bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for prenatally diagnosed severe micrognathia: A case report
Authors: Suenaga Masanori , Hidaka Nobuhiro , Kido Saki , Otera Yuka , Fukushima Kotaro , Kato Kiyoko
Published: January 2015

We present a case of fetal severe micrognathia in which successful airway stabilization was achieved by an ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure. In this case, it was anticipated that the infant would have a vulnerable airway at birth based on in utero sonographic findings, including an extremely hypoplastic jaw, worsening polyhydramnios and absence of stomach visualization. Early sonographic recognition was helpful in preparing the parents and physicians for the possibility of airway emergencies during the perinatal period. When a severely hypoplastic mandible accompanied by polyhydramnios and absent stomach visualization is noted on ultrasound, clinicians should consider the indication for ex utero intrapartum treatment. A multidisciplinary team with technically skilled medical providers should be coordinated to perform the procedure.
Case of concurrent benign metastasizing leiomyoma in the lung and retroperitoneum, with a focus on its etiology
Authors: Tohya Toshimitsu , Tajima Tomotaka , Takeshita Yuko , Ito Kiyotaka , Kuriwaki Kazumi , Katabuchi Hidetaka
Published: January 2015

We report a rare, simultaneous occurrence of benign metastasizing leiomyoma in the lung and retroperitoneum in a 49‐year‐old woman who had previously undergone myomectomy at 35 years of age and hysterectomy at 45 years of age for multiple recurrences of histologically benign uterine leiomyomas. At 49 years of age, computed tomography‐guided biopsy indicated benign metastasizing leiomyomas in the lung. In addition, a retroperitoneal leiomyoma was found that was resected along with both the ovaries via laparotomy. No sign or symptom of recurrence was observed 5 years later. The coexistence of benign metastasizing leiomyoma in the lung and retroperitoneum following surgery for conventional leiomyomas has rarely been reported. Further, the nature and etiology of benign metastasizing leiomyoma are still not well understood. This case is therefore worth reporting, and exploring its etiology is important.
Thalidomide affects experimental endometriosis: A randomized controlled study in the rat
Authors: Azimirad Afshin , Alborzi Saeed , Kumar Perikala Vijayananda , Zolghadri Jaleh , Zarei Afsoon , Tavana Zohreh , Azimirad Mina
Published: January 2015

Aim

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of thalidomide for treatment of experimental endometriosis.

Methods

This study was a parallel‐group, double‐blind, stratified, randomized controlled animal trial with 1:1 allocation ratio. Endometriosis was induced experimentally in 23 mature, nulligravid, female Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing approximately 200 g and aged 2 months. A checkpoint surgery was performed 6 weeks later. Then, the rats were randomly allocated into the thalidomide (22 mg/day p.o.) and control (0.5 mL saline 0.9%/day p.o.) groups of nine. After 6 weeks, they were killed. Before each laparotomy, blood for leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and during them, implants for histopathology and peritoneal fluid for interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A concentrations (by enzyme‐linked immunoassay) were collected. Allocation and stratified randomization were done using a computer, based on the obtained histopathology scores of the implants of the checkpoint surgery.

Results

The histopathology scores (the main outcome measure) were 2.00 ± 1.55 versus 0.44 ± 1.01 (P = 0.035). The comparisons of after‐treatment counts of leukocytes, lymphocytes, VEGF‐A and IL‐6 between the two groups were statistically significant.

Conclusion

The results of this study are in favor of therapeutic implication of thalidomide in experimental endometriosis in rats. This is the first time thalidomide has been evaluated on endometriosis in an animal model.
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Vulvodynia: A Randomized Wait-List Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Schlaeger Judith M. , Xu Nenggui , Mejta Cheryl L. , Park Chang G. , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

The incidence of vulvodynia in American women has been reported to be between 8.3% and 16%. However, there is no consistently effective standardized treatment for vulvodynia.

Aim

To determine the feasibility and potential effects of using a standardized acupuncture protocol for the treatment of women with vulvodynia.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome was vulvar pain, and sexual function was the secondary outcome. Pain was assessed by the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and function was measured by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods

Thirty-six women with vulvodynia met inclusion criteria. The women were randomly assigned either to the acupuncture group or to the wait-list control group. The 18 subjects assigned to the acupuncture group received acupuncture two times per week for 5 weeks for a total of 10 sessions.

Results

Reports of vulvar pain and dyspareunia were significantly reduced, whereas changes in the aggregate FSFI scores suggest significant improvement in sexual functioning in those receiving acupuncture vs. those who did not. Acupuncture did not significantly increase sexual desire, sexual arousal, lubrication, ability to orgasm or sexual satisfaction in women with vulvodynia.

