bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adept aids Adec's precision in industry
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: February 2008

What is the common link between watches, chocolates and finance? The most obvious answer is Switzerland; less obvious is Adec Robot, a young Swiss company based at Schlieren near Zurich. It has built robot systems for the watch industry and now has one going into the confectionary business. It also has an enviable financial record, with an anticipated turnover of SFr6 million for this year (likely to be exceeded), turnover having more than doubled in each of the last three years — it was SFr1.2 million in 1985.
SMT, TAB or COB — which to choose?
Authors: McClelland Stephen
Published: February 2008

After a shaky and possibly over‐hyped start in the early 1980s, surface‐mount technologies are beginning to find favour with many electronics‐assembly houses. Undoubtedly they are addressing a market demand to make products smaller, lighter, and possibly cheaper. Suddenly SMT placement and soldering equipment no longer looks so expensive, or at least, it is becoming easier to justify capital expenditure on it in terms of increased throughput and flexibility.
A universal concept for cylinder‐head assembly
Authors: Hemmingson Eric
Published: February 2008

ABB ROBOTICS has, in conjunction with the automotive industry, developed a concept for automatic mounting of cylinder heads which satisfies the industry's increasingly stringent requirements for:
Rationalisation results in assembly‐orientated design
Authors: Bäβler R.
Published: February 2008

THE increasing pressure of national and international competition is forcing firms to rationalise even further, especially in the field of assembly. In order to perform assembly tasks with the least possible expenditure of time, assembly facilities, space requirements and personnel, it has become necessary to include these objectives in the development stage of the product. Therefore, assembly‐oriented design now provides a good opportunity for rationalisation.
Inbucon finds the route for a flexible transport system
Authors: Goddard‐Watts Mark
Published: February 2008

AN ‘INTELLIGENT’ transport system built for Normalair Garrett (NGL) by PE Inbucon under an ESPRIT project has been returned to the conveyor builders, Marwin Production Machines, for modification to bring it up to production capability. It will then be used by Marwin for demonstration purposes before going into service in one of NGL's product groups.
Automatic insertion of insulating mats on car assembly line
Authors: Petry M. , Bick W.
Published: February 2008

THE automatic handling of soft parts has so far been considered to be most problematic. Flexible automation is hampered by the essential characteristics of soft pieces, such as:
Adhesives aid robotic bonding of flexible circuits
Authors: Ross Alastair
Published: February 2008

THE USE of engineering adhesives in manufacturing is seen to be a major area of growth, at the expense of conventional fastening techniques such as screwing, welding and riveting. Similarly, flexible circuits are also seen to be set to grow in use as manufacturers seek to cram in more electronics and functions into ever‐smaller and more complex packages.
A look at low‐cost general‐purpose automated assembly
Authors: Redford A.H.
Published: February 2008

GENERAL‐PURPOSE assembly can be defined as automated assembly where more than one assembly task is carried out using the same piecepart transfer equipment. In its simplest form, this would involve the assembly of a unique product but clearly, with the capability for handling different parts, there is potential for assembling product variants and possibly even significantly different products.
Instrumented gripper for insertion of odd‐form components
Authors: Irwin C. , Mecher J.
Published: February 2008

When Northern Telecom converted to an in‐line assembly process, flexibility was essential to success.
JBA trips the light fantastic
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

AUTOMATED lamp manufacture is quite a large but specialised market which traditionally has been served by a small number of machine builders. The introduction of halogen lamps has brought some new manufacturing technology with it and has made it possible for some challengers to enter the market place. With the delivery of a complete system with eight linked sub‐assembly machines, together with four stand‐alone machines, John Brown Automation has clearly found a place in this market. The system has been supplied to an organisation in the German Democratic Republic.
Setting a trend in surface‐mount testing
Authors: McClelland Stephen
Published: February 2008

OF all the problems associated with electronic assembly, and surface‐mount in particular, none can claim to be more intractable, and consequently, overlooked or ignored, than testing. Until recently, manufacturers were content to do some relatively perfunctory testing — often merely in‐circuit and hope that there were no problems.
A different approach in assembly technology
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: February 2008

HAVING taken a back seat for a while development of assembly technology has again started to move forward. But, now there is a different approach; it is being treated as a strategic issue. The problem in the past has been one of cost justification: assembly cells have been treated as islands and as such compare no better than manual assembly in terms of productivity. And, with the cost of automation equipment significantly higher the return is much lower.
Marketing, product design and assembly systems
Authors: Foyer Peter
Published: February 2008

Over the years solutions to ‘design for manufacture’ have varied from parts design to vague ideas on teamwork. Peter Foyer suggests using a range of techniques to achieve specific business objectives.
Multi‐sensor system for flexible assembly
Authors: van Zee P. , Günther K.G. , Poleschinski R. , Roth N.
Published: February 2008

