bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of time‐varying contact stress and misalignments in wind turbine planetary sets
Authors: Crowther A. , Ramakrishnan V. , Zaidi N. A. , Halse Chris
Published: January 2011

Recent data shows that 90% of large wind turbines include a gearbox, and industry forecasts expect this figure to remain relatively stable. With global annual volumes (2009) of around 18,600 units, the quality, cost and performance of gearboxes is of paramount importance to the wind sector. The industry has been focusing some attention on gearbox reliability, as demonstrated by a growth in the number of specific seminars and collaborative programs on this topic. One aspect that needs to be brought to an industry‐wide forum is the understanding of the complexity of bearing design in the gearbox and the careful attention that needs to be paid to ensure a reliable gearbox design. This paper seeks to address this issue by clear demonstration of design issues using a model of the gearbox from the National Renewable Energy Lab's Gearbox Reliability Collaborative. Detailed models are presented with focus on determining the quality of the function of the planetary gear stages. Key design drivers are discussed such as the quality of alignment at the gears and bearings and the loads and stresses seen on these components. Under a design load case with a significant rotor off‐axis moment the stresses in the planet gears and bearings are investigated. It is shown how the misalignment of the planet pins varies with the rotation of the planetary set and how subsequently time‐varying contact stresses and load distributions occur in the planet gears and bearings. These factors strongly influence the fatigue life of the gearbox components as well as the level of vibration. Design tools are then used to demonstrate how small variations in the clearances of the planet carrier bearings can have a big effect on the quality of the design. Numerical studies show where optimal clearance settings lie and how the misalignment of the planetary set can be improved. Furthermore, a demonstration is made of how redesign of the bearing arrangement and subsequent optimization of the planet tooth geometry further improves the misalignment and results in significantly reduced time‐varying contact stresses, better load distribution and reduced vibration. It is illustrated that small clearances, such as in the carrier bearings, can have a large effect on the performance of the design and a study shows how to identify and reduce time‐varying misalignment and contact stresses resulting in lower vibration, lower fatigue and a more reliable product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytolytic peptide nanoparticles (‘NanoBees’) for cancer therapy
Authors: Pan Hua , Soman Neelesh R. , Schlesinger Paul H. , Lanza Gregory M. , Wickline Samuel A.
Published: January 2011

Cytolytic peptides are an attractive class of anticancer candidates because of their wide‐spectrum lytic properties. However, their therapeutic potential cannot be realized without a proper delivery vehicle, because of their off‐target toxicity, nonspecificity, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. The physical properties of perfluorocarbon (PFC)‐core surfactant‐coated nanoparticles render them a highly promising delivery vehicle for targeted therapeutic applications of cytolytic peptides. This article provides an overview of the mechanism underlying the anticancer efficacy of cytolytic peptides, the limitations in clinic applications, and the advantages of PFC nanoparticles over traditional FDA‐approved nanocarriers such as liposomes. Recent reports of successful anticancer therapeutics delivered by PFC nanoparticles will be discussed, as well as new applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 318–327 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.126

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
From control law diagrams to Ada viaCircus
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana , Clayton Phil , O’Halloran Colin
Published: January 2011

Control engineers make extensive use of diagrammatic notations; control law diagrams are used in industry every day. Techniques and tools for analysis of these diagrams or their models are plentiful, but verification of their implementations is a challenge that has been taken up by few. We are aware only of approaches that rely on automatic code generation, which is not enough assurance for certification, and often not adequate when tailored hardware components are used. Our work is based onCircus, a notation that combines Z, CSP, and a refinement calculus, and on industrial tools that produce partial Z and CSP models of discrete-time Simulink diagrams. We present a strategy to translate Simulink diagrams toCircus, and a strategy to prove that a parallel Ada implementation refines theCircusspecification; we rely on aCircussemantics for the program. By using a combined notation, we provide a specification that considers both functional and behavioural aspects of a large set of diagrams, and support verification of a large number of implementations. We can handle, for instance, arbitrarily large data types and dynamic scheduling.
Impact Challenges in Community Science‐with‐Practice: Lessons from PROSPER on Transformative Practitioner‐Scientist Partnerships and Prevention Infrastructure Development
Authors: Spoth Richard , Greenberg Mark
Published: January 2011

