bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct‐Acting Antiviral Treatment of Patients with Hepatitis C Resolves Serologic and Histopathologic Features of Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Simoes Camila C. , Saldarriaga Omar A. , Utay Netanya S. , Stueck Ashley E. , Merwat Sheharyar K. , Merwat Shehzad N. , Schiano Thomas D. , Fiel Maria Isabel , Stevenson Heather L.
Published: June 2019

Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) often have elevated serum markers and histologic features of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). We evaluated an HCV‐positive (HCV+) study group that had elevated serum markers of AIH before starting direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy (n = 21) and compared them to an HCV+ control group that did not have laboratory studies suggesting AIH (n = 21). Several patients in the study (17/21) and control (11/21) groups had liver biopsies before DAA treatment, and many were biopsied due to elevated serum markers of AIH. Evaluation of pre‐DAA treatment liver biopsies showed histologic features suggestive of AIH in 64.7% (11/17) of the study group and 45.5% (5/11) of the control group. Patients who were HCV+ with elevated serum markers of AIH had significantly increased hepatitis activity (P < 0.001) and slightly increased fibrosis stages (P = 0.039) in their pretreatment liver biopsies compared to controls. We hypothesized that the elevated serum markers and histologic features of AIH would resolve following DAA treatment. Serum markers of AIH in the study group began decreasing by 6 months posttreatment, and 52.4% (11/21) had complete resolution. Alanine aminotransferase levels significantly decreased into the normal range for all patients (21/21). Even patients that had persistence of serum markers of AIH after DAA treatment had normal transaminases. Six patients from the study patient group and 4 patients from the control group had follow‐up liver biopsies after DAA treatment, and all biopsies showed resolution of the histologic features of AIH.Conclusion: The majority of HCV+ patients that have serum markers and/or histopathologic features of AIH should initially be treated with DAA.
The structures of MOFs prepared from 1,3,5‐tris [4‐pyridylethynyl]‐benzene and a copper(I) perchlorate complex
Authors: Yang En‐Che , Wu Chen‐Ming , Pan Pei‐Jia , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn , Chang Chung‐Kai
Published: June 2019

Two copper(I)‐based frameworks of complexes {[Cu(L)2(ClO4)]⋅CH3CN}(2) and {[Cu(L)(ClO4)]⋅ 2CH3CN} (3) (L = 1,3,5‐tris(4‐pyridylethynyl) benzene) were produced by reacting [Cu(MeCN)4(ClO4)] with different amounts of a ligand (L) using a hydrothermal method at temperatures of up to 130°C. The nitrogen atoms in the pyridine moieties of the ligand coordinate to the Cu(I) ion. The charge on the Cu(I) ion can be stabilized by extending the degree of conjugation in the system and by taking advantage of its highly symmetrical structure. The large degree of conjugation also supports numerous π–π interactions in the framework.
Reactive oxygen species are involved in eosinophil extracellular traps release and in airway inflammation in asthma
Authors: Silveira Josiane Silva , Antunes Géssica Luana , Kaiber Daniela Benvenutti , da Costa Mariana Severo , Marques Eduardo Peil , Ferreira Fernanda Silva , Gassen Rodrigo Benedetti , Breda Ricardo Vaz , Wyse Angela T. S. , Pitrez Paulo , da Cunha Aline Andrea
Published: June 2019

In asthma, there are high levels of inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) formation in airway. Here, we attempted to investigate the ROS involvement in EETs release and airway inflammation in OVA‐challenged mice. Before the intranasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA), animals were treated with two ROS inhibitors, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). We showed that NAC treatment reduced inflammatory cells in lung. DPI and NAC treatments reduced eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), goblet cells hyperplasia, proinflammatory cytokines, NFκB p65 immunocontent, and oxidative stress in lung. However, only the NAC treatment improved mitochondrial energy metabolism. Moreover, the treatments with DPI and NAC reduced EETs release in airway. This is the first study to show that ROS are needed for EETs formation in asthma. Based on our results, NAC and DPI treatments can be an interesting alternative for reducing airway inflammation, mitochondrial damage, and EETs release in asthma.
Effect of sex hormones on extracellular matrix of lamina propria in rat vocal fold
Authors: Kim Ji Min , Shin Sung‐Chan , Park Gi‐Cheol , Lee Jin‐Choon , Jeon Yun Kyung , Ahn Sang Jeong , Thibeault Susan , Lee Byung‐Joo
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The role of sex hormones for voice changes in men and women is presently unknown. To determine the effect of sex hormone on the vocal fold, changes of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in vocal fold lamina propria were assessed in orchiectomized (ORX) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Methods

Male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into sham‐operated control male (CON‐ORX), ORX, sham‐operated female (CON‐OVX), and OVX rats. Histological changes and expression of ECM‐related genes in lamina propria of the vocal fold were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery.

