bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causability and explainability of artificial intelligence in medicine
Authors: Holzinger Andreas , Langs Georg , Denk Helmut , Zatloukal Kurt , Müller Heimo
Published: April 2019

Explainable artificial intelligence (AI) is attracting much interest in medicine. Technically, the problem of explainability is as old as AI itself and classic AI represented comprehensible retraceable approaches. However, their weakness was in dealing with uncertainties of the real world. Through the introduction of probabilistic learning, applications became increasingly successful, but increasingly opaque. Explainable AI deals with the implementation of transparency and traceability of statistical black‐box machine learning methods, particularly deep learning (DL). We argue that there is a need to go beyond explainable AI. To reach a level of explainable medicine we need causability. In the same way that usability encompasses measurements for the quality of use, causability encompasses measurements for the quality of explanations. In this article, we provide some necessary definitions to discriminate between explainability and causability as well as a use‐case of DL interpretation and of human explanation in histopathology. The main contribution of this article is the notion of causability, which is differentiated from explainability in that causability is a property of a person, while explainability is a property of a system

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction
Reactions of Organic Azides with Half‐sandwich Complexes of Iridium: Preparation of Mono‐ and Bis(imine) Derivatives
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Castro Jesús , Sibilla Francesca
Published: April 2019

Imine complexes [IrCl(η5‐C5Me5){κ1‐NH=C(H)Ar}{P(OR)3}]BPh4 (1, 2) (Ar = C6H5, 4‐CH3C6H4; R = Me, Et) were prepared by allowing chloro complexes [IrCl2(η5‐C5Me5){P(OR)3}] to react with benzyl azides ArCH2N3. Bis(imine) complexes [Ir(η5‐C5Me5){κ1‐NH=C(H)Ar}2{P(OR)3}](BPh4)2 (3, 4) were also prepared by reacting [IrCl2(η5‐C5Me5){P(OR)3}] first with AgOTf and then with benzyl azide. Depending on the experimental conditions, treatment of the dinuclear complex [IrCl2(η5‐C5Me5)]2 with benzyl azide yielded mono‐ [IrCl2(η5‐C5Me5){κ1‐NH=C(H)Ar}] (5) and bis‐[IrCl(η5‐C5Me5){κ1‐NH=C(H)Ar}2]BPh4 (6) imine derivatives. In contrast, treatment of chloro complexes [IrCl2(η5‐C5Me5){P(OR)3}] with phenyl azide C6H5N3 gave amine derivatives [IrCl(η5‐C5Me5)(C6H5NH2){P(OR)3}]BPh4 (7, 8). The complexes were characterized spectroscopically (IR, NMR) and by X‐ray crystal structure determination of [IrCl(η5‐C5Me5){κ1‐NH=C(H)C6H4‐4‐CH3}{P(OEt)3}]BPh4 (2b).
Exact summation of leading infrared logarithms in 2D effective field theories
Authors: Linzen Jonas , Polyakov Maxim V. , Semenov-Tian-Shansky Kirill M. , Sokolova Nika S.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

A method of exact all-order summation of leading infrared logarithms in two dimensional massless Φ4-type non-renormalizable effective field theories (EFTs) is developed. The method is applied to the O(N)-symmetric EFT, which is a two-dimensional sibling of the four dimensional O(N + 1)/O(N) sigma-model. For the first time the exact all-order summation of the (E
2ln(1/E))
n
contributions (chiral logarithms) for the 2 → 2 scattering amplitudes is performed in closed analytical form. The cases when the resulting amplitudes turn to be meromorphic functions with an infinite number of poles (Landau poles) are identified. This provides the first explicit example of quasi-renormalizable field theories.
Entanglement and chaos in warped conformal field theories
Authors: Apolo Luis , He Song , Song Wei , Xu Jianfei , Zheng Junjie
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Various aspects of warped conformal field theories (WCFTs) are studied including entanglement entropy on excited states, the Rényi entropy after a local quench, and out-of-time-order four-point functions. Assuming a large central charge and dominance of the vacuum block in the conformal block expansion, (i) we calculate the single-interval entanglement entropy on an excited state, matching previous finite temperature results by changing the ensemble; and (ii) we show that WCFTs are maximally chaotic, a result that is compatible with the existence of black holes in the holographic duals. Finally, we relax the aforementioned assumptions and study the time evolution of the Rényi entropy after a local quench. We find that the change in the Rényi entropy is topological, vanishing at early and late times, and nonvanishing in between only for charged states in spectrally-flowed WCFTs.
Laparoscopic versus hybrid approach for treatment of incisional ventral hernia: a prospective randomised multicentre study, 1-year results
Authors: Ahonen-Siirtola Mirella , Nevala Terhi , Vironen Jaana , Kössi Jyrki , Pinta Tarja , Niemeläinen Susanna , Keränen Ulla , Ward Jaana , Vento Pälvi , Karvonen Jukka , Ohtonen Pasi , Mäkelä Jyrki , Rautio Tero
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Laparoscopic incisional ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) is often followed by seroma formation, bulging and failure to restore abdominal wall function. These outcomes are risk factors for hernia recurrence, chronic pain and poor quality of life (QoL). We aimed to evaluate whether LIVHR combined with defect closure (hybrid) follows as a diminished seroma formation and thereby has a lower rate of hernia recurrence and chronic pain compared to standard LIVHR.

