bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delamination onset in composite materials due to fatigue loading
Authors: Boni Luisa , Fanteria Daniele , Lazzeri Luigi , Mariani Ugo , Rigamonti Marco
Published: May 2022

An experimental program has been carried out for the evaluation of the delamination onset condition of various composite material systems, under the application of constant amplitude cyclic loading. Standard Double Cantilever Beam End Notch Flexure and Mixed Mode Bending specimens were used; the assessment of resistance to fatigue delamination onset has been performed by means of procedures defined in similitude with the standard static test procedures, introducing appropriate variants, where necessary. Three materials systems have been investigated: two carbon epoxy unidirectional materials and a carbon epoxy 5-harness satin. Normalised curves show a common trend and allow the identification of onset values for the evaluation of defects tolerance in the “no growth” approach. A similitude with the interlaminar fracture toughness measured in static tests, as a function of mode-mix ratio, has been highlighted with a higher influence of the mode I component. A modification of the Benzeggagh–Kenane relationship is proposed, that captures more faithfully the trend of the onset results.
The Effect of the Bright White Light Application to Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care on Their Fatigue Level and Sleep Quality: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Çelik Ayşegül , Usta Yeşilbalkan Öznur
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to examine the effect of bright white light on the fatigue level and sleep quality of cancer patients receiving palliative care. The study sample consisted of 52 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were assigned to the study or control group by stratified randomization. The bright white light (10,000 lux) or dim red light (<50 lux) was applied for 30 minutes every morning for 14 days to the patients in the study and control group. In the study, bright white light significantly decreased the level of fatigue and the level of fatigue-related effect on daily life activities, improved sleep quality and increased total sleep time ( p < 0.05). It was found that dim red light significantly decreased the level of fatigue and increased the sleep quality, but this change was lower than the study group ( p < 0.05).
The breakfast of champions: Student surveys to sustain and cultivate teachers
Authors: Amrein-Beardsley Audrey , Geiger Tray
Published: May 2022

Feedback is an essential ingredient for professional growth, but teachers receive limited feedback that is actually useful. Audrey Amrein-Beardsley and Tray Geiger discuss the flaws in two common forms of teacher feedback, value-added measures and classroom observations, often used as part of a summative evaluation. They suggest that student evaluations can add important data to help teachers improve, especially if used formatively and not to inform high-stakes decisions. They offer general guidance on how to construct and administer these surveys.
Bookshelf: Kappan authors on their favorite reads
Authors: Minahan Jessica
Published: May 2022

In this monthly column, Kappan authors discuss books and articles that have informed their views on education. Jessica Minahan recommends The Explosive Child by Ross W. Greene. Kristin Conradi Smith recommends Transforming Literacy Education for Long-Term English Learners by Maneka Brooks.
The Role of Novelty Satisfaction in Distance Physical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Authors: Hsu Wei-Ting , Lin Andy , Shang I-Wei
Published: May 2022

Purpose: To better understand the role of novelty satisfaction in distance physical education (PE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the relationships among students’ novelty satisfaction, basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, effort, and enjoyment and to examine the mediating effects of autonomous motivation in the relationships between novelty satisfaction and effort and enjoyment. Methods: The participants were 332 undergraduate students from 10 PE classes. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. Results: Satisfaction of students’ need for novelty and the three basic needs positively predicted autonomous motivation, which in turn positively predicted effort and enjoyment. The relationships between students’ novelty satisfaction and their effort and enjoyment were mediated by autonomous motivation. Conclusion: This study provides important insights into needs satisfaction and motivational underpinnings of outcomes in distance PE during the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that future studies develop novelty support strategies based on our findings.
Social and Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Mediation Study
Authors: Schoeps Konstanze , Tamarit Alicia , De la Barrera Usue , Lacomba-Trejo Laura , Montoya-Castilla Inmaculada , del Rosario Constanza , Coello Fernanda , Herrera Sebastián , Trujillo Ángela , Riveros Munevar Fernando , Amador Esparza Nancy Alejandra
Published: May 2022

