bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De voorstellen tot herziening van het Nederlandse echtscheidingsrecht tijdens de Duitse bezetting
Authors: Lenaerts Mariken
Published: October 2014

De voorstellen tot herziening van het Nederlandse echtscheidingsrecht tijdens de Duitse bezetting

Sinds de invoering van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in 1838 heeft men herhaaldelijk getracht de gronden voor echtscheiding te verruimen. Hoewel deze gronden uiteindelijk pas verruimd werden in 1971, werd de tot die tijd bestaande situatie, waarbij echtscheiding slechts op vier gronden mogelijk was en echtscheiding met wederzijds goedvinden verboden was, als onwenselijk beschouwd. Dit gevoelen werd nog sterker na het arrest van de Hoge Raad uit 1883, de zogenaamde 'Groote Leugen'. Teneinde een einde te maken aan deze 'Groote Leugen' en in een poging het Nederlandse echtscheidingsrecht meer in lijn te brengen met het Duitse recht, heeft de Nederlandse secretaris-generaal voor Justitie, J.J. Schrieke, tussen 1942 en 1944 twee wijzigingsvoorstellen voorgelegd aan de Duitse autoriteiten welke destijds Nederland bezet hielden. Dit artikel analyseert beide wijzigingsvoorstellen en probeert een antwoord te geven op de vraag in hoeverre deze voorstellen het resultaat waren van een mogelijke invloed van het Nationaal Socialisme.

---

Since the introduction of the Civil Code in 1838 one has repeatedly tried to extend the grounds for divorce. Although the grounds for divorce were not extended before 1971, the then existing situation, with only four grounds for divorce and a prohibition of divorce with mutual consent, was considered undesirable This sentiment became even stronger after the judgment of the Dutch Supreme Court of 1883, which became known as the 'Big Lie'. In order to stop this 'Big Lie' and in an attempt to bring Dutch divorce law more in line with German divorce law, the Dutch secretary-general of Justice, J.J. Schrieke, has presented the German authorities, which then occupied the Netherlands, with two draft revisions between 1942 and 1944. This article analyses both drafts and tries to answer the question to what extent these drafts were the result of a possible influence of National Socialism. This article is a summary of a part of the most important conclusions of the dissertation of the author, titled: 'National Socialist Family Law. The influence of National Socialism on marriage and divorce law in Germany and the Netherlands' defended at Maastricht University on 8 November 2012. A commercial edition of the dissertation is forthcoming.
The Jordan Food and Drug Administration: A culture of quality and continuous improvement
Authors: Obeidat Hayel Mohammad , Al Kayyali Lina , Al Haqaish Wesal , Bawaraesh Nidaa , Pitts Peter J.
Published: October 2014

In November 2013, the Jordan Food and Drug Administration, in partnership with the Center for Medicine in the Public Interest, held a seminar entitled, â€œAdvancing the Safe Use of Drugs: Enhancing Regulatory Quality Control.â€ Attendees included members of the JFDA leadership as well as representatives of Jordanâ€™s healthcare community (hospitals, pharmacists, pharmaceutical manufacturers, academics). The seminar began a strategic thinking process aimed at enhancing a regulatory environment that values pharmaceutical manufacturing quality, the importance of stakeholder involvement, the urgent role of pharmacovigilance, and greater harmonization with advanced regulatory practices.Â  The goal was to develop realistic recommendations that can be implemented within existing authorities and resources; that serve the Jordanian public health; and enhance the stature and reputation of the JFDA as a regional reference and a global leader.
Advances in drug development & approvals landscape, and industry partnerships
Authors: Pestonjamasp Vasu
Published: October 2014

The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) held its 2014 Annual Convention at the San Diego Convention Center, CA (June 23-26, 2014). This event was attended by more than 15,660 industry leaders that included 2,500 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), several U.S. Governors, and Â­representatives from 50 states and 70 countries. The BIO Exhibition saw presence of over 1,800 exhibitors with 55 state and international pavilions. Additional features of the Convention comprised 192 company presentations, 800 speakers and 160 sessions in 9 specialty forums and 8 educational tracks and 29,000+ one-on-one partnering meetings between 3,100+ Â­companies. Keynote speakers featured Sir Richard Branson and Former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.Â
Trends in patent filings depict a decade of research into the genome-based technologies
Authors: Mercer Rachel , Williams Gareth
Published: October 2014

In this article, we look at how patent filings in three key areas of genome-related research indicate the direction of private and public research in sequencing technology, personalised medicine and synthetic biology. Patent landscaping allows for analysis of top filers of patents in these areas and of the patenting behaviour. Each area demonstrates different characteristics, typical of technologies at different stages of development and commercialisation.
A host beetle pheromone regulates development and behavior in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus
Authors: Cinkornpumin Jessica K , Wisidagama Dona R , Rapoport Veronika , Go James L , Dieterich Christoph , Wang Xiaoyue , Sommer Ralf J , Hong Ray L
Published: October 2014

