bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Extra-Osseous Ewing Sarcoma of the Thyroid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Seipel Amanda H. , Mechahougui Hiba , Mach Nicolas , Triponez Frédéric , Faquin William C. , De Vito Claudio
Published: July 2021

Extra-osseous Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor found in a variety of organs. Primary ES of the thyroid is exceedingly rare and few cases have been documented to date. We describe the case of a 54-year old woman with a history of breast carcinoma in whom a unique hypermetabolic left thyroid nodule was identified during a follow-up PET-CT scan. An ultrasound examination showed a hypoechogenic nodule of 3.7 cm. A cytological diagnosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma was made, and a total thyroidectomy was performed. The surgical specimen revealed a poorly differentiated neoplasm composed of medium-sized cells with scant cytoplasm, expressing pancytokeratin, CD99 and NKX2.2 but lacking p63 and p40 expression. Molecular analysis revealed a EWSR1-FLI1 fusion transcript supporting the diagnosis of a primary extra-osseous ES of the thyroid. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and has no evidence of recurrent disease.
Different processes affecting long-term Ravenna coastal drainage basins (Italy): implications for water management
Authors: Soboyejo Lukman A. , Giambastiani Beatrice M. S. , Molducci Mario , Antonellini Marco
Published: July 2021

The low-lying coastal basins of Ravenna (Italy) are at or below mean sea level and currently undergoing land subsidence, which exposes the basins to frequent inundation and groundwater and soil salinization. The surface water drainage becomes necessary to lower the water table head and further prevent flooding and waterlogging. The study examines the evolution of drainage apropos to climate change and land subsidence in the three main Ravenna coastal basins. Our findings show that the evolution of drainage is influenced by land subsidence, climate change variability, droughts, vertical seepage, and local water management. Land subsidence causes an increase in upward-directed vertical seepage of saline water through the shallow unconfined aquifer into the drainage channels of the coastal basins, thus leading to an increase in drainage through time. At a seasonal timescale, the rate of pumping depends on antecedent rainfall and soil–water storage. The warming extremes indices, specifically drought indices, show to be more significant than rainfall indices trends to monitor drainage evolution. Drought indices permit easy comparison of dryness or wetness severity with drainage evolution along their time scale. The co-occurring anthropogenic and natural factors involving in the increasing drainage rate will affect decadal and seasonal water management policies in the area. The implications of increasing drainage rates, long periods of drought with limited rainfall, and increasing temperature will further worsen freshwater availability in this coastal area already experiencing soil and water salinization. However, drainage of this low-lying territory has effectively mitigated rising water tables and avoided flooding. Our study has shown that each coastal basin behaves differently in terms of sensitivity to land subsidence and climate extremes. Therefore, when using drainage data time series for water management purposes, one should account for past management practices and for the specific sensitivity of each basin to external factors.
Spanish Women and Pornography Based on Different Sexual Orientation: an Analysis of Consumption, Arousal, and Discomfort by Sexual Orientation and Age
Authors: Giménez-García Cristina , Nebot-Garcia Juan E. , Ruiz-Palomino Estefanía , García-Barba Marta , Ballester-Arnal Rafael
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The proactive role of women in sexuality has been socially invisible, especially in regard to pornography use. For this reason, this study aims to explore Spanish women’s sexual experiences regarding viewing, arousal, and discomfort as perceived by different types of pornography and based on the women’s sexual orientation.

Methods

Between January and March 2019, 2730 Spanish women between 18 and 44 years old (M = 24.16; SD = 6.04) completed a questionnaire about the consumption of heterosexual, gay, and lesbian pornography and the discomfort they felt when they were aroused by this type of material. Regarding their sexual orientation, 78.1% were heterosexual, 15.4% were bisexual, and 6.5% were lesbian.

Results

In general, more lesbian and bisexual women consume pornography than heterosexual women do. In any case, all of them consume and are aroused by pornographic content based on a sexual orientation that differs from their reported sexual orientation. Women experience discomfort when viewing pornography, regardless of their sexual orientation and the type of content. Particularly, the youngest women are associated with discomfort when viewing heterosexual pornography, although the discomfort of older bisexual women is associated with gay and lesbian pornography.

Conclusions

Regardless of their reported sexual orientation, women view and feel aroused by different types of pornographic content. In addition, this study reveals their associated discomfort, which could interfere with their sexual health.

Policy Implications

Sexual health strategies should include a more active role of women in sexuality, as well as a more flexible conception of their sexual orientation to prevent stigmatizing them.
Linguistic feature of anorexia nervosa: a prospective case–control pilot study
Authors: Cuteri Vittoria , Minori Giulia , Gagliardi Gloria , Tamburini Fabio , Malaspina Elisabetta , Gualandi Paola , Rossi Francesca , Moscano Milena , Francia Valentina , Parmeggiani Antonia
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Attention has recently been paid to Clinical Linguistics for the detection and support of clinical conditions. Many works have been published on the “linguistic profile” of various clinical populations, but very few papers have been devoted to linguistic changes in patients with eating disorders. Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) share similar psychological features such as disturbances in self-perceived body image, inflexible and obsessive thinking and anxious or depressive traits. We hypothesize that these characteristics can result in altered linguistic patterns and be detected using the Natural Language Processing tools.