The ongoing pandemic has dramatically disrupted daily life, increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and poor mental wellbeing. The compound effects of social, political and psychological stressors have increased psychological symptoms among adolescents and young people, with worries about COVID-19 playing a central role in the clinical course of their mental health problems caused by the pandemic. The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine the social psychological effects of COVID-19 on adolescents’ and young people’s mental health and wellbeing in Ibero-American population. Participants involved 6,283 adolescents and young adults from five different Spanish-Speaking countries (83.7% female) aged between 12 and 30 years ( M = 18.79; SD = 3.48). Participants completed the Worries about COVID-19 and its Consequences Scale (W-COV), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive analyses, multivariate ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were performed, as well as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) testing a mediational model. The results indicate cross-cultural difference in COVID-19 related worries, emotional symptoms and life satisfaction. Results from SEM confirmed the overall indirect effects of COVID-19 cases, political response and participants’ conditions during lockdown on depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction mediated by COVID-19 related worries. These findings suggest that the social psychological factors underlying psychological symptoms could be partly explained by increased worries about COVID-19 and its personal, social, economic and political consequences, which may offer guidance to policy makers and health services for safeguarding youth mental well-being.
Status of Research and Development Within Dental Institutes of Pakistan
Authors: Raja Hina Zafar , Saleem Muhammad Nasir , Noor Ayesha , Usmani Ayesha , Khan Junaid S.
Published: May 2022

Health sector institutes of Pakistan can play a pivotal part in improving the status of health sciences. This can be achieved by facilitating research and innovation facilities. It is a need of the day to emphasize academicians and institutional administrations to take keen interest in this regard. Knowledge of the present research and development conditions within higher education institutions may help in policy development and fund allocations at the required levels. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the status of research and development within dental Institutes of Pakistan. A 30 itemed questionnaire was e mailed/posted to all institutional heads of all registered and recognized dental institutes of Pakistan. Response rate was 62% showing lack of administrational interest. Insufficient infrastructure, inadequate research planning, execution and intellectual property management was recorded. It can be concluded that higher education dental institutions of Pakistan are in need of deeper administrational and educational input to gear up the progress of health sector in this direction.
Fetal alcohol syndrome knowledge and risk behaviors among university students and community residents in Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Smith Jessica G , Ross Christina , Manenzhe Tovhowani , Netshiongolwe Rabelani , Washington Johnda , Maphula Angelina , Ingersoll Karen S
Published: May 2022

The Republic of South Africa has the highest documented fetal alcohol syndrome prevalence globally. In the Limpopo province, little is known about students’ or community members’ knowledge of fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder rates and risk behaviors. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare knowledge about fetal alcohol syndrome and other fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the related behaviors such as drinking among University of Venda students and local community residents in villages to inform educational efforts to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome. Participants ([Formula: see text]) were from the University of Venda and two villages, Maungani and Ha-Mangilasi, and completed an epidemiological survey about their characteristics, behaviors, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder risks. We analyzed differences between the university students and community residents in fetal alcohol syndrome knowledge and the related risk behaviors. University students have heard of fetal alcohol syndrome (Fisher’s exact test p < .001), have seen warning labels about drinking during pregnancy (Fisher’s exact test p = .003), and were aware that a baby is born with birth defects if diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (Fisher’s exact test p = .03) with more knowledge of fetal alcohol syndrome compared to community residents. Most respondents thought it was unacceptable to drink during pregnancy. Despite this, a substantial number of participants thought it was acceptable to have one drink after pregnancy recognition. There was little knowledge of best practices about alcohol consumption to prepare for pregnancy, or once recognized. We recommend an education campaign to raise awareness of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders across Limpopo, especially in smaller villages, and further research to determine demographic and experiential risk factors to aid in prevention efforts.
Changes in the Use of Telehealth Services and Use of Technology for Communication in U.S. Community Supervision Agencies Since COVID-19
Authors: Viglione Jill , Nguyen Thuy
Published: May 2022

The U.S. community corrections system supervises and provides services for nearly 4.4 million individuals. This study explored agency responses during the COVID-19 pandemic using data from 347 surveys of community supervision directors. We examined whether agency and local geographical factors were associated with increased use of telehealth services for mental health, substance use disorders, and criminal behavior. We also assessed whether these factors were significant predictors of changes in agencies’ supervision strategies. Findings indicated a positive association between prepandemic access to telecommunications technology and use of telehealth services, with observed differences regarding urbanicity and type of agency. Agencies with more COVID-19 mitigation strategies tended to avoid in-person contact. Given the vast needs and increased risks present within the community supervision population, it is important to understand the barriers and facilitators associated with innovation and change in the post-COVID-19 era to inform future reform efforts.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Subglottis: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Chen Zhe , Xiao Wei , Peng Tao , Ye Linfeng
Published: May 2022

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a very rare mesenchymal tumor that can behave as a locally benign or aggressive lesion. Here, we present an extremely rare case of IMT involving the subglottic of a middle-aged male. Steroid therapy treatment alleviated dyspnea, but the recurrence of dyspnea was reported two months later. Both sides of the subglottic tumor were excised following treatment, and the surgical specimens were subjected to histopathological evaluation and diagnosis for IMT. At 4 years after excision, follow-up laryngoscopy revealed symmetric vocal cords without evidence of any subglottic mass. Subglottic mass is often asymptomatic until it presents with hoarseness or dyspnea, and subglottic IMT is rare. Based on the successful treatment of our case, complete surgical excision is highly recommended for this rare tumor. However, further research is needed to discover a more effective and cost-effective treatment approach.
Predictors of Thyroid Gland Invasion in Total Laryngectomy for Advanced Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Xie Jiaxuan , Liu Hui , Wu Peiyan , Chen Liangsi , Ge Pingjiang , Chen Shaohua , Zhang Siyi , Lu Zhongming
Published: May 2022