Nematodes and insects are the two most speciose animal phyla and nematode–insect associations encompass widespread biological interactions. To dissect the chemical signals and the genes mediating this association, we investigated the effect of an oriental beetle sex pheromone on the development and behavior of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus. We found that while the beetle pheromone is attractive to P. pacificus adults, the pheromone arrests embryo development, paralyzes J2 larva, and inhibits exit of dauer larvae. To uncover the mechanism that regulates insect pheromone sensitivity, a newly identified mutant, Ppa-obi-1, is used to reveal the molecular links between altered attraction towards the beetle pheromone, as well as hypersensitivity to its paralyzing effects. Ppa-obi-1 encodes lipid-binding domains and reaches its highest expression in various cell types, including the amphid neuron sheath and excretory cells. Our data suggest that the beetle host pheromone may be a species-specific volatile synomone that co-evolved with necromeny.
Oscillatory phase separation in giant lipid vesicles induced by transmembrane osmotic differentials
Authors: Oglęcka Kamila , Rangamani Padmini , Liedberg Bo , Kraut Rachel S , Parikh Atul N
Published: October 2014

Giant lipid vesicles are closed compartments consisting of semi-permeable shells, which isolate femto- to pico-liter quantities of aqueous core from the bulk. Although water permeates readily across vesicular walls, passive permeation of solutes is hindered. In this study, we show that, when subject to a hypotonic bath, giant vesicles consisting of phase separating lipid mixtures undergo osmotic relaxation exhibiting damped oscillations in phase behavior, which is synchronized with swell–burst lytic cycles: in the swelled state, osmotic pressure and elevated membrane tension due to the influx of water promote domain formation. During bursting, solute leakage through transient pores relaxes the pressure and tension, replacing the domain texture by a uniform one. This isothermal phase transition—resulting from a well-coordinated sequence of mechanochemical events—suggests a complex emergent behavior allowing synthetic vesicles produced from simple components, namely, water, osmolytes, and lipids to sense and regulate their micro-environment.
Female resistance to pneumonia identifies lung macrophage nitric oxide synthase-3 as a therapeutic target
Authors: Yang Zhiping , Huang Yuh-Chin T , Koziel Henry , de Crom Rini , Ruetten Hartmut , Wohlfart Paulus , Thomsen Reimar W , Kahlert Johnny A , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Jozefowski Szczepan , Colby Amy , Kobzik Lester
Published: October 2014

To identify new approaches to enhance innate immunity to bacterial pneumonia, we investigated the natural experiment of gender differences in resistance to infections. Female and estrogen-treated male mice show greater resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia, seen as greater bacterial clearance, diminished lung inflammation, and better survival. In vitro, lung macrophages from female mice and humans show better killing of ingested bacteria. Inhibitors and genetically altered mice identify a critical role for estrogen-mediated activation of lung macrophage nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3). Epidemiologic data show decreased hospitalization for pneumonia in women receiving estrogen or statins (known to activate NOS3). Pharmacologic targeting of NOS3 with statins or another small-molecule compound (AVE3085) enhanced macrophage bacterial killing, improved bacterial clearance, and increased host survival in both primary and secondary (post-influenza) pneumonia. The data identify a novel mechanism for host defense via NOS3 and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza.
K-12 Online Grading System
Authors: DURAN ISIDRO L.
Published: October 2014

One of the major tasks of elementary school teachers in line with K-12 basiceducation curriculum is to keep academic records of pupils, which encompassescomputing grades, generating reports like Form 137, encoding, storing, retriev-ing, and editing. These activities are considered in designing the features of the software. This study focused on the development, validation, and testing of anonline grading system for Agoo West District, Division of La Union, Philippines.Descriptive and applied methods were utilized. Rapid Application Development(RAD) model was used in the development of the software. Usability questionnaireswereusedfor gathering data. Onesamplet-testwasappliedtotest the degreeof significance of usability. Findingsrevealthat the softwarewas highly validinterms of functionality and automation. Furthermore,the softwarewas highlyusableas to content, organization, readability,navigation, user interfacedesign,andperformanceand effectiveness.Moreover,the usability of the softwarewas significant. Hence, the developed software is valid and usable.Keywords: Computer Science/Information Technology, K-12 grading system, system development,descriptivedesign, Philippines
Readiness, Difficulty, and Competency in General Chemistry: Basis for Developing an Enrichment Strategy
Authors: FORONDA MARISOL SOLIS
Published: October 2014

Chemistry is considered the servant of other sciences and technology. Thisstudy was conducted to determine the students’ perceived level of readiness for,difficulty of, and competency in specific learning tasks in General Chemistry. Thevalidated instruments answered by the respondents classified into three groups:presently taking General Chemistry, successfully passed General Chemistry, andwill be taking General Chemistry. Encompassing both descriptive and correlationaldesigns, the data obtained wereanalyzedusing weightedmean, Pearsonr,ANOVA,andPost-hoctest(LSD).Findingsrevealthat(1)therespondentsperceivedthemselvesas having good readinessfor the learning tasks in GeneralChemistrythat they perceivedtobe neither difficult noreasy and that (2) theircompetencyin GeneralChemistrywas unsatisfactory.The students’perceivedreadinessto learn did not improvetheir competency in GeneralChemistrywhichiscontraryto the law of readinessintroducedbyEdwardThorndike. Hence,thestudyconcludes that thereis a need to developan enrichment strategy that willhelpthe students improvetheir competency in GeneralChemistry.Keywords: Science Education, readiness, difficulty, general chemistry competency test,descriptive design, Philippines
The Nature and Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Pages Holdings, Inc.
Authors: GIMENA JUDY ANN ONG FERRATER
Published: October 2014

