bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of COVID on Elderly Adults With Dementia and Other Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Silton Nava R. , McClellan Alexandra
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic was particularly problematic for vulnerable populations. Elderly individuals with cognitive disabilities were a particularly high-risk group. The present review utilized the findings of previous studies to examine the implications of COVID-19 on the lives of elderly populations living with cognitive disabilities, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The findings of this literature review revealed significant changes in psychological and cognitive health, as well as the mortality rate of patients with cognitive disabilities. Analysis of the study results suggested that the effects of COVID-19-induced isolation led to notable adverse changes in the psychological and cognitive health of those presenting with mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, findings revealed the substantial impact of the COVID-19 virus infection on the mortality of these populations. In many cases, COVID-19 led to a worsening of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms and to an increase in mortality.
The Effects of COVID-19-Imposed School Closures on Children
Authors: Brussier Ingrid Carla
Published: April 2022

This literature review investigates the numerous ways COVID-19-imposed school closures have impacted children, primarily in the United States. The pandemic forced schools to abruptly switch classes from an in-person to a remote-learning format. Remote learning, which is primarily conducted online, is predicted to significantly impact children's academic learning. In addition, this literature review considers the mental health implications of school closures in conjunction with pandemic-related stressors. Research across the world suggests that lockdowns and stressors caused by COVID-19 may lead to an increased risk of developing mood disorders among children. Also investigated are school closures, which have also disproportionately affected children from financially disadvantaged families. The impact of school closures on children's physical health is discussed since it has been predicted to raise childhood obesity. The adversities teachers encountered during this abrupt switch to online teaching and implications on their mental health are also investigated.
Erikson's Stages
Authors: Lopez Ariana
Published: April 2022

This chapter will take a closer look at the COVID-19 pandemic and its underlying effects on human development in relation to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. Erikson developed his eight stages of psychosocial development in 1950, and they have been used as development benchmarks ever since. The authors look at trust vs. mistrust and the inability of some parents to adequately care for their children in the current climate, followed by autonomy vs. shame and doubt and the lack of independence children may have been able to experience. Thirdly is initiative vs. guilt and the inability children had to develop curiosity about the world. The final stage of childhood, industry vs. inferiority, has been affected by the restriction of social interaction. The fifth stage is identity vs. role confusion, which is a time that has been plagued by an onset of increased substance use and abuse. We then see the first stage of adulthood, intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation, in which many have been unable to marry or start families. This continues into middle adulthood, generativity vs. self-absorption or stagnation, during which many have been either unable to start a family or have suddenly been unable to care for their families. The final stage in late adulthood, integrity vs. despair, has been impacted by isolated seniors forced into retirement or isolation in homes. Despite each developmental stage being affected by this pandemic, the authors are hopeful that by educating ourselves about our own development and our immediate environments, we will be able to nurture its continuing growth.
The Changing Landscape of Children's Media During the Pandemic
Authors: Colie Regina
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the evolution of children's media, particularly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The last two years have been filled with drastic changes and unexpected challenges, so adaptability has been essential in continuing to produce children's content. This chapter will begin with the early versions of children's television with the release of Sesame Street in 1969. Then it will transition to the present day, with the beginning of the pandemic, which resulted in global lockdowns that caused school closures. From March 2020 to the present day, Zoom became the norm for children and their families. Teachers taught their students through computer screens, and parents held virtual meetings to maintain contact with their colleagues. Finally, the chapter will conclude with how entertainment companies had to provide TV shows and films from home. This chapter is a testament to the transitional and adaptive techniques of children's networks, such as television shows and schools, used throughout this pandemic to maintain stability.
An Introduction to NeutroOrderSemihypergroups
Authors: Al-Tahan Madeleine Ali , Anis Osman Mohammad , Salama Ahmed A. , Rojas-Gualdron Rafael
Published: April 2022