A new approach to programming and operating multi‐sensor systems in flexible assembly automation has been developed. The concepts and strategies are described together with its application to a depalletising task.
NEW PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NEW GENERATION OF AIRBUS
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: February 2008

A combination of enhanced organisation and increased automation is being used to improve productivity at Aerospatiale's Toulouse plant, the French centre of Airbus assembly where annual output is planned to increase by 50 per cent over the next four years.
WELDING TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPETITIVE MANUFACTURE
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: February 2008

In common with many engaged in engineering manufacture, the welding fabricator is under continuing pressure to increase productivity in order to remain competitive in home and international markets.
WELDING WITHOUT HEAT? — SOUNDS INTERESTING
Authors: Mogadam Saeed
Published: February 2008

Ultrasonic welding solves a number of manufacturing problems for industries concerned with the quality bonding of metals and associated labour costs. It is becoming, therefore, increasingly popular for many manufacturing industries such as appliance, automotive, electrical and electronics.
ROBOT SYSTEM BUILDS CUSTOMISED PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

KENT MODULAR ELECTRONICS HAS INSTALLED AN ASSEMBLY SYSTEM WITH TWO SCARA ROBOTS FOR INSERTION OF MOST OF THE COMPONENTS — AXIAL, RADIAL AND ODDFORM — IN PCBS FOR ITS CUSTOMISED DISPLAY MONITORS ‐ A growing company, faced with labour shortage and the need for consistently high quality, naturally tends to consider automation as a means of tackling both problems at the same time. Kent Modular Electronics (KME) is quite a small company, making colour and monochrome monitors for data display in great variety to customers' specifications, at a volume approaching 20,000 a year. So when the company decided to investigate opportunities for automation there was also a requirement for flexibility — and it was this that led to consideration of a robotic solution.
SMALL PARTS FEEDING
Authors: Redford Alan
Published: February 2008

For many types of automated manufacturing equipment there is a requirement to supply the equipment with parts which invariably need to be presented in a single orientation. For metal cutting and forming work there is limited applicability and invariably the parts to be presented are simple shapes. For assembly, many different and sometimes complex shapes need to be presented and it is in this activity that small parts feeding has its biggest application.
RADICAL REDESIGN
Authors: Wittenberg Gunter
Published: February 2008

In 1967 Mr Geoffrey Boothroyd, a lecturer at the University of Salford, left the UK to join the University of Massachusetts in the USA. On 1 July 1991 Professor Boothroyd, of the Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering in the University of Rhode Island and President of Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc., returned to the University of Salford to talk briefly about his career in the intervening period and to give an account of the development of the Boothroyd Dewhurst methodology and software tool Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) with which his name is now closely associated in the USA and in Europe. The title for the evening was “Radical Redesign”.
QUANTAS AUTOMATES AIRLINE CATERING
Authors: Loughlin Clive
Published: February 2008

The one thing that the international jet setter never gets is hungry, and if you have ever wondered where all the food comes from, here is the answer.
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING USING LOCAL OPERATING NETWORKS
Authors: Rabbie Harold M.
Published: February 2008

LON networks constitute a class of technology that allows intelligent devices such as actuators and sensors to communicate with one another using a standard protocol. In this way, a LON network is similar to a local area network (LAN) that allows office computers to communicate with each other. LON technology supports distributed, peer‐to‐peer communications. Individual network devices can communicate directly with one another, and a central control system is not required.
YOU'VE GOT TO HAVE HART
Authors: Howarth Mark
Published: February 2008

HART stands for Highway Addressable Remote Transducer and refers to the protocol (basically the signalling method, message structure and transaction rules) used for digital communication amongst “smart” process instruments and their control room counterparts. But why a special protocol for the process field?
Design For Assembling
Authors: Leaney P.G. , Wittenberg Gunter
Published: February 2008

The product design that is best for function, for manufacturing, for assembling and for servicing results in the best product. Such a design is an ideal so difficult to achieve that it has to be tackled in stages, which ultimately have to be successfully integrated. The stages of Design for Manufacture (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) combine towards that integration in the form of Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA). Some broad guidelines for DFMA are given in Table I.
DESIGN FOR MANUAL ASSEMBLY
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: February 2008

A small French company has reduced the assembly cycle time for its product by 55–60 per cent, simply by reconsidering its design and its suitability for assembly.
ASSEMBLY AUTOMATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Grewal Simmy
Published: February 2008

