bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying nutrient fluxes in Hyporheic Zones with a new Passive Flux
Meter (HPFM)
Authors: Kunz Julia Vanessa , Annable Michael , Cho Jaehyun , von Tümpling Wolf , Hatfield Kirk , Rao Suresh , Borchardt Dietrich , Rode Michael
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The hyporheic zone is a hotspot of biogeochemical turnover and nutrient removal in running waters. However, due to methodological constraints, our quantitative knowledge on nutrient fluxes to those reactive zones is still limited. In groundwater systems passive flux meters, devices which simultaneously detect water and nutrient flows through a screen well in the subsurface, proofed to be valuable tools for load estimates. Here we present adaptations to this methodology and a smart deployment procedure which allow its use for investigating water and solute fluxes in river sediments. The new hyporheic passive flux meter (HPFM) delivers time integrating values of horizontal hyporheic nutrient fluxes for periods of several days up to weeks. Especially in highly heterogeneous environments like the hyporheic zone, measuring flow and nutrient concentration in a single device is preferable when compared to methods that derive flux estimates from separate measurements of water flows and chemical compounds. We constructed HPFMs of 50 cm length, separated in 5–7 segments which allowed for vertical resolution of horizontal nutrient and water transport in the range of 10 cm. The results of a seven day long field test, which included simultaneous measurements of oxygen and temperature profiles and manual sampling of pore water, revealed further advantages of the method: While grab sampling of pore water could not account for the high temporal variability of nitrate fluxes in our study reach, HPFMs accumulatively captured reliable values for the complete deployment time. Mass balances showed that more than 50 % of the nitrate entering the hyporheic zone was removed in the assessed area. Being low in costs and labor effective, many flux meters can be installed in order to capture larger areas of river beds. The extended application of passive flux meters in hyporheic studies has therefore the potential to deliver the urgently needed quantitative data which is required to feed into realistic models and lead to a better understanding of nutrient cycling in the hyporheic zone.
The South American monsoon variability over the last millennium in climate
models
Authors: Rojas Maisa , Arias Paola A. , Flores-Aqueveque Valentina , Seth Anji , Vuille Mathias
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In this paper we assess South American monsoon system (SAMS) variability in the last millennium as depicted by global coupled climate model simulations. High-resolution proxy records for the South American monsoon over this period show a coherent regional picture of a weak monsoon during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and a stronger monsoon during the Little Ice Age (LIA). Due to the small external forcing during the past 1000 years, model simulations do not show very strong temperature anomalies over these two specific periods, which in turn do not translate into clear precipitation anomalies, in contrast with the rainfall reconstructions in South America. Therefore, we used an ad hoc definition of these two periods for each model simulation in order to account for model-specific signals. Thereby, several coherent large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies are identified. The models feature a stronger monsoon during the LIA associated with (i) an enhancement of the rising motion in the SAMS domain in austral summer; (ii) a stronger monsoon-related upper-tropospheric anticyclone; (iii) activation of the South American dipole, which results in a poleward shift of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone; and (iv) a weaker upper-level subtropical jet over South America. The diagnosed changes provide important insights into the mechanisms of these climate anomalies over South America during the past millennium.
On the meaning of independence in climate science
Authors: Annan James , Hargreaves Julia
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The concept of independence has been frequently raised in climate science, but has rarely been defined and discussed in a theoretically robust and quantifiable manner. Improved understanding of this topic is critical to better understanding of climate change. In this paper, we introduce a unifying approach based on the statistical definition of independence, and illustrate with simple examples how it can be applied to practical questions.
Joint CO2 state and flux estimation with the 4D-Var system EURAD-IM
Authors: Klimpt Johannes , Friese Elmar , Elbern Hendrik
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This idealized regional atmospheric inversion study assesses the potential of the 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method to estimate CO2 fluxes and the atmospheric CO2 concentration state jointly. In order to distinguish and quantify the surface-atmosphere CO2 fluxes, combining anthropogenic CO2 emissions, photosynthesis, and respiration, we include uncertainties of initial values, which arise from highly uncertain surface fluxes and night-time transport. Therefor a new calculation of the background error standard deviation for the CO2 fluxes was developed. To suppress spurious wiggles occurring from advection, an absolute monotone advection scheme with low numeric diffusion and its adjoint has been implemented. The inversion by the EURopean Air pollution Dispersion-Inverse Model (EURAD-IM) with 5 km resolution in Central Europe is validated by synthetic half hourly measurements from eleven concentration towers. A significant improvement of the analysis is shown if initial values and CO2 fluxes are optimised jointly, compared to optimising CO2 fluxes alone, without estimating uncertainty of atmospheric concentration. We find that joint estimation of carbon fluxes and initial states requires a careful balance of the background error covariance matrices but enables a more detailed analysis of atmospheric CO2 and the surface-atmosphere fluxes.
Automatic street widening: Evidence from a highway dedication law
Authors: Manville Michael
Published: August 2016

