bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical strengthening of the concept of appealing in analysed sermons on Matthew 25:31–46 in the context of poverty in South Africa
Authors: Pieterse Hennie J.C.
Published: August 2013

From a qualitative grounded theory analysis in a sample of 26 sermons with Matthew 25:31–46 as sermon text, a rhetorical structure of how the preachers try to convince their listeners to care for the poor emerged. The homiletical concept of appealing related to all the categories borne out of the analysis of the inner world of the 26 sermons, and also to the categories showing this rhetorical structure in the sermons. The article discusses what the dimensions are in the concept of appealing borne out of the sermons in which the rhetorical structure was apparent, which rhetorical theory would fit as theoretical base for the concept of appealing in its relationship with the rhetorical structure in the sermons, and what dilemma the preachers face when they try to convince their listeners to participate in the care for the poor. The rhetorical theory of deliberative rhetoric (Aristotle) and the classical theory with the three dimensions logos, ethos and pathosis discussed in this article as theoretical thickening of the concept of appealing to the listeners of the sermons. This article attempts to demonstrate how to go about theorising from a grounded theory analysis of sermons with Matthew 25:31–46 as a sermon text with, as result, a theory that could help preachers in preaching from this text in the context of poverty in South Africa.Vanuit ’n kwalitatief-gegronde teorie-ontleding (grounded theory analysis) van 26 preke met Matteus 25:31–46 as preekteks, het ’n retoriese struktuur na vore gekom waarmee predikers hulle toehoorders wil oorreed om armes te versorg. Die homiletiese konsep van appèl, hou verband met al die kategorieë wat uit die inhoudsanalise van die binnewêreld van die 26 preke na vore gekom het, asook die kategorieë waarin die retoriese struktuur sigbaar is. Die artikel bespreek die dimensies in die konsep van appèl wat na vore kom uit die preke waarin die retoriese struktuur duidelik is, welke retoriese teorie as teoretiese basis kan dien vir die konsep van appèl in verband met die retoriese struktuur in die preke, asook teenoor welke dilemma die predikers te staan kom wanneer hulle probeer om hulle hoorders te oorreed om vir armes te versorg. Die deliberatiewe retoriese teorie van Aristoteles en die klassieke teorie met die dimensieslogos, etos en pathos word in die artikel bespreek as teoretiese versterking vir die konsep van appèl op die toehoorders van die preek. Die artikel poog om aan te toon hoe ’n mens teoretisering vanuit ’n gegronde teorie-ontleding van preke met Matteus 25:31–46 as preekteks kan aanpak, met as resultaat, ’n teorie waarmee predikers gehelp word om in die armoedekonteks van Suid-Afrika te preek.
Logistics in Namibia: Issues and challenges
Authors: Savage Christopher J. , Fransman Logan , Jenkins Andrew K.
Published: August 2013

Logistics is perceived to be important for Namibia’s growth and development, but this may be a matter of conjecture as there is a dearth of documented information about the industry in Namibia. Furthermore, it is uncertain what the understanding of logistics is for key stakeholders in the country. This article reports on a project; the objectives were to address some of these issues and to lay the foundation for a more thorough investigation in the future. The findings of the initial project were disseminated in 2012 by: a conference paper showing the challenges and opportunities facing logistics in Namibia in 2012; a report; and through a Logistics and Transport Workshop held in Walvis Bay, Namibia in September 2012. These reports, additional interviews and subsequent discussions highlighted some potential opportunities and problems. This article summarises the project to date, showing the methodology and findings as updated by subsequent feedback and further interviews. The findings from key stakeholders of the logistics industry in Namibia include: universal agreement on the importance of logistics to Namibia; the variety in the understanding of the term logistics; the strength of the continuing influence of South Africa as the dominant economic power in southern Africa; and contrasting views on the main factors limiting logistics development, including infrastructure, attitude, government, customs, training, railways, corruption and driver shortage.
CA-125 and risk of malignancy index for screening for malignancy in fertile aged females with ovarian cyst, which is more cost effectiveness?
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: August 2013

Background: Ovarian tumor is a cause of infertility in the fertile-aged women. Also, it can also turns into malignancy and causes deadly outcome. Screening for malignancy is an important management. Aims: The available screening methods that are widely used at present include CA-125 determination and the risk of malignancy index (RMX), which is a combined CA-125 with ultrasonography, determination. Materials and Methods: Here, the author tries to assess cost-effectiveness of both alternative in screening by basic medical economics technique. Statistics: Classical descriptive analysis was used for cost effectiveness calculation. Results: In this work, from the cost-effectiveness analysis, the CA-125 test is more cost-effectiveness than RMX. Conclusion: This reflects that the usage of additional ultrasonography test for increasing the diagnostic activity in screening for ovarian cyst in the fertile aged females in Thailand is still not appropriate.
Serum galactomannan assay for diagnosis of probable invasive Aspergillosis in acute leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ghosh Indranil , Raina Vinod , Kumar Lalit , Sharma Atul , Bakhshi Sameer , Iqbal Sobuhi
Published: August 2013

