bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penetrating colonic trauma and damage control surgery: Anastomosis or stoma?
Authors: Oosthuizen George , Buitendag Johan , Variawa Saffiya , Čačala Sharon , Kong Victor , Xu William , Clarke Damian
Published: May 2021

Background

The management of colon injuries in damage control surgery (DCS) remains controversial.

Methods

A retrospective study investigating outcomes of penetrating colonic trauma in patients who survived beyond the initial repeat laparotomy (IRL) after DCS was performed. Patients over 18 years with penetrating colon injury and who underwent DCS from 2012 to 2020 were included from our electronic trauma registry. Demographic data, admission physiology and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were reviewed. Patients were classified into three groups: primary repair of non‐destructive injuries at DCL, delayed anastomosis of destructive injuries at IRL and diversion of destructive injuries at IRL. Outcomes observed included leak rates, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, morbidities, mortality and colon‐related mortality.

Results

Out of 584 patients with penetrating colonic trauma, 89 (15%) underwent DCS. After exclusions, 74 patients were analysed. Mean age was 32.8 years (SD 12.5); 67 (91%) were male. Mechanism of injury was gunshot in 63 (85%) and stab 11 (15%) patients. Seventeen patients underwent primary repair at DCS, of which one leaked. Twenty patients underwent delayed anastomosis at IRL. Of these, five (25%) developed leaks. Mortality was significantly higher for those with an anastomotic leak compared to those without (p < 0.001). Thirty‐seven patients were diverted at IRL. Overall mortality (p = 0.622) and colon‐related mortality (p = 0.592) were not significantly different across groups.

Conclusion

Delayed anastomosis at IRL following DCL was associated with a leak rate of 25% in this study. When anastomotic leak did occur, it was associated with significant mortality. Delayed anastomosis should only be undertaken in highly selected patients.
Open versus laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of diverticular colovesical fistulas: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Trejo‐Avila Mario , Vergara‐Fernández Omar
Published: May 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze the evidence regarding open versus laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of diverticular colovesical fistula (CVF) in terms of perioperative outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies comparing laparoscopic versus open surgery for CVF. We pooled odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) using random or fixed effects models.

Results

Five non‐randomized studies with 227 patients met the inclusion criteria. All were retrospective studies, published between 2014 and 2020. For laparoscopic surgery, the pooled rate for conversion to laparotomy was 36%. Laparoscopic and open procedures required similar operative time (MD: −11.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −51.41 to 28.16). No difference was found in terms of stoma rates between laparoscopic and open surgery (OR: 1.12; 95% CI 0.44–2.86). Overall, the rate of total postoperative complications was lower in the laparoscopic group (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.30–0.99). The pooled analysis showed equivalent rates of anastomotic leaks (OR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.15–2.45), surgical site infections (OR: 0.44; 95% CI 0.19–1.01), and mortality (OR: 0.18; 95% CI 0.03–1.15). The length of stay was significantly reduced with laparoscopic surgery (MD: −2.89; 95% CI −4.20 to −1.58).

Conclusion

Among patients with CVF, the laparoscopic approach appears to have shorter hospital length of stay, with no differences in anastomotic leaks, surgical site infections, stoma rates, and mortality, when compared with open surgery.
Feeding cashew nut shell liquid decreases methane production from feces by altering fecal bacterial and archaeal communities in Thai local ruminants
Authors: Tamori Koya , Matsunaga Bungo , Boonsaen Phoompong , Khongpradit Anchalee , Sawanon Suriya , Nagashima Kyo , Koike Satoshi , Kobayashi Yasuo
Published: May 2021

The effect of feeding cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on fecal fermentation products and microbiota was investigated in Thai native cattle and swamp buffaloes. Four of each animal were fed rice straw and concentrate diet with control pellets without CNSL for 4 weeks, followed by the same diet with pellets containing CNSL for another 4 weeks, so that CNSL was administered at a level of 4 g/100 kg body weight. Feces were collected the last 2 days in each feeding period. CNSL alkyl phenols were recovered from feces (16%–28%) in a similar proportion to those in the diet, indicating that most functional anacardic acid was not selectively removed throughout the digestive tract. In vitro production of gas from feces, particularly methane, decreased with CNSL feeding. The proportion of acetate in feces decreased with CNSL feeding, whereas that of propionate increased, without affecting total short‐chain fatty acid concentration. CNSL feeding changed fecal microbial community, particularly in swamp buffaloes, which exhibited decreases in the frequencies of Treponema, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and Methanomassiliicoccaceae. These results suggest that CNSL feeding alters not only rumen fermentation but also hindgut fermentation via modulation of the microbial community, thereby potentially attenuating methane emission from the feces of ruminant animals.
Tongue‐tie use in Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia
Authors: Noschka E , Porter DBW , Franklin SH , Caraguel CGB
Published: May 2021

