bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Handheld 6-Lead Device for QT Interval Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Metcalfe John Z. , Economou Tamsin , Naufal Fahd , Kucukosmanoglu Murat , Kleiman Robert , Phillips Patrick P. J. , Conradie Francesca
Published: June 2024

Importance

Rifampin-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimens require electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring due to the use of multiple QTc-prolonging agents. Formal 12-lead ECG devices represent a significant burden in resource-constrained clinics worldwide and a potential barrier to treatment scale-up in some settings.

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a handheld 6-lead ECG device within resource-constrained clinics.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This diagnostic study was performed within a multicenter, pragmatic (broad eligibility criteria with no exclusions for randomized participants), phase 3 rifampin-resistant tuberculosis treatment trial (BEAT Tuberculosis [Building Evidence for Advancing New Treatment for Tuberculosis]) in South Africa. A total of 192 consecutive trial participants were assessed, and 191 were recruited for this substudy between January 21, 2021, and March 27, 2023. A low proportion (3 of 432 [0.7%]) of all screened trial participants were excluded due to a QTc interval greater than 450 milliseconds. Triplicate reference standard 12-lead ECG results were human calibrated with readers blinded to 6-lead ECG results.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Diagnostic accuracy, repeatability, and feasibility of a 6-lead ECG device.

Results

A total of 191 participants (median age, 36 years [IQR, 28-45 years]; 81 female participants [42.4%]; 91 participants [47.6%] living with HIV) with a median of 4 clinic visits (IQR, 3-4 visits) contributed 2070 and 2015 12-lead and 6-lead ECG assessments, respectively. Across 170 participants attending 489 total clinic visits where valid triplicate QTc measurements were available for both devices, the mean 12-lead QTc measurement was 418 milliseconds (range, 321-519 milliseconds), and the mean 6-lead QTc measurement was 422 milliseconds (range, 288-574 milliseconds; proportion of variation explained, R2 = 0.4; P < .001). At a QTc interval threshold of 500 milliseconds, the 6-lead ECG device had a negative predictive value of 99.8% (95% CI, 98.8%-99.9%) and a positive predictive value of 16.7% (95% CI, 0.4%-64.1%). The normal expected range of within-individual variability of the 6-lead ECG device was high (±50.2 milliseconds [coefficient of variation, 6.0%]) relative to the 12-lead ECG device (±22.0 milliseconds [coefficient of variation, 2.7%]). The mean (SD) increase in the 12-lead QTc measurement during treatment was 10.1 (25.8) milliseconds, with 0.8% of clinic visits (4 of 489) having a QTc interval of 500 milliseconds or more.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study suggests that simplified, handheld 6-lead ECG devices are effective triage tests that could reduce the need to perform 12-lead ECG monitoring in resource-constrained settings.
Looping forward: exploring R‐loop processing and therapeutic potential
Authors: Stratigi Kalliopi , Siametis Athanasios , Garinis George A.
Published: June 2024

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the complex relationship between transcription and genome stability, with specific attention directed toward the physiological significance of molecular structures known as R‐loops. These structures arise when an RNA strand invades into the DNA duplex, and their formation is involved in a wide range of regulatory functions affecting gene expression, DNA repair processes or cell homeostasis. The persistent presence of R‐loops, if not effectively removed, contributes to genome instability, underscoring the significance of the factors responsible for their resolution and modification. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of how R‐loop processing can drive either a beneficial or a harmful outcome. Additionally, we explore the potential for manipulating such structures to devise rationalized therapeutic strategies targeting the aberrant accumulation of R‐loops.
FDA advisory committee rejects MDMA application for PTSD, but…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2024

Last week, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) voted 9‐2 to reject the application of Lykos Therapeutics, the newly formed commercial arm of MAPS, for “midomafetamine” (actually MDMA, or methylenedioxymethamphetamine) to treat post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property of Cu–Cr–Zr–ZrB2 Composites Subjected to Cryorolling and Aging Treatment
Authors: Zhang Siruo , Li Guanglong , Qu Yingdong , Kang Huijun , Chen Zongning , Guo Enyu , Zhang Wei , Wang Tongmin
Published: June 2024

A new strategy has been developed to combine the nanotwins and dual‐scale particles into copper matrix composites and the comprehensive properties of Cu–1Cr–0.3Zr–1ZrB2 exhibit excellently with the addition of intermediate aging and cryorolling. The effects of different deformation processes on the evolution of microstructure, room temperature, and elevated‐temperature mechanical properties are investigated. The result demonstrates that the number of nanoscale Cr precipitates increases obviously after intermediate aging. The nanosized Cr precipitates impede the movement of grain boundaries and dislocations, resulting in the refinement of deformation bands and the dislocation tangle. The combined effect of intermediate aging and cryorolling also improves the formation of nanotwins, which plays an important role in enhancing the tensile strength of composites. The tensile strength, elongation, and conductivities of the composites subjected to two‐step cryorolling reach 653 MPa, 8.02%, and 79.51% IACS, respectively, showing an optimum comprehensive property. In addition, the stable nanotwins and the uniform distribution of dual‐scale particles inhibit the recrystallization process at elevated temperatures, contributing to improving the mechanical behavior at elevated temperatures and heat‐resistant performance of composites.
Augmented Optoelectronic Quantum Dot‐Enhanced Heterogeneous IGZO‐Te Photodiode for Artificial Synaptic Image Processing Applications
Authors: Dutta Riya , Naqi Muhammad , Cho Yongin , Oh Jooon , Kim Taewoong , Jeong Uisik , Yu Yunjeong , Lee Yuseong , Kim Sunkook
Published: June 2024

