bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient satisfaction with occlusal scheme of conventional complete dentures: A randomised clinical trial (part I)
Authors: Moradpoor H. , Arabzade Hoseini M. , Savabi O. , Shirani M.
Published: October 2017

Background

Occlusal scheme can affect denture retention, stability, occlusal force distribution, aesthetics, masticatory function, patient comfort and general patient satisfaction with dentures.

Objectives

This study aimed to compare the patient satisfaction with 3 types of complete denture occlusion including fully bilateral balanced occlusion (FBBO), newly presented buccalised occlusion (BO) and lingualised occlusion (LO).

Methods

In this parallel randomised clinical trial, new conventional complete dentures were fabricated for 86 volunteers. Participants were randomly allocated to 3 groups with 3 different occlusal schemes. All patients were recalled at 1 and 3 months after delivery for data collection. The 19‐item version of Oral Health Impact Profile for Edentulous Patients questionnaire was used in this study. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for assessment of the prosthodontist's attitude towards denture quality, patient's attitude towards different occlusal schemes and evaluation of patient satisfaction. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, the Kruskal‐Wallis test and the post hoc Dunn test via SPSS version 18.0 (P ≤ .05).

Results

Eighty‐six patients completed the study, and their data were analysed (mean age ± standard deviation = 57.78 ± 9.98 years). The only significant difference when comparing the 3 groups was physical pain, which was significantly higher in FBBO group. No significant differences were found for the VAS scores of patient and prosthodontist satisfaction or the domain scores among the 3 occlusal schemes either at 1 or at 3 months post‐delivery. The VAS score of patient satisfaction and prosthodontist satisfaction increased at third compared to first month after delivery.

Conclusion

The results of this randomised clinical trial provided evidence that BO is as effective as LO for the fabrication of complete dentures.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro
Authors: Cao Fangying , Wang Shaoping , Cao Xiangrong , Liu Xiaoxiao , Fu Kun , Hao Peng , Liu Jinghua
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Vascular calcification is a dysfunction of the vasculature. Recent findings indicate that fibroblast growth factor21 (FGF21), a protector of the cardiovascular system, is related to the mineral deposition of bone and enhances the osteogenic activity of bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2. In this study, we explored whether FGF21 suppresses vascular calcification.

Methods

A calcifying model was established by culturing primary rat vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in a beta-glycerophosphate (BGP)-containing calcifying medium for 14 days. In addition, recombinant human FGF21 was applied to protect against VSMC calcification.

Results

In the presence of BGP, the expression levels of osteoblastic genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), BMP-2 and runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)-2, were significantly upregulated on day 3, an effect that was maintained through day 14 (P < 0.001). A concomitant increase in ALP protein expression was observed through day 9 (P < 0.05). The incubation of VSMCs with calcifying medium for 14 days increased ALP activity (P < 0.05) and led to the formation of visible calcium nodules over the course of the protocol. β-klotho expression was unaltered in BGP-induced VSMCs for the 14-day culture period. The culturing of VSMCs with calcifying medium led to opposing trends in the expression of FGFRs, namely, an increase in FGFR1 and FGFR4 mRNA levels (P < 0.001) and a decrease in FGFR2 and FGFR3 mRNA levels (P < 0.01). Reduced mineral deposition, in combination with decreased ALP activity (P < 0.001) and ALP protein expression (P < 0.001), was noted in VSMCs treated with varying doses of FGF21 and BGP in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FGF21 downregulated osteoblastic-promoting gene expression, including ALP (P < 0.001), BMP-2 (P < 0.001) and RUNX-2 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, FGF21 enhanced β-klotho expression (P < 0.05) and increased FGFR1 and FGFR3 mRNA levels (P < 0.001). FGFR-1 inhibitor SU5402 blocked partial inhibition of FGF21 on the expression of BMP-2 (P < 0.001) and RUNX-2 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FGF21 suppressed the phosphorylation of P38, while P38 inhibitor, SB203580, attenuated the downregulation of RUNX-2 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate FGF21 attenuates VSMC calcification in vitro via an FGF21/FGFR1/3/β-klotho/P38MAPK/RUNX-2 signalling pathway.
Occupational Prestige and the Gender Wage Gap
Authors: Kleinjans Kristin J. , Krassel Karl Fritjof , Dukes Anthony
Published: October 2017

Occupational segregation by gender remains widespread and explains a significant part of the gender wage gap. We shed light on the reasons why occupational segregation persists despite the increases in women's education and labor force participation, and why it results in a gender wage gap. Women express a stronger relative preference than men for occupations that are valuable to society, which we argue is captured by their occupational prestige. If women prefer occupations with higher occupational prestige, they will earn lower wages because of compensating wage differentials. Using conditional logit models of occupational choice, we find statistically significant support for this hypothesis. The effect is economically significant: the gender differences in the weights placed on prestige and wages can explain up to one half of the gender wage gap resulting from occupational segregation, or about one fourth of the overall gender wage gap. Our results are strongest for individuals with low ability, which suggests that social norms may be an important factor in generating these gender differences.
Signatures of positive selection and local adaptation to urbanization in white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)
Authors: Harris Stephen E. , Munshi‐South Jason
Published: October 2017

