bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta
Authors: McKenzie R. H. , Bremer E. , Middleton A. B. , Beres B. , Yoder C. , Hietamaa C. , Pfiffner P. , Kereliuk G. , Pauly D. , Henriquez B.
Published: October 2013

McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Middleton, A. B., Beres, B., Yoder, C., Hietamaa, C., Pfiffner, P., Kereliuk, G., Pauly, D. and Henriquez, B. 2014. Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 15–22. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is an attractive crop for biofuel production due to its high grain yield potential, weed competitiveness, and drought tolerance. Field plot studies were conducted at seven locations across Alberta from 2008 to 2010 to determine optimum agronomic practices (seeding date, seeding rate and N fertilizer rate) for grain and starch production of spring triticale. The yield penalty from delayed seeding was variable, with an average yield decline of only 0.1% per day. Significant yield benefits from increasing seeding rates from 100 to 500 viable seeds m−2 were obtained at site-years with more than 200 mm of growing season precipitation, but were inconsistent or negligible at site-years with less than 200 mm of growing season precipitation. Optimum N fertilizer rates for grain production increased with growing season precipitation, but were not correlated with pre-seeding soil extractable NO3-N levels. Starch concentrations were either unaffected or only slightly affected by seeding date, seeding rate or N fertilizer rate. Thus, agronomic practices that were optimum for triticale grain production were also optimum for starch production. Under good growing conditions, grain production of spring triticale was optimum when seeded at 350 to 450 seeds m−2 and N fertilizer rates of 90 to 150 kg N ha−1.
Decay of References to Web sites in Articles Published in General Medical Journals: Mainstream vs Small Journals
Authors: Habibzadeh P.
Published: October 2013

Background: Over the last decade, Web sites (URLs) have been increasingly cited in scientific articles. However, the contents of the page of interest may change over the time.

Objective: To investigate the trend of citation to URLs in five general medical journals since January 2006 to June 2013 and to compare the trends in mainstream journals with small journals.

Methods: References of all original articles and review articles published between January 2006 and June 2013 in three regional journals – Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM), Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (EMHJ), and Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (JPMI) – and two mainstream journals – The Lancet and British Medical Journal (BMJ) – were reviewed. The references were checked to determine the frequency of citation to URLs as well as the rate of accessibility of the URLs cited.

Results: A total of 2822 articles was studied. Since January 2006 onward, the number of citations to URLs increased in the journals (doubling time ranged from 4.2 years in EMHJ to 13.9 years in AIM). Overall, the percentage of articles citing at least one URL has increased from 24% in 2006 to 48.5% in 2013. Accessibility to URLs decayed as the references got old (half life ranged from 2.2 years in EMHJ to 5.3 years in BMJ). The ratio of citation to URLs in the studied mainstream journals, as well as the ratio of URLs accessible were significantly (p<0.001) higher than the small medical journals.

Conclusion: URLs are increasingly cited, but their contents decay with time. The trend of citing and decaying URLs are different in mainstream journals compared to small medical journals. Decay of URL contents would jeopardize the accuracy of the references and thus, the body of evidence. One way to tackle this important obstacle is to archive URLs permanently.

Citation: Habibzadeh P. Decay of references to web sites in articles published in general medical journals: Mainstream vs small journals. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 455–464

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-07-RA-0055
A curious case of unilateral spider nevi, cirrhosis and stroke: unilateral nevoid telangiectasia syndrome
Authors: Park JJ , Yeo JM , Hayes P
Published: October 2013

A 55-year-old Caucasian man presented with unilateral right facial spider nevi. Relevant medical history included a right-sided cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in 1997 and decompensated alcoholic liver disease, diagnosed in 2007. The literature describes approximately 100 cases of unilateral spider nevi associated with different aetiologies, grouped under ‘unilateral nevoid telangiectasia syndrome’ (UNTS). This is a rare presentation of a commonly observed sign in clinical practice. This case offers an opportunity to explore the origins of spider nevi and highlights the benefit of sharing knowledge in order to help elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying common signs.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and kidney disease
Authors: Hilton R
Published: October 2013

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has decreased markedly. As a result, morbidity from other chronic conditions such as kidney, liver and heart disease is increasing. This is in part as a natural consequence of ageing, and in part due to the higher risk of solid organ failure in these individuals. This higher risk is related to the co-morbidities associated with HIV infection and to the metabolic consequences of drug therapy. Kidney disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV infection and encompasses a range of clinical presentations including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and end-stage kidney disease. Black race is the most important predictor of kidney disease in HIV-infected persons due to both genetic and modifiable causes. HIVassociated nephropathy (HIVAN) is caused by viral infection of the renal epithelium and, although decreasing in incidence, remains the most common cause of CKD in HIV-infected persons. In addition to HIVAN, a wide spectrum of other histopathological presentations, many of which are immune complex-mediated, is increasingly recognised. Clinicians who treat these patients should be aware of the nephrotoxic potential of several commonly used medications, particularly antiviral agents, and also the need to dose-adjust medication in renal impairment. The increased life expectancy of patients with HIV and end-stage kidney disease has meant that kidney transplantation is increasingly an option. Results from carefully conducted prospective studies are promising, at least in the short term.
The ancestors of Norman Bethune (1890– 1939) traced back to the Bethunes of Skye, leading members of the MacBeth/Beaton medical dynasty
Authors: Munro A , Macintyre IMC
Published: October 2013

