bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of aR2R3-MYBgene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and relationships between its variation and flower color difference in lotus (NelumboAdans.)
Authors: Sun Shan-Shan , Gugger Paul F. , Wang Qing-Feng , Chen Jin-Ming
Published: September 2016

The lotus (Nelumbonaceae:NelumboAdans.) is a highly desired ornamental plant, comprising only two extant species, the sacred lotus (N. nuciferaGaerten.) with red flowers and the American lotus (N. luteaWilld.) with yellow flowers. Flower color is the most obvious difference of two species. To better understand the mechanism of flower color differentiation, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of four key structural genes (e.g.,DFR,ANS,UFGTandGST) were analyzed in two species. Our results revealed that anthocyanins were detected in red flowers, not yellow flowers. Expression analysis showed that no transcripts ofGSTgene and low expression level of threeUFGTgenes were detected in yellow flowers. In addition, three regulatory genes (NnMYB5,NnbHLH1andNnTTG1) were isolated from red flowers and showed a high similarity to corresponding regulatory genes of other species. Sequence analysis ofMYB5,bHLH1andTTG1in two species revealed striking differences in coding region and promoter region ofMYB5gene. Population analysis identified threeMYB5variants inNelumbo: a functional allele existed in red flowers and two inactive forms existed in yellow flowers. This result revealed that there was an association between allelic variation inMYB5gene and flower color difference. Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that NnMYB5 interacts with NnbHLH1, NlbHLH1 and NnTTG1, and NnTTG1 also interacts with NnbHLH1 and NlbHLH1. The over-expression ofNnMYB5led to anthocyanin accumulation in immature seeds and flower stalks and up-regulation of expression ofTT19inArabidopsis. Therefore, NnMYB5 is a transcription activator of anthocyanin synthesis. This study helps to elucidate the function ofNnMYB5and will contribute to clarify the mechanism of flower coloration and genetic engineering of flower color in lotus.
Stable isotope analysis (δ13C andδ15N) of soil nematodes from four feeding groups
Authors: Melody Carol , Griffiths Bryan , Dyckmans Jens , Schmidt Olaf
Published: September 2016

Soil nematode feeding groups are a long-established trophic categorisation largely based on morphology and are used in ecological indices to monitor and analyse the biological state of soils. Stable isotope ratio analysis (13C/12C and15N/14N, expressed asδ13C andδ15N) has provided verification of, and novel insights into, the feeding ecology of soil animals such as earthworms and mites. However, isotopic studies of soil nematodes have been limited to date as conventional stable isotope ratio analysis needs impractically large numbers of nematodes (up to 1,000) to achieve required minimum sample weights (typically >100 µg C and N). Here, micro-sample near-conventional elemental analysis–isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (μEA–IRMS) of C and N using microgram samples (typically 20 µg dry weight), was employed to compare the trophic position of selected soil nematode taxa from four feeding groups: predators (AnatonchusandMononchus), bacterial feeders (PlectusandRhabditis), omnivores (Aporcelaimidae and Qudsianematidae) and plant feeder (Rotylenchus). Free-living nematodes were collected from conventionally and organically managed arable soils. As few as 15 nematodes, for omnivores and predators, were sufficient to reach the 20 µg dry weight target. There was no significant difference inδ15N (p= 0.290) orδ13C (p= 0.706) between conventional and organic agronomic treatments but, within treatments, there was a significant difference in N and C stable isotope ratios between the plant feeder,Rotylenchus(δ15N = 1.08 to 3.22 mUr‰,δ13C = –29.58 to –27.87 mUr) and all other groups. There was an average difference of 9.62 mUr inδ15N between the plant feeder and the predator group (δ15N = 9.89 to 12.79 mUr,δ13C = –27.04 to –25.51 mUr). Isotopic niche widths were calculated as Bayesian derived standard ellipse areas and were smallest for the plant feeder (1.37 mUr2) and the predators (1.73 mUr2), but largest for omnivores (3.83 mUr2). These data may reflect more preferential feeding by the plant feeder and predators, as assumed by classical morphology-based feeding groups, and indicate that omnivory may be more widespread across detritivore groups i.e. bacterial feeders (3.81 mUr2). Trophic information for soil nematodes derived from stable isotope analysis, scaled as finely as species level in some cases, will complement existing indices for soil biological assessment and monitoring, and can potentially be used to identify new trophic interactions in soils. The isotopic technique used here, to compare nematode feeding group members largely confirm their trophic relations based on morphological studies.
Transcriptome analysis of colored calla lily (Zantedeschia rehmanniiEngl.) by Illumina sequencing:de novoassembly, annotation and EST-SSR marker development
Authors: Wei Zunzheng , Sun Zhenzhen , Cui Binbin , Zhang Qixiang , Xiong Min , Wang Xian , Zhou Di
Published: September 2016

