bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caregiver Preference for Tube Feeding in Community‐Dwelling Persons with Severe Dementia
Authors: Zain Zafirah , Mohamad Hazirah , Seow Dennis , Hum Yin Mei Allyn , Allen John Carson , Tong Ka‐Mun , Malhotra Rahul , Balasundaram Bharathi , Malhotra Chetna
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests that tube feeding persons with severe dementia (PWSDs) does not improve survival or quality of life, yet many continue to be tube fed. Reasons why caregivers choose to do so are not entirely understood.

OBJECTIVE

To understand what shapes caregiver preference toward nasogastric (NG) tube feeding for community‐dwelling PWSDs.

DESIGN

A qualitative study that employed semistructured interviews.

SETTING AND SUBJECTS

Primary informal caregivers of community‐dwelling persons diagnosed with dementia Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST) stage 7 in Singapore.

METHODS

Caregivers participated in qualitative in‐depth interviews during which their preferences toward NG tube feeding of PWSDs were explored. We used principles of reflexive thematic analysis to compare caregivers who expressed a preference for NG tube feeding with those who did not prefer it.

RESULTS

We interviewed 27 caregivers of PWSDs. Most caregivers, 67% (n = 18), expressed a preference for tube feeding. We conceptualized four main themes describing what shapes caregiver preference toward NG tube feeding: (1) willingness to use tube feeding to prolong life at the expense of suffering, (2) deference to healthcare provider's (HCP’s) recommendation, (3) caregiver knowledge of alternatives to tube feeding, and (4) caregivers' internal and external conflicts.

CONCLUSION

Results from this study highlight the need for new inclusive approaches to shared decision‐making between HCPs and caregivers regarding tube feeding for community‐dwelling PWSDs. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2264–2269, 2020.
Circular economy finance: Clear winner or risky proposition?
Authors: Dewick Paul , Bengtsson Magnus , Cohen Maurie J. , Sarkis Joseph , Schröder Patrick
Published: June 2020

A major shift in private and public investment is needed to forge a transition to a circular economy. A recent surge of activity from policy makers, the financial industry, and other stakeholders suggests commitment and progress toward providing resources to facilitate this process. In this forum article, we provide a measured, and in some respects critical and corrective, assessment of these developments. We highlight the riskthat progress toward a circular economy will be curtailed by strategic decisions based on contestable understanding, fuzzy indicators, and inadequate information. Before major industry actors implement international investment standards, launch innovative financing vehicles, and ramp up investment, we call for more effective oversight to prevent the circular economy from becoming yet another compromised and ultimately ineffectual sustainability concept.
The perceptions of translation apps for everyday health care in healthcare workers and older people: A multi‐method study
Authors: Panayiotou Anita , Hwang Kerry , Williams Sue , Chong Terence W. H. , LoGiudice Dina , Haralambous Betty , Lin Xiaoping , Zucchi Emiliano , Mascitti‐Meuter Monita , Goh Anita M. Y. , You Emily , Batchelor Frances
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

To understand the attitudes and perceptions of older people with limited English proficiency (LEP) and healthcare workers to using mobile translation technology for overcoming language barriers in the healthcare setting.

Background

Australia's cohort of people aged 65 and over has a sizeable population with LEP. In healthcare settings, difficulties with communication may potentially result in inadequate care. Mobile language translation applications have been identified as a potential way to improve communication between patients and healthcare staff when used as an adjunct to professional interpreters in low‐risk scenarios; however, the perceptions of the use of mobile translation applications for such communication is unknown.

Methods

A multi‐method design was used. Focus group discussions were conducted with older people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds and nursing and allied health professionals to understand their perceptions of translation technology. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Qualitative findings were reported using the Standards for Reporting of Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist. Participants also appraised three existing translation apps via survey and results were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Overall, older people from CALD backgrounds (n = 12) and healthcare staff (n = 17) agreed that translation technology could play a role in reducing communication barriers. There was enthusiasm amongst older people to learn and use the technology, while healthcare staff saw the potential to address communication barriers in their own work. Barriers identified by older people and healthcare staff included: accuracy of translation and phrases, possible technological learning curves, risk of mistranslation in high‐risk conversation and inability to check accuracy of translation. Fixed‐phrase translation apps were seen as more favourable than real‐time voice‐to‐voice mobile translation applications.

Conclusions

Older people from CALD backgrounds and healthcare staff were open to the use of mobile translation applications for everyday healthcare communications.