Norman Bethune became famous through his work in the Spanish Civil War, his advocacy of socialised medicine in North America and his association with Mao Zedong’s revolutionary movement in China. It has been suggested that he may have been descended from the Bethune or Beaton medical dynasty, who for generations served as physicians to kings of Scotland, the Lords of the Isles and to some of the larger Scottish clans. This paper traces his lineage back to the Isle of Skye. In the absence of old parish records as aids to tracing genealogy, other available evidence has confirmed that Bethune was indeed in the direct line of descent from the Bethunes or Beatons of Husabost, in Skye, one of the largest branches of this medical kindred, who were physicians to the MacLeods of Dunvegan.
Satellite observation of lowermost tropospheric ozone by multispectral synergism of IASI thermal infrared and GOME-2 ultraviolet measurements over Europe
Authors: Cuesta J. , Eremenko M. , Liu X. , Dufour G. , Cai Z. , Höpfner M. , von Clarmann T. , Sellitto P. , Foret G. , Gaubert B. , Beekmann M. , Orphal J. , Chance K. , Spurr R. , Flaud J.-M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We present a new multispectral approach for observing lowermost tropospheric ozone from space by synergism of atmospheric radiances in the thermal infrared (TIR) observed by IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) and earth reflectances in the ultraviolet (UV) measured by GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2). Both instruments are onboard the series of MetOp satellites (in orbit since 2006 and expected until 2022) and their scanning capabilities offer global coverage every day, with a relatively fine ground pixel resolution (12 km-diameter pixels spaced by 25 km for IASI at nadir). Our technique uses altitude-dependent Tikhonov–Phillips-type constraints, which optimize sensitivity to lower tropospheric ozone. It integrates the VLIDORT (Vector Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer) and KOPRA (Karlsruhe Optimized and Precise Radiative transfer Algorithm) radiative transfer codes for simulating UV reflectance and TIR radiance, respectively. We have used our method to analyse real observations over Europe during an ozone pollution episode in the summer of 2009. The results show that the multispectral synergism of IASI (TIR) and GOME-2 (UV) enables the observation of the spatial distribution of ozone plumes in the lowermost troposphere (LMT, from the surface up to 3 km a.s.l., above sea level), in good agreement with the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model. In this case study, when high ozone concentrations extend vertically above 3 km a.s.l., they are similarly observed over land by both the multispectral and IASI retrievals. On the other hand, ozone plumes located below 3 km a.s.l. are only clearly depicted by the multispectral retrieval (both over land and over ocean). This is achieved by a clear enhancement of sensitivity to ozone in the lowest atmospheric layers. The multispectral sensitivity in the LMT peaks at 2 to 2.5 km a.s.l. over land, while sensitivity for IASI or GOME-2 only peaks at 3 to 4 km a.s.l. at lowest (above the LMT). The degrees of freedom for the multispectral retrieval increase by 0.1 (40% in relative terms) with respect to IASI only retrievals for the LMT. Validations with ozonesondes (over Europe during summer 2009) show that our synergetic approach for combining IASI (TIR) and GOME-2 (UV) measurements retrieves lowermost tropospheric ozone with a mean bias of 1% and a precision of 16%, when smoothing by the retrieval vertical sensitivity (1% mean bias and 21% precision for direct comparisons).
Climate and chemistry effects of a regional scale nuclear conflict
Authors: Stenke A. , Hoyle C. R. , Luo B. , Rozanov E. , Gröbner J. , Maag L. , Brönnimann S. , Peter T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Previous studies have highlighted the severity of detrimental effects for life on earth after an assumed regionally limited nuclear war. These effects are caused by climatic, chemical and radiative changes persisting for up to one decade. However, so far only a very limited number of climate model simulations have been performed, giving rise to the question how realistic previous computations have been. This study uses the coupled chemistry climate model (CCM) SOCOL, which belongs to a different family of CCMs than previously used, to investigate the consequences of such a hypothetical nuclear conflict. In accordance with previous studies, the present work assumes a scenario of a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan, each applying 50 warheads with an individual blasting power of 15 kt ("Hiroshima size") against the major population centers, resulting in the emission of tiny soot particles, which are generated in the firestorms expected in the aftermath of the detonations. Substantial uncertainties related to the calculation of likely soot emissions, particularly concerning assumptions of target fuel loading and targeting of weapons, have been addressed by simulating several scenarios, with soot emissions ranging from 1 to 12 Tg. Their high absorptivity with respect to solar radiation leads to a rapid self-lofting of the soot particles into the strato- and mesosphere within a few days after emission, where they remain for several years. Consequently, the model suggests earth's surface temperatures to drop by several degrees Celsius due to the shielding of solar irradiance by the soot, indicating a major global cooling. In addition, there is a substantial reduction of precipitation lasting 5 to 10 yr after the conflict, depending on the magnitude of the initial soot release. Extreme cold spells associated with an increase in sea ice formation are found during Northern Hemisphere winter, which expose the continental land masses of North America and Eurasia to a cooling of several degrees. In the stratosphere, the strong heating leads to an acceleration of catalytic ozone loss and, consequently, to enhancements of UV radiation at the ground. In contrast to surface temperature and precipitation changes, which show a linear dependence to the soot burden, there is a saturation effect with respect to stratospheric ozone chemistry. Soot emissions of 5 Tg lead to an ozone column reduction of almost 50% in northern high latitudes, while emitting 12 Tg only increases ozone loss by a further 10%. In summary, this study, though using a different chemistry climate model, corroborates the previous investigations with respect to the atmospheric impacts. In addition to these persistent effects, the present study draws attention to episodically cold phases, which would likely add to the severity of human harm worldwide. The best insurance against such a catastrophic development would be the delegitimization of nuclear weapons.
Influence of the terrestrial magnetic field geometry on the cutoff rigidity of cosmic ray particles
Authors: Herbst K. , Kopp A. , Heber B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Studies of the propagation of charged energetic particles in the Earth's magnetic field go back to Carl Størmer. In the end, his investigations finally lead to the definition of the so-called cutoff rigidity RC; that is, the minimum momentum per charge a particle must have in order to reach a certain geographical location. Employing Monte Carlo simulations with the PLANETOCOSMICS code we investigate the correlation between the geomagnetic field structure and the cutoff rigidity. We show that the geometry of the magnetic field has a considerable influence on the resulting cutoff rigidity distribution. Furthermore, we will present a simple geometry-based parameter, δB, which is able to reflect the location-dependent cutoff rigidity. We show that this correlation is also visible in the temporal evolution of the Earth's magnetic field, at least over the last 100 yr. Using latitude scans with neutron monitors, changes of the relative counting rates at different positions are calculated, showing small variations for, e.g., Kiel and Moscow, while large ones occur at Mexico City as well as on the British Virgin Islands.
Export of 134 Cs and 137 Cs in the Fukushima river systems at heavy rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011
Authors: Nagao S. , Kanamori M. , Ochiai S. , Tomihara S. , Fukushi K. , Yamamoto M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. At stations on the Natsui River and the Same River in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, effects of a heavy rain event on radiocesium export were studied after Typhoon Roke during 21–22 September 2011, six months after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Radioactivity of 134Cs and 137Cs in river waters was 0.009–0.098 Bq L−1 in normal flow conditions during July–September 2011, but it increased to 0.85 Bq L−1 in high flow conditions because of heavy rains occurring with the typhoon. The particulate fractions of 134Cs and 137Cs were 21–56% of total radiocesium in the normal flow condition, but were close to 100% after the typhoon. These results indicate that the pulse input of radiocesium associated with suspended particles from land to coastal ocean occurred because of the heavy rain event. Export flux of 134Cs and 137Cs attributable to the heavy rain accounts for 30–50% of the annual radiocesium flux from inland to coastal ocean region in 2011. Results show that rain events are one factor contributing to the transport and dispersion of radiocesium in river watersheds and coastal marine environments.