At present, evidence‐based programs (EBPs) to reduce youth violence are failing to translate into widespread community practice, despite their potential for impact on this pervasive public health problem. In this paper we address two types of challenges in the achievement of such impact, drawing upon lessons from the implementation of a partnership model called PROSPER. First, we address five key challenges in the achievement of community‐level impact through effective community planning and action: readiness and mobilization of community teams; maintaining EBP implementation quality; sustaining community teams and EBPs; demonstrating community‐level impact; and continuous, proactive technical assistance. Second, we consider grand challenges in the large‐scale translation of EBPs: (1) building, linking and expanding existing infrastructures to support effective EBP delivery systems, and (2) organizing networks of practitioner‐scientist partnerships—networks designed to integrate diffusion of EBPs with research that examines effective strategies to do so. The PROSPER partnership model is an evidence‐based delivery system for community‐based prevention and has evolved through two decades of NIH‐funded research, assisted by land grant universities’ Cooperative Extension Systems. Findings and lessons of relevance to each of the challenges are summarized. In this context, we outline how practitioner‐scientist partnerships can serve to transform EBP delivery systems, particularly in conjunction with supportive federal policy.
Mobilizing Communities and Building Capacity for Youth Violence Prevention: The National Academic Centers of Excellence for Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: Vivolo Alana M. , Matjasko Jennifer L. , Massetti Greta M.
Published: January 2011

Violence, including its occurrence among youth, results in considerable physical, emotional, social, and economic consequences in the US. Youth violence prevention work at the Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasizes preventing youth violence‐related behaviors, injuries, and deaths by collaborating with academic and community partners and stakeholders. In 2000 and 2005, DVP funded the National Academic Centers of Excellence (ACE) for Youth Violence Prevention. Most ACE Centers focus on building community capacity and competence so that evidence‐based programs for youth violence prevention can be successfully implemented through effective and supportive research‐community partnerships. This commentary provides historical information about the ACE Program, including the development, goals, accomplishments of the Centers, and the utilization of a community‐based participatory research approach to prevent youth violence.
Life-course perspective for physical activity and sports participation
Authors: Hirvensalo Mirja , Lintunen Taru
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this paper was to discuss physical activity and sports participation in a life-course framework, long-term tracking, determinants, and correlates of physical activity from childhood to old age, and present possible causal links and pathways for the continuity of physical activity. It seems that intensive participation in general in physical activity and sports, as well as participation at school age, are important predictors of adulthood participation. Especially, inactivity rather than activity tends to track from youth to adulthood. Socioeconomic status, place of residence, and personal upward social mobility are related to participation. If physical activity is at a low level in early adulthood, it does not easily become a part of life later on, particularly among blue-collar workers, women, and people with initially poor perceived health. Furthermore, in old age, earlier physical activity seems to be the key determinant along with gender. Repeated social reinforcement in the form of support for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is important especially in transition periods and life events such as secondary schooling, change in employment, and change in family structure. In contrast, retirement presented itself as a good chance of starting new leisure time activities. A life-course approach provides understanding on long-ranging developmental trajectories. According to these results in particular, the polarization of exercise to the active and inactive portions of the population is accumulated over time, and gender and social background features require special attention.
Oral Glucosylceramide Reduces 2,4‐Dinitrofluorobenzene Induced Inflammatory Response in Mice by Reducing TNF‐Alpha Levels and Leukocyte Infiltration
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Sugawara Tatsuya , Sakai Shota , Aida Kazuhiko , Hirata Takashi
Published: January 2011

Sphingolipids are constituents of cellular membranes and play important roles as second messengers mediating cell functions. As significant components in foods, sphingolipids have been proven to be critical for human health. Moreover, diverse metabolic intermediates of sphingolipids are known to play key roles both in proinflammatory and in anti‐inflammatory effects. However, the effect of dietary sphingolipids on inflammation is a complicated field that needs to be further assessed. Our study evaluated the effects of orally administered maize glucosylceramide (GluCer), one of the most conventional dietary sphingolipids, on inflammation using the 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene‐treated BALB/c murine model. Oral administration of GluCer inhibited ear swelling and leukocyte infiltration to the inflammatory site, suggesting that dietary GluCer has anti‐inflammatory properties. ELISA analyses revealed that oral administration of GluCer for 6 days had not modified the Th1/Th2 balance, but significantly down‐regulated the activation of TNF‐α at the inflammatory site. Based on these results, the down‐regulation of TNF‐α by dietary GluCer may suppress vascular permeability and reduce the migration of inflammatory cells. Our findings increase understanding of the actions of dietary sphingolipids on the balance of the immune response.
Gemeindedolmetscherdienst Dresden – Mittler zwischen Kulturen und Sprachen
Authors: Wolf Hans-Joachim
Published: January 2011

Einleitung

Wenn Migranten zum Elterngespräch gebeten werden oder medizinische Hilfe benötigen, sind Verständnisprobleme auf sprachlicher aber auch auf kulturellere Ebene oft vorprogrammiert. Der Gemeindedolmetscherdienst Dresden qualifiziert Muttersprachler, die dann als Sprach- und Kulturmittler helfen, zwischen dem Gesundheits-, Sozial- und Bildungswesen auf der einen und den Migranten auf der anderen Seite sprachliche sowie kulturelle Verständigung und effektive Hilfe zu ermöglichen.
Is the East Antarctic ice sheet stable?
Authors: Pingree Katherine , Lurie Max , Hughes Terence
Published: January 2011

