bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Folate and Folate Catabolites in Human Serum
Authors: Hannisdal Rita , Ueland Per Magne , Svardal Asbjørn
Published: April 2009

Background: Folate status is associated with several chronic diseases; thus accurate assessment of folate status has become important in the clinical setting and in epidemiological studies. The diversity of folate forms complicates the task of assaying endogenous folate. We developed and validated an assay that measures various forms of folate in addition to folate catabolites in human serum.

Methods: We added ascorbic acid to serum samples from 168 healthy blood donors and 39 patients with renal failure, and precipitated the proteins with acetonitrile containing 13C-labeled folate forms as internal standards. The supernatant was evaporated and the analytes redissolved in water. We then used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to quantify 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF), 4-α-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (hmTHF), folic acid (FA), 5-formyltrahydrofolate (5fTHF), p-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABG), and p-acetamidobenzoylglutamate (apABG).

Results: Detection limits were 0.07–0.52 nmol/L, and the assay was linear to 140 nmol/L for all analytes. The mean serum folate concentration from 168 blood donors was 22.7 nmol/L, of which 85.8% was 5mTHF, 12.1% hmTHF, 2.1% FA, and 0.0% 5fTHF. In the same individuals, the mean concentrations of pABG and apABG were 0.07 nmol/L and 0.47 nmol/L, respectively. The concentrations of folate catabolites were 22–30 times higher in 39 patients with renal failure. This folate assay correlated well with the microbiologic assay (r2 = 0.92) and with measurement of serum folate as pABG equivalents (r2 = 0.93).

Conclusions: This method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry measures the most abundant folate species and 2 folate catabolites in human serum. .
On the fate of early endosomes
Authors: Spang Anne
Published: April 2009

Proteins are endocytosed by various pathways into the cell. All these pathways converge at the level of the early endosome. The fate of the early endosome and how proteins are sorted into recycling and late endosomes/multi-vesicular body is a matter of debate and intense research. Obviously, the transition from early to late endosome poses an interesting logistic problem and would merit attention on an intellectual level. Numerous diseases are also caused by defects in turning off/over signaling molecules or mis-sorting of proteins at the level of the early endosome. This brief review aims to discuss different molecular mechanisms whereby early-to-late endosome transition could be achieved.
Activation mechanisms of coagulation factor IX
Authors: Zögg Thomas , Brandstetter Hans
Published: April 2009

Blood haemostasis is accomplished by a complex network of coagulatory and fibrinolytic processes. These processes have to be delicately balanced, as clinically manifested by bleeding disorders, such as haemophilia A and B. These disorders are caused by defects in coagulation factor VIII and factor IX, respectively. Following a dual strategy, we emphasise on the one hand principles conserved in most coagulation enzymes, thus mirroring much of the underlying complexity in haemostasis; on the other hand, we identify enzymatic properties of the factor IXa-factor VIIIa system (Xase) that distinguish this proteolytic machine from other components of the coagulation system. While the exact mechanisms of its activity modulation remain baffling until today, superactive factor IX mutants significantly improve our current understanding and serve as a specific and testable model of Xase action.
Beyond glycosylation: sialic acid precursors act as signaling molecules and are involved in cellular control of differentiation of PC12 cells
Authors: Kontou Maria , Weidemann Wenke , Bork Kaya , Horstkorte Rüdiger
Published: April 2009

Sialic acids represent a family of 9-carbon acidic amino sugars expressed mainly as terminal monosaccharides on most mammalian glycoconjugates. Sialic acids play an outstanding role during cellular processes, such as development and regeneration, as they are involved in a variety of molecular interactions. Sialic acids are synthesized in the cytosol starting from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE), which is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sialic acid that catalyzes the generation of N-acetylmannosamine, which in turn is an intermediate of the sialic acid pathway that represents the natural molecular precursor of all sialic acids. Of increasing interest are the influence of the sialic acid precursor N-acetylmannosamine (or related N-acylmannosamines), GNE, and sialic acids themselves on cellular processes such as proliferation, gene expression, or cell differentiation. Here, we present recent data and review indications that N-acylmannosamines (the direct precursors of all sialic acids) may act as signaling molecules, and that the key enzyme of the sialic acid metabolism is directly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
Krüppel-like factor 4 represses transcription of the survivin gene in esophageal cancer cell lines
Authors: Zhang Guo , Zhu Hongxia , Wang Yihua , Yang Shangbin , Liu Mei , Zhang Wei , Quan Lanping , Bai Jinfeng , Liu Zhihua , Xu Ningzhi
Published: April 2009

Aberrant expression of survivin has been shown to be regulated at the transcription level in cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that there are six putative binding sites of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) within the 2000-bp region upstream of the transcription start site of the human survivin gene. Luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that survivin promoter activity is repressed upon overexpression of KLF4 in EC9706 cells. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that KLF4 indeed binds the survivin promoter in vivo. It specifically binds the site located at position -40 among the six binding sites as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Ectopic expression of KLF4 decreases the mRNA and protein levels of survivin. Furthermore, overexpression of survivin partially reverses KLF4-induced cell apoptosis. These results indicate that KLF4 is a transcriptional repressor of the human survivin gene in esophageal squamous cancer cells.
Identification of parasite-responsive cysteine proteases inManduca sexta
Authors: Serbielle Céline , Moreau Sébastien , Veillard Florian , Voldoire Emilien , Bézier Annie , Mannucci Marie-Anne , Volkoff Anne-Nathalie , Drezen Jean-Michel , Lalmanach Gilles , Huguet Elisabeth
Published: April 2009