Conclusion

This was the first randomized controlled pilot study to examine the use of acupuncture for the treatment of vulvodynia. The acupuncture protocol was feasible and in this small sample appeared to reduce vulvar pain and dyspareunia with an increase in overall sexual function for women with vulvodynia. This study should be replicated in a larger double-blinded randomized controlled trial.
Effects of Alkalinization and Rehydration on Plasma Potassium Concentrations in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea
Authors: Trefz F.M. , Lorch A. , Zitzl J. , Kutschke A. , Knubben‐Schweizer G. , Lorenz I.
Published: January 2015

Background

Increased plasma potassium concentrations (K+) in neonatal calves with diarrhea are associated with acidemia and severe clinical dehydration and are therefore usually corrected by intravenous administration of fluids containing sodium bicarbonate.

Objectives

To identify clinical and laboratory variables that are associated with changes of plasma K+ during the course of treatment and to document the plasma potassium‐lowering effect of hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate solutions.

Animals

Seventy‐one neonatal diarrheic calves.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (250–750 mmol), 0.9% saline (5–10 L), and 40% dextrose (0.5 L) infusion solutions.

Results

Infusions with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions in an amount of 250–750 mmol had an immediate and sustained plasma potassium‐lowering effect. One hour after the end of such infusions or the start of a sodium bicarbonate containing constant drip infusion, changes of plasma K+ were most closely correlated to changes of venous blood pH, plasma sodium concentrations and plasma volume (r = −0.73, −0.57, −0.53; P < .001). Changes of plasma K+ during the subsequent 23 hours were associated with changes of venous blood pH, clinical hydration status (enophthalmos) and serum creatinine concentrations (r = −0.71, 0.63, 0.62; P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study emphasizes the importance of alkalinization and the correction of dehydration in the treatment of hyperkalemia in neonatal calves with diarrhea.
Influence of Disease Process and Duration on Acute Phase Proteins in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Horses with Colic
Authors: Pihl T.H. , Scheepers E. , Sanz M. , Goddard A. , Page P. , Toft N. , Andersen P.H. , Jacobsen S.
Published: January 2015

Background

The acute phase proteins (APP) serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and fibrinogen are valuable blood biomarkers in equine inflammatory diseases, but knowledge of factors influencing their concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) of horses with colic is needed.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of demographics (age, sex, breed), disease process (simple obstruction, strangulating obstruction, inflammatory), disease location, disease duration, hypovolemia, and admission hospital on concentrations ofAPP, lactate and white blood cell counts (WBC) in horses with colic admitted to 2 referral hospitals.

Animals

The study included 367 horses with colic admitted at 2 referral hospitals.

Methods

Prospective multicenter observational study of clinical data, as well as blood andPFbiomarkers. Associations between biomarker concentrations and clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results

Increasing pre‐admission duration of colic was associated with increased concentrations ofAPPin blood andPF. Blood concentrations ofSAAand fibrinogen were associated with disease process (inflammatory, strangulations, simple obstructions) in more colic duration groups (5–12 and >24 hours) than any of the other biomarkers. No relevant associations between demographic factors, hospital, or hydration status and the measured biomarkers were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In horses with colic, concentrations ofAPPare associated mainly with disease process and duration of colic and may thus be used for assessment of disease independently of demographic or geographic factors. Serum amyloid A may be a diagnostic marker for use in colic differential diagnosis, but further evaluation is needed.
Incidence, Timing, and Risk Factors of Azathioprine Hepatotoxicosis in Dogs
Authors: Wallisch K. , Trepanier L.A.
Published: January 2015

Background

The use of azathioprine (AZA) in dogs is limited by the development of hepatotoxicosis and cytopenias.

Hypothesis and Objectives

To characterize the observed incidence, timing, and risk factors for AZA hepatotoxicosis in dogs treated clinically, and to determine the relationship between the development of hepatotoxicosis and cytopenias.

Animals

Fifty‐two dogs treated with AZA with clinical and biochemical follow‐up, with a subset of 34 dogs available for determination of changes in liver enzyme activities in serum.

Methods

Retrospective medical record review, from January 2009 through December 2013.

Results

Hepatotoxicosis (as defined by a >2‐fold increase in serum ALT) was observed in 5 of 34 dogs (15%) within a median onset of 14 days (range, 13–22 days). Dogs had a median 9‐fold increase in ALT and 8‐fold increase in ALP, which stabilized or resolved with drug discontinuation or dose reduction. German shepherds were significantly over‐represented (3 of 5 dogs with hepatotoxicosis; P = .0017). Thrombocytopenia or neutropenia were seen in 4 of 48 dogs with CBC follow‐up (8% of dogs), but occurred significantly later in treatment (median onset, 53 days; range 45–196 days) compared to hepatotoxicosis (P = .016).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results support the routine monitoring of liver enzymes during the first 1–4 weeks of AZA treatment in dogs, with continued monitoring of the CBC. Additional studies are warranted to characterize the apparently higher risk of AZA hepatotoxicosis in German shepherds.
Dietary Thiamin Requirement of Juvenile Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Jiang Ming , Huang Feng , Zhao Zhiyong , Wen Hua , Wu Fan , Liu Wei , Yang Changgeng , Wang Weiming
Published: January 2015