Tongue‐ties (TTs) are used to aid control and aim to conservatively treat upper airway disorders in racehorses. However, welfare concerns have led to their use being banned in other equestrian disciplines. In the United Kingdom, TTs have been reported to be used in approximately 5% of starts. The frequency of their use elsewhere is unknown. The objectives of this retrospective single cohort study were to estimate the frequency of TT use within the Australian Thoroughbred (TB) racing industry, and to describe usage patterns. Data of all Australian TB horse races from 2010 to 2013 calendar years were collected by accessing the Racing Information Services Australia database. Frequency of TT use was calculated, and usage patterns were explored at the start, horse and trainer levels. Between 2010 and 2013, there were a total of 728,678 starts from 62,377 horses prepared by 4927 trainers and that raced on 1453 race dates across 402 venues. Tongue‐ties were used in 21.4% of starts; however, frequency varied according to location, race, trainer and horse. At the horse level, 32.2% wore a TT at least once and 7.6% wore it at every race on record. At the trainer level, 71.3% used TTs in at least one of their horses but only 1.4% used them systematically. The present study concludes that TT use in Australian TB racehorses, during the period 2010–2013, was common and considerably higher than previously reported in the United Kingdom. Most Australian trainers use the device and appear to adapt its usage according to individual horse and race factors.
Anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract in creeping water bugs (Heteroptera: Naucoridae)
Authors: Munhoz Igor Luiz Araújo , Serrão José Eduardo , Melo Alan Lane de , Martins Luiza Carla Barbosa , Araújo Vinícius Albano
Published: May 2021

Creeping water bugs (Naucoridae) are predatory aquatic insects widely distributed in the Neotropical region. This study describes the structure of the male reproductive tract in two species, Limnocoris porphyros Nieser & Lopez Ruf, 2001 (Limnocorinae) and Pelocoris subflavus Montandon, 1898 (Naucorinae), under light microscopy. Both in L. porphyros and P. subflavus, the reproductive tract of sexually mature males consists of a pair of testes, efferent ducts, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, two pairs of accessory glands, and an ejaculatory duct. Each testis has seven follicles. Deferent ducts were long with a dilation forming the seminal vesicle. Post‐vesicular deferent ducts were long, coiled, and contained spermatozoa. Characters derived from anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract in the two species, expand the knowledge on reproductive biology and provide new data that can enhance behavioural research and contribute to understand the evolutionary history of aquatic Heteroptera.
Climate change effects on animal ecology: butterflies and moths as a case study
Authors: Hill Geena M. , Kawahara Akito Y. , Daniels Jaret C. , Bateman Craig C. , Scheffers Brett R.
Published: May 2021

Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a particularly informative model for studying the effects of climate change on species ecology because they are ectotherms that thermoregulate with a suite of physiological, behavioural, and phenotypic traits. While some species have been negatively impacted by climatic disturbances, others have prospered, largely in accordance with their diversity in life‐history traits. Here we take advantage of a large repertoire of studies on butterflies and moths to provide a review of the many ways in which climate change is impacting insects, animals, and ecosystems. By studying these climate‐based impacts on ecological processes of Lepidoptera, we propose appropriate strategies for species conservation and habitat management broadly across animals.
Enhancement of epidermal growth factor receptor antibody tumor immunotherapy by glutaminyl cyclase inhibition to interfere with CD47/signal regulatory protein alpha interactions
Authors: Baumann Niklas , Rösner Thies , Jansen J. H. Marco , Chan Chilam , Marie Eichholz Klara , Klausz Katja , Winterberg Dorothee , Müller Kristina , Humpe Andreas , Burger Renate , Peipp Matthias , Schewe Denis M. , Kellner Christian , Leusen Jeanette H. W. , Valerius Thomas
Published: May 2021

Integrin associated protein (CD47) is an important target in immunotherapy, as it is expressed as a “don't eat me” signal on many tumor cells. Interference with its counter molecule signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), expressed on myeloid cells, can be achieved with blocking Abs, but also by inhibiting the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC) with small molecules. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition reduces N‐terminal pyro‐glutamate formation of CD47 at the SIRPα binding site. Here, we investigated the impact of QC inhibition on myeloid effector cell‐mediated tumor cell killing by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Abs and the influence of Ab isotypes. SEN177 is a QC inhibitor and did not interfere with EGFR Ab‐mediated direct growth inhibition, complement‐dependent cytotoxicity, or Ab‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by mononuclear cells. However, binding of a human soluble SIRPα‐Fc fusion protein to SEN177 treated cancer cells was significantly reduced in a dose‐dependent manner, suggesting that pyro‐glutamate formation of CD47 was affected. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition in tumor cells translated into enhanced Ab‐dependent cellular phagocytosis by macrophages and enhanced ADCC by polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes. Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocyte‐mediated ADCC was significantly more effective with EGFR Abs of human IgG2 or IgA2 isotypes than with IgG1 Abs, proposing that the selection of Ab isotypes could critically affect the efficacy of Ab therapy in the presence of QC inhibition. Importantly, QC inhibition also enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR Abs in vivo. Together, these results suggest a novel approach to specifically enhance myeloid effector cell‐mediated efficacy of EGFR Abs by orally applicable small molecule QC inhibitors.
‘Periodontal health and disease in an older population: A 10‐year longitudinal study’
Authors: Edman Kristina , Norderyd Ola , Holmlund Anders
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To investigate alveolar bone loss (ABL), which is an indicator of periodontitis, and to identify risk factors for ABL in an older population between 2008 and 2018.

