bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sewing and Spinning for the State
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2020

details the experiences of African American women prisoners in Tennessee and Alabama in contract labor systems. They were put to work making garments for the apparel industry, an industry they were excluded from outside prison walls. This chapter demonstrates that the state could tolerate the crossing of racial and gender boundaries as long as such transgressions were managed within penitentiaries and served the economic demands of penal institutions. It also shows that black female convicts’ labor was essential to the economic prosperity of the Jim Crow penal system, and that it contributed to the economic modernization of the New South.
Hanging, the Electric Chair, and Death Penalty Reform in the Early Twentieth-Century South
Authors: Miller Vivien
Published: January 2020

examines the moment when southern states adopted the electric chair by studying Florida’s fraught and uneven transition in the 1920s. Compared to the amateurish and messy practice of hanging, the electric chair offered efficiency, professionalism, and privacy, leading state officials to celebrate it as a form of “penal modernism.” This modernism, however, shifted authority of criminal justice from local sheriffs to a centralized state bureaucracy. This chapter highlights the effects of this shift on long-standing execution rituals, which came to be imbued with new class, gender, and racial constrictions that were emblematic of the modernizing, industrial state.
Landscape, Labor, and the Lonchera
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: January 2020

The taco truck is a prominent feature of Sacramento’s cultural landscape that symbolizes the livelihoods of its Mexican workforce. Eating tacos at a truck may seem a prosaic practice, but for many day laborers it is a form of sustenance that also affirms their cultural identity. As urban renewal and gentrification threaten the presence of taco trucks in Sacramento, so too is the Mexican workforces’ cultural way of life imperiled. This chapter evaluates the taco truck through the philosophy of landscape as well as how taco truck owners use their trucks’ mobility to circumvent stringent policies that govern urban space. It takes an in-depth look at how urban politics affect Mexican communities and the livelihoods of taco truck owners.
Cooking Up Multiculturalism
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 investigates how food trucks have positively transformed Columbus’s city image. The chapter expands to the scale of the city to show how urban branding and the influx of gourmet food trucks has eased the acceptance of taco trucks. Since city boosters rebranded Columbus as “a smart and open city,” food trucks have become markers of ethnic diversity that enhance the city’s cultural capital. However, taco trucks somehow still seem to be missing from the city’s central consumption spaces. This chapter evaluates why that is, arguing that white privilege most often favors the boutique food truck variety, which systematically excludes traditional taco trucks from primarily public spaces and places.
Queer Timing
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This book is a counter-history of the emergence of lesbian sexuality in early cinema. Drawing on the critical insights of queer theory and the history of sexuality, it challenges approaches to lesbian representation, initially by reframing the emergence of lesbian figures in cinema in the late 1920s and early 1930s as only the most visible and belated signs of an array of strategies of sexuality. The emergence of lesbian representation and spectatorship in early cinema is not a linear progression and consolidation but rather arises across multiple sites in dispersed forms that are modern and backward-looking, recursive and anachronistic. In this tumultuous period, new but not always coherent sexual knowledges and categories emerge, even as older modalities of homoeroticism persist. The book articulates some of the discursive and institutional processes by which women’s same-sex desires and identities have been reorganized as impossible, marginal or—perhaps not so surprisingly—central to new forms of cinematic representation and spectatorship. Complicating the critical consensus of feminist film theory and history, the book foregrounds the centrality of women’s same-sex desire to historically distinct cinematic discourses of both homo- and heterosexuality. It articulates across its chapters the emergence of lesbian sexuality—and that of its intimate “other,” heterosexuality—as the effect of diverse discursive operations of early cinema, considered as a complex assemblage of film texts, exhibition practices, modes of female spectatorship, and reception.
Introduction
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a historical and historiographical overview for the book within the literature on Los Angeles and the United States/Mexico border. It also advances a theoretical program drawn from the anarchist notion of affinity based in a critique of Marxism and Gramsci being overly statist in orientation. Affinity is used as a way to understand organizing, social interaction, and ephemeral solidarities in formal organizations and away from them. It draws from Peter Kropotkin, William C. Owen, Errico Malatesta, Sébastien Faure, Georg Lukács, Walter Benjamin, Max Weber, Michael Löwy, Rebecca Solnit, and James C. Scott. It closes by connecting the concept of affinity to the history of labor and radical organizing in and near Los Angeles.
A Culture of Affinity
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM), and unaffiliated anarchists and sympathizers contributed to a multicentered local movement in Los Angeles between 1911 and 1917. This chapter examines events in Wheatland, California; Rangel-Cline in Texas; Los Angeles’s 1913 Christmas riot; the Army of the Unemployed in Los Angeles; and a revolutionary plot in Arizona in 1915. Los Angeles also increased its importance as a publishing center for Spanish language radical newspapers in these years. Newspapers increased Los Angeles’s visibility and significance in the global movement. The local movement successfully weathered internal conflicts before World War I-era repression reshaped its ability to act and formulate its own terms of struggle.
The Contours of Repression
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the World War One period in which the federal, state, and local governments in the United States, in addition to non-state actors, created one of the most severe eras of political repression in United States history. The Espionage Act, the Sedition Act, changes to immigration law at the federal level, and state criminal syndicalism laws served as the legal basis for repression. The Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and other anarchists took different paths in this era. Some faced lengthy prison sentences, some went underground, while others crossed international borders to flee repression and continue organizing. This chapter examines the repression of radical movements and organizing continuities that sustained the movement into the 1920s.
Aurora Dawn
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Early years of Randy Shilts’s life in Aurora, Illinois are explored, struggles with physical abuse from an alcoholic mother, and frequently absent father. Information about the Shilts family and arrival of six sons over a 25-year period. Shilts’s early engagement of Young Americans for Freedom and conservative/libertarian ideas posited by his father. Examples of Shilts’s earliest writing for a student newspaper on the draft and the Vietnam War. Shilts’s relocation to Portland, Oregon and enrollment in community college where he “came out” as part of a class presentation. Shilts’s struggle with discrimination and scorn based on his sexuality and his first forays into the gay liberation movement.
Conduct Unbecoming
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts turns his attention to the struggle for gays and lesbians to remain in active duty for the U.S. military. Shilts highlights the struggles of Edward Modesto, Leonard Matlovich and Margarethe Cammermeyer (among others) amidst gay purges. Shilts examines efforts to repeal the gay ban in the run-up to the Persian Gulf War. Shilts traces the history of the ban military ban to include the heart-breaking story of Thomas Dooley. The issue of outing is explored with Shilts in opposition to more radical opinions that closeted persons (especially those in positions of power) should be outed. Writing process for “Conduct Unbecoming” is explored as Shilts battles life-threatening health episodes as his HIV status advances to an AIDS diagnosis.
Death to Fascism
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