Neutroosphy is the study of neutralities founded by Smarandache in 1998. Starting with a partial order on a NeutroSemihypergroup, the authors get a NeutroHyperstructure. If it satisfies the conditions of NeutroOrder, it becomes a NeutroOrderSemihypergroup. This chapter introduces the field of NeutroOrderHyperstructures by considering a special class of it: NeutroOrderSemihypergroups. Some new definitions are provided, some properties of the new defined concepts are investigated, and illustrative examples are presented.
Neutro Ordered Ring
Authors: Hatip Ahmed , Olgun Necati
Published: April 2022

The objective of this chapter is to introduce the concept of Neutro Ordered Rings by considering three Neutro Axioms (Neutro Abelian Group [additive], Neutro Semi group [multiplicative], and Neutro Distributive [multiplication over addition]) and total ordered relation or partially ordered relation. The concepts of Neutro Ordered Rings, Neutro Ordered Subrings, Neutro Ordered Ideals, Neutro Ordered Quotient Rings, and Neutro Ordered Ring Homomorphisms are presented. Moreover, several interesting results were reached, and a lot of illustrative examples were added.
NeutroAlgebra of Ideals in a Ring
Authors: Kandasamy Ilanthenral , B. Vasantha W. , Smarandache Florentin
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the authors define operations ‘+' and ‘×' on the substructure ideals of the ring. They find under what conditions the collection of ideals are NeutroAlgebra under + and ×. The study is carried out in the case of Z and Z_n, the ring of integers and ring of modulo integers, respectively, where n is a composite number. This study is extended to the case of polynomial rings R[x], Q[x], Z[x], and Z_n [x] where R and Q are real and rational, respectively. Some open problems based on this study are proposed.
Quadripartitioned Single-Valued Neutrosophic Hypergroup
Authors: Granados Carlos
Published: April 2022

The study of neutroalgebra has become one of the topics of great interest for researchers from different areas, where neutroGroup, neutro BCK-algebra, neutro Lie algebras, single valued neutro algebra, and others have been studied. This is why, in this work, the authors define the concept of quadripartitioned single-valued neutrosophic hypergroup as the initial concept of quadripartitioned single-valued neutrosophic hyper-algebra. They prove some properties on quadripartitioned single-valued neutrosophic hypergroup. The notion of NeutroQuadripartitionedSingleValuedHypergroup was defined, and some future research directions were proposed.
On NeutroSemigroups
Authors: Agboola Abdul Akeem Adesina , Ibrahim Muritala Abiodun , Hassan-Ibrahim Zulaihat , Adeleke Emmanuel O.
Published: April 2022

The focus of this chapter is on the study of NeutroSemigroups. NeutroSemigroups are alternatives to the classical semigroups where the closure law is allowed to be either partially well defined (with the degree of truth T) or partially indeterminate (with the degree of indeterminacy I) or partially outer defined (with the degree of falsehood F), and associative axiom is equally allowed to be either partially true (with the degree of truth T) or partially indeterminate (with the degree of indeterminacy I) or partially outer defined (with the degree of falsehood F). Elementary properties of NeutroSemigroups with interesting examples are presented.
Supply Chain Practice Towards Resilience
Authors: Saleheen Ferdoush , Habib Md Mamun
Published: April 2022

The global pandemic outbreak has been affecting an enormous impact on people's lives and societies. It is evident that crafting the supply chain procedures and results based upon cost-competitiveness are no longer adequate and businesses will be required to reconsider approaches that hold “risk-competitiveness” to warrant resilience moving forward. In this context, the Bangladesh supply chain industry is no exception. The supply chain practitioners have faced an unprecedented challenge from the supplier timely shipment failure to a long delay in the voyage, congestion at transshipment and at the customs, delay in the clearance procedure, and finally, difficulties in the distribution. This chapter justifies the current global disruption demands to revalidate the supply chain performance measurement (SCPM) of an organization, and the Bangladeshi supply chain needs to become more agile and adaptable to these acute crisis moments and should emphasize building effective response strategies.
Supply Chain Techno-Umbrella for Supply Chain Resilience
Authors: Veluthakkal Jayashree , Krishnamurthi Subramani , Praveenraj David W. , Mohanty Sagyan Sagarika , Selvaraj Franklin John
Published: April 2022

