bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscular energy and water: Servants and cooling technologies in Colonial India
Authors: Сидорова С.Е.
Published: August 2021

Во времена Британской Индии, попадая в колонию, британцы оказывались в трудно переносимых климатических условиях. В стремлении уберечься от зловредного воздействия окружающей среды, они воспроизводили элементы привычной им обстановки, одним из атрибутов которой была прохлада. В знойные и дождливые месяцы британцы тратили немало усилий на охлаждение воздуха вокруг них, для чего использовали приспособления разной степени сложности, а также приводивших их в действие специальных слуг. Сопротивляясь естественным природным условиям, европейцы организовывали локусы своей колониальной культуры, существовавшей по принципу разбросанных по субконтиненту оазисов, где искусственно создаваемый холод обеспечивал не только комфорт для работы и жизни, но и условия для поддержания достойного имиджа властителей.

In the days of British India, getting into a colony, the British found themselves in difficult climatic conditions. In an effort to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the heat, they reproduced elements of their familiar environment, one of the attributes of which was coolness. In the hot and rainy months, the British spent a lot of effort to cool the air in their homes, for which they used devices of varying degrees of complexity and special servants who powered them. Resisting natural conditions, the Europeans organized the loci of their colonial culture, which existed on the principle of oases scattered over the subcontinent, where the artificially created cold provided not only comfort for work and life, but also the conditions for maintaining a decent image of colonial rulers.
“We were aliens, but no longer outsiders”: the strategies of political adaptation of the Mensheviks in Germany in 1920s
Authors: Нечипорук Д.М.
Published: August 2021

Автор исследует стратегии политической адаптации меньшевиков в Германии и их вовлеченность во внутриполитические процессы Веймарской республики. В зависимости от участия в международном социалистическом движении, места внутри Социал-демократической партии Германии, положения в Заграничной Делегации берлинских меньшевиков можно поделить на интернационалистов, «изоляционистов» и «интеграционистов». Политику Заграничной Делегации в 1920-е гг. определяли интернационалисты Ю.О. Мартов, Ф.И. Дан и Р.А. Абрамович. Полноценная адаптация политэмигрантов в Германии была бы невозможна без содействия меньшевиков-«интеграционистов», имевших хорошие связи в немецкой социал-демократии. Один из старых лидеров меньшевиков А.Н. Потресов находился в берлинской эмиграции в изоляции. Он контактировал с «интеграционистами», но из-за политических разногласий не взаимодействовал с Заграничной Делегацией.

The article is devoted to a history of Menshevism in German exile in the 1920s. The author studies three strategies of political adaptation in Weimar Republic: Internationalism, Integration, and Isolation. A chosen strategy depended on the participation in the international socialist movement, a position either within the Social Democratic Party of Germany, or the position adopted in the Foreign Delegation, a governing body of Mensheviks’ party abroad. The Foreign Delegation Policy in the 1920s was led by the internationalists Martov, Dan, and Abramovich. The adaptation of Mensheviks-internationalists in Germany would not have been possible without the assistance of “integrationists” who worked as the specialists and experts in German Social Democracy Party. One of the leaders of the Mensheviks A.N. Potresov found himself in isolation in German exile. He maintained contacts with some "integrationists", but because of acute political differences with Dan, Potresov stayed away from the Foreign Delegation. This division came to an end after the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933, when Mensheviks moved to the other states.
Disappointment in the “Russian American”: the US press of 1917–1918 on political activities of P.N. Milukoff
Authors: Сапон В.П.
Published: August 2021

Статья содержит анализ представлений американской прессы 1917–1918 гг. о политической деятельности известного российского либерального политика П.Н. Милюкова, который после Февральской революции получил почетное прозвище «русского американца». В ходе исследования выясняется, каким образом из любимого персонажа политических репортажей лидер кадетов превращается в персону нон-грата.

The article contains an analysis of the views of the US press in 1917–1918 on the political activities of the famous Russian liberal politician P.N. Milukoff, who after the February Revolution got the honorary nickname of “Russian American”. The research reveals in what way the Cadet leader turned from a favorite character of political reporting into a persona non-grata.
The “Anglo-Saxon schism”: a terminological discussion in the Anglophone mass media and current challenges to the medieval academic community
Authors: Сухино-Хоменко Д.В.
Published: August 2021

Статья исследует публичную дискуссию по вопросу о допустимости академического использования термина «Anglo-Saxon». После выхода М. Рамбаран-Ольм из Международного Общества англо-саксонистов в сентябре 2019 г. медиевистическое сообщество раскололось. Критики термина «Anglo-Saxon» апеллируют к его расовым коннотациям и злоупотреблениям, защитники – к его историчности и устоявшейся традиции. Размежевание во многом связано с географией и локальным общественным дискурсом. Примирение сторон вряд ли достижимо в ближайшем будущем.