Cities often require developers to widen streets or make other transportation improvements to account for the traffic impacts of new building. This article examines one parcel-level traffic mitigation law in depth—the highway dedication ordinance of the city of Los Angeles. I first show that the law emerged from a combination of happenstance and political and fiscal constraints, not from persuasive evidence it would be effective. I then show that the traffic predictions underlying the law are often inaccurate, and that, in fact, the standards the law is based on are in some ways unverifiable. Thus the law likely does little to reduce congestion and probably impedes housing development. Finally, I argue that the law persists precisely because its desired outcome is hard to verify: Without measurable goals, planners fall back on a measurable process. Parcel-level traffic mitigation becomes an exercise not in reducing traffic but in ensuring that developers carry out mitigations, regardless of whether those mitigations are effective.
Exploring the Tolerance of Ambiguity and Grammar Achievement of Advanced EFL Learners
Authors: Ezzati Mona , Farahian Majid
Published: August 2016

A lot of English as foreign learners (EFL) have difficulty in acquiring foreign language (FL) grammar. Various speculations have been made regarding the factors affecting learning grammar. As such, teaching grammar should be cognizant of learning styles. It is necessary to take into consideration learning styles since learners' performance is affected by their learning styles (Ueno, 2005). Having this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the tolerance/intolerance of ambiguity of EFL learners. It also sought the relationship between ambiguity tolerance (TA) and grammar acquisition of advanced EFL learners. To do so, a version of the TOEFL test was administered to measure the participants' achievement in grammar. Then, Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (SLTAS) was given to the learners. Based on the findings, advanced EFL learners were TA in some contexts and intolerant in some others. Findings also revealed that there is a significant relationship between overall grammar knowledge of Iranian EFL learners and TA. Moreover, the effect of learners' gender on TA was supported.
Factors Influencing the Students’ Choice of Accounting as a Major: The Case of X University in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Rababah Abedalqader
Published: August 2016

This study tried to examine the factors that influence students’ choice of accounting at X Private University. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data for the five hypotheses which were tested in this study related to the factors of reputation of the university or college, personal interests, job prospect, family members and peers, and media. The findings of the study revealed that personal interests, personality, job prospect, reputation of the university and media did not have a significant influence on the students’ choice of accounting as a major. On the other hand, data analysis shows thatfamily members and peers, significantly related to the students’ choice of accounting as a major. In other words, hypotheses H1, H2, H3, and H5 are rejected, whereas hypothesis H4 is accepted. This research contributes to literature by identifying the relationship between the independent variables (reputation of the university, personal interests, job prospect, family members and peers, and media) and the dependent variable (student’s choice of accounting as a major), and the results of the study give valuable information to university's management to know how they can influence families to increase the number of students enrolling in such university, especially accounting students. This research also tested a new variable, which is reputation of the university – a variable that is expected to influence students’ choices.
Escritas, leituras, visualidades: povoamentos para pensar a aula (ou a docência) como zona de pesquisa
Authors: Poletti Mossi Cristian
Published: August 2016

A escrita deste texto insurge de uma zona entre dois projetos de pesquisa coordenados pelo seu autor, um já finalizado em dezembro do ano de 2015 e um iniciando suas atividades. Ambas as ações investigativas propõem aula, docência e pesquisa como instâncias de produção e criação que se cruzam e se de-formam (TADEU, 2000) entre escritas, leituras e visualidades. Nesse sentido, o texto é composto por três notas. A Nota 1 trata da aula como zona que possibilita o aparecimento, ou presentificação de docências. A Nota 2 inter-relaciona docência e pesquisa como zonas inseparáveis. E a Nota 3, compreendida no texto como uma nota transversal às duas anteriores, problematiza escrita, leitura e visualidades como potências para o pensamento enquanto inauguração do novo e não como mera recognição (DELEUZE, 2003a, 2003b, 2006). Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Ensaiar a escrileiturartista na universidade
Authors: Maria Dreher Heuser Ester , Mara Corazza Sandra
Published: August 2016

Práticas, experimentamos e ensaiamos a leitura e a escritura na universidade. Acabando com a saturação do silogístico, introduzimos a dissonância textual. Convocando recursos sutis e o valor inovador da tradição, usamos a lógica da imaginação para estudá-la. Por meio da arte, recuperamos a vida dos signos porque não temos como não fazê-lo, desde que a nossa tarefa é criar a escrileiturartística de uma Filosofia-Educação da Diferença e não ensiná-la. Assim, em vez do Ensino-da-Filosofia-Verdadeiramente-Verdadeira e da Educação-Que-Todo-Mundo-Já-Sabe-E-Ninguém-Mais-Quer-Saber-Porque-Não-Aguenta-Mais, inventamos uma Filosofia-Experimentação e uma Educação-Da-Filosofia-Criadora. Desse modo, como professoras-pesquisadoras, respondemos positivamente à indagação de Flaubert (apud CAMPOS, 1986, p.5): “Quando é que seremos artistas, nada mais do que artistas, mas realmente artistas”?  Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Aporias literárias: questões borgeanas na educação
Authors: Daniel Lamela Adó Máximo
Published: August 2016

Este texto escolhe abordar certo universo da literatura borgeana a partir de três pontos desdobrados em temáticas da Educação. Trata-se de sinalizações que procuram indicar ao leitor uma ênfase nos modos de ler como precursores ativos de uma política da imaginação na Educação. Essa política faz da literatura um dispositivo que compõe, com o ato leitor, um estado de humor poético que arrasta os ímpetos classificatórios ao campo das potências do imaginário. Tal ênfase nos modos de ler procura ser evidenciada nos seguintes pontos: 1) A invenção de Borges (a subjetivação como um efeito de variação); 2) O conhecimento como fabulação (a erosão da verdade como essência) e 3) O anacronismo como procedimento didático (uma didática dos modos de ler). Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Margens de leitura e escrita
Authors: Borges Monteiro Silas
Published: August 2016

