bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A successful mass translocation of commensal rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta in Vrindaban, India
Authors: Imam Ekwal , Yahya H.S.A. , Malik Iqbal
Published: October 2002

Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta and people have coexisted for many years in Vrindaban in Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The monkeys are highly valued both by locals and pilgrims to the area, in part because of their quasi sacred status, but during the last two decades the increasing human and monkey populations of the township have led to severe human-monkey conflict and a decrease in people's respect for the monkeys. To ease this situation one of the world's largest ever translocations of monkeys was undertaken. In 1995, 30 groups of rhesus monkeys, comprising an estimated 1,338 individuals, were recorded in Vrindaban. Of these, 12 groups, a total of 600 individuals, were translocated in January 1997 to eight sites in seminatural forested areas within the same District. A post-translocation study indicated that the translocated monkeys were settled and appeared to be exhibiting normal behaviour. This study indicates that translocation of commensal monkeys to forested areas can be a successful technique for their rehabilitation.
Risk factors for new depressive episodes in primary health care: an international prospective 12-month follow-up study
Authors: BARKOW K. , MAIER W. , ÜSTÜN T. B. , GÄNSICKE M. , WITTCHEN H.-U. , HEUN R.
Published: October 2002

Background. Studies that examined community samples have reported several risk factors for the development of depressive episodes. The few studies that have been performed on primary care samples were mostly cross-sectional. Most samples had originated from highly developed industrial countries. This is the first study that prospectively investigates the risk factors of depressive episodes in an international primary care sample.

Methods. A stratified primary care sample of initially non-depressed subjects (N = 2445) from 15 centres from all over the world was examined for the presence or absence of a depressive episode (ICD-10) at the 12 month follow-up assessment. The initial measures addressed sociodemographic variables, psychological/psychiatric problems and social disability. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine their relationship with the development of new depressive episodes.

Results. At the 12-month follow-up, 4·4% of primary care patients met ICD-10 criteria for a depressive episode. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the recognition by the general practitioner as a psychiatric case, repeated suicidal thoughts, previous depressive episodes, the number of chronic organic diseases, poor general health, and a full or subthreshold ICD-10 disorder were related to the development of new depressive episodes.

Conclusions. Psychological/psychiatric problems were found to play the most important role in the prediction of depressive episodes while sociodemographic variables were of lower importance. Differences compared with other studies might be due to our prospective design and possibly also to our culturally different sample. Applied stratification procedures, which resulted in a sample at high risk of developing depression, might be a limitation of our study.
Suicide preceded by murder: the epidemiology of homicide–suicide in England and Wales 1988–92
Authors: BARRACLOUGH BRIAN , HARRIS E. CLARE
Published: October 2002

Background. We describe for the first time the epidemiology of homicide–suicide incidents for England and Wales. Previous descriptions have been of incidents in London (1946–62) and Yorkshire and Humberside (1975–1992).

Methods. Death certificates were obtained for all who died in homicide–suicide incidents in England and Wales (1988–1992) that were reported by the police to the Home Office. Incidents were included in the analysis if the interval between death or fatal injury of victim and suspect was 3 or fewer days.

Results. Three hundred and twenty-seven people died in 144 incidents (180 victims and 147 suspects). Eighty per cent of incidents had one victim and one suspect. Three incidents were also suicide pacts between two suspects killing their children. Eighty-eight per cent of incidents exclusively involved members of the same family, 9% acquaintances or strangers, and 3% both family and acquaintances or strangers. Seventy-five per cent of victims were female, 85% of suspects male. The victims of male suspects were predominantly their womenfolk, past and present, and their children, and of female suspects their young children. Car exhaust and firearms accounted for 40% of victim and 50% of suspect deaths. Of all homicides during 1988–1992, 3% of male, 11% of female and 19% of child deaths occurred in homicide–suicide incidents. Similarly, of all suicides, 0·8% of male and 0·4% of female deaths occurred in homicide–suicide incidents.

Conclusions. Homicide–suicide in England and Wales is mostly ‘a family matter’, men of predominantly lower social class killing their kin, and pre-menopausal mothers their young children, before they kill themselves. A few men kill strangers during a crime and then themselves.
A randomized controlled trial of a brief educational and psychological intervention for patients presenting to a cardiac clinic with palpitation
Authors: MAYOU R. , SPRIGINGS D. , BIRKHEAD J. , PRICE J.
Published: October 2002

Background. We sought to determine whether a brief psycho-educational intervention reduced disability in patients with benign palpitation.

Method. In a pragmatic randomized controlled trial within a cardiology clinic at a district general hospital, 80 consecutive patients diagnosed as having benign palpitation – either palpitation due to awareness of extrasystoles or sinus rhythm – with associated distress or disability were randomized to an intervention group (usual care plus nurse-delivered intervention based on cognitive-behavioural principles) or to a control group (usual care). Principal outcome was difference in proportion of participants with good or excellent researcher-rated activity levels at 3 months. Subsidiary outcomes were self-rated symptoms, distress and disability, researcher-rated unmet treatment needs.