Objectives: Thyroidectomy for advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is controversial. This study aimed to identify predictors of thyroid gland invasion in patients with LSCC and management of the thyroid gland during total laryngectomy. Patients and Methods: Clinical data and pathological characteristics of 113 patients, who underwent laryngectomy with thyroidectomy for advanced LSCC in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital between 2009 and 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence and predictors of thyroid gland invasion were analyzed, and a new predictor was proposed using a parallel test. Results: Of 113 patients, 25.7% exhibited thyroid invasion. A new predictor that combined the lower third of thyroid cartilage invasion and thyroid gland invasion on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) was associated with pathological thyroid gland invasion ( P = 0.001; sensitivity, 88.2%; negative predictive value, 95%). Conclusion: Thyroidectomy may be required during total laryngectomy in those with invasion of the lower third of thyroid cartilage and/or thyroid gland invasion revealed on CT/MRI instead of being performed routinely.
Gratitude Is Morally Sensitive
Authors: Yu Hongbo , Zhou Yubo , Nussberger Anne-Marie
Published: May 2022

Helping acts, however well intended and beneficial, sometimes involve immoral means or immoral helpers. Here, we explore whether help recipients consider moral evaluations in their appraisals of gratitude, a possibility that has been neglected by existing accounts of gratitude. Participants felt less grateful and more uneasy when offered immoral help (Study 1, N = 150), and when offered morally neutral help by an immoral helper (Study 2, N = 172). In response to immoral help or helpers, participants were less likely to accept the help and less willing to strengthen their relationship with the helper even when they accepted it. Study 3 ( N = 276) showed that recipients who felt grateful when offered immoral help were perceived as less likable, less moral, and less suitable as close relationship partners than those who felt uneasy by observers. Our results demonstrate that gratitude is morally sensitive and suggest this might be socially adaptive.
Psychosocial Indicators of Adolescent Alcohol, Cigarette, and Marijuana Use: An Analysis of Normalized, Harmonized, and Pooled Data
Authors: Hansen William B. , Saldana Santiago , Ip Edward Hak-Sing
Published: May 2022

We normalized, harmonized, and pooled 344,429 surveys collected from 106,470 research participants from 25 research studies that assessed past 30-day alcohol use, drunkenness, smoking cigarettes, using marijuana, and a host of psychosocial variables. After normalizing and harmonizing psychosocial measures, we completed analyses to examine the ability of psychosocial variables to serve as proxy indicators of use. Intentionality, peer descriptive normative beliefs, and age emerged as being of primary importance in indicating use. Additional variables – peer injunctive norms, beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of use, and attitudes – were also demonstrated to have the potential to serve as proxies in the assessment of substance use risk. There were developmental patterns in how intentionality and descriptive normative beliefs changed with age. Young adolescents had scores that are protective; they have positive intentionality and do not see the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use as widespread. These and other psychosocial variable’s mean scores generally erode with age while the distribution of scores widens as youth grow older. The goal of analyses was to define age-related psychosocial profiles that can be used prospectively to estimate substance use risk. These profiles are useful in creating virtual control cases for evaluating disseminated prevention programs.
Hero to zero? Navigating and negotiating the harms of criminalisation as a ‘veteran offender’
Authors: Wilkinson Hannah
Published: May 2022

This article offers an original insight into the experiences of former military personnel navigating life after criminalisation in a time of austerity. Drawing on case studies of in-depth narrative and visual interview data with two ‘veteran offenders’, the article draws attention to a complex ‘dance of disclosure’ around military service and criminal records. The article demonstrates how the complexity of the pains of criminalisation can make (re-)finding a sense of purpose and self-worth difficult for former military personnel who must continually decide whether to disclose or obscure their military past, depending on the criminal punishment context. This critical analysis makes visible a potential continuum of state harm for those criminalised and managed as ‘veteran offenders’.
Fostering academic competence in Latinx youth: The role of cultural values and parenting behaviors
Authors: Hernández Maciel M. , Taylor Zoe E. , Jones Blake L.
Published: May 2022