Dietary thiamin requirement of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, was to investigate in this experiment. Eight purified diets were formulated with graded levels of thiamin (0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 2.1, 5.5, 9.8, 21.2, and 41.8 mg/kg, respectively). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish (initial average weight 10.7 ± 0.2 g) for 12 wk in 400‐L aquaria (R = 1 m, h = 0.6 m). Results showed that weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and hepatosomatic indice of fish increased before dietary thiamin increased to the optimum level, then remained similar thereafter (P > 0.05). Thiamin concentration in fish liver was positively correlated with dietary thiamin and it stayed in stable when dietary thiamin level exceed 5.0 mg/kg. The serum biochemical indices analysis showed that dietary thiamin had significant effects on serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, pyruvate contents, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Body composition was unaffected by dietary thiamin. Broken‐line regression analysis showed that, a dietary thiamin level of 1.3 mg/kg diet was adequate for optimum growth, and 5.0 mg/kg for maximum liver thiamin accumulation.
Use of Bacillus coagulans as a Dietary Probiotic for the Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Xu Yongjian , Wang Yanbo , Lin Junda
Published: January 2015

Effect of viable Bacillus coagulans as a dietary probiotic on the growth performance, survivorship, immune response, and meat quality of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was investigated. Three treatments (T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3) and a control, each with three replicates, were established. T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3 groups were fed with diets containing different levels of probiotic (1 × 107 cfu/g, 2 × 107 cfu/g, and 4 × 107 cfu/g, respectively). After 45 d, the fish fed with probiotic had significantly higher (P < 0.05) daily weight gain compared to that of the control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in final weight, relative weight gain rate, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and respiratory burst activities were obtained in the T‐2 and T‐3 compared with those of the control. Fish in the control group showed the lowest (P < 0.05) content of complement component 3. Significantly (P < 0.05) improved contents of crude fat, inosine, and inosinic acid were observed in the T‐2 and T‐3. Our results indicated that the use of B. coagulans as a dietary probiotic for the common carp could improve growth performance, meat quality, and induce a positive modulation on immune response.
Seismic Risk Management of Insurance Portfolio Using Catastrophe Bonds
Authors: Goda Katsuichiro
Published: January 2015

Parametric earthquake catastrophe bonds are emerging risk transfer instruments for governments and insurers. This study extends a current station‐intensity‐based trigger method for binary payments, which utilizes direct observation of ground motions at recording stations, by promoting a more flexible multiple‐discrete payment structure. A calibration procedure of the bond trigger mechanism for the new approach is demonstrated by focusing upon a realistic portfolio of conventional wood‐frame houses in Vancouver, Canada. Numerical results indicate that the new method with a multiple‐discrete payment structure decreases the magnitude of trigger errors significantly in terms of seismic loss, and facilitates the flexible adoption of various payment structures for catastrophe bonds. Furthermore, a synergy between the calibration of parametric catastrophe bonds and the current performance‐based earthquake engineering framework is highlighted.
Site and mechanism of morphine tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Akbarali H. I. , Inkisar A. , Dewey W. L.
Published: January 2015

Opioid‐induced constipation is a major clinical problem. The effects of morphine, and other narcotics, on the gastrointestinal tract persist over long‐term use thus limiting the clinical benefit of these excellent pain relievers. The effects of opioids in the gut, including morphine, are largely mediated by the μ‐opioid receptors at the soma and nerve terminals of enteric neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that regional differences exist in both acute and chronic morphine along the gastrointestinal tract. While tolerance develops to the analgesic effects and upper gastrointestinal motility upon repeated morphine administration, tolerance does not develop in the colon with chronic opioids resulting in persistent constipation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tolerance develops in the small but not the large intestine. The regional differences lie in the signaling and regulation of the μ‐opioid receptor in the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The differential role of β‐arrestin2 in tolerance development between central and enteric neurons defines the potential for therapeutic approaches in developing ligands with analgesic properties and minimal constipating effects.
Molecular characterization of two isoforms of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in wheat and their roles in sesquiterpene synthesis and inducible defence against aphid infestation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Zhi‐Xia , Yu Xiu‐Dao , Fan Jia , Pickett John A. , Jones Huw D. , Zhou Jing‐Jiang , Birkett Michael A. , Caulfield John , Napier Johnathan A. , Zhao Guang‐Yao , Cheng Xian‐Guo , Shi Yi , Bruce Toby J. A. , Xia Lan‐Qin
Published: January 2015

Aphids are important pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that affect crop production globally. Herbivore‐induced emission of sesquiterpenes can repel pests, and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. However,fpsorthologues in wheat and their functional roles in sesquiterpene synthesis and defence against aphid infestation are unknown.

