bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
mHealth for Diabetes Self-Management in Underserved Populations: A Scoping Review
Authors: Killion Kolby , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: October 2022

Chronic diseases are difficult to manage as managing them requires both knowledge and motivation. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions attempt to address both of these factors and are promising ways to engage and educate underserved communities. The purpose of this paper is to review literature related to mHealth for diabetes self-management for underserved populations. Papers discussing design considerations for potential interventions and those discussing actual interventions are included. The review discusses the health theories and models used to design interventions, the role of community in several studies, the use of text messages as the predominant interaction method and other methods used, the demographics of the study participants, and the varying effectiveness of the studies.
Identifying and Addressing Risks in the Early Design of a Sociotechnical System through Premortem
Authors: Bettin Briana , Steelman Kelly S. , Wallace Charles , Pontious Dana , Veinott Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2022

Anticipating risks in software development is always challenging, but particularly so when the software application is part of a novel sociotechnical system with various human and physical components. Our interdisciplinary team of software engineering and human factors researchers is designing such a system. In order to identify and mitigate the risks latent in this previously unexplored space, we have used the premortem method at an early stage in system design. In the premortem, the team ideated failure scenarios across the range of system use, then collaborated on ways to eliminate, mitigate, or monitor the risks of these failures. We have found the premortem method valuable in recognizing and mitigating previously unanticipated risks and in enriching team communication.
Applying Epistemic Network Analysis to Explore The Distribution of Work Across Dementia Care Networks
Authors: Linden A.R. , Ponnala S. , Werner N.E.
Published: October 2022

Persons living with dementia (PwD) rely on the support of informal caregivers such as family and friends, who often perform caregiving work within a network of both informal and formal supports. Recent research has provided insight into the size and structure of care networks, however little is known about how the caregiving work is performed and distributed across the various roles. We applied Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) to transcripts of 30 semi-structured interviews with primary dementia caregivers to create network graphs that illustrate the difference in how primary caregivers perceive the work performed between informal and formal supports. We identified significant differences in the way that primary caregivers leverage the types of support in their care networks, expanding our understanding of the function and needs of a dementia care network.
Investigating the impact of context and environment on driver’s situation awareness
Authors: Xing Yilun , Park Sami , Akash Kumar , Wu Xingwei , Misu Teruhisa , Boyle Linda Ng
Published: October 2022

The objective of this study is to assess drivers’ ability to detect objects and the trajectory of these objects in scenarios with different environmental complexity levels. This is examined in the context of situation awareness (SA), defined as theperception, comprehension and projection of the environmental properties andpositions. The Situation Awareness Global AssessmentTechnique (SAGAT) was used in a video-based driving simulation study, where participants were asked to mark all objects in the order ofperceived risk and select the corresponding objecttype. This provided spatially continuous SA responses for the objects of interest (i.e.,pedestrians, cars and cyclists). The findings showed that object type and size, visual complexity, number of objects and roadway typehada significant impact ontheoperator’s ability toperceiveobjectsaswellastoprojectthe object trajectories. The resultsprovideus some insightsinchoosing predictorsbesideseye-tracking data for SA predictive model.
A Framework to Assess Pedestrian Exposure Using Personal Device Data
Authors: Douglas Grace , Boyle Linda Ng , Kim Haena , Moudon Anne , Mooney Steve , Saelens Brian , Ebel Beth
Published: October 2022

Capturing pedestrian exposure is important to assess the likelihood of a pedestrian-vehicle crash. In this study, we show how data collected on pedestrians using personal electronic devices can provide insights on exposure. This paper presents a framework for capturing exposure using spatial pedestrian movements based on GPS coordinates collected from accelerometers, deﬁned as walking bouts. The process includes extracting and cleaning the walking bouts and then merging other environmental factors. A zero-inﬂated negative binomial model is used to show how the data can be used to predict the likelihood of walking bouts at the intersection level. This information can be used by engineers, designers and planners in roadway designs to enhance pedestrian safety.
When Transparency Fails: Compliance with Decision Support in Nautical Collision Avoidance
Authors: Pharmer Rebecca L. , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A.
Published: October 2022

To attempt to counter uncalibrated compliance with an automated decision aid, the current study sought to introduce some level of transparency into the system’s recommendations. An experiment was conducted using a simple, simulated maritime collision avoidance task featuring an imperfect, but highly reliable, de-cision aid. Specifically, the aid’s recommendations were sometimes paired with a single confidence meas-ure associated with the actual level of difficulty of the trial. Compliance with the aid produced safer out-comes in terms of miss distance at closest point of approach. However, transparency in the form of confi-dence measures did not increase overall compliance with the aid, nor affect the safety of maneuvers. Im-plications for transparency and compliance are discussed.
Virtual Reality Simulation for Emergency Management teams – A Literature Review
Authors: Maura Dos Santos Viviana , Son Changwon
Published: October 2022

