bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental light and heredity are associated with adaptive changes in retinal DHA levels that affect retinal function
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Penn John S.
Published: December 2006

Retinas of rats and mice react to environmental and genetic stimuli by altering the level of DHA in their rod outer segment membranes. We propose that this adaptation is a neuroprotective response to control the number of photons captured by rhodopsin and the efficiency of visual transduction, under conditions where excessive activation of the transduction cascade could lead to cell death.
Molecular Genetics of Plant Sterol Backbone Synthesis
Authors: Suzuki Masashi , Muranaka Toshiya
Published: December 2006

Sterols, which are biosynthesized via the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway, are important structural components of the plasma membrane and precursors of steroid hormones in both vertebrates and plants. Ergosterol and cholesterol are the major sterols in yeast and vertebrates, respectively. In contrast, plants produce a wide variety of phytosterols, which have various functions in plant development. Although the general biosynthetic pathway to plant sterols has been defined, the details of the biochemical, physiological, and developmental functions of genes involved in the biosynthetic network and their regulation are not well understood. Molecular genetic analyses are an effective approach to use when studying these fascinating problems. Since three enzymes, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and lanosterol synthase, have been functionally characterized in planta, we reviewed recent progress on these enzymes. Arabidopsis T‐DNA and transposon insertion mutants are now widely available. The use of molecular genetics, molecular biology, and bioorganic chemical approaches on these mutants, as well as inhibitors of the MVA pathway, should help us to understand plant sterol biosynthesis comprehensively.
Climate system transition from glacial to interglacial state around the beginning of the last termination: Evidence from a centennial‐ to millennial‐scale climate rhythm
Authors: Katsuta Nagayoshi , Takano Masao , Kawakami Shin‐ichi , Togami Shoji , Fukusawa Hitoshi , Kumazawa Mineo , Yasuda Yoshinori
Published: December 2006

A periodic variation on a centennial to millennial scale was observed in the manganese and iron contents of Lake Suigetsu sediments in Japan, dating from 19.0 to 5.7 cal. kyr B.P. (calibrated thousand years before present). The increased manganese and iron contents, which mainly indicate the relative abundance of siderite, result from a greater vertical circulation in the lake during a cold period, with a higher mass of manganese and iron oxide being precipitated. The cold periods inferred from the increased manganese and iron contents coincide with the timing of ice‐rafting debris (IRD) events in the North Atlantic, which span from the last termination to the Holocene, suggesting that the climate shift was hemispheric or probably global in nature. The manganese variation resembles the residual atmospheric 14C production (Δ14C) data of the Holocene that reflect variation in solar activity, and its periodicities correspond with those of solar‐related climate changes from paleoproxy records in the North Atlantic and East Asia from the last cold stage to the Holocene. In particular, the Mn variation was larger in amplitude and shorter in timescale during the last cold stage when compared with those during the last termination and the Holocene, thereby possibly showing a significant difference in climate response to solar irradiance. The transition of the climate system from a glacial to an interglacial state corresponds to the beginning of the last termination.
Diversity of microenvironments and the complexity of vortex motion
Authors: Luo Zhexian , Liu Chongjian
Published: December 2006

The complexity of major vortex motion in a system where four scales are coexisting (a subtropical high ridge, the major vortex, meso‐ and small‐scale vortices) is examined numerically using a barotropic primitive equation model. The microenvironment of a major vortex consists of a group of small‐scale vortices in which varying values for the total number N of initial small‐scale vortices (N = 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively) creates a diverse range of microenvironments. Three kinds of major vortex motion are observed: (i) the initial major vortex decays away with no new major vortex formation; (ii) a weak new major vortex forms while the major vortex decays; and (iii) a new major vortex occurs, via self‐organization, with its intensity and scale similar to those in the initial stages of the original major vortex, and this vortex continues to shift westwards after the old major vortex decays.
Spatiotemporal features of the Earth's background oscillations observed in central Europe
Authors: Kurrle Dieter , Widmer‐Schnidrig Rudolf
Published: December 2006

We present a continuous analysis of the background oscillations of the Earth. We processed five years of vertical recordings from the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN) and estimated the directions of arrival (DOA) of the background Rayleigh waves in the frequency range between 5 and 8 mHz. We find clear seasonal variations in the direction of propagation and a striking rate of recurrence in these seasonal patterns. This seasonality provides evidence of an excitation of the background oscillations by large‐scale atmospheric and/or oceanic processes which confirms previous studies.
Simulation of the northern Adriatic circulation during winter 2003
Authors: Martin P. J. , Book J. W. , Doyle J. D.
Published: December 2006

