bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modafinil May Alleviate Poststroke Fatigue
Authors: Poulsen Mai Bang , Damgaard Bodil , Zerahn Bo , Overgaard Karsten , Rasmussen Rune Skovgaard
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Poststroke fatigue is common and reduces quality of life. Current evidence for intervention is limited, and this is the first placebo-controlled trial to investigate treatment of poststroke fatigue with the wakefulness promoting drug modafinil.

Methods—

The trial was randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. Patients were treated with 400-mg modafinil or placebo for 90 days. Assessments were done at inclusion, 30, 90, and 180 days. The primary end point was fatigue at 90 days measured by the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 general fatigue domain. Secondary end points included the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the modified Rankin Scale and the Stroke-specific quality of Life questionnaire. Adult patients with a recent stroke achieving a score of ≥12 on the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 general fatigue domain were consecutively included. Exclusion criteria were severe cognitive disabilities and contraindications for modafinil treatment.

Results—

One thousand one hundred twenty-one patients with stroke were screened and 41 patients included, 21 received modafinil. The primary end point, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 general fatigue score, did not differ between groups. Patients in the modafinil group obtained better scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale (
P
=0.02) and in some subscales of the stroke-specific quality of life questionnaire (0.001<
P
<0.05), which were secondary outcomes. No serious adverse reactions were observed and there was no difference in blood pressure between groups.

Conclusions—

There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to the primary end point. There were secondary significant outcomes that should be explored in future trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01800097.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Induces Blood–Brain Barrier Damage After Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Chelluboina Bharath , Klopfenstein Jeffrey D. , Pinson David M. , Wang David Z. , Vemuganti Raghu , Veeravalli Krishna Kumar
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a central role in compromising the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The role of MMP-12 in brain damage after ischemic stroke remains unknown. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of MMP-12 suppression at an early time point before reperfusion on the BBB damage in rats.

Methods—

Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. MMP-12 shRNA–expressing plasmids formulated as nanoparticles were administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. The involvement of MMP-12 on BBB damage was assessed by performing various techniques, including Evans blue dye extravasation, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, immunoblot, gelatin zymography, and immunofluorescence analysis.

Results—

MMP-12 is upregulated ≈31-, 47-, and 66-fold in rats subjected 1–, 2-, or 4-hour ischemia, respectively, followed by 1-day reperfusion. MMP-12 suppression protected the BBB integrity by inhibiting the degradation of tight-junction proteins. Either intravenous or intra-arterial delivery of MMP-12 shRNA-expressing plasmid significantly reduced the percent Evans blue dye extravasation and infarct size. Furthermore, MMP-12 suppression reduced the endogenous levels of other proteases, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator and MMP-9, which are also known to be the key players involved in BBB damage.

Conclusions—

These results demonstrate the adverse role of MMP-12 in acute brain damage that occurs after ischemic stroke and, thereby, suggesting that MMP-12 suppression could be a promising therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia.
New Materialisms and Performance Studies
Authors: Schneider Rebecca
Published: November 2015

Engaging with contemporary lines of inquiry into the “liveness” of matter unearths where and how those lines, or turns of thought, intersect with the field of performance studies.
Talk about A Piece of Work: A Group Self-Interview
Authors: Dorsen Annie
Published: November 2015

As an investigation into the dramaturgy of algorithms themselves, “algorithmic theatre” conveys a different relationship to digital technologies than typical multimedia performance: the ways algorithms order the world, the particular kinds of meanings they make, the types of narrative structures they imply. The primary collaborators on Annie Dorsen’s A Piece of Work (2013) participated in a group self-interview on the day of the final performance at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.
Human-Sheepdog Distributed Cognitive Systems: An Analysis of Interspecies Cognitive Scaffolding in a Sheepdog Trial
Authors: Keil Paul G.
Published: November 2015

Humans coordinate with other people and technological resources in order to become integrated into distributed cognitive systems and engage the world in ways beyond their naked capacities. This paper extends the distributed cognitive framework towards human and dog partnerships at a sheepdog trial, arguing that by scaffolding the sheepdog’s cognitive limitations and inability to tackle the trial independently, the human handler forms with the canine partner an interspecies cognitive system. The handler serves as a higher-order cognitive resource integrated through the use of commands and complementing the sheepdog’s own species-specific skills. The process and structure of support reflects parent – child interaction as framed in the developmental literature. However, scaffolding in this instance is a permanent support structure that is situation dependent; the handler must equally be aware of when the dog’s initiative and skills can be advantageously exploited. This paper draws on ethnographic illustrations of the training methods and detailed descriptions of on-field interactions to support these claims. Data at this level of analysis also provides evidence of the reciprocally affecting and co-determining role of each partner as they engage the sheep, and coordinate in ways that blur the boundaries between their two species, supporting broader perspectives in the human-animal literature.
Influence of Otitis Media on Hearing and Development
Authors: Dobie Robert A. , Berlin Charles I.
Published: November 2015