Results

Testosterone and estradiol levels decreased in the ORX and OVX groups, respectively. ORX groups did not have significant changes compared with CON‐ORX groups. However, the expression of hyaluronic acid (HA) was decreased in the OVX group compared with the CON‐OVX group. The expression of collagen I in OVX was lower than in the CON‐OVX group. Collagen III levels were elevated at 4 weeks in the OVX group, but collagen III levels were diminished at 12 weeks in the OVX group. Expression of elastin in the ECM was less dense in the OVX group compared with controls. The expression MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 showed significantly increase in the OVX group compared to the CON‐OVX group.

Conclusion

No changes of the ECM‐related genes in the vocal fold lamina propria were observed in ORX groups with reduced testosterone. However, changes of several ECM‐related genes were observed in OVX groups with decreased estrogen. These results indicate that the vocal fold is an estrogen‐sensitive target organ and that decreased estrogen, not testosterone, can affect the expression of several ECM‐related molecules of vocal fold.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 130:732–740, 2020
Segmentation and suppression of pulmonary vessels in low‐dose chest CT scans
Authors: Gu Xiaomeng , Wang Jiyong , Zhao Jun , Li Qiang
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The suppression of pulmonary vessels in chest computed tomography (CT) images can enhance the conspicuity of lung nodules, thereby improving the detection rate of early lung cancer. This study aimed to develop two key techniques in vessel suppression, that is, segmentation and removal of pulmonary vessels while preserving the nodules.

Methods

Pulmonary vessel segmentation and removal methods in CT images were developed. The vessel segmentation method used a framework of two cascaded convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A bi‐class segmentation network was utilized in the first step to extract high‐intensity structures, including both vessels and nonvascular tissues such as nodules. A tri‐class segmentation network was employed in the second step to distinguish the vessels from nonvascular tissues (mainly nodules) and the lung parenchyma. In the vessel removal method, the voxels in the segmented vessels were replaced with randomly selected voxels from the surrounding lung parenchyma. The dataset in this study comprised 50 three‐dimensional (3D) low‐dose chest CT images. The labels for vessel and nodule segmentation were annotated with a semi automatic approach. The two cascaded networks for pulmonary vessel segmentation were trained with CT images of 40 cases and tested with CT images of ten cases. Pulmonary vessels were removed from the ten testing scans based on the predicted segmentation results. In addition to qualitative evaluation to the effects of segmentation and removal, the segmentation results were quantitatively evaluated using Dice coefficient (DICE), Jaccard index (JAC), and volumetric similarity (VS) and the removal results were evaluated using contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR).

Results

In the first step of vessel segmentation, the mean DICE, JAC, and VS for high‐intensity tissues, including both vessels and nodules, were 0.943, 0.893, and 0.991, respectively. In the second step, all the nodules were separated from the vessels, and the mean DICE, JAC, and VS for the vessels were 0.941, 0.890, and 0.991, respectively. After vessel removal, the mean CNR for nodules was improved from 4.23 (6.26 dB) to 6.95 (8.42 dB).

Conclusions

Quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrated that the proposed method achieved a high accuracy for pulmonary vessel segmentation and a good effect on pulmonary vessel suppression.
Specific interaction between fluorine atoms and thiol groups accounting for higher domain purity and photostability in narrowband BHJ systems
Authors: Zhou Weihua , Yu Zoukangning , Zhang Ming , Zhang Lifu , Yin Jingping , Ai Qingyun , Huang Liqiang , Liu Feng , Zeng Jianrong , Chen Yiwang
Published: June 2019

In order to explore the role of fluorine atoms on photostability as well as morphology control of active layer in the presence of 1,4‐butanedithiol (BT), the four polymers with or without fluorine atoms in the backbones including polythieno[3,4‐b]thiophene/benzodithiophene, poly[(4,8‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐benzo(1,2‐b:4,5‐b9)dithiophene)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexanoyl)‐thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐6‐diyl)], poly[4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(4‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐)‐2‐carboxylate‐2‐6‐diyl)], and poly[4,8‐bis‐(2‐ethyl‐hexyl‐thiophene‐5‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b0]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐[2‐(20‐ethyl‐hexanoyl)‐thieno [3,4‐b]thiophen‐4,6‐diyl] were selected for comparison. It is found that the specimens containing fluorine atoms in polymer backbones showed of higher stability after illumination for 1 h in the presence of BT additive, contributing to the higher domain purity. The specific interaction between fluorine atoms and thiol groups was demonstrated by the appearance of novel absorption peak at 2663.1 cm−1, in addition to the broadening of peak at 2556.2 cm−1 ascribing to SH stretching vibration as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The finding may guide the accurate use of thiols as effective solvent additive in morphology and stability optimization. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 941–951
A Latent Resilience Capacity: Individual and Organizational Factors Associated with Public Library Managers’ Willingness to Engage in Post‐Disaster Response and Recovery
Authors: Linder Michal
Published: June 2019

