bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Increase in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Specific CD8+T Cells in Patients with HIV-1-HBV Coinfections following HBV-Active Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Crane Megan , Sirivichayakul Sunee , Chang J. Judy , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Ubolyam Sasiwimol , Buranapraditkun Supranee , Thantiworasit Pattarawat , Wightman Fiona , Locarnini Stephen , Matthews Gail , Dore Gregory J. , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Lewin Sharon R.
Published: January 2010

Following treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection, HBV-specific T-cell responses increase significantly; however, little is known about the recovery of HBV-specific T-cell responses following HBV-active highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-HBV coinfected patients. HIV-HBV coinfected patients who were treatment naïve and initiating HBV-active HAART were recruited as part of a prospective cohort study in Thailand and followed for 48 weeks (n= 24). Production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in both HBV- and HIV-specific CD8+T cells was quantified using intracellular cytokine staining on whole blood. Following HBV-active HAART, the median (interquartile range) log decline from week 0 to week 48 for HBV DNA was 5.8 log (range, 3.4 to 6.7) IU/ml, and for HIV RNA it was 3.1 (range, 2.9 to 3.5) log copies/ml (P< 0.001 for both). The frequency of HIV Gag-specific CD8+T-cell responses significantly decreased (IFN-γ,P< 0.001; TNF-α,P= 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant change in the frequency (IFN-γ,P= 0.21; TNF-α,P= 0.61; and IFN-γ and TNF-α,P= 0.11) or magnitude (IFN-γ,P= 0.13; TNF-α,P= 0.13; and IFN-γ and TNF-α,P= 0.13) of HBV-specific CD8+T-cell responses over 48 weeks of HBV-active HAART. Of the 14 individuals who were HBV e antigen (HBeAg) positive, 5/14 (36%) lost HBeAg during the 48 weeks of follow-up. HBV-specific CD8+T cells were detected in 4/5 (80%) of patients prior to HBeAg loss. Results from this study show no sustained change in the HBV-specific CD8+T-cell response following HBV-active HAART. These findings may have implications for the duration of treatment of HBV in HIV-HBV coinfected patients, particularly in HBeAg-positive disease.
Coccidia of domestic and wild waterfowl (Anseriformes)
Authors: Gajadhar Alvin A. , Wobeser Gary , Stockdale P. H. G.
Published: January 2010

The literature on the coccidia of species of anseriform birds is reviewed. Under the host categories of ducks, geese, and swans individual species of renal and enteric coccidia are described separately. In most cases the hosts, geographic distributions, oocyst structure, life cycles, and diseases are given. Synonyms are identified and critical comments are provided on some species. Coccidia lists are given for each of 45 species of waterfowl and oocysts of 37 of the 38 species of parasites are illustrated.
Winter habitat use and responses to snow cover of fisher (Martes pennanti) and marten (Martes americana) in southeastern Manitoba
Authors: Raine R. M.
Published: January 2010

A trailing study of fisher (Martes pennanti) and marten (Martes americana) in the boreal forest of Manitoba, conducted over two winters, showed that both species preferred coniferous ridges. They also had temporal differences in their habitat use that could be partially explained by their different responses to soft snow cover. Movements of fisher were found to be restricted by the soft, thick snow cover that was present during midwinter. Fewer tracks were observed at that time, and fisher travelled upon snowshoe hare trails and their own trails more than in either the early winter period of thin snow cover or the late winter period of crust conditions. Fisher were also found to walk through the snow cover and leave a body drag in midwinter. Marten did not appear to be hindered by soft snow cover to the degree that fisher were. Marten tracks were encountered with equal frequency throughout the winter and marten never left a body drag in the snow cover. They did travel upon hare trails and their own trails to a greater extent in midwinter, but never as much as did fisher.
Diverse fiber composition of swimming muscles in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus
Authors: Tse F. W. , Govind C. K. , Atwood H. L.
Published: January 2010

The gross morphology and histochemistry of basal swimming muscles of the fifth pereiopod of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, were investigated. Each of the major muscles has two to three discrete branches and contains fibers ranging in colour from white to deep pink. The coloration is correlated with mitochondrial density. Deep pink fibers show intense NADH diaphorase staining, indicative of high oxidative capacity, while white fibers show very little staining, indicative of low oxidative capacity. Myrofibrillar ATPase activities are inversely correlated with oxidative capacities. The deep pink region of the levator muscle (muscle F) shows higher phosphorylase (glycolytic) activity, higher polysaccharide content and shorter sarcomere length than the white region. Such differentiation within a single muscle suggests considerable functional versatility.
Ultrastructure of the granule cells in the small intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) before and after stratum granulosum formation
Authors: Bergeron T. , Woodward Bill
Published: January 2010