The pandemic has devastated the whole economy with losing many human lives as well. The hard-hit aspect of the pandemic was gathering the people in public and working together in any industry. It has resulted in a deviation of planning in the supply chain and its related services. Technology adoption has dramatically changed many organizations' revenue patterns with high income on technology adoption and low income on non-adoption. The timeline of technology adoption was also the biggest concern for many firms because of restrictions on the people's movement. The research has been done on technology usage in different supply chain functions and its effectiveness in business performance. The chapter contents displayed the possible outcomes of the technology and its importance of adoption. The supply chain techno-umbrella has been portrayed as a saver of the pandemic during the non-revenue time. The chapter also described the various available forms of technology in the decision-making of the supply chain processes.
Green Supply Chain Management Post-COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Srivastava Babita
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the author reviews the literature to understand the association between the adoption of green supply chain practices and abnormal returns during COVID-19 outbreak to test whether companies adopting green supply chain policies experienced lesser negative returns during the market collapse. In this chapter, the author discusses various drivers for establishing sustainability in supply chain following the COVID-19 pandemic and establishes an empirical relation between sustainability and effectiveness. The following topics are highlighted in this chapter: (1) introduction to green supply chain management, (2) environmental benefit of green supply chain management, (3) economic aspect of green supply chain management, (4) trend in supply chain management, (5) sustainable supply chain and COVID-19, (6) drivers of supply chain sustainability in context of COVID-19, and (7) green supply chain management policies.
Supply Chain Risks in Transportation and Distribution
Authors: El Bhilat El Mehdi , Hamidi Lalla Saadia
Published: April 2022

The coronavirus pandemic has massively disrupted supply chain performance at the global and local stage, and the concept of supply chain risk management and resilience has been pushed to the forefront. In order to overcome all these challenges and changes, it's time for businesses and supply chains to learn from the past and to develop new strategical and organizational dimensions and to be ready with alternative strategy which has not been widely discussed, 'risks mitigation in distribution', to ensure the delivery of final products to the end consumers. This chapter presents a review of literature that addresses supply chains risks, which are generated in transportation and distribution. In this regard, it's crucial to bring to light as well some measures and strategies that companies can implement to cope with the risks caused by some disruptions. These include the rising importance of safety, digitalization, and the need to revisit the meaning of efficiency in transportation and distribution management.
E-Government Cybersecurity Modeling in the Context of Software-Defined Networks
Authors: Ujjan Raja Majid Ali , Taj Imran , Brohi Sarfraz Nawaz
Published: April 2022

Currently, information and communication technologies are going in advance, allowing more information to be distributed globally via the internet superhighway. While being interconnected to the virtual world, people are becoming increasingly focused, large, and smart, needing the development of new solutions that will be implemented and robust network security systems. When the information is being handled in the applications, it is vulnerable to attack at every stage, and it is impossible to handle it in a separate manner, as traditional security systems have done. The introduction of software-defined networks (SDN) has provided a novel perspective on data security, since the network may assist in the construction of stable and safe continuity in the context of risks posed by the internet. The structure of SDN, particularly its gradual construction and centralization of network data and mechanisms, has pushed us to consider security from a strategy-practiced standpoint. The major goal of this chapter is to give detailed an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the area of SDN security and its significance in the context of e-government applications.
Empowered Reading Circles and Transliteracy
Authors: Zorrilla María Luisa , Hernández-Levi Enzo Renato
Published: April 2022

For decades, reading circles have been important both as strategies to promote reading and as social environments for talking about what has been read. This chapter presents two educational experiences based on reading circles and empowered with the use of ICT in two private middle schools in Mexico: the enriched reading circle (ERC), a hybrid experience, and the online participatory reading circle (OPRC), a virtual experience. The second one was implemented in the context of physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of both projects was to promote participatory reading and to develop transliteracy skills; this chapter presents some of the results.
The Global Supply Chain Management System Involving the ASEAN Industrial Clusters
Authors: Saisho Tetsuro
Published: April 2022