Here, twofpsisoforms,Tafps1andTafps2, were identified in wheat. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) andin vitrocatalytic activity analyses were conducted to investigate expression patterns and activity. Heterologous expression of these isoforms inArabidopsis thaliana, virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in wheat and aphid behavioural assays were performed to understand the functional roles of these two isoforms.

We demonstrated thatTafps1andTafps2played different roles in induced responses to aphid infestation and in sesquiterpene synthesis. Heterologous expression inA. thalianaresulted in repulsion of the peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Wheat plants with these two isoforms transiently silenced were significantly attractive to grain aphid (Sitobion avenae).

Our results provide new insights into induced defence against aphid herbivory in wheat, in particular, the different roles of the twoTafpsisoforms in both sesquiterpene biosynthesis and defence against aphid infestation.
Desipramine inhibits salivary Ca2+ signaling and aquaporin translocation
Authors: Lee K , Choi S , Choi L‐M , Lee J , Kim JH , Chung G , Lee G , Choi S‐Y , Park K
Published: January 2015

Objective

Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a negative side effect of dry mouth. The Na+/H+ exchanger was suggested to be a target of desipramine in salivary gland cells. However, it is unclear whether desipramine has other targets in the salivary secretion pathway. Here, we studied the effect of desipramine on salivary Ca2+ signaling.

Materials and Methods

Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was determined with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura‐2/AM. Aquaporin translocation was analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry of confocal microscopy.

Results

Desipramine inhibited the carbachol‐ and histamine‐mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, desipramine did not affect increases in [Ca2+]i mediated by extracellular ATP, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, or thapsigargin. The adrenergic receptor blockers prazosin and propranolol did not reverse the desipramine‐mediated inhibition of carbachol‐ and histamine‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i. We also found that desipramine inhibits the increase in membrane aquaporin‐5 level triggered by carbachol and histamine treatments.

Conclusions

These results imply that desipramine blocks muscarinic and histamine receptor‐mediated Ca2+ signaling and the subsequent translocation of aquaporin‐5 in human salivary gland cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for the xerogenic effects of desipramine.
HMGB1 genetic polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichen planus patients
Authors: Supic G , Kozomara R , Zeljic K , Stanimirovic D , Magic M , Surbatovic M , Jovic N , Magic Z
Published: January 2015

Objectives

This study examined the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) gene in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral lichen planus (OLP).

Materials and methods

The study was conducted on 93 patients with OSCC, 53 patients with OLP, and 100 controls, all Caucasians of the same ethnicity, matched by age. HMGB1 genotypes for 4 SNPs, 2262G/A (rs1045411), 1177G/C (rs3742305), 3814C/G (rs2249825), and rs4540927, were assessed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, Applied Biosystems.

Results

The HMGB1 1177GG genotype was associated with lymph‐node metastasis and tumor stage in OSCCs (P = 0.016 and P = 0.030, respectively). Genotype 1177GG resulted in poorer recurrence‐free survival (RFS), P = 0.000. The 1177G/C polymorphism was an independent predictor of RFS compared to GG genotype, P = 0.001. The three polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (LD). The AGC and GGC haplotypes were associated with an increased oral cancer risk, determined over the haplotype odds ratios (HOR = 13.316, P = 0.015, and HOR = 5.769, P = 0.029, respectively). The AGC haplotype was related to erosive OLP progression to OSCC (HOR = 12.179, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

HMGB1 polymorphism 1177G/C could be associated with tumor progression and recurrence‐free survival in patients with OSCC. The haplotypes of HMGB1 gene might be associated with susceptibility to OSCC and OLP progression to OSCC.
HPV for the oral surgeon
Authors: Kennedy R.A.
Published: January 2015

Aim

The role of HPV (human papilloma virus) in cervical cancer and its sexual mode of transmission have made this virus an emotive and widely discussed topic. There has been significant confusion and a number of misleading articles in the media regarding the role of HPV in cancers at other sites. This article reviews the role of HPV in pathologies of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

Materials and methods

The literature is reviewed together with current trials and vaccination programmes.

Results and conclusion

High‐risk HPV types are associated with more than 50% of squamous cell carcinomas affecting the oropharynx, specifically the tonsils and tongue base. In contrast, results regarding oral squamous cell carcinoma have been variable but emerging data indicate that less than 6% are HPV associated. Within the oral cavity, the most common expression of HPV infection is the benign squamous papilloma associated with low‐risk types.
Maternal preeclampsia and childhood asthma in the offspring
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Olsen Jørn , Agerbo Esben , Yuan Wei , Wu Chun Sen , Li Jiong
Published: January 2015

Background

Preeclampsia is a possible risk factor for childhood asthma in the offspring. Our aim was to find whether preeclampsia is associated with childhood asthma. We also aimed to study whether a possible association can be explained by factors shared by siblings.

