bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attractiveness of synthetic volatile blends of flowering rice panicles to Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Hori M. , Enya S.
Published: November 2012

The attractiveness of 22 synthetic volatile blends or seven individual chemicals emitted from flowering rice panicles to a rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy), were investigated with an olfactometer to identify the active compounds responsible for the invasion of the bugs into paddy fields. n‐Decanal attracted only male bugs, whereas β‐caryophyllene attracted only females. β‐Elemene repelled males and methyl benzoate marginally repelled females. The other chemicals did not attract or repel male and female bugs at all. Two‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐component blends of β‐caryophyllene, n‐decanal, n‐tridecene, methyl salicylate and geranyl acetone were attractive to neither females nor males. Two‐component blends comprised of β‐caryophyllene and methyl salicylate, or n‐decanal and methyl salicylate, marginally repelled females. The three‐component blend comprised of β‐caryophyllene, n‐decanal and geranyl acetone marginally repelled females. The five‐component blend comprised of β‐caryophyllene, n‐decanal, n‐tridecene, methyl salicylate and geranyl acetone repelled males. The seven‐component blend comprised of β‐caryophyllene, n‐decanal, n‐tridecene, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetone, methyl benzoate and β‐elemene attracted female bugs and marginally attracted male bugs. Six‐component blends without any one of these seven components were not attractive to the bugs although the six‐component blend without n‐decanal was marginally attractive to females. The six‐component blend without n‐tridecene repelled males. These findings suggest that mixtures of these seven compounds play an important role in the attractiveness of flowering rice panicles to both sexes of the bugs, although the attractiveness of individual compounds differs between sexes.
The impacts of storm Xynthia February 27–28, 2010 in France: lessons for flood risk management
Authors: Kolen B. , Slomp R. , Jonkman S.N.
Published: November 2012

This paper documents and discuss the facts, findings and lessons after the storm (in French Tempête) Xynthia, February 27–28, 2010. A storm surge combined with the high tide and waves caused failure and damages to flood defences along a coastline of 200 km. More then 50 000 ha of land was consequently flooded, and 47 people died as a result of the flood and storm. Findings and lessons are defined along the principals of a flood risk management strategy of three layers (multilayer safety approach): prevention, land use planning and emergency management. The findings can be used to improve flood prevention, land use planning and preparedness. These findings can also be used for further development of the relation between the authorities and citizens for low frequent, and not preventable, coastal flood events.
The Combined Effect of UV Irradiation and Ethanol Extract from Torilis japonica Fruit on Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Authors: Cho Won‐Il , Cheigh Chan‐Ick , Chung Myung‐Sub , Park Ki‐Hwan , Chang Pahn‐Shick , Chung Myong‐Soo
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synergistic sporicidal effects of the ethanol extract from Torilis japonica fruit on inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores induced by UV irradiation at a wavelength of 254 nm. UV254 exhibited the strongest inactivation effect, with the level of spores being reduced by approximately 3.6‐ and 4.7‐log cycles, respectively, after 3 and 10 min of exposure at an irradiation distance of 15 cm. And an ethanol extract of T. japonica fruit at concentration of 1.0% reduced the spore counts by about 3.0‐log cycles for 1 h of treatment. Furthermore, a combined treatment with UV254 irradiation and 1.0% ethanol extract of the fruit produced 4.2–5.0‐log reductions of Bacillus spores at different growth stages for an exposure time of 3 min. The energy required from UV irradiation to inactivate the spores was 50% lower in the presence of 1% ethanol extract of the fruit than with UV irradiation alone.

Practical Application

Bacterial endospores, especially those of Bacillus and Clostridium genera, are the target of sterilization in various foods. The present study suggests that a combined treatment of UV irradiation and natural antimicrobial component, Torilis japonica fruit extract, can act synergistically and effectively to kill Bacillus spores and can be a potential nonthermal sterilization method for the decontamination of Bacillus spores in the food industry.
Using administrative health data to identify individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a comparison of algorithms
Authors: Lin E. , Balogh R. , Cobigo V. , Ouellette‐Kuntz H. , Wilton A. S. , Lunsky Y.
Published: November 2012

Background

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience high rates of physical and mental health problems; yet their health care is often inadequate. Information about their characteristics and health services needs is critical for planning efficient and equitable services. A logical source of such information is administrative health data; however, it can be difficult to identify cases with IDD in these data. The purpose of this study is to evaluate three algorithms for case finding of IDD in health administrative data.

Methods

The three algorithms were created following existing approaches in the literature which ranged between maximising sensitivity versus balancing sensitivity and specificity. The broad algorithm required only one IDD service contact across all available data and time periods, the intermediate algorithm added the restriction of a minimum of two physician visits while the narrow algorithm added a further restriction that the time period be limited to 2006 onward. The resulting three cohorts were compared according to socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics. Comparisons on different subgroups for a hypothetical population of 50 000 individuals with IDD were also carried out: this information may be relevant for planning specialised treatment or support programmes.

