bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The language play of kindergarten children
Authors: Ely Richard , McCabe Allyssa
Published: January 2017

Play has long been hypothesized to serve important social, emotional and cognitive functions. Although the existence of language play has been documented, the types and functions of language play in naturalistic settings have received scant attention. In this study, children's classroom language play and its relationship to measures of literacy and metalinguistic develop ment were examined. Twenty kindergarten children were observed and audiotaped for one hour. Following the observation period, children were administered the Test of Early Reading Ability (TERA), a word definition task and a riddle explication task. Language play was found in more than 23% of children's utterances and was positively correlated with the riddle explication task. Children's ability to explicate riddles correlated positively with their TERA scores. Young children's language play represents an important aspect of their metalinguistic and literacy development.
Infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory environments
Authors: Lewedag Vanessa L. , Oller D. Kimbrough , Lynch Michael P.
Published: January 2017

Differences in infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory recordings were examined. Audiorecordings of the infants were made in both environments during the month immediately following the observed onset of speech-like (canonical) syllables. Analyses indicated that: (a) infants produced more vocalizations per minute in the home than in the laboratory, (b) the vocalizations in the home included higher proportions of speech-like syllables than the vocalizations in the laboratory did, and (c) the vocalizations in the two environments had similar phonetic characteristics. These findings suggest that, while infants' vocalization patterns can be affected by the surrounding environment, the phonetic characteristics of their utterances do not show wide variation.
Predicting the order of acquisition of three-word constructions by the complexity of their dependency structure
Authors: Ninio Anat
Published: January 2017

It was hypothesized that the complexity of the dependency structure of different 3- and 4-word constructions predicts the order of their acquisition. Analysis of an English-speaking child's first 102 sentence types of more than 2 words strongly supported this prediction: the earliest sentences rarely involved constructions in which members of a dependency pair were not immediately adjacent to each other. The findings suggest that dependency theory could provide a viable alternative to phrase-structure grammars as a framework for the study of language acquisition.
Ukrainian single-word use: a case study
Authors: Chumak-Horbatsch Roma
Published: January 2017

This study documents first steps of one child's acquisition of Ukrainian as a first language. It is intended as a response to appeals for research of languages not yet investigated (Slama- Cazacu 1972, Slobin 1985). It includes an historical review of Ukrainian child language research, a brief outline of Ukrainian grammatical structure, a characterization of single-word speech, a description of three separate kinds of single-word activities, single-word verbal humour and a description of morphological behaviour. The study presents single-word behaviour as an important time in the acquisition of first language. Special focus is on early morphological activity or first steps in the mastery of the Ukrainian morphological system.
A Practitioner Model for Increasing Eye Contact in Children With Autism
Authors: Cook Jennifer L. , Rapp John T. , Mann Kathryn R. , McHugh Catherine , Burji Carla , Nuta Raluca
Published: January 2017

Although many teaching techniques for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) require the instructor to gain the child’s eye contact prior to delivering an instructional demand, the literature contains notably few procedures that reliably produce this outcome. To address this problem, we evaluated the effects of a sequential model for increasing eye contact in children with ASD. The model included the following phases: contingent praise only (for eye contact), contingent edibles plus praise, stimulus prompts plus contingent edibles and praise, contingent video and praise, schedule thinning, and maintenance evaluations for up to 2 years. Results indicated that the procedures increased eye contact for 20 participants (one additional participant did not require consequences). For 16 participants, praise (alone) was not sufficient to support eye contact; however, high levels of eye contact were typically maintained with these participants when therapists used combined schedules of intermittent edibles or video and continuous praise. We discuss some limitations of this model and directions for future research on increasing eye contact for children with ASD.
Conditional Covariance-Based Subtest Selection for Polytomous DIMTEST
Authors: Li Tan , Habing Brian , Roussos Louis
Published: January 2017

Dimensionality assessment is an important component of test validation. While the vast majority of statewide standardized tests contain both dichotomous and polytomous items, much of the work in dimensionality assessment has focused on the case of dichotomous item exams. Poly-NEWDIM is a polytomous version of DIMTEST that is a nonparametric hypothesis testing procedure for dimensionality assessments based on comparison of an assessment subtest (AT) with a partitioning subtest (PT). A good AT and PT selection is vital to the performance of Poly-NEWDIM. The proposed two new AT-selection procedures, HCA/CCPROX-PolyDIMTEST (HCP) and HCA/CCPROX-PolyNEWDIM (HCN), perform better than the previous AT-selection method (HCD) in terms of power. Moreover, HCN shows less sensitivity than HCP to sample size, correlation, and structural complexity. The results also indicate that 70% of data for AT selection is appropriate for all three kinds of tests (dichotomous only, polytomous only, and mixed) with large sample sizes and dichotomous tests with small sample sizes, while 50% is good for polytomous tests and mixed tests with small sample sizes.
Public Confidence in the Redistricting Process
Authors: VanderMolen Kathryn , Milyo Jeffrey
Published: January 2017