Sources and fate of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon in lakes of a Boreal Plains region recently affected by wildfire
Authors: Olefeldt D. , Devito K. J. , Turetsky M. R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Downstream mineralization and sedimentation of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) render lakes important for landscape carbon cycling in the boreal region. The chemical composition of terrestrial DOC, the downstream delivery of terrestrial DOC and its processing within aquatic ecosystem may all be influenced by climate change, including increased occurrence of wildfire. Here, we assessed composition and lability (during both dark- and UV incubations) of DOC from peatland groundwater and mineral soil groundwater, and from shallow lakes within a peatland-rich region on the Boreal Plains of western Canada that was recently affected by wildfire. Wildfire was found to increase aromaticity of DOC in peat pore water above the water table, but had no effect on the concentrations or composition of peatland groundwater DOC or mineral soil DOC. Using a mixing model we estimated that on average 98 and 78% of terrestrial DOC inputs to the lakes in fine- and coarse-textured settings, respectively, originated from peatland groundwater sources. Accordingly, lake DOC composition reflected primarily a mixing of peatland and mineral soil groundwater sources, with no detectable influence of the recent wildfire. Lake and peatland DOC had low biodegradability, lower than that of mineral soil DOC. However, both mineralization and sedimentation of peatland DOC increased substantially during UV incubations through selective removal of aromatic humic and fulvic acids. Similar shifts in DOC composition as observed during the UV incubations were also observed across lakes with longer water residence times. The mixing model estimated that on average 54% (95% confidence interval: 36–64%) of terrestrial DOC had been removed in lakes as a result of mineralization and sedimentation. Meanwhile, the reduction in absorbance at 254 nm was 71% (58–76%), which suggests selective removal of aromatic DOC. Hence, incubation results, patterns of DOC composition among lakes and mixing model results were consistent with significant within-lake removal of terrestrial DOC through UV-mediated processes. Selective removal of highly aromatic DOC through UV-mediated processes implies that organic sources that are considered stabile in terrestrial ecosystems can be readily mineralized once entering aquatic ecosystems. Together, our results suggest that regional characteristics (climate, surface geology and lake morphometry) can prevent wildfire from causing pulse perturbations to the linkages between terrestrial and aquatic C cycling and also regulate the processes that dominate within-lake removal of terrestrial DOC.
High-resolution Med-CORDEX regional climate model simulations for hydrological impact studies: a first evaluation of the ALADIN-Climate model in Morocco
Authors: Tramblay Y. , Ruelland D. , Somot S. , Bouaicha R. , Servat E.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In the framework of the international CORDEX program, new regional climate model (RCM) simulations at high spatial resolutions are becoming available for the Mediterranean region (Med-CORDEX initiative). This study provides the first evaluation for hydrological impact studies of one of these high-resolution simulations in a 1800 km2 catchment located in North Morocco. Different approaches are compared to analyze the climate change impacts on the hydrology of this catchment using a high-resolution RCM (ALADIN-Climate) from the Med-CORDEX initiative at two different spatial resolutions (50 and 12 km) and for two different Radiative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The main issues addressed in the present study are: (i) what is the impact of increased RCM resolution on present-climate hydrological simulations and on future projections? (ii) Are the bias-correction of the RCM model and the parameters of the hydrological model stationary and transferable to different climatic conditions? (iii) What is the climate and hydrological change signal based on the new Radiative Concentration Pathways scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)? Results indicate that high resolution simulations at 12 km better reproduce the seasonal patterns, the seasonal distributions and the extreme events of precipitation. The parameters of the hydrological model, calibrated to reproduce runoff at the monthly time step over the 1984–2010 period, do not show a strong variability between dry and wet calibration periods in a differential split-sample test. However the bias correction of precipitation by quantile-matching does not give satisfactory results in validation using the same differential split-sample testing method. Therefore a quantile-perturbation method that does not rely on any stationarity assumption and produces ensembles of perturbed series of precipitation was introduced. The climate change signal under scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 indicates a decrease of respectively −30 to −57% in surface runoff for the mid-term (2041–2062), when for the same period the projections for precipitation are ranging between −15 and −19% and for temperature between +1.3 and +1.9 °C.
Simulation of a persistent medium-term precipitation event over the western Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Pereira S. C. , Carvalho A. C. , Ferreira J. , Nunes J. P. , Keizer J. J. , Rocha A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This study evaluated the performance of the WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting with Advanced Research) weather prediction model in simulating the spatial and temporal patterns of an extreme rainfall period over a complex orographic region in north-central Portugal. The analysis was performed during the rainy season and, more specifically, the month of December 2009. In this period, the region of interest was under the influence of a sequential passage of low-pressure systems associated with frontal surfaces. These synoptic weather patterns were responsible for long periods of rainfall, resulting in a high monthly precipitation. The WRF model results during the study period were furthermore evaluated with the specific objective to complement gaps in the precipitation recordings of a reference meteorological station (located in Pousadas), the data of which are fundamental for hydrological studies in nearby experimental catchments. Three distinct WRF model runs were forced with initial fields and boundary conditions obtained from a global domain model: (1) a reference experiment with no nudging (RunRef); (2) observational nudging for a specific location, i.e. the above-mentioned Pousadas reference station (RunObsN); and (3) nudging to the analysed field (RunGridN). Model performance was evaluated, using several statistical parameters, against a dataset of 27 rainfall stations that were grouped by elevation. The three model runs had similar performances, even though RunGridN resulted in a slight improvement. Regarding the other two experiments, this improvement justifies its use for complementing the surface measurements at the Pousadas reference station. Overall model accuracy, expressed in root mean square error (RMSE), of the three runs was comparable for the stations of the different elevations classes. Even so, it was slightly better for stations in the lowlands than the highlands. Furthermore, model predictions tended to be less accurate for stations located in rough terrain and deep valleys.
A data set of world-wide glacier length fluctuations
Authors: Leclercq P. W. , Oerlemans J. , Basagic H. J. , Bushueva I. , Cook A. J. , Le Bris R.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Glacier fluctuations contribute to variations in sea level and historical glacier length fluctuations are natural indicators of climate change. To study these subjects, long-term information of glacier change is needed. In this paper we present a~data set of global long-term glacier length fluctuations. The data set is a compilation of available information on changes in glacier length world-wide, including both measured and reconstructed glacier length fluctuations. All 471 length series start before 1950 and cover at least four decades. The longest record starts in 1534, but the majority of time series start after 1850. The number of available records decreases again after 1962. The data set has global coverage including records from all continents. However, the Canadian Arctic is not represented in the data set. The glacier length series show relatively small fluctuations until the mid-19th century followed by a global retreat that was strongest in the first half of the 20th century, although large variability in the length change of the different glaciers is observed. During the 20th century, calving glaciers retreated more than land terminating glaciers, but their relative length change was approximately equal. Besides calving, the glacier slope is the most important glacier property determining length change: steep glaciers have retreated less than glaciers with a gentle slope.
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF ALKOXYSILANE WITH SILICA
Authors: Law Yuk Yu , Feke Donald L. , Manas-Zloczower Ica
Published: October 2013

