bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Residual Structural Integrity of a Helicopter Tail Rotor Shaft Subjected to a Ballistic Impact
Authors:   Politecnico Di Milano, Gilioli Andrea , Manes Andrea , Giglio Marco
Published: October 2024

The aim of the paper is to describe a ballistic tolerant approach to evaluate the decrement of the structural integrity of a section of a helicopter tail rotor transmission shaft, made in Al6061-T6 aluminum, impacted by a 7.62 ball bullet. The focus lies on the development of a reliable and efficient modelling methodology. Very refined numerical models are used to reduce the experimental efforts and to increase the awareness of the phenomena. Starting from previous work performed by the authors', a numerical model of the impacted shaft is presented and validated by comparison with the results of a large experimental programme. The model is used to assess the variation in the vibration modes and the buckling load caused by the damage. In order to improve the reliability of the model, the mechanical behaviour of the materials of the shaft and of the projectile has been fully considered: flow stress, strain rate, temperature, damage criteria.
Mathematical Modeling and Internal Clearance Optimization of Helicopter High Speed Bearing Systems Considering Temperature Variations
Authors:   Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), Gündüz Aydın , Sarıbay Zihni , Yılmaz Sinan , Kaynar Emre
Published: October 2024

In this work, a comprehensive analytical model is established to study the performance of the bearings of a helicopter high speed input gear shaft. The high speed shaft, rotating above 15,000 rpm, transmits power to the second stage through a bevel gear that is straddle mounted by a duplex ball bearing and a cylindrical roller bearing. The effects of centrifugal forces, the change of bearing internal clearances due to interference fits and uneven thermal expansions are considered in the outlined approach. Then the influence of temperature elevations (that may arise due to inadequate cooling) on the performance of high speed bearings is explored by employing the proposed model. This study points out that bearing internal clearances are very critical in assessing the performance of the high speed system; and optimal manufactured bearing clearances are greatly dependent on the operating conditions. Thus, a bearing internal clearance optimization study is carried out considering different operating temperatures. This optimization study provides "operation condition maps" for high speed bearings and guides the designer for the optimal selections of bearing clearances by considering different operating conditions.
Evolution of Fenestron Development in Terms of Safety, Design and Substantiation Characteristics
Authors:   Airbus Helicopters, Ahci Elif , Denecke Ulrich , Emmerling Stefan , Kuntze-Fechner Gerald , Rauch Patrice
Published: October 2024

Since the installation on Gazelle in 1968, great experience has been acquired by Airbus Helicopters on Fenestron™ technology. The experience gained after 18.5 million flight hours during the past decades allowed defining clear guidelines for the enhancement of design and substantiation principles applied on this technology. This is a progression which automatically serves as a safety improvement and contributes strongly in reduction of the number of accidents caused by conventional tail rotors. This paper summarizes the evolution of design technologies applied for the Fenestron™ tail rotors in Airbus Helicopters and specifies the results of recent research and development work conducted in this area. First part of the paper mainly focuses on operational safety improvement by the Fenestron™ concept and makes comparisons with aircrafts equipped with a conventional tail rotor. The second part gives detailed information about the design features and strength substantiation of the EC145 T2 Fenestron™ rotor. The composite Fenestron™ blade with the newest technology is chosen as an exemplary part to describe the design improvements and to show the application of the new substantiation rules. The development and certification logic is presented mainly from the perspective of strength substantiation. The development approach followed by Airbus Helicopters which primarily bases on mixture of analysis and tests by taking into account the previous in-service experience is described subsequently.
Structural Dynamic Modeling for Rotating Blades Using Three-Dimensional Finite Elements
Authors:   Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Kee Youngjung ,   Seoul National University, Shin Sangjoon
Published: October 2024

This paper deals with the development of an analysis model capable of analyzing the structural dynamic behavior of rotating composite blades. An eighteen node solid-shell finite elements were successfully used for the analysis of blade structures undergoing large deformation. The analysis model includes the effects of transverse shear deformation, Coriolis effect and elastic couplings due to the anisotropic material behavior. Incremental total-Lagrangian approach was adopted to allow estimation on arbitrarily large rotations and displacements. The equations of motion for the finite element model were derived by using Hamilton's principle, and the resulting nonlinear equilibrium equations were solved by applying Newton-Raphson method combined with load control. The present numerical results were compared to several benchmark problems, and the results showed a good correlation with the experimental data and other finite element analysis results. The vibration characteristics of shell and beam type blades were investigated. For shell type blades, blade curvature and geometric nonlinearity significantly influenced the dynamic characteristics, and only the geometric nonlinear analysis model can captured the frequency loci veering phenomena. For beam type blades, one-dimensional beam and three-dimensional solid models gave comparable prediction for the straight and large aspect ratio blade. As the blade aspect ratio decreased, considerable differences appeared in bending and torsional natural frequencies.
Damage Tolerance Studies At The Blade Root Attachment Of Aero Engines
Authors:   Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Gowda Appaji ,   RNSIT, Yeshovanth H , Germiya O
Published: October 2024

