bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition state dynamics of OHF on several electronic states: Photodetachment spectrum of OHF− and conical intersections
Authors: González-Sánchez Lola , Gómez-Carrasco Susana , Aguado Alfredo , Paniagua Miguel , Hernández M. Luz , Alvariño José M. , Roncero Octavio
Published: November 2004

Wave packet simulations of the photodetachment spectrum of OHF− are performed on several electronic adiabatic states, two triplets and four singlets of neutral OHF. The transition moments to these six states have been approximated using the ab initio electronic wave functions of OHF− and OHF calculated at the equilibrium configuration of the parent anion. In a first step, two-dimensional simulations of the spectrum are performed on new two-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the neutral in a OHF collinear geometry. The resulting simulated spectrum is in rather good agreement with the experimental one, reproducing all the structures from 0 to 2.5 eV electron kinetic energies. At energies below 0.5 eV, all calculated states, singlets and triplets, contribute to the total spectrum. At higher energies, however, only the triplet states participate. In a second step, to improve the description of the spectrum, three-dimensional wave packet simulations of the spectrum are performed, getting an excellent agreement with the experiment. The collinear Σ−3 and Π3 states split in two A″3 and one A′3. New adiabatic PESs are used in this work for the 2 3A″ and 1 3A′ states, while the one recently proposed was used for the ground 1 3A″. It is found that the minimum energy paths of the Σ−3 and Π3 states cross twice at collinear geometry, so that at the transition state the ground state corresponds to Π3, while Σ−3 is the lowest state otherwise. Such conical intersections are expected to give rise to important Σ-Π vibronic effects, requiring a complete three-dimensional model of coupled diabatic states to improve our understanding of the reaction dynamics in this kind of systems.
Relaxation behavior of rovibrationally excited H2 in a rarefied expansion
Authors: Vankan P. , Schram D. C. , Engeln R.
Published: November 2004

The evolution of the rotational and vibrational distributions of molecular hydrogen in a hydrogen plasma expansion is measured using laser induced fluorescence in the vacuum-UV range. The evolution of the distributions along the expansion axis shows the relaxation of the molecular hydrogen from the high temperature in the upstream region to the low ambient temperature in the downstream region. During the relaxation, the vibrational distribution, which has been recorded up to v=6, is almost frozen in the expansion and resembles a Boltzmann distribution at T≈2200 K. However, the rotational distributions, which have been recorded up to J=17 in v=2 and up to J=11 in v=3, cannot be described with a single Boltzmann distribution. In the course of the expansion, the lower rotational levels (J<5) adapt quickly to the ambient temperature (≈500 K), while the distribution of the higher rotational levels (J>7) is measured to be frozen in the expansion at a temperature between 2000 and 2500 K. A model based on rotation-translation energy transfer is used to describe the evolution of the rotational distribution of vibrational level v=2 in the plasma expansion. The behavior of the low rotational levels (J<5) is described satisfactory. However, the densities of the higher rotational levels decay faster than predicted.
Translocation of a β-hairpin-forming peptide through a cylindrical tunnel
Authors: Kirmizialtin Serdal , Ganesan Venkat , Makarov Dmitrii E.
Published: November 2004

We use Langevin dynamics simulations of a minimalist off-lattice model to study the translocation of a β hairpin forming peptide through a tunnel that mimics the exit tunnel in a ribosome. We have computed the free energy of the peptide as a function of its position relative to the tunnel exit and also studied the properties of the conformational ensemble, when the peptide’s position is restricted at different points along the tunnel. Confining the peptide within a sufficiently wide tunnel stabilizes the folded state. The protein then remains folded as it moves towards the tunnel exit. However, when the diameter D of the tunnel is below a certain critical value Dc, confinement destabilizes the folded state and forces the peptide to assume an extended configuration. In this case, as the peptide progresses towards the tunnel exit and eventually leaves the tunnel, it goes through a series of compact, misfolded conformations and eventually folds when it gets close to the exit. The critical tunnel diameter Dc is comparable to the width of ribosomal tunnels. Our results suggest that co-translational folding is probably not universal, but rather a protein-specific phenomenon.
The decay of pair correlations in quantum hard-sphere fluids
Authors: Bailey Lorna E. , Sesé Luis M.
Published: November 2004

A study of the asymptotic decay of the pair radial correlations in the bare quantum hard-sphere (QHS) fluid and in the quantum hard-sphere Yukawa (QHSY) fluid is presented. The conditions explored are far from quantum exchange and are contained within the region (0.1⩽ρN*⩽0.8; 0.116⩽λB*⩽0.9). The three types of pair radial correlations existing in path-integral quantum monatomic fluids (instantaneous, pair linear response and centroids) are analyzed by utilizing the complex poles methodology expounded by Evans et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 100, 591 (1994); Phys. Rev. E 59, 1435 (1999)] complemented with Ornstein–Zernike frameworks appropriate for quantum fluids. Given that there is no analytical theory of the quantum direct correlation functions, the present applications rely on the short-ranged methodology of asymptotics augmented with increasing ranges of the cutoff. The following main issues of interest are addressed: the influence of the sample size on the decay properties, the features of the pole patterns arising from the asymptotic calculations, and the effect of Yukawa attractions on the decay properties of systems composed of quantum hard spheres. The results show that the decays in the QHS fluid are of the exponentially damped oscillatory type, and hence no indication of Fisher–Widom lines has been found. On the other hand, in the QHSY fluid, both pure exponential (monotonic) and exponentially damped oscillatory decays may be obtained. Consequently, there is evidence that Fisher–Widom lines can be expected for the three pair radial correlations in the QHSY fluid.
Real-time linear response for time-dependent density-functional theory
Authors: Baer Roi , Neuhauser Daniel
Published: November 2004

