bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welfare policy and multi-national monopolies
Authors: Rickard John , Russell Allen , Martini Christine
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the role of import tariffs and consumption taxes when a product is supplied to a domestic market by a foreign monopoly via a subsidiary. It is assumed that there is no competition in the domestic market from internal suppliers. The home country is able to levy a profits tax on the subsidiary; the objective of our analysis is to determine the levels of tariff or consumption tax which maximise national welfare. Comparisons are made under the two alternative policies from the perspectives of national welfare, total national cost and average national cost. The major policy implication of the analysis is that a consumption tax is the more effective instrument for maximising national welfare provided the profits tax is less than a certain critical value; if the profits tax exceeds this value then a tariff, though in the form of a subsidy, is the most effective instrument. Our results complement, correct and extend an earlier analysis by Katrak (1977) [6].
A numerical algorithm for optimal control problems with switching costs
Authors: Stewart David E.
Published: February 2009

Optimal control problems with switching costs arise in a number of applications, and are particularly important when standard control theory gives “chattering controls”. A numerical method is given for finding optimal controls for linear problems (linear dynamics, linear plus switching cost). This is used to develop an algorithm for finding sub-optimal control functions for nonlinear problems with switching costs. Numerical results are presented for an implementation of this method.
An analytical solution for critical withdrawal of layered fluid through a line sink in a porous medium
Authors: Zhang H. , Hocking G. C. , Barry D. A.
Published: February 2009

Fluid withdrawn through a line sink from a layered fluid in a vertically confined porous medium is considered. A hodograph method is used to obtain the shape of the interface for a given sink position at the critical flow rate. The analytical solution is compared with a more general numerical solution developed in earlier work. It was found that the surface profiles obtained by the two methods are in close agreement. However, the present work has the advantage that it gives a fully explicit solution.
Two-dimensional jet aimed vertically upwards
Authors: Vanden-Broeck Jean-Marc
Published: February 2009

A steady two-dimensional jet of an inviscid incompressible fluid rising and falling under gravity is considered. The jet is aimed vertically upwards and the flow is assumed to be bounded entirely by two free surfaces. The problem is solved numerically by finite differences. Accurate results for the free surface profiles are presented.
A discrete method for the logarithmic-kernel integral equation on an open arc
Authors: Prössdorf S. , Saranen J. , Sloan I. H.
Published: February 2009

Here we discuss the stability and convergence of a quadrature method for Symm's integral equation on an open smooth arc. The method is an adaptation of an approach considered by Sloan and Burn for closed curves. Before applying the quadrature scheme, we use a cosine substitution to remove the endpoint singularity of the solution. The family of methods includes schemes with any order O(hp) of convergence.
One-dimensional pattern formation in a model of burning
Authors: Forbes Lawrence K.
Published: February 2009

We discuss a model of a burning process, essentially due to Sal'nikov, in which a substrate undergoes a two-stage decay through some intermediate chemical to form a final product. The second stage of the process occurs at a temperature-sensitive rate, and is also responsible for the production of heat. The effects of thermal conduction are included, and the intermediate chemical is assumed to be capable of diffusion through the decomposing substrate. The governing equations thus form a reaction-diffusion system, and spatially inhomogeneous behaviour is therefore possible.

This paper is concerned with stationary patterns of temperature and chemical concentration in the model. A numerical method for the solution of the governing equations is outlined, and makes use of a Fourier-series representation of the pattern. The question of the stability of these patterns is discussed in detail, and a linearised solution is presented, which is valid for patterns of very small amplitude. The results of accurate solutions to the fully non-linear equations are discussed, and compared with the predictions of the linearised theory. Parameter regions in which there exists genuine nonuniqueness of solutions are identified.
On the variational stability of a class of nonlinear parabolic optimal control problems
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S.
Published: February 2009

In this paper we study parametric optimal control problems governed by a nonlinear parabolic equation in divergence form. The parameter appears in all the data of the problem, including the partial differential operator. Using as tools the G-convergence of operators and the Γ-convergence of functionals, we show that the set-valued map of optimal pairs is upper semicontinuous with respect to the parameter and the optimal value function responds continuously to changes of the parameter. Finally in the case of semilinear systems we show that our framework can also incorporate systems with weakly convergent coefficients.
Multiple-term approximations for Appell's F1 function
Authors: El-Gabali Magdi A.
Published: February 2009

In this paper computational issues of Appell's F1 function

are addressed. A novel technique is used in the derivation of highly efficient multiple-term approximations of this function (including asymptotic ones). Simple structured single- and double-term approximations, as the first two candidates of this multiple-term representa-tion, are developed in closed form. Error analysis shows that- the developed algorithms are superior to existing approximations for the same number of terms. The formulation presented is highly efficient and could be extended to a wide class of special functions.
On wave motion in a two-layered liquid of infinite depth in the presence of surface and interfacial tension
Authors: Rhodes-Robinson P. F.
Published: February 2009

