bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: American Indian Ethnic Renewal
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

At the time of the earliest European contact with North America, there were no American Indians. The aboriginal inhabitants of North America encountered by European travelers spoke myriad languages; possessed a wide variety of cultures; displayed a broad diversity of social, economic, and political organization; and had no conception of themselves as a single “race,” group, or people. The common label “Indians” was in fact more informative about the visitors than it was about the natives. First, the label revealed a now well-known unfounded geographic optimism about the discovery of a route to the East Indies; if this was India, these must surely be Indians. More important, this strategy of simplistic collective designation reflected a racially compartmentalized world view that would come to guide the colonial policies of Europeans for nearly five centuries on as many continents.
Constructing Culture
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

If identity is the cognitive, cerebral component of ethnicity, culture is its heart and lifeblood. Those ideational and material aspects of social life-language, religion, ceremony, myth, belief, values, folkways, mores, kinship, worldview, as well as the worlds of art, music, tools, food, housing, dress, adornment—are the substance of a people. Culture is the magnet that attracts and repels. Its commonalities pull us together; its differences push us apart. It both smooths and stymies communication, supports and subverts understanding. It cultivates cohesion, yet is the breeding ground of ethnocentrism. Culture underlies both the universal and the unique in human societies. It is the essence of ethnicity.
The Politics of American Indian Ethnicity: Solving the Puzzle of Indian Ethnic Resurgence
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the puzzle of an increasing American Indian population cannot be solved using the usual set of demographic explanatory tools. Instead, the rising number of American Indians appears to be the result of individuals changing their racial identification in the U.S. census. This chapter attempts to explain why increasing numbers of census respondents are reporting their race as American Indian. The reason can be found in policies and politics. Demographic, political, and cultural currents in American society provided the basis and logic for Indian ethnic renewal. The organizational, material, and ideational substructure of Indian life was reshaped by the interplay between the contents of federal Indian policy and the actions of urban and reservation Indians. The resulting changes in the structure of native communities provided the rationale and the launching pad for Red Power activism in the 1960s and 1970s. I argue that the transformations of identity and culture that mark late-twentieth-century American Indian ethnicity were forged in the crucible of Red Power.
Renewing Culture and Community
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: November 2023

In Part II we examined the resurgence of American Indian racial self-identification in the U.S. census and traced the origins of this American Indian ethnic renewal to federal Indian policies, the politics of civil rights, and Native American activism, all of which fostered Indian ethnic awareness and pride. The presence of 1,878,285 American Indians living in hundreds of rural and urban communities in the United States in 1990 was evidence that Native Americans had not disappeared from the American scene as so many observers, officials, and researchers had predicted over the years. It is not only the case that Indians have not disappeared as distinct individual ethnic identities in the United States; it is also the case that Indian communities as distinctive ethnic enclaves remain very much a part of the American ethnic mosaic. We take for granted the presence of these many Native American societies scattered across the United States.
Introduction: On Hindu Marriage and Its Margins
Authors: Harlan Lindsey , Courtright Paul B
Published: November 2023

This book explores some of the fundamental presuppositions about and experiences of marriage in South Asian culture. It traces a variety of conceptual and imaginative boundaries delineating the institution of marriage and reveals crucial notions about marriage that are best or sometimes only revealed at its margins, at those thresholds of entry, exit, renunciation, and violation in which marriage is undertaken, severed, resisted, or idealized. Our purpose is to discover how marriage actually works as a social and imaginative reality by considering the various experiences and perceptions of those who have crossed or transgressed its borders. Implicit in this pursuit is a recognition of the multiple conceptions of marriage by people at various stages of their lives and situated in differing circumstances. The institution looks quite different to those who have experienced it at varying times and at different points along its periphery. If marriage is viewed as a circle comprising these points, then the experiences of people participating in or reflecting on the institution constitute something like a rather intricate spirograph tracing in which their collective experiences and perceptions confirm the existence of the circular perimeter, whereas their individual experiences and perceptions intersect within the perimeter in a number of ways.
“crying When She’s Born, and Crying When She Goes Away”: Marriage and the Idiom of the Gift in Pahansu Song Performance
Authors: Raheja Gloria Goodwin
Published: November 2023

Authoritative South Asian textual traditions, composed or performed by males, have many things to say about the transformation women undergo as they are married, as their identity as daughter and sister is eclipsed by their identity as wife and daughter-in-law, and as they move from piharto sasuriil,from natal home to conjugal place. These textual discourses, and a good deal of everyday talk as well, tend to stress ideas concerning the ideal wife’s assimilation into her husband’s kin group and the attenuation of her ties to her own natal kin following her marriage so that the authority of her husband’s kin is not undermined by her reliance on her brothers. In such texts it is assumed that the virtuous wife, the pativratii,will show deference to her husband’s senior kin and honor her husband, while restraining her own desires for intimacy and rapport with him so as not to undermine the unity and solidarity of his family and kin group. These are very powerful and persuasive ideologies in South Asia, and they place women in disadvantaged situations in which they are distanced from their natal kin
Sati,Sacrifice, and Marriage: The Modernity of Tradition
Authors: Courtright Paul B
Published: November 2023

