bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Mathematical Modelling of Substitution Elements Diffusion in the Neighbourhood of Welded Joint of Steels
Authors: Řeháčková Lenka , Kalousek Jaroslav , Dobrovská Jana , Stránský Karel
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with new approach of measurement of the concentration profiles,
concerning the redistribution of substitution elements in close vicinity of welded joint of two
different steels. These concentrations have been measured in three straight lines in a plane
perpendicular to the weld interface. The concentration profiles have been evaluated from
experimental data by modelling of diffusion based on 2nd Fick’s law. Original computation program
for nonlinear regression was evolved based on Levenberg - Marquardt`s algorithm for evaluation of
diffusivities and other quantities. Three groups of measured data enable variations in methodology
of their processing. If each group is processed individually then the possible differences in mutual
position of concentration profiles offers the view on chemical heterogeneity of welded joint.
Deformation Behaviour of an AX41 Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Trojanová Zuzanka , Lukáč Pavel , Száraz Zoltán
Published: March 2009

The deformation behaviour of the ternary magnesium alloy AX41 (4%Al-1%Ca-balance Mg) were
investigated in uniaxial tension tests at temperatures between 20 and 300 °C and at an initial strain
rate ranging in the order 10-4 s-1. The yield stress of the alloy is very sensitive to the testing
temperature. Stress relaxation tests were performed with the aim to reveal physical base of
deformation processes.
Influence of Phosphorus Grain Boundary Segregation on Fracture Behaviour of Iron-Base Alloys
Authors: Janovec Jozef , Pokluda Jaroslav , Lejček Pavel
Published: March 2009

Chemical and structural changes at the grain boundaries were investigated to quantify
their influence on fracture behaviour of austenitic stainless steels and model ferritic Fe-Si-P alloys.
The balance between the size and the area density of intergranular particles was found to be one of
the most decisive factors influencing sensitivity of the steels to intergranular fracture. The precise
dependence of the energy of intergranular fracture on the phosphorus grain boundary concentration
was also determined.
The Influence of Mean Stress on Fatigue Properties of ADI
Authors: Vĕchet Stanislav , Kohout Jan , Hanzlíková Klára , Hruby Vojtěch
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the results of research focused on assessment of the influence of
loading cycle asymmetry on fatigue limit values. For tests two heats of unalloyed nodular cast iron
were used. Test bars made of keel blocks were heat treated in salt bathes (austenitization at 900 °C
during 1 hour, isothermal transformation at 380 and 400 °C) and loaded at symmetrical, repeating
and pulsating loading cycles at room temperature. Evaluation of fatigue properties was based on the
determination of S-N curves in high-cycle region including the fatigue limit assessment for 107
cycles to fracture. Fatigue and static tests were completed by metallographic and quantitative phase
analysis. Most important result obtained from the presented study is that the dependence of stress
amplitude on mean stress cannot be approached by the linear relation but by general power law with
exponent lower than 1 (i.e. the Haigh diagram has convex shape).
Estimate of Stress in the Channel of Persistent Slip Bands Based on Dislocation Dynamics
Authors: Křišt'an Josef , Kratochvíl Jan
Published: March 2009

To estimate the fatigue endurance limit at the micro-scale two unlike dislocations
gliding in a channel of a persistent slip bands are considered. The dislocations are modeled as
moving planar flexible curves. The objective of the simulations is to determine the averaged
stress in the channel needed for the dislocations to escape one another using statistics of
encounters of such dislocation pairs. We employed an iso-strain approach, i.e. the assumption
that the total strain everywhere in the channel is the same.
Propagation Behaviour of Microstructurally Short Fatigue Cracks in the High-Cycle- and Very-High-Cycle Fatigue Regimes
Authors: Krupp Ulrich , Knobbe Helge , Düber Olaf , Christ Hans-Jürgen , Köster Philipp , Künkler Boris , Fritzen Claus Peter
Published: March 2009

In the present paper examples for propagating and non-propagating conditions of slip
bands and short fatigue cracks in a ferritic-austenitic duplex steel are given, which were quantified
by means of SEM in combination with automated EBSD. To classify the results within the scope of
predicting the service life under HCF- and VHCF-loading conditions a numerical model based on
the boundary-element method has been developed, where crack propagation is described by means
of partially irreversible dislocation glide on crystallographic slip planes in a polycrystalline model
microstructure (Voronoi cells). This concept is capable to account for the strong scattering in fatigue
life for very small strain amplitudes and to contribute to the concept of tailored microstructures for
improved cyclic-loading behaviour.
Hysteresis, Temperature and Resistance Measurements for the Characterization of the Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Metals
Authors: Walther F. , Eifler Dietmar
Published: March 2009

Mechanical stress-strain hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements
were performed for the microstructure-related characterization of the fatigue behavior and for the
fatigue life calculation of metals. The proceeding fatigue damage was evaluated using the change of
the load-free electrical resistance, which is strongly influenced by the defect density of the
individual material state. A new test procedure was applied for the fatigue assessment under random
loading on the basis of cyclic deformation curves, similar to single step loading. A physically based
fatigue life calculation “PHYBAL” was developed, which requires only three fatigue tests for the
rapid and nevertheless precise calculation of S-N (Woehler) and fatigue life curves.
Ideal Tensile Strength of Ni3Al and Fe3Al with D03 Structure
Authors: Legut Dominik , Šob Mojmír
Published: March 2009

