bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining competencies in psychology supervision: A consensus statement
Authors: Falender Carol A. , Cornish Jennifer A. Erickson , Goodyear Rodney , Hatcher Robert , Kaslow Nadine J. , Leventhal Gerald , Shafranske Edward , Sigmon Sandra T. , Stoltenberg Cal , Grus Catherine
Published: May 2004

Supervision is a domain of professional practice conducted by many psychologists but for which formal training and standards have been largely neglected. In this article, supervision is proposed as a core competency area in psychology for which a number of elements reflecting specific knowledge, skills, and values must be addressed to ensure adequate training and professional development of the trainee. Supra‐ordinate factors of supervision viewed as permeating all aspects of professional development are proposed. These include the perspective that professional development is a lifelong, cumulative process requiring attention to diversity in all its forms, as well as legal and ethical issues, personal and professional factors, and self‐ and peer‐assessment. A competencies framework is presented with particular elements representing knowledge (e.g., about psychotherapy, research, etc.), skills (including supervising modalities, relationship skills, etc.), values (e.g., responsibility for the clients and supervisee rests with supervisor, etc.), and meta‐knowledge. Social contextual factors and issues of education and training, assessment, and future directions also are addressed, with specific elements listed. Suggestions for future work in this area are addressed, including the need to refine further and operationalize competences, develop clear expectations for accreditation and licensure regarding supervision competencies, and expand the description of developmental levels of supervisors from minimal to optimal competence. This is one of a series of articles published together in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Several other articles that resulted from the Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology will appear in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice and The Counseling Psychologist. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Novel gel‐entrapped base catalysts for the Claisen–Schmidt reaction
Authors: Chaphekar Sachin S , Samant Shriniwas D
Published: May 2004

Novel gel‐entrapped base catalysts (GEBCs) were prepared by entrapping aqueous solutions of bases in a gel matrix of agar agar. The bases used were NaOH, KOH, morpholine and piperidine. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed for the water–base–agar agar system to identify the various phases and especially the solid phase, useful as a solid base catalyst. The 10% NaOH solid gel was used to effect the Claisen–Schmidt reaction between benzaldehydes and acetophenones in ethanol under heterogeneous conditions to obtain 70–100% yield of the products. The solid GEBCs obtained using other bases were also used for the same reaction; however, the yields were lower. The catalyst needed no activation prior to use and could be recycled. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Late Quaternary deglaciation and climate history of the Larsemann Hills (East Antarctica)
Authors: Verleyen Elie , Hodgson Dominic A. , Sabbe Koen , Vyverman Wim
Published: May 2004

The Late Quaternary climate history of the Larsemann Hills has been reconstructed using siliceous microfossils (diatoms, chrysophytes and silicoflagellates) in sediment cores extracted from three isolation lakes. Results show that the western peninsula, Stornes, and offshore islands were ice‐covered between 30 000 yr BP and 13 500 cal. yr BP. From 13 500 cal. yr BP (shortly after the Antarctic Cold Reversal) the coastal lakes of the Larsemann Hills were deglaciated and biogenic sedimentation commenced. Between 13 500 and 11 500 cal. yr BP conditions were warmer and wetter than during the preceding glacial period, but still colder than today. From 11 500 to 9500 cal. yr BP there is evidence for wet and warm conditions, which probably is related to the early Holocene climate optimum, recorded in Antarctic ice cores. Between 9500 and 7400 cal. yr BP dry and cold conditions are inferred from high lake‐water salinities, and low water levels and an extended duration of nearshore sea‐ice. A second climate optimum occurred between 7400 and 5230 cal. yr BP when stratified, open water conditions during spring and summer characterised the marine coast of Prydz Bay. From 5230 until 2750 cal. yr BP sea‐ice duration in Prydz Bay increased, with conditions similar to the present day. A short return to stratified, open water conditions and a reduction in nearshore winter sea‐ice extent is evident between 2750 and 2200 cal. yr BP. Simultaneously, reconstructions of lake water depth and salinity suggests relatively humid and warm conditions on land between 3000 and 2000 cal. yr BP, which corresponds to a Holocene Hypsithermal reported elsewhere in Antarctica. Finally, dry conditions are recorded around 2000, between 760 and 690, and between 280 and 140 cal. yr BP. These data are consistent with ice‐core records from Antarctica and support the hypothesis that lacustrine and marine sediments on land can be used to evaluate the effect of long‐term climate change on the terrestrial environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐Grafted Polystyrene Beads with Comb‐Like Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains: Preparation and Biological Application
Authors: Byun Jang‐Woong , Kim Jong‐Uk , Chung Woo‐Jae , Lee Yoon‐Sik
Published: May 2004

