bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of tofacitinib on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Xie Wenhui , Xiao Shiyu , Huang Yanrong , Sun Xiaoying , Zhang Zhuoli
Published: December 2019

Background:

We aimed to systematically assess a possible association of tofacitinib therapy with cardiovascular events (CVEs) and all-cause mortality.

Methods:

Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were conducted from inception through March 2019. Randomized controlled trials in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) reporting safety data were included. Included studies compared tofacitinib with placebo or 5 mg tofacitinib with 10 mg tofacitinib. The primary and secondary outcome measures were all CVEs [major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs)/venous thromboembolism events (VTEs)] and all-cause mortality.

Results:

29 studies randomizing 13,611 patients were included. Compared with placebo, there was no significant increased risk of all CVEs (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.49–2.34), MACEs (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.42–5.59), or all-cause mortality (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.26–4.95), but a decreased rate of VTEs (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00–0.21) in patients with IMIDs initiating tofacitinib. Meanwhile, paired comparison showed 10 mg tofacitinib twice daily was associated with a significantly lower incidence of all CVEs (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.96), MACEs (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.22–1.05), or all-cause mortality (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.19–1.17), but a trend toward an increase in VTEs risk (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.25–8.50), compared with the 5 mg regimen.

Conclusion:

Compared with placebo, there was no augmented risk of CVEs and all-cause mortality in patients with IMIDs following tofacitinib treatment in a short-term perspective, whereas 10 mg twice daily tofacitinib appeared to be associated with reduction in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risks, except VTEs, relative to the 5 mg twice daily dose. Long-term studies and postmarketing risk monitoring are increasingly needed to develop a better understanding.
Factors influencing early childhood education and care educators’ reporting of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Ayling Natasha J , Walsh Kerryann , Williams Kate E
Published: December 2019

Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect is a complex yet essential responsibility tasked to many professional groups working with children, including the early childhood education and care (ECEC) workforce. This paper provides a narrative review synthesising the empirical literature on factors influencing ECEC educators’ reporting of child abuse and neglect, including knowledge and training, attitudes, thresholds for reporting, work experience and context, inter-organisational co-operation and self-efficacy. These factors can act as barriers and facilitators to effective reporting practice and are likely to interact in dynamic yet modifiable ways. Findings from the review may be useful for informing future education and training initiatives for the ECEC workforce. Further research is warranted in this area.
The Role of Patients’ Psychological Comfort in Optimizing Indoor Healing Environments: A Case Study of the Indoor Environments of Recently Built Hospitals in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq
Authors: Mahmood Fouad Jalal , Tayib Abdullah Yusif
Published: December 2019

Objective:

This study investigates how patients and medical staff assess the physical environments of two recently built hospitals in Sulaimani City to understand the extent to which indoor environmental factors influence the creation of an optimal healing environment.

Background:

A contemporary healing environment may be recognized by the quality of an indoor environment in positively influencing patients’ psychological comfort and supporting their recovery.

Method:

Post-occupancy evaluations were conducted in Shar General Hospital and Faruk Medical City wards. A 43-item questionnaire was distributed to 312 patients, doctors, and nurses to gather their perspectives. In total, 175 valid questionnaires were retrieved.

Results:

The results show that the quality of the indoor environments met patients’ psychological needs and expectations, and as a result, they were generally satisfied with the indoor healing environments. The findings from the patient and medical staff surveys suggest three essential factors in creating a healing environment, which are (1) Interior appearance, (2) Privacy, and (3) Comfort and control. Significant negative correlations of some demographic characteristics, such as educational attainment and age, with patient satisfaction were observed.

Conclusions:

This study shows that exploring patients’ and medical staff’s experiences can reveal factors that positively influence patients’ satisfaction levels, which may vary depending on their sociocultural perspectives and personal characteristics. Additionally, the findings emphasize the role of the tested factors in increasing patients’ satisfaction levels, optimizing healing environments, and informing design decisions.
Ballistic impact on fired clay masonry bricks
Authors: Sauer Christoph , Heine Andreas , Bagusat Frank , Riedel Werner
Published: December 2019

We perform an experimental and numerical study of ballistic impact on the German fired clay brick material VMz28. Parameters for the concrete material model applied in hydrocode simulations stem from material characterization experiments, especially planar plate impact experiments, engineering assumptions, and parameter studies. The performance of the numerical model is illustrated by a comparison of its results to ballistic data on penetration and perforation of spherical steel projectiles. Agreement is found between experiment and simulation for residual velocities and penetration depths. The experimental damage patterns are reproduced in the simulation with sufficient agreement. The application of the model to the impact of another differently shaped generic projectile reveals good predictive capabilities in a part of the impact velocity range. For the deviation found in the other part, limitations of the model concerning the full reproduction of the observed spall failure are discussed as a possible explanation. Overall, with moderate experimental effort, a numerical model with reasonably good predictive capabilities is obtained for engineering purposes.
Are multiple-choice items unfair? And if so, for whom?
Authors: Siegfried Christin , Wuttke Eveline
Published: December 2019

