotherapy group. After adjustment for the number of emboli at day one, the effect of dual treatment was still significant for the reduction of presence (relative risk reduction 56·0%; 95% confidence interval 5·4–79·6; P = 0·036) and number (adjusted mean difference −0·9; 95% confidence interval −1·5 to −0·3; P = 0·004) of positive emboli at day seven.

Conclusions

Dual treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin for seven-days is more effective than aspirin alone to reduce microembolic signals in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis.
Reproductive biology of the endangered cypress Calocedrus macrolepis
Authors: Liao Shengxi , Cui Kai , Wan Youming , Zhou Zhisheng , Li Zhenghong , Cui Yongzhong , Zhang Peng
Published: November 2013

We studied the reproductive biology of the endangered species Calocedrus macrolepis. We examined flower phenology and morphology, spatial distribution of male and female cones, pollen viability, variation in pollen density around the crown, and the pollination process. Calocedrus macrolepis is monoecious with unisexual flowers on the same branches. Pollen‐shed from male cones occurred from early September to mid‐February, whereas the female cones were receptive from mid‐September to mid‐March. The inconsistency of flowering periods between male and female cones within populations and among individuals extended the pollination period. There was a layered distribution pattern of male and female cones in the crown, with more male cones in the lower layer and more female cones in the upper layer. This resulted in different selfing and outcrossing rates at various locations. The pollen of C. macrolepis lack airbags, and consequently, it was dispersed within only 10 m of the mother tree. The short pollen dispersal distance could restrict gene flow among different geographical populations. Calocedrus macrolepis is endangered because of its high degree of selfing and inbreeding resulting from its monoecious characteristics and the short distance of pollen spread. These factors may result in a population decline.
Embryology of Abeliophyllum (Oleaceae) and its phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Ghimire Balkrishna , Heo Kweon
Published: November 2013

Abeliophyllum, a monotypic endemic genus of Oleaceae, resembles Forsythia in various morphological characters, but its phylogenetic position is disputed and no embryological study of the genus has been carried out. We investigated more than 40 embryological characters of Abeliophyllum, compared them with previous information on Oleaceae, and discusses its phylogenetic relationships. Abeliophyllum is similar to other genera of Oleaceae in many embryological features, having some distinct features such as the mode of anther wall formation, formation of a nucellar cap, and formation of obturator and hypostase. The basic type of anther wall development and formation of a nucellar cap have not previously been reported in Oleaceae. In addition, differentiation of the obturator and formation of hypostase are not reported in the previously investigated genera of the family. Compared with close relatives, the seed coat structure of Abeliophyllum resembles Forsythia more than Fontanesia and supports existing molecular data which place Abeliophyllum as the sister group of Forsythia.
Constructed Wetland Treatment of Nitrates: Removal Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency
Authors: Collins Alan R. , Gillies Neil
Published: November 2013

A constructed wetland (CW) was strategically placed to treat nitrates in groundwater as part of a watershed‐based farmer engagement process. Using stream water quality data collected before and after installation, this CW was found to reduce stream concentrations of nitrogen from nitrate (NO3‐N) during the growing season by about 0.14 mg/l at mean streamflow, a 17% reduction. Based upon realistic ecological and economic assumptions, about 80 kg of NO3‐N were removed annually by the CW at a cost of around US$30/kg. This per unit cost is at the low range of small wastewater treatment plant costs for nitrates, but higher than the costs of reduced fertilizer application.
Cluster and meta‐analyses of genetic parameters for feed intake traits in growing beef cattle
Authors: Diaz I.D.P.S. , Crews D.H. , Enns R.M.
Published: November 2013

A data set based on 50 studies including feed intake and utilization traits was used to perform a meta‐analysis to obtain pooled estimates using the variance between studies of genetic parameters for average daily gain (ADG); residual feed intake (RFI); metabolic body weight (MBW); feed conversion ratio (FCR); and daily dry matter intake (DMI) in beef cattle. The total data set included 128 heritability and 122 genetic correlation estimates published in the literature from 1961 to 2012. The meta‐analysis was performed using a random effects model where the restricted maximum likelihood estimator was used to evaluate variances among clusters. Also, a meta‐analysis using the method of cluster analysis was used to group the heritability estimates. Two clusters were obtained for each trait by different variables. It was observed, for all traits, that the heterogeneity of variance was significant between clusters and studies for genetic correlation estimates. The pooled estimates, adding the variance between clusters, for direct heritability estimates for ADG, DMI, RFI, MBW and FCR were 0.32 ± 0.04, 0.39 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.02, 0.31 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.03, respectively. Pooled genetic correlation estimates ranged from −0.15 to 0.67 among ADG, DMI, RFI, MBW and FCR. These pooled estimates of genetic parameters could be used to solve genetic prediction equations in populations where data is insufficient for variance component estimation. Cluster analysis is recommended as a statistical procedure to combine results from different studies to account for heterogeneity.
A genome‐wide association study for canine cryptorchidism in Siberian Huskies
Authors: Zhao X. , Onteru S. , Saatchi M. , Garrick D. , Rothschild M.
Published: November 2013

