bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic flexibility of structure and function of the digestive system of Japanese quail
Authors: Starck J. Matthias , Rahmaan Gamal Hasan Abdel
Published: May 2003

Organisms adjust their phenotype to fluctuating conditions of the environment and to changing internal demands. We report flexible responses of the gizzard and the small intestine of Japanese quail to a high-fibre diet. Switching from a standard diet to a high-fibre diet results in a highly significant increase in gizzard size, intestine length, mucosal surface,thickness of the intestinal muscular layer and vascularization of the mucosa. After diet switching, increased or decreased gizzard size results from changes in cell size, i.e. smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hypotrophy,respectively. Increased cell proliferation is not the cause of increase in gizzard size. In the small intestine, however, we found elevated levels of cell proliferation after diet switching and conclude that increased capacity(upregulation) of the small intestine is based on increased rates of mitosis in the intestinal crypts. It is highly probable that elevated levels of cell proliferation in the crypts are balanced by elevated levels of cell extrusion at the tip of intestinal villi. The lipid contents of the liver were reduced,indicating that lipid stores in the liver were mobilized to fuel the flexible response of the gastrointestinal tract. During changes of organ size in response to changes in food composition, resting metabolic rate was not altered.
Ectopic transplantation of the accessory medulla restores circadian locomotor rhythms in arrhythmic cockroaches (Leucophaea maderae)
Authors: Reischig Thomas , Stengl Monika
Published: May 2003

The presence of an endogenous circadian clock in the brain of an animal was first demonstrated in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. However, the clock's cellular basis remained elusive until pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons, which express the clock genes periodand timeless in Drosophila, were proposed as pacemaker candidates. In several insect species, pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons are closely associated with the accessory medulla, a small neuropil in the optic lobe, which was suggested to be a circadian clock neuropil. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic transplantation of adult accessory medulla into optic lobe-less cockroaches restores circadian locomotor activity rhythms in L. maderae. All histologically examined cockroaches that regained circadian activity regenerated pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive fibres from the grafts to original targets in the protocerebrum. The data show that the accessory medulla is the circadian pacemaker controlling locomotor activity rhythms in the cockroach. Whether pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons are the only circadian pacemaker cells controlling locomotor activity rhythms remains to be examined.
Expression of two isoforms of the vacuolar-type ATPase subunit B in the zebrafishDanio rerio
Authors: Boesch S. T. , Eller B. , Pelster B.
Published: May 2003

In the present study we tested the hypothesis that two isoforms of the regulatory subunit B of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) are expressed in the zebrafish Danio rerio. The complete coding sequences for both isoforms, vatB1 and vatB2, were cloned and sequenced. BLASTX analysis revealed the greatest similarity to amino acid sequences of B subunits from the European eel Anguilla anguilla and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The isoforms were expressed in a bacterial system and the recombinant proteins verified using isoform-specific antibodies directed against vatB isoforms of the eel. The distribution of both isoforms in zebrafish tissues was investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results revealed that at the RNA level both isoforms were expressed in all tested organs, i.e. the gills,swimbladder, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine and skeletal muscle. At the protein level, however, there were tissue-specific variations in the levels of the two vatB isoforms expressed. The highest amounts of V-ATPase were detected in total protein preparations from gill, heart and liver tissue. In liver tissue, however, the western blot analysis indicated that vatB1 was not as prominent as vatB2, and immunohistochemistry revealed that antibodies directed against vatB1 yielded a very weak staining in a number of cells,while an antibody directed against vatB1 and vatB2 yielded a strong staining in virtually every cell. Similarly, neurosecretory cells of the small intestine were stained with an antibody directed against vatB1 and vatB2, but not with an antibody specific for vatB1. Therefore we conclude that the differential expression of two isoforms of the V-ATPase subunits, which may serve different functions as in several mammalian species, may also be a common phenomenon in teleost fish.
Evaluation of the sound signal based on the welding current in the gas—metal arc welding process
Authors: Čudina M , Prezelj J
Published: May 2003

In this paper sound generated during the gas-metal arc welding process in the short-circuit mode was studied. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the acoustic signals have shown that there are two main noise-generating mechanisms. The first mechanism generating characteristic sound impulses is arc extinction and arc ignition; the second noise-generating mechanism is the arc itself, which acts as an ionization sound source and produces mainly high-frequency noise of a low level. The sound signal is used for assessing and monitoring the welding process and for prediction of welding process stability and quality. A new algorithm based on the measured welding current was established for the calculation of emitted sound during the welding process. The algorithm was verified for different supply voltages and for different welding materials. The comparisons have shown that the calculated values are in good agreement with measured values of the sound signal.
A new method for torque balancing of planar linkages using non-circular gears
Authors: Yao Y-A , Yan H-S
Published: May 2003

This paper proposes a novel concept for reducing driving torque fluctuations of planar linkages by the application of non-circular gears. The circular gears normally used in gear linkage mechanisms are replaced by a pair of non-circular gears. The design method includes two individual stages: linkage synthesis and gear ratio synthesis. An optimization model is developed for determining the appropriate transmission ratio function of the non-circular gear pair to meet user-specified requirements and constraints. Two examples are given to demonstrate this method and to verify its feasibility.
Residual vibration response spectra for a servomotor-driven flexible beam
Authors: Diken H , Alghamdi A A A
Published: May 2003