Due to their test economy and objective evaluability, multiple-choice items are used much more frequently to test knowledge than constructed-response questions. However, studies point out that dependencies may exist between the individual test result and the test format (multiple-choice or constructed-response). Studies testing economic knowledge (one dimension of economic competence) are using mainly multiple-choice items and indicate gender-specific performance in the corresponding tests in favour of male test-takers. As an explanation for these “gender differences” gender-specific affinities and differences in cognitive abilities are mentioned. Moreover, the test format itself is mentioned but has hardly been investigated in detail to date. In order to answer the question to what extent students test performance depends on the item format, we test economic knowledge using two test formats (constructed-response and multiple-choice), but with the same content. Results from 201 business and business education students show that the usage of constructed-response items can compensate for existing gender differences in 53% of all cases. This underlines that no general, gender-specific advantage or disadvantage can be assumed in relation to the item format. However, the mixed use of constructed-response and multiple-choice items seem promising to compensate for potential gender differences.
Digital interventions for people living with non-communicable diseases in India: A systematic review of intervention studies and recommendations for future research and development
Authors: Hossain Md Mahbub , Tasnim Samia , Sharma Rachit , Sultana Abida , Shaik Araish Farzana , Faizah Farah , Kaur Ravneet , Uppuluri Madhuri , Sribhashyam Mitali , Bhattacharya Sudip
Published: December 2019

Background

A high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is contributing to high mortality and morbidity in India. Recent advancements in digital health interventions, including mHealth, eHealth, and telemedicine, have facilitated patient-centered care for NCDs.

Objective

This systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence on digital interventions for people living with NCDs in India and the outcomes of those interventions.

Methods

We adopted PRISMA guidelines and systematically reviewed articles from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Scopus databases with following criteria: journal articles presenting digital intervention(s) used by people with at least one of the NCDs, reporting health outcomes following the intervention, studies conducted in India among Indian population.

Results

Among 1669 articles retrieved from multiple sources, only 13 articles met our criteria. Most ( n = 7) studies were conducted in southern states of India; eight studies included patients with diabetes, followed by neuropsychiatric disorders and other NCDs. Five studies recruited participants from tertiary hospitals; six interventions used text-messaging for delivering health services, and 10 studies reported randomized controlled trials. All the studies reported positive health outcomes following the intervention, including better self-management, increased patient–provider communication, improved medication adherence, and reduced disease symptoms. Most studies scored moderate to high in quality assessment checklist of Downs and Black.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests a low number of interventions with positive outcomes. Future research should explore avenues of advanced technologies ensuring equitable and sustainable development of digital health interventions for people living with NCDs in India.
PARP-1 deregulation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Meira Maria , Sievers Claudia , Hoffmann Francine , Bodmer Heidi , Derfuss Tobias , Kuhle Jens , Haghikia Aiden , Kappos Ludwig , Lindberg Raija LP
Published: December 2019

Background

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) plays pivotal roles in immune and inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence suggests PARP-1 as a promising target for immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis and natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Objective

This study explores expression of PARP-1 and downstream effectors in multiple sclerosis and during natalizumab treatment.

Methods

Transcriptional expressions were studied by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on CD4+T/CD8+T/CD14+/B cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers, untreated and natalizumab-treated non-progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy multiple sclerosis patients.

Results

PARP-1 expression was higher in CD4+T, CD8+T and B cells from untreated patients compared to healthy volunteers. Natalizumab treatment restored deregulated PARP-1 expression in T cells but not in B cells. Sustained upregulation of PARP-1 was associated with decreased expression of downstream PARP-1 factors such as TGFBR1/TGFBR2/BCL6 in B cells. Notably, a higher expression of PARP-1 was detected in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients.

