bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Clutter in the Context of Detecting Weak Gaseous Plumes in Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Burr Tom , Foy Bernie , Fry Herb , McVey Brian
Published: October 2008

Weak gaseous plume detection in hyperspectral imagery requires thatbackground clutter consisting of a mixture of components such as water, grass, and asphaltbe well characterized. The appropriate characterization depends on analysis goals.Although we almost never see clutter as a single-component multivariate Gaussian(SCMG), alternatives such as various mixture distributions that have been proposed mightnot be necessary for modeling clutter in the context of plume detection when the chemicaltargets that could be present are known at least approximately. Our goal is to show to whatextent the generalized least squares (GLS) approach applied to real data to look for evidenceof known chemical targets leads to chemical concentration estimates and to chemicalprobability estimates (arising from repeated application of the GLS approach) that aresimilar to corresponding estimates arising from simulated SCMG data. In some cases,approximations to decision thresholds or confidence estimates based on assuming the clutterhas a SCMG distribution will not be sufficiently accurate. Therefore, we also describe astrategy that uses a scene-specific reference distribution to estimate decision thresholds forplume detection and associated confidence measures.
Airborne Chemical Sensing with Mobile Robots
Authors: Lilienthal Achim J. , Loutfi Amy , Duckett Tom
Published: October 2008

Airborne chemical sensing with mobile robots has been an active research areasince the beginning of the 1990s. This article presents a review of research work in this field,including gas distribution mapping, trail guidance, and the different subtasks of gas sourcelocalisation. Due to the difficulty of modelling gas distribution in a real world environmentwith currently available simulation techniques, we focus largely on experimental work and donot consider publications that are purely based on simulations.
A Portable Sensing System for Electronic Tongue Operations
Authors: Twomey Karen , Truemper Andreas , Murphy Kilian
Published: October 2008

A portable, low cost sensing system is described which interfaces to an electronictongue sensor. The sensor used is a voltammetric sensor which monitors electrochemicalreactions that occur in solutions. The sensor is able to test a range of liquids with differentelectrochemical properties without any hardware adjustments to the system. The system canautomatically adjust for the change in solution properties by performing a routine whichuses an auto-ranging feature to determine a current-to-voltage conversion of the sensor databy using a binary search strategy. This eliminates the intervention of the user to modify thesystem each time a new solution is tested. The effectiveness of the calibration routine wastested by carrying out cyclic voltammetry in two different solutions, 0.1M sulfuric acidsolution and the phosphate buffered solution of pH3. The sensor system was able toaccurately acquire the sensor data for each solution.
Thermal Stability of Aqueous Polyurethanes Depending on the Applied Catalysts
Authors: Cakic Suzana , Nikolic Goran , Lacnjevac Caslav , Gligoric Miladin , Stamenkovic Jakov , Rajkovic Milos  B. , Barac Miroljub
Published: October 2008

The thermal stability of aqueous polyurethanes has been measured applying thethermogravimetric analysis. The aqueous polyurethanes (aqPUR) with catalysts of differentselectivity have been studied by use of the dynamic method. To obtain degradations of 0.025,0.05, and 0.10, employing the dynamic method, the heating rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 °Cmin-1 have been used in the range of 30-500 ºC. Using the more selective catalysts in theaqueous polyurethanes, the total resulting time of the decompositon has been on the increaseat all degrees of the degradation and at the particular starting temperature. This paper showsthat the dynamic method based on the thermogravimetric analysis can be used to assess thethermal stability of the aqueous polyurethanes using the catalysts of different selectivity.
Spectroscopic Characteristics of Highly Selective Manganese Catalysis in Acqueous Polyurethane Systems
Authors: Cakic Suzana , Lacnjevac Caslav , Nikolic Goran , Stamenkovic Jakov , Rajkovic Milos  B. , Gligoric Miladin , Barac Miroljub
Published: October 2008

The latest investigations on producing more efficient catalytic aqueouspolyurethane systems are in the domain of metal complexes with mixed ligands. In ourprevious research works, the high selectivity for the isocyanate-hydroxyl reaction inaqueous polyurethane systems has been shown by the manganese(III) mixed-ligandcomplexes. The two new complexes have been prepared with two acetylacetonate (acac)ligands and one maleate ligand and its hydroxylamine derivative of the general formula[Mn(C5H7O2)2L]. Their structures have been established by using the fundamental analyses,the FTIR and UV/VIS spectroscopic methods, as well as the magnetic measurements. Inorder to explain the different selectivity of the manganese(III) mixed-ligand complexes, theUV and ESR spectroscopy have been employed to determine the kinetics of the complexes’decomposition. The thermal stability of the complexes has been determined by way of thedynamic TG method at the heating rate of 5°C⋅min-1 and at the temperature ranged 20-550°C. It suggests the decomposition of the complexes by loss of acid ligand. The main factor in the selective catalysis control in theaqueous polyurethane systems is the nature of the acid ligands and their impact on themanganese(II)/manganese(III) equilibrium.
Overview of Physical Models and Statistical Approaches for Weak Gaseous Plume Detection using Passive Infrared Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Burr Tom , Hengartner Nicolas
Published: October 2008