Relevance to clinical practice

Translation applications may have a role in reducing language barriers in everyday healthcare communication but context, accuracy and ease of use need to be considered.
The Appeal to Honour and the Decision for War
Authors: Archer Robin
Published: June 2020

The outbreak of the First World War is one of the great formative events of modern times. Yet during its centenary, there was surprisingly little attention to how uncertain entry into the war was in the English‐speaking world or how finely balanced the forces for and against intervention were. This article examines the role of appeals to honour in the decision for war. It begins by exploring the role of these appeals in convincing radical liberals to accept British intervention – something they had been successfully blocking just days earlier – before examining parallel appeals in the United States and Australia. It then considers why the language of honour was effective, and whether it still plays a role a century later, before concluding with some possible centennial lessons.
Baby Boomer Knowledge and Stigma toward Aging in Place and Residential Assistive Devices
Authors: Becker Sharon E. , Dickinson Joan I. , Sullivan Kathleen , Cline Holly
Published: June 2020

Aging in place (AIP) in one's existing residence is a more affordable housing alternative than long–term care and is desired by the majority of those aged 50–80. Considerable residential upgrades are required to accommodate the physical and mental effects of aging; however, U.S. housing is severely lacking in assistive devices required to respond to those needs. While research suggests that assistive device implementation can delay long–term institutionalization, baby boomer stigma and lack of knowledge may have an impact on why so few AIP upgrades have occurred. Using design thinking strategies, we explored baby boomer knowledge and stigma toward the term AIP and residential assistive devices. A secondary purpose was to expose baby boomers to an AIP checklist to determine if the checklist would influence participant knowledge and stigma. Fifteen baby boomers ( n = 15) participated in the study, and less than half expressed ( n = 7) familiarity with the term AIP. Participants used alternate phrases such as “avoiding the nursing home”; or “doing things to stay independent.” Most participants did not associate stigma toward the term AIP; yet, their knowledge of AIP devices was minimal until exposed to the AIP checklist. After exposure to the checklist, participants were significantly more familiar with the term AIP and significantly more likely to think standard products could be considered as AIP residential assistive devices. In this study, we also used participant created prototypes to understand the means by which baby boomers would like to gain knowledge on AIP upgrades.
Common factors in the presentation and management of chronic temporomandibular disorders and chronic overlapping pain disorders
Authors: McCloy Karen , Peck Christopher
Published: June 2020

The International Association for the Study of Pain has released a new classification scheme for chronic pain. This classification scheme describes chronic pain as either a symptom of a disease (chronic secondary pain) or the disease itself (chronic primary pain). Chronic temporomandibular disorders have many similarities to other proposed chronic overlapping pain disorders, but are classified and managed by dental practitioners as a localized pain condition of the orofacial region. We review the literature to describe the similarities between chronic temporomandibular disorders and chronic overlapping pain disorders, and discuss how this evolving concept may affect the way that dentists approach the diagnosis and management of chronic temporomandibular disorders.
Evolution of the Temperament Theory and Mental Attitude in Complete Denture Prosthodontics: From Hippocrates to M.M. House
Authors: Goodacre Charles J. , Naylor W. Patrick
Published: June 2020

Some 2,500 years ago Hippocrates developed the “Temperament Theory” of the four humors (fluids) he identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile which then led to the ancient medical concept known as "humorism.” In Greco‐Roman medicine, these humors were believed to be the influencers of an individual's relative wellness or ill‐health, served as a means to classify illnesses, and subsequently guided medical diagnosis and treatment. Centuries later modifications to Hippocrates’ hypothesis were suggested for use in dentistry when selecting denture teeth and later as a means to classify the mental status and personality of complete denture patients. This paper examines the historic transition of the terminology, characteristics, and thinking behind the four humors with mention of key thinkers in this journey. Of particular note is the evolution in the application of this theory from its suggested use in medicine, proposed by Hippocrates, to the descriptions of mental attitudes and personalities of complete denture patients first described by Neil and subsequently popularized by M. M. House.
Enhancing Care Coordination for Students with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Willgerodt Mayumi , Johnson Kathleen H , Helmer Cara
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Care coordination for chronic health conditions is critical to academic success, yet concrete strategies on its operationalization in schools are not well reported in the literature. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one such condition that requires a team‐based approach to care coordination. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how care coordination for T1D currently operates and identify strategies for its support and facilitation in schools.

METHODS

Focus groups were conducted with school nurses, parents of T1D children, and providers in each of the 9 Educational Service Districts in Washington State. Recorded notes were analyzed using content analytic techniques.

