bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar Wind Magnetic Field Line Dispersal: Multispacecraft Analysis and Comparison with Theoretical Results
Authors: Ragot B. R.
Published: April 2023

The dominance of the global over the relative, cross-field transport of magnetic field lines (MFLs), up to scales of a couple of hours in the solar wind (SW), has been predicted both theoretically and numerically, in the approximation of self-similar, single-level power spectra of magnetic fluctuations. Here the predictions for the MFL relative cross-field transport or dispersal are tested against the results of in situ data analysis, using 23 yr of field and flow measurements on board ACE and Wind. The theoretical results are confirmed/refined by nonlinear theoretical computations and corrected to include the effects of power-level variability or intermittency. Other than confirming earlier theoretical findings at the separation scales ρ between a few ×1010 cm and the large-separation limit, with a ballistic regime followed by decorrelation and transition to diffusion in the

(
ln
ρ
,
θ
)

-space, the new study reveals two new supradiffusive regimes in

ln
ρ

and clock angle θ for the MFL dispersal, distinct from a drift-induced supradiffusion found earlier, and distinct from each other. The first supradiffusion, of the nonlinear computations, is a simple nonlinear effect, which cannot be recovered by data analysis at two spacecraft of fixed separation on the analysis timescale. The second supradiffusion, of the data analysis, is much stronger for ρ < few × 1010 cm than the two previous supradiffusions, and it becomes stronger at shorter separations. It follows the ballistic regime without transition through diffusion and is recovered by multiscale, theoretical estimates. It is a Lévy-type supradiffusion, due to the intermittency observed in the SW.
Unfolding Drift Effects for Cosmic Rays over the Period of the Sun’s Magnetic Field Reversal
Authors: Aslam O. P. M. , Luo 罗 Xi 熙 , Potgieter M. S. , Ngobeni M. D. , Song 宋 Xiaojian 小健
Published: April 2023

A well-established, comprehensive 3D numerical modulation model is applied to simulate galactic protons, electrons, and positrons from 2011 May to 2015 May, including the solar magnetic polarity reversal of Solar Cycle 24. The objective is to evaluate how simulations compare with corresponding Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer observations for 1.0–3.0 GV and what underlying physics follows from this comparison to improve our understanding of how the major physical modulation processes change, especially particle drift, from a negative to a positive magnetic polarity cycle. Apart from their local interstellar spectra, electrons and positrons differ only in their drift patterns, but they differ with protons in other ways such as adiabatic energy changes at lower rigidity. In order to complete the simulations for oppositely charged particles, antiproton modeling results are also obtained. Together, observations and corresponding modeling indicate the difference in the drift pattern before and after the recent polarity reversal and clarify to a large extent the phenomenon of charge-sign dependence during this period. The effect of global particle drift became negligible during this period of no well-defined magnetic polarity. The resulting low values of particles’ mean free paths (MFPs) during the polarity reversal contrast their large values during solar minimum activity and as such expose the relative contributions and effects of the different modulation processes from solar minimum to maximum activity. We find that the drift scale starts recovering just after the polarity reversal, but the MFPs keep decreasing or remain unchanged for some time after the polarity reversal.
Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XVII. Building the First Galaxies—Chapter 1. Star Formation Histories for 5 < z < 7 Galaxies
Authors: Dressler Alan , Vulcani Benedetta , Treu Tommaso , Rieke Marcia , Burns Chris , Calabrò Antonello , Bonchi Andrea , Castellano Marco , Fontana Adriano , Leethochawalit Nicha , Mason Charlotte , Merlin Emiliano , Morishita Takahiro , Paris Diego , Bradac Marusa , Mercurio Amata , Nanayakkara Themiya , Poggianti Bianca M. , Santini Paola , Wang Xin , Misselt Karl , Stark Daniel P. , Willmer Christopher
Published: April 2023

The JWST observations of high-redshift galaxies are used to measure their star formation histories—the buildup of stellar mass in the earliest galaxies. Here we use a novel analysis program, SEDz*, to compare near-IR spectral energy distributions for galaxies with redshifts 5 < z < 7 to combinations of stellar population templates evolved from z = 12. We exploit NIRCam imaging in seven wide bands covering 1–5 μm taken in the context of the GLASS-JWST-ERS program and use SEDz* to solve for well-constrained star formation histories for 24 exemplary galaxies. In this first look, we find a variety of histories, from long, continuous star formation over 5 < z < 12 to short but intense starbursts, sometimes repeating, and, most commonly, contiguous mass buildup lasting ∼0.5 Myr, possibly the seeds of today’s typical M* galaxies.
Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XIV. A Spectroscopically Confirmed Protocluster 650 Million Years after the Big Bang
Authors: Morishita Takahiro , Roberts-Borsani Guido , Treu Tommaso , Brammer Gabriel , Mason Charlotte A. , Trenti Michele , Vulcani Benedetta , Wang Xin , Acebron Ana , Bahé Yannick , Bergamini Pietro , Boyett Kristan , Bradac Marusa , Calabrò Antonello , Castellano Marco , Chen Wenlei , De Lucia Gabriella , Filippenko Alexei V. , Fontana Adriano , Glazebrook Karl , Grillo Claudio , Henry Alaina , Jones Tucker , Kelly Patrick L. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Leethochawalit Nicha , Lu Ting-Yi , Marchesini Danilo , Mascia Sara , Mercurio Amata , Merlin Emiliano , Metha Benjamin , Nanayakkara Themiya , Nonino Mario , Paris Diego , Pentericci Laura , Rosati Piero , Santini Paola , Strait Victoria , Vanzella Eros , Windhorst Rogier A. , Xie Lizhi
Published: April 2023