Methods

This longitudinal study used data from a questionnaire survey and a clinical examination administered on two occasions ten years apart to 273 individuals who were 65 years and 75 years in 2008.

Results

The mean number of teeth decreased significantly over the ten‐year study period, while the proportion of individuals with calculus and moderate ABL visible on radiographs increased. For both ages, the number of teeth decreased by a mean of 2 teeth. The proportions of participants reporting poor general health, daily medication, xerostomia, living singly, visiting dental care irregularly and being in need of extra support in their homes all increased over the observation period.

Conclusions

Despite an increased progression of moderate alveolar bone loss, a fairly good dentition and chewing capacity was retained in this older population. However, the individual's age and fragility are important indicators that need to be considered when planning oral health care and the availability of dental care.
A critical review of the compassionate conservation debate
Authors: Coghlan Simon , Cardilini Adam P. A.
Published: May 2021

Compassionate conservation holds that compassion should transform conservation. It has prompted heated debate and has been criticized strongly. We reviewed the debate to characterize compassionate conservation and to philosophically analyze critiques that are recurring and that warrant further critical attention. The necessary elements of compassionate conservation relate to the moral value of sentient animals and conservation and to science and conservation practice. Although compassionate conservation has several nontraditional necessary conditions, it also importantly allows a degree of pluralism in values and scientific judgment regarding animals and conservation practice. We identified 52 specific criticisms from 11 articles that directly critique compassionate conservation. We closely examined 33 of these because they recurred regularly or included substantial questions that required further response. Critics criticized compassionate conservation's ethical foundations, scientific credentials, clarity of application, understanding of compassion, its alleged threat to conservation and biodiversity. Some criticisms, we found, are question begging, confused, or overlook conceptual complexity. These criticisms raise questions for critics and proponents, regarding, for example, equal versus differential intrinsic moral value of different sentient animals (including humans), problems of natural and human‐caused suffering of wild animals and predation, and the acceptability of specific conservation practices within compassionate conservation. By addressing recurring and faulty critiques of compassionate conservation and identifying issues for compassionate conservation to address, this review provides a clearer basis for crucial ongoing interdisciplinary dialogue about ethics, values, and conservation.
Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses
Authors: Pascual Maria , Wingard James , Bhatri Naila , Rydannykh Alyona , Phelps Jacob
Published: May 2021

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high‐biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large‐scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like‐for‐like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).
Setting robust biodiversity goals
Authors: Maron Martine , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Krueger Linda , Kiesecker Joseph , Kümpel Noëlle F. , ten Kate Kerry , Milner‐Gulland E.J. , Arlidge William N. S. , Booth Hollie , Bull Joseph W. , Starkey Malcolm , Ekstrom Jonathan M. , Strassburg Bernardo , Verburg Peter H. , Watson James E. M.
Published: May 2021

The new global biodiversity framework (GBF) being developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity must drive action to reverse the ongoing decline of the Earth's biodiversity. Explicit, measurable goals that specify the outcomes we want to achieve are needed to set the course for this action. However, the current draft goals and targets fail to set out these clear outcomes. We argue that distinct outcome goals for species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity are essential and should specify net outcomes required for each. Net outcome goals such as “no net loss” do, however, have a controversial history, and loose specification can lead to perverse outcomes. We outline seven general principles to underpin net outcome goal setting that minimize risk of such perverse outcomes. Finally, we recommend inclusion of statements of impact in action targets that support biodiversity goals, and we illustrate the importance of this with an example from the draft GBF action targets. These modifications would help reveal the specific contribution each action would make to achieving the outcome goals and provide clarity on whether the successful achievement of action targets would be adequate to achieve the outcome goals and, in turn, the 2050 vision: living in harmony with nature.
Test–retest reliability and validity of body composition methods in adults
Authors: Totosy de Zepetnek Julia O. , Lee Jennifer J. , Boateng Terence , Plastina Stephanie E. , Cleary Shane , Huang Liuye , Kucab Michaela , Paterakis Stella , Brett Neil R. , Bellissimo Nick
Published: May 2021

