bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art Traditions and the Role of Art inSoutheastEurope's Educational Systems
Authors: Antoniou Phivi
Published: January 2019

In Southeast Europe, geopolitical interests and cultural diversity are still shaping the landscape's borders and its inhabitants' identities. Europe's Balkan Peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean countries – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia – lie at the crossroads of continents and civilizations and comprise a melting pot of political interests, religious beliefs, and cultural traditions. In this pot, art production is a sign of this diversity and throughout history it has also become a meeting point of coexistence for the area's inhabitants. This chapter is an account of art traditions and practices in the region, and it focuses on the ways in which art has been incorporated in each country's educational system today.
Art and Design Education in
R
ussia
Authors: Aristova Ulyana , Rivchun Tatiana
Published: January 2019

Historically, Russian art and design education has always been closest to the fine arts. It was a system that trained masters of visual, decorative, applied, and industrial arts as well as architects, teachers of fine arts, and fine arts historians. Art education has been closely linked with the transformation of Russian artistic culture. The structure and contents of today's art education emerged over a number of historical periods, each of which made a unique contribution based on its cultural context.
Desiring Lines: The Pedagogical Responsibility of Art & Design at the End of the World
Authors: jagodzinski jan
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts to juxtapose desire as lack, which pervades designer capitalism, against more affirmative notions of desire as developed by Deleuze and Guattari. The framing of this tension is placed against the separate spheres of art & design, which historically have been at odds. Given the urgency of the global ecological crisis surrounding the Anthropocene, the argument is presented that pedagogical responsibility rests on decentering our humanist anthropocentric orientation, especially the way aesthetics has traditionally been taken up by art & design education. The suggestion is made that speculative design and postconceptual developments in art provide a line of flight away from designer capitalism that remains unsustainable. Both speculative design and postconceptual art position the spectator/participant/consumer in the interstice of what is here called “self‐refleXivity,” which opens up future worlds for the transvaluation of the current art & designer imaginary.
Design Curricula in Higher Education
Authors: Rosner Terre Layng
Published: January 2019

Design instruction in higher education evolved from the prevailing societal concern for building an artistically trained student‐citizen who would inform a public through graphic communication and thereby aptly compete in a worldwide marketplace. As such, it can be explained in terms of visual communication supported by technology and linguistics taught through the lens of the applied arts. As an area of study in higher education, the graphic design curriculum is a relatively recent invention, having emerged out of the development of universities in the Middle Ages and solidified into an educational practice in the later part of the nineteenth century. It was not until the emergence of the Bauhaus in Germany that design education became a staple of university‐level programs around the world. Currently, design education is undergoing significant changes, caused by the democratization of formerly professional‐level‐only hardware, easy‐to‐learn software, and social‐media‐based open‐distribution technologies.
Inclusive Approaches to Art Education
Authors: Gross Kelly M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the importance of inclusive practices in visual arts education for students with disabilities. Inclusive participation in the arts leads to opportunities for all students to self‐express, gain social skills, and increase empathy. By including students and artists with disabilities, a diversity of viewpoints and experiences can be shared and celebrated through the creation of visual work. Curriculum models that allow for a variety of learning opportunities through multiple modalities, consideration of learning styles, accommodations, and modifications best facilitate learning for a diverse population of students.
Sexuality and the Art Curriculum
Authors: McKinney Bradley J.
Published: January 2019

An art curriculum should teach students to think critically about the world. This chapter provides a rationale for the inclusion of queer themes within the art curriculum. It discusses the social responsibility of the art curriculum to create a counternarrative to heteronormativity that permeates the null curriculum and society as a whole. Topics explored in the article include historical treatment of LGBTQ youth growing up in a heteronormative society, queering art curriculum, and methods for creating safe spaces for all students in the art classroom.
Elementary Art and Design Curricula
Authors: Siegesmund Richard
Published: January 2019

As demonstrated by the enduring role of Friedrich Froebel'sKindergarten, since the founding of the international project of public education, art and design education has been a fundamental part of the school curriculum. With public funding came expectations for the wise allocation of tax revenue, through efficient means of teaching and assessment of practical outcomes. These expectations have constrained conceptions of the intellectual capabilities of the child. In comparison, private models of contemporary child‐centered programs have had greater latitude in exploring more child‐centered approaches to curricula. Therefore, public education would be wise to look to these private models as incubators for best practice, which demonstrate that it is possible to teach to and assess the development of the capable child's thinking abilities through art.
Curriculum Management in Art
Authors: Broome Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2019

Curriculum management is a comprehensive cyclical process used in designing, implementing, assessing, and revising the approaches employed by individual instructional practitioners or educational organizations. This chapter focuses on the application of curriculum management to international art and design education contexts including K–12, postsecondary, and community situations. It discusses the typical phases involved in curriculum management, and addresses current trends and controversies surrounding curriculum management in art and design education, including problems associated with a shift in focus from site‐based needs assessment to imposed standards dictated by outside agencies that are also charged with conducting formalized curriculum audits for accreditation purposes.
Cultural Diversity in Art Education
Authors: Desai Dipti
Published: January 2019

Racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity are increasingly recognized by nation‐states around the globe as a new reality that has to be addressed. This has led to educational reform movements known as multicultural education. The question of how to manage diversity in order to maintain political stability has shaped the ways in which education, including art education, approaches the issue of diversity in the design and implementation of its curriculum. The different approaches to a multicultural education curriculum in Western democratic societies are analyzed from a historical perspective in order to understand the contemporary approaches to multiculturalism. This discourse analysis is based on twenty‐first‐century scholarly articles published in major international art education journals. The analysis can only be a snapshot of multicultural art education, but it provides an opportunity to envision the potential future direction of the multicultural art education curriculum given the global rise of xenophobia, racism, and Islamophobia.
National Curricula in the Visual Arts
Authors: Steers John
Published: January 2019

A national curriculum may be defined as a common program of study for state‐maintained schools that is designed to ensure some measure of nationwide uniformity of content and standards in education. This chapter examines the advantages and disadvantages of the inclusion or otherwise of visual art in national curricula.
Arts in Education in
S
outhern
E
uropean Countries
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández Fernando
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores art education in the southern countries of Europe. In recent years Greece, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain have seen the effects of post‐capitalist measures on their economies and on their citizens' lives in form of cuts in education and arts funding. The chapter looks at each country in terms of the organization of the educational system; the names by which arts subjects are known in the curriculum; the place of art education in the curriculum; the conceptual frames and keywords used in art education; the objectives of art education; and the hours allocated to art education and art teachers' qualifications.
A
sian–
C
hinese Visual Arts Curriculum
Authors: Chen Jo Chiung Hua
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses content analysis to grasp the structure and characteristics of visual arts standards and their style of development in Chinese cultural contexts. The recent developments in art education in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, and Macao are explained and discussed. The basis for the evolution and shaping of art education in these countries and regions has continually changed, and so the standards, aims, and goals of art education have been revised. Although across time there have been various foci, learning the nature and discipline of art has always been at the core of content in these contexts, but each has a different focus in how art is applied. Taiwan highlights the concept that art is for everyone and is necessary to attain initiative, interactivity, and the common good. China emphasizes national identity and cultural heritage. Hong Kong focuses on knowledge, generic skills, values, and attitudes. Macao targets artistic potential, creativity, life quality, personality, and attainments. Overall, promoting the development of the whole person is the major concern in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, and Macao.
Art and Design Education in the Middle East and NorthAfrica: A Brief Historical Overview
Authors: Al‐Amri Mohammed
Published: January 2019

Art and design pedagogy in the Middle East and North Africa has been greatly affected by both Western and Eastern influences. The countries in this region have gone through similar development stages as those of Egypt, and Egypt itself was influenced by the English system of art and design education. This chapter focus on the stages of development of teaching art and design in the Middle East and North Africa with reference to Western influence and Eastern cultural perspectives. It provides a brief historical overview of the major identifiable stages in connection to social, economic, and political developments in the region. It concludes that there have been major developments and changes – following a similar pattern to those seen in art education internationally – in teaching art and design and in art‐making. Today, art, music, drama, and other creative disciplines have a bright future in this region; this is especially the case for the visual arts, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, and handcrafts.
Cognitive deficits in acute mild ischemic stroke and TIA and effects of rt‐PA
Authors: Rosenbaum Halevi David , Bursaw Andrew W. , Karamchandani Rahul R. , Alderman Susan E. , Breier Joshua I. , Vahidy Farhaan S. , Aden James K. , Cai Chunyan , Zhang Xu , Savitz Sean I.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

It is unknown if treatment with rt‐PA in mild acute ischemic stroke (MIS) is associated with improvement in long term cognition.

Methods

Forty‐five patients with suspected acute mild stroke or transient ischemic attacks with NIHSS ≤6 were enrolled in a prospective cohort. Cognitive testing was performed within 24 h of symptom onset. Follow‐up assessment was performed at Day 90 on 25 patients. Prestroke baseline cognition was based on age, years of education (YrE), history of cognitive impairment, and the Fazekas score.

Results

Eighty‐five percent patients with suspected MIS or TIA showed cognitive abnormalities within 24 h of onset. There was no significant difference in age, sex, Fazekas score, or YrE between rt‐PA versus No‐rt‐PA groups (N = 8 vs. 17).Two sample t‐test for change in performance in the WMS‐III sub‐tests (follow‐up – baseline) ± SD, indicated a difference between rt‐PA 0.74 ± 0.77 and no‐rt‐PA groups ‐0.02 ± 0.83 (P = 0.044). Logistic regression for predicting normal status using the mental control subtest, at follow‐up showed an OR 8.96, CI 0.98–82.12 (P = 0.05) favoring the rt‐PA group. Improvement in Mental Control at 90 days occurred in patients with low white matter disease compared to high white matter disease, 0.60 ± 0.46 (P = 0.048). A statistical trend was observed and suggested an improvement on SDMT and Trail Making tests, 1.43 ± 0.8 (P = 0.077).