The objective of this review was to provide a summary of virtual reality (VR) simulation for emergency management (EM) teams and suggest future research agenda items. A systematic literature review was conducted using three databases: PsycINFO, Compendex (Engineering Village), and Web of Science. A total of five articles met inclusion criteria and thus were reviewed here. Our review identified four common aspects of VR-based EM team simulation: coordination, communication, decision-making, and situation awareness. Future research is recommended to investigate other aspects of team cognition and collective characteristics as to how these are related to team performance. The level of fidelity of the VR simulation was identified as an important factor to consider when designing VR simulations for different populations with varying experience level. The adoption of more immersive VR systems would be beneficial to improving ecological validity. Moreover, a deep analysis of fidelity and simulation effectiveness is recommended.
Cognitive Engineering Modeling of Phishing
Authors: Bragg Tiffani , Rantanen Esa M. , Pelletier Justin M. , Rashedi Ehsan
Published: October 2022

Using signal detection theory (SDT) and fuzzy SDT, the influence of familiarity with phishing and having a background in cybersecurity on phishing behavior was examined. The results from SDT analysis indicated that familiarity with phishing only accounted for 11% of the variance in sensitivity and 5% in bias. When examining the same using Fuzzy SDT, familiarity with phishing accounted for 6% of the variance in bias. Background in cybersecurity had a statistically significant effect on sensitivity and bias in classical SDT but only on bias in fuzzy SDT. A confusion matrix revealed that the percentage of successfully transmitted information from the stimuli to the judgements made by participants was only 26%. Participants most frequently identified requests for personal information in stimulus emails as phishing cues. Future research should continue to explore application of the different cognitive engineering models to phishing identification.
Exploring the Use of Cognitive Assistants for Online Classrooms
Authors: Bruni Sylvain , Brown Tara
Published: October 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has placed an unprecedented demand on the use of virtual learning environments. However, the rapid adoption of tools to transition from in-person to virtual instruction has left many questions unanswered as to how learning may be optimized when in-person interactions are no longer available. Additionally, there exists a gap in supporting both instructors and trainees, synchronously, during learning experiences. In this paper, we explore how this gap may be bridged by leveraging the lessons learned, practices, and technologies created in the operational world in the form of Cognitive Assistants (CA). CAs have emerged as a novel means to support both individuals and teammates as they accomplish their work in domains as varied as maintenance or healthcare. This early work identifies a series of affordances which a CA may leverage to support both instructors and trainees, for the purpose of optimizing learning in an online classroom.
Investigating Academic Performance Using an AR-based Learning Environment with Retrospective Confidence Judgments
Authors: Guo Wenbin , Hyup Kim Jung
Published: October 2022

Augmented reality (AR) is being used extensively in education in order to improve academic performance. However, everyone might have a different learning capability when they are exposed to an AR environment. Retrospective confidence judgment (RCJ) is a good metacognitive monitoring tool used in a computer-based learning system to make restudy decisions. In this study, we created an AR-based learning environment with RCJ to investigate academic performance. The Microsoft HoloLens provided a realistic AR environment for students to learn engineering content. Group one was the control group learning in class, and group two was learning AR-based content. Group two was divided into two subgroups, the academic performance of within groups was compared with RCJs and without RCJs. The study revealed the advantages of using an AR learn-ing environment to prompt students’ academic performance in the sagittal plane (U = 680, p < 0.05). The findings of this research advance our understanding of human-computer interactions between students and the learning contents in an AR environment with RCJs. Besides, this research provides new guidelines on how to generate more effective engineering learning content in an AR learning environment.
Developing Systemic Contributors and Adaptations Diagramming (SCAD): systemic insights, multiple pragmatic implementations
Authors: Jefferies Christine M. , Asher Balkin E. , Groom Luke , Rayo Michael F.
Published: October 2022