Colored calla lily is the short name for the species or hybrids in sectionAestivaeof genusZantedeschia. It is currently one of the most popular flower plants in the world due to its beautiful flower spathe and long postharvest life. However, little genomic information and few molecular markers are available for its genetic improvement. Here,de novotranscriptome sequencing was performed to produce large transcript sequences forZ. rehmanniicv. ‘Rehmannii’ using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument. More than 59.9 million cDNA sequence reads were obtained and assembled into 39,298 unigenes with an average length of 1,038 bp. Among these, 21,077 unigenes showed significant similarity to protein sequences in the non-redundant protein database (Nr) and in the Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology (GO), Cluster of Orthologous Group (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Moreover, a total of 117 unique transcripts were then defined that might regulate the flower spathe development of colored calla lily. Additionally, 9,933 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 7,162 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as putative molecular markers. High-quality primers for 200 SSR loci were designed and selected, of which 58 amplified reproducible amplicons were polymorphic among 21 accessions of colored calla lily. The sequence information and molecular markers in the present study will provide valuable resources for genetic diversity analysis, germplasm characterization and marker-assisted selection in the genusZantedeschia.
Screening microalgae isolated from urban storm- and wastewater systems as feedstock for biofuel
Authors: Massimi Rebecca , Kirkwood Andrea E.
Published: September 2016

Exploiting microalgae as feedstock for biofuel production is a growing field of research and application, but there remain challenges related to industrial viability and economic sustainability. A solution to the water requirements of industrial-scale production is the use of wastewater as a growth medium. Considering the variable quality and contaminant loads of wastewater, algal feedstock would need to have broad tolerance and resilience to fluctuating wastewater conditions during growth. As a first step in targeting strains for growth in wastewater, our study isolated microalgae from wastewater habitats, including urban stormwater-ponds and a municipal wastewater-treatment system, to assess growth, fatty acids and metal tolerance under standardized conditions. Stormwater ponds in particular have widely fluctuating conditions and metal loads, so microalgae from this type of environment may have desirable traits for growth in wastewater. Forty-three algal strains were isolated in total, including several strains from natural habitats. All strains, with the exception of one cyanobacterial strain, are members of the Chlorophyta, including several taxa commonly targeted for biofuel production. Isolates were identified using taxonomic and 18S rRNA sequence methods, and the fastest growing strains with ideal fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production includedScenedesmusandDesmodesmusspecies (Growth rate (d−1) > 1). All isolates in a small, but diverse taxonomic group of test-strains were tolerant of copper at wastewater-relevant concentrations. Overall, more than half of the isolated strains, particularly those from stormwater ponds, show promise as candidates for biofuel feedstock.
Development and characterization of 24 polymorphic microsatellitelocifor the freshwater fishIchthyoelephas longirostris(Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)
Authors: Landínez-García Ricardo M. , Márquez Edna J.
Published: September 2016

The Neotropical freshwater fishIchthyoelephas longirostris(Characiformes: prochilodontidae) is a short-distance migratory species endemic to Colombia. This study developed for the first time a set of 24 polymorphic microsatellitelociby using next-generation sequencing to explore the population genetics of this commercially exploited species. Nineteen of theselociwere used to assess the genetic diversity and structure of 193I. longirostrisin three Colombian rivers of the Magdalena basin. Results showed that a single genetic stock circulates in the Cauca River, whereas other single different genetic stock is present in the rivers Samaná Norte and San Bartolomé-Magdalena. Additionally,I. longirostriswas genetically different among and across rivers. This first insight about the population genetic structure ofI. longirostrisis crucial for monitoring the genetic diversity, the management and conservation of its populations, and complement the genetic studies in Prochilodontidae.
Neonatal Outcomes in Fetuses With a Persistent Intrahepatic Right Umbilical Vein
Authors: Canavan Timothy P. , Hill Lyndon M.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

A fetal persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein has been linked to anomalies and genetic disorders but can be a normal variant. We conducted a retrospective review to determine other sonographic findings that can stratify fetuses for further evaluation.

Methods

A total of 313 fetuses had a persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein identified on 17‐ to 24‐week sonography. The outcome was any major congenital anomaly or an adverse neonatal outcome, which was defined as aneuploidy, fetal demise, or neonatal death.

Results

A total of 217 patients (69.3%) had a normal neonatal outcome. Sixty‐nine patients (22.0%) were lost to follow‐up. Five fetuses (2.1%) had aneuploidy; 4 of the 5 had additional sonographic findings, and 1 had an isolated persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein. Twenty‐four fetuses had a major anomaly in association with the persistent right umbilical vein; 26 additional fetuses had soft sonographic markers associated with karyotypic abnormalities but were chromosomally normal. Of those with adverse neonatal outcomes, 12 had a congenital heart defect (57%). An additional sonographic finding with a persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein was predictive of a congenital anomaly or an adverse neonatal outcome (P < .001), with a positive predictive value of 44.0% (95% confidence interval, 30.0%–58.7%). An isolated persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein had a 0.4% risk for a congenital anomaly or an adverse neonatal outcome.

Conclusions

A persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein should prompt an extended anatomic survey and a fetal cardiac evaluation. If the survey and cardiac anatomy are reassuring, no further follow‐up is needed. If additional findings are identified, genetic counseling and invasive testing should be considered.
Effectiveness and Validity of Sonographic Upper Airway Evaluation to Predict Difficult Laryngoscopy
Authors: Andruszkiewicz Pawel , Wojtczak Jacek , Sobczyk Dorota , Stach Orest , Kowalik Ilona
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of 9 airway sonographic parameters imaged from the submandibular view as predictors of difficult laryngoscopy. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the validity of the models of combined sonographic and clinical tests in predicting difficult laryngoscopy.

