bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELATING AND DISSOCIATING: A CONSIDERATION OF TWO VARIABLES IN EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wright John
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper will provide theoretical and clinical evidence for the significance of relating to and dissociating from the object in the development of a regulatory function. A selective review examines psychoanalytic views concerning the interactive nature of innate and environmental factors in development. The role of trauma is also considered as a contributing factor in individual differences. Relevant clinical material is described from two sessions in the treatment of a traumatized young woman with bulimia, focusing on the regulatory function in the therapeutic relationship. The patient frequently dissociated from the therapist as object and substituted the resulting loss of regulation with a pendulous movement between over‐indulgence and deprivation. This created significant implications for treatment. The clinical findings suggest that the inclusion of these different aspects may be necessary factors in understanding the developmental pathway from intolerable frustration/impulsivity to an internal sense of containment.
MIDWIVES, FOSTER‐MOTHERS, STEPMOTHERS? CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS TEACHING JUNIOR DOCTORS PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Blackwell Christina L. , Rimmer‐Yehudai Esti
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Teaching junior doctors psychotherapy is a difficult task. This paper charts the progress of clinical psychologists setting out on this task, initially finding it impossible, but thinking and working together to develop creative, working groups in which the junior doctors and group leaders learned and developed.

We detail how we run the teaching groups and what it is like to be a member of such a group. We consider the costs and benefits of clinical psychologists teaching junior doctors and the differing cultures of psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy. We discuss institutional and group defences which create obstacles to learning. We propose a training model based on maternal containment as opposed to pseudo‐paternal identifications. Containment of anxiety appears to be necessary for the creation and maintenance of a safe space for junior doctors to learn about psychotherapy.
‘IT IS TORAH AND I HAVE TO LEARN’: TALKING TURKEY ABOUT THE BODY
Authors: Cooper Howard
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Both rabbis and therapists are on the receiving end of powerful projections, particularly the availability of their bodies as an object of phantasy. Both sets of professionals are seen as a potential source of healing and judgement, and both are viewed as having access to some hard‐to‐name yet soughtafter power (God/the unconscious) – yet both are essentially storytellers. The analyst's stories about countertransference can illuminate the emotional communication between two people, but may perhaps need to retain some humility in the face of the mystery that we are so much more than our means to know give us to know.
DEVELOPING A CULTURE FOR CHANGE IN GROUP ANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR MOTHERS AND BABIES
Authors: James Jessica
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
I take clinical material from a nine‐month period in a slow open analytic psychotherapy group for mothers and babies, to illustrate its potential as a therapeutic modality. I describe the process of creating a reliable setting, or ‘group culture’, and its role as a prerequisite for therapeutic change. Vignettes are used, alongside my commentary, to display the passionate involvement between mothers and infants, also with therapists, which develops in a shared therapeutic experience. Relationships formed in this group provide the vehicle for its holding and containing capacity, as members grow up and live through, collapse and recover, re‐visit and re‐work their internal worlds through the group's weekly action.

I make reference to mothers and babies using titles based on their behaviour. This is an aide‐mémoire for the reader's mind which, of course, doesn't mean that each individual behaved only in that way.
PSYCHIC RETREATS REVISITED: BINDING PRIMITIVE DESTRUCTIVENESS, OR SECURING THE OBJECT? A MATTER OF EMPHASIS?
Authors: Carvalho Richard
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper argues that a potent cause of impasse in analysis/psychotherapy is the fear of annihilation by uncontained affect, and that the ‘retreat’(Steiner 1993) to which the patient has recourse is often prompted by such anxiety rather than by paranoid‐schizoid or depressive anxiety. Such retreats are marked by defensive attempts to occupy the object, to abolish separation, and to avoid emotional links that are feared will bring on the overwhelming affect related to attachment failures from the past. Thus, analysis itself is perceived unconsciously to be the disaster against which the patient is likely to implement an impasse. This approach offers an alternative to the concept of retreat as described by Steiner (ibid.), but is not intended to replace it. Either model may be indicated clinically in different circumstances. The author introduces the theories of Armando Ferrari and Ignacio Matte Blanco, both consonant with Ogden's theory of the autistic‐contiguous position and offering alternative explanations for the clinical phenomena. The technical implications of these considerations are then discussed in relation to some of the clinical material from Steiner's (2000) paper, ‘Containment, enactment and communication’.
A TROLL IN THE CONSULTING ROOM
Authors: Freeden Irene
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Taking Ibsen's tale of Peer Gynt as a framework, this paper presents an account of the psychotherapy of two patients. The first, a beautiful young woman, initially profoundly distressed, frightened and confused, who found the pressure of her studies overwhelming, has been enabled through her treatment to lead a successful academic and social life. However, the psychopathic nature of her relationship to objects has not been modified, nor has her personality become integrated, exposing the complex issue of limits in psychoanalytic treatment. The second is a post‐autistic girl who has made considerable developmental progress. From being a wild animal‐like child, she has blossomed into a passionate, responsive girl despite very severe intellectual and behavioural limitations. She is now capable of much more open and sincere emotional contact. Although there is a wide oscillation in her moods, they can be definitely described as L, H and K (rather than –L, –H and –K of the first patient) pace Bion.
INTRUDER IN THE NIGHT: CANCER AND THE ‘I’ WITHIN
Authors: Parkinson Judy
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Little has been written about psychoanalytic psychotherapy with people who suffer from medical conditions such as cancer and as distinct from the well‐established literature describing psychoanalytic theories and clinical work with those who have medical conditions which may be considered to have a psychologically‐influenced causal basis.