The ultrastructure of the small intestinal granule cells (GC) of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied in fry and fingerlings before the cells organized to form the stratum granulosum (SG) and in 12-month-old juveniles which possess a well-developed SG several cell diameters in thickness. The GC of juvenile trout exhibit a striking reduction in nucleolar numbers and in the quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum relative to the GC of younger fish, but contain even greater numbers of large, electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. The final stages of cellular maturation therefore take place in the GC after their organization to form a layer, and the cells appear to lose their capacity to synthesize protein(s) for the cytoplasmic granules. Since the latter structures are, nevertheless, maintained in large numbers in mature GC, it is suggested that they function intact within the cell. No precursor to the granulated form of the GC was identified in the intestine, a result which suggests that the earliest developmental stages of the GC locate within another organ.
Sensitivity of isolates of Trichinella to the drug thiabendazole
Authors: Chadee K. , Dick T. A. , Faubert G. M.
Published: January 2010

The sensitivity of three isolates of Trichinella spiralis (from pig, polar bear, and wolverine) and T. spiralis var. pseudospiralis to the anthelmintic thiabendazole (TBZ) was studied in male CD-1 mice. In vitro larval release by female worms isolated on day 7 following drug treatment (2–7 days) with various drug dosages (0.01–0.06%) showed that TBZ treatment resulted in sterility or a decrease in fecundity of the worms. Females of the pig isolate and T. spiralis var. pseudospiralis were chemosterilized with 0.05% TBZ and at 0.03% so were the two Arctic isolates (polar bear and wolverine), but chemosterilization was not permanent. Drug treatment during the disseminating phase (4–20 days) with low dosages (0.03–0.1%) was highly effective in reducing the number of muscle larvae at 40 days postinfection, a reduction that was similar for all Trichinella. Drug treatments (0.03–0.5%) during the early muscle phase (20–40 days) were ineffective with low dosages (<0.15%), but with a higher dosage (0.5%) 99 and 100% efficacy were noted for the two Arctic isolates and T. spiralis var. pseudospiralis, respectively. Larvae recovered at high dosages (>0.15%), were not infective to mice. Treatments with dosages of 0.03–0.1% from 40 to 60 days postinfection were only effective against the Arctic isolates. Of all the Trichinella studied, the pig isolate was the least sensitive to parenteral treatment.
Population differences in acid tolerance between yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from naturally acidic and alkaline lakes
Authors: Rahel Frank J.
Published: January 2010

Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from naturally acidic, Wisconsin brownwater lakes survived longer than perch from alkaline lakes when exposed to a lethal pH in the laboratory. Acclimation to a low but sublethal pH for 3 weeks did not remove the difference in acid tolerance, suggesting it is genetically based. Perch from an acidic, low salinity lake (pH 4.6, 13 μequiv. Na/L, 11 μequiv. K/L) had only slightly lower body sodium and potassium levels than perch from a nonacidic, higher salinity lake (pH 7.6,70 μequiv. Na/L, 18 μequiv. K/L). Perch from both lake types were equally susceptible to a lethal high pH, indicating that acid tolerance is not merely the result of an overall hardiness, but reflects specific adaptation to low pH. The exceptional low pH tolerance of yellow perch from Wisconsin brownwater lakes rivals that reported for tropical blackwater fishes.
Reproduction in wild reindeer in Norway
Authors: Reimers Eigil
Published: January 2010

Pregnancy status and dressed weights were obtained from female reindeer killed during autumn and winter in five areas in southern Norway. Body weight, mandible length, and lactation status were obtained from females killed during the hunting season in the same areas. Pregnancy rates (P) were predictable from the female dressed weight at rut (W), from the equation P = 1–e[−0.169(W–21)]. In areas where calves become pregnant, yearlings may have a lower pregnancy rate than expected from their weights.
Ecological strategies of a small hibernator, the western jumping mouse Zapus princeps
Authors: Cranford Jack A.
Published: January 2010

The seasonal emergence, reproduction, diet, fat deposition, and immergence of six wild populations of Zapus princeps from elevations of 1860–2900 m were studied by trap–recapture methods and laboratory observations from April 1974 to November 1978. Emergence timing varied widely between and within sites in different years. It was not related to increasing elevation but to site quality. Vegetative growth was an excellent predictor of emergence timing at all sites. Emergence of males and females was synchronous except above 2200 m where males preceded females by 3–9 days. Field and laboratory experiments and observations were made on Z. princeps, including habitat preferences, competitive relationships, population density (maximum = 32.4/ha), length and timing of the active cycle (87 days), reproductive activity (1 litter/year), litter size [Formula: see text], age structure of populations, growth rates, seasonal fat deposition (0.65 g/day),and home-range size(0.17–0.61 ha). This attempts to formulate a coherent picture of the system of strategies by which a small hibernator adapts to its environment.
Experimental studies on the factors limiting Tropocyclops prasinus (Fischer) 1860 in an oligotrophic lake
Authors: Peacock Adrienne , Smyly W. J. P.
Published: January 2010

