bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Lipid Profile in Diabetes Mellitus with and without Hypertension
Authors: Jha Jay , Malhotra Varun , Jha Om , Gupta Shivani
Published: March 2021

Introduction Alterations in the lipid metabolism have been reported in the subject of diabetes mellitus. They may be influenced by the presence of hypertension. Aims The present study was undertaken to estimate the serum lipids profiles of diabetics with and without hypertension. Study design The study design is experimental with comparative study method, Methodology The sample size taken is 80 which is divided into four groups as A group of 20 healthy individuals of age 20-70 years, other B group of 20 diabetic patients without Hypertension, other C group of 20 hypertensive patients without diabetes and the rest 20 diabetic patients along with hypertension of age 20-70 years of D group. They were matched with respect to various lipid parameters such as total cholesterol, Triglycerides, lipoprotein ratio etc. with control group A. Place and duration of study: the study took place at Santosh group of institutions between August 2013 to August 2016. Result The serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in hypertensives without diabetics and in diabetics with hypertension as compared to normal controls. No significant difference in the serum triglyceride level was observed among various groups in this study. The ?: ? lipoprotein ratio was found to be affected in all the groups as compared to controls with maximum ratio in diabetics without hypertension and in hypertension without diabetes. Patients who were suffering from diabetes and hypertension were at a maximum risk of developing atherosclerosisand its complications such as coronary artery disease. Diabetics with hypertension had significant higher levels of cholesterol as compared to that of without hypertension. The diabetics with hypertension had lipid abnormalities because of diabetic element in them rather than the hypertension. All the groups studied except the controls were found to be increasingly susceptible to the risk of atherosclerosis and its complications. This risk was found to be maximum in diabetics with hypertension rather than diabetics or hypertensive’s alone. Conclusion The need for right balanced diet, regular exercise and a stress free life is essential for prevention and management of diabetes and hypertension.
Recovery and Screening of α-Galacotosidase Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Dairy Products
Authors: Prasad Bhairav , Narang Alisha , Mishra Mohit
Published: March 2021

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in fermented foods has long been consumed by humans without any obvious adverse effects. Therefore, they are potent candidates as vehicles for the delivery of digestive enzymes. Stachyose, a tetrasaccharide, is believed to contribute to flatulent properties of soyabeans that limit their use for human consumption. LAB including some Lactobacillus plantarum, L.fermentum,L. buchneri and reuteri  hydrolyze α- galactosides or non-digestible carbohydrates into digestible carbohydrates during fermentation. These bacteria are therefore a source of α -galactosidase. If soy milk could be fermented with these microorganisms that utilize stachyose either to produce acid or to hydrolyze it to mono and disaccharides, the product thus prepared ought to be less flatulent and therefore, more acceptable. In present study, total 27 lactic acid bacteria were recovered selectively on MRS agar from the various milk and milk products. All the 27 isolates were characterized morphologically and the colonies were white to cream and gram positive. Out of 27 LAB only 5 isolates were found to be positive for α- galactosidase enzyme. α-galactosidase activities were determined by using p-NPG. All 5 α- galactosidase producer were further subjected for various biochemical characterization for partial identification and were catalase negative, and casein hydrolysis, sugar fermentation, nitrate reduction positive. Reduction of α- galactosides by the 5 selected isolates were evaluated. The isolate, RLAB α-4, CLAB α-14, CLAB, CLAB α-20 α-18 and WLAB α-25 degraded 67.56 %, 45.94%, 54.05%, 70.27%, and 64.86% α- galactosides respectively. CLAB α-20 degraded maximum concentration of α- galactosides and RLAB α-14 degraded least concentration of α- galactosides.
Formulation and Evaluation of Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Atenolol
Authors: Das Sudipta , Ghosh Baishali , Basu Surita
Published: March 2021

The objective of the present study was formulation and evaluation of pulsatile release tablets of Atenolol. A tablet system consisting of cores which was coated with layers of swelling and rupturable coatings. Cores containing Atenolol as model drug were prepared by direct compression with appropriate ratios of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose and then coated sequentially with different ratios of an inner swelling layer containing HPMC and an outer rupturable layer of Ethyl Cellulose. The effect of level of swelling layer and rupturable coating was investigated. The different formulation press coated by using different weight ratios of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) / Ethyl Cellulose (EC) / both HPMC and EC. The optimum result was achieved in formulation containing HPMC: EC weight ratios. The F3 batch achieved a highest burst release after the lag time which is applicable pulsatile drug delivery system of Atenolol.
COVID-19: An Emerging Rapidly Evolving Situation
Authors: Prasad Bhairav , Prasad Neha
Published: March 2021

