bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trend in Age and Racial Disparities in the Receipt of Postlumpectomy Radiation Therapy for Stage I Breast Cancer
Authors: Yeboa Debra N. , Xu Xiao , Jones Beth A. , Soulos Pamela , Gross Cary , Yu James B.
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

Significant effort has been expended over the past decade to reduce racial disparities in breast cancer care. Whether disparities in receipt of appropriate radiotherapy care for breast cancer persisted despite these efforts is unknown, as is the impact of being eligible for Medicare. We therefore investigated trends in racial differences by age in postbreast lumpectomy radiation therapy (PLRT) from 2004 to 2009.

Materials and Methods:

We analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry database for women aged 40 to 85 years who underwent lumpectomy for stage I breast cancer and were eligible for PLRT. We examined variables potentially associated with the receipt of PLRT, including year of diagnosis, race, and examined women separately by age group.

Results:

Among 67,124 women aged 40 to 85 years undergoing lumpectomy, receipt of PLRT decreased from 80.7% in 2004 to 76.8% by 2009 (P<0.001). There remained a persistent disparity in PLRT among African American women (in 2004, 80.6% white vs. 78.9% African American and in 2009, 77.5% white vs. 72.0% African American). In multivariable logistic regression, African American race (odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]. 0.76-0.89) and being diagnosed more recently were associated with lower odds of PLRT (OR for 2009 vs. 2004: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69-0.79), whereas older women typically covered by public health insurance (aged 65 to 69 y) were more likely to receive PLRT (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15).

Conclusions:

PLRT decreased by a significant percentage of 3.9% among all women in recent years, and racial disparities in PLRT receipt have persisted. Medicare eligibility increased the likelihood of PLRT receipt.
4-Acetylpiperazinium picrate
Authors: Kavitha Channappa N. , Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P. , Yathirajan Hemmige S.
Published: May 2014

In the title salt, C6H13N2O+·C6H2N3O7−(systematic name: 4-acetylpiperazin-1-ium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate), the piperazin-1-ium ring has a slightly distorted chair conformation. In the picrate anion, the mean planes of the twoo-NO2andp-NO2groups are twisted with respect to the benzene ring by 15.0 (2), 68.9 (4) and 4.4 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed, linking the ions into an infinite chain along [010]. In addition, weak cation–anion C—H...O intermolecular interactions and a weak π–π stacking interaction between the benzene rings of the anions, with an inter-centroid distance of 3.771 (8) Å, help to stabilize the crystal packing, giving an overall sheet structure lying parallel to (100). Disorder was modelled for one of the O atoms in one of theo-NO2groups over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.57 (6):0.43 (6).
Bis{μ-[(diphenylphosphoryl)methyl](phenyl)bis(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)boranuido}dilithium
Authors: Müller Manuela , Lerner Hans-Wolfram , Bolte Michael
Published: May 2014

The title compound, [Li2(C25H23BN4OP)2], features a centrosymmetric dimeric complex. The four-memberered Li2O2ring is exactly planar due to symmetry. The Li atom is four-coordinated by two O atoms and by two N atoms of two different pyrazole rings. The dihedral angle between two pyrazole rings bonded to the same B atom is 45.66 (9)°. The B—N—N—Li—N—N metalla ring adopts a boat conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by van der Waals interactions only.
Diethyl (E)-2,3-bis[(E)-(2-methyl-2-phenylhydrazin-1-ylidene)methyl]but-2-enedioate
Authors: Liu Peng , Yuan Libin , Song Xiuqing , Yan Hong
Published: May 2014

The complete molecule of the title compound, C24H28N4O4, is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The ethyl side chain is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.57 (4):0.43 (4) ratio. The dihedral angles between the methylidene group and the phenyl ring and ester side chain (major conformation) are 7.61 (8) and 86.95 (8)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming corrugated sheets lying parallel to (010).
Methyl 2-[(3RS,4RS)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)isoxazolidin-2-yl]acetate
Authors: Gültekin Zeynep , Civan Mehmet , Frey Wolfgang , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: May 2014

In the title compound, C18H19NO5S, the five-membered isoxazolidine ring is in a half-chair conformation, and the phenyl rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 66.53 (3)°. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure. A weak C—H...π interaction is also observed between adjacent molecules.
{2-[(4-Nitrobenzylidene)amino]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl}(phenyl)methanone
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P. , Kavitha Channappa N. , Yathirajan H. S. , Byrappa K.
Published: May 2014