In Placid Lake Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi was the abundant cyclopoid copepod and Tropocyclops prasinus was rare. Feeding experiments showed that T. prasinus was omnivorous in the later instars but this species was neither cannibalistic nor did it prey on other microcrustaceans. Consequently, late instar and adult diets of T. prasinus and C. b. thomasi did not overlap. Seasonal abundance peaks revealed a temporal segregation of the naupliar instars of these two cyclopoid copepods. Competition between T. prasinus and C. b. thomasi was therefore unlikely. Laboratory experiments showed that the only other potentially important invertebrate predator found in Placid Lake, Chaoborus flavicans, ate more C. b. thomasi than T. prasinus but in the absence of Chaoborus in beaker environments, C. b. thomasi always outnumbered T. prasinus after 50 or 100 days. Large scale enclosure experiments revealed that lake densities of C. b. thomasi could limit the abundance of T. prasinus in Placid Lake. Survivorship curves indicated that there was high T. prasinus naupliar mortality even in the absence of C. b. thomasi but when C. b. thomasi was included in the enclosure plankton, mortality of the nauplius 4 to copepodid I instars was greatly increased.
The occurrence of Anisakis sp. type I larvae (Oshima 1972) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in fishes from the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea
Authors: Munger G. J.
Published: January 2010

Of 33 species of fish examined for Anisakis larvae, 12 (36%) were infected. Larvae were identified as Anisakis type I larvae (Oshima 1972) and were found in fish from all localities surveyed: Bristol Bay, Unimak, Chirikof, Chiniak, and Cape St. Elias. The small size and feeding habits of some fish infected suggests that small fishes or very small invertebrates rather than euphausids may be the intermediate hosts for Anisakis type I larvae.
Determining matrilineal kinship in natural populations of rodents using radionuclides
Authors: Tamarin Robert H. , Sheridan Marita , Levy Charles K.
Published: January 2010

We have developed a technique that can accurately determine mother–offspring relatedness of voles in the field. Trapped pregnant females are injected with one or more gamma-emitting radionuclides and then released. The isotope concentration, while very low, is sufficiently high that young, when subsequently captured and counted in a very sensitive whole-body gamma spectroscope, can be clearly identified by the spectral characteristics of the nuclides used to tag the mother. Both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the eight nuclides used to date reach the developing fetuses across the placental barrier and the neonates via the mother's milk. The radionuclide technique has potential widespread application in the fields of ecology, population biology, and sociobiology.
Haemopoiesis in Lepidoptera. III. A note on the multiplication of spherule cells and granular haemocytes
Authors: Arnold J. W. , Hinks C. F.
Published: January 2010

Blood films from early sixth instar larvae of Euxoa declarata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) stained in hematoxylin – eosin – alcian blue showed unequivocal examples of mitosis in spherule cells. The improved visibility of mitosis and the estimation of the mitotic index from counts of dividing cells per 1000 cells of each type indicated a far greater potential maximum production of spherule cells and granular haemocytes by mitosis than reported previously. Certain other methods of staining showed similar clear examples of spherule cell mitosis.
The reproductive periodicity and behaviour of Ophioblennius atlanticus (Pisces: Blenniidae) at Barbados
Authors: Marraro C. H. , Nursall J. R.
Published: January 2010

The redlip blenny, Ophioblennius atlanticus, spawns chiefly within the first 3 h of daylight in the week centred around full moon, probably year-round. A male prepares and guards a nest crevice in his territory; females leave their territories to seek spawning males. A behavioural sequence determines the selection of a female for spawning. Polygyny occurs and possibly polyandry. Male feeding is reduced during spawning period. Spawning females usually are absent from their territories for less than 60 min, but blennies can expel transgressors after absence as long as 660 min, i.e., about one daylight period.
Uptake of dissolved amino acids by embryos and larvae of Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Authors: Burgh Marueen E. de , Burke Robert D.
Published: January 2010

The uptake of 14C- and 3H-labelled mixed amino acids by embryos and larvae of Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) was investigated using liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. Peaks in transport were observed immediately after fertilization, at the mesenchyme blastula stage, and at the early gastrula stage. The subsequent linear increase in amino acid transport correlated with increase in surface area of the growing pluteus. Autoradiographs showed that in all stages epidermis accumulated 3H label more than internal tissues. It was concluded that uptake rate of dissolved amino acids is dependent upon the size and development state of the embryo and independent of the requirement of the larva to feed.
Arctic fox den identification and characteristics in northern Alaska
Authors: Garrott R. A. , Eberhardt L. E. , Hanson W. C.
Published: January 2010

Aerial surveys were an efficient and accurate means of locating arctic fox dens in northern Alaska, but some error was introduced through the misidentification of arctic ground squirrel dens. Forty-two arctic fox dens were identified within the 1700-km2 study area. Den sites were generally large, with complex burrow systems and possessed a distinctive plant community characterized by grasses and forbs, while adjacent areas were dominated by Dryas, lichens, and Carex. Since arctic fox den sites are important for reproduction, established dens should be identified and protected before major human activities are initiated in undisturbed areas in order to reduce the impacts of resource development on this species.
Insect territoriality
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. M. , Wellington W. G.
Published: January 2010