Coronaviruses are large group of enveloped viruses with unsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA as genetic material. These are collection related RNA viruses that cause diseases of economically important vertebrate viz. mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from asymptomatic to life threatening. The asymptomatic disease include very similar to some cases of the common cold, while other deadly varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) are zoonotic origin and extremely pathogenic coronaviruses that can cause localized and worldwide outbreak. The novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19 posses a unique morphology. The outer surface of the virus bearing surface spike and reveled like crown hence being named corona virus. The mode of replication of the virus is very unique as it replicate through the generation of nested set of viral mRNA. The HCoV (Human coronavirus) cause respiratory complication with asymptomatic to life threatening outcomes. From the past 15 years we have witnessed appearance of two zoonotic, extremely pathogenic human corona viruses the:  SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Current concepts in thyroid gland surgery: transoral endoscopic and robotic surgical procedures
Authors: Park Jun-Ook
Published: March 2021

The increased incidence of thyroid cancer in young females may raise concerns about visible hypertrophic scarring on the center of the neck after thyroid gland surgery. Therefore, endoscopic surgical procedures have attracted significant interest from patients with thyroid cancer, leading to the development of various endoscopic and robotic approaches. Although the cosmetic outcomes of current endoscopic and robotic thyroid surgeries have been excellent, all the procedures still require a large incision and extensive flap elevation. Transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery is a newly developed surgical method performed by inserting an endoscope through a mucosal opening created in the mouth, obviating the need for a skin incision. Additionally, the dissection area is relatively small and no dressings are required. Showering or shaving may resume the day after surgery and the port created within the oral mucous membrane generally heals within one week. Importantly, this approach is markedly less invasive than other endoscopic approaches. Although transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery has not yet been universally accepted, it may emerge as the preferred method for thyroid surgery in the near future.
Updated view on the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea
Authors: Kim Deog Kyeom , Rhee Chin Kook
Published: March 2021

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prevalent (13.4% in the population above the age of 40) but less recognized by patients and physicians in Korea. The definition and treatment strategies of COPD have changed with the accumulation of evidence, and the Korean COPD guidelines recommended by the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease have also been updated. This review will cover some important points, that should be considered in the management of stable COPD in clinical practice. COPD is a treatable disease and earlier detection should be emphasized to achieve better clinical benefits in the mild stages. In addition, etiologies other than smoking are critical in the development of COPD. Medical treatment strategies have been updated focusing on the role of long-acting bronchodilators and the updated Korean COPD guidelines include specific Korean situations in the management of COPD.
Comparison of R-CHOP with CHOP in Patients of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Lodhi Faiza Rehman , Zafar Amjad , Khokhar Muhammad Abbas , Goraya Ali Waheed , Yaqub Sobia
Published: March 2021

