bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathological Effects of Crud Trichothecenes on Swiss Mice
Authors: Hashim Noor , Al-Samarrae Khulood , Al-Obaidy Salim
Published: November 2021

Trichothecenes are natural secondary metabolites causing economic losses and health hazard to human and farm animals which are produced by several species of Fusarium and some other genera on different agricultural commodities. Study on trichothecenes mycotoxicosis revealed morphological, biochemical, and histopathological changes. After intraperitoneal injection of the toxin in male mice with different concentration for 35 days shows marked increase in body weight, dyspanea, shivering, bristling up of hair, hair falling, anomalies of eyes, and irritation around neck, also abdominal hemorrhage and clot accumulation in abdomen. In addition to inclusion (retention) cyst forms on liver. The biochemical studies on liver function by measuring GPT and GOT enzymes level have been done. An increase level of these enzymes in treated animal in comparison with control animal which indicating abnormal function of liver observed. The histopathological study on sections from the liver of treated animal with trichothecenes revealed many alterations in liver which includes congestion, kupffer cells hyperplasia, dilated sinusoids and mononuclear cells infiltration around the portal area.
Purification and Characterization of Nitrate Reductase (NAR) from Pseudomonas sp. SH7 Isolate
Authors: Al-Rajhi Shaymaa H. , Al-Gelawi Majed H. , Aziz Ghazi M.
Published: November 2021

Sixty five soil samples and fifteen water samples were collected from different places in which previously explosions were occurred in Iraq. Seven isolates showed ability to utilize 0.1mM trinitrotoluene (TNT) and/or 0.2mM glycerol trinitrate (GTN) as a sole carbon and nitrogen source and one of these isolates showed the highest nitrate reduction which was classified and coded as Pseudomonas sp. SH7. The highest nitrate reductase activity extracted by sonication while optimum conditions for enzyme production in minimal media pH 7 containing 0.25mM GTN at 35oC for 3 days under aerobic condition. Nitrate reductase was purified by 40-60% ammonium sulphate, ion exchange and gel filtration. Nitrate reductase molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE was 115 kD. The characterization of purified enzyme activity and stability was higher at a pH between 6.5-7.5 and. Maximum activity was at 35oC and stable at 30-40oC for 15 min., while for heat sensitivity 100% activity observed at 45oC for 20 min. Treatment with 200 µM azide and 500 µM cyanide inhibited the activity by 76 and 91% respectively.
Production of Procyanidin compound in seeds , callus and in regenerated plants from vitis vinifera L.
Authors: AL-Hatemy Karem T. K.
Published: November 2021

This experiment was conducted in Science and Agriculture College labs, Kufa University, on 2008 to describe methods for extraction and purification of Procyanidin compound from each of grape seeds mother plant(Vitis vinifera L.) ,callus induced from Axillary buds by using MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D at concentration of (1,2,3)mg/l and from leaves of regenerated from callus by using MS medium supplemented with ( IAA )at concentration of 2mg/l and (BA) benzyl adenine at concentration of 0.2 mg/l and from cocoas powdered (control) as well these Procyanidin. The content of Procyanidin were done by using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and compare of the quantitatively of Procyanidin with these seeds in mother plant and callus tissue. This study include alcohol extraction by using mixture of ethanol, methanol, D.W and HCL. The result revealed that, the superiority of Procyanidin in seeds content than the content in callus and regenerated plant and increase the content of these compound in the leaves of regenerated plant with the content in callus tissue.
Production an immuno kit for identification two strains of Ralstonia solancearum (smith) by ELISA which caused a bacterial wilt on tomato in Iraq
Authors: Al-Aniy Raed Raouf
Published: November 2021

Ralstonia solancearum is one of most important tomato pathogen which annually causes considerable yield loss. Strains of these pathogenic bacteria were identified based on both phenotypic and differentiation media on Tetrazolium Chloride Agar (TZC) and the hypersensitivity tests on leaves of tobacco cultivar xanthi. Many biochemical adapted tests were carried out for identification of both the genus and species of the bacteria. Two strains R1 and R3 were identified. Antiserum of each strain was obtained following the injection of pure cell suspension of each strain in lab. Rabbit. Immunoglobulin (IgG) was purified and conjugated with alkaline phosphates and used as an identification kit for each strain by ELISA test .The reading of ELISA reader at 405 nanometer when testing plant extract infected by R1 strain with its antiserum were 1.14 while it was 1.10 for R3 strain, ELISA test were also carried out for plant extract infected by R1 strain and the antiserum of R3 strain, ELISA test were carried out too for plant infected by R3 strain and antiserum of R1 strain the reading of ELISA reader were 0.90, 0.92 respectively. The result of ELISA test was negative when using the normal serum and carbonate buffer as antiserum. The result of this test is clear evidence showed the high specify of the antiserum which produced in this study.
Study of Tigris River Pollution with Heavy Metals (Zinc and Lead) in Baghdad Government, Chemical and Biological Evaluation and Suitability for Civilian and Agricultural Uses
Authors: Shukri H. M. , Al-Jeboury Ghydaa H. , Jasim A. Abdlmunem , Hassan Z. K. , Asaad Jalill Ibrahim , Ahmed Noor Alhuda N.
Published: November 2021

