bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging graphics processing units (GPUs) for real-time seismic interpretation
Authors: Kadlec Benjamin J. , Dorn Geoffrey A.
Published: January 2010

This article discusses the emergence of general computation on the graphics processing unit (GPGPU) as a powerful tool for enabling true interactive 3D seismic interpretation such that geologic features are computed, mapped, and visualized in real time. We review previous work in GPU-based methods for both prestack data and migrated volumes, but we will focus on techniques that facilitate interactive and real-time interpretation of migrated seismic volumes. The field of GPGPU technology is changing rapidly with updates frequently occurring at six-month cycles, and often bring major changes to processor architecture and programmability. In this article we provide readers with an overview of the current state of GPGPU, work being done in our industry, and discuss the greater implications these changes may have in seismic volume interpretation. We will address the unique computational challenges as well as the significant gains that can be achieved by computing on low-cost commodity GPUs.
High-performance 3D first-arrival traveltime tomography
Authors: Noble Mark , Thierry Philippe , Taillandier Cedric , Calandra Henri
Published: January 2010

The determination of the correct velocity structure of the near surface is a crucial step in seismic data processing and depth imaging. Generally, first-arrival traveltime tomography based on refraction data or diving waves is used to assess a velocity model of the subsurface that best explains the data. Such first-arrival traveltime tomography algorithms are very attractive for land data processing because early events in the seismic records are very often dominated by noise, and reflected events are very difficult or even impossible to identify. On the other hand, first arrivals can generally be identified quite clearly and are very often the only data available to reconstruct the near-surface velocity structure.
Cluster programming for reverse time migration
Authors: Suh Sang Yong , Yeh Alex , Wang Bin , Cai Jun , Yoon Kwangjin , Li Zhiming
Published: January 2010

Reverse time migration (RTM) is well suited for imaging steep dips in areas with high velocity contrast. In order to image steep dips at the correct positions, anisotropy has to be taken into account. In most cases, we can assume the symmetry axis is normal to the bedding, and model is tilted transverse isotropy or TTI. Figure 1 compares TTI Kirchhoff migration and TTI RTM images. We can see that the turning wave helps RTM image the steep salt flank and the steep dip truncations against the base of the salt.
Introduction to this special section: High-performance computing
Authors: Sava Paul
Published: January 2010

It goes without saying that the geoscientist's appetite for more detailed information about the Earth can never be completely satisfied. As geoscientists we want to understand the Earth at higher and higher resolution and on a larger and larger scale. Over the past decades, geoscientists have developed methods for investigating the Earth using complicated theoretical models applicable to huge data sets. The many game-changing applications deployed in recent years include: 3D prestack depth migration for imaging the Earth's reflectivity, 3D wavefield tomography for deriving complex velocity models, sophisticated fluid-flow simulators for understanding oil and gas production, and digital rock simulators for understanding the subtle relationships between the measured fields and the underlying geology. All these applications are linked together by one attribute: They are all extremely compute-intensive.
Development of a Method for the Quantification of 1α,25(OH)2–Vitamin D3 in Serum by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry without Derivatization
Authors: Casetta Bruno , Jans Ivo , Billen Jaak , Vanderschueren Dirk , Bouillon Roger
Published: January 2010

Quantification of 1 α,25(OH)2–vitamin D3 in serum is technically challenging because of its very low concentration. Even mass spectrometry faces a challenge due to the low sensitivity for this molecule, unless a specific derivatization is implemented. Therefore, there is still a need for a robust, simplified, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 1 α,25(OH)2–vitamin D3. Thanks to tandem mass-spectrometry associated to an on-line sample extraction and clean-up, sample preparation has been reduced to a simple protein precipitation step and derivatization has been avoided. Specimen volume has been kept to a minimum. The innovative aspects of the hereby-presented method are the use of stable lithium adducts and a highly sensitive tandem mass spectrometer. The achieved limit of quantification is at a level of 15 pg mL−1, with a % CV of 5–15% at physiological concentration levels. The linearity is good and spiking experiments yielded a recovery of 87–102%. Comparison of selected samples with an established reference method, using an extensive purification procedure (high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay), has shown a good correlation.
Control of Chemical Effects in the Separation Process of a Differential Mobility Mass Spectrometer System
Authors: Schneider Bradley B. , Covey Thomas R. , Coy Stephen L. , Krylov Evgeny V. , Nazarov Erkinjon G.
Published: January 2010

