bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Somek Alexander
Published: May 2024

Since the days of the Schuman Declaration, European integration has been predicated on the idea that peaceful economic cooperation would give rise to “solidarity” among the peoples of Europe. Against this background, this chapter engages in a close reading of Durkheim’s concerning organic solidarity. The relevant structure of interaction and its attendant virtue can materialize in negative and positive form. In its positive from, the structure instills in people the readiness to conceive of themselves as a part of a whole and to act on the basis of such a self-conception; in its negative form, it gives rise to cooperative virtues, such as honesty, dependability, and abstention from violence. From a Durkheimian point of view, at any rate, there is no reason to be confident that positive transnational solidarity is going to arise automatically from economic integration.
Race and COVID-19
Authors: Chowkwanyun Merlin , Robinson Dean E. , Reed Adolph L.
Published: May 2024

Racial disparities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality reflect pre-existing and persistent racial disparities in opportunities and access to resources. This chapter provides an overview of racialized disparities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, mortality, and vaccine distribution. In addition and, importantly, the chapter discusses reasons these racial disparities exist and persist, including the impact of structural barriers such as access to healthcare, the disproportionate number of racial/ethnic minorities in low-paid service and front-line jobs (e.g., grocery store clerks, janitors, childcare staff, hospital staff, public transit workers), residential segregation of neighborhoods (overcrowded housing, exposure to air pollution), healthcare provider bias, and medical mistrust.
Racism, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Chae David H. , Chung Kara W. , Cunningham Diamond J. , Martz Connor D. , Cunningham Michael
Published: May 2024

ToCome
Sexual and Gender Minority Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Timmins Liadh , Bharadwaj Kevalyn , Bhatt Krish J. , Duncan Dustin T.
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses how sexual and gender minorities (SGM) may be at increased risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality. To illustrate, cisgender gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority men (SMM) may be especially vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic. An underlying condition, such as AIDS, may put an individual at higher risk for disease, for example, COVID-19. Moreover, when efforts to control COVID-19 require social distancing, this may lead to diminished social support, which could increase HIV incidence, given that social network support has been found to be a protective factor against HIV infection. Further, COVID-19 may be of particular concern for those who smoke tobacco or marijuana and use other substances such as alcohol, for which SMM may be at high risk. Smoking behaviors may heighten biological vulnerability to COVID-19, while alcohol and other substance use may lead to disinhibition and sexual risk that heighten behavioral vulnerability to COVID-19. Increased sexual practices (e.g., sex with multiple casual partners) indeed will not only increase rates of HIV infection (already disproportionately high in SMM) but also COVID-19 infection. The chapter briefly discusses how gay men are prohibited from donating blood plasma to COVID-19 research. Intersectionality theory is discussed, including highlighting particular SGM populations that might be at high risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality such as cisgender black SMM and transgender women of color.
Resilience, Resistance
Authors: Keane John , He Baogang
Published: May 2024

Empires are typically felled by their own arrogance, which is why their defiance of time by biding their time ultimately depends on their ability to learn from their mistakes, to change course when circumstances grow threatening, to know when to back down, and, not to be underestimated, to hide their arrogance by staying close to the ground when strong winds of doubt and criticism blow their way. The galaxy empire is similarly burdened by the functional requirements of public legitimacy. At home and abroad, its rulers are confronted by the fact that since power and authority are not the same thing, getting their way in the world—securing business contracts, winning support of member states within cross-border organizations, participating in joint military exercises, dealing with the United States—involves persuading others that ‘the rise of China’ and Chinese ways of wielding power are on balance a ‘win-win’ gift to the world. Striking is the way the galaxy empire isn’t framed by a single dominant ideology, a comprehensive story about its past, present, and future. There is something paradoxical and peculiar about the empire: its mixing and stirring of different and sometimes incompatible sets of political symbols.
Politics of Play
Authors: Hirst Aggie
Published: May 2024