The performance of weak gaseous plume-detection methods in hyperspectral long-wave infrared imagery depends on scene-specific conditions such at the ability to properly estimate atmospheric transmission, the accuracy of estimated chemical signatures, and background clutter. This paper reviews commonly-applied physical models in the context of weak plume identification and quantification, identifies inherent error sources as well as those introduced by making simplifying assumptions, and indicates research areas.
Zeolite-based Materials for Gas Sensors
Authors: Xu Xiaowen , Wang Jing , Long Yingcai
Published: October 2008

This review of 53 references deals with the uses of zeolites and zeolite-basedmaterials for developing gas sensors. The potential of these materials is highlighted andavenues for further research are suggested.
Modelling the Transport and Kinetics of Electroenzymes at the Electrode/Solution Interface
Authors: Lyons Michael  E.G.
Published: October 2008

The solution phase transport and direct electrode kinetics of electro-enzymes are described in terms of a simple model in which the steady state reaction/diffusion equation for enzyme is solved subject to physically realistic boundary conditions. Two physically realizable situations are described: the semi infinite and the membrane bounded case. Limiting expressions for the reaction flux are derived and the kinetic possibilities discussed geometrically in terms of kinetic case diagrams.
The Redox Behaviour of Randomly Dispersed Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes both in the Absence and in the Presence of Adsorbed Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Lyons Michael  E. G. , Keeley Gareth  P.
Published: October 2008

The electrochemical behaviour of SWCNTs randomly dispersed on gold and glassy carbon electrode surfaces was characterised via cyclic voltammetry and complex impedance spectroscopy, using the ferri/ferrocyanide couple as a redox active test probe . In subsequent investigations glucose oxidase (GOx) was adsorbed onto the SWCNT ensemble without apparent denaturation of the enzyme. Cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry were used to quantify and understand the process of electron transfer between the immobilised protein redox site and the working electrode. The effect of pH on the system was also investigated. In particular, we have shown that, for the calculation of electron transfer rate constants for surface-immobilised redox systems, chronoamperometry is preferable to voltammetry, which has been the technique of choice until now.
Studies of the Cataluminescence of Benzene Homologues onNanosized γ–Al2O3/Eu2O3 and the Development of a Gas Sensorfor Benzene Homologue Vapors
Authors: Lu Jieshan , Cao Xiaoan , Pan Canying , Yang Lianfeng , Lai Guangbo , Chen Jianling , Wu Cuiqin
Published: October 2008

The cataluminescence (CTL) of benzene and the benzene homologues tolueneand xylene on nanosized γ–Al2O3 doped with Eu2O3 (γ–Al2O3/Eu2O3) was studied and asensor of determining these gases was designed. The proposed sensor showed highsensitivity and selectivity at an optimal temperature of 432 ºC, a wavelength of 425 nm anda flow rate of 400 mL/min. Quantitative analysis was performed at the optimal conditions.The linear ranges of CTL intensity versus concentration of the benzene homologues were asfollows: benzene 2.4~5000 mL/m3, toluene 4.0~5000 mL/m3 and xylene 6.8~5000 mL/m3,with detection limits (3σ) of 1.8 mL/m3, 3.0 mL/m3 and 3.4 mL/m3 for each one,respectively. The response time of this system was less than 3 s. The coexistence of othergases, such as SO2, CO and NH3, caused interference at levels around 11.7%, 5.8% and8.9% respectively. The technique is a convenient and fast way of determining the vapors ofbenzene homologues in air.
Pulsed Amperometry for Anti-fouling of Boron-doped Diamond in Electroanalysis of β-Agonists: Application to Flow Injection for Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Karuwan Chanpen , Mantim Thitirat , Chaisuwan Patcharin , Wilairat Prapin , Grudpan Kate , Jittangprasert Piyada , Einaga Yasuaki , Chailapakul Orawon , Suntornsuk Leena , Anurukvorakun Oraphan , Nacapricha Duangjai
Published: October 2008

This work presents the construction and application of boron-doped diamond(BDD) thin film electrode as sensor for the determination of three β-agonists, viz.salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol. Although well-known as a chemically inertmaterial, BDD film however shows fouling in detection of these compounds using fixedpotentialmode amperometry. A suitable waveform for pulsed amperometric detection(PAD) was developed and used to determine the agonist compounds. It was seen that thedeveloped PAD significantly refreshed the BDD surface for long-term detection in flowinjection analysis. Linear working ranges were 0.5-100 μM, 1.0-100 μM and 0.5-50 μM forsalbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol, respectively. The developed PAD-BDD system wasapplied to successfully determine salbutamol and terbutaline in commercial pharmaceuticalproducts. The methods were validated with a capillary electrophoresis method.
Determination of Critical Conditions for the Formation of Electrodeposited Copper Structures Suitable for Electrodes in Electrochemical Devices
Authors: Nikolic Nebojsa D. , Popov Konstantin  I. , Pavlovic Ljubica J. , Pavlovic Miomir G.
Published: October 2008