In this paper residual vibration response spectra for a servomotor-driven flexible beam are discussed. The dynamic model consists of a flexible beam, which is modelled as a Euler-Bernoulli beam. The beam is rotated by a servomotor. The rotational trajectory is assumed to be a triangular velocity (bang-bang) trajectory. The equations governing the vibration of the rotating flexible beam are derived. For the solution, a summation of the orthogonal modes technique is used. Equations are solved numerically. Simulation results show that the maximum amplitude of the residual vibration changes with the change of the frequency ratio. Here the frequency ratio is defined as the first natural frequency of the flexible beam divided by the rotational frequency of the servomotor. When frequency ratios are even numbers like 2, 4, 6, etc., the maximum residual vibration amplitudes are minimized. When frequency ratios are odd numbers like 3, 5, 7, etc., then the maximum residual vibration amplitudes are maximized. The simulation results are also verified by experiment.
Increased Stability of Organically Modified MCM-41 Synthesized by a One-step Procedure
Authors: Igarashi Naoko , Tanaka Yoshinori , Nakata Shin-ichi , Tatsurni Takashi
Published: May 2003

Organically functionalized mesoporous silica MCM-41 materials synthesized by a one-step procedure are found to be structurally more stable than the unfunctionalized ones. This increased stability can be ascribed to the increase in hydrophobicity.
Application of Polymer Supported Base in Solid Phase Synthesis: Convenient Synthesis of N-Aryl-N′-benzyl Piperazine Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuo , Tanabe Kiyoshi , Okonogi Tsuneo
Published: May 2003

N-Aryl-N′-benzyl piperazine derivatives were synthesized using REM resin. In cleavage step, the piperazine derivatives were successfully prepared in a good yield and excellent purity by treatment with novel polymer supported base in the absence of any base.
Reactions of Selenothioic Acid S-Esters and Diselenoic Acid Esters with Trialkyl Phosphites Leading to α-Phosphoryl Sulfides and Selenides
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Izumi Chiyoko , Kato Shinzi
Published: May 2003

The reaction of selenothioic acid S-esters with trialkyl phosphites proceeded smoothly to afford α-phosphoryl sulfides as a major product in good to high yields. The reaction was also applicable to diselenoic acid esters. On the contrary, selenothioic acid S-butyl ester underwent oxidative dimerization with triphenylphosphine to give a divinyl diselenide.
A Novel Synthesis of Highly Branched-Alkyl Aryl Ketones Using the Conjugate Addition of the Gilman Lithio Cuprate to β-Methylthio-α,β-unsaturated Ketones: Abnormal Reactivity of the Intermediary Enolates toward Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Arai Takayuki , Akazome Motohiro , Ogura Katsuyuki
Published: May 2003

In order to synthesize highly branched-alkyl aryl ketones, l-(methylthio)-1-alken-2-yl phenyl ketones were subjected to the reaction with lithium dialkylcuprate. The high reactivity of an intermediary enolate toward molecular oxygen was found to give α-hydroperoxy ketones.
Conformational Switching in the Thermal and Photochemical Synthesis of cis- and trans-Ruthenium Bis(bipyridine) Sulfoxide Complexes
Authors: Hesek Dusan , Inoue Yoshihisa , Everitt Simon R L
Published: May 2003

The preparation of ruthenium bis(bipyridine) sulfoxides has been carried out under thermal or photochemical conditions, leading to good yields of products with trans or cis configurations, and the configuration of the starting material has also been observed to influence the preferred structure of the final product.
Zinc Complexes of Artificial Histidine-containing Dipeptides as Catalysts of Hydrolyses of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphates
Authors: Ichikawa Kazuhiko , Uddin M Khabir , Nakata Kou
Published: May 2003

Zinc complexes of histidine-containing peptide derived from N,N′-dihistidylethylenediamine L1 and im-bzl-N,N″-dihistidyldiethylenetriamine L2 were designed and examined as catalysts for hydrolyses of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP). The zinc complex of L1 was inactive and another L2 complex hydrolyzed efficiently BNPP and NPP: their pseudo-first-order rate constants are 1.1 × 10−5 s−1 and 2.1 × 10−5 s−1, respectively.
A Clay-Metal Complex Ultrathin Film as Prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett Technique
Authors: Tamura Kenji , Setsuda Hitoshi , Taniguchi Masahiro , Nakamura Takayoshi , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: May 2003

A clay-metal complex hybrid film with the thickness of 5.0 ± 1.0 nm was prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. According to the method, a hectorite clay dispersed in an aqueous subphase was adsorbed by a cationic monolayer of amphiphilic Ru(II) complex. The surface structure of a film deposited onto a hydrophilic glass plate was studied with an atomic force microscope (AFM).
Creation of Acid Sites on SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica by Alumination
Authors: Cheng Mojie , Wang Zhengbao , Sakurai Keiji , Kumata Fumio , Saito Takeshi , Komatsu Takayuki , Yashima Tatsuaki
Published: May 2003

The new mesoporous silica with large pore size, SBA-15, was aluminated through the reaction with aluminum chloride. The present alumination method showed a good control of aluminum content but little influence on the pore structure. Aluminum atoms were incorporated into the framework of SBA-15, which resulted in a new kind of mesoporous acid catalyst.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ln(III) Complexes (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm, Lu) of Tripodal Tris[2-(salicylideneamino)ethyl]amine
Authors: Kanesato Masatoshi , Yokoyama Toshiro
Published: May 2003

The preparation and characterization of Ln(III) complexes (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm, Lu) of heptadentate (N4O3) ligand trensal, tris[2-(salicylideneamino)ethyl]amine (H3L1), have been studied. The molecular structures of [LnL1] were determined by X-ray structural analysis ; these are heptadentate complexes in which the metal ions are coordinated by the three oxygen atoms and the four nitrogen atoms.
Effective Trap of Zwitterionic Intermediate during Oxygenation of Electron-Rich Naphthalenes with Singlet Oxygen by the Intramolecular Alcohol
Authors: Fujita Morifumi , Ohshiba Masaki , Yamasaki Yayoi , Sugimura Takashi , Tai Akira
Published: May 2003

