bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supported Organometallic Complexes. XXXVI [1] Diaminediphosphineruthenium(II) Interphase Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of α, β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Lindner Ekkehard , Al‐Gharabli Samer , Warad Ismail , Mayer Hermann A. , Steinbrecher Stefan , Plies Erich , Seiler Michael , Bertagnolli Helmut
Published: June 2004

The T—silyl functionalized diamine‐bis(ether‐phosphine)ruthenium(II) complexes 1a(T°) — 1g(T°) (Scheme 1) were sol‐gel processed in the presence of different amounts of the co‐condensation agents CH3Si(OMe)3 (Me—T°) and (MeO)2SiMe—(CH2)6—MeSi(OMe)2 (D°—C6—D°) to produce a library of the interphase catalysts X1a — X1c, X2a — X2g, and X3a — X3g. Due to the remarkable electronic and steric effects of the co‐ligands on the catalytic activity of such complexes, a series of aliphatic and aromatic diamines was selected. The new polymers were investigated by multinuclear CP/MAS solid‐state NMR spectroscopy as well as by EXAFS, EDX, SEM, and BET methods. Selected interphase catalysts show high activities and selectivities in the hydrogenation of trans‐4‐phenyl‐3‐butene‐2‐one.
A Three—Dimensional Lead(II) Polymer with Bridging Saccharinate and Unusually Coordinated Acetate Ligands — Synthesis, IR Spectra, and Crystal Structure of [Pb(H2O)(μ‐OAc)(μ‐sac)]n
Authors: Yilmaz Veysel T. , Hamamci Sevim , Andac Omer , Guven Kutalmis
Published: June 2004

The complex [Pb(H2O)(μ‐OAc)(μ‐sac)]n with acetate (OAc) and saccharinate (sac) ligands was characterized by IR, elemental analysis and X‐ray crystallography. The mixed‐anion lead(II) complex crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with the space group of P1¯. The single crystal X‐ray analysis shows that the complex is a coordination polymer in which the lead(II) ions have a highly distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. Lead(II) ions are bridged by carboxylate groups in a zigzag arrangement forming one‐dimensional infinite chains, which are also linked by sac bridges and aromatic π‐π contacts between the adjacent phenyl rings of sac ligands, resulting in a three‐dimensional network. One water molecule coordinates the lead(II) ion and also forms weak hydrogen bonds with the sulfonyl oxygen atoms of the neighboring sac ligands. The sac ligand acts as a bridging ligand through the nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms, while the carboxylate moiety of the acetate ligand shows an unusual (bidentate, and bridging) coordination behaviour, which was observed for the first time in the structure.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Mn3(ppi)2(μ‐OAc)4(H2O)2] · 2MeOH — Unusual Structural Properties of a Trinuclear Oxygen‐Rich Manganese Complex
Authors: Pursche Daniel , Triller Michael U. , Reddig Nicole , Rompel Annette , Krebs Bernt
Published: June 2004

The trinuclear manganese(II) complex [Mn3(ppi)2(μ‐OAc)4(H2O)2]·2MeOH (1) (Hppi = 2‐pyridylmethyl‐2‐hydroxyphenylimine) is prepared by dissolving two equivalents of Hppi (from the Schiff Base reaction of aminophenol and pyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde) in acetonitrile and three equivalents of Mn(OAc)2·4H2O in methanol and combining both solutions. The resulting red precipitate was recrystallized to yield red crystals suitable for single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯ (no. 2), with a = 9.691(2), b = 10.683(2), c = 11.541(2)Å, α = 63.19(3)°, β = 67.47(3)°, γ = 69.11(3)°, V = 960.2(3)Å3, and Z = 1. The binding mode of carboxylate in 1 represents a model for a transition state between symmetric syn, syn, anti‐μ2‐carboxolato‐O‐ and syn, anti‐μ2‐carboxylato‐O, O′‐coordination. Therefore a rare binding mode for the phenomenon of the carboxylate shift is realized. Furthermore the complex is stabilized by a distinctive hydrogen bonding pathway.
Assembly of 3‐D Network Structures Containing Oxydiacetate and CeIII or CeIV
Authors: Behrsing Thomas , Deacon Glen B. , Forsyth Craig M. , Forsyth Maria , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: June 2004

Reaction of CeCl3·7H2O with Na2(oda) (oda = O(CH2CO2)22— oxydiacetate) in a 2:3 ratio gives the neutral cerium(III) complex [Ce2(oda)3(H2O)3]·9H2O (1). Treatment of a 1:3 mixture of CeCl3·7H2O and H2oda in water with 4 molar equivalents of NaOH also gives 1 but, with a larger excess of NaOH, the tri‐sodium salt Na3[Ce(oda)3]·9H2O (2) is isolated. Formation of a tri‐ammonium analogue of 2 can be achieved by neutralisation of an aqueous solution of CeCl3·7H2O and H2(oda) in a 1:3 ratio by NH4OH, giving (NH4)3[Ce(oda)3]·7H2O (3). Use of the cerium(IV) reagent (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] with Na2(oda) results in reduction to cerium(III) under ambient conditions and isolation of 1. However, in the absence of light this reaction yields crystals of the novel cerium(IV) heterobimetallic [Ce(oda)3Na4(NO3)2] (4). Each of these complexes exhibit a 3‐D network structure having a common nine‐coordinate [Ce(oda)3]n— (n = 2 or 3) subunit, irrespective of the oxidation state of cerium. In 1, six [Ce(oda)3]3— anions are connected, through bridging bidentate carboxylates, to a second Ce3+ site further coordinated by three water molecules. In contrast, the ammonium salt 2, displays isolated [Ce(oda)3]3— anions, devoid of further carboxylate bonding, but enmeshed within a network of hydrogen‐bonded NH4+ cations and water molecules. The remarkable structure of 4 consists of infinite 2‐D sheets of [Na2(NO3)]+ pillared by [Ce(oda)3]2— units, the connectivity arising by multidentate nitrate and carboxylate bridging.
Network Motifs and Thermal Properties of Copper(I) Halide and Pseudohalide Coordination Polymers with 1, 7‐ and 4, 7‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Kromp T. , Sheldrick W. S. , Näther C.
Published: June 2004