Traditional event exploration techniques in safety operations such as RCA and FMEA focus on developing explanations of specific events and in so doing, risk producing over-simplified highly linearized models of organizational behavior which are largely divorced from the realities of the work. Techniques such as FRAM, STAMP, and AcciMap, produce highly accurate models of system behavior but are often prohibitively resource intensive. These difficulties have made the types of inquiry which can inform Safety-II-style analysis difficult and expensive. In a review of four recent studies, we discuss implementation of the Systemic Contributors and Adaptations Diagramming (SCAD) framework, demonstrating its value in rapidly identifying useful cases, engaging a wider range of organizational roles, and arriving at useful insights more quickly and with reduced resource burden. Rather than focus on a specific event, SCAD explores the distribution of pressures across the system and the associated adaptive behaviors which employees undertake to address those pressures.
The impact of distance education on physical and mental health among 4th graders during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors: Sanders MS Austin , Ballen Brittany , Okoro Judith , Afterman Melissa , Barr Alan , Robertson Michelle , Harris Adamson Carisa
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced additional concerns for childhood obesity, cardiometabolic disorders, and mental health among children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households. This study aimed to understand how distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the healthy habits, mental health, and metabolic health of 4th graders in an under-resourced district. 4th graders from 3 elementary schools answered questions about their habits related to diet, physical activity, sleep, and hydration during the pandemic (distance education). Students’ height, weight, waist, and hip measurements were recorded to assess metabolic health. The 4th-grade sample (n = 40) reported an overall more productive learning environment and healthier lifestyle while in school compared to learning at home. Metabolic and mental health screening results suggest that schools and communities should address mental and physical health issues that may have been triggered or exacerbated by distance learning during the pandemic.
Reliability and Validity of a Newly Developed Ergonomic Assessment Tool for Unstructured and Unregulated Work
Authors: Yeboah Nana A. N. , Acquah Augustine A. , D’Souza Clive , Martin Bernard J. , Arko-Mensah John , Fobil Julius N.
Published: October 2022

Existing ergonomic assessment tools have been designed for routine and structured work making their use in informal work setting challenging due to the high variability in tasks performed by informal workers. The Ergonomic Assessment tool for Unstructured Work (EAUW) was developed by Acquah and colleagues to address this challenge. The tool is efficient and has good inter-observer reliability, but little information is known about its other psychometric properties. This paper assesses the reliability and validity of EAUW. Criterion validity was determined by comparing the EAUW with existing tools for a selected number of e-waste recycling tasks. Intra-observer reliability was determined by comparing observations from the same assessor 5 days apart. Results indicated a high intra-observer agreement for all exposure variables. Compared to existing tools which provide a snapshot of ergonomic exposures, the EAUW provides a more detailed estimate of work exposures between- and within-workers across time.
Perception and Comprehension of the Hurricane Threats and Impacts Graphics
Authors: Millet Barbara , Ding Qinyu , Majumdar Sharanya J. , Cairo Alberto , McNoldy Brian , Evans Scotney D. , Broad Kenneth
Published: October 2022

Effective tropical cyclone risk reduction is possible only if all relevant threats are considered and analyzed. Recently, weather organizations have expanded their forecast products to include more information about tropical cyclone hazards. Of these products, the Hurricane Threats and Impacts (HTI) graphics are gaining support. Although the HTI graphics have been operational since 2015, no user evaluations of their efficacy have been published. In an online experiment with 114 non-expert participants, we explored the effect of prior tropical cyclone experience and storm characteristics on HTI perceived ease of use, task completion time, and comprehension. Overall, perceived ease of use and comprehension scores were low across the experience groups. Completion times were similar across the groups and storms. The results suggest that the HTI graphics are misinterpreted by the public and may not be effective in communicating tropical cyclone hazards.
Incorporation of the ACTA Method for Bone Defect Interpretation Training
Authors: Marzullo Jack , Farahani Ali , Fendley Mary , Caldorera-Moore Mary
Published: October 2022

There is a need for additional research regarding diagnostic image interpretation in clinical decision making. Educational avenues such as procedural shadowing and lengthy training programs have not lowered a presently high diagnostic error rate that exists within the healthcare community. Past research has introduced schematic approaches to act as a universal model of diagnostic reasoning. We apply the Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA) methodology to establish additional insight on diagnostic imagery analysis, to guide development of training procedures for bone defect detection. Results indicate how a balance of stained color pattern recognition and functional knowledge of histology proved vital to image interpretation when tasked with finding distinct measurements of bone defects within model images.
The Effect of Acute Stress on Privacy Decision-Making
Authors: Byrne Kaileigh , Liu Yizhou
Published: October 2022

Internet users’ digital privacy decisions are closely connected with their level of trust of information security, privacy concern, and perceived risks and benefits of internet use. One psychological factor that may potentially alter such privacy-related behaviors is acute stress, as it has shown to influence individual’s general decision-making. The goal of this between-subject designed research is to explore whether acute stress can affect decision-making in the digital privacy domain. Additionally, other privacy-related factors that may moderate this relationship, including trust and privacy fatigue, will be examined. We expect that participants who are exposed to acute stress will have poorer privacy decision-making outcomes, which will be represented by more frequent acceptance of online cookies and default privacy settings. Moreover, this relationship is expected to be magnified among individuals with low levels of Internet trust and those with high levels of privacy fatigue.
Cue Use is Unaffected by Covertly Performing a Task
Authors: Vangsness Lisa , Driggs Jade
Published: October 2022