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a leading cause of mortality in acute leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Aims: To determine the yield of galactomannan (GM) assay for the diagnosis of probable IA, its temporal relationship with the computed tomography (CT) scans and correlation with mortality in AL and HSCT. Patients and Methods: Consecutive neutropenic episodes (n=150) among inpatients aged ≥15 years with AL or recipients of HSCT were prospectively evaluated over 1΍ years. All patients underwent weekly serum GM assay and optical density index >0.5 for ≥2 samples was defined as positive. IA was diagnosed according to EORTC 2008 guidelines. Results: Of the 150 episodes enrolled, 43 (28.7%) were diagnosed with IA: possible 25 (16.7%), probable 17 (11.3%) and proven 1 (0.7%). The yield of GM assay in diagnosing probable IA was 17/42 (40.5%). In 88.2% of probable IA episodes, GM was positive before high-resolution CT at a median of 10 days (range 1-16). In the episodes with ≥2 samples tested, fatality was higher in those ≥2 values positive for GM, compared to the rest (31% vs. 13.2%, odd ratio 2.96, 95% CI 1.09-8.00; P=0.04). Conclusions: In AL and HSCT, GM assay could identify patients with probable IA earlier than CT chest and also predicted a higher risk of death.
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in a case of carcinoma cervix
Authors: Swain Meenakshi , Swarnalata Gowrishankar , Bhandari Trilok
Published: August 2013

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is an uncommon extra nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for less than 1% of all NHLs known to have an aggressive course, with no well-defined treatment protocols. A 42-year-old lady, operated five months earlier for a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix presented with pain and induration of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall; 3 months after completing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. FNAC done, yielded scanty material and was inconclusive. The biopsy showed features of a subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. While on chemotherapy she developed a vault recurrence and extensive intra-abdominal spread of the squamous cell carcinoma and succumbed. SPTCL is a rare entity and has been reported in renal and cardiac allograft recipients and in one case of ovarian carcinoma. Its occurrence in the setting of carcinoma cervix is unusual, hence is being reported.
Management of isolated recurrence of extramedullary myeloid tumor at a single site
Authors: Krishna Muddu Vamshi , Yadav Ashok K. , Arora Brijesh , Banavali Shripad D.
Published: August 2013

Extramedullary myeloid tumors (EMMT) can precede, occur with or follow AML. Rarely, they can present as isolated relapses. We present a 9-year-old child with t (8, 21) positive AML who was treated with induction regimen and achieved remission. While on high-dose cytarabine consolidation, he had isolated relapse in a single cervical lymph node with uninvolved marrow. He was treated with salvage chemotherapy alone. There are no clear guidelines for treatment of isolated extramedullary relapse. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy followed by stem cell transplant is the usual option. Our patient is unique for the unusual site of relapse and prolonged remission with cladribine-based chemotherapy, mitoxantrone-based consolidation, and oral maintenance therapy.
Oesophageal carcinoma presenting with a synchronous asymptomatic colon carcinoma
Authors: Gupta Alok , Chauhan Bharat , Rangarajan V , Desai Saral , Noronha Vanita , Prabhash Kumar
Published: August 2013

The advancement in diagnostic techniques has resulted in increased incidence of occult second primary in cancer patients. Here, we report a case of symptomatic oesophageal carcinoma and synchronous asymptomatic colon carcinoma diagnosed through Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography imaging.
Stage IV lung cancer: Is cure possible?
Authors: Thippeswamy Ravi , Noronha Vanita , Krishna Vamshi , Joshi Amit , Bal Munita Meenu , Purandare Nilendu , Rangarajan V , Pramesh C.S. , Jiwnani Sabita , Prabhash Kumar
Published: August 2013

Reporting a case, 53 years old male with stage IV Nonsamall cell lung cancer in view of cytologically proven malignant pleural effusion. Usually the management of stage IV lung cancer is with palliative intent where the patient receives palliative chemotherapy along with palliative radiotherapy and surgery if required. Most of the data on curative management of oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer includes patient with adrenal metastasis and some reports with brain metastasis. There is scarce literature on the surgical management of stage IV lung cancer with pleural effusion.
Mediastinal ganglioneuroma: An incidentaloma of childhood
Authors: Shukla Ram Mohan , Mukhopadhyay Biswanath , Mukhopadhyay Madhumita , Mandal Kartik Chandra
Published: August 2013

Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign neurogenic tumor which represents the final maturation stage of neuroblast tumors. Here, we are discussing an interesting case of incidentally detected posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma which should be kept in mind when dealing with any child with respiratory distress.
Orbital and infratemporal fossa metastasis: An unusual initial presentation of adenocarcinoma of lung
Authors: Chaudhuri Tamojit , Yadava Kamlesh
Published: August 2013