Politics of Play: Wargaming with the US Military is the first book in international relations to examine the use of wargames in the world’s most powerful fighting forces. Since 2014, a wargaming renaissance has been under way in which a small but committed wargames community of practice has been empowered to proliferate their craft across the military’s strategic planning, professional education, and training regimes. Drawing in detail upon one hundred hours of interviews conducted at US military wargames and schoolhouses, Politics of Play examines the military’s use of games for recruitment, training, education, and research. It argues that by promoting a non-reflexive immersive state and cultivating a drive toward victory conditions, wargaming has both reality-producing and subject-producing properties. In addition, grounded in the thought of Jacques Derrida, it offers a new theorization of play—“deconstructive play”—as a practical means by which the politics and power relations at work in wargames might be identified and challenged. The book shows that, far from games and play being one and the same, games sit in tension with play insofar as games are systems or structures that arrest and direct play, often imposed from outside, while play involves the making and breaking of such rules by players themselves. Combining original empirical analysis with a new theory of play, Politics of Play offers a critical analysis of the use of wargaming to produce soldiers in the digital age.
The Scope and Limits of Partiality
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

The Scope and Limits of Partiality addresses both the theoretical and normative issues of partiality in the world today. The first part argues for the theoretical position that intimate relationships ground reasons for us to care for our intimates by arguing against consequentialist attempts to justify partiality (Chapter 2) and against attempts to ground such reasons on our projects and on the nature of our intimates (Chapters 3–4). The first part concludes with a defense of the claim that intimate relationships ground reasons, rather than simply modifying or intensifying already existent reasons (Chapter 4). The second part focuses on the nature of friendship and its justificatory force (Chapter 5), the nature of our intimacy with our companion animals (Chapter 6), and the role of the state and public policy in protecting and promoting intimate relationships (Chapter 7). Chapter 8 concludes with a discussion of the extent to which partiality may or may not be justified in the world as it is now. While it is argued that fundamental reasons to care for our intimates are grounded on our relationships to them, it is also argued that it is crucial to see that the weight of those reasons vis-à-vis other reasons depends on empirical facts about the world, and so the extent of justified partiality in action cannot be settled by the resources of philosophy alone.
Intimacy between Humans and Their Animal Companions
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

Many people describe their cat or dog as their best friend. This chapter argues that whether or not we can understand our relationships to our companion animals, it is important to see how complex those relationships are in order to fully appreciate their uniquely valuable nature. Some standard accounts of the relationship between humans and their companion animals are considered—the guardian and dependent model, friendships of utility, pleasure, or admiration, and the companion friend model—and it is shown that while each has something important to say about these relationships, they are all incomplete. It is the complexity and diversity in these relationships that is important and resists categorization.
Tragedy, Philosophy, and Political Education in Plato's Laws
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

What are the prospects for ambitious political reform in communities of traditional, passionate, and even self-righteous citizens? Can thoughtful legislators create a healthy society for citizens whose judgment is typically unsound? This searching and provocative analysis addresses these timely—though universal—political questions by offering a novel interpretation of Plato’s Laws. Turning to the ancient past is essential to reinvigorating our contemporary understanding of these all-important issues. Previous readers have either celebrated the work’s idealism or denounced its totalitarianism. Balot, by contrast, refuses to interpret the dialogue as a political blueprint, whether admirable or misguided. He shows instead that it constitutes Plato’s greatest philosophical investigation of political life. In this transformative re-appraisal, Balot reveals that Plato’s goal was to cultivate a tragic attitude toward our political passions, commitments, and aspirations. The result is a profound political inquiry with far-reaching consequences.
The Character of Kleinias
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

From the outset, readers will understand that the dialogue is designed to address the “problem of Kleinias.” This chapter aims to clarify not only Kleinias’ self-conscious political views, but also his underlying character and ideals. Acquisitive and aggressive, he is the product of his warlike Dorian culture. These characteristics mask Kleinias’ sense of vulnerability. His fears originate in his belief that wealth, power, and status are the ultimate objects of human striving. The uncertainty of these goods makes Kleinias particularly vulnerable to chance and to others’ aggression. In response, Kleinias aspires to become an all-powerful, immortal tyrant. Diplomatically uncovering these ideals, the Athenian exposes Kleinias’ belief that nature is disordered and chaotic. The Athenian suggests a teleological response to Kleinias’ “materialistic” views. The two men’s disagreements over the good life culminate in the Athenian’s invocation of a “god” who will grant them consonance. This god refers to Magnesia’s civil religion.
The Politics and Psychology of Human History
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

In Book 3, the Athenian offers an account of human history, with the goal of providing a deep “archaeology” that explains the origins of Kleinias’ character and outlook. Kleinias is but the latest in a series of ignorant, vicious “primitives” whose views of the human good have caused untold devastation and suffering. Yet ceaseless warfare and human misery are not inevitable—contrary to Thucydides’ History. If human history seems an empirical vindication of Kleinias’ “Cretan thesis,” the Athenian questions this “realist” outlook and imagines a positive vision of human potential, embodied in a prudent obedience to law, which enables citizens to fortify themselves against tyrannical oppression. Souls and cities can be improved by cultivating the virtues, above all, moderation, in accordance with a correct account of natural human flourishing. Reinforced by the Athenian’s analysis of Persia and Athens, these reflections point forward to his foundation of Magnesia in Book 4.
Persuasive Preambles
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