In this paper, I will explore the nature and experience of cancer, its psychological impact upon the patient and also the therapist, and the patient's relation to the disease inside. I think about cancer as an unboundaried invader within the body which may temporarily dislocate the patient's ego, resulting in the ‘I’ of the patient feeling overwhelmed or threatened. The subject of this paper is the ‘I’ which perceives and relates to the cancer within. The aim of the paper is to work towards describing the principles and practice of a model of ego‐supportive psychotherapy with cancer patients, its goal being to help the patient to strengthen, relocate or reinstate his/her vulnerable ego.
MAKING CONNECTIONS: DEVELOPING RACIALLY AND CULTURALLY SENSITIVE PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY IN NHS PSYCHOTHERAPY DEPARTMENTS
Authors: Garner Lydia Holt
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper looks at some of the problems concerning access of black people to NHS Psychotherapy Departments. It examines some of the clinical issues that can arise in offering treatment to black patients, including racism. It argues that in addressing these issues improvements could be made to services, so that black people have a better and more equal chance (as compared to their white counterparts) of specialist psychotherapeutic help.

The term ‘black’ is being used in a broad context to signify different from white and to include African‐Caribbean, Asian and mixed race people. These issues are inevitably emotionally charged and difficult to write about without stirring up uncomfortable feelings in the reader. As Bion (1962) understood, thinking is an emotional experience and, in thinking about race and inequalities in psychotherapy services, minus K can come into force–it can feel easier not to know. A clinical example is used to illustrate awareness of racism as an internal reality and that working with these issues helped to prevent the premature departure of a black patient from therapy.
FASCINATION AND ITS RELATION TO EGO–SELF STATES
Authors: Humphreys Nicholas
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on experiences of fascination in the transference and countertransference. It suggests that fascination arises through the projection of an internal state where an unconscious content has intruded into the ego. Using clinical examples, it outlines a distinction between fascination as a facilitative process in psychotherapy, and fascination indicative of defence and destructiveness. In the former, fascination is linked to an exploration of symbols and their subsequent release of meaning. In the latter, fascination is considered as an end in itself: a powerfully persuasive fantasy that reality can be dispensed with. The Analytical Psychology concept of the ego‐self relationship is briefly outlined with a view to establishing a theoretical base from which to support this distinction, and to suggest that the ego's fascination is elicited through an unfolding archetypal process. The conclusion summarizes these findings and their implications for clinical work.

Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is wing'd Cupid painted blind. (Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream)
ENVY REVISITED
Authors: Polledri Patricia
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper is a study of the concept and the affect of envy. Because of its singular dynamics, envy rarely appears in a straightforward or direct manner, so a consideration of the various ways in which envy influences interpersonal relationships is examined in relation to the consequences of early pathological attachments. A distinction between envy, jealousy and greed, and the part shame plays in relation to envious tension will be examined as well as the phenomenon of self‐envy. Various theoretical models will be discussed in terms of their usefulness and application to the clinical material. Rather than seeking to alter or amend the theoretical grounds on the concept of envy, this paper focuses on the expression of envy as a form of destructive behaviour – destructive to the patient, to his objects and to the therapeutic process.
CONVERSATIONS WITH INTERNAL OBJECTS: FAMILY AND NARRATIVE STRUCTURE IN HOMER'S ODYSSEY
Authors: Williams Meg Harris
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to enable the psychoanalytic reader to make an enriched emotional contact with Homer's ancient epic which, in recounting the story of Odysseus’journey homeward after the confusions of the Trojan war, demonstrates the evolution of a new ethics based on communication between the internal objects of the protagonists. Athena plays a facilitating role in adjusting the relationship of father and son, husband and wife. The reading is guided by the internal poetic structure, under the aegis of a post‐Kleinian perspective on the reading process which has a clinical analogy.
IRREVERSIBLE: UNBEARABLE FEELINGS
Authors: Hamilton Rose
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper is about a patient who had been traumatized and could not integrate. She may have started to take back some of her attacks on others, but may have needed to punish herself by suicide. It considers issues of merging and symbiosis, and questions whether these states are helpful in establishing a therapeutic relationship, for further development. It asks whether it is possible to contain very damaged patients without medication in a therapeutic milieu. Overall it considers the impact of a suicide on a worker in a residential setting.
TIME‐LIMITED PSYCHODYNAMIC COUNSELLING FOR PEOPLE WITH EPILEPSY:A CASE STUDY
Authors: Spector Shiri
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper is an attempt to present and discuss the application of psychodynamic thinking and practice to working with people with epilepsy. The paper provides a general explanation of what epilepsy is, followed by a brief review of the existing psychoanalytic literature in relation to epilepsy. The core of the paper is a detailed case study describing a time‐limited psychodynamic counselling with a patient in an epilepsy outpatient clinic at a large general hospital in the UK. This account aims to highlight some of the issues and themes in working with people with epilepsy, and to add to the limited literature available on psychodynamic work with this client group.
ASSESSING AND FORMULATING ATTACHMENT ISSUES AND STYLES IN PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Hardy Gillian E. , Aldridge Jan , Davidson Colin , Rowe Celly , Reilly Stephen
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
There are few attachment‐based measures designed for use by therapists to inform the clinical process of psychotherapy. The aim was to develop an attachment based interview schedule for use by mental health professionals. A draft interview schedule was developed through a review of the literature. Systematic analysis of case materials led to refinements of the schedule. Attachment formulations were developed for six patients. The clinical validity of these formulations was assessed through group discussion and via reports from the patients’therapists. The schedule provided information about patients’attachment histories, styles, issues and problems leading to an attachment formulation, possible foci for therapeutic work, and difficulties that might arise during therapy. The interview schedule allows a picture to be built up of how attachment patterns and behaviours have developed and how they are expressed in the present. It leads to hypotheses about what needs to change for the individual to have more secure, less distorted relationships and what problems may be encountered during therapy.
CONSCIOUSNESS, THE SELF AND THE ISNESS BUSINESS
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper considers consciousness from the point of view of extreme materialism, which asserts that everything is physical and extreme idealism, which asserts that‘the world is my idea’. Attempting to avoid dualism, I argue that there is no fundamental ground of being and that consciousness is a no‐thing. Science can explain its mechanisms in terms of‘propositional knowledge’but this is distinct from the‘experiential knowledge’that refers to the domain of meaning (psychic reality). Although consciousness is omnipresent and infinite, it is surrounded by the further infinity of the Unknown. Together these comprise the totality that Jung called‘the Self’. The paper concludes with some reflections on the experience of Being in‘the Isness Business’.
IS THE PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS A NON‐PROBLEM?
Authors: Schwartz Joseph
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
I ask whether current interest in consciousness is simply an artefact of the (low) level of cultural development of the West instead of being a problem of real interest and utility in clinical practice.
THE LANGUAGE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY: METAPHOR, AMBIGUITY, WHOLENESS
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Psychoanalysis is approached from the perspective of linguistics. It is argued that analysis is concerned with a type of communication different in nature and logic from that of the natural sciences. The characteristics of analytic language are illustrated by comparing poetry and psychoanalysis. Transference is discussed as a special type of metaphor; ambiguity is seen as an intrinsic aspect of aesthetic language; wholeness is held to be a goal of both therapy and the arts. The relevance of this view to recent findings in neurophysiology and ethology is discussed.
THE WEBSITE‘GIRL’: CONTEMPORARY THEORIES ABOUT MALE‘FEMININITY’
Authors: Maguire Marie
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
I explore a bisexual male patient's need to differentiate highly problematic‘feminine’identifications ‐ originating in childhood sexual abuse and impingement by men as well as women ‐ from identifications with more admired aspects of his mother. My main focus is on the patient's sexual identity ‐ the personal meaning he gave to being male ‐ rather than on his bisexuality ‐ his desire for both sexes. In psychoanalytic literature powerful opposite‐sex identifications are usually associated either with psychotic confusion or celebrated as a source of psychic strength. The co‐existence of problematic and highly valued cross‐sex identifications is rarely discussed. I also look at how this patient re‐negotiated his identity through the transference relationship with a female psychotherapist, given that his‘masculinity’derived mainly from childhood experiences of 'stealing’his mother's phallic power. Through a wideranging theoretical review I conclude that we need to draw together opposing psychoanalytic perspectives about maternal and paternal power, opening up new ways of thinking about triangular relationships in the transference.
TATTOOING AND PIERCING: INITIATION RITES AND MASCULINE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Denness Brian
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Prompted by the surprising reaction of a young man with a borderline personality to an interpretation of castration anxiety, this paper sets out to explore some of the unconscious determinants of tattooing and piercing. Recognizing that such acts can have an initiatory function, sociological, anthropological and psychoanalytic views of initiation and the role of the father in masculine development are examined. In some boys oedipal development is forestalled and castration anxiety is not experienced. A bifocal approach using object relations theories based on regression and Lacanian perspectives that highlight reactions to an oedipal impasse is used to understand these processes. Symbolic body modifications are differentiated from those that are non‐symbolic.
CLOTHES MAKETH THE MAN: TRANSVESTISM, MASCULINITY AND HOMOSEXUALITY
Authors: Ryan Thomas J.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The term transvestism is mistakenly applied to describe all categories of cross‐dressing. This leads to theoretical and clinical confusion, as men who cross dress share some common features but differ greatly in regards to their aims and intentions. The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the formation and development of transvestism that extends beyond the classical psychoanalytic explanation of castration anxiety. Today, more emphasis is placed on anxieties emanating from the early symbiotic relationship with the mother, the formation of the sense of self and unresolved separation anxiety. Insights gained from clinical work with transvestites can enhance our understanding of the construction of masculinity and the male's greater gender conflicts and sexual insecurities. Also, the study of the homosexual fantasies or intense homophobia experienced by some fetishistic cross‐dressers relate more to gender issues and conflicts than sexual orientation.
HUMAN LONGINGS AND MASCULINE TERRORS: MASCULINITY AND SEPARATION FROM MOTHER
Authors: Wieland Christina
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The paper explores two literary texts ‐ Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment and Euripides’play Bacchae ‐ from the point of view of immature masculinity and the catastrophe that can follow if the boy fails to achieve a genuine separation from the maternal object. The author examines the masculine anxieties and defences that arise when the boy fails to work through the Oedipus complex and instead retreats to a dyadic relation with mother which excludes the father. This retreat involves a denial of reality and the creation of a paranoid world in which his own wishes to take possession of mother can be experienced by him as an intrusion by the mother into his own masculine identity and ultimately as castration by the mother. Attempts to resolve this threat to masculinity include the use of anal defences and tyrannical states of mind in the creation of a pseudo‐masculinity.

