bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New species of Tubificoides Lastockin (Oligochaeta; Tubificidae) from the Pacific Northeast and the Arctic
Authors: Baker H. R.
Published: January 2010

Descriptions of six new species of marine or estuarine tubificid oligochaetes are given. Tubificoides kozloffi sp.nov., and Tubificoides brevicoleus sp.nov. are described from intertidal habitats of Washington and British Columbia. Tubificoides foliatus sp.nov., a species previously identified as belonging to the Tubificoides gabriellae complex, is described from California and British Columbia. Tubificoides cuspisetosus sp.nov., Tubificoides palacoleus sp.nov., and Tubificoides crenacoleus sp.nov. are described from the Arctic. A key to the species-groups of Tubificoides is given.
Temperature and erythropoiesis in goldfish
Authors: Chudzik Jina , Houston A. H.
Published: January 2010

The influence of temperature upon erythropoiesis was examined by reference to the recovery of goldfish acclimated to 7.5 and 30 °C from phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. Half-times for recovery at 30 °C ranged from 4.4 to 7 days. No recovery was evident over a 70-day period at 7.5 °C. However, exposure of the latter animals to graded temperature increases lead to increases in red cell numbers, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Higher temperatures may stimulate erythropoiesis directly or may facilitate response to other temperature-related stimuli.
Demographic characteristics of an unhunted Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) population in southwest Yukon, Canada
Authors: Hoefs Manfred , Bayer Max
Published: January 2010

The demographic characteristics of an unexploited Dall sheep population, which inhabits the Sheep Mountain area of the newly established Kluane National Park, are described for the period 1969 to 1980. During this 12-year interval the average population size was 225.8 sheep in June–July, but fluctuations about this mean value of up to 17% were observed; peaks of 256 and 244 were reached in 1971 and 1979, respectively, and a low of 184 was observed in 1977. Variations in population size were caused primarily by differing numbers of lambs and yearlings. The population components averaged as follows: 68.4 males (≥ 3 years), 10.9 males (2 years), 81.1 females (≥ 3 years), 11.1 females (2 years), 24.0 yearlings, and 30.3 lambs. It is assumed that some variation in population size can be expected because of variation in forage production of this population's winter range that is filled to capacity. However, the decline of the population in the mid 1970s was assumed to be caused by increased disturbance and adverse impact by feral horses. A life table for the ram component of this population is constructed. The mean mortality rate of rams from birth was 24.0% and the mean recruitment rate (yearlings to adults 2+ years old) was 15.3%. The population is characterized by low productivity, high survival rate of lambs, and a short maximum life expectancy.
Positioning on substrates, positioning changes, and diel drift periodicities in mayflies
Authors: Kohler Steven L.
Published: January 2010

Diel changes in the positioning of several mayflies (Ephemeroptera) on the top and bottom surfaces of artificial substrates were examined. Stream drift samples were taken in conjunction with substrate samples. No significant diel changes in positioning were observed while all taxa exhibited nocturnal increases in drift. All taxa had apparent surface preferences. Baetis species occurred largely on top surfaces while Ephemerella spp., Paraleptophlebia mollis, and Heptageniidae largely occupied bottom surfaces. Diel positioning changes did not appear to be an important mechanism producing diel drift periodicities. Drift propensity showed large variation between taxa and was positively correlated with the proportion of individuals on top surfaces. For most taxa, drift probability varied markedly between dates and was correlated with high growth rates.
Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species
Authors: Nicholls K. H.
Published: January 2010

Thirteen species of the heliozoean genus Acanthocystis have been found in Ontario lakes and ponds and were studied with optical and transmission electron microscopes. Nine of these species are described as new. All species possess silicified plate-scales and spine-scales, the morphology of which is taxonomically reliable. There exist two well-defined morphotypes within the genus; the most common includes those with spine-scale bases in the form of a shallow saucer, with or without a cleft. The second type includes those with a spoon-shaped membrane fused to the bent proximal portion of the spine shaft. Aspects of cell function relating to the nucleus, contractile vacuoles, "zoochlorellae," and axopodia are also discussed.
The role of elastic energy storage mechanisms in swimming: an analysis of mantle elasticity in escape jetting in the squid, Loligo opalescens
Authors: Gosline John M. , Shadwick Robert E.
Published: January 2010

Elastic energy storage mechanisms have been shown to improve locomotory performance and efficiency in many animals. In this paper we consider the role of elastic energy storage in jet locomotion of the squid, Loligo opalescens. The jet is powered by the contraction of circular muscles in the mantle. In addition, the mantle contains a collagen fibre based energy storage system (the mantle "spring") which captures some of the mechanical energy produced by the circular muscles and then releases this energy to power the refilling of the mantle cavity. The mantle spring is constructed so that it stores energy from the circular muscles only at a time in the jet cycle when, by virtue of the cylindrical geometry of the mantle, the circular muscles are unable, to apply their full mechanical output to the generation of hydrodynamic thrust. Thus the mantle spring increases the utilization of the circular muscles, and our analysis indicates that these muscles are used at virtually 100% of their potential through the entire jet. Presumably this increase in muscle utilization improves the locomotory performance of the squid. Other swimming animals, such as fish, may obtain similar benefits if elastic energy storage systems are constructed to capture energy at a time in the swimming cycle when muscles can not apply their full output to the generation of useful hydrodynamic forces.
Sensory relationships of moths and bats sampled from two Nearctic sites
Authors: Fullard James H. , Fenton M. Brock , Furlonger Caren L.
Published: January 2010