O gesto de ler-escrever é tomado aqui como objeto e problema. É analisado pelos conjuntos conceituais: 1) a arquiescritura deste duplo ler-escrever encontra no termo escrileitura sua melhor operação: aqui, apresentado e experimentado; 2) com a noção de margens, o gesto de ler-escrever é mostrado em sua estruturalidade - uma estrutura sem centro, sem origem, disponível à disseminação de sentidos -, suplementaridade - como o remetimento de um signo ao outro, como crítica à noção de complementação de sentido, contra a ideia de uma identidade textual - e iterabilidade - pois um texto é sempre o nascimento do novo, assim como sua leitura, fazendo com que a escrileitura seja esse gesto de criação, que se dá sempre pela segunda vez -; 3) os indecidíveis são entendidos como operadores que respondem às questões próprias do espaço, onde o ler-escrever se movimentam, argumentando que a lógica da suplementaridade atua aditivamente e não por exclusão. Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Vers une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement cognitif des personnes polyhandicapées
Authors: Chard Mélissa , Roulin Jean-Luc
Published: August 2016

Du fait de la multiplicité et de la complexité de leurs handicaps, l’étude du fonctionnement cognitif des personnes polyhandicapées représente toujours un défi pour les praticiens comme pour les chercheurs. L’article propose d’abord un état des lieux quant aux modèles théoriques de référence en matière de compréhension du développement cognitif des personnes polyhandicapées, ainsi qu’une revue des outils d’évaluation existants et des nouveaux paradigmes de recherche. La deuxième partie propose une réflexion théorique autour de la construction des connaissances chez la personne polyhandicapée avec l’éclairage des connaissances récentes issues de la psychologie cognitive et des neurosciences. Enfin, des pistes pratiques visant à maximiser le développement cognitif des personnes polyhandicapées sont proposées.
Mise à l’essai d’un manuel scolaire adapté : différenciation et incapacités intellectuelles
Authors: Beaulieu Judith
Published: August 2016

Au 2ecycle du primaire, près du tiers des élèves ont un retard d’apprentissage de la lecture et 80 % d’entre eux sont inclus au régulier. Les enseignants du régulier différencieraient peu leurs enseignements. Notre analyse des guides du maitre des manuels scolaires de 3eannée pointe deux manuels scolaires, se démarquant par leur application du cadre conceptuel de la différenciation pédagogique. L’objet de cet article est de présenter une étude évaluant la mise à l’essai du matérielSignet adapté, afin d’enrichir le cadre conceptuel de la différenciation pédagogique, en rendant compte de ses effets (apprentissage de la lecture, motivation et différenciation pédagogique), lorsqu’il est appliqué à l’utilisation d’un outil pédagogique. Il s’agit d’une recherche exploratoire s’étant déroulée sur 6 mois auprès de 4 enseignants et 32 élèves.
La PME face au choix d’un Système de Gestion Intégré : les risques du processus de pré-implémentation
Authors: Mourrain André , Deltour François
Published: August 2016

Le processus de pré-implémentation (PPI) recouvre l’ensemble des activités aboutissant au choix d’une solution progicielle qui sera ensuite implantée dans une entreprise. Crucial pour la réussite de tout projet en système d’information, ce processus est souvent négligé par la PME. Par une analyse centrée sur la réduction des risques, cet article traite du déroulement et de la performance du PPI dans le cadre de l’implantation de Systèmes de Gestion Intégrés. En s’appuyant sur l’adaptation de grilles existantes, l’article analyse 12 cas de PME se lançant dans l’adoption d’un Système de Gestion Intégré : trois PME ont arrêté leur projet alors que neuf PME mènent à bien leur PPI, dont cinq cas avec des dérives de leurs délais. L’analyse des 12 cas permet de construire et de valider empiriquement une nouvelle grille des risques du PPI adaptée aux PME faisant apparaître des facteurs jusque-là occultés dans l’analyse des risques. En discussion, plusieurs enseignements sont mis en avant concernant les spécificités liées aux PME dans leur processus de choix d’un Système de Gestion Intégré.
La labellisation, levier de l’institutionnalisation de la RSE en PME
Authors: Gautier Arnaud , Berger-Douce Sandrine
Published: August 2016

Cet article propose d’observer l’institutionnalisation de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) comme un processus, au sein de cinq clusters constitués de PME dans le secteur du numérique. Dans les cas étudiés, la diffusion de la RSE se fait au travers d’un label RSE sectoriel. Cet article est orienté vers les motivations qui conduisent les acteurs à intégrer ce label RSE dans chacun des clusters, et aux logiques qui y sont associées, entre légitimité et réputation. L’étude de ces clusters permet de montrer qu’à ce stade du processus d’institutionnalisation, il existe différents profils d’organisations qui intègrent le label RSE à des étapes bien distinctes. Par ailleurs, si la logique réputationnelle est un vecteur de la labellisation, le manque de reconnaissance du label à ce moment de l’étude peine à expliquer le choix de la labellisation. Enfin, si plusieurs organisations sont actrices de l’institutionnalisation, leur travail institutionnel est par ailleurs limité.
Un changement de paradigme : le travail comme activité
Authors: Bernoux Philippe
Published: August 2016