Recent natural disasters in the United States have prompted numerous local and voluntary organizations to set aside routine activities and assume crisis‐related roles to meet the needs of the community. Despite such efforts, emergency authorities seldom utilize their capacity effectively. With the shift toward a more collaborative approach to emergency management, scholars and government officials call for identifying existing and potential actors in the preparedness phase. Efforts to anticipate potential decisions and actions of organizations that do not routinely deal with disasters, however, necessitate a better understanding of how managers view their post‐disaster‐related roles and what may account for such perceptions. Focusing on public libraries, I drew on information gathered through surveys and interviews with library officials and found that perceptions and projected behavior vary across libraries. To further investigate variations in willingness to engage in response and illuminate the driving forces behind such projected behavior, I explored context‐related characteristics in which library officials operate as well as factors related to individual managerial practices. Specifically, how managers define themselves in their public service role and the perceptions they hold of their organizations.
Quality assessment of fetal middle cerebral and umbilical artery Doppler images using an objective scale within an international randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rial‐Crestelo M. , Morales‐Roselló J. , Hernández‐Andrade E. , Prefumo F. , Oros D. , Caffici D. , Sotiriadis A. , Zohav E. , Cruz‐Martinez R. , Parra‐Cordero M. , Lubusky M. , Kacerovsky M. , Figueras F.
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To determine the quality of Doppler images of the fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and umbilical artery (UA) using an objective scale, and to determine the reliability of this scale, within a multicenter randomized controlled trial (Revealed versus concealed criteria for placental insufficiency in unselected obstetric population in late pregnancy (Ratio37)).

Methods

The Ratio37 trial is an ongoing randomized, open‐label, multicenter controlled study of women with a low‐risk pregnancy recruited at 20 weeks. Doppler measurements of the fetal MCA and UA were performed at 37 weeks. Twenty patients from each of the six participating centers were selected randomly, with two images evaluated per patient (one each for the MCA and UA). The quality of a total of 240 images was evaluated by six experts, scored on an objective scale of six items. Inter‐ and intrarater reliability was assessed using the Fleiss‐modified kappa statistic for ordinal scales.

Results

On average, 89.2% of MCA images and 85.0% of UA images were rated as being of perfect (score of 6) or almost perfect (score of 5) quality. Kappa values for intrarater reliability of quality assessment were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.88–0.92) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.88–0.93) for the MCA and UA, respectively. The corresponding inter‐rater reliability values were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81–0.89) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80–0.89), respectively.

Conclusion

The quality of MCA and UA Doppler ultrasound images can be evaluated reliably using an objective scale. Over 85% of images, which were obtained by operators from a broad range of clinical practices within a multicenter study, were rated as being of perfect or almost perfect quality. Intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of quality assessment was very good. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Goodness‐of‐fit testing in sparse contingency tables when the number of variables is large
Authors: Reiser Mark
Published: June 2019

The Pearson and likelihood ratio statistics are commonly used to test goodness of fit for models applied to data from a multinomial distribution. When data are from a table formed by the cross‐classification of a large number of variables, the common statistics may have low power and inaccurate Type I error level due to sparseness. One approach to finding a valid approximation to the achieved significance level (ASL) is to use a bootstrap distribution for the test statistic. For a composite null hypothesis with unknown parameters, the parametric bootstrap has been employed. The parametric bootstrap can be computationally demanding, but a recent development provides a method for computationally efficient calculation of the Pearson–Fisher statistic for very large sparse tables. Another approach employs orthogonal components of the Pearson–Fisher statistic obtained from lower‐order marginal distributions of a large cross‐classified table rather than the joint distribution. These statistics are used essentially for focused tests and have mostly been applied to latent variable models. They have very good performance for Type I error rate and power, even when applied to a sparse table. However, there are limitations when the number of variables becomes larger than 20. Some related statistics also employ lower‐order marginals, but they are not components of the Pearson–Fisher statistic. The performance of these approaches is compared for obtaining a valid ASL for a goodness‐of‐fit test applied to a very large multi‐way contingency table. The approaches are compared with a small simulation study.

This article is categorized under:

Types and Structure > Categorical Data

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and Resampling

Statistical Models > Fitting Models
The quantum gravity dynamics of near extremal black holes
Authors: Yang Zhenbin
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We study the quantum effects of Near-Extremal black holes near their horizons. The gravitational dynamics in such backgrounds are closely connected to a particle in AdS
2 with constant electric field. We use this picture to solve the theory exactly. We will give a formula to calculate all correlation functions with quantum gravity backreactions as well as the exact Wheeler-DeWitt wavefunction. Using the WdW wavefunction, we investigate the complexity growth in quantum gravity.
Dilaton from tractor and matter field from twistor
Authors: François J.
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Conformal tractors and twistors can be obtained via gauge reduction of the conformal Cartan geometry, thanks to the dressing field method. Perhaps surprisingly, it is possible to reduce the gauge symmetry further still. The Weyl symmetry can indeed be erased thanks to the tractor field, from which a dilaton is extracted. This suggests an alternative to the Weyl or conformal spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) that some authors proposed as improvement of the Standard Model or of inflationary cosmology, but also raises doubts as to the physical significance of such symmetries. Here, after gauge reduction via dressing, only the Lorentz gauge symmetry remains physically relevant, and the twistor field becomes — for all practical purposes — a Dirac spinor field. In a simple illustrative toy model, the latter acquires a mass through Lorentz SSB due to the VEV of the Weyl-invariant tractor field.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Workup of Erectile Dysfunction: Results From a Delphi Consensus of Andrology Experts
Authors: Isidori Andrea M. , Giammusso Bruno , Corona Giovanni , Verze Paolo
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction is a highly prevalent condition. Existing guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, but they are often disregarded in clinical practice in favor of a “patient-tailored” approach.

