bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A evolução da carga de causas externas no Brasil: uma comparação entre os anos de 1998 e 2008
Authors: Mendes Luiz Villarinho Pereira , Campos Mônica Rodrigues , von-Doellinger Vanessa dos Reis , Mota Jurema Corrêa da , Pimentel Thiago Góes , Schramm Joyce Mendes de Andrade
Published: January 2016

Resumo O objetivo foi comparar as estimativas das causas externas provenientes do estudo Carga Global de Doenças, entre os anos 1998 e 2008. A estimação do DALY (disability-adjusted life year) e do YLL (years of life lost) foi baseada em metodologia do estudo Carga Global de Doenças. Para o cálculo do YLD (years lived with disability), foram incluídas informações sobre atendimentos em emergências. Para comparabilidade, fez-se necessária a aplicação da mesma metodologia nos dois momentos analisados, tendo sido a mais recente eleita como padrão de referência. Em ambos os anos as causas externas foram responsáveis por cerca de 10% do total do DALY. Entretanto, sua distribuição interna apresentou marcada diferença entre as regiões do Brasil, com queda no Sudeste e aumento no Norte e Nordeste. Houve aumento das causas intencionais e o DALY se tornou mais letal (maior parcela de YLL). Espera-se que tais resultados balizem a formulação de políticas e/ou o aprimoramento das já existentes com vistas ao efetivo enfrentamento das causas externas.
The epidemiological profile of patients attended by the public physiotherapy service in the city of Boa Vista do Cadeado, RS
Authors: Funck Karine Thaís , Estivalet Patricia Steinner
Published: January 2016

Abstract Introduction : To understand the role of physiotherapy in Brazilian society, to know its responsibilities and challenges, is necessary to know the epidemiological profile of the population. Objective : The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological profile of the patients treated by physiotherapy public service in Boa Vista Cadeado, RS. Materials and methods : This is a quantitative study of the descriptive retrospective epidemiological sort through the technical procedure of documentary research, through the analysis of evaluation sheets of all patients attended at the physiotherapy sector in the period of 2004 to 2011. Results : 623 records were analyzed by means of variables such as gender, age and pathology. The study showed that the population attended is mostly composed by female patients, aged between 51 and 60 years old in the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders predominantly related to the spine. Conclusion : We concluded that it is necessary to know the population as for its etiologic factors of pathologies for the elaboration of primary care strategies to health, aiming health promotion, disease prevention and quality of life.
LED and Halogen Light Transmission through a CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic
Authors: Pereira Carolina Nemesio de Barros , Magalhães Cláudia Silami de , Daleprane Bruno , Peixoto Rogéli Tibúrcio Ribeiro da Cunha , Ferreira Raquel da Conceição , Cury Luiz Alberto , Moreira Allyson Nogueira
Published: January 2016

The effect of thickness, shade and translucency of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate glass-ceramic on light transmission of light-emitting diode (LED) and quartz-tungsten-halogen units (QTH) were evaluated. Ceramic IPS e.max CAD shades A1, A2, A3, A3.5, high (HT) and low (LT) translucency were cut (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm). Light sources emission spectra were determined. Light intensity incident and transmitted through each ceramic sample was measured to determine light transmission percentage (TP). Statistical analysis used a linear regression model. There was significant interaction between light source and ceramic translucency (p=0.008) and strong negative correlation (R=-0.845, p<0.001) between ceramic thickness and TP. Increasing one unit in thickness led to 3.17 reduction in TP. There was no significant difference in TP (p=0.124) between shades A1 (ß1=0) and A2 (ß1=-0.45) but significant reduction occurred for A3 (ß1=-0.83) and A3.5 (ß1=-2.18). The interaction QTH/HT provided higher TP (ß1=0) than LED/HT (ß1=-2.92), QTH/LT (ß1=-3.75) and LED/LT (ß1=-5.58). Light transmission was more effective using halogen source and high-translucency ceramics, decreased as the ceramic thickness increased and was higher for the lighter shades, A1 and A2. From the regression model (R2=0.85), an equation was obtained to estimate TP value using each variable ß1 found. A maximum TP of 25% for QTH and 20% for LED was found, suggesting that ceramic light attenuation could compromise light cured and dual cure resin cements polymerization.
Effect of thermocycling in a hard denture liner and acrylic resin after different chemical and mechanical polishing
Authors: ALIGNANI Graziella Morfim Schramm , PANTOJA Juliana Maria Costa Nuñez , TAKAHASHI Jessica Mie Ferreira Koyama , VASCONCELLOS Andréa Araújo de , MESQUITA Marcelo Ferraz , MIRANDA Milton Edson
Published: January 2016

