bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiencing Armenian Music in Turkey: An Ethnography of Musicultural Memory
Authors: Yildiz Burcu
Published: March 2020

Experiencing Armenian Music in Turkey: An Ethnography of Musicultural Memory is structured to explore different domains of cultural memory encoded in and conveyed through Armenian musicking practices.

Burcu Yildiz discusses the sounds, performance practices and discourses in terms of her personal journey and multi-sited ethnographic experiences rather than as an attempt to describe Armenian music in Turkey. The author offers a critical look at various issues including historical framework on the possibilities of expression concerning Armenian music in Turkey; yerki bari khump (Song and Dance Ensemble) performances and choir singing as a cultural recovery of Istanbul Armenians; Gomidas Vartabed's legacy and the notion of 'the authenticity of Armenian music'; the performance of 'homeland' in diaspora via the musical identity and life story of Onnik Dinkjian; and the process of 'constructing self' by means of musical representation of Arto Tunçboyaciyan. Through in-depth ethnographic analysis, Yildiz sheds light on the musical plurality and thereby endeavor to understand the influence of hybridity and transnational circulation on Armenian music. The issue of Armenian musicking, which the author has discussed as carrier of cultural memory and a performative compound of identity, is simultaneously an expression of the loss experienced in 1915, and a means of dealing with that loss.

The book will be of interest to the students and academics not only in ethnomusicology but also anthropology and cultural studies.
Populäre religiöse Literatur und Buchkultur im Osmanischen Reich
Authors: Heinzelmann Tobias
Published: March 2020

Im Osmanischen Reich spielte der Typendruck erst ab dem 19. Jahrhundert eine relevante Rolle bei der Buchproduktion. Stattdessen wurden Texte von Hand abgeschrieben. Das wirft die Frage auf, wie und von wem in dieser Manuskriptkultur Bücher genutzt wurden. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht dies anhand eines umfangreichen Korpus von Handschriften, welche zwischen dem 15. und 19. Jahrhundert entstanden. Es handelt sich um Abschriften der Werke der Brüder Yazýcýoġlu (15. Jh.), die bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert zu den meistgelesenen religiösen Texten im Osmanischen Reich gehörten.

Die Handschriften des Korpus unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Textüberlieferung (einschließlich der Orthographie, der graphischen Gestaltung und der Mitüberlieferung), und sie enthalten in unterschiedlichem Umfang Nutzungsspuren (Besitz- oder Stiftungsvermerke, Geburtsvermerke von Angehörigen der Besitzer, Randglossen, Lesezeichen). Anhand dieser Daten werden Textüberlieferung, sozialer Kontext der Nutzer und Nutzungsprozesse analysiert und deren Interaktion diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die handschriftliche Buchkultur des Osmanischen Reichs eine sehr vielseitige Nutzung in verschiedenen sozialen Kontexten ermöglichte.
Statin Therapy in Children
Authors: Sunil Bhuvana , Pallikunnath Ashraf Ambika
Published: March 2020

Landmark studies such as the Bogalusa Heart study, Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study, and Muscatine and Young Finns studies established that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood. Early precursors of atherosclerosis may increase risk of cardiovascular morbidity in adulthood. Follow-up studies of children with familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia showed that initiation of statin therapy slowed the progression of carotid intima-media thickness and reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Despite the growing evidence on the efficacy of statins and a rising prevalence of dyslipidemia, there are concerns regarding long-term safety and efficacy. Moreover, data on statin use in children with secondary dyslipidemia are sparse. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the current state of literature on the indications, contraindications, efficacy and safety data on the use of statins in pediatric dyslipidemia.
Sports as a Mechanism for Reaching Your Potential: The Relationship between Positive Psychology and Sports
Authors: Johnson Christopher
Published: March 2020

People have been searching for the good life or personal well-being since the ancient Greeks. During this same period, people have been expressing themselves through sport, participating in games of athleticism as a means of discovering who they are and reaching their potential. This chapter examines the relationship between sports and a flourishing life. By examining sports as a mechanism of achieving specific traits of positive psychology associated with flourishing, the researcher is able to determine that sports are a matrix in which human potential can be nourished.
Why Is Spinoza an Epicurean?
Authors: Vardoulakis Dimitris ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

The article argues that Spinoza’s political philosophy is best understood by tracing the influence of epicureanism in his thought.
People
Authors: Library Association American
Published: March 2020

People
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: March 2020

Welcome to the March 2020 issue of C&RL News. Sustainability is an ongoing concern for many academic and research libraries. In this issue’s International Insights column, Madeleine Charney and Petra Hauke provide academic library perspectives on “Global action on the urgency of climate change.”
Instructional design: Resources for online learning
Authors: Sheets Laura A.
Published: March 2020

Librarians, perhaps more than most professionals, understand the meaning of “other duties as assigned” in our job descriptions. Frequently, we are tasked with quickly learning a new technology, process, or even a new discipline with little support for training. As academia evolves and the priorities of administrations shift, so do our job duties. Although stressful, it has resulted in what I believe to be the strongest asset of librarianship and librarians: flexibility. We are quick learners, early adopters, and will (usually) roll with the punches.
RUSA’s Newest Achievement Award: The Gail Schlachter Memorial Research Grant
Authors: Kern M. Kathleen
Published: March 2020