The Australian gross national product (GNP) is of the order of US$300 billion per annum, which is about one‐third of that of UK, France and Italy, but a small population of 17 million gives a comparative per capita income. The metals and the engineering‐related manufacturing industry contributes about US$50 billion towards this GNP, and in export terms now the manufacturing sector has, in 1991, overtaken the rural sector (US$11.2 for manufacturing vs 11 billion for rural), although minerals exports still predominate as the major exports earner at US$22.8 billion per annum. The Australian manufactured exports have grown at an average annual rate of 14 per cent during the period 1984 to 1990, compared with OECD figures of 8 per cent for the average annual growth rate of the total market. Approximately 50 per cent of Australian manufactured exports in 1990/91 were elaborately transformed manufactures (ETMs) which are mainly differentiated goods or finished products. A key facilitator in the production of ETMs is the adoption by the Australian manufacturing industry of the advanced manufacturing technologies of CAD/CAM and Programmable Automation. The thrust towards the development of the manufacturing sector in Australia is however now unmistakable, and this will unfold new opportunities for automation and advanced manufacturing technologies in general.
ASSEMBLY AUTOMATION IN SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Pelagagge P.M , Cardarelli G. , Palumbo M.
Published: February 2008

This article presents a study on assembly automation in small subcontracting enterprises. In this scenario the evaluated production volumes of each product limit the competitiveness of flexible assembly systems. At the same time the uncertainty of the economic life of the product causes high risk factors in the use of assembly transfer lines. The proposed solution is characterized by the employment of an asynchronous line with single‐purpose automatic stations and manual stations.
ASSEMBLY/DISASSEMBLY SEQUENCE PLANNING
Authors: Yokota K. , Brough D.R.
Published: February 2008

The ever‐increasing demand for rationalization of manufacturing activities requires closer co‐operation and integration between design and production planning. Since the impact on the overall cost of production of designing a product for ease of assembly was realized, feedback from assembly planning to the design process has become important for improving the design. Traditionally, planning for assembly takes place after the design of the product has been completed. Often it proves necessary to modify a design, because some aspect is not particularly convenient or efficient under the available assembly facilities. However, considerable time and cost savings can be made by making assembly‐planning information available to design engineers, so that they can take account of assembly factors when designing a product.
AUTOMATIC DOOR LATCH ASSEMBLY AT ROCKWELL
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

An automated assembly line with eight machines and 22 SCARA robots is producing 25 types of motor‐car door‐latches at a rate which is approaching 600 an hour at the Birmingham Access Control Systems factory of the Automotive Body Systems division of Rockwell International.
ABB‐LINKMAN CLASSIC CONTROLS CEMENT KILN LIKE AN EXPERT
Authors: Haspel David W.
Published: February 2008

This article concerns the application of rule‐ and knowledge‐based techniques to the control and optimization of industrial processes. It is based on work initiated by Blue Circle plc for the optimization of the control of cement kilns. This work has resulted in the development of a commercial product, known as LINKman, which has been installed successfully in 42 plants worldwide, where it achieves substantial savings in fuel and improvements in quality. This article looks at the techniques and discusses some of the practical issues involved in their application.
EXPERTS CO‐OPERATE FOR FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLY
Authors: Hardy Nigel W.
Published: February 2008

Knowledge‐based programming has provided a paradigm for the development of more effective and robust systems in a variety of fields. Its application to flexible assembly systems (FAS) clearly has its origins and continues to receive impetus from the close historical links between the academic disciplines of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. In this article some of its potential benefits to assembly systems are examined within the context of a SERC/ACME‐funded research project carried out at The University of Wales, Aberystwyth. The STAR project explored the potential of a variety of knowledge‐based systems in a number of roles and demonstrated how they might co‐operate. Some of these concepts were further explored and applied in the subsequent EUREKA/FAMOS project known as InFACT.
Leica Speeds Up Westland's Lynx Project
Authors: Graham Dave , Taylor Tim
Published: February 2008

To keep pace with demand for its revolutionary Lynx composite main rotor blade, Westland Engineering's Composites Division installed a Wild TA10BL automatic cutting table which has enabled woven details to be cut out reliably and reproducibly in a greatly reduced timescale compared with manual cutting out.
Ikegami Ties Down Tablet Inspection
Authors: Harada Kenny
Published: February 2008

With trends shifting towards automation and labour saving in the production process in industry, testing and sorting steps associated with visual inspection are still often handled manually by human operators. Although human vision has many superior capabilities, however, its most significant shortcoming is the lack of continuity, and variability existing on an individual basis. Furthermore, manually inspecting and sorting samples is difficult and tiring for human operators.
Vision‐guided Robotic Screening of Micro‐organisms
Authors: Waite Geoff
Published: February 2008