Territorial behavior has been reported in many orders of insects, particularly among the Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Although territoriality has been recognized among immature stages as well as in both sexes of adult insects, most of the published reports deal with the reproductive consequences of aggressive interactions among territorial males. Some dominance hierarchies have been described, particularly among cockroaches and megachilid and halictid bees. Lek behavior has also been reported among dragonflies, butterflies, and Hawaiian drosophilids. In all the species studied, territorial behavior spreads males through a habitat, minimizing intruder interference with courtship and mating, and increasing the probability that females will be mated. Besides these intraspecific effects, however, aggressive behavior towards unrelated species may reverberate through the larger community. For example, repeated attacks by aggressive files may cause pollinating bees and aphidophagous predators to change their foraging routes, and thus prevent them from servicing particular habitats.
Metal content of body tissues, diet items, and dung of ruffed grouse near the copper–nickel smelters at Sudbury, Ont.
Authors: Rose George A. , Parker G. H.
Published: January 2010

Copper, nickel, and iron levels in the crop items and dung of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) collected near the copper–nickel smelters at Sudbury, Ontario, during May and September were up to 50-fold higher than those of grouse from an uncontaminated area. Major crop items varied seasonally but did not differ between birds from the two sites. Levels of copper and iron in several body tissues did not differ between birds from the two areas. Mean copper levels in the kidneys, livers, and breast muscle ranged from 11.7 to 24.6, 12.6 to 16.3, and 1.5 to 2.3 μg∙g−1 of ovendried weight, respectively; mean iron levels in these tissues ranged from 254 to 395, 1899 to 3905, and 11 to 20 μg∙g−1, respectively. Nickel levels, however, were elevated in the kidneys and livers of Sudbury area birds; mean nickel levels in these tissues were 2.5 and 2.3 μg∙g−1, respectively, at the Sudbury site, compared with 0.9 and 0.8 μg∙g−1, respectively, at the uncontaminated site. Nickel levels in the breast muscle of birds from the two sites did not differ and ranged from undetectable levels to 1.4 μg∙g−1. Iron and copper levels were higher in the kidneys and muscle of birds collected during May from both sites. Geographical and seasonal differences in metal content of grouse body tissues are discussed in relation to metal-contaminated diet items and the reproductive cycle.
Dynamics of growth modified by larval population density in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata
Authors: Baxter James A. , Morrison Paul E.
Published: January 2010

Growth functions were fitted to the growth curves of larvae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), reared in conditions that were either uncrowded (25 larvae per 25 g beef liver) or crowded (400 larvae per 25 g beef liver). The growth curves took the form of logistic functions that were symmetrical for uncrowded larvae, but asymmetrical for crowded ones. Initially, crowded larvae grow faster than uncrowded larvae, a response in contrast with those of all other species of higher Diptera studied to date. Apparently, crowded larvae derived benefit from close intraspecific associations, for their rapid growth took place while they fed within dense aggregations. The growth rate of crowded larvae peaked early and growth ceased abruptly when the supply of food was exhausted. Their feeding period was reduced by 60% and their weight by 74% in comparison with those of uncrowded larvae.
Laboratory observations of feeding behaviour of the ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) with reference to niche overlap of natural populations
Authors: Macdonald J. Stevenson
Published: January 2010

Laboratory observations of winter flounder and ocean pout feeding on a variety of natural prey items provide an example of feeding methods influencing food resource division among syntopic fish. The ocean pout sorts mouthfuls of bottom sediment to obtain infaunal prey such as bivalves. The winter flounder relies more on vision to select prey exposed on the surface of the substrate. Winter flounder were also seen to remove the viscera from shells of bivalves that presumably were too large to swallow; however, the required increase in handling time may make bivalves a suboptimal prey.
Entamoeba histolytica: the effect of different culture conditions on the components of amoebic movement
Authors: Smith J. M. , Meerovitch E.
Published: January 2010

The behaviour of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, strain IP-106, were examined under three sets of culture conditions: various acid pH values, cysteine concentrations, and dilutions of bile. Changes in amoebic behaviour, as compared with controls, were evident under conditions of the lowest pH value tested (pH 5.1), at the highest cysteine concentration tested (17 mM), and at both dilutions of bile assayed. These changes in behaviour were due to a modulation of two components of amoebic movement, the rate of activity and (or) the rate of change of direction. These changes are thought to be the results of "metabolic" and "kinetic" effects, respectively, on these two parameters.
Shell repair rates and carbonic anhydrase activity during shell repair in Helisoma duryi (Mollusca)
Authors: Kunigelis S. C. , Saleuddin A. S. M.
Published: January 2010

Mantle tissue carbonic anhydrase titres were found to vary with shell deposition rates. Following shell injury at the growing edge, linear shell deposition rates and mantle tissue carbonic anhydrase specific activity were found to increase significantly. Increased mantle enzyme activity was detected for a period of 10 days following injury. Replacement of shell in the region of excision was found to occur on a plane slightly lower than that of the surrounding normal shell. This requires the establishment of a new growing edge so a single plane of deposition may be restored. This suggests that the process of shell regeneration does not only include the patching of the actual injury but also allows for the establishment of a new growing edge to correct for the displacement of the plane of shell deposition. These two components of the shell regeneration process have been designated phases I and II, respectively. A third phase allows for the thickening of the mineralized layers of the newly deposited shell. Localization of elevated carbonic anhydrase activity in the portion of the mantle directly underlying the shell injury suggests that a regulatory system is present which enables the animal to detect, define, and localize shell injury repair, expediting the process.
Cibarial sensilla and armature in mosquito adults (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Lee Robert M. K. W. , Craig D. A.
Published: January 2010

Cibaria of 37 species of mosquitoes representing nine genera were examined using light microscopy, and those of Anopheles farauti Laveran, Aedes aegypti (L.) Culiseta inornata (Williston), and Culex declarator Dyar and Knab were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Uniporous, trichoid, and campaniform sensilla were found inside the cibarial pump. Based on force-feeding studies of other workers and external structure of sensilla, it is suggested that some of these sensilla may be chemoreceptors involved in determining acceptability of ingested food, whereas the others may be involved in dispatch of ingested blood into the midgut. Trichoid sensilla probably function as flow receptors. Number of palatal papillae in the cibarium varied between species: some have four, others have six. Generally, number and location of cibarial sensilla are similar between species. Cibarial armature was found in the cibaria of females of Culex, some Anopheles species, and Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett), and also in both sexes of Opifex fuscus (Hutton). The function of this armature is discussed. Possible use of cibarial sensilla and armature to separate taxonomically difficult species is suggested.
An experimental investigation of refuging behaviour in a minnow
Authors: Fraser Douglas F.
Published: January 2010

An artificial stream was used to experimentally investigate refuging behaviour in the creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). When shelters were limited, adults dispersed from and returned to the area of the stream containing shelter on a diel cycle. Thus, they exhibited refuging behaviour as defined by Hamilton and Watt (W. J. Hamilton and K. E. F. Watt. 1970. Refuging. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1: 263–284). However, when shelters were unlimited, adults did not aggregate in one location, indicating that adult refuging is conditioned by the dispersal of suitable shelters and that it is not a communal process as in roosting birds. In contrast with adults, when shelters were limited, young creek chub did not refuge. The differences in behaviour of the two size–age groups are consistent with observations from the natural stream, in that young chub can utilize small cover objects such as submerged leaves or employ crypsis to escape detection, rendering them less dependent than adults on cover. Further, high densities of juveniles in refuge locations would reduce their foraging efficiency and increase the risk of predation by piscivorous adults.
Ovulation in Rhodnius prolixus Stal is induced by an extract of neurosecretory cells
Authors: Kriger F. L. , Davey K. G.
Published: January 2010

The injection of an extract of 10 identified median neurosecretory cells from the pars intercerebralis into gravid mated females previously deprived of these cells by surgery induces ovulation and oviposition during the ensuring 24 h. Injection of an extract of ocellar nerves has no effect. These observations support the hypothesis that ovulation and oviposition are controlled by a myotropin released from neurosecretory cells in the brain.
Sarcocystis sybillensis sp. nov. from the North American elk (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Jolley W. R. , Thorne E. Tom
Published: January 2010

Sarcocystis sybillensis sp. nov. (Protozoa, Sarcocystidae) is described as a heteroxenous coccidium, with the elk (Cervus elaphus) as the natural intermediate host and the dog (Canis familiaris) as the experimental definitive host. The sarcocysts are microscopic, compartmented, and thick walled (up to 8 μm) with filamentous protrusions. The bradyzoites are 10.6 × 3.3 μm and the metrocytes are 8.8 × 5.4 μm. Sporocysts in the intestine of the dog are 15.5 × 10.7 μm. The ultrastructure of S. sybillensis is compared with that of the thin-walled sarcocysts of S. wapiti.
Anoplodium hymanae sp. n., an umagillid turbellarian from the coelom of Stichopus californicus, a Northeast Pacific holothurian
Authors: Shinn George L.
Published: January 2010

Anoplodium hymanae sp. n., a symbiont of the holothurian Stichopus californicus, is described from specimens collected near San Juan Island, Washington, U.S.A. Worms of this species have a single median ovary. This characteristic distinguishes them from other members of the genus except A. mediate. Anoplodium hymanae differs most significantly from A. mediale in the form of the vitellaria and the connections of the ducts of the female reproductive tract. Many of the specimens studied had ingested large numbers of cells identified as host coelomocytes; the species is therefore considered to be parasitic.
Reproductive isolation between Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in British Columbia
Authors: Berube D. E. , Myers Judith H.
Published: January 2010

Observations were made of the reproductive behavior of free-ranging Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata on their host plant, Centaurea diffusa, near Kamloops, British Columbia. The behavior of both species is similar. Courting males of both species do not distinguish between conspecific males and females until attempted copulation. Males do discriminate between conspecific and non-conspecific females. Species recognition by males occurs at the time of prospective mate selection of during precopulatory displays. Recognition is apparently based on morphological and subtle behavioral differences between the two species. Some males did attempt copulation with non-conspecific females, and these were consistently rejected by the females. Differences in the male genitalia are probably important in female recognition of males. The behavior of these two species is discussed in relation to theoretical models of the evolution of reproductive strategies.
New records of marine Marionina (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from the Pacific Northeast, with a description of Marionina klaskisharum sp. nov.
Authors: Coates Kathryn A.
Published: January 2010

Four species of the enchytraeid oligochaete genus Marionina from intertidal habitats are added to the British Columbia species list: Marionina klaskisharum sp. nov., M. nevisensis (Righi and Kanner, 1979), M. southerni Cernosvitov, 1937, and M. glandulifera (Jansson, 1960). Marionina nevisensis is asetate; M. klaskisharum has setal bundles ventrally in II to V, each represented by a single seta; M. glandulifera has only ventral, bisetate setal bundles; and M. southerni has lateral and ventral bisetate bundles in all segments except laterally in II. Marionina nevisensis is elevated from a subspecies of M. achaeta Lasserre, 1964 because of structural differences of their spermathecae and seminal vesicles. The ranges of M. charlottensis Coates, 1980 and M. nevisensis Coates, 1980 are extended, respectively, south to northern California and to include the entire British Columbia coastline.
Environmental determinants of unionid clam distribution in the Middle Thames River, Ontario
Authors: Salmon Anneke , Green Roger H.
Published: January 2010

Seven unionid clam species were collected from 240 randomly allocated 0.5-m2 quadrats in the Middle Thames River above Thamesford, Ontario. Five environmental variables were measured for each quadrat; the statistical procedure used was discriminant analysis on principal components of the data. Increased frequency of occurrence of clams (of all species) is associated with slow moving, shallow water but also with a relatively coarse substrate. Species of clams show separation along a similar water depth and velocity gradient.
Spacing and Three-bird Flights of mallards breeding in pothole habitat
Authors: Titman Rodger D.
Published: January 2010

Wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were observed in pothole habitat near Minnedosa, Manitoba. The breeding mallards behaved territorially: both members of a pair were attached to a fixed area, and males were aggressive toward intruding females and pairs. Territorial behaviour was most pronounced during a brief period (13–22 days) from just prior to laying until early incubation. The most frequently observed aggressive behaviour pattern was the Three-bird Flight which effectively expelled intruders from the territory. The behaviour of birds in one area where density was artificially increased through the release of hand-reared birds of wild stock was compared with that of mallards under natural conditions. Under higher population density, pairs occupied smaller territories, the frequency of Three-bird Flights was reduced, and the average length and number of participants in each pursuit was reduced. Territorial behaviour in mallards appears to have evolved because of advantages to the male in preventing cuckoldry by defending his mate from males intent on forced copulation, alerting her to the presence of predators, and in allowing her to feed with a minimum of interruption during this period when she has special nutrient requirements. Three-bird Flights do not appear to be strictly territorial. Males appear to employ a mixed reproductive strategy whereby they defend their mates and also seek to inseminate females other than their mates.
Circadian variation in the behaviour and physiology of Bulinus tropicus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)
Authors: Chaudhry M. Asghar , Morgan Elfed
Published: January 2010

Locomotor activity, feeding, defaecation, excretion, oviposition, and hatching have been studied over the circadian span for specimens of the tropical freshwater snail Bulinus tropicus entrained to a 8.5 h light: 15.5 h dark photoperiod. With the exception of defaecation, which is apparently arrhythmic, the activities studied followed a diurnal pattern with an approximately parallel phase relationship over the circadian period. The rhythms persist in constant conditions and periodogram and autocorrelation analysis showed the feeding and locomotor activity cycles to have an almost identical free-running period of approximately 23.5 h. In contrast to the rhythm of ammonia excretion, which is maximal early during the light or subjective light period, oviposition in B. tropicus follows a bimodal pattern and the hatching times tend to be similarly distributed throughout the day. The hatching behaviour of B. globosus is similarly bimodal, although this species shows only a single peak of egg laying at about midday. A multiple oscillator mechanism is suggested to account for the results.
Sarcocystis bozemanensis sp. no v. (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) and S. campestris from the Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), in Montana, U.S.A.
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: January 2010

Two structually distinct species of Sarcocystis with compartments were found in skeletal muscles of Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii). Thin-walled (< 1 μm) cysts of Sarcocystis bozemanensis sp. nov. were found in 5 of 72 squirrels and thick-walled (2–7 μm) cysts of S. campestris Cawthorn et al., 1983 were found in 8 of 72 squirrels. Cysts of S. bozemanensis were microscopic, with smooth thin walls without protrusions, and bradyzoites were 6.7 × 1.9 μm.
Heartbeat and blood pressure in terrestrial slugs
Authors: Duval André
Published: January 2010

Heart rate was measured in four species of terrestrial slugs. The effects of temperature, body weight, activity, and cardiac denervation on heart rate were established. Using a servo-null-balance system, blood pressure recordings from auricle, ventricle, pericardial cavity, and haemocoel were studied using two species, Deroceras reticulatum and Limax pseudoflavus. Intracardiac pressures higher than those reported for other gastropods were recorded.
Partitioning ordered variables into discrete states for discriminant analysis of ecological classifications
Authors: Legendre Louis , Legendre Pierre
Published: January 2010

This paper describes a procedure to partition ordered variables into discrete states for the discrimination of an ecological classification. At each step, the best partition is that which maximizes a log likelihood ratio for nonhomogeneity of distributions across the groups of the classification. The partitioning procedure ends when the probability of the log likelihood χ2 statistic reaches its minimum value. An actual ecological example is given of the discrete discriminant analysis of a benthos classification, with vegetation and oxygen concentration as discriminant variables. The O2 observations are first partitioned into discrete states, using the partitioning algorithm described before. Following three-dimensional contingency table analysis, it is concluded that the benthos classification is independent of oxygen concentrations.
Le tissu adipeux de Rhodnius prolixus (Stål.). Étude histochimique et ultrastructurale chez les larves du 5e stade et chez les imagos
Authors: Chalaye D. , Hadj-Idris A. E. Queiroz , Lauverjat S.
Published: January 2010

A histochemical and ultrastructural study of the fat body of Rhodnius prolixus was done on fifth-instar larvae and adults of both sexes, 6 days after a blood meal. In larvae, fat cells are rich in glycogen and lipid droplets and contain very little protein secretion. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) contains only short saccules although free ribosomes are numerous. The fat body of adult females lacks glycogen and is characterized by an active protein secretion which is not figured as granules. Deep invaginations of the basal plasma membrane delimit wide surfaces of stacked profiles of RER. In adult males, some cytological aspects of the fat body are similar to those of female tissues but the RER is much less extended. Sexual dimorphism of the Rhodnius fat body is thus not pronounced. Brief starvation of females induces a reduction of the cytoplasm in fat cells; the RER mainly regresses and lysosomes are formed by autophagic processes.
Determining lactose content of harp seal milk
Authors: Stewart R. E. A. , Webb B. E. , Lavigne D. M. , Fletcher F.
Published: January 2010

Lactose levels in harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) milk were estimated using three quantitative techniques (phenol–sulphuric acid, anthrone reagent, and picric acid). Based on its low coefficient of variation, accuracy, and simplicity, the anthrone technique was the preferred method. Lactose content of harp seal milk remained constant throughout lactation at 0.89 ± 0.14 g per 100 g whole milk ([Formula: see text], n = 22). Fat, water, and protein content of our samples were not significantly different from those determined in a previous study. The absence of between-year differences in these constituents further suggests that carbohydrate content also did not change significantly from year to year.
The chemical composition of follicular and ovarian fluids of the pregnant blenny (Zoarces viviparus (L.))
Authors: Korsgaard Bodil
Published: January 2010

The follicles of the pregnant Zoarces viviparus (L.) ovary proliferate and become increasingly vascularized and fluid filled after ovulation. The protein fractions of the follicular fluid appear to be identical to those of the maternal serum, whereas no protein can be detected in the ovarian fluid. After estradiol treatment, a vitellogenin band appears in the same position in the serum and the follicular fluid. The osmolarity and the concentration of glucose, free fatty acids, and ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) were similar in serum and follicular fluid but considerably lower in the ovarian fluid, whereas the concentration of chloride ions was found to be almost identical in the three compartments. The pregnant female and her embryos both respond to a maternal intramuscular glucose load by significant increases in their serum glucose levels. A single intramuscular glucose load of 0.2 g/100 g body weight resulted in a similar increase in blood and ovarian glucose levels followed by an identical slow return to normal after 48 h. An intraovarian injected mixture of amino acids (0.1 g/100 g body weight) increased the NPS level in the blood to half the value of the ovarian fluid within 2 h and the NPS were totally removed within 24 h.
Density, growth, and change in density of coho salmon and rainbow trout in three Lake Michigan tributaries
Authors: Carl L. M.
Published: January 2010

Coho salmon spawning peaked in the late fall. Spawning densities ranged from fewer than 5 coho salmon per hectare up to 90 fish per hectare. Subyearling coho salmon densities ranged from 10 to 60 fish per 100 m2 in June and dropped to 5–20 fish by early fall. Coho salmon fry increased in length from 40 mm in early May, to over 120 mm by smolt out-migration in the following April. Coho salmon instantaneous daily change in density coefficients ranged from 0.004 to 0.019 and were dependent on initial coho density. Daily coho salmon growth rates ranged from 0.38 to 0.60 mm per day and were not dependent on initial coho salmon density. Downstream movement of rainbow trout fry began in May, and continued into July. In the spring 10–20 yearlings and one to five 2-year-olds per 100 m2 were present. Most fry emerged in June at a size of 25 mm and grew to 85 mm by fall. Daily growth rates varied from 0.23 to 0.45 mm per day for yearling rainbow trout and were not correlated with rainbow trout density.
Nesting success of yearling and older breeders in the Semipalmated Sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
Authors: Gratto C. L. , Cooke F. , Morrison R. I. G.
Published: January 2010

Approximately 100 pairs of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) nested in a 2-km2 area at La Pérouse Bay, Manitoba, each year from 1980 to 1982. The proportion of nesting yearlings in the population varied from 3 to 10% in different years. Some aspects of the breeding biology of pairs containing at least one yearling were compared with those without yearlings. In 1980, a significantly lower proportion of nests of yearlings were successful (hatched at least one chick) compared with older pairs. In 1981 and 1982 no difference was observed. Nest failure was primarily caused by egg predation. No differences in clutch size or nest distribution were found between the two age groups, but eggs were significantly smaller in nests of yearling females and mean hatch date at yearling nests was later.
Trichodina algonquinensis, a new species of peritrich ciliate from Ontario freshwater fish, and observations on its transmission
Authors: Li Lianxiang , Desser Sherwin S.
Published: January 2010

Trichodina algonquinensis n. sp. is described from the urinary bladder and ureters of the perch (Perca flavescens) and the common shiner (Notropis cornutus) from Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario. The ciliate is hat shaped, flattened, and ellipsoidal in lateral view. The mean diameter of the oral portion of the body is 88.4 μm (58.5–123.5 μm; n = 21) and of the adhesive disc, 54.9 μm (42.9–57.2 μm; n = 30). It has 38 (35–42; n = 17) denticles, a horseshoe-shaped macronucleus, a round to ovoid micronucleus situated near the end of one arm of the macronucleus, and the oral groove spiral is 540°. Experiments indicate that in aquaria the ciliate is readily transmitted from perch to common shiners and golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) but not to creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus).
Courtship behavior in garter snakes: effects of artificial hibernation
Authors: Vagvolgyi Alice , Halpern Mimi
Published: January 2010

Following 5 months of artificial hibernation (0 h light (L) – 24 h dark (D), 3 °C) male garter snakes courted females that were artificially hibernated as well as females maintained under constant laboratory conditions (12 h L – 12 h D, 28 °C) for 5 months. The hibernated males also courted nonhibernated males but did not court each other. Nonhibernated males did not court any females or males. These results suggest that the environmental conditions accompanying hibernation are critical to the display of male courtship patterns, are not critical to the elaboration of female attractivity, and provide a basis upon which male snakes can distinguish other males from females.
The susceptibility of some sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) to Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Finney Jean R. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: January 2010

The larvae of five species of sawflies were found to be susceptible to Heterorhabditis heliothidis at 24 ± 1 °C within 24 h and 100% mortality occurred in the European sawfly at 15 °C. The pupal stage of the European sawfly was not susceptible to attack by this nematode.
Direct transmission of the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica among Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Authors: Bower Susan M. , Margolis L.
Published: January 2010

Laboratory-reared juvenile Oncorhynchus nerka were marked, inoculated with Cryptobia (= Trypanoplasma) salmositica, and held in tanks with equal numbers of untreated fish. About 85% (116 of 137) of the untreated fish (held in freshwater or seawater) exposed by brief out-of-water contact with heavily infected fish in a dipnet became infected. Without out-of-water contact, only 4% (3 of 85) of the untreated fish held in the same tanks as inoculated fish became infected. The flagellates were shown to escape from the coelom to the body surface of infected fish via ruptured areas in the region of the abdominal pores. The escaped flagellates were similar in morphology to those in the blood and were equally sensitive to lysis in water but the mucus from the fish provided the flagellates with short-term protection. Supportive evidence that direct transmission may occur in the field was obtained when juvenile Oncorhynchus kisutch held in seminatural rearing channels in a hatchery showed an increase in the prevalence of infection after they were moved to an adjacent channel. Leech vectors (Piscicola salmositica) were not observed to account for the increase in the number of infected fish, and the prevalence of infection remained low in fish that were not moved. Indirect versus direct life history is currently the only criterion used in distinguishing Trypanoplasma (parasitic in blood and other fluids of fish) from Cryptobia (parasitic in molluscs and externally on fish). The evidence of direct transmission in a blood form demonstrates that this criterion is not reliable. The genus Trypanoplasma Laveran and Mesnil, 1901 is therefore considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Cryptobia Leidy, 1846.
Water temperature influences salinity selection in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis
Authors: Miller Cynthia A. , Fivizzani Albert J. , Meier Albert H.
Published: January 2010

Salinity selection of Fundulus grandis acclimated for at least 2 weeks to water temperatures of either 20 or 28 °C was tested at 23 °C in salinity gradient chambers (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35‰) at three seasons of the year. In October and March, fish acclimated to 28 °C selected lower salinities (October, 7.7‰; March, 9.6‰) than those selected by fish held at 20 °C (October, 17.5‰; March, 17.4‰). However, no differential effect of acclimation temperature was observed during the postspawning period in July (28 °C acclimation, 15.4‰; 20 °C acclimation, 13.0‰). It was further observed in tests conducted in April that the water temperature of the salinity gradient chamber also influenced salinity selection; warmer water (28 °C) promoted selection of lower salinities than cooler water (20 °C) in both 20 and 28 °C acclimated fish. Our results indicate that water temperature can have both proximate as well as longer term (ultimate) influences on salinity selection of F. grandis except during a postspawning period when they are refractory to the influences of acclimation temperature.
End products of anaerobic metabolism in Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) cingulata (Gmelin 1790) and Cerithium coralium Kiener 1841
Authors: Rao Y. Prabhakara , Rao D. G. V. Prasada
Published: January 2010

Changes in the utilisation of glycogen and aspartic acid and accumulation of end products such as succinic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and lactic acid were studied in Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithium coralium under anaerobic conditions. A time-bound utilisation of glycogen and aspartic acid was observed with an initial increase in their utilisation during the earlier hours of anaerobiosis. Accumulation of the end products succinic acid and alanine were found to be high during the initial hours of anaerobiosis. Glutamic and lactic acids were also observed to accumulate but to a lesser extent.