bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing Justice
Authors: Bock Mary Angela
Published: August 2021

Seeing Justice examines the way criminal justice in the United States is presented in visual media by focusing on the grounded practices of visual journalists in relationship with law enforcement. The book extends the concept of embodied gatekeeping, the corporeal and discursive practices connected to controlling visual media production and the complex ways social actors struggle over the construction of visual messages. Based on research that includes participant observation, extended interviews, and critical discourse analysis, the book provides a detailed examination of the way these practices shape media constructions and the way digitization is altering the relationships between media, citizens, and the criminal justice system. The project looks at contemporary cases that made the headlines through a theoretical lens based on the work of Michel Foucault, Walter Fisher, Stuart Hall, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Nick Couldry, and Roland Barthes. Its cases reveal the way powerful interests are able to shape representations of justice in ways that serve their purposes, occasionally at the expense of marginalized groups. Based on cases ranging from the last US public hanging to the proliferation of “Karen-shaming” videos, this monograph offers three observations. First, visual journalism’s physicality increases its reliance on those in power, making it easy for officials in the criminal justice system to shape its image. Second, image indexicality, even while it is subject to narrative negation, remains an essential affordance in the public sphere. Finally, participation in this visual public sphere must be considered as an essential human capability if not a human right.
What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?
Authors: Sinatra Gale M. , Hofer Barbara K.
Published: August 2021

In this final chapter, “What Can We Do About Science Denial, Doubt, and Resistance?,” the authors summarize and expand their suggestions for improving public understanding and acceptance of scientific knowledge. They review their recommendations for how individuals can think critically about science, become aware of cognitive biases, and better evaluate scientific information. As educators, the authors draw on their combined decades of research on teaching critical thinking and reasoning to make practical recommendations that teachers in K–12 and higher education classrooms can adopt to develop science-savvy students capable of evaluating evidence and making informed decisions. They remind science communicators of the critical role they play in supporting public understanding of science and caution that they may inadvertently play into the public’s confusion about issues where scientists actually have strong consensus. The authors conclude with recommendations for what policy makers can do to support science education; combat science denial, doubt, and misunderstanding; and create a better-informed citizenry.
Weaker Party Protection
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

This Chapter discusses the question of whether contract law can and should differentiate between different types of contracting parties according to their relational or social weakness. Should contract law protect certain weaker parties, through the implementation of measures ranging from general rules against unfair exploitation or abuse of circumstances to more specific sets of rules protecting certain categories of contracting parties, such as workers, tenants, and consumers? And if so, who should count as worthy of protection and what kinds of protection should they be granted? Given that consumer protection has been central to EU contract law, this question goes to the core of the justifiability of the European contract law acquis.
Public Policy and Good Morals
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter addresses the question of whether a society committed in principle to the legal recognition and enforcement of contracts is free, nevertheless—or even required—to withhold recognition and enforceability from certain contracts, by declaring them ‘null’ or ‘void’ under contract law doctrines such as ‘good morals’ or ‘public policy’, because of their unacceptable content, purpose, or consequences. This is the classical question of freedom of contract, which can be rephrased, to a large extent, in contemporary terms of ‘commodification’ and, for the European Union, as the question of the moral limits to the internal market.
Productive Thoughts
Authors: Perler Dominik
Published: August 2021

We often experience that we have ideas in our mind, which present possible things and incite us to produce some of them. But how can our ideas be intentional? And how can they give rise to actions? In his theory of exemplar causes, Suárez examines both problems and offers a comprehensive theory. The paper first discusses his solution to the intentionality problem, arguing that he subscribes to an act theory, according to which ideas are mental acts that are about something in virtue of their specific content. The paper then reconstructs his solution to the causation problem, showing that he appeals to efficient causation: ideas are powers and hence efficient causes that immediately produce other acts, thereby triggering the production of material things. The analysis of both problems sheds light on Suárez’s broader theory of cognitive activity by showing that he takes mental acts to be intrinsically intentional and productive.
Shared Intention, Organized Institutions
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter begins with the use of the planning theory of individual temporally extended human action in a construction of shared intention. It then develops a series of further constructions that build on each other: of Hart-type, criticism/demand-involving social rules; of authority-augmented social rules of procedure involved in the rule-guided infrastructure of an organized institution; of institutional intentions as outputs of social rules of procedure (where these intentions require neither corresponding shared intention nor a dense, holistic institutional subject); and of institutional intentional agency. These constructions articulate inter-related roles of our capacity for planning agency in important forms of human practical organization: temporally extended, small-scale social, and institutional.
Positive Medicine
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