Conclusions

Given the importance of PARP-1 in inflammatory processes, its upregulation in multiple sclerosis lymphocyte populations suggests a potential role in the immune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Strikingly higher PARP-1 expression in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy cases suggests its involvement in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy disease pathomechanisms. These results further support the value of PARP-1 inhibitors as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis and natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Effects of Perceived Public Regard on the Well-Being of Military Veterans
Authors: Markowitz Fred E. , Kintzle Sara M. , Castro Carl A. , Lancaster Steven L.
Published: December 2019

Many military veterans face considerable challenges reintegrating into civilian life. Evidence suggests the general public holds conflicting attitudes toward veterans. This study examines how perceived public attitudes play a role in veterans’ mental health and well-being. Drawing from and extending interactionist theories of self-concept, stigma, and mental health recovery, we develop and estimate models for the relationships between internalized public attitudes toward veterans (perceived public regard), military identity–related self-worth (private regard), and well-being (depression, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction). Using survey data from the Chicagoland Veterans Study, we found that perceived public regard is negatively related to depression and positively related to self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The relationship between public regard and self-efficacy is fully mediated by private regard, and a significant part of the relationship between perceived public regard and both depression and life satisfaction is mediated by private regard. The study suggests avenues for extending theory and research related to military identity and public understanding of veterans as well as other groups where there may be conflicting public sentiment toward them.
Promotional Space or Public Forum: Protest Coverage and Reader Response in Team-Operated Media
Authors: Mirer Michael , Grubic Adrianne
Published: December 2019

As sports reemerge as a site for social protest, league- and team-controlled media are a new forum for the spread and consideration of political messages. In-house sites challenge established boundaries between journalism and promotional content, but they seek to engage readers by establishing themselves as credible sources, although judgments about credibility are ultimately up to the audience. This content and textual analysis uses social protest by athletes following comments by President Donald Trump about National Football League (NFL) players in September 2017 as a means of exploring the terms of engagement in team media between site producers and audience. In content produced about the protest, writers for NFL team sites stressed the ideas of unity and collaboration expressed by players and executives. Fan response on Facebook was harshly critical toward the protesting athletes, teams, and NFL. These findings suggest in-house media may amplify messages of social protest, but fans use their power in this space to contest those messages. At the same time, the use of in-house spaces as equivalent to newspaper comment sections further casts team media content as less overtly promotional.
Enhancing Modularity in Healthcare Services Through Integration
Authors: Srivastava Shefali , Prakash Gyan
Published: December 2019

The objective of this article is to identify and validate the theoretical relationships between facilitators of modular architecture in healthcare service delivery context. The relationships among heterogeneity in healthcare services, coordinated care pathways, organisational orientation, integrated supply chain performance and modularity in health service delivery were explored. A structural model was developed based on a literature review. A 35-item questionnaire was circulated among service providers in the healthcare system all over India. A cross-sectional research design was used to assess the framework of research. The random sampling method was adopted to collect data. A total of 127 valid responses were received. Data analysis was performed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).Results reveal that modular architecture can be achieved by building an environment which has coordinated and integrated efforts of service providers incorporated with enhanced organisational orientation. The study added insights to the theory of modular systems. The authors recognise that modularity helps in enhancing the patient-centric orientation. The findings provide potentially important information to health service managers and providers, enabling them to understand the requisites of modular architecture. This is the first study exploring the relationships between facilitators of modularity in healthcare services. The study complements literature on service modularity with reference to specialised care unit of maternity services.
Patient-Reported Knee Outcome Scores With Soft Tissue Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Are Similar to Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft at Minimum 2-Year Follow-up: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study in Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Perez Jose R. , Emerson Christopher P. , Barrera Carlos M. , Greif Dylan N. , Cade William H. , Kaplan Lee D. , Baraga Michael G.
Published: December 2019

Background:

Quadriceps tendon (QT)–bone autografts used during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have provided comparable outcomes and decreased donor-site morbidity when compared with bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autografts. No study has directly compared the outcomes of the all–soft tissue QT autograft with that of the BPTB autograft.

Hypothesis:

Patient-reported knee outcome scores and rates of postoperative complication after primary ACL reconstruction with QT autografts are no different from BPTB autografts at a minimum 2-year follow-up.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 75 patients who underwent primary autograft ACL reconstruction with QT or BPTB autografts between January 1, 2015, and March 31, 2016, at a single hospital center were contacted by telephone and asked to complete the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation, Tegner activity level scale, and Lysholm knee scoring scale. Information about the subsequent surgeries performed on the operative knee was also collected. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Fisher exact test for categorical data.

Results:

Fifty patients (28 QT, 22 BPTB) completed the surveys at a mean follow-up of 33.04 months (range, 24-44 months). For the QT versus the BPTB group respectively, the median IKDC scores were 94.83 (interquartile range [IQR], 7.61) versus 94.83 (IQR, 10.92) ( P = .47), the median Tegner scores were 6 (IQR, 2.5) versus 6 (IQR, 2.75) ( P = .48), and the median Lysholm scores were 95 (IQR, 9) versus 95 (IQR, 13) ( P = .27). Additionally, 2 QT patients and 3 BPTB patients required follow-up arthroscopy for arthrolysis ( P = .64). There was 1 graft failure in the QT group requiring revision surgery.