In the title compound, C22H18N2O3S, disorder is found in the benzoyl group (AandB), as well as for four C atoms of the cyclohexene ring. Two orientations were modeled in a 0.583 (5):0.417 (5) ratio. The cyclohexene ring is in a distorted chair conformation. The dihedral angles between the mean plane of the thiophene ring and the 4-nitrobenzene and phenyl rings are 30.9 (8) and 64.8 (3) (A) and 62.4 (7)° (B). The mean planes of the 4-nitrobenzene and the phenyl rings are almost perpendicular to each other, with dihedral angles of 85.4 (1) (A) and 83.9 (8)° (B). An extensive array of weak C—H...O interactions consolidate molecules into a three-dimensional architecture, forming chains along [001] and [010] and layers parallel to (011).
Electronically driven structural transitions inA10(PO4)6F2apatites (A= Ca, Sr, Pb, Cd and Hg)
Authors: Balachandran Prasanna V. , Rajan Krishna , Rondinelli James M.
Published: May 2014

It is shown that there is a dynamic lattice instability in the aristotypeP63/mstructure ofA10(PO4)6F2apatites containing divalentA-site Cd or Hg cations with (n − 1)d10ns0electronic configurations. The distortion to a low-symmetry P\bar{1} triclinic structure is driven by an electronic mechanism rather than from ionic size mismatch. Our theoretical work provides key insights into the role of the electronic configurations ofAcations in fluorapatites.
Effect of pressure on methylated glycine derivatives: relative roles of hydrogen bonds and steric repulsion of methyl groups
Authors: Kapustin Eugene A. , Minkov Vasily S. , Boldyreva Elena V.
Published: May 2014

Infinite head-to-tail chains of zwitterions present in the crystals of all amino acids are known to be preserved even after structural phase transitions. In order to understand the role of the N—H...O hydrogen bonds linking zwitterions in these chains in structural rearrangements, the crystal structures of theN-methyl derivatives of glycine (N-methylglycine, or sarcosine, with two donors for hydrogen bonding; two polymorphs ofN,N-dimethylglycine, DMG-I and DMG-II, with one donor for hydrogen bond; andN,N,N-trimethylglycine, or betaine, with no hydrogen bonds) were studied at different pressures. Methylation has not only excluded the formation of selected hydrogen bonds, but also introduced bulky mobile fragments into the structure. The effects of pressure on the systems of the series were compared with respect to distorting and switching over hydrogen bonds and inducing reorientation of the methylated fragments. Phase transitions with fragmentation of the single crystals into fine powder were observed for partially methylatedN-methyl- andN,N-dimethylglycine, whereas the structural changes in betaine were continuous with some peculiar features in the 1.4–2.9 GPa pressure range and accompanied by splitting of the crystals into several large fragments. Structural rearrangements in sarcosine and betaine were strongly dependent on the rate of pressure variation: the higher the rate of increasing pressure, the lower the pressure at which the phase transition occurred.
In-situX-ray diffraction activation study on an Fe/TiO2pre-catalyst
Authors: Rayner Matthew K. , Billing David G. , Coville Neil J.
Published: May 2014

This study focuses on the use ofin situpowder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and quantitative phase analysis using the Rietveld method to monitor the structural properties of a titania-supported iron (10% Fe/TiO2) pre-catalyst during calcination (oxidation) and activation (reduction) in the temperature range 25–900°C. The TiO2oxidation study revealed an increase in anatase particle size before the anatase to rutile phase transformation, lending credibility to the bridging mechanism proposed by Kimet al.[(2007),Mater. Sci. Forum,534–536, 65–68]. Pre-catalyst oxidation experiments allowed for the determination of a suitable calcination temperature (450°C) of the pre-catalyst in terms of maximum hematite concentration and appropriate particle size. These experiments also confirmed that the anatase to rutile phase transformation occurred at higher temperatures after Fe addition and that anatase was the sole donor of Ti4+ions, which are known to migrate into hematite (Gennariet al., 1998), during the formation of pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) at temperatures above 690°C. Using the results from the oxidation experiments, two pre-catalyst samples were calcined at different temperatures; one to represent the preferred case and one to represent a case where the pre-catalyst had been excessively heated. Samples of the excessively heated catalysts were exposed to different reducing gas atmospheres (5, 10 and 100% H2/N2) and heated in thein situPXRD reactor, so that diffraction data could be collected during the activation process. The results show that reduction with gases containing low concentrations of H2(5 and 10%) led to the formation of ilmenite (FeTiO3) and we were able to show that both anatase and rutile are consumed in the reaction. Higher concentrations of H2led to the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) and metallic iron (Fe0). We also noted a decrease in the anatase to rutile transformation temperature under reducing atmospheres when compared with the pre-catalyst heat-treatment experiment. A reduced calcination temperature prior to reduction allowed more facile Fe reduction.
Gender representations in children's media and their influence
Authors: Steyer Isabella
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the significant underrepresentation of females and stereotypical portrayals of both females and males that still exist in different kinds of media children are exposed to, as well as to various negative influences these may have on children's development. In addition, this paper intends to show up the potential positive effects of non-sexist gender representations in these media.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reviews studies that have been conducted on various kinds of media, in order to gain and provide a representative overview of gender portrayals and of possible influences they might have on children.

