bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Persuasive Appeals in AIDS PSAs and Condom Commercials on Intentions to Use Condoms1
Authors: Struckman‐Johnson Cindy , Struckman‐Johnson David , Gilliland Roy C. , Ausman Angela
Published: August 2006

The study compared the effect of five persuasive appeals used in AIDS PSAs and condom commercials (fear arousal‐no sex/condom theme; fear arousal‐sex/condom theme; erotic; humorous; factual) on 122 male and 114 female college students' i]ntentions to use and taking of condoms. Results showed that the two fear appeals were more effective than other appeals in increasing intentions to use condoms with a new partner. The fear appeal–no sex/condom theme was more effective than other appeals for increasing intentions to use condoms with a steady partner. Compared to men, women rated commercials as more effective for increasing intentions to use condoms with a new partner. Persuasive appeals had no effect on the taking of free condoms. The best predictor of commercial effectiveness was the degree to which a commercial evoked a high fear of AIDS. Other significant predictors were subjects' a]ttitude toward condom use and commercial qualities of being humorous, romantic, credible, and factual. Implications are that all five types of appeals are potentially effective for use in AIDS PSAs. Recommendations include combining appeals (e.g. fear with erotic) and emphasizing the positive features of condom use.
Coping Strategies, Substance Use, Sexual Activity, and HIV Sexual Risks in a Sample of Gay Male STD Patients1
Authors: Barrett Donald C. , Bolan Gail , Joy Dan , Counts Kirby , Doll Lynda , Harrison Janet
Published: August 2006

The relationships of coping strategies with levels of substance use and sexual activity, and with HIV sexual risks, are examined in a sample of gay male STD clinic patients (n = 416). Previous research has suggested that use of problem‐focused coping strategies should be negatively related to levels of substance use, levels of sexual activity, and HIV sexual risks; use of emotion‐focused coping strategies should be positively related to these outcomes. It is argued that substance use and sexual activity clearly fit within a coping perspective, but that the HIV sexual risks/coping relationship is less clear. In multivariate analysis, the problem‐focused strategy of advice seeking is negatively related to the number of types of drugs used and to the number of sexual partners; the problem‐focused strategy of support seeking is negatively related to the number of days using drugs; and the use of emotion‐focused strategies is positively related to the number of types of drugs used. Problem‐focused coping strategies are less directly related to engaging in HIV sexual risks when measures of substance use and of sexual activity are included in the prediction; emotion‐focused coping strategies are more stably related to HIV risk. Indirect effects of coping on HIV risk are also identified through the effects of coping on the number of types of drugs used, number of sex partners, and number of times having sex. It is proposed that the relationships between coping and levels of substance use and sexual activity reflect the use of these activities as ways of relieving strain, but that relationships between coping and HIV sexual risks involve less clearly understood direct and indirect relationships.
The Contributions of Appearance to Occupational Outcomes in Civilian and Military Settings1
Authors: Collins Mary Ann , Zebrowitz Leslie A.
Published: August 2006

Two archival studies examined the impact of people's appearance on the status and type of civilian and military jobs they hold. Study 1 found that, although appearance was not related to job status, taller men had higher incomes. Additionally, appearance was significantly related to the type of jobs people held. Attractive women and tall men held jobs requiring traits more consistent with the attractiveness halo, while babyfaced women and short men held jobs more consistent with the babyface stereotype. These effects remained after controlling for job‐relevant personality and educational variables, suggesting an unjustified bias toward people with certain appearances. Study 2 found that heavier men had lower job status, as reflected in military rank attainment. However, this relationship was eliminated when controlling for intelligence and dependability. Also, babyfaced men achieved higher status through being marginally more likely to win a military award. This unexpected effect was attributed to the contrast between heroic actions and the babyface stereotype. Finally, appearance affected the type of military experience men had. Heavier men were more likely to be in situations involving gunfire or casualties. These studies make an important contribution by extending laboratory findings to the real world, exploring the effects of appearance on job type as well as status, and providing evidence that appearance effects are not solely due to covariation with bona fide job qualifications.
The Dimensions and Consequences of Organizational Politics Perceptions: A Confirmatory Analysis1
Authors: Zhou Jing , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: August 2006

The present study, using confirmatory factor analysis, investigated the factorial structure of organizational politics perceptions. A second‐order factor model was supported for both supervisor and subordinate samples. In addition, the hypothesis that different dimensions of perceived organizational politics lead to different satisfaction outcomes was also supported. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that subordinates reacted more negatively than did supervisors to politics perceptions. The results of the present study are discussed in light of directions for future research.
What's Fair When a Child Testifies?1
Authors: Lindsay Rod C. L. , Ross David F. , Lea James A. , Carr Cynthia
Published: August 2006

