bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood sexual trauma in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a case control study
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis , Tripp Dean A. , Pontari Michel , Moldwin Robert , Mayer Robert , Carr Lesley K. , Doggweiler Ragi , Yang Claire C. , Mishra Nagendra , Nordling Jorgen
Published: October 2016

Background: The impact of early lifetime trauma on symptomseverity and quality of life of patients with interstitial cystitis/bladderpain syndrome (IC/BPS) has not been fully elucidated. Wewanted to determine and compare the prevalence and impact ofchildhood traumatic events, with an emphasis on childhood sexualabuse, on patient symptoms, quality of life and other biopsychosocialparameters.Methods: Subjects (female patients with IC/BPS and controls withoutIC/BPS) completed psychosocial phenotyping questionnaires,including a demographics/history form, and validated questionnairesfocused on presenting symptoms (IC symptom indices, pain),psychosocial parameters (depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing,sexual functioning, social support) and quality of life. Participantsalso completed the Childhood Traumatic Events Scale.Results: Questionnaires were completed by 207 IC/BPS patientsand 117 controls matched for age, partner status and education. Itwas found that before 17 years of age, the IC/BPS cases reportedhigher prevalence of “raped or molested” compared to controls(24.0% vs. 14.7%; p = 0.047). Within the IC/BPS group, casesreporting previous sexual abuse endorsed greater sensory pain,depression and poorer physical quality of life at the present timecompared to IC cases without a sexual abuse history. In the controlsonly, those reporting previous sexual abuse endorsed more depression,anxiety, stress, social maladjustment poorer mental qualityof life in the present time. When the analysis was corrected forpotential multiple comparison error, none of the findings remainedsignificant in either the IC/BPS or control groups.Interpretation: Childhood traumatic events, in particular sexualabuse and extreme illness, are reported as more common in IC/BPS patients than controls. Early trauma, such as the occurrenceof sexual abuse, is associated with some differences in patientadjustment (e.g., pain, quality of life, depression) but this impactappears to be, at most, very modest.
An unusual surgical success with a defective penile prosthesis
Authors: Zhao Chen , Choi Bo Ram , Jeong Young Beom , Park Jong Kwan
Published: October 2016