Objective: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a lymphoid B cells neoplasm with a diffuse pattern and high proliferation rate. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (CHOP) was considered effective as other complicated regimens with more toxicity profile. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 positive B cell. It has good activity therapeutically in patients of DLBCL. It increases response rates and survivals when added to CHOP chemotherapy. Although R-CHOP is more effective but due to high cost of Rituximab it is usually not incorporated with chemotherapy in most of our patients and CHOP is still used extensively. Due to heterogeneity of disease and difference in ethnicity, there may be difference in outcomes of two regimens. This study will help us in tailoring our management plan that will result in better outcome of patients. Methods: 70 patients aged between 20-65 years having DLBCL were taken in this study. We rando-mized patients by lottery method into two groups. Group I received CHOP with dose of Cyclophosphamide 750mg/m2, Doxorubicin 50mg/m2, Vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 and prednisolone 40mg/m2.Chemotherapy was given on Day-1 while prednisolone was given for 5 days from Day-1 of chemotherapy. Group II received R- CHOP which includes same chemotherapy with same dosage. Rituximab was included in Group II with dose of Rituximab 375 mg /m2. Each cycle was given at three weeks interval. Response in terms of CR (Complete Response), PR (Partial Response), SD (Stable Disease) or PD (Progressive Disease) was evaluated as per leukemia network after 4 cycles of chemotherapy. The quantitative variables were calculated by taking mean and standard deviation. The response was assessed in percentage and frequencies and compared by applying chi square test. Results: Group I had 37.1% while Group II had 68.6% complete response with p value of 0.019. Partial response was 48.6% in Group I while 20.0% in Group II. 14.3% in Group I and 8.6% in Group II either had stable disease or progressive disease. Conclusions: R-CHOP has superior response rates as compared to CHOP, therefore, whenever possible Rituximab should be added as target therapy in chemotherapy. Key Words: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, CHOP, R- CHOP How to Cite: Lodhi F.R, Zafar A, Khokhar M.A, Goraya AW, Ashraf S, Yaqub S. Comparison of R-CHOP with CHOP in patients of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Esculapio.2020;16(04):79-82.
Impact of high and low vorticity turbulence on cloud environment
mixing and cloud microphysics processes
Authors: Kumar Bipin , Ranjan Rahul , Yau Man-Kong , Bera Sudarsan , Rao Suryachadra A.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Turbulent mixing of dry air affects evolution of cloud droplet size spectrum through various mechanisms. In a turbulent cloud, high and low vorticity regions coexist and inertial clustering of cloud droplets can occur in a low vorticity region. The non-uniformity in spatial distribution of size and number of droplets, variable vertical velocity in vortical turbulent structures, and dilution by entrainment/mixing may result in spatial supersaturation variability, which affects the evolution of the cloud droplet size spectrum by condensation and evaporation processes. To untangle the processes involved in mixing phenomena, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent-mixing followed by droplet evaporation/condensation in a submeter-cubed-sized domain with a large number of droplets is performed in this study. Analysis focused on the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the droplets and flow in high and low vorticity regions. The impact of vorticity production in turbulent flows on mixing and cloud microphysics is illustrated.
Aerosol formation and growth rates from chamber experiments
using Kalman smoothing
Authors: Ozon Matthew , Stolzenburg Dominik , Dada Lubna , Seppänen Aku , Lehtinen Kari E. J.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Bayesian state estimation in the form of Kalman smoothing was applied to Differential Mobility Analyser Train (DMA-train) measurements of aerosol size distribution dynamics. Four experiments were analysed in order to estimate the aerosol size distribution, formation rate and size-dependent growth rate, as functions of time. The first analysed case was a synthetic one, generated by a detailed aerosol dynamics model, and the other three chamber experiments performed at the CERN CLOUD facility. The estimated formation and growth rates were compared with other methods used earlier for the CLOUD data and with the true values for the computer-generated synthetic experiment. The agreement in the growth rates was remarkably good for all studied cases. The formation rates matched also well, especially considering the fact that they were estimated from data given by two different instruments, the other being the Particle Size magnifier (PSM). The presented Fixed Interval Kalman Smoother (FIKS) method has clear advantages compared with earlier methods that have been applied to this kind of data. First, FIKS can reconstruct the size distribution between possible size gaps in the measurement in such a way that it is consistent with aerosol size distribution dynamics theory, and second, the method gives rise to direct and reliable estimation of size distribution and process rate uncertainties if the uncertainties in the kernel functions and numerical models are known.
Characterisation and surface radiative impact of Arctic low clouds from the IAOOS field experiment
Authors: Maillard Julia , Ravetta François , Raut Jean-Christophe , Mariage Vincent , Pelon Jacques
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Ice, Atmosphere, Arctic Ocean Observing System (IAOOS) field experiment took place from 2014 to 2019. Over this period, more than 20 instrumented buoys were deployed at the North Pole. Once locked into the ice, the buoys drifted for periods of a month to more than a year. Some of these buoys were equipped with 808 nm wavelength lidars which acquired a total of 1777 profiles over the course of the campaign. This IAOOS lidar dataset is exploited to establish a novel statistic of cloud cover and of the geometrical and optical characteristics of the lowest cloud layer.
The average cloud frequency from April to December over the course of the campaign was 75 %. Cloud occurrence frequencies were above 85 % from May to October. Single layers are thickest in October/November and thinnest in the summer. Meanwhile, their optical depth is maximum in October. On the whole, the cloud base height is very low, with the great majority of first layer bases beneath 120 m.
In April and October, surface temperatures are markedly warmer when the IAOOS profile contains at least one low cloud than when it does not. This temperature difference is statistically insignificant in the summer months. Indeed, summer clouds have a shortwave cooling effect which can reach −60 W m−2 and balance out their longwave warming effect.
COVID-19 lockdowns highlight a risk of increasing ozone pollution in European urban areas
Authors: Grange Stuart K. , Lee James D. , Drysdale Will S. , Lewis Alastair C. , Hueglin Christoph , Emmenegger Lukas , Carslaw David C.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In March 2020, non-pharmaceutical intervention measures in the form of lockdowns were applied across Europe to urgently reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes the COVID-19 disease. The aggressive curtailing of the European economy had widespread impacts on the atmospheric composition, particularly for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). To investigate these changes, we analyse data from 246 ambient air pollution monitoring sites in 102 urban areas and 34 countries in Europe between February and July 2020. Counterfactual, business-as-usual air quality time series are created using machine-learning models to account for natural weather variability. Across Europe, we estimate that NO2 concentrations were 34 % and 32 % lower than expected for respective traffic and urban background locations, whereas O3 was 30 % and 21 % higher (in the same respective environments) at the point of maximum restriction on mobility. To put the 2020 changes into context, average NO2 trends since 2010 were calculated, and the changes experienced across European urban areas in 2020 was equivalent to 7.6 years of average NO2 reduction (or concentrations which might be anticipated in 2028). Despite NO2 concentrations decreasing by approximately a third, total oxidant (Ox) changed little, suggesting that the reductions in NO2 were substituted by increases in O3. The lockdown period demonstrated that the expected future reductions in NO2 in European urban areas are likely to lead to widespread increases in urban O3 pollution unless additional mitigation measures are introduced.
A 2-decade (1988–2009) record of diatom fluxes in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling: impact of low-frequency forcing and a two-step shift in the species composition
Authors: Romero Oscar E. , Ramondenc Simon , Fischer Gerhard
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUEs) are among the most productive marine regions in the world's oceans. Understanding the degree of interannual to decadal variability in the Mauritania upwelling system is crucial for the prediction of future changes of primary productivity and carbon sequestration in the Canary Current EBUE as well as in similar environments. A multiyear sediment trap experiment was conducted at the mooring site CBmeso (“Cape Blanc mesotrophic”, ca. 20∘ N, ca. 20∘40′ W) in the highly productive coastal waters off Mauritania. Here, we present results on fluxes of diatoms and the species-specific composition of the assemblage for the time interval between March 1988 and June 2009. The temporal dynamics of diatom populations allows the proposal of three main intervals: (i) early 1988–late 1996, (ii) 1997–1999, and (iii) early 2002–mid 2009. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) appears to be an important driver of the long-term dynamics of diatom population. The long-term AMO-driven trend is interrupted by the occurrence of the strong 1997 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The extraordinary shift in the relative abundance of benthic diatoms in May 2002 suggests the strengthening of offshore advective transport within the uppermost layer of filament waters and in the subsurface and in deeper and bottom-near layers. It is hypothesized that the dominance of benthic diatoms was the response of the diatom community to the intensification of the slope and shelf poleward undercurrents. This dominance followed the intensification of the warm phase of AMO and the associated changes of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Transported valves (siliceous remains) from shallow Mauritanian coastal waters into the bathypelagic should be considered for the calculation and model experiments of bathy- and pelagic nutrients budgets (especially Si), the burial of diatoms, and the paleoenvironmental signal preserved in downcore sediments. Additionally, our 1988–2009 data set contributes to the characterization of the impact of low-frequency climate forcings in the northeastern Atlantic and will be especially helpful for establishing the scientific basis for forecasting and modeling future states of the Canary Current EBUE and its decadal changes.
Hydrologic regimes drive nitrate export behavior in human-impacted watersheds
Authors: Gorski Galen , Zimmer Margaret A.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Agricultural watersheds are significant contributors to downstream nutrient excess issues. The timing and magnitude of nutrient mobilization in these watersheds are driven by a combination of anthropogenic, hydrologic, and biogeochemical factors that operate across a range of spatial and temporal scales. However, how, when, and where these complex factors drive nutrient mobilization has previously been difficult to capture with low-frequency or spatially limited data sets. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed daily nitrate concentration (c) and discharge (Q) data for a 4-year period (2016–2019) from five nested, agricultural watersheds in the midwestern United States that contribute nutrient loads to the Gulf of Mexico. These records allow us to investigate nutrient mobilization patterns at a temporal and spatial resolution not previously possible. The watersheds span two distinct landforms shaped by differences in glacial history, resulting in natural soil properties that necessitated different drainage infrastructure across the study area. To investigate nutrient export patterns under different hydrologic conditions, we partitioned the hydrograph into stormflow and baseflow periods and examined those periods separately through the analysis of their concentration–discharge (c–Q) relationships on annual, seasonal, and event timescales. Stormflow showed consistent chemostatic patterns across all seasons, while baseflow showed seasonally dynamic c–Q patterns. Baseflow exhibited chemodynamic conditions in the summer and fall and more chemostatic conditions in the winter and spring, suggesting that water source contributions during baseflow were nonstationary. Baseflow chemodynamic behavior was driven by low-flow, low-NO3- conditions during which in-stream and near-stream biological processing likely moderated in-stream NO3- concentrations. Additionally, inputs from deeper groundwater with longer residence times and lower-NO3- concentration likely contributed to low-NO3- conditions in stream, particularly in the larger watersheds. Stormflow c–Q behavior was consistent across watersheds, but baseflow c–Q behavior was linked to the intensity of agriculture and the density of built drainage infrastructure, with more drainage infrastructure associated with higher loads and more chemostatic export patterns across the watersheds. This suggests that the way humans replumb the subsurface in response to geologic conditions has implications for hydrologic connectivity, homogenization of source areas, and, subsequently, nutrient export during both baseflow and stormflow. Our analysis also showed that anomalous flow periods greatly influenced overall c–Q patterns, suggesting that the analysis of high-resolution records at multiple scales is critical when interpreting seasonal or annual patterns.
The Mw 7.5 Tadine (Maré, Loyalty Is.) earthquake and related tsunami of December 5, 2018: implications for tsunami hazard assessment in New Caledonia
Authors: Roger Jean , Pelletier Bernard , Duphil Maxime , Lefèvre Jérôme , Aucan Jérôme , Lebellegard Pierre , Thomas Bruce , Bachelier Céline , Varillon David
Published: March 2021

