bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideals of the Fourier algebra, supports and harmonic operators
Authors: ANOUSSIS M. , KATAVOLOS A. , TODOROV I. G.
Published: May 2016

We examine the common null spaces of families of Herz–Schur multipliers and apply our results to study jointly harmonic operators and their relation with jointly harmonic functionals. We show how an annihilation formula obtained in [1] can be used to give a short proof as well as a generalisation of a result of Neufang and Runde concerning harmonic operators with respect to a normalised positive definite function. We compare the two notions of support of an operator that have been studied in the literature and show how one can be expressed in terms of the other.
Hilbert polynomials of j-transforms
Authors: GOTO SHIRO , HONG JOOYOUN , VASCONCELOS WOLMER V.
Published: May 2016

We study transformations of finite modules over Noetherian local rings that attach to a module M a graded module H(x)(M) defined via partial systems of parameters x of M. Despite the generality of the process, which are called j-transforms, in numerous cases they have interesting cohomological properties. We focus on deriving the Hilbert functions of j-transforms and studying the significance of the vanishing of some of its coefficients.
Intermediate- and long-term follow-up of device closure of patent arterial duct with severe pulmonary hypertension: factors predicting outcome
Authors: Sadiq Masood , Rehman Asif U. , Hyder Najam , Qureshi Ahmad U. , Kazmi Tehmina , Qureshi Shakeel A.
Published: May 2016

Background

In patients with large patent arterial ducts and severe pulmonary hypertension, the natural history of progression of pulmonary hypertension is very variable. Whether to close or not to close is often a difficult decision, as there are no established haemodynamic parameters predicting reversibility.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the results of device closure of large patent arterial ducts with severe pulmonary hypertension after 2 years of age and to determine haemodynamic variables associated with its regression during long-term follow-up.

Methods

A total of 45 patients, with median age of 10 (2–27) years, with large patent arterial ducts and severe pulmonary hypertension, were considered. Haemodynamic variables were assessed in air, oxygen, and after occlusion. The follow-up was performed to assess regression of pulmonary hypertension.

Results

Device closure was successful in 43 (96%) patients. Pulmonary artery systolic and mean pressures decreased from 79 to 67 mmHg and from 59 to 50 mmHg, respectively (p<0.001). At a median follow-up of 80 (41–151) months, severe pulmonary hypertension persisted in four (9.7%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed pulmonary vascular resistance index ⩽6 WU m2 and pulmonary artery systolic and mean pressures ⩽75 and ⩽55 mmHg (all in oxygen), having 97.8% predictive value for regression of pulmonary hypertension (p<0.001) in the long term. In 24 patients with catheterisation-based criteria, regression of pulmonary hypertension was associated with pulmonary vascular resistance index <8 WU m2 (p=0.001) and its fall of >25% (both in oxygen) (p=0.007).

Conclusions

Device closure of large patent arterial ducts with severe pulmonary hypertension is safe and effective. Pulmonary vascular resistance index and systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures in oxygen are the key prognostic variables predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension.
The Queen of the Chaghatayids: Orghīna Khātūn and the rule of Central Asia
Authors: DE NICOLA BRUNO
Published: May 2016

When Chinggis Khan died in 1227, his sons inherited different parts of the empire that had been built by their father. Chinggis Khan's second son, Chaghatai (d. c. 1241), became the ruler of the lands of present-day Central Asia, conforming the origin of what became to be known as the Chaghataid Khanate. After the death of its founder, this political entity experienced a long succession crisis that lasted for a decade until a woman, Orghīna Khātūn, took control of the khanate in the name of her son. Although a ruling woman is not an exceptional case in the Mongol empire, she was the first and only woman that ruled over the Chaghataid Khanate, and that did so peacefully and without major upheavals for nine years. Additionally, she did not adopt a passive role but was involved in the running of the khanate, playing her cards in the always-unstable political arena of the Mongol empire. This article looks at the ascension to the throne, the reign and the legacy of this Mongol woman in Mongol Central Asia by contextualising her rule within the history of the region in general and in that of the Mongol empire in particular.
Rashīd al-Dīn and the Shāhnāmeh
Authors: MELVILLE CHARLES
Published: May 2016

This paper explores some different, interrelated versions of the history of the Pīshdādiyān, the earliest dynasty represented in theShāhnāmeh, especially the recently edited text of Rashīd al-Dīn'sJāmi‘al-tawārīkh. This is compared with Bal‘amī’s Persian version of the History of al-Ṭabari and Qāḍī Baiḍāwī’sNiẓām al-tawārīkh, of which the latter is shown to provide much the closer basis for Rashīd al-Dīn's work — especially when confronted with the manuscripts of theJāmi‘al-tawārīkhcontemporary with the life of Rashīd al-Dīn. Comparison with both the early Arabic and Persian witnesses of the work suggests that the printed edition does not represent Rashīd al-Dīn's original text, but later reworkings of his chronicle — such as that by the fifteenth-century historian, Ḥāfiẓ-i Abrū — which draw more directly on theShāhnāmeh. In so far as there is discernible subtext to Rashīd al-Dīn's coverage of these earliest periods of Iranian monarchical history, it is more to emphasise the didactic message of theShāhnāmehand the justice and constructive achievements of the first kings, than to follow Firdausī’s narrative. Despite the potency of idea of theShāhnāmehas expressing Persian kingly traditions, it is suggested that perhaps it was only after the time of Rashīd al-Dīn and the Islamisation of the Mongol rulers that historians appreciated and emulated the literary and narrative aspects of the text for their own sake.
The Islamisation of Hülegü: Imaginary Conversion in the Ilkhanate
Authors: BIRAN MICHAL
Published: May 2016