Methods

All eligible live singletons born in Denmark during 1993–2007 were identified (N = 923,533), and the occurrence of preeclampsia during the index pregnancy was determined. The children were followed from their 3rd birthday to the first hospitalization, outpatient contact or prescription for asthma, emigration, death, their 18th birthday, or the end of 2010, whichever came first. We carried out a nested case‐control and a case‐sibling study with density sampling to estimate incidence rate ratio (IRR) of asthma as a function of maternal preeclampsia, using conditional logistic regression.

Results

A total of 115,522 asthma cases were identified during 1996–2010. In the case‐control analysis, the overall IRR of asthma for those exposed to maternal preeclampsia was 1.19 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.24). The IRRs for asthma according to early and late onset preeclampsia were 1.88 (95% CI: 1.67, 2.11) and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.19). In the case‐sibling analysis, the corresponding IRRs were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.14), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.29), and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.11), respectively.

Conclusions

Early onset preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of asthma in the offspring, but part of this association may be due to confounding by factors shared by siblings.
Molecular characterization of allergens in raw and processed kiwifruit
Authors: Uberti Francesca , Peñas Elena , Manzoni Yuri , di Lorenzo Chiara , Ballabio Cinzia , Fiocchi Alessandro , Terracciano Luigi , Restani Patrizia
Published: January 2015

Background

The prevalence of allergy to kiwifruit is increasing in Europe since the last two decades. Different proteins have been identified as kiwifruit allergens; even though with geographic differences, Act d 1, a cysteine protease protein of 30 kDa, and Act d 2, a thaumatin‐like protein of 24 kDa, are normally considered the most important. The aim of this study was (i) to identify at molecular level the sensitization pattern in a group of well‐characterized patients allergic to kiwifruit and (ii) to assess the role of technological treatments on kiwifruit allergenic potential.

Methods

The differences in the pattern of antigenicity between fresh and processed kiwifruit were evaluated by both immunoelectrophoretic techniques and clinical tests.

Results

In the group of patients included in this study, three proteins were identified as major allergens in fresh kiwifruit, as the specific sensitization was present in ≥50% of the subjects. These proteins corresponded to actinidin (Act d 1), pectin methyl aldolase (Act d 6), and thaumatin‐like protein (Act d 2). Kiwellin (Act d 5) and proteins of Bet v 1 family (Act d 8/act d 11) were also recognized as minor allergens. Immunoreactivity was totally eliminated by industrial treatments used for the production of kiwifruit strained derivative.

Conclusions

In this group of allergic children, the technological treatments used in the production of kiwifruit strained product reduced drastically the allergenic potential of kiwifruit.
An alternative pathway for the effective production of the omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturates EPA and ETA in transgenic oilseeds
Authors: Ruiz‐Lopez Noemi , Haslam Richard P. , Usher Sarah , Napier Johnathan A. , Sayanova Olga
Published: January 2015

The synthesis and accumulation of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa is demonstrated using the so‐called alternative pathway. This aerobic pathway is found in a small number of taxonomically unrelated unicellular organisms and utilizes a C18 Δ9‐elongase to generate C20 PUFAs. Here, we evaluated four different combinations of seed‐specific transgene‐derived activities to systematically determine the potential of this pathway to direct the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in transgenic plants. The accumulation of EPA and the related omega‐3 LC‐PUFA eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) was observed up to 26.4% of total seed fatty acids, of which ETA was 9.5%. Seed oils such as these not only represent an additional source of EPA, but also an entirely new source of the bona fide fish oil ETA. Detailed lipidomic analysis of the alternative pathway in Camelina revealed that the acyl‐substrate preferences of the different activities in the pathway can still generate a substrate‐dichotomy bottleneck, largely due to inefficient acyl‐exchange from phospholipids into the acyl‐CoA pool. However, significant levels of EPA and ETA were detected in the triacylglycerols of transgenic seeds, confirming the channelling of these fatty acids into this storage lipid.
Floral induction and flower formation—the role and potential applications of miRNAs
Authors: Hong Yiguo , Jackson Stephen
Published: January 2015

The multiple regulatory pathways controlling flowering and flower development are varied and complex, and they require tight control of gene expression and protein levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act at both the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional level to regulate key genes involved in flowering‐related processes such as the juvenile–adult transition, the induction of floral competence and flower development. Many different miRNA families are involved in these processes and their roles are summarized in this review, along with potential biotechnological applications for miRNAs in controlling processes related to flowering and flower development.
A Case of Eczematid‐Like Purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis in a Child
Authors: Vedak Priyanka , Nazarian Rosalynn M. , Kroshinsky Daniela
Published: January 2015