We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a protocluster at z = 7.88 behind the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 (hereafter A2744-z7p9OD). Using JWST NIRSpec, we find seven galaxies within a projected radius of 60 kpc. Although the galaxies reside in an overdensity around ≳20× greater than a random volume, they do not show strong Lyα emission. We place 2σ upper limits on the rest-frame equivalent width <16–28 Å. Based on the tight upper limits to the Lyα emission, we constrain the volume-averaged neutral fraction of hydrogen in the intergalactic medium to be x
HI > 0.45 (68% C i). Using an empirical M
UV–M
halo relation for individual galaxies, we estimate that the total halo mass of the system is ≳4 × 1011
M
⊙. Likewise, the line-of-sight velocity dispersion is estimated to be 1100 ± 200 km s−1. Using an empirical relation, we estimate the present-day halo mass of A2744-z7p9OD to be ∼2 × 1015
M
⊙, comparable to the Coma cluster. A2744-z7p9OD is the highest redshift spectroscopically confirmed protocluster to date, demonstrating the power of JWST to investigate the connection between dark-matter halo assembly and galaxy formation at very early times with medium-deep observations at <20 hr total exposure time. Follow-up spectroscopy of the remaining photometric candidates of the overdensity will further refine the features of this system and help characterize the role of such overdensities in cosmic reionization.
Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XV. Properties of the Faintest Red
Sources in the NIRCAM Deep Fields
Authors: Glazebrook K. , Nanayakkara T. , Jacobs C. , Leethochawalit N. , Calabrò A. , Bonchi A. , Castellano M. , Fontana A. , Mason C. , Merlin E. , Morishita T. , Paris D. , Trenti M. , Treu T. , Santini P. , Wang X. , Boyett K. , Bradac Marusa , Brammer G. , Jones T. , Marchesini D. , Nonino M. , Vulcani B.
Published: April 2023

We present a first look at the reddest 2–5 μm
sources found in deep images from the GLASS Early Release Science program. We
undertake a general search, i.e., not looking for any particular spectral
signatures, for sources detected only in bands redder than is reachable with the
Hubble Space Telescope, and which would likely not have been identified in
pre-JWST surveys. We search for sources down to AB ∼27 (corresponding to
>10σ detection threshold) in any of the F200W to F444W filters, with a >1
magnitude excess relative to F090W to F150W bands. Fainter than F444W >25 we
find 56 such sources of which 37 have reasonably constrained spectral energy
distributions to which we can fit photometric redshifts. We find the majority of
this population (∼65%) as 2 < z < 6
star-forming low-attenuation galaxies that are faint at rest-frame
ultraviolet-optical wavelengths, have stellar masses
108.5–109.5
M
⊙, and have observed fluxes at >2 μm
boosted by a combination of the Balmer break and emission lines. The typical
implied rest equivalent widths are ∼200 Å with some extreme objects up to ∼1000
Å. This is in contrast with brighter magnitudes where the red sources tend to be
z < 3 quiescent galaxies and dusty
star-forming objects. Our general selection criteria for red sources allow us to
independently identify other phenomena as diverse as extremely low-mass
(∼108
M
⊙) quiescent galaxies at z < 1,
recovering recently identified z > 11 galaxies
and a very cool brown dwarf.
Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XVI. Discovering a Bluer z ∼ 4–7 Universe through UV Slopes
Authors: Nanayakkara Themiya , Glazebrook Karl , Jacobs Colin , Bonchi Andrea , Castellano Marco , Fontana Adriano , Mason Charlotte , Merlin Emiliano , Morishita Takahiro , Paris Diego , Trenti Michele , Treu Tommaso , Calabrò Antonello , Boyett Kristan , Bradac Marusa , Leethochawalit Nicha , Marchesini Danilo , Santini Paola , Strait Victoria , Vanzella Eros , Vulcani Benedetta , Wang Xin , Yang Lilian
Published: April 2023

We use the GLASS-JWST Early Release Science NIRCam parallel observations to provide a first view of the UV continuum properties of NIRCam/F444W selected galaxies at 4 < z < 7. By combining multiwavelength NIRCam observations, we constrain the UV continuum slope for a sample of 401 galaxies with stringent quality controls. We find that >99% of the galaxies are blue star-forming galaxies with very low levels of dust (Av

β
∼ 0.01 ± 0.33). We find no statistically significant correlation for UV slope with redshift or UV magnitude. However, we find that in general galaxies at higher redshifts and fainter UV magnitudes have steeper UV slopes. We find a statistically significant correlation for UV slope with stellar mass, with galaxies with higher stellar mass showing shallower UV slopes. Individual fits to some of our galaxies reach the bluest UV slopes of β ∼ −3.1 allowed by stellar population models used in this analysis. Therefore, it is likely that stellar population models with a higher amount of Lyman continuum leakage, active galactic nucleus effects, and/or Population III contributions are required to accurately reproduce the rest-UV and optical properties of some of our bluest galaxies. This dust-free early view confirms that our current cosmological understanding of gradual mass + dust buildup of galaxies with cosmic time is largely accurate to describe the ∼0.7–1.5 Gyr age window of the universe. The abundance of a large population of UV faint dust-poor systems may point to a dominance of low-mass galaxies at z > 6 playing a vital role in cosmic reionization.
Morphological, anatomical, phytochemical, and phylogenetic evidences reveal into a new Derris species (Fabaceae) with rare flowers and reddish midribs, from Peninsular Thailand
Authors: Boonprajan Punvarit , Leeratiwong Charan , Sirichamorn Yotsawate
Published: April 2023

Derris erythrocosta Boonprajan & Sirich., sp. nov., a new species of the genus Derris Lour. (Fabaceae) was discovered from Peninsular, Thailand. The taxon was considered as a distinct species in terms of integrative taxonomy approach. The overall morphology demonstrated that this species most resembled D. pubipetala. According to the macro-morphological and leaves micro-morphological studies, this taxon has several autapomorphies distinctively different from other Derris species, e.g., the presence of reddish midribs of the mature leaflets, sparsely hairy filaments, prominent hairs at base of anthers, and presence of glandular trichomes along the midrib. Additionally, HPLC fingerprints from phytochemical study of this species were also distinct.  Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses strongly supported and clearly confirmed its status as a new of the genus Derris.
Biology of Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Nymphal growth, host plants, reproductive activity, hatching behavior, and adult morphology
Authors: Tanaka Seiji
Published: April 2023

The biology of Patanga japonica (Bolívar, 1898), including seasonal nymphal growth, host plants, mating, oviposition, hatching, and adult morphology, was studied under outdoor and indoor conditions in central Japan. A field census showed that this grasshopper had a univoltine life cycle and overwintered in the adult stage. Body size was found to increase with a delay in the time of adult emergence in females but not in males, and protandry was observed. The insects were mainly associated with a few plant species. Feeding tests showed that at least one of the 5 test nymphs molted to the second stadium on 37 plant species, and more than 50% did so on 23 plant species. Mating was frequently observed in April and May under outdoor conditions, and the daily maximum number of copulating pairs was positively correlated with air temperature. Copulatory behavior, including stridulation, is described in detail. Oviposition was frequently observed in May and June under outdoor conditions. Larger females produced more eggs per pod, and a negative relationship was observed between egg lengths and the number of eggs per pod, showing a trade-off. On average, female adults had 124 ovarioles. Egg hatching occurred at different times during the daytime, but the eggs from each pod hatched synchronously. Synchronous hatching was also observed in eggs kept in groups of 2, 4, and 10, but hatching occurred earlier in larger group sizes. Eggs achieved synchronous hatching by either delaying or advancing hatching time. Two eggs separated by several millimeters hatched less synchronously than those kept in contact with one another. However, similarly separated eggs restored hatching synchrony when connected by thin wire, suggesting the involvement of vibrational signals in embryo–embryo communication. Morphometric analysis suggested that P. japonica adults change some morphometric ratios in response to crowding. Variation in pronotum shape was not significantly affected by crowding.
Holotype sequencing of Silvatares holzenthali Rázuri-Gonzales, Ngera & Pauls, 2022 (Trichoptera, Pisuliidae)
Authors: Heckenhauer Jacqueline , Razuri-Gonzales Ernesto , Mwangi Francois Ngera , Schneider Julio , Pauls Steffen U.
Published: April 2023

While DNA barcodes are increasingly provided in descriptions of new species, the whole mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are still rarely included. This is unfortunate because whole genome sequencing of holotypes allows perpetual genetic characterization of the most representative specimen for a given species. Thus, de novo genomes are invaluable additional diagnostic characters in species descriptions, provided the structural integrity of the holotype specimens remains intact. Here, we used a minimally invasive method to extract DNA of the type specimen of the recently described caddisfly species Silvatares holzenthali Rázuri-Gonzales, Ngera & Pauls, 2022 (Trichoptera: Pisuliidae) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A low-cost next generation sequencing strategy was used to generate the complete mitochondrial and draft nuclear genome of the holotype. The data in its current form is an important extension to the morphological species description and valuable for phylogenomic studies.
Improved Clinic Flow and Satisfaction After Lean Implementation in a Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic
Authors: Bradfield Yasmin , Suneja Aneesh , Coullard Darla , Anderson Kristin
Published: April 2023

Purpose:

To report outcomes using Lean concepts (FlowOne Lean Consulting, LLC) and implemented changes in a single academic pediatric ophthalmology practice.