As is well known, Hülegü, Chinggis Khan's grandson and the founder of the Ilkhanate (r. 658–664/1260-65), never converted to Islam. Moreover, as the man who annihilated the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258), that had led the Islamic umma for more than half a millennium, Hülegü was often portrayed—albeit mainly outside his realm—as one of the great destroyers of Islam. Yet around the mid-seventh/fourteenth century we find at least two different conversion stories relating to Hülegü in both Ilkhanid and Mamluk sources, both allegedly originating in Baghdad. This paper aims to present these narratives and analyse their origin and use in the context of the later or post-Ilkhanate period. I may say already at this stage that I have more questions than answers, and that my explanations as to why such stories were invented are rather speculative.
The long-term geopolitics of the pre-modern Middle East
Authors: COOK MICHAEL
Published: May 2016

The geopolitical shape of the Middle East has varied greatly over time. This article is concerned with the period from Late Antiquity to the end of the eighteenth century, during which four basic configurations succeeded each other. Late Antiquity was marked by the coexistence of two large empires, one based in the western Middle East and the other in the eastern Middle East; the early Islamic period saw the dominance of a single empire the location of whose centre was unstable; the medieval period was characterised by the absence of large and lasting empires and a shifting plurality of smaller states; finally in the Ottoman period we see the renewed dominance of a single empire, now based in the western Middle East. Are these changes to be seen as random fluctuations, or can they be explained in terms of a small number of underlying factors? The point of this article is to argue that a focus on the potential imperial heartlands of the Middle East can help us to explain much—though not all—of the changing geopolitical configuration of the region.
Frailty and food insecurity in older adults
Authors: Pérez-Zepeda Mario Ulises , Castrejón-Pérez Roberto Carlos , Wynne-Bannister Emma , García-Peña Carmen
Published: May 2016

Objective

The objective of the current work was to determine the association between food insecurity and frailty in older adults, within the context of a country with accelerated ageing and nutritional problems.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of a representative nationwide survey on health and nutrition.

Setting

Mexican nationwide survey.

Subjects

A sample of 7108 adults aged 60 years or older living in communities, representative of Mexican older adults.

Results

Multivariate regression and descriptive analyses of food insecurity and frailty were performed. From a total of 7108 adults aged 60 years or older, with a mean age of 70·7 years, most (54·7 %) were women. Food security categories were: 26·3 % had food security, 40·3 % had mild food insecurity, 20·5 % had moderate food insecurity and 12·9 % had severe food insecurity. Food insecurity categories were associated with frailty, with the severe category having the highest odds ratio of 2·41 (95 % CI 2·03, 2·86; P<0·001) after adjustment for confounding factors.

Conclusions

According to our results, food insecurity is associated to frailty, which in turn is a condition that renders the older adult at a higher risk of developing adverse outcomes. Targeted food programmes for older adults with a high risk of having food insecurity or of being frail may improve health in this population group.
Improvement of dose homogeneity with irregular surface compensator in whole brain radiotherapy
Authors: Fujita H. , Kuwahata N. , Hattori H. , Kinoshita H. , Fukuda H.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric aspects of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) using an irregular surface compensator (ISC) in contrast to conventional radiotherapy techniques.

Methods

Treatment plans were devised for 20 patients. The Eclipse treatment planning system (Varian Medical Systems) was used for dose calculation. For the ISC, a fluence editor application was used to extend the range of optimal fluence. The treatment plan with the ISC was compared with the conventional technique in terms of doses in the planning target volume (PTV), dose homogeneity index (DHI), three-dimensional (3D) maximum dose, eye and lens doses and monitor unit (MU) counts required for treatment.

Results

Compared with conventional WBRT, the ISC significantly reduced the DHI, 3D maximum dose and volumes receiving 105% of the prescription dose, in addition to reducing both eye and lens doses (p<0·05 for all comparisons). In contrast, MU counts were higher for the ISC technique than for conventional WBRT (828 versus 328, p<0·01).

Conclusion

The ISC technique for WBRT considerably improved the dose homogeneity in the PTV. As patients who receive WBRT have improved survival, the long-term side effects of radiotherapy are highly important.
Co-production as an approach to developing stakeholder partnerships to reduce mental health inequalities: an evaluation of a pilot service
Authors: Lwembe Saumu , Green Stuart A. , Chigwende Jennifer , Ojwang Tom , Dennis Ruth
Published: May 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate a pilot cross-sector initiative – bringing together public health, a community group, primary mental health teams and patients – in using co-production approaches to deliver a mental health service to meet the needs of the black and minority ethnic communities.

