bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contiguous spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli ulcer lesions analysed by histopathology and real‐time PCR quantification of mycobacterial DNA
Authors: Rondini Simona , Horsfield Catherine , Mensah‐Quainoo Ernestina , Junghanss Thomas , Lucas Sebastian , Pluschke Gerd
Published: October 2005

The distribution of M. ulcerans in Buruli ulcer lesions was analysed by IS2404 real‐time PCR quantification of M. ulcerans DNA and by semi‐quantitative microscopic assessment of the number of acid‐fast bacilli (AFB). Mycobacterial burden was compared with histopathological changes. Focal distribution of tissue destruction extending into areas with high and low mycobacterial burden was a feature in all lesions analysed. Even where most of the mycobacteria were washed out of ulcerative lesions, peaks of mycobacterial DNA and AFB in the necrotic base of the ulcers still marked the position of the primary infection focus. Significant amounts of mycobacterial DNA and microcolonies were also present in samples from more peripheral regions and occasionally in excised margins of macroscopically and histologically healthy‐appearing excised tissue margins. Additional peaks of mycobacterial DNA clearly marked sites where satellite lesions were developing. Even when granulomas provided evidence for the development of cell‐mediated immunity, development of satellite lesions by contiguous spreading was not completely prevented. Areas free of mycobacterial DNA were found between primary and secondary infection foci and around scarring tissue of healing lesions. These results demonstrate that IS2404 real‐time PCR analysis is a better tool than the less sensitive and only semi‐quantitative microscopic enumeration of AFB for studying the dynamics of M. ulcerans infection in situ. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative stress in fibroblasts from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum: possible role in the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations
Authors: Pasquali‐Ronchetti Ivonne , Garcia‐Fernandez Maria Inmaculada , Boraldi Federica , Quaglino Daniela , Gheduzzi Dealba , De Vincenzi Paolinelli Chiara , Tiozzo Roberta , Bergamini Stefania , Ceccarelli Daniela , Muscatello Umberto
Published: October 2005

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disease characterized by calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibres of the skin, cardiovascular system and eye, caused by mutations of the ABCC6 gene, which encodes the membrane transporter MRP6. The pathogenesis of the lesions is unknown. Based on studies of similar clinical and histopathological damage present in haemolytic disorders, our working hypothesis is that PXE lesions may result from chronic oxidative stress occurring in PXE cells as a consequence of MRP6 deficiency. Our results show that PXE fibroblasts suffer from mild chronic oxidative stress due to the imbalance between production and degradation of oxidant species. The findings also show that this imbalance results, at least in part, from the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) with overproduction of H2O2. Whether mitochondrial dysfunction is the main factor responsible for the oxidative stress in PXE cells remains to be elucidated. However, mild chronic generalized oxidative stress could explain the great majority of structural and biochemical alterations already reported in PXE. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease
Authors: Ganz Tomas
Published: October 2005

Most patients suffering from chronic infections, chronic inflammatory diseases, and some malignancies develop a mild to moderate anemia designated anemia of chronic disease or anemia of inflammation. Patients with this anemia have low serum iron, low to normal transferrin, and high to normal serum ferritin concentration. The anemia is caused by increased inflammatory cytokines, especially IL‐6, inducing increased production of the iron‐regulatory hormone hepcidin by hepatocytes. Hepcidin blocks the release of iron from macrophages, hepatocytes, and enterocytes, causing the characteristic hypoferremia associated with this anemia and iron‐deprivation of the developing erythrocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of whole‐body MRI and FDG‐PET on staging and assessment of therapy response in a patient with Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Furth C. , Amthauer H. , Denecke T. , Ruf J. , Henze G. , Gutberlet M.
Published: October 2005

In patients with Ewing sarcoma, precise staging is not only crucial for the therapeutic regimen but also for a reliable evaluation of response to therapy. We report on a 15‐year‐old girl with metastatic spread of a Ewing sarcoma who, apart from conventional staging by bone scan, chest X‐ray and CT, was subsidiary examined by FDG‐PET and whole‐body MRI before and after chemotherapy. Both modalities detected more bone lesions than the bone scan, which led to an altered strategy for radiotherapy. Both examinations might be a great asset to stage‐adjusted therapy regimens, ultimately influencing patient outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47:607–611. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ifosfamide neurotoxicity: An atypical presentation with psychiatric manifestations
Authors: Kerdudo C. , Orbach D. , Sarradet J.L. , Doz F.
Published: October 2005

Ifosfamide can be responsible for acute central neurotoxicity in children and adolescents treated for cancer. The signs of acute encephalopathy most frequently observed are: alteration of consciousness, cerebellar syndrome, asthenia, urinary incontinence, cranial nerve palsy, and seizures. Various combinations of these signs may occur, but disorders of consciousness and drowsiness are common. We describe the case of a young man presenting with reversible acute hypomanic disorder during ifosfamide‐based chemotherapy and discuss the possible mechanisms of this toxicity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viscoelastic properties of ionic polymer composites reinforced by soy protein isolate
Authors: Jong L.
Published: October 2005

