bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical cancer patterns with automation‐assisted and conventional cytological screening: A randomized study
Authors: Anttila Ahti , Pokhrel Arun , Kotaniemi‐Talonen Laura , Hakama Matti , Malila Nea , Nieminen Pekka
Published: September 2010

The purpose was to evaluate alternative cytological screening methods in population‐based screening for cervical cancer up to cancer incidence and mortality outcome. Automation‐assisted screening was compared to conventional cytological screening in a randomized design. The study was based on follow‐up of 503,391 women invited in the Finnish cervical cancer screening program during 1999–2003. The endpoints were incident cervical cancer, severe intraepithelial neoplasia and deaths from cervical cancer. One third of the women had been randomly allocated to automation‐assisted screening and two thirds to conventional cytology. Information on cervical cancer and severe neoplasia were obtained through 1999–2007 from a linkage between screening and cancer registry files. There were altogether 3.2 million woman‐years at risk, and the average follow‐up time was 6.3 years. There was no difference in the risk of cervical cancer between the automation‐assisted and conventional screening methods; the relative risk (RR) of cervical cancer between the study and control arm was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76–1.29) among all invited and 1.08 (95% CI = 0.76–1.51) among women who were test negative at entry. Comparing women who were test negative with nonscreened, RR of cervical cancer incidence was 0.26, 95% CI = 0.19–0.36 and of mortality 0.24 (0.13–0.43). Both methods were valid for screening. Because cervical cancer is rare in our country, we cannot rule out small differences between methods. Evidence on alternative methods for cervical cancer screening is increasing and it is thus feasible to evaluate new methods in large‐scale population‐based screening programs up to cancer outcome.
Metformin induces Rab4 through AMPK and modulates GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Lee Jung Ok , Lee Soo Kyung , Jung Jin Hee , Kim Ji Hae , You Ga Young , Kim Su Jin , Park Sun Hwa , Uhm Kyung‐Ok , Kim Hyeon Soo
Published: September 2010

Metformin is a major oral anti‐diabetic drug and is known as an insulin sensitizer. However, the mechanism by which metformin acts is unclear. In this study, we found that AICAR, an AMPK activator, and metformin increased the expression of Rab4 mRNA and protein levels in skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. The promoter activity of Rab4 was increased by metformin in an AMPK‐dependent manner. Metformin stimulated the phosphorylation of AS160, Akt substrate, and Rab GTPase activating protein (GAP), and also increased the phosphorylation of PKC‐zeta, which is a critical molecule for glucose uptake. Knockdown of AMPK blocked the metformin‐induced phosphorylation of AS160/PKC‐zeta. In addition, a colorimetric absorbance assay showed that insulin‐induced translocation of GLUT4 was suppressed in Rab4 knockdown cells. Moreover, Rab4 interacted with PKC‐zeta but not with GLUT4. The C‐terminal‐deleted Rab4 mutant, Rab4ΔCT, showed diffuse sub‐cellular localization, while wild‐type Rab4 localized exclusively to the perinuclear membrane. Unlike Rab4ΔCT, wild‐type Rab4 co‐localized with PKC‐zeta. Together, these results demonstrate that metformin induces Rab4 expression via AMPK‐AS160‐PKC‐zeta and modulates insulin‐mediated GLUT4 translocation. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 974–981, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MicroRNA‐26a is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function
Authors: Leeper Nicholas J. , Raiesdana Azad , Kojima Yoko , Chun Hyung J. , Azuma Junya , Maegdefessel Lars , Kundu Ramendra K. , Quertermous Thomas , Tsao Philip S. , Spin Joshua M.
Published: September 2010

Aberrant smooth muscle cell (SMC) plasticity has been implicated in a variety of vascular disorders including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. While the pathways governing this process remain unclear, epigenetic regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in SMCs. We hypothesized that additional miRNAs might play an important role in determining vascular SMC phenotype. Microarray analysis of miRNAs was performed on human aortic SMCs undergoing phenotypic switching in response to serum withdrawal, and identified 31 significantly regulated entities. We chose the highly conserved candidate miRNA‐26a for additional studies. Inhibition of miRNA‐26a accelerated SMC differentiation, and also promoted apoptosis, while inhibiting proliferation and migration. Overexpression of miRNA‐26a blunted differentiation. As a potential mechanism, we investigated whether miRNA‐26a influences TGF‐β‐pathway signaling. Dual‐luciferase reporter assays demonstrated enhanced SMAD signaling with miRNA‐26a inhibition, and the opposite effect with miRNA‐26a overexpression in transfected human cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA‐26a increased gene expression of SMAD‐1 and SMAD‐4, while overexpression inhibited SMAD‐1. MicroRNA‐26a was also found to be downregulated in two mouse models of AAA formation (2.5‐ to 3.8‐fold decrease, P < 0.02) in which enhanced switching from contractile to synthetic phenotype occurs. In summary, miRNA‐26a promotes vascular SMC proliferation while inhibiting cellular differentiation and apoptosis, and alters TGF‐β pathway signaling. MicroRNA‐26a represents an important new regulator of SMC biology and a potential therapeutic target in AAA disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1035–1043, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombin induces expression of twist and cell motility via the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α translational pathway in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Chang Li‐Hsun , Chen Chun‐Han , Huang Der‐Yi , Pai Hui‐Chen , Pan Shiow‐Lin , Teng Che‐Ming
Published: September 2010