Objectives

We planned a Delphi consensus method to bridge the gap between evidence-based medicine and the real-life approach in daily practice.

Materials and Methods

The Advisory Board prepared 15 statements on debated topics in andrology, each including 4–6 items designed as a 5-point Likert scale. After a validation phase, the questionnaire was sent by e-mail to a panel of experts for a first round of voting; members of the panel were later invited to a second round of voting, preceded by discussion of the “hot topics” identified in the first round.

Results

The first round of the Delphi consensus involved 101 experts; 71 (70%) also took part in the second round of voting. The Advisory Board deemed 22 items to be worthy of debate, and these underwent the second round of voting. “Real-life” results from the survey proved quite different from evidence-based recommendations.

Conclusion

Although guidelines suggest the best approach for a “standard” patient, real-life settings require flexibility. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches should be tailored to the patients’ needs. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are recognized as the first-line therapy in both settings, including the newly introduced sildenafil orodispersible film. Indications from the panel might help close the gap between recommendations from guidelines and real-life practice in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction.
International Interdependence between Cash Crop and Staple Food Futures Price Indices: A Dynamic Assessment
Authors: Amrouk El Mamoun , Heckelei Thomas , Grosche Stephanie-Carolin
Published: June 2019

This study examines the price level and volatility interaction between international staple food and cash crop futures price indices. Understanding the relationship between these commodities bears significant implications for low-income food deficit countries that depend on cash crops to finance food import bills. We use a wavelet analysis to decompose the price indices and then apply a BEKK-MGARCH (Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner–multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) approach to analyze the relationship across timescales. Results indicate the level of correlation and volatility linkages are strongest at lower frequencies (longer run) than at higher timescales (short run), with information running from staple food to cash crop markets.
Lagrangian investigations of velocity gradients in compressible turbulence: lifetime of flow-field topologies
Authors: Parashar Nishant , Sinha Sawan Suman , Srinivasan Balaji
Published: June 2019

We perform Lagrangian investigations of the dynamics of velocity gradients in compressible decaying turbulence. Specifically, we examine the evolution of the invariants of the velocity-gradient tensor. We employ well-resolved direct numerical simulations over a range of Mach number along with a Lagrangian particle tracker to examine trajectories of fluid particles in the space of the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor. This allows us to accurately measure the lifetimes of major topologies of compressible turbulence and provide an explanation of why some selective topologies tend to exist longer than the others. Further, the influence of dilatation on the lifetime of various topologies is examined. Finally, we explain why the so-called conditional mean trajectories (CMT) used previously by several researchers fail to predict the lifetime of topologies accurately.
Motion of a non-axisymmetric particle in viscous shear flow
Authors: Thorp Ian R. , Lister John R.
Published: June 2019

We examine the motion in a shear flow at zero Reynolds number of particles with two planes of symmetry. We show that in most cases the rotational motion is qualitatively similar to that of a non-axisymmetric ellipsoid, and characterised by a combination of chaotic and quasiperiodic orbits. We use Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theory and related ideas in dynamical systems to elucidate the underlying mathematical structure of the motion and thence to explain why such a large class of particles all rotate in essentially the same manner. Numerical simulations are presented for curved spheroids of varying centreline curvature, which are found to drift persistently across the streamlines of the flow for certain initial orientations. We explain the origin of this migration as the result of a lack of symmetries of the particle’s orientation orbit.
A note onPlacenticeras warthiKossmat, 1895 (Ammonoidea), the type species of the genusHypengonocerasSpath, 1922
Authors: Roy Arindam , Bardhan Subhendu
Published: June 2019

The type speciesPlacenticeras warthiKossmat, 1895 described from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of South India is crucial for understanding the true affinity of the genusHypengonocerasSpath, 1922. The species description was based on a holotype and was influenced by the erroneous and misleading hand sketches of the species published in the literature. We recently inspected the type specimen archived in Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, along with one additional specimen kept in Indian Museum, Kolkata, and redescribe them in the present study.
Investigating Subantarctic14C Ages of Different Peat Components: Site and Sample Selection for Developing Robust Age Models in Dynamic Landscapes
Authors: Thomas Zoë A , Turney Chris S M , Hogg Alan , Williams Alan N , Fogwill Chris J
Published: June 2019