Urbanization significantly alters natural ecosystems and has accelerated globally. Urban wildlife populations are often highly fragmented by human infrastructure, and isolated populations may adapt in response to local urban pressures. However, relatively few studies have identified genomic signatures of adaptation in urban animals. We used a landscape genomic approach to examine signatures of selection in urban populations of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in New York City. We analysed 154,770 SNPs identified from transcriptome data from 48 P. leucopus individuals from three urban and three rural populations and used outlier tests to identify evidence of urban adaptation. We accounted for demography by simulating a neutral SNP data set under an inferred demographic history as a null model for outlier analysis. We also tested whether candidate genes were associated with environmental variables related to urbanization. In total, we detected 381 outlier loci and after stringent filtering, identified and annotated 19 candidate loci. Many of the candidate genes were involved in metabolic processes and have well‐established roles in metabolizing lipids and carbohydrates. Our results indicate that white‐footed mice in New York City are adapting at the biomolecular level to local selective pressures in urban habitats. Annotation of outlier loci suggests selection is acting on metabolic pathways in urban populations, likely related to novel diets in cities that differ from diets in less disturbed areas.
Team science and the physician–scientist in the age of grand health challenges
Authors: Steer Clifford J. , Jackson Peter R. , Hornbeak Hortencia , McKay Catherine K. , Sriramarao P. , Murtaugh Michael P.
Published: October 2017

Despite remarkable advances in medical research, clinicians face daunting challenges from new diseases, variations in patient responses to interventions, and increasing numbers of people with chronic health problems. The gap between biomedical research and unmet clinical needs can be addressed by highly talented interdisciplinary investigators focused on translational bench‐to‐bedside medicine. The training of talented physician–scientists comfortable with forming and participating in multidisciplinary teams that address complex health problems is a top national priority. Challenges, methods, and experiences associated with physician–scientist training and team building were explored at a workshop held at the Second International Conference on One Medicine One Science (iCOMOS 2016), April 24–27, 2016, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A broad range of scientists, regulatory authorities, and health care experts determined that critical investments in interdisciplinary training are essential for the future of medicine and healthcare delivery. Physician–scientists trained in a broad, nonlinear, cross‐disciplinary manner are and will be essential members of science teams in the new age of grand health challenges and the birth of precision medicine. Team science approaches have accomplished biomedical breakthroughs once considered impossible, and dedicated physician–scientists have been critical to these achievements. Together, they translate into the pillars of academic growth and success.
Early‐life sensitization to hen's egg predicts asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis at 14 years of age
Authors: Christiansen Elisabeth Soegaard , Kjaer Henrik Fomsgaard , Eller Esben , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Høst Arne , Mortz Charlotte Gotthard , Halken Susanne
Published: October 2017

Background

Sensitization to both inhalant and food allergens has been shown to be risk factors for development of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis (RC). However, few studies have addressed the role of transient or persistent IgE sensitization to specific allergens in early life for later development of allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the association between transient and persistent sensitization in early life and the development of asthma and RC at 6 and 14 years.

Methods

The Danish Allergy Research Center (DARC) cohort is a prospective non‐interventional birth cohort study comprising 562 children. For the purpose of this study, we examined a subgroup of the original cohort with specific IgE measured at, at least 3 of 4 follow‐ups between 3 and 18 months of age (n = 366). Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between transient and persistent early‐life sensitization to groups of and to individual allergens and asthma and RC at 6 and 14 years compared to a reference group with no sensitization.

Results

Both transient early‐life sensitization and persistent early‐life sensitization to cow's milk or hen's egg proteins were associated with asthma (aOR 3.99[1.41‐11.32] and 5.95[1.78‐19.92]) and RC (aOR 2.94[1.19‐7.28] and 6.18[1.86‐20.53]) at 14 years, this association being driven mainly by sensitization to hen's egg. Transient early‐life sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) had increased risk of asthma (aOR 3.80[1.17‐12.41]) at 14 years.

Conclusions

Early transient IgE sensitization and persistent IgE sensitization to hen's egg were associated with asthma and RC at 14 years. Furthermore, sensitization to HDM was associated with asthma at 14 years.
The role of cognitive and metacognitive factors in non‐clinical paranoia and negative affect
Authors: Sellers Rachel , Emsley Richard , Wells Adrian , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

It is increasingly accepted that paranoia lies on a continuum of severity that can be observed in the general population. Several psychological factors have been implicated in the development of more distressing persecutory ideas including negative affect (i.e., anxiety and depression), beliefs about oneself and other people (i.e., schemas), and metacognitive beliefs. This study aimed to explore the combined role of cognition and metacognition in paranoia. Specifically, unhelpful metacognitive beliefs and schematic beliefs were tested as potential moderators of the relationship between non‐clinical paranoid ideation and negative affect.