In this paper various two-dimensional motions are determined for waves in a stratified region of infinite total depth with a free surface containing two superposed liquids, allowing for the effects of surface and interfacial tension. The fundamental set of wave-source potentials for the two layers is used to construct the set of slope potentials that produce discontinuous free-surface and interface slopes. The latter potentials are then utilized to obtain the potentials for waves due to both heaving vertical plates and incident progressive waves against a vertical wall. The underlying assumption of small time-harmonic motion pertains, described by a pair of velocity potentials for the two layers satisfying coupled linearized boundary-value problems, and all solutions are obtained in terms of their matching basic solutions. The technique for applying Green's theorem in the two layers is developed for use with the wave-source potentials, which themselves are found to obey a generalised reciprocity principle. Familiar results for a single liquid of infinite depth are hereby extended, but the new feature emerges of there being two types of progressive waves in all solutions. For ease of presentation the solutions are obtained for a particular relationship between surface and interfacial tension.
Second harmonic resonance in magnetohydrodynamic jet
Authors: Khosla H. K. , Chhabra R. K.
Published: February 2009

Coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, which describe a nonlinear resonant interaction between the fundamental and its first harmonic on a magnetohydro-dynamic jet, are derived by the derivative expansion method. We investigate the spatial behaviour of the amplitude and phases. It is shown that the fluid surface is unstable in the neighbourhood of the first resonant wavenumber. In the steady state, it is observed that the general motion consists of both amplitude and phase modulated waves.
Solution of the problem of scattering of water waves by a nearly vertical plate
Authors: Bharathi L. Vijaya , Chakrabarti A. , Mandal B. N. , Banerjee S.
Published: February 2009

An approximate solution is determined for the problem of scattering of water waves by a nearly vertical plate, by reducing it to two mixed boundary-value problems (BVP) for Laplace's equation, using perturbation techniques. While the solution of one of these BVP is well-known, the other BVPs is reduced to the problem of solving two uncoupled problems, and the complete solution of the problem under consideration up to first-order accuracy is derived with a special assumption on the shape of the plate and a related approximation. Known results involving the reflection and transmission coefficients are reproduced.
Bubbles rising in an inclined two-dimensional tube and jets falling along a wall
Authors: Lee J. , Vanden-Broeck J.-M.
Published: February 2009

The motion of a two-dimensional bubble rising at a constant velocity U in an inclined tube of width H is considered. The bubble extends downwards without limit, and is bounded on the right by a wall of the tube, and on the left by a free surface. The same flow configuration describes also a jet emerging from a nozzle and falling down along an inclined wall. The acceleration of gravity g and the surface tension T are included in the free surface condition. The problem is characterized by the Froude number the angle β between the left wall and the horizontal, and the angle γ between the free surface and the right wall at the separation point. Numerical solutions are obtained via series truncation for all values of 0 < β < π. The results extend previous calculations of Vanden-Broeck [12–14] for β = π/2 and of Couët and Strumolo [3] for 0 < β < π/2. It is found that the behavior of the solutions depends on whether 0 < β 2π/3 or 2π/3 ≤ β < π. When T = 0, it is shown that there is a critical value F of Froude number for each 0 < β 2π/3 such that solutions with γ = 0, π/3 and π - β occur for F > Fc F = Fc and F < Fc respectively, and that all solutions are characterized by γ = 0 for 2π/3 ≤ β < π. When a small amount of surface tension T is included in the free surface condition, it is found that for each 0 < β < π there exists an infinite discrete set of values of F for which γ = π - β. A particular value F* of the Froude number for which T = 0 and γ = π - β is selected by taking the limit as T approaches zero. The numerical values of F* and the corresponding free surface profiles are found to be in good agreement with experimental data for bubbles rising in an inclined tube when 0 < β < π/2.
An inequality for probability density functions arising from a distinguishability problem
Authors: Guljaš Boris , Pearce C. E. M. , Pečarić Josip
Published: February 2009

An integral inequality is established involving a probability density function on the real line and its first two derivatives. This generalizes an earlier result of Sato and Watari. If f denotes the probability density function concerned, the inequality we prove is that

under the conditions β > α 1 and 1/(β+1) < γ ≤ 1.
On the generalized complementarity problem
Authors: Yao Jen-Chih
Published: February 2009