Methods

This study analyzed a sample of 199 patients who were categorized as having easy (grades 1 and 2) or difficult (grades 3 and 4) laryngoscopy during general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation based on the laryngoscopic criteria of Cormack and Lahane (Anaesthesia 1984; 39:1105–1111). Nine sonographic parameters imaged from the submandibular view, including the hyomental distance in neutral and extended positions, hyomental distance ratio, tongue cross‐sectional area, tongue width, tongue volume, tongue thickness‐to‐oral cavity height ratio, and floor of the mouth muscle cross‐sectional area and volume, were analyzed. The validity of the models encompassing combined screening tests was assessed.

Results

Twenty‐two patients (11.1%) were categorized as having difficult laryngoscopy. Statistically significant differences between patients with difficult and easy laryngoscopy were noted for 5 of 9 parameters. The diagnostic validity profiles showed poor sensitivity (9.1%–42.9%) and positive predictive value (4.5%–66.7%), but good specificity (71.8%–97.7%) and negative predictive value (87.1%–94.5%). The combination of tests improved the diagnostic validity profile (area under the curve, 0.852).

Conclusions

Sonographic predictors may help identify patients with difficult laryngoscopy. Individual measures have unsatisfactory diagnostic profiles. The models based on combined tests have improved diagnostic value.
Sonographic Findings in Necrotizing Fasciitis
Authors: Shyy William , Knight Roneesha S. , Goldstein Ruth , Isaacs Eric D. , Teismann Nathan A.
Published: September 2016

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but serious disease, and early diagnosis is essential to reducing its substantial morbidity and mortality. The 2 cases presented show that the key clinical and radiographic features of necrotizing fasciitis exist along a continuum of severity at initial presentation; thus, this diagnosis should not be prematurely ruled out in cases that do not show the dramatic features familiar to most clinicians. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are considered the most effective imaging modalities, the cases described here illustrate how sonography should be recommended as an initial imaging test to make a rapid diagnosis and initiate therapy.
Cystatin C and NGAL as Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury in Geriatrics
Authors: Oz Kursad , Gode Safa , Basgoze Serdar , Koser Murat , Oz Atilla , Göksel Onur Selçuk , Yeniterzi Mehmet , Bakir Ihsan
Published: September 2016