Parasites have evolved different virulence strategies to manipulate host physiological functions. The parasitoid waspCotesia congregatainduces developmental arrest and immune suppression of its Lepidopteran hostManduca sexta. In this interaction, a symbiotic virus (C. congregataBracovirus, CcBV) associated with the wasp is essential for parasitism success. The virus is injected into the host with wasp eggs and virus genes are expressed in host tissues. Among potential CcBV virulence genes, cystatins, which are tight binding inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, are suspected to play an important role in the interaction owing to their high level of expression. So far, however, potentialin vivotargets inM. sextaare unknown. Here, we characterized for the first time fourM. sextaC1A cysteine proteases corresponding to cathepsin L and cathepsin B and two different ‘26–29 kDa’ cysteine proteases (MsCath1 and MsCath2). Our analyses revealed that MsCath1 and MsCath2 are transcriptionally downregulated in the course of parasitism. Moreover, viral Cystatin1 and MsCath1 co-localize in the plasma following parasitism, strongly suggesting that they interact. We also show that parasitism induces a general increase of cysteine protease activity which is later controlled. The potential involvement of cysteine proteases in defense against parasitoids is discussed.
Identification and characterization of a bioactive lantibiotic produced by Staphylococcus warneri
Authors: Petersen Jørgen , Boysen Anders , Fogh Lotte , Tabermann Kathrine , Kofoed Thomas , King Angus , Schrotz-King Petra , Hansen Martin Christian
Published: April 2009

Lantibiotics are a group of potent antibacterial agents that contain unusual amino acids, such as the thioether amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine, and the didehydroamino acids didehydroalanine and didehydro-aminobutyric acid. Here, we report on an antibacterial lantibiotic peptide named SWLP1 (Staphylococcus warneri lantibiotic peptide 1), which is secreted from Staphylococcus warneri (deposited with DSMZ, accession number DSM 16081). SWLP1 was purified from growth media. The purified peptide displays antibacterial activity against several species, including Staphylococcus epidermidis. The molecular mass of SWLP1 is 2998.9 Da as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The sequence and possible structure was elucidated by combining electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry data of ethanethiol-treated and non-ethanethiol-treated tryptic fragments of the SWLP1. SWLP1 contains three thioether bridges, one didehydroalanine, and three didehydroaminobutyric acids. This peptide has the potential to be used in treatment of several Gram-positive bacterial infections.
Role of the polypeptide backbone and post-translational modifications in cross-reactivity of Art v 1, the major mugwort pollen allergen
Authors: Gruber Petra , Gadermaier Gabriele , Bauer Roman , Weiss Richard , Wagner Stefan , Leonard Renaud , Breiteneder Heimo , Ebner Christof , Ferreira Fatima , Egger Matthias
Published: April 2009

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) is one of the main causes of late summer pollinosis in Europe, with >95% of patients sensitized to the glycoallergen Art v 1. Despite the importance of this allergen, little is known about its cross-reactive behavior. Here we investigated the occurrence of conserved Art v 1 antigenic determinants in sources known to display clinically relevant cross-reactivity with mugwort pollen. For this purpose, monoclonal antibodies specific for a cysteine-stabilized epitope of the Art v 1 defensin domain and for carbohydrates attached to the proline domain were produced by hybridoma and phage display technologies. Using polyclonal Art v 1-specific rabbit sera and antibodies against both the Art v 1 carbohydrate and polypeptide moieties, we could identify cross-reactive structures in pollen from botanically related Asteraceae weeds (Artemisia absinthium, Helianthus annuus and Ambrosia sp.). Homologous allergens were also recognized by IgE from mugwort-sensitized patients and the reactivity could be decreased by serum pre-incubation with natural and recombinant Art v 1. As no cross-reactive structures could be found in foods associated with mugwort pollinosis, we conclude that Art v 1 is poorly involved in mugwort cross-reactivity to food allergens.
Effects of Various Long-Term Aging Procedures on the Rheological Properties of Laboratory Prepared Rubberized Asphalt Binders
Authors: Xiao Feipeng , Amirkhanian Serji N. , Shen Junan
Published: April 2009