The article aims at summarizing the recent debate concerning the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ in the academic discourse. Following the resignation of Dr Mary Rambaran-Olm from the (former)International Society of Anglo-Saxonists in September 2019, the English-speaking medieval scholarly community split into critics of the continuous use of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and its defenders. The former appeal to the term’s racist connotations and misuse, the latter point out the historical adequacy and long-standing tradition. The divide has a lot to do with geography and regional public discourses. No reconciliation seems likely in the nearest future.
Influence of collaborations with visual art on luxury brand identity: Pilot study
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ochkovskaya Marina S. , Mkhitaryan Sergey V. ,   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Indichekova Ekaterina P. ,   Puig
Published: August 2021

The article examines the collaborations of luxury brands with visual arts and its impact on the ingredients of brand identity using the example of Louis Vuitton. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of collaborations with visual art on luxury brand identity and find out what elements of identity are enhanced by collaborations. An online survey was conducted among luxury brand consumers. Both closed and open questions were included in the questionnaire. Totally 443 responses were received, and 295 of them were included in a representative sample of the study. The Louis Vuitton brand which systematically uses the collaborations with visual art and is one of the leaders in the application of brand artification was selected for this study. In the paper the main attention is focused on the Louis Vuitton products from the limited collections with the designs created in collaboration with the Japanese artists Takashi Murakami and Yayoi Kusama, and the American artist Jeff Koons. The modification in the Louis Vuitton brand identity caused by the collaborations was estimated on the basis of the Kapferer’s brand identity prism elements: physique, personality, culture, relationship, self-image, reflection. In accordance with the Kapferer’s brand identity prism, six hypotheses were formulated where three of them were fully confirmed and one hypothesis is partially verified. The research has demonstrated that the art collaborations with visual art enhance the intangible elements of the luxury brand identity — personality, culture and relationships but do not augment physique and self-image. This study has shown a partial impact of visual art collaboration on the luxury brand identity, however, the authors have not estimated the influence of other forms of art, for example, music. The impact of the other forms of arts may be considered in further research.
Leader identification in a research collaborative network
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kazemi Sajad
Published: August 2021

There is considerable empirical evidence on the advantages of interorganizational research collaborative networks across societies and research institutes such as research and development (R&D) centers and universities. Identifying a leader in this contexts is important both theoretically for doing leadership studies, and practically for effective governmental funding allocation and private investments. Inconsistent definitions and non-homogeneous attributes with unidimensional measurement approaches such as subjective measuring of power or considering a central company as the leader made the previous efforts inefficient for identifying leaders in an interorganizational setting. This research aims to identify a leading organization among a set of homogenous R&D centers in a research collaborative network context through implementing the main leader’s attributes in different dimensions. The article presents a multidimensional common weight model based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach in a parallel system with several operational dimensions each of which consumes a set of inputs (budget, lecturers, and students) to produce a set of outputs (scientific meetings and conferences, national and international papers). Centrality and visibility are two main leaders’ attributes combined with efficiency influence the contributions and outcomes of each collaborative network partner. It is demonstrated how the proposed model performs its high-efficiency score in the most influential R&D center named the “leader” among 47 R&D centers in medical universities in Iran. The comparative analysis of managerial results showed that reputation has a greater impact on leader identification than centrality. The results based on mathematical calculations showed a robust discriminating power for efficiency measurement of the proposed model.
The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension — vessel wall ischemia as the driving force in disease initiation and progression
Authors:   Department of Cardiac, Cardiothoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Heise Emma , Churilov Leonid ,   St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Health Ministry of Russia,   St. Petersburg State University, Novitskaya Tatiana ,   St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Health Ministry of Russia,   St. Petersburg State University, Yablonsky Piotr ,   St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Health Ministry of Russia,   St. Petersburg State University, Haverich Axel ,   Department of Cardiac, Cardiothoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Published: August 2021

Surgeons are not trained to decipher the pathogenesis of diseases, which they operate on. They are used to repair, remove, or replace defective tissues and organs. Yet, we often see typical pathomorphological or pathophysiological phenomena, characteristic of a specific disorder that can only be observed during surgery. Such patterns would not be recognized easily by current imaging techniques, and their visibility would require a living organism. In modern terminology, one could call them “surgical biomarkers”. Many disease entities, today, are still not completely deciphered regarding initial links of their pathogenesis, despite decades of experimental and clinical research. In such disorders, characteristically named “idiopathic”, surgical observations may be helpful to clarify disease mechanisms, two of which we offer here for one of these disease entities, namely pulmonary hypertension.
Abdominal adhesions: Surgical treatment and prevention (literature review)
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Kluiko Dmitry , Korik Vladimir ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Sivets Alexey ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: August 2021