Orbital metastasis as initial presentation of adenocarcinoma of lung is an extremely rare phenomenon. Here, we report a 46-year-old non-smoker Asian woman, who presented with right eye proptosis due to right orbital and infratemporal fossa metastasis, as the first presentation of adenocarcinoma of right lung.
Localized Cystic Disease of the Kidney: A Rare Cause of Hypertension in a Young Adult
Authors: Solak Aynur , Gür Mehmet Serkan , Genç Berhan , Şahin Neslin
Published: August 2013

Localized cystic disease of kidney (LCDK) is a rare, non-familial, non-progressive renal disorder that is not associated with cysts or disorders in other organs. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. While this condition is morphologically identical to the autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease, it is not inherited and is not associated with significant deterioration of renal function. We present a case of a 16-year-old male patient who suffered from hypertension for over two years. On imaging we found several, variable-sized cysts in the upper half of the right kidney. The left kidney and lower segment of the right kidney were normal. Selective renal vein catheterization and sampling showed markedly elevated renin level in the right upper segmental vein (92 pg/ml, normal value: 11-33 pg/ml). The patient underwent a right upper heminephrectomy and histopathology was suggestive of LCDK. After surgery, the patient's blood pressure returned to normal levels without any need of antihypertensive medication and he is under follow-up on outpatient basis for the past two years.
Hemimandibular Hypertrophy - Hybrid Variants: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Mohan Ravi Prakash Sasankoti , Verma Sankalp , Singh Udita , Agarwal Neha
Published: August 2013

Hemimandibular hypertrophy and its variants result from unilateral excessive growth of the mandible and involve both the body and ramus of mandible. This causes facial asymmetry and in turn accompanying psychological problems. In this report we discuss use of imaging in diagnosis of these lesions and investigate the different variants.
Short Communication: Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Chinese pony breeds (Equus caballus)
Authors: Yang Sheng-lin , Li Ai-Ping , Xu Long-xing , Yang Haibing
Published: August 2013

Yang, S.-l., Li, A.-P., Xu, L.-x. and Yang, H. 2013. Short Communication: Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Chinese pony breeds ( Equus caballus ). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 313–319. Previous studies based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data have shown that Chinese horses have high genetic diversity. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop sequences and maternal origin of five Chinese pony breeds. In the present study, genetic diversity of 343-bp D-loop sequences for136 individuals representing five Chinese pony breeds was analyzed. To address the question of the single and multiple maternal origin of Chinese pony populations, 13 partial mtDNA D-loop reference sequences from GenBank representing eight ancient and modern horse breeds (Connemara, Garrano, Sorraia, Pottok, Losino, Cheju, Tuva and a Swedish horse) were added to conduct the phylogenetic analyses. A total of 59 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic loci were detected, the haplotype diversity (h) ranged from 0.894 to 0.947 and nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 0.0184 to 0.0229, suggesting relatively abundant genetic diversity in the Debao, Yunnan and the Guizhou breeds. The phylogenetic tree and median-joining network show multiple maternal origins of the five Chinese pony breeds.
Organic fertilizer application increases biomass and proportion of fungi in the soil microbial community in a minimum tillage Chinese cabbage field
Authors: Lee Young Han , Kim Min Keun , Lee Jeongyeo , Heo Jae Yeong , Kang Tae Ho , Kim HyeRan , Yun Han Dae
Published: August 2013

Lee, Y. H., Kim, M. K., Lee, J., Heo, J. Y., Kang, T. H., Kim, H. and Yun, H. D. 2013. Organic fertilizer application increases biomass and proportion of fungi in the soil microbial community in a minimum tillage Chinese cabbage field. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 271–278. This study evaluated the variations in soil microbial communities in a minimum tillage upland field used for Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) cultivation by their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and chemical properties. Replicated plots received organic fertilizer (OF), chemical fertilizer (CF), and no fertilizer (NF), and microbial communities were analyzed in the early season, mid-season and harvesting stages. The electrical conductivity of the CF soil at mid-season was significantly higher than that of the OF and NF soils (P < 0.05), whereas the NO3-N content at the harvesting stage was significantly lower in the CF soil than in the OF soil (P < 0.05). The average microbial biomasses in the OF soils during the Chinese cabbage growing period were approximately 1.03∼1.27 times higher for fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, total bacteria, total FAMEs, Gram-positive bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Organic fertilizer had a significantly lower ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7c then CF (P < 0.001), which indicates that a decrease in microbial stress was caused by organic matter soil inputs and the lack of chemical amendments. Communities of fungi in OF soils were significantly larger than those in CF soils (P < 0.001) indicating fungi are potentially responsible for the microbial community differentiation between the OF and CF treatments in an upland field. However, the average microbial communities in the OF soils were approximately 0.86 times lower for actinomycetes and 0.95 times lower for AMF. In communities of total bacteria (P < 0.001), Gram-negative (P < 0.001) and Gram-positive bacteria (P < 0.01), the interaction between the growth stage and the fertilizer showed significant differentiation. Further work is needed to relate the seasonal variation and impact of fertilization on microbial communities to productivity of Chinese cabbage in Korea.
Phylogeography of Aedes aegypti (Yellow Fever Mosquito) in South Florida: mtDNA Evidence for Human-Aided Dispersal
Authors: Damal Kavitha , Murrell Ebony G. , Juliano Steven A. , Conn Jan E. , Loew Sabine S.
Published: August 2013