Cost‐effective and efficient body composition measurement devices that are reliable and valid are necessary for identifying health risk as well as for understanding the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability and validity of three body composition measurement devices. Forty‐nine adults (mean age (SD) = 31.5 (10.7) y; BMI = 23.5 (3.0) kg/m2) completed a reference air displacement plethysmography (ADP) measure, and duplicate measures using skinfold callipers (Lange), ultrasound (BodyMetrix A‐mode) and a 3‐dimensional photonic scanner (3DPS; Fit3D ProScanner). Skinfold thickness was measured at seven sites using callipers and ultrasound; percent body fat (%BF) was then estimated using population‐specific algorithms. The 3DPS was used to measure body circumferences, and then %BF was estimated using its beta‐software. While skinfold callipers showed poor absolute reliability (mean differences (Δ) [95% CI] = 0.54% [0.22, 0.87], standard error of measurement (SEM) = 0.63%), ultrasound and the 3DPS showed excellent absolute (Δ = 0.17% [−0.25, 0.58], SEM = 0.78%; and Δ = −0.01% [−0.43, 0.40], SEM = 0.67%, respectively) and relative reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.988 [0.979, 0.993]; and ICC2,1 = 0.983 [0.968, 0.991], respectively). Compared to ADP (n = 43), skinfold callipers underestimated %BF (Δ = −4.53 [−7.72, −1.34]; p = 0.003), while ultrasound (Δ = −0.32 [−3.51, 2.87]; p = 0.99) and the 3DPS (Δ = 1.06 [−2.12. 4.26]; p = 0.77) were not significantly different. Bland–Altman plots showed a minimal bias of ultrasound [95% limit of agreement (LOA) = −7.87, 7.23] and the 3DPS [95% LOA = −6.66, 8.79]. In conclusion, estimating %BF from subcutaneous fat measurements using ultrasound and body circumferences using a 3DPS may be reliable and valid methods that require minimal technician expertise.
Tilidine and dipyrone (metamizole) in cold pressor pain: A pooled analysis of efficacy, tolerability, and safety in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kleine‐Borgmann Julian , Wilhelmi Johannes , Kratel Johannes , Baumann Frederik , Schmidt Katharina , Zunhammer Matthias , Bingel Ulrike
Published: May 2021

The cold pressor test (CPT) is widely implemented and offers a simple, experimental acute pain model utilizing cold pain. Previous trials have frequently paired the CPT with opioids in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying pharmacological analgesia, due to their known analgesic efficacy. However, opioid side effects may lead to unblinding and raise concerns about the safety of the experimental setting. Despite the established clinical efficacy of dipyrone (metamizole), its efficacy, tolerability, and safety in cold pressor pain has not been systematically addressed to date. This pooled analysis included data of 260 healthy volunteers from three randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind substudies using the CPT following a pre‐test‐post‐test‐design. These substudies allow for comparing a single dose of 800 mg dipyrone with two different doses of the opioid tilidine/naloxone (50/4 mg and 100/8 mg, respectively). Outcomes included pain intensity ratings, pain tolerance, medication‐attributed side effects, as well as changes of blood pressure and heart rate. We demonstrate that both opioid doses and dipyrone had a comparable, significant analgesic effect on cold pressor pain. However, dipyrone was associated with significantly less self‐reported adverse effects and these were not significantly different from those under placebo. These results indicate that the combination of dipyrone and the CPT provides a safe, tolerable, and effective experimental model for the study of pharmacological analgesia. In combination with a CPT, dipyrone may be useful as a positive control, or baseline medication for the study of analgesic modulation.
Sharing Power: Leadership Lessons from Interdisciplinary Practices in an Art Museum
Authors: Casadio Francesca
Published: May 2021

Fine arts museums are undergoing a radical transformation, from closed containers of “things” to porous spaces onsite and online where the visitor experience is paramount. The current moment is accelerating this transformative evolution of museums into institutions that feel relevant and attractive to diverse audiences, now increasingly on multiple platforms. This change on the visitor‐facing side needs to mirror a change in practices and attitudes on the inside. As part of this transformative effort a few art museums are supporting a new generation of leaders that have traditionally been in the shadows—those in charge of conservation and scientific research. The infusion of conservation and science narratives in art museums can change visitors’ mode of engagement, diversify content entry points to art for those drawn to science, inspire new public offerings, transform museum spaces to make the practice of conservation and scientific research visible, and attract new funding streams. In this paper we share recent experiences at the Art Institute of Chicago, distilling some key elements that can help transform museums into more equitable and multidisciplinary spaces of inquiry. The work underway builds on the values of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Math) education and takes place in the context of a growing field of collaborative and interdisciplinary museum practice.
Defeminization, Structural Transformation and Technological Upgrading in Manufacturing
Authors: Tejani Sheba , Kucera David
Published: May 2021