Conclusion:

There was no statistical difference in patient-reported knee outcomes or graft complication rates between the QT and BPTB autograft groups at a minimum 2-year follow-up after primary ACL reconstruction. This study highlights that the all–soft tissue QT autograft may be a suitable graft choice for primary ACL reconstruction.
Deficiency of sphingomyelin synthase 1 but not sphingomyelin synthase 2 reduces bone formation due to impaired osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Matsumoto Goichi , Hashizume Chieko , Watanabe Ken , Taniguchi Makoto , Okazaki Toshiro
Published: December 2019

Background

There are two isoforms of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS): SMS1 and SMS2. SMS1 is located in the Golgi apparatus only while SMS2 is located in both the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. SMS1 and SMS2 act similarly to generate sphingomyelin (SM). We have undertaken the experiments reported here on SMS and osteoblast differentiation in order to better understand the role SMS plays in skeletal development.

Methods

We analyzed the phenotype of a conditional knockout mouse, which was generated by mating a Sp7 promoter-driven Cre-expressing mouse with an SMS1-floxed SMS2-deficient mouse (Sp7-Cre;SMS1f/f;SMS2−/−mouse).

Results

When we comparedSp7-Cre;SMS1f/f;SMS2−/−mice with C57BL/6, SMS2-deficient mice (SMS1f/f;SMS2−/−) and SP7-Cre positive control mice (Sp7-Cre, Sp7-Cre;SMS1+/+;SMS2+/−andSp7-Cre;SMS1+/+;SMS2−/−), we found that although cartilage formation is normal,Sp7-Cre;SMS1f/f;SMS2−/−mice showed reduced trabecular and cortical bone mass, had lower bone mineral density, and had a slower mineral apposition rate than control mice. Next, we have used a tamoxifen-inducible knockout system in vitro to show that SMS1 plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation. We cultured osteoblasts derived fromERT2-Cre;SMS1f/fSMS2−/−mice. We observed impaired differentiation of these cells in response to Smad1/5/8 and p38 that were induced by bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2). However, Erk1/2 phosphorylation was unaffected by inactivation of SMS1.

Conclusions

These findings provide the first genetic evidence that SMS1 plays a role in bone development by regulating osteoblast development in cooperation with BMP2 signaling. Thus, SMS1 acts as an endogenous signaling component necessary for bone formation.
The importance of the rate of pure “attended deaths at home” for objective outcome indicator for assessing the prevalence of home care in Japan
Authors: Kakiuchi Yasuhiro , Nagao Ryoko , Ochiai Eriko , Kakimoto Yu , Osawa Motoki
Published: December 2019

Background

No study has yet been performed on the importance of the rate of pure “attended deaths at home,” excluding examined deaths subjected to a postmortem examination. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated actual state of pure “attended deaths at home,” in order to provide reference data for the future development of end-of-life care at home.

Methods

We performed a detailed survey in Yokohama City according to the type of death, age, and underlying cause of death in cases of home deaths, based on the detailed version of the Vital Statistics Survey Death Forms. Then, we divided deaths occurring in each municipality in Kanagawa Prefecture into two categories: “examined deaths” or “attended deaths,” which were also stratified by the place of death, based on the Vital Statistics, and data on number of death cases subjected to postmortem examination from the Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters.

Results

In 2013, the survey in Yokohama City showed large differences in age distribution and cause of death between examined and attended deaths. In 2014, home deaths accounted for 15.7% of all deaths in the prefecture, whereas the overall proportion of attended deaths at home was 6.9%.

Conclusions

We should utilize the rate of pure “attended deaths at home” for objective outcome indicator.
Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport – distributional impacts
Authors: Fearnley Nils , Aarhaug Jørgen
Published: December 2019

Background and methods

This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries.

Results

We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.
Level-biases in estimated breeding values due to the use of different SNP panels over time in ssGBLUP
Authors: Nordbø Øyvind , Gjuvsland Arne B. , Eikje Leiv Sigbjørn , Meuwissen Theo
Published: December 2019

Background

The main aim of single-step genomic predictions was to facilitate optimal selection in populations consisting of both genotyped and non-genotyped individuals. However, in spite of intensive research, biases still occur, which make it difficult to perform optimal selection across groups of animals. The objective of this study was to investigate whether incomplete genotype datasets with errors could be a potential source of level-bias between genotyped and non-genotyped animals and between animals genotyped on different single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels in single-step genomic predictions.

Results

Incomplete and erroneous genotypes of young animals caused biases in breeding values between groups of animals. Systematic noise or missing data for less than 1% of the SNPs in the genotype data had substantial effects on the differences in breeding values between genotyped and non-genotyped animals, and between animals genotyped on different chips. The breeding values of young genotyped individuals were biased upward, and the magnitude was up to 0.8 genetic standard deviations, compared with breeding values of non-genotyped individuals. Similarly, the magnitude of a small value added to the diagonal of the genomic relationship matrix affected the level of average breeding values between groups of genotyped and non-genotyped animals. Cross-validation accuracies and regression coefficients were not sensitive to these factors.