The ongoing discussion on the diagnosis and tactics of surgical treatment of painful forms of adhesions of the abdominal cavity and adhesive intestinal obstruction testifies to the persistent urgency of this problem. The presence of a postoperative scar and recurrent abdominal pain are interpreted by surgeons and gastroenterologists as adhesive disease, with the appointment of the same type of treatment. At the same time, patients have a reduced critical attitude to their condition, which leads them to late seeking medical help. For the occurrence of the adhesion process, a long-term effect of a complex of factors is necessary, an important place among which is blood supply, oxygen access to tissues and peristalsis in the early postoperative period. The most effective methods of treatment and prevention of intestinal obstruction are low-traumatic surgical technologies. There was no statistically significant difference between open and laparoscopic adhesiolysis in the number of intraoperative intestinal injuries, wound infections and mortality. Laparoscopic operations have fewer general and pulmonary complications than open ones. Reducing fibroblast proliferation, minimizing hypoxia and inflammation are a new preventive solution to the problem of adhesion formation.
The creation of China’s lenient punishments for those confessing to their crimes and accepting punishments in criminal cases and its theoretical reflection
Authors:   Ocean University of China, Zehua Lyu
Published: August 2021

The reform to improve the system of admitting guilt and accepting punishment for leniency is one of the important measures to “promote the reform of the jury-centered litigation system”, which is parallel to the substantial reform of court hearings. After pilot reform, it was finally confirmed by legislation. From the perspective of legislative norms, the leniency system of confession to a crime and acceptance of punishment includes basic principles, applicable standards for confession and acceptance of punishment, procedural norms and a system for the protection of rights. From the analysis of its nature, it is a diversion mechanism of criminal procedure, rather than a plea-bargaining system, which mainly implements the statutory penalty and is supplemented by the application of discretion and also embodies voluntary confession and other Chinese characteristics. The reform to the leniency system of admitting to a crime and accepting punishment contributed to the development of the conceptual and theoretical system of the leniency system and formed a series of theoretical systems for pleading guilty with Chinese characteristics: the generation of the penalty theory of postcrime behavior, a balance of justice and efficiency of the program from a simple theory, and the development of the effective defense system in China. It is particularly noteworthy that the system of admitting guilt and accepting punishment for leniency in China is a sentencing negotiation system rather than a conviction negotiation system.
Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies of S2− adsorption by (SBA-15)-Hg (II)
Authors: Li Xiao-Dong , Zhai Qing-Zhou
Published: August 2021

The nano-mesoporous material SBA (Santa Barbara Amorphous)-15 was synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Hg2+ was adsorbed by SBA-15 and then the S2− in the aqueous phase by (SBA-15)-Hg(II), with the hope that materials with better S2− adsorption properties can be obtained. The relevant materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, 77 K nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and related product characteristics were determined. In this work, the adsorption conditions of S2− onto (SBA-15)-Hg(II) were optimized. Adsorption efficiency reached about 92% and the adsorption capacity 55.02 mg/g. Studies of the system's adsorption kinetics showed that the pseudo-second-order equation applies. The thermodynamic results indicated that ΔG0 < 0, ΔH0 = −28.56 kJ/mol, ΔS0 = −81.136 J/(mol·K), and that adsorption is exothermic, enthalpy decreases and the reaction is spontaneous. This accords with the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation.
Combining Bevacizumab with Knocked-Down β-Catenin Reduces
VEGF-A and Slug mRNA in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 Cell Lines
Authors: Mebed Reem , Ali Yasser BM , Shehata Nahla , Gamal Nahla , El-Guendy Nadia , Zekri Abdel-Rahman , Sabet Salwa
Published: August 2021

Background:

Bevacizumab (Bev) resistance is hypothesized to be overcome
by combining inhibitors of other signalling pathways.

Objective:

We aimed to study the effect of combining Bev with knocked down β-catenin
(Bev-β-cat-siRNA) on the expression of VEGF-A, Slug, NFкB, and its two target genes,
c-Flip and FasR, in HepG2. Expression of VEGF-A and Slug was also studied in Caco-2
cells.

Methods:

Cultured cells were divided into six groups 1) cells treated with Bev, 2) cells
treated with β-catenin-siRNA, 3) cells treated with Bev-β-cat-siRNA, 4) cells treated with
negative control, 5) cells treated with Bev-negative control, and 6) untreated cells.
Expressions were assessed using qPCR and western blotting.

Results:

Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly reduced the mRNA level of VEGF-A, which was
initially increased in response to Bev alone in HepG2 but not in Caco-2. Additionally,
Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly decreased Slug mRNA level compared to Bev treated
HepG2 cells. In contrast, VEGF-A and Slug mRNA levels in Bev group were remarkably
lower than Bev-β-cat-siRNA in Caco-2 cells. Distinct β-catenin and Slug protein
expressions were noticed in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, Bev-β-catsiRNA
remarkably reduced the level of NFкB, FasR, and c-Flip compared to Bev treated
HepG2 cells, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

We conclude that combining Bevacizumab with knocked down β-catenin
reduces the expression of VEGF-A and Slug in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 cells.
Agricultural Production Factors and Their Effect on Agricultural Production and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the Greater Mekong Subregion
Authors: Sampaothong Sonthaya , Attavanich Witsanu
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of agricultural production on economic output (agricultural production value) and the environment (carbon dioxide emissions) in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. These three countries, all located in the Mekong River region of Southeast Asia, are similar in terms of climate and agricultural potential, but the agricultural sector plays a different economic role in each of these three countries. While Thailand has had an export-oriented cash crop-based agricultural sector for decades, Cambodia and Vietnam continue to produce predominantly for domestic consumption. These differences have some implications for differences in economic productivity (output) and environmental effects (agricultural carbon emissions).