Cryptorchidism is a condition whereby one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotal sac. Here, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) with both a case–control analysis using the GEMMA software accounting for population structure and a BayesB approach in the GenSel software applied to every 1 Mb window of SNPs or haplotypes. The haplotypes were constructed from a genealogical tree using the population of 204 Siberian Huskies. The BayesB analyses identified six putative genomic candidate regions on CFA6, 9, 24, 27 and X. These regions explained a high percentage of genetic variance when compared with other genomic regions. The positional candidate genes Q9TSI5_CANFA (matrix metalloproteinase 9 precursor) on CFA24, ADAMTS20 (ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 20) on CFA27 and MID1IP1 (MID1 interacting protein 1) on CFAX are known to be functionally related to extracellular matrix remodelling, which might be important for gubernaculum elongation and thus interrupting normal testicular descent. Further mutation screening in these candidate regions on CFA6, 9, 24, 27 and X is needed. Next generation sequencing will help to uncover rare variants associated with cryptorchidism in this dog population.
The biogeographical boundaries of northern Australia: evidence from ecological niche models and a multi‐locus phylogeny of Uperoleia toadlets (Anura: Myobatrachidae)
Authors: Catullo Renee A. , Lanfear Robert , Doughty Paul , Keogh J. Scott
Published: November 2013

Aim

Our aim was to test hypothesized biogeographical barriers using small‐bodied terrestrial Uperoleia frogs, to identify Pleistocene refugia and to define biogeographical units.

Location

The Australian Monsoonal Tropics, defined as the open woodlands and savanna north of the inland arid and eastern winter‐rainfall zones.

Methods

A multi‐locus molecular phylogeny of the Uperoleia lithomoda, U. trachyderma and U. minima species complex, with supporting morphological and acoustic data, was generated to test species boundaries and clarify distributions. Ecological niche modelling with current climate and Last Glacial Maximum climate data was used to identify biogeographical units, barriers to dispersal, and regions of stability that may have served as Pleistocene refugia.

Results

Our combined data supported five clades that comprise four allopatric species. Ecological niche models of the resolved species suggest that the Kimberley Plateau represents a distinct bioregion, the Top End extends from the edge of the Kimberley Plateau to the Carpentarian Gap, and the transition from sandstone escarpments to flat, sandy soils represents a major barrier to dispersal between the Top End and the Northern Deserts. The Northern Deserts were found to comprise two distinct subregions. Population‐ and species‐level divergences were evident in a north–south line in the Northern Territory, representing a newly identified biogeographical break. Putative Pleistocene refugia were predicted in the north‐west Kimberley Plateau, the western half of the Top End, the Selwyn Range and western Cape York.

Main conclusions

By combining detailed genetic, morphological and acoustic data with newly developed statistical methods, we have delineated species boundaries, identified cryptic species and provided a region‐wide assessment of the biogeography of northern Australia. We have identified previously unrecognized biogeographical barriers, better defined biogeographical regions, and proposed new hypotheses about the effects of Pleistocene climate cycles on the present‐day diversity of northern Australia. Our work provides a solid foundation for the investigation of biogeographical patterns in other taxa.
Distinctive Patterns of Dominant Frequency Trajectory Behavior in Drug‐Refractory Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Preliminary Characterization of Spatiotemporal Instability
Authors: SALINET JOÃO L. , TUAN JIUN H. , SANDILANDS ALISTAIR J. , STAFFORD PETER J. , SCHLINDWEIN FERNANDO S. , NG G. ANDRÉ
Published: November 2013

Frequency Trajectory of Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction

The role of substrates in the maintenance of persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF) remains poorly understood. The use of dominant frequency (DF) mapping to guide catheter ablation has been proposed as a potential strategy, but the characteristics of high DF sites have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to assess the DF spatiotemporal stability using high density noncontact mapping (NCM) in persAF.