Conclusions

Because, historically, different SNP chips have been used for genotyping different parts of a population, fine-tuning of imputation within and across SNP chips and handling of missing genotypes are crucial for reducing bias. Although all the SNPs used for estimating breeding values are present on the chip used for genotyping young animals, incompleteness and some genotype errors might lead to level-biases in breeding values.
Base-pair ambiguity and the kinetics of RNA folding
Authors: Zhou Guangyao , Loper Jackson , Geman Stuart
Published: December 2019

Background

A folding RNA molecule encounters multiple opportunities to form non-native yet energetically favorable pairings of nucleotide sequences. Given this forbidding free-energy landscape, mechanisms have evolved that contribute to a directed and efficient folding process, including catalytic proteins and error-detecting chaperones. Among structural RNA molecules we make a distinction between “bound” molecules, which are active as part of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, and “unbound,” with physiological functions performed without necessarily being bound in RNP complexes. We hypothesized that unbound molecules, lacking the partnering structure of a protein, would be more vulnerable than bound molecules to kinetic traps that compete with native stem structures. We defined an “ambiguity index”—a normalized function of the primary and secondary structure of an individual molecule that measures the number of kinetic traps available to nucleotide sequences that are paired in the native structure, presuming that unbound molecules would have lower indexes. The ambiguity index depends on the purported secondary structure, and was computed under both the comparative (“gold standard”) and an equilibrium-based prediction which approximates the minimum free energy (MFE) structure. Arguing that kinetically accessible metastable structures might be more biologically relevant than thermodynamic equilibrium structures, we also hypothesized that MFE-derived ambiguities would be less effective in separating bound and unbound molecules.

Results

We have introduced an intuitive and easily computed function of primary and secondary structures that measures the availability of complementary sequences that could disrupt the formation of native stems on a given molecule—an ambiguity index. Using comparative secondary structures, the ambiguity index is systematically smaller among unbound than bound molecules, as expected. Furthermore, the effect is lost when the presumably more accurate comparative structure is replaced instead by the MFE structure.

Conclusions

A statistical analysis of the relationship between the primary and secondary structures of non-coding RNA molecules suggests that stem-disrupting kinetic traps are substantially less prevalent in molecules not participating in RNP complexes. In that this distinction is apparent under the comparative but not the MFE secondary structure, the results highlight a possible deficiency in structure predictions when based upon assumptions of thermodynamic equilibrium.
Convergent degeneration of olfactory receptor gene repertoires in marine mammals
Authors: Liu Ake , He Funan , Shen Libing , Liu Ruixiang , Wang Zhijun , Zhou Jingqi
Published: December 2019

Background

Olfactory receptors (ORs) can bind odor molecules and play a crucial role in odor sensation. Due to the frequent gains and losses of genes during evolution, the number of OR members varies greatly among different species. However, whether the extent of gene gains/losses varies between marine mammals and related terrestrial mammals has not been clarified, and the factors that might underlie these variations are unknown.

Results

To address these questions, we identified more than 10,000 members of the OR family in 23 mammals and classified them into 830 orthologous gene groups (OGGs) and 281 singletons. Significant differences occurred in the number of OR repertoires and OGGs among different species. We found that all marine mammals had fewer OR genes than their related terrestrial lineages, with the fewest OR genes found in cetaceans, which may be closely related to olfactory degradation. ORs with more gene duplications or loss events tended to be under weaker purifying selection. The average gain and loss rates of OR genes in terrestrial mammals were higher than those of mammalian gene families, while the average gain and loss rates of OR genes in marine mammals were significantly lower and much higher than those of mammalian gene families, respectively. Additionally, we failed to detect any one-to-one orthologous genes in the focal species, suggesting that OR genes are not well conserved among marine mammals.

Conclusions

Marine mammals have experienced large numbers of OR gene losses compared with their related terrestrial lineages, which may result from the frequent birth-and-death evolution under varied functional constrains. Due to their independent degeneration, OR genes present in each lineage are not well conserved among marine mammals. Our study provides a basis for future research on the olfactory receptor function in mammals from the perspective of evolutionary trajectories.
Transcriptome analysis reveals plasticity in gene regulation due to environmental cues in Primula sikkimensis, a high altitude plant species
Authors: Gurung Priya Darshini , Upadhyay Atul Kumar , Bhardwaj Pardeep Kumar , Sowdhamini Ramanathan , Ramakrishnan Uma
Published: December 2019

Background

Studying plasticity in gene expression in natural systems is crucial, for predicting and managing the effects of climate change on plant species. To understand the contribution of gene expression level variations to abiotic stress compensation in a Himalaya plant (Primula sikkimensis), we carried out a transplant experiment within (Ambient), and beyond (Below Ambient and Above Ambient) the altitudinal range limit of species. We sequenced nine transcriptomes (three each from each altitudinal range condition) using Illumina sequencing technology. We compared the fitness variation of transplants among three transplant conditions.

