bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the role of working memory capacity and naming speed in phonological advance planning in language
production
Authors: Klaus Jana , Schriefers Herbert
Published: January 2019

Producing multi-word utterances is a complex, yet relatively effortless process. Research with the picture-word
interference paradigm has shown that speakers can plan all elements of such utterances up to the phonological level before
initiating speech, yet magnitude and direction of this phonological priming effect (i.e. facilitative vs. inhibitory) differ
between but also within studies. We investigated possible sources for variability in the phonological advance planning scope. In
two experiments, participants produced bare nouns (“monkey”) and complex noun phrases (“the small red
monkey”) while ignoring distractor words phonologically (un)related to the noun. For low- and high-working memory
capacity speakers as well as fast and slow speakers, we found phonological facilitation effects for the bare noun, but no
distractor effects for the complex noun phrases. However, looking at individual distractor effects for utterance-final elements
revealed a large variability between speakers. We conclude that phonological advance planning cannot be summarised as an overall
effect, but should take into account inter- and intraindividual variability.
Variability and consistency in late bilinguals’ morphology
Authors: Jessen Anna , Veríssimo João , Clahsen Harald
Published: January 2019

Speaking a late-learned second language (L2) is supposed to yield more variable and less consistent output than
speaking one’s first language (L1), particularly with respect to reliably adhering to grammatical morphology. The current study
investigates both internal processes involved in encoding morphologically complex words – by recording event-related brain
potentials (ERPs) during participants’ silent productions – and the corresponding overt output. We specifically examined compounds
with plural or singular modifiers in English. Thirty-one advanced L2 speakers of English (L1: German) were compared to a control
group of 20 L1 English speakers from an earlier study. We found an enhanced (right-frontal) negativity during (silent)
morphological encoding for compounds produced from regular plural forms relative to compounds formed from irregular plurals,
replicating the ERP effect obtained for the L1 group. The L2 speakers’ overt productions, however, were significantly less
consistent than those of the L1 speakers on the same task. We suggest that L2 speakers employ the same mechanisms for
morphological encoding as L1 speakers, but with less reliance on grammatical constraints than L1 speakers.
Effects of a resistance‐training programme on endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and mitochondrial functions in PBMCs from elderly subjects
Authors: Estébanez Brisamar , Moreira Osvaldo C. , Almar Mar , de Paz José A. , Gonzalez‐Gallego Javier , Cuevas María J.
Published: January 2019

Aging has been related with a decline in the ability to handle protein folding, which leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in unfolded protein response (UPR). Importantly, physical activity could activate the UPR and attenuate or prevent age‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction. The current study evaluated the effects of a resistance exercise on UPR and mitochondrial functions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from elderly subjects. Thirty healthy women and men (age, 72.8, sx− = 2.2 years) were randomized to a training group, which performed an 8‐week resistance training programme, or a control group, which followed their daily routines. The phosphorylation of PERK and IRE1, as well as ATF4, and XBP1 protein expression, significantly increased following the training, while expression of BiP, AFT6 and CHOP remain without changes. Additionally, the intervention also induced an increase in PGC‐1α and Mfn1 protein levels, while no changes were found in Drp1 expression. Finally, the resistance protocol was not able to activate PINK1/Parkin and Bnip3/Nix pathways. The results obtained seem to indicate that 8‐week resistance exercise activates the UPR, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, maintains mitochondrial dynamics and prevents mitophagy activation by unfolded proteins in PBMCs from elderly subjects.
Are increases in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by changes to resting metabolic rate in rugby athletes over a pre‐season training period?
Authors: MacKenzie‐Shalders Kristen L. , Byrne Nuala M. , King Neil A. , Slater G. J.
Published: January 2019

Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes’ daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day−1 post 2373 ± 270 kcal·day−1) despite a significant increase in lean mass of +2.0 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.01) and non‐significant loss of fat mass. The change in RMR was non‐significant and non‐meaningful; thus, this study contradicts the commonly held anecdotal perception that an increase in skeletal muscle mass will result in a significant increase in metabolic rate and daily energy needs. Conventional prediction equations generally under‐estimated rugby athletes’ measured RMR, and may be problematic for identifying low energy availability, and thus updated population‐specific prediction equations may be warranted to inform practice.
How performance analysis of elite long jumping can inform representative training design through identification of key constraints on competitive behaviours
Authors: McCosker Chris , Renshaw Ian , Greenwood Daniel , Davids Keith , Gosden Edward
Published: January 2019

