bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reconciliation Of Aesthetic Traditions
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

The rhetoric of engineers and architects and the general literature describing industrial facilities provides a means of recognizing the aesthetic component of industrial architecture-a content that has often been overlooked by casual observers, architects, and critics. The existence of any artistic intent on the part of factory designers has even been questioned because of the bias of commentators trained in the formal arts against the design work of engineers. Critics have looked for familiar architectural ornament at the expense of appreciating the functional aspects of industrial building designs and the competent, sometimes even innovative, engineering. They have admired factories that could be compared favorably to other building types, as if no other means of evaluation could be imagined. As the evidence presented in this chapter suggests, an understanding of the industrial aesthetic lies in a different direction. It must be grounded in the appropriate context the pragmatic and progressive fields of engineering and industry.
Gentleman Capitalists
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Perhaps nowhere in the world can individual slaves and their masters be better seen than at “Gowrie,” a Georgia rice plantation eight miles upstream from Savannah. There-on an estate situated like a girdle across the waist of long, thin Argyle Island-Charles Manigault and his son Louis deployed about one hundred slaves in order to make themselves richer than Charles’s older South Carolina plantation alone would have ensured. The characters of their slaves were diverse, and fear and the desire to get on with the holders of power led them to dissemble. The glimpse of a slave’s countenance at Gowrie is therefore often enigmatic, as well as tantalizingly brief; yet dozens of individual faces are visible. Across the muddy waters of a century and a half, an event in the slaves’ lives can sometimes be seen as clearly as-on December 24, 1864- Confederate soldiers retreating before General Sherman’s army could view (across the turbid currents of “Savannah Back River”) the flames consuming the wooden structure of Louis Manigault’s beloved rice-pounding mill.
Frances kemble
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Sixty miles south of Gowrie, and athwart Georgia’s Altamaha River, lay a rice plantation which gained notoriety in 1859 through the well-publicized, two-day auction of hundreds of its slaves, reported at length in the New York Tribune. Permanent fame came to Butler Island four years later when a remarkable Englishwoman, Frances Kemble, published her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-1839. The estate described by Kemble was indirectly connected to Charles Manigault’s family: for a favorite niece of Charles’s, Gabriella Manigault Morris (Butler), was married to its coproprietor, John Butler of Philadelphia.1 In 1834 the actress Frances Kemble-a younger member of Britain’s foremost acting family-had ruined her life by marrying the other proprietor, Pierce Butler, thus setting the stage for her traumatic confrontation with life on a Georgia rice plantation (see genealogical table 16).
The Capitalist as Rice Planter
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Such was the fame of Robert Allston’s “Celebrated Georgetown [rice] seed” (grown on South Carolina’s Pee Dee River seventy miles north of Charleston) that in 1858 the penny-pinching Charles Manigault had paid a 37 percent premium, and taken considerable trouble, to get his hands on a supply.1 The times were good for Allston. In 1853 his rice alone sold for $43,500 (yielding a net revenue of perhaps $35,000).2 At that time the most prosperous merchant in Charleston could hope for little more than $16,000 profits in a year, and the best-paid Charleston lawyer earned no more than about $9,000. Allston-keen to lure his son Benjamin into planting, and to consolidate his own operations-in 1859 bought (or assumed liability for the purchase of) some 192 slaves.3 About this time he was also buying 450 additional acres of rice land for himself and Benjamin. He was a hardworking man who, unlike many of his rich neighbors, eschewed Charleston during the long summers, residing instead at Pawleys Island on the Atlantic, whence he could journey often to supervise personally the management of his estate. When Adele Petigru-a member of one of the liveliest families in Charleston-had married Allston in 1832, she knew she was exiling herself for most of the year from South Carolina’s social capital, and her sisters had tried to dissuade her from doing so. Beginning in about 1855, however, Allston’s daughters were sent to Charleston to Madame de Togno’s finishing school (where all the boarders had to speak French); and in 1857 Allston bought what was reputed “the finest establishment in Charleston.”
The Confined and the Accused
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

Kenneth Donaldson spent fourteen years in the Florida state hospital. Originally diagnosed as a “paranoid schizophrenic” in 1957, he spent most of those years in a locked room with fifty-nine other patients. His “treatment” consisted of an average of about fourteen minutes per year with a psychiatrist. Although never diagnosed as dangerous to himself or to others, he was not allowed to participate in occupational therapy programs and was denied grounds privileges that would allow him to leave his room. After suing the state of Florida for violating his constitutional rights, Donaldson was finally released in 1971. Three years later, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld his release in a decision that considered “for the first time the far-reaching question of whether the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees a right to treatment to persons involuntarily civilly committed to state mental hospitals.”
Conclusion: New Rules for American Society
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: October 2023