Results

A large number of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between below ambient versus ambient (109) and above ambient versus ambient (85) were identified. Transcripts involved in plant growth and development were mostly up-regulated in below ambient conditions. Transcripts involved in signalling, defence, and membrane transport were mostly up-regulated in above ambient condition. Pathway analysis revealed that most of the genes involved in metabolic processes, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis were differentially expressed in below ambient conditions, whereas most of the genes involved in photosynthesis and plant hormone signalling were differentially expressed in above ambient conditions. In addition, we observed higher reproductive fitness in transplant individuals at below ambient condition compared to above ambient conditions; contrary to what we expect from the cold adaptive P. sikkimensis plants.

Conclusions

We reveal P. sikkimensis’s capacity for rapid adaptation to climate change through transcriptome variation, which may facilitate the phenotypic plasticity observed in morphological and life history traits. The genes and pathways identified provide a genetic resource for understanding the temperature stress (both the hot and cold stress) tolerance mechanism of P. sikkimensis in their natural environment.
Investigation of the molecular characteristics of Brucella isolates from Guangxi Province, China
Authors: Liu Zhi-guo , Wang Miao , Zhao Hong-yan , Piao Dong-ri , Jiang Hai , Li Zhen-jun
Published: December 2019

Background

Human brucellosis has become a severe public health problem in China’s Guangxi Province, and there has been higher prevalence of brucellosis in this region after 2010. Both multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assay schedules were used to genotype isolates and determine relationships among isolates.

Results

A total of 40 isolates of Brucella were obtained from humans, pigs, and dogs from 1961 to 2016. There were at least three species of Brucella detected in Guangxi Province, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, and Brucella canis, with 16, 17, and 7 isolates, respectively. Of which B. suis biovar 3 was the predominant species resulting in pig brucellosis in the area examined before 2000s. Moreover, B. melitensis biovar 3 was found to be mainly responsible for human brucellosis during 2012–2016. All B. melitensis isolates in this study belonged to East Mediterranean lineage. MLVA-11 genotype 116 was the dominant genotype and represented 81.2% of the isolates. MLVA cluster analysis showed there to be 44% (7/16) brucellosis cases caused by B. melitensis with a profile of outbreak epidemic from 2012 to 2016. However, nearly 83.3% (20/24) of brucellosis cases resulting from both B. suis and B. canis showed no epidemiological links or sporadic characteristics. MLVA-16 analysis confirmed extensive genotype-sharing events between B. melitensis isolates from Guangxi and other northern provinces within China. These data revealed that there are potential epidemiology links among these strains. B. suis strains of this study showed a unique genetic lineage at the global level and may have existed historically in this area. However, present B. canis isolates were closely related to previously reported isolates in Korea, where they may have originated. MLST typing showed that the population structure of Brucella strains had changed considerably in this province; ST17 and ST21, two previously predominant populations appeared to have been replaced by recently emerging ST8 group.

Conclusions

Our investigation data have inspired the hypothesis that Guangxi Province had been subject to an imported human brucellosis epidemic. Our data suggest that strains found in Northern regions of China are the principal source of infections in recent cases of human brucellosis in Guangxi Province. Comparative genomic analysis from more strains is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. This work will facilitate better understanding of the epidemiology and improve the effectiveness of control and prevention of brucellosis in this region.
iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals the mechanisms of Botrytis cinerea controlled with Wuyiencin
Authors: Shi Liming , Ge Beibei , Wang Jinzi , Liu Binghua , Ma Jinjin , Wei Qiuhe , Zhang Kecheng
Published: December 2019

Background

Grey mould is an important plant disease worldwide, caused byBotrytis cinerea,resulting in serious economic loss. Wuyiencin, a low toxicity, high efficiency, and broad-spectrum agricultural antibiotic, has been demonstrated effectiveness againstB. cinerea.

Results

Wuyiencin treatment inhibited growth and sporulation ofB. cinerea,specifically altering hypha morphology and intracellular structures. These changes were accompanied by differential expression (fold change > 2.0) of 316 proteins identified by iTRAQ-labelling LC-MS/MS analysis (P < 0.05). Up-regulation of 14 proteins, including carbohydrate metabolism proteins and cell wall stabilization proteins, was validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Down-regulation of 13 proteins was validated by PRM, including regulators of energy metabolism, nucleotide/protein synthesis, and the biosynthesis of mediators of plant stress and decay.

