Defining sources from mobile gas measurements using their typical &#8220;fingerprint&#8221;&#160;
Authors: van Dinther Daniëlle , de Bie Sarah , Velzeboer Ilona , van den Bulk Pim , Frumau Arnoud , Hensen Arjan 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Mobile measurements of greenhouse gasses are used more often for emission evaluation studies (https://h2020-memo2.eu). Over the last few years, TNO have carried out multiple studies using a van to measure greenhouse gasses mobile (e.g. Hensen et.al., 2018 and Hensen &amp; Scharff, 2001). Evaluation of the campaign data sets, where nitrous oxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) is released as a tracer release and meteorological conditions (windspeed and -direction) are measured, has provided a great quantity of information both on the different sources that are investigated as well as on the evaluation method itself. This study examines a subset of the &amp;#8220;random&amp;#8221; survey datasets that were obtained while driving in the Netherlands. In general, these are single pass plume measurements that can be used to generate a single shot emission estimate as long as the exact location of the source and local meteorological data are known. In order to automatically indicate different sources, it is assumed that different source types emit different mixtures of trace gasses into the atmosphere, which leave behind a typical &amp;#8216;&amp;#8217;fingerprint&amp;#8217;&amp;#8217;. A combustion source, for instance, might leak methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) as well as ethane (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) and produce carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide/nitrogen dioxide (NO/NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). Farms, on the other hand, produce CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and potentially N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, but in principal no C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, CO, NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. For the mobile measurements of greenhouse gasses the Aerodyne TDLAS instrument was used. This instrument measures CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and CO simultaneously and data is stored at a 1 second time resolution. Since December 2020, the MIRO instrument, which measures CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO,&amp;#160;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Sulphur dioxide (SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on a 1 second time resolution, was added in the van as well. The expected co-emitted species are then used in an algorithm to automatically categorize the mixture of gas in the observed gas plumes into five different source types (farms, traffic, burning, fossil and wastewater treatment plants) and can be viewed per category in Google Earth. Emission levels are subsequently calculated using the TNO Gaussian model that is used in many of our emission studies (e.g. Hensen et.al., 2019) and calibrated versus N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O tracer release tests, which can then be compared to emission registration (ER) numbers. In this study, a subset of available datasets will be shown covering a large part of the Netherlands. Different sources were assigned a source category and, if possible, these sources were assigned an emission level. Some of these locations, for instance along major highways, have multiple &amp;#8220;hits&amp;#8221; in a year. For these sources, an average and standard deviation in the emission level numbers are provided and compared to ER numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hensen, A., Bulk, W.C.M. van den, Dinther, D. van, 2018. Methaan emissiemetingen aan buiten gebruik gestelde olie- en gaswinningsputten. ECN-E&amp;#8212;18-032, Petten.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hensen, A., Scharff, H., 2001. Methane emission estimates from landfills obtained with dynamic plume measurements. Water, Air and Soil Pollution Kluwer focus1:455-464.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hensen, A., Velzeboer, I., Frumau, K.F.A., Bulk, W.C.M. van den, Dinther, D. van, 2019. Methane emission measurements of offshore oil and gas platforms, TNO report 2019 R10895, Petten.&lt;/p&gt;