The ideal tensile strength along the [111] direction in the Fe3Al and Ni3Al intermetallic
compounds with the D03 structure has been calculated from the first principles using the fullpotential
linearized augmented plane-wave method (FP LAPW) within the density functional theory
(DFT). The strains corresponding to the maximum sustainable stresses in both materials were
determined and compared. The behavior of atomic magnetic moments as a function of strain was
analyzed. The tensile test simulations have been theoretically simulated employing both the local
density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchangecorrelation
potential.
Significance of Microdefects Induced by ECAP in Aluminium, Al-0.2%Sc Alloy and Copper
Authors: Betekhtin Vladimir I. , Kadomtsev Andrey G. , Král Petr , Dvořák Jiří , Svoboda Milan , Saxl Ivan , Sklenička Václav
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with an experimental investigation of the effect of various microdefects
induced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) on mechanical and creep properties of ultrafinegrained
pure aluminium, an Al-0.2%Sc alloy and copper.
The Effect of Alloying Cu on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Copper-Bearing Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zou De Ning , Yao Hong Hong , Yang Jun
Published: March 2009

Copper is a well-known alloying element which is used to improve the resistance to
general corrosion of stainless steels. Our previous experiments show that the increase of copper
content can acquire the excellent antibacterial properties and can also increase the tendency to cold
formability of the ferritic stainless steels. However, the effect of alloying Cu on the resistance to
localized corrosion has not been clarified sufficiently. In order to understand the effect of copper on
pitting corrosion resistance of the ferritic antibacterial stainless steel, the electrochemical
experiments were carried out and the anodic polarization curves were performed in 3.5% NaCl
solution for two kinds of steels. The results reveal that the ε-Cu phase in ferrite matrix diminishes
pitting corrosion resistance of the antibacterial stainless steel in the chlorides medium. It is connected
with the poor passive behavior of the ε-Cu phase inclusions.
Gelatin-Glutaradehyde-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Bioadsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Copper(II) Ion Removal from Synthetic Aqueous Solution
Authors: Luo Xue Gang , Liu Feng , Lin Xiao Yan , Zhou Jian
Published: March 2009

A new Gelatin-glutaradehyde-Poly(vinyl alcohol) bioadsorbent was synthesized by
immobilizing Poly(vinyl alcohol) onto gelatin followed by cross-linking. This technique gives the
bioadsorbent of gelatin good chemical resistance and mechanical strength. SEM and FT-IR were
conducted for characterization of the bioadsrobent. A comprehensive adsorption study of Copper(II)
removal from synthetic aqueous solution by adsorption on this bioadsorbent was conducted
regarding the effects of initial pH, time, and copper(II) initial concentration. The adsorption data
were applied to Freundlich isotherm equation and its contents were calculated. The results obtained
showed that the new absorbent has good performance for the removal of copper(II).
Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Nickel Foams Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Yamada Yasuo , Banno Takumi , Li Yun Cang , Wen Cui E
Published: March 2009

In the present study, porous nickel foam samples with pore sizes of 20 μm and 150 μm and
porosities of 60 % and 70 % were fabricated by the space-holding sintering method via powder
metallurgy. Electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and Image-Pro Plus were used to characterise the
morphological features of the porous nickel foam samples. The anisotropic mechanical properties of
porous nickel foams were investigated by compressive testing loading in different directions, i.e. the
major pore axis and minor pore axis. Results indicated that the nominal stress of the nickel foam
samples increases with the decreasing of the porosity. Moreover, the foam sample exhibited
significantly higher nominal stress for loading in the direction of the major pore axis than loading in
direction of the minor pore axis. It is also noticeable that the nominal stress of the nickel foams
increases with the decreasing of the pore size. It seems that the deformation behaviour of the foams
with a pore size in the micron-order differs from those with a macro-porous structure.
Charge and Discharge Properties of Hydrogen in the Alloy Hydride System with Open Cell Al Foam
Authors: Kim Il Ho , Lee Won Sik , Ko Se Hyun , Jang Jin Man , Kim Ho Sung
Published: March 2009

The effects of use of open cell Al foam and thermoelectric element in a hydrogen storage
system were investigated. Extremely different heat conductivities were observed in two storage
systems with or without open cell Al foam. By applying the open cell Al in this hydrogen storage
system, the reaction sensitivity of the temperature and equilibrium pressure was far rapidly
increased than that without the open cell Al foam. During increasing the temperature by heating
element, heating rate of hydride powders was very fast in the storage system including Al foam,
while temperature of powders was almost not changed in system without foam. Also, in case of
using thermoelectric element, heating and cooling rate was very sensitive in the system with Al
foam and heating-cooling cyclic behavior within the system controlled by thermoelectric element is
seemed to be satisfied for some applications in industry.
Development of Porous Materials Using Sewage Sludge by Molten-Salt Method
Authors: Yoo Yeong Seok , Cheon Kyeong Ho , Lee Jae Ik , Kim Beom Suk , Shin Woo Seob , Kim Jong Bo
Published: March 2009