Background

Black and minority ethnic communities continue to face inequalities in mental health service access and provision. They are under-represented in low-level interventions as they are less likely to be referred, and more likely to disengage from mainstream mental health services. Effective models that lead to improved access and better outcomes are yet to be established. It has long been recognised that to be effective, services need to be more culturally competent, which may be achieved through a co-production approach.

Methods

This study aimed to evaluate the role of co-production in the development of a novel community mental health service for black and minority ethnic service users. Qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews and focus groups, were used to collect data to examine the use of co-production methods in designing and delivering an improved mental health service.

Findings

Twenty-five patients enrolled into the study; of these, 10 were signposted for more intensive psychological support. A 75% retention rate was recorded (higher than is generally the case for black and minority ethnic service users). Early indications are that the project has helped overcome barriers to accessing mental health services. Although small scale, this study highlights an alternative model that, if explored and developed further, could lead to delivery of patient-centred services to improve access and patient experience within mental health services, particularly for black and minority ethnic communities.
Breeding medicinal plant, periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don]: a review
Authors: Kulkarni R. N. , Baskaran K. , Jhang Tripta
Published: May 2016

Periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus(L) G. Don] has become one of the very extensively investigated medicinal plants after the discovery of two powerful anti-cancer alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, in its leaves more than 50 years ago. These alkaloidal drugs are still in clinical use. Also, periwinkle is still the only source of these alkaloids and their precursors, catharanthine and vindoline. Low concentrations of these alkaloids in the plant and, therefore, high costs of their extraction have led to tremendous efforts towards understanding their biosynthesis and exploration of alternate ways of their production such as, chemical synthesis, cell, tissue and hairy root cultures, and metabolic engineering of heterologous organisms. Literature on this plant is quite voluminous, with an average of about 80 publications per year during last three decades (1985–2015). Nearly 60% of these publications are on physiology, biochemistry, cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects. In spite of these efforts, an economically viable alternative to field-grown periwinkle plants as a source of these alkaloids has not yet been found. Biosynthesis ofC. roseusalkaloids is a complex process involving many genes, enzymes, regulators, inter- and intra-cellular transporters, cell types, organelles and tissues and its current understanding is still considered to be incomplete to produceC. roseusalkaloids through metabolic engineering/synthetic biology. Till such time, breeding periwinkle varieties with higher concentrations of anti-cancer alkaloids for cultivation can be an alternate approach to meet the demand for these alkaloids and reduce their costs. While literature on cell and tissue culture, phytochemistry, metabolic and genetic engineering aspects of periwinkle has been reviewed periodically, crop production and plant breeding aspects have received little attention. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring together published information on genetics and breeding of periwinkle as a medicinal plant. Some probable constraints which may have hindered taking up periwinkle breeding are identified. Initially, quite a few attempts have been made at genetic improvement of periwinkle through induced polyploidy, and subsequently through induced mutagenesis. Mutations, both natural and induced, provide a valuable resource for use in breeding and in functional and reverse genomics research. It is only during last 6–7 years, genetic diversity has been assessed using molecular markers and very recently molecular markers have been identified for marker-assisted selection for alkaloid yield.
Compact power divider based on half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with arbitrary power dividing ratio
Authors: Moznebi Ali-Reza , Afrooz Kambiz
Published: May 2016

Design and realisation of a compact power divider based on half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with an arbitrary power dividing ratio is presented. This design consists of a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) transition, two bisected HMSIW transitions by a gap, an SIW-to-microstrip transition, and two microstrip feed lines. In addition, a resistor is attached between two HMSIW transitions. To adjust the power division ratio, four parameters are introduced. Furthermore, four graphs are plotted using a three-dimensional electronmagnetic (3D EM) simulator to graphically determine the introduced parameters. In this study, three circuits with power division ratios of 1:1, 1:4, and 1:8 are simulated using the 3D EM simulator and fabricated on a Rogers RO4003C substrate. The results show a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The measured results display these circuits (1:1, 1:4, and 1:8) have the bandwidths of 70, 36, and 40%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed structures (1:1, 1:4, and 1:8) are compact and their overall sizes are$1.13 \times 1.04\lambda _g^2 $,$0.96 \times 0.91\lambda _g^2 $, and$0.81 \times 0.78\lambda _g^2 $, respectively. These structures have the advantages of the compactness in size, wide bandwidth, high power division ratio (from 1:1 to 1:16), and compatibility with planar circuits.
Psychometric Properties of the Relational Self-Esteem Scale in a Community-Based Sample in China
Authors: Du Hongfei , Li Xiaoming , Chi Peilian , Zhao Junfeng , Zhao Guoxiang
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Relational Self-Esteem scale (RSE; Du, King, & Chi, 2012 ) in a community sample in rural China. The RSE was developed to measure one’s sense of self-worth in relationships with significant others (i.e., family and friends). The study draws upon data from 754 rural residents (42.4% HIV-positive) in a county in central China with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Factor structure and measurement invariance were examined using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). Concurrent validity was tested by correlating the RSE with a set of previously developed measures of psychological well-being and social support. The data supported a two-factor family-friend model for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative samples. Multiple-group tests showed measurement invariance across two samples. Concurrent validity was confirmed with correlations in the expected direction between the RSE and psychological well-being and social support. Implications for mental health research and practice are discussed.
Experiential Avoidance as a Common Psychological Process in European	Cultures
Authors: Monestès Jean-Louis , Karekla Maria , Jacobs Nele , Michaelides Michalis P. , Hooper Nic , Kleen Marco , Ruiz Francisco J. , Miselli Giovanni , Presti Giovambattista , Luciano Carmen , Villatte Matthieu , Bond Frank W. , Kishita Naoko , Hayes Steven C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Experiential avoidance, the tendency to rigidly escape or avoid private psychological experiences, represents one of the most prominent transdiagnostic psychological processes with a known role in a wide variety of psychological disorders and practical contexts. Experiential avoidance is argued to be based on a fundamental verbal/cognitive process: an overextension of verbal problem solving into the world within. Although cultures apparently differ in their patterns of emotional expression, to the extent that experiential avoidance is based on a fundamental verbal/cognitive process, measures of this process should be comparable across countries, with similar relationships to health outcomes regardless of the language community. This research tests this view in European countries. The psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, a measure of experiential avoidance, are compared across six languages and seven European countries, for a total of 2,170 nonclinical participants. Multiple group analysis showed that the instrument can be considered invariant across the language samples. The questionnaire constitutes a unidimensional instrument with similar relationships to psychopathology, and has good and very similar psychometric properties in each assessed country. Experiential avoidance reveals not just as transdiagnostic, but also as a transcultural process independent of a specific language community.
Stress Reactivity, Depressive Symptoms, and Mindfulness: A Gulf Arab Perspective
Authors: Thomas Justin , Raynor Monique , Bahussain Eman
Published: May 2016