Conclusion

Suspected MIS and TIA patients have cognitive impairment within 24 h of onset. rt‐PA administration might be associated with improvement on some cognitive tests at 90 days.
The consistency of superior face recognition skills in police officers
Authors: Bate Sarah , Frowd Charlie , Bennetts Rachel , Hasshim Nabil , Portch Emma , Murray Ebony , Dudfield Gavin
Published: January 2019

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in people with superior face recognition skills. Yet identification of these individuals has mostly relied on criterion performance on a single attempt at a single measure of face memory. The current investigation aimed to examine the consistency of superior face recognition skills in 30 police officers, both across tests that tap into the same process and between tests that tap into different components of face processing. Overall indices of performance across related measures were found to identify different superior performers to isolated test scores. Further, different top performers emerged for target‐present versus target‐absent indices, suggesting that signal detection measures are the most useful indicators of performance. Finally, a dissociation was observed between superior memory and matching performance. Super‐recognizer screening programmes hould therefore include overall indices summarizing multiple attempts at related tests, allowing for individuals to rank highly on different (and sometimes very specific) tasks.
Shallow and Undoped Germanium Quantum Wells: A Playground for Spin and Hybrid Quantum Technology
Authors: Sammak Amir , Sabbagh Diego , Hendrickx Nico W. , Lodari Mario , Paquelet Wuetz Brian , Tosato Alberto , Yeoh LaReine , Bollani Monica , Virgilio Michele , Schubert Markus Andreas , Zaumseil Peter , Capellini Giovanni , Veldhorst Menno , Scappucci Giordano
Published: January 2019

Buried‐channel semiconductor heterostructures are an archetype material platform for the fabrication of gated semiconductor quantum devices. Sharp confinement potential is obtained by positioning the channel near the surface; however, nearby surface states degrade the electrical properties of the starting material. Here, a 2D hole gas of high mobility (5 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1) is demonstrated in a very shallow strained germanium (Ge) channel, which is located only 22 nm below the surface. The top‐gate of a dopant‐less field effect transistor controls the channel carrier density confined in an undoped Ge/SiGe heterostructure with reduced background contamination, sharp interfaces, and high uniformity. The high mobility leads to mean free paths ≈ 6 µm, setting new benchmarks for holes in shallow field effect transistors. The high mobility, along with a percolation density of 1.2 × 1011cm−2, light effective mass (0.09me), and high effective g‐factor (up to 9.2) highlight the potential of undoped Ge/SiGe as a low‐disorder material platform for hybrid quantum technologies.
Atomic Sulfur Covalently Engineered Interlayers of Ti3C2 MXene for Ultra‐Fast Sodium‐Ion Storage by Enhanced Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Luo Jianmin , Zheng Jianhui , Nai Jianwei , Jin Chengbin , Yuan Huadong , Sheng Ouwei , Liu Yujing , Fang Ruyi , Zhang Wenkui , Huang Hui , Gan Yongping , Xia Yang , Liang Chu , Zhang Jun , Li Weiyang , Tao Xinyong
Published: January 2019

2D MXenes have been widely applied in the field of electrochemical energy storage owning to their high electrical conductivity and large redox‐active surface area. However, electrodes made from multilayered MXene with small interlayer spacing exhibit sluggish kinetics with low capacity for sodium‐ion storage. Herein, Ti3C2 MXene with expanded and engineered interlayer spacing for excellent storage capability is demonstrated. After cetyltrimethylammonium bromide pretreatment, S atoms are successfully intercalated into the interlayer of Ti3C2 to form a desirable interlayer‐expanded structure via TiS bonding, while pristine Ti3C2 is hardly to be intercalated. When the annealing temperature is 450 °C, the S atoms intercalated Ti3C2 (CT‐S@Ti3C2‐450) electrode delivers the improved Na‐ion capacity of 550 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 (≈120 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1, the best MXene‐based Na+‐storage rate performance reported so far), and excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1 by enhanced pseudocapacitance. The enhanced sodium‐ion storage capability has also been verified by theoretical calculations and kinetic analysis. Coupling the CT‐S@Ti3C2‐450 anode with commercial AC cathode, the assembled Na+ capacitor delivers high energy density (263.2 Wh kg−1) under high power density (8240 W kg−1), and outstanding cycling performance.
Nano‐in‐Micro Smart Hydrogel Composite for a Rapid Sensitive Immunoassay
Authors: Hsu Myat Noe , Wei Shih‐Chung , Phan Dinh‐Tuan , Zhang Yong , Chen Chia‐Hung
Published: January 2019

Immunoassays are an important tool in various bioanalytical settings, such as clinical diagnostics, biopharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, and food testing. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is usually used to amplify immunoassay signals; however, it requires labor‐intensive and time‐consuming procedures, which hinders its application to rapid cytokine detection. In this study, a nano‐in‐micro composite system, where immunosensing polystyrene beads (≈320 nm) are incorporated within a stimuli‐responsive microgel matrix (≈40 µm) via microfluidics, is investigated. The intrinsic volume phase‐transition change properties of the smart microgels allows an enzyme‐free enhanced immunoassay, enabling instant enhancement in signal‐to‐noise ratios of ≈5‐fold. This nano‐in‐micro hydrogel composite offers a simple yet highly effective method for sensitive and multiplexed cytokine analysis without complex enzyme‐based signal amplification steps, greatly benefitting advanced immune medicine.
Free‐Amine‐Directed Iridium‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Activation and Cyclization of Naphthalen‐1‐amines with Diazo Compounds Leading to Naphtho[1,8‐bc]pyridines
Authors: Yan Kelu , Lin Yongxue , Kong Yong , Li Bin , Wang Baiquan
Published: January 2019