Methods:

Lean principles such as patient flow, wasted movement, and non-value added visit time were taught to clinic staff. Spaghetti maps to document patient and staff movement during examinations, patient simulation, and clinic flow exercises were performed prior to implementing clinic changes. Clinic changes included maximizing easily reachable equipment and standardizing equipment in each examination room, physician-controlled doorbells to notify staff for help, and implementing a visual real-time electronic board of patients throughout the entirety of their examination. Patient surveys before and after Lean and staff feedback were obtained.

Results:

Four years of data were collected of patient examination visits after Lean principles were introduced. Prior to Lean implementation, mean pediatric ophthalmology clinic visit times were 120 minutes. Within 3 months of Lean clinic changes, mean visit times reduced to 75 minutes. Four years later, this was sustained at 69 minutes. Clinic templates were modified and increased by 17%. Patient satisfaction surveys before and after demonstrated improved scores from 6.5 to 9.0. Patient survey comments included satisfaction with shorter patient examination visits, less shuffling between examination rooms, less non-value added time, and perception of happier clinic staff. Staff survey comments included receiving fewer parent complaints, feeling less disorganized, being able to troubleshoot in real time, and leaving at an earlier time at the end of the clinic day.

Conclusions:

Lean improved clinic efficiency, reduced patient visit times, and improved patient and staff satisfaction. These improvements were sustained 4 years after Lean principles were implemented.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2024;61(1):14–19.]
The Role of Social Media in Strabismus Surgical Experience
Authors: Eatz Tiffany A. , Kalavar Meghana , Birnhak Michael , Al-Khersan Hasenin , Sridhar Jayanth , Cavuoto Kara M.
Published: April 2023

Purpose:

To understand patients' strabismus surgery experience, including its impact on patients' appearance and psychosocial factors such as anxiety and depression, via trends on popular social media platforms.

Methods:

TikTok and Instagram were searched for the following post hashtags: “#strabismus,” “#strabismussurgery,” “#crosseyed,” and “#lazyeye.” Data regarding date of post, username, gender, city, state, United States or international location, surgical status (preoperative, perioperative, or postoperative), tone (positive or negative), place of treatment, type of post (photo or video), number of likes/views, and number of followers were recorded for statistical analysis.

Results:

A total of 790 posts (400 TikTok, 390 Instagram) were included. The majority (87.8%) had a positive tone, particularly for Instagram (Instagram = 97.7%, TikTok = 78.3%,
P
< .01). TikTok had significantly more likes/follower (
P
< .01), as did negative posts (
P
< .01). #Lazyeye gained significantly more traction than other hashtags (range:
P
< .001 to .006). There were no differences in likes/follower for treatment phase (preoperative/perioperative/postoperative), gender, or relative age of poster (adult/parent/child).

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrated that TikTok and Instagram users tend to share positive strabismus surgical experiences; however, negative posts were associated with more interactive responses from viewers. Colloquial hashtags (eg, #lazyeye) were more likely to gain traction than medical terms. TikTok posts were associated with more engagement than Instagram, which suggests TikTok may be a better platform going forward for patient outreach.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2023;60(6):402–405.]
Effectiveness of a Novel Video Game Platform in the Treatment of Pediatric Amblyopia
Authors: Poltavski Dmitri , Adams Richard J. , Biberdorf David , Patrie James T.
Published: April 2023

Purpose:

To test the non-inferiority of a novel game platform for the treatment of pediatric amblyopia compared to standard eye patching.

Methods:

Forty participants (ages 4 to 18 years) across seven optometric clinics in the United States diagnosed as having amblyopia associated with anisometropia were randomly assigned to either 12 weeks of eye patching therapy (n = 19) or Barron Vision (Barron Associates, Inc) video game treatment (n = 21). Participants in the eye patching group with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 20/200 in their amblyopic eye were prescribed 6 hours of patching daily, whereas those whose BCVA was 20/200 (1.00 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) or better were instructed to patch for 2 hours daily. Participants in the video game group, irrespective of the severity of their amblyopia, were instructed to play four different 5-minute mini-games five times a week for a total of 20 minutes a day.

Results:

A mixed linear modeling analysis of before and after BCVA differences after 12 weeks showed the non-inferiority of video game treatment to eye patching using a 0.10 logMAR threshold while adjusting for the participant's age, sex, and baseline BCVA.