The movement into the male Oedipus complex necessarily involves a psychological state in which the externality of the oedipal‐object mother is continually in danger of being blurred by the shadow cast by the pre‐oedipal mother. (Thomas Ogden 1992)
MASCULINITY IN WARLORD COMMUNITIES
Authors: Elliott Mitch
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In Northern Ireland's paramilitary‐dominated communities (PDCs), the historically regressed social structure is reflected in rather different unconscious psychic structures in individual clients. Behind the bland exterior of male clients one finds an archaic superego, and role models more at home in the film The Godfather than in modern democratic society.
THE QUESTION OF THE FATHER AND SEXUAL DISTURBANCES IN PSYCHOSIS
Authors: O'Loughlin Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The first half of this paper attempts to track and to elaborate Freud's thesis on the mechanism proper to psychosis with particular attention paid to the case of Schreber. It is written emphasizing that Freud was only at the initial stages of his work on the function of the father and that this led to the stumbling blocks he encountered and left him dissatisfied with his work. The second half of the paper looks at the way in which Jacques Lacan took up Freud's work. It looks at how he used it to understand the structure of psychosis in a new way, giving the specific problems that arise in psychosis a central place in the practice of psychoanalysis.

How is that one day life is orderly and you are content, a little cynical perhaps, but on the whole just so, and then without warning you find the solid floor is a trapdoor and you are now in another place whose geography is uncertain and whose customs are strange?… We who were fluent find life is a foreign language. (Jeanette Winterson 1987, back cover)
Electroencephalographic evidence for pre‐motor cortex activation during inspiratory loading in humans
Authors: Raux Mathieu , Straus Christian , Redolfi Stefania , Morelot‐Panzini Capucine , Couturier Antoine , Hug François , Similowski Thomas
Published: November 2006

Faced with mechanical inspiratory loading, awake animals and anaesthetized humans develop alveolar hypoventilation, whereas awake humans do defend ventilation. This points to a suprapontine compensatory mechanism instead of or in addition to the ‘traditional’ brainstem respiratory regulation. This study assesses the role of the cortical pre‐motor representation of inspiratory muscles in this behaviour. Ten healthy subjects (age 19–34 years, three men) were studied during quiet breathing, CO2‐stimulated breathing, inspiratory resistive loading, inspiratory threshold loading, and during self‐paced voluntary sniffs. Pre‐triggered ensemble averaging of Cz EEG epochs starting 2.5 s before the onset of inspiration was used to look for pre‐motor activity. Pre‐motor potentials were present during voluntary sniffs in all subjects (average latency (±s.d.): 1325 ± 521 ms), but also during inspiratory threshold loading (1427 ± 537 ms) and during inspiratory resistive loading (1109 ± 465 ms). Pre‐motor potentials were systematically followed by motor potentials during inspiratory loading. Pre‐motor potentials were lacking during quiet breathing (except in one case) and during CO2‐stimulated breathing (except in two cases). The same pattern was observed during repeated experiments at an interval of several weeks in a subset of three subjects. The behavioural component of inspiratory loading compensation in awake humans could thus depend on higher cortical motor areas. Demonstrating a similar role of the cerebral cortex in the compensation of disease‐related inspiratory loads (e.g. asthma attacks) would have important pathophysiological implications: it could for example contribute to explain why sleep is both altered and deleterious in such situations.
Propagation of postsynaptic currents and potentials via gap junctions in GABAergic networks of the rat hippocampus
Authors: Zsiros Veronika , Aradi Ildiko , Maccaferri Gianmaria
Published: November 2006