Eczematid‐like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis is a subtype of the pigmented purpuric dermatoses, a group of uncommon dermatoses of unclear etiology characterized by purpura, petechiae, and hyperpigmentation. The Doucas and Kapetanakis subtype is rare in children, and its subtle findings can initially be overlooked and mistaken for other, more common dermatologic disorders in this age group. We present a case eczematid‐like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis in an 11‐year‐old boy initially treated as eczema.
Intractable Nodulocystic Acne in a Patient with Trisomy 13
Authors: Peart Jenna M. , Licht Daniel J. , Prange Erin O'Connor , Treat James R.
Published: January 2015

We report the case of a boy with trisomy 13 who developed severe nodulocystic acne with sinus tract formation that has been unresponsive to multiple courses of systemic antibiotics and isotretinoin.
Validation of pediatric early warning score in pediatric emergency department
Authors: Chaiyakulsil Chanapai , Pandee Uthen
Published: January 2015

Background

One of the most important functions of the emergency department (ED) is to assess patient status. Only one, the pediatric early warning score (PEWS), has been designed for ED with acceptable validity, but it has never been validated in Thailand. The objective of this study was to validate PEWS in predicting hospitalization in children visiting the ED.

Methods

During the initial phase, two triage nurses performed blind scoring (in order to determine inter‐rater reliability using kappa statistics) for the first 30 patients who presented to the ED at Ramathibodi Hospital between March and May 2014 and who were aged <15 years. The second phase then consisted of validation and involved 1136 patients. Patients who presented with trauma, psychiatric, dental and surgical concerns were excluded. Validity of the scoring system in predicting admission was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).

Results

Phase I demonstrated good inter‐rater reliability (kappa = 0.75). In phase II, of the total group of 1136 patients, 168 patients (14.8%) were admitted: 162 to the general ward and six to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the study period. AUC for predicting overall, ICU, and general ward admission were 0.73 (95%CI: 0.68–0.77), 0.98 (95%CI: 0.96–1) and 0.71 (95%CI: 0.66–0.75), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in predicting overall admission with a cut‐off of PEWS ≥1 was 78% and 60%, respectively (PPV, 28%; NPV, 95%). Sensitivity and specificity in predicting ICU admission with the cut‐off PEWS ≥3 was 100% and 91%, respectively (PPV, 5%; NPV, 100%). Using the cut‐off PEWS ≥1, sensitivity and specificity in predicting ward admission were 77% and 59%, respectively (PPV, 24%; NPV, 94%).

Conclusion

PEWS can be helpful in assessing patient status in pediatric ED with acceptable validity and can serve as a potentially excellent screening tool for prediction of ICU admission.
Corporations as Partners: “Connected Capitalism” and The Coca‐Cola Company
Authors: Foster Robert J.
Published: January 2015

For‐profit corporations increasingly promote themselves as potential partners with government (state actors) and community (NGOs and civil society groups) in addressing social problems. These partnerships enact what the former CEO of The Coca‐Cola Company, Neville Isdell, calls “connected capitalism”—collaborations in which businesses must do good in order to maximize shareholder value. How should we understand the self‐qualification of corporations as responsible partners and thus the corporate rejection of Milton Friedman's famous claim that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits? I address the question by considering how the partnerships currently advocated by The Coca‐Cola Company enhance the value of corporate‐owned brands and deflect criticism of business operations. I argue that these partnerships perform what Garsten and Jacobsson call “post‐political governance” in which cooperation with business displaces regulation of business by government. I argue furthermore that these partnerships represent what Nader calls “harmony ideology,” in which the concern for polite consensus displaces any interest in addressing social inequality.
Selling Your Self in the United States
Authors: Gershon Ilana
Published: January 2015

In the contemporary U.S. workplace, corporate personhood is increasingly becoming the metaphor structuring how job seekers are supposed to present themselves as employable. If one takes oneself to be a business, one should also take oneself to be an entity that requires a brand. Some ethnographic questions arise when job seekers try to embody corporate personhood. How does one transform oneself into a brand? What are the obstacles that a person encounters adopting a form of corporate personhood? How does one foster relationships or networks that will lead to a job, not just a circulation of one's brand identity? Based on research in Indiana and northern California, this article explores the conundrums of marketing oneself as a desirable employee on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, email, and so on. I address the reasons why the increased use of social media contributes to popularizing a notion of self‐branding. I also discuss the quandaries people face when using social media to create this self‐brand. In sum, this article investigates the obstacles people face when they try to embody a form of corporate personhood across media, a form of self putatively based on the individual, but one that has been transformed into a corporate form that people can not easily inhabit.
Corporate Identity inCitizens United: Legal Fictions and Anthropological Theory
Authors: Coleman Leo
Published: January 2015