Precise radiocarbon (14C) dating of sedimentary sequences is important for developing robust chronologies of environmental change, but sampling of suitable components can be challenging in highly dynamic landscapes. Here we investigate radiocarbon determinations of different peat size fractions from six peat sites, representing a range of geomorphological contexts on the South Atlantic subantarctic islands of the Falklands and South Georgia. To investigate the most suitable fraction for dating, 112 measurements were obtained from three components within selected horizons: a fine fraction <0.2 mm, a coarse fraction >0.2 mm, and bulk material. We find site selection is critical, with locations surrounded by high-ground and/or relatively slowly accumulating sites more susceptible to the translocation of older carbon. Importantly, in locations with reduced potential for redeposition of material, our results show that there is no significant or systematic difference between ages derived from bulk material, fine or coarse (plant macrofossil) material, providing confidence in the resulting age model. Crucially, in areas comprising complex terrain with extreme relief, we recommend dating macrofossils or bulk carbon rather than a fine fraction, or employing comprehensive dating of multiple sedimentary fractions to determine the most reliable fraction(s) for developing a robust chronological framework.
The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case
Authors: Bishop Wm. W.
Published: June 2019

It is believed that certain background information will facilitate an understanding of the decision of July 5, 1951, by the International Court of Justice regarding interim measures of protection in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case, reprintedinfra, page 789. The dispute between the United Kingdom and Iran grows out of the unilateral termination by the Iranian Government, as a part of its oil nationalization program, of a concession contract which entered into force May 29, 1933, between the Government of Iran and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British corporationin which the British Government holds a large share of the stock.
Draft International Covenant on Human Rights Revised at Fifth Session of United Nations Commission on Human Rights
Authors: Simsarian James
Published: June 2019

The United Nations Commission on Human Rights at its six weeks’ session at Lake Success, which ended on June 20, 1949, revised the draft International Covenant on Human Rights and considered briefly questions of principle relating to the establishment of international machinery for the implementation of the Covenant. The draft covenant and proposals for its implementation have been transmitted to the fifty-nine Member Governments of the United Nations for their comments, the Commission having fixed January 1, 1950, as the final date on which all proposals concerning these drafts should be received by the Secretariat. The Commission will reconvene on March 27, 1950, to revise the draft covenant and the proposed texts on implementation in the light of comments received from governments. The draft covenant and the implementation machinery completed by the Commission at its 1950 session is expected to be forwarded to the Economic and Social Council and then to the General Assembly for its consideration in the fall of 1950.
Precedents in the Court of Appeal
Authors: Goodhart A. L.
Published: June 2019

It was not until 1898 that the rule that the House of Lords is absolutely bound by its own judgments was finally established in London, Street Tramways Co., Ltd. v. London County Council. The justification for this rule was stated by Lord Halsbury L.C. in these words: ‘What is that occasional interference with what is perhaps abstract justice as compared with the inconvenience—the disastrous inconvenience—of having each question subject to being reargued and the dealings of man-kind rendered doubtful by reason of different decisions, so that in truth and in fact there would be no real final Court of Appeal?’ It is strange that the Lord Chancellor did not refer to the fact that although the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is, for constitutional reasons, not absolutely bound by its own judgments, nevertheless no ‘disastrous inconvenience’ has followed from this. In practice the Judicial Committee follows its own prior judgments unless they are clearly wrong, but it does so on the ground of reason rather than on that of absolute authority.
Annual Survey of American Law
Authors: Winfield P. H.
Published: June 2019

The series to which the four volumes that are the subject of this article belong began in 1928, and appeared regularly until their production was held up by the recent war. The publication of the 1940 volume was delayed until 1943. Within the last year, activities have been renewed with such success that the volumes for 1942, 1943, 1944 and 1945 have been forwarded to us. The Foreword of Dean Arthur T. Vanderbilt gives impressive imformation about the magnitude of the task. He tells us that in 1942 American reported decisions filled seventy-four books totalling 76,362 pages, and that, although the sittings of most of the legislatures were suspended in that year, enactments nevertheless occupied 8,939 pages. Thus, great as is the burden on the editors of our Annual Survey of English Law (which Dean Vanderbilt courteously mentions as the source of inspiration of the American Annual Survey), it is light compared with that upon the shoulders of those who have to deal with legislation and judicial decisions in over fifty jurisdictions. The aim of each volume of the American Survey is modestly described as merely to present in orderly fashion the significant trends in the more important branches of the law through the year.' This underrates the scope of the work, for it is gratifying to both practitioners and teachers of law to find included in it chapters on ‘Jurisprudence,’ ‘Legal Education, Bar Organization and Economics,’ and ‘Administration of Justice—The Courts and Law Reform.’ Moreover, account is also taken of outstanding literature in the shape of textbooks and articles in law journals.
The Scheria of the ODYSSEY
Authors: Shewan A.
Published: June 2019