Methods:

This study investigates the effect of agricultural inputs, including the use of fertilisers, pesticide, agricultural land, irrigation, and agricultural employment, along with the rural population, GDP growth, exchange rates, and producer price indices, on agricultural output value and emissions using time series AR(1) analysis.

Results:

The results show different patterns for Thailand in comparison to Cambodia and Vietnam.

Conclusion:

This implies that no single agricultural policy can be used to promote agricultural growth in Mekong Delta countries.
Comparative Analysis and Controller Design for BLDC Motor Using PID and Adaptive PID Controller
Authors: Kaul Supriya , Tiwari Nitesh , Yadav Shekhar , Kumar Awadhesh
Published: August 2021

This paper describes the Adaptive PID (APID) controller design for speed control preference
of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor over the Proportional Integrative Derivative (PID)
controller. A methodology of the Adaptive PID controller is proposed, which tunes the parameters
automatically. Modeling of the BLDC motor was carried out using PID and Adaptive PID controller,
respectively. The behavior of the BLDC motor is analyzed without a controller and by using the
conventional PID controller and the new APID controller. Hence the result obtained is analyzed and
compared by taking two cases. In the first case of constant speed, the PID controller gave large variability
in the initial speed and could not track the desired speed. Also, applied torque could not track
the desired speed due to a significant deviation in the actual motor speed. Whereas, in the case of
APID, the controller gave small variability in the initial speed and could track the desired motor
speed. In the second case of variable speed, the PID controller produced a random response at a variable
speed. Whereas, in APID, the controller had an accurate response at variable speed, with no
deviation. The result obtained shows that the APID controller provides effective, easier, and fast
controlling of the BLDC motor. The output response of the BLDC motor is achieved, and the result
is analyzed with the help of utilizing MATLAB and SIMULINK.

Background:

The BLDC motor is considerably used in the home, transportation, and industrial application.

Objective:

Comparative analysis of modeling and control of BLDC motor drives for the variable
required speed.

Methods:

PID and APID controllers are used in this paper to operate the BLDC motor.

Results:

A Fixed and variable speed response of both APID and PID controlled BLDC motor is obtained.

Conclusion:

Response of the speed control of APID controlled BLDC motor is superior to PID controlled
BLDC motor at variable speed.
İncinebilir Bireylerde İhmal Edilen Bir Sağlık Hizmeti: Prekonsepsiyonel Bakıma Multidisipliner Holistik Yaklaşım
Authors: BİLGİÇ Dilek , BAŞLİ Mükerrem , BAŞOĞLU Melih , ALUŞ TOKAT Merlinda , YANIK Figen
Published: August 2021

Kadın sağlığı ve gebelik süreci ile doğrudan ilişkili olan prekonsepsiyonel bakımın, yakın zamanda gebelik planlayan çiftler için öncelikli olmakla birlikte üreme çağındaki tüm bireylere ulaştırılması önerilmektedir. İncinebilir bireyler prekonsepsiyonel bakım kapsamında ihmal edilmemesi gereken önemli bir grup olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İncinebilir bireyler birçok açıdan toplum geneline göre daha fazla risk taşımaktadır. Bu bireyler çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı sağlık bakımına ve prekonsepsiyonel bakıma yeterince ulaşamamaktadır. İncinebilir bireylere de prekonsepsiyonel bakımın ulaştırılması, gelecek nesillerin daha sağlıklı bireylerden oluşmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Sağlık profesyonelleri, incinebilir bireylerin sağlığını geliştirme sürecinde yaşanan sorunların farkında olmalı, kültürel farklılıkları dikkate almalı, ön yargılarından uzak olmalıdır. İncinebilir bireylerin de üreme sağlığı ihtiyaçları olduğu, sağlıklı bir gebelik yaşayabilmek için sağlık bakımına ihtiyaçları olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Bu derlemede incinebilir bireylerde prekonsepsiyonel bakımın önemi ve multidisipliner holistik yaklaşımın literatür doğrultusunda incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Derleme kapsamında engelli, göçmen, madde kullanımı olan, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) enfekte olan ve lezbiyen, biseksüel ve transseksüel (LBT) bireylere yönelik prekonsepsiyonel bakımdan bahsedilecektir.
Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Fish Feed on Physical, Chemical and Biological Quality of Feed
Authors:   Universitas Brawijaya, Pratama M. Indra Wahyu , Martinah Anik , Yuniarti Ating
Published: August 2021