The family and friends of Gail Schlachter have endowed a research grant award in her honor and hosted it with the Reference and User Services Association, where Gail served as president from 1988 to 1989. Gail was also the editor for Reference and User Services Quarterly from 1997 to 2000 and had an abiding interest in LIS research that started in the early 1970s with her publication Library Science Dissertations (which ran from 1925–1972). The Gail Schlachter Memorial Research Grant will be awarded yearly to encourage and enrich the research in library science.
Information Literacy and Instruction: Backward Design: A Must-Have Library Instructional Design Strategy for Your Pedagogical and Teaching Toolbox
Authors: Ziegenfuss Donna Harp , LeMire Sarah
Published: March 2020

Library instruction sessions, courses, and programs benefit from a strategic and intentional instructional design approach. This type of approach can provide a framework for librarian discussions with collaborators, such as faculty or other stakeholders, and facilitate librarians’ advocacy efforts for information literacy instruction in the curriculum. But in the midst of busy schedules and competing responsibilities, it can be difficult to find time and a strategy that works well for library instructional contexts. This column shares an instructional design strategy adopted by librarians to add intentionality to their instruction. This backward design instructional design process has proven to be an invaluable tool for designing instructional contexts ranging from one-shots to tutorials to semester-length courses.—Editor
Faculty Perspectives on Undergraduate Research Skills: Nine Core Skills for Research Success
Authors: Huddleston Boglarka , Bond Jeffrey D. , Chenoweth Linda L. , Hull Tracy L.
Published: March 2020

In an effort to improve information literacy initiatives at Texas Christian University, we sought to understand faculty members’ expectations and perceptions of undergraduate student research skills. We conducted three faculty focus groups (n=21) and an online survey (n=100) of faculty members. This study reveals a set of nine core research skills that faculty members expect students to possess. The study compares faculty members’ expectations against their perceptions of student capability for each of these nine core skills. Furthermore, this study examines who (librarians, faculty, or both) should have responsibility for teaching which research skills. These findings will inform the library’s information literacy initiatives, as well as have a strong influence on the library’s marketing and reference services.
Outstanding Business Reference Sources 2019
Authors: Business Information Sources Committee BRASS
Published: March 2020

Each year, the Business Information Sources Committee of BRASS selects the outstanding business reference sources published since May of the previous year. This year, the committee reviewed fourteen entries; of these, one was designated as “Outstanding” and four as “Notable.” To qualify for the award, the title must meet the conventional definition of reference: a work compiled specifically to supply information on a certain subject or group of subjects in a form that will facilitate its ease of use. The works are examined for the following: authority and reputation of the publisher, author, or editor; accuracy; appropriate bibliography; organization; comprehensiveness; value of the content; currency; distinctive addition; ease of use for the intended purpose; quality and accuracy of index; and quality and usefulness of graphics and illustrations. Additional criteria for electronic reference titles are accuracy of links, search features, stability of content, and graphic design. Works selected must be suitable for medium to large-size academic and public libraries.
Book Review: The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law
Authors: Bemis Michael F.
Published: March 2020

The average American displays the national banner every Fourth of July, shows respect by placing his or her hand over their hearts when it passes by in a parade, and (those of us of a certain age, anyway) remembers facing the starry standard in grade school while reciting the pledge of allegiance. Ask these same average Americans how much they actually know about Old Glory, however, and it may become apparent that the answer is “not much.” Therein lies the need for the present volume under examination.
Book Review: From Smartphones to Social Media: How Technology Affects Our Brains and Behavior
Authors: Laudicina Matthew
Published: March 2020

Many consider the release of the Apple iPhone in 2007 as being the moment, and the device, that brought the smartphone into the hands of millions of consumers. Today, smartphones and social media sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, are ingrained into the human experience for countless millions of people. But how do these technologies and social spaces impact our brains and the ways in which they function? From Smartphones to Social Media: How Technology Affects Our Brains and Behavior attempts to help clarify these questions, and many more, as they pertain to the technology we carry with us every day and the digital social spaces that we access and participate on with these devices.
Book Review: Gangland: An Encyclopedia of Gang Life from Cradle to Grave
Authors: Kim Dianna
Published: March 2020

The existence of gangs and the impact of gang-related criminal activity on communities in the United States has been an issue examined by criminologists and law enforcement officials for decades. While the focus of such inquiry has historically been centered on the harm caused by gangs, it is often overlooked that such groups also have been known to engage in pursuits resulting in social good. In Gangland: An Encyclopedia of Gang Life from Cradle to Grave, editor Laura L. Finley endeavors to demystify common gang misperceptions regarding this both intriguing and terrifying facet of the American population.
Torben K. Jensen og Tommy J. Johnsen. Sundhedsfremme i teori og praksis - en lære-, debat- og brugsbog på grundlag af teori og praksisbeskrivelser. Sundhedstremmeafdelingen Ringkjøbing Amt, 2000 (2. oplag udsivet på forlaget Philosophia 2000), 244 s., kr.
Authors: Thorup Larsen Lars
Published: March 2020