The integration of synaptic signalling in the mammalian hippocampus underlies higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory. We have studied the gap junction‐mediated cell‐to‐cell and network propagation of GABAA receptor‐mediated events in stratum lacunosum moleculare interneurons of the rat hippocampus. Propagated events were identified both in voltage‐ and current‐clamp configurations. After blockade of ionotropic excitatory synaptic transmission, voltage‐clamp recordings with chloride‐loaded electrodes (predicted GABAA receptor reversal potential: 0 mV) at −15 mV revealed the unexpected presence of spontaneous events of opposite polarities. Inward events were larger and kinetically faster when compared to outward currents. Both types of events were blocked by gabazine, but only outward currents were significantly affected by the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone, indicating that outward events originated in electrically coupled neurons. These results were in agreement with computational modelling showing that propagated events were modulated in size and shape by their relative distance to the gap junction site. Paired recordings from electrically coupled interneurons performed with high‐ and low‐chloride pipettes (predicted GABAA receptor reversal potentials: 0 mV and −80 mV, respectively) directly demonstrated that depolarizing postsynaptic events could propagate to the cell recorded with the low‐chloride solution. Cell‐to‐cell propagation was abolished by carbenoxolone, and was not observed in uncoupled pairs. Application of 4‐aminopyridine on slices resulted in spontaneous network activation of interneurons, which was driven by excitatory GABAA receptor‐mediated input. Population activity was greatly depressed by carbenoxolone, suggesting that propagation of depolarizing synaptic GABAergic potentials may be a critical determinant of interneuronal synchronous bursting in the hippocampus.
A Reduced Fuel Cell Stack Model for Control and Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Di Penta Damiano , Bencherif Karim , Sorine Michel , Zhang Qinghua
Published: November 2006

This paper proposes a reduced fuel cell stack model for control and fault diagnosis which was validated with experimental data. Firstly, the electro-chemical phenomena are modeled based on a mechanism of gas adsorption/desorption on catalysts at the anode and at the cathode of the stack, including activation, diffusion, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The electrical voltage of a stack cell is then modeled by the difference between the two electrode potentials. A simplified thermal model of the fuel cell stack is also developed in order to take into account heat generation from reactions, heat transfers, and evaporation/condensation of water. Finally, the efficiency ratio is computed as a model output. It is used to evaluate the efficiency changes of the entire system, providing an important indicator for fault detection.
Sintering Behavior of (La,Sr)MnO3 Type Cathodes for Planar Anode-Supported SOFCs
Authors: Mertens Josef , Haanappel Vincent A. C. , Wedershoven Christian , Buchkremer Hans-Peter
Published: November 2006

One of the main targets in the development of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) is to improve the electrochemical performance. This can be achieved by optimizing processing and microstructural parameters of the SOFCs. Variations of the thickness of the cathode functional layer and the cathode current collector layer, the grain size of the powders used for applying these layers, and the sintering temperature, can influence the electrochemical performance as such that lower operation temperatures become possible without detrimentally affecting the power output to a great extent. In this study the effect of variations of the sintering temperature of the cathode on (1) the microstructure, (2) the gas diffusivity and permeability in the cathode, and (3) electrochemical performance of FZJ-type anode-supported single cells, was investigated. The FZ-Jülich cell design is based on anode-supported type cells, which are characterized by a relatively thick anode (thickness: 1.0-1.5mm) consisting of a NiO/8YSZ cermet, a thin 8YSZ electrolyte, and a bi-layered cathode. The cathode distinguished two separated layers: first a cathode functional layer consisting of La0.65Sr0.3MnO3(LSM)∕Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (8YSZ) and a cathode current collector layer of pure La0.65Sr0.3MnO3 (LSM). This study can be considered as a follow-up of that (Journal of Power Sources 141 (2005) 216–226) describing the improvement of the cell performance by a systematic variation of the microstructure. The experiments described in this paper and the corresponding results are part of a more extensive study to investigate in more detail the effect of the sintering temperature on the electrochemical performance of LSM-type SOFCs. Since research is still going on, conclusions, drawn in this contribution, are yet not definitive.
Simulation of Biomass and/or Coal Gasification Systems Integrated With Fuel Cells
Authors: Ersoz A. , Ozdogan S. , Caglayan E. , Olgun H.
Published: November 2006