Humans learn by watching others. One aspect of these observations are our Judgments of Difficulty (JODs) about a task. Research has revealed discrepancies in the judgments we make while performing and observing; these discrepancies are alternatively explained by the Simulation and Theory Models of metacognition. This study tested these models by capitalizing on a behavior that naturally occurs during observation: covert performance. We compared the cues to difficulty used by pure observers and covert performers as they watched an automated system (AS) perform a visual search task. Students used peripheral and central cues to difficulty similarly, regardless of whether they purely observed or covertly performed the task, lending support to the Theory Model of metacognition. The study offers an explanation for peoples’ inflated sense of ability while watching others perform and suggests that providing people with experience – not just observation– is a critical part of correcting these faulty judgments.
Development of a Task-Design Framework for Quantifying Crew Performance
Authors: Zero Michael , Klaus David , Arquilla Katya , Shelhamer Mark , Fanchiang Christine
Published: October 2022

This investigation proposes a Task-Design Framework, which describes the relationship between human capabilities, the task design, and their performance. Validating such a framework, however, remains a challenge. With recent advances in wearable technologies, biometric sensors are now widely available, easy to use and fairly unobtrusive. These sensors provide an opportunity to measure and monitor a subset of astronaut health and performance indicators non-invasively. This work is aimed at systematically identifying a process that could be used to validate the task-design framework through a series of experimental task scenarios where task performance is tracked with measures such as speed and accuracy of task execution as well as changes to human capabilities using biometric sensing as an inference for task performance.
Strategy Selection in Teams: Exploring How Teams Coordinate Responses to Time Pressure
Authors: Paladugu Abhinay , Nijveldt Renske , Cassidy Kenneth , IJtsma Martijn
Published: October 2022

Effective teamwork in dynamic environments relies on the ability to adapt individual as well as collective behavior to respond to varying and uncertain demands. This paper describes an experiment conducted to analyze a two-person team’s strategy selection during a simulated search and retrieve task using Blocks World for Teams (BW4T). The experiment imposes different levels of temporal demands on teams to characterize how individual strategy selection affects team strategy and performance. Hollnagel’s Contextual Control Models are used as the basis for analyzing the experiment data and identifying the control mode of the team and its individual members during the task. Results from the experiment show that control modes are adapted at both the individual and team level to maintain performance under varying temporal demands. The results from the experiment point to the need to have system design support a range of individual and team control strategies to facilitate effective coordination and adaptation in teams.
Advancing Human-Robot Teams: A Framework for Understanding Swift Trust
Authors: Patel Sabina M. , Napoli Sarah E. , Rohrbacher Addison S. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Phillips Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we describe how swift trust in human-robot (HR) teams is developed through the incorporation of surface-level cues and imported information. Surface-level cues are physical characteristics whereas imported information serves to shape preconceived notions about the robot itself. A multidimensional continuum is used to explore the effects of varying surface-level cues and imported information on the type of swift trust that may form as a result: high, medium, and low swift trust. Similar surface cues and positive information suggest higher swift trust development, whereas, negative imported information and differing surface cues evoke low swift trust. Surface cues and imported information that are incongruous leads to medium swift trust formation. This paper offers insights into the development of swift trust depending on the specific traits relevant to both the human and robot team members.
Moderation Analysis of Gender in Social Robot Interactions
Authors: Kettle Liam , Melles Lydia , Simpson Kassidy
Published: October 2022

The current study aimed to further analyze Schadenberg et al.’s (2021) dataset examining perceived social attributions after observing human-robot interactions. In their study, visibility of an external cause was found to significantly predict perceived competence of the Robot Social Attributes Scale (RoSAS) only. However, no demographic variable was considered in the analyzes. Therefore, gender was analyzed as a moderator between visibility and participants’ perceived competence of the robot. Additionally, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted on the RoSAS measure to examine its validity in the current context. Results indicated that gender did not significantly moderate the relationship between visibility and perceived competence. This finding could be explained by the RoSAS demonstrating poor fit with the data even though the measure indicated high internal reliability. In light of these results, the current study advocates for further psychometric validation of newer scales across varying conditions, especially within the social robotics field.
The National Aviation and Space Agency Task Load Index (NASA-TLX): Does it Need Updating?
Authors: Helton William S. , Jackson Kenneth M. , Näswall Katharina , Humphrey Bonnie
Published: October 2022