The Athenian aspires to persuade Kleinias and the Magnesians that justice is essential to the flourishing human life. To do so, he turns to “persuasive preambles” (rather than philosophical argument). The persuasive preambles help citizens to understand why obeying the law is good for them—not just for others or for the city. These preambles aspire to educate the citizens’ judgment in accordance with natural standards. For eudaimonistic reasons, the Athenian is motivated by care for the welfare of citizens as human beings. He likens himself to a free doctor. The free doctor’s grasp of nature makes him a better diagnostician than the slave doctor, but also, more importantly, a more trustworthy supervisor of his patients. Like the free doctor, the legislator composes preambles that appeal to nature. The legislator himself must judge how to employ this multifaceted tool in a variety of contexts.
Developing the Citizens’Thumosin Elections and Courts
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

The Athenian envisions civic participation as the primary venue for the expression of thumos. The central books develop a novel political system that both involves ordinary citizens and does justice to superior virtue. Through their participation in elections and courts, on the one hand, all citizens play a role in determining what meets the lawgiver’s standards. Ordinary citizens have gifts to offer, and, in participating politically, they develop their own faculties of judgment. On the other hand, the Athenian suggests that the city’s top officials will be superior in talent and education; but he leaves readers in suspense as to who they are and how they will be elected. The city’s elite courts are paradigmatic: leading magistrates, functioning as judges, oversee high-stakes cases, while educating other citizens in judicial process and forensic judgment. The Athenian introduces a Socratic ambition to the courts, which different judges will realize to different degrees.
The Athenian’s Theology, Part I
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

In Book 10, the Athenian addresses the greatest crimes of all—crimes against the city’s gods. He begins with an elaborate introduction of the “young atheist” and his “sociology of the impious,” in order to convince Kleinias of the grave threat atheism poses to the city and to persuade him of the city’s need for philosophical defenders. He also positions Kleinias as his eager ally, a helper whose functions he describes in military language. Surprisingly, however, late in Book 10, the Athenian distinguishes between honest, frank-speaking atheists and deceptive, materialistic ones. He thereby carves out space for a small group of naturally just, curious young people who become promising candidates for membership in the Nocturnal Council. His characterization of “deists” and “bribers” enables him to re-engage with larger themes, such as justice versus pleasure and Kleinias’ place in the large, cosmic scheme he unfolds.
The Athenian’s Theology, Part II
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

Although most scholars discover “Plato’s final theology” in Book 10, the Athenian’s three arguments are psychological, ethical, and political in character. They respond to the disorder of Kleinias’ soul and to his belief that chaotic motion characterizes nature. The first argument refutes materialists by presenting the heavens as governed by intelligence. This argument will engage the curiosity of the young atheist. For Kleinias and ordinary citizens, however, a “mythopoetic” interpretation is more appropriate: to “imitate the god” means to embrace the Athenian’s eudaimonism. In the second argument, the Athenian reforms the deists’ flawed conceptions of happiness. His presentation of the gods shows that they care for justice by exemplifying it in their own souls, rather than by intervening to support misguided ideas of happiness. The Athenian’s third argument will neither persuade nor dissuade “bribers.” Rather, it is best understood as an exhortation to Kleinias.
The Rule ofNous
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

Scholars have either integrated the Nocturnal Council into the regime of law or dismissed it as an afterthought, incompatible with the dialogue as a whole. Engaging with the controversy between “integrationists” and “incompatibilists,” this chapter charts a novel path. The appropriate question to pose is, Why would the Athenian install figures resembling philosopher rulers at the end of a dialogue focused on establishing an ambitious regime of law? Verbal echoes link the establishment of the Nocturnal Council with the foundation of Magnesia in Book 4; instead of “handing over the city” to magistrates who are the law’s “slaves,” as readers had been led to believe, the Athenian now proposes to hand it over to philosophers in the Nocturnal Council, a major shift in orientation. The Athenian’s presentation of the Nocturnal Council implies a downgrading of the quality and worth of the regime of law.
Islamophobia without Muslims? Not Only in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kalmar Ivan
Published: May 2024

