bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reaction Time of the Tongue to Auditory and Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Siegenthaler Bruce M. , Hochberg Irving
Published: September 2011

Measures of reaction time of the tongue to tactile stimulation on the lips and to a 1000-cps tone at sensation levels of 10, 50, and 70 db were obtained from 26 normal young adults. Results revealed that tactile stimulation evoked the shortest reaction time ( M = .123 sec.); 70 db elicited slightly longer reaction time ( M = .129 sec.); 50 db still longer reaction time ( M = .137 sec.); and 10 db the longest ( M = .209 sec.). The 10-db tone reaction time was significantly longer than that of any other stimulus condition, while tactile stimulus reaction time was significantly shorter than both the 10- and 50-db tonal stimuli, but not than the 70-db stimulus. Among the auditory conditions, 50 and 70 db were not significantly different from one another, but both were different from 10 db. The findings support the role played by tactual feedback in the oral region for monitoring speech. It is hypothesized that a speech mechanism which operates on a servosystem principle is likely to utilize the most efficient sensory channels available in monitoring speech output, with time of response being one important measure of efficiency.
Ability of Rhesus Monkeys to Discriminate Complex Spatial Arrangements of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Brown Hugh , Remfry F. W. , Bass W. C.
Published: September 2011

Two rhesus monkeys were trained in an operant situation to perform for food and water in response to conceptualized stimuli which the animal had to derive from multidimensional stimulus conditions involving random combinations of colored lights.
Effects of Guided Learning Experiences in Developing Probability Concepts at the Fifth Grade Level
Authors: Ojemann Ralph H. , Maxey E. James , Snider Bill C. F.
Published: September 2011

A program of learning experiences designed to develop an understanding of selected probability concepts was administered to fifth grade Ss. An equated control group viewed two films which did not deal with probability concepts. Four post-tests were used. Results indicated significant differences in favor of the experimental Ss, including a test of “maximizing success” when prior knowledge as to input level was not available and no extraneous rewards were used.
Judging with Which Eye One is Viewing a Three-Dimensional Scene
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Williamson Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

15 Ss were asked to judge whether they were using either eye alone or both eyes while viewing a three-dimensional scene. The judgments were made through an apparatus which occluded vision in either eye without Ss' awareness. It was found that while Ss could make the judgments above the chance level, they were in error on approximately 30% of the trials.
Body Image of Crippled Children as Seen in Draw-A-Person Test Behavior
Authors: Wysocki Boleslaw A. , Whitney Eleanor
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to use the Draw-a-Person Test to differentiate between crippled and non-crippled children, as well as various subgroups of crippled children, with regard to body image, feelings of inadequacy, aggression, hostility, inferiority, etc. The performance of 50 crippled and 50 non-crippled children on Machover's Draw-a-Person Test confirms assumptions that (1) crippled children tend to express more aggression in their drawings than non-crippled children; (2) among the crippled children, the intensity of aggression differs according to different areas of insult; and (3) among the crippled children, the area of insult is indicated in some way. Thus, the D-A-P seems useful in the personality assessment of crippled children.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XLV. Psychological Abstracts, 1964, Volume 38, Second Half
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

102 items concerned with motor skills are listed from the second half of Psychological Abstracts.
Effect of Criterional Learning-Set Training Where Problem Objects are Encased in Plexiglas Bins
Authors: Ternes Joseph W. , Abordo Enrique J. , Rumbaugh Duane M.
Published: September 2011

Extended criterional learning-set (LS) training prior to test on a series of 6-tr/LS problems provided a significant, but transitory, advantage for Ss trained in a situation where problem objects were encased in Plexiglas bins. Criterional training appeared to compensate, at least partially, for those characteristics of this method of problem presentation which render squirrel monkey Ss learning-setless when given just 6-tr/LS training (Rumbaugh, Ternes, & Abordo, 1965).
Gestalt Study of Time Estimation
Authors: Friel Charles M. , Lhamon William T.
Published: September 2011

In order to investigate the relationship between the temporal proximity of associational processes and the experience of time, 40 male Ss were asked to reproduce a series of 1-min. time intervals in which they wrote down words input to them at various rates. Half the group was given nonsense syllables and the other half was given words with high associational value. Ss who heard nonsense syllables gave progressively shorter estimates of the 1-min. interval as the rate of input of these stimuli was increased. However, Ss who heard words with high associational value showed no difference in their time estimates as the rate of input was increased. The study suggests that time estimates are in part a function of the frequency of associational processes initiated during a given temporal duration.
Some Task Parameters in Simple Pattern Recognition
Authors: Roby Thornton B. , Low Lorraine
Published: September 2011