ater samples were collected monthly from December 2007 - May 2009 from four sites on Tigris River in Baghdad, (Al-Etafiah, Al-Tahrer Bridge, Al-Jadiriah Bridge and Al-Wihdeh square near water treatment station). Three months average was taken. Hydrogen activity (pH) range was (7.3-7.5), Electrical Conductivity (EC) range was (0.80- 0.94) dS/m, with significant difference in relation to sites. Rang of Calcium ions concentration was (3.8- 4.2) mmolс/l, Magnesium ions (2.0- 2.7) mmolс/l, Sodium ions (2.1- 3.0) mmolс/l, Potassium ions (0.1) mmolс/l, Chloride ions (2.0- 3.3) mmolс/l, Sulfate ions (4.1- 5.0) mmolс/l, and Carbonate ions (1.3- 1.9) mmolс/l. Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) ranged from (512.0- 601.6) ppm, with significant difference in regard to sites. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) ranged from (1.15- 1.91) along all the River sites and through the months of the study. Tigris River can be considered adequate for civilian uses according to WHO and Iraqi Quality Assurance System after adequate treatment in filtration and sterilization stations. Three classification systems were used to evaluate water suitability for agricultural purposes, United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification System (1954), and the result was class C3-S1 for all studied samples. FAO Classification System (1985), the result was “Water with mild-moderate problems” for salt concentration represented by EC. But for SAR and effect of Na concentration on soil permeability, the result was “No problem to use water for irrigation”. FAO Classification System (1992), its result was “Low salt irrigation water”, No sample was classified as “Danger possibilities” in regard to SAR and its effect on soil permeability. According to an Iraqi Classification System, these samples were classified as “good quality water for agricultural irrigation purposes”.
Assessing the Anti-mutagenic Potentials of Sage Salvia officinalis L. Leaf Aqueous Extract in Cultured Blood Cells of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia Patients Using the Micronucleus Formation Assay
Authors: Ad'hiah Ali H. , Al-Samarraei Khulood W. , Al-Ezzy Ruqaya M.
Published: November 2021

three concentrations (250, 500, 1000) µg/ml of sage Salvia officinalis L. leaf aqueous extract were assessed for their anti-mutagenic potentials in cultured blood cells of 10 acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) patients and a similar number of apparently healthy controls. The parameter of assessment was micronucleus (MN) formation, which was either spontaneous or induced by a treatment with the mutagen cytostar 125 µg/ml, and accordingly, eight cultures were set-up. Blood cells in culture I was negative control (untreated cells), while in culture II, the cells were treated with the mutagen cytostar (cytarabine) at a concentration 125 µg/ml. Cultures III, IV and V were treated with the three concentrations of sage extract respectively, while in cultures VI, VII, VIII, interactions between the extract (the three concentrations respectively) and cytosar were carried out. The results demonstrated that ALL patients showed a significant increased frequency of MN formation in the eight cultures as compared to the corresponding cultures in healthy controls. With respect to the spontaneous formation of MN formation (cultures III, IV, V), the three concentrations of sage extract demonstrated a gradual significant reduction of MN frequency in patients (0.0144, 0.0098, 0.0062) MN/cell, respectively and control subjects (0.0104, 0.0076, 0.0038) MN/cell, respectively. In the induction cultures (VI, VII, VIII), a similar reduction was observed and the dose 1000 µg/ml exerted the highest reduction in both patients and controls (0.0108, 0.0086) MN/cell, respectively. These results demonstrate the anti-mutagenic importance of sage leaf aqueous extract.
Formulation & stability of Lactobacillus acidophilus microcapsules with a clinical trial for treatment and eradication of Helicobacter pylori infections
Authors: Hanna Mumtaz K. , Ibrahim Aseel I. , Al-Hurr Marwan Y.
Published: November 2021

Probiotics are live microorganisms that administered through the digestive tract, have a positive impact on the hosts health. In this study research has shown that extraction method (encapsulation in alginate systems) can be used as an effective method for preparation of immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus. All formulas were studied, from characterization, encapsulation yield, particle size measurement and mechanical stability of microcapsules in simulated gastric conditions which resulted that alginate – starch microcapsules gave the best results. based on this finding that starch – alginate can be used to protect living microbes, alginate starch microcapsules has been further studied for: efficacy of cell release, thermal stability ( refrigeration and shelf life ) which achieved good results. Finally the selected formula was added to standard anti- Helicobacter pylori therapy (triple therapy) in a parallel clinical study (42 patients) which showed that the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus has a significant effect in increasing the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori.
Viral diseases on apple in southern Syria
Authors: Kawas Houda Z.
Published: November 2021

108 sample Collected from the fields of farmers in the areas of apple cultivation in the south of Syria during the years 1998-2007, and the most important symptoms associated with infection were recorded, results of the biometric tests (mechanical inoculation on indicator plant) and examination by electron microscope and serological tests (ELISA) using antisera of Apple mosaic virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Tomato ring spot virus , Tomato spotted wilt virus, Tobacco ring spot virus , Tomato black ring virus and Arabis mosaic virus to the spread of a virus infection of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) by 24%, Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) by 26.9% and to register cases Tomato ring spot virus (TomRSV) by 13% and Tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) by %14.8, Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) rate of % 12.03 and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) 2.43% for the first time on apples in Syria, and the likelihood of several viral and viroid diseases, that we need to reassess the health situation in view of the importance of maintaining the cultivation of apples and recommended program documentation for the production of propagation of disease-free, with proposal to use molecular methods to detect and identify viral diseases causes and strains prevalent in Syria.
Purification and characterization of amylase from local isolate Pseudomonas sp.SPH4
Authors: Ali Hala M. , Aziz Ghazi M.
Published: November 2021