Iridium‐catalyzed C−H activation and cyclization of naphthalen‐1‐amines with diazo compounds leading to naphtho[1,8‐bc]pyridines have been developed. Different from the previous free‐amine‐directed C−H functionalization with diazo compounds that relied on the coordination of lone pair electrons or in situ formation of imine, this transformation passes through a five‐membered iridacycle intermediate containing an N−Ir σ‐bond. It offers an alternative approach for the synthesis of useful diverse naphtho[1,8‐bc]pyridine derivatives in mild conditions.

magnified image
Benchmarking stochastic and deterministic MPC: A case study in stationary battery systems
Authors: Kumar Ranjeet , Jalving Jordan , Wenzel Michael J. , Ellis Matthew J. , ElBsat Mohammad N. , Drees Kirk H. , Zavala Victor M.
Published: January 2019

We present a computational framework that integrates forecasting, uncertainty quantification, and model predictive control (MPC) to benchmark the performance of deterministic and stochastic MPC. By means of a battery management case study, we illustrate how off‐the‐shelf deterministic MPC implementations can suffer significant losses in performance and constraint violations due to their inability to handle disturbances that cannot be adequately represented by mean (most likely) forecasts. We also show that adding constraint back‐off terms can help ameliorate these issues but this approach is ad hoc and does not provide performance guarantees. Stochastic MPC provides a more systematic framework to handle these issues by directly capturing uncertainty descriptions of a wide range of disturbances.
Evaluation of the impact of heat stress on the occurrence of occupational injuries: Meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Binazzi Alessandra , Levi Miriam , Bonafede Michela , Bugani Marcella , Messeri Alessandro , Morabito Marco , Marinaccio Alessandro , Baldasseroni Alberto
Published: January 2019

Background

Growing evidence indicates that the exposure to high heat levels in the workplace results in health problems in workers. A meta‐analysis was carried out to summarize the epidemiological evidence of the effects of heat exposure on the risk of occupational injuries.

Methods

A search strategy was conducted to retrieve studies on the effects of climate change on occupational injury risk. Among the 406 identified, 5 time‐series and 3 case‐crossover studies were selected for meta‐analysis.

Results

Pooled risk estimates for time‐series and case‐crossover studies combined, and then separated, were 1.005 (95%CI: 1.001‐1009), 1.002 (95%CI: 0.998‐1.005), and 1.014 (95%CI: 1.012‐1.017), respectively. Subgroup analyses found increased risks (not statistically significant) for male gender, age <25 years and agriculture.

Conclusions

The present findings can orient further research to assess the effects of heat at workplace and consequently to establish better health policies for managing such exposure in at‐risk regions.
Adult onset asthma in non‐allergic women working in dampness damaged buildings: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Graff Pål , Bryngelsson Ing‐Liss , Fredrikson Mats , Flodin Ulf
Published: January 2019

Background

There is still no consensus about the association between working in dampness‐damaged buildings and new onset of asthma among adults. The purpose of this study was to assess asthma in the staff of two psychiatric clinics where some premises were suffering from dampness.

Methods

A 20‐year retrospective cohort study was performed using questionnaires.

Results

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) for asthma were non‐significantly elevated (IRR = 2.3) among exposed individuals. The risk was greater among females (IRR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.0‐16). IRR for non‐atopic women was 8.8 (95% CI 1.4‐196). Adjusting for smoking habits weakened the risks marginally (IRR = 7.3, 95% CI 1.1‐167). The number of male participants was too low to draw conclusion regarding the risk for men.

Conclusion

The results suggest that working in dampness‐damaged buildings might be a possible health hazard. This finding is most pronounced in non‐atopic females.
Gitteröffnung durch reduktive kovalente Volumen‐Funktionalisierung von schwarzem Phosphor
Authors: Wild Stefan , Fickert Michael , Mitrovic Aleksandra , Lloret Vicent , Neiss Christian , Vidal‐Moya José Alejandro , Rivero‐Crespo Miguel Ángel , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Werbach Katharina , Peterlik Herwig , Grabau Mathias , Wittkämper Haiko , Papp Christian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Pichler Thomas , Görling Andreas , Hauke Frank , Abellán Gonzalo , Hirsch Andreas
Published: January 2019

Eine chemisch‐reduktive Volumen‐Funktionalisierung von dünnlagigem schwarzem Phosphor (BP) wurde unter Verwendung von BP‐Interkalationsverbindungen entwickelt. Durch effektive reduktive Aktivierung wurde die kovalente Funktionalisierung des geladenen BP mit Alkylhalogeniden erreicht. Die kovalente Funktionalisierung wurde umfassend mit mehreren spektroskopischen Methoden sowie DFT‐Rechnungen nachgewiesen; es liegt ein höherer Funktionalisierungsgrad als bei neutralen Funktionalisierungsreaktionen vor.
Structure Sensitivity in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Gold Catalysts
Authors: Mezzavilla Stefano , Horch Sebastian , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Seger Brian , Chorkendorff Ib
Published: January 2019