Torben K. Jensen og Tommy J. Johnsen. Sundhedsfremme i teori og praksis - en lære-, debat- og brugsbog på grundlag af teori og praksisbeskrivelser. Sundhedstremmeafdelingen Ringkjøbing Amt, 2000 (2. oplag udsivet på forlaget Philosophia 2000), 244 s., kr. 260,00.
Paul du Gay, In Praise of Bureacracy, London: Sage, 2000, 159 s., $25,95.
Authors: Pallesen Thomas
Published: March 2020

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Torbjörn Bergman and Erik Damgaard (eds.), Delegation and Accountability in European Integration. The Nordic Parliamentary Democracies and the European Union, London and Portland: OR: Frank Cass, 2000, 180 s., £17,50.
Authors: Kelstrup Morten
Published: March 2020

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Demokrati og deltakelse i urbane policynettverk - erfaringer fra Norge
Authors: Vabo Signy Irene , Sandkjær Hanssen Gro , Klausen Jan Erling
Published: March 2020

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The Critical Situation
Authors: Basbøll Thomas
Published: March 2020

Academic writing is the art of writing down what you know for the purpose of discussing it with other knowledgeable people. In so far as students and scholars approach it in these terms, they often tend to focus on the role of knowledge. Students imagine that they must demonstrate what they know to their examiners (who know more than they do) and scholars imagine that they must communicate what they know to their colleagues (who don’t yet know their results). This is completely understandable since knowledge is at the core of academic work, but both scholars and students sometimes lose sight of the discussion. They think of the discourse as a performance rather than a conversation. In this paper, therefore, I will explore the formation of academic discourse and the building of academic competence in terms of the rhetorical situation (not just the epistemic resources) of academic readers and writers. 

This shift of focus has some important implications. Academic writing is not merely the communication of ideas or the transmission of facts; much more importantly, it is the exposure of ideas to criticism. The academic writer is not interested in “ideas worth spreading,” to invoke the famous slogan of TED talk, but in ideas worth testing. To sharpen the point, we might say that academic writers are always writing for people who are qualified to tell them that they are wrong. As writing consultants and information specialists, we help scholars and students face this situation squarely.
Active learning activities
Authors: Berggren Lenita Brodin , Jorum Ika
Published: March 2020

First year architecture students are introduced to the library by taking part in an “Escape Room” activity in the KTH library. The aim of this initiative is to introduce the students to the library space and the library's resources in an interactive and playful way and to enable them to learn and reflect upon their learning within the frame of an active learning activity.1 Another objective with this active learning introduction is to engage students in a collaborative peer-to-peer learning activity that gives them opportunities to share knowledge and solve problems together. In this presentation, we will talk about the introduction in more detail and discuss the benefits of the live-action method as well as share results and improvements.

“Escape room” is a live-action game, developed from a computer game. Gamification is a new trend in education to support cooperation, learn by “doing” and develop new knowledge through a more playful way.2 During the workshop, the students worked in groups, which gave them the opportunity to socialize and learn from each other while solving the tasks on time. The results of the students’ assessment after the game indicates that the students enjoyed the game, the teamwork, the competition and the creativity of the introduction compared to a lecture. They also found it a pedagogical way of learning about the library’s resources. During the workshop, the librarians had the opportunity to adjust instructions that were not clear enough. These adjustments effected the comments in the last group where some answers indicated a wish for more difficult clues.
Using a pod as a platform Library-faculty collaboration
Authors: Eriksson Fredrik
Published: March 2020

Universities tend to have two main tasks, namely research and education. Since 1999 the law that govern higher education in Sweden added a third task for the universities: to relate to their local environment. In other words they had to reach out with their research to the public. 

At the Philosophy department of the Humanities faculty at Lund University we had a meeting amongst the staff of the administration in 2016. Point of the discussion was the third task and how to reach out with our research. An idea, not too original, arose. What about starting a pod? After a few months of discussion regarding what it should contain, how to record and who should produce we were on our way. 

Fast forward 3 years we have recorded 30 episodes with philosophers on all levels on varying subjects such as Free Will, Epistemology and the Philosophy of Truth. To date we have over 15000+ listeners all over the world. 