This study is about the development of porous material which shapes Ø3~8mm bead with
sewage sludge by molten-salt method. The development of porous material was conducted by 2
different processes. One is made by molding sewage sludge into beads with pelletizer and then
coating the beads with molten-salt and lastly sintered at 1050°C, and the other is mixing sewage
sludge with molten-salt which is using synthesized zeolite, and then molding the mixture into beads
with pelletizer. The molded mixture is finally sintered at 1050°C. We evaluated the value of
developed material as sorbent and artificial soil for tree-planning by analyzing surface area,
distribution of pore size, and cation exchange capacity(CEC). According to the results, surface
coated porous material have 92.8m2/g of surface area and CEC 98.9meq/100g and the mixture
sewage sludge with molten-salt have 104.1m2/g of surface area and CEC 140.8meq/100g. Thus,
developed porous material can be applied to various uses as sorbent and artificial soil.
Removal of Refractory Organic Compounds Using Peroxy Radical and Ozone Reaction in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Jung Jong Tae , Kim Jong Oh , Kwon Bum Gun , Song Dong Ha
Published: March 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment performance of the system using
peroxy radical/ozone reaction for refractory organic compounds removal in aqueous solution. The
effect of initial humic acid concentration was conducted under the conditions of humic acid
concentration 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L. Reaction rate constant (k) in 30 mg/L of
humic acid concentration was higher than that of humic acid concentration 10 mg/L, 50 mg/L amd
100 mg/L. However, it decreased over the range of 30 mg/L of humic acid concentration due to the
action of internal filter of humic acid itself. Reaction rate constant (k) in the initial 20 minute of
reaction time was accelerated by decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT). This may be ascribed
to increase the reaction time between peroxy radical and ozone. pH is a key for both ozone stability
and TiO2 surface property in aqueous solution. Reaction rate constant (k) of acid solution on pH
variation was smaller compared to that of neutral or basic circumstances because ozone decomposes
easily into hydroxyl radicals in neutral or basic solution. At reaction rate constant (k) for humic acid
degradation in each unit process, peroxy radical/ozone combined system was higher than that of
ozone only due to the effective production of hydroxyl radical. An obvious difference between
ozone and peroxy radical/ozone is the consequence of hydroxyl radical produced by the reaction of
ozone molecules and peroxy radicals.
Investigation on Gel Casting Preparation of Porous Si3N4 Ceramics through Orthogonal Experimental Design
Authors: Yu Juan Li , Wang Hong Jie , Zeng Hong , Lin Dan Bo , Jin Zhi Hao
Published: March 2009

Porous Si3N4 ceramics by gel casting preparation has received considerable attention
because of its excellent performance. In the paper, orthogonal experimental design L16(45) was used
to investigate the preparation of porous Si3N4 ceramics by gel casting preparation. Three variables
including solid loading, monomer content and the ratio of crosslinking agent to monomer were
studied. Through range analysis and variance analysis, the results suggest that the ratio of
crosslinking agent to monomer has significant influences on both the flexural strength and porosity
of Si3N4 sintering body. For the flexural strength of Si3N4 sintering body, the order of significance
levels was as follows: the ratio of crosslinking agent to monomer, solid loading and monomer
content. For the porosity of Si3N4 sintering body, the order of significance levels was as follows: the
ratio of crosslinking agent to monomer , monomer content and solid loading.
Hydriding Properties of Mg2Ni Nanocomposites Produced by Low Energy Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Gennari Fabiana C. , Esquivel Marcelo R.
Published: March 2009

Structure, microstructure and hydriding properties of mechanically alloyed 2Mg-Ni
mixture were investigated. Two different nanocomposites were synthesized by mechanical alloying
(MA) in a low-energy planetary mill, namely MN100 (100 h of milling) and MN200 (200 h of
milling). The formation of nanocrystalline Mg2Ni was detected as a function of the milling time. An
appropriate combination of MA plus annealing under mild conditions accomplishes the complete
formation of Mg2Ni phase. The pressure-composition isotherms of the two samples reveal different
hydrogen storage capacities and plateau slopes. In addition, the low temperature Mg2NiH4
(LT)
formed by hydriding/cooling of MN100 h decomposes at 190 °C, whereas this hydride produced
from MN200 first transforms to the high temperature Mg2NiH4
and then decomposes near 245 °C.
The differences in the hydriding/dehydriding properties of MN100 and MN200 were associated
with the microstructure and structure of the phases formed during MA followed by heating under
argon/hydrogen.
Influence of Peak Determination Method on Area Detector Type Neutron Stress Measurement
Authors: Sasaki Toshihiko , Takahashi Shunichi , Kobayashi Yuichi , Morii Yukio , Metoki Naoto
Published: March 2009

The influence of the peak determination method on the area detector type neutron stress
measurement method was investigated. Two peak determination methods, the half value breadth
method and the centroid method, were compared and discussed in this paper. Experiments and
simulation studies were carried out respectively. The first experiment was conducted during the
tensile stress test with a steel specimen having the thickness of 6mm, and the second experiment
was conducted with steel specimens in the stress free state having the thickness between 1 mm to 20
mm. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the peak determination method has an affect
on the area detector type neutron stress measurement. A numerical simulation study was also
conducted and showed similar result as the experiments.
The Early History of Neutron Stress Measurements
Authors: Krawitz Aaron
Published: March 2009

The early years of neutron stress measurements are recounted using published documents
and input from workers in the field. The circumstances and motivations of the early workers in the
field are discussed, and some general conclusions are drawn. The first known reference is from the
US National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institutes for Science and Technology
(NIST), in 1976. In Europe, in the 1970s, materials scientists and engineers were encouraged to use
neutrons to study applied problems after the ILL was commissioned, and this outreach effort was
productive. The idea was also discussed in Australia at this time. Actual depth-probing
measurements of stress began in 1979 at Missouri and Karlsruhe, then Harwell in 1980. The 1980s
saw dramatic growth in the number and kinds of measurements, including initial pulsed source
studies at IPNS and commercial work at Harwell and Chalk River. Two meetings are particularly
significant: the 28th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference on Residual Stress and Stress
Relaxation, held in July, 1981, in Lake Placid, New York, and the NATO Advanced Research
Workshop on Measurement of Residual and Applied Stress Using Neutron Diffraction, held in
March, 1991, in Oxford. At the Sagamore Conference, the first workers to make successful
measurements met. At the NATO Workshop, the neutron stress measurement community
essentially came into existence.
In Situ Synchrotron Measurement of Internal Stresses in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell during Red-Ox Cycle
Authors: Tanaka Keisuke , Akiniwa Yoshiaki , Kimura Hidehiko , Ukai Kenji , Yokayama Misuzu , Mizutani Yasunobu
Published: March 2009

The internal stress in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was evaluated during the thermal,
reduction and re-oxidation cycles by using high-energy X-ray synchrotron radiation of about 70
keV at Beam line BL02B1 of SPring-8. The oxidized cell has a compression of about 400 MPa in
the c-ScSZ electrolyte and a tension of 50-100 MPa in the NiO-YSZ anode at room temperature.
In-situ measurement during the thermal cycle in an air atmosphere, the internal stress decreased
with increasing temperature, becoming approximately zero at 1000 K. After the thermal cycle, the
internal stress returned to its initial value. In the measurement during the reduction cycle, the
internal stress was smaller than that measured during the cooling cycle after the anode was reduced
from NiO-YSZ to Ni-YSZ. In the re-oxidation cycle of a reduced cell, the internal stress in the
electrolyte went into tension above 800 K when the anode was re-oxidized from Ni-YSZ to
NiO-YSZ. This tensile stress is responsible for possible fracture of unit cells in SOFCs.
Influence of Microstructural Parameters on Macroscopic Residual Stress Analysis of Complex Materials by Neutron Diffraction Methods
Authors: Repper Julia , Hofmann Michael , Krempaszky C. , Petry Winfried , Werner Ewald
Published: March 2009

Mechanical and thermal treatments during the manufacturing process inevitably cause the
accumulation of residual stresses in parts consisting of materials with complex microstructures.
Neutron diffraction is particularly well suited to determine residual stress distributions within the
bulk of the component. Due to the nature of a diffraction experiment an inextricable mixture of type
I and II residual stresses is measured. The accumulation of type II stresses (microstresses) is
strongly related to the microstructure. The impact of changes in the microstructure on neutron
diffraction experiments has been investigated on Inconel 718 (IN718) samples.
An Overview of ms Annealing for Deep Sub-Micron Activation
Authors: Gelpey Jeffrey C. , McCoy Steve , Camm Dave , Lerch Wilfried
Published: March 2009

Millisecond annealing (MSA) has been developed over the last several years as a viable
approach to achieve the high electrical activation, limited diffusion and high abruptness needed for
junctions in the sub-65nm regime. This paper will provide an overview of the technology including
the motivation, technology and some process results. Both main approaches for MSA, sub-melt
laser and flash lamp annealing will be discussed as well as the potential challenges to bring these
technologies into mainstream manufacturing.
Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation Using Rapid Thermal Processing
Authors: Jain Amitabh
Published: March 2009

One of the main materials challenges of the 130 nm silicon technology node was the need
to find a processing solution to the anomalous diffusion behavior of ion-implanted dopants known
from three decades of research. Reduction of implantation energy no longer proved sufficient when
trying to reduce source/drain extension junction depth, increase abruptness, and limit sheet
resistance. Spike-annealing, a new process in which ion implanted silicon could be heated rapidly to
temperatures required for dopant activation and then cooled down without dwelling at temperature,
adequately addressed the scaling requirements of this node. The resulting junctions achieved high
dopant concentration values very close to the surface while limiting junction depth. However, this
increased the propensity for dopant migration to overlying layers associated with the source/drain
spacer. Loss of device performance due to this and other phenomena became a strong motivating
factor for further materials research in order to sustain progress through the 130 nm and 90 nm
nodes. Complex interactions between various layers have been understood and the resulting
developments in spacer materials have enabled high performance devices. The requirements of the
65 and 45 nm nodes stretch spike-annealing to its limit and newer ultra-high temperature anneals
must be considered.
RTP Requirements for CMOS Integration of Dual Work Function Phase Controlled Ni-FUSI (Fully Silicided) Gates with Simultaneous Silicidation of nMOS (NiSi) and pMOS (Ni-Rich Silicide) Gates on HfSiON
Authors: Lauwers Anne , Kittl Jorge , Maex Karen
Published: March 2009

CMOS integration of dual work function phase controlled Ni FUSI with simultaneous
silicidation of nMOS (NiSi) and pMOS (Ni-rich) gates on HfSiON is demonstrated. Linewidth
independent phase control with smooth threshold voltage (Vt) roll-off characteristics is achieved for
NiSi, Ni2Si and Ni31Si12 FUSI gates by controlling the Ni-to-Si reacted ratio through optimization of
the thermal budget of silicidation (prior to selective Ni removal). A 2-step Ni FUSI process enables
simultaneous silicidation of nMOS and pMOS FUSI gates, achieving different Ni/Si ratios on
nMOS and pMOS by reduction of the pMOS poly height through a selective and controlled poly
etch-back prior to gate silicidation. The RTP1 temperature process window to obtain NiSi or Ni3Si2
at the FUSI/dielectric interface (needed for nMOS devices) is significantly widened for spike
anneals as compared to soak anneals. Good overlap between the RTP1 process window for nMOS
and pMOS devices is achieved by the reduction of the poly-Si height for pMOS.
Rapid Thermal Processing and the Control of Oxygen Precipitation Behaviour in Silicon Wafers
Authors: Falster Robert J. , Voronkov Vladimir V.
Published: March 2009

The use of Rapid Thermal Processing to install lattice vacancy profiles into silicon wafers
for the purpose of forming a template for the nucleation and ideal control of oxygen precipitation
has become an important materials engineering tool for the microelectronics industry. This paper
reviews the principles of the technique and the precise materials/defect engineering that it
engenders. It furthermore discusses what has been learned regarding the elusive properties of the
intrinsic point defects in silicon through studies of the distributions of vacancies created by use of
the technique. Also discussed are recent discoveries about the critical role of the other intrinsic
point defect, the self-interstitial and the development of oxygen precipitates and their distributions
post-nucleation and the critical importance of what has become to be called the “ninja
transformation” in the switching-on of gettering efficiency of oxygen precipitate systems.
Finite Element Simulation for Forging Process Using Euler’s Fixed Meshing Method
Authors: Wang Chan Chin
Published: March 2009

A simulator based on rigid-plastic finite element method is developed for simulating the
plastic flow of material in forging processes. In the forging process likes backward extrusion, a
workpiece normally undergoes large deformation around the tool corners that causes severe
distortion of elements in finite element analysis. Since the distorted elements may induce instability
of numerical calculation and divergence of nonlinear solution in finite element analysis, a
computational technique of using the Euler’s fixed meshing method is proposed to deal with large
deformation problem by replacing the conventional way of applying complicated remeshing
schemes when using the Lagrange’s elements. With this method, the initial elements are generated
to fix into a specified analytical region with particles implanted as markers to form the body of a
workpiece. The particles are allowed to flow between the elements after each deformation step to
show the deforming pattern of material. The proposed method is found to be effective in simulating
complicated material flow inside die cavity which has many sharp edges, and also the extrusion of
relatively slender parts like fins. In this paper, the formulation of rigid-plastic finite element method
based on plasticity theory for slightly compressible material is introduced, and the advantages of the
proposed method as compared to conventional one are discussed.
Numerical Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in a Precalciner of Cement Industry
Authors: Xie Jun Lin , Mei Shu Xia
Published: March 2009

Precalciner, in which endothermic raw meal calcination and exothermic fuel combustion
proceed simultaneously, is a key equipment in dry process of cement production. To increase the
precalcination degree and reduce the energy consumption, more and more attentions have been paid
on modeling gas-solid flow field in precalciners. However, most of them aimed at just qualitative
studies lacking in necessary further quantitative analysis of precalciner performance parameters. In
this paper, combining qualitative studies and quantitative analysis, the gas-solid flow field was
carried out aiming at an actual precalciner under operational-based boundary conditions. In Euler
coordinate system the gas phase is expressed with k-ε model, in Lagrange coordinate system the solid
phase is expressed with Discrete Phase Model(DPM), and the random effects of turbulence on the
particle dispersion is accounted for with Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model. The predicted gas
velocity field agrees well with the measured result, and the calculated raw meal concentration
distribution is consistent with the actul condition. The results predicted that there is a simple
spraying-liked flow field in the precalciner, with not only a non-uniform particle dispersion condition
but also a low solid residence-time and residence-time ratio between solid and gas.
Study on Medicinal Properties of Red 1%NaOH Extractives of Castanopsis Fissa Wood by GC/MS
Authors: Zhang Zhong Feng , Peng Wan Xi , Li Kai Fu , Ma Qing Zhi
Published: March 2009

The chemical components of red 1%NaOH extractives of Castanopsis fissa wood chips
were separated and identified by GC/MS after enriching and dissolving in benzene-methanol.
Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. 24 compounds
representing 71.87 % of the extractives were identified. The most abundant constituents were
hexadecanoic acid,methyl ester(17.08%), 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-,methyl ester (cas) (15.08%),
2,3-diphenyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrrole(7.05%), hexadecanoic acid,ethyl ester (cas) (7.02%),
9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z)-,methyl ester(4.82%), 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-,ethyl ester (cas)
(4.70%), octadecanoic acid,methyl ester(2.66%), 10-methoxy-nb-à-methylcorynantheol(1.90%),
di-(9-octadecenoyl)-glycerol(1.70%),ethyl linoleate(1.09%), 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-,methyl ester
(cas) (1.03%), eicosanoic acid,methyl ester(1.01%), and so on.
The Effect of Temperature and Content of Conductive Filler on the Conductivity of Conductive Rubber
Authors: Wang Ting Tai , Zhang Yu Guang , Yang Lin Feng , Zhang Jing Chang , Liu Sheng Man
Published: March 2009

How the volume resistance rate of the conductive polymer composite material such as nitrile rubber
(NBR) filled with ACET changes with temperature is studied. How the volume resistance rate of
different conductive polymer composite material is affected by the content of ACET is studied.
Such cases are then explained theoretically.
Research on the Proper Selection of Soil Constitutive Relation in Modeling Underground Excavation
Authors: Zhang Yin Tao , Tao Lian Jin , Tang Si Hai , Sun Bin
Published: March 2009

Soil is a complex material whose properties are elastic, plastic and viscious. The selection
of a proper constitutive relation is important in the study of stratum movement induced by
underground excavation in modern cities. First, based on the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua
(FLAC) method, the elastic response stress (p, q) distribution induced by a circular tunnel is analyzed,
and the surrounding soil is divided into four categories: p increase q increase, p increase q decrease, p
decrease q increase, p decrease q decrease according to p-q stress path. The character of p-q
distribution and the plastic zone induced by tunneling in clay are compared when the Mohr-Coulomb
model (M-C), the Drucker-Prager model (D-P) and the Modified Cam-Clay model (C-C) are adopted;
the C-C model is considered to be suitable for simulating underground excavation problems. Second,
factors such as stratum character, stress path and relative position between soil and excavation are
thought to be important in the selection of a proper constitutive relation, accounting for the geological
condition of Beijing and measuring techniques being used in geotechnical engineering. Fine grained
soils such as clay and silt can be modeled by the C-C model. Coarse grained soil, for containing and
not containing excavation, may be represented using the M-C model considering strain softening and
the normal M-C model. Finally, with the aid of FLAC method and its internal language FISH, a
scheme of estimating and controlling parameter input is suggested.
Comparison between Plasma-MIG and MIG Procedures on 5A06 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Gao Hong Ming , Bai Yan , Wu Lin
Published: March 2009

10mm-5A06 aluminum alloy was butt-welded in a single pass by the plasma-gas metal
arc (plasma-MIG) welding procedure, the joints were subjected to X-ray inspection, the
microstructure and mechanical performance of weld were also studied. The results indicate that
plasma-MIG welding is superior to regular conventional MIG welding on the aspects of reducing
weld porosity, increasing joint quality and improving deposition efficiency. Good weld joint with
less porosity and excellent mechanical properties is obtained, which can reach as 92.62% tensile
strength and 85.12% elongation percentage as base metal. Dimples in which the precipitated phase
is the solid solution based on Al3Mg2 are observed in fracture scanning electron micrograph and the
fracture mode is ductile rupture. α-Al and Al3Mg2 ,α-Al and eutectic structure are observed
respectively in fusion area and in weld zone. The wire feed rate and melting rate can come to
14.5m/min and 80g/min respectively for the 1.6mm welding wire by the plasma-MIG welding
process on the premise that the tensile strength of the joints meet the requirements.
The Multi-Scale FEM Simulation of Wire Fracture during Drawing of Perlitic Steel
Authors: Milenin Andriy , Muskalski Zbigniew , Kustra Piotr
Published: March 2009

The fracture development during wire drawing operation is an important phenomenon governing
the productivity as well as the mechanical properties of the drawn wire. The wire drawing processes
was investigated in present paper in two separate levels - using the 2-dimensional rigid-plastic finite
element method (macro-level) and modelling the microstructure changes (micro-level) by the
Representative Volume Elements (RVEs). To predict fracture initiation the phenomenological
theory of fracture is used. The influence of initial cementite lamellas orientation on triaxity factor
and localization of deformation in micro-level is investigated. Obtained results are helpful for a
fundamental understanding of pearlitic deformation during development of high strength steel wires
for tire cord applications.
Numerical Simulation of Process of Cavity Filling and Solidifying in TiAl Alloy Investment Casting
Authors: Guo Yong Liang , Xiao Shu Long , Xu Li Juan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, numerical simulation software of AnyCasting was adopted for simulate
processes of titanium aluminum alloys filling and solidifying. Pour temperature, pressure head and
rotate speed had an important effect on casting quality. The former parameters as factors orthogonal
experiment L7 (33) was carried out and the experimental scheme was optimized. The results showed
that as the pour temperature rising the filling time had no change, solidifying time had a large increase
and casting defect tendency tended to little. Filling time and solidifying time decreased with the
pressure head rising and casting defect tendency changed from little to large. The effect of rotating
speed on filling time was as that of pressure head, solidifying time had little change and casting
defects tendency of casting changed from little to great.
With the optimized parameters of casting temperature of 1650°C, pressure head of 0.2m and
rotating speed of 200r/min the investment cast filling and solidifying simulations was made out. The
results showed that in the optimized simulation the liquid metal filled mold from the top down, filling
course was smooth and complete and temperature field was even. Through analyses of casting defects
the optimized scheme proved to be logical.
Torque Strength and Influencing Factors Analysis for Assembled Camshaft by Knurling Joining
Authors: Qiao Jian , Kou Shu Qing , He Dong Ye , Yang She Hua
Published: March 2009

A key functional aspect of assembled camshafts is the joining strength between the shaft
tube and the cam lobe, which is depended on the assembly or joining method. The assembly process
by knurling joining and torque deformation of assembled camshaft were numerically studied and
the key influencing factors on the press fit load and joining strength were analyzed. The
experiments including to the press fit and torque strength of lobe/tube joining were carried out.The
results show that the torque strength of the cam lobe/shaft joining can availably increase by
matching cam and tube materials, choosing appropriate knurling form, enlarging magnitude of
interference and extending knurling width. The numerical results agree well with the experiments
and are significant in the design and manufacture of assembled camshaft.
The Contrast Research of the Finite Element Simulation for Ordinary and Fine Blanking with Negative Clearance
Authors: Du H. , Ding S.M.
Published: March 2009

This paper puts forward a negative clearance fine-blanking theory and its technique
process, and introduces the technical processing of fine-blanking which can be used on ordinary
punching machines. In this paper, computer simulation and the experimental study of negative
clearance fine-blanking process are carried out. Thus the parameters of the force of blanking, the
value of negative clearance are determined. The effect of fine-blanking quality was obtained, and
the perfect rate of the blanking fracture achieves 90%. By comparing negative clearance precise
blanking with conventional blanking, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Blanking quality of
negative clearance blanking is increased by 57% than that of conventional blanking. 2. The down
surface of the work-pieces obtained by the conventional blanking processing have 0.2 - 0.5 mm
longitudinal burrs, while the work-pieces obtained by the negative clearance blanking have no burrs.
Thus the processing of clear away the burrs could be spared. And the manpower, the material,
energy and the equipment investment are saved. The researching result provides theoretic reference
and the experimental data for the engineering practice. It has instructive significance and reference
value to engineering manufacturing.
Die Design of a Back Panel for a PDP TV Using 3-D Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ahn Dong Gyu , Moon Hyun Soo
Published: March 2009

The objective of this research work is to design optimally dies and the blank sheet for
manufacturing of the back panel of a PDP TV. The influence of design parameters of the dies and the
blank sheet on the formation of wrinkling in the upper trimming area of the stamped part has been
quantitatively investigated through three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The
corner radius of the upper trimming area of the die and the blank gap, which is the distance from the
outer line of the blank holder to that of the blank, have been chosen as design parameters to remove
wrinkling associated with a stamping part in a upper trimming area. From the results of the analyses, it
has been shown that a product without wrinkles and skid lines can be manufactured when the corner
radius is 8 mm and the blank gap is 60 mm. Several stamping tests have been performed using the
manufactured die set and the blank sheet according to the proposed optimum design. From the results
of the stamping tests, it has been shown that a back panel of the PDP TV can be successfully
manufactured using the proposed optimum design condition.
Metal Flow Behavior on the Non-Uniform Wall Thickness Three-Way Valve Extrusion
Authors: Cheng Mei , Zhang Zhi Min
Published: March 2009

High pressure valve always takes several dozens to several hundreds MPa pressure and
which was difficulty to form because of its complex internal structure. In this paper,
three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out to investigate metal flow behavior during
the three-way valve extrusion process. The block shape materials were formed to shell shape
three-way components by the level and vertical direction uniform temperature simultaneous
extrusion. The simulation results show that the metal flows were influenced by both loading
sequence and time of the moving die of two directions. The loading process worked out through
dynamic simulation can guide the actual processing.
Simulation of Hydroformed High Strength Steel Chassis Parts
Authors: Kim Kee Joo , Kim Joo Sung , Choi Byung Ik , Kim Keun Hwan , Kang Yeon Sik , Sung Chang Won , Won Si Tae
Published: March 2009

The environment and energy related problem has become one of the most important global
issues in recent years. One of the most effective ways of improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles
is the weight reduction. In order to obtain this goal the hydroforming technology is adapting for the
high strength steel and its application is being widened. In present study, the whole process chain of
chassis components (cross members) simulation and development by hydroforming technology to
apply high strength steel having tensile strength of 440 MPa grade is covered. At the part design stage,
it requires feasibility study and process design aided by CAE (Computer Aided Design) to confirm
hydroformability in details. Overall possibility of hydroformable chassis parts could be examined by
cross sectional analyses. Moreover, it is essential to ensure the formability of tube material on every
forming step such as pre-bending, preforming and hydroforming. At the die design stage, all the
components of prototyping tool are designed and interference with press is investigated from the point
of geometry and thinning.
3D Thermal Mechanical Coupled Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis in the Whole Rolling Process of H-Beam
Authors: Zhu Guo Ming , Kang Yong Lin , Chen Wei , Ma Guang Ting
Published: March 2009

In the H-beam rolling process, the deformations and temperature field of workpiece
significantly influence the mechanical properties due to the change of product microstructure.
Prediction of them is important for the groove design and passes sequences. To get the deformation
behavior and the temperature field of workpiece, commercial FEM program LS-DYNA has been
used to analyze the whole process of H-beam rolling. The approach is based on 3D thermal
mechanical coupled finite element method. The rolling process is divided into several units for
calculation. The mesh of workpiece is rebuilt in the simulation for reducing the influence of element
distortion. The result shows that, the temperature at the wed to flange position maintains the highest
during the whole rolling process, while area of the web the lowest. After the rolling, temperature
difference is above 150K between the web’s surface and flange’s inside surface, approximate 130K
on the flange’s outside surface and 200K in the cross section. The simulation results show good
agreement with the measured temperature data.
The Innovative Production Developments in Sheet Hydroforming
Authors: Lang Li Hui , Li Hui Li , Zhou Xian Bin , Danckert Joachim , Ghen Yi Le
Published: March 2009

Sheet hydroforming has drawn much attention in the world because of its many advantages
such as high drawing ratio, good surface quality and high dimensional accuracy, less springback etc.
Based on the practical needs and the development of the hydroformed production, this paper presents
the recent development of the sheet hydroforming and some innovative methods for the equipment,
the processes and the numerical analysis methods have been introduced shortly.
Finite Element Simulation for Evolutions of Profiles during Hot Compression
Authors: Tian Bao Hui , Kleber Siegfried , Wieser Volker
Published: March 2009

Evolutions of profiles for a cylindrical specimen during hot compression were calculated
with finite element methods. The calculations have been carried out with different characteristics of
flow behaviors for the alloy 16CrMo4. Variations in the maximal radius of the specimen are
determined predominately on geometric factors of the compression, while indifferent to magnitudes
as well as strain hardening rates of flow stresses. This result was verified by hot compression testes
of two different alloys employing Gleeble experiments. The increment of the maximal radius within
a definite strain range is enhanced by introducing significant temperature gradients.
Mold Filling Process Control of Molten Aluminum in Permanent Molds with a Web Gating System
Authors: Chang Qing Ming , Schwam David , Chen Chang Jun , Xiong Jiu Lang , Wallace John F.
Published: March 2009

Web gate system of aluminum castings in permanent molds is investigated in order to
improve the quality of aluminum castings produced in permanent molds. The metal flow in the mold
were observed and conducted using graphite molds and real time X-ray radiography recorded at a rate
of 30 images per second through those molds. The affects of web thickness on flow patterns, gas
entrapment, jetting possibility are studied and discussed. Flow and solidification simulation programs
were employed to predict the flow behavior under the different conditions that can prevail in
permanent mold gating. The study highlights the characteristic features of web gate system used in
permanent mold aluminum foundries and recommends gating procedures designed to avoid common
defects, and provides direct evidence on the filling pattern and heat flow behavior in permanent mold
castings.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Induced Crack Propagation in Laminated Composites
Authors: Xu Tao , Yang Ju Ying , Tang Chun An , Tang Shi Bin
Published: March 2009

A coupled thermo-mechanical model is employed to analyze the thermo-mechanical
behavior of a widely used laminated composite subject to temperature decrease at service conditions.
Three sets of governing equations, i.e. heat transfer, thermo-mechanical deformation and damage
evolution are respectively described in the model. These equations are then assembled into a coupled
matrix equation using finite element formulation and then solved simultaneously at each time
interval. A numerical model of two layered composites with some preexisting equal-spacing cracks
along the interface in the lower layer is set up to investigate the thermal induced crack propagation
due to temperature decrease. Results are presented in the form of crack propagation process in stress
profiles and discussed. Numerical simulations show that the crack propagation behavior of the
composites is closely dependent on the physico-mechanical properties of two layers and preexisting
cracks. It is found that thermal induced cracks penetrate into the upper layer and grow in the upper
layer due to the low strength of the upper layer when the model is subject to uniform temperature
decrease.
Auto-Adaptive Heat Source Model for Numerical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Li Hong Ke , Shi Qing Yu , Li Ting , Wang Wei
Published: March 2009

Heat generation is a dynamic process under solid state joining conditions during friction
stir welding (FSW). In this article, a new heat source model in which heat generation, depending on
yield stress and tool rotation speed, was established and was applied to simulate thermal field of
FSW welded 2024-T3 panels. Results showed that for 2mm/s welding speed and 400rpm rotation
speed, the simulated temperature-time curves on different positions corresponded well with
measured results. With the increasing of rotation speed, temperature increased steadily but tended to
a saturation state at high rotation speeds, which is consistent with the fundamentals of solid state
joining.