Rubberized asphalt has been used to improve the mechanical characteristics (e.g., rutting resistance, fatigue life, friction, and skid resistance) of hot mix asphalt mixtures. The objective of this research was to investigate the rheological characteristics of the rubberized asphalt binders after various long-term aging procedures, using the penetration index, the dynamic shear rheometer, the bending beam rheometer, and high pressure-gel permeation chromatographic testing. The experimental design included the use of three binder sources, three binder grades (PG 64-22, PG 64-22+10 %-40 ambient rubber, and PG 76-22) and three aging states, i.e., virgin, rolling thin film oven, and pressurized aged vessel [four test temperatures (65, 80, 100, and 110°C) and five aging durations (15, 20, 40, 80, and 144 h) under the pressure of 2070 kPa]. The test results show that, as expected, the use of crumb rubber can effectively improve the PG grade and aging resistance of the virgin asphalt binder. A series of rheological properties (e.g., penetration, stiffness, m-value, and percentages of large and small molecular sizes) illustrate that the PG 64-22 binder, mixed with 10 %-40 ambient rubber, yields similar or improved rheological properties in comparison with PG 76-22 using 3 % styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer after various long-term aging procedures.
Recovery of persistent hypogonadism by clomiphene in males with prolactinomas under dopamine agonist treatment
Authors: Ribeiro Rogerio Silicani , Abucham Julio
Published: April 2009

Context

Persistence of hypogonadism is common in male patients with prolactinomas under dopamine agonist (DA) treatment. Conventional therapy with testosterone causes undesirable fluctuations in serum testosterone levels and inhibition of spermatogenesis.

Objective

To evaluate the use of clomiphene as a treatment for persistent hypogonadism in males with prolactinomas.

Design

Open label, single-arm, prospective trial.

Patients

Fourteen adult hypogonadal males (testosterone <300 ng/dl and low/normal LH) with prolactinomas on DA, including seven with high prolactin (range: 29–1255 μg/l; median: 101 μg/l) despite maximal doses of DA.

Intervention

Clomiphene (50 mg/day orally) for 12 weeks.

Measures

Testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, and prolactin were measured before and 10 days, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after clomiphene. Erectile function, sperm analysis, body composition, and metabolic profiles were evaluated before and after clomiphene.

Results

Ten patients (71%), five hyperprolactinemic and two normoprolactinemic, responded to clomiphene (testosterone >300 ng/dl). Testosterone levels increased from 201±22 to 457±37 ng/dl, 436±52, and 440±47 ng/dl at 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively (0.001<P<0.01). Estradiol increased significantly and peaked at 12 weeks. LH increased from 1.7±0.4 to 6.2±2.0 IU/l, 4.5±0.7, and 4.6±0.7 IU/l at 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively (0.001<P<0.05). FSH levels increased in a similar fashion. Prolactin levels remained unchanged. Erectile function improved (P<0.05) and sperm motility increased (P<0.05) in all six patients with asthenospermia before clomiphene.

Conclusions

Clomiphene restores normal testosterone levels and improves sperm motility in most male patients with prolactinomas and persistent hypogonadism under DA therapy. Recovery of gonadal function by clomiphene is independent of prolactin levels.
Temporal regulation of BMP2, BMP6, BMP15, GDF9, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2 and TGFBR1 mRNA expression in the oocyte, granulosa and theca cells of developing preovulatory follicles in the pig
Authors: Paradis Francois , Novak Susan , Murdoch Gordon K , Dyck Michael K , Dixon Walter T , Foxcroft George R
Published: April 2009

This study aimed to describe the abundance and localization ofBMP2,BMP6,BMP15,GDF9,BMPR1A,BMPR1B,BMPR2andTGFBR1mRNA during pig preovulatory follicular development and to evaluate their implication in improving follicular maturity in the preovulatory period preceding the second versus first post-weaning oestrus. Oocytes, granulosa (GC) and theca cells (TC) were recovered from antral follicles of primiparous sows at day 1, 2 and 4 after weaning and at day 14, 16 and 20 of their subsequent oestrous cycle. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that with the exception ofBMP6mRNA, which was absent in GC, all genes were expressed in every cell type. AlthoughBMP6,BMP15andGDF9mRNA were most abundant in the oocyte, their expression remained relatively constant during follicular development. By contrast, receptorBMPR1BandTGFBR1expressions in the GC and TC were temporally regulated.BMPR1BmRNA abundance was positively correlated with plasma oestradiol (E2) suggesting that its regulation by oestrogen may be implicated in normal folliculogenesis. Interestingly, the increase inBMPR1BmRNA and protein abundance during the periovulatory period in GC and TC suggests a role for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15 in the ovulatory process. Finally, expression of these ligands and receptors was not associated with potential differences in follicle maturity observed during the second versus first post-weaning preovulatory follicular wave. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate the presence of a complex signalling system within the pig follicle involving the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and their receptors, and provide evidence to support a role for BMP15 and BMPR1B during ovulation.
Handling nonnormality and variance heterogeneity for quantitative sublethal toxicity tests
Authors: Ritz Christian , Vliet Leana Vander
Published: April 2009