 So why should a librarian engage in such activity? Well, first of all it’s a fantastic way to learn about your subjects and get to know your researchers. For the library it’s also meaningful to package research, sort it and make it available to people all over the world for a very, very long time. This with a minimal effort regarding time and resources.
Suppression of osteogenic differentiation and mitochondrial function change in human periodontal ligament stem cells by melatonin at physiological levels
Authors: Zheng Miaomiao , Zhang Fuping , Fan Wenguo , Jiang Liulin , Li Jingzhou , Xie Shanshan , Huang Fang , He Hongwen
Published: March 2020

N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin, MT) at pharmacological concentrations promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; however, its role at physiological concentrations (1 pM–10 nM) remains unclear. We explored the effects of 1 pM–1 µM MT on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and its underlying mitochondrial dynamics-mediated mechanisms. T he PDLSC phenotype was detected by flow cytometry and evaluated for three-line differentiation. Alkaline phosphatase activity assay and Alizarin red staining were used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenesis-related gene and protein expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Mitochondrial function assays were performed using reactive oxygen species, ATP and NAD+/NADH kits and molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins were assessed by western blotting. Our results have shown that physiological MT concentrations induced differentiation of hPDLSCs and down-regulated osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression levels, which were restored or even up-regulated by 1 µM MT (lowest pharmacological concentration). Compared to the osteogenic induction alone, this treatment decreased the intracellular ATP content, whereas the intracellular reactive oxygen species level and NAD+/NADH ratio were increased. Mitochondrial function- and dynamics-related protein expression levels were consistent with those of osteogenic genes following osteogenic induction and MT treatment of hPDLSCs at various physiological concentrations. Physiological MT concentrations inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and simultaneously altered mitochondrial function. These findings provide insights into the stem cell tissue engineering and functions of MT.
Prospects of Precision Farming in Sugarcane Agriculture to Harness the Potential Benefits
Authors: Sanghera Gulzar S. , Kumar Arvind , Bhatt Rajan
Published: March 2020

Sugarcane on one side considered important for crop diversification and important for human civilization while on other sugar industry is facing a long term losses in terms of monetary issues. Moreover, farmer is also not clear about which techniques is to adopt for practising the sugarcane cultivation for precision farming. Therefore, range of new sugarcane cultivation technologies pertaining to its cultivars, fertilization, weed control, insect-pest and disease control needs to be invented and recommended to the cane farmers. Precision farming is an approach where inputs are utilised in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Adoption of precision agriculture in sugarcane has been slow due to a wide range of uncertainties and conflicting opinions. There is need to reduce cost of cultivation and to improve the canes yield and quality by adopting precision sugarcane techniques. In developing countries like India, Pakistan etc. precision agricultural techniques if adopted, is a powerful tool and should be started with a basic, affordable and effective integration of technologies and practices. Present article aims to review published and unpublished information on precision sugarcane farming must be applied for improving the cane yield and quality so as to improve livelihoods of the cane farmers.
DFT Study of the Coordination of N-monochlorosubstituted Derivatives of the N-deprotonated Tautomer of the Biguanide
Authors: François Aïdote , Amah Kuevi Urbain , Gaston Kpotin Assongba , Sylvain Atohoun G.
Published: March 2020

Biguanides [HN=C(NR1R2)-NH-C(NR3R4)=NH] constitute an important family of molecules used as drugs in the treatment of diabetes. When R1=R2=R3=R4=H the molecule is named simply “biguanide”. The five nitrogen atoms are potential coordination sites. Several experimental works published in literature show that in complex state, therapeutic properties of the active molecules increase considerably. In fact, the chlorine atom, a preferred substitute in pharmacy, improves the effectiveness of these drugs by increasing their activities and also by reducing their side effects. Recent experiments with Zinc complexes on diabetic animals have been very successful.

In the present work a theoretical study of the coordination of N-chlorine derivatives of N-deprotonated tautomer of biguanide has been carried out. The aim is to determine, among the five nitrogen and chlorine atoms, the site most favorable to the coordination of these ligands. This determination is based on some coordination indicators.

The calculations were performed by the DFT / B3LYP method in the 6-31G (d, p) orbital basis set with the Gaussian 09 and Gaussian 03 software. The DCENT-QSAR program was also used.

The results of the various calculations revealed the imine nitrogen atoms as the most favorable coordination sites in the studied N-chlorosubstituted derivatives of N-deprotonated tautomeric biguanide. Complexes of these ligands with Zn (II) were modelled. The chlorine atom proved unfavorable to coordination.
Epidemiological Study of Road Traffic Accident Cases Attending Tertiary Care Hospital of Kashmir: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Qureshi Mehak , Yousuf Awhad Mueed
Published: March 2020

Background: Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and are highly on rise. Its socioeconomic repercussions are a matter of great concern. In order to control the losses created due to RTA, it is important to study its causative factors.

Aim and Objectives: To study the various epidemiological factors related to road traffic accident cases.

Methodology: It was a Cross-sectional study that was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals of Kashmir (Government Hospital for Bone and Joint surgery, Barzulla and SMHS Hospital, Srinagar) from Oct 2018 to Nov 2018. Study participants were RTA patients coming to the Emergency of these two hospitals. A pretested semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect necessary information regarding the accident.

Results: RTAs affected mainly the people of productive age group (20-40 years) which were predominantly male. Approximately 1/6th of the victims were illiterate and 2/5th of the victims were unemployed. Most of the accidents occurred on Saturdays (26%) and Sundays (22.5%) while less number of accidents was reported on Tuesdays (5.0%) and Wednesdays (5.0%). Most of the accidents (39%) occurred between 16:01 to 20:00 hours. Use of Safety measures (helmet/seatbelt) was reported by only 24% of the cases. Two wheeler drivers were more (61.5%) involved in accidents (61.5%). Weather condition at the time of accident in majority of the cases (53.5%) was found to be sunny.