The presence of a zwitterionic intermediate during the oxygenation of electron-rich naphthalenes with singlet oxygen is clarified by the clean and efficient formation of hydroperoxide via nucleophilic addition of the intramolecular alcohol to the intermediate and by its stereochemical analysis using an optically active linker of the alcohol.
Organosulfur Functionality as an Alternative Enantiocontrollable Coordinating Element in Chiral Phosphine Ligands for Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Hiroi Kunio , Suzuki Yoshio , Abe Ikuko
Published: May 2003

The synthesis of (S)-proline-derived phosphines bearing organosulfur groups and the use of them as chiral ligands in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations were accomplished successfully. The mechanism is discussed on the basis of the stereochemical results, presumably by participation of organosulfur groups as alternative enantiocontrollable coordinating elements.
Polymer-Mediated Extraction of Porphirinato Chelates for a Spectrophotometric Approach to Sub-ppt Level Detection of Metal Ions
Authors: Saitoh Tohru , Ohkubo Satoko , Matsubara Chiyo
Published: May 2003

Negatively charged copper(II) and zinc(II) chelates with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine were incorporated into the precipitates formed from the aqueous solutions of thermo-responsive polymer; poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). In the presence of an appropriate kind and amount of quaternary ammonium ion, the recovery of the chelate was quantitatively. Sub-ppt level zinc(II) in water by the photometric detection in HPLC was successfully achieved, because of the highly efficient concentration.
Observation and Quantification of a Liquid Motion under a Magnetic Field Gradient
Authors: Devos Olivier , Aogaki Ryoichi
Published: May 2003

A new dynamic phenomenon in high magnetic field, i.e., an expanding liquid ring formation according to parabolic distribution of magnetic field, was discussed. Then, a new experimental technique by using this phenomenon was developed in order to observe and quantify such motion of paramagnetic or diamagnetic liquid.
Absolute Configuration of 8,8′-Dialkyl-1,1′-Biisoquinoline
Authors: Tsue Hirohito , Fujinami Hideyuki , Itakura Takeshi , Tsuchiya Ryuta , Kobayashi Kimiko , Takahashi Hiroki , Hirao Ken-ichi
Published: May 2003

Absolute configurations of 1,1′-biisoquinoline derivatives, in which a series of alkyl groups are introduced at the 8- and 8′-positions, have been determined by using two kinds of well-established methods.
Preparation of a UV-absorbed Transparent Monolithic Titanium Oxide Gel by the Catalytic Sol-Gel Process with a Phenanthroline Hydrochloride Catalyst
Authors: Matsumoto Taki , Murakami Yasushi , Takasu Yoshio
Published: May 2003

UV-absorbed transparent monolithic titanium oxide gels were prepared by the catalytic sol-gel process with 1,10-phenanthroline hydrochloride and n-butylamine. When 1,10-phenanthroline was added to the precursor solution, transmittance of the gels increased. The higher the content of 1,10-phenanthroline hydrochloride and the lower content of water, the more transparent gel was formed. The transparent titanium oxide gels were obtained by reducing hydrolysis and promoting polycondensation.
A Novel Optical Oxygen Sensing Based on Quenching of Photoexcited Triplet State of C70 in Polystyrene Film by Oxygen Using Time-resolved Spectroscopy
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Asai Keisuke , Okura Ichiro
Published: May 2003

A novel optical oxygen sensor based on the quenching of triplet-triplet absorption of C70 molecule by oxygen has been developed using time-resolved spectroscopy. The photoexcited triplet state of C70 was quenched effectively by oxygen and large Stern-Volmer constant was obtained.
Photochemical Isomerization of trans-Dichlorotetrakis(dimethylphenylphosphine)osmium(II)
Authors: Ikuo Akira , Otani Kenichiro , Chijimatsu Tamiko , Uzawa Jun , Yasufuku Katsutosi , Teratani Shousuke
Published: May 2003

Photochemical isomerization of trans-dichlorotetrakis(dimethylphenylphosphine)osmium(II) to its cis-form was confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The quantum yield of isomerization was 0.9 at 410 nm which was much larger than that (0.03 at 410 nm) of trans-dichlorobis(diphenylphosphinoethane)osmium(II).
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Coupling of Aromatic Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds in Aromatic Imidates with Olefins
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Sato Taisuke , Yamauchi Masakazu , Chatani Naoto , Murai Shinji
Published: May 2003

Catalytic C-H/olefin coupling can be directed by N,O-heterocyclic substituents. The Ru3(CO)12-catalyzed reaction of 4,4-dimethyl-2-(2-methylphenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine (1) with triethoxyvinylsilane gave a mixture of the corresponding 1:1 addition product (3a) and its olefinic analogue (3b) in good yields in ca. a 1:1 ratio. In the case of the reaction of 4,4-dimethyl-2-(2-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole (7), the olefinic analogue (8b) of the coupling product (8a) was obtained as the major product. The existence of a new reaction pathway is discussed.
Synthesis and Photoinduced Electron Transfer of Pyromellitimide-Linked Porphyrin in Constrained Hydrophobic Environment of Unimer Micelle
Authors: Higashida Suguru , Nishiyama Katsura , Yusa Shin-ichi , Morishima Yotaro , Imahori Hiroshi , Kaneda Takahiro , Sakata Yoshiteru
Published: May 2003

Pyromellitimide-linked zincporphyrin dyad was covalently incorporated into hydrophobic cluster of amphiphilic polysulfonate. Accelerated photoinduced electron transfer of the dyad in the copolymer was observed as compared with that of the corresponding dyad in THF, indicating the large contribution of the constrained microenvironment for electron transfer.
Syntheses and Biological Activities of Dendrimeric Mastoparans
Authors: Kurita Takashi , Kosemura Yoshiko , Kumakura Konosuke , Kasai Hisataka , Ito Hisashi
Published: May 2003