Summary: We prepared surface‐grafted polystyrene (PS) beads with comb‐like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. To accomplish this, conventional gel‐type PS beads (35–75 μm) were treated with ozone gas to introduce hydroperoxide groups onto the surface. Using these hydroperoxide groups, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 22 000–25 000) was grafted onto the surface of the PS beads. The ester groups of the grafted PMMA were reduced to hydroxyl groups with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). After adding ethylene oxide (EO) to the hydroxyl groups, we obtained the PS‐sg‐PEG beads, which had a rugged surface and a diameter of 80–150 μm. We could obtain several kinds of the PS‐sg‐PEG beads by controlling the chain lengths of the grafted PMMA and the molecular weights of the PEG chains. The grafted PEG layer was about 30–50 μm thick, which was verified from the cross‐sectioned views of the fluorescamine‐labeled beads. These fluorescence images proved that the beads possessed a pellicular structure. Furthermore, we found that the surface‐grafted PEG chains had the characteristic property of reducing non‐specific protein adsorption on the beads.

Cross‐sectioned photograph of fluorescence‐labeled PS‐sg‐PEG beads showing their pellicular structure.

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Cross‐sectioned photograph of fluorescence‐labeled PS‐sg‐PEG beads showing their pellicular structure.
Polylactones, 67
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Rost Simon
Published: May 2004

Summary: Spirocyclic initiators were prepared by condensation of Ge(OEt)4 and tetra(ethylene glycol), TEG, or PEG‐2000 ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 2 000 Da). These spirocycles were used as initiators for the ring‐expansion polymerization of L‐lactide in chlorobenzene at 120 °C. The resulting cyclic block copolymers were reacted in situ with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid dichlorides (ADADs) or with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) to achieve chain extension. The reaction conditions were optimized via model reactions. The isolated Ge‐free multiblock copolymers were characterized by viscosity and by 1H NMR measurements. In selected cases SEC measurements and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry were conducted. The mass spectra revealed small amounts of cyclic oligo‐ and polylactides, whereas the high molecular weight multiblock copolymers did not “fly”.

Structure of spirocyclic Ge‐initiator used here.

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Structure of spirocyclic Ge‐initiator used here.
Simulation of Amorphous Nylon 6 Using SuSi, a Strategy Based on Generation–Relaxation Algorithms
Authors: Alemán Carlos , Curcó David
Published: May 2004

Summary: The ability of SuSi to generate microstructures of polymers with hydrogen bonding interactions has been checked. This is a random procedure recently developed to localize independent minima. Calculations were performed on nylon 6, a large number of equilibrated and relaxed atomistic models, i.e. microstructures without torsional strain and atomic overlaps, being generated. Results indicated that the generation algorithm implemented in SuSi underestimates the amount of amide groups involved in hydrogen bonding interactions. This is an expected result since no specific criterion was introduced in it to facilitate the formation of specific interactions. Several modifications have been introduced in the generation algorithm to overcome this limitation. The changes induced by these modifications in the generated microstructures are discussed.

A new computational strategy denoted SuSi generates atomistic models of hydrogen bond forming polymers with very reliable results.

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A new computational strategy denoted SuSi generates atomistic models of hydrogen bond forming polymers with very reliable results.
Deconvolution of Molecular Weight Distributions Using Dynamic Flory‐Schulz Distributions
Authors: Fortuny Montserrat , Nele Márcio , Melo Príamo A. , Pinto José Carlos
Published: May 2004

Summary: The deconvolution of molecular weight distributions (MWDs) may be useful for obtaining information about the polymerization kinetics and properties of catalytic systems. However, deconvolution techniques are normally based on steady‐state assumptions and very little has been reported about the use of non‐stationary approaches for the deconvolution of MWDs. In spite of this, polymerization reactions are often performed in batch or semi‐batch modes. For this reason, dynamic solutions are proposed here for simple kinetic models and are then used for deconvolution of actual MWD data. Deconvolution results obtained with dynamic models are compared to deconvolution results obtained with the standard stationary Flory‐Schulz distributions. For coordination polymerizations, results show that dynamic MWD models are able to describe experimental data with fewer catalytic sites, which indicates that the proper interpretation of the reaction dynamics may be of fundamental importance for kinetic characterization. On the other hand, reaction dynamics induced by modification of chain transfer agent concentration seem to play a minor role in the shape of the MWD in free‐radical polymerizations.

This Figure illustrates that MWDs obtained at unsteady conditions should not be deconvoluted with standard steady‐state Flory‐Schulz distributions.

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This Figure illustrates that MWDs obtained at unsteady conditions should not be deconvoluted with standard steady‐state Flory‐Schulz distributions.
On the Ergodicity of Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulations of Multichain or Star Systems
Authors: Limpouchová Zuzana , Procházka Karel
Published: May 2004

Summary:The behavior of complex polymer structures, e.g., star and comb polymers or shells of polymer micelles, is often studied by dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm, which is based on a sequence of independent steps, each of them consisting in dissolving and regrowing a randomly chosen tethered chain by the configuration‐bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) method, is considered. During each step, the remaining self‐avoiding walks (SAWs), which occupy the space, create geometrical restriction for the new SAW and hinder certain conformations. Hence, the reconstruction of the SAW under consideration depends on conformations of the other SAWs forming the system, and therefore, it is not directly evident whether the a priori ergodicity of SAW for a single untethered chain has been retained in the final algorithm for the whole multichain system. The proof of ergodicity of this type of simulations for an arbitrary number of SAWs tethered to the convex core is presented.