Results. The principal outcome showed a statistically and clinically significant benefit for the intervention group, with a number needed to treat of 3 (95% CIs 2 to 7). All but one subsidiary outcomes also showed a difference in favour of the intervention group, and several differences reached statistical significance. Significantly more of the control group had unmet treatment needs at 3 months.

Conclusions. A brief, nurse-delivered, psycho-educational intervention, was an effective treatment for benign palpitation. Further evaluation, including assessment of cost-effectiveness, is needed. The findings have application to the care of patients presenting with other types of ‘unexplained’ medical symptoms.
Is deforestation accelerating in the Brazilian Amazon?
Authors: Laurance William F. , Albernaz Ana K. M. , Costa Carlos Da
Published: October 2002

Recent studies suggest that deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon could increase sharply in the future as a result of over US$ 40 billion in planned investments in highway paving and major new infrastructure projects in the region. These studies have been challenged by several Brazilian ministries, which assert that recent improvements in environmental laws, enforcement and public attitudes have fundamentally reduced the threat posed to forests by such projects. The notion that hazards to Amazonian forests have declined over the last decade was assessed using available data on deforestation rates from 1978 to 2000. Although the alarmingly high rate of forest loss during 1978–1989 (1.98 million ha yr−1) declined somewhat in 1990–1994 (1.38 million ha yr−1), it rebounded to a high level in the period 1995–2000 (1.90 million ha yr−1). Moreover, correlation and regression analyses reveal that both absolute and per caput rates of forest loss accelerated significantly over the last decade. These trends fail to support the assertion that deforestation pressure in Amazonian forests has been brought under control. Poor enforcement of existing environmental laws, rapidly expanding logging and mining industries, increasing population pressure and other challenges are greatly hindering efforts to limit the environmental impacts of development activities in Brazilian Amazonia.
Long term immunity in African cattle vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest virus vaccine
Authors: NGICHABE C. K. , WAMWAYI H. M. , NDUNGU E. K. , MIRANGI P. K. , BOSTOCK C. J. , BLACK D. N. , BARRETT T.
Published: October 2002

Cattle were vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest vaccine designed to protect cattle from infection with either rinderpest virus (RPV) or lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Vaccination did not induce any adverse clinical responses or show evidence of transmission of the vaccine virus to in-contact control animals. Approximately 50% of the cattle were solidly protected from challenge with a lethal dose of virulent RPV 2 years after vaccination while at 3 years approx. 30% were fully protected. In the case of LSDV, all of 4 vaccinated cattle challenged with virulent LSDV at 2 years were completely protected from clinical disease while 2 of 5 vaccinated cattle were completely protected at 3 years. The recombinant vaccine showed no loss of potency when stored lyophylized at 4 °C for up to 1 year. These results indicate that capripoxvirus is a suitable vector for the development of safe, effective and stable recombinant vaccines for cattle.
Tula hantavirus in Belgium
Authors: HEYMAN P. , KLINGSTRÖM J. , DE JAEGERE F. , LECLERCQ G. , ROZENFELD F. , ESCUTENAIRE S. , VANDENVELDE C. , ZIZI M. , PLYUSNIN A. , LUNDKVIST Å.
Published: October 2002

European common voles (Microtus arvalis), captured in Belgium in 1999, were proven by molecular as well as by serological techniques to be infected with Tula hantavirus (TULV). This is the first evidence for the presence of TULV in this country. No indication of spill-over infections of Puumala virus, known to be highly endemic among bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) within the same geographical regions as the trapped TULV-infected common voles, was observed. Together with previous reports on the circulation of TULV in eastern/central Europe, this finding suggests a more wide-spread circulation of this hantavirus serotype throughout the continent.
Public health implications of campylobacter outbreaks in England and Wales, 1995–9: epidemiological and microbiological investigations
Authors: FROST J. A. , GILLESPIE I. A. , O'BRIEN S. J.
Published: October 2002

Although campylobacter has been the most commonly recognized bacterial cause of gastro-intestinal infection in England and Wales since 1981, there are few reported campylobacter outbreaks. Of the 2374 general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease reported to CDSC between 1995 and 1999, for which an aetiological agent was identified, campylobacter accounted for only 50 (2%). Foodborne transmission was identified in 35 outbreaks and the majority took place in commercial catering establishments; waterborne transmission was responsible for a further four outbreaks. Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were referred for typing from 25 outbreaks. In 13 outbreaks all isolates were the same subtype, as defined by serotype and phage type, while in the remainder more than one campylobacter subtype was involved.
Radio‐tracking reveals that lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) forage in woodland
Authors: Bontadina Fabio , Schofield Henry , Naef‐Daenzer Beat
Published: October 2002

Over the past 50 years European populations of the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros have severely declined, probably because of the loss of foraging habitat. To date, studies of the foraging behaviour of this species have been limited as its low mass (4–8 g) precluded the use of radio‐telemetry because commercially available radio‐transmitters exceeded 10% of its body mass. In this study, radio‐transmitters weighing < 0.35 g were built. These increased the body mass of the animals from 4.5% to 8.1%, with no demonstrable adverse effect on their flight behaviour. The habitat selection of eight female lesser horseshoe bats was studied in Monmouthshire, U.K. The bats had foraging ranges between 12 and 53 ha (100% kernel). Although one bat foraged 4.2 km from the roost, for 50% of the time tracked bats were recorded within 600 m of the nursery roost. The estimated density within 200 m of the roost was 5.8 foraging bats/ha. This decreased to 0.01 bats/ha at 1200 m. Compositional analysis revealed that this species used woodlands, predominately broadleaf, more than any other habitat. In addition, the bats foraged in areas of high habitat diversity. Conservation management of this species should concentrate on such areas within 2.5 km of the nursery roost.
Interplay between the energetics of foraging and thermoregulatory costs in the green‐backed firecrown hummingbird Sephanoides sephaniodes
Authors: Fernández Maria José , López‐Calleja M. Victoria , Bozinovic Francisco
Published: October 2002

In response to the interplay between variation in food quality and energetic demands, the foraging behaviour of captive green‐backed firecrown hummingbirds Sephanoides sephaniodes was studied. Hummingbirds were exposed to two temperatures (25°C vs 15°C), two food qualities (0.5 vs 0.75 m sucrose solutions), and two costs of feeding (birds were provided with feeders with and without a perch). Food selection and consumption were measured, as well as time budgets and metabolic rate while feeding. We predicted that when given a choice, birds would minimize the cost of feeding by selecting feeders with a perch and with a high sugar concentration. However, rather than increasing energy consumption when energy availability was low and thermoregulatory demands were high, hummingbirds remained perched. They reduced feeding and spent most of their time perching. Our results identify a novel behavioural and physiological strategy in hummingbirds. These birds seem to shift their foraging behaviour depending on thermoregulatory and feeding costs. When these costs are high, rather than matching them with increased energy consumption, hummingbirds reduce energy costs by reducing activity. They seemed to adopt the following strategy: when food quality was high and thermoregulatory demands were low, they adopted a high‐expense lifestyle. In contrast, when thermoregulatory costs were high, they adopted an energy conserving strategy even when food quality was high. We hypothesize that limitations imposed by physiological processes may explain why animals do not forage during all available time and why under some circumstances they choose foraging behaviours with lower rates of net energy gain.
Diving behaviour of two Australian bimodally respiring turtles, Rheodytes leukops and Emydura macquarii, in a natural setting
Authors: Gordos Matthew , Franklin Craig E.
Published: October 2002

Time‐depth recorders were used to investigate the diving performance and behaviour of two bimodally respiring turtle species, Rheodytes leukops and Emydura macquarii, known to have a high and low reliance on aquatic respiration, respectively. Significant differences in diving performance between R. leukops and E. macquarii were observed in the number of dives/day (39.3±5.38 vs 112.2±11.73 dives/day; mean±se), mean dive length (33.1±7.33 min vs 9.6±2.26 min) and maximum dive length (623±104.74 min vs 67.1±8.14 min), respectively. Differences in diving performance between R. leukops and E. macquarii are attributed to the species' reliance (or lack thereof) upon aquatic respiration. Rheodytes leukops displayed a weak bimodal pattern of increased surfacing frequency in the early morning (05:00–07:00) and late afternoon (14:00–18:00), while E. macquarii displayed a strong bimodal pattern of elevated surfacing frequency over similar time periods. Daily patterns of increased surfacing frequency for both species failed to correlate with fluctuating aquatic Po2 levels or water temperature, and may instead be explained by the heightened activity levels of both species during twilight.
Energy cost of ectoparasitism: the fleaXenopsylla ramesison the desert gerbilGerbillus dasyurus
Authors: Khokhlova I. S. , Krasnov B. R. , Kam M. , Burdelova N. I. , Degen A. A.
Published: October 2002

Metabolizable energy intake and changes in body mass was measured in the desert gerbilGerbillus dasyuruswhen parasitized by the fleaXenopsylla ramesis. We hypothesized that energy requirements for maintenance, or average daily metabolic rate, of parasitized gerbils would be higher than those of non‐parasitized gerbils. We also hypothesized that the efficiency of utilization of energy for maintenance would be the same for parasitized and non‐parasitized gerbils, as this measurement is dependent mainly on dietary quality. Fifty fleas feeding on a gerbil consumed 3.68±1.19 mg blood, in total. This amounted to 34.3±1.8% of body mass of a starving flea and only about 0.17% of the blood volume of the host. The absolute amount of blood consumed byX. ramesisis the lowest reported for fleas in other studies. This suggested that the pressure of parasitism ofX. ramesisonG. dasyurusin terms of blood consumed was relatively low. Both our hypotheses were confirmed. Average daily metabolic rate of the parasitized gerbils (7.75 kJ g−0.54d−1) was 16% higher than that of non‐parasitized gerbils (6.69 kJ g−0.54d−1). In addition, at zero metabolizable energy intake, the parasitized gerbils lost body mass at a faster rate than the non‐parasitized gerbils (4.34vs3.95% body mass d−1). The efficiency of utilization of energy in the parasitized and non‐parasitized gerbils was similar.
Intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation in size at birth and rates of postnatal growth in the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Hood Wendy R. , Bloss Johanna , Kunz Thomas H.
Published: October 2002

We examined the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic variables and variation in size at birth and rates of postnatal growth in the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus at maternity roosts in central Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire. Body mass and length of forearm at birth were lowest when precipitation in the month preceding births was relatively high. In addition, body mass at birth was significantly lower when ambient temperatures during late pregnancy were relatively low. Pups born to middle age mothers were heavier than pups born to young or old mothers. When evaluated using mark–recapture data (longitudinal method), postnatal growth in length of forearm and body mass was greater for pups born to middle age and older mothers and change in body mass was greater for female pups than for male pups. When growth data were evaluated using the trajectory method, the rate of growth for length of forearm was greatest when ambient temperature was highest. Age prediction equations were improved when maternal age was incorporated into predictive equations. We recommend considering both intrinsic and extrinsic variables in studies where maternal effort is evaluated and age prediction equations are used for estimating postnatal growth rates in free‐ranging bats.
Cranial variability in the Eastern hedgehog Erinaceus concolor (Mammalia: Insectivora)
Authors: Krystufek B.
Published: October 2002

Cranial variability was studied in 307 Eastern hedgehogs Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838 from central and south‐eastern Europe, the Near East, Middle East, and the Caucasus. The maxillary bone always contacted the nasal bone in European samples, forming a naso‐maxillary suture which was mainly long (>2 mm). In contrast, the suture was usually short (<1–2 mm) in hedgehogs from the Near East and Middle East, and sometimes the maxillary failed to reach the nasal bone. In the latter case, the premaxillary formed a suture with the frontal bone (length = 2.5 mm in extreme cases). Two morphotypes could be distinguished on this basis: the roumanicus morphotype (with a long suture) and the concolor morphotype (with the naso‐maxillary suture short or absent). Discriminant function analysis of nine geographic samples, and based on 14 linear log‐transformed skull measurements, revealed two clusters: one included four European samples of the roumanicus morphotype and the other contained three Asiatic samples of the concolor morphotype. Specimens of the roumanicus morphotype from Asia were classified as having either the concolor or roumanicus morphotype; however, on average their skull morphology suggested closer affinities with the former.
Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial
pathways among males and females
Authors: MOFFITT TERRIE E. , CASPI AVSHALOM
Published: October 2002

This article reports a comparison on childhood risk factors of males and females exhibiting
childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, using data from the Dunedin
longitudinal study. Childhood-onset delinquents had childhoods of inadequate parenting,
neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems, whereas adolescent-onset
delinquents did not have these pathological backgrounds. Sex comparisons showed a
male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for childhood-onset delinquency but a sex ratio of only 1.5:1 for
adolescence-onset delinquency. Showing the same pattern as males, childhood-onset females had
high-risk backgrounds but adolescent-onset females did not. These findings are consistent with
core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited
antisocial behavior.
Divided Places: Phenomenology and Asymmetry in the Monuments of the Black Mountains, Southeast Wales
Authors: Cummings Vicki , Jones Andrew , Watson Aaron
Published: October 2002

Recent years have seen increasing interest in the experience of prehistoric monuments. This article explores the possibility that the construction and experience of early Neolithic chambered cairns in South Wales was grounded in principles of asymmetry and sidedness. This was reflected in their landscape setting, architecture, and was actively drawn on through time in patterns of structured deposition. Ultimately, we conclude that the differences between symmetry and asymmetry may have played an integral role in the conception of place in the British Neolithic.
Extraordinary Engraved Bird Track from North Australia: Extinct Fauna, Dreaming Being and/or Aesthetic Masterpiece?
Authors: Ouzman Sven , Taçon Paul S.C. , Mulvaney Ken , Fullager Richard
Published: October 2002

An extraordinary engraved bird track was located in the Weaber Range of the Keep River region of Northern Territory, Australia, in July 2000. This engraved track is dissimilar to most other examples in Australian rock-art, differing in shape, size and detail from the thousands of engraved, painted or beeswax depictions of bird tracks known from sites across the continent. Importantly, it also differs in technique from other engraved tracks in the Keep River region, having been rubbed and abraded to a smooth finish. We explore three approaches to the engraved track's significance, that it: a) depicts the track of an extinct bird species; b) relates to Aboriginal beliefs regarding Dreaming Beings; and c) is a powerful aesthetic achievement that reflects rare observation of emu tracks. We conclude that the Weaber bird track engraving most probably represents a relatively recent visual expression of ancient Aboriginal thoughts that have been transmitted through the centuries via story-telling and rock-art. This discussion highlights problems of assigning identification and meaning to ancient art but also suggests that aspects of history may be passed across generations for much longer than is commonly realized.
Review Feature: A review of An Archaeology of Socialism, by Victor Buchli. (Materializing Culture.) Oxford & New York (NY): Berg Publishers, 2000; ISBN 1-85973-212-7 hardback £44.99; ISBN 1-85973-426-X paperback £14.99; 256 pp., 26 figs.
Authors: Buchli Victor , Leone Mark P. , Shanks Michael , Olivier Laurent , Thomas Julian , McGuire Randall H. , Rathje William
Published: October 2002

Archaeology, defined as the study of material culture, extends from the first preserved human artefacts up to the present day, and in recent years the ‘Archaeology of the Present’ has become a particular focus of research. On one hand are the conservationists seeking to preserve significant materials and structures of recent decades in the face of redevelopment and abandonment. On the other are those inspired by social theory who see in the contemporary world the opportunity to explore aspects of material culture in new and revealing ways, and perhaps above all the central question of the extent to which material culture — be it in the form of objects or buildings — actively defines the human experience. Victor Buchli's An Archaeology of Socialism takes as its subject a twentieth-century building — the Narkofim Communal House in Moscow — and seeks to understand it in terms of domestic life and changing policies of the Soviet state during the 70 or so years since its construction. Thus Buchli's study not only concerns the meaning of material culture in a modern context, but focuses specifically on the household — or more accurately on a series of households within a single Russian apartment block. A particular interest attaches to the way in which the building was planned to encourage communal living, during a pre-Stalinist phase when the State sought to intervene directly in domestic life through architectural design and the manipulation of material culture. Subsequent political changes brought a revision of modes of living within the Narkofim apartment block, as the residents adjusted and responded to changing political and social pressures and demands. The significance of Buchli's study goes far beyond the confines of Soviet-era Moscow or indeed the archaeology of the modern world. He questions the role and potential danger of social and archaeological theory of the totalizing kind: a natural response perhaps to the experience of the Narkofim Communal House as an exercise in Soviet social engineering. He poses fascinating questions about the relation between individual households and the state ideology, and he emphasizes the role of material culture studies in reaching an understanding of these processes. In the brief essay that opens this Review Feature, Victor Buchli outlines the principal aims and conclusions of An Archaeology of Socialism. The diversity of issues that the book generates is revealed in the series of reviews which follows, touching in particular upon the ways in which routines of daily life — archaeologically visible, perhaps, through the analysis of domestic space — relate to structures of authority in society as a whole.
The changing nature of the profession … What it means for the future Point Break
Authors: Fisher Thomas
Published: October 2002

A recent conference in San Francisco
called Point Break, the place where a
wave comes ashore, looked at how the
markets, perceived value, and
knowledge of the architectural
profession appear to be changing and
what that means for education,
practice, and client relations. It also
revealed an astonishing trend in the
declining numbers of architecture
graduates seeking licensure.
Time to engage
Authors: THE EDITORS
Published: October 2002

Christine Hawley's cri de coeur (p.5 ) on the outcome of the UK Government's latest
Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) may be dismissed by some as sour grapes. Others,
however, will welcome the robustness of her warning and hope that, at long last, the
research dilemma in university architecture schools will be given the airing it
deserves. One body in particular should facilitate such a debate – the Royal Institute
of British Architects – but it has never shown much interest in the subject (arq 5/4,
p. 291).
Research Assessment: a flawed exercise. Stirling's work: variable and vainglorious. Undermining the profession
Authors: Hawley Christine
Published: October 2002

The demise of architecture schools
in the latest Research Assessment
Exercise (RAE)will have caught the
attention of every architect
working in one of the UK's research-led universities (arq 5/4, p 291 ). The
debate about architectural theory,
its definition and application into
practice is complex, diverse and
sometimes contentious. Within
universities where research success
is at the heart of their culture,
architectural ‘research’ does not
necessarily follow conventional
protocols or manifest itself in the
refereed journals ubiquitous in
other disciplines. But should it be
any less valued because its output
does not conventionally fall into
one of those standardized categories?
Education: the quantity of quality
Authors: Oliver Giles
Published: October 2002

Well, I wasn't putting down the
incredible success of architectural
education at attracting students
(arq 5/2, p 198). Not at all. What
amused me about Duany's rightist
discriminations (arq 5/2,
pp 105–106) is their humour and
empirical accuracy. A rare
ingredient in so much
architectural criticism and
discussion. Does the left make jokes
that make the right laugh? That
seems a rather last-century issue.
Knight and Stiny: a valuable review …
Authors: Bridges Alan
Published: October 2002

Knight and Stiny's paper ‘Classical
and non-classical computation’
(arq 5/4, pp 355–372) is a most
valuable review of recent work in
shape computation but also raises a
number of concepts of value in
architectural education. One of the
problems faced by a ‘learner
designer’ is the development of an
effective ‘design process’. The ways
in which a designer represents
form in order to deal with it during
design are not necessarily apparent
in the final design, or in the
resulting building: it is in design
development that these
representations and operations
become explicit and the processes
of composition become
transparent. Since architectural
computing makes explicit the
structuring and ordering logic
inherent in formal models and
makes transparent the operations
upon objects which result in
designs, the computer provides a
unique environment in which to
explore the principles of design.
GLUING OF ABELIAN CATEGORIES AND DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ON THE BASIC AFFINE SPACE
Authors: Bezrukavnikov Roman , Braverman Alexander , Positselskii Leonid
Published: October 2002

The notion of gluing of abelian categories was introduced in a paper by Kazhdan and Laumon in 1988 and studied further
by Polishchuk. We observe that this notion is a particular case of a general categorical construction.

We then apply this general notion to the study of the ring of global differential operators $\mathcal{D}$ on the basic affine
space $G/U$ (here $G$ is a semi-simple simply connected algebraic group over $\mathbb{C}$ and $U\subset G$ is a maximal
unipotent subgroup).

We show that the category of $\mathcal{D}$-modules is glued from $|W|$ copies of the category of $D$-modules on $G/U$ where
$W$ is the Weyl group, and the Fourier transform is used to define the gluing data. As an application we prove that the
algebra $\mathcal{D}$ is Noetherian, and get some information on its homological properties.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13N10; 16S32; 17B10; 18C20
An endocrine pathway in the prostate, ERβ, AR, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, and CYP7B1, regulates prostate growth
Authors: Weihua Zhang , Lathe Richard , Warner Margaret , Gustafsson Jan-Åke
Published: October 2002

Epithelial proliferation of the ventral prostate in rodents peaks between 2 and 4 weeks of age, and by week 8, proliferating cells are rare. We have used ERβ
−/−
and CYP7B1
−/−
mice to investigate the role of ERβ and one of its ligands, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3βAdiol), in growth of the ventral prostate. Before puberty, ERβ was found in quiescent but not in proliferating cells, and proliferating cells occurred more frequently in ventral prostates of ERβ
−/−
mice than in wild-type littermates. Treatment with 3βAdiol decreased proliferation in wild-type but not in ERβ
−/−
mice. In rats, treatment with 3βAdiol from postnatal day 2 to 28 resulted in reduction in growth of ventral prostates. The prostates of CYP7B1
−/−
mice were hypoproliferative before puberty and smaller than those of their wild-type littermates after puberty. Because CYP7B1 represents the major pathway for inactivating 3βAdiol in the prostate, we suggest that ERβ, 3βAdiol, and CYP7B1 are the components of a pathway that regulates growth of the rodent ventral prostate. In this pathway, ERβ is an antiproliferative receptor, 3βAdiol is an ERβ ligand, and CYP7B1 is the enzyme that regulates ERβ function by regulating the level of 3βAdiol.
Identification of a localization factor for the polar positioning of bacterial structural and regulatory proteins
Authors: Viollier Patrick H. , Sternheim Nitzan , Shapiro Lucy
Published: October 2002

Polar pili biogenesis in
Caulobacter
involves the asymmetric localization of the CpaE and CpaC components of the pili-specific secretion apparatus to one pole of the predivisional cell followed by the biosynthesis of the pili filaments in the daughter swarmer cell. The histidine kinase signaling protein, PleC, that controls the temporal accumulation of the PilA pilin subunit is asymmetrically localized to the pole at which pili are assembled. Here we identify a protein, PodJ, that provides the positional information for the polar localization of both PleC and CpaE. The PodJ protein was found to exist in two forms, a truncated 90-kDa and a full-length 110-kDa form, each controlling a different aspect of polar development and each localizing to the cell poles at a specific time in the cell cycle. When active PleC is delocalized in a Δ
podJ
mutant, the accumulation of PilA, the downstream target of PleC signaling, is impaired, providing evidence that the polar localization of this histidine kinase stimulates the response signaled by a two-component system.
HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia are influenced by a mutantMCP-1allele linked to increased monocyte infiltration of tissues and MCP-1 levels
Authors: Gonzalez Enrique , Rovin Brad H. , Sen Luisa , Cooke Glen , Dhanda Rahul , Mummidi Srinivas , Kulkarni Hemant , Bamshad Michael J. , Telles Vanessa , Anderson Stephanie A. , Walter Elizabeth A. , Stephan Kevin T. , Deucher Michael , Mangano Andrea , Bologna Rosa , Ahuja Seema S. , Dolan Matthew J. , Ahuja Sunil K.
Published: October 2002

Studies in humans and in experimental models of HIV-1 infection indicate an important role for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; also known as CC chemokine ligand 2), a potent chemoattractant and activator of mononuclear phagocytes (MP) in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). We determined the influence of genetic variation inMCP-1on HIV-1 pathogenesis in large cohorts of HIV-1-infected adults and children. In adults, homozygosity for theMCP-1–2578G allele was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV-1. However, once HIV-1 infection was established, this sameMCP-1genotype was associated with accelerated disease progression and a 4.5-fold increased risk of HAD. We examined the molecular and cellular basis for these genotype–phenotype associations and found that the mutantMCP-1–2578G allele conferred greater transcriptional activity via differential DNA–protein interactions, enhanced protein productionin vitro, increased serum MCP-1 levels, as well as MP infiltration into tissues. Thus, MCP-1 expression had a two-edged role in HIV-1 infection: it afforded partial protection from viral infection, but during infection, its proinflammatory properties and ability to up-regulate HIV-1 replication collectively may contribute to accelerated disease progression and increased risk of dementia. Our findings suggest that MCP-1 antagonists may be useful in HIV-1 infection, especially for HAD, and that HIV+ individuals possessing theMCP-1–2578G allele may benefit from early initiation of antiretroviral drugs that effectively cross the blood–brain barrier. In a broader context, theMCP-1–2578G allele may serve as a genetic determinant of outcome of other disease states in which MP-mediated tissue injury is central to disease pathogenesis.
Computer assisted cloning of human neutral α-glucosidase C (GANC): A new paralog in the glycosyl hydrolase gene family 31
Authors: Hirschhorn R. , Huie M. L. , Kasper J. S.
Published: October 2002

The exponential expansion of the publicly available human DNA sequence database has increasingly facilitated cloning by homology of genes for biochemically defined, functionally similar proteins. We hypothesized that an as-yet uncloned human α-glucosidase (human neutral α-glucosidase C or GANC) is a previously uncharacterized member of a paralogous human glycosyl hydrolase gene family 31, sharing sequence homology and related, but not identical, functions with other cloned human α-glucosidases. We now report both the
in silico
and physical cloning of two alleles of human neutral α-glucosidase (designated GANC on the human gene map). This cloning and correct identification and annotation as GANC was successful only because of the application of the biochemical and genetic information we had previously developed regarding this gene to the results of the
in silico
method. Of note, this glucosidase, a member of family 31 glycosyl hydrolases, has multiple alleles, including a “null” allele and is potentially significant because it is involved in glycogen metabolism and localizes to a chromosomal region (15q15) reported to confer susceptibility to diabetes.
Trypanosoma cruzi
expresses a plant-like ascorbate-dependent hemoperoxidase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Wilkinson Shane R. , Obado Samson O. , Mauricio Isabel L. , Kelly John M.
Published: October 2002

In most aerobic organisms hemoperoxidases play a major role in H
2
O
2
-detoxification, but trypanosomatids have been reported to lack this activity. Here we describe the properties of an ascorbate-dependent hemoperoxidase (TcAPX) from the American trypanosome
Trypanosoma cruzi
. The activity of this plant-like enzyme can be linked to the reduction of the parasite-specific thiol trypanothione by ascorbate in a process that involves nonenzymatic interaction. The role of heme in peroxidase activity was demonstrated by spectral and inhibition studies. Ascorbate could saturate TcAPX activity indicating that the enzyme obeys Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Parasites that overexpressed TcAPX activity were found to have increased resistance to exogenous H
2
O
2
. To determine subcellular location an epitope-tagged form of TcAPX was expressed in
T. cruzi
, which was observed to colocalize with endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone protein BiP. These findings identify an arm of the oxidative defense system of this medically important parasite. The absence of this redox pathway in the human host may be therapeutically exploitable.
Solution structure and dynamics of the outer membrane enzyme PagP by NMR
Authors: Hwang Peter M. , Choy Wing-Yiu , Lo Eileen I. , Chen Lu , Forman-Kay Julie D. , Raetz Christian R. H. , Privé Gilbert G. , Bishop Russell E. , Kay Lewis E.
Published: October 2002

The bacterial outer membrane enzyme PagP transfers a palmitate chain from a phospholipid to lipid A. In a number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, PagP confers resistance to certain cationic antimicrobial peptides produced during the host innate immune response. The global fold of
Escherichia coli
PagP was determined in both dodecylphosphocholine and
n
-octyl-β-
d
-glucoside detergent micelles using solution NMR spectroscopy. PagP consists of an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel preceded by an amphipathic α helix. The β-barrel is well defined, whereas NMR relaxation measurements reveal considerable mobility in the loops connecting individual β-strands. Three amino acid residues critical for enzymatic activity localize to extracellular loops near the membrane interface, positioning them optimally to interact with the polar headgroups of lipid A. Hence, the active site of PagP is situated on the outer surface of the outer membrane. Because the phospholipids that donate palmitate in the enzymatic reaction are normally found only in the inner leaflet of the outer membrane, PagP activity may depend on the aberrant migration of phospholipids into the outer leaflet. This finding is consistent with an emerging paradigm for outer membrane enzymes in providing an adaptive response toward disturbances in the outer membrane.
A family of MHC class I-like genes located in the vicinity of the mouse leukocyte receptor complex
Authors: Kasahara Masanori , Watanabe Yutaka , Sumasu Motoko , Nagata Taeko
Published: October 2002

Some members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene family are encoded outside the MHC. Here we describe a family of mouse class I-like genes mapping to the vicinity of the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 7. This family, which we callMill(MHC classI-like located near theLRC), has two members designatedMill1andMill2. Both genes are predicted to encode membrane glycoproteins with domain organization essentially similar to that of MHC class I heavy chains. The following features ofMillare noteworthy. (i) The deduced MILL proteins lack most of the residues known to be involved in the docking of peptides in classical MHC class I molecules. (ii) Among the known members of the class I gene family, MILL1 and MILL2 are related most closely to MICA/MICB encoded in the human MHC. (iii) Unlike all other known members of the class I gene family,Mill1andMill2have an exon between those coding for the signal peptide and the α1 domain. (iv)Mill1has a more restricted expression profile thanMill2. (v) The gene orthologous toMill1orMill2apparently is absent in the human. (vi)Mill1andMill2show a limited degree of polymorphism in laboratory mice. The observation that theMillfamily is related most closely to theMICfamily, together with its apparent absence in the human, suggests its involvement in innate immunity.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity againstSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Koebernick Heidrun , Grode Leander , David John R. , Rohde Wolfgang , Rolph Michael S. , Mittrücker Hans-Willi , Kaufmann Stefan H. E.
Published: October 2002

The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a multitude of biological functions. Notably, it induces inflammation at the interface between the immune system and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal stress axis. The role of MIF in infectious diseases is not understood completely. Here, we show that MIF-deficient (MIF−/−) knockout mice fail to control an infection with wild-typeSalmonellatyphimurium. Increased susceptibility was accompanied by a reduced Th1 response, demonstrated by decreased levels of IL-12, IFNγ, and tumor necrosis factor α. InSalmonella-infected MIF−/−mice, levels of IL-1β were markedly increased. Additionally, infected MIF−/−mice showed elevated serum levels of nitric oxide and corticosterone as compared with control mice. Our results point to MIF as a key mediator in the host response toS. typhimurium. MIF not only promotes development of a protective Th1 response but ameliorates disease by altering levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates and corticosteroid hormones, which both exert immunosuppressive functions.
Genomewide analysis of the
Drosophila
tetraspanins reveals a subset with similar function in the formation of the embryonic synapse
Authors: Fradkin Lee G. , Kamphorst Jessica T. , DiAntonio Aaron , Goodman Corey S. , Noordermeer Jasprina N.
Published: October 2002

Tetraspanins encode a large conserved family of proteins that span the membrane four times and are expressed in a variety of eukaryotic tissues. They are part of membrane complexes that are involved in such diverse processes as intracellular signaling, cellular motility, metastasis, and tumor suppression. The single fly tetraspanin characterized to date, late bloomer (
lbm
), is expressed on the axons, terminal arbors, and growth cones of motoneurons. In embryos lacking Lbm protein, motoneurons reach their muscle targets, but initially fail to form synaptic terminals. During larval stages, however, functional contacts are formed. The newly available genomic sequence of
Drosophila melanogaster
indicates the existence of 34 additional members of the tetraspanin family in the fly. To address the possibility that other tetraspanins with functions that might compensate for a lack of
lbm
exist, we determined the expression domains of the
Drosophila
tetraspanin gene family members by RNA
in situ
analysis. We found two other tetraspanins also expressed in motoneurons and subsequently generated a small chromosomal deletion that removes all three motoneuron-specific tetraspanins. The deletion results in a significant enhancement in the
lbm
phenotype, indicating that the two additional motoneuron-expressed tetraspanins can, at least in part, compensate for the absence of
lbm
during the formation of the embryonic synapse.
Temporal expression of seven clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the pars tuberalis of the sheep: Evidence for an internal coincidence timer
Authors: Lincoln Gerald , Messager Sophie , Andersson Håkan , Hazlerigg David
Published: October 2002

The 24-h expression of seven clock genes (
Bmal1
,
Clock
,
Per1
,
Per2
,
Cry1
,
Cry2
, and
CK1ɛ
) was assayed by
in situ
hybridization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland, collected every 4 h throughout 24 h, from female Soay sheep kept under long (16-h light/8-h dark) or short (8-h light/16-h dark) photoperiods. Locomotor activity was diurnal, inversely related to melatonin secretion, and prolactin levels were increased under long days. All clock genes were expressed in the ovine SCN and PT. In the SCN, there was a 24-h rhythm in
Clock
expression, in parallel with
Bmal1
, in antiphase with cycles in
Per1
and
Per2
; there was low-amplitude oscillation of
Cry1
and
Cry2
. The waveform of only
Per1
and
Per2
expression was affected by photoperiod, with extended elevated expression under long days. In the PT, the high-amplitude 24-h cycles in the expression of
Bmal1
,
Clock
,
Per1
,
Per2
,
Cry1
, and
Cry2
, but not
CK1ɛ
, were influenced by photoperiod.
Per1
and
Per2
peaked during the day, whereas
Cry1
and
Cry2
peaked early in the night. Hence, photoperiod via melatonin had a marked effect on the phase relationship between
Per
/
Cry
genes in the PT. This supports the conclusion that an ”external coincidence model“ best explains the way photoperiod affects the waveform of clock gene expression in the SCN, the central pacemaker, whereas an ”internal coincidence model“ best explains the way melatonin affects the phasing of clock gene expression in the PT to mediate the photoperiodic control of a summer or winter physiology.
Structure and function in rhodopsin: Asymmetric reconstitution of rhodopsin in liposomes
Authors: Niu Li , Kim Jong-Myoung , Khorana H. Gobind
Published: October 2002

We report on preparation of rhodopsin proteoliposomes with the cytoplasmic domain of rhodopsin facing the exterior of the proteoliposomes. Rhodopsin purified from rod outer segments of bovine retinae by immunoaffinity chromatography in octyl glucoside was reconstituted into liposomes prepared from soybean phospholipids by detergent dialysis. The orientation of rhodopsin in the liposomes was determined by susceptibility of its C terminus to papain and the endoproteinase, Asp-N, followed by SDS/PAGE, which showed that the cytoplasmic domain in at least 90% of rhodopsin faced the exterior of the proteoliposomes. By using escape of
32
P-KP
i
encapsulated in the proteoliposomes as the assay, the half-life of the proteasomes was ≈8 days. After light activation, rhodopsin in proteoliposomes showed the rate of decay of metarhodopsin II and the initial rate of transducin activation comparable with the rates of rhodopsin in rod outer segment membranes. This finding demonstrates the functional capability of rhodopsin in proteoliposomes for kinetic studies of protein–protein interactions.