Undergraduates (N = 385) watched a 2‐hr, videotaped, mock trial of a child sexual abuse case. The child testified in open court, with a barrier between the child and the defendant, or via closed circuit television. Students enacted the role of a juror, sibling of the defendant, or sibling of the mother of the victim. The judge either did or did not warn jurors that the barrier or video should not be considered evidence of the defendant's guilt. Use of the barrier or video did not influence guilty votes, the credibility of witnesses, nor the perceived fairness of the trial for jurors. Siblings of the defendant perceived these procedures to be biased and their use as unfair. Increased publicity about the use of barriers and closed‐circuit television when children testify is recommended to reduce objections to these procedures.
HIV‐Antibody Testing: Beliefs Affecting the Consistency Between Women's Behavioral Intentions and Behavior1
Authors: Wilson Tracey E. , Jaccard James , Minkoff Howard
Published: August 2006

A sample of 763 nonpregnant, heterosexual, sexually active women residing in an HIV‐endemic area participated in a study to assess psychological predictors of HIV‐antibody testing. In this sample, 464 women said that they might or would be tested that day, although only 56 did so. We examine salient beliefs that influenced testing decisions. In contrast to other studies, which have focused on predictors of behavioral intentions at only one point in time, the current study accounts for the fact that different concerns become salient to women at different stages of the counseling and testing process. Prior to counseling, women were deterred from testing because they feared the anxiety of waiting for their test results. This suggests that efforts aimed at same‐day testing may be beneficial for increasing rates of test taking. After counseling and immediately preceding testing, women tended to follow through on their intentions if they believed that testing would better enable them to plan a pregnancy, and if they believed that it would not be too late for treatment. The implications of these findings for the counseling and testing process are discussed.
Rape and Accident Counterfactuals: Who Might Have Done Otherwise and Would It Have Changed the Outcome?1
Authors: Branscombe Nyla R. , Owen Susan , Garstka Teri A. , Coleman Jason
Published: August 2006

Four experiments assessed the blame assigned to the two persons involved in a rape or an auto accident. After reading a description of one of the events, participants were asked to generate different types of counterfactuals in 2 of the studies, and in the other 2 they viewed a videotape of an attorney who suggested to them a specific counterfactual. In the rape context, when changes to the victim's behavior produced a new outcome, blame to the victim was highest and rapist blame was lowest. Counterfactuals where changes in the victim's behaviors did not undo the event resulted in the highest assailant blame and the least victim blame. When the event was an auto accident, blame increased for whichever driver's actions were mentally undone. How attorneys can increase or decrease the blame assigned to their clients depending on the type of counterfactual that they present is discussed.
The Impact of the Birth of a Baby on the Time Structure and Social Mixture of a Couple's Daily Life and Its Consequences for Well‐Being1
Authors: Monk Timothy H. , Essex Marilyn J. , Smider Nancy A. , Klein Marjorie H. , Kupfer David J.
Published: August 2006

In order to investigate the temporal disruption and social dislocation resulting from the birth of a child, 37 couples were studied at 4 time points: pre‐birth (second trimester), and at 1, 4, and 12 months postpartum. A diary‐based instrument (the Social Rhythm Metric‐SRM) was used to evaluate the habitual times at which 17 events during the day took place, the proportion of events done alone, as a couple only, and with nonfamily members. Also evaluated were perceptions of the quality of the marriage relationship, feelings of depressive symptoms, and feelings of anger. The baby's birth had a major effect on the timing with which daily events were done, and on differences between mothers' and fathers' habitual times, especially in the morning. There were also dramatic differences (50–80% reductions) in the proportion of events done alone, as a couple only, and with nonfamily members. However, these effects were much more marked in mothers than in fathers and were attenuated when there were prior children. Changes in marital quality and mood were also observed. The birth was associated particularly with a decline in marital quality and in the levels of anger and depressive symptoms felt by parents at 1 month postpartum, although these effects interacted with gender and prior parental experience. Furthermore, the changes in well‐being were related to changes in SRM indices, though differentially for mothers and fathers.
The Law and Information Processing: Implications for Verdicts in Rape Cases1
Authors: Allison Julie A.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the effects of focus of attention (victim vs. defendant) and the ability to recommend a sentence in addition to rendering a verdict versus rendering only a verdict on judgments in a rape case. Support was found for the hypothesis that participants would more often find the defendant guilty, and would be more confident in their guilty verdict when a sentence could be recommended in addition to the verdict, compared to those who only recommended a verdict. This pattern was especially prominent for females. This finding is discussed in terms of the standard of reasonable doubt that mock jurors may impose on their verdict decision. Interactions between the independent variables suggest that these factors may prompt mock jurors to selectively attend to particular types of information at particular times.
The Importance of Attitudes in the Prediction of College Students' Intentions to Drink
Authors: Trafimow David
Published: August 2006

