bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seven Life Priorities in Retirement
Authors: Kolluri Surya , Hutchins Cynthia
Published: November 2017

Using a theoretical life cycle model, this chapter evaluates how much workers benefit from having the option to hire a financial advisor when it is costly for employees to rebalance their own financial portfolios. Results indicate that having access to a financial advisor at the start of one’s career can be quite beneficial. If delegation to an advisor is available only a decade after entering the labor market, the benefit of delegation is cut by half, and it falls further if delegation is available only later in life (at age 60). The chapter also examines whether simpler target date funds (TDF) and fixed weight portfolios benefit consumers, compared to the outcomes with customized financial advice. The authors show that the simpler portfolio products would need to be provided at zero cost, in order to benefit consumers as much as having access to a financial advisor.
Aging and Exploitation
Authors: DeLiema Marguerite , Deevy Martha
Published: November 2017

Elder financial victimization is a growing problem facing older Americans. As the conduits of financial transactions, financial firms are positioned to stop losses at their source. Representatives at small and large firms were interviewed to describe their financial exploitation training and prevention programs, their detection and response protocols, and how they balance the goals of client protection with the client’s right to autonomy and privacy in financial decision making. Representatives from regulatory agencies were interviewed to describe the interventions firms are authorized to engage in, the legal barriers they face, and recent rule change proposals that may overcome some of these barriers.
Ancient Near Eastern Sources
Authors: Nissinen Martti
Published: November 2017

This chapter constitutes a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the available sources of the prophetic phenomenon in the ancient Near East. The texts are presented according to textual genres, which yield different kinds of information on prophets, their activities, prophetic oracles, and their interpretation. Lexical lists and omen texts associate prophets with temple personnel and people with liminal roles. Legal and administrative texts as well as ritual texts document the presence of prophets in temple communities, whereas letters report their performances to kings of Mari and Assyria. Written oracles provide examples of early transcripts of spoken oracles, whereas texts containing literary prophecy document their use and interpretation. Most of the texts are written in Akkadian, but even some West Semitic, Luwian (Tell Ahmar stele) and Egyptian texts (Report of Wenamun) are available.
Asymmetrism about Desire Satisfactionism and Time
Authors: Lin Eden
Published: November 2017

Desire-satisfaction theories of welfare must answer the timing question: when do you benefit from the satisfaction of one of your desires? There are three existing views about this: the Time of Desire view, on which you benefit at just those times when you have the desire; the Time of Object view, on which you benefit just when the object of your desire obtains; and Concurrentism, on which you benefit just when you have the desire and its object obtains. This paper introduces a new view, Asymmetrism, on which you sometimes benefit at the time of desire and sometimes benefit at the time of object. On this view, if the time at which you have a desire is later than the time at which its object obtains, then you benefit at the time of the desire. On the other hand, if the time of object is later than the time of desire, then you benefit at the time of object. Three arguments are given for the conclusion that Asymmetrism is superior to the Time of Desire and Time of Object views. It is argued that Asymmetrism and Concurrentism are the most credible answers to the timing question.
Acts, Agents, and the Definition of Virtue
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the direction of epistemological priority between traits and actions in the definition of virtue. Do we first identify a character trait as kind, say, and only then identify its characteristic expressions as kind acts? Or do we identify various acts as kind acts first, and only then identify the agents who perform them as kind agents? This chapter defends a modest agent-centered view: some kind acts can be identified as kind without reference to any kind agent, while other kind acts cannot be identified as kind except by identifying them as the characteristic expressions of a certain trait (kindness). Many proponents of virtue ethics are committed to a privileged role for agents in the definition of virtue; and they regard this commitment as making their enterprise distinctive. In preserving an indispensable role for virtuous agents in the identification of virtuous actions, the present argument vindicates their aspiration.
Sequencing Peace and Justice in Post-Conflict Africa
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the extent to which there is any conflict or harm in the ICC Prosecutor’s involvement in cases undergoing mediation by the international community, most of which are currently in Africa. The ICC Prosecutor’s discretion, as per the Court’s Statute, to hold a prosecution in abeyance in anticipation of the outcomes of mediating efforts which aim at ending a conflict is at best ambivalent. Recent practice suggests that stakeholders engaged in ending long-running African conflicts prefer the Prosecutor to decline to exercise jurisdiction in order to encourage the parties to reach some agreement. For obvious reasons, discussions on such matters are often held confidentially and not in the context of official debates. The African experience with the peace–justice nexus shows that the peace-versus-justice debate has not been resolved in favour of any camp.
Presence of the Accused: Right or Duty?
Authors: Tladi Dire D
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the legal and political debates concerning the presence of the accused during trial in relation to the International Criminal Court’s involvement with the Kenya situation, and the possibility of amending the relevant provision in its Rules to permit suspects to be heard via video-linked testimony. At a micro level this chapter evaluates the interpretation of ‘presence provisions’ of the Rome Statute by the respective chambers of the ICC. At a macro level the chapter is a reflection, through a description of the contestation over presence of the accused, on the role that politics can play in international criminal justice. The chapter gives an overview of the four ICC decisions regarding presence under the Rome Statute. It then goes on to evaluate these decisions given the rules of interpretation while considering the political climate. Finally, it seeks to consider the outcomes of the Assembly of States Parties’ deliberations on presence and offers some concluding remarks.
The Place of the African Criminal Court in the Prosecution of Serious Crimes in Africa
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor
Published: November 2017

