bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lowest Glucose Variability and Hypoglycemia Are Observed With the Combination of a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Basal Insulin (VARIATION Study)
Authors: Bajaj Harpreet S. , Venn Karri , Ye Chenglin , Patrick Avril , Kalra Shivani , Khandwala Hasnain , Aslam Nadeem , Twum-Barima David , Aronson Ronnie
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

There is a dearth of published literature comparing glucose variability (GV) between different insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. This cohort study compares GV using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes using four common insulin regimens: basal insulin + oral drugs (BO), basal insulin + glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) (BGLP), premixed insulin (PM), and basal-bolus insulin (BB).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Consecutive patients from three endocrinology clinics who met study criteria—type 2 diabetes, age 18 to 80 years, BMI ≤ 45 kg/m2, stable insulin regimen for a minimum of 6 months, and stable A1C value ≤7.5% (58 mmol/mol) before study enrollment—underwent 6-day masked CGM. Hypoglycemia was defined as a sensor glucose concentration <70 mg/dL on CGM.

RESULTS

A total of 160 patients with comparable baseline characteristics formed four equal insulin regimen cohorts. The daily glucose SD (the primary outcome) was significantly lower in the BGLP cohort versus the BO, PM, and BB cohorts (P = 0.03, P = 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively), and remained so after adjusting for age, BMI, type 2 diabetes duration, and A1C. Similarly, daily hypoglycemia outcomes on CGM were least for the BGLP cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

The lowest GV and lowest hypoglycemia were observed in patients using the combination of basal insulin with a GLP-1 RA, supporting the complementary glycemic action of these agents in type 2 diabetes. These observed benefits in GV and hypoglycemia may contribute to the cardiovascular outcome reduction seen with GLP-1 RA therapy and should be investigated further.
Mycobacterium chimaera colonisation of heater–cooler units (HCU) in Western Australia, 2015: investigation of possible iatrogenic infection using whole genome sequencing
Authors: Robinson James Owen , Coombs Geoffrey Wallace , Speers David John , Keehner Terillee , Keil Anthony David , D’Abrera Victoria , Boan Peter , Pang Stanley
Published: December 2016

Following the reported link between heater–cooler unit (HCU) colonisation with Mycobacterium chimaera and endocarditis, mycobacterial sampling of all HCUs in use in Western Australia was initiated from August 2015, revealing M. chimaera colonisation in 10 of 15 HCUs. After M. chimaera was isolated from a pleural biopsy from a cardiothoracic patient who may have been exposed to a colonised HCU, a whole genome sequencing investigation was performed involving 65 specimens from 15 HCUs across five hospitals to assess if this infection was related to the HCU. Genetic relatedness was found between the 10 HCU M. chimaera isolates from four hospitals. However the M. chimaera isolate from the cardiothoracic patient was not genetically related to the HCU M. chimaera isolates from that hospital, nor to the other HCU isolates, indicating that the HCUs were not the source of the infection in this patient.
Severe paediatric conditions linked with EV-A71 and EV-D68, France, May to October 2016
Authors: Antona Denise , Kossorotoff Manoëlle , Schuffenecker Isabelle , Mirand Audrey , Leruez-Ville Marianne , Bassi Clément , Aubart Mélodie , Moulin Florence , Lévy-Bruhl Daniel , Henquell Cécile , Lina Bruno , Desguerre Isabelle
Published: December 2016

We report 59 cases of severe paediatric conditions linked with enterovirus (EV)-A71 and EV-D68 in France between May and October 2016. Fifty-two children had severe neurological symptoms. EV sequence-based typing for 42 cases revealed EV-A71 in 21 (18 subgenotype C1, detected for the first time in France) and EV-D68 in eight. Clinicians should be encouraged to obtain stool and respiratory specimens from patients presenting with severe neurological disorders for EV detection and characterisation.
Indoor development of Aedes aegypti in Germany, 2016
Authors: Kampen Helge , Jansen Stephanie , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Walther Doreen
Published: December 2016

In spring 2016, a German traveller returning from Martinique cultivated imported plant offsets in her home, and accidentally bred Aedes aegypti. Thirteen adult mosquito specimens submitted for identification and the traveller were tested for Zika, dengue and chikungunya virus infections, with negative results. The detection of Ae. aegypti by the ‘Mueckenatlas’ project demonstrates the value of this passive surveillance scheme for potential public health threats posed by invasive mosquitoes in Germany.
Prolonged excretion of type-2 poliovirus from a primary immune deficient patient during the transition to a type-2 poliovirus-free world, Israel, 2016
Authors: Weil Merav , Shulman Lester M , Heiman Sophia , Stauber Tali , Alfandari Jacqueline , Weiss Leah , Silberstein Ilana , Indenbaum Viki , Mendelson Ella , Sofer Danit
Published: December 2016