Numerical simulations of the Adriatic Sea were conducted with the Navy Coastal Ocean Model during the Adriatic Circulation Experiment in the fall and winter of 2002/2003, and results were compared with observations. The ocean model used a 1‐km resolution grid over the entire Adriatic Sea. Model forcing included atmospheric fluxes from the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), tides, boundary conditions from a global model, and freshwater river and runoff inflows. Model tidal elevation showed good agreement with International Hydrographic Organization station data, and model tidal currents showed good agreement with tidal currents determined from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements. Detided model currents showed good agreement with ADCP currents with rms errors along the principal variance axes ranging from 6 to 12.9 cm/s and correlations ranging from 0.16 to 0.81. Correlations between model and ADCP currents along the minor variance axes were generally low. Comparison of the model‐simulated temperature and salinity profiles during January and February with conductivity‐temperature‐depth measurements indicated that the model captured some of the spatial structure of the observed fields. The model response to several bora wind events in January and February showed a recurring pattern of cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres that generally agreed with observations and reflected the pattern of wind stress curl from the COAMPS wind stress forcing. During strong bora forcing, two large cyclonic circulation gyres form in the northern Adriatic with a smaller anticyclonic circulation between them near the Istrian Peninsula. Additionally, a couple of large meanders frequently occur within the Eastern Adriatic Current southeast of Kvarner Bay, and these meanders sometimes close to form small gyres.
Suberosin inhibits proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through the modulation of the transcription factors NF‐AT and NF‐κB
Authors: Chen Y‐C , Tsai W‐J , Wu M‐H , Lin L‐C , Kuo Y‐C
Published: December 2006

Background and purpose:

Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica containing suberosin exhibit anti‐inflammatory activity. We purified suberosin from such extracts and studied its effects on a set of key regulatory events in the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA).

Experimental approach:

Proliferation of PBMC in culture was measured by uptake of 3H‐thymidine; production of cytokines and cyclins by Western blotting and RT‐PCR. Transcription factors NF‐AT and NF‐κB were assayed by immunocytochemistry and EMSA.

Key results:

Suberosin suppressed PHA‐induced PBMC proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression from the G1 transition to the S phase. Suberosin suppressed, in activated PBMC, transcripts of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), and cyclins D3, E, A, and B. DNA binding activity and nuclear translocation of NF‐AT and NF‐κB induced by PHA were blocked by suberosin. Suberosin decreased the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in PBMC stimulated with PHA. Suberosin did not affect phosphorylation of p38 and JNK but did reduce activation of ERK in PHA‐treated PBMC. Pharmacological inhibitors of NF‐κB, NF‐AT, and ERK decreased expression of mRNA for the cyclins, IL‐2, and IFN‐γ and cell proliferation in PBMC activated by PHA.

Conclusions and Implications:

The inhibitory effects of suberosin on PHA‐induced PBMC proliferation, were mediated, at least in part, through reduction of [Ca2+]i, ERK, NF‐AT, and NF‐κB activation, and early gene expression in PBMC including cyclins and cytokines, and arrest of cell cycle progression in the cells. Our observations provide an explanation for the anti‐inflammatory activity of P. zeylanica.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 298–312. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706987
High-temperature electrical transport in AlxGa1−xN∕GaN modulation doped field-effect transistors
Authors: Lu Changzhi , Xie Xuesong , Zhu Xiudian , Wang Dongfeng , Khan Arif , Diagne Ibrahima , Mohammad S. Noor
Published: December 2006

High-temperature electrical transports in AlGaN∕GaN modulation doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition method have been studied experimentally. The MODFETs have a channel length of 1.5μm and a gate width of 40μm. The influence of pinchoff voltage, gate voltage, and source-drain voltage on the electrical transports has been addressed. The role of polarization and piezoelectric effect and the fundamental physics underlying leakage have also been elucidated. The maximum drain-source current is 525mA∕mm at a gate bias of 2V, source-drain bias of 4V, and temperature of 300K. The highest room temperature extrinsic transconductance is 155mS∕mm. The breakdown voltage is about 100V at 28 and 78°C.
Long persistent light emitting diode
Authors: Jia D. , Hunter D. N.
Published: December 2006

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) coated with Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Nd3+ (blue), SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ (green), SrS:Eu2+,Y3+,Ce3+ (orange), and CaS:Eu2+,Tm3+,Ce3+ (red) long persistent phosphors were prepared. LEDs which have a 450nm blue emission were used as an excitation source for the coated phosphors. Blue (475nm), green (520nm), orange (606nm), and red (650nm) emissions of the phosphors were found for each coated LED. Long persistent afterglow emissions from the phosphors excited by using LEDs were obtained. The persistence time of the phosphors’ afterglow emissions coated on LEDs is found in the same order of magnitude as the phosphorescence persistence time of the long persistent phosphors.
Organic memory device based on 3,3′-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene with high endurance and robustness to ambient air operation
Authors: Caironi M. , Natali D. , Sampietro M. , Bertarelli C. , Bianco A. , Dundulachi A. , Canesi E. , Zerbi G.
Published: December 2006

A conductance-switching memory cell based on 3,3′-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene, showing long time retention, very high endurance to electrical stress, and operation in ambient air condition, is presented and the switching mechanism is investigated by comparing cells with aluminum and mercury top metal contacts. Write and erase cycles in excess of 200 and long term information retention of both states without refresh in excess of 48h are demonstrated. The memory cell is also operating in air with only a small increase in threshold voltage values.
Effect of the inversion layer on the electrical characterization of Pt germanide/n-Ge(001) Schottky contacts
Authors: Yao H. B. , Chi D. Z. , Li R. , Lee S. J. , Kwong D.-L.
Published: December 2006