This study presents a novel photodiode technology with augmented optoelectronic capabilities through the incorporation of quantum dots (QDs). The photodiode, composed of Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide‐Tellurium (IGZO‐Te), is engineered for enhanced light sensitivity and tailored optoelectronic interactions. The primary application of this advanced photodiode lies in the domain of artificial intelligence and machine learning, where it plays a pivotal role in simulating synaptic connections for image processing tasks. Due to the exceptional optical and electrical properties of the IGZO‐Te‐QDs active material combination, the photodiode demonstrates consistent and dependable optical synaptic functions linked to learning. This is achieved through conduction modulation and time duration modulation of light stimulus. In addition, the opto‐synaptic functionalities such as short‐term and long‐term memory has also been successfully demonstrated not only on single device but also on 6 × 6 photodiodes array device. These findings underscore the significant potential of the hybrid structure of IGZO‐Te with QDs in optical artificial neuromorphic chips.
Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition of a Polycationic Bottlebrush Polymer with Hyaluronic Acid Reveals Unusual Assembly Mechanism and Selective Effect on Cell Adhesion and Fate
Authors: Wang Chang‐Sheng , Pham Duy Anh , Zhang Hu , Rabanel Jean‐Michel , Hassanpour Nahid , Banquy Xavier
Published: June 2024

This study provides a detailed molecular mechanism of the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) film formation process involving BB polymers. The roles of adsorbed and non‐adsorbed chain segments during the layer buildup are revealed by employing surface force apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe critical aspects such as surface coverage, polymer conformation at the surface, adhesive properties, and morphology after each layer deposition. The results show that the thickness, nanomechanical properties, and surface chemistry of the nanofilms are significantly influenced by the number of layers. All these cues have an important impact on cell behavior when employed as coatings for culture substrates. The evidence is shown that cells respond very differently to these cues and exhibit behavior that goes from superproliferation down to accelerated death.
BCN‐Supported CoFe Alloy Catalysts for Enhanced C─C Coupling in Photothermocatalytic CO Hydrogenation
Authors: Hao Quanguo , Li Zhenhua , Zhu Yuhua , Shi Yiqiu , Huo Mengge , Yuan Hong , Ouyang Shuxin , Zhang Tierui
Published: June 2024

The high selectivity of C─C coupling reactions in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is often limited due to the difficulty in the regulation of transition metals acting as active sites to balance between C─C chain propagation and over hydrogenation. Herein, BCN‐supported CoFe alloy catalyst has been successfully constructed for promoting C─C chain propagation. When exposed to light irradiation, the CoFe‐BCN catalyst exhibits a higher CO conversion of 18.4% with the enhanced selectivity toward multi‐carbon (C2+) hydrocarbons that increases from 22.4% to 64.1%, and the reduced over hydrogenation to CH4 that decreases from 74.8% to 25.4% in contrast to Co‐BCN catalyst. Structural characterizations indicate that introducing Fe to create CoFe alloy can decrease the d‐band center of Co, which significantly promotes C─C coupling reactions but weakens hydrogenation in FTS process. The findings underscore the potential of modifying catalysts with metal atoms to optimize their electronic structure to regulate reaction pathways in CO hydrogenation for high‐value products formation.
Freestanding Scattering Polarizer Assembled with Subnanowires and Liquid Crystals
Authors: Zhang Simin , Li Jiangxiao , Shi Wenxiong , Zhang Jiatao , Wang Xun
Published: June 2024

Conventional absorbing, reflective and scattering polarizers are facing various issues, such as severe optical loss, necessary oblique incidence, humidity sensitivity or aging‐caused failure. Subnanowires (SNWs) with polymer‐analogue properties, intrinsic order, and multi‐level interactions attract widespread attention as superior candidates for building blocks of polarizers. Herein, freestanding and flexible liquid crystal (LC)‐SNW films are prepared through a facile directional coating method, not only exhibiting good stability for water and repeated temperature fluctuations, but also showing good polarization performance for visible and near‐infrared (NIR) light, with the polarization degree (P) values of 93%, 84%, and 63% at the wavelengths of 580, 780 and 960 nm. And the average haze achieves 85%. The LC‐SNW films have great potential in applications for polarizers, holographic projection imaging and flexible optical devices.
Injectable Liposome‐Loaded Hydrogel Formulations with Controlled Release of Curcumin and α‐Tocopherol for Dental Tissue Engineering
Authors: Atila Deniz , Dalgic Ali Deniz , Krzemińska Agnieszka , Pietrasik Joanna , Gendaszewska‐Darmach Edyta , Bociaga Dorota , Lipinska Magdalena , Laoutid Fouad , Passion Julie , Kumaravel Vignesh
Published: June 2024