The amylase produced from local isolate Pseudomonas sp. SPH4 was purified by precipitation with 30% saturation ammonium sulphate, followed by ion-exchange chromotography using DEAE-cellulose column, and Gel filtration using Sephacryl S-300 column.The two iso-enzymes (a, b) were purified to (2.83, 3.47) times in the last step with an enzymes yields of (32.36, 76.34)% respectively. Enzyme characterization of the two iso-enzymes indicated that the optimum pH for the two iso-enzymes a and b were (7, 7.5) respectively, while the optimum pH for the iso-enzymes stability were (6.5, 7) respectively. The maximum activity for iso-enzymes (a, b) appeared at 45ºC and stable for 15 min at 30-50ºC and lost approximately 50% of it's activity at rang above 75ºC. Enzyme characterization results showed that the chlorides of silver and mercury had inhibitory effect on enzyme activity, the remaining enzyme activity for the iso-enzymes (a, b) were (46.66, 36.36)% for silver ions and (41.33, 33.63)% for mercury ions at 5 mM respectively, and (28, 28.18)% for silver ions and (25.33, 19.09)% for mercury ions at 10 mM respectively. The iso-enzymes a and b were affected by chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) at concentration 2mM the remaining activity (45.33, 43.63)% respectively, and 5mM the remaining activity (28, 28.18)% respectivily, and these iso-enzymes (a, b) refered to metalloenzymes. The iso-enzymes (a, b) were kept their activity when treated by reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol) at 2 mM the remaining activity (92, 92.72)% respectively, and 5 mM the remaining activity (85.3, 89.09)% respectivily. The iso-enzymes (a, b) were kept their activity when treated by phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) at concentration 1mM the remaining activity (93.33, 90.90)% respectivily,and 5 mM the remaining activity (90.66, 87.27)% respectivily, and these indicated that these iso-enzymes didnot referred to serineamylases group.
Effect of bioactive compounds in ginger extract on cancer cell lines In vitro.
Authors: Al-Zobaidi Mohammed S. Mohammed , Shawkat Muayad S. , Galoob Abd Al-Amer N.
Published: November 2021

his study was designed to detect the active compounds found in ethanolic crude extract of Zingeber officinale rhizome. Chemical detection of extract appeared that the ethanolic extract contain flavonoid, saponin, glycosids, phenols, resins, volatile oils, tannins, terpins and steroids while alkaloids and cumarines gave negative results. Different concentrations were prepared from ethanolic extract starting from (1-1000) µg/ml to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract on two malignant cell lines, human laryngeal carcinoma (HEP-2) cell line and murine mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN-3) cell line, exposure periods of cell lines were measured at (24, 48, 72)hr in a microtitration plate under complete sterile conditions. Results showed that, Ethanolic crude extract exhibited time-dependent cytotoxic effect of all concentrations after exposure for 24hr on cancer and transformed cells lines, and the 100 µg/ml gave the highest inhibition rate for AMN-3 86.2% after 24hr of exposure time and the cytotoxic effect of the extract started at lowest concentrations on HEP-2 cell line after 48hr of exposure reached which the best concentration 600 µg/ml gave the highest inhibition cell growth 73.4% after 48hr of exposure time.
Using plant tissue culture technique to evaluate of three genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) to salinity tolerance.
Authors: S. Abd A. , M. Aljibouri A. A. , N. Mahmoud S. , Mejeed Duha M. , A. Al-Hussini Z.
Published: November 2021

he effect of five levels of sodium chloride (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2) % on callus initiated from immature embryos of three genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. (I.E.Tamose 2, Rabeia, genotype 20) were investigated. Callus fresh and dry weight, cell contents of proline, carbohydrate as well as Na, Cl, K and Ca ions were used as parameters to determine the effect of NaCl on callus culture. The results showed Significant differences between genotypes in the most parameters studies significant reduction in callus fresh and dry weight as well as callus content of K, Ca ions and carbohydrate with NaCl concentration increased in the medium . On the other hand proline concentration Na and Cl ions were significant increased with NaCl concentration increased in the culture medium. Significant interactions were recorded between genotypes and salt concentration in their parameters.
Testing the ability of Lactobacillus spp for Organic material degradation
Authors: Mahmood Walaa Shakir
Published: November 2021

welve isolates of Lactobacillus sp from twenty four samples were collected from different sources:- four samples from soil (S), twenty samples from different foods includs Vegetable four (V), fruit tow (F), spoilage cooking food tow (F0), Dairy product like Youghart four (Y), cheese four (Ch), Cream one (C) and one sample from fish (Fm1), sheep meat( Shm1), Chicken meat (Chm1). These samples were tested shaply, microscopically, biochemicaly and their ability to grow and analyzed different organic material such material like tannic acid, phenol, chloroform, heptan with different concentrations(6,8,10)% by using different type of media likeN.A, MRSA, BHIA.The Lactobacillus spp organic material degradation ability were tested and shown the following results, isolates LY3, LCh1, LV1, LV, LF1, LF01were analyzed intermediate and minimum concentrations while two isolates LFM1, LChm1were able to analyzed of tannic acid when found with minimum concentration. The best media MRSA in grow and analyzed of tannic acid. The isolates LY2, LCh2, LC1, LF1, LF01showen ability to grow in all media when phenol were used, while the isolates LY2, LCh2, LC1are the best in analyzed from all isolates , media MRSA is the best media for analyzed The chloroform were used as substrate to testing ability of bacteria to grow the isolates LY2, LY3, Lch2, Lc1, LV2, LFm, LF1 are the best for grow, while isolates LY2, LY3, LChm showen best ability to analyzed. The media nutrient agar is the best. when heptan are used the isolates LY2, LY3, Lch2, LV2, LF1, LChm1 give best grow in 3 concentrations, while isolates LY1, LV2, LF1, Lf01 give best analyzed.The media nutrient agar is the best.
Biofilm production as a virulence factor in Uropathogenic bacteria and yeasts
Authors: Makia Raghada S. , Fadhil Ayad M.A. , Ismail Munera Ch.
Published: November 2021

This study includes isolation and identification of different uropathogenes (bacteria- yeasts) collected from catheterized patients suffering from complicated urinary tract infections. Three hundred and fifty urine samples obtained by swabs from catheterized patients were identified for the presence of uropathogenes (bacteria and yeast). 221(63.13%) samples were obtained from females and 118 (33.71%) samples from male, 339(96.85%) sample were identified by culturing as a positive result, while 11(3.14%) sample were negative result. The 339 positive isolates include 303 (89.38%) bacterial isolates and 36 (10.61%) yeast isolates. Results of biochemical tests and Api 20 system for bacterial and yeast isolates reveals E.coli, Proteus spp, Klebseilla spp, Pseudomonas spp and Candida spp represented the main causative uropathogen infect urinary system and causing a complicated type of infection. The determination of bacterial and yeasts ability to form biofilm was carried out using test tube method , 306 isolates which represented (90.26%) were capable to form biofilm with differ in the thickness of formed layer. Pseudomonas spp formed the thicker biofilm followed by E.coli, Candida spp, Proteus spp, and Klebseilla spp.
Increasing serum level of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β) in patients with colorectal and gastric cancer in Iraq
Authors: Abdullah Ahmed Rushdi , Abdulfattah Shaimaa Yousif , Abdullah Farah Thamer , Abid Ali Talib , Salah Hussam Bassim
Published: November 2021

Gastrointestinal cancers (GITs) are worldwide problem particularly in highly developed countries. In Iraq, gastric cancer(GC) is the 9th most common cancer while colorectal cancers (CRC) is considered as the 7th most common cancer among all cancer patients in both males and females. The Objective of this study was to estimate the serum level of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β) in Iraqi patients who are complying from gastric and colorectal cancers. Fifty four serum samples were collected starting from the 1st of March till the mid of May of 2011 to investigate the TGF-β serum level by using ELISA technique. Thirty eight samples were gastric (H.pylori +ve) and colorectal cancer patients (GC=17, CRC=21) while the other 16 samples considered as a healthy control group. The results showed that TGF-β serum levels of both GIT tumors were increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. In conclusion, the presented study showed elevated serum level of TGF-β in Gastric cancer patients which could point out to use this elevation as a biomarker for tumor prognosis; while in colorectal cancer it may evade the immune system cancer killing mechanisms. We recommend further studies concerning the correlation between serum level of TGF-β in Gastric cancer patients with staging and grading, and more immunological techniques can be implied to know the exact immunological evading mechanism of colorectal cancer cells.
Antibacterial Effects of Vitamin E: in Vitro Study
Authors: Al-Salih Dalia Abd Al Kader , Aziz Fitua M. , Mshimesh Bahir Abdul Razzaq , Jehad Muhanad T.
Published: November 2021

Overuse of antibiotics has become the major factor for the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains of several groups of microorganisms and this lead to search for agents that may have antibacterial effects. Vitamin E emerged as an essential, fat-soluble nutrient in the human body and it is essential, because the body cannot manufacture its own vitamin E, so foods and supplements must provide it. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E against pathogenic bacteria. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria were selected as the test microorganisms based on their importance in infections. In this study vitamin E used in four concentrations (50,100,200,400) IU/ml. The agar diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial activity. Results showed that gram negative bacteria were shown to be more resistant than gram positive bacteria. The resistance of gram negative bacteria towards antibacterial substances may be related to lipopolysaccharides in their outer membrane.
The Isolation and Characterization of Proteus mirabilis from Different Clinical Samples
Authors: Al-Bassam Wasan W. , Al-Kazaz Abdul-Kareem
Published: November 2021

A total of one hundred five samples were collected from hospitals of Baghdad city during the period from 10/12/2008 to 15/3/2009. These clinical samples included: urine (50) wound swabs (25), sputum (20), and ear swabs (10). These samples were collected from the Baghdad hospital/ Teaching Laboratories, and Al-Yarmook Hospital/ Teaching Laboratories. Twenty six isolates of Proteus mirabilis were characterized according to the morphology and microscopic characteristics, along with the biochemical and confirmatory APi 20 E tests. These isolates were obtained from: urine (19), wound swabs (6), ear swabs (2), and sputum (1). The twenty selected isolates were tested for resistance against ten antibiotics and only urine samples were tested for nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin resistance. It was shown that there were differences in the antibiotic resistance of isolates. High resistance to nitrofurantoin and ampicillin were found among isolates as (100%) and (75%) respectively while the resistance of Proteus isolates to trimethoprin /sulphamethazol, were (65%). This study also showed that resistance of isolates to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, pipracillin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid azteronam, imipenem and amikacin were (50, 40, 40, 40, 35,27, 20,15, 5)% respectively.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledonary node's calli of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Authors: Al-Mahdawe M.M. , Al-Mallah M.K. , Al-Attrakchii A.O.
Published: November 2021

The present study describes plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from cotyledonary node callus. Callus cultures were derived from cotyledon node segment excised from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. axenic seedlings grown in agar solidified Murashing and Skoog's(MS) medium supplemented with Benzyl adenine BA at 2.0 mg l-1 and Naphthalene acetic acid NAA at 1.0 mg l-1. These cultures were stimulated to form somatic embryoids at 32% frequency of in agar-solidified MS medium containing NAA at 0.5mg l-1 in the presence of 15% v/v coconut water. Light microscopy examination of sections of heart embryos stage proved the presence of vascular system. Transfer of other developmental stages of embryos to the same induction medium led to the development of secondary somatic embryos and embryoids into plantlets in agar-solidified MS medium lacking hormones. They were readily rooted in MSO and successfully transferred to soil.
Protoplast isolation from leaf mesophyll of sugarbeet Beta vulgaris L. axenic seedlings
Authors: Al-Ne'ma Q. Sh. , Al-Mallah M. K.
Published: November 2021

Protoplasts were isolated from leaf mesophyll of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) axenic seedlings. Eight enzyme mixtures were tested for cell wall degrading ability. The efficient enzyme solution was mixture "II" that consist of 1.5% Cellulase RS, 2% Cellulase R10, 1% Macerozym R10 and 0.1% Pectolyase Y23. This mixture was efficient in releasing protoplasts and gave high yield of a density 7.3 × 104 protoplast / ml. These isolated protoplasts were viable 93%, their sizes ranged from 13 up to 52 µm, vacuolated and unvacuolated. This finding enable workers to focus on somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion to overcome some barriers facing gene transfer to improve plant species such as transfer of N2 fixation ability to non-legumes and producing resistant varieties to biotic stress and other traits.
PCR Detection of Aspergillus flavus Isolates for Aflatoxin B1 producer
Authors: Hashim Abdulkareem Jasim , Al-Kazaz Abdulkareem A. , Abdulmalek Hadeel Waleed
Published: November 2021

The ability of five Aspergillus flavus that produce Aflatoxin B1 have been detected using coconut medium as substrate. Chromatographical analysis by TLC and HPLC revealed that, three out of five isolates were a good producer for the Aflatoxin B1. In this study, rapid assessment of five isolates of A. flavus was accomplished using an indigenously designed primer pair for the Aflatoxin regulatory gene aflR in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specificity was assayed in pure culture systems using DNA extracted from five different A. flavus isolates as PCR template. Positive amplification was achieved only with DNA from A. flavus that produce Aflatoxin B1.
Cytotoxic effects of Ammi visnaga volatile oil on some cancer cell lines
Authors: Mohammed Zainab y. , Nada Saad M. , Al-Halbosiy Mohammed M. , Abdulfattah Shaimaa Y. , Abdul-Hameed Bara’a
Published: November 2021

Ammi visnaga a herbal plant is rich with important active constituents that make the plant to be described in traditional medicine and among them is the volatile oil. The oil extracted by distillation and then study it's cytotoxic effect on two cell line: The human pelvic rhanbdomyosarcoma (RD) and The mouse cell line( L20B) which expresses the genes for human cellular receptor for Polio viruses. Results showed that there were potent toxic effects on both cell lines RD&L20B specially at the concentration (100,50 and 25)µl/ml of the essential oil ,then decreased as the oil concentrations decreased.
Cytotoxicity of myriocin against axenic culture of Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Ali Hayder Zuhair
Published: November 2021

Serine Palmitoyltransferase SPT is the key enzyme in the de novo sphingolipids biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes, including the intracellular parasite Leishmania. Previous studies showed that this enzyme SPT is expressed only in divided promastigote forms and it is non-essential in the amastigotes form of Leishmania major, which is known as the old world leishmaniasis. In this study we have studied the viability of new world lesihamniasis, Leishmania mexicana. Cytotoxicity test used to determine the effect of the SPT inhibitor myriocin which did not significantly affect the viability of the two forms of the in vitro cultures of the parasite p<0.05, procyclic promastigotes and amastigotes, in which cell viability for miltefosine treatment 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25µM against procyclic promastigotes form was 133.7, 115.8, 103.7, 94.98, 94.78 respectively for 24 hours incubation, while for amastigotes, cell viability for miltefosine treatment was 114.77, 114.34, 104.21, 132.95, 102.74 respectively for the 24 hours incubation and was 81.46, 81.25, 71.40, 68.38, 66.51 respectively for the 48 hours incubation and was 78.99, 90.22, 85.59, 95.18, 84.43 respectively for the 72 hours incubation. While in the old world leishmaniasis, Leishmania major, it has been found that ceramide production is absent and non-essential for the proliferation of intra-amastigotes.
Early detection of Breast Cancer by Tumor Marker CA15.3, CA27.29 and relationship with P53 and Vitamin D
Authors: Al-Hussain Ryaidh Sh. , Kathaem Eman M. , Baker Luay N. , Assi Saeed H. , Abdulbaqi Saad S. , Kalaf Raheem K.
Published: November 2021

Breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer of women. Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body when cancer is present. The classic tumor marker is a protein that can be found in the blood in increased levels when the cancer is present.The present study have been investigated the levels of cancer antigen CA15.3, CA27.29, P53 and Vitamin D in women with breast cancer, aged were 30-75 years old, they divided into four groups, each group composed of 50 women included breast cancer patients aged 30-59 year, breast cancer patients aged 60-75 years, milking nodules groups 30-60 year and control groups. This study showed significant P<0.05 increasing in the level of CA15.3, CA27.29 and P53 concentration in milking nodules and both breast cancer groups, also showed significant P<0.05 decreasing in vitamin D concentration in milking group and breast cancer group and significant difference in serum Ca concentration.
Identification of diosgenin isolated from genetically engineered tissues cultures of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Authors: Al-Mahdawe M. M. , Al-Mallah M. K. , Al-Attrakchii A. O.
Published: November 2021

Thediosgenin compound was separated, one of the secondary metabolic product in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. plants. Hairy roots cultures transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1601, and their spontaneously formed callus contained "diosgenin". High performance liquid chromatography HPLC measurements proved the presence of diosgenin in these cultures that approach 158.3 and 156.5% respectively. It present in leaves of plants produced from seeds at 161.8%. Generally, these data pointed out that transformed tissues are often preferred as a continuous source of diosgenin and perhaps other secondary metabolites.
Influence of L-Tryptophan and salicylic acid on secondary metabolites production from leaves induced callus of Catharanthus roseus L.G.Don in vitro
Authors: Jassim Emad H. , Ameen Sami K. M.
Published: November 2021

An experiment was conducted to steady the effect of L-Tryptophan and salicylic acid on callus induced on leaf explants of Catharanthus roseus. Callus induction was achieved by culturing true leaves of the plant on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg /L 2,4-D and 1mg / L Kin. The best medium to maintain callus was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg /L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg / L Kin. Different levels added to MS medium for each L-Tryptophan 0,200,300or400 mg /L and salicylic acid 0, 0.5,1or1.5mg /L. The medium supplemented with 30 g/ L sucrose was used as a control. Results showed the medium supplemented with 200 mgL of L-Tryptophan gave the highest quantity of Vincristine reached 48.66 µg/100 fresh weight of callus. MS medium content at the concentration 1 mg L of salicylic acid gave the highest level of Vinblastine recording 50.98 µg/100 fresh weight of callus. While MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg /L of salicylic acid gave the highest level of Serpentine 24.76 µg/100 fresh weight of callus. The concentrations of active compound derived from plant leaves were much less than the concentrations produced by the callus grown in vitro. The concentration of Serpentine was 0.059 while Vinblastine was 0.183 and the concentration of Vincristine was 0.064.
Acclimatization of freshwater bacillus diatomas Navicula sp. for living in salty waters
Authors: Jessim Ahmed Ibrahim , AL- Hussainy Ahmed Edan
Published: November 2021

Bacillus diatoms. Navicula sp. were isolated from fresh water (Tigris River) and were acclimated progressively to grow in salty environment with alkaline media pH = 9. Bacillus diatoms Showed very good ability to acclimate for living in gradient salty water starting from 0.5 - 5 ppt. of samples of underground water containing Total Nitrogen 2.25, 1.07, 0.952, 9.005, 0.53 ppm, respectively, and Total Phosphorus 1.58, 1.61, 1.75, 0.565, and 0.785 ppm. consumed of TN: TP in ratio16:1 as in the following results 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 1.005,0.01 ppm. for TN and 1.439, 1.327, 1.68, 0.065, 0.755 ppm. for TP. by using Least significant difference-LSD test, results showed significant differences for decreasing cells when the value of P <0.05 for increasing of adapted cells in ground water with gradually salty concentrations also for reducing TN before and after experiment, also a significant difference for reducing P in sample (4) of ground water in concentration 0.565 ppm before experiment which reduced to 0.065 ppm after experiment.
In Vivo Study for Measuring the Toxicity of Heat Stable Enterotoxin (a) Produced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Mice
Authors: Al-Taee Maha F. , Al-Shaibany Abdul Wahed B.
Published: November 2021

This research was conducted to measure the safety of heat stable enterotoxin a (STa) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, through studying its toxic effect on mice since it showed a promising effect in reducing the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. The cytogenetic effect was determined after giving five different doses (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600)µg/Kg in comparison with negative (phosphate buffer saline / PBS) and positive (mitomycin C/ MMC, at doses of 2 and 5µg/Kg) controls on mouse bone marrow cells by employing the following parameters: mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus, also, the serum level of liver functional enzymes (GOT, GPT, ALP) was recorded. In addition, lethal dose 50 (LD 50) with certain clinicopathological changes in five organs (colon, kidney, liver, stomach and lung) was also determined after oral administration of STa for ten successive days and at two doses (500 and 1000) µg/Kg. Results showed that, none of the five different doses of STa caused any significant changes in the three examined cytogenetic parameters in the mouse bone marrow cells; precisely, neither the low dose nor the high one of STa caused reduction or induction in these parameters. In fact, clear effect in decreasing mitotic activity and increasing spontaneous frequencies of both chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus was revealed after MMC treatment. Furthermore, significant differences in mouse serum level of the three enzymes were not seen at any doses of STa, while significant reduction in the levels of these enzymes was noticed after treatment with the two doses of MMC. In this study the LD 50 test was used to investigate the lethal effect of the partially purified STa, and it was shown to be not lethal to mice at both doses of (500 and 1000) µg/Kg, since death was not recorded, moreover, no clinicopathological effects were indicated in the all examined mouse tissues, however the only noticed clinical sign was diarrhea with all doses, which was observed after three days of STa treatment.
The effect of dried bakery yeast addition on some hematological and biochemical parameters in Japanese quail
Authors: Almashat Reyadh M. Redha
Published: November 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of dried bakery yeast addition to the ration of Japanese quail and its effect on some hematological and biochemical parameters in treated birds in the beginning of egg production stage for two month duration. The fifty birds were divided randomly to five dietary treated groups. Each group contain two replicated five birds for each replicate. First group (control) were fed ration free from the dried bakery yeast. While the other four groups were fed ration plus dried bakery yeast with the following percentage 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% respectively. The results of this study showed significant differences with the effects of dried bakery yeast to the ration of the second group 0.5% in comparison with the control group in the hematological parameters which include an increase in the RBCs count 3.37 million/mm3, PCV 34.5% and hemoglobin 7.3 g / 100 ml of blood. There significant increase in the total protein value 5.2 g /100ml. there was significant decrease in SGPT and SGOT enzyme concentration in comparison with control group. There were no significant changes in the level of ALP in the second group 0.5% in comparison with the control group. Mean while a significant increase was noticed in the level of ALP for 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% groups in comparison with control group. We concluded from this study that the adding off 0.5% dried bakery yeast to the ration of birds was sufficient to induce the required effects on the hematological and biochemical parameters without need to increase the others concentrations in the rations 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%. Mean while that didn’t show any effects on the studying parameters.
Reusing of Treated Wastewater by Membrane Bioreactorin Irrigation
Authors: Al-Hadithy Azzam H. , Al-Rubai Mahdi S. , Jaafar Mahdi Sh. , Hasson A.A. , FadeL G.H. , Hamdn A.Q. , Edan T.R.
Published: November 2021

Membrane Bio Reactor(MBR) methods is considered as one of the most advanced used technology in waste water treatment. The aim of this technology is to obtain high quality treated waste water. This study conducted to investigate the ability of using of sewage water from zaafrania city for irrigation and their effect on corn growth and some of soil chemical properties which include electrical conductivity and soil pH in extract soil paste and the micro nutrient content in soil and plant which include Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb. Three levels of wastewater were used 0, 50, 100% in two stages, the three levels of wastewater ( without soil fertilization ) were used in the first stage, where 21.8 Kg P/D +80 N Kg/D was added to the soil as fertilizer in the control 0% treatment and 10.9Kg P/D +40 Kg N/D were added to 50 and 100% levels in the second stage. Corn seeds were planted in 10kg plastic pots in Completely Randomized Block Design in three replicates. The results refer to a high significant increase in plant height, fresh and dry weight for all treatments in comparison with control treatment. The low add level of wastewater 50%+ half of fertilizer recommendation gives a significant increase of plant height and fresh and dray weight. The results showed a high increased of electrical conductivity for 50, 100% wastewater added levels for both stages compared with control treatment. The high add level 100% gives high significant increase of electrical conductivity compared with the low level of the wastewater. Whereas the values of soil PH were close to the neutral for all treatment. The result showed a significant increase in micro nutrients content (which include Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in soil and plant for all treatment compared with control treatment, this increased was continues with the increase of additional level of wastewater. However all the micro nutrient was within the allowed natural limits and not reached the toxic limits in soil and plant.
Genotyping of High-risk Human Papilloma virus (HPV) among Iraqi women in Baghdad by Multiplex PCR
Authors: Faik Ashna J. Faik , Saber Mudhafar Q. Saber , Mohammed Wisam J. Mohammed , Ibraheem Bashar Z. Ibraheem , Lateef Kawther R. Lateef , Areeg S. Hassen Areeg S. Hassen
Published: November 2021

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a causative factor for cervical cancer. Early detectionrisk HPV types might help to identify women at high risk of cervical cancer. The aim of of highHPV infection in population of rgir hgih determine the occurrence of the present study was toIraqi women in Baghdad by using Multiplex PCR determine the percentage and genotyping ofHuman Papilloma Virus and to put the best prevention and control program in Iraqi women.Study started at January 2009 to March 2010, cervical samples were collected from 856 womenaged 16–70. HPV DNA amplification was performed using HPV High Risk Typing PCR Kit testfor qualitative detection and genotyping of HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 inHPV was detected in 106 ( 12,38% ) of the study population, with a range of the cervical swabs.16-70 years age groups. Results showed that the overall HPV prevalence twelve genotypes wereidentified, including HPV-33 (18.60%), HPV-35 (18.60%), HPV-56 (18.60%) ,HPV-39(10.85%),HPV-52 (10.08%), HPV-18 (7.75%), HPV-16 (4.65%), HPV-59 (4.65%), HPV-58(2.32%), HPV-31(1.55%), HPV-45(1.55% ) and HPV-66( 0.77%). Of 856, 218 women was also tested by pap smearith normal cytology was 198 ( 90.83%), 24(12.12%) of them were HPV positive, those with w,abnormal cytology was 20 (9.17 %), 5( 25%)of them was HPV positive. In this study unlike otherepidemiological studies, HPV33,35,56 was the most frequent type (55.8%) in Baghdad, followedby HPV39, HPV52, HPV18, HPV16.
Genetic relation between three morphological states of N2-fixing Cyanobacteria by using PCR technique
Authors: Hamoshi Rawaa D. Hamoshi , Khamees Hammed S. Khamees , Abdulla* Bassema A. Abdulla*
Published: November 2021

Three nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria purified isolates were selected which express the threemorphological states, first Oscillatoria chlorina as an example of filamentous non HeterocystsCyanobacteria and second Microcystis rubusta as an example of Unicellular Cyanobactera andthird Anabaena spiroides as an example of filamentous Cyanobacteria containing a Hetrocysis,these isolate were cultured on ASM-1 free nitrogen medium using light tension of lux (2500) andtemperature of 25°C. Total DNA were isolated and found that its concentration varied between(1.3 to 1.8) the concentration was fixed in order to obtain that each 100 l contains 50 ng/l.Primers for RAPD-PCR were used to detect the genetic variation between the three genera ofCyanobacteria understudy and in order to diagnose the genetic relationship and to detect thegenetic dimension between these isolates in order to use these results to found the geneticfingerprint. Eleven primers were used in RAPD-PCR reaction and 10 of them were positive. TheOPC-05 gave the high number of bands (20 bands) while OPA-18 and OPJ-13 gave the lowest (9bands).The genetic dimension between the three isolates were compatible with the morphological,microscopical and physiological results obtained as we found that Microcyctis rubusta andAnabaena spiroides were closely related and Oscillatoria chlorine was far genetically.
Study the Activity of Thuja occidentalis Plant Against High Sugar Levels in Blood of Rats
Authors: Hamsa A. Jasim Hamsa A. Jasim , Sanaa J. Kadhim Sanaa J. Kadhim , Cheyad Jameel H. Cheyad
Published: November 2021

This study focused on the ability of aqueous extract of Thuja occidentalis plant (225mg/kg) to decreaseblood sugar in male and female of laboratory rats and following its ability later on. The effect of thisextract on most blood components was mild (p≤0.05), but the effect was highly obvious (p≤0.01) on theplatelet count. Finally the effect was also obvious to a little extent (p≤0.05) in decreasing of rats averagebody weight in treatment groups.
استخدام خميرة ساكارومايسس في المعالجة الحيوية لبعض المعادن الثقيلة
Authors: Muhyaddin Mohammed Omar , Al- Soufi Mohammed , Mousa AdilTurkei
Published: November 2021

استخدمت هذه الدراسة خميرة الخبز في المعالجة الحيوية لبعض العناصر الثقيلة تم الحصول على عدد من عزلات الخميره من مصادر مختلفة واخضعت للفحوصات التشخيصية ودرست قابليتها في ازالة المعادن تحت ظروف محددة من مدة التماس 24 ساعه والاس الهيدروجيني 6 ودرجة الحرارة 25وسرعة التجريك 150 دورة في الدقيقة وباستعمال لقاح حجمه 1 في 10 ^6 خلية في الملليلتر  في محلول يحتوي ا ملغم /لتر من كل عنصر بشكل مفرد او مجتمع حسب التجربة معدل كفاءة ازالة كل من الرصاص والحديد والنحاس مجتمعة فكانت 81 % بينماالكروم والنيكل والكادميوم مجتمعه كانت 91%
Incidence and Antibiotics Sensitivity of Multidrug-Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Burn’s Patients and Environmental Samples fromThree Hospitals in Baghdad
Authors: AL-Kaisse Asmaa A. , AL-Thwani Amina N. , AL-Segar Amina N.
Published: November 2021

Two hundred swab samples were collected from burn patients and burn units for the period, beginningfrom August 2012 to the end of April 2013 from a number of hospitals in Baghdad governorateincluding: Al-Kindi General Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmuk General Teaching Hospital and Al-Imam AliHospital. The collected samples were cultured on different media and tested biochemically in order to findout the profile of bacteria that colonize burn patients wounds and environment of burn units. The resultsof bacterial culturing revealed that out of 200 samples, 105 samples 52.5% were observed to havebacterial growth (positive samples), while negative samples represented 95(47.5%). The profile of thebacteria in the cultured samples revealed: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 40.95% was the most common isolatefollowed by Staphylococcus aureus 20.0%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 17.1%, Escherichia coli 8.5%,Pseudomonas putida 4.76%, Enterobacter aerogenes 3.80%, Acinetobacter baumannii 2.85% andProteus mirabilis 1.90%. Forty three P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Theresults showed most isolates were potentially resistant to different antibiotics as follow, all isolates 100%had resistance to Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, and Chloramphenicol, and showed high resistance toTobramycin 95.3%, Gentamicin 93.0%, Ceftazidime 88.3%, Cefotaxime 86.0%, Piperacillin 83.7% andAmikacin 79.0%, beside illustrating low resistance to Aztreonam 67.4%, Ciprofloxacin 46.5%, andImipenem 13.9% among these antibiotics, Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic because 86.0% ofthe isolates appeared to be high sensitive to it.
Effect of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Fertilization on Growth of Sage Plant (Salvia officinalis L.) and Concentration of Volatile Oil
Authors: Shukri Hussein Mahmood
Published: November 2021

This work was carried out to study the effect of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer during spring 2014 to produce the volatile oil from sage plant. Four levels of DAP (21%P, 18%N) (0, 100, 200 and 300 Kg/ha) were used on sage plants. The experiment was designed according to complete randomized design (CRD). The measurements of plant heights, Fresh and dry weights, surface area of the aerial leaves and active compound concentration were recorded as control before flowering. Results revealed significant differences (p ≤0.05) in Plants height, fresh and dry weights and surface area between treatments. In the control group measures were (18.00cm, 100.22 g/pot, 18.55 g/pot and 5.22 cm2) respectively. The highest values were reported with 300 kg/ha treatment (26.50 cm, 118.25, 21.86 g/pot and 7.21 cm2) respectively. Volatile concentration was measured using Clevenger with steam distillation apparatus.  Diammonium Phosphate addition levels showed different effect on Volatile oil content in aerial part (Shoots). The lowest was (1.68%) for 300 kg/ha, and the highest was (3.07%) in 100 Kg/ha