The surface functionalization of silica by alkoxysilane can improve its dispersion into polymers by beneficially modifying interparticle and particle–polymer interactions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to study the kinetics of binding a bifunctional alkoxysilane onto silica over the temperature range of 50 to 110 °C. Derivative TGA curves of the reacted silica show distinct peaks, which correspond to the alkoxysilane bound to one or two surface silanol sites. Binding at two silanol sites is postulated to occur in a two-step series reaction model. An Arrhenius analysis for the alkoxysilane binding reactions shows that the activation energies of the two reaction steps are similar, which is expected because the alkoxysilane contains two identical binding groups. This work demonstrates the suitability of the TGA technique to investigate the reaction kinetics for modifying the surface of silica.
Predictors of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Patients with Septic Shock
Authors: Kelm Diana J. , Valerio-Rojas Juan Carlos , Cabello-Garza Javier , Gajic Ognjen , Cartin-Ceba Rodrigo
Published: October 2013

Purpose. The goal of this study was to identify potential clinical predictors for the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with septic shock. Material and Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of adult (>18 years of age) patients with septic shock admitted to a medical ICU in a tertiary care hospital from July 2005 until September 2007. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the association of risk factors with overt DIC. Results. In this study, a total of 390 patients with septic shock were analyzed, of whom 66 (17%) developed overt DIC. Hospital mortality was significantly greater in patients who developed overt DIC (68% versus 38%, P<0.001). A delay in the timing of antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of the development of overt DIC (P<0.001). Patients on antiplatelet therapy prior to hospital admission and who that received adequate early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) were associated with a decreased risk of overt DIC (P<0.001). Conclusions. In our cohort of patients with septic shock, there was a risk reduction for overt DIC in patients on antiplatelet therapy and adequate EGDT, while there was an increased risk of DIC with antibiotic delay.
[SbCl2(η2-1,4-dt)(μ2-1,4-dt)][AlCl4]: Ionic Liquid-based Synthesis of a Stibenium Cation (dt = dithiane)
Authors: Freudenmann Dominic , Feldmann Claus
Published: October 2013