Fishbein's (1967, 1980) theory of reasoned action was used to test the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms in predicting undergraduate students' intentions to perform 3 different types of social drinking actions: avoiding drinking, drinking enough to get a slight buzz, and drinking enough to get drunk. A multiple regression paradigm was used to determine the relative effectiveness of attitudes and subjective norms in predicting intentions to perform each of the 3 drinking behaviors. Although attitudes were consistently found to be better predictors of intentions than were subjective norms, the strength of the attitude‐intention relation varied widely across the 3 actions. In particular, the attitude‐intention correlation was strongest for “drinking enough to get drunk.” Findings also suggest that subjective norms, previous behavior, and perceived behavioral control are not important variables for predicting this behavior.
The Role of Alcohol and Gender in Choices and Judgments About Hypothetical Sexual Encounters1
Authors: Leigh Barbara C. , Aramburu Beatriz
Published: August 2006

The goal of this study was to explore the process by which sexual situations that involve alcohol are negotiated. A scenario depicting a drinking situation involving potential sexual activity was constructed and converted into a text‐based interactive computer game, in which alcohol consumption of the subject and partner roles was varied. The program included a number of points at which the subject's response determined the subsequent course of action. At these choice points, questions were asked about perceptions of sexual interest and nervousness. The results showed strong gender differences in subjects' choices, judgments, and feelings throughout the hypothetical encounter, with men much more likely to choose responses leading to sexual activity and to express more attraction and sexual desire throughout. Alcohol interacted with gender such that among women, those in drinking scenarios were more likely than those in nondrinking scenarios to choose to have sex at the end of the scenario; this effect was not seen in male subjects.
Ambivalence and Response Amplification Toward Native Peoples1
Authors: Bell David w. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: August 2006

This study determined whether ambivalence toward Native peoples would result in amplified, or polarized, responses to members of the group, as assessed in terms of both general attitudes and social policy endorsements. In addition, it examined whether priming would mediate these effects, based on the notion that ambivalent attitudes contain both positive and negative dimensions that may be activated at different times. Induction of different mood states was used as an indirect priming manipulation. One hundred thirty‐eight Canadian participants completed measures of ambivalence toward Native peoples and Canadians. One week later, these participants underwent a positive, neutral, or negative mood induction procedure. They then indicated their attitudes toward Native peoples and Canadians, and responded to social policy questions involving both groups. Participants who were highly ambivalent or not ambivalent toward Native peoples were retained for analysis; participants generally displayed low ambivalence toward Canadians. It was predicted and the results confirmed that only participants who were ambivalent toward Native peoples would display a relative response amplification effect: a greater difference between positive and negative mood states in their responses to Native peoples than in their responses to Canadians.
Votes Without Power:Procedural Justice as Mutual Control in Majority‐Minority Relations1
Authors: AZZI Assaad E. , Jost John T.
Published: August 2006

In an application of procedural justice theory (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler, 1989) to the domain of intergroup relations, we investigated justice preferences among members of numerical majority and minority groups as a function of two parameters: the number of representatives allotted to each group, and the decision rule used to determine the outcome (ranging from simple majority vote to unanimity). In the first study, minority group members perceived the combination of proportional representation and majority vote to be significantly less fair than all other combinations, and their choices of procedure stressed “mutual control” (when the decision rule exceeds the number of representatives possessed by either group). In a second study, majority group members perceived the combination of equal representation and majority vote to be significantly less fair than other procedures, but their choices of procedure did involve a considerable degree of mutual control. These findings suggest that there may be some basis for agreement between majority and minority group members' justice preferences and that both groups may perceive situations of mutual control to be acceptable. A third study involving both majority and minority group members ruled out an interpretation of the previous results in terms of motivation to maintain vs. change the status quo.
Postdrinking Sexual Inferences: Evidence for Linear Rather Than Curvilinear Dosage Effects1
Authors: George William H. , Lehman Gail L. , Cue Kelly L. , Martinez Lorraine J. , Lopez Peter A. , Norris Jeanette
Published: August 2006

Observers infer more sexual availability and willingness from a drinking dater. We hypothesized that, as dosage rises, these sexual inferences follow a linear pattern. College participants rated a woman (Study 1) and man (Study 2) exhibiting a sober, moderate, or high level of intoxication while with a light‐drinking companion. Alcohol was perceived as having linear effects on sexual availability; and, except for male participants in Study 2, alcohol was perceived as having linear effects on willingness. Thus, with rising intoxication and diminished capacity for arousal, drinkers are perceived as more available and willing. Findings are discussed relative to expectancy models of sexuality. Reasons for desynchrony between alcohol's actual supression of sexual arousal and its perceived enhancement of willingness are presented.
Determinants of Relapse and the Rule Violation Effect in Predicting Safer Sex Goal Violations1
Authors: Curtin Lisa , Stephens Robert S. , Roffman Roger A.
Published: August 2006

