bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SSP: A New Class of Hull for the Oil Industry
Authors: Syvertsen Ka˚re , Lopes Clovis
Published: January 2009

Sevan Marine AS has developed a new mono-column concept for an FPSO. Its circular shape assures that, no matter from which direction the weather might come, the hull will always present the same surface area to it, becoming indiferent to environmental forces direction changes. The SSP has being through extensive model testing and has shown exceptionally low movement characteristics, and since she is based on the same flotation principles of a ship the SSP is, besides intrinsecally stable, of easy construction and low cost, allowing for great variable deck loads and storage. The SSP also features double hull, and no piping in the tanks, allowing for safe and environmentally friendly operations.
Development of Multi-Stack Exhaust System for Laboratory Buildings
Authors: Wang Gang , Cui Yujie , Yuill David , Liu Mingsheng
Published: January 2009

A multi-stack exhaust system has been developed for use in laboratory buildings. The multi-stack system activates different stacks and uses a variable speed drive (VSD) to change the fan speed when the laboratory exhaust airflow changes. This system satisfies safety requirements and uses less fan power than a conventional system. The typical fan power savings is 40% or higher, depending on the flow usage profile and the exhaust system duct design characteristics. This paper presents the system models and optimization procedures for the design of a multi-stack system.
Transient Analysis for a Double-Pass Solar Collector With and Without Porous Media
Authors: Musa Elradi A. , Sopian K. , Abdullah Shahrir
Published: January 2009

The double-pass solar collector with porous media in the lower channel provides a higher outlet temperature compared to the conventional single-pass collector. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the solar collector is increasing. The solar collector can be used for a wide variety of applications such as solar industrial process heat and solar drying of agricultural produce. A theoretical model has been developed for the double-pass solar collector. An experimental setup has been designed and constructed. Comparisons of the theoretical and the experimental results have been conducted. Such comparisons include the outlet temperatures and thermal efficiencies of the solar collector for various design and operating conditions. Close agreement has been obtained between the theoretical and experimental results. In addition, heat transfer and pressure drop relationships have been developed for air following through the porous media. The porous media has been arranged with difference porosities to increase heat transfer, area density and the total heat transfer rate. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factors are strong function of porosity.
Development of a Grid-Tied Photovoltaics Performance and Reliability Database
Authors: Farhi Brian , Wilson William
Published: January 2009

It has become increasingly apparent that the photovoltaics industry is in need of a resource for performance, reliability and economic information on fielded PV systems. This information would help manufacturers, distributors, utilities and other relevant parties in determining trends in operation, maintenance, and essential costs. By recognizing these recurring patterns, changes can be made in product design, manufacturing processes, installation procedures, or purchasing patterns to address, mitigate and/or correct these issues. Sandia National Laboratories has been developing a photovoltaics reliability database, with the Florida Solar Energy Center providing development and support for a database housing information on grid-tied systems. This paper contains a progress report on the status of the database and some preliminary results of analyses based on this data.
Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Market Penetration Analysis
Authors: Yewdall Zeke , Curtiss Peter S. , Kreider Jan F.
Published: January 2009

An overview of the market potential of various solar electric technologies considers the application to both distributed generation (DG) systems and building integrated systems. The State of California is used as an example of the analysis of system performance, economic return on investment and market penetration over the next decade. California was chosen as a test case because of recent central generation and T&D shortages. In the distributed generation context, solar energy has the potential to meet a large portion of the peak demand of California. With existing tax credits, systems are cost effective in certain locations at the present time. PV can be installed relatively quickly (weeks) on existing residential and commercial buildings with no requirements for the lengthy environmental reviews and siting problems of most power plants; therefore they are the fastest source which can be deployed in most locations in California. The approach in this article uses hourly loads derived from standard simulations. Along with the California building inventory by building type, hourly solar system simulations for standard buildings from each sector (e.g., hospitals, restaurants, schools, offices) and microeconomic calculations, returns on investment for each location and each building type are found. Finally the Bass diffusion model is used to calculate the number of solar modules that will be sold each year for the next decade. Results show that much of the output of the US photovoltaic industry could be economically dispatched in California.
Production Process Improvements for the Manufacture of Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Authors: Anderson Kenneth J. , Ponder Michael , Mihalik Greg , Fickett Bryan , Reis Ron
Published: January 2009