In the microbiology laboratories of many pharmaceutical companies, skilled scientists have been spending considerable time conducting repetitive tasks in the search for new drugs derived from microbial natural products. In a number of these laboratories PA Consulting Group has been able to free scientists from these procedures by the application of advanced robotics to the plating out and screening of micro‐organisms.
Cost Benefits from Safety Conformance
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: February 2008

What Happened to 1992? It seems only yesterday that, as a result of EC legislation, we were being exhorted to think ahead and make all the changes necessary before 1992. At first, the message was softened a little by reference to the actual end‐of‐year dates. But now that the deadline has passed, there is an air of anticlimax, as loopholes are inserted in the legislation and timescales allowed to slip. Certainly the situation has not been helped by the European‐wide woes of economic recession and the focus on basic business survival.
Siemens Automotive — Robots and Lasers
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: February 2008

The new highly automated electronics assembly and test line at Siemens Automotive's plant at Foix in France is claimed to enable high‐volume production without compromising on flexibility. Known as MELF (Mise en Ligne Flexible), the FF105 million line is claimed to have the capacity to produce a total of 200 product references at random and achieve an output of 5,000 assemblies per day in three shifts. Among the innovative technologies employed in MELF are a FF1 million laser system for applying barcodes to boards and a FF4 million four‐armed robot for mounting exotic components onto boards.
Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: February 2008

Time was when many people thought the best way with new products was to be second in the market, letting the pioneer create the market, make all the mistakes and incur the losses. All that has changed, and the pressure is now on companies, not only to get the product right but also to be the first, so as to establish a controlling share of the market. The example of foreign companies which have captured so much of what used to be thought of as British markets — including the home market — has made firms think again about getting in first with new ideas.
Track‐robot for Wafer Fabrication Intrabay Handling
Authors: Cardarelli Gino , Marcello Pelagagge Pacifico , Granito Agostino
Published: February 2008

The principal results of a study concerning the industrial transfer in MOS memory wafer fabrication, of an intrabay material handling system based on a track‐robot are presented. A prototype system, installed in L'Aquila University Operations Laboratory, was used in order to verify the congruence of the track‐robot performance within the productive tasks to be carried out. Particular attention was given to the safety systems and the vibrational behaviour of the track‐robot, that strictly influence the aspects that can create risks for a person's safety or the wafer's integrity.
Robots and Machine Vision in Packaging
Authors: Jerney Thomas D.
Published: February 2008

It may have just one hand, and much less dexterity than the manual operator, but the typical robot being installed is performing tasks which were not possible to automate just a few years ago. Tedious manual operations are being replaced, with their users experiencing reductions in labour costs, worker injuries and related employer's liability exposure. The new robot is a smart, fast, pick‐and‐place device which frees workers to do other tasks.
A flexible system handles engineering components
Authors: Swift K.G. , Dewhurst R.J.
Published: February 2008

An orientation system incorporating a low power He‐Ne laser system is described. In one application grub screws were fed at rates in excess of 100 per minute
Cost analysis for multi‐arm robotic assembly
Authors: Redford A.H. , Lo E.K. , Killeen P.
Published: February 2008

The paper describes analyses which have been developed to determine the cost of assembly using a multi‐arm assembly robot fed by a wide variety of different feeding systems and for a wide range of product styles, mixes, and batch sizes.
Robot assembly machines
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Toyoda Machine Works builds two assembly systems around its new robots.
Automated assembly in the electrical industry
Authors: Lotter Bruno
Published: February 2008

In the electrical industry 50 to 75% of the total production costs of a product are in assembly. This shows that the main focus for rationalisation should be in assembly. This paper illustrates planning methods for rationalisation, describes a completed assembly line and outlines the economies obtained.
Robotic electronic assembly
Authors: Baker Steven C. , Reichard Robert E.
Published: February 2008

Generally the majority of components on circuit boards can be auto‐inserted, the remainder are assembled manually. This paper explores the assembly solution to a component which did not fit either category.
Automatic assembly in Japan
Authors: Kähler Steen
Published: February 2008

Following The 4th International Conference on Assembly Automation in Tokyo a number of visits were arranged to leading Japanese companies. This report presents details of these technical visits.
Using the ABC analysis in design for assembly
Authors: Lotter Bruno
Published: February 2008

Design for automatic assembly can be greatly assisted by a method of analysis founded on seven fundamental questions aimed at discovering and reducing the total cost of a component up to the point where it reaches its operational purpose.
Design of vibratory feeders
Authors: Wiendahl Hans‐Peter , Ahrens Horst
Published: February 2008

The University of Hannover has studied the fundamental factors affecting the process of vibratory feeding. From this research a step‐by‐step procedure for the design of vibratory bowl feeders has been derived.
‘Trimming’ costs with flexible assembly system
Authors: Harris Peter J.
Published: February 2008