The Stress and failure analysis of turbine components plays a vital role in the performance evaluation of an aeroengine. The turbine consists of a disc over which blades are attached mainly either by dovetail or fir-tree arrangements. Fretting damages at the contact interfaces are studied commonly during post failure through fractographic studies. Prediction of contact tractions and stresses during fretting loading cycle is a challenging task yet to be addresses, through in-situ micro-tomography, Synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography and acoustic emission techniques have been recently implemented in fretting fatigue setup, to identify crack initiation and crack growth. The lack of appropriate measurement system makes the prediction of fretting variables at contact interfaces to be totally dependent on either analytical or numerical methods. Analytical Solutions developed are applicable for limited cases of contact problems; however, as practical situations involve complex geometries, which are difficult to solve by existing analytical methods, considerable development has taken place in the numerical methods and semi-analytical methods. An attempt has been carried to Simulate quasi-static and fatigue crack growth by using 3-Dimensional finite element method extensively, for the prediction of contact traction and stresses over fretting of dovetail assembly by using commercially available FE code ANSYS and Fatigue Crack growth code ZENCRACK. The inference of this study are encouraging concerning the possibility of using ZENCRACK as an advantageous computational tool for obtaining K solutions and life estimation for a particular crack front geometries.
Erosion Protection Coatings: Evidence of Structural Impact
Authors:   AMRDEC, Fry Kit , Benton Robert
Published: October 2024

This paper reports the results of a limited flight loads survey focusing on the increase in oscillatory loads caused by a degraded erosion protection coating. Load increase was on average between 10-20% leading to estimations of a significant reduction in fatigue lives. Lessons learned and various analytical studies are presented which emphasize the potential for erosion protection coatings to impact fatigue lives. The Aviation Engineering Directorate currently emphasizes the minimum requirement to performance flight test the coating in the worst authorized condition. An increase in power required of greater than 2% would require flight loads survey to demonstrate airworthiness.
Nondestructive Inspection of Composite Structures based on Limited Angle X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors:   University of Texas at Arlington, Nikishkov Yuri , Bostaph Ekaterina , Makeev Andrew
Published: October 2024

New methods for nondestructive inspection and structural diagnostics of composites based on X-ray Computed Tomography led to improved evaluation of subsurface condition of composites. Currently, strict limitations related to generating X-ray projections all around the inspected object in a full CT scan prohibit CT application to large structures as the commercial industrial X-ray Computed Tomography systems utilize full 360-degree projection angle range for high-quality three-dimensional reconstruction of the inspected objects. The objective of this work is to assess the possibility for breaking through the current limits of X-ray Computed Tomography in order to enable high-fidelity nondestructive inspection of large aircraft structures. This work presents methods that use limited (less than 180-degree) number of angular projections for three-dimensional volume reconstruction. The limited-angle reconstructions are demonstrated on detection of the defects in composite articles pertinent to rotorcraft industry.
A Numerical Optimization of Lightweight Multilayer Armour
Authors:   Politecnico Di Milano, Manes Andrea , Giglio Marco
Published: October 2024

Aim of the paper is to present a validated numerical methodology for the optimization of a multilayer armour. The optimization is intended to warrant the same ballistic capability (of a monolithic ballistic steel plate) with respect to a small caliber AP bullet but with a reduction in weight. The use of aluminium and composite layers has been considered. An advanced but efficient numerical methodology is proposed and validated against experimental data from the literature and from tests carried out by the authors. Although the methodology is not directly applied to a specific helicopter frame, the results and the discussion are potentially beneficial for the design of lightweight armour thus fitted for aeronautic purposes.
Surrogate Modeling Method Applied to a Typical Multivariable Structural Stress Evaluation Problem
Authors:   Bell Helicopter, Biron Guillaume , Lapalme Maxime , Ouellet Marc
Published: October 2024

In this paper, an application of surrogate modeling for the analysis of structural problems is presented. The case study of this paper, a tension joint, is analyzed using a parametric non-linear Finite Element (FE) model in order to gather data for the generation of the surrogate model. The data points are defined using a design of experiments based on Optimal Latin Hypercube Sampling and the surrogate model is generated using a kriging function. The resulting surrogate model is validated using FE results from a second design of experiments and by comparison with an analytical approach. The comparison between the kriging method and the analytical approach shows respectively an average error of 1.2% and 7.6% over the entire design space. The maximum error is respectively of 4.0% and 20.1%. This approach shows great promise for structural analysis as it can greatly reduce computational cost for the analysis of recurring problems. It is also easy to implement and can be used for complex structural problems.
An Approach to Military Airworthiness Certification of a Previously Developed Helicopter from a Flying Qualities Perspective
Authors:   The Boeing Company, Kangas Benjamin ,   AgustaWestland, Renier Bram , Disarufino Shawn
Published: October 2024