In the ASEAN, as a national industrial policy, many industrial clusters, such as industrial parks, have been established, and the region is experiencing dynamic growth through foreign direct investment. In the industrial clusters of the ASEAN, attracting foreign companies has had a great economic spillover effect, including increased employment of workers and creation of demand in the region. In addition, among the ASEAN countries, especially Thailand and the neighboring CLMV nations, the construction of a global supply chain, with distribution systems such as the East-West Economic Corridor, North-South Economic Corridor, and Southern Economic Corridor, is increasing the countries' connectivity. The regional GSC with neighboring countries is an international business system based on collaboration between cross-border industrial clusters and other business entities, here involving the logistics systems of the ASEAN countries. In this study, the authors consider the current situation and issues regarding the cross-border GSC that Thailand is developing with its neighbors in the ASEAN.
Evolutional Characteristics of the Global Supply Chain in Various Industries
Authors: Zhou Yanghua
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, a literature review and abstract analysis is conducted on the evolutional characteristics of the global supply chain in various industries of the developed country of Japan and the emerging economy of China, respectively. It finds that in both countries, with the advancement of Industry 4.0, high-tech approaches, such as big data, AI, and DX, are gradually being utilized in the GSC. These approaches greatly contribute to its improvement in terms of efficiency, performance, and anti-risk capabilities. In addition, reducing costs and raising efficiency are effective measures for optimizing the GSC. Specifically, warehouse integration, positioning of warehouses, matching and sharing consumers' needs with both suppliers and agencies, further informatization and visualization of goods, innovative packing methods, reducing container numbers, and storage points are worth considering. A common SC platform and better SC resilience are expected. Other specific measures are also discussed.
Hybrid Reinforced Aluminium Composites Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Fabricated via Powder Metallurgy Technique
Authors: Nassef Belal G. , Daha Mohamed A. , Nassef Mohamed G.A.
Published: April 2022

Recently, carbonaceous materials, such as graphene, have proven to be promising additives that show considerable improvements in mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium-based composites. In this present investigation, novel aluminium based hybrid composite specimens of various RGO and Al2O3 contents are prepared using powder metallurgy technique. The composite specimens have been tested in wear and microhardness. The results show that the hybrid composite containing 0.3 wt.% RGO-5 wt.% Al2O3 experiences the highest wear resistance with a hardness of about 76 HV among the tested composite specimens. The improvement in properties in the optimized hybrid composite was found to be much higher when compared to hybrid Aluminium Composites in literature fabricated using other techniques.
Controversies in Acute Stroke Treatment
Authors: Brethour Mary K. , Nyström Karin V. , Broughton Sandra , Kiernan Terri E. , Perez Amy , Handler Diane , Swatzell Victoria , Yang Joanna Jiehong , Starr Michele , Seagraves Karen B. , Cudlip Fern , Biby Sharon , Tocco Susan , Owens Pauline , Alexandrov Anne W.
Published: April 2022

The evidence base supporting the management of patients with acute stroke is evolving at a rapid rate, as new methods that aim to reduce disability and death from stroke are explored. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator remains the only treatment shown in numerous studies to reduce disability 3 months after stroke with no increase in the risk of death and a relatively minor rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage complications. Despite these findings, health care providers have been slow to adopt this evidence-based treatment, which results in many patients experiencing disability caused by stroke. Numerous controversies exist related to the management of patients with acute stroke, including the use of tissue plasminogen activator, positioning and early mobility, blood pressure lowering in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, and even the use of innovative advanced practice nurse–led stroke treatment teams, with varying amounts of evidence available to provide direction. This article explores controversies associated with both approved and evolving treatments for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and makes recommendations for practice on the basis of the body of existing evidence, with an aim to improve the delivery of acute stroke treatment.
Islam, Brain Death, and Transplantation
Authors: Arbour Richard , AlGhamdi Hanan Mesfer Saad , Peters Linda
Published: April 2022