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity especially in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It ranges from 7.7% to 28.1% in different studies. The aim of this study was to compare cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) with Creatinine as an early marker for acute kidney injury in geriatrics. From 2013 through 2015, 307 consecutive high-risk elderly patients older than 70 years undergoing emergency coronary artery bypass grafting using extracorporeal circulation were studied. All patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography and the surgical procedure within 1 week in single hospital stay and were randomized according to timing of interval between coronary angiographyand cardiac procedure as follows: group I, less than 2 days; group II, between 2 and 4 days; and group III, higher than 4 days. Renal function was analyzed by serum cystatin C, NGAL, and creatinine. Blood samples were obtained from each patient at five time points: basal value before operation, in the four hours after operation, and on the first, third, and fifth postoperative days. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault (CG). A total of 56 patients developed postoperative acute kidney failure according to the risk, injury, and failure; and loss; and end-stage kidney disease classification. Perioperative fluid requirements, urine output, and vasopressor need during and after cardiopulmonary bypass were similar. 30-day mortality in groups was higher in group I than group II and group III (P = 0.025). AKI was least prominent in group III compared to group I and group II (P = 0.001) and expectedly, postoperative dialysis requirement was least common in group III (15, 16.66%). Patients in group III had the most favorable clinical outcome with regards to the length of ICU and hospital stay. Overall serum creatinine, cystatin C, and urine NGAL levels changed significantly throughout the entire length of following-up period in group I and group II, but not in group III. Changes in serum levels of cystatin, creatinine, and creatinine clearance were prominent in later than 24 hours. Urinary NGAL was the first variable to rise in the immediate postoperative period. Cystatin GFR was a more rapid marker than serum creatinine GFR to show acute kidney injury in three groups was a significant marker.
Characterization of older hipertensive registered in the state of sishiperdia paraíba: allowance for health surveillance Caracterização dos idosos hipertensos cadastrados no sishiperdia do estado da paraíba: subsídio para vigilância em saúde
Authors: Oliveira Jullyana Marion Medeiros , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima , Medeiros Fabíola de Araújo Leite , Medeiros Ana Claudia Torres de
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil da cobertura de hipertensos cadastrados no Sistema de Cadastramento e Acompanhamento de Hipertensos e Diabéticos (Programa HIPERDIA) no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, entre os anos de 2008-2012, considerando sua representação como subsídio para estratégias a vigilância de agravos e promoção à saúde.  Método: pesquisa descritiva com abordagem quantitativa. Resultados: demostram a similaridade dos dados do Estado da Paraíba com os índices do perfil epidemiológico brasileiro. Conclusão: ressalta-se a necessidade de ampliação de indicadores e sensibilização governamental de inserção das políticas públicas, em relação aos agravos que a Hipertensão gerencia entre a população que envelhece em prol de medidas que visem à prevenção de incapacidades funcionais e permitam o envelhecimento saudável. Descritores: Idoso, Hipertensão, Saúde.
Profile of the family caregiver of dependent elderly in home living Perfil do cuidador familiar de idosos dependentes em convívio domiciliar
Authors: Loureiro Lara de Sá Neves , Fernandes Maria das Graças Melo
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: identificar o perfil do cuidador familiar de idosos dependentes em convívio domiciliar, no município de João Pessoa – PB, de acordo com as características sociodemográficas, informações referentes à demanda de cuidado e ao suporte de ajuda para o desempenho do cuidado. Método: estudo epidemiológico em que participaram 52 cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevistas domiciliares. Resultados: verificou-se maior predominância de cuidadores do sexo feminino, filhos (as) do idoso dependente, com idade entre 52 e 62 anos, que moravam com o (a) companheiro (a) e com o idoso, estudaram de cinco a oito anos, com déficit de conhecimento para o desempenho de sua função, bem como déficit de suporte para o cuidado. Conclusão: os achados trazem contribuições relevantes para a elaboração de políticas públicas direcionadas para a qualidade de vida do cuidador, bem como do cuidado dispensado ao ente dependente. Descritores: Cuidadores; Enfermagem; Idoso.
Nursing diagnoses of Icnp® in patients undergoing surgical treatment for penis cancer Diagnósticos de enfermagem da CIPE® em pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de pênis
Authors: Amorim Angela Mirella Magalhães , Matos Amorim Élida Barbosa , Aguiar Maria Isis Freire , Sousa Santana de Mariade Alves , Dias Rosilda Silva
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: Construir diagnósticos de enfermagem para pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de pênis utilizando CIPE®. Métodos: Estudo exploratório descritivo realizado em um Hospital Universitário. Foram pesquisados 14 prontuários de pacientes internados entre 2006 a 2010. Os termos encontrados nos registros de enfermagem foram listados e alocados numa planilha utilizando o modelo dos Sete Eixos seguido do mapeamento cruzado destes com os termos presentes na CIPE® versão 1.0. Resultados: Encontraram-se dezenove Diagnósticos de Enfermagem relacionados à cicatrização da ferida, nutrição, eliminação, mobilidade, sono, dor, ansiedade, autoimagem, autoestima e sexualidade. Alguns termos necessitaram de aproximação por serem sinônimos ou estarem ausentes na versão utilizada. Conclusão: Os termos usados pelos enfermeiros aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para câncer de pênis permitiram a construção de diagnósticos que revelaram necessidades comprometidas diante do caráter mutilador e do envolvimento da sexualidade nesse processo. Descritores: Enfermagem; Diagnóstico de Enfermagem; Registros de Enfermagem; Neoplasias penianas
Overwork and health issues self-referred by caregivers of elderly Sobrecarga e problemas de saúde autorreferidos por cuidadores de idosos
Authors: Fonsêca Ilanna Cibele Delgado de Araújo , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da , Monteiro Edilene Araújo , Bittencourt Greice Kelly Gouveia Dias , Silva Antonia Oliveira
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: verificar a sobrecarga do cuidador de idosos e identificar os problemas de saúde autorreferidos pelos cuidadores de idosos. Método: trata-se de estudo de natureza quantitativa, observacional e transversal, desenvolvida no município de João Pessoa. A população-alvo foi composta por 251 cuidadores de idosos, atendidos na atenção básica. Após análise da consistência dos dados coletados a amostra foi constituída por 219. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista aos cuidadores nos serviços de atenção básica CAIS e CAISI do referido município, no período de abril a junho de 2011, utilizando a escala de sobrecarga Burden Interview e a escala de problemas de saúde autorreferidos (Self reporting questionnaire). Os dados foram transportados para o Programa SPSS, onde foi realizada a análise estatística dos mesmos. Resultados: pôde-se evidenciar que 50,7% dos cuidadores apresentaram sobrecarga, dentre eles, 81,8%, sobrecarga moderada a leve, 15,4%, moderada a severa e 2,8%, intensa. Quanto aos problemas de saúde dos cuidadores, apenas um foi autorreferidos com alta frequência. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os cuidadores requerem implementação de ações cuidativas, de modo a acolher suas angústias e a minimiza as suas sobrecargas, contribuindo, nesse sentido, para melhorias da qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Descritores: Enfermagem, Idoso, Cuidador, Sobrecarga, Atenção básica.
Feelings experienced for women burn victims: integrative review Sentimentos vivenciados por mulheres vítimas de queimaduras: revisão integrativa
Authors: Silva Carlos Jordão de Assis , Freire Maikel Wendell da Silva , Simpson Clélia Albino , Silva Fernando de Souza , Ferraz Julianne Barreto
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: verificar na literatura a produção cientifica sobre os sentimentos de mulheres vítimas de queimaduras. Método: Realizou-se buscas nas bases de dados de pesquisa, através de um protocolo de investigação baseado nos passos do método da revisão integrativa, estabelecendo-se objetivos, questão norteadora, estratégias para busca, seleção de estudos, coleta dos dados, elaboração de planilha para avaliação crítica dos estudos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 70 artigos, destes selecionou-se 17 a partir dos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a queimadura está entre os traumas mais graves que afetam a saúde da mulher, pois, além dos problemas físicos, geram desordens na imagem corporal das mulheres acometidas, resultando em problemas de ordem psicológica e social. Descritores: Mulheres, Queimaduras, Cicatrizes, Sentimentos e Imagem Corporal.
Senior knowledge about vulnerabilities to HIV/aids: an integrative review of literature Conhecimento de idosos sobre vulnerabilidades ao HIV/aids: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Silva Lindiane Constâncio da , Morais Kalline Silva de , Nogueira Jordana de Almeida , Silva Antonia Oliveira , Bittencourt Greicy Kelly Gouveia Dias
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento de idosos sobre vulnerabilidades ao HIV/Aids. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada na LILACS, SciELO e BDENF com os descritores envelhecimento e aids.  Resultados: Encontraram-se 11 publicações, destacando-se cinco categorias temáticas sobre conhecimento em relação: ao conceito de HIV/Aids; ao acesso a informações; às medidas preventivas; à transmissão do HIV; ao comportamento de prevenção. Discussão: O levantamento revelou reduzido nível de conhecimento dos idosos sobre a temática, insuficiente para gerar comportamentos de proteção contra o vírus. Observou-se que os aspectos relacionados ao HIV/Aids em idosos têm sido pouco abordados pelas políticas públicas de saúde e pelos profissionais de saúde. Conclusão: Esses achados levantam reflexões acerca de ações de saúde que considerem a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/Aids na população idosa. Descritores: Idoso; Vulnerabilidade em Saúde; Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida.
Reciprocal regulation between mRNA and microRNA enables a bistable switch that directs cell fate decisions
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Hang , Zhang Jingyu , Xing Jianhua
Published: August 2016