A type certificate has been issued to the ICH-47F Chinook helicopter by the Italian Ministry of Defense (MoD) following a comprehensive military airworthiness certification effort conducted jointly by AgustaWestland and Boeing. This paper presents the path to certification from the Flying Qualities perspective. The path presented begins with an overview of the Chinook and existing airworthiness standards. The challenge of applying modern requirements to an existing helicopter design is discussed along with the approach taken by the team to develop platform relevant requirements based on existing requirements. Following the definition of Flying Qualities certification requirements, the paper addresses verification methods, activities, and documentation. In conclusion, the paper reflects on the approach that led to the production of a complete certification compliance package within schedule and budget constraints.
A Dynamic Calibration Method for Experimental and Analytical Hub Load Comparison
Authors:   US Army Research Laboratory, Thornburgh Robert , Kreshock Andrew , Wilbur Matthew
Published: October 2024

This paper presents the results from an ongoing effort to produce improved correlation between analytical hub force and moment prediction and those measured during wind-tunnel testing on the Aeroelastic Rotor Experimental System (ARES), a conventional rotor testbed commonly used at the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT). A frequency-dependent transformation between loads at the rotor hub and outputs of the testbed balance is produced from frequency response functions measured during vibration testing of the system. The resulting transformation is used as a dynamic calibration of the balance to transform hub loads predicted by comprehensive analysis into predicted balance outputs. In addition to detailing the transformation process, this paper also presents a set of wind-tunnel test cases, with comparisons between the measured balance outputs and transformed predictions from the comprehensive analysis code CAMRAD II. The modal response of the testbed is discussed and compared to a detailed finite-element model. Results reveal that the modal response of the testbed exhibits a number of characteristics that make accurate dynamic balance predictions challenging, even with the use of the balance transformation.
Modern Testing Approaches Used to Characterize Dynamic Stall Regimes on Helicopter Airfoils
Authors:   University of Wyoming, Davidson Phillip , Naughton Jonathan , Sitaraman Jay
Published: October 2024

Three helicopter airfoils were selected to investigate an approach to characterize dynamic stall phenomena using unsteady pressure and phase-locked flow-field measurements. The entire process was designed to ensure low cost and time efficiency in performing many measurements over many airfoils. To achieve these requirements, many sections of the blade were manufactured using rapid prototyping, and pressure measurements for all airfoils were gathered through two remotely located electronic scanning pressure modules. A modern pressure correction method estimated the time accurate surface pressures, and the total uncertainty of the pressure measurements was determined. The pressure measurements agreed well with past surface mounted pressure transducer studies that showed strong dependence on surface location and flow conditions. By combining the pressure and flow-field results, differences in stall were observed between the three airfoils, and flow features responsible for these changes were identified. The result of this work suggest that this approach offers a means of rapidly acquiring information about specific airfoils with a level of detail sufficient for understanding the complex processes experienced by these airfoils.
A Rotor Tip Vortex Tracing Algorithm for Image Post-Processing
Authors:   US Army ADD/AFDD, Overmeyer Austin
Published: October 2024

A neurite tracing algorithm, originally developed for medical image processing, was used to trace the location of the rotor tip vortex in density gradient flow visualization images. The tracing algorithm was applied to several representative test images to form case studies. The accuracy of the tracing algorithm was compared to two current methods including a manual point and click method and a cross-correlation template method. It is shown that the neurite tracing algorithm can reduce the post-processing time to trace the vortex by a factor of 10 to 15 without compromising the accuracy of the tip vortex location compared to other methods presented in literature.
Thermo-mechanical Characterization and Analysis of the H-60 Lag Damper
Authors:   University of Maryland, Wereley Norman ,   Innovital Systems Inc., Kothera Curt ,   Naval Air Warfare Center, Semidey Roberto , Hu Wei , Ngatu Grum , Purekar Ashish , Phan Nam
Published: October 2024

The performance and characteristics of a full-scale H-60 hydraulic lag damper are investigated as a function of operating and environmental temperatures. Two full-scale hydraulic lag dampers were tested on an MTS servo-hydraulic testing machine in the Composites Research Laboratory of the Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center. The first was a damper with many flight hours, and the second was a new damper. Testing was performed under single frequency (lag mode frequency and rotor frequency) sinusoidal excitations at temperatures varying from -40 to +160°F. A hydro-mechanical analysis was then developed to predict the behavior of the hydraulic lag damper, and the analysis validated using experimentally measured data.
Design, Fabrication, Test, and Evaluation of Small-Scale Tiltrotor Whirl Flutter Wind Tunnel Models
Authors:   Penn State VLRCOE, Costa Guillermo , Kambampati Sandilya , Johnson Samuel , Smith Edward
Published: October 2024