2D scheme of the alignment of the SAWs.

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2D scheme of the alignment of the SAWs.
Change of weight‐bearing pattern before and after plantar reconstruction with free anterolateral thigh flap
Authors: Sekido Mitsuru , Yamamoto Yuhei , Furukawa Hiroshi , Sugihara Tsuneki
Published: May 2004

We reconstructed a large‐sized defect at the weight‐bearing plantar region by a free anterolateral thigh flap successfully. This is the first case report of using the anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of the plantar foot. Based on the preoperative and postoperative pedogram examinations, the pressure distribution on the weight‐bearing area reconstructed by the transferred flap was obviously improved and demonstrated a nearly normal pattern. No previous report has compared the weight‐bearing pattern before and after large plantar reconstruction with a free flap. The anterolateral thigh free flap, which provides adequate bulk and contour of the foot, and which withstands weight pressure and shearing force and has the ability to provide recovery of sensation, is considered a good alternative in covering a large weight‐bearing plantar defect. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infraclavicular brachial plexus injury following axillary regional block
Authors: Tsao Bryan E. , Wilbourn Asa J.
Published: May 2004

Infraclavicular brachial plexopathy is a potential complication of axillary regional block. We retrospectively reviewed 13 such injuries and found the median nerve most often affected, followed by combined median and ulnar neuropathies, and then by various combinations involving the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves. All were axon‐loss in type and most were severe in degree electrophysiologically. The clinical and electrodiagnostic features of these injuries are strikingly similar to those sustained after axillary arteriography, which has been associated with the medial brachial fascial compartment (MBFC) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by the evolution of neurologic deficits and pain following hematoma formation within a compartment of the upper arm. Thus, we believe that this mechanism underlies most nerve injuries that result from axillary angiography or axillary regional block. This has important treatment implications, as timely surgical intervention may lead to improved outcome. Muscle Nerve 30: 44–48, 2004
A Better Method for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Fundraising at Universities
Authors: Rooney Patrick Michael
Published: May 2004

This article develops a new methodology for a more comprehensive and useful analysis of the costs and benefits of fundraising, as well as the total costs and net benefits associated with development efforts in general. This approach does a better job of linking the timing of return of fundraising efforts and measuring the actual return on investments in fundraising (as opposed to the reported return) than the widely used guidelines from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education and the National Association of College and University Business Officers (CASE/NACUBO) (1990). The implications are a better methodology for practitioners that they can use to enhance internal decision making and a better methodology for boards to use in evaluating performance and accountability. Recently, other large, public universities have begun using several of these concepts in the assessment of their development offices (Rooney, 1998).
The Suitability and Application of Scenario Planning for National Professional Associations
Authors: Kloss Linda L.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the suitability of scenario development as a strategic planning tool for national professional associations. It examines strategic planning by nonprofits and how scenarios fit into the planning process. Scenario planning is shown to be a promising technique for anticipating the impact of technology and other environmental changes on professional practice. The experience of the American Health Information Management Association shows that scenarios are a useful way to communicate and gain member acceptance of the need for personal and professional change.
Has the Time Come to Reevaluate Evaluation? or, Who Will Be Accountable for Accountability?
Authors: Lohmann Roger A.
Published: May 2004

Evaluation with Power: A New Approach to Organizational
Effectiveness, Empowerment, and Excellence, by Sandra Trice
Gray and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1998. 178
pp., $28.95 cloth (vinyl).

Measuring the Performance of Human Services Programs, by
Lawrence L. Martin and Peter M. Kettner. Thousand Oaks,
Calif.: Sage, 1996. 138 pp., $44.50 cloth, $21.95 paper.

Miles to Go: A Personal History of Social Policy, by Daniel
Patrick Moynihan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1996. 256 pp., $22.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Outcomes Measurement in the Human Services: Cross‐Cutting
Issues and Methods, edited by Edward J. Mullen and Jennifer
L. Magnabosco. Washington, D.C.: National Association of
Social Workers, 1997. 337 pp., $29.55 for members of the
National Association of Social Workers, $36.95 for nonmembers,
paper.

