bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaginal septa in dogs: 15 cases (1983-1992)
Authors: Root Margaret V. , Johnston Shirley D. , Johnston Gary R.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 15 dogs with vaginal septa, examined between April 1983 and December 1992, were reviewed. Overall prevalence of vaginal septation at the hospital during the study period was 0.03%. Thirteen breeds were represented; mean age at the time of initial examination was 2.4 years. Owners’ original complaints included inability to breed naturally, dysuria, urinary incontinence, infertility, recurrent vaginitis, ambiguous external genitalia, and dystocia. One dog did not have clinical signs associated with the vaginal septum. In 11 of the 15 dogs, the septum could be palpated during digital vaginal examination. The septum could be seen in 6 of the 7 dogs in which vaginoscopy was performed. Twelve of the 15 dogs underwent positive-contrast vaginography; in all 12, the septum could be easily seen. Four of the 15 dogs underwent removal of the septum, with or without episiotomy, and 4 others were ovariohysterectomized. One dog was bred by means of artificial insemination and became pregnant. The remaining 6 dogs were lost to follow-up.
Effect of dexamethasone administration on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in clinically normal horses
Authors: Messer N. T. , Ganjam V. K. , Nachreiner R. F. , Krause G. F.
Published: December 2023

The effect that 5 consecutive days of treatment with dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 24 h) would have on baseline concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), reverse T3 (rT3), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4), and on response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) administration was determined in 12 clinically normal horses. Results of tsh response tests indicated that the horses could be placed into 2 groups: in 6 horses (group A), T4 concentration after administration of tsh was more than twice the baseline concentration; in the other 6 horses (group B), T4 concentration 6 hours after administration of tsh was less than twice the baseline concentration. Baseline serum concentrations of T3, T4, rT3, FT3, and FT4, were not significantly different between group-A and group-B horses. In both groups of horses, serum T3, T4, rT3, and FT4, concentrations were significantly increased 6 hours following tsh administration, compared with baseline concentrations. Treatment with dexamethasone resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in baseline concentrations of rT3 and FT3 in group-A horses and baseline concentrations of rT3 in group-B horses. The response to tsh administration following dexamethasone treatment appeared to be blunted with significant (P < 0.05) increases only in T3, T4, and FT4, concentrations in group-A horses and FT4, concentration in group-B horses. The magnitude of change in serum FT3 concentration in response to tsh administration was significantly less (P = 0.05) following dexamethasone treatment, compared with magnitude of change prior to dexamethasone treatment. Results suggested that tsh response testing may not be as valuable as once thought for diagnosing hypothyroidism in horses or for differentiating thyroidal from nonthyroidal illness.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs with chronic intestinal disease
Authors: Rutgers H. Carolien , Batt Roger M. , Elwood Clive M. , Lamport Anne
Published: December 2023

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (sibo) was diagnosed by quantitative bacterial culture of duodenal juice samples obtained endoscopically in 41 of 80 dogs that were admitted with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, or weight loss. Thirteen dogs had aerobic bacterial overgrowth, most frequently comprising Escherichia coli, staphylococci, and enterococci, and 28 dogs had mixed anaerobic overgrowth, most frequently including Clostridium and Bacteroides spp. Affected dogs comprised 23 breeds, including 10 German Shepherd Dogs, and median age at diagnosis was 2 years (range, 6 months to 11 years). High serum folate and low serum cobalamin concentrations had fair specificity (79 and 87%, respectively), but low sensitivity (51 and 24%, respectively) in detecting sibo. Histologic examination of duodenal biopsy specimens did not reveal abnormalities (26/41 dogs), or revealed mild to moderate lymphocytic (12/41) or eosinophilic (2/41) infiltrates, or lymphosarcoma (1/41). Oral antibiotic treatment was effective in 77% (23/30 dogs), but prolonged treatment (> 4 weeks) was required to control signs and prevent recurrence in 50% (15/30). Corticosteroids were used alone in a dog with eosinophilic enteritis and in combination with antibiotics in 4 dogs with marked gastrointestinal lymphocytic/plasmacytic infiltrates. This study suggested that sibo may be observed in dogs of many breeds, without an obvious primary cause, and that, although results of indirect tests may be suggestive of sibo, bacterial culture of duodenal juice samples remains necessary for definitive diagnosis.
Evaluation of risk factors for degenerative joint disease associated with hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Popovitch Catherine A. , Gregor Thomas P. , Shofer Frances S.
Published: December 2023