The task presented to individual Ss required identification of a particular set of two digit numbers that was wholly contained in a larger set of displayed elements. Five stimulus factors were experimentally manipulated. Size of the display set, number of presumptive pattern sets, and density of display elements in the incorrect presumptive pattern sets were negatively related to accuracy of identification. The size of the pattern sets and the spatial distribution of pattern elements in the display were not related clearly to performance. The relevance of these studies to pattern identification in small group situtations is discussed and illustrated.
Eye Fixation Responses of Kittens and Infant Chimpanzees to Onset and Offset of a Stimulus
Authors: Berkson Gershon
Published: September 2011

Kittens and infant chimpanzees were presented with a disc which rotated or was stationary. Both initiating and stopping rotation increased the probability of eye fixations over a control condition, with the effect greater for initiation. The rotating disc was fixated more than the stationary disc in both animal groups. The curves describing reduction of fixations on the rotating and the stationary disc were parallel for the chimpanzees and diverged for the kittens.
Perceptual Investigation of Psychoanalytic Theory concerning Latent Homosexuality in Women
Authors: Goldberg Philip A. , Milstein Judith T.
Published: September 2011

Female Ss were divided into two groups, High-Latent and Low-Latent Homosexual, on the basis of MMPI Scale 5. Both groups were shown tachistoscopically 6 pictures which had been chosen as being threatening or nonthreatening on the basis of psychoanalytic theory. The high group had longer latencies on each of the high-threat pictures and shorter latencies on each of the low-threat pictures than the low group. The results were accepted as supporting psychoanalytic theory concerning female homosexuality.
Error Correlations in a Two-Dimensional Compensatory Tracking Task
Authors: Lathrop R. G.
Published: September 2011

Earlier studies utilizing two-dimensional compensatory tracking have generally computed either a single dimension average error or have taken the simple sum of the two average errors each computed separately. Results of the current study indicate that average error computed on the more highly variant of the two dimensions accounts for approximately 85 to 90% of the variance of the simple sum average error. For most experiments, the reduction in the number of computer amplifiers required may justify the use of the single dimension average error.
Effect of Suggestion upon Experimental Pain Response Parameters
Authors: Wolff B. Berthold , Krasnegor Norman A. , Farr Roberta S.
Published: September 2011

The differential effects of permissive and non-permissive instructions upon pain threshold and pain tolerance were studied in 43 healthy human Ss, using cutaneous electrical stimulation. Non-permissive instructions resulted in very significant increases in both pain tolerance and pain sensitivity range, but no significant changes were observed for both pain threshold and detection threshold. Therefore, Gelfand's hypothesis, stating that pain threshold and pain tolerance have differential loadings of physiological and psychological components, was supported. It was also found that the left or non-dominant hand was consistently more sensitive to pain than the right hand. This result is consistent with Wolff's and Jarvik's suggestion that lateral dominance is important in pain perception.
Activity Level and Words Connoting Mood
Authors: Buss Arnold H. , Murray E. Neil
Published: September 2011

Words that had already been scaled for intensity of mood were scaled for activity level. The correlation between mood and activity scale values was high: elation is associated with much activity and depression with little activity. There was also evidence that anxiety is positively related to activity level.
Structured-Objective Rorschach Test: A Question of Choice Location
Authors: Langer Philip , Norton Ron
Published: September 2011

50 Ss at Utah State University were given the Structured-Objective Rorschach test. An inquiry phase followed each of the responses given by S. Results seem to indicate that: (1) location scores are valid less than 50% of the time, (2) there is an increase in rejection of answers and lessened validity of location scores for the last five blots when compared with the first five, and (3) it is assumed that Ss are making response-choices on bases other than the assigned blot characteristics.
Effects of Body Position on Judgment of the Postural Vertical
Authors: Gescheider George A. , Wright John H.
Published: September 2011

Each of 60 male Ss made 20 judgments of the postural vertical in the absence of visual cues. 10 Ss were randomly assigned to each of the 6 experimental conditions defined by left or right lateral tilt in a prone, supine, or sitting body position. In all conditions Ss consistently underestimated the postural vertical. Significantly larger errors were made by Ss tilted in the sitting position than by Ss tilted in the prone or supine positions. Performance in the prone and supine positions did not differ. No differences were obtained between tilting in the left and right quadrants for any of the body positions. Practice led to a significant decrease in error under all conditions.
Reaction Time of Pre-Adolescent Chimpanzee under Conditions of Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Reynolds Herbert H. , Hay Donald L. , Pegram G. Vernon
Published: September 2011

An “allowable interval” for responding has been arbitrarily used in animal reaction time studies, having no empirical basis in systematic investigations of an animal's optimal response capability. The results of this research, in which negative reinforcement (low amperage shock) was used, indicate that the reaction time of the pre-adolescent chimpanzee in an experimental situation approximating that of routine laboratory performance testing is highly similar to that of man. In programming tasks, which involve single or multiple stimuli to which a discrete response must be made, suggestions are made concerning the allowable time interval for responding.
User Vocabulary in Thesaurus Development
Authors: Greer F. Loyal
Published: September 2011