Of the many images of India that Westerners have implanted in their imaginations over the centuries of contact, the spectacle of the dutiful wife calmly taking her place on the pyre of her deceased husband has provoked both moral revulsion and voyeuristic curiosity. Westerners called such ritual immolations “suttee” (sat’iaccording to current transliteration practices), taking the Sanskrit term meaning a wife who possesses great virtue. The specter of a married woman walking toward the funeral pyre and joining her husband in cremation presses the interpretive process to its margins. Both traditional Hindu and modern Western or Indian interpreters might well agree that such an action cuts against the grain of a universal and innate human reflex for self-preservation. At the same time it raises the question of the sat’f’sagency: did she choose this act of self-annihilation freely, and if so, what is the context for such a “free” choice?
A Radical And Realized Catholicity
Authors: Wentz Richard E
Published: November 2023

The universalness here affirmed must be taken to extend in the end, of course, over the limits of man’s nature abstractly considered, to the physical constitution of the surrounding world . . . for the physical and moral are so bound together as a single whole in the organization of man’s life, that the true and full redemption of this last would seem of itself to require a real. . . renovation also of the earth in its natural form. . . . Christianity is catholic . . . inasmuch as it forms the true and proper wholeness of man kind, the round and full symmetrical cosmos of humanity, within which only its individual manifestations can ever become complete.
A Transcript Of Mystical Presence: Liturgy And The American Cultus
Authors: Wentz Richard E
Published: November 2023

As if the people, forsooth, could not find themselves properly in the Creed, the Te Deum, the Lord’s Prayer, the Litany, the Ten Commandments, the Church Lessons and Collects, but only in the creations, extemporaneous or otherwise, let down upon them in the usual style from the modern pulpit. We have no such low opinion of the capacity of our laity. In the case before us, many of them at least have theological instincts, which are better and safer than all scholastic speculations; to say nothing of traditional beliefs, which no logic can set aside. To these instincts and beliefs we now make our confident appeal.
The Heroic Slave by Frederick Douglass
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

The State of Virginia is famous in American annals for the multitudinous array of her statesmen and heroes. She has been dignified by some the mother of statesmen. History has not been sparing in recording their names, or in blazoning their deeds. Her high position in this respect, has given her an enviable distinction among her sister States. With Virginia for his birth-place, even a man of ordinary parts, on account of the general partiality for her sons, easily rises to eminent stations. Men, not great enough to attract special attention in their native States, have, like a certain distinguished citizen in the State of New York, sighed and repined that they were not born in Virginia. Yet not all the great ones of the Old Dominion have, by the fact of their birth-place, escaped undeserved obscurity. By some strange neglect, one of the truest, manliest, and bravest of her children,-one who, in after years, will, I think, command the pen of genius to set his merits forth, holds now no higher place in the records of that grand old Commonwealth than is held by a horse or an ox. Let those account for it who can, but there stands the fact, that a man who loved liberty as well as did Patrick Henry,-who deserved it as much as Thomas Jefferson,-and who fought for it with a valor as high, an arm as strong, and against odds as great, as he who led all the armies of the American colonies through the great war for freedom and independence, lives now only in the chattel records of his native State.
Entre Deux Guerres
Authors: Harris Edward M
Published: November 2023

In the years following 346, Aeschines’ position in Athenian politics suffered a decline from which it never fully recovered. In 346 he served on three important embassies, played a major role in bringing about peace with Philip, and eliminated his political enemy Timarchus. A mere three years later, Aeschines was fighting for his political life, barely escaping conviction on a charge of treason brought by Demosthenes. Not long after, his election as ambassador to Delphi was canceled, and his opponent Hyperides appointed in his place. And in 340, the Peace of Philocrates, the treaty which had been a source of pride to Aeschines only six years earlier, came to an ignominious end when the Athenians declared war on Philip. As Aeschines’ influence waned, Demosthenes’ position steadily rose. By the end of the decade, it was Demosthenes’ voice that dominated the Assembly, rousing the Athenians to take a more aggressive stance toward Philip and drowning out the objections of critics like Aeschines.
Skinner’s Dark Year and Walden Two
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

After I Wrote My first psychobiographical studies of Freud and Allport, I 1”‘\. decided to begin research on living theorists. Most psychobiographical research is done on dead people, for ethical and other reasons (some of which I’ll discuss in Chapter 15). In choosing subjects who were elderly but alive, I wasn’trying to be methodologically innovative. I just wanted to get their side of their story while they were still around to give it.
From Colonel House to General Haig
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

