bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound accelerates healing of normal wounds but not of ischemic ones
Authors: Altomare Mariane , Nascimento Adriana P. , Romana‐Souza Bruna , Amadeu Thaís P. , Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa
Published: October 2009

To examine the influence of therapeutic ultrasound (US) on repair of standard and ischemic cutaneous lesions, full‐thickness excisional wounds were made in rats and treated with a US 3 MHz, 0.5 W/cm2 pulsed duty cycle. We used five experimental groups: control (received US powered off on the day of surgery, and on the second and fourth day), control US (received US on the day of surgery, and on the second and fourth day), ischemic (received US powered off on the day of surgery, and on the second and fourth day), ischemic US 3X (received US on the day of surgery, and on the second and fourth day) and ischemic US 5X (received US in the day of surgery, first, second, third and fourth day). The control US group showed acceleration in wound contraction 7 days after wounding, an increase in collagen density, and only focal inflammatory areas. Neo‐epidermis formation was more advanced in the control US group than in the control one. Wound contraction was delayed in the ischemic group when compared with the control group as well as the ischemic US 3X group, was but slightly accelerated in the ischemic US 5X group when compared with the ischemic group 7 days after wounding. Reepithelialization was delayed in both ischemic US groups when compared with the ischemic group. The number of inflammatory cells was higher in both US ischemic groups. We conclude that US therapy accelerates wound healing in normal wounds and delays wound healing in ischemic wounds.
Endocrinology and Dialysis  Series Editor: Jean L. Holley: A Review of the Effects of Growth Hormone Changes on Symptoms of Frailty in the Elderly with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Emaad , Holley Jean L.
Published: October 2009

The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, especially in the elderly. Recently, functional impairment and frailty have been recognized as factors affecting the quality of life, and outcomes in elderly patients with CKD and therapeutic interventions to improve function and reduce frailty are therefore being considered. Growth hormone (GH) levels decrease with age and GH actions are impaired in CKD patients. GH stimulates protein synthesis, bone, and glucose metabolism, and affects body composition by reducing body fat and increasing lean body mass. An increase in lean body mass may reduce frailty and thus avoid functional impairment. Thus, providing GH to elderly CKD patients could potentially improve outcomes and quality of life by lowering the risk of frailty and associated functional impairment. There are few studies assessing the long‐term effects of GH administration on symptoms of frailty in elderly patients with CKD. In this review we will try to shed some light on the trials assessing the administration of GH to elderly subjects and to patients with CKD and focus on the possible role GH administration may play to improve frailty and quality of life in those patients.
Propranolol Treatment for Hemangioma of Infancy: Risks and Recommendations
Authors: Lawley Leslie P. , Siegfried Elaine , Todd Jane L.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Hemangioma of infancy is a condition that may be associated with significant morbidity. While evidence most supports the use of corticosteroids, there is no well‐defined or Federal Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved systemic therapy for hemangioma of infancy. All currently used treatments have significant risks. Dramatic improvement of complicated hemangioma of infancy to propranolol was recently reported, but details for initiating therapy, monitoring, and potential risks were not included. We present two infants treated with propranolol, who suffered complications and propose a treatment protocol to minimize potential adverse events.
308‐nm Excimer Laser for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata in Children
Authors: Al‐Mutairi Nawaf
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Alopecia areata (AA) is a common skin disease which is characterized by nonscarring localized or diffused hair loss. In this study we assessed the efficacy of 308‐nm Excimer laser in the treatment of alopecia areata in children. A total of 9 children with 30 recalcitrant patches alopecia areata and two children with alopecia areata totalis were enrolled in this study which included seven male and four female patients, aged between 4 and 14 years and the durations of their disease were between 7 and 25 months. All of these patients had more than one lesion of alopecia areata and at least one of them was left as a control for comparison. The lesions were treated with the 308‐nm Excimer laser twice a week for a period of 12 weeks. Regrowth of hair was observed in 18 (60%) alopecia patches in the scalp, while there was no response in the control patches and over the extremities. Only four patients with scalp lesions showed a recurrence of alopecia after 6 months post laser therapy. So, 308‐nm Excimer laser is considered an effective safe therapeutic option for patchy alopecia areata in children.
Twice‐daily versus Once‐daily Applications of Pimecrolimus Cream 1% for the Prevention of Disease Relapse in Pediatric Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Ruer‐Mulard Mireille , Aberer Werner , Gunstone Anthony , Kekki Outi‐Maria , Estebaranz Jose Luis López , Vertruyen André , Guettner Achim , Hultsch Thomas
Published: October 2009