Generally, various acts of citizenship exhibited by workers influence thesuccess of an organization. The study assessed the extent of manifestation of thevarious dimensions of the organizational citizenship behaviour and its antecedentsin Pages Holdings, Inc. (PHI) for crafting an intervention scheme. This studywas done because majority of the employees in PHI exhibit complacency inaccomplishing their tasks. This study utilized the descriptive survey method.Researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering. Statistical treatmentsused for data analysis were percentages, weighted mean and Fisher’s T-test ofdifference. The respondents were the regular management staff and the rankand-fileemployeesof the companies under PHI.Considering the findings, thestudyconcludes that organizational citizenshipbehaviour is necessaryfor thesustainabilityand the good functioning of PHI.The presenceof employeeswhowillinglydo thingsthat beyondtheir respectivejobdescriptionsindicatesthatthePHIworkersaremotivatedto performwellbyexertingeffortsaboveandbeyondthe formal workrequirements. Inspite of these positiveresults,the PHImanagementneeds to revisitcertainaspects of its operating policies and mandatetosustain the willingness of their workersto engage in OCB.Keywords: Social Science, organizational citizenship behavior, altruism, descriptivedesign, Philippines
Development of Domestic Refrigerator Trainer: An Instructional Material for Beginner Technician
Authors: Bajet, Jr. Manuel A. , Bajet Nelson
Published: October 2014

The University of Northern Philippines is one arm of the government in developing skilled manpower. It envisioned produce highly skilled graduates employed in the country and abroad to boost the country’s economy and support themselves and their families. The objectives can only be realized if it is properly equipped with laboratory facilities that can provide hands-on training for students. The Technology Department has been facing problems of inadequate instructional materials and facilities, especially those that could help in the development of the student’s manipulative skills. The design and development domestic refrigerator trainer used locally available materials. The conceptualization of the trainer is in the intellectual capability of refrigeration and air conditioning faculty researchers. The domestic refrigerator trainer in its advancement in the teaching and learning process is and the principle operations, easy to understand the different connection of electric circuitry in the mechanical components. The trainer can also present the four phases of refrigerant cycle .Its design focuses on skills training approach to aid the beginner student in an easy and comprehensive way of learning the trade in a very limited time that servicing and repair is in his hands.
The impact of changing surface ocean conditions on the dissolution of aerosol iron
Authors: Fishwick Matthew P. , Sedwick Peter N. , Lohan Maeve C. , Worsfold Paul J. , Buck Kristen N. , Church Thomas M. , Ussher Simon J.
Published: October 2014

The proportion of aerosol iron (Fe) that dissolves in seawater varies greatly and is dependent on aerosol composition and the physicochemical conditions of seawater, which may change depending on location or be altered by global environmental change. Aerosol and surface seawater samples were collected in the Sargasso Sea and used to investigate the impact of these changing conditions on aerosol Fe dissolution in seawater. Our data show that seawater temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration, within the range of current and projected future values, had no significant effect on the dissolution of aerosol Fe. However, the source and composition of aerosols had the most significant effect on the aerosol Fe solubility, with the most anthropogenically influenced samples having the highest fractional solubility (up to 3.2%). The impact of ocean warming and acidification on aerosol Fe dissolution is therefore unlikely to be as important as changes in land usage and fossil fuel combustion. Our experimental results also reveal important changes in the size distribution of soluble aerosol Fe in solution, depending on the chemical conditions of seawater. Under typical conditions, the majority (77–100%) of Fe released from aerosols into ambient seawater existed in the colloidal (0.02–0.4 µm) size fraction. However, in the presence of a sufficient concentration of strong Fe‐binding organic ligands (10 nM) most of the aerosol‐derived colloidal Fe was converted to soluble Fe (<0.02 µm). This finding highlights the potential importance of organic ligands in retaining aerosol Fe in a biologically available form in the surface ocean.
Energetic electron bursts in the plasma sheet and their relation with BBFs
Authors: Duan A. Y. , Cao J. B. , Dunlop M. , Wang Z. Q.
Published: October 2014