Electrodeposition of copper from acid sulfate solutions at overpotentials on theplateau of the limiting diffusion current density and at higher overpotentials wasexamined. The average current efficiencies for hydrogen evolution reaction aredetermined by a measurement of the quantity of evolved hydrogen and the overallelectrodeposition current as a function of electrodeposition time, while morphologies ofcopper deposits are examined by the use of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)technique. It is found that the open and porous structures of copper deposits (denoted andas honeycomb – like copper structures), suitable for electrodes in electrochemical devicessuch as fuel cells and chemical sensors, were reached by electrodeposition processesfrom solutions with the lower concentrations of Cu (II) ions (0.15 M CuSO4 and less in0.50 M H2SO4) at overpotentials outside the plateau of the limiting diffusion currentdensity at which the quantity of evolved hydrogen was enough to change hydrodynamicconditions in the near – electrode layer. The main characteristics of these copperstructures were craters or holes formed primarily due to the attachment hydrogen bubbleswith agglomerates of copper grains between them.
Asymptotic Effectiveness of the Event-Based Sampling According to the Integral Criterion
Authors: Miskowicz Marek
Published: October 2008

A rapid progress in intelligent sensing technology creates new interest in a development of analysis and design of non-conventional sampling schemes. The investigation of the event-based sampling according to the integral criterion is presented in this paper. The investigated sampling scheme is an extension of the pure linear send-on- delta/level-crossing algorithm utilized for reporting the state of objects monitored by intelligent sensors. The motivation of using the event-based integral sampling is outlined. The related works in adaptive sampling are summarized. The analytical closed-form formulas for the evaluation of the mean rate of event-based traffic, and the asymptotic integral sampling effectiveness, are derived. The simulation results verifying the analytical formulas are reported. The effectiveness of the integral sampling is compared with the related linear send-on-delta/level-crossing scheme. The calculation of the asymptotic effectiveness for common signals, which model the state evolution of dynamic systems in time, is exemplified.
Improvement of Bioactive Compound Classification through Integration of Orthogonal Cell-Based Biosensing Methods
Authors: Chaplen Frank W. R. , Vissvesvaran Ganesh , Henry Eric C. , Jovanovic Goran N.
Published: October 2008

Lack of specificity for different classes of chemical and biological agents, and false positives and negatives, can limit the range of applications for cell-based biosensors. This study suggests that the integration of results from algal cells (Mesotaenium caldariorum) and fish chromatophores (Betta splendens) improves classification efficiency and detection reliability. Cells were challenged with paraquat, mercuric chloride, sodium arsenite and clonidine. The two detection systems were independently investigated for classification of the toxin set by performing discriminant analysis. The algal system correctly classified 72% of the bioactive compounds, whereas the fish chromatophore system correctly classified 68%. The combined classification efficiency was 95%. The algal sensor readout is based on fluorescence measurements of changes in the energy producing pathways of photosynthetic cells, whereas the response from fish chromatophores was quantified using optical density. Change in optical density reflects interference with the functioning of cellular signal transduction networks. Thus, algal cells and fish chromatophores respond to the challenge agents through sufficiently different mechanisms of action to be considered orthogonal.
A Non-invasive and Real-time Monitoring of the Regulation of Photosynthetic Metabolism Biosensor Based on Measurement of Delayed Fluorescence in Vivo
Authors: Zhang Lingrui , Xing Da , Wang Junsheng
Published: October 2008

In this paper, a new principle biosensor for non-invasive monitoring of theregulation of photosynthetic metabolism based on quantitative measurement of delayedfluorescence (DF) is developed. The biosensor, which uses light-emitting diode lattice asexcitation light source and a compact Single Photon Counting Module to collect DF signal,is portable and can evaluate plant photosynthesis capacity in vivo. Compared with itsprimary version in our previous report, the biosensor can better control environmentalfactors. Moreover, the improved biosensor can automatically complete the measurements oflight and CO2 response curves of DF intensity. In the experimental study, the testing of theimproved biosensor has been made in soybean (Glycine max Zaoshu No. 18) seedlingstreated with NaHSO3 to induce changes in seedlings growth and photosynthetic metabolism.Contrast evaluations of seedlings photosynthesis were made from measurements of netphotosynthesis rate (Pn) based on consumption of CO2 in tested plants. Current testingresults have demonstrated that the improved biosensor can accurately determine theregulatory effects of NaHSO3 on photosynthetic metabolism. Therefore, the biosensorpresented here could be potential useful for real-time monitoring the regulatory effects ofplant growth regulators (PGRs) and other exogenous chemical factors on plant growth andphotosynthetic metabolism.
Influence of Different Genotypes on Trypsin Inhibitor Levels and Activity in Soybeans
Authors: Pesic Mirjana  B. , Vucelic-Radovic Biljana  V. , Barac Miroljub  B. , Stanojevic Sladjana P. , Nedovic Viktor  A.
Published: October 2008

This study describes the relationship between the two major trypsin inhibitors (TI) in soybean, i.e., the Kunitz (KTI) and Bowman-Birk (BBI) trypsin inhibitors, as well as between them and the corresponding trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA). Twelve investigated soybean genotypes showed significant differences in TI levels and TIA. A very strong positive correlation was found between the levels of KTI and total BBI (r = 0.94, P < 0.05). No relationship was found between KTI, BBI or total TI and TIA. Based on this data, it appears that the levels of major TI in soybean are related. Understanding the relationship between trypsin inhibitors and their activities could be useful for further improvement of the health impacts of soy proteins.
E.M.I Effects of Cathodic Protection on Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Authors: Gundogdu Serdar , Sahin Ozge
Published: October 2008