The reaction of antimony(III) chloride with 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dt) in the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl ([BMIM]Cl: 1-butyl-4-methylimidazolium chloride) with an excess of the Lewis acid AlCl3 results in the formation of a ligand-stabilized stibenium cation [SbCl2]+. 1,4-Dithiane simultaneously serves as a chelating η2-ligand, exhibiting a boat-like conformation, as well as a bridging μ2-ligand, exhibiting a chair-like conformation, with Sb3+ as the coordinating cation. Due to the bridging 1,4-dithiane ligands, a chain-like structural building unit 1
∞[SbCl2(η2-1,4-dt)1/1(μ2-1,4-dt)2/2]+ is formed.
Epoxidation of Olefins Catalyzed by Polyoxomolybdates Formed in-situ in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Graser Lilian R. , Jürgens Sophie , Wilhelm Michael E. , Cokoja Mirza , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: October 2013

Polyoxomolybdates were generated in situ by treating a carboxylic acid-functionalized ionic liquid with an aqueous solution of sodium molybdate. This reaction mixture was applied in the catalytic epoxidation of olefins using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The influence of acid and catalyst concentration as well as of the reaction temperature was investigated. The system showed a good performance for the epoxidation reaction and can be reused several times without a significant loss of activity. We present an easy, cheap and environmentally friendly catalytic system for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene.
Synthesis and Sorption Analysis of Task-specific Fluorous Ionic Liquids
Authors: Adamer Verena , Laus Gerhard , Griesser Ulrich J. , Schottenberger Herwig
Published: October 2013

Six 1-alkyl-4-tridecafluorooctyl-1,2,4-triazolium triflimides 2a-f and 4-amino-1-tridecafluorooctyl- 1,2,4-triazolium triflimide (4) were prepared from the respective iodides 1a-f (1a, 2a: n-propyl; 1b, 2b: n-butyl; 1c, 2c: n-hexyl; 1d, 2d: n-heptyl; 1e, 2e: n-octyl; 1f, 2f: n-decyl) and iodide 3 by ion metathesis. Compounds 2a and 4 are liquid at room temperature. Two liquid fluorous imidazolium salts bearing functionalized polar substituents were synthesized in an analogous manner, namely 1-(2- (diethylamino)ethyl)-3-(heptadecafluorodecyl)imidazolium triflimide (5b) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 3-(heptadecafluorodecyl)imidazolium triflimide (6b) from the respective bromides 5a and 6a. The bis(triflimide) 5c has a melting point slightly above room temperature. Three fluorous ionic liquids (ILs; 2a, 5b, and 6b) were subjected to vapor sorption analysis at 25 °C and exhibited dual affinity to water and, even much more pronounced, to methoxynonafluorobutane (hydrofluoroether HFE-7100). Thus, IL 6b absorbed 3:2% (by weight) water and 200% HFE, whereas ILs 2a and 5b absorbed 0.4 and 0:5% water, but 300 and 1200% HFE, respectively. Commercial 1-butyl-2,3- dimethyl-imidazolium triflimide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium triflimide were used as reference compounds and absorbed 0.9 and 2:2% water, respectively, but only 17% HFE.
BIOnic Liquids: Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids with Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Postleb Frank , Stefanik Danuta , Seifert Harald , Giernoth Ralf
Published: October 2013