Findings

– Women are underrepresented in children's literature, television programs, as well as computer-related software. Traditional portrayals of females are also still the norm in these media that children are daily faced with. Alarming trends regarding the representations of males have also been found. The negative influence of sexist representations on children has been shown by numerous studies, as has been the potential of positively affecting children's development by exposing them to non-traditional gender representations.

Originality/value

– Awareness of how highly present sexism still is in media for children and of the ways in which it may inhibit children's development is seen as a crucial step toward change. Change in this field is needed if we want to ensure a better, more equal future for our world.
Colour consultation with dementia home residents and staff
Authors: Godwin Beatrice
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– Government guidelines promote service user consultation without providing extensive advice on people in later dementia. “Seen as too difficult to involve, they are effectively excluded from […] influenc(ing) service provision”, especially institutional care residents (Clare and Cox, 2003, p. 936). This hard-to-reach group presents methodological challenges. The purpose of this paper is to explore innovative approaches, offering even those with fragmented or lost speech the opportunity to contribute to decisions about their care.

Design/methodology/approach

– This specialist dementia home consultation included staff and every resident, irrespective of the level of their communication impairment. Consultation on potential colour schemes took the form of a ballot. Staff helped develop an unpatronising, person-centred approach. Visual aids supported communication, de-emphasising the spoken word and promoting inclusion.

Findings

– The majority of residents appeared to express an opinion on the potential decor. Others chose a colour while not necessarily grasping the context. The approach engaged all except four.

Research limitations/implications

– Even people with moderate/advanced dementia may be enabled to participate in consultation. Further research needs to refine methodology to include everyone and clarify the interpretation of results.

Practical implications

– Service providers may widen their expectations of inclusivity in consultation exercises.

Originality/value

– This consultation is important to researchers and practitioners because it explores ways of communicating, which avoid privileging the spoken word, revealing seldom-recognised abilities in people with moderate/advanced dementia.
Christianity, Islam and Modernity: Explaining Prohibitions on Homosexuality in UN Member States
Authors: Hildebrandt Achim
Published: June 2014

This article investigates why homosexual acts are still banned in 77 countries. It extends the current state of research by focusing on the religious roots of these bans. Previous studies have analysed the influence of Islam on prohibitions of same-sex sexual acts but produced contradictory findings. Moreover, the influence of the second world religion that condemns homosexuality in its scriptures – Christianity – has largely been ignored. This article shows that countries with a Muslim tradition tend to criminalise both male and female homosexuality, while predominantly Christian societies tend to prohibit only sex between men. However, the influence of the Christian tradition depends on the modernity of a country: the more modern a Christian society, the less influence traditional Christian sexual ethics have on legislation governing same-sex sexuality. This is particularly true for countries with a Protestant tradition.
CEO Overconfidence, REIT Investment Activity and Performance
Authors: Eichholtz Piet , Yönder Erkan
Published: June 2014

This is the first article to study the effects of overconfidence on trading activity and performance in real estate. The article looks at Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), as their investments and divestments can be identified with precision. We look at the effect of CEO overconfidence on investment activity and separately investigate property acquisitions and dispositions. We find that REITs with overconfident CEOs tend to invest more; these REITs acquire more assets and are less likely to sell assets than their counterparts if they have enough discretionary cash. Valuable private information is not the main driver for CEOs to be net buyers of company shares: the shares of their companies perform relatively weakly. In addition, we find that overconfident managers have lower property investment performance measured by net operating income and gain on sale of real estate.
The Impact of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs on Underlying Real Estate Returns
Authors: Bai Qing , Bond Shaun A. , Hatch Brian
Published: June 2014

Leveraged and inverse ETFs (LETFs) were introduced in 2006. By 2008 there was concern that the requirement of LETFs to rebalance near the close might have a significant impact on the prices of the stocks in the underlying indexes. We examine the impact of trading activity induced by six real estate‐related LETFs on the late‐day price dynamics of 63 real estate sector stocks. Through a comparison of sample and control stocks and through a regression model of LETF rebalancing, we find that these LETFs significantly impact the prices of component stocks, increase their volatility and contribute to price momentum.
House Prices and Rents: Microevidence from a Matched Data Set in Central London
Authors: Bracke Philippe
Published: June 2014

I analyze a real estate agency's proprietary dataset containing tens of thousands of housing sale and rental transactions in Central London during the 2006–2012 period. I isolate 1,922 properties that were both sold and rented out within six months and measure their rent‐price ratios. I find that rent‐price ratios are lower for bigger and more central units. These stylized facts are consistent with the user cost formula and reflect differences in maintenance costs, vacancy rates, growth expectations and risk premia.
Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Different Types of Grape Pomace Produced at Wineries and Distilleries
Authors: Brazinha Carla , Cadima Mafalda , Crespo João G.
Published: June 2014