A significant gap exists between availability of organs for transplant and patients with end-stage organ failure for whom organ transplantation is the last treatment option. Reasons for this mismatch include inadequate approach to potential donor families and donor loss as a result of refractory cardiopulmonary instability during and after brainstem herniation. Other reasons include inadequate cultural competence and sensitivity when communicating with potential donor families. Clinicians may not have an understanding of the cultural and religious perspectives of Muslim families of critically ill patients who may be approached about brain death and organ donation. This review analyzes Islamic cultural and religious perspectives on organ donation, transplantation, and brain death, including faith-based directives from Islamic religious authorities, definitions of death in Islam, and communication strategies when discussing brain death and organ donation with Muslim families. Optimal family care and communication are highlighted using case studies and backgrounds illustrating barriers and approaches with Muslim families in the United States and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that can improve cultural competence and family care as well as increase organ availability within the Muslim population and beyond.
Partial-to-Severe Lost Circulation Sealed Off During Deepwater Cementing Operations Utilizing an Engineered LCM Spacer and Cement Fiber Slurry Design
Authors: Ramirez Hector , Bowman Joseph , Melder Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Lost circulation has become one of the major technical risks while drilling a well. It can also represent much higher costs when unplanned rig time adds up to the well's total cost. A new tailored spacer system (TSS) engineered with loss circulation material (LCM) identified further on as an engineered LCM spacer (ELS) plus a cement slurry with fibers are evaluated in this discussion to effectively seal off partial-to-severe losses in deepwater cementing operations maximizing the success of planned zonal isolation in front of production zones.

Comprehensive engineering and operational reviews were conducted in order to provide a best-in-class solution to minimize the losses in the well-known troublesome Mississippi Canyon (MC) block of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), adding LCM into both the spacer and the cement backed up with software analysis and laboratory testing.
A Digital Twin for Computing Dynamic Watch Circles on a Dynamically Positioned MODU
Authors: Kucukcoban Sezgin , Kluk Daniel Joseph , Pestana Rafael Guimarães , da Silva Magno Almeida , da Costa Daniel Mattos Gonçalves , Machado Rodrigo Chamusca , Xavier Cristiano Venancio , Santiago Marcos Vinicius Sampaio
Published: April 2022

A digital twin representing the drilling system of a dynamically positioned (DP) mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) has been developed and deployed in offshore Brazil. The primary output of the digital twin is a set of dynamic watch circles which are generated based off the predicted drift-off behavior of the MODU under real-time environmental conditions. The watch circles, together with vessel and weather status information, are displayed to the crew on board and updated on an hourly basis.

This paper describes the development of the software platform on which the digital twin is built, together with the underlying drilling system model and solution parameters, which uniquely include the effect of the marine riser restoring force. Integration with external data streams is presented, including vessel position and heading, riser tension, and environmental data (wind, wave, and current). The system outputs, including the local user interface on the vessel and the output data stream to the operator’s real-time data center via the WITSML protocol, are also described.

The digital twin with dynamic watch circle output has been successfully utilized on a campaign of shallow-water wells for plug-and-abandonment (P&A) operations in concert with BOP tethering and subsea realtime monitoring systems. Together, these systems ensured safe operations and wellhead protection in a challenging environment for dynamically positioned MODUs. Additionally, the operator was able to gather correlated data streams monitoring the weather conditions, vessel status, dynamic watch circle estimation, subsea drilling system status, and tether loads.

The digital twin and dynamic watch circle system enables drilling and completion operations to be performed under conditions judged to be untenable when evaluated via traditional operability analysis methods involving statistically predicted environmental conditions.
Mooring Integrity Management Through Digital Twin and Standardized Inspection Data Phase 2
Authors: Matsumoto Shunsaku , Jaiswal Vivek , Sugimura Tadashi , Yoshida Kohei , Ishii Hidekazu , Tsukahara Keisuke , Honjo Shintaro , Szalewski Piotr , Kumar Praveen , Rajput Amit
Published: April 2022