Methods

We enrolled 51 young participants from December 2019 to February 2020 (age range: 14–18): 17 girls with a clinical diagnosis of AN, and 34 normal-weighted peers, matched by gender, age and educational level. Participants in each group were asked to produce three written texts (around 10–15 lines long). A rich set of linguistic features was extracted from the text samples and the statistical significance in pinpointing the pathological process was measured.

Results

Comparison between the two groups showed several linguistics indexes as statistically significant, with syntactic reduction as the most relevant trait of AN productions. In particular, the following features emerge as statistically significant in distinguishing AN girls and their normal-weighted peers: the length of the sentences, the complexity of the noun phrase, and the global syntactic complexity. This peculiar pattern of linguistic erosion may be due to the severe metabolic impairment also affecting the central nervous system in AN.

Conclusion

These preliminary data showed the existence of linguistic parameters as probable linguistic markers of AN. However, the analysis of a bigger cohort, still ongoing, is needed to consolidate this assumption.

Level of evidence III

Evidence obtained from case–control analytic studies.
OECD National Contact Points as Sites of Effective Remedy: New Expressions of the Role and Rule of Law within Market Globalization?
Authors: BHATT Kinnari , ERDEM TÜRKELLİ Gamze
Published: July 2021

National Contact Points (NCPs), which support the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, are often invoked as a reliable state-based mechanism for holding transnational corporations accountable for business-related human rights abuses. The objective of this article is to scrutinize the ability of NCPs to offer effective remedy through the lens of an often-quoted success story (the case of the post-colonial brewery Bralima-Heineken at the Dutch NCP) and through a few existing studies that examine factors that curtail or enhance the possibility of NCP mechanisms to deliver effective remedy. Based on these findings, we suggest specific ‘actions for effectiveness’ in the form of recommendations for improving NCPs as a tool to deliver effective remedy. Zooming out, we extend some general observations on how our findings illustrate that NCPs are expressions of a larger systemic problem surrounding the role of law within market globalization and the impact of economic liberalization on the making of norms, changing legal authority and basic fairness under conditions of stark power imbalance. Supporting this approach are historical factors which make the OECD Guidelines and NCPs ripe for such conceptualization.
PROJECTIVE DUALITY AND THE RISE OF MODERN LOGIC
Authors: EDER GÜNTHER
Published: July 2021

The symmetries between points and lines in planar projective geometry and between points and planes in solid projective geometry are striking features of these geometries that were extensively discussed during the nineteenth century under the labels “duality” or “reciprocity.” The aims of this article are, first, to provide a systematic analysis of duality from a modern point of view, and, second, based on this, to give a historical overview of how discussions about duality evolved during the nineteenth century. Specifically, we want to see in which ways geometers’ preoccupation with duality was shaped by developments that lead to modern logic towards the end of the nineteenth century, and how these developments in turn might have been influenced by reflections on duality.
LOGICALITY AND MODEL CLASSES
Authors: KENNEDY JULIETTE , VÄÄNÄNEN JOUKO
Published: July 2021

We ask, when is a property of a model a logical property? According to the so-called Tarski–Sher criterion this is the case when the property is preserved by isomorphisms. We relate this to model-theoretic characteristics of abstract logics in which the model class is definable. This results in a graded concept of logicality in the terminology of Sagi [46]. We investigate which characteristics of logics, such as variants of the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, Completeness theorem, and absoluteness, are relevant from the logicality point of view, continuing earlier work by Bonnay, Feferman, and Sagi. We suggest that a logic is the more logical the closer it is to first order logic. We also offer a refinement of the result of McGee that logical properties of models can be expressed in$L_{\infty \infty }$if the expression is allowed to depend on the cardinality of the model, based on replacing$L_{\infty \infty }$by a “tamer” logic.
Radbruch’s Formula Revisited: The Lex Injusta Non Est Lex Maxim in Constitutional Democracies
Authors: Tan Seow Hon
Published: July 2021

According to German legal philosopher Gustav Radbruch, laws that are substantively unjust to an intolerable degree should not be regarded as legally valid, even if they were promulgated according to stipulated procedure. Radbruch’s Formula (as his position has been termed) contradicts the central tenet of legal positivism, according to which the existence of laws does not necessarily depend on their merit.1 While some legal positivists suppose that legal invalidity based on the content of particular laws is a central tenet of natural law theory,2 natural law theorists such as John Finnis opine that the lex injusta non est lex3 maxim has been no more than a subordinate theorem of classical natural law theory.4 In Finnis’s view, unjust laws give rise to legal obligation “in a legal sense.”5
Annihilator varieties of distinguished modules of reductive Lie algebras
Authors: Gourevitch Dmitry , Sayag Eitan , Karshon Ido
Published: July 2021

We provide a microlocal necessary condition for distinction of admissible representations of real reductive groups in the context of spherical pairs.