The advantages of using regression-based techniques to derive endpoints from environmental toxicity data are clear, and slowly, this superior analytical technique is gaining acceptance. As use of regression-based analysis becomes more widespread, some of the associated nuances and potential problems come into sharper focus. Looking at data sets that cover a broad spectrum of standard test species, we noticed that some model fits to data failed to meet two key assumptions—variance homogeneity and normality—that are necessary for correct statistical analysis via regression-based techniques. Failure to meet these assumptions often is caused by reduced variance at the concentrations showing severe adverse effects. Although commonly used with linear regression analysis, transformation of the response variable only is not appropriate when fitting data using nonlinear regression techniques. Through analysis of sample data sets, including Lemna minor, Eisenia andrei (terrestrial earthworm), and algae, we show that both the so-called Box-Cox transformation and use of the Poisson distribution can help to correct variance heterogeneity and nonnormality and so allow nonlinear regression analysis to be implemented. Both the Box-Cox transformation and the Poisson distribution can be readily implemented into existing protocols for statistical analysis. By correcting for nonnormality and variance heterogeneity, these two statistical tools can be used to encourage the transition to regression-based analysis and the depreciation of less-desirable and less-flexible analytical techniques, such as linear interpolation.
Gene expression profiling in atlantic cod (Gadus Morhua L.) from two contaminated sites using a custom-made cDNA microarray
Authors: Lie Kai K. , Lanzen Anders , Breilid Harald , Olsvik Pål A.
Published: April 2009

A small-scale, custom-made cDNA microarray, the CodStress array, consisting of 746 expressed sequence tag clones encoding stress-responsive and immune-relevant proteins was constructed to investigate the effects of contaminants on gene expression in two natural populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from western Norway. Farmed Atlantic cod as well as cod from an unpolluted reference site were included in the present study to examine the individual variation and differences in gene expression between natural populations of cod and farmed cod. Liver of cod sampled from two contaminated sites (Store Lungegardsvann, Bergen, Norway, and S0rfjorden, Odda, Norway), from one unpolluted reference site (0ystese/Jondal, Norway), and farmed cod were analyzed by microarray. Few differences in transcriptional levels were detected between cod from the two polluted sites and the unpolluted reference site. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and sulfotransferase 1(SULT1), two biotransformation genes, were up-regulated in males but not in females from Store Lungegardsvann compared to the reference site. Genes related to metal-induced stress, such as heme oxygenase, ferritin, and metallothionein, were up-regulated in female cod from S0rfjorden compared to female cod from the reference site. Although many of the same contaminants are reported from both S0rfjorden and Store Lungegardsvann, the distinction in gene expression profile between cod from these locations reflected the composition of environmental contaminants at each site. As expected, farmed fish displayed less variation in gene expression compared to the wild fish. Pearson correlation divided the farmed cod and natural cod into two principal clusters.
Material Hardship and the Physical Health of School-Aged Children in Low-Income Households
Authors: Yoo Joan P. , Slack Kristen S. , Holl Jane L.
Published: April 2009

Objectives. We examined the relationship between material hardship reported by low-income caregivers and caregivers’ assessments of their children's overall health.

Methods. We used logistic regression techniques to analyze data from 1073 children aged 5 through 11 years whose caregivers participated in multiple waves of the Illinois Families Study.

Results. Caregivers’ reports of food hardship were strongly associated with their assessments of their children's health. Other sources of self-reported material hardship were also associated with caregivers’ assessments of their children's health, but the effects disappeared when we controlled for caregiver physical health status and mental health status. Proximal measures of material hardship better explained low-income children's health than traditional socioeconomic measures. There were no statistically significant cumulative effects of material hardships above and beyond individual hardship effects.

Conclusions. Our findings highlight the importance of developing and supporting programs and policies that ensure access to better-quality food, higher quantities of food, and better living conditions for low-income children, as well as health promotion and prevention efforts targeted toward their primary caregivers as ways to reduce health disparities for this population.
Saved by the Nose: Bystander-Administered Intranasal Naloxone Hydrochloride for Opioid Overdose
Authors: Doe-Simkins Maya , Walley Alexander Y. , Epstein Andy , Moyer Peter
Published: April 2009

Administering naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) during an opioid overdose reverses the overdose and can prevent death. Although typically delivered via intramuscular or intravenous injection, naloxone may be delivered via intranasal spray device. In August 2006, the Boston Public Health Commission passed a public health regulation that authorized an opioid overdose prevention program that included intranasal naloxone education and distribution of the spray to potential bystanders. Participants were taught by trained nonmedical needle exchange staff. After 15 months, the program provided training and intranasal naloxone to 385 participants who reported 74 successful overdose reversals. Problems with intranasal naloxone were uncommon. Overdose prevention education with distribution of intranasal naloxone is a feasible public health intervention to address opioid overdose.
Identification and Evaluation of High-Performance EOR Surfactants
Authors: Levitt David B. , Jackson Adam C. , Heinson Christopher , Britton Larry N. , Malik Taimur , Dwarakanath Varadarajan , Pope Gary A.
Published: April 2009