The limitations of fish in digesting food depend on the presence of enzymes protease, amylase, and lipase that react with substrates in the digestive channel of fish. Supplementation methods can be performed to increase fish growth by adding prebiotics and probiotics to the feed. This study aims to determine the influence of the difference in the length of time fermented prebiotic feed (sweet potato extract) and probiotics (Bacillus megaterium) on the quality of feed. The results of the physical analysis of fish feed showed the color looks brown, fishy smell, texture, and general conditions of feed seemed completely normal. Chemical analysis showed that the proteins were best improved in B3 treatment, with the period of fermentation approximately 72 hours. Biological analysis suggests that the longer the fermentation time taken, the higher the abundance of bacteria obtained. Keywords: B. megaterium, chemistry and biology of fish feed, physical analysis, sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L)
Relationship Marketing Elements in the Telecom Sector of Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: Rafiq Lone
Published: August 2021

Relationship marketing is one of the most rapidly discussed concepts in the modern services marketing arena. With the advances in technology, Customer relationship marketing (CRM) and relationships in Business to business (B2B) settings also have gained importance. Various parameters have been employed by researchers to arrive at the antecedents and indicators of relationship marketing. The paper makes a thorough review of the literature to present the dimensions already expressed. Theron and Terblanche (2010) used analytic hierarchical process (AHP) method to make-out ten dimensions out of a pool of twenty-three dimensions previously categorized by the scholars who worked on similar topics; the study though was conducted from a financial services perspective.From the primary data collected through a structured questionnaire and subjected to analysis, the paper aims to identify these dimensions in connection with the telecom service industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (JandK). Trust, commitment, communication, and customer-centricity were identified as the main dimensions. These four have also been identified in various other studies conducted elsewhere in the services sector.
El Canto en la Aurora
Authors: García Mogollón María Alejandra
Published: August 2021

El Canto en la Aurora es un cuento donde se mezcla el mundo real y el mundo de la fantasía, donde la inocencia carece de límites para alcanzar lo que se sueña. Es un cuento de fácil lectura por el enfoque del tema, el lenguaje y la forma de escritura, pero de profundo sentido de lo humano. Es un cuento redondo y suave como para ser contado en el oído antes de irse a dormir. Un cuento para creer en el milagro de vivir, de respeto y admiración por la vida. Salvo el pajarito Noor, que habla y se comporta como un ser humano, todos los demás personajes son de carne y hueso, provienen de lo real. Sofía, en cambio, pertenece a dos realidades, y que logra sacar lo mejor de estas para avanzar como persona. Lo real y lo mágico nunca chocan porque todo ocurre en total equilibrio. Ese mundo privado de Sofía donde ella habla con Noor, un pájaro que es su maestro de canto, y la realidad donde ese acto maravilloso ocurre no entran en conflicto nunca. De alguna manera, esas dos realidades potencian el relato, y le dan un ambiente de conmovedor y sensible misterio literario.
Encoding, Regression, and Classification of Transcription Factors’ Specificity and Methylation Effects
Authors:   Fordyce lab, Department of Genetics , Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, US, Zuo Zheng
Published: August 2021

The methylation effects on protein-DNA interactions, which can be perceived as a special kind of specificity of transcription factors, have been successfully quantified in the last years by various methods. In this work, I give a summary about the sequence encoding scheme, the underlying additive model about specificity and methylation sensitivity, and the regression strategy to analyze Methyl-Spec-seq data. Then I explain why given the current experimental setup, it is more appropriate to model the methylation effects based on pairwise comparison between individual unmethylated and methylated site, rather than the combined regression of all model parameters together. I also developed a computational package TFCookbook to demonstrate the analysis procedures step-by-step. At last, it is possible to classify the various types of methylation effects based on whether or not the consensus site contains CpG dinucleotide and whether methylation increase or decrease the binding affinity. Additionally, this specificity modeling and analysis strategy, can be extended to study other types of DNA modifications in general.
Bienestar infantil y capacidades humanas entre niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) trabajadores de zonas agrícolas rurales en México
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Pérez-Soto Francisco , Escamilla-García Pablo Emilio ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Figueroa-Hernández Esther ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Pérez-Figueroa Rebeca ,   University of Bristol
Published: August 2021

El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar el contexto del trabajo infantil llevado a cabo por hijos de trabajadores agrícolas migrantes en México. El estudio encuestó a 558 niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) pertenecientes a familias agrícolas migrantes. El instrumento de recopi-lación de información fue basado en el Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) y el Youth Self-Report (YSR), alineando las dimensiones de análisis a las capacidades humanas centrales propuestas por Nussbann. Los resultados mostraron elementos críticos que afectan el bienestar infantil, y la vulnerabilidad en diferentes capacidades humanas que condicionan el desarrollo humano de los NNA en zonas rurales.
Youth Crime in Colombia
Authors:   Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Sandoval-Garrido Luis Eduardo
Published: August 2021