An understanding of the influence of structural surface features on electrocatalytic reactions is vital for the development of efficient nanostructured catalysts. Gold is the most active and selective known electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO in aqueous electrolytes. Numerous strategies have been proposed to improve its intrinsic activity. Nonetheless, the atomistic knowledge of the nature of the active sites remains elusive. We systematically investigated the structure sensitivity of Au single crystals for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Reaction kinetics for the formation of CO are strongly dependent on the surface structure. Under‐coordinated sites, such as those present in Au(110) and at the steps of Au(211), show at least 20‐fold higher activity than more coordinated configurations (for example, Au(100)). By selectively poisoning under‐coordinated sites with Pb, we have confirmed that these are the active sites for CO2 reduction.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Enantioselective Arylation of γ‐Lactams with Aryl Chlorides and Bromides
Authors: Jette Carina I. , Geibel Irina , Bachman Shoshana , Hayashi Masaki , Sakurai Shunya , Shimizu Hideki , Morgan Jeremy B. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: January 2019

Herein, we report the first Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective arylation of α‐substituted γ‐lactams. Two sets of conditions were developed for this transformation, allowing for the use of either aryl chlorides or bromides as electrophiles. Utilizing a highly electron‐rich dialkylphosphine ligand we have been able to construct α‐quaternary centers in good yields (up to 91 % yield) and high enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee).
From Supramolecular Species to Self‐Templated Porous Carbon and Metal‐Doped Carbon for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Xie Jin , Li Bo‐Quan , Peng Hong‐Jie , Song Yun‐Wei , Li Jia‐Xing , Zhang Ze‐Wen , Zhang Qiang
Published: January 2019

The preparation of carbon materials usually involves the decomposition of precursors and the reorganization of the as‐generated fragments. However, the cleavage of bonds and the simultaneous formation of new bonds at nearly the same positions prevents effective yet precise fabrication. Herein, a supramolecular precursor, cucurbit[6]uril, that contains multiple bonds with distinct bond strengths is proposed to decouple the twin problem of simultaneous bond cleavage and formation, allowing multistage transformations to hierarchical porous carbon and metal‐doped carbon in a single yet effective pyrolysis step without the need of a template or additional purification. As a proof‐of‐concept, the Fe‐doped carbon electrocatalysts realized a Pt/C‐like half‐wave potential of 0.869 V vs. RHE and small Tafel slope of 51.3 mV dec−1 in oxygen reduction reaction.
Biosynthesis and Ether‐Bridge Formation in Nargenicin Macrolides
Authors: Pidot Sacha J. , Herisse Marion , Sharkey Liam , Atkin Liselle , Porter Jessica L. , Seemann Torsten , Howden Benjamin P. , Rizzacasa Mark A. , Stinear Timothy P.
Published: January 2019

The nargenicin family of antibiotics are macrolides containing a rare ether‐bridged cis‐decalin motif. Several of these compounds are highly active against multi‐drug resistant organisms. Despite the identification of the first members of this family almost 40 years ago, the genetic basis for the production of these molecules and the enzyme responsible for formation of the oxa bridge, remain unknown. Here, the 85 kb nargenicin biosynthetic gene cluster was identified from a human pathogenic Nocardia arthritidis isolate and this locus is solely responsible for nargenicin production. Further investigation of this locus revealed a putative iron‐α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase, which was found to be responsible for the formation of the ether bridge from the newly identified deoxygenated precursor, 8,13‐deoxynargenicin. Uncovering the nargenicin biosynthetic locus provides a molecular basis for the rational bioengineering of these interesting antibiotic macrolides.
Amorphous Nanocages of Cu‐Ni‐Fe Hydr(oxy)oxide Prepared by Photocorrosion For Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Cai Zhi , Li Lidong , Zhang Youwei , Yang Zhao , Yang Jie , Guo Yingjie , Guo Lin
Published: January 2019

Electrochemical water splitting requires efficient, low‐cost water oxidation catalysts to accelerate the sluggish kinetics of the water oxidation reaction. A rapid photocorrosion method is now used to synthesize the homogeneous amorphous nanocages of Cu‐Ni‐Fe hydr(oxy)oxide as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The as‐fabricated product exhibits a low overpotential of 224 mV on a glassy carbon electrode at 10 mA cm−2 (even lower down to 181 mV when supported on Ni foam) with a Tafel slope of 44 mV dec−1 for OER in an alkaline solution. The obtained catalyst shows an extraordinarily large mass activity of 1464.5 A g−1 at overpotential of 300 mV, which is the highest mass activity for OER. This synthetic strategy may open a brand new pathway to prepare copper‐based ternary amorphous nanocages for greatly enhanced oxygen evolution.
Phosphorus‐Modulation‐Triggered Surface Disorder in Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals Enables Exceptional Sodium‐Storage Performance
Authors: Xia Qingbing , Huang Yang , Xiao Jin , Wang Lei , Lin Zeheng , Li Weijie , Liu Hui , Gu Qinfen , Liu Hua Kun , Chou Shu‐Lei
Published: January 2019