Knowledge of the determinants of lapses into unsafe sex are important parts of HIV prevention interventions. The present study examines the determinants of lapses into unsafe sex, and the role of attribution in predicting lapses into unsafe sex within an HIV prevention treatment program for homosexual men based on the relapse prevention (RP) model (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985). Self‐reported negative emotional states and general urges to engage in sex were perceived to precede violations of safer sex goals. Stable and global attributions for a goal violation related to the probability of a second concurrently assessed violation. Prospective analyses indicated that future unprotected oral and anal sex was predicted by current unprotected oral and anal sex. In addition, more stable and external attributions for previous goal violations added to the prediction of future unprotected anal sex. Results are discussed in relation to the RP model, the role of attributions in safer sex goal violations, and treatments to reduce unsafe sexual behavior.
Racial Attitudes and the Death Penalty1
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Smith Jennifer K. , Donnella Amy Gershenfeld , Gaertner Samuel L.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between overt and subtle forms of racism with Whites' recommendations for capital sentencing of Black and White offenders convicted of murder. White participants (n= 104) viewed 5 other “jurors” (all Whites or 4 Whites and 1 Black) on videotape individually presenting their decisions to vote for the death penalty in the case. It was hypothesized that the bias of high prejudice‐scoring participants would be overt, but that the pattern for low prejudice‐scoring participants would be more complex. As predicted, among high prejudice‐scoring participants, Black defendants received stronger recommendations for the death penalty than did White defendants. Among low prejudice‐scoring White participants, Black offenders received stronger recommendations for the death penalty only when a Black juror advocated the death penalty.
Social Comparison in Medically High‐Risk Pregnant Women1
Authors: Dias Lynette , Lobel Marci
Published: August 2006

The present study examined social comparison processes in 147 pregnant women at high risk of incurring an adverse birth outcome such as fetal loss or preterm delivery. These women typically undergo physical and psychological changes which elevate uncertainty and distress. Theoretically derived hypotheses concerning the impact of threat, self‐esteem, perceived control, age, and gravidity (previous pregnancy) on social comparison were tested. Women experiencing low pregnancy‐related threat and those with higher self‐esteem were more likely to compare themselves favorably to other pregnant women. Younger women who had not been pregnant before compared most frequently; comparisons of physical state were more common than comparisons of emotional well‐being or interpersonal relationships. Results are contrasted with social comparison processes in other populations facing stressful life events.
Control Appraisals as Moderators of the Relationship Between Intrusive Thoughts and Coping1
Authors: Reese Finetta L. , Kliewer Wendy , Suarez Troy
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship between intrusive thinking, control appraisals, and coping strategies within the context of stressful negative events using a short‐term longitudinal design. Although intrusive thoughts were not related to problem‐focused coping at Time 1, these cognitions were positively associated with problem‐focused coping at subsequent reporting periods. Intrusive thoughts were positively associated with behavioral engagement. Perceived control was positively associated with problem‐focused coping across all reporting periods, whereas perceptions of other's culpability were positively related to behavioral disengagement for all time periods except Time 1. There was limited support for the hypothesis that appraisals of control would moderate the relationship between intrusive thinking and coping behaviors.
Gender‐Based Biases in Occupational Hiring Decisions1
Authors: Harvie Kathryn , Marshall‐Mcaskey Jane , Johnston Lucy
Published: August 2006

Two studies which investigated gender‐based decision making in an occupational setting are reported. Participants judged the suitability of a male or a female applicant with identical résumés for a male‐dominated or a female‐dominated position. In Study 1. where participants gave their own judgments of the suitability of the applicants for the positions, there was no evidence of gender‐based biases. In Study 2. participants were required to take the perspective of the applicant in providing their judgments of suitability. In this experiment, gender‐based biases were apparent, with a positive bias toward the male applicant. Results are discussed in terms of occupational stereotyping and subtle sexism.
Great Expectations: The Negative Consequences of Falling Short1
Authors: Ho Colin P. , Driscoll Denise M. , Loosbrock Danielle L.
Published: August 2006

The present study shows conditions under which a positive stereotypic belief–Asians are good in mathematics–can have negative consequences. Participants graded a poorly performed mathematical assignment that they believed was the work of an Asian or a White target person. Under no accuracy instructions, participants who spent less time grading (unmotivated participants) assigned fewer points to the Asian than the White target. There was no difference in assignment of points to the Asian or the White target when participants were given accuracy instructions or spent more time grading (motivated participants). The findings suggest that group members may experience negative consequences when they fall short of “great expectations” stemming from a positive stereotypic belief about their group.
Too Close to Quit: The Role of Project Completion in Maintaining Commitment1
Authors: Garland Howard , Conlon Donald E.
Published: August 2006