Emboldened by my two-lives-at-a-time comparison of counterplayers Bush and Hussein, I’ll move on to even larger numbers in this chapter. I’m not ready to adopt the research strategy of my office neighbor, Dean Simonton, who often analyzes data on hundreds or even thousands of lives at a time.1 But I do recognize that even in psychobiographical research it’s sometimes useful to do multiple comparisons. So let’s pick a number somewhere between one and 5,000. Actually, I have a good reason for choosing that number. I looked at three lives in Chapter 7, one each for the three main psychological functions of creative writing. Here I want to look at three styles of political behavior that have been widely studied, so again I need at least three biographical examples. But I also want to show how one of those styles can be expressed in different ways. So with one example each for two styles, and two examples for the third, we arrive at a grand total of four.
Going Beyond Scratch
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

One Of My friends in Davis, California, is a science fiction writer named Kim Stanley Robinson. Stan got his doctorate in English literature and has taught at the University of California, but he prefers to make his living as a writer. He is an inspired and effective writer. He has won several important science fiction awards, and he’s rapidly becoming a Major Figure in the Field. I occasion­ ally pat myself on the back for having recognized early just how good a writer he is. Some science fiction writers know a lot more about science than about writing fiction, and some know a lot more about literature than about science. Stan is a triple threat. He’s intimately familiar with the history and tradition of science fiction, he knows a great deal about contemporary science, and he has a literary scholar’s understanding of postmodernism and other current critical approaches.
Monotheism and Ethics
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

The idea of God allows us to integrate experience, promising to cap the work of reason in comprehensive understanding, consummating our quest for truth, beauty, and the good. Einstein’s work is a model of this quest. The syntheses he sought were not mere essays in the direction of particulate simplicity. They sprang from a sincere faith that rationality in nature does not stop short at some surd, vacating all efforts at understanding, but portends a comprehensive intelligibility. Such faith is a special case of the religious trust in a still larger wisdom, of which our human ideas of value and perfection are only pale reflections. For monotheists today, as for the ancient Prophets, God is the reality that completes the pattern of our understanding—as the Primal Cause and Ultimate Good. Because God’s reality is the apex of reasoning, the summit toward which all explorations point, the monotheist’s affirmations of God’s reality can bear no certainty. But we find their confirmations in every area of experience. In lesser notions of divinity, lesser gods, we find not the greater certitude of sensation or emotion but only incoherence—the intellectual incoherence whose expression is confusion, and the moral incoherence whose outcome is tragedy. We find a sounder certitude in the coherence afforded by God’s universal relevance than in any sensory or emotive intuition.
The Biblical Laws of Diet and Sex
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

There is no general agreement about the aim of laws that seek to regulate our diet and sexuality. Perhaps diverse goals are sought. For systems of law vary in object and impact; and perhaps correspondingly, there are conflicting theories about what laws should do—utilitarian and functionalist, positivist and formalist, theistic, naturalistic, and conventionalist. But in considering the Torah’s rules regarding what Israelites shall eat and how they shall express themselves erotically, we can profitably set aside prior notions of the proper sphere of law and try to see the intent of the laws from their own standpoint. We begin to do so when we recognize that these laws, calling on Israelites to share both the loathings and the affections of their God (Deut. 7:25, 14:3, 17:1, 24:4), aim to frame an ethos. They are educational, then, in Plato’s sense. If so, they can be understood with reference to the ideal of life they project and judged by their effectiveness in guiding us toward that ideal.
Time, Creation, and the Mirror of Narcissus
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

Mounting evidence supports the idea that the world is of finite age. Sir John Eccles writes of “Einstein’s derivation in 1915 of an expanding universe from his geometric account of gravitation, the General Theory of Relativity”:

To him at that time with his belief in a stationary everlasting universe, the idea of an expanding universe was highly distasteful, so he introduced a cosmological term into his equations to counteract the derivation of expansion. Then in 1912 the red shifts observed by Hubble in the spectrograms of galaxies produced empirical evidence for the expanding universe. Forthwith Einstein rejected his cosmological term, calling it “the biggest blunder of my life,” and accepting the distasteful expanding universe.

The clear formulation of the expanding universe from an initial great cataclysm was first made by Lemaitre in the early 1930’s and in 1940 Gamow refined this proposal, and applied the emotive term “Big Bang” to the cataclysm. However the initial estimates by Hubble for the rate of expansion were too high. They gave a date for the Big Bang of only 2 billion years ago, which was in conflict with other estimates for the age of the Universe. Hence there was then good reason for the alternative hypothesis proposed by Gold, Bondi and Hoyle, the steady-state hypothesis: the Universe had always existed; there was no origin in a Big Bang; the observed expansion was exactly compensated by the continuous creation of atomic particles; these particles in time aggregated to form new nebulae. Hence the composition of space was approximately steady, and it was isotropic, despite the continuous recession of already formed nebulae from each other. In terms of Natural Theology it would appear that, in their efforts to escape from a supernatural creation in the Big Bang by a Transcendent God, they had unwittingly proposed continual creation by an Immanent God!
Multilevel Approaches to Understanding Social Determinants
Authors: Marmot Michael
Published: November 2023