Electromagnetic flowmeters are used to measure the speed of water flow in water distribution systems. Corrosion problem in metal pipelines can be solved by cathodic protection methods. This paper presents a research on corruptive effects of the cathodic protection system on electromagnetic flowmeter depending on its measuring principle. Experimental measurements are realized on the water distribution pipelines of the Izmir Municipality, Department of Water and Drainage Administration (IZSU) in Turkey and measurement results are given. Experimental results proved that the values measured by the electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) are affected by cathodic protection system current. Comments on the measurement results are made and precautions to be taken are proposed.
A Survey on Optimal Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Improve the Performance of Mechanical Sensors in Automotive Applications
Authors: Hernandez Wilmar
Published: October 2008

In this paper a survey on recent applications of optimal signal processing techniques to improve the performance of mechanical sensors is made. Here, a comparison between classical filters and optimal filters for automotive sensors is made, and the current state of the art of the application of robust and optimal control and signal processing techniques to the design of the intelligent (or smart) sensors that today’s cars need is presented through several experimental results that show that the fusion of intelligent sensors and optimal signal processing techniques is the clear way to go. However, the switch between the traditional methods of designing automotive sensors and the new ones cannot be done overnight because there are some open research issues that have to be solved. This paper draws attention to one of the open research issues and tries to arouse researcher’s interest in the fusion of intelligent sensors and optimal signal processing techniques.
Calibration of a Sensor Array (an Electronic Tongue) for Identification and Quantification of Odorants from Livestock Buildings
Authors: Abu-Khalaf Nawaf , Lønsmann Iversen Jens Jørgen
Published: October 2008

This contribution serves a dual purpose. The first purpose was to investigate the possibility of using a sensor array (an electronic tongue) for on-line identification and quantification of key odorants representing a variety of chemical groups at two different acidities, pH 6 and 8. The second purpose was to simplify the electronic tongue by decreasing the number of electrodes from 14, which was the number of electrodes in the prototype. Different electrodes were used for identification and quantification of different key odorants. A total of eight electrodes were sufficient for identification and quantification in micromolar concentrations of the key odorants n-butyrate, ammonium and phenolate in test mixtures also containing iso-valerate, skatole and p-cresolate. The limited number of electrodes decreased the standard deviation and the relative standard deviation of triplicate measurements in comparison with the array comprising 14 electrodes. The electronic tongue was calibrated using 4 different test mixtures, each comprising 50 different combinations of key odorants in triplicates, a total of 600 measurements. Back propagation artificial neural network, partial least square and principal component analysis were used in the data analysis. The results indicate that the electronic tongue has a promising potential as an on- line sensor for odorants absorbed in the bioscrubber used in livestock buildings.
Classification of Mixtures of Odorants from Livestock Buildings by a Sensor Array (an Electronic Tongue)
Authors: Abu-Khalaf Nawaf , Iversen Jens Jørgen Lønsmann
Published: October 2008

An electronic tongue comprising different numbers of electrodes was able to classify test mixtures of key odorants characteristic of bioscrubbers of livestock buildings (n-butyrate, iso-valerate, phenolate, p-cresolate, skatole and ammonium). The classification of model solutions indicates that the electronic tongue has a promising potential as an on- line sensor for characterization of odorants in livestock buildings. Back propagation artificial neural network was used for classification. The average classification rate was above 80% in all cases. A limited, but sufficient number of electrodes were selected by average classification rate and relative entropy. The sufficient number of electrodes decreased standard deviation and relative standard deviation compared to the full electrode array.
An Improved Particle Filter for Target Tracking in Sensor Systems
Authors: Wang Xue , Wang Sheng , Ma Jun-Jie
Published: October 2008

Sensor systems are not always equipped with the ability to track targets. Sudden maneuvers of a target can have a great impact on the sensor system, which will increase the miss rate and rate of false target detection. The use of the generic particle filter (PF) algorithm is well known for target tracking, but it can not overcome the degeneracy of particles and cumulation of estimation errors. In this paper, we propose an improved PF algorithm called PF-RBF. This algorithm uses the radial-basis function network (RBFN) in the sampling step for dynamically constructing the process model from observations and updating the value of each particle. With the RBFN sampling step, PF-RBF can give an accurate proposal distribution and maintain the convergence of a sensor system. Simulation results verify that PF-RBF performs better than the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), PF and Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) in both robustness and accuracy whether the observation model used for the sensor system is linear or nonlinear. Moreover, the intrinsic property of PF-RBF determines that, when the particle number exceeds a certain amount, the execution time of PF-RBF is less than UPF. This makes PF-RBF a better candidate for the sensor systems which need many particles for target tracking.
A Modified Adaptive Stochastic Resonance for Detecting Faint Signal in Sensors
Authors: Huang Qi , Liu Jun , Li Hengwei
Published: October 2008