Conclusions:

The results of the study suggest that a 12-week home-based video game vision therapy intervention can provide equivalent treatment outcomes to eye patching for amblyopia in children ages 5 to 18 years. Video game–based vision therapy may be a more acceptable and time-efficient alternative to existing approaches. By incorporating elements of perceptual learning, approaches such as Barron Vision video game treatment may have additional long-term therapeutic benefits and may improve treatment compliance.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2024;61(1):20–29.]
Johansen model for photovoltaic a very short term prediction to electrical power grids in the Island of Mauritius
Authors: Ramenah Harry , Khoodaruth Abdel , Oree Vishwamitra , Coya Zahiir , Murdan Anshu , Bessafi Miloud , Doseeah Damodar
Published: April 2023

Sudden variability in solar photovoltaic (PV) power output to electrical grid can not only cause grid instability but can also affect power and frequency quality. Therefore, to study the balance of electrical grid or micro-grid power generated by PV systems in an upstream direction, predicting models can help. The power output conversion is directly proportional to the solar irradiance. Unlike time horizons predictions, many technics of irradiance forecasting have been proposed, long, medium and short term forecasting. For the Island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, and regards to key policy decisions, the government has outlined its intention to promote the PV technologies through the local electricity supplier but oversee the technical requirements of PV power output predicts for 1 hour to 15-minutes ahead. So, this paper is illustrating results of the Johansen vector error correction model (VECM) cointegration approach, from the author original and previous studies, but for a very short term prediction of 15-minutes to PV power output in Mauritius. The novelty of this study, is the long run equilibrium relationship of the Johansen model, that was initially determined in previous research works and from dataset in Reunion Island, is then applied to the PV plant in the Island of Mauritius. The proposed prediction model is trained for an hourly and 15-minutes period from year 2019 to year 2022 for a random month and a random day. The experimental results show that the performance metric R2 values are more than 93% signifying that Johansen model is positively and strongly correlated to onsite measurements. This proposed model is a powerful predicting tool and more accuracy should be attained when associated to a machine learning method that can learn from datasets.
Crashworthiness performance of gradient energy-absorbing structure for subway vehicles under quasi-static loading
Authors: Wang Dongtao , Xu Ping , Yang Chengxing , Yao Shuguang , Liu Zhen
Published: April 2023

To improve the uncertainty of the deformation sequence of the energy-absorbing structures at the end of the subway vehicles during crushing, this paper adopts the gradient design idea of honeycomb structure size, collapse initiator groove and diaphragm. To this end, this paper proposes a honeycomb-filled gradient energy-absorbing structure (HGES) as an energy absorber. The crashworthiness of HGES under axial crushing was investigated by means of finite element (FE) simulations and quasi-static loading tests. After performing parametric analyses on HGES, it was discovered that the wall thickness and the platform intensity of honeycomb had an evident impact, whereas the diaphragm thickness had a relatively little impact on the crashworthiness of HGES. The HGES is then given a multi-objective optimization to further enhance its crashworthiness. The wall thickness, the platform intensity of honeycomb and diaphragm thickness were utilized as the design parameters, while minimal peak crushing force (PCF) and maximal specific energy absorption (SEA) were set as optimization objectives. Finally, a methodology integrating entropy and the order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed to find the optimal HGES configuration. The SEA and PCF of optimized HGES are enhanced by 19.81 and 25.28%, respectively, when compared to the baseline.
An effective treatment of adding-up restrictions in the inference of a general linear model
Authors: Tian Yongge
Published: April 2023

This article offers a general procedure of carrying out estimation and inference under a linear statistical model $ {\bf y} = {\bf X} \pmb{\beta} + \pmb{\varepsilon} $ with an adding-up restriction $ {\bf A} {\bf y} = {\bf b} $ to the observed random vector $ {\bf y} $. We first propose an available way of converting the adding-up restrictions to a linear matrix equation for $ \pmb{\beta} $ and a matrix equality for the covariance matrix of the error term $ \pmb{\varepsilon} $, which can help in combining the two model equations in certain consistent form. We then give the derivations and presentations of analytic expressions of the ordinary least-squares estimator (OLSE) and the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of parametric vector $ {\bf K} \pmb{\beta} $ using various analytical algebraic operations of the given vectors and matrices in the model.
Pro-Poor Tourism and Poverty Alleviation
Authors: Gonzo Faithfull Cecilia
Published: April 2023

Tourism has been utilised as a tool for poverty alleviation globally, and its growth is envisioned to directly or indirectly impact the lives of the local communities. The dialogue on poverty alleviation led to the formulation of pro-poor tourism (PPT). PPT is defined as tourism that generates net benefits to the poor, and it should be economically, socially, environmentally, or culturally beneficial. Although PPT has the potential to benefit the poor, it is not clear how the different types of tourism impact the poor. The tourism industry is mainly driven by the private sector, particularly large international companies. Therefore, their interest in ensuring that poverty is alleviated between local communities is not guaranteed. Thus, with this view, PPT has been criticised for over-emphasising local initiatives. Similarly, the understanding of the poverty concept has been overtly debated. Hence, this chapter intends to explore the concept of PPT and its effect on poor communities.
Eco-Friendly Integration of Seawater Desalination With Carbon Mineralization of Brine Wastes
Authors: Abidoye Luqman , Okedere Oyetunji B. , Rabiu Kazeem O. , Oyewole Kehinde
Published: April 2023

Challenges of insufficient freshwater for domestic and industrial uses in different parts of the world necessitate the development of desalination technology. However, brine wastes and CO2 emitted from the desalination process are of detrimental effects to the environments and living beings, owing to high-level of alkalinity and presence of toxic levels of various chemicals. This study acknowledged efforts being made by scientists to integrate carbon mineralization of brine wastes with desalination system to generate various carbonates: nesquehonite, ragonite, calcite, dolomite, etc. However, the carbonation process behaves differently under the effects of impurities in the CO2 stream. Studying and analyzing the process using PHREQC simulation software, the carbonation of brine using pure CO2 shows high drop in pH of the solution, thereby increasing the level of the acidity. The presence of impurity in the CO2 further worsens the acidity problem in the presence of N2 and O2.
Offshore Wind Turbine Site Selection in the Northern Aegean Sea by Utilizing GIS-Based Maritime Spatial Planning and Exergy Efficiency
Authors: Colak Arife Tugsan Isiacik , Motlagh Hamid Reza Soltani , Senel Gizem , Goksel Cigdem
Published: April 2023

Maritime spatial planning (MSP) is a mechanism of supporting adaptive decision making in response to possible conflicts over offshore wind turbine locations. The main purpose of this study is to determine the location of potential offshore wind turbine sites in the Northern Aegean Sea in Turkey by creating a geographical information systems-based marine spatial planning system for the region. A decision model has been proposed in which GIS and multi-criteria decision-making techniques are used to determine alternative areas. While the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was utilized to identify viable sites based on several essential physical factors in this study, the Fuzzy TOPSIS approach was used to compare the Gökçeada, Bozcaada, and Enez study regions and find the optimal area. In the final stage, the areas where offshore wind turbine's locations are calculated are energy and exergy efficiency.
Spatiotemporal Data Engineering
Authors: Komati Venkateswara Rao
Published: April 2023

Availability of location-based services and mobile computing enabled the collection of spatial and temporal data. Spatiotemporal database integrates spatial and temporal aspects of data. The objective of this chapter is to offer conceptual clarity and state of the art technologies and tools for spatiotemporal data engineering. This chapter discusses spatiotemporal data representation, modeling, and database design, indexing, analysis, and mining for developing the applications. It also covers spatiotemporal big data processing systems.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Geospatial Data
Authors: Srivastava Nishi , Saxena Nisheeth
Published: April 2023

With rapid development in new technologies our intelligence and expertise in artificial intelligence (AI) have increased significantly. Intelligent machines are preferred, which motivates us to incorporate highly sophisticated technologies. Geographic analysis for environmental applications has advanced recently, owing to the vast explosion of geospatial data, the accessibility of powerful computing resources, and advancement in AI. Geospatial analytics at a high-resolution scale is now possible because AI reshapes our research environment. High-resolution satellite imaginaries used in geospatial analysis always include bigdata; thus, alternative methods other than traditional data-processing applications are needed to deal with these large datasets. AI has become an alternative method to handle big data in recent decades. Geospatial information from high-resolution remote sensing and other environmental sensors generates enormous data. AI makes the process more effective and makes it possible to derive deep understandings and information from the data.
Female Entrepreneurship Drivers
Authors: Figueiredo Natália , Patrício Lurdes D. , Ferreira João J.
Published: April 2023

Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic, cultural, and social development. In a reality where equal opportunities between men and women in business are not yet verifiable, we would benefit from an adequate understanding of female entrepreneurship's impact. This chapter explores the concept of female entrepreneurship in a systematic literature review. Based on Web of Science database articles, it uses bibliometric analysis to analyze the drivers influencing female entrepreneurial intentions, performance, and outcomes. This study enables the systematization of the existing literature into four themes: 1) gender-specific entrepreneurial intention factors, 2) women´s entrepreneurial success factors, 3) women´s entrepreneurial performance, and 4) gender-specific entrepreneurial performance. The results provide insights into the triggering factors of female entrepreneurship intention and help to develop a more profound understanding of the factors affecting their entrepreneurial performance and outcomes. An agenda for further research was laid out based on the existing literature.
Women's Entrepreneurship as a Driver of Diversity Management in Italian Businesses
Authors: Greco Fabio , Carignani Francesco , Iodice Gesualda , Bifulco Francesco
Published: April 2023

Two phenomena are described in this chapter. The inclusion of women in executive and administrative positions is, on the one hand, a crucial problem in diversity management. On the other side, there are more and more successful female business owners. Therefore, the main research issue guiding this work is whether female entrepreneurs' success stories might encourage the hiring of more female managers in organizations. The authors apply a qualitative technique based on several case studies that have been used in prior research on entrepreneurs. Five case studies of successful female entrepreneurs were chosen in order to create study findings with management and theoretical implications.
Enhancements of Women's Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruthika S.  , Arifulla Amin Mohammed , Jain Pooja
Published: April 2023

Woman entrepreneurs are defined as a group of women who initiate, organize, and run a business concern, from a situation where a woman was not even allowed to get out of their home, to today, running most of the successful brands of the world, contributing a major part to the economic growth, and breaking the stereotypes by providing a reality check to the male dominance. There has been a wide range of public policies enrolled out to facilitate and encourage the growth of women's entrepreneurship. A few such policies from India have proved to be successful, which will be outlined in this book chapter. From the past times of not gaining adequate recognition for their support, women have emerged successful in overcoming hardships such as lack of visibility, lack of training and educative support about public policies provided by governments to women entrepreneurs, fewer opportunities, and walking out of the social stigma.
Decentralized Interaction With Elder-Care Tasks
Authors: Jannat Umma Khatuna , Kumar M. Mohan , Islam Syed Arif
Published: April 2023

The rate of ageing in the world is extremely fast. Elderly people are becoming more and more prevalent all over the world. The need for services like hospitals, retirement communities, and assisted living facilities has increased as the proportion of older persons in the population rises. For legislators, medical experts, and society as a whole, recovering command over this populace's assumptions will introduce new difficulties. With the aid of smart robot technology, older people can live independent, satisfying lives while remaining safe and secure. As a result, the most notable aspect of this paper is an occy robot. An AI model is used to process facial recognition and speech data, and occy assists elderly people with daily tasks. Occy is more effective for home appliances and healthcare systems. Occy may do tasks like equipment control in the home, safety, and wellbeing sensing, travelling outside, emergency situations and everyday other tasks.
Learning Framework for Real-World Facial Emotion Recognition
Authors: Borgalli Rohan Appasaheb , Surve Sunil
Published: April 2023

Facial expression recognition (FER) is an important research area in the fields of computer vision and artificial intelligence due to its application in academics as well as in industry. Research shows that using facial images/videos for recognition of facial expression is better because visual expressions carry major information through which emotions can be conveyed. Past research on FER has focused on the study of seven basic emotions; however, many more facial expressions are exhibited by humans that are considered compound emotions. State of art results shows machine learning and deep learning-based approaches are powerful over conventional FER approaches. This chapter focuses on surveying past work done in the field of real-world compound facial emotion recognition and implementing various learning frameworks such as machine learning and deep learning for real-world facial emotion recognition systems for detecting compound emotion using the facial expression image dataset RAF-DB for a real wild scenario.
Cloud Computing Principles for Optimizing Robot Task Offloading Processes
Authors: Rahamathunnisa U. , Sudhakar K. , Murugan Tamilarasi K. , Thivaharan S.  , Rajkumar M.  , Boopathi S.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, the integration of two rapidly evolving concepts for integration of robotics and cloud computing has been illustrated. Intelligent robots should be preferred over low-cost conventional robots for dynamic and sophisticated applications, the internet, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence principles. “Task offloading” is one of the popular cloud computing techniques for extending the constrained capabilities of robots. The various task features of cloud robotics have also been explained. Literature on various optimization techniques used for task offloading (task offloading, path planning, and access points) in cloud-enhanced robots has been included. The data handling framework and genetic algorithm-based task offloading mechanism of cloud robotic systems have been illustrated. The system architecture and task-flow chart for smart city and manufacturing control applications have been graphically illustrated.
Morphophysiological changes in black pepper under different water supplies
Authors: Teles Gean Corrêa , Medici Leonardo Oliveira , Valença David Cunha , Cruz Eleandro Silva da , Carvalho Daniel Fonseca de
Published: April 2023

The center of origin and domestication of Piper nigrum L. are in high rainfall regions. But when grown in regions with irregular or insufficient rainfall, irrigation becomes essential. This study evaluated the impact of irrigation levels on the physiological and growth characteristics of black pepper plants, cv. Bragantina. It was carried out from April 2019 to May 2020, using automatic activation irrigation. We used emitters with different flow rates to apply water depths corresponding to 100, 81, 62, and 42% of the crop water requirement. The parameters evaluated comprised main stem length (MSL), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and some photosynthetic parameters. The treatments significantly influenced (p < 0.05, F-test) MSL and NL. Plants submitted to the control treatment showed MSL (65.8%) and NL (123%) greater than those irrigated with the smallest volume (p < 0.05, F-test). However, the treatments had no significant effect on SD. Moreover, chlorophyll b levels decreased by 26% and chlorophyll a/b ratio increased by 22% at 120 and 180 DAT, respectively. Some photosynthetic parameters such as FV/FM, ABS/RC, and DI0/RC were affected by water deficit at 120 DAT. Our results suggest the sensitivity of black peppers to water deficit and contribute to the proper management of this crop.
Offshore Hydrogen Pipeline System Qualification: Design and Materials/Welds Testing in Hydrogen Environment
Authors: Santicchia Angelo , Aloigi Elvira , Terracina Salvatore , Torselletti Enrico , Scarsciafratte Daniele , Girault Etienne , Arcangeletti Giorgio , Di Vito Luigi Francesco , Iob Francesco , Fonzo Andrea
Published: April 2023

The qualification of a pipeline system for hydrogen transport, even if strictly related to offshore pipelines, is a broad field that requires a systematic approach from basic material knowledge to complex physical models, fracture, and fatigue assessments.