The NASA-TLX is arguably the most widely used self-report measure of workload in the field of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Previous research utilizing factor analysis has indicated it may not actually be a good unitary measure of workload. In the present study, we have modified two of the original six items, Frustration and Performance, to better reflect workload by replacing them with Emotional Demand and Performance Monitoring Demand items. Confirmatory factor analyses indicate the new scale is an improvement but Physical Demand should also be considered for removal; this results in a five-item measure of mental workload, not overall task workload, as physical demands may not be meaningfully combinable with cognitive demands.
Overcoming the Lumberjack Effect Through Adaptive Autonomy
Authors: Hauptman Allyson I. , McNeese Nathan J.
Published: October 2022

Research shows that there are a variety of performance advantages to increasing the degrees of autonomy that human-supporting autonomous systems possess, including organizational productivity and the reduction of human workload. Yet, not all the consequences of increasing autonomy are positive. One such negative consequence is the risk of human operators becoming more incapable of responding to system failures as autonomy levels increase, a phenomenon known as the Lumberjack Effect. This paper proposes a conceptual model for using adaptive autonomy as a means to avoid the risks of this phenomenon while retaining the advantages of higher autonomy levels in earlier stages of an organization’s work cycle. We apply our model to two research-based scenarios and discuss future research necessary to validate the model. This model provides the Human Factors community with a possible solution to the debate over the risks of designing human-supporting autonomous systems with higher degrees of autonomy.
An Interdisciplinary Approach: Potential for Robotic Support to Address Wayfinding Barriers Among Persons with Visual Impairments
Authors: Bayles Megan A. , Kadylak Travis , Liu Shuijing , Hasan Aamir , Liang Weihang , Hong Kaiwen , Driggs-Campbell Kathrine , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2022

Persons with Vision Impairments (PwVI) often have difficulties navigating indoor environments. The challenges and solutions can change based on their level of familiarity with the location. A collaborative effort was made to design a user needs assessment to understand the collaborative nature of human-robot interaction for wayfinding. The user study was an interview study to discuss with PwVI their navigation experience in familiar, somewhat familiar, and unfamiliar locations. Following this, we discussed their current solution strategies for wayfinding in those locations to discuss how they could imagine a robot to support wayfinding. We report on four case studies to illustrate specific user needs, such as vocal direction and orientation to learn a new environment and navigate, and highlight common strategies, such as supplemental lighting, different types of human assistance, and technologies used (i.e. white canes).
Landscape of User-Centered Design Practices for Fostering Trustworthy Human-AI Interactions
Authors: Pailian Hrag , Li Lee
Published: October 2022

In the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, leaders in the commercial artificial intelligence (AI) market have shaped parameters of trustworthy AI design. Resulting directives, however, typically approach this issue from a technical perspective, while largely ignoring its human factors counterpart. As such, we conducted an information synthesis to capture the current landscape of user-centered design for developing trustworthy human-AI interactions. As part of our review, we analyzed resources from 50+ publications and summarized their respective protocols into three major categories: (1) design standards and guidelines based on ethical principles, 2) best practices for designing the nature of human-AI relationships across the user experience, and 3) best practices for designing redress mechanisms when trust is at risk, low, or broken. Part and parcel to this review, we provide concrete prescriptions for designing trustworthy human-AI interactions, identify limitations of existing protocols, and suggest areas requiring further exploration.
Modeling Responses to Alarm Systems: A Drift Diffusion Model Approach
Authors: Rieger Tobias , Koob Valentin , Parnassa Tomer , Manzey Dietrich , Meyer Joachim
Published: October 2022

In numerous applications, alarm systems play an important role, supporting human decision-making. So far, however, little research dealt with the cognitive mechanisms that are at play in alarm-supported decision-making. In the present study, we aim to disentangle underlying cognitive mechanisms by using drift diffusion modeling. The results showed that going beyond standard approaches of analyzing alarm-system supported binary decision tasks can reveal results unlikely to be captured otherwise. That is, the analyses revealed that the alarm system’s output biased the decision-making process, requiring less evidence to be sampled for agreeing with the system than for disagreeing with the system. Moreover, evidence was accumulated faster on correct than on incorrect alarm system recommendations. Thus, the present results point to promising directions for gaining a more fine-grained picture of automation supported decision making.
What Does That Car Mean? The Influence of Vehicle Motion and Symbolic Patterns of LED Signals on Pedestrians’ Interpretation of a Vehicle’s Intent
Authors: Chu Yueying , Hariharan Deveshwar , Hollar Seth , Feng Jing
Published: October 2022

One critical issue of autonomous vehicles is how to communicate the intention to pedestrians. In this study, the impact of two factors (vehicle motion and LED lighting signal type) on participants’ interpretation of LED signals were investigated. A total of 80 participants completed the study online. We found that motion affects participants’ interpretation, but depending on the LED pattern; participants were also able to understand the vehicle’s intention with the attention capturing pattern (flashing squares). In addition, some creative interpretations were reported suggesting an opportunity to redefine the meaning of light patterns. Implications of these findings and next steps were discussed.澳
Perception of Intention in Traffic Environments: A Systematic Review
Authors: Petersen Christine M. , DeLucia Patricia R.
Published: October 2022