An injectable hydrogel formulation is developed utilizing low‐ and high‐molecular‐weight chitosan (LCH and HCH) incorporated with curcumin and α‐tocopherol‐loaded liposomes (Lip/Cur+Toc). Cur and Toc releases are delayed within the hydrogels. The injectability of hydrogels is proved via rheological analyses. In vitro studies are conducted using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) to examine the biological performance of the hydrogels toward endodontics and periodontics, respectively. The viability of hDPSCs treated with the hydrogels with Lip/Cur+Toc is the highest till day 14, compared to the neat hydrogels. During odontogenic differentiation tests, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity of hDPSCs is induced in the Cur‐containing groups. Biomineralization is enhanced mostly with Lip/Cur+Toc incorporation. The viability of hGFs is the highest in HCH combined with Lip/Cur+Toc while wound healing occurs almost 100% in both (Lip/Cur+Toc@LCH and Lip/Cur+Toc@HCH) after 2 days. Antioxidant activity of Lip/Cur+Toc@LCH on hGFs is significantly the highest among the groups. Antimicrobial tests demonstrate that Lip/Cur+Toc@LCH is more effective against Escherichia coli whereas so is Lip/Cur+Toc@HCH against Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial mechanism of the hydrogels is investigated for the first time through various computational models. LCH and HCH loaded with Lip/Cur+Toc are promising candidates with multi‐functional features for endodontics and periodontics.
Self‐Healing Materials for Bioelectronic Devices
Authors: Liu Claire , Kelley Shana O. , Wang Zongjie
Published: June 2024

Though the history of self‐healing materials stretches far back to the mid‐20th century, it is only in recent years where such unique classes of materials have begun to find use in bioelectronics—itself a burgeoning area of research. Inspired by the natural ability of biological tissue to self‐repair, self‐healing materials play a multifaceted role in the context of soft, wireless bioelectronic systems, in that they can not only serve as a protective outer shell or substrate for the internal electronic circuitry—analogous to the mechanical barrier that skin provides for the human body—but also, and most importantly, act as an active sensing safeguard against mechanical damage to preserve device functionality and enhance overall durability. This perspective presents the historical overview, general design principles, recent developments, and future outlook of self‐healing materials for bioelectronic devices, which integrates topics in many research disciplines—from materials science and chemistry to electronics and bioengineering—together.
Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials: An Emerging Class of Light‐Driven Hybrid Functional Materials
Authors: Hassan Fathy , Tang Yuqi , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Li Quan
Published: June 2024

Photochromic molecules have remarkable potential in memory and optical devices, as well as in driving and manipulating molecular motors or actuators and many other systems using light. When photochromic molecules are introduced into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the resulting hybrids provide unique advantages and create new functions that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review highlights the recent developments in diverse photochromic CNMs. Photochromic molecules and CNMs are also introduced. The fundamentals of different photochromic CNMs are discussed, including design principles and the types of interactions between CNMs and photochromic molecules via covalent interactions and non‐covalent bonding such as π−π stacking, amphiphilic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Then the properties of photochromic CNMs, e.g., in photopatterning, fluorescence modulation, actuation, and photoinduced surface‐relief gratings, and their applications in energy storage (solar thermal fuels, photothermal batteries, and supercapacitors), nanoelectronics (transistors, molecular junctions, photo‐switchable conductance, and photoinduced electron transfer), sensors, and bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and opportunities in the future of photochromic CNMs is presented. This review discusses a vibrant interdisciplinary research field and is expected to stimulate further developments in nanoscience, advanced nanotechnology, intelligently responsive materials, and devices.
Immunoregulatory Engineering of Semiconducting Charge‐Reversal Nanoantioxidant for Ameliorating Cancer Radioimmunotheranostics
Authors: Ma Wen , Luo Haifen , Lv Jingqi , Wen Peiye , Liu Gang , Yu Zhiqiang , Yang Zhen , Huang Wei
Published: June 2024

Radiotherapy (RT) is a crucial clinical modality for cancer. However, nonselectivity, toxicity to normal tissues, and radio‐resistance severely limit RT applications. This study develops a versatile X‐ray theranostic nano‐antioxidant (XTN) to prevent normal tissues from oxidative damage and induce systematic and robust anticancer immunity. XTN owns NIR‐II photoacoustic (PA) imaging properties for precise discrimination of the tumor margin through, thereby improving the accuracy of RT. Additionally, XTN is a nano‐antioxidant to enhance the cell viability of normal cells after irradiation. Most importantly, XTN scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the TME to preserve the stimulatory activity of released high mobility group protein B1 to dendritic cells (DCs) and recover T cells’ immune function. Meanwhile, XTN achieves charge‐reversal specifically releasing an immunomodulator (demethylcantharidin, DMC) in the acidic TME. Moreover, the specifically released DMC inhibits protein phosphatase‐2A activity and reduces regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. In the bilateral 4T1 tumor model, XTN‐mediated radioimmunotherapy remarkably boosts a systemic antitumor immune response and induces durable immunological memory against tumor growth.
Toward Durable CO2 Electroreduction with Cu‐Based Catalysts via Understanding Their Deactivation Modes
Authors: Wu Hsiwen , Yu Haoming , Chow Yuen‐Leong , Webley Paul A. , Zhang Jie
Published: June 2024