Explorations of the relationship between stress reactivity and depression are relatively scarce outside of Europe and North America. This research examined the relationship between emotional reactivity to daily life stressors (stress reactivity) and depressive symptoms among citizens of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Emirati college students ( N = 286, 76% females) completed a culturally grounded measure of daily life stress, along with measures of depression and anxiety symptoms. Stress reactivity was associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms. In a second study, we examined the efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program within the same population. Emirati College women ( N = 24) were randomly assigned to either an 8-week MBSR program or a waiting list control group (WLC). MBSR participants demonstrated significantly greater reductions in stress reactivity and depressive symptoms compared with the WLC group. These findings extend the stress reactivity literature to an Arabian Gulf nation. Interventions that help young adults better manage responses to daily life stress may play an important role in reducing the prevalence of depressive illness in the region.
Effect of a p38 MAPK inhibitor on FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo
Authors: Pereira S , Yu W Q , Moore J , Mori Y , Tsiani E , Giacca A
Published: May 2016

The mechanisms whereby prolonged plasma free fatty acids elevation, as found in obesity, causes hepatic insulin resistance are not fully clarified. We herein investigated whether inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) prevented hepatic insulin resistance following prolonged lipid infusion. Chronically cannulated rats were subdivided into one of four intravenous (i.v.) treatments that lasted 48 h: Saline (5.5 μl min−1), Intralipid plus heparin (IH, 20% Intralipid+20 U ml−1 heparin; 5.5 μl min−1), IH+p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB239063) and SB239063 alone. During the last 2 h of treatment, a hyperinsulinemic (5 mU kg−1 min−1) euglycemic clamp together with [3-3H] glucose methodology was carried out to distinguish hepatic from peripheral insulin sensitivity. We found that SB239063 prevented IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance, but not peripheral insulin resistance. SB239063 also prevented IH-induced phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a marker of p38 MAPK activity, in the liver. Moreover, in another lipid infusion model in mice, SB239063 prevented hepatic but not peripheral insulin resistance caused by 48 h combined ethyloleate plus ethylpalmitate infusion. Our results suggest that inhibition of p38 MAPK may be a useful strategy in alleviating hepatic insulin resistance in obesity-associated disorders.
The blunted effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in obese subjects is partly reversed by weight loss
Authors: Asmar M , Arngrim N , Simonsen L , Asmar A , Nordby P , Holst J J , Bülow J
Published: May 2016

Background:

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) appears to have impaired effect on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue metabolism in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to examine whether weight loss may reverse the impaired effect of GIP on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in obese subjects.

Methods:

Five obese males participated in a 12-week weight loss program, which consisted of caloric restriction (800 Cal day−1) followed by 4 weeks of weight-maintenance diet. Before and after weight loss, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid metabolism was studied by conducting regional measurements of arterio-venous plasma concentrations of metabolites and blood flow (adipose tissue blood flow, ATBF) across a segment of the abdominal adipose tissue in the fasting state and during GIP infusion (1.5 pmol kg−1min−1) in combination with a hyperinsulinemic–hyperglycemic clamp.