A subtitle for this chapter might well consist of a series of questions. How might cortisol levels in anesthetized baboons relate to government policy? Should decisions about public health strategy take into account data on Kyoto-Wistar rats? Is a death from alcoholic cirrhosis in Hungary relevant to improving health in Manchester in the north of England? Why should the fibrinogen level of a clerical assistant in the British Civil Service be an important piece of the puzzle in understanding social determinants of health? How does Nathan Detroit’s girlfriend help in illuminating the mind-body problem?
Syllabic Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Liquids and nasals are sounds of such sonority that while they usually function as consonants they may also function as vowels. That is, they may be pronounced so as to form a distinct syllable in the absence of an adjacent vocoid. This is the case in many languages, and not uncommon in NE in the case of land n, for example the unaccented syllables of words like bottle and hidden, in which the vowels appearing in the spelling correspond to no spoken sound.
Disyllabic Roots
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Terminology. The term disyllabic root(sometimes disyllabic base) reflects the long-held view that roots like “gena- ‘beget’ or “tema- ‘cut’ (as then written) had two vowels, unlike the typical PIE root. Although the term is still used, it has been rendered inappropriate by the reanalysis of “a as a syllabic consonant-a root like “genHr being no more ‘disyllabic’ than a root like “serp- ‘creep’. Set and am°{. The Sanskrit grammarian Pii.Q.ini treated verb roots as falling into two classes, those to which certain suffixes were attached directly and those with a linking vowel -i- between the root and the suffix. Thus, using Pii.Q.ini’s analysis: the agent noun built to han- ‘strike down’ is hantar-, whereas to Jan- ‘beget’ the same formation is Jan-i-tar-. In Pal)ini’s nomenclature, roots of the type of han- are anit lit. ‘i-less’, and roots of the type of Jan- were set lit. ‘with an -i-’. These terms are widely used in IE historical linguistics, though not in quite the sense that Pal)ini intended. As is now seen, the ‘linking vowel’ is neither a link nor a vowel, but the root-final laryngeal consonant:
Distribution of Pie Ablaut Grades
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Even though the origins of ablaut (125-6) were necessarily phonological, by the earliest period reachable by the comparative method the distribution of different ablaut grades in PIE had been MORPHOLOGIZED, that is, a given form or class of forms was associated with a certain grade in PIE. This is particularly true of the distribution of e- vs. o-grades, since the distribution of full vs. zero grades was still to some extent phonological. As is to be expected when phonological alternations are captured by morphology, the system was never completely regular; indeed, it tended with time to became more regular rather than less, where the patterns remained clear at any rate. Thus, evidence points to a non-ablauting root “bhii- or “bhu- ‘become’; but various IE languages introduced full grades into the root in accord with the prevailing ablaut patterns: so Skt. bhavati ‘becomes’. No list of the morphological categories of the grades can be exhaustive or even completely accurate, since PIE was a language like any other and had forms that stood apart from the general patterns: aor. “ebhiit or “ebhuHt ‘became’ should have had a full grade in the root, but as mentioned above, it did not: G ev, Ved. dbhiit. Pple. “gneHrt6- ‘known’ should have had a zero grade in the root, but did not: L notus, Ved. jniitd-. PIE “H2eg- ‘drive’ seems to have been stuck in e-grade, so to speak, as that is seen even in formations that nearly universally embody o-grade of the root, such as the PIE o-grade o-stem ending-accented agent noun;
STOP+ s
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