To navigate safely in traffic environments, road users must correctly predict another road users’ intentions. Understanding how road users correctly predict the intent of other road users can help create possible countermeasures for collision avoidance. The aim of this paper is to examine what cues road users (drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians) use to successfully predict other road user’s intentions and to highlight gaps and outline future research directions. A systematic literature search using the PRISMA method was conducted, and twenty-seven articles were included in the review. Overall, the results from these studies suggest that observers use body language, cues exhibited by the road user, and seek eye contact, when making predictions of intent about another road user. Future research should aim to understand how specific cues impact a road user’s decision-making process and what factors (e.g., point of view or eye contact) modulate a road user’s prediction performance.
A Psychometric Evaluation of a Technology Acceptance Model for Autonomous Vehicle
Authors: Hickerson Kyle , Lee Yi-Ching
Published: October 2022

We conducted a psychometric evaluation of a modified Technology Acceptance Model, specifically designed to assess consumer’s acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles must be adopted by society to minimize accidents and fatalities. Technology Acceptance has been defined as the antecedents to use of technology. Firstly, we evaluated the relationship among indicator items using a polychoric correlations. Next, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis to evaluate internal factor structure and consistency. Results indicate that the model had mixed global fit indices, indicating a potential need for an overhaul of the survey. The point estimate of McDonald’s ω improved if the fourth trust item were removed. Recommendations are made about the next steps for the TAM, such as generating a new item pool for Social Influence and Behavioral Intention to Use so that the latent factors may be properly identified in Factor Analysis. Additionally, Perceived Trust and Perceived Usefulness may benefit from a new pool of indicator items as well.
Visuomotor Lag and the Intermanual Speed Advantage
Authors: Harrison Julie L. , Gorman Jamie C. , Crites Michael J.
Published: October 2022

Previous research has found evidence for the Intermanual Speed Advantage (ISA), wherein novice actors perform a visually-guided, two-handed task faster with one hand from each partner (i.e., intermanually) compared to when one actor completes the task with their own two hands (i.e., bimanually). The ISA is erased, however, after the task has been well-practiced by both actors bimanually. Visuomotor coupling (i.e., coordination between eye and hand movements) has been found to account for the moderating effect of practice on the ISA. Through a lag analysis, this study uses secondary data to further investigate visuomotor coupling and the ISA. Findings show that the time lag between the gaze and the hands of novice actors entrains to the partner with lower visuomotor coupling (i.e., the less coupled partner) in the intermanual trials. However, for experienced actors with previous bimanual practice, dyads entrain to the more coupled partner.
Development of a Distributed Teaming Scenario for Future Space Operations
Authors: Yin Xioyun , Clark Jeska , Johnson Craig J. , Grimm David A. , Zhou Shiwen , Wong Margaret , Cauffman Stephen , Demir Mustafa , Cooke Nancy J. , Gorman Jamie C.
Published: October 2022

The goal of the Space Challenge project is to identify the challenges faced by teams in space operations and then represent those challenges in a distributed human-machine teaming scenario that resembles typical space operations and to measure the coordination dynamics across the entire system. Currently, several challenges have been identified through semi-structured interviews with nine subject matter experts (SMEs) who were astronauts or those who have experienced or have been involved with interplanetary space exploration. We conducted a thematic analysis on the interviews through an iterative process. Challenges were categorized into four categories, including, communication, training, distributed teaming, and complexity. Based on the findings, challenges and key teamwork characteristics of space operations were integrated into the initial scenario development. In addition to the scenario, we plan to use dynamical system methods to analyze team activity in real time.
Design Considerations of Task-Driven Icons for Point-of-Care (POC) Documentation In Long-Term Care (LTC) Settings
Authors: Yu Shan
Published: October 2022

Graphical icons have been introduced as a design solution, i.e., task-driven icons, to improve certificate nurse assistants (CNAs) charting efficiency in long-term care settings. It aims to motivate CNAs to complete POC documentation at work, thus reduce the after-hour charting workload. Currently, few studies have examined the effectiveness of task-driven icons in POC systems and their performance on affecting users’ charting behaviors. This study intends to investigate existing types of task-driven icons in POC systems, and whether those icons have effectively influenced CNAs’ charting behaviors. By analyzing ways of interpreting icons and associating charting tasks, we aim to establish design considerations of the task-driven icons used for POC documentation on future implementations.
Retail Workers during COVID-19: Face Mask Effects on Performance, Productivity, and Perception under Different Workloads
Authors: Mgaedeh Fatima , Stone Richard , Abdelall Esraa , Helton Ellie
Published: October 2022