Dendritic formation of mastoparan molecule by a carboxyl-terminal linkage to a lysine branch increased the original mastoparan activity for hemolysis and catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells. The most potent dendrimer in hemolytic activity, approximately 8000 times as active as mastoparan, was octameric mastoparan.
Development of a Hydrogen Selective Ceramic Membrane and Its Application for the Conversion of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Prabhu Anil K , Oyama S Ted
Published: May 2003

A new membrane with 100% selectivity to hydrogen was developed by chemical vapor deposition of a silica precursor on Vycor glass. Application of the modified membrane to the CO2 reforming of CH4 produced conversion levels above equilibrium.
Deactivation of External Acid Sites of H-Mordenite with Ceria Modification in the Isopropylation of Biphenyl
Authors: Nakajima Katsutoshi , Tawada Shogo , Sugi Yoshihiro , Kubota Yoshihiro , Hanaoka Taka-aki , Matsuzaki Takehiko , Kunimori Kimio
Published: May 2003

Cerium modification of H-mordenite was highly effective for the deactivation of acid sites on external surfaces in the isopropylation of biphenyl. The selectivity for 4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4′-DIPB) over unmodified H-mordenite decreased with the increase of reaction temperature because of the isomerization of 4,4′-DIPB at the external acid sites. The isomerization was effectively prevented by the ceria modification of H-mordenites.
Coordination of Epithio Groups of p-tert-Butylthiacalix[4]arene in a Zn2+ Complex Studied by X-Ray Crystallography
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Morohashi Naoya , Kabuto Chizuko , Miyano Sotaro
Published: May 2003

Single-crystal X-ray analysis has shown that p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (H4L) binds to Zn2+ ion by bridging sulfur atoms in addition to phenolic oxygen atoms to form [Zn4L(H2L)2].
Synthesis and Structure of the Cationic External Donor-Stabilized Silyleneiron Complex [Cp(OC)2Fe=Si(p-Tol)2·HMPA]PF6 by Hydride Abstraction from a (Hydrosilyl)iron Complex
Authors: Kobayashi Hideki , Ueno Keiji , Ogino Hiroshi
Published: May 2003

Hydride abstraction from a hydrosilyliron complex FpSiH(p-Tol)2 (1: Fp = CpFe(CO)2, Cp =η-C5H5, p-Tol = 4-C6H4Me) with Ph3CPF6 in the presence of HMPA (HMPA = P(O)(NMe2)3) afforded a cationic silyleneiron complex stabilized by HMPA [Fp=Si(p-Tol)2·HMPA]PF6 (2) in 88% yield. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 2 revealed the relatively long Fe-Si bond and the short Si-O dative bond compared to those of the known donor-stabilized silylene complexes.
Highly Diastereoselective Reduction of Chiral (Ferrocenylseleno)methyl Aryl and Alkyl Ketones
Authors: Shirahata Makoto , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Fukuzawa Shin-ichi
Published: May 2003

Chiral (ferrocenylseleno)methyl aryl and alkyl ketones (3) were easily prepared by the reaction of chiral ferrocenylselenenyl triflates and silyl enol ethers. They were reduced by DIBAH to give corresponding β-hydroxy ferrocenyl selenides (4) in good yields with up to >99% de.
Synthesis of DNA-Carbohydrate Conjugate via Diazocoupling: A New Class of Modified DNA with Enhanced Stability and Lectin-Recognition Ability
Authors: Matsuura Kazunori , Akasaka Tsukasa , Hibino Miki , Kobayashi Kazukiyo
Published: May 2003

Salmon testes DNA was treated with a diazonium salt connected to N-β-lactoside via a spacer chain to yield a diazo coupling product with a degree of substitution of 0.14. The DNA-lactose conjugate kept a typical B-type conformation similar to native DNA, and showed higher melting temperature and stronger nuclease resistance than native DNA. The conjugate was found to acquire a strong binding affinity to galactose-specific lectin RCA120.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Heteroleptic Europium(III) Double-deckers Containing 2,3-Naphthalocyaninato and Tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrinato Ligands
Authors: Jiang Jianzhuang , Du Daming , Choi Michael T M , Xie Jinglei , Ng Dennis K P
Published: May 2003

The first heteroleptic 2,3-naphthalocyaninato and porphyrinato double-decker complexes, namely Eu(Nc)(TPyP) (1) and Eu[Nc’(SC12H25)8](TPyP) (2), were prepared by the base-promoted cyclization of 2,3-dicyanonaphthalenes using Eu(TPyP)(acac) as the template, and were spectroscopically characterized.
Supramolecular Electro- and Proto-Photoswitch
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Harada Kenkichi , Araki Koji
Published: May 2003

The fluorescence from a zinc-tetraphenylporphyrin–4-(phenylazo)pyridine supermolecule is switched on/off responding to external redox or (de)protonation stimuli, exemplifying a non-covalent approach to construct supramolecular photoswitches.
Sonochemical Preparation of Size-Controlled Palladium Nanoparticles on Alumina Surface
Authors: Okitsu Kenji , Nagaoka Shinya , Tanabe Shuji , Matsumoto Hiroshige , Mizukoshi Yoshiteru , Nagata Yoshio
Published: May 2003

A new method for the preparation of Pd nanoparticles immobilized on alumina at room temperature by ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous solution of tetrachloropalladate(II) is reported. The size of Pd particles can be controlled by changing the type of alcohol and the amount of coexisting alumina.
Intercalation of Aliphatic Carboxylates in Hydrotalcite Interlayers: Selective Photochemical Hydrogen Abstraction by Benzophenonecarboxylate
Authors: Takagi Katsuhiko , Saito Naoya , Shichi Tetsuya , Sawaki Yasuhiko
Published: May 2003