In June 2014, the African Union adopted the first treaty that would establish an unprecedented regional court with a combined jurisdiction over criminal, human rights, and general matters. The protocol introduced various innovations by, for instance, advancing expanded definitions of core international crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes; providing for corporate criminal liability; and prohibiting the dumping of hazardous waste into the environment. The AU’s new treaty was concluded in the shadow of tensions between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and some African states and raises theoretical, legal, and policy issues with serious implications for regional and international law. This chapter draws on the lessons of international human rights law to explore the likely impact of the new tribunal on the present and future of international criminal law enforcement globally, especially given the recent purported withdrawals of Burundi, The Gambia, and South Africa from the Rome Statute establishing the ICC.
The Status of Subnational Authorities in EU Law
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the subject of analysis and provides the conceptual framework and the main themes of the book. It introduces the outsider and insider narratives of subnational authorities (SNAs) in EU law and sets out the characteristic features of these two parallel yet opposed narratives. We will observe that while SNAs are outsiders of EU law from a formal point of view, the insider narrative highlights their increasing role in the achievement of EU objectives and the substantive development of supranational law. The concepts of polycentricity and porosity are introduced to assist in framing the multidimensional interactions which occur between different scales of pubic authorities. It is suggested that the paradigm of interconnection is key to any understanding of the contemporary role of SNAs.
SNAs in the Contemporary European Union
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: November 2017

The present chapter introduces the book’s subject of analysis: subnational authorities (SNAs). It will illustrate the highly variegated nature of local and regional authorities in the various Member States, the status and competences of which vary significantly depending on the context at stake. Notwithstanding this diversity, virtually all SNAs share one characteristic: their jurisgenerative capacity. SNAs produce norms that coexist with norms at other levels, including EU law. The chapter subsequently investigates various modes of interaction between SNAs and the European Union, such as SNAs’ participation in the Committee of the Regions. A key mechanism allowing SNAs to exert influence in international relations is their participation in transnational networks.
Deuteronomy 28 and the Aramaic Curse Tradition
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This study considers the relationship of Deuteronomy 28 to the curse traditions of the ancient Near East. It focuses on the linguistic and cultural means of the transmission of these traditions to the book of Deuteronomy. The author considers a broad range of materials, including Old Aramaic inscriptions, attempting to show the value of these Northwest Semitic texts as primary sources to reorient our view of an ancient world usually seen through a biblical or Mesopotamian lens. By studying these inscriptions alongside the biblical text, this study aims to increase our knowledge of the early history and function of the curses in Deuteronomy 28. This has implications for our understanding of the date of the composition of the book of Deuteronomy, and the reasons behind its production. The ritual realm which stands behind the use of curses and the formation of covenants in the biblical world is also explored, arguing that the interplay between orality and literacy is essential to understanding the function and form of the curses in Deuteronomy. Ultimately, this book contributes to our understanding of the book of Deuteronomy and its place within the literary history of ancient Israel and Judah, with implications for the composition of the Pentateuch or Torah as a whole.
The Comparative Method in Scripture and Inscription
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the comparative method, arguing that scholars concerned with parallels between ancient Near Eastern and biblical literature have frequently operated without considering the crucial means of the transmission of the traditions, encompassing the availability of the texts in questions to the biblical scribe, and the linguistic competence of that scribe to read and translate Akkadian texts. This sets the stage for a new examination of the means of the transmission of Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties to Deuteronomy, with a study of cuneiform culture in Iron II Judah. By showing that the evidence for the existence of such a tradition is essentially lacking, it will be proposed that Aramaic may have served an intermediary function between the literatures of East and West, given that the language functioned as a lingua franca during this period.
Conclusion
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