Three generations of small, semispan, subscale tiltrotor wind tunnel models were designed, fabricated, and wind tunnel tested. The goal of this project was to develop a series of flutter tests at small scale and low cost that would experimentally validate a series of analytical models developed in-house; this required a wind tunnel model that had as low a flutter speed as was feasible, in order to permit it to be tested to the point of instability within the operating limits of the current facility. The first-generation model consisted of a hollow plastic wing rapid-prototyped from ABS plastic, with a three-bladed rotor consisting of constant-chord wooden blades. Five different configurations of this first-generation model were tested, but only one configuration exhibited whirl flutter within the test facility, at a speed of 115 ft/s; however, this configuration was only able to exhibit whirl flutter through the use of a one-pound steel mass mounted aft of the wing trailing edge. For the unstable configuration, the center of gravity (c.g.) of the aft-mass was located 5.5 in. aft of the wing elastic axis. The second-generation model used the same wing, but featured composite rotor blades; this second-generation model exhibited whirl flutter at a tunnel speed of 113 ft/s, but was also incapable of experiencing an instability without the use of the aft-mass. The third-generation model consisted of a composite wing and composite rotor blades, with an integrated wing spar that acted as a flexure; two configurations of this third-generation model exhibited whirl flutter within the test facility, at tunnel speeds of 95 and 105 ft/s, and showed excellent correlation with the analytical model.
TALOS: An Unmanned Cargo-Delivery System for Rotorcraft Landing to Unprepared Sites
Authors:   Aurora Flight Sciences, Paduano James ,   Near Earth Autonomy, Singh Sanjiv ,   Carnegie Mellon University, Scherer Sebastian ,   Applied Research Associates Inc., Dominguez Cindy ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mindell David ,   The Boeing Company, Cerchie Dino ,   Kutta Technologies Inc., Limbaugh Doug , Wissler John , Drozeski Graham , Piedmonte Michael , Dadkhah Navid , Francis Jim , Shortlidge Charles , Bold Jason , Langford Fritz , Chaoui Mark , Liu Cheng-Jen , Chamberlain Lyle , Hamner Brad , Cover Hugh , Stambler Adam , Singh Ayman , Nalbone Samuel , Bergerman Marcel , Choudhury Sanjiban , Maeta Silvio , Arora Sankalp , Maturana Daniel , Moon Brian , Strous Robert , Papautsky Lisa , Chu Bryan , Graham Jason , Cameron Christine , Hardesty Mark , Hehr Roger , Bona James , Barnhard David , Chessar Desare'a
Published: October 2024

The growing interest of rotary wing UAVs, for military and civilian applications, has encouraged designers to consider miniaturized configurations, more efficient in terms of endurance, payload capability and maneuverability. The purpose of this paper is to study a new configuration of coaxial rotor as applied to a micro aerial vehicle (MAV) with the intention to guarantee the vehicle maneuverability while removing unnecessary control surfaces which would increase wind gust sensitivity. Coaxial rotor configurations maximize the available rotor disk surface and allow for torque cancelation. Tilting rotors may allow for the vehicle control.
A Framework for Modeling Wind-Farm Wake Turbulence from a Database for Simulation and Analysis
Authors:   Florida Atlantic University, Schau Kyle , Gaonkar Gopal
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a mathematical framework for constructing interpretive autospectral models of wind-farm wake turbulence from a database; these models are in closed form, and the database refers to flow velocity points from experimental - wind-tunnel and full-scale, and computational fluid dynamics, investigations. The framework begins with a perturbation series expansion of the autocorrelations for all three velocity components; therein, the first term has a form of the von Karman longitudinal or lateral correlation function. These series are then transformed into equivalent series of autospectra, and the coefficients of the series are evaluated by satisfying the theoretical constraints and fitting a curve on a set of selected autospectral data points. The framework ensures that the developed models and the corresponding autospectral data points have the same time scale, mean square value (energy) and autospectral asymptotic decay according to the Kolmogorov -5/3 law. It is tested against a demanding database of wake turbulence inside a wind farm over a complex terrain, and the developed models are further tested as to their suitability for routine simulation through white-noise-driven filters. Generally, a two-term series is found to be adequate and the filter design is as routine as the currently used procedure for the von Karman models. The framework can be applied to any database, and this model development from a database represents a new and promising research avenue.
Development of a Quad-Rotor Biplane MAV with Enhanced Roll Control Authority in Fixed Wing Mode
Authors:   University of Maryland, Bogdanowicz Christopher , Hrishikeshavan Vikram , Chopra Inderjit
Published: October 2024

In order to ensure mission versatility, multi-role vehicles must be capable of vertical take-off and landings as well as rapid forward flights. In all flight modes, these vehicles must also have robust control systems in place. In this study, one such hybrid air vehicle, called the quad-rotor biplane is considered. It consists of four proprotors with two wings oriented in a biplane configuration. It was observed during forward flight that the baseline vehicle configuration suffers from a lack of sufficient roll control authority. This paper explores the deficiencies of the installed roll control method and investigates several other suitable control systems. These include a pair of pivoting wing tips, thrust vectoring via angled proprotors, and a variable collective pitch proprotor method. Roll moments were measured in a 6.25 m/s wind via a torque gauge and measured as much as 97% above baseline system roll magnitudes. It was found that by combining the angled proprotor and variable collective control, a 186% improvement in control authority could be achieved with an added benefit of improving the forward flight envelope from an advance ratio of 0.4 to an advance ratio of 1. This investigation will supply information to be utilized in the construction of a high-speed, high-endurance quad-rotor biplane micro air vehicle.
Rotor Performance of a Full-Scale Heated Tail Rotor
Authors:   The Boeing Company, Narducci Robert ,   Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., Wright Jason , Aubert Roger
Published: October 2024

A CFD approach using the NASA OVERFLOW code to predict the impact of ice accretion on a Bell 206 tail rotor is evaluated. The basis for the computational study is a test, conducted at the NASA Glenn Icing Research Wind Tunnel. The test acquired thrust and power measurements before, during, and after various ice accretion and blade heating cycles and also acquired ice shape geometric data from three-dimensional laser scans. For the CFD study, the measured ice shapes were utilized to develop computational grids and generate predicted results for thrust and power at various stages of ice accretion. It is shown that the computed results for the degraded performance are significantly different than the measurements. The lack of surface roughness modeling in the calculation is suspected to be a key contributor in the discrepancy.
Pilot Head and Body Vibration in Response to Main Rotor Track-And-Balance Tuning
Authors:   National Research Council of Canada, Craig G. , Wright-Beatty Heather , Alexander Marc , Keillor Jocelyn
Published: October 2024

While night vision goggles (NVG) have become an essential part of rotorcraft night flight operations for the military, there has been an increase in the reports of neck strain and neck pain in flight crews using the equipment. The neck is required to support the weight of the NVG on the helmet and is constantly stabilizing the head to counteract the helicopter vibrations. The current flight tests examined the magnitude of vibrations at the pilot's head while tuning or slightly de-tuning the track-and-balance of the main rotor on the NRC Bell 412 as well as measuring the physiological response of the pilot to the resulting vibration levels. While the minimal detuning of the main rotor increased the vibration of the helicopter (by about 0.006g), the increase in vibration at the pilots head was substantial (a 0.01g increase). Physiological measures showed increased heart rate and decreased tactile sensitivity as the helicopter vibration increased. While it is likely that the increased vibration resulting from poor rotor track-and-balance increases the level of neck strain on pilots, further research is required to determine the magnitude of these effects and the maximum safe exposure level.
Organ transplants and the cost-benefit of medical progress
Authors: Fiori Angelo
Published: October 2024

For some time now, the issue of organ transplants has been re-proposed to public opinion after a period of relative silence that followed the season of great interest that marked its beginnings. Attention is mainly focused, as in the past, on the difficulties in finding suitable donors and organs, which in our country make the statistics take a back seat, while elsewhere the numbers are growing and the results seem satisfactory.
Biology of sexual differentiation
Authors: De Marinis Laura , Barbarino Antonio , Serra Angelo
Published: October 2024

Recent advances in genetics, experimental endocrinology, molecular biology and biochemistry have provided new insights into the mechanisms and processes of sexual differentiation (DS). Some of these new findings have made it possible to elucidate particular clinical syndromes in their pathogenesis, while others have helped to determine where, how and when the normal process of DS can be altered.
Moral aspects of transsexualism
Authors: Sgreccia Elio
Published: October 2024

The issue of transsexuals has recently been brought to the public's attention after a number of medical-scientific centres conducted in-depth studies on forms of sexual anomalies (hermaphroditism, transsexualism) and initiated medical-surgical corrective interventions. As a result, the subject has imposed itself on legislators, provoked public opinion and psychological scholars, and obviously posed complex problems on a moral level.
Bioethics. Fundamentals and content
Authors: Sgreccia Elio
Published: October 2024

Not available.
Ethical aspects of prenatal diagnostics
Authors: Caffarra Carlo
Published: October 2024

Not available.
The outcomes of an audiological management programme for neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Matshete Moleboge M. , Govender Samantha , Ntuli Sam T.
Published: October 2024

Background: Hyperbilirubinaemia is a contributing condition to the prevalence of neonatal hearing loss. Because of its pathophysiology, the use of Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and Automated Auditory Brainstem Response (AABR) testing is essential in diagnosing hearing loss. Two-tier screening models are typically used in developing world contexts; however, a combined approach to testing (using both tests) should be used for early detection. Blood serum levels should also be monitored to determine how they impact audiological test results.Objectives: To determine the outcomes of using a combined testing approach of both OAE and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) for both screening and diagnostic testing of neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia and studying the relationship between the test results and the serum bilirubin levels.Method: A cross-sectional, comparative design was utilised. Forty neonates were tested (80 ears). Neonates underwent hearing screening and diagnostic testing (ABR and/or AABR and DPOAE tests). The study was conducted at a hospital in South Africa.Results: One-third (32.5%) of the neonates had comorbidities. Screening results indicated that the AABR test could identify more cases of abnormalities than DPOAEs (p = 0.001). Participants with a serum level greater than 10 mg/dL presented with abnormal diagnostic ABR test results while passing the DPOAE test (p  0.001).Conclusion: Combined use of ABR and DPOAE testing yielded a greater identification of auditory pathology than using either test alone. Serum bilirubin levels can be used as an indicator for combination testing.Contribution: Combined use of ABR and DPOAE testing leads to greater identification of auditory pathology.
Use of Naturally Sourced Ergogenic Products and their Effects on Athletes and Physically Active Individuals: A Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Yizhong Wang , Ludin Arimi Fitri Mat , Jamil Nor Aini , Yingshi Chen
Published: October 2024

The global rise in sports participation has sparked a significant interest in ergogenic products, particularly those naturally sourced ergogenic products, due to their potential benefits in enhancing athletic performance and recovery. Despite the growing use of these products, challenges exist in standardization, dosage, and evidence-based recommendations. This scoping review aims to address these issues by systematically examining the use of naturally sourced ergogenic products and their effects on athletes and physically active individuals. The review follows Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, incorporating stages of identifying research questions, relevant studies, study selection, charting information, summarizing results, and consulting stakeholders. Article search will be done on PubMed, SCOPUS, WOS, Sport Discuss, and CNKI. Athlete, exercise, sport and ergogenic aid are the keywords to be used. The review will include experimental and cross-sectional studies focusing on active individuals and athletes. Studies involving ordinary people, older adults, patients, and animals will be excluded. The literature will be analyzed to provide an overview of the general characteristics of these studies, focusing on sources and types, timing, dosage, and effects of naturally sourced ergogenic products. This scoping review will systematically synthesize knowledge regarding the sources, types, timing, and dosing of the naturally sourced ergogenic products consumed by athletes and physically active individuals. The review will also report any side effects and suggest the direction of future studies related to this area. This protocol is registered on OSF osf.io/jp3nm.
Pilot Study to Evaluate Patients’ Understanding of Key Terms and Aspects of Antimicrobial Use in a Rural Province in South Africa Findings and Implications
Authors: Sono Tiyani Milta , Mboweni Veronica , Jelić Ana Golić , Campbell Stephen M , Marković-Peković Vanda , Ramdas Nishana , Schellack Natalie , Kumar Santosh , Godman Brian , Meyer Johanna C
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern, necessitating the understanding of utilisation patterns and their rationale. Pilot studies have been conducted in a rural province in South Africa to determine the extent of self-purchasing of antibiotics by patients from independent and chain pharmacies. It is imperative to understand the extent of knowledge and concerns of patients regarding the key aspects of antibiotic use and AMR, and potential language barriers, when pharmacists and their assistants are discussing the key aspects with patients. Consequently, the aim was to pre-test a patient questionnaire translated in three native languages building on the findings from the English language pilot.

Materials and Methods:

The English patient questionnaire (Parts 1 and 2) was translated to Sepedi, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. In total 30 patients were interviewed (5/language for Part 1 and Part 2 respectively) when leaving 10 chain and independent pharmacies. This was followed by interviews with patients to evaluate their understanding of questions and key concepts.

Results:

Eleven of 15 patients interviewed for Part 1 received antibiotics, including 8 without a prescription. Only independent pharmacies (8/10) dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions. Interviews revealed concerns about antibiotic knowledge and AMR and that certain terms including ‘antibiotic’ and ‘AMR’ posed challenges with patient understanding of the purpose of antibiotics. For instance, one patient self-purchased antibiotics for ‘cleansing’ of sexually transmitted infections. The questionnaires in the native languages were subsequently revised so that explanations for terms, including ‘antibiotic’ and ‘AMR’ will be provided in the main study.

Conclusion:

Similar to the previous pilot studies, self-purchasing of antibiotics was observed among independent pharmacies, although at varying rates, with similar indications. Continued health literacy education for pharmacists and patients, especially with native language communication, are needed to address current challenges and will be explored in the main study.
Pediatric Dental Care and Antibiotics: A Comprehensive Update
Authors: Barot Gunjan , Patel Megha , Makwani Disha , Patel Chhaya , Bhatt Rohan
Published: October 2024

Antimicrobial agents, a foundational component of contemporary medical practice, have significantly transformed the management of microbial infections, effectively protecting human well-being and prolonging life expectancy. Nevertheless, this extraordinary advancement faces a mounting challenge in the form of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ongoing evolution of microorganisms to withstand the impact of these substances has led to a decline in the efficacy of formerly dependable treatments, thereby presenting a critical menace to medical progress and prompting an exigent need for action. This paper undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the utilisation and correct application of antimicrobials within the context of paediatric dental healthcare. By meticulously examining the intricate interplay between therapeutic efficacy and the emergence of AMR, the overview delves into the pivotal function these agents fulfil in both preventing and treating dental infections in young patients. In addition, this update sheds light on the potential repercussions stemming from improper prescription practices, unwarranted overutilisation and insufficient adherence to established guidelines.
Mountain pass frozen planet orbits in the helium atom model
Authors: Baranzini Stefano , Canneori Gian Marco , Terracini Susanna
Published: October 2024

We seek frozen planet orbits for the helium atom through an application of the mountain pass lemma to the Lagrangian action functional. Our method applies to a wide class of gravitational-like interaction potentials, thus generalising the results in Cieliebak, Frauenfelder, and Volkov [Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré C Anal. Non Linéaire 40 (2023), 379–455]. We also let the charges of the two electrons tend to zero and perform an asymptotic analysis to prove convergence to a limit trajectory having a collision-reflection singularity between the electrons.
Analysis on the derivative of the discriminant polynomial for the critical almost Mathieu operator
Authors: Sun Hao
Published: October 2024

This article first introduces the discriminant polynomial and the central spectral band of the critical almost Mathieu operator. The Hardy–Littlewood method and the symbolic coding of continued fractions are introduced and applied to estimate the first-order and the second-order derivatives of the discriminant polynomial. Finally, these results are applied to obtain a lower bound for the measure of the central spectral band.
Correlations of pre- and post-operative symptoms with cytokines in different phenotypes and endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Han S A , Cha H , Park J-A , Jo A , Kim D W , Ryu H T , Yang S K , Hong S-N , Kim J Y , Oh S H , Kim D W
Published: October 2024

Background: Recognising inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has become more important, especially with the advent of biological treatments. In this study, we investigated the correlations of pre- and post-operative symptoms with cytokine positivity in different endotypes and phenotypes of CRS. Methodology: In total, 102 patients undergoing routine functional endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled. The endotype classification (type 1, 2, or 3 CRS) was defined based on positivity for interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, or IL-17 respectively, in sinonasal tissue samples. Clinical symptom scores were evaluated pre- and post-operatively using the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test and its four symptom subdomains: sleep, nasal, otologic/facial symptoms, and emotional function. Symptoms were compared between endotypes and phenotypes, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) based on principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The correlations of cytokine levels with baseline symptoms and changes in symptoms after 1 year were analysed. Results: Symptoms in the otologic/facial pain category were associated with non-type 2 endotypes in PCA and confirmatory analysis. Non-type 2 CRS patients exhibited significantly more improvement in facial symptoms 1 year after surgery. Neutrophil-associated cytokines, such as IL-17, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and myeloperoxidase, were significantly correlated with baseline otologic/facial pain symptoms and changes in those symptoms after surgery. Conclusions: Otologic/facial pain symptoms may be indicative of non-type 2 endotypes. Neutrophil-associated cytokines, such as IL-17, MMP-9, and MPO, were significantly correlated with these symptoms. The establishment of links between specific symptoms and certain cytokines may help use and develop biological therapies for CRS.
Omalizumab reduces allergic rhinitis symptoms due to Japanese cedar pollen by improving eosinophilic inflammation
Authors: Hirano K , Suzaki I , Okuzawa N , Oki A , Otani Y , Takeuchi M , Minoura A , Murakami K , Ihara Y , Kato H , Watanabe Y , Shimane T
Published: October 2024

Seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by Japanese cedar pollen (SAR-JCP) is a serious social problem in Japan, affecting 38.8% of the population (1). Omalizumab, a recombinant humanised monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody, reduces serum-free IgE levels by 84–99% (2). The reduction of serum-free IgE levels induced by omalizumab ultimately downregulates FcεRI expression in basophils and mast cells (3). Omalizumab significantly reduces nasal symptoms and improves the quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis (4,5); however, other than a decrease in free IgE, its biomarker activity is unclear. Allergic rhinitis reactions are more pronounced in nasal secretions and mucosa than in serum; however, no studies have examined the changes in proteins in nasal secretions after omalizumab administration. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the pathophysiology of the effect of omalizumab. This may serve as a basis for the identification of new biomarkers through the examination of proinflammatory proteins in nasal secretions, which may reflect the pathophysiology more accurately than peripheral blood.
Ligation of anterior ethmoidal artery nasal branch: anatomical-based management of recalcitrant epistaxis
Authors: Vinciguerra A , Daloiso A , Dohin I , Boaria F , Marc M , Ferrari M , Verillaud B , Chatelet F , Herman P
Published: October 2024

Recurrent epistaxis, despite conservative therapies (i.e. nasal packing or direct vessel coagulation), is generally treated with ligation of the sphenopalatine artery (SPA). Indeed, the rationale behind SPA ligation lies in its ability to disrupt arterial blood supply to the nasal mucosa, thereby reducing the likelihood of recurrent bleeding episodes (1). Nevertheless, in some cases, nosebleeds persist despite appropriate SPA ligation, opening discussion of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) contribution in recalcitrant epistaxis that, for some authors, is up to 28.8% (2). From an anatomical point of view, the AEA leaves the orbital cavity and passes the ethmoidal roof through the ethmoidal canal, before entering inside the anterior cranial fossa via the lateral lamella (3). Endocranially, the AEA gives posterior branches which vascularize the anterior cribriform plate, whereas its many trunk continues anteriorly and divides into two branches: the anterior meningeal branch, and a second vessel that enters inside the nasal fossa through the cribroethmoidal foramen located 2.86 ± 1.93 mm (range, 1-7 mm) (4) anteriorly to the first olfactory phylum, giving rise to the so-called nasal branch (NbAEA) (5).
Analysis of nasal fracture management and subsequent surgical outcomes across demographics
Authors: Karasik D , Politano S , O’Neil T J , Baglam T , Rabbani C C , Thuener J
Published: October 2024

Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial injury and can pose significant long-term challenges if not diagnosed and treated correctly at the time of presentation, including, but not limited to, septal hematoma, infection, epistaxis, persistent nasal deformity, nasolacrimal injury, deviated septum, and even mental health issues as serious as post-traumatic stress disorder as persistent complications (1-4). Optimal management remains controversial and subjective based on the clinician’s judgment, with many factors playing a role in the provider’s decision, including the timing of treatment, the choice between foregoing treatment or choosing to undergo a closed or open reduction, and how to manage subsequent revision surgeries if necessary (5-7).
Guidelines for Harness Critical Clamp Locator Marker Installation on Electrical Cable Assemblies
Authors:   AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Published: October 2024

This ARP specifies the recommended methods of marking electrical wiring and harnesses to aid in the positioning/routing of electrical wiring, harnesses and cable assemblies.
Measurement of Interior Sound Levels of Light Vehicles
Authors:   Light Vehicle Exterior Sound Level Standards Committee
Published: October 2024

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test procedure, environment, instrumentation, and data analyses for comparing interior sound level of passenger cars, multipurpose vehicles, and light trucks having gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4540 kg (10 000 lb) or less.

The test procedure is characterized by having fixed initial conditions (specified initial vehicle speed and gear selection at the starting point on the test site) to obtain vehicle interior sound measurement during road load operation over various road surfaces at specified constant speeds.

The measurement data so derived is useful for vehicle engineering development and analysis.
VIII CONGRESSO NACIONAL E IV INTERNACIONAL DE ONCOLOGIA
Authors: Unimontes Ciêntífica Revista
Published: October 2024

"Foi uma verdadeira honra novamente presidir o VIII Congresso Nacional e IV Internacional de Oncologia e Cuidados Paliativos, evento tão importante de saúde que já conquistou espaço no calendário nacional. Prova disso é que tivemos inscritos de 15 estados brasileiros.  Este ano a programação se fez muito especial em comemoração aos 25 anos do Hospital Oncovida e 20 anos da Associação Presente, destacando a inovação no tratamento do câncer em 5 eixos afins. O  congresso de altíssimo nível científico aconteceu esse ano no Lilia Buffet, em Montes Claros entre os dias 22 e 24 de agosto de 2024. Ocorreu também um pré-congresso no dia 22/08/24 no Hospice Jesuína Rosa Silva. Foram cerca de 30 renomados palestrantes nacionais e 3 internacionais com o primeiro dia dedicado a temas relevantes às melhores práticas clínicas acerca do câncer. Já no segundo dia, o foco foi a medicina paliativa e sua entrega de alívio profundo do sofrimento humano. Contamos também com a exposição presencial e online de participantes que apresentaram trabalhos científicos selecionados pela Comissão Avaliadora, devidamente publicados nos Anais do Evento, na Revista Unimontes Científica. Essa edição reuniu profissionais e acadêmicos de saúde como médicos, enfermeiros, psicólogos, dentistas, nutricionistas, fisioterapeutas, profissionais de educação física, entre outros, tendo como foco mais o ser humano e sua biografia do que a doença e sua biologia.   Finalmente agradeço a todos os congressistas que a cada ano comparecem em maior número e em maior satisfação, o que nos faz acreditar no nosso modelo de congresso onde todos ganham em irmanar conhecimento e respeito ao sagrado do outro."
 

MsC. Príscila Bernardina Miranda Soares
                                                                          Organizadora e Presidente do evento
RIVERS AS A PART OF URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AND URBAN SEMIOTICS
Authors:   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia, Jaššo Matej , Husár Milan ,   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Published: October 2024

Rivers play a crucial role in spatial planning, urban sustainability and semiotics, shaping the identity and development of cities. This paper explores the interaction between urban rivers and city planning, focusing on the cases of HafenCity in Hamburg and Eurovea in Bratislava. It examines how rivers contribute to urban sustainability by providing ecological benefits, enhancing microclimates and supporting biodiversity, leading to improvements in livability and quality of life. Additionally, it discusses the semiotic significance of rivers, highlighting their role in shaping the social and cultural identity of urban areas. The paper also addresses the challenges of managing urban rivers, such as pollution and habitat degradation and emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in urban redevelopment projects. Through a thorough analysis of HafenCity and Eurovea, the paper demonstrates how integrating rivers into urban planning can create vibrant, sustainable, and resilient urban environments.