This paper presents the results of a system simulation study. The HYSYS 3.1 - ASPEN code has been used for simulation. The system consists of a fixed bed gasifier followed by reforming and clean-up units. The produced hydrogen gas is fed to a PEM fuel cell. The gasified hydrocarbons are hazelnut shells, bark, rice straw, animal waste, and two lignites. Hydrocarbon properties, gasification, and reforming process parameters all affect the system efficiency. The effect of the moisture content and oxygen to carbon ratio of the hydrocarbon feeds on the fuel processing and overall system efficiencies are presented. The overall efficiency of the system increases with increasing hydrocarbon feed oxygen to carbon ratio; this tendency is more evident at higher moisture levels.
Efficient Methods for Numerical Modeling of Laminar Friction in Fluid Lines
Authors: Johnston D. Nigel
Published: November 2006

An improved method for simulating frequency-dependent friction in laminar pipe flow using the method of characteristics is proposed. It has a higher computational efficiency than previous methods while retaining a high accuracy. By lumping the frequency-dependent friction at the ends of the pipeline, the computational efficiency can be improved further, at the expense of a slight reduction in accuracy. The technique is also applied to the transmission line method and found to give a significant improvement in accuracy over previous methods, while retaining a very high computational efficiency.
A Delicate Balance: Hovering Balloons in an Air Stream
Authors: Gluck Paul
Published: November 2006

Science museums and popular physics shows often exhibit a blower in whose air stream a ball is held hovering in equilibrium some distance above the jet's orifice. The weight of the ball, mg, is balanced by the drag force of the turbulent air stream, often written as ρCv2A, where ρ and v are the density and velocity of the air, A is the effective area of the ball, and C some drag coefficient depending, among other things, on the surface roughness. This paper describes a ball and balloons of various sizes supported stably stacked one above the other in a vertical air stream from a blower.
Excitation of Standing Waves by an Electric Toothbrush
Authors: Cros Ana , Ferrer-Roca Chantal
Published: November 2006

There are a number of ways of exciting standing waves in ropes and springs using non-commercial vibrators such as loudspeakers,1 jigsaws,2 motors,3 or a simple tuning fork,4 including the rhythmical shaking of a handheld Slinky. We have come up with a very simple and cheap way of exciting stationary waves in a string, which anyone, particularly children, can try at home. It consists of using an electric toothbrush to produce a regular sideways motion that can be easily transmitted to an elastic cord. Most suitable for this experiment is the kind of unit that has a metal rod protruding from the front (see Fig. 1, which shows our Braun Oral-B®) to which a brush is normally affixed. The ends of the cord are attached to stands. Elastic cords that come with some school notebooks work well for this experiment, but a longer cord allows the observation of a larger number of modes. The toothbrush unit is placed near one end of the cord, which is wrapped once around the rod. As the toothbrush vibrates at a fixed frequency, standing waves (see Fig. 2) may be tuned by changing the tension of the cord while keeping its length constant. We have found up to five harmonics with a 150-cm cord. The toothbrush can be connected to a small potentiometer to reduce the dc voltage and hence the frequency of the motor, allowing the tuning of the standing waves with a fixed tension.
Who Wants To Be an Astronomaire?—The Game
Authors: Montgomery M. M.
Published: November 2006

You have all probably seen the game “Who Wants To Be a Millionaire” on television and have been drawn into the hot seat from your easy chair. Games like this one are popular among the public as entertainment, but they can also be educational. A game developed at the University of Central Florida (UCF) for large (>300) classes is used as a fun learning and assessment tool to establish who has enough wealth of astronomy knowledge to be labeled a Top Gamer. The pace is fast, hand-eye coordination is demanded, and instantaneous reasoning for easy questions and patience for more difficult questions are necessities, as is a long-term strategy.
A Gain-of-Function Mutation in a Cytokinin Receptor Triggers Spontaneous Root Nodule Organogenesis
Authors: Tirichine Leïla , Sandal Niels , Madsen Lene H. , Radutoiu Simona , Albrektsen Anita S. , Sato Shusei , Asamizu Erika , Tabata Satoshi , Stougaard Jens
Published: November 2006

Legume root nodules originate from differentiated cortical cells that reenter the cell cycle and form organ primordia. We show that perception of the phytohormone cytokinin is a key element in this switch. Mutation of a
Lotus japonicus
cytokinin receptor gene leads to spontaneous development of root nodules in the absence of rhizobia or rhizobial signal molecules. The mutant histidine kinase receptor has cytokinin-independent activity and activates an
Escherichia coli
two-component phosphorelay system in vivo. Mutant analysis shows that cytokinin signaling is required for cell divisions that initiate nodule development and defines an autoregulated process where cytokinin induction of nodule stem cells is controlled by shoots.
MIXTURE MODELS FOR DETECTING DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN MICROARRAYS
Authors: JONES LIAT BEN-TOVIM , BEAN RICHARD , MCLACHLAN GEOFFREY J. , ZHU JUSTIN XI
Published: November 2006