After summing up the key findings of this study concerning the importance of the futility curse as a characteristic feature of Northwest Semitic literature in the first millennium BCE, this conclusion argues that Northwest Semitic literary traditions in general provide stronger pegs from which to hang a comparative approach between biblical and ancient Near Eastern texts than the Mesopotamian materials usually invoked by scholars. If we are to understand anything about the composition of the Hebrew Bible, especially in comparison with texts from the ancient Near East, we must first nuance our attempts with detailed consideration of the writing culture of the ancient Levant—incorporating Northwest Semitic inscriptions, bilingualism, oral and written modes of literary transmission, and scribal practice. This recognition is something which could have major methodological implications for the reconstruction of the historical relatedness of texts.
The Political Mantra
Authors: Nicolaïdis Kalypso
Published: November 2017

The chapter sets Brexit against the age-old trade-off between cooperation and control. As Nicolaïdis argues, the European order has undergone a number of important transformations -accentuated since Maastricht- which have increasingly altered the balance between these two poles, fostering greater calls to ‘take back control’—the political mantra of the Brexiteers. Accordingly, Britain’s predicament lies in the tension between different meanings of ‘control’, which can be explored through Kant’s three categories of law. At the level of the inter-state system (Kant’s ius gentium), the British state has been willing to minimalize the loss of national control when bargaining over the scope of jurisdictional authority. However, it is especially vulnerable to losses of control once commitments have been made. This is true for relations between states and foreign nationals (ius cosmopoliticum), the transformation of national boundaries, and for relations between citizens and their own state (ius civitatis).
The Prospects: The UK Trade Regime with the EU and the World
Authors: Sacerdoti Giorgio
Published: November 2017

The chapter provides a thorough examination of the options available to the UK to trade with the EU and the rest of the world. Sacerdoti departs from the understanding that the UK will not remain part of the EU single market or the EU customs union—as clearly indicated by UK Prime Minister May. Sacerdoti considers what could be the features of the new ambitious free trade agreement between the UK and the EU, and explains what would instead be the default rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The international trade conditions set by WTO rules are significantly worse than those currently enjoyed by the UK as a member of the EU. Sacerdoti, instead, sees no problem in the UK inheriting the WTO schedule of the EU, and even suggests that the pre-WTO Global Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) may provide a custom-made solution to keep border-free trade between Northern Ireland and Ireland under the so-called ‘frontier traffic exception’.
Brexit and the EU Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Authors: Curtin Deirdre
Published: November 2017

UK involvement in the EU Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ) has been patchy. It never joined the Schengen border-free zone, and when in 2014 it exercised a block exit from all AFSJ measures, it selectively rejoined a substantial number. Even if partially outside, the UK has been a leader inside. Advanced intelligence capabilities meant it provided important support to the functioning of agencies such as Europol and UK laws inspired EU laws, for example, on data retention. The need to preserve some pragmatic forms of cooperation between the UK and the EU is obvious and shared by the UK security establishment. There is a partial institutional precedent . When Denmark rejected participation in Europol in a popular referendum, the Danish government obtained a deal from the EU institutions which allows it to remain associated to Europol as a ‘third country’ (and a Member State). The bespoke Brexit reality may prove even more complex.
The Challenge to Providence
Authors: Winkler Emily A.
Published: November 2017

John and Gaimar’s histories eschew explanation by Providence to focus more on short-term and earthly causes for events. For them, an English king has more causal responsibility than in their sources, but the sphere of his influence is less than it is for William and Henry. John and Gaimar tend to evaluate kings more based on their intentions and efforts than on the outcomes they achieve or on the scale of their successes. John’s history is a Latin monastic chronicle; Gaimar’s a poem in the vernacular, Anglo-Norman French: but the key similarities between John and Gaimar’s works show that the narrative phenomenon of royal responsibility is not a factor of genre or language.
Introduction
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

Six objections to inequality will be explored in subsequent chapters. These are objections based on requirements of equal concern, on objectionable inequality in status, on the degree of control that the rich can exercise over the lives of those who have less, on interference with equality of economic opportunity, on interference with the fairness of political institutions, and on features of economic institutions that generate inequalities in wealth and income without sufficient justification. These objections are all egalitarian in the broad sense of being objections to the difference between what some have and what others have. It is a further question to what degree they are egalitarian in the narrower sense of being based on ideas of the value of equality rather than on other values.
Status Inequality
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