Abstract. On the 5th of December 2018, a magnitude Mw 7.5 earthquake occurred southeast of Maré, an island of the Loyalty Archipelago, New Caledonia. This earthquake is located at the junction between the plunging Loyalty ridge and the southernmost Vanuatu arc, in a tectonically very active area regularly subjected to strong seismic crises and events higher than magnitude 7 and up to 8. Widely felt in New Caledonia it has been immediately followed by a tsunami warning, confirmed shortly after by a first wave arrival at the Loyalty Islands tide gauges (Maré and Lifou), then along the east coast of Grande Terre of New Caledonia and in several islands of the Vanuatu Archipelago. Seafloor initial deformation linked to tsunami generation has been modeled with MOST numerical code using earthquake parameters available from seismic observatories. Then the wave propagation has been modeled using SCHISM, another modelling code solving the shallow water equations on an unstructured grid based on a new regional DEM of ~180 m resolution and allowing refinement in many critical areas. Finally, the results have been compared to tide gauge records, field observations and testimonials from 2018. The arrival times, wave amplitude and polarities present good similarities, especially in far-field locations (Hienghène, Port-Vila and Poindimié). Maximum wave heights and energy maps for two different scenarios highlight the fact that the orientation of the source (strike of the rupture) played an important role, focusing the maximum energy path of the tsunami south of Grande-Terre and the Isle of Pines. However, both scenarios indicate similar propagation toward Aneityum, Vanuatu southernmost island, the bathymetry acting like a waveguide. This study has a significant implication in tsunami hazard mitigation in New Caledonia as it helps to validate the modelling code and process used to prepare a scenarios database for warning and coastal evacuation.
Efektivitas Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Pembangunan Ketahanan Keluarga dalam Upaya Menekan Angka Perceraian di Jawa Barat
Authors: Warisni Pribadi Rinrin
Published: March 2021