This article examines gendered employment implications of structural transformation and technological upgrading in manufacturing. It focuses on 14 countries that relied heavily on exports of labour‐intensive and assembly industries that have long provided strategic entry points onto global markets. The study uses accounting decomposition methods to identify the drivers of changes in female shares of manufacturing employment as well as econometric analysis to assess the gendered impacts of technological upgrading. This study is the first to apply either of these methods at a detailed industry level as well as the first to estimate long‐run relationships between women's representation in manufacturing employment and technological upgrading. The main findings are that within‐industry effects on female shares of employment are generally more important than employment reallocation effects and that there is more often a negative than positive relationship between technological upgrading and female shares of employment at the country and industry levels. These negative effects of technological upgrading are found in four of the five strategic export‐oriented industries — food, beverages and tobacco products; textiles; apparel, leather products and footwear; and motor vehicles. The article discusses the policy implications of these findings and of the defeminization of manufacturing employment more generally.
Psychometric properties of the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (MDASS) in Chinese young adults and adolescents
Authors: Zhu Shimin , Zhuang Yanqiong , Lee Paul
Published: May 2021

Aim

Mindset has been found to be closely related to mental health symptoms. Yet no scale for the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (MDASS) has been validated. This study developed a 12‐item MDASS with four items in each domain and examined its psychometric properties among young adults and adolescents.

Methods

Young adults (Study 1: N = 1735, aged 18–25) and adolescents (Study 2, N = 1648, aged 9–16) completed socio‐demographics information, MDASS (unidirectional items in Study 1 and bi‐directional items in Study 2), and mental health symptoms measures. Both samples were randomly divided into two equal sub‐samples, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the factor structure, the other for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the goodness‐of‐fit of EFA models. Spearman correlations were used to assess the convergent validity of MDASS with measures of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Results

In Study 1, EFA yielded a three‐factor model with underlying factors of fixed mindsets on depression, anxiety, and stress; CFA revealed a good goodness‐of‐fit (CFI and TFI >0.95; RMSEA and SRMR <0.08). In Study 2 with reversed items, EFA and CFA yielded a complex model structure. Fixed mindsets were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (all absolute correlations >0.3) in both studies.

Conclusion

MDASS is a reliable scale with clear factor structure to measure mindsets of negative emotions among early adults. MDASS is suggested to use only fixed‐mindset statements. The MDASS are highly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials
Authors: Takamiya Hiroshi , Tsujimoto Akimasa , Teixeira Erica C. , Jurado Carlos A. , Takamizawa Toshiki , Barkmeier Wayne W. , Latta Mark A. , Miyazaki Masashi , Garcia‐Godoy Franklin
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials. Five self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials were used. The study parameters were: (i) shear bond strengths; (ii) microleakage; (iii) occlusal wear; and (iv) qualitative evaluation of the bonding interface. The range of shear bond strengths of the materials was as follows: 7.4–12.2 MPa to ground enamel, 22.5–32.5 MPa to etched enamel, and 1.3–4.2 MPa to dentin. The microleakage scores of the materials did not show any statistically significant differences regardless of the presence or absence of etching. The wear facets on the materials showed 0.099–0.447 mm3 of volume loss and 148.6–365.3 µm maximum depth, with statistically significant differences between materials. Scanning electron microscopic images of the interfaces of the materials showed good adaptation regardless of substrate. The bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials were still limited and showed lower values than previously reported results for nanofilled composites with an adhesive system. Selective enamel etching can improve the bonding performance of these materials.
Mesoglycan connects Syndecan‐4 and VEGFR2 through Annexin A1 and formyl peptide receptors to promote angiogenesis in vitro
Authors: Pessolano Emanuela , Belvedere Raffaella , Novizio Nunzia , Filippelli Amelia , Perretti Mauro , Whiteford James , Petrella Antonello
Published: May 2021

Mesoglycan is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with fibrinolytic effects and the potential to enhance skin wound repair. Here, we have used endothelial cells isolated from wild‐type (WT) and Syndecan‐4 null (Sdc4‐/‐) C57BL/6 mice to demonstrate that mesoglycan promotes cell motility and in vitro angiogenesis acting on the co‐receptor Syndecan‐4 (SDC4). This latter is known to participate in the formation and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We characterized EVs released by HUVECs and assessed their effect on angiogenesis. Particularly, we focused on Annexin A1 (ANXA1) containing EVs, since they may contribute to tube formation via interactions with Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). In our model, the bond ANXA1‐FPRs stimulates the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) that interacts with vascular endothelial receptor‐2 (VEGFR2) and activates the pathway enhancing cell motility in an autocrine manner, as shown by wound healing/invasion assays, and the induction of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Thus, we have shown for the first time that mesoglycan exerts its pro‐angiogenic effects in the healing process triggering the activation of the three interconnected molecular axis: mesoglycan‐SDC4, EVs‐ANXA1‐FPRs, and VEGF‐A‐VEGFR2.
Intravascular histiocytosis: mimicker of cellulitis, angiosarcoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and others
Authors: Johnson Emma F. , Kelley Benjamin F. , Gibson Lawrence E.
Published: May 2021

Background

Intravascular histiocytosis is an underrecognized reactive skin condition characterized by the clinical finding of poorly demarcated erythematous to violaceous patches and plaques. The diagnosis is confirmed by the histologic findings of intraluminal histiocytes on skin biopsy and exclusion of an alternative diagnosis.