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) serve as crucial post‐transcriptional regulators in a variety of essential cell fate decisions. However, the contribution of mRNA–miRNA mutual regulation to bistability is not fully understood. In the present study, we built a set of mathematical models of mRNA–miRNA interactions and systematically analyzed the sensitivity of the response curves under various conditions. Our findings indicate that mRNA–miRNA reciprocal regulation could manifest ultrasensitivity to subserve the generation of bistability when equipped with a positive feedback loop. We also find that the region of bistability is expanded by a stronger competing endogenous mRNA. Interestingly, bistability can be generated without a feedback loop if multiple miRNA binding sites exist on a target mRNA. Thus, we demonstrate the importance of simple mRNA–miRNA reciprocal regulation in cell fate decisions.
The wineglass effect shapes particle export to the deep ocean in mesoscale eddies
Authors: Waite Anya M. , Stemmann Lars , Guidi Lionel , Calil Paulo H. R. , Hogg Andrew Mc C. , Feng Ming , Thompson Peter A. , Picheral Marc , Gorsky Gaby
Published: August 2016

Mesoscale eddies in the ocean strongly impact the distribution of planktonic particles, mediating carbon fluxes over ~1/3 of the world ocean. However, mechanisms controlling particle transport through eddies are complex and challenging to measure in situ. Here we show the subsurface distribution of eddy particles funneled into a wineglass shape down to 1000 m, leading to a sevenfold increase of vertical carbon flux in the eddy center versus the eddy flanks, the “wineglass effect”. We show that the slope of the wineglass (R) is the ratio of particle sinking velocity to the radially inward velocity, such that R represents a tool to predict radial particle movement (here 0.05 m s−1). A simple model of eddy spindown predicts such an ageostrophic flow concentrating particles in the eddy center. We explore how size‐specific particle flux toward the eddy center impacts eddies' biogeochemistry and export fluxes.
Mixed‐point geostatistical simulation: A combination of two‐ and multiple‐point geostatistics
Authors: Cordua Knud Skou , Hansen Thomas Mejer , Gulbrandsen Mats Lundh , Barnes Christophe , Mosegaard Klaus
Published: August 2016

Multiple‐point‐based geostatistical methods are used to model complex geological structures. However, a training image containing the characteristic patterns of the Earth model has to be provided. If no training image is available, two‐point (i.e., covariance‐based) geostatistical methods are typically applied instead because these methods provide fewer constraints on the Earth model. This study is motivated by the case where 1‐D vertical training images are available through borehole logs, whereas little or no information about horizontal dependencies exists. This problem is solved by developing theory that makes it possible to combine information from multiple‐ and two‐point geostatistics for different directions, leading to a mixed‐point geostatistical model. An example of combining information from the multiple‐point‐based single normal equation simulation algorithm and two‐point‐based sequential indicator simulation algorithm is provided. The mixed‐point geostatistical model is used for conditional sequential simulation based on vertical training images from five borehole logs and a range parameter describing the horizontal dependencies.
Rain evaporation and moist patches in tropical boundary layers
Authors: Torri Giuseppe , Kuang Zhiming
Published: August 2016

Moist patches are areas in the subcloud layer characterized by a positive water vapor anomaly compared to the environment and are considered important in triggering new convective cells. A correct understanding of the origin of the water vapor in these patches is, thus, essential to improving existing convective parameterizations. Recent studies have addressed this problem and have shown that contrary to what was previously thought, the main source of water vapor in moist patches are surface latent heat fluxes, instead of rain evaporation. This manuscript offers a different perspective to the topic, focusing on the origin only of the water vapor that makes moist patches anomalously moist when compared to the environment. It is found that near the surface, rain evaporation contributes half as much as latent heat fluxes, implying that a parameterization of the thermodynamic forcing should be more sensitive to environmental variables, like relative humidity, than recently suggested.
An investigation of the possibility of detecting gamma‐ray flashes originating from the atmosphere of Venus
Authors: Bagheri Mahdi , Dwyer Joseph R.
Published: August 2016

