bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Italian Traditionalist in the German Conservative Context. A Review of Dmitry Moiseev's New Book
Authors: Kildyushov Oleg
Published: July 2021

Review of: Moiseyev, D.S. 2021. Politicheskaya doktrina Yuliusa Evoly v kontekste “konservativnoy revolyutsii” v Germanii [The Political Doctrine of Julius Evola in the Context of the “Conservative Revolution” in Germany] [in Russian]. Yekaterinburg: Kabinetnyy Uchenyy.
Post-Horror? Review of a Book by D. Church
Authors: Pavlov Alexander
Published: July 2021

Review of: Church, D. 2021. Post-Horror: Art, Genre, and Cultural Elevation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
The Foundations of N.K. Mikhailovsky's Theory. Formation of “Subjective Sociology”, Late 1860s – mid-1870s
Authors: Teslya Andrey
Published: July 2021

Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhaylovsky (1842–1904) is one of the most well-known and influential Russian publicists of the last third of the 19th and the beginning of 20th century, ideologist of the Narodniki movement, the author of the conception known as “subjective sociology” and the editor of journal Russian wealth at the end of his life. Yet, while his role in the history of Russian social movement or literary-aesthetic views have been quite fully studied, his social theory has rarely become the object of the special analysis during the last century. On the one hand, it was shadowed by the theories which appeared earlier and had more influence even abroad (outside the Russian empire) as, for example, the ideas of Herzen, Bakunin, Chernyshevsky, Lavrov. On the other hand, Mikhaylovsky, who was severely criticized by Russian social democrats in 1894–1901, was perceived as a rather weak theorist. In this article, we demonstrate the essential differences between the early conceptual advances of Mikhaylovsky and P.L. Lavrov and assert that the conception of the former was influenced both by the rethinking of the Darwinism from a viewpoint of understanding of nature and by the conclusions for social theory. Unlike Lavrov, Mikhaylovsky, as well as Herzen, was an advocate of non-teleological understanding of progress and favored the interpretation of history as logical yet free from strict determinism. In conclusion, Mikhaylovsky’s opinion about the society, which was formed at the end of 1860s – first quarter of 1870s, appears as a quite consistent and elaborated system, an answer to the theoretical challenges. Firstly, on the part of the Darwinism and the attempt to apply it to the analysis of the society. Secondly, on the part of the organicism. Lastly, we give an interpretation to the decline of the public interest to the social theory of Mikhaylovsky at the end of the 19th – beginning of 20th century.
Biopolitical Foundation of The Theory of M.M. Bakhtin's Carnival
Authors: Koraev German
Published: July 2021

Bakhtin is an ambiguous thinker, who manifests himself as well in the political interpretation of his ideas. The political context of Bakhtin's thought is mostly considered based on the work “Rabelais and His World”. The article aims to identify the meaning structures of Bakhtin's work on Rabelais, which determine the political interpretation of his concept. The highlighted meaning structures are interconnected. They represent a series of Bakhtin's theses on the classiﬁcatory character of the division of cultural consciousness, on the decline of the laughter principle, etc. These theses form a coherent narrative that can be interpreted in completely different ways. Bakhtin's concept may be presented by interpreters in liberal or leftist way, as well as deeply conservative. These interpretations are based on different understandings of the status of carnivalization, which is essentially identical to the phenomenon of transgression. Accordingly, the second aim of the article is to show how Bakhtin understood transgression. To contextualize Bakhtin's concept of carnivalization, some of his points, which are similar to the ones made by the theorists of the ambivalent sacred (J. Bataille and R. Caillois) are considered. But a fact remains that requires explanation: Bakhtin's thought does not fit well into the framework of one or another political interpretation. As an explanation, a hypothesis of the biopolitical basis of Bakhtin's concept is put forward. The Agamben's figure of naked life constituted by sovereign power is contrasted with the Bakhtin's figure of material-bodily bottom, as the idea of the collective immortality of the people.
Города расходящихся улиц: развитие городских конфликтов в России 2010-х
Authors: Семенов Андрей , Минаева Элеонора
Published: July 2021

Конфликты по поводу устройства городской среды стали частью повседневности крупных российских городов. Уплотнительная застройка, снос историко-архитектурного наследия, застройка парков и других общественных пространств часто сопровождаются мобилизацией граждан, на которую, в свою очередь, вынуждены реагировать как публичная власть, так и застройщики. В конфликт зачастую вмешиваются третьи стороны – губернаторы, политические партии или общественные организации. Кроме того, мобилизация разворачивается в различных городских контекстах, с различной степенью интенсивности и длительности. Наконец, исход попыток оспаривания проектов застройки может быть очень разным: одни проекты осуществляются без каких-либо изменений, другие не реализуются вовсе. Каким образом можно упорядочить сведения о многочисленных городских конфликтах с учетом характеристик контекста и динамики без потери возможности сравнивать эти эпизоды между собой в аналитическом ключе? В статье мы описываем методологию создания базы данных «Городские конфликты в России», основанную на анализе конфликтных эпизодов (contentious episode analysis, CEA) как методологии среднего уровня для изучения мобилизации. Мы описываем концептуальные и методологические основы, а также иллюстрируем аналитические возможности базы данных. Мы демонстрируем, что конструкция базы данных, включающая как характеристики контекста и самого конфликта, так и взаимодействия участников конфликтных эпизодов между собой, позволяет переключаться между макро-, мезо- и микроуровнями анализа, проводить систематические сравнения и выявлять паттерны в траекториях городских конфликтов. Эпизоды оспаривания проектов застройки городской территории развиваются по множеству сценариев, они не обязательно ведут к победе или доминированию застройщиков и их союзников во власти. Как в «Саду расходящихся тропок» Борхеса будущее распадается на умножающиеся в процессе индивидуального выбора вариации мира, так и городские конфликты в России движутся по множеству траекторий, которые связаны и с контекстом, и с выбором сторонами конфликта стратегий и тактических средств в определенные моменты последовательности взаимодействий, образующих конфликтный эпизод.
Создавая ценность и аутентичность: городские конфликты вокруг исторических зданий
Authors: Чернышева Любовь , Хохлова Анисья
Published: July 2021

Статья раскрывает процессы производства исторической ценности зданий и роль этих процессов в динамике градозащитных конфликтов. Авторы рассматривают три случая, произошедшие в крупных городах России за последние десять лет: конфликты по поводу сноса Блокадной подстанции в Санкт-Петербурге, Арских казарм в Казани и исторической застройки на ул. Ильинской в Нижнем Новгороде. Историческая ценность и аутентичность в этих случаях не существует как данность: в ходе градозащитных конфликтов она заявляется, легитимируется, оспаривается или пересматривается в действиях и риториках различных акторов. Для анализа динамики формирования исторической ценности и аутентичности зданий авторы обращаются к двум понятиям: политика производства аутентичности (politics of authentication) и эстетика убеждения (aesthetics of persuasion). Используя стратегическую интеракционную перспективу – концепцию игроков и арен, – авторы показывают, какую работу выполняет историческая ценность и как она упорядочивает арены конфликта и действия игроков на них. Историческая ценность зданий в исследованных случаях включает в себя, с одной стороны, детальную работу по созданию контекстов, категорий и семантических рядов, в которых здания обретали значение, с другой стороны – получение формального статуса «ценного исторического объекта». (Не) созданная на тех или иных аренах историческая ценность определяла дальнейший ход конфликта, открывала новые арены, вовлекала новых игроков или отстраняла ранее вовлеченных. Исследование показывает, что объект не просто становится ценностью и закрепляет за собой этот статус в результате работы, проведенной экспертами, лоббистами, политиками, активистами, местными жителями и др. акторами. В исследуемых случаях ценность являлась процедурой, которая актуализируется в момент покушения на здание или его обесценивания, а также включает набор (не)дозволенных способов обращаться со зданием и стратегий достижения того, чтобы дозволенные способы оставались практикой, а недозволенные – не возникали.
Стратегии взаимодействия территориальных сообществ в ходе городских конфликтов (на материалах экспертного опроса в крупных региональных центрах РФ)
Authors: Глухова Александра , Кольба Алексей , Соколов Александр
Published: July 2021

В статье проводится анализ стратегий поведения в конфликте, конструктивных и деструктивных аспектов конфликтования, его институциальных рамок и возможностей интеграции территориальных сообществ в структуру принятия решений по проблемам городского развития. Методом исследования является экспертный опрос. Его география охватывает три центра субъектов РФ – Воронеж, Краснодар и Ярославль. Опрошено 34 эксперта, представляющих различные профессиональные группы (городские сообщества, некоммерческие организации и гражданские инициативы, органы власти регионального и местного уровня, бизнес-структуры, академическую среду). Теоретической рамкой исследования выступает подход, основанный на выделении основных стратегий поведения участников конфликтных ситуаций. По итогам проведенного исследования можно утверждать, что стратегии взаимодействия территориальных сообществ с другими субъектами городских конфликтов имеют, как правило, неконфронтационный характер. Чаще всего сообщества выбирают сотрудничество и компромисс, хотя такие стратегии не всегда оказываются эффективными. Это объясняется недостатком ресурсов для более активного отстаивания своих интересов. В структурах конфликтующих сообществ обычно выделяется «ядро» активистов, но при этом велика и роль лидеров, осуществляющих значительную часть коммуникаций сообщества, определение стратегий, формирование повестки дня. Исследование показало, что городские сообщества остаются недостаточно встроенными в систему принятия политико-управленческих решений и институты публичной политики, что затрудняет и интеграцию городских сообществ в механизмы конструктивного регулирования конфликтов.
«Новый городской активизм» и «публичная политика» в России (на примере Санкт-Петербурга)
Authors: Паченков Олег , Воронкова Лилия
Published: July 2021

На протяжении последних десяти лет мы (в качестве исследователей и консультантов или участников городских активистских проектов) наблюдая изменения городского активизма в Санкт-Петербурге, выделили несколько векторов его развития. Различные формы интервенций в городские пространства, характерные для начала 2000-х – от микро-инициатив в стиле «делай сам» (DIY) до практик тактического урбанизма, постепенно трансформируются в явление, которое мы называем «новый городской активизм». В статье мы покажем, как городские активисты переходят от протестных и защитных инициатив к созидательным, от противостояния – к широкому партнерству и сотрудничеству. Опираясь на интервью с активистами и наблюдения за проектами, реализованными в Петербурге, мы обнаруживаем, что нынешний «созидательный» городской активизм, уходящий корнями в увлечение урбанистикой, отличает легкая фестивальная атмосфера. Мы показываем также, какие тенденции градозащитного активизма, характерные для конца 1980-х‑2000-х гг., новый городской активизм наследует, а в каких представляет из себя качественно новое явление. В заключении мы аргументируем тезис, что, даже не будучи «политически активными» в общепринятом значении этого слова, т. е. игнорируя привычные политические институты (такие как выборы) или институты контроля за деятельностью власти (такие как митинги и акции протеста), городские активисты тем не менее не могут считаться «аполитичными», поскольку формируют альтернативное пространство политического – сферу «публичной политики» (в духе Ханны Арендт). При этом город выступает для них и как объединяющая «сверх-ценность», и как сцена, где их усилиями осуществляется политика нового типа, имеющая отчетливые черты «хорошо забытой старой» античной politika, осуществляемой от имени и во имя polis – своего города.
Застройщики, партия власти и немного конкуренции в российских миллионниках: типология городских режимов в 2010-е гг.
Authors: Бедерсон Всеволод , Шевцова Ирина
Published: July 2021

Взаимодействия ключевых акторов в городах, которое описывают с помощью концепта городского режима – важное структурное условие, определяющее логику городских конфликтов. Классические определения городского режима предполагают наличие широкой локальной автономии, что является базовым условием его формирования. Российские крупные города существуют в авторитарном контексте и сильно зависят от государственной власти. Это сокращает возможности для идентификации специфических городских режимов, существование которых в первую очередь предполагает наличие собственной повестки и реализацию своих политических курсов. Но крупные города сохраняют разнообразие политических, экономических и социальных условий, которые могут служить источниками разнообразия местной политики. В статье мы показываем вариацию городских режимов во всех российских миллионниках (за исключением Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга) и предлагаем их типологию. Мы опираемся на данные о составах городских ассамблей в период с 2012 по 2020 гг., а также на материалы СМИ. Базовая идея типологии – это оценка степени конкуренции политических и экономических групп. Для типологии городских режимов мы используем два критерия: степень фрагментации бизнеса и степень политической конкуренции. В большинстве случаев мы наблюдаем политически неконкурентные режимы с фрагментированным («соревновательный авторитарный порядок») или нефрагментированным бизнесом («закапсулированный режим»), где бизнес преимущественно связан с партией власти. Только в одном случае сохраняется политическая конкуренция при наличии разнообразия бизнес-групп («состязательный режим»), а в ряде случаев политическая конкуренция сочетается доминированием одной бизнес-группы («конфронтационный режим»).
Urban Activists from the Perspective of Anti-Corruption: A Framing Approach
Authors: Кьярвезио Франческа
Published: July 2021

This work proposes to investigate anti-corruption by examining how corruption and the strategies to counteract it are framed by urban activists. I argue that the increasing importance of urban initiatives in strengthening citizenship and keeping local authorities accountable in Russia deserves the attention not only of social movements scholars but also those studying corruption. In fact, more institutionalized organizations, whose goal is the promotion of anti-corruption and democratic principles, struggle to position themselves as mediators between civil society and the authorities due to the lack of trust from citizens and government laws that limit their activities. In this context, informal grassroots initiatives, as in the case of Kaliningrad analysed below, are particularly important, as they can become 'laboratories' where citizenship is strengthened and implemented, and knowledge is produced. Applying a framing perspective, this study shows how corruption is perceived and framed by activists not only as the abuse of power for private gain, but also as immoral behaviour. Here the lack of competence and the lack of respect towards citizens are also framed as corrupt behaviour. The strategies and activities to make the authorities more accountable, such as increasing transparency and citizen engagement in the policy-making process, are directly linked with the way corruption is framed. In fact, activists legitimize their activities as a professionalized and qualified response to the incompetent approach of authorities and their unethical behaviour, emphasizing the educational role they play.
Developing an Expert Community and Defining its Role in the Politics and Decision-Making of a World Heritage City: The Experience of Bamberg
Authors: Еременко Юлия , Филимонов Кирилл
Published: July 2021

This article investigates the role of expertise and the expert community through local politics and decision-making in a World Heritage City. The expert public community and its inclusion in decision-making are important factors influencing the successful coordination of public interests. The authors demonstrate how developing forms of public governance change the local expert community and transform its structure and core principles, leading to more open and democratic expertise. Using the case study of local urban politics, the authors illustrate that the social authority of expert knowledge and its influence on decision-making is increasingly dependent on public opinion and the diversification of the structures of expert communities. The latter implies, in particular, the inclusion of citizens who do not have formal expert status but who have sufficient experience and authority to influence urban policy. Using the example of the World Heritage City, the authors consider cases where the harmonization of the interests of the participants of urban policies requires an unusual approach from the public administration, taking into account its obligation to follow formal procedures and regulations and its need to ensure greater involvement of citizens in the decision-making process. Our research showed that, in some situations, these recommendations were more authoritative and earned a higher degree of trust from the citizens than recommendations from people with formal expert status. This trend is in line with larger changes in public administration, which is becoming more adaptive, complex, polycentric, and oriented towards productive cooperation. Expert communities are becoming more fragmentary due to the active involvement of actors who, by their socio-professional status, are not formal experts but have significant experience and social influence, especially in the local community.
Экспертиза зонирования: от дебатов гигиенистов к инструментам городского планирования ХХ в.
Authors: Волкова Наталия
Published: July 2021

В обзоре обсуждаются вопросы возникновения городского планирования на стыке медицинских и инженерных технологий. Цель статьи – показать, каким образом на основе портового карантина и санитарных законов Великобритании XIX в. складывются технологии городского зонирования. Профессиональные и социальные конфликты вокруг применения портового карантина и санитарных законов показывают, что они не работают против эпидемий, но действенны для управления городом. В этих дебатах формируются принципы регулирования городских конфликтов и предупреждения будущих проблем, являющихся основой городского планирования. В рамках обзора нормы и инструменты зонирования и пространственного регулирования города рассматриваются как социально сконструированные технологии (Social construction of technologies, SCOT). Но в отличие от классического подхода SCOT, артефактом городского планирования выступает не город, а городской план и зонирование территорий. Поэтому городской план является не изобретением, подобным велосипеду, а технологией экспертизы с набором рекомендаций по зонированию. Технологии экспертизы работают не с существующими проблемами, а с теми, которые могут возникнуть в будущем. Поэтому такие технологии действуют в пограничных зонах, где могут возникнуть новые конфликты, которые конструируют будущие проблемы. Различные способы описания и конструирования будущего определяют конфликты вокруг пограничных зон, созданных портовым карантином и санитарными законами. Согласно классическому SCOT, технология становится техническим артефактом, если она стабилизирована. Но технологии экспертизы не могут стать устойчивыми из-за дискуссий экспертов как обязательного этапа формирования экспертных рекомендаций. Тем не менее возможна локальная стабилизация зонирования, поскольку, являясь технологией экспертизы, оно сохраняет черты технологий изобретения в отношении отдельных зон. Опираясь на концепцию нейтрализации конфликтных ситуаций в пограничных зонах, статья показывает, что зонирование становится устойчивым инструментом координации взаимодействия различных участников и их планов. Зонирование конструирует городской план как технический артефакт и фреймирует профессию городского планировщика.
To study the correlation between various levels of cord blood albumin & serum bilirubin at 48 hrs of age in term healthy newborns
Authors:   Associate professor, Department of Pediatrics MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Arya Sunil , Panwar Chetan ,   Senior resident, Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Prajapati Jyoti ,   Assistant professor, Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common abnormal physical finding and themajor cause of neonatal morbidity during the early neonatal period. Early identification of infants atrisk might help in providing preventative therapy and follow-up. We aimed to assess whether arterialumbilical cord albumin level at birth predicts the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in termnewborns at 48 hrs of life. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted ina tertiary care hospital over 1 year in 200 term healthy neonates. Cord blood albumin was estimatedat birth followed by serum bilirubin level on the 3rd postnatal day(48 hrs of age). Results: Total of200 neonates were divided into three groups based on cord blood albumin level of <2.8 g/dl(groupI), 2.8-3.4 g/dl(group II) and >3.4 g/dl(groupIII) with 32, 100 and 68 in three respective groups.19 newborns (59.4%) in group I,14 in group II, and 7 newborns (10.3%) in group III developedserum bilirubin levels above an intermediate high-risk zone in Bhutani nomogram at 48 hrs of age.newborn with low cord albumin (<2.8g/dl) were significantly associated with higher bilirubin levelsat 48 hrs of age. Conclusion: Neonates with cord blood albumin <2.8 gm/dl had a significantassociation of the development of hyperbilirubinemia at or above intermediate high-risk zoneaccording to Bhutani nomogram at 48 hrs of life.
Influence of meteorological conditions on road accidents. A model Indexed by: for observations with excess zeros
Authors: Borucka Anna , Pyza Dariusz
Published: July 2021

Road accidents are one of the basic road safety determinants. Most research covers large territorial areas. The results of such research do not take into account the differences between individual regions, which often leads to incorrect results and their interpretation. What makes it difficult to conduct analyses in a narrow territorial area is the small number of observations. The narrowing of the research area means that the number of accidents in time units is often very low. There are many zero observations in the data sets, which may affect the reliability of the research results. Such data are usually aggregated, which leads to information loss. The authors have therefore applied a model that addresses such problems. They proposed a method that does not require data aggregation and allows for the analysis of sets with an excess of zero observations. The presented model can be implemented in different territorial areas.
Diffraction of elastic waves from a surface source in a heterogenous medium
Authors: Ben-Menahem Ari
Published: July 2021

A theory is developed for wave propagation of a given frequency emerging from a seismic surface source in a medium in which the velocity is a continuous function of one coördinate only. It is assumed that the relative change of the elastic parameters is very small over a wave length. The wave equations are then solved in cylindrical coördinates under suitable boundary conditions and integral representations are obtained for the displacements, which are generally valid. These integrals are then evaluated for a special case with an almost linear velocity gradient and the surface displacements are obtained for long ranges. It is found that the amplitude of the body waves (both P and S) inside the shadow zone decays exponentially with the distance from the source at a rate proportional to one-third power of the frequency and two-thirds power of the velocity gradient.
The velocity of Lg in the southwestern United States and Mexico
Authors: Herrin Eugene , Minton Paul D.
Published: July 2021

The group velocities of 91 Lg arrivals at the Dallas Observatory in 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957 have a mean of 3.468 ± 0.010 km/sec. A t-test shows that Lg waves traveling from Baja California to Dallas have a velocity significantly larger at the 0.999 probability level than those traveling from California to Dallas. Four Lg arrivals which traveled from Mexico to Dallas across the outer continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico have a mean velocity of 3.22 ± 0.03 km/sec. A table for estimating epicentral distances from P and Lg arrival times is included.
Waves reflected at the “surface” of the earth: P'P'P'P'
Authors: Gutenberg B.
Published: July 2021

Phases of the 600 km. deep earthquake of April 16, 1957, which have not been reflected at the earth's surface show very sharp beginnings arriving within the limits of error of a few seconds at the calculated times. However, phases which have been reflected at the surface, for example PP, pP', pPP, have more or less emergent beginnings which arrive between a few seconds and as much as 30 seconds too early. These emergent beginnings are followed by an impulse which arrives at nearly the calculated time. In agreement with earlier findings, it is concluded that the emergent beginnings of such waves are caused by waves which have been reflected at the Mohorovičić discontinuity or other discontinuities below the surface. Observations of such early emergent arrivals also include waves of the types P'P', PKSP', P'P'P' which have passed twice or more through the mantle and the core.

P'P'P'P' has been observed for the first time. The travel times of P'P'P'P' and the coefficient of absorption calculated from P'P'P'P' and P' agree within the limits of error with the expected values; however, these limits of error are so large that the results cannot be used to improve earlier findings. The periods of P'P'P'P' which has traveled about 50,000 km. through mantle and core do not show a marked change from those observed in P waves which have traveled only a few thousand km. through the mantle.
First motions from seismic sources
Authors: Knopoff Leon , Gilbert Freeman
Published: July 2021

An application of dynamic dislocation theory gives the elastodynamic radiation resulting from the sudden occurrence of an earthquake due to faulting. The fault plane is visualized as a geometrical discontinuity across which there exists a sudden discontinuity in either one component of the strain tensor or one component of the displacement vector. It is shown that there are eight independent models, if unilateral faulting is assumed; and an argument is presented to demonstrate the likelihood that unilateral faulting does not exist in nature. For bilateral faulting the eight independent models are reduced in number to five. Of these five, two are more likely to occur in nature than the others. One of these, the displacement dislocation model, has a first-motion radiation pattern formally identical with that of a double couple in an unfaulted medium. The second, the shearstrain dislocation model, has a first-motion radiation pattern formally identical with that of an isolated force in an unfaulted medium. The latter type of mechanism may occur in deep-focus earthquakes. Another type of radiation, corresponding to the single couple in an unfaulted medium, results from the sudden release of shear strain in a laminar region.
Leaking modes and the PL phase
Authors: Oliver Jack , Major Maurice
Published: July 2021

The PL phase is a normally dispersed train of waves of periods greater than about 10 seconds beginning at or near the time of the initial P wave and sometimes continuing at least to the time of the beginning of the Rayleigh-wave train. With adequate instrumentation the PL phase is commonly observed at distances less than about 25° from shallow shocks. In general, surface particle motion is elliptical and progressive, and amplitudes are not greater than about one-quarter those of Rayleigh waves of the same period. Comparison of PL- and Rayleigh-wave dispersion shows that both waves propagate in roughly the same near-surface wave guide. Whereas Rayleigh waves correspond to normal- (nonleaking-) mode propagation, PL waves appear to correspond to leakingmode propagation within this wave guide.
The Walnut, California, earthquakes of July-August, 1959
Authors: Richter C. F. , Gardner John K.
Published: July 2021

A swarm of minor earthquakes began on July 29, 1959, near 34° 00′ N, 117° 48′ W. Records at Pasadena show P and S waves reflected from the Moho. A portable instrument recorded some of these at a point about 6 km. from the epicenter. The characteristic false S - P of about one second at short distances was recorded.
Earthquakes in Owens Valley, California, January-February, 1959
Authors: Richter C. F.
Published: July 2021

In January, 1959, two series of small earthquakes originated in southern Owens Valley. The first and largest of these, of magnitude 4.7, originated on January 5, 12:36:02.9 GCT, near 36° 09′ N, 118° 03′ W, near Haiwee. This and other shocks of the series were well recorded by standard and strong-motion instruments at Haiwee, showing the characteristic false S - P of about one second. The timing is good, and demonstrates that no change of supposed epicenter, depth, or velocities can reasonably account for the second phase as S. Other shocks were located at 36° 07′ N, 118° 03′ W, which probably represents the terminus of faulting in the first shocks.

A shock of magnitude 3.2 occurred on January 7, at 00:20:40.2 GCT near 35° 46′ N, 117° 35′ W, near China Lake. This was followed by numerous others from the same source, mostly showing a false S, and recorded by the Benioff instrument at China Lake down to very small magnitudes. However, shocks of this group of magnitude 0.7-0.8 were more numerous than those of magnitudes 0.0-0.6.

Initial compressions and dilatations in both groups of shocks were consistent, especially at the nearer stations, but lead to no simple fault-plane solutions.
Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Intensity distribution and field investigation of northern epicentral region
Authors: Davis T. Neil , Sanders Norman K.
Published: July 2021

The 10 July 1958 earthquake centered near Lituya Bay, Alaska, produced moderate property damage at Yakutat, 100 miles to the northeast, and was readily felt within 400 miles of the epicenter. Five persons died during the earthquake: two in Lituya Bay, where a cataclysmic wave sank two fishing vessels; three others near Yakutat, when a beach on which they were standing fell 100 feet beneath the sea. The earthquake caused large slides in the mountain areas and produced great numbers of sandblows and fissures on the low coastal plain southeast of Yakutat.
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Giant wave in Lituya Bay
Authors: Miller Don J.
Published: July 2021

Lituya Bay, a ⊺-shaped tidal inlet on the northeast shore of the Gulf of Alaska, heads in the trench along the Fairweather fault. Displacement along this fault at the time of the earthquake of July 9, 1958 (local time), triggered a rockslide into deep water in Gilbert Inlet, one of the two arms at the head of Lituya Bay. The rockslide, with a volume of 40 million cubic yards, caused water to surge to an altitude of 1,740 feet on a spur opposite the point of impact, and generated a gravity wave that swept 7 miles to the mouth of the bay at a speed probably between 97 and 130 miles per hour. The surge and wave of water destroyed the forest on the shores over an area of 4 square miles, sank two of three fishing boats in the outer part of the bay, and took two lives.
Creep on the San Andreas fault
Authors: Steinbrugge Karl V. , Zacher Edwin G. , Tocher Don , Whitten C. A. , Claire C. N.
Published: July 2021

Progressive destruction of buildings and other works of man at the W. A. Taylor Winery near Hollister, California, indicates that one side of a segment of the San Andreas fault is creeping relative to the other. Three different types of measurements all yield an annual rate of creep of approximately one-half inch per year.

Steinbrugge and Zacher: Measurements of the separations of pairs of reference marks adjacent to the line of creep have been repeated periodically since 1956, and damage to structures provides a good measure of the total creep since 1948. Reports of damage to older buildings on the same site suggest that the creep may have been going on at about the present rate for fifty or more years.

Tocher: Creep recorders designed to measure continuously the differential lateral movement of adjacent sections of the concrete floor have been installed in the main winery building. The creep rate so determined has been about one-half inch per year (with right-lateral sense) for the past two years. Creep accumulates largely in spasms of rather short duration (on the order of a week) separated by intervals of weeks or months during which little or no creep takes place. Ninety-two per cent of the movement in a recent 371-day period accumulated in four spasms of total duration 34 days. Three of these spasms began at times when no local earthquakes were recorded on near-by seismographs; the fourth began with a sudden right-lateral fault movement of 3 mm. at the time of a sharp local earthquake (Richter magnitude 5.0) on January 20, 1960 (GCT).

Whitten and Claire: Resurveys over monumented points established near the winery also yield a rate of slippage or creep along the fault line of one-half inch per year. A new method for analyzing the data obtained by retriangulating over monumented points at wide intervals (10 to 20 years) is presented and applied to two triangulation networks which cross the San Andreas fault in central California. Results from a net near Hollister show an average creep rate of about one-half inch per year; results from a net near Cholame (about 75 miles southeast of Hollister) show an average creep rate of about one-tenth inch per year. The results also give an angular value which represents the deformation in the crust adjacent to the fault line.
Synthesis of dispersed surface waves by means of Fourier transform
Authors: Satô Yasuo
Published: July 2021

Flexual disturbances propagated upon a thin aluminum plate were studied experimentally. The thickness of the plate is 1.0 mm., and the distances between the source and the observation points are r = 0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 15.0, and 20.0 cm.

Using the method of Fourier transform, the dispersion curve was obtained. It agrees well with the theory, and the thickness of the plate was estimated with good accuracy (0.981 mm.).

Disturbances at the distances 7.0, 3.0, and 0 cm. were numerically reproduced by means of Fourier synthesis from the data obtained at r = 15 cm. and 20 cm., and were compared with the observed disturbances. The agreement of the two kinds of curves are fairly good, with a little larger discrepancy for the case r = 0 than for the others.
Observations of phase velocity for Rayleigh waves in the period range 100 to 400 seconds
Authors: Nafe John E. , Brune James N.
Published: July 2021

Phase velocity as a function of period has been determined for Rayleigh waves in the period range 100 to 400 seconds. The results were derived from a study of seismograms from the southeastern Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958, and from published data on the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950. The method depends on measurement of the travel time of wave crests along an arc of known length, with proper correction for change of period with distance. For observations of a single Rayleigh wave train at a single pair of observing stations, crest identification is uncertain, and so too is the resulting curve of phase velocity versus period. A set of phase velocity curves may be computed, each one corresponding to a different choice of crest identification. Only one of these is consistent with the data from several earthquakes and several pairs of observing stations. In the present work, high precision in phase velocity measurement is achieved by using the observations of the Rayleigh waves R3 and R5 at Pasadena of the Assam earthquake. Data from the southeastern Alaska earthquake are used to resolve the ambiguity resulting from uncertainty in crest identification. The final phase velocity curve is estimated to be accurate to better than one per cent in the range of periods 100 to 400 seconds.
Maximum vertical ground displacement of seismic waves generated by explosive blasts
Authors: Willis David E. , Wilson James T.
Published: July 2021

An approximate first-power relationship was found between the maximum vertical component of ground displacement and the charge size from a number of quarry shots. The maximum vertical ground displacement, normalized to the Rainier (1.7 kt.) underground nuclear shot, is presented for a series of explosive shots ranging in size from 1 ton 19 kilotons and at distances of 1 to nearly 1,000 kilometers. The following empirical equations were found to fit the observed data:A=0.65±0.15R3/2from1to100kilometersA=(0.013±0.003)e−(0.0072±0.0003)RR1/2from100to1,000kilometers where A is the maximum vertical component of ground displacement in centimeters and R is the distance in kilometers.
An integral solution of the electromagnetic seismograph equation
Authors: Ingram R. E.
Published: July 2021

In investigating the response of an electromagnetic seismograph to various ground movements it is advantageous to have the solution of the differential equation as an integral. This is done by finding the Green's function, f(s), for the particular instrument. The angular movement of the galvanometer is then θ(t)=q∫0tf(s)x″(t−s)ds where x(t) is the ground movement and prime stands for the operator d/dt. It is sufficient to find one function, F(s), with dF/ds = f(s), to give the response to a displacement test, a tapping test, or a ground movement.
Report on some experimental long-period seismographs
Authors: Gilman Ralph
Published: July 2021

The unexpected usefulness in research of the Press-Ewing seismograph system (Press, Ewing and Lehner, 1958) has stimulated further efforts to obtain even higher seismograph sensitivity in the period range beyond 100 see. A major difficulty has been in maintaining pendulum stability at long periods. This paper describes a stable long-period seismometer and gives results from several seismograph systems incorporating long-period pendulums and galvanometers.
Anisotropy of the rock in the approaches to Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia
Authors: Macpherson J. D.
Published: July 2021

During the summer of 1959 a series of high resolution acoustic refraction profiles were obtained for the Hartlen Point region of the Scotian Shelf. The profiles were taken across pairs of the three bottomed barium titanate hydrophones, connected by cables to a laboratory on the shore. The fixed positions of these hydrophones enabled the bottom properties to be measured considerably more accurately than is normally possible in water-covered areas. Marked anisotropic effects in the rock bottom were found by the surveys.
S waves: Alaska and other earthquakes
Authors: Stauder William
Published: July 2021

Techniques of S wave analysis are used to investigate the focal mechanism of four earthquakes. In all cases the results of the S wave analysis agree with previously determined P wave solutions and conform to a dipole with moment or single couple as the point model of the focus. Further, the data from S waves select one of the two nodal planes of P as the fault plane. Small errors in the determination of the angle of polarization of S are shown to result in scatter in the data of a peculiar character which might lead to misinterpretation. The same methods of analysis which in the present instances show excellent agreement with a dipole with moment source are the methods which in a previous paper required a single force type mechanism for a different group of earthquakes.
The effect of boundaries on wave propagation in a liquid-filled porous solid
Authors: Deresiewicz H.
Published: July 2021

A general solution is deduced of the differential equations which describe the propagation of elastic waves in a nondissipative liquid-filled porous solid. The solution is then used to examine some of the phenomena which arise when each of the three body waves predicted by the field equations is, in turn, incident on a plane traction-free boundary. It is found, for example, that an obliquely incident wave of each type in general gives rise to reflected waves of all three types.
On the long period character of shear waves
Authors: Oliver Jack
Published: July 2021

S and multiple S phases at moderate to large epicentral distances are frequently followed by normally-dispersed, long-period, wave trains for which surface particle motion is elliptical and progressive and in the plane of propagation of the SV wave. The character of such phases can be explained as the result of coupling between the incident shear waves and dispersive PL waves in the near-surface wave guide. A detailed study of shocks in Mexico and in Montana recorded at Resolute, and less detailed studies of other data support this hypothesis.
Automatic computation of impulse response seismograms of Rayleigh waves for mixed paths
Authors: Aki Keiiti , Nordquist John M.
Published: July 2021

A program has been devised to compute theoretical seismograms of Rayleigh waves for a given epicenter and a given station entirely automatically on an electronic computer.

The earth's surface is divided into three regions; continents, Pacific Ocean, and oceans other than the Pacific. Allowance can be made for differences in structure in these regions. This simple division seems satisfactory at present for Rayleigh waves of periods longer than 35 sec.
Diffraction of elastic waves by the core of the Earth
Authors: Knopoff Leon , Gilbert Freeman
Published: July 2021

The problem of the diffraction of a seismic pulse by the core of the Earth is investigated theoretically. The result is compared to that of diffraction by a half-plane. The differences are striking. Laboratory model experiments have been performed to verify the theoretical approximations in their regions of validity, and to complement the theory elsewhere. The curves, thus obtained, of the theoretical amplitude distribution in the shadow of the Earth's core agree very well with the observations of Gutenberg. It is therefore concluded that diffraction is a completely adequate explanation for the amplitude distribution in the shadow zone.
The effect of boundaries on wave propagation in a liquid-filled porous solid: II. Love waves in a porous layer
Authors: Deresiewicz H.
Published: July 2021

The transcendental equation is derived relating frequency and phase velocity of propagation of Love waves in a porous layer containing a viscous liquid. This equation, being complex, can be satisfied only if the wave number of the motion is complex, indicating that the disturbance is dissipative.

The general expression being intractable analytically, an approximate scheme is employed to determine the phase velocity and measure of dissipation valid for porous materials in which the mass (per unit volume of aggregate) of the interstitial liquid is smaller than that of the solid.
Reading seismograms with digital computers
Authors: Adams W. M. , Allen D. C.
Published: July 2021

A device that permits direct input of seismic traces into electronic digital computers is described. Examples of its use and its several merits are presented. The device makes feasible numerical analysis of data recorded in analog form on photographic film or paper.
Behavior of window panels under in-plane forces
Authors: Bouwkamp J. G.
Published: July 2021

This paper discusses the results of thirty-nine in-plane loading tests on single window panels under a horizontal in-plane force applied to the horizontal top member of a steel, pin-connected, or hinged, loading frame. Under this load condition the movement of the glass with respect to the sash as well as the horizontal in-plane deflection, or drift, of the window panel, fastened to this hinged frame, were measured by means of dial gages.

Panel size and panel configuration Panel attachment to hinged frame Sash material Clearance between glass and sash Hardness of putty

Thirty-three specimens were tested under static loads. Two tests were performed under repeated reversed loads and four under impact loads.

Some conclusions were derived regarding the ultimate drift of a window panel under the load conditions used and as affected by the variables listed.
Calibration of electromagnetic seismographs satisfying galitzin conditions
Authors: Chakrabarty S. K. , Tandon A. N.
Published: July 2021

A large number of electromagnetic seismographs are now in operation at the different stations of the world network of seismological observatories and valuable data have been collected through them. Various attempts have earlier been made for the precise estimation of the instrumental constants as well as the magnification curves, but such estimations were not precise either due to approximations introduced in the analysis or due to difficulties of precision measurements during the experiments suggested for the determination of some of the instrumental constants.

In the present paper theoretical results have been given for the response of the seismographs to different tests required in the calibration of the electromagnetic seismographs, and also to sinusoidal ground motion. The “reaction of the seismometer and galvanometer” has been retained. Final results have also been given for the special types of seismographs in which the seismometer period and galvanometer period are equal and the galvanometer is critically damped. The variation of the magnification curve as well as that of the response to different tests, with changes in the reaction and seismometer damping, have been obtained. Methods have been indicated by which the instrumental constants can be determined and the seismographs can be adjusted to any prescribed condition. The results of calibration of a Sprengnether seismograph in operation at the Central Seismological Observatory, Shillong have been given. The methods suggested can also be used in the precise estimation of the instrumental constants and the magnification of seismographs of the Galitzin type even in their past operating condition, if the routine test data, particularly the response to tapping test and sudden impulse test are available.