This study examines the determinants of public confidence in the honesty and integrity of state redistricting processes by analyzing responses to the 2011 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Studies. Individual opinions about the redistricting process are matched to several state characteristics, including the presence of independent redistricting commissions, state legislative polarization, and legislative professionalism. Contrary to popular wisdom, the analysis reveals that neither partisan redistricting procedures nor political polarization reduce confidence in the redistricting process. Rather, public attitudes are determined more so by distaste for legislative professionalism and affinity for the party in control of state government.
An Input Adjustment Method for Challenging Privatization: A Case from Michigan Prison Health Services
Authors: Zullo Roland
Published: January 2017

I investigate the feasibility of completely privatizing prison physical and mental health service. The study is based on bid documents from Michigan’s 2012 exploration of privatized health care, along with historical documents. Five lessons are reported: (1) Price differences are largely attributable to staffing strategies, with private agents using fewer full-time equivalent (FTE) and less-qualified staff; (2) privatization ushers in personnel practice that is less structured for long-term employee retention; (3) managed competition is impractical due to qualified provider scarcity and desirability of client-patient continuity; (4) tension between best practice medicine and the profit motive is unresolvable, which necessitates diligent monitoring; and (5) privatization ideology is a powerful force that is external to the public interest but one that can be challenged by “good government” coalitions.
Collaboration is Key: How a Community of Practice Promotes Technology Integration
Authors: Zorfass Judith , Rivero Heather Keefe
Published: January 2017

This article discusses how one professional development program (STAR Tech) used communities of practice to help teachers help each other integrate technology tools into the curriculum to benefit students with and without disabilities. This case study focused on the experience of one team member, a third grade teacher of an inclusive classroom. The study provides evidence that a community of practice promoted technology integration.
The Impact of Word Prediction Software on the Written Output of Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Mirenda Pat , Turoldo Kirsten , McAvoy Constance
Published: January 2017

This study examined the impact of a word prediction software program, Co:Writer, on the written output of 24 students with physical disabilities that affected their ability to write by hand. Surveys were completed by both students who used Co:Writer and their teachers/adult supporters in schools, and 10-minute writing samples were obtained from students in three modalities: handwriting, word processing, and word processing with Co:Writer. Two-thirds or more of the students and 50% or more of the adults believed that Co:Writer helped the students to spell better; use a wider variety of words; write faster; produce neater, easier-to-read work; and write more correct sentences. Further, two-thirds or more of the adults and 50% or more of the students believed that Co:Writer helped the students to write more without tiring, experience less frustration when writing, and read what they had written. The writing sample analyses indicated no significant difference between the three writing modes with regard to the total number of words produced in 10 minutes. However, word processing and/or Co:Writer resulted in higher percentages of legible words, correctly spelled words, and correct word sequences; and in longer mean lengths of consecutive correct word sequences than handwriting. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to educational technology supports for students with physical disabilities.
Using Video Modeling to Increase Variation in the Conversation of Children with Autism
Authors: Charlop Marjorie H. , Gilmore Laura , Chang Gina T.
Published: January 2017

The present study assessed the effects of video modeling on acquisition and generalization of variation in the conversational speech of two boys with autism. A video was made showing several versions of several topics of conversation, thus providing multiple exemplars of each conversation. Video modeling consisted of showing each child a video depicting the various versions of the target conversation. A multiple baseline design across children and within child was used. Generalization across setting, peer with autism, typically developing peer, sibling at home, and topics of conversation were assessed. Ancillary measures of question-asking and other social behaviors were taken in free play sessions. The results indicated that both subjects increased variation in their conversation as a result of video modeling, as measured both within conversation and cumulatively across conversations.
PL 94–142 and Information Dissemination: A Step Forward
Authors: McLoughlin James A. , Edge Denzil , Petrosko Joseph , Strenecky Bernard
Published: January 2017

Want information about the handicapped, who they are and what services are available? You can write your state department of education for material and be pretty sure of a response. Also the quality of the printed information, in terms of production and content, has improved greatly since PL 94–142 was enacted. It is generally brief, attractive, well-organized and intelligible, as well as being informative. You will find the specifics of the PL 94–142 explained and services for the handicapped outlined. However, there remains a number of aspects of this printed information which require improvements, especially readability and language features.
Task Analysis and the Characteristics of Tasks
Authors: Howell Kenneth W.
Published: January 2017