Although high school completion rates for Latinx adolescents have improved, rural Latinx youth experience more barriers to academic success than their urban counterparts. Using a culturally informed model, we tested prospective associations between adolescents’ Wave 1 familism values (cultural values emphasizing the importance of family relationships and connections) and Wave 2 academic competencies in a sample of predominantly rural Latinx adolescents ( N = 123) in the U.S. Midwest. We also examined whether youth-reports of mother’s and father’s warm parenting at Wave 1 and 2 moderated these associations. Familism values predicted higher self-reported school attachment and academic aspirations and expectations. Neither maternal nor paternal warmth predicted school attachment, academic aspirations, or academic expectations. Maternal warmth at Wave 2, but not at Wave 1, moderated the positive associations between familism and academic aspirations and expectations. These associations were more pronounced under circumstances of low maternal warmth. Paternal warmth did not significantly moderate the proposed associations predicting academic aspirations and expectations. Paternal warmth at Wave 1, but not at Wave 2, moderated the positive association between familism and school attachment. This association was stronger in the context of low paternal warmth. Results emphasize the joint roles of culture and parenting context for fostering academic competence in Latinx youth living in primarily rural regions of the Midwest during a critical developmental stage.
Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with chronic bursitis: A case report
Authors: Liu Jie , Lv Zheng-Ming
Published: May 2022

This current report presents a rare case of carpal tunnel syndrome with chronic bursitis that was treated successfully by open surgery. A 53-year-old female patient that had begun to experience swelling, pain and limited flexion activity of the left wrist 1 year previously presented because of a deterioration in her condition and numbness of the thumb, index finger and middle finger in the previous 2 months without any treatment. The diagnosis of bursitis should be based on clinical symptoms and signs, combined with colour ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, arthroscopy and arthrography. Bursitis should be differentiated from arthritis, tendonitis, fracture and neoplasm, but complete exclusion depends on the postoperative pathological results. In this current case, the histopathological findings were consistent with bursitis without malignancy. After surgery, the patient was instructed to perform rehabilitation exercises for the wrist joint. These exercises included passive activity 3 days after surgery and active activity 1 week after surgery. There was also regular follow-up every 3 months. The patient recovered well and reported that the pain and numbness that she described preoperatively had been resolved.
Care models for mental health in a population of patients affected by COVID-19
Authors: Maresca Giuseppa , Formica Caterina , De Cola Maria Cristina , Lo Buono Viviana , Latella Desirèe , Cimino Vincenzo , Carnazza Lara , Giambò Fabio Mauro , Parasporo Nicholas , Bramanti Alessia , Corallo Francesco
Published: May 2022

Objective

Emergency psychological interventions are needed in patients with COVID-19. During the pandemic, psychological counseling services have been provided using online platforms to address adverse psychological impacts and symptoms in patients and the general population. We investigated the effects of telepsychotherapy on emotional well-being and psychological distress in patients affected by COVID-19.

Methods

Forty-five Sicilian patients who had contracted COVID-19 joined “Telecovid Sicilia” from March to June 2020. Participants completed self-assessment questionnaires and psychological testing to measure levels of anxiety, presence of depressive symptoms, and altered circadian rhythm with consequent sleep disorders and psychological distress. Individual telepsychotherapy services were provided for 1 hour, twice a week, for 16 sessions in total.

Results

We enrolled 45 patients (42.2% women). We found significant changes between baseline and the end of follow-up in all outcome measures, especially depression (χ2 (1) = 30.1; effect size [ES] = 0.82), anxiety (χ2 (1) = 37.4; ES = 0.91), and paranoid ideation (χ2 (1) = 5.6; ES = 0.35). The proportion of participants with sleep disorders decreased to 84.1% after intervention (χ2 (1) = 58.6; ES = 1.14).

Conclusion

A telepsychotherapeutic approach showed promising effects on psychological symptoms, with significantly reduced patient anxiety and depression.
‘Demarginalising’ a territorially stigmatised neighbourhood?: The relationship between governance configurations and trajectories of urban change
Authors: Holmes Hannah
Published: May 2022

Gentrification and territorial stigma are understood to be closely linked, yet the workings of the governance networks which underlay this relationship have seldom been explored in depth. This paper seeks to develop understandings of this relationship by showing how the interactions which occur in decision-making processes at the local level culminate in particular strategies for regeneration. It draws on interviews and document analysis to map out and examine networks of governance in Middlehaven, a territorially stigmatised area of Middlesbrough, UK, which has been targeted for regeneration, and indicates the methodology used for tracing the emergence of regeneration strategies in order to reveal how gentrification emerges as a policy response to territorial stigma. In doing so, this paper highlights the relationship between institutional arrangements, governance networks, and approaches to urban change in the context of a territorially stigmatised space in a post-industrial town, and indicates how neoliberal governance occurs in practice at the local level. By highlighting how particular strategies of gentrification which gain traction are embedded in local governance configurations, the paper challenges policy approaches to territorially stigmatised spaces which frame gentrification as an inevitable outcome.
Construction of a Composite Pavement (Asphalt over Concrete) in Virginia
Authors: Shabbir Hossain M. , Nair Harikrishnan , Celik Ozyildirim H.
Published: May 2022