The Greenland and East and West Antarctic ice sheets are assessed as being the source of ice that produced an Eemian sea level 6 m higher than present sea level. The most probable source is total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accompanied by partial collapse of the adjacent sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in direct contact with the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This conclusion is reached by applying a simple formula relating the “floating fraction” of ice along flowlines to ice height above the bed. Increasing the floating fraction lowered ice elevations enough to contribute up to 4.7 m to global sea level. Adding 3.3 m resulting from total collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet accounts for the higher Eemian sea level. Partial gravitational collapse that produced the present ice drainage system of Amery Ice Shelf contributes 2.3 m to global sea level. These results cast doubt on the presumed stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, but destabilizing mechanisms remain largely unknown. Possibilities include glacial surges and marine instabilities at the respective head and foot of ice streams.
Antioxidant, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities of peptide fractions from fermented skim milk with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340
Authors: Qian Bingjun , Xing Meizi , Cui Lei , Deng Yun , Xu Yuqun , Huang Mini , Zhang Shaohui
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antihypertensive and immunomodulatory characteristics of skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340. Supernatants obtained from the ferments after centrifugation were subjected to ultrafiltration and yielded four peptidic fractions of 10–5 kDa, 5–3 kDa, 3–1 kDa, and <1·0 kDa. Peptides in 5–3 kDa range exhibited a good antioxidant activity. The peptides (<1·0 k) was applied to Superdex-30 G column fractionation and produced six fractions (F1–6). Fraction F2 presented the highest angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition activity with IC50 of 67·71±7·62 mg/ml. Moreover, fraction F6, which displayed a good immunomodulatory activity, had a positive effect on murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation with Stimulation Index of 0·729±0·123. The present data showed the potential of the milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340 as a functional food, however, further research is needed to evaluate the biofunctional activity of this fermentation product in vivo using model animal.
Vorticity inversion and action-at-a-distance instability in stably stratified shear flow
Authors: RABINOVICH A. , UMURHAN O. M. , HARNIK N. , LOTT F. , HEIFETZ E.
Published: January 2011

The somewhat counter-intuitive effect of how stratification destabilizes shear flows and the rationalization of the Miles–Howard stability criterion are re-examined in what we believe to be the simplest example of action-at-a-distance interaction between ‘buoyancy–vorticity gravity wave kernels’. The set-up consists of an infinite uniform shear Couette flow in which the Rayleigh–Fjørtoft necessary conditions for shear flow instability are not satisfied. When two stably stratified density jumps are added, the flow may however become unstable. At each density jump the perturbation can be decomposed into two coherent gravity waves propagating horizontally in opposite directions. We show, in detail, how the instability results from a phase-locking action-at-a-distance interaction between the four waves (two at each jump) but can as well be reasonably approximated by the interaction between only the two counter-propagating waves (one at each jump). From this perspective the nature of the instability mechanism is similar to that of the barotropic and baroclinic ones. Next we add a small ambient stratification to examine how the critical-level dynamics alters our conclusions. We find that a strong vorticity anomaly is generated at the critical level because of the persistent vertical velocity induction by the interfacial waves at the jumps. This critical-level anomaly acts in turn at a distance to dampen the interfacial waves. When the ambient stratification is increased so that the Richardson number exceeds the value of a quarter, this destructive interaction overwhelms the constructive interaction between the interfacial waves, and consequently the flow becomes stable. This effect is manifested when considering the different action-at-a-distance contributions to the energy flux divergence at the critical level. The interfacial-wave interaction is found to contribute towards divergence, that is, towards instability, whereas the critical-level–interfacial-wave interaction contributes towards an energy flux convergence, that is, towards stability.
Barang king banga: A Visayan language reading of the Calatagan pot inscription (CPI)
Authors: Guillermo Ramon G. , Paluga Myfel Joseph D.
Published: January 2011

The Calatagan pot, with an inscription around its rim, is one of the very few existing archeological evidences of ancient writing in the Philippines. It was discovered in Calatagan, Batangas and bought by the Philippine National Museum in 1961. Having since eluded decipherment, the present paper proposes a strategy which combines traditional palaeographic techniques and cryptographic methods. By means of this procedure, a tentative decipherment of the inscription is proposed here. The preliminary results show that the inscription is some kind of ancient spell or charm written in a central Philippine language with a Javanese admixture.
A general stiffness model for programmable matter and modular robotic structures
Authors: White Paul J. , Revzen Shai , Thorne Chris E. , Yim Mark
Published: January 2011