The Runaway Electrons Avalanche Model Monte Carlo simulation is used to study the propagation of runaway electrons and gamma‐ray flashes originating from the atmosphere of Venus, and the possibility of detecting these high‐energy gamma rays at low‐Venus orbit is also investigated. Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche (RREA) lengths and energy spectra at the Venus middle cloud levels have similar values to those of Earth at sea level, with a similar RREA threshold electric field (~286 kV/m). If electrified clouds in Venus make similar numbers of gamma rays as are made by thunderstorms on Earth during Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs), then the calculated gamma‐ray fluences at low‐Venus orbit (~550 km) have an approximate range of 10−3 photons/cm2 to 4 photons/cm2 for the source altitude between 58 km and 70 km. These gamma‐ray fluences are similar to those measured by spacecraft in low‐Earth orbit from TGFs. Therefore, if TGF‐like events initiate in the middle and upper clouds of Venus, they would be detectable by spacecrafts at low‐Venus orbit.
Observations of monsoon convective cloud microphysics over India and role of entrainment‐mixing
Authors: Bera Sudarsan , Prabha Thara V. , Grabowski Wojciech W.
Published: August 2016

Microphysical characteristics of premonsoon and monsoon deep cumuli over India observed by an instrumented aircraft are contrasted focusing on influences of environmental conditions and entrainment‐mixing processes. Differences in the lower tropospheric temperature and moisture profiles lead to contrasting undiluted cloud buoyancy profiles around the cloud base, larger in the premonsoon case. It is argued that this affects the variation of the mean and maximum cloud droplet number concentrations and the droplet radius within the lowest several hundred meters above the cloud base. The conserved‐variable thermodynamic diagram analysis suggests that entrained parcels originate from levels close to the observational level. Mixing processes and their impact on the droplet size distribution (DSD) are investigated contrasting 1 Hz and 10 Hz observations. Inhomogeneous‐type mixing, likely because of unresolved small‐scale structures associated with active turbulent stirring, is noted at cloud edge volumes where dilution is significant and DSDs shift toward smaller sizes with reduced droplet number concentrations due to complete evaporation of smaller droplets and partial evaporation of larger droplets. DSDs within cloud core volumes suggest that the largest droplets are formed in the least diluted volumes where raindrops can form at higher levels; no superadiabatic droplet growth is observed. The typical diluted parcel size is approximately 100–200 m for cloud edge volumes, and it is much smaller, 10–20 m, for cloud core volumes. Time scale analysis indicates the possibility of inhomogeneous type mixing within the diluted cloud edge volumes at spatial scales of a 100 m or more.
The stratigraphy and evolution of lower Mount Sharp from spectral, morphological, and thermophysical orbital data sets
Authors: Fraeman A. A. , Ehlmann B. L. , Arvidson R. E. , Edwards C. S. , Grotzinger J. P. , Milliken R. E. , Quinn D. P. , Rice M. S.
Published: August 2016

We have developed a refined geologic map and stratigraphy for lower Mount Sharp using coordinated analyses of new spectral, thermophysical, and morphologic orbital data products. The Mount Sharp group consists of seven relatively planar units delineated by differences in texture, mineralogy, and thermophysical properties. These units are (1–3) three spatially adjacent units in the Murray formation which contain a variety of secondary phases and are distinguishable by thermal inertia and albedo differences, (4) a phyllosilicate‐bearing unit, (5) a hematite‐capped ridge unit, (6) a unit associated with material having a strongly sloped spectral signature at visible near‐infrared wavelengths, and (7) a layered sulfate unit. The Siccar Point group consists of the Stimson formation and two additional units that unconformably overlie the Mount Sharp group. All Siccar Point group units are distinguished by higher thermal inertia values and record a period of substantial deposition and exhumation that followed the deposition and exhumation of the Mount Sharp group. Several spatially extensive silica deposits associated with veins and fractures show that late‐stage silica enrichment within lower Mount Sharp was pervasive. At least two laterally extensive hematitic deposits are present at different stratigraphic intervals, and both are geometrically conformable with lower Mount Sharp strata. The occurrence of hematite at multiple stratigraphic horizons suggests redox interfaces were widespread in space and/or in time, and future measurements by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover will provide further insights into the depositional settings of these and other mineral phases.
Low‐Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanostructures Based Sensors
Authors: Li Bang Lin , Wang Jinping , Zou Hao Lin , Garaj Slaven , Lim Chwee Teck , Xie Jianping , Li Nian Bing , Leong David Tai
Published: August 2016

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) nanostructures have been widely applied in environmental and biological analysis, biomedicine, electronic devices, and hydrogen evolution catalysis. Meanwhile, this excitement in 2D TMDs has spilled over to their counterparts of different dimensionalities like one‐dimensional (1D) and zero‐dimensional (0D) TMDs nanostructures. Eventual physical and chemical properties of TMDs nanostructures still remain to be highly dependent on their dimensionalities and size scale, and recently creatively exploring these physical and chemical properties is extremely impactful for the sensing field of TMD nanomaterials. Herein, we review a wide range of sensing applications based on not only graphene‐like 2D TMDs nanostructures but also the rapidly emerging subclasses of 1D, and 0D TMDs nanostructures. Their unique and interesting structures, excellent properties, and valid preparation methods are also included and the analytical objectives, ranging from heavy metal ions to small molecules, from DNA to proteins, from liquids to even vapors, can be met with extremely high selectivity and sensitivity. We have also analyzed our current understanding of 0D and 1D TMDs nanostructures and learning from graphene with the goal of contributing fresh ideas to the overall development of more advanced future TMDs based sensors.
Mixed Protein/Hexane Adsorption Layers Formed at the Surface of Protein Solution Drops Surrounded by Hexane Vapor
Authors: Miller Reinhard , Aksenenko Eugene V. , Kovalchuk Volodymyr I. , Trukhin Dmytro V. , Tarasevich Yuri I. , Fainerman Valentin B.
Published: August 2016