Objective: To evaluate the effect of aging in a hard denture reline (New Truliner) and an acrylic resin (Classic) after chemical and mechanical polishing. Methods: Eighty specimens were made, divided randomly between 8 groups: G1.Acrylic Resin Classic (RAC)/Mechanical Polishing (PM); G2.RAC/PM + thermocycling (TR); G3) RAC/Chemical Polishing (PQ); G4.RAC/PQ + TR; G5.New Truliner (NT)/PM; G6.NT/PM + TR; G7. NT/PQ; G8.NT/PQ + TR. The surface hardness was measured before and after polishing, and after TR. The impact resistance tests were measured after all applied treatments. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (a=5%). Results: Regardless of the polishing, it was noted that RAC presented significantly higher surface hardness than NT; PM had higher hardness in both materials compared with PQ; on both polishing, the impact resistance of the RAC was higher than NT. Independently of TR test, the impact resistance of the materials that received PQ was higher than received PM. The PQ caused greater changes in properties than the PM. Conclusion: Aging and chemical and mechanical polishing influenced the physical and mechanical properties of hard denture reline and acrylic resin.
Oral health assessment protocol in primary care
Authors: MOIMAZ Suzely Adas Saliba , MELO Lúcia Maria Lima Lemos de , GARBIN Cléa Adas Saliba , GARBIN Artênio José Ísper , SALIBA Nemre Adas
Published: January 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the oral health service performance in a certain municipality and also to develop a diagnostic evaluation protocol of Oral Health in Primary Care. Methods: This is a descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research. The research site chosen was in the city of Pereira Barreto, State of São Paulo Brazil, since it makes use of the Family Health Strategy as the structuring care model of the Health Care System in 100% of the population as well as oral health teams implemented and oral health secondary care. Data were obtained through interviews with the manager, six dentists, six oral health assistants and six community health workers. Document analysis of the Municipal Health Plan was also conducted along with the Dental Health Agenda and on-site observation of the dental structure. Results: The city Health Plan presents a detailed description of the municipality general situation, the oral health agenda recommends, in its implementation phase, the three main areas as a core in Family Health Strategy as follows: health unit, family and community.The survey found that the main form of access of the population to services was the spontaneous demand and there were only two Family Health teams without focus on oral health. Conclusion: The analysis of the service performed; made possible to develop a protocol with specific Oral Health dimensions to support the manager in defining intervention strategies
Nurses leadership evaluation by nursing aides and technicians according to the 360-degree feedback method
Authors: Llapa-Rodriguez Eliana Ofélia , Oliveira Júlian Katrin Albuquerque de , Lopes Neto David , Campos Maria Pontes de Aguiar
Published: January 2016

Objective: to assess the leadership of nurses of a maternity hospital according to the nursing aides and technicians and the 360-degree feedback method. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The population was 19 nurses and 96 nursing aides and assistants. Data were collected from May 2010 to July 2011 using a questionnaire based on the 360-degree method. Results: the nurses mentioned having a favourable performance in the four studied categories. The nursing aides and technicians disagreed with the recorded leadership performance of the nurses in the category "Communication" and "Support environment." The responses for the category "Role Model" were favourable in all items, especially PAPEL18. In "Management Style", the highest favourable rating was 79% for GESTAO16. Conclusion: the categories "Communication" and "Support Environment" revealed a greater fragility of the nurses in comparison to the categories "Role Model" and "Management Style".
A angústia diante da morte em "Lázaro", de Hilda Hilst
Authors: André Willian
Published: January 2016

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo construir uma reflexão sobre o tema da "angústia diante da morte" a partir da análise da narrativa "Lázaro" (1970), da escritora brasileira Hilda Hilst. Propondo uma releitura do episódio bíblico que narra a morte e ressurreição de Lázaro, o texto em questão permite-nos estabelecer um diálogo com o conceito de ser para a morte , de Martin Heidegger, bem como com a teoria do sublime de Edmund Burke, em cujo cerne se encontra a manifestação da morte. Ao traçar tais diálogos, pretendemos observar como o narrador-protagonista do texto de Hilst pode ser pensado como uma encarnação do ser para a morte heideggeriano.
Emissões de motor agrícola com o uso de diferentes tipos de diesel e concentrações de biodiesel na mistura combustível
Authors: Perin Gismael Francisco , Schlosser José Fernando , Farias Marcelo Silveira de , Estrada Javier Solis , Treichel Helen , Galon Leandro
Published: January 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o efeito do tipo de diesel e da concentração de biodiesel na mistura combustível sobre as emissões de gases por motor agrícola submetido a diferentes cargas. Foram testados dois tipos de diesel: S10, com baixo teor de enxofre; e S500, com alto teor de enxofre; bem como suas misturas com 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 e 100% de biodiesel. O motor, de quatro cilindros, turboalimentado e com 105 cv de potência máxima, foi submetido a oito modos de operação, sob diferentes rotações e torques. O ensaio seguiu a metodologia prevista na norma NBR ISSO 8174-4:2012, tendo-se analisado as emissões de O2, CO2, NO2, NO, CO e de hidrocarbonetos (HC). Somente as emissões de HC foram influenciadas pelo tipo de diesel utilizado. As emissões de NO2 e O2 aumentaram com o aumento da concentração de biodiesel na mistura, enquanto as emissões de CO2, NO, CO e HC diminuíram. A carga aplicada ao motor esteve diretamente relacionada às emissões, exceto para O2. O combustível S10, com 20% de biodiesel, reduz as emissões, em comparação ao diesel comercial (S500), sem perda no desempenho do motor.
IMMUNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS SUBMITTED TO METABOLIC SURGERY
Authors: BORGES Marisa de Carvalho , TERRA Guilherme Azevedo , TAKEUTI Tharsus Dias , RIBEIRO Betânia Maria , SILVA Alex Augusto , TERRA-JÚNIOR Júverson Alves , RODRIGUES-JÚNIOR Virmondes , CREMA Eduardo
Published: January 2016