The auditory sensitivity characteristics of moths sampled in southeastern Ontario and south-central British Columbia were compared in four separate bandwidths from 5 kHz to 110 kHz. British Columbian moths exhibit a significantly greater sensitivity to frequencies from 30 kHz to 75 kHz (midrange) then do their Ontario counterparts. Measurements taken of echolocating bats at both these sites reveal a greater diversity of acoustic frequencies emitted by British Columbia bats and we suggest sympatric moths have responded to this increased predation pressure by selectively maximizing their frequency sensitivity pertinent to the bats they are exposed to. The possibility exists that the low frequency British Columbia bat, Euderma maculatum, may be foraging on moths as a result of its echolocation signals for which sympatric moths show no particular sensitivity.
Helminths of the arctic fox, Alopex lagopus (L.), in Greenland
Authors: Rausch R. L. , Fay F. H. , Williamson F. S. L.
Published: January 2010

Eight species of intestinal helminths were obtained from 38 arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus (L.), from two localities in Greenland (Thule Air Base and Søndre Strømfjord), viz., Echinoparyphium sp., 13%; Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802), 45%; Cryptocotyle concavum (Creplin, 1825), <3%; Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824), 10%; Taenia ovis krabbei Moniez, 1879, 13%; Mesocestoides lineatus (Goeze, 1782), 13%; Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902), 39%; and Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884), <3%. New host and geographic records are reported. Cestodes for which rodents are obligatory intermediate hosts were not recorded, suggesting that the series of foxes was drawn from local populations inhabiting the western coast of Greenland. Helminth–host interactions are briefly discussed.
The response of terrestrial snails to the presence of ungulate feces, a source of nematode larvae (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae)
Authors: Boag D. A.
Published: January 2010

The directional response of active terrestrial snails, when exposed in an artificial arena to the presence of a source of nematode larvae of the genus Protostrongylus (feces of bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis), appeared to depend upon the condition of the feces. When the feces were fresh (either moist or sun dried) most species of snails moved away from them, but when exposed to weathered feces they moved towards the feces. These results suggest that infection of gastropods with first-stage larvae of this nematode is more likely to occur through contact either with the weathered feces themselves or the litter surrounding them than with freshly deposited feces. By implication, there must be a lag in time between deposition of the feces containing the larvae and the acquisition of the larvae by the intermediate molluscan host.
Aggression by red-winged blackbirds towards marsh wrens
Authors: Picman Jaroslav
Published: January 2010

Marshes are simple, two-dimensional habitats that provide little opportunity for ecological specialization. This situation has most likely favored the evolution of interspecific aggression between red-winged blackbirds and marsh wrens. Redwings of both sexes are aggressive towards marsh wrens; however, the rate of redwing–wren agonistic interactions is determined by at least three factors: (i) sex of redwings (most interactions involved males); (ii) time of day (the rate of interactions is determined by territorial and foraging activities of these birds); and (iii) density of marsh wrens in an area (the rate of interactions increased with increasing density of marsh wrens in different areas). Since a consequence of this redwing aggression towards marsh wrens is partial interspecific territoriality, this behavior has presumably evolved as a mechanism reducing interference competition with marsh wrens.
Trappability of coyotes relative to home range boundaries
Authors: Laundré John W. , Keller Barry L.
Published: January 2010

Trappability of coyotes relative to location of the home range boundary was examined to determine whether animals were more susceptible to capture in an unfamiliar area. Susceptibility to trapping did not appear to increase on the edge or outside of home range boundaries, but equal probability of capture in areas receiving different intensities of use still needs to be assessed.
Osmoregulation and respiration in a marine chironomid larva, Paraclunio alaskensis Coquillett (Diptera, Chironomidae)
Authors: Parkinson Anne , Ring Richard A.
Published: January 2010

The hemolymph of larvae acclimated in freshwater (19 mosmol/L) and seawater (897 mosmol/L) was analyzed and levels of Na+ (191 mM, 247 mM), Mg2+ (8 mM, 14 mM), Cl− (60 mequiv./L, 126 mequiv./L), and osmolarity (417 mosmol/L, 530 mosmol/L) were determined. Paraclunio alaskensis larvae were shown to be both euryhaline and hyperosmotic and hyposmotic regulators. The isotonic point of the hemolymph was 475 mosmol. Whole larvae contained 72% water and actively regulated water content (signified by changes in weight) over a wide range of external media. The basal respiration rate of larvae in seawater (0.032 μg O2∙mg dry weight−1∙h−1) indicated active cuticular respiration. The significance of these findings in relation to the intertidal habitat is discussed.
The influence of stream size on the food quality of seston
Authors: Naiman Robert J.
Published: January 2010

During 1979 and 1980, seston was investigated for food quality in five Quebec streams ranging in size from first to ninth order. Course particulate organic matter (CPOM; > 1 mm), fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; 53 μm – 1 mm), and very fine particulate organic matter (VPOM; 0.5–53 μm) were examined for the percentage of organic matter, the carbon to nitrogen ratio, the amount of chlorophyll a, the respiration rate of associated microbes, and the nature of the particles. The percentage of organic matter ranged from 42 to 64% for CPOM, 21 to 35% for FPOM, and 32 to 82% for VPOM. The majority of chlorophyll was associated with FPOM and CPOM, but chlorophyll-bearing particles constituted only 6–34% ([Formula: see text]) of the seston load. Highest respiration rates ([Formula: see text] mg O2∙g ash-free dry mass−1∙h−1) were associated with VPOM, nearly an order of magnitude greater than mean rates associated with FPOM or CPOM. Carbon to nitrogen ratios decreased with particle size, and the lowest ratios and highest percentage of nitrogen were found in the large rivers. Electron microscopy indicated a more diverse array of particles downstream. The results suggest that seston undergoes rapid and directed changes in food quality as particles move downstream.
The occurrence of shearwaters (Puffinusspp.) off the west coast of Canada
Authors: Guzman Juan R. , Myres M. T.
Published: January 2010

Shearwaters, Puffinus spp., were studied off the west coast of Canada from 1975 to 1978. Sooty shearwaters, P. griseus, were the most abundant shearwaters off British Columbia in both May and September–October. Pink-footed shearwaters, P. creatopus, also occurred in both spring and fall. Flesh-footed shearwaters, P. carneipes, were found only in May. Buller's shearwaters, P. bulleri, were encountered in June and July during cruises across the Gulf of Alaska and in September and October off British Columbia. The recent increase of Buller's shearwater in the North Pacific is documented. A review of records of the short-tailed shearwater, P. tenuirostris, shows that it is usually rare and irregular off the coast of British Columbia. One black-vented shearwater, P. opisthomelas, was seen in the Gulf of Alaska. Sooty shearwaters occur off British Columbia in far lower numbers than off northern California, Oregon or Washington State. The manner in which sooty shearwaters migrate is described. The relationship between shearwater distributions and depths of water over the continental shelf are examined.
Distribution and relative proportions of red muscle in scombrid fishes: consequences of body size and relationships to locomotion and endothermy
Authors: Graham J. B. , Koehrn F. J. , Dickson K. A.
Published: January 2010

The scaling of red muscle with body weight and the distribution of red muscle within the body were compared in seven scombrid fish species to determine relationships between red muscle function and the maintenance of endothermy by tunas. In ectothermic Sarda chiliensis and Scomber japonicus, red muscle occurs along the body edge, is concentrated posteriorly, and the total amount of this tissue is proportional to body weight raised to a power significantly greater than 1.0. In five endothermic tunas, Auxis thazard, Euthynnus lineatus, Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, and T. alalunga, red muscle scaling coefficients are 1.0 or less, and red muscle is positioned deep and anterior in the body. The power needed to overcome drag increases with fish body size (weight and length) and velocity and is reflected in the red muscle scaling relationships of both Sarda and Scomber. By contrast, decreasing relative amounts of red muscle in larger tunas suggest these fishes increase propulsion efficiency as they grow. This may be a result of either or both greater muscle efficiency and reduced division of labor between red and white muscle to which both endothermy and thermoregulation could contribute.
Metacercarial distribution of Apophallus brevis (Heterophyidae) in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from the Heming Lake study area
Authors: Poole B. C. , Dick T. A.
Published: January 2010

During a fish parasite survey in 1980 and 1981, 395 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were removed from the Heming Lake study area (54°53′ N, 101°07′ W). Encysted Apophallus brevis metacercariae were found in the body musculature of perch from six lakes as well as the eye and body musculature of perch in Heming Lake. Species identity was confirmed with experimental infections in ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and herring (Larus argentatus) gulls. No significant differences were found in prevalences or mean intensities of A. brevis metacercariae between male and female perch in Heming Lake. Prevalence levels remained high in most age-classes of Heming Lake perch and mean intensity differences were not significant for all ages beyond 1 year old. Slight variations from these Heming Lake results were found in other lakes. Prevalence levels of A. brevis in Heming Lake perch remained more or less constant during the open water seasons. Mean intensities dropped significantly from June to July and increased in August and October. Monthly fluctuations are probably the result of recruitment of the parasite and a loss of heavily infected hosts. The variance to mean ratios of A. brevis in perch from Heming, Home, and Demarch lakes showed that these parasite populations were overdispersed, and the distribution of each was found to fit the negative binomial. The authors question the use of variance to mean ratios or other statistics dealing with overdispersion in predicting loss or recruitment for all parasite systems.
The distribution of the microsporidian Loma morhua in tissues of the cod Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Morrison Carol M.
Published: January 2010

Inshore cod, Gadus morhua L., sometimes have heavy gill infections of Loma morhua. In some of these cases many cysts were also found throughout the viscera, especially in the heart and spleen. Some cysts consisted of an hypertrophied host cell containing spores and earlier stages of the parasite. Other cysts had been invaded by phagocytes, which had engulfed the spores, and fibroblasts that had formed a wall around these. Some cysts had undergone coagulative necrosis. Often spores were seen with the typical morphology of Loma morhua.
Studies on Nε(γ-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)
Authors: Squires E. J. , Feltham L. A. W.
Published: January 2010

The results of several experiments on the synthesis of Nε(γ-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) are reported. Plasma levels of the isodipeptide were low in sexually immature male fish and very high in mature male fish at spawning time. Various tissues of mature fish were examined for isodipeptide content and highest levels were found in the scales and external mucous layer. Preliminary experiments using [14C]lysine with intact scales indicated de novo synthesis of the isodipeptide in the scale preparation. The annual pattern of the levels of the isodipeptide was determined in the plasma of hypophysectomized winter flounder and sham-operated controls. Plasma levels of the isodipeptide in the control fish rose prior to spawning in May and dropped off sharply after spawning was completed. This pattern was not observed in the hypophysectomized fish. A related flatfish species, the American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), had only very low levels of the isodipeptide present at spawning time, indicating that the isodipeptide is probably specific to the winter flounder.
A contribution to the taxonomy of the Naididae (Oligochaeta) of North America
Authors: Brinkhurst R. O. , Kathman R. D.
Published: January 2010

Some specimens of Chaetogaster diastrophus may have dorsal seatae; there is no need for the separation of such individuals under the name Pseudochaetogaster longmeri. Amphichaeta leydigii and A. americana are recorded and Homochaeta raptisae is transferred to this genus. The source of the confusion between Vejdovskyella comata and V. intermedia is identified and both are now accepted as valid species and are recorded from Washington and British Columbia, respectively. Vejdovskyella hellei is transferred to Specaria. The distinction between Nais communis and N. variabilis is documented, and the serrate nature of the hair setae of N. elinguis is newly described. Pristina idrensis is new to the Canadian fauna; P. aequiseta is new to British Columbia and Washington. The few remaining differences between our records and those presented by other workers are catalogued, yielding a total of 65 confirmed species and two probable additions to the North American fauna.
Presence of cystine-containing antifreeze proteins in the spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana
Authors: Hew Choy L. , Kao Ming Hsiung , So Ying-Peng , Lim Kiok-Puan
Published: January 2010

Using a trichloroacetic acid precipitation procedure and gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography, we have demonstrated the presence of an antifreeze protein in the second instar larvae of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. This protein contained a significant amount of half-cystine and only a modest content of alanine. In a radioimmunoassay, it competed with antisera against a cystine-containing antifreeze protein from sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, thus indicating their immunological cross-reactivity and possibly, some structural homology.
Blood and plasma viscosity of winter flounder: influence of temperature, red cell concentration, and shear rate
Authors: Graham Mark S. , Fletcher Garth L.
Published: January 2010

The effects of temperature, red cell concentration, and shear rate on the viscosity of blood from the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were evaluated using a cone-plate viscometer. The viscosity of blood and plasma was shear rate dependent at all temperatures studied (−1 to 20 °C) with the highest values occurring at the lowest temperature and shear rate. At normal hematocrits (20%), plasma appeared to account for at least 50% of the total blood viscosity. The effects of hematocrit on viscosity were dependent on temperature. At higher temperatures (10–20 °C), increases in hematocrit resulted in a near-exponential increase in viscosity. At lower temperatures (5 °C) and shear rates (4.5 s−1) no significant increase in viscosity occurred between hematocrits of 11 and 43%. The influence of temperature and shear rate on blood viscosity suggest that winter flounder may have to contend with a fivefold increase in blood viscosity when acclimating from summer to winter water temperatures.
Foraging behavior of brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland): optimization of time, space, and diet
Authors: Tompkins Arlene M. , Gee John H.
Published: January 2010

Brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, (Kirtland) occurred in vegetated stream margins. In this environment they fed primarily between 1200 and 2000, consuming the greatest amount of food from May to August. They ate crustaceans, annelids, arachnids, insect larvae, and fish eggs and larvae. A comparison of items in the stomachs with those in the environment showed that they selected certain taxa: chironomid larvae, Sididae, and Bosminidae, and particular size classes within taxa. Fish in their 1st year selected smaller food items than older fish, and both age groups consumed prey smaller than they were morphologically capable of handling. Their foraging behavior consisted of five phases: swim, hover, aim, dart, and handle with the decision to accept or reject an item occurring in the hover or aim phase. The sequence of feeding phases was variable and some phases were omitted in a given sequence. This flexibility could allow sticklebacks to modify their feeding behavior, minimizing time and energy expenditure when feeding on food whose distribution and abundance in time and space is unpredictable. These findings are consistent with optimal foraging theories.
Larval distribution and succession of outlet-breeding blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New Hampshire
Authors: Lake Douglas J. , Burger John F.
Published: January 2010

Thirteen described species of outlet-breeding simuliids and five isomorphic sibling species of the Simulium venustum/verecundum complexes were collected in 1978 and 1979. Prosimulium fuscum, P. mixtum, Simulium aestivum, S. aureum, S. decorum; S. tuberosum, S. venustum (CC) and S. vernum were the most widely distributed species while S. aureum, S. decorum and S. venustum (CC) were the most abundant. Simulium decorum, S. tuberosum and S. venustum (AC(gB) and CC) were present at the same sites during both years while the remaining species varied in their occurrence at a specific site between the two years. Succession of Simulium spp. in late winter and spring was similar to that reported from other areas of northern North America. Most Simulium spp. studied were multivoltine while S. corbis, S. croxtoni and S. venustum (A/C) were univoltine. Simulium decorum had single or multiple generations, depending on the site. Larvae of S. venustum (A/C) and most species of the subgenus Eusimulium attached to trailing vegetation, while S. corbis, S. decorum, and S. tuberosum attached more frequently to submerged rocks and sticks. Prosimulium fontanum, S. gouldingi, S. venustum (CC and AC(gB)), and S. verecundum (A/C and ACD) did not demonstrate preference for a particular substrate. Reduction in stream flow affected the number of cohorts of S. aestivum and S. aureum and the number of generations per year of S. aureum and S. vernum.
The deutonymph of Epiphis rarior Berlese, 1916 (Epiphidinae n. subfam., Rhodacaridae, Rhodacaroidea)
Authors: Kethley J.
Published: January 2010

The deutonymph of Epiphis rarior (Berlese, 1916), (Rhodacaridae: Rhodacaroidea), is shown by rearing experiments to be a species referable to the genus Iphidosoma Berlese. The deutonymph male and female are illustrated. A new subfamily, Epiphidinae, is based on Epiphis Berlese, 1916, and Iphidosoma and Stylochirus G. &R. Canestrini are included taxa. Iphidosoma pratensis Karg, 1965 is transferred to the genus Alliphis (Eviphididae). Copriphis janetski Schmölzer, 1956 is newly synonymized under Iphidosoma fimetarium (Müller, 1859). A weak mite–phoriant relationship is noted in deutonymphs of some species of Epiphis and Iphidosoma.
Systematic studies of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner (Cricetidae, Rodentia): analysis of age and secondary sexual variation in morphometric characters
Authors: Koh H. S. , Peterson R. L.
Published: January 2010

Age variation and secondary sexual dimorphism in three external and 27 cranial characters of wild-taken deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner, from the United States and Canada were analyzed statistically. Specimens were classified as subadults, young adults, middle-aged adults, and old adults based on pelage colour and tooth wear. Variation among the four age-classes was evident. Significant secondary sexual dimorphism between sexes of the same age-class was not evident. Univariate and multivariate phenetic analyses using specimens of the comparable age-classes are necessary to clarify the systematic status of P. maniculatus.
Gut regeneration by morphallaxis in the sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki (Heding, 1928)
Authors: Gibson A. W. , Burke R. D.
Published: January 2010

Regenerative capabilities and mechanisms of posterior gut regeneration after bisection were investigated in Leptosynapta clarki using electron microscopy and scintillation counting experiments. Only anterior pieces containing the oral complex are capable of survival and regeneration. Using several ultrastructural characteristics of the lining epithelium of the stomach and intestine, it was found that there is a gradual transformation of the dominant cell type of the stomach to form the dominant cell type of the intestine. The transformation is accomplished in about 28 days. No increase in uptake of [3H]thymidine by regenerating tissues could be measured during the first 12 days of regeneration, and uptake by regenerating tissues did not differ significantly from those of nonregenerating control specimens. It was concluded that gut regeneration in L. clarki is accomplished by redifferentiation of stomach tissues directly into intestinal tissues without the formation of a blastema.
Summer food of the Great and Double-crested Cormorants on the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
Authors: Pilon Christian , Burton Jean , McNeil Raymond
Published: January 2010

This study of the food of the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and the Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus) on the Magdalen Islands, Quebec, is based on regurgitations and pellets collected on nesting sites during the summers of 1977 and 1978. Both species generally ate flatfishes (especially the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus), American sand lances (Ammodytes americanus) and cunners (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Relatively more Great Cormorants than Double-crested Cormorants ate flatfishes and cunners during both summers, while relatively more Double-crested Cormorants fed on American sand lances during the summer of 1977. These fishes and other prey taken in lesser extent were mostly bottom-associated species; however both cormorants, especially the Double-crested Cormorant, take advantage of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) schools which come spawning close to the seashore. Great and Double-crested cormorants appear to be opportunistic feeders since their diet varies with the availability of prey.
Population characteristics of the Whooping Crane, Grus americana
Authors: Binkley Clark S. , Miller Richard S.
Published: January 2010

The principal migratory population of Whooping Cranes is now increasing at an annual rate of about 4%, about twice the rate observed prior to the mid-1950's. Significant periodic fluctuations in total numbers overlay these average trends. These fluctuations can be explained by observed fluctuations in annual recruitment. On average, both the number of breeding pairs and the number of young fledged each year are roughly consistent with what is known about the life history of the species. Around these averages, however, significant variations in both parameters remain unexplained. Further research should focus on the factors responsible for successful pair formation, hatching, fledging, and 1st-year migration from the summer grounds at Wood Buffalo Park to the winter grounds at Aransas Wildlife Refuge.
Seasonal changes in spatial patterns and behavior of yearling male blue grouse on the breeding range
Authors: Jamieson Ian G.
Published: January 2010

Changes in spatial patterns and behavior of yearling male blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) equipped with radio transmitters were recorded during spring and summer, 1980 and 1981, on Hardwicke Island, British Columbia. Sizes of home ranges decreased and yearlings appeared to become less dispersed as the season progressed. Most birds moved off their initial home range and onto new areas on the breeding range by late summer although the timing of this movement varied among individuals. Interactions involving yearling males with females and territorial males decreased as the season advanced. Changes in spatial patterns and behavior appear to be related to seasonal changes in levels of hormones in yearling males.
Environmental and taxonomic variation in fingernail clam (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae) shell morphology
Authors: Bailey R. C. , Anthony E. H. , Mackie G. L.
Published: January 2010

Variation in the shell morphology of Sphaerium and Musculium fingernail clams was examined using multivariate statistical techniques. On the basis of shell measurements alone, clams from either genera which were collected in running-water habitats could be distinguished, with over 90% accuracy, from clams inhabiting standing water. The discrimination between the two groups was mainly due to the greater size and thickness of shells from clams living in running water. The pisidiid genera Sphaerium and Musculium were also morphologically distinguishable, mainly by size. Morphometric classification of these groups also resulted in over a 90% success rate. The morphometric variation within each of the above groups was further compared using a principal components analysis of each group's morphometric correlation matrix. This analysis revealed differences in growth-related changes in form between the pairs of habitat and generic groups studied. The techniques used to compare ecologically or taxonomically distinct shells appear to be promising for use in either biological monitoring or habitat selection studies.
Parental care in the savannah sparrow
Authors: Bédard Jean , Meunier Marie
Published: January 2010

The apportioning of parental care by male and female during the nestling stage was studied in the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Brooding by both parents amounted to 66% of the daylight period during the first 2 days after hatching and decreased to 12% toward the end of the nestling stage. Broods of two received more brooding care than broods of either three or four nestlings during the last 2 days of rearing. We monitored the identity, size, and number of all the prey items (exclusively arthropods) brought by 32 nesting pairs during 628 h of observation. These estimates were later converted to estimates of dry weight of food transported (in milligrams per nestling per hour) by using weight measurements of standard prey items. The number of food deliveries increased steadily with nestling age. Males and females contributed nearly equally in this respect, with some exceptions. Estimates of gross energy carried to the nestlings peaked markedly on days 5 and 6 and decreased afterwards. During this short period, the male contributed significantly more than the female in terms of gross food energy transported. We conclude that the birds can tune their feeding contribution to the nest in subtle ways that the monitoring of food delivery rates alone cannot adequately describe.
Habitat and breeding cycle of the Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Miller Edward H.
Published: January 2010

Sable Island, Nova Scotia, is the southernmost significant nesting area of the Least Sandpiper. Many birds nest around a single pond complex, which supports a lush vegetation that is heavily grazed by horses. Nests occur there and in nearby dry, sparsely vegetated habitat. Birds start arriving by mid-May (males first), and clutches (including replacement clutches) are completed in a period of 4–5 weeks, from late May to late June. Most eggs are laid in the morning, at intervals averaging 1.2 days. Incubation increases gradually through laying and is ~100% beginning with the last egg. Incubation lasts 20–21 days. Nest and chick mortality is high, mostly due to predation by Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). Mortality of siblings is contagious. Females which nest successfully begin to migrate south by late June, followed by successful males in early July; individuals of both sexes are seen for about 3 days after the completion of parental behavior. Unsuccessful breeders leave earlier, and fledglings later. On average, males are seen for about 10 days and females for about 7 days following final breeding failure. Adults and fledglings tend to flock assortatively in late summer. General features of the breeding cycle seem to be highly conservative throughout the species' range.
Growth and development of Hymenolepis microstoma in mice acclimated to different environmental temperatures
Authors: Evans W. S. , Novak Marie
Published: January 2010

Regardless of host sex or worm population size, Hymenolepis microstoma grown in mice acclimated to 5 °C were significantly heavier and produced more eggs than those from the controls (21 °C) which, in turn, were significantly heavier and produced more eggs than worms grown in hosts acclimated to 35 °C. Patency also varied according to temperature. Eggs were always present in the feces of the controls on day 14 postinfection (p.i.) but mice at 35 °C never passed eggs before day 15 p.i. At 5 °C male mice did not differ from the controls but the feces of females at this temperature invariably contained eggs on day 13 p.i. In multiple-worm infections the mean dry weights of worms decreased as the size of the parasite population per host increased in all temperature groups except males at 35 °C.
A redescription of Gyrodactylus gurleyi Price, 1937 (Monogenea), with notes on species of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 parasitizing goldfish (Carassius auratus (L.)) in North America
Authors: Cone D. K. , Wiles M.
Published: January 2010

The taxonomy of Gyrodactylus species parasitizing captive goldfish (Carassius auratus (L.)) in North America is examined through study of museum-held specimens and fresh material collected in Nova Scotia. Evidence suggests at least two species are present. One is G. gurleyi Price, 1937, which the study redescribes from Texan syntypes and identifies on goldfish in Nova Scotia. A second species occurring in the Nova Scotian samples had a striking resemblance to G. kobayashii but this identification was not confirmed. Both G. gurleyi and the unidentified species are compared with species parasitizing goldfish in the Far East. The study concludes that the species studied probably arrived in North America with host shipments and that all previous reports of G. elegans Nordmann, 1832 and its supposed subspecies from goldfish in North America are incorrect identifications.
Le dimorphisme sexuel des protéines cuticulaires du Criquet migrateur, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche &Farmaire)
Authors: Cassier Pierre , Papillon Marguerite
Published: January 2010

Cuticular and blood proteins were studied in adult male and female Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche &Farmaire) by means of electrophoresis and imunoelectrophoresis. Comparative analysis of proteinograms, physico-chemical characteristics (Rf, molecular weight), and antigenic properties allow us to conclude that some cuticular proteins are sex related; this sexual dimorphism is correlated with the maturation process; one of the specific female cuticular proteins is closely related to vitellogenin. Many of the cuticular proteins exhibit the same electrophoretic pattern and the same antigenic determinants as blood proteins which appear to pass the epidermis without any major structural alteration. Other ones are typically cuticular and are presumably synthetized by epidermal cells using blood precursors. There are various major hemolymph proteins which are never detected in the cuticle; this suggests that epidermal cells recognize and select, among the blood proteins, those which are incorporated into the cuticular matrix during the moulting process and oocyte maturation.
Interference between shallow and deep-seated structures in the Sicilian fold and thrust belt, Italy
Authors: Avellone Giuseppe , Barchi Massimiliano R. , Catalano Raimondo , Morticelli Maurizio Gasparo , Sulli Attilio
Published: January 2010

The fold and thrust belt in western Sicily is characterized by the presence and interference of shallow and deep-seated compressional structures, which were generated and developed at different structural levels. The shallow structures consist of imbricated thrusts and asymmetric folds, with a typical wavelength of 2 km, involving relatively thin deep-water units. These units are superimposed on thick platform carbonate units, along a wide and originally almost flat floor thrust. The axial trend of the folds is variable, as multi-phase folding often occurred, producing a characteristic interference pattern, reflecting continuous variations of the apparent transport direction during the emplacement (i.e. rotation of the allochthonous thrust sheets). The deep-seated structures consist of large, double-verging pop-up structures, with a typical wavelength of 5–10 km, involving thicker platform carbonate successions. The deep-seated structures are characterized by large folds, with vertical to overturned limbs, caused by high-angle, transpressive ramps that reactivated previous (i.e. Mesozoic) synsedimentary normal or transtensional faults. The floor thrust of the shallow structures was passively deformed by the subsequent growth of the underlying, younger deep-seated structures. Large clockwise rotations of the tectonic units occurred during the compressional deformation, and the amount of rotation is apparently related to the timing and amount of the tectonic transport.
Fault-controlled alpine topography in Norway
Authors: Osmundsen P.T. , Redfield T.F. , Hendriks B.H.W. , Bergh S. , Hansen J.-a. , Henderson I.H.C. , Dehls J. , Lauknes T.R. , Larsen Y. , Anda E. , Davidsen B.
Published: January 2010

Alpine topography in Norway is largely fault-controlled. Linear and asymmetric ranges developed in the footwalls of normal faults that were reactivated after the main phase of Mesozoic rifting, but prior to the Late Cenozoic glaciations. Stark geomorphological contrasts developed across the faults, reflecting differential glacial exploitation of the pre-glacial drainage pattern. Alpine topography developed preferentially in the footwalls. Triangular facets mark the traces of the most recently active faults. At the base of deeply incised, alpine range-front escarpments, the best-exposed faults display metres-thick fault-rock successions and record multiple phases of fault movement. Juxtaposition of Precambrian and Caledonian basement rocks with Jurassic or Cretaceous sedimentary rocks provides evidence for fault activity in or after the Mesozoic for some of the faults. Late Cretaceous or younger reactivation is indicated by jumps in apatite fission-track apparent ages across the faults, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar and earthquake data attest to normal faulting at the present day. Two of the areas described host anomalous clusters of rockslides that may relate to tectonic activity. The most distinct landscape-forming faults in western Scandinavia were probably active in the Cenozoic, and imposed asymmetric landscape patterns from the scale of single mountain ranges to the whole of Scandinavia.
Correlation of Ordovician diamictites from Argentina and South Africa using detrital zircon dating
Authors: Staden Anelda Van , Zimmermann Udo , Chemale Farid , Gutzmer Jens , Germs G.J.B.
Published: January 2010

The results of detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology suggest a maximum depositional age of 485 ± 7.2 Ma for a glacial diamictite from the Sierra del Volcán in eastern Argentina (Tandilia System). Earlier interpretations associated the deposit with the Neoproterozoic ‘snowball Earth' hypothesis. The data allow direct correlation, for the first time, between Early Palaeozoic deposits in both South America and South Africa connecting the glacial deposits from southern Bolivia to central Argentina with those in South Africa (Pakhuis Formation). On the basis of these results, a new distribution map of glacial cover, corresponding to the Hirnantian stage, can be developed.

Supplementary material:

Sampling and analytical techniques, data, a simplified map and BSE images are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18384
.
Pulsed emplacement of the Mount Kinabalu granite, northern Borneo
Authors: Cottam M. , Hall R. , Sperber C. , Armstrong R.
Published: January 2010

High-precision U–Pb ion microprobe analyses provide new constraints on the emplacement and origin of the Kinabalu granite in Sabah, northern Borneo. The granite is a sheeted laccolith-like body comprising dyke-fed granitic units that young downwards, each emplaced beneath the previous sheet. Analyses of concentric growth zones in zircons indicate crystallization between 7.85 ± 0.08 and 7.22 ± 0.07 Ma, and show that the entire pluton was emplaced and crystallized within less than 800 ka. Several pulses of magmatism are recognized, each lasting for a maximum of 250 ka, and possibly as briefly as 30 ka. The oldest ages coincide with the highest elevations whereas the youngest ages are found at lower elevations around the edge of the body. Based on these new age data and field observations we identify the biotite granodiorite, hornblende granite and porphyritic facies as the Upper, Middle and Lower Units respectively. Inherited zircon ages indicate different protoliths for the Upper and Middle Units. The Upper Unit is derived from attenuated continental crust of the South China margin subducted beneath Sabah. The Middle Unit is sourced from melting of the crystalline basement in Sabah with little or no contribution from South China crust.

Supplementary material:

Full U–Pb ion microprobe analytical data, and modal and major element composition data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18385
.
Spatial variations in biosphere
87
Sr/
86
Sr in Britain
Authors: Evans J.A. , Montgomery J. , Wildman G. , Boulton N.
Published: January 2010

Strontium isotopes are a powerful tool for investigating the geographical origins of people and animals but assignment of provenance requires reference maps and databases. This paper presents a map of strontium isotope variations across Britain for use in archaeological and other studies, and is produced by direct measurement of strontium isotope compositions of biosphere components, predominantly plants. The map characterizes the biosphere signature of specific lithologies: a technique that is applicable worldwide. Marine-derived strontium, from both rainwater and coastal sea-splash and spray, is an important contribution to the British biosphere, particularly on the western seaboard, which is subject to high rainfall and prevailing westerly winds.

Supplementary material:

Methods, full data table, and full-size version of Figure 1b are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18388
.
Charles Lyell and the great 1855 earthquake in New Zealand: first recognition of active fault tectonics
Authors: Grapes Rodney H. , Downes Gaye L.
Published: January 2010

The geological effects of the 1855 Wairarapa New Zealand earthquake with an estimated magnitude of M
w
8.2–8.4 provided Charles Lyell with direct evidence of the relationship between earthquakes, fault rupturing, regional uplift and subsidence. The scientific importance of the earthquake is that it was the breakthrough event that led to the first recognition of active fault tectonics and therefore changed the course of geological thinking and understanding. Following the observations by Darwin of coastal uplift during the 1835 Chilean earthquake, the 1855 event in New Zealand also provided further crucial evidence for the Uniformitarian principle promulgated by Lyell in that geological features of the landscape could be explained as the cumulative sum of small incremental changes rather than cataclysmic events involving much larger amounts of crustal movement, thus laying the foundations for future understanding of regional seismotectonics and geomorphological changes accompanying an earthquake. Details of the effects of the 1855 earthquake derived from Lyell's unpublished notes and correspondence and the inferences he made from them are presented and discussed. Comparison is made with the results of subsequent work that, although in broad agreement with Lyell's account, also indicate greater localized uplift, less subsidence, variable vertical displacement along ‘Lyell's' fault, the nature of the fault contact and horizontal displacement on the fault.