Considérer le travail comme activité, c’est regarder ce que fait l’individu au travail, son activité concrète et non plus seulement l’environnement de ce travail, conditions de travail, salaire, organisation, relations hiérarchiques, etc. C’est regarder le « faire », observer avec précision ce que fait le travailleur dans son milieu de travail, le laisser parler de son travail concret. Privilégier l’observation précise et donner la parole aux exécutants permet de quitter les interprétations du travail les plus répandues, pour restituer l’ensemble des significations données par les travailleurs sur leur travail. C’est dans les descriptions précises du travail et dans ce que les exécutants en disent, qu’il faut chercher ces significations. Récemment, sans doute surtout sous l’influence des psychologues et des ergonomes du travail, on est passé progressivement des anciennes approches du travail à une approche de l’activité, de ce que fait l’homme au travail. Ces nouvelles approches montrent qu’il peut inventer et qu’il invente d’autres manières de faire, qu’il peut innover dans son travail, qu’il n’est plus simplement soumis à une organisation mais qu’il est capable et disposé à être, à son niveau, un inventeur, qu’il donne aussi à son travail une foule d’autres significations. Considérer et analyser le travail comme activité permet alors de mieux comprendre les évolutions actuelles dans le monde du travail.
Les préposés aux bénéficiaires au Québec : entre amour du métier et dégoût de la tâche
Authors: Aubry François
Published: August 2016

L’objectif de notre article est de montrer comment l’analyse de l’activité des préposés aux bénéficiaires travaillant en centre d’hébergement au Québec permet de comprendre le processus produisant le décalage entre leur amour du métier et leur dégoût de la tâche. L’apport théorique de la psychologie de la sociologie du travail est fécond pour comprendre l’écart entre leur idéal professionnel (le prendre soin) et le travail prescrit conditionné largement par la lourde charge de travail. Nous démontrons que les préposés tentent de développer et appliquer collectivement, en situation de travail, des stratégies pour réduire cet écart, signe de leur capacité d’autonomie et d’inventivité collective. La reconnaissance de l’existence de ces stratégies et autonomie par les organisations de santé permettrait de faire éclore un débat politique sur les compétences réelles développées par ces préposés, en évitant le seul discours naturalisant ou individualisant largement répandu.
Une littérature sous influence
Authors: Saint-Jacques Denis
Published: August 2016

Dans cet article, l’auteur s’attache à éclairer les conditions de production et de distribution déterminant le profond changement qui affecte le champ de la fiction littéraire au Québec durant les années de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, alors que la littérature légitime ne semble que peu portée à thématiser explicitement la conjoncture. Cet examen touche brièvement la poésie et le théâtre, porte principalement sur les romans ou récits brefs publiés en volumes, mais également sur ceux publiés en périodiques et en fascicules, ainsi que sur ceux diffusés à la radio. Le champ mis en cause comporte donc le circuit restreint et celui de grande diffusion. L’enquête permet de voir que, si la littérature légitime se réoriente de façon décisive vers des sujets plus « urbains » et une esthétique nouvelle, « l’introspection », la fiction radiophonique tant narrative que lyrique exploite opportunément les thèmes aussi bien militaires que civils fournis par la conjoncture immédiate. Elle permet de comprendre que, pour une bonne part, ces évolutions se trouvent fortement déterminées par les nouvelles conditions de diffusion qui s’organisent à cette époque et que la guerre, quand elle apparaît comme sujet explicite de représentation, doit cette visibilité à des demandes expresses.
Vers une reconstitution de la vie culturelle des femmes à Montréal dans les années 19401
Authors: Savoie Chantal
Published: August 2016

Dans la perspective de ce dossier, qui vise à saisir les contours de la rupture littéraire de la décennie 1940 et qui réinterroge les « classiques », mais aussi et peut-être surtout les manifestations trop souvent considérées comme illégitimes par la critique, cet article s’intéresse à la culture féminine qui se déploie alors dans l’espace urbain. Se basant sur des dépouillements de la grande presse de l’époque et sur l’interprétation de nouvelles données statistiques et géolocalisées, l’analyse cherche à cartographier les trajectoires, les réseaux et la production des femmes de cette génération, hors des institutions et en marge du champ restreint. Elle permet ainsi de jeter un regard neuf sur la constitution de l’offre et des publics populaires dans la première moitié du xxe siècle, et pose les bases d’une réflexion sur l’émergence d’une culture moyenne.
Quand Refus global devient « Refus global »
Authors: Dubois Sophie
Published: August 2016

Souvent retenu comme l’amorce de la modernité culturelle québécoise, le manifeste automatiste Refus global est examiné dans cet article du point de vue de sa première réception (1948-1949). Sont interrogés les critères sociohistoriques et esthétiques privilégiés à la fin des années 1940 ayant permis à l’oeuvre d’acquérir le statut de texte fondateur grâce à un resserrement du discours critique autour du texte éponyme, au détriment des autres composantes du recueil original. Une étude de la centaine d’articles formant la première réception révèle que cinq facteurs principaux jouent un rôle dans la lecture faite de l’oeuvre et dans le statut qui lui est octroyé : la matérialité du recueil original, l’état des champs artistiques, les critères de légitimité établis par la critique, la réaction étatique et l’attitude des auteurs envers la critique. Chacun de ces facteurs est analysé et historicisé par l’auteure, qui montre comment, à l’époque, une oeuvre recueillistique et pluridisciplinaire comme Refus global bouleverse l’horizon d’attente, entre autres en allant à contresens de la logique moderniste, malgré ce que la critique en a retenu. L’étude de la première réception permet ainsi à la fois d’expliquer la réduction du discours critique ayant conduit à la consécration du texte éponyme « Refus global » et de mettre en évidence d’autres lectures, faites avant la constitution du discours dominant ou en parallèle avec celui-ci, susceptibles de réévaluer le statut aujourd’hui attribué à l’oeuvre.
Une constante de la critique : l’irréalité de la littérature canadienne-française
Authors: Lambert Vincent
Published: August 2016