Background: Immunological and inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim: To raise the hypothesis that alterations in immunological parameters occur after duodenojejunal bypass surgery combined with ileal interposition without gastrectomy, and influences the insulin metabolism of betacells. Methods: Seventeen patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus under clinical management were submitted to surgery and blood samples were collected before and six months after surgery for evaluation of the serum profile of proinflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). In addition, anthropometric measures, glucose levels and insulin use were evaluated in each patient. Results: No changes in the expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines were observed before and after surgery. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in IL-10 expression, which coincided with a reduction in the daily insulin dose, glycemic index, and BMI of the patients. Early presentation of food to the ileum may have induced the production of incretins such as GLP-1 and PYY which, together with glycemic control, contributed to weight loss, diabetes remission and the consequent good surgical prognosis of these patients. In addition, the control of metabolic syndrome was responsible for the reduction of IL-10 expression in these patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest the presence of low-grade inflammation in these patients during the postoperative period, certainly as a result of adequate glycemic control and absence of obesity, contributing to a good outcome of surgery.
REDUCE PORT LAPAROSCOPIC SPLENECTOMY FOR GIANT EPITELIAL CYST
Authors: PALERMO Mariano , BLANCO Luis , ACQUAFRESCA Pablo , MENENDEZ Jose , GARCIA Rafael
Published: January 2016

Background: Delaitre and Maignien performed the first successful laparoscopic splenectomy in 1991. After that, laparoscopic splenectomy has become one of the most frequently performed laparoscopic solid organ procedures. Aim: To demonstrate the surgical techique of laparoscopic splenetomy with reduced portals. Methods: A reduce port laparoscopic splenectomy was performed by using a 10 mm and two 5 mm trocars. To entered the abdomen a trans-umbilical open technique was done and a 10 mm trocar was placed. A subcostal 5 mm trocar was placed under direct vision at the level of the anterior axillary line and another 5 mm port was inserted at the mid-epigastric region. Once it was completely dissected and freed from all of its attachments the hilum, splenic artery and vein, was clipped with hem-o-lock and divided with scissors. Then an endobag was used to retrieve the spleen after being morcellated trough the umbilical incision. Results: This technique was used in a 15 years old female with epigastric and left upper quadrant pain. An abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a giant cyst located in the spleen. Laboratory tests findings were normal. The CT scan was also done, and showed a giant cyst, which squeeze the stomach. The patient tolerated well the procedure, with an unremarkable postoperative. She was discharge home 72 h after the surgery. Conclusion: The use of reduce port minimizes abdominal trauma and has the hypothetical advantages of shorter postoperative stay, greater pain control, and better cosmesis. Laparoscopic splenectomy for giant cysts by using reduce port trocars is safe and feasible and less invasive.
Physical activity associated with urban environmental characteristics: A correlational study of active women of high socioeconomic status from Brazilian cities of Santa Catarina
Authors: Boing Leonessa , Guimarães Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo , Araujo Camila da Cruz Ramos de , Bertuol Cecilia , Hammes Jorge Fernando , Pazin Joris , Rocha Mariana , Feltrin Sara , Parcias Silvia Rosane , Jonck Vanessa Terezinha Ferrari , Machado Zenite , Borgatto Adriano Ferreti
Published: January 2016

Abstract The study aimed to identify urban environmental characteristics, which may be associated with the physical activity (PA) level of women from Brazilian cities of Santa Catarina. The sample was composed of 2047 women aged 20 to 59 from six Santa Catarina cities: Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis, Itajaí, and São José. The PA was evaluated through the IPAQ (short version), and the NEWS to environmental variables. An inferential and descriptive statistic was used: Chi-squared test, ANOVA with post hoc, and raw and adjusted multinomial regression analysis (p < .05). The participants from São José presented greater chances to PA practice when they reside close to appropriated areas, sidewalks, fitness centers, well-lit streets, and when invited by relatives to the practice. The PA Program for the community enables greater chances of practice for women in Florianópolis, São José, Criciúma and Blumenau. As a conclusion, some environmental factors appeared to influence PA practice positively in Catarinense women. Besides that, the fact of belonging to the high economic status could increasingly enable practice, since they seem broader access to gyms and PA private professionals.
Flexural strengthening of RC beams with externally bonded CFRP plate: experimental study on shear-peeling debonding
Authors: Zhang Wei , Kanakubo Toshiyuki
Published: January 2016