The U.S. Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP2) identified composite pavement as a “renewal solution” and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) received implementation funding to demonstrate its feasibility. In 2017, this funding was applied to support major rehabilitation of two westbound lanes of US 60 in Henrico County, Virginia, a project that essentially replaced 1.1 mi of deteriorated concrete pavement with a new composite system consisting of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) overlaid with stone matrix asphalt (SMA). This paper documents the design and construction of this new composite pavement. It also includes results from through-the-thickness temperature monitoring and a summary of performance for the first 4 years after opening to traffic.

Close oversight by researchers provided a review of challenges and associated lessons learned from the design and construction process. Current VDOT specifications and standards were sufficient for successful construction. The asphalt overlay appeared to reduce the temperature gradient within the CRCP and to moderate daily temperature swings. This insulating effect of asphalt is expected to lower curling and associated stresses in the concrete pavement, which may permit reduced concrete thickness requirements in designs and also enable longer service life. The cracks in CRCP were tight and were not expected to reflect through the SMA. Moreover, the SMA mixture was tested to be crack and rut resistant. Therefore, a crack- and rut-free long service life for this composite pavement is expected. A recent visual survey by researchers found no observable distresses after 4 years under traffic.
Development of a Model to Estimate Percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Binder Contribution Based on Design and Performance of Super High RAP Mixes
Authors: Cantrell Logan , Wen Haifang , Wang Lin
Published: May 2022

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the most recycled materials. The allowed RAP percentage in asphalt mixes is typically limited because of concerns over variability, binder stiffness, cracking performance, and generally the unknown associated with RAP. With abundant RAP stockpiles, the use of higher percentage RAP in asphalt mix may be warranted if performance can meet or exceed low RAP (LR) mixes (20% RAP or lower). In this study, high RAP (HR) mixes (40% RAP) and super high RAP (SHR) mixes (greater than 40% RAP) were designed, and their performance was compared with LR mixes. Mixes that cover two climates, Eastern and Western Washington, were included in this study. A lower performance grade (PG) virgin binder and a bio-based rejuvenator were used in HR and SHR mixes to allow the blended binder to meet the target PG required by the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Mix volumetrics and binder PGs of these mixes were designed close to each other, indicating the feasibility to produce RAP mixes up to 100% RAP. Overall, the addition of RAP improves the rutting performance but reduces the cracking performance of SHR mixes. Two measures were evaluated to mitigate SHR mixes’ cracking potential, including adding extra 0.5% virgin binder or 50% rejuvenator above the original dose, which improved the cracking performance of SHR mixes but reduced the rutting resistance. Based on these results, a recycled binder contribution model was developed to estimate the percentage of RAP binder contribution based on rutting and cracking performance testing.
Development of a Highly Transferable Urban Winter Road Surface Classification Model: A Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Xie Qian , Kwon Tae J.
Published: May 2022

Road surface condition (RSC) is an important performance indicator for winter road maintenance personnel to maintain safe driving conditions. This becomes more apparent in inclement weather events where timely clearing of snow is highly prioritized. Considering the vast road networks that need to be covered, many transportation agencies have been using camera images to view real-time RSC directly; however, monitoring conditions via these cameras is still being done manually, thereby hindering its full utilization for optimizing maintenance services. Many studies have attempted to develop a deep-learning-based approach known as convolution neural network (CNN) to automate the process of RSC image classification. When implemented, RSC can be extracted from road images without human involvement. However, efforts made thus far have been focused on rural highways, with performance in the urban context being the least explored. Furthermore, CNN models developed in previous studies have been trained either from scratch or via transfer learning, but only a few studies have investigated transfer learning using a pre-trained RSC model. To address these gaps, an urban RSC model was developed in this study via transfer learning using a pre-trained RSC CNN model. The image dataset used contains 3914 urban images collected in a residential area south of Edmonton, Alberta. With these images, the pre-trained RSC model was fine-tuned via transfer learning and underwent hyperparameter optimization to boost performance further, yielding a high classification accuracy of 98.21% and an F1-score of 98.4%, which surpassed the accuracy of the model trained from scratch.
Bovine erythrocytes are poor surrogates for human when exposed to sublethal shear stress
Authors: McNamee Antony P , Kuck Lennart , Simmonds Michael J
Published: May 2022