The fields of modular reconfigurable robotics and programmable matter study how to compose functionally useful systems from configurations of modules. In addition to the external shape of a module configuration, the internal arrangement of modules and bonds between them can greatly impact functionally relevant mechanical properties such as load bearing ability. A fast method to evaluate the mechanical property aids the search for an arrangement of modules achieving a desired mechanical property as the space of possible configurations grows combinatorially. We present a fast approximate method where the bonds between modules are represented with stiffness matrices that are general enough to represent a wide variety of systems and follows the natural modular decomposition of the system. The method includes nonlinear modeling such as anisotropic bonds and properties that vary as components flex. We show that the arrangement of two types of bonds within a programmable matter systems enables programming the apparent elasticity of the structure. We also present a method to experimentally determine the stiffness matrix for chain style reconfigurable robots. The efficacy of applying the method is demonstrated on the CKBot modular robot and two programmable matter systems: the Rubik's snake folding chain toy and a right angle tetrahedron chain called RATChET7mm. By allowing the design space to be rapidly explored we open the door to optimizing modular structures for desired mechanical properties such as enhanced load bearing and robustness.
The “Pencil in the Hand of the Indian”: Cross-Cultural Interactions in Natalie Curtis'sThe Indians' Book
Authors: Patterson Michelle Wick
Published: January 2011

Native American communities met the many challenges of the early twentieth century in ways that defy easy categories of “progressive” or “traditional.” Indian people used many different outlets, including cultural appeals to non-Indian audiences, to craft survival strategies. Natalie Curtis'sThe Indians' Book(1907), a collection of Native music, art, and folklore, became one of these outlets. Through an examination of the contributions made by two Native leaders, Lololomai (Hopi) and High Chief (Southern Cheyenne), this essay considers the ways in which local Native American leaders sought to shape popular representations of their tribes. Additionally, it explores how these leaders used Curtis's work to address local political and social issues in their communities. Their efforts to influence the themes ofThe Indians' Bookrepresents an attempt to, as historian Frederick Hoxie terms it, “talk back to civilization.”
Comments: Native Americans and Indian Policy in the Progressive Era
Authors: Smith Sherry
Published: January 2011

For years, scholars of Native American history have urged U. S. historians to integrate Indians into national narratives, explaining that Indians' experiences are central to the collective story rather than peripheral to it. They have achieved some successes in penetrating and reworking traditional European-American dominated accounts. Nowhere is this better demonstrated than in the field of colonial history. In fact, for several decades now colonialists have placed Native Americans at the center, seeing them as integral to imperial processes and as forces that simply can no longer be ignored. To omit them would be to leave out not only crucial participants but important themes. Native people occupied and owned the property European nations coveted. They consequently suffered great losses as imperialists bent on control of land, resources, cultures, and even souls applied their demographic and technological advantages. But conquest did not occur overnight. It took several centuries for Spain, France, the Netherlands, Russia, Great Britain, and eventually the United States to achieve continental and hemispheric dominance. Nor was it ever totally achieved. That 564 officially recognized tribes exist in the early 2000s in the United States demonstrates that complete conquest was never realized.
Topography of the Calabria subduction zone (southern Italy): Clues for the origin of Mt. Etna
Authors: Faccenna C. , Molin P. , Orecchio B. , Olivetti V. , Bellier O. , Funiciello F. , Minelli L. , Piromallo C. , Billi A.
Published: January 2011

Calabria represents an ideal site to analyze the topography of a subduction zone as it is located on top of a narrow active Wadati‐Benioff zone and shows evidence of rapid uplift. We analyzed a pattern of surface deformation using elevation data with different filters and showed the existence of a long wavelength (>100 km) relatively positive topographic signal at the slab edges. The elevation of MIS 5.5 stage marine terraces supports this pattern, although the record is incomplete and partly masked by the variable denudation rate. We performed structural analyses along the major active or recently reactivated normal faults showing that the extensional direction varies along the Calabrian Arc and laterally switches from arc‐normal, within the active portion of the slab, to arc‐oblique or even arc‐parallel, along the northern and southern slab edges. This surface deformation pattern was compared with a recent high resolution P wave tomographic model showing that the high seismic velocity anomaly is continuous only within the active Wadati‐Benioff zone, whereas the northern and southwestern sides are marked by low velocity anomalies, suggesting that large‐scale topographic bulges, volcanism, and uplift could have been produced by mantle upwelling. We present numerical simulations to visualize the three‐dimensional mantle circulation around a narrow retreating slab, ideally similar to the one presently subducting beneath Calabria. We emphasize that mantle upwelling and surface deformation are expected at the edges of the slab, where return flows may eventually drive decompression melting and the Mount Etna volcanism.
Sustainability, capitalism and evolution
Authors: Rull Valentí
Published: January 2011

Capitalism and sustainable development are mutually exclusive. To protect the environment we need to develop alternative economic systems, even if some predict the next man‐made mass extinction is already inevitable.
Do they or don't they? A synthesis of microbial response to environmental change
Authors: Balser Teri
Published: January 2011

Background/Question/Methods

Microbial communities have long been thought to possess infinite plasticity, yet evidence in recent years increasingly indicates compositional resistance to change.While this discovery may largely be due to the changing nature of soil biological research – with its move beyond single-season and single-factor experiments, it nevertheless highlights a critical area in current ecosystem studies and soil microbial ecology. Do they or don't they change? When? Under what circumstances? And does it matter?