This paper reports on experimental investigations of externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate debonding behaviour using beam specimens flexurally strengthened by CFRP plates induced by a relative vertical displacement imposed on the two sides of a shear crack in each beam under a four-point bending load. Three specimens, two of which were control specimens to confirm shear failure and one of which was a shear-deficient test specimen under high-level fatigue load, were strengthened with bottom-bonded CFRP plate and side-wrapped CFRP sheet. The variables investigated during the experimental programme were the displacement between the concrete substrate and the CFRP plate, the strain distribution of the CFRP plate and the local bond stress–slip relation. The test results showed the effectiveness of shear–peeling debonding in CFRP plates along with shear crack width opening based on fatigue load and local debonding with peeling off as an important factor affecting the fatigue life by shear failure in this case.
Rhi Sausi, María José y Molina, María del Ángel, El mal necesario. Gobierno y contribuyentes ante el dilema de las alcabalas, siglos XIX y XX.
Authors: Celaya Nandez Yovana
Published: January 2016

No contiene resumen.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DO MÉTODO DE DATAÇÃO QUÍMICA U-Th-Pb DE MONAZITA POR MICROSSONDA ELETRÔNICA NA UFMG
Authors: Chaves Alexandre de Oliveira , Oliveira Elizabeth Kerpe de , Garcia Luiz Rodrigues Armoa
Published: January 2016

O método de datação química U-Th-Pb (não-isotópica) de monazita por microssonda eletrônica vem sendo desenvolvido há pelomenos 20 anos e já tem o reconhecimento da comunidade geológica por apresentar resultados que se equivalem à geocronologia isotópicaU-Pb. Este mineral contém quantidades negligenciáveis de chumbo comum, guardando apenas Pb radiogênico proveniente do Th e U destemineral. O desenvolvimento deste método no Laboratório de Microanálises do Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal de MinasGerais mostra que os dados químicos de U, Th e Pb de cristais de monazita fornecidos por sua microssonda eletrônica produzem idadesnão-isotópicas para eles que se equiparam às idades isotópicas U-Pb produzidas pela técnica LA-ICP-MS. Grãos de monazita de placersmarinhos de Buena (RJ) isotopicamente datados pelo método U-Pb com idades entre 530 e 580 Ma foram quimicamente datadas na UFMGentre 505 e 580 Ma. Estes resultados são consideravelmente compatíveis e colocam o referido laboratório a disposição da comunidadegeocientífica para obtenção de idades de cristais de monazita.Palavras-Chave: MONAZITA, DATAÇÃO QUÍMICA, MICROSSONDA ELETRÔNICA, UFMG ABSTRACTDEVELOPMENT OF THE MONAZITE U-Th-Pb CHEMICAL DATING METHOD BY USING ELECTRON MICROPROBE AT UFMG. Themonazite U-Th-Pb chemical dating method (non-isotopic) by electron microprobe has been developed for about 20 years and has theacceptance of the geological community by presenting results that are equivalent to the isotope U-Pb geochronology. This mineral containsnegligible amounts of common lead, keeping only radiogenic Pb from the Th and U of this mineral. The development of this method in themicroanalysis laboratory of the Physics Department- UFMG shows that the monazite U, Th and Pb chemical data provided by itsmicroprobe produce non-isotopic ages for it that are similar to the U-Pb isotopic ages produced by LA-ICP-MS technique. Monazite grainsfrom marine placers of Buena (RJ) isotopically dated by method U-Pb between 530 and 580 Ma were chemically dated at UFMG between505 and 580 Ma. These results are consistent each other and put the laboratory available to the geoscience community as a tool inobtaining monazite ages.Keywords: MONAZITE, CHEMICAL DATING, ELECTRON MICROPROBE, UFMG
MODELAGEM DA GEODIVERSIDADE NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL SUL DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE BELO HORIZONTE – MG
Authors: Pereira Eric Oliveira , Azevedo Úrsula Ruchkys de , Ondicol Ramón Pellitero
Published: January 2016

O termo geodiversidade vem sendo utilizado de forma análoga ao uso do termo biodiversidade para designar a diversidadenatural da componente abiótica da natureza, composta pelos solos, pelas rochas, pelas formas de relevo, entre outros elementos. A Áreade Proteção Ambiental Sul – APA Sul, localizada no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, possui um rico patrimônio natural, principalmenteno que se refere aos elementos geológicos. Sua geodiversidade inclui afloramentos, solos, cachoeiras e diversas feições de relevo. Estetrabalho objetiva modelar a geodiversidade da APA Sul a partir da quantificação de índices adaptando métodos já aplicados para outrosestudos. A avaliação quantitativa da geodiversidade, cujos métodos ainda estão em evolução, confirmou a riqueza da área em termos dediversidade abiótica e contribui para indicação de áreas prioritárias para geconservação.Palavras-chave: geoconservação, sistema de informação geográfica, análise ambiental, cartografia, patrimônio geológico. ABSTRACTGEODIVERSITY ON ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL SUL – APA SUL OF RMBH. The geodiversity term has been used similarly touse of the biodiversity term to designate the natural diversity of the abiotic component including the soils, rocks, landsforms, amongothers. The Área de Proteção Ambiental Sul – APA Sul, located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, has a rich natural heritage,especially with regard to geological elements. This geodiversity includes outcrops, soils, waterfalls and several features typical of the relief.This paper aims to model the geodiversity of APA Sul from quantifying indices adapting methods already applied to other studies. Thequantitative assessments of geodiversity, whose methods are still evolving, confirmed the richness of the area in terms of geodiversity andfor identify priority areas for geonconservation.Keywords: geoconservation, geographic information systems, environmental analysis, cartography, geological heritage.
Terminologia gramatical luso-castelhana dos inícios: de Antonio de Nebrija a João de Barros
Authors: Gómez Asencio José , Gonçalves Maria Filomena
Published: January 2016