We studied energetic electron bursts (EEBs) (40–250 keV) in the plasma sheet (PS) and their relation to bursty bulk flows (BBFs) using the data recorded by Cluster from 2001 to 2009. The EEBs in the PS can be classified into four types. Three types of EEBs are dispersionless, including EEBs accompanied with BBFs (V > 250 km/s) but without dipolarization front (DF); EEBs accompanied with both dipolarization front (DF) and BBF; and EEBs accompanied with DF and fast flow with V < 250 km/s. One type of EEB, i.e., EEBs not accompanied with BBFs and DFs, is dispersed. The energetic electrons (40–130 keV) can be easily transported earthward by BBFs due to the strong dawn‐dusk electric field embedded in BBFs. The DFs in BBFs can produce energetic electrons (40 to 250 keV). For the EEBs with DF and BBFs, the superposed epoch analyses show that the increase of energetic electron flux has two phases: gradual increase phase before DF and rapid increase phase concurrent with DF. In the PS around x = −18 RE, 60%–70% of EEBs are accompanied with BBFs, indicating that although hitherto there have been various acceleration mechanisms of energetic electrons, most of the energetic electrons in the PS are related with magnetic reconnection, and they are produced either directly by magnetic reconnection or indirectly by the DFs within BBFs. In the BBF's braking region of −12 RE < x < −10 RE, 20% of EEBs are accompanied with BBFs. The corresponding ratio between EEBs and BBFs shows a dawn‐dusk asymmetry.
The life cycle of a sudden stratospheric warming from infrasonic ambient noise observations
Authors: Smets P. S. M. , Evers L. G.
Published: October 2014

A method is presented to study the life cycle of a SSW using infrasonic ambient noise observations. The potential of infrasound is shown to provide the missing observations required by numerical weather prediction to better resolve the upper atmosphere. The 2009 major SSW is reanalyzed using the Evers and Siegmund (2009) data set. Microbarom observations are evaluated to identify detections that cannot be explained by the analysis of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Identified differences can be related to either the altitude limit of the analysis, not resolving thermospheric ducts, or to an actual error in the analysis. Therefore, a first‐order model is used to relate observations with the analysis, existing of the Waxler et al. (2007) microbarom source model, including bathymetry to allow column resonances, and an atmospheric propagation model using 3‐D ray tracing. Daily normalized spectral powers are proposed to distinguish stratospheric from thermospheric return height, based on the different signature of solar tidal amplitude fluctuations. It is shown that a SSW is not a smooth event as following from the analysis but a series of abrupt changes with a period of 10 to 16 days, increasing in intensity and duration. This is in agreement with the wave period of Rossby waves, interacting with the stratospheric circumpolar vortex. The type of vortex disturbance, split or reversal, can be deduced from the combined effect of the change in back‐azimuth direction, solar tidal signature type, and/or phase variation of the amplitude variation of the observed microbaroms.
Bacteriology
Authors: Madigan Michael T
Published: October 2014

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, small cells that live an independent existence and play important roles in the biosphere. Structurally, bacteria are prokaryotic cells and comprise two major phylogenetic lineages, Bacteria and Archaea. The science of bacteriology developed from investigations of the nature of infectious disease, and medical bacteriology remains a major area of emphasis in microbiology today. Bacteriology also played a major role in the development of molecular biology and genetics, and bacteria have traditionally been used as experimental tools for addressing seminal questions in basic biological research. More recently, bacteria have been harnessed to produce valuable commercial products and clean up the environment. Unlike higher organisms, bacteria are absolutely essential for maintaining the biosphere and are the foundation upon which all higher life on Earth is supported.

Key Concepts:

The science of bacteriology deals with Earth's tiniest living cells, the
Bacteria
and
Archaea
, collectively called prokaryotes.

Using key genes shared by all cells, bacteriological studies have revealed the evolutionary relationships of all life on Earth.

Bacteriology encompasses many subdisciplines including in particular the study of infectious diseases.

Bacteriology spawned the field of molecular biology and gave birth to the genomics revolution in biology.

Industrial microbiology and biotechnology employ bacteria to make products of commercial value.
Green Fluorescent Protein (
GFP
)
Authors: Shaner Nathan C
Published: October 2014

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), a fluorescent molecule, found in the jellyfish

Aequorea victoria

, was the first of a diverse family of fluorescent proteins cloned from marine invertebrates. Fluorescent proteins are useful reporter molecules for
in vitro
and whole organism gene expression studies and for tracking subcellular localisation of proteins in living cells. Because they fold robustly in nearly all biological systems studied and require no cofactors for development of fluorescence, fluorescent proteins have become ubiquitous tools in a broad range of cell biology subdisciplines. Colour variants covering the entire visible spectrum have been engineered from various wild‐type fluorescent proteins, allowing the simultaneous imaging of multiple proteins within the same cell, as well as advanced applications such as biochemical activity reporters. Additional engineering has produced variants that change colour upon illumination or whose fluorescence can be switched on and off, making them useful for other advanced imaging techniques.

Key Concepts:

The green fluorescent protein from
Aequorea victoria
was the first intrinsically fluorescent protein to be discovered.

A diverse family of fluorescent proteins has been cloned from a wide variety of marine invertebrates including jellyfish, corals, copepods and lancelets.

Fluorescent proteins are highly useful reporter genes in a wide variety of biological systems.

Fluorescent proteins have been the subject of heavy engineering efforts to improve their physical and optical properties as genetically encoded tools.

Colour variants of fluorescent proteins allow multicolour protein tracking in living cells.