What kind of society do we wish to live in? What values do we want to guide us in the making of law and policy? What rules do we want to govern how we relate to each other, as individuals and as groups? These are fundamental questions of political philosophy. They are also the questions at the heart of the debate over the place of rights in American society. I began this book with a fable about a hypothetical Reitz van Winkle who fell asleep in the 1950s and awoke forty years later, astonished at how much American society had changed. The point of the story was that the really significant changes did not involve technology or styles of dress but were reflected in the new rules about how people live and the new opportunities available to them. In chapter 1 I reviewed a series of harsh critics of contemporary American society who, although they represented very different political persuasions, essentially agreed that some or all of our most serious problems were the result of this tremendous expansion in individual rights. Even those liberals and leftists who celebrate the civil rights movement as one of the great achievements in American history worry that it unleashed a destructive “identity politics” that threatens our political system.
The Fundamental Conundrum
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Any effort to articulate a theory of religious freedom, I will argue in this chapter, founders on a basic theoretical conundrum. The function of a theory of religious freedom is to mediate among a variety of competing religious and secular positions and interests, or to explain how government ought to deal with these competing positions and interests. To perform that function, however, the theory will tacitly but inevitably privilege, or prefer in advance, one of those positions while rejecting or discounting others. But a theory that privileges one of the competing positions and rejects others a priori is not truly a theory of religious freedom at all-or, at least, it is not the sort of theory that modern proponents of religious freedom have sought to develop. This is a simple statement of the conundrum; my purpose in this chapter is to elaborate the problem. The argument must begin by emphasizing a fact that is perhaps obvious but is also, I think, underappreciated: Theories of religious freedom are not self-subsistent, nor are they created ex nihilo. A theory of religious freedom is not sound or unsound, convincing or unconvincing, in the abstract. Rather, any account of religious freedom will necessarily depend on - and hence will stand or fall along with - more basic background beliefs concerning matters of religion and theology, the proper role of government, and “human nature.”
The Rise of the CUP in Ottoman Politics: The Formative Years of the Committee
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

The first nucleus of the CUP can be traced to the Royal Medical Academy. In 1889 an active student movement began there and spread even to the Empire’s high schools.1 This political opposition movement• had its inception at a medical school because of the impact of biological materialist ideology prevailing there, which evoked for the students a vision of an ideal society0far removed from their experience. In the mid-1880s, students at the Royal Medical Academy began to take an active interest in ways to organize an opposition to the regime of Abdülhamid II. Even prior to• establishment of the• CUP, the doings of antiestablishment student were discussed among other students of this school and other royal colleges.
Organizational Transformation of the CUP, 1889-1902
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

The weft of the fabric of the Young Turk movement was its distinct ideology. During the CUP’s formative phase, this positivist, social Darwinist, and biological materialist dogma was conspicuous. Later, as various groups gathered beneath the CUP banner, the motivating ideology had to be submerged, and evidence for it was barely visible, as if veiled by a mist. Today only a careful reader able to ferret meaning from between the lines will discern that this philosophy continued to lead during the later phase of the CUP. Intellectual members came to the CUP already knowledgeable about its ideological basis. An entire generation having become imbued with western ideas while attending college in the Ottoman Empire had embraced this philosophy, so fundamental to the original Young Turks. It is misleading, therefore, to study the “lists of detrimental individuals” prepared by Ottoman ambassadors. Because evidence of support for the Young Turks cannot be found in the highly censored Ottoman press, one might easily conclude that every intellectual was an admirer of the sultan there are so many praises of the sovereign. For instance, a person who praised the sultan lavishly in a domestic journal expressed his enmity only after he fled to Egypt and became a participant in the Young Turk movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü
Published: October 2023