The surface tension of aqueous solution drops of ß‐casein, ß‐lactoglobulin, and human serum albumin at the interface to air and hexane saturated air are measured by drop profile analysis tensiometry. The results indicate that the dynamic and equilibrium surface tension for a hexane vapor atmosphere are considerably lower as compared to the values at the interface with pure air. The experiments are performed with the initial adsorption of protein followed by hexane adsorption, and with subsequent removal of hexane from the measuring cell after equilibrium is attained. Two models are proposed, both of which assume the diffusion of protein in the solution and either diffusion‐governed or barrier‐governed hexane coadsorption. The new developed theoretical equilibrium model assumes a double layer adsorption in these systems, with the first layer composed of protein mixed with hexane and the second layer formed by hexane molecules only. The experimental and calculated equilibrium surface tension data are in a perfect agreement. Note the model parameters are exactly the same as those found for the individual compounds.
Substrate Control in the Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of β‐Propargylamino Acrylic Esters and Further Transformations of the Resultant Dihydropyridines
Authors: Mikušek Jiří , Matouš Petr , Matoušová Eliška , Janoušek Martin , Kuneš Jiří , Pour Milan
Published: August 2016

N‐Protected β‐propargylamino acrylic esters with a push‐pull olefinic bond afforded good to high yields of dihydropyridines upon treatment with 5% tris(2‐furyl)phosphine‐gold(I) chloride/silver(I) tetrafluoroborate [(TFP)AuCl/AgBF4] in anhydrous benzene. Carbamate and sulfonyl groups were employed for nitrogen protection. On a model enyne, the p‐methoxybenzenesulfonyl (MBS) group was found to be a better protective group than tosyl in terms of cyclization yield, and also the yield of elimination to the corresponding 2,3,4‐trisubstituted pyridines. Boc‐protected dihydropyridines underwent partial deprotection/oxidation under the cyclization conditions, which enabled a more straightforward, one‐pot preparation of the corresponding pyridines. In another application, an appropriately substituted derivative protected as a stable methoxycarbamate was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation affording the known precursor of paroxetine. The chemoselectivity of enyne cyclization (dihydropyridine vs. pyrrole) is governed, among other factors, by C‐3 substitution. Dihydropyridines were obtained as sole products regardless of the catalyst/conditions when C‐3 was unsubstituted.

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Copper‐Catalyzed C–N, C–O Coupling Reaction of Arylglyoxylic Acids with Isatins
Authors: Prakash Rashmi , Gogoi Sanjib
Published: August 2016

The copper(II)‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions of arylglyoxylic acids with isatins afford 4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones via decarbonylation and concurrent C–N, C–O bond formation.

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Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiro β‐Lactams via a Squaramide‐ Catalyzed Sulfa‐Michael Addition/Desymmetrization Protocol
Authors: Chauhan Pankaj , Mahajan Suruchi , Kaya Uğur , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari , Enders Dieter
Published: August 2016

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of spirocyclohexenone β‐lactams bearing three contiguous stereocenters has been achieved in moderate to good yields and high stereoselectivities. The protocol involves the combination of a squaramide‐catalyzed sulfa‐Michael addition under desymmetrization via a dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic 2,5‐cyclohexadienones.

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Scalable Production of Multifunctional Bio‐Based Polyamide 11/Graphene Nanocomposites by Melt Extrusion Processes Via Masterbatch Approach
Authors: Rashmi B. J. , Prashantha K. , Lacrampe M.‐F. , Krawczak P.
Published: August 2016

Bio‐based polyamide 11 (PA11)–graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) nanocomposites with different filler concentrations were prepared by melt extrusion using a masterbatch dilution process. Graphene platelets are uniformly distributed into the polymer matrix as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of graphene significantly improves the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of PA11. GNPs favors the matrix crystallization; crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity of the nanocomposites tend to increase with increase in graphene loading. Tensile properties (strength and modulus) are slightly improved by the incorporation of GNP into the PA11 matrix (up to +25% and +56%, respectively, for 5 wt% GNPs) at the expense of ductility (elongation at break divided by 5 for 5 wt% GNPs).
Ionic liquids in supercritical methanol greatly enhance transesterification reaction for high‐yield biodiesel production
Authors: Ortiz‐Martínez V. M. , Salar‐García M. J. , Hernández‐Fernández F. J. , Olivares‐Carrillo P. , de los Ríos A. P. , Quesada‐Medina J.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Biodiesel production is one of the most promising future alternatives to replacing fossil fuels. This work studies the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as potential catalysts in supercritical methanol for biodiesel production from non‐edible oil. The transesterification reaction of karanja oil was investigated in supercritical methanol in the presence of two respective ILs, [BMIM+][
] and [Chol+][H2
]. The reaction was performed in a one‐step batch process at several temperatures and percentages by weight of catalyst (w/woil). The results obtained show that the IL [Chol+][H2
] allows a high yield of fatty acid methyl esters to be achieved in a short reaction time (above 95% in 45 min). A catalytic mechanism is also proposed for the IL that offered significant catalytic activity. This work investigates the effects of the use of ionic liquids as potential catalysts in supercritical methanol for the transesterification reaction of non‐edible oil. The reported reaction times to obtain biodiesel yields above 90% through the transesterification reaction of karanja oil range between 90 min and 8 h. ILs as catalysts in supercritical methanol drastically reduce reaction time (45 min) to obtain high fatty acid methyl ester yield (95.6%). © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3842–3846, 2016
Phenotypic variability in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta caused by BMP1 mutations
Authors: Pollitt Rebecca C. , Saraff Vrinda , Dalton Ann , Webb Emma A. , Shaw Nick J. , Sobey Glenda J. , Mughal M. Zulf , Hobson Emma , Ali Farhan , Bishop Nicholas J. , Arundel Paul , Högler Wolfgang , Balasubramanian Meena
Published: August 2016