G -yp&i/;w fut. of -yp&<pw ‘scratch’; ..e/36<;). L scnps’f (perf. of scr’fbo ‘scratch’); niips’f (perf. of niibo ‘marry’). Here, and likewise in the case of apical and dorsal stops + s, the general rule holds that before s a voiced stop becomes voiceless and a G aspirate becomes unaspirated. But in early Att. inscriptions, before the introduction of the Ion. alphabet, 1/; and were commonly denoted, not by IIE, KE, but by 4>E, XE, as 4>EE4>IEMA (= i/; </>tU/Lot ‘motion carried’), EaOXEEN (= el>o eP ‘it met with approval’, aor. of lioKew), implying that the -u­ had some secondary aspirating effect on the preceding stop. Cf. also developments of the type TEXP1/ ‘craft’ < “teksnii (230a).
Ehz-Stems. The Greek and Latin First Declension
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The ‘first declensions’ of G and L continue the PIE eHrstems, sometimes known as the sena type (251a). In L as in PIE there was only one form-class so built, but the G first declension has five subtypes. One subtype, with nominative in -& (0&A.owacv. ‘sea’ for example), is historically unrelated to the others; it will be discussed in 268-9. The other four types all evolved from the single eHi-stem formation that underlies the L first declension. The difference, limited to Att., between the fem. xwpa and 71,µ types is phonological in origin (S4-5), a result of the Att. change of a to r, except after E, l, and P, whence the xwpcx subclass. The second major division in G is between the foregoing and the masculine -r,c;/-ac; nouns (267). The subdivision into -r,c; and -&.c; types has the same basis as the fem. 71,µ and xwpcx types, above. The features peculiar to this paradigm arose wholly within G. The eHrstems are found in all IE languages except Hitt., in which there is no trace of any distinctively feminine inflection in either nouns or pronouns. But in all other IE languages there is a close association between o-stems and what are traditionally known as a-stems. A suggestive similarity between the nom./acc.pl. of the o-stem NEUTERS in -a (“-eH2) and the nom. sg. of the a-stem feminines has long been remarked, a connection particularly suggestive because of the otherwise puzzling lack of an overt case marker “-s on the nom.sg. of the eHrstems.
Consonant Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The case endings proper are virmally the same for all kinds of cons. stems, but some details depend upon characteristics of the stem, and we distinguish different classes according to whether the stem ends in a stop, in a liquid or nasal (mostly r-stems and n-stems, respectively), or in -s-. Some widely-attested nouns that were ordinary consonant stems in PIE have undergone obscuring changes and merit individual treatment (323-9). The case endings as they apply to cons. stems in general will be given in connection with the stems in stops. Details peculiar to individual stem types will be mentioned as they come up. ACCENT AND GRADATION. There were originally several systems of accenmal shift between stem and ending, with vowel gradation (125) to match. These were substantially obscured by leveling even in the parent speech, as in the s-stems, but were maintained in monosyllabic stems and in the r- and n-stems, thought to be most faithfully reflected in Vedic. A somewhat speculative scheme has recently gained currency, though it has been around for several generations. The theory sorts root/stem/ ending alternations into four accenmal patterns. The theory can be grasped through its terminology:
Stem Formation and Declension Of Adjectives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The principal type of adjective--o- and a-stems-is the same in G and L, but otherwise the adjective systems of the two languages evolved very differently from their common beginnings. G retains u-stem adjectives, which were lost in L; i-stem adjectives are abundant in L but rare in G. The PIE cons. stem adjectives (for example, the so-called comparative adjectives, 348-50) developed differently in L and G. Bahuvrihi (possessive compound) adjectives are common in G, but in L are practically limited to privative compounds like inermis ‘unarmed’ (arma), and numericals like trifaux ‘three-throated’. o- AND eHi-sTEM ADJECTIVES. In the commonest type of adjective the masc. and neut. are formed from an a-stem (258-61), the fem. from an eHi-stem (262-6), as G uo</>or:; m. ‘skilled’, uo f., uoov n.; L bonus m. ‘good’, bona f., bonum n.
Properties Of Number Systems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

PIE had words for 1 - IO (388-9) and ‘both’ (389.2B). The only re­ coverable form for ‘half’ is found in bahuvrihi compounds (389.1Bc). For the teens (II - 19, 390) there were additive combinations, with hesitation be­ tween phrases and compounds. The decads (391) were formed by what looks like derivation, but the formations were actually compounds originally. The hundreds (394-5) were phrases, as were the intervening numbers (such as 23, 59, or 120). There is evidence for one or more term for 1,000 (396), but for no higher number. The system is obviously decimal/ centesimal. Some have seen in the appearance here and there of terms for dozens, scores, and sixties what they call traces of a sexagesimal system. But such terms do not necessarily point to an earlier system: the English terms dozen and score, for example, are themselves both quite recent in the history of the language, not relics of anything ancient. The striking French deviations from a decimal scheme (as in soixante-douze ‘72’, quatre-vingts-quinze’95’-verbatim ‘sixty-twelve’ and ‘four-twenties-fifteen’) are wholly post-classical in their evolution, and pro­ vide no evidence for some earlier system.
Ordinal Numbers
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The PIE ordinals, except those for ‘first’ and ‘second’ (398.1-2), are derived from the cardinals. As in the case of the decads (391), the scheme was a simple one; but the relationship between the forms was disturbed by the action of sound laws, the analogy of the cardinals, and the analogy of adjacent ordinals, as remarked in 387. As is evident, PIE ordinals were o/ eH2-stem adjectives with a tonic stem-vowel and all else in the zero grade. The forms in this list marked with “““ are nowhere reflected as such. Expected “““too- was replaced by “triy6- already in the parent language,
Numerical Derivatives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Multiplicatives. The term multiplicative is commonly applied to forms like G TPL’Tf’A.oix; (rpL’Tf’A.Oo<;), L tn’plex, NE threefold ortn’ple. In their use they cover a variety of relations to the numeral, only some of which have distinctive formal types. In origin they are possessive compounds of words meaning ‘fold’, ‘ply’, and the like, and originally meant ‘consisting of three of the same thing’-’three’ here and in the following discussion will serve as the type-example--is seen in L triplex miirns ‘triple wall’, that is, a series of three walls, or NE triple play. For this kind of use there may be formally distinct types known as collectives, like NE threesome. An early figurative development was to ‘having three components’, as L triplex mundus ‘the threefold world’ of sky, land, and sea. Hence also ‘of three kinds’, a use shading off from the preceding, but one for which special formal types might develop, as LL tnflirius, NHG dreierlei. Furthermore, a group of three may be viewed as a single thing taken three times, such as ‘three times as much or as many’ in L duplex centurionf, triplex equitf ‘double [pay] to the centurion, triple [pay] to the knight’. This is the proportional use, for which there may also be distinctive formal types sometimes called proportionals. So Att. TPL71’A.&aw<;, though TPL71’A.ov<; is used in the same sense in most dialects and sometimes in Attic; L trip/us (properly; though triplex as in the example is also so used).
Prepositions
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