In this paper, the generalised complementarity problem studied by Parida and Sen [13] is further extended. The extended problem appears to be more general and unifying. Characterisations of solutions to this extended problem are given. Some existence results derived by these characterisations are presented. An application of the extended problem to the quasi-variational inequalities of obstacle type is considered.
Control in W2(1) of nonlinear interconnected systems of neutral type
Authors: Chukwu E. N.
Published: February 2009

In this paper we resolve the problem of controllability of nonlinear interconnected systems of neutral type. We consider two types of systems, a general one, and one in which some control appears linearly. In each case we insist that each isolated system of the interconnected problem is controlled by its own variables while taking into account the interacting effects. Controllability is proved by assuming some controllability criteria of each isolated system and some growth condition of the interconnecting function. Fixed point and open mapping theorems are used. Examples from economics and engineering are presented.
Models and algorithms for multiple criteria linear cost network programs
Authors: Yang X. Q. , Goh C. J.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we discuss a general model for multiple criteria linear cost network flow problems. This model includes several classes of existing models in the operations research literature as special cases. Based on this model, a search algorithm for finding a feasible solution of the concurrent flow problem is suggested and illustrative numerical examples are given. This search algorithm is also extended to obtain a new algorithm for finding the efficient frontier of a multiple criteria linear program.
The Laplace transform of exp(et)
Authors: Deakin Michael A. B.
Published: February 2009

In an earlier paper [4], the author showed how Laplace transforms might be assigned to a class of superexponential functions for which the usual defining integral diverges. The present paper considers the case of the function exp(et), which arises in combinatorial contexts and whose Laplace transform may be assigned by means of an extension of techniques described in the previous paper.
A note on withdrawal through a point sink in fluid of finite depth
Authors: Forbes Lawrence K. , Hocking Graeme C. , Chandler Graeme A.
Published: February 2009

Withdrawal flow through a point sink on the bottom of a fluid of finite depth is considered. The fluid is at rest at infinity, and a stagnation point is present at the free surface, directly above the point sink. Numerical solutions are computed by means of the method of fundamental solutions, and it is observed that flows of this type are apparently possible for Froude number less than about 1.5. Relationships to previous work are discussed.
Reflection of water waves by a nearly vertical porous wall
Authors: Chakrabarti A. , Sahoo T.
Published: February 2009

The problem of reflection of water waves by a nearly vertical porous wall has been investigated. A perturbational analysis has been applied for the first order correction to be employed to the corresponding vertical wall problem. The Green's function technique has been used to obtain the solution of the boundary value problem at hand, after utilising a mixed Fourier transform together with an idea involving the regularity of the transformed function along the real axis. The cases of fluid of finite as well as infinite depth have been taken into consideration. Particular shapes of the wall have been considered and numerical results are also discussed.
A note on oscillations in a simple model of a chemical reaction
Authors: Sexton M. Jane , Forbes Lawrence K.
Published: February 2009

We investigate oscillatory behaviour in the famous Belousov-Zhabotinskii chemical reaction, as described by the simple two-variable Oregonator model. It is shown that oscillations are possible only in certain parameter regions. Numerical results are presented, and the presence of fold bifurcations discussed.
A comparison of constraint qualifications in infinite-dimensional convex programming revisited
Authors: Zặlinescu C.
Published: February 2009

In 1990 Gowda and Teboulle published the paper [16], making a comparison of several conditions ensuring the Fenchel-Rockafellar duality formula

inf{f(x) + g(Ax) | x ∈ X} = max{−f*(A*y*) − g*(− y*) | y* ∈ Y*}.

Probably the first comparison of different constraint qualification conditions was made by Hiriart-Urruty [17] in connection with ε-subdifferential calculus. Among them appears, as the basic sufficient condition, the formula for the conjugate of the corresponding function; such functions are: f1 + f2, g o A, max{fl,…, fn}, etc. In fact strong duality formulae (like the one above) and good formulae for conjugates are equivalent and they can be used to obtain formulae for ε-subdifferentials, using a technique developed in [17] and extensively used in [46].
The separation of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the Kerr metric
Authors: Prince G. E. , Aldridge J. E. , Godfrey S. E. , Byrnes G. B.
Published: February 2009

We discuss the separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the Kerr metric. We use a recent theorem which says that a completely integrable geodesic equation has a fully separable Hamilton-Jacobi equation if and only if the Lagrangian is a composite of the involutive first integrals. We also discuss the physical significance of Carter's fourth constant in terms of the symplectic reduction of the Schwarzschild metric viaSO(3), showing that the Killing tensor quantity is the remnant of the square of angular momentum.
Integrability conditions for the Bianchi identities as transformations in Schwarzschild space-time
Authors: Fernandes J. F. Q. , Lun A. W.-C.
Published: February 2009