A defective penile prosthesis is disconcerting for the surgeon performingan implantation in a patient with erectile dysfunction.We became aware of the defective Titan penile prosthesis justafter insertion of the left cylinder, which had an abnormal rotation(180 degrees) due to abnormal rotated tubing, which occurred atthe manufacturing plant. We successfully performed the implantationby cutting and re-connecting the tubing between the cylinderand pump with a spare connector. When the surgeon encountersa defective penile prosthesis with abnormal rotation of the cylinderdue to abnormal rotated tubing in the operative field, disconnectionand re-connection of the tubing using an extra connector arealternative cost-effective maneuvers.
Early but not late allograft nephrectomy reduces allosensitization after transplant failure
Authors: Sener Alp , Khakhar Anand K. , Nguan Christopher Y. , House Andrew A. , Jevnikar Anthony M. , Luke Patrick P.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Allosensitization is a significant obstacle to retransplantationfor patients with primary renal graft failure.Methods: We assessed the impact of allograft nephrectomy(Group I) and weaning of immunosuppression (Group II) on percentpanel reactive antibody (%PRA) at various time points after graftfailure in 132 patients with a median follow-up of 47 months. Ofthese, 68% had allograft nephrectomy while 32% were placed onthe waiting list and were either taken off immunosuppression, lefton prednisone or on low-dose immunosuppressive therapy.Results: When groups were stratified into early (<6 months) andlate (>6 months) graft failure, patients who had transplant nephrectomyfor early failure demonstrated a decline in %PRA from46% at time of graft failure to 27% at last follow-up (p = 0.02);conversely, %PRA continued to rise in Group II experiencing earlyallograft failure. Both Groups I and II patients with late graft failuremaintained elevated %PRA at last follow-up.Conclusion: Allograft nephrectomy may play a role in limitingallosensitization in patients with early but not late graft failures.RésuméIntroduction : L’allosensibilisation est un obstacle important à laretransplantation chez les patients présentant un échec primairede la greffe rénale.Méthodologie : Nous avons évalué l’impact d’une néphrectomiedu greffon (groupe I) et du sevrage de l’immunosuppression (groupeII) sur le taux d’immunisation (PRA pour panel reactive antibody) àdifférents points dans le temps après l’échec de la greffe chez 132patients; le suivi médian était de 47 mois. Sur les 132 patients, 68% ont subi une néphrectomie du greffon, tandis que 32 % ont étéplacés sur la liste d’attente, et on a soit mis fin à leur traitementd’immunosuppression, soit poursuivi leur traitement par prednisoneou par un agent immunosuppresseur à faible dose.Résultats : Lorsque les groupes ont été stratifiés en fonction del’échec précoce (< 6 mois) et tardif (> 6 mois) de la greffe, lespatients qui ont subi une néphrectomie du greffon en raison d’unéchec précoce ont montré une baisse du PRA, passant de 46 %au moment de l’échec de la greffe à 27 % lors du dernier suivi(p = 0,02); en revanche, le PRA a continué d’augmenter chez lespatients du groupe II qui ont présenté un échec précoce de la greffe.Dans les deux groupes, les patients ayant présenté un échec tardifde la greffe présentaient toujours un PRA élevé lors du dernier suivi.Conclusion : La néphrectomie du greffon peut contribuer à limiterl’allosensibilisation dans les cas d’échec précoce de la greffe, maispas dans les cas d’échec tardif.
Subsequent prostate cancer detection in patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical small acinar proliferation
Authors: Amin Moamen A. , Jeyaganth Suganthiny , Fahmy Nader , Bégin Louis , Aronson Samuel , Jacobson Stephen , Tanguay Simon , Aprikian Armen G.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: To evaluate the predictors of prostate cancer in follow-up of patientsdiagnosed on initial biopsy with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia(HGPIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).Methods: We studied 201 patients with HGPIN and 22 patients with ASAPon initial prostatic biopsy who had subsequent prostatic biopsies. The meantime of follow-up was 17.3 months (range 1–62). The mean number of biopsy sessions was 2.5 (range 2–6), and the median number of biopsy cores was10 (range 6–14).Results: On subsequent biopsies, the rate of prostate cancer was 21.9% (44/201)in HGPIN patients. Of these, 32/201 patients (15.9%), 9/66 patients (13.6%)and 3/18 patients (16.6%) were found to have cancer on the first, second and third follow-up biopsy sessions, respectively. In ASAP patients, the cancer detectionrate was 13/22 (59.1%), all of whom were found on the first follow-upbiopsy. There was a statistically significant difference between the cancer detectionrate in ASAP and HGPIN patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showedthat the independent predictors of cancer were the number of cores in theinitial biopsy, the number of cores (> 10) in the follow-up biopsy and a prostate specific antigen (PSA) density of ≥ 0.15 (odds ratio 0.77, 3.46 and 2.7,8 respectively;p < 0.04). Conversely, in ASAP patients none of these variables werefound to be associated with cancer diagnosis.Conclusion: ASAP is a strong predictive factor associated with cancer when comparedwith HGPIN. The factors predictive of cancer on follow-up biopsy ofHGPIN are number of cores on initial biopsy, more than 10 cores in rebiopsyand elevated PSA density. As the cancer detection rate on repeated biopsy of HGPIN patients is the same as that of patients without HGPIN, perhaps the standard of repeat biopsy in all patients with HGPIN should be revisited.
Discordance of community and hospital ultrasound reports for urological abnormalities
Authors: Chung Doreen E. , Platzker Tal , Chung Justin , Radomski Sidney B.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: In Ontario, community ultrasound clinics do not require the onsitepresence of a radiologist at the time of imaging. In hospitals, a radiologistis always present for this step. We compared the discrepancy rate of communityand hospital ultrasound reports in a urology practice.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients whohad abdominal ultrasound performed in the community and in the hospital between April 1, 2001 and June 30, 2005. Reports were examined for indication, findings and whether there was a discrepancy. A medical student, a resident,and a staff physician each independently reviewed the findings.Results: One hundred and twenty-two patients had abdominal ultrasound performed in the community and were followed up with hospital imaging. Sixty-nine patients had a community ultrasound followed by hospital ultrasound,with a discordance rate of 52.2%. Fifty-three patients had a community ultrasoundand then a hospital CT scan, with a discordance rate of 43.3%. Of patientswith discordant ultrasound reports, 23 had an additional CT scan in whichall findings were consistent with the hospital ultrasound findings.Discussion: We found a very high discordance rate between community and hospital ultrasound reports. This is consistent with a study showing that theactive role of the radiologist in ultrasound imaging is very important for accurate reporting.
Small cell carcinoma of the bladder in transplant recipients: a report of 2 cases
Authors: Katkoori Devendar , Cohen Brian L. , Soloway Mark S. , Manoharan Murugesan
Published: October 2016

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is a rare diseaseaccounting for 0.5% to 0.7% of all primary bladder cancers.Transplant recipients are a special subset of patients with increasedrisk for various urologic malignancies, including transitional cellcarcinoma of the bladder. However, to the best of our knowledge,a SCC of the urinary bladder has not been reported in transplantrecipients. We report what we believe are the first 2 reportedcases of transplant recipients with SCC of the bladder. Small cellcarcinoma was diagnosed 5 years after transplantation in bothpatients and they died due to metastatic SCC. Our report emphasizesthe highly aggressive nature of SCC and also the rapid progressionseen in transplant recipients.
Holmium laser ablation: a successful treatment option for an obstructing ureteric valve
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Z. , Gowda B.D.R
Published: October 2016

We present a case of an 80-year-old woman with intermittent flankpain, who was found to have a ureteric valve causing significanthydronephroureterosis. We discuss the role of holmium laser in successfullyablating the lesion, and present a review of the literature.
Genital incarceration: an unusual case report
Authors: Cassidy Darby J. , Mador David
Published: October 2016