Doctors are still trained to practise to a deficit model of medicine. This book proposes an abundance model that takes the best of health and wellbeing practices, and considers all four aspects of the individual—physical and mental, emotional and spiritual. In Positive Medicine, Beaumont’s disruptive approach takes up the challenge posed by Ivan Illich in Medical Nemesis nearly fifty years ago. He proposes a new relationship between people and their doctors, fostering self-efficacy so that people can be empowered to manage their own health and live happier, healthier lives.
Doctor Becomes Patient
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

The author’s heart attack in his early 40s, when working as a rural general practitioner (GP) in the National Health Service (NHS). The author’s career journey: from his medical school training, working as a rural GP for the NHS, his transition to specialist training, and work as an occupational physician. The experience of doctors as patients: first from the author’s personal perspective, but also the tricky matter of treating a fellow doctor. The implications of doctors as patients. The problem of middle-aged men as patients: poor health-seeking behaviour and poor compliance. Sudden death in a patient. The author’s new focus on health and prevention, not disease and treatment. Paternalism in the doctor–patient relationship. Patients or clients? The autocratic doctor, and the concept of patient-centred care. What do patients want from their doctors? The concept of working in partnership with patients.
The Art of Medicine
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

The author’s medical training. Hippocrates and the Hippocratic oath, but the shift from ‘First, do no harm’ to modern medicine’s mantra, ‘First, do something’. Modern medical education, and patient contact throughout. A consultant physician’s ward round in the bad old days. The film Patch Adams, based on the life of the maverick Dr Hunter ‘Patch’ Adams, founder of The Gesundheit Institute, and his vision of patient-centred care. The shift from ‘the cholecystitis in bed 3’ to patient-centred care—and patient-centred medical training. The RCGP’s vision statement of 2019, Fit for the Future. Ivan Illich’s 1974 critique of medicine in Medical Nemesis. His term iatrogenesis (clinical, social, cultural). RACP’s EVOLVE initiative seeking evidence of efficacy. Dr John Powles’ 1973 paper ‘On the limitations of modern medicine’. Pain management and the opioid epidemic. The social determinants of health explained. The biopsychosocial model compared with the reductionist medical model. Medically unexplained symptoms and the difficulty of diagnosis. Buck-passing. The purpose and use of Balint groups. Medically unexplained symptoms and chest pain.
What Are ‘Health and Wellbeing’?
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

What is health? What is wellbeing? Various definitions of health explored: a common-sense definition first. The health of middle-aged men and the effectiveness (or otherwise) of health and wellbeing programmes (including smartphone apps) in the workplace. US occupational physician, Dr Ray Fabius’ finding that such programmes work only in workplaces with a culture of health. Definition of health: the WHO’s definition (‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’), rejected as an unworkable tool; and one proposed in The Lancet in 2003 as ‘the ability to adapt’. Radically, this definition sees a patient in the context of their current life; the doctor’s role is to help the patient adapt to their prevailing condition. The social determinants of health. Dr Machteld Huber’s definition in The BMJ: ‘health is the ability to adapt and self-manage’. Her subsequent research and definition of six domains in which health manifested. Patients and nurses gave all six about equal weight, but policymakers rated bodily functions as much more important. Doctors rated the spiritual/existential dimension lower than patients. Patient-centred model of medical practice proposed that gives equal weight to all six. Moving towards a positive concept of health. Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs’ from his 1943 paper ‘A theory of human motivation’ explained. Professor Martin Seligman, former president of the American Psychological Association, and the concept of flourishing. Seligman’s five components of wellbeing in the PERMA model. Author’s definition of positive health.
Why Should Health and Wellbeing Matter to Doctors?
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

Health and wellbeing as central to medical practice. In 2015/2016, author was president of the Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and the revamp of the RACP’s annual Congress, featuring Sir Harry Burns, who gave the closing plenary address, exploring the social determinants of health. The role of chronic stress in disease (from Aaron Antonovsky’s 1979 book, Health, Stress, and Coping). The role of adverse childhood experiences and their effect on the amygdala. The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and the hormonal cascade. The brain’s response to stress: allostasis. The concept of allostatic load and its role in chronic inflammation, from the work of Professor Sheldon Cohen and others. The role of inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Sir Harry Burns’ concept of locus of control, and the impact of adverse childhood events on glucocorticosteroid receptors. Sir Michael Marmot and the Whitehall I and II studies. Anaesthetist Robin Youngson and compassion in palliative care. Professor Martin Seligman’s concept of learned optimism. Implications for the future of general practice. The importance of spiritual health to indigenous peoples. Māori model of health (te whare tapa whā) developed by Professor Sir Mason Durie, which incorporates spiritual health. ‘Our patients deserve to be treated as people, but doctors are people too.’
How to Reclaim Your Life
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