A multistep model called the User Approach Model is proposed as an aid for determining terms to be used in an indexing thesaurus. Information problems and questions are used to derive words which are directly related (i) to a user's potential need for information and (ii) to the spontaneous language in which a user expresses his request. Search words identified by a User Approach could provide specifications for human indexers as well as for electronic equipment fed by character readers. A User Approach is designed to maximize the probability that words in storage will be matched by the words of system users. The contention is that information system designers should more explicitly build on the actual language inclinations of system users. Empirical comparisons of effectiveness and cost should be made for the indexing products of variants of the User Approach and for the current Expert and Statistical approaches to indexing.
Relations among Age, Intelligence, and Critical Flicker Fusion
Authors: Mackie James B. , Beck Edward C.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate relations among age, intelligence, and CFF in brain-damaged and normal Ss Among both brain-damaged and normal Ss correlations between intelligence and age were generally low as were those between age and CFF. Within the normal group CFF was unrelated to intelligence; however, within the brain-damaged group CFF was significantly related to verbal intelligence.
Choice Reaction Time as a Function of Stimulus Uncertainty in Patients with Brain Lesions
Authors: Costa Louis D. , Horwitz Morton , Vaughan Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

Longer times and greater variabilities for 24 brain-damaged Ss than for normals were associated with increased stimulus information in a card-sorting task.
Psychologists' Judgments regarding Prognosis for Classifications of 15 Functional Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , James Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Reliabilities of pair-comparison judgments of 15 clinical psychologists pertaining to the prognosis favorabilities of classifications of 15 functional psychotic disorders were investigated. The psychologist-judges perceived and judged the comparative prognoses for the classifications in a manner that showed significant intra- and inter-judge reliability. The judged rank order for the classifications was most similar to the rank order as seen by a sample of 22 psychiatrists.
Time of Day Estimates at Six Times of Day under Normal Conditions
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Baldwin Robert O.
Published: September 2011

75 adults were asked to estimate the correct time of day without reference to clocks at each of 6 times of day from 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. Significant group mean differences were found, with underestimation of correct time at mid-day and overestimation at early (8:00–10:00 A.M.) and later (6:00–8:00 P.M.) times of day.
Stimulus and Response Factors in Size Instruction Effects
Authors: Baird John C.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments observers adjusted the size of a near comparison stimulus to match the size of a distant standard. Different instructions, psychophysical methods, and stimulus figures were used. The general results agreed with previous instruction effects but also suggested that such estimates depend upon the isolated and concordant influence of several stimulus and response factors.
Consistency of Assignment of Ratings in Recognition Memory
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: September 2011

It is demonstrated that Ss employ ratings in a consistent manner in recognition memory tasks when exposed to conditions yielding a wide range of recognition scores.
Judgments of Simple Geometric Figures by Children
Authors: Rosenblith Judy F.
Published: September 2011

In order to compare perceptual visual performance of brain-damaged children and normal children, a series of perceptual studies was undertaken. Modified paired-comparison judgments were obtained from the following groups: (1) normal (kindergarten through fourth grades), (2) pre-school cerebral palsied, (3) two special classes of brain-damaged, (4) emotionally disturbed children, and (5) retarded adults (MA 5 through 11). Errors and types of error were related to age, IQ, clinical group, MA level, etc. Developmentally speaking the decline of left-right reversal errors is most striking. Organic involvement relates more to type than to sheer frequency of error. Relevant literature is discussed in relation to the findings.
Minimal Familiarity and Left-Right Judgment of Paintings
Authors: Ross Bruce M.
Published: September 2011

20 male college students briefly viewed slides of 30 paintings. On second showing, 16 of the 30 slides were reversed in left-right orientation and Ss judged each painting as to whether a reversal had occurred. On third showing, Ss judged whether a painting was in the “correct” artist-intended orientation. Judgments of “correct” were chiefly based on whether the painting had minimal familiarity, i.e., had been unchanged in orientation on the first two showings. Neither this group nor a control group agreed with artist intent at more than a chance level.
Perception Bibliography: XXVI. Psychological Index No. 22, 1915
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

In this listing are 111 items in which perceptual processes and materials are discussed.
Blink Rate as a Function of Induced Muscular Tension and Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Harris C. Stanley , Thackray Richard I. , Shoenberger Richard W.
Published: September 2011

The blink rate of 25 Ss was compared under the conditions of 4 min. rest and 4 min. of muscle tension. It was found that blinks distinguished between the two conditions but not between successive minutes of muscle tension. The number of blinks during both periods correlated significantly with paper-and-pencil measures of anxiety. The results are interpreted as supporting Meyer's theory of the interaction of simultaneous responses.
Influence of Motivation on Reactive Inhibition in Extra Version-Introversion
Authors: Hogan Martin J.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine the influence of reactive inhibition (defined as involuntary rest pauses) on the performance of a vigilance task by extraverts and introverts. It was hypothesized that extraverts would perform more poorly than introverts when level of motivation was held constant. A personality inventory, a motivation questionnaire and a psychomotor (vigilance) task were administered to 50 female Ss, who were grouped as extraverts or introverts on the basis of their personality test scores. Level of motivation for the two groups was equated. Mean performance scores on the vigilance task for the two groups were compared. The results suggest that the concept of reactive inhibition as applied by Eysenck may be used to explain the vigilance performance of extraverts and introverts. There was some support for Eysenck's finding that high levels of drive tend to obscure the performance difference between introverts and extraverts.
Shadow Effects in Recognition of Complex Textured Surfaces
Authors: Freeberg Norman E.
Published: September 2011

Recognition judgments of complex-textured relief surfaces were made under varying angles of a projected light source. Photos of these same and similar surfaces, taken under the identical light angles, served as the variable stimuli against which the recognition judgments were made. The extent to which shadow enhanced recognition was a function of the availability of other cues for recognition in the stimulus material. Addition of shadow could serve to degrade recognition as well, when pictorial information from which judgments were made contained minimal shadow.
An Automated Branching Device for the Assessment and Training of Visual Discrimination
Authors: Edwards Allan E. , Rosenberg Beth
Published: September 2011

An automated device for the assessment and training of visual discrimination is described. The device utilizes a juke-box upon which film apparatus is mounted, as a random access slide projector. Filmed stimulus material is placed around the circumference of plastic discs housed in the juke-box and is projected onto a screen in programmed sequences. The device is inexpensive, has a good memory, is electrically controllable, and has a maximum search time of 11 sec. for 2400 chips of film. It has been used successfully in the assessment and training of more than 200 brain-damaged patients.
Approach of Domestic Chicks to Stationary Objects of Different Texture
Authors: Sluckin W. , Taylor K. F. , Taylor Ann
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to compare the attractiveness to 3-day-old chicks of rough-lined and smooth-lined objects. In Exp. I chicks were reared individually in a pen containing a small open-ended box which was either rough-lined or smooth-lined. Chicks returned to the box after separation more often when reared with the smooth-lined box than when reared with the rough-lined box. In Exp. II chicks were reared in pens containing two boxes, one smooth-lined and one rough-lined. After separation most chicks showed a preference for the smooth-lined box. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to studies of ‘contact comfort’ and of imprinting.
Toward a Taxonomy of Automobile Driving: I. Tracking
Authors: Ehrlich Nathaniel J.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to explore the characteristics of straight line tracking performance in automobile driving. Two Ss were used in driving an automobile on a public road at 50, 60, 70, and 80 mph. Photographic records were made of the track of the automobile while the drivers were instructed simply to “drive as straight as possible” at a constant speed. An analysis of the tracking records indicates that different strategies were being employed by the two drivers. One corresponded to the mathematical biophysics formulation of Rashevsky (avoidance of lateral boundaries) while the other operated under the more familiar psychological laboratory tracking task (direct error-feedback). The experiment is an exploratory effort in the microcharacteristics of automobile driving.
Stimulus Discrimination through Intracranial Reinforcement
Authors: Wolff P. C. , Burnstein D. D. , Flory R. K. , Mabry J.
Published: September 2011

5 satiated rats and a guinea pig with chronically implanted electrodes were operantly conditioned to respond on a lever to receive intracranial self-stimulation (I.C.S.) under a multiple schedule of reinforcement. Response rates, under the control of visual or auditory discriminative stimuli, were appropriately high or low according to the requirements of the schedule. Alternating changes of the discriminative stimuli resulted in immediate shifting of response rates by Ss. Electrode placements were in the mammillary body area and the posterior hypothalamus. The findings indicate that I.C.S. reinforcement can be used to study discrimination acquisition in lower organisms.
An Experimental Study of Visual Perceptual Training and Reading Achievement in First Grade
Authors: Rosen Carl L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of perceptual training upon selected measures of reading achievement in first grade, 12 experimental classrooms received a 29-day adaptation of the Frostig program for the development of visual perception while 13 control classrooms added comparable time to regular reading instruction. Analysis of the data revealed significant differences between treatment groups in certain post-training perceptual capabilities without concomitant effects on dependent measures. Additional findings strongly suggest need for further research.
Neurotics and the Influence of Age on Sort Variables
Authors: Weinlander Max M.
Published: September 2011

The Structured-Objective Rorschach Test (SORT) was individually administered to 100 neurotic patients in a VA Hospital and divided into 2 age groups, 28–42 and 43–68. The raw scores for their 15 SORT variables were compared. At the .05 level, the mental functioning ability to generalize ( W) increased with age, while the attention to detail ( Dd) decreased with age.
Prediction of Hospital Discharge of Mental Patients by Psychomotor Performance: Partial Replication of Brooks and Weaver
Authors: Burstein Alvin G. , Soloff Asher , Gillespie Helen , Haase Mario
Published: September 2011

Brooks and Weaver's study of the possibility of predicting successful candidates for psychiatric rehabilitation was partially replicated in a smaller research project. Forty-one chronically ill, hospitalized patients in a state mental hospital were tested on a series of psychomotor tests utilizing the Brooks and Weaver apparatus. The replication was basically successful. The most powerful, single predictor was a Pinboard that was not part of the Brooks and Weaver battery. It is suggested that tests of psychomotor performance might be useful additions to selection procedures for psychiatric rehabilitation programs and that further research would be useful on the relationships between psychomotor performance and rehabilitation.
Effect of Orientation, Inclination, and Length of Diagonal of Necker Cubes on Perspective Dominance
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Orientation of the diagonal in a Necker cube drawing was shown to affect the first perspective reported and the relative amount of time that each perspective was dominant. Length and inclination of diagonal did not affect either measure of perspective dominance.
Perceived Slant as a Function of Stimulus Contour and Vertical Dimension
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: September 2011

24 Os judged the slants represented by nine trapezoids presented monocularly and binocularly, with fixed head under reduced viewing conditions. The trapezoids were the frontal-parallel plane projections of rectangles with the dimensions, 12 in. by 6 in., 10 in. by 5 in., and 8 in. by 4 in., each slanted 30°, 45° and 60°, but with their heights increased to 12 in., 10 in. and 8 in., respectively, and the other contour dimensions increased in proportion. All forms were displayed in the frontal-parallel plane only. The greatest variance in the slant judgments was associated with variation in contour. Decrease in stimulus height tended to be associated with increase in judged slant. Monocular and binocular judgments did not differ significantly. There were no significant interactions. The results were interpreted as supporting the contour perspective theory of monocular slant.
Auditory Vigilance as Affected by Signal Rate and Intersignal Interval Variability
Authors: Martz Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Vigilance performances consisting of auditory threshold, latency of response, and false-positive response measures were obtained from 24 Navy and civilian Os during the course of six daily 48-min. monitoring sessions in which O pressed a microswitch to report single tones in signal trains of increasing intensity. Six signal rates from 2.5 to 120 signals per hour and six intersignal intervals ranging up to 108 sec. around a signal rate of 1 per minute were found to have some differential effect on auditory threshold. An improvement of 3.25 db in signal/noise detection occurred when signal rate was increased from 2.5 to 15 per hour. Higher rates were not additionally effective. Below the rate of 15/hr., response latency increased regularly with the slower rates, although there was no further improvement with higher signal rates. Thus a rate of about 1 signal every 4 min. was the most efficient. Time-on-watch analysis revealed large individual differences. An analysis of false-positive responding indicated that false alarms were unrelated to signal rate, intersignal variability, or listening session.
Listening and Reading, Speaking and Writing: An Experimental Investigation of Differential Acquisition and Reproduction of Memory
Authors: Horowitz Milton W. , Berkowitz Alan
Published: September 2011

Under controlled conditions, Ss differed significantly in their reproductions of The War of the Ghosts, depending upon their mode of acquisition (listening and reading) and their mode of reproduction (speaking or writing). Listeners produced a larger corpus, more ideas, fewer omissions of important units, more distortions, and a stylistically superior reproduction than readers. Reproduction by speaking produced a larger corpus, less diversity of expression, more additions, more subordinate ideas, and more signals than did reproduction by writing. Listening seems (logically and empirically) more closely allied to speaking and reading seems more closely allied to writing.
Involuntary Nonconformity as a Function of Habit Lag
Authors: La Fave Lawrence , Teeley Peter
Published: September 2011

A pilot experiment tested hypotheses derived from La Fave's construct of habit lag. Habit lag (a construct which is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition of negative transfer) is viewed as a connecting link between Gestalt and behavioristic psychologies, helping dispense with nonnullifiable psychoanalytic theory. A sixth grade boys' basketball team played an eighth grade girls' team by girls' rules. As predicted, the boys' team erred more frequently than did the girls' team by conforming to those rules of boys' basketball which are contradicted by girls' rules. The isomorphism between mental experience and behavior posited by Asch, Campbell, Murphy, and Sherif is viewed as insufficiently comprehensive. The authors replace that simple isomorphism with a homomorphism, then learn they have created more problems than they have solved. They next attempt to develop a more complex and comprehensive isomorphism, but fail. However, this seems the correct way in which to proceed and, hopefully, by so doing a comprehensive isomorphism eventually may evolve.
Field Dependence and Susceptibility to the Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Pressey A. W.
Published: September 2011

30 women and 30 men were tested on the embedded-figures test, the rod-and-frame test, and the Poggendorff illusion. It was found that for men the Poggendorff illusion was significantly related both to the embedded-figures test and the rod-and-frame test. For women, the illusion was related only to performance on the embedded-figures test.
Method of Stimulus Presentation and Apparent Body Position under Lateral Body Tilt
Authors: Bauermeister M. , Wapner S. , Werner H.
Published: September 2011

Eighty Ss, 40 male and 40 female, indicated by means of a luminescent rod the location of their longitudinal body axis (apparent body position) under body tilt ranging from 90° left (counterclockwise), through upright, to 90° right (clockwise). The luminescent rod was presented by two psychophysical methods: (a) the method of limits and (b) the method of constant stimuli. Deviations of apparent from objective body position showed significant differences between the two methods. The results were interpreted in terms of an organismic theory of perception, utilizing the notion of a dynamic body schema as spatial reference system which was subject to modifications due to the method of stimulus presentation.
Behavior of Independent Joints Served in Part by Muscles Common to Both: Elbow and Radioulnar Joints
Authors: Olson Janice K. , Waterland Joan C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to answer the basic biological question: does cortical control of movement allow for the activation of a single joint when the muscles implicated are placed anatomically to affect more than one articulation and, if so, what muscles are activated? Four normal, adult women performed four trials of volitional elbow and radioulnar movements against gravity and against two weight increments during two experimental settings Simultaneous electrogoniometric and electromyographic data were collected from the two joints and eight muscles sampled. Biplane photographs provided reference points for the analysis of the electromyograms. The results indicated that volitional action at the elbow or radioulnar joint produced involuntary movement at the neighboring articulation with predictable patternings. Muscle participation and range of movement recorded for the involuntary joint actions were augmented by stress.
Sorting and Arranging Ktsa Objects According to Emotional Category and Preference under Simulated “Psychosis”
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

The KTSA was administered to two groups of Ss, first under normal conditions and then by asking them to simulate “psychosis,” or vice versa. Simulation of “psychosis” led to an increased number of objects being placed in the negative categories of HATE, BAD, and DEAD and a decreased number in the positive categories of LOVE, GOOD, and LIVING. Under the normal and “psychotic” sets no change was shown for “preferred” objects, but change was obvious for “non-preferred” objects. Constriction of responses was evident for Ss first tested as “psychotic” and then as normal, which suggests threatened perception of the psychotic situation. A similar threat did not appear when the S took the KTSA as a “psychotic” after having first taken it as a normal. The reader is cautioned against extrapolating these findings to those expected from actual malingerers since the motivation of these simulators of psychosis may be different from that of actual malingerers.
Defense and Extension of the “Coefficient of Forecasting Efficiency”
Authors: Darlington Richard B.
Published: September 2011

The “coefficient of forecasting efficiency,” known as E, has been rejected as a measure of test value by decision theorists. A common type of test-use situation is described and a function is derived measuring test value in this type of situation. It is shown that in certain instances this function reduces to E, so that E is sometimes an appropriate measure of test value. The article describes this special instance first, and then the more general formula is derived.
Effects of Visual Distortions on Motor Execution as Measured in a Drawing Test
Authors: Choban G. M.
Published: September 2011

The influence of visual distortions introduced by cylindrical lenses upon copying a geometric pattern of varying distortion was studied in 15 Ss. The experimental conditions specifically influenced shape but not size and regularity of drawings; the latter rather depend upon repetition of the task. The results are discussed as indicating some properties of a central selective mechanism for a visual sensorimotor model.
Vertical Operant Manipulandum for Profoundly Retarded Children
Authors: Hollis John H.
Published: September 2011

This report has described a manipulandum for use with profoundly retarded children. It is similar to Symmes' (1963) manipulandum for kittens in that it does not require shaping of the movement. The device is built with inexpensive hardware and a tether ball. We have obtained stable rates, e.g., 40 per min. on FR-20 with M & M reinforcers.
A Simple Telemetric Method for Monitoring Cardiac Function in Small Animals
Authors: Longo Nicholas , Pellegrino James W.
Published: September 2011

A simple telemetric method for monitoring heart rate in unrestrained small animals is described. A small transmitter is attached to a plastic case cemented to the skull of the rat and connected to implanted chest electrodes. The output of an FM receiver can be used to drive a counter or can be fed to a standard polygraph for recording purposes.
Relevance of Information and Assimilation-Contrast in Interpersonal Prediction
Authors: Blanchard William A.
Published: September 2011

43 judges predicted the responses of 4 targets to interest test items. Three factors (information relevance, perceived similarity, and real similarity) were varied. Information relevance had a sizable independent effect on predictive accuracy. There was a significant interaction between perceived similarity and real similarity in terms of their effects on accuracy in a direction consistent with Berkowitz' assimilation-contrast model of social judgment. The assimilation effects were considerably more marked than the contrast effects. An hypothesized three-way interaction between the independent variables was found to be not significant. The latter two results were discussed in terms of the possible effects of stereotyping and the personal relevance of the predictive items.
Effects of Induced Drive on Hand Dynamometer Persistence
Authors: Alderman Richard B. , Brady P. R. J. , Marteniuk Donald G.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the effects of induced drive on both continuous and repetitive hand-dynamometer performance. Induced drive was either related or unrelated to the task. Persistence was measured as the ability to maintain or achieve criterion tension levels over a period of time. The presence of a motivating condition was deleterious to a continuous type of persistence task and beneficial to a repetitive type.
Dimensions of Decision-Making Behavior
Authors: Singer Estelle , Roby Thornton B.
Published: September 2011

Most laboratory research on decision making has been derived from normative theories, whose purpose is to advise the decision maker on what he should do. The present study, however, approached the problem of pinpointing the variables which are most relevant to unguided decision making behavior. A factor analysis was done of a battery of 70 scores which included a wide sample of decision-making behavior and certain cognitive and personality measures. The decision behavior was obtained in a variety of laboratory tasks designed to measure different traits. The cognitive and personality measures were included to help clarify the behavior represented by each factor. Eight oblique, but nearly orthogonal, factors were obtained: (1) readiness to make distinctive or informationally more certain responses, (2) intellectual passivity, (3) rational, active approach to new problems, (4) formation of sound concepts, combined, in decision making, with mimicry of the outcomes of prior events, (5) pessimism, with unstructured or global responses, (6) constrictive rigidity when required to make too many decisions in a short time, (7) consideration of each decision element independently, with active search for information and (8) contemplative appreciation of the structure of events.
Field Dependence and Occupational Activity in the Aged
Authors: Karp Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

Prior studies of field dependence of elderly persons have led to questions as to the course of development of this function in the latter decades of life and consideration of the implications of such development for the prediction of longevity. As a first step toward answering such questions, the present study was designed to evaluate effects of increasing age, between 60 and 90, on field dependence and relationships between field dependence and state of activity as represented by gainful employment. 50 Ss recruited from a day center in New York City were given two tests of field dependence. In general, field dependence was found to increase with age. However, there was some suggestion that the rate of such increase may diminish during the seventh or eighth decades. When 20 employed and 20 retired males, aged 60 to 75 were compared, the employed Ss were significantly more field independent than their retired peers.
Sequential Memory: Keeping Track Performance as a Function of Information Exposure Time and Interstimulus Noise
Authors: Glucksberg Sam , Karsh Robert , Monty Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Ss were required to keep track of the number of occurrences of each of three pure tones presented at a constant rate in sequences (trials) of various lengths. With trial lengths of 8 and 12 tones, as practice progressed the shorter the stimulus exposure duration, the better the performance. This effect was not obtained with trial lengths of 16 and 20 tones. White noise presented during interstimulus intervals did not affect performance. Implications for a model of keeping-track behavior are examined.
Cognitive Level, Role-Taking Ability and the Rorschach Human Movement Response
Authors: Kurz Ronald B. , Capone Thomas A.
Published: September 2011

In order to test the assumption that Rorschach human movement responses ( M) are related to cognitive development and role-taking ability, 128 boys, who were differentiated according to cognitive level, were given a Role Taking Task and individually administered Rorschachs requiring two responses per card, without inquiry. Significant relationships were found between M and the other two variables, but the relationships were not strong. It is suggested that the procedure of obtaining only two responses per card, without inquiry, limited M production and weakened the relationships.
Differences in Negro and White Drawings: A Cultural Interpretation
Authors: Frisch Giora R. , Handler Leonard
Published: September 2011

While testing in schools with predominantly Negro populations, it was noted that the hair in the DAP was grossly overemphasized and distorted. Drawings were obtained from 122 Negro and 103 white junior high school students. Using 10 criteria for evaluating hair emphasis, 2 independent judges significantly differentiated drawings by Negro and white Ss. The hair:face area ratio was significantly greater for the drawings done by the Negro children than for those by the white children. The “sexual virility” hypothesis, the usual interpretation of hair emphasis or elaboration, was ruled out in favor of a cultural interpretation which reflected the Negro's desire for assimilation and integration. Es emphasize that care must be taken in the interpretation of DAPs obtained from Negroes when these interpretations are based on normative data, statistical or personal, which excludes this group.
Effects of Complexity and Redundancy on the Tactual Recognition of Metric Figures
Authors: Foulke Emerson , Warm Joel S.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to assess the influence of two information parameters, viz., complexity and redundancy, on the tactual recognition of metric figures by 24 sighted and 24 blind Ss. Four levels of complexity were used with random and Redundancy-1 forms. The stimuli were raised dots and standard braille values were employed for dot height and spacing. Efficiency of performance was measured in terms of both speed and accuracy of recognition. Although the results were in part dependent upon response measures, the following overall trends were noted: (a) efficiency of performance was greater in the blind than in the sighted Ss and for random as compared to Redundancy-1 figures and (b) speed and accuracy of recognition tended to decrease with increments in stimulus complexity. The data were interpreted as supporting central factors in form perception and as illustrating the need for close attention to the nature of performance indices employed in the study of the perception of form.
Equal-Appearing Interval Scale Values and Successive Interval Scale Values Derived from the Same Set of Ratings
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Sherman Dorothy
Published: September 2011

Both equal-appearing interval scale values and successive interval scale values were computed for each of five sets of ratings on five different kinds of stimuli. The scale values obtained by these two methods rank ordered almost identically the stimuli which were scaled. For all five sets of ratings, the Pearson r for estimating the relationship between the two sets of scale values was equal to or greater than .99. In view of the close relationship between the scale values derived by the two methods, practical considerations would make the method of equal-appearing intervals the preferable one for many purposes.
Relation of Perceptual Style to Measures of Visual Functioning
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Cabe Patrick A. , Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

Measures of Witkin's concept of perceptual style were obtained with a Rod and Frame apparatus for 44 Ss and correlated with individual measures of macular stereopsis and phoria obtained from a Keystone Orthoscope. As none of the Spearman rbos were significant, individual differences in perceptual style appear not to be a function of the measured individual visual characteristics.
Duration Discrimination in the Rat after Early Auditory Restriction
Authors: Tees Richard C.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that cumulative early exposure to patterned auditory stimulation is necessary for the development of auditory duration perception in the rat, 40 hooded rats from the Long-Evans strain were raised from birth to 60 days in sound resistant lockers with ear plugs introduced into their external auditory canals. The remaining 20 Ss were raised with the auditory input of the laboratory colony. Although auditorily restricted Ss learned an intensity discrimination as readily as did normally reared Ss, experimental Ss took significantly more trials than normals to learn a duration discrimination problem.
Autokinesis of an Intermittent Luminance
Authors: Pearce D. G. , Abel Sharon M.
Published: September 2011

20 Ss were used in an experiment to determine whether autokinetic latency and displacement of an intermittent luminance reach minimum and maximum, respectively, at the same rate of intermittence. It was found that autokinetic latency and displacement of a small, low-luminance stimulus reach minimum and maximum, respectively, in the region of 2 to 16 cps. Measures repeated over 5 days disclosed no systematic effects of repeated exposures to the illusion.
Picture Memory in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Farrer Donald N.
Published: September 2011

Complex cognitive functioning of chimpanzees on tasks with 5 relational cues was reexamined, and a new hypothesis (picture-memory) was presented involving the memorization of a list of stimuli each of which was rewarded if, and only if, it was presented within a particular stimulus configuration. The first experiment demonstrated the picture-memory hypothesis by showing successful performance on a 4-choice discrimination task which was essentially a match-to-sample task without the presence of the sample. In the second experiment, the picture-memory hypothesis was examined in more detail by omitting part of the total stimulus configuration and measuring the resultant performance decrement. It was concluded that loss of stimuli proximal to the rewarded stimulus interfered with the picture-memory behavior more than the loss of distal stimuli, but the behavior was most seriously disrupted by the loss of the rewarded stimuli. In the third experiment, the total stimulus configuration was tested by presenting the mirror image of the original pictures. The inability of the chimpanzees to generalize immediately to the reversal of the original stimulus configurations was demonstrated, and it was concluded that the mirror-image stimuli were, in essence, new pictures to be memorized.
Some Comments and Data on the Partial Cue Controversy and other Matters Relevant to Investigations of Subliminal Phenomena
Authors: Silverman Lloyd H. , Spiro Robert H.
Published: September 2011

In response to a recent article by Guthrie and Wiener (1966) data and logical considerations are presented which support the following conclusions. (1) For a number of recent studies of subliminal phenomena, the most parsimonious explanation for positive results is one implicating the subliminal registration of content and, contrary to the claim of Guthrie and Wiener, not one relating to structural cues in awareness. (2) Also contrary to their claim, Guthrie and Wiener's data provide little support for the view that even in the early investigation of Eagle (1959), Ss were responding to partial cues. (3) Guthrie and Wiener's failure to obtain a content effect in their own experiment was most likely the result of the level at which their stimuli were exposed and/or their not taking into account subject variables that are relevant to the question of whether a subliminal effect can be demonstrated.