It is commonly asserted that Islamophobia is particularly strong in the East of the European Union. The assertion is followed by the observation that this is happening in a region with very few Muslims. But Islamophobia is also relatively strong in those parts of Western Europe and America, where the number of Muslims is similarly low: rural areas and some lower-prestige, mostly white neighborhoods in the cities. What East Central Europe has in common with such areas in the West is peripherality. Peripherality is generated by unequal relations typical of capitalism, both in the West and in the formerly communist-run countries of the European Union. Among the effects of peripherality is relative economic backwardness, which makes these areas less attractive to migrants of color, including those who are Muslim. Some groups in such peripheral areas, both East and West, see Muslim migrants as threatening their entitlement to white privilege.
Contesting the Spatialization of Islamophobia in Urban India
Authors: Govil Stuti , Ghertner D. Asher
Published: May 2024

This chapter delineates key patterns of Muslim marginalization in contemporary New Delhi within the context of rising Hindu majoritarianism in India. Since the controversial demolition of the historic Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (1992), and the communal riots that followed, Muslim ghettoization has deepened through systematic exclusion from mixed-religion neighborhoods. The chapter thus proposes that Islamophobia be understood as a gradual material process of peripheralization, infrastructural exclusion, and municipal disconnection alongside its more spectacular forms. It further explores the spatial predicates of a three-month-long sit-in led by the women in the Muslim-majority locality of Shaheen Bagh. This protest was triggered by the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019). In examining how Shaheen Bagh emerged as a site of protest against both exclusionary national citizenship and legacies of urban exclusion, the chapter draws linkages between infrastructures of Muslim exclusion and the new terrains of national and urban citizenship upon which the struggle against Islamophobia plays out in contemporary India.
Islamophobia and Genocide
Authors: Lee Ronan
Published: May 2024

The Rohingya’s exclusion from Myanmar’s political community, the genocide against them that this enabled, and their high-profile 2017 forced deportation provide a disturbing illustration of how quickly Islamophobia can be weaponized to diminish the social and political standing of a previously well-integrated minority. While Islamophobic policies might have been expected from Myanmar’s military rulers, these practices continued in a democratic context and were aided by improved access to modern media technologies. Using language about demographic threat that mirrored Great Replacement narratives, Buddhist nationalists successfully advocated for policies that severely limited Muslim rights and had devastating consequences for the Rohingya. Despite Myanmar’s moves toward democracy, once anti-Muslim and anti-Rohingya speech was normalized, the path to genocide was a short one and occurred with little meaningful public outcry. This should provide a serious warning that in democratic contexts, normalized hate rhetoric can lead to atrocity crimes against even previously well-integrated groups.
A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

Adrian Bardon’s A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time is a short introduction to the history, philosophy, and science of the study of time—from the pre-Socratic philosophers through Einstein and beyond. A Brief History of the Philosophy of Time covers subjects such as time and change, the experience of time, physical and metaphysical approaches to the nature of time, the direction of time, time travel, time and freedom of the will, and scientific and philosophical approaches to cosmology and the beginning of time. Bardon employs helpful illustrations and keeps technical language to a minimum in bringing the resources of over twenty-five hundred years of philosophy and science to bear on some of humanity’s most fundamental and enduring questions.
Higher Further Faster
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

The chapter discusses how new technological infrastructures reshaped geopolitical power. It considers the concept of geospatial revolutions to explain the ethos institutionalized by the emergence of rocket technologies and the space revolution. The desire for unrestrained military power over the Earth’s spaces deepens collective insecurity while undermining collective action against climate change. Military-industrial systems have long operated without regard for the earthly extractions they demand, the fuels they burn, and the waste they dump into the atmosphere. Moreover, conservative German political theorist and prominent Nazi-era jurist Carl Schmitt presented the interrelation between geospatial revolutions, power militarism, and the climate emergency.
Strategic Narratives
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 defines the concept of strategic narrative in more depth and explores the key strategic narratives that Russia wishes to project into the U.S. media system. Strategic narratives are how countries construct and project their preferred image and destiny on the world stage. This chapter explores the history and rationale behind these four key narratives: Russia is resurgent as a great nation; Russia will protect Russia and Russians no matter where they live; the West is against Russia; and democracy is a corrupt and dying system. Within each of these narratives, one can identify stories in English-language propaganda sources such as RT and Sputnik. This approach creates a system of identifying and tracking markers of central narratives as they appear in U.S. news.
U.S. 2020 Presidential Campaign Narratives and Russian Propaganda
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 compares campaign news in the 2020 U.S. presidential election in Russian English-language sources such as RT and Sputnik with six U.S. news outlets. The chapter analyzes campaign news through the lens of narratives that presented the acrimonious election in ways that promoted a particular view of the world. How did Russian outlets characterize the U.S. 2020 presidential campaign for its English-speaking audience? How did this converge with—or diverge from—how The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, The Washington Post, CNN, and Fox News presented important campaign issues and their implications for the American audience? The analysis finds a strong resonance between Fox News and Russian propaganda due in large part to a shared interest in both supporting Trump and attacking democracy, although Russian outlets were less enthusiastic about Trump.
Dementia Due to Parkinson’s Disease or Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 10 describes two related, but nevertheless distinct forms of dementia: dementia due to Parkinson’s disease, and dementia due to Lewy bodies. First, it is emphasized that not everyone with Parkinson’s disease develops dementia, but about a third of people with Parkinson’s disease do experience cognitive decline leading to dementia. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is then discussed, as well as its effects on cognition and motor behavior. Then Lewy body disease is described, along with its cognitive and sometimes striking behavioral effects, including hallucinations and drastic fluctuations in attention. The next section describes how dementia due to Parkinson’s disease versus Lewy bodies differ, both in the time course of cognitive and motor symptoms and in the nature of the motor symptoms.
What Is a Risk Factor? What Is Prevalence? What Is Incidence?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 11 sets the stage for Section Three of this book. It defines what is meant by a risk factor (and its opposite, protective factors), with a strong emphasis on three important points: that risk factors are not causal factors, that having risk factors does not mean one will get dementia, and that most risk factors are under our control. Then, this chapter distinguishes between prevalence (the number of people with a disease at a given point in time) and incidence (the number of people developing a disease within a given time frame). Current knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of MCI is provided, as well as the sources of the wide ranges in both estimates.
Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia That Are Under Your Control
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 13 provides information about a number of modifiable risk factors for MCI and dementia that people can do something about to reduce their risk. These include hypo- and hyper-thyroid disease; vitamin B12 deficiency; sleep disorders including sleep apnea; alcohol overuse, cigarette smoking, and caffeine intake; vascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, and overweight, and how these cluster to form “metabolic syndrome”; depression; anxiety; and the worry that comes with subjective cognitive decline. For each risk factor, we describe how it affects cognition, thereby increasing the risk of MCI or dementia, and how, when treated, cognition benefits.
Sex Differences in MCI: It’s Complicated
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 14 describes the meaning of the terms sex and gender. More females than males develop Alzheimer’s type dementia. One reason for this may relate to the kinds of cognitive tests health professionals use to detect the presence of cognitive decline. These cognitive tests tend to favor females, meaning they are not as good at finding evidence of early cognitive change in females that could lead to future dementia. Hormone changes in females as they age is another critical factor related to dementia risk. The female sex hormone estrogen declines in menopause, and this influences a variety of health systems in complex ways. Research seeking to better understand sex differences is important because it may improve how we treat diseases that cause dementia.
Drug Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 21 begins by describing the drugs that were, until recently, the only drugs available to treat Alzheimer’s disease over the last 20 years. These include the cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate receptor agonists. It is also discussed how these drugs are not approved for mild cognitive impairment because they have not shown to be effective at reducing progression to dementia. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that some physicians will prescribe cholinesterase inhibitors to people with mild cognitive impairment. The next section describes other drugs that might be prescribed to people with mild cognitive impairment, such as antidepressants, and medications to control things like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. To set the stage for the third section of this chapter, the section describes the drug development pipeline from preclinical studies, through to Phase IV trials. The third section talks about the various Alzheimer’s drugs that have been promising, but failed, as well as those that are currently in late-phase clinical trials. Finally, this chapter ends by discussing two drugs that have recently been approved by the FDA—aducanumab and lecanumab—including both their ability to clear amyloid from the brain and their increased risk of brain swelling and small effect on cognition.
Life as a Person Close to Someone with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 25 explores how those closest to the person with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are affected by their relative’s cognitive decline. These close others may be family members or friends; however, they are grouped together under the term “family” in recognition of their close relationship with the person who has MCI. Research shows mild health impacts with respect to elevated stress hormone levels, negative mood symptoms, and feelings of stress in some family members. The chapter also touches on how having a relative with MCI can be a positive experience, bringing people closer together as they team up to take steps together to promote each other’s brain health and wellness.
Healthy Lifestyles: How Do We Know What We Know?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 33 reviews how researchers design studies to test the link between lifestyle and brain health. These studies test cause and effect, answering the chicken-and-egg question—which came first? To do this, researchers may use randomized controlled trials, parallel-group designs, and systematic reviews. A large body of research using these designs has led to theories of “reserve,” which have two important ideas. First, healthy lifestyles create changes in the brain that make the brain more efficient. Second, this increased efficiency helps the brain function well in the face of stress or damage. This background sets the stage for the remaining chapters in the book that review how nutrition, exercise, keeping the brain active, and socializing are good for the brain.
Using a Memory Book
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