Deep vein thrombosis associated with advanced cancer is known as Trousseau's syndrome. We hypothesized that thrombin, an activator of protease‐activated receptor (PAR)‐1 and PAR‐4 contributes to tumor metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that thrombin and the PAR‐1 activating peptide (AP) SFLLRN, but not the PAR‐4 AP GYPGKF, induced HIF‐1α activities, protein expression, and cell motility in colorectal cancer cells, and these actions were significantly inhibited by the PAR‐1 antagonist SCH79797. Moreover, thrombin‐induced HIF‐1α activity and cell motility were blocked by inhibiting important mediators of signaling transduction, including the ERK, PI3K, and mTOR pathways. These results showed that thrombin induced HIF‐1α protein expression through PAR‐1 and HIF‐1α translational de novo protein synthesis. Twist can regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increase tumor metastasis. However, we observed that thrombin‐induced HIF‐1α increased Twist mRNA and its protein level was mediated by the modulation of PAR‐1 activation and the HIF‐1α translational pathway. In addition, Twist could increase N‐cadherin but not E‐cadherin to promote tumor metastasis. Overexpression of dominant‐negative HIF‐1α reversed thrombin‐mediated Twist and Twist‐induced N‐cadherin expression. Moreover, siTwist inhibited Twist‐induced N‐cadherin and Thrombin‐induced cell motility. In conclusion, our study showed that thrombin‐induced HIF‐1α upregulated Twist at the transcriptional level to enhance cell motility. These findings show that thrombin upregulates Twist via HIF‐1α to make tumor cells malignant and also establish a link between the coagulation disorder and cancer metastasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1060–1068, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of hydrogastric sonography and spiral computed tomography in staging of gastric carcinoma—A comparative study
Authors: Venkataraman I. , Rao Himagirish K. , Singh Puran , Elangovan S. , Kate Vikram
Published: September 2010

Objective

Accurate preoperative diagnosis and staging of patients with gastric cancer is essential for optimal treatment. The standard of care for staging gastric carcinoma is helical CT. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of hydrogastric sonography (HGS) with that of helical CT in the staging of patients with gastric carcinoma.

Methods

A total of 42 consecutive patients (29 men and 13 women) diagnosed with gastric carcinoma after endoscopy and biopsy were staged on the basis of TNM classification, preoperatively with HGS and helical CT and postoperatively with histopathologic examination (HPE). The findings of HGS and helical CT were compared with those on HPE with respect to TNM stage.

Results

Regarding T stage, the accuracy of HGS was 78.6% (kappa = 0.68) and that of helical CT was 66.7% (kappa = 0.48). In evaluating the nodal status, the accuracy of HGS was 66.7% (kappa = 0.52) and that of helical CT was 54.6% (kappa = 0.39). Regarding distant metastases, accuracy was the same with HGS and helical CT (accuracy 95.2%, kappa = 0.89).

Conclusions

When compared with HPE, HGS was found to be more accurate than helical CT for assessment of T and N staging. Sonographic and helical CT were equally accurate for the assessment of M stage. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Sonographic diagnosis of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in patients with severe acquired brain injury in a neurorehabilitation unit
Authors: Falsetti Paolo , Acciai Caterina , Lenzi Lucia
Published: September 2010

Purpose:

To illustrate the ultrasonographic (US) and power Doppler US (PDUS) features of neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) in consecutive patients with severe acquired brain injury and to evaluate the role of bedside US in diagnosis of NHO.

Methods:

Ninety‐two consecutive patients with severe acquired brain injury underwent clinical and laboratory screening for NHO. In 6 of 92 patients, bedside US confirmed the clinical suspicion of NHO. US diagnosis of NHO was then confirmed by other imaging methods.

Results:

The incidence of clinical NHO was 7% (9/92) with one patient having multifocal involvement. In NHO of the hip, US demonstrated the classic pattern of zone phenomenon, and PDUS demonstrated vascular signal within mineralized NHO and in outer hypoechoic area. No vascular signal was observed in the central hypoechoic core. In NHO of the knee, a heterogeneously hypoechoic mass was seen and in the elbow a hyperechoic mineralized mass was visualized, with vascular signals seen within the lesions. Spectral wave analysis demonstrated low resistance vessels in NHO.

Conclusions:

Bedside US is a useful tool in the diagnosis of NHO. PDUS adds data regarding neoangiogenetic activity of NHO. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Unsuspected sonographic findings in patients with posttraumatic shoulder complaints
Authors: Rutten Matthieu J.C.M. , Collins James M.P. , de Waal Malefijt Maarten C. , Kiemeney Lambertus A.L.M. , Jager Gerrit J.
Published: September 2010

Purpose

To prospectively assess the frequency of abnormal sonographic findings in patients with posttraumatic shoulder pain and/or disability in whom ultrasound (US) was not considered and to assess the effect of sonographic findings on working diagnosis and therapeutic strategy, to analyze the possible role of US in the diagnostic workup of these patients.