De Gilles Marcotte à Maurice Lemire, les grands critiques de la Révolution tranquille se sont entendus pour dire que la littérature canadienne-française, jusque vers 1930, serait une littérature livresque, désincarnée, irréelle. Si ce jugement a été peu remis en cause, il importe cependant d’insister sur le fait qu’il est loin d’être une invention moderne. On le retrouve dès le Mouvement littéraire de Québec, en 1860, et il revient périodiquement jusqu’en 1930, décennie où le constat de sa facticité se généralise, que ce soit chez Alfred DesRochers ou chez Carmel Brouillard. Cet article rétablit donc une continuité là où il y avait rupture entre le Québec moderne et le Canada français. Il montre que les écrivains canadiens-français n’étaient pas aveugles à leur propre irréalité, contrairement à ce qu’on a souvent cru depuis la Révolution tranquille, chez Hubert Aquin ou Fernand Dumont.
Entre théorie de la paix et continuum de la violence
Authors: Flynn Catherine , Damant Dominique , Bernard Jeanne , Lessard Geneviève
Published: August 2016

Dans le cadre d’un vaste projet de recherche-action pancanadien sur la violence structurelle envers les jeunes, cet article présente une réflexion théorique sur ce concept. Il fait d’abord une rétrospective de la façon dont les théoriciens ont défini le concept de la violence structurelle, les différentes critiques associées à son opérationnalisation de même que les mutations qu’il a subies depuis son introduction par Galtung en 1969. Le texte se termine par une discussion autour des principaux enjeux analytiques et empiriques inhérents à son utilisation et propose une grille d’analyse pour l’étude de ce concept en service social.
Migrant Social Workers, Foreign Credential Recognition and Securing Employment in Canada
Authors: Fulton Amy E. , Pullen-Sansfaçon Annie , Brown Marion , Éthier Stephanie , Graham John R.
Published: August 2016

Canada is a culturally diverse receiving country for transnational migration, and social workers are among the professional migrants who arrive in Canada each year. This article draws on findings from a four-year, grounded theory study on the professional adaptation processes and experiences of migrant social workers (n = 66) in the Canadian context. Study findings highlight a range of internal (personal) attributes and external (contextual) elements that interact to serve as either protective or vulnerabilizing factors during the pre-employment phase of professional adaptation. The focus of this article is to describe the interactions of protective and vulnerabilizing factors associated with the experience of obtaining recognition of foreign credentials and securing employment as a social worker in Canada. The findings demonstrate that migrant social workers in Canada face significant barriers in these two pre-employment phases of professional adaptation. A range of research and policy implications is identified. In particular, we highlight the disconnect that exists between Canada’s migration-friendly policies, and the lack of organizational and governmental supports and services to facilitate successful labour market integration of migrant social workers.
Influence of large‐scale atmospheric circulation on marine air intrusion toward the East Antarctic coast
Authors: Kurita Naoyuki , Hirasawa Naohiko , Koga Seizi , Matsushita Junji , Steen‐Larsen Hans Christian , Masson‐Delmotte Valérie , Fujiyoshi Yasushi
Published: August 2016

Marine air intrusions into Antarctica play a key role in high‐precipitation events. Here we use shipboard observations of water vapor isotopologues between Australia and Syowa on the East Antarctic coast to elucidate the mechanism by which large‐scale circulation influences marine air intrusions. The temporal isotopic variations at Syowa reflect the meridional movement of a marine air front. They are also associated with atmospheric circulation anomalies that enhance the southward movement of cyclones over the Southern Ocean. The relationship between large‐scale circulation and the movement of the front is explained by northerly winds which, in association with cyclones, move toward the Antarctic coast and push marine air with isotopically enriched moisture into the inland covered by glacial air with depleted isotopic values. Future changes in large‐scale circulation may have a significant impact on the frequency and intensity of marine air intrusion into Antarctica.
The response of clouds and aerosols to cosmic ray decreases
Authors: Svensmark J. , Enghoff M. B. , Shaviv N. J. , Svensmark H.
Published: August 2016

A method is developed to rank Forbush decreases (FDs) in the galactic cosmic ray radiation according to their expected impact on the ionization of the lower atmosphere. Then a Monte Carlo bootstrap‐based statistical test is formulated to estimate the significance of the apparent response in physical and microphysical cloud parameters to FDs. The test is subsequently applied to one ground‐based and three satellite‐based data sets. Responses (>95%) to FDs are found in the following parameters of the analyzed data sets. AERONET: Ångström exponent (cloud condensation nuclei changes), SSM/I: liquid water content, International Satellite Cloud Climate Project (ISCCP): total, high, and middle, IR‐detected clouds over the oceans, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): cloud effective emissivity, cloud optical thickness, liquid water, cloud fraction, liquid water path, and liquid cloud effective radius. Moreover, the responses in MODIS are found to correlate positively with the strength of the FDs, and the signs and magnitudes of the responses agree with model‐based expectations. The effect is mainly seen in liquid clouds. An impact through changes in UV‐driven photo chemistry is shown to be negligible and an impact via UV absorption in the stratosphere is found to have no effect on clouds. The total solar irradiance has a relative decrease in connection with FDs of the order of 10−3, which is too small to have a thermodynamic impact on timescales of a few days. The results demonstrate that there is a real influence of FDs on clouds probably through ions.
Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [4+1]/[4+3] Cycloadditions of Diazo Esters with Triazines
Authors: Zhu Chenghao , Xu Guangyang , Sun Jiangtao
Published: August 2016