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an inherited bone fragility disorder most commonly associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the type I collagen genes. Autosomal recessive mutations in a number of genes have also been described, including the BMP1 gene that encodes the mammalian Tolloid (mTLD) and its shorter isoform bone morphogenic protein‐1 (BMP1). To date, less than 20 individuals with OI have been identified with BMP1 mutations, with skeletal phenotypes ranging from mild to severe and progressively deforming. In the majority of patients, bone fragility was associated with increased bone mineral density (BMD); however, the full range of phenotypes associated with BMP1 remains unclear. Here, we describe three children with mutations in BMP1 associated with a highly variable phenotype: a sibship homozygous for the c.2188delC mutation that affects only the shorter BMP1 isoform and a further patient who is compound heterozygous for a c.1293C>G nonsense mutation and a c.1148G>A missense mutation in the CUB1 domain. These individuals had recurrent fractures from early childhood, are hypermobile and have no evidence of dentinogenesis imperfecta. The homozygous siblings with OI had normal areal BMD by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry whereas the third patient presented with a high bone mass phenotype. Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy was started in all patients, but discontinued in two patients and reduced in another due to concerns about increasing bone stiffness leading to chalk‐stick fractures. Given the association of BMP1‐related OI with very high bone material density, concerns remain whether anti‐resorptive therapy is indicated in this ultra‐rare form of OI.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective Alkylation of Imines and its Application towards the Synthesis of β‐Lactams
Authors: Goyal Sandeep , Thakur Anamika , Sharma Ratnesh , Gangar Mukesh , Patel Bhautikkumar , Nair Vipin A.
Published: August 2016

(S)‐4‐Isopropyl‐1‐[(R)‐1‐phenylethyl]imidazolidin‐2‐one was evaluated as a chiral auxiliary for asymmetric acetate and propionate Mannich‐type reactions, by generation of the titanium enolates, affording excellent yields and stereoselectivities. The application of the auxiliary was exemplified in the stereoselective synthesis of the β‐lactam antihyperlipidemic drug ezetimibe.
Protonation‐Driven Membrane Insertion of a pH‐Low Insertion Peptide
Authors: Hanz Samuel Z. , Shu Nicolas S. , Qian Jieni , Christman Nathaniel , Kranz Patrick , An Ming , Grewer Christof , Qiang Wei
Published: August 2016

The pH‐low insertion peptide (pHLIP) inserts into membranes and forms a transmembrane (TM) α‐helix in response to slight acidity, and has shown great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. As a lead, pHLIP is challenging to optimize because the mechanism of its pH‐dependent membrane interactions is not completely understood. Within pHLIP there are multiple D/E residues which could sense the pH change, the particular role played by each of them in the protonation‐driven insertion process is not clear. The precise location of the TM helix within the pHLIP sequence is also unknown. In this work, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy is used to address these central questions. Tracing backbone conformations revealed that the TM helix spans from A10 to D33 with a break at T19 to P20. Residue‐specific pKa values of D31, D33, D25, and D14 were determined to be 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, and 5.8, respectively, and define the sequence of protonations which lead to insertion. Furthermore, possible intermediate states which disrupt membranes at pH 6.4 were proposed based on tryptophan fluorescence quenching and NMR data.
Clickable Poly(ionic liquids): A Materials Platform for Transfection
Authors: Freyer Jessica L. , Brucks Spencer D. , Gobieski Graham S. , Russell Sebastian T. , Yozwiak Carrie E. , Sun Mengzhen , Chen Zhixing , Jiang Yivan , Bandar Jeffrey S. , Stockwell Brent R. , Lambert Tristan H. , Campos Luis M.
Published: August 2016

The potential applications of cationic poly(ionic liquids) range from medicine to energy storage, and the development of efficient synthetic strategies to target innovative cationic building blocks is an important goal. A post‐polymerization click reaction is reported that provides facile access to trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion‐functionalized macromolecules of various architectures, which are the first class of polyelectrolytes that bear a formal charge on carbon. Quantitative conversions of polymers comprising pendant or main‐chain secondary amines were observed for an array of TAC derivatives in three hours using near equimolar quantities of cyclopropenium chlorides. The resulting TAC polymers are biocompatible and efficient transfection agents. This robust, efficient, and orthogonal click reaction of an ionic liquid, which we term ClickabIL, allows straightforward screening of polymeric TAC derivatives. This platform provides a modular route to synthesize and study various properties of novel TAC‐based polymers.