We have synthesized twelve new ionic liquids composed of an imidazolium-based cation in combination with an anion that shows antiobiotic or analgesic activity. These “BIOnic Liquids” have been tested towards their antibiotic activity in a standardized microbiological assay. A surprizingly large number of compounds shows high activity towards a set of bacteria which cannot be explained as simple cumulative effects. The general concept opens up completely new possibilities for the future development of pharmaceutically active compounds.
Ionogel Fiber Mats: Functional Materials via Electrospinning of PMMA and the Ionic Liquid Bis(1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) Tetrachloridocuprate(II), [Bmim]2[CuCl4]
Authors: Bagdahn Christian , Taubert Andreas
Published: October 2013

Ionogel fiber mats were made by electrospinning poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and the ionic liquid (IL) bis(1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) tetrachloridocuprate(II), [Bmim]2[CuCl4], from acetone. The morphology of the electrospun ionogels strongly depends on the spinning parameters. Dense and uniform fiber mats were only obtained at concentrations of 60 to 70 g L-1 of polymer and IL mass combined. Lower concentrations led to a low number of poorly defined fibers. High voltages of 20 to 25 kV led to well-defined and uniform fibers; voltages between 15 and 20 kV again led to less uniform and less dense fibers. At 10 kV and lower, no spinning could be induced. Finally, PMMA fibers electrospun without IL show a less well-defined morphology combining fibers and oblong droplets indicating that the IL has a beneficial effect on the electrospinning process. The resulting materials are prototypes for new functional materials, for example in sterile filtration.
On China
Authors: Turcsányi Richard
Published: October 2013

Kissinger, H. (2011): On China, New York: Penguin Books, 608 pages.
Global Security Assemblage Analysis of the Privatization of Security in the Czech Republic
Authors: Bureš Oldřich
Published: October 2013

This study offers an analysis of the role of private security companies (PSCs) in the Czech Republic that builds on the model of global security assemblages developed by Abrahamsen and Williams. It applies this model to the Czech experience with the privatization of security since the end of the cold war by utilizing available data, complemented with information derived from structured interviews with the owners of PSCs operating in the Czech Republic. It suggests that the Czech market with commercial security services exhibits several specific characteristics, including the relatively high total number of registered PSCs (7000+) and their professional associations (16), the size of the gray and black markets involving PSC services (30 to 40 percent of the entire market), and the phenomenon of so-called “reverse revolving doors,“ whereby former owners or top managers of PSCs directly, or through family members, enter into, or establish their own, political party. Overall, however, this study confirms the key conclusions from previous applications of the model regarding the partial disassembly of the Czech state’s security functions and the corresponding re-articulation of relations among public and private actors in the provision of security.
Paradiplomacy and the City of Prague
Authors: Řehák Vilém
Published: October 2013

This study deals with the phenomenon of paradiplomacy, or parallel diplomacy. Paradiplomacy refers to international activities of cities and regions and includes marketing and public diplomacy, cross-border cooperation, functional trans-border cooperation, cultural and educational cooperation, and other activities. Paradiplomacy developed in the last third of the 20th century as a result of economic globalization, state decentralization, nationalism and the strengthening of regional identity, European integration, and the internationalization of cultural, educational, environmental, transport and other topics labelled as “low politics”. Thus, we can identify both economic and political foundations of paradiplomacy. The first part of the study presents a review of literature on paradiplomacy; the second part is a case study of foreign policy instituted by the City of Prague in the electoral term 2006–2010. This case study confirmed initial hypotheses: first, that paradiplomacy is influenced by three supra-national factors: economic globalization (a), regional and global political and economic regimes (b), and transnational networks, mainly based in the EU (c); second, that paradiplomacy is influenced by institutional and constitutional relations between the centre and regions; third, that paradiplomacy is influenced by the antagonistic nature of these relations.
The Constitution's Gift: A Constitutional Theory for a Democratic European Union (Governance in Europe Series)
Authors: Rosenzweig Libor
Published: October 2013

Fossum, J. E.; Menéndez, A. J. (2011). The Constitution's Gift: A Constitutional Theory for a Democratic European Union (Governance in Europe Series), Lanham: Roman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 314 pages.
Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction
Authors: Strapáčová Michaela
Published: October 2013

Demmers, J. (2012). Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction, London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 158 pages.
Implementation of the EU Environmental Policy in the Czech Republic: Problems with Law Compliance?
Authors: J. Baun Michael , Marek Dan
Published: October 2013