Schottky contacts of Pt germanide films formed on n-Ge(001) through solid-state reaction between Pt and Ge(001) via rapid thermal annealing were investigated. Almost identical effective barrier heights of ∼0.619–0.626eV were obtained for PtGe∕n-Ge(001), Pt2Ge3∕n−Ge(001), and PtGe2∕n-Ge(001) Schottky contacts from current-voltage measurements. From the effective barrier height values, actual barrier heights of ∼0.653–0.663eV were determined by taking into account the image force induced barrier lowering in the presence of strong inversion layers at the interfaces. The actual barrier height values obtained were further validated by the good agreement between experimental and simulation results for capacitance-voltage characterization.
Recruitment of Atg9 to the preautophagosomal structure by Atg11 is essential for selective autophagy in budding yeast
Authors: He Congcong , Song Hui , Yorimitsu Tomohiro , Monastyrska Iryna , Yen Wei-Lien , Legakis Julie E. , Klionsky Daniel J.
Published: December 2006

Autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway that is induced in response to various stress and developmental conditions in eukaryotic cells. It allows the elimination of cytosolic proteins and organelles in the lysosome/vacuole. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the integral membrane protein Atg9 (autophagy-related protein 9) cycles between mitochondria and the preautophagosomal structure (PAS), the nucleating site for formation of the sequestering vesicle, suggesting a role in supplying membrane for vesicle formation and/or expansion during autophagy. To better understand the mechanisms involved in Atg9 cycling, we performed a yeast two-hybrid–based screen and identified a peripheral membrane protein, Atg11, that interacts with Atg9. We show that Atg11 governs Atg9 cycling through the PAS during specific autophagy. We also demonstrate that the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for correct targeting of Atg11 to the PAS. We propose that a pool of Atg11 mediates the anterograde transport of Atg9 to the PAS that is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton during yeast vegetative growth.
Effects of Bovine α‐Lactalbumin and Casein Glycomacropeptide–enriched Infant Formulae on Faecal Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants
Authors: Brück Wolfram M , Redgrave Michele , Tuohy Kieran M , Lönnerdal Bo , Graverholt Gitte , Hernell Olle , Gibson Glenn R
Published: December 2006

Objective:

Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a host‐friendly gastrointestinal microbiota, for example, one that is predominated by bifidobacteria, a perceived health‐promoting genus. This may explain why breast‐fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula‐fed counterparts who are believed to have a more diverse microbiota, which is similar to that of adults. The effects of formulas supplemented with 2 such ingredients from bovine milk, α‐lactalbumin (α‐lac) and casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), on gut flora were investigated in this study.

Patients and Methods:

Six‐week‐old (4–8 wk), healthy term infants were randomised to a standard infant formula or 1 of 2 test formulae enriched in α‐lac with higher or lower GMP until 6 months. Faecal bacteriology was determined by the culture‐independent procedure fluorescence in situ hybridisation.

Results:

There was a large fluctuation of bacterial counts within groups with no statistically significant differences between groups. Although all groups showed a predominance of bifidobacteria, breast‐fed infants had a small temporary increase in counts. Other bacterial levels varied in formula‐fed groups, which overall showed an adult‐like faecal microflora.

Conclusions:

It can be speculated that a prebiotic effect for α‐lac and GMP is achieved only with low starting populations of beneficial microbiota (eg, infants not initially breast‐fed.
Follow‐up of Children With Autoimmune Hepatitis Treated With Cyclosporine
Authors: Cuarterolo Miriam , Ciocca Mirta , Velasco Cristina Cañero , Ramonet Margarita , González Teresita , López Susana , Garsd Armando , Álvarez Fernando
Published: December 2006

Objectives:

To evaluate the effectiveness of cyclosporine in inducing and maintaining remission of the inflammatory process in autoimmune hepatitis, when used in combination with low doses of prednisone and azathioprine and to identify the prognostic factors associated with sustained remission.

Methods:

Eighty‐four patients with autoimmune hepatitis were consecutively recruited from 5 centers between January 1994 and March 2001. Cyclosporine was administered during the first 6 months. Thereafter, in patients with aminotransferase levels of lower than twice the normal values, prednisone and azathioprine were initiated.

Results:

Normal aminotransferase levels were observed in 94.05% (79/84) of the patients, 72% of them within the first 6 months of treatment. Total serum bilirubin level of greater than 1.2 mg/dL and portal hypertension at diagnosis jointly predicted a significant delay in remission. Adverse effects related to cyclosporine remained mild and transient. Low doses of prednisone and standard doses of azathioprine were not implicated in relapse of the disease during the follow‐up of any patient.

Conclusions:

This protocol allowed control of the liver inflammatory process and was well tolerated. The response to this immunosuppressive therapy can be predicted with accuracy. Factors delaying remission can be identified early at diagnosis and may contribute to the development of more effective treatment policies for this condition.
Prospective Analysis of Nonadherence in Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Common Problem
Authors: Kerkar Nanda , Annunziato Rachel A , Foley Liberty , Schmeidler James , Rumbo Carolina , Emre Sukru , Shneider Benjamin , Shemesh Eyal
Published: December 2006

Objectives:

To prospectively assess nonadherence to medications, the relationship between nonadherence and medical outcome and the relationship between a psychiatric risk factor (posttraumatic stress) and nonadherence in patients with a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis.