Methods

Measures from 227 people who took part in a cross‐sectional online survey were analysed using structural equation modelling. A series of models grounded in cognitive and metacognitive theory were tested sequentially.

Results

The results demonstrated that unhelpful metacognitive beliefs had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between paranoia and negative affect. Negative beliefs about oneself and other people did not moderate negative affect but positive beliefs about other people had a negative moderating effect. In a final model, negative schematic beliefs predicted paranoid ideation whilst metacognitive beliefs predicted and moderated affect.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that consideration of metacognitive beliefs, as well as schemas, may be important in understanding non‐clinical paranoia.

Practitioner points

Metacognitive beliefs may be an important determinant of negative affect in the context of non‐clinical paranoia.

The consideration of both cognitive and metacognitive factors may be helpful when working with people with distressing paranoid ideas.
Effects of N‐Glycosylation Deletions on Cypridina Luciferase Activity
Authors: Yasuno Rie , Mitani Yasuo , Ohmiya Yoshihiro
Published: October 2017

Cypridina luciferase (Cluc), a secreted luminescent protein identified from Cypridina noctiluca, has two N‐glycosylation sites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N‐glycosylation on Cluc properties by creating site‐directed mutagenic modifications at the consensus sequence for N‐glycosylation (Asn‐X‐Ser/Thr). Eight variants consisting of four single‐ and double‐residue mutants each were characterized. The producibility and relative specific activity were apparently reduced in mutant Cluc although the thermostability and secretion efficiency were not affected. These results suggested that N‐glycosylation modifications and the proper amino acid sequence of the N‐glycan binding sites of Cluc are required for the complete protein folding to form a stable catalytic center, for the proper conformation of substrate–protein interaction residues, or for both and that defects in the glycosylation modification are not related to secretion process and stability of the protein.
Clinicopathological features of neuroblastic tumors with opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia syndrome: Follicular structure predicts a better neurological outcome
Authors: Fukushima Hiroko , Inoue Takeshi , Takama Yuichi , Ishii Naomi , Okuno Takahiro , Kobayashi Yasutsugu , Yoneda Akihiro , Nakamura Tetsuro , Kuki Ichiro , Hara Junichi
Published: October 2017

Neuroblastic tumors (NT) with opsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome (OMS) display characteristic histological features, such as lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicles, indicating an underlying immune response. We retrospectively assessed NT patients from 2001 to 2016. Five cases of NT with OMS and 76 cases of NT without OMS were histopathologically reviewed in this study. The grade of lymphocytic infiltration was evaluated. The number of follicles was counted and the presence or absence of lymphoid follicles was recorded for each case. We also confirmed the presence or absence of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). We investigated the relationship between the histopathological and clinical findings of NT with OMS. Lymphocytic infiltration was observed in all cases; however, the precise follicular structure was occasionally unclear. Patients with clear follicular structures displayed germinal centers including tingible body macrophages and FDCs. All patients without neurological sequelae demonstrated a clear follicular structure with a FDC meshwork pattern. The interval between OMS onset and the detection and initial treatment of NT was typically longer in patients with neurological sequelae compared to those without neurological sequelae. Early detection and treatment of NT with OMS at the phase of a clear follicular formation with multiple FDC may provide favorable neurological outcomes.
Defining ‘healthy’ in preschool‐aged children for forced oscillation technique reference equations
Authors: Shackleton Claire , Czovek Dorottya , Grimwood Keith , Ware Robert S. , Radics Bence , Hantos Zoltan , Sly Peter D.
Published: October 2017

Background and objective

Selecting ‘healthy’ preschool‐aged children for reference ranges may not be straightforward. Relaxing inclusion criteria for normative data does not affect spirometry z‐scores. We therefore investigated the effect of similarly relaxing inclusion criteria in preschoolers on reference ranges for respiratory impedance (Zrs) using a modified forced oscillation technique (FOT).

Methods

The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire classified 585 children into a healthy and five mutually exclusive groups. Zrs was measured between 4 and 26 Hz and resistance (R) and compliance (C) obtained by model fitting. Prediction models were determined using mixed effect models and z‐scores compared between healthy children and the five groups.

Results

Zrs data were obtained for 494 participants (4.30 ± 0.7 years) on 587 occasions. Comparison of the Zrs z‐scores between the healthy children and the health groups found significant differences in children with asthma, current wheeze and respiratory symptoms, but not in children born preterm or with early‐life wheeze. Adding these two groups to the healthy dataset had no significant effect on the distribution of z‐scores and increased the size of the dataset by 22.3%.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that preschool‐aged children born preterm or with early‐life wheeze can be included in FOT reference equations, while those with asthma, current wheeze and respiratory symptoms within 4 weeks of testing should be excluded. This more inclusive approach results in more robust FOT reference ranges.
Sensory processing and central pain modulation in patients with chronic shoulder pain: A case‐control study
Authors: Kuppens K. , Hans G. , Roussel N. , Struyf F. , Fransen E. , Cras P. , Van Wilgen C. P. , Nijs J.
Published: October 2017