Results

The prevalence rates of IDD per 100 were 0.80, 0.52 and 0.18 for the broad, intermediate and narrow algorithms, respectively. Except for ‘percentage with psychiatric co‐morbidity’, the three cohorts had similar characteristics (standardised differences < 0.1). More stringent thresholds increased the percentage of psychiatric co‐morbidity and decreased the percentages of women and urban residents in the identified cohorts (standardised differences = 0.12 to 0.46). More concretely, using the narrow algorithm to indirectly estimate the number of individuals with IDD, a practice not uncommon in planning and policy development, classified nearly 7000 more individuals with psychiatric co‐morbidities than using the intermediate algorithm.

Conclusions

The prevalence rate produced by the intermediate algorithm most closely approximated the reported literature rate suggesting the value of imposing a two‐physician visit minimum but not restricting the time period covered. While the statistical differences among the algorithms were generally minor, differences in the numbers of individuals in specific population subgroups may be important particularly if they have specific service needs. Health administrative data can be useful for broad‐based service planning for individuals with IDD and for population level comparisons around their access and quality of care.
TheRNA‐binding proteinMARTA2 regulates dendritic targeting ofMAP2mRNAs in rat neurons
Authors: Zivraj Krishna H. , Rehbein Monika , Ölschläger‐Schütt Janin , Schob Claudia , Falley Katrin , Buck Friedrich , Schweizer Michaela , Schepis Antonino , Kremmer Elisabeth , Richter Dietmar , Kreienkamp Hans‐Jürgen , Kindler Stefan
Published: November 2012

Dendritic targeting ofmRNAs encoding the microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) in neurons involves acis‐acting dendritic targeting element. Two rat brain proteins, MAP2‐RNAtrans‐acting protein (MARTA)1 andMARTA2, bind to thecis‐element with both high affinity and specificity. In this study, affinity‐purifiedMARTA2 was identified as orthologue of human far‐upstream element binding protein 3. In neurons, it resides in somatodendritic granules and dendritic spines and associates withMAP2mRNAs. Expression of a dominant‐negative variant ofMARTA2 disrupts dendritic targeting of endogenousMAP2mRNAs, while not noticeably altering the level and subcellular distribution of polyadenylatedmRNAs as a whole. Finally,MAP2 transcripts associate with the microtubule‐based motorKIF5 and inhibition ofKIF5, but not cytoplasmic dynein function disrupts extrasomatic trafficking ofMAP2mRNAgranules. Thus, in neuronsMARTA2 appears to represent a keytrans‐acting factor involved inKIF5‐mediated dendritic targeting ofMAP2mRNAs.
Cleavage of IgG1 in gingival crevicular fluid is associated with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Guentsch A. , Hirsch C. , Pfister W. , Vincents B. , Abrahamson M. , Sroka A. , Potempa J. , Eick S.
Published: November 2012

Background and Objectives

Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 plays an important role in the adaptive immune response. Kgp, a lysine‐specific cysteine protease from Porphyromonas gingivalis, specifically hydrolyses IgG1 heavy chains. The purpose of this study was to examine whether cleavage of IgG1 occurs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in vivo, and whether there is any association with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and other periodontopathogens.

Material and Methods

GCF was obtained from nine patients with aggressive periodontitis, nine with chronic periodontitis and five periodontally healthy individuals. The bacterial loads of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia were analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the presence and cleavage of IgG1 and IgG2 were determined using Western blotting. Kgp levels were measured by ELISA.

Results

Cleaved IgG1 was identified in the GCF from 67% of patients with aggressive periodontitis and in 44% of patients with chronic periodontitis. By contrast, no cleaved IgG1 was detectable in healthy controls. No degradation of IgG2 was detected in any of the samples, regardless of health status. Porphyromonas gingivalis was found in high numbers in all samples in which cleavage of IgG1 was detected (P < 0.001 compared with samples with no IgG cleavage). Furthermore, high numbers of Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia were also present in these samples. The level of Kgp in the GCF correlated with the load of Porphyromonas gingivalis (r = 0.425, P < 0.01). The presence of Kgp (range 0.07–10.98 ng/mL) was associated with proteolytic fragments of IgG1 (P < 0.001). However, cleaved IgG1 was also detected in samples with no detectable Kgp.

Conclusion

In patients with periodontitis, cleavage of IgG1 occurs in vivo and may suppress antibody‐dependent antibacterial activity in subgingival biofilms especially those colonized by Porphyromonas gingivalis.
LARGE PORTFOLIO ASYMPTOTICS FOR LOSS FROM DEFAULT
Authors: Giesecke Kay , Spiliopoulos Konstantinos , Sowers Richard B. , Sirignano Justin A.
Published: November 2012

We prove a law of large numbers for the loss from default and use it for approximating the distribution of the loss from default in large, potentially heterogeneous portfolios. The density of the limiting measure is shown to solve a nonlinear stochastic partial differential equation, and certain moments of the limiting measure are shown to satisfy an infinite system of stochastic differential equations. The solution to this system leads to the distribution of the limiting portfolio loss, which we propose as an approximation to the loss distribution for a large portfolio. Numerical tests illustrate the accuracy of the approximation, and highlight its computational advantages over a direct Monte Carlo simulation of the original stochastic system.
Cross‐fostering eggs reveals that female collared flycatchers adjust clutch sex ratios according to parental ability to invest in offspring
Authors: Bowers E. Keith , Munclinger Pavel , Bureš Stanislav , Kučerová Lenka , Nádvorník Petr , Krist Miloš
Published: November 2012