Results/Conclusions

In this talk I review microbial community compositional shifts. First I address general microbial response to change – as individuals through their physiological stress responses and as communities through sorting and succession. I will highlight what we don’t know (e.g. microbial community ecology), as well as show data demonstrating what we do know about the surprising resistance of microbial communities to change some times, but not others. Second, I will explore the potential importance of temporal scale and acute versus chronic change in impacting microbial communities. Finally I will question whether ultimately it matters at all anyway.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Microbial responses to changes in land use
Authors: Mueller Rebecca , Nüsslein Klaus , Rodrigues Jorge , Tiedje James , Pellizari Vivian , Feigl Brigitte , Bohannan Brendan
Published: January 2011

Background/Question/Methods

Land use change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. This is especially true for land use change that results in the destruction of intact forest, or "deforestation”. Deforestation is causing a loss of biological diversity on an unprecedented scale, especially in the Tropics. It is unclear how the majority of the biodiversity on Earth – microbial biodiversity – is responding to these extraordinary rates of deforestation. I will provide an overview of our current understanding of microbial responses to deforestation. I will focus, as an example, on our current research regarding the effects of deforestation on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacteria and archaea within Amazon Rainforest soils. This study takes advantage of an established chronosequence of primary rainforest, pastures of various ages, and secondary rainforest to determine the effect of deforestation on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of soil microorganisms, assayed using culture-independent methods.

Results/Conclusions

There is increasing evidence that deforestation significantly affects microbial diversity, and that “recovery” of microbial diversity in secondary forest soils is incomplete. For example, rarefaction curves suggest that the accumulation of AMF taxa is higher for Amazon primary forest soil relative to secondary forest soil. In addition, the community composition varies with land use; three AMF taxa were shared between primary and secondary forests, seven were found only in primary forest, and three were found exclusively in secondary forest soil. We also observed that the phylogenetic diversity of AMF is more reduced in secondary forest soils than expected given the regional pool of AMF taxa.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Examining methanogens in northern peatlands: Potential role of ecological and latitudinal trends
Authors: Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby
Published: January 2011

Background/Question/Methods

Peatlands are a type of wetlands where accumulation of organic matter exceeds its decomposition. They are primarily distributed in northern latitudes and store more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem (~455 Pg). Methane (CH4) production is one of the most important microbially-driven processes relevant to the global influence of peatlands in carbon cycling and atmospheric change. Multiple factors have been found to affect CH4 production in peatlands. However, little is known about the Archaea performing this process. Geochemical, molecular, culturing and genomics techniques have allowed us to pursue questions about the diversity, abundance, distribution, and adaptations of methanoarchaea inhabiting peatlands.

Results/Conclusions

Novel methanoarchaeal groups dominated 16S rRNA gene surveys in bogs and fens from upstate NY. NY bogs were almost completely dominated by a novel group in the order Methanomicrobiales, named E2, while a minerotrophic fen was codominated by a sister group, named E1, plus members of the Methanosaetacea family. Further evidence from vertical profiles suggested the differential abundance of E1 versus E2 correlated with fen to bog transitions. These ecological patterns were further evaluated in a broader set of bogs and fens from North America and Europe. Two patterns of community composition were observed amongst sites: a bog to fen ecological pattern for sites in temperate latitudes, and a temperate to boreal/subartic latitudinal pattern.Our results suggest that methanoarchaeal composition can be influenced by local (fen versus bog) and regional (latitude) regimes. Recent culturing efforts have succeeded in isolating a representative of E2 and E1: Methanoregula boonei and Methanosphaerula palustris, respectively. The evaluation of the physiology and genomic composition of our novel methanogens are providing initial clues on their adaptations to the different gradients found amongst peatlands.These observations provide an initial understanding of methanoarchaeal communities, and propose that ecological and latitudinal patterns should be considered for better predicting the effects of global climate change on peatland methanogenesis.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Microbial adaptations to envrionmental change: a moving target for global change ecology
Authors: Wallenstein Matthew , Evans Sarah
Published: January 2011

Background/Question/Methods

As the abiotic conditions that structure biological communities and elicit physiological responses continue to change at an unprecedented rate, we need to understand how biological responses to global change will affect ecosystem functioning. A number of studies have detected shifts in the structure of microbial communities in response to experimental warming, elevated CO2 altered precipitation, and increased N deposition. However, since the links between microbial phylogeny and function are poorly understood, it can be challenging to predict how these changes in community structure will affect the rates of specific processes. It is often assumed that the high diversity of microbial communities makes them functionally redundant, and thus changes in community composition should have no direct effects. This paradigm has resulted in model structures that famously represent microbes as ‘black boxes'. Recently, significant progress has been made in linking microbial community structure to function, and efforts have been made to incorporate microbial physiology into biogeochemical models.