Natural extracts obtained from grape pomace are particularly interesting, due to the substantial variety of valuable compounds present with health benefits, specifically phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, trans‐resveratrol, quercetin, and proanthocyanidins. The production of such extracts has been recognized as a profitable way to valorize grape byproducts, which are low‐value and most abundant. First, the effect of the solvent on the extraction of bioactive compounds from grape pomace is studied. The selected solvents are water and ethanol, biocompatible and available in wineries and distilleries. Then, different types of grape pomace obtained along the various stages of current industrial winemaking and distillation processes are analyzed. As a result, the best stage of the winemaking and distillation processes for pomace valorization is identified, corresponding to the grape byproduct with the highest potential as source of bioactive compounds. These studies were performed with Vitis vinifera variety of Tempranillo grapes (same year, same vineyard).
Influence of Bacterial Cellulose (nata) on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Frankfurter
Authors: Yu Shih‐Yi , Lin Kuo‐Wei
Published: June 2014

The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pork frankfurters containing different levels (10% to 30%) of bacterial cellulose (nata) were evaluated. Emulsion stability of the raw meat batter decreased with the addition of nata. For nata‐added treatments, increasing levels of nata in frankfurters resulted in decreased textural hardness and shear values. Sensory results indicated that N10 and N20 had significantly higher firmness scores than N30 and control. However, juiciness score did not differ for all treatments. Incorporation of nata at lower levels (10% to 20%) did not have detrimental effects on the physicochemical, textural, sensory, and microbiological properties of regular‐fat frankfurters. Addition of a higher level (30%) of nata essentially produced comparable sensory properties to the control, but lower levels of nata in frankfurters yielded higher sensory firmness and instrumental hardness values. Based on the composite results, manufacture of regular‐fat frankfurter containing 10% to 20% high‐fiber nata resulted in product quality comparable to the control.
Using modestr to download, import and clean species distribution records
Authors: García‐Roselló Emilio , Guisande Cástor , Heine Juergen , Pelayo‐Villamil Patricia , Manjarrés‐Hernández Ana , González Vilas Luis , González‐Dacosta Jacinto , Vaamonde Antonio , Granado‐Lorencio Carlos
Published: May 2014

Data quality is one of the highest priorities for species distribution data warehouses, as well as one of the main concerns of data users. There is the need, however, for computational procedures with the facility to automatically or semi‐automatically identify and correct errors and to seamlessly integrate expert knowledge and automated processes.

New version modestr 2.0 (http://www.ipez.es/ModestR) makes it easy to download occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), to import shape files with species range maps such as those available at the website of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), to import KML files, to import CSV files with records of the users, to import ESRI ASCII grid probability files generated by distribution modelling software and show the resulting records on a map.

modestr supports five different methods for cleaning the data: (i) data filtering when downloading records from GBIF, (ii) habitat data filtering, (iii) taxonomic disambiguation filtering, (iv) automatic spatial dispersion and environmental layer filters and (v) custom data filtering.
Frequency and intensity of drought stress alters the population size and dynamics of Elatobium abietinum on Sitka spruce
Authors: Banfield‐Zanin J.A. , Leather S.R.
Published: May 2014

The green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum, is the most important defoliating pest of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis, in the UK. Populations are expected to increase in response to predicted climate change, therefore placing Sitka spruce under increased risk of widespread and severe defoliation. The effect of spring–summer drought stress on E. abietinum population dynamics and development over multiple years was assessed in a field experiment under five different drought treatments with differing intensities and frequencies. The impact on host tolerance, in terms of needle retention, was also investigated. No differences in the length of time taken to reach peak population size were observed. Despite this, E. abietinum populations were found to respond positively to low amplitude intermittent stress, with high densities maintained for longer after the peak. Spring peak densities of aphids did not differ among drought levels, although an autumn peak was observed consistently over 2 years on trees subjected to continuous severe drought. This suggested advancement in the onset of Sitka spruce dormancy. Aphid infestation significantly increased percentage needle loss under all drought treatments, although no differences were observed between drought levels. An interaction between aphid presence and drought treatment was, however, observed during a second year of drought where no aphids were present. The study herein presented has contributed to the understanding of E. abietinum population responses under a changing climate. The implications for damage to host Sitka spruce are of relevance to forest management strategies, as an increase in drought events are predicted in the UK.
Gene profiling reveals association between altered Wnt signaling and loss of T‐cell potential with age in human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Khoo Melissa L. M. , Carlin Stephen M. , Lutherborrow Mark A. , Jayaswal Vivek , Ma David D. F. , Moore John J.
Published: May 2014