Conclusion

Our results confirm the inhibitory biological effects of wuyiencin onB. cinerealand elaborate on the differentially expressed proteins and associated pathways implicated in the capacity of wuyiencin to debilitate the growth and pathogenicity of grey mould. This study provides validated candidates for further targeted exploration with the goal of optimizing wuyiencin as a safe, low-toxicity agent for biological control.
Dynamic changes in physiological and biochemical properties of flue-cured tobacco of different leaf ages during flue-curing and their effects on yield and quality
Authors: Chen Yanjie , Ren Ke , He Xian , Gong Jiangshiqi , Hu Xiaodong , Su Jiaen , Jin Yan , Zhao Zhengxiong , Zhu Yanmei , Zou Congming
Published: December 2019

Background

The leaf age for harvesting flue-cured tobacco leaves is closely related to the quality of tobacco leaves, so an appropriate leaf age for harvesting is important for improving yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, however, at present, there are few studies on effects of leaf age on physiological and biochemical changes during flue-curing and there is no clear standard of proper leaf ages for harvesting in production.

Results

In the Yunnan tobacco-growing area, an experiment was carried from 2016 to 2017 and different leaf ages were set. The results demonstrate that leaf age has a significant on tissue cell gap, leaf age and flue-curing stages exert significant effects on upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissue, and leaf thickness of tobacco leaves. The thicknesses of upper and lower epidermis as well as palisade and spongy tissues at different ages show an approximately W-shaped change trend during flue-curing. With the advance of flue-curing stages, contents of starch, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and water in tobacco leaves at different leaf ages decrease, while polyphenol and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increase. The older the leaf, the faster the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and water contents reduce, while the faster the polyphenol and MDA content rise during flue-curing. The flue-cured tobacco leaves at 116 DAT (days after transplanting) show the highest contents of total nitrogen and nicotine, followed by 123 DAT and those at 130 DAT are the lowest; however, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar demonstrate a contrary tendency, and the starch content at 116 DAT is much lower than those in the other two treatments. The proportion of superior tobacco, average price, yield, and output value of upper tobacco leaves at different leaf ages are the highest at 123 DAT. The highest sensory evaluation score is found at 123 DAT, while that at 130 DAT is significantly lower in comparison with the other two treatments.

Conclusions

Tobacco leaves harvested at 123 DAT are mature and exhibit a low degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, moderate chemical compositions, and high economic value. 123 DAT improves availability of tobacco leaves.
Quick selenium accumulation in the selenium-rich rice and its physiological responses in changing selenium environments
Authors: Liang Yuanke , Su Yang , Li Ling , Huang Xin , Panhwar Faiz Hussain , Zheng Tengda , Tang Zhichen , Ei Hla Hla , Farooq Muhammad Umer , Zeng Rui , Zhang Yujie , Ye Xiaoying , Jia Xiaomei , Zheng Lanlan , Zhu Jianqing
Published: December 2019

Background

The element selenium (Se) deficiency is thought to be a global human health problem, which could disperse by daily-supplement from Se-rich food. Increasing the accumulation of Se in rice grain is an approach matched to these nutrient demands. Nonetheless, Se is shown to be essential but also toxic to plants, with a narrow margin between deficiency and toxicity. Notably, the regulatory mechanism balancing the accumulation and tolerance of Se in Se-rich rice plants remains unknown.

Results

In this study, we investigated the phenotypical, physiological, and biochemical alterations of Se-rich rice in the exposure to a variety of Se applications. Results showed that the Se-rich rice was able to accumulate more abundance of Se from the root under a low Se environment comparing to the Se-free rice. Besides, excessive Se led to phytotoxic effects on Se-rich rice plants by inducing chlorosis and dwarfness, decreasing the contents of antioxidant, and exacerbating oxidative stresses. Furthermore, both phosphate transporterOsPT2and sulfate transportersOsSultr1;2may contribute to the uptake of selenate in rice.