RESULTS

Five major themes emerged from the data, each with 3 to 4 second‐order themes. Care coordination depended on family, school, and child developmental contexts, knowledge/experience about T1D among school nurses, teachers, parents, and providers, access and availability of team members, communication, and relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings highlight the importance of a contextualized and holistic perspective of facilitators and barriers to care coordination in schools. Promoting the development of supportive relationships and effective team‐based approaches provides a foundation and informs intersectional care coordination for all children with chronic conditions.
Models for circular data from time series spectra
Authors: Taniguchi Masanobu , Kato Shogo , Ogata Hiroaki , Pewsey Arthur
Published: June 2020

Circular data are those for which the natural support is the unit circle and its toroidal extensions. Numerous constructions have been proposed which can be used to generate models for such data. We propose a new, very general, one based on the normalization of the spectra of complex‐valued stationary processes. As illustrations of the new construction's application, we study models for univariate circular data obtained from the spectra of autoregressive moving average models and relate them to existing models in the literature. We also propose and investigate multivariate circular models obtained from the high‐order spectra of stationary stochastic processes generated using linear filtering with an autoregressive moving average response function. A new family of distributions for a Markov process on the circle is also introduced. Results for asymptotically optimal inference for dependent observations on the circle are presented which provide a new paradigm for inference with circular models. The application of one of the new families of spectra‐generated models is illustrated in an analysis of wind direction data.
Application of therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kopecny Lucy , Palm Carrie A. , Naylor Sean , Kirby John , Cowgill Larry D.
Published: June 2020

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an emerging treatment for dogs with immune‐mediated diseases, but reports for treatment of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) are lacking. These case reports illustrate the application of centrifugal TPE in 4 dogs with IMT. All dogs presented with severe hemorrhage requiring ≥1 blood transfusions, were unresponsive to conventional treatment or both. Dogs were treated with 3 sequential centrifugal TPE sessions, totaling 4.0 to 4.9 total plasma volumes exchanged per dog. In 3 dogs, TPE was associated with improvement in clinical manifestations of bleeding and platelet count in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. One dog was euthanized after 3 treatments because of persistent severe thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage. Preliminary observations indicate that TPE is safe and may be a useful adjunct in the management of IMT that is severe or refractory to traditional treatment.
Fungal endocarditis in transplant recipients: A systematic review
Authors: Ioannou Petros , Papakitsou Ioanna , Kofteridis Diamantis P.
Published: June 2020

Background

Invasive fungal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Moreover, Fungal Infective Endocarditis (FIE) is a rare infection that carries a higher mortality than bacterial IE in normal host, while in transplant recipients may be even higher. The purpose of this study was to systemically review all published cases of FIE in solid organ and allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients, describe the epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of these infections, and to identify risk factors for mortality by FIE.

Methods

A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library (through 20 May 2020) for studies providing epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and treatment data and outcomes of FIE in transplant recipients was performed.

Results

A total of 60 studies, containing data of 72 patients, were included. The most common transplants were those of the kidney and the liver, while the commonest causative pathogen was Aspergillus. Mitral valve was the commonest infected intracardiac site, followed by mural endocardium. Diagnosis was made with transthoracic echocardiography in 44.3%, while the diagnosis was made at autopsy in 37.3%. Embolic phenomena were the commonest clinical presentation, followed by fever, heart failure and endophthalmitis. Amphotericin B, voriconazole and caspofungin were the commonest antifungals used for treatment of FIE. Clinical cure was noted in 26.9%, while overall mortality was 78.6%. Amphotericin B or caspofungin use was negatively associated with overall mortality.

Conclusions

This systematic review thoroughly describes IE in transplant recipients and provides information on epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes.
If you don't know that you know, you could be surprised
Authors: Pitcovski Eli , Spectre Levi
Published: June 2020

Before the semester begins, a teacher tells his students: “There will be exactly one exam this semester. It will not take place on a day that is an immediate‐successor of a day that you are currently in a position to know is not the exam‐day”. Both the students and the teacher know – it is common knowledge – that no exam can be given on the first day of the semester. Since the teacher is truthful and reliable, it seems that the students can know that what he says is true. However, in that case, assuming the students can know that they know whatever it is they know (KK) and assuming their knowledge is closed under entailment (closure), the students can reason from what they know to the conclusion that no exam will take place during the semester. This conclusion contradicts what they supposedly know: that there will be an exam. This puzzle, we argue, gives rise to a new consideration for the rejection of KK. We discuss unique features of the argument, especially in comparison to Timothy Williamson's rejection of KK in light of other versions of the surprise exam paradox.
Creating novel specificities in a fungal nonself recognition system by single step homologous recombination events
Authors: Kämper Jörg , Friedrich Michael W. , Kahmann Regine
Published: June 2020

In many organisms, two component systems have evolved to discriminate self from nonself. While the molecular function of the two components has been elucidated in several systems, the evolutionary events leading to the large number of different specificities for self–nonself recognition found in most systems remain obscure.

