bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Series Forecasting by Recommendation: An Empirical Analysis on Amazon Marketplace
Authors: Gómez-Losada Álvaro , Duch-Brown Néstor
Published: June 2019

This study proposes a forecasting methodology for univariate time series (TS) using a Recommender System (RS). The RS is built from a given TS as only input data and following an item-based Collaborative Filtering approach. A set of top-N values is recommended for this TS which represent the forecasts. The idea is to emulate RS elements (the users, items and ratings triple) from the TS. Two TS obtained from Italy’s Amazon webpage were used to evaluate this methodology and very promising performance results were obtained, even the difficult environment chosen to conduct forecasting (short length and unevenly spaced TS). This performance is dependent on the similarity measure used and suffers from the same problems that other RSs (e.g., cold-start). However, this approach does not require high computational power to perform and its intuitive conception allows for being deployed with any programming language.
A geodesic Witten diagram description of holographic entanglement entropy and its quantum corrections
Authors: Prudenziati Andrea
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We use the formalism of geodesic Witten diagrams to study the holographic realization of the conformal block expansion for entanglement entropy of two disjoint intervals. The agreement between the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and the identity block contribution has a dual realization as the product of bulk to boundary propagators. Quantum bulk corrections instead arise from stripped higher order diagrams and back-reaction effects; these are also mapped to the structure for G

N

0
terms found in [15], with the former identified as the bulk entanglement entropy across the Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces. An independent derivation of this last statement is provided by implementing a twist-line formalism in the bulk, and additional checks from the computation of mutual information and single interval entanglement entropy. Finally an interesting correspondence is found between the recently proposed holographic entanglement of purification, and an approximated form for certain 1/c Rényi entropies corrections.
Probing the trilinear Higgs boson coupling in di-Higgs production at NLO QCD including parton shower effects
Authors: Heinrich G. , Jones S. P. , Kerner M. , Luisoni G. , Scyboz L.
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We present results for Higgs boson pair production with variations of the trilinear Higgs boson self coupling at next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD including the full top quark mass dependence. Differential results for the LHC at 14 TeV are presented and we discuss the implications of anomalous trilinear couplings as well as differences between the Pythia and Herwig parton showers in combination with POWHEG. The implementation of the NLO QCD calculation with variable Higgs boson self coupling is made publicly available in the POWHEG-BOX-V2 Monte Carlo framework. A simple method for using the new implementation to study also variations of the top quark Yukawa coupling is described.
Dark energy beyond quintessence: constraints from the swampland
Authors: Brahma Suddhasattwa , Hossain Md. Wali
Published: June 2019

Abstract

The string theory swampland proposes that there is no UV-completion for an effective field theory with an exact (metastable) de Sitter vacua, thereby ruling out standard ΛCDM cosmology if the conjecture is taken seriously. The swampland criteria have also been shown to be in sharp tension with quintessence models under current and forthcoming observational bounds. As a logical next step, we introduce higher derivative self-interactions in the low-energy effective Lagrangian and show that one can satisfy observational constraints as well as the swampland criteria for some specific models. In particular, the cubic Galileon term, in the presence of an exponential potential, is examined to demonstrate that parts of the Horndeski parameter space survives the swampland and leads to viable cosmological histories.
Treatment and Outcome of 341 Papillary Breast Lesions
Authors: Chen Peixian , Zhou Dan , Wang Chuan , Ye Guolin , Pan Ruilin , Zhu Lewei
Published: June 2019

Background

Papillary breast lesions constitute a pathological heterogeneous group and display diverse clinical and imaging features. This study was conducted to analyze the upgrade rate of intraductal papilloma diagnosed on core needle biopsy and to assess the possible risk factors associated with upgrade to higher‐risk lesions. We also examined the long‐term outcomes in patients who received resection of the papillary lesions.

Materials and methods

The clinical and pathology records of 324 female patients who were diagnosed with papillary lesions based on core needle biopsy (CNB) from February 2010 to October 2016 at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped by initial diagnosis into two groups (papilloma with or without atypia) and followed‐up for long‐term outcomes. For the upgrade to higher‐risk lesions after excision, upgraded lesions were compared with benign papillomas for the collected variables.

Results

A total of 341 lesions were included for final analysis, and all were available for follow‐up. Papillomas with or without atypia diagnosed by CNB were found in 9 and 332 lesions, respectively. Papillomas without atypia on CNB were treated by open excision (n = 265) or vacuum‐assisted biopsy (VAB) (n = 67), which yielded similar event‐free rate (p = 0.19). The upgrade rate of this group to higher‐risk lesions was 9.9%. Peripheral (p = 0.011) lesions in postmenopausal (p = 0.001) or older (p = 0.001) patients with papillomas without atypia based on CNB showed significantly higher upgrade rates. Papillomas with atypia on CNB were all managed by open excision, and concurrent malignancy was found in two lesions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our results support benign papillary lesions based on CNB require further treatment. Peripheral lesions occurring in older or postmenopausal women are at higher risk for upgrade.
The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Housing and Living Arrangements
Authors: Pilkauskas Natasha , Michelmore Katherine
Published: June 2019

As rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last 15 years, impacting the housing and living arrangements of low-income families. Housing subsidies improve the housing situations of low-income families, but less than one in four eligible families receive a voucher. In this article, we analyze whether one of the largest anti-poverty programs in the United States—the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)—affects the housing (eviction, homelessness, and affordability) and living arrangements (doubling up, number of people in the household, and crowding) of low-income families. Using the Current Population Survey, the American Community Survey/decennial census, and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we employ a parameterized difference-in-differences strategy to examine whether policy-induced expansions to the EITC affect the housing and living arrangements of single mothers. Results suggest that a $1,000 increase in the EITC improves housing by reducing housing cost burdens, but it has no effect on eviction or homelessness. Increases in the EITC also reduce doubling up (living with additional, nonnuclear family adults)—in particular, doubling up in someone else’s home—and reduce three-generation/multigenerational coresidence, suggesting that mothers have a preference to live independently. We find weak evidence for a reduction in overall household size, yet the EITC does reduce household crowding. Although the EITC is not an explicit housing policy, expansions to the EITC are generally linked with improved housing outcomes for single mothers and their children.
Measuring Cohabitation in U.S. National Surveys
Authors: Manning Wendy D. , Joyner Kara , Hemez Paul , Cupka Cassandra
Published: June 2019

Cohabitation is one of the fastest growing family forms in the United States. It is widespread and continues to increase but has not been consistently measured across surveys. It is important to track the quality of data on cohabitation because it has implications for research on the correlates and consequences of cohabitation for adults and children. Recent rounds of the Current Population Survey (CPS), National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97), and National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) provide an opportunity to contrast estimates of cohabitation status and experience using nationally representative data sets and assess the quality of data on cohabitation in these data sets. Results demonstrated that the surveys provide similar estimates of current cohabitation status, except the CPS resulted in lower estimates. In terms of cohabitation experience (i.e., having ever cohabited), Add Health produced higher estimates, whereas both the NSFG and NLSY-97 produced lower estimates. We documented a strong education gradient across all surveys, with lower levels of current cohabitation and cohabitating experience and with increases in educational attainment. Racial/ethnic differences in cohabitation were inconsistent across surveys. We discuss aspects of sampling and measurement that potentially explain differences in estimates. Our findings have implications not only for survey design but also for the interpretation of results based on these four national surveys.
A Methodology to Empirically Assess National and Farm-Specific Damages from Contamination of Grain Supply by a Genetically Engineered Strain
Authors: Capps Oral , Babula Ronald A.
Published: June 2019

On May 29, 2013, the U.S. government announced that contamination of non–genetically engineered wheat supplies occurred. We provide a methodology to empirically assess the impacts of this contamination event on national prices and on farm-specific prices and receipts for spring red hard wheat. Results suggest that U.S. spring red hard wheat farmers in the aggregate had lost receipts ranging from $32.77 million to $131.06 million and incurred a drop of 3.83% in wheat price equivalent to $0.27 per bushel. At the farm level, ahypotheticalfarmer received $0.31 less per bushel culminating in $4,807 in lost receipts.
Social Welfare Effects of Transparency and Misinformation in a Political Economy
Authors: Bullock David S. , Mittenzwei Klaus , Josling Timothy E.
Published: June 2019

We present a game-theoretical model arguing that greater public transparency does not necessarily lead to higher social welfare. Political agents can benefit from providing citizens with misleading information aimed at aligning citizens’ choices with the political agents’ preferences. Citizens can lose from being fooled by political agents, though they can mitigate their losses by conducting costly inspections to detect false information. Producing and detecting false information is costly and can reduce social welfare.
Racial differences in two measures of trust in biomedical research
Authors: Cunningham-Erves Jennifer , Villalta-Gil Victoria , Wallston Kenneth A. , Boyer Alaina P. , Wilkins Consuelo H.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Lack of trust toward medical research is a major barrier to research participation, particularly among some population groups. Valid measures of trust are needed to develop appropriate interventions. The study purpose was to compare two previously validated scales that measure trust in biomedical research – one developed by Hall et al. (H-TBR; 2006) and the other by Mainous et al. (M-TBR; 2006) – in relation to socio-demographic variables and attitudes toward research. Differences between Black and White respondents were explored.

Methods:

Two nearly identical surveys – one with H-TBR and the other with M-TBR – were systematically administered to a convenience sample. Internal consistency reliability of each scale was assessed. Associations were computed between scores on each scale with attitudes toward biomedical research and demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status). The difference between White and Black respondents on each TBR score while controlling for age, education, and race was also investigated.

Results:

A total of 2020 participants completed the H-TBR survey; 1957 completed the M-TBR survey. Mean item scores for M-TBR were higher (F = 56.05, p < 0.001) among Whites than Blacks. Whites also had higher mean item scores than Blacks on H-TBR (F = 7.09, p < 0.001). Both scales showed a strong association with participants’ perceived barriers to research (ps < 0.001) and significant, positive correlations with interest in research participation (ps < 0.001). Age and household income were positive predictors of TBR scores, but the effects of education differed.

Conclusions:

Both scales are internally consistent and show associations with attitudes toward research. Whites score higher than Blacks on both TBR scales, even while controlling for age and socioeconomic status.
The Golden Hour After Injury Among Civilians Caught in Conflict Zones
Authors: Forrester Joseph D. , August Auriel , Cai Lawrence Z. , Kushner Adam L. , Wren Sherry M.
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

The term “golden hour” describes the first 60 minutes after patients sustain injury. In resource-available settings, rapid transport to trauma centers within this time period is standard-of-care. We compared transport times of injured civilians in modern conflict zones to assess the degree to which injured civilians are transported within the golden hour in these environments.

Methods:

We evaluated PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases for manuscripts describing transport time after trauma among civilian victims of trauma from January 1990 to November 2017.

Results:

The initial database search identified 2704 abstracts. Twenty-nine studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conflicts in Yugoslavia/Bosnia/Herzegovina, Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, Cambodia, Somalia, Georgia, Lebanon, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Turkey were represented, describing 47 273 patients. Only 7 (24%) manuscripts described transport times under 1 hour. Transport typically required several hours to days.

Conclusion:

Anticipated transport times have important implications for field triage of injured persons in civilian conflict settings because existing overburdened civilian health care systems may become further overwhelmed if in-hospital health capacity is unable to keep pace with inflow of the severely wounded.
Null systems in the non-minimal case
Authors: QIU JIAHAO , ZHAO JIANJIE
Published: June 2019

In this paper, it is shown that if a dynamical system is null and distal, then it is equicontinuous. It turns out that a null system with closed proximal relation is mean equicontinuous. As a direct application, it follows that a null dynamical system with dense minimal points is also mean equicontinuous. Meanwhile, a distal system with trivial $\text{Ind}_{\text{fip}}$-pairs and a non-trivial regionally proximal relation of order $\infty$ are constructed.
Management of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a low incidence area: A six-year experience in a university hospital
Authors: Emery Audrey , Jeanvoine Audrey , Bailly Pascale , Gbaguidi-Haore Houssein , Hocquet Didier , Bertrand Xavier
Published: June 2019

We conducted a 6-year retrospective analysis of monitoring of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in a large hospital in a low CPE incidence area, and we evaluated the “search and isolate” strategy implemented. In total, 40 CPE isolates were collected from 32 patients, and only 1.4% of contact patients screened were CPE carriers.
Shorncapelloni: hair and young masculinities in the Italian media, 1965–1967
Authors: Brioni Cecilia
Published: June 2019

In the period between 1965 and 1967, a series of acts of violence took place against Italiancapelloni(young men with long hair). These attacks frequently ended with an attempted or actual cutting of these young men's hair. This article analyses how these incidents were represented in newspapers, teen magazines, and in the short filmIl mostro della domenicaby Steno (Stefano Vanzina, 1968) featuring Totò. Drawing on literature about the shaving of French and Italian collaborationist women in the aftermath of the Second World War (Virgili 2002), it explores the potential gender anxieties caused by young men's long hairstyles, as represented by the media. The attacks on thecapelloniare interpreted as a punishment for the male appropriation of a traditionally feminine attribute of seduction: the cutting of young men's hair symbolically reaffirmed an ideal of virile masculinity in a moment of ‘decline of virilism’ (Bellassai 2011) in Italian society.
Lecidea phaeophysata: a new saxicolous lichen species from western and southern Europe with a key to saxicolous lecideoid lichens present on Atlantic coasts
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. , VAN DEN BOOM Pieter P. G.
Published: June 2019

The new lichen species Lecidea phaeophysata is described from rocks close to the coast in Italy, Portugal, France and Ireland. Distinguishing features include Porpidia-type asci and simple paraphyses that are fuscous brown pigmented in their upper section. Its systematic position is discussed but is unclear as molecular data are lacking (all collections are c. 20 years old). Therefore, we chose to describe the species in a broadly-circumscribed Lecidea rather than erecting a new monotypic genus. A key to saxicolous lecideoid lichens present on Atlantic coasts in Europe is also provided.
Discoveries through social media and in your own backyard: two new species of Allographa (Graphidaceae) with pigmented lirellae from the Palaeotropics, with a world key to species of this group
Authors: JATNIKA Muhammad Feisal , WEERAKOON Gothamie , ARACHCHIGE Omal , NOER Iin Supartinah , VOYTSEKHOVICH Anna , LÜCKING Robert
Published: June 2019

The genus Graphis sensu Staiger was recently divided into two genera, Graphis s. str. and Allographa. The latter contains mostly species with robust lirellae with a well-developed, often massively carbonized excipulum. With one exception, it also contains all species with a pigmented, yellow to orange pruina on the lirellae. Until now, seven species of Allographa were known with this character, all present in the Neotropics and one also in Africa. Here we describe two further species, both from tropical Asia, thus extending the known distribution of Allographa species with pigmented lirellae to the entire tropics. Allographa kamojangensis Jatnika, Noer & Lücking sp. nov. from Indonesia (Java) was recognized as a new taxon on the social media Facebook site Lichens Connecting People. Detailed studies showed that it deviates from the neotropical A. firferi in the much larger ascospores and the orange, K+ immediately purple-violet pigment, and from A. lutea in the completely carbonized excipulum and the larger ascospores. Allographa jayatilakana Weerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking sp. nov. was discovered in the second author's backyard during a recent inventory of Graphidaceae in Sri Lanka. It differs from A. flavominiata in the much shorter ascospores, from A. firferi in the terminally muriform ascospores, and from A. ochracea in the yellow-orange, K+ yellow then slowly purple-violet pruina. A key is presented to all nine species of Allographa with pigmented lirellae.
Umbilicaria subpolyphyllaOxner: the correct name forU. ibericaSancho & Krzewicka and its bipolar distribution pattern
Authors: DAVYDOV Evgeny A. , BLUM Oleg B. , KASHEVAROV Grigory P. , GRAKHOV Vladimir P.
Published: June 2019

TheUmbilicaria polyphyllaaggregate (U. polyphylla(L.) Baumg.,U. subpolyphyllaOxner andU. ibericaSancho & Krzewicka) is discussed based on morphological, chemical and molecular data.Umbilicaria ibericais proposed to be a later synonym ofU. subpolyphylla.The constructed nrITS + mtLSU phylogeny, which includes specimens with wide geographical ranges, shows that bothU. polyphyllaandU. subpolyphyllaare monophyletic and closely related. Both species have the same type of thalloconidia and identical secondary metabolites.Umbilicaria subpolyphyllahas prominent phenotypic differences when compared toU. polyphyllaincluding the monophyllous thallus with a dull upper surface and an elevated, slightly wrinkled centre, often covered with white pruina, and a medulla of the ‘U. havaasii’ type. Phylogenetic evidence for the bipolar distribution of bothU. polyphyllaandU. subpolyphyllais provided. Sympatric speciation in one region followed by long-distance dispersal seems to be the most plausible phylogeographical explanation for the observed patterns.Umbilicaria subpolyphyllais found in southern temperate-subtropical (Mediterranean) mountains, at least in Europe.
Interpreting Article II, Section 2: George Washington and the President's Powers
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: June 2019

This article explores Washington's annotated copy of the Constitution and the Acts of Congress (hereafter called the Acts of Congress to remain consist with the label Washington had placed on the front cover) to reveal new insights into his constitutional interpretation. Held in a private collection until 2012, this article is the first to examine Washington's notations in the Acts of Congress for their value as statements about political authority. Washington's comments in the margins of his volume suggest an evolving view of presidential power and constitutional limitations on the executive branch as early as January 1790. His margin notes on the Acts of Congress served as blueprint for his defense of presidential authority and the expansion of the executive branch in the 1790s. Finally, the annotated Acts of Congress inserts Washington's ideas about the presidency into the debate surrounding originalism by revealing how his analysis of the language evolved to meet the demands of governing, leading him to reject the delegates' intent for Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution.
The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguards and the evolution of global order
Authors: Dann Philipp , Riegner Michael
Published: June 2019

This article analyses the World Bank’s environmental and social Safeguards against the backdrop of changing paradigms of global legal order. In January 2017, a new ‘Environmental and Social Framework’ (ESF) entered into force and replaced older ‘Safeguard Policies’ that had incrementally emerged since the 1980s in response to harmful impacts of investment projects financed by the Bank. The Safeguards reform epitomizes the changing structures and geopolitical shifts that shape international law in the twenty-first century and provides a fascinating looking glass on the evolution of global order since the end of the cold war. In this perspective, we see the first generation of Safeguards, introduced since the late 1980s, as an element of incremental legalization in the emerging global governance regime, a regime characterized by unipolar multilateralism and geopolitical dominance of ‘the West’. The 2016 reform not only reflects the increased politicization of global governance by civil society but also the emergence of a more competitive multilateralism, characterized by counter-institutionalization on the part of emerging powers like China. A comparison of the old and new Safeguards thus allows us to analyse different forms of contestation and resulting normative evolution in the key area of global governance of development and finance.
Estimating prevalence from dried blood spots without using biological cut-offs: application of a novel approach to hepatitis C virus in drug users in France (ANRS-Coquelicot survey)
Authors: Léon L. , Pillonel J. , Jauffret-Roustide M. , Barin F. , Le Strat Y.
Published: June 2019

Seroprevalence estimation using cross-sectional serosurveys can be challenging due to inadequate or unknown biological cut-off limits of detection. In recent years, diagnostic assay cut-offs, fixed assay cut-offs and more flexible approaches as mixture modelling have been proposed to classify biological quantitative measurements into a positive or negative status. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among drug users (DU) in France in 2011 using a biological test performed on dried blood spots (DBS) collected during a cross-sectional serosurvey. However, in 2011, we did not have a cut-off value for DBS. We could not use the values for serum or plasma, knowing that the DBS value was not necessarily the same. Accordingly, we used a method which consisted of applying a two-component mixture model with age-dependent mixing proportions using penalised splines. The component densities were assumed to be log-normally distributed and were estimated in a Bayesian framework. Anti-HCV prevalence among DU was estimated at 43.3% in France and increased with age. Our method allowed us to provide estimates of age-dependent prevalence using DBS without having a specified biological cut-off value.
VISCUM SAHYADRICUM (VISCACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM THE WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA
Authors: Sardesai M. M. , Gaikwad S. P. , Yadav S. R.
Published: June 2019

Viscum sahyadricum (Santalaceae) from the Western Ghats of India is here described as a new species with description, illustrations and notes.
Non-invasive management of obstructive sleep apnoea in a Fontan patient
Authors: Boutsikou Maria , Li Wei , Gatzoulis Michael A.
Published: June 2019

In patients with CHD after Fontan palliation, there is a lack of a pumping chamber in the pulmonary circulation; thus, pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output are sensitive to increased pulmonary vascular resistance; if obstructive sleep apnoea is present, there are legitimate concerns from continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, which may hinder pulmonary blood flow.
Outcomes of low-intensity biopsy surveillance for rejection in paediatric cardiac transplantation
Authors: Evers Patrick D. , Jorgensen Neal , Hong Borah , Albers Erin , Kemna Mariska , Friedland-Little Josh , Boucek Robert J. , Law Yuk
Published: June 2019

Background:

Significant inter-centre variability in the intensity of endomyocardial biopsy surveillance for rejection following paediatric cardiac transplantation has been reported. Our aim was to determine if low-intensity biopsy surveillance with two scheduled biopsies in the first year would produce outcomes similar to published registry outcomes.

Methods:

A retrospective study of paediatric recipients transplanted between 2008 and 2014 using a low-intensity biopsy protocol consisting of two surveillance biopsies at 3 and 12–13 months in the first post-transplant year, then annually thereafter. Additional biopsies were performed based on echocardiographic and clinical surveillance. Excluded were recipients that were re-transplanted or multi-organ transplanted or were followed at another institution.

Results:

A total of 81 recipients in the first 13 months after transplant underwent an average of 2 (SD ± 1.3) biopsies, 24 ± 6.8 echocardiograms, and 17 ± 4.4 clinic visits per recipient. During the 13-month period, 19 recipients had 24 treated rejection episodes, with the first at an average of 2.8 months post-transplant. The 3-, 12-, 36-, and 60-month conditional on discharge graft survival were 100%, 98.8%, 98.8%, and 90.4%, respectively, comparable to reported figures in major paediatric registries. At a mean follow-up of 4.7 ± 2.1 years, four patients (4.9%) developed cardiac allograft vasculopathy, three (3.7%) developed a malignancy, and seven (8.6%) suffered graft loss.

Conclusion:

Rejection surveillance with a low-intensity biopsy protocol demonstrated similar intermediate-term outcomes and safety measures as international registries up to 5 years post-transplant.
Trends and Characteristics of Security Incidents Involving Aid Workers in Health Care Settings: A 20-Year Review
Authors: Morokuma Nanami , Chiu Cindy H.
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

In recent years, several high-profile attacks on hospitals providing medical aid in conflict settings have raised international concern. The International Humanitarian Law prohibits the deliberate targeting of health care settings. Violation of this law is considered a war crime and impacts both those delivering and receiving medical aid.

Problem:

While it has been demonstrated that both aid workers and health care settings are increasingly being targeted, little is known about the trends and characteristics of security incidents involving aid workers in health care compared to non-health care settings.

Methods:

Data from the publicly available Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD) containing security incidents involving humanitarian aid workers world-wide were used in this study. The security incidents occurring from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2016 were classified by two independent reviewers as having occurred in health care and non-health care settings, and those in health care settings were further classified into five categories (hospital, health clinic, mobile clinic, ambulance, and vaccination visit) for the analysis. A stratified descriptive analysis, χ2 Goodness of Fit test, and Cochran-Armitage test for trend were used to examine and compare security incidents occurring in health care and non-health care settings.

Results:

Among the 2,139 security incidents involving 4,112 aid workers listed in the AWSD during the study period, 74 and 2,065 incidents were in health care settings and non-health care settings, respectively. There was a nine-fold increase from five to 45 incidents in health care settings (χ2 = 56.27; P < .001), and a five-fold increase from 159 to 852 incidents in non-health care settings (χ2 = 591.55; P < .001), from Period 1 (1997-2001) to Period 4 (2012-2016). Of the 74 incidents in health care settings, 23 (31.1%) occurred in ambulances, 15 (20.3%) in hospitals, 13 (17.6%) in health clinics, 13 (17.6%) during vaccination visits, and six (8.1%) in mobile clinics. Bombings were the most common means of attack in hospitals (N = 9; 60.0%), followed by gun attacks (N = 3; 20.0%). In health care settings, 184 (95.3%) were national staff and nine (4.7%) were international staff.

Conclusion:

Security threats are a growing occupational health hazard for aid workers, especially those working in health care settings. There is a need for high-quality data from the field to better monitor the rapidly changing security situation and improve counter-strategies so aid workers can serve those in need without having to sacrifice their lives.
Peer-Reviewed Validation of a Comprehensive Framework for Disaster Evaluation Typologies
Authors: Wong Diana F. , Spencer Caroline , Boyd Leanne , Burkle Frederick M. , Archer Frank
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

The Comprehensive Framework for Disaster Evaluation Typologies, developed in 2017 (CFDET 2017), aims to unify and facilitate agreement regarding the identification, structure, and relationships between various evaluation typologies found in the disaster setting. A peer-reviewed validation process sought input from international experts in the fields of disaster medicine, disaster/emergency management, humanitarian/development, and evaluation. This paper discusses the validation process, its results, and outcomes.

Research Problem:

Previous frameworks, identified in the literature, lack validation and consistent terminology. To gain credibility and utility, this unique framework needed to be validated by international experts in the disaster setting.

Methods:

A mixed methods approach was designed to validate the framework. An initial iterative process informed an online survey which used a combination of a five-point Likert scale and open-ended questions. Pre-determined consensus thresholds, informed by a targeted literature review, provided the validation criteria.

Results:

A sample of 33 experts from 11 countries responded to the validation process. Quantitative measures largely supported the elements and relationships of the framework, and strongly supported its value and usefulness for supporting, promoting, and undertaking evaluations, as well as its usefulness for teaching evaluation in the disaster setting. Qualitative input suggested opportunities to strengthen and enhance the framework. There were limited responses to better understand the barriers and enablers of undertaking disaster evaluations. A potential for self-selection bias of respondents may be a limitation of this study. The attainment of high consensus thresholds, however, provides confidence in the validity of the results.

Conclusion:

For the first time, a framework of this nature has undergone a rigorous validation process by experts in three related disciplines at an international level. The modified framework, CFDET 2018, provides a unifying framework within which existing evaluation typologies can be structured. It gives evaluators confidence to choose an appropriate strategy for their particular evaluation in the disaster setting and facilitates consistency in reporting across the different phases of a disaster to better understand the process, outcomes, and impacts of the efficacy and efficiency of interventions. Future research could create a series of toolkits to support improved disaster evaluation processes and to evaluate the utility of the framework in the real-world setting.
Project Spraoi: a two-year longitudinal study on the effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention on dietary intake, nutritional knowledge and markers of health of Irish schoolchildren
Authors: Merrotsy Alison , McCarthy Aoife L , Flack Jennifer , Lacey Sean , Coppinger Tara
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To assess the effectiveness of a nutrition and physical activity (PA) intervention on dietary intake (DI), nutritional knowledge (NK), blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of schoolchildren.

Design:

Longitudinal study. DI, NK, BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), BP and CRF were all measured/calculated prior to (October 2014) and at the end of (June 2016) intervention delivery.

Setting:

Two primary schools (one intervention and one control), Cork, Ireland.

Participants:

Six-year-olds (n49; mean age = 6·09 (sd0·33) years) and 10-year-olds (n52; mean age = 9·90 (sd0·37) years).

Results:

There was a large and a moderate statistically significant difference between the change in systolic (P= 0·005, effect size (ES) = 0·165) and diastolic BP (P= 0·023, ES = 0·116), respectively, for 10-year-olds in the intervention and control groups. There was also a large statistically significant difference between the change in WHtR (P= 0·0005, ES = 0·386) and a moderate statistically significant difference between the change in NK (P= 0·027, ES = 0·107) for 10-year-olds in the intervention and control groups. There was a large statistically significant difference between the change in percentage of energy from protein in 10-year-old females (P= 0·021, ES = 0·276) in the intervention and control groups.

Conclusions:

Project Spraoi is Ireland’s first ever school-based intervention that has been evaluated and proven effective in improving DI, NK, WHtR and BP in older primary-school children in one intervention school.
PROOF SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS FDE-BASED MODAL LOGICS
Authors: DROBYSHEVICH SERGEY , WANSING HEINRICH
Published: June 2019

We present novel proof systems for various FDE-based modal logics. Among the systems considered are a number of Belnapian modal logics introduced in Odintsov & Wansing (2010) and Odintsov & Wansing (2017), as well as the modal logic KN4 with strong implication introduced in Goble (2006). In particular, we provide a Hilbert-style axiom system for the logic $BK^{\square - } $ and characterize the logic BK as an axiomatic extension of the system $BK^{FS} $. For KN4 we provide both an FDE-style axiom system and a decidable sequent calculus for which a contraction elimination and a cut elimination result are shown.
The value of using mimic weeds in competition experiments in irrigated cotton
Authors: Charles Graham W. , Sindel Brian M. , Cowie Annette L. , Knox Oliver G. G.
Published: June 2019

Crop plants have been used as mimic weeds to substitute for real weeds in competition studies. These mimic weeds have the advantages of availability of seed, uniform germination and growth, and the potential to confer better experimental controllability and repeatability. However, the underlying assumption that the competitive effects of mimic weeds are similar to real weeds has not been tested. We compared a range of morphological traits (plant height, node and leaf number, leaf area, leaf size, and dry weight) between the mimic weeds and real weeds: Japanese millet vs. junglerice, mungbean vs. bladder ketmia, and common sunflower vs. fierce thornapple. The impact of these mimic and real weeds on cotton was also assessed. There were similarities and differences between the mimic and real weeds, but impact on cotton lint yield was most closely associated with weed height and dry weight at mid-season. Mimic weeds may be satisfactorily substituted for real weeds in competition experiments where seasonal and environmental conditions are not limiting, such as with fully irrigated cotton, provided the plants have similar dry weight and height at mid-season. Alternatively, one can account for the differences in dry weight and height. We define here a generalized relationship estimating the yield loss of high-yielding, irrigated cotton from weed competition over a range of weed dry weights and heights, allowing extrapolation from the results with mimic weeds to the competitive effects of a range of weeds.
When Do Psychopathic Traits Affect Cooperative Behavior?
Authors: Testori Martina , Kempf Maximillian , Hoyle Rebecca B. , Eisenbarth Hedwig
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Personality traits have been long recognized to have a strong impact on human decision-making. In this study, a sample of 314 participants took part in an online game to investigate the impact of psychopathic traits on cooperative behavior in an iterated Prisoner’s dilemma game. We found that disinhibition decreased the maintenance of cooperation in successive plays, but had no effect on moving toward cooperation after a previous defection or on the overall level of cooperation over rounds. Furthermore, our results underline the crucial importance of a good model selection procedure, showing how a poor choice of statistical model can provide misleading results.
The Dark Side of Tinder
Authors: Sevi Barış
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Tinder is the leading online dating application. This study ( N = 271) explored the Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and sociosexuality as correlates of Tinder use. The results revealed that Tinder users had higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality, compared to non-users. Also, Tinder users with higher scores on the Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality significantly showed greater motivation to use Tinder for short-term mating; however, there was no significant relation with Tinder use and motivation for long-term mating. This finding supports the idea that Tinder can be a new venue for people high on the Dark Triad to pursue their short-term mating strategies.
Identification of Emotions in Offenders With Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP)
Authors: Iria Catarina , Barbosa Fernando , Paixão Rui
Published: June 2019

Abstract. A group of offenders with antisocial personality (ASP) and a control group identified facial expressions of emotion under three conditions: monetary reward, monetary response cost, and no contingency, to explore effects on the antisocial offenders’ deficits commonly reported in these tasks. Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs) indexed emotional arousal. Offenders with ASP performed worse than controls under reward and no contingency conditions, but under the response-cost condition results were similar. The offenders with ASP presented higher SCR than the controls in the two monetary conditions. Findings suggest that offenders with ASP are hypersensitive to monetary contingencies; monetary reward seems to interfere negatively in their performance while monetary response cost improves it. Arousal level seems unable to explain ability to identify facial affects, while results suggest that methodological variations may explain the conflicting results in the literature.
Late Pleistocene Chronology of Sediments From the Yermak Plateau and Uncertainty in Dating Based on Geomagnetic Excursions
Authors: Wiers Steffen , Snowball Ian , O'Regan Matt , Almqvist Bjarne
Published: June 2019

The Yermak Plateau is one of several regions in the Arctic Ocean where paleomagnetism yields controversial results. Despite low sedimentation rates, late Pleistocene paleomagnetic excursions have been reconstructed from many cores in the region, but they are characterized by considerably longer durations when compared to established ones. Self‐reversal during maghemitization of (titano)magnetite has been proposed as one explanation. Rock magnetic, 14C dating, sedimentological and stable isotope (δ18O) methods were employed to three new sediment cores to put paleomagnetic results in the context of the regional stratigraphy and chronology. Coherence of lithological parameters and δ18O variations validated the ratio of anhysteretic remanent susceptibility to bulk magnetic susceptibility (κARM/κ) as a parameter for cross‐core correlation. As established by earlier studies, we use the link between glacial/interglacial cycles and κARM/κ to tune our records to a global δ18O stack, which provides age models that are independent of radicarbon ages and paleomagnetic data. Our results show that zones of negative magnetic inclination are asynchronous across the plateau. Alternating field demagnetization data revealed that negative inclinations are contained in a medium‐high‐coercivity (>25–35 mT) magnetic phase that may be the result of postdepositional alteration of (titano)magnetite. We note a positive relationship between water depth and excursion duration, which may be driven by changes in water mass circulation on glacial/interglacial timescales.
Thank you to Earth's Future Reviewers in 2018
Authors: van der Pluijm Ben , AghaKouchak Amir , Brasseur Guy , Ellis Michael , Grimm Nancy , Liao Hong , Mari Céline H. , Romero‐Lankao Paty
Published: June 2019

Peer review is one of the most important professional activities for scientists, because it ensures the quality of science that is shared with colleagues and with the world. Reviewers generously donate their time and effort with the knowledge that are key to sustaining scientific rigor. Earth's Future is fortunate to engage excellent reviewers that support the growth and reputation of our young journal as it receives and publishes high‐quality, high‐impact articles. We recognize the time, effort, and dedication that each review requires and extend a heartfelt thank you to all of our reviewers. Last year, Earth's Future received 395 peer reviews from 297 individuals that are listed below; reviewers who contributed three or more reviews are recognized in italics. Our acceptance rate remains steady at ~40%, while the number of submissions continue to increase at a healthy pace (269 in 2018).

Thank you all for your important and valued contributions to our science in 2018.
Coupled Crust‐Mantle Response to Slab Tearing, Bending, and Rollback Along the Dinaride‐Hellenide Orogen
Authors: Handy Mark R. , Giese Joerg , Schmid Stefan M. , Pleuger Jan , Spakman Wim , Onuzi Kujtim , Ustaszewski Kamil
Published: June 2019

We integrate structural, geophysical, and geodetic studies showing that the Dinarides‐Hellenides orogen along the Adria‐Europe plate boundary in the Western Balkan peninsula has experienced clockwise oroclinal bending since Eocene‐Oligocene time. Rotation of the Hellenic segment of this orogen has accelerated since the middle Miocene and is associated with a north‐to‐south increase in shortening along the orogenic front. Within the Paleogene nappe pile, bending was accommodated by orogen‐parallel extension, clockwise block rotation, and thrusting in the hanging wall of the Skhoder‐Peja Normal Fault (SPNF). The SPNF and related faults cut the older Skhoder‐Peja Transfer Zone with its pre‐Neogene dextral offset of the West Vardar ophiolite nappe. Rotation of the SPNF hanging wall involved Miocene‐to‐recent, out‐of‐sequence thrusting that was transferred to the Hellenic orogenic front via lateral ramps on dextral transfer zones. Along strike of the Dinarides‐Hellenides and coincident with the southward increase in Neogene shortening, the depth of the Adriatic slab increases from ~160 km north of the SPNF to ~200 km just to the south thereof, to several hundreds of kilometers to the south of the Kefalonia Transfer Zone. The geodynamic driver of tectonics since the early Miocene has been enhanced rollback of the Hellenic segment of the Adriatic slab in the aftermath of Eocene‐Oligocene slab tearing and breakoff beneath the Dinarides, which focused slab pull in the south. The SW‐retreating Hellenic slab segment induced clockwise bending of the southern Dinarides and northern Hellenides, including their Adriatic foreland, about a rotation pole in the vicinity of the Mid‐Adriatic Ridge.
Isolation of intact bacteria from blood by selective cell lysis in a microfluidic porous silica monolith
Authors: Han Jung Y. , Wiederoder Michael , DeVoe Don L.
Published: June 2019

Rapid and efficient isolation of bacteria from complex biological matrices is necessary for effective pathogen identification in emerging single-cell diagnostics. Here, we demonstrate the isolation of intact and viable bacteria from whole blood through the selective lysis of blood cells during flow through a porous silica monolith. Efficient mechanical hemolysis is achieved while providing passage of intact and viable bacteria through the monoliths, allowing size-based isolation of bacteria to be performed following selective lysis. A process for synthesizing large quantities of discrete capillary-bound monolith elements and millimeter-scale monolith bricks is described, together with the seamless integration of individual monoliths into microfluidic chips. The impact of monolith morphology, geometry, and flow conditions on cell lysis is explored, and flow regimes are identified wherein robust selective blood cell lysis and intact bacteria passage are achieved for multiple gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The technique is shown to enable rapid sample preparation and bacteria analysis by single-cell Raman spectrometry. The selective lysis technique presents a unique sample preparation step supporting rapid and culture-free analysis of bacteria for the point of care.