A discussion of prepositions and their uses belongs to lexicon and syntax. But it may be noted here that a number of the G and L prepositions are historically related, even though in some cases their meanings have widely diverged. The parent language seems to have had fewer such elements than the daughters. Relationships between nouns were expressed by case markers, and nuances of verb-object relations were expressed though preverbs marking the verbs themselves. The latter were not necessarily literally attached to the verb, though, and especially when separated from the verb by intervening words might shade into something very much like our prepositions. The difference between preverbs and prepositions may be easily grasped in English. In the phrase look up, up is a preposition in a sentence like Edwin looked up the chimney; it is a particle (in effect, a preverb except that in English it follows the verb) in a sentence like Edwin looked up the address. It appears that the PIE forms directly ancestral to our prepositions were mainly like what is seen in look up (the address), that is, elements which altered the meaning of the action or state expressed by the verb. Such elements came to be reinterpreted as relating to the noun they are apparently in construction with.
The Present Classes in Greek
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Simple Thematic (449). The great majority are from roots of the e-series and in the e-grade. Thus epw ‘carry’, Ae-yw ‘gather’, µevw ‘remain’, AEL1l”W ‘leave (over)’, </>Eu-yw ‘flee’, rpe1!”w ‘turn’. Of the same type, but altered in appearance by loss of -f- are pew ‘flow’ from “hrewii (“srewoH2), 11”Aew ‘float; sail’ from “plewii. Laryngeal effects have obscured the kinship with this group of &.-yw ‘drive’ (“H2egoH2) and perh. oii0w ‘kindle’ (?”H2eydhoH2). 464. THE IOTA CLASSES. Greek presents a great variety of superficially distinct present stem-classes which in fact are all traceable to a single original formal type, the -f / o-stems. A number of functional types are represented here: primary (a diverse group, 456.1); denominative verbs (460, 462.1, the largest group); and “-f / o- elaborations of earlier (athematic) verb stems. The diversity in stem-forms, detailed in 465, is the result of the various phonetic changes of the second palatalization (198-207).
First Conjugation
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Italic 1st conj. comprises the most productive type of denominative, together with a few primary verbs (including some causative/frequentatives, 456.28). In addition to the types described below, there are a good number of composite ii-stems which arose by metanalysis, as -igiire, -fciire, -iniire, and the like. The great mass are denominatives answering to G -&w and reflecting the PIE ‘“-eH2-f / o- type (460), and originally based upon a-stems and eHz-stems, as dono ‘make a present of’ (donum), pugno ‘fight’ (pugnus ‘fist’), curo ‘take care of’ (cura). The numerous de-adjectivals are prevailingly factitive, as novo ‘renew’ (novus), solo ‘make solitary’ (solus). Already in the earliest known stages of L, such forms are freely based on stems of all kinds, not just o- and ii-stems: levo ‘raise up’ (levis, i-stem), laudo ‘praise’ (taus, laudis), nomino ‘name’ (nomen), genera ‘beget’ (genuseris).
Third Conjugation
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Simple Thematic class (449). This was the most productive type of late PIE verb formation; but in L the f / o-stems became the productive type, the simple thematics being a closed, relic class. But because simple thematics are fairly numerous in L, and include much basic vocabulary, their threatened status is not immediately obvious. Examples are !ego ‘gather’, tego ‘cover’, dico ‘point out, say’, duco ‘lead, conduct’, geIro ‘carry on’, and ago ‘impel’; deponent utor ‘use, enjoy’, sequor ‘follow’, and many others. RooT-PRESENTS (447) to roots originally ending in a laryngeal, namely..me!H- ‘grind’,..wemH1- ‘vomit’, and a collection of compounds based on the zero grade of” dheH,- ‘put’. (Two more, sonere and tonere, are known in classical L only as 1st conj. forms.) From “mellfsi, “mellfti and “wemlf,si, “wemlf,ti would come, first, “molas, “molat, “womas, “womat (cf. Ved. vdmiti), and by regular vowel weakening, attested molit, molis. The selfsame stems “mola-, “woma- underlie perf. moluf, vomuf < “-a-wai (528), and pple. molitus, vomitus < “-atos with leveled full grade (niitus ‘born’ (pres. niiscor) shows the original “fllH,tos type with the root in zero grade). The same process underlies the compounds of “dheH,-, such as condo ‘put together, found’, condis, condit < “-Oo, “-Oas, “-Oat< “-dhlf,-, pple. conditus. (See 488Ba.) Apart from the elimination of ablaut alternation, the convergence of these original root-presents on the simple
Latin Irregular Verbs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The irregular verbs of L grammars are so designated because in large or small ways they do not conform to any of the four conjugations (elastic as that classification is). The usual reason for this is the survival of athematic forms of the root class, such as est ‘is’; or of the athem.opt. in -f­ (in L terms, the pres.subj.). Some of the irregular paradigms however are suppletive, that is, the full complement of inflected forms is made up from several partially defective paradigms, as sum, fuf, or faro, tuli. Lesser oddities, such as the apparently anit root in pple. litus ‘smeared’ vs. the presumably set form of the same root as seen in pres. lino, are not traditionally classed as irregularities, as they are lost amid the general chaos of the 3rd conj. principal parts. Also, verbs like taedet ‘makes disgusted with’, piget ‘is irk some’, and pluit ‘it is raining’, whose finite forms are limited to the 3rd pers., are not generally reckoned as irregular.
The Verb ‘Be’ In Greek and Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Because of its extreme idiosyncracy in both G and L, it is worth while to present an account of the whole paradigm of the verb ‘be’ separately; discussions of some of the components will also be found elsewhere, under the appropriate headings. In PIE-unlike G, L, and most attested IE languages-there was very little out of the ordinary about the verb ‘be’. The odder traits of the verb in G and L are the result, paradoxically, of the extreme conservatism of these forms. For example the OL subj. siem 1sg., sTmus rpl., sient 3Pl., unique to this verb, is actually the sole survivor in L of what was once the normal way of forming the optative stem to roots The two primary roots at stake both inflected as EVENTIVE verbs (4rn): “H1es-, which inflected as a present/imperfect; and “bhu- (or “bhuH-), which was aoristic. It is peculiar enough that these inherently stative verbs (‘be, exist’) inflect as eventives; more peculiar still is the existence of an aoristic paradigm, as the basic semantics of the verb would seem to preclude the very idea of a punctual eventive. The explanation seems to be that the original meaning of punctual (aorist) “bhu- was ‘become’, that is, ‘come into existence’. (This hints that the G ‘ingressive aorist’, 417, is an archaic trait, not a G innovation.)
Stative Verbs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Pie Stative was formally different from the eventive (present/imperfect and aorist) types in most person endings, in the formation of the finite stem, and the participle. This is the paradigm traditionally known as the PERFECT TENSE. In fact it was neither perfective (completive) nor a tense: it was instead STATIVE, and tenseless (407 fn.). To begin with it was a formation limited to roots that were semantically appropriate, though not exhaustively: as mentioned in 410, roots with such palpably stative meanings as ‘sit’, ‘lie’, and ‘be’ were inflected in PIE as eventives. Unlike the interplay between punctual and durative senses of roots, most eventives are hard to see in a stative light (it is doubtful that ‘be in the state of killing’ or ‘be in the state of eating’ even make sense). But inherently stative notions can be recast as eventives, as in ‘have/take’, ‘know/ find out’, ‘be dead/die’. And of course what amount to derivational categor­ ies entail an eventive based on an inherently stative notion:
Optative
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