Results:

After weight loss (7.5±0.8 kg), glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity increased significantly as expected. No significant differences were seen in basal ATBF before (1.3±0.4 ml min−1 100 g tissue−1) and after weight loss (2.1±0.4 ml min−1 100 g tissue)−1; however, a tendency to increase was seen. After weight loss, GIP infusion increased ATBF significantly (3.2±0.1 ml min−1 100 g tissue−1) whereas there was no increase before weight loss. Triacylglycerol (TAG) uptake did not change after weight loss. Baseline free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol output increased significantly after weight loss, P<0.001. During the clamp period, FFA and glycerol output declined significantly, P<0.05, with no differences before and after weight loss. Weight loss increased glucose uptake and decreased FFA/glycerol ratio during the clamp period, P<0.05.

Conclusions:

In obese subjects, weight loss, induced by calorie restriction, improves the blunted effect of GIP on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue metabolism.
Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effect of metformin monotherapy with metformin and acupuncture combined therapy on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients
Authors: Firouzjaei A , Li G-C , Wang N , Liu W-X , Zhu B-M
Published: May 2016

Objective:

Obesity induces insulin resistance (IR), the key etiologic defect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, an incidence of obesity-induced diabetes is expected to decrease if obesity is controlled. Although Metformin is currently one of the main treatment options for T2DM in obese patients, resulting in an average of 5% weight loss, adequate weight control in all patients cannot be achieved with Metformin alone. Thus, additional therapies with a weight loss effect, such as acupuncture, may improve the effectiveness of Metformin.

Subjective:

We designed this randomized clinical trial (RCT) to compare the effects of Metformin monotherapy with that of Metformin and acupuncture combined therapy on weight loss and insulin sensitivity among overweight/obese T2DM patients, to understand whether acupuncture plus Metformin is a better approach than Metformin only on treating diabetes. To understand whether acupuncture can be an insulin sensitizer and, if so, its therapeutic mechanism.

Results:

Our results show that Metformin and acupuncture combined therapy significantly improves body weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), resistin, serotonin, free fatty acids (FFAs), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and ceramides.

Conclusions:

Consequently, Metformin and acupuncture combined therapy is more effective than Metformin only, proving that acupuncture is an insulin sensitizer and is able to improve insulin sensitivity possibly by reducing body weight and inflammation, while improving lipid metabolism and adipokines. As a result, electro-acupuncture (EA) might be useful in controlling the ongoing epidemics in obesity and T2DM.
A water-soluble colorimetric two-photon probe for discrimination of different palladium species and its application in bioimaging
Authors: Luo Weifang , Liu Weisheng
Published: May 2016

A novel water-soluble colorimetric two-photon chemodosimeter for discrimination of different palladium species and its application in bioimaging.
Evaluation of H2CHXdedpa, H2dedpa- and H2CHXdedpa-N,N′-propyl-2-NI ligands for 64Cu(ii) radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Ramogida Caterina F. , Boros Eszter , Patrick Brian O. , Zeisler Stefan K. , Kumlin Joel , Adam Michael J. , Schaffer Paul , Orvig Chris
Published: May 2016

Hexadentate acyclic chelate H2CHXdedpa and related N,N′-alkylated ligands are radiolabeled with radioactive 64Cu(ii) under mild conditions forming kinetically inert complexes.
Coordination polymers built from 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene: from crystalline to amorphous
Authors: Adarsh N. N. , Novio Fernando , Ruiz-Molina Daniel
Published: May 2016

A review of the different crystalline and amorphous coordination polymers (CPs) built from 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (bix) is presented, with special emphasis on the large variety of structures reported so far and their potential applications.
Surface functionalized nanostructured ceramic sorbents for the effective collection and recovery of uranium from seawater
Authors: Chouyyok Wilaiwan , Pittman Jonathan W. , Warner Marvin G. , Nell Kara M. , Clubb Donald C. , Gill Gary A. , Addleman R. Shane
Published: May 2016

The ability to collect uranium from seawater offers the potential for a nearly limitless fuel supply for nuclear energy.
Synthetic, mechanistic and kinetic studies on the organo-nanocatalyzed synthesis of oxygen and nitrogen containing spiro compounds under ultrasonic conditions
Authors: Singh Nongthombam Geetmani , Lily Makroni , Devi Shougaijam Premila , Rahman Noimur , Ahmed Aziz , Chandra Asit K. , Nongkhlaw Rishanlang
Published: May 2016

Vitamin B1 functionalised nano-ferrites: an organo-nanocatalyst for the synthesis of various spiro derivatives.
Crosslinked waterborne polyurethane with high waterproof performance
Authors: Yu Fangfang , Cao Liwei , Meng Zhaohui , Lin Naibo , Liu Xiang Yang
Published: May 2016

Fluorinated acrylate and siloxane waterborne polyurethanes with crosslinked structure exhibit low water absorption, high water contact angles, and high mechanical/thermal properties.
A novel supramolecular system with multiple fluorescent states constructed by orthogonal self-assembly
Authors: Dong Qingchen , Qu Wenshan , Wang Pi , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: May 2016