Incarceration or strangulation of the penis is a rare clinical situationthat requires emergent urologic management to prevent potentiallydevastating outcomes. Many different techniques have beendescribed in the literature to remove genital foreign objects, butthere is no universally successful technique. We present an unusualand challenging case involving incarceration of both the penis andscrotum by multiple metallic rings that required operative removalusing an orthopedic high-speed drill.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy with renal mobilization for delayed recognition of a proximal ureteral injury after lumbar disk surgery
Authors: Kaffenberger Samuel , Tomaszewski Jeffrey J. , Tsao Alice K. , Jackman Stephen V.
Published: October 2016

We present hand-assisted laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy(HALUU) with renal mobilization as a novel approach to the managementof proximal ureteral injury after lumbar disk surgery. A63-year-old female underwent L4-L5 diskectomy and facetectomywith cage placement for back and leg pain. Postoperatively, shedeveloped fever, nausea, abdominal pain, ileus and leukocytosis.A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis withintravenous contrast and delayed imaging demonstrated a leftproximal ureteral injury with contrast extravasation. Retrogradeand antegrade ureteral stent placement was unsuccessful; a nephrostomytube was placed. Antegrade and retrograde ureterogramsrevealed a 3-cm proximal ureteral defect. All treatment optionswere discussed, and the patient chose to undergo hand-assistedlaparoscopic renal mobilization with ureteroureterostomy, whichwas completed successfully without complications. Operativetime was 381 minutes; estimated blood loss was 50 mL. Thepatient was discharged after 2 days, her ureteral stent wasremoved in 8 weeks, and follow-up with furosemide-mercaptoacetyltriglycine(MAG-3) renal scan demonstrated 30% functionwithout evidence of obstruction. Hand-assisted laparoscopicureteroureterostomy with renal mobilization can be performedas definitive management of a medium-length proximal ureteralinjury. This is the first case describing this management techniqueafter lumbar disk surgery.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with a functional autotransplanted kidney
Authors: Lee Jason , Dueck Andrew D. , Lossing Alan G. , Stewart Robert J.
Published: October 2016

During the course of their practice, most urologists will encounter only a few patients with renal autotransplants. Even fewer will encounter those withrenal autotransplants requiring abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery.Although there is some literature describing AAA surgery in renal allotransplant patients, there is little such literature regarding AAA surgery in patients withautotransplanted kidneys. We present a case of a patient with a single, functioning, autotransplanted kidney who required AAA surgery. We also discussthe issue of the need for renal protection.
Outpatient tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy:the initial case series
Authors: Beiko Darren , Lee Linda
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has traditionallybeen performed on an inpatient basis. To the best of ourknowledge, this is the first report of tubeless PCNL on a completelyoutpatient basis. The purposes of this study were to assess the safetyand efficacy of outpatient PCNL.Methods: We reviewed the initial consecutive outpatient tubelessPCNLs performed at our institution by a single surgeon. Patientswere discharged home the day of surgery only after meeting strictdischarge criteria. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperativedata were collected prospectively.Results: Outpatient tubeless PCNL was performed in 3 patients. Themean maximum stone diameter was 14 mm. The average hospitalstay was 175 minutes. All 3 patients were discharged home instable condition after meeting all of the inclusion criteria. Therewere no emergency room visits or hospital readmissions postoperatively.The mean follow-up period was 47 days. All stones werecalcium oxalate and the stone free rate was 100%. There were nominor or major complications.Conclusion: In properly selected patients, outpatient tubeless PCNLis safe and effective. Our initial experience with outpatient PCNLhas been favourable and warrants further investigation in a largerpatient population.
Malignant melanoma representing with testicular metastasis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Z. , Ahmed M.S. , Nagarajan Sri , Rizvi Syed T.
Published: October 2016

We present the case of a 52-year-old man, with a history of malignantmelanoma, who presented with a testicular lump. Radicalorchidectomy confirmed a metastatic malignant melanoma. Wediscuss salient features of this disease in the light of the publishedliterature.
Can radiotherapy be a viable salvage treatment option for the relapsed seminoma confined to the infra-diaphragm region recurring after primary chemotherapy for bulky stage II seminoma?
Authors: Choo Richard , Quevedo Fernando , Choo Christopher S. , Blute Michael
Published: October 2016

There has been a paucity of research describing a potential roleof radiotherapy as salvage treatment for recurrent seminoma followingprimary chemotherapy for bulky stage IIC seminoma. Wereport a case of a bulky stage IIC seminoma relapsed in the pelvisafter primary chemotherapy and surgery for post-chemotherapyresidual mass, which was subsequently salvaged with radiotherapy.The patient has remained free of relapse at 3.7 years post-salvageradiotherapy. This case demonstrates that radiotherapy can be asalvage therapeutic option for recurrent seminoma following primarychemotherapy for bulky stage IIC seminoma, provided thatthe recurrent tumour is confined to a limited area of the infradiaphragmaticregion. There is a need for further study to examinethe potential role of radiotherapy as a salvage therapeutic tool forpost-chemotherapy recurrent seminoma.
The Value of Circle Time as an Intervention Strategy
Authors: Glazzard Jonathan
Published: October 2016