Methods and Results

Eight persAF patients were studied using NCM during AF. Ventricular far‐field cancellation was performed followed by the calculation of DF using Fast Fourier Transform. Analysis of DF stability and spatiotemporal behavior were investigated including characteristics of the highest DF areas (HDFAs). A total of 16,384 virtual electrograms (VEGMs) and 232 sequential high density 3‐dimensional DF maps were analyzed. The percentage of DF stable points decreased rapidly over time. Repetition or reappearance of DF values were noted in some instances, occurring within 10 seconds in most cases. Tracking the HDFAs' center of gravity revealed 3 types of propagation behavior, namely (i) local, (ii) cyclical, and (iii) chaotic activity, with the former 2 patterns accounting for most of the observed events.

Conclusions

DF of individual VEGMs was temporally unstable, although reappearance of DF values occurred at times. Hence, targeting sites of ‘peak DF’ from a single time frame is unlikely to be a reliable ablation strategy. There appears to be a predominance of local and cyclical activity of HDFAs hinting a potentially nonrandom temporally periodic behavior that provides further mechanistic insights into the maintenance of persAF.
Crossroads: The Intersection of Immigrant Enforcement and the Child Welfare System
Authors: Hidalgo Rosie
Published: November 2013

Diana's children were placed in foster care when they were one‐ and three‐year‐olds. Their mother was arrested when she fought back to defend herself against an attack by her abusive boyfriend, Thomas. Thomas assaulted her in her apartment when she tried to end their relationship. A neighbor heard screams and called the police. When officers arrived, Thomas told his version of the events, but Diana was not able to communicate with the officers, since they did not speak Spanish and did not obtain the assistance of interpreters. The officers saw scratches on Thomas and a possible bite mark, in addition to bruises and scratches on Diana, arrested both of them, and called Child Protective Services (CPS) to take the children. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) soon issued a detainer when they obtained a copy of Diana's fingerprints through the Secure Communities program in effect in her local jurisdiction. Upon further review of the circumstances, the prosecutor decided to drop the charges against Diana; however, ICE took custody of her. She was subsequently transferred to a different immigrant detention center 300 miles away.

The CPS caseworker placed Diana's children in temporary foster care with foster parents who did not speak Spanish, instead of with a willing aunt who had undocumented immigration status. Diana's children, born in the United States, are U.S. citizens. As the months passed, the children were no longer learning Spanish. The children did not visit with or talk with their mother for over six months because the CPS caseworker was unsure of Diana's whereabouts and how to communicate with her, despite that the original case plan called for reunification. As a result, the goal of the case plan was revised to pursue the termination of parental rights instead of family reunification.
Transforming Teens: Measuring the Effects of Restorative Justice Principles in a Teen Court Setting
Authors: Laundra Kenneth , Rodgers Keyria , Zapp Heidi
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the impact of restorative justice principles in a teen court setting. Specifically, our research attempts to quantitatively measure learning of certain restorative justice principles through the teen court process by comparing matched, pre‐ and post‐survey responses to questions involving the adolescent's ability to understand their crime as a violation of relationships within their community, as opposed to merely a violation of law. Qualitative responses regarding the efficacy of the teen court program from both teen participants and their parents are also examined in the context of restorative justice principles. Finally, the efficacy of the teen court model is discussed in terms of recidivism rates compared to teens who do not experience the teen court process.
The prevalence of vertebral deformities is increased with higher egg incubation temperatures and triploidy in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.
Authors: Fraser T W K , Hansen T , Fleming M S , Fjelldal P G
Published: November 2013

Suboptimal egg incubation temperature is a risk factor for the development of skeletal deformities in teleosts. Triplicate diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., egg batches were incubated at 6, 8 and 10 °C up until first feeding, whereupon fish were reared on a natural temperature before examination for externally visible skeletal deformities (jaw and spine) and radiographed for vertebral deformities and morphology at the parr stage. Increasing incubation temperatures and triploidy increased the number of fish showing one or more deformed vertebrae. Triploids had significantly higher mean vertebrae cranio‐caudal length (L) and dorsal‐ventral height (H) ratio at 6 and 10 °C than diploids, but triploidy had no effect on mean vertebrae centra area. Triploids demonstrated an increase in lower jaw deformities with increased incubation temperature, whereas jaw deformities were rare in diploids. Fish incubated at 10 °C had a significantly lower mean vertebral number than fish incubated at 6 °C, and triploids had lower mean vertebral numbers than diploids. Diploid fish with 58 vertebrae had a significantly higher mean vertebral centra area than fish with 59 vertebrae, but vertebral number did not affect the mean vertebral L/H ratio. The results are discussed with respect to the welfare and production of farmed salmonids.