Conclusion: Most of the factors that are responsible for RTA and its multiple consequences are preventable. A comprehensive programme can reduce the prevalence of RTA to a great degree.
Estimating Unrecorded International Trade of Alcohol and Forgone Revenue in Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir S. M. Humayun , Alam Saidul , Bari Estiaque , Khan Towfiqul Islam
Published: March 2020

This study attempted to estimate the value of unrecorded liquor trade in Bangladesh. In addition, tried to estimate the revenue government lost through unrecorded liquor trade. Globally, a significant share of liquor trade takes place through informal or illegal channels and remain unrecorded. In Bangladesh, average annual per capita alcohol consumption reached 0.9 liters in 2016. About 3.5% of the male and 1% of the female adult Bangladeshi population regularly intake alcoholic beverages. Estimated demand for liquor in Bangladesh was nearly 2.5 million liters in 2016, whereas, legally permitted level of consumption was only 0.10 million liters. As both production and import of liquor is highly regulated, trade through informal channels meet the excess demand in Bangladesh. In this paper, using official data from the Department of Narcotics Control (DNC), Bangladesh, we estimate the market value of unrecorded liquor production and trade. We find that the estimated annual value of unrecorded consumption of liquor from domestic production is nearly between USD 11 million and USD 28 million; while, unrecorded trade of liquor is nearly between USD 120 million and USD 190 million. Hence, the government is losing potential revenue equivalent to about USD 0.9 million to USD 2.2 million at production stage and USD 9.5 million to USD 15.2 million at import stage.
Polymer‐Based Porous Microcapsules as Bacterial Traps
Authors: Luo Rongcong , Pashapour Sadaf , Staufer Oskar , Platzman Ilia , Spatz Joachim P.
Published: March 2020

Exposure to live bacteria and accumulation of dead bacteria during bactericidal processes can cause bacterial infectious diseases, implant failure, and antibacterial surface deterioration. Microcapsules with asymmetrically distributed, funnel‐shaped pores, which are capable of capturing, retaining, and killing bacteria are developed, offering a solution to bacterial contamination in liquids. It is found that bacterial isolation inside microcapsules is mainly driven by the bacteria's own motility and the microcapsules' geometry. After entry into the microcapsule cavity, the bacteria are stably retained inside. The microcapsules shield surrounding cells from exposure to bacterial toxins, as demonstrated by the coculture of rat embryonic fibroblast cells with microcapsules loaded with live Escherichia coli. The microcapsules can be enhanced with a bactericidal coating covering only the interior cavity. This confines the bacteria‐killing process, thereby further increasing biocompatibility. The microcapsules may offer a viable bacteria combatant approach as a potentially advantageous method to eradicate bacterial contamination.
Synergistic Reinforcement of Built‐In Electric Fields for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Wei‐Ting , Chen Peter , Chiang Chien‐Hung , Guo Tzung‐Fang , Wu Chun‐Guey , Feng Shien‐Ping
Published: March 2020

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received great attention due to their outstanding performance and their low processing costs. To boost their performance, one approach is to reinforce the built‐in electric field (BEF) to promote oriented carrier transport. The BEF is maximized by reinforcing the work function difference between cathode and anode (Δμ1) and increasing the work function difference between lower and upper surfaces of perovskite film (Δμ2) via introduction of electric dipole molecules, denoted as PTFCN and CF3BACl. The synergistic reinforcement of BEF improves charge transport and collection, and realizes markedly high photovoltaic performances with the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 21.5%, a growth of 15.6% as compared to the control device, which is higher than the superposition of improvements achieved by either raising Δμ1 or Δμ2. Importantly, dual‐functional CF3BACl not only supplies dipole effect for tuning the surface potential of perovskite but offers hydrophobic trifluoride group toward the long‐term stable unencapsulated PSCs retaining more than 95% PCE after storing 2000 h under ambient conditions. This work demonstrates the synergistic effect of Δμ1 and Δμ2, providing an effective strategy for the further development of PSC in terms of photovoltaic conversion and stability.
Carbon Vesicles: A Symmetry‐Breaking Strategy for Wide‐Band and Solvent‐Processable Ultrablack Coating Materials
Authors: Guo Jing , Li Dongdong , Qian Zhenchao , Luo Heng , Yang Meng , Wang Qianxiang , Xu Jian , Zhao Ning
Published: March 2020

Solvent‐processable ultrablack materials have obvious application convenience in many situations, such as absorbing coatings on large and complex surfaces. However, developing solvent‐processable ultrablack materials with high light‐absorption performance and wide absorption band remains a great challenge. In this article, carbon vesicles (CVs) are fabricated for solvent‐processable ultrablack coating. The fabrication process involves a templated co‐condensation of silica and resorcinol formaldehyde resin (RF resin), followed by carbonization and template removal. The resultant structure shows a very thin inner layer, a rough outer layer, as well as a nano‐porous interlayer. This structure introduces randomness and breaks the spherical symmetry of the common carbon hollow spheres. As a result, structural color due to inner‐particle interference is avoided. In addition, the as‐fabricated CVs show a wide‐band low reflectance because of its low carbon filling ratio and nanoscale scatterer size. The lowest reflectance reaches ≈0.10% at 360 nm, making it the darkest solvent‐processable ultrablack material ever reported. The symmetry‐breaking strategy presented here provides an efficient way for the design of solvent‐processable ultrablack materials.
Quantum Theory of Contact Electrification for Fluids and Solids
Authors: Willatzen Morten , Lew Yan Voon Lok C. , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: March 2020