Advanced uses for fluorescent proteins include optical sensing of important signalling molecules such as calcium and biochemical activities such as kinase activation.

Photoactivatable and photoswitchable fluorescent proteins can be used for ‘superresolution’ imaging of cellular structures below the optical diffraction limit.
History of Palaeontology
Authors: Donovan Stephen K
Published: October 2014

Although shells in prehistoric deposits were accepted as preserved remnants of ancient organisms by Greek philosophers, this fundamental idea was essentially lost until the seventeenth century, and the science of palaeontology was not truly established until the nineteenth century. The progression of life demonstrated in the fossil record led to many advances in geology, most notably in biostratigraphy and delineation of the geological column. For the public, giant Mesozoic saurians, fossil humans and Ice Age mammals have been a fascination since the nineteenth century.Conservitat Lagerstättesuch as the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale have produced diverse and bizarre primitive invertebrates that now rival dinosaurs, Neanderthal man and mammoths in the popular imagination. But it is the unique contribution that palaeontology makes to the understanding of biological evolution by natural selection in time and space that underlines its importance to the modern life sciences.

Key Concepts:

Fossils have been recognised as curiosities of nature since at least the Palaeolithic.

William Smith is father of modern biostratigraphy.

Charles Darwin was a leading geologist of the mid‐nineteenth century.

Fossils are the principal tools for the correlation of rock successions, both locally and internationally.

Palaeontology has provided independent data for testing continental displacement.

Palaeontological data provided evidence for salutatory evolution (punctuated equilibrium) that would not otherwise be apparent.

Only one mass extinction, at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary, has provided consistent and reproducible hard evidence for an extraterrestrial driving mechanism.

Conservitat Lagerstätte(‘fossil mother lodes’) are rare deposits in which fossils are exceptionally preserved, for example, ‘soft tissues’ are mineralised and complex skeletons articulated.
Philosophy of Ecology
Authors: Taylor Peter J
Published: October 2014

Although philosophy of ecology was slow to become established as an area of formal philosophical interest, there is a rich history of developing and debating conceptual frameworks in ecological and environmental science. A key challenge in conceptualising ecological complexity is to allow simultaneously for particularity, contingency and structure – structure, moreover, that changes, is internally differentiated, and has problematic boundaries. In contrast to ambitions of earlier decades for identifying general principles about systems and communities, ecologists now widely assert historical contingency, nonequilibrium formulations, local context and individual detail. Given that all organisms – humans included – live in dynamic ecological contexts, philosophy of ecology raises more general questions about conceptualising the positionality of humans and other organisms in the dynamic flux of their intersecting worlds.

Key Concepts:

Although philosophy of ecology was slow to become established as an area of formal philosophical interest, there is a rich history of developing and debating conceptual frameworks in ecological and environmental science.

A challenge faced by all ecologists is to deal with ongoing change in the structure of situations that have built up over time from heterogeneous components and are embedded or situated within wider dynamics.

All organisms live in an ecological context that has structure and dynamics, so all philosophy of biology depends on some implicit conceptualization of ecological relations.

Ecologists of a particularistic bent question many of community ecology's models, rejecting them when their fit to data was no better than alternative ‘null’ hypotheses or ‘random’ models.

Observation and experiment can contribute to the generation of theory in many ways other than through crucial hypothesis tests.

Models need not be seen simply as representations intended to capture the necessary and sufficient conditions to explain observed phenomena – exploration of models can produce new concepts, questions and hypotheses.

In contrast to ambitions of earlier decades for identifying general principles about systems and communities, ecologists now widely assert historical contingency, nonequilibrium formulations, local context and individual details.

Under the label ‘political ecology’, environmental problems can be analysed in terms of intersecting economic, social and ecological processes, which operate across various spatial and temporal scales and are mutually implicated in the production of any outcome and in their own ongoing transformation.

Self‐consciousness about the social interactions involved in producing ecological knowledge extends a post‐modernist critique of unified science that argues that people's reasonings can only be rooted in historically specific life practices.
Parent–Offspring Conflict, Sibling Rivalry and Coadaptation
Authors: Gini Beatrice , Hager Reinmar
Published: October 2014

Conflict arises in families because of a fundamental relatedness asymmetry. When parents are equally related to all offspring they would prefer to divide resources equitably among young. However, offspring only share half of their genes with siblings. Thus each will be selected to demand the largest share of resources for itself, which conflicts with the interest of both parents and other siblings. Mathematical models have demonstrated that the resolution of this conflict depends on the degree to which parental provisioning and offspring solicitation influences resource allocation. Because levels of parental provisioning and offspring solicitation are affected by underlying genetic variation, they can evolve and coevolve, leading to coadapted parental and offspring traits. The Reactions Norms approach successfully captures both variation and consistency in parent and offspring strategies and is a promising tool for the investigation of family conflict.

Key Concepts:

Conflict exists within families, with offspring demanding more than parents are willing to provide, and each sibling desiring a larger share of resources than its littermates.

Both parents and offspring are able to influence provisioning, and their strategies are determined in part by genes.