To increase production of its ‘Euroclipper’ hedge trimmer Black & Decker turned to a flexible assembly system
Robots in the electrical and electronics industry
Authors: Börnecke Gerhard
Published: February 2008

Robots are still not used widely enough in the electrical and electronics industry, and the various reasons for this are explained.
Expert system guides CAD for automatic assembly
Authors: Runciman Colin , Swift Ken
Published: February 2008

A knowledge‐based system is under development to provide component designers at CAD workstations with estimated costs and proposed design modifications for automated manufacture.
Robotic insertion of odd components into printed circuit boards
Authors: Warnecke H.‐J. , Wolf E.M.
Published: February 2008

In the electronics industry of the Federal Republic of Germany 286,000 employees are working in assembly twice as many as in the automotive or machine building industries.
Getting to grips with robotic assembly
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Assembly was in the background at conferences in Tokyo, despite the emergence of more robots aimed at this type of work.
Automatic system copes with variable PCB production
Authors: Cowan Derek , Davies Dickie
Published: February 2008

Within the next year Plessey plans to install a CAD‐linked automatic PCB assembly system for batch quantities of one
Scotland becomes the centre of DEC'S European strategy
Authors: Cowan David F.
Published: February 2008

A fully automated chip assembly and test facility in Digital Equipment's Ayr plant has changed the role of this operation
Dedicated versus flexible automation in light assembly
Authors: Graham Bryce Alistair
Published: February 2008

Both dedicated and flexible solutions are discussed in the context of the assembly of medical instruments and fluid meters.
Assembly robots or dedicated automatic assembly machines
Authors: Lotter B.
Published: February 2008

The dividing line between the sensible and efficient use of assembly robots and that of dedicated automatic assembly machines requires detailed planning.
DFA as a primary process decreases design deficiencies
Authors: Sackett P.J. , Holbrook A.E.K.
Published: February 2008

A survey of papers and design‐for‐assembly systems shows where this discipline should be heading.
Perkins puts power into European engine initiative
Authors: Butcher Rik
Published: February 2008

This month, Perkins Engines and three major partners start the first stage of a FAMOS project.
Japanese look for simplicity in surface‐mounting techniques
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Increasing use of surface‐mounted devices has led to a spate of simple placing machines.
Teacher Attitudes Towards Some Administrative Practices in a Sample of New South Wales State High Schools
Authors: GILLAM R.J.
Published: February 2008

In a study of staff motivation and morale a sample of high school teachers in an administrative area of the New South Wales centralized system was asked to complete a questionnaire on their reactions to a number of factors influencing their attitudes to teaching. One question referred to salary satisfaction, another to non‐material factors affecting work attitudes. A strong service drive was reflected in the respondents' replies. The majority of teachers, especially males, felt that their salaries were not a true reflection of the value of their work, but that they would not work harder if their salaries were increased. The factors which influenced the respondents' attitudes most favourably were pride in achievement of ex‐pupils, stable school routine, appreciation from parents and an assurance that their work was regarded as being as important as every other teacher's. Examination of the data suggests that high morale in teaching is chiefly dependent upon the fulfilment of altruistic rather than material needs.
The Essential Contribution of the Schools to the Preservation of the Arts
Authors: SYLVESTER G.H.
Published: February 2008

All young people should have the opportunity of being introduced to the world of culture in a way that used to be the privilege of a select few. This is important not only for the education of the child, but, in the long run, for the preservation of the arts. Some school systems are setting out quite deliberately to foster child interest in the arts. For example, Bristol makes special efforts in the fields of music, drama, painting and sculpture. The education authority provides specialist music teachers, sells musical instruments on hire purchase and makes substantial block bookings in groups of seven or eight seats to enable children to attend “adult” concerts. It provides a library of drama parts, a selection of “props” and costumes, supports a Children's Theatre Association and consults with the Old Vic in choosing its repertory. The schools also provide direct employment for musicians, actors, painters and so on.
The Inspectorate in New South Wales
Authors: Jones O.R.
Published: February 2008

New South Wales has a highly centralised State Education Department which has its headquarters in the state capital. The “ears and eyes” of the Department are the inspectors, who are selected from within the system on the basis of ability in scholarship, teaching and leadership. During a period of induction the inspector learns to appreciate the departmental viewpoint on efficiency as applied to teaching and administration and the significance of departmental policies. The “district” inspectors, responsible for a particular geographical area, are the most numerous. The functions of these inspectors include administration as the local representative of the central office and supervision, advice and appraisal of schools and teachers. Appraisal is the major task, as the general improvement of schools and the promotion of teachers are dependent upon the reports written by inspectors.
The Case Method of Teaching Educational Administration: A Re‐appraisal, 1963
Authors: GRIFFITHS DANIEL E.
Published: February 2008