Two main views of the country called in the Odyssey the Land of the Phaeacians or Scheria are current among Homeric scholars. Some think it is, or is in, the island known to the ancients as Corcyra, and that the people who are described as living in it were ordinary flesh and blood mortals. The other view, the belief of the majority, though of great variety, is that Scheria is in fairyland or some other supramundane sphere, and a creation of the poet's fancy. In Class. Rev. XXIV. 204 Mr. Evelyn-White says, after quoting Monro, that it ‘cannot be disputed’ that the Phaeacian and other adventures of Odysseus are Märchen, so the matter is as good as closed. But as many of the Homeric choses jugées of last century have been proved of recent years to be unsubstantial, it has seemed worth while to examine the fairyland theory afresh. I begin with a survey of the literature of the question, and shall then inquire in a second paper what Homeric foundation there is for the supernatural theory. Elsewhere I shall endeavour to show that Homer describes a real people, and that Scheria can be fitted into the Mediterranean world, as we now know it, of the latest Minoan or Mycenaean period, and is in fact a Minoan settlement in Corcyra.
On Three Passages of Theocritvs
Authors: Gow A. S. F.
Published: June 2019

‘Come, live with me,’ says Polyphemus (1. 42), ‘and leave the grey sea to beat upon the shore; my cave has all the heart could desire, laurels and cypresses, ivy and a sweet-fruited vine; a stream too fed by the snows of Etna.’

αἰ δέ τοι αὐτ⋯ς ⋯ϒὼν λασιώτερος ημεν, ⋯ντ⋯ δρυ⋯ς ξύλα μοι ὑπ⋯ σποδ⋯ ⋯κάματον π⋯ρ καιόμενος δ ὑπ⋯ τε⋯ς και τ⋯ν ψυχ⋯ν ⋯νεχοιμαν κα⋯ τ⋯ν ἕν ⋯ϕθαλμόν τ⋯ μοι γλυκερώτερον οὐδέν
The Phonetics of Mr- in Latin
Authors: Fay Edwin W.
Published: June 2019

A. The Vestine Inscription with brat.

T. Vetio | duno | didet | Herclo | Iovio | brat. | data.

1. This inscription, most easily consulted in Diehl's Alt-lat. Inschriften, No. 70, has been explained, beyond any reasonable doubt, by von Planta (Osk.-Umbr. Gram. 1. 304) as follows: ‘ The entire inscription is accordingly to be rendered thus: T. Vettius donum dat Herculi Iouio; merito data, sc. est or sunt, according as the votive offering was feminine singular or neuter plural.’ The very abbreviation of brat. favours a formulaic word such as merito. Von Planta accounts also for all other dialectic occurrences of the stem brato-, vindicating a sense of meritum (quasi gratia) for all of them.
Professor Elmore's Hypotheses
Authors: Hardy E. G.
Published: June 2019

On those of Professor Elmore's hypotheses which appeared in his original article, I need make very few additional remarks. He restates them with undiminished confidence in this Review in January, 1918, but, except on one or two side issues, he makes no attempt to answer the careful and reasoned criticism to which I subjected them. The further developments of his theories, to which he calls my special attention, call for some examination, which however shall be brief.
On the Date of Antiphon's Fifth Oration
Authors: Breuning P. S
Published: June 2019

Antiphon's speech on the murder of Herodes has been variously dated by several scholars, but all seem to agree that it was delivered a good many years after the revolt and recapture of Mytilene. According to this opinion the speaker in § 74 declares himself too young to know much of what happened in those days. Before going into this more carefully, it seems necessary to visualize the situation of the accused man. In order to achieve this the best we can do is to follow his own words in the Sirjyrjcris, §§ 20–24: ‘I travelled from Mytilene on the same ship as the lost man; we were on our journey to Ainos, I to see my father—he happened to be there at that time—he in order to sell some slaves to Thracian natives. These natives, who were to pay the ransom, and the slaves were on board too.—All this I will prove by witnesses.—As we, however, met with stormy weather, we were compelled to put in to a harbour in the territory of Methymna; there we found that* ship into which Herodes changed; in that ship, according to the accusers, he died. Now all this was mere chance: obviously I had not persuaded him to travel with me, no, he was travelling on his own business. Then I, personally, had a very good reason for travelling to Ainos; our putting in to that harbour was not premeditatd, we were compelled to. And again, when we were lying at anchor, the change of ship took place without any trickery or fraud: again, it was done because of necessity. The ship, viz., on which we had been travelling was not covered, the other one on the contrary had a covering; that was because of the rain.—All this I will prove by witnesses.—After boarding the other ship we drank some wine. After that it is only known that he left the ship, but did not return. I myself never left the ship that night at all. When the next day but did not return. I myself never left the ship that night at all. When the next day he had disappeared, we looked for him, I as well as the others. Probably it seemed strange to them, it certainly did to me. And it was I who caused a messenger to be sent to Mytilene, not one of the crew or the passengers belonging to Herodes, but my own servant. If I had been guilty, I would not, of course, have sent a man who might have informed against me. But when the man could not be found in Mytilene, nor anywhere else, and when the weather had improved and all the other ships were putting out, I also sailed.—All this I will prove by witnesses.
Γυναɩκòς ἀνδρόβουλον ἐλπίζον κέαρ (Agamemnon1. 11)
Authors: Stanford W. Bedell
Published: June 2019