Patients and Methods:

Data were obtained in children with autoimmune hepatitis, who had consented to prospective monitoring of adherence, during 1 year of follow‐up in our pediatric liver program. An electronic monitoring device as well as posttransplant trough blood levels of tacrolimus was used to evaluate adherence. A validated self‐report questionnaire was used to assess posttraumatic stress. The medical outcome measure was the maximal alanine transaminase (ALT) for each monitored patient.

Results:

Of 37 pediatric patients, 34 (15 posttransplant) enrolled. Fourteen (41%) used the monitoring device as directed. Monitor readings ranged between 28% and 94% of optimal adherence (100%). No patient took the medications exactly as prescribed. Electronic monitoring device readings correlated inversely with maximal ALT (P = 0.03, r = −0.59), and were also correlated with the tacrolimus level variability as a measure of adherence (P = 0.04, r = −0.72). Posttraumatic stress disorder questionnaire scores were correlated with both measures of adherence (for electronic monitoring, P = 0.02, r = −0.70, for tacrolimus levels, P = 0.03, r = 0.62).

Conclusions:

Nonadherence to immunosuppressants was common in this cohort, and it correlated with higher maximal ALT. Nonadherence is therefore an important risk factor for poor outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, which were correlated with nonadherence, may serve as a focus for adherence‐improving interventions.
Acquisition of Competence in Paediatric Ileocolonoscopy With Virtual Endoscopy Training
Authors: Thomson Mike , Heuschkel Rob , Donaldson Nora , Murch Simon , Hinds Rupert
Published: December 2006

This study prospectively compared the rates of skill acquisition in ileocolonoscopy in 2 consecutive groups of trainees in paediatric gastroenterology, with 1 cohort exposed to virtual endoscopy. All paediatric gastroenterology trainees rotating through our department during a 7‐year period between 1997 and 2004 were formally assessed while performing ileocolonoscopies using a trainer case‐by‐case method. Fourteen consecutive trainees with no previous experience of ileocolonoscopy were assessed. Comparison of rates of skill acquisition and lesion recognition using multiple linear regressions revealed a significant acceleration of achievement of endoscopic goals (P < 0.0001) in the group with prior exposure to virtual endoscopy.
The behaviour of an osglim lamp II-Oscillograph methods, steady motion and relaxational oscillations
Authors: Richardson Lewis Fry
Published: December 2006

The large oscillations have been studied by means of a cathode-ray oscillograph. The technique is necessarily somewhat elaborate and is described in 11, which can be skipped by any reader who is interested only in the results. The aim of the investigation was to find an equation to describe the behaviour of the osglim under all non-destructive circumstances. From the study of small oscillations in Part I we bring the fact thatϕ-ϕe(u) = (a + b/u) du/dtdescribes small oscillations at 50 c./sec., wherea= 0.16 H,b= 2.9 x 10-4H-amp., while at 1825 c./sec.abecomes negligible. This equation has an intelligible meaning even for the largest oscillations. It will now be shown to provide a good approximate description of a number of interesting phenomena at frequencies up to about 1000 c./sec. The investigation of higher frequencies is in progress, but is not reported yet.
The stark effect in hydrogen and deuterium
Authors: Foster John Stuart , Snell Hawley
Published: December 2006

Since hydrogen and deuterium present observable differences in the fine structure of the Balmer series, it was thought advisable to examine the Stark efforts with special reference to intensities. The photographs have been taken from a Lo Surdo source containing a mixture of hydrogen and deuterium. Plate 19 shows the results that the analyses of H
α
D
α
, H

β

D

β

, H

γ

D

γ

and H
δ
D
δ
. It may be noted that the intensity pattern for D
α
is asymmetric and that it is nearly the mirror image of the asymmetric pattern for H
α
. Although gradually less prominent in later members of the series, this feature is not entirely absent from H

γ

D

γ

as published in
Nature
(Foster and Snell 1934). Moreover, the contrasting asymmetries of D
α
, H
α
persist to some extent in analyses (Plate 20 (1)) from a canal ray source specially constructed with opposing beams, and operated at a pressure enormously in excess of usual values.
Investigation into the relation of shower frequency to general cosmic-ray intensity.
Authors: Jánossy L.
Published: December 2006

Follett and Crawshaw (1936) have compared the transition curve of showers from lead at sea-level and under 30 m. of clay (60 m. water equivalent) and find that the the number of showers decreases about in the same ratio as the vertical intensity. Other measurements of the showers below sea-level have been made by Clay and Clay (1935), Auger and Rosenberg (1935), Ehmert (1937
a, b
), Wilson (1938) and by Pickering (1935, 1937). The purpose of the work described in this paper was to investigate how the form of the shower transition curves at the two levels (i. e. sea-level and under 30 m. of clay) depends on the presence of large masses of light material (e. g. stone) over the lead absorber producing the showers. Drigo (1935) and Auger, Leprince-Ringuet and Ehrenfest (1936) had previously shown that at sea-level the presence of such light materials greatly reduces the number of showers and also alters the shape of the transition curve. Thus to get comparable results at the two levels it is necessary to use similar distributions of dense matter over the counting set. In the work of Follett and Crawshaw this was not the case.
Effusion phenomena in relativistic quantum statistics.
Authors: Srivastava B. N.
Published: December 2006