Conclusions

Se-rich red rice is more sensitive to exogenous application of Se, while and the most effective application of Se in roots of Se-rich rice was reached in 20 μM. Our findings present a direct way to evaluate the toxic effects of Se-rich rice in the Se contaminated field. Conclusively, some long-term field trial strategies are suggested to be included in the evaluation of risks and benefits within various field managements.
A randomized controlled trial on analgesic effect of repeated Quadratus Lumborum block versus continuous epidural analgesia following laparoscopic nephrectomy
Authors: Aditianingsih Dita , Pryambodho  , Anasy Naufal , Tantri Aida Rosita , Mochtar Chaidir Arif
Published: December 2019

Background

Epidural analgesia as the effective pain management for abdominal surgery has side effects such as paresthesia, hypotension, hematomas, and impaired motoric of lower limbs. The quadratus lumborum block (QLB) has potential as an abdominal truncal block, however, its analgesic efficacy has never been compared to epidural analgesia on laparoscopic nephrectomy. This prospective randomized controlled study compared the effectiveness of QLB with the epidural analgesia technique in relieving postoperative pain following transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Methods

Sixty-two patients underwent laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and were randomized to receive QLB (n = 31) or continuous epidural (n = 31). The QLB group received bilateral QLB using 0.25% bupivacaine and the epidural group received 6 ml/h of 0.25% bupivacaine for intraoperative analgesia. As postoperative analgesia, the QLB group received repeated bilateral QLB with the same dose and the epidural group received 6 ml/h of 0.125% bupivacaine for 24 h after surgery completion. The primary outcome was the 24-h cumulative morphine requirement after surgery. The secondary outcome was the postoperative pain scores. Sensory block coverage, hemodynamic changes, Bromage score, postoperative nausea-vomiting (PONV), paresthesia, and duration of urinary catheter usage were recorded and analyzed.

Result

The 24-h cumulative morphine requirement and pain scores after surgery were comparable between the QLB and epidural groups. The coverage of QLB was extended from T9 to L2 and the continuous epidural block was extended from T8 to L3 dermatomes. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured at 24 h after surgery was lower in the epidural group (p = 0.001). Bromage score, incidence of PONV, and paresthesia were not significantly different between the two groups. Duration of urinary catheter usage was shorter (p < 0.001) in the QLB group.

Conclusion

The repeated QLB had a similar 24-h cumulative morphine requirement, comparable postoperative pain scores and sensory blockade, higher postoperative MAP, a similar degree of motoric block, no difference in the incidence of PONV and paresthesia, and shorter urinary catheter usage, compared to the continuous epidural analgesia following transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03520205 retrospectively registered on May 9th 2018.
Tissue oxygen saturation changes and postoperative complications in cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Scolletta Sabino , Franchi Federico , Damiani Elisa , Cennamo Armando , Domizi Roberta , Meola Antonio , Scorcella Claudia , Vanoli Davide , Münch Christopher , Adrario Erica , Marchetti Luca , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Donati Abele
Published: December 2019

Background

Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) can induce microvascular dysfunction and tissue hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that the alterations in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived parameters would be associated with post-operative complications in cardiac surgery patients.

Methods

Prospective observational study performed at two University Hospitals. Ninety patients undergoing cardiac surgery with ECC were enrolled. The NIRS sensor was applied on the thenar eminence. A vascular occlusion test (VOT, 3-min ischemia) was performed at baseline (t0), at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (t1), 3 (t2) and 6 (t3) hours later. Baseline tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), oxygen extraction rate and microvascular reactivity indices were calculated.

Results

In the first hours after cardiac surgery, StO2 tended to increase (86% [80–89] at T3 versus 82% [79–86] at T0, p = ns), while both tissue oxygen extraction and microvascular reactivity tended to decrease, as indicated by increasing occlusion slope (− 8.1%/min [− 11.2 to − 7] at T3 versus − 11.2%/min [− 13.9 to − 7.9] at T0, p = ns) and decreasing recovery slope (1.9%/sec [1.1–2.9] at T3 versus 3.1%/sec [2.3–3.9] at T0, p = ns). No substantial differences were found in NIRS-derived variables and their changes over time between patients with complications and those without complications.

Conclusions

Peripheral tissue oxygen extraction and microvascular reactivity were reduced during the first hours after cardiac surgery. NIRS-derived parameters were not able to predict complications in this population of cardiac surgery patients.
Don’t stress: a case report of regional anesthesia as the primary anesthetic for gynecologic surgery in a patient with mitochondrial myopathy and possible malignant hyperthermia susceptibility
Authors: Pepper Marci B. , Njathi-Ori Catherine , Kinney Michelle Ochs
Published: December 2019

Background

We aim to describe the evaluation and management of a patient with the uncommon combination of both mitochondrial myopathy and possible malignant hyperthermia susceptibility as an important source of information and as a valuable example of the role of regional anesthesia for patients with these diagnoses.

Case presentation

A 24 year old woman with a history of possible mitochondrial myopathy and possible malignant hyperthermia susceptibility presented for gynecologic surgery. Surgery was well tolerated with combined spinal epidural anesthesia as well as sedation with midazolam, ketamine, and fentanyl.

Conclusions

Anesthetic management of patients with mitochondrial myopathy is challenging, made even more so with concurrent malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. This case adds an example to the literature of employing regional anesthesia as a safe approach to this complex care.