Functional decline of the hematopoietic system occurs during aging and contributes to clinical consequences, including reduced competence of adaptive immunity and increased incidence of myeloid diseases. This has been linked to aging of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and has implications for clinical hematopoietic cell transplantation as prolonged periods of T‐cell deficiency follow transplantation of adult mobilized peripheral blood (PB), the primary transplant source. Here, we examined the gene expression profiles of young and aged HSCs from human cord blood and adult mobilized PB, respectively, and found that Wnt signaling genes are differentially expressed between young and aged human HSCs, with less activation of Wnt signaling in aged HSCs. Utilizing the OP9‐DL1 in vitro co‐culture system to promote T‐cell development under stable Notch signaling conditions, we found that Wnt signaling activity is important for T‐lineage differentiation. Examination of Wnt signaling components and target gene activation in young and aged human HSCs during T‐lineage differentiation revealed an association between reduced Wnt signal transduction, increasing age, and impaired or delayed T‐cell differentiation. This defect in Wnt signal activation of aged HSCs appeared to occur in the early T‐progenitor cell subset derived during in vitro T‐lineage differentiation. Our results reveal that reduced Wnt signaling activity may play a role in the age‐related intrinsic defects of aged HSCs and early hematopoietic progenitors and suggest that manipulation of this pathway could contribute to the end goal of improving T‐cell generation and immune reconstitution following clinical transplantation.
Does individual experience affect performance during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with additional external distractors?
Authors: Krage R. , Tjon Soei Len L. , Schober P. , Kolenbrander M. , van Groeningen D. , Loer S. A. , Wagner C. , Zwaan L.
Published: June 2014

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is perceived as a stressful task. Additional external distractors, such as noise and bystanders, may interfere with crucial tasks and might adversely influence patient outcome. We investigated the effects of external distractors on resuscitation performance of anaesthesia residents and consultants with different levels of experience. Thirty physicians performed two simulated resuscitation scenarios in random order, one scenario without additional distractors (control) and one scenario with additional distractors (noise, scripted family member). Resuscitation performance was assessed by a score based on European Resuscitation Council guidelines, presented as median (IQR [range]). We found that performance scores were lower under experimental conditions (11.8 (9.0–19.5 [−9.0 to 28.5]) than under control conditions 19.5 (14.0–25.5 [5.0–29.5]), p = 0.0002). No interaction was observed between additional distractors and experience level (p = 0.4480). External distractors markedly reduce the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This suggests that all team members, including senior healthcare providers, require training to improve performance under stressful conditions.
Acute forearm compartment syndrome following haemodialysis access fistula puncture in uraemia
Authors: Lin Chin‐Ta , Dai Niann‐Tzyy , Chen Shyi‐Gen , Chang Shun‐Cheng
Published: May 2014

Background

Acute compartment syndrome is a well‐described surgical emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and operative intervention. Vascular access‐associated compartment syndrome is rarely reported in haemodialysis patients. The purpose of this article is to document evidence that catheter‐related puncture, which results in arteriovenous fistula injury in uraemia, may cause acute forearm compartment syndrome.

Methods

Between September 2007 and September 2012, five consecutive patients presented to our section with tense swollen forearms with skin blistering, decreased hand sensation and reduced capillary return in the fingers. Their ages ranged from 65 to 81 years (mean 72.8 years). All of the patients underwent emergent exploration after the diagnosis of acute forearm compartment syndrome. The patients' details were reviewed.

Results

The time interval between dialysis completion and return to the emergency department ranged from 6 to 9 h (mean 7.4 h). During operation, the bleeding was found to originate from the site of the fistula puncture and was repaired with 9‐0 nylon suture under microscopy. After adequate wound care, a reconstructive procedure with a split‐thickness skin graft was performed in all of the five patients. There was no vascular or neurological deficit of the forearm or hand within the mean follow‐up period of 14.8 months (range 12–18 months).

Conclusions

In this series, we report five cases of forearm compartment syndrome in uraemia, secondary to bleeding from a catheter‐related puncture of a haemodialysis access fistula. However, there is no case series that focuses upon this specific topic in the present literature. This problem deserves more attention.
Gill‐derived glands in species of Astyanax (Teleostei: Characidae)
Authors: Terán Guillermo E. , Mangione Susana , Mirande J. Marcos
Published: June 2014

The presence of a gill‐derived gland is herein reported for the first time in males of species of Astyanax and related genera; they are described through histological cuts and SEM. The gill‐derived glands described for the Characidae, when fully developed, present a similar structure in different species. The main external feature of gill‐derived glands is the fusion of anteriormost gill filaments on the ventral branch of first gill arch. This fusion is caused by squamous stratified epithelial tissue that covers adjacent filaments, forming a series of chambers. In the region where the gill‐derived gland develops, the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments are much reduced or completely atrophied being characterized by the presence of glandular cells forming nests.
Influence of Amodiaquine on the Antimalarial Activity of Ellagic Acid: Crystallographic and Biological Studies
Authors: Żesławska Ewa , Oleksyn Barbara , Fabre Aude , Benoit‐Vical Françoise
Published: June 2014