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) separates ions on the basis of the difference in their migration rates under high versus low electric fields. Several models describing the physical nature of this field mobility dependence have been proposed but emerging as a dominant effect is the clusterization model sometimes referred to as the dynamic cluster–decluster model. DMS resolution and peak capacity is strongly influenced by the addition of modifiers which results in the formation and dissociation of clusters. This process increases selectivity due to the unique chemical interactions that occur between an ion and neutral gas-phase molecules. It is thus imperative to bring the parameters influencing the chemical interactions under control and find ways to exploit them in order to improve the analytical utility of the device. In this paper, we describe three important areas that need consideration in order to stabilize and capitalize on the chemical processes that dominate a DMS separation. The first involves means of controlling the dynamic equilibrium of the clustering reactions with high concentrations of specific reagents. The second area involves a means to deal with the unwanted heterogeneous cluster ion populations emitted from the electrospray ionization process that degrade resolution and sensitivity. The third involves fine control of parameters that affect the fundamental collision processes, temperature and pressure.
Hand-Held Mass Spectrometer for Environmentally Relevant Analytes Using a Variety of Sampling and Ionization Methods
Authors: Sanders Nathaniel L. , Sokol Ewa , Perry Richard H. , Huang Guangming , Noll Robert J. , Duncan Jason S. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: January 2010

A recently developed hand-held, rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer, capable of performing in situ analysis, has been evaluated for a variety of environmentally relevant analytes. Different sampling and ionization methods were implemented, demonstrating the considerable versatility of this instrument. A discontinuous (viz. pulsed) atmospheric pressure inlet (DAPI) was used to introduce externally-generated analyte ions. Nitro compounds were ionized by electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI) yielding the protonated and sodiated forms of the molecular ion, as well as fragment ions. The amines 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, triethylamine and 2,6-diphenylpyridine showed low parts per billion (ppb) detection limits. Vapor phase external ionization was used to examine the chemical warfare simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate and the insect repellant N,N-diethyl- m-toluamide. Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) was used as the introduction system for hydrophobic analytes using a selectively permeable (polydimethylsiloxane) membrane placed within the vacuum manifold with subsequent ionization of the thermally desorbed neutral compounds inside the ion trap. MIMS allowed the quantitation of trace levels (a few ppb) of fluorinated compounds in the vapor phase. MIMS was also applied to the quantitation of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) with limits of detection again in the low ppb range for naphthalene, acenaphthene, anthracene and phenanthrene.
Multi-Track Single- and Dual-Channel Plastic Microchips for Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Leuthold Luc Alexis , Reymond Frédéric , Rossier Joël S. , Varesio Emmanuel , Hopfgartner Gérard
Published: January 2010

Disposable plastic electrospray chips are particularly attractive for the automated analysis of organic compounds and organometallic compounds. Automated multi-track chip-based infusion electrospray mass spectrometry of low molecular weight compounds using an eight-channel plastic chip is presented. For that purpose, the commercial interface of a triple quadrupole linear ion trap was modified. A dual-channel plastic microchip, where two physically separated channels arrive very close to each other at the chip tip, was used to perform lock-mass accurate mass measurements on a quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument. The same chip was used to demonstrate the formation of an organometallic complex in solution on the chip tip. Furthermore, the potential to control the flow rate of each channel individually, which opens new possibilities in the study of supramolecular complexes, is discussed.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry Using a Delay-Line Detector
Authors: Froesch Martin , Luxembourg Stefan L. , Verheijde Duncan , Heeren Ron M.A.
Published: January 2010

Microscope mode mass spectrometric imaging is crucially dependent on the availability of a high-resolution, position-resolved time-of-flight detector. Here, a new detection method for microscope mode imaging mass spectrometry is presented. A delay-line detector has been used for the first time as a position-sensitive detector in imaging mass spectrometry. The method is implemented on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF), as well as a secondary ion mass spectrometry time-of-flight (SIMS-ToF) instrument. Trypsinogen and bovine serum albumin samples have been used with a metal mask to determine the spatial resolution of the new detector using the MALDI-ToF instrument. The new detector set-up was successfully employed to generate mass resolved SIMS images from biological structures on the surface of thin tissue sections. The biological samples studied were taken from tumor grown from xenografted breast cancer cell lines and chicken embryonal sections.
A Study on Weibull Distribution for Estimating the Parameters
Authors: Bhattacharya Paritosh , Bhattacharjee Rakhi
Published: January 2010

The wind resource varies with of the day and the season of the year and even some extent from year to year. Wind energy has inherent variances and hence it has been expressed by distribution functions. In this paper, we present some methods for estimating Weibull parameters, namely, shape parameter (k) and scale parameter ( c). The Weibull distribution is an important distribution especially for reliability and maintainability analysis. The suitable values for both shape parameter and scale parameters of Weibull distribution are important for selecting locations of installing wind turbine generators. The scale parameter of Weibull distribution also important to determine whether a wind farm is good or not. The presented method is the analytical methods and computational experiments on the presented methods are reported.
Prediction of Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Wing Stroke Mechanism in Lower Tip-Speed Ratio Condition
Authors: Aoki Shigemitsu
Published: January 2010