Abstract: The aim of this study is to compare twice‐daily and once‐daily applications of pimecrolimus cream 1% for prevention of atopic dermatitis relapses in pediatric patients. This multicenter trial enrolled 300 outpatients aged 2 to 17 years, with mild‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis. The patients were initially treated with twice‐daily topical pimecrolimus until complete clearance or for up to 6 weeks (open‐label period). Those who achieved a decrease of at least 1 point in the Investigator’s Global Assessment score were then randomized to double‐blind treatment with pimecrolimus cream 1% either twice daily or once daily for up to 16 weeks. Study medication was discontinued during periods of disease remission (Investigator’s Global Assessment = 0). The primary efficacy end point of the double‐blind phase was disease relapse (worsening requiring topical corticosteroids or additional/alternative therapy and confirmed by Investigator’s Global Assessment score ≥ 3 and pruritus score ≥ 2). Of the 300 patients enrolled in the study, 268 were randomized to treatment with pimecrolimus cream 1% either twice daily or once daily (n = 134 in each group). The relapse rate was lower in the twice‐daily dose group (9.9%) than that in the once‐daily dose group (14.7%), but analysis of the time to disease relapse, using a Cox proportional model to adjust for confounding variables, did not show a statistically significant difference between treatment arms (hazard ratio: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.31–1.30). Treatment of active atopic dermatitis lesions with pimecrolimus cream 1% twice daily, followed by the once‐daily dosing regimen, was sufficient to prevent subsequent atopic dermatitis relapses over 16 weeks in pediatric patients.
Difficult‐to‐Control Bleeding
Authors: Bellet Jane S. , Wagner Annette M.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  A 12‐year‐old girl presented for excision of a nevus sebaceous of the scalp. The surgery was complicated by unexpected difficult‐to‐control bleeding in the operating room. Numerous attempts to obtain hemostasis were unsuccessful including the use of local anesthetic containing epinephrine, direct pressure, wall suction, monopolar electrocautery using different tip sizes, sponge sticks, and Gelfoam®. Finally bleeding was contained using a suction‐electocautery unit frequently used by otolaryngology. This article reviews the usual causes of unexpected bleeding in the pediatric population and both familiar and unfamiliar methods to control operative bleeding.
Childhood Lichen Planus Pemphigoides: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Cohen Daniela M. , Ben‐Amitai Dan , Feinmesser Meora , Zvulunov Alex
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Lichen planus pemphigoides is a rare autoimmune blistering disease that is characterized by evolution of vesico‐bullous skin lesions in patients with active lichen planus. We describe a case of lichen planus pemphigoides in a 6‐year‐old boy and review the clinical and immunopathologic features of all reported cases of pediatric lichen planus pemphigoides. The mean age at onset of childhood lichen planus pemphigoides is 12 years with a male to female ratio of 3:1 and a mean lag‐time between lichen planus and the development of lichen planus pemphigoides of 7.9 weeks. Vesiculo‐bullous lesions were found on the extremities in all patients and there was palmoplantar involvement in about half of the cases. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence features were similar to those reported in adults. One patient had Western immunoblot data revealing antigens of 180, 230, and 200 kDa. Immunoelectron microscopy in two cases showed localization of immune deposition different from that in bullous pemphigoid. We found that topical corticosteroids or oral dapsone caused resolution of lichen planus pemphigoides without known relapse of blistering in four cases, suggesting that it might be possible to reserve oral corticosteroids as a second line of therapy in children with lichen planus pemphigoides.
Successful Treatment of Candida albicans Septicemia in a Preterm Infant with Severe Congenital Ichthyosis (Harlequin baby)
Authors: Haase Roland , Kreft Burkhard , Foell Jürgen , Kekulé Alexander S. , Merkel Nick
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Candida infections are a major cause of fungal septicemia in neonates and are associated with marked morbidity and mortality. Despite the spectrum of antifungal drugs being dramatically extended during the last decade, invasive fungal infections remain a serious challenge for neonatologists. Amphotericin B and its lipid formulations are the drugs of choice for the treatment of systemic candidiasis in neonates. The combination of antifungal drugs with different sites of action, like caspofungin and amphotericin B, may improve antifungal efficacy. Severe congenital ichthyosis often leads to death within the neonatal period. Main causes of death are dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and respiratory or systemic infections. We report the case of a preterm infant with severe congenital ichthyosis and sepsis caused by Candida albicans. The infection did not improve despite proper liposomal amphotericin B treatment. After addition of caspofungin, the baby recovered. To our best knowledge, a case of a preterm infant suffering from severe congenital ichthyosis and Candida albicans sepsis, who survived, has not been previously described.
Nodulosis in Systemic Onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: An Uncommon Event with Spontaneous Resolution
Authors: Abdwani Reem , Scuccumarri Rosie , Duffy Karen , Duffy Ciarán M.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Accelerated nodulosis is a rare complication of methotrexate therapy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. When nodulosis does occur in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis on methotrexate, it is almost always seen in patients with polyarthritis with rheumatoid factor seropositivity, but only occasionally in polyarthritis patients who are rheumatoid factor negative. It has been described previously in only one patient with systemic arthritis. In this study, we describe three patients with systemic arthritis, all of whom developed nodulosis while receiving methotrexate. Interestingly, it was not necessary to discontinue methotrexate in any of these patients. In fact, methotrexate dose was escalated without consequences and with complete resolution of nodules. This observation suggests that nodulosis occurring in patients with systemic arthritis already on methotrexate may not be because of methotrexate itself, but may be a component of the disease process. The other likely possibility given the fact that nodulosis occurs with other immunomodulatory agents and is not specifically related to methotrexate is that immunomodulatory agents in general precipitate the development of nodulosis. Thus, we propose that the new terminology “immunomodulatory agents induced nodulosis” rather than “methotrexate‐induced nodulosis” be used in the literature.
Sporotrichoid Aspergillosis in an Immunocompromised Child: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Palmero Maria Lourdes , Pope Elena , Brophy Jason
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Primary cutaneous aspergillosis is an uncommon, opportunistic infection. Atypical presentations have recently emerged with the expanding range of primary and acquired diseases that cause immunosuppression. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis may invade the deep lymphatic structures and present in a sporotrichoid pattern. In pediatric patients with an otherwise normal previous medical history, primary cutaneous aspergillosis should raise the suspicion of an immunodeficiency and prompt referral to immunology and infectious disease specialists should be made. Early diagnosis and management of primary cutaneous aspergillosis prevents invasive aspergillosis, minimizing morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patients.