We present a linear-response approach for time-dependent density-functional theories using time-adiabatic functionals. The resulting theory can be performed both in the time and in the frequency domain. The derivation considers an impulsive perturbation after which the Kohn–Sham orbitals develop in time autonomously. The equation describing the evolution is not strictly linear in the wave function representation. Only after going into a symplectic real-spinor representation does the linearity make itself explicit. For performing the numerical integration of the resulting equations, yielding the linear response in time, we develop a modified Chebyshev expansion approach. The frequency domain is easily accessible as well by changing the coefficients of the Chebyshev polynomial, yielding the expansion of a formal symplectic Green’s operator.
CdS:Mn nanocrystals passivated by ZnS: Synthesis and luminescent properties
Authors: Yang Heesun , Holloway Paul H. , Cunningham Garry , Schanze Kirk S.
Published: November 2004

Synthesis and characterization of highly luminescent ZnS-passivated CdS:Mn (CdS:Mn/ZnS) core/shell structured nanocrystals are reported. Mn-doped CdS core nanocrystals are produced ranging from 1.5 to 2.3 nm in diameter with epitaxial ZnS shell of wider band gap via a reverse micelle process. UV irradiation-stimulated photo-oxidation of the ZnS shell results in formation of sulfate (ZnSO4) as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which increases the photoluminescence emission intensity and subsequent photostability. Luminescent relaxation lifetime data present two different decay components, consisting of slow decay emission from the Mn center and a fast decay emission from a defect-related center. The impact of the density of surface defect states upon the emission spectra is discussed.
Vibrational relaxation at the liquid/liquid interface
Authors: Benjamin Ilan
Published: November 2004

The vibrational relaxation of a neutral and an ionic diatomic molecule at the interface between water and carbon tetrachloride is studied using classical molecular dynamics computer simulations as a function of the location along the interface normal. Nonequilibrium classical trajectory calculations and equilibrium force autocorrelation functions are used to determine the role that surface polarity and surface roughness have on the vibrational energy and phase relaxation. It is found that the relaxation rate varies monotonically across the interface as the solute moves from the bulk of one liquid to the bulk of the other liquid. However, while the relaxation of the nonionic solute tracks the average density variation of water (or the CCl4), the ionic solute relaxation is much less sensitive to its surface location. It is demonstrated that this is due to the perturbation of the surface structure by the ionic solute, and that the relaxation rate may be correlated (for both the ionic and nonionic solute) to the variation in the structure of the first solvation shell.
Photocontrolled oscillatory dynamics in the bromate-1,4-cyclohexanedione reaction
Authors: Wang Jichang , Yadav Krishan , Zhao Bei , Gao QingYu , Huh Do Sung
Published: November 2004

We report observations of photocontrolled oscillatory behavior in the 1,4-cyclohexanedione- bromate reaction (CHD—cyclohexanedione). Experiments in a batch reactor show that illumination may exhibit qualitatively different effects on the reaction dynamics, where illumination with a moderate intensity favors oscillations while strong illumination quenches spontaneous oscillations. A transition from light-quenched to light-induced oscillations during the course of the reaction has also been observed. Investigations in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor further illustrate that the influence of light in the 1,4-CHD-bromate reaction depends not only on the intensity of the illumination but also on the phase at which the illumination is switched on. Mechanistic investigations suggest that 1,4-benzoquinone, a final product in the 1,4-CHD-bromate reaction system, plays a significant role in the occurrence of photoinduced oscillations.
Comparison of methods for finding saddle points without knowledge of the final states
Authors: Olsen R. A. , Kroes G. J. , Henkelman G. , Arnaldsson A. , Jónsson H.
Published: November 2004

Within the harmonic approximation to transition state theory, the biggest challenge involved in finding the mechanism or rate of transitions is the location of the relevant saddle points on the multidimensional potential energy surface. The saddle point search is particularly challenging when the final state of the transition is not specified. In this article we report on a comparison of several methods for locating saddle points under these conditions and compare, in particular, the well-established rational function optimization (RFO) methods using either exact or approximate Hessians with the more recently proposed minimum mode following methods where only the minimum eigenvalue mode is found, either by the dimer or the Lanczos method. A test problem involving transitions in a seven-atom Pt island on a Pt(111) surface using a simple Morse pairwise potential function is used and the number of degrees of freedom varied by varying the number of movable atoms. In the full system, 175 atoms can move so 525 degrees of freedom need to be optimized to find the saddle points. For testing purposes, we have also restricted the number of movable atoms to 7 and 1. Our results indicate that if attempting to make a map of all relevant saddle points for a large system (as would be necessary when simulating the long time scale evolution of a thermal system) the minimum mode following methods are preferred. The minimum mode following methods are also more efficient when searching for the lowest saddle points in a large system, and if the force can be obtained cheaply. However, if only the lowest saddle points are sought and the calculation of the force is expensive but a good approximation for the Hessian at the starting position of the search can be obtained at low cost, then the RFO approaches employing an approximate Hessian represent the preferred choice. For small and medium sized systems where the force is expensive to calculate, the RFO approaches employing an approximate Hessian is also the more efficient, but when the force and Hessian can be obtained cheaply and only the lowest saddle points are sought the RFO approach using an exact Hessian is the better choice. These conclusions have been reached based on a comparison of the total computational effort needed to find the saddle points and the number of saddle points found for each of the methods. The RFO methods do not perform very well with respect to the latter aspect, but starting the searches further away from the initial minimum or using the hybrid RFO version presented here improves this behavior considerably in most cases.
Effect of salt bridges on the energy landscape of a model protein
Authors: Wales David J. , Dewsbury Peter E. J.
Published: November 2004