Until 1902, the CUP was an umbrella organization composed of loosely affiliated factions. The term factionis insufficient to describe the component groups of the CUP, because they functioned almost as independent groups and some eventually adopted independent courses, even severing ties with the center. This was far beyond the simple factioning typically observed in political parties, such as that within the Russian Social Democratic Labor party. One can find remarkably little in common among the factions composing the CUP other than the Young Turk Weltanschauungand the wish to dethrone Abdülhamid IL With the exception of members who were ulema and who joined the CUP when the founders were trying to expand, all members embraced the common Weltanschauung,regardless of their various political activities.Many important figures in the CUP later undertook diverse political roles. Two of the founders-ibrahim Temo and Abdullah Cevdet became fierce opponents of the CUP after 1908 and together inaugurated the Ottoman Democratic party. Mehmed Re id remained loyal to the CUP and served as governor after the revolution. As to the most notable Young Turk figures, Sabahaddin Bey led an opposition against the CUP and thus became a symbolic figure, and Hoca Kadri and Hoca Muhiddin launched an ulema opposition against the CUP.
Strategies of Research
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses three of the primary methods available for the study of the effects of imprisonment on crime rates. The first section examines the survey research of convicted offenders, the primary research method used in the 1980s, and the basis for most of the estimates of individual crime rates mentioned in the current literature. The second section discusses studies based on official records that have been obtained for samples of offenders and that have been analyzed for evidence of the effect of increased restraint on crime rates. This method was a major focus of research efforts in the 1970s, when it accounted for the majority of published research on the topic. A third section deals with the study of crime rates over time in communities where large shifts in incarceration policy have recently occurred. The identification and assessment of such “natural experiments” in incarceration policy have not been a major feature of incapacitation research to date, but should be in the future.
Of Cost and Benefit
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses attempts to measure the public and private costs of crime in dollar amounts and to translate those cost estimates into dollar sums that represent the monetary value of crimes prevented as a result of incapacitation. There is no logical reason why a study of incapacitation should have to analyze the monetary cost of crime. It is not difficult to imagine a sustained dialogue about the incapacitation effects of imprisonment in which crime prevention benefits were not converted into monetary values. Indeed no extensive monetization associated with the discussion of incapacitation effects existed until quite recently.
A Changing Profession
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

The days of the middle-aged male (three-piece suit, cigar-smoking, home in Rosedale, with wife and three kids) as the image of a lawyer are going. I am single, female, live alone, socialize in bars, go to rock shows, and people I meet are surprised that I am a lawyer. I reply that there are lots of lawyers like me, that I’m not unusual. There may be no setting more significant than the legal profession for observing the advances and setbacks that women today are experiencing in a changing world that structures work and family roles. Lawyers are often powerful players in the organization of social, economic, and political life, and women, often acting as lawyers, are now participants in these arenas of public and private influence.
Beginning to Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

Though I am very satisfied with my job, I might have waited and looked for other positions with other firms before taking my present position, had the job market not been so tight. But my name and family background probably helped me. My father was well known in the investment business, and I come from a very WASP Toronto family. On the other hand my marks and ability are very good, so I believe the employers wanted me more for my ability than family connections.
Careers in Conflict
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

I find the gap between my views and the male lawyers I went to school with to be growing as we have children. I don Y understand why making so much money is so important to them that they are prepared to work long hours and participate in family life so little. These are thoughtful, intelligent men but they seem to be settling into very traditional fifties-style Jamily patterns. Its only my women lawyer friends who question the value of the long hours and do something about it. Generally speaking, I can tell you I’m weary of breaking new ground as a woman. Maybe in my next life I’ll go into a socalled womens profession.
Experimental Alternatives to Slavery, 1791–1833
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

During the final reading in the House of Commons of the bill to abolish the slave trade in 1807, the most vigorous West Indian defender of the status quo observed, “But we are not now in the case of debating whether our colonies shall or shall not be cultivated by slaves from Africa; they are and ever have been so cultivated; and we know at least that their prosperity has been hitherto dependent upon occasional supplies of the same description of imported population. All the rest is experiment merely, and theory, contradicted too by all that we know from fact and experience.”
The Mighty Experiment
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

The Slave Emancipation Bill came before Parliament after three years of increasing pressure from without. The slavery question, described as being in a “torpor” by the Anti-Slavery Reporter toward the end of 1829, was transformed a year later. The abolitionists began and ended their final thrust with their traditional weapon.
The Experiment Eroded
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

Even as the international antislavery convention celebrated victories and anticipated victories from the Atlantic to the Indian oceans, deep shadows were beginning to fall over the great experiment. With the ending of apprenticeship, the price of sugar to the British consumer rose to a height not equaled since the end of the Napoleonic wars a generation before. In the months after the convention, consumers were paying nearly 60 percent more for their sugar than the average price during apprenticeship, itself a 40 percent rise over the final years of slavery.
“New Negro” Radicalism
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: October 2023