In societies with caste and class distinctions, and in societies marked by racial discrimination, some people are denied access to forms of employment and other valuable opportunities on the grounds that their race, gender, religion, or some other feature marks them as inferior, and hence unsuitable as candidates for these goods. Economic inequality can also involve inequality of status if being poor means being unable to afford goods that are regarded as essential to being a respectable person. These forms of objectionable inequality depend on mistaken evaluative attitudes about the significance of certain facts about a person. In a thoroughly meritocratic society, in which people are selected for positions of advantage on the basis of relevant forms of ability, the inferior status of those who fail to succeed might seem even more difficult for them to bear insofar as it is seen, even correctly, as justified. This will be so, however, only if these forms of success are valued in mistaken ways. Rawls put forward the idea of non-comparing groups as a way of minimizing this problem in an otherwise just society. But in an unjust society the tendency of people to associate mainly with others who are similarly successful can foster unjustified feelings of entitlement, and have other objectionable effects.
Desert
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

The idea that just economic institutions should give people what they deserve can be appealed to as a way of justifying unequal rewards or as a way of limiting them. Claims about desert that could play these roles would be pure desert claims: that treating people in a certain way is justified simply by certain facts about what they are like or have done (where the qualifier “simply” excludes claims of need, and ideas of entitlement or legitimate expectations that presuppose particular institutions). Some pure desert claims are valid, such as claims about the appropriateness of moral praise, blame, and other evaluative attitudes. But economic rewards cannot be justified in this way. Claims to special reward based on moral merit, effort, ability, and marginal productivity, insofar as they are valid, are not desert claims in the relevant sense.
Conclusions
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

Different forms of inequality are objectionable for different reasons. These reasons overlap, and the cumulative effect is a kind of egalitarian priority for the worst off, who have the strongest overall reasons for objecting to the various forms of unequal treatment that they suffer from. The main themes from previous chapters are revisited, including the importance, but limited importance, of equality of opportunity; the importance of understanding ideas of ability, merit, effort, and choice; the importance of avoiding moralism and mistaken ideas of desert; and the importance of valuing liberty (of all) in the proper way.
Succession
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces and explores the full spectrum of positions on the succession across a range of texts responding to the deaths of William III and James II. It demonstrates the collapse of earlier norms of royal mourning by unearthing how royal elegy—a sacrosanct genre in the seventeenth century—became a vehicle for opposition satire. Anne Finch, Alexander Pope, Samuel Pepys, and William Pittis were all involved in writing or circulating Jacobite libels in manuscript. Examining the scribal circulation of satires sheds new light on their political allegiances and networks. The chapter ends with a sustained contextual examination of Daniel Defoe’s poem The Mock Mourners.
Coronation
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter challenges enduring assumptions about the insignificance of Anne’s coronation. Contrary to those assumptions, Anne’s coronation was a carefully orchestrated propaganda display. Drawing on hitherto overlooked or unknown archival sources, this chapter suggests that Anne’s coronation triggered debates about her legitimacy more than it resolved them. It explores how the Archbishop of York’s coronation sermon adapted Elizabethan iconography for Anne, examines new evidence about the complex political imagery of the coronation medals designed by Isaac Newton, and looks at how this imagery was appropriated by various partisan authors in their coronation panegyrics. Public responses to Anne’s coronation were frequently oblique in their political commitments.
War
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 investigates how the War of the Spanish Succession was reconfigured as a War of the British Succession. During the early modern period, warfare provided a stimulus to imaginative writing. At the start of the eighteenth century, Britain’s new status as a military superpower profoundly affected literary culture. By examining a range of official, popular, and diplomatic responses of military victories, including poems by Joseph Addison, Nahum Tate, and Daniel Defoe, this chapter illuminates local partisan meanings in texts reacting to the war and succession crisis. Moving through popular news, court propaganda, panegyrics, and satires, it establishes how the war became a lens through which to view dynastic crisis.
Conclusion
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

This conclusion draws together the findings of individual chapters. It establishes that literary culture at the start of the eighteenth century was fundamentally grounded on competing constructions of Anne’s royal legitimacy; that the literature of this period can only be understood and explained in its immediate contexts; the early eighteenth-century political debate was essentially monarchical. It also briefly traces the enduring consequences of Anne’s accession and their effect on literary culture from the rise of Alexander Pope to the so-called Patriot opposition led by Bolingbroke in the 1730s. Pope and his contemporaries drew on the language surrounding the accession debates, but deployed that language under fundamentally different circumstances.
Truth
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: November 2017