Passive coxofemoral joint laxity of dogs, as quantitated by a distraction-stress radiographic method, may have important prognostic value in determining susceptibility to hip dysplasia. Data from 151 dogs, representing 13 breeds, were included in a logistic regression model to evaluate the contribution of factors such as age, breed, weight, sex, distraction index, and Norberg angle to the risk of developing degenerative joint disease (djd) of the coxofemoral joint. Of the factors studied, the amount of passive hip laxity, as quantitated by the distraction index, was the most significant (P < 0.0001) determinant of the risk to develop djd of the coxofemoral joint. In the longitudinal and crosssectional components of the study, distraction index was a significant (P < 0.001) risk factor for djd, irrespective of age at evaluation (4, 12, or 24 months). The strength of the hip laxity:djd correlation increased with the age of dog. In contrast, the Norberg angle, a measure of hip laxity on the standard hip-extended radiograph, was not found to be a significant risk factor for djd, either in the longitudinal or cross-sectional analyses. Breed-specific probability curves of djd susceptibility indicated that German Shepherd Dogs had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater risk of developing djd than did the pool of non-German Shepherd Dogs. The information derived from this statistical model will help to scientifically characterize the role of passive hip laxity as a component in the pathogenesis of djd of the coxofemoral joint.
Arthroscopic surgery for subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: 41 cases (1988-1991)
Authors: Howard R. D. , Mcllwraith C. W. , Trotter G. W.
Published: December 2023

Clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic findings, and outcome for 41 horses with subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle treated by arthroscopic surgery were reviewed. There were 17 Quarter Horses, 15 Arabians, 8 Thoroughbreds, and 1 Holsteiner, with 28 (68%) of the horses being 1 to 3 years old. For all horses, the owners’ complaint was mild to moderate hind limb lameness or an altered gait. Bilateral radiographic abnormalities of the medial femoral condyle were detected in 27 horses. Nineteen of the 27 horses had lesions identified bilaterally at arthroscopic surgery. In addition to the subchondral cystic lesion, 13 joints in 11 horses had an osteochondritis dissecans lesion on the articular surface of the medial femoral condyle that extended from the opening of the subchondral cystic lesion. Surgical debridement performed via arthroscopy was the only treatment for 37 lesions of 23 horses. Debridement followed by drilling of the defect bed was performed in 23 lesions of 18 horses. Complete follow-up information was obtained for 39 horses; 22 (56%) had a successful result and 17 (44%) had an unsuccessful result.

In a separate analysis excluding horses with unsuccessful results because of factors not directly attributable to the subchondral cystic lesion of the medial femoral condyle, 23 of 31 (74%) horses had a successful result and 8 of 31 (26%) horses had an unsuccessful result. Within this group of horses, the prognosis for a successful result after arthroscopic surgery was not associated with age, sex, size of lesion, unilateral vs bilateral lesions, whether the lesion was drilled, the presence of osteochondritis associated with the subchondral cystic lesion, or whether the lesion enlarged after surgery. Compared with Thoroughbreds and Arabians, Quarter Horses had a poorer prognosis for success. Follow-up radiographs were available for 14 horses. In 9 of these 14 horses, the subchondral cystic lesion had enlarged after surgery. Postoperative cystic enlargement was associated significantly with drilling of the lesion bed at the time of surgery.
Treatment of olecranon bursitis in horses: 10 cases (1986-1993)
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Schumacher James , McClure Scott R. , Crabill Mark R. , Carter G. Kent , Schmitz David G. , Hoffman Anton G.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 10 horses with olecranon bursitis were reviewed to examine treatments, evaluate a technique for en bloc resection of the bursa in standing horses, and determine outcome of the horses after treatment. Before admission, 6 horses had been treated by needle aspiration of fluid from the mass, followed by injection of corticosteroids. Subsequent treatment for 2 of these 6 horses included open drainage and packing of the cavity with gauze soaked in 7% iodine solution. None resolved after these treatments.

After admission to the hospital, 5 horses were treated medically and 5 were treated by en bloc resection of the bursa. One horse that had received intralesional injection of a radionuclide was lost to follow-up evaluation. One horse treated conservatively by open drainage and packing and 1 treated by injection of a radionuclide had resolution of the olecranon bursitis. Only 1 of these 2 horses had a cosmetic result. The acquired bursae decreased in size in 2 horses (1 treated with a corticosteroid and 1 with orgotein), but were still visible 7 and 46 months after treatment, respectively.

The surgery site of 4 horses that were treated by en bloc resection healed by primary intention, and the owners of these horses were pleased with the cosmetic results. The suture line of 1 horse dehisced 5 days after surgery. Proliferative granulation tissue was removed on 2 occasions, and the site healed by second intention after 2 months. A small knot and some white hair remained at the surgery site.
Traumatic ocular proptoses in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1980-1993)
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Hamilton Holly L. , Wilkie David A. , Woerdt van der Alexandra , McLaughlin Susan A. , Whitley R. David
Published: December 2023