Conlon and Garland (1993) demonstrated that information about the degree of project completion, as compared with information about sunk costs, seemed to be the driving force behind continued investment in an R&D project. In the present paper, we replicate and extend this work. In studies with experienced bank managers, Chinese graduate students, and advanced‐level MBA students, we find overwhelming support for the importance of project completion on investment intentions, with no indication of typical sunk cost effects. We argue that our results support a goal substitution explanation for many escalation phenomena where, as progress moves forward on a project, completion of the project itself takes increasing precedence over other goals (e. g., economic profit) that may have been more salient at the time the project was initiated.
Effects of Poll Reports on Voter Preferences
Authors: Mehrabian Lbert
Published: August 2006

Relative strengths of the bandwagon (or rally‐around‐the‐winner) affect and its converse, the underdog effect, were tested. Study 1 was conducted with registered Republicans during 4 days immediately prior to the first major Republican primary of 1996. Bogus poll data showing Dole leading Forbes (or Dole trailing Forbes) were presented to voters who then voted their preference for Dole, Forbes, or neither. Findings showed a significantly greater tendency to vote for Dole over Forbes when the bogus poll showed Dole leading Forbes than when it showed Dole trailing. Thus, results supported the bandwagon effect and, furthermore, showed it as explaining 6% of the variance in voter preferences. In Study 2, participants were given bogus poll data on 2 personally relevant issues and were then asked to vote their preferences on the issues. Participants had extremely strong consensus preferences on one issue and were not influenced by bogus poll data. On the second issue that involved moderately strong consensus preferences, bogus polls significantly affected votes, supporting the bandwagon effect. Bandwagon effects were stronger for women compared with men, and for 2 of 3 PAD (Pleasantness, Arousability, Dominance) basic temperament factors; that is, for individuals with more arousable and less dominant temperaments. Implications for other personality variables were noted.
Social Comparisons of One's Own With Others' Attitudes Toward Casual and Responsible Sex1
Authors: Agostinelli Gina , Seal David Wyatt
Published: August 2006

College students perceive their risks for negative outcomes from sexual behavior as lower than that of their peers. We examined whether similar biases would occur when undergraduates rated their own, their close friends', and the typical college student's attitudes regarding casual sex and sexual responsibility. Participants rated their own attitudes relative to all others' as the least permissive and most sexually responsible. Close friends' attitudes were rated as less permissive and more responsible than the average college student's. Finally, individuals with unrestricted sociosexual orientations and men attributed more permissive and less sexually responsible attitudes to both themselves and close friends than did individuals with restricted sociosexual orientations and women. These latter effects were absent when rating the typical college student.
Trying, Intentions, and the Processes by Which Goals Influence Performance: An Empirical Test of the Theory of Goal Pursuit1
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , Ployhart Robert E.
Published: August 2006

A laboratory‐based test of the theory of goal pursuit (Bagozzi & Warshaw, 1990) was conducted with results indicating substantial support for the theory. Goal attainment and task performance were predicted by a measure of trying, which was associated with the 4 mechanisms of effort, persistence, attention, and use of effective task strategies. Trying was predicted by an individual's intention to try. The intention to try was predicted by an attitude toward trying and a subjective norm toward trying. The individual's attitude toward the process and reactions to success and failure correlated with attitude toward trying. However, regression analyses indicated that the reactions toward failure did not contribute to the prediction of the attitude toward trying. Discussion focused on the utility of the theory of goal pursuit for understanding the processes by which goals influence performance.
Fairness Evaluations of Encounters With Police Officers and Correctional Officers1
Authors: Vermunt Riél , Blaauw Eric , Lind E. Allan
Published: August 2006

The fairness of treatment can be inferred from 2 aspects of the relationship between authority and other party: the person‐related aspect and the role‐related aspect. One hundred seventy‐five American detainees were interviewed about their encounters with police officers and correctional officers. The role‐related aspect affected procedural fairness judgments most when first‐time incarcerated detainees evaluated the encounter with police officers. The person‐related aspect affected procedural fairness judgments most when first‐time detainees and repeatedly incarcerated detainees evaluated encounters with correctional officers. Consequences for the group value model of procedural fairness as well as for the legal practice are discussed.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder as a Consequence of a Toxic Spill in Northern California
Authors: Freed Deborah , Bowler Rosemarie , Fleming India
Published: August 2006