Analysing performance in competitive environments enables identification of key constraints which shape behaviours, supporting designs of more representative training and learning environments. In this study, competitive performance of 244 elite level jumpers (male and female) was analysed to identify the impact of candidate individual, environmental and task constraints on performance outcomes. Findings suggested that key constraints shaping behaviours in long jumping were related to: individuals (e.g. particularly intended performance goals of athletes and their impact on future jump performance); performance environments (e.g. strength and direction of wind) and tasks (e.g. requirement for front foot to be behind foul line at take‐off board to avoid a foul jump). Results revealed the interconnectedness of competitive performance, highlighting that each jump should not be viewed as a behaviour in isolation, but rather as part of a complex system of connected performance events which contribute to achievement of competitive outcomes. These findings highlight the potential nature of the contribution of performance analysis in competitive performance contexts. They suggest how practitioners could design better training tasks, based on key ecological constraints of competition, to provide athletes with opportunities to explore and exploit functional intentions and movement solutions high in contextual specificity.
Graph- and rule-based learning algorithms: a comprehensive review of their applications for cancer type classification and prognosis using genomic data
Authors: Mallik Saurav , Zhao Zhongming
Published: January 2019

Cancer is well recognized as a complex disease with dysregulated molecular networks or modules. Graph- and rule-based analytics have been applied extensively for cancer classification as well as prognosis using large genomic and other data over the past decade. This article provides a comprehensive review of various graph- and rule-based machine learning algorithms that have been applied to numerous genomics data to determine the cancer-specific gene modules, identify gene signature-based classifiers and carry out other related objectives of potential therapeutic value. This review focuses mainly on the methodological design and features of these algorithms to facilitate the application of these graph- and rule-based analytical approaches for cancer classification and prognosis. Based on the type of data integration, we divided all the algorithms into three categories: model-based integration, pre-processing integration and post-processing integration. Each category is further divided into four sub-categories (supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised and survival-driven learning analyses) based on learning style. Therefore, a total of 11 categories of methods are summarized with their inputs, objectives and description, advantages and potential limitations. Next, we briefly demonstrate well-known and most recently developed algorithms for each sub-category along with salient information, such as data profiles, statistical or feature selection methods and outputs. Finally, we summarize the appropriate use and efficiency of all categories of graph- and rule mining-based learning methods when input data and specific objective are given. This review aims to help readers to select and use the appropriate algorithms for cancer classification and prognosis study.
Identifying residues that determine palmitoylation using association rule mining
Authors: Kumari Bandana , Kumar Ravindra , Kumar Manish
Published: January 2019

Motivation

In eukaryotes, palmitoylation drives several essential cellular mechanisms like protein sorting, protein stability and protein–protein interaction. Several amino acids namely Cys, Gly, Ser, Thr and Lys undergo palmitoylation. But very little is known about the amino acid patterns that promote palmitoylation.

Results

We deduced presence of statistically significant amino acids around palmitoylation sites and their association with different palmitoylated residues i.e. Cys, Gly and Ser. The results suggest that palmitoylation, irrespective of its target residue, generally occurs at sites where Cys, Leu, Lys, Arg, Ser and Met are abundant. Furthermore, functional properties of the three types of palmitoylated proteins were compared. We observed similar functional behavior of Cys and Gly palmitoylated proteins but proteins with Ser palmitoylation showed distinctiveness from remaining two. Motif-wise functional conservation was also observed in Cys palmitoylated proteins. We also did functional annotation of predicted human palmitoylome.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CluMSID: an R package for similarity-based clustering of tandem mass spectra to aid feature annotation in metabolomics
Authors: Depke Tobias , Franke Raimo , Brönstrup Mark
Published: January 2019

Compound identification is one of the most eminent challenges in the untargeted analysis of complex mixtures of small molecules by mass spectrometry. Similarity of tandem mass spectra can provide valuable information on putative structural similarities between known and unknown analytes and hence aids feature identification in the bioanalytical sciences. We have developed CluMSID (Clustering of MS2 spectra for metabolite identification), an R package that enables researchers to make use of tandem mass spectra and neutral loss pattern similarities as a part of their metabolite annotation workflow. CluMSID offers functions for all analysis steps from import of raw data to data mining by unsupervised multivariate methods along with respective (interactive) visualizations. A detailed tutorial with example data is provided as supplementary information.

Availability and implementation

CluMSID is available as R package from https://github.com/tdepke/CluMSID/and from https://bioconductor.org/packages/CluMSID/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Large-Scale Semantic Analysis of Verbal Fluency Across the Aging Spectrum: Data From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Taler Vanessa , Johns Brendan T , Jones Michael N
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The present study aimed to characterize changes in verbal fluency performance across the lifespan using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).

Methods

We examined verbal fluency performance in a large sample of adults aged 45–85 (n = 12,686). Data are from the Tracking cohort of the CLSA. Participants completed a computer-assisted telephone interview that included an animal fluency task, in which they were asked to name as many animals as they could in 1 min. We employed a computational modeling approach to examine the factors driving performance on this task.

Results

We found that the sequence of items produced was best predicted by their semantic neighborhood, and that pairwise similarity accounted for most of the variance in participant analyses. Moreover, the total number of items produced declined slightly with age, and older participants produced items of higher frequency and denser semantic neighborhood than younger adults.

Discussion

These findings indicate subtle changes in the way people perform this task as they age. The use of computational models allowed for a large increase in the amount of variance accounted for in this data set over standard assessment types, providing important theoretical insights into the aging process.
The Local Structure of Generalized Contact Bundles
Authors: Schnitzer Jonas , Vitagliano Luca
Published: January 2019

Generalized contact bundles are odd-dimensional analogues of generalized complex manifolds. They have been introduced recently and very little is known about them. In this paper we study their local structure. Specifically, we prove a local splitting theorem similar to those appearing in Poisson geometry. In particular, in a neighborhood of a regular point, a generalized contact bundle is either the product of a contact and a complex manifold or the product of a symplectic manifold and a manifold equipped with an integrable complex structure on the gauge algebroid of the trivial line bundle.
Utility and the Pleasures of Musical Formalism: Edmund Gurney, Liberal Individualism, and Musical Beauty as ‘Ultimate’ Value
Authors: Collins Sarah
Published: January 2019

Most contemporary assessments of Edmund Gurney’s musical thinking rely solely on his influential book The Power of Sound (1880), yet much of the work that appeared in this book was initially published in essay form in the liberal press, appearing alongside discussions of politics, economics, moral philosophy, and psychology. With this broader frame in mind, this article investigates the relationship between Gurney’s musical thinking and the traditions of utilitarianism, political economy, and liberalism through his association with Henry Sidgwick’s circle. It argues that one of the central tenets of Gurney’s musical formalism—namely the idea that there is an irreducibly ‘musical’ form of beauty—may be construed in relation to ‘liberal individualism’ as it was framed by the utilitarian liberals with whom he associated, who attempted to combine the cultivation of disinterestedness with the pursuit of pleasure as a means to attaining a balance between self-interest and the common good.
Human Rights and Public Health Ethics
Authors: Liao S. Matthew
Published: January 2019

This chapter relates human rights to public health ethics and policies by discussing the nature and moral justification of human rights generally, and the right to health in particular. Which features of humanity ground human rights? To answer this question, as an alternative to agency and capabilities approaches, the chapter offers the “fundamental conditions approach,” according to which human rights protect the fundamental conditions for pursuing a good life. The fundamental conditions approach identifies “basic health”—the adequate functioning of the various parts of our organism needed for the development and exercise of the fundamental capacities—as the object of a human right. A human right to basic health entails human rights to the essential resources for promoting and maintaining basic health, including adequate nutrition, basic health care, and basic education. Dutybearers include every able person in appropriate circumstances, as well as governments and government agencies, private philanthropic foundations, and transnational corporations.
The US Public Health System and Ethics
Authors: DeBruin Debra , Leider Jonathon P.
Published: January 2019

The public health enterprise is responsible for the protection and promotion of population health across the United States. Approximately 2,800 local health departments join state and territorial health agencies, federal agencies, and other government organizations in constituting the core of the governmental public health system in the United States. Spending on governmental public health accounts for less than 3 percent of the nation’s multi-trillion-dollar health budget. Yet it is responsible for health improvement, infectious disease control, pandemic planning, chronic disease control, environmental health, maternal and child health, and more. This chapter reviews the genesis and structure of the public health system. It examines the implications of that organizational structure for the many and varied ethical considerations that arise in the practice of public health.
The Intersection of Law, Ethics, and Public Health in the United States
Authors: Kershner Stacie , Wolf Leslie E.
Published: January 2019

Law has played a critical role in the great public health achievements of the past century, including vaccination, seat belt use, water fluoridation, and tobacco control. Law continues to be an important tool in this century’s efforts to improve the public’s health, including efforts to prevent chronic illnesses related to obesity. Public health law specifies what must be done or what cannot be done, or law may authorize an array of options regarding what actions are permissible to improve the public’s health. Public health ethics can provide a structure for determining which of the permissible actions authorized by law should be taken. This chapter explores public health law, including its sources and its limits, as well as the relationship between public health law and ethics.
Legislation and Common Law Impacting Assessment Practices in Music Education
Authors: Russell Joshua A.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the historical context of and current issues regarding the assessment of musical learning in schools and law. The chapter introduces common legal definitions and practices that lead to the growing body of scholarship in educational law, the evolving and more active role courts are taking in impacting educational practices, and the fundamental case law and legislation that impacts how we assess students in our classrooms. Moreover, the chapter introduces recent court cases and decisions impacting how teachers are evaluated. Finally, the chapter offers a series of suggestions to strengthen assessment practices to be more defensible should evaluation decisions be challenged based on previous court decisions or enacted law.
Assessing Singing Voice Development
Authors: Rutkowski Joanne
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on various tools and strategies that have been used in research studies for assessing singing voice development, particularly of children. The chapter is organized around the following: A definition of singing development, which includes use of the singing voice (vocal registers) and then pitch accuracy, is provided. An overview of approaches used in research to assess singing development is then presented. These approaches include singing tasks, such as echoing patterns and singing a song, which the children perform to have their singing assessed, human raters using rating scales/rubrics to assess children’s singing, and technology. A more thorough discussion of selected rubrics and rating scales as well as suggested protocols for using them follows. Recommendations for using these tools and strategies for applications in research and classroom settings are included.
Technical Issues Related to Computerized Music Performance Assessment
Authors: Massoth Daniel
Published: January 2019

When technology is used for assessment in music, certain considerations can affect the validity, reliability, and depth of analysis. This chapter explores factors that are present in the three phases of the assessment process: recognition, analysis, and display of assessment of a musical performance. Each phase has inherent challenges embedded within internal and external factors. The goal here is not to provide an exhaustive analysis of any or all aspects of assessment but, rather, to present the rationale for and history of using technology in music assessment and to examine the philosophical and practical considerations. A discussion of possible future directions of product research and development concludes the chapter.
Assertion, Lying, and Untruthfully Implicating
Authors: Pepp Jessica
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the prospects for justifying the somewhat widespread, somewhat firmly held sense that there is some moral advantage to untruthfully implicating over lying. The author calls this the “Difference Intuition.” The author defines lying in terms of asserting but remains open about what precise definition best captures our ordinary notion. The author defines implicating as one way of meaning something without asserting it. The author narrows down the kind of untruthful implicating that should be compared with lying for purposes of evaluating whether there is a moral difference between them. Just as lying requires a robust form of assertion, so the kind of untruthful implicating to be compared with lying requires a robust form of implicating. Next, the author sets out various ways of sharpening the Difference Intuition and surveys a range of approaches to justifying one class of sharpenings. The author finishes by sketching an approach to justifying an alternative sharpening of the Difference Intuition, which is inspired by John Stuart Mill’s discussion of lying.
Assertion: A Defective Theoretical Category
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: January 2019

This chapter defends the view that research about language and communication should not appeal to anything that falls under the label “assertion.” According to the No-Assertion view (Cappelen 2011), what philosophers have tried to capture by the term “assertion” is largely a philosopher’s invention. It fails to pick out an act type that we engage in, and it is not a category we need in order to explain any important component of our linguistic practice. The phenomena that theories of assertion aim to explain are better accounted for by appeal to the notion of what is said. Sayings are governed by variable norms, come with variable commitments, and have variable causes and effects. This chapter outlines the No-Assertion view, presents some of the core arguments in favor of it, and responds to some criticisms.
Emotion Dysregulation and Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Dixon-Gordon Katherine L. , Haliczer Lauren A. , Conkey Lindsey C.
Published: January 2019

Emotion dysregulation has been theorized to either directly or indirectly drive many of the symptoms associated with borderline personality disorder. In this chapter, several current controversies in this body of work are reviewed. The chapter presents the role of emotion dysregulation in theories of the development and maintenance of borderline personality disorder. Further, it reviews the state of research on emotional responding in borderline personality disorder, focusing on any evidence of emotional sensitivity, reactivity, and time course. Building on this review, the chapter summarizes recent advances in the study of difficulties in emotion regulation capacities and strategies in the context of this disorder. In addition, it outlines the links between emotion dysregulation and other problems in borderline personality disorder. Finally, this chapter highlights the limitations and future directions in this line of work.
Always in Translation
Authors: Galasso Regina
Published: January 2019

For outsiders, the languages of Latino literature are English, Spanish, and code-switching between the two languages. What is more, code-switching is considered a symptom of not knowing either language well. At the same time, Latinos themselves feel anxiety toward perceived deficiencies in both languages. This essay argues that Latino literature offers a complex use of language that can be appreciated through the lens of translation. This essay explores the forms of translation present in Latino literature suggesting that Spanish and English always exist in the presence and under the influence of each other. Discussions of Felipe Alfau, Junot Díaz, and Urayoán Noel highlight the centrality of translation issues in Latino writing ranging from creative output and expression to the making of subsequent versions of literary texts. Overall, considerations of translation in Latino studies can lead to a more complex understanding of the work of translators and multilingual writing in general.
Finnish Sign Language
Authors: Jantunen Tommi
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses several of the elliptical phenomena presented in this book as found in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL): nominal phrase-internal ellipsis (cf. nominal ellipses), the ellipsis of nominal phrases in two-clause coordinated structures (cf. conjunction reduction), phenomena resembling VP-ellipsis, sluicing, gapping, stripping, and also fragmented answers. In addition, because of its high frequency in FinSL and other sign languages, the chapter also addresses the ellipsis in FinSL of clausal core arguments—also known as pro-drop—together with a few other elision phenomena, such as the ellipsis of conjunctions. The chapter broadly considers the role of discourse orientation as well as gesture and mime with respect to the various elliptical phenomena, and in conclusion it is suggested that gesture and mime, used extensively in FinSL and other sign languages, may also have a larger role than is normally assumed in many of the elliptical phenomena found in spoken languages.
Speeches to the Assembly and in Public Prosecutions (DEM. 1–24)
Authors: Harris Edward M.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 28 examines Demosthenes’ speeches in public prosecutions and before the Assembly, including speeches delivered during the early part of his career in the aftermath of the Social War and those against Philip II of Macedon delivered starting with the First Philippic (352/1) down to his masterpiece On the Crown at the trial of Ctesiphon in 330. Several of the speeches from the first period of Demosthenes’ career concern public finances, such as Against Leptines and Against Androtion. The chapter considers other speeches early in Demosthenes’ career, namely: Against Timocrates, On the Symmories, Against Aristocrates, For the Megalopolitans, and On the Freedom of the Rhodians. It also discusses Demosthenes’ speeches in opposition to Macedon, including First Philippic, Olynthiacs, Against Meidias, On the Peace, Second Philippic, On Halonnesus, On the False Embassy, On the Chersonese, Third Philippic, Fourth Philippic, and On the Crown.
Kimura Bin
Authors: Phillips James
Published: January 2019

Kimura Bin (1931–) is a Japanese psychiatrist who has combined a Western, phenomenological approach to psychiatry with traditional Japanese concepts. His studies of schizophrenia are the topic of this chapter. Kimura begins by distinguishing the self in action and the self as object of reflection, expressed in Husserlian language as the subjective, noetic self and the objective, noematic self. He then postulates a reflective moment within the noetic sphere itself—momentary reflection in the course of acting. While the average person balances the active and reflective moments, the person with schizophrenia thinks that one is himself and the other an alien presence. He then traces the origin of schizophrenia to a failure of aïda, a Japanese concept that conveys a sense of openness and an originary bond with others. He argues that the ultimate deficit in schizophrenia is an inability to maintain an active/reflective balance in the interpersonal sphere.
Pottery
Authors: Moore R. Scott
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the role ceramics play in addressing archaeological questions related to early Christianity. Ceramic artifacts, such as fine wares and amphorae, have typically been used to provide chronological markers for dating, or to provide evidence related to economic activities such as trade and exchange. Religious decorations on fine wares and stamps on amphora also provide insight into the presence and spread of Christianity even if there remain significant problems in connecting these decorations with religious identity. Previously neglected ceramic artifacts, such as roof tiles, ampullae, and decorative covers, offer new possibilities for untapped evidence related to the nature of the Christian religion in the Roman world.
Archaeology of the Gospels
Authors: Strange James F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the archaeology of the New Testament as applied to Jesus and the gospels. The aim is to create a reliable social, economic, and material history of the origins and dissemination of the New Testament text. In the nineteenth century, certain New Testament and classical scholars studied the material culture of Roman-period Galilee as the context of the gospel traditions. The discipline moved from comparative analysis of inscriptions and other ancient texts to excavation of Jewish synagogues, Roman temples, houses, and domestic ritual baths. The discipline developed sophisticated methods to excavate artifacts, pottery, glass, coins, and stone vessels and to determine their distribution and stratigraphic position at a given site. This chapter reviews the archaeology of specific sites mentioned in the New Testament and several not mentioned to provide an archaeological reconstruction of the social, economic, political, and religious patterns of human life in Galilee and Judea.
Ave Verum Pentium
Authors: Himonides Evangelos
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the role of technology in recording, processing, and archiving the singing voice. It challenges the predominant theory that the recording chain is deterministic and free of context and suggests that those who use technology in the recording process often have different needs in technological solutions to problems as well as the scientific understanding required for effective practice. This chapter defines sound, how it is captured and the tools used, the differences between analog and digital methods of recording, as well as frequencies, compression, and file size. It attempts to offer readers from different backgrounds a somewhat broader understanding about the recorded voice and reveal and challenge proximate worlds and practices. It emphasizes that outside the highly specialized worlds of research and scholarship in electronics, engineering, and physics, successful recordings are possible when using a systematic approach.
Morphological Theory and First Language Acquisition
Authors: Blom Elma
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews findings from the field of first language acquisition that shed light on morphological theory. The focus is on the acquisition of multimorphemic words and the distinction between regular and irregular inflection. The first aim of the chapter is to show that child data should always be interpreted against the background of developments in other areas that may influence children’s morphological performance. Child data have played a role in the debate about single versus dual route processing, which overlaps in part with the theoretical distinction between full and impoverished lexical entries. The second aim of the chapter is to provide a balanced overview of the empirical arguments that may support these different theoretical views. Specific attention is paid to the interpretation of developmental errors, languages other than English, and patterns observed in atypical language learners.
Identification, Pathogenicity, and Spore Trapping of Colletotrichum karstii Associated with Twig and Shoot Dieback in California
Authors: Mayorquin Joey S. , Nouri Mohamed T. , Peacock Beth B. , Trouillas Florent P. , Douhan Greg W. , Kallsen Craig , Eskalen Akif
Published: January 2019

Colletotrichum Corda, 1831 species are well-documented pathogens of citrus that are associated with leaf and fruit anthracnose diseases. However, their role in twig and shoot dieback diseases of citrus has recently become more prominent. Recent surveys of orchards in the Central Valley of California have revealed C. gloeosporioides and a previously undocumented species, C. karstii, to be associated with twig and shoot dieback. Pathogenicity tests using clementine (cv. 4B) indicated that both C. karstii and C. gloeosporioides are capable of producing lesions following inoculation of citrus stems. Pathogenicity tests also revealed C. karstii to be the most aggressive fungal species producing the longest lesions after 15 months. The majority of spores trapped during this study were trapped during or closely following a precipitation event with the majority of spores being trapped from January through May. These findings confirm C. karstii as a new pathogen of citrus in California.
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Associated With Neck Flexion in Posterior Cervical Decompression
Authors: Sumiya Satoshi , Kawabata Shigenori , Ushio Shuta , Tomizawa Shoji , Sakaki Kyohei , Hirai Takashi , Yuasa Masato , Inose Hiroyuki , Yoshii Toshitaka , Okawa Atsushi
Published: January 2019

Study Design:

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 179 consecutive patients who underwent intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during posterior cervical spine surgery for compression myelopathy.

Objective:

To evaluate preoperative factors in patients with deteriorating spinal cord function due to flexion of the neck during posterior cervical spine surgery by observing changes in waveforms on intraoperative monitoring.

Summary of Background Data:

We encountered several cases of intraoperative monitoring warning alerts because of neck flexion during posterior cervical spine surgery. We investigated the incidence rate and intraoperative predictors of deteriorating spinal cord function caused by neck flexion based on waveform changes.

Materials and Methods:

Subjects were 179 patients who underwent posterior cervical decompression for spinal cord compression. When warning alarms were set off by amplitude changes in the period between skin incision and exposure of the lamina, the neck position was changed from flexion to neutral, and patients whose electrical potentials recovered following cervical repositioning were placed in the flexion-induced potential reduction group. We then analyzed and extracted risk factors for flexion-induced reduction in electrical potentials.

Results:

In total, 156 patients were analyzed in this study. Monitoring alarms went off intraoperatively for 7 patients (4.5%) at the time of posterior cervical spine exposure. With regard to the most compressed level, the occupancy ratio of the anterior compression component, the kyphotic angle in flexion, and range of motion in the neutral position to flexion were significantly associated with flexion-induced reduction in electrical potentials. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis extracted the occupancy ratio of the anterior compression component at the most compressed level and the kyphotic angle of the most compressed level in flexion.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that a large anterior compression component and large kyphotic angle in neck flexion at the most compressed level are risk factors for intraoperative spinal cord injury during posterior cervical spine surgery.
Smoking is Associated With 1-year Suboptimal Patient-reported Outcomes After 2-level Anterior Cervical Fusion
Authors: Cerier Emily , Jain Nikhil , Lenobel Scott , Niedermeier Steven R. , Stammen Kari , Yu Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:

To study the impact of smoking on patient-reported outcomes after primary 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Summary of Background Data:

Previous studies have found suboptimal outcomes after multilevel ACDF in smoking patients. There is contrasting evidence on the negative effects of smoking in single-level ACDF, while there are no specific reports in 2-level ACDF. Adding knowledge of smoking’s impact on patient-reported outcomes (PRO) will help in tailored patient counseling and preoperative education.

Methods:

Patients 18 years of age or older at a single academic institution who underwent 2-level ACDF to treat cervical radiculopathy and/or myelopathy between September 2013 and September 2015 were included. PRO was studied using the neck disability index (NDI) preoperatively, and at 3, 6, 12 months. χ2 test for qualitative variables, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and unpaired t test for quantitative variables were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

A total of 61 patients, of which 23 (37.7%) were classified as smokers were included. Demographic and clinical profile of patients was similar both groups. Preoperatively, smokers had a mean NDI of 62.8±12.7 with a 17.5%, 18.7%, and 27.7% decrease at 3, 6, and 12-months, respectively. Nonsmokers had a mean preoperative NDI of 45.9±15.3, with a 36.4%, 61.2% and 65.4% decrease at 3, 6, and 12-months, respectively. Despite higher baseline NDI in smokers, improvement in NDI reached significance at 3-months in nonsmokers. In smokers, the improvement in NDI was slower and reached significance at 12-months. The radiographic fusion status at latest follow-up was similar in smokers and nonsmokers (P=0.67).

Conclusions:

Smokers had lower improvements in NDI scores compared to nonsmokers after a 2-level ACDF. Preoperative counseling before 2-level ACDF should include education about risks of inferior clinical outcomes in smokers independent of fusion status.
Time trends and age–period–cohort analysis of cutaneous malignant melanoma incidence rates in the Romagna Region (northern Italy), 1986–2014
Authors: Mancini Silvia , Crocetti Emanuele , Bucchi Lauro , Pimpinelli Nicola , Vattiato Rosa , Giuliani Orietta , Ravaioli Alessandra , Baldacchini Flavia , Stanganelli Ignazio , Falcini Fabio
Published: January 2019

After a long-term increase, the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has stabilized recently or even decreased in several populations of North-western Europe, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, but not in southern Europe. The incidence trends of primary invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, codes C43.0–C43.9) in the Romagna Region (northern Italy, 1.2 million inhabitants) for the period 1986–2014 were analysed with an age–period–cohort modelling approach. The series included 2466 men and 2481 women, a total of 4947 patients. Using the method of model building, the best-fitting models were found to be an age–drift model for men and an age–period model for women. Among men, the age-specific incidence rates increased in each successive cohort born between 1916 and 1981 with an attenuation of the trend for younger ones in the last cohorts. Among younger women, a slight decrease occurred for the cohorts born after 1961. For men, the quasi-parallel appearance of incidence curves by age group and cohort on a log scale suggested that the observed change was explained by a linear cohort effect. For women, the curves tended to overlap, suggesting an interaction between age and cohort that could be explained as a nonlinear period effect. In conclusion, the long-term upward incidence trend in the study area is stabilizing among women and an attenuation of the increasing trend is occurring among younger men in the most recent cohorts. These observations need to be confirmed with longer-term studies.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Perineal, Perianal, and Gluteal Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Experience in 12 Patients
Authors: Kohorst John J. , Shah Kabeer K. , Hallemeier Christopher L. , Baum Christian L. , Davis Mark D.P.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Few reports describe squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

OBJECTIVE

The 2 objectives were (1) to describe the clinical characteristics, pathologic findings, and postoperative outcomes of SCC in HS and (2) to assess whether human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved in the pathogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cases of SCC in HS were identified through institutional medical records (1976–2013) and the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Tumor specimens were assessed for HPV DNA/RNA with in situ hybridization.

RESULTS

Twelve patients were identified (11 Caucasians and 9 men). All SCCs involved gluteal, perianal, or perineal skin; 1 patient had, in addition, involvement of the vagina. Surgical excision was performed on all 12 patients, 4 of whom had a colostomy. Mean duration of HS before SCC development was 28.5 years (range, 15–53 years). Mean follow-up was 4.3 years after surgical excision. Seven of 12 patients followed had postoperative SCC recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma caused death despite wide surgical excision in these 7 patients. Of the remaining 5 patients, 4 are unknown and 1 who did not recur had an in situ SCC (Bowen disease carcinoma). Squamous cell carcinoma was not associated with high-risk or low-risk HPV.

CONCLUSION

Invasive SCC arising in HS carries a high risk of death.
Safety of Laser-Assisted Delivery of Topical Poly-l-Lactic Acid in the Treatment of Upper Lip Rhytides: A Prospective, Rater-Blinded Study
Authors: Ibrahim Omer , Ionta Sarah , Depina Joaninha , Petrell Kathleen , Arndt Kenneth A. , Dover Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Perioral rhytides are a common complaint among dermatologic patients and can be notoriously stubborn and resistant to therapy.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to assess the safety of fractional ablative laser-assisted delivery of topical poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) suspension in the treatment of upper cutaneous lip rhytides.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Prospective, single-arm, rater-blinded trial. Ten subjects with moderate to severe upper lip rhytides underwent 3 bimonthly treatments of low-density fractional carbon dioxide laser followed by topical application of PLLA suspension. Wrinkle severity before and after treatment was analyzed using computer-generated analyses. Blinded raters and subjects assessed improvement of wrinkles after treatment using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) (scores ranging from −3 to 3). Adverse events were recorded at each visit.

RESULTS

Treatments were well tolerated. Other than expected post–laser erythema, no unanticipated adverse events were noted. After 3 treatments, the severity of upper lip wrinkles decreased by an average of 47% (p < .05) as calculated by computer-generated image analyses. Blinded raters and subjects rated wrinkles as much improved after 3 treatments (score of 2 on the GAIS).

CONCLUSION

Laser-assisted delivery of PLLA is a safe and possibly effective treatment for upper lip rhytides.
Three-dimensional Morphing and Its Added Value in the Rhinoplasty Consult
Authors: Lekakis Garyfalia , Hens Greet , Claes Peter , Hellings Peter W.
Published: January 2019

Background:

The evolving literature on 3D surface imaging demonstrates that this technology is becoming the preferred simulation technique in hospitals and research centers. However, no study has demonstrated before the superiority of this facility over standard 2D simulation during preoperative evaluation in rhinoplasty.

Methods:

One hundred seventy-two consecutive patients requesting rhinoplasty were included. Patients answered a questionnaire following a 2D simulation and subsequently experienced 3D morphing. A single question was answered regarding the added value of the latter by patients and surgeons, respectively.

Results:

In our survey, satisfaction with 2D morphing reached 61%. Ninety-five percentage of the same group considered 3D simulation an added value over 2D. Additionally, 84% of patients requesting revision rhinoplasty admitted that 3D computer simulation has helped them understand the aims of surgery, in contrast to 61% of patients from the primary group. Furthermore, patients unsatisfied with their 2D simulation got reassured following 3D simulation to undergo surgery at a higher percentage (67%), compared with the group initially satisfied with 2D (48%). Women appeared reassured by 3D imaging in higher percentage (63%) compared with men (42%). The 2 surgeons, however, found 3D simulations to be an added value in 66% and 74% of all patients.

Conclusions:

The overwhelming majority of our patients considered 3D simulation an added value over 2D. Patients initially unsatisfied with 2D morphing, revision rhinoplasty patients, and women seemed to be the groups that appreciated more 3D than 2D computer simulation. In contrast, surgeons considered the facility of 3D an added value in two-thirds of the patients.
Novel Plate Design to Improve Mandibular and Maxillary Reconstruction with the Osteocutaneous Fibula Flap
Authors: Smith Miller H. , Schrag Christiaan H. , Chandarana Shamir P. , Cobb J. Graham , Matthews T. Wayne , Mckenzie C. David , Matthews Jennifer L
Published: January 2019

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) has improved the accuracy and efficiency of craniofacial reconstruction using the osteocutaneous free fibula flap. Despite this, challenges remain in translating the VSP to a real-world construct due to small changes that can occur after osteotomies of the mandible or maxilla. Poor execution of the VSP can lead to malocclusion, undesirable aesthetics, or poor bony contact at the sites of osteosynthesis. We describe a novel technique using Selective LASER Melted plates to achieve maximum control and accuracy of complex, virtually planned reconstructions of the mandible and maxilla.
Opioid Adjuncts: Optimizing Opioid Therapy With Nonopioid Medications
Authors: ABUALNADI NOOR , DIZON ARTHUR M. , SCHIFF LAUREN
Published: January 2019

In this article, we describe a variety of medications that physicians managing outpatient chronic pain should familiarize themselves with to better aid their approach to multimodal pain therapy. Physicians should always consider the use of an adjuvant or coanalgesic drug as first-line treatments. Although many of these medications are not primarily analgesics, in clinical practice they have independent analgesic effects or synergistic analgesic properties when used with opioids. The use of adjunct analgesics reduces opioid-related adverse effects and optimizes pain management. Although there may be some medication overlap with this section and the ERAS section, the purpose of this article is to understand prolonged use in the outpatient setting to reduce opioid use or limit opioid dose with adjuvant therapy.