An important and common problem in microarray experiments is the detection of genes that are differentially expressed in a given number of classes. As this problem concerns the selection of significant genes from a large pool of candidate genes, it needs to be carried out within the framework of multiple hypothesis testing. In this paper, we focus on the use of mixture models to handle the multiplicity issue. With this approach, a measure of the local FDR (false discovery rate) is provided for each gene. An attractive feature of the mixture model approach is that it provides a framework for the estimation of the prior probability that a gene is not differentially expressed, and this probability can subsequently be used in forming a decision rule. The rule can also be formed to take the false negative rate into account. We apply this approach to a well-known publicly available data set on breast cancer, and discuss our findings with reference to other approaches.
A LATE TIME ACCELERATION OF THE UNIVERSE WITH TWO SCALAR FIELDS: MANY POSSIBILITIES
Authors: BANERJEE NARAYAN , DAS SUDIPTA
Published: November 2006

In the present work, an attempt has been made to explain the recent cosmic acceleration of the universe with two mutually interacting scalar fields, one being the Brans–Dicke scalar field and the other a quintessence scalar field. Conditions have been derived for which the quintessence scalar field has an early oscillation and it grows during a later time to govern the dynamics of the universe.
COLOR BOSONIZATION, CHIRAL PARAMETRIZATION OF GLUONIC FIELD AND QCD EFFECTIVE ACTION
Authors: NOVOZHILOV VICTOR , NOVOZHILOV YURI
Published: November 2006

We develop a color bosonization approach to treat QCD gauge field ("gluons") at low energies in order to derive an effective color action of QCD taking into account the quark chiral anomaly in the case of SU(2) color. We have found that there exists such a region in the chiral sector of color space, where a gauge field coincides with chirally rotated vector field, while an induced axial vector field disappears. In this region, the unit color vector of chiral field plays a defining role, and a gauge field is parametrized in terms of chiral parameters, so that no additional degrees of freedom are introduced by the chiral field. A QCD gauge field decomposition in color bosonization is a sum of a chirally rotated gauge field and an induced axial-vector field expressed in terms of gluonic variables. An induced axial-vector field defines the chiral color anomaly and an effective color action of QCD. This action admits existence of a gauge invariant d = 2 condensate of induced axial-vector field and mass.
NON-UNIQUENESS, COUNTERROTATION, AND NEGATIVE HORIZON MASS OF EINSTEIN–MAXWELL–CHERN–SIMONS BLACK HOLES
Authors: KUNZ JUTTA , NAVARRO-LÉRIDA FRANCISCO
Published: November 2006

Stationary black holes in five-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory possess surprising properties. When considering the Chern–Simons coefficient λ as a parameter, two critical values of λ appear: the supergravity value λ SG = 1, and the value λ = 2. At λ = 1, supersymmetric black holes with vanishing horizon angular velocity, but finite angular momentum exist. As λ increases beyond λ SG a rotational instability arises, and counterrotating black holes appear, whose horizon rotates in the opposite sense to the angular momentum. Thus supersymmetry is associated with the borderline between stability and instability. At λ = 2, rotating black holes with vanishing angular momentum emerge. Beyond λ = 2, black holes may possess a negative horizon mass, while their total mass is positive. Charged rotating black holes with vanishing gyromagnetic ratio appear, and black holes are no longer uniquely characterized by their global charges.
Managed Behavioral Health Care Carve-Outs: Past Performance and Future Prospects
Authors: Frank Richard G. , Garfield Rachel L.
Published: November 2006

As the managed behavioral health care market has matured, behavioral health carve-outs have solved many problems facing the delivery of behavioral health services; at the same time, they have exacerbated existing difficulties or created new problems. Carve-outs developed to address rising inpatient behavioral health costs and limited insurance coverage. They are based on the economic principles of economies of specialization, economies of scale, price negotiation, and selection. Literature shows that carve-outs have been successful in lowering costs and maintaining or improving access, but results on their impact on quality of care are mixed. In recent years, carve-outs have evolved to take on new roles within the health system, such as coordinating mental and physical health, addressing fragmented public financing systems, and using market power to implement quality improvement. Although not perfect, carve-outs have been instrumental in addressing long-standing challenges in utilization, access, and cost of behavioral health care.
Defective hepatocyte aquaporin-8 expression and reduced canalicular membrane water permeability in estrogen-induced cholestasis
Authors: Carreras Flavia I. , Lehmann Guillermo L. , Ferri Domenico , Tioni Mariana F. , Calamita Giuseppe , Marinelli Raúl A.
Published: November 2006