Eighteen eyes of 66 dogs were visual on reevaluation of traumatic proptosis. Twenty-one eyes were enucleated, and 4 dogs were euthanatized. In 18 cats, no eyes regained vision after traumatic proptosis: 12 cats had the affected eye enucleated, 2 had an eye that was considered blind, and 4 cats were euthanatized. Affected eyes of 45 dogs and 2 cats underwent surgical replacement and temporary tarsorrhaphy. Favorable prognostic indicators for eyes undergoing surgical replacement included proptosis in a brachycephalic dog, positive direct or consensual pupillary light response, normal findings on posterior segment examination, and a proptosed eye that had vision on initial examination. Unfavorable prognostic indicators included proptosis in a nonbrachycephalic dog, proptosis in cats, hyphema, no visible pupil, facial fractures, optic nerve damage, and avulsion of 3 or more extraocular muscles.
Lag screw fixation of noncomminuted sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in racehorses: 59 cases (1973-1991)
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Schneider Robert K. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , Gabel Albert A. , Bertone Alicia L. , Beard Warren L.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 59 racehorses with noncomminuted midsagittal proximal phalanx fractures repaired by means of lag screw fixation between 1973 and 1991 were reviewed. Fractures were classified as short incomplete fractures (7), long incomplete fractures (32), complete fractures extending into the proximal interphalangeal joint (13), and complete fractures extending through the lateral cortex of the proximal phalanx (7). Time from fracture repair to first race following fracture repair, number of racing starts, and fastest race times before and after surgery were obtained from race records and compared among horses grouped by fracture type and between horses that returned to racing and those that did not race. Five horses with short incomplete fractures, 21 horses with long incomplete fractures, 6 horses with complete fractures extending into the proximal interphalangeal joint, and 5 horses with complete fractures extending to the lateral cortex returned to racing. A significantly lower percentage of horses returned to racing following repair of complete fractures extending into the proximal interphalangeal joint (46%), than following repair of short incomplete fractures (71%), long incomplete fractures (66%), or complete fractures extending to the lateral cortex (71%). Time from fracture to repair for horses that returned to racing (mean, 14.7 days; range, 1 to 60 days) was not significantly different from that for horses that did not race (mean, 5.8 days; range, 1 to 21 days). For all fracture groups, median number of races before injury was not significantly different from median number of races after repair, and median fastest race time before fracture was not significantly different from median fastest race time after fracture repair.
Comparison of methods for measuring serum immunoglobulin concentrations in neonatal llamas
Authors: Drew Mark L. , Fowler Murray E.
Published: December 2023

Blood samples were collected from 25 neonatal llamas before suckling and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours of age. Nine tests for determining serum immunoglobulin concentrations were performed on each sample, to compare within-test variation and correlations among tests. The single radial immunodiffusion assay was the only quantitative test and therefore, was judged the most accurate test for determining the status of passive transfer of immunoglobulins in neonatal llamas. Measurement of globulin concentration and total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test were accurate when compared with radial immunodiffusion assay results. Measurements of total serum solids by use of a hand-held refractometer and of albumin concentration, and the zinc sulfate turbidity and 10% glutaraldehyde coagulation tests were not reliable for detecting failure of passive transfer in neonatal llamas. Ten of 25 neonatal llamas were suspected of having partial to complete failure of passive transfer on the basis of results of the single radial immunodiffusion assay. The other tests used in this study identified between 4 and 7 of these 10 llamas at 24 hours of age. On follow-up communication 4 to 6 months after the last blood sample collection, none of the 25 llamas were identified as having been clinically ill or had received any treatments for illness associated with low immunoglobulin concentrations.
Intraocular bacterial contamination during cataract surgery in dogs
Authors: Taylor Michelle M. , Kern Thomas J. , Riis Ronald C. , McDonough Patrick L. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2023

Prevalence of intraoperative contamination of the eyelids, conjunctival sac, and aqueous humor of 50 canine eyes that underwent elective cataract surgery was determined, and the short-term outcomes for contaminated and noncontaminated eyes were compared by scoring media clarity, pupil size and shape, and behavioral evidence of vision during the initial 30-day postoperative period. Results of bacteriologic culture of anterior chamber samples were positive for 12 of the 50 (24%) eyes, but anterior chamber contamination was unrelated to results of bacteriologic culture of eyelids or conjunctival sac swab samples. Eyes undergoing phacoemulsification were less likely to be contaminated than were eyes undergoing intra- or extracapsular extraction. Eyes undergoing intra- or extracapsular extraction and eyes with anterior chamber contamination had a greater likelihood of developing glaucoma postoperatively. We did not detect an association between intraocular contamination and the surgeon performing the operation, the need for postoperative administration of tissue plasminogen activator, or the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. Also, we did not detect any differences in outcome between eyes with and without intraocular contamination. Despite intraoperative bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber, bacterial endophthalmitis did not develop in any of the eyes.
Alar fold resection in horses: 24 cases (1979-1992)
Authors: Hawkins Jan F. , Tulleners Eric P. , Evans Loren H. , Orsini James A.
Published: December 2023

Between 1979 and 1992, the alar folds were resected bilaterally in 22 horses and unilaterally in 2 horses. Abnormal respiratory tract noise and exercise intolerance were the primary complaints prior to surgery. Significantly (P = 0.01) more Standardbreds underwent resection of the alar folds, compared with the number of Standardbreds in the hospital population during the same period. The alar folds palpated abnormally thick in 13 horses and normal in 11 horses. Temporary dilatation of the nares with mattress sutures or clips lessened the respiratory tract noise and improved exercise tolerance in all 8 horses in which the diagnostic test was performed. Manual elevation of the alar folds reduced respiratory noise in the 11 horses evaluated.