Considerable attention has been devoted in recent years to the investigation of properties of degenerate and non-degenerate matter. Quite recently the Joule-Thompson expansion of degenerate matter has been studied by Kothari (1938), while the present author (Srivastava 1938) investigated the same effect in non-degenerate matter and showed that the phenomenon of Joule-Thompson expansion may possibly serve as a means of experimentally testing the statistics obeyed by helium gas. In the present communication the effusion phenomena in degenerate and non-degenerate matter have been investigated, taking into account the effect of relativistic mechanics. In §1 the effusion of non-degenerate matter has been discussed while degenerate matter has been considered in §2. 1. Non-degenerate matter Let us consider a gas contained in a vessel having a narrow orifice on one side and let the gas escape through this orifice into a vacuum outside. We shall assume that the pressure of the gas is so low that the mean free path is much greater than the dimensions of the orifice. Under these conditions we shall calculate the amount of matter effusing out through this hole.
The band spectrum of lead fluoride (PbF). II
Authors: Rochester George Dixon
Published: December 2006

The investigation was undertaken to explain the apparently conflicting band-spectral evidence for the nature of the ground states of the diatomic germanium, tin and lead halides. Investigations of the band spectra of the germanium and tin monohalides by Jevons (1926, 1937), Jenkins and Rochester (1937) and others show that the ground states of these molecules are doublets of the electronic type
2
Π, with
2
Π
3/2
~
2
Π
½
separations of approximately 1000 cm.
-1
for the germanium compounds and 2400 cm.
-1
for the tin compounds. Ground states of the type
2
Π are predicated by theory if it is assumed that the molecules are formed from unexcited metal and halide atoms. The spectra of the lead monohalides, of which that of PbF is typical, apparently do not show doublet multiplicity, only one system (
A
1
) being found (Part I, Rochester, 1936). Morgan (1936) observed this system in absorption, and suggested that the apparent absence of a second component system (
A
2
) was due to the magnitude of the doublet separation in the ground state. He pointed out that if the doublet separation was as large as 7000 cm.
-1
system
A
2
would not occur in absorption but could occur in emission and would lie in the near infra-red region. In the ultra-violet region of the spectrum the germanium and tin monohalides have intense systems of the type
2
Σ⇆
2
Π and it is to be expected that the spectrum of PbF will have similar spectra in the same region. The following paper gives an account of the results of a search for these spectra.
IV. On the dark plane which is formed over a heated wire in dusty air
Authors: Strutt John William
Published: December 2006

In the course of his examination of atmospheric dust as rendered evident by a convergent beam from the electric arc, Professor Tyndall noticed the formation of streams of dust-free air rising from the summits of moderately heated solid bodies. “To study this effect a platinum wire was stretched across the beam, the two ends of the wire being connected with the two poles of a galvanic battery. To regulate the strength of the current a rheostat was placed in the circuit. Beginning with a feeble current, the temperature of the wire was gradually augmented; but before it reached the heat of ignition, a flat stream of air rose from it, which, when looked at edgeways, appeared darker and sharper than one of the blackest lines of Fraun­hofer in the solar spectrum. Right and left of this dark vertical band the floating matter rose upwards, bounding definitely the non-luminous stream of air.”.... “When the wire is white hot, it sends up a band of intense darkness. This, I say, is due to the
destruction
of the floating matter. But even when its temperature does not exceed that of boiling water, the wire produces a dark ascending current. This, I say, is due to the
distribution
of the floating matter. Imagine the wire clasped by the mote-filled air. My idea is that it heats the air and lightens it, without in the same degree lightening the floating matter The tendency, therefore, is to start a current of clean air through the mote-filled air. Figure the motion of the air all round the wire. Looking at its trans­verse section, we should see the air at the bottom of the wire bending found it right and left in two branch currents, ascending its sides, and turning to fill the partial vacuum created above the wire. Now as .each new supply of air, filled with its motes comes in contact with the hot wire, the clean air, as just stated, is first started through the inert motes. They are dragged after it, but there is a fringe of cleansed air in advance of the motes. The two purified fringes of the two branch currents unite above the wire, and, keeping the motes a once belonged to them right and left, they form by their union the dark band observed in the experiment. This process is incessant. Always the moment the mote-filled air touches the wire, the distribu­tion is effected, a permanent dark band being thus produced. Could the air and the particles under the wire pass
through
its mass, we should have a vertical current of particles, but no dark band. or here, though the motes would be left behind at starting, they would hotly follow the ascending current, and thus abolish the darkness.
IV. An instrument for cutting, grinding, and polishing section-plates and prisms of mineral or other crystals accurately in the desired directions
Authors: Tutton Alfred Edwin Howard , Judd John Wesley
Published: December 2006

In a recent communication (‘Phil. Trans.,’ 1894, Series A, p. 887; 'Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ vol. 55, p. 108) the author described an instrument for grinding accurately orientated section-plates and prisms of crystals of artificial preparations. The success of that instrument is so complete that another instrument has been devised and constructed, upon similar principles, but with the necessary modifications and additions, to enable equally accurately orientated plates or prisms to be prepared from the relatively harder crystals of natural minerals.
On a direct method of measuring the coefficient of volume elasticity of metals.
Authors: Mallock A.
Published: December 2006