The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great
Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, by Irwin Unger.
New York: Doubleday, 1996. Out of print.
Merger as a Strategic Response to Government Contracting Pressures
Authors: Golensky Martha , DeRuiter Gerald L.
Published: May 2004

This article describes the planning, decision‐making, implementation, and evaluation phases of a recent, successful merger of five small social service agencies in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The merger was undertaken as a conscious strategy to enable the newly formed Arbor Circle Corporation to cope more effectively with environmental uncertainty, especially in regard to government contracting. The successes and the struggles encountered in the merger are instructive for other nonprofits that may be contemplating this kind of organizational restructuring as well as those interested in the impact of contracting on the government‐nonprofit relationship.
How Should an International NGO Allocate Growth?
Authors: McPeak Mark
Published: May 2004

PLAN International (PLAN) developed a methodology to ensure that its robust growth in the late 1980s and early 1990s was directed in a manner that was explicitly consistent with organizational strategy. This methodology enabled it to target its growth toward countries where child‐related need was greater and in which its program approach was likely to have most impact. Managers of international nongovernmental organizations should find PLAN's experience relevant as they strive to strike a balance between organizational expansion, with its pressures and distractions, and the crucial need to maintain institutional focus.
Defining the Nonprofit Sector Cross‐Nationally
Authors: Hodgkinson Virginia A.
Published: May 2004

Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A Cross‐National Analysis, by
Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1997. 526 pp., $29.95 paperback.

The Nonprofit Sector in France, by Edith Archambault. Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1997. 324 pp., $27.95
paperback.

The Nonprofit Sector in Italy, edited by Gian Paolo Barbetta.
Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. 309 pp.,
$59.95.

The Nonprofit Sector in Sweden, by Tommy Lundstrom and
Filip Wijkstrom. Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1997. 345 pp., $69.95.
The Nonprofit Sector and Gender Discrimination
Authors: Gibelman Margaret
Published: May 2004

This article reports the results of an exploratory study of a cross section of nonprofit human service organizations that examined whether and to what extent a glass ceiling exists for women in this sector. The findings substantiate the existence of the glass ceiling phenomenon among the agencies studied. Men are disproportionately represented in management, particularly upper‐level management, and they earn higher salaries than women at all hierarchical levels of the organization.
Adaptive Strategies of Nonprofit Human Service Organizations in an Era of Devolution and New Public Management
Authors: Alexander Jennifer
Published: May 2004

This article reviews the results of a multiphase study of nonprofit human service organizations serving children and youth in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The purpose of the study was to identify adaptation strategies organizations found effective for the current environment. The study reviews the results of longitudinal focus groups and a final workshop directed to analyzing strategies for maintaining organizational viability. Effective adaptations included strategic expansion of services and client bases, networking as a means to acquire and stabilize revenue streams and resources, and increased use of business techniques and technology to generate outcome measures and an image of effectiveness with funders.
A House Divided: How Nonprofits Experience Union Drives
Authors: Peters Jeanne B. , Masaoka Jan
Published: May 2004

Drawing from forty in‐depth interviews as well as personal experiences, the researchers identify the areas for argument in unionization drives among nonprofit organizations. The topic is placed in the context of the nonprofit sector's ongoing discussion of its relationship with, and distinction from, the government and business sectors.
Private Nonprofits in a Public Sector Compendium
Authors: Cortés Michael
Published: May 2004

International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration,
edited by Jay M. Shafritz (editor in chief). 4 vols. Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press, 1998. 2,750 pp., $550 cloth.
Program Evaluation Practice in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Fine Allison H. , Thayer Colette E. , Coghlan Anne
Published: May 2004

Nonprofit organizations are increasingly being asked to demonstrate the effectiveness of their programs and services. Faced with this challenge, agencies that decide to engage in program evaluation must choose among various approaches and methods. This article provides a window into why and how nonprofit organizations are conducting program evaluations, and it reveals the factors nonprofit agencies identify as contributing to a useful and credible evaluation. In addition, the article addresses the role of stakeholder participation in program evaluation.
Using Service‐Customer Matrices in Strategic Analysis of Nonprofits
Authors: Boardman Anthony E. , Vining Aidan R.
Published: May 2004

This article demonstrates the value of service‐customer matrices (SCMs) for managers performing strategic analysis of nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Some of the benefits of using SCMs are understanding the portfolio of businesses; clarifying what sponsors and clients value; identifying rivals, key attributes, and revenues on a service‐customer segment basis; and understanding and formulating positioning strategy.
Relating the Central and the Local
Authors: Taylor Marilyn , Lansley John
Published: May 2004

Although a number of valuable models of central‐local relationships in the nonprofit sector have been developed, particularly in relation to federal structures, there has been a tendency to assume that in any given organizational relationship central‐local structures will follow one common pattern. We argue that wider strategies are available: central dependency along one dimension may run with greater local autonomy along another. Such mixed tight‐loose structures may be of considerable importance in the “boundaryless” organizational environment of the future.
Should St. Merciful Hospital Become CorpHealth, Inc.?: Ownership and Quality in U.S. Health Care Organizations
Authors: Irvin Renee A.
Published: May 2004