Within the context of the ongoing scholarly debate on post-accession compliance in the Central and Eastern European new member states, this paper examines the implementation of EU environmental policy in the Czech Republic since 2004, focusing on the transposition and application of six EU directives. It argues that, while the Czech Republic has had some difficulty complying with EU environmental law since becoming a member state, overall its performance in this area does not conform to pessimistic scenarios, but instead presents a more complex and differentiated picture. It also discusses the main factors inhibiting and supporting the implementation of EU environmental policy in the Czech Republic, showing that these tend to vary according to the specific issue or directive concerned.
Catholic Faith as an Identification Symbol in Contemporary Europe
Authors: Matušinová Anna , Fiala Petr
Published: October 2013

Religion in contemporary Europe has been forced out of politics but religious themes repeatedly return in European politics. The article deals with the question of how the Catholic faith, as as a symbol of identification, and the political and social issues conditioned by Catholic faith influence current European policy. Sociological research has indicated a link between identification with the Church and social attitudes, and the influence of religious identification on the approach toward European integration. The key theme of the article is the analysis of religious topics at the political level and the consequences of the struggle of the cross, as well as the resulting influence on political or judicial power in European countries. Using specific examples, it is shown that some of the manifestations of the Catholic faith represent an identification symbol and that religious themes have remained strong.
Současná česká politika. Co s neefektivním státem?
Authors: Brunclík Miloš
Published: October 2013

Kubát, M. 2013. Současná česká politika. Co s neefektivním státem? Brno: Barrister & Principal, 119 pages.
Politika vylúčenia a emócií - aspekty predvolebnej kampane 2012
Authors: Valkovičová Veronika
Published: October 2013

Maďarová, Z., Ostertágová, A. 2012. Politika vylúčenia a emócií - aspekty predvolebnej kampane 2012 Bratislava: ASPEKT. 108 pages.
Phenotyping of vibrios isolated from marine shrimp hemolymph
Authors: Albuquerque-Costa Renata , Lima-Araújo Rayza , Silva dos Fernandes-Vieira Regine Helena
Published: September 2013

The phenotypic characterization of 100 Vibrio strains isolated from the hemolymph of cultured Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was performed. This process allowed the identification of 10 species: V. navarrensis (n = 53), V. brasiliensis (n = 15), V. parahaemolyticus (n = 10), V. xuii (n = 8), V. cholerae (n = 5), V. coralliilyticus (n = 4), V. neptunis (n = 2), V. alginolyticus (n = 1), V. diazotrophicus (n = 1), and V. vulnificus B3 (n = 1). These results suggest that penaeid hemolymph may be colonized by vibrios with no imposition or necessity of pathological compromising.
Chlorine isotope constraints on fluid‐rock interactions during subduction and exhumation of the Zermatt‐Saas ophiolite
Authors: Selverstone J. , Sharp Z. D.
Published: September 2013

Chlorine isotope compositions of high‐pressure (∼2.3 GPa) serpentinite, rodingite, and hydrothermally altered oceanic crust (AOC) differ significantly from high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure (> 3.2 GPa) metasedimentary rocks in the Aosta region, Italy. Texturally early serpentinites, rodingites, and AOC have bulk δ37Cl values indistinguishable from those of modern seafloor analogues (δ37Cl = −1.0 to +1.0‰). In contrast, serpentinites and AOC samples that recrystallized during exhumation have low δ37Cl values (−2.7 to −0.5‰); 37Cl depletion correlates with progressive changes in bulk chemistry. HP/UHP metasediments have low δ37Cl values (median = −2.5‰) that differ statistically from modern marine sediments (median = −0.6‰). Cl in metasedimentary rocks is concentrated in texturally early minerals, indicating modification of seafloor compositions early in the subduction history. The data constrain fluid sources during both subduction and exhumation‐related phases of fluid‐rock interaction: (1) marine sediments at the top of the downgoing plate likely interacted with isotopically light pore fluids from the accretionary wedge in the early stages of subduction. (2) No pervasive interaction with externally derived fluid occurred during subsequent subduction to the maximum depths of burial. (3) Localized mixing between serpentinites and fluids released by previously isotopically modified metasediments occurred during exhumation in the subduction channel. Most samples, however, preserved protolith signatures during subduction to near‐arc depths.
Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: Effect of bone–implant interface conditions on fracture stability
Authors: Lamdan Ron , Liebergall Meir , Gefen Amit , Symanovsky Naum , Peleg Eran
Published: September 2013

Background

Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires (KWs) is the standard of care of pediatric supra-condylar humerus fractures (SCHFs). Failure modes leading to loss of reduction are not clear and have not been quantified. Multiple factors may weaken the KW–bone interface bonding conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the possible effect of this decrease on different KW configurations and fracture stability has never been studied.

Purpose

To investigate the effect of bone–KW friction conditions on SCHF post-operative mechanical stability and to formulate clinical guidelines for KW configuration under different conditions.

Methods

Finite element-based model of a fixated SCHF was used to simulate structure stability for two lateral divergent versus crossed lateral and medial KW configurations under varying KW–bone friction conditions.

Results

Finite element simulations demonstrated that crossed KWs provide superior stability compared with the divergent configuration when KW–bone bonding is compromised. When KW–bone bonding conditions are adequate, crossed and divergent KW configurations provide similar, sufficient fracture stability.