Death to Fascism focuses on how social justice immigrant activist Louis Adamic went from being a Slovenian peasant to leading a coalition that included black intellectuals and journalists, working-class militants, ethnic community activists, novelists, and radicals who made antifascism the dominant US political culture from the mid-1930s through 1948. By championing racial and ethnic equality, workers’ rights, and anticolonialism, Adamic and his fellow antifascists helped to transform the US understanding of democracy. From the 1920s through his death in 1951, Adamic became a celebrity because his writings tapped into a larger US identity crisis. This conflict pitted those who associated being American with a static category informed by Anglo Protestant culture against those who understood identity in a constant state of flux defined and redefined by newcomers and new ideas. Adamic shaped the latter view. During his life, he saw himself—and those he identified with—as traversing through four states of being: exile, cultural pluralist, agent of diaspora, and dedicated anticolonialist advocating a new humanism. His legacy has been lost because his anticommunist enemies, who largely succeeded in misrepresenting his beliefs after his likely murder, engaged in a conscious effort to erase him from the historical record because of the threat his ideas posed to the procorporate, hypermilitaristic, and racist outlooks baked into the Cold War liberal order.
Prologue
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

Whenever people found out I was writing a book on Mormons and musicals, the typical response was a skeptical, “Well, I know one.” To be fair, the Broadway hit Book of Mormon is nearly unavoidable and has really upped the ante in terms of Mormon representation in popular culture. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone brought a queer version of Mormonism to the stage in 2011 and largely, I think, showed Mormons a version of themselves they found unbelievable yet showed non-Mormons a version of Mormonism that instinctively felt true and real. Where you fall within these two camps probably has less to do with the kind of Mormon history you know and more to do with how much you are aware of just how entwined Mormon ideologies and musical theater really are. Mormons and musicals (and Mormons ...
“Come, Listen to a Prophet’s Voice, and Hear the Word of God”
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

This chapter traces the roots of a musical theater aesthetic in Mormonism by arguing that vocal theatricality is a theological principle in the faith, to the degree that Mormonism is built upon a theology of voice. Two stories of vocal theatricality in early Mormon lore--namely, when Brigham Young mimics the voice of slain Mormon prophet Joseph Smith and when Book of Mormon prophet Nephi impersonates his slain ecclesiastical leader in order to obtain a set of sacred records--exemplify the Mormon ideal of a disciplined voice capable of speaking literally the voice of another person. This practice of vocal modeling is understood by Mormons to be a divine trait, one practiced by Jesus and other spiritual leaders in Mormon mythology, including modern-day Mormon prophets; learning how to do this well in effect prepares the faithful Mormon to someday be god-like himself. This chapter argues that it is a short leap from vocal theatricality in everyday contexts to vocal theatricality on the musical stage and suggests that Mormons turned to musical theater so readily in the twentieth century in part because it offered a secular platform to practice vocal theatrics.
Epilogue
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