Towards a new model of medical practice: the empowerment model. The social determinants of health and the RACP’s 2019 guidance document, Employment, Poverty and Health. Subsequent work on improving health equity. Resilience and the internal locus of control. The role of childhood trauma, childhood sexual abuse, adverse childhood experiences, and chronic conditions in adulthood. Case example of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, yet post-viral fatigue excluded; the success of a multidisciplinary approach. The importance of self-healing. The placebo effect: in 2016, 97 per cent of GPs in the UK admitted to using placebos. The concept of healing, and the role of sleep—‘Doctors are not good at telling their patients they will get better’. How the Māori model of health works in practice. The importance of spiritual health. How the author uses Māori model of health to co-develop a Life and Health Integration Plan with clients. A case example of this approach in the words of a patient. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the process of self-actualization. The author’s concept of ‘positive medicine’.
Emotional Health—Te Taha Whānau
Authors: Beaumont David
Published: August 2021

In the Māori model of health, Sir Mason Durie named this cornerstone of health after the family (‘whānau’ in Maori), because of the central place of the family in Māori life. Author adopts a Western approach: ‘emotional health’. Maslow (‘love needs’) and Seligman (‘relationships’) concur. Author acknowledges the importance of his own family and his childhood; examines childhood beliefs and their connection with self-esteem. Practising a different approach: asking ‘What would a person who loves themselves do?’ for 21 days. The US author Byron Katie’s concept of ‘The Work’ to understand our personal triggers. Brené Brown’s 2010 TED talk, ‘The Power of Vulnerability’, which introduces the concept of wholehearted living.
The Customary International Law of Human Rights
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Customary international law is one of the principal sources of public international law. Unlike many branches of international law, human rights law did not first develop as custom and subsequently become codified. Human rights law was viewed as quintessentially a matter of sovereign concern to States until the mid-twentieth century, when treaties and declarations were adopted by the United Nations and other international bodies. Jurists only began to speak of human rights as customary law in the 1960s. Although its existence is uncontroversial, the content of customary international law in the area of human rights has not previously been analysed in a comprehensive manner. This book discusses the emergence of the customary law of human rights, the debates about how it is to be identified, and the efforts at formulation of customary norms. It examines human rights norms in order to determine whether they may be described as customary, using as a basis the content of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Much reliance is placed upon relatively new sources of evidence of the two elements for the identification of custom, namely State practice and opinio juris, in particular the increasingly universal ratification of major human rights treaties and the materials generated by the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the Human Rights Council. The study concludes that a large number of human rights norms may be described as customary in nature, and that courts should make greater use of custom as a source of international law.
Introduction The customary law of human rights is hiding in plain sight
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Many areas of international law developed first as custom and were only subsequently, generally in the course of the twentieth century, subject to codification. Human rights law was different. It was viewed as quintessentially a matter of domestic concern, a subject shrouded in State sovereignty. Only following the Second World War was international human rights law recognised as a source of binding obligations, mainly through the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other instruments of the United Nations as well as the regional systems. Later, jurists began contending that the norms in these instruments might also be customary in nature. They struggled with identifying the two classic elements in the determination of custom, opinio juris and State practice. Most analysis of the content of customary international law was rather perfunctory and also quite conservative, confining itself largely to civil and political rights.
Identifying the norms of the customary international law of human rights
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

References to customary law by national and international courts tend to be perfunctory, with only summary attempts to analyse the evidence. It is the same for jus cogens or peremptory norms. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is increasingly viewed as a source of legal obligation. The near-universal ratification of human rights treaties facilitates the identification of custom, bearing in mind the phenomenon of reservations. Materials generated by the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the Human Rights Council provide rich evidence not only of State practice but also of the views taken by States about the content of international legal obligations. Regional custom, jus cogens, and the persistent objector are examined.
Equality
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