How conflict is resolved depends on parental and offspring strategies; generally, the equilibrium point is somewhere between the parental and offspring optima.

Parental and offspring strategies coevolve to maximise inclusive fitness.

The Reaction Norms approach can be used to reconcile conflict and coadaptation.
Molecular Genetics of Joubert Syndrome
Authors: Mancini Francesca , Romani Marta , Micalizzi Alessia , Valente Enza Maria
Published: October 2014

Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive or X‐linked congenital cerebellar ataxia characterised by a peculiar hindbrain–midbrain malformation, the ‘molar tooth sign’ (MTS). JS is characterised by neonatal hypotonia which later evolves into ataxia, developmental delay, abnormal eye movements, breathing abnormalities and intellectual disability. This neurological presentation can be variably complicated by the involvement of multiple organs such as the kidneys, retina, liver and skeleton.

JS is genetically heterogeneous, with 26 causative genes identified to date. All genes encode for proteins of the primary cilium, a nearly ubiquitous subcellular organelle that plays essential roles in embryonic development and cell functioning. Indeed, JS is part of ciliopathies, an expanding group of disorders that share many clinical and genetic determinants. The marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity of JS and ciliopathies may be explained by oligogenic inheritance and the existence of genetic modifiers.

Key Concepts:

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a congenital ataxia with autosomal or X‐linked recessive inheritance.

The diagnostic hallmark of JS is a peculiar cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the so‐called ‘molar tooth sign’ recognisable on brain imaging.

Neurological features of JS include hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, intellectual impairment, oculomotor abnormalities and alterations of the breathing pattern in neonatal age.

JS may present with variable involvement of the eyes, kidneys, liver, polydactyly and oral‐facial defects.

JS is genetically heterogeneous, with 26 genes identified to date, that are overall responsible of about half cases.

JS pathogenesis is related to the dysfunction of the primary cilium, making JS part of the expanding group of ‘ciliopathies’.

The primary cilium is an immotile organelle, located of the surface of nearly every cell type, that plays key roles in cellular functioning and embryonic development.

Ciliopathies are characterised by wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and present significant clinical and genetic overlap among distinct conditions.

Such complexity has been partly explained by showing oligogenic inheritance and the existence of genetic modifiers of the phenotype.
Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (
LCAT
) Deficiency: Molecular Genetics
Authors: Calabresi Laura , Ossoli Alice , Franceschini Guido
Published: October 2014

The lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of cholesteryl esters in human plasma and plays a critical role in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Mutations in the
LCAT
gene leads to the development of two distinct syndromes, classical familial LCAT deficiency (FLD, OMIM
245900
) and fish‐eye disease (FED, OMIM
136120
). FLD and FED are rare disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, both characterised by low HDL cholesterol levels associated with multiple alterations in HDL structure and particle distribution. Clinical manifestations of the disease include corneal opacity, haemolytic anaemia and renal disease, which represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in LCAT‐deficient cases. The pathogenesis of renal injury in LCAT deficiency is not understood. No cure presently exists for patients with genetic LCAT deficiency.

Key Concepts:

LCAT is the enzyme responsible of cholesterol esterification in plasma.

Mutations in the
LCAT
gene lead to two rare diseases of lipid metabolism: Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) and fish‐eye disease (FED).

FLD and FED cases have very low HDL‐C levels in plasma, not necessarily associated with increased cardiovascular disease.

Clinical manifestations of the disease include corneal opacity, hemolytic anemia, and renal disease.

Renal disease represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in homozygous carriers of LCAT deficiency.
Improving the Efficacy of Security Screening Tasks: A Review of Visual Search Challenges and Ways to Mitigate Their Adverse Effects
Authors: Biggs Adam T. , Mitroff Stephen R.
Published: October 2014

Security checkpoints are used to keep potentially dangerous items and individuals out of secure areas. Although technological advances can enhance security efficacy through both accuracy and speed, ultimate success or failure is largely determined by human performance. As such, it is necessary to minimize any shortcomings that stem from the limits of human cognitive abilities. Cognitive performance can be influenced by numerous factors, including those imposed by the search task (e.g., the number of prohibited items) and the basic abilities of the searchers themselves (e.g., competency and experience). Here, we review and discuss four specific challenges of the task itself that can negatively affect the accuracy of a security screening: target visibility, an unknown target set, the possible presence of multiple targets, and low target prevalence. For each, we present the challenge faced and the potential significance of the challenge and then offer possible solutions on the basis of the existing literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain‐Induced Phase Transformation of MCrAlY
Authors: Borchers Christine , Stoltenhoff Thorsten , Hahn Matthias , Schulze Matthias , Assadi Hamid , Suryanarayana Challapalli , Gärtner Frank , Klassen Thomas
Published: October 2014