Otitis media affects nearly every child at some time; many children have mild-to-moderate hearing losses for prolonged periods. The effects of these losses on language and educational development may be significant; possible mechanisms are discussed. Especially in suboptimal listening situations, speech perception may be impaired by even a mild hearing loss. Patterns of imperception are predicted by comparison of composite audiometric data from children with middle ear effusions with speech power data, and by analysis of sound pressure waveforms of speech filtered to simulate the typical hearing loss of these patients. A new method of analysis of brain stem evoked responses, yielding response components attributable to binaural interaction, is reported. This and other evoked response techniques may be able to identify objective changes in auditory nervous system function attributable to relative sensory deprivation during development. Finally, directions for further research in this area are discussed.
Medical Ethics and Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Klein Jerome O.
Published: November 2015

The controlled clinical trial is a relatively new phenomenon; the first large clinical trial on evaluation of streptomycin in therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis occurred in 1946. In such a study, two or more groups of patients with similar characteristics are chosen by random allocation to receive one or more therapies. The essential ethical dilemma is based on the risk-benefit ratio of the new therapy. Ethical factors that must be considered in the design of controlled clinical trials include provision for informed consent, nature of alternate therapy, confidentiality of data, source of funding and potential conflict of interest, remuneration of subjects, criteria for ending participation of the subject, criteria for concluding the trial, compensation of injured subjects, compliance with institutional, municipal, state and federal regulations and provisions for special groups such as the fetus and pregnant woman, infants and young children, institutional patients and prisoners. Federal guidelines for research in specific areas are now available through the reports of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. To date, commission reports include recommendations for research in fetuses and pregnant women and in children. Protection of the subject is best provided by the quality of the protocol, integrity of the investigator, valid informed consent, and review of the research program by an independent committee composed of scientists and consumers.
Risk and Protective Factors Related to Offending: Results from a Chinese Cohort Study
Authors: Taylor Terrance J. , Friday Paul C. , Ren Xin , Weitekamp Elmar G.M. , Kerner Hans-Jürgen
Published: November 2015

Recent research has illustrated the importance of risk and protective factors on offending. The current study examines survey data from a sample of 81 offenders and 81 nonoffenders residing in Wuhan, China, in 1991/92 to determine how the accumulation of risk and protective factors in various domains differentiates offenders from nonoffenders. Specifically, we examine the importance of multiple causation and cumulative effects of risk and protective factors as they apply in a Chinese context. Results suggest that the risk and protective factor approach often used in studies of western offending also holds promise in studies of Chinese offending. Specifically, our findings support the importance of examining multiple causation and cumulative effects of risk and protective factors as related to offending. The findings also suggest that the risk and protective factors found to be important in China may be somewhat different to those identified through studies conducted in the West, illustrating the importance of recognising historical and cultural context in the risk and protective factor paradigm.
Evaluation of Dental Hand Instruments
Authors: Evans T. Edwin , Lucaccini Luigi F. , Hazell Joseph William , Lucas Robert J.
Published: November 2015

A newly-developed, multiple-function dental syringe, designed to improve the efficiency of the dental team in performing restorative operations, was evaluated in mechanical tests, mock clinical trials, and field tests with live patients. Field tests indicated the new device to be superior to the conventional equipment configuration of separate instruments generally used by dental assistants in terms of the number of hand movements required, total cutting time, and operator preference. Suggestions for redesign are presented together with a revised evaluation procedure for future studies.
Thresholds and Resolution in Human Vision: A New Approach to Night Vision Testing
Authors: Shipley Thorne
Published: November 2015

Visual acuity dark adaptation in the fovea was studied in immediate temporal alternation with foveal threshold adaptation. This method avoids some of the inconsistencies of earlier work and produces an index of individual differences in visual performances for untrained and unselected observers. Moreover, the results help to display the separate contributions of photochemical and neurological factors to the dark-adaptation process.
Assessment of Pilotage Error in Airborne Area Navigation Procedures
Authors: Roscoe Stanley N.
Published: November 2015