The case method of teaching educational administration presents the student or class with a “chunk of reality” — a record of a complex problem situation to which no solution is provided. The student must initially take the situation apart before it can be understood and a solution suggested. The method appears to be more firmly entrenched in educational administration now than it has ever been in the past. Further, its use appears to be so well accepted that one should look for a wider use in the future rather than any lessening in frequency. The use of the method has changed somewhat; there is now being introduced a structured approach to exist alongside of the permissive approach. Cases are now being filmed, and the filmed cases appear to have values which are not present in the written cases. Further, simulation techniques are being widely adopted in U.S. universities.
Education Needs as Seen by Australian Industrial Management
Authors: McCABE W.T.
Published: February 2008

Although our society provides a wide range of educational services, it has as yet shown little interest in the education of administrators, especially those at the higher levels. One of the few institutions to concern itself with education in this area is the Australian Institute of Management. However, the Institute finds that although almost all Australian executives favour more training, few agree on what form the training should take. In a pilot study 100 senior executives were asked to indicate their opinions on the level of formal education desirable for managers. Most favoured some education above secondary level and listed top and middle management as being most in need of further education. There was little agreement, however, on the functional areas most needing further education.
The Role of Research in Educational Planning in New Zealand
Authors: WATSON JOHN E.
Published: February 2008

New Zealand's public school system has more than doubled in size during the last twenty years. Although it is a national system, centrally financed (and, only in part, locally administered), New Zealanders are sceptical about the value of centralized planning. Educational planning is in the hands of the Minister of Education, ad hoc consultative committees or commissions, district education boards, school committees and teachers themselves. The research conducted by these groups is usually of the fact‐collecting variety. That carried out by university staff members has tended to be diffuse, fragmented and discontinuous, most of it being relegated to the farthest recesses of university libraries. The work of the New Zealand Council for Educational Research, however, has obviously influenced educational planning to a considerable extent. There is a growing conviction in New Zealand that the vitality and enterprise of a school system depends upon the vigour of its research and experimental programmes.
Planning at the Local Level: The Auckland Education Board
Authors: MCCARTHY L.J.
Published: February 2008

Rapidly increasing school enrolments present a major problem in forward planning in many parts of the world. One aspect of this problem is the provision of buildings and classrooms. This paper describes the procedures adopted for the siting, planning and erection of school buildings by the Auckland Education Board, a local education authority responsible for 100,000 primary children. The board employs a full‐time planning and research officer whose chief duty is predicting enrolment trends from national census returns, figures on population mobility, immigration and birthrate and other sources. School sites are selected and purchased to provide for long‐term needs. Buildings are erected under a national “white‐lines” policy, adapted from English practice. This policy, which is designed to give local authorities scope for initiative and imagination in planning, lays down minimum standards for buildings and establishes maximum costs for schools of various sizes. There is some danger in standardization of this type, but regular discussions on design are held with teachers and other professional people associated with schools.
Rating Teacher Effectiveness: The Function of the Principal
Authors: ENNS FREDERICK
Published: February 2008

Learning is the main‐stream function in the school. Just as the function of teaching is to facilitate learning, the function of administration is to facilitate teaching. Good administration is concerned with stimulating and motivating good teaching. The term “supervision” is commonly used to denote administration of instruction and instructional personnel. A major facet of supervision is that of teacher evaluation—a complex and difficult process in which the establishment of criteria of effectiveness, the development of valid, reliable instruments and techniques and the assessment of cause and effect is invariably influenced by personal perceptions, biases and interpretations. Research on teacher effectiveness, which includes thousands of studies, has produced few, if any, facts to guide us. It is doubtful that visits by an inspector have had much effect in improving teaching. Perhaps too much of our time and resources arc being applied ineffectually. If formal evaluation or rating of teachers must take place it is best performed by supervisors with skills in particular areas. Certainly we should not thrust the task of teacher evaluation on the principal, for whom the task of organizing and overseeing the operation and development of a school is extensive enough to take all his time, ability and effort.
The National Conference of Professors of Educational Administration: A Stimulator and Forum for Professors
Authors: Hayes Dale K.
Published: February 2008