Long-term follow-up evaluation by telephone was available for 14 horses. All surgical incisions had healed cosmetically. Respiratory tract noise was decreased, and exercise tolerance improved in 10 of 14 (71%) horses. Complete charted racing information was obtained for 16 horses. Fourteen horses started their first race a mean of 118 days (range, 13 to 321 days) after surgery. The mean number of starts after surgery was 51, with 14 of 16 (88%) horses starting more than 6 times after surgery. Of the 16 horses, 8 horses raced at least 3 times before and after surgery; 4 had improved racing performance, 2 had similar performance, and 2 had decreased performance. Five Standardbreds never raced, and 1 Standardbred raced once before surgery. All 6 Standardbreds were able to complete at least 6 starts after surgery (range, 6 to 140 race starts). Eight horses, subjectively, had narrow nasal passages as determined by physical and endoscopic examination. Of these, 4 did not race after surgery, 3 raced successfully to owners' satisfaction, and 1 raced but continued to experience respiratory impairment. Surgical resection of the alar folds was an effective and cosmetic surgical technique for relief of airway obstruction associated with the alar folds.
Evaluation of use of tiletamine/zolazepam for anesthesia of bullfrogs and leopard frogs
Authors: Letcher James , Durante Ronald
Published: December 2023

Use of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (1:1 fixed ratio combination) as an anesthetic agent in 2 anuran species was studied. A dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, administered
im, resulted in variable weak tranquilization. Intramuscular administration at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg induced variable states of tranquilization or anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and bullfrogs (R catesbeiana). The dosages of 50 mg/kg induced anesthesia with greater consistency than lower dosages in bullfrogs, but resulted in mortalities. The same dosage was uniformly fatal in leopard frogs. Neither gross nor histologic lesions were identified in the frogs that died.

Depth and duration of anesthesia was dosage related. At the 20 and 50 mg/kg dosages, leopard frogs attained a greater depth of anesthesia and remained anesthetized for a significantly greater duration than did bullfrogs; however, at the 5 and 10 mg/kg dosages, bullfrogs developed greater tranquilization for longer periods than did leopard frogs. Results of this study revealed profound intraspecies variation in depth and duration of effect of tiletamine/zolazepam; therefore, the drug does not appear to be a suitable injectable anesthetic in anurans.
Diet and exercise patterns in pet dogs
Authors: Slater Margaret R. , Robinson Laura E. , Zoran Debra L. , Wallace Kathleen A. , Scarlett Janet M.
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted to provide baseline data on pet dog diet and exercise patterns. In addition, the repeatability of a telephone questionnaire to determine these patterns was evaluated. Dogs seen at the Texas Veterinary Medical Center that, were less than 3 years old and of medium, large, or giant purebreeds or mixed-breeds were included. Information was collated about background variables, brands, quantities, and types of foods fed, and types and frequency of exercise. Daily intake of metabolizabk energy, calcium, fat, and protein were calculated from the diet. Sixty-nine dog owners completed the study. Most dogs were kept as pels in an urban/suburban environment Most were also fed diy food. About 60% were fed dog biscuits or some other dog snack or treat, and about half of the dogs in the study were Jed twice daily. Meat scraps and bones were the table foods most commonly fed. Most owners considered their dogs to be moderately or very active. Greater than 70% of the dogs were confined to a fenced yard. About 65% of the owners took their dogs for walks, forty percent of dogs in the study exercised with other dogs daily. More than half of the owners reported playing retrieving games with their dogs, including playing with a flying disk. The questionnaire was shown to be repeatable.
Chronic bicipital tenosynovitis in dogs: 29 cases (1985-1992)
Authors: Stobie Daniel , Wallace Larry J. , Lipowitz Alan J. , King Vickie , Lund Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 23 dogs with unilateral and 3 dogs with bilateral chronic bicipital tenosynovitis were reviewed. Mean age of affected dogs was 4.6 years (SD, 2.0 years), and mean body weight was 32.6 kg (SD, 14.5 kg). Neither a breed nor a gender predilection was detected. All dogs had a history of intermittent or progressive weight-bearing lameness that became worse after exercise. Mean duration of lameness prior to medical or surgical treatment was 6.5 months (range, 0.25 to 24 months), in all dogs, signs of pain were evident during palpation of the biceps tendon within the intertubercular groove. Radiography revealed sclerosis or osteophytosis of the intertubercular groove in all 29 shoulder joints. Mild degenerative joint disease was evident rudiographicully in 17. Arthrography was performed in 12 joints, and in 11 there were irregularities of or filling defects along the biceps tendon. Arthrocentesis was performed on 17 joints; 14 synovial fluid samples had cytologic abnormalities consistent with degenerative joint disease.

Medical treatment, consisting of injection of methylprcdnisolone acetate into the biceps tendon and its synovial sheath, was attempted in 21 of the 29 affected shoulder joints. Surgery, which consisted of tenodesis of the biceps tendon, was attempted in 14 joints; S of these had not been treated medically; the remaining 6 had poor results following medical treatment.