Across animal taxa, reproductive success is generally more variable and more strongly dependent upon body condition for males than for females; in such cases, parents able to produce offspring in above‐average condition are predicted to produce sons, whereas parents unable to produce offspring in good condition should produce daughters. We tested this hypothesis in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) by cross‐fostering eggs among nests and using the condition of foster young that parents raised to fledging as a functional measure of their ability to produce fit offspring. As predicted, females raising heavier‐than‐average foster fledglings with their social mate initially produced male‐biased primary sex ratios, whereas those raising lighter‐than‐average foster fledglings produced female‐biased primary sex ratios. Females also produced male‐biased clutches when mated to males with large secondary sexual characters (wing patches), and tended to produce male‐biased clutches earlier within breeding seasons relative to females breeding later. However, females did not adjust the sex of individuals within their clutches; sex was distributed randomly with respect to egg size, laying order and paternity. Future research investigating the proximate mechanisms linking ecological contexts and the quality of offspring parents are able to produce with primary sex‐ratio variation could provide fundamental insight into the evolution of context‐dependent sex‐ratio adjustment.
Prevalence of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Candida species causing bloodstream infection
Authors: Pannanusorn Srisuda , Fernandez Victor , Römling Ute
Published: November 2012

Candida species are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial invasive infections. Biofilm formation is recognised as one virulence factor of Candida species. A total of 243 Candida albicans, 81 C. glabrata, 33 C. parapsilosis, 14 C. dubliniensis, 8 C. tropicalis, 8 C. lusitaniae, 5 C. krusei and 1 C. pelliculosa isolates causing bloodstream infections were evaluated for biofilm formation. The biofilm formed on silicone elastomer preincubated with human serum was quantified by estimation of the metabolic activity through XTT assay and visualised by light and scanning electron microscopy. Forty per cent of the C. albicans isolates formed biofilm compared to 88.7% of the non‐albicans Candida isolates (P < 0.0001). Among non‐albicans Candida spp., biofilm formation was most commonly observed in C. tropicalis and C. lusitaniae (100%), followed by C. glabrata (95%), C. dubliniensis (85.7%) and C. parapsilosis (66.7%). A quantitative correlation was observed between the amount of biofilm observed microscopically, and that determined by metabolic activity measurements. The biofilms of all Candida species were composed of basal yeast cells with the exception of C. parapsilosis which produced biofilms consisting of pseudohyphae and aggregated yeast cells. These results suggest that biofilm formation as a virulence factor might have a higher significance for non‐albicans Candida species than for C. albicans.
The addition of pyloroplasty as a new surgical approach to enhance effectiveness of gastric electrical stimulation therapy in patients with gastroparesis
Authors: Sarosiek I. , Forster J. , Lin Z. , Cherry S. , Sarosiek J. , McCallum R.
Published: November 2012

Background  Improvement of gastroparesis (GP) symptoms has been documented in patients treated with gastric electrical stimulation (GES), but acceleration of gastric emptying (GET) is unpredictable. The aim of our study was to evaluate the advantage of adding surgical pyloroplasty (PP) to GES for improvement of GET and control of symptoms in diabetes mellitus (DM), idiopathic (ID), and postvagotomy (P‐V) GP.

Methods  A total of 49 (17 – DM, 9 – ID, 23 – P‐V) consecutive GP patients: 38 female; mean age 42 (21–73 years); mean weight 158 lbs (102–245), underwent GES implantation, and 26 (53%) additionally received PP. Total Symptoms Score, 4‐h GET, adverse events (AEs), and days of hospitalizations were captured at baseline and at the last visit.

Key Results  The mean follow‐up was 7 months. Total Symptoms Score in patients who received Enterra and PP or GES alone significantly improved compared to their baseline scores (P < 0.001). GET improved by 64% at 4 h (P < 0.001) in patients with Enterra and PP, compared to 7% observed after GES therapy alone (ns). The most impressive acceleration of GET was seen in the P‐V group, who received both therapies (P = 0.004) and 8 (60%) of them normalized GET. No AEs accompanied the addition of PP to the Enterra surgery.

Conclusions & Inferences  (i) In drug‐refractory GP the addition of PP to GES substantially accelerated GET; (ii) The GET response in P‐V group was the most impressive; (iii) Significant symptom reductions were achieved by both procedures; and (iv) PP added to GES may sustain better long‐term symptoms control particularly in the P‐V setting.
Automated impedance‐manometry analysis detects esophageal motor dysfunction in patients who have non‐obstructive dysphagia with normal manometry
Authors: Nguyen N. Q. , Holloway R. H. , Smout A. J. , Omari T. I.
Published: November 2012

Background  Automated integrated analysis of impedance and pressure signals has been reported to identify patients at risk of developing dysphagia post fundoplication. This study aimed to investigate this analysis in the evaluation of patients with non‐obstructive dysphagia (NOD) and normal manometry (NOD/NM).

Methods  Combined impedance‐manometry was performed in 42 patients (27F : 15M; 56.2 ± 5.1 years) and compared with that of 24 healthy subjects (8F : 16M; 48.2 ± 2.9 years). Both liquid and viscous boluses were tested. MATLAB‐based algorithms defined the median intrabolus pressure (IBP), IBP slope, peak pressure (PP), and timing of bolus flow relative to peak pressure (TNadImp‐PP). An index of pressure and flow (PFI) in the distal esophagus was derived from these variables.

Key Results  Diagnoses based on conventional manometric assessment: diffuse spasm (n = 5), non‐specific motor disorders (n = 19), and normal (n = 11). Patients with achalasia (n = 7) were excluded from automated impedance‐manometry (AIM) analysis. Only 2/11 (18%) patients with NOD/NM had evidence of flow abnormality on conventional impedance analysis. Several variables derived by integrated impedance‐pressure analysis were significantly different in patients as compared with healthy: higher PNadImp (P < 0.01), IBP (P < 0.01) and IBP slope (P < 0.05), and shorter TNadImp_PP (P = 0.01). The PFI of NOD/NM patients was significantly higher than that in healthy (liquid: 6.7 vs 1.2, P = 0.02; viscous: 27.1 vs 5.7, P < 0.001) and 9/11 NOD/NM patients had abnormal PFI. Overall, the addition of AIM analysis provided diagnoses and/or a plausible explanation in 95% (40/42) of patients who presented with NOD.

Conclusions & Inferences  Compared with conventional pressure‐impedance assessment, integrated analysis is more sensitive in detecting subtle abnormalities in esophageal function in patients with NOD and normal manometry.
Down‐regulation of PvTRE1 enhances nodule biomass and bacteroid number in the common bean
Authors: Barraza Aarón , Estrada‐Navarrete Georgina , Rodriguez‐Alegria Maria Elena , Lopez‐Munguia Agustin , Merino Enrique , Quinto Carmen , Sanchez Federico
Published: November 2012

Legume–rhizobium interactions have been widely studied and characterized, and the disaccharide trehalose has been commonly detected during this symbiotic interaction. It has been proposed that trehalose content in nodules during this symbiotic interaction might be regulated by trehalase. In the present study, we assessed the role of trehalose accumulation by down‐regulating trehalase in the nodules of common bean plants.

We performed gene expression analysis for trehalase (PvTRE1) during nodule development. PvTRE1 was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi) in transgenic nodules of the common bean.

PvTRE1 expression in nodulated roots is mainly restricted to nodules. Down‐regulation of PvTRE1 led to increased trehalose content (78%) and bacteroid number (almost one order of magnitude). In addition, nodule biomass, nitrogenase activity, and GOGAT transcript accumulation were significantly enhanced too.

The trehalose accumulation, triggered by PvTRE1 down‐regulation, led to a positive impact on the legume–rhizobium symbiotic interaction. This could contribute to the agronomical enhancement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
The Long‐term Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Cervical Nucleoplasty in Patients with a Contained Herniated Disk
Authors: Halim Willy , Wullems Jorgen A. , Lim Toine , Aukes Hans A. , van der Weegen Walter , Vissers Kris C. , Gültuna Ismail , Chua Nicholas H. L.
Published: November 2012

Background

Percutaneous cervical nucleoplasty (PCN) is a safe and effective treatment in symptomatic patients with contained cervical herniated disks. It provides simple and efficient disk decompression, using a controlled and highly localized ablation, but evidence regarding long‐term efficacy is limited. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the long‐term efficacy and safety of PCN, and the influence of ideal selection settings.

Methods

A total of 27 patients treated with PCN fulfilling ideal selection criteria (Group A) were studied and compared to 42 patients not meeting these criteria (Group B). Outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a four‐level Likert item for perceived pain and satisfaction, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and the Short Form 36 (SF‐36). Additional relevant outcomes were retrieved from medical records.

Results

The postoperative mean VAS pain for Group A was 29.9 (SD ± 32.6) at a mean follow‐up of 24 months (range: 2–45). Only 10% of these patients reported mild transient adverse events. There was a trend, but no difference between both groups in pain scores; however, treatment satisfaction was higher for Group A (74.1 ± 27.2–55.5 ± 31.4, P = 0.02). Group A also reported better physical functioning based on the Physical Component Summary (43.6 ± 10.6–37.3 ± 12.0, P = 0.03) and showed a larger proportion of patients no longer using any medication postoperatively (63–26%, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

These results show long‐term effectiveness and safety of PCN in patients with a one‐level contained cervical herniated disk, and the reliance of selecting patients meeting ideal criteria for successful PCN.
Oral immunogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen expressed in transgenic banana
Authors: Chan Hui‐Ting , Chia Min‐Yuan , Pang Victor Fei , Jeng Chian‐Ren , Do Yi‐Yin , Huang Pung‐Ling
Published: November 2012

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a persistent threat of economically significant influence to the swine industry worldwide. Recombinant DNA technology coupled with tissue culture technology is a viable alternative for the inexpensive production of heterologous proteins in planta. Embryogenic cells of banana cv. ‘Pei chiao’ (AAA) have been transformed with the ORF5 gene of PRRSV envelope glycoprotein (GP5) using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and have been confirmed. Recombinant GP5 protein levels in the transgenic banana leaves were detected and ranged from 0.021%–0.037% of total soluble protein. Pigs were immunized with recombinant GP5 protein by orally feeding transgenic banana leaves for three consecutive doses at a 2‐week interval and challenged with PRRSV at 7 weeks postinitial immunization. A vaccination‐dependent gradational increase in the elicitation of serum and saliva anti‐PRRSV IgG and IgA was observed. Furthermore, significantly lower viraemia and tissue viral load were recorded when compared with the pigs fed with untransformed banana leaves. The results suggest that transgenic banana leaves expressing recombinant GP5 protein can be an effective strategy for oral delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines in pigs and can open new avenues for the production of vaccines against PRRSV.
Transmission of rice blast from seeds to adult plants in a non‐systemic way
Authors: Faivre‐Rampant O. , Geniès L. , Piffanelli P. , Tharreau D.
Published: November 2012

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogenMagnaporthe oryzae, is a serious threat to rice production worldwide. In temperate regions, where rice is not cultivated for several months each year, little is known about the initial onset of the disease in the field. The main overwintering and primary inoculum sources reported are infested residues and seeds, but the subsequent steps of the disease cycle are largely unknown, even though a systemic infection has been proposed but not demonstrated. The present work follows rice blast progression in infected seeds from germination to seedling stage, with direct and detailed microscopic observations under both aerobic conditions and water seeding. With the use ofGFP‐markedM. oryzaestrains, it was shown that spores are produced from contaminated seeds, infect emerging seedling tissues (coleoptile and primary root) and produce mycelium that colonizes the newly formed primary leaf and secondary roots. Using different rice cultivars exhibiting distinct levels of resistance/susceptibility toM. oryzaeat the 2/4‐leaf stage, it was observed that resistance or susceptibility of a considered genotype is already established at the seedling stage. The results also showed that when plants are inoculated either at ripening stage (mature panicles), heading stage (flowering/immature panicles) or even before heading (flag leaf fully developed), they produce infested seeds. These seeds produce contaminated seedlings that mostly die and serve as an inoculum source for healthy neighbouring plants, which gradually develop disease symptoms on leaves. The possible rice blast disease cycle was reconstructed on irrigated rice in temperate regions.
Age Differences in Perceptions of Rich and Poor People: Is It Skill or Luck?
Authors: Sigelman Carol K.
Published: November 2012

To gain new perspective on the development of understandings and perceptions of income inequality, this study compared the reactions of six, eight, and 10‐year‐olds to a rich man and a poor man and the winners and losers of a contest of skill and a game of chance. Age differences in attributions for outcomes reflected a strengthening with age of the skill–luck distinction and of equity thinking about wealth. Although men with good outcomes were generally perceived more positively than men with bad outcomes, and likeability was affected only by outcome, 10‐year‐olds differentiated most sharply among different types of ‘winners’ or ‘losers’, viewing the rich and poor men as more like the winner and loser of a contest of skill than like the winner and loser of a game of chance. Overall, the findings suggest that differential evaluation of rich and poor people may begin as affective tagging based on good or bad life outcomes and later be associated with justifications grounded in an equity perspective on income inequality that emphasizes the role of personal qualities such as ability in wealth accumulation.
Stability and Change in Kindergartners' Friendships: Examination of Links with Social Functioning
Authors: Proulx Marie‐France , Poulin François
Published: November 2012

Stability and change in kindergartners' friendships were examined based on a typology of profiles (stable, fluid, loss, gain, friendless). Our purpose was to determine whether children belonging to the five profiles differed in their social functioning. The sample was composed of 2353 kindergartners. Reciprocal friendships and social functioning indices were measured using peer nominations collected in October and May of the same year. A series of repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that children in the friendless profile were less accepted by their peers, more shy, more withdrawn, and more aggressive than other children. Moreover, children in the stable profile were significantly more accepted by their peers, more prosocial, and less shy than children in the fluid profile. Lastly, children in the loss profile became less accepted by their peers and less prosocial over the course of the year whereas children in the gain profile became more accepted and prosocial.
Integration of Behavioral Frequency and Intention Information in Young Children's Trait Attributions
Authors: Boseovski Janet J. , Chiu Korinne , Marcovitch Stuart
Published: November 2012

Two experiments examined three‐ to six‐year‐olds' use of frequency and intention information to make trait attributions and behavioral predictions. In experiment 1, participants were told a story about an actor who behaved positively once or four times on purpose or incidentally. Children were most likely to make trait‐consistent behavioral predictions after hearing about several positive, intentional behaviors. Trait attributions were largely positive. Experiment 2 examined children's use of the same cues concerning negative behavioral outcomes. Participants tended to predict that actors who engaged in negative behavior would do so again, irrespective of intention, although younger children required more exemplars than older children. Participants were most likely to make negative trait attributions after hearing about multiple intentional behaviors; however, there was reluctance with age to describe actors as mean. Implications for children's ‘theory of personality’ are discussed.
Contingencies of Self‐worth in Early Adolescence: The Antecedent Role of Perceived Parenting
Authors: Wouters Sofie , Doumen Sarah , Germeijs Veerle , Colpin Hilde , Verschueren Karine
Published: November 2012

Contingent self‐esteem (i.e., the degree to which one's self‐esteem is dependent on meeting particular conditions) has been shown to predict a wide range of psychosocial and academic problems. This study extends previous research on contingent self‐esteem by examining the predictive role of perceived parenting dimensions in a sample of early adolescents (N = 240; age range 11–15 years). Additionally, the effect of perceived parenting on contingent self‐esteem is compared with its effect on global self‐esteem. Our main findings showed that both responsiveness and psychological control were unique predictors of global self‐esteem whereas only psychological control uniquely predicted contingent self‐esteem. Although the effect of responsiveness on global self‐esteem was increased when combined with high levels of behavioral control, this effect did not depend on the level of psychological control. The effect of psychological control on contingent self‐esteem, however, generally increased when combined with high levels of responsiveness.
Consequences of forest conversion to pasture and fallow on soil microbial biomass and activity in the eastern Amazon
Authors: Melo V. S. , Desjardins T. , Silva Jr M. L. , Santos E. R. , Sarrazin M. , Santos M. M. L. S.
Published: November 2012

The main change in soil use in Amazonia is, after slash and burn deforestation followed by annual crops, the establishment of pastures. This conversion of forest to pasture induces changes in the carbon cycle, modifies soil organic matter content and quality and affects biological activity responsible for numerous biochemical and biological processes essential to ecosystem functioning. The aim of this study was to assess changes in microbial biomass and activity in fallow and pasture soils after forest clearing. The study was performed in smallholder settlements of eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Soil samples from depths of 0–2, 2–5 and 5–10 cm were gathered in native forest, fallow land 8–10 yr old and pastures with ages of 1–2, 5–7 and 10–12 yr. Once fallow began, soil microbial biomass and its activity showed little change. In contrast, conversion to pasture modified soil microbial functioning significantly. Microbial biomass and its basal respiration decreased markedly after pasture establishment and continued to decrease with pasture age. The increase in metabolic quotient in the first years of pasture indicated a disturbance in soil functioning. Our study confirms that microbial biomass is a sensitive indicator of soil disturbance caused by land‐use change.
Temporal course of net N mineralization and immobilization in topsoil following incorporation of crop residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats in a northern climate
Authors: Engström L. , Lindén B.
Published: November 2012

The impact of incorporated residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats on soil N availability and the risk of N leaching during autumn and winter in a northern climate is not clear. Therefore, the aim was to determine the influence of incorporated residues on net N mineralization–immobilization in topsoil during autumn and winter. A field experiment carried out at three sites in South Sweden provided soil samples and crop residues for an interpretive, in situ incubation study. Topsoil corresponding to a 7‐cm soil layer from each site used for the field experiment was incubated with and without aboveground residues under natural temperature conditions at a single field location. On the basis of the incubation study, we concluded that in the field experiment, soil N dynamics during autumn and winter trials were the combined outcome of net N mineralization in the topsoil fraction not affected by aboveground residues and net N immobilization in the fraction in contact with aboveground crop residues. In the absence of aboveground residues, the net rate of N mineralization during early autumn was similar after both oilseed rape and peas, but values were larger than that after oats. After incorporation, aboveground residues of winter oilseed rape and peas made no contribution to soil mineral N in late autumn and thus did not increase the risk of N losses during winter. In fact, the residues of oilseed rape, peas and oats reduced the amount of soil mineral N by 7–14 kg N/ha during the main drainage period (October–March). Therefore, incorporating chopped aboveground residues should be encouraged before sowing winter wheat after peas and winter oilseed rape.
p-adic modular forms of non-integral weight over Shimura curves
Authors: Brasca Riccardo
Published: November 2012

In this work, we set up a theory ofp-adic modular forms over Shimura curves over totally real fields which allows us to consider also non-integral weights. In particular, we define an analogue of the sheaves ofkth invariant differentials over the Shimura curves we are interested in, for anyp-adic character. In this way, we are able to introduce the notion of overconvergent modular form of anyp-adic weight. Moreover, our sheaves can be put inp-adic families over a suitable rigid analytic space, that parametrizes the weights. Finally, we define Hecke operators, including the U operator, that acts compactly on the space of overconvergent modular forms. We also construct the eigencurve.
Descendents on local curves: rationality
Authors: Pandharipande R. , Pixton A.
Published: November 2012

We study the stable pairs theory of local curves in 3-folds with descendent insertions. The rationality of the partition function of descendent invariants is established for the full local curve geometry (equivariant with respect to the scaling 2-torus), including relative conditions and odd-degree insertions for higher-genus curves. The capped 1-leg descendent vertex (equivariant with respect to the 3-torus) is also proven to be rational. The results are obtained by combining geometric constraints with a detailed analysis of the poles of the descendent vertex.
Some Consequences of Having Too Little
Authors: Shah Anuj K. , Mullainathan Sendhil , Shafir Eldar
Published: November 2012

Poor Choices

Two categories of reasons for why poor people make economically unsound choices, such as obtaining a payday loan at an extraordinarily high rate of interest, reflect, first, the environment: Poor people are more likely to be living in poor neighborhoods with higher rates of crime and lower rates of social services. Second, they reflect the individual: People are poor in part because of their own psychological dispositions toward impatience and impulsiveness. For both cases, obtaining causal evidence in controlled experiments has been challenging.

Shah
et al.

(p.
682
; see the Perpective by

Zwane

) propose a third category of reasons whereby being poor exerts a bias on cognitive processes and provide evidence for it in laboratory experiments performed in scenarios of scarcity.
Benefits and Perils of Synthesis
Cells to Civilizations
The Principles of Change That Shape Life

by Enrico Coen

Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2012. 340 pp. $29.95, £19.95. ISBN 9780691149677.
Authors: Laubichler Manfred D.
Published: November 2012

Stressing the generality of processes that generate variation and novelty, Coen offers a general theoretical synthesis for biology.
How Cichlids Diversify
Authors: Santos M. Emília , Salzburger Walter
Published: November 2012

The extreme diversity of cichlid fishes in East Africa helps to elucidate how and why organisms diversify.
Chloroplast Biogenesis Is Regulated by Direct Action of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
Authors: Ling Qihua , Huang Weihua , Baldwin Amy , Jarvis Paul
Published: November 2012

Chloroplast Rescued by Ubiquitin

The ubiquitin proteasome system is important in the regulation of many nucleocytosolic processes. However, its regulatory reach was not thought to extend to the chloroplast. Using a forward-genetic screen in
Arabidopsis
,

Ling
et al.

(p.
655
; see the Perspective by

Kessler

) identified a ubiquitin E3 ligase, termed SP1, embedded in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. SP1 was found to target components of the chloroplast protein import machinery for degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome and was important for changes in chloroplast biogenesis.
Asymmetric Division of
Drosophila
Male Germline Stem Cell Shows Asymmetric Histone Distribution
Authors: Tran Vuong , Lim Cindy , Xie Jing , Chen Xin
Published: November 2012

Epigenetic Inheritance

A long-standing question is whether and how stem cells maintain their epigenetic information. Knowing that many types of stem cells undergo asymmetric cell divisions,

Tran
et al.

(p.
679
) probed the asymmetric division of
Drosophila
male germline stem cells and found that preexisting histones were selectively segregated to the stem cell, whereas new histones were enriched in the daughter cell that underwent differentiation. By contrast, asymmetric histone distribution was not seen in progenitor cells. This study suggests that stem cells retain preexisting canonical histones during asymmetric cell divisions in vivo.
Photoinduced Ullmann C–N Coupling: Demonstrating the Viability of a Radical Pathway
Authors: Creutz Sidney E. , Lotito Kenneth J. , Fu Gregory C. , Peters Jonas C.
Published: November 2012

Ullman Upgrade

Precious metals may dominate contemporary catalysis, but the early development of synthetic organic chemistry relied on more abundant elements—a strategy that chemists are returning to now for the sake of sustainability. Copper-mediated coupling of aryl halides with amines was reported by Ullman more than a century ago and remains in use today for the synthesis of certain organic compounds. However, the reaction generally requires high temperature to proceed efficiently.

Creutz
et al.

(p.
647
) have developed a photochemical variant that uses copper and reacts at room temperature or below, apparently by a radical mechanism.
Getting to the Root of Aging
Authors: Baudisch Annette , Vaupel James W.
Published: November 2012

Why do patterns of aging differ widely across the tree of life?
A Quantum Delayed-Choice Experiment
Authors: Peruzzo Alberto , Shadbolt Peter , Brunner Nicolas , Popescu Sandu , O’Brien Jeremy L.
Published: November 2012

Delaying Quantum Choice

Photons can display wavelike or particle-like behavior, depending on the experimental technique used to measure them. Understanding this duality lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In two reports,

Peruzzo
et al.

(p.
634
) and

Kaiser
et al.

(p.
637
; see the Perspective on both papers by

Lloyd

) perform an entangled version of John Wheeler's delayed-choice gedanken experiment, in which the choice of detection can be changed after a photon passes through a double-slit to avoid the measurement process affecting the state of the photon. The original proposal allowed the wave and particle nature of light to be interchanged after the light had entered the interferometer. By contrast in this study, entanglement allowed the wave and particle nature to be interchanged after the light was detected and revealed the quantum nature of the photon, for example, it displays wave- and particle-like behavior simultaneously.
Entanglement-Enabled Delayed-Choice Experiment
Authors: Kaiser Florian , Coudreau Thomas , Milman Pérola , Ostrowsky Daniel B. , Tanzilli Sébastien
Published: November 2012

Delaying Quantum Choice

Photons can display wavelike or particle-like behavior, depending on the experimental technique used to measure them. Understanding this duality lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In two reports,

Peruzzo
et al.