This paper summarizes the results of three-year joint venture between the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (Alliance) and Siemens Solar (SSI) to reduce electrical energy use of Czochralski (CZ) hotzones for growing silicon ingots used to make silicon solar cells. It also discusses a spin-off project with Advanced Silicon Materials LLC (ASiMI) to further reduce embedded energy by developing and certifying dendritic (teardrop) polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) as an alternative feedstock to CZ rods or granular polysilicon. The first project saved over 50% (25 kilowatt-hours per kilogram) and reduced Argon gas consumption by 85%. The dendritic polysilicon project is expected to reduce process energy by 25% (another 50 to 63 kWh/kg). These two steps of the overall process normally consume 250 to 300 kWh/kg but now they will require only 175 to 200 kWh/kg, an overall reduction of 30%.
Surface Roughness Effects on Hydrodynamic Lubrication and Scuffing Failure Analysis of Axially Grooved Plunger of a Rotary Diesel Fuel Injection Pump
Authors: Malik M. Afzaal , Rashid Badar , Khushnood Shahab , Azim Raja Amer
Published: January 2009

The wear between the plunger and plunger sleeve of rotary diesel fuel injection pump causes considerable decrease in injection pressure and the quantity of fuel to combustion chamber of an engine, which ultimately leads to failure of engine assembly. This research investigates the cause of failure particularly focusing on surface roughness effects to hydrodynamic lubrication and scuffing failure due to abrasive contaminant. The surface roughness of plunger and plunger sleeve were measured and incorporated in Reynolds equation to analyze roughness effects on hydrodynamic lubrication. The critical particle size of the dust normally present in the diesel fuel is evaluated to determine which test dust sample could cause systems to fail. Based on this information, scuffing failure of pumps due to an abrasive contaminant partially penetrated in the plunger sleeve is analyzed. The abrasive contaminant is modeled as a spherical shaped rigid particle. Excessive temperature rise between the particle-plunger interface is used as an indication of whether scuffing would take place. Experiments were conducted to determine parameters such as particle size of dust samples, surface roughness of plunger and plunger sleeve, specific heat of diesel fuel, diesel fuel density, quantity of fuel flow and radial clearance. These experimentally determined parameters are then used as input in our computer program to lend more confidence to our predicted results.
A Solution for Lightly Loaded Adhesive Rough Surfaces With Application to MEMS
Authors: Morrow Clint A. , Lovell Michael R.
Published: January 2009

The stiction forces which exists in micro-electro-mechanical systems are characterized by surface energy and surface roughness. To simulate this contact condition, a three dimensional fractal surface geometry and an adhesive contact model for a single asperity are used together to create a numerical adhesive rough surface solution methodology. This novel method of solution determines the characteristic adhesive contact type for each individual asperity uniquely at the time of load and area integration. Such a simulation more accurately represents the physics of the asperity based contact. Numerical results for the adherence force are presented as a function of surface topography, interface compliance, and the work of adhesion for a MEMS interface. The magnitude of the force required to separate an adhesive rough surface interface is given in relation to a polysilicon system.
Experimental Evaluation of Piston Assembly Friction Under Motored and Fired Conditions in a Gasoline Engine
Authors: Mufti Riaz A. , Priest Martin
Published: January 2009

Piston assembly friction measurement has been carried out on a single cylinder gasoline engine using the IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) method at realistic engine speeds and loads without any major engine modifications. Instantaneous and mean piston assembly friction were measured under motored and fired conditions at different lubricant temperatures. The forces acting on the piston assembly were carefully determinated by measuring the cylinder pressure, crankshaft angular velocity and strain in the connecting rod. The difference between the resulting gas pressure, inertia and connecting rod axial forces acting on the piston yields the piston assembly friction. To achieve this with confidence, an advanced instrumentation, telemetry and data acquisition system was designed and developed, giving special attention to the synchronisation and simultaneous sampling of analogue and digital channels. Experiments are reported for piston assembly friction at a range of engine operating conditions with different lubricant formulations, with and without a friction modifier.
Effect of Low-Frequency Modulation on Lubrication of Chip-Tool Interface in Machining
Authors: Moscoso Wilfredo , Olgun Efe , Compton W. Dale , Chandrasekar Srinivasan
Published: January 2009

A study has been made of the effect of an externally imposed, low-frequency modulation (≤ 100 Hz) on the action of a fluid in machining. It is shown that in conventional machining, fluid action in terms of lubrication is essentially confined to the edges of chip-tool contact along the tool rake face, with little or no change in the friction condition over much of this face. However, the effectiveness of the lubricating action is significantly enhanced when a controlled low-frequency modulation of sufficient amplitude, such as to break the chip-tool contact, is imposed in the direction of cutting. Measurements show that the friction coefficient between tool and chip is reduced by a factor of up to three in the presence of such a modulation. The extent of the secondary deformation zone in the chip material close to the rake face is also significantly reduced. Direct observations of the tool rake face show that when the modulation is applied, the fluid penetrates into much of the intimate contact region between chip and tool.
Asperity Contact Evolution: Capillarity and Electromigration Effects
Authors: Kim Ji-Hee , Cha Pil-Ryung , Srolovitz David J.
Published: January 2009