As remarked in 533, the evidence from the earliest lnlr. texts suggests that the optative was not a mood correlative with the indicative and derived from inflected stems, but was itself an eventive stem per se, formed directly from the root like all stem-forming elements; and only in the evolution of the IE daughter languages did it become freely derivable from STEMS, including (though in some groups only) the stative (perfect) stems. Note that the use of ‘secondary endings’ in the optative (and the absence, in G and lnlr., of the augment, 441) implies no affinity with anterior tenses (the imperf. and aor.): the optative, being a conditional or irreales form, was neither real present (as marked by primary endings) nor real past (as marked by the augment). Its closest formal/functional yokefellow, in the sense of being marked with generic person endings, would have been the so-called injunctive (416). This is, once again, a grammatical rather than a pragmatic limitation: overtly preterital conditionals, like NE would have (written), are not only semantically coherent, they are widespread, and L for example did develop tense-marked optatives, as did Gmc.
Capital Intensity and TFP Convergence by Industry in Manufacturing, 1963–1985
Authors: Dollar David , Wolff Edward N
Published: November 2023

Recent work has demonstrated that the OECD countries have become more similar in terms of aggregate characteristics. This growing similarity is evident in the marked convergence of overall labor productivity among industrialized countries in the postwar period, as well as in the convergence of aggregate total factor productivity (TFP) and capital–labor ratios.1 A recent study of ours (Dollar and Wolff 1988) began the investigation of how this productivity convergence has been manifested in particular industries. We addressed two issues in particular: the extent to which shifts in employment from low value–added to high value–added activities in manufacturing have contributed to aggregate labor productivity convergence, and the extent to which there has been labor productivity convergence in individual industries.
Growing Up In medieval London
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