The coordination polymers [CuBr(1, 7‐phen‐κN7)] (1a), [CuI(1, 7‐phen)] (2a) and [(CuI)2(1, 7‐phen‐κN7)] (2b) may be prepared by treatment of the appropriate copper(I) halide with 1, 7‐phenanthroline (1, 7‐phen) in acetonitrile. 1a exhibits staircase CuBr double chains, 2a novel quadruple CuI chains. Their thermal properties were investigated by DTA‐TG and temperature resolved powder X‐ray diffraction. On heating, both 1:1 compounds decompose to 2:1 polymers and then finally to CuBr or CuI. With 4, 7‐phenanthroline (4, 7‐phen), CuBr affords both 1:1 and 2:1 complexes (5a, 5b), CuI 1:1 , 2:1 and 3:1 complexes(6a, 6b, 6c) in acetonitrile at 20 °C. 5a and 6a display lamellar coordination networks, with the former containing zigzag CuBr single chains, the latter 4‐membered (CuI)2 rings. A second 2:1 complex [(CuI)2(4, 7‐phen‐μ‐N4, N7)] (6b′) with staircase CuI double chains can be obtained by reacting CuI with 4, 7‐phen in a sealed glass tube at 110 °C. Both 5a and 6a exhibit thermal decomposition pathways of the general type 1:1 → 2:1 → 3:1 → CuX, and novel CuX triple chains are proposed for the isostructural 3:1 polymers 5c and 6c. X‐ray structures are reported for complexes 1a, 2b, [(CuCN)3(CH3CN)(1, 7‐phen‐μ‐N1, N7)] (3c·CH3CN), [CuSCN(1, 7‐phen‐κN7)] (4a), 5a, 6a and [CuCN(4, 7‐phen‐μ‐N4, N7)] (7a).
Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structural Characterization of Dioxovanadium(V) Complexes with Tridentate Schiff Base Ligand: Vanadium Complexes in Supramolecular Networks
Authors: Plass Winfried , Yozgatli Hakan‐Peter
Published: June 2004

The synthesis, characterization and crystal structure analysis of the ammonium salt of the dioxovanadium(V) complex NH4[VO2(salhyph)] with the tridentate Schiff base ligand derived from salicylaldehyde and benzoic acid hydrazide (H2salhyph) is reported. NH4[VO2(salhyph)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pn with a = 708.8(2), b = 1444.3(3), c = 717.1(2) pm and β = 101.09(2)°. The vanadium atom of the dioxovanadium(V) moiety has a distorted square‐pyramidal coordination geometry. Extensive hydrogen bonding is observed between the ammonium cation and the oxygen atoms coordinated to the vanadium atom yielding to a two‐dimensional network, where the complex anions are arranged in a bilayer. Additional crystal packing within the bilayer appears to be controlled mostly by π stacking between the aromatic rings of the ligand. The reactions of NH4[VO2(salhyph)] with several proton acidic compounds including water, methanol, and proton acids lead to neutral monooxovanadium(V) and dioxovanadium(V) complexes ([VO2(Hsalhyph)], [V2O3(salhyph)2] and [VO(OMe)(salhyph)(HOMe)]).
Halbsandwichkomplexe des Iridiums mit Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl als Ringligand
Authors: Mahr A. , Nürnberg O. , Werner H.
Published: June 2004

Die Iridium(I)‐Komplexe [(η5‐C5HMe4)Ir(C2H4)2] (2) und [(η5‐C5HMe4)Ir(CO)2] (4), die aus [IrCl(C2H4)2]2 bzw. [IrCl(CO)3]n und LiC5HMe4 dargestellt werden können, reagieren sowohl mit Tosylchlorid als auch mit Halogenen X2 (X = Cl, Br, I) unter oxidativer Addition zu entsprechenden Iridium(III)‐Verbindungen. Bei Einwirkung von CO oder PR3 auf die Komplexe [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrX2]n (7—9) findet eine Spaltung der Halogeno‐Brückenbindungen statt, und es entstehen die einkernigen Produkte [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrX2(CO)] (10, 11) und [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrX2(PR3)] (12—20). Die Molekülstruktur von [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrBr2(PiPr3)] (18) wurde kristallographisch bestimmt. Bei den Umsetzungen von 8 (X = Br) und 9 (X = I) mit Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 (n = 1 oder 2) bilden sich die verbrückten Verbindungen [{(η5‐C5HMe4)IrX2}2{μ‐Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2}] (21—23). Die Dihalogenokomplexe [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrI2(PPh3)] (16) und [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrX2(PiPr3)] (17—19) reagieren mit Hydridreagenzien zu den Dihydrido‐ bzw. Monohydrido‐Derivaten [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrH2(PPh3)] (24) bzw. [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrH(X)(PiPr3)] (25—27). Die ähnlichen Dimethyl‐ und Monomethyl‐Verbindungen [(η5‐C5HMe4)Ir(CH3)2(PiPr3)] (28) und [(η5‐C5HMe4)IrCH3(I)(PiPr3)] (29) sind aus den Dihalogeno‐Vorstufen 18 bzw. 19 und CH3MgI im Molverhältnis 1:2 bzw. 1:1 erhältlich.
Testing the sequential model of pain processing in irritable bowel syndrome: a structural equation modeling analysis
Authors: Lackner Jeffrey M. , Jaccard James , Blanchard Edward B.
Published: June 2004