In some countries, the increase in the youth population is connected to greater criminal activity. In the case of Colombia, different studies support the idea of providing socio-economic possi-bilities for young people to avoid being linked to illegal and criminal activities. Based on these precedents, this document examines whether the increase in the youth population in Colombia is directly connected to municipal crime during 2000-2010, a period in which those born in the 1990’s reached their teenage years and could participate in urban crime. For this study, economic and other variables of total and juvenile population are constructed for youth between the ages of 15-24, as well as variables in population density and political polarization incorporating the crime index proposed by (Durán, López, & Restrepo, 2009). The proposed model estimates that youth population density, population growth, conflict actions and political polarization are asso-ciated with an increase in crime. Also, greater development and political polarization can lead to an environment of less crime.
Marco jurídico de las pensiones mexicanas: análisis empírico mediante productos financieros “estructurados” en el periodo 2018-2019
Authors:   Universidad La Salle-México, Olivares-Aguayo Héctor Alonso , Medina-Conde Ana Laura ,   Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Apáez-Pineda Oscar Javier ,   Universidad La Salle-México
Published: August 2021

La ley establece que en las Administradoras de Fondos para el Retiro (AFORES) el dinero de los ahorradores del sistema de pensiones es invertido, buscando obtener el mayor rendimiento posible, sin embargo, actualmente dichos rendimientos pueden ser negativos, por ello, el objetivo general de la investigación propone como alternativa una total inversión de los recursos para cada Sociedad de Inversión Especializada en Fondos para el Retiro (SIEFORE) en productos financieros “estructurados” PutSpread y CallSpread considerando como subyacentes los prin-cipales índices sectoriales invertibles (Materiales, Industrial, Servicios Financieros y Consumo Frecuente). Los resultados muestran que invertir en este tipo de productos los recursos que se tienen en cada tipo de SIEFORE, las ganancias obtenidas en el Sector Materiales son mejores a las presentadas por la Comisión Nacional del Sistema de Ahorro para el Retiro (CONSAR) al cierre del primer y segundo trimestre de 2019, y para los demás sectores, los rendimientos siempre se muestran positivos.
Escenarios barriales urbanos: espacios de producción de vulnerabilidades en la adolescencia y juventud en el Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors:   Universidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET, Wald Gabriela , Capriati Alejandro ,   Universidad de Buenos Aires / CONICET
Published: August 2021

En este trabajo presentamos los primeros resultados de un estudio cuali-cuantitativo en el cual se abordan las heterogeneidades existentes en las experiencias juveniles de desigualdad. La in-vestigación analiza escenarios barriales específicos en los suburbios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, y los vincula con las trayectorias biográficas de adolescentes y jóvenes que los habitan. En este trabajo se avanza, primero, en la conceptualización de la noción de escenario barrial, pues la misma permite captar las posiciones estructurales y diferencias de oportunidad constreñidas a un área determinada. Luego, se reconstruyen empíricamente dos escenarios ba-rriales, los cuales dan cuenta de escenarios sociales típicos que pueden hallarse en los suburbios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y de otros conglomerados urbanos del país. Mediante este abordaje buscamos especificar disparidades territoriales e inequidades socio-espaciales en dos barrios se-leccionados, a la vez que analizar de qué maneras las especificidades de un territorio influyen en la vida cotidiana y la salud de quienes viven en él.
Impacto del cambio global sobre las presas de almacenamiento y derivación. Una guía para fortalecer la normatividad de seguridad de presas
Authors:   Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, González Villarreal Fernando J. , Arreguín Cortés Felipe I. ,   Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM
Published: August 2021

Se presenta una serie de medidas de adaptación a los impactos del cambio global sobre las estructuras de las presas de almacenamiento y derivación: cortina, vertedor y obra de toma; y sobre su función: abastecimiento de agua, riego, control de inundaciones, recreación, acuacultura y generación de energía eléctrica, que podrían mejorar la normatividad en materia de seguridad de presas. Palabras clave: guía, seguridad de presas, cambio global, cambio climático, medidas de adaptación, presas de almacenamiento y derivación.
Automatic Room Light Controller Using PIR Sensor and Arduino
Authors: K Bhavani.
Published: August 2021

Abstract: The mainstay of the project “Automatic room light controller using PIR Sensor and Ardiuno” is the importance of seismological research around the globe is very clear. Where the lights in the room will automatically turn on upon detecting a human motion and stay turned on until the person has left or there is no motion. Initially, when there is no human movement, the PIR Sensor doesn’t detect any person and its OUT pin stays LOW. As the person enters the room, the change in infrared radiation in the room is detected by the PIR Sensor. It can be used to turn ON and OFF the lighting system of the home automatically by detecting the presence of humans. This in turn will make the Arduino to turn OFF the relay (make the relay pin HIGH) and the room light will be turned off quickly as per the time delays sets in the program. Keywords: Aurdino UNO, PIR sensor, Relay unit, room light
Decision Making for Retrofitting in Existing RCC Structures
Authors: Ahmed Bilal
Published: August 2021