World War I shifted Afro-Americans from southern farms to northern cities, Africans from villages to European battlefields, blacks from the West Indies to New York, London, and Paris. The idealism of the war-democracy for all, self-determination, etc. along with the revolution in Russia raised expectations of blacks throughout the world. “New Negro” radicalism was an American expression of that new consciousness. A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen began the publication of The Messenger, “the only radical Negro magazine,” in 1917. W. E. B. DuBois had been editor of the NAACP’s Crisis since its birth in 1910. Along with other Harlem radicals, these men considered themselves Marxists who were calling for a radical transformation of the American economic and social order so as to make a fair world for black men and women. It was out of such radicalism that the “New Negro” was defined. The assertion was far-reaching: demands for new social order, demands that blacks fight back against terror and violence, demands that blacks reconsider their notions of beauty, demands that Africa be freed from the bonds of imperialism. Only a small selection of this journalism can be included here to give a sense of its flavor and quality.
Monuments: Idols Of The Emperor
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

A strangled cry breaks the frightening silence which hangs over the crowd. The column shakes. All eyes are fixed on the colossus atop the huge cylinder of bronze and granite as the metal cracks. Oscillating its full length for an instant, the column crashes down. A muffled impact of shattering metal mixes with the breaking of brush and clouds of dust rise in the air. At that instant an immense clamor breaks out from the crowd, and cries ring out, “Vive la Republique! Vive la Commune!” The debris rains down on a site of mathematical elegance, a vast octagon, paved in stone. The architecture of the “Grand Siecle” is borne majestically around the perimeter of the octagon; the Roman arcades of the ground floor are crowned by Mansart’s roofs, framed by silent windows and Corinthian columns. The space is an area stunning in the grandeur of its horizontal expanse, lines of sight unbroken except for one feature: in the exact center of the octagon, a massive pedestal and, for more than half a century, a huge column, forty-three and a half meters high, bronze and granite; at the summit, a statue of the Emperor.
Words: The Grammar Of History
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

From the world of accelerated numbers in the last chapter, I turn to the universe of words. My discussion talces me momentarily back to the events at the Place Vendome in search of what I shall soon problematically call an “image” of memory. With the destruction of the Vendome Column, a notable disagreement took place between two of the radical papers the next day. La Commune floridly endorsed the action, condemning “this monument which, in a word, was raised with nothing but French cadavers.” This in itself was predictable, yet the report continued with a commentary on a suggestion by Le Mot d)ordre that L’Histoire du consulat et de Pempire by Adolphe Thiers should be talcen to the debris and burned at the base of the column. The burning of the highly regarded history of the Napoleonic regimes by the chief of the Versailles government would have seemed perfectly justified-after all, the Communards had no problem about razing Thiers’ home in Paris.
Bodies: The Third Convolution
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

Two days before Christmas, 1877, Madame H. was admitted to the medical clinic in Yonne. Eighteen months before, she had been stricken by attacks of apoplexy and aphasia. At the end of a year, the paralytic episodes had partially subsided, though without any improvement in her aphasic condition. Her specialist, one Dr. Rousseau, noted that she remained completely lucid and took care of all her own affairs, but that when she went out, she needed to be accompanied by someone “to serve her as an interpreter.” Rousseau’s clinical reports, circulated under the title Observation et autopsie d’une aphasique (1882), went on to trace the gradual mental, emotional, and physical decline of a woman afflicted with what would ultimately prove a “destructive lesion” on her brain. After periods of intermittent melancholy, weeping, hallucinations, and agitation, Madame H. fell into a perpetual sadness. The doctor reported: “Her vocabulary is composed of only a few words; in writing she can only sign her name no matter what phrase is dictated to her; her dumb show is vivid and expressive; she reads her prayer book continually, without us being able to say whether or not she truly understands the texts before her eyes. The clinical descriptions describe well Madame H. ‘s particular malady: aphasia. Between the interpreter who accompanied her, the loss of vocabulary, the terrifying limitation in writing to her own name, what Rousseau traced in the degeneration of his patient was a strange and complex disorder whose symptoms could nonetheless be simply described: a gradual isolation from language.
Spectacles: Machineries of Magic
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

One day by chance, journalist Michel Georges-Michel found himself at the cinema with the world’s most famous living philosopher, Henri Bergson. “It is thus one day that we found ourselves in a movie theater where he spoke to me of these spectacles which have such a large role in modern life: ‘The philosopher should be interested in everything,’ he said, ‘in everything which influences the masses as well as everything which touches the elite.’ “ Sharing what he has learned from the cinema, Bergson evoked the racecourse images of the Romantic painter Gericault, famous for incorrectly rendering horses’ legs fully extended while running. “The cinema taught me that the vision of Gericault was the exact apparent vision ... and from that you can imagine what a philosopher could deduce about the apparent exactitude and the exactitude reele.” Invited to the philosopher’s garden at Clermont, Georges- Michel takes in the afternoon sun while Bergson tends his roses.
A Short History and Some Clinical Aspects
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Essential hypertension (EH) was recognized as a specific disorder a little more than 100 years ago, not long after accurate methods for measuring

blood pressure (BP) were first developed. Tests for distinguishing EH from the various types of secondary hypertension are even more recent. The clinical definition of hypertension as distinct from normotension is arbitrary and is based on epidemiological analysis of cardiovascular risk. Effective antihypertensive drug treatment reduces this risk.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a primary respiratory disorder, to which obese persons are more susceptible than those who are lean. It gives rise to nocturnal hypertension and, in a proportion of subjects, also to daytime hypertension. In this chapter, some of the features of OSA and its clinical physiology are considered briefly, followed by a discussion of the mechanisms that contribute to the autonomic cardiovascular changes. The responses have features of the diving response of marine mammals and to arterial hypoxia of some terrestrial species. Both conserve O2 and represent distinctive variants of the defense response from the “ready-for-action” variants of exercise and mental stress. The daytime rise in BP depends on repeated nocturnal arousals with unpleasant associations, not unlike the response to mental stress. However, the rise in BP is smaller than in stress-related EH, and the synaptic strengthening also appears to be of a different kind. Moreover, the diurnal elevation of BP affects both lean and obese people, whose BP may be normal or raised.
Two Syndromes of Essential Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

The key to better understanding of the pathogenesis of EH has been to take a less introspective position on how the ANS regulates the circulation, by reassessing how it responds to the world around us. Accordingly, the chapter begins with a brief review of the variants of the defense response and sensitization of the defense pathway that initiates EH.
The Historical and Moral-Philosophical Dimensions of the Feminine
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

The texts dealt with up until now have viewed female nature as an ahistorical entity. The relegation of woman to the realm of sensation, in contrast to man’s rational orientation, was justified by means of arguments from sensory physiology and epistemology. The centuries-old “metaphysics of gender” in its specifically eighteenth-century version has been thrown into relief against the background of the shift in epistemological paradigm.
The Female Reduced to Natural Instinct
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

While Rousseau scarcely presented the history of female nature explicitly, his successors attempted to distinguish the male and female components of the non-gender-specific construction homme nature. In the 1780s Choderlos de Laclos wrote three essays that were collected under the title of the second, Des femmes et de leur éducation (On Women and Their Education).
Democracy in Other Parts of the World
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

The democratic form of government exists today, or has been tried, in every comer of the world. In some parts, it has been planted only recently, and perhaps in infertile soil, and so it is not very surprising that it has not taken firm root. We shall, therefore, not canvas every country that has now, or has had in the past, democratic institutions. Instead, we shall briefly survey problem and constitutional issues as they arise in different parts of the world, beginning with Europe where democratic institutions have in most countries taken firm root.
The Constitutional Premise
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

A constitution can be thought of as the set of rules that define a community ‘s political institutions. By this definition all communities, even dictatorships, have a constitution. In many cases history delineates the boundaries of the community and writes the provisions in its constitution. Great Britain is a collection of disparate peoples formed into a political community by a history of wars both among themselves and against common enemies. Its constitution, like the political community it defines, has evolved through a series of steps large and small over the course of centuries.
Why Have Government?
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Rousseau like Thomas Hobbes before him reasoned that government emerged to control the clash of interests that existed in anarchy and to satisfy the common interests of the community. The contractarians ‘ depiction of anarchy as a clash of interests resembles the economist ‘s description of the clash of interests that occurs when individuals meet and compete for scarce resources in the marketplace. When analyzing this competitive struggle, economists generally assume that individuals act rationally to advance their well-defined interests. This behavioral postulate underlies the study of politics in the branch of economics called “public choice,” and is increasingly assumed in more formal work in political science and sociology. It is the assumption about human behavior that we shall adopt throughout this book.
Representative Democracy: Proportional Representation
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

In the first place, it secures a representation, in proportion to numbers, of every division of the electoral body-not two great parties alone, with perhaps a few large sectional minorities in particular places, but every minority in the whole nation, consisting of a sufficiently large number to be, on principles of equal justice, entitled to a representative. Secondly, no elector would, as at present, be nominally represented by someone whom he had not chosen. Every member of the House would be the representative of a unanimous constituency. He would represent a thousand electors, or two thousand, or five thou sand, or ten thousand, as the quota might be, every one of whom would have not only voted for him, but selected him from the whole country, not merely from the assortment of two or three perhaps rotten oranges which may be the only choice offered to him in his local market.
The Two Systems of Representation Compared
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

Of all modes in which a national representation can possibly be constituted, this one [Hare ‘s proportional representation] affords the best security for the intellectual qualifications desirable in the representatives. At present, by universal admission, it is becoming more and more difficult for anyone who has only talents and character to gain admission into the House of Commons. The only persons who can get elected are those who possess local influence or make their way by lavish expenditure, or who, on the invitation of three or four tradesmen or attorneys, are sent down by one of the two great parties from their London clubs as men whose votes the party can depend on under all circumstances. On Mr. Hare ‘s system, those who did not like the local candidates, or who could not succeed in carrying the local candidate they preferred, would have the power to fill up their voting papers by a selection from all the persons of national reputation, on the list of candidates, with whose general political principles they were in sympathy.
The Market and the State
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

One of if not the most prominent difference between capitalist-market economies and socialist economies is generally thought to lie in the extent to which property rights exist in a capitalist society and the incentives they provide for exchange and investment. When communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Western economists were quick to stress the need to establish property rights.

The potential gains from a system of property rights are easy to see. Imagine a village located near an apple orchard. No one owns the orchard, and the villagers help themselves to its apples in the fall. Each villager tries to pick only the largest, juiciest apples. Each picks as fast as possible to get the most of the best. Many apples are wasted.
The Executive Branch
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

There exist two fundamentally different views regarding the function of the executive in a republican form of government. One sees the executive as agent of the legislature, the administrators who expeditiously carry out the policies enacted by the legislature. The other sees the executive as a balance to the legislature, a separate location of legitimate authority that acts as a check on the legislature. In their extreme form these two views of the proper role of the executive are diametrically opposed. The U.S. Constitution is generally cited as the embodiment of the checks and balance view, although a good argument can be made that the original intent of the Founding Fathers in defining the executive branch was to promote the efficient execution of the work of the Congress (Fisher, 1972, pp. 15-16, 26). We begin by developing the efficiency view of the executive, and take up the checks and balances rationale later in the chapter.
The Judiciary
Authors: Mueller Dennis C
Published: October 2023

We think of a constitution as a contract joined by all citizens of a country to advance their common interests. Like all contracts the constitution may be vulnerable to the opportunistic behavior of the parties to it. Institutions are needed to enforce the constitutional contract and to arbitrate disputes among the citizens over its content. To advance the common interests of the citizens, institutions must be established to reveal what the common interests are, and to carry out the actions required to advance them-a legislature and an executive. But in so doing the citizens create agents, who will seek to advance their own interests; thus the citizens create the Sorcerer ‘s apprentice problem. A second possible role for the judiciary is as agent of the citizens to protect them from the actions of their agents in the other two “more dangerous” branches.
Female Virtue and Public Order
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Two generations after the American Revolution, French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville set out to explain American democracy to Europeans as they struggled through their own revolutionary times. In Democracy in America, Tocqueville wrote the definitive :111alysis of democratic society and government at the very moment when such new societies were being founded throughout the West, framing an account of the workings of democratic life that has lasted to the present day.
The Origins of Libertinism
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

The gap between those who came of age in the 1890s and those who were young adults in the 1920s is as great as that between any two other generations in the nation’s history. On one side stand the last children of the Victorian world; on the other the first inhabitants of a new regime that became the basis of contemporary sexual culture. During this stretch of years all of the forces that make up a sexual paradigm-social behaviors, intellectual understandings, and legal rules-changed or moved toward change. Sexual behavior changed first and probably most. Immigration, industrialization, urbanization, and consumer culture created a new world of sexual possibilities. Sex became a means of self-expression crucial to personal identity. But theory also was in play. From the publication ofDarwin’s key works in 1859 and 1871, to the new models of human sexuality put forward by British psychologist Havelock Ellis and Austrian physician Sigmund Freud at the turn of the century, the rationalist ideals of nineteenth-century sex reform mutated into the biologically determined demands of a primal sex drive.
Hard Bargains
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

In 1879 Mabel Loomis Todd wrote in her diary: The night brought us very near to each other. The physical effect of our close communion was unlike anything I ever experienced-it was enjoyment, and yet it was hard for me to feel the same kind of intensity as before-it was a thrilling sort of breathlessness-but at last it came-the same beautiful climax offeeling I know so well.
Virginia Woolf The Book Unbound
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