The right to equality and the prohibition of discrimination is normally formulated with respect to specific grounds. In the Charter of the United Nations, these are race, sex, language, and religion. The list was expanded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, where it was also prefaced by the words ‘such as’ thereby recognising that distinctions based upon unenumerated categories might also be encompassed. These might include age, disability, and sexual orientation, for example. International law also provides special protection for children. Related to non-discrimination is the distinct field of protection of minorities, which are identifiable on the basis of ethnicity, language, and religion, and of indigenous peoples.
Solidarity
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: August 2021

Some fundamental rights, variously described as ‘solidarity rights’, ‘people’s rights’ or ‘third generation rights’ are not fully reflected in the human rights instruments. Indeed their place within human rights law remains somewhat controversial although that does not imply that they are not customary in nature. Among them are the right to peace, the right to a healthy environment, the right of peoples to self determination, and the right to development. The main distinction between these rights and other human rights relates to the jurisdiction of human rights bodies. They have a collective dimension that is not present in the same way with the other categories of human rights.
Crime, Protection, and Compassion
Authors: Pereboom Derk
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 sets out a theory for treatment of criminals that rejects the retributive justification for punishment, does not fall afoul of a plausible prohibition on using people merely as means, and can actually work in the real world. The proposal is largely justified as special deterrence by the right to self-defense and defense of others. This account features a quarantine analogy for a justification of the incapacitation of criminals, for example by preventative detention or monitoring, together with provisions for rehabilitation and reintegration. It also features a justification for penalties designed to secure effective general deterrence, measures that cannot be justified as special deterrence by the self-defense right. Here consequentialist considerations and duties of compensation have a justificatory role.
The Design and Practice of African Constitutionalism
Authors: Gebeye Berihun Adugna
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores and examines how legal syncretism as a result permeates the design and practice of African constitutionalism. By seriously considering the constitutional structures and rights, as well as their practical applications, the chapter attempts to decrypt the identity, nature, and texture of African constitutionalism through legal syncretism. The chapter explicates the nature of the African state and its various modalities of organization, examines the African government architecture, and investigates the constitutional rights regime. Through a closer look at the texts and contexts of constitutions and constitutionalism in Africa, and building on legal, constitutional, social, political, and international relations theory, the chapter aims to reveal the distinctive features of African constitutionalism. The overarching objective of this chapter is to underscore why appreciating the syncretic features of African constitutionalism is necessary for understanding, improving, and fostering constitutionalism on the continent.
Conclusion
Authors: Gebeye Berihun Adugna
Published: August 2021

This concluding chapter explores why and how legal syncretism offers a better theoretical framework than both legal centralism and legal pluralism for understanding the processes and dynamics of African constitutional change and transformation from precolonial times to the present, and for capturing and explaining the identity, nature, and structure of the attendant constitutional designs and practices across time and place. The chapter demonstrates how legal syncretism offers key theoretical tools and practical insights for diagnosing, improving, and evaluating African constitutionalism. The chapter also indicates how future research can be directed towards examining and understanding the various aspects of constitutional designs and practices through the lens of legal syncretism—both within African states and beyond.
Queering Articulation
Authors: Morrison Benedict
Published: August 2021

This chapter uses key ideas from queer theory in order to argue that the queerness of Terence Davies’s The Long Day Closes (1992) lies less in its protagonist’s presumed homosexuality and more in its formal arrangement of quotations from disparate cultural texts. This bricolage exposes the operation of a culture committed to reproducing compulsory heterosexuality. Criticism, however, has concentrated on explaining the density and arbitrariness of cultural quotation through reference to Bud, insisting that the scraps of film and popular music that make up The Long Day Closes reflect the boy’s escape into self-expression, offering relief and release from the humdrummery and cruelties of life. Building on Derrida’s post-structuralist theories, this chapter argues that the mosaic of references does not provide a medium through which characters can speak, but rather speaks over characters and limits what is sayable. Far from nostalgic, this articulation-through-quotation constrains the possibilities of individual identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Morrison Benedict
Published: August 2021

The conclusion compares eccentric film form to the spaces of a haunted house, considering how the disruption to structures of knowledge offered by both is tamed and diminished by the imposition of a centring character, a ghost in the machine. The subversive potential of art cinema, like that of the haunted house, is constrained by the centring critical manoeuvre of discovering (or constructing) a comprehensible protagonist with backstory and motivation. If, instead, the protagonist is read as just another symptom of a film’s complicated articulation, the effect of the text’s ability to disrupt and disturb habitual patterns of knowledge-making is reinstated. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of the rhizome, the conclusion argues for a criticism that does not seek to settle, but rather to unsettle, meaning.
Suffering and Moral Status
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: August 2021