A novel supramolecular fluorescent system was successfully constructed by orthogonal self-assembly of host–guest and metal–ligand interactions. By controlling the non-covalent interactions in different ways, the system exhibits diverse fluorescent switching phenomena.
Purification method dependent fluorescence from nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers of nano-diamonds
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Yoon S. J. , Lee K. G. , Pal Prabir , Pant R. P. , Suman C. K. , Dhakate S. R. , Kumar Raj , Avasthi Devesh K. , Singh Dilip K.
Published: May 2016

Nanodiamonds purified through acid reflux and air oxidation methods shows difference in their water dispersibility, particle shape and fluorescence intensity deciding their selective preference for biophotonic and nanophotonic applications.
A comprehensive study on the dominant formation of the dissolved Ca(OH)2(aq) in strongly alkaline solutions saturated by Ca(ii)
Authors: Kutus B. , Gácsi A. , Pallagi A. , Pálinkó I. , Peintler G. , Sipos P.
Published: May 2016

In hyperalkaline aqueous solutions the calcium(ii) concentration is at least 2.3 × 10−4 M due to the formation of Ca(OH)2(aq).
A novel fluorescence probe based on p-acid-Br and its application in thiourea detection
Authors: Wang Xiu , Yang Chunlei , Yan Mei , Ge Shenguang , Yu Jinghua
Published: May 2016

A novel organic fluorescence system was developed to detect thiourea based on p-acid-Br, which in the range of 0.5–1000 nM and with a detection limit of 0.26 nM. And this method provides a new promising platform for clinical analysis.
Amphiphilic peptide coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo MR tumor imaging
Authors: Ozdemir Ayse , Ekiz Melis Sardan , Dilli Alper , Guler Mustafa O. , Tekinay Ayse B.
Published: May 2016

The co-assembled SPION/PA system with its biocompatible and biodegradable properties can be considered as effective nanocomposite system for MR imaging.
Growth temperature-dependent performance of planar CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells fabricated by a two-step subliming vapor method below 120 °C
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Qiu Zhiwen , Zhang Hailiang , Qiu Xiaofeng , Gao Chaomin , Gong Haibo , Yang Shikuan , Yu Jinhua , Cao Bingqiang
Published: May 2016

Growth temperature-dependent performance of planar CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells fabricated with a two-step subliming vapor method were systematically studied, providing valuable understanding about how to control the conditions in this vapor-based method.
The Use of Voice Cues for Speaker Gender Recognition in Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Meister Hartmut , Fürsen Katrin , Streicher Barbara , Lang-Roth Ruth , Walger Martin
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The focus of this study was to examine the influence of fundamental frequency (F0) and vocal tract length (VTL) modifications on speaker gender recognition in cochlear implant (CI) recipients for different stimulus types.

Method

Single words and sentences were manipulated using isolated or combined F0 and VTL cues. Using an 11-point rating scale, CI recipients and listeners with normal hearing rated the maleness/femaleness of the corresponding voice.

Results

Speaker gender ratings for combined F0 and VTL modifications were similar across all stimulus types in both CI recipients and listeners with normal hearing, although the CI recipients showed a somewhat larger ambiguity. In contrast to listeners with normal hearing, F0-VTL and F0-only modifications revealed similar ratings in the CI recipients when using words as stimuli. However, when sentences were used, a difference was found between F0-VTL–based and F0-based ratings. Modifying VTL cues alone did not affect ratings in the CI group.

Conclusions

Whereas speaker gender ratings by listeners with normal hearing relied on combined VTL and F0 cues, CI recipients made only limited use of VTL cues, which might be one reason behind problems with identifying the speaker on the basis of voice. However, use of the voice cues depended on stimulus type, with the greater information in sentences allowing a more detailed analysis than single words in both listener groups.
Relevante Eckpunkte der intraoperativen anästhesiologischen Diagnostik
Authors: Ache J. , Rath S. , Schneider R. , Dralle H. , Bucher M. , Raspé C.
Published: May 2016

Während eines operativen Eingriffs liegt das Hauptaugenmerk von Chirurgen und Anästhesisten auf der Patientensicherheit und bestmöglichen Versorgung des Patienten. Im Rahmen der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit ist in diesem Zusammenhang die intraoperative Kommunikation zwischen Chirurgen und Anästhesisten die Basis eines Fall-, Befund- und OP-Phasen-adaptierten Patientenmanagements. Die perioperative Überwachung des Patienten und die Durchführung diagnostischer Maßnahmen vonseiten der Anästhesie bilden einen essenziellen Grundstein für ein optimales Patientenmanagement. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Untersuchungen können den weiteren Verlauf der Operation entscheidend mitbestimmen, sodass Kenntnisse über die wesentlichen intraoperativen Diagnostikmaßnahmen für die chirurgischen Kollegen von Bedeutung sind.
1.1.1 Historical Perspectives: Paving the Way for the Future
Authors: Servi S. , Tessaro D. , Hollmann F.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes the evolution of modern biocatalysis, focusing on the application of both whole-cell biocatalysts and isolated enzymes in organic synthesis. Milestones in this process are the application to β-lactam and amino acid chemistry, the preparation of chiral synthons as single enantiomers for the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, the modification of carbohydrates and the synthesis of value-added products from lipids. The application of hydrolytic enzymes (lipases, proteases, esterases, and nitrile hydratases) has evolved in time toward more complex enzymatic systems such as oxidoreductases involving cofactor recycling or aminotransferases (transaminases) leading to the formation of chiral amines. The recently developed techniques of molecular biology and directed evolution toward the preparation of better enzymatic catalysts are dramatically improving the availability and efficiency of the enzymes and thus significantly increasing the role of biocatalysis in organic synthesis.
1.2 Strategies and Methods in Biocatalysis
Authors: Díaz-Rodríguez A. , Lavandera I.
Published: May 2016