Wearing a face mask in public settings has been recommended internationally and made mandatory in some countries after the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. It rapidly became the new norm of human interaction. This study investigated how employees in retail stores use facemasks and how smoking habits, workload, and wearing eyeglasses while using masks influence employees. Surveys were distributed to retail employees via emails. Results showed that smoking and workload interaction led significantly to slower motion response, causing itchiness and tightness. More, smokers showed less tolerance to work till the end of the shift and higher body, lip, and cheeks temperature when compared to nonsmokers. The workload was found to have a negative impact on the heat buildup within the mask. Also, vision ability significantly declined while wearing eyeglasses and having the mask on.
Designing a Website for Adolescents to Introduce Human Factors Methods and Concepts
Authors: Bounajim Dolly , Henderson Cecelia , Hewitt Dylan H.
Published: October 2022

Human factors researchers and practitioners have awareness of, and access to, various sources covering methods commonly used in their field. However, human factors curriculum is underrepresented within high school education. In accordance with an effort to produce a website that is geared towards those with, at best, a limited understanding of the field, we wanted to also emphasize universal accessibility.
Overall Visibility Might Offer False Affordance to Indoor Wayfinding: The Role of Global and Local Landmarks
Authors: Parush A. , Lindenfeld I. , Fisher-Gewirtzman D.
Published: October 2022

Using a virtual 3D model of a shopping center, this study explored whether greater visibility provided by transparent walls in the building model, along with the presence of global and local landmarks, facilitated indoors wayfinding. Participants observed video clips of a virtual walkthrough either in a building with transparent or opaque walls, responded to wayfinding questions, and their eye movements were tracked while watching the video. Findings showed no significant difference between participants in the transparent and opaque building in answering wayfinding questions. Eye movements showed significantly longer eye fixations for participants in the transparent building compared to participants in the opaque building, in addition to longer fixations on global landmarks compared to local landmarks. Taken together, the findings imply that the greater visibility through the transparent walls may have offered false wayfinding affordance, rather than facilitate wayfinding decisions.
Critical Decision Method Interviews to Understand the Initial Treatment Planning Process in Foster Care
Authors: Wurst Connor , Winnie Chen Huei-Yen , Sage Melanie , Joseph Kenneth , Maggiulli Laura
Published: October 2022

In foster care settings, the treatment plan captures goals and interventions for youth in care. The first version of this plan is typically due 30 days after the youth is enrolled in the foster care program, leading to a challenging month of assessing the case and developing the treatment plan. This study utilized Critical Decision Method interviews with care coordinators and clinicians to understand the decision-making involved in balancing assessment tasks, and the barriers to using assessment to inform treatment. The interviews were coded to identify major themes including information sources and constraints. These identified themes and general understanding of the problem space will drive future work developing interventions to improve the workflow process and drive better outcomes for youth in foster care.
How We Perceive and Trust Advice from Virtual Humans: The Influence of Voice Quality
Authors: Ferrell Tara , Crowson Aaron , Mayhorn Christopher
Published: October 2022

Due to the increase in virtual humans as a pedagogical agent, this study investigates how perceptions of virtual humans are affected by voice quality in understanding a budgeting scenario where trust is essential to learning and application. Eighty-six participants were randomly assigned to three conditions where voice quality for a virtual human varied (human voice, low quality text-to-speech, high quality text-to-speech) when narrating a financial literacy course. Measures of trust and course comprehension were collected. Results of the learning assessment suggest no difference in comprehension based on voice quality of a virtual human. No differences were observed between the voice quality groups in participants' perception of trust, the abilities to facilitate learning, credibility of the agent, human-likeness of the agent, or how engaging the agent was. This is possibly due to the lower age demographic who have become increasingly exposed to virtual human voices through popular platforms such as Tik-Tok.).
The Role of Gender Differences in Distracted Driving Behavior: A Psychophysiological Approach
Authors: Arca Alejandro A. , Chouljian Emma , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2022

The present study was designed to empirically examine the role of gender differences in driving by investigating performance and physiological responses. Thirty-six participants consisting of 14 females and 22 males in a medium fidelity GE-ISIM driving simulator completed simulated driving scenarios involving high and low traffic conditions, while completing a 20-Question secondary task, either by cell phone text or call. It was hypothesized gender differences, cell phone distraction type, and traffic density would affect driving behavior measured by driving performance and HRV. Results indicated female participants averaged significantly higher acceleration and speed than their male counterparts. Female participants averaged significantly lower Heart Rate Variability (HRV) reflecting high stress being associated with poor driving outcomes. This study provides further evidence of the negative impact cellphone use has on driving behavior that can be moderated by gender differences. Implications and future research are presented to help alleviate the impact of distracted driving.
Effects of semi-automatic pistol slide pull device on law-enforcement racking process
Authors: Stone Richard , Kim Joseph , Xu Cong , Mgaedeh Fatima , Fales Colten , Westby Braden
Published: October 2022