Results/Conclusions

Most efforts to predict the rates of microbially driven processes under future climates have extrapolated contemporary relationships between abiotic drivers and process rates, derived from either short-term lab studies under artificial conditions, or from large-scale patterns across resource or climate gradients. This approach assumes that the nature of these relationships will not change through time. However, recent studies have shown that microbial communities can acclimate to changing environments over time. For example, we recently found that the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration decreased in response to experimental warming in forest mineral soils. This mechanism may contribute to the ephemeral stimulation of respiration following experimental warming that has been observed at many sites, and has important implications for soil C responses to climate change. Other research suggests the ability of microbes to adapt to environmental change can be constrained by nutrient availability. In aquatic systems, the ability of bacteria to acclimate to temperature regimes, possibly through modifcations in cell wall structure, can be limited by P. Similarly, in soils, N availability can modify the balance of r vs K selected microbes, thus altering the ability of microbial communities to utilize short-lived pulses in C availability due to rhizodeposition or precipitation events. Ongoing research will elucidate the specific nature of biological adaptation and acclimation that will enable us to better constrain ecosystem response to global change and manage for preferential outcomes.*The audio track for talks in this symposium may be obtained at the following web address:**https://sites.google.com/site/esa2010symposium13audiocontent/esa2010-symposium13-audio-content*
Querying Drosophila In-Situ Expression Data using SPARQL and D2RQ
Authors: Mungall Chris
Published: January 2011

I describe a SPARQL endpoint for a database containing annotated images of gene expression in fruitfly embryogenesis. The images depict the actual expression of genes at a microscopic level using a technique called insitu hybridisation. The results were recorded in a relational database, and the images were annotated using the fly anatomy ontology.
P-Stereogenic Ligands in Enantioselective Catalysis
Authors: Grabulosa Arnald
Published: January 2011

P-stereogenic ligands were among the first to be used in asymmetric catalysis but synthetic difficulties and prejudices have hampered their development. However, continuous screening for new chiral ligands means that they can no longer be ignored and this rigorous reference source reflects their renaissance. The book is filled with many examples from recent primary literature. The synthetic chemist will easily be able to follow the preparation methods which are accompanied by a description of the challenges and limitations. Those working in homogenous catalysis, and wanting to increase their repertoire of ligands, will be able to establish which have already been used in each reaction and their performance. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the application of P-stereogenic ligands in homogeneous catalysis. It begins with a brief chapter on generalities of P-stereogenic compounds: history, configurational stability, and interconversions among them.The book then goes on to describe the main preparative methods, from resolution of racemates to enantioselective catalysis, before focusing on the catalytic applications of P-stereogenic ligands. Chapter 7 describes the use of the ligands in catalytic hydrogenation and related reactions whereas chapter 8 deals with other reactions, mainly C-C bond forming reactions. The aim of these two final chapters is to give an outline of the usefulness of the ligands in homogeneous catalysis.
Resonance enhanced dynamic light scattering
Authors: Plum Markus A. , Menges Bernhard , Fytas George , Butt Hans-Jürgen , Steffen Werner
Published: January 2011

We present a novel light scattering setup that enables probing of dynamics near solid surfaces. An evanescent wave generated by a surface plasmon resonance in a metal layer is the incident light field in the dynamic light scattering experiment. The combination of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering leads to a spatiotemporal resolution extending a few hundred nanometers from the surface and from microseconds to seconds. The comparison with evanescent wave dynamic light scattering identifies the advantages of the presented technique, e.g., surface monitoring, use of metal surfaces, and biorelevant systems. For both evanescent wave geometries, we define the scattering wave vector necessary for the analysis of the experimental relaxation functions.
On a wave-particle in closed and open isotropic universes
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C.
Published: January 2011