We have investigated the variation within a multiallelic nonself recognition system in the phytopathogenic basidiomycete Ustilago maydis by means of sequence analysis and functional studies.

The multiallelic b mating type locus of U. maydis ensures outbreeding during sexual development. Nonself recognition is specified by the two homeodomain proteins, bE and bW, encoded by the b locus. While bE–bW combinations from the same allele do not dimerize, bE and bW proteins originating from different alleles form a heterodimeric complex that functions as master regulator for sexual and pathogenic development.

We show that novel specificities of the b mating type locus have arisen by single homologous recombination events between distinct b alleles that lead to a simultaneous exchange of subdomains involved in dimerization in both bE and bW, altering the specificity of both proteins in a single step.
Benzo[a]pyrene promotes progression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Huang Linxuan , Xiao Xiaofen , Yao Yupeng , Yu Jianping , Chen Qingjian , Liang Puping , Zhang Yan
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family. Although the potent carcinogenicity of high‐dose B[a]P has been extensively reported, the effects of long‐term exposure to B[a]P on the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) are poorly understood.

Methods

In the present study, TSCC cells were treated with 5 or 50 nM of B[a]P for three months. The proliferation and chemoresistance of B[a]P‐treated cells to 5‐fluorouracil or cisplatin were detected by CCK8. The motility of the B[a]P‐treated cells was evaluated with wound healing analysis, invasion assay, and three‐dimensional culture in decellularized mouse tongue matrix. Xenograft assay was used to investigate the aggressiveness of B[a]P‐treated cells. Immunofluorescence staining, terminal restriction fragment assay, and whole‐genome sequence were used to determine the mutation spectrums.

Results

Long‐term 50 nM B[a]P‐treated cells exhibited increased aggressiveness and chemoresistance to 5‐fluorouracil or cisplatin. In addition, data from whole‐genome sequencing demonstrated that C:T to A:T transitions were the predominant nucleotide substitutions occurred in 50 nM B[a]P‐treated CAL27 cells. Furthermore, 102 non‐synonymous or stop‐gain mutations were enriched in the extracellular‐matrix‐receptor interactive pathway.

Conclusions

B[a]P exposure may contribute to genomic instability, and therefore, B[a]P may promote the progression of TSCC.
A family‐based genome‐wide association study of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Bankvall Maria , Östman Sofia , Jontell Mats , Torinsson Naluai Åsa
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The aetiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown. Individuals may share features of genetic susceptibility, and there may also be a hereditary component. The aim was to identify patterns of association and segregation for genetic variants and to identify the genes and signalling pathways that determine the risk of developing RAS, through a family‐based genome‐wide association study (GWAS).

Subjects and methods

DNA was extracted from buccal swabs of 91 individuals in 16 families and analysed in an Illumina core exome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A family‐based association test (dFAM) was used to derive SNP association values across all chromosomes.

Results

None of the final 288,452 SNPs reached the genome‐wide significant threshold of 5 × 10–8. The most significant pathways were the Ras and PI3K‐Akt signalling pathways, pathways in cancer, circadian entrainment and the Rap 1 signalling pathway.

Conclusions

This confirms that RAS is not monogenic but results as a consequence of interactions between multiple host genes and possibly also environmental factors. The present approach provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying RAS and raises the possibility of identifying individuals at risk of acquiring this condition.
Direct Anterior Approach Versus Posterolateral Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
Authors: Yang Xian‐teng , Huang Hai‐feng , Sun Li , Yang Zhen , Deng Chao‐yong , Tian Xiao‐bin
Published: June 2020

Objective

To compare the early rehabilitation effects of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the direct anterior approach (DAA) versus the posterior approach (PA).

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Google databases from inception to June 2019 to select studies that compared the DAA and PA for THA. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) were included. Two researchers independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality. A meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software provided by Cochrane Assisted Network.

Results

A total of 932 patients underwent THA. There were 467 cases in group DAA and 465 cases in group PA. There was a significant difference in the incidence of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury between DAA and PA groups (RR = 38.97, 95% CI: 7.89–192.57, P < 0.05). DAA was associated with less pain compared with PA [WMD = −0.65, 95% CI (−0.91–0.38), P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in operation time, hospitalization stay, and intraoperative bleeding volume. Moreover, in supplementary data, the number of acetabular prostheses in Lewinnek's safety zones in DAA was more than that in the PA group (RR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.04–1.39], P < 0.05), and the time of discontinuation of walking aids in the DAA group was earlier than that in the PA group (WMD = −11.05, 95% CI [−17.79–4.31], P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The DAA total hip arthroplasty has comparable results with PA, with earlier postoperative functional recovery, less postoperative pain scores, and higher incidence of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury. The results need to be validated by large‐sample, high‐quality RCT studies, and long‐term follow‐up of complications.
Liposomal Bupivacaine Single‐Injection Compared With Continuous Local Anesthetic Nerve Blocks for Painful Surgeries: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Liu Lue , Yang Zhiyong , Lu Kaizhi , Yi Bin , Yang Yong
Published: June 2020

Objective

This meta‐analysis aimed to determine whether liposomal bupivacaine (LB) single‐injection could achieve an analgesic effect similar to that of continuous local anesthetic nerve blocks (CNBs) after painful surgeries.

Methods

Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a modified Jadad score ≥ 4 compared LB single‐injection with CNBs in patients after painful surgeries were included. The primary outcomes were VAS pain score and opioid consumption. The secondary outcomes were complications and length of hospital stay. Review Manager 5.3 and trial sequential analysis (TSA) 0.9.5.10 were used to analyze the extracted data.

Results

Six RCTs of 625 patients were included for meta‐analysis. Both groups in 5 RCTs described standard concomitant treatment with multimodal analgesia. There were no significant differences in mean VAS scores for postoperative day 0 (P = 0.12), day 1 (P = 0.18), and day 2 (P = 0.41); highest VAS scores for day 0 (P = 0.18), day 1 (P = 0.46), and day 2 (P = 0.18); total opioid consumption for day 0 (P = 0.05), day 1 (P = 0.28), and day 2 (P = 0.57); complications (P = 0.30); and length of hospital stay (P = 0.64) between the 2 groups. TSA of primary outcomes showed that all cumulative Z curves failed to cross the TSA boundary and did not reach the required information size.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis showed that LB single‐injection and CNBs have similar efficacy of pain relief and safety in patients after painful surgeries when concomitant with multimodal analgesia. However, the results of TSA indicate that further trials are still needed to confirm these findings.
HD‐ZIP IV gene Roc8 regulates the size of bulliform cells and lignin content in rice
Authors: Sun Jing , Cui Xuean , Teng Shouzhen , Kunnong Zhao , Wang Yanwei , Chen Zhenhua , Sun Xuehui , Wu Jinxia , Ai Pengfei , Quick William Paul , Lu Tiegang , Zhang Zhiguo
Published: June 2020

The morphology of bulliform cells located on the upper epidermis of leaves is one of the most important cell structures affecting leaf shape. Although many mechanisms regulating the development of bulliform cells have been reported, the fine regulatory mechanisms governing this process have rarely been described. To identify novel components regulating rice leaf morphology, a mutant showing a constitutively rolling phenotype from the seedling stage to flowering, known as crm1‐D, was selected for further analysis. Anatomical analyses in crm1‐D were attributable to the size reduction of bulliform cells. The crm1‐D was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene. Map‐based cloning revealed that Roc8, an HD zipper class IV family member, was responsible for the crm1‐D phenotype. Notably, the 50‐bp sequence in the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the Roc8 gene represses Roc8 at the translational level. Moreover, the roc8 knockdown lines notably increased the size of bulliform cells. A series of assays revealed that Roc8 negatively regulates the size of bulliform cells. Unexpectedly, Roc8 was also observed to positively mediate lignin biosynthesis without incurring a production penalty. The above results show that Roc8 may have a practical application in cultivating materials with high photosynthetic efficiency and low lignin content.
TiO2 Photocatalyzed Degradation of the Azo Dye Disperse Red 1 in Aqueous Micellar Environments†
Authors: Pino Eduardo , Calderón Cristian , Castro Piero
Published: June 2020

The photoinduced degradation of the azo dye Disperse Red 1 was studied in a microheterogeneous system comprising titanium oxide (TiO2) and sodium dodecyl sulfate, exposed to UV light. Degussa P25, Anatase and TiO2 synthesized in acidic conditions were supported on raschig rings. The TiO2 photocatalyzed degradation is enhanced in the vicinity of the surfactant critical micelle value. Further increase on the surfactant concentration leads to a loss in photodegradation performance up to values equivalent to that observed without surfactant. Surfactant influence can be explained by two different phenomena taking place. The increasing concentration of surfactant leads to an increase in micellar concentration, inducing the incorporation of the dye to the hydrophobic moiety of the micelles, rendering the hydroxyl radical unable to interact with the dye. Similarly, the increased concentration of micelles at the photocatalyst/water interface might lead to a decrease in the number of active sites on the TiO2 surface able to either generate reactive species and/or interact with de dye molecules. Additives such as H2O2, NaCl, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 are able to override the influence of the surfactant both positively and negatively, being the final outcome of the influence highly dependent on the crystalline form of the TiO2 photocatalyst.
Robert Alexy and the Dual Nature of Law
Authors: Spaak Torben
Published: June 2020

Robert Alexy's claim that law of necessity has a dual nature raises many interesting philosophical questions. In this article, I consider some of these questions, such as what the meaning of the correctness thesis is, whether Alexy's discourse theory supports this thesis, and whether the thesis is defensible; whether Alexy's argument from anarchy and civil war supports the claim that law of necessity has a real dimension; and what the implications are of the use of moral arguments, such as the argument from injustice, for the status of Alexy's inquiry.
Foreword: International Standards for Native Seeds in Ecological Restoration
Authors: Cross Adam T. , Pedrini Simone , Dixon Kingsley W.
Published: June 2020

Restoration practitioners must increasingly incorporate seed procurement models and seed use planning early in project development, despite insufficient guidance about what are reasonable expectations for the sourcing and use of native seeds. This special issue presents a series of articles examining each key step in the native seed supply chain, and provides a framework for the “standards” that need to be applied to native seed batches if the native seed supply chain is to achieve the levels of reliability and transparency required. These Standards provide seed buyers, end users, and funding bodies with a level of confidence and reliability in the sourcing of quality native seeds, and a pathway toward global best practice in native seed use.
Balanced versus unbalanced growth: Revisiting the forgotten debate with new empirics
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Caraballo‐Cueto Jose , Nguyen Chau
Published: June 2020

The debate between balanced and unbalanced growth doctrines generated much heat after the publication of Rosenstein‐Rodan’s seminal work in 1943, but it vanished in the early 1980s. This paper empirically revisits this forgotten debate by first compiling a harmonized international data set that contains sectoral value‐added data for up to 177 countries over 45 years. This data set enables us to construct indices of sectoral growth imbalances for each country, which further allows us to update the key empirical tests for the balanced and unbalanced growth hypotheses that featured in the original debate. Moreover, we also conduct a panel regression analysis to systematically examine the association between sectoral balance (or imbalance) and per capita income growth. Overall, we find empirical support for the balanced growth hypothesis.
Transgender student experiences in single‐sexcolleges
Authors: Nanney Megan
Published: June 2020

This article reviews popular and scholarly literature on transgender students' experiences who are enrolled in single‐sex colleges. Because such colleges rely on bounded conceptions of sex/gender to determine who can and cannot be eligible for admission, the enrollment and matriculation of transgender students pose a challenge to the central organizing logic of the single‐sex environment. As such, I first draw upon theorizations of gendered and queer organizations to highlight the utility of sociology in analyzing the transing of organizations through transgender inclusion. Using this framework, I then address trans student experiences at the time of admission and during matriculation at single‐sex colleges. These perspectives frame transgender inclusion as a new organizational form but one that is rooted in the social construction of transnormativity rather than institutional transformation.
Digital Transition by COVID‐19 Pandemic? The German Food Online Retail
Authors: Dannenberg Peter , Fuchs Martina , Riedler Tim , Wiedemann Cathrin
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to a sharp increase in online trade. This article examines the impact of the pandemic on online grocery retail in Germany. Here we follow and refine the multi‐level perspective by Geels, and examine to what extent and why the online grocery retail expanded during the pandemic. A particular focus is on the spatial expansion into rural areas. The study shows a general upswing in the grocery trade and disproportionately high growth in online grocery trade and identifies driving and limiting factors. While COVID‐19 has opened a window of opportunity, our results indicate little transition of grocery to e‐grocery. This finding can be explained by the sudden and temporary constellation at the level of the socio‐technical regime during the pandemic. As a result, we argue for a rethinking the temporality of windows of opportunities and the related vulnerability of the innovations which need them.
Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh
Authors: Islam SK Shaheenur , Akwar Holy , Hossain Md. Mehedi , Sufian Md. Abu , Hasan Md. Zakiul , Chakma Shovon , Meeyam Tongkorn , Chaisowwong Warangkhana , Punyapornwithaya Veerasak , Debnath Nitish C. , Brum Eric , Pichpol Duangporn
Published: June 2020

Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence‐based decision‐making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low‐resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs.
Searching for a Silver Lining: Mediated Intergroup Contact and Mental Health Perceptions
Authors: Lookadoo Kathryn L. , Wong Norman C. H.
Published: June 2020