Starting from the observation that the law constructs a reality which may not correspond to ‘physical’ truth, this chapter begins by considering the way kin relationships have been designed to project a social order from one generation to successor generations. Legal concepts of legitimacy, illegitimacy, and the circumstances in which paternity is recognized subordinate recognizing biological reality to upholding a social order. But, while arguing that children’s right to know their identity generally demands that their biological origins should be known, the chapter maintains that parents do not have an equivalent right to develop a relationship with a child for no other reason than that they are the child’s parent, even though the parent may have a duty to support the child. The argument is developed in the context of the rights to family and private life in the European Convention on Human Rights
Community
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: November 2017

This final chapter considers the critiques of individualism by communitarianism and feminism which followed the work of Alasdair Macintyre. While recognizing the virtues of community, it argues that those critiques paid insufficient attention to the opportunities that community action give for the exercise of power by sectional groups within communities, and that the ultimate purpose of supporting communities must be for the benefit of their individual members. It is argued that cultural rights should not be seen as the rights of groups to control members of the group, but of members of the group to choose to follow practices they see important to their identity. If individuals are to be adequately protected against the power of the community and of powerful individuals, institutions must exist wherein their rights can be articulated. The roles of the legal profession and mediation are examined in this context, including the place of legal aid.
Penelope
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

Penelope emerges favourably from comparison with Clytemnestra and Helen, the main paradigms of infidelity in the present, and with the Nekyia’s catalogue of past heroines. The vulnerability of these ladies to seduction, corruption, and deception argues for taking Odysseus home, but the Phaeacians detain him abroad like Melampus in his catalogue. Penelope’s weaving was an antidote to the Dionysiac forces which threaten to put a suitor in Odysseus’ place, but when it is completed, she fears that she may kill her son in a maenadic frenzy, like Aedon who was turned into a nightingale. Her state of mind is demonstrated by her grief for the pet geese destroyed by an eagle in a dream told to her disguised husband. Her journey down to the storeroom and return with the covered basket containing the axes for the bow contest mimics the Arrephoria, and marks her transition from seclusion to marriage.
Tables
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

Table 1.Detention (usually on an island)308

Table 2.θυμός‎ (heart) in the apologos310

Table 3.Nekyia: The Catalogue of Famous Women (11.235–330)315

Table 4.ἀτασθαλίη‎ (presumption), ἀτασθάλλων‎ (acting presumptuously), and ἀτάσθαλος‎ (presumptuous)316

Table 5.The motif of trial...
The Labors of Michael Jackson
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 establishes Michael Jackson’s deindustriality, which is too frequently ignored in favor of white artists like John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever or Bruce Springsteen. Jackson is the exemplary transitional subject of the deindustrial; his popularity peaked as manufacturing sector contractions became increasingly visible as national problems. His racial assertiveness and virtuosic dancing marked his own extraordinary social mobility while conjuring an industrial imaginary that was both fictively racially inclusive and apparently in the process of collapsing. Jackson simultaneously incarnated the trope of the human motor—one of the defining figures of industrial modernity—and offered a compelling, cruelly optimistic spectacle of the exceptional individual’s ability to glide away from this collapse with pleasure, precision, and hard work. The chapter also offers a theory of virtuosity as a relational process linking performers to audiences and, in Jackson’s case, accounting for his status as an icon of deindustrial mobility.
Combustible Hopes on the National Stage
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues for Detroit as an image and an actual place that spatializes and racializes the affective fallout of deindustrialization using three plays whose 2013 New York runs coincided with both the city’s impending bankruptcy and the United States’ anemic recovery from the Great Recession: Detroit by Lisa D’Amour, Detroit’67 by Dominique Morisseau, and Motown the Musical by Berry Gordy. Each play uses Detroit to explore the interpersonal consequences of opportunities and crises in racialized capitalism. Each offers audiences intimate visions of the Fordist bargain in its seeming heyday, particularly compelling in a period of lackluster economic recovery. In this chapter I introduce the formulations “re-siting” and “re-citing” to analyze the ways elements of Detroit’s incendiary history of interracial confrontations are redeployed to support images of a capitalist work ethic transcending or succumbing to racist violence, and to link the city to a seemingly race-neutral contemporary precarity.
“Drama Rising like Mighty Music”
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Selznick’s move to RKO in 1931 brought the producer in contact with music director Max Steiner. Through their collaborative relationship they defined and directed the role of symphonic underscore in Hollywood. This chapter charts their systematic expansion of background scoring within individual films and the extension of this music beyond films in sheet music and concert performances. Special emphasis is placed on Symphony of Six Million (1932) and the “island-adventure trilogy” of Bird of Paradise (1932), The Most Dangerous Game (1932), and King Kong (1933). Tracking music’s role across these four films reveals how Steiner and Selznick’s experimental use of background scoring creatively reworked silent-era musical practices to produce a widely influential scoring model. Selznick’s RKO productions also feature critical but overlooked contributions from orchestrator Bernhard Kaun, sound engineer Murray Spivack, and African-American choral director Clarence Muse.
Variations on a Theme
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