Our previous work supports a role for aquaporin-8 (AQP8) water channels in rat hepatocyte bile formation mainly by facilitating the osmotically driven canalicular secretion of water. In this study, we tested whether a condition with compromised canalicular bile secretion, i.e., the estrogen-induced intrahepatic cholestasis, displays defective hepatocyte AQP8 functional expression. After 17α-ethinylestradiol administration (5 mg·kg body wt−1·day−1for 5 days) to rats, the bile flow was reduced by 58% ( P < 0.05). By subcellular fractionation and immunoblotting analysis, we found that 34 kDa AQP8 was significantly decreased by ∼70% in plasma (canalicular) and intracellular (vesicular) liver membranes. However, 17α-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis did not significantly affect the protein level or the subcellular localization of sinusoidal AQP9. Immunohistochemistry for liver AQPs confirmed these observations. Osmotic water permeability ( Pf) of canalicular membranes, measured by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, was significantly reduced (73 ± 1 vs. 57 ± 2 μm/s) in cholestasis, consistent with defective canalicular AQP8 functional expression. By Northern blotting, we found that AQP8 mRNA expression was increased by 115% in cholestasis, suggesting a posttranscriptional mechanism of protein level reduction. Accordingly, studies in primary cultured rat hepatocytes indicated that the lysosomal protease inhibitor leupeptin prevented the estrogen-induced AQP8 downregulation. In conclusion, hepatocyte AQP8 protein expression is downregulated in estrogen-induced intrahepatic cholestasis, presumably by lysosomal-mediated degradation. Reduced canalicular membrane AQP8 expression is associated with impaired osmotic membrane water permeability. Our data support the novel notion that a defective expression of canalicular AQP8 contributes as a mechanism for bile secretory dysfunction of cholestatic hepatocytes.
Effects of neonatal maternal separation on neurochemical and sensory response to colonic distension in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Ren Tian-Hua , Wu Justin , Yew David , Ziea Eric , Lao Lixing , Leung Wai-keung , Berman Brian , Hu Pin-jin , Sung Joseph J. Y.
Published: November 2006

Early life stress has been implicated as a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We studied the effect of neonatal maternal separation on the visceromotor response and the expression of c- fos, 5-HT, and its receptors/transporters along the brain-gut axis in an animal model of IBS. Male neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a 3-h daily maternal separation (MS) or nonhandling (NH) on postnatal days 2–21. Colorectal balloon distention (CRD) was performed for assessment of abdominal withdrawal reflex as a surrogate marker of visceral pain. Tissues from dorsal raphe nucleus in midbrain, lumbar-sacral cord, and distal colon were harvested for semiquantitative analysis of c- fos and 5-HT. The expression of 5-HT expression, 5-HT3 receptors, and 5-HT transporter were analyzed by RT-PCR. Pain threshold was significantly lower in MS than NH rats. The abdominal withdrawal reflex score in response to CRD in MS rats was significantly higher with distension pressures of 40, 60, and 80 mmHg. In MS rats, the number of c- fos-like immunoreactive nuclei at dorsal horn of lumbar-sacral spinal cord increased significantly after CRD. 5-HT content in the spinal cord of MS rats was significant higher. In the colon, both 5-HT-positive cell number and 5-HT content were comparable between MS and NH groups before CRD. Post-CRD only MS rats had significant increase in 5-HT content. Protein and mRNA expression levels of 5-HT3 receptors and 5-HT transporter were similar in MS and NH rats. Neonatal maternal separation stress predisposes rats to exaggerated neurochemical responses and visceral hyperalgesia in colon mimicking IBS.
High dietary salt reduces the contribution of 20-HETE to arteriolar oxygen responsiveness in skeletal muscle
Authors: Marvar Paul J. , Falck John R. , Boegehold Matthew A.
Published: November 2006

The coupling of tissue blood flow to cellular metabolic demand involves oxygen-dependent adjustments in arteriolar tone, and arteriolar responses to oxygen can be mediated, in part, by changes in local production of 20-HETE. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of dietary salt on arteriolar oxygen responsiveness in the exteriorized, superfused rat spinotrapezius muscle and the role of 20-HETE in this responsiveness. Rats were fed either a normal-salt (NS, 0.45%) or high-salt (HS, 4%) diet for 4–5 wk. There was no difference in steady-state tissue Po2 between NS and HS rats, and elevation of superfusate oxygen content from 0% to 10% caused tissue Po2 to increase by the same amount in both groups. However, the resulting reductions in arteriolar diameter and blood flow were less in HS rats than NS rats. Inhibition of 20-HETE formation with N-methylsulfonyl-12,12-dibromododec-11-enamide (DDMS) or 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) attenuated oxygen-induced constriction in NS rats but not HS rats. Exogenous 20-HETE elicited arteriolar constriction that was greatly reduced by the large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) channel inhibitors tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and iberiotoxin (IbTx) in NS rats and a smaller constriction that was less sensitive to TEA or IbTx in HS rats. Arteriolar responses to exogenous angiotensin II were similar in both groups but more sensitive to inhibition with DDMS in NS rats. Norepinephrine-induced arteriolar constriction was similar and insensitive to DDMS in both groups. We conclude that 20-HETE contributes to oxygen-induced constriction of skeletal muscle arterioles via inhibition of KCa channels and that a high-salt diet impairs arteriolar responses to increased oxygen availability due to a reduction in vascular smooth muscle responsiveness to 20-HETE.