We report results for a number of promising enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) surfactants based upon a fast, low-cost laboratory screening process that is highly effective in selecting the best surfactants to use with different crude oils. Initial selection of surfactants is based upon desirable surfactant structure. Phase-behavior screening helps to quickly identify favorable surfactant formulations. Salinity scans are conducted to observe equilibration times, microemulsion viscosity, oil- and water-solubilization ratios, and interfacial tension (IFT). Cosurfactants and cosolvents are included to minimize gels, liquid crystals, and macroemulsions and to promote rapid equilibration to low-viscosity micro-emulsions. Branched alcohol propoxy sulfates (APS), internal olefin sulfonates, and branched alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been identified as good EOR surfactants using this screening process. These surfactants are available at a low cost and are compatible with both polymers and alkali, such as sodium carbonate and, thus, are good candidates for both surfactant-polymer and alkali-surfactant-polymer EOR processes. One of the best formulations was tested in both sandstone and dolomite cores and found to give excellent oil recovery and low surfactant retention with a west Texas (WT) crude oil.
Experimental Determination of Relative Permeabilities for a Rich Gas/Condensate System Using Live Fluid
Authors: App J. F. , Burger J. E.
Published: April 2009

Measurement of gas and condensate relative permeabilities typically is performed through steady-state linear coreflood experiments using model fluids. This study addresses experimental measurement of relative permeabilities for a rich gas/condensate reservoir using a live, single-phase reservoir fluid. Using a live, single-phase reservoir fluid eliminates the difficulties in designing a relatively simple model fluid that replicates the complicated thermodynamic and transport properties of a near-critical fluid. Two-phase-flow tests were performed across a range of pressures and flow rates to simulate reservoir conditions from initial production through depletion. A single-phase multirate experiment was also performed to assess inertial, or non-Darcy, effects. Correlations were developed to represent both the gas and condensate relative permeabilities as a function of capillary number. A nearly 20-fold increase in gas relative permeability was observed from the low- to high-capillary-number flow regime. Compositional simulations were performed to assess the impact of the experimental results for vertical- and horizontal-well geometries.
Strategic and economic aspects of municipal wastewater treatment in the Danube Basin
Authors: Somlyódy L.
Published: April 2009

Aspects of municipal wastewater management in the Danube Basin are discussed with particular focus to the needs of Central and Eastern European transition countries of much lower infrastructure and economic development than Germany and Austria. The present situation of infrastructure development and nutrient emissions are discussed, which cover countries, point- and non-point sources, retentions and loads carried by the Danube to the Black Sea. Removal rates and costs of seven state-of-the-art technologies are outlined which are one of the important tools of nutrient emission reduction in the Basin. Development needs are evaluated under the assumption of approaching infrastructure levels of Germany and Austria, and nutrient emission reduction goals of the North-East Black Sea. Capital and annualized costs are estimated and the issue of affordability is addressed by analyzing different strategies and conditions of financing. Two indicators are used: total annual cost per GDP and head specific total annual cost related to the net household expenditure. The second one can be critically high which under the present modest economic growth can be balanced primarily by the increase of the implementation period of investments. The paper is completed by Hungarian strategic experiences of the past fifteen years in wastewater management, implementation and financing.
Occurrence of Microcystins in Bavarian Recreational Water - A Monitoring Program for Health Protection
Authors: Resch P. , Höbel W. , Miller A. , Walther S.C.
Published: April 2009

Cyanobacterial blooms in fresh water lakes have become an increasing problem in temperate zones due to eutrophication of the water. In some fresh water lakes in Bavaria cyanobacteria developed to one of the dominant plankonic organisms. Cyanobacteria are able to produce toxins, such as microcystins (MCYSTs), anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin or saxitoxin. MCYSTs are hepatotoxic, cyclic heptapeptides. Illness after recreation in lakes exhibiting cyanobacterial bloom has been observed. A graduated scheme of visual inspection and chemical analysis was applied to monitor the Bavarian recreational water. When algae bloom occurred and/or water transparency decreased to one metre or less a water sample was taken for analysis of total MCYSTs content by ELISA. If total MCYSTs content exceeded 10μg/l, verification by HPLC analysis was performed. Since 2003 164 samples have been analyzed originating from 66 Bavarian lakes. In 49 lakes no MCYSTs were detected. However, 10-100μg/l total MCYSTs were detected in five lakes, 100-1000μg/l in five lakes and more than 1000μg/l in four lakes. The main MCYSTs detected were MCYST-RR, -LR and YR in changing concentrations. In two out of three lakes MCYSTs content correlated linear with chlorophyll a content. However, no correlation between phosphate content and MCYSTs content was observed. Even at phosphate concentrations as low as 0.02 mg/l up to 2600 μg/l MCYST were formed.
The Hospital Tap Water System as a Source of Nosocomial Infections for Staff Members and Patients in the West Banks' Hospitals
Authors: Shareef Azhar , Mimi Ziad
Published: April 2009

The number of nosocomial infections due to Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is probably underestimated in many countries. This paper discusses the risk of legionellosis due to Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for patients and hospitals staff members from the water system in different Palestinian hospitals. A total of 134 water samples were collected in 2005 from six governmental hospitals located in the West Bank. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 2-14 was isolated from 33 of 53 samples and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 17 of 81 before thermal disinfection. Thermal disinfection at 80°C and progressively flushing the hot water outlets around the system was successfully efficient to eliminate Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogens in water distribution systems. The current study is an example on how microbiological methods along with site history could be used to successfully track the source of bacterial water contamination and subsequently remediate it. Thorough contaminant characterization and forensic source identification is important for designing of appropriate management strategies
The response to hurricane Wilma. Lessons learned by the water and sanitation services in Cancun.
Authors: Soriano G. Aguilera , Zepeda H. Contreras , Robles R. , Audic J. M.
Published: April 2009