The National Conference of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA) first met in 1947. It has met each August since then on various campuses throughout the United States. The organization is a non‐membership association of Educational Administration Professors and the meetings are devoted to the in‐service education of the participants. Of the 1,200 persons on its current mailing list, some 140 gather each year to exchange ideas and study new developments and problems as they affect education and schools. Attendance rosters include professors of administration from any institution which prepares school administrators. NCPEA has produced or sponsored several publications and It has provided leadership in educational change. The efforts of its officers and participants arc almost solely directed toward planning and participating in its one‐week conferences. Its twentieth annual meeting is scheduled for August 21–26, 1966 at Bloomington, Indiana, on the campus of the University of Indiana.
Goal‐Setting and Organization Achievement in Educational Administration
Authors: HOWELL M.A.
Published: February 2008

Too frequently in our discussions, we school administrators show an interest in administration as a “way of doing things” or as a means towards greater efficiency. Unless we become more interested in the theory of administration and in the setting of clearly defined goals, we are likely to find that, whilst more and more administrators show an interest in learning their craft, our schools will suffer as teachers continue to develop an attitude that is more concerned with the maintenance of the institution for its own sake than with the provision of a service to education as a whole.
The Use of Simulations in the In‐Service Training of School Administrators in England
Authors: Taylor W.T.
Published: February 2008

In this article the author describes a simulation technique which has been used in the training of educational administrators at the Universities of Bristol, Oxford, and Sheffield. The technique used is that of the Whitman Simulated School prepared in U.S.A. by the University Council for Educational Administration, and involves a description of the “Croft Hall School” set in an English town of “Fernswood”. The nature of the “in basket” material and the way it is used are described.
Role of the School in Community Development
Authors: MYERS SPENCER W. , FRED TOTTEN W.
Published: February 2008

The community school is a human engineering laboratory functioning on a broad basis to help people fulfill their basic needs. The basic academic needs of children and teen‐agers are fulfilled to a large extent within the formal portion of the program. Many other needs are fulfilled within the informal portions of the community school program. Much of the experience in the informal program strengthens performance and accomplishment in the academic areas of learning. Adults participate in many learning activities during the informal portion of the school day and obtain service through the school that helps them fulfill their basic needs. The community school takes the lead in involving children, youth and adults (sometimes separately and sometimes all groups combined) in programs that help to solve community problems. When individual learning needs of all age groups are fulfilled and when through united effort community problems are solved, community development will take place on many fronts.
A Proposed Model for the Investigation of Teacher Morale
Authors: SMITH K.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses certain factors which are considered basic to an understanding of the morale concept. Particularly does It endeavour to show a difference between job‐satisfaction and morale. Morale is to be understood in terms of forward‐looking and confident striving towards the achievement of a shared and vital purpose or goal. Arising from a wider study being carried out by the author, significance is found in individual teacher's differing perceptions of the same situation. A simple paradigm is suggested as the basis for further hypothesizing and research.
The Functions of Research for Educational Administration
Authors: HILLS JEAN
Published: February 2008

The question “What is the function of research for educational administration?” requires an answer at at least three different levels. First, at the technical level, its function is to provide the basis for rationalizing the means for the attainment of educational goals, i.e. for the development of technologies of education. Second, at the administrative level, it series the same function in relation to the goals of procuring and mobilizing resources. Third, in each of the above areas, it functions, or at least can function, to identify the objective consequences of adopting certain goals, and certain means of attaining those goals, for the larger structures in which these goals and means are embedded.
Research in Organizational Dynamics: Implications for School Administrators
Authors: BROWN ALAN F.
Published: February 2008

Research into educational organizations is usually concerned with one of two distinct connotations—investigation into the patterns of deploying teachers and pupils, as in team teaching, or investigations into the nature of the organizations themselves. The latter approach has great promise for providing insights into administrative behaviour. The work of Katz and Kahn, Presthus and Carlson helps to provide such insights. Much attention is now being paid to the initiation of organizational change, especially as it affects the organizational climate. The results of a recent project in this area suggest that administrators who wish to change organizational climate may 1. “Thicken the mix” through freeing communication; 2. Sharpen perception through training in interpersonal awareness; S. Improve output by not tinkering with the statics of the organization.
Factors Which Affect Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction of Teachers
Authors: SERGIOVANNI THOMAS
Published: February 2008

Present thought and action relating to satisfaction and motivation of teachers appear to he based on the assumption that job factors which satisfy teachers and job factors which dissatisfy teachers are arranged on a conceptual continuum. This paper tests an alternate assumption which was proposed by Frederick Herzbcrg and his associates. Herzberg suggests that job factors which satisfy workers and job factors which dissatisfy workers are not arranged on a conceptual continuum but are mutually exclusive. The findings of the study reported here revealed that some factors, reported by teachers as contributing to their job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction, were polar in a positive direction and other factors were polar in a negative direction. Achievement, recognition and responsibility were factors which contributed predominantly to teacher job satisfaction. Interpersonal relations (students), interpersonal relations (peers), “supervision technical”, school policy and administration, unfairness, status and personal life were factors which contributed predominantly to teacher dissatisfaction. Further, the satisfaction factors identified for teachers tend to focus on the work itself and the dissatisfaction factors tend to focus on the conditions of work. The results of this study tend to support the universality of Herzberg's findings.
Communication Within a Bureaucratic Organizational Framework: Implications for the Educational Administrator of Some Recent Investigations
Authors: CRANE A.R.
Published: February 2008