Abstrak: Peraturan Daerah (Perda) tentang Penyelenggaraan Pembangunan Ketahanan Keluarga Tahun 2014 bertujuan untuk meminimalisir berbagai masalah keluarga yang membutuhkan peran dari pemerintah maupun masyarakat luas. Persoalan tersebut meliputi : tingginya angka perceraian, banyaknya kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan masih terdapatnya kepala keluarga yang tidak mempunyai pekerjaan yang tetap.

Dengan keadaan tersebut, dibutuhkan adanya aturan yang dapat mengayomi keluarga dari hal yang mengganggu keutuhan dan ketahanan keluarga.

Kajian penelitian ini mengungkap efektivitas Perda No 9 Tahun 2014 terhadap fenomena  kasus perceraian dari kurun waktu 2018-2020, sejauhmana peranan pemerintah mengantisipasi faktor-faktor penyebab perceraian di masyarakat. Peneliti melakukan penelitian dengan motede kajian pustaka.
Verfassung und Verwaltung. Landesfürst und Stände, Politiker und Beamte
Authors: Urbanitsch Peter
Published: March 2021

Constitution and Administration. The Territorial Prince and Estates, Politicians and Officials. This chapter focuses on the bipolar political life in Lower Austria in the course of the long 19th century. Beginning with the constitutional realities before the revolution of 1848, it examines the constitutional developments after 1848 and 1861, and also offers a brief description of the various administrative organizational structures and their efforts and achievements. Prior to 1848, the aulic offices sought to minimize the political role of the estates and thus the participation of sections of the populace. Yet according to the constitutional settlement of 1861, some elements of the population hitherto not involved in politics were given the opportunity for self-determined activities. The “autonomous” administration of the land became a substantial part of public administration, being quite successful in supplying all kinds of services. Owing to a blurred assignment of remits between the “autonomous” administration of the land and that run by the central state government, this “dual-track” public administration diminished the effectiveness of its activities and became a nuisance for the public at large
Grundherrschaft, Gerichtsbarkeit und Regionalverwaltung bis 1848
Authors: Löffler Josef
Published: March 2021

Manorial Rule, the Judiciary, and Regional Administration up to 1848. This chapter examines the manorial system, which in Lower Austria was characterized by the fragmentation of both land tenure and manorial rights. The topics addressed are the various types of manorial authorities and their scope, such as seignorial authority over land and peasants (Grundobrigkeit), local authority (Ortsobrigkeit) or jurisdiction, which often entailed overlapping spatial and personal remits. From the 18th century onwards, the emerging state intervened on different levels in the sphere of manors. The chapter focuses on the establishment of regional administration units, known as district offices (Kreisämter), as a controlling authority, the legislation on the protection of subjects, and state interference in internal affairs of manorial administrations. A separate section is dedicated to the conflicts between manors and subjects. Finally, the study explores the power relations on the local level between the state and manors, which ultimately remained a dominant factor in local administrative practice until 1848.
Katholische und protestantische Lebenswelten. Religiöser Alltag, kirchliche Formung, politischer Aufbruch
Authors: Klieber Rupert
Published: March 2021

Catholic and Protestant lifeworlds. Religious Life, Ecclesiastical Formation, Political Mobilization. Ecclesiastically-organized religion has always been a complex phenomenon: highly intimate and regulated, marked by persistence and change, a pillar and cauldron of the political system, a player and an object of ideological discourses. In manifold ways, Lower Austria was typical of religious developments in the 19th century. Enlighted Church policy was executed rigorously here and created structures that proved beneficial for the churches in the long term, supported by a permanent influx of personnel from German-speaking regions in Bohemia and Moravia. Conflicts and stimulus were also triggered by the contrast between traditional rural regions and the metropolis of Vienna and the industrialized zones to its south. The eminent social transformation inspired male and female activists and office-holders in the Catholic and Protestant Churches to find a new solution to old concerns that led to a partial religious revival and the re-confessionalization of society.
Wachstum und Verteilung
Authors: Pammer Michael
Published: March 2021