Wild poliovirus type-2 has been eradicated, use of live type-2 vaccine has been terminated globally, and all type-2 polioviruses are under strict laboratory containment protocols. Re-emergence may arise from prolonged asymptomatic excretion of poliovirus by hospitalised primary immune deficient (PID) patients, as described here, through repeated exposure of close contacts to high titres of infected material. At this transition time, PID patients should be screened and hospital containment protocols updated in parallel with laboratory containment.
Étude d’évaluabilité d’une intervention visant à prévenir l’usage de substances psychoactives lors de la transition primaire-secondaire
Authors: Soura Biessé Diakaridja , Bastien Robert , Fallu Jean-Sébastien
Published: December 2016

Abstract: This article reports on the evaluability assessment (EA) of a program to prevent substance use among students transitioning from primary to secondary school. Termed Network Intervention (NI), the program is implemented among fifth- and sixth-grade students from five primary schools within a single school board in Quebec. Drawing from qualitative data gathered via interviews, meeting notes and the patient navigator’s logbook, the study allowed a better understanding of the program and its logic model, a tool necessary for the coming evaluation activities. The EA has proven to be useful not only for the evaluation team but also for the initiators of the program and those involved in the implementation. Recommendations are made to better conduct the process of an EA.
Bias Correction for Retrieval of Atmospheric Parameters from the Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder Onboard the Fengyun-3C Satellite
Authors: He Qiurui , Wang Zhenzhan , He Jieying
Published: December 2016

The microwave humidity and temperature sounder (MWHTS) on the Fengyun (FY)-3C satellite measures the outgoing radiance from the Earth’s surface and atmospheric constituents. MWHTS, which makes measurements in the isolated oxygen absorption line near 118 GHz and the vicinity of the strong water vapor absorption line around 183 GHz, can provide fine vertical distribution structures of both atmospheric humidity and temperature. However, in order to obtain the accurate soundings of humidity and temperature by physical retrieval methods, the bias between the observed and simulated radiance calculated by the radiative transfer model from the background or first guess profiles must be corrected. In this study, two bias correction methods are developed through the correlation analysis between MWHTS measurements and air mass identified by the first guess profiles of the physical inversion; one is the linear regression correction (LRC), and the other is the neural network correction (NNC), representing the linear and nonlinear relationships between MWHTS measurements and air mass, respectively. The correction methods have been applied to MWHTS observed brightness temperatures over the geographic area (180° W–180° E, 60° S–60° N). The corrected results are evaluated by the probability density function of the differences between corrected observations and simulated values and the root mean square errors (RMSE) with respect to simulated observations. The numerical results show that the NNC method has better performance, especially in MWHTS Channels 1 and 7–9, whose peak weight function heights are close to the surface. In order to assess the effects of bias correction methods proposed in this study on the retrieval accuracy, a one-dimensional variational system was built and applied to the MWHTS brightness temperatures to estimate the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The retrieval results also show that NNC has better performance. An indication of the stability and robustness of the NNC method is given, which suggests that the NNC method has promising application perspectives in the physical retrieval.
Recent Progress in Design of Biomass-Derived Hard Carbons for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Górka Joanna , Vix-Guterl Cathie , Matei Ghimbeu Camelia
Published: December 2016

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted lots of attention over last few years due to the abundance and wide availability of sodium resources, making SIBs the most cost-effective alternative to the currently used lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Many efforts are underway to find effective anodes for SIBs since the commercial anode for LIBs, graphite, has shown very limited capacity for SIBs. Among many different types of carbons, hard carbons—especially these derived from biomass—hold a great deal of promise for SIB technology thanks to their constantly improving performance and low cost. The main scope of this mini-review is to present current progress in preparation of negative electrodes from biomass including aspects related to precursor types used and their impact on the final carbon characteristics (structure, texture and composition). Another aspect discussed is how certain macro- and microstructure characteristics of the materials translate to their performance as anode for Na-ion batteries. In the last part, current understanding of factors governing sodium insertion into hard carbons is summarized, specifically those that could help solve existing performance bottlenecks such as irreversible capacity, initial low Coulombic efficiency and poor rate performance.
Understanding Farmers’ Perceptions and Adaptations to Precipitation and Temperature Variability: Evidence from Northern Iran
Authors: Allahyari Mohammad , Ghavami Sahereh , Daghighi Masuleh Zahra , Michailidis Anastasios , Nastis Stefanos
Published: December 2016

Precipitation and temperature variability present significant agricultural risks worldwide. Northern Iran’s agriculture mainly depends on paddy fields, which are directly affected by precipitation and temperature variability. The main aim of this study is to explore farmers’ attitudes towards precipitation and temperature variability and their adaptation strategies in paddy fields in a typical agricultural province in northern Iran. Primary survey data were collected from a sample of 382 paddy farmers of Rasht County in Guilan Province. Data have been analyzed using both summary statistics and bivariate analysis (Pearson, Spearman, and Eta correlation coefficients). Empirical findings reveal that most paddy farmers had experienced precipitation and temperature variability and were taking measures to reduce its negative impacts on their crops. Results also indicate that farm size and household income influence farmers’ perception to precipitation and temperature variability, while availability of water resources also influence farmers’ adaptation decisions.
On the Implementation of the IEC 61850 Standard: Will Different Manufacturer Devices Behave Similarly under Identical Conditions?
Authors: El Hariri Mohamad , Youssef Tarek , Mohammed Osama
Published: December 2016