Factitious Purpura in a 10‐Year‐Old Girl
Authors: Yamada Kayo , Sakurai Yoshihiko , Shibata Mari , Miyagawa Sachiko , Yoshioka Akira
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We describe a 10‐year‐old girl who presented with bizarre purpura. Both congenital and autoimmune hemorrhagic disorders were excluded based on her past medical history and physical and laboratory findings. Child abuse was also ruled out as purpura continued to develop after child–family separation. Histologic examination of the skin lesions revealed disruption of collagen fiber bundles. This finding indicated application of external force, leading to a definitive diagnosis of factitious purpura. Although it is very rare in school‐age children, the diagnosis of factitious purpura should be included in the differential diagnosis of purpura in children. Histologic analysis of skin biopsies may aid in establishing the diagnosis.
Aeromonas hydrophila Folliculitis Associated with an Inflatable Swimming Pool: Mimicking Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection
Authors: Manresa Marc Julià , Villa Asunción Vicente , Giralt Amadeu Gené , González‐Enseñat Ma Antonia
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Aeromonas species are ubiquitous, facultative, anaerobic, gram‐negative flagellated rods, mainly found in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Skin and soft‐tissue infections, including cellulitis and wound infections, are the second most frequent location of isolations of Aeromonas spp. in clinical samples, after the gastrointestinal tract. All three major Aeromonas species (A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veroni biotype sobria) have been associated with wound infections, but A. hydrophila predominates. Typically, infection occurs after trauma and subsequent exposure to contaminated fresh water or soil. However, Aeromonas folliculitis has been rarely reported. We report the first two pediatric cases of Aeromonas hydrophila folliculitis associated with the use of recreational water facilities that clinically and epidemiologically mimic Pseudomonas folliculitis. Clinical and microbiological studies may be necessary to clarify the role of Aeromonas spp. in this newly‐reported infection.
AEC Syndrome Caused by a Novel p63 Mutation and Demonstrating Erythroderma Followed by Extensive Depigmentation
Authors: BERK DAVID R. , CRONE KIMBERLY , BAYLISS SUSAN J.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We present an infant with AEC syndrome due to a novel TP63 mutation (F552S), who demonstrated neonatal erythroderma followed by extensive depigmentation. We are unaware of previous reports highlighting the extensive depigmentation present in our patient.
Mammary Skin Tag in a 2‐Year‐Old Girl: A Long‐Lasting Adnexal Polyp Of Neonatal Skin?
Authors: COSTA ANA LUCAS , BETLLOCH ISABEL , PÉREZ‐CRESPO MARÍA , MATAIX JAVIER , BAÑULS JOSÉ
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We describe the case of a 2‐year‐old girl showing a pedunculated lesion on the areola of the nipple since birth. Clinical and histological features were consistent with an adnexal polyp of neonatal skin observed beyond the neonatal period.
Solitary Cutaneous Leiomyoma in an Infant
Authors: ROBATI REZA MAHMOUD , BARIKBIN BEHROOZ , KAVAND SIMA , SARRAFI‐RAD NIMA , MORADLOO MANSOOR
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  This report describes a case of leiomyoma of the ankle occurring at an unusual age. A 5‐month‐old girl presented with an asymptomatic nodule on her left ankle.
Neonatal Frostbite with Gangrene of Toes
Authors: KRISHNAMURTHY SRIRAM , SINGH VIVEK , GUPTA PIYUSH
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Gangrene of the extremities in the neonatal period is rare. Etiology is not identified in most cases and management is usually conservative. We describe an unusual case of an abandoned neonate with marked hypothermia, who was brought to us with gangrene of toes, during a severe winter. The toes auto‐amputated after 2 weeks. A negative sepsis screen, normal Doppler study, and absence of evidence of hypercoagulable state prompted us to incriminate localized cold injury (frostbite) as the probable cause of gangrene in this newborn infant.
Vulvar Pyoderma Gangrenosum in a Child
Authors: GARCOVICH SIMON , GATTO ANTONIO , FERRARA PIETRO , GARCOVICH ANTONIO
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We present a case of a 10‐year‐old girl with a diagnosis of vulvar pyoderma gangrenosum. Intravenous methylprednisolone was started and on tapering the steroid regimen, the lesion showed significant enlargement and purulent discharge without any remission of fever and inflammatory activity, so she was treated with oral cyclosporin A in combination with low‐dose steroid. A response to treatment was achieved after 2 weeks and clinical and laboratory follow‐up at 12 months did not show any disease relapse or inflammation.
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma in a Six‐Year‐Old Child
Authors: CERNIK CHRISTINA , CHANNAIAH DEEPA , TREVINO JULIAN
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We report a case of AFH presenting as an asymptomatic subcutaneous nodule on the arm of a 6‐year‐old boy. AFH is a fibrohistiocytic tumor of intermediate malignancy. Predominantly seen in children and young adults, AFH presents as a deep dermal or subcutaneous nodule usually on the extremities. The histology is characterized by a fibrous capsule, surrounding lymphocytic infiltrate and blood‐filled cystic spaces lined by flattened tumor cells. AFH cells express desmin, epithelial membrane antigen, and CD 68 in over 60% of cases; they are negative for myogenin, MYOD1, and endothelial markers. Rate of local recurrence is 2% to 20%. The metastatic rate is 1%. Management is with wide surgical excision and careful follow‐up.
Tongue Granulomatous Lesion Caused by Mandibular Primary Incisors Eruption
Authors: INAGAKI LUCIANA TIEMI , SULLCAHUAMÁN JUDITH ANGELICA GONZALES , LARA SANDRA MARISOL HERNANDEZ , DEZAN CÁSSIA CILENE , DE FIGUEIREDO WALTER LUIZ REYNALDO
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The aim of this report was to present a case of granulomatous lesion on the ventral surface of the tongue in a 9‐month‐old, healthy, infant girl, caused by the habit of scraping the tongue on mandibular central incisors. Clinical treatment consisted of manual smoothing of the sharp edges of both incisors and excision of the 2‐cm pediculate ulcerative granulomatous mass localized on the ventral surface of the tongue. After 3 weeks, the child could be properly fed and a complete healing of the lesion was observed.
Cutaneous Rosai‐Dorfman Disease: Presenting as Massive Bilateral Eyelid Swelling
Authors: JAT KANA RAM , PANIGRAHI INUSHA , SRINIVASAN RADHIKA , SINGH USHA , VASISHTA R. K. , SHARMA NIVEDITA , DUGGAL RAJAN , MARWAHA R. K.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Rosai‐Dorfman disease is a rare, benign histiocytic proliferative disorder, which commonly affects the lymph nodes. Cutaneous Rosai‐Dorfman disease is a rare form of Rosai‐Dorfman disease limited to the skin. We report a case of cutaneous Rosai‐Dorfman presenting with bilateral eyelid swelling in a child.
Use of Zirconia Ceramic in the DexAide Right Ventricular Assist Device Journal Bearing
Authors: Saeed Diyar , Horvath David J. , Massiello Alex L. , Ootaki Yoshio , Benefit Stephen , Golding Leonard A.R. , Fukamachi Kiyotaka
Published: October 2009