The author previously developed a wing stroke mechanism WSM as a human-friendly wind apparatus suitable for distributed power generation system in urban areas. The results of the operation in various kinds of wind condition and the result of the computer simulation show a clear tendency for the tip-speed ratio of the system to remain around one or two. The operation under very low tip-speed ratio condition with single or twin blade(s) may suggest that, different from normal horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), the azimuthal variation of the wake in the rotor can not be ignored. In addition, the influence of the interference between contra rotating twin blades in one rotor disc requires special calculation based on vortex theory. In this paper, the basic aerodynamic characteristics of the wind-stroke mechanism are investigated utilizing the lifting line theory. The fundamental integral equation is led and solved numerically using MATLAB and Simulink. Successive parametric research is undertaken according to parameters like aspect ratio sweepback angle taper-ratio and the asymmetry of the wing section of rotor blade(s). The wing stroke mechanism (WSM) has sweep back angle in order to get the directional stability. If the blade(s) with sweep back angle rotates, it makes a cone with a coning angle as is conventionally defined on HAWT. Considering again that the tip-speed ratio of the operating single or twin blade(s) is very small, it is preferable to apply the lifting line theory instead of common blade element momentum theory even though recently much improvement is established for that kind of complexity. The result shows that the wing stroke mechanism has a mixed character of the fixed wing of the airplane and the rotating blade(s) of HAWT.
Power Control Device and Storm Security for Savonius Rotor
Authors: Ghosh Kunal , Bharadwaj Kuchimanchi K. , Kumar Alok , Ahmad Sarfaraz , Saxena Swati
Published: January 2010

The main disadvantage of a Savonius rotor has been its failure to control its power and survive in high winds. A built-in device is developed that provides automatic power control and storm security. This consists of a window on each cup of the Savonius and its spring-loaded shutter that opens centrifugally when a certain rpm is exceeded. A technique for power measurement that employs a wind tunnel balance and the brake-dynamometer principle is developed. A rotor with this device is tested in a wind tunnel under different brake loads, spring tensions and wind speeds. The shutters open reliably to limit rpm and power; the open shutters reduce drag on the rotor and these features should offer protection from centrifugal forces and wind thrust in a storm. Increased shutter spring tension resulted in higher power coefficient. The rotor could not be subjected to extreme winds in the wind tunnel for reasons of safety.
Wind Turbine Blade Optimisation with Tip Loss Corrections
Authors: Clifton-Smith M. J.
Published: January 2010

Tip loss corrections are a critical factor in blade element momentum theory when determining optimum blade shape for maximum power production. Using numerical and analytical optima, this paper compares the optimal tip shape using the classical tip loss correction of Glauert, a later refinement by de Vries and a new tip loss model of Shen et al. A semi-analytical solution was proposed to find the optimum rotor considering Shen's new tip loss model. However, whilst theory and numerical solution were in good agreement, the solution is highly questionable from an aerodynamic point of view. The de Vries tip loss correction was found to be most suitable correction for blade optimisation. However, the BEM calculations described herein suggest that any improvements in CP were typically 0.4% compared to analytical and numerical optima obtained ignoring tip losses.
Design Study of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for a 2MW Wind Turbine
Authors: Todd Rebecca , Barnes Mike , Smith Alexander C.
Published: January 2010

A design study for a 2 MW commercial wind turbine is presented to illustrate two connection methods for a standard doubly-fed induction machine which can extend the low speed range down to 80% slip without an increase in the rating of the power electronic converter. This far exceeds the normal 30% lower limit. The low speed connection is known as induction generator mode and the machine is operated with a short circuited stator winding with all power flow being through the rotor circuit. A two loop cascaded PI control scheme has been designed and tuned for each mode. The purpose of this paper is to present simulation results which illustrate the dynamic performance of the controller for both doubly-fed induction generator connection methods for a 2 MW wind turbine. A simple analysis of the rotor voltage for the doubly-fed connection method is included as this demonstrates the dominant components that need to be considered when designing such advanced control strategies.
Cognitive Tools 2.0 in Trainer Education
Authors: Vohle Frank
Published: January 2010