Structural modulation and surface engineering have remarkable advantages for fast and efficient charge storage. Herein, we present a phosphorus modulation strategy which simultaneously realizes surface structural disorder with interior atomic‐level P‐doping to boost the Na+ storage kinetics of TiO2. It is found that the P‐modulated TiO2 nanocrystals exhibit a favourable electronic structure, and enhanced structural stability, Na+ transfer kinetics, as well as surface electrochemical reactivity, resulting in a genuine zero‐strain characteristic with only approximately 0.1 % volume variation during Na+ insertion/extraction, and exceptional Na+ storage performance including an ultrahigh rate capability of 210 mAh g−1 at 50 C and a strong long‐term cycling stability without significant capacity decay up to 5000 cycles at 30 C.
Motivations, understandings, and experiences of open‐access mega‐journal authors: Results of a large‐scale survey
Authors: Wakeling Simon , Creaser Claire , Pinfield Stephen , Fry Jenny , Spezi Valérie , Willett Peter , Paramita Monica
Published: January 2019

Open‐access mega‐journals (OAMJs) are characterized by their large scale, wide scope, open‐access (OA) business model, and “soundness‐only” peer review. The last of these controversially discounts the novelty, significance, and relevance of submitted articles and assesses only their “soundness.” This article reports the results of an international survey of authors (n = 11,883), comparing the responses of OAMJ authors with those of other OA and subscription journals, and drawing comparisons between different OAMJs. Strikingly, OAMJ authors showed a low understanding of soundness‐only peer review: two‐thirds believed OAMJs took into account novelty, significance, and relevance, although there were marked geographical variations. Author satisfaction with OAMJs, however, was high, with more than 80% of OAMJ authors saying they would publish again in the same journal, although there were variations by title, and levels were slightly lower than subscription journals (over 90%). Their reasons for choosing to publish in OAMJs included a wide variety of factors, not significantly different from reasons given by authors of other journals, with the most important including the quality of the journal and quality of peer review. About half of OAMJ articles had been submitted elsewhere before submission to the OAMJ with some evidence of a “cascade” of articles between journals from the same publisher.
Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Lithium−Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Bae Youngjoon , Park Hyeokjun , Ko Youngmin , Kim Hyunah , Park Sung Kwan , Kang Kisuk
Published: January 2019

Lithium−oxygen batteries have attracted great attention over the last few decades owing to their extraordinarily high theoretical energy density, which can potentially exceed that of current state‐of‐art lithium‐ion batteries. However, lithium−oxygen batteries exhibit poor cycle stability, relatively low power capability and significantly large polarizations for both, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR, discharge) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER, charge). To address these issues, various catalysts for aqueous and non‐aqueous lithium−oxygen batteries have thus been introduced, and some recent developments of bifunctional catalysts could simultaneously facilitate the ORR and OER, leading to great advancements in the overall battery performance. Herein, we present a brief overview of recent progress in the development of bifunctional catalysts for lithium−oxygen batteries based on the current understanding of their working mechanism. Perovskite‐type, spinel‐type, and non‐oxide catalysts and their use in aqueous lithium−oxygen batteries are reviewed. Recently reported bifunctional catalysts in non‐aqueous lithium−oxygen batteries are also introduced, and the different roles of solid‐ and soluble‐type catalysts are further discussed. Finally, we conclude by deliberating the design prospects and perspectives for efficient bifunctional catalysts for future lithium−oxygen batteries.
What is the real cardiac anatomy?
Authors: Mori Shumpei , Tretter Justin T. , Spicer Diane E. , Bolender David L. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: January 2019

The heart is a remarkably complex organ. Teaching its details to medical students and clinical trainees can be very difficult. Despite the complexity, accurate recognition of these details is a pre‐requisite for the subsequent understanding of clinical cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. A recent publication promoted the benefits of virtual reconstructions in facilitating the initial understanding achieved by medical students. If such teaching is to achieve its greatest value, the datasets used to provide the virtual images should themselves be anatomically accurate. They should also take note of a basic rule of human anatomy, namely that components of all organs should be described as they are normally situated within the body. It is almost universal at present for textbooks of anatomy to illustrate the heart as if removed from the body and positioned on its apex, the so‐called Valentine situation. In the years prior to the emergence of interventional techniques to treat cardiac diseases, this approach was of limited significance. Nowadays, therapeutic interventions are commonplace worldwide. Advances in three‐dimensional imaging technology, furthermore, now mean that the separate components of the heart can readily be segmented, and then shown in attitudinally appropriate fashion. In this review, we demonstrate how such virtual dissection of computed tomographic datasets in attitudinally appropriate fashion reveals the true details of cardiac anatomy. The virtual approach to teaching the arrangement of the cardiac components has much to commend it. If it is to be used, nonetheless, the anatomical details on which the reconstructions are based must be accurate. Clin. Anat. 32:288–309, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.
Association of ABC gene profiles with time to progression and resistance in ovarian cancer revealed by bioinformatics analyses
Authors: Seborova Karolina , Vaclavikova Radka , Soucek Pavel , Elsnerova Katerina , Bartakova Alena , Cernaj Petr , Bouda Jiri , Rob Lukas , Hruda Martin , Dvorak Pavel
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Ovarian cancer (OC) represents a serious disease with high mortality and lack of efficient predictive and prognostic biomarkers. ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) proteins constitute a large family dedicated to active transmembrane transport including transport of xenobiotics.

Materials and methods

mRNA level was measured by quantitative RT‐PCR in tumor tissues from OC patients. Bioinformatics analyses were applied to two gene expression datasets (60 primary tumors and 29 peritoneal metastases). Two different approaches of expression data normalization were applied in parallel, and their results were compared. Data from publically available cancer datasets were checked to further validate our conclusions.

Results

The results showed significant connections between ABC gene expression profiles and time to progression (TTP), chemotherapy resistance, and metastatic progression in OC. Two consensus ABC gene profiles with clinical meaning were documented. (a) Downregulation of ABCC4, ABCC10, ABCD3, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF2, and ABCF3 was connected with the best sensitivity to chemotherapy and TTP. (b) Oppositely, downregulation of ABCB11 and upregulation of ABCB1 and ABCG2 were connected with the worst sensitivity to chemotherapy and TTP. Results from publicly available online databases supported our conclusions.

Conclusion

This study stressed the connection between two well‐documented ABC genes and clinicopathological features—ABCB1 and ABCG2. Moreover, we showed a comparable connection also for several other ABC genes—ABCB11, ABCC4, ABCC10, ABCD3, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF2, and ABCF3. Our results add new clinically relevant information to this oncology field and can stimulate further exploration.
Polypeptides secreted from the columnar vesicles of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum and their in vivo effects on Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bastos Claudio L.Q. , Josende Marcelo Estrella , Ferreira Shana Pires , de Magalhães Mariana Torquato Quezado , de Castro Pimenta Adriano Monteiro , Lima Juliane Ventura , Boyle Robert Tew
Published: January 2019

In this study we provide new evidence that the columnar vesicles of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum are toxic in vivo and contain at least two active polypeptides, a neurotoxic and an apoptosis inducing polypeptide. Here we show that it is also an effective inducer of apoptosis in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the anemone peptides rapidly paralyze C. elegans, and set in motion a sequence of events that result in the complete dissolution of the internal organs in adult animals within 60 min. Nematodes that survive the toxin treatment exhibit a decreased reproductive capacity. Interestingly, adult animals appear to be much more susceptible to the effects of the toxins than larval stages, suggesting possible developmentally dependent targets of the toxins. Here we also provide chemical characterization of the compounds through chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometry. Gel filtration chromatography coupled with reverse phase HPLC shows that our partially purified extract contains at least two principle components. Additionally, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry analysis of our extract shows three principal compounds at 814.6, 2914.1, and 4360.3 m/z plus three other minor components or fragments. Mass spectrometry analysis also indicates the presence of three disulfide bridges. Which is in agreement with other characterizations of anemone venoms.
M2‐polarized macrophages relate the clearance of gastric lanthanum deposition
Authors: Nakamura Takahito , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Kobayashi Masayoshi , Naito Makoto , Terai Shuji
Published: January 2019

Key Clinical Message

Previous reports have suggested that mucosal barrier failure allows lanthanum to stray into the lamina propria, and macrophages play an important role for the clearance. However, there is no report to analyze the polarity of phagocytizing macrophages. We suggested that M2 macrophage potentially played a major role in the clearance of lanthanum.
Constructing Earth‐abundant 3D Nanoarrays for Efficient Overall Water Splitting – A Review
Authors: Jamesh Mohammed‐Ibrahim , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming
Published: January 2019

Constructing nanoarrays is a promising way to achieve efficient overall water‐splitting for H2 production. At first, this paper introduces the significance of constructing nanoarrays for gas evolution reactions: Constructing electrocatalyst with nanoarray structure can provide superaerophobic surface, which can lower the bubble adhesive force and bubble size by forming a discontinuous triple phase contact line (TPCL), and that can facilitate the release of gas, while it can afford abundant active sites, and that can enhance the activity and stability for gas evolution reactions. Then, we review the activity (including ≤1.49 V), and stability (including ≥100 h) for overall water splitting in alkaline medium of various kinds of recently reported earth‐abundant 3D nanoarray bifunctional electrocatalysts. Later, we review the efficient strategies such as constructing nanoarrays with doping metals/heteroatoms, bimetallic/multi‐metallic materials, metal oxides, metal phosphide/phosphate, metal nitrides, carbon, amorphous materials, metal chalcogenides (metal sulfides and selenides), core‐shell/hetero/hollow structure, vacancies/defects, and well‐matched electrode pair to achieve efficient overall water splitting. Then, we review the construction of earth‐abundant nanoarray bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient overall water splitting in acid medium. Finally, we discussed the gas separation in water electrolysis.
CuO/Graphene Nanocomposite for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Fan , Liu Ya‐ping , Zhang Hu , Chu Ke
Published: January 2019

Electrochemical conversion of N2 to NH3 offers a clean and energy‐saving solution for artificial NH3 production, but requires cost‐effective, steady and highly efficient catalysts to promote N2 reduction reaction (NRR). Herein, CuO employed as a new non‐noble‐metal NRR catalyst was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. When supporting the CuO nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), it was demonstrated that the resulting CuO/RGO nanocomposite could effectively and robustly catalyze NRR under ambient conditions. At −0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, the CuO/RGO exhibited a high NH3 yield of 1.8×10−10 mol s−1 cm−2 and Faradaic efficiency of 3.9 %, along with the excellent selectivity and high stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the “Suf‐end” was the most effective mode for N2 adsorption on catalytic Cu atoms. In NRR process, the alternating associative route was the preferable pathway with *N2→*NNH being the rate‐determining step.
Rapid Screening of an Acid‐Catalyzed Triglyceride Transesterification in a Mesoscale Reactor
Authors: Al-Saadi Luma Shihab , Alegría Alexandra , Eze Valentine C. , Harvey Adam P.
Published: January 2019

A mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactor (meso‐OBR) served as a continuous screening platform to rapidly investigate the operating conditions for acid‐catalyzed production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from triglyceride feedstock. The acid catalyst was 4‐dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and the triglyceride feedstock was rapeseed oil (RSO). The parameter space was explored by means of a design of experiments (DoE) methodology. The variables screened were methanol‐to‐RSO molar ratio, catalyst‐to‐oil molar ratio, and residence time. Over 98 % conversion of RSO to FAME could be achieved under optimized conditions.
Epitaxial Crystallization of Insulin on an Ordered 2D Polymer Template
Authors: de Poel Wester , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , van Enckevort Willem J. P. , Rowan Alan E. , Vlieg Elias
Published: January 2019

Two‐dimensional polymers (2DP) are a new class of materials that consist of a monolayer of ordered molecular building blocks, which have been covalently linked. One of these monomers was self‐assembled on a flat muscovite mica scaffold and subsequently the organic layer was polymerized. The resulting flat and stable 2DP layer was used as a template for protein crystallization. Crystals of insulin were epitaxially grown on the template, whereas insulin crystals grown on clean muscovite mica had a random orientation. The template was selective, considering that no epitaxially ordered crystals formed of hen egg white lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, or talin.
The Hunt for Elusive Molecules: Insights from Joint Theoretical and Experimental Investigations
Authors: Martin‐Drumel Marie‐Aline , Baraban Joshua H. , Changala P. Bryan , Stanton John F. , McCarthy Michael C.
Published: January 2019

Rotational spectroscopy is an invaluable tool to unambiguously determine the molecular structure of a species, and sometimes even to establish its very existence. This article illustrates how experimental and theoretical state‐of‐the‐art tools can be used in tandem to investigate the rotational structure of molecules, with particular emphasis on those that have long remained elusive. The examples of three emblematic species—gauche‐butadiene, disilicon carbide, and germanium dicarbide—highlight the close, mutually beneficial interaction between high‐level theoretical calculations and sensitive microwave measurements. Prospects to detect other elusive molecules of chemical and astronomical interest are discussed.
Recent Advances in the Core‐Annulation of Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Insuasty Alberto , Maniam Subashani , Langford Steven J.
Published: January 2019

This review focuses on describing all known synthetic strategies leading to core‐annulation of naphthalene diimides (NDIs). Strategies presented involve the formation of four‐, five‐ and six‐membered ring annulations bearing different heteroatomic and carbocyclic derivatives, including annulenes. The core‐annulation method opens the possibility for obtaining designer molecules with tuneable electronic characteristics such as a reduced energy band gap, and enhanced intermolecular overlap of π‐systems that improve electronic coupling between molecules—which is highly desirable for charge transport properties summarised in the final pages for applications in electronic devices such as organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Molecular recognition in pH and fluoride sensing, or as a DNA probe, are some of additional applications of core‐annulated NDIs presented here. Additionally, recent advances in core modification of NDIs are presented, opening an entire new chemical avenue to be explored. Finally, the outlook on the future prospect of annulated NDIs in various applications is summarised.
Concise Total Synthesis of (−)‐Vermiculine through a Rhodium‐Catalyzed C2‐Symmetric Dimerization Strategy
Authors: Steib Philip , Breit Bernhard
Published: January 2019

A short and efficient synthesis of the C2‐symmetric antibiotic (−)‐vermiculine by utilizing an enantioselective catalytic one‐step dimerization methodology as key‐step to construct the core structure is reported. The late‐stage modifications feature a double metathesis homologation followed by a double Wacker‐type oxidation. These key‐steps allowed the synthesis of vermiculine in only seven steps, starting from commercially available building blocks.
A study on how students handle Internet forums and possible consequences for chemistry education
Authors: Dittmar Johanna , Eilks Ingo
Published: January 2019

Digitale Medien spielen in der heutigen Gesellschaft eine immer größere Rolle. Zentral dafür ist das Internet. Dies stellt die Gesellschaft und auch unsere Schülerinnen und Schüler mit den vielfältigen Informations‐ und Austauschmöglichkeiten vor immer neue Herausforderungen. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Befragung von 668 Schülerinnen und Schülern vor. Die Studie untersucht die Bekanntheit von, den Umgang mit sowie die Interessen Jugendlicher in Internetforen. Der Artikel diskutiert auch Konsequenzen, die sich daraus für den Chemieunterricht ergeben.