Our aim was to evaluate the potential use of zirconium oxide (zirconia) as a blood journal bearing material in the DexAide right ventricular assist device. The DexAide titanium stator was replaced by a zirconia stator in several blood pump builds, without changing the remaining pump hardware components. In vitro pump performance and efficiency were evaluated at a predetermined pump speed and flow. Motor power consumption decreased by 20%, and DexAide battery life was extended to over 12 h on two fully charged batteries. The zirconia stator was also successfully evaluated in a severe start/stop test pre‐ and postexposure of the zirconia to accelerated simulated biologic aging. This study's outcomes indicated the advantages of zirconia as an alternate journal bearing material for the DexAide device.
Hemocompatibility of a Miniaturized Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and a Pumpless Interventional Lung Assist in Experimental Lung Injury
Authors: Kopp Ruedger , Bensberg Ralf , Henzler Dietrich , Niewels Anja , Randerath Simone , Rossaint Rolf , Kuhlen Ralf
Published: October 2009

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used for most severe acute respiratory distress syndrome cases in specialized centers. Hemocompatibility of devices depends on the size and modification of blood contacting surfaces as well as blood flow rates. An interventional lung assist using arteriovenous perfusion of a low‐resistance oxygenator without a blood pump (Novalung, Hechingen, Germany) or a miniaturized ECMO with reduced filling volume and a diagonal blood pump (Deltastream, Medos AG, Stolberg, Germany) could optimize hemocompatibility. The aim of the study was to compare hemocompatibility with conventional ECMO. Female pigs were connected to extracorporeal circulation for 24 h after lavage induced lung injury (eight per group). Activation of coagulation and immune system as well as blood cell damage was measured. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Plasmatic coagulation was slightly activated in all groups demonstrated by increased thrombin‐anti‐thrombin III‐complex. No clinical signs of bleeding or thromboembolism occurred. Thrombelastography revealed decreased clotting capacities after miniaturized ECMO, probably due to significantly reduced platelet count. These resulted in reduced dosage of intravenous heparin. Scanning electron microscopy of oxygenator fibers showed significantly increased binding and shape change of platelets after interventional lung assist. In all groups, hemolysis remained negligible, indicated by low plasma hemoglobin concentration. Interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α concentration as well as leukocyte count remained unchanged. Both devices demonstrated adequate hemocompatibility for safe clinical application, although a missing blood pump did not increase hemocompatibility. Further studies seem necessary to analyze the influence of different blood pumps on platelet drop systematically.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐6‐loaded Chitosan Scaffolds Enhance the Osteoblastic Characteristics of MC3T3‐E1 Cells
Authors: Akman Abdullah C. , Seda Tığlı R. , Gümüşderelioğlu Menemşe , Nohutcu Rahime M.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the convenience of bone morphogenetic protein‐6 (BMP‐6)‐loaded chitosan scaffolds with preosteoblastic cells for bone tissue engineering. MC3T3‐E1 cells were seeded into three different groups: chitosan scaffolds, BMP‐6‐loaded chitosan scaffolds, and chitosan scaffolds with free BMP‐6 in culture medium. Tissue‐engineered constructs were characterized by 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazoliumbromide assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineralization assay (von Kossa), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and osteocalcin (OCN) assays. BMP‐6‐loaded chitosan scaffolds supported proliferation of the MC3T3‐E1 mouse osteogenic cells in a similar pattern as the unloaded chitosan scaffolds group and as the chitosan scaffolds with free BMP‐6 group. SEM images of the cell‐seeded scaffolds revealed significant acceleration of extracellular matrix synthesis in BMP‐6‐loaded chitosan scaffolds. Both levels of ALP and OCN were higher in BMP‐6‐loaded chitosan scaffold group compared with the other two groups. In addition, BMP‐6‐loaded scaffolds showed strong staining in mineralization assays. These findings suggest that BMP‐6‐loaded chitosan scaffold supports cellular functions of the osteoblastic cells; therefore, this scaffold is considered as a new promising vehicle for bone tissue engineering applications.
Segmental Differences of Impaired Diastolic Relaxation Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery in Children: A Tissue Doppler Study
Authors: Pauliks Linda B. , Ündar Akif , Clark J. Brian , Myers John L.
Published: October 2009