In this paper, an approach is presented to detect faint signals with strong noises in sensors by stochastic resonance (SR). We adopt the power spectrum as the evaluation tool of SR, which can be obtained by the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Furthermore, we introduce the adaptive filtering scheme to realize signal processing automatically. The key of the scheme is how to adjust the barrier height to satisfy the optimal condition of SR in the presence of any input. For the given input signal, we present an operable procedure to execute the adjustment scheme. An example utilizing one audio sensor to detect the fault information from the power supply is given. Simulation results show that th
A Novel Type of Tri-Colour Light-Emitting-Diode-Based Spectrometric Detector for Low-Budget Flow-Injection Analysis
Authors: Gros Nataša
Published: October 2008

In this paper we describe a low-cost spectrometric detector that can be easily assembled in a laboratory for less than €80 with a minimal number of optical components and which has proved sensitive and flexible enough for real-life applications. The starting point for the idea to construct this small, compact low-cost spectrometric detector was the decision to use a tri-colour light-emitting diode (LED) of the red-green-blue (RGB) type as a light source with the objective of achieving some flexibility in the selection of the wavelength (430 nm, 565 nm, 625 nm) but avoiding the use of optical fibres. Due to the dislocation of the emitters of the different coloured light, the tri-colour LED-based detector required an optical geometry that differs from those that are described in literature. The proposed novel geometry, with a coil-type glass flow-through cell with up to four ascending turns, proved useful and fit for the purpose. The simplicity of the device means it requires a minimal number of optical components, i.e., only a tri-colour LED and a photoresistor. In order to make a flow-injection analysis (FIA) with the spectrometric detector even more accessible for those with a limited budget, we additionally describe a low-cost simplified syringe-pump- based FIA set-up (€625), the assembling of which requires no more than basic technical facilities. We used such a set-up to test the performance of the proposed spectrometric detector for flow-injection analyses. The tests proved its suitability for real-life applications. The design procedures are also described.
Influence of Thickness on Ethanol Sensing Characteristics of Doctor-bladed Thick Film from Flame-made ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Liewhiran Chaikarn , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: October 2008

ZnO nanoparticles were produced by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) using zincnaphthenate as a precursor dissolved in toluene/acetonitrile (80/20 vol%). The particleproperties were analyzed by XRD, BET, and HR-TEM. The sensing films were produced bymixing the particles into an organic paste composed of terpineol and ethyl cellulose as avehicle binder and were fabricated by doctor-blade technique with various thicknesses (5,10, 15 μm). The morphology of the sensing films was analyzed by SEM and EDS analyses.The gas sensing characteristics to ethanol (25-250 ppm) were evaluated as a function of filmthickness at 400°C in dry air. The relationship between thickness and ethanol sensingcharacteristics of ZnO thick film on Al2O3 substrate interdigitated with Au electrodes wereinvestigated. The effects of film thickness, as well as the cracking phenomenon, though,many cracks were observed for thicker sensing films. Crack widths increased withincreasing film thickness. The film thickness, cracking and ethanol concentration havesignificant effect on the sensing characteristics. The sensing characteristics with variousthicknesses were compared, showing the tendency of the sensitivity to ethanol decreasedwith increasing film thickness and response time. The relationship between gas sensingproperties and film thickness was discussed on the basis of diffusively and reactivity of thegases inside the oxide films. The thinnest sensing film (5 μm) showed the highest sensitivityand the fastest response time (within seconds).
Home-made Detection Device for a Mixture of Ethanol and Acetone
Authors: Reungchaiwat Amnat , Wongchanapiboon Teerapol , Liawruangrath Saisunee , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: October 2008

A device for the detection and determination of ethanol and acetone wasconstructed, consisting of a packed column, a chamber with a sensor head, 2 dc powersupplies, a multimeter and a computer. A commercially available TGS 822 detector head(Figaro Company Limited) was used as the sensor head. The TGS 822 detector consists of aSnO2 thick film deposited on the surface of an alumina ceramic tube which contains aheating element inside. An analytical column was coupled with the setup to enhance theseparation of ethanol and acetone before they reached the sensor head. Optimum systemconditions for detection of ethanol and acetone were achieved by varying the flow rate of thecarrier gas, voltage of the heating coil (VH), voltage of the circuit sensor (VC), loadresistance of the circuit sensor (RL) and the injector port temperature. The flow of the carriergas was 15 mL/min; the circuit conditions were VH = 5.5 V, VC = 20 V, RL = 68 k ; and theinjection port temperature was 150°C. Under these conditions the retention times (tR) forethanol and acetone were 1.95 and 0.57 minutes, respectively. Calibration graphs wereobtained for ethanol and acetone over the concentration range of 10 to 160 mg/L. The limitsof detection (LOD) for ethanol and acetone were 9.25 mg/L and 4.41 mg/L respectively.
DNA Optical Detection Based on Porous Silicon Technology: from Biosensors to Biochips
Authors: De Stefano Luca , Arcari Paolo , Lamberti Annalisa , Sanges Carmen , Rotiroti Lucia , Rea Ilaria , Rendina Ivo
Published: October 2008