Pain, the cardinal feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is a multidimensional phenomenon with sensory and affective dimensions. Price's {Psychological Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia, 1999} pain processing model was used to delineate four a priori sequentially related stages (pain sensation intensity, immediate pain unpleasantness, long‐term suffering, and pain‐related behavior). Although prior research with both healthy individuals and somatic pain patients supports the model in general, its applicability to IBS is unclear. Our goal was to extend the scope of the sequential model and test its fundamental tenets using structural equation modeling (SEM) with data obtained from 168 Rome II diagnosed IBS patients (19% male, 81% female). A secondary goal was to assess the relationship between a set of contextual factors associated with IBS (age, gender, trait anxiety) and the four pain stages. Results were consistent with a successive order of pain processing such that the pain sensation directly impacts pain unpleasantness, which, in turn, leads to suffering and illness behaviors. However, contrary to a model with strictly successive stages, pain sensation had independent effects on illness behaviors over and above pain affect. The effect of anxiety on illness behavior was mediated by suffering, while psychopathology directly influenced pain sensation and pain unpleasantness but not later stages. Age was related to pain sensation and illness behaviors but not pain affect. Gender tended to be more strongly associated with more distal pain stages (e.g., pain affect) vis‐à‐vis its effects on pain sensation. These data are generally supportive of a four‐stage pain processing model.
Bone formation is enhanced by thrombin‐related peptide TP508 during distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Li Gang , Ryaby James T. , Carney Darrell H. , Wang Hali
Published: June 2004

The thrombin‐related peptide, TP508, has been shown to promote soft tissue healing and fracture repair. One possible clinical application of TP508 is to accelerate bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis, which is a lengthy procedure involving significant complications. In this study, we tested the ability of TP508 to accelerate the consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit model of leg lengthening. Twenty‐three rabbits had left tibiae lengthened for 1 cm over a period of 6 days. TP 508 (0, 30 and 300 μg in 300 μl saline) was injected into the distraction gaps at the beginning and the end of the lengthening phase, and all the animals were killed 2 weeks after lengthening. By the end of experiment, more animals in the TP508 treated groups had complete bony union of the distraction gaps when compared to the saline treated group. pQCT examination of the regenerates demonstrated a significantly greater bone mineral density (BMD) in the TP508 treated groups relative to the saline control group, but no statistical difference in the BMD was found between the two dosages of TP508. Bone consolidation and bone remodeling was far advanced in the TP508 300 μg treated group, and the regenerates mainly consisted of well‐vascularized woven bone. In contrast, in the group that received the 30 μg TP508 treatment, focal bone defects and discontinuities of the new cortices were evident in some but not all animals. In the saline control group a majority of the animals showed large amounts of fibrous and cartilaginous tissues in the regenerates, and none of the regenerates had completed consolidation. This study has demonstrated that local application of TP508 enhanced bone formation and consolidation during distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit. The findings indicate that TP508 may be useful in promoting osteogenesis in situations when augmentative treatment for bone formation and consolidation are needed. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
NF‐Kappa‐B Downregulation Strategies in Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
Authors: Patel Alpen , Miller Lindsay , Ahmed Khalil , Ondrey Frank
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE

Multiple biochemical and genetic strategies were used to downregulate early response gene NF‐κB, whose activation controls squamous cell cancer‐associated pathways.

STUDY DESIGN

NA cells, an oral cavity squamous cell cancer with high NF‐κB activity, were cultured with biochemical NF‐κB inhibitors TPCK and Calpain I inhibitor, as well as specific NF‐κB antisense oligonucleotides. Cell proliferation was measured, as was NF‐κB downregulation using functional luciferase reporter genes and electromobility shift assays.

RESULTS

Significant downregulation of cell proliferation and NF‐κB functional activity were demonstrated with either biochemical inhibitor, as well as the antisense oligonucleotides; however, additional nonspecific toxicities were observed with control antisense oligonucleotides.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE

NF‐κB is a potential target for squamous cancer treatment, as it is constitutively upregulated in vitro. Biochemical inhibition of NF‐κB may be a viable treatment strategy for head and neck squamous cancers.
Chronic Panrhinosinusitis Without Nasal Polyps: Long‐Term Outcome after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Giger Roland , Dulguerov Pavel , Quinodoz Didier , Leuba Daniel , Landis Basile Nicolas , Lacroix Jean‐Silvain , Friedrich Jean Paul
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcome after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps by using symptom scoring and an endoscopic outcome evaluation.

STUDY DESIGN

Seventy‐seven patients with chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (Kennedy computed tomography (CT) scan stages I to III) were followed up for at least 3 years after FESS. Preoperative evaluation included a CT scan and an immunoallergologic evaluation. Three years after FESS, all patients were interviewed and scored endoscopically.

RESULTS

Ninety‐two percent of the patients showed a marked global improvement after FESS. The endoscopic control showed normal findings in 54% of all ethmoidal cavities. The postoperative endoscopic score correlated significantly with the subjective satisfaction ratings (P < 0.001). The preoperative CT staging proposed by Kennedy was predictive for necessity of revision surgery in 15% of the patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that FESS for chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps has a good long‐term outcome on subjective symptoms and endoscopic findings.

SIGNIFICANCE

According to this study, subjective improvement correlates significantly with the post‐operative endoscopic findings in the ethmoidal cavities of patients with chronic panrhinosinusitis without polyps at a long‐term follow‐up.
AN ASSESSMENT OF INTEGRATED STRIGA HERMONTHICA CONTROL AND EARLY ADOPTION BY FARMERS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: ELLIS-JONES J. , SCHULZ S. , DOUTHWAITE B. , HUSSAINI M. A. , OYEWOLE B. D. , OLANREWAJU A. S. , WHITE R.
Published: June 2004

Two sets of on-farm trials, each covering two years, were conducted in the northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria over the period 1999–2001, the objective being to compare integrated Striga hermonthica control measures (soybean or cowpea trap crops followed by maize resistant to Striga) with farmers' traditional cereal-based cropping systems. In both sets of trials, this proved to be highly effective in increasing productivity over the two year period, especially where soybean was used as a trap crop. Resistant maize after a trap crop increased the net benefit over the two cropping seasons in both trials by over 100% over farmer practice. However, in the second set of trials there was no significant increase in productivity between a trap crop followed by Striga resistant maize, and a trap crop followed by local maize especially where legume intercropping and fertilizer had been applied in the farmer practice. There was also no increase in productivity between two years' traditional cereal cropping and one year's local maize followed by Striga resistant maize. This indicates the importance of a legume trap crop in the first year in order to ensure high productivity in the second year, regardless of variety. Up to 20% of farmers obtained higher productivity from their own practices, notably intercropping of cereals with legumes and use of inorganic fertilizers. Leguminous trap crops and Striga resistant maize, together with two key management practices (increased soybean planting density and hand-roguing) were seen to be spreading both within and beyond the research villages, indicating that farmers see the economic benefits of controlling Striga. Survey findings show that explaining the reasons why control practices work can greatly increase the adoption of these practices. Wider adoption of Striga control will therefore require an extension approach that provides this training as well as encouraging farmers to experiment and adapt Striga control options for their local farming systems.
SUBSOIL NITROGEN DYNAMICS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTED COPPICING TREE LEGUME FALLOWS IN EASTERN ZAMBIA
Authors: CHINTU R. , MAFONGOYA P. L. , CHIRWA T. S. , MWALE M. , MATIBINI J.
Published: June 2004

Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient that limits crop production in southern Africa. We hypothesized that coppicing tree legumes, which are integrated in cropping systems, would intercept leaching nutrients and could also increase topsoil N in nutrient-depleted soils. This hypothesis was verified in three ongoing experiments at Msekera (experiments 1 and 2) and Kagoro (experiment 3) in Zambia. Planted tree fallows of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia angustisma, and Sesbania sesban were compared with natural fallows and with continuous maize cropping with or without fertilizer (no-tree) controls. Top and subsoil samples were taken in the tree treatments and in the no-tree controls to establish short and long-term tree effects on soil N dynamics. 15N was introduced at various soil depths down to 2 m to determine the vertical root-reach of coppicing trees. Samples taken on two different dates showed that planted trees are capable of capturing subsoil N. The amounts retrieved by trees in experiment 2 did not vary with depth or dates except for A. angustisma which retrieved more N from the top 0.20 m than from the subsoil. L. leucocephala and G. sepium had similar characteristics in terms of coppice biomass production and N content, and both species rooted to at least 2 m. G. sepium in a mixture with S. sesban, retrieved more applied N than when planted alone, implying that mixed fallows may be effective in resource capture. There was more inorganic-N in the topsoil of coppiced fallows was significantly higher than in unfertilized maize plots. Subsoil N accumulation was evident under fertilized maize plots. There was less subsoil nitrate-N beneath planted trees than beneath mono-cropped maize plots indicating that trees probably retrieved subsoil N. Maize yields subsequent to coppicing tree fallows were at least 170% higher than unfertilized controls indicating improved soil fertility status in the tree systems.
PROPAGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM PLANTED FALLOWS IN SUB-HUMID EASTERN ZAMBIA
Authors: CHINTU R. , MAFONGOYA P. L. , CHIRWA T. S. , KUNTASHULA E. , PHIRI D. , MATIBINI J.
Published: June 2004

Gliricidia sepium features prominently as a soil replenishment tree in planted coppicing fallows in eastern Zambia. Its usual method of propagation, through nurseryseedlings, is costly and may possibly hinder wider on-farm adoption. We compared fallows propagated by potted and bare root seedlings, direct seeding and stem cuttings, in terms of tree coppice biomass production, soil inorganic N availability and post-fallow maize yields under semi-arid conditions. We hypothesized that cutting fallows initially in May (off-season) would increase subsequent seasonal coppice biomass production as opposed to cutting them in November (at cropping). The tree survival and biomass order after two years was: potted = bare root > direct > cuttings. The post-fallow maize productivity sequence was: fertilized maize = potted = bare root > direct > cuttings = no-tree unfertilized controls, across seasons. However, farmers may prefer directly seeded fallows owing to their cost effectiveness. Soil inorganic N and maize yield were significantly higher in May-cut than in November-cut fallows. Preseason topsoil inorganic N and biomass N input correlated highly with maize yields. This implies that bothparameters may be used to predict post-fallow crop yields.
Introduction: The History of Modern Mathematics – Writing and Rewriting
Authors: Corry Leo
Published: June 2004

The present issue of Science in Context comprises a collection of articles dealing with various, specific aspects of the history of mathematics during the last third of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Like the September issue of 2003 of this journal (Vol. 16, no. 3), which was devoted to the history of ancient mathematics, this collection originated in the aftermath of a meeting held in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem in May 2001, under the title: “History of Mathematics in the Last 25 Years: New Departures, New Questions, New Ideas.” Taken together, these two topical issues are meant as a token of appreciation for the work of Sabetai Unguru and his achievements in the history of mathematics.
Anxiety and Abstraction in Nineteenth-Century Mathematics
Authors: Gray Jeremy J.
Published: June 2004

The first part of this paper surveys the current literature in the history of nineteenth-century mathematics in order to show that the question “Did the increasing abstraction of mathematics lead to a sense of anxiety?” is a new and valid question. I argue that the mathematics of the nineteenth century is marked by a growing appreciation of error leading to a note of anxiety, hesitant at first but persistent by 1900. This mounting disquiet about so many aspects of mathematics after 1850 is seldom discussed. The second part explores the issue of anxiety in mathematical life through an interesting account of an address made by a mathematician in 1911, Oscar Perron. The third and final part ventures some conclusions about the value of anxiety as a question for historians of mathematics to pursue.
The Motives behind Cantor's Set Theory – Physical, Biological, and Philosophical Questions
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: June 2004

The celebrated “creation” of transfinite set theory by Georg Cantor has been studied in detail by historians of mathematics. However, it has generally been overlooked that his research program cannot be adequately explained as an outgrowth of the mainstream mathematics of his day. We review the main extra-mathematical motivations behind Cantor's very novel research, giving particular attention to a key contribution, the Grundlagen (Foundations of a general theory of sets) of 1883, where those motives are articulated in some detail. Evidence from other publications and correspondence is pulled out to provide clarification and a detailed interpretation of those ideas and their impact upon Cantor's research. Throughout the paper, a special effort is made to place Cantor's scientific undertakings within the context of developments in German science and philosophy at the time (philosophers such as Trendelenburg and Lotze, scientists like Weber, Riemann, Vogt, Haeckel), and to reflect on the German intellectual atmosphere during the nineteenth century.
Knot Invariants in Vienna and Princeton during the 1920s: Epistemic Configurations of Mathematical Research
Authors: Epple Moritz
Published: June 2004

In 1926 and 1927, James W. Alexander and Kurt Reidemeister claimed to have made “the same” crucial breakthrough in a branch of modern topology which soon thereafter was called knot theory. A detailed comparison of the techniques and objects studied in these two roughly simultaneous episodes of mathematical research shows, however, that the two mathematicians worked in quite different mathematical traditions and that they drew on related, but distinctly different epistemic resources. These traditions and resources were local, not universal elements of mathematical culture. Even certain common features of the main publications such as their modernist, formal style of exposition can be explained by reference to particular constellations in the intellectual and professional environments of Alexander and Reidemeister. In order to analyze the role of such elements and constellations of mathematical research practice, a historiographical perspective is developed which emphasizes parallels with the recent historiography of experiment. In particular, a notion characterizing those “working units of scientific knowledge production” which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger has termed “experimental systems” in the case of empirical sciences proves helpful in understanding research episodes such as those bringing about modern knot theory.
Hermann Weyl's Analysis of the “Problem of Space” and the Origin of Gauge Structures
Authors: Scholz Erhard
Published: June 2004

Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) was one of the early contributors to the mathematics of general relativity. This article argues that in 1929, for the formulation of a general relativistic framework of the Dirac equation, he both abolished and preserved in modified form the conceptual perspective that he had developed earlier in his “analysis of the problem of space.” The ideas of infinitesimal congruence from the early 1920s were aufgehoben (in all senses of the German word) in the general relativistic framework for the Dirac equation. He preserved the central idea of gauge as a “purely infinitesimal” aspect of (internal) symmetries in a group extension schema. With respect to methodology, however, Weyl gave up his earlier preferences for relatively a-priori arguments and tried to incorporate as much empiricism as he could. This signified a clearly expressed empirical turn for him. Moreover, in this step he emphasized that the mathematical objects used for the representation of matter structures stood at the center of the construction, rather than interaction fields which, in the early 1920s, he had considered as more or less derivable from geometrico-philosophical considerations.
Berlin Roots – Zionist Incarnation: The Ethos of Pure Mathematics and the Beginnings of the Einstein Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Authors: Katz Shaul
Published: June 2004