Most critics agree with varying emphasis that this is one of the most significant lines in the Watchman's speech, because of its emphasis on Clytaemnestra's unique masculinity. But the same interpreters widely disagree in deciding what exactly was her most masculine trait. In other words the meaning of the –βουλον part of the compound is in dispute. Here are some English renderings: ‘whose will is as a man's’ (Platt); ‘manly’ (Sidgwick); ‘with man's resolve’ (Lawson); ‘into the council of men’ (Verrall); ‘man-passionéd’ (Murray); ‘man's mind’ and ‘man-like spirit’ (Headlam); ‘manly-counselling’ (Paley); ‘shrewd-purposed as a man's’ (Tucker). Thus, as my italics show, we have will, resolve, passion, mind, spirit, counsel, and purpose, a pretty array of would-be synonyms, for the Greek βουλον, an area whose semantic termini are βουλεύομαɩ = I wish and βουλεύομαɩ = I deliberate, plan. The purpose of this article is to show that every ounce of interpretative weight must be put into insistence on the second meaning, and that unless this be done (and it has not been done by English editors) appreciation of two important motifs in the play will be impaired. The scholiast saw that βουλεύομαɩ was the operative element in ⋯νδρόβουλον, and wrote τò μείζονα ἣ κατ⋯ γυναȋκα βουλευόμενον ἣ κατ⋯ ⋯νδρòς βουλευομένης.1 His second alternative is otiose but scarcely culpable in the light of Aeschylus' amazing exploitation of verbal ambiguity throughout this play.2
The Career of Sex. Julius Frontinus
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: June 2019

It is a well-known fact that of the three governors of Britain who were responsible for the Flavian advance of the northern frontier two had had previous military experience in the area in which they were now called upon to operate. Petilius Cerialis was in command of the IXth legion during the critical times of Boudicca's revolt (Tac. Ann. XIV. 32). And although in that capacity he succeeded in losing the larger part of his forces, his subsequent appointment by Vespasian to the command of the army despatched to reconquer the Rhine frontier from the revolted Civilis suggests that his military record was more distinguished than Tacitus would imply. Agricola has still better claims to be considered as a British specialist. In 61 as tribunus militum he was serving with distinction on the staff of Suetonius Paulinus in N. Wales (Tac. Agr. 5), and in 70 he was sent as legatus legionis to the XXth legion at Chester, in which capacity he served under Cerialis during the initial stages of the northward advance (Tac. Agr. 8). Of Julius Frontinus, the successor of Cerialis and predecessor of Agricola, we are less well informed; and it is the purpose of this note to show that in all probability he too had had previous military experience in Britain.
Determinantal Systems of Points.
Authors: Milne William P.
Published: June 2019

The following interesting system of points presented itself while I was investigating certain properties of the cubic curve. What I have called a “Determinantal System of Nine Points” is really a generalisation of the nine points defined by two systems of three parallel lines crossing one another
Josiah Royce — Twenty Years After
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: June 2019

‘Two hundred years from now,’ exclaimed William James, in one of his characteristically enthusiastic moods, ‘Harvard will be known as the place where Josiah Royce once taught.’ The approach of the twentieth anniversary of Royce's death is an appropriate time at which to inquire whether the prophecy — making allowances for the exaggeration of James's friendly generosity — is in a fair way toward being fulfilled. Has Royce's work so far stood the test of time? Or must we say that as the experimental interest bequeathed by James increases the calm assurance of Royce's philosophy must decrease? And with the growing seriousness which practical issues assume have we time or inclination left for speculations about the Absolute? Has not the war destroyed our faith in the world's reasonableness and forced us to take a less indulgently ‘idealistic’ and more frankly ‘realistic’ view?

Often we say this, but as often we are forced to remind ourselves that the ‘realism’ in which we take pride may have the virtue of looking the immediate facts squarely in the face, but may lack the sustained critical power which is eager to face other facts than those which are immediate. In that type of realism which is content to ‘take things as they come,’ there is a suggestion of an inability to see why they come as they do. As pluralists and empiricists, appealing to what we call ‘immediate experience’ for our data, we may say that our world is shot to pieces and that it cannot be put together again. But as philosophers and religious men we cannot leave the matter here and believe that we have seen through our problem or seen our job through.
Some Notes on Valuation Methods with special reference to Mr. Chatham's Paper on this Subject in the J.I.A., vol. xxxii. Being Presidential Address delivered to the Actuarial Society of New South Wales on the 28th February 1898
Authors: Dovey W. R.
Published: June 2019

In considering a subject on which to address you to-night, it occurred to me that I might invite your attention to some practical matters of office work, especially in connection with valuation books and forms.