Gross and histologic findings consistent with chrome bicipital tenosynovitis were observed in all 14 joints in which surgery was performed. Seventeen of the medically treated shoulders were available for clinical evaluation, and results were excellent or good in 7. Twelve of the surgically treated shoulders were available for clinical re-evaluation, and results were excellent or good in all 12 (mean duration of follow-up, 5.7 months; range, 2 to 13 months). Owners of all dogs were contacted by telephone. Owners reported that results were excellent or good in 1.0 of the 21 medically treated shoulder joints, and in ail 14 of the, surgically treated shoulder joints (mean duration of follow-up, 30.1 months; range, 4 to 82 months).

Complications developed in 3 of the 4 dogs in which an osteotomy of the greater tubercle had been performed (implant migration, 2 dogs; delayed union, 1 dog). A seroma developed in 1 of the 10 dogs in which tenodesis was performed by laterally transposing the biceps tendon through a hole in the greater tubercle. Complications related to medical treatment were not detected.
Yersinia pestis infection in three dogs
Authors: Orloski Kathleen A. , Eidson Millicent
Published: December 2023

Infection with the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is a serious disease in cats, rodents, rabbits, and people.

In dogs, clinical signs of Y pestis infection are rare and have not been well documented. When clinical signs occur, they may be nonspecific, such as fever and lethargy, or may include lesions of the oral cavity or lymph nodes. Infection with Y pestis may be difficult to distinguish from other infectious diseases.

In endemic regions, Y pestis infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis when examining dogs with nonspecific fever and lethargy.
Uterine torsion associated with small intestinal incarceration in a mare at 126 days of gestation
Authors: Ruffin D. C. , Schumacher J. , Comer J. S.
Published: December 2023

Uterine torsion in pregnant mares generally occurs during the later stages of gestation.

Uterine torsion causes signs of abdominal pain that may be mistaken for gastrointestinal tract obstruction; however, gastrointestinal tract obstruction, such as small intestinal incarceration or large colon torsion, can occur in conjunction with uterine torsion.

Correction of torsion of the uterus may involve a rolling technique, flank laparotomy, or ventral midline celiotomy.
Treatment of cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus infection: 17 cases (1983–1993)
Authors: Stiles Jean
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 17 cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus infection were reviewed. Herpesvirus infection was confirmed by a positive result on an immunofluorescent antibody test or by detection of dendritic corneal ulcers. Cats were 3 months to 23 years old (mean, 4.8 years). Sex or breed predilections were not evident. Vaccination history was available for 13 cats, 9 of which had been adequately vaccinated against feline viral rhinotracheitis, calici, and panleukopenia viruses. Six cats had a history of respiratory tract disease. Twelve cats were tested for FeLV, and 3 had positive results; 7 cats were tested for feline immunodeficiency virus, with 1 positive result. The most common ocular abnormality seen was conjunctivitis (13/17 cats), followed by dendritic corneal ulcers (10/17 cats). Keratitis was detected in 6 of 17 cats, and nondendritic corneal ulcers in 3 of 17 cats. Corneal sequestra were evident on initial examination or developed during the follow-up period in 4 of 17 cats. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was diagnosed in 2 of 17 cats, and anterior uveitis was evident in 1 of 17 cats. All cats had 2 or more clinical ocular abnormalities associated with herpesvirus infection. Treatment with topically applied antiviral medications was instituted in 14 cats, including idoxuridine in 7, vidarabine in 4, and trifluridine in 3. Antibiotics were used topically in 10 cats, and atropine was used in 3 cats. Topical administration of corticosteroids was used in 2 cats. Recombinant human α-interferon was given orally to 3 cats in conjunction with topical administration of antiviral agents. In addition to medical treatment, 4 cats were treated surgically. The 17 cats were reexamined 1 to 9 times (mean, 3 reexaminations). Follow-up monitoring (reexamination) was performed between 1 week and 3 years after initial treatment. Ocular disease resolved in 3 of 17 cats, 8 had clinical improvement, and 6 did not have improvement or became worse. A specific antiviral treatment regimen that was clinically superior to other treatments could not be identified.
Fracture of the distal sesamoid bone in horses: 17 cases (1982-1992)
Authors: Lillich J. D. , Ruggles A. J. , Gabel A. A. , Bramlage L. R. , Schneider R. K.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 17 horses in which a distal sesamoid bone fracture was diagnosed between 1982 and 1992 were reviewed. There were 8 Standardbreds, 6 Quarter Horses, 2 Thoroughbreds, and 1 Arabian. Mean age was 4.7 years. A forelimb was affected in 15 horses, and a hind limb was affected in 2. All horses were lame, and most were grade III/V lame at the trot. In all horses, the diagnosis was confirmed by means of radiography. Five horses were treated with stall rest alone; 5 underwent neurectomy; 4 were treated with stall rest and corrective shoeing; and 1 was treated with stall rest and external coaptation. The other 2 horses were euthanatized. Two Quarter Horses, 1 treated with stall rest and corrective shoeing and the other treated with stall rest and external coaptation, returned to use as halter horses, and 2 Standardbreds treated with stall rest alone returned to racing, but at a lower level than they had raced prior to injury. One horse that underwent neurectomy could be used for pleasure riding. Long-term rest may be important in achieving a successful outcome. Pleasure horses would appear to have a better prognosis for return to use after a distal sesamoid bone fracture than do performance horses.
Long-term renal and hematologic effects of uninephrectomy in healthy feline kidney donors
Authors: Lirtzman Ross A. , Gregory Clare R.
Published: December 2023