In this article, a review of empirical research on ownership and quality of care suggests the existence of a quality gap between for‐profit and nonprofit firms in some health sectors, depending on the prevailing type of financial payment for health care. Results of a theoretical model incorporating quality of care suggest that the nondistribution constraint is a simple and powerful explanation for a higher level of patient care quality at nonprofit health care facilities when reimbursement for health services is fixed prospectively. Analysis suggests that review of future conversions of health care facilities from nonprofit to for‐profit status should take into consideration the implied effects of the conversion on patient outcomes.
What Happens When Nonprofits Use Quality Models for Self‐Assessment?
Authors: Paton Rob , Foot Jane , Payne Geoff
Published: May 2004

Two tools to assist organizational self‐assessment have recently become popular in the U.K. nonprofit sector, providing the opportunity for a comparative study of how such tools are used in practice. Because both spring from the quality movement in management, the study also provided a chance to observe how quality ideas evolve as they are applied in nonprofit contexts. The study found that self‐assessment can indeed enable constructive review processes in a wide range of contexts. However, when the models “work” it is in rather different ways than is suggested by the terms in which they are promoted.
Sexual Orientation Discrimination and Its Challenges for Nonprofit Managers
Authors: Hostetler Dennis W. , Pynes Joan E.
Published: May 2004

In the wake of the recent New Jersey Supreme Court decision, Dale v. Boy Scouts of America and Monmouth Council Boy Scouts
(1999), this article examines the issue of sexual orientation discrimination and the challenges it presents nonprofit managers. Because of regional shifts in public opinion, the enactment of nondiscrimination laws at the state and local level, and now a state Supreme Court interpreting state law to include the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) as a “public accommodation,” nonprofit managers may face a more complex legal and moral environment. It is hoped that this article will challenge nonprofit managers to carefully reexamine their membership and personnel policies with respect to lesbians and gay men and begin preparing their organizations for this cultural change.
Designing Agendas to Reflect Board Roles and Responsibilities: Results of a Study
Authors: Inglis Sue , Weaver Liz
Published: May 2004

Over a nine‐month period the board agendas of a community nonprofit organization were redesigned to reflect a particular board agenda tool titled “Strategic Activities, Resource Planning, and Operations.” Feedback from the board members and executive director indicate strong support for the framework in focusing the work of the board. The framework also has implications for how the executive director and board members prepare for meetings and how the shared leadership of the meetings is played out.
Managing Public Relations for Nonprofits
Authors: Kelly Kathleen S.
Published: May 2004

Making the News: A Guide for Nonprofits and Activists, by Jason Salzman. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998. 320 pp., $19.95 paper.

Strategic Communications for Nonprofit Organizations: Seven Steps to Creating a Successful Plan, by Janel M. Radtke. New York: Wiley, 1998. 256 pp., $49.95 paper.
A Review of Models for Measuring Organizational Effectiveness Among For‐Profit and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Rojas Ronald R.
Published: May 2004

Induced by unprecedented growth, invasion of for‐profit organizations in the nonprofit domain, and high‐profile cases of mismanagement in the nonprofit sector, a recent surge in the literature suggests ample opportunities for research to compare the organizational effectiveness of for‐profit and nonprofit organizations. This article presents a literature review of nonprofit organizational effectiveness from which four models of organizational effectiveness are selected. These models are discussed and analyzed because they apply to both for‐profit and nonprofit organizations.
Information and Communication Technologies: Reshaping Voluntary Organizations?
Authors: Burt Eleanor , Taylor John A.
Published: May 2004

Electronic networking holds the promise of innovation with involuntary organizations as they seek to respond to deep shifts in the social, economic, and political spheres in which they operate. Evidence from our study of U.K. voluntary organizations demonstrates relatively low uptake of the core networking technologies and applications essential to support the reconfiguration of key relationships in and around the organizations. Friends of the Earth and the Samaritans are exceptions to this trend. Case studies of these organizations suggest they are using information and communication technologies to reshape internal relationships and reconfigure relationships externally. The extent to which the organizations are reconfiguring around intelligent campaigning and intelligent client service is tempered by their long‐standing values.
Collaboration Among Rural Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Snavely Keith , Tracy Martin B.
Published: May 2004

Collaboration has received strong impetus in recent years. Service providers face greater expectations that they will share human and financial resources with other organizations, conduct joint planning, and devise other ways to break down organization barriers. This article analyzes collaborative practices among nonprofit organizations in rural southern Illinois and the Mississippi Delta. Environmental factors present in rural areas suggest that collaboration may be difficult to accomplish. Clients are scattered over a large geographic area, they are hard to contact because of transportation problems, community financial resources are limited, staff salaries are low, and some rural populations resist service offerings. Despite these difficulties, nonprofits in the two rural regions do engage in significant collaborations, and their leadership shows strong commitment to partnering with other organizations. Certain characteristics of the rural environment actually facilitate collaboration.
Accountability in Action?: Program Evaluation in Nonprofit Human Service Agencies
Authors: Hoefer Richard
Published: May 2004

Program evaluation can be used as an excellent tool to promote nonprofit human service organizations' accountability. This article lays out several conditions that need to be met before evaluation achieves its potential. Application of this framework to nonprofits in Dallas, Texas, indicates the usefulness of the approach. Results show that considerable numbers of evaluation are being conducted but that the quality of the research methods and measures is low. This indicates that evaluation cannot currently be said to be providing the level of accountability possible. Additional efforts by all stakeholders to promote the use of evaluation to hold agencies accountable for efforts and results are necessary.
Ports of Entry and Obstacles: Teenagers' Access to Volunteer Activities
Authors: Sundeen Richard A. , Raskoff Sally A.
Published: May 2004

The recruitment of young people into volunteering activities is the primary focus of this article. We examine which teenagers volunteer, the ways that teenagers become involved in volunteer activities, and why teenagers do not volunteer. Teenagers who volunteer tend to have dominant status, that is, access to social power, high personal competency, and socialization into volunteer experiences through family, church, and school. Personal contact with family, friends, and teachers who are involved with service, prior participation in school‐ and church‐based service, and personal initiative lead teenagers to learn about and engage in volunteering activities. Teenagers who do not volunteer often do not have sufficient time or interest. Differences exist among teenagers as to which factors prompt volunteering. For example, teenagers who are white, have parents who volunteer, and attend religious services are more likely than others to learn about volunteer activities through organizations, and teenagers with higher personal competency (grade point averages) are more likely than others to learn about volunteering activities at school. The article includes suggestions for recruitment policy and management of teenage volunteers.
A Strategic Planning Process for a Small Nonprofit Organization: A Hospice Example
Authors: Mara Cynthia Massie
Published: May 2004

Strategic planning is an essential part of management. However, planning processes can consume great amounts of time and resources that small, nonprofit organizations may lack. Moreover, the process that is used can be tedious and may result in plans that are discarded before or during their implementation. In this article, a strategic planning process is presented that incorporates a Policy Delphi group technique and Situation Structuring, a computer program that assists participants in structuring or defining the problems to be addressed in the plan. The organization to which the process is applied is a small, nonprofit hospice. Both the planning process and an evaluation of the implementation of the resultant strategic plan are examined.
Resignation or Dismissal?: When a CEO and a President Clash
Authors: McManus Joyce M. , Leslie Donald R.
Published: May 2004

In the executive director's opinion, Bluehills Family Services' board of directors had serious problems with their organizational governance. These difficulties came to a head in an apparently unresolvable clash between the executive director and the board president. Given the preexisting board and organization perceptions, could an emergency board meeting produce a positive outcome, and would the executive director's participation be counterproductive?
Strategic Performance Measurement and Management in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Kaplan Robert S.
Published: May 2004

The managers and constituents of nonprofits are increasingly concerned about measuring and managing organizational performance. Financial measures alone, or even supplemented with a collection of ad hoc nonfinancial measures, are not sufficient to motivate and evaluate mission accomplishments. This article describes the adaptation of a new performance measurement and management approach, the Balanced Scorecard, to the nonprofit sector. Several examples of actual implementation are provided.
Changing the Face of Nonprofit Management
Authors: Renz David O.
Published: May 2004

High‐Performance Nonprofit Organizations: Managing Upstream for Greater Impact, by Christine W. Letts, Allen Grossman, and William P. Ryan. Wiley, 1998. 207 pp. $29.95 cloth.

Mission‐Based Management: Leading Your Not‐for‐Profit into the Twenty‐First Century, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 258 pp. $51.95 cloth.

Financial Empowerment: More Money for More Mission, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 238 pp. $51.95 cloth.

Mission‐Based Marketing: How Your Not‐for‐Profit Can Succeed in a More Competitive World, by Peter C. Brinckerhoff. New York: Wiley, 1998. 214 pp. $51.95 cloth.
Attitude Differences Between Paid Workers and Volunteers
Authors: Liao‐Troth Matthew A.
Published: May 2004

This study addresses the extension of research on paid employees to volunteer workers. Pearce (1978, 1993b) has postulated that job attitudes are substantially different between volunteers and paid employees, based on her work studying fourteen organizations employing either entirely volunteer workgroups or entirely paid workgroups. Another interpretation of her data would be that the organizational culture of such workgroups is different, not the individual job attitudes.
The Who, Why, and How of Reinvention in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Durst Samantha L. , Newell Charldean
Published: May 2004

Although reinvention of government agencies is being extensively discussed, relatively little is known about the reinvention strategies of nonprofit organizations. This article reports survey results for a randomly selected group of nonprofit organizations from across the United States. We conclude that reinvention is being used as a management tool by nonprofit organizations and that it is affecting day‐to‐day operations. Regardless of how reinvention was implemented, these organizations generally view their reinvention activities as successful for increasing productivity, enhancing services, improving performance, and managing costs.
Charismatic Leadership
Authors: Hernandez Cynthia M. , Leslie Donald R.
Published: May 2004

This case study deals with the difficulties that may be encountered in the transition from a charismatic leader/founder to a more professionally focused executive director in a human service organization. Resistance to change and obstacles confronting such an organizational change are explored.
Managing Change in Museums
Authors: Cargo Russell A. , Cargo Elizabeth Rosser
Published: May 2004

Museums and the Paradox of Change, by Robert R. Janes. (2nd ed.) Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 1997. 276 pp., $24.95 paper.

Museum Strategy and Marketing: Designing Missions, Building Audiences, Generating Revenues and Resources, by Neil Kotler and Philip Kotler. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1998. 297 pp., $41.95 cloth.
The ecology of games between public policy and private action: Nonprofit community organizations as bridging and mediating institutions
Authors: Mendel Stuart C.
Published: May 2004

The conception of nonprofit organizations as institutional bridges that mediate within an environment of
interrelationships is a useful device for informing strategic thinking by nonprofit professionals and
volunteers. The bridge metaphor neatly explains not only the rise in number of nonprofit community
organizations, but also the process by which leaders of the private and public sectors have formed partnerships
to project the wealth and assets of communities.
Community Foundations: A Growing Resource for Community Development
Authors: Carman Joanne G.
Published: May 2004

Like many nonprofit organizations, community development corporations (CDCs) rely on various sources of funding and support for their activities in poor and distressed neighborhoods. Funders often include the federal government, state and local government agencies, financial institutions, and philanthropic organizations. The author explains how community foundations are different from other philanthropic organizations and describes the various mechanisms that community foundations use to support community development. She suggests that there is a natural fit between the purpose of community foundations and the philosophy of community development, concluding that it is important for CDCs, as well as other nonprofit organizations, to understand how community foundations are different from other philanthropic organizations so that they may better position themselves to take advantage of the many resources that community foundations bring to their communities.
Using Donor Lifetime Value to Inform Fundraising Strategy
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: May 2004

The successful quantification in monetary terms of the value of a donor to a voluntary organization can be a valuable aid to the subsequent development of fundraising strategy. Despite the significance of the concept of lifetime value (LTV), however, many nonprofits remain uncertain as to exactly how it might be calculated. This article reviews the contribution that LTV can make to fundraising and provides a conceptual framework within which it might be calculated.
Ethical Climate in Nonprofit Organizations: Propositions and Implications
Authors: Malloy David Cruise , Agarwal James
Published: May 2004

The authors discuss a number of variables that may influence the perception of ethical climate in the nonprofit sector, including individual, organizational, and significant other (peers, coworkers, and superiors) variables. The basis of this discussion is the model developed by Agarwal and Malloy (1999) identifying a framework for nonprofits that is distinct from the for‐profit orientation. The authors provide ten propositions and discuss their implications.
This Charity Business: Who Cares?
Authors: Harris Margaret
Published: May 2004

In her inaugural lecture at the Aston Business School in Birmingham, England, presented here in an edited version, Margaret Harris looks at the contributions of the voluntary and charity sector to individual lives and to our society. She examines the distinctive features of voluntary organizations and outlines the threats currently facing them. She argues that universities have an important role to play in ensuring the survival of the voluntary sector, the accumulation of “social capital,” and the maintenance of “civil society.”
Leadership in Collaborative Community Health Partnerships
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Comfort Maureen E. , Weiner Bryan J. , Bogue Richard
Published: May 2004

This article examines key leadership issues in community health partnerships. We assert that leadership in a partnership is differentiated from that in a traditional, hierarchical organization in that participation is voluntary and egalitarian and often entails cooperation by organizations with different cultures and agendas. Partnership leaders, accordingly, often lack formal control over members and their actions. Using qualitative analysis of 115 site‐visit interviews of participants in four partnerships in the Community Care Networks demonstration program, we identify and discuss five themes of collaborative leadership: systems thinking, vision‐based leadership, collateral leadership, power sharing, and process‐based leadership. We then discuss the multiple challenges that collaborative leadership faces in a community health partnership.
The Lost Inner World of Grantmaking Foundations (or, as Willie Sutton Once Said, “That's Where the Money Is”)
Authors: Diaz William A.
Published: May 2004

How Foundations Work: What Grantseekers Need to Know About the Many Faces of Foundations, by Dennis P. McIlnay. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1998. 204 pp., $29.95 cloth.

Give and Take: A Candid Account of Corporate Philanthropy, by Reynold Levy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999. 235 pp., $24.95 cloth.
The Uniqueness of Nonprofit Finance and the Decision to Borrow
Authors: Bowman Woods
Published: May 2004

Previous studies of nonprofit capital structure (borrowing relative to assets) support contradictory decision models of borrowing, but with no control for an endowment effect, which this article shows to be an important factor in the decision to borrow. Well‐endowed nonprofits borrow more relative to their physical assets. When endowment and investment income are backed out of the data, nonprofits are seen to optimize the balance between debt and physical assets.
Internal Controls in Nonprofit Organizations: The Case of the American Cancer Society, Ohio Division
Authors: Gallagher Mark , Radcliffe Vaughan S.
Published: May 2004

The authors present a case study of what went wrong in the Ohio Division of the American Cancer Society in the late 1990s, leading to massive fraud. They discuss conditions that allowed the fraud to go undetected for several years and make recommendations for creating internal control systems to keep other nonprofits from facing this type of loss.
Effective Nonprofit Management: The Leadership Factor
Authors: Bush Richard
Published: May 2004

The Price of Virtue: The Economic Value of the Charitable Sector, by Vivien Foster, Susana Murato, David Pearce, and Ece Ozdemiroglu. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 2001. 217 pp., $85.00 cloth.

Third Sector Management: The Art of Managing Nonprofit Organizations, by William B. Werther, Jr., and Evan M. Berman. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001. 248 pp., $24.95 paper.
Into the Fire: Boards and Executive Transitions
Authors: Allison Michael
Published: May 2004

Managing the transition an organization undergoes when one chief executive leaves and another is hired is both a defining responsibility and one of the most critical jobs a governing board faces. CompassPoint Nonprofit Services, which consulted to twenty‐eight organizations going through such transitions, found that three characteristic threats to successful transitions for nonprofit boards emerged: (1) boards underestimate the risks and costs of bad hires; (2) boards are typically unprepared for the task; and (3) boards too often focuson the problems in hiring new CEOs and fail to make full use of the opportunities in CEO transitions. This article describes the development of services to help organizations in transition, gives results from the first two years of work, and offers suggestions for support to boards and for future research.
Toward an Understanding of Founder's Syndrome: An Assessment of Power and Privilege Among Founders of Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Block Stephen R. , Rosenberg Steven
Published: May 2004

On the subject of stewardship, Block (1996, p. 47) writes, “Stewardship not only affects the use of power, but it also confronts the way we hold privilege.” He also states, “Holding on to privilege is an act of self‐interest, the antithesis of service and stewardship.” As Block uses it, the term privilege denotes a class structure within governance settings, and self‐interest refers to using one's power (through the exercise of privilege) to ascertain an objective that may not be in accord with others'.
Inclusive Governance Practices in Nonprofit Organizations and Implications for Practice
Authors: Brown William A.
Published: May 2004

An inclusive board seeks information from multiple sources, demonstrates an awareness of the community and constituents that benefit from and contribute to the organization's services, and establishes policies and structures to foster stakeholder contributions. This research investigated the prevalence of inclusive governance practices and its relationship to board composition, diversity attitudes, and recruitment practices. Fifty‐six executive directors and forty‐three board members representing sixty‐two nonprofit organizations returned a mailed survey (29 percent response rate). The study profiled two organizations that represented different styles of inclusive governance. The survey, part of a larger study, contained questions about inclusive practices, board composition, attitudes toward diversity, and recruitment practices. Most organizations indicated that they operate with inclusive governance practices. The organizational profiles provide a picture of boards that used different strategies to accomplish the goal of inclusivity. Boards that use more inclusive practices were not necessarily heterogeneous in board member composition. Inclusive boards were more inclined to be sensitive to diversity issues and used recommended board recruitment practices. The existence of a task force or committee on diversity was also significantly associated with a more inclusive board. Nonprofit organizations must consider their philosophy on stakeholder involvement, recognizing that different strategies lead to different levels of stakeholder involvement.
Training Policy Governance in Nonprofit Boards of Directors: The Views of Trainer‐Consultants
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Nobbie Patricia Dautel
Published: May 2004

Although scholars widely discuss John Carver's (1990) Policy Governance model for nonprofit organizations, they have conducted little formal research on the implementation of the model. For this study, the researchers surveyed ninety‐two trainer‐consultants who graduated from Carver's Policy Governance Academy. The goal was to learn three things from their experiences: (1) whether trainer‐consultants maintain the model as a coherent whole or teach only parts of it; (2) what they perceive as the major challenges for nonprofit boards in implementing the Policy Governance model; and (3) what contextual factors, if any, they feel affect implementation of the model across nonprofit boards with different characteristics. Survey responses indicated that (1) consultants predominantly teach the model as a whole, (2) particular policy areas appear to be problematic for nonprofit boards of directors that implement the model, and (3) two contextual factors may negatively affect the ability of a board of directors to successfully implement Policy Governance boards larger than fifteen members, and organizations with no hierarchy, where the board also functions as staff. Overall, consultants' responses indicated that they feel Policy Governance is far superior to other models, but they recognize the problems and challenges that boards face in trying to implement it.