When Barbara Hanawalt’s acclaimed history The Ties That Bind first appeared, it was hailed for its unprecedented research and vivid re-creation of medieval life. David Levine, writing in The New York Times Book Review, called Hanawalt’s book “as stimulating for the questions it asks as for the answers it provides” and he concluded that “one comes away from this stimulating book with the same sense of wonder that Thomas Hardy’s Angel Clare felt [:] ‘The impressionable peasant leads a larger, fuller, more dramatic life than the pachydermatous king.’” Now, in Growing Up in Medieval London, Hanawalt again reveals the larger, fuller, more dramatic life of the common people, in this instance, the lives of children in London. Bringing together a wealth of evidence drawn from court records, literary sources, and books of advice, Hanawalt weaves a rich tapestry of the life of London youth during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Much of what she finds is eye opening. She shows for instance that--contrary to the belief of some historians--medieval adults did recognize and pay close attention to the various stages of childhood and adolescence. For instance, manuals on childrearing, such as “Rhodes’s Book of Nurture” or “Seager’s School of Virtue,” clearly reflect the value parents placed in laying the proper groundwork for a child’s future. Likewise, wardship cases reveal that in fact London laws granted orphans greater protection than do our own courts. Hanawalt also breaks ground with her innovative narrative style. To bring medieval childhood to life, she creates composite profiles, based on the experiences of real children, which provide a more vivid portrait than otherwise possible of the trials and tribulations of medieval youths at work and at play. We discover through these portraits that the road to adulthood was fraught with danger. We meet Alison the Bastard Heiress, whose guardians married her off to their apprentice in order to gain control of her inheritance. We learn how Joan Rawlyns of Aldenham thwarted an attempt to sell her into prostitution. And we hear the unfortunate story of William Raynold and Thomas Appleford, two mercer’s apprentices who found themselves forgotten by their senile master, and abused by his wife. These composite portraits, and many more, enrich our understanding of the many stages of life in the Middle Ages. Written by a leading historian of the Middle Ages, these pages evoke the color and drama of medieval life. Ranging from birth and baptism, to apprenticeship and adulthood, here is a myth-shattering, innovative work that illuminates the nature of childhood in the Middle Ages.
Birth and Baptism: Membership in a Social and Spiritual Network
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Following the tradition of the ancients, Venerable Bede equated childhood with the season of spring, the element of air, the humor of blood, and the qualities of moistness and heat. These categories corresponded to children’s behavior: “merry, delightful, tenderhearted, and much given to laughter and talk.” Later medieval commentators continued the tradition, adding the years at which transition occurred; for the puericia vel infantia, this condition of the seasons, elements, humors, and qualities prevails through the fourteenth year.1 Medieval preachers saw the period as one of delightful innocence: “The property of a young child is that he cannot be maliciously disposed.” Even a child who is chastised will show no rancor, but will respond with hugs and kisses if offered a flower or a red apple. The child is generous to other children, to “houndys and to cattys.”2 Nothing bleak appears in the descriptions; there is no hint of indifference to a child’s birth and no question about the desirability of having such an infantile presence among adults.
On Becoming Sad and Wise
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

We must go back to a question we asked at the beginning of this book and wonder once again if people in the Middle Ages marked the “coming of age” and, if so, how they did it. The phrase that was used repeatedly to describe reaching the age of discretion was to become “sad and wise,” but usually this phrase was voiced as a desirable goal or as a reprimand to someone who had not managed yet to achieve this fine state. Did anyone say, by way of great approval, “You are now sad and wise, so you can be an adult?” Could the learned books of medicine and the satiric songs on the failings of all the ages of man serve as guides to establishing when childhood and youth had been left behind and sufficient sadness and wiseness had been achieved for an individual to be considered an adult? And the insistent whisper of the subtext asks if women also had to become sad and wise, or if they were simply to remain silent. As usual, the learned and poetical theorists had an instructive view, but those who stood guard at the portals of entry into adulthood controlled the reality of coming of age. The doorkeepers imposed many barriers to stepping over the threshold into adulthood. In London, so much was at stake for both the youth and the gatekeeper. The youth faced the perpetual struggle against adults to be independent: to move into a life in which the paternal inheritance was finally delivered; to have a marriage arranged in which dower and
Gnosticism as a Heresy
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

The gnostic typology sketched in Chapter 1 is patently at variance with orthodox Christianity’s faith and teaching. At the beginning, as in Protestantism now, gnosticism posed and poses the critical question of heresy. Is it possible, however, to speak of heresy in our time? Even to utter the word might seem to be a retreat into a darker age. Heresy evokes memories of the Spanish Inquisition, the martyrdoms of Jeanne d’Arc, John Huss and countless other victims of religious tyranny. It also brings into our consciousness ridiculous spectacles of Protestant orthodoxy such as that described in Bums’s “Holy Willie’s Prayer.” For almost two millennia, Christians have been assailing one another in court and out, with words or weapons, over the issue of who is correct in doctrine and praxis. Is it not self-contradictory for Christians to be judgmental toward one another about anything? Certainly, heresy talk does not seem kind or liberal-minded and is not conducive to the popular notion of what is ecumenical.