A photochemical functionalization process which passivates the porous silicon surface of optical biosensors has been optimized as a function of the thickness and the porosity of the devices. The surface modification has been characterized by contact angle measurements. Fluorescence measurements have been used to investigate the stability of the DNA single strands bound to the nanostructured material. A dose-response curve for an optical label-free biosensor in the 6-80 μM range has been realized.
A Fluorimetric Sensor for Detection of One Living Cell
Authors: Vitecek Jan , Petrlova Jitka , Adam Vojtech , Havel Ladislav , Kramer Karl J. , Babula Petr , Kizek Rene
Published: October 2008

Nowadays, studies of metabolic pathways and processes in living organisms cannot be easily done at the cellular level. That is why the development of a new analytical methods and approaches is needed, to allow detection of different biologically important species at very low concentrations levels and sample volumes, especially in individual cells. In the present work, we suggested a sensor to detect units of living cells by means determination of plant esterases (PE) based on fluorimetric detection of the products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate in plant cell cultures (BY-2 tobacco cells and early somatic embryos of Norway spruce, clone 2/32). We standardized the sensor using a readily available esterase from pig liver. The detection limits were approximately 17 to 50 amol in 2 ml (8.5 to 25 femtomolar concentrations of esterases) of the enzyme contained in BY-2 tobacco cells and spruce early somatic embryos, respectively, after re-computation on the amounts of pig liver esterases. We assumed that the optimised sensor for the determination of PE in cell extracts accomplishes all requirements for a sensitive analysis which could be usable for single cell analysis. The detection limit was 1.5 in case of analysing BY-2 tobacco cells and 0.5 in early somatic embryos. Moreover, we were able to detect single protoplasts.
A Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Prepared by Electropolymerization of Pyrrole Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Paste Electrodes
Authors: Li Guang , Wang You , Xu Hui
Published: October 2008

A disposable amperometric biosensor for commercial use to detect hydrogenperoxide has been developed. The sensor is based on screen-printed carbon paste electrodesmodified by electropolymerization of pyrrole with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) entrapped.The facture techniques of fabricating the enzyme electrodes are suitable for mass productionand quality control. The biosensor shows a linear amperometric response to H2O2 from 0.1to 2.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 33.24 μA mM-1 cm-2. Different operational parameters ofelectropolymerization are evaluated and optimized.
Prediction-based Dynamic Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Xue , Ma Jun-Jie , Wang Sheng , Bi Dao-Wei
Published: October 2008

Energy consumption is a critical constraint in wireless sensor networks. Focusing on the energy efficiency problem of wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes a method of prediction-based dynamic energy management. A particle filter was introduced to predict a target state, which was adopted to awaken wireless sensor nodes so that their sleep time was prolonged. With the distributed computing capability of nodes, an optimization approach of distributed genetic algorithm and simulated annealing was proposed to minimize the energy consumption of measurement. Considering the application of target tracking, we implemented target position prediction, node sleep scheduling and optimal sensing node selection. Moreover, a routing scheme of forwarding nodes was presented to achieve extra energy conservation. Experimental results of target tracking verified that energy-efficiency is enhanced by prediction-based dynamic energy management.
Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers
Authors: Bai Hua , Shi Gaoquan
Published: October 2008

The gas sensors fabricated by using conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the active layers have been reviewed. This review discusses the sensing mechanism and configurations of the sensors. The factors that affect the performances of the gas sensors are also addressed. The disadvantages of the sensors and a brief prospect in this research field are discussed at the end of the review.
Effects of the Acrylic Polyol Structure and the Selectivity of the Employed Catalyst on the Performance of Two-component Aqueous Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: Cakic Suzana , Lacnjevac Caslav , Stamenkovic Jakov , Ristic Nikola , Takic Ljiljana , Barac Miroljub , Gligoric Miladin
Published: October 2008

Two kinds of aqueous acrylic polyols (single step and multi step synthesis type)have been investigated for their performance in the two-component aqueous polyurethaneapplication, by using more selective catalysts. The aliphatic polyfunctional isocyanatesbased on hexamethylen diisocyanates have been employed as suitable hardeners. Thecomplex of zirconium, commercially known as K-KAT®XC-6212, and manganese (III)complexes with mixed ligands based on the derivative of maleic acid have been used ascatalysts in this study. Both of the aqueous polyols give good results, in terms of applicationand hardness, when elevated temperatures and more selective catalysts are applied. A moreselective catalyst promotes the reaction between the isocyanate and polyol component. Thisincreases the percentage of urethane bonds and the degree of hardness in the films formedfrom the two components of aqueous polyurethane lacquers. The polyol based on the singlestep synthesis route is favourable concerning potlife and hardness. The obtained resultsshow that the performance of the two-component aqueous polyurethane coatings depends onthe polymer structure of the polyols as well as on the selectivity of the employed catalyst.
Studying the Effect of Deposition Conditions on the Performance and Reliability of MEMS Gas Sensors
Authors: Sadek Khaled , Moussa Walied
Published: October 2008