In the search for new antimalarial drugs, design of hybrid molecules is recommended to improve biological activity and to decrease the risk of parasite resistance development. Ellagic acid, as an inhibitor of Plasmodium glutathione, presents an original mode of action and thus appears as a promising antiplasmodial compound. A new complex (AQ–EA) consisting of the well‐known antimalarial drug, amodiaquine, and ellagic acid was obtained. The studied crystal structure of AQ–EA showed that the triclinic centrosymmetrical unit cell of the crystal contains two molecules of amodiaquine (AQ) and two symmetrically independent molecules of ellagic acid (EA). The packing of the molecules in the crystal is dominated by hydrogen bonds between AQ and EA. The antiplasmodial activity of the hybrid complex AQ–EA was also determined and compared with the values of IC50 for AQ and EA separately. Potentiation assays between both molecules were conducted to understand the pharmacological interactions between AQ and EA against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The hybrid complex AQ–EA (IC50 of 47 nm) showed improved antiplasmodial activity in comparison with EA alone.
Association of dental caries with socioeconomic status in relation to different water fluoridation levels
Authors: Cho Hyun‐Jae , Lee Heung‐Soo , Paik Dai‐Il , Bae Kwang‐Hak
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in 11‐year‐old children, related to water fluoridation and family affluence scale (FAS), as an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES) in Korea.

Methods

A total of eight areas were selected for study: four areas with fluoridated piped water (WF areas) and four areas with nonfluoridated piped water (non‐WF areas). Non‐WF areas had a similar economic level and population size compared with the WF areas. A total of 1446 elementary school students, 11 years of age, were included. They were examined, and questionnaires completed by their parents were analyzed. In the questionnaire, information about gender, FAS as an indicator of SES, occasions of daily cariogenic snack intake, occasions of daily cariogenic beverage intake, drinking of piped water, cooking with piped water, and usage of oral hygiene supplemental measures were surveyed. The bivariate association between the characteristics of the subjects and the number of decayed, filled, and missing permanent teeth (DMFT score) was analyzed through an independent samples t‐test. The difference in the mean DMFT score between different FAS groups was analyzed by DMFT ratio, after adjusting for gender, oral health behaviors, and usage of piped water variables. The DMFT ratio was calculated from a Poisson regression model, because the DMFT score was not normally distributed.

Results

There was no significant association between FAS and the mean DMFT score in both areas, by bivariate analysis. After adjusting for each group of confounders, a significant association (95% CI: 1.032–1.513) was found between the FAS and mean DMFT scores in non‐WF areas; however, no significant difference was observed in the WF areas (95% CI: 0.766–1.382).

Conclusions

This study supported that water fluoridation could not only lead to a lower prevalence of dental caries, but also help to reduce the effect of SES inequalities on oral health.
Muscle function in Turner syndrome: normal force but decreased power
Authors: Soucek Ondrej , Lebl Jan , Matyskova Jana , Snajderova Marta , Kolouskova Stanislava , Pruhova Stepanka , Hlavka Zdenek , Sumnik Zdenek
Published: June 2014

Objective

Although hypogonadism and SHOX gene haploinsufficiency likely cause the decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture rate associated with Turner syndrome (TS), the exact mechanism remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that muscle dysfunction in patients with TS contributes to increased fracture risk. The secondary aim was to determine whether menarche, hormone therapy duration, positive fracture history and genotype influence muscle function parameters in patients with TS.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in a single university hospital referral centre between March 2012 and October 2013.

Patients

Sixty patients with TS (mean age of 13·7 ± 4·5 years) were compared to the control group of 432 healthy girls.

Measurements

A Leonardo Mechanograph® Ground Reaction Force Platform was used to assess muscle force (Fmax) by the multiple one‐legged hopping test and muscle power (Pmax) by the single two‐legged jump test.

Results

While the Fmax was normal (mean weight‐specific Z‐score of 0·11 ± 0·77, P = 0·27), the Pmax was decreased in patients with TS (Z‐score of −0·93 ± 1·5, P < 0·001) compared with healthy controls. The muscle function parameters were not significantly influenced by menarcheal stage, hormone therapy duration, fracture history or genotype (linear regression adjusted for age, weight and height; P > 0·05 for all).

Conclusion

Fmax, a principal determinant of bone strength, is normal in patients with TS. Previously described changes in bone quality and structure in TS are thus not likely related to inadequate mechanical loading but rather represent a primary bone deficit. A decreased Pmax indicates impaired muscle coordination in patients with TS.
Panorama light‐field imaging
Authors: Birklbauer C. , Bimber O.
Published: June 2014

We present a novel approach to recording and computing panorama light fields. In contrast to previous methods that estimate panorama light fields from focal stacks or naive multi‐perspective image stitching, our approach is the first that processes ray entries directly and does not require depth reconstruction or matching of image features. Arbitrarily complex scenes can therefore be captured while preserving correct occlusion boundaries, anisotropic reflections, refractions, and other light effects that go beyond diffuse reflections of Lambertian surfaces.
Optimizing BRDF orientations for the manipulation of anisotropic highlights
Authors: Raymond Boris , Guennebaud Gaël , Barla Pascal , Pacanowski Romain , Granier Xavier
Published: June 2014