For most hard materials the coefficient of volume elasticity is usually calculated from measurements of Young's modulus or of the coefficient of rigidity, either of which, when Poisson's ratio is known, suffices for its determination. Although, however, the total alteration of volume for a given pressure can be calculated from the coefficient thus obtained, it is only for isotropic material that the alteration of dimensions in any given direction can be inferred from.it.
The separation of the most volatile gases from air without liquefaction.
Authors: Dewar James
Published: December 2006

From the time when liquid air came to be an ordinary laboratory agent, I have continually used it for the purpose of producing high vacua in vessels that had been previously filled with easily condensable gases, like sulphurous acid, carbonic acid, vapour of water or benzol. When the liquefaction of hydrogen was effected one of the first scientific uses to which it was put was that described in my paper on the “Application of Liquid Hydrogen to the Production of High Vacua, together with their Spectroscopic Examination.”
On the action of wood on a photographic plate in the dark.
Authors: Russell William James
Published: December 2006

It has been shown in former papers that many substances are capable of acting on a photographic plate in the dark and producing a picture of themselves. Further investigation shows that this property belongs probably to all woods, some, however, being much more active than others.
On the production of a specific gastrotoxic serum.—Preliminary communication.
Authors: Bolton Charles , Martin Sidney Harris Cox
Published: December 2006

Within the last four or five years the study of cytotoxins has advanced rapidly, but this difficult subject is still involved in a vast amount of obscurity. Very few of the cytotoxins have been at all fully worked out, and, since it is becoming recognised that specificity is a term which should be applied to receptors and not to cells, the existence of many specific cytotoxins is doubted. The present research was, therefore, undertaken from two points of view: (1) To add, if possible, any facts to our knowledge of cytotoxic action, (2) To throw some light upon the pathology of human gastriculcer.
On certain properties of the alloys of silver and cadmium.
Authors: Rose Kirke T. , Heycock Charles Thomas
Published: December 2006

It has long been known that an alloy of silver and copper is not satisfactory material for the trial plates which are used in testing the fineness of the Imperial silver coin and of silver wares before they ar hall-marked. As long ago as the year 1580 the lack of homogeneity of silver-copper alloys was well known to the German metallurgists, and in 1852 Levol concluded that the only uniform alloy of the series contained 718.93 parts of silver and 281.07 parts of copper a composition which corresponds to the formula Ag
3
Cu
2
.
Theory of amphoteric electrolytes. Part II.
Authors: Walker James
Published: December 2006

In a previous paper it was shown that if HXOH is an amphoteric electrolyte, it is possible to express the concentration of the various ions present in its aqueous solution in terms of the concentration of the unionised substance, the dissociation constants of the substance acting as acid and as base respectively, and the ionisation constant of water.
On the normal series satisfying linear differential equations.
Authors: Cunningham Emma , Baker Henry Frederick
Published: December 2006

If
y
denotes a column of
n
elements, and
u
is a square matrix of
n
rows and columns of elements, each of which is a function of the independent variable,
n
independent solutions of the system of simultaneous equations
dy
/
dt
=
uy
are given by the
n
columns of the matrix Ω(
u
) = 1 + Q
u
+ Q(
u
Q
u
) + Q{
u
Q (
u
Q
u
)} + . . . ; where Q(Φ) denotes ᶴ

t

t
0

Φ
dt
.
The effects of momentary stresses in metals.
Authors: Hopkinson Bertram , Ewing James Alfred
Published: December 2006

In 1872 the late Dr. John Hopkinson published an investigation into the effect of a blow delivered by a falling weight on the lower and free end of a wire, the upper end of which is fixed. It is unnecessary to repeat the mathematical analysis in full, but its main features appear in the following argument:—As soon as the weight strikes the stop at the lower end a wave of extension starts up the wire, and the velocity with which it is propagated is √E/
ρ
=
a
, where E is Young’s modulus, and
ρ
the density of the wire. At a time
t
after the weight has struck, so short that its velocity is not appreciably diminished, the lower end of the wire has moved through a distance
Vt
, where
V
is the velocity of the weight immediately after striking.
Note on the determination of the volume elasticity of elastic solids.
Authors: Chree Charles
Published: December 2006

In a recent paper Mr. A. Mallock gives an ingenious and simple method of determining the coefficient of volume elasticity (bulk modulus) of metals by direct observation of the extension of a hollow right circular cylinder under uniform internal pressure. The method depends on a result of the mathematical theory which seems capable of being proved in a more direct and complete way, but which at the same time requires to be restricted by conditions to which Mr. Mallock does not seem to refer. Further, the method is only one of several which seem equally worthy of consideration.
The arc spectrum of scandium and its relation to celestial spectra.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Baxandall F. E.
Published: December 2006

Very little has been published regarding the spectrum of this rare element. The records of Thalen, and Exner and Hasehek, are the only ones previously given, the former observer confining his attention to the spark spectrum, whereas Exner and Haschek have recorded the lines under both arc and spark conditions. In the latter lists, however, no lines are given in the region less refrangible than
λ
4744.0.
On the stellar line near λ 4686.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Baxandall F. E.
Published: December 2006