A memory book is part of a larger category called external memory strategies or memory aids. Using a memory book is a very reliable way to keep information at your fingertips. Most people have a memory book, or parts of one. Chapter 47 provides tips for how to make it even more useful. An effective memory book is comprehensive, with a calendar, list of things to do, scratch pad, and permanent files. An ideal memory book is a single tool that is portable and used regularly. Research has shown that writing information down can be an active memory strategy that helps you remember information later.
Drawing Lots
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be relevant today. The first two parts (Irad Malkin) explore the egalitarian mindset geared toward horizontal relationships, expressed in drawing lots instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty. Drawing lots presupposes equality among participants deserving equal “portions” and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, and sacrificial meat; selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing, and reorganizing groups; and divining the will of the gods. It was a self-evident method broadly applied. Drawing lots crystallized community boundaries and emphasized its sovereignty. The guiding values were equality and fairness. The gods were the guardians of the just procedure of drawing lots, but they did not predetermine the outcome. The third part (Josine Blok) investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis. The implied egalitarianism was often in conflict with a top-down perception of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit. Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale. Its use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today. Conclusions about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and an appendix (Elena Iaffe) surveying the Greek vocabulary of drawing lots close the book.
Introduction
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This introduction to Claudio Monteverdi offers an overview of his biography, including his positions in Mantua (1591–1612) and Venice (1613–43), and of his nine books of madrigals and related works. Another key topic is the debate with the Bolognese theorist, Giovanni Maria Artusi, over the “prima” and “seconda pratica.” Next the chapter discusses Monteverdi’s poets, along with the changing of the ways in which we view the madrigal as a genre. It ends with some methodological questions concerning how best to examine the nuts and bolts of Monteverdi’s madrigals and their nuances that, in turn, provide insight into an inventive, playful, impatient, intransigent composer who reveals himself by way of “a poetics of the madrigal.”
Poetic Voices
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses Monteverdi’s treatment in his madrigals of lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry. Who is “speaking” when and where? What happens when a single poetic voice is delivered by multiple musical ones? In his polyphonic madrigals, Monteverdi sometimes turns monologues into dialogues; other voices intervene; pronouns (“I,” “you”) become ambiguous; and issues of gender come into play. The common tendency to view these madrigals as “dramatic” misses an important lyric point, and even if the poetry itself is taken from a theatrical work, it now functions differently. The same is true of epic narrative with its mixing of diegesis and mimesis. Things change, however, with the rise of the continuo madrigal, where issues of voice should be clearer, but sometimes are not. Finally, the chapter asks, “Does Monteverdi himself ‘speak’ in and through his madrigals?”
Songbirds
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses nightingales as singers, and singers as nightingales, leading to a discussion of virtuosity and the merits of pure sound. The issues are particularly clear in Monteverdi’s settings of texts that mention birdsong, but the broader point is that music is always in some sense about music. Matters come to a head, however, when new forms of triple-time writing start to enter madrigalian musical discourses, allowing for a different type of singing. Singers always sing, but what happens when they “sing”? From the 1620s on, the answers lie in part within the strophic arias that start to enter the repertory, prompting new modes of musical expressivity.
Musical (Im)pertinence
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter uses Artusi’s criticisms of Monteverdi’s handling of dissonance and the musical modes further to interrogate recent engagement with such matters. Some of the debates can be resolved by a more attentive reading of music-theoretical texts; others by paying closer attention to his text setting; and others still by realizing Monteverdi’s tendency to quote himself in different musical contexts. Tuning and temperament come into play as Monteverdi moves from flat harmonic regions to sharp ones, and especially when he starts to use instruments for the basso continuo. This, in turn, raises questions about his own preferred continuo instrument, which in some cases, at least, appears to have been the chitarrone.
The “Representative” Style
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the emergence of a “representative style” (or “genre”) in Italian music of the early seventeenth century, raising the question of what, precisely, is being “represented.” Generally, the term seems linked to the development of musical recitative: the singer delivers the poetic voice as a named or unnamed character. In other cases, the emphasis is on music’s newfound power to “represent” intense emotions. Monteverdi sometimes plays on the possibilities of a single singer as the poetic “I,” particularly a bass as a warrior-cum-lover. Elsewhere, however, he resists the verisimilar approach, therefore still playing with plural voices. Moreover, emotions become represented in a wider variety of ways as the strophic canzonetta gained greater weight. Some of Monteverdi’s canzonettas have clear roots in the Venetian “giustiniana,” but others take on a new expressive power.
The Analytical Framework I
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