The use of biocatalysts in organic synthesis and, particularly, in the preparation of optically pure chemicals offers major advantages in terms of selectivity, efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Thus, research groups are becoming more interested in biocatalysis as a tool for challenging synthetic routes. Herein we focus on the different strategies and methods that chemists have designed in order to obtain enantioenriched compounds starting from prochiral or racemic derivatives using enzymes or whole cells as catalysts. In the first part of the chapter, enzymatic desymmetrizations are presented, followed by other established systems dealing with racemates to attain a single or two enantiopure derivatives in the same reaction vessel. Then, the preparation of optically pure compounds in excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses by means of deracemization techniques is discussed. Finally, some recent examples where the combination of enzymes with other (bio)catalysts has provided high-added-value targets are shown.
1.3.1 Resolution of Alcohols, Acids, and Esters by Hydrolysis
Authors: Bertau M. , Jeromin G. E.
Published: May 2016

This chapter reviews the use of enzymes, principally esterases and lipases, as catalysts for the resolution of racemic carboxylic acid derivatives via hydrolysis. The resolution of esters of chiral primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, as well as diols, are examined. Biocatalytic hydrolytic methods for the desymmetrization of prochiral substrates and meso-compounds are also considered.
1.6.1 Glycosidases and Glycosynthases
Authors: Cobucci Ponzano B. , Moracci M.
Published: May 2016

Enzymatic synthesis of glycans, as an alternative to classical chemical synthesis, is of great interest due to the exquisite stereospecificity and improved processivity and regioselectivity of the biological catalysts, and for the possibility of using reagents less toxic to the environment. Nonetheless, the limitations intrinsic to the natural enzymes promoting sugar synthesis, namely glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases, have prompted efforts to engineer the former catalysts, obtaining glycosynthases that promote the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates in quantitative yields from inexpensive substrates. In this chapter we survey methods that exploit glycosidases and glycosynthases to allow the efficient and reliable preparation of glycans of synthetic relevance.
Magnetoelectric effect in antiferromagnetic LiCoPO4 in pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Khrustalyov V. M. , Savytsky V. M. , Kharchenko M. F.
Published: May 2016

The magnetoelectric effect in single-crystal LiCoPO4 (TN = 21.8 K) is studied in strong pulsed magnetic fields which destroy the antiferromagnetic structure of the crystal spin ordering. The electric polarization along the crystallographic a axis induced by a magnetic field H||b is measured. New features of the electric polarization in a magnetic field are found, including a spike in the polarization near the field for the first magnetic transition at H1 = 123 kOe, a recovery of the electric polarization at the second magnetic transition H2 = 210 kOe, and a gradual reduction to zero on approaching the third transition at H3 = 263 kOe. Various possible magnetic structures in the high field phases are examined which are consistent with their magnetization and electric polarization. The observed linear dependence of the polarization on field strength in the initial antiferromagnetic phase and the vanishing of the polarization in the first high-field phase are in good agreement with previous studies of the magnetoelectric effect in LiCoPO4 [Wiegelmann et al., Ferroelectrics 161, 147 (1994); H. Wiegelman, Ph.D. thesis (University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 1995)].
Tunable hard X-ray spectrometer utilizing asymmetric planes of a quartz transmission crystal
Authors: Seely John F. , Henins Albert , Feldman Uri
Published: May 2016

A Cauchois type hard x-ray spectrometer was developed that utilizes the (301) diffraction planes at an asymmetric angle of 23.51° to the normal to the surface of a cylindrically curved quartz transmission crystal. The energy coverage is tunable by rotating the crystal and the detector arm, and spectra were recorded in the 8 keV to 20 keV range with greater than 2000 resolving power. The high resolution results from low aberrations enabled by the nearly perpendicular angle of the diffracted rays with the back surface of the crystal. By using other asymmetric planes of the same crystal and rotating to selected angles, the spectrometer can operate with high resolution up to 50 keV.
Simulation and experimental study of the Otto and Stirling combined cycle
Authors: Huang Yu , Gao Wenzhi , Li Guanghua
Published: May 2016