This paper summarizes a current outcome of DeepStar project titled, "21164 Standardization of Inspection to Enable Digital Twin (Phase 2)", which develops a digital twin framework for mooring chains with physics models, standardized inspection data template, and various analytical tools, including automated tools for data conversion, anomaly detection, etc., to enable real-time integrity monitoring and failure prediction. Four activities are included in this study: (1) literature study and industry workshop which collects industry feedback to prioritize the development of case studies for tools that aid digital twins; (2) development of automatic data converting tool to collect digitized data in standardized form from existing inspection reports; (3) development of automated anomaly/feature detection tool that detects anomaly, i.e., marine growth, and tracks link ID from existing ROV footage data; and (4) development of digital twin process which incorporates mooring analysis, failure analysis and integrity management. The failure analysis process incorporates standardized inspection data into the physics model while accounting uncertainty from each information source. Integrity management is achieved through a web-based condition visualization system, called digital twin dashboard.
Overall Risk: An Effective Approach in Project Management and Decision Making
Authors: Márquez Freddy José , Sandrea Ranses Guillermo
Published: April 2022

Risks constantly add complexity to the decision-making process in Oil & Gas industry. Risk register and risk matrices are common tools used to manage risks, but a list of risks cannot answer sponsors and stakeholders "How risky" question, especially those related to highly technical subjects. However, estimating the overall risk can address these concerns. Project Management Institute define overall risk as "the effect of uncertainty on the project as a whole, more than the sum of individual risks within a project…". The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines to estimate overall risk to make risk-informed decisions by modeling the effect of uncertainty in the achievement of objectives, providing an analysis that puts project stakeholders and sponsors in context, even in high complexity projects.
Revitalizing Mature Fields Through IOR
Authors: Costa MariaClara , Monteiro Gabriel Goes , Bjørlykke OlePetter
Published: April 2022

Improved oil recovery (IOR) is the ultimate discovery in any oilfield. Equinor has a long history of evaluating and implementing IOR projects on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), where it was observed that infill drilling and well cost reduction are the most important measures, while a holistic approach from all disciplines, collaboration and integrated work is needed for achieving successful results. IOR is also relevant to the climate ambitions to reduce the carbon footprint: it enables CO2 emissions per produced barrel from field extension to be lowered due to higher production, compared to ending the production earlier.

Given its history with IOR in the Norwegian Continental Shelf, Equinor brought some of its experience to Brazil, more specifically to Peregrino Field, a heavy oil asset operated by the company, and to Roncador, a partner operated license established with Petrobras in 2017. This expertise is also being applied to the pre-salt projects under development, aiming to prepare the fields for the late life since its startup.

In this article, experiences from Statfjord, Troll Oil and Grane fields are used as backdrop for Equinor's IOR evaluations in Brazil. Statfjord field has had success with water and gas injection followed by pressure depletion and lifetime extension. Troll oil field has been in the forefront developing and implementing advanced well solutions and infill drilling. Grane field has introduced inflow control devices in viscous oil. Lifetime extension and challenging facility flow limitation has also been important elements to increase recovery from these fields. In Peregrino, instead of waiting for field maturity, evaluation of IOR activities began soon after field start-up in 2011 and since then several have been evaluated: some have been piloted and were not implemented in a field scale, such as the multilateral wells; some are still piloting and under evaluation and de-risking, such as polymer flooding; while others have been implemented and have become business as usual, including infill wells, water shut-off techniques and evaluation of different inflow control devices. The partnership established in Roncador aims to increase the recovery factor in the field, by applying the widely used technologies from the NCS, which combined with the deepwater expertise from the operator represent a win win scenario for both companies working together. The expected result is to maximize the value creation and longevity of the Roncador field. The ambition is to increase the recoverable volumes by one billion barrels of oil equivalent.

This article presents some of the techniques used, and how they are incorporated into the company's workflow, so that they can be properly assessed and implemented, showing how it is possible to unlock extra oil from the reservoirs enabling the fields lifetime extension.
Design Process of the WindFloat Hull and Mooring System for WFA
Authors: Son Daewoong , Godreau Cyril , Diaz Sandra , Duarte Tiago , Peiffer Antoine
Published: April 2022