The invasive dengue vector Aedes aegypti has persisted for > 200 years in South Florida in the United States. We tested the hypotheses that Florida's landscape creates dispersal barriers and corridors and that long-distance human-aided dispersal structures populations of Ae. aegypti. We evaluated the phylogeography of 362 individuals from Florida's East and West Coasts with a 760-bp (418- and 342-bp fragments of ND5 and ND4, respectively) mitochondrial sequence. Populations from these two coasts were not significantly differentiated, suggesting that limited urbanization in central Florida is not a strong barrier to gene flow. Evidence for long-distance dispersal between Ft. Lauderdale and the West and Ft. Myers and the East indicates the importance of human-aided dispersal. West Coast populations showed no genetic differentiation, indicating that West Coast rivers and bays did not significantly impede gene flow. Phylogeographic analysis of haplotypes showed two distinct matrilines with no geographic patterns, suggesting multiple introductions or balancing selection.
Historical gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in the United States from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Xing J. , Pleim J. , Mathur R. , Pouliot G. , Hogrefe C. , Gan C.-M. , Wei C.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. An accurate description of emissions is crucial for model simulations to reproduce and interpret observed phenomena over extended time periods. In this study, we used an approach based on activity data to develop a consistent series of spatially resolved emissions in the United States from 1990 to 2010. The state-level anthropogenic emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), NH3, PM10 and PM2.5 for a total of 49 sectors were estimated based on several long-term databases containing information about activities and emission controls. Activity data for energy-related stationary sources were derived from the State Energy Data System. Corresponding emission factors reflecting implemented emission controls were calculated back from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for seven years (i.e., 1990, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2005), and constrained by the AP-42 (US EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors) dataset. Activity data for mobile sources including different types of highway vehicles and non-highway equipment were obtained from highway statistics reported by the Federal Highway Administration. The trends in emission factors for highway mobile source were informed by the 2011 National Transportation Statistics. Emissions for all non-energy-related sources were either scaled by the growth ratio of activity indicators or adjusted based on the NEI trends report. Because of the strengthened control efforts, particularly for the power sector and mobile sources, emissions of all pollutants except NH3 were reduced by half over the last two decades. The emission trends developed in this study are comparable with the NEI trend report and EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) data, but better constrained by trends in activity data. Reductions in SO2, NOx, CO and EC (speciation of PM2.5 by SMOKE, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions) emissions agree well with the observed changes in ambient SO2, NO2, CO and EC concentrations, suggesting that the various controls on emissions implemented over the last two decades are well represented in the emission inventories developed in this study. These inventories were processed by SMOKE and are now ready to be used for regional chemistry transport model simulations over the 1990–2010 period.
Diurnal variation of stratospheric and lower mesospheric HOCl, ClO and HO2 at the equator: comparison of 1-D model calculations with measurements by satellite instruments
Authors: Khosravi M. , Baron P. , Urban J. , Froidevaux L. , Jonsson A. I. , Kasai Y. , Kuribayashi K. , Mitsuda C. , Murtagh D. P. , Sagawa H. , Santee M. L. , Sato T. O. , Shiotani M. , Suzuki M. , von Clarmann T. , Walker K. A. , Wang S.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The diurnal variation of HOCl and the related species ClO, HO2 and HCl measured by satellites has been compared with the results of a one-dimensional photochemical model. The study compares the data from various limb-viewing instruments with model simulations from the middle stratosphere to the lower mesosphere. Data from three sub-millimetre instruments and two infrared spectrometers are used, namely from the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) on board Odin, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board Aura, the Superconducting Submillimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) on the International Space Station, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board ENVISAT, and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on board SCISAT. Inter-comparison of the measurements from instruments on sun-synchronous satellites (SMR, MLS, MIPAS) and measurements from solar occultation instruments (ACE-FTS) is challenging since the measurements correspond to different solar zenith angles (or local times). However, using a model which covers all solar zenith angles and data from the SMILES instrument which measured at all local times over a period of several months provides the possibility to verify the model and to indirectly compare the diurnally variable species. The satellite data were averaged for latitudes of 20° S to 20° N for the SMILES observation period from November 2009 to April 2010 and were compared at three altitudes: 35, 45 and 55 km. Besides presenting the SMILES data, the study also shows a first comparison of the latest MLS data (version 3.3) of HOCl, ClO, and HO2 with other satellite observations, as well as a first evaluation of HO2 observations made by Odin/SMR. The MISU-1D model has been carefully initialised and run for conditions and locations of the observations. The diurnal cycle features for the species investigated here are generally well reproduced by the model. The satellite observations and the model agree well in terms of absolute mixing ratios. The differences between the day and night values of the model are in good agreement with the observations although the amplitude of the HO2 diurnal variation is 10–20% lower in the model than in the observations. In particular, the data offered the opportunity to study the reaction ClO+HO2 → HOCl+O2 in the lower mesosphere at 55 km. At this altitude the HOCl night-time variation depends only on this reaction. The result of this analysis points towards a value of the rate constant within the range of the JPL 2006 recommendation and the upper uncertainty limit of the JPL 2011 recommendation at 55 km.