After accepting an excellent offer from MGM in 1933, Selznick fostered a relationship with MGM composer Herbert Stothart. As with Steiner at RKO, Selznick’s penchant for longer scores helped jump-start the composer’s career. In contrast to Steiner’s drive for wholly “original” scores at RKO, however, Stothart preferred interweaving classical selections—a method born of the silent era that Selznick found attractive, even preferable. This chapter focuses on Stothart’s creative arranging of works by Beethoven, Wagner, Tchaikovsky, and others in a series of literary adaptations, including Night Flight (1933), David Copperfield (1935), Vanessa: Her Love Story (1935), Anna Karenina (1935), and A Tale of Two Cities (1935). Through these films, Selznick and Stothart fashioned a music model for the prestige film that Selznick carried forward in his independent productions.
Music Director Differences
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

In the productions leading up to Gone with the Wind, Selznick tried working with different composers to cultivate a sustainable partnership. These efforts included trial productions with Alfred Newman (The Prisoner of Zenda) and Oscar Levant (Nothing Sacred), and ultimately led to Selznick’s hiring Lou Forbes as a permanent music director in 1937. Forbes’s responsibilities included securing permissions to use preexistent music, assembling preview scores (known now as “temp tracks”), supervising final scores, serving as a liaison between Selznick and the composer, monitoring recording sessions, and watching the budget. This chapter surveys the films leading up to Forbes’s tenure and his initial productions, which involved coordinating the collective efforts of multiple composers, including Hugo Friedhofer, Max Steiner, Robert Russell Bennett, and Franz Waxman. Forbes’s thoughtful contributions to films like Intermezzo illuminate the otherwise neglected role of the Hollywood music director.
Success in Spite of Itself
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Detailed production files about the musical score for Spellbound reveal an intense and fraught collaboration among music editor Audray Granville, director Alfred Hitchcock, composer Miklós Rózsa, and, producer David O. Selznick. In contrast to Rebecca, for which Hitchcock assumed a back seat in the scoring, his music directions for Spellbound are more specific—and contrary to Selznick’s. Granville, whose influence stretches from the preview score to the final dubbing of Rózsa’s theremin-infused score, sought to reconcile these differences. Her editing is deftly effective—not only maintaining the motivic integrity of Rózsa’s score but also shifting the score’s emotional weight from its misogynist villains toward the beleaguered heroine (Ingrid Bergman). Ultimately, the collaborative tensions of Spellbound proved unsustainable: the final result disappointed all four players. Nevertheless, the score’s popular reception—abetted by another music-based publicity campaign and soundtrack album—made it one of the best-known scores of the studio era.
“Our Valedictory to Wild Extravagance”
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Melancholy and troubled, Portrait of Jennie has elicited widely divergent responses. Its music—based on themes of Debussy as adapted by Dimitri Tiomkin and Jester Hairston—has been hailed as alternately innovative and regressive. Perhaps because the film was so different from previous productions and its fantasy-based story so vulnerable to disdain, Selznick turned to the score with unprecedented vigor, hoping to improve a production plagued by difficulties. Portrait became Selznick’s most ambitious scoring project, and its complexities resonate in an astonishing paper trail. Assembling Dimitri Tiomkin’s musical score through this archival trove shows how Selznick sought to come full circle in Portrait, returning to musico-cinematic principles drawn from the silent era.
English-Language Opera in Postwar America
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is a summary of opera production in America from the end of the 1850s, through the Civil War, and into the halcyon postwar period. The beginning of the opera bouffe craze and the activities of light and grand opera companies are examined within the context of the successful foreign-language troupes during and after the war. American soprano Clara Louise Kellogg exemplifies a successful American prima donna who later became the manager of her own English-language company; during these years, however, she sang in Max Maretzek’s Italian-language ensemble. The operatic activity of this chapter is set against the background of a turbulent period of American social and cultural history; the narrative ends just prior to the Panic of 1873.
English-Language Opera at the End of the Century