RESUMO:

Este artigo trata da terminologia gramatical de Antonio de Nebrija (1441?-1522) e João de Barros (1496?-1570), autores respectivamente da Grammatica sobre la lengua castellana (1492) e da Grammatica da lingua portuguesa (1540). O objectivo deste estudo é precisamente demonstrar a relação entre a doutrina e a “(meta)terminologia” destes dois gramáticos peninsulares, em cujas obras se detectam, a par de singularidades próprias de cada gramático, muitos pontos de convergência, quer no plano conceptual quer no plano estritamente terminológico. Dada a semelhança entre as duas línguas românicas – castelhano e português – a possível existência de um “fundo terminológico” partilhado é relevante para ambas as tradições metalinguísticas, tanto mais que muita dessa terminologia continua a ser usada nos nossos dias. Por último, importa averiguar onde, como e em que medida Nebrija terá funcionado como um modelo para João de Barros.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:

terminologia; gramática castelhana; gramática portuguesa; Nebrija; João de Barros.
Un análisis psicosocial de la confianza en los grupos policiales: el caso de Cuernavaca (México)
Authors: Ávila Guerrero María Elena , Vera Jiménez Jesús Alejandro , Martínez Ferrer Belén , Bahena Rivera Alejandro
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar factores psicosociales relacionados con la interacción entre la policía y la ciudadanía que predicen la percepción de confianza en los grupos policiales en México. Participaron 2792 ciudadanos del municipio de Cuernavaca, Morelos (México), 57% mujeres y 43% hombres, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 60 años. Se realizaron análisis factoriales y se calculó un modelo de regresión logística. Se muestra que el factor más importante en la predicción de la confianza es la honestidad, seguida del desempeño. Se ofrece una discusión de los resultados y de sus implicaciones prácticas.
TAREKAT-TAREKAT DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN ( �Alawiyyah, Samm�niyyah dan Tij�niyyah )
Authors: Asmaran Asmaran
Published: January 2016

There is no doubt that islamization of Nusantara can not be separated from significant role of sufism. The term "wals" in Indonesia, for example, refers to preachers or spreaders of Islam in the earlies periods of its history, and with same meaning the "datu" in South Kalimantan, such as Datu Kelampayan (attributed to the prominent Islamic leader, 'lim, Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjr). Based on this historical background, it is not strange that sufi orders developed rapidly in South Kalimantan. According to the scientific researches conducted, in South Kalimantan found Junaidiyyah, Naqsabandiyyah, Naqsabandiyyah-Khalidiyyah, Qadiriyyah-Naqsabandiyyah, Alawiyyah, Sammniyyah, and Tijniyyah. This article is discussion on the three latter orders; some of them took root in ulama's networks in middle east, but the others in Java
Information technology in the banking sector: Review of mobile banking
Authors: Cavus Nadire , Christina Dambudzo Netsai Chingoka
Published: January 2016

This paper is written to state the advantages and disadvantages, the different models to test the effects of individual’s intention to adopt mobile banking, the different technologies that are being implemented currently by banks and what the future holds for mobile banking. Information Technology (IT) has evolved over time and has changed the way business is conducted. The way people conduct business has been made easier and more efficient. IT has opened many doors for new technologies that are used within business and for individual use; the Banking sector is of no exception. Mobile banking is the fastest growing channel of banking as a result few people are walking into bank branches nowadays. Banks now need to remain relevant by catering to the needs and expectations of the customers and to the technology advancements. By providing better services and products customers are able to utilise. The role of IT in the banking sector can be divided into two categories: Communication and connectivity, and individual and business transactions. IT enables for sophisticated products to be developed with better frameworks, execution of dependable strategies and help with communication so to connect with people from different countries, businesses across the globe, geographical distance and diverse markets. 

 

 Keywords: mobile banking, information technology, it, mobile banking adoption, mobile banking application, mobile payment
Penetration testing on cloud---case study with owncloud
Authors: Xu Wenjuan , Groves Brian , Kwok Willson
Published: January 2016

 

The cloud computing techniques bring different security challenges. In this paper, we set up ownCloud as the example cloud computing infrastructure. Then we present our work process and results of a series of penetration testing performed on the ownCloud.  We also analyse these results and give key recommendations for addressing the identified vulnerabilities.