The Klein–Gordon equation satisfied by the wave function in general relativity is solved for the metric of the closed and open universe corresponding to Einstein–De Sitter–Friedmann isotropic cosmological model. The angular dependences are specified by spherical harmonics for the longitude and latitude, and for the hyperlatitude by modified spherical harmonics having as variable circular functions for the closed universe and hyperbolic functions for the open universes. The time dependence of the probabilistic wave function is similar for the closed and open universes and is obtained in the following three cases: (I) constant Hubble parameter, (II) constant decceleration parameter, and (III) uniform matter and energy distribution, which corresponds to the Hubble parameter a linear function of time. Thus six solutions are obtained, namely, the three cases I–III each for closed and open isotropic universes. For each of these six solutions is considered: (i) the existence of singularities in space–time including asymptotic time in the future or past, (ii) the square integrability of the wave function over the full extent of the four-dimensional space–time, and (iii) the existence or otherwise of a positive probability density associated with the wave function.
Inelastic hosts as electrodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Kejie , Pharr Matt , Vlassak Joost J. , Suo Zhigang
Published: January 2011

Silicon can host a large amount of lithium, making it a promising electrode for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. Upon absorbing lithium, silicon swells several times its volume; the deformation often induces large stresses and pulverizes silicon. Recent experiments, however, indicate that under certain conditions lithiation causes inelastic deformation. This paper models such an inelastic host of lithium by considering diffusion, elastic-plastic deformation, and fracture. The model shows that fracture is averted for a small and soft host—an inelastic host of a small feature size and low yield strength.
The use of two-phase molecular dynamics simulations to determine the phase behavior and critical point of propane molecular models
Authors: Patel Sonal , Wilding W. Vincent , Rowley Richard L.
Published: January 2011

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to determine two-phase configurations of model propane molecules below the critical point and in the near-critical, two-phase region. A postprocessor that uses a Monte Carlo method for determination of volumes attributable to each molecule was used to obtain density histograms of the particles from which the bulk coexisting equilibrium vapor and liquid densities were determined. This method of analyzing coexisting densities in a two-phase simulation is straightforward and can be easily implemented for complex, multisite models. Various degrees of internal flexibility in the propane models have little effect on the coexisting densities at temperatures 40 K or more below the critical point, but internal flexibility (angle bending and bond vibrations) does affect the saturated liquid densities in the near-critical region, changing the critical temperature by approximately 20 K. Shorter cutoffs were also found to affect the phase dome and the location of the critical point.
Long-range dynamic correlations in a compressible viscous fluid confined in a circular tube
Authors: Felderhof B. U.
Published: January 2011

A set of simplified one-dimensional hydrodynamic equations proposed for the description of transient small amplitude flow of a compressible viscous fluid in a linear channel is tested by comparison with exact results for a circular tube obtained from the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. There is a qualitative agreement between the approximate and exact results, but for the simplified calculation the amplitude of the algebraic long-time tail is a factor of 2 too small.
Electrochemical impedance analysis of electric field dependence of the permittivity of SrTiO3 and TiO2 single crystals
Authors: Matsumoto Yuji , Takata Shintaro , Tanaka Ryohei , Hachiya Atsushi
Published: January 2011

Electric field dependence of the permittivity of Nb-doped SrTiO3(001) (Nb:STO) and Nb-doped TiO2 (110) (Nb:TiO2) were investigated by using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. The plots for Nb:STO could be well fitted to extrapolate the flat-band potential and the donor density, provided that a model of the electric field dependence of the permittivity of STO is incorporated into the conventional Mott–Schottky equation. The constants that represents a degree of the electric field dependence of the permittivity were calculated from the fitting parameters, and they were in good agreement with the reported values for the Nb:STO-based solid-state Schottky junction. In a similar way, the electric field dependence of the permittivity of Nb:TiO2 was revealed but it was not so strong as the case of Nb:STO, which is a basis for the validity of the linear fitting approximation with the conventional Mott–Schottky equation for TiO2.
Synthesizing metamaterials with angularly independent effective medium properties based on an anisotropic parameter retrieval technique coupled with a genetic algorithm
Authors: Jiang Zhi Hao , Bossard Jeremy A. , Wang Xiande , Werner Douglas H.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we present a method to retrieve the effective electromagnetic parameters of a slab of anisotropic metamaterial from reflection and transmission coefficients (or scattering parameters). In this retrieval method, calculated or measured scattering parameters are employed for plane waves incident obliquely on a metamaterial slab at different angles. Useful analytical expressions are derived for extracting the homogeneous anisotropic medium parameters of a metamaterial. To validate the method, the effective permittivity and permeability tensor parameters for a composite split-ring resonator-wire array are retrieved and shown to be consistent with observations previously reported in the literature. This retrieval method is further incorporated into a genetic algorithm (GA) to synthesize an infrared zero-index-metamaterial with a wide field-of-view, demonstrating the utility of the new design approach. The anisotropic parameter retrieval algorithm, when combined with a robust optimizer such as GA, can provide a powerful design tool for exploiting the anisotropic properties in metamaterials to achieve specific angle dependant or independent responses.
Structure and magnetism of Ge3Mn5 clusters
Authors: Jain A. , Jamet M. , Barski A. , Devillers T. , Yu I.-S. , Porret C. , Bayle-Guillemaud P. , Favre-Nicolin V. , Gambarelli S. , Maurel V. , Desfonds G. , Jacquot J. F. , Tardif S.
Published: January 2011