Methods

A review of patients with a histologic diagnosis of intravascular or intralymphatic histiocytosis and seen at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2010, to October 10, 2020, was performed. Histologic and clinical information was collected from the medical records.

Results

Nine patients were identified. Clinical impressions prior to biopsy varied widely, and no clinician included intravascular histiocytosis in the initial clinical differential diagnosis. Eight patients had preceding trauma to the affected area.

Conclusion

Intravascular histiocytosis remains a rare skin condition. Clinical identification remains low. Our cases add support to the hypothesis that intravascular histiocytosis is a reactive condition often preceded by trauma and/or surgery.
A detailed study on multifaceted bioactivities of the extracts and isolated compounds from truffle Reddellomycesparvulosporus
Authors: Çayan Fatih , Tel‐Çayan Gülsen , Deveci Ebru , Duru Mehmet Emin , Türk Mustafa
Published: May 2021

Mushrooms and truffles are attracting attention as a new generation of biotherapeutics. In the current study, isolation, phenolic and organic acid composition, and antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase activities of truffle Reddellomyces parvulosporus were examined. Four known compounds (brassicasterol (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), fumaric acid (3) and mannitol (4)) were isolated with the combination of chromatographic techniques. Fumaric acid (54.74 ± 0.85 µg g−1) was found as the major compound by HPLC‐DAD. All isolated compounds were bioassayed for antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, anti‐tyrosinase, anti‐urease, anti‐α‐glucosidase and anti‐α‐amylase activities. Compound 1 indicated notable cytotoxic activity on MCF‐7 (IC50: 38.08 ± 0.75 µg mL−1) and compound 3 on H1299 (IC50: 62.37 ± 0.75 µg mL−1). Also, compounds 1 (84.55 ± 1.14%) and 2 (84.90 ± 0.10%) showed higher anti‐urease activity than thiourea (78.57 ± 0.22%), while compound 2 (66.31 ± 0.08%) displayed near‐standard anti‐BChE activity. Also, being the first to emphasise the potential of R. parvulosporus as a natural food additive, this study evidenced its medicinal importance by revealing bioactive compounds and properties.
The effect of a culturally sensitive mental well‐being module on Pakistani nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs regarding their own mental health and illness
Authors: Farooq Salima , Lakhdir Maryam Pyar Ali , Parpio Yasmin Nadeem , Haider Sonia Ijaz , Rahim Shirin , Nathwani Apsara Ali , Arthur David
Published: May 2021

This study examined the effect of a mental well‐being module on undergraduate nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs regarding causes and treatment of mental health and illness, and explored the relationship between these variables and depression and anxiety. The one group design incorporated pre‐intervention, intervention and post‐intervention phases, in a consecutive sample of 246 students in a 4‐year BScN programme in Pakistan. A culturally sensitive, interactive mental well‐being module of four hours length was delivered to three groups of approximately 40 students per group. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to assess the difference in the mean knowledge scores. Paired t‐tests investigated between‐group differences on the factor scores. A total of 112 students screened positive for anxiety and depression symptoms. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean knowledge scores regarding mental illness (P < 0.001). Factor analysis resulted in four factors for the aetiology items. Paired t‐test showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between psycho‐social and environmental factors, supernatural and religious beliefs, and neuro‐genetics. For treatment, significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between all factors – Professional and Help from others, Religiosity and Socialization, and Alternative and Medical Treatment. There was a significant and positive change in students’ mental health knowledge, beliefs and mental health‐seeking behaviour and diminished stigmatized beliefs. Based on the findings, it is highly recommended to incorporate the mental well‐being program in the curriculum.
Decline of seedling phosphorus use efficiency in the heterotic pool of flint maize breeding lines since the onset of hybrid breeding
Authors: Li Xuelian , Mang Melissa , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Melchinger Albrecht , Ludewig Uwe
Published: May 2021