 

 Keywords: cloud computing, security, penetration tesing, owncloud
Teachers beliefs and technology use in kindergarten and elementary classrooms
Authors: Abu Al Rub Majedah Fawzi
Published: January 2016

With the increased availability of technology in today’s schools, concerns arise over whether teachers are effectively incorporating technology tools into their instruction in order to advance student learning and engagement. This project was designed to examine the types of educational technology practices that kindergarten and elementary teachers in Denver, Colorado, USA, implement in their classrooms and their beliefs concerning the implementation of educational technology in their classrooms.Teacher participants were interviewed to evaluate the types of technology they utilize in their lessons and their beliefs concerning the implementation of technology. The researcher found that teacher participants integrate a variety of technology into their classrooms. The results also showed that the participants are committed to utilize technology because they strongly believe that it benefits students. However, the results showed that there is a distinct difference concerning how technology is utilized in the classroom among the participants. Keywords: teachers’ beliefs, technology use, kindergarten and elementary students
Microseismic Closure Window Better Characterizes Hydraulic Fracture Geometry
Authors: Liu Songxia , Valkó Peter P. , McKetta Steven , Liu Xiaoda
Published: January 2016

Many studies have assessed microseismic (MS) interpretation, and its source mechanisms in hydraulically fractured shale wells. However, the ability to derive stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and fracture geometry from MS data is still controversial. This is because MS events not only come from the induced main fractures of the current stage, but they also result from reactivation of natural fractures (NF) or faults, previous hydraulic fractures (HF), stratigraphic boundaries, or other operational noise. MS data of adjacent stages tend to overlap each other severely, masking the real SRV of the current stage. Simulated complex fracture networks using MS data always yield higher production results when compared to actual production. We address these issues with an efficient MS interpretation method.

This method divides the MS events into three windows using an Excel-VBA program: the Pad Window, the Proppant Window, and the Closure Window. These windows are based on the fracture stimulation job record for each stage. The Closure Window includes only the events from the end of pumping until the end of shut-in of the current stage. During the Closure Window, i.e., shut-in time before flowback, leakoff into the formation matrix can cause micropores to enlarge, resulting in MS events with compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) and isotropic (ISO) sources (crack opening mechanisms). Leakoff can also cause slippage of pre-existing NF and result in MS events with double-couple (DC) source. These fractures are secondary fractures with potential to transport fluid and facilitate the induced major fractures. When all of the fluid leaks off at positions along the main fractures, the fracture will close, which may trigger MS events with CLVD and ISO source mechanisms.

We extracted the MS events in the Closure Window and eliminated those events induced by previous stages, NF, and pumping noise. Thus, we reduced the MS cloud overlap of different stages and increased the accuracy of the inferred fracture geometry and SRV. Case applications on several shale wells were used to test this method. On the basis of the results, we suggest continued monitoring MS events after the end of proppant pumping.

The method developed in this study can process any MS data and the associated fracture stimulation job data to segregate the three MS event windows. The Closure MS Window will indicate fracture geometry more accurately, and thus enhance optimization of hydraulic fracturing design and the prediction of hydrocarbon production.
Novel Evaluation Method of Fracturing Fluid Additives on Barnett and Marcellus Outcrop Shale Cores Using NMR Technique
Authors: Kim Jihye , Gomaa Ahmed M. , Zhang Hao , Nelson Scott G.
Published: January 2016

Because of the unique characteristics of shale formations including low permeability, existence of micro-fractures, and sensitivity to the contact fluids, it is difficult to evaluate the complex microscopic interactions between fracturing fluids and the formation in a traditional laboratory setting. Prior work (SPE 174186) demonstrated the value of using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to evaluate the interaction between a shale formation and fracturing fluid components, such as clay control agents and surfactants. In this work, we expand the research to study more fluids and better understand why the performance of surfactants and clay inhibitors vary in a particular shale sample. The current work builds on the prior study by adding more fluid variations and further analyses of the fluids' surface tension, micelle size, and the core samples' mineral composition.

Outcrop cores from the Barnett and Marcellus shales were evaluated in this study. Cores were submerged in various fracturing fluids under different experimental conditions: pressure of 400 psi, temperatures from 150 to 250 °F, and fluid contact times from 2 to 16 days.

Due to the variations of mineral composition and reservoir properties in different shale formations, the selection of surfactants used in the fracturing fluids can be optimized based on the characteristics of each shale reservoir. For example, for the Barnett outcrop cores tested, the majority of the tested surfactants increased flowback recovery, which indicates that a reduction in surface tension is more influential. For a clay-rich core like the Barnett, the use of permanent clay inhibitors was critical to inhibit clay damage more permanently for treatments that last longer. In contrast, the Marcellus cores tested did not indicate clay damage with any type of clay inhibitor tested. However, a low molecular-weight clay inhibitor is recommended for maximum flowback recovery bcause of the extremely low permebility.

This work extends understanding of fracturing fluid additives that, in many cases, are currently selected solely based on minimal testing and experience gained from conventional formations, rather than demonstrated performance in a particular shale formation. Moreover, this work opens an opportunity to customize fracturing fluids and services for enhanced fluid recovery by evaluating actual reservoir core from the given area of interest.
The Science of Proppant Conductivity Testing- Lessons Learned and Best Practices
Authors: Duenckel Robert , Moore Nick , O'Connell Lisa , Abney Kathy , Drylie Stephen , Chen Feiyan
Published: January 2016

The testing of proppants to determine conductivity and permeability at closure stress is an important aspect of the design and evaluation of hydraulic fractures. The data obtained from these tests are important for proppant suppliers and manufacturers in evaluating their sources of supply or in adjusting or modifying manufacturing processes. For the operator it is a basis for comparing performance, quality and value. An understanding of how this data is obtained and its limitations is important in its use and application. The knowledge gained in the industries' understanding of the behavior of proppants has led to modifications and improvements to the conductivity testing apparatus and in test procedures.