It is a common claim in debates about abortion and the killing of animals that individuals, such as foetuses and non-human animals, that have psychological capacities significantly lower than those of adult human persons also have a moral status lower than that of persons. And those who defend this claim typically assume that it implies that the moral constraint against killing a foetus or animal is, if other things are equal, weaker than the constraint against killing a person. Many of these same people also claim, however, that the difference in moral status makes no difference to the strength of the constraint against causing suffering. They argue that the reason not to cause suffering to an individual who neither deserves nor is liable to be caused to suffer is equally strong whatever the nature or moral status of the potential victim is. There is, however, a type of individual whose psychological capacities and moral status are such that it is plausible to believe that the reason not to cause them to suffer is weaker than the reason not to cause equivalent suffering to a person. Most non-human animals are psychologically intermediate between these low-status individuals and persons. This raises the question, which is explored in this chapter, whether most animals have an intermediate moral status that makes their suffering matter more than that of the low-status individuals but less than that of persons.
An Interest-Based Model of Moral Status
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: August 2021

This chapter briefly defends each of the following theses, which together comprise an interest-based model of moral status: (1) Being human is neither necessary nor sufficient for moral status; (2) The capacity for consciousness is necessary but not sufficient; (3) Sentience is necessary and sufficient; (4) Social relations are not a basis for moral status but may ground special obligations to those with moral status; (5) The concept of personhood is unhelpful in modeling moral status, unless a non-vague conception is identified and its moral relevance clarified; (6) Sentient beings are entitled to equal consequentialist consideration; and (7) Sentient beings with substantial temporal self-awareness have special interests that justify the added protection of rights. This model will be engaged in illuminating the moral status of ordinary, self-aware human beings, non-paradigm humans, animals, robots and AI systems, brain organoids, and post-humans with superior self-awareness.
Is Moral Status Good for You?
Authors: Douglas Thomas
Published: August 2021

Is moral status good for you? Does getting more moral status benefit you? Does losing it harm you? These questions are relevant to the question of whether we should seek to enhance, or disenhance, the cognitive and moral capacities of non-human animals, since doing so might affect their moral status. On one way of thinking, to have moral status is to be the object of a prudentially valuable form of recognition. On another, moral status is good for us because it provides protection against certain forms of harmful treatment. On yet another way of thinking, moral status is like an expensive taste or vulnerable disposition. The more we have, the more difficult it is for others to satisfy our (moral) needs, so it is instrumentally bad for us. Finally, on a fourth way of thinking, moral status is noninstrumentally good for us; it contributes constitutively to our wellbeing, like pleasure and (perhaps) positive achievements. This chapter explores each of these approaches to the evaluation of moral status.
Connecting Moral Status to Proper Legal Status
Authors: Sachs Benjamin
Published: August 2021

This chapter entertains three proposals as to the connection between an animal’s moral status and what legal status it ought to have. The first proposal is this strong claim: that an act wrongs an animal is a justification for criminalizing it. The second proposal is this moderate claim: that an act constitutes an injustice to an animal is a justification for criminalizing it. Both of these proposals can be vindicated if an argument for legal moralism that the author constructs, drawing on the work of Michael Moore, is sound. Meanwhile, Martha Nussbaum, Alasdair Cochrane, and Robert Garner have each argued for the second proposal. The chapter demonstrates that all four of these arguments are unsound. The third proposal is this claim: it is obligatory for legislators to eliminate any aspect of the law that facilitates the wronging of animals. This proposal, the author argues, is sound. Comparatively weak though this proposal is, the chapter extracts from it radical implications for animal ownership and state funding of medical research on animal subjects.
Moral Status of Brain Organoids
Authors: Koplin Julian , Carter Olivia , Savulescu Julian
Published: August 2021

Brain organoid research raises ethical challenges not seen in other forms of stem cell research. Given that brain organoids recapitulate the development of the human brain, it is plausible that brain organoids could one day attain consciousness and perhaps even higher cognitive abilities. Brain organoid research therefore raises difficult questions about these organoids’ moral status—questions that currently fall outside the scope of existing regulations and guidelines. This chapter offers a novel moral framework for brain organoid research. It outlines the conditions under which brain organoids might attain moral status and explain what this means for the ethics of experimenting with these entities.
How Much Moral Status Could Artificial Intelligence Ever Achieve?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Conitzer Vincent
Published: August 2021