Chronicity and recurrence in musculoskeletal shoulder pain are highly prevalent and can possibly be attributed to the concept of central sensitization. Available studies suggest a role for central sensitization in explaining chronic shoulder pain, but so far a comprehensive quantitative sensory testing (QST) protocol has not been used. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge on sensory processing and central pain modulatory mechanisms in patients suffering from chronic shoulder pain using such aQSTprotocol. Fifty study participants, including chronic shoulder pain patients and healthy controls, underwent a standardized, comprehensive psychophysical testing procedure. A static adaptedQSTprotocol (including pressure algometry, vibration and mechanical detection) was applied. Thereafter, all subjects underwent dynamic measures of temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation. Questionnaires assessing psychosocial factors were completed by each subject. No significant differences (P >= .05) were found between patients and controls based on pressure algometry, vibration detection, mechanical detection, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation. Moderate positive correlations (r = .5) were found between pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and the amount of sports participation. Weak‐to‐moderate negative correlations (r = −.3 à −.5) were found betweenPPTs and psychosocial factors such as pain catastrophizing. Based on these findings, we can conclude that central sensitization is no characteristic feature in chronic musculo‐skeletal shoulder pain but can be present in individual cases.
Introduction – Managing Welfare Expectations and Social Change: Policy Responses in Asia
Authors: Mok Ka Ho , Kühner Stefan , Yeates Nicola
Published: October 2017

The question whether Asian welfare types can be classified as distinctly ‘productivist’ has remained subject to lively debates: in East Asia, the recent implementation of social rights‐based public policy innovations – including working family support – as a response to rising inequalities, welfare expectations and accelerating social change has been well documented; similarly, South East Asian and South Asian economies have featured much more frequently in comparative social policy analysis as policymakers have sought to address persisting chronic poverty, a diminishing demographic dividend and burdensome epidemiological transitions via integrating human capital formation with social protection measures. Yet, far from a unifying convergence of these social policy trends in the post‐Millennium Development Goals era, the global perspective we take in this article suggests continued variation and difference, with a multiplicity of forms of globalizations encountered and/or engendered in diverse contexts. As a consequence, variegated and path‐dependent patterns of social development continue to persist across Asian economies. These findings, in turn, address major issues of our time, for they speak to the broader question of what analytical bases and research strategies can best reveal the complexities of (and interactions between) national, extra‐national and transnational drivers of welfare formation and development under contemporary but diverse conditions.
The molecular phylogeny of Omalisidae (Coleoptera) defines the family limits and demonstrates low dispersal propensity and ancient vicariance patterns
Authors: BOCEK MATEJ , FANCELLO LUCA , MOTYKA MICHAL , BOCAKOVA MILADA , BOCAK LADISLAV
Published: October 2017

The genus‐level molecular phylogeny of Omalisidae Lacordaire is presented for six of seven currently recognised genera. The monophyly and internal relationships are well‐supported including the taxa which were placed in other elateroid families. We conducted molecular analyses using maximum‐likelihood optimality criterion and Bayesian inference and 18S, 28S rRNA, rrnL and cox1 mtDNA markers (4038 homologous positions). Euanoma Reitter is a sister lineage to other Omalisidae. Thilmanus Gemminger is related to Paradrilus Kiesenwetter and Phaeopterus Costa. Thilmaninae Kazantsev (erected in Lycidae), Euanomini Kazantsev (erected in Drilidae), and Paradrilinae Kundrata et al. are removed from within omalisid classification due to widely overlapping concepts of generic and subfamilial taxa. Pseudeuanoma Pic, syn.n. was recovered as a paraphylum and is a younger synonym of Euanoma. Euanoma caligo (Kazantsev), comb.n., E. ionica (Pic), comb.n., E. obscura (Pic), comb.n. and E. reitteri (Pic), comb.n. are newly combined with Euanoma. The earlier classification of incompletely metamorphosed taxa was affected by the parallel evolution of morphological traits. We report on the discovery of the incompletely metamorphosed female of Thilmanus obscurus Baudi and compare it with the female of O. fontisbellaquei Geoffroy. The female is weakly sclerotised, has physogastric abdomen, vestigial elytra, no wings and simplified thoracic morphology. Furthermore, we describe allopatric ranges of ancient omalisid lineages and vicariance events resulting from geological transformations in the Mediterranean. Euanoma was split from other Omalisidae in the late Jurassic and remains restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean. Omalisus Geoffroy split from the Iberian genera in the Cretaceous and most species occur on southern slopes of the Alps and in the western Balkan. The separation of Paradrilus and Thilmanus + Phaeopterus corresponds with the isolation of the Ebro and Hesperian massifs in the Cretaceous; the fauna of Sardinia and Corsica is of Iberian origin and Phaeopterus dispersed from these islands to the Elba and Apennine Peninsula. The diversity of Omalisidae has an ancient origin, but survived till present only in the Mediterranean, mostly in Pleistocene refugia close to the sea.
Teaching Islam in contemporary America: Digital ethnography and the affective challenges of Islamic studies pedagogy
Authors: Dorroll Courtney , Dorroll Phil
Published: October 2017

In this article we address the affective dimensions and challenges of teaching about Islam and Islamic studies in the current American political and cultural environment and make two related arguments. First, we explain how the impact of certain kinds of digital media in the past few years has heightened the association of Islam with violence in the minds of many Americans, leading to a classroom affective environment characterized by the “posttraumatic” experience of knowledge about Islam. Second, we argue that the pedagogical use of digital media as a tool for ethnographic and empathic engagement with individual Muslim lives can help meet this particular teaching challenge. We show how the pedagogical employment of digital ethnography can turn the affective power of digital media into a positive learning tool, and model its responsible social and intellectual use.
Organ utilization from increased infectious risk donors: An observational study
Authors: L'Huillier Arnaud G. , Humar Atul , Payne Clare , Kumar Deepali
Published: October 2017

Background

Donors with an increased risk of transmitting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (increased risk donors [IRDs]) are a potential source of organs for transplant. Organs from IRDs can be utilized with appropriate recipient consent and post‐transplant follow‐up. We reviewed the characteristics and utilization of IRDs in our Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) over a 2‐year period.

Methods

Donor information from April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2015 was obtained through the OPO database. Only consented donors were included. Donors were categorized as IRDs according to Health Canada/Canadian Standards Association (CSA) criteria.

Results

A total of 494 potential donors were identified, of which 92 (18.6%) were IRDs. Of these, at least one organ was transplanted from 76 (82.6%). Risk factors for IRDs included injection drug user (IDU) (12%), men having sex with men (MSM) (7%), commercial sex worker (CSW) (4%), and incarceration (24%). Fifty‐nine percent (253/429) of IRD organs were utilized. The most frequently used organ was kidney, followed by liver. Median number of organs recovered per IRD was 3 (interquartile range: 2‐5). Nucleic acid testing (NAT) was performed in 18.5% (17/92) of IRDs. Reasons for NAT were IDU (n = 2), MSM (n = 2), CSW (n = 2), and previous incarceration (n = 7). Organ utilization from donors that had NAT was similar to donors who did not (94% vs 80%, P = .29). Follow‐up NAT was done in <5% of recipients from IRDs.

Conclusions

In our cohort, IRDs comprised a significant proportion of donors. Utilization of IRD organs occurred at a significant rate regardless of pre‐transplant NAT. These data suggest that multiple factors contribute to the perception of infectious risk from such organs.
Longitudinal analysis of allergen‐specific IgE and IgG subclasses as potential predictors of insect bite hypersensitivity following first exposure to Culicoides in Icelandic horses
Authors: Ziegler Anja , Hamza Eman , Jonsdottir Sigridur , Rhyner Claudio , Wagner Bettina , Schüpbach Gertraud , Svansson Vilhjalmur , Torsteinsdottir Sigurbjorg , Marti Eliane
Published: October 2017

Background

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides spp. IBH does not occur in Iceland because of the absence of Culicoides, but the prevalence is high in horses imported from Iceland to environments where Culicoides are present.

Hypothesis/Objective

Test, in a longitudinal study before and after Culicoides exposure, whether a primary sensitizing Culicoides allergen can be identified and if an increase of allergen‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG subclasses precedes clinical signs of IBH.

Animals

Thirty two horses imported from Iceland to Europe; 16 developed IBH and 16 remained healthy.

Methods

Determination of IgE and IgG subclasses against recombinant (r)‐Culicoides allergens and Culicoides extract in sera taken before first exposure to Culicoides and yearly over a period of 3–4 years.

Results

Before Culicoides exposure, there were no significant differences in Culicoides‐specific serum IgE levels between horse that developed IBH or remained healthy. Culicoides exposure induced an individual IgE response pattern (to a median of 4.5 r‐allergens) in the IBH but not in the healthy end‐point group. The increase in serum IgE levels to Culicoides r‐allergens was concurrent with the initial onset of clinical signs of IBH. IBH‐affected horses displayed significantly higher allergen‐specific IgG1 and IgG5 levels than healthy controls. Recombinant Culicoides obsoletus 1 (Cul o1) and Cul o3‐specific IgG5 was significantly higher in the IBH compared to the healthy end‐point group, before clinical signs of IBH.

Conclusion/Clinical relevance

Allergen‐specific serum IgE cannot be used as predictor for IBH, whereas allergen‐specific IgG5 levels may have a predictive value.
Post‐exercise recovery of contractile function and endurance in humans and mice is accelerated by heating and slowed by cooling skeletal muscle
Authors: Cheng Arthur J. , Willis Sarah J. , Zinner Christoph , Chaillou Thomas , Ivarsson Niklas , Ørtenblad Niels , Lanner Johanna T. , Holmberg Hans‐Christer , Westerblad Håkan
Published: October 2017

Key points

We investigated whether intramuscular temperature affects the acute recovery of exercise performance following fatigue‐induced by endurance exercise.