A unified quantum‐mechanical model of contact electrification that provides a microscopic basis for the Volta–Helmholtz–Montgomery hypothesis is presented. The model can represent metals, semiconductors, or insulators, in either fluid or solid phase, and with an effective electron transfer parameter as the driving mechanism. Known experimental results such as the charging of similar materials, the charging of similar materials with different contact orientation, the surface charge mosaic, and the higher efficiency of charge transfer for a liquid–solid contact, compared to a solid–solid one, are reproduced. A quantum‐mechanical charge oscillation in the femtosecond to picosecond regime is predicted to take place. Coulomb interaction is found to have an impact on not just the charge transferred but also the period of charge oscillation.
Janus‐Structured Co‐Ti3C2 MXene Quantum Dots as a Schottky Catalyst for High‐Performance Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Tang Rui , Zhou Shujie , Li Caixia , Chen Ran , Zhang Luyuan , Zhang Zhiwei , Yin Longwei
Published: March 2020

MXene materials have attracted increasing attention in electrochemical energy‐storage applications while MXene also becomes photo‐active at the quantum dot scale, making it an alternative for solar‐energy‐conversion devices. A Janus‐structured cobalt‐nanoparticle‐coupled Ti3C2 MXene quantum dot (Co‐MQD) Schottky catalyst with tunable cobalt‐loading content serving as a photoelectrochemical water oxidation photoanode is demonstrated. The introduction of cobalt triggers concomitant surface‐plasmon effects and acts as a water oxidation center, enabling visible‐light harvesting capability and improving surface reaction kinetics. Most importantly, due to the rectifying effects of Co‐MQD Schottky junctions, photogenerated carrier separation/injection efficiency can be fundamentally facilitated. Specifically, Co‐MQD‐48 exhibits both superior photoelectrocatalysis (2.99 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE) and charge migration performance (87.56%), which corresponds to 194% and 236% improvement compared with MQD. Furthermore, excellent photostability can be achieved with less than 6.6% loss for 10 h cycling reaction. This fills in gaps in MXene material research in photoelectrocatalysis and allows for the extension of MXene into optical‐related fields.
A ZnS/CaZnOS Heterojunction for Efficient Mechanical‐to‐Optical Energy Conversion by Conduction Band Offset
Authors: Peng Dengfeng , Jiang Yue , Huang Bolong , Du Yangyang , Zhao Jianxiong , Zhang Xin , Ma Ronghua , Golovynskyi Sergii , Chen Bing , Wang Feng
Published: March 2020

Actively collecting the mechanical energy by efficient conversion to other forms of energy such as light opens a new possibility of energy‐saving, which is of pivotal significance for supplying potential solutions for the present energy crisis. Such energy conversion has shown promising applications in modern sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting. However, the implementation of such technologies is being hindered because most luminescent materials show weak and non‐recoverable emissions under mechanical excitation. Herein, a new class of heterojunctioned ZnS/CaZnOS piezophotonic systems is presented, which displays highly reproducible mechanoluminescence (ML) with an unprecedented intensity of over two times higher than that of the widely used commercial ZnS (the state‐of‐the‐art ML material). Density functional theory calculations reveal that the high‐performance ML originates from efficient charge transfer and recombination through offset of the valence and conduction bands in the heterojunction interface region. By controlling the ZnS‐to‐CaZnOS ratio in conjunction with manganese (Mn2+) and lanthanide (Ln3+) doping, tunable ML across the full spectrum is activated by a small mechanical stimulus of 1 N (10 kPa). The findings demonstrate a novel strategy for constructing efficient ML materials by leveraging interface effects and ultimately promoting practical applications for ML.
A Multi‐Bioinspired Dual‐Gradient Electrode for Microbubble Manipulation toward Controllable Water Splitting
Authors: Long Zhiyun , Zhao Yuyan , Zhang Chunhui , Zhang Yuheng , Yu Cunming , Wu Yuchen , Ma Jun , Cao Moyuan , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2020