We have grown Ge3Mn5 clusters by codepositing germanium and manganese atoms on Ge(001) substrates using low temperature molecular beam epitaxy and further annealing the films at high temperature. Clusters are spherical and randomly distributed in the germanium film in epitaxial relationship with the diamond lattice. They exhibit a broad size distribution. By performing a careful x-ray diffraction analysis, we could find that 97% of Ge3Mn5 clusters have their c-axis perpendicular to the film plane while 3% exhibit in-plane c-axis. We could also show a slight in-plane distortion of the Ge3Mn5 lattice leading to a reduction of uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. These observations are well confirmed by complementary superconducting quantum interference device and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements.
Ultimate scaling of TiN/ZrO2/TiN capacitors: Leakage currents and limitations due to electrode roughness
Authors: Jegert Gunther , Kersch Alfred , Weinreich Wenke , Lugli Paolo
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we investigate the influence of electrode roughness on the leakage current in TiN/high-κ ZrO2/TiN (TZT) thin-film capacitors which are used in dynamic random access memory cells. Based on a microscopic transport model, which is expanded to incorporate electrode roughness, we assess the ultimate scaling potential of TZT capacitors in terms of equivalent oxide thickness, film smoothness, thickness fluctuations, defect density and distribution, and conduction band offset (CBO). The model is based on three-dimensional, fully self-consistent, kinetic Monte Carlo transport simulations. Tunneling transport in the bandgap of the dielectric is treated, which includes defect-assisted transport mechanisms. Electrode roughness is described in the framework of fractal geometry. While the short-range roughness of the electrodes is found not to influence significantly the leakage current, thickness fluctuations of the dielectric have a major impact. For thinner dielectric films they cause a transformation of the dominant transport mechanism from Poole–Frenkel conduction to trap-assisted tunneling. Consequently, the sensitivity of the leakage current on electrode roughness drastically increases on downscaling. Based on the simulations, optimization of the CBO is suggested as the most viable strategy to extend the scalability of TZT capacitors over the next chip generations.
Evidence of tetragonal nanodomains in the high-pressure polymorph of BaTiO3
Authors: Ehm L. , Borkowski L. A. , Parise J. B. , Ghose S. , Chen Z.
Published: January 2011

The pressure induced P4mm→Pm3¯m phase transition in BaTiO3 perovskite was investigated by x-ray total scattering. The evolution of the structure was analyzed by fitting pair distribution functions over a pressure range from ambient pressure up to 6.85(7) GPa. Evidence for the existence of tetragonal ferroelectric nanodomains at high pressure was found. The average size of the nanodomains in the high-pressure phase decreases with increasing pressure. Extrapolation of the domain size to pressures higher than studied experimentally suggests a disappearance of the ferroelectric domains at about 9.3(5) GPa and a cubic symmetry of BaTiO3 high-pressure phase.
Simultaneous gettering and emitter formation in multicrystalline-Si wafers by annealing phosphorus doped amorphous silicon compounds
Authors: Ferré Rafel , Martín Isidro , Trassl Roland , Alcubilla Ramon , Brendel Rolf
Published: January 2011

We demonstrate gettering of metal impurities in p-type multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers by annealing wafers that are surface passivated by double layers of amorphous silicon-based compounds acting as gettering sites. As inner layer we use a phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon-carbon-nitrogen alloy, providing surface passivation and acting as dopant source for the emitter formation during subsequent anneal. The outer layer is silicon nitride with antireflective properties. Anneals are done at 750, 800, and 850 °C for 30 and 60 min. The gettering effect is as good as for a conventional POCl3 diffusion followed by extended gettering at low temperature, and it is weakly influenced by the temperature step chosen. In the range explored, the sheet resistances of the emitters and the junction depths lay between 3000 to 60 Ω/sq. and 100–300 nm, respectively.
Hybrid exchange-correlation functional study of the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the MAX phases
Authors: Ramzan M. , Lebègue S. , Ahuja R.
Published: January 2011

In this letter, we report on our results obtained with the hybrid functional HSE06 on the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the MAX phases. As a sample, we choose Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC, V2AlC, Nb2AlC, Ta2AlC, V2GeC, Ti3SiC2, and Ti4AlN3, which cover all the known types of MAX phases. From our calculations, we have found that V2GeC has the magnetically ordered ground state. Our results are compared to available experimental data, and it is shown that the HSE06 functional can be used as a predictive tool to study the properties of this family of compounds.