An overview is provided of the didactic design and evaluation of a blended-learning environment of an advanced training course for the C-Trainer license in table tennis. The focus lies on new online applications (Web 2.0) that serve the didactical function of cognitive tools. These actively support the learner-centered construction of trainer-specific knowledge. The evaluation in the praxis of sports associations consists of a formative and a summative part and is mainly based on questioning of the participants and instructors (qualitative study). The results show that the blended-learning structure is highly accepted by the participants. Furthermore, the findings show that the combination of the implemented online tools in the form of a time-stamp based video player, concept mapping and Weblogs can support competency-oriented learning.
Female Athletes' Perceptions of a Coach's Speeches
Authors: Breakey Carolynn , Jones Martin , Cunningham Ceara-Tess , Holt Nicholas
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this case study was to examine female athletes' positive and negative perceptions of their coach's pre-game and intermission speeches. Members (n = 20) of a highly successful university women's hockey team were interviewed following two home stands. Researchers transcribed interviews verbatim and conducted an inductive content analysis. Positive features of the speeches were when the coach displayed genuine emotion, spoke in a short and meaningful way, and referred to a set of team values. Participants negatively perceived long and poorly timed speeches, instances when they disagreed with the coach, and when the coach omitted expected information or provided a new unexpected approach. Athletes consistently reported more positive perceptions of speeches than negative perceptions. In summary, the content (e.g., referring to team values) and the delivery (e.g., displaying genuine emotion) of speeches appeared to be closely connected.
Using Athletes as Role Models? Conceptual and Empirical Perspectives from a Sample of Elite Women Soccer Players
Authors: Guest Andrew M. , Cox Stephanie
Published: January 2010

Although popular discourse claims that elite female athletes serve as effective role models for a broad set of characteristics, theoretical and empirical perspectives on athletes as role models are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. In exploratory research designed to clarify conceptualizations of athletes as role models by asking for the athlete's own perspectives, we surveyed 39 elite women soccer players in the USA. Drawing primarily on open-ended responses, we found that the players did articulate a consistent cultural script for the characteristics of a role model and felt comfortable with their role-model status. Interestingly, however, that script was not as focused on the athletic prowess that made the players public figures. Instead, the players focused on role models as characterized by meritocratic personality traits (such as being disciplined and hard working) and interpersonal abilities (such as being caring and generous). We discuss implications for those interested in promoting, working with, and studying athletes as role models.
Tackling Technique, Injury Risk, and Playing Performance in High-Performance Collision Sport Athletes
Authors: Gabbett Tim , Ryan Peter
Published: January 2010

This study investigated the tackling technique of high-performance, collision-sport athletes and documented the relationships between tackling technique and playing experience, playing level, game-specific tackling performance, and injury in these athletes. Twenty-two national rugby league (NRL) and 17 state-based rugby league (SRL) players underwent a standardized one-on-one tackling drill in a 10 m grid. Video footage was taken from the rear, side, and front of the defending player. Tackling technique was assessed using standardized technical criteria. A large difference (ES = 1.53, p <0.05) was detected between playing groups for tackling technique, with NRL players having better tackling technique than SRL players. Players who had at least 150 NRL matches experience had a significantly greater (ES = 1.1–1.6, p <0.05) tackling technique than players who had played up to 49 NRL matches, 50–99 NRL matches, or 100–149 NRL matches. Significant relationships (p <0.05) were detected between tackling technique and the proportion of tackles missed each game (r = −0.74) and the proportion of dominant tackles effected each game (r = 0.78). There was no relationship between tackling technique and the incidence of tackling injuries. The results of this study demonstrate that playing level and playing experience influence tackling technique in high-performance, collision sport athletes, with greater playing experience and playing level associated with greater tackling technique. Furthermore, significant relationships were detected between tackling technique and the proportion of tackles missed each game (negative) and the proportion of dominant tackles effected each game (positive). Identifying the factors that limit tackling proficiency may assist playing performance, but may have minimal effect on injury prevention in high-performance, collision-sport athletes.
Contact Skills Predicting Tackle-Breaks in Rugby Union
Authors: Wheeler Keane , Sayers Mark
Published: January 2010

Contact skills are fundamental attributes of performance in rugby union. This study explored how the qualities of contact intensity and fending strategies related to tackle outcome in rugby union. Seven Super 14 games were coded using numerous quantitative and qualitative variables that assessed team patterns and individual skill execution during attacking ball carries. A variety of contact skills were shown to contribute significantly to the prediction of tackle-breaks. It was shown that 92% of tackle-breaks occurred as a result of poor defensive positioning. In addition, strong contact intensity and active fending strategies predicted 86% of poor defensive positions. Notably, active fend strategies were associated with positive phase outcomes when running straight at the defence and when using evasive methods of attack. This study provided critical insight regarding how the qualities of contact intensity and fending strategies influence effective ball carries in rugby union.
"Where the Need is Greatest": Social Psychiatry and Race-Blind Universalism in Harlem's Lafargue Clinic, 1946–1958
Authors: Doyle Dennis
Published: January 2010

Between 1946 and 1958, Harlem was home to a small psychiatric facility, the Lafargue Clinic. An interracial institution run entirely by volunteers, the clinic helped expand mental health care into underserved African American communities. Relying upon extant case files, this article examines how the Lafargue staff handled clinical situations with African Americans. In its attempt to forge a new antiracist approach, the staff struck a balance between viewing Harlem patients as psychological products of their unique social context (social psychiatry) and applying modern psychiatric principles to African Americans without adjusting for racial or sociological difference (race-blind universalism).
Gender, Age, and Diagnosis: The Rise and Fall of Involutional Melancholia in American Psychiatry, 1900–1980
Authors: Hirshbein Laura D.
Published: January 2010