Allow me, however, at the outset to express my thanks for the honour you have conferred on me by my election to the office of President. As a duty of my office an address is expected from me, and I must ask your indulgence in attempting to fulfil this obligation towards the close of what is to me the busiest season of the year.
Further Remarks on the Valuation of Endowment Assurances in Groups
Authors: Lidstone George J.
Published: June 2019

In a paper by the present writer, entitled Some Remarks on the Valuation of Endowment Assurances in Groups, which appears in the current volume of the Journal, pp. 61–84, a new method of valuing Endowment Assurances, based on Makeham's formula for μx and lx, was described, and it was shewn that very good results were obtained by the use of the method in the case of a fairly large Endowment Assurance business, particulars of which were summarized in the paper.
Some Notes on Sinking Fund Assurances
Authors: Faulks J. E.
Published: June 2019

I do not think that any apology, is necessary for asking the members of the Institute of Actuaries to devote a meeting to a consideration of the subject of Sinking Fund Assurances. My paper—if paper it can be legitimately called—contains, I am afraid, little, if anything, that will be new to those actuaries who have had to consider the subject, and doubtless in itself demands a very ample apology for the temerity of its author in submitting it to the criticism of the Institute. I am not, however, without hope that the ensuing discussion may bring out some points of practical interest, and if this should be so, and more particularly if fuller consideration of the subject should lead to an arrangement on the lines indicated in the concluding paragraphs of my remarks, I think I may fairly ask that these results may be considered as to some extent a mitigation of my offence.
The Methods of Analyzing and Presenting the Mortality, Sickness and Secession Experience of Friendly Societies, with Examples drawn from the Experience of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows
Authors: Watson Alfred W.
Published: June 2019

The publication of the Sickness and Mortality Experience of Registered Friendly Societies, the work of our late distinguished member, Mr. W. Sutton, has directed the serious attention of the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows to the question of the continued reliability of the Tables on which the Society has been accustomed to base its financial estimates, and as the result of the interest thus awakened, the Actuaries of the Order have been instructed to make a complete investigation of its experience during the five years 1893–97. From the immensity of the data to be handled in this investigation (these being contributed by about 3,500 branches and comprising, inter alia, some three million years of life and 40,000 deaths) it has been necessary, at the outset, to closely consider the methods of tabulation and classification to be adopted, and preliminary experiments on a somewhat elaborate scale have accordingly been required. The results of these experiments appear to possess a definite value in relation to the subject of friendly society experience, and I am emboldened on this account to offer the following notes respecting them for the consideration of this meeting.
On the Valuation of Staff Pension Funds
Authors: Manly Henry William , Thomas Ernest Charles
Published: June 2019

In a short paper, which I read before the Second International Actuarial Congress, held in these rooms in May 1898, I gave the solution of some problems which frequently arise out of the Rules of Pension Funds and Friendly Societies. That paper is printed in the Transactions of the Congress, published by the Institute, page 860. I was unfortunate in the selection of the table which I used for illustrating the formulas, as there was a printer's error in the value of the most important term. That, however, did not affect the formulas themselves. Mr. McGowan, in a letter to the Insurance Record of 2 February 1900, said that my remark on page 861 (of the Transactions), that “it will be P years before the annuity payments equal the price given, does not seem quite correct in the case where P is an integer plus a fraction”, and I explained, in a letter which appeared the following week, that the correction, which would be the value of the assurance of the fraction of the annuity for the fraction of the year in which the fraction would occur, is so insignificant that it might be ignored.
On the Valuation of Staff Pension Funds
Authors: Manly Henry William , Thomas Ernest Charles , Lewis John Norman
Published: June 2019

On reading over my paper after it was published, I did not feel quite satisfied as to the accuracy of my approximate formula, given on page 235, for the adjustment of in respect of the excess of contributions included in the Table as constructed, so I have had the values of and , calculated. The constant summation of these columns, namely, and , will give the columnar values to be used for making accurate adjustments.
The Use of Quadrature Formulæ and other Methods of Approximation for the Calculation of Survivorship Benefits
Authors: Buchanan James
Published: June 2019

The great value of quadrature formulæ for the calculation of survivorship and other benefits involving three or more lives has been already illustrated in the pages of the Journal. From certain remarks made by Mr. G. F. Hardy and Mr. George King in the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. King's paper (J.I.A., xxvi, pp. 297, 301), I inferred that it would be of interest to examine the errors involved in these formulæ, and to compare the results yielded by them and by other methods of approximation, such as the substitution of an equivalent life. Mr. Sheppard has shown (Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, xxxii, p. 258) how most of the best-known quadrature formulæ can be readily derived from the Maclaurin Summation Theorem, with expressions for the errors in terms of differential coefficients. In a recent paper (Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, xxxiv, p. 335), I have obtained similar formulas by direct integration from Everett's Interpolation Theorem, with expressions for the errors in terms of central differences.
Methods of Valuation and Distribution of Profits in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ryan Gerald H.
Published: June 2019

In order to define the object and scope of the present contribution, it may be well to state at the outset that it puts forth no pretensions to be a complete survey of a subject which embraces in its wide sweep almost the entire field of practical Life Assurance. The author's design is merely to give a brief sketch of the development, from early times, of the systems and practice of Life Offices in ascertaining their liability under Policies of Assurance, and distributing the surpluses brought out by such valuations among those entitled to them; and the idea has been consistently held in view that it is mainly to assist foreign students that each country is asked to give a record and state the lessons of its past experience.