The WindFloat Atlantic (WFA) project is a small wind farm of three floating wind turbines offshore Portugal for a total installed capacity of 25 MW. The WindFloat, a semi-submersible type of platform, was designed by Principle Power to support a MHI Vestas 8.4 MW wind turbine for the WFA project. This paper summarizes the overall design process for the WindFloat platform and mooring system that was undertaken during the project engineering phase (FEED and Detail Design), with a large focus on the description of the interface between the wind turbine manufacturer, MHI Vestas Offshore Wind (MVOW), and the floating foundation designer, Principle Power (PPI). The design process and interface established during the WFA project described in this paper provides confidence in the design of the integrated system (platform, mooring, tower and RNA) and led to the successful class certification of the WFA project. This design and certification process can inspire future floating offshore wind projects to help accelerate the creation of this new floating wind industry.
Process Safety Time Analysis for Design of Upstream Project Facility – Case Studies
Authors: Wasnik Rakesh Vasant , Rao Srinivasa , Singh Harendra , Kamal Faris Ragheb
Published: April 2022

Detailed Process Safety time (PST) Analysis involves identifying various scenarios, comparing estimated PST with actual Response time to realistically evaluate robustness and effectiveness of Instrumented Protection System (IPS). This paper discusses the application of PST to provide cost effective design without compromising the safety and integrity of upstream oil and gas project facilities.

IPS is one of the Safety Instrumented systems used to detect and prevent the potential hazardous events. Cost benefit of IPS depends on safety integrity level required to reduce the risk of undesired events to tolerable level. Main criteria to evaluate performance of IPS system is to compare the PST and response time by IPS to detect the deviation and complete the safe action. If the response time is lower than estimated PST (50 % PST), then it helps to realistically evaluate and mitigate hazardous events such as over pressurization scenario in low pressure system due to high pressure source.

PST is determined by developing transient simulation model considering various operating and hazardous scenarios while Response time is obtained from vendor supplying the various components of IPS. The three case studies presented in this paper describes the method to estimate PST and its application in actual upstream oil and gas projects. Summary of these case studies is described below: Case Study 1: Identify the location of HIPPS.Case Study 2: Evaluate existing IPS for increased productionCase Study 3: Optimize the design by derating the topside project facilities.

In Case Study 1, different options are explored to locate HIPPS and PST is estimated for over pressurization of low-pressure system. Based on PST and achievable response time, location of HIPPS is finalized.

In case Study 2, Set Pressure of high-high pressure trip is reduced to increase PST, thereby helps IPS to trip high pressure source before it pressurized low pressure existing system.

Case Study 3 presents the results of various option explored to fix the design pressure of the system mainly upstream and downstream of choke valve in well head production facilities.
Hurricane Ida Passage Over Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas Offshore Facilities
Authors: Zarate Luz , Fan Shejun , Leung Pak , Schroth Scott , Zwissler Cristina , Perry Ruth , Kurrus Keith , Nolan Carey
Published: April 2022

Hurricane Ida made landfall in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, as a Category 4 hurricane on August 29th, 2021, traveling over some offshore oil and gas facilities on its path. Shell Exploration and Production's offshore oil and gas installations in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have the most comprehensive suite of metocean instrumentation in the region, including wave and wind systems that captured the passage of hurricane Ida. This paper analyzes the wind and wave conditions measured by some Shell facilities located along the path of hurricane Ida. The number of LiDAR wind profilers and their spatial distribution with respect to Ida makes Shell the only operator in the Gulf of Mexico able to provide a detailed vertical wind profile at multiple locations throughout the extreme wind event. These observations, combined with satellite products such as Sea Surface Height (SSH) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST), help understand the hurricane track and intensity. Three Shell Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) and one Semi-Submersible offshore Louisiana, measured wave data, with an overall maximum wave height of 21 m and a maximum significant wave height of 13 m. Two Shell TLPs and one Semi-Submersible measured wind profiles with maximum wind speeds of 46.82 ms−1 (91 knots, 104 mph), 43.52 ms−1 (84 knots, 97 mph), and 39.95 ms−1 (77 knots, 89 mph). Out of those three Platforms, the two sites that captured the strongest wind speeds were located right on Ida's path, where it was possible to record the wind direction shift as Hurricane Ida passed over the, and the third site was east of the track.
Sustained Casing Pressure: One of the Most Important Factors Determining the Integrity of Deepwater Wells
Authors: Wang Yanbin , Xin Shilin , Gao Deli , Wang Jinduo , Ning Bo , Zhao Zihao
Published: April 2022