The technology of CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) provides a means to convert CO2, a waste greenhouse gas, into value‐added chemicals. Copper is the most studied element that is capable of catalyzing CO2ER to obtain multicarbon products, such as ethylene, ethanol, acetate, etc., at an appreciable rate. Under the operating condition of CO2ER, the catalytic performance of Cu decays because of several factors that alters the surface properties of Cu. In this review, these factors that cause the degradation of Cu‐based CO2ER catalysts are categorized into generalized deactivation modes, that are applicable to all electrocatalytic systems. The fundamental principles of each deactivation mode and the associated effects of each on Cu‐based catalysts are discussed in detail. Structure‐ and composition‐activity relationship developed from recent in situ/operando characterization studies are presented as evidence of related deactivation modes in operation. With the aim to address these deactivation modes, catalyst design and reaction environment engineering rationales are suggested. Finally, perspectives and remarks built upon the recent advances in CO2ER are provided in attempts to improve the durability of CO2ER catalysts.
Effect of Red Emissive Ligand Number on Dendronized Solution‐Processable Iridium(III) Complexes for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Koodalingam Manikandan , Jang Junhyuk , Ranasinghe Chandana Sampath Kumara , Gao Mile , Burn Paul L. , Kistemaker Jos C. M. , Puttock Emma V. , Shaw Paul E.
Published: June 2024

Tris‐bidentate iridium(III) complexes used in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are typically homoleptic or heteroleptic with three or two identical emissive ligands, respectively. Herein red phosphorescence emitting dendrimers composed of first generation biphenyl dendrons, 2‐ethylhexyloxy surface groups and an iridium(III) complex core with three, two or one emissive [4‐phenyl]−2‐[thiophen‐2‐yl]quinoline ligands are reported. The dendrimers have similar photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) in solution (84–88%), neat film (23–25%) and when blended with tris(4‐carbazoyl‐9‐ylphenyl)amine (72–73%), enabling the effect of the number of emissive ligands on OLED performance to be determined. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of OLEDs composed of neat dendrimer films increased with decreasing number of emissive ligands, with the device composed of the dendrimer having a single emissive ligand having an EQE of 9.2%, which is almost double that expected from a bottom emitting device and a film PLQY of 25 ± 3.6%. The emission is Lambertian and the higher‐than‐expected EQE is ascribed to alignment of the single emissive ligand being optimal for light‐outcoupling. The EQE of OLEDs containing the blend film also increased with decreasing emissive number of ligands (maximum EQE = 15.4%).
Single‐Atom Long‐Range Interaction: Basic Principles and Applications
Authors: Hu Yifan , Dai Liangli , Li Bolin , Li Zesheng
Published: June 2024

Single‐atom catalysis involves loading the active metal onto the carrier's surface as a single‐atom. This atom is primarily bonded to the carrier surface through hetero‐atom bonding. It is important to note that the coordination environment of the metal atoms may not be the same when each dispersed active metal atom has an identical coordination environment on the carrier's surface. The utilization of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) doesn't strictly imply that a solitary metal atom with zero valency functions as the active core. Singular atoms can also engage in distant interactions with other atoms or clusters of atoms on the substrate, like electron transfer, and frequently demonstrate specific charges. The main reason for the high activity of the catalyst is the remote (i.e., long‐range) interaction of the active atom with the surrounding coordination atoms. For this reason, the study of the mechanism of long‐range interactions between multiple single‐atom sites and between single‐atom sites and atomic cluster sites has become an important and urgent task in the design and regulation of single‐atom catalyst performance.
Generation and Characterization of Novel Pan‐Cancer Anti‐uPAR Fluorescent Nanobodies as Tools for Image‐Guided Surgery
Authors: Mateusiak Łukasz , Floru Sam , De Groof Timo W. M. , Wouters Janne , Declerck Noemi B. , Debie Pieterjan , Janssen Simone , Zeven Katty , Puttemans Janik , Vincke Cécile , Breckpot Karine , Devoogdt Nick , Hernot Sophie
Published: June 2024

Fluorescence molecular imaging plays a vital role in image‐guided surgery. In this context, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is an interesting biomarker enabling the detection and delineation of various tumor types due to its elevated expression on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this study, anti‐uPAR Nanobodies (Nbs) are generated through llama immunization with human and murine uPAR protein. Extensive in vitro characterization and in vivo testing with radiolabeled variants are conducted to assess their pharmacokinetics and select lead compounds. Subsequently, the selected Nbs are converted into fluorescent agents, and their application for fluorescence‐guided surgery is evaluated in various subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models. The study yields a panel of high‐affinity anti‐uPAR Nbs, showing specific binding across multiple types of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Lead fluorescently‐labeled compounds exhibit high tumor uptake with high contrast at 1 h after intravenous injection across all assessed uPAR‐expressing tumor models, outperforming a non‐targeting control Nb. Additionally, rapid and accurate tumor localization and demarcation are demonstrated in an orthotopic human glioma model. Utilizing these Nbs can potentially enhance the precision of surgical tumor resection and, consequently, improve survival rates in the clinic.
GhMPK9‐GhRAF39_1‐GhWRKY40a Regulates the GhERF1b‐ and GhABF2‐Mediated Pathways to Increase Cotton Disease Resistance
Authors: Mi Xinyue , Li Weixi , Chen Chuan , Xu Huijuan , Wang Guilin , Jin Xuanxiang , Zhang Dayong , Guo Wangzhen
Published: June 2024