The Epilogue briefly peers into Mormonism’s unfolding relationship with American culture, suggesting that the story of Mormons and musical theater might well be a fitting encapsulation of the American interception of modernity. Musicals and Mormons have come a long way since their rootedness in Jacksonian principles; their regional genesis quickly fanned out to become immense global expressions of American values. In the meantime, America changed. What was once ideal and reputable has become goofy and outmoded, and Broadway and Mormonism have been forced to pay for their naive pasts with cynicism and guffaws. The musical theater industry opted to change its image by aggressively appropriating popular music genres. Mormon leaders have chosen a more passive response, having faith that stasis will eventually reveal the radical qualities of Mormon ideals. As a result, musical theater has begun to escape Mormonism as its once-familiar venue for practicing its theology of voice. Book of Mormon is one example of this fallout--its message both a condemnation and an invitation to become something better. In the end, the tale of Mormons and musicals is another story about how new ways of sounding create opportunities for other ways of living.
Filming Among Others
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

The first chapter explores the foundations of documentary’s anthropological strain in the pseudo-ethnographies of Frances and Robert Flaherty and Osa and Martin Johnson, filmmaking couples working at the intersection of ethnography and nonfiction entertainment in the ’20s and ’30s. Both women worked in the looming shadows of their more famous husbands, and yet each woman played a significant role in their joint careers. Their gendered labor included a kind of emotional translation for films that projected visions of far-flung places in the world to audiences hungry for “authentic” images of the exotic. Thus, these early pioneers--and the complex and compromised legacy of gender and race that their stories animate--are vital episodes in the overarching narrative of women’s documentary filmmaking.
Anthropological Visions Inside and Out
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 considers the ethnographic projects of Zora Neale Hurston and Margaret Mead, women who were formally trained in anthropology at Columbia University and were among the early pioneers of filmmaking as ethnographic research. Hurston and Mead shared an intense focus on the everyday experiences of women’s lives, which carried over into the broad archive of women’s documentary filmmaking that reached its apogee in the 1970s. Their work also deeply explored the differences between women whose lives were variously shaped by race, class, nation, and empire. Only rarely singled out as filmmakers, Hurston and Mead anticipated major debates and practices in documentary by turning their cameras on women whose voices exist outside the traditional viewfinder of dominant culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

Women’s documentary filmmaking deserves renewed attention--not just because of what can be gleaned about the past lives of feminism and documentary, but also because women’s anthropologically inflected documentaries resonate powerfully with the present. Firmly committed to the feminist goals of theory, praxis, promotion, and reexamination, Subject to Reality concludes with two personal stories that reveal the author’s contemporary encounters with the transhistorical power of feminist documentaries.
Black Huntington
Authors: Fain Cicero M., III
Published: January 2020

This book studies the multi-generational transition of rural and semi-rural southern black migrants to life in the embryonic urban-industrial town of Huntington, West Virginia, between 1871 and 1929. Strategically located adjacent to the Ohio River in the Tri-state region of southwestern West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, and eastern Kentucky, and founded as a transshipment station by financier Collis P. Huntington for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in 1871, Huntington grew from a non-descript village to the state’s most populated city by 1930. Huntington’s black population grew in concert: by 1930, the city’s black population comprised the second largest in the state, behind Charleston, the state capital. The urbanization process posed different challenges, burdens, and opportunities to the black migrant than those migrating to the rural-industrial southern West Virginia coal mines. Direct and intensive supervision marked the urban industrial workplace, unlike the autonomy black coal miners’ experienced in the mines. Forced to navigate the socioeconomic and political constraints and dynamics of Jim Crow Era dictates, what state officials euphemistically termed, “benevolent segregation,” Huntington’s black migrants made remarkable strides. In the quest to transition from slave to worker to professional, Huntington’s black migrants forged lives, raised families, build black institutions, purchased property, and become black professionals. This study centers the criticality of their efforts to Huntington’s growth as a commercial, manufacturing, industrial, and cultural center.
Introduction
Authors: Scuriatti Laura
Published: January 2020