This study examined the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated features in residents of Dunsmuir, California, following a toxic spill. Classification of PTSD was based on a cutoff score from the Impact of Event Scale. It was predicted that greater exposure to the spill would increase the risk of PTSD and associated symptoms among spill residents; that those classified with PTSD would report more symptoms than would those without PTSD and controls; and that litigants would be classified with PTSD more than would nonlitigants. Results suggest that spill residents classified with PTSD had greater levels of tension, depression, anxiety, anger, fatigue, and confusion than did spill residents without PTSD and control residents with and without PTSD. Spill residents with PTSD reported more memory problems and sleep disorders than did those without PTSD and control residents with and without PTSD. Measures of physiological arousal showed that spill residents had higher systolic blood pressure several hours after a stressful interview than did control residents without PTSD. Pulse rates several hours after a stressful interview were higher for spill residents with and without PTSD than for control residents with PTSD. Results suggest that exposed residents are at risk for developing PTSD and associated symptoms.
Optimism and Pessimism in Business Leaders1
Authors: Wunderley Linda J. , Reddy W. Brendan , Dember William N.
Published: August 2006

Male business leaders responded to 3 instruments, the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI‐SELF), the Kirton Adaption‐Innovation Inventory (KAI), and a measure of optimism and pessimism (O/P). Approximately 5 to 6 (range = 3 to 9) of each of the 48 leaders' direct reports rated their leaders on the LPI (LPI‐OBSERVER) and also responded to the O/P instrument. As predicted, both the leaders and their direct reports had lower mean scores on pessimism than a normative group; neither group differed from the norm on optimism. The leader KAI scores were negatively correlated with pessimism, and positively, though not significantly so, with optimism. Optimism was positively correlated with 2 factors of the LPI‐OBSERVER, but pessimism was not correlated with any of the five LPI factors.
The Presence of Odd Pricing in the Texas State Lottery1
Authors: Bartsch Robert A. , Paton Vivian I.
Published: August 2006

We examined 443 drawings from the Texas state lottery from 1992 to 1997 to determine whether odd pricing effects would be found in multimillion‐dollar lotteries. Specifically, we predicted that many more lottery tickets than expected would be purchased when the jackpot amount was $10 million than when it was $9 million. Three findings emerged. First, the higher the jackpot, the more tickets were purchased. Second, odd pricing effects were found at $10 million such that approximately 670,000 more tickets were purchased than expected. Third, controlling for the jackpot amount, there were approximately 620,000 fewer tickets purchased for each drawing per year. This final finding provides evidence that people are becoming less interested in multimillion‐dollar lotteries.
Just Say No: Japanese and American Styles of Refusing Unwanted Sexual Advances1
Authors: Goldenberg Jamie L. , Ginexi Elizabeth M. , Sigelman Carol K. , Poppen Paul J.
Published: August 2006

To determine whether cultural and gender differences in directness of communication are reflected in styles of refusing unwanted sexual advances, we surveyed American college students and Japanese international college students about direct and indirect ways of saying “no” in dating relationships. While both American and Japanese students said they would rather use indirect refusal tactics than direct ones, Americans rated direct strategies as more likely to be effective than did Japanese participants. Further, American students interpreted direct strategies as clearer refusals than indirect strategies, whereas Japanese respondents did not make this distinction. Men and women responded similarly in both cultural groups, so the findings point primarily to possible cultural differences in the meaning of direct refusals of sexual advances.
The Impact of Group Formation and Perceptions of Fairness on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors1
Authors: Yorges Stefani L.
Published: August 2006

An experimental design was used to assess the impact of group formation and perceptions of fairness on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Several mediators were also considered. First, when groups were established, social comparison and competition among those groups was expected to reduce the number of OCBs that would occur between the groups. Second, perceptions of unfair procedures were expected to result in negative affective and cognitive reactions, which would also decrease OCBs. It was also hypothesized that group formation and perceptions of fairness would interact to more strongly affect OCBs. Results indicated that group formation had a substantial impact on the frequency of OCBs, and that social competition was a significant mediator of that relationship. On the other hand, this study found little evidence for the negative impact of unjust procedures on OCBs. The interaction between group formation and unjust procedures was not significant. Implications for organizations are discussed.
When Manipulation Backfires: The Effects of Time Delay and Requester on the Foot‐in‐the‐Door Technique
Authors: Chartrand Tanya , Pinckert Shannon , Burger Jerry M.
Published: August 2006

We examined the effects of 2 variables on compliance rates within the foot‐in‐the‐door procedure. Participants who agreed to a small request were presented with a larger request either immediately after the first request or 2 days later. The second request was presented either by the same person or by a different requester. Compared to a control group receiving only the large request, participants were more likely to agree to the second request in all experimental conditions except one. When the same requester presented the second request without delay, participants were less likely than the control group to agree to the target request. This latter condition represents a situation in which typical foot‐in‐the‐door procedures can backfire on the requester.
Effects of Reasons Analysis on the Accuracy of Predicting Basketball Games1
Authors: Halberstadt Jamin Brett , Levine Gary M.
Published: August 2006