Methods

This study is a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. From November 2012 to May 2015, 193 patients undergoing LIVHR for primary incisional hernia with fascial defect size from 2 to 7 cm were recruited in 11 Finnish hospitals. Patients were randomised to either a laparoscopic (LG) or a hybrid (HG) repair group. The main outcome measure was hernia recurrence, evaluated clinically and radiologically at a 1-year follow-up visit. At the same time, chronic pain scores and QoL were also measured.

Results

At the 1-year-control visit, we found no difference in hernia recurrence between the study groups. Altogether, 11 recurrent hernias were found in ultrasound examination, producing a recurrence rate of 6.4%. Of these recurrences, 6 (6.7%) were in the LG group and 5 (6.1%) were in the HG group (p > 0.90). The visual analogue scores for pain were low in both groups; the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) was 1.5 in LG and 1.4 in HG (p = 0.50). QoL improved significantly comparing preoperative status to 1 year after operation in both groups since the bodily pain score increased by 7.8 points (p < 0.001) and physical functioning by 4.3 points (p = 0.014).

Conclusion

Long-term follow-up is needed to demonstrate the potential advantage of a hybrid operation with fascial defect closure. Both techniques had low hernia recurrence rates 1 year after operation. LIVHR reduces chronic pain and physical impairment and improves QoL.

Trial Registry: Clinical trial number NCT02542085.
Neuroimaging biomarkers for clinical trials in atypical parkinsonian disorders: Proposal for a Neuroimaging Biomarker Utility System
Authors: van Eimeren Thilo , Antonini Angelo , Berg Daniela , Bohnen Nico , Ceravolo Roberto , Drzezga Alexander , Höglinger Günter U. , Higuchi Makoto , Lehericy Stephane , Lewis Simon , Monchi Oury , Nestor Peter , Ondrus Matej , Pavese Nicola , Peralta María Cecilia , Piccini Paola , Pineda‐Pardo José Ángel , Rektorová Irena , Rodríguez‐Oroz María , Rominger Axel , Seppi Klaus , Stoessl A. Jon , Tessitore Alessandro , Thobois Stephane , Kaasinen Valtteri , Wenning Gregor , Siebner Hartwig R. , Strafella Antonio P. , Rowe James B. ,   MDS Neuroimaging Study Group and the JPND Working Group ASAP‐SynTau
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Therapeutic strategies targeting protein aggregations are ready for clinical trials in atypical parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, there is an urgent need for neuroimaging biomarkers to help with the early detection of neurodegenerative processes, the early differentiation of the underlying pathology, and the objective assessment of disease progression. However, there currently is not yet a consensus in the field on how to describe utility of biomarkers for clinical trials in atypical parkinsonian disorders.

Methods

To promote standardized use of neuroimaging biomarkers for clinical trials, we aimed to develop a conceptual framework to characterize in more detail the kind of neuroimaging biomarkers needed in atypical parkinsonian disorders, identify the current challenges in ascribing utility of these biomarkers, and propose criteria for a system that may guide future studies.

Results

As a consensus outcome, we describe the main challenges in ascribing utility of neuroimaging biomarkers in atypical parkinsonian disorders, and we propose a conceptual framework that includes a graded system for the description of utility of a specific neuroimaging measure. We included separate categories for the ability to accurately identify an intention‐to‐treat patient population early in the disease (Early), to accurately detect a specific underlying pathology (Specific), and the ability to monitor disease progression (Progression).

Discussion

We suggest that the advancement of standardized neuroimaging in the field of atypical parkinsonian disorders will be furthered by a well‐defined reference frame for the utility of biomarkers. The proposed utility system allows a detailed and graded description of the respective strengths of neuroimaging biomarkers in the currently most relevant areas of application in clinical trials.
Rhodes 1306–1423: the landscape evidence and Latin-Greek cohabitation
Authors: Heslop Michael
Published: April 2019

This article focuses on what hitherto unpublished land grant documents from the Malta archives of the Order of St John tell us about the countryside of Rhodes during the fourteenth century. In so doing, an attempt is made to discern trends in various aspects of these land grants, utilizing quantitative weightings where possible. We see that the relationship between the Latins and the Greeks in fourteenth century Rhodes was on the whole amicable and mutually rewarding. The countryside of Rhodes appears to have enjoyed one of the more harmonious relationships between Latins and Greeks to be found in the post-1204 Byzantine world.
A conditional space–time POD formalism for intermittent and rare events: example of acoustic bursts in turbulent jets
Authors: Schmidt Oliver T. , Schmid Peter J.
Published: April 2019