Methods

A survey was performed under general practitioners and orthopedic surgeons. They were requested to refer patients with persistent posttraumatic complaints for an US examination of the shoulder and to fill out a questionnaire concerning working diagnosis and therapy. In 50 patients examinations were performed separately by two radiologists. Findings were confirmed with additional radiographs and/or MRI and/or surgery. Four weeks after the US examination, the survey was repeated to inquire about changes in diagnosis and/or treatment that resulted from US.

Results

US showed relevant pathology in 45 (90%) of 50 patients, a proximal humerus fracture in 25 (50%) patients, and a rotator cuff tear in 43 (86%) patients. Twenty‐three (92%) fractures were accompanied by a rotator cuff tear, and 23 (54%) rotator cuff tears were accompanied by a fracture. Ten fractures were initially missed radiographically. US findings changed the working diagnosis and therapeutic strategy in 37 (74%) and 26 (52%) patients, respectively.

Conclusion

In patients with posttraumatic shoulder complaints, US showed a high rate (90%) of relevant pathology. This changed the initial working diagnosis in 74% of the patients and the therapeutic strategy in more than half of the patients. Active referral for US examination may identify these abnormalities in an earlier phase and improve clinical outcome. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Synthesis of I‐131 labelled 4‐iodophenylacetic acid
Authors: Szucs Zoltan , Sathekge Mike , Marjanovic‐Painter Biljana , Wagener Judith , Sello Thato , Wagener Carl , Zeevaart Jan Rijn
Published: September 2010

Phenylacetate has been reported to have a potent anti‐proliferative and anti‐differentiating effect in haematological malignancies and in solid tumours at non‐toxic concentrations. This study is a preliminary investigation into the potential of 4‐iodophenylacetic acid radiolabelled by 131I as a radiopharmaceutical equivalent. The radiolabelling by isotope exchange gave a radiochemical yield of 53±6%, and a radiochemical purity of 97.8±1.2% as qualified by HPLC. The product contained 4% ester by‐product and is suitable for studies in animals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phosphorylation assay using [γ‐32P]ATP: A highly sensitive detection of protein kinase C
Authors: Ko Kyong‐Cheol , Choi Mi Hee , Park Sang Hyun
Published: September 2010

The involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in many biological processes such as development, memory, cell differentiation and proliferation, and carcinogenesis has been demonstrated. Using the mep45 gene encoding the 45‐kDa major envelope protein (Mep45) of Selenomonas ruminantium, a protein‐fused substrate (neurogranin‐Mep45, MFS‐PKC) was cloned, which is a highly selective substrate for PKC. The recombinant protein‐fused substrate can be constantly produced in reasonable quantities with a small outlay. In this study, a suitable strategy for the detection of the phosphorylation of a peptide‐type substrate and a Mep45‐fused substrate catalyzed by PKC by using a sensitive radiodetection is described. This strategy can be applicable to the development of protein microarray, which can be a useful tool for high‐throughput screening in biological and medical research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High throughput headspace GC‐MS quantitative method to measure the amount of carbon monoxide in treated tuna fish
Authors: Bartolucci Gianluca , Droghetti Enrica , Focardi Claudia , Bambagiotti‐Alberti Massimo , Nocentini Mila , Smulevich Giulietta
Published: September 2010

A robust and dependable headspace HS‐GC‐MS method has been developed for the determination of carbon monoxide (CO) treated tuna fish.

The performance of the method has been evaluated by analyzing spiked and blank samples.

The proposed method uses a programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector to implement the HS injection and overcome the negative effects on the column of water contained in the sample. The level of CO could be easily detected in the treated samples, its amount differing markedly from that detected in the untreated samples. Proper oven temperature programming prevented any deterioration of chromatographic performance caused by the accumulation of water, carbon dioxide and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons in the column during serial analyses. The introduction of PTV injection and the restoring of GC column, by oven temperature programming, were crucial for obtaining the required robustness. This procedure assures the run‐to‐run repeatability necessary for high throughput applications. The method affords linear calibration curves ranging from 50 to 2500 ng/g of CO content in tuna sample. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dystroglycan modulates the ability of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Galvin Jason , Eyermann Christopher , Colognato Holly
Published: September 2010

The adhesion receptor dystroglycan positively regulates terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Using primary oligodendrocyte cultures, we identified and examined a connection between dystroglycan and the ability of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Consistent with previous reports, treatment with exogenous IGF‐1 caused an increase in MBP protein that was preceded by activation of PI3K (AKT) and MAPK (ERK) signaling pathways. The extracellular matrix protein laminin was further shown to potentiate the effect of IGF‐1 on oligodendrocyte differentiation. Depletion of the laminin receptor dystroglycan using siRNA, however, blocked the ability of IGF‐1 to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation of cells grown on laminin, suggesting a role for dystroglycan in IGF‐1‐mediated differentiation. Indeed, loss of dystroglycan led to a reduction in the ability of IGF‐1 to activate MAPK, but not PI3K, signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of MAPK signaling also prevented IGF‐1‐induced increases in myelin basic protein (MBP), indicating that MAPK signaling was necessary to drive IGF‐1‐mediated enhancement of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Using immunoprecipitation, we found that dystroglycan, the adaptor protein Grb2, and insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), were associated in a protein complex. Taken together, our results suggest that the positive regulatory effect of laminin on oligodendrocyte differentiation may be attributed, at least in part, to dystroglycan's ability to promote IGF‐1‐induced differentiation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silent synapses in neuromuscular junction development
Authors: Tomàs Josep , Santafé Manel M. , Lanuza Maria A. , García Neus , Besalduch Nuria , Tomàs Marta
Published: September 2010

In the last few years, evidence has been found to suggest that some synaptic contacts become silent but can be functionally recruited before they completely retract during postnatal synapse elimination in muscle. The physiological mechanism of developmental synapse elimination may be better understood by studying this synapse recruitment. This Mini‐Review collects previously published data and new results to propose a molecular mechanism for axonal disconnection. The mechanism is based on protein kinase C (PKC)‐dependent inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) release. PKC activity may be stimulated by a methoctramine‐sensitive M2‐type muscarinic receptor and by calcium inflow though P/Q‐ and L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels. In addition, tropomyosin‐related tyrosine kinase B (trkB) receptor‐mediated brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activity may oppose the PKC‐mediated ACh release depression. Thus, a balance between trkB and muscarinic pathways may contribute to the final functional suppression of some neuromuscular synapses during development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case series of facial depigmentation associated with low fluence q‐switched 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser for skin rejuvenation and melasma
Authors: Chan Nicola P.Y. , Ho Stephanie G.Y. , Shek Samantha Y.N. , Yeung Chi K. , Chan Henry H.
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective

In recent years, “laser toning” using low fluence, large spot size, multiple passed Q‐switched 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser has gained much popularity in Asian countries for non‐ablative skin rejuvenation and the treatment of melasma. This case series highlights one of the complications associated with laser toning, which is facial depigmentation.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen patients with laser toning‐associated facial depigmentation were assessed with cross‐polarized and ultraviolet (UV) photographic images. The laser toning regimens received by these patients, as well as the treatment given for depigmentation, were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

All 14 patients were Chinese females, 9 of whom received laser toning for non‐ablative skin rejuvenation and the other 5 for melasma. The treatment regimens received by these patients were highly variable. The total number of treatments received ranged from 6 to 50 (mean 22.07). In all cases, UV photographic images demonstrated facial mottled depigmentation. Laser toning failed to significantly improve melasma in all five patients. Five patients received targeted narrowband UVB for depigmentation with good clinical results.

Conclusions

Laser toning with low fluence Q‐switched 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser for skin rejuvenation and melasma can be associated with mottled depigmentation. With laser toning being frequently performed, this complication may become more commonly encountered in clinical practice. The depigmentation can appear after only a few treatment sessions, and can cause much disfigurement, especially in cases with background melasma. Further studies on laser toning are needed with the view to optimizing efficacy and minimizing side‐effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:712–719, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The grasp reflex: A symptom in need of treatment
Authors: Mestre Tiago , Lang Anthony E.
Published: September 2010

The grasp reflex is one of the primitive reflexes frequently observed in neurodegenerative diseases. However, quality of life and treatment of the grasp reflex are neglected in the literature. Following two brief case vignettes of patients seen recently who experienced disability from a grasp reflex, we briefly review its phenomenology, anatomy–physiology and epidemiology in neurodegenerative movement disorders, and assess the limited current literature regarding the quality of life and treatment. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Chemopreventive effect of dietary curcumin on inflammation‐induced colorectal carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Villegas Isabel , Sánchez‐Fidalgo Susana , de la Lastra Catalina Alarcón
Published: September 2010

Scope: Curcumin is a polyphenol with a variety of pharmacologic effects. We evaluate the effect of dietary curcumin on the severity of repeated colitis‐associated colorectal cancer.

Methods and results: Six‐week‐old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two dietary groups: standard diet and curcumin at 0.6% diet. The mice were exposed to 15 cycles of 0.7% dextran sodium sulphate for 1 week followed by distilled water for 10 days. After curcumin diet, the disease activity index presented a statistical reduction in the last cycles, macroscopic tumors were not seen and the microscopic study showed minor neoplasic lesions with respect to standard diet‐group. β‐Catenin translocation to the cytoplasm and/or nucleus was observed in the tumor tissue, but this translocation and its intensity were significantly minor in the curcumin diet‐DSS animals. Cytokines as tumor necrosis factor‐α and IFN‐γ were significantly diminished in DSS‐animals fed with curcumin. Conversely, non‐modification of p53 expression was observed and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly reduced in the curcumin diet‐DSS group.

Conclusion: We demonstrate the protective/preventive effect of curcumin in the progression of colorectal cancer associated to colitis, which was correlated with a lowered immunoreactivity of ß‐catenin, a non‐modification of p53 expression, a reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels and a decrease of inflammatory protein overexpression.
Reconstruction of MRI data encoded with arbitrarily shaped, curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic fields
Authors: Schultz Gerrit , Ullmann Peter , Lehr Heinrich , Welz Anna M. , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: September 2010

A basic framework for image reconstruction from spatial encoding by curvilinear, nonbijective magnetic encoding fields in combination with multiple receivers is presented. The theory was developed in the context of the recently introduced parallel imaging technique using localized gradients (PatLoc) approach. In this new imaging modality, the linear gradient fields are generalized to arbitrarily shaped, nonbijective spatial encoding magnetic fields, which lead to ambiguous encoding. Ambiguities are resolved by adaptation of concepts developed for parallel imaging. Based on theoretical considerations, a practical algorithm for Cartesian trajectories is derived in the case that the conventional gradient coils are replaced by coils for PatLoc. The reconstruction method extends Cartesian sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction with an additional voxelwise intensity‐correction step. Spatially varying resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and truncation artifacts are described and analyzed. Theoretical considerations are validated by two‐dimensional simulations based on multipolar encoding fields and they are confirmed by applying the reconstruction algorithm to initial experimental data. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why engage?
Authors: Millesen Judith L. , Carman Joanne G. , Bies Angela L.
Published: September 2010

Foundations, consultants, and nonprofit managers have become interested in learning more about how to create effective strategies and interventions to strengthen nonprofit management and organizational capacity. In this article, we examine the extent to which organizational theory can explain the motivation to engage in different types of capacity‐building efforts. Using data gathered from focus groups and interviews with nonprofit executives, foundation executives, and capacity‐building professionals, we illustrate that while different organizational theories can explain the incentive to engage in capacity building, no single theory can truly capture the complexity of the decision‐making process. We show how a multitheoretical approach not only allows us to explain the evolution of capacity‐building efforts over time, but also helps us to identify and explain the problems that can be created by misinterpreting the incentive to engage in building individual and institutional capacity.
Strategies and tactics in NGO–government relations
Authors: Ramanath Ramya , Ebrahim Alnoor
Published: September 2010

Relationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have been variously described in the nonprofit literature as cooperative, complementary, adversarial, confrontational, or even co‐optive. But how do NGO–government relationships emerge in practice, and is it possible for NGOs to manage multiple strategies of interaction at once? This article examines the experience of three leading NGOs in Mumbai, India, involved in slum and squatter housing. We investigate how they began relating with government agencies during their formative years and the factors that shaped their interactions. We find that NGOs with similar goals end up using very different strategies and tactics to advance their housing agendas. More significant, we observe that NGOs are likely to employ multiple strategies and tactics in their interactions with government. Finally, we find that an analysis of strategies and tactics can be a helpful vehicle for clarifying an organization's theory of change.
Transforming a nonprofit work environment for creativity
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina , Byerly Christina , Bryant Amanda , Koksarova Julianna
Published: September 2010

As many nonprofit organizations struggle to maximize the use of their resources while simultaneously handling more complex social problems, creativity becomes especially important. It is the necessary first step required for innovation, which provides agencies with the upper hand in many areas of organizational management. It has been suggested that certain work environments can contribute to increased levels of creativity. So it is important that the managers of nonprofit organizations have tools that allow them to develop a work context that enhances employee creativity. This article presents a study where one such tool—concept mapping—was used in the process of transforming a work environment. Qualitative and quantitative data showed that the transformation efforts contributed to major changes in the organization's culture, leadership's attitudes and behaviors, coworker relationships, and the physical work environment, which in turn contributed to positive organizational outcomes.
Taqman genotyping assays can be used on decalcified and paraffin‐embedded tissue from patients with osteosarcoma
Authors: Hagleitner Melanie M. , Coenen Marieke J.H. , Jeuken Judith W.M. , Flucke Uta , Schreuder H.W. Bart , te Loo D. Maroeska W.M. , Hoogerbrugge Peter M.
Published: September 2010

Background

In cancers like osteosarcoma with a 5‐year overall survival of 50–60%, archived histological specimens can be a useful source of biological material. However, this material generally has been decalcified and formalin‐fixed for many years. In our study, we investigated whether DNA obtained from these tissues can be used for reliable single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping.

Procedure

We studied two SNPs in the drug transporter MDR1 using Taqman® SNP genotyping assays. Genotypes of the germ line DNA derived from freshly isolated DNA of 20 surviving patients with osteosarcoma were compared with genotypes obtained from archived material from decalcified formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) blocks of the same patients.

Results

Decalcified FFPE‐derived DNA yielded smaller PCR fragments compared to DNA extracted from peripheral blood cells, with a reliable size of ∼200 bp. However, we were able to evaluate each SNP in 19 of 20 cases included in this study. All successfully genotyped samples showed 100% concordance between genotypes obtained from DNA of FFPE tissue and the genotypes obtained from DNA of blood from the same patients.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that decalcified FFPE tissue can be used for genetic polymorphism analysis using Taqman® allelic discrimination assays. This forms a unique opportunity to combine new insights in genetic research with historical patient cohorts. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:35–38. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea rhizomes by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Ioset Karine Ndjoko , Nyberg Nils T. , Van Diermen Daphne , Malnoe Pia , Hostettmann Kurt , Shikov Alexander N. , Jaroszewski Jerzy W.
Published: September 2010

Introduction – Rhodiola rosea is a broadly used medicinal plant with largely unexplored natural variability in secondary metabolite levels.

Objective – The aim of this work was to develop a non‐target procedure for 1H NMR spectroscopic fingerprinting of rhizome extracts for pattern recognition analysis and identification of secondary metabolites responsible for differences in sample composition. To achieve this, plants from three different geographic areas (Swiss Alps, Finland, and Altai region in Siberia) were investigated.

Results – A sample preparation procedure was developed in order to remove polymeric polyphenols as the 1H NMR analysis of low‐molecular‐weight metabolites was hampered by the presence of tannins. Principal component analysis disclosed tight clustering of samples according to population. PCA models based on the aromatic region of the spectra showed that the first two components reflected changes in the content of salidroside and rosavin, respectively, the rosavin content being negatively correlated to that of rhodiocyanoside A and minor aromatics. Score plots and non‐parametric variance tests demonstrated population‐dependent changes according to harvest time. Data consistency was assessed using score plots and box‐and‐whisker graphs. In addition, a procedure for presenting loadings of PCA models based on bucketed data as high‐resolution plots, which are reminiscent of real 1H NMR spectra and help to identify latent biomarkers, is presented.

Conclusion – This study demonstrated the usefulness of the established procedure for multivariate non‐target 1H NMR metabolic profiling of Rhodiola rosea. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the dielectric response of polyurethane/alumina nanocomposites
Authors: Kalini A. , Gatos K. G. , Karahaliou P. K. , Georga S. N. , Krontiras C. A. , Psarras G. C.
Published: September 2010

The dielectric properties of polyurethane (PUR) latex–boehmite alumina nanocomposites were investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy in the temperature range −100 °C to 70 °C. The concentration of the filler (alumina) was kept constant at 10 phr for all specimens, whereas the mean particle diameter (namely 220, 90, and 25 nm) of the incorporated nanoparticles varied accordingly. For reasons of comparison, pure PUR was also examined. Four distinct relaxation modes were recorded in the spectra of all systems. They were attributed to interfacial polarization, glass transition (α‐relaxation), local motions of polar side groups, and chain segments (β‐relaxation and γ‐relaxation). All four relaxation processes exhibit a symmetric distribution of relaxation times, which in the case of interfacial polarization, becomes narrower. The intensity of interfacial polarization increases with the reduction of the mean particle diameter indicating enhanced interfacial area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Impact of low‐molecular mass components (oligomers) on the glass transition in thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Dion Matthew , Larson Andrew B. , Vogt Bryan D.
Published: September 2010

Commercial polydisperse atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exhibits a decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) when the film thickness is less than ∼60 nm, whereas more model atactic PMMA shows an increased Tg in thin films supported on clean silicon wafers. NMR indicates no difference in tacticity, so the divergent thin film behavior appears related to the relative distribution of molecular mass. Extraction of some low molecular weight PMMA components from the commercial sample results in a significant modification of the thin film Tg compared with the initial PMMA fraction. The extracted sample exhibits initially a slight decrease in Tg as the film thickness is reduced below ∼60 nm, but then Tg appears to increase for films thinner than 20 nm. These results illustrate the sensitivity of polymer thin film properties to low‐molecular mass components and could explain some of the contradictory reports on the Tg of polymer thin films that exist in the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Cure behavior and mechanical properties of structural self‐healing epoxy resins
Authors: Guadagno Liberata , Longo Pasquale , Raimondo Marialuigia , Naddeo Carlo , Mariconda Annaluisa , Sorrentino Andrea , Vittoria Vittoria , Iannuzzo Generoso , Russo Salvatore
Published: September 2010

Advances in the growing use of polymer composites in aerospace applications explore the possibility in the development of smart materials capable of self‐repair. In this article, we have formulated and characterized a multifunctional autonomically healing composite inspired by the design of White et al. Microcapsules containing dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and powders of Grubbs first generation catalyst were embedded in an epoxy formulation and both the epoxy precursor and the composite were cured up to the temperature of 120 °C that preserves the activity of the catalyst. The results on the cure behavior of an epoxy matrix for self‐healing material and the influence of the components related to self‐healing function on the dynamic‐mechanical properties are investigated. The presence of catalyst powder causes a slight decrease in the elastic modulus value with respect to the epoxy matrix. At variance, a large recovery in this parameter is gained for the self‐healing specimen, proving that well‐distributed microcapsules contribute to improve the mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Isolated central sleep apnea in type I Chiari malformation: Improvement after surgery
Authors: Spence Jessica , Pasterkamp Hans , McDonald Patrick J.
Published: September 2010

Sleep apnea is a rare but well‐known clinical feature of disorders of the craniocervical junction. It may be obstructive or central in nature, and rarely presents without other neurological symptoms. We report the cases of two children, presenting with isolated central sleep apnea leading to a diagnosis of type I Chiari malformation. Surgical treatment resulted in a dramatic improvement in respiratory parameters during sleep, both clinically and on polysomnography.

We discuss this uncommon presentation of type I Chiari malformation and suggest that it be considered in the differential diagnosis of central sleep apnea in children, as posterior fossa decompression may lead to significant clinical improvement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1141–1144. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide exchange parameters among 9‐year‐old inner‐city children
Authors: Rosa Maria José , Divjan Adnan , Hoepner Lori , Sheares Beverley J. , Diaz Diurka , Gauvey‐Kern Kevin , Perera Frederica P. , Miller Rachel L. , Perzanowski Matthew S.
Published: September 2010

Objectives and Hypothesis

To determine the feasibility of using a multiple flow offline fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) collection method in an inner‐city cohort and determine this population's alveolar and conducting airway contributions of NO. We hypothesized that the flow independent NO parameters would be associated differentially with wheeze and seroatopy.

Methods

As part of a birth cohort study, 9‐year‐old children (n = 102) of African‐American and Dominican mothers living in low‐income NYC neighborhoods had FeNO samples collected offline at constant flow rates of 50, 83, and 100 ml/sec. Seroatopy was defined as having measurable (≥0.35 IU/ml) specific IgE to any of the five inhalant indoor allergens tested. Current wheeze (last 12 months) was assessed by ISAAC questionnaire. Bronchial NO flux (JNO) and alveolar NO concentration (Calv) were estimated by the Pietropaoli and Hogman methods.

Results

Valid exhalation flow rates were achieved in 96% of the children. Children with seroatopy (53%) had significantly higher median JNO (522 pl/sec vs. 161 pl/sec, P < 0.001) when compared to non‐seroatopic children; however, median Calv was not significantly different between these two groups (5.5 vs. 5.8, P = 0.644). Children with wheeze in the past year (21.6%) had significantly higher median Calv (8.4 ppb vs. 4.9 ppb, P < 0.001), but not JNO (295 pl/sec vs. 165 pl/sec, P = 0.241) when compared with children without wheeze. These associations remained stable after adjustment for known confounders/covariates.

Conclusions

The multiple flow method was easily implemented in this pediatric inner‐city cohort. In this study population, alveolar concentration of NO may be a better indicator of current wheeze than single flow FeNO. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:83–91. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A computational investigation on the role of glycosylation in the binding of alpha1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with two alpha‐neurotoxins
Authors: Dimitropoulos Nikolaos , Papakyriakou Athanasios , Dalkas Georgios A. , Chasapis Christos T. , Poulas Konstantinos , Spyroulias Georgios A.
Published: September 2010

Based on the crystal structure of the extracellular domain (ECD) of the mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha1 subunit bound to α‐bungarotoxin (α‐Btx) we have generated in silico models of the human nAChR α1 bound to α‐Btx and α‐cobratoxin (α‐Cbtx), both in the presence and in the absence of the N‐linked carbohydrate chain. To gain further insight into the structural role of glycosylation molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out in explicit solvent so as to compare the conformational dynamics of the binding interface between nAChR α1 and the two toxins. An interesting observation during the course of the MD simulations is the strengthening of the receptor‐toxin interaction in the presence of the carbohydrate chain, mediated through a shift in the position of the sugars towards the bound toxin. Critical protein–sugar interactions implicate residues Ser187 and Trp184 of nAChR and Thr6, Ser9, and Thr15 of α‐Btx, as well as Thr6 and Pro7 of α‐Cbtx. Analysis of the predicted residue‐specific intermolecular interactions is intended to inspire biophysical studies on the functional role of glycosylation in the gating mechanism. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reaction mechanism of type I phosphomannose isomerases: New information from inhibition and polarizable molecular mechanics studies
Authors: Roux Céline , Bhatt Forum , Foret Johanna , de Courcy Benoit , Gresh Nohad , Piquemal Jean‐Philip , Jeffery Constance J. , Salmon Laurent
Published: September 2010

Type I phosphomannose isomerases (PMIs) are zinc‐dependent metalloenzymes involved in the reversible isomerization of D‐mannose 6‐phosphate (M6P) and D‐fructose 6‐phosphate (F6P). 5‐Phospho‐D‐arabinonohydroxamic acid (5PAH), an inhibitor endowed with nanomolar affinity for yeast (Type I) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Type II) PMIs (Roux et al., Biochemistry 2004; 43:2926–2934), strongly inhibits human (Type I) PMI (for which we report an improved expression and purification procedure), as well as Escherichia coli (Type I) PMI. Its K
i value of 41 nM for human PMI is the lowest value ever reported for an inhibitor of PMI. 5‐Phospho‐D‐arabinonhydrazide, a neutral analogue of the reaction intermediate 1,2‐cis‐enediol, is about 15 times less efficient at inhibiting both enzymes, in accord with the anionic nature of the postulated high‐energy reaction intermediate. Using the polarizable molecular mechanics, sum of interactions between fragments ab initio computed (SIBFA) procedure, computed structures of the complexes between Candida albicans (Type I) PMI and the cyclic substrate β‐D‐mannopyranose 6‐phosphate (β‐M6P) and between the enzyme and the high‐energy intermediate analogue inhibitor 5PAH are reported. Their analysis allows us to identify clearly the nature of each individual active site amino acid and to formulate a hypothesis for the overall mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by Type I PMIs, that is, the ring‐opening and isomerization steps, respectively. Following enzyme‐catalyzed ring‐opening of β‐M6P by zinc‐coordinated water and Gln111 ligands, Lys136 is identified as the probable catalytic base involved in proton transfer between the two carbon atoms C1 and C2 of the substrate D‐mannose 6‐phosphate. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isoselenocyanates derived from amino acid esters: an expedient synthesis and application to the assembly of selenoureidopeptidomimetics, unsymmetrical Selenoureas and selenohydantoins
Authors: Hemantha Hosahalli P. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: September 2010

An important class of organoselenium compounds‐α‐isoselenocyanato esters 4 hasbeen prepared by a reaction of α‐isocyano esters with elemental selenium powder. The reaction issimple, rapid and all the isoselenocyanates havebeen isolated as stable ones after chromatographic purification. These hitherto unreported classes of molecules would be useful building blocks for the preparation of variety of selenium containing peptidomimetics. In this study, the utility of the title molecules in the preparation of selenoureidopeptidomimetics 6, unsymmetrical selenoureas 8 and selenohydantoins 10 isdemonstrated. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytoremediation of arsenic in mining‐contaminated areas: The future of transgenic technology
Authors: Anawar Hossain M.
Published: September 2010

A considerable number of contaminated mining sites in Europe and other parts of the world pose environmental hazards. Given the multifaceted benefits of phytoremediation, screening of plant communities grown in contaminated areas is being conducted to identify hyperaccumulating plant species. A few arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating plants are found in tropical countries; however, generally, they are not grown in contaminated mining sites of cold and temperate countries (Europe and other parts of the world). The transgenic plants identified to date are not believed to be suitable for commercial use of phytoremediation. A few tolerant plant species in mining sites that are found to have elevated As levels primarily concentrate As in their roots. The remediation potential of many of these tolerant plants is limited because of their slow growth and low biomass. Therefore, phytostabilization of contaminated mining sites using tolerant plant species with high biomass and a more extensive root system is the only solution to date in Europe and some other parts of the world. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical resistance heating of volatile organic compounds in Sedimentary rock
Authors: Kluger Mark , Beyke Gregory L.
Published: September 2010

Electrical resistance heating (ERH) has become a common method of remediation for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unconsolidated soils, both above and below the water table. Recently, use of ERH has expanded to include treatment of contaminated sedimentary bedrock. This article describes the implementation issues for rock remediation and provides case studies of three sites remediated by ERH in Maryland, New Jersey, and Indiana. With proper design, remediation of bedrock can be as effectively completed as remediation of overburden materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing remediation strategies for a former dry‐cleaner site
Authors: Fowler Troy , Dockter Craig
Published: September 2010

Residual tetrachloroethene (PCE) contamination at the former Springvilla Dry Cleaners site in Springfield, Oregon, posed a potential risk through the vapor intrusion, direct contact, and off‐site beneficial groundwater uses. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality utilized the State Dry Cleaner Program funds to help mitigate the risks posed by residual contamination. After delineation activities were complete, the source‐area soils were excavated and treated on‐site with ex situ vapor extraction to reduce disposal costs. Residual source‐area contamination was then chemically oxidized using sodium permanganate. Dissolved‐phase contamination was subsequently addressed with in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD). ERD achieved treatment goals across more than 4 million gallons of aquifer impacted with PCE concentrations up to 7,800 micrograms per liter prior to remedial activities. The ERD remedy introduced electron donors and nutrient amendments through groundwater recirculation and slug injection across two aquifers over the course of 24 months. Adaptive and mass‐targeted strategies reduced total remedy costs to approximately $18 per ton within the treatment areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A robust adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown Prandtl–Ishilinskii hysteresis
Authors: Zhang Xiuyu , Lin Yan , Mao Jianqin
Published: September 2010

In this paper, a robust adaptive dynamic surface control for a class of uncertain perturbed strict‐feedback nonlinear systems preceded by unknown Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis is proposed. The main advantages of our scheme are that the explosion of complexity problem can be eliminated when the hysteresis is fused with backstepping design and, by introducing an initialization technique, the ℒ︁∞performance of system tracking error can be achieved. It is proved that the new scheme can guarantee semi‐global uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed‐loop signals and make the convergence of the tracking error to an arbitrarily small residual set. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.