As interest in task analytical procedures increases, the need to define the nature of tasks becomes evident. This article identifies and describes the various dimensions of tasks. The paper cautions against an exclusive focus on content when engaging in task analysis. Additionally, the paper draws a distinction between the subtasks of learning to do a task and actually doing a task. The relationship of task analysis to evaluation and instruction is presented.
Adapting Visual Response System Teaching Technology to the Conventional Classroom
Authors: Test David W. , Cooke Nancy L. , Heward William L. , Heron Timothy E.
Published: January 2017

The Visual Response System (VRS) is a specially constructed resource room in which high rates of active student response and virtually immediate feedback for those responses can be achieved. Eight to ten student desks are arranged in a horseshoe configuration with the teacher's desk at the open end. Each student responds to every Instructional item (by writing, placing an object, pointing, etc.) directly on the stage of an overhead projector built into the desk. Research has shown the VRS to be an effective instructional technology for teaching a wide range of skills to various student populations. The three most powerful instructional features of the VRS are active student response, immediate feedback, and student-student interaction. Since the implementation of a full-scale VRS classroom with its hardware and space requirements may be too costly for many schools, and since an operating VRS classroom would still be able to serve only a portion of the many students needing more effective instruction each day, this article describes a number of inexpensive, practical techniques for adapting the instructional features of the VRS to the conventional classroom.
A Handheld Computer System for Classroom Observations
Authors: Saudargas Richard A. , Bunn R.D.
Published: January 2017

This article describes a handheld computer observation system that uses Hewlett-Packard HP71B computers for recording data and an IBM-PC for storing and analyzing the data. Two observation algorithms are used in research. In the first, one child is observed as that child interacts with peers and the teacher. In the second algorithm, a focal child is observed as that child interacts with multiple adults, as is true in many special education classrooms. Data analyses are done on the IBM-PC or a mainframe computer. Research using the computers takes advantage of their ability to record data in real time, frequencies, and sequences. One research area has been to validate the accuracy of a paper-and-pencil measure in the classroom. A second research area concerns developmental differences in sustained attention of handicapped and nonhandicapped children. A third research area is concerned with sequential behavioral interrelationships between teachers and children within and between regular and special education classrooms.
A Microcomputer-Networked Information System for Daily Academic Activity by Low-Achieving Secondary Students
Authors: Hunter Maxwell W. , Chen Alexander N.
Published: January 2017

A local area network of six microcomputers provided 32 seventh-grade, LD and Chapter One students and their teachers with increased capabilities to access information associated with academic performance. Specific information in the system included descriptions of all academic tasks assigned to students, as well as such basic specifications as date due and point value. As each quarterly period of instruction within the school year progressed, the system accumulated a complete performance record for each student. Students, resource teachers, and mainstream teachers were able to request up-to-the-moment reports of pending assignments, missing work, grades on particular tasks, and estimated overall course grade. Findings obtained during a 27 week field test underscored the feasibility and potential significance of such a system. System use by students and teachers occurred at high levels. All participants indicated that system use was a positive experience and that system operation was important. A significant, positive correlation was obtained for student use and completion of academic tasks. Further potentials for such a computer-assisted information system are evident, including significant forms of home-school linkage and automatic recognition of student performance.
Hypermedia Basal Readers: Three Years of School-Based Research
Authors: Boone Randall , Higgins Kyle
Published: January 2017

This three-year longitudinal study involved the use of hypermedia computer assisted instruction (CAI) to provide individualized reading instruction within a general classroom environment for students in grades K-3. The software provided reading lessons in a hypermedia format designed as supplementary material for a basal reader series. Because this project was interested in the maintenance of students with mild disabilities in the general education setting, particular attention was given to the reading progress of low-achieving students, as they appeared to be the most at risk for being referred to special education classes.

Analysis of the achievement test data indicates:

Year One. Entire-class significance was shown with experimental classes outperforming control classes at kindergarten, second grade, and third grade. When the classrooms were broken down into ability groups, low students in the kindergarten, second grade, and third grade experimental classes achieved significantly higher total test scores than their control peers.

Year Two. No entire class significance was shown at the first, second, or third grade levels. When the classrooms were broken down into ability groups, at the first, second, and third grade levels, the low group students in the experimental classrooms had significantly higher total test scores than the students in the control classroom low groups.