We investigate the relationship between the Bardeen-Press and the Regge-Wheeler equations for perturbations of the Schwarzschild geometry. We examine how tetrad and coordinate gauge invariant Regge-Wheeler field quantities arise naturally from the perturbed Bianchi identities in the modified Newman-Penrose (compacted spincoefficient) formalism. The integrability conditions for the Bianchi identities then provide the transformation identities relating these quantities to the Bardeen-Press quantities. The relationships between the Bardeen-Press quantities of opposite spin-weight also arise naturally in our approach.
A reverse Hölder type inequality for the logarithmic mean and generalizations
Authors: Maloney John , Heidel Jack , Pečarić Josip
Published: February 2009

An inequality involving the logarithmic mean is established. Specifically, we show that

where . Then several generalizations are given.
An expansion of bivariate spline functions
Authors: Liu Huan-Wen
Published: February 2009

Let Δ denote a triangulation of a planar polygon Ω. For any positive integer 0 ≤ r < k, let denote the vector space of functions in Cr whose restrictions to each triangle of Δ are polynomials of total degree at most k. Such spaces, called bivariate spline spaces, have many applications in surface fitting, scattered data interpolation, function approximation and numerical solutions of partial differential equations. An important problem is to give the function expression. In this paper, we prove that, if (Δ, Ω) is type-X, then any bivariate spline function in can be expressed by a series of univariate polynomials and a special bivariate finite element function in satisfying a so-called integral conformality condition system. We also give a direct sum decomposition of the space . In addition, the dimension of for a kind of triangulation has been determined.
Stability in paradigm biological systems
Authors: Rixon Andrew J. , Johnson Craig R. , Jones Alans S.
Published: February 2009

A discrete spatial model of a multi-species environment is formulated, and the behaviour of the system is studied. The model is used to explore stability and resilience of biological systems and discuss how they are dependent on spatial scale chosen.
Analytic results for roots of two irrational functions in elastic wave propagation
Authors: Brock L. M.
Published: February 2009

The velocities of Rayleigh surface waves and, when they exist, Stoneley interface waves can be obtained as the roots of two irrational functions. Here previous results are extended by using standard operations related to the Wiener-Hopf technique to provide expressions in quadrature for these roots.
Subjective experiences of younger people with dementia and their families: implications for UK research, policy and practice
Authors: Roach Pamela , Keady John , Bee Penny , Hope Kevin
Published: February 2009

Young-onset dementia (dementia in people under 65 years of age) remains an under-researched area of dementia care. As populations age in industrialized countries, dementia is set to increase: this includes dementias in younger people. Current estimates suggest there are over 15 000 younger people living with dementia in the UK, whilst dedicated services and research in this area remain limited. Younger people may be affected by rarer forms of dementia that can create various kinds of impairment in the individual. For example, as Boxer and Miller report, although memory can be affected, people with conditions such as frontotemporal dementia can present initially with personality changes as the primary symptom. Younger people may also have more difficulties with visuospatial and semantic tasks when compared with an person, and there are likely to be personal and societal implications for the entire family.
On a measurement-free quantum lambda calculus with classical control
Authors: LAGO UGO DAL , MASINI ANDREA , ZORZI MARGHERITA
Published: February 2009

We study a measurement-free, untyped λ-calculus with quantum data and classical control. This work arises from previous proposals by Selinger and Valiron, and Van Tonder. We focus on operational and expressiveness issues, rather than (denotational) semantics. We prove subject reduction and confluence, and a standardisation theorem. Moreover, we prove the computational equivalence of the proposed calculus with a suitable class of quantum circuit families.
The Sequential Principle of Relative Culpability
Authors: Husak Douglas N.
Published: February 2009

A rational defense of the criminal law must provide a comprehensive theory of culpability. A comprehensive theory of culpability must resolve several difficult issues; in this article I will focus on only one. The general problem arises from the lack of a systematic account of relative culpability. An account of relative culpability would identify and defend a set of considerations to assess whether, why, under what circumstances, and to what extent persons who perform a criminal act with a given culpable state are more or less blameworthy than persons who perform that act with a different culpable state.
The Ethics of Advocacy
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2009

Nearly everyone is at times an advocate. By professional role, some people act quite regularly as advocates: lawyers, legislators, executives, merchants, and, in many contexts, educators. Lawyers often consider themselves obligated to maintain a special “zeal” toward their clients' interests, and there are many laws and principles of legal ethics that govern advocacy by attorneys. This article concerns the ethics of advocacy, not its legal aspects. Indeed, I cannot even address the full range of moral issues raised by advocacy; I focus mainly on an area rarely addressed by writers in legal ethics and insufficiently examined in the genral literature of ethics. It is the domain of individual conscience, the arena of internal states and processes, such as desires, beliefs, and thoughts. I am particularly interested in how moral standards apply to the use of reasons in the practice of advocacy. My broadest thesis is that advocacy needs an ethics of reasons, and not just of external behavior.
Why Omissions are Special
Authors: Simester A. P.
Published: February 2009