Reported herein is the unprecedented gold‐catalyzed formal [4+1]/[4+3] cycloadditions of diazo esters with hexahydro‐1,3,4‐triazines, thus providing five‐ and seven‐membered heterocycles in moderate to high yields under mild reaction conditions. These reactions feature the use of a gold complex to accomplish the diverse annulations and the first example of the involvement of a gold metallo‐enolcarbene in a cycloaddition. It is also the first utilization of stable triazines as formal dipolar adducts in the carbene‐involved cycloadditions. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the triazines reacted directly, rather than as formaldimine precursors, in the reaction process.
Application of polymeric high‐internal‐phase‐emulsion‐coated stationary‐phase columns in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Choudhury Sidratul , Connolly Damian , White Blánaid
Published: August 2016

The application of polymeric high‐internal‐phase emulsion (polyHIPE) capillary coatings for open‐tubular analytical separation columns was demonstrated in this study for the first time. Multiple polystyrene‐co‐divinylbenzene polyHIPE layers with an average total depth of 1.73 µm were coated onto internal capillary surfaces to create open‐tubular columns (20 cm coating and 32.5 cm effective length). With these columns for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography, ethylbenzene and pentylbenzene were separated. Although the overall separation capacity of the produced columns was low, the polyHIPE coatings improved the analyte peak shape, decreased the total run time, and improved the peak symmetries relative to comparable unmodified open‐tubular columns. In addition, the use of these novel polyHIPE columns led to the use of 30% less organic modifier. These columns have the potential to improve the shelf life of open‐tubular columns typically used in capillary electrochromatography. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44237.
Protein catalyzed capture agents with tailored performance for in vitro and in vivo applications
Authors: Coppock Matthew B. , Warner Candice R. , Dorsey Brandi , Orlicki Joshua A. , Sarkes Deborah A. , Lai Bert T. , Pitram Suresh M. , Rohde Rosemary D. , Malette Jacquie , Wilson Jeré A. , Kearney Paul , Fang Kenneth C. , Law Scott M. , Candelario Sherri L. , Farrow Blake , Finch Amethist S. , Agnew Heather D. , Heath James R. , Stratis‐Cullum Dimitra N.
Published: August 2016

We report on peptide‐based ligands matured through the protein catalyzed capture (PCC) agent method to tailor molecular binders for in vitro sensing/diagnostics and in vivo pharmacokinetics parameters. A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding peptide and a peptide against the protective antigen (PA) protein of Bacillus anthracis discovered through phage and bacterial display panning technologies, respectively, were modified with click handles and subjected to iterative in situ click chemistry screens using synthetic peptide libraries. Each azide‐alkyne cycloaddition iteration, promoted by the respective target proteins, yielded improvements in metrics for the application of interest. The anti‐VEGF PCC was explored as a stable in vivo imaging probe. It exhibited excellent stability against proteases and a mean elimination in vivo half‐life (T1/2) of 36 min. Intraperitoneal injection of the reagent results in slow clearance from the peritoneal cavity and kidney retention at extended times, while intravenous injection translates to rapid renal clearance. The ligand competed with the commercial antibody for binding to VEGF in vivo. The anti‐PA ligand was developed for detection assays that perform in demanding physical environments. The matured anti‐PA PCC exhibited no solution aggregation, no fragmentation when heated to 100°C, and  > 81% binding activity for PA after heating at 90°C for 1 h. We discuss the potential of the PCC agent screening process for the discovery and enrichment of next generation antibody alternatives.
Grey matter abnormalities in methcathinone abusers with a Parkinsonian syndrome
Authors: Juurmaa Julius , Menke Ricarda A. L. , Vila Pierre , Müürsepp Andreas , Tomberg Tiiu , Ilves Pilvi , Nigul Mait , Johansen‐Berg Heidi , Donaghy Michael , Stagg Charlotte J. , Stepens Ainārs , Taba Pille
Published: August 2016

Background

A permanent Parkinsonian syndrome occurs in intravenous abusers of the designer psychostimulant methcathinone (ephedrone). It is attributed to deposition of contaminant manganese, as reflected by characteristic globus pallidus hyperintensity on T1‐weighted MRI.

Methods

We have investigated brain structure and function in methcathinone abusers (n = 12) compared to matched control subjects (n = 12) using T1‐weighted structural and resting‐state functional MRI.