The literature has been searched for experiments on communication within organizational frameworks. Some apparently relevant work is cited and discussed in terms of an “anxiety arousal” hypothesis of communication within organizations. The effects upon communication of hierarchical status, organizational mobility, power and ingratiation are discussed. The paper concludes with a series of hypotheses about communication within school systems that could be the subject of empirical investigation by students of educational administration.
A Conceptual Model for the Study of the Communication of Authority in a Bureaucratic Education System
Authors: TRONC K.E.
Published: February 2008

A bureaucratically structured education system employs formal communication to a high degree, since incumbents of the various hierarchical authority levels authorize actions to be undertaken by their subordinates. The process of authorization is here subjected to an analysis in terms of message structure and communication flow. A comparison of the ways in which authorizations are communicated at the various levels of the bureaucratic system leads to a number of hypotheses. It was hypothesized (1) that the mode of communication used by the superordinate Department of Education to authorize the actions of intermediate headteachers will be used in turn by these intermediates to authorize the actions of their subordinate teachers, (2) the prevailing mode of communication employed by the superordinate Education Department to authorize the actions of intermediate headtcachers will be used by intermediates to authorize the actions of their subordinates teachers even in specific cases where exceptions to the prevailing superordinate communication mode are present, and (3) inconsistency or asymmetry between Phase I and Phase II communication modes is a function of the personality of the intermediate role‐incumbent. These hypotheses were tested in a recent study of the communication of authority by headteachers of Queensland State primary schools. The first two hypotheses were supported; because of lack of data the last hypothesis could not be tested.
Instructional Leadership: A Concept Re‐Examined
Authors: BRIDGES EDWIN M.
Published: February 2008

The concept of instructional leadership has been frequently discussed but rarely subjected to any rigorous analysis. In this paper four current views of instructional leadership—those of the principal as evaluator, helper, Integrator and designer—are examined and the assumptions about human nature, skills, and knowledge underlying each of these views are identified. Following a critique of these assumptions, the author describes a “principal‐as‐experimenter” role which he maintains is a viable notion of instructional leadership given the present state of knowledge and the organizational necessity for informed decision‐making.
The International Conference on the World Crisis in Education: Summary Report of the Conference Chairman
Authors: PERKINS JAMES A.
Published: February 2008

Education is now a central preoccupation of every country, but almost everywhere is in a state of crisis and demands immediate attention to ways and means of replacing inflexibility with innovation and outmoded ideas with fresh approaches. If education is to perform the tasks that mankind requires it will be necessary to improve our performance regarding information about education, management and structure, teachers and students, curriculum content and teaching methods, resources, and international cooperation.
A General Systems Approach to Decision‐Making in Schools
Authors: OLIVER GIBSON R.
Published: February 2008

Educational administration still relics greatly on “wise” generalizations from the experiences of outstanding practitioners. Hence, a great many decisions in educational practice are still at the “professional lore” level. With the rapid expansion in knowledge, emphasis has tended to shift to the expert and the technician. Nevertheless, value decisions should not be permitted to be eroded. The educational decision‐maker needs to be both humanist and scientist. A rational basis exists for such a nexus. There is need for the joint operation of knowledge and value systems in decision‐making Both systems pass from the rather uncritical “Common Sense Stage” through the Empirical to the Scientific Stage. Self‐conscious rational action becomes possible only at the Scientific Stage. It is only within comparatively recent times that decision‐making in education has begun to move into the Scientific Stage, primarily because scientific knowledge about human behaviour is largely a product of this century. A decision is seen to be concerned primarily with predictions of future events that are desirable to people. The decision process involves (1) monitoring, (2) control (diagnosis, selection, transformation) and (3) action.
The Inspector and the Professional Development of Teachers
Authors: Jones A.W.
Published: February 2008

Traditional “on‐the‐job” methods of preparing teachers for senior responsibilities and administrative duties are not going to meet the needs of systems of education so dynamically in revolution and growing so rapidly. Three areas of action whereby the teacher may grow professionally and where the Inspector may exert an influence are discussed. The first area is that of further study, for tomorrow's teacher must be an ever‐learning person. The second is “the inspection”, an evaluation that teachers must see as furthering their professional competence. The third is action research, work by teachers that will nourish other teachers.