Animal blood products are routinely used as surrogates for human tissue in haemocompatibility testing of rotary blood pumps. Bovine blood is particularly attractive due to the animal’s large blood volume; however, bovine red blood cells (RBC) differ substantially from those of human, both in biophysical properties and molecular composition. We aimed to determine whether differences also exist in the sensitivity of bovine RBC to a standardised shear stress protocol. Fresh blood from healthy human and bovine donors was exposed to discrete combinations of shear stress using a Couette shearing system, prior to assessment of cellular deformability and mechanical sensitivity. Each sample was exposed to 25 sublethal shear stress combinations (ranging 60–100 Pa × 5–300 s). While bovine RBC exhibited decreased maximal elongation in the absence of conditioning shear, overall deformability at lower shears was ~1.8-fold greater than human. When exposed to any conditioning shear stresses >80 Pa (or 60–70 Pa beyond 5 s), human RBC were significantly rigidified, with greater magnitudes and prolonged exposure compounding this effect. Significantly larger shears were required to rigidify bovine RBC; the most extreme shear condition (100 Pa × 300 s) resulted in approximately three-times more rigidification of human RBC than bovine (137% and 47% respectively). Bovine RBC have superior resilience to mechanical stress when compared with human. Using bovine blood in ex vivo evaluation of rotary blood pumps may thus misrepresent and overestimate device-blood success, and may also have flow-on effects for eventual users. Fresh human blood during early-phase ex vivo testing is thus recommended, given shear-inducing blood pumps are designed for humans – not cattle.
Will Downward Intergenerational Housing Support Increase Parents’ Expectations for Old-Age Care from Adult Children? Evidence from China
Authors: Tang Zequn , Wang Ning
Published: May 2022

Toward a background of young people’s decreasing housing affordability and parents’ increasing involvement in intergenerational housing support, this study investigates how such support influences parents’ expectation of future care from adult children. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we found that, in general, middle-aged/older adults who provided adult children financial housing support were more likely to expect old-age care from them. The help-receiving child was more likely to be an expected caregiver than the other children in multi-children families. Moreover, the reciprocal relationship was most prominent among the 1950s cohort, compared with the pre-1950s and the post-1950s cohorts. Our study broadly contributes to understanding how modernization reshapes intergenerational relationships and family members’ expectations of commitments toward each other. It also informs the design of a comprehensive multi-level care system for older adults in China.
Examining Spatial Opportunity for Local Action: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Balachandran Sowmya , Greenlee Andrew
Published: May 2022

Opportunity assessments have served as crucial tools for advocacy and policy-based action to address variability in spatially distributed urban opportunity. However, despite the vast body of theoretical and normative frameworks for discerning the effects of space, the current practices of opportunity mapping do not provide grounded assessments of differences that disproportionately affect the poor and racial minorities. We analyze seventeen opportunity assessments from the last twenty years and find issues of construct validity, implicit racial bias, and limited interpretability of outputs. More importantly, symptomatic outcomes of historical marginalization are conflated with problems of material access in poor and minority neighborhoods.
Troubling ambulant research: Disabled people's socio-spatial encounters with urban un/safety and the politics of mobile methods
Authors: Edwards Claire , Maxwell Nicola
Published: May 2022

This paper offers a critical reflection on the use of walking and mobile interviews in the context of research with disabled people whose diverse corporealities and cognitions challenge assumptions about walking as a normative bodily act associated with free, autonomous, mobility. While it has been suggested that mobile methods hold out the potential to open up dialogic and participative spaces of inquiry that capture embodied, affectual, and sensory knowledges in place, there has been less discussion of how social and bodily difference shapes the politics and practices of methods on the move. Drawing on research exploring disabled people's socio-spatial knowledges and experiences of urban un/safety in Ireland, we address this lacuna by reflecting on our use of ‘go-along’ interviews with people with diverse impairments and mobilities. Recognising the barriers that mediate disabled people's use of urban space, we interrogate both what go-along interviews can contribute to our understanding of disabled people's embodied encounters with urban un/safety, but also the limits, challenges and politics of mobile interviews as a form of methodological practice. We suggest there is a need to advance interdisciplinary social science scholarship which troubles ambulant research, and writes social and bodily difference into mobility studies and mobile methods.
Interviewing Male Survivors of Sexual Violence and Abuse: Ethical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Weare Siobhan , Hulley Joanne
Published: May 2022