Year Three. When comparing entire classes on total test scores, no entire class significance was shown at the kindergarten, second, or third grade levels. When classrooms were divided into ability groups, low students in the kindergarten experimental class achieved significantly higher total test scores than the control students.
Interactive Multimedia Research Questions: Results from the Delphi Study
Authors: Ferretti Ralph P.
Published: January 2017

There is a growing interest in the pedagogical possibilities afforded by interactive multimedia technology, and this interest spans such dimensions as content area and the student's developmental level and abilities. At the same time, teachers and researchers are concerned about how to best use this promising technology. The Center for Special Education Technology responded to this situation by conducting a Delphi study to identify research questions that should guide the study of interactive multimedia in special education.

The Delphi study was comprised of two questionnaires. In the first questionnaire, respondents were asked to identify the five most important research needs in interactive multimedia. These responses were compiled and then returned to respondents in a second questionnaire. In the second questionnaire, respondents performed two tasks. In the first task, they were asked to judge the importance of each response obtained from the first questionnaire. In the second task, they selected and justified responses that described the five most important multimedia research needs.

Descriptive analyses showed that respondents were most frequently concerned about design issues affecting the efficacy of educational interactive multimedia. These issues focused on instructional strategies and methods, the multimedia environment, navigational tools, and strategies for promoting transfer of skill. Two other themes emerged from this study. First, experts were interested in how the characteristics of persons with different disabilities affected the efficacy of educational interactive multimedia. Second, they were concerned about the technical and training resources that are needed to use multimedia in practice.
Teaching Automatic Linear Scanning for Computer Access: A Case Study of a Preschooler with Severe Physical and Communication Disabilities
Authors: Light Janice
Published: January 2017

A case study is presented, documenting a cognitive developmentally-based instructional protocol to teach automatic linear scanning for computer access to a 4 year, 11 month old girl with severe physical and communication disabilities who was unable to use the standard computer keyboard. The instructional protocol served to provide a bridge between the child's initial incomplete representation of the scanning task and the representation required to scan successfully, by maximizing the familiarity of the task for the child, highlighting the relevant cues, and minimizing the number of items of information to be coordinated. Results of a multiple probe design indicated the efficacy of the instructional procedures. The instructional program is discussed in light of cognitive/development theory, educational applications, and directions for future research.
Spatial Visualization—A Gateway to Computer-Based Technology
Authors: Norman Kent L.
Published: January 2017

The positive impact of computer-based technology in education varies in part as a function of the individual abilities of users. A model is proposed for how individual differences are expected to affect performance when technology is introduced. The primary cognitive factor driving differences in performance using computer-based technology is spatial visualization ability. Four techniques for mitigating the negative impact of low spatial visualization are discussed. The use of spatial metaphors and graphical user interfaces are promising, but interface apparency, revealing hidden relationships and showing contingencies, and interface manipulatability, allowing users to directly manipulate objects and see intermediate steps, are the most likely to benefit individuals with low spatial visualization ability.
A Description of the Impact of Multimedia Anchored Instruction on Classroom Interactions
Authors: Glaser Candyce Williams , Rieth Herbert J. , Kinzer Charles K. , Colburn Linda K. , Peter Jeanne
Published: January 2017

This preliminary study explores and describes the effects of a multimedia based anchored instruction intervention on student/teacher interactions in an eighth grade social studies classroom. Nineteen students enrolled in a general education 8th grade social studies class participated in the year long study, including ten general education students and nine students with mild disabilities. Overall, instruction became more interactive as observational and interview data indicated a twofold increase in the number of daily student/teacher interactions after the intervention was implemented. Concurrently, the quality of the interactions, as indicated by the number of interpretive questions asked by teachers, was found to be substantially higher than those occurring during the baseline phase of this study. Results show that, during the intervention period, less class time was spent in addressing management problems and task/direction issues.
Beyond the Hidden/Public Resistance Divide: How Bloggers Defeated a Big Company
Authors: Courpasson David
Published: January 2017

In recent decades, organizational research on resistance has been largely characterized by a strict divide between hidden and public forms of resistance. We contend that this division impedes a full understanding of how resistance can be efficacious. We suggest that hidden and public forms of resistance are in fact interrelated and mutually reinforced along processes of struggle. In order to study this relationship, we analyze the four-and-a-half-year struggle of a group of dismissed employees against their former employer. This study aims to contribute to the literature in three ways. First, we show that the development of public resistance is nourished by discrete individualistic and non-confrontational expressions of dissent. Second, we demonstrate how the efficacy of resistance is influenced by the meaningfulness of the resisting space constituted by the blog, because of the intricacies between private lives and public roles. Finally, we show that the outcome of resistance is also influenced by the politics of the resisters themselves. We analyze resistance as a dynamic and ambivalent process during which the resisting group can disagree on strategy, thus triggering diverging initiatives that can develop into radicalization.
Brain Abscesses in the Young
Authors: Spires James R. , Smith Richard J. H. , Catlin Francis I.
Published: January 2017