Between 1900 and 1980, American psychiatrists employed a diagnosis of involutional melancholia to characterize older individuals, primarily postmenopausal women, who had constellations of depressive symptoms and specific personality traits. American interest in this diagnosis represented a confluence of social and psychoanalytic assumptions about gender, increased interest in old age, and the development of somatic therapies by the middle of the century. In the decades after the introduction of psychiatric medications, however, involutional melancholia lost its significance as a specific disease and was absorbed into the broader category of major depressive disorder.
Choice as Strategy: Homosexuality and the Politics of Pity
Authors: Fairyington Stephanie
Published: January 2010

I came out to my mother in a letter. I was twenty-eight. “I was born this way,” I wrote, following with the most
shattering high note of self-loathing I can think of: “If there were a straight pill,” I lamented, “I’d swallow it faster than
you can say the word ‘gay.’” I didn’t mean either of these things. I said them because I knew they would elicit pity and
absolve my mother of the belief that her parenting was to blame for my same-sex attractions. It worked. Five years
later, my mother continues to talk about my lesbianism as if it were a genetic defect like Down syndrome—a parallel
she’s actually drawn—because clearly, in her mind, no one would choose such a detestable and challenging state of
being.
Jerusalem: Going for the Gold
Authors: Mort Jo-Ann
Published: January 2010

The mantra of the current Israeli government that Jerusalem is “the eternal, undivided capital of the Jewish people”
does nothing to resolve the stalemate over the city’s status. Nor does saying these words make Jerusalem truly
undivided. The truth is that the city is divided both socially and culturally between west and east. And, as important, it
is plagued by problems like poverty and sectarian division both within the Jewish community itself and on the
Palestinian side—problems largely ignored because of the city’s uncertain status. Any move toward a two-state solution requires Jews in the United States and Israel to acknowledge that when they
speak of Jerusalem they are referring to an idealized religious city.
Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France
Authors: Cohen Paul
Published: January 2010

With a steep recession in full swing, it’s French-bashing time again on the editorial pages and in the business sections
of American newspapers. As the Obama administration frantically weighed policy options, pundits agonized over the
prospect of the U.S. government’s taking stakes in banks, and automakers contemplated France with a mix of horror
and resignation. When, last February, the Washington Post dared a tentative endorsement of government takeovers,
it did so apologetically, reassuring its readers that it shared their distaste for Gallic planning: “We can understand why
talk of bank nationalization freaks out the stock market: The very notion is so, well, French.” The New York Times’s
economics columnist David Leonhardt called for temporary nationalizations, but he took pains to distinguish them
from the nefarious takeovers inflicted by leftist ideologues.
The Death of Beatrice: Reflections on Old Age in America
Authors: Katz Michael B.
Published: January 2010

I don’t know if my mother intended to die on Valentine’s Day. But she did. At nearly ninetysix and a half, Beatrice Katz
had reached one of her goals, outliving her oldest sister by a few months. Her hospice nurse, who knew her well, said
that she would choose the time to give up her long struggle with pain and debility, and I believed the nurse. My mother
had an iron will and had fooled us often enough before, sinking almost to the point of extinction and then bouncing
back. After the last episode, she had bounced so far that she was kicked out of hospice until her trajectory reversed
and a serious decline set in. So why did my mother choose Valentine’s Day? I think it was her last way of showing her
love. Valentine’s Day had been a big deal when I was a child, with heartshaped cookies and red food dye in almost
everything. She would have loved the symbolism.
From Democratiya to Dissent
Authors: Johnson Alan
Published: January 2010

The online journal Democratiya launched in 2005. Sixteen issues, one book, and a quarter-million readers later,
Democratiyais being incorporated into Dissent. Why? Well, when Dwight Macdonald closed Politics, his "one-man magazine," in 1949, he cited the relentless
demands of producing a little magazine: the lack of time it gave him for reflection; his growing sense of ignorance;
and, of course, the bleak political climate that descended on every intelligent anticommunist and democratic socialist
in the late 1940s. Not to mention the demands of fundraising for little magazines. As the late Dissent editor Irving
Howe put it, "You have to smile when you want to sulk...But [you] can never be self-supporting, [so] it's stick in one
hand, cup in the other, and off you go."
Richard Rorty in Retrospect
Authors: Wolin Richard
Published: January 2010