The effect of introducing salt bridges (gatekeepers) into an off-lattice three-color, 46-bead model protein is investigated in terms of the effect on global optimization statistics. The global minima for all the gatekeepers that exhibited faster folding in previous molecular dynamics studies are located more rapidly than for the original potential, although the global minimum itself may change. Visualization of the underlying potential energy surface using disconnectivity graphs reveals that the gatekeepers exhibit structure intermediate between the original potential and a Gō model. Competition between low-lying minima and the global minimum is reduced in the gatekeepers compared to the original potential, and interconversion barriers are generally smaller.
Ypt31/32 GTPases and Their Novel F-Box Effector Protein Rcy1 Regulate Protein Recycling
Authors: Chen Shu Hui , Chen Shan , Tokarev Andrei A. , Liu Fengli , Jedd Gregory , Segev Nava
Published: November 2004

Ypt/Rab GTPases control various aspects of vesicle formation and targeting via their diverse effectors. We report a new role for these GTPases in protein recycling through a novel effector. The F-box protein Rcy1, which mediates plasma membrane recycling, is identified here as a downstream effector of the Ypt31/32 GTPase pair because it binds active GTP-bound Ypt31/32 and colocalizes with these GTPases on late Golgi and endosomes. Furthermore, Ypt31/32 regulates the polarized localization and half-life of Rcy1. This suggests that Ypt/Rabs can regulate the protein level of their effectors, in addition to the established ways by which they control their effectors. We show that like Rcy1, Ypt31/32 regulate the coupled phosphorylation and recycling of the plasma membrane v-SNARE Snc1. Moreover, Ypt31/32 and Rcy1 regulate the recycling of the furin-homolog Kex2 to the Golgi. Therefore, Ypt31/32 and Rcy1 mediate endosome-to-Golgi transport, because this is the only step shared by Snc1 and Kex2. Finally, we show that Rcy1 physically interacts with Snc1. Based on this result and because F-box proteins serve as adaptors between specific substrates and ubiquitin ligases, we propose that Ypt31/32 GTPases regulate the function of Rcy1 in the phosphorylation and/or ubiquitination of proteins that recycle through the Golgi.
Homer and Thucydides: Corcyra and Sicily
Authors: Mackie C. J.
Published: November 2004

This article is concerned with reminiscences of Homer in Thucydides'History. The principal aim is to raise questions as to what extent Thucydides' account of the Sicilian venture is a conscious response to some Homeric journey narratives. Such questions are worth asking because Thucydides refers to the (mythical/Odyssean) Cyclopes and Laestrygonians at the beginning of his story (6.2). It will be argued that this reference is intended not solely for the sake of mythical history, but to broaden the context in which Athenian actions can be seen. As well as this direct mythical allusion there are other Homeric reminiscences, including topographical features, that help to convey the notion that the expedition to Sicily is a kind of heroic quest into the unknown that goes disastrously wrong. It is a venture of epic proportions with heroic aspirations, but one whose consequences have a grim and immediate reality. In the light of these Homeric associations, it is argued that the expedition to Sicily is to be seen both in its recent historical context (the Persians) and in its mythological (Homeric) context. The Athenians not only fail to learn the lessons of their most glorious military moments, but they also make the mistake of treading on the same disastrous path as Homer's Odysseus.
Verse-technique and moral extremism in two satires of Horace (Sermones 2.3 and 2.4)
Authors: Freudenburg Kirk
Published: November 2004

Horace begins his second book of satires by picturing himself caught between the extremes of two sets of critics, one group claiming that his poetry is too aggressive (nimis acer, 1), the other that it is insipid and lacklustre (sine nervis, 2). The charges are extreme and contradictory, so there is no way he can adjust his work to please one group without further antagonizing the other: the more straightforward he becomes in his criticisms, the more bitter and ‘lawless ’ he will seem to group A. Further subtlety and indirectness will only draw further criticism from group B. He takes his problem to Trebatius, Rome's leading legal expert, expecting an easy solution, only to be told what his question made clear from the start: that the safest way to write satire in Rome is ‘not at all’: quiescas (‘keep quiet’, line 5). His question, as far as Trebatius is concerned, is irresolvable and best left unexplored.
Sabinus, the Heroides and the Poetnightingale. Some observations on the authenticity of the epistula Sapphus
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: November 2004