Brain abscesses in the young are rare. Only 14 such abscesses have been seen at Texas Children's Hospital since 1968. Most abscesses developed In association with congenital heart disease (5), although sinusitis and mastoiditis were precipitating causes in two patients and one patient, respectively. The latter three patients' cases are reviewed in detail. Clinical and bacteriologic findings in all patients are discussed. There were signs of increased intracranial pressure in nine patients (64%). All abscesses were drained; in several, repeated drainage was necessary. Anaerobic organisms were recovered in six patients (43%), aerobic organisms were recovered in five (36%), and both were recovered in two (14%). In one patient no growth was reported. Antimicrobial therapy was administered to all patients but one, whose abscess was completely excised. Morbidity and mortality remained significant: Three patients (21%) died and one has a residual hemiparesis.
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen and Irradiation on Experimental Skin Flaps in Rats
Authors: Nemiroff Paul M. , Merwin Gerald E. , Brant Timothy , Cassisi Nicholas J.
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and irradiation (RT) on experimental skin flaps in rats under varying conditions. Animals were assigned at random to 1 of 15 groups that represented all possible ordering effects of HBO, RT, and flap, as well as controls that included flap‐only, RT‐only, and HBO‐only groups. Cranially based skin flaps measuring 3×9 cm were elevated on the dorsum. The surviving length was evaluated with fluorescein dye 7 days after the operation. Rats receiving HBO were subjected to four consecutive 2‐hour treatments of 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres with half‐hour intervals of room air. Depending on the treatment condition, HBO was given either 48 hours or 24 hours before flap elevation, or within 4 hours or 48 hours after flap elevation. Rats receiving RT (60Co) were given a single dose of 1000 rads to the dorsum. Results showed that all groups receiving HBO within 4 hours after flap elevation had significantly greater flap survival length (P<05), with as much as a 22% greater length of surviving flap. HBO given 48 hours before flap elevation also significantly improved flap survival over controls (P<.05). RT appeared to have no immediate significant effect on flap survival. However, rats receiving RT, regardless of other factors, gained significantly less weight than did controls (P<.001). Findings clearly indicate that, to be effective, HBO needs to be given as soon after surgery as possible.
Otolaryngologists' Role in Diagnosis and Treatment of Orbital Pseudotumor
Authors: Weisberger Edward C. , Zauel David W. , Gilmor Richard L. , Yune Heun
Published: January 2017

Patients with pseudotumor of the orbit often present with proptosis, inflammatory changes of the orbital structures, loss of vision, and abnormalities of extraocular motility. Because these signs and symptoms mimic more common disorders of the paranasal sinuses, the otolaryngologist often plays an important role in the diagnosis of this clinical entity. Also, since orbital pseudotumor can be secondary to an inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses, appropriate medical and surgical treatment must be rendered by the otolaryngologist. The experience of orbital pseudotumor at indiana University Medical Center in the Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery is presented. Appropriate diagnostic workup is discussed, including the importance of the CT scan. The differential diagnosis of space‐occupying orbital processes is examined. It is important that the otolaryngologist become more familiar with this clinical entity and its appropriate treatment
Malignant Parotid Gland Tumors: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. , Breslin Kathy , McClatchey Kenneth D. , Ho Laurence , Farrior Edward H. , Krause Charles J.
Published: January 2017

This is a comprehensive retrospective study (1965–1984) of 130 patients with malignant parotid gland tumors. Patients were studied by comparison of presenting symptoms, histopathologies, treatments, disease‐free intervals, and ultimate intervals. Facial paralysis was noted on presentation in 23% of the cases and regional neck node metastases were noted in 13%. Both findings correlated with prognosis. Seventy patients underwent surgery alone and 30 patients received combined therapy. The remaining patients were excluded from the study. The overall 5‐year survival rate was 50%, with a 44% risk of recurrence. Fifty‐six percent of the patients whose conditions subsequently recurred had their facial nerves sacrificed at time of surgery. Selected patients who received combined therapy experienced better local regional control and a prolonged disease‐free interval as compared with those who underwent surgery alone. Combined therapy, however, provided no survival benefit for this group of patients. Adjuvant radiation therapy is recommended in the treatment planning of selected malignant tumors of the parotid gland.
Excision of Selected Intraoral Cancers by Use of Sagittal Inner Table Mandibulectomy
Authors: Collins Sharon L. , Saunders Vernon W.
Published: January 2017