In this paper, the reliability of a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based gas sensor has been investigated using Three Dimensional (3D) coupled multiphysics Finite Element (FE) analysis. The coupled field analysis involved a two-way sequential electro- thermal fields coupling and a one-way sequential thermal-structural fields coupling. An automated substructuring code was developed to reduce the computational cost involved in simulating this complicated coupled multiphysics FE analysis by up to 76 percent. The substructured multiphysics model was then used to conduct a parametric study of the MEMS-based gas sensor performance in response to the variations expected in the thermal and mechanical characteristics of thin films layers composing the sensing MEMS device generated at various stages of the microfabrication process. Whenever possible, the appropriate deposition variables were correlated in the current work to the design parameters, with good accuracy, for optimum operation conditions of the gas sensor. This is used to establish a set of design rules, using linear and nonlinear empirical relations, which can be utilized in real-time at the design and development decision-making stages of similar gas sensors to enable the microfabrication of these sensors with reliable operation.
Rapid Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies using the Piezoelectric Immunosensor
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav , Pavliš Oto , Skládal Petr
Published: October 2008

Monoclonal antibodies with specificity against the Francisella tularensis outerlipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane were prepared and characterized using the piezoelectricimmunosensor with immobilized LPS antigen from F. tularensis. Signals obtained by theimmunosensor were compared with ELISA and similar sensitivity was noticed. Signal ofnegative controls obtained using the biosensor was below 0.5% of the signal obtained for theselected specific antibody clone 4H3B9D3. Testing of cross reactivity based on the sensorswith immobilized LPS from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis confirmed selectivity ofthis antibody. Furthermore, the 4H3B9D3 antibody was successfully isotypized as IgM usingthe piezoelectric sensors with secondary antibodies. Kinetics parameters of antibody wereevaluated in the flow-through arrangement. The kinetic rate constants for the antibody4H3B9D3 were ka = (2.31 ± 0.20)·105 l mol-1s-1 (association) and kd = (0.0010 ±0.00062) s-1(dissociation) indicating very good affinity to the LPS antigen.
An Improved Co-evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks with Dynamic Deployment
Authors: Wang Xue , Wang Sheng , Ma Jun-Jie
Published: October 2008

The effectiveness of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) depends on the coverage and target detection probability provided by dynamic deployment, which is usually supported by the virtual force (VF) algorithm. However, in the VF algorithm, the virtual force exerted by stationary sensor nodes will hinder the movement of mobile sensor nodes. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced as another dynamic deployment algorithm, but in this case the computation time required is the big bottleneck. This paper proposes a dynamic deployment algorithm which is named “virtual force directed co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization” (VFCPSO), since this algorithm combines the co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization (CPSO) with the VF algorithm, whereby the CPSO uses multiple swarms to optimize different components of the solution vectors for dynamic deployment cooperatively and the velocity of each particle is updated according to not only the historical local and global optimal solutions, but also the virtual forces of sensor nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed VFCPSO is competent for dynamic deployment in WSNs and has better performance with respect to computation time and effectiveness than the VF, PSO and VFPSO algorithms.
SDS-PAGE Analysis of Soluble Proteins in Reconstituted Milk Exposed to Different Heat Treatments
Authors: Jovanovic Snezana , Barac Miroljub , Macej Ognjen , Vucic Tanja , Lacnjevac Caslav
Published: October 2008

This paper deals with the investigation of the impact of the heat treatment of reconstituted skim milk conducted at different temperatures, and the adding of demineralized whey on the protein solubility, soluble protein composition and interactions involved between proteins in a chemical complex. Commercial skim milk has been reconstituted and heat treated at 75°C, 85°C and 90°C for 20 minutes. Demineralized whey has been added in concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0 and 2.0%. The soluble protein composition has been determined by the polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by the densitometric analysis. Due to the different changes occurred during treatments at different temperatures, proteins of heat-treated samples containing added demineralized whey have had significantly different solubility. At lower temperatures (75°C and 85°C) the adding of demineralized whey decreased the protein solubility by 5.28%-26.41%, while the addition of demineralized whey performed at 90°C increased the soluble protein content by 5.61%- 28.89%. Heat treatments, as well as the addition of demineralized whey, have induced high molecular weight complex formation. β-Lg, α-La and κ-casein are involved in high molecular weight complexes. The disulfide interactions between denatured molecules of these proteins are mostly responsible for the formation of coaggregates. The level of their interactions and the soluble protein composition are determined by the degree of temperature.
Intelligent Fiber Optic Sensor for Estimating the Concentration of a Mixture-Design and Working Principle
Authors: Borecki Michal
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the construction and working principles of an intelligent fiber-optic intensity sensor used for examining the concentration of a mixture in conjunction with water. It can find applications e.g. in waste-water treatment plant for selection of a treatment process. The sensor head is the end of a large core polymer optical fiber, which constitutes one arm of an asymmetrical coupler. The head works on the reflection intensity basis. The reflected signal level depends on the Fresnel reflection from the air and from the mixture examined when the head is immersed in it. The sensor head is mounted on a lift. For detection purposes the signal can be measured on head submerging, submersion, emerging and emergence. Therefore, the measured signal depends on the surface tension, viscosity, turbidity and refraction coefficient of the solution. The signal coming from the head is processed electrically in an opto-electronic interface. Then it is fed to a neural network. The novelty of the proposed sensor lies in that it contains an asymmetrical coupler and a neural network that works in the generalization mode. The sensor resolution depends on the efficiency of the asymmetrical coupler, the precision of the opto-electronic signal conversion and the learning accuracy of the neural network. Therefore, the number and quality of the points used for the learning process is very important. By way of example, the paper describes a sensor intended for examining the concentration of liquid soap in water.
A New Tiapride Selective Electrode and Its Clinical Application
Authors: Ortuño Joaquín  A. , Ródenas Vicente , García Mª Soledad , Albero Mª Isabel , Sánchez-Pedreño Concepción
Published: October 2008