Impaired myocardial relaxation is an important aftereffect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Infants with their immature calcium metabolism may be particularly vulnerable. However, it has been difficult to quantitate diastolic dysfunction clinically. This study used tissue Doppler to measure regional diastolic myocardial velocities in 31 pediatric patients undergoing open heart surgery. Color tissue Doppler images were acquired in the operating room before and 8 and 24 h post CPB surgery. Early (E) and atrial (A) diastolic velocities were determined. Long axis motion was assessed from apical views near the mitral and tricuspid rings and radial wall motion from the parasternal view. The study included 31 children aged 3.6 ± 4.4 years (6 days to 16 years), with a mean weight of 14.7 ± 13.7 kg and body surface area of 0.59 ± 0.35 m2. Tissue Doppler analysis of regional wall motion revealed abnormal left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) diastolic relaxation in the early postoperative phase after CPB. Initially, all segments were significantly altered, but by 24 h, regional differences became apparent: LV radial wall motion was recovered, while longitudinal fibers in LV and RV appeared to be less resilient. RV myocardial mechanics were most abnormal. Tissue Doppler analysis may deepen our understanding of myocardial recovery and offers a sensitive tool to compare different cardioprotective strategies.
CD34+ cells obtained from “good mobilizers” are more activated and exhibit lower ex vivo expansion efficiency than their counterparts from “poor mobilizers”
Authors: Ivanovic Zoran , Kovacevic‐Filipovic Milica , Jeanne Michel , Ardilouze Leslie , Bertot Anne , Szyporta Milène , Hermitte Francis , Lafarge Xavier , Duchez Pascale , Vlaski Marija , Milpied Noel , Pavlovic Mirjana , Praloran Vincent , Boiron Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: The classification of patients into “good” or “poor” mobilizers is based on CD34+ cell count in their peripheral blood (PB) after granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) injection. We hypothesized that, apart from their mobilization from marrow to the blood, the response to G‐CSF of CD34+ cells also includes activation of proliferation, metabolic activity, and proliferative capacity.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Mobilized PB CD34+ cells purified from samples obtained by cytapheresis of multiple myeloma or non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma patients of both good (>50 CD34+ cells/µL) and poor (≤50 CD34+ cells/µL) mobilizers were studied. The initial cell cycle state of CD34+ cells after selection and their kinetics of activation (exit from G0 phase) during ex vivo culture were analyzed. Their proliferative capacity was estimated on the basis of ex vivo generation of total cells, CD34+ cells, and colony‐forming cells (CFCs), in a standardized expansion culture. Indirect insight in metabolic activity was obtained on the basis of their survival (viability and apoptosis follow‐up) during the 7‐day‐long conservation in hypothermia (4°C) in the air or in atmosphere containing 3% O2/6% CO2.

RESULTS: CD34+ cells obtained from good mobilizers were in lower proportion in the G0 phase, their activation in a cytokine‐stimulated culture was accelerated, and they exhibited a lower ex vivo expansion efficiency than those from poor mobilizers. The resistance to hypothermia of good immobilizers' CD34+ cells is impaired.

CONCLUSION: A good response to G‐CSF mobilization treatment is associated with a higher degree of proliferative and metabolic activation of mobilized CD34+ cells with a decrease in their expansion capacity.
International Human Rights Law, Global Economic Reforms, and Child Survival and Development Rights Outcomes
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth Heger , Kim Minzee
Published: October 2009

Are recent trends in international law supporting child rights and promoting neoliberal economic reforms complementary or contradictory? To answer this question, we identify the component parts of child rights mobilization, recent global economic reforms, and child rights outcomes to theorize the particular relationships among them. Focusing on child survival and development rights in 99 poor and middle-income countries from 1983 to 2001, we find that countries' acquiescence to established international law concerning economic rights influences the successful implementation of most of these rights, while the ratification of child rights treaties does not show an effect during the period studied. National links to child rights nongovernmental organizations are also associated with improved child rights outcomes, as is being selected to receive a loan from the World Bank (for reducing child labor and increasing immunizations). We find weak support for the hypothesis that the implementation of loan conditionalities is more deleterious for rights that are costlier to implement. We also find that achieving the goal of neoliberal economic reforms—trade openness—results in less successful implementation of most child rights outcomes considered. Finally, in a related analysis, we find that the ratification of child rights treaties, as well as the adoption and implementation of structural adjustment agreements, enhances the presence of child-related organizations within countries.
Law, Finance, and Politics: The Case of India
Authors: Armour John , Lele Priya
Published: October 2009

The liberalization of India's economy since 1991 has brought with it considerable development of its financial markets and supporting legal institutions. An influential body of economic scholarship asserts that a country's “legal origin”—as a civilian or common law jurisdiction—plays an important part in determining the development of its investor protection regulations, and consequently its financial development. An alternative theory claims that the determinants of investor protection are political, rather than legal. We use the case of India to test these theories. We find little support for the idea that India's legal heritage as a common law country has been influential in speeding the path of regulatory reforms and financial development. Rather, we suggest there are complementarities between (1) India's relative success in services and software; (2) the relative strength of its financial markets for outside equity, as opposed to outside debt; and (3) the relative success of stock market regulation, as opposed to reforms of creditor rights. We conclude that political economy explanations have more traction in explaining the case of India than do theories based on “legal origins.”
The Privatization of Public Legal Rights: How Manufacturers Construct the Meaning of Consumer Law
Authors: Talesh Shauhin A.
Published: October 2009

This article demonstrates how the content and meaning of California's consumer protection laws were shaped by automobile manufacturers, the very group these laws were designed to regulate. My analysis draws on and links two literatures that examine the relationship between law and organizations but often overlook one another: political science studies of how businesses influence public legal institutions, and neo-institutional sociology studies of how organizations shape law within their organizational field. By integrating these literatures, I develop an “institutional-political” theory that demonstrates how organizations' construction of law and compliance within an organizational field shapes the meaning of law among legislators and judges. This study examines case law and more than 35 years of California legislative history concerning its consumer warranty laws. Using institutional and political analysis, I show how auto manufacturers, who were initially subject to powerful consumer protection laws, weakened the impact of these laws bycreatingdispute resolution venues. The legislature and courts subsequently incorporated private dispute resolution venues into statutes and court decisions and made consumer rights and remedies largely contingent on consumers first using manufacturer-sponsored venues. Organizational venue creation resulted in public legal rights being redefined and controlled by private organizations.
Confronting Government After Welfare Reform: Moralists, Reformers, and Narratives of (Ir)responsibility at Administrative Fair Hearings
Authors: Lens Vicki
Published: October 2009

Almost 40 years ago, the Supreme Court, in the landmark case Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), provided welfare participants with a potentially potent tool for challenging the government welfare bureaucracy by requiring pre-termination hearings before welfare benefits were discontinued or reduced. In 1996, with the passage of the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the rights talk of Kelly was officially replaced with the discourse of individual responsibility. Using observational data of administrative hearings and interviews with administrative law judges and appellants, this study explores how fair hearings have been affected by this official reconceptualization of rights. I find that hearings are not a panacea for challenging the more punitive aspects of welfare reform, but nor are they devoid of the possibility of justice. While hearings can replicate in style and substance the inequities, rigid adherence to rules, and moral judgments that characterize welfare relationships under the PRWORA, they can also be used as a mechanism for creating counternarratives to the dominant discourse about welfare. This study identifies two types of judges—moralist judges and reformer judges—and examines how their differing approaches determine which narrative emerges in the hearing room.
The Dynamic of Corporate Self-Regulation: ISO 14001, Environmental Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Perez Oren , Amichai-Hamburger Yair , Shterental Tammy
Published: October 2009

This article examines the institutional impact of environmental management systems (EMSs), focusing on ISO 14001. It develops a pluralistic framework for thinking about the dynamic of corporate self-regulation that we term the polyphonic model. It argues that the adoption of ISO 14001 can move the firm into a new equilibrium trajectory, which enmeshes together environmental and economic goals and reflects greater sensitivity to ecological concerns. There is a positive reciprocal cycle between the pro-environmental structural changes induced by ISO 14001 and the employees' attitudes toward the firm and the environment. In order to examine ISO 14001 institutional impact, we conducted a series of interviews with managers and administered questionnaires to employees in 24 Israeli firms with and without certification. The findings indicate that the perceived environmental commitment of certified firms was higher than that of noncertified firms and was higher among employees that perceived the EMS as more highly integrated in the firm. Perceptions of the standard's integration were also found to be positively correlated with personal environmental commitment. The results also indicate that the increase in the firm's environmental commitment was positively associated with employees' organizational citizenship behavior within certified firms. Further indications of the pro-environmental dynamic induced by ISO 14001 were found in the in-depth interviews.
From Rights to Claims: The Role of Civil Society in Making Rights Real for Vulnerable Workers
Authors: Gleeson Shannon
Published: October 2009

This article examines the contextual factors driving legal mobilization of workers in the United States through an analysis of national origin discrimination charges under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (2000–2005). Consistent with previous studies, this analysis confirms that high unemployment levels and weak labor protections promote legal mobilization. The findings also highlight the positive role that civil society may play in promoting claims-making. I argue that nongovernmental organizations fill the gap in places where organized labor is weak, and may help support claims-making particularly in places with a larger vulnerable workforce. The article concludes by offering suggestions for a renewed sociolegal research agenda that examines the role of 501c(3) civil society organizations for the legal mobilization of an increasingly non-unionized and immigrant workforce.
Building Administrative Capacity for the Age of Rapid Globalization: A Modest Prescription for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Farazmand Ali
Published: October 2009

The twenty‐first century is characterized by rapid change, globalization, hyper‐competition, and hyper‐uncertainty. Traditional models of governance and public administration are no match for the challenges of this chaotic environment. This essay argues for building new administrative capacity in response to these serious governance dilemmas. Offered as a modest prescription, this new administrative capacity is proposed to cope more effectively with an increasingly unknowable world. The article opens with an overview of key issues, then focuses directly on the nature and trends of global public sector changes, and concludes by elaborating on the building of such administrative capacity. The author's proposals are presented from a macro perspective: first, suggestions for revitalizing public service and administration given the current crisis; second, macro strategies for enhancing capacity design; and third, specific reforms for strengthening governance, instrumental and administrative capacities, along with concrete recommendations for public administration.
An Administrative Manifesto for Survival in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Fard Hasan Danaee
Published: October 2009

Professor Ali Farazmand has written a manifesto for administrative action in an effort to improve public governance and administration capacity not only for today but also for tomorrow, which is highly volatile and uncertain. Farazmand's earlier works, especially his essay “Globalization and Public Administration” (PAR, November/December 1999), are familiar to many students and scholars in public administration around the world.
The Need to Build Administrative Capacity in the Age of Rapid Globalization: A “Modest” Prescription or a Major Blueprint?
Authors: Bowornwathana Bidhya
Published: October 2009

Most scholars would agree that we are in an age of rapid globalization. The phenomenon of “globalization” is well documented and thoroughly discussed by many. What is missing among scholarly work is a clear statement as to what needs to be done in terms of public administration in order to meet the challenges of rapid globalization. What should the new public administration for the twenty‐first century look like?
A Response to “Building Administrative Capacity for the Age of Rapid Globalization: A Modest Prescription for the Twenty‐First Century”
Authors: Cheung Anthony B. L.
Published: October 2009

Professor Ali Farazmand's thought‐provoking article advances the argument that the “administrative capacity to manage” governance and economic systems in the new age of “rapid change, hyper‐complexity, and globalization” needs to be designed at both the macro and the micro levels. There is no doubt that traditional models of governance and public administration are no match for the challenges of the new chaotic environment, particularly in the aftermath of the outbreak of the global financial crisis that has largely discredited a world economic order founded on Anglo‐American financial capitalism. Building administrative capacity worldwide is an imperative of our time.
Good Work, Honestly Done: ASPA at 70
Authors: Plant Jeremy F.
Published: October 2009

This essay examines the history of ASPA from internal and external vantage points, showing how the organization has continually adapted to demands from within and competition from without. ASPA is rooted in Progressive Era reforms that professionalized government during the first half of the twentieth century, spawning numerous associations of public officials dedicated to enhancing expertise and integrity throughout the public service. Changes in membership, mission, structure, conferences, publications, commitment to ethics, and relationships with other like‐minded associations are reviewed. Today, ASPA is an agile organization that represents a uniquely generalist orientation to public service professionalism while offering more services to its members within a competitive marketplace of public official associations.
The Present and (Normative) Future of Public Administration and Implications for ASPA
Authors: Eikenberry Angela M.
Published: October 2009

ASPA's future is intertwined with institutional trends in public administration, shaped especially by the directions of today's network governance. The implications for the future of ASPA and of other public administration professional associations are significant. In the author's view, ASPA must hold on to its unique generalist niche, but she counsels that ASPA should pay closer attention to advancing democratic and social equity issues throughout government.
When a Career Public Servant Sues the Agency He Loves: Claude Ferguson, the Forest Service, and Off‐Road Vehicles in the Hoosier National Forest
Authors: O'Leary Rosemary
Published: October 2009

Claude Ferguson, who in his own words “met the test of his lifetime,” deviated from the norms of the U.S. Forest Service articulated by Herbert Kaufman in The Forest Ranger to became a government guerrilla against the organization he loved. This profile highlights several enduring themes: the inherent tensions between democracy and bureaucracy, the many masters of career bureaucrats, how organizational culture can both empower and constrain employees, and what it means to act responsibly, ethically, and with integrity as a public servant. In addition, this case demonstrates how the Forest Service has evolved since Kaufman's classic study. First, Kaufman depicted forest rangers as “valuing the organization more than they value[d] getting their own way,” yet this profile underscores that public servants do not check their worldviews, mores, or ethics at the door. Second, Kaufman described the Forest Service's efforts to routinize the decisions of its employees in an effort to prevent allegiances to, or co‐optation by, local populations. Yet in this Administrative Profile, Ferguson's hidden strategic tactics co‐opted local stakeholders to enlist their support for a cause he deeply felt was right and just.
Keeping It Public: Defending Public Service Values in a Customer Service Age
Authors: Jos Philip H. , Tompkins Mark E.
Published: October 2009

Notwithstanding the persistence and proliferation of calls to serve “customers,” these relationships incorporate distinctively public priorities and performance expectations—priorities and expectations often shaped by a desire to reduce customer vulnerabilities and prevent seller strategies that are deemed unacceptable. The authors examine these distinctively public relationships—between professionals and clients, guardians and wards, facilitators and citizens, and regulators and subjects. By acknowledging that public administration often involves relationships with multiple constituencies and that opportunities to serve them are bounded by particular legal and institutional contexts, this essay provides a pragmatic account of strategic opportunities to defend public service values.
Instruments for Exploring Organizational Culture: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Jung Tobias , Scott Tim , Davies Huw T. O. , Bower Peter , Whalley Diane , McNally Rosalind , Mannion Russell
Published: October 2009

Organizational culture is widely considered to be one of the most significant factors in reforming and modernizing public administration and service delivery. This article documents the findings of a literature review of existing qualitative and quantitative instruments for the exploration of organizational culture. Seventy instruments are identified, of which 48 could be submitted to psychometric assessment. The majority of these are at a preliminary stage of development. The study's conclusion is that there is no ideal instrument for cultural exploration. The degree to which any measure is seen as “fit for purpose” depends on the particular reason for which it is to be used and the context within which it is to be applied.
How Do Public Organizations Learn? Bridging Cultural and Structural Perspectives
Authors: Moynihan Donald P. , Landuyt Noel
Published: October 2009

How do public organizations learn? The organizational learning literature suggests distinct cultural and structural routes to learning. However, such categorizations oversimplify. Leaders seeking to foster learning should recognize that most relevant organizational variables combine structural and cultural aspects, which are mutually dependent on one another. The strongest influences are the existence of work groups that are purpose driven and incorporate the views of all members, including dissenting views. Such learning forums can be fostered through formal requirements, but they need appropriate cultural characteristics to succeed. Mission orientation, decision authority, information systems, and resource adequacy are also positively related to improved organizational learning.
Dynamics of Sector Switching: Hazard Models Predicting Changes from Private Sector Jobs to Public and Nonprofit Sector Jobs
Authors: Su Xuhong , Bozeman Barry
Published: October 2009

Policy makers and public managers emphasize the importance of bringing private sector experience and skills into the public and nonprofit sectors. One result is an increased focus on privatization and contracting out, developments to which researchers have been attentive. However, the long‐standing practice of hiring people with industrial experience into the public and nonprofit sectors has received remarkably little attention. This study, based on questionnaire responses from mid‐ and upper‐level personnel in public and nonprofit sector organizations, attempts to understand the dynamics of sector switching from the private into either the public or nonprofit sector. Using event history analysis, the article looks at switching patterns. The probability of switching into the public sector is much higher for those who held a managerial occupation in their previous private sector job than for those who held professional and technical positions. Having more subordinates in a previous private sector job is associated with a lower likelihood of switching into a public sector job. By contrast, switching into the nonprofit sector is more often associated with a promotion.
The “Efficient” Public Administrator: Pareto and a Well‐Rounded Approach to Public Administration
Authors: Grandy Christopher
Published: October 2009

The New Public Management movement was only the latest demand that public organizations promote efficiency by adopting business methods. There again followed reactions from those arguing that other values, such as equity, citizen participation, and democracy, are as important as efficiency. This article suggests that an economic rather than business perspective on efficiency may usefully contribute to the scholarly conversation. It also suggests that it is “efficient” to identify the public values in play within any given situation.