Three concepts—roles, mechanisms, and strategies—are the building blocks of the book’s analytical framework. This chapter defines and explains two of those concepts: roles and strategy. The chapter specifies how five different types of counterinsurgency strategies concentrate on different “centers of gravity,” in effect choosing how to devote scarce resources among multiple goals that include winning over the general population, mobilizing communities, or going after mobile insurgents.
US Counterinsurgency Strategy and Practice
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter addresses all three of the framework’s core concepts—role, mechanism, strategy—through an examination of US counterinsurgency practice. This chapter systematically examines each of the five strategies delineated in the second chapter and expands on the ways the US military implements those strategies. By the end of the chapter, the reader should have a better understanding of the strategic thinking of a primary player in Iraq, the United States, before heading into the case studies.
Captain Wright Goes to Baghdad
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter is co-written with Timothy Wright and is based on his experiences as a captain and company commander in the Bayaa neighborhood of Baghdad in 2007–2008. This chapter creates a detailed view of both the actions of Shia insurgents and organizations and the effort of the US Army during the Surge. On the Shia side, the chapter covers the Jaysh al-Mahdi militia cleansing of Sunni residents from the Bayaa neighborhood, the operation of Sadrist social and governmental activities to move the population into positions of support, the role and efforts of the Office of the Martyr Sadr, and the Shia takeover of adjudication functions in Bayaa. On the US side, the chapter covers efforts to move the population to a pro-Coalition position, the development of US knowledge of the actors in the neighborhood to identify and pursue militia leaders, and the details of the implementation of Field Manual 3-24 in Bayaa. The chapter also shows how Captain Wright had to go well beyond the recommendations of the field manual in terms of making deals with local strongmen to reduce violence in the neighborhood.
A Marxist Feminist Approach to Sweatshop Labour
Authors: Müller Mirjam
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 begins to develop a structural critique of sweatshop labour by drawing on Marxist/socialist feminist theory to flesh out the notion of social structures developed in Chapter 2. It first reconstructs Marx’s understanding of exploitation in relation to his critique of capitalism in explicitly normative terms. By focusing on the work of Marxist/socialist feminists, it then draws attention to the limits of Marx’s analysis of exploitation with regards to analysing the gendered and racialized dynamics of sweatshop labour and argues for a more explicitly feminist analysis of sweatshop labour. Finally, it highlights the insights as well as the limitations of recent intersectional work on sweatshop labour within a (broadly speaking) Marxist/socialist feminist tradition. This serves as a point of departure for the exploitation-based critique of sweatshop labour developed in Chapter 4.
Prologue
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

A 2014 election for a seat in Ohio’s legislature typifies the problem that has bedevilled American elections since the nation’s independence: the legislature itself holds the power to decide which candidate won the election, and this power can be abused for partisan purposes. While American legislatures inherited this power from the British Parliament, Britain itself constrained the exercise of this power shortly before America’s independence, in the Grenville Act of 1770, which created an institution to decide disputes over parliamentary elections free from partisan manipulation. The United States has never attempted to adopt the equivalent of the Grenville Act, and this omission has caused many of its own major disputed elections to be tainted by partisanship.
Introduction
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

Especially close elections require recounts and thus take longer to determine the outcome than routine elections. But not every election that goes into “overtime” ends up seriously disputed. What makes a disputed election so fraught for a democracy is the losing candidate’s contention that the wrong candidate was declared the winner. There is the claim, express or implied, of a stolen election. Thus, the basic principle of an honest an accurate count has been the touchstone by which disputed elections have been judged. But it is not always clear how to apply this principle to specific controversies, and there can be questions whether the resolution of a dispute should be deemed legitimate even if it might not be entirely fair. Legitimacy suggests a resolution pursuant to the rule of law, and America has attempted to abide by this standard—at least until Trump defied it.
Counting Votes at Times of Crisis
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