The introduction offers a brief outline of standard and more recent scholarship on Loy and her reception; it introduces the concept of “critical modernism,” on the basis of fundamental works dedicated to the theory of the avant-garde, and argues that Loy’s highly diverse corpus of works adheres to well-known protocols of avant-garde and modernist aesthetics, but simultaneously questions them. The chapter also offers a brief summary of the book’s argument and of the single chapters; it outlines the tension in Loy’s corpus between an affirmative early modernist aesthetic, and a critical stance which destabilizes the categories of artwork, artist and art, relating this tension to a broader critique of normative notions of gender, identity and subjectivity.
Conclusion
Authors: Scuriatti Laura
Published: January 2020

The conclusion presents an overview of the book’s argument and shows how each chapter contributes to the thesis that Loy’s corpus creates a “critical modernism” and various eccentric positions which enable this constantly self-reflexive and critical stance with respect to modernist aesthetics, culture and, partially, politics. By adopting “eccentricity” as a critical concept and instrument, this study suggests that rather than relegating Loy to a marginal corner of modernist scholarship, reserved for those eccentric authors (mostly women), who did not fit the criteria of high modernism, her work should be recognized as writing the possibility of critical gaze into the very heart of the avant-garde and modernist canon.
Tourism, Conservation, and State Parks
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

For Florida, conservation and tourism have always been linked. As many argued during the Great Depression era, we should conserve those elements that we can sell to visitors. This chapter looks at the development of both during the 1930s and how they led to the creation of the Florida Park Service.
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

America’s entrance into World War II in late 1941 saw the cessation of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Numbers of both tourists and workers steeply declined as labor, funds, and resources were redirected to the war effort. This chapter looks at the hibernation and the Florida tourism and the park system. It also briefly looks at the eventual expansion of the Florida Park Service and the new properties that were acquired and purchased during and immediately following the war. By the 1950s, the Florida Park Service would transform itself into the authentic and natural antidote to what would be perceived by many as the artificial and crass Florida tourist attractions.
Whitewashing an African American Landscape
Authors: Woehlke Stefan , Reeves Matthew
Published: January 2020

Orange County, Virginia, has maintained a rural agricultural identity since the eighteenth century. During this time the labor, political, economic, and agricultural systems have gone through dramatic changes. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the end of slavery and rise of industrial agriculture played significant roles in the shaping of the physical and social landscape. Ultimately, this resulted in dramatic declines in the population of African Americans followed by a sustained migration that prevented the population from growing. This paper highlights five capitalist processes that resulted in the prolonged and steady removal of African Americans from the county.
The Unfulfilled American Revolution
Authors: Weinstein Laurie , Hassan Diane , Mauro Samantha
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses ethnohistoric research to address history’s failure to recognize the roles that peoples of African descent, Native peoples, and women had in the revolutionary cause. The chapter further describes how white men of privilege were not the only ones who voiced “the spirit of freedom,” as evidenced by Abigail Adams’s inspirational words. The research provides information about camp followers and presents specific biographic accounts of African Descendants and Native peoples who were stationed at the Middle Encampment in Redding, Connecticut.
The Rochambeau Project
Authors: Harper Mary Guillette
Published: January 2020

This chapter documents archaeological and written sources that reconstruct the marching route that Rochambeau and his troops took through Connecticut as they made their way to assist Washington in defeating the British at Yorktown. These events sealed the American victory in the war. One can almost imagine what a site it was to see the French soldiers heading through Connecticut toward victory. The chapter uses several important pieces of evidence to reconstruct the trail, including diary entries; a number of maps, like Berthier’s famous depictions of the marching camps; and even itineraries prepared in France beforehand.
Paleoindian Archaeology in Florida in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

Thulman’s chapter opens this volume and reviews the status of not only Paleoindian but also subsequent temporal Archaeologies in Florida. Because the scholarship in this area is so large, it cannot be reviewed in detail. However, Thulman does provide the reader with a synopsis and a guide to the larger body of scholarship. What this chapter provides instead is a well-deserved focus on the role of water or hydrology writ large (rivers, springs, and drowned coastal plain drainages) and Florida’s early inhabitants. Without the preservation potential of inundated sites, the large number of preserved organic remains would not have been recovered. No other U.S. state has the close relationship of hydrology and the preservation of ancient sites that Florida has. Such finds provide insights into paleolithic cultures that would have otherwise been simply impossible because of the lack of tangible evidence.
The Predicate Form
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, Thulman studies the notching and hafting artifact morphology change in the Southeast coast, the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and the Ohio Valley. Chronology is key to formal studies, so he examines radiocarbon dates using Bayesian methods to isolate the rate of change in designs. Typology is likewise examined as a key to isolating variation at a regional level. Better typologies are sought using landmark-based geometric morphometrics (LGM). Thulman singles out the abruptness of notching as related to the robust social networking among EA groups. Florida, as part of the “Dalton Phenomenon,” is a curious outlier.
Paleoindian Zooarchaeology in Florida
Authors: Marrinan Rochelle A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter deals with acquiring food, specifically the animal portion of the diet, in the Paleoindian Period. The authors discuss the historical roots of the sub-field in detail. Locations noted in the chapter include Florida’s Alexon Bison site, the Page-Ladson sites, and Alabama’s Dust Cave. For instance, the zooarchaeological reanalysis of the Jefferson’s ground sloth (Ohio), excavated at the same time as the Old Vero site (Florida), shows clear evidence of butchering.
The Hafit/Umm an-Nar Transition of the Third Millennium BC
Authors: Williams Kimberly D. , Gregoricka Lesley A.
Published: January 2020