Richard Rorty, who died in 2007, was one of the leading American philosophers of the twentieth century. Rorty hailed
from a family of leftists. His parents, James Rorty and Winifred Raushenbush, were disillusioned communists with
avowed Trotskyist sympathies. His maternal grandfather was Walter Raushenbush, who, during the 1920s and 1930s,
along with Reinhold Niebuhr, was one of the pioneers of the Social Gospel movement. In his sermons, Raushenbush
would rail volubly against “the servants of Mammon...who drain their fellow men for gain. . .who have made us
ashamed of our dear country by their defilements...[and] who have cloaked their extortion with the gospel of Christ.”
Despite this background, Rorty’s own political interests crystallized relatively late in life, with the 1998 publication of
Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in the Twentieth Century .
Traveling with the Dog: Greyhound and American Journeys
Authors: Wellington Darryl Lorenzo
Published: January 2010

At the Greyhound, Seven Stages, and Trailways bus stations, when you approach the ticket agents behind the glass
that separates the world of employees and rules from the public at large, you may be asked, “Where are you trying to
go?” I’ve heard that question often—the last time addressed to a very young, backpacking couple in the New York
City Port Authority, their faces as bright as sunlit glass. The couple remained impressively unfazed, eager, and
hopeful, despite the peculiar welcome. In an airport terminal, you would be asked, “Where are you going?” or “Where would you like to go?” These are
phrases that bespeak service, comfort, a desire to please. The other—Where are you trying to go?—suggests lowly,
hardscrabble transience. The journey, it says, may be uncertain. This is very often the case.
Violence as the Best Revenge: Fantasies of Dead Nazis
Authors: Taylor Charles
Published: January 2010

Spoiler alert: This piece gives away key plot details about Inglourious Basterds. Quentin Tarantino’s Second World
War adventure, like Bonnie and Clyde, is a distillation of the movies, tall tales, and shared legends that color our view
of the past. And whenever popular fiction deviates from history, there are always people ready to warn that we’re
falsifying the past. It’s never a problem when high culture doesn’t hew exactly to the historical line. You won’t find
anyone claiming there’s lurking danger in the historical rewriting of Richard III . The attacks on Inglourious Basterds are a lesson not just in the class-based prejudices about who should be able to
use history as the raw material of drama, but in the willed naiveté that still exists about the virtuousness of the Second
World War.
The Military State of America and the Democratic Left
Authors: Rule James B.
Published: January 2010

The invasion of Iraq was a defining moment for the United States. This was the kind of war that many Americans
believed formed no part of this country’s repertoire—an aggressive war of choice. Its aim was not to stop some wider
conflict or to prevent ethnic cleansing or mass killings; indeed, its predictable effect was to promote these things. The
purpose was to extirpate a regime that the United States had built up but that had morphed into an obstacle to this
country—and to replace it with one that would represent a more compliant instrument of American purpose. In short,
the war was a demonstration of American ability and willingness to remove and replace regimes anywhere in the
world. Even in the wake of the Iraq fiasco, no one in high places has declared repetitions of such exploits “off the
table”—to use the expression favored by this country's foreign policy elites.
Michael Walzer Responds
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: January 2010

The rise of a genuinely left Confucianism in China would be a welcome development, but Dan Bell’s account of what
this doctrine might look like, and how it is invoked by contemporary “new leftists,” leaves me unpersuaded that it could
do the ideological work that China needs today. Bell himself recognizes that it still has to be tested—that is, rigorously
applied. Meanwhile, I have three worries. (1) Bell describes left Confucianism as a
critical doctrine, but it is only in his last paragraph that he says anything that is seriously, pointedly critical. And he
doesn’t describe any significant criticism from contemporary left Confucians. Consider one example: China today is
one of the most inegalitarian countries in the world, and the inequality is increasing.
George Packer Responds
Authors: Packer George
Published: January 2010

Jim Rule’s reference to me is hard to parse, because the language is vague, but he’s essentially saying that anyone
who now warns against a swift and complete withdrawal from Iraq must be trying to justify an earlier decision to
support the war. This isn’t an argument about merits, it’s about motives. As such it’s an argument no one can answer,
and no one should make without solid evidence. Rule’s evidence is an article I wrote for the New York Times
Magazine in December 2002. Readers will find that it was a discussion about the pre-war debate over Iraq among liberals who supported the
Balkan interventions of the 1990s. The article listed eight arguments on each side of the debate and it profiled six
liberal thinkers, who split half and half and, in a few cases, were internally conflicted.
Michael Walzer Responds
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: January 2010

Jim Rule has written a wonderfully bracing but also a strangely high-minded critique of United States foreign policy.
By “high-minded” I mean first of all abstracted from all the difficult decisions of past and present policy making. And I
mean, second, that his piece is an exercise in moralizing—in the bad sense of that term, where anyone who
disagrees with him is denied any possible moral conviction. The “liberal hawks” are his first choice among enemies—though I think that he is a liberal hawk himself: he seems to
support, at least in retrospect, U.S. military intervention in Bosnia (and presumably also in Kosovo, where the
argument for intervening was pretty much the same). And he is ready, he says, to support military intervention to stop
massacres and ethnic cleansing.
James B. Rule Replies
Authors: Rule James B.
Published: January 2010

Bad faith, indeed! George Packer’s opening sentences in the New York Times Magazine article he published as the
Iraq invasion loomed read, “If you’re a liberal, why haven’t you joined the antiwar movement? More to the point, why
is there no antiwar movement that you’d want to join?” A little more than two months after these words appeared, an
antiwar demonstration numbering somewhere between three hundred thousand and one million filled the streets of
New York. Similar demonstrations occurred on the same date in other U.S. cities and abroad. Had these utterly legitimate protests been heard, the massive destruction triggered by this disastrous invasion would
have been averted.
The Transformation of Caricature: A Reading of Gillray's The Liberty of the Subject
Authors: Haywood Ian
Published: January 2010

James Gillray's The Liberty of the Subject (1779) introduced a new visual power and sophistication into English caricature. At first sight the print appears to be an ambivalent response to press-ganging, depicting both victims and oppressors in a grotesque mode, but I will argue that these visual distortions reflect a popular perception that the press gang represented an ugly contortion of English liberty. I will also argue that the print's focus on female violence is a clue to its transformation of a specific event: the trial of a plebeian woman who defended her shoemaker lover by stabbing to death a member of a press gang.
Castell's Pliny: Rewriting the Past for the Present
Authors: Liu Yu
Published: January 2010

Twentieth-century English garden historians have long praised Robert Castell's Villas of the Ancients Illustrated as conferring classical authority and providing form and direction to the newly fashionable appreciation of naturalistic scenery in the early eighteenth century. Challenging this reading, this essay strives to show that Castell's Pliny represents an ingenious rewriting of the past for the present and that as such it is valuable above anything else as a revealing pointer to the very different gardening ideas which were transplanted from China to England and which played a most decisive inspirational role in the diversely significant English landscaping revolution.
Shakespeare Aftershocks: Shylock
Authors: Conkie Rob
Published: January 2010

Aftershocks, this paper argues, are repetitions of Shakespearean characters, narratives and themes which make no conscious connection to, or acknowledgement of, the source which helps to register their impact (Garber xviii). The idea behind the aftershocks is that Shakespeare's plays, and especially controversial ones most visibly and differently marked by their culture, provide an earthquake-like impact, the vibrations of which continue to register throughout history. The aftershocks described in the paper are describe are faint enough to sound no explicit connection to their centre and yet they reverberate in specifically similar patterns. Here,  The Merchant of Venice  aftershocks in contemporary film texts such as  Star Wars: The Phantom Menace, Tropic Thunder and Borat .
Horror, Homosexuality, and Homiciphilia in McKellen's Richard III and Jarman's Edward II
Authors: Friedman Michael D.
Published: January 2010

In Richard Loncraine's film version of Richard III (1995), Ian McKellen as Richard experiences "homiciphilia": erotic arousal from the thought of having caused the deaths of his victims. The film also hints at Richard's homosexual attraction to his henchman Tyrell and contains images that evoke the gay bathhouses associated with early outbreaks of AIDS. This negative treatment of deviant sexuality seems startling in a film based on a screenplay by, and starring, the openly gay actor Ian McKellen. By combining these dual markers of Richard's/McKellen's transgressive sexuality, the film leaves itself vulnerable to a reading, characteristic of the backlash against homosexuality in the late 1980s and 1990's, whereby gay men are demonized for deriving sexual pleasure from passing along AIDS to their partners, and through them, to the rest of society. In its treatment of homosexuality, McKellen's movie resembles the classic Hollywood horror films of the 1930s, which portray "the monster" as a stand-in for "the homosexual." As in such films, McKellen gratifies his heterosexual audience by killing off his homosexual protagonist and allowing a "normal" straight couple to regain control of England. McKellen's accommodationist political stance is thrown into relief when one compares Richard III to Derek Jarman's Edward II (1991). Jarman's radical position, which concedes nothing to the straight establishment, celebrates his protagonist's queer sexuality and impels him to rewrite the ending of Marlowe's play to dramatize the victory of queer resistance over heterosexual oppression.
Adopted Pedagogies: Nahua Incorporation of European Music and Theater in Colonial Mexico City
Authors: Truitt Jonathan
Published: January 2010

In 1519 Spanish conquistadors arrived on the shores of Mesoamerica under the leadership of Hernando Cortés. Following the defeat of Mexico-Tenochtidan, the Aztec capital, Cortés requested that members of the Franciscan order be sent from Spain to lead the conversion effort. In 1523 the first three Franciscans arrived, among them fray Pedro de Gante. One year later another 12 Franciscans made the journey. They established themselves in the southeastern portion of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, and under their direction Nahua laborers built the principal Franciscan religious compound, San Francisco, and the first indigenous chapel in New Spain, San Josef de los Naturales. Together this friary and chapel served as the main point of interaction for Franciscan conversion efforts within thealtepetl, ethnic state, of Mexico-Tenochtidan. In the courtyard of San Francisco, next to the indigenous chapel, fray Pedro established an indigenous school aimed at the indoctrination of the Nahua peoples of Mexico-Tenochtitlan and other outlying altepetl. Although its students were primarily members of indigenous nobility, other promising Nahuas received an education there as well.
Christmas in the Missions of Northern New Spain
Authors: Mann Kristin Dutcher
Published: January 2010

In 1982, native historian Joe Sando vividly described the Christmas season at Jémez Pueblo in northern New Mexico. Throughout the pueblo, figures of the Christ Child lay on display in homes in prominent, specially-decorated areas representing the stable in Bethlehem. During his childhood, Sando remembered that Hemish families roasted corn in their fireplaces, while elders drew pictures of wild game animals and birds, as well as important crops, on the wall next to the fireplace, in hopes that the birth of Christ would also result in the birth of the animals and plants drawn on the wall. In Jémez today, although the roasting of corn and drawings on the fireplace walls have been replaced by the exchange of gifts and watching television, some seasonal customs continue. Pine logs for communal bonfires rest neatly in square piles in front of each home. Christmas Eve bonfires attract the newborn Infant Jesus, and children gleefully play and dance around them. When the fires die out, the Hemish return to their homes to await midnight mass. After mass at the church, worshipers follow the newborn Infant in procession through the community. The next morning, as the first rays of daylight become visible in the east, animal dancers appear on the hilly skyline to the east and southwest. By the time the sun leaves the eastern horizon, the animals have arrived in the village, gathering in front of the drummers, who sing welcoming songs. The people arrive to welcome the animals, who process to the plaza, where they dance all day.
Dependency, History, and Scholarship: An Interview with Professor Stanley J. Stein
Authors: Peloso Vincent
Published: January 2010

Stanley J. Stein, Walter Samuel Carpenter III Professor of Spanish Civilization and Culture and Professor of History, Emeritus, at Princeton University, is a lifelong Latin Americanist. Together with his late wife Barbara, herself an accomplished bibliographer and historian of the region, Professor Stein wrote several books and articles that put their stamp on methods of writing the social history of modern Latin America, specifically on the impact of colonialism and industrialism in Mexico and Brazil in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is fair to say that no one who studied Latin American history over the last 35 years would have failed to engage the slim, elegantly written synthesis, The Colonial Heritage of Latin America: Essays on Economic Dependence in Perspective (1970). Recipients of grants and fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, singly or together, the Steins were honored for their path-breaking studies with the CLAH Robertson and Bolton prizes, the Conference on Latin American History Distinguished Service Award (1991), and the American Historical Association Award for Scholarly Distinction (1996).
Evangelization as Performance: Making Music, Telling Stories
Authors: Schwaller John F.
Published: January 2010

In the 1970s two important trends in Latin American history came into conjunction. The older of these was the study of the evangelization of the natives of the New World. The evangelization largely occurred at the hands of the regular clergy: Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians. Nevertheless, there were significant numbers of secular priests who also engaged in the mission, but they did not leave the editorial legacy of the religious. The second trend which emerged was the study of the native peoples, but with a very important new consideration. While earlier historians had been contented to write basing their histories on the Spanish language documentation, in the 1970s a new generation of scholars versed in Nahuati, Maya, and other native languages, began to look at themes utilizing native language documentation. The confluence of these two trends was the use of native language documentation to study the evangelization.
Changing the Concepts to Justify the Standards*
Authors: O'brien Patricia C.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, I discuss the current project to converge the IASB and FASB conceptual frameworks, specifically efforts to purge the converged framework of concepts that hinder the promotion of balance sheet valuation using fair values. I discuss why I believe these efforts to be misguided, based on how investors who analyze financial statements employ accounting information. I focus on stewardship, reliability, and earnings — terms either demoted in importance or at risk of being eliminated in the framework convergence project. I explain their salience to financial statement users and argue against their deletion or demotion.
The Impact of Corporate Governance and Audit Quality on the Cost of Private Loans*
Authors: Chu Ling , Mathieu Robert , Mbagwu Chima
Published: January 2010

The objective of this paper is to examine whether banks discriminate between firms on the basis of their financial condition when assessing the credit default risk, and to what extent corporate governance and auditor quality mitigate such risks in the pricing of new bank loans. The results indicate that, depending on the probability of bankruptcy, banks rely on different monitoring devices. For firms with a low probability of bankruptcy, banks do not rely on the quality of corporate governance or the auditor's industry specialization. However, auditor tenure and a change in auditor affect the spread. For firms with a high probability of bankruptcy, the spread is adjusted for the quality of corporate governance and the auditor's specialization. These results are robust to alternative specifications and measures.