As we turn to Virginia Woolf and her work during the last decade of her life, we might begin by considering her on an April day in 1937. She sits in a room with three earnest young men-Julian Bell, Kingsley Martin, and Stephen Spender-as they conduct “[a] long close political argument:’ Sometimes all speak together: “[W]e discussed hand grenades, bombs, tanks, as if we were military gents in the war again?’ But Woolf remains generally silent, hearing the points for and against pacifism, listening while the men debate the merits of joining the fight in Spain: “I sat there splitting off my own position from theirs, testing what they said, convincing myself of my own integrity & justice?’ And as she weighs their words against her conviction that the entire conversation is importantly, destructively misguided, she feels compelled to resume work on her current project: “I felt flame up in me 3 Gs?’ (VW, Diary, 5:79-80). In Three Guineas, as in almost everything she wrote during this decade, Woolf will ponder the dynamics affecting this argument and dozens like it, wondering how to avoid the familiarly unproductive taking of sides, the fruitless marshaling of rhetorical forces to predestined, brutal ends, the exchanges in which all become “military gents in the war again?’That last terrible adverb, “again”carrying freight similar to that in Finnegans Wake, when “but again budly shoots thon rising germinal”-marks the pattern Woolf hopes to mar.
Ezra Pound Final Primers
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

Virginia Woolf, Diary, 2 October 1935 Ezra Pound, determined that his art receive undivided attention, that his readers not wander from his poem to its margins and then to a space entirely off the page, repeatedly pronounces against all forms of annotation. As early as 1911, in the second part of “I Gather the Limbs of Osiris;’ he insists that “the artist seeks out the luminous detail and presents it. He does not comment” (SP, 23).1 He turns unwillingly in that essay from quotation to his task of exposition: ‘‘As an artist I dislike writing prose. Writing prose is an art, but it is not my art” (SP, 23). Twenty-two years later he promises in the introduction to his Active Anthology (1933) to surround his selections with minimal frames: “The proportion between discussion and the exhibits the discusser dares show his reader is possibly a good, and probably a necessary, test of his purpose. In a matter of degree, I am for say 80 per cent exhibit and 20 per cent yatter” (SP, 396). When it comes to his Cantos, he responds angrily to James Laughlin’s suggestion that readers might welcome a preface: “Cantos 52/71 can NOT have a preface in the book. Cover gives ample space for blurb. The new set is not incomprehensible.
Effects of Therapy on the Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow is one of the organs most sensitive to injury by ionizing radiation. Whole-body irradiation to a dose of 400 cGy results in death of approximately 50% of those exposed as a result of an acute radiation syndrome characterized by marrow hypoplasia. Whole-body irradiation to a dose of 1,000 cGy results in irreversible marrow hypoplasia and is lethal without bone marrow transplantation. Fractionated radiation to localized sites is much better tolerated and doses in the range of 5,000 cGy are routinely employed in the therapy of malignant neoplasms. Localized irradiation results in prolonged hypoplasia of the affected marrow (Sykes et al, 1964). In patients receiving pelvic irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease, for example, the posterior iliac crest marrow may remain hypoplastic for a year or more. Radiation to localized sites may result in reduction of circulating blood elements due to irradiation of circulating stem cells as well as reduction in marrow reserve. Radiation to the marrow is associated with a wellestablished increased risk of acute leukemia (Bizzozero et al, 1966). Following therapeutic irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease, risk factors for the development of acute leukemia include extensive radiation fields and concomitant chemotherapy, particularly with alkylating agents (Andrieu et al, 1990).
Disorders of Granulocytes
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Granulocytic hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in neutrophilic granulocytes and granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow in response to infection or other stimulus. Neutrophilic leukocytosis is common in clinical medicine. Causes of neutrophilic leukocytosis include bacterial infections, pneumonia, acute appendicitis, myocardial infarction, severe stress or exertion, labor and delivery, surgery, anesthesia, trauma and burns, chronic inflammatory disorders, and tumors. Transient neutrophilic leukocytosis occurs primarily due to demargination of circulating neutrophils and release of neutrophils from the storage compartment of the bone marrow. Sustained neutrophilic leukocytosis occurs due to an increase in granulocytic precursors in the bone marrow and granulocytic hyperplasia. In patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis, the total white blood cell count is elevated, sometimes markedly, and the proportion of neutrophils is increased (Fig. 7.1). The neutrophils frequently show a “left shift” with circulating bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes, due to premature release of immature granulocytes from the bone marrow. Toxic granulation (persistent metachromasia of primary granulocytic granules) and Dohle bodies (areas of persistent cytoplasmic basophilia) may also be present.