Income Growth and Distribution. This chapter describes economic growth and the distribution of income and wealth. Data on income are available from the last years of the 19th century onwards, whereas data on wealth are available for the entire century. Of all the Austrian lands, Lower Austria had the highest productivity, the earliest shift from agriculture to other sectors, and the largest wealth. It is a prime example of regions where the income distribution tends to widen from the beginnings of modern economic growth onwards. From the turn of the century on, however, the distribution tends to narrow again. The main reason for these changes lies in the differences in distribution structures between agriculture and the other sectors. Changes in income differentials between branches, or groups in the vertical order of branches, have less impact. The same pattern (growing inequality when a region is more developed) is also visible in synchronous comparisons between regions in different stages of economic development.
LOYALITAS NASABAH DARI KEMUDAHAN PENGGUNAAN MOBILE BANKING
Authors: Susanti Evi , Parera Novita Oktavianti
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini menguji loyalitas nasabah dari kemudahan penggunaan mobile banking yang dimediasi oleh kepuasan nasabah. Data dikumpulkan dalam sebuah  survey dari nasabah pengguna mobile banking. Kuesioner digunakan dengan  melibatkan 105  responden untuk menguji empat  hipotesis, dengan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dan  software AMOS versi 24  .  Hasil dari  penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa nasabah yang mudah menggunakan mobile banking dapat menimbulkan kepuasan dan loyalitas nasabah. Dengan kata lain semua hipotesis diterima. Pengujian variable di atas merupakan pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Indikasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat menguji tidak hanya pada kemudahan penggunaan namun dapat ditinjau dari  tingkat resiko dari penggunaan mobile banking. Originalitas penelitian ini menguji pengaruh langsung kemudahan penggunaan terhadap loyalitas nasabah khusunya pada bank konvensional di Propinsi DKI Jakarta.
Establishment and activity of culture centers and people`s universities in northeastern Bosnia in the first years of “New Yugoslavia”
Authors:   Center for Research of Modern and Contemporary History Tuzla, Jajčević Jasmin
Published: March 2021

Cultural and educational work after the Second World War in northeastern Bosnia, in addition to cultural, educational and artistic societies, took place in various cultural institutions, where cultural centers and public universities stand out. The houses of culture, in cooperation with societies, universities and various cultural and educational sections, organized events, lectures and various cultural and educational contents. Their importance was especially pronounced in the smaller rural areas of northeastern Bosnia, where they were the center of cultural and educational work. People's universities, as cultural and educational institutions, were supposed to nurture scientific and lecturing work, and to politically enlighten the population of urban and rural areas of northeastern Bosnia through various lectures. In essence, public universities were public schools in which ideologically appropriate lectures with various topics were mostly held and they played a significant role in the creation of a socialist society. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to point out the role and importance of the establishment of these cultural and educational institutions in northeastern Bosnia, and their overall contribution to the cultural and educational awareness of the population of northeastern Bosnia.
Phenomenon of abstinence in democratic elections with reference to the General elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors:   JU Secondary Medical School Tuzla, Ahmetović Amir
Published: March 2021

Abstinence is a conscious and voluntary waiver of one original political right, the right to vote. Often, the very act of abstinence is understood as a kind of election, as an expression of disagreement with political alternatives, candidates and parties participating in the elections. Abstinence is close to the notion of apolitical, that is the disinterest and indifference of citizens, of individuals and groups to politics and participation in the political life of the community. The paper analyzes the difference between abstinence in elections and apoliticality and attempts to point to the problem of increasing abstinence from voting in general elections in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Review: Valerijan Žujo, Doktor Karel Bayer, Nacionalna i Univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2020, 178 str.
Authors:   Sarajevo, Merzić Omer
Published: March 2021

Review: Valerijan Žujo, Doktor Karel Bayer, Nacionalna i Univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2020, 178 str.
Review: Izet Šabotić, Život, ljudi i događaji: Tuzla na razmeđu 19. i 20. stoljeća, Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije, Tuzla 2019, 383 str.
Authors:   Sarajevo, Hadžiabdić Hadžija
Published: March 2021

Review: Izet Šabotić, Život, ljudi i događaji: Tuzla na razmeđu 19. i 20. stoljeća, Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije, Tuzla 2019, 383 str.
Conference Report: Izvještaj sa Međunarodne naučne konferencije “Pravne i političke posljedice Deklaracije o proglašenju srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine 9. januara 1992. godine“, Gradska vijećnica u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, 8. i 9. januar 2020.
Authors:   Archives of Tuzla Canton, Tinjić Adnan
Published: March 2021

Conference Report: Izvještaj sa Međunarodne naučne konferencije “Pravne i političke posljedice Deklaracije o proglašenju srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine 9. januara 1992. godine“, Gradska vijećnica u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, 8. i 9. januar 2020.
INVESTIGATING ON EFFECT OF HOT AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE ON KINETIC OF REHYDRATION OF CELERY BY USING PELEG’S MODEL
Authors: Salimi Azadeh , Ameri Haniyeh , Hajigorbani Atefe
Published: March 2021