The United States Supreme Court's decision inCitizens United v. Federal Election Commission [2010]from the outset has been a contested, highly politicized case, where judicial interpretation affected more than just election finance law; the majority's opinion explicitly intervened in a wider political struggle over personhood and the boundaries of citizenship. This article moves beyond questions of legal doctrine to highlight the social–theoretical–political contexts of the decision and its consequences for anthropological understanding of American citizenship. I trace how the majority decision appropriated and reshaped a discourse of identity. In its first formulation in social movements, “identity” was offered as a positive basis for rights and inclusion; however, the Court's appropriation reformulated identity on a negative basis, barring both regulation and recognition of identity‐based claims by the State. It also went further than a traditional liberal demarcation of rights by specifically attributing agency and authoritative representation to corporate speech. Drawing on previous theoretical discussions of the corporate form and American citizenship and personhood, this article concludes thatCitizens Unitednot only allowed for new corporate power in the political sphere, but actively worked against the flourishing of a more humane and inclusive American citizenship in ways that legal anthropologists may wish to address as a matter of theory as much as politics.
Differentiation of neuronal operations in latent components of event‐related potentials in delayed match‐to‐sample tasks
Authors: Kropotov Juri D. , Ponomarev Valery A.
Published: January 2015

The goal of this study was to decompose ERPs into latent components associated with hypothetical processes of category discrimination, comparison to working memory and action‐related operations. In five variants of the delayed match‐to‐sample s1‐s2 task, instructions were varied for manipulation of the processes. The blind source separation was applied to the collection of ERPs. The category discrimination operation is attributed to three latent components with peak latencies of 130 to 170 ms, which are generated in different parts of the prestriate cortex. The comparison to working memory operation is attributed to a latent component that is generated in the temporal cortex and manifested in a positive deflection with a peak latency of 250 ms after s2. The category discrimination and comparison to working memory effects were dissociated spatially and temporally from attention and action selection effects.
Making Boston Strong: Social Capital, Collaboration, and Accountability Lessons for Public Administrators in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Williamson Aimee L. , Bond Brenda J.
Published: January 2015

Williamson and Bond Podcast Episode
Sexual Desire and the Importance of Marriage in Kant's Philosophy of Law
Authors: Mertens Thomas
Published: January 2015

In his moral writings, Kant states that moral duty cannot be derived from “the special characteristics of human nature.” This statement is untenable if one takes seriously Kant's moral views on sexual desire. Instead close study reveals that considerations based on both morality and nature play a role here. The combination of these two elements leads to inconsistencies and difficulties in Kant's understanding of sexual desire, but they enable us to better understand the importance Kant attributes to marriage within his philosophy of law.
Political Constitutionalism and the Question of Constitution‐Making
Authors: Goldoni Marco
Published: January 2015

The debate on political constitutionalism has entirely neglected the constitution‐making dimension. This is probably due to the fact that constitution‐making usually brings with it undesirable outcomes such as the entrenchment of rights or structures. These outcomes do not respect reasonable disagreement among citizens because they violate the only fair system for settling disagreement: majority rule and equal voting rights. This article argues that political constitutionalists may regret the absence of any claim about constitution‐making. Either they are overlooking certain problems inherent to the electoral process that is supposed to tackle disagreement or, even worse, they are downplaying the entrenching effect of ordinary political processes by ignoring the redemptive properties of constituent power. In both cases, their claims undermine the political dimension of constitutionalism.
Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: Association with disease activity
Authors: Alamoudi Omer S.B. , Attar Suzan M.
Published: January 2015

Background and objective

Although systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common connective tissue disease affecting the lung, few studies have assessed risk factors that predict pulmonary manifestations. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of lung manifestations in SLE patients from Western Saudi Arabia by analysing results from high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans and to identify independent risk factors for lung involvement.

Methods

This was a 10‐year retrospective study involving 184 SLE patients. We examined all HRCT lung abnormalities and determined whether findings were associated with the presence of lupus nephritis (LN), SLE disease activity (as defined by SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 item scores ≥4 for any and all items) or levels of complement and anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA).

Results

We identified 61 patients (33%) with pulmonary involvement, and 52 (85%) of these subjects showed HRCT abnormalities. The most common HRCT findings were pleural effusion, consolidation and atelectasis (58%, 42% and 42%, respectively). There was a significant association between abnormal HRCT results and hypocomplementemia, high levels of anti‐dsDNA and disease activity (P < 0.05), particularly with regard to pleuropericardial effusion and consolidation. Pulmonary abnormalities were significantly higher within the first five years after SLE diagnosis (P < 0.001). However, neither disease duration nor LN was associated with increased risk.