Philosophers often argue about whether fetuses, animals, or AI systems do or do not have moral status. We will suggest instead that different entities have different degrees of moral status with respect to different moral reasons in different circumstances for different purposes. Recognizing this variability of moral status will help to resolve some but not all debates about the potential moral status of AI systems in particular.
Monkeys, Moral Machines, and Persons
Authors: Lawrence David R. , Harris John
Published: August 2021

Debates over moral machines are often guilty of making wide assumptions about the nature of future autonomous entities, and frequently bypass the distinction between ‘agents’ and ‘actors’ to the detriment of their conclusions. The scope and limits of moral status are fundamentally linked to this distinction. We position non-Homo sapiens great apes as members of a particular moral status clade, which are treated in a similar fashion to that proposed for so-called ‘moral machines’. The principles by which we ultimately decide to treat great apes, and whether or not we decide to act upon our responsibilities to them as moral agents, are likely to be the same principles we use to decide our responsibilities to moral AI in the future.
Conclusion
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph
Published: August 2021

The conclusion shows how Britain extracted itself from its military occupation of Istanbul with the success of the Lausanne negotiations for a new peace treaty for the region. It goes on to assess Britain’s military expansion and contraction in the eastern Mediterranean against the broader literature on the rise and fall of empires. It summarises the argument presented across the course of the book, claiming that such a short-lived imperium cannot be explained without accounting for the mental image of the Levant constructed by British servicemen and statesmen. It then shows how the consequences of occupation shaped the later histories of Istanbul, Alexandria, and Thessaloniki, making their integration into a common imperial project of the type seen in the years 1914–1923 increasingly unfeasible.
1800–1914
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph
Published: August 2021

This sub-chapter provides a chronological overview of the nineteenth century development of Istanbul, Alexandria, and Thessaloniki. It summarizes how migration and demographic growth, infrastructural development, the establishment of municipal government, and development of urban planning contributed to the modern cities that British servicemen would encounter during the years under study, despite their insistence on characterising the region as ‘backward’. It then examines the expansion of British power in the eastern Mediterranean over the same period, highlighting how a series of political and economic developments had established a British presence in the region which would form a launchpad for the military campaigns beginning in 1914.
Threat to National Community?
Authors: Tillman Erik R.
Published: August 2021

This is the first of two chapters examining the relationship between authoritarianism and attitudes towards the EU. After explaining why existing utilitarian, cultural, and political explanations fail to explain fully the present structure of EU attitudes, the chapter presents the argument that the roots of this polarization over EU attitudes can be found in authoritarianism. The expanded institutional powers and membership of the EU pose a threat to national sovereignty and community. EU institutions have greater capacity to enforce policy upon member states, and the broader membership of the EU opens the borders of member states to a wider population. High authoritarians find these developments threatening and oppose the EU, while low authoritarians view the EU as increasing individual autonomy and social diversity. The analysis compiles data from the European Values Survey and national election studies from several countries. The results show that high authoritarians are less likely to support European integration, to trust the EU, or to support enlargement of the EU’s membership. This relationship holds when measures of social identity are included in this analysis, due in part to the effect of authoritarianism on social identity attitudes. Furthermore, evidence from an original survey conducted in Germany shows that high authoritarians are more likely to believe that the EU threatens Germany’s culture and laws.
Introduction
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2021

In the Introduction I offer a selective summary of the argument of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality, placing particular emphasis on my interpretation of the genealogical method that it defines and employs, and on two of that method’s constituent features: its indebtedness to the value system it is used to criticize, and its inherent susceptibility to genealogical development. This allows me to introduce and justify the nature of my own attempt to elaborate upon Nietzsche’s concluding treatment of the ascetic ideal to include cultural developments after his death.
Authority and Revelation
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2021

This chapter tracks the ascetic ideal from its religious point of origin to some of its key manifestations in the realms of morality and aesthetics. It relates Nietzsche’s original critique to Kierkegaard’s critical advocacy of Christianity, and uses Cavell to show how the latter can help us to understand twentieth-century artistic modernism as genealogically related to religious and moral concerns. It also argues that contemporary debates between moral individualists and moral philosophers influenced by Wittgenstein (such as Raimond Gaita and Cora Diamond) can be understood as arguments over contemporary manifestations of the ascetic ideal in both religion and morality. The central themes of the chapter are then brought together in a reading of a novel by William Golding.
When the Exception Is the Rule
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: August 2021