The construction and electrochemical response characteristics of a poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) membrane selective electrode for the determination of tiapride (TPD) are described. The sensing membrane comprised an ion-pair formed between the protonated drug and tetraphenylborate (TPB-) in a plasticized PVC matrix. The influence of membrane composition on the electrode response was studied. The electrode showed a fast, stable and Nernstian response over a wide tiapride concentration range (1x10-5-1x10-2 M) with a slope of 57.5±0.2 mV dec-1 of concentration, a detection limit of 4.3x10-6±2.5x10-7 M, a wide working pH range (2-8) and a fast response time (< 5 s). The electrode showed good selectivity towards tiapride with respect to some inorganic and organic compounds. The electrode has been applied to the determination of tiapride in human urine and iontophoresis solution.
Colorimetric and Fluorescent Sensing of SCN- Based on meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin/meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Cobalt(II) System
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Hua , Yang Rong H.
Published: October 2008

An approach for colorimetric and fluorescent sensing of thiocyanate (SCN-) hasbeen proposed based on the competitive-displacement strategy betweenmeso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin cobalt(II) (CoTPP). InTHF-water solution, TPP emits strong fluorescence at 651 nm; however, the fluorescence wasquenched stepwise by CoTPP, and then restored by SCN-, the detection limit is 6.0 × 10-4 M.The recognition of SCN- could also be easily achieved by visual way since the assemblysystem showed significant color change by the anion. Both the fluorescence and the colorchange of the system exhibits remarkably high selectivity to SCN- over a large series ofanions. The interaction mechanisms among TPP, CoTPP and SCN- were primarilyinvestigated by fluorescence lifetime. The quenching of TPP fluorescence is attributed to theformation of TPP/CoTPP aggregates, and the fluorescence restoration is due to the binding ofCoTPP with SCN-, releasing the free TPP. This simple system has the potential to be used asa latent fluorescent sensing approach for SCN- for environmental analysis.
Modifications of Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Permselective Layer on Pt-Ir for Biosensor Application in Neurochemical Monitoring
Authors: Kirwan Sarah M. , Rocchitta Gaia , McMahon Colm P. , Craig Jennifer D. , Killoran Sarah J. , O’Brien Kylie B. , Serra Pier A. , Lowry John P. , O’Neill Robert D.
Published: October 2008

Reports that globular proteins could enhance the interference blocking ability ofthe PPD (poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer used as a permselective barrier in biosensordesign, prompted this study where a variety of modifying agents were incorporated into PPDduring its electrosynthesis on Pt-Ir electrodes. Trapped molecules, including fibrous proteinsand β-cyclodextrin, altered the polymer/modifier composite selectivity by affecting thesensitivity to both H2O2 (signal molecule in many enzyme-based biosensors) and thearchetypal interference species, ascorbic acid. A comparison of electrochemical properties ofPt and a Pt-Ir alloy suggests that the benefits of the latter, more rigid, metal can be exploitedin PPD-based biosensor design without significant loss of backward compatibility withstudies involving pure Pt.
Send-On-Delta Sensor Data Transmission With A Linear Predictor
Authors: Suh Young Soo
Published: October 2008

This paper is concerned with sensor data transmission strategy. The main focus of the paper is how to reduce the number of sensor data transmission while maintaining the dif- ference between the estimated sensor value and the real sensor value. The proposed method could be used in sensor networks and networked control systems, where number of transmis- sion should be minimal. A linear predictor is used to predict sensor values and sensor data are transmitted if the difference between the predicted sensor value and the real sensor value exceeds the specified limit. An analytic upper bound of the mean rate of messages is pro- vided. Through simulation, it is shown that the number of transmission could be significantly reduced compared with the periodic sampling and the conventional send-on-delta method.
Design of a Selective and Sensitive PVC-Membrane Potentiometric Sensor for Strontium Ion Based on 1,10-Diaza-5,6-benzo-4,7-dioxacyclohexadecane-2,9-dioneas a Neutral Ionophore
Authors: Shamsipur Mojtaba , Kazemi Sayed  Yahya , Sharghi Hashem
Published: October 2008

A novel PVC membrane sensor for the Sr2+ ion based on 1,10-diaza-5,6-benzo-4,7- dioxacyclohexadecane-2,9-dione has been prepared. The sensor possesses a Nernstian slope of 30.0 ± 0.6 mV decade-1 over a wide linear concentration range of 1.6 × 10-6-3.0 ×10-3 M with a detection limit of 6.3 ×10-7 M. It has a fast response time of less than 15 s and can be used for at least two months without any considerable divergence in potential. The potentiometric response is independent of the pH of test solution in the pH range 4.3-9.4. The proposed electrode shows good selectivities over a variety of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions.