bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring Ecosystems Around the Mediterranean Basin: Beyond the Frontiers of Ecological Science
Authors: Khater C. , Raevel V. , Sallantin J. , Thompson J. D. , Hamze M. , Martin A.
Published: October 2011

Based on concrete examples gathered from the Mediterranean region, this article shows why restoration ecology around the Mediterranean Basin must go beyond ecological science to embrace a contrasting local vision which integrates social and political realities. By taking into account the growing gap between the northern and southern/eastern shores of the Mediterranean, we propose the adoption of a double agenda for restoration around the Mediterranean to overcome the fact that restoration objectives are often jeopardized by political decisions initially aimed to promote conservation and lack of available technical means (even when appropriate scientific and political means are secured), and to enhance local actions with lasting impacts on the ecosystems. Our discussion illustrates how current ecological problems have become extremely complex and how the success of restoration projects depends on effective social interactions. Here, the simple juxtaposition of disciplines is no longer sufficient. We suggest going beyond existing ecological and socioeconomic frontiers to fill three main gaps. To fill the “design gap” it is important from the outset to promote a full debate for correct definition of the project's objectives and success indicators. Second, to fill the “implementation gap” ecological restoration science should be linked to information technology and cognition science to develop tools adapted for ecological debate. Third, to fill the “evaluation gap” aesthetic, social, cultural, and economic indicators should be defined during the debate process.
An Application of Plant Functional Types for Predicting Restoration Outcomes
Authors: Tozer Mark G. , Mackenzie Berin D. E. , Simpson Christopher C.
Published: October 2011

We evaluated the restoration of native plant assemblages by topsoil translocation in the Hunter Valley, south‐east Australia. Species' responses were characterized by defining nine plant functional types (PFTs) based on combinations of four response mechanisms (seed bank persistence, germination cues, resprouting mechanisms, and longevity) through which species were predicted to persist or decline following translocation. The effects of community type and delay in topsoil restoration on restoration outcomes were tested in an orthogonal experiment. Changes in species' frequency were detected using Bayesian statistics with prior probabilities derived from pre‐clearing data. Few species failed to reestablish following translocation; these were offset by recruitment of other native species not detected prior to clearing. Compositional changes were more pronounced when topsoil was stockpiled (cf direct reinstatement), although there was no trend related to the period of stockpiling. The PFT response model correctly predicted the rank probability of decline in three of the nine PFTs, while a further three were correctly placed in the top ranks but in the incorrect order. Three PFTs were incorrectly ranked because the response model was incorrect. Resprouters declined more frequently than seeders; however, species with physical seed dormancy declined less frequently than those with either transient seed banks or physiological, morphological, or morpho‐physiological dormancy, irrespective of resprouting ability. Species with short juvenile periods were more likely to increase. We conclude that PFTs based on fire‐response traits represent a practical means of predicting species' responses to translocation and a basis for prioritizing species for supplementary planting.
Genetic Diversity and Structure in Austrocedrus chilensis Populations: Implications for Dryland Forest Restoration
Authors: Souto Cintia P. , Heinemann Karin , Kitzberger Thomas , Newton Adrian C. , Premoli Andrea C.
Published: October 2011

In South America, 94% of dry‐temperate lands present some degree of environmental degradation, highlighting the need for ecological restoration. We analyzed geographic patterns of genetic variation in Austrocedrus chilensis, a dominant conifer of the steppe‐forest ecotone in the eastern Andes, to examine its potential for restoration. We sampled 67 locations in Argentina and estimated genetic parameters to determine the effects of historical factors affecting diversity, together with inbreeding and gene flow, using 12 allozyme loci. Genetic diversity decreased southwards in eastern populations, which are marginal for the range of the species and patchily distributed, while high genetic admixture was detected in continuous western populations, possibly reflecting postglacial migrations from northern and eastern sources. Higher inbreeding (FIS > 0.14) was recorded in northern compared with southern populations, attributed to the impact of recent bottlenecks resulting from anthropogenic fires. Gene flow was found to be moderate overall (FST = 0.12). The implications of these results for restoration actions focusing on Austrocedrus were explored. Relatively small, inbred yet genetically diverse northern populations should be the subject of passive restoration efforts, while experimental common gardens should be established toward the south, to support active restoration approaches. This illustrates how ahead of time information on patterns of genetic variation can support restoration efforts for dryland tree species.
Ants as Indicators of the Success of Rehabilitation Efforts in Deposits of Gold Mining Tailings
Authors: Ribas Carla R. , Schmidt Fernando A. , Solar Ricardo R. C. , Campos Renata B. F. , Valentim Clarisse L. , Schoereder José H.
Published: October 2011

The evaluation of the success of restoration efforts is an essential step for environmental monitoring programs, providing reliable and intricate information on the response of biotic and abiotic elements of ecosystem following the restoration programs adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different rehabilitation efforts after gold mining activities using ants as bioindicators. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) the ant species richness and composition vary with the technique of revegetation and (2) the number of epigaeic and hypogaeic ant species increases with resources. We selected four tailing dumps from gold mining, one spontaneously revegetated (“Natural”) and the other three areas with different rehabilitation techniques, namely: Grassy 2005—rehabilitation with grasses in 2005; Grassy 2006—rehabilitation with grasses in 2006, and Shrubby 2004—rehabilitation with grasses, herbaceous, and shrubs in 2004. Ants were sampled using epigaeic and hypogaeic pitfall traps. Species accumulation curves show that the “Natural” area has a higher number of species. We found differences in species composition of epigaeic and hypogaeic ants among the different areas sampled. We conclude that Camponotus fastigatus can be taken as a good indicator of environmental rehabilitation in areas impacted by mining activities. Moreover, Ectatomma edentatum, Dorymyrmex brunneus, Crematogaster evallans, and Solenopsis invicta can also indicate that the rehabilitation process is not yet completed.
Identification of Old‐Growth Forest Reference Ecosystems Using Historic Land Surveys, Redwood National Park, California
Authors: Fritschle Joy A.
Published: October 2011

Old‐growth forests in the American West typically represent fragments of former, more extensive forests that were subjected to nineteenth and twentieth century land‐clearing activities, such as logging. These present‐day forest fragments are thought to be representative of the former landscape, and thus are capable of serving as living references for guiding restoration of logged forests. Yet how do we determine the extent to which existing old‐growth stands represent the former forest, especially when little of the surrounding original vegetation remains? Historic land surveys conducted prior to significant logging can reconstruct the former forest at the stand level, thereby allowing an analysis of old‐growth patches within the larger historic landscape. This study utilized original Public Land Surveys to assess the applicability of old‐growth stands in Redwood National Park as reference ecosystems. A geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis of the nineteenth century forest found that vegetation communities, woody species composition, and ratios of dominant canopy species in unlogged patches were highly representative of the forests that were logged. Significance testing (Ho:μ1=μ2) revealedp‐values greater than 0.10000 in all measures of community and species composition, except for the higher abundance of oak in present‐day old‐growth (p‐value = 0.0395). The results of this study suggest that the national park should increase efforts to protect old‐growth reference ecosystems from further human impacts, and minimize ongoing degradation from edge effects by prioritizing restoration of adjoining second‐growth forest.
Halting Regime Shifts in Floristically Intact Tropical Forests Deprived of Their Frugivores
Authors: Brodie Jedediah F. , Aslan Clare E.
Published: October 2011

Ecological restoration typically focuses on promoting vegetation recovery in degraded habitat or reintroducing endangered animals to enhance their regional or global persistence. Here, we argue that attention should also be devoted to vertebrate reintroductions in overhunted but floristically intact tropical forests in order to prevent insidious regime shifts in these systems. Growing evidence suggests that tropical forests deprived of seed‐dispersing animals exhibit replacement of fleshy fruiting trees by species with abiotic seed dispersal. Left unchecked, this process could eventually render the forest uninhabitable by frugivores through reduced density and diversity of their food plants. In tropical areas where hunting can be controlled, we contend that frugivore reintroduction, regulation of wild fruit harvest by humans, and outplanting of native fruiting trees should be deployed as management tools long before the systems are in need of traditional habitat restoration.
What's History Got to Do with It? A Response to Seddon's Definition of Reintroduction
Authors: Jørgensen Dolly
Published: October 2011

A recent article in Restoration Ecology by Philip Seddon aims at unraveling the definitions of various types of species translocations—from reintroductions to assisted colonization—and points out the slippery slope of misused words. I argue here that defining reintroduction is not as straightforward as Seddon presents it. Commonly used definitions of what constitutes a reintroduction all include some reference to “historical” conditions, but what exactly that encompasses is left open. I examine two parts of the reintroduction confusion: first, how the guidance documents and laws define reintroduction and second, how these definitions might be interpreted when reintroductions are presented in public forums. Rather than moving away from reintroductions toward interventions of other names, I encourage scientists to use a broad definition of reintroduction presented by the IUCN to open up reintroduction as a viable label for bringing a species back to an area regardless of when it was previously there or why it became extinct.
Roller Chopping Effectively Reduces Shrub Cover and Density in Pine Flatwoods
Authors: Willcox Emma V. , Giuliano William M.
Published: October 2011

Changes to fire regimes have resulted in excessive shrub growth and declines in the species rich herbaceous ground layer of pyric savanna and grassland systems worldwide, including the pine flatwoods of the Southern Coastal Plain of the United States. Prescribed burning and roller chopping during growing (April–October) and dormant (November–March) seasons are management practices promoted to reduce shrub invasion and increase herbaceous plant growth in flatwoods. However, relatively little is known about the seasonal effects these activities have on shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. We assessed the effects of prescribed burning and roller chopping on herbaceous and shrub characteristics in pine flatwoods and explored how grazing may mediate these treatments. We used a paired design, with comparison made between sampling locations randomly located within treated (e.g. burned) and adjacent untreated areas. Growing season burning was more effective at reducing shrub cover and height than dormant season burning. However, shrub re‐growth occurred the second year post‐burn. Roller chopping and roller chopping/burning combinations led to decreases in shrub cover and height for 2 years post‐treatment. Decreases in shrub density were seen on sites subject to growing season roller chopping and grazing. Decreases in herbaceous vegetation were observed following all treatments, possibly the result of grazing. If reductions in shrub density are required, growing season roller chopping in combination with grazing may be the only effective treatment. However, initial deferment from grazing following burning and roller chopping treatments may be necessary to permit re‐establishment and growth of forbs and graminoids.
Identifying Preferential Associates to Initiate Restoration Plantings
Authors: Johnston Carol A. , Zedler Joy B.
Published: October 2011

Ecological restoration typically aims to re‐establish dominant plant species and their native associates, despite the lack of guidance on which associates to introduce initially. Analysis of naturally occurring plant communities can provide criteria to shorten the list of species that are associated with dominants, in order to focus revegetation efforts on species likely to establish. Using the example of sedge meadows, we evaluated wetland vegetation data from Laurentian Great Lakes wetlands to identify “preferential associates,” that is, species that co‐occur more frequently than expected based on their overall abundance. A total of 176 taxa occurred within the two hundred and thirty‐nine 1 × 1 m2 plots in 48 wetlands that contained Carex stricta, a widespread tussock‐forming sedge. Of 58 species that co‐occurred with C. stricta where it was dominant (≥50% plot cover), we identified 26 associates using Bray–Curtis similarities and we determined that 12 of the 26 were preferential using an electivity index. The electivity index identified preferential associates even when they occurred infrequently or had low mean cover per plot. We provide guidance on how to initiate restoration with preferential associates.
Restoration and Economics: A Union Waiting to Happen?
Authors: Robbins Alicia S. T. , Daniels Jean M.
Published: October 2011

In this article, our objective is to introduce economics as a tool for the planning, prioritization, and evaluation of restoration projects. Studies that develop economic estimates of public values for ecological restoration employ methods that may be unfamiliar to practitioners. We hope to address this knowledge gap by describing economic concepts in the context of ecological restoration. We have summarized the most common methods for estimating the costs and benefits of restoration projects as well as frameworks for decision analysis and prioritization. These methods are illustrated in a review of the literature as it applies to terrestrial restoration in the United States, with examples of applications of methods to projects. Our hope is that practitioners will consider collaborating with economists to help ensure that restoration costs and benefits are identified and understood.
A GROWTH ADVANTAGE FOR MICROCYSTIN PRODUCTION BY MICROCYSTIS PCC7806 UNDER HIGH LIGHT1
Authors: Phelan Richard R. , Downing Timothy G.
Published: October 2011

Batch cultures of both Microcystis PCC7806 and a mcyA− knockout mutant (MT) of PCC7806 were cultured at three different light intensities and five media treatments, so as to vary cellular N:C ratios and concentrations and sampled daily over 5 d for analysis of microcystin concentration, cell numbers, and residual nitrate in the growth medium. A competitive survival advantage was noted at a high‐light level (37 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), where the toxic strain survived while the nontoxic strain became chlorotic. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.91, P < 0.001, N = 22) between microcystin concentration and growth rate was observed at high‐light conditions. No advantage was observed at optimal or low‐light conditions, and media composition had no significant effect on the relationship between toxicity and survival at high‐light conditions. These data suggest a possible role for microcystin in protection against photooxidation.
Economic Costs, Economic Benefits, and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration
Authors: Esses Victoria M. , Brochu Paula M. , Dickson Karen R.
Published: October 2011

Perceptions of economic costs and benefits play an important role in determining attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. The Unified Instrumental Model of Group Conflict, and the correlational and experimental research supporting it, indicate that when immigrants are seen as competing with members of the host society for economic resources, negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration result. Yet measures taken to reduce this perceived competition and threat can have unforeseen consequences. Recent bills intended to reduce illegal immigration in U.S. states, such as Arizona's Senate Bill 1070 and Georgia's House Bill 87, have been framed by supporters as intended to reduce the economic costs of illegal immigration. Their consequences, however, have been increased economic hardship in the form of economic boycotts and lost farm production. We suggest that recognizing the mutual dependency between immigrants and members of host societies may be a first step in reducing support for harsh measures against illegal immigration, to the benefit of all.
Conversion of a Partial Removable Dental Prosthesis from Kennedy Class II to Class III Using a Dental Implant and Semiprecision Attachments
Authors: Liu Ruohong , Kaleinikova Zina , Holloway Julie A. , Campagni Wayne V.
Published: October 2011

This article presents a design to convert a partial removable dental prosthesis (PRDP) from Kennedy class II to class III using a dental implant. Incorporating semiprecision attachments, this design provides desired esthetics, phonetics, and function.
The Importance of Class‐I Antiarrhythmic Drug Test in the Evaluation of Patients with Syncope: Unmasking Brugada Syndrome
Authors: ROOS MARKUS , SARKOZY ANDREA , BRODBECK JEANNETTE , HENKENS STEFAN , CHIERCHIA GIAN‐BATTISTA , ASMUNDIS CARLO DE , CAPULZINI LUCIO , MÜLLER‐BURRI STEPHAN ANDREAS , YAKAZI YOSHI , BRUGADA PEDRO
Published: October 2011

Syncope in Brugada Syndrome. Introduction: The Brugada syndrome (BrS) can first present with syncope. Class‐I antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) test is used to unmask the diagnostic coved‐type ECG pattern in case it is not spontaneously present. The aim of the study was to analyze patients with BrS presenting with syncope as first manifestation and compare patients with syncope and a spontaneous coved‐type ECG to patients with syncope in whom a class‐I AAD test unmasked the disease.

Methods and Results: Fifty‐eight of 157 probands (36.9%) had syncope as first manifestation of the disease. Twenty‐six patients (44.8%, group A) showed a spontaneous coved‐type ECG diagnostic for BrS at first presentation. In 32 patients (55.2%, group B) without spontaneous coved‐type ECG pattern at first presentation (36% normal ECGs and 19% type‐II ECG pattern), a class‐I AAD test unmasked the disease. Twenty‐one patients of group A and 29 patients of group B underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. The mean follow up as 9.7 ± 55.7 month. Four patients in group A (15.4%) and 3 patients (9.3%) in group B had appropriate ICD shock delivery due to ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (P = NS).

Conclusion: One of 3 patients with BrS presents first with syncope. More than one‐third of these patients have a normal ECG at investigation for syncope and the correct diagnosis would have been missed without a class‐I AAD test. Patients presenting with syncope are at similar risk irrespective of the presence of a spontaneous coved‐type ECG. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23 p. 290‐295, March 2012.)
An Unusual Case of Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries Associated with Noncompaction‐Like Remodeling of the Morphological Right Ventricle
Authors: Kharge Jayashree , Prasad Murigendrappa Renuka , Ramegowda Raghu Thagachagere
Published: October 2011

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare disease characterized by atrio‐ventricular and ventriculo‐arterial discordance (double discordance) and is associated with other cardiac anomalies in the majority of cases. The important associated anomalies include ventricular septal defect, abnormalities of left atrioventricular valve, subpulmonary stenosis, and conduction abnormalities. However, the noncompaction‐like remodeling of the subaortic, morphologic right ventricle is not a commonly reported association. We, report a case of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in a 40‐year‐old male patient, who had noncompaction‐like remodeling of the morphologic right ventricle with severe ventricular dysfunction. He also had, left‐sided Ebstein's anomaly, severe left atrioventricular valve regurgitation and a 2:1 atrioventricular conduction block. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E212‐E214)
Long‐Term Safety and Effectiveness of Drug‐Eluting Stents Compared to Bare Metal Stents following Successful PCI in Non‐ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Findings from the Guthrie Health Off‐Label StenT (GHOST) Registry
Authors: HARJAI KISHORE J. , SATTUR SUDHAKAR , ORSHAW PAMELA , BOURA JUDY
Published: October 2011

Background:
 The long‐term safety and effectiveness of drug‐eluting stents (DES) versus bare metal stents (BMS) in non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) beyond 2 years after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown.

Methods:
 We studied 674 NSTEMI patients who underwent successful PCI with DES (n = 323) or BMS (n = 351). The primary study end‐points were time to occurrence of death or nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis (ST). Secondary end‐points included time to occurrence of target vessel revascularization (TVR) and any major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE, defined as the composite of death, MI, ST, TVR).

Results:
 The DES and BMS groups were well matched except that DES patients received dual antiplatelet therapy for a longer duration and had smaller final vessel diameter. In survival analysis, at a mean follow‐up of 1333 ± 659 days after PCI, the DES group had similar incidence of death/myocardial infarction (24% vs. 27%, log rank p = 0.23) and ST (4.0% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.18) as the BMS group. The DES patients had lower incidence of TVR (8.1% vs. 17%, p = 0.0018) but similar MACE (26% vs. 37%, p = 0.31). In multivariable analysis, DES vs. BMS implantation showed no significant impact on death/myocardial infarction [adjusted hazards ratio (HR) 1.0, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.7–1.4], ST (HR 1.7; CI 0.7 – 4.0), or MACE (HR 0.8; CI 0.6 – 1.1). However, TVR was lower in the DES group (HR 0.4; CI 0.3 – 0.7).

Conclusion:
 In patients presenting with NSTEMI, DES implantation appears to be as safe as BMS implantation at long‐term follow‐up. In addition, DES are effective in reducing TVR compared to BMS. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:28–36)
Transfemorally or Transapically Deployed Sapien Edwards Bioprosthesis Is Always Deformed
Authors: ALLAM BACHIR , ZEGDI RACHID , BLANCHARD DIDIER , CHOLLEY BERNARD , FABIANI JEAN‐NOËL , LAFONT ANTOINE
Published: October 2011

Objective:
 To study the impact of femoral compared to apical access on the Sapien‐Edwards (SE) prosthesis deployment and geometry in patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for aortic stenosis.

Background:
 SE prosthesis deformation exists after its deployment through transfemoral (TF ‐ TAVI) approach. However, no study comparing the deformation between TF ‐ TAVI and transapical (TA ‐ TAVI) approaches has yet been published.

Methods:
 Forty consecutive patients received TAVI with the SE prosthesis (TF ‐ TAVI n  =  25; TA ‐ TAVI n  =  15). A fluoroscopic analysis of the prosthesis was then performed. The stent frame geometry was assessed during deployment in the profile view, and after implantation in the profile and frontal views.

Results:
 Expansion kinetics revealed a triphasic stent deployment with both approaches; the aortic extremity being the first to open. After implantation, on the profile view, the stent shape was never rectangular (therefore never cylindrical) in both groups. It had a biconic shape in most of the patients (76% vs. 93.3% for TF ‐ TAVI and TA ‐ TAVI patients, respectively, P  =  0.224) with a wider aortic extremity relative to the ventricular one. The frontal view analysis showed that circular deployment of the stent was never achieved. A greater leaflet to stent mismatch was noted in TA ‐ TAVI patients, however, the difference was not statistically significant (12% vs. 33.3%, P  =  0.126).

Conclusion:
 Fluoroscopically assessed, the geometry of SE prosthesis was never cylindrical after deployment, whatever the access for implantation was. Longitudinal deformation was greater after TF ‐ TAVI whereas leaflet to stent mismatch tended to be more pronounced after TA ‐ TAVI. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:53–61)
Serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level associated with the extent of periodontal inflammation in type 1 diabetic subjects
Authors: Passoja Anna , Knuuttila Matti , Hiltunen Liisa , Karttunen Riitta , Niemelä Onni , Raunio Taina , Vainio Olli , Hedberg Pirjo , Tervonen Tellervo
Published: October 2011

Aim

High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is known for its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities in protection against cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether a protective association also exists between serum HDL and periodontal inflammation in type 1 diabetic subjects (T1DM).

Methods

Plaque and periodontal inflammation (bleeding and PD ≥ 4 mm) were examined in 80 subjects with T1DM. The serum levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c, %) and HDL (mmol/l) were determined. Adjusted associations between inflammation and serum HDL were analysed using linear regression analysis. To study the linearity of the association, the subjects were categorized into HDL tertiles (I‐III).

Results

A statistically significant negative association was observed between serum HDL level and the extent of bleeding and PD ≥ 4 mm. Subjects in HDL tertiles II and III (high HDL) presented significantly fewer inflamed sites when compared with the subjects in tertile I (low HDL), whereas no significant difference in the number of inflamed sites was observed between tertiles II and III.

Conclusions

Based on the finding of a negative association between serum HDL and periodontal inflammation, HDL may be considered a marker of susceptibility to periodontal inflammation. A longitudinal study is needed to verify possible causal relationship between serum HDL and inflammation.
Hydrogen‐rich water attenuates experimental periodontitis in a rat model
Authors: Kasuyama Kenta , Tomofuji Takaaki , Ekuni Daisuke , Tamaki Naofumi , Azuma Tetsuji , Irie Koichiro , Endo Yasumasa , Morita Manabu
Published: October 2011

Aim

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of periodontitis. As molecular hydrogen can act as a scavenger of ROS, we examined the effects of treatment with hydrogen‐rich water on a rat model of periodontitis.

Material & Methods

A ligature was placed around the maxillary molars for 4 weeks to induce periodontitis, and the animals were given drinking water with or without hydrogen‐rich water.

Results

The rats with periodontitis which were treated with pure water showed a time‐dependent increase in serum ROS level. Compared with the rats without periodontitis, the periodontitis‐induced rats which were given pure water also showed polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and alveolar bone loss at 4 weeks. Hydrogen‐rich water intake inhibited an increase in serum ROS level and lowered expression of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine in the periodontal tissue at 4 weeks. Such conditions prevented polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and osteoclast differentiation following periodontitis progression. Furthermore, inflammatory signalling pathways, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinases, were less activated in periodontal lesions from hydrogen‐rich water‐treated rats as compared with pure water‐treated rats.

Conclusion

Consuming hydrogen‐rich water might be beneficial in suppressing periodontitis progression by decreasing gingival oxidative stress.
The Enlarged Lysosomes in beigej Cells Result From Decreased Lysosome Fission and Not Increased Lysosome Fusion
Authors: Durchfort Nina , Verhoef Shane , Vaughn Michael B. , Shrestha Rishna , Adam Dieter , Kaplan Jerry , Ward Diane McVey
Published: October 2011

Chediak–Higashi syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects vesicle morphology. The Chs1/Lyst protein is a member of the BEige And CHediak family of proteins. The absence of Chs1/Lyst gives rise to enlarged lysosomes. Lysosome size is regulated by a balance between vesicle fusion and fission and can be reversibly altered by acidifying the cytoplasm using Acetate Ringer's or by incubating with the drug vacuolin‐1. We took advantage of these procedures to determine rates of lysosome fusion and fission in the presence or absence of Chs1/Lyst. Here, we show by microscopy, flow cytometry and in vitro fusion that the absence of the Chs1/Lyst protein does not increase the rate of lysosome fusion. Rather, our data indicate that loss of this protein decreases the rate of lysosome fission. We further show that overexpression of the Chs1/Lyst protein gives rise to a faster rate of lysosome fission. These results indicate that Chs1/Lyst regulates lysosome size by affecting fission.
Molecular Mechanism of Myosin Va Recruitment to Dense Core Secretory Granules
Authors: Brozzi Flora , Diraison Frederique , Lajus Sophie , Rajatileka Shavanthi , Philips Thomas , Regazzi Romano , Fukuda Mitsunori , Verkade Paul , Molnár Elek , Váradi Anikó
Published: October 2011

The brain‐spliced isoform of Myosin Va (BR‐MyoVa) plays an important role in the transport of dense core secretory granules (SGs) to the plasma membrane in hormone and neuropeptide‐producing cells. The molecular composition of the protein complex that recruits BR‐MyoVa to SGs and regulates its function has not been identified to date. We have identified interaction between SG‐associated proteins granuphilin‐a/b (Gran‐a/b), BR‐MyoVa and Rab27a, a member of the Rab family of GTPases. Gran‐a/b–BR‐MyoVa interaction is direct, involves regions downstream of the Rab27‐binding domain, and the C‐terminal part of Gran‐a determines exon specificity. MyoVa and Gran‐a/b are partially colocalised on SGs and disruption of Gran‐a/b–BR‐MyoVa binding results in a perinuclear accumulation of SGs which augments nutrient‐stimulated hormone secretion in pancreatic beta‐cells. These results indicate the existence of at least another binding partner of BR‐MyoVa that was identified as rabphilin‐3A (Rph‐3A). BR‐MyoVa–Rph‐3A interaction is also direct and enhanced when secretion is activated. The BR‐MyoVa–Rph‐3A and BR‐MyoVa–Gran‐a/b complexes are linked to a different subset of SGs, and simultaneous inhibition of these complexes nearly completely blocks stimulated hormone release. This study demonstrates that multiple binding partners of BR‐MyoVa regulate SG transport, and this molecular mechanism is universally used by neuronal, endocrine and neuroendocrine cells.
Stereoscopic Technique for Conversion of Radiographic Guide into Implant Surgical Guide
Authors: Chan Paul W. K. , Chik Fu‐Fai , Pow Edmond H. N. , Chow Tak‐Wah
Published: October 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a new stereoscopic technique for conversion of radiographic guide into surgical guide for dental implant placement.

Materials and Methods: Ten partially dentate patients requiring 18 implants for tooth replacement were recruited. Radiographic guides were modified with the addition of index rods for double computed tomography scanning. Implant positions were planned with implant planning software, and the stereoscopic angulations were measured. The radiographic guides were converted into surgical guides using either a generic bench drill (Group A, n = 9) or a milling machine (Group B, n = 9). Stereolithographic surgical guides were also made for three patients (Group S, n = 5). Differences between the planned and actual angulations were tested by pair‐sample t‐test. Difference of mean angle deviation among groups was tested by Brown–Forsythe test. Differences were considered significant if p < .05.

Results: Eighteen implant sites were successfully treated with the converted surgical guides. The mean angle deviation of Group A (1.3 ± 0.6°) was significantly greater than Group S (0.4 ± 0.6°), while no differences were found between Group B (0.9 ± 0.3°) and Group S. The linear error was greatest in Group A with 1.5 mm at the head and 1.8 mm at the apex of the implant.

Conclusions: The use of this new stereoscopic technique appears to be an acceptable alternative method for converting radiographic guide into surgical guide.
Managing Peri‐Implant Bone Loss: Current Understanding
Authors: Aljateeli Manar , Fu Jia‐Hui , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2011

Purpose: With the improved macro‐ and micro‐designs, dental implants enjoy a high survival rate. However, peri‐implant bone loss has recently emerged to be the focus of implant therapy. As such, researchers and clinicians are in need of finding predictable techniques to treat peri‐implant bone loss and stop its progression.

Materials and Methods: Literature search on the currently available treatment modalities was performed and a brief description of each modality was provided.

Results: Numerous techniques have been proposed and none has been shown to be superior and effective in managing peri‐implant bone loss. This may be because of the complex of etiological factors acting on the implant‐supported prosthesis hence the treatment approach has to be individually tailored.

Conclusion: Due to the lack of high‐level clinical evidence on the management of peri‐implant bone loss, the authors, through a literature review, attempt to suggest a decision tree or guideline, based on sound periodontal surgical principles, to aid clinicians in managing peri‐implantitis associated bone loss.
Evaluation of the occlusion vertical dimension of complete dentures after microwave disinfection
Authors: Basso Michael F. M. , Giampaolo Eunice T. , Machado Ana L. , Pavarina Ana C. , Vergani Carlos E.
Published: October 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00567.x

Evaluation of the occlusion vertical dimension of complete dentures after microwave disinfection

Objectives:  An increase in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) after microwave disinfection may result in the need for adjustments in the complete dentures. This in vitro study evaluated the increase in OVD of maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection protocols.

Material and methods:  Thirty sets of complete dentures were evaluated as follows: Group 1–15 sets had the maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection (650 W/3 min), once a week, for 4 weeks. Group 2–15 sets had the maxillary complete dentures submitted to microwave disinfection (650 W/3 min), three times a week, for 4 weeks. The vertical dimension was measured with a micrometre (in mm) before disinfection protocols (baseline readings) and after each week of disinfection. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon and Friedman tests (α = 0.05).

Results:  For Group 1, no significant difference was found between the increases in OVD and zero, and no significant difference was found between the weeks. For Group 2, the increases in OVD were significantly greater than zero, and the Friedman test showed that weeks 3 and 4 had significantly greater changes than week 1 and that week 4 had significantly greater change than week 2.

Conclusion:  Microwave disinfection only promoted significant increase in OVD in Group 2, in which the values increased progressively.
Influence of different mucosal resiliency and denture reline on stress distribution in peri‐implant bone tissue during osseointegration. A three‐dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Bacchi Ataís , Consani Rafael L. X. , Mesquita Marcelo F. , dos Santos Mateus B. F.
Published: October 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00569.x

Influence of different mucosal resiliency and denture reline on stress distribution in peri‐implant bone tissue during osseointegration. A three‐dimensional finite element analysis

Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of mucosal properties and relining material on the stress distribution in peri‐implant bone tissue during masticatory function with a conventional complete denture during the healing period through finite element analysis.

Materials and Methods:  Three‐dimensional models of a severely resorbed mandible with two recently placed implants in the anterior region were created and divided into the following situations: (i) conventional complete denture and (ii) relined denture with soft lining material. The mucosal tissue properties were divided into soft, resilient and hard. The models were exported to mechanical simulation software; two simulations were carried out with a load at the lower right canine (35 N) and the lower right first molar (50 N). Data were qualitatively evaluated using Maximum Principal Stress, in MPa, given by the software.

Results:  All models showed stress concentrations in the cortical bone corresponding to the cervical part of the implant. The mucosal properties influenced the stress in peri‐implant bone tissue showing a different performance according to the denture base material. The simulations with relined dentures showed lower values of stress concentration than conventional ones.

Conclusions:  It seems that the mucosal properties and denture reline have a high influence on the stress distribution in the peri‐implant bone during the healing period.
Is rat an appropriate animal model to study the involvement of d‐serine catabolism in schizophrenia? insights from characterization of d‐amino acid oxidase
Authors: Frattini Luca F. , Piubelli Luciano , Sacchi Silvia , Molla Gianluca , Pollegioni Loredano
Published: October 2011

d‐Amino acid oxidase (DAAO; EC1.4.3.3) has been proposed to play a main role in the degradation of d‐serine, an allosteric activator of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐type glutamate receptor in the human brain, and to be associated with the onset of schizophrenia. To prevent excessive d‐serine degradation, novel drugs for schizophrenia treatment based on DAAO inhibition were designed and tested on rats. However, the properties of rat DAAO are unknown and various in vivo trials have demonstrated the effects of DAAO inhibitors on d‐serine concentration in rats. In the present study, rat DAAO was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified as an active, 40 kDa monomeric flavoenzyme showing the basic properties of the dehydrogenase‐oxidase class of flavoproteins. Rat DAAO differs significantly from the human counterpart because: (a) it possesses a different substrate specificity; (b) it shows a lower kinetic efficiency, mainly as a result of a low substrate affinity; (c) it differs in affinity for the binding of classical inhibitors; (d) it is a stable monomer in the absence of an active site ligand; and (e) it interacts with the mammalian protein modulator pLG72 yielding a ∼ 100 kDa complex in addition to the ∼ 200 kDa one, as formed by the human DAAO. Furthermore, the concentration of endogenous d‐serine in U87 glioblastoma cells was not affected by transfection with rat DAAO, whereas it was significantly decreased when expressing the human homologue. These results raise doubt on the use of the rat as a model system for testing new drugs against schizophrenia and indicate a different physiological function of DAAO in rodents and humans.

Structured digital abstract

 pLG72 binds rDAAO by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Biological validation that SF3b is a target of the antitumor macrolide pladienolide
Authors: Yokoi Akira , Kotake Yoshihiko , Takahashi Kentaro , Kadowaki Tadashi , Matsumoto Yoshiko , Minoshima Yukinori , Sugi Naoko H. , Sagane Koji , Hamaguchi Makoto , Iwata Masao , Mizui Yoshiharu
Published: October 2011

Pladienolide is a naturally occurring macrolide that binds to the SF3b complex to inhibit mRNA splicing. It has not been fully validated whether the splicing impairment is a relevant mechanism for the potent antitumor activity of pladienolide. We established pladienolide‐resistant clones from WiDr and DLD1 colorectal cancer cells that were insensitive to the inhibitory action of pladienolide on cell proliferation and splicing. An mRNA‐Seq differential analysis revealed that these two cell lines have an identical mutation at Arg1074 in the gene for SF3B1, which encodes a subunit of the SF3b complex. Reverse expression of the mutant protein transferred pladienolide resistance to WiDr cells. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis using a radiolabeled probe showed that the mutation impaired the binding affinity of paldienolide to its target. These results clearly demonstrate that pladienolide exerts its potent activity by targeting SF3b and also suggest that inhibition of SF3b is a promising drug target for anticancer therapy.

Structured digital abstract

 SF3B1physically interacts with SF3B2and SF3B3by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Dysregulated Src upregulation of NMDA receptor activity: a common link in chronic pain and schizophrenia
Authors: Salter Michael W. , Pitcher Graham M.
Published: October 2011

Upregulation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor function by the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Src has been implicated in physiological plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. Here, we highlight recent findings suggesting that aberrant Src upregulation of NMDA receptors may also be key in pathophysiological conditions. Within the nociceptive processing network in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, pathologically increased Src upregulation of NMDA receptors is critical for pain hypersensitivity in models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. On the other hand, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, the physiological upregulation of NMDA receptors by Src is blocked by neuregulin 1–ErbB4 signaling, a pathway that is genetically implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus, either over‐upregulation or under‐upregulation of NMDA receptors by Src may lead to pathological conditions in the central nervous system. Therefore, normalizing Src upregulation of NMDA receptors may be a novel therapeutic approach for central nervous system disorders, without the deleterious consequences of directly blocking NMDA receptors.
Effect of Pentoxifylline, administered in Preterm Labour, on the Foetal–Placental Circulation and Neonatal Outcome: A Randomized, Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Lauterbach Ryszard , Rytlewski Krzysztof , Pawlik Dorota , Hurkała Joanna , Wójtowicz Anna , Bręborowicz Grzegorz , Szymankiewicz Marta
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the pentoxifylline administration on the foetal–placental circulation and neonatal outcome in women with threatened preterm labour. Pentoxifylline was given as a supplement to standard tocolytic therapy in a group of 43 patients (pentoxifylline group) as an intravenous infusion and oral supplementation in a total dosage of 800 mg/day. The drug was administered within 3 weeks after admission. No pentoxifylline was given in the control group (53 patients). Doppler velocimetry of pulsatility indices (PI) of the umbilical (UA) and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries as well as cerebro‐placental ratio (CPR) were calculated. Also, the neonatal outcome was estimated in both groups. From the second week of therapy with pentoxifylline, the PI decreased in umbilical artery and increased in the MCA, whereas in the control group, there were no changes. The value of PIUA, evaluated after the third week of pentoxifylline administration, was statistically significantly lower when compared to data obtained on admission (mean: 0.99 ± 0.22 versus 0.82 ± 0.12; p = 0.016). Pentoxifylline significantly increased CPR values calculated after third week of drug administration, which were statistically significantly higher in the pentoxifylline group when compared with respective data in the control group (mean: 2.30 versus 1.61; p = 0.001). The risk of severe neonatal complications was significantly lower in the pentoxifylline group (p = 0.026). Pentoxifylline changed foetal–placental blood circulation in patients with threatened preterm labour and improved neonatal outcome.
Antinociceptive and Anti‐Inflammatory Activities of Sulphated Polysaccharides from the Red Seaweed Gracilaria cornea
Authors: Coura Chistiane O. , de Araújo Ianna W. F. , Vanderlei Edfranck S. O. , Rodrigues José A. G. , Quinderé Ana L. G. , Fontes Bruno P. , de Queiroz Ismael N. L. , de Menezes Dalgimar B. , Bezerra Mirna M. , e Silva Antonio A. R. , Chaves Hellíada V. , Jorge Roberta J. B. , Evangelista Janaina S. A. M. , Benevides Norma M. B.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Seaweeds have attracted special interest as good sources of sulphated polysaccharides (SP) for use in pharmaceutical industries and biotechnology. In this study, we evaluated the effects of SP from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea (Gc‐TSP) in nociceptive and inflammatory models. In mice, Gc‐TSP (3, 9 or 27 mg/kg) significantly reduced nociceptive responses, as measured by the number of writhes, at all tested doses. In a formalin test, Gc‐TSP significantly reduced licking time in both phases of the test at a dose of 27 mg/kg. In a hot‐plate test, the antinociceptive effect was observed only in animals treated with 27 mg/kg of Gc‐TSP, suggesting that the analgesic effect occurs through a central action mechanism at the highest dose. Gc‐TSP (3, 9 or 27 mg/kg) caused only a slight reduction in neutrophil migration in the rat peritoneal cavity. However, lower doses of Gc‐TSP (3 and 9 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw oedema induced by carrageenan, especially at 3 hr after treatment. Reduction in oedema was confirmed by myeloperoxidase activity in the affected paw tissue. In addition, treatment (s.c.) of animals with different doses of Gc‐TSP inhibited paw oedema induced by dextran within the first hour in all doses tested. After 14 consecutive days of intraperitoneal administration of Gc‐TSP (9 mg/kg), we measured the wet weight of the liver, kidney, heart, spleen and thymus and performed biochemical, haematological and histopathological evaluations. No systemic damage was found. These results indicate that Gc‐TSP possesses analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects and is a potentially important tool worthy of further study.