To assess long-term hematologic and renal effects associated with a solitary kidney, 16 healthy cats undergoing uninephrectomy for kidney donation between May 1987 and January 1991 were evaluated by use of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and urine protein:creatinine ratio. Results of preoperative CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis were within reference limits in all donors. Median age at surgery and at follow-up evaluation was 34 and 72 months, respectively. Mean (± SEM) interval between follow-up and uninephrectomy was 39.3 ± 14.6 months.

Postuninephrectomy hematocrit and RBC indices were within reference limits in 15 donors. One cat with chronic renal insufficiency had normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia. In 15 clinically normal donor cats, mean (± SEM) serum creatinine concentrations pre- and postuninephrectomy were 1.36 ± 0.20 and 1.71 ± 0.33 mg/ dl, respectively (P = 0.0002); however, the clinical relevance of this statistical difference in serum creatinine is uncertain, because all values were within reference limits. In addition, urine-concentrating ability was maintained in 14 donors, with urine specific gravity > 1.040. Two donors, including the cat with chronic renal insufficiency, produced dilute urine (specific gravity < 1.020) and had substantial proteinuria, with urine protein:creatinine ratios of 2.16 and 3.62, respectively. Mean urine protein:creatinine ratio in donor cats was not significantly different from that in an age- and sex-matched comparison group.

Renal and erythropoetic function was clinically preserved in the group of donor cats within 2 to 5 years after uninephrectomy. Findings from this study were supportive of the use of living donors for renal allograft transplantation in cats.
Comparison of coagulation test results for blood samples obtained by means of direct venipuncture and through a jugular vein catheter in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Millis D. L. , Hawkins E. , Jager Μ. , Boyle C. R.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether coagulation test results for blood samples obtained from heparinized jugular vein catheters in dogs are accurate.

Design—

Prospective, controlled study.

Animals—

Fourteen clinically normal dogs.

Procedure—

Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, concentration of fibrin degradation products, and fibrinogen concentration were measured in blood samples obtained by means of direct jugular venipuncture and through an indwelling jugular vein catheter 0, 2, 8, 24, and 48 hours after catheter placement. Blood samples were collected from the catheter by means of a 2-syringe technique, which involved discarding the first volume of blood collected.

Results—

For all sample times, mean values for samples obtained from the jugular vein catheter were not significantly different from mean values for samples obtained by means of venipuncture.

Clinical Implications—

Blood samples for coagulation tests may be obtained from jugular vein catheters up to 48 hours after catheter placement in clinically normal dogs.
Use of epidemiologic principles to identify risk factors associated with the development of diarrhea in calves in five beef herds
Authors: Clement J. C. , King Μ. E. , Salman Μ. D. , Wittum T. E. , Casper H. H. , Odde K. G.
Published: December 2023

The objective of the study reported here was to identify and measure risk factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in calves in 5 beef herds in North Dakota. Risk factors associated with calves developing diarrhea during the 1992 calving season were used to develop the following intervention strategies that were implemented during 1993: heifers calved in a separate location, diarrheal calves and their dams were placed in a quarantine area, and pregnant cattle were fed a diet supplemented with protein and copper. The risk of calves developing diarrhea was 5 times higher during the first year, compared with the second year, suggesting that the management changes made during the second year were contributing factors in reducing the percentage of calves with diarrhea. The risk of diarrhea developing in calves born to heifers was 3.9 times greater than that in calves born to cows. Analysis of our data indicated that the use of an epidemiologic approach can identify risk factors, which can lead to the development of intervention procedures that may decrease the incidence of diarrhea in calves in beef herds.
Double-plate fixation of comminuted fractures of the second phalanx in horses: 10 cases (1985-1993)
Authors: Crabill Mark R. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Schneider Robert K. , Auer Jorg A.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the technique used, and the outcome for, double-plate fixation of comminuted fractures of the second phalanx of horses

Design—

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals—

l0 horses with comminuted fractures of the second phalanx that were treated by use of double-plate fixation.

Procedure—

Two 4- to 6-hole dynamic compression plates were abaxially placed to achieve arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint and fixation of the fracture of the second phalanx.

Results—

Arthrodesis and fracture healing were detected in all horses.