Both linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of ionic polymer composites reinforced by soy protein isolate (SPI) were studied. Viscoelastic properties were related to the aggregate structure of fillers. The aggregate structure of SPI is consisted of submicron size of globule protein particles that form an open aggregate structure. SPI and carbon black (CB) aggregates characterized by scanning electron microscope and particle size analyzer indicate that CB aggregates have a smaller primary particle and aggregate size than SPI aggregates, but the SPI composites have a slightly greater elastic modulus in the linear viscoelastic region than the CB composites. The composite containing 3–40 wt % of SPI has a transition in the shear elastic modulus between 6 and 8 vol % filler, indicating a percolation threshold. CB composites also showed a modulus transition at <6 vol %. The change of fractional free volume with filler concentration as estimated from WLF fit of frequency shift factor also supports the existence of a percolation threshold. Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of filler, matrix, and composites suggested that the filler‐immobilized rubber network generated a G′ maximum in the modulus‐strain curves and the SPI formed a stronger filler network than the CB in these composites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3503–3518, 2005
Ionic aggregates in Zn‐ and Na‐neutralized poly(ethylene‐ran‐methacrylic acid) blown films
Authors: Benetatos Nicholas M. , Winey Karen I.
Published: October 2005

The morphology of ionic aggregates in semicrystalline Zn‐ and Na‐neutralized poly(ethylene‐ran‐methacrylic acid) (EMAA) ionomer blown films has been explored with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and small angle X‐ray scattering. The ionic aggregates of Zn‐EMAA are spherical, monodisperse, and uniformly distributed in as‐extruded pellets and blown films prepared at low and high blow‐up ratio. Thus, although the biaxial stresses of film blowing are sufficient to alter the PE superstructure, the ionic aggregates in Zn‐EMAA are unaffected. In contrast, the morphology of Na‐EMAA as detected by STEM changes from featureless in the as‐extruded pellets to a heterogeneous distribution of Na‐rich aggregates in the blown films. This transformation in Na‐EMAA morphology is consistent with our earlier study of quiescent annealing, suggesting that the morphological change is the result of thermal processing rather than the biaxial stresses of film blowing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3549–3554, 2005
Morphological characterization of nylon‐6 nanocomposite following a large‐scale simple shear process
Authors: Weon J.‐I. , Xia Z.‐Y. , Sue H.‐J.
Published: October 2005

A commercial grade nylon‐6/clay nanocomposite (from Ube industries) is subjected to a large‐scale simple shear orientation process and the resulting morphology is investigated. Both the orientation and aspect ratio of nanoclays, which can be altered by the simple shear process, are studied. The incorporation of well‐dispersed nanoclays into the nylon matrix greatly reduces the nylon chain mobility as well as the percent crystallinity. Two types of lamellar orientation have been found, as revealed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering. One type of lamellae is oriented ∼41° away from the clay surface, whereas the simple shear process induces another weakly preferred lamellar orientation nearly perpendicular to the clay surface. The formation of the above lamellar orientations appears to be related to both orientation of the clay in the nanocomposite and the simple shear process. The possible molecular mechanisms leading to the final morphology of the nylon‐6/clay nanocomposite is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3555–3566, 2005
Effects of π bond type, backbone size, and halogen on structural and spectroscopic properties of hydrogen‐bonded complexes of the XH … π type between alkenes or alkynes and haloacids (HF and HCl)
Authors: Ventura E. , Do Monte S. A. , Fragoso W. , Braga C. F. , Araújo R. C. M. U.
Published: October 2005

The effects of CC bond type (double or triple), substituent (H or methyl), and halogen (F and Cl) on three properties of hydrogen‐bonded complexes formed between unsaturated hydrocarbons and HX (XF, Cl) are studied. The properties comprise hydrogen bond distances (RH), stabilization energies (SE), and frequency shifts (Δν). A 23 factorial design technique, along with ab initio (HF and MP2) and DFT (B3LYP and PBE1PBE) calculations, has been employed. All three responses are mainly affected by the halogen, and when it is changed from F to Cl, RH tends to increase, while SE tends to decrease. Surprisingly, the type of substituent is more important than the type of CC bond, for all three responses. Both effects tend to decrease RH. Significant interaction effects are obtained for the type of CC bond along with the type of substituent, and for the type of substituent along with the type of halogen. Both interaction effects are smaller than the main effects and also tend to decrease RH. The greatest SE values are obtained with PBE1 functional (BSSE + ZPE corrected values). Again, the next more important effect is due to the type of substituent, and the replacement of H by CH3 group tends to increase SE. The effect due to the CC bond type is not significant, at all computational levels. The only interaction effect that is significant for SE (corrected) and Δν is between factors 1 (CC bond type) and 2 (substituent), but only at HF and B3LYP levels, and it tends to increase both properties. As the halogen changes from F to Cl, Δν tends to decrease. In contrast, changing the substituent from H to CH3 leads to greater values of Δν. The effect of CC bond type is not significant at HF level, and when it is changed from double to triple Δν is decreased, at B3LYP and PBE1 levels. A suggestion as to how the results may point toward a better experimental detection of similar (π‐type) complexes is also given. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Reinvestigation into the ring‐opening process of monochloroethylene oxide by quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Shinoda Hiroyuki , Mori Yoshihiro , Mizuguchi Mineyuki
Published: October 2005

Density functional theory (DFT) computation with B3LYP/6‐31++G** has been performed for the ring‐opening process of monochloroethylene oxide. In this study, the energy changes of an isolated monochloroethylene oxide, an O‐protonated one and a Cl‐protonated one, were investigated with respect to the stretching of the CO bond length. The increased energy in an O‐protonated system is fairly slow compared with that in a neutral system. In an O‐protonated system, rupturing of the CO bond, in which the carbon atom in the bond binds to the chlorine atom, occurs more easily than another CO bond rupture. This fact is in agreement with ideas accepted in organic chemistry. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations were performed for the O‐protonated system, which gave the activation energy of the ring rupture as 3.89 kcal/mol. This also revealed that the production of an aldehyde occurred by a two‐step reaction, that is, the first ring‐opening process and following transfer of the chlorine atom. LMO wave functions were used to analyze the reaction mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Quantum wave packet study of N(2D) + H2 reactive scattering
Authors: Gogtas Fahrettin , Bulut Niyazi
Published: October 2005

N(2D) + H2 → NH + H reaction at zero total angular momentum is studied by using a time dependent quantum wave packet method. State‐to‐state and state‐to‐all reactive scattering probabilities for a broad range of energy are calculated. The probabilities show many sharp peaks that ascribed to reactive scattering resonances. The probabilities for J > 0 are estimated by using the J‐shifting method. The integral cross sections and thermal rate constants are then calculated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Specific detection of Lewis x‐carbohydrates in biological samples using liquid chromatography/multiple‐stage tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Hashii Noritaka , Kawasaki Nana , Itoh Satsuki , Harazono Akira , Matsuishi Yukari , Hayakawa Takao , Kawanishi Toru
Published: October 2005

The Lewis x structure [Lex, Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc] motif is one of the tumor antigens and plays an important role in oncogenesis, development, cellular differentiation and adhesion. The detection of Lex‐carbohydrates and their structural analysis are necessary to clarify the role of Lex in several biological events. Mass spectrometry has been preferably used for the structural analysis of carbohydrates. Especially, collision‐induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which causes a glycosidic bond cleavage, is used for carbohydrate sequencing. However, Lex cannot be identified by MS/MS due to the existence of the positional isomers, such as Lewis a [Galβ1‐3(α1‐4Fuc)GlcNAc]. In the present study, we demonstrate the specific detection of Lex‐carbohydrates in a biological sample by using multiple‐stage MS/MS (MSn). Using pyridylaminated oligosaccharides bearing Lex, we found that the Lex‐motif yields a cross‐ring fragment by the cleavage of a bond between C‐3 and C‐4 of GlcNAc in Gal(Fuc)GlcNAc. The Lex‐specific cross‐ring fragment ion at m/z 259 was effectively detected by sequential scans, consisting of a full MS1 scan, data‐dependent CID MS2 scan, MS3 of [Gal(Fuc)GlcNAc+Na]+ at m/z 534, and MS4 of [GalGlcNAc+Na]+ at m/z 388. The sequential scan was applied to N‐linked oligosaccharide profiling using a LC/ESI‐MSn system equipped with a graphitized carbon column. We successfully detected the Lex‐motif and elucidated the structures of several Lex and Lewis y [(Fucα1‐2)Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc] oligosaccharides in the murine kidney used as a model tissue. Our method is expected to be a powerful tool for the specific detection of the Lex‐motif, and structural elucidation of Lex‐carbohydrates in biological samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness and limitation of circle criterion for LTI robust control systems with control input nonlinearities of sector type
Authors: Kiyama Tsuyoshi , Hara Shinji , Iwasaki Tetsuya
Published: October 2005

This paper considers linear time invariant systems with sector type nonlinearities and proposes regional ℒ︁2performance analysis and synthesis methods based on the circle criterion. In particular, we consider the effect of non‐zero initial states and/or an ℒ︁2disturbance inputs on the ℒ︁2norm of a selected performance output. We show that both analysis and synthesis problems can be recast as linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problems, where, for synthesis, the outputs of the nonlinear elements are assumed available for control. Moreover, it is shown when the circle criterion does or does not help to improve the performance bound in robust control synthesis when compared with the existing linear analysis method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emancipatory accounting and sustainable development: a Gandhian–Vedic theorization of experimenting with truth
Authors: Saravanamuthu Kala
Published: October 2005

Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan implemented Hayek's market economics by manipulating macro‐structural forces. It is argued here that the culture of sustainable development appears to be disseminating in the opposite way: it is gradually permeating through from concentrated pockets of practices to its surrounding communities. The difference in diffusion patterns should be reflected in proposed formulations of emancipatory accounting frameworks: emancipatory accounting should allow for moral development of the individual (by caring for the needs of the other). It becomes another vehicle for engaging in stakeholder dialogue about the meaning and implications of sustainable development. The defining characteristics of this emancipatory accounting framework are as follows: its definition of sustainability should transcend the narrow interpretation of individual property rights (that restricts responsibility for the other); it should engender moral development because of ambiguity over terminology; it should socialize the process of risk management as an integral part of balancing resource and economic sustainability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Model‐based CD–SEM metrology at low and ultralow landing energies: implementation and results for advanced IC manufacturing
Authors: Gorelikov Dmitry V. , Remillard Jason , Sullivan Neal T. , Davidson Mark
Published: October 2005

Critical Shape Metrology (CSM), a Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD‐SEM)‐based technique that extracts accurate feature shape information from images obtained during routine in‐line wafer inspection as a means of minimizing measurement bias, is described and explored experimentally. CSM uses intensity profiles from CD‐SEM images of known materials that are compared in real time to profiles contained in an off‐line generated Monte Carlo SEM simulation library. The library of intensity waveforms spans the range of expected geometric feature shapes and material compositions. Extensive comparison of CSM results to accepted reference measurement system measurements using Critical Dimension Atomic Force Microscopes, cross‐sectional SEMs and Focused Ion Beams are made. Agreement of the CSM method to each of these is shown to be better than 1% or within experimental uncertainty and significantly better agreement than traditional CD metrology algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculations of stopping powers of 100 eV to 30 keV electrons in 10 elemental solids
Authors: Tanuma S. , Powell C. J. , Penn D. R.
Published: October 2005

We present calculated electron stopping powers (SPs) for 10 elemental solids (Al, Si, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ge, Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au). These calculations were made for electron energies between 100 eV and 30 keV, and were obtained using the same basic algorithm as that employed in our previous calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. We present comparisons of these results with measured values, with results of other calculations, with the nonrelativistic Bethe SP equation, and with the empirical modification of the Bethe equation by Joy and Luo. We find generally satisfactory agreement of our calculated SPs with measured values for some solids (Ni, Cu, Pd, and Pt) and limited agreement for others (Al, Si, Cr, Ge, and Ag). Our SPs for Al, Cu, Ag, and Au are systematically greater than those calculated by Ashley by up to 33% for E < 10 keV; these differences are associated with an exchange correction made in Ashley's calculations, but not in ours. We find close agreement between our SPs for Al, Si, and Cu and those calculated by Fernandez‐Varea et al. who included an exchange correction; larger differences, however, were found for Au. As expected, our calculated SPs agree with values from the Bethe equation only for energies above 10 keV (for Z ≤ 32) and about 30 keV for Z ≥ 46. Satisfactory agreement is found between our SPs and values from the Joy and Luo equation for Al, Si, Cr, Ni (for energies above 1 keV), Cu, and Ge but there is less agreement for Pd and appreciable disagreement for Au. We present an analysis of our calculated SPs for Al that show why the Bethe equation is not expected to be valid unless the electron energy is larger than about 10 keV. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis (SESSA): a novel software tool for quantitative Auger‐electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Smekal Werner , Werner Wolfgang S. M. , Powell Cedric J.
Published: October 2005

A description of a new NIST database for quantitative Auger‐electron and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AES/XPS) is given: Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA). This database contains extensive sets of data for the physical quantities relevant to AES and XPS. The internal databases are linked to a user interface via a small expert system that allows a user to automatically retrieve data needed for a specific practical application. SESSA can simulate AES and XPS spectra for a multilayered thin‐film sample for measurement conditions specified by the user. Experimental information needed by SESSA is entered via an interface that matches the settings of AES/XPS instrumentation. The structure of SESSA is described together with information on special features, unique capabilities, and sources of the physical data. Examples of practical applications of SESSA for angle‐resolved XPS on Al and Si samples, determination of the depth distribution function in XPS, and the use of empirical peak shapes for spectrum simulation are given. These and other applications are contained in SESSA in the form of tutorial files with command‐language statements that can be loaded into SESSA and modified as necessary for similar simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental determination of electron inelastic mean free paths in 13 elemental solids in the 50 to 5000 eV energy range by elastic‐peak electron spectroscopy
Authors: Tanuma S. , Shiratori T. , Kimura T. , Goto K. , Ichimura S. , Powell C. J.
Published: October 2005

We have determined electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) in C (graphite), Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and Au by elastic‐peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) using Ni as a reference material for electron energies between 50 and 5000 eV. These IMFPs could be fitted by the simple Bethe equation for inelastic electron scattering in matter for energies from 100 to 5000 eV. The average root‐mean‐square (RMS) deviation in these fits was 9%. The IMFPs for Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, W, Pt and Au were in excellent agreement with the corresponding values calculated from optical data for energies between 100 and 5000 eV. While the RMS differences for graphite and Mo in these comparisons were large (27 and 17%, respectively), the average RMS difference for the other 11 elements was 11%. Similar comparisons were made between our IMFPs and values obtained from the TPP‐2M predictive equation for energies between 100 and 5000 eV, and the average RMS difference for the 13 solids was 10.7%; in these comparisons, the RMS differences for Ta and W were relatively large (26% for each). A correction for surface‐electronic excitations was calculated from a formula of Werner et al.; except for Si and Ga, the average correction was 5% for energies between 150 and 5000 eV. The satisfactory consistency between the IMFPs from our EPES experiments and the corresponding IMFPs computed from optical data indicates that the uncertainty of these IMFPs is about 11% for electron energies between 100 and 5000 eV. Similar comparisons with IMFPs from the EPES experiments of Werner et al. showed a consistency of 8% for energies between 200 and 5000 eV. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis using the partial‐intensity approach (PIA)
Authors: Werner Wolfgang S. M.
Published: October 2005

The partial‐intensity approach for simulating electron scattering is outlined, and relevant algorithms that were introduced in the past decade are presented. This is important for understanding the signal generation and surface sensitivity for a wide variety of techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Auger‐photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS), elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES), reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), total electron yield (TEY) and the like. In particular, the so‐called trajectory‐reversal algorithm is discussed, both for emission problems (relevant for XPS, AES, and APECS) as well as for reflection problems (relevant for EPES and REELS), as this algorithm allows one to achieve enhanced efficiencies in simulations of many orders of magnitude compared to a conventional simulation. It is then shown that the simulation of the partial intensities (i.e. the number of n‐fold inelastically scattered electrons) is not only useful for simulation of model spectra but is also essential for truly quantitative interpretation of experimental spectra. Finally, the stochastic process for multiple scattering beyond the constant cross‐section approximation is treated. Using the generalized stochastic process, the above approaches can be extended to techniques such as EPMA, TEY and the like in a straightforward way. Illustrative examples are given for the topics mentioned above. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape‐from‐shading and simulation of SEM images using surface slope and curvature
Authors: Seeger Adam , Haussecker Horst
Published: October 2005

We have developed an alternative approach to Monte Carlo simulation for simulating SEM images, which is several orders of magnitude faster to compute, simulating an image in a fraction of a second. This approach also enables one to solve the inverse problem of reconstructing surface topography from SEM images within minutes to hours. Our method is limited to surfaces that are height fields and that are composed of only a single material. Also, we assume there are no charging affects and that the shading of the surface is rotation invariant (no detector asymmetry).

We represent the input surface to our simulator as a height image with the same resolution as the desired SEM image. An SEM image is simulated from the height image by first convolving it with each of a set of filter kernels. Each of these filter kernels extracts local information about slope and curvature at different scales, and the resulting filtered images are combined to produce the simulated image.

We fit our model to examples of height images and corresponding SEM images that are either generated synthetically using the Monte Carlo method or acquired from an actual SEM. In the case of real SEM images, the corresponding height image must be either known from design data or measured independently (e.g. using an AFM). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of monolayer gold film growth on a graphite substrate
Authors: Claassens C. H. , Terblans J. J. , Hoffman M. J. H. , Swart H. C.
Published: October 2005

The growth process of a gold thin film, in the sub‐monolayer region, on a graphite substrate is studied by means of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Four different kinetic processes are considered, namely, atom deposition, diffusion, evaporation and island nucleation. Close attention is paid to the relationship between the substrate temperature, deposition rate and interaction between neighbouring atoms. The interaction potential between the gold atoms is described by the Sutton–Chen potential, while a modified Lennard‐Jones potential is utilized for the gold–carbon interaction. The results indicate that the gold islands become more compact and dense at higher temperatures, whereas a more fractal growth pattern was observed at the lower‐temperature regime. Conclusions are drawn on the dependence of the island shape and density on both the substrate temperature and deposition rate. Some reference is made to experimental results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the electron inelastic mean free path in solids from the elastic electron backscattering intensity
Authors: Jablonski A.
Published: October 2005

The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of electrons in solids is an important parameter needed for quantitative applications of electron spectroscopies: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The IMFP values published for compounds or alloys are rather limited, and in general case, the predictive formulas must be used. Unfortunately, accuracy of these formulas may be rather low in some cases. There is an obvious need for a simple method that conveniently provides the IMFP values for a studied solid. Such conditions are satisfied by the method that makes it possible to derive the IMFP values from the measured elastic backscattering probability. The present report contains a concise introduction to this method; the main features of such an approach are briefly reviewed and discussed. The method, with some caution, can be applied to any solid, although the conducting or the semiconductor samples are recommended to avoid charging effects. In contrast with the method involving deposition of overlayers, the IMFP values derived from the elastic backscattering intensity are in agreement with the definition supported by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The measurements can be made using typical electron spectrometers in situ for samples submitted to other studies. Finally, the measurements are nondestructive. The main problem of this method is the complexity of the theoretical model describing multiple electron scattering events in the solid. To facilitate calculations, an extensive user‐friendly software packet, EPES has been developed. One of the functions of this packet is to determine, from the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the so‐called calibration curve, i.e. the dependence of the backscattering probability on the input value of the IMFP. Calculations can be performed for any experimental configuration, and for electron energies ranging from 50 to 10 000 eV. The theoretical model requires knowledge of the total and differential elastic scattering cross sections (DCS). These parameters can be imported from all versions of the NIST Database 64. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the Heating Rate on the Pasting Properties of Various Flours
Authors: Mariotti Manuela , Zardi Marta , Lucisano Mara , Pagani Maria Ambrogina
Published: October 2005

Viscoamylographic tests were carried out on six commercial flour samples, three wheat flours (WF), two semolinas (S) and one rice flour (RF), using the Brabender Micro Visco‐Amylo‐Graph (MVA). The slurries were subjected to a definite temperature profile (30°C‐95°C, 95°C×30 min, 95°C‐50°C, 50°C×30 min), stirring at 250 min−1 and using a 300 cm·gf cartridge and recording the viscosity (in Brabender Units, BU) as a function of temperature and time. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different heating rates (1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0°C/min) on the pasting properties of the various flours. The peak viscosity of WFs and Ss increased when high heating rates were applied, while the RF showed similar pasting properties independently of the heating rate. These behaviours were mainly ascribed to the different molecular organisation of the starch granules, responsible of different swelling and gelatinising extents, and also to a different kinetic of alpha‐amylase inactivation according to the heating rate applied. The key role of the alpha‐amylase activity in controlling the pasting viscosity of the different samples was demonstrated by the viscoamylographic test performed in the presence of silver nitrate as enzyme inhibitor.
Nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the new-born pig
Authors: DIVIDICH J. LE , ROOKE J. A. , HERPIN P.
Published: October 2005

The nutritional and immunological importance of colostrum for the survival and development of the neonatal pig are reviewed. The pig is born with low body energy stores and devoid of serum immunoglobulins. Colostrum provides the piglet with both energy and maternal antibodies but its fat and protein composition is very variable. Colostrum is very digestible, and both colostral energy and nitrogen (N) are retained with a very high efficiency. Colostrum production by the sow assessed from the weight gain of the litter from birth to 24 h of age is very variable (from 1900 to 5300 g). There is no clear effect of litter size or parity, suggesting that colostrum production is a characteristic of the sow. Within a litter, colostrum consumption by the individual piglets varies considerably. It is independent of birth order, but related positively to birth weight and negatively to litter size. Other factors influencing colostrum consumption, including cold stress, premature birth and birth hypoxia, are discussed. Because of the epitheliochorial nature of the porcine placenta, the new-born piglet must acquire maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) from ingested colostrum for passive immune protection until the immune system of the piglet becomes fully developed. Colostrum IgG concentrations in milk vary widely between individual sows both in initial concentration and in the rate at which concentrations decline during the first 24 h of life. The piglet can only absorb intact IgG prior to gut closure, which occurs in the first 24 h of life and is induced by intakes of colostrum which are insufficient to maintain piglet live-weight. As a result, the amounts of intact IgG absorbed by the piglet vary widely. The effects of colostrum consumption on neonatal survival are discussed. Consumption of colostrum in amounts sufficient to meet the energy requirement of the piglet is a major determinant for survival. Since most neonatal losses occur in the first 2 days of life, before acquisition of a maternal IgG for immune protection becomes important for survival, piglet serum IgG concentration does not correlate well with early survival but is important in later resistance to disease challenge. It is concluded that colostrum production is a good marker for the maternal quality of the sow. Future research should focus on the ability of the sow to produce more colostrum and on the possible delayed effects of passive immunisation on the health and performance of piglet at weaning and later in life.
The returned Elijah? John the Baptist's angelic identity in the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Joynes Christine E.
Published: October 2005

Assertions of John the Baptist's identity as the returned Elijah are commonplace in New Testament scholarship. Attention has then tended to focus on whether the returned Elijah was regarded as the forerunner of the Messiah or of God himself. Surprisingly, the logically prior question of how someone could be regarded as Elijah returned has received scant investigation. This article explores what it might mean to describe John the Baptist as the returned Elijah, suggesting that we need clearly to distinguish this concept from Elijah typology. If, as is argued here, the expectation of Elijah's return in Mark's Gospel points to John the Baptist's angelic identity, this has interesting ramifications for other NT issues such as Christology and eschatology.
Does ‘God’ exist?
Authors: Williams A. N.
Published: October 2005

The essay considers the possible meanings of ‘God’ in Christian discourse, given its assertorial usage and in light of the doctrine of the Trinity. Examination of the grammar of analogous sentences highlights the problems of using ‘God’ as the subject of verbs of agency. In light of the enhypostasization of divine nature within the three persons of the Trinity, and in no other context, ‘God’ cannot designate any one person of the Trinity, nor the Three together, nor divine nature conceived anhypostatically and, given its propensity to mislead, use of ‘God’ in Christian discourse is called into question.
Europe from the Bottom: Assessing Personal Gains and Losses and its Effects on EU Support
Authors: MAU STEFFEN
Published: October 2005

Numerous authors have highlighted utilitarian considerations as sources of public support for the European Union, suggesting that support results primarily from cost-benefit calculations of the gains and losses associated with integration. Benefits accrue, not only to different member states, but also to individuals. Within this discussion it is often suggested that the gains and losses are unevenly distributed across social groups, with the higher status groups being privileged and the lower status groups disadvantaged. This paper challenges arguments that assume a clear division between lower social strata and higher social strata in terms of winning and losing in Europeanization; it looks more closely at how Europeans rate the integration process as it affects them personally, and how this influences their support for integration. The results show that socio-economic characteristics cannot fully explain people's perceptions of being winners or losers, and a large proportion of EU citizens do not consider themselves either winners or losers. The paper also demonstrates that the winner/loser self-characterization is indeed a major determinant of support for the EU, but that it only partly coincides with people's socio-economic position.
A Policy Network Explanation of Biotechnology Policy Differences between the United States and Canada
Authors: MONTPETIT ÉRIC
Published: October 2005

Canada has a more restrictive biotechnology policy than the United States. Adopting a similar-cases-research-design, this article shows that policy networks explain this difference. The overlapping nature and the boundary between the multiple networks relevant to biotechnology in each country are distinct. In the United States, two policy networks deal with biotechnology. One primarily handles agricultural plants, while the other deals with food; key state actors overlap. In contrast, networks in Canada are separated between those dealing with regulation with two overlapping networks assessing environmental and health risks, and a network to manage biotechnology promotion. Promotion and regulation thus constitute a network boundary in Canada, but not in the United States, where networks deal with these two issues simultaneously. American networks have promoted beliefs favourable to more permissive regulatory preferences than the Canadian environmental and health risk assessment networks and American biotechnology policies are therefore even more permissive than those of Canada.
Competence Allocation in the EU Competition Policy System as an Interest-Driven Process
Authors: BUDZINSKI OLIVER , CHRISTIANSEN ANDT
Published: October 2005

This paper provides a positive analysis of the evolution of competence allocation within the EU Competition Policy System. In the EU, competition policy competences are ascribed both to the European level and to each Member State. In regard to securing a sound antitrust system, the allocation and delimitation of these competences plays a major role. Accordingly, competence allocation has been a major issue in the recent reforms of cartel policy enforcement and merger control. Instead of normatively analysing the characteristics of optimal competence allocation, we positively identify the self-interest of the interacting groups of agents – European Commission and Courts, national authorities, business associations –  as a major-driving force of the reform process. We show that, as a consequence, the interest-driven outcomes of this process are largely ineffective and deficient – even if evaluated against the background of the publicly announced reform goals. This stands in accordance with longer-term patterns in competence allocation evolution in the EU Competition Policy System.
Non-overconstrained 3-dof spherical parallel manipulators of type: 3-RCC, 3-CCR, 3-CRC
Authors: Karouia Mourad , Hervé Jacques M.
Published: October 2005

Non-overconstrained 3-dof spherical parallel manipulators of a structural type 3-RCC, 3-CCR, 3-CRC are introduced. The mechanism has three limbs that connect in parallel the moving platform to the fixed base. Each limb is an opened kinematic chain made of a sequence of one revolute pair R and two cylindrical pairs C. The orientation of the end-effector is obtained by actuating simultaneously the three limbs. A structural type analysis and synthesis, which is based on the algebraic properties of a Lie group of the displacement set, is employed to find the geometrical conditions for the assembly of these spherical parallel mechanisms and also the structurally singular configurations. Then an enumeration of the structural types is given and remarkable special cases of orientational mechanisms are also described, namely 3-HGR, 3-RGH and 3-HGH.
Positional kinematics of humanoid arms
Authors: Lenarčič Jadran , Klopčar Nives
Published: October 2005

We present the positional abilities of a humanoid manipulator based on an improved kinematical model of the human arm. This was synthesized from electro-optical measurements of healthy female and male subjects. The model possesses three joints: inner shoulder joint, outer shoulder joint and elbow joint. The first functions as the human sternoclavicular joint, the second functions as the human glenohumeral joint, and the last replicates the human humeroulnar rotation. There are three links included, the forearm and the upper arm link which are of a constant length, and the shoulder link which is expandable. Mathematical interrelations between the joint coordinates are also taken into consideration. We determined the reachability of a humanoid arm, treated its orienting redundancy in the shoulder complex and the positional redundancy in the shoulder-elbow complexes, and discussed optimum configurations in executing different tasks. The results are important for the design and control of humanoid robots, in medicine and sports.
A neural network architecture to learn arm motion planning in grasping tasks with obstacle avoidance
Authors: Bendahan Patrice , Gorce Philippe
Published: October 2005

In this article, we present a learning model that can control the kinematics motion of a simulated anthropomorphic arm in reaching and grasping tasks of a static prototypic object placed behind an obstacle of varying position and size. The network, composed of two generic neural network modules, learns to combine multi-modal arm-related information (trajectory parameters) as well as obstacle-related information (obstacle size and location). We based our simulation on the Via Point notion, which postulates that the reach motion planning is divided into successive positions of the arm. In order to determine these particular positions, some specific parameters have been extracted from an experimental protocol and constitute the pertinent parameters to be integrated into the model. This net of neural net determines the total path able to reach and grasp the prototypic object while avoiding an obstacle.
Modeling and control of a new robotic deburring system
Authors: Chung Jae H. , Kim Changhoon
Published: October 2005

This paper discusses the modeling and control of a robotic manipulator with a new deburring tool, which integrates two pneumatic actuators to take advantage of a double cutting action. A coordination control method is developed by decomposing the robotic deburring system into two subsystems; the arm and the deburring tool. A decentralized control approach is pursued, in which suitable controllers were designed for the two subsystems in the coordination scheme. In simulation, three different tool configurations are considered: rigid, single pneumatic and integrated pneumatic tools. A comparative study is performed to investigate the deburring performance of the deburring arm with the different tools. Simulation results show that the developed robotic deburring system significantly improves the accuracy of the deburring operation.
TIMP3 mutation in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: molecular insights
Authors: Li Zheng , Clarke Michael P. , Barker Michael D. , McKie Norman
Published: October 2005

Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that results in degeneration of the macular region of the retina, with onset usually in the fourth to fifth decade of life. It leads to the rapid loss of central vision, often followed by further loss of peripheral vision. SFD shares several pathological features commonly found in the ‘wet’ or exudative form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries. These phenotypic similarities have led to SFD being proposed as an acceptable genetic model for AMD. Whereas AMD appears to have a complex aetiology, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role, SFD has been shown to be a single-gene disorder, linked to mutations in exon 5 of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) gene on chromosome 22q12-q13. This review confines itself to a discussion of the known biochemical properties of the wild-type and SFD TIMP3 proteins and attempts to relate these to the pathology encountered in SFD patients. We also discuss briefly how, despite the lack of inherited mutations in the structural gene, the TIMP3 protein might play a role in the onset and progression of AMD.
Proving correctness and completeness of normal programs – a declarative approach
Authors: DRABENT WŁODZIMIERZ , MIŁKOWSKA MIROSŁAWA
Published: October 2005

We advocate a declarative approach to proving properties of logic programs. Total correctness can be separated into correctness, completeness and clean termination; the latter includes non-floundering. Only clean termination depends on the operational semantics, in particular on the selection rule. We show how to deal with correctness and completeness in a declarative way, treating programs only from the logical point of view. Specifications used in this approach are interpretations (or theories). We point out that specifications for correctness may differ from those for completeness, as usually there are answers which are neither considered erroneous nor required to be computed. We present proof methods for correctness and completeness for definite programs and generalize them to normal programs. For normal programs we use the 3-valued completion semantics; this is a standard semantics corresponding to negation as finite failure. The proof methods employ solely the classical 2-valued logic. We use a 2-valued characterization of the 3-valued completion semantics, which may be of separate interest. The method of proving correctness of definite programs is not new and can be traced back to the work of clark in 1979. However a more complicated approach using operational semantics was proposed by some authors. We show that it is not stronger than the declarative one, as far as properties of program answers are concerned. For a corresponding operational approach to normal programs, we show that it is (strictly) weaker than our method. We also employ the ideas of this work to generalize a known method of proving termination of normal programs.