Cervantes’s Don Quixote is commonly accorded a foundational role in the history of the novel. Yet this inaugural gesture casts a paradoxical shadow on subsequent novels, inasmuch as it rebukes as aberrant the pleasure of indulging in novel-reading. Don Quixote brands later novels as quixotic in their generic hybridity, which can be traced to Don Quixote itself. It both is and is not a novel, setting the precedent for the novel as a genre endlessly in quest of exceptions to itself as genre—or, in the commercial context in which it has thrived, as generic. This chapter consolidates a torrent of pronouncements and observations on Don Quixote by scholars and writers which, taken collectively, reveal a kind of choral unanimity in the bewitchment to which they attest.
Fairy Tale Epic
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: August 2021

Joseph Conrad’s novel Nostromo is the focus of this chapter. Hailed as its author’s most comprehensive effort at historic panorama, epic in scale, Nostromo also (if somewhat surreptitiously) engages the diminutive form of fairy tale. Combining epic with fairy tale provides the perplexing indeterminacy many readers detect, which is often attributed to Conrad’s literary impressionism. What he reveals, however, is that even the supposedly factual enterprise of history is subject to the vicissitudes commonly accorded “creative” (thus fictive) literary forms like epic, lyric, and fairy tale. History and myth emerge from Nostromo as helpless collaborators in the hybrid fabrications of modern fiction.
Balancing Community and Autonomy – To What Extent Does the Regime Reconcile ISA Regulatory Authority and Investment Protection for Corporate Actors?
Authors: Dingwall Joanna
Published: August 2021

Chapter 7 assesses the extent to which the deep seabed mining regime in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), as developed and enforced by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), strikes an appropriate balance between the dual common heritage goals of community and autonomy. Chapter 7 focuses on reconciling the ISA’s right to regulate on behalf of humanity with investment protection rights for deep seabed miners. It considers whether the UNCLOS deep seabed mining regime incorporates protections that are functionally equivalent to international investment law rights, backed by binding dispute resolution options. These are crucial considerations for corporate investors, and may influence the commercial viability of the regime. Chapter 7 then evaluates whether such investment protection rights may be balanced alongside the ISA’s right to regulate concerning the communitarian aspects of the common heritage, thereby achieving an overall balance between community and autonomy within the regime.
The Law-making Procedure
Authors: Heber Caroline
Published: August 2021

This chapter is dedicated to the law-making process, which is predominantly procedural. The first part (subsections B and C) of this chapter reveals the involvement of the European institutions, namely the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council and their respective, distinct roles within the legislative process. The second part (subsection D) analyses the requirement protecting the uniformity of European law, namely the last resort nature of enhanced cooperation. The third part (subsection E) explores ways for non-participating Member States to enter into enhanced cooperation, and ways in which participating Member States may leave the group. The last part (subsections F and G) of this chapter is dedicated to a more general question, the question of legislative power. Since the constitutional framework of enhanced cooperation only sets out the authorisation process for a group of Member States to use both the European institutions and the power of the European Union, the question of which laws can be enacted under the enhanced cooperation procedure, in particular with respect to the scope and content, depends on the ordinary competence framework. This part of the study provides an analysis of both the European internal market competence and the subsidiarity principle, and subsequently reveals what the Member States can accomplish in European taxation.
A Priori, Introspective, and Inferential Skepticism
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: August 2021

This chapter completes the presentation and examination of the piecemeal underdetermination-based case for global skepticism (initiated earlier in the book) by focusing on underdetermination worries about a priori intuition, introspection, and reasoning. For each of these three belief sources, the chapter argues for two conclusions that were defended previously in the book with respect to two other belief sources: namely, perception and memory. The first conclusion is that there is an important gap between the evidence for the beliefs in question and the truth of the beliefs based on that evidence. The second conclusion is that we are unable to identify good arguments that can adequately bridge that gap. What these conclusions show, when applied to all five of these belief sources, is that trying to resist the piecemeal underdetermination-based case for global skepticism by relying on anti-skeptical arguments will not work.
Intuitionist Particularism: Elucidations and Defenses
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: August 2021