The city of Cancun in Mexico is frequently subjected to the impact of hurricanes. Hurricane Wilma which passed through the city in 2005 has been the most devastating in the history of the Yucatan peninsula. The water and sanitation services operator of Cancun, Aguakan, has developed a manual of crisis procedures through which a risk management and crisis strategy is established. Through its experience in dealing with hurricane events, Aguakan has derived a series of lessons that have contributed to the rapid response and recovery of the water services. Among the lessons learned, the support to the staff and their families, the provision of a specific crisis fund and the signature of cooperation agreements with institutions and companies outside the disaster area have been key to the reestablishment of the water and sanitation services. The objective of this work is to present the lessons learned by Aguakan through the preparation, response and recovery from hurricane events and in particular to hurricane Wilma. The lessons learned constitute a contribution towards the development of a preparedness, response and recovery framework for hurricane-disaster scenarios.
Distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms in a biological aerated filter
Authors: González-Barceló O. , González-Martínez S.
Published: April 2009

Biological aerated filtration is a viable option for small municipal wastewater treatment plants. A low cost filter media was obtained by triturating volcanic rock. An apparent porosity of 46 % and a specific surface area of 395 m2/m3·d were obtained once the filter was packed by using a grain size of 8.2 mm. The performance of the system, operated as a biological filter, was evaluated under an average organic load of 2.6±0.4 kgCODT/m3·d (6.7±1.1 gCODT/m2·d) without primary and secondary settling. The average CODT decreased from 220 mg/l in the influent to 88 mg/l in the effluent and the CODD was decreased from 148 mg/l in the influent to 50 mg/l in the effluent. The filter media, in combination with the biofilm, allowed a 75 % TSS removal. The ammonia nitrogen decreased from 51 mg/l in the influent to 33 mg/l in the effluent. The maximum flux coefficients of 9.3gCODdissolved/m2·d and 2.9gNH4-N/m2·d at the biofilm surface were used to simulate, with the Michaelis-Menten model, the profiles of dissolved COD, ammonium and nitrates through the aerated filter. It was possible to conclude that the backwashing procedure removed the excess biomass and was responsible for a homogeneous distribution of heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms along the filter depth.
Perception of House Onsite Grey Water Treatment and Reuse in Palestinian Rural Areas
Authors: Mahmoud Nidal , Mimi Ziad
Published: April 2009

House onsite treatment of grey water and reuse of treated effluent for irrigating crops are increasingly accepted and practiced in Palestinian rural developments as more than 600 units are operational. The main goal of this research was to assess the impact of those systems on the environment, health, and the Palestinian society and economy through field survey in Qebia village where 47 house onsite sanitation systems were recently implemented. The results revealed that the biggest incentive for applying this system is the reuse of treated grey water for irrigation purposes, which is socially accepted. The application of those systems is currently limited and tied to the availability of external funds. The main concerns people have over the constructing of those house onsite systems are health risks, flooding, and odour emission. Accordingly, the concept of house onsite wastewater management systems is very promising, but provision of proper technical solutions is very important.
Potential impact of natural hazards on water supply systems in Alpine regions
Authors: Möderl M. , Vanham D. , De Toffo S. , Rauch W.
Published: April 2009

One of the most important aspects in water supply management is supply security. In this article a methodology is introduced to first identify vulnerable sites of a water supply system (WSS) and second to estimate the potential effect of alpine natural hazards on this system. The approach serves for the definition of zones with low, medium and high potential risk by combining vulnerability and hazard maps. This approach enables the possibility to accomplish prevention measures on risky sites considering the available budget. A management support tool (VulNetWS - Vulnerability of Water Supply Networks) is developed which quantifies vulnerability based on hydraulic and quality simulations assuming component failure of each single WSS component. Hazards of flooding, landslide, debris flow and avalanches are calculated and categorized in potential low, medium and high hazard zones. For this analysis different GIS data sets (e.g. Austrian hazard zone maps, HORA “Flood Risk Zoning”) are used. The methodology is presented by applying it upon an alpine region encompassing the municipality of Kitzbühel (Tyrol - Austria) and 4 neighbouring municipalities. The combination of vulnerability and hazard is summarized using a risk matrix that highlights a zone of 0.42 square kilometres within the study area as being potentially risky.
Water losses' assessment in an urban water network
Authors: Covas Dídia I. C. , Cláudia Jacob Ana , Ramos Helena M.
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the assessment of real and apparent losses in a District Metering Area of a Portuguese water utility based on the analysis of collected minimum night flow data and extended period simulations of the system. The DMA covers a 0.7 km2 area, is predominantly domestic consumption, with 6200 inhabitants and a large non-domestic consumer; it is a temporarily DMA, isolated by closing ten boundary valves. It has 9.4 km of pipes with diameter from 50 to 300 mm, 589 service connections and 3400 billed consumers. Flow and pressure data have been collected at the DMA input section, during a leak detection survey carried out during an eight-weak period. A brief description of the leak detection survey is presented. Water losses have been assessed before and after the leakage detection survey by means of a bottom-up approach (a six-step procedure) based on minimum night flow analysis and dynamic hydraulic simulation of the system. Minimum night flow data, between 2:00 and 4:00, were used for estimating real losses. Daily leakage pattern has been estimated by means of hydraulic simulations of the system using EPANET. The analysis has shown that the leak detection survey reduced real losses in 27%, which corresponds to an annual water volume of 130 000 m3 (despite the seasonal demand variation of 22%) and apparent losses and unbilled authorised consumption, even after the survey, still represent 33% of total water volume.
Formation of HAAs and THMs in the Water Treatment and Distribution System of Macau
Authors: Wong H. , Mok K.M.
Published: April 2009