The Peleg model was used to determine effect of drying conditions and rehydration water temperature on kinetic of moisture content and rehydration ration changes of celery. Celery cubes (1×1×1 cm) were dried at 65ºC in hot air oven. Samples were rehydrated by immersion in water during different periods of time and temperatures (25±2ºC and 100±2ºC). Rehydration kinetic was monitored by measuring samples' weights at regular intervals. Results showed that the highest final moisture content which was observed belonged to the samples which were dried at 70 °C and reydrated at 25°C water temperature, also, dried celeries which were rehydrated at a water temperature of 25°C, had higher levels of RR as a function of physical properties. The Peleg’s e constant (K1), decreased significantly while water temperature increased and in case of the Peleg capacity constant (K2), it increased slightly while water temperature increased. Decreasing of K2 values is a sign of more water absorption capacity. Finally, it was observed that the predicted and experimental values had a good correlation which indicates that the Peleg model is adequate to describe rehydration kinetics of celery cubes.
BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL OF A RADIATIVE CASSON FLUID FLOW PAST A PERMEABLE RIGA-PLATE WITH UNIMOLECULAR CHEMICAL REACTION
Authors: Loganathan Parasuraman , Deepa Krishnamurthy
Published: March 2021

The buoyancy driven, chemically reacting and radiative Casson fluid flow past an impulsively started permeable Riga-plate is investigated through the numerical solution obtained by Crank-Nicholson implicit scheme of finite difference method. The main aim of this study is to control the boundary layer separation.  Escalating modified Hartmann number and the distance from leading edge of the plate reduces the viscous drag so that the separation can be controlled. Effects of permeability on the flow configuration are also elucidated. The results are validated by comparing the solutions of the literature which already exists.
INFRARED DRYING OF APRICOT POMACE
Authors: Kayran Seda , Doymaz Íbrahim
Published: March 2021

Effect of infrared powers (62, 74, 88, 104 and 125 W) on drying kinetics of apricot pomace was investigated. It is observed that drying characteristics of apricot pomace were greatly influenced by infrared power. Henderson and Pabis model was investigated for describing thin-layer drying of apricot pomace. The model because of the high coefficient of determination (R2) as well as the lowest reduced chi-square (c2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values adequately described the experimental data of apple pomace drying. Effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values were increased by increasing infrared power and changed between 1.67×10-9 and 6.03×10-9 m2/s. Activation energy was estimated by a modified Arrhenius type equation and found to be 2.32 kW/kg. The colour results were affected by drying conditions.
STEAM REFORMING OF UPGRADED BIO-OIL AQUEOUS PHASE FRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEED HULLS: THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Maidana Yanina P. , Izurieta Eduardo , Casoni Andres I. , Volpe Maria A. , Lopez Eduardo , Pedernera Marisa N.
Published: March 2021

This work focuses on the study of hydrogen production process departing from waste lignocellulosic biomass. The bio-oil was first obtained by non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of sunflower seed hulls. Subsequently, it was upgraded to reduce the concentration of higher molecular weight compounds by water addition and mixing. A 1/1 bio-oil:water ratio was selected here. Later, a thermodynamic analysis based on free energy minimization was profited to study the steam reforming process of the upgraded bio-oil sample. The influence of the operation temperature on the reforming was analyzed. The highest hydrogen yields were obtained at ~740°C. A comparison with acetic acid used as model compound of the bio-oil is included. Results show that acetic acid is not a good approximation of a real aqueous phase of upgraded bio oil fraction. The study concludes with an analysis on the energetic efficiency, showing that its maximum is presented at lower temperatures than the maximum yield, due to the thermal requirements of preheating.
BIOLEACHING OF COPPER FROM CARAIBA MINE ORE (BRAZIL)
Authors: BERNARDEZ L. A. , DE ANDRADE LIMA L.R. P. , DE OLIVEIRA L.E. L.
Published: March 2021

The bioleaching of copper ore from the Caraiba Mine was assessed. A microorganism, Acidiothiobacillus ferrooxidans, was isolated from samples collected directly in acid mining drainage in a gold mine tailings pound and used in the bioleaching of the copper sulfide ore. This ore is composed mainly of 28% of oxidized species, 43% of secondary sulfides and 24% of primary sulfide. The shaking flasks experiments with the Caraiba ore showed copper chemical leaching of about 37% and copper bioleaching of about 60% within 60 days at low temperature and native microorganism.
A RISK– BASED DESIGN OF AMMONIA REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN FOOD MANUFACTURING PLANTS
Authors: BISCOTTI P. S. , REINHEIMER M. A. , SCENNA N. J.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a risk-based design procedure of ammonia based refrigeration processes taking into account the allocation of the manufacturing plant and the surrounding environment vulnerability at early stages of process design. In addition, the proposed design framework allows the integration of a process simulator with vulnerability assessment packages. As a case study, the design of the refrigeration system for a surimi manufacturing plant is presented.
A NON-LINEAR PROBLEM ARISING FROM THE DESCRIPTION OF THE WAVE PROPAGATION IN LINEAR ELASTIC RODS
Authors: GAMA R.M. S.
Published: March 2021