The photochemical hydrogen abstraction of p-benzoylbenzoate ions (BPC) from aliphatic carboxylate ions in LDH (hydrotalcite) interlayers yielded a series of their 1:1 adducts. The product distributions were rather selective as well as distinctive from those of sodium salts and methyl esters in homogeneous solutions without LDH. These results have been discussed on the basis of their mutual disposition on the layer surfaces of the LDH.
Selective Oxidative Decomposition of Ammonia in Water to Nitrogen Catalyzed by Platinum-supported Titania
Authors: Taguchi Junji , Nakato Teruyuki , Okuhara Toshio
Published: May 2003

Selective oxidative decomposition of NH3 (or NH4+) in water to N2 was achieved with 0.5 wt%Pt/TiO2 catalyst at 433 K under 8 atm of O2 without alkalization of the solution; NH3 of 1000 ppm was exclusively converted to N2 and undesirable products, NO2− and NO3− in the solution and N2O in the gas phase were little formed.
Syntheses and Structures of Zn Coordination Polymers with 4,4′-Bipyridine and 4,4′-Azopyridine. Effect of Counter Anions on the Network System
Authors: Kondo Mitsuru , Shimamura Mariko , Noro Shin-ichiro , Yoshitomi Tomomichi , Minakoshi Seika , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: May 2003

Three zinc(II) coordination polymers, [Zn(4,4′-bpy)(NCS)2]n(4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine; 1), {[Zn(4,4′-bpy)(SO4)(H2O)3]·3H2O}n (2), and {[Zn2(azpy)2(SO4)2(H2O)3]·0.5(azpy)}n (azpy = 4,4′-azopyridine; 3) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1 and 2 show assembled structure of one-dimensional chains, while 3 has a three-dimensional structure with pillared-layer type network. The important effect of counter anions on the coordination network was studied.
Noncatalytic Cannizzaro-type Reaction of Formaldehyde in Hot Water
Authors: Tsujino Yasuo , Wakai Chihiro , Matubayashi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru
Published: May 2003

In hot water heated up to 250 °C and 4 MPa, methanol and formic acid are produced from the Cannizzaro-type reaction of formaldehyde without a catalyst, although this disproportionation reaction is well-known to occur in the presence of a large amount of base catalysts in ambient conditions. Formic acid further undergoes the hydride transfer reaction with formaldehyde, and the final yield of methanol exceeds 50%.
Lanthanide Ion-Mediated Hydrolysis of DNA on Phosphate Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Watanabe Eiji , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: May 2003

Binding of Ce3+ ion onto phosphate bilayer membranes and hydrolysis of plasmid DNA are examined. DNA cleavage is significantly promoted only when a particular phosphate bilayer is used in the liquid crystalline state.
Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic Complex of Mn(II) / N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-(S)-Histidine
Authors: Yamato Kazuhiro , Miyahara Ikuko , Ichimura Akio , Hirotsu Ken , Kojima Yoshitane , Sakurai Hiromu , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji
Published: May 2003

A novel dinuclear Mn(II) complex, [Mn(L)(H2O)]2(ClO4)2 (1) where L is N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-(S)-histidinate, was synthesized. X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed that each Mn(II) ion is a doubly carboxylate-bridged sevencoordinate structure. Cyclic voltammmetry indicated that electrode reaction of 1 was dependent on pH. The reactivity toward superoxide was evaluated by in vitro xanthine-xanthine oxidase-cytochrome c assay. The IC50 value of 1 is equal to 0.29 μM (1 M = 1 mol dm−3), which is one of the highest values in Mn(II) SOD mimetic complexes.
Radical Cation of Dodecamethylcyclohexagermane Generated by Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Kuwano Naoko , Nagao Haruka , Seki Shuhei , Yoshida Yohichi , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: May 2003

The radical cation of dodecamethylcyclohexagermane, (Me2Ge)6, generated by pulse radiolysis technique showed two transient absorption bands at 310 and 410 nm. These transient peaks were quenched with triphenylamine as a radical cation scavenger.
Dispersion Control of Ni Particles in Porous Silica by Solution Exchange of Wet Silica Gel
Authors: Takahashi Ryoji , Sato Satoshi , Sodesawa Toshiaki , Kato Masayuki , Yoshii Takaaki
Published: May 2003

Particle size of NiO in silica with well defined mesoporous structure can be controlled from 3.5 to 10 nm regardless of NiO content up to 30 wt% by solution exchange of wet silica gel derived from sol-gel process. Ni surface area of samples reduced at 500 °C can be enlarged by decreasing the NiO particle size, resulting in 30 m2g−1 at 30 wt% loading. The catalysts showed superior activities for gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene.
Study of the DNA Interaction with Water-soluble Cationic Fullerene Derivatives
Authors: Takenaka Shigeori , Yamashita Kenichi , Takagi Makoto , Hatta Taizo , Tanaka Atsuo , Tsuge Otohiko
Published: May 2003

The cationic fullerene derivatives 1a–c are fairly well soluble in water and bind to calf thymus DNA due to the electrostatic interactions at the phosphate anion sites and the hydrophobic interactions in the grooves.
A Facile Procedure for the Conversion of Nitroolefins into Carbonyl Compounds Using Al-NiCl2·6H2O-THF System
Authors: Bezbarua Maitreyee S , Bez Ghanashyam , Barua Nabin C
Published: May 2003

It has been demonstrated that a variety of nitroolefins can be efficiently converted into the corresponding carbonyl compounds by the reaction with an Al-NiCl2·6H2O-THF system.
Wurtz-type Coupling Reaction of Pseudo-pentacoordinate Halodisilanes Using Magnesium: Enhanced Reactivity of the Silicon-Halogen Bond by Intramolecular Amine-coordination to Silicon
Authors: Tamao Kohei , Asahara Masahiro , Saeki Tomoyuki , Toshimitsu Akio
Published: May 2003