There is an increasing interest in cold spraying, which is commonly characterized as a solid‐state deposition process offering minimal structural changes. The present paper refutes this common perception by examining the structural changes in MCrAlY as induced by cold spraying (CS). The cold‐sprayed coatings were characterized for phase composition and microstructural features using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. These results are compared with those obtained from the feedstock powder, as well as those obtained from ball‐milled powder. An extensive phase transition from bcc to fcc is observed after both CS and after ball milling. In CS, in addition, there is evidence for substantial grain refinement, which is not observed after ball milling.
Correlative High‐Resolution Mapping of Strain and Charge Density in a Strained Piezoelectric Multilayer
Authors: Song Kyung , Koch Christoph T. , Lee Ja Kyung , Kim Dong Yeong , Kim Jong Kyu , Parvizi Amin , Jung Woo Young , Park Chan Gyung , Jeong Hyeok Jae , Kim Hyoung Seop , Cao Ye , Yang Tiannan , Chen Long‐Qing , Oh Sang Ho
Published: October 2014

A key to strain engineering of piezoelectric semiconductor devices is the quantitative assessment of the strain‐charge relationship. This is particularly demanding in current InGaN/GaN‐based light‐emitting diode (LED) designs as piezoelectric effects are known to degrade the device performance. Using the state‐of‐the‐art inline electron holography, we have obtained fully quantitative maps of the two‐dimensional strain tensor and total charge density in conventional blue LEDs and correlated these with sub‐nanometer spatial resolution. We show that the In0.15Ga0.85N quantum wells are compressively strained and elongated along the polar growth direction, exerting compressive stress/strain on the GaN quantum barriers. Interface sheet charges arising from a polarization gradient are obtained directly from the strain data and compared with the total charge density map, quantitatively verifying only 60% of the polarization charges are screened by electrons, leaving a substantial piezoelectric field in each In0.15Ga0.85N quantum well. The demonstrated capability of inline electron holography provides a technical breakthrough for future strain engineering of piezoelectric optoelectronic devices.
Mandatory Employment Arbitration: Dispelling the Myths
Authors: Lipsky David B. , Lamare J. Ryan , Maffie Michael D.
Published: October 2014

Using mandatory arbitration to resolve employment disputes has been a major source of controversy since the practice emerged about twenty‐five years ago. On one side of the debate have been proponents of the practice, who contend that mandatory pre‐dispute arbitration provides a faster and cheaper means of resolving employment disputes than relying on conventional litigation.
CPR News
Authors: Shifman Bette
Published: October 2014

CPR member‐only committees are the backbone of CPR's thought‐leadership and play a critical role in shaping the future of ADR. Committees provide the unique and rewarding opportunity for users and practitioners to convene, collaborate, define best practices and spearhead innovation in commercial conflict management. If you are interested in joining a committee, attending one of these meetings and strengthening your connections, contact CPR's Director of Membership Terri Bartlett at tbartlett@cpradr.org or +1.212.949.6490.
Eine vollsynthetische Vier‐Komponenten‐Antitumor‐Vakzine mit einem MUC1‐Glycopeptid und drei verschiedenen T‐Helferzell‐ Epitopen
Authors: Palitzsch Björn , Hartmann Sebastian , Stergiou Natascha , Glaffig Markus , Schmitt Edgar , Kunz Horst
Published: October 2014

In einem neuen Konzept für vollsynthetische Vakzine wird die Rolle von T‐Helferzellen hervorgehoben. In einer solchen synthetischen Antitumor‐Vakzine wurde ein zweifach glycosyliertes tumorassoziiertes MUC1‐Glycopeptid als B‐Zellepitop mit drei verschiedenen T‐Helferzell‐Epitopen durch Quadratsäurekonjugation zweier linearer (Glyco)Peptide kovalent verknüpft. In Mäusen löste die Impfung mit dieser Vier‐Komponenten‐Vakzine ohne zusätzliche Immunstimulantien etwa achtmal höhere MUC1‐spezifische Antikörpertiter aus als eine Vakzine, die nur ein T‐Helferzell‐Epitop enthielt. Diese ermutigenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die gleichzeitige Aktivierung von T‐Helferzellen verschiedener Spezifität nützlich für Anwendungen ist, die eine gesteigerte Immunogenität von Epitopen erfordern. Besonders in der personalisierten Medizin kann der flexible Aufbau der Vakzine als Vorbild dienen, wenn z. B. T‐Helferzell‐Epitope benötigt werden, die zum humanen Leukozytenantigen‐Typ (HLA) verschiedener Patienten passen.
Iron‐Induced Regio‐ and Stereoselective Addition of Sulfenyl Chlorides to Alkynes by a Radical Pathway
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Fujii Tomoya , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: October 2014

The radical addition of the ClS σ‐bond in sulfenyl chlorides to various CC triple bonds has been achieved with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity in the presence of a catalytic amount of a common iron salt. The reaction is compatible with a variety of functional groups and can be scaled up to the gram‐scale with no loss in yield. As well as terminal alkynes, internal alkynes underwent stereodefined chlorothiolation to provide tetrasubstituted alkynes. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed a plausible radical process involving a sulfur‐centered radical intermediate via iron‐mediated homolysis of the ClS bond. The resulting chlorothiolation adducts can be readily transformed to the structurally complex alkenyl sulfides by cross‐coupling reactions. The present reaction can also be applied to the complementary synthesis of the potentially useful bis‐sulfoxide ligands for transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions.
Mitochondria‐Targeted Cancer Therapy Using a Light‐Up Probe with Aggregation‐Induced‐Emission Characteristics
Authors: Hu Qinglian , Gao Meng , Feng Guangxue , Liu Bin
Published: October 2014