This study investigated viewer responses to characters from Silver Linings Playbook, a movie about characters dealing with mental illness, from the perspective of mediated intergroup contact hypothesis. Researchers tested if identification with fictional characters with mental illness reduced viewers’ negative stereotypes about mental illness and increased their willingness to support people with the same illnesses as the characters. Additionally, empathy was tested as a mediator between identification and stereotype reduction. One hundred forty-five participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 character conditions. The hypotheses associated with identification and stereotypes and intentions were partially supported. For two characters, empathy mediated the relationship between identification and negative stereotypes. Implications for mediated portrayals of health issues and behaviors are discussed.
Numerical Simulations of Flow Around Wall-Mounted Square and Trapezoidal Structures at High Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Andersen Martin , Yin Guang , Ong Muk Chen
Published: June 2020

In the present study, flow around symmetric trapezoidal wall-mounted structures with different slope angles of the two sides subjected to a boundary layer flow at Reynolds numbers of 1.19 × 105 and 1 × 106 (based on the height of the structures and the freestream velocity) is investigated using two-dimensional (2D) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations combined with the k − ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. It is found that the drag coefficient of the wall-mounted square structures using the k − ω SST turbulence model is in good agreement with the available published experimental data. The effects of slope angles of the two sides on the hydrodynamic quantities and the flow fields around the structures have been investigated.
On Short-Term Fatigue Analysis for Wind Turbine Tower of Two Semi-Submersible Wind Turbines Including Effect of Startup and Shutdown Processes
Authors: Luan Chenyu , Moan Torgeir
Published: June 2020

Fatigue limit state design check for offshore wind turbines is based on SN curves and the Palmgren–Miner rule approach and focuses normally on stationary processes for which startup and/or shutdown operations induced transient load processes are normally not accounted for. However, large databases of real-time measurements show that the shutdown and startup operations may appear in any operational conditions and the frequency of such operations could be considerable. Although design standards require fatigue design checks for the transient load processes induced by startup and shutdown operations, relevant publications addressing this issue are very limited in particular for floating wind turbines. This paper focuses on analyzing the importance of startup and shutdown induced transient load processes on fatigue damage in the tower of two MW-level horizontal axis semi-submersible wind turbines. The analysis is carried on by comparing short-term fatigue damage in several environmental conditions with and without the startup and shutdown induced transient load processes. It is found that, in many environmental conditions, startup and/or shutdown operations may make an increase in short-term fatigue damage by 10% to 100%, while in some situations, the fatigue damage may be increased by up to 200%. The importance of the transient load processes on long-term fatigue damage is related to the occurrence frequency of startup and shutdown events. Publicly available data indicate that the average time between two consecutive shutdown events might be less than 39 h. However, more data and analysis are needed regarding these issues.
Experimental Investigation of a Miniature Ejector Using Water as Working Fluid
Authors: Dong Jingming , Hu Qiuyu , Xia Yuxin , Song He , Ma Hongbin , Cui Wenbin , Liang Dalong , Pan Xinxiang
Published: June 2020

This paper presents an experimental investigation of a miniature ejector using water as the working fluid. The investigated ejector cooling system can utilize the thermal energy to be removed to power the cooling system and maintain the temperature of an electronic component below ambient temperature. The effects of working conditions, nozzle exit position (NXP), and area ratio on the coefficient of performance (COP) of ejector performance were investigated. Experimental results show that the miniature ejector can function well when the temperature in the high-temperature evaporator (HTE) ranges from 55 °C to 70 °C and can achieve a COP (coefficient of performance) of 0.66. With an increase of the NXP, the COP decreases, while the critical condensing pressure first increases and then decreases. As the area ratio of the miniature ejector increases, the COP increases, and the critical condensing pressure decreases.
Stroke-Hover Intent Recognition for Mid-Air Curve Drawing Using Multi-Point Skeletal Trajectories
Authors: Bohari Umema H. , Alli Ryan , Garcia Alejandra , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R.
Published: June 2020

Drawing curves is a fundamental task in mid-air interactive applications such as 3D sketching, geometric modeling, hand-writing recognition, and authentication. Existing research in mid-air drawing is solely focused on determining what the user drew assuming that the intended curve is segmented from the continuous user-generated trajectory. In this work, our aim is to address the complementary problem: to determine when the user actually intended to draw without the use of any prescribed gestures or hand-held controllers (e.g., Wii remote, HTC Vive). In our previously published work, we demonstrated that in mid-air drawing tasks, not only it is possible to statistically learn drawing intent from hand motion, but it is also perceived to be more natural by users. Our idea was to simply classify each instance of hand trajectories as either a stroke or a hover. Our current work investigates new representations of the users’ motion beyond a single point (such as a tracked palm) to richer multi-point trajectories obtained with other skeletal joints such as wrist and elbow. We trained several binary classifiers on five such trajectory representations obtained from 3D drawing data from 25 users using a hand tracking device. We compare these representations and the corresponding classifiers for predicting user intent for mid-air drawing. Our extended approach resulted in improved prediction accuracy (mean: 80.17%, min: 79.92%, max: 91.30%) with respect to our earlier work (mean: 76.75%, min: 74.23%, max: 84.01%).
A Two-Phase Flow Model for Thermal Design of the Riser-Downcomer System Pertaining to a 600 MW Subcritical Boiler
Authors: Hossain Md Naim , Ghosh Koushik , Manna Nirmal Kumar
Published: June 2020

In the present work, a numerical model is developed to analyze the riser-downcomer system of a natural circulation steam generator. The design and operation of the riser-downcomer system involve many complex issues such as multiphase flow inside the riser tubes, numerous possibilities of different flow regimes, and undesirable tube overheating due to the occurrence of critical heat flux (CHF). A separated flow model is developed to analyze steam-water two-phase flow inside the heated riser tubes. Further, the model is coupled with the implementation of the complex flow regime map and evaluation of wall temperature rise of the riser tubes. The present model is adequately validated with the existing experimental and numerical data as a direct problem. The model accuracy in predicting the tube dry-out and practical design is tested with the experimental data and real plant data, respectively. A typical 600 MW thermal power plant boiler is then investigated along with techno-economic efforts to find the possible design solutions of the boiler riser-downcomer circuit. The safe and unsafe zones of operations have been identified in the present study and, consequently, a range of feasible design solutions is provided in great detail. The diameters and thicknesses of the tubes used in the present analysis are in compliance with the ASME boiler code.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of High Heat Generating Integrated Circuit Chips Cooled Using Liquid Cold Plate—A Combined Numerical and Experimental Study
Authors: Patil Naveen G. , Hotta Tapano Kumar
Published: June 2020

This paper deals with the experimental and numerical investigations of seven integrated circuit (IC) chips cooled using the water flowing inside the cold plate at different flowrates. The study includes the supply of three different heat input cases under four different flowrates (0.063 kg/s, 0.125 kg/s, 0.25 kg/s, and 0.5 kg/s) to cool the high heat-generating IC chips mounted on the SMPS board at various positions. The optimal configuration (71-11-74-76-65-24-15) for the arrangement of the 7 IC chips is considered for the analysis. The numerical simulations are carried out using the commercial software ansys fluent (R-16) to support the experiments. Both the results (IC chips temperature) agree with each other in the error band of 8–14%. The smallest chip U6 attains the maximum temperature, as its heat attenuation rate is very high. The water flowing inside the cold plate absorbs the heat from the IC chips; by increasing the flowrate (Reynolds number increases), there is an increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of the chips (Nusselt number increases) and ultimately cools these faster. A correlation is proposed for the Nusselt number of the chips with the Reynolds number of the flow. The results suggest that the liquid cold plate plays a vital role in the cooling of the IC chips and leads to better thermal management.
Experimental Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Direct-Contact Ultrasonic Fabric Drying Process
Authors: Peng Chang , Moghaddam Saeed
Published: June 2020

Over the past two decades, due to the rising energy prices and growing awareness about climate change, significant efforts have been devoted to reducing the energy consumption of various home appliances. However, the energy efficiency of clothes dryers has little improvement. Recent innovations in the direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying technique offer new opportunities for energy saving. In this technique, high-frequency mechanical vibrations generated by the ultrasonic transducer are utilized to atomize water from a fabric in the liquid form, which demonstrates great potential for reducing energy use and drying time of the fabric drying process. Here, for the first time, fabric drying kinetics under different direct-contact ultrasonic drying conditions were investigated experimentally and analytically. The drying processes of four kinds of fabrics were experimentally tested under different ultrasonic transducer vibration frequency (115, 135, and 155 kHz) and input power (1.2, 2.5, and 4.4 W) conditions. According to the experimental data, five different kinds of models were applied to quantify the drying kinetics of fabrics during direct-contact ultrasonic drying. The models not only incorporated the transducer parameters but also the parameters related to the nature of fabric. Our evaluation results of model prediction performance demonstrated that the two empirical models, i.e., the Weibull model and the Gaussian model, were superior to the three semi-theoretical models for anticipating the drying kinetics of fabrics under direct-contact ultrasonic drying. Furthermore, the Weibull model is more suitable for practical energy-efficient direct-contact ultrasonic fabric drying applications compared with the Gaussian model.