This study investigated the formation behavior of two CDBPs, namely THMs and HAAs, in a treatment plant and the distribution network of Macau. Concentrations of the four species of THMs and the six species of HAAs were monitored at different stages of the treatment process and at two separate points in the distribution network during February 2006 to January 2007. The results show that the mass concentration of THMs was generally higher than that of HAAs in treated water with a ratio ranging from around 1:1 to 2:1. The results suggested that two steps, pre-chlorination and coagulation, performed in the treatment process influenced the formation of CDBPs in the plant. The CDBPs formation was found to continue in the distribution system with the concentration of THMs increasing faster. The effect of temperature on the formation of HAAs was found to be more significant than on that of THMs. In an alkaline condition, both THMs and dihaloacetic acids were easier to form but the concentration of some trihaloacetic acid decreased.
Identification of groundwater recharge areas for improving regional water conservation: application example of water use funds in Brazil
Authors: Dias N.W. , Anjos C.E. , Diniz H.N. , Targa M.S.
Published: April 2009

This article presents the results of a research project funded by the Paraiba do Sul Hydrographic Basin Committee with funds obtained through charging water users in this basin. The objective of this project is to develop a series of geospatial geologic information layers and a sequence of hydrogeologic analysis to determine the location of groundwater recharge areas in the basin for future conservation purposes. The results indicate eleven areas with most interaction among lineament characteristics, fracture bundles, and higher fracture densities. These areas should be considered as having higher percolation quality and infiltration capacity, therefore areas with higher potential for groundwater recharge. The results also show that the sedimentary region is the most important groundwater recharge area in the Paraiba do Sul river valley.
The Status of Watershed Management in Jordan: “Achievements & Constrains”
Authors: Hijleh A.S. Abu , Row K. , Hijazi A.
Published: April 2009

The Per capita water share in Jordan declined from 3600 m3/yr in 1946 to 150 m3/yr in 2006. The population growth is straining the limited water supply, threatening the water quality. Jordan's limited water resources are at increasing risk of chemical and microbiological contamination. Potable water production from high-risk sources, will lead to use costly water treatment technologies. Thus, Jordan is implementing watershed management technique, through the Jordan Water Quality Management Program “JWQMP”, financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This program is managed by CDM International in partnership with the Water Authority and the Ministry of Health in Jordan. The program introduced modern watershed management concepts, to urban/agricultural communities. This resulted in the first watershed management module in Jordan, and institutionalized new watershed management strategy. The project identified and recommended mitigation measures for the following pollution sources: cesspits located on limestone-karstic terrain, leaky sewer pipelines, overuse of fertilizers, and improper solid wastes disposal. Vulnerability mapping were used to delineate water resources protection zones. Community outreach programs to change behaviors for water supply, sanitation and water quality improvements. faced constraints included: Public resistance to change behaviors, limited governmental resources; controlling non-point source pollutants; and the complex nature of groundwater flow through karst terrain.
Potential Use of Monsoon Rainwater for Drinking Purpose in Bangladesh
Authors: Mostafa M.G. , Shafiuzzaman S.M.
Published: April 2009

This study investigates the feasibility of the utilization of monsoon rainwater for domestic purpose in Bangladesh. A survey was done in Rajshahi city in Bangladesh about the prospect and possibilities of rainwater harvesting (RWH). RWH system was not found in any individual or commercial apartment in the city. But, however, in rainy season, women about 46% houses used to collect rainwater from their roofs for domestic uses at least once in a year. In this study, a numbers of rainwater samples were collected from open atmosphere and through two different roof catchments (galvanized iron and concrete) and analysed the physico-chemical quality. pH of all the samples ranges from 6.3 to 7.7. The results showed the physico-chemical quality of the samples were found within the limits of WHO's standard of drinking water except the particulate matter in rainwater. The study recommend that the rainwater would be allowed to stand for 6-10 hours to settle more than 90% of the particulate matter and a 3-4 folds fine thin clothes could be used as filter to remove almost all particulate matter from the water. Moreover, the study observed that the microbial treatment technologies such as chlorination, solar or UV radiations would be technically feasible and economically sound to destroy micrograms in stored rainwater. Further research is imperative on potential indicators of both microbiological quality and health risk to minimize contamination of roof-collected rainwater.
Effects of several water quality parameters on arsenic removal by coagulation: laboratory experiments and a pilot-scale study
Authors: Laky D. , László B. , Licskó I.
Published: April 2009