Critical components of the equipment and test procedures, including loading of the cell, flow rates and cell design, will affect the test results to a greater or lesser degree. Thus it is important to clearly take into account the various components of the cell and how they may influence conductivity measurements. Further, the standard conductivity apparatus can be used to evaluate various proppant damage mechanisms such as gel damage, embedment, spalling, and stress cycling. At the same time an understanding of the limitations of the data must be appreciated to avoid misuse and misapplication. And while improvements have been made to the acquisition of this data, there remain some barriers to test repeatability that are inherent to the materials being evaluated.
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling Workflow and Toolkits for Well Completion Optimization in Unconventionals
Authors: Bai Taixu , Will Johannes , Eckardt Stefan , GmbH Dynardo , Chang Dahai , Lake Ed , Madyarov Andrew , Xiao Xiaohui , Fay Mathew , Meij Robert , Yuan Roger , Gao Yi , Chu Joanne
Published: January 2016

Unconventional reservoirs produce substantial quantities of oil and gas. These reservoirs are usually characterized by ultra-low matrix permeability. Most unconventional reservoirs are hydraulically fractured in order to establish more effective flow from the reservoir and fracture networks to the wellbores. The success of hydraulic fracture stimulation in horizontal wells has the potential to dramatically change the oil and gas production landscape across the globe and the impacts will endure for decades to come.

For a given field development project, the economics are highly dependent completion establishing effective and retained contact with the hydrocarbon bearing rocks. Well and completion design parameters that influence the economic success of the field development include well orientation and landing zone, stage spacing and perforation cluster spacing, fluid volume, viscosity and pumping rate, and proppant volume, size and ramping schedule. Optimization of these design parameters to maximize asset economic value is key to the success of every unconventional asset.

To achieve an optimal completion design for an asset, the current industry practice is to conduct a large number of field trials that require high capital investment and long cycle-time, and most importantly, significantly erode the project value. The workflow and toolkits shown in this paper offer a much cheaper and faster alternative approach in which to develop an optimal well completion design for EUR and unit development cost (UDC) improvements. It provides an integrated well placement and completion design optimization process that integrates geomechanics descriptions, formation characterizations, flow dynamics, microseismic event catalogues, hydraulic fracturing monitoring data, well completion and operational parameters in a modeling environment with optimization capability. The model is built upon a 3D geological model with multi-disciplinary inputs including formation properties, in-situ stresses, natural fracture descriptions, and well and completion parameters (i.e., well orientation, landing interval, fluid rate and volume, perforation spacing, and stage spacing). Upon calibrating with the hydraulic fracturing diagnosis data, the model provides optimized well completion design, and guidance on data acquisition and diagnostic needs to achieve EUR performance at optimized costs.

Field trials based on recommendations from the approach have yielded encouraging production uplift and have led to a significant reduction in the number of trials and cost compared to the commonly used trial-and-error approach. We believe it is technically feasible to derive an optimal completion design using a subsurface based forward modeling approach which will deliver significant value to the industry.
Khazzan: Making the Most of the Fracturing Sweet-Spot Between Verticals and Horizontals
Authors: Al Shueili A. M. , Al Manji A. , Rylance M.
Published: January 2016

Efficient hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important aspects for wells in tight-gas reservoirs, in order to achieve and sustain economic production. Unlike North America, where thousands of wells are drilled and completed each year and with infrastructure in place, delivering a tight gas field development (Khazzan) in the Sultanate of Oman has very specific challenges related to the limited number of wells and poor existing logistical infrastructure. In order to address these challenges, improve the frac process and overall development efficiency, a suite of high-level goals were set for the initial development, including zero accident(s), 1 Bcf/day production, 300 wells and 40 mm.scf/day IP per well.

Within Block 61, in the Sultanate of Oman, the initial formation that was targeted for development was the Barik; a highly laminated gas bearing reservoir with measurable but tight permeability. The formation exhibits widespread heterogeneity in reservoir quality and rock properties in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Following an extensive exploration and appraisal programme, it was determined that vertical wells with massive hydraulic fracturing would be the most likely strategy for the higher permeability areas; with fractured horizontal wells being proposed within the lower permeability areas. This dual approach would provide the most efficient and effective development mechanism for the field and provide the greatest opportunity to deliver the simplistic development goals, as outlined above.

During the exploration, appraisal and development phases of Khazzan, incremental learning and step by step improvement was required as the phases changed both the emphasis and requirements. This began with measuring resources, ensuring adequate service provision and logistics, completion set-up and subsequent transition from appraisal to development mode. The identification of key fracturing aspects, such as in-situ stress-state and geo-mechanical understanding, as well as frac geometry determination (both placed and effective) were crucial to achieving development progress. Post frac flow-back, initial production behaviour and reconciliation with petro-physics all played their part in the delivery of a rapid transition to efficiency along with proof of resource.