Improved management and breeding increased maize (Zea mays L.) yields over the last century, but nutritional efficiency was usually not the focus. This study investigates whether old and recently released flint and dent maize seedlings vary in the phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization. P use efficiency (PUE) and related traits were measured and compared at two P levels in a calcareous soil. PUE and P acquisition efficiency (PAE) from founder flints to elite flints declined over the last decades. This was associated with smaller root systems, reduced ability to exploit external P, decreased rhizosphere pH and shorter root hairs in low P. Comparing flints with doubled haploid landraces (DH_LR), old and elite dents and hybrids revealed that dents started to acquire exogenous P earlier and had improved PUE. Most DH_LRs had similar PUE as elite flints. When evaluating root traits associated with P efficiency, seed P was also critical, and it is important to stack different root traits to optimize PUE, P utilization efficiency (PUtE) and PAE in breeding programmes. The root hair length, the ability to acidify the rhizosphere and the root diameter in flint and dent pools may be utilized to improve P use in maize germplasm.
Relationships between medical incidents, clinical competency, and clinical experience in child and adolescent psychiatric in‐patient nursing: A structural equation modeling approach
Authors: Funakoshi Akiko , Miyamoto Yuki
Published: May 2021

Problem

Psychiatric nurses experience medical incidents, including potential errors and adverse incidents. We aimed to identify the elements of clinical competency related to medical incidents and to test the hypothesized relationships between medical incidents, clinical competency, and clinical experience.

Methods

A self‐administered survey was conducted among 406 nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric wards at 29 Japanese hospitals.

Findings

Medical incidents were significantly negatively correlated with two competencies—collecting client information and solving potential problems—and significantly positively correlated with the competency of collaboration with team members.

Conclusions

Our hypothesis was partially supported, suggesting that medical incidents involve various factors other than nurses’ clinical competency.
COVID‐19 disease trajectories among nursing home residents
Authors: Carnahan Jennifer L. , Lieb Kristi M. , Albert Lauren , Wagle Kamal , Kaehr Ellen , Unroe Kathleen T.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Older adults are at greater risk of both infection with and mortality from COVID‐19. Many U.S. nursing homes have been devastated by the COVID‐19 pandemic, yet little has been described regarding the typical disease course in this population. The objective of this study is to describe and identify patterns in the disease course of nursing home residents infected with COVID‐19.

Setting and Methods

This is a case series of 74 residents with COVID‐19 infection in a nursing home in central Indiana between March 28 and June 17, 2020. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record and from nursing home medical director tracking notes from the time of the index infection through August 31, 2020. The clinical authorship team reviewed the data to identify patterns in the disease course of the residents.

Results

The most common symptoms were fever, hypoxia, anorexia, and fatigue/malaise. The duration of symptoms was extended, with an average of over 3 weeks. Of those infected 25 died; 23 of the deaths were considered related to COVID‐19 infection. A subset of residents with COVID‐19 infection experienced a rapidly progressive, fatal course.

Discussion/Conclusions

Nursing home residents infected with COVID‐19 from the facility we studied experienced a prolonged disease course regardless of the severity of their symptoms, with implications for the resources needed to care for and support of these residents during active infection and post‐disease. Future studies should combine data from nursing home residents across the country to identify the risk factors for disease trajectories identified in this case series.
Worse is worse and better doesn't matter?: The effects of favorable and unfavorable environmental information on consumers’ willingness to pay
Authors: Petersen Lars , Hörisch Jacob , Jacobs Kathleen
Published: May 2021

Increasing consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmentally friendly products is a key challenge for sustainable development in market economies. Still, how consumers react to favorable and unfavorable environmental information of different quantitative extents is largely unknown. This research therefore uses prospect theory and competing theoretical foundations to derive pertinent hypotheses and test them by using a multi‐level structural equation model. The analysis draws on a survey‐based experiment conducted among a representative sample of the German population. Results confirm key assertions of prospect theory. The negative effect caused by unfavorable product carbon footprint information on WTP is stronger than the positive effect caused by respective favorable information. Besides this negativity bias, consumers tend to generally reward or punish deviations of a product's environmental performance from industry average instead of consistently accounting for the size of these deviations. From a sustainable development perspective, the observed patterns highlight a problematic contrast between the need for substantial environmental improvements and limited market incentives for companies. Consequently, political intervention is needed to introduce negative labeling, raise consumers’ reference points, set minimum industry standards, and subsidize companies for radical improvements.
What Does the Cross‐Section Tell About Itself? Explaining Equity Risk Premia with Stock Return Moments
Authors: COOPER ILAN , MA LIANG , MAIO PAULO
Published: May 2021

We derive a parsimonious equilibrium three‐factor asset pricing model (cross‐sectional CAPM, CS‐CAPM) in which the realized cross‐sectional second and third moments of long‐short equity portfolio returns are the driving forces in terms of pricing cross‐sectional equity risk premia. Stock market segmentation implies that these two (nonmarket) factors are priced in equilibrium. The three‐factor model offers a large fit for the joint cross‐sectional risk premia associated with 26 prominent CAPM anomalies, with explanatory ratios around or above 40%. The CS‐CAPM compares favorably with multifactor models widely used in the literature. The cross‐sectional factors are not subsumed by traditional ICAPM risk factors.
The shifting landscape of cannabis legalization: Potential benefits and regulatory perspectives
Authors: Newman Christopher L. , Mason Marlys J. , Langenderfer Jeff
Published: May 2021