In laboratory experiments a traditional drinking water treatment method, coagulation/flocculation followed by solid/liquid phase separation has been applied in order to decrease arsenic concentration below 10 μg/L (which is the new Hungarian standard for arsenic). The goal of the research work was to examine the transition of the dissolved arsenic to solid form, to determine the factors which have significant effect on arsenic removal efficiency. The organic content of the water highly affected the arsenic removal process. The difference in the required coagulant dosage can be order of one magnitude depending on the organic content of the water. The phosphorous content also increases the required coagulant dose, since ferric phosphate precipitates are formed, decreasing the amount of coagulant available for arsenic removal. pH also proved to have significant influence when experiments were carried out at wide pH range. However, under more realistic conditions (pH is between 7.5 and 8), the effect of pH was not that significant. The inorganic carbon content at some extent favors the liquid/solid transition of arsenate, since it contributes to the buffering capacity of the water, therefore enhances the metal hydroxide formation process. However, the excess inorganic carbon has disadvantageous effect, since it competes with the arsenate ions for the free sites of metal hydroxides. Two oxidants (chlorine and potassium permanganate) and two coagulants (ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate) were studied in pilot scale experiments. The pilot plant was operated at Hajdúbagos, where the arsenic, iron and manganese concentration of the raw water is above the standard. In the experiments it was found the potassium permanganate + ferric chloride combination was the most efficient.
A social participation. Consumers and the water supply company.
Authors: Franquelo M. Huelin , Moisés Guillermo Cao
Published: April 2009

An essential component of an advanced democracy is civil participation at all levels of administration. Water Framework Directive has proposed a substantial reform in European legislation on water and has revolutionised the management of water supply through democratic inclusion of citizens. Through this new legal aim of water management we have encountered various forms of participation which will be of use to many Water Supply Companies, and Consumer Associations. One example of participation and collaboration is that which was achieved between Consumer Associations and Málaga's Water Supply Company (EMASA). In this presentation we will explain how this was managed and describe those social agents involved, the roles each took and the specific actions undertaken.
Novel Composite Adsorbents Preparation through In Situ Coating and Embedded Regeneration for the Simultaneous Removal of As(III) and As(V) from Drinking Water
Authors: Ruiping Liu , Fangfang Chang , Huijuan Liu , Gaosheng Zhang
Published: April 2009

This study investigated the effectiveness and mechanisms of a novel composite adsorbent, prepared through in situ coating and regenerated through in situ embedding with Fe-Mn binary oxides onto porous diatomite (FMBO-DE), for the simultaneous removal of As(III) and As(V) from drinking water.

FMBO-DE was prepared in situ by interactions between equivalent amount of KMnO4 and FeSO4 (3:1) with suspended porous diatomite. Zeta potential analysis showed the zero point of charge was pH 7.0, slightly higher than Fe-Mn binary oxides (pH 6.1). No X-ray diffraction peaks were observed, confirming that FMBO-DE was amorphous; SEM/EDX analysis showed the surface elemental ratio of Fe to Mn was 3:1, indicating that ferric and manganese oxides were evenly homogeneous in Fe-Mn binary oxides.

Kinetics studies showed As was quickly removed by FMBO, up to 80% of equilibrium capacity within initial 60 minutes. Additionally, it exhibited strong potential for removing both As(III) and As(V), with maximum adsorption capacities as high as 350 mgAs(III) /g FMBO and 200 mgAs(V)/g FMBO, respectively. It was noteworthy that FMBO showed higher potential of removing As(III) than As(V).

Continuous column tests demonstrated significant removal of both As(III) and As(V). At an initial As concentration of 100µg L-1 and empty bed contact time of 5 min, freshly prepared FMBO-DE could treat 3000 bed volume (BV) of As(III) and 2000 BV of As(V) and the effluent As concentration was consistently below 10 μg L-1. The in situ embedded regeneration processes obviously increased the capability of removing As from water. After three regenerations, the adsorbing potential was as high as 4500 BV of As(III) and 3100 BV of As(V), respectively.
Expansion of Existing Monitoring System on Great Man-Made River Project Using Acoustic Fibre Optic Technology
Authors: Lenghi A. , Amaitik N. , Wrigglesworth M.
Published: April 2009

Acoustic monitoring has played a major role in the management of one of the world's largest civil engineering projects. After experiencing failures on their pipeline between 1999 and 2001, the Great Man-Made River Authority (GMRA) undertook an aggressive condition assessment program. This program led to the development of a comprehensive Pipeline Risk Management System (PRMS), making the Great Man-Made River Project one of the best managed pipelines in the world. The planned expansion of the existing acoustic monitoring system, a key component of the PRMS, will allow for monitoring of over 700km of pipeline. This paper will discuss steps taken to-date, the acoustic monitoring technology and the expansion of this key component to the management strategy for the pipeline.