The application of oral surgery osteotomy techniques, which are used in orthognathic surgery, to excision of squamous cell carcinomas in various oral cavity locations is described and illustrated in eight cases. These methods allow the full height of the inner table of the mandible to be removed as a margin for tumors which abut the lingual mucoperiosteum without radiologic evidence of bone erosion, while jaw continuity via the intact outer cortex is maintained. These techniques can also be used for marginal mandibulectomy and horizontal maxillectomy. Discussion includes criteria for selection of cases appropriate for such conservation surgery with respect to oncologic considerations, as well as complications encountered and their prevention.
Liposuction of the Head and Neck
Authors: Dedo Douglas D.
Published: January 2017

It has been 4 years since liposuction was introduced1,2 as a surgical technique to sculpture and remove the subcutaneous layer of fat in the head and neck. Otolaryngologists and facial plastic surgeons have been reluctant to incorporate this procedure into their surgical armamentarium, fearing that liposuction would be a passing fad and not live up to original expectations. Basic animal research and clinical studies now show that liposuction is a safe, fast, and effective means of removing subcutaneous fat.3
The Effects of Povidone‐Iodine Preparation on the Incidence of Post‐Tympanostomy Otorrhea
Authors: Baldwin Robert L. , Aland Jack
Published: January 2017

Persistent otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement in children is a common complication. Previous reports have suggested that bacteria present within the ear canal may be the cause of postoperative drainage. Preparation of the ear canal with povidone‐iodine solutions has been recommended to decrease these infections. A prospective study evaluating the efficacy of povidone‐iodine ear canal preparation before myringotomy and tube placement was performed in 111 children (220 ears) with documented chronic otitis media with effusion. One ear in each patient was prepared with povidone‐iodine. The contralateral ear in each child was used as control. Postoperative otorrhea developed in seven (6.3%) of the treated ears within 14 days, compared to eleven (10%) of the ears in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Purulent or mucoid middle ear effusions and edematous or granuiar middle ear mucosa were associated with a significantly higher Incidence of postoperative otorrhea (p < 0.0S). This study suggests that postoperative otorrhea is generally a consequence of preoperative middle ear condition rather than contamination from the external canal. Antimicrobial therapy should be considered when purulent effusion or granulation tissue is seen.
Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment of AIDS‐Related Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Schweitzer Vanessa Gayl , Visscher Daniel
Published: January 2017

Since 1975, Phase I and II studies have demonstrated the successfulness of hematoporphyrin derivative photodynamic therapy in the treatment of various malignancies of the skin, eye, bladder, lung, and head and neck. Moreover, two cases of traditional Western cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (TKS) have been treated with photodynamic therapy with both early and late complete response. To date, attempts at cure and palliation of the more aggressive AIDS‐related oral Kaposi's sarcoma with conventional radiation, chemotherapy or immunotherapy, or surgical excision have been limited and often associated with debilitating mucositis and further immunosuppression. Certain aspects of photodynamic therapy may be efficacious for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: (1) the selective retention of hematoporphyrin derivative by neoplastic lesions; (2) a tumor‐specific cytotoxic agent (i.e., free oxygen radical); (3) absence of systemic toxicity from immunosuppression; and (4) the potential for retreatment without increasing side effects. Herein we present five cases of AIDS‐related KS (EKS) with diffuse, superficial, and nodular oral lesions treated with dihematoporphyrin derivative and photodynamic therapy with subsequent dramatic early partial and complete responses.
Prognosis of Ewing's Sarcoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Mamede Rui M. , Mello Francisco V. , Barbieri Jose
Published: January 2017

Five children with Ewing's sarcoma, an uncommon neoplasm originating in the facial bones, were treated with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Younger children have poor prognoses. Children with tumors originating in the mandible appear to have better prognoses. Hematogenic metastases were the most frequent and those originating from maxillary tumors showed much faster growth and were resistant to the chemotherapy used.
Practical Management of Bell's Palsy
Authors: Hughes Gordon B.
Published: January 2017

Bell's palsy is an acute unilateral weakness or paralysis of the face resulting from peripheral facial nerve dysfunction. While there is no readily Identifiable cause, there is some recovery of function within 6 months. This article offers practical guidelines for diagnosing and treating Bell's palsy. These guidelines are based on the author's experience with 63 patients over the last 8 years. Physical examination should reveal diffuse nerve involvement, normal otoscopic findings, and no skin blebs or blisters and parotid masses. Other cranial nerve palsies may be present. Diagnostic testing should Include basic audiometry if available, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scanning if paralysis Is present. Facial photography is recommended. Topognostic testing is not helpful because It no longer guides the surgical approach, and prognostic tests are not necessary if the face is not paralyzed. The only sufficiently sensitive test to determine the need for possible surgery is electroneurography. Eye care Is critical in all but the mildest cases, and steroids may also be helpful. Surgery is rarely needed and should consist only of middle fossa total decompression; simple decompression of the tympanic and mastoid segments is seldom helpful. The natural history of the disease and the limited role of surgery provide new guidelines for practical management of Bell's palsy.
Surgical Inferences from Study of Temporal Bones with Glomus Jugulare Tumor
Authors: Dayal Vijay S. , Hinojosa Raul , Amenta Charles A. , Mhoon Ernest E.
Published: January 2017