Estimates of tropical bromoform emissions using an inversion method
Authors: Ashfold M. J. , Harris N. R. P. , Manning A. J. , Robinson A. D. , Warwick N. J. , Pyle J. A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Bromine plays an important role in ozone chemistry in both the troposphere and stratosphere. When measured by mass, bromoform (CHBr3) is thought to be the largest organic source of bromine to the atmosphere. While seaweed and phytoplankton are known to be dominant sources, the size and the geographical distribution of CHBr3 emissions remains uncertain. Particularly little is known about emissions from the Maritime Continent, which have usually been assumed to be large, and which appear to be especially likely to reach the stratosphere. In this study we aim to use the first multi-annual set of CHBr3 measurements from this region, and an inversion method, to reduce this uncertainty. We find that local measurements of a short-lived gas like CHBr3 can only be used to constrain emissions from a relatively small, sub-regional domain. We then obtain detailed estimates of both the distribution and magnitude of CHBr3 emissions within this area. Our estimates appear to be relatively insensitive to the assumptions inherent in the inversion process. We extrapolate this information to produce estimated emissions for the entire tropics (defined as 20° S–20° N) of 225 GgCHBr3 y-1. This estimate is consistent with other recent studies, and suggests that CHBr3 emissions in the coastline-rich Maritime Continent may not be stronger than emissions in other parts of the tropics.
Analyzing time varying trends in stratospheric ozone time series using state space approach
Authors: Laine M. , Latva-Pukkila N. , Kyrölä E.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We describe a hierarchical statistical state space model for ozone profile time series. The time series are from satellite measurements by the SAGE II and GOMOS instruments spanning years 1984–2011. The original data sets are combined and gridded monthly using 10° latitude bands, and covering 25–55 km with 1 km vertical spacing. In the analysis, mean densities are studied separately for 25–35 km, 35–45 km, and 45–55 km layers, also. Model components include level, trend and seasonal effect with solar activity and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations as proxy variables. We will show how the chosen statistical model is well suited for trend analysis of atmospheric time series that are not stationary but can exhibit both slowly varying and abrupt changes in the distributional properties. The dynamic linear model state space approach provides well defined statistical model for assessing the long term background changes in the ozone time series. The modelling assumptions can be evaluated and the method provides realistic uncertainty estimates for the model based statements on the quantities of interest. We discuss the methodological challenges and practical implementation. The modelling result agree with the hypothesized trend change point for stratospheric ozone at around the year 1997 for mid latitude regions. This is a companion article to Kyrölä et al. (2013).
Detection of convective initiation using Meteosat SEVIRI: implementation in and verification with the tracking and nowcasting algorithm Cb-TRAM
Authors: Merk D. , Zinner T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In this paper a new detection scheme for convective initiation (CI) under day and night conditions is presented. The new algorithm combines the strengths of two existing methods for detecting CI with geostationary satellite data. It uses the channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). For the new algorithm five infrared (IR) criteria from the Satellite Convection Analysis and Tracking algorithm (SATCAST) and one high-resolution visible channel (HRV) criteria from Cb-TRAM were adapted. This set of criteria aims to identify the typical development of quickly developing convective cells in an early stage. The different criteria include time trends of the 10.8 IR channel, and IR channel differences, as well as their time trends. To provide the trend fields an optical-flow-based method is used: the pyramidal matching algorithm, which is part of Cb-TRAM. The new detection scheme is implemented in Cb-TRAM, and is verified for seven days which comprise different weather situations in central Europe. Contrasted with the original early-stage detection scheme of Cb-TRAM, skill scores are provided. From the comparison against detections of later thunderstorm stages, which are also provided by Cb-TRAM, a decrease in false prior warnings (false alarm ratio) from 91 to 81% is presented, an increase of the critical success index from 7.4 to 12.7%, and a decrease of the BIAS from 320 to 146% for normal scan mode. Similar trends are found for rapid scan mode. Most obvious is the decline of false alarms found for the synoptic class "cold air" masses.
IMF-induced escape of molecular ions from the Martian ionosphere
Authors: Kubota Y. , Maezawa K. , Jin H. , Fujimoto M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Since Mars does not possess a significant global intrinsic magnetic field, the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere and can induce ion escapes from it. Phobos-2 and recent Mars Express (MEX) observations have shown that the escaping ions are O+ as well as molecular O2+ and CO2+. While O+ escape can be understood by the ion pick-up of non-thermal O corona extended around the planet, regarding the heavy molecular O2+ and CO2+, which are buried in the lower ionosphere, a novel escape mechanism needs to considered. Here we attack this problem by global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. First, we clarify the global structure of the streamlines that result from the interaction with the solar wind. Then, by focusing on the streamlines that dip into the low-altitude part of the dayside ionosphere, we investigate the escape path of the molecular ions. The effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the molecular ion escape process are investigated by comparing the results with and without IMF. IMF has little effect on O+ escape via ion pick-up mediated by solar wind electron impact ionization of the O corona. O2+ and CO2+ are shoveled from the low-altitude regions of the dayside ionosphere by magnetic tension in the presence of IMF. These ions are pulled by the U-shaped field lines to the north and south poles, and at the terminator, they are concentrated in the noon–midnight meridian plane. These ions remain confined to the noon–midnight plane as they are transported to the nightside to form the tail ray. Then they escape along the streamlines open to the interplanetary space. Under a typical solar wind and IMF condition expected at Mars, O+, O2+ and CO2+ escape fluxes are 8.0 × 1023, 3.5 × 1023 and 5.0 × 1022 ion s−1, respectively, which are in good agreement with the MEX observations.