Standardization in smart grid communications is necessary to facilitate complex operations of modern power system functions. However, the strong coupling between the cyber and physical domains of the contemporary grid exposes the system to vulnerabilities and thus places more burden on standards’ developers. As such, standards need to be continuously assessed for reliability and are expected to be implemented properly on field devices. However, the actual implementation of common standards varies between vendors, which may lead to different behaviors of the devices even if present under similar conditions. The work in this paper tested the implementation of the International Electro-technical Commission’s Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE (IEC 61850 GOOSE) messaging protocol on commercial Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and the open source libiec61850 library—also used in commercial devices—which showed different behaviors in identical situations. Based on the test results and analysis of some features of the IEC 61850 GOOSE protocol itself, this paper proposes guidelines and recommendations for proper implementation of the standard functionalities.
Energy Optimization and Fuel Economy Investigation of a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integrated with Diesel/RCCI Engines
Authors: Solouk Ali , Shahbakhti Mahdi
Published: December 2016

Among different types of low temperature combustion (LTC) regimes, eactively controlled compression ignition (RCCI) has received a lot of attention as a promising advanced combustion engine technology with high indicated thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxides ( NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. In this study, an RCCI engine for the purpose of fuel economy investigation is incorporated in series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) architecture, which allows the engine to run completely in the narrow RCCI mode for common driving cycles. Three different types of energy management control (EMC) strategies are designed and implemented to achieve the best fuel economy. The EMC strategies encompass rule-based control (RBC), offline, and online optimal controllers, including dynamic programing (DP) and model predictive control (MPC), respectively. The simulation results show a 13.1% to 14.2% fuel economy saving by using an RCCI engine over a modern spark ignition (SI) engine in SHEV for different driving cycles. This fuel economy saving is reduced to 3% in comparison with a modern compression ignition (CI) engine, while NO x emissions are significantly lower. Simulation results show that the RCCI engine offers more fuel economy improvement in more aggressive driving cycles (e.g., US06), compared to less aggressive driving cycles (e.g., UDDS). In addition, the MPC results show that sub-optimal fuel economy is achieved by predicting the vehicle speed profile for a time horizon of 70 s.
Mapping Long-Term Changes in Mangrove Species Composition and Distribution in the Sundarbans
Authors: Ghosh Manoj , Kumar Lalit , Roy Chandan
Published: December 2016

The Sundarbans mangrove forest is an important resource for the people of the Ganges Delta. It plays an important role in the local as well as global ecosystem by absorbing carbon dioxide and other pollutants from air and water, offering protection to millions of people in the Ganges Delta against cyclone and water surges, stabilizing the shore line, trapping sediment and nutrients, purifying water, and providing services for human beings, such as fuel wood, medicine, food, and construction materials. However, this mangrove ecosystem is under threat, mainly due to climate change and anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic and climate change-induced degradation, such as over-exploitation of timber and pollution, sea level rise, coastal erosion, increasing salinity, effects of increasing number of cyclones and higher levels of storm surges function as recurrent threats to mangroves in the Sundarbans. In this situation, regular and detailed information on mangrove species composition, their spatial distribution and the changes taking place over time is very important for a thorough understanding of mangrove biodiversity, and this information can also lead to the adoption of management practices designed for the maximum sustainable yield of the Sundarbans forest resources. We employed a maximum likelihood classifier technique to classify images recorded by the Landsat satellite series and used post classification comparison techniques to detect changes at the species level. The image classification resulted in overall accuracies of 72%, 83%, 79% and 89% for the images of 1977, 1989, 2000 and 2015, respectively. We identified five major mangrove species and detected changes over the 38-year (1977–2015) study period. During this period, both Heritiera fomes and Excoecaria agallocha decreased by 9.9%, while Ceriops decandra, Sonneratia apelatala, and Xylocarpus mekongensis increased by 12.9%, 380.4% and 57.3%, respectively.
Regional Correlates of Psychiatric Inpatient Treatment
Authors: Ala-Nikkola Taina , Pirkola Sami , Kaila Minna , Saarni Samuli , Joffe Grigori , Kontio Raija , Oranta Olli , Sadeniemi Minna , Wahlbeck Kristian
Published: December 2016

Current reforms of mental health and substance abuse services (MHS) emphasize community-based care and the downsizing of psychiatric hospitals. Reductions in acute and semi-acute hospital beds are achieved through shortened stays or by avoiding hospitalization. Understanding the factors that drive the current inpatient treatment provision is essential. We investigated how the MHS service structure (diversity of services and balance of personnel resources) and indicators of service need (mental health index, education, single household, and alcohol sales) correlated with acute and semi-acute inpatient treatment provision. The European Service Mapping Schedule-Revised (ESMS-R) tool was used to classify the adult MHS structure in southern Finland (population 1.8 million, 18+ years). The diversity of MHS in terms of range of outpatient and day care services or the overall personnel resourcing in inpatient or outpatient services was not associated with the inpatient treatment provision. In the univariate analyses, sold alcohol was associated with the inpatient treatment provision, while in the multivariate modeling, only a general index for mental health needs was associated with greater hospitalization. In the dehospitalization process, direct resource re-allocation and substituting of inpatient treatment with outpatient care per se is likely insufficient, since inpatient treatment is linked to contextual factors in the population and the health care system. Mental health services reforms require both strategic planning of service system as a whole and detailed understanding of effects of societal components.
Transcriptome Profiling Analysis of Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) after Cadmium Exposure
Authors: Li Chang-Chun , Wang Yong , Li Guo-Yuan , Yun Yue-Li , Dai Yu-Jun , Chen Jian , Peng Yu
Published: December 2016

Pardosa pseudoannulata is one of the most common wandering spiders in agricultural fields and a potentially good bioindicator for heavy metal contamination. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which spiders respond to heavy metals at the molecular level. In the present study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was employed to characterize the de novo transcriptome of the spiders and to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after cadmium exposure. We obtained 60,489 assembled unigenes, 18,773 of which were annotated in the public databases. A total of 2939 and 2491 DEGs were detected between the libraries of two Cd-treated groups and the control. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that metabolism processes and digestive system function were predominately enriched in response to Cd stress. At the cellular and molecular levels, significantly enriched pathways in lysosomes and phagosomes as well as replication, recombination and repair demonstrated that oxidative damage resulted from Cd exposure. Based on the selected DEGs, certain critical genes involved in defence and detoxification were analysed. These results may elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying spiders’ responses to heavy metal stress.
Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies
Authors: Dubé Bruno-Pierre , Dres Martin
Published: December 2016

The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, and its dysfunction can lead to significant adverse clinical consequences. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an overview of the main causes of uni- and bi-lateral diaphragm dysfunction, explore the clinical and physiological consequences of the disease on lung function, exercise physiology and sleep and review the available diagnostic tools used in the evaluation of diaphragm function. A particular emphasis is placed on the clinical significance of diaphragm weakness in the intensive care unit setting and the use of ultrasound to evaluate diaphragmatic action.
Fretting Fatigue Experiment and Analysis of AlSi9Cu2Mg Alloy
Authors: Wang Jun , Xu Hong , Su Tiexiong , Zhang Yi , Guo Zhen , Mao Huping , Zhang Yangang
Published: December 2016

An investigation was carried out in order to study the fretting fatigue behavior of an AlSi9Cu2Mg aluminum alloy. The fretting fatigue tests of AlSi9Cu2Mg were performed using a specially designed testing machine. The failure mechanism of fretting fatigue was explored by studying the fracture surfaces, fretting scars, fretting debris, and micro-hardness of fretting fatigue specimens using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and micro Vickers hardness test techniques. The experimental results show that the fretting fatigue limit (42 MPa) is significantly reduced to approximately 47% of the plain fatigue limit (89 MPa) under 62.5 MPa contact pressure. Furthermore, the fretting fatigue life decreases with increasing alternating stress and increasing contact pressure. The examination results suggest that the stress concentrates induced by oxidation-assisted wear on the contact interface led to the earlier initiation and propagation of crack under the fretting condition.
Identification and Characterisation of the Antimicrobial Peptide, Phylloseptin-PT, from the Skin Secretion of Phyllomedusa tarsius, and Comparison of Activity with Designed, Cationicity-Enhanced Analogues and Diastereomers
Authors: Gao Yitian , Wu Di , Xi Xinping , Wu Yue , Ma Chengbang , Zhou Mei , Wang Lei , Yang Mu , Chen Tianbao , Shaw Chris
Published: December 2016

Antimicrobial peptides belonging to the phylloseptin family are mainly found in phyllomedusine frogs. These peptides not only possess potent antimicrobial activity but exhibit low toxicity against eukaryotic cells. Therefore, they are considered as promising drug candidates for a number of diseases. In a recent study, potent antimicrobial activity was correlated with the conserved structures and cationic amphiphilic characteristics of members of this peptide family. A phylloseptin peptide precursor was discovered here in the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa tarsius and the mature peptide was validated by MS/MS sequencing, and was subsequently named phylloseptin-PT. The chemically-synthesized and purified phylloseptin-PT displayed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Nevertheless, a range of cationicity-enhanced peptide analogues of phylloseptin-PT, which contained amino acid substitutions at specific sites, exhibited significant increases in antimicrobial activity compared to native phylloseptin-PT. In addition, alternative conformers which were designed and chemically-synthesized with d-lysine, showed potent antimicrobial activity and enhanced bioavailability. These data indicate that phylloseptins may represent potential candidates for next-generation antibiotics. Thus, rational design through modification of natural antimicrobial peptide templates could provide an accelerated path to overcoming obstacles en-route to their possible clinical applications.
Geoffrey Hill’s “Hard-Won Affirmation”: The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy
Authors: Contino Paul
Published: December 2016

Sir Geoffrey Hill, long hailed as Britain’s greatest living poet, was devoted to remembering the deceased, those forgotten in the debased din of mass culture—some of them worthy of our emulation, others edifying by their “folly” or “criminality” (Paris Review interview). Hill’s recent death, on 30 June 2016, presents an apt time to remember his own life-work. In its act of memorial as homage, The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy marks a departure for Hill: whereas his earlier work often rests in ambiguity, Péguy labors through the ambiguity—through characteristically antiphonal tones of voice, rhythms, and images—and concludes in affirmation, a note of hope, which points in the direction of some of his later work. Through all of his complexity, Péguy’s life—like Hill’s poem—conforms to a kenotic, Christological pattern and is thus worthy of our emulation.
Exploiting TERRA-AQUA MODIS Relationship in the Reflective Solar Bands for Aerosol Retrieval
Authors: Fan Xingwang , Liu Yuanbo
Published: December 2016

Satellite remote sensing has been providing aerosol data with ever-increasing accuracy, representative of the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB) aerosol retrievals. These retrievals are generally performed over spectrally dark objects and therefore may struggle over bright surfaces. This study proposed an analytical TERRA-AQUA MODIS relationship in the reflective solar bands for aerosol retrieval. For the relationship development, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects were adjusted using reflectance ratios in the MODIS 2.13 μm band and the path radiance was approximated as an analytical function of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and scattering phase function. Comparisons with MODIS observation data, MODIS AOT data, and sun photometer measurements demonstrate the validity of the proposed relationship for aerosol retrieval. The synergetic TERRA-AQUA MODIS retrievals are highly correlated with the ground measured AOT at TERRA MODIS overpass time (R2 = 0.617; RMSE = 0.043) and AQUA overpass time (R2 = 0.737; RMSE = 0.036). Compared to our retrievals, both the MODIS DT and DB retrievals are subject to severe underestimation. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the proposed method may perform better over non-vegetated than vegetated surfaces, which can offer a complement to MODIS operational algorithms. In an analytical form, the proposed method also has advantages in computational efficiency, and therefore can be employed for fine-scale (relative to operational 10 km MODIS product) MODIS aerosol retrieval. Overall, this study provides insight into aerosol retrievals and other applications regarding TERRA-AQUA MODIS data.
A Hyperspectral Survey of New York City Lighting Technology
Authors: Dobler Gregory , Ghandehari Masoud , Koonin Steven , Sharma Mohit
Published: December 2016

Using side-facing observations of the New York City (NYC) skyline, we identify lighting technologies via spectral signatures measured with Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imaging. The instrument is a scanning, single slit spectrograph with 872 spectral channels from 0.4–1.0 μ m. With a single scan, we are able to clearly match the detected spectral signatures of 13 templates of known lighting types. However, many of the observed lighting spectra do not match those that have been measured in the laboratory. We identify unknown spectra by segmenting our observations and using Template-Activated Partition (TAP) clustering with a variety of underlying unsupervised clustering methods to generate the first empirically-determined spectral catalog of roughly 40 urban lighting types. We show that, given our vantage point, we are able to determine lighting technology use for both interior and exterior lighting. Finally, we find that the total brightness of our scene shows strong peaks at the 570 nm Na - II , 595 nm Na - II and 818 nm Na - I lines that are common in high pressure sodium lamps, which dominate our observations.
Integrating Deoxyribozymes into Colorimetric Sensing Platforms
Authors: Chang Dingran , Zakaria Sandy , Deng Mimi , Allen Nicholas , Tram Kha , Li Yingfu
Published: December 2016

Biosensors are analytical devices that have found a variety of applications in medical diagnostics, food quality control, environmental monitoring and biodefense. In recent years, functional nucleic acids, such as aptamers and nucleic acid enzymes, have shown great potential in biosensor development due to their excellent ability in target recognition and catalysis. Deoxyribozymes (or DNAzymes) are single-stranded DNA molecules with catalytic activity and can be isolated to recognize a wide range of analytes through the process of in vitro selection. By using various signal transduction mechanisms, DNAzymes can be engineered into fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical and chemiluminescent biosensors. Among them, colorimetric sensors represent an attractive option as the signal can be easily detected by the naked eye. This reduces reliance on complex and expensive equipment. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in the development of colorimetric biosensors that make use of DNAzymes and the prospect of employing these sensors in a range of chemical and biological applications.
Derivation of the Cramér-Rao Bound in the GNSS-Reflectometry Context for Static, Ground-Based Receivers in Scenarios with Coherent Reflection
Authors: Ribot Miguel , Botteron Cyril , Farine Pierre-André
Published: December 2016

The use of the reflected Global Navigation Satellite Systems’ (GNSS) signals in Earth observation applications, referred to as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), has been already studied for more than two decades. However, the estimation precision that can be achieved by GNSS-R sensors in some particular scenarios is still not fully understood yet. In an effort to partially fill this gap, in this paper, we compute the Cramér–Rao bound (CRB) for the specific case of static ground-based GNSS-R receivers and scenarios where the coherent component of the reflected signal is dominant. We compute the CRB for GNSS signals with different modulations, GPS L1 C/A and GPS L5 I/Q, which use binary phase-shift keying, and Galileo E1 B/C and E5, using the binary offset carrier. The CRB for these signals is evaluated as a function of the receiver bandwidth and different scenario parameters, such as the height of the receiver or the properties of the reflection surface. The CRB computation presented considers observation times of up to several tens of seconds, in which the satellite elevation angle observed changes significantly. Finally, the results obtained show the theoretical benefit of using modern GNSS signals with GNSS-R techniques using long observation times, such as the interference pattern technique.
Relationships and Predictive Capabilities of Jump Assessments to Soccer-Specific Field Test Performance in Division I Collegiate Players
Authors: Lockie Robert , Stage Alyssa , Stokes John , Orjalo Ashley , Davis DeShaun , Giuliano Dominic , Moreno Matthew , Risso Fabrice , Lazar Adrina , Birmingham-Babauta Samantha , Tomita Tricia
Published: December 2016

Leg power is an important characteristic for soccer, and jump tests can measure this capacity. Limited research has analyzed relationships between jumping and soccer-specific field test performance in collegiate male players. Nineteen Division I players completed tests of: leg power (vertical jump (VJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), left- and right-leg triple hop (TH)); linear (30 m sprint; 0–5 m, 5–10 m, 0–10, 0–30 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; soccer-specific fitness (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2); and 7 × 30-m sprints to measure repeated-sprint ability (RSA; total time (TT), performance decrement (PD)). Pearson’s correlations (r) determined jump and field test relationships; stepwise regression ascertained jump predictors of the tests (p < 0.05). All jumps correlated with the 0–5, 0–10, and 0–30 m sprint intervals (r = −0.65–−0.90). VJ, SBJ, and left- and right-leg TH correlated with RSA TT (r = −0.51–−0.59). Right-leg TH predicted the 0–5 and 0–10 m intervals (R2 = 0.55–0.81); the VJ predicted the 0–30 m interval and RSA TT (R2 = 0.41–0.84). Between-leg TH asymmetry correlated with and predicted left-leg 505 and RSA PD (r = −0.68–0.62; R2 = 0.39–0.46). Improvements in jumping ability could contribute to faster speed and RSA performance in collegiate soccer players.
The Political Economy of the Water Footprint: A Cross-National Analysis of Ecologically Unequal Exchange
Authors: Fitzgerald Jared , Auerbach Daniel
Published: December 2016

Water scarcity is an important social and ecological issue that is becoming increasingly problematic with the onset of climate change. This study explores the extent to which water resources in developing countries are affected by the vertical flow of exports to high-income countries. In examining this question, the authors engage the sociological theory of ecologically unequal exchange, which argues that high-income countries are able to partially externalize the environmental costs of their consumption to lower-income countries. The authors use a relatively new and underutilized measure of water usage, the water footprint, which quantifies the amount of water used in the entire production process. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and robust regression techniques are employed in the cross-national analysis of 138 countries. The results provide partial support of the propositions of ecologically unequal exchange theory. In particular, the results highlight the importance of structural position in the global economy for understanding the effects of trade on water resources.
Simplified Heat and Mass Transfer Model for Cross-Flow and Countercurrent Flow Packed Bed Tower Dehumidifiers with a Liquid Desiccant System
Authors: Hu Shih-Cheng , Shiue Angus , Chiu Yi-Shiung , Wang Archy , Chen Jacky
Published: December 2016

A mathematical model is developed using the Matlab/Simulink platform to investigate heat and mass transfer performance of cross-flow and counterflow dehumidifiers with Lithium Chloride (LiCl) solution. In the liquid desiccant dehumidifier, the orthogonal polynomial basis is used to simulate the combined processes of heat and mass transfer. The temperature profiles on cross-flow and countercurrent flow dehumidifiers are demonstrated. The resultant counter flow air changes the temperature profile of the LiCl solution in the longitudinal direction because of the drag forces. In addition, when inlet airflow rate reaches 15 kg·s−1, the temperature effect becomes less obvious and may be reasonably negligible. Under these conditions, the air changes the design factor and determines the interfacial temperature. It is demonstrated that the mathematical model can be of great value in the design and improvement of cross-flow and countercurrent flow dehumidifiers.
Comprehensive Reputation-Based Security Mechanism against Dynamic SSDF Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Ye Fang , Zhang Xun , Li Yibing
Published: December 2016

Collaborative spectrum sensing (CSS) was envisioned to improve the reliability of spectrum sensing in centralized cognitive radio networks (CRNs). However, secondary users (SUs)’ changeable environment and ease of compromise make CSS vulnerable to security threats, which further mislead the global decision making and degrade the overall performance. A popular attack in CSS is the called spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack. In the SSDF attack, malicious cognitive users (MUs) send false sensing results to the fusion center, which significantly degrades detection accuracy. In this paper, a comprehensive reputation-based security mechanism against dynamic SSDF attack for CRNs is proposed. In the mechanism, the reliability of SUs in collaborative sensing is measured with comprehensive reputation values in accordance with the SUs’ current and historical sensing behaviors. Meanwhile a punishment strategy is presented to revise the reputation, in which a reward factor and a penalty factor are introduced to encourage SUs to engage in positive and honest sensing activities. The whole mechanism focuses on ensuring the correctness of the global decision continuously. Specifically, the proposed security scheme can effectively alleviate the effect of users’ malicious behaviors on network decision making, which contributes greatly to enhancing the fairness and robustness of CRNs. Considering that the attack strategy adopted by MUs has been gradually transforming from simplicity, fixedness and singleness into complexity, dynamic and crypticity, we introduce two dynamic behavior patterns (true to false and then to true (TFT) and false to true and then to false (FTF)) to further validate the effectiveness of our proposed defense mechanism. Abundant simulation results verify the rationality and validity of our proposed mechanism.
Higher Levels of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Poorer Composition of Milk Supplied by Informal Milk Marketing Chains in Pakistan
Authors: Aslam Naveed , Tipu Muhammad , Ishaq Muhammad , Cowling Ann , McGill David , Warriach Hassan , Wynn Peter
Published: December 2016

The present study was conducted to observe the seasonal variation in aflatoxin M1 and nutritional quality of milk along informal marketing chains. Milk samples (485) were collected from three different chains over a period of one year. The average concentrations of aflatoxin M1 during the autumn and monsoon seasons (2.60 and 2.59 ppb) were found to be significantly higher (standard error of the difference, SED = 0.21: p = 0.003) than in the summer (1.93 ppb). The percentage of added water in milk was significantly lower (SED = 1.54: p < 0.001) in summer (18.59%) than in the monsoon season (26.39%). There was a significantly different (SED = 2.38: p < 0.001) mean percentage of water added by farmers (6.23%), small collectors (14.97%), large collectors (27.96%) and retailers (34.52%). This was reflected in changes in milk quality along the marketing chain. There was no difference (p = 0.178) in concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk collected from the farmers (2.12 ppb), small collectors (2.23 ppb), large collectors (2.36 ppb) and retailers (2.58 ppb). The high levels of contamination found in this study, which exceed the standards set by European Union (0.05 ppb) and USFDA (0.5 ppb), demand radical intervention by regulatory authorities and mass awareness of the consequences for consumer health and safety.
Assessing Uncertainties of Water Footprints Using an Ensemble of Crop Growth Models on Winter Wheat
Authors: Kersebaum Kurt , Kroes Joop , Gobin Anne , Takáč Jozef , Hlavinka Petr , Trnka Miroslav , Ventrella Domenico , Giglio Luisa , Ferrise Roberto , Moriondo Marco , Dalla Marta Anna , Luo Qunying , Eitzinger Josef , Mirschel Wilfried , Weigel Hans-Joachim , Manderscheid Remy , Hoffmann Munir , Nejedlik Pavol , Iqbal Muhammad , Hösch Johannes
Published: December 2016

Crop productivity and water consumption form the basis to calculate the water footprint (WF) of a specific crop. Under current climate conditions, calculated evapotranspiration is related to observed crop yields to calculate WF. The assessment of WF under future climate conditions requires the simulation of crop yields adding further uncertainty. To assess the uncertainty of model based assessments of WF, an ensemble of crop models was applied to data from five field experiments across Europe. Only limited data were provided for a rough calibration, which corresponds to a typical situation for regional assessments, where data availability is limited. Up to eight models were applied for wheat. The coefficient of variation for the simulated actual evapotranspiration between models was in the range of 13%–19%, which was higher than the inter-annual variability. Simulated yields showed a higher variability between models in the range of 17%–39%. Models responded differently to elevated CO2 in a FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) experiment, especially regarding the reduction of water consumption. The variability of calculated WF between models was in the range of 15%–49%. Yield predictions contributed more to this variance than the estimation of water consumption. Transpiration accounts on average for 51%–68% of the total actual evapotranspiration.
“Sticky invasion” – the physical properties ofPlantago lanceolataL. seed mucilage
Authors: Kreitschitz Agnieszka , Kovalev Alexander , Gorb Stanislav N
Published: December 2016

The mucilage envelope of seeds has various functions including the provision of different ways for the dispersal of diaspores. Chemical composition and water content of the mucilage yield particular adhesive and frictional properties in the envelope that also influence the dispersal of seeds. To determine the physical properties ofPlantago lanceolataseed mucilage we studied (1) composition, (2) desiccation, (3) adhesion, and (4) friction properties of the mucilage under different hydration conditions. We revealed the presence of cellulose fibrils in the mucilage, which are responsible for a continuous and even distribution of the mucilaginous layer on the seed surface. The measured values of adhesive and frictional properties differed significantly in comparison to the previously studied pectic mucilage ofLinum usitatissimum. Also, the water loss from the cellulose mucilage was more rapid. The obtained different values can result from the presence of cellulose fibrils and their interaction with pectins in the mucilage. Because of this feature the mucilage ofP. lanceolatamay represent a more regularly ordered and stabile system than the pectic mucilage of flax, which lacks cellulose. In spite of the fact thatP. lanceolatamucilage revealed different adhesive and frictional properties than the pectic mucilage, it still demonstrates an effective system promoting zoochoric seed dispersal. Cellulose may additionally prevent the mucilage against loss from the seed surface.
Lieux de mémoire mycéniens et la naissance des sanctuaires grecs
Authors: Cosmopoulos Michael B.
Published: December 2016

Les archéologues deviennent de plus en plus conscients du rôle que la mémoire culturelle a joué dans la création de l’espace sacré en Grèce ancienne. L’examen des sites mycéniens subsistant sur les lieux de sites religieux grecs et, plus particulièrement, l’analyse des cas d’intégration de ruines et d’objets mycéniens dans le contexte rituel de la période géométrique démontrent que pendant l’âge du Fer il y eut des sites mycéniens qui ont fonctionné comme des « lieux de mémoire » et ont joué un rôle dans le processus de sacralisation de l’espace ainsi que dans la formation des sanctuaires grecs.
Polykmetos Sideros : À propos du fer en Grèce Antique
Authors: Sanidas Giorgos M. , Bassiakos Yannis , Georgakopoulou Myrto , Filippaki Eleni , Jagou Benjamin , Nerantzis Nerantzis
Published: December 2016

La recherche sur la Grèce ancienne s’est peu préoccupée de l’artisanat du fer et de ses procédés de production. Même si plusieurs études pionnières ont été réalisées, aussi bien sur les textes que sur des données archéologiques limitées, tout reste pratiquement à faire. Si les objets en fer apparaissent dans l’Égée dès le II e  millénaire, les débuts de la métallurgie du fer posent de nombreuses questions, tant pour leur date que pour les conditions matérielles et culturelles de son évolution. De nombreuses régions de Grèce sont riches en matières premières mais les vestiges archéométallurgiques montrent pour l’instant deux grandes zones pionnières : d’une part le nord de l’Égée, surtout Thasos, et, d’autre part, le Péloponnèse (Laconie, Argolide etc.). Le rôle majeur du fer laconien semble confirmé par l’archéométallurgie, tandis que la question des échanges de matières premières reste cruciale. Nous espérons qu’un premier tableau, à partir des éléments connus par les travaux en cours, pourra stimuler le développement de nouvelles recherches.
Recomposition et restitution des peintures murales fragmentaires : méthodologie, principes scientifiques et éthiques
Authors: Barbet Alix
Published: December 2016

La recomposition d’une peinture murale antique dépend d’abord de la façon dont la fouille a été menée et les éléments fragmentaires recueillis. On tentera de recomposer au maximum le puzzle, en utilisant tous les indices possibles. Pour la reconnaissance des motifs, souvent incomplets, il faut faire preuve d’imagination, puiser dans son « corpus mental d’images » accumulées par des années de pratique. Toutefois il s’agit parfois d’un véritable test de Rorschach, qui révèle les projections de la personnalité. Les relevés graphiques sont indispensables, mais les reconstitutions et les restitutions ne sont possibles que si l’on a pris soin de nourrir son dossier d’images de comparaison.
Pères et institutions : perspectives transculturelles
Authors: Ferradji Taieb
Published: December 2016

La dialectique possible entre pères et institutions est indissociable des concepts d’identité et de filiation dans leur rapport à la culture. En Afrique et/ou en Orient, par exemple, il est courant de désigner un individu par son lien de filiation (celui transmis par les parents ou acquis après l’arrivée des enfants) dans la mesure où ce lien le relie à une ascendance ou une descendance. Si le complexe d’Œdipe a connu le succès qui est le sien, depuis sa description par Freud, c’est non seulement en raison de son universalité, mais aussi parce qu’il se réfère à la transmission à travers la filiation. Or, même l’actualité récente nous rappelle que la filiation est au cœur de toute culture et la communication, par-delà les langues, est le vecteur principal de ces différentes façons de faire et de dire. Quels liens entre pères migrants et institutions ? La consultation transculturelle est un espace privilégié d’analyse et de médiation dans les situations où ce lien est mis à mal.
Le père adéquat, sans plus : entre culpabilité et légitimité
Authors: Boudarse Khalid , Scelles Régine
Published: December 2016

À partir de la clinique de la protection de l’enfance, l’article aborde la situation des pères qui élèvent seuls leurs enfants. Il tente de comprendre comment les compétences parentales sont évaluées chez les pères alors que l’expérience professionnelle et les pratiques institutionnelles sont construites essentiellement, en matière de monoparentalité, à partir de l’accompagnement des familles monoparentales maternelles. Les auteurs interrogent le référentiel théorique dans la même perspective. Par ailleurs, ils questionnent l’imaginaire paternel lui-même en lien aux images maternelle et familiale. Enfin, ils soumettent des propositions en matière de pratique professionnelle et quelques pistes de réflexion pour la recherche-action.
Crise institutionnelle et refondation des pères originaires
Authors: Chapelier Jean-Bernard
Published: December 2016

À partir des concepts d’analyse psychanalytique des institutions et d’un exemple clinique, il est ici montré comment la crise institutionnelle induite par un changement de directeur cherche à se résoudre par une scénarisation du mythe originaire (appel au père fondateur). Les changements libèrent des angoisses archaïques qui sont déposées sur les invariants, le recours aux mythes fondateurs rétablit la continuité de l’institution et la réorganise sur un mode différencié (ici de type œdipien), régulant ainsi les angoisses psychotiques.