Results

Segmentation analysis revealed significant (p < .05) subcortical grey matter atrophy in methcathinone abusers within putamen and thalamus bilaterally, and the left caudate nucleus. The volume of the caudate nuclei correlated inversely with duration of methcathinone abuse. Voxel‐based morphometry showed patients to have significant grey matter loss (p < .05) bilaterally in the putamina and caudate nucleus. Surface‐based analysis demonstrated nine clusters of cerebral cortical thinning in methcathinone abusers, with relative sparing of prefrontal, parieto‐occipital, and temporal regions. Resting‐state functional MRI analysis showed increased functional connectivity within the motor network of patients (p < .05), particularly within the right primary motor cortex.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results suggest that the manganese exposure associated with prolonged methcathinone abuse results in widespread structural and functional changes affecting both subcortical and cortical grey matter and their connections. Underlying the distinctive movement disorder caused by methcathinone abuse, there is a more widespread pattern of brain involvement than is evident from the hyperintensity restricted to the basal ganglia as shown by T1‐weighted structural MRI.
Dissociable roles of medial and lateral PFC in rule learning
Authors: Cao Bihua , Li Wei , Li Fuhong , Li Hong
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Although the neural basis of rule learning is of great interest to cognitive neuroscientists, the pattern of transient brain activation during rule discovery remains to be investigated.

Method

In this study, we measured event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during distinct phases of rule learning. Twenty‐one healthy human volunteers were presented with a series of cards, each containing a clock‐like display of 12 circles numbered sequentially. Participants were instructed that a fictitious animal would move from one circle to another either in a regular pattern (according to a rule hidden in consecutive trials) or randomly. Participants were then asked to judge whether a given step followed a rule.

Results

While the rule‐search phase evoked more activation in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), the rule‐following phase caused stronger activation in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Importantly, the intermediate phase, the rule‐discovery phase evoked more activations in MPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) than rule search, and more activations in LPFC than rule following.

Conclusion

Therefore, we can conclude that the medial and lateral PFC have dissociable contributions in rule learning.
Multivalent Interactions between an Aromatic Helical Foldamer and a DNA G‐Quadruplex in the Solid State
Authors: Mandal Pradeep K. , Baptiste Benoît , Langlois d'Estaintot Béatrice , Kauffmann Brice , Huc Ivan
Published: August 2016

Quinoline‐based oligoamide foldamers have been identified as a potent class of ligands for G‐quadruplex DNA. Their helical structure is thought to target G‐quadruplex loops or grooves and not G‐tetrads. We report a co‐crystal structure of the antiparallel hairpin dimeric DNA G‐quadruplex (G4T4G4)2 with tetramer 1—a helically folded oligo‐quinolinecarboxamide bearing cationic side chains—that is consistent with this hypothesis. Multivalent foldamer–DNA interactions that modify the packing of (G4T4G4)2 in the solid state are observed.
Ternary PtRuPd/C Catalyst for High‐Performance, Low‐Temperature Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cells
Authors: Dumont Joseph H. , Martinez Ulises , Chung Hoon T. , Zelenay Piotr
Published: August 2016

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising alternative fuel option for direct‐feed low‐temperature fuel cells. Until recently, DME had not received the same attention as alcohol fuels, such as methanol or ethanol, despite its notable advantages. These advantages include a high theoretical open‐cell voltage (1.18 V at 25 °C) that is similar to that of methanol (1.21 V), much lower toxicity than methanol, and no need for the carbon−carbon bond scission that is needed in ethanol oxidation. DME is biodegradable, has a higher energy content than methanol (8.2 vs. 6.1 kWh kg−1), and, like methanol, can be synthesized from recycled carbon dioxide. Although the performance of direct DME fuel cells (DDMEFCs) has progressed over the past few years, DDMEFCs have not been viewed as fully viable. In this work, we report much improved performance from the ternary Pt55Ru35Pd10/C anode catalyst, allowing DDMEFCs to compete directly with direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). We also report results involving binary Pt alloys as reference catalysts and an in situ infrared electrochemical study to better understand the mechanism of DME electro‐oxidation on ternary PtRuPd/C catalysts.
Self‐Assembled Cyclic d,l‐α‐Peptides as Generic Conformational Inhibitors of the α‐Synuclein Aggregation and Toxicity: In Vitro and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Chemerovski‐Glikman Marina , Rozentur‐Shkop Eva , Richman Michal , Grupi Asaf , Getler Asaf , Cohen Haim Y. , Shaked Hadassa , Wallin Cecilia , Wärmländer Sebastian K. T. S. , Haas Elisha , Gräslund Astrid , Chill Jordan H. , Rahimipour Shai
Published: August 2016

Many peptides and proteins with large sequences and structural differences self‐assemble into disease‐causing amyloids that share very similar biochemical and biophysical characteristics, which may contribute to their cross‐interaction. Here, we demonstrate how the self‐assembled, cyclic d,l‐α‐peptide CP‐2, which has similar structural and functional properties to those of amyloids, acts as a generic inhibitor of the Parkinson′s disease associated α‐synuclein (α‐syn) aggregation to toxic oligomers by an „off‐pathway“ mechanism. We show that CP‐2 interacts with the N‐terminal and the non‐amyloid‐β component region of α‐syn, which are responsible for α‐syn′s membrane intercalation and self‐assembly, thus changing the overall conformation of α‐syn. CP‐2 also remodels α‐syn fibrils to nontoxic amorphous species and permeates cells through endosomes/lysosomes to reduce the accumulation and toxicity of intracellular α‐syn in neuronal cells overexpressing α‐syn. Our studies suggest that targeting the common structural conformation of amyloids may be a promising approach for developing new therapeutics for amyloidogenic diseases.
N−H‐Type Excited‐State Proton Transfer in Compounds Possessing a Seven‐Membered‐Ring Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Chen Yi‐An , Meng Fan‐Yi , Hsu Yen‐Hao , Hung Cheng‐Hsien , Chen Chi‐Lin , Chung Kun‐You , Tang Wei‐Feng , Hung Wen‐Yi , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: August 2016

A series of compounds containing 5‐(2‐aminobenzylidene)‐2,3‐dimethyl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐one (o‐ABDI) as the core chromophore with a seven‐membered‐ring N−H‐type intramolecular hydrogen bond have been synthesized and characterized. The acidity of the N−H proton and thus the hydrogen‐bond strength can be fine‐tuned by replacing one of the amino hydrogen atoms by a substituent R, the acidity increasing with increasing electron‐withdrawing strength of R, that is, in the order H<COCH3<COPh<Tosyl<COCF3. The tosyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives undergo ultrafast, irreversible excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) that results in proton‐transfer emission solely in the red region. Reversible ESIPT, and hence dual emission, involving the normal and proton‐transfer tautomers was resolved for the acetyl‐ and benzyl‐substituted counterparts. For o‐ABDI, which has the weakest acidity, ESIPT is prohibited due to its highly endergonic reaction. The results clearly demonstrate the harnessing of ESIPT by modifying the proton acidity and hydrogen‐bonding strength in a seven‐membered‐ring intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding system. For all the compounds studied, the emission quantum yields are weak (ca. 10−3) in dichloromethane, but strong in the solid form, ranging from 3.2 to 47.4 %.
Towards Printed Organic Light‐Emitting Devices: A Solution‐Stable, Highly Soluble CuI–NHetPHOS
Authors: Wallesch Manuela , Verma Anand , Fléchon Charlotte , Flügge Harald , Zink Daniel M. , Seifermann Stefan M. , Navarro José M. , Vitova Tonya , Göttlicher Jörg , Steininger Ralph , Weinhardt Lothar , Zimmer Manuel , Gerhards Markus , Heske Clemens , Bräse Stefan , Baumann Thomas , Volz Daniel
Published: August 2016

The development of iridium‐free, yet efficient emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was an important step towards mass production of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Progress is currently impeded by the low solubility and low chemical stability of the materials. Herein, we present a CuI‐based TADF emitter that is sufficiently chemically stable under ambient conditions and can be processed by printing techniques. The solubility is drastically enhanced (to 100 g L−1) in relevant printing solvents. The integrity of the complex is preserved in solution, as was demonstrated by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and other techniques. In addition, it was found that the optoelectronic properties are not affected even when partly processing under ambient conditions. As a highlight, we present a TADF‐based OLED device that reached an efficiency of 11±2 % external quantum efficiency (EQE).
Cellular distribution of the fragile X mental retardation protein in the mouse brain
Authors: Zorio Diego A.R. , Jackson Christine M. , Liu Yong , Rubel Edwin W. , Wang Yuan
Published: August 2016

The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) plays an important role in normal brain development. Absence of FMRP results in abnormal neuronal morphologies in a selected manner throughout the brain, leading to intellectual deficits and sensory dysfunction in the fragile X syndrome (FXS). Despite FMRP importance for proper brain function, its overall expression pattern in the mammalian brain at the resolution of individual neuronal cell groups is not known. In this study we used FMR1 knockout and isogenic wildtype mice to systematically map the distribution of FMRP expression in the entire mouse brain. Using immunocytochemistry and cellular quantification analyses, we identified a large number of prominent cell groups expressing high levels of FMRP at the subcortical levels, in particular sensory and motor neurons in the brainstem and thalamus. In contrast, many cell groups in the midbrain and hypothalamus exhibit low FMRP levels. More important, we describe differential patterns of FMRP distribution in both cortical and subcortical brain regions. Almost all major brain areas contain high and low levels of FMRP cell groups adjacent to each other or between layers of the same cortical areas. These differential patterns indicate that FMRP expression appears to be specific to individual neuronal cell groups instead of being associated with all neurons in distinct brain regions, as previously considered. Taken together, these findings support the notion of FMRP differential neuronal regulation and strongly implicate the contribution of fundamental sensory and motor processing at subcortical levels to FXS pathology. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:818–849, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Ligand Topology in the Decomplexation of Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes by Dipicolinic Acid
Authors: Mian Federica , Bottaro Gregorio , Seraglia Roberta , Cavazzini Marco , Quici Silvio , Armelao Lidia
Published: August 2016

In this study, we present the aqueous solution behavior of two luminescent lanthanide antenna complexes (Eu3+⊂1, Dy3+⊂9) with different ligand topologies in the presence of dipicolinic acid (DPA, pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid). Macrocyclic (1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid, DO3A, 9) and acyclic (1,4,7‐triazaheptane‐1,1,7,7‐tetraacetic acid, DTTA, 1) ligands have been selected to form a ratiometric pair in which Dy3+⊂9 acts as a reference and Eu3+⊂1 acts as a probe for the recognition of DPA. The pair of luminescent complexes in water reveals the capability to work as a DPA luminescent sensor. The change of emission intensity of Eu3+ indicates the occurrence of a new sensitization path for the lanthanide cation through excitation of DPA. NMR evidence implies the presence of free 1 and mass spectrometry shows the formation of emitting [EuDPA2]− as a result of a ligand exchange reaction.