Abstract: In order to assess the condition of the RCC structure, a thorough evaluation was performed. The evaluation determined the structural condition, the need for repair or maintenance and provided an indication as to the safety and expected remaining service life of the structure. The testing consisted of: 1) A visual inspection of the exterior exposed elements to determine if there were any obvious signs of distress, deflection or deterioration in the structure. 2) The inspection of the structure to determine the condition of the structure. This is essential as we found that the structure can appear to be in a very good condition from outside, but could be suffering from extreme structural distress from inside. 3) Selective concrete/steel removal to examine the condition of the underlying reinforcing steel. 4) Materials testing to determine steel/concrete compressive strength, carbonation, chloride content. Objectives of the overall investigation: The overall objective of the investigation carried out for the structure is to obtain an up to date account of the health condition of the structure so that appropriate repair measures can be taken up to make up for the damages sustained. Keeping this in view the basic objectives of the investigation formulated are as given below. a) To assess the existing condition of the structural elements. b) To determine the extent of damages in the structure, so as to undertake suitable remedial measures for rehabilitation of the structure. Planning and Survey and Methodlogy Walk over survey: First and foremost activity in a condition survey and structural investigation, especially in distressed superstructure, is a walk over survey or systematic visual inspection so as to gather readily available information about the structure in question. Further, careful visual observation of typical crack pattern and the nature of the spalling can furnish valuable information regarding the distresses. This in turn provides an idea about the degree of damage encountered in the concrete and hence the extent of repair required. A systematic visual observation has been recorded in this investigation and the findings are presented in later part of this report. Selection of tests: Tests are selected on the basis of the requirements of the overall objectives of the investigation and the observations made during a quick walk over survey. In this investigation, following in-situ and laboratory tests were considered necessary for achieving the overall objectives stated earlier for the structure. Various Test were Conducted for the evaluation of the Structure: METHODLOGY 1. Visual Survey 2. Test Plan 3. Sample and Data Collection 4. Structure Stability Analysis & Retrofitting
La construcción del patrimonio arqueológico mexicano como recurso turístico en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Muñoz Aréyzaga Eréndira
Published: August 2021

El objetivo es comprender el proceso mediante el cual el patrimonio arqueológico, antes de ser intervenido para su consumo, se transformó en un recurso turístico fundamental para construir la imagen de México como un destino de viaje. Esto ocurrió en la fase de exploración del ciclo de vida de un destino turístico, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, a través del afianzamiento de los valores formales y la experiencia de visita y su construcción social como valores diferenciadores y capacidad de atracción de visitantes. Participan actores internos y externos con estrategias discursivas y acciones que serán analizadas: el tipo de nacionalismo construido en este periodo, las acciones públicas vinculadas al desarrollo de la arqueología y los relatos de viajeros norteamericanos para identificar las cualidades diferenciadoras que observaban en el patrimonio, y que con distintos alcances lo posicionaron como recurso turístico y justificaron su transformación a un atractivo turístico.
Campur Kode dan Alih Kode pada Proses Belajar Mengajar
Authors: Mualimah Eka Nurul
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan adanya perkembangan bahasa yang terjadi pada masyarakat khususnya Mahasiswa STKIP setia Budhi Rangkasbitung yang bilingual, mengakibatkan adanya campur kode dan peralihan kode. Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini berkenaan dengan, (1) bentuk campur kode, (2) bentuk alih kode, dan (3) faktor penyebab terjadinya campur kode dan alih kode. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode yang menginterprestasikan fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi pada tuturan Mahasiswa. Hasil peneltian  menunjukan, bahwa dalam proses pembelajaran ditemukan 4 pencampuran kode dengan bentuk campur kode internal dan campur kode eksternal. Campur kode yang dilakukan Mahasiswa semester 1 dalam kegiatan belajar di temukan 11 serpihan kata. Faktor yang mempengaruhi campur kode dan alih kode yang dilakukan mahasiswa dan dosen kesulitan mencari padanan kata, kebiasaan, kesombongan, topik pembicaraan, hadirnya pihak ketiga, dan menghormati.
The Effect of Teaching Techniques and Learning Styles to Improve Students’ Speaking Skill
Authors: Yulyani Rani Dewi
Published: August 2021

This research aims, firstly, to analyze the significant effect of role-play and discussion techniques on the students’ speaking skill. Secondly, to analyze the significant difference of the students who are holistic learners with those who are sequential learners regarding their speaking skill. Thirdly, to discuss the interaction regarding the teaching techniques and learning style concerning the students’ speaking skill. The objects of the research were two classes of English department students, Universitas Pamulang (UNPAM). The instruments used were the speaking test and questionnaires. The method of the data analysis was quantitative using SPSS 20. The result of the research shows, firstly, there was a significant effect of the role-play technique and discussion on the students’ speaking skill. Secondly, there was no significant difference concerning the students who are holistic learners with those who are sequential learners, regarding the speaking skill. Thirdly, there was no interaction between teaching techniques and learning styles in relation with students’ speaking skill.
High Order Thinking Skills: Strategies for Raising Student’s Thinking Processes and Children’s Cognitive Development in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Anggraeni Reni
Published: August 2021