Existing research explores ethical and methodological considerations associated with interviewing men, including male survivors of domestic abuse, and interviewing female survivors of domestic and sexual abuse. However, there is no comparable body of research that specifically considers interviewing male survivors of sexual violence and abuse. Reflecting upon our experiences of interviewing 32 male survivors of female-perpetrated sexual violence, we critically discuss four key ethical and methodological issues that arose; the challenges around recruiting male survivor participants; the interview process; the impacts of gender dynamics between interviewers and participants; and the importance of research to participants. Based on our reflections we make a number of recommendations for scholars who are conducting future research with male survivors of sexual violence and abuse.
Exploring Non-partner Violence in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Winter Samantha , Johnson Laura , Obara Lena M. , Nair Divya
Published: May 2022

Violence against women is a serious public health and human rights concern and can take many forms. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the subject of the majority of research focused on violence against women around the world; yet the health consequences of non-partner violence (NPV) can be just as serious. There is a critical gap in literature focused on NPV and the co-occurrence of NPV and IPV in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in informal settlements. The unique historical, political, social, geo-spatial, physical, and built environment in informal settlements—often characterized as places with high rates of crime and violence—may be important in understanding NPV and co-occurrence of NPV and IPV in these communities, but more research is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore NPV in a large informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya including its relationship to IPV, correlates, and common perpetrators of NPV in this setting. Data from 552 household-level surveys collected from women in a large informal settlement in Nairobi in 2018 were used in this study. Descriptive statistics and penalized maximum likelihood logistic regressions were used to examine the association between IPV and NPV, correlates, and perpetrators of NPV. Findings showed a strong, positive association between past-year IPV and NPV—highlighting a critical area for future study in IPV, NPV, and poly-victimization research. Results corroborated some findings from existing NPV research, but yielded important new information about correlates and perpetrators of NPV in informal settlements. NPV and poly-victimization have serious health consequences for women in any context, but women in informal settlements also face a number of structural economic, social, political, and environmental challenges that affect their health and wellbeing and may exacerbate the health consequences of violence perpetrated against them. Thus, more research into NPV and poly-victimization in informal settlements is critical.
Premarital Sex in State-Socialist Poland: A Generational Perspective
Authors: Jarska Natalia , Ignaciuk Agata
Published: May 2022

In this article, we examine personal narratives on premarital sex by two generations of Polish men and women—one born in the 1950s and 1960s, and their parents’ generation, born in the 1920s and 1930s and coming of age during or after World War II—and place these in dialogue with discourses surrounding young sexuality in state-socialist Poland. Using sociological surveys, popular sexological literature, and Catholic marriage preparation material, we contextualize accounts of premarital heterosexual experiences, provided through oral history interviews and contest memoirs—ego documents submitted for autobiographic writing competitions in the 1960s and 1970s. We show there was no clear division between public secular and Catholic approaches to premarital (hetero)sexuality, with both opposing sexual experimentation before and beyond marriage throughout the state-socialist period (1945–1989). However, across the same period, young people’s acceptance of premarital sexual experimentation increased and the importance of a woman remaining a virgin until marriage declined. Our analysis of discourses and experiences reveals the connections and intersections of secular and Catholic realms. While secular experts did not conceptualize premarital sex as a sin, they often mirrored Catholic views by framing their discourse in terms of love, sex, responsibility, and potential risk. Young people negotiated various elements of these teachings in their premarital sexual practices, which, during the final decades of state socialism, were largely normalized, especially when couples were planning to marry.
Life Satisfaction and Intergenerational Mobility Among Older Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Ramirez Surmeier Ladanya , Taylor Miles G. , Carr Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To investigate the impact of intergenerational mobility—measured as the difference between one’s own and one’s father’s education level—on overall life-satisfaction among Hispanic, White, and Black older Americans.

Methods

Data from the Health and Retirement Study were used to estimate life satisfaction by race/ethnicity using ordinary least squares regression (N = 5,057).

Results

Hispanic and Black older Americans report greater educational gains relative to their fathers compared to Whites. Despite having the lowest reported education levels, Hispanics report the highest life satisfaction across race/ethnic groups. However, net of education level and other factors, intergenerational mobility decreased rather than increased life satisfaction for Hispanic older Americans.

Discussion

These results indicate that intergenerational mobility may not confer equal benefits for overall life satisfaction across racial/ethnic groups. As Hispanic individuals continue to achieve higher education levels, it is unclear whether upward mobility will translate to positive or negative assimilation consequences.
Assessing the State of the U.S. Nonprofit Sector: What Indicators Should We Use?
Authors: Abramson Alan J.
Published: May 2022