Officially inaugurated in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was designed to serve the academic needs of the Jewish people and the Zionist enterprise in British Mandatory Palestine, as well as to help fulfill the economic and social requirements of the Middle East. It is intriguing that a university with such practical goals should have as one of its central pillars an institute for pure mathematics that purposely dismissed any of the varied fields of applied mathematics. This paper tells of the preparations for the inauguration of the Hebrew University during the years 1920–1925 and analyzes the founding phase of the Einstein Institute of Mathematics that was established there during the years 1924–1928. Special emphasis is given to the first terms in which this Institute operated, starting from the winter of 1927 with the activities of the director and one of the founders, the German mathematician Edmund Landau, and onward from 1928 when his successors, particularly Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel and Mihály-Michael Fekete, continued Landau's heritage of pure mathematics. The paper shows why and how the Institute succeeded in rejecting applied mathematics from its court and also explores the controversial issue of center and periphery in the development of science, a topic that is briefly analyzed in the concluding section.
Early Developments of Nonlinear Science in Soviet Russia: The Andronov School at Gor'kiy
Authors: Dalmedico Amy Dahan
Published: June 2004

Through a detailed study of the group surrounding Andronov and Grekhova, this article highlights how the configuration of the interaction between techno-science, the State, and production appears to be very specific to the Soviet Union, as compared to the United States or France. We are often used to thinking of the relationship between science and its (social and cultural) context by postulating that the core of scientific content is universal while context is variable. This study suggests rather the opposite. For indeed, the local and specific nature of the scientific culture and tradition of nonlinearity in Gor'kiy must be emphasized. It is the political context of World War II and of the Cold War that forced the unification with Western science, in that they set theoretical targets and technical objectives, and stimulated the manufacture of identical products, such as radar and nuclear devices, automated systems, etc. In short, in the relationship of politics and science that is examined here, it is the politics which created unity and universality.
Introduction
Authors: RADCLIFFE ELIZABETH S.
Published: June 2004

The following symposium was featured at the seventy-seventh meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association on the occasion of J. B. Schneewind's retirement from the Chair of the Board of Officers. It was my honour to serve as the chair of this session on 28 March 2003.
The Methods of J. B. Schneewind
Authors: SCHULTZ BART
Published: June 2004

J. B. Schneewind's Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy was the single best philosophical commentary on Henry Sidgwick's Methods of Ethics produced in the twentieth century. Although Schneewind was primarily concerned to read Sidgwick's ethical theory in its historical context, as reflecting the controversies generated by such figures as J. S. Mill, F. D. Maurice, and William Whewell, his reading also ended up being highly neo-Kantian, reflecting various Rawlsian priorities. As valuable as such an interpretation of Sidgwick surely is, Schneewind's approach has always been in some key respects too narrowly conceived in its construction of Sidgwick's philosophical and cultural context, failing to grapple with such troubling, philosophically relevant issues as the possible racism of Sidgwick's ethical and political views, or the sexual politics manifest in his collaboration with such figures as John Addington Symonds.
Comments on the Commentaries
Authors: SCHNEEWIND J. B.
Published: June 2004

Adams's suggestion that there must be one really right way of presenting the history of moral philosophy seems implausible to me, so I reject – with additional reasons – his charges against the structure of Invention of Autonomy. Skorupski's way of stating the ‘equal moral abilities’ thesis is not, I argue, very Kantian; a more Kantian version is not open to his objections. I am unconvinced by Schultz's claim that Sidgwick did not really hold that thesis. Deigh raises questions I cannot reply to here, but I do offer some texts that seem to show that Sidgwick is not guilty of the confusion about ‘ought’ with which Deigh charges him.
Are Some Inequalities more Unequal than Others? Nature, Nurture and Equality
Authors: LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN KASPER
Published: June 2004

Many egalitarians believe that social inequalities are worse than natural ones. Others deny that one can coherently distinguish between them. I argue that although one can separate the influence of these factors by an analysis of variance, the distinction is morally irrelevant. It might be alleged that my argument in favour of moral irrelevance attacks a straw man. While I think this allegation is incorrect, I accommodate it by distinguishing between four claims that are related to, and sometimes confused with, the claim that social inequalities are worse. These are: that one has a stronger reason to eliminate inequalities that obtain between, or are produced by, members of one's own society; that inequalities that result from unfair treatment are worse; that inequalities that we make, rather than merely allowing to exist, are worse; and that it is bad if people are treated unfairly.
Serbia and its Intellectuals: Introduction
Authors: EMMERT THOMAS A.
Published: June 2004

The role of Serbia's intellectuals in the post-Tito revival of Serbian nationalism and the eventual disintegration of Yugoslavia has been a subject of discussion and analysis by both scholars and journalists for more than a decade. The now infamous 1986 draft Memorandum of the Serbian Academy in Belgrade has been elevated by some observers to represent a coherent statement of Serbian national interests that was shared by most intellectuals and quickly captured the imagination of Serbia's political leaders and people alike. Unfortunately, such an interpretation appears too facile, and the relationship between Serbia's intellectuals and the national movement presents itself as a complex phenomenon without a coherent thread.
Postwar Serbian Nationalism and the Limits of Invention
Authors: MILLER NICK
Published: June 2004

Serbian nationalism has rarely been the subject of theoretical analysis. For the most part, recent work on Serbian history implicitly supports the ‘modernist’ position among nationalism theorists, which holds that nationalism is a modern phenomenon that serves the interests of the politically powerful. In this article, the Serbian nationalist movement of the 1980s will be examined in light of the major theoretical approaches to nationalism (modernism, perennialism and ethno-symbolism). Using a small group of nationalist intellectuals (Dobrica Ćosi, Borislav Mihajlovi Mihiz and Mića Popović) as its subject, it concludes that the restrictive modernist approach leads to misunderstandings of the nature of modern Serbian national identity.
Rethinking Yugoslavia: Serbian Intellectuals and the ‘National Question’ in Historical Perspective
Authors: DRAGOVIĆ-SOSO JASNA
Published: June 2004