Clinical Implications—

Horses with comminuted fractures of the second phalanx that are treated with double-plate fixation have an excellent prognosis for survival and use as broodstock, and have an increased potential for return to useful function.
Use of orally administered succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) for treatment of lead poisoning in dogs
Authors: Ramsey David T. , Casteel Stan W. , Faggella Alicia M. , Chastain Claude B. , Nunn Josh W. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) would be effective in reducing blood lead concentration in dogs with naturally acquired lead poisoning and whether treated dogs would develop clinically important adverse effects.

Design—

Prospective case series.

Animals—

13 dogs with moderate-to-high blood lead concentrations (39 to 120 μg/dl) and clinical signs of lead poisoning.

Procedure—

Dogs were treated with succimer (10 mg/ kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h) for 10 days. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for lead concentration before, during, and after treatment with succimer.

Results—

Mean blood lead concentrations on days 0, 3, 7, and 20 were 70.6, 32.7, 16.8, and 27.6 μg/dl, respectively. Mean blood lead concentrations decreased 53.6, 76.2, and 60.9% from pretreatment value on days 3, 7, and 20, respectively. Mean urine lead concentrations on days 0, 3, 7, and 20 were 70.0, 485.4, 254.3, and 28.3 μg/dl, respectively.

Clinical Implications—

In dogs with naturally acquired lead poisoning, succimer administered orally for 10 days effectively reduced blood lead concentrations and eliminated clinical signs of lead poisoning. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:371-375)
Evaluation of an agar gel immunodiffusion test kit for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in sheep
Authors: Dubash Kerman , Shulaw William P. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Stills Harold F. , Slemons Richard D.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether a commercially available agar gel immunodiffusion test approved for detecting antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle could be used for sheep.

Design—

Experimental trial.

Sample Population—

Serum samples from 27 sheep confirmed to have paratuberculosis by means of acid-fast staining of smears of ileal mucosa, histologic examination of tissues, or bacteriologic culture; 7 sheep with clinical signs of paratuberculosis; and 55 sheep from 5 uninfected flocks.

Procedure—

Serum samples were tested concurrently with the commercially available test and with a previously validated agar gel immunodiffusion test. Multiple samples collected from 13 infected sheep over a period of 6 years were also tested so that each test's ability to detect onset of seropositivity could be compared.

Results—

For both tests, results for samples from all 55 uninfected sheep were negative, results for samples from 32 of the 34 sheep with paratuberculosis were positive, and results for the remaining 2 sheep with paratuberculosis were negative. Results of both tests were in agreement for 50 of 54 samples obtained from 13 infected sheep over time. The 4 samples for which results of the 2 tests disagreed were the fourth, eighth, and ninth of 10 samples from 1 sheep and the first of 6 samples from a second sheep. For all 4 samples, the commercially available assay yielded a weak-positive result, but the previously described test yielded a negative result.

Clinical Implications—

The commercially available agar gel immunodiffusion test approved for use in cattle may be useful in the differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis in sheep. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:401-403)
Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982–1991)
Authors: Houston Doreen M. , Ribble Carl S. , Head Laurie L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine breed, sex, and seasonal predisposition for development of canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis in dogs.

Design

Retrospective case-control study.

Sample Population

Medical records from 283 dogs with confirmed CPV enteritis and from 834 age-matched control dogs that were healthy or had been admitted with nonenteric illness.

Procedure

Effects of season, breed, sex, and neutering on the risk of developing CPV enteritis were examined by calculation of unadjusted odds ratios and performance of multivariate analysis. Stratified and contingency table analyses were performed to identify interactions and confounding among variables.

Results

Rottweilers, American Pit Bull Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and German Shepherd Dogs were at increased risk and Toy Poodles and Cocker Spaniels were at decreased risk for developing CPV enteritis, compared with that for mixed-breed dogs. For dogs more than 6 months old, sexually intact males were twice as likely as intact females to develop CPV enteritis. Dogs were 3 times more likely to be admitted with CPV enteritis in July, August, and September, compared with the rest of the year. Dogs were 12.7 times more likely to be admitted with CPV enteritis if they had not been currently vaccinated.

Clinical Implications

Lack of vaccination is a significant risk factor for development of CPV enteritis. Seasonal, sex, and breed predispositions for the development of CPV enteritis also exist. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:542–546)
Behavioral changes associated with suspected complex partial seizures in Bull Terriers
Authors: Dodman Nicholas Howard , Knowles Kim Ellen , Shuster Louis , Moon-Fanelli Alice Ann , Tidwell Amy Sue , Keen Carl L.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To identify and treat a range of abnormal behavior, including tail chasing, unprovoked aggression, and extreme irrational fear, in Bull Terriers and to correlate the behavioral signs with electroencephalogram (EEG) or anatomic evidence of abnormal brain geometry or deafness.

Design

Prospective clinical study.

Animals

8 affected and 5 unaffected (control) Bull Terriers.

Procedure

All dogs were examined neurologically, including use of EEG, brainstem auditory-evoked response, and computed tomography or postmortem examination of the brain. In addition, plasma concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron, and the activity of zinc- and copper-dependent enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and ceruplasmin oxidase) were measured in affected and control dogs.