This chapter elucidates and defends intuitionist particularism, which is introduced in Chapter Six. Sections 1 and 2 focus on seemings, elucidating the nature of epistemic intuitions understood as seemings and defending the reliance of intuitionist particularism on seemings. These sections present a detailed account of what seemings are and respond to various objections to seemings playing a role in philosophical work. Sections 3 and 4 elucidate the goal of the intuitionist particularist response to radical skepticism (noting that it is not intended to convert the skeptic) and defend the respectability of that commonsense response against the charges that it fails to engage the skeptic or to take radical skepticism seriously.
Easy Knowledge and Epistemic Circularity
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that the commonsense intuitionist particularist response to radical skepticism laid out in Chapters Six, Seven, and Eight does not fall prey to the Problem of Easy Knowledge, which can also be called the ‘Problem of Epistemic Circularity.’ The core concern here is that one can’t rationally rely on a belief source to justify the belief that that very belief source is trustworthy or reliable because that would be too easy, as well as circular. The chapter concedes that this sort of epistemic circularity is often problematic, yet argues that this is not true in general, but only in certain specified circumstances. It explains how epistemic circularity (which is disparaged largely on the basis of intuitions) can be defended both by arguments and by intuitions. And it uses these defenses to respond to the Problem of Easy Knowledge and Epistemic Circularity and to explain why it seems threatening even though it isn’t.
Sustainable Governance of Natural Resources
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

Natural resources are often overexploited. Nevertheless, there are counterexamples of sustainably using common-pool resources. This book analyses the most important factors influencing the management of natural resources. Hence, the important question—What makes some systems successful?—is answered in this book. Based on three of the world’s largest data sets on fisheries, forest management, and irrigation systems, success factors are empirically examined. The book presents a synthesis of twenty-four success factors that explain ecological success, such as participation possibilities. The analysis in this book uses a range of statistical and machine learning methods to develop highly predictive, robust, and empirically sound models that shed new light on factors that have already been investigated. From this analysis the author develops a general model which can predict the success of in natural resource management very well, depending on the identified success factors.
Honoring Trans and Gender-Expansive Students in Music Education
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

Trans and gender-expansive (TGE) youth deserve safe and empowering spaces to engage in high-quality school music experiences. Supportive music teachers ensure that all students have access to ethically and pedagogically sound music education. In this practical resource, authors Matthew Garrett and Joshua Palkki encourage music educators to honor gender diversity through ethically and pedagogically sound practices. Honoring Trans and Gender-Expansive Students in Music Education is intended for music teachers and music teacher educators across choral, instrumental, and general music classroom environments. Grounded in theory and nascent research, the authors provide historical and social context, and practical direction for working with students who inhabit a variety of spaces among a gender-identity and expression continuum. Trans and gender-expansive students often place their trust in music teachers, with whom they have developed a deep bond over time. It is essential, then, for music teachers to understand how issues of gender play out in formal and informal school music environments. Stories of TGE youth and their music teachers anchor practical suggestions for honoring students in school music classrooms and in more general school contexts. Part I of the book establishes the context needed to understand and work with TGE persons in school music settings by presenting essential vocabulary and foundational concepts related to trans and gender identity and expression. Part II focuses on praxis by connecting research and teaching pedagogy to practical applications of inclusive teaching practices to honor TGE students in school music classrooms.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

The Introduction emphasizes the idea that music educators teach people through the art of music. The authors acknowledge their positionality in the LGBTQ and music education communities. They seek to elevate the voices of trans and gender-expansive (TGE) persons so that TGE stories may educate and inform pre-service music teachers, professional music teachers, and music teacher-educators. Two principal goals of the book are established: (a) celebrate and honor TGE persons in their own voices, and (b) create a resource with and for music teacher colleagues. The authors introduce their TGE collaborators and school music teacher collaborators working with TGE students. A book outline is provided.
Safe People Creating Safe Spaces
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

The second part of the book focuses on praxis, or the application of strategies, techniques, and pedagogy to successfully work with trans and gender-expansive (TGE) students. Chapter 3 lays a foundation for establishing and maintaining trusted relationships with TGE persons. In addition, the authors and collaborators discuss the importance of safe people learning about and engaging in the interrogation and creation of policies that will empower TGE students.
Honoring Gender Diversity in Music Classrooms
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

In this chapter, attention is given to specific ideas that school music teachers can use to honor TGE students. Examples for sharing and displaying TGE-inclusive names, pronouns, and titles are presented within a variety of music classroom contexts. The authors describe how school music teachers can select inclusive classroom curricular materials by reviewing them for bias against gender diversity, by incorporating inclusion in elementary classroom discourse, and by working to avoid gender stereotypes in instrumental music settings. Further discussion focuses on the need for age-appropriate interactions with children, the implications of gendered vernacular language in classrooms settings, and considerations for music teacher-educators working with pre-service teachers at the college level.