A 2,3-bis(pseudo-pentacoordinate) tetrasilane was obtained by the reductive dimerization of 1-[8-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl]-1-chlorodisilane using magnesium, and also from the analogous 1-fluorodisilane using a mixture of magnesium and magnesium bromide.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Derived from Calix[4]resorcinarenes Exhibiting Excellent Desorption-Resistance and Their Applicability to Surface Energy Photocontrol
Authors: Oh Sang-Keun , Nakagawa Masaru , Ichimura Kunihiro
Published: May 2003

Self-assembled monolayers exhibiting excellent desorption-resistance was readily available by the adsorption of crown conformers of O-carboxymethylated calix[4]resorcinarenes on aminated silica substrates through multi-point adsorption.
Field Screening Test for Iron Leached from Well Bore Rock Samples by Using Color Development of Iron(III)-Xylenol Orange System
Authors: Ishida Akihiko , Kaneko Emiko , Yotsuyanagi Takao
Published: May 2003

A field test for iron leached from rocks has been developed by using a purple blue iron(III)-Xylenol Orange (XO) complex formed at the iron(III) concentrations above the molar concentration of XO. The test is performed in an aqueous drop on a Tefron® plate. When the iron content exceeds a criterion, a distinct color change from yellow to purple blue appears in the drop containing a 10-mg rock sample, HCl, XO, and (NH4)2S2O8. This method was applied to the prediction of water quality in aquifers.
Origin of π-Facial Stereoselectivity in Nucleophilic Addition. Application of the Exterior Frontier Orbital Extension Model to Substituted Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-ones
Authors: Tomoda Shuji , Senju Takatoshi
Published: May 2003

The exterior frontier orbital extension model (EFOE model) has shown that π-facial stereoselection in nucleophilic additions of 2,3-endo,endo-disubstituted bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-ones (1) is dictated by the three terms of the Salem-Klopman equation – steric effect, electrostatic interaction and orbital interaction.
Synthesis of 2′,5′-Dideoxy-5′-Substituted Pyrimidine Nucleosides via Intramolecular Glycosylation
Authors: Sugimura Hideyuki , Katoh Yoshiko
Published: May 2003

5′-Azido-5′-deoxy and 5′-arylthio-5′-deoxy pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized employing intramolecular glycosylation, in which a reaction intermediate was treated in situ with an azide salt or thiol.
Three-dimensional Structure of J Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Chloride Dyes at a Mica/Solution Interface Revealed by AFM
Authors: Sugiyama Shoko , Yao Hiroshi , Matsuoka Osamu , Kawabata Ren , Kitamura Noboru , Yamamoto Sadaaki
Published: May 2003

By using tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), we revealed for the first time the structure of J aggregates of pseudoisocyanine chloride(PIC-Cl) dyes at a mica/solution interface in an aqueous PIC-Cl solution. The J aggregates were leaf-like islands in multilayers of PIC-Cl molecules. The minimal size of the aggregate necessary for the J band was also revealed. Dye molecules grow into the J aggregates at a mica/solution interface by a Volmer-Weber type growth process.
Facile Synthesis of a Phosphotriester Intermediates for Solution-Phase Preparation of Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates
Authors: Miyashita Takanori , Mori Kenya , Shinozuka Kazuo
Published: May 2003

Fully protected 2′-deoxynucleoside phosphorothioate triester derivatives, which are key starting materials for the large-scale solution-phase preparation of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, were easily synthesized by a new method starting from common, fully protected 2′-deoxynucleosides.
Cyclopropanation of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Allylic Acetates Using η3-Allylpalladium-Pyridinylimidazole Catalysts
Authors: Satake Akiharu , Koshino Hiroyuki , Nakata Tadashi
Published: May 2003

Highly selective cyclopropanation of ketene silyl acetals with allylic acetates was carried out in the presence of novel η3-allylpalladium-pyridinylimidazole complexes and sodium acetate in DMSO at room temperature. When cinnamyl acetate was used as an allylic acetate, phenylcyclopropane derivative was obtained stereoselectively in 83% yield.
Two New Sesterterpenes from the Marine Sponge, Coscinoderma mathewsi
Authors: Kimura Junji , Hyosu Mitsumasa
Published: May 2003

The sponge Coscinoderma mathewsi from Pohnpei, Micronesia contains two new sesterterpenes having a scalarane-type skeleton possessing cis B/C ring juncture. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data.
Diastereoselective Specificity for the Hydrolysis of Dipeptide Esters in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ueoka Ryuichi , Goto Kouichi , Tanoue Osamu , Miki Atsushi , Yoshimitsu Shinya , Imamura Chikara , Ihara Yasuji , Murakami Yukito
Published: May 2003

The diastereoselectivity for the hydrolysis of p-methoxycarbonylphenyl N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-D(L)-phenylalanyl-L-leucinate in aqueous solution was inverted by changing concentrations of the substrates or the reaction temperature. The monomer-aggregate transition operated on the LL-substrate, which was suggested by the spectroscopic measurements, seems to be responsible for such behavior.
Direct Synthesis of Propionamide and Propiononitrile from Ethylene, Carbon Monoxide, and Ammonia Using Supported Ru and Rh Catalysts
Authors: Zhao Shu-Ping , Sassa Shu-Ichi , Inoue Hideaki , Yamazaki Masato , Mori Tohru , Kobayashi Masahiro , Morikawa Yutaka
Published: May 2003

Propionamide and propiononitrile were formed by passing the mixture of ethylene, carbon monoxide, and ammonia under atmospheric pressure over silica- or zeolite-supported Ru ammine complex catalyst. Rh ammine complex also promoted the reaction but the catalytic activity was low. It is inferred that propionamide is formed primarily and is dehydrated successively on the acidic site of the support.
Catalytic Hydrocarbon Oxygenation by a Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Kojima Takahiko , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: May 2003