This article examines the evolving concepts of the state among Serbian intellectuals since the nineteenth century, and then focuses on their final attempt at conceptualising a new and reformed Yugoslavia before the disintegration of the country in 1991. Three concepts of the state historically existed in Serbian national thought: a centralised Yugoslav state, a federal Yugoslav union and a ‘Greater Serbia’ acting as an alternative to South Slav unification. This article argues that the Serbian intellectuals' main platform of the 1980s, the ‘Contribution to the Public Debate on the Constitution’ of 1988, remained within the main ‘pro-Yugoslav’ tradition, but that its proposals were neither genuinely ‘centralist’ nor ‘decentralist’. Rather, they were shaped by exclusively Serbian concerns and were too incoherent to resuscitate Yugoslavia.
Comment
Authors: DJORDJEVICH DUšAN J.
Published: June 2004

Much has been written about the role of intellectuals in the Serbian nationalist movement of the last two or three decades. The quantity has generally been more noteworthy than the quality. Recently, however, some excellent work has appeared, notably by these three authors. Each is making important and original contributions to our understanding of the cultural and ideological context of Yugoslavia's demise.
Transnational History
Authors: IRIYE AKIRA
Published: June 2004

John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 363 pp., $22.95 (pb), ISBN 0-8047-3422-4.

Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 406 pp., $13.50 (pb), ISBN 0-8014-8784-6.

Helen Laville, Cold War Women: The International Activities of American Women's Organizations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 224 pp., £47.50 (hb), ISBN 0-7190-5856-2.

Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink, eds., Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 400 pp., $24.95 (pb), ISBN 0-8166-3907 8.

Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und Nationale Kultur: Deutsche Physiker in der Internationalen Community, 1900–1960 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000), 304 pp., €29.90 (pb), ISBN 3-525-36246-3.

Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn, eds., The Power and Limits of NGOs: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Russia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 300 pp., $16.00 (pb), ISBN 0-231-12491-0.
Conference Report Coercion and Consent: A Comparative Study of ‘Mass Dictatorship’
Authors: LIM JIE-HYUN
Published: June 2004

What is the difference between pre-modern despotism and modern dictatorship? The answer is simple: despotism does not need massive backing from below, but dictatorship presupposes the support of the masses. This simple distinction is the starting point of the three-year ‘mass dictatorship’ project, launched in December 2002 with the financial support of the Korea Research Foundation and Hanyang University, Seoul. The project aims to position Korean debates about coming to terms with its dictatorial past in the context of other countries' experiences with dictatorship.
Northern English industrial towns: rivals or partners?
Authors: CAUNCE S.A.
Published: June 2004

By 1974, northern England had become one of Europe's most urbanized areas, though it had very few towns in 1500. However, the dense population of the industrial regions lived in towns which were unusually crowded together and which had not developed conventional hierarchical structures. No dominant northern metropolis ever emerged, and this unusual urban system displayed intense rivalry at all levels. Was this coincidental, or can it help explain the region's nineteenth-century dynamism?
‘Disgusting to the imagination and destructive of health’? The metropolitan supply of water, 1820–52
Authors: SUNDERLAND DAVID
Published: June 2004

The criticisms of the early nineteenth-century metropolitan water supply by contemporary interest groups have been largely accepted by present day historians. This article argues that these criticisms were undeserved. It is argued that the London water companies provided an adequate amount of water; charged reasonable prices, given their large capital investments; and that, although the quality of water may have been poor compared to modern standards, it was far purer than sometimes supposed.
Company towns and peripheral cities in the Chilean copper industry: Potrerillos and Pueblo Hundido, 1917–1940s
Authors: VERGARA ANGELA
Published: June 2004

This article discusses the relationship between company towns and peripheral cities by looking at the evolution of two Chilean towns between 1917 and the 1940s. It argues that the construction and the regulations of company towns created acute social conflicts and economic contradictions in urban settlements located in the periphery. It also analyses how the periphery both challenged the hegemonic dreams of planned communities and became a safety valve to release tensions from the camps.
Current bibliography of urban history
Authors: SMITH JOHN , TOWNSEND CLAIRE , VERDIER NICOLAS
Published: June 2004