The criminal law presently distinguishes between actions and omissions, and only rarely proscribes failures to avert consequences that it would be an offense to bring about. Why? In recent years it has been persuasively argued by both Glover and Bennett that,celeris paribus, omissions to prevent a harm are just as culpable as are actions which bring that harm about. On the other hand, and acknowledging that hitherto “lawyers have not been very successful in finding a rationale for it,” Tony Honoré has sought to defend the law's differential treatment. He proposes a “distinct-duties theory” that in addition to the general duties we owe to everyone (e.g., not to inflict harm), we also owe distinct duties to a more limited collection of people and associations, specified by features of our relationship with them (we owe, for instance, duties as parents to our own children). Where a distinct duty holds, breach by omission may well be no better than breach by positive action. But absent a distinct duty, omissions, per Honoré, are less culpable. They are mere failures to intervene and improve or rectify things, whereas actions are positive interventions which make things worse. And, thus, the law has good reason to differentiate between them.
A Comment on “The Appeals Process as a Means of Error Correction,” by Steven Shavell
Authors: Schwartz Edward P.
Published: February 2009

In his most recent article, “The Appeals Process as a Means of Error Correction,” Steven Shavell asks a very important question: Why do we use a hierarchical court structure? The flip side of this inquiry is whether we might not be better off simply making our trial courts more efficient (in the sense of making them less error-prone). Although I certainly applaud the recent efforts of Shavell and other law and economics scholars to examine issues of institutional design, this particular attempt suffers from two major flaws. The first involves the asymmetric treatment of litigants before trial courts and appeals courts: Appellants can choose to either appeal cases or not, but the population of cases before the trial courts is assumed to be exogenous. This severely limits the ability to improve the efficiency of trial courts, leading to an overestimation of the value added from an appeals process. The second problem involves the behavior of judges, who are assumed to behave as automatons. Allowing judges to behave rationally dramatically changes the nature of the model's results, most fatally leading to the elimination of the separation equilibrium that Shavell wishes to achieve.
The Moral Magic of Consent
Authors: Hurd Heidi M.
Published: February 2009

We regularly wield powers that, upon close scrutiny, appear remarkably magical. By sheer exercise of will, we bring into existence things that have never existed before. With but a nod, we effect the disappearance of things that have long served as barriers to the actions of others. And, by mere resolve, we generate things that pose significant obstacles to others' exercise of liberty. What is the nature of these things that we create and destroy by our mere decision to do so? The answer: the rights and obligations of others. And by what seemingly magical means do we alter these rights and obligations? By making promises and issuing or revoking consent When we make promises, we generate obligations for ourselves, and when we give consent, we create rights for others. Since the rights and obligations that are affected by means of promising and consenting largely define the boundaries of permissible action, our exercise of these seemingly magical powers can significantly affect the lives and liberties of others.
The Ontological Status of Consent and its Implications for the Law on Rape
Authors: Malm H. M.
Published: February 2009

One of the dominant themes of the symposium from which this collection of articles arose was the ontological status of consent. Is consent a particular state of mind? Is it the signification of that state of mind via a conventionally recognized act? Or, is consent a normative concept that evaluates not only the presence of a state of mind or act, but also the appropriateness of that state of mind or act in the particular circumstances?
Rational Choice and Rational Cognition
Authors: Coleman Jules L.
Published: February 2009

There is a close but largely unexplored connection between law and economics and cognitive psychology. Law and economics applies economic models, modes of analysis, and argument to legal problems. Economic theory can be applied to legal problems for predictive, explanatory, or evaluative purposes. In explaining or assessing human action, economic theory presupposes a largely unarticulated account of rational, intentional action. Philosophers typically analyze intentional action in terms ofdesiresandbeliefs. I intend to perform some action because Ibelievethat it will (is likely to) produce an outcome that Idesire. This standard “belief-desire” model of action invokes what philosophers of psychology and action theorists aptly refer to as a “folk psychology.”
Explaining Economic Change:The Interplay Between Cognition and Institutions
Authors: Knight Jack , North Douglass
Published: February 2009

Economic theory is built on assumptions about human behavior—assumptions embodied in rational-choice theory. Underlying these assumptions are implicit notions about how we think and learn. These implicit notions are fundamentally important to social explanation. The very plausibility of the explanations that we develop out of rational-choice theory rests crucially on the accuracy of these notions about cognition and rationality. But there is a basic problem: There is often very little relationship between the assumptions that rational-choice theorists make and the way that humans actually act and learn in everyday life. This has significant implications for economic theory and practice. It leads to bad theories and inadequate explanations; it produces bad predictions and, thus, supports ineffective social policies.
Games Lawyers Play:Legal Discovery and Social Epistemology
Authors: Talbott William J. , Goldman Alvin I.
Published: February 2009