The shift between Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar (ca. 2700–2000 BC) mortuary traditions on the Oman Peninsula is poorly understood, primarily because the semi-nomadic communities of this liminal period left little to the archaeological record, with the exception of monumental tombs. Because of the ambiguity surrounding this transition, tombs from this time are typically classified as either ‘Hafit’ or ‘Umm an-Nar’ without regard for the considerable geographic and temporal variation in tomb structure and membership throughout southeastern Arabia. Recent survey and excavation of a Bronze Age necropolis at Al Khubayb in the Sultanate of Oman have revealed Transitional tombs that—far from exhibiting a simplified dichotomy—represent a blurring of the traditionally discrete boundaries dividing the Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods. Bioarchaeological analyses of tombs at Al Khubayb further enable researchers to make a distinction between tomb types and elucidate the process by which mortuary treatments changed. Over the late fourth and into the early third millennium BC, these entombment practices changed from (a) relatively small, roughly-hewn limestone tombs known as Hafit-type cairns to (b) Transitional tombs displaying features intermediary to both Hafit and Umm an-Nar period mortuary structures to (c) large, expertly-constructed Umm an-Nar communal tombs.
Animals and the Changing Landscape of Death on the Oman Peninsula in the Third Millennium BC
Authors: Weber Jill , Williams Kimberly D. , Gregoricka Lesley A.
Published: January 2020

Animal bones form large components of Early Bronze Age burials in Syro-Mesopotamia, and they reflect concepts of death, vestiges of funerary ceremony, and artifacts of life. However, in the contemporary burials of third millennium BC Bronze Age cairns from the north-central Oman Peninsula, finds of faunal remains are scarce. At the Al Khubayb Necropolis, near Dhank in the Sultanate of Oman, transitional tomb forms (dated to the later Hafit and early Umm an-Nar periods) have yielded new information about rare instances of animal bones deliberately interred with human remains. Despite their scarcity, the context of these bones—particularly their associations with individuals of a certain age and sex—offers insights into a transitional mortuary landscape and its relationship with the living. The authors assess the data in relation to both regional examples of faunal inclusion elsewhere in southeastern Arabia and their significance with regard to the practice and ritual meaning of faunal interments.
Surviving the Special Period
Authors: Clayfield Anna
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the so-called Special Period in Cuba, a time of heightened instability and a profound economic crisis that, in 1991, resulted in the collapse of the country’s principal political and economic ally: The Soviet Union. It makes the case that the guerrilla code is a recourse the Cuban leadership turns to when trying to steel the population to face a series of unprecedented challenges. It also argues that, to the Cuban people, guerrillerismo was a guide for how to move the Revolution forward; evidence for this is found in this chapter’s examination of the official discourse during the “Battle of Ideas” moment at the turn of the millennium.
A Chinese Melting Pot
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth Lominska , Johnson Graham E.
Published: January 2020

A Chinese Melting Pot: Original People and Immigrants in Hong Kong’s First ‘New Town’ traces the transformation of Tsuen Wan from a poor and marginal district of agricultural villages, culturally distinctive in that all were Hakka. Like others present in the New Territories in 1898, they enjoyed special privileges under British colonialism as ‘original inhabitants’. This study is focused, in part, on one of their villages: its history, lineages, relationships among and through women, and their songs and laments. In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation and revolution in China, the town, with its daily coastal market, rapidly grew into a major industrial area and assumed an intense, if chaotic, urban form. Its industries attracted enormous numbers of immigrants from China, who created a large variety of voluntary associations to ease their adaptation to the new environment, while the original inhabitants, as property owners, benefited financially from the immigrants’ need for housing, and politically from continuing government support. In the 1980s, changes in economic policies in China led to Tsuen Wan’s present post-industrial form. The original inhabitants remain as a small fragment of the population, their villages intact, although re-sited away from the town centre as part of greatly increased government intervention in creating a planned ‘new town’. Their language and traditions are disappearing as they, like the immigrants, are absorbed into the wider Hong Kong lifestyle.
The U.S. Marine Corps Raiders, 1942–1944
Authors: Houseknecht Stephen
Published: January 2020

In 1942, the U.S. Marine Corps created the Marine Raider battalions, the first American special forces units of World War II.However, the introduction of an elite subculture within the ranks of the Marine Corps, which already prided itself on being the nation’s elite fighting force, resulted in conflicting cultures and competing identities.The preferential treatment and widespread publicity accorded to the Raiders, combined with the Raiders’ sense of exceptionalism and claims to superiority, garnered resentment among other Marines.Ultimately, the leadership of the Corps concluded that the Raider battalions were a detriment to the morale and esprit of the Marine Corps, leading to the end of the Raider program in early 1944.As an elite organization operating within the culture of a recognized corps d’elite, the Raiders present a unique case study in the nature of elitism in military cultures.
Yams, Rice, and Soda
Authors: Levy Josh
Published: January 2020

Oral histories of Pacific Islanders who lived through World War II and its aftermath burst with memories of food: the hunger and deprivation of wartime, the forced agricultural labor, and the revelatory liberation of a full plate after the guns finally fell silent. The image of generous Americans bearing food is pervasive in written accounts of the war as well. But on bypassed islands like Pohnpei in the Central Carolines the story was never quite so clear-cut, if indeed it was anywhere. On Pohnpei, American personnel landed in small numbers without an overabundance of supplies, plunging into a society that had used food and gift giving to define its social identities, politics, and relationships with outsiders for centuries. Pohnpei therefore offers an opportunity to rethink military gifts of food on an island where gifts were few and often contested, where American sailors imbued food and nutrition with their own anxieties over race and modernity, where military planners moved to assert control over imports to shield the region from subversive foreign influence, and where Pohnpeians swiftly drew American military personnel into the logic of their own food politics.
Allen Dulles and Covert Intervention
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the CIA in one of its most activist periods in the 1950s, under the leadership of Allen Dulles. An advocate for covert action and a man with considerable connections to the press, Dulles oversaw successful CIA interventions in Iran (Operation TPAJAX) in 1953 and Guatemala (Operation PBSUCCESS) in 1954. Though the ultimate outcome of the interventions would prove detrimental to the countries involved and to the United States’ own national security interests, the CIA and the Eisenhower administration viewed them as unalloyed successes. The press also generally did not report that the United States had been involved—with some notable exceptions. Dulles leaked details of the operations to a friendly reporter, so the CIA could take credit for its activities without formal acknowledgment. The New York Times also acquiesced to a request to keep a reporter out of Guatemala, but internal deliberations reveal a substantial degree of caution on the part of the Times’s management where the CIA was concerned.
The Increasing Public Profile of the CIA
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the public presence of the Central Intelligence Agency after its high-profile successes in Iran and Guatemala, related in the previous chapter. An effort to oust Sukarno in Indonesia failed, and the CIA was troubled by the general political environment of the 1950s, driven by fears that the Soviet Union was technologically ahead of the United States. Though able to weather the crisis that ensued when a U-2 surveillance plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960, the CIA’s public and humiliating failure to oust Fidel Castro in the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion undermined the CIA’s reputation for effectiveness. Though not a reason for the failure of the invasion, the press’s coverage of the anti-Castro operation demonstrated that press attitudes toward the agency had begun to shift as a younger generation of reporters and managers more willing to question the CIA emerged on the scene.
Conclusion
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This conclusion argues that the end of the Year of Intelligence and the revelation of previous contacts between the press and the CIA altered the relationships of the press and the CIA that had existed before 1975–1976, helping accelerate preexisting trends. Advocates for and critics of the CIA were both disappointed by the Year of Intelligence’s outcome, and the divide between the two would grow increasingly partisan and continue over time. The conclusion also reflects on the importance of national and geopolitical circumstances in press-CIA relationships, determining that, though old relationships changed, an environment less critical than the post-Watergate 1970s, such as the one that emerged after the 9/11 terrorists attacks, could produce cooperative relationships once again. Finally, the conclusion argues that the Central Intelligence Agency has grown more sophisticated in its public relations approach, looking to film and television rather than print media to influence opinion.
Foreign Correspondent (1940)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the changes in the source material, script, and film of Foreign Correspondent wrought by the Production Code censors. The original source material was a memoir, Personal History, by Vincent Sheean, which was purchased by producer Walter Wanger. The Production Code office advised Wanger that the property would be unsuitable for filming, since it depicted incidents that might offend Nazi Germany and thus would violate the Neutrality Act. Wanger took the idea of a foreign correspondent, and little else, from the Sheean book and created an espionage thriller in which the country served by the villainous spies is unnamed. Alfred Hitchcock was hired on loan-out from Selznick, and before the film was completed, war had broken out in Europe. Siding with Britain, screenwriter Ben Hecht wrote a final scene in which star Joel McCrea pleaded in a radio broadcast for American involvement in the war effort.
Stage Fright (1950)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

Stage Fright was the first picture Hitchcock produced under his new contract with Warner Bros. Filmed in England, it featured lyrics by Cole Porter, Marlene Dietrich as a femme fatale, and a controversial flashback seeded with misinformation. The primary concern of the censors was Dietrich’s rendition of Porter’s song ‘The Laziest Gal in Town.’ The Breen office found both the song and the performance so offensive that it had the chutzpah to edit the lyrics of one of the most accomplished songwriters of the day. The censors objected to Porter’s use of the Lord’s name (as in ‘Lord knows’), as well as Dietrich’s cleavage and gyrations. Both Porter and Hitchcock accommodated the censors, changing ‘Lord knows’ to ‘you know,’ dressing Dietrich from head to toe in a cleavage-hiding white gown, and cutting away from the star’s most suggestive movements.
Fulbright Internationalism
Authors: Woods Randall B.
Published: January 2020

For decades after World War II, Senator J. William Fulbright was one of the most influential foreign policy thinkers in the United States. Especially given the importance of the eponymous academic exchange program he founded, he is often held as an avatar of the midcentury American liberal internationalist philosophy that undergirded postwar US foreign policy. From his early notoriety as a leading foreign policy spokesperson to his long-standing perch as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he helped carve out an active role for the United States in the world and an approach that defined American global hegemony. His views were not consistent over time, however, and he would undergo a long period of evolution. Starting out during the war as an early advocate of a “one-world” approach to global cooperationalism, he would become by the Vietnam era a critic of many of the liberal assumptions that he had famously championed. His career thus represents not only key consistencies in US postwar foreign policy but many of the fundamental internal contradictions that bipartisan consensus had disguised for many years.
J. William Fulbright on the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Authors: Gagnon Frédérick
Published: January 2020

Various chairs of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) have played a significant role in shaping US foreign policy since 1945. However, when one considers that J. William Fulbright was a member of the SFRC from 1949 to 1975 and its longest-serving chair (from 1959 to 1975), one can argue that the senator shaped the history of the SFRC like no other. Examining the role and legacy of Fulbright as a member and chair of the SFRC, this chapter argues that three pillars guided his attitude and behavior on the committee: Fulbright saw himself as a foreign policy intellectual and agenda setter, a public educator, and a restrainer of presidential power. This chapter not only describes how Fulbright played these three roles. It also shows that one key aspect of Fulbright’s legacy as chair of the SFRC is that he used the public sphere more than any of his predecessors and immediate successors to try to influence US foreign policy.
J. William Fulbright and the Retreat of American Power
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2020

Allies feared not the arrogance of American power in the late 1960s and 1970s but its retreat. For British and Australian policymakers, Senator J. William Fulbright symbolized congressional neo-isolationism. They believed his rhetoric, actions, and Senate leadership challenged American commitments worldwide and thereby threatened their national security and global stability. These nations encouraged US presidents to maintain commitments even as they adapted their foreign policies to accommodate the presumed American retreat. Fulbright saw the situation differently. He worried these policies eroded the American people’s faith in the democratic system, invited social unrest, and frittered away scarce resources in overzealous Cold War commitments. Rather than isolationism, he sought a return to the cooperation, compromise, and multilateralism of liberal internationalism.
Tactful Visitor, Scientific Observer, or 100 Percent Patriot?
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: January 2020

The meaning of ambassadorship within the Fulbright program has been difficult to define over its seventy-year history. In the Australian Fulbright program, scholars had to negotiate a complex interplay of expectation, experience, and programmed planning. Age, gender, and discipline influenced their various responses to and recasting of the program’s ambassadorial dimensions.
Introduction
Authors: McLaughlin Sean J.
Published: January 2020

At the end of January 1963, France’s long-tenured ambassador to the United States, Hervé Alphand, reported back to Paris on a top secret American exercise at Camp David that laid bare many of the stark differences between the two NATO allies. As Alphand noted to French foreign minister Maurice Couve de Murville, his old colleague from the Free French days of World War II, the Kennedy administration had decided the previous October (either before, during, or after the Cuban Missile Crisis—he does not specify) to include representatives from Britain, France, and West Germany in a three-day series of politico-military simulations of potential conflict scenarios in divided Berlin. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, French president Charles de Gaulle had barely concealed his frustration from former Secretary of State Dean Acheson when he discovered that the Kennedy administration had no intention of coordinating strategy with the NATO allies it could have plunged into nuclear war. This may have convinced the White House to pull back the veil and show Washington’s closest allies how its planning culture operated....
Spectacular Bid
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

A safety pin was all that kept Spectacular Bid from racing immortality. On the morning of the Belmont Stakes, the third jewel in horse racing’s prestigious Triple Crown, Spectacular Bid stepped on a safety pin in his stall, injuring his foot. He had won the first two races in impressive fashion but finished third that day, losing his chance for a Triple Crown. But that did not stop him from becoming one of horse racing’s greatest competitors—in fact, in the words of his trainer, Grover “Bud” Delp, he was “the greatest horse ever to look through a bridle.”
The battleship-gray colt won twenty-six of thirty races during his career, with two second-place finishes and one third. He was voted the tenth greatest Thoroughbred of the twentieth century by Blood-Horse magazine, and the book A Century of Champions placed him ninth in the world and third among North American horses—ahead of the immortal Man o’ War.
Spectacular Bid: The Last Superhorse of the Twentieth Century is the story of a horse that was owned, trained, and ridden by people who weren’t part of the Kentucky establishment. Harry Meyerhoff paid only $37,000 for Bid, but inspite of his less than stellar pedigree, he became one of racing’s immortals.
Blood, Guts, and Grease
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

George S. Patton, one of the United States’ greatest field commanders, played a vital role in American involvement in World War I and the creation of the United States Tank Corps. While most literature focuses solely on Patton’s life and performance in World War II, the Great War was a pivotal event in his life and military career. Patton gained his first command in World War I with the United States Tank Corps. As the first “tanker” in United States Army history, Patton set up the first American light tank school and later commanded the 1st Tank Brigade in two campaigns, St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne offensive.
The study focuses on Patton’s personal life, his decision to push for an assignment with John J. Pershing, and his roles as a staff officer for the American Expeditionary Force and ultimately as a small unit commander pioneering a new weapons system..
Combat
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

In the late summer of 1918, the American Expeditionary Force has grown enough in size and in structure to participate fully in the war. Though American forces have already been pushed into battle to stop the German summer offensive, the St. Mihiel attack is the first major engagement the American Expeditionary Force participates in as a fully organized and independent force.
Patton takes command of the first light tank brigade in American military history, and his unit helps the Americans reduce the St. Mihiel salient. While the Germans offer little resistance, Patton and his unit perform well, gaining praise from his superior officers.
Newman on Natural and Revealed Religion
Authors: O’Regan Cyril ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This essay reflects on Newman’s famous analyses of natural and revealed religion and their relation in the tenth and final chapter of the Grammar of Assent. There are two lines of reflection, the first internalist, the second externalist. On the first front, the essay draws attention to how conscience plays a foundational role in Newman’s discussion of natural religion and how it helps to distinguish it from the “religion of civilization,” which Newman considers to be a rationalist substitute for the real religion. If natural religion is structurally grounded in conscience, it is historically illustrated in paganism and primitive religions to the extent to which these come to light in the modern age. Crucially, natural religion has significant content that is endorsed and recalibrated in revealed religion. It uncovers God as Judge and discloses humanity both to be under judgment and hoping for reconciliation through a mediator. The second and more externalist line of reflection draws attention to how Bishop Joseph Butler’s classic Analogy of Religion (1736) provides the basic frame for Newman’s reflection on natural and revealed religion and their relation.
The Trolley Method of Moral Philosophy
Authors: O’Connor James ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

The hypothetical scenarios generally known as trolley problems have become widespread in recent moral philosophy. They invariably require an agent to choose one of a strictly limited number of options, all of them bad. Although they don’t always involve trolleys / trams, and are used to make a wide variety of points, what makes it justified to speak of a distinctive “trolley method” is the characteristic assumption that the intuitive reactions that all these artificial situations elicit constitute an appropriate guide to real-life moral reasoning. I dispute this assumption by arguing that trolley cases inevitably constrain the supposed rescuers into behaving in ways that clearly deviate from psychologically healthy, and morally defensible, human behavior. Through this focus on a generally overlooked aspect of trolley theorizing – namely, the highly impoverished role invariably allotted to the would-be rescuer in these scenarios – I aim to challenge the complacent twin assumptions of advocates of the trolley method that this approach to moral reasoning has practical value, and is in any case innocuous. Neither assumption is true.
Intuition and Inquiry
Authors: Vaidya Anand ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Recent work in philosophical methodology by experimental philosophers has brought to light a certain kind of skepticism about the role of intuitions in a priori philosophical inquiry. In this paper I turn attention away from a priori philosophical inquiry and on to the role of intuition in experimental design. I argue that even if we have reason to be skeptical about the role of intuition in a priori philosophical inquiry, we cannot remove intuition from inquiry altogether, because appeals to intuition are essential for experimental design.