Bleeding Kansas in the 1850s pushed democracy beyond the breaking point. Election fraud was rampant, and the law was powerless to provide a remedy. Violence ensued, including John Brown’s massacre of innocents in Pottawatomie. Peace was restored only when the governor disobeyed a court order to certify fraudulent returns, an inauspicious way to settle a vote-counting dispute and a harbinger of the Civil War to come. During the Civil War, disputes over the congressional elections of 1862 almost provoked Lincoln to use troops to assure his party’s victory over the speakership of the House, but force became unnecessary when the clerk of the House ruled on motions that enabled Lincoln’s party to prevail using parliamentary procedures. During Reconstruction, elections once again became settled through violence rather than law, as white supremacist “Redeemers” fought to take back the South.
Donald Trump and the Advent of Election Denialism
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

Donald Trump’s refusal to accept his defeat in the 2020 presidential election was unprecedented in the history of America’s vote-counting disputes. Previous episodes, including 1876 and 2000, involved credible claims of victory on both sides, and thus genuine contestation over the outcome. By contrast, there was no factual basis for Trump’s claim that he had won the election, and thus his attack on the outcome was detached from reality. The fact that Trump was able to convince so many of his supporters that the election had been stolen, even after the courts—including judges he had appointed—debunked his claims (as did his own loyal advisers, including Attorney General William Barr), shows how dangerous Trump’s demagoguery is to American democracy. Not only did it cause the violent assault at the Capitol on January 6, it left the nation vulnerable to Trump’s quest to retake the presidency in 2024.
CP Violation
Authors: Branco Gustavo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João
Published: May 2024

CP violation is an intriguing and elusive subject, and current knowledge of it remains limited, on both the experimental and theoretical levels. Researchers lack a fundamental understanding of its origin, and this is all the more important because CP violation is related to the generation problem and mass problem, two of the basic open questions in particle physics. This book provides beginning researchers with a self-contained introduction to the subject, starting at an elementary level and taking the reader to the forefront of current research.
The Meaning of the Discrete Symmetries
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

Left right symmetry-also called space-inversion or parity symmetry-and timereversal symmetry are two invariances of classical physics-of classical mechanics and of classical gravitational and electromagnetic interactions-which were recognized lortg before the advent of quantum mechanics and of quantum field theory. We shall review the meaning of those symmetries in classical physics before implementing them in a quantum-mechanical context. Parity symmetry, usually called P, consists in the invariance of physics under a discrete transformation which_ changes the sign of the space coordinates x, y, and z. This corresponds to the inversion of the three coordinate axes through the origin, a transformation which changes the handedness of the system of axes. A right-handed system becomes left-handed upon the parity transformation (see Fig. 1.1).
The Discrete Symmetries in Quantum Physics
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In quantum theory the transformations P, T, and C are represented by operators P, T, and C, respectively. In this chapter we introduce the main properties of those operators. We shall not construct them explicitly in formal quantum field theory; for this reason, some of the properties will remain undemonstrated. The symmetry T requires a mathematical formalism distinct from the one used for P and C symmetries. We shall treat C and P jointly, leaving T to a separate section, which may be skipped without loss of continuity. In classical physics, the parity transformation does not affect the time coordinate. In particular, it commutes with a time translation. Following the principle of correspondence for passing from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics (Dirac 1958), we require the quantum-mechanical representations of parity through the operator.
The Neutral-Kaon System
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

Their mixing makes them an excellent laboratory to look for very weak effects, like CP violation and CPT violation (Kostelecky 1998). The measurement of the tiny mass difference between the long-lived and the short-lived neutral kaons is one of the most precise measurements in particle physics.
Heavy Neutral-Meson Systems
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

Much of the interest in B decays had its origin in the seminal articles by Carter and Sanda (1980, 1981) and by Bigi and Sanda (1981, 1987). In writing some of the sections in this chapter we have also profited from the reviews by Fridman (1988), Dunietz (1994), and Xing (1996).
The Fermions in the Standard Model
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

We proceed in our overview of the SM, now considering the part of the Lagrangian involving fermions. In the first two sections of this chapter we assume the existence of only one generation of fermions, and in the following sections we study the modifications introduced by the presence of ng > 1 generations.