Gasoline engines currently reject up to 40% of the total fuel energy in their exhaust. Because of increasing petroleum costs, there is a growing interest in techniques that can use this waste heat to improve the overall system efficiency. In this paper, a combined cycle system is proposed where a high-speed gasoline engine acts as the topper of the combined cycle with exhaust gases used for a bottoming cycle based on a Stirling cycle. This paper describes a mathematical model of the Stirling engine to evaluate the combined performance of the gasoline engine and the Stirling engine driven by waste heat. Simulation and experimental studies of the combined cycle system of the gasoline engine and Stirling engine reveal that the Stirling engine is a good candidate for small-scale power generation. Maximum shaft power of 535 W is recovered when the temperature of the exhaust gas reaches approximately 1000 K and the gasoline engine operates at 3000 RPM and 90% load with 50.7 kW output power. The operating pressures and temperatures of the Stirling engine are monitored in the experiment by placing three pressure sensors and 34 thermocouples in the heat exchangers.
Discrete drops in the electrical contact resistance during nanoindentation of a bulk metallic glass
Authors: Singh Gaurav , Narayan R. L. , Asiri A. M. , Ramamurty U.
Published: May 2016

Simultaneous measurement of the electrical contact resistance (ECR) during nanoindentation of a Pd-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) shows discontinuities in the current during the loading segment. Through an analysis of the effective change in the contact area that occurs due to the plastic flow via shear banding, we show that the current surges, which are synchronous with the displacement bursts, are associated with shear band nucleation and/or propagation. The potential of nano-ECR measurements for monitoring plastic events in BMGs is discussed.
Enhancement of the performance of GaN IMPATT diodes by negative differential mobility
Authors: Dai Yang , Yang Lin’an , Chen Qing , Wang Ying , Hao Yue
Published: May 2016

A theoretical analysis of high-efficiency punch-through operation GaN-based terahertz IMPATT diodes has been carried out in this paper. It is shown that the negative differential mobility (NDM) characteristics of GaN coupled with the space charge effect acting as a self-feedback system can markedly increase the drift velocity of injection carriers, and thereby enhance diode performance under appropriate external RF voltage. The behavior of traveling electrons in the transit zone is investigated in detail. It is found that the IMPATT diode with a punch-through structure operating in the NDM mode exhibits superior characteristics compared with the equivalent diode operating in the Si-like constant mobility mode. In particular, the NDM-mode diode can tolerate a larger RF voltage swing than that operating in constant mobility mode. Numerical simulation results reveal that the highest efficiency of 26.6% and maximum RF power of 2.29 W can be achieved for the NDM-mode diode at a frequency of 225 GHz. A highest efficiency of 19.0% and maximum RF power of 1.58 W are obtained for the diode with constant mobility.
Rational Design of an Orthogonal Molecular Interaction System at the Complex Interface of Lung Cancer-Related MDM2 Protein with p53 Peptide
Authors: Li Yanwen , Yu Xiyan , Lou Ying , Wang Tong
Published: May 2016

The oncogenic protein MDM2 is an important negative regulator of p53 tumour suppressor. Overexpression of this protein is closely related to the pathological progression and metastasis of lung cancer and other tumours. Previously, a 12-mer peptide segment 17ETFSDLWKLLPE28 (p5317–28) corresponding to residues 17–28 of the human p53 transactivation domain was identified to interact moderately with MDM2. Here, we successfully created an orthogonal molecular interaction system between a native hydrogen bond (H-bond) and a designed halogen bond (X-bond) across the protein–peptide complex interface, where the X-bond was introduced by substituting the 3-hydrogen atom of the benzene ring of the p5317–28 Phe19 residue with a halogen atom X, resulting in a series of 3X-peptides (X = F, Cl, Br or I). Theoretical analysis found that chlorine is a good compromise between X-bonding strength and steric hindrance due to introducing a bulkier halogen atom to the tightly packed complex interface. Consequently, the 3Cl-peptide (Kd = 105 nM) was determined to exhibit ~5-fold affinity improvement relative to p5317–28 (Kd = 570 nM). In contrast, the binding affinity of the 2Cl-peptide (Kd = 492 nM), a negative control that cannot form the X-bond according to computational analysis, did not change considerably on the halogenation.
Optineurin suppression activates the mediators involved in the terminal effector pathways of human labour and delivery
Authors: Lim Ratana , Barker Gillian , Lappas Martha
Published: May 2016

Spontaneous preterm birth remains the major cause of neonatal death and morbidity. Studies in non-gestational tissues report that optineurin (OPTN) is critical in the termination of NFKB1 activity and control of inflammation, central features of spontaneous preterm birth. The aims of the present study were to determine: (1) OPTN expression in fetal membranes and the myometrium during labour; (2) the effects of IL1B on OPTN expression in primary myometrial cells; and (3) the effects of OPTN short interference (si) RNA on IL1B-stimulated proinflammatory and prolabour mediators. OPTN mRNA and protein expression was significantly decreased with spontaneous term labour in fetal membranes and the myometrium. Although there was no effect of spontaneous preterm labour on OPTN expression in fetal membranes, there was decreased OPTN expression in membranes with chorioamnionitis and myometrial cells treated with 1ng mL–1 IL1B for 1 or 6 h. In cells transfected with OPTN siRNA, significant increases were seen in IL1B-stimulated IL6, tumour necrosis factor, CXCL8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expression and release, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and prostanoid PTGFR receptor mRNA expression and the release of prostaglandin F2α. There was no change in IL1B-stimulated NFKBIA expression; however, there was increased NFKB1 p65 DNA-binding activity. The results of the present study suggest that OPTN is a negative regulator of inflammation-induced prolabour mediators.