(p.
634
) and

Kaiser
et al.

(p.
637
; see the Perspective on both papers by

Lloyd

) perform an entangled version of John Wheeler's delayed-choice gedanken experiment, in which the choice of detection can be changed after a photon passes through a double-slit to avoid the measurement process affecting the state of the photon. The original proposal allowed the wave and particle nature of light to be interchanged after the light had entered the interferometer. By contrast in this study, entanglement allowed the wave and particle nature to be interchanged after the light was detected and revealed the quantum nature of the photon, for example, it displays wave- and particle-like behavior simultaneously.
The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk
Authors: Connelly James N. , Bizzarro Martin , Krot Alexander N. , Nordlund Åke , Wielandt Daniel , Ivanova Marina A.
Published: November 2012

Dating the First Solids

The solar system's first solids: calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions and chondrules are found in meteorites and provide a direct record of the dynamics of the solar protoplanetary disk that led to the formation of the solar system. Previous results indicate that chondrules formed 1 to 2 million years after the inclusions—an age difference that has been used in constructing models of chondrule formation. Based on uranium- and lead-isotope measurements of a collection of these primitive materials,

Connelly
et al.

(p.
651
) show that chondrules in fact started to form at the same time as the inclusions, 4.567 billion years ago, and that their formation took about 3 million years.
Synchronizing Nuclear Import of Ribosomal Proteins with Ribosome Assembly
Authors: Kressler Dieter , Bange Gert , Ogawa Yutaka , Stjepanovic Goran , Bradatsch Bettina , Pratte Dagmar , Amlacher Stefan , Strauß Daniela , Yoneda Yoshihiro , Katahira Jun , Sinning Irmgard , Hurt Ed
Published: November 2012

Symportin Synchrony

Ribosomes, the macromolecular machines responsible for protein synthesis, function in the cytoplasm but are assembled in the nucleus. Ribosomal proteins must be imported into the nucleus, but how this is coordinated with assembly is unclear.

Kressler
et al.

(p.
666
) report that two 5S rRNA binding proteins are coimported into the nucleus. They identify a transport adaptor, which they term symportin (Syo1), that binds simultaneously to Rpl5 and Rpl11. Syo1 also interacts with the import receptor Kap104, which facilitates import of the Syo1-Rpl5-Rpl11 complex. Synchronous nuclear transport may be more generally used to coordinate assembly processes.
Implications of Scarcity
Authors: Zwane Alix Peterson
Published: November 2012

The concept of scarcity helps to understand and aid decision-making, particularly in the case of very poor people.
From Financing to Fevers: Lessons of an Antimalarial Subsidy Program
Authors: Laxminarayan Ramanan , Arrow Kenneth , Jamison Dean , Bloom Barry R.
Published: November 2012

Better approaches to affordable drugs, diagnostic tests, and patient-centered treatment are needed in Africa.
Convictions Leave Italy's Civil Protection in Chaos
Authors: Cartlidge Edwin
Published: November 2012

Italy's government lacks experts to advise it on natural hazards following the conviction last week of six scientists and a government official for advice they gave ahead of the deadly earthquake in L'Aquila in 2009.
Indonesia to Drop Science for Youngest Students
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: November 2012

Indonesian children lag far behind their peers on global measures of science aptitude. But rather than use that poor performance as a call to arms, the Indonesian government wants to eliminate science as a subject in the nation's elementary schools.
Cancer Gene Data Casts Doubt on Popular Research Method
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: November 2012

Researchers argue that most work on
Myc
, a gene linked to aggressive cancers, needs to be reevaluated. They say that
Myc
's cancerous effects are actually much broader, and that a flawed experimental method may have thrown off previous

research.
U.S. Agencies Feel the Pinch of Travel Cutbacks
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: November 2012

An investigation and a congressional hearing earlier this year prompted the Office of Management and Budget to impose government-wide restrictions on conference travel—and now some scientific meetings are paying the price.
Putting Rockfish Back Where They Belong
Authors: Chen Ingfei
Published: November 2012

New gadgets for releasing by-catch of critically overfished rockfish could help ease a regulatory bottleneck on the West Coast recreational groundfish fishery.
Characterization of OXA-204, a Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class D β-Lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Potron Anaïs , Nordmann Patrice , Poirel Laurent
Published: November 2012

A
Klebsiella pneumoniae
clinical isolate recovered in Tunisia showed resistance to all β-lactams and decreased susceptibility to carbapenems.
K. pneumoniae
204 expressed the carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase OXA-204, differing from OXA-48 by two amino acid substitutions (Gln98His and Thr99Arg) (class D β-lactamase [DBL] numbering). OXA-48 and OXA-204 shared similar resistance profiles, hydrolyzing carbapenems but sparing broad-spectrum cephalosporins. The
bla
OXA-204
gene was located on a ca. 150-kb IncA/C-type plasmid, which also carried the
bla
CMY-4
gene. The
bla
OXA-204
gene was associated with an IS
Ecp1
element, whereas the
bla
OXA-48
genes are usually associated with IS
1999
.