Clean energy generated from total water splitting is expected to be an affordable, sustainable, and reliable resource but it remains a challenge to gain pure fuel with a controllable pathway. Here, a simple and economical strategy that enables in situ separation of H2/O2 product by manipulating the generated gas phases with the aid of multi‐bioinspired electrodes is proposed. This versatile electrode is based on a Janus asymmetric foam with dual gradients, i.e., the wettability gradient promotes the one‐way gas penetration and the geometry gradient boosts the spontaneous on‐surface transport in the horizontal direction, which cooperatively facilitates self‐driven 3D bubble transport in an aqueous environment. Benefitting from the 3D bionic electrode, the limited distance between the cathode and the anode can be reduced to 1 mm, and the corresponding current density is enhanced 1.5 times as compared with the common condition. This Janus triangular electrode with dual directionality elucidates 3D smart bubble manipulation during overall water splitting and should offer a great opportunity to develop advanced electrochemical processes toward complicated environments such as confined space and zero gravity.
High‐Performance Piezocomposite Energy Harvesters by Constructing Bionic Ion Channels
Authors: Li Cheng , Yang Ying , Wu Yanxiao , Tao Xiaoming , Chen Wei
Published: March 2020

In recent years, the traditional piezoelectric energy collector lacks effective progress in the field of wearable energy, because the mechanical energy of human body cannot meet its working frequency. In addition, traditional piezoelectric materials cannot obtain sufficient short‐circuit current and power density to supply power due to the high impedance of its dielectric layer. Here, in order to solve the carrier shortage in traditional piezoelectric materials, ions are implanted in the piezo‐layer and bionic ion channels are constructed to promote ion transport. The piezocomposite energy harvesters achieve a short‐circuit current of 13.3 µA at low‐frequency pressure, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional piezoelectric generator. Besides, the double layer structure formed by ions and composite carbon electrode has natural energy storage characteristics. The open‐circuit voltage of piezocomposite energy harvesters will gradually accumulate step by step under ultra‐low‐frequency pressure. The piezocomposite devices can rapidly charge under a low‐frequency pressure (20 N, 1 Hz) to obtain an open‐circuit voltage of 150 mV within 80 s. This mode of introducing carriers into the piezo‐layer to improve the performance of the piezoelectric generator could provide a promising strategy for piezoelectric materials to collect and store low‐frequency human mechanical energy.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Photooxidation: Intramolecular Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Tethered Aldehydes
Authors: Gao Zhong‐Hua , Xia Zi‐Hao , Dai Lei , Ye Song
Published: March 2020

An N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed photooxidation reaction via intramolecular cross dehydrogenative coupling of tetrahydroisoquinoline‐tethered aldehydes was developed, giving the corresponding oxidative cyclization products in moderate to good yields. This reaction features mild conditions with oxygen as the terminal oxidant in the absence of photocatalyst.

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Theoretical Study of Nanocomposite Permittivity with a Tunable Clustering of Inclusions
Authors: Allahyarov Elshad
Published: March 2020

A new analytical model is proposed for the nanocomposite permittivity εeff in mean‐field approach using integrated coefficients for the inclusion clustering and matrix reaction effects. Predictions for εeff are in a satisfactory agreement with the Lichtenecker and Bruggeman mixing rules, depending on whether the reaction field is ignored or incorporated into the theory. The observed differences between the Maxwell–Garnett, Lichtenecker, and Bruggeman results are interpreted in terms of the fraction of the stored dipolar energy they take into account. A novel analytical expression for the average dipolar field in the film shows a U‐shaped dependence on the filler packing fraction η, with an absolute maximum at = 1/e. New analytical expressions derived for the average dipolar energy and dipole–dipole interaction energy in the nanocomposite depend on the cluster orientation parameter γ, and take into account the film boundary effects. It is found that the enhancement of εeff at higher γ is associated with an increase in the inclusion dipole moment in the oriented clusters resulting from dipole–dipole correlations, which inflate the energy stored inside the inclusions.
Metal–Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistors Based on the Amorphous Multi‐Anion Compound ZnON
Authors: Reinhardt Anna , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius
Published: March 2020

Electrical properties of metal–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs) based on the amorphous n‐type multi‐anion compound zinc oxynitride (ZnON) comprising reactively sputtered platinum as Schottky gate are presented. The Schottky barrier diodes reveal a rectification ratio of 4 × 103 at ±2 V and an ideality factor of 1.43. The investigated MESFETs show good switching characteristics with a switching voltage below 2 V, low subthreshold swing of 112 mV dec−1 and reasonable current on/off ratios up to 5 × 105. Additionally, the stability of the devices under visible light illumination is proven.
Formation of Solid–Electrolyte Interfaces in Aqueous Electrolytes by Altering Cation‐Solvation Shell Structure
Authors: Hou Zhiguo , Dong Mengfei , Xiong Yali , Zhang Xueqian , Zhu Yongchun , Qian Yitai
Published: March 2020

Aqueous lithium/sodium‐ion batteries (AIBs) have received increasing attention because of their intrinsic safety. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 V) of the aqueous electrolyte significantly hinders the development of AIBs, especially the choice of electrode materials. Here, an aqueous electrolyte composed of LiClO4, urea, and H2O, which allows the electrochemical stability window to be expanded to 3.0 V, is developed. Novel [Li (H2O)x(organic)y]+ primary solvation sheath structures are developed in this aqueous electrolyte, which contribute to the formation of solid–electrolyte interface layers on the surfaces of both the cathode and anode. The expanded electrochemical stability window enables the construction of full aqueous Li‐ion batteries with LiMn2O4 cathodes and Mo6S8 anodes, demonstrating an operating voltage of 2.1 V and stability over 2000 cycles. Furthermore, a symmetric aqueous Na‐ion battery using Na3V2(PO4)3 as both the cathode and anode exhibits operating voltage of 1.7 V and stability over 1000 cycles at a rate of 5 C.
High Performance Flexible Transparent Electrode via One‐Step Multifunctional Treatment for Ag Nanonetwork Composites Semi‐Embedded in Low‐Temperature‐Processed Substrate for Highly Performed Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Ouyang Dan , Lu Haifei , Ye Fei , Guo Yuwei , Zhao Ni , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: March 2020