Subcellular organelle‐specific reagents for simultaneous tumor targeting, imaging, and treatment are of enormous interest in cancer therapy. Herein, we present a mitochondria‐targeting probe (AIE‐mito‐TPP) by conjugating a triphenylphosphine (TPP) with a fluorogen which can undergo aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). Owing to the more negative mitochondrial membrane potential of cancer cells than normal cells, the AIE‐mito‐TPP probe can selectively accumulate in cancer‐cell mitochondria and light up its fluorescence. More importantly, the probe exhibits selective cytotoxicity for studied cancer cells over normal cells. The high potency of AIE‐mito‐TPP correlates with its strong ability to aggregate in mitochondria, which can efficiently decrease the mitochondria membrane potential and increase the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells. The mitochondrial light‐up probe provides a unique strategy for potential image‐guided therapy of cancer cells.
ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF CECROPIN A AND ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION
Authors: Lee Eunjung , Shin Areum , Kim Yangmee
Published: October 2014

Cecropin A is a novel 37‐residue cecropin‐like antimicrobial peptide isolated from the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia. We have demonstrated that cecropin A is an antibacterial agent and have investigated its mode of action. In this study, we show that cecropin A has potent antimicrobial activity against 2 multidrug resistant organisms—Acinetobacter baumanii and—Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interactions between cecropin A and membrane phospholipids were studied using tryptophan blue shift experiments. Cecropin A has a strong interaction with bacterial cell mimetic membranes. These results imply that cecropin A has selectivity for bacterial cells. To address the potential the rapeutic efficacy of cecropin A, its anti‐inflammatory activities and mode of action in mouse macrophage‐derived RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. Cecropin A suppressed nitrite production, mTNF‐α, mIL‐1β, mMIP‐1, and mMIP‐2 cytokine release in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, cecropin A inhibited intracellular cell signaling via the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathway, leading to the prevention of COX‐2 expression in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results strongly suggest that cecropin A should be investigated as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Simulation of correlated Poisson variables
Authors: Barbiero Alessandro , Ferrari Pier Alda
Published: October 2014

Generating correlated Poisson random variables is fundamental in many applications in the management and engineering fields, and in many others where multivariate count data arise. Multivariate Poisson data are often approximately simulated by either independent univariate Poisson or multivariate Normal data, whose implementation is provided by the most common statistical software packages such as R. However, such simulated data are often not satisfactory. Alternatively, methods for simulating multivariate Poisson data can be used, but they are adversely affected by limitations ranging from computational complexity to restrictions on the correlation matrix, which dramatically reduce their practical applicability. In this work, we propose a new method that is highly accurate and computationally efficient and can be usefully employed even by non‐expert users in generating correlated Poisson data (and, more generally, any discrete variable), with assigned marginal distributions and correlation matrix. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental dependence of stellar mass, SFR, and SSFR for the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample of the SDSS DR7
Authors: Deng X.‐F. , Yang B. , Ding Y.‐P. , Jiang P.
Published: October 2014

Using the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS DR7), we investigate the environmental dependence of stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR) and specific star formation rate (SSFR) of LRGs. It is found that stellar mass of LRGs nearly is independent of local environments, and that the environmental dependence of SFR and SSFR in the LRG sample is much weaker than the one in the Main galaxy sample. One possible explanation is that galaxy color and morphology are a pair of galaxy properties most predictive of local environments, while LRGs are a group of galaxies that are likely to be luminous, red and of early types (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of Korean astronomical records with Chinese equatorial coordinates
Authors: Lee K.W.
Published: October 2014

The historical documents of ancient Korea contain abundant records on various astronomical phenomena. The historical documents of the Joseon dynasty contain observational values based on Chinese equatorial coordinate system (i.e., angular distances from the reference star of a lunar mansion and the North Pole). However, quantitative analysis of the observational values has not been carried out. In this study, we investigate the observational accuracy during the Joseon dynasty by comparing the astronomical records of Joseonwangjo Sillok (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) and Seungjeongwon Ilgi (Daily Records of the Royal Secretariat) with modern astronomical calculations. Consequently, we find that the observational accuracy during the early Joseon dynasty was approximately 1°.2 and 0°.3 in the right ascension and declination, respectively. On the other hand, we find that the observational accuracy during the later Joseon dynasty was considerably poor. Observations of Halley's comet in 1759 were off by approximately 7° in declination. We believe that further investigation is required to verify the reason for this poor accuracy. Thus, we list the complete records used for this study in the appendix. We believe that these records also can contribute to modern studies on phenomena such as supernovae or Halley's comet. In conclusion, we believe that this study is useful for understanding ancient Korean astronomical records, even though we have considered a small number of astronomical events (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)