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is the center of plant signal transduction system that amplify immune signals into cellular responses by phosphorylating diverse substrates. The MAPK cascade consisting of MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), and MAPKs is well characterized in plants, in which Raf‐like kinases are generally regarded as MAPKKKs. However, it is rarely reported that Raf‐like MAPKKKs function as middle regulators to link MAPK and its downstream transcription factors in plant immunity. Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil‐borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae, is a serious disease in many plants, including cotton. The previous studies showed that GhMPK9 (a MAPK) is involved in the response to Verticillium wilt. Here, the Raf‐like kinase GhRAF39_1 is reported as helper regulates the phosphorylation of WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY40a by GhMPK9. The phosphorylated GhWRKY40a can further activate the transcription of GhERF1b to up‐regulate defense‐related genes while inhibit the transcription of GhABF2 to regulate the stomatal opening, thus improving the resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. This study reveals a new signaling module of GhMPK9‐GhRAF39_1‐GhWRKY40a to regulate GhERF1b‐ and GhABF2‐mediated defense responses, which triggers plant defense against Verticillium wilt.
Unveiling the Structure and Diffusion Kinetics at the Composite Electrolyte Interface in Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xueyan , Cheng Shichao , Fu Chuankai , Yin Geping , Zuo Pengjian , Wang Liguang , Huo Hua
Published: June 2024

The “interface” between polymer and oxide within the polymer‐oxide composite electrolytes is widely acknowledged as a crucial factor influencing ionic conduction. However, a fundamental understanding of the precise composition and/or micro‐structure, and the ionic conduction mechanism at the complex interface has remained elusive, primarily due to a dearth of compelling experimental evidence. In this study, the intricate correlation between morphology and composition in composite electrolytes is discerned by leveraging advanced 1D and 2D exchange nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D and 2D EXSY NMR) techniques. Notably, this research represents the inaugural elucidation of the microstructure of the interface. The findings underscore the pivotal role of the preparation conditions for polymer‐oxide composite electrolytes, particularly the solvent selection, in determining the formation of the interface structure. Direct insights into the lithium‐deficient surface of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) are provided and elucidate the timescales of Li‐ion exchange processes among various components. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation into the roles of individual components within the composite electrolyte on the Li‐ion conduction mechanism is conducted through the 6Li→7Li isotope tracer technique as a function of current density.
Can step count be used to identify older adults with high sedentary time and low moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity?
Authors: Costa Eduardo Caldas , Freire Yuri A. , Ritti‐Dias Raphael M. , de Lucena Alves Charles P. , Cabral Ludmila L. P. , Barreira Tiago V. , Waters Debra L.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Combined high sedentary time (ST) and low moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, accurately assessing ST and MVPA in older adults is challenging in clinical practice.

Purpose

To investigate whether step count can identify older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (high ST/low MVPA) and poorer cardiometabolic profile.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study (n = 258; 66 ± 5 years). Step count, ST, and MVPA were assessed by hip accelerometry during 7 days. The cardiometabolic profile was assessed using a continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS), including blood pressure, HDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and waist circumference. Receiving operating curve analysis was used to test the performance of step count in identifying older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (highest tertile of ST/lowest tertile of MVPA). Healthier movement behavior was defined as lowest tertile of ST/highest tertile of MVPA, with neutral representing the remaining combinations of ST/MVPA.

Results

A total of 40 participants (15.5%) were identified with unhealthier movement behavior (ST ≥ 11.4 h/day and MVPA ≤ 10 min/day). They spent ~73% and 0.4% of waking hours in ST and MVPA, respectively. Step count identified those with unhealthier movement behavior (area under the curve 0.892, 0.850–0.934; cutoff: ≤5263 steps/day; sensitivity/specificity: 83%/81%). This group showed a higher cMetS compared with neutral (β = .25, p = .028) and healthier movement behavior groups (β = .41, p = .008).

Conclusion

Daily step count appears to be a practical, simple metric for identifying community‐dwelling older adults with concomitant high ST and low MVPA, indicative of unhealthier movement behavior, who have a poorer cardiometabolic profile.
Two scale‐down tools for the optimization of perfusion bioreactors for the manufacture of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Lucas Ciara , Blackman Martin , Rayat Andrea , Mainwaring David , Micheletti Martina
Published: June 2024

As the occurrences of cancer rise and the requirement for biotherapeutics increases, there is a growing demand for cost‐efficient methods to manufacture mammalian cell‐based biopharmaceuticals. Currently, the most cost‐efficient manufacturing solution is the cultivation of cells in perfusion mode. Perfusion allows for high cell densities of up to 200 million viable cells per mL (MVC mL−1) to be achieved, resulting in an increase in yield and volumetric productivity, which is the production of product per unit volume and time. However, culturing in perfusion mode requires large volumes of media, which is a significant expense in process development. Therefore, methods that allow rapid optimization of perfusion media are desirable to decrease operating costs and increase productivity. In this work, a quasi‐perfusion methodology using microwell plates (MWP) is used for media optimization to culture CHO‐S cells producing IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) known as trastuzumab, which have clinical applications treating HER2+ breast cancer. Results show blending glucose‐rich supplements and sodium butyrate with perfusion‐specific base media can lead to an 8‐fold increase in monoclonal antibody titre compared with traditional fed‐batch media. The original and optimized media were then scaled‐up to a custom made, mini bioreactor (MBR) running in perfusion mode. Two‐fold higher cell density is achieved in the MBR compared with the MWP, however, when normalizing for cell density, mAb productivity is comparable between the two methodologies. The combined MWP and 250 mL MBR methodology is an optimization tool that enables process development cost savings due to reduced volume of media utilization.
Spheroidization: The Impact of Precursor Morphology on Solid‐State Lithiation Process for High‐Quality Ultrahigh‐Nickel Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Liang Wenbiao , Zhao Yin , Shi Liyi , Wang Zhuyi , Yuan Shuai
Published: June 2024