It is argued that analyzing and listing reasons can lead to poorer predictions because reasoners either access information inappropriate to the task or have difficulty integrating the information they do bring to mind. To test this hypothesis, self‐described basketball experts predicted the outcomes of actual basketball games in a national tournament. Half of the participants were asked to analyze and list reasons for their predictions before making them, and half were told explicitly not to analyze their reasons. Compared to nonreasoners, reasoners predicted fewer winners of the games and predicted margins of victory that differed more from both the actual margins of victory and the margins of victory predicted by experts. The relationship between expertise and reasons analysis, and the implications of the results for other domains of prediction are discussed.
Predicting Environmental Behaviors: The Influence of Self‐Determined Motivation and Information About Perceived Environmental Health Risks1
Authors: Séguin Chantal , Pelletier Luc G. , Hunsley John
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the present study is to examine the combined contribution of 2 predictors of environmental behaviors, self‐determined motivation and information about a particular environmental issue (viz., perceived environmental health risks). The hypothesized model was tested with 761 participants from the general population using structural equation modeling. Self‐determined motivation was found to predict both environmental behaviors and the tendency to seek information on health risks coming from 2 main sources (federal government agencies and public groups), which led to more confidence in those sources of information. In turn, confidence in the different sources of information was found to be significantly associated with perceptions of environmental health risks. Finally these perceptions were also found to be predictors of environmental behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of 2 possible processes that could facilitate environmental behaviors.
College Freshmens’ Orientation to Experts’ Personal Characteristics After Failure and the Customary Description of Others in Terms of Dispositions1
Authors: Gendolla Guido H. E.
Published: August 2006

A laboratory experiment examined a cognitive response (static thinking) to the stressful experience of a shortcoming. Psychology freshmen performed a memory task that was manipulated in terms of its psychological relevance and difficulty. Additionally, experienced press to succeed was quantified in terms of the specificity of participants’ professional goal in the area of psychology. A control condition performed no task. Dependent measures were personal characteristics ascribed to professional psychologists. The results indicated a strong general tendency to use dispositions to describe others. But in accordance with theoretical predictions by Wicklund (1986a, 1986b), the orientation to traits and external qualities of professional psychologists (i. e., experts) after failure on a psychologically relevant task was correlated with the level of specificity of participants’ professional goal in the area of psychology. These findings suggest that the general orientation to dispositions when describing others is replaced by the process of static thinking after the stressful experience of personal incompetence and when the persons to be described are experts.
Differentiation in Understanding One's Own and the Adversary's Identity in Protracted Intergroup Conflict: Zionism and Palestinianism
Authors: Rouhana Nadim N.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the meaning of identity for in‐group and out‐group members in protracted intergroup conflict, and the extent of differentiation people show in understanding in‐group and out‐group national identity. Based on the differential familiarity hypothesis, it was hypothesized that group members will show more differentiation when referring to in‐group than to out‐group identity. Based on the established relationship between cognitive complexity and political ideology, it was hypothesized that supporters of conciliatory political parties will demonstrate more differentiation when referring to in‐group and out‐group identity than supporters of nonconciliatory parties. These hypotheses were confirmed in a study that asked Arab and Jewish high‐school students in Israeli schools about the meaning of Zionism and Palestinian identity.
Encoding of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Knowledge of American Sign Language
Authors: GOLDSTEIN NAOMI E. , SEXTON JAMES , FELDMAN ROBERT S.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between knowledge of American Sign Language (ASL) and the ability to encode facial expressions of emotion was explored. Participants were 55 college students, half of whom were intermediate‐level students of ASL and half of whom had no experience with a signed language. In front of a video camera, participants posed the affective facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust. These facial expressions were randomized onto stimulus tapes that were then shown to 60 untrained judges who tried to identify the expressed emotions. Results indicated that hearing subjects knowledgeable in ASL were generally more adept than were hearing nonsigners at conveying emotions through facial expression. Results have implications for better understanding the nature of nonverbal communication in hearing and deaf individuals.
Democracy and Fatalism in the Former Soviet Union1
Authors: Goodwin Robin , Allen Peter
Published: August 2006

Recent political events in the former Soviet Union suggest that democracy has only a tenuous hold in this region. Underlying many of these events may be psychological values and beliefs ill conducive to the development of democracy. In the 2 studies described in this paper, conducted in 1995 and 1998, 2 large and representative groups of manual workers, students, civil servants, managers, and the retired from 4 former Soviet republics completed measures of fatalism, attitudes toward democracy, and democratic participation (N= 2,672 and 925). Structural equation analyses of the data from both studies find that particular groups (in particular, manual workers and the retired) hold the strongest fatalistic beliefs, which in turn predict democratic attitudes, voting behavior, and political‐party membership. These findings are discussed in the light of possible interventions that might promote democratic participation in the region.
Well…ah…: Hesitations and Hedges as an Influence on Jurors' Decisions1
Authors: Mendoza Norma A. , Hosch Harmon M. , Ponder Bruce J. , Carrillo Victor
Published: August 2006