The combination of embrittlement with the severe loads of an offshore pipeline calls for a comprehensive awareness of material performance under such conditions. To achieve that, the first step has been the classification of failure modes by type of installation condition and selection of the tests required to characterize materials against them. A second step was to strengthen the state-of-the-art knowledge on data and tests availability for such failure modes. A third step was to set up and conduct a dedicated testing campaign focusing on girth welds and develop a pipeline system qualification procedure.

The technological and standardizations gaps, identified in the design, construction and installation process chain are described, along with the actions taken by an offshore EPCI contractor to overcome and fix them. The analysis of qualification requirements, including available test types and testing protocols, led to a matrix of potential tests to be done in hydrogen and air environment for the steel base material, seam weld and girth weld of offshore pipelines.

The final design of the test campaign included the minimum number of key tests necessary to assess the effect of atomic hydrogen inside the steel matrix and the related changes in mechanical properties, including the evaluation of tensile behavior and ductility, impact properties, fracture toughness (through KIH and rising load tests) and the critical soaking time in H2 environment. The tests were performed in different concentrations of hydrogen (i.e., different blending scenarios) at a given pressure which was considered potentially representative of the future main operating conditions in offshore hydrogen transportation systems.

The main findings of the R&D work presented in the paper confirm that the qualification approach should include material properties testing under various conditions to support and provide a strong and sound scientific basis for the standardization process of the offshore EPCI pipeline system. The new tests and test conditions concur to complete the knowledge on the materials suitability for transporting hydrogen and hydrogen blends in offshore pipelines.
Application of Machine Learning to Predict Shale Wettability
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Farid , Elkatatny Salaheldin
Published: April 2023

CO2 wettability in shale formations is an important parameter for different applications including, CO2 EOR, CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers where the shale formations are the seal cap rock, CO2 sequestration in the shale formation, and hydraulic fracturing process in shale. Different experimental work can be used to estimate the wettability including quantitative and qualitative methods such as contact angle, Amott method, NMR, flotation methods, relative permeability, and recovery curves. In addition to the difficult surface preparation processes, laboratory experiments take a lot of time, money, and effort. Therefore, this paper seeks to use various machine-learning tools to calculate the contact angle which is an indication of the shale wettability.

A collection of 200 data points was gathered for various shale samples under varying conditions. Machine learning models such as linear regression (LR) and Random forests (RF) were employed to forecast the wettability of shale-water-CO2 as a function of shale characteristics, pressure, temperature, and water salinity. The data was randomly divided into two parts with a 70:30 training-testing ratio. A separate, unseen set of data was used to validate the predictive models.

The results indicated that the most significant factors impacting shale wettability are, among others, operating pressure and temperature, total organic content (TOC), and mineral matter. The linear regression (LR) model was employed to evaluate the linear dependence of contact angle values on the input parameters, but it failed to accurately predict the contact angle for several points with an R2 value lower than 0.8. In contrast, the Random Forest (RF) model accurately forecasted the contact angle in the shale-water-CO2 system based on shale properties and system conditions with a high R2 of 0.99 for the training dataset and 0.95 for the testing dataset. The root mean square error (RMSE) was less than 6 degrees for both training and testing datasets in both models. The developed model was validated using unseen data and the correlation coefficient between the actual and predicted contact angle was found to be above 0.94.

This study demonstrates the dependability of the suggested models in determining the contact angle in the shale-water-CO2 system based on shale properties, pressure and temperature, and water salinity, eliminating the requirement for intricate measurements or calculations through experimentation.
Light Weight Tomographic Monitoring of Pipe Wall Thickness
Authors: Pedersen Audun O. , Instanes Geir , Simonetti Francesco , Nagy Peter B.
Published: April 2023

Tomographic methods are used with ultrasonic guided wave wall thickness monitors to provide two-dimensional maps of the wall thickness throughout a monitored area. Tomographic monitoring systems are typically configured with 16 to 32 non-intrusive ultrasound transducers positioned in predetermined patterns for optimal coverage and resolution. Other monitoring systems have much fewer transducers, positioned according to the pipe geometry and wall area of main concern. Although these systems are not optimized for wall thickness mapping, the same or similar tomographic methods can improve analysis and interpretation of the datasets they produce. Algorithms are sought for implementation in responsive, interactive software for browsing and analysis of recorded wall thickness monitoring data. Simple tomographic algorithms are also desirable for use in embedded software. A "light weight" tomographic algorithm is outlined, and a prototype implementation is tested against a proven full-scale tomography software package. The two approaches produce similar results on small datasets corresponding to wall thickness monitoring systems with few transducers installed. For the larger datasets generated for high resolution wall thickness mapping, the reference software is superior in terms of both computational load and accuracy.