A bis-μ-chloro Ru(II) dimer with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) exhibited catalytic oxygenation of alkenes and cooxygenation of alkanes in the presence of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen (1 atm) at room temperature without reducing reagents; reactions proceeded via a radical chain mechanism as a main pathway.
Methanol Formation from Dichloromethane under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Yamasaki Yuki , Enomoto Heiji , Yamasaki Nakamichi , Nakahara Masaru
Published: May 2003

CH2Cl2 (1 mole) mixed with NaOH (2 moles) was treated under hydrothermal conditions at 250 °C. The chlorinated methane was completely hydrolyzed to form methanol and the formate by the Cannizzaro reaction. The reactant and products were analyzed by 1H-, 2H-, and 13C-NMR. Solvent isotope effect on the transformation was also investigated. The hazardous and environmentally troublesome organic solvent was safely converted into the useful compounds.
Transient Attenuated Total Internal Reflection Spectroscopy to Measure the Relaxation Kinetics of Triplet State of Tetra(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphine at Liquid-Liquid Interface
Authors: Tsukahara Satoshi , Watarai Hitoshi
Published: May 2003

Tetra (N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphine (tmpyp4+) was adsorbed to the toluene/water interface with dodecylsulfate ions. Transient attenuated total internal reflection spectroscopy was developed to measure the relaxation kinetics of the triplet state of tmpyp4+ generated by laser irradiation at the interface. For both a probe white light and a pulsed 532 nm-laser light, the angle of incidence was set to 67° that was larger than the critical angle at the interface, 63°. It was observed that the triplet tmpyp4+ at the interface was quenched faster than in aqueous solutions.
Synthesis of Ti-containing Porous Silica with High Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Kosuge Katsunori , Singh Puyam S
Published: May 2003

Ti-containing mesoporous silica with high photocatalytic activity has been synthesized by a simple reaction system at ambient temperature; one of these products shows photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of acetic acid as high as 39 times than that of one of most photocatalytic commercial anatase.
Optically Active Poly- and Oligo(biphenyl carbonate)s as Stable Helical Molecules
Authors: Murakawa Ken-ichi , Furusho Yoshio , Takata Toshikazu
Published: May 2003

Low molecular weight polycarbonate ((R)-2) derived from polycondensation of (R)-4,4′,6,6′-tetramethyl-2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl ((R)-3) showed large Cotton effect at 210 nm compared with its unit model. CD spectra of model oligomers of (R)-2 (2-8mers) obtained by stepwise synthesis and their structure simulation suggested that (R)-2 and higher oligomers can hold a stable left-handed helix.
Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent-Free Conditions Using Permanganate Supported on Alumina
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Mallakpour Shadpour E , Imanzadeh Gholamhasan
Published: May 2003

A manupulatively simple and rapid method for oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds is described. The reaction is conduced under solventless ‘dry’ conditions using alumina-supported permanganate.
Polymerization of Glycidyl Phenyl Ether with a Thiophosphonic Acid Ester as a Novel Thermally Latent Initiator
Authors: Kim Moonsuk , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi
Published: May 2003

S,S-Di-t-butyl phenylthiophosphonate (1) served as a novel thermally latent initiator in the polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) in the presence of ZnCl2.
Solid and Solution State Structures of a Reversible Molecular Oxygen-Carrying Molybdenum Porphyrin Dioxygen Complex
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Rees Nicholas H , Umakoshi Keisuke , Tachibana Junichi , Sasaki Yoichi , McFarlane William , Imamura Taira
Published: May 2003

The molecular structure of a reversible oxygen carrier, MoVIO(tmp)(O2) has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Oxo and dioxygen ligands are actually coordinated with cis conformation, which leads to a saddle-like distortion of the porphyrin ring. The result of 2D ROESY shows the distortion of the porphyrin ring is retained in solution.
Radical Cyclization Reaction Using a Combination of Phosphinic Acid and a Base in Aqueous Ethanol
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: May 2003

Treatment of allylic ether of 2-iodophenol or 2-haloethanal allylic acetal with phosphinic acid, a base and a radical initiator (AIBN or triethylborane) in aqueous ethanol provided the corresponding radical cyclization product in excellent yield. An addition of a base is critical to employ phosphinic acid as a radical mediator.
An Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis for the Separation of Sequence Isomers of Oligonucleotide
Authors: Katayama Yoshiki , Arisawa Takumi , Ozaki Yoshihisa , Maeda Mizuo
Published: May 2003

An affinity capillary electrophoresis for gene mutation assay was developed using oligonucleotide-polyacrylamide conjugate as pseudo-immobilized affinity ligand. In the system, magnesium ion concentration was found to be a key factor to achieve efficient separation of sequential isomers of oligonucleotide with the same chain length.
Two Adsorption States of C2H4 at Saturation Coverage on Pd(110)-(2x1)-H
Authors: Ichihara Shigeru , Okuyama Hiroshi , Kato Hiroyuki , Kawai Maki , Domen Kazunari
Published: May 2003

The adsorption of C2H4 on Pd(110)-(2x1)-H at 160 K was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. We found that two adsorbed species coexist at high coverage. The species were characterized by C-C stretching energies of 170 and 153 meV, which were identified as one-dimensional and c(2x2) domains, respectively. The latter species, which appeared only at high coverage, was bonded to the bare surface, which implied the possibility of H atom transition into the subsurface.
Stereoselective Glycosylation of Thioglycosides Promoted by Respective Combinations of N-Iodo- or N-Bromosuccinimide and Trityl Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Application to One-Pot Sequential Synthesis of Trisaccharide
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuya , Tamura Takayuki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2003