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Chronic granulocytic leukemia is a clonal stem cell disorder characterized by the t(9;22) translocation, predominant proliferation of differentiated granulocytes during the chronic phase, and biphasic clinical course. Chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) is a stem cell disorder with predominant proliferation of differentiated granulocytes. Chronic granulocytic leukemia has been epitomized as the disease of one million: one million white blood cells, one million platelets, and one million red blood cells indicating the cardinal findings of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and anemia. Chronic granulocytic leukemia is associated with a characteristic cytogenetic abnormality, the t(9,22) translocation, known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Nowell and Hungerford, 1960). The Philadelphia chromosome is found in immature granulocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes, and some B lymphocytes in patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, indicating a stem cell origin (Fialkow et al, 1977). The Philadelphia chromosome is characterized by rearrangement of the c-abl protooncogene on chromosome 9 with a protein gene in the breakpoint cluster region of chromosome 22. The resultant fusion gene, bcr-abl, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic granulocytic leukemia and is necessary and sufficient for the CGL phenotype. The human bcr-abl gene has been cloned and insertion of the cloned gene into mouse hematopoietic cells results in a disorder resembling human chronic granulocytic leukemia (Daley et al, 1990).
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Acute lymphocytic leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells in the blood and bone marrow. Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the predominant form of leukemia in childhood and also occurs in adults. Patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia typically present with symptoms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or infection. Children occasionally present with a rheumatologic syndrome with bone and joint pain. In contrast to acute granulocytic leukemia, there is no history of a preleukemic syndrome. Lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly may be present, but is usually mild. The white blood cell count may be low, normal, or high. The platelet count is decreased and normochromic normocytic anemia is usually present. The hallmark of acute lymphocytic leukemia is the lymphoblast, a cell smaller than a myeloblast with scant agranular cytoplasm, immature nuclear chromatin, and one or two inconspicuous nucleoli (Fig. 15.1). The lymphoblasts in acute lymphocytic leukemia have the immunophenotype of lymphoid progenitor cells of B or T lineage. The bone marrow in acute lymphocytic leukemia is hypercellular and lymphoblasts account for 30% or more of the cells.
Lymphoma-like Lesions
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Several types of lymphoid proliferation that involve the bone marrow are distinguished from the malignant lymphomas. These include lymphoid follicles, systemic Castleman’s disease, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Lymphoid follicles in the bone marrow are considered a benign reactive phenomenon; systemic Castleman’s disease and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, in contrast, behave as progressive lymphoproliferative disorders. Lymphoid follicles are circumscribed lymphoid aggregates composed of reactive lymphocytes and related cells. Lymphoid follicles (lymphoid aggregates) are a constituent of normal marrow and increase with age and in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders (Rywlin et al, 1974; Rosenthal and Farhi, 1989). Lymphoid follicles are present in up to 47% of bone marrow specimens and are most prevalent in women and the elderly (Rywlin et al, 1974). Lymphoid follicles are frequently present in the marrows of patients with HIV infection (Karcher and Frost, 1991) and are also increased in myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders (Cervantes et al, 1988). Bone marrow lymphocytosis is prevalent in children, and may be associated with an increase in lymphoid progenitor cells (“hematogones”; Brunning and McKenna, 1994); however, the lymphocytes are distributed diffusely rather than in follicles. Bone marrow lymphoid follicles are presumed to
Proliferative Histiocytic Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Much confusion surrounding the histiocytic proliferations has arisen from the uncritical use of the term “histiocyte,” which in the past has been used to refer to a variety of large lymphoreticular cells, including transformed lymphocytes. At present, the term “histiocyte” is applied to two cell types: monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells (Van Voorhis et al, 1983). Monocyte-macrophages are derived from blood monocytes, are actively phagocytic, are rich in lysozomal enzymes, and include the Kupffer cells of the liver, “tingible body” and sinus histiocytes of lymph nodes, the cordal macrophages of the spleen, and the alveolar macrophages of the lung. Dendritic cells are of uncertain derivation, are nonphagocytic, are poor in lysozomal enzymes, and include the Langerhans’ cells of the skin and lymph nodes, follicular dendritic cells of lymph node follicles, and interdigitating reticulum cells of the lymph node paracortex. Both cell types express HLA-DR antigen and play roles in antigen processing and presentation of antigen to lymphocytes. Recently it has been suggested that both cell types derive from a common monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor in the bone marrow (Santiago-Schwarz et al, 1994). Proliferations of monocyte-macrophages include malignant histiocytosis and “true” histiocytic lymphoma and the hemophagocytic syndromes. Proliferations of dendritic cells include Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (“histiocytosis X”) and rare tumors of follicular dendritic cells and interdigitating reticulum cells. Malignant histiocytosis and “true” histiocytic lymphoma refer to a systemic and localized form, respectively, of a neoplastic proliferation of monocyte-macrophages. The existence of the former as a distinct entity is now doubtful.