Mean power output was better preserved during an all‐out arm‐cycling exercise following a 2 h recovery period in which the upper arms were warmed to an intramuscular temperature of ̴ 38°C than when they were cooled to as low as 15°C, which suggested that recovery of exercise performance in humans is dependent on muscle temperature.

Mechanisms underlying the temperature‐dependent effect on recovery were studied in intact single mouse muscle fibres where we found that recovery of submaximal force and restoration of fatigue resistance was worsened by cooling (16–26°C) and improved by heating (36°C).

Isolated whole mouse muscle experiments confirmed that cooling impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis.

We conclude that skeletal muscle recovery from fatigue‐induced by endurance exercise is impaired by cooling and improved by heating, due to changes in glycogen resynthesis rate.

Manipulation of muscle temperature is believed to improve post‐exercise recovery, with cooling being especially popular among athletes. However, it is unclear whether such temperature manipulations actually have positive effects. Accordingly, we studied the effect of muscle temperature on the acute recovery of force and fatigue resistance after endurance exercise. One hour of moderate‐intensity arm cycling exercise in humans was followed by 2 h recovery in which the upper arms were either heated to 38°C, not treated (33°C), or cooled to ∼15°C. Fatigue resistance after the recovery period was assessed by performing 3 × 5 min sessions of all‐out arm cycling at physiological temperature for all conditions (i.e. not heated or cooled). Power output during the all‐out exercise was better maintained when muscles were heated during recovery, whereas cooling had the opposite effect. Mechanisms underlying the temperature‐dependent effect on recovery were tested in mouse intact single muscle fibres, which were exposed to ∼12 min of glycogen‐depleting fatiguing stimulation (350 ms tetani given at 10 s interval until force decreased to 30% of the starting force). Fibres were subsequently exposed to the same fatiguing stimulation protocol after 1–2 h of recovery at 16–36°C. Recovery of submaximal force (30 Hz), the tetanic myoplasmic free [Ca2+] (measured with the fluorescent indicator indo‐1), and fatigue resistance were all impaired by cooling (16–26°C) and improved by heating (36°C). In addition, glycogen resynthesis was faster at 36°C than 26°C in whole flexor digitorum brevis muscles. We conclude that recovery from exhaustive endurance exercise is accelerated by raising and slowed by lowering muscle temperature.
Characterizing the Influence of Impeller Exit Recirculation on Centrifugal Compressor Work Input
Authors: Stuart Charles , Spence Stephen , Filsinger Dietmar , Starke Andre , Kim Sung In
Published: October 2017

Impeller recirculation is a loss which has long been considered in one-dimensional (1D) modeling; however, the full extent of its impact on stage performance has not been analyzed. Recirculation has traditionally been considered purely as a parasitic (or external) loss, i.e., one which absorbs work but does not contribute to total pressure rise across the stage. Having extensively analyzed the impact of recirculation on the impeller exit flow field, it was possible to show that it has far-reaching consequences beyond that of increasing total temperature. The overall aim of this package of work is to apply a much more physical treatment to the impact of impeller exit recirculation (and the aerodynamic blockage associated with it) and hence realize an improvement in the 1D stage performance prediction of a number of turbocharger centrifugal compressors. The factors influencing the presence and extent of this recirculation are numerous, requiring detailed investigations to successfully understand its sources and to characterize its extent. A combination of validated three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data and gas stand test data for six automotive turbocharger compressor stages was employed to achieve this aim. In order to capture the variation of the blockage presented to the flow with both geometry and operating condition, an approach involving the impeller outlet to inlet area ratio and a novel flow coefficient term were employed. The resulting data permitted the generation of a single equation to represent the impeller exit blockage levels for the entire operating map of all the six compressor stages under investigation. With an understanding of the extent of the region of recirculating flow realized and the key drivers leading to its creation identified, it was necessary to comprehend how the resulting blockage influenced compressor performance. Consideration was given to the impact on impeller work input through modification of the impeller exit velocity triangle, incorporating the introduction of the concept of an “aerodynamic meanline” to account for the reduction in the size of the active flow region due to the presence of blockage. The sensitivity of the stage to this change was then related back to the level of backsweep applied to the impeller. As a result of this analysis, the improvement in the 1D performance prediction of the six compressor stages is demonstrated. In addition, a number of design recommendations are presented to ensure that the detrimental effects associated with the presence of impeller exit recirculation can be minimized.
Plausibility Study of Hecto Pressure Ratio Concepts in Large Civil Aero-Engines
Authors: Klein Felix , Staudacher Stephan
Published: October 2017

Enabling high overall pressure ratios (OPR), wave rotors, and piston concepts (PCs) seem to be solutions surpassing gas turbine efficiency. Therefore, a comparison of a wave rotor and three PCs relative to a reference gas turbine is offered. The PPCs include a Wankel, a two-stroke reciprocating engine, and a free piston. All concepts are investigated with and without intercooling. An additional combustion chamber (CC) downstream the piston engine is investigated, too. The shaft power chosen corresponds to large civil turbofans. Relative to the reference gas turbine, a maximum efficiency increase of 11.2% for the PCs and 9.8% for the intercooled wave rotor is demonstrated. These improvements are contrasted by a 5.8% increase in the intercooled reference gas turbine and a 4.2% increase due to improved gas turbine component efficiencies. Intercooling the higher component efficiency gas turbine leads to a 9.8% efficiency increase. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the high difference between intercooler and piston engine weight and a conflict between PC efficiency and chamber volume, highlighting the need for extreme lightweight design in any piston engine solution. Improving piston engine technology parameters is demonstrated to lead to higher efficiency, but not to a chamber volume reduction. Heat loss in the piston engines is identified as the major efficiency limiter.
Investigation of Hydrostatic Fluid Forces in Varying Clearance Turbomachinery Seals
Authors: Tibos S. M. , Georgakis C. , Teixeira J. A. , Hogg S.
Published: October 2017

Varying clearance, rotor-following seals are a key technology for meeting the demands of increased machine flexibility for conventional power units. These seals follow the rotor through hydrodynamic or hydrostatic mechanisms. Forward-facing step (FFS) and Rayleigh step designs are known to produce positive fluid stiffness. However, there is very limited modeling or experimental data available on the hydrostatic fluid forces generated from either design. A quasi-one-dimensional (1D) method has been developed to describe both designs and validated using test data. Tests have shown that the FFS and the Rayleigh step design are both capable of producing positive film stiffness and there is little difference in hydrostatic force generation between the two designs. This means any additional hydrodynamic features in the Rayleigh step design should have a limited effect on hydrostatic fluid stiffness. The analytical model is capable of modeling both the inertial fluid forces and the viscous fluid losses, and the predictions are in good agreement with the test data.
Wrinkling of Functionally Graded Sandwich Structures Subject to Biaxial and In-Plane Shear Loads
Authors: Birman Victor , Costa Harold
Published: October 2017

Benefits of a functionally graded core increasing wrinkling stability of sandwich panels have been demonstrated in a recent paper (Birman, V., and Vo, N., 2017, “Wrinkling in Sandwich Structures With a Functionally Graded Core,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 84(2), p. 021002), where a several-fold increase in the wrinkling stress was achieved, without a significant weight penalty, using a stiffer core adjacent to the facings. In this paper, wrinkling is analyzed in case where the facings are subject to biaxial compression and/or in-plane shear loading, and the core is arbitrary graded through the thickness. Two issues addressed are the effect of biaxial or in-plane shear loads on wrinkling stability of panels with both graded and ungraded core, and the verification that functional grading of the core remains an effective tool increasing wrinkling stability under such two-dimensional (2D) loads. As follows from the study, biaxial compression and in-plane shear cause a reduction in the wrinkling stress compared to the case of a uniaxial compression in all grading scenarios. Accordingly, even sandwich panels whose mode of failure under uniaxial compression was global buckling, the loss of strength in the facings or core crimpling may become vulnerable to wrinkling under 2D in-plane loading. It is demonstrated that a functionally graded core with the material distributed to increase the local stiffness in the interface region with the facings is effective in preventing wrinkling under arbitrary in-plane loads compared to the equal weight homogeneous core.
Acaricidal activity and sublethal effects of the microbial pesticide spinosad on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Međo Irena , Stojnić Bojan , Marčić Dejan
Published: October 2017

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the microbial pesticide spinosad to different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, as well as its sublethal effects on reproduction and population growth of this important mite pest. The biopesticide was applied to bean primary leaves or leaf discs carrying spider mites using a Potter spray tower (2.7 mg/cm2 aqueous deposit). The following LC50 and LC90 (mg/L) estimates for motile stages were obtained in acute toxicity bioassays: 27.52 and 116.72 (larvae), 36.55 and 136.20 (protonymphs), 82.76 and 721.28 (female deutonymphs), and 61.47 and 457.21 (adult females). Spinosad showed no significant ovicidal action: toxic effect observed after spraying eggs (LC50 = 105.78 mg/L, LC90 = 596.95 mg/L) was the result of its residual action on larvae that hatched from the treated eggs. The effects of spinosad on life history traits and population growth of adult female survivors from treatments with 240, 120 and 60 mg/L were evaluated in two successive 7-day bioassays on untreated leaf discs. In the first bioassay, females that survived treatments as 24 h old eggs and completed their juvenile development on treated leaves had significantly lower gross fecundity, net fecundity and instantaneous rate of increase (ri) but the reduction was merely 4–6%, 9–11%, and 2–3%, respectively. Female longevity was significantly reduced (approximately by half a day) only after treatment with 240 mg/L. In the second bioassay, in which females were treated during their pre-ovipositional period, the treatments with 240 and 120 mg/L significantly reduced their gross fecundity (16–17%), net fecundity (28–31%), ri values (8–9%) and female longevity (approximately by one day). Spinosad effects on the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and other demographic parameters were evaluated in two successive bioassays in which life tables were constructed for females that survived treatment with 120 mg/L at the egg stage (first demographic bioassay) or pre-ovipositional period (second demographic bioassay). In the first bioassay, the intrinsic rate of increase was significantly higher in treated (rm = 0.278) than control mites (rm = 0.267) as a result of higher net fertility at the beginning of reproduction of treated females. In the second bioassay, treated females had significantly lower rm than control females (0.254 and 0.283, respectively). The results obtained in this study indicate that spinosad, applied against insect pests (at field relevant rates of 60–240 mg/L), could eliminate a part of T. urticae population as well, but survivors would retain a significant potential for population recovery.
Ceratozetes behani sp. nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Ceratozetidae), a new cryptic species from Mongolia, its morphological ontogeny and comments on some congeners
Authors: Seniczak Stanisław , Seniczak Anna , KACZMAREK SŁAWOMIR
Published: October 2017