Over the past few years, considerable advances have been made in the surgical treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. The long‐term results of such surgery for cure of these tumors has yet to be established, however. We have reviewed the temporal bones of two patients who had glomus Jugulare tumors. Such study provides a special opportunity to evaluate the major critical areas of involvement of these tumors, which bears on the long‐term results of surgery, and is important in developing treatment to cure these benign, though aggressive, tumors.
Vestibular Effects of Chronic Perilymph Fistula in the Cat
Authors: Bhansali Sanjay A. , Cass Stephen P. , Benitez Jaime T. , Mathog Robert H.
Published: January 2017

Chronic, unilateral perilymph flstulae were created in cats by removal of the round window membrane and placement of a tympanostomy tube Into the round window. Rotary chair, fistula, caloric, and vestibulospinal tests were performed before and after fistulization, and periodically for 2 weeks. At 2 weeks, patency of the fistula was documented by fluorescein Injection Into the spinal fluid and visualization of leakage into the middle ear bulla via the fistula. All the cats had a patent fistula at 2 weeks, but one of the three cats had a greater perilymph leak than the others. The cat with the more active leak had a spontaneous nystagmus toward the side of the fistula on the first postoperative day; this changed to nystagmus toward the opposite side by the third postoperative day. The other cats had a spontaneous nystagmus toward the opposite side from the first postoperative day. Most abnormal test results returned to normal in the first week after fistulization. Histologic study of the temporal bones revealed that the cat with the greater leak had a wider cochlear aqueduct than the other cats.
Cochlear Nucleus Anatomy Related to Central Electroauditory Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Terr Leonid I. , Fayad Jose , Hitselberger William E. , Zakhary Rizkalla
Published: January 2017

The central electroauditory prosthesis is now used to stimulate the cochlear nuclei to obtain auditory perception in patients with bilateral cochlear nerve transection who are undergoing bilateral acoustic tumor removal. in this study, we used fixed cadaver specimens to identify visible landmarks for accurate placement of the central electroauditory prosthesis through a combined suboccipital‐translabyrinthine opening. Histologic features of the regions of probable implantation of the central electroauditory prosthesis were also investigated. We found that the following landmarks might have surgical significance: (1) the tenia of the inferior velum of the fourth ventricle, which crosses the surface of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the vestibulocochlear nerve; (2) the angle between the vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal nerves; and (3) the foramen of Luschka. It is suggested that an incision be made in the tenia for insertion of the prosthesis into the lateral recess and eventual placement on the ventral cochlear nucleus surface. To study regions of potential stimulation, we injected ink into different sites on the exposed surface of the cochlear nuclei. We then histologically examined neuronal populations adjacent to the sites. We found that a portion of the ventral cochlear nucleus localized within the lateral recess might be the most appropriate location for placement of the central electroauditory prosthesis.
Mucosal Changes Induced by Experimental Pneumococcal Otitis Media are Prevented by Penicillin V
Authors: Hermansson Ann , Hellstrom Sten , Prellner K.
Published: January 2017

Penicillin V (pcV) was administered to 50 rats, either before bacterial challenge (prevention group), or after bacterial challenge but before fulminant purulent acute otitis media (AOM) was established (early treatment group). Five animals from each group were killed on days 4, 8, and 12, and 2 and 6 months after challenge. Middle ear mucosa was sampled at six different sites and studied in the light microscope. Untreated pneumococcal AOM in the rat has been shown to cause persistent structural changes of the middle ear mucosa. Both in the early treatment group and in the prevention group, the structural changes were diminished, as compared with those of untreated infected controls. The persistent structural changes seen after 6 months in untreated controls were not seen in animals that had received pcV in conjunction with the AOM episode. Though the beneficial effect on the mucosal changes during the first 2 weeks was more pronounced when pcV was given prophylactically, its use as early treatment would seem to be almost as effective in preventing the persistence of mucosal Changes.
Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Eyelids
Authors: Overholt Edwin M. , Flint Paul W. , Overholt Edwin L. , Murakami Craig S.
Published: January 2017

Necrotizing fasciitis is a destructive soft tissue infection that rarely involves the eyelids. Three cases of necrotizing fasciitis of the eyelids are described. Necrotizing fasciitis was preceded by minor forehead soft tissue trauma in two cases and occurred spontaneously in one. In two patients necrotizing fasciitis was bilateral and involved both the upper and lower eyelids. Review of these cases, in addition to 18 cases previously reported in the English literature, reveals a predominance in females, preceding minor local soft tissue trauma, frequent bilateral involvement, and an association with alcohol abuse and diabetes. In all of the patients, group A β‐hemolytic streptococci were cultured from the wound. Early recognition of the disease process, prompt surgical debridement of the necrotic tissue, aggressive antimicrobial therapy, and delayed skin grafting combine to minimize morbidity.
Lacrimal and Salivary Gland Inflammation in the C3H/lpr Autoimmune Strain Mouse: A Potential Mode for Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Johnson Bruce C. , Morton Jane I. , Trune Dennis R.
Published: January 2017

Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the lacrimal and salivary glands. To identify a potential animal model for study of Sjögren's syndrome, an evaluation was made of lacrimal and salivary glands in the C3H/lpr autoimmune strain mouse at ages before (2 months) and after (5 months) systemic autoimmune disease onset at 3 to 4 months. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of, C3H/lpr lacrimal and salivary (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) gland histopathology were performed using age‐matched C3H/HeJ nonautoimmune mice to control for inflammation of nonautoimmune origin. No lacrimal or salivary gland inflammation was seen in either of the strains at 2 months of age and measures of systemic autoimmune disease were negative. At 5 months of age, the nonautoimmune C3H/HeJ controls showed a slight increase in lacrimal gland inflammation, but this was not significantly different from the 2 month old controls. A significant increase in lacrimal gland inflammation was found in the 5 month old C3H/lpr autoimmune mice in a histologic pattern similar to that of Sjögren's syndrome in human beings. Furthermore, the degree of inflammation was positively correlated with serum immune complexes and spleen weight. Sporadic inflammation of the submandibular gland was seen in both autoimmune and control mice, but this was neither statistically significant nor correlated with measures of autoimmunity. No significant inflammation was seen in the parotid or sublingual glands.
Atmospheric Pollution
Authors: Schlesinger Richard B.
Published: January 2017

Air pollution has been directly responsible for increases in mortality and morbidity in the general population during periods known as episodes, when pollutant levels were elevated well above those that occur on a regular basis. The major concern today regarding pollution and health is, however, more subtle—namely, whether the lower levels of pollution to which we are exposed dally are harmful to health. It is extremely difficult to relate specific health problems to specific pollutants, because other environmental and lifestyle factors may contribute to decrements in health, Furthermore people are generally exposed to mixtures of pollutants, making It difficult to extract the effects caused by Individual components, or to determine which combinations are the most hazardous. Community air pollution results from various sources: mobile sources, such as vehicles; stationary sources, such as power plants and factories; and Indoor sources, such as building material. Complicating the picture is the fact that many chemicals released Into the air may react, producing additional secondary pollutants. This article provides an overview of the major air pollutants that may be of concern in terms of public health.
Sick Building Syndrome and Related Workplace Disorders
Authors: Morrow Lisa A.
Published: January 2017

It has been estimated that as many as 1.2 million commercial buildings have characteristics of sick building syndrome. That is, persons who work in these buildings describe a cluster of symptoms—irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and skin, respiratory ailments, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and unusual odor or taste sensations—that occur during occupation of the building but diminish when these persons leave these buildings. There have been a number of factors that have been implicated in the development of sick building syndrome. These include type of building ventilation, light intensity, tobacco smoke, wall‐to‐wall carpeting, crowding, work satisfaction, gender, and presence of volatile organic compounds. Sick building syndrome has many signs and symptoms of other workplace disorders (e.g., neurotoxic disorders, mass psychogenic illness), each of which manifest in rather imprecise psychological and somatic symptoms. There are, however, specific characteristics that distinguish these disorders. It is likely that the development and persistence of the sick building syndrome is not caused solely by building characteristics or simply a result of psychological variables. Rather, a synergistic relationship exists between building, environmental, and individual factors.
Hearing: The Effects of Chemicals
Authors: Rybak Leonard P.
Published: January 2017

Recent studies of human beings exposed to environmental chemicals, as well as experimental animal studies, have identified a number of chemical agents that are commercial products, chemical intermediaries, waste products, or contaminants that are potentially ototoxic. The classes of compounds discussed in this review include organic solvents, asphyxiant gases, and heavy metals that are present in the environment as Industrial pollutants or byproducts. Both human and animal investigations are summarized in discussing the actions of these ototoxic compounds. The suggested gaps in our knowledge are highlighted to help direct future research.