Conclusions

Under normal bone–implant interface conditions, the two diverging lateral KW configuration offers satisfactory mechanical stability and may be the preferred choice of SCHF fixation. When KW–bone bonding is suboptimal, as when one or more of the lateral KWs are re-drilled, addition of a medial KW should be considered in order to improve stability despite risk to ulnar nerve.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with High Efficiency from Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Wang Juan , Gu Qi , Hao Jie , Bai Donghui , Liu Lei , Zhao Xiaoyang , Liu Zhonghua , Wang Liu , Zhou Qi
Published: September 2013

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine. Generating iPSCs from immunologically immature newborn umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCBMCs) is of great significance. Here we report generation of human iPSCs with great efficiency from UCBMCs using a dox-inducible lentiviral system carrying four Yamanaka factors. We generated these cells by optimizing the existing iPSC induction protocol. The UCBMC-derived iPSCs (UCB-iPSCs) have characteristics that are identical to pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This study highlights the use of UCBMCs to generate highly functional human iPSCs that could accelerate the development of cell-based regenerative therapy for patients suffering from various diseases.
Emotionsregulation bei Depression
Authors: Barnow Sven , Aldinger Maren , Ulrich Ines , Stopsack Malte
Published: September 2013

Die Anzahl der Studien, die sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Emotionsregulation (ER) und depressiven Störungen befassen, steigt. In diesem Review werden Studien zusammengefasst und metaanalytisch ausgewertet, die den Zusammenhang zwischen ER und Depression mittels Fragebögen bzw. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) erfassen. Dabei zeigt sich ein ER-Profil welches durch die vermehrte Nutzung von Rumination, Suppression und Vermeidung bei gleichzeitig seltenerem Einsatz von Neubewertung und Problemlösen gekennzeichnet ist. Mit mittleren bis großen Effekten, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Depression und maladaptiven Strategien besser belegt als bei den adaptiven Formen, wo die Effekte eher moderat ausfielen. EMA-Messungen bestätigen dieses Profil. Da EMA-Studien neben der Häufigkeit des Strategieeinsatzes auch die Erfassung anderer ER-Parameter wie Effektivität und Flexibilität ermöglichen, sollten solche Designs in der ER-Forschung zukünftig vermehrt Einsatz finden.
Entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen der Emotionsregulation
Authors: Holodynski Manfred , Hermann Sophia , Kromm Helena
Published: September 2013

Der Beitrag betrachtet das Wechselspiel zwischen Emotion und Emotionsregulation aus einer entwicklungspsychologischen Perspektive und bettet es in ein System an psychischen Regulationsformen ein. Dabei wird in kritischer Diskussion bestehender Konzeptionen zur Emotionsregulation eine emotionale und eine volitionale Form der Regulation von Handlungen einer reflexiven Form der Emotionsregulation gegenübergestellt. Letztere beinhaltet eine volitionale Regulation eigener Emotionen und ist erstmals im Laufe des Vorschulalters zu beobachten. Der Beitrag erläutert die Entwicklung der erforderlichen Kompetenzen, mit denen Kinder und Jugendliche ihre Emotionen in sozialkoordinierter und sozial akzeptierter Art und Weise regulieren können. Diese umfassen die Aneignung von Regulationsstrategien, die Entwicklung der exekutiven Funktionen, die Aneignung von Sprache als Mittel der psychologischen Distanzierung sowie mentales Zeitreisen.
Emotionsdysregulation im Kindesalter
Authors: Schipper Marc , Kullik Angelika , Samson Andrea C. , Koglin Ute , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2013

Emotionsdysregulation wird im Kontext von Angststörungen und aggressivem Verhalten im Kindesalter erläutert; desweiteren werden entsprechende Hinweise auf die Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen gegeben. Verschiedene dysfunktionale Regulationsstrategien werden identifiziert. Neben der generellen Betrachtung von Emotionsdysregulation im Kontext der genannten Störungsbilder wird die Frage, ob und inwiefern es sich bei der Verwendung solch ungünstiger Strategien um einen störungsübergreifenden Faktor handelt, diskutiert.
Erfassung von Emotionsregulationsstrategien–eine Übersicht
Authors: Dorn Christina , Spindler Gabriela , Kullik Angelika , Petermann Franz , Barnow Sven
Published: September 2013

Die vorliegende Übersicht stellt Verfahren zur Erfassung von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Kindes-, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter zusammen. Selbst- und Fremdbeurteilungsverfahren im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie Fragebögen des Erwachsenenalters, für die eine validierte deutschsprachige Übersetzung vorliegt, werden betrachtet und hinsichtlich qualitativer Standards und psychometrischer Gütekriterien diskutiert. Es folgt die Darstellung der Methoden des Ecological Momentary Assessment, die es ermöglichen, emotionsregulierende Prozesse in der natürlichen Umwelt zu erfassen und Kontextfaktoren zu berücksichtigen. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Empfehlung, Emotionsregulationsstrategien multimethodal zu erfassen.