In the publication of the results derived from a study of the Kensington photographic spectra of the 1898 eclipse, it was stated that a fairly prominent line recorded near λ 4686, for which no terrestrial origin could be found, agreed closely in position with a well-marked line of unknown origin in one of the Kensington photographs of the spectrum from a helium tube. In the helium photograph the position has been recently found from careful measures made on the lines 4120.97, 4388.10, 4713.25, and the line in question, and subsequent use of Hartmann’s formula. The resulting wave-length of the strange line was 4685*97. Similar measurements were made on the eclipse photographs, the fiducial lines used being 4508.5 (
p
Fe), 4584.0 (
p
Fe), and 4713.25 (He). The result gave 4685.90.
Note on the spectrum of
μ
centauri.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Baxandall F. E.
Published: December 2006

An investigation of Pickering’s reproduction of this spectrum— which apparently consists of the spectrum of an Orion star + bright hydrogen lines and certain other bright lines of minor intensity- suggested that the latter are radiation lines corresponding to some of the stronger absorption lines of
α
Cygni. These
α
Cygni lines have previously been attributed to the enhanced lines of certain metals, chiefly Fe, Ti, Cr, Mg, and Si. A close investigation has now shown that nearly all the most marked bright lines in
μ
Centauri—other than those of hydrogen—occupy positions closely corresponding to those of the most conspicuous enhanced lines of iron. The wave-lengths of some of the bright
u
Centauri lines are compared with those of the enhanced lines of iron and
α
Cygni lines in the table at the end of this note. The close agreement is very noticeable.
VIII. On the movements of the flame in the explosion of gases.
Authors: Dixon Harold Baily , Strange E. H. , Graham E. , Jones R. Hughes , Bower J. , Dawson B. , Bradshaw L.
Published: December 2006

(1.) On the Rate of Movement of the Flam, and the produced in theExplosion of Gases. Humphry Davy was the first to observe the rate at which an explosion of gases was propagated in a tube, and he also made the first rough experiment on the tem­perature reached in an explosion. When gas from the distillation of coal (which he found more inflammable than fire-damp) was mixed with eight times its volume ofair, and was fired in a glass tube 1 foot long and 1/4 inch in diameter, the flame took more than a second to traverse the tube. When cyanogen mixed with twice its volume of oxygen was fired in a bent tube over water, the quantity of water displaced showed that the gases had expanded fifteen times their original bulk. Bunsen, in 1867, made the first careful measurement of the rate at which an explosion is propagated in gases, and he also made the first systematic researches on the pressure and temperature produced by the explosion of gases in closed vessels. His results led him to the remarkable conclusion that there was a discontinuous combustion in explosions. When electrolytic gas, or when carbonic oxide with haltits volume of oxygen, is fired, only one-third of the mixture is burnt, according to Bunsen, raising the temperature of the whole to about 3000° C. No further chemical action then occurs until the gaseous mixture falls, by cooling, below 2500° C. Then a further combustion begins, and so onper Saltum. These deductions were criticised by Berthelot, who pointed out that they assumed the constancy of the specific heats of steam and of carbonic acid at high temperatures.
The development of travelling waves in quadratic and cubic autocatalysis with unequal diffusion rates. II. An initial-value problem with an immobilized or nearly immobilized autocatalyst
Authors: Billingham J. , Needham D. J.
Published: December 2006

We study the isothermal autocatalytic reaction schemes, A + B -> 2B (quadratic autocatalysis), and A + 2B → 3B (cubic autocatalysis), where A is a reactant and B is an autocatalyst. We consider the situation when a quantity of B is introduced locally into a uniform expanse of A, in one-dimensional slab geometry. In addition, we allow the chemical species A and B to have unequal diffusion rates
D
A
and
D
B
respectively, and study the two closely related cases, (
D
B
/
D
A
) = 0 and 0 < (
D
B
/
D
A
) < 1. When (D
b
/D
a
) = 0 a spike forms in the concentration of B, which grows indefinitely, and we can obtain both large and small time asymptotic solutions. For 0 < (
D
B
/
D
A
) < 1 there is a long induction period during which a large spike forms in the concentration of B, before a minimum speed travelling wave is generated. We can relate the results for case (
D
B
/
D
A
) = 0 to the solution when 0 < (
D
B
/
D
A
) < 1 to obtain detailed information about its behaviour.
An extract of a letter lately written by Dr Edward Browne to the publisher, concerning damps in the mines of Hungary and their effects
Authors: Brown Edward
Published: December 2006

Sir, having been lately in the copper, silver, and gold-mines of
Hungary
, I hope ere long to give you a particular account thereof, presenting this in the mean time concerning
Damp
in these Mines: whereof I understand, that they happen in most of them, that are deep;
Some experiments of Signor Carolo Rinaldini, Philosopher and Mathematician in the University of Padoua; shewing the difference of ice made without air, from that which is produced with air: In the same venetian journal
Authors: Rinaldini Carolo
Published: December 2006