For ideal flexible transparent electrodes, the features of good electrical/optical properties, low surface roughness, efficient charge transportation, robust electrical stability under simultaneously continuous operation bias, and mechanical bending are critical. Herein, a flexible transparent electrode fulfilling all these features is demonstrated by silver (Ag) nanonetwork composites semi‐embedded in low‐temperature‐processed colorless polyimide (cPI), which shows a figure of merit over 1000 (5.4 Ω sq−1 sheet resistance and >94% diffused transmission at 550 nm wavelength), extremely smooth topography (<1 nm root‐mean‐square roughness and <3 nm peak‐to‐valley roughness), remarkable bending stability under continuous operation bias, and increased work function favoring the band alignment with typical charge transport layers for efficient devices. These characteristics are attributed to one‐step multifunctional chemical treatment on the composite of Ag nanowires and an example polymer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The strategic one‐step process simultaneously offers selective welding at nanowires cross junctions to form an Ag nanonetwork, and removing polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant from Ag nanowires and PSS from PEDOT:PSS. The flexible electrode also favors the residue‐free cPI transfer for applications. Flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) made from the electrode achieve an averaged power conversion efficiency of 14.46% (best, 15.12%), which is the best flexible OSCs reported so far.
Nitrogen fertilization offsets the N2O mitigating effects of cover‐crops and double‐crop soybean in a wheat–sorghum system
Authors: Preza‐Fontes Giovani , Tomlinson Peter J. , Roozeboom Kraig L. , Warren Jason , Ruiz Diaz Dorivar A.
Published: March 2020

Cover crops (CCs) have been promoted as a key strategy to reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by scavenging excess mineral nitrogen (N) after cash crop harvest. Optimum N fertilizer application rates are also critical to minimize N2O emissions. Integrating these strategies requires research to understand how they interact to drive N2O emissions. The objective was to evaluate N2O emissions from winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) harvest through the subsequent fallow period and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] production phase of a long‐term, no‐till winter wheat–grain sorghum–soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr] cropping system. Fallow management treatments included chemical fallow (CF), double‐crop soybean (DSB), and two CCs: sorghum‐sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor×sorghum bicolorvar. sudanese) and daikon radish (Raphanus sativusL.). Nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 90, and 180 kg ha−1) were applied within 1 wk after sorghum planting. Soil nitrate‐N was consistently greater in CF than in the other treatments during the fallow period. Although, on average, CCs and DSB decreased cumulative N2O emissions (cN2O) by 1.75‐fold, during the fallow period compared to CF, they significantly increased cN2O in the following sorghum crop. Emissions increased with greater applications of N regardless of how the fallow was managed, indicating that N fertilizer application in the following sorghum tended to offset any potential mitigating effects of CCs and DSB. These results highlight the importance of evaluating N2O emissions for the system (fallow + following cash crop) to account for potential tradeoffs that could offset cN2O mitigation when N fertilizer is applied.
Soil carbon and nitrogen and tomato yield response to cover crop management
Authors: Muchanga Rafael A. , Hirata Toshiyuki , Uchida Yoshitaka , Hatano Ryusuke , Araki Hajime
Published: March 2020

Depending on management, cover crops may improve soil and environmental quality and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield. We evaluated the effects of hairy vetch (HV; Vicia villosa R.) residue management and the biculture of HV and rye (Secale cereale L.) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil inorganic nitrogen, and tomato yield for 2 yr in a plastic high tunnel. The SOC in the surface 10‐cm depth was 2.87–17.5% significantly greater in HV incorporation (HVI), HV mulch (HVM), and the biculture of HV and rye treatments (HV+RYE), than in a no cover crop treatment (bare fallow). However, cover crop management effects on STN varied with soil depths (0‐ to 10‐ and 10‐ to 30‐cm depths) and years, and HVI tended to be more effective than other treatments in increasing STN. Residual soil nitrate−N was increased by cover crops, more so by HV monoculture than HV+RYE. The MBN and inorganic N (NO3−−N + NH4+−N) were greater in HVI than either HVM or HV+RYE. Tomato total yield was 11.1–43.8% significantly greater in HVI and HVM than in bare fallow. However, the effects of HV+RYE on MBN, inorganic N, and tomato yield varied with C/N ratio of residues and best results were obtained with a C/N ratio of 17.6 than with 23.7. Therefore, if an adequate seeding HV/rye ratio (2:1) is used, HV+RYE is a better management practice to increase SOC and STN at topsoil and tomato yield with least residual N.