In 1969, by specifically including “pilotage error” in the error budget for area navigation system certification, the Federal Aviation Administration legally attached economic premiums and penalties to human, as well as equipment, performance in man-machine system design. To establish the accuracy of use and freedom from pilot blunders associated with systems employing various configurations of displays and controls requires both simulator and flight experimentation. An automatically adaptive cockpit side task provides a saturating level of pilot workload and allows the sensitive, orderly, and statistically reliable measurement of a pilot's residual attention as a common metric for area navigation system assessment.
Detecting Slow Changes in System Dynamics
Authors: Ince Fuat , Williges Robert C.
Published: November 2015

Two laboratory experiments were performed to study the human operator's adaptive behavior in manual control of slowly changing system dynamics. In the first experiment, the dynamics changed from rate to acceleration control. In the second experiment, the control stick sensitivity slowly increased or slowly decreased from a standard level. Tracking performance on a compensatory task demonstrated that the human operator lags in adapting to the changing system dynamics, but he does adapt when given sufficient time. As the rate of change increases, the human operator needs a larger change for detection of the change and less time to detect the changing system dynamics.
Strategies for the Temperature Control of Extruders
Authors: Brooks D. E. A. , Lever P. R.
Published: November 2015

The paper opens with a study of plant controllability, particular attention being paid to the dynamic characteristics of the two most widely used types of electric heater, i.e. induction and resistance. The efficiency of each is considered and comparative figures presented.

Several standard methods of heater control are discussed, together with techniques based upon two- and three-term continuous action controllers, special reference being made to the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), the advent of which has rendered the continuous control of electric power economically feasible.

Experimental results obtained on an actual extruder using various configurations and types of controller are presented. An analysis of results is given.

Cooling of extruders operating in the “exothermic” mode is discussed. It is hoped to amplify this section with experimental results to be produced before the presentation of the paper.

The paper concludes with a short discussion of the relative merits of the systems considered.
Complete Cement Plant Automation
Authors: Simmons R. I.
Published: November 2015

The scope of a centralised control automation scheme in a cement plant is described in its various aspects, with particular reference to the equipment aspects of instrumentation, interlocking, closed-circuit television, analysis and sampling.
Experiences of the Measuring of Consistency
Authors: Gustafsson B.
Published: November 2015

Measuring and control instruments for the pulp and paper process have been manufactured at the works of Kalle-Regulatorer, Sweden, for more than 40 years. In the course of time, certain experiences have been gathered, particularly in the field of consistency measurement. In step with development of stock process techniques, two main types of consistency transmitters have been developed, one for open systems working on part stock flow, the other is an inline consistency transmitter for direct measurement in the stock pipe line.
Aspects of Industrial Optics 1968
Authors: Reid C. D.
Published: November 2015

A survey is given of recent developments in optical inspection instruments, particularly those using optical fibres; in holography; and in diffraction methods which lead to a pattern which is the Fourier transform of the original image. The emphasis throughout is on actual or possible applications to industrial or scientific measurement.
Simulation and Dimensional Analysis of a Stepping Extremum Control System
Authors: Jacobs O. L. R.
Published: November 2015

The paper describes a digital computer simulation of a class of discrete-time, single-input, stepping extremum control systems with input disturbance and output measurement noise and with an easily instrumented control law. The results of the simulation provide both design equations and quantitative information about the best results that can be achieved with the class of systems considered. Two features of the simulation that are of interest are an automatic procedure that is used to reduce statistical errors to a specified level, and the use of dimensional analysis to reduce the number of variables that need be considered to two.
Practical Methods of Tuning a Process Controller
Authors: Beechey M.A.
Published: November 2015

Certain methods of tuning a process controller in several types of control circuits are described in order to illustrate the theoretical basis for such methods and to refer to practical examples of these techniques in the field of automatic boiler control.
The Calculation of Overall Inaccuracies for a Gas Flow Measurement System
Authors: Freeman S. R.
Published: November 2015

A résume of the theory of fluid flow measurement is given in a concise manner. The statistical method of evaluating overall system accuracy is discussed and the standard deviation values for various sources of error are quantified. The results of calculations using the formulae and quantitative data are presented graphically to indicate the accuracies for different methods of measurement at different rates of flow. Other likely sources of error are discussed.
On-Line Gauge for Wire and Fibre Diameter Measurement
Authors: West Patricia
Published: November 2015

A new gauge has recently been developed for on-line measurement of filament diameters in the size range 5–160 microns. The instrument, which operates on a laser diffraction principle, has been designed for non-contacting gauging of wires, filaments and fibres on the production line. It can accept horizontal or vertical wires, and it can readily be moved from one line to another, and used in the laboratory or test bay. The absolute accuracy of measurement attainable is approximately 1% of the diameter of the filament, while the sensitivity of the gauge to changes in diameter is about 0· 2%. The deviation from nominal diameter is displayed on a meter, or can be recorded automatically. It is possible to use the output signal from the instrument in a control mode to correct the diameter of the wire under production.
Fundamental Concepts of Measurement: Definition and Scales
Authors: Finkelstein L.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents briefly the current state of understanding of the epistemological and logical foundations of measurement. Measurement is defined as an empirical operational procedure which assigns numbers to members of a class of entities, in such a way as to describe them; by which is meant that relations between these numbers correspond to empirical relations between the entities to which they are assigned.

On the basis of this definition, the conditions for the establishment of scales of measurement are analysed.
Earthing—Signal Aspects
Authors: Cook B. E.
Published: November 2015

In this article, Brian Cook examines the confusion surrounding signal earthing. A subsequent article will look at the effects of earthing upon electrical noise.
A Review of Industrial Weighing Systems (Part 1)
Authors: Lolley R. A.
Published: November 2015

Industrial weighing now covers a wide field and has developed separately from that of process instrumentation. Special areas have progressed independently resulting in spectacular advances which have taken full advantage of solid state electronics and computer technology. This review starts with five basic weighing methods and gives some examples of their use. Some miscellaneous theoretical points are then brought out concerning high-speed checkweighers, batch weighing, sack filling and weigh feeders. In conclusion, brief treatments of price computing counter scales, blending systems and weighing in motion are given which highlight the use of modern electronics and computers. A few further references are given.
Source Guide to History of Measurement Technology Material
Authors: Sydenham P. H.
Published: November 2015

Measurement hardware before the 19th century is reasonably well reported in historical works. More modern electrical devices have not been studied as extensively, presumably because of the high degree of understanding needed of the historian and because the artifacts and written information are not easy to locate.

This article provides a brief summary of the history of sensing, a working guide to dominant world collections of sensing apparatus, and an introductory guide to the literature available on sensing methods. It is intended as an aid to historical sensing technique research.
Source Guide to History of Measurement Technology Material
Authors: Sydenham P. H.
Published: November 2015

The two-section guide provides a brief summary of the history of sensing, a working guide to dominate world collections of sensing apparatus and an introductory guide to the literature available on sensing methods. It is intended as an aid to historical sensing technique research. Part 2 relates to the material available in the printed medium. Part 1, giving an introduction and covering artifact collections, was published in the July 1977 issue.
On-Line Analytical Instrumentation in the Water Industry — Problems and Practical Solutions
Authors: Briggs R.
Published: November 2015

Water industry needs in instrumentation and control have been discussed mainly against a background of developments in the UK, in Europe and the US, although requirements in developing areas, where different, have not been ignored. Limitations of existing instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) systems have been discussed, and so too have potential improvements resulting from recent developments in sensor and system technology including developments in microelectronics and microcomputers.

Certain sensor and system developments of particular relevance have been discussed in more detail, and so too have certain organisational and logistical aspects. Finally, some new horizons have been explored.
Isolated Interfaces — Will They Replace Barrier Devices?
Authors: McMillan A J
Published: November 2015

Apart from relay systems, interface units not forming part of more complex items of apparatus were very rare in intrinsic safety, and for analogue circuits non-existent, until the development of the shunt diode safety barrier which first received recognition in 1964. The barrier device is now 21 years old and its limitations well known to us. In the last two or three years alternative interface units called generally ‘isolated interfaces’ have been developed and much is claimed for these — indeed there are those who claim that isolated interfaces are as big a technological breakthrough as was the barrier device before it.

The objective of this article is to compare the isolated interface with the barrier and attempt to demonstrate just what advantages it possesses and how much of a breakthrough it really is.
The Development and Economics of Milk Metering
Authors: Hoyle J B , Cheeseman T
Published: November 2015

The protracted development of milk metering for farm bulk milk collection in England and Wales is compared with the much more rapid progress in Scotland. The underlying economic background is discussed, together with recent advances in the application of dairy and creamery intaker meters, and meters used for process control.
Environmental Concerns for Integrated Circuit Sensors
Authors: Noble Mike
Published: November 2015

This article provides a basic introduction to the design of state-of-the-art integrated circuit sensors and also considers the various protective coatings used on transducers, as well as media compatibility.
The Evolution of the Intelligent Measurement
Authors: de Sá Doug
Published: November 2015

The paper shows the evolution of the long established analog measurement signal to the digital form, which it is envisaged will in the future become an ‘industry standard’. It also discusses some of the main features of the emerging range of intelligent field devices that manufacturers are now bringing to the market place.
Computer-Controlled On-Line Moisture Measurement in Organic Solvents Using a Novel Potentiometric Technique
Authors: Hall T F , Waterfall R C , Kakabadse G J , Olatoye E O , Perry R , Tipping A E
Published: November 2015

A microcomputer-based monitoring system for the determination of residual water in organic solvents using ion-selective electrodes in a novel potentiometric method, called the proton iso-concentration technique (PICT), has been developed at UMIST.

In the monitor, a sample stream is bled off and mixed with a buffer solution before passing through a cell containing a pH glass electrode, a reference electrode and an automatic temperature compensation probe. The instrument is calibrated with standard solutions containing water in the same solvent. The automatic monitoring system comprises a microcomputer and slave microprocessor system, the former performing system control and data analysis, the latter controlling a number of discrete electronic devices.

Results obtained on selected industrially important solvents demonstrate a satisfactory performance of PICT in continuous monitoring, showing it to be accurate, reproducible and sensitive. On-line determination of moisture in solvents is important for process control in industry.
Introduction to Formal Methods for Software Engineering
Authors: King Trevor
Published: November 2015

This paper describes what is meant by formal methods for software engineering. It is intended for the non-mathematical reader, and a simple formal specification is presented. The process of formal specification, development and proof is described briefly. Finally the benefits and limitations of formal methods are summarized.
Systemic Therapy of Salivary Gland Hypofunction
Authors: Fox P. C.
Published: November 2015

Salivary gland hypofunction occurs most often as a consequence of numerous drug therapies, anti-neoplastic treatments, or systemic disease. There are no universally accepted means of treating gland dysfunction and the resultant subjective xerostomia. A few studies have suggested that treatment of underlying inflammatory connective tissue disease will improve salivary performance in Sjögren's syndrome. Most of these reports, however, have either been limited to a small number of patients or have failed to include objective measures of salivary gland output. A larger body of literature deals with attempts using many different sialogogues to stimulate salivary function in a variety of conditions. Again, many studies have failed to document salivary improvement objectively. Recently, interest has focused on three drugs: bromhexine, anethole-trithione, and pilocarpine hydro-chloride. Studies with these agents are reviewed, and current clinical investigations with pilocarpine are presented in detail.
Fluoride Analysis in Nanoliter- and Microliter-size Fluid Samples
Authors: Vogel G.L. , Carey C.M. , Chow L.C. , Ekstrand J.
Published: November 2015

A variety of techniques is described for measuring fluoride in volumes of from 0.005 to 5 μL, including: (1) micropipette procedures for transference and dilution of samples, (2) construction of miniature and micro fluoride-selective electrodes, and (3) methods for adapting standard electrodes for micro- and semi-micro volumes. These described techniques have a number of advantages, including speed of analysis, high accuracy, and adaptability to many types of fluid samples. Recent studies involving use of these procedures include the analysis of fluoride in: (I) plaque fluid samples from single sites before and after topical fluoride administration, (2) tooth mineral samples recovered by acid-etch or microdrill biopsy of enamel, and (3) fluid recovered from the interior of the tooth during simulation of the caries process.
The Physiological and Toxicological Characteristics of Fluoride
Authors: Whitford G.M.
Published: November 2015

The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride are discussed with emphasis on new scientific findings. The gastric absorption, tissue distribution, and renal excretion of the ion are all influenced by the magnitude and direction of the pH gradient between adjacent body fluid compartments. This mechanism explains the asymmetric distribution of fluoride across cell membranes, and the manipulation of transmembrane pH gradients has proven efficacious in acute fluoride toxicity. The comparative metabolism and relative toxicities of ionic fluoride and monofluorophosphate are discussed. It is no longer certain that there is a difference between the acute toxic potentials of sodium fluoride and those of MFP. It is concluded that the “probably toxic dose” or PTD of fluoride—the dose which should trigger therapeutic intervention and hospitalization—is 5 mg/kg of body weight. As currently packaged, many dental products contain sufficient fluoride to exceed the PTD for young children. There is a need for additional research into the sources, effects, and fate of strongly bound or organic fluoride compounds. Attention is drawn to the fact that, while the metabolic characteristics and effects of fluoride in young and middle-aged adults have received considerable research attention, there is a paucity of such information for young children and the elderly. The increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis is addressed. It is concluded that non-dietary sources of fluoride, mainly fluoride-containing dental products, are a major source of ingested fluoride. The article concludes with 12 recommendations for future research.
The Effect of Fluoride on the Stability of Oral Bacterial Communities in vitro
Authors: Marsh P.D. , Bradshaw D.J.
Published: November 2015

An in vitro model system has been used to study the combined influences of fermentable carbohydrate, pH, and fluoride on the stability of complex oral microbial communities. The pH generated from carbohydrate pulses rather than the availability of substrate per se was responsible for the enrichment of the cariogenic species S. mutans and L. casei. The addition of sub-MIC levels of sodium fluoride (1 mmol/L; 19 ppm) reduced both the rate of acid production and the fall in terminal pH from glucose pulses, thereby enabling pH-sensitive bacteria, including many Gram-negative species, to persist. Furthermore, the combination of even a moderately-low environmental pH (ca. pH 5.0) with a low level (1 mmol/L) of fluoride was able to prevent S. mutans from out-competing other species and resulted in its proportions within the bacterial community remaining low. By this mechanism, fluoride could make a significant contribution to preventing dental caries.
Fluoride in Caries Prevention: Is the Effect Pre- or Post-eruptive?
Authors: Groeneveld A. , Van Eck A.A.M.J. , Dirks O. Backer
Published: November 2015

A longitudinal study of children from ages 7 to 18 showed that, if enamel lesions were included, the overall number was the same in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. However, a significant reducing effect of pre-emptive fluoride could be seen in the number of dentinal lesions in a fluoridated area, provided that fluoride was also consumed post-eruptively for a considerable period of time. A precise estimation of both pre- and post-eruptive effects was obtained when teeth were classified according to their eruption time as related to the onset of water fluoridation. About 66% of the greatest reduction in pit and fissure caries came from pre-emptive fluoride, while in smooth surfaces, this effect was reduced to 25%. In approximal surfaces, the reduction was due half to pre- and half to post-eruptive fluoride. Post-eruptive fluoride became more important with decreasing severity of caries attack. Thus, assuming a continuing decline in dental caries, the majority of such populations will benefit most from the use of topical fluorides. However, in high-risk groups, supplementation of pre-emptive fluoride can still be of major importance.
Crack and Prostitution: Gender, Myths, and Experiences
Authors: Erickson Patricia G. , Butters Jennifer , McGillicuddy Patti , Hallgren Ase
Published: November 2015

This paper presents the results from in-depth interviews with 30 crack-using women also working in the sex trade to support their drug use. The gender roles perspective highlights traditional beliefs from past decades about the appeal of cocaine to women, its effects on their sexuality, and the reasons they become prostitutes. These are contrasted with the harsh realities of the dangers and marginalization faced by female crack users who work the streets in the contemporary sex trade. These women operate at the lowest levels of street drug use and prostitution, experience a considerable amount of violence and sexual exploitation, and are subject to riskier practices in their sex work. Their crack addiction fuels this extreme vulnerability and contributes to their highly deviant and stigmatized social image. We conclude that, similar to findings in other studies, the increase in crack consumption and availability has had serious negative repercussions for poor women who were, or became, involved in the sex trade. Moreover, the powerful appeal of crack to these women poses a challenge for harm reduction alternatives and other services that might improve their health and safety.
The Religious Context of Parenting, Family Processes, and Alcohol use in Early Adolescence
Authors: Li Spencer D.
Published: November 2015

Personal religiosity has been identified as a protective factor against adolescent use and misuse of alcohol. Less is known about the influence of the religious context of parenting on the drinking behavior of adolescents. This study addresses this gap by investigating how religious context of parenting is related to marital relationship, parenting practice, child-parent bonding, and alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence. Through a structural equation modeling analysis of the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study finds that the religious context of parenting is negatively related to prevalence of alcohol use, frequency of alcohol consumption, and frequency of heavy drinking among early adolescents. In addition to its direct effect on adolescent drinking behavior, religious context of parenting appears to inhibit alcohol use and misuse indirectly by decreasing interparental conflict and increasing effective parenting and child-parent relationship.
Middle Class Drug Abuse and Jewish Youth
Authors: Leffler William J.
Published: November 2015

Statistically, drug abuse is a problem for Jews far in excess of their percentage among the American population. The author would posit three reasons for this.

The vast majority of American Jewry lives in the major megalopolis areas of this country, and so are overly susceptible to this malady.

A second reason is that the middle class drug abuser comes from an upward mobile, socio-economic family, one in which the father has been too busy making a living to pay much attention to the children and in which the mother is overly involved in outside activities that enhance her status in the community. Many Jewish families fit this description.

And a third reason is that the middle class drug abuser is college bound in high school. And since over 80% of Jewish high school graduates are college bound, here again Jewish children are overly susceptible to drug abuse.

These three factors have been overlooked by most researchers.
Religious Correlates of Teenage Drug Use
Authors: McLuckie Benjamin F. , Zahn Margaret , Wilson Robert A.
Published: November 2015

This paper analyzes the relationship of religiosity and patterns of drug use among students in the seventh through the twelfth grades. Data were collected in a statewide questionnaire survey of more than 30,000 students. Hypotheses regarding the constraining influence of religion on drug use patterns received mixed support. On the one hand religiosity as measured by affiliation and by parochial school attendance did not uniformly constrain drug use. For example, while Catholics and Protestants were relatively low in current use, Jewish teenagers had the highest rate with nonaffiliates the second highest. Extent of involvement in religion (as measured by frequency of attendance), on the other hand, did seem constraining since nonattenders were more than twice as likely to be drug users as were regular weekly attenders.

Data on these teenagers' evaluation of drug information sources is also presented. Here it was found that drug users tend to trust traditional sources of Information less than do nonusers and trust those with personal drug experience more than do nonusers. All students, however, whether drug users or not, tended to value information from those presumed to have technical knowledge about drugs, i.e., physicians and medical school professors.

The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also explored.
A Second Look at First Effects: The Subjective Effects of Opiates on Nonaddicts
Authors: McAuliffe William E.
Published: November 2015

Reactions of novices to opiates range from extremely positive to completely negative, and the role these effects play in forming a drug habit has interested both scholars concerned with explaining the spread of heroin addiction and physicians troubled over the hazards of administering opiate medications. Although some observers have recently questioned heroin's euphoriant potential, research shows that many “normals” in laboratory studies and a majority of addicts on the street felt some euphoria during their first trial with an opiate. The higher proportion of euphoric responses among future addicts, commonly explained by reference to the prevalence of psychopathology in addict populations, is probably due to other differences as well. Subsequent opiate use where effects were unpleasant can still be traced to a continued interest in euphoria. Negative reactions caused some neophytes to discontinue use, but addicts-to-be were more motivated and learned from experienced users that undesirable side effects could be discounted as temporary and virtually all the addicts-to-be did achieve euphoria in a few tries. Thus, pre-dependence heroin use Is explained by pleasurable drug effects, but when exposure to euphoria occurs in a medical context, the risk of addiction Is minimal.
A Physician Views Drug Advertising
Authors: Watson Michael
Published: November 2015

After conducting the 1972 National Council of Churches' Hearings on Drug Advertising, Dr. Watson received strong criticism from fellow members of his profession. In this paper he defends his participation and states his personal observations, as a practicing family physician, on the damaging effects of prescription and over-the-counter drug advertising.
Drug Abuse Control and International Treaties
Authors: Kušević Vladimir
Published: November 2015

The author discusses major problems relating to international efforts to control non-medical use of narcotics and psychotropic substances and the international treaties that have been concluded to help control such use. He makes recommendations designed to improve international control efforts and strongly supports the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. He especially urges the United States and other Western nations which are manufacturers of such substances to ratify the treaty. He advises the United States that it cannot realistically expect other countries to agree to measures for reducing the illicit production of opium, if it is unwilling to support the Psychotropic Convention and the international controls on psychotropic substances called for by the Convention.
Drug Experience and “Mystical” Experience: Reflections on the Problem of Comparison
Authors: Swain Charles W.
Published: November 2015

The concern of this article is to examine the conceptual framework within which drug-induced ecstasy has been compared to and/or used to interpret religious mysticism. No attempt is made to theorize about the “true” nature of either kind of experience; rather the author articulates the underlying assumptions and examines the social setting within which such discussions are carried on. The modest conclusion of the essay is a plea for caution in claiming analogies and similarities between the two kinds of experience.
What is Drug Abuse?
Authors: Zinberg Norman E. , Harding Wayne M. , Apsler Robert
Published: November 2015

A central task in a study of occasional, moderate, and stable nonmedical drug use was to distinguish such “controlled” use from destructive using patterns. A search of the literature revealed the lack of objective and precise definitions of drug abuse and the extent to which this had hampered efforts at treatment, prevention, and research. Popular conceptions of abuse ignored the variability of drug-using styles and tended to reflect the social acceptability of various drugs and Puritanical values. Purportedly scientific definitions, including those of the World Health Organization, proved vague, inconsistent, and culturally biased. Users' self-evaluation of their drug-taking and quantitative measures also proved inadequate. Given these difficulties, we conclude that “drug abuse” and similar terms should be replaced by more accurate descriptions of the actual drug-using situation and, if possible, illustrated with case material.
The Skid-Row Imperative: An Analysis of Status and Identity on Skid-Row
Authors: Wilmot Richard
Published: November 2015

Participant observation of skid-row drinking behaviour was undertaken during the course of an experimental, intensive, indigenous, counselling service for skid-row alcoholics. A tentative hypothesis derived from these observations suggests that some skid-row alcoholics use drinking itself as a means of acquiring peer group status. Status within the peer group is regulated through participation in the skid-row subculture. The subculture competes with skid-row institutions in conferring status on skid-row residents and does so more successfully by affording its members greater opportunity for a positively perceived “moral career.”
Drug Abuse Problems and the Idioms of War
Authors: King Rufus
Published: November 2015

Until the twentieth century, U.S. drug abuse problems were not viewed as criminal, nor as a federal responsibility. It took the XVIII Amendment to outlaw liquor-drinking, while drug prohibition was undertaken, in the same era, with no authority but a modest federal tax. This latter usurpation was largely accomplished by inflammatory propaganda, most of it false. Politicians and empire-building bureaucrats have never let up. Beginning with the Kennedys, even Presidents joined in. Mr. Nixon was the worst, but Mr. Carter is also already personally in the act. Drug abusers have not had spokesmen; if they did, nearly everything the public accepts today about them and their problems would be given the lie.
Alcohol Beverage Advertisement and Consumption
Authors: Katzper Meyer , Ryback Ralph , Hertzman Marc
Published: November 2015

This paper is an attempt to present the alcohol beverage industry's view of the value and role of advertising and its relationship to consumption. The authors suggest that regulation of price and availability of alcohol can reduce mean consumption, excess mortality, and social consequences. Although government does not accept the notions of cause and effect between advertising and consumption, the industry does. Industry advocates self-regulation. However, the aggressive posture of the companies as reflected through their media campaign is in direct contrast to their testimony in public hearings. Rather than competing for shares of an existing market, the alcohol beverage companies appear to be introducing new product lines, planning for overall expansion of the older products, and targeting new markets such as heavy drinkers, women, and teenagers. The media compete vigorously for alcohol beverage advertising dollars which also fosters targeted advertisement. Ways to control the growth of alcohol consumption through advertising are suggested.
The Use of Legal Coercion in the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Methodological Review
Authors: Ward David A.
Published: November 2015

Recently, a policy for dealing with alcohol-related criminal offenders is beginning to emerge. The proponents of the policy argue that legal coercion is an effective mechanism in treating alcoholics and in reducing alcohol-related offenses. However, a review of the literature indicates no scientific basis upon which to implement such a policy at the present time. Suggestions for research which would provide a valid basis for evaluating such a policy and the feasiability of its implementation are outlined.
Hormonal Alteration in the Female Athlete
Authors: Harris Dorothy V.
Published: November 2015

With increasing emphasis being placed on the female's success in international sport, hormonal controls and alterations to enhance her performance have become a common practice in some sports.

Control of the menstrual cycle through the use of hormonal contraceptive medication is the most common alteration. Supplementing the endocrine system by taking anabolic steroids is becoming an increasing problem in events requiring strength and power. In other sports such as gymnastics, the use of hormonal inhibitors to retard growth and development is reported to be practiced in some Eastern countries.

With the emergence of Dr. Renee Richards in women's professional tennis, the issue of man-to-woman transsexualism through surgery and hormonal treatment has produced another cause for concern regarding biochemical and surgical alterations for enhanced performance.
Blood Doping in Sports
Authors: Williams Melvin H.
Published: November 2015

Blood doping, or the infusion of autologous blood into trained athletes, has been theorized to increase endurance capacity. However, a review of 16 studies which have investigated various aspects relative to the effect of blood doping on endurance capacity and related physiological and psychological parameters, such as exercise HR, VO2max, and ratings of perceived exertion, has revealed inconsistent results. Due to the fact that most research designs employed to date have experienced some methodological irregularities, the efficiency of blood doping as an ergogenic aid for athletes has not been established.
Labor Perceptions of Drug Use and Drug Programs in the Workplace
Authors: Steele Paul D.
Published: November 2015

A survey of the attitudes of 981 union leaders and members, representing 226 locals is presented in this article. Issues concerning perceptions of the extent and trends of usage among workers, company and union reactions to detected users and recommendations for future efforts to cope with this social problem are discussed. Unionists state that drug use in the workforce is a relatively serious problem and is likely to increase. However, unionists exhibit ethnocentric responses, stating that usage is less of a problem in their own workplace than in other work situations. Further, union leaders and members state that management efforts to deal with this problem in a humane manner are insufficient. Respondents stress the need for more preventative educational programs, in both the workplace and in the community, as the most promising method for amelioration of drug use in the industrial setting.