This paper introduces a system for the direct editing of highlights produced by anisotropic BRDFs, which we call anisotropic highlights. We first provide a comprehensive analysis of the link between the direction of anisotropy and the shape of highlight curves for arbitrary object surfaces. The gained insights provide the required ingredients to infer BRDF orientations from a prescribed highlight tangent field. This amounts to a non‐linear optimization problem, which is solved at interactive framerates during manipulation. Taking inspiration from sculpting software, we provide tools that give the impression of manipulating highlight curves while actually modifying their tangents. Our solver produces desired highlight shapes for a host of lighting environments and anisotropic BRDFs.
Self‐similarity for accurate compression of point sampled surfaces
Authors: Digne Julie , Chaine Raphaëlle , Valette Sébastien
Published: June 2014

Most surfaces, be it from a fine‐art artifact or a mechanical object, are characterized by a strong self‐similarity. This property finds its source in the natural structures of objects but also in the fabrication processes: regularity of the sculpting technique, or machine tool. In this paper, we propose to exploit the self‐similarity of the underlying shapes for compressing point cloud surfaces which can contain millions of points at a very high precision. Our approach locally resamples the point cloud in order to highlight the self‐similarity of the shape, while remaining consistent with the original shape and the scanner precision. It then uses this self‐similarity to create an ad hoc dictionary on which the local neighborhoods will be sparsely represented, thus allowing for a light‐weight representation of the total surface. We demonstrate the validity of our approach on several point clouds from fine‐arts and mechanical objects, as well as a urban scene. In addition, we show that our approach also achieves a filtering of noise whose magnitude is smaller than the scanner precision.
Thumbnail galleries for procedural models
Authors: Lienhard S. , Specht M. , Neubert B. , Pauly M. , Müller P.
Published: June 2014

Procedural modeling allows for the generation of innumerable variations of models from a parameterized, conditional or stochastic rule set. Due to the abstractness, complexity and stochastic nature of rule sets, it is often very difficult to have an understanding of the diversity of models that a given rule set defines. We address this problem by presenting a novel system to automatically generate, cluster, rank, and select a series of representative thumbnail images out of a rule set. We introduce a set of ‘view attributes’ that can be used to measure the suitability of an image to represent a model, and allow for comparison of different models derived from the same rule set. To find the best thumbnails, we exploit these view attributes on images of models obtained by stochastically sampling the parameter space of the rule set. The resulting thumbnail gallery gives a representative visual impression of the procedural modeling potential of the rule set. Performance is discussed by means of a number of distinct examples and compared to state‐of‐the‐art approaches.
Feedback control for rotational movements in feature space
Authors: Al Borno M. , Fiume E. , Hertzmann A. , de Lasa M.
Published: June 2014

Synthesizing controllers for rotational movements in feature space is an open research problem and is particularly challenging because of the need to precisely regulate the character's global orientation, angular momentum and inertia. This paper presents feature‐based controllers for a wide variety of rotational movements, including cartwheels, dives and flips. We show that the controllers can be made robust to large external disturbances by using a time‐invariant control scheme. The generality of the control laws is demonstrated by providing examples of the flip controller with different apexes, the diving controller with different heights and styles, the cartwheel controller with different speeds and straddle widths, etc. The controllers do not rely on any input motion or offline optimization.
Pathline glyphs
Authors: Hlawatsch M. , Sadlo F. , Jang H. , Weiskopf D.
Published: June 2014

Visualization of pathlines is common and highly relevant for the analysis of unsteady flow. However, pathlines can intersect, leading to visual clutter and perceptual issues. This makes it intrinsically difficult to provide expressive visualizations of the entire domain by an arrangement of multiple pathlines, in contrast to well‐established streamline placement techniques. We present an approach to reduce these problems. It is inspired by glyph‐based visualization and small multiples: we partition the domain into cells, each corresponding to a downscaled version of the entire domain. Inside these cells, a single downscaled pathline is drawn. On the overview scale, our pathline glyphs lead to emergent visual patterns that provide insight into time‐dependent flow behavior. Zooming‐in allows us to analyze individual pathlines in detail and compare neighboring lines. The overall approach is complemented with a context‐preserving zoom lens and interactive pathline‐based exploration. While we primarily target the visualization of 2D flow, we also address the extension to 3D. Our evaluation includes several examples, comparison to other flow visualization techniques, and a user study with domain experts.
Fate of the buccal bone at implants placed early, delayed, or late after tooth extraction analyzed by cone beam CT: 10‐year results from a randomized, controlled, clinical study
Authors: Schropp Lars , Wenzel Ann , Spin‐Neto Rubens , Stavropoulos Andreas
Published: June 2014

Aim

To present 10‐year cone beam CT (CBCT) data on the fate of buccal bone at single‐tooth implants placed early, delayed, or late after tooth extraction.