In this work it is presented the modeling and the simulation of the dynamics of an elastic rod, taking into account the kinematic constraint arising from the Classical Continuum Mechanics. The simulation involves shock waves that consists of contact shocks when the kinematic constraint does not need to be imposed.
FRACTURE BEHAVIOR AFTER HOT TENSILE TEST IN THE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY NI-RICH NITI PRODUCED BY VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING
Authors: SANTOS L. A. , OTUBO J. , REIS D.A. P.
Published: March 2021

In this work, samples of the alloy (composed of 50.9% at Ni) were machined and solubilized so all had the same condition for the hot tensile test between the temperatures 350-650 °C. The results showed that yield stress was between 800 and 597.1 MPa and area reduction between 17 and 75% during the hot tensile test in the respective temperatures. The test at 350 °C shows a fragile fracture characteristic verified by the presence of “river marks”, which are characteristic of this type of fracture, because this condition does not promote much plastic deformation. At the other temperatures ductile fracture was observed, with “dimples” that also characterize this type of fracture. This work shows the temperature relationship in the mechanical properties, more specifically the hot tensile test, in NiTi alloy.
KINETIC MODELING OF MEAT COLOR EVOLUTION DURING HEATING
Authors: Ureta María Micaela , Olivera Daniela F. , Segura Luis Ignacio , Salvadori Viviana Olga , Goñi Sandro M.
Published: March 2021

During cooking, both temperature and time have a large effect on physical properties of meat, mainly due to protein denaturation. This work intends to evaluate a computer vision system to measure color changes and to develop a kinetic model to predict them during meat cooking. Pieces of semitendinosus muscle were heated by immersion in a thermostatic bath at constant temperature (from 40 to 100 ºC). Superficial color was measured using a computer vision system (CVS) and a colorimeter, and represented by means of the CIEL*a*b* color space. A kinetic model was developed to describe color changes during heating. The correlation coefficient between experimental and predicted values was 0.998 for colorimeter and 0.987 for CVS values. In addition, the dependence with the temperature of the fitting parameters was determined. The kinetic constants present a typical Arrhenius dependence. These results encourage coupling the kinetic model to a cooking model previously developed.
INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESS ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL-STEEL COUPLE LUBRICATED WITH THREAD COMPOUND
Authors: ZABALA N. A. , CASTRO P. , TUCKART Walter
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to determinate the influence of surface roughness on the tribological behavior of a lubricated steel against steel tribosystem. Tests were carried out at high pressure and slow sliding speed, in order to simulate at small scale, the contact conditions found in the seal of the threaded joints used in oil & gas casing and tubing strings. Tests were carried out with a simplified block-onring test, varying the surface roughness of rings between 1.3 to 3 m Ra values. A thread compound lubricant containing lead, copper, zinc and graphite was used. During each cycle of test, the normal load was varied linearly between 250 N and 7000 N. An exponential correlation between Ra and Rt roughness values with the wear damage was found and the wear damage of the blocks decreases about 40 percent with the increasing of initial Ra roughness parameter in the movil surface.
CURING PROCESS OF BENZOXAZINE SYSTEMS. AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY
Authors: Gilbert Elangeni Ana , Forchetti Agustín , Pesoa Juan Ignacio , Berkenwald Emilio , Spontón Marisa , Estenoz Diana
Published: March 2021

A mathematical model that simulates the curing process of benzoxazine (Bz) systems is presented. The model predicts the conversion, gel point and Tg along the curing process, and considers the diffusional limitations to mass transfer due to the increase in the system viscosity along the process. This model can be used to select an appropriate combination of time and temperature in order to obtain a material with pre-specified properties. The theoretical parameters were adjusted with experi-mental data: conversion, weight-average molecular weight, weight fraction of solubles and Tg. The Bz based on bisphenol A and aniline (BzBA) was used to adjust the model. The curing kinetic of this Bz was followed by FTIR, SEC and DSC, considering five different curing conditions. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated values was ob-served, even when curing is carried out under differ-ent temperatures profiles.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE WAKE GENERATED BY OSCILLATING GURNEY FLAP
Authors: Marañon Di Leo Julio , Martínez M. A. , Delnero J. S. , García Saínz M. O.
Published: March 2021

The study of the turbulent near wake of an airfoil provided with flow control devices shows the flow configuration in such conditions and the starting vortices mechanism, while, the far wake offers information about the general performance of the model. The objective of the present work is to study the develop of the fluid-dynamic structures found in the NACA 4412 airfoil wake, as well as the development of the same structures when flow con-trol techniques are applied by means of a oscillating Gurney Flap place in the lower surface of the wing model, close to the trailing edge. Tests were per-formed at a given Reynolds numbers and the flow control system was set at different frequencies. In order to study the effect of the control mechanism on the wake, hot wire anemometry techniques were used. Two components of the velocity vector were measured - longitudinal and vertical - by means of a vertical array of three sensors acquiring simulta-neously. The intention is to quantify the flow general configuration at the airfoil wake for different test conditions. The velocity vectors will be analyzed, together with the turbulence intensity and integral scales.