In the movieRegarding Henry, the main character, Henry Turner, is a lawyer who suffers brain damage as a result of being shot during a robbery. Before being wounded, the Old Henry Turner had been a successful lawyer, admired as a fierce competitor and well-known for his killer instinct. As a result of the injury to his brain, the New Henry Turner loses the personality traits that had made the Old Henry such a formidable adversary.
Two Puzzles from the Postscript
Authors: Soper Philip
Published: February 2009

Conversions occur in legal theory about as often as they do in religion, which is to say rarely—so rarely that they fascinate as much for the fact that they happen at all as for the reasons they happen. It should not surprise, then, that the Postscript to H.L.A. Hart's famous work on jurisprudence reveals “the outstanding English philosopher of law of the twentieth century” reaffirming, rather than revising in any significant way, the two central tenets that distinguish his theory from that of both classical natural law theorists and modern “new naturalists” like Ronald Dworkin: (1) There is no necessary connection between law and morality; and (2) judges inevitably confront cases where the decision is “not dictated by the law” and the judge “must act as a conscientious legislator would by deciding according to his own beliefs and values” (p. 273).
Legal Conventionalism
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: February 2009

There are two questions I would like to address in this article. The first and main question is whether there are rules of recognition, along the lines suggested by H.L.A. Hart. The second question concerns the age-old issue of the autonomy of law. One of the main purposes of this article is to show how these two issues are closely related. The concept of a social convention is the thread holding these two points tightly knit in one coil. Basically, I will argue that a novel account of social conventions can be employed to reestablish Hart's thesis about the rules of recognition, and that this same account shows why, and to what extent, law is partly an autonomous practice.
THE NEW KEYNESIAN PHILLIPS CURVE IN A TIME-VARYING COEFFICIENT ENVIRONMENT: SOME EUROPEAN EVIDENCE
Authors: Hondroyiannis George , Swamy P.A.V.B. , Tavlas George S.
Published: February 2009

We examine whether the importance of lagged inflation in the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) may be a result of specification biases. NKPCs are estimated for four countries: France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Using time-varying coefficient (TVC) estimation, a procedure that can deal with possible specification biases, we find support for the NKPC model that excludes lagged inflation. Our results indicate a Phillips-curve relationship for the countries considered that does not contain an inertial element.
A BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION APPROACH TO MONETARY AGGREGATION
Authors: Serletis Apostolos
Published: February 2009

In this article we use Bayesian classification and finite mixture models to extract information from the MSI database (maintained by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis) and construct a new set of non-nested monetary aggregates (under the Divisia aggregation procedure) based on statistical similarities and multidimensional structures. We also use recent advances in the fields of applied econometrics, dynamical systems theory, and statistical physics to investigate the relationship between the new money measures and economic activity. The empirical results offer practical evidence in favor of this approach to monetary aggregation.
A social marketing approach to improving the nutrition of low-income women and children: an initial focus group study
Authors: Hampson Sarah E , Martin Julia , Jorgensen Jenel , Barker Mary
Published: February 2009

Objective

To identify approaches for interventions to improve the nutrition of low-income women and children.

Design

Seven focus groups were conducted with low-income women caring for young children in their households. They discussed shopping, eating at home, eating out and healthy eating. The discussions were recorded and subjected to qualitative thematic analysis.

Setting

A semi-rural community in Oregon, USA.

Subjects

There were seventy-four women (74 % White), most of whom were 18–29 years old.

Results

Four broad themes were identified, i.e. cost-consciousness, convenience, social influences and health issues.

Conclusions

The target population would benefit from improved understanding of what constitutes a balanced diet, with a greater emphasis on a more central role for fruit and vegetables. To persuade this population to change their eating habits, it will be necessary to convince them that healthful food can be low-cost, convenient and palatable for children. Comparing findings from the present study with a similar one in the UK suggests that the US women faced many of the same barriers to healthy eating but displayed less helplessness.
The Ottawa Process and the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty
Authors: Goose Stephen D.
Published: February 2009

Between 3 and 4 December 1997, 122 governments signed theConvention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and On Their Destruction, marking the first time in history that die international community banned a weapon that is already in widespread use.