Results

An abnormal EEG was found in 7 of 7 affected dogs and in none of the control dogs subjected to this examination. Seven of 8 affected dogs and 2 of 3 controls had various degrees of hydrocephalus. Metal ion and enzyme concentrations were not different between affected and control dogs. Treatment with phénobarbital was effective in 5 of 7 dogs.

Clinical Implications

Bull Terriers with compulsive tail chasing and extreme affective disorders should be regarded as neurologically disturbed, with partial seizures perhaps underlying their behavior. Treatment with anticonvulsants is a logical first step in treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:688–691)
Anesthetic and postanesthetic management of sea turtles
Authors: Moon P. F. , Stabenau E. K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the physiologie effects of inhalation anesthesia in aquatic turtles to improve anesthetic techniques and postanesthetic monitoring.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

9 Kemp's ridley sea turtles.

Procedure

Isoflurane was used as the general anesthetic during 14 minor surgical procedures. Turtles were orotracheally intubated, and a surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained with 2.7 ± 0.4% (mean ± SE) isoflurane. The duration of anesthesia was 131 ± 12 minutes. Pulse rate, blood pressure, blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2) and pH, blood lactic acid concentration, and capnography were used to evaluate the physiologic responses of sea turtles to isoflurane.

Results

An isoflurane concentration of 3.4 ± 0.3% provided anesthetic induction in 7 ± 1 minutes. The mean duration of the recovery phase was 241 ± 31 minutes. The duration of the recovery phase was not affected by the duration of anesthesia, type of carrier gas, method of ventilatory weaning, or use of selected pharmacologic agents. The recovery phase was characterized by hypoxemia, progressive acidemia, hypercapnia, and lactic acidosis. Awakening in the turtles was preceded by a characteristic tachycardia and tachypnea. All sea turtles recovered from isoflurane anesthesia without apparent adverse effects within 24 hours.

Clinical Implications

Isoflurane appears to be safe and effective in providing surgical anesthesia in turtles that require a timely return to an aquatic environment. This study should assist veterinarians in predicting the physiologic responses of aquatic turtles to inhalation agents. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:720–726)
Effect of treatment of hyperthyroidism on renal function in cats
Authors: DiBartola Stephen P. , Broome Michael R. , Stein Barbara S. , Nixon Margie
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether increases in BUN and serum creatinine (SCr) concentrations, which have been reported to develop after surgical bilateral thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats, also develop after treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine and methimazole.

Design

Prospective, clinical trial.

Animals

58 hyperthyroid cats.

Procedure

Urine specific gravity, SCr, BUN, and serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations were determined before and 30 and 90 days after treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine, methimazole, or surgical bilateral thyroidectomy.

Results

Mean SCr and BUN concentrations determined 30 and 90 days after treatment were significantly higher than those measured before treatment. Mean SCr, BUN, and T4 concentrations were not different among groups before treatment or 30 and 90 days after treatment.

Clinical Implications

Reduction of serum T4 concentrations after treatment of hyperthyroidism may result in azotemia in older cats with chronic renal disease. Treating azotemic hyperthyroid cats with methimazole until it can be determined whether correction of the hyperthyroid state will exacerbate the azotemia may be prudent. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:875–878)
Case-control study of the association between intraoperative administration of nafcillin and acute postoperative development of azotemia
Authors: Pascoe Peter J. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Kass Philip H. , Cowgill Larry D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe 7 cases of acute postoperative azotemia in dogs and to examine by use of a case-control study the possible association between this complication and administration of nafcillin.

Design

Retrospective and case-control study.

Animals

7 case dogs and 28 matched control dogs.

Procedure

Cases of acute renal failure or acute renal insufficiency were identified by retrospective study of records of dogs treated between July 1, 1992, and Feb 28, 1995, and from information received from a practitioner. A random sample of records of dogs undergoing invasive procedures between Dec 1, 1992, and Nov 30, 1993, was examined to determine the prevalence of nafcillin use. Each case dog was matched with 4 control dogs, and data were subjected to logistic regression analysis, employing exact conditional inference on the parameter estimates.

Results

Case dogs were between 1 and 9 years old and weighed between 21 and 60 kg. Preoperatively, none of the dogs had a history of renal disease, and BUN concentrations, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentrations were within reference ranges. Postoperatively, each dog became azotemic and had clinical signs consistent with uremia. Hyponatremia was recorded in 6 case dogs. One dog did not respond to treatment and was euthanatized. Two dogs had persistent isosthenuria, and 4 dogs recovered. Nafcillin was used in approximately 502 of 2,184 (23%) dogs that underwent invasive procedures between Dec 1, 1992, and Nov 30, 1993. The use of nafcillin ceased on Nov 30, 1993, and no further cases were recorded in the following 15 months. In the case-control study, the only factor that was significantly associated with the occurrence of acute postoperative azotemia was administration of nafcillin.

Clinical Implications

Intraoperative use of nafcillin may be associated with development of acute postoperative azotemia in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:1043–1047)