This article presents various strategies for raising student’s high order thinking skills (HOTS) in reading comprehension. Basically, to be able to raise the capability of HOTS, a student is encouraged to have better thinking processes so that varied strategies to implement HOTS will work out properly and accordingly. Just like children’ cognitive development, HOTS is best put into practice since early childhood. The strategies to improve the student’s critical thinking skills in reading comprehension are described thoroughly in three different ways: 1) seven strategies proposed by the National Reading Panel, 2) word reading skills proposed by Mellard et al. (2010), and 3) Vocabulary knowledge proposed by Wise et al. (2007). This article is developed based on the importance of 21st century skills proposed by National Commission on Excellence in Education, Common Core State Standards Initiative, Partnership for 21 Century Skills, and Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills to be included in today’s curriculum. According to the one of the organisations proposing the 21st century skills, students and young generation are demanded to be able to acquire specific soft skills pertaining to critical thinking.
English Calques in Bangla
Authors: Morshed Sarwar
Published: August 2021

Two hundred years of colonial rule brought the Anglophones in close proximity to the Banglophones. This long time interaction resulted in bilingualism which ultimately paved the way for lexical penetration from English into Bangla. This influx is manifest in the corpus of the Bangla language. Viddyasagar in his Shobdosongroho (1823, Quoted in Musa and Ilyas, 2002:11) compiled a list of 40 English loanwords in Bangla. Within the timespan of nearly two centuries, according to Musa and Ilyas (2002), the lexical loan got multiplied by almost 88 times. Side by side borrowing direct anglicisms, Bangla has also borrowed hosts of indirect loans in the form of ‘calques’ or ‘translation loans’ from English. The prime focus of this paper is to trace the mechanisms by which Bangla produces calques from English sources. The results of this study reveal that Bangla has four types of calques – single-word, multi-word, phrasal, and acronymic. While our data mostly conform to the global typology of calques, interestingly enough, Bangla has constructed a special class of calques which we have dubbed as ‘Acronymic calques’. Translation acronyms are yet to be registered in the typology of calques. This curious calque type attested by our data can be added to the global typology of loan translations.
Digital Ruble of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
Authors: Zaporozhan A. Ya.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of a new ﬁnancial instrument — the digital currency of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The article examines the reason for the emergence of the Central Bank and its diﬀerence from cryptocurrency, analyzes the practice of central banks of foreign states in the development and implementation of digital currencies in the ﬁnancial system, analyzes the potential risks and beneﬁts associated with their emission, as well as its consequences for the banking sector and monetary politicians.

The logic of the article is based on the format of the discussion of the report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation “Digital Ruble. Public Consultation Report”. In the context of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation report, the article analyzes:

two possible              options               for         the        emission            of          the        Central                Bank     in                the        form     of          digital   tokens and       accounts on the settlement accounts of the Central Bank;

several possible              models               of          central bank     digital   currency             and       technologies                for         their     imple-mentation;

competitive advantages       or          disadvantages of          the        payment            system                of          the                Central                Bank     of          Securities in comparison with traditional banking systems.

The article substantiates the position that the payment system of the Central Bank of Securities in comparison with traditional banking systems has no competitive advantages. There-fore, the digital currency of the central bank is not very attractive for economic entities, which limits or even prevents its implementation into practice.

The way out of the current situation is to use the Central Securities Market in the ﬁeld of government payments, thereby increasing the transparency of payments.

The practical implementation of the digital currency of the central bank can start with state ﬁnancing of investment projects in digital rubles, and then on a broader scale with budget ﬁnancing, when all or a limited list of budget recipients will receive budget money in digital rubles. As a result, other economic actors will gradually be drawn into the payment system of the digital currency of the central bank.
Et Tu, Atticus!: The Hero of "To Kill a Mockingbird" and the Cold War
Authors: Suzuki Akiyoshi
Published: August 2021

Against the background of the Cold War, this article rethinks the novel (1960) and film (1962) To Kill a Mockingbird, more specifically Atticus Finch’s characterization as the courageous, unblemished defender of an unjustly accused black man in the American South. Because of Atticus’s unrelenting efforts to exonerate Tom Robinson, he has been proclaimed the 20th century’s greatest American movie hero. At a closer look, however, it turns out that, while Atticus fights hard for Tom, he nevertheless, and as a matter of course, abandons the investigation into the stabbing death of Bob Ewell, a poor white man and Tom’s accuser. The New Yorker magazine noted this conflict in the movie. So, it begs the question: from what social attitudes does this broad-spectrum admiration for Atticus emerge? This article proposes an answer: it originates in identity-centrism, an attitude that underlies United States ideology during the Cold War era and results, specifically, in a total disregard for the poor. In other words, To Kill a Mockingbird is not a closed-ended novel of good versus evil, but an open-ended work that raises a troubling question about diversity.