Literature on circle time emphasises benefits such as improved self-esteem, improvements in speaking and listening skills and social skills. However, evidence-based research is more limited and much of the available research is anecdotal. Whilst this paper does not offer a systematic evaluation of the impact of circle time on specific groups of children it does synthesise the key arguments in the literature. This paper concludes that is a need for more systematic research on the effects of circle time; particularly research that takes quantitative measures of gains in self-esteem.
A Theoretical Framework to Study Variations in Workplace Violence Experienced by Emergency Responders
Authors: van Reemst Lisa
Published: October 2016

A Theoretical Framework to Study Variations in Workplace Violence Experienced by Emergency Responders

Emergency responders are often sent to the front line and are often confronted with aggression and violence in interaction with citizens. According to previous studies, some professionals experience more workplace violence than others. In this article, the theoretical framework to study variations in workplace violence against emergency responders is described. According to criminal opportunity theories, which integrate the routine activity theory and lifestyle/exposure theory, victimisation is largely dependent on the lifestyle and routine activities of persons. Situational characteristics that could be related to workplace violence are organisational or task characteristics, such as having more contact with citizens or working at night. However, they do not provide insight in all aspects of influence, and their usefulness to reduce victimisation is limited. Therefore, it is important to consider the role of personal characteristics of the emergency responders that may be more or less ‘attractive’, which is elaborated upon by the victim precipitation theory. Psychological and behavioural characteristics of emergency responders may be relevant to reduce external workplace violence. The author argues that, despite the risk of being considered as blaming the victim, studying characteristics that might prevent victimisation is needed. Directions for future studies about workplace violence are discussed. These future studies should address a combination of victim and situation characteristics, use a longitudinal design and focus on emergency responders. In addition, differences between professions in relationships between characteristics and workplace violence should be explored.
Keeping tabs on fructose
Authors: Shalev Anath
Published: October 2016

Too much fructose in the diet can worsen metabolic problems via a process that involves thioredoxin-interacting protein.
Anatomic Effect of Classical Limberg Plastic Surgery Procedure in the Sacro-Coccygeal Region for Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ardelt Michael , Hallof Gregor , Fahrner Rene , Dondorf Felix , Ludewig Stefan , Rauchfuss Falk , Settmacher Utz
Published: October 2016

Sacro-coccygeal pilonidal sinus disease is a frequent surgical problem. Some authors assign the low recurrence rates of the Limberg flap to the flattening or elevation of the natal cleft. Numerous authors describe a flattening or elevation of the natal cleft as a result of a Limberg flap that originated from the gluteal region. However, thus far, these have not been quantified. The aim of our study was to quantify the flattening or elevation of the natal cleft. In the context of our study on the Limberg flap plasty with a homogenous group of 12 male patients, we measured the depth of the rima ani after the excision, and we also measured the thickness of the Limberg flap. The median thickness of the rima ani at excision was 3.35 cm [interquartile range (IQR): 2.70; 4.18]. The median thickness of the Limberg flap was 4.85 cm (IQR: 3.90; 5.18). The thickness of the rima ani after excision was statistically significantly less compared with the thickness of the Limberg flap (P = 0.002). In our study, we showed the elevation of the crena ani with statistical significance by performing the Limberg flap for the treatment of sacro-coccygeal pilonidal sinus disease, leading to a flattening of the sacro-coccygeal region. Because a deep crena ani is a factor in the pathogenesis of pilonidal sinus, the flattening of the sacro-coccygeal region with a Limberg flap plasty, as reported in countless publications, may explain the low recurrence rates.
ZnO/Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides as a Photocatalytic Bleaching of Methylene Orange - A Black Box Modeling by Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Ali , Akbari Mansor
Published: October 2016

The paper reports the development of ZnO-MgAl layered double hydroxides as an adsorbent-photo catalyst to remove the dye pollutants from aqueous solution and the experiments of a photocatalytic study were designed and modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The co-precipitation and urea methods were used to synthesize the ZnO-MgAl layered double hydroxides and FT-IR, XRD and SEM analysis were done for characterization of the catalyst.The performance of the ANN model was determined and showed the efficiency of the model in comparison to the RSM method to predict the percentage of dye removal accurately with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.968. The optimized conditions were obtained as follows: 600 oC, 120 min, 0.05 g and 20 ppm for the calcination temperature, irradiation time, catalyst amount and dye pollutant concentration, respectively.
Enzymatic Phorbol Esters Degradation using the Germinated Jatropha Curcas Seed Lipase as Biocatalyst: Optimization Process Conditions by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Wardhani Avita Kusuma , Hidayat Chusnul , Hastuti Pudji
Published: October 2016

Utilization of Jatropha curcas seed cake is limited by the presence of phorbol esters (PE), which are the main toxic compound and heat stable. The objective of this research was to optimize the reaction conditions of the enzymatic PE degradation of the defatted Jatropha curcas seed cake (DJSC) using the acetone-dried lipase from the germinated Jatropha curcas seeds as a biocatalyst. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using three-factors-three-levels Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of the reaction time, the ratio of buffer volume to DJSC, and the ratio of enzyme to DJSC on PE degradation. The results showed that the optimum conditions of PE degradation were 29.33 h, 51.11 : 6 (mL/g), and 30.10 : 5 (U/g cake) for the reaction time, the ratio of buffer volume to DJSC, and the ratio of enzyme to DJSC, respectively. The predicted degradation of PE was 98.96% and not significantly different with the validated data of PE degradation. PE content was 0.035 mg/g, in which it was lower than PE in non-toxic Jatropha seeds. The results indicated that enzymatic degradation of PE might be a promising method for degradation of PE.
Liquid-phase Hydrogenation of Phenol to Cyclohexanone over Supported Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Fan Lihui , Zhang Luyang , Shen Yanming , Liu Dongbin , Wahab Nasarul , Hasan Md Mahmud
Published: October 2016

The ZSM-5, g-Al2O3, SiO2 and MgO supported Pd-catalysts were prepared for the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone in liquid-phase. The natures of these catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD. The catalytic performance of the supported Pd-catalyst for phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone is closely related to nature of the support and the size of Pd nanoparticles. The Pd/MgO catalyst which possesses higher basicity shows higher cyclohexanone selectivity, but lower phenol conversion owing to the lower specific surface area. The Pd/SiO2 catalyst prepared by precipitation gives higher cyclohexanone selectivity and phenol conversion, due to the moderate amount of Lewis acidic sites, and the smaller size and higher dispersion of Pd nanoparticles on the surface. Under the reaction temperature of 135 oC and H2 pressure of 1 MPa, after reacting for 3.5 h, the phenol conversion of 71.62% and the cyclohexanone selectivity of 90.77% can be obtained over 0.5 wt% Pd/SiO2 catalyst. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reservedReceived: 7th March 2016; Revised: 13rd May 2016; Accepted: 7th June 2016How to Cite: Fan, L., Zhang, L., Shen, Y., Liu, D., Wahab, N., Hasan, M.M. (2016). Liquid-phase Hydrogenation of Phenol to Cyclohexanone over Supported Palladium Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (3): 354-362 (doi: 10.9767/bcrec.11.3.575.354-362)Permalink/DOI: http://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.3.575.354-362
Back-matter
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: October 2016

Back-matter
Author Guidelines (2016 version)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: October 2016

Author Guidelines (2016 version)
Programing Performance of Silk Fibroin Materials by Controlled Nucleation
Authors: Chen Zhengwei , Zhang Honghao , Lin Zaifu , Lin Youhui , van Esch Jan H. , Liu Xiang Yang
Published: October 2016

To examine the mechanism of the network formation of silk fibroin (SF), monodispersed colloidal particles (MDCPs) are used as well defined foreign substrates to quantify their effect on the primary nucleation of β‐crystallites in molecular networks (silk nanofibrils) and the hierarchical network formation of SF. It follows that MDCPs are capable of accelerating the SF gelation by reducing the multistep nucleation barrier, which gives rise to a high density of silk fibril domain networks due to the increase of primary nucleation sites. Consequently, through governing the change in the hierarchical mesoscopic structure, the macroscopic performance of silk materials (e.g., the rheological properties of SF hydrogels and the tensile stress of fibers) can be controlled directly. As SF hydrogels represent a typical example of weak fibril domain–domain network interactions, the increase of fibril domain density leads to weaker gels. On the other hand, SF fibers correspond to strong fibril domain–domain network interactions, the increase of fibril domain density ends up with much tougher fibers. The knowledge obtained provides a facile strategy in controlling the complex hierarchical structure and macroscopic performance of SF materials, and offers useful routes for general design and functionalization of soft materials.
Development of a Unique Class of Spiro‐Type Two‐Photon Functional Fluorescent Dyes and Their Applications for Sensing and Bioimaging
Authors: Chen Hua , Shang Huiming , Liu Yong , Guo Rui , Lin Weiying
Published: October 2016

Spiro compounds with rigid structures have attracted significant attention in the recent years due to their useful applications in diverse fields such as asymmetric catalysis and organic optoelectronic materials. However, spiro cores have not yet been employed as the spiro‐type two‐photon fluorescent dyes in the aspects of sensing and bioimaging. Therefore, the spiro‐type two‐photon fluorescent dyes with excellent two‐photon properties are highly sought after. Here, a unique class of spiro‐type two‐photon fluorescent dyes (STP) is engineered and applied in sensing and bioimaging. The studies indicate that the novel STP fluorescent dyes have favorable two‐photon properties from the point view of spiro compounds. By exploiting the superior two‐photon optical properties of the STP dyes, the first two‐photon ratiometric HOCl fluorescent probe STP‐HClO for sensing and imaging HOCl in the living cells and living tissues is constructed, demonstrating the profound value of the new STP dyes for the unprecedented development of the sprio‐type fluorescent sensing and imaging agents. It is believed that the innovative STP dyes may pave the way for designing more efficient spiro‐type two‐photon fluorescent probes and organic optoelectronic materials as well.
A Multi‐Gradient Targeting Drug Delivery System Based on RGD‐l‐TRAIL‐Labeled Magnetic Microbubbles for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Duan Lei , Yang Fang , He Wen , Song Lina , Qiu Fan , Xu Ning , Xu Lu , Zhang Yu , Hua Zichun , Gu Ning
Published: October 2016

The accurately and efficiently targeted delivery of therapeutic/diagnostic agents into tumor areas in a controllable fashion remains a big challenge. Here, a novel cancer targeting magnetic microbubble is elaborately fabricated. First, the γ‐Fe2O3 magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are optimized to chemically conjugate on the surface of polymer microbubbles. Then, arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid‐l‐tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (RGD‐l‐TRAIL), antitumor targeting fusion protein, is precisely conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles of microbubbles to construct RGD molecularly targeted magnetic microbubble, which is defined as RGD‐l‐TRAIL@MMBs. Such RGD‐l‐TRAIL@MMBs is endowed with the multigradient cascade targeting ability following by magnetic targeting, RGD, as well as enhanced permeability and retention effect regulated targeting to result in high cancerous tissue targeting efficiency. Due to the highly specific accumulation of RGD‐l‐TRAIL@MMBs in the tumor, the accurate diagnostic information of tumor can be obtained by dual ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. After imaging, the TRAIL molecules as anticancer agent also get right into the cancer cells by nanoparticle‐ and RGD‐mediated endocytosis to effectively induce the tumor cell apoptosis. Therefore, RGD‐l‐TRAIL conjugated magnetic microbubbles could be developed as a molecularly targeted multimodality imaging delivery system with the addition of chemotherapeutic cargoes to improve cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Biomaterials in siRNA Delivery: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ho William , Zhang Xue‐Qing , Xu Xiaoyang
Published: October 2016

With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence‐specific mechanism for genetic regulation that can silence nearly any gene, holds the promise of unlimited potential in treating illness ever since its discovery in 1999. Given the large size, unstable tertiary structure in physiological conditions and negative charge of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles is of critical importance in order to drive the widespread use of RNAi therapeutics into clinical settings. Immense amounts of time and billions of dollars have been devoted into the design of novel and diverse delivery strategies, and there are a handful of delivery systems that have been successfully translated into clinic. This review provides an introduction to the in vivo barriers that need to be addressed by siRNA delivery systems. We also discuss the progress up to the most effective and clinically advanced siRNA delivery systems including liposomal, polymeric and siRNA conjugate delivery systems, as well as their design to overcome the challenges.
Measuring Oligopsony Power in the U.S. Cattle Procurement Market: Packer Concentration, Cattle Cycle, and Seasonality
Authors: Ji Inbae , Chung Chanjin , Lee Jungmin
Published: October 2016

This study estimates the oligopsony power in the U.S. cattle procurement market in consideration of market structure of beef‐packing industry, cattle supply, and seasonality. Our conceptual model represents a price‐setting monopsonist competing with multiple monopsonists, and the corresponding empirical model includes a time‐varying parameter framework so that it can trace the change in packers’ imperfect competition behavior in the cattle procurement market over time. The empirical model is applied to three cattle procurement markets in the United States: national, Nebraska, and Texas/Oklahoma/New Mexico. Empirical results show the existence of oligopsony market power in the U.S. cattle procurement market. The oligopsony market power is considerably influenced by cattle cycle and seasonality, which indicates that packers tend to increase their margin during the excessive cattle supply period while maintaining lower margin during the short cattle supply period. [EconLit citations: D43, L11, L13, Q13].
Childhood body mass is positively associated with cesarean birth in Yucatec Maya subsistence farmers
Authors: Veile Amanda , Kramer Karen L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

The epidemiologic link between cesarean birth and childhood obesity is unresolved, partly because most studies come from industrialized settings where many post‐birth factors affect the risk for obesity. We take advantage of an unusual ethnographic situation where hospital and cesarean birth modes have recently been introduced among Yucatec Maya subsistence farmers, but young children have had minimal exposure to the nutritional transition. While we expect to find very low rates of childhood obesity, we predict that cesarean‐born children will be larger and heavier than vaginally born children.

Methods

Weight and height were collected monthly on 108 children aged 0–5 (3576 observations total). Birth mode and birthweight were collected by maternal interview. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models that compare child growth [Maya population‐specific Z‐scores for weight‐for‐age and body mass index‐for‐age (WAZ and BMIZ)] in cesarean and vaginally born children aged 0–5 years.

Results

The cesarean rate was 20%, no children were obese, and 5% were overweight. Cesarean birth was a significant predictor of child WAZ and BMIZ after accounting for maternal effects, child birthweight, and sex. Children who were born by cesarean to mothers with high BMI had the highest WAZ of all children by 5 years of age, and the highest BMIZ of all children at all ages.

Conclusion

Cesarean‐born Maya children had higher BMI than vaginally born children, even in the absence of many known confounding factors that contribute to childhood obesity. Child growth was most sensitive to birth mode when mothers had high BMI.
Directional and fluctuating asymmetry among !Kung San and Kavango people of Northern Namibia: The impact of sex and subsistence patterns
Authors: Kirchengast Sylvia
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The impact of sex and subsistence on fluctuating and directional asymmetry patterns was tested among !Kung San and Kavango people from northern Namibia.

Methods

Fluctuating and directional asymmetry from 6 paired traits were measured in a sample of 236 !Kung San and 248 Kavango people aged 18 to 65 years in the Kavango district and the Nyae‐Nyae area of northern Namibia. Signed asymmetry, absolute and relative asymmetry, as well as composite fluctuating and directional asymmetry, were calculated.

Results

Males of both ethnic groups exhibited higher fluctuating asymmetry in comparison to their female counterparts. Marked differences in directional asymmetry of the upper extremities were found between !Kung San and Kavango people. The !Kung San people showed a significantly higher directional asymmetry than the Kavango people.

Conclusions

Foraging subsistence increased directional asymmetry of the upper extremities among males as well as females. In contrast, higher fluctuating asymmetry—indicating a higher degree of developmental instability—was found among males independent of subsistence group.
Poundbury Camp in Context—a new Perspective on the Lives of Children from urban and ruralRomanEngland
Authors: Rohnbogner Anna , Lewis Mary Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The current understanding of child morbidity in Roman England is dominated by studies of single sites/regions. Much of the data are derived from third to fifth century AD Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, Dorset, considered an unusual site due to high levels of non‐adult morbidity. There is little understanding of children in rural areas, and whether Poundbury Camp was representative of Romano‐British childhood.

Materials and methods

The study provides the first large scale analysis of child health in urban and rural Roman England, adding to the previously published intra‐site analysis of non‐adult paleopathology at Poundbury Camp. Age‐at‐death and pathology prevalence rates were reassessed for 953 non‐adults (0–17 years) from five major urban, six minor urban, and four rural sites (first to fifth century AD). The data were compared to the results from 364 non‐adults from Poundbury Camp.

Results

Rural sites demonstrated higher levels of infant burials, and greater prevalence of cribra orbitalia in the 1.1–2.5 year (TPR 64.3%), and 6.6–10.5 year cohorts (TPR 66.7%). Endocranial lesions were more frequent in the minor urban sample (TPR 15.9%). Three new cases of tuberculosis were identified in urban contexts. Vitamin D deficiency was most prevalent at Poundbury Camp (CPR 18.8%), vitamin C deficiency was identified more frequently in rural settlements (CPR 5.9%).

Discussion

The Poundbury Camp data on morbidity and mortality are not representative of patterns in Roman England and other major urban sites. Rural children suffered from a distinct set of pathologies described as diseases of deprivation, prompting reconsideration of how Romano‐British land management affected those at the bottom of the social hierarchy.
Skeletal assessment and secular changes in knee development: a radiographic approach
Authors: Boeyer M.E. , Ousley S.D.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of ossification patterns in the distal femoral, proximal tibial, and proximal fibular epiphyses, and the patella. The results generated from this analysis will be compared with previous standards published by Elgenmark () and Garn et al. () to determine if clinical and skeletal age assessment standards should be updated for contemporary Americans.

Materials and methods

Using the Pediatric Radiology Interactive Atlas (Patricia), a total of 1,317 epiphyses were scored for presence or absence from radiographs of 1,056 white individuals born in or after 1990. Statistical modeling of epiphyseal appearance was conducted for all major percentiles, including the 5th and 95th percentiles through logistic regression.

Results

Compared with Elgenmark () and Garn et al. (), our data suggest that the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses show overall earlier ossification, while the proximal fibular epiphysis shows later ossification. When examining the pooled sex 50th percentile for our data, we found that ossification timing differences are 1.2 weeks earlier in the distal femoral epiphysis, 2.1 weeks earlier in the proximal tibial epiphysis, and 1.4 years later in the proximal fibular epiphysis.

Discussion

The epiphyses that appear early in life, for example the distal femoral epiphysis, require gestational age information to accurately estimate appearance times. There are considerable differences between the ossification timing patterns presented in this study and those of previous standards, which did not include gestational ages. Several factors may explain the observed differences in the epiphyses of the knee including: the availability of gestational age information, the analysis of longitudinal versus cross‐sectional data, differences in socioeconomic status and prenatal care, and secular change.

KEYWORDS age estimation, growth standards, ossification, skeletal maturation, subadult/juvenile growth
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the origin of the principle of least action – a never ending story
Authors: Hecht Hartmut
Published: October 2016

The priority dispute between Leibniz and Newton on the invention of the calculus was just finished as another quarrel of similar vehemence occupied the scientific community. From the middle of the 18th century on, scholars and historians of science intensively discussed the question, if Leibniz, the great german polyhistor, or Maupertuis, the president of the Berlin Academy of Science under the governance of Frederic the Great, has formulated the principle of least action for the first time. Most of them have voted for the one or the other, and the discussion is not yet finished.

In the following survey the relevant papers of Leibniz and Maupertuis will be analyzed, and it will be demonstrated that a definitive and final answer to the priority question is impossible, because it depends on the methodological strategies of the historians as well as on the understanding of the principle itself.
The (+)‐cis‐ and (+)‐trans‐Olibanic Acids: Key Odorants of Frankincense
Authors: Cerutti‐Delasalle Céline , Mehiri Mohamed , Cagliero Cecilia , Rubiolo Patrizia , Bicchi Carlo , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Baldovini Nicolas
Published: October 2016

Frankincense (olibanum) is one of the oldest aromatic materials used by humans, but the key molecular constituents contributing to its characteristic odor remained unknown. Reported herein is the discovery that (1S,2S)‐(+)‐trans‐ and (1S,2R)‐(+)‐cis‐2‐octylcyclopropyl‐1‐carboxylic acids are highly potent and substantive odorants occurring in ppm amounts in all of the frankincense samples analyzed, even those showing radically different volatile compositions. These cyclopropyl‐derived acids provide the very characteristic old churchlike endnote of the frankincense odor.
UV‐Induced Disulfide Formation and Reduction for Dynamic Photopatterning
Authors: Li Lei , Feng Wenqian , Welle Alexander , Levkin Pavel A.
Published: October 2016

UV‐induced disulfide formation (UV‐DF) and disulfide reduction (UV‐DR) reactions for surface functionalization and dynamic photopatterning are presented. Both photochemical reactions allow for the spatially and temporally controlled, reversible transition between thiol‐ and disulfide‐functionalized surfaces. The dynamic photopatterning strategy was demonstrated by the UV‐induced attachment, exchange, and detachment on thiol‐modified substrates.
Recognition of 1,3‐Butadiene by a Porous Coordination Polymer
Authors: Kishida Keisuke , Okumura Yoshikuni , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Mukoyoshi Megumi , Bracco Silvia , Comotti Angiolina , Sozzani Piero , Horike Satoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: October 2016

The separation of 1,3‐butadiene from C4 hydrocarbon mixtures is imperative for the production of synthetic rubbers, and there is a need for a more economical separation method, such as a pressure swing adsorption process. With regard to adsorbents that enable C4 gas separation, [Zn(NO2ip)(dpe)]n (SD‐65; NO2ip=5‐nitroisophthalate, dpe=1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene) is a promising porous material because of its structural flexibility and restricted voids, which provide unique guest‐responsive accommodation. The 1,3‐butadiene‐selective sorption profile of SD‐65 was elucidated by adsorption isotherms, in situ PXRD, and SSNMR studies and was further investigated by multigas separation and adsorption–desorption‐cycle experiments for its application to separation technology.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Carbasugars Enables the Discovery of Potent and Selective SGLT2 Inhibitors
Authors: Ng Wai‐Lung , Lau Kit‐Man , Lau Clara B.‐S. , Shing Tony K. M.
Published: October 2016

Selective inhibition of the transporter protein sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has emerged as a promising way to control blood glucose level in diabetes patients. Reported herein is a short and convergent synthetic route towards some small‐molecule SGLT2 inhibitors by a chemo‐ and diastereospecific palladium‐catalyzed arylation reaction. This synthetic strategy enabled the discovery of two highly selective and potent SGLT2 inhibitors, thereby paving the way towards the development of carbasugar SGLT2 inhibitors as potential antidiabetic/antitumor agents.
Rhodium‐catalysed hydroformylation of 1‐octene using aryl and ferrocenyl Schiff base‐derived ligands
Authors: Siangwata Shepherd , Chulu Sisasenkosi , Oliver Clive L. , Smith Gregory S.
Published: October 2016

Monometallic and heterobimetallic complexes of Rh(I) bearing chelating N,O‐bidentate aryl‐ and ferrocenyl‐derived ligands have been synthesised via Schiff base condensation reactions, and characterised fully using 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The new monometallic and heterobimetallic complexes were evaluated as potential catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1‐octene at 95°C and 40 bar. The ferrocenylimine mononuclear compounds were inactive in the hydroformylation experiments. The Rh(I) monometallic and the ferrocene–Rh(I) heterobimetallic pre‐catalysts displayed good activity and conversion of 1‐octene as well as outstanding chemoselectivity towards aldehydes in the hydroformylation reaction.
Synthesis, characterization and antileishmanial studies of some bioactive heteroleptic pentavalent antimonials
Authors: Mushtaq Rabia , Rauf Muhammad Khawar , Bolte Michael , Nadhman Akhtar , Badshah Amin , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Yasinzai Masoom , Khan Khalid Mohammed
Published: October 2016

In pursuit of safe drug candidates for the treatment of parasitic diseases like leishmaniasis, a series of heteroleptic pentavalent antimonials of the type [R3Sb(O2CR′)2] (1–9) have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis (CHN), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy. The carboxylates studied are predominantly substituted benzoates with some complexes having acetato or nicotinato ligands. The crystal structures of [Sb(C6H5)3(o‐NH2C6H4COO)2] (1) and [Sb(C6H5)3(3,5‐Cl2C6H3COO)2] (4) were determined as essentially monomeric with an Sb(V) centre and shown to adopt geometries intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal. The antileishmanial activity was assessed against Leishmania tropica KWH23, and also human macrophages were used to measure the cytotoxicity of these complexes. The IC50 of the antimonials 1–9 indicates their efficaciousness as compared with the standard antimonial drug used. The significant activity of complex 1 assumes that greater multitude of interactions is the cause of enhanced antileishmanial activity. Cytotoxicity results showed that these antimonials are highly active even at low concentrations and are biocompatible with human macrophages, making them promising drug candidates for further investigations in this field.