When two surfaces are brought together, contact occurs initially between asperities on the surface. If the mechanical loads are small, complete contact is never achieved and the behavior is dominated by asperity contact. The contact area and asperity morphology may evolve in time as a result of mechanical and capillarity (surface tension) effects, mediated by plastic deformation and/or diffusion. If a current passes through the contact, as in the case of micro-electro-mechanical switches, the evolution may be controlled by electromigration. This effect may be especially important if the voltage drop across the contact is fixed and the fractional contact area is small, such that the current is concentrated in a small number of contacts (see Fig. 1). Electromigration occurs as a result of the voltage driven electrons scattering off and imparting momentum to the atoms in the solid (see Fig. 2). Typically, the electromigration atom flux is opposite the direction of the electrical current (i.e., in the same direction as the electron flux). At small homologous temperatures (i.e., the temperature normalized by the melting temperature) and in small structures (such as asperities), atomic transport will be dominated by surface, rather than bulk, diffusion. In this presentation, we consider the evolution of an idealized asperity under the action of both capillarity and electromigration.
AFM-Based Testing and Measurements of Contact and Stiction in a Micromechanical Switch
Authors: Chen Lei , McGruer Nicol E. , Adams George G.
Published: January 2009

Cycling of a micromechanical switch with gold-on-gold contacts demonstrates that the contact resistance decreases and the adherence force increases. An experimental setup using a Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) is allowing the fundamental physics of this behavior to be better understood. The setup includes two side-by-side cantilevers — one of high stiffness which applies the repeated loading and the other a standard profiling cantilever allowing in-situ measurements of topographical changes.
Spontaneous Rupturing Along a Frictional Interface
Authors: Xia Kaiwen , Rosakis Ares J. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: January 2009

We designed a laboratory model to investigate the spontaneous rupturing along a frictionally held interface. A frictional contact, which mimics a material interface or geological fault, is simulated using two photoelastic plastics plates (Homalite or Polycarbonate) held together by friction and compression. The pre-uniaxial static loading is exerted by a hydraulic press. A unique design used in our experiments, which starts the spontaneous rupturing, is the exploding wire technique. It triggers the rupture within a controlled environment while keeping the spontaneous nature of the rupturing. The fault is oblique to the compression axis to provide the shear driving force for continued rupturing. We performed the spontaneous repturing experiment along an interface between both similar and dissimilar materials. Under proper loading conditions, a shear rupture which initially propagates at Rayleigh wave speed, jumps to a supershear speed (close to the longitudinal wave speed) after propagating a finite distance L in a similar material system. For the dissimilar material system, directionality of rupture propagation is observed. A rupture propagating at the generalized Rayleigh wave speed is observed in the same direction as the sliding of the more compliant material and in the opposite direction, supershear rupture is possible under proper loading condition.
Simulation of Frictional Sliding Under Impact Shear Loading
Authors: Coker Demir , Needleman Alan , Lykotrafitis George , Rosakis Ares J.
Published: January 2009

Results from recent and ongoing investigations of frictional sliding under dynamic loading conditions are discussed. The configuration analyzed consists of two identical elastic plates with an interface characterized by a rate- and state-dependent frictional law. The calculations are carried out within a framework where two constitutive relations are used: a volumetric constitutive relation between stress and strain and a surface constitutive relation that characterizes the frictional behavior of the interface. The simulations discussed predict a variety of sliding modes including a crack-like mode and several pulse-like modes as well as circumstances where the sliding tip speed can exceed the longitudinal wave speed.
Childhood Cancer among Twins and Higher Order Multiples
Authors: Puumala Susan E. , Carozza Susan E. , Chow Eric J. , Fox Erin E. , Horel Scott , Johnson Kimberly J. , McLaughlin Colleen , Mueller Beth A. , Reynolds Peggy , Von Behren Julie , Spector Logan G.
Published: January 2009

Although several studies have found no change or a decreased risk of childhood cancer in twins, few have controlled for potential confounders such as birth weight. We examined the association of birth plurality and childhood cancer in pooled data from five U.S. states (California, Minnesota, New York, Texas, and Washington) using linked birth-cancer registry data. The data, excluding children with Down syndrome or who died before 28 days of life, included 17,672 cases diagnosed from 1980 to 2004 at ages 28 days to 14 years and 57,966 controls with all cases and controls born from 1970 to 2004. Analyses were restricted to children weighing ≤4,000 g at birth. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for sex, gestational age, birth weight, birth order, maternal age, maternal race, state of birth, and birth year. Children who were multiples had no difference in risk of cancer overall (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.82-1.07), but a borderline reduced risk of Wilms' tumor (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.39-1.09). For children diagnosed <2 y of age there was a reduced risk of Wilms' tumor (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.86) and neuroblastoma (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.84) and an increased risk of fibrosarcoma (OR, 5.81; 95% CI, 1.53-22.11). Higher-order multiple birth (triplets or higher) was not associated with childhood cancer. Our analysis suggests that mechanisms other than birth weight and gestational age may influence the lower risk of Wilms' tumor and neuroblastoma in multiple births. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):162–8)
Selenium and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Wallace Kristin , Kelsey Karl T. , Schned Alan , Morris J. Steven , Andrew Angeline S. , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: January 2009

Emerging evidence indicates a potential role of selenium in the prevention of several types of cancer, including bladder cancer. We investigated the association between toenail selenium concentrations and bladder cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in New Hampshire. We analyzed data from 857 incidence cases diagnosed between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 2001 and 1,191 general population controls. Newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were identified from the New Hampshire State Cancer Registry, which operates a rapid reporting system. Controls were selected from population lists (driver's license and Medicare enrollment). We used logistic regression analyses to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), controlling for age, sex, and pack-years of smoking and conducted separate analyses according to the intensity of p53 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor. Overall, toenail selenium concentrations were not significantly related to bladder cancer [OR Q4 versus Q1, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.68-1.19); Ptrend = 0.15]. However, within specific subgroups there were inverse associations, i.e., among moderate smokers [OR, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39-0.96); Ptrend = 0.004], women [OR, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.40-1.10); Ptrend = 0.11], and those with p53-positive cancers [OR Q4 versus Q1, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.34-0.94); Ptrend = 0.01]. Our results indicate that selenium is not inversely related to risk of bladder cancer overall; however, they raise the possibility that selenium may be preventive in certain molecular phenotypes of tumors (e.g., p53 positive) or within certain subsets of a population (e.g., women or moderate smokers).
Successful Protein C Concentrate Administration during Initiation of Oral Anticoagulation in Adult Patients with Severe Congenital Protein C Deficiency: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Imberti Davide , Giorgi Pierfranceschi Matteo
Published: January 2009

Protein C (PC) is a vitamin K-dependent proenzyme with anticoagulant activity, and patients with congenital PC deficiency are at high risk for thrombotic episodes. In patients with PC deficiency, starting treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs is associated with a transient hypercoagulable state and clinically overt thromboembolic complications before reaching a full anticoagulant effect. This report describes a successful supplementation with PC concentrate in two adult patients with moderately severe PC deficiency during the initiation of oral anticoagulation and a course of therapeutic dose of low-molecular-weight heparin for acute venous thromboembolism. Plasma PC levels above 50% were observed in both patients and maintained during the entire supplementation treatment period with PC concentrate until a stable therapeutic anticoagulation level has been reached. These results have been obtained within a short time, thus allowing a safe administration of a loading dose of warfarin. No adverse reactions to the PC concentrate, i.e. skin necrosis and other thromboembolic complications, bleedings or allergic reactions, were observed. We conclude that PC concentrate seems to be effective for the prevention of thromboembolic complications and safe in patients with congenital PC deficiency while initiating oral anticoagulants.
Venous Thromboembolism Prevention in Patients with Heart Failure: An Often Neglected Issue
Authors: Imberti Davide , Giorgi Pierfranceschi Matteo , Falciani Michela , Prisco Domenico
Published: January 2009

Several epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) complications in patients with acute heart failure; in addition, the level of risk associated with this disease is notable, ranging from 15 to 30%. Three large clinical trials have clearly demonstrated the efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis in internal medicine patients hospitalized for an acute medical disease; on the contrary, until now there are no studies which have evaluated antithrombotic prophylaxis in a selected population of patients with heart failure only. Moreover, discrepancies existing among recommendations reported in different guidelines may produce uncertainties in the management of VTE prevention in patients with heart failure and may contribute to an underuse of thromboprophylaxis in the daily clinical practice. The aim of this review is to analyze the existing evidence about VTE risk in patients with heart failure as well as the efficacy and safety of antithrombotic prevention, and to underline which are the most important unmet clinical issues for the optimal management of thromboprophylaxis in this particular clinical setting.
Upper-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Patient on Clozapine Therapy Carrying the Prothrombin G20210A Mutation
Authors: Vayá Amparo , Lopez Maria , Plumé Gema , Ribes José
Published: January 2009

Clozapine treatment for resistant schizophrenic disorders has been associated to venous thromboembolic events. We report the case of a patient who developed upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis just 2 months after starting on clozapine in whom the thrombophilia work-up revealed the presence of the prothrombin G20210A mutation.
Exploring the Concept of “Profession” for Organizational Communication Research
Authors: Lammers John C. , Garcia Mattea A.
Published: January 2009

Recent scholarship has argued that the concept of profession is undertheorized and accepted uncritically. The authors address this issue by summarizing the characteristics of professions and articulating professions as institutionalized occupations. Their study of a veterinary call center suggests that profession influences the workplace through (a) knowledge providing, seeking, and sharing; (b) self-management of behavior, emotions, and productivity; (c) internal sources of motivation; (d) a service orientation; (e) the invocation of field standards; and (f) participation in a knowledge community beyond the workplace. Although these features may be distinguishable analytically, they are unified in the experience of work. Moreover, the close match in this case between the service orientations of the profession and of the organization strengthened the workers' commitment and thus the legitimacy of the organization.
Conversing About Performance
Authors: Gordon Michael E. , Stewart Lea P.
Published: January 2009

Despite its acknowledged importance, performance appraisal (PA) continues to be one of the most persistent problems in organizations, especially the appraisal interview (AI) component of PA, for which many techniques have been attempted with only mixed success. The authors conceptualize the AI as a “conversation about performance” and draw on an extensive review of the communication literature to identify the discursive resources available to the organization, the appraiser, and the appraisee for improving the preparation for and conduct of a conversation about performance. The authors' conceptualization extends research on PAs by identifying methodologies and conceptual underpinnings with connections to interpersonal, organizational, and mass communication scholarship.
Women and Male Partner-dating Violence in Nigeria
Authors: Izugbara Chimaraoke Otutubikey , Duru Emmanuel J.C. , Dania Peter O.
Published: January 2009

In this article we address experiences, understandings of and responses to dating violence among a small sample of abused Nigerian female university students. Dating violence broadly manifested in forms such as physical hurt, sexual harassment and emotional abuse in public and private spaces appears to be a male strategy for sustaining women's place within certain culturally defined boundaries. Women's views regarding their abuse reinforce the cultural belief that men are naturally violent and that women are sometimes to be blamed. Women's understandings of their abuse and responses to it refract the patriarchal ideologies that organise gender relations in Nigeria. Social and cultural institutions need to be repositioned to meet the challenges posed by the abuse of women by their intimate male partners.
Domestic Violence in India
Authors: Simister John , Makowiec Judith
Published: January 2009

This article studies domestic violence between husband and wife in India, and attitudes to domestic violence. We use the term ‘gender-based violence’ because some men use violence to control their wives. Data from the Demographic and Health Survey 1998–2000 has been analysed. This survey includes women in the ages of 15 to 49, in 26 Indian states. We focus only on violence by husbands against wives, ignoring other types of violence (such as a wife being hit by her husband's family, or a man being hit by his wife). Evidence in this paper is consistent with previous research indicating that gender-based violence is very prevalent in India. It seems likely that it is related to whether such violence is seen as acceptable in the perpetrator's family and in the local community. We suggest that there are similarities between the behaviour of some Indian men and the ‘machismo’ values reported in other cultures (especially in Latin America). We confirm previous claims that violence is less common if women and men are well educated; we also note that acceptance of domestic violence appears to be related to the respondent's education level. Thus, we encourage the Government of India to prioritise education for both boys and girls.
Rhodium-catalyzed and Coordination-assisted Regioselective Alkenylation of Aromatic C–H Bonds with Terminal Silylacetylenes
Authors: Katagiri Takashi , Mukai Tomoya , Satoh Tetsuya , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: January 2009

A number of aryl-N-heterocycles and aromatic imines efficiently undergo ortho alkenylation via C–H bond cleavage upon treatment with bulky terminal silylacetylenes, typically triisopropylsilylacetylene, in the presence of [RhCl(cod)]2/PAr3 as catalyst.
Direct Preparation of Highly Ordered Multilayer-type Silica Nanocapsules Using Spontaneously Formed Vesicles as Templates
Authors: Ogura Taku , Shibata Hirobumi , Sakai Kenichi , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko
Published: January 2009

Highly ordered multilayer silica nanocapsules were prepared using spontaneous vesicles formed by cationic surfactant mixtures as template. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) observation confirmed that the geometry of the silica particles was in good agreement with that of the vesicle template and that the particle wall had lamellar multilayer structure.
Photocurrent Generation by Self-assembled Monolayers of Helical Peptides Carrying Naphthyl Groups and Ferrocene Unit as Hopping Sites
Authors: Okamoto Shinpei , Morita Tomoyuki , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: January 2009

Helical peptides carrying naphthyl groups at the side chains and a ferrocene unit at the C terminal were self-assembled on gold, and photocurrent generation upon photoexcitation of the naphthyl groups was studied in an aqueous solution containing an electron donor. The ferrocene unit is found to promote photocurrent generation when it has an appropriate oxidation potential to act as an electron hopping site between the naphthyl group and the aqueous donor.
Novel 19F MRS/I Nanoprobe Based on pH-Responsive PEGylated Nanogel: pH-Dependent 19F Magnetic Resonance Studies
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Sumitani Shogo , Bronich Tatiana K , Kabanov Alexander V , Boska Michael D , Nagasaki Yukio
Published: January 2009

The pH-responsive PEGylated nanogels composed of the cross-linked poly[2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-co-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) gel core showed a remarkable on–off regulation of 19F magnetic resonance signal intensity (T2 values) as well as signal-to-noise ratios in response to extracellular pH 6.5 of tumor environment under 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRS/I), demonstrating the utility of the PEGylated nanogels as solid tumor-specific 19F MRI/S nanoprobes.
Transmission of the Parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in Cultured Rainbow Trout and Comparison of Epidemic Models
Authors: Yokota Masashi , Watanabe Seiichi , Hatai Kishio , Kurata Osamu , Furihata Mituru , Usui Takahiko
Published: January 2009

The epidemic process of the parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was quantitatively estimated by both the cohabitation experiment and two standard models (the Kermarck–McKendrick model and the Reed–Frost model). For analysis of the parasite transmission by cohabitation, fish in two replicate tanks were exposed to 1, 5, or 10 infected fish, and daily mortality was counted for 102 d. Despite simple experiments for artificial exposure to the pathogen, the daily estimate of dead fish in the Kermarck–McKendrick model did not fit the observed number of dead fish in the experiment. In contrast, when the longest possible incubation period (generation time) was assumed to be 51 d in the Reed–Frost model, the estimated number of dead fish in discrete generations was close to the observed number of dead fish. If the time unit was 51 d, the estimated mortalities in the generation based Kermarck–McKendrick model were significantly correlated with observed mortalities. These results suggest that the deterministic aspects of the epidemic process of the parasite can be quantitatively demonstrated on a 51 d timescale or longer, whereas transmission on a daily timescale is uncertain.
Induction and Evaluation of Proliferative Gill Disease in Channel Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Wise David J. , Griffin Matt J. , Terhune Jeffrey S. , Pote Linda M. , Khoo Lester H.
Published: January 2009

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) was first reported in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at commercial farms in 1981 and is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. The disease affects the gills and is characterized by severe branchial inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, and lysis of chondrocytes. Presumptive diagnosis is based on the presence of lytic areas in the cartilage of the primary lamellae on microscopic examination and is confirmed histologically by the presence of the organism. In these trials, PGD was induced by exposing channel catfish fingerlings to fresh or aged infectious water collected from a pond containing fish diagnosed with severe PGD. The severity of disease was graded by histological scoring and microscopic examination of wet mounts to determine the percentage of gill filaments containing chondrolytic lesions. Exposure of fish to infectious pond water was shown to produce pathological lesions consistent with PGD, and the percentage of gill filaments containing chondrolytic lesions was positively correlated with histological scoring of gill pathology. The number of trophozoite stages in the gills was shown to increase with the severity of the disease. In most cases, however, parasitic cells were not observed in tissue samples with chondrolytic lesions during the early stages of infection. These observations indicate that pathology and lysis of chondrocytes can occur prior to detection of the organism by histopathology. Exposing fish to infectious pond water that was aged for 1 d produced negligible gill pathology and implies that the infectivity of the H. ictaluri actinospore stage is short lived. Removing fish from the source of infection promoted repair of damaged gill tissue; within 14 d of fish transfer to clean water, gill pathology associated with the acute infection was negligible.
Modeling the Sustainability of Walleye Populations in Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Schueller Amy M. , Hansen Michael J. , Newman Steven P.
Published: January 2009

Population sustainability of walleyes Sander vitreus in the face of angling and spearing fisheries has been a concern of fishery managers in northern Wisconsin since off-reservation tribal fishing rights were affirmed by federal court decisions. We evaluated sustainability of walleye populations across a range of densities that were subjected to various exploitation rates and allocations of angling and spearing harvest (the fisheries differ in size selectivity). We developed an age-structured population model for estimating extinction risk and time to extinction for a hypothetical walleye population at a specified exploitation rate, fishery allocation, and initial density. The model was parameterized from data obtained during surveys of walleye populations in northern Wisconsin lakes. Simulations covered a range of annual exploitation rates that included the currently accepted rate of 35% and a range of population densities that are presently included in regression models relating walleye abundance to lake surface area. The risk of extinction began to increase above zero at exploitation rates of 61–65% for an unregulated angling fishery, 85–86% for an angling fishery with a 15-in minimum length limit, and 77–78% for a spearing fishery. The probability of decline began to increase above zero at exploitation rates of 61–65% for an unregulated angling fishery, 84–85% for an angling fishery with a 15-in minimum length limit, and 72–77% for a spearing fishery. As the exploitation rate increased, the average adult density decreased and the time to extinction decreased for all initial population densities. We conclude that the current maximum exploitation rate of 35% may be sustainable for all initial population densities but that a controlled field experiment should be used to verify our modeling results before any changes to angling bag limits or spearing quotas are made.
An Evaluation of Age Estimation Structures for Lake Whitefish in Lake Michigan: Selecting an Aging Method Based on Precision and a Decision Analysis
Authors: Muir Andrew M. , Sutton Trent M. , Peeters Paul J. , Claramunt Randall M. , Kinnunen Ronald E.
Published: January 2009

Declines in growth and condition of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lakes Huron and Michigan have led to increased mean age in the harvest and greater difficulty in scale age interpretation. We evaluated the precision and efficiency of scale acetate impressions, transverse pectoral fin ray sections, and transverse sagittal otolith sections for three lake whitefish stocks (Bailey's Harbor, Naubinway, and Saugatuck) that were sampled in Lake Michigan during 2004 and 2005. We conducted a decision matrix analysis that incorporated capital, production, and personnel costs and precision of age estimates to determine the best aging method given current management priorities. For the Bailey's Harbor stock, age estimates were systematically lower based on scales (mean = 7.85 years) than based on fin rays (8.44 years) or otoliths (8.78 years); fin ray and otolith estimates did not differ significantly. Similar results were observed for both Naubinway and Saugatuck stocks. For Bailey's Harbor lake whitefish, greater precision in age estimates was achieved by use of fin rays (median coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.88%) than by use of scales (5.44%) or otoliths (5.44%). For the Saugatuck stock, age estimates were more precise when obtained from pectoral fin rays (median CV = 4.96%) than from scales, but precision did not differ between fin ray and sagittal otolith ages. Differences between scale and pectoral fin ray age estimates began at age 5 for the Bailey's Harbor stock and at age 6 for the Naubinway and Saugatuck stocks. Differences between scale and sagittal otolith age estimates began at age 5 for the Bailey's Harbor and Saugatuck stocks and at age 8 for the Naubinway stock. Based on the decision matrix analysis, pectoral fin rays provided more-precise estimates and their use involved lower costs than use of the other methods; therefore, pectoral fin rays were deemed the best method for aging lake whitefish in Lake Michigan under current conditions.
Cotton Planting Date Affects The Critical Period of Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) Control
Authors: Webster Theodore M. , Grey Timothy L. , Flanders J. Timothy , Culpepper A. Stanley
Published: January 2009

Benghal dayflower (formerly known as tropical spiderwort) is one of the most troublesome weeds in Georgia cotton. Field studies were conducted from 2003 to 2005 to evaluate the relationship between the duration of Benghal dayflower interference and cotton yield to establish optimum weed-control timing. To determine the critical period of weed control (CPWC), Benghal dayflower interference with cotton was allowed or prohibited in 2-wk intervals between 0 to 12 wk after crop planting. Maximum yield loss from Benghal dayflower in May-planted cotton was 21 to 30% in 2004 and 2005, whereas cotton planting delayed until June resulted in maximum yield losses of 40 to 60%. June-planted cotton had a CPWC of 190 to 800 growing degree days (GDD) in 2004 (52-d interval beginning at 16 d after planting [DAP]) and 190 to 910 GDD in 2005 (59-d interval beginning at 18 DAP). In contrast, May-planted cotton in 2005 had a narrower CPWC interval of 396 to 587 GDD (18 d) that occurred 3 wk later in the growing season (initiated at 39 DAP). May-planted cotton in 2004 did not have a critical range of weed-free conditions. Instead, a single weed removal at 490 GDD (44 DAP) averted a yield loss greater than 5%. It is recommended that fields infested with Benghal dayflower be planted with cotton early in the growing season to minimize weed interference with the crop.
Effectiveness of Vaginal‐Implant Transmitters for Locating Elk Parturition Sites
Authors: BARBKNECHT ANDREA E. , FAIRBANKS W. SUE , ROGERSON JARED D. , MAICHAK ERIC J. , MEADOWS LAURA L.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  We assessed success of vaginal implant transmitters (VITs), deployed in 198 elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), in locating elk calving sites in western Wyoming, USA, in 2006–2007. We identified 60.3% of expelled VIT locations as definite or probable event markers and an additional 21.8% as possible event markers. Failure rate for VITs was 10.6%, and we found an additional 7.3% in improbable or impossible parturition sites. Vaginal implant transmitters were effective in locating calving and abortion sites and will facilitate definition of parturition habitat selection and parturition ranges of specific subpopulations.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Caesalpinia l. (Caesalpiniaceae) for Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun BM Rezia , Rahman Mohammad Oliur
Published: January 2009

The genus Caesalpinia L. represented by 12 species has been revised for Bangladesh. Dichotomous bracket key has been given for identification of the species. An updated nomenclature, description of the taxa along with illustrations, specimens examined, ecology, notes on distribution and economic importance have been provided. Chromosome number and ethnobotanical information have also been furnished in most cases. Key words: Caesalpinia, Taxonomic revision, Caesalpiniaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.582 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 93-109, 2006 (December)
Pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh : Family Entodontaceae
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Hadiuzzaman Syed
Published: January 2009

Three species, namely, Erythrodontium julaceum, Pterigynandrum decolor and Entodon flavescens under family Entodontaceae are described with illustrations and a short note on each. Key words: Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Entodontaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.584 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 131-137, 2006 (December)
On the occurrence of Didymosperma nanum H. Wendl. & Drude (Arecaceae) in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Zashim , Hassan Md Abul
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Arecaceae, Didymosperma nanum, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.587Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 171-172, 2006 (December)
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 3. Volvocales
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasmin Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R. Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R
Published: January 2009

This study presents 21 species of Chlamydomonas, four species of Carteria, two species of each of Nephroselmis, Pyramidomonas and Scherffelia, and Collodictyon triciliatum, Polytoma minus, Tetrachloridium ? allorgei and Tetraselmis cordiformis. These species have been reported from some ponds of Mathbaria of Pirojpur and Bakerganj of Barisal districts in Bangladesh. Key words: Phytoplankton, New records, Bangladesh, Volvocales, Ponds DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.518 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 1-12, 2007 (June)
A taxonomic revision of the genus Cleome L. (Capparaceae) in Bangladesh
Authors: Ara Hosne , Khan Bushra , Mia Md. Mansur-ul-Kadir
Published: January 2009

The available record of the genus Cleome L. for Bangladesh has been updated in this paper and includes C. diffusa, C. gynandra, C. hassleriana, C. rutidosperma and C. viscosa. The updating has been done in case of nomenclature with important synonyms, local names, description of the taxa along with illustrations, flowering and fruiting times, ecological notes, specimens examined and their geographical distribution. For identification of the species, a dichotomous bracketed key has been added in this paper. Information on chromosome number and economic importance have also been provided where available. Key words: Cleome, Taxonomic revision, Capparaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.520 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 25-36, 2007 (June)
Application of ordinal clustering to the taxonomy of the genus Entada (Fabaceae) in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Sheng-Zehn , Feng Yu-Ying , Yeh Fu-Ya
Published: January 2009

The importance of a mathematically correct treatment of ordinal information has not sufficient been emphasized. Since ordinal cluster analysis (OrdClAn) and non-metric multidimentional scaling (NMDS) are order-invariant, an attempt has been made to illustrate the previous taxonomic treatments of three species of Entada Adans. (Fabaceae) of Taiwan by these two methods. The genus Entada is represented in Taiwan by E. koshunensis Hayata et Kanehira, E. phaseoloides (L.) Merr. and E. rheedii Spreng. In this study, 29 morphological characteristics and 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing these three species were selected to construct a primary mixed data matrix. Due to incomplete and limited herbarium specimens, the same local specimens were combined to form 14 OTUs from 62 specimens preserved in several Taiwan herbaria. The characters were measured on binary nominal, multistate nominal, ordinal, and quantitative scales. OrdClAn and NMDS based on Gower’s index were used to evaluate the relationship among the three Entada species from the primary matrix. The cluster dendrogram and the ordination of OTUs showed that the genus Entada obviously can be divided into three groups representing three existing species, therefore, agreed with previous taxonomic analyses. Key words: Entada, Non-metric multidimentional scaling, Numerical taxonomy, Ordinal cluster analysis, Ordinal scaling DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.529 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 93-100, 2007 (December)
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Practical Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids in Water Using New Hydrophilic Chiral Bicyclo[3.3.0] Diene Ligands.
Authors: Feng Chen‐Guo , Wang Zhi‐Qian , Shao Cheng , Xu Ming‐Hua , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids and Derivatives.
Authors: Cabrera Silvia , Reyes Efraim , Aleman Jose , Milelli Andrea , Kobbelgaard Sara , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Triflates Using Mo(CO)6 as a Solid CO Source.
Authors: Odell Luke R. , Saevmarker Jonas , Larhed Mats
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Reformatsky Reaction with ortho‐Substituted Diarylketones.
Authors: Fernandez‐Ibanez M. Angeles , Macia Beatriz , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Fringa Ben L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis[(E)‐4‐halostyryl]arene Derivatives.
Authors: Prukala Wieslaw , Majchrzak Mariusz , Posala Krystian , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.