While drilling and completion of deepwater wells, the cement top is usually several hundred meters below the mudline, which results in a portion of completion fluid entrapped in the technical casing annuli between wellhead and the top of cement. The temperature of the wellbore would be redistributed due to the thermal fluid during well testing or production. Thus, high thermal stress and additional pressure would be induced in the annuli of technical casing, which is proved to be one of the major threats to well integrity. In this paper, a new model predicting the sustained casing pressure (SCP) is established, which is consisted of two sub-models: heat transfer model and sustained casing pressure model. The former model is thoughly considered to provide boundary and initial conditions for the latter model. The influence of wellbore heat transmission in the casing strings and properties of completion fluid in the annulus on the temperature distribution is considered in the heat transfer model. The mechanical model is presented with consideration of the coupling thermal effect of the casing and the fluid. On this basis, a numerical simulation is given to verify the validity of the theoretical model. Good consistency has been shown between the theoretical result and the numerical simulation. If the temperature increment is high enough, the SCP is enough destructive to destroy the casing and subsea wellbore. Analysis results also show that the physical parameters of the fluid in the annuli, the cement top and the annuli volume have significant influence on the SCP. Both the increase rate and the maximum limit of the SCP increase with the cement top. Appropriate increase of the annuli volume is an acceptable way to delay the pressure increase. The temperature and pressure coupling effect need to take special consideration in casing design of deepwater wells. The model in this paper provides more accurate boundary and conditions for SCP analysis. The calculation results have important theoretical and engineering significance, especially for the casing program design and the subsea wellbore integrity evaluation of deepwater wells.
Machine Learning Applications to Improve Pore Pressure Prediction in Hazardous Drilling Environments
Authors: Bui Huy , De Nicolias Nelly , Nye Rebecca , Estrada John
Published: April 2022

Pore pressure analysis can be imperative while drilling, especially in certain offshore environments where abnormal pore pressures can cause serious problems such as fluid influx, kicks, and blowouts. In order to avoid such events, the prediction in real-time, or preferably ahead of time, is required. These events can have a catastrophic impact on operations and the safety of the entire platform. Real-time wellbore logs can be used to assist in the prediction of pore pressure, however, due to the high cost of downhole data acquisition and risks associated with a tool getting stuck or lost in hole, comprehensive well logs are not always available.

In the absence of a measured sonic log, a predicted acoustic log can be used for input into the pore pressure prediction avoiding the risk and cost of downhole wellbore logs, however, accuracy is extremely important. A Gradient Boosting model is trained and validated on 3 different sets of features to predict acoustic wellbore logs, followed by a physics-based model for pore pressure prediction. The physics-based model is built using Eaton, density extrapolation, and other optimization methods to ensure speed and accuracy. Lastly, the model takes the predicted acoustic data to derive the pore pressure gradient, calibrated by other drilling parameters.

The Gradient Boosting model reduces any impact from the lack of data availability, significantly reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) and increases the overall accuracy. The results are then calibrated to drilling events to ensure the predictions are within the range of actual recorded event data. The result from a recent case study shows that pore pressure prediction using predicted acoustic logs correlates closely with recorded drilling events. The client successfully estimated pore pressures using predicted acoustic logs, reducing the for the need to acquire costly logging data downhole.

The Gradient Boosting model provides a solution to predict acoustic logs and pore pressure that is highly accurate in real-time. The drilling event calibration method then helps to avoid physical factors that cannot be captured by the model, increasing the overall reliability of the workflow. The method allows for pore pressure analysis to be carried out accurately, regardless of the downhole logs acquired.
Factors Required for the Lifetime Protection of Structures and Equipment Requiring Passive Fire Protection in Harsh Offshore Environments
Authors: Wade Robin John
Published: April 2022

Objectives / Scope

Many factors impact the longevity of passive fire protection which is required to protect structural steel and process equipment from degradation in harsh offshore conditions and accidental fire scenarios. This paper reviews the impact installation, environmental and operational processes have on the lifetime expectations of passive fire protection and subsequently the assets on which the passive fire protection has been applied.

Methods, