bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diáspora negra no Brasil
Authors: Schleumer Fabiana
Published: March 2016

HEYWOOD, Linda M.(org.) Diáspora negra no Brasil. (Tradução: Ingrind de Castro Vompean Fregonez, Thaís Crsitina Casson, Vera Lúcia Benedito). São Paulo: Contexto, 2008.
Neocolonialismo na África
Authors: Lopes Ana Mónica Hnriques
Published: March 2016

O presente texto visa refletir sobre o neocolonialismo e as armadilhas da culpabilidade do outro. Após as independências dos países africanos observamos em vários espaços a dificuldade de instauração do Estado de direito e de organização de políticas econômicas que reduzissem o impacto do colonialismo e integrassem suas populações na nova ordem nacional. As fendas abertas pela necessidade de reajuste constituíram-se em veios para a penetração de sistemas de dominação econômica que pelo jogo da culpa encobrem políticas internacionais e práticas locais.
Das Máscaras Africanas Ao Romance Brasileiro Do Século XX - trajetórias, usos e sentidos do negrismo
Authors: Oliveira Luiz Henrique Silva de
Published: March 2016

Este trabalho pretende conceituar o negrismo enquanto procedimento literário do século XX e estudar suas manifestações e trajetórias até chegar ao romance brasileiro do referido período. Será necessário para isso evidenciar suas fontes e influências, estabelecer diálogo com outros sentidos que o termo possui. Finalmente, deseja-se evidenciar como a linhagem negrista no romance brasileiro do período em questão representou uma etapa de transição entre a literatura de perspectiva etnocêntrica, em relação ao negro, e a chamada literatura afro-brasileira. Palavras-chave: negrismo; romance; Literatura Brasileira.
Missões Batistas em Angola e Moçambique no período de descolonização: apontamentos para uma discussão do discurso da revista O Campo é o Mundo
Authors: Moreira Harley Abrantes
Published: March 2016

Este artigo procura discutir as aspectos das relações culturais entre missionários batistas brasileiros e africanos angolanos e moçambicanos no início da década de setenta do século XX. O material analisado consiste em fragmentos da revista missionária O Campo é o Mundo, produzida pela Junta de Missões Mundiais da Igreja Batista. Destacam-se neste texto, as ideias de representação e alteridades em Roger Chartier, Tzevetan Todorov e Stuart Hall respectivamente. Além de noções da análise do discurso a partir das autoras Enni Orlandi e Helena Nagamini Brandão. Como problema central, apontamos o protagonismo do sujeito histórico africano. Palavras chave: Missões-alteridades-África.
Classificação e perseguição: os agentes da Inquisição, os negros, pardos e mulatos em uma sociedade escravista. (Alagoas Colonial, 1674-1820)
Authors: Machado Alex Rolim
Published: March 2016

Apesar de não ter sido instaurado um Tribunal da Inquisição na América portuguesa, é enganoso pensar que suas ações não tenham chegado aos Trópicos. Inicialmente foi pensado para perseguir crimes “europeus”, sendo o principal o judaísmo. Nos territórios americanos, os Agentes do Santo Ofício se reinventaram a todo momento com o tráfico do negro africano, a conquista dos ameríndios e a miscigenação por conta de seus fortes traços culturais e modos de vida. Aprenderam ali a classificar e a perseguir práticas das etnias africanas e americanas. Do mesmo modo, os escravos, forros e livres igualmente se propuseram a usar a Inquisição como ferramenta de resistência, travando em alguns momentos sua suposta maquinação efetiva e voltando-a contra os senhores brancos.
Gregos e baianos: o drama O pagador de promessas e sua relação com a tragédia grega clássica
Authors: Lobo Júlio Cesar
Published: March 2016

O objetivo principal desse ensaio é analisar a peça O pagador de promessas, de Dias Gomes, comparando a sua estrutura dramática com elementos centrais da tragédia grega clássica. Nossas premissas são: há uma atualização de princípios da tragédia ática, há a reafirmação do prestígio do culto católico, e há a afirmação do candomblé através da evocação de Iansã ao final dessa narrativa.
Nabokov as Translator: Passion and Precision
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: March 2016

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Púchkin como o Deus da literatura russa e Dostoiévski como seu Profeta: uma análise do discurso proferido por Dostoiévski no Festival Púchkin
Authors: Almeida Giuliana Teixeira de
Published: March 2016

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Языковая личность автора в проекции XXI века: Чехов и мы
Authors: Petrova N.
Published: March 2016

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«Я КАЖДЫЙ ДЕНЬ ЖДУ ВЫСТРЕЛА В СЕБЯ…» (Орудия смерти в произведениях В. Хлебникова)
Authors: Kupriianov V.
Published: March 2016

O poeta Velimir Khlébnikov é conhecido por sua postura pacifista no contexto dos movimentos de vanguarda na Rússia. Este trabalho busca analisar a manifestação da temática das guerras na obra de Khlébnikov, a partir da observação de aspectos semânticos envolvidos nas escolhas do autor, como as referências a diversas armas e às diferentes guerras no decorrer da história.
Pável Sanáeiv – Enterrem-me Atrás do Rodapé
Authors: Américo Ekaterina Vólkova
Published: March 2016

Nascido em Moscou, no ano de 1969, Pável Sanáiev pertence à última geração de jovens ainda educados por meio dos valores soviéticos e que posteriormente presenciaram o seu colapso. Tudo ou quase tudo aquilo que havia sido ensinado na escola foi declarado como uma grande mentira e farsa, e o capitalismo foi apontado pelos meios de comunicação de massa como a única saída da profunda crise econômica, política e cultural que assolava o país.
Dostoiévski e Púchkin
Authors: Bernardini Aurora
Published: March 2016

Neste texto são apresentadas algumas das semelhanças e diferenças que existem na vida, formação e atividade literária de A.S. Púchkin e F. M. Dostoiévski, baseadas – primeiramente – nas pesquisas de dois críticos literários especialistas na análise bio-bibliográfica dos autores considerados. São eles, respectivamente H. Troyat e L. Grossman. Em segundo lugar, são focalizadas as características gerais dominantes na obra dos dois escritores e, com base no Discurso proferido por Dostoiévski em Moscou, em 8 de junho de 1880, por ocasião da inauguração do monumento a Aleksandr Púchkin, são ressaltadas dessemelhanças entre eles.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Reveals Signs of Subclinical Myocardial Inflammation in Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Luetkens Julian A. , Doerner Jonas , Schwarze-Zander Carolynne , Wasmuth Jan-Christian , Boesecke Christoph , Sprinkart Alois M. , Schmeel Frederic C. , Homsi Rami , Gieseke Juergen , Schild Hans H. , Rockstroh Jürgen K. , Naehle Claas P.
Published: March 2016

Background—

People living with chronic HIV infection are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. With this study, we aimed to determine the extent of cardiovascular involvement in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients by a comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) approach.

Methods and Results—

Asymptomatic patients with chronic HIV infection undergoing combination antiretroviral therapy (n=28) and control subjects (n=22) underwent CMR. HIV-infected patients were successfully controlled for the disease with a consistent plasma viremia of <200 copies/mL (mean CD4
+
-cell count, 475.1±307.9 cells/μL). CMR protocol allowed for the determination of cardiac function, myocardial inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, aortic stiffness, and pericardial fat volume. When compared with healthy controls, HIV-infected patients showed alterations in left ventricular function as demonstrated by a lower ejection fraction (60.9±7.1% versus 65.2±5.5%;
P
=0.023) and lower global peak systolic longitudinal and circumferential strain values (longitudinal strain, −17.7±3.4% versus −20.2±3.2%, circumferential strain, −21.2±4.6% versus −24.7±5.1%;
P
<0.001, respectively). CMR parameters indicating myocardial inflammation were elevated in HIV-infected patients (native T1 relaxation times, 1128.3±53.4 ms versus 1086.5±54.5 ms;
P
=0.009; relative T2 signal intensity ratio, 1.6±0.3 versus 1.4±0.3;
P
=0.046; early gadolinium enhancement ratio, 3.1±1.2 versus 2.1±0.6;
P
=0.003). Myocardial fibrosis, predominantly at the subepicardium of the midventricular and basal inferolateral wall, was prevalent in 82.1% of HIV-infected patients, but only in 27.3% of healthy controls (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Comprehensive CMR revealed a high burden of cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Subclinical myocardial inflammation as detected by CMR may be a potential precursor of the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in patients with chronic HIV infection.
HIV-1–Related Cardiovascular Disease Is Associated With Chronic Inflammation, Frequent Pericardial Effusions, and Probable Myocardial Edema
Authors: Ntusi Ntobeko , O’Dwyer Eoin , Dorrell Lucy , Wainwright Emma , Piechnik Stefan , Clutton Genevieve , Hancock Gemma , Ferreira Vanessa , Cox Pete , Badri Motasim , Karamitsos Theodoros , Emmanuel Sam , Clarke Kieran , Neubauer Stefan , Holloway Cameron
Published: March 2016

Background—

Patients with treated HIV infection have clear survival benefits although with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality. Mechanisms of heart disease may be partly related to untreated chronic inflammation. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging allows a comprehensive assessment of myocardial structure, function, and tissue characterization. We investigated, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance, subclinical inflammation and myocardial disease in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.

Methods and Results—

Myocardial structure and function were assessed using cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 1.5-T in treated HIV-infected individuals without known cardiovascular disease (n=103; mean age, 45±10 years) compared with healthy controls (n=92; mean age, 44±10 years). Assessments included left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, strain, regional systolic, diastolic function, native T1 mapping, edema, and gadolinium enhancement. Compared with controls, subjects with HIV infection had 6% lower left ventricular ejection fraction (
P
<0.001), 7% higher myocardial mass (
P
=0.02), 29% lower peak diastolic strain rate (
P
<0.001), 4% higher short-tau inversion recovery values (
P
=0.02), and higher native T1 values (969 versus 956 ms in controls;
P
=0.01). Pericardial effusions and myocardial fibrosis were 3 and 4× more common, respectively, in subjects with HIV infection (both
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Treated HIV infection is associated with changes in myocardial structure and function in addition to higher rates of subclinical myocardial edema and fibrosis and frequent pericardial effusions. Chronic systemic inflammation in HIV, which involves the myocardium and pericardium, may explain the high rate of myocardial fibrosis and increased cardiac dysfunction in people living with HIV.
Particle Swarm Optimization for Single Objective Continuous Space Problems: A Review
Authors: Bonyadi Mohammad Reza , Michalewicz Zbigniew
Published: March 2016

This paper reviews recent studies on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The review has been focused on high impact recent articles that have analyzed and/or modified PSO algorithms. This paper also presents some potential areas for future study.
“Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians” (nrsv Daniel 4:9): Explorations in Identity and Context from the Career of Daniel
Authors: Meadowcroft Tim
Published: March 2016

In Daniel 4:9, the faithful Jewish wise man is addressed by King Nebuchadnezzar as “Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians”. This is a telling phrase in two respects. First, it shows Daniel bearing, apparently without protest, the name given to him by the Babylonians in honor partly of their deity Bel. It thus raises questions of identity. Secondly, it places Daniel/Belteshazzar squarely in the context of the court practitioners of the pagan arts of the Babylonian wise men. It thus also raises questions of the level of Daniel’s adoption of the mores of the Babylonian court context in which he finds himself. Both of these questions, of identity and of context, run through the biblical book of Daniel and its account of his life. These are explored in a close study of Daniel 1 and the subsequent court tales of conflict and contest (Daniel 2–6). The study culminates in a consideration of the one like a son of man in Daniel 7.1
Visibility or Invisibility: The Dilemma of the Muslim Associations of Switzerland
Authors: Monnot Christophe
Published: March 2016

The Muslim associations of Switzerland are in the throes of a dilemma: should they remain invisible in order to avoid social stigmatization, or become visible in order to speak out and gain fair recognition? This invisibility especially relates to the local level and the impact and interactions that the associations have with their immediate environment. The visibility is characterized by the decision of the ‘representative’ associations to bring Muslims out of obscurity. It touches on the supra-local level of federal cantonal representation. The analysis in this article will illuminate the two levels of the dilemma, based on observations and interviews conducted with the Muslim religious communities of a large representative region of Switzerland.
Diatrypella macrospora sp. nov. and new records of diatrypaceous fungi from Iran
Authors: MEHRABI MEHDI , HEMMATI ROGHAYEH , VASILYEVA LARISSA N. , TROUILLAS FLORENT P.
Published: March 2016

Descriptions and illustrations are provided for six diatrypaceous species from Iran. Diatrypella macrospora is introduced as new to science. It differs from all other Diatrypella species by its larger ascospores. New records for the Iranian mycota include Cryptovalsa rabenhorstii, Eutypella citricola, Peroneutypa scoparia and Quaternaria quaternata. Descriptions and illustrations of microscopic characters, ITS sequence data and taxonomic notes are provided for these newly reported taxa.
Thamnocephalus chacosaltensis, a new species of Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from Salta province (Argentina)
Authors: COHEN ROSA GRACIELA
Published: March 2016

Thamnocephalus chacosaltensis, a new species of fairy shrimp, was found in a temporary turbid pond in the Rivadavia Department, Salta province, Argentina (24º13’19.3’’S; 62º 52’14.3’’W), belonging to the Chaco salteño. The males present a well developed frontal appendage. Their First (FB) and Third (TB) branches show features diagnostic for the species. FB shows three sub–branches; the most proximal one is coiled, lacks spines all along, gradually thins in distal direction and flattens in the distal half; distally, the flattened portion is folded and ends blunt, bearing a small spine at the tip. TB is a broad–based triangular, thin, much flattened and folded outgrowth, with a small spine at the apex. Male genital and abdominal segments lack medio–ventral spines near their posterior margins. Comparisons with the other species of the genus are established.
Isotomidae (Collembola) of Buryat Republic. III. The genera Vertagopus and Agrenia, with a note on 'Claw index'
Authors: POTAPOV MIKHAIL , GULGENOVA AYUNA , BABYKINA MARINA
Published: March 2016

Two genera are revised based on material from Buryatia (Russia, East Siberia). Vertagopus ceratus sp. nov. and V. asiaticus sp. nov. are described of which the former species is strictly alpine and is defined by pale colouration, the presence of chaetae on the anterior side of the ventral tube, and abundant sensillar chaetotaxy. V. asiaticus sp. nov. is widely distributed in Asia and is unusual due to only 9 chaetae in apical whorl on tibiotarsi. A key to species of Vertagopus Börner, recorded in the republic is given, and notes on morphology, distribution, and ecology are provided. In the genus Agrenia Börner, a form similar with A. bidenticulata was recorded in mountainous areas. Buryatian populations considerably differ from the diagnosis of the typical arctic A.bidenticulata (Tullberg) by a much longer claw. A conception of A. bidenticulata sensu lato complex is temporarily proposed basing on available materials from Palearctic, including High Arctic, sub-Arctic and South Siberian mountains. The complex consists of several local forms which are different in Claw index and associated Tibiotarsus/Claw ratio, while the dependence of the two indexes on the latitude is shown.
A new species of the genus Discolaimus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae) from Qinghai, China
Authors: WU WEN-JIA , YAN LIN , XU CHUN-LING , WANG KE , JIN SHENG-YING , XIE HUI
Published: March 2016

A new species of the family Qudsianematidae Jairajpuri, 1965 collected from soil from Qinghai Province, China is described as Discolaimus anemaqen n. sp. It is mainly characterized by having a disc-like lip region with six labial sectors separated by six Y-shaped radial grooves; amphid fovea an inverted-stirrup shape; odontostyle aperture 53–59% of its length; anterior part of pharynx with two swellings, basal part expanded gradually with a sheath of tissue visible ventrally and at the base; no groups of large cells observed in cardiac region; female genital system amphidelphic; tail dorsally convex, conoid, with flat ventral side and bluntly rounded terminus, and males not found. The new species is close to D. major Thorne, 1939, D. similis Thorne, 1939 and D. silvicolus Sauer & Annells, 1985 in most measurements, but can be differentiated from them by lip morphology, pharynx structure, body size, and tail shape. A key to the species of Discolaimus is also provided.
New Canadian records of Nemastoma bimaculatum (Fabricius), and a brief summary of introduced Eurasian harvestmen in North America (Arachnida, Opiliones)
Authors: SHEAR WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2016

Eurasian harvestmen have been introduced to, and have established themselves in North America. Species known to have been introduced include Trogulus tricarinatus (L.) 1767, Paroligolophus agrestis (Meade) 1855, Rilaena triangularis (Herbst) 1799, Oligolophus tridens (C. L. Koch) 1836, and Nemastoma bimaculatum (Fabricius) 1775, for the last of which new Canadian records (Ontario) are given below. It is not entirely determined if the species Phalangium opilio (L.) 1758, Opilio parietinus (DeGeer) 1778 and Mitopus morio (Fabricius) 1779 are introduced to North America, or are naturally of Holarctic distribution. The former seems the more likely hypothesis for the first two, but M. morio in North America may be native or may not be that species. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these species may be found in Martens (1978).
Strong Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions during a Short-Term Hot Event over the Western Pacific Warm Pool in Response to El Niño
Authors: Chen Guixing , Qin Huiling
Published: March 2016

A short-term hot event with a very high sea surface temperature (SST ≥ 30°C) occurred in the western Pacific warm pool during November 2006. The interactions between this ocean hot event, atmospheric convection, and large-scale dynamics are studied using satellite observations, buoy measurements, air–sea fluxes analysis, and global reanalysis. It is shown that SST variation and deep convection over the western Pacific behave like a remote response to the El Niño warm SST anomaly in the central Pacific that induces westward-moving atmospheric convection and equatorial waves. The large-scale subsidence associated with propagating convection not only promotes high SSTs in the western Pacific through establishing cloud-free conditions and increasing heat content in a thin ocean mixed layer, but also produces convective instability through capping substantial water vapor in the lower troposphere. Under the precondition of convective instability and the steering of tropical easterlies, some convective systems propagate coherently from the central to western Pacific and intensify. In particular, new cloud clusters are dynamically attracted to the warmest oceans with maximum atmospheric instability. The enhanced convective activity then transfers oceanic energy into the atmosphere, strengthens upper-ocean mixing, and returns the positive SST anomalies to more typical values. In such a coupled system, synoptic-scale convective activities at an interval of 5–8 days are selectively amplified and thus are filtered to an intraseasonal (20–30-day) oscillation, depending on the phase of the hot event over the western Pacific. The observed evidence has implications for the predictability of short-term climate, and it offers critical information for validating the coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics in climate models.
A Dynamically Based Climatology of Subtropical Cyclones that Undergo Tropical Transition in the North Atlantic Basin
Authors: Bentley Alicia M. , Keyser Daniel , Bosart Lance F.
Published: March 2016

Subtropical cyclones (STCs) derive a considerable portion of their energy from baroclinic and diabatic processes. The opportunity to investigate the roles of baroclinic and diabatic processes during the evolution of STCs from a potential vorticity (PV) perspective motivates this study. The roles of baroclinic and diabatic processes during the evolution of STCs are determined by calculating three PV metrics from the 0.5° NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis dataset. The three PV metrics quantify the relative contributions of lower-tropospheric baroclinic processes, midtropospheric latent heat release, and upper-tropospheric dynamical processes during the evolution of individual cyclones. An evaluation of the three PV metrics, as well as the sign of the upper-tropospheric thermal vorticity, during the evolution of individual cyclones is used to devise an objective STC identification technique and construct a 1979–2010 climatology of North Atlantic (NATL) STCs that undergo tropical transition.

An investigation of the intraseasonal variability associated with the location and frequency of STCs identified in the 1979–2010 climatology shows that STCs typically form over the southern Gulf of Mexico and western NATL during April–June; over the northern Gulf of Mexico and western NATL during July–September; and over the western, central, and eastern NATL during October–December. STC formation occurs most frequently during September, when baroclinic and convectively driven forcings overlap across portions of the NATL. The frequency of STC formation is sensitive to the phase of ENSO and is maximized during periods of anomalously low SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
External Validation of the Acoustic Voice Quality Index Version 03.01 With Extended Representativity
Authors: Barsties Ben , Maryn Youri
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

The Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI) is an objective method to quantify the severity of overall voice quality in concatenated continuous speech and sustained phonation segments. Recently, AVQI was successfully modified to be more representative and ecologically valid because the internal consistency of AVQI was balanced out through equal proportion of the 2 speech types. The present investigation aims to explore its external validation in a large data set.

Methods:

An expert panel of 12 speech-language therapists rated the voice quality of 1058 concatenated voice samples varying from normophonia to severe dysphonia. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients ( r) were used to measure concurrent validity. The AVQI’s diagnostic accuracy was evaluated with several estimates of its receiver operating characteristics (ROC).

Results:

Finally, 8 of the 12 experts were chosen because of reliability criteria. A strong correlation was identified between AVQI and auditoryperceptual rating ( r = 0.815, P = .000). It indicated that 66.4% of the auditory-perceptual rating’s variation was explained by AVQI. Additionally, the ROC results showed again the best diagnostic outcome at a threshold of AVQI = 2.43.

Conclusions:

This study highlights external validation and diagnostic precision of the AVQI version 03.01 as a robust and ecologically valid measurement to objectify voice quality.
Mass Organization and the Durability of Competitive Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Handlin Samuel
Published: March 2016

Many studies highlight the critical roles of political parties in enhancing autocratic durability, mainly emphasizing mechanisms related to elite cohesion. The role of a mass party organization in stabilizing autocracies, though well recognized, has received relatively less emphasis. This article argues that the import of mass organization on autocratic durability is likely to vary with autocratic regime type and be greatest in competitive authoritarian regimes. I then exploit unusual survey data and an original data set containing information on 18,037 regime-affiliated “Communal Councils” to examine the effects of a regime-affiliated mass organization on the incumbent vote in Venezuela. The formation of Communal Councils exerted a large effect on incumbent support but the strength of this effect varied depending on whether Councils were located in communities receiving high levels of material resources. These findings suggest that mass organization can greatly enhance competitive authoritarian durability but must be backed by patronage to be effective.
“Get Up, Stand Up, Stand Up for Your Rights!” The Jamaicanization of Youth Across 11 Countries Through Reggae Music?
Authors: Ferguson Gail M. , Boer Diana , Fischer Ronald , Hanke Katja , Ferreira Maria Cristina , Gouveia Valdiney V. , Tekman Hasan Gürkan , Chang Andrew , Pilati Ronaldo , Bond Michael H. , Adams Byron G. , de Garay Hernández Jimena , González Atilano Ma Luisa , Moreno García Luz Irene , Clobert Magali , Prade Claire , Saroglou Vassilis , Zenger Markus
Published: March 2016

We investigated whether Reggae preferences are associated with similar values across cultures compared with its culture of origin—Jamaica. Remote acculturation predicts that Reggae listeners across countries will share similar cultural values with Reggae listeners in Jamaica regardless of their cultural or geographical distance from the Caribbean island. We analyzed the correlations between preferences for Reggae music and Schwartz’s 10 value types in university student samples from Jamaica and 11 other societies in Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia (total N = 2,561). In Jamaica, preferences for Reggae music were most strongly correlated with openness to change values and self-enhancement values. Across the other cultures, openness to change was the value dimension most strongly correlated with Reggae preference. Results also indicate some variations in Reggae’s value associations and its similarity to the culture of origin. Reggae’s value associations were more similar to Jamaica’s in samples that are closer culturally in terms of Individualism/Collectivism scores, and closer geographically in terms of kilometers. In sum, results provide some support for remote value acculturation via Reggae listening across countries (i.e., “Jamaicanization”) moderated by cultural and geographical proximity.
Marital Histories and Heavy Alcohol Use among Older Adults
Authors: Reczek Corinne , Pudrovska Tetyana , Carr Deborah , Thomeer Mieke Beth , Umberson Debra
Published: March 2016

We develop a gendered marital biography approach—which emphasizes the accumulating gendered experiences of singlehood, marriage, marital dissolution, and remarriage—to examine the relationship between marital statuses and transitions and heavy alcohol use. We test this approach using individual-level ( n = 10,457) and couple-level ( n = 2,170) longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, and individual-level ( n = 46) and couple-level ( n = 42) in-depth interview data. Quantitative results show that marriage, including remarriage, reduces men’s but increases women’s drinking relative to being never married and previously married, whereas divorce increases men’s but decrease women’s drinking, with some variation by age. Our qualitative findings reveal that social control and convergence processes underlie quantitative results. We call attention to how men’s and women’s heavy drinking trajectories stop, start, and change direction as individuals move through their distinctive marital biography.
Taking away the guns
Authors: Zhukov Yuri M
Published: March 2016

If a government is facing an armed uprising, why doesn’t it confiscate all privately owned weapons? When and where is forcible disarmament most likely to occur? Can forcible disarmament reduce rebel activity? To establish a monopoly on the use of force, a government must either convince its citizens not to rebel, or remove their capacity to do so. Existing literature has left this choice – between punishment and disarmament – virtually unexplained. Most existing research focuses on disarmament in the context of post-conflict stabilization, rather than forcible disarmament during war. I introduce a mathematical model of irregular warfare, in which government and rebel forces seek a monopoly on violence. The model shows that disarmament occurs mainly in ‘hard cases’, where otherwise strong governments are unable to punish opponents or reward supporters. I test these claims with declassified archival data on counterinsurgency in the Soviet North Caucasus. The data confirm that disarmament was most likely where the government’s coercive leverage was limited – due to poor intelligence and potential backlash from collateral damage. In these otherwise challenging circumstances, disarmament significantly reduced rebel violence – short-term and long-term, locally and region-wide. By limiting the potential coercive resources under the opposition’s control, disarmament can render rebels unable to sustain a campaign of violence against the state.
A Between- and Within-Person Analysis of Parenting and Time Spent in Criminogenic Settings During Adolescence: The Role of Self-Control and Delinquent Attitudes
Authors: Janssen Heleen J. , Bruinsma Gerben J. N. , Deković Maja , Eichelsheim Veroni I.
Published: March 2016

Although spending time in criminogenic settings is increasingly recognized as an explanation for adolescent delinquency, little is known about its determinants. The current study aims to examine the extent to which (change in) self-control and (change in) delinquent attitudes relate to (change in) time spent in criminogenic settings, and the extent to which they mediate the effects of (change in) parenting. Time spent in criminogenic settings was measured comprehensively, by including social and physical characteristics of micro settings (200 × 200 meters). Multilevel structural equation models on two waves of panel data on 603 adolescents (aged 12-19) showed that self-control and delinquent attitudes contributed to between-person differences in time spent in criminogenic settings. Within-person increases in time spent in such settings were predicted by increased delinquent attitudes. For indirect effects, self-control partially mediated between-person effects of parenting, whereas delinquent attitudes partially mediated both between- and within-person effects.
Hegel and Nietzsche on thought, freedom, and ‘the labour of the negative’
Authors: Cauchi Francesca
Published: March 2016

The argument advanced in this essay is that Hegel and Nietzsche’s method of critical enquiry is not only consonant but embraces a concept of practical freedom that for both philosophers tethers the affective will to the empty formalism of the Kantian rational will. Defining his own philosophical practice as a ‘yea-saying to opposition and war’ ( Ecce Homo), Nietzsche engages in a rigorous discipline of thought that proceeds on the dialectical principle of affirmative negation, thereby recuperating what Hegel in his Phenomenology of Spirit refers to as ‘the labour of the negative’. Contrary to Deleuze’s emphatically anti-Hegelian reading of Nietzsche, it is contended that Nietzsche’s yes is the fruit of a cruel and resolutely dialectical no – a no that not only undergirds his affirmative ideal but constitutes the sine qua non of his ethical project of self-overcoming.
Rethinking Zola and Cézanne: Biography, politics and art criticism
Authors: Lethbridge Robert
Published: March 2016

Now definitively liberated from the enduring legend that the publication of L’Œuvre (1886) ended Zola and Cézanne’s lifelong friendship, that relationship needs to be explored from a number of other perspectives. This article argues that the Dreyfus Affair, during which the writer and painter were on opposite sides, was a major determinant of their parting of the ways. Ideological differences were exacerbated by the dynamics of the art market and Zola’s writing on Cézanne. For it was in the interests of Ambroise Vollard, the art dealer launching Cézanne’s career with his 1895 retrospective, as well as those of contemporaries sharing the artist’s right-wing views, to disassociate the painter from the defender of Dreyfus. Zola’s contrasting championing of Manet may have added a personal dimension to the rift. But Zola’s art criticism was also strategically exploited by an anti-Dreyfusard discourse effecting a separation between writer and painter. The latter’s acolytes and acquaintances invidiously brought to his attention Zola’s critical ambivalence and the ex post facto identification of Cézanne with the fictional Claude Lantier of L’Œuvre. Both the novel and his art criticism offered further evidence of Zola’s failure to recognize the painter’s greatness, thereby paradoxically validating it at precisely the opportune commercial moment. As well as illuminating the vicissitudes of the Zola–Cézanne relationship, the article thus elaborates the political and critical context without which L’Œuvre itself continues to be misread as a roman-à-clef.
Historical and Contemporary Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
Authors: Kite Mary E. , Bryant-Lees Kinsey Blue
Published: March 2016

Over the past several decades, the shifting social climate has led to a steady increase in legal rights, social acceptance, and visibility for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. However, there are still marked individual differences in levels of sexual prejudice as well as varying levels of comfort and exposure to the LGBT community. Moreover, the rapid shift in attitudes may lead students to conclude incorrectly that sexual prejudice is a thing of the past. The focus of this article is threefold. First, we emphasize the benefits of teaching about the history of the gay rights movement; when students learn about the past, they gain important insights into the lived experiences of LGBT individuals. Second, we illustrate the ways in which discrimination against LGBTs is still quite evident, including bullying, transgender rights, and employment disparities based on sexual prejudice. Third, we underscore the need to acknowledge heterosexual privilege and to explain why students should consider this privilege as part of their daily experience. Throughout the article, we discuss strategies and activities that instructors can use to effectively incorporate LGBT issues into psychology courses.
Spontaneous Age-related Lesions of the Kidney Fornices in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Tomonari Yuki , Kurotaki Tetsuro , Sato Junko , Doi Takuya , Kokoshima Hiroko , Kanno Takeshi , Tsuchitani Minoru , Seely John Curtis
Published: March 2016

The upper portion of the rat kidney pelvis has specialized anatomic structures referred to as fornices. Fornices have a role in urine concentration. Spontaneous lesions including mineralization, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration may occur in the area of the fornices. However, little information regarding specific historical control data or the spontaneous development of these findings in male and female fornices is known. Understanding spontaneous age-related lesions in the area of the fornices versus other portions of the kidney pelvis may be relevant in the identification of test article–induced changes. A retrospective study was conducted of male and female Sprague-Dawley rat kidney fornices over several time points to determine the incidence and severity of mineralization, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Based on this investigation, these lesions appeared to increase over time and, in general, occurred earlier and with a greater incidence in females. Regarding those chemicals that may result in lesions of the kidney pelvis, it may be important for pathologists to separately diagnose lesions of the fornices from other portions of the kidney pelvis to help differentiate between any spontaneous age-related and induced changes.
UV-induced Melanin Chemiexcitation
Authors: Brash Douglas E.
Published: March 2016

Mutations in sunlight-induced melanoma arise from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), DNA photoproducts usually created picoseconds after an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed at thymine or cytosine. Surprisingly, we found that, in melanocytes, CPDs were generated for hours after UVA or UVB exposure. These “dark CPDs” constituted the majority of CPDs in cultured human and murine melanocytes and in mouse skin, and they were most prominent in skin containing pheomelanin, the melanin responsible for blonde and red hair. The mechanism was also a surprise. Dark cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) arise when ultraviolet (UV)-induced superoxide and nitric oxide combine to form peroxynitrite, one of the few biological molecules capable of exciting an electron. This process, termed “chemiexcitation,” is the source of bioluminescence in lower organisms. Excitation occurred in fragments of melanin, creating a quantum triplet state that had the energy of a UV photon but which induced CPDs by radiationless energy transfer to DNA. UVA and peroxynitrite also solubilized melanin and permeabilized the nuclear membrane, allowing melanin to enter. Melanin is evidently carcinogenic as well as protective. Chemiexcitation may also trigger pathogenesis in internal tissues because the same chemistry should arise wherever superoxide and nitric oxide arise near cells that contain melanin.
A sustainable process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Fan Bailin , Chen Xiangping , Zhou Tao , Zhang Jinxia , Xu Bao
Published: March 2016

In this work, an eco-friendly and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries has been proposed, which includes pretreatment, citric acid leaching, selective chemical precipitation and circulatory leaching. After pretreatment (manual dismantling, N-methyl pyrrolidone immersion and calcination), Cu and Al foils are recycled directly and the cathode active materials are separated from the cathode efficiently. Then, the obtained cathode active materials (waste LiCoO2) was firstly leached with 1.25 mol l−1 citric acid and 1 vol.% H2O2 solution. Then cobalt was precipitated using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) under a molar ratio of 1:1.05 (H2C2O4: Co2+). After filtration, the filtrate (containing Li+) and H2O2 was employed as a leaching agent and the optimum conditions are studied in detail. The leaching efficiencies can reach as high as 98% for Li and 90.2% for Co, respectively, using filter liquor as leaching reagent under conditions of leaching temperature of 90°C, 0.9 vol.% H2O2 and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 60 ml g−1 for 35 min. After three bouts of circulatory leaching, more than 90% Li and 80% Co can be leached under the same leaching conditions. In this way, Li and Co can be recovered efficiently and waste liquor re-utilization is achievable with this hydrometallurgical process, which may promise both economic and environmental benefits.
Place de l’offre dans la construction d’une identité stigmatisée: le cas des personnes en situation de handicap moteur
Authors: Nau Jean-Philippe , Derbaix Christian , Thevenot Géraldine
Published: March 2016

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre le rôle joué par l’offre de biens et services dans le processus de construction d’une identité stigmatisée pour les consommateurs dits « en situation de handicap » et de mettre en évidence les conditions d’une gestion efficace, par ces consommateurs, de ce stigmate. Après une revue de la littérature centrée sur la construction d’une identité stigmatisée au travers d’une perspective interactionniste symbolique, les auteurs décrivent une recherche qualitative conduite auprès de Personnes en Situation de Handicap Moteur (PSHM) utilisant un fauteuil roulant. Les résultats illustrent l’impasse en termes de stigmatisation à laquelle conduit l’offre, qu’elle soit standard ou adaptée spécialement aux handicapés, ainsi que la façon par laquelle les PSHM tentent de se désenclaver de cette identité stigmatisée.
Head Impact Exposure During a Weekend Youth Soccer Tournament
Authors: Chrisman Sara P. D. , Mac Donald Christine L. , Friedman Seth , Andre Jalal , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Drescher Sara , Stein Elizabeth , Holm Matthew , Evans Nicole , Poliakov Andrew V. , Ching Randal P. , Schwien Christina C. , Vavilala Monica S. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: March 2016

Concussion is a known risk in youth soccer, but little is known about subconcussive head impacts. The authors provided a prospective cohort study measuring frequency and magnitude of subconcussive head impacts using accelerometry in a middle school–age soccer tournament, and association between head impacts and changes in (1) symptoms, (2) cognitive testing, and (3) advanced neuroimaging. A total of 17 youth completed the study (41% female, mean 12.6 years). There were 73 head impacts >15 g measured (45% headers) and only 2 had a maximum peak linear acceleration >50 g. No youth reported symptoms consistent with concussion. After correction for multiple comparisons and a sensitivity analysis excluding clear outliers, no significant associations were found between head impact exposure and neuropsychological testing or advanced neuroimaging. The authors conclude that head impacts were relatively uncommon and low in acceleration in youth playing a weekend soccer tournament. This study adds to the limited data regarding head impacts in youth soccer.
The Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy of Using a Wireless Pedometer to Improve the Activity Level in a Cohort of Nurses
Authors: Flanagan Jane , McCord Ann , Cheney Michael , Lundquist Debra
Published: March 2016

Purpose: This study had two aims: (1) to test the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of using a wireless pedometer in a cohort of nurses; and (2) to understand if wireless pedometer use increased number of steps walked, number of flights of stairs climbed, daily activity level, and improved personal perception of health. Design: This study used a nonexperimental exploratory design to test the feasibility and efficacy of using a wireless pedometer in a cohort of nurses. Pre- and posttest measures captured the number of steps walked, flights of stairs climbed, activity level, and perception of health. Results: Sample characteristics: 27 females, 3 males; 90% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 3% Hispanic; 47% between the ages of 55 and 65 years. Eighty percent of the participants reported that they were caregivers of other people. There was a significant increase from baseline to the end of the study in the following measures: self-perception of steps walked ( p < .001), flights of stairs climbed ( p < .005), self-perception of daily activity ( p < .001), and although there was an improvement in self-perception of health, the change was not significant. Conclusions: The wireless pedometer was a feasible, safe, and efficacious device to use. This study may have implications for interventions aimed at improving caregiver health.
The Effects of Tai Chi Practice With Asynchronous Music on Compliance and Fall-Related Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Pilot Study
Authors: Du Yan , Roberts Penny , Xu Qingwen
Published: March 2016

Purpose: This study examined whether practicing Tai Chi (TC) along with music can maximize the effects of TC on compliance and fall-related risk factors (Dynamic Gait Index and fear of falling). Design: A convenient sample was recruited in a community senior center. Eighteen women aged 50 to 84 years (9 White, 9 Black) were block randomly assigned to a TC in silence (TC + S; n = 6) or a TC with music (TC + M; n = 12) class. Method: Thirteen participants (4 in TC + S group, 9 in TC + M group) with completed pre- and posttests were included in the final analysis. Paired t tests were conducted to examine changes within groups over time and analysis of covariance was used to assess group differences. Findings: After 15 weeks of intervention, balance increased in both groups with significantly higher benefits in the TC + M group ( p < .05). Fear of falling scores improved in TC + M group and compliance rate was higher in this group. Conclusions: Practicing TC + M may help increase adherence in White and Black middle-aged and older women, and maximize the effects of TC on fall-related risk factors. Studies with more rigorous study design, including musical considerations, are warranted.
Assembly design in aeronautic field: From assembly jigs to tolerance analysis
Authors: Corrado Andrea , Polini Wilma
Published: March 2016

Tolerance analysis represents the best way to solve assembly problems in order to improve the quality and to reduce the costs. It is a critical step to design and to build a product such as an aircraft and its importance is grown up in the past years. This work presents a method for the tolerance analysis of an assembly involving free-form surfaces with large dimensions. The assembly is a tail beam, a structural component of an aircraft that is constituted by five parts of large dimensions. The influence of the tolerances applied to the five components of the tail beam on the value of the gap at the interfaces among the parts has been deeply investigated. A set of control points have been distributed on the free-form surfaces of the tail beam; its number and its distribution have been opportunely designed. Moreover, the influence of the tolerances on the other requirements of the tail beam connected with the motion drive has been studied. Tolerance analysis has involved the choice of the assembly tools and sequence too. The assembly jigs are mated with the assembly components through pins that are inserted into tooling holes located on the assembly components. The fit conditions have been modeled and the tolerances of the tooling hole have been opportunely chosen. Each tolerance of the tail beam components has been modeled by means of a probability density function. Monte Carlo approach has been used to obtain the statistical distribution of the assembly requirements, once dimensions and geometry of the tail beam components have been perturbed inside the tolerance ranges. Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out by a well-known computer-aided tolerance software, eM-Tolmate of UGS®.
Advanced submerged arc welding processes for Arctic structures and ice-going vessels
Authors: Layus Pavel , Kah Paul , Gezha Viktor
Published: March 2016

The Arctic region is expected to play an extremely prominent role in the future of the oil and gas industry as growing demand for natural resources leads to greater exploitation of a region that holds about 25% of the world’s oil and gas reserves. It has become clear that ensuring the necessary reliability of Arctic industrial structures is highly dependent on the welding processes used and the materials employed. The main challenge for welding in Arctic conditions is prevention of the formation of brittle fractures in the weld and base material. One mitigating solution to obtain sufficiently low-transition temperatures of the weld is use of a suitable welding process with properly selected parameters. This work provides a comprehensive review with experimental study of modified submerged arc welding processes used for Arctic applications, such as narrow gap welding, multi-wire welding, and welding with metal powder additions. Case studies covered in this article describe welding of Arctic steels such as X70 12.7-mm plate by multi-wire welding technique. Advanced submerged arc welding processes are compared in terms of deposition rate and welding process operational parameters, and the advantages and disadvantages of each process with respect to low-temperature environment applications are listed. This article contributes to the field by presenting a comprehensive state-of-the-art review and case studies of the most common submerged arc welding high deposition modifications. Each modification is reviewed in detail, facilitating understanding and assisting in correct selection of appropriate welding processes and process parameters.