This comment is a response to Al‐Hamdani et al. (forthcoming) in this issue. The authors of that paper advocate plain packaging and warning label regulation for cannabis drawing on research from Canadian tobacco labelling and based on the public health dangers of cannabis. While we acknowledge the harmful effects of cannabis for some vulnerable consumers, this paper highlights the benefits of cannabis legalization and proposes regulatory oversight more akin to alcohol with a goal of responsible usage, information, and access; rather than one drawn from tobacco labeling, a product with few discernable benefits and myriad documented harms. Highlighted advantages include increased tax revenues, enforcement cost savings, therapeutic benefits, positive environmental impacts, and social benefits such as a reduction in racial disparities related to marijuana prosecutions. We discuss how a regulatory approach that mirrors alcohol control can better foster consumer protection, fair competition, and public interest in this emerging industry.
Novel cannabidiol aspartame combination treatment (JW‐100) significantly reduces ISGA score in atopic dermatitis: Results from a randomized double‐blinded placebo‐controlled interventional study
Authors: Gao Yanrui , Li Yingfang , Tan Yimei , Liu Wei , Ouaddi Sara , McCoy John , Kovacevic Maja , Situm Mirna , Stanimirovic Andrija , Li Marissa , Wambier Carlos , Goren Andy , Zou Ying
Published: May 2021

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease that erupts periodically. Although the negative impact of the disorder on overall quality of life has been well established, new treatments for AD are still needed. Various studies have reported on cannabidiol’s effectiveness in relieving pain and easing inflammation while not presenting major health risks.

Aims

In this communication, we aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel cannabidiol (CBD) and aspartame formulation, JW‐100, in relieving signs and symptoms of AD.

Patients/Methods

We conducted a double‐blinded placebo‐controlled interventional study randomizing patients to one of three treatment groups: JW‐100 (CBD plus aspartame), CBD only, or placebo topical formulations. The Investigator’s Static Global Assessment (ISGA) score was used to document any changes in AD resulting from the applied interventions at 14 days.

Results

Fifty‐seven patients completed the trial and were included in the final analysis. The ISGA score of the patients at baseline was 2.56, 2.24, and 2.24, for the JW‐100, CBD, and placebo groups, respectively. After two weeks of treatment, the ISGA score reduced by 1.28, 0.81, and 0.71, for the JW‐100, CBD, and placebo groups, respectively. The JW‐100 cohorts demonstrated statistically significant ISGA score reduction (p = 0.042). 50% of patients in the JW‐100 group achieved ISGA score of clear or almost clear (0 or 1) with at least a 2‐grade improvement from baseline after treatment (p = 0.028). Only 20% and 15% of patients in the CBD only and placebo groups reported ISGA score of clear or almost clear (0 or 1).

Conclusions

JW‐100, a novel topical formulation containing CBD and aspartame, was demonstrated to produce statistically significant improvements in AD following 14 days of topical application.
Alcohol use disorders are associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in a rural area of Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Leandro Machado , Cerezer Débora Martins , Casarin Maísa , Moreira Carlos Heitor Cunha , Zanatta Fabrício Batistin
Published: May 2021

Objective

The aim of the present cross‐sectional study was to determine whether alcohol use disorders (AUD) are independently associated with severe and extent cases of periodontitis in individuals living in a rural area of Brazil.

Methods

A representative probability sample (N = 585) was evaluated using six‐site full‐mouth periodontal examination. AUD was assessed using the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and considered in its unidimensional and bidimensional factor structures. The first address hazardous alcohol consumption [HAC (overall scores ≥8)], and the second deals with two distinct constructs, harmful use [HU (items 1–3 scores ≥4 for men or ≥3 for women)], and alcohol‐related consequences [ARC (items 4–10 scores ≥1)]. Periodontal outcomes were defined based on the criteria proposed by the CDC‐AAP (2012) and an adaptation of the EFP‐AAP (2018) definition of generalized stages III or IV periodontitis (GP). Adjusted multilevel multinomial and binary logistic regression analysis were used with a conceptual hierarchical approach to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of periodontal outcomes.

Results

In the adjusted model, HU (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.29–5.58) and ARC (OR = 3.79; 95% CI: 1.51–9.51) were significantly associated with higher prevalence of severe periodontitis (SP). Higher occurrence of GP was detected in individuals presenting HAC (OR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05–3.37) and ARC (OR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.61–5.24).

Conclusion

AUD was independently associated with higher prevalence of SP and GP in individuals living in a rural area.