Material and methods

Sixty‐three of 72 patients, originally randomly allocated to three equal‐size groups, received a single‐tooth implant on average 10 days (Ea; N = 22), 3 months (De; N = 22), or 1.5 years (La; N = 19) after tooth extraction. Healing abutments were mounted after a 3‐month period of submerged healing and metalceramic crowns were cemented after one additional month. At the second stage surgery, presence of buccal bone defects (dehiscences or intrabony) and their dimensions were registered. CBCT scans recorded with a Scanora® 3D unit and standardized periapical (PA) radiographs of the implants were obtained at the 10‐year control. Interproximal bone levels (i.e., the distance from the implant platform to the first bone‐to‐implant contact; BIC) measured in CBCT image sections and PA were compared, and the buccal bone level was determined in the CBCT images.

Results

Two Ea and one De implants failed to osseointegrate. Forty‐nine patients attended the 10‐year control and due to poor quality of 5 CBCT scans, useful CBCT images were available from 44 patients (Ea:12, De:17, La:15). No significant differences between CBCT and PA images in measurements of the interproximal bone levels were observed. Ten years after implant placement, BIC at the buccal aspect was located on average 2 mm apically to the implant platform (2.39 ± 1.06 mm [median = 2.36] for Ea, 2.22 ± 0.99 mm [median = 2.16] for De, and 1.85 ± 0.65 mm [median = 1.95] for La implants) with no significant difference among the groups (P = 0.20). Mean buccal bone level (bBL) for implants with an intrabony or a dehiscence defect at second stage surgery was 2.51 ± 1.12 mm [median = 2.70] and 2.84 ± 0.70 mm [median = 2.79], respectively, while 1.78 ± 0.74 mm [median = 1.93] for the implants with no defect. The difference in bBL between the implants without a defect and those with a dehiscence was significant at 10 years (P = 0.0005).

Conclusion

Time of placement of single‐tooth implants after tooth extraction did not significantly influence the peri‐implant buccal bone level, while presence of a buccal bone dehiscence at second stage surgery resulted in significantly more apically located BIC buccally at 10 years.
Endothelium‐dependent vasodilation predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lind Lars
Published: May 2014

Background

Different techniques to evaluate endothelium‐dependent vasodilation (EDV) in resistance and conduit arteries have been described and have been associated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in cross‐sectional studies. This study aimed to evaluate whether EDV in resistance and conduit arteries could predict future development of the MetS in the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study.

Methods

In the population‐based PIVUS study (1016 subjects all aged 70 at baseline), the invasive forearm technique with acetylcholine given in the brachial artery (resistance arteries, EDV) and the brachial artery ultrasound technique with the measurement of flow‐mediated dilatation (conduit artery, FMD) were evaluated. Six hundred and twenty‐four subjects free of the MetS (NCEP/ATPIII criteria) at the age of 70 were reinvestigated at the age of 75.

Results

During the 5‐year follow‐up, 109 new subjects developed the MetS. EDV, but not FMD, predicted the development of the MetS (OR 0·78 for a 1 SD increase in EDV, 95%CI 0·62–0·97, P = 0·033). Of the five components of the MetS, EDV could significantly predict the development of the glucose (P = 0·02), waist circumference (P = 0·01) and the triglyceride components (P = 0·002), but not significantly so the HDL (P = 0·09) and blood pressure components (P = 0·92).

Conclusions

EDV in resistance arteries, but not in the brachial conduit artery (FMD), was a predictor of future development of the MetS, mainly by prediction of future impairments in fasting glucose, serum triglycerides and waist circumference in an elderly cohort.
The nature and extent of child protection involvement among heroin‐using mothers in treatment: High rates of reports, removals at birth and children in care
Authors: Taplin Stephanie , Mattick Richard P.
Published: May 2014

Introduction and Aims

A substantial proportion of women in treatment for substance use problems are mothers of dependent children, but only a small number of studies have explored the nature and extent of their child protection involvement with substance‐using mothers themselves.

Design and Methods

A large sample of mothers on the opioid treatment program (OTP) in Sydney, Australia, were interviewed. This paper describes their characteristics, the extent and nature of their involvement with the child protection system, the parenting‐related interventions provided and their views of their own parenting.

Results

The 171 mothers were disadvantaged and marginalised and had 302 children under the age of 16 years, 99 of whom were in out‐of‐home care. Nearly half the children in care (n = 42) had been removed at the time of their birth, and half (n = 49) had been removed from a mother who was on an OTP at the time. Among the younger children (age 1–2 years), higher proportions had been removed at birth than among the older children. None of the 32 mothers who had a child removed at birth and then gave birth subsequently retained care of their new baby. Women often chose to enter treatment (63.6%) for child‐related reasons (35%) and attempted to shield their children from their substance use. Few health services were provided to them outside the availability of OTP.

Discussion and Conclusions

Entering treatment presents an opportunity for improving outcomes for these women and their children and to reduce future involvement with the child protection system.[Taplin S, Mattick RP. The nature and extent of child protection involvement among heroin‐using mothers in treatment: High rates of reports, removals at birth and children in care. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:31–37]