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History 1992–2002. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. There is an index of towns on p. 489. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken.
Suizide Älterer in Italien: Eine epidemiologische Betrachtung unter Berücksichtigung internationaler Entwicklungen
Authors: de Leo Diego , Spathonis Kim
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung: Die Suizidraten Älterer in Italien sind hoch aber über Jahrzehnte stabil. Ein stetiger Anstieg ist bei älteren Frauen zu verzeichnen. Dieses Phänomen beruht auf Veränderungen der Sozialstruktur, insbesondere Veränderungen in den Familien. Die Zunahme des Anteils Älterer an der Bevölkerung macht die Notwendigkeit spezieller Suizidpräventionsprogramme für Ältere deutlich, mit denen die Suizidraten unter Berücksichtigung identifizierter Risikofaktoren gesenkt werden sollen.
Die Versorgung suizidaler alter Menschen in Deutschland
Authors: Erlemeier Norbert
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung: Das Problem der Suizidalität alter Menschen wird in der Öffentlichkeit häufig unterschätzt. Das ist deshalb bedenklich, weil von allen Altersgruppen über 65-Jährige die höchste Rate tödlicher Suizidhandlungen aufweisen. Nach internationalem Forschungsstand werden alte Menschen in suizidalen Krisen dagegen von ambulanten Krisendiensten kaum erreicht. Diese Diskrepanz gab Anlass für ein Forschungsprojekt, das vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend finanziert wurde. Die Ergebnisse konnten den internationalen Forschungsstand auch für Deutschland bestätigen. Untersucht wurden auch die Gründe, die für die geringe Frequentierung der ambulanten Krisenhilfe durch suizidale alte Menschen verantwortlich zu machen sind. Mängel in Erkennung, Zugang und Versorgung dieser Zielgruppe lassen sich auch bei anderen Trägern psychosozialer Dienste und Einrichtungen nachweisen. Insgesamt ist der Kenntnisstand und die Datenlage über die Versorgung alter Menschen in suizidalen Krisen unbefriedigend und lückenhaft. Im Anschluss an die Zustandsbeschreibung werden Strategien zur Optimierung der Früherkennung und Prävention von suizidaler Gefährdung im Alter abgeleitet und vorgeschlagen. Die Konzeption geht von einem Aktionsbündnis aus, an dem Akteure des Medizinsektors, der Altenhilfe und Krisenintervention in einer Kommune/Region zusammenarbeiten. Auf nationaler Ebene kommen Probleme alter Menschen im Nationalen Suizidpräventionsprogramm für Deutschland zur Geltung.
On the evolution of the solar wind between 1 and 5 AU at the time of the Cassini Jupiter flyby: Multispacecraft observations of interplanetary coronal mass ejections including the formation of a merged interaction region
Authors: Hanlon P. G. , Dougherty M. K. , Forsyth R. J. , Owens M. J. , Hansen K. C. , Tóth G. , Crary F. J. , Young D. T.
Published: June 2004

The Cassini flyby of Jupiter occurred at a time near solar maximum. Consequently, the pre‐Jupiter data set reveals clear and numerous transient perturbations to the Parker Spiral solar wind structure. Limited plasma data are available at Cassini for this period due to pointing restrictions imposed on the instrument. This renders the identification of the nature of such structures ambiguous, as determinations based on the magnetic field data alone are unreliable. However, a fortuitous alignment of the planets during this encounter allowed us to trace these structures back to those observed previously by the Wind spacecraft near the Earth. Of the phenomena that we are satisfactorily able to trace back to their manifestation at 1 AU, two are identified as being due to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. One event at Cassini is shown to be a merged interaction region, which is formed from the compression of a magnetic cloud by two anomalously fast solar wind streams. The flux‐rope structure associated with this magnetic cloud is not as apparent at Cassini and has most likely been compressed and deformed. Confirmation of the validity of the ballistic projections used here is provided by results obtained from a one‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic projection of solar wind parameters measured upstream near the Earth. It is found that when the Earth and Cassini are within a few tens of degrees in heliospheric longitude, the results of this one‐dimensional model predict the actual conditions measured at 5 AU to an impressive degree. Finally, the validity of the use of such one‐dimensional projections in obtaining quasi‐solar wind parameters at the outer planets is discussed.
New observations from Cassini and Ulysses of Jovian VLF radio emissions
Authors: Kaiser M. L. , Farrell W. M. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: June 2004

Simultaneous observations of Jupiter's so‐called reradiated VLF radio emission by the Cassini and Ulysses spacecraft confirm that the emission is radiated into all directions in a pulse or strobe light‐like fashion. These observations rule out a source that corotates with the planet. Observations of the same VLF emission component during the Cassini distant flyby of Jupiter in early 2001 strongly suggest that the emission, which originates fairly close to the planet, is modified by the magnetosheath so that the magnetosheath acts as a leaky wave guide of VLF radiation.
Cassini Plasma Spectrometer electron measurements close to the magnetopause of Jupiter
Authors: Svenes K. R. , Narheim B. T. , Coates A. J. , Linder D. R. , Young D. T.
Published: June 2004

During late 2000 and early 2001 the Cassini satellite made a flyby of Jupiter en route to Saturn. The flyby speed was about 20 km/s, and the trajectory brought the spacecraft through the magnetosheath on the afternoonside. The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) instrument, consisting of two ion sensors and an electron spectrometer, was thus able to measure the plasma throughout this region on an unprecedented timescale. The electron spectrometer measured electrons in the energy range of about 1 eV to 27 keV with up to 2 s spectral resolution. During January 2001, Cassini twice entered into the Jovian magnetosphere, and the electron measurements from these periods will be presented. From these observations it is clear the Jovian magnetopause is effectively a firm boundary as far as low‐energy plasma is concerned. On the other hand, high‐energy particles (in the MeV range, measured by the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)) were observed both inside and outside of the magnetopause. Inside the magnetosphere the spacecraft was charged to values of +50 V or so for most of the time, indicative of a cold and tenuous plasma. However, for about an hour of observation time, another magnetospheric electron population was also seen. This population had a density in the range 104 m−3 to 105 m−3 and a corresponding temperature on the order of 30 eV or so. Hence these measurements are distinct from both other ELS observations inside the magnetosphere as well as from the observations carried out in the magnetosheath.