Layered oxides with ultrahigh nickel content are considered promising high energy cathode materials. However, their cycle stability is constrained by a series of heterogeneous structural transformations during the complex solid‐state lithiation process. By in‐depth investigation into the solid‐state lithiation process of LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2, it is found that the protruded parts on the surface of precursor particles tend to be surrounded by locally excessive LiOH, which promotes the formation of a rigid and dense
shell during the early stage of lithiation process. The shell will hinder the diffusion of lithium and topotactic lithiation within the particles, culminating in spatially heterogeneous intermediates that can impair the electrochemical properties of the cathode material. The spheroidization of the precursor can enhance uniformity in structural evolution during solid‐phase lithiation. Ultrahigh nickel cathodes derived from spherical precursors demonstrate high initial discharge specific capacity (234.2 mAh g−1, in the range of 2.7–4.3 V) and capacity retention (89.3 % after 200 cycles), significantly superior to the non‐spherical samples. This study not only sheds light on the intricate relationship between precursor shape and structural transformation but also introduces a novel strategy for enhancing cathode performance through precursor spheroidization.
Photocatalyzed Cascade Hydrogen Atom Transfers for Assembly of Multi‐Substituted α‐SCF3 and α‐SCF2H Cyclopentanones
Authors: Marie Nicolas , Ma Jun‐An , Tognetti Vincent , Cahard Dominique
Published: June 2024

A photocatalyzed formal (3+2) cycloaddition has been developed to construct original polysubstituted α‐SCF3 cyclopentanones in a regio‐ and diastereoselective manner. This building block approach leverages trifluoromethylthio alkynes and branched/linear aldehydes, as readily available reaction partners, in consecutive hydrogen atom transfers and C−C bond formations. Difluoromethylthio alkynes are also compatible substrates. Furthermore, the potential for telescoped reaction starting from alcohols instead of aldehydes was demonstrated, as well as process automatization and scale‐up under continuous microflow conditions. This prompted density functional theory (DFT) calculations to support a radical‐mediated cascade process.
Reversible Modulation of Plasmonic Coupling of Gold Nanoparticles Confined within Swellable Polymer Colloidal Spheres
Authors: Ye Zuyang , Chen Chen , Cao Licheng , Cai Zepeng , Xu Christina , Kim Hye‐In , Giraldo Juan Pablo , Kanaras Antonios G. , Yin Yadong
Published: June 2024

Dynamic optical modulation in response to stimuli provides exciting opportunities for designing novel sensing, actuating, and authentication devices. Here, we demonstrate that the reversible swelling and deswelling of crosslinked polymer colloidal spheres in response to pH and temperature changes can be utilized to drive the assembly and disassembly of the embedded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), inducing their plasmonic coupling and decoupling and, correspondingly, color changes. The multi‐responsive colloids are created by depositing a monolayer of AuNPs on the surface of resorcinol‐formaldehyde (RF) nanospheres, then overcoating them with an additional RF layer, followed by a seeded growth process to enlarge the AuNPs and reduce their interparticle separation to induce significant plasmonic coupling. This configuration facilitates dynamic modulation of plasmonic coupling through the reversible swelling/deswelling of the polymer spheres in response to pH and temperature changes. The rapid and repeatable transitions between coupled and decoupled plasmonic states of AuNPs enable reversible color switching when the polymer spheres are in colloidal form or embedded in hydrogel substrates. Furthermore, leveraging the photothermal effect and stimuli‐responsive plasmonic coupling of the embedded AuNPs enables the construction of hybrid hydrogel films featuring switchable anticounterfeiting patterns, showcasing the versatility and potential of this multi‐stimuli‐responsive plasmonic system.
Enhancing Ionic Selectivity and Osmotic Energy by Using an Ultrathin Zr‐MOF‐Based Heterogeneous Membrane with Trilayered Continuous Porous Structure
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Jie , Yeh Li‐Hsien , Peng Yu‐Hsiang , Chuang Yi‐Ping , Wu Kevin C.‐W.
Published: June 2024

Designing a nanofluidic membrane with high selectivity and fast ion transport property is the key towards high‐performance osmotic energy conversion. However, most of reported membranes can produce power density less than commercial benchmark (5 W/m2), due to the imbalance between ion selectivity and permeability. Here, we report a novel nanoarchitectured design of a heterogeneous membrane with an ultrathin and dense zirconium‐based UiO‐66‐NH2 metal–organic framework (MOF) layer and a highly aligned and interconnected branched alumina nanochannel membrane. The design leads to a continuous trilayered pore structure of large geometry gradient in the sequence from angstrom‐scale to nano‐scale to sub‐microscale, which enables the enhanced directional ion transport, and the angstrom‐sized (~6.6–7 Å) UiO‐66‐NH2 windows render the membrane with high ion selectivity. Consequently, the novel heterogeneous membrane can achieve a high‐performance power of ~8 W/m2 by mixing synthetic seawater and river water. The power density can be largely upgraded to an ultrahigh ~17.1 W/m2 along with ~48.5 % conversion efficiency at a 50‐fold KCl gradient. This work not only presents a new membrane design approach but also showcases the great potential of employing the zirconium‐based MOF channels as ion‐channel‐mimetic membranes for highly efficient blue energy harvesting.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Photo‐Semipinacol Rearrangement of Unactivated Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Lindner Henry , Carreira Erick M.
Published: June 2024