This paper fully describes the technical and operational journey that was taken through the appraisal and early development phases, in order to fundamentally understand and deliver the most effective and efficient methods of hydraulic fracturing vertical wells in this tight-gas field. This case study includes the sequence of the first twelve vertical wells in the Barik reservoir; and the incremental improvements that were achieved in approaches over time. Fit for purpose technologies, equipment, procedures and surveillance have demonstrably led to a suite of very healthy and highly efficient completion approaches being adopted, which have ensured that the field development economics are being maximized.
Unlocking Tight Chalk Potential in Mature North Sea Oilfield Through Effective Acid Fracturing
Authors: Doghmi A. , Davies A. Y. , Rylance M.
Published: January 2016

The Mungo Field is a medium-sized oil field with a primary gas cap located in the Central North Sea. It has been developed as part of the Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP) via a Normally Unmanned Installation (NUI) which is positioned directly above the field, with production tied back ca. 20 km to the ETAP Central Processing Facility (CPF).

Hydrocarbons are trapped in a pierced four-way dip closure against the Mungo salt diapir. The principal reservoir of the Mungo field is the steeply-dipping Palaeocene sands of the Sele, Lista and Maureen Formations, which overlie the Ekofisk, Tor and Hod Formations of the Chalk Group. The Palaeocene sandstone reservoir has been developed under combined water and gas injection since 1998. The underlying tight Chalk reservoir contains a poorly understood but potentially very substantial oil resource (estimated at 30 – 300 MM.bbls STOIIP). Direct development of the Chalk within the Mungo field has been very limited to date, with little offtake and few completions.

There have been a number of key challenges to overcome in order to demonstrate that the Chalk can be efficiently developed on Mungo. These challenges include the ability to achieve economic well production rates combined with demonstrable recovery of oil from the low permeability chalk matrix, given that there is very little evidence of natural fracturing. This is most accurately described in the definition and selection of an appropriate and efficient completion approach; a process and case history which this paper will fully detail. There are several features that make development of the Mungo Chalk both appealing and compelling, including the proximity/connection to existing infrastructure (with reducing throughput) and penetration of the Chalk by some existing Mungo development wells. This combination offers a unique potential suite of opportunities for low cost intervention, appraisal and subsequent development via recompletion.

In 2015, BP performed a Chalk appraisal test in an existing Mungo producer, W169 (22/20-A19), including the pumping of two distinct acid fracturing stages, a flow-back/clean-up, stable rate well-test and a long term shut in for a PBU. The W169 well was selected as the candidate well, as it intersected 220 m of the chalk sequence, including the Hod, Tor and Ekofisk formations. This paper presents the full sequence and details of this Mungo Chalk reservoir evaluation process. The information provided will describe the approaches taken to the design, the planning and the execution of cost-effective stacked, multi-zone acid-fracturing operations. Finally, the paper will close-out with the results of the operations and post job analysis, and provide an overview of future potential that has been unlocked by this sequence of operations.
Implications of Pressure-Induced Thinning in Crosslinked Fluids for Fracturing and Frac Pack Operations
Authors: Fuller Michael J. , Blake Kenyon J.
Published: January 2016

Several decades of fracturing treatments using borate-crosslinked gels have led to a strong understanding of the optimization and applicability of these fluids. Conventional HPHT rheological measurements of these fluids follow recommended practices defined by the API and ISO (involving low applied pressure of 400 psi). However, more recent measurements have shown that the viscosity of such a gel may be up to 80% lower when exposed to actual fracturing conditions (applied pressure > 5,000 psi) versus the standard low-pressure measurements of viscosity. The current study demonstrates further investigation into the variables that impact this phenomenon, using rheology measurements at ultrahigh-pressure on a series of controlled fluid-compositions. This work includes focus on the impact of pressure on gelled fluids used for frac pack operations, as productivity from deepwater frac pack operations is highly sensitive to predictable delivery of the intended fracture design.

Initial tests were established to confirm the magnitude of viscosity-reduction as a function of increasing pressure. Advanced testing was also used to define the pressure-dependence of the reversible "melt" behavior of borate-crosslinked gels. A test matrix of crosslinked fluids was established to look at the individual and the combined impact of gel loading, fluid salinity, shear-rate, and applied pressure on fluid stability in a series of gel formulations. Finally, the corrected viscosity measurements were used in fracture simulations to determine the effects of pressure-corrected viscosity (compared to viscosity measured using conventional API/ISO methods) on fracture geometry and conductivity.

The current study identifies several critical findings. First, the application of ultrahigh pressure on borate gels reversibly destabilizes the gel, leading to a shift in the melt-temperature to cooler temperatures by >30degF. Additionally, high salinity mix-waters (such as heavy brines) shift or partially suppress the pressure-induced destabilization of these gels. Finally, fracture modelling demonstrates a potentially significant negative impact to fracture geometry and an increased risk of screen-out using the pressure-corrected gel viscosity.

The findings of the current work will have sizeable impact on the execution of gelled fracturing and frac pack treatments. The new findings regarding the effects of salinity are crucial to understanding pressure-corrections in frac pack design, as those gels are often weighted using heavy brine to add hydrostatic pressure. To that end, understanding the boundaries of pressure effect occurrence in these gels can improve the gel design to avoid the unintended consequences of high-pressure.