We present a conditional space–time proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) formulation that is tailored to the eduction of the average, rare or intermittent events from an ensemble of realizations of a fluid process. By construction, the resulting spatio-temporal modes are coherent in space and over a predefined finite time horizon, and optimally capture the variance, or energy of the ensemble. For the example of intermittent acoustic radiation from a turbulent jet, we introduce a conditional expectation operator that focuses on the loudest events, as measured by a pressure probe in the far field and contained in the tail of the pressure signal’s probability distribution. Applied to high-fidelity simulation data, the method identifies a statistically significant ‘prototype’, or average acoustic burst event that is tracked over time. Most notably, the burst event can be traced back to its precursor, which opens up the possibility of prediction of an imminent burst. We furthermore investigate the mechanism underlying the prototypical burst event using linear stability theory and find that its structure and evolution are accurately predicted by optimal transient growth theory. The jet-noise problem demonstrates that the conditional space–time POD formulation applies even for systems with probability distributions that are not heavy-tailed, i.e. for systems in which events overlap and occur in rapid succession.
Adapting Very Brief Advice (VBA) on smoking for use in low-resource settings: experience from the FRESH AIR project
Authors: McEwen Andy , Pooler Jill , Lionis Christos , Papadakis Sophia , Tsiligianni Ioanna , Anastasaki Marilena , An Pham Le , Vinh Nguyen Nhu , Binh Pham Duong Uyen , Quỳnh Nguyĕn Nhật , Tuãn Trãn Diêp , Talant Sooronbaev , Tabyshova Aizhamal , Beyshenbekova Alina , Marazhapov Nuriddin , Sheraliev Ulan
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Very Brief Advice (VBA) on smoking is an evidence-based intervention and a recommended clinical practice for all healthcare professionals in the UK.

Aims

We report on experience from the FRESH AIR project in adapting the VBA model and training in three low-resource settings: Greece, Vietnam and Kyrgyzstan.

Methods

Using a participatory research process, UK experts and local stakeholders conducted an environmental scan and needs assessment to examine the VBA intervention model, training materials and recommend adaptations to the local context. Two VBA training sessions were piloted in each country to inform adaptation. A final training tool kit was developed in the local language.

Results

In each country, the VBA on smoking intervention model remained primarily intact. The lack of a formal smoking cessation system to refer motivated clients in two countries required adaptation of the ACT component of the model. A range of local adaptations to the training resources were made in all three countries to ensure cultural appropriateness as well as enhance key messages including expanding training on nicotine addiction, second-hand smoke and pharmacotherapy.

Conclusions

Implementation of VBA requires sensitive, collaborative, local and cultural adaptation if it is to be achieved successfully.

Trial registration

Trial ID# NTR5759

Critical appraisal tools

The Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies (StaRI) statement: https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stari-statement/
AN ABSTRACT ELEMENTARY CLASS NONAXIOMATIZABLE IN
Authors: HENRY SIMON
Published: April 2019

We show that for any uncountable cardinal λ, the category of sets of cardinality at least λ and monomorphisms between them cannot appear as the category of points of a topos, in particular is not the category of models of a ${L_{\infty ,\omega }}$-theory. More generally we show that for any regular cardinal $\kappa < \lambda$ it is neither the category of κ-points of a κ-topos, in particular, nor the category of models of a ${L_{\infty ,\kappa }}$-theory.

The proof relies on the construction of a categorified version of the Scott topology, which constitute a left adjoint to the functor sending any topos to its category of points and the computation of this left adjoint evaluated on the category of sets of cardinality at least λ and monomorphisms between them. The same techniques also apply to a few other categories. At least to the category of vector spaces of with bounded below dimension and the category of algebraic closed fields of fixed characteristic with bounded below transcendence degree.
Serum folate concentrations at diagnosis are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma survival in the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort study
Authors: Fang Ai-Ping , Liu Zhao-Yan , Liao Gong-Cheng , Chen Pei-Yan , Wang Xiao-Yan , Zhang Dao-Ming , Luo Yun , Long Jing-An , Zhong Rong-Huan , Zhou Zhong-Guo , Xu Yan-Jun , Xu Xiao-Jun , Ling Wen-Hua , Chen Min-Shan , Zhang Yao-Jun , Zhu Hui-Lian
Published: April 2019

Existing data on folate status and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis are scarce. We prospectively examined whether serum folate concentrations at diagnosis were associated with liver cancer-specific survival (LCSS) and overall survival (OS) among 982 patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated HCC, who were enrolled in the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort (GLCC) study between September 2013 and February 2017. Serum folate concentrations were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI by sex-specific quartile of serum folate. Compared with patients in the third quartile of serum folate, patients in the lowest quartile had significantly inferior LCSS (HR = 1·48; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·09) and OS (HR = 1·43; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·99) after adjustment for non-clinical and clinical prognostic factors. The associations were not significantly modified by sex, age at diagnosis, alcohol drinking status and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage. However, there were statistically significant interactions on both multiplicative and additive scale between serum folate and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels or smoking status and the associations of lower serum folate with worse LCSS and OS were only evident among patients with CRP > 3·0 mg/l or current smokers. An inverse association with LCSS were also observed among patients with liver damage score ≥3. These results suggest that lower serum folate concentrations at diagnosis are independently associated with worse HCC survival, most prominently among patients with systemic inflammation and current smokers. A future trial of folate supplementation seems to be promising in HCC patients with lower folate status.
Impact of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D on cardiac prognosis in Chinese patients with heart failure
Authors: Hou Ya-Min , Zhao Jian-Ye , Liu Hong-Yan
Published: April 2019

There is growing evidence that suggests the association of vitamin D status with the development and progression of heart failure (HF). The objective of the present study is to assess the impact of concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) on cardiac prognosis in patients with HF. Between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016, we consecutively recruited patients with HF. Patients were followed prospectively for a median duration of 1 year. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D was measured with competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay. The endpoints were cardiac events, including CVD death and rehospitalisation for worsening HF. Univariate and multivariable adjustments were performed with Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses. The 25(OH)D concentration was obtained in 343 patients with a median value of 17·4 (interquartile range 12·6–23·4) ng/ml. There were 102 cardiac events, including forty-three deaths and fifty-nine rehospitalisations. Multivariate Cox hazard analysis found that the serum concentration 25(OH)D was independently associated with cardiac events (hazard ratio 0·93, 95 % CI 0·88, 0·97) and CVD mortality (hazard ratio 0·83; 95 % CI 0·77, 0·89) after adjustment for confounding factors. We divided the HF patients into four groups according to the 25(OH)D quartiles. Kaplan–Meier analysis found that the patients with lower serum 25(OH)D concentration had a higher risk of cardiac events or CVD mortality than those with high serum 25(OH)D concentration (log-rank test P < 0·001 and P = 0·032). Decreased serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were associated with cardiac prognosis and CVD mortality in a Chinese population with HF independent of other baseline HF markers.
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Trautmann Thomas R.
Published: April 2019

POWER FLOWER Imperial science and its collaborations, its landscapes, and its audiences is the theme of many interesting studies of late, including several pieces in this journal, such as Robert Shanafelt, “How Charles Darwin Got Emotional Expression out of South Africa (and the People who Helped Him)” (2003: 783–814), and Saul Dubow, “Earth History, Natural History, and Prehistory at the Cape, 1860–1875” (2004: 107–33). The first essay examines the practice and narrativizing of flower-collecting under imperial conditions.
The King v. Robert James, a Slave, for Rape: Inequality, Gender, and British Slave Amelioration, 1823–1834
Authors: Newton Melanie J.
Published: April 2019

In December 1832, less than a year before the British Parliament passed the first imperial slave emancipation bill, an all-white jury in the British Caribbean colony of Barbados convicted a black, enslaved man named Robert James of having robbed and sexually violated Margaret Higginbotham, an impoverished white widow and mother. Since Robert James was a black man accused of raping a white woman the jury's decision could hardly have surprised anyone and his rapid dispatch by a hangman must have been universally expected.
Michael W. Young. Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist 1884–1920. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
Authors: Kahn Miriam
Published: April 2019

Ever since the 1967 posthumous publication of parts of Malinowski's field diaries (A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term), the legendary ethnographer has been the subject of a dual fascination—of interest because of both his pioneering ethnographic work and also for what we learned from his diaries about his complex psyche. The disparity between Malinowski's productive public persona and his tormented private soul has puzzled anthropologists ever since. Now, with the publication of Michael Young's Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884–1920, we need no longer rely on our own flights of fancy to imagine the totality of Malinowski.
Who Is the Soldier? Documenting American “Grunts” from Dispatches to Restrepo
Authors: CAWLEY CAITLIN
Published: April 2019

This article compares the ways Michael Herr in Dispatches (1977) and Tim Hetherington and Sebastian Junger in Restrepo (2010) represent American soldiers in the context of military professionalization following the establishment of the AVF. These works are seminal landmarks of the grunt's-eye-view genre, but they produce the average soldier's subjectivity and identity very differently and, in turn, foster different relationships between their American audiences and this figure. Herr, I argue, represents the “grunts” of Vietnam as we all while Restrepo’s directors portray the Army platoon in Afghanistan as a collective who?. I show how the subtle aesthetic changes to documenting the average infantryman reflect and enforce the logics of professionalization as well as the intensifying distance between the American public and those who fight America's wars.
Assessing ototoxicity and patients’ satisfaction of topical local anaesthesia in myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion
Authors: Marzouk S , Al-lami A , Sykes R , Neumann C , Nixon I J
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Animal studies have suggested that exposure of the middle ear to topical local anaesthesia may be ototoxic. This study aimed to report sensorineural hearing outcomes and patients’ satisfaction in those who underwent myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion using topical local anaesthesia.

Methods

Twenty-nine patients (32 ears) were operated on. Pre- and post-operative audiology findings were compared. A Likert-type questionnaire on treatment satisfaction was completed at the end of the procedure.

Results

Median patient age was 55 years (range, 27–88 years). Pre- and post-operative bone conduction pure tone averages were 26.76 dB and 25.26 dB respectively (mean reduction of −1.22 dB, 95 per cent confidence interval of −5.91 to 8.13 dB; p = 0.7538). One ear (3 per cent) had a reduction in pure tone average of 10 dB.

Conclusion

The results suggest that sensorineural hearing loss is not a complication of ear exposure to topical local anaesthesia during myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion. The procedure was well perceived.
Unwillingness and Imagination in Frederick Douglass'sThe Heroic Slave
Authors: Bennett Nolan
Published: April 2019

Frederick Douglass testified often to his experiences and the injustice of slavery. Yet how did he explain those who were unmoved, and what did he envision as compelling them to act? I turn toThe Heroic Slaveto investigate Douglass on white unwillingness. A fictional account of the factual mutiny of the enslaved Madison Washington in 1841, Douglass's novella narrates Washington's emancipation through the perspectives of a white northerner and southerner who waver in response to testimony when confronted by the spaces and scripts of white society. Although Douglass suggests that friendship may encourage whites, I find in the story's contents as well as its publication a heroic imagination in which black resistance is inevitable and natural, independent of white alliance, opposition, and judgment itself. This story was for Douglass another means of motivating whites, and for us illustrative of how racial justice demands not only evidence but imagination.
Excitation of Gould–Trivelpiece mode by streaming particles in dusty plasma
Authors: Kaur Daljeet , Sharma Suresh C. , Pandey R.S. , Gupta Ruby
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we study the excitation of Gould–Trivelpiece (TG) waves by streaming ions in dusty plasma and derive the dispersion relation of the excited waves using first-order perturbation theory. The motion of charged particles is controlled by electromagnetic fields in plasma. The energy transfer processes which occur in this collisionless plasma are believed to be based on wave–particle interactions. We have found that the TG waves may be generated in a streaming ion plasma via Cerenkov interaction, and the ions may be accelerated by TG waves via cyclotron interaction, which enable energy and momentum transfer. The variation in the growth rate of TG wave with dust grain size and relative density of negatively charged dust grains is also studied. The dust can cause an unstable TG mode to be stable in Doppler resonance, and can induce an instability in Cerenkov interaction.
Firms and parental justice: should firms contribute to the cost of parenthood and procreation?
Authors: Blanc Sandrine , Meijers Tim
Published: April 2019

This article asks whether firms should contribute to the costs of procreation and parenthood. We explore two sets of arguments. First, we ask what the principle of fair play – central in parental justice debates – implies. We argue that if one defends a pro-sharing view, firms are required to shoulder part of the costs of procreation and parenthood. Second, we turn to the principle of fair equality of opportunity. We argue that compensating firms for costs they incur because their employees decide to procreate or parent may undermine some of the incentives leading to (statistical) discrimination in the workplace.
Staging Sochi 2014: The Soft Power of Geocultural Politics in the Olympic Opening Ceremony
Authors: TENNERIELLO SUSAN
Published: April 2019

This essay examines the polarizing politics of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. I analyse the function of soft-power diplomacy in the design of the opening ceremony in relation to the international controversy around these games over the repression of civil and human rights. The Sochi Olympics became a lightning rod inciting pro-Western democratic protests against and Russian neo-national support for President Vladimir V. Putin's cultural reform programme. I argue that the Sochi stage was the opening scene of a much larger cultural propaganda campaign reflecting the government's move to boost a conservative world view. Sochi's spectacle mediated a reform strategy designed to reinvent Russian identity and restore Russia's global status. For contrast, I look back to the opening ceremony of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics and its vision of Soviet society in order to highlight the changing contexts in which soft power underscores broader objectives in geocultural politics.
Responding to Per.Art'sDis_Sylphide: Six Voices from IFTR's Performance and Disability Working Group
Authors: AMES MARGARET , CALVERT DAVE , GLØRSTAD VIBEKE , MAGUIRE-ROSIER KATE , MCCAFFREY TONY , SCHMIDT YVONNE
Published: April 2019

This submission by IFTR's Performance and Disability working group features responses by six participants – voices projected from Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Wales, England and Australia – to Per.Art's productionDis_Sylphide, which was presented on 7 July 2018 at the Cultural Institution Vuk Karadžić as part of IFTR's conference in Belgrade at the invitation of the Performance and Disability working group. Per.Art is an independent theatre company founded in 1999 in Novi Sad, Serbia, by the internationally recognized choreographer and performer Saša Asentić, the company's artistic director. The company brings together people with learning disabilities, artists (theatre, dance and visual arts), special educators, representatives of cultural institutions, philosophers, architects and students to make work. This co-authored submission examines how the production responds to three important dance works of the twentieth century – Mary Wigman'sHexentanz(1928), Pina Bausch'sKontakthof(1978) and Xavier Le Roy'sSelf Unfinished(1998) – to explore normalizing and normative body concepts in dance theatre and in society, and how they have been migrating over the course of dance histories. The shared experience of witnessing the performance provoked discussion on the migration of dance forms across time and cultures, as well issues of access and (im)mobility, which are especially pertinent to a disability studies context.
Trans-lating Hijra Identity: Performance Culture as Politics
Authors: GUPTA ANKUSH
Published: April 2019

This article discusses the Hijra community from South Asia, and examines their rituals and performance culture to argue that there is a multiplicity of expressions for gender identities in South Asia, and they have been performed in a variety of ways, in a variety of spaces beyond the political rhetoric of the West. The paper also tries to discuss questions and difficulties around situating these cultures within an already established concept and the possible negotiations that would be needed for such an effort to even be imagined.
Pennsylvania’s Teachers and the Tenure Law of 1937
Authors: Toloudis Nicholas
Published: April 2019

While the American teachers’ unions are commonly understood to be guarantors of public school teachers’ job security through their backing of teacher tenure laws, the relationship between tenure and teachers’ organizations is historically contingent. This article shows how in 1937 Pennsylvania teachers pushed their state legislature to pass what was at the time the most empowering teacher tenure law in existence. Using primary documents, the article examines how nonunionized teachers politicized tenure in the early 1930s, before the New Deal reshaped the political environment. Women activists from Philadelphia’s AFT Local 192 successfully lobbied the legislature in Harrisburg in 1937 to pass a far-reaching tenure law that not only guaranteed due-process rights for teachers, but did so without allowing for a probationary period and without exception for married women teachers. Pennsylvania’s teacher unionists fought against efforts to reform the law in the years that followed.
An echocardiographic study of tetralogy of Fallot in the fetus and infant
Authors: Pepas Litha P. , Savis Alexandra , Jones Annette , Sharland Gurleen K. , Tulloh Robert M.R. , Simpson John M.
Published: April 2019

Objective:To document the echocardiographic features of tetralogy of Fallot during fetal and postnatal life. Correlation of echocardiographic findings with the requirement for early intervention prior to definitive repair.Design:Retrospective observational study.Setting:A tertiary fetal cardiology unit.Patients:Fetuses with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot identified from a prospective database between 1 January 1999 and 31 October 2002.Main measures of outcome:Growth of aorta and pulmonary trunk during fetal and postnatal life. Doppler assessment of the great arteries both prenatally and postnatally. Clinical outcome to definitive repair.Results:We identified 25 fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot, 23 having a pulmonary valvar diameter below the normal range at some point during gestation. The ratio of the diameter of the aortic to the pulmonary valve was abnormal in all cases. The pulmonary arterial Doppler velocity was within the normal range in six fetuses at presentation, and elevated in the remainder. In two fetuses, the right ventricular outflow tract was patent during fetal life, but had become atretic at birth. Both of these fetuses had reversal of flow in the arterial duct at presentation during fetal life. In 2 fetuses in whom we showed poor growth of the pulmonary trunk in late gestation, it was necessary to intervene early. The Doppler velocity across the pulmonary valve during fetal life did not differentiate between babies who required early intervention and those who were repaired electively. There was a marked increase in pulmonary arterial Doppler velocity following birth, which became more elevated with age. Of 18 liveborn infants, 17 have survived, with 2 having balloon dilation of the right ventricular outflow tract, and 3 insertion of a Blalock-Taussig shunt prior to definitive repair.Conclusions:In tetralogy of Fallot, features of pulmonary valvar hypoplasia and obstruction are evident during fetal life. Progression of obstruction in the right ventricular outflow tract was observed during fetal life as well as postnatally. Reversal of flow in the arterial duct, and failure of growth of the pulmonary trunk, predicted the need for early surgery to maintain pulmonary blood flow. Parents should be counselled about the possibility of emergency intervention being required after birth. Affected fetuses should be delivered at units with experience of managing the cyanosed newborn.
Diffuse varices of the right pulmonary veins
Authors: Djukic Milan , Rotzsch Claudius , Dähnert Ingo
Published: April 2019

We describe a patient with diffuse varices of the right pulmonary veins in association with patency of the arterial duct and an atrioventricular septal defect with separate right and left atrioventricular valvar orifices.
Science is the search for generalizable processes— clinicians solve complex problems: A reply to Wilson on the importance of not confusing these two things
Authors: ROBERTSON IAN H.
Published: April 2019

Barbara Wilson is a creative and influential clinician–scientist who has dedicated her working life to finding ways to rehabilitate brain-damaged people in all the confusing complexity of their damaged brains and lives. Her behavioral training at the Institute of Psychiatry in London inspired her to apply the powerful methods of applied behavior analysis to shape functionally relevant behaviors in the real-life contexts in which these people have to learn new ways of living. I, on the other hand, have chosen to work with people who have specific cognitive deficits such as unilateral neglect (Robertson et al., 1998), impaired sustained attention (Robertson et al., 1997) or goal-neglect-type executive deficits (e.g., Manly et al., 2002). I have specifically avoided trying to carry out research on people with complex problems, specifically because I tried to understandhowthese strange interchanges we call rehabilitation actuallywork(Robertson, 2002; Robertson & Murre, 1999). In my research (not, I hasten to add, in my clinical practice), I try to identify relatively pureprocessesthat can be replicated anywhere in the world—notto solve the pressing problems of a particular, unique and complex life.
Functional MRI: Finally, a Textbook for All of Us
Authors: Rao Stephen M.
Published: April 2019

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, by Scott A. Huettel,
Allen W. Song and Gregory McCarthy. 2004. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
Associates, Inc. 492 pp., $79.95.

Imaging the human brain at work was revolutionized by the discovery of
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the early 1990s. Prior to
this, functional brain mapping was limited to a handful of medical centers
capable of conducting positron emission tomography (PET) scans of regional
cerebral blood flow. With the discovery of the endogenous blood oxygen
level dependent (BOLD) contrast method in 1992, fMRI
“democratized” the field by expanding the number of medical
centers capable of functional brain imaging. Today, over a thousand
peer-reviewed fMRI articles are published each year, many in high profile
scientific journals that receive additional attention by the popular
press. This explosion of scientific research is relatively easy to
understand: fMRI can be conducted on the majority of the 6,600 MRI
scanners installed in the US alone, the technique is completely
noninvasive since it does not require injection of MRI contrast agents or
radiopharmaceuticals, and, as an added benefit, fMRI provides a unique
combination of high spatial and temporal resolution. Not surprisingly,
fMRI is the imaging technique of choice for mapping cognitive and
emotional systems in the healthy brain. More recently, fMRI has been
applied to clinical populations to identify the brain mechanisms governing
recovery of function from stroke and head trauma, detect early brain
changes in neurodegenerative conditions, and measure the effects of
psychoactive medications on neurodevelopmental disorders, as examples.
fMRI provides a complementary method for testing neuropsychological models
of brain function derived from other methods (lesion,
electrophysiology).
Expanding the Paradigm of Rehabilitation Sciences
Authors: Farmer Janet E.
Published: April 2019

Cognitive and Behavioral Rehabilitation: From Neurobiology to
Clinical Practice. Jennie Ponsford (Ed.). 2004. New York: Guilford
Press. 366 pp., $50.00 (HB).

The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 90 million
people, or 1.5% of the world population, are in need of rehabilitation
services at any given point in time (WHO, 2003).
Many of these individuals are at risk for long-term disability due to
brain injury and disease. They range from the young, who increasingly
survive early brain insults, to older adults, whose independence and every
day functioning may be threatened by the onset of neurologic impairments.
As medical advances improve survival rates and longevity, the number of
those in need of cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation services to
enhance functioning is likely to grow. This situation raises pressing
questions, such as, who will get better with what rehabilitation
treatment, and why?
Exact measures of income in a hyperbolic economy
Authors: PEZZEY JOHN C.V.
Published: April 2019

For a closed economy with human-made capital, non-renewable resource depletion and (possibly) exogenous, hyperbolic technical progress as explicit-form inputs to a production function, there is a feasible development path that is ‘as if’ optimal with respect to hyperbolic utility discounting. On this path, typically, welfare-equivalent income > wealth-equivalent income > Sefton-Weale income > net national product, with possibly dramatic differences among these measures; and sustainable income can be greater than, equal to, or less than NNP. For low enough discounting, growing consumption is optimal even when technical progress is zero. A particular discount rate makes all income measures and consumption constant and (except net national product) equal; and zero technical progress then gives the Solow (1974) maximin as a special case. The optimal path is time-consistent because of the way the utility discount rate is chosen to depend on the economy's stocks, and hence on absolute time.
Research, knowledge and collaboration Dilemmas of the PFI
Authors: SMITH COLIN STANSFIELD
Published: April 2019

Although the Department for Education and Skills' ‘Classrooms of the Future’ and ‘Design Exemplar Initiative’ are to be welcomed (arq 7/3+4, pp244–279), they should not be allowed to obscure the far-reaching issues involved in the Public Finance Initiative (PFI). As a procurement process, PFI represents a massive investment in social programmes and public building projects: the estimated £34 billion in contract or commissioned gives an indication of this. PFI transfers the responsibilities and risks associated with the procurement, delivery and management of public buildings and estates over a period of 25 years to the private sector, and almost none of the expenditure involved is reflected in the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement. This makes it highly attractive to government, but the question remains as to how much it mortgages the nation's future because it merely defers and extends borrowing. If schemes mature at a time of recession or serious budget deficit, the implications could be highly damaging.
Verstopfte Nase, Nasenbluten, Puls im Ohr: HNO-Erkrankungen während der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Kastrinidis Nikos , Kleinjung Tobias
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Übersicht werden die Krankheitsbilder aus der Hals-/Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde und deren Symptome, die gehäuft oder aber auch speziell nur in der Schwangerschaft auftreten, vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden die jeweiligen Therapieoptionen in dieser teilweise vulnerablen Phase der Mutter und des Kindes diskutiert. Primär gilt der Grundsatz «so viel wie nötig, aber so wenig wie möglich». Auch wenn die Beschwerden häufig mit der Geburt des Kindes verschwinden, kann ein erheblicher Leidensdruck für die Betroffenen bestehen und eine Therapie nötig sein. Bei sämtlichen HNO-Erkrankungen, auch den nicht speziell mit der Schwangerschaft assoziierten, sollte eine adäquate Therapie durchgeführt werden.
Reversible Paraplegie – erfreulicher Ausgang bei verzögert gestellter Diagnose
Authors: Stienen Martin N. , Bellut David , Stojanov Dragan , Eriks-Hoogland Inge , Regli Luca , Oertel Markus F.
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Eine 74-jährige Frau wurde wegen progredienter Gangstörung zugewiesen. Bei der Untersuchung hatte sie eine Querschnittslähmung mit Plegie der Beine (seit 19 Monaten im Rollstuhl) und Detrusor-Sphinkter-Dyssynergie, jedoch mit Teilerhalt der Sensibilität unterhalb des Läsionsniveaus. Die Magnetresonanztomografie zeigte eine 24 × 13 × 17 mm grosse intradurale Masse mit Kompression des Rückenmarks und Myelomalazie zwischen C6 und Th1. Via stabilitätserhaltenden, rechtsseitigen Laminektomien von C6 bis Th1 konnte ein Meningeom mikrochirurgisch vollständig reseziert werden. Unter intensiven rehabilitativen Massnahmen erlangte die Patientin innerhalb von sechs Monaten wieder eigenständige Gehfähigkeit und physiologische Blasenfunktion.
Zahnverlust in der modernen Zahnmedizin – was jetzt?
Authors: Gasser Thomas J. W. , Balmer Marc , Hämmerle Christoph H. F.
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Schweizer Bevölkerung folgt dem Trend der industrialisierten Länder und weist eine erhöhte Lebenserwartung im Vergleich zu früheren Generationen auf. Das höhere Alter wird vermehrt mit Eigenbezahnung erreicht. Diese muss unter Umständen mehrfach im Laufe des Lebens saniert werden. Bestehende Restaurationen der Zähne müssen ausgewechselt und neu angefertigt werden können. Bisherige Rekonstruktionen haben oft den Nachteil, dass sie invasiv sind und Reinterventionen oder Neuanfertigungen nur bedingt möglich sind. Errungenschaften in der Materialtechnik erlauben neue minimalinvasive Therapien. Klebebrücken sind aufgrund der materialtechnischen Entwicklungen möglich geworden und erlauben ästhetische, nicht invasive, langzeitstabile Lösungen. Der Fachzahnarzt SSO für Rekonstruktive Zahnmedizin ist innerhalb der Zahnmedizin der Spezialist für die Rehabilitation der Zähne nach Zahnverlust. Er kümmert sich um die sorgfältige Wiederherstellung der Zähne nach funktionellen und ästhetischen Kriterien und greift dabei auf ein in einer langjährigen Zusatzausbildung erworbenes fundiertes Wissen über Therapiemöglichkeiten, Techniken sowie Materialien zurück.
Radiative Effects of Residential Sector Emissions in China: Sensitivity to Uncertainty in Black Carbon Emissions
Authors: Archer‐Nicholls S. , Lowe D. , Lacey F. , Kumar R. , Xiao Q. , Liu Y. , Carter E. , Baumgartner J. , Wiedinmyer C.
Published: April 2019

Residential sector emissions of aerosols, primarily from solid fuels burned for cooking and heating purposes, are high in black carbon, a component that absorbs radiation efficiently across a wideband of wavelengths. Mitigation of residential sector emissions has been suggested as a method to rapidly reduce anthropogenic global warming. This study presents model results from a regional model with coupled chemistry, aerosols, and dynamics over an East Asian domain for January 2014 to investigate the radiative effects of residential sector emissions. Model results are evaluated against surface measurements of particulate matter and remote sensing products, comparing well but with a high aerosol optical depth bias over Sichuan and low single scattering albedo over many locations. We calculate effective radiative forcing of residential sector aerosols at the top of the atmosphere of +1.22 W/m2 over Eastern China, +1.04 W/m2 due to shortwave and +0.18 W/m2 due to longwave forcing. We decompose the shortwave forcing into component parts and find the direct radiative effect is the dominant component (+0.79 W/m2), with a smaller contribution from semidirect effects (+0.54 W/m2) partly countered by negative indirect effects (−0.29 W/m2). The effective radiative forcing varies from 0.20 to 1.97 W/m2 across a reasonable range of black carbon to total carbon emission ratios for the residential sector. Overall, this study shows that mitigation of the residential sector is likely a viable method to locally reduce short‐term atmospheric warming in China, but efforts are needed to reduce uncertainty in composition of residential sector emissions to be confident in this conclusion.
Comparison of Effective Radiative Forcing Calculations Using Multiple Methods, Drivers, and Models
Authors: Tang T. , Shindell D. , Faluvegi G. , Myhre G. , Olivié D. , Voulgarakis A. , Kasoar M. , Andrews T. , Boucher O. , Forster P.M. , Hodnebrog Ø. , Iversen T. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Richardson T. , Samset B.H. , Stjern C.W. , Takemura T. , Smith C.
Published: April 2019

We compare six methods of estimating effective radiative forcing (ERF) using a set of atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models. This is the first multiforcing agent, multimodel evaluation of ERF values calculated using different methods. We demonstrate that previously reported apparent consistency between the ERF values derived from fixed sea surface temperature simulations and linear regression holds for most climate forcings, excluding black carbon (BC). When land adjustment is accounted for, however, the fixed sea surface temperature ERF values are generally 10–30% larger than ERFs derived using linear regression across all forcing agents, with a much larger (~70–100%) discrepancy for BC. Except for BC, this difference can be largely reduced by either using radiative kernel techniques or by exponential regression. Responses of clouds and their effects on shortwave radiation show the strongest variability in all experiments, limiting the application of regression‐based ERF in small forcing simulations.
Environmental and Geomorphological Changes on the Eastern North American Continental Shelf Across the Paleocene‐Eocene Boundary
Authors: Robinson Marci M. , Spivey Whittney E.
Published: April 2019

Foraminiferal evidence from two sites in southern Maryland, eastern United States, reveals a series of rapid environmental changes on the continental shelf during the onset of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Benthic and planktic foraminifer assemblages from the South Dover Bridge and Mattawoman Creek‐Billingsley Road coreholes in the central Salisbury Embayment record changing latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene environmental conditions that began prior to the carbon isotope excursion that marks the beginning of the PETM. The foraminiferal response reflects increases in productivity in the bottom water, a minor dissolution event, and sea surface warming in the latest Paleocene. Relative sea level changes, a sudden change in sedimentary regime, and a decrease in bottom water oxygenation occurred in this region across the PETM onset. While South Dover Bridge assemblages support a rise in sea level across the PETM onset, Mattawoman Creek‐Billingsley Road assemblages record a reduction in water depth interpreted as delta progradation and possible tectonic activity. Transitional carbon isotope values are recorded in these delta sediments. We present an initial bathymetric reconstruction of the Salisbury Embayment showing the physical effects of the carbon isotope excursion onset on shelf morphology and highlight the importance of understanding coastal zone processes when examining shelf sediments.