We report a photochemical method for the semipinacol rearrangement of unactivated allylic alcohols. Aliphatic as well as aromatic groups participate as migrating groups, yielding a variety of α,α‐disubstituted ketones. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is compatible with ethers, esters, halides, nitriles, carbamates, and substituted arenes. The operationally simple and fully catalytic conditions prescribe 1 mol % benzothiazinoquinoxaline as organophotocatalyst, 0.5 mol % Co‐salen, and 10 mol % lutidinium triflate and, importantly, display reactivity complementary to procedures employing Brønsted acid. We showcase the utility of the protocol in late‐stage drug diversifications.
Unsymmetric Chiral Ligands for Large Metallo‐Macrocycles: Selectivity of Orientational Self‐Sorting
Authors: Jurček Ondřej , Chattopadhyay Subhasis , Kalenius Elina , Linnanto Juha M. , Kiesilä Anniina , Jurček Pia , Radiměřský Petr , Marek Radek
Published: June 2024

Nature uses various chiral and unsymmetric building blocks to form substantial and complex supramolecular assemblies. In contrast, the majority of organic ligands used in metallosupramolecular chemistry are symmetric and achiral. Here we extend the group of unsymmetric chiral bile acids used as a scaffold for organic bispyridyl ligands by employing chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), an epimer of the previously used ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The epimerism, flexibility, and bulkiness of the ligands leads to large structural differences in coordination products upon reaction with Pd(NO3)2. The UDCA‐bispyridyl ligand self‐assembles quantitatively into a single crown‐like Pd3L6 complex, whereas the CDCA ligand provides a mixture of coordination complexes of general formula PdnL2n, i.e., Pd2L4, Pd3L6, Pd4L8, Pd5L10, and even Pd6L12 containing an impressive 120 chiral centers. The coordination products were studied by a combination of analytical methods, with ion‐mobility mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) providing valuable details on their structure and allowed an effective separation of m/z 1461 to individual signals according to the arrival time distribution, thereby revealing four different ions of [Pd3L6(NO3)3]3+, [Pd4L8(NO3)4]4+, [Pd5L10(NO3)5]5+, and [Pd6L12(NO3)6]6+. The structures of all the complexes were modelled using DFT calculations. Finally, the challenges and conclusions in determining the specific structural identity of these unsymmetric species are discussed.
Reducing risk: navigating emotional triangles in clinical work with youth suicidality and self‐harm
Authors: Wright Jo , Milligan Robyn , Varcoe Michelle
Published: June 2024

In clinical work with families in which a young person is at real and significant risk of self‐harm or even death by suicide, predictable emotional triangles both within the family and within the treating system intensify. As understandable fear and worry in parents and clinicians rises in response to potential risk, these emotionally driven relational processes become even more rigid. This typically results in a reduction in cognitive and behavioural flexibility, which can potentially and unwittingly increase the risk of self‐harm by suicide. This article outlines some basic principles pertaining to the notion of emotional triangles, a central concept in Bowen family systems theory; its relevance for clinicians working with suicidal youth and their families; and its application to the context of a community child and youth mental health service. Practical application of theory to clinical work is demonstrated through clinical vignettes that describe the work of two clinicians and their clinical supervisor. The authors reflect on their understanding of the development of emotional triangles in the vignettes presented alongside their efforts to navigate these triangles through the regulation of their own anxiety and more objective thinking.
Reactivity, processability, and thermal stability of tetrafunctional glycidyl ether cyclic siloxane epoxy hybrid networks
Authors: Gan Houlei , Seraji Seyed Mohsen , Khan Masihullah Jabarulla , Zhang Juan , Swan Samuel R. , Senanayake Rusheni Bhagya , Varley Russell J.
Published: June 2024

A low viscosity tetra‐functional cyclosiloxane epoxy resins (TGTS) is synthesized via a one‐step hydrosilylation reaction and cured separately with four different aromatic diamines to explore the reaction kinetics, network development, and thermal resistance. The hardeners used are 1,3‐phenylenediamine (PDA), diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA), 4,4‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy) benzene, because of their availability and aromaticity. During cure with TGTS they all display autocatalytic behavior, but when compared to a traditional organic epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured with DDM however, the rate constants are about 3 times slower and less exothermic. The DETDA hardener in particular exhibits significantly slower rates of cure when compared to the other amines, being about an order of magnitude slower compared to the PDA curative. This is attributed to higher steric hindrance, compounded by reduced miscibility. The TGTS‐DDM carbon fiber composite displays the most thermal resistance after extended exposure to 220°C, producing the least mass loss and after combustion of about 12% compared to 20% for the DGEBA cured with DDM. The results presented here, illustrate that a tetrafunctional cyclic siloxane epoxy resin, can exhibit excellent processability, evidenced by very low viscosities and long gelation times, whilst also displaying excellent thermal resistance, whether at elevated temperature, or during combustion.
Multi‐responsive co‐assembled polyurethane nanomicelles as anticancer drug delivery carriers
Authors: Liu Zhaoxia , Zhao Lili , Tao Wangwang , Chen Rui , Zhou Yu , Chen Hongxiang , Yan Hongye , Liao Xinghua
Published: June 2024