Tens of millions of landmines are emplaced in about 70 nations. Another 100–200 million anti-personnel landmines are believed to be in the arsenals of more than 100 governments. Although militaries around the world have used antipersonnel landmines for decades, this treaty banning the weapon was proposed, developed, negotiated and signed in record time in recognition of the humanitarian imperative ‘to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines mat kill or maim hundreds of people every week, mostly innocent and defenceless civilians and especially children, obstruct economic development and reconstruction, inhibit the repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons, and have other severe consequences for years after emplacement’.
The ‘Sandline Affair’: Papua New Guinea Resorts to Mercenarism to End the Bougainville Conflict
Authors: McCormack Tim
Published: February 2009

For at least a decade, die Government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been engaged in armed efforts to terminate a secessionist movement on the island of Bougainville off the South East coast of the PNG mainland. In late 1996, the government agreed to hire the firm of Sandline International to provide mercenary assistance, in a desperate bid to regain effective control of Bougainville. In an ironical twist to the cycle of violence and missed opportunities for peaceful resolution of the conflict, the controversial decision to engage Sandline proved to be the very catalyst to facilitate a process which appears to offer a real prospect for a negotiated settlement to the dispute.

The public disclosure of the decision of the then-Prime Minister, Sir Julius Chan, to resort to mercenarism was condemned by regional governments and resulted in widespread civil disturbance in PNG. Ultimately, the Chan Government was overthrown in a general election and the new government of Prime Minister Bill Skate has participated in the negotiation of an agreement to establish an independent Truce Monitoring Group and an end to me Bougainville conflict.
The Fall of Srebrenica and the Attitude of Dutchbat from an International Legal Perspective
Authors: Siekmann Robert C.R.
Published: February 2009

In the introduction to their bookSrebrenica: Record of a War Crime, political scientists Jan Willem Honig and Norbert Both write: ‘“Srebrenica” has become synonymous with such an extraordinarily horrific crime that exceptional explanations have been proposed. Stories of conspiracy and betrayal abound. The most popular theory is that Srebrenica fell as the result of a plot involving senior UN personnel, the French government and the Serbian government. Others place the blame firmly on the Dutch UN soldiers, whom they accuse of cowardice during the Serb offensive against the safe area. We reject these explanations. Conspiracy theories tend to be neatly constructed so that every decision, or failure to decide, seems to stem from sinister ulterior motives. They leave no room for the dilemmas of real life, nor for miscommunication or outright failure. As such, they rarely bring us closer to the truth, and more often create a fertile breeding ground for dangerous stab-in-the-back myths’ Honig and Both claim that final culpability should, without a doubt, be attributed to the highest Serb officials and officers who organised the crime and gave the orders for its perpetration. The systematic manner in which the crime was committed, the evidence that detailed plans had been drawn up and that procedures established earlier had been painstakingly carried out — all this points to the direct responsibility of the Bosnian Serb leadership in Pale. Moreover, the Serbian leadership in Belgrade had given, if not the order, then still its tacit consent.
Report by the Enquiry Commission on the Behaviour of Italian Peace-keeping troops in Somalia
Authors: Lupi Natalia
Published: February 2009

Following the collapse of Somalia into a state of general anarchy after the fall of Siad Barre's regime, the UN Security Council, on 24 April 1992, adopted Resolution 751 with which, under the direction of the Secretary-General, it created the UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia) mission. The duty of UNOSOM was to supervise both the ceasefire between the fighting factions and the distribution of humanitarian aid.

When the situation worsened, the Security Council adopted Resolution 794 on 3 December 1992 under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, authorizing the creation of UNITAF (Unified Task Force) under the command of the United States. UNITAF's mandate was to create a safe environment for humanitarian aid and for reconstruction. With Resolution 814 of 16 March 1993, the Security Council entrusted the UN Secretary-General with the command of operation UNOSOM II, which took over from the international task force directed by the United States and concluded its mandate in 1994.
Canadian Implementing Legislation for the Rome Statute
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: February 2009

Canada has been very much at the centre of the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) since the momentum shifted in late-1994 from the International Law Commission (ILC) to more broadly representative bodies established by the General Assembly. It was Canada that chaired the ‘like-minded’, a group of states active during the several sessions of the Preparatory Committee and during the Diplomatic Conference in Rome from 15 June to 17 July 1998. The ‘like-minded’ were committed to invigorating the ILC's draft statute by enhancing the independence of the Prosecutor and trimming the sails of the Security Council. At Rome, Canadian diplomat Philippe Kirsch was elected chair of the Committee of the Whole, and he directed the intense negotiations throughout the five-week session. Kirsch crafted the final package of compromises that was submitted to the Conference at its close, on the morning of 17 July, and that succeeded in rallying the vast majority of delegations when put to a vote later that day. Since then, Kirsch and his team have presided over the ongoing work of the Preparatory Commission.
Is Genocide a Crime Unknown to Australian Law? Nulyarimma v. Thompson
Authors: Mitchell Andrew D.
Published: February 2009

While it is clear that international treaties become part of Australian domestic law only once implemented by domestic legislation, it is less certain whether implementing legislation is required to incorporate customary international law into Australian law. This question is assuming a new importance as international law moves beyond dealing simply with relationships between sovereign nations to protecting the human rights of groups and individuals within states. Since the arrival of Europeans, indigenous Australians have witnessed enormous violations of their human rights. InNulyarimmav.Thompson, members of the Aboriginal community alleged that certain Commonwealth Ministers and Members of Parliament had committed genocide, and sought various remedies. Since Australia has not implemented the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by legislation, the case squarely raised the issue of whether customary international law, and in particular international criminal law, could become part of Australian law without the assistance of Parliament.
Transitional Justice in Afghanistan: Confronting Violations of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
Authors: Danchin Peter G.
Published: February 2009

After more than two decades of war and foreign interventions, including the recent US-led military campaign following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Afghanistan has now entered a period of transition and rebuilding. It joins a host of other countries — from South Africa to Sierra Leone to East Timor — seeking to move from a repressive and violent past to a future based on democracy, the rule of law and respect for fundamental human rights and international humanitarian law. Afghanistan presents one of the most confronting case studies of ‘transitional justice’, what Teitel has described as the issue of how societies deal with their ‘evil pasts’.
The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention
Authors: Happold Matthew
Published: February 2009

On 5 December 2001, a conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention concerning the application of international humanitarian law in the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem, took place in Geneva.
The Control System Under the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954 and its Second Protocol
Authors: Hladik Jan
Published: February 2009

This article examines the control system under the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954 (the Convention) and its Second Protocol (the Protocol). It is divided into three parts. Part 1 introduces the control system and provides some examples of its implementation; Part 2 focuses on the evaluation of the control system during a recent review of the Convention; and Part 3 compares the control system under the Convention with that under the Second Protocol to the Convention.
What future for the doctrine of belligerent reprisals?
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: February 2009

Throughout its extensive history, the doctrine of belligerent reprisals has caused controversy and provoked debate, none more so than in the Twentieth Century, with its unprecedented developments in the codification of the laws of armed conflict. Belligerent reprisals areprima facieunlawful acts taken against a party to an armed conflict that is violating the law for the purpose of coercing that party to cease its unlawful conduct. Owing to this law enforcement function, belligerent reprisals have historically been treated as lawful acts, provided that they have been carried out in observance of a number of established principles. The rules laid down in international humanitarian law have increasingly limited the scope for taking reprisals by excluding certain categories of persons and objects from being the lawful targets of reprisal actions. While palpable disagreement exists regarding the customary status of the law pertaining to belligerent reprisals, more fundamental dispute arises in relation to the desirability of the actual institution of belligerent reprisals itself.
Establishing the responsibility of the Khmer Rouge leadership for international crimes
Authors: Boyle David
Published: February 2009

Dragged reluctantly into the debate over Khmer Rouge accountability, the United Nations Secretariat has spent the last five years attempting to find a mutually acceptable judicial structure to try the leaders of the former government of Cambodia for international crimes committed between 1975 and 1979.

In response to a request for aid from the Cambodian government in June 1997, the UN originally came down in favour of establishing a thirdad hocInternational Criminal Tribunal. Taking that proposal as a starting point, this paper documents the series of events leading the Organisation towards unwilling participation in potentially unjust domestic trials after Cambodia's refusal of the UN proposal. Each time the negotiations seemed to have broken down, the UN and Cambodia came under pressure from certain Member States to return to the negotiating table. Beset with its responsibility in supporting the Khmer Rouge after the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, the UN compromised successively concerning the nature of the court (part 3) and its structure (part 4). A consensus finally seemed to have been reached in July 2000, when a UN negotiating team left Phnom Penh with a draft Memorandum of Understanding concerning ‘significant international co-operation’ in trials before ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ of the Cambodian courts (the ‘draft MOU’). However, the law finally promulgated on 10 August 2001 in order to set up these Chambers (the ‘Tribunal Law’) was not entirely consistent with the terms of the draft MOU, the exact legal status of which then became a bone of contention (part 5).
The first OPCW Review Conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Trapp Ralf , Tabassi Lisa
Published: February 2009

The First Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (the First Review Conference) was convened by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) from 28 April to 9 May 2003 in The Hague, the Netherlands. This article examines the mandate of the Review Conference, as stipulated by the Chemical Weapons Convention (Convention or CWC), the preparations undertaken by the OPCW and its Member States, the issues that could have been raised, and those that were addressed in the Political Declaration and the Report adopted by the First Review Conference.