Under life-threatening circumstances, the interaction between law enforcement officers and pistol slides during the racking and reloading process is critical to survival. Nine expert law-enforcement officers were recruited to investigate the effects of slide pull devices on application time and performance using semi-automatic pistols. Participants were asked to manually rack both standard and augmented slide pull devices and then clean three magazines. Videos and times were recorded to compare the slide types. Using a Welch’s t-test, no racking time difference between standard and augmented (p=0.9756) was found, but there is a slightly statistically significant difference in error rate (p=0.0765), with the augmented slide causing fewer errors. Additionally, seven of the nine officers preferred the augmented to the standard slide. Despite the lack of statistical significance with an α-level of.05, the biomechanical differences between slides and user preferences may indicate that slide types can augment participants’ performances to be more precise.
Real-time Stress Monitoring for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Nurses
Authors: Zhang Qian , Sasangohar Farzan , Saravanan Pratima , Ahmadi Nima , Nisar Tariq , Danesh Valerie , Masud Faisal
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study is to explore real-time stress monitoring models (based on physiological features) for intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. The quantification of stress in ICU nurses has been limited to subjective ratings, with a general gap in continuous measurement; real-time stress monitoring based on continuous physiological measurement is needed to assess the negative outcome of stress. Electrodermal activity, eye tracking, accelerometer data, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously through 12-hour shifts for ICU nurses (23 participants). A machine learning algorithm was applied to identify stress over time based on physiological features. eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was performed with an accuracy of 0.88. Skin temperature contributed the most to real-time stress identification for monitoring. Future work should investigate the efficacy of using skin temperature for stress identification in real-time for ICU nurses.
Exploring the Effect of Virtual Agent Type on Perceived Hedonic and Utilitarian Beliefs of an End User
Authors: Sasser Jordan A. , McConnell Daniel S. , Smither Janan A.
Published: October 2022

Online settings have become more commonplace for interactions. Currently, a common-place interaction is with a chatbot of some kind when traversing the web, however, chatbots offer a limited amount of communication channels for social interactions. These limitations could possibly be addressed by using social robots as alternatives for interacting. The present study examines the effects of a real visual component in an online viewing task on participants’ perceived beliefs (hedonic and utilitarian) of a virtual agent. Perceptual judgments were collected after actively viewing a task with one of the two agents (chatbot or online social robot). The focus of the study was to determine whether social robots offer an increased hedonic experience compared to chatbots. Additionally, utilitarian factors were explored. Results indicated that the online social robot offered an overall better experience being perceived as more hedonic as well as being more perceived as easier to use and adaptable.
Autonomous Transit Service Design For Riders with Vision Impairment
Authors: Bhalearo Akul , Birari Sarthak , Kale Shrirang , Narrra Sai A , Pravin Shelar Prasanna , Zhang Chengxin , Jia Bochen , Bao * Shan
Published: October 2022

Automated transportation systems will become the trend in the future, while the design challenges in improving accessibility and usability for visually impaired passengers will have to be resolved. This paper aims to use human factors methods in designing a concept inclusive user interface for the Autonomous Driving System for Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DV). The concept prototype design evaluated in this study, ‘Smart Autonomous Vehicle for Visually Impaired’ (SAVVI), is designed to accommodate the accessibility needs of visually challenged passengers. We broke down the autonomous transit service for the people with a visual impairment from six essential tasks, including booking a ride, navigating to the vehicle, entering and sitting assistance, initiating the ride, the car traveling to the destination, and exiting the vehicle. First, a hierarchical task analysis was conducted, and a user interface prototype was designed and tested by visually challenged participants. The responses collected from the testing and surveys were divided into qualitative and quantitative data for better comprehension and implementation.
Analysis of Voice Transmissions of Air Traffic Controllers in the Context of Closed Loop Communication Deviation and its Relationship to Loss of Separation
Authors: Lieber Christopher S. , Vance Paredes Yancy , Zhen Yang Teo Aaron , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: October 2022

The present research examines a pattern-based measure of communications based on Closed Loop Communications (CLC) and non-content verbal metrics to predict Loss of Separation (LOS) in the National Airspace System (NAS). This study analyzes the transcripts from six retired Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) who participated in three simulated trials of various workloads in a TRACON arrival radar simulation. Results indicated a statistically significant model for predicting LOS based on CLC deviations (CLCD), word count in transmission, words per second, and traffic density. However, more research is required to evaluate the significance of each communication variable to predict LOS.