Hispanic jurors' verdicts and whether these decisions were related to jurors' judgments of the credibility of the witness were the focus of this experiment. A prosecution witness testified in English or in Spanish with interpretation in English. Witnesses' speaking style systematically included hedges and hesitations or did not. Guilty verdicts were independent of language of testimony. Within Spanish‐interpreted conditions, jurors convicted the defendant 47% of the time in the absence of hedges and hesitations. When he hedged and hesitated, they convicted 34% of the time. This effect was complicated by a reliable Witness Hesitation × Juror Language Dominance interaction. These results are interpreted in the context of the courtroom impact of non‐English‐speaking witnesses and the impact of interpretation.
Expectancies, Setting, Age, and Beverage Choice as Predictors of Sexual Behaviors in Hypothetical Dating Situations
Authors: VÉLEZ‐BLASINI CARLOS J. , Brandt Heather J.
Published: August 2006

Brief vignettes depicting heterosexual dates were used to examine how date location (bar/restaurant), age (21/35), female character's beverage choice (alcohol/soda), and respondents' gender interacted to determine participants' estimations of the likelihood of sexual behaviors between daters. Participants were randomly assigned to read vignettes that combined these factors in a factorial design. Younger, alcohol‐drinking females in a bar date were perceived as more likely to engage in sex than were nondrinking females at a restaurant. For older daters, neither factor was relevant. The drinking female was perceived as more likely to initiate sex than was the nondrinker. Alcohol use by the male target was not related to perceived initiation likelihood. Participants with stronger alcohol expectancies gave higher estimates of likelihood of sex.
A Comparison of Health Behavior Constructs: Social Psychological Predictors of AIDS‐Preventive Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Smith Brian N. , Stasson Mark F.
Published: August 2006

The present study focused on predicting AIDS‐preventive behavioral intentions (i. e., intentions to discuss AIDS‐related information and to use condoms) from constructs taken from the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action/planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. Questionnaire data were collected from 124 undergraduates using scales from previously published work as well as some new measures designed for this study. Perceived behavioral control, perceived risk, attitudes, self‐efficacy, subjective norms, negative expected outcomes, and perceived severity of HIV infection were correlated with at least one intention measure; but regression analyses showed that perceived behavioral control was the strongest independent predictor of condom use intentions and of intentions to discuss AIDS information with a partner. Implications for theory and application are discussed.
Does the Onset Controllability of Diagnostic Labels Affect the Perceived Appropriateness of an Insanity Verdict?1
Authors: Doyon Theresa
Published: August 2006

The present study attempted to look at reactions to an insanity verdict by asking participants to rate the appropriateness of an insanity verdict already handed down by a jury. A sample of 196 adults read a short vignette describing the defendant's crime, a courtappointed psychiatrist's diagnosis, and a jury's verdict (guilty; or not guilty by reason of insanity, NGRI). Using Weiner's (1995) responsibility model, it was predicted and found that an insanity verdict was deemed less appropriate when the defendant was construed to have an onset controllable disorder. Path analyses indicate that onset controllability, responsibility judgments, and affective reactions do not account for the perceived appropriateness of guilty and NGRI verdicts in the same way.
Alcohol and Male Acceptance of Sexual Aggression: The Role of Perceptual Ambiguity1
Authors: Johnson James D. , Noel Nora E. , SUTTER‐HERNANDEZ JANICE
Published: August 2006

The present study assessed the effects of drinking and behavioral ambiguity on perceptions of sexual aggression. Male participants, randomly assigned to 1 of 4 alcohol conditions (low, moderate, placebo, or control) viewed a videotaped interaction involving a couple meeting before a blind date. In the receptive condition, the female was friendly and excited. In the nonreceptive condition, she showed rigid posture and lacked enthusiasm. Participants then judged the acceptability of sexual aggression against the female and the attribution of the female's responsibility. Findings indicated a significant interaction such that in the receptive condition, higher alcohol doses elicited both greater acceptance of sexual aggression and greater attribution of female responsibility. There was no impact of alcohol dosage in the nonreceptive condition.
Help Wanted and Help Received by Israeli Divorced Custodial Fathers
Authors: Cohen Orna , Savaya Rivka
Published: August 2006

Comparing the help wanted and sought and the help received by 42 divorced custodial fathers with that wanted and sought and received by a matched group of 32 divorced custodial mothers, this paper investigates whether men who have assumed the traditionally female gender task of child care continue to adhere to the traditional male help‐seeking and help‐receiving patterns. Findings show that they do. Single custodial fathers both want and receive less help from own kin, friends, and ex‐spouse's kin than do single custodial mothers, and are less prone to seek professional help. On the other hand, both groups seek and receive the most help from a new partner, followed by own kin, friends, and ex‐spouse's kin.