There was taken a Glass-cane, about 1⅓ of a Florentin
braccia
or Ell, open at one end, of which above one Ell and a quarter was fill'd with Quick-silver, the rest with common water.
A letter written to the publisher from York, Jan: 10. 1670, concerning a kind of fly that is viviparous, together with a set of curious inquiries about spiders, and a table of the several sorts of them to be found in England, amounting to at least 33
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Return you thanks for your obliging Letter of the third of
January
, and have sent you the
Viviparons Fly
and the Sett of Inquiries you desire of me.
An answer to four papers of Mr. Hobs, lately published in the months of August, and this present September, 1671
Authors: Hobs
Published: December 2006

By reason of a proposition of Dr.
Wallis (Prop. r. Cap. 5. De Motu)
to this purpose (for he doth not repeat it verbatim:)
An account of the dissection of a Porpess, promised numb. 74; made, and communicated in a letter of Sept. 12 1671, by the learned Mr. John Ray, having there in obser'd some things omitted by Rondeletius
Authors: Ray John
Published: December 2006

Sir, About the later end of
April
1669, being at Westchester with my Lord Bishop of that Diocess, in the company of
Fr. Willugbby
Esq; I had the good fortune to meet with a young
Porpess
a convenient size for Dissection, brought thither by some Fishermen.who caught him upon the Sands, where the Tide had left him; in the Anatomy whereof I observed some things omitted by
Rondeletius
in his Description of the
Dolphin
.
A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, Professor of the Mathematicks in the University of Cambridge; containing his new theory about light and colors: sent by the author to the publisher from Cambridge, Febr. 6. 1671/72; in order to be communicated to the R. Society
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

Sir, To perform my late promise to you, I shall without further ceremony acquaint you, that in the beginning of the Year 1666 (at which time I applyed my self to the grinding of Optick glasses of other figures than
Spherical
,) I procured me a Triangular glass-Prisme, to try therewith the celebrated
Phœnomena
of
Colours
.
Mr. Newton's letter to the publisher of March 26. 1672. containing some more suggestions about his new telescope, and a table of apertures and charges for the several lengths of that instrument
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: December 2006

Sir, Since my last Letter I have further compared the two Telescopes, and find that of Metal to represent as well the Moon, as neerer Object; something distincter than the other.
An account of a stone cut out from under the tongue of a man; lately sent in a letter of Mr. Listers to his Grace the Lord Archbishop of York
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

May it please your Grace, In obedience to your Grace's Commands, I have penned the Circumstances of a not common Medical observation, viz.
Some astronomical observations in part already made, partly to be made. - I. Lunæ ad pleiadas appulsus A. 1672. Februar. 23. st. v. observatus Derbiæ anglorum à Johanne Flamstedio
Authors: Flamstedio Johanne
Published: December 2006

A
Ltâ Lunâ
20°. 50'.
cepi ipsius Diametrum
32'. 48"; &
altâ ipsâ
19°. 23'.
rursus eam cepi
, 32'. 47".
An accompt of some books. I. Lux mathematica, collisionibus Johannis Wallisii S. Th D. & Thomæ Hobbesii malmesburiensis, excussa: Multis & fulgentissimis aucta radiis, Auth. R. R. Adjunctâ Censura Doctrinæ Wallisianæ de Libra, unà cum Roseto Hobbesii. Londoni, pro Guil. Crook in vico vocato without temple-bar, 1672. in 4°. II. Optique de portraiture & peinture, contenant la perspective speculative & pratique accomplie, &c
Authors: Wallisii Johannis
Published: December 2006

An accompt of some books. I. Lux mathematica, collisionibus Johannis Wallisii S. Th D. & Thomæ Hobbesii malmesburiensis, excussa: Multis & fulgentissimis aucta radiis, Auth. R. R. Adjunctâ Censura Doctrinæ Wallisianæ de Libra, unà cum Roseto Hobbesii. Londoni, pro Guil. Crook in vico vocato without temple-bar, 1672. in 4°. II. Optique de portraiture & peinture, contenant la perspective speculative & pratique accomplie, &c. Par Gregoire Huret, desseignateur & graveur ordinaire de la Maison du Roy, & de l' Academie Royale de Peinture & Sculpture. A Paris, 1670. in Fol. III. Christiani Friderici Garmanni, Physici Chemnicensis, Academinci Curiosi, HO MO EX OVO. Chemnitii, 1672. in 4°. IV. A short and sure guide in the practise of raising and ordering of fruit-trees; by Francis Drope B. D. late Fellow of Magdalen Colledge in Oxford. printed at Oxford, 1672. The Author of this Book dedicated to the
Royal Society
, having told the Reader in the
Preface
, that he hath deduced the rise and occasion of the Disputes betwixt Dr.
Wallis
and Mr.
Hobbs
, and commended the many and difficult Proportitions and Demonstrations, said to be advanced by the latter of them, and compared therewith those of Dr.
Wallis
.
An extract of letter of Mr. Lister to the publisher, both enlarging and correcting his former notes about kermes; and withal insinuating his conjecture of cochineil's being sort of kermes
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Sir
, We must correct as well as enlarge our Notes concerning
Kermes
; and yet there will be much difficulty in resolving the question concerning the Original and Efficient of
Kermes
.