Ceratozetes behani sp. nov. from Mongolia and its morphological ontogeny is described and illustrated. It is a cryptic species as adult, similar to C. helenae (Pavlichenko, 1993), but differs distinctly from it by the morphology of juveniles. The adult of C. behani has a similar pattern of the lamellar complex and notogastral setae, and shape of porose areas as C. helenae, but differs from it mainly by having longer setae bv'' and v" on femur II and slimmer femora III and IV. In contrast, the juveniles of C. behani have most prodorsal and gastronotal setae with long spines, whereas in C. helenae these setae are plumose. Moreover, the larva C. behani has a pygidial shield, whereas that of C. helenae has not. The nymphs of both species have the gastronotal shield, but in C. behani it is uniform, with setal pairs dm, dp and h1, whereas in C. helenae it is divided in two parts, with one pair (da) and five pairs of setae (dm, dp, and h-series), respectively.
Mite fauna associated with Cecropia pachystachya Trec. (Urticaceae)—the importance of the plant as reservoir and dissemination means for predatory mites
Authors: Lofego Antonio Carlos , Rezende Jose Marcos , Demite Peterson Rodrigo , Feres Reinaldo Jose Fazzio
Published: October 2017

Cecropia pachystachya Trec. (Urticaceae) is a common pioneer plant from South America, which is found on both degraded and preserved environments. Pioneer plants are able to disperse into agricultural environments and to introduce species of mites different from those present amongst the cultivated plants. This study evaluated the mite fauna present on plants of C. pachystachya associated with 18 forest fragment sites in the Northwest region of the state of São Paulo, a region where only 3% of the native vegetation is preserved. High species richness (82 species) and abundance (3,631 specimens) of mites were recorded on the plants, with high variation in species composition among the sites sampled. Regardless the species composition, most of the sites showed predominance of species considered predators, indicating that C. pachystachya provides some type of food for these mites. The data obtained in the study suggest that this plant can be an important reservoir of predatory mites and could facilitate their dissemination from preserved environments to degraded areas or crops.
Revelations about rhythm of life rewarded
Authors: Stokstad Erik , Vogel Gretchen
Published: October 2017

In tight race, U.S. trio found genes controlling circadian clock in fruit flies.
Neandertal genome reveals greater legacy in theliving
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: October 2017

DNA inherited from interbreeding may influence diseases.
Catalan scientists ponder fate after independence vote
Authors: Rabesandratana Tania
Published: October 2017

As a science hub, would the region do better on its own?
Segregation-induced ordered superstructures at general grain boundaries in a nickel-bismuth alloy
Authors: Yu Zhiyang , Cantwell Patrick R. , Gao Qin , Yin Denise , Zhang Yuanyao , Zhou Naixie , Rohrer Gregory S. , Widom Michael , Luo Jian , Harmer Martin P.
Published: October 2017

Giving grain boundaries more structure

The properties of metals change depending on the composition and structure of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials. Yu
et al.
discovered a surprising grain boundary superstructure in a nickel-bismuth alloy. Previously, the structure was only known to exist in a specific type of uncommon grain boundary, and experiments had focused on bicrystals. Unexpectedly, this alloy has grain boundary superstructures across a wide range of boundaries in polycrystalline samples. This likely also occurs in other alloys, which opens an avenue for grain boundary engineering to tune the physical properties of metals and ceramics.

Science
, this issue p.
97
The proton radius revisited
Authors: Vassen Wim
Published: October 2017

Hydrogen spectroscopy brings a surprise in the search for a solution to a long-standing puzzle
Microbial change in warming soils
Authors: Metcalfe Daniel B.
Published: October 2017

Long-term reorganization of microbial communities leads to pulses in carbon release
Broadly neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV-1
Authors: Cohen Myron S. , Corey Lawrence
Published: October 2017

Studies show the potential of synthetic and combinations of broadly neutralizing antibodies
Nocebo effects can make you feel pain
Authors: Colloca Luana
Published: October 2017

Negative expectancies derived from features of commercial drugs elicit nocebo effects
Paper of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(395)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2017

This week’s article describes a therapeutic target to limit fibrotic tissue remodeling in the heart.
Papers of note in
Nature
546
(7660)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: October 2017

This week’s articles highlight a mechanism by which melanoma cells prepare the metastatic niche, intestinal defense against rotavirus, and immune tolerance in the human fetus.