Let${\mathbf {G}}$be a complex algebraic reductive group and${\mathbf {H}}\subset {\mathbf {G}}$be a spherical algebraic subgroup. Let${\mathfrak {g}},{\mathfrak {h}}$denote the Lie algebras of${\mathbf {G}}$and${\mathbf {H}}$, and let${\mathfrak {h}}^{\bot }$denote the orthogonal complement to${\mathfrak {h}}$in${\mathfrak {g}}^*$. A${\mathfrak {g}}$-module is called${\mathfrak {h}}$-distinguished if it admits a nonzero${\mathfrak {h}}$-invariant functional. We show that the maximal${\mathbf {G}}$-orbit in the annihilator variety of any irreducible${\mathfrak {h}}$-distinguished${\mathfrak {g}}$-module intersects${\mathfrak {h}}^{\bot }$. This generalises a result of Vogan [Vog91].

We apply this to Casselman–Wallach representations of real reductive groups to obtain information on branching problems, translation functors and Jacquet modules. Further, we prove in many cases that – as suggested by [Pra19, Question 1] – whenHis a symmetric subgroup of a real reductive groupG, the existence of a temperedH-distinguished representation ofGimplies the existence of a genericH-distinguished representation ofG.

Many of the models studied in the theory of automorphic forms involve an additive character on the unipotent radical of the subgroup$\bf H$, and we have devised a twisted version of our theorem that yields necessary conditions for the existence of those mixed models. Our method of proof here is inspired by the theory of modules overW-algebras. As an application of our theorem we derive necessary conditions for the existence of Rankin–Selberg, Bessel, Klyachko and Shalika models. Our results are compatible with the recent Gan–Gross–Prasad conjectures for nongeneric representations [GGP20].

Finally, we provide more general results that ease the sphericity assumption on the subgroups, and apply them to local theta correspondence in type II and to degenerate Whittaker models.
Sowing Seeds: Garden Festivals and the Remaking of British Cities after Deindustrialization
Authors: Wetherell Sam
Published: July 2021

This article explores one of the strangest and most spectacular urban policies in postwar Britain: national garden festivals. Initiated by Margaret Thatcher's government, the festivals were vast state-sponsored gardening shows held in deindustrializing cities to reclaim derelict land for the property market. A festival was held every other year between 1984 and 1992 in a different city, five in all. The garden festivals showcased a new kind of urbanism, one that would change the ways that British cities related to nature, to capital, and to the wider world. First, they evinced a unique type of environmental politics—an implicit critique of urban industrial landscapes that was distinct from both the emerging critique of climate change and from older ideas about conservation. Second, they emerged at a time when the attraction of private capital was becoming increasingly central to urban regeneration. The festivals were at the forefront of this turn, outsourcing their events to corporate sponsors. Finally, the festivals offered an idiosyncratic, incoherent version of globalization. They courted a global pool of tourists and capital and invited delegations from across the world to plan events while, in many instances, reinforcing a preexisting racialized social hierarchy shaped by imperial legacies.
Socioeconomic status and wellbeing as predictors of students’ academic achievement: evidence from a developing country
Authors: Erdem Cahit , Kaya Metin
Published: July 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and wellbeing (WB) on students’ academic achievement, particularly in developing countries; thus, it becomes necessary to understand the nature of these concurrent relationships. This study aimed to explore the relationships between SES, WB and academic achievement, based on the data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2018 within the Turkish context. In this cross-sectional study, we used hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis to explore how the independent variables predicted academic achievement in blocks based on data from 6890 students attending 186 schools. The study revealed that the model, including the independent variables, predicted students’ achievement in reading, mathematics and science; however, the prediction level of demographic factors and domains of WB were very low, while SES had the highest prediction level. The results offer insights into the predictors of academic achievement and educational inequalities in the context of a developing country.
Simultaneous drainage events from supraglacial lakes on the southern Inylchek Glacier, Central Asia
Authors: Sakurai Naoki , Narama Chiyuki , Daiyrov Mirlan , Esenamanov Muhammed , Usekov Zarylbek , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

To understand the mechanism of simultaneous drainage event related to supraglacial lakes on a debris-covered glacier, we investigated water-level variations of supraglacial lakes on the southern Inylchek Glacier in Kyrgyzstan. To examine these variations, we used daily aerial images for 2017–2019 from an uncrewed aerial vehicle that were converted to 15 cm-digital surface models and ortho-images. Our main results are as follows: (1) When one lake drained, the water levels of other lakes simultaneously increased, indicating that drainage water is shared with several lakes through a main englacial conduit. In one drainage event, a branched off englacial conduit clearly connected to a main englacial conduit. (2) Sometimes several lakes discharged simultaneously, indicating that several lakes had connected to a main englacial conduit that had opened. Such cases can cause larger-scale drainage than that from the opening of a branched off englacial conduit. (3) Simultaneous drainage occurred twice in the same year, each time through a different conduit, indicating that the main englacial conduit can be abandoned and reused. (4) In some lakes, the water level on the hydraulic gradient line increased gradually with nearly the same increase rate just before drainage. Such an increase may be an indicator of a possible simultaneous drainage event.
The Case for Permanent Residency for Frontline Workers
Authors: GERVER MOLLIE
Published: July 2021

This article presents the case for granting permanent residency to those experiencing significant risks throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to increase citizens’ safety. Increasing safety comes in many forms: directly, as when doctors, paramedics, and nurses assist patients, and indirectly, as when farmworkers produce life-sustaining food, garbage collectors protect sanitation, and social workers respond to emergency calls. A range of such workers are owed gratitude-derived duties from citizens that are best fulfilled via permanent residency. I defend this claim first for authorized migrants and then for unauthorized migrants, whose presence citizens would consent to if they were aware of the benefits they provide. Finally, I defend the claim that many frontline workers not owed gratitude are owed duties of justice, acquiring rights similar to those of permanent residency.
A GENERALISATION OF HIGHER-RANK GRAPHS
Authors: LAWSON MARK V. , VDOVINA ALINA
Published: July 2021

We introduce ‘generalised higher-rank k-graphs’ as a class of categories equipped with a notion of size. They extend not only higher-rank k-graphs, but also the Levi categories introduced by the first author as a categorical setting for graphs of groups. We prove that examples of generalised higher-rank k-graphs can be constructed using Zappa–Szép products of groupoids and higher-rank graphs.
Are dietary factors involved in the association of CDH4 methylation and breast cancer risk?
Authors: Zhang Nannan , Li Liangliang , Long Zhiping , Du Jinghang , Li Shuo , Yin Huihui , Xie Kun , Wu Zhen , Chen Yanbo , Volontovich Daria , Cheng Huijie , Wang Fan
Published: July 2021

DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic modifications in breast cancer (BC) development, and long-term dietary habits can alter DNA methylation. Cadherin-4 (CDH4, a member of the cadherin family) encodes Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoproteins. We conducted a case–control study (380 newly diagnosed BC and 439 cancer-free controls) to explore the relationship of CDH4 methylation in peripheral blood leukocyte DNA (PBL DNA), as well as its combined and interactive effects with dietary factors on BC risk. A case-only study (335 newly diagnosed BC) was conducted to analyse the association between CDH4 methylation in breast tissue DNA and dietary factors. CDH4 methylation was detected using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Unconditional logistic regressions were used to analyse the association of CDH4 methylation in PBL DNA and BC risk. Cross-over analysis and unconditional logistic regression were used to calculate the combined and interactive effects between CDH4 methylation in PBL DNA and dietary factors in BC. CDH4 hypermethylation was significantly associated with increased BC risk in PBL DNA (ORadjusted (ORadj) = 2·70, (95 % CI 1·90, 3·83), P < 0·001). CDH4 hypermethylation also showed significant combined effects with the consumption of vegetables (ORadj = 4·33, (95 % CI 2·63, 7·10)), allium vegetables (ORadj = 7·00, (95 % CI 4·17, 11·77)), fish (ORadj = 7·92, (95 % CI 3·79, 16·53)), milk (ORadj = 6·30, (95 % CI 3·41, 11·66)), overnight food (ORadj = 4·63, (95 % CI 2·69, 7·99)), pork (ORadj = 5·59, (95 % CI 2·94, 10·62)) and physical activity (ORadj = 4·72, (95 % CI 2·87, 7·76)). Moreover, consuming milk was significantly related with decreased risk of CDH4 methylation (OR = 0·61, (95 % CI 0·38, 0·99)) in breast tissue. Our findings may provide direct guidance on the dietary intake for specific methylated carriers to decrease their risk for developing BC.
Calculated versus measured pure tone bone conduction 3 kHz thresholds in sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Shilo S , Ziv-Baran T , Oron Y , Handzel O , Cavel O , Eta R A , Muhanna N , Ungar O J
Published: July 2021

Objective

To compare the measured bone conduction threshold at 3 kHz with the calculated threshold in newly diagnosed sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of pure tone audiograms in confirmed sudden sensorineural hearing loss cases.

Results

Of 157 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, 144 had idiopathic hearing loss, 8 had vestibular schwannoma and 5 had Ménière's disease. The r value for the correlation between the two methods of 3 kHz assessment for all patients was 0.887 (p < 0.001). The mean difference between the measured and calculated 3 kHz thresholds was 0.76 ± 7.96 dB, 0.4 ± 8.08 dB and 1.5 ± 1.8 dB in the sudden sensorineural hearing loss, idiopathic and Ménière's disease groups, respectively. The mean difference between the measured and calculated 3 kHz thresholds was significantly greater in the vestibular schwannoma group (6.86 ± 4.38 dB) than in the idiopathic group (p = 0.013).

Conclusion

The 3 kHz frequency may encompass important audiometric information. A discrepancy between the measured and calculated bone conduction 3 kHz thresholds raises suspicion of an underlying vestibular schwannoma as an aetiology for sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and these thresholds should therefore be measured independently and routinely.
Parotid incidentalomas: a systematic review
Authors: Thompson CSG , Nolli T , Bannister M
Published: July 2021

Objective

Parotid incidentalomas on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging are rare. A systematic review was performed to assess their aetiology and association with scanning indication, and to develop an evidence-based algorithm for their management.

Methods

A literature search was performed on 25 August 2020 using the keywords ‘incidentaloma’, ‘incidental finding’, ‘parotid’, ‘parotid gland’, ‘salivary gland’ and ‘head and neck’. Articles were reviewed by two authors before their inclusion.

Results

Forty articles were included, totalling 558 incidentalomas. The mean incidence was 0.74 per cent. Lung cancer was the most common imaging indication. The most common aetiologies were cystadenolymphoma, pleomorphic salivary adenoma and metastases. Only cystadenolymphoma (p= 0.015) and pleomorphic salivary adenoma (p= 0.011) were significantly associated with a primary malignancy (lung). The most common further investigations were aspiration cytology, ultrasound imaging and core biopsy, usually prior to parotidectomy.

Conclusion

If appropriate, parotid incidentalomas should be followed up with flexible endoscopy, skin examinations, and head and neck examinations. Ultrasound-guided core biopsy provides higher accuracy, avoiding repeat sampling and excision biopsy.
Interpreting experience enhances the use of lexical stress and syllabic structure to predict L2 word endings
Authors: Lozano-Argüelles Cristina , Sagarra Nuria
Published: July 2021

Prediction underlies many life’s situations including language. Monolinguals and advanced L2 learners use prosodic cues such as stress and tone in a word’s first syllable to predict the word’s suffix. To determine whether the same findings extend to words with non-morphological endings, we investigate whether Spanish monolinguals and advanced learners of Spanish with and without interpreting experience use stress (stressed, unstressed) and syllabic structure (CV, CVC) in a word’s initial syllable to predict its ending. This is crucial to understand whether associations underlying prediction are morphophonolexical associations or purely phonolexical. Interpreters were included due to their extensive experience predicting incoming speech. Participants completed an eye-tracking study where they listened to a sentence while seeing two words and selected the word they heard. Results revealed that monolinguals and interpreters predicted word endings under all conditions, but non-interpreters only predicted in the CVC oxytone condition. These findings are relevant for (1) prediction accounts, showing that phonolexical associations trigger prediction; (2) phonological models, revealing that stress and syllable information in the initial syllable are key for accessing and predicting meaning; and (3) L2 processing models, indicating that L2 learners with interpreting experience use suprasegmental information to access and predict lexical items similar to monolinguals.
Deep learning analysis based on multi-sensor fusion data for hemiplegia rehabilitation training system for stoke patients
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Junxia
Published: July 2021

By recognizing the motion of the healthy side, the lower limb exoskeleton robot can provide therapy to the affected side of stroke patients. To improve the accuracy of motion intention recognition based on sensor data, the research based on deep learning was carried out. Eighty healthy subjects performed gait experiments under five different gait environments (flat ground, 10
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upslope and downslope, and upstairs and downstairs) by simulating stroke patients. To facilitate the training and classification of the neural network, this paper presents template processing schemes to adapt to different data formats. The novel algorithm model of a hybrid network model based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and Long–short-term memory (LSTM) model is constructed. To mitigate the data-sparse problem, a spatial–temporal-embedded LSTM model (SQLSTM) combining spatial–temporal influence with the LSTM model is proposed. The proposed CNN-SQLSTM model is evaluated on a real trajectory dataset, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The proposed method will be used to guide the control strategy design of robot system for active rehabilitation training.
Management of phrenic nerve injury post-cardiac surgery in the paediatric patient
Authors: Tarmahomed Abdulla , Adan Ahmed , Thomas Ashvin , Sanghavi Ria , Amin Kiran , Asif Waleed , Pittams Ashleigh , Harky Amer
Published: July 2021

Background:

Phrenic nerve injury is a common complication of cardiac and thoracic surgical procedures, with potentially severe effects on the health of a child. This review aims to summarise the available literature on the diagnosis and management of PNI post-cardiac surgery in paediatric patients with CHD.

Main body:

The presence of injury post-surgery can be difficult to detect and may present with non-specific symptoms, emphasising the importance of an effective diagnostic strategy. Chest X-ray is usually the first investigation for a suspected diagnosis of PNI, which is usually confirmed using fluoroscopy, ultrasound scan, or phrenic nerve stimulation (gold standard). Management options include supportive ventilation and/or invasive diaphragmatic plication surgery. While the optimal timing of plication surgery remains controversial, it is now the most widely accepted treatment for PNI in children post-CHD surgery, especially for very young patients who cannot be weaned off supportive ventilation. Further research is needed to determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention for positive outcomes and to explore the benefits of using minimally invasive surgical techniques in children.

Conclusion:

PNI is a common and serious complication of CHD surgery, therefore, its diagnosis and management in the paediatric population are of major importance. Further research is needed to determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention for positive outcomes and to explore the benefits of using minimally invasive surgical techniques in children.
Effect of planting time and row spacing on growth and seed production of junglerice (Echinochloa colona) and feather fingergrass (Chloris virgata) in sorghum
Authors: Squires Caleb , Mahajan Gulshan , Walsh Michael , Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: July 2021

Junglerice and feather fingergrass are major problematic weeds in the summer sorghum cropping areas of Australia. This study aimed to investigate the growth and seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass in crop-free (fallow) conditions and under competition with sorghum planted in 50-cm and 100-cm row spacings at three sorghum planting and weed emergence timings. Results revealed that junglerice and feather fingergrass had greater biomass in early planting (November 11) compared to late planting times (January 11). Under fallow conditions, seed production of junglerice ranged from 12,380 to 20,280 seeds plant–1, with the highest seed production for the December 11 and lowest for the January 11 planting. Seed production of feather fingergrass under fallow conditions ranged from 90,030 to 143,180 seeds plant–1. Seed production of feather fingergrass under crop-free (fallow) conditions was similar for November 11 and December 11 planting times, but higher for the January 11 planting. Sorghum crop competition at both row spacings reduced the seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass >75% compared to non-crop fallow. Narrow row spacing (50 cm) in early and mid-planted sorghum (November 11 and December 11) reduced the biomass of junglerice to a greater extent (88% to 92% over fallow-grown plants) compared to wider row spacing (100 cm). Narrow row spacing was found superior in reducing biomass of feather fingergrass compared to wider row spacing. Our results demonstrate that sorghum crops can substantially reduce biomass and seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass through crop competition compared with growth in fallow conditions. Narrow row spacing (50 cm) was found superior to wider row spacing (100 cm) in terms of weed suppression. These results suggest that narrow row spacing and late planting time of sorghum crops can strengthen an integrated weed management program against these weeds by reducing weed growth and seed production.
Large-scale evaluation of 2,4-D choline off-target movement and injury in 2,4-D-susceptible soybean
Authors: Werle Rodrigo , Mobli Ahmadreza , Striegel Sarah , Arneson Nicholas , DeWerff Ryan , Brown Ashli , Oliveira Maxwel
Published: July 2021

Enlist E3TM soybean cultivars permit over-the-top application of labeled glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D choline products. Increased Enlist E3TM trait adoption and use of 2,4-D choline postemergence across U.S. soybean production systems raise concerns regarding potential for 2,4-D off-target movement (OTM). A large-scale drift experiment was established near Sun Prairie, WI, and Arlington, WI, in 2019 and 2020, respectively. A 2,4-D-resistant soybean cultivar was planted in the center of the field (∼3 ha), while the surrounding area was planted with a 2,4-D-susceptible cultivar. An application of 785 ae ha−1 2,4-D choline plus 834 g ae ha−1 glyphosate was completed within the center block at R2 and V6 growth stages on August 1, 2019, and July 3, 2020, respectively. Filter papers were placed in-swath and outside of the treated area in one upwind transect and three downwind transects to estimate particle deposition. Low-volume air samplers ran for the 0.5-h to 48-h period following application to estimate 2,4-D air concentration. Injury to 2,4-D-susceptible soybean was assessed 21 d after treatment (0% to 100% injury). The 2,4-D deposition in-swath was 9,966 and 5,727 ng cm−2 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Three-parameter log-logistic models estimated the distance to 90% reduction in 2,4-D deposition (D90) to be 0.63 m and 0.90 m in 2019 and 2020, respectively. In 2020, the 2,4-D air concentration detected was lower for the upwind (0.395 ng m−3) than the downwind direction (1.34 ng m−3), although both were lower than the amount detected in-swath (4.01 ng m−3). No soybean injury was observed in the downwind or upwind directions. Our results suggest that 2,4-D choline applications following label recommendations pose little risk to 2,4-D-susceptible soybean cultivars; however, further work is needed to understand 2,4-D choline OTM under different environmental conditions and the presence of other susceptible crops.
Investigating the Propagation From Meteorological to Hydrological Drought by Introducing the Nonlinear Dependence With Directed Information Transfer Index
Authors: Zhou Zhaoqiang , Shi Haiyun , Fu Qiang , Ding Yibo , Li Tianxiao , Liu Suning
Published: July 2021

Meteorological drought is the fuse of hydrological drought, and understanding the propagation mechanisms from meteorological to hydrological drought is of great significance to the monitoring and prevention of hydrological drought. Besides the linear dependence, this study thoroughly investigated the propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought by introducing the nonlinear dependence with directed information transfer index (DITI) for the first time. In this study, the standardized precipitation index and the standardized runoff index were used to represent meteorological drought and hydrological drought, respectively. A new drought response time (DRT) evaluation system was constructed based on the maximum Pearson correlation coefficient and DITI, simultaneously considering the linear and nonlinear relationships between meteorological drought and hydrological drought. Moreover, the relationships of drought characteristics (duration and severity) between these two types of drought were established by using run theory and mathematical function, and the trigger thresholds from meteorological to hydrological drought were then determined. The results indicate that: (a) the effective drought propagation rate was mainly affected by the characteristics of meteorological drought events and the sensitivity of hydrological drought to meteorological drought; (b) the DRT in the Pearl River Basin (PRB) was mainly concentrated in 2–5 months, and the drought translation rate in the PRB was relatively large; and (c) the duration of hydrological drought events was longer in the sub‐regions with smaller meteorological drought trigger thresholds.
Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: the powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine
Authors: Cools Roshan , Arnsten Amy F. T.
Published: July 2021

The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves our highest order cognitive operations, and yet is tremendously dependent on a precise neurochemical environment for proper functioning. Depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine, or of acetylcholine from the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), is as devastating as removing the cortex itself, and serotonergic influences are also critical to proper functioning of the orbital and medial PFC. Most neuromodulators have a narrow inverted U dose response, which coordinates arousal state with cognitive state, and contributes to cognitive deficits with fatigue or uncontrollable stress. Studies in monkeys have revealed the molecular signaling mechanisms that govern the generation and modulation of mental representations by the dlPFC, allowing dynamic regulation of network strength, a process that requires tight regulation to prevent toxic actions, e.g., as occurs with advanced age. Brain imaging studies in humans have observed drug and genotype influences on a range of cognitive tasks and on PFC circuit functional connectivity, e.g., showing that catecholamines stabilize representations in a baseline-dependent manner. Research in monkeys has already led to new treatments for cognitive disorders in humans, encouraging future research in this important field.
SENP1 promotes MCL pathogenesis through regulating JAK-STAT5 pathway and SOCS2 expression
Authors: Zhang Yali , Ma Yanni , Wu Guixian , Xie Mingling , Luo Chengxin , Huang Xiangtao , Tian Feng , Chen Jieping , Li Xi
Published: July 2021

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is highly aggressive and its treatment remains challenging, understanding its pathogenesis is critical for future targeted therapy. SUMO specific proteases 1 (SENP1) is an important protein that regulates the balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. We found that SENP1 was upregulated in MCL patient samples and cell lines. Knockdown of SENP1 could inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of MCL cells. We also found that SENP1 knockdown caused inhibition of the JAK-STAT5 pathway and upregulation of tumor suppressor cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). Moreover, MCL tumor growth in vivo was significantly suppressed after SENP1 knockdown in a xenograft nude mouse model. In summary, our results showed that SENP1 is involved in the pathogenesis of MCL and may be a potential therapeutic target.
Polyubiquitin gene Ubb is required for upregulation of Piwi protein level during mouse testis development
Authors: Han Bitnara , Jung Byung-Kwon , Park So-Hyun , Song Kyu Jin , Anwar Muhammad Ayaz , Ryu Kwon-Yul , Kim Kwang Pyo
Published: July 2021

Testis development, including early embryonic gonad formation and late postnatal spermatogenesis, is essential for the reproduction of higher metazoans to generate fertile gametes, called sperm. We have previously reported that the polyubiquitin gene Ubb is required for fertility in both male and female mice. In particular, the Ubb-null male mice showed an azoospermia phenotype due to arrest of spermatogenesis at the pachytene stage. Here, we analyzed the whole testis proteome at postnatal day 20 to define the molecular mediators of the male-infertility phenotype caused by Ubb knockout. From the identified proteome, 564 proteins were significantly and differentially expressed in Ubb-knockout testes and, among these, 36 downregulated proteins were involved at different stages of spermatogenesis. We also found that levels of piRNA metabolic process-related proteins, including Piwil2 and Tdrd1, were downregulated in Ubb-null testes through functional gene ontology analysis. Further, protein–protein interaction mapping revealed that 24 testis development-related proteins, including Hsp90aa1, Eef1a1, and Pabpc1, were directly influenced by the depletion of ubiquitin. In addition, the reduced mRNA levels of these proteins were observed in Ubb-knockout testes, which closely resembled the global downregulation of piRNA-metabolic gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Together with proteomic and transcriptional analyses, our data suggest that Ubb expression is essential for the maintenance of testicular RNA-binding regulators and piRNA-metabolic proteins to complete spermatogenesis in mice.
Evaluation of multiple transcriptomic gene risk signatures in male breast cancer
Authors: Bayani Jane , Poncet Coralie , Crozier Cheryl , Neven Anouk , Piper Tammy , Cunningham Carrie , Sobol Monika , Aebi Stefan , Benstead Kim , Bogler Oliver , Dal Lago Lissandra , Fraser Judith , Hilbers Florentine , Hedenfalk Ingrid , Korde Larissa , Linderholm Barbro , Martens John , Middleton Lavinia , Murray Melissa , Kelly Catherine , Nilsson Cecilia , Nowaczyk Monika , Peeters Stephanie , Peric Aleksandra , Porter Peggy , Schröder Carolien , Rubio Isabel T. , Ruddy Kathryn J. , van Asperen Christi , Van Den Weyngaert Danielle , van Deurzen Carolien , van Leeuwen-Stok Elise , Vermeij Joanna , Winer Eric , Giordano Sharon H. , Cardoso Fatima , Bartlett John M. S.
Published: July 2021

Male breast cancer (BCa) is a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers and 1% of all cancers in males. The clinical management is largely extrapolated from female BCa. Several multigene assays are increasingly used to guide clinical treatment decisions in female BCa, however, there are limited data on the utility of these tests in male BCa. Here we present the gene expression results of 381 M0, ER+ve, HER2-ve male BCa patients enrolled in the Part 1 (retrospective analysis) of the International Male Breast Cancer Program. Using a custom NanoString™ panel comprised of the genes from the commercial risk tests Prosigna®, OncotypeDX®, and MammaPrint®, risk scores and intrinsic subtyping data were generated to recapitulate the commercial tests as described by us previously. We also examined the prognostic value of other risk scores such as the Genomic Grade Index (GGI), IHC4-mRNA and our prognostic 95-gene signature. In this sample set of male BCa, we demonstrated prognostic utility on univariate analysis. Across all signatures, patients whose samples were identified as low-risk experienced better outcomes than intermediate-risk, with those classed as high risk experiencing the poorest outcomes. As seen with female BCa, the concordance between tests was poor, with C-index values ranging from 40.3% to 78.2% and Kappa values ranging from 0.17 to 0.58. To our knowledge, this is the largest study of male breast cancers assayed to generate risk scores of the current commercial and academic risk tests demonstrating comparable clinical utility to female BCa.
Tunable dynamical magnetoelectric effect in antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 films
Authors: Zhu Tongshuai , Wang Huaiqiang , Zhang Haijun , Xing Dingyu
Published: July 2021

Axion was postulated as an elementary particle to solve the strong charge conjugation and parity puzzle, and later axion was also considered to be a possible component of dark matter in the universe. However, the existence of axions in nature has not been confirmed. Interestingly, axions arise out of pseudoscalar fields derived from the Chern–Simons theory in condensed matter physics. In antiferromagnetic insulators, the axion field can become dynamical due to spin-wave excitations and exhibits rich exotic phenomena, such as axion polariton. However, antiferromagnetic dynamical axion insulator has yet been experimentally identified in realistic materials. Very recently, MnBi2Te4 was discovered to be an antiferromagnetic topological insulator with a quantized static axion field protected by inversion symmetry $${\mathcal{P}}$$
P
and magnetic-crystalline symmetry $${\mathcal{S}}$$
S
. Here, we studied MnBi2Te4 films in which both the $${\mathcal{P}}$$
P
and $${\mathcal{S}}$$
S
symmetries are spontaneously broken and found that substantially enhanced dynamical magnetoelectric effects could be realized through tuning the thickness of MnBi2Te4 films, temperature, or element substitutions. Our results show that thin films of MnBi2Te4 and related compounds could provide a promising material platform to experimentally study axion electrodynamics.
Stability and equation of state of face-centered cubic and hexagonal close packed phases of argon under pressure
Authors: Dewaele Agnès , Rosa Angelika D. , Guignot Nicolas , Andrault Denis , Rodrigues João Elias F. S. , Garbarino Gaston
Published: July 2021

The compression of argon is measured between 10 K and 296 K up to 20 GPa and and up to 114 GPa at 296 K in diamond anvil cells. Three samples conditioning are used: (1) single crystal sample directly compressed between the anvils, (2) powder sample directly compressed between the anvils, (3) single crystal sample compressed in a pressure medium. A partial transformation of the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase to a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure is observed above 4.2–13 GPa. Hcp phase forms through stacking faults in fcc-Ar and its amount depends on pressurizing conditions and starting fcc-Ar microstructure. The quasi-hydrostatic equation of state of the fcc phase is well described by a quasi-harmonic Mie–Grüneisen–Debye formalism, with the following 0 K parameters for Rydberg-Vinet equation:$$V_0$$V0= 38.0 Å$$^3$$3/at,$$K_0$$K0= 2.65 GPa,$$K'_0$$K0′= 7.423. Under the current experimental conditions, non-hydrostaticity affects measuredP–Vpoints mostly at moderate pressure ($$\le$$≤20 GPa).
Cat-CrNP as new material with catalytic properties for 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene oligomerizations
Authors: Malinowski Jacek , Jacewicz Dagmara , Sikorski Artur , Urbaniak Mariusz , Rybiński Przemysław , Parnicka Patrycja , Zaleska-Medynska Adriana , Gawdzik Barbara , Drzeżdżon Joanna
Published: July 2021

The contemporary search for new catalysts for olefin oligomerization and polymerization is based on the study of coordinating compounds and/or organometallic compounds as post-metallocene catalysts. However known catalysts are suffered by many flaws, among others unsatisfactory activity, requirement of high pressure or instability at high temperatures. In this paper, we present a new catalyst i.e. the crystalline complex compound possesing high catalytic activity in the oligomerization of olefins, such as 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene under very mild conditions (room temperature, 0.12 bar for ethylene oligomerization, atmospheric pressure for 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol oligomerization). New material—Cat-CrNP ([nitrilotriacetato-1,10-phenanthroline]chromium(III) tetrahydrate) has been obtained as crystalline form of the nitrilotriacetate complex compound of chromium(III) with 1,10-phenanthroline and characterized in terms of its crystal structure by the XRD method and by multi-analytical investigations towards its physicochemical propeties The yield of catalytic oligomerization over Cat-CrNP reached to 213.92 g · mmol−1· h−1· bar−1and 3232 g · mmol−1· h−1· bar−1for the 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and ethylene, respectively. Furthemore, the synthesis of Cat-CrNP is cheap, easy to perform and solvents used during preparation are environmentally friendly.