Nested atmospheric inversion for the terrestrial carbon sources and sinks in China
Authors: Jiang F. , Wang H. W. , Chen J. M. , Zhou L. X. , Ju W. M. , Ding A. J. , Liu L. X. , Peters W.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In this study, we establish a nested atmospheric inversion system with a focus on China using the Bayesian method. The global surface is separated into 43 regions based on the 22 TransCom large regions, with 13 small regions in China. Monthly CO2 concentrations from 130 GlobalView sites and 3 additional China sites are used in this system. The core component of this system is an atmospheric transport matrix, which is created using the TM5 model with a horizontal resolution of 3° × 2°. The net carbon fluxes over the 43 global land and ocean regions are inverted for the period from 2002 to 2008. The inverted global terrestrial carbon sinks mainly occur in boreal Asia, South and Southeast Asia, eastern America and southern South America. Most China areas appear to be carbon sinks, with strongest carbon sinks located in Northeast China. From 2002 to 2008, the global terrestrial carbon sink has an increasing trend, with the lowest carbon sink in 2002. The inter-annual variation (IAV) of the land sinks shows remarkable correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The terrestrial carbon sinks in China also show an increasing trend. However, the IAV in China is not the same as that of the globe. There is relatively stronger land sink in 2002, lowest sink in 2006, and strongest sink in 2007 in China. This IAV could be reasonably explained with the IAVs of temperature and precipitation in China. The mean global and China terrestrial carbon sinks over the period 2002–2008 are −3.20 ± 0.63 and −0.28 ± 0.18 PgC yr−1, respectively. Considering the carbon emissions in the form of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and from the import of wood and food, we further estimate that China's land sink is about −0.31 PgC yr−1.
Long-term trends of water chemistry in mountain streams in Sweden – slow recovery from acidification
Authors: Borg H. , Sundbom M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The water chemistry of streams and precipitation in the province of Jämtland, northern Sweden has been monitored since the 1980s to study long-term trends, occurrence of acid episodes, and effects of liming. The acidity and sulphur in precipitation increased in the 1970s, followed by a loss of ANC and low pH in the streams. Sulphur deposition begun to decrease in the 1980s, until approximately 2000, after which the decrease levelled out. The stream water sulphate followed the precipitation trend but decreased more slowly and since the late 1990s a subtle increase was observed. The sulphate concentrations in the snow have generally been higher than or equal to the stream sulphate levels. Since 2005, stream sulphate has sometimes exceeded snow sulphate, indicating desorption of stored soil sulphate, possibly because of climate related changes in run-off routes through the soil profiles, following shorter periods of frost. Up to 2000, TOC increased by approximately 0.1 mg L−1 yr−1. The mean trends in sulphate and TOC from approximately 1990 until today are generally opposite. Acidic episodes with pH 4.0 at flow peaks occurred frequently in the unlimed streams, despite relatively well buffered waters at base flow. To evaluate the main causes for the loss of ANC, the changes in major ions during high flow were calculated. The most important contribution resulted from dilution of base cations, with contribution from organic anions. Sulphate also had some influence, as it was somewhat enriched or only slightly diluted during high flow. Wetland liming started in 1985 after which the earlier observed extreme peak values of Fe, Mn and Al, did not return. The studied area is remote from emission sources in Europe, but the critical load of acidity is still exceeded. The long-term recovery observed in the unlimed streams is thus slow, and severe acidic episodes still occur.
A model–data comparison of the Holocene global sea surface temperature evolution
Authors: Lohmann G. , Pfeiffer M. , Laepple T. , Leduc G. , Kim J.-H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We compare the ocean temperature evolution of the Holocene as simulated by climate models and reconstructed from marine temperature proxies. We use transient simulations from a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, as well as an ensemble of time slice simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project. The general pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) in the models shows a high-latitude cooling and a low-latitude warming. The proxy dataset comprises a global compilation of marine alkenone- and Mg/Ca-derived SST estimates. Independently of the choice of the climate model, we observe significant mismatches between modelled and estimated SST amplitudes in the trends for the last 6000 yr. Alkenone-based SST records show a similar pattern as the simulated annual mean SSTs, but the simulated SST trends underestimate the alkenone-based SST trends by a factor of two to five. For Mg/Ca, no significant relationship between model simulations and proxy reconstructions can be detected. We test if such discrepancies can be caused by too simplistic interpretations of the proxy data. We explore whether consideration of different growing seasons and depth habitats of the planktonic organisms used for temperature reconstruction could lead to a better agreement of model results with proxy data on a regional scale. The extent to which temporal shifts in growing season or vertical shifts in depth habitat can reduce model–data misfits is determined. We find that invoking shifts in the living season and habitat depth can remove some of the model–data discrepancies in SST trends. Regardless whether such adjustments in the environmental parameters during the Holocene are realistic, they indicate that when modelled temperature trends are set up to allow drastic shifts in the ecological behaviour of planktonic organisms, they do not capture the full range of reconstructed SST trends. Results indicate that modelled and reconstructed temperature trends are to a large degree only qualitatively comparable, thus providing a challenge for the interpretation of proxy data as well as the model sensitivity to orbital forcing.
Water balance of selected floodplain lake basins in the Middle Bug River valley