Of all the works attributed to Ovid but of disputed authenticity, the epistle of Sappho to Phaon is notoriously the one which has most perplexed scholars. Most philologists at the end of the 19th century asserted the Ovidian paternity of the epistle; but in recent years the discussion has flared up once again, especially following an important contribution, tending in the opposite direction, by R. J. Tarrant, and today, above all in Anglo-American studies, the pendulum seems to be swinging more in the direction of inauthenticity, according to the movement typical in debates of this kind. The present article obviously does not intend to discuss the whole question once again nor to reaffirm tout court the attribution to Ovid, but brings to the attention of scholars certain arguments which should not be neglected in the discussion (and which point in the direction of authenticity). I do not mean to underestimate the linguistic, stylistic, and metrical anomalies which scholars up to Tarrant and beyond have imputed to the epistula Sapphus, but rather to indicate some characteristics, above all of compositional technique, which have not been considered but which I think have a not insignificant weight in the debate on authenticity.
What every grammarian knows?
Authors: Atherton Catherine
Published: November 2004

The grammarians of antiquity, unlike some of their modern counterparts, seem to have had little interest in investigating ‘what every speaker knows’, at least as a largescale project, consciously articulated and embarked on. The object of such a project would be to determine what constitutes such knowledge—or mastery, or cognition, or whatever name it is given—in actual speakers. An alternative goal would be an account of something knowledge of which would count as knowledge of the language in question, even if this is not what actual speakers know. No ancient author seems to have set himself either task; indeed, the whole question of what it is to know a language seems to have been raised only very occasionally in classical antiquity. (Protagoras’ allusion to a ‘teacher of Greek’ in Plato's dialogue (327e2–328a1) is probably the best known of these rare discussions.) Kaimio is surely justified in making the still more sweeping observation that ‘The concept of language knowledge was rather vague amongst ancient peoples’ (1979: 316).
The Proper Meaning of XΩMA at Aeschylus, Supplices 870
Authors: Keen Antony G.
Published: November 2004

The phrase κατ⋯ Σαρπηδ⋯νιον χ⋯μα πολ⋯ψαμμον at Aeschylus, Supplices 869–702 is explained by a scholiast (Σ Aesch. Supp. 869–70 Smith) as κατ⋯ τ⋯ν Σαρπηδον⋯αν ἂκραν referring to a promontory in Cilicia. All modern commentators on this passage seem to have accepted the scholiast, and in the 1940 edition of LSJ ‘promontory, spit of sand’ are given as translations of χ⋯μα in this passage.
Roscius and theRoscida Dea
Authors: Weber Clifford
Published: November 2004

The verbconsisto(‘stop’) can be used in the context of stopping to exchange greetings and conversation with an acquaintance accidentally encountered: ‘confabulatum consistere’, as it is defined in theThesaurus(IV, 464.67–76). That this sense ofconsistowas common parlance in the late Republic is clear from its occurrence five times in Plautus and three times in Cicero, both in the speeches and in a letter.
Catullus 61.90–6
Authors: Georg Bernhard
Published: November 2004

As the majority of the editors read the text of Catullus 61.90–6, it contains a couple of emendations, among which the most significant is the addition of the lineprodeas nova nuptaafter v.90 in order to complete the strophe.
Propertius and ‘Coan Philitas’
Authors: Allen Archibald
Published: November 2004

This is our well received text of Propertius' celebrated address to the shades of Callimachus and Philitas at 3.1.1–2:

Callimachi Manes et Coi sacra Philitae,

in vestrum, quaeso, me sinite ire nemus.

Well received it may be, but scholarly worries and disagreements about the precise meaning of sacra, and indeed about the real purpose of the address, perhaps have diverted editors' eyes from a possible corruption. I would like to suggest that the pairing of ethnic adjective and personal name, Coi and Philitae, in line 1 may not be Propertian.
The integri of Cicero's Topica
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: November 2004

Cicero's Topica is transmitted as part of the so-called Leiden corpus; but it appeared in only two of the three Carolingian manuscripts carrying that corpus (Leiden, Voss. Lat. F. 84 = A and Lat. F. 86 = B; their agreement is dubbed β), and in both it lacked 1–3, 28 (magis)tratuum–73 Haec. During the ninth century, however, B was supplemented by the addition of folios (BA) which completed the text. In 1860 these folios were officiously transferred to A. There are a large number of integri, dating from the tenth century on. Editors have picked more or less at random from this pile to back up the evidence of β. They are also blessed with a detailed and intelligent commentary on the Topica written by Boethius. ‘That the text of the commentary influenced manuscripts of Cicero has been suspected but not proved’ (M. D. Reeve).
A further allusion in the Eumenides to the Panathenaia
Authors: Weaver Benjamin H.
Published: November 2004

Allusions to the Panathenaia 1 in the final scene of the Eumenides have been pointed out by a number of scholars.2 Headlam identified the red robes of the Eumenides (, E. 1028) with the cloaks worn by the Metics in the Panathenaic procession.3 In Athena's pronouncement at 1030–1
Editing Propertius
Authors: Butrica J. L.
Published: November 2004

‘Quot editores, tot Propertii’(‘For every editor, a different Propertius’) has been a familiar—and much misunderstood—phrase in Propertian scholarship ever since it first appeared in the preface to Phillimore′s Oxford Classical Text of 1901. In its original context it described not an existing situation but rather the chaos that Phillimore alleged would result if editors began to adopt significant numbers of transpositions. Such chaos, however, does characterize the current state of Propertian studies; every interpreter seems to create a different Propertius, who in the last twenty-five years has been represented as a feminist, a neurotic traumatized by the siege of Perugia, an anti-Augustan iconoclast, an apostle of love oppressed by a quasi-Stalinist principate, a decadent pre-Raphaelite, and most recently as the ‘modernist poet of antiquity’.
Scents and sensibility in Plautus′ Casina
Authors: Connors Catherine
Published: November 2004

When Lysidamus arrives on stage in Plautus′ Casina, he delightedly announces that he is in love with the slave girl Casina. He is returning, he says, from an expedition to buy perfume which he hopes has made him appealing to his beloved. Casina′s name is derived from the fragrant spice casia. Cassia and the related spice cinnamon originate in the Far East and were imported to Rome through Arabia or Africa.Like other ancient spices, cassia was used as perfume, condiment, and in medicinal and religious contexts.
Rhetoric and history in [Andocides] 4,Against Alcibiades
Authors: Gribble David
Published: November 2004

The work transmitted to us as the fourth speech in the manuscripts of Andocides is an invective against Alcibiades on the occasion of the last ostracism to occur in Athens, the ostracism of Hyper bolus. Despite a challenging article by Raubitschek1 pointing to certain authentic-looking details in the speech, most scholars would probably now agree that [And.] 4 is neither by Andocides, nor a genuine speech delivered on the occasion of the last ostracism, but is most likely to be a product of the fourth century. But if this general feeling is correct, why and in what context was the speech written? When in the fourth century did rhetoricians spend their time composing works like [And.] 4?
Levels of explanation in Galen
Authors: Singe P. N.
Published: November 2004

Galen's æuvre presents a remarkably varied body of texts–varied in subject matter, style, and didactic purpose. Logical tracts sit alongside tomes of drug–lore; handbooks of dietetics alongside anatomical investigations; treatises of physiology alongside ethicalopuscula. These differences in type have received some, though as yet insufficient, scholarly attention. Mario Vegetti demonstrated the coexistence of two ‘profili’ or images of the art of medicine: Galen presents the art as an Aristotelian deductive science, on the one hand, and as a technician's craft, on the other. The former image, offering an ambitious elevation of the doctor's cultural status, has medicine as a philosophicalepistemeanalogous to the mathematical sciences, exercised above all to provide causal accounts and logical demonstrations, and centred on the knowledge of anatomy. The second image is that of the clinician, concerned with the body in its pathological manifestations and using as its prime model the ‘pre-anatomical’ theory of the humours. And the content of the treatises shifts in relation to this dual image: ‘profilo alto’ and ‘profilo basso’ are reflected in different types of work. Polemical writings such as the Protrepticus, as well as the great treatises of anatomy and physiology,De usu partiumandDe naturalibus facultatibus, present medicine in the former light, while works like DetemperamentisorQuod animi moresbase themselves on humoral pathology and accord with the earlier, artisan-like image.
Erotic undertones in the Language of Clytemnestra
Authors: Pulleyn Simon
Published: November 2004

Well over a decade ago now, John Moles drew attention to the fact that the words of Clytemnestra at Aesch. Ag. 1388ff. included some striking sexual imagery that had gone unnoticed. To summarize a rich and detailed discussion, he said: ‘Clytemnestra represents the dying Agamemnon as having an ejaculation of dark blood—and herself as rejoicing in reciprocal climax as her husband bespatters her—with his blood’. My purpose here is to draw attention to two more examples of this kind of language to be found in close proximity to the foregoing.
Phaidra's Aidos Again
Authors: Craik E. M.
Published: November 2004

W. D. Furley, ‘Phaidra's pleasurable aidos (Eur. Hipp. 380–7)’, CQ 46 (1996), 84–90 is in part a response to my article, ‘ in Euripides’ Hippolytos 373–430: review and reinterpretation’, JHS 113 (1993), 45–59. Furley states that I suggest that aidos is ‘a euphemism for aidoia, the genitals, thus = sex’. This is an over-simplification. I argue (at pp. 45, 55, 56) that ‘in this context, is a euphemistic metonymy for ’; that ‘in terms of linguistic use, may be viewed as the natural reaction to the … just as is to ; and hence that ‘the linguistic associations and semantic nuances of are sufficient to allow the word, in appropriate contexts, to mean “sex”’.
Me autem nomine appellabat: avoidance of Cicero's name in his dialogues
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2004

Cicero's dialogueDe Finibusdepicts three conversations between the author and his friends. In the course of these conversations Cicero depicts himself as addressing his interlocutors directly, using the vocative case, on 45 occasions; the other characters, however, never address Cicero at all. What is the reason for this imbalance?
Was Kerkyra a member of the Second Athenian League?
Authors: Fauber C. M.
Published: November 2004

The accepted restoration ofthe Stele of Aristoteles, first suggested in 1855, stood for more than 100 years; in 1967, J. Coleman and D. Bradeen remeasured the stele and noted the impossibility of the restoration. Though these scholars thereby corrected a sustained error in the historical record, they consequently cast into the realm of conjecture an established parallel between the literary tradition and the epigraphical remains of the Second Athenian League. If it is not possible to restore Kerkyra to the extant stele, should scholars deny Kerkyraian membership in the League? There are four pieces of evidence to consider in answering this question. The IG ii296–7 inscriptions suggest that the League admitted Kerkyra as a member. An evaluation of the literary evidence ends in indecision because of an inexactness of language; however, this is ultimately unimportant for evaluating the membership of Kerkyra. Finally, IG ii243 needs to be reassessed with regard to the present question. As this paper will show, the crux of the problem is deciding what is to be made of Kerkyra's absence on IG ii243 and the appropriate weight which should be given the other evidence.
The historical reader of Plato's Protagoras
Authors: Wolfsdorf D.
Published: November 2004

The popular question why Plato wrote dramatic dialogues, which is motivated by a just fascination and perplexity for contemporary scholars about the unique form of the Platonic texts, is confused and anachronistic; for it judges the Platonic texts qua philosophical texts in terms of post–Platonic texts not written in dramatic dialogic form. In comparison with these, the form of Platos early aporetic dialogues is highly unusual. Yet, in its contemporary milieu, the form of Platonic literature is relatively normal. Dramatic dialogue was the most popular form of Attic literature in the late fifth and fourth centuries. This explains why Plato wrote dramatic dialogues.
The hippocratic treatise On Anatomy
Authors: Craik E. M.
Published: November 2004

On Anatomy (Anat.) is the shortest treatise preserved in the Hippocratic Corpus (HC). It describes the internal configuration of the human trunk. The account is for the most part descriptive, function being largely disregarded and speculation completely eschewed. Though systematic it is unsophisticated: two orifices for ingestion are linked by miscellaneous organs, vessels, and viscera to two orifices for evacuation. There is a clear progression in two parallel sections: first, trachea to lung, lung described, location of heart, heart described, kidneys to bladder, bladder described, bladder to genitals, conclusion; and second, oesophagus to belly, location of diaphragm, location of spleen, location and description of belly (close to liver), belly to intestine/colon, colon to rectum and anus, conclusion. The text offers good basic topographical or regional anatomy (the organs studied as they lie in relationship with one another in the different regions of the body). That the work is concerned with human anatomy is certain from the precise description of lung and liver, with features peculiar to human organs; and is corroborated by frequent references to comparative anatomy, with which familiarity is apparently assumed. Such anatomical knowledge, based on extensive observation of animals (probably sacrificial victims as well as laboratory specimens), may have been corroborated by some human dissection, perhaps of the aborted foetus or exposed infant, in conjunction with opportunistic observation of war wounded and accident victims. While the syntax is bald, telegraphic, and asyndetic, the vocabulary is recondite, and poetic. There is erratic omission of the article and recurrent use of compendious comparisons. These features suggest that Anat. may be an abridgement of a fuller and more flowery account; this hypothesis is supported by several passages where erroneous or unclear information apparently results from excessive compression or imperfect comprehension of a source.
Eros in government: Zeno and the virtuous city
Authors: Boys-Stones George
Published: November 2004

According to a report in Athenaeus (Deipnosophistae 561CD), the qualities of Erosled the Stoic Zeno to make him the tutelary god of his ideal state:

Pontianus said that Zeno of Citium took Eros to be the god of love and freedom, and even the provider of concord, but nothing else. This is why he said in his Republic that Eros was the god who contributed to the safety of the city.
Doubts about other minds and the science of physiognomics
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: November 2004

Most ancient philosophers found access to the mental states of people other than the perceiver less problematic than the moderns did. But there is evidence, however scarce, that some groups of ancient sceptics raised questions which I shall call, for brevity's sake, doubts about other minds.
Heroides 16.303–4
Authors: Kershaw Allan
Published: November 2004

The several verbal responsions of this couplet to the preceding one are clear, and as mando produces mandata, so testor derives, I think, from testis. Read me teste ‘Idaei…’; ‘with me as witness…’. This reading adds greatly to the humour of the situation, where the hen is charged, in his presence, with caring for the fox. For testis as a witness to the audible (rather than the visible) cf. (e.g.) fors me sermoni testem dedit (Am. 1.8.21).
Notes on pseudo-Plutarch'sLifeof Antiphon
Authors: Edwards Michael J.
Published: November 2004

The Lives of the Ten Orators(), preserved in the manuscripts of Plutarch'sMoralia(832b–852e) but almost universally acknowledged not to be the work of Plutarch himself, have been much maligned by modern scholars, and the information they provide has been treated with extreme caution, not to say disdain. My purpose here is to demonstrate that the first of these biographies, theLifeof Antiphon (832b–834b), repays close study and, far from being worthless, reliably preserves a tradition which provides useful material on its subject. Some of what appears below is inevitably going over well-trodden ground, but there is, in my opinion, sufficient material in theLifewhich has been overlooked or misinterpreted to justify the following re-examination.
The shape of Athenian laws
Authors: Carey Christopher
Published: November 2004

The title is unashamedly plagiarized from Stephen Todd's excellent book,The Shape of Athenian Law. The plagiarism is slightly misleading, however, since my interest is in law as enactment (Gesetz) while Todd's title expresses his interest in law as system (Recht). The issue I wish to address is the formulation of written laws in Athens during the late archaic and classical period, specifically the balance between procedural and substantive law. Substantive law deals with rights, obligations, offences, etc. Its role is to define behaviour which is required, allowed, or prohibited. These are what Hart terms ‘primary rules’. Procedural law, on the other hand, deals, as the name suggests, with the administration of justice, that is with jurisdiction, process, etc. Hart's term for these is ‘secondary rules’. The two cannot be separated quite as neatly as I have suggested, of course. A procedural law can scarcely avoid mentioning the offences or rights whose punishment or protection it regulates, while a substantive law may need to address issues such as jurisdiction. This is therefore an issue of orientation, not a simple binary division. However, as a broad basis for classification it is of value.
Poseidon, walls, and narrative complexity in the HomericIliad
Authors: Maitland Judith
Published: November 2004

The sea god Poseidon is taken for granted as such in Classical Greek literature and iconography. Yet one does not have to look far in the literary or iconographical sources to find material that conveys a somewhat different impression. This has been noticed, and in the past there have been some interesting attempts to surmise Poseidon's origins and significance from the evidence at hand. This paper is not an attempt to reconstruct a putative Mycenaean deity, but will examine certain episodes of the HomericIliadto suggest possible reasons for the inconsistencies and anomalies that appear.
Plato's lawcode in context: rule by written law in Athens and Magnesia
Authors: Nightingale Andrea Wilson
Published: November 2004

Perhaps more than any other dialogue, Plato'sLawsdemands a reading that is at once historical and philosophical. This text's conception of the ‘rule of law’ is best understood in its contemporary socio-political context; its philosophical discussion of this topic, in fact, can be firmly located in the political ideologies and institutions of fourth-century Greece. In this paper, I want to focus on the written lawcode created in theLawsin the context of the Athenian conception and practice of rule by written law. How are the Athenian laws authorized, disseminated, and implemented, and how does Plato's lawcode reflect and/or depart from this model? What is the status of the ‘text’ of each lawcode? How—and how well—do the citizens know the law? When and by whom can the lawcode be altered? Recent work on literacy and on rule by written law in fourth-century Athens invites a serious reconsideration of Plato's lawcode and the polity it is designed for. Certainly Plato'sLawsis grounded in a serious meditation on Athenian legislative practices. But Plato adds a novel ingredient to his legislation—the ‘Egyptian’ practice of ‘doing things by the book’ exemplified by (among other things) the institution of laws which compel doctors to treat patients in strict accordance with venerable and, indeed, sacred medical texts. As I will argue, the ‘Egyptian’ medical and textual practices offer a model for the rule of law quite different from that found in Athens.
Partnership of citizens and metics: the will of Epicurus
Authors: Leiwo M. , Remes P.
Published: November 2004

The law of Athens prohibited any but full citizens from owning land or houses. Thus the law also impeded the bequeathing of real property to those who were not citizens. This law seemed to preclude those who were the real backbone of the trading and banking businesses from owning land and, therefore, from lending and borrowing by using it as a security.
Aeneas ashospesin Vergil,Aeneid1 and 4
Authors: Gibson Roy K.
Published: November 2004

In the opening section of Ovid'sArs Amatoria3 the poet, in an attempt to gain favour with his female addressees, lists a number of legends where it is men who are the deceivers. In this list he includes Aeneas,et famam pietatis habet, tamen hospes et ensem I praebuit et causam mortis, Elissa, tuae(39–40). The terms in which Aeneas' guilt is cast are striking. Aeneas is criticized not for his lover's faithlessness, but for his shattering of the rules ofhospitium. At the heart ofhospitium, in as much as it is friendship between strangers, lay the ideals of duty, loyalty, reciprocity, and the exchange of services,pietas(39) includes, in this context, a reference to the guest's sense of, or actual fulfilment of, the duty to pay a proper return on the hospitality received. Aeneas had a reputation for doing his duty as ahospes, i.e. as someone who was conscientious about his duty to make an appropriate return. But, according to Ovid, the return which he actually made was diametrically opposed to a proper return, and consisted of a sword and a reason for Dido to kill herself with it. Ovid's decision to frame Aeneas' guilt in terms ofhospitiumreflects and emphasis adopted both in his own earlier epistle from Dido to Aeneas (Heroides7), and (what will concern us more) in theAeneiditself. The erotic relationship between Dido and Aeneas in Book 4 of theAeneidevolves out of thehospitiumrelationship established between them in Book 1. When Aeneas leaves Dido he asserts that their relationship is that of host and guest rather than of husband and wife, and that he has acted and will act well in thishospitiumrelationship (Aen.4.334–9). 9). Dido, for her part, even after she has been forced to drop the argument that she and Aeneas are married (Aen. 4.431), continues to attack Aeneas and the Trojans as bad or faithlesshospites(Aen.4.538–41, 4.596–8), and ends by renouncinghospitiumwith them (Aen.4.622–9).
Salmacis and Hermaphroditus: when two become one (Ovid,Met. 4.285–388)
Authors: Robinson M.
Published: November 2004

Like most passages in theMetamorphoses, the story of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus benefits greatly from a clear understanding of the traditions with which and against which it is working—such an understanding is not manifest in many recent discussions of the story. As a result, some scholars have been unable to recognize its humour, seeing instead only ‘ein interpretatorisches Problem’. In this paper I hope to clarify the background to this episode, and then examine the story in the light of this clarification. I close by focusing on some specific problems of interpretation raised by recent scholarship.
Emperors, aristocrats, and the grim reaper: towards a demographic profile of the Roman élite
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: November 2004

The opening pages of the annals of the Roman monarchy tell of long-lived rulers and thriving families. Augustus lived to the ripe age of seventy-six, survived by his wife of fifty-one years, Livia, who died at eighty-six, while her son Tiberius bettered his predecessor's record by two more years. Augustus’ sister Octavia gave birth to five children, all of whom lived long enough to get married; Agrippa left at least half a dozen children, and perhaps more; Germanicus, despite his tender age at death, was survived by no fewer than three sons and three daughters. At the same time, longevity and abundant offspring went hand in hand with early death and misery. More than a few luminaries of Augustus’ court were less fortunate than their elders: Marcellus died at twenty-three, the elder Drusus at twenty-nine, Augustus’ heirs Gaius and Lucius Caesar at twenty-three and eighteen. Drusus had lost a number of children save three that survived; Germanicus buried three of his six sons as infants.
Homeric Hymn to Hermes 296: τλήμονα γαστρὸς ἔριθον
Authors: Katz Joshua T.
Published: November 2004

Among the many parodic elements in theHomeric Hymn to Hermesis the day-old baby's fart-omen. As is well-known, sneezing was considered prophetic in the ancient world, and the humour of the scene comes from the immediately preceding fart and the fact that Hermes’ bodily emissions are deliberate (σɉυ… øρασσάμευoζ ‘contriving’). Apollo has, in fact, gone in search of his baby brother on the basis of a standard bird-omen (note 2131 ‖ oìωυɂυ and 215 ‖༐σσυμέυωζ, echoed exactly in the later passage) and confronted with Hermes’ signs, he recognizes that the crepitation is just as much an omen as the sneeze, witness the plural τoúτoιζ oìωυoîσι a few lines later (303). We may compare a passage in Aristophanes’Knights(638—42) where the Sausage-seller reports that he took courage before speaking to the Council from a good omen: a man farted to the right, ༐κ δπξιâζ ᾤπέπαρδε (639). Aristophanes’ formulation suggests to me that the composer of the hymn may be intentionally setting up a play on words (or even the possibility for a slip of the tongue or mishearing): the only difference between the verbal form ༐πέπταδε ‘sneezed’ (aorist to ༐πι-πτάρυuμαι, -πταíρω and its near-homophone ༐πέπαρδε ‘farted’ (aorist to ༐πι-πρδoμαι) is the (cross-linguistically trivial) reversal of the liquid and the dental stop.
Problems of Text and Interpretation in Statius, Thebaid VII–XII
Authors: Eden P. T.
Published: November 2004

The following works are referred to by author's surname only: H. W. Garrod, P. Papini Stati Thebais et Achilleis (Oxford, 1906); D. E. Hill, P. Papini Stati Thebaidos Libri XII [Mnemosyne Supplement 79 (Leiden, 1983)]; A. Klotz, P. Papini Stati Thebais (Leipzig, 1908; revised edn by T. C. Klinnert, 1973); R. Lesueur, Stace Thébaïde (Paris, 1990, 1991, 1994; 3 vols); J. H. Mozley, Statius (Loeb edn, London, 1928; 2 vols); J. J. Smolenaars, Statius, Thebaid VII [Mnemosyne Supplement 134 (Leiden, 1994)]; P. Venini, P. Papini Stati Thebaidos Liber XI (Firenze, 1970).
Xenophon on male love
Authors: Hindley Clifford
Published: November 2004

In a previous article I attempted to trace the way in which, for Xenophon, homosexual liaisons might or might not affect the discipline of military life, and the emphasis which he placed upon the virtue of self-control (έγκράτεια) in dealing with desires of this kind. The present paper seeks to broaden the enquiry into a study of Xenophon's attitude to male same-sex affairs in general.
To praise, not to bury: Simonides fr. 531P
Authors: Steiner Deborah
Published: November 2004

Unresolved questions surround Simonides fr. 531, which eulogizes the Greeks who fell at Thermopylae. To what genre do these lines belong, what were the original conditions of their performance, and does Diodorus Siculus, who preserves the fragment, transmit just an extract (as seems most likely) or the complete piece? Commentators even differ as to where Simonides’ lines began: for some the words τŵυ ༐υ Θερμοπὐλαιζ θαυóυτωυ form part of the original composition, for others they conclude Diodorus' prose introduction. In my reading of the fragment, I aim to address some of these puzzles by focusing chiefly on issues that allow for greater certainty: the structure and sentiments of the lines, and the cohesion between the song's contents and the conventions found in near contemporary commemorations of men fallen in battle on their country or polis’ behalf. As the comparative material will suggest, Diodorus’ designation of the lines as an encomion, something ‘properly’ delivered in praise of living men, should perhaps not be dismissed out of hand. Simonides‘ words may have been embedded within a composition as much designed for the purpose of praising, exhorting and inspiring the living as for memorializing the dead.
Thucydides 5.26.3–5: the verb ἰσχυρίζεσθαι and a contrast in methodology
Authors: Thorburn John E.
Published: November 2004

Scholarly opinion has been divided over the interpretation of τοîς ἀπò χρησμῶν τι ἰσχυρισμένοις μóνον δὴ τοῦτο ἐχυρῶς ξυμβáν at Thucydides 5.26.3. On one hand, Dover and others maintain that Thucydides emphasizes the oracle's fulfilment, and adopt a somewhat neutral definition for ἰσχυρισαμένοις (‘venture to affirm’), while Marinatos argues that ‘By ἰσχυρισαμένοις Thucydides is diverting attention away from the oracle and instead focusing on those who made claims based on it.’ This paper studies the interpretations of ἰσχυρισαμένοις and will suggest a more precise understanding of the word.