This research note identifies seven key dimensions of the nonprofit sector that nonprofit stakeholders want to monitor to assess the sector’s condition, including financial resources; human resources; the diversity of nonprofit boards, staff, and clients; the impact of the nonprofit sector; advocacy activity; ethical and legal behavior; and the existence of a supportive environment. The article then describes current measures of these dimensions, noting the shortcomings of many of these measures. Two government data sources, the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs) and the Current Population Survey (CPS), are highlighted that contain timely information about the nonprofit sector but which, to date, have been underutilized by sector stakeholders. Next, the article describes the picture of the nonprofit sector that emerges from the relevant measures before concluding with discussion of further work needed to improve measurement of the sector.
Optical fibers in composite materials: The effects on mechanical properties under flexural and tensile loading and acoustic emission monitoring
Authors: Zainal Abidin Dzariff , Theminimulla Sithila , Waugh David Garreth , Griffin James Marcus
Published: May 2022

As the demands of materials in practical applications become more sophisticated, multiple technology streams have moved towards a smarter future, incorporating monitoring techniques to validate safety and performance. Optical fiber sensors offer a route to embedded sensing technology within new composite materials, but an understanding of resulting modifications to structural performance following inclusion requires assessment. This work studies three optical fibers (125 μm and 89 μm diameter with dual-layer acrylate coating and 80 μm diameter with polyimide coating) embedded in the composite material. Optical fiber placement and the effects of sensor orientation relative to fiber reinforcement plies, weave configurations, and stacking order considerations under varied load applications are considered and discussed. Empirical results on the effects of fiber coating composition and thickness on composite material samples were collected under flexural and tensile loading. With the aid of non-contact acoustic emissions monitoring, the effects of interfacial interaction between embedded sensors and surrounding composite materials have been assessed compared to elastic wave responses. This considered physical phenomena to map and assess the effects of introducing this structural discontinuity on these materials’ mechanical testing and capability. In doing so, this study adds to a gap in the existing literature by investigating the effects of the multiple variables for fiber sensor embedment in practical applications to move towards smarter material solutions.
A novel multi-exposure fusion approach for enhancing visual semantic segmentation of autonomous driving
Authors: Huang Tengchao , Song Shuang , Liu Qianjie , He Wei , Zhu Qingyuan , Hu Huosheng
Published: May 2022

Visual semantic segmentation is a key technology to realize scene understanding for autonomous driving and its accuracy is affected by the light changes in images. This paper proposes a novel multi-exposure fusion approach to visual semantic enhancement of autonomous driving. Firstly, a multi-exposure image sequence is aligned to construct a stable image input. Secondly, high contrast regions of multi-exposure image sequences are evaluated by context aggregation network (CAN) to predict image weight map. Finally, the high-quality image is generated by weighted fusion of multi-exposure image sequences. The proposed approach is validated by using Cityscapes’ HDR dataset and real environment data. The experimental results show that the proposed method effectively restores lost features in the light changing images and enhances accuracy of subsequent semantic segmentation.
Initial weight estimation of twin-fuselage configuration in aircraft conceptual design
Authors: Ma Yiyuan , Yan Jin , Elham Ali
Published: May 2022

The Ultra-High Aspect Ratio Wing (UHARW) concept can improve the aircraft’s aerodynamic efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. The Twin-Fuselage (TF) configuration is one of the promising concepts for the UHARW design to reduce the wing bending moments and shear forces. This paper presents the development of a semi-empirical method for the weight estimation of TF aircraft in the initial sizing stage. A physics-based wing weight estimation method is improved for higher fidelity aerodynamic analysis and modified for composite material structures of TF aircraft. This method is used in the design of experiments and the results are applied for regression analysis to establish a semi-empirical method. Eventually, the established semi-empirical weight estimation method is integrated into a TF aircraft conceptual design and performance analysis framework. A mid-range TF aircraft and a long-range TF aircraft are designed and sized to illustrate its application and efficiency in rapidly estimating the TF aircraft weight breakdown.
“They’re Everywhere!”: Symbolically Threatening Groups Seem More Pervasive Than Nonthreatening Groups
Authors: Ponce de Leon Rebecca , Rifkin Jacqueline R. , Larrick Richard P.
Published: May 2022

The meaning of places is socially constructed, often informed by the groups that seem pervasive there. For instance, the University of Pennsylvania is sometimes pejoratively called “Jew-niversity of Pennsylvania,” and the city of Decatur, Georgia, is disparagingly nicknamed “Dyke-atur,” connoting the respective pervasiveness of Jewish students and gay residents. Because these pervasiveness perceptions meaningfully impact how people navigate the social world, it is critical to understand the factors that influence their formation. Across surveys, experiments, and archival data, six studies ( N = 3,039 American adults) revealed the role of symbolic threat (i.e., perceived differences in values and worldviews). Specifically, holding constant important features of the group and context, we demonstrated that groups higher in symbolic threat are perceived as more populous in a place and more associated with that place than groups lower in symbolic threat. Ultimately, this work reveals that symbolic threat can both distort how people understand their surroundings and shape the meaning of places.