Authors: Dawidek J. , Ferencz B.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This study is the first attempt in the literature on the subject of comparing water balance equations for floodplain lake basins depending on the type of connection the lake has to its parent river. Where confluent lakes (upstream connections) were concerned, it was only possible to apply a classic water balance equation. When dealing with contrafluent lakes (downstream connections) as well as lakes with a complex recharge type (contrafluent–confluent) modified equations were created. The hydrological type of a lake is decided by high water flow conditions and, consequently, the duration of potamophase (connection with a river) and limnophase (the isolation of the lake), which determine the values of particular components and the proportion of the vertical to horizontal water exchange rate. Confluent lakes are characterised by the highest proportion of horizontal components (the inflow and runoff of river water) to the vertical ones (precipitation and evaporation). The smallest differences occur with respect to a contrafluent lake. In the case of confluent lakes, the relationship between water balance components resulted from the consequent water flow through the basin, consistent with the slope of the river channel and valley. The supplying channels of contrafluent lakes had an obsequent character, which is why the flow rate was lower. Lakes with a complex, contrafluent–confluent recharge type showed intermediate features. After a period of slow contrafluent recharge, the inflow of water through a downstream crevasse from the area of the headwater of the river was activated; this caused a radical change of flow conditions into confluent ones. The conditions of water retention in lake basins were also varied. Apart from hydrological recharge, also the orographic features of the catchment areas of the lakes played an important role here, for example, the distance from the river channel, the altitude at which a given catchment was located within the floodplain and the complexity of the channels of fluvial-water inflow.
On-board hybrid magnetometer of NASA CHARM-II rocket: principle, design and performances
Authors: Coillot C. , Moutoussamy J. , Chanteur G. , Robert P. , Alves F.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We present a hybrid tri-axes magnetometer designed to measure weak magnetic fields in space from DC (direct current) up to a few kHz with a better sensitivity than fluxgate magnetometers at frequencies above a few Hz. This magnetometer combines a wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon and a classical induction sensor. The nature of the wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon sensor, giant magneto-impedance or magneto-inductance, is discussed. New configurations of wire-wound ferromagnetic ribbon sensors based on closed magnetic circuits are suggested and the hybrid sensor is described. The electronic conditioning of the wire-wound ribbon makes use of an alternating bias field to cancel the offset and linearize the output. Finally we summarize the main performances of the hybrid magnetometer and we discuss its advantages and drawbacks. A prototype has been built and was part of the scientific payload of the NASA rocket experiment CHARM-II (Correlation of High Frequency and Auroral Roar Measurements) launched in the auroral ionosphere. Unfortunately the launch campaign ended without any noticeable magnetic event and the rocket was eventually launched on 16 February 2010, through a very quiescent arc in the magnetic cusp and no wave activity was detected at frequencies observable by the hybrid magnetometer.
Automated classification of Persistent Scatterers Interferometry time series
Authors: Berti M. , Corsini A. , Franceschini S. , Iannacone J. P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We present a new method for the automatic classification of Persistent Scatters Interferometry (PSI) time series based on a conditional sequence of statistical tests. Time series are classified into distinctive predefined target trends, such as uncorrelated, linear, quadratic, bilinear and discontinuous, that describe different styles of ground deformation. Our automatic analysis overcomes limits related to the visual classification of PSI time series, which cannot be carried out systematically for large datasets. The method has been tested with reference to landslides using PSI datasets covering the northern Apennines of Italy. The clear distinction between the relative frequency of uncorrelated, linear and non-linear time series with respect to mean velocity distribution suggests that different target trends are related to different physical processes that are likely to control slope movements. The spatial distribution of classified time series is also consistent with respect the known distribution of flat areas, slopes and landslides in the tests area. Classified time series enhances the radar interpretation of slope movements at the site scale, pointing out significant advantages in comparison with the conventional analysis based solely on the mean velocity. The test application also warns against potentially misleading classification outputs in case of datasets affected by systematic errors. Although the method was developed and tested to investigate landslides, it should be also useful for the analysis of other ground deformation processes such as subsidence, swelling/shrinkage of soils, or uplifts due to deep injections in reservoirs.
Parameterization of atmosphere–surface exchange of CO2 over sea ice
Authors: Sørensen L. L. , Jensen B. , Glud R. N. , McGinnis D. F. , Sejr M. K. , Sievers J. , Søgaard D. H. , Tison J.-L. , Rysgaard S.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We apply a flux parameterisation commonly used over terrestrial areas for calculation of CO2 fluxes over sea ice surfaces. The parameterisation is based on resistance analogy, and is evaluated and tested on data from seasonal fast sea ice, and the different variables influencing the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ice are investigated. We found the flux to be small during the late winter with fluxes in both directions. Not surprisingly we find that the resistance across the surface controls the fluxes and detailed knowledge of the brine volume and carbon chemistry within the brines as well as knowledge of snow cover and carbon chemistry in the ice are essential to estimate the partial pressure of pCO2 and CO2 flux. Further investigations of surface structure and snow cover and driving parameters like heat flux, radiation, ice temperature and brine processes are required to adequately parameterize the surface resistance.
STRAIN-CONTROLLED BIAXIAL TENSION OF NATURAL RUBBER: NEW EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Authors: Pancheri Francesco Q. , Dorfmann Luis
Published: August 2013