New highly effective promoter system for the glycosylation of thioglycoside, the combined use of stoichiometric amount of either N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide and a catalytic amount of TrB(C6F5)4, was developed and was successfully applied to the one-pot sequential synthesis of trisaccharides. In the first glycosylation step, 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-O-p-toluoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl phenylcarbonate was treated with thioglycosides in the presence of a catalytic amount of TrB(C6F5)4 alone, and the following glycosylation with methyl α-D-glycosides was carried out by further addition of either N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide to the initially resulted reaction mixture to afford the corresponding trisaccharides in one-pot manner.
Tuning of Intramolecular π-π Overlap Mode of Tetrathiafulvalene Bisannulated Macrocycles in the Open-Shell Electronic State
Authors: Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Abe Yukako , Hasegawa Tatsuo , Nakamura Takayoshi , Inabe Tamotsu , Christensen Christian A , Becher Jan
Published: May 2003

Charge-transfer complexes of bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene (DMT-TTF) bisannulated macrocycles with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) were prepared. The crystal structural analysis revealed an intramolecular dimer structure with the π-π overlap of DMT-TTF units. The magnitude of intramolecular π-π overlap depends on the ring size of macrocycles.
Hyperfine Splitting of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl in Octyl β-d-Glucoside-Containing Large Unilamellar Vesicle Suspensions
Authors: Kashiwagi Hiroshi , Aizawa Kazutoshi , Ueno Masaharu
Published: May 2003

Hyperfine splitting patterns of the ESR spectra of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) in octyl β-d-glucoside (OG)-containing egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC) large unilamellar vesicle suspensions were mainly composed of TEMPO dissolved in water, in lamellar EPC, and in nonlamellar EPC. Their hyperfine splitting constants and half widths were available for monitoring the behavior of OG in the course of vesicle destruction.
Novel Application of a Solid Super Acid, Sulfated Zirconia, as a Catalyst for Koch Carbonylation Reaction
Authors: Mori Hajime , Wada Aya , Xu Qiang , Souma Yoshie
Published: May 2003

A solid superacid, sulfated zirconia, worked well in the Koch reaction. Under optimized conditions, tertiary alcohols were selectively transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acids (34-72%), while primary alcohols were transformed to the corresponding ethers (58-72%).
The Co2(CO)8-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Oxygen-Containing Olefins: Silylmetalation as a Key Step
Authors: Chatani Naoto , Kodama Tamotsu , Kajikawa Yasuteru , Murakami Hidetatsu , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Ikeda Shin-ichi , Murai Shinji
Published: May 2003

The hydrosilylation of oxygen-containing olefins in the presence of Co2(CO)8 was carried out. The Co2(CO)8-catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl acetate with HSiEt2Me is consistent with proceeding via a silylmetalation mechanism rather than a classical hydrometalation (Chalk-Harrod mechanism).
Fluorescence Energy Transfer in Dendritic Poly(l-lysine)s Combining Thirty-two Free Base- and Zinc(II)-porphyrins in Scramble Fashion
Authors: Kato Tamaki , Uchiyama Motonori , Maruo Naoki , Arai Toru , Nishino Norikazu
Published: May 2003

Dendritic poly(l-lysine)s combining thirty-two free base- and Zn(II)-porphyrins in scramble fashion were successfully synthesized and exhibited highly efficient (85%) fluorescence energy transfer from Zn(II)-porphyrins to free base-porphyrins.
Synthesis of Biaryls Using the Coupling Reaction of Diaryldimethyltins with Copper(II) Nitrate
Authors: Harada Genta , Yoshida Masato , Iyoda Masahiko
Published: May 2003

The coupling of diaryldimethyltins with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in THF proceeds smoothly at room temperature under ambient atmosphere to produce the corresponding biaryls in good to high yields. Diaryldimethyltins can be prepared in high yields by the reaction of aryllithiums with dichlorodimethyltin.
Selective Recognition of NH4+ over K+ with Tripodal Oxazoline Receptors
Authors: Ahn Kyo Han , Kim Sung-Gon , Jung Junyang , Kim Kyung-Hyun , Kim Jaheon , Chin Jik , Kim Kimoon
Published: May 2003

Benzene-based tripodal tris(oxazolines) are found to be promising receptors for the selective recognition of NH4+ over K+ with high binding affinities.
Lewis Acid Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Use of Scandium Tris(heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate) as a Lewis Acid Catalyst in Diels-Alder and Aza Diels-Alder Reactions
Authors: Matsuo Jun-ichi , Tsuchiya Takehiro , Odashima Kazunori , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2003

Diels-Alder reactions of carbonyl dienophiles with dienes and aza Diels-Alder reactions of imines with a diene have been successfully carried out using scandium tris(heptadecafluorooctanesulfonate) (Sc(OSO2C8F17)3) as a Lewis acid catalyst in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). It was revealed that the length of perfluorocarbon chains of the scandium catalyst was an essential factor for the catalytic activity in scCO2.
“Unlock-Lock” Approach to [2] and [3]Rotaxanes: Entering of a Ring through Disulfide Linkage That is Unlocked by Thiol “Key”
Authors: Furusho Yoshio , Hasegawa Toshihide , Tsuboi Akiyoshi , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu
Published: May 2003

Bifunctional secondary ammonium salt bearing disulfide linkage at the center and bulky group at the both termini was mixed with dibenzo-24-crown-8. During reversible cleavage of the disulfide linkage catalyzed by benzenethiol, crown ether entered the disulfide linkage to afford corresponding [2] and [3]rotaxanes.
Layered Thin-Film Composite Consisting of Polymers and Calcium Carbonate: A Novel Organic/Inorganic Material with an Organized Structure
Authors: Kato Takashi , Suzuki Takuo , Irie Taku
Published: May 2003

Layered polymer/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composite films have been successfully obtained by alternate repetition of spin-coating of polysaccharides and thin film crystallization of CaCO3 in the presence of an acid polymer. SEM images show layered structures consisting of brick of the inorganic crystal and mortar of the polymer.