Conclusions

Lung manifestations were frequent in SLE patients from Saudi Arabia, with pleural effusion, consolidation and atelectasis being the most common. Low complement levels, high anti‐dsDNA levels and disease activity were significantly associated with abnormal HRCT findings (all P < 0.001).
Wearable Devices for Blood Purification: Principles, Miniaturization, and Technical Challenges
Authors: Armignacco Paolo , Lorenzin Anna , Neri Mauro , Nalesso Federico , Garzotto Francesco , Ronco Claudio
Published: January 2015

The prevalences of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) continue to increase across the world imposing staggering costs on providers. Therefore, strategies to optimize the treatment and improve survival are of fundamental importance. Despite the benefits of daily dialysis, its implementation is difficult and wearable hemodialysis might represent an alternative by which frequent treatments can be delivered to ESRD patients with much less interference in their routines promoting better quality of life. The development of the wearable artificial kidney (WAK) requires incorporation of basic components of a dialysis system into a wearable device that allows mobility, miniaturization, and above all, patient‐oriented management. The technical requirements necessary for WAK can be divided into the following broad categories: dialysis membranes, dialysis regeneration, vascular access, patient monitoring systems, and power sources. Pumping systems for blood and other fluids are the most critical components of the entire device.
Detection of low‐intensity Schistosoma mansoni infection by Percoll sedimentation and real‐time PCR techniques in a low‐endemicity Egyptian setting
Authors: Allam Amal F. , Farag Hoda F. , Zaki Adel , Kader Ola A. , Abdul‐Ghani Rashad , Shehab Amel Y.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To evaluate the performance of Percoll sedimentation and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of S. mansoni cases previously tested as negative by Kato–Katz technique in two low‐endemic areas in Alexandria, Egypt, Abis 4 and 8 villages.

Methods

Stool samples of 824 primary schoolchildren were examined by Kato–Katz technique (three slides of 41.7 mg each). After obtaining the results of this survey, stool samples were recollected from a subset of 150 students, who gave negative results after Kato–Katz. These samples were microscopically examined after the concentration with Percoll technique. Part of the 150 negative stool samples and five positive samples (used as controls) were kept at −20 °C and further processed by SYBR Green PCR.

Results

Prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by three Kato–Katz thick smears was 1.82% (15 cases). Three more cases tested positive by Percoll sedimentation among the 150 samples that were negative by Kato–Katz. Specific amplification by SYBR Green PCR was noted in all positive controls and in three cases of Kato–Katz‐negative samples, two of which were also positive by Percoll.

Conclusion

Percoll sedimentation and SYBR Green PCR proved useful in detecting low‐intensity S. mansoni infections in low‐endemicity areas in Egypt.
Molecular Control of B Cell Activation and Immunological Synapse Formation
Authors: Kuokkanen Elina , Šuštar Vid , Mattila Pieta K
Published: January 2015

B cells form an essential part of the adaptive immune system by producing specific antibodies that can neutralize toxins and target infected or malignant cells for destruction. During B cell activation, a fundamental role is played by a specialized intercellular structure called the immunological synapse (IS). The IS serves as a platform for B cell recognition of foreign, often pathogenic, antigens on the surface of antigen‐presenting cells (APC). This recognition is elicited by highly specific B cell receptors (BCR) that subsequently trigger carefully orchestrated intracellular signaling cascades that lead to cell activation. Furthermore, antigen internalization, essential for full B cell activation and differentiation into antibody producing effector cells or memory cells, occurs in the IS. Recent developments especially in various imaging‐based methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the molecular control of B cell activation. Interestingly, the cellular cytoskeleton is emerging as a key player at several stages of B cell activation, including the initiation of receptor signaling. Here, we discuss the functions and molecular mechanisms of the IS and highlight the multifaceted role of the actin cytoskeleton in several aspects of B cell activation.
EFFECTS OF TWO CONTRAST INJECTION PROTOCOLS ON FELINE AORTIC AND HEPATIC ENHANCEMENT USING DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Makara Mariano , Chau Jennifer , Hall Evelyn , Kloeppel Heide , Podadera Juan , Barrs Vanessa
Published: January 2015

This prospective study compared aortic and hepatic enhancement achieved using a contrast injection protocol with a fixed rate of 5 ml/s vs. that achieved using a protocol with fixed injection duration of 20 s in eight cats. Cats were assigned into two groups (Group 1, rate 5 ml/s; Group 2, duration 20 s). The dose of contrast was the same in both groups (740 mgI/kg). Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn in the aorta and liver for transverse scans acquired at the hepatic hilus. Time to peak aortic enhancement occurred significantly earlier in Group 1 (M= 11s,SD= 1.63) than in Group 2 (M= 25.5 s,SD= 2.51). Peak aortic enhancement was significantly higher in Group 1 (M= 1906.51 HU,SD= 368.64) than in Group 2 (M= 745.08 HU,SD= 201.84). Duration of aortic enhancement equal to or above 300 HU was statistically longer in Group 2 (M= 24.5 s,SD= 8.39) than in Group 1 (M= 10 s,SD= 1.63). There were no significant differences in time to peak liver enhancement, peak liver enhancement, or duration of hepatic arterial phase between groups. Findings supported the hypothesis that longer injection duration results in a broader bolus geometry with a longer time to peak and a lower peak aortic enhancement in cat. This strong influence of injection duration on timing of aortic enhancement may help future users optimize protocols for CT angiography of the aorta and multiphasic evaluation of the liver, pancreas, and small intestine.