We present a new experimental method and provide data showing the response of 40A natural rubber in uniaxial, pure shear, and biaxial tension. Real-time biaxial strain control allows for independent and automatic variation of the velocity of extension and retraction of each actuator to maintain the preselected deformation rate within the gage area of the specimen. We also focus on the Valanis–Landel hypothesis that is used to verify and validate the consistency of the data. We use a three-term Ogden model to derive stress–stretch relations to validate the experimental data. The material model parameters are determined using the primary loading path in uniaxial and equibiaxial tension. Excellent agreement is found when the model is used to predict the response in biaxial tension for different maximum in-plane stretches. The application of the Valanis–Landel hypothesis also results in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction.
REINFORCEMENT OF NATURAL RUBBER BY PRECIPITATED SILICA: THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING TEMPERATURE
Authors: Sarkawi S. Salina , Dierkes Wilma K. , Noordermeer Jacques W. M.
Published: August 2013

The thermal history, and in particular the mixing dump temperature, is a parameter of paramount importance in mixing rubber and silica with a silane coupling agent in order to achieve proper silanization of silica and to avoid premature scorch reactions. The influence of the mixing dump temperature on the performance of silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) is investigated. The investigation also includes the effect of nonrubber constituents, primarily proteins in NR, by using deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) and synthetic polyisoprene (IR). The vulcanization properties and rubber-to-filler interactions of silica-reinforced NR in the presence and absence of a silane coupling agent are highlighted. With increasing mixing dump temperature, the silanization reaction between silica and silane coupling agent proceeds further. At a sufficiently high dump temperature, filler–filler interactions in the NR–silica compounds are reduced and the silica–rubber interaction improved, as evidenced by a drop in the Payne effect and increment in chemically bound rubber. It is demonstrated that NR and IR compounds mixed until they are above the optimum dump temperature exhibit cure reversion and reduction in tensile properties. On the other hand, DPNR–silica vulcanizates show slightly more constant physical properties.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Appeals Chamber: Decisions on the Legality of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and Trials In Absentia
Authors: Wählisch Martin
Published: August 2013

In October and November of 2012, the Appeals Chamber of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) issued two key decisions affirming the legality of the court and the use of trials in absentia of the accused. Highly disputed within Lebanon and throughout the international legal community, both decisions are crucial milestones in the developing history of the STL, and mark critical developments in the evolution of the international justice system and international criminal law.