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses operatic activity in the 1890s—in particular, an insatiable public appetite for comic opera and operetta that eventually eclipsed interest in the translated continental repertory. After close inspection of representative English grand opera and light opera companies, the author concludes with a discussion of two ensembles that enjoyed extraordinary success in the late 1890s: the Bostonians (formerly the Boston Ideals) and the Castle Square Opera Company. In the face of changing American tastes at the turn of the century, the old-fashioned Bostonians eventually failed while the more up-to-date Castle Square troupe succeeded. The latter company’s director Henry Savage had a foot firmly planted in each century. His willingness to adopt modern techniques and respond to contemporary audience demands illustrates the continued appeal of both English-language opera (in the late-nineteenth century) and the more flexible, colloquial, and indelibly American style of musical comedy that emerged (in the early twentieth).
Income and the Foundations
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 introduces the four foundational building blocks of consumer choice economics in a food and nutrition context, with a focus on income effects. These foundational building blocks are used throughout the book. To solidify concepts, the chapter focuses the discussion here on the very simple case of determining the quantity to consume of one food and one nutrient as income changes. The chapter considers possible changes in food consumption induced by a change in income relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level.
Prices
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 5 focuses on how prices affect food and nutrition choices. This chapter presents and discusses the law of demand and the demand curve. The chapter explains the importance of the slope of the demand curve and how this relates to the price elasticity of demand. It also evaluates possible changes in food consumption, induced by a change in price, relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level. Factors that would cause the demand curve to change (shift) are discussed. The chapter explains the important difference between the demand curve and demand function. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings relating price to food choices and nutrition.
Information and Preferences
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 7 incorporates the role of information in a very general way into the economic framework developed in Chapters 3–6. The focus of the analysis is to determine how information may affect preferences and therefore influence the demand curve and demand function for foods. The chapter evaluates possible changes in food consumption induced by a change in an information campaign relative to a nutrient or food recommendation level. It shows how other factors may moderate or offset informational campaigns that are designed to improve healthy food choices. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings relating different information campaigns to food and nutrition choices.
Now or Later
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 provides the economic framework for analyzing the trade-offs between ‘now’ rewards (e.g., hedonic effects) and “later” rewards (e.g., health effects). Because health effects occur in the future and may be uncertain, health considerations are often heavily discounted when making food and nutrition choices. This heavy discounting of future effects is known in economics as present consumption bias. The chapter discusses the implications the present consumption bias will have for a choice between a healthy unsavory food versus an unhealthy indulgent food. It discusses the implications this present consumption bias may have for nutrition interventions. The chapter closes with some of the main empirical findings on present consumption bias related to food and nutrition choices.
Insights from Behavioral Economics
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 9 gives an overview of behavioral economics, the set of environmental and psychological factors that influence food and nutrition choices, beyond the neoclassical economics resource constraint focus. The non-resource based factors can range from an enticing smell, relaxing music, and different plate sizes to a change in how nutrient information is presented, to name a few. In economics, these factors are studied in the subfield of behavioral economics. The chapter defines behavioral economic effects and outline the eight, key major behavioral economics effects that would seem especially relevant for food and nutrition choices. Throughout, it presents some of the main empirical findings on these behavioral economics effects.
An Overview of the Food System, Economic Systems, and Systems Theory
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

The first step in understanding the production economics side is to understand the main five sectors in our food system and how they are related. Chapter 11 gives an overview of the five main sectors in the food system -- from the field to the fork. The chapter gives data on the contribution each sector makes to the US food dollar. All of these sectors are trying to answer the same fundamental questions that all economic systems are designed to answer. Therefore, it is beneficial to couch the discussion in a larger context of economic systems and systems theory. Understanding these broader principles provides a very constructive framework for discussing the challenges facing the food system.
Profit and Supply for Farms and Firms
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 12 begins by explaining why firms exist. The chapter then presents some data on the diversity of commodity production and profitability by farm size. The analytics of profit maximization when the firm operates in a competitive environment and is a price taker are then presented. The chapter determines the rule that guides production in order to maximize profit when the firm is a price taker. This analysis leads to a derivation of the firm’s (farm’s) supply curve. The chapter also explains what factors may cause a shift in the supply curve. The chapter explains the difference then between the supply curve and the supply function for a commodity. The chapter closes by emphasizing the main point of this chapter: any consideration of growing alternative commodities must consider revenue and cost differences.
Cost-Effectiveness and Cost–Benefit Analysis
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 16 gives an overview of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. Every year millions of dollars are spent on food and nutrition intervention programs that are designed to improve health. Given money can always be spent in many different ways leads to a natural question: How effective was the program, relative to how much it cost? There are two standard approaches to answering this question: a cost effectiveness analysis and a cost benefit analysis. The chapter covers the main questions that must be answered in doing either a cost effectiveness or cost benefit analysis. The main formulas in each approach are presented. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed. A hypothetical nutrition intervention program is carried throughout to provide context for the discussion.
Juvenile Justice
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with those children in especially difficult circumstances that are vulnerable, marginalized, destitute, and neglected and deprived of their basic rights. It commences with a history of the Juvenile Justice legislation in India right from the Children’s Act of 1960s to the current Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. The barriers faced in the administration and implementation of the Juvenile Justice legislation throughout its evolution to its present stage is discussed in detail. How the law deals with children in need of care and protection and children in conflict with law are discussed in this chapter. Landmark judgements by courts and suggestions for further law reform are included. This chapter also contains international law relating to administration of juvenile justice, and United Nations guidelines in matters in matters involving child victims and witnesses of crime including UN Guidelines on Alternative Care of Children. Some civil society interventions are also included.
Right to Survival
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

The right to survival of a child includes the access to healthcare, shelter, nutrition, and provision of an identity. This chapter includes the international human rights law and campaigns on right to health, and some important international judgements on health and nutrition. National health and nutrition policies, strategies and plans, country’s vision, budgetary decisions, and course of action for improving and maintaining the health of children of India are discussed. Laws on child health including constitutional provisions and some important judgements on right to health are discussed. Rights of the unborn child and rights during early childhood, child sex ratio, the criminal provisions and the PCPNDT Act, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act along with landmark judgements on sex selection are included in this chapter. Rights during early childhood, such as birth registration, immunization, nutrition and breast feeding, food security, and crèche facilities, along with the relevant legal provisions, have been dealt in this chapter. Special health issues of children affected by HIV/AIDS, children with disability, international legal developments, and suggested law reforms in these areas are a part of this chapter.
A Genealogy of the Field from Adam Smith to the Mid-Twentieth Century
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: November 2017

This chapter charts the foundations of the subfield by taking the reader on a tour of key thinkers in political economy from the eighteenth century onwards. The breakaway of political economy and political science from economics is analysed, and the most central tenets of the field’s intellectual heritage are laid out in an accessible format. The twentieth century witnessed a number of non-orthodox contributions to the field, including from Max Weber, Thorstein Veblen, and Karl Polanyi. The synthetic account afforded here weaves together the important submissions made to present the trajectory Comparative Political Economy has taken. This and the following chapter offer brief summaries in textboxes and discussion questions for classroom use.
Contemporary CPE
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: November 2017

During the second half of the twentieth century, the foundation was laid for the discovery of distinct models of capitalism. Organized and tightly regulated models underwent liberalizing changes from the 1970s onwards, reflecting new thinking in public administration, economics, and real world politics. At the same time, the tumultuous geo-political landscape of the 1970s inspired the subfield of international political economy, a related field that occasionally veers into the same territory and related questions, yet sits analytically separate from Comparative Political Economy. Debates about neocorporatism and cross-over contributions that straddle the divide between the field are explored in depth. Finally, the Varieties of Capitalism debate is briefly introduced which was inspired by the globalization literature of the 1990s and its claim of convergence. This chapter concludes the critical review of the foundations of the field.
The State as an Actor
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: November 2017

Despite the state being such a central actor in establishing and policing the rules of the game of any given political economy, its role is often neglected. In this chapter, we briefly review relevant state theories and explore changes to the nature and appearance of the capitalist state. The awesome increase in the political fire power of the financial service sector has unfortunately led to regulatory capture. The state can no longer be considered a neutral umpire, being heavily influenced by the prerogatives of major banking institutions. This state of affairs corrupts the hopes that liberals place in the self-policing powers of the marketplace and reflects certain fears on the political left regarding the pernicious effects of ‘financialization’.