In order to obtain a kind of anticancer drug delivery carriers with good stability in blood circulation, high cellular uptake, and controlled drug release ability, folate‐modified polyurethane with disulfide bonds and amino groups (FPUSN) and polyurethane with carboxyl groups (PUC) were respectively synthesized. FPUSN and PUC could co‐assemble in water to form nanomicelles (FPUSN/PUC) via electrostatic interaction. When the mass ratio of FPUSN to PUC was 12, FPUSN/PUC‐12 micelles had obvious negative‐to‐positive charge‐reversal property with decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. Doxorubicin‐loaded micelles (FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX) with negative charges showed excellent stability under simulated normal physiological condition. However, the charge‐reversal happened at pH 6.5 and positive charges increased with the pH decrease. When the glutathione concentration was 10 mM, the structure of FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles was broken. So FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles exhibited significant acid/reduction‐sensitive drug release properties and then DOX could be rapidly released in simulated tumor intracellular environment. Cellular experimental results demonstrated that FPUSN/PUC‐12 micelles could enhance cellular uptake under acid condition and FPUSN/PUC‐12@DOX micelles had better anti‐proliferation effect against HGC‐27 cells at pH 6.5 than that at pH 7.4 owing to multi‐responsive synergistic effects. Therefore, FPUSN/PUC micelles will have great application potential as drug delivery carriers for enhancing anticancer efficacy.
Nachhaltiger Betrieb der Tunnelentwässerung ohne Schachtabdeckungen in der Fahrbahn
Authors: Bornschier Christian , Klehm Torsten , Ranft Andreas
Published: June 2024

Eine gut geplante Entwässerungsanlage im Bereich des Straßenkörpers und der darin integrierten Ingenieurbauwerke trägt maßgeblich zur Verkehrssicherheit bei. Gleichzeitig reduziert eine geschickte Planung in Verbindung mit geeigneten Materialien und Konstruktionen langfristig die Unterhaltungskosten und sorgt so für einen reibungslosen Betrieb der Anlage. Die Wartungsfreundlichkeit des Systems hat einen großen Anteil an der Minimierung von Sperrzeiten für Reinigungs‐ und Instandsetzungsarbeiten. Gerade bei Tunnelbauwerken sorgen u. a. die Entwässerungssysteme regelmäßig für Sperrungen aufgrund von Wartung und Instandsetzung. Besonders im Bereich der permanent überfahrenen Kontrollschächte kommt es immer wieder zu Schäden, deren Behebung mitunter zu langen Sperrzeiten der Verkehrswege führt. Mit dem Einsatz eines modifizierten Tauchwandschachts am Fahrbahnrand – ohne Schachtdeckel in der Fahrbahn – sollen der Betrieb, die Unterhaltung der Entwässerungsleitung und die daraus resultierenden Kosten reduziert werden. In vorliegendem Beitrag werden der modifizierte Tauchwandschacht und dessen Vorteile für den Betrieb von Tunnelbauwerken vorgestellt.
Trans‐rectovesical pouch urethral‐sparing robotic‐assisted simple prostatectomy: A case series
Authors: Chen Xinnan , Zhao Kangkang , Wang Hao , Zhang Chengwei , Du Lin , Wang Wendi , Chen Tianyi , Qin Haixiang , Qiu Xuefeng , Guo Hongqian , Zhang Gutian
Published: June 2024

Objective

To detail a novel technique of robotic‐assisted simple prostatectomy that makes handling the gland protruding into the bladder neck easier and can preserve the urethra and retain ejaculation function as much as possible.

Patients and methods

This is a prospective case series. Clinical data of 17 male patients who had large volume (>80 mL) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled to undergo trans‐rectovesical pouch urethral‐sparing robotic‐assisted simple prostatectomy (usRASP). We adopted the approach through the space between the bladder neck and seminal vesicle to perform a usRASP that can avoid the detrusor skirt and fibrous matrix area of the retropubic prostate. Between the transitional zone and the peripheral zone of the large prostate, the hyperplastic prostatic gland tissue can be enucleated under direct vision while preserving the prostatic urethra and retaining the ejaculatory duct and bladder neck intact. All preoperative, perioperative and postoperative clinical data were collected, and descriptive analysis was performed.

Results

The median intravesical prostatic protrusion was 19.3 mm (8.5–32.2). The median operative time was 100 min (75–140), and the median estimated blood loss was 100 mL (10–500). The median time to catheter removal was 7 days (5–7), with a median postoperative hospital stay of 2 days (2–4). After at least 6‐month follow‐up, the median maximum urine flow rate and postvoid residual volume were 40.1 mL/s (12.7–52.4) and 15 mL (5–23), respectively; the median International Prostate Symptom Score and Quality of Life score were 0 (0–6.3) and 1 (0–3), respectively; and the median total prostate‐specific antigen was 0.84 ng/mL (0.15–1.01). All patients successfully underwent usRASP. Fifty‐eight percent of patients with normal ejaculation function before surgery can still retain normal ejaculation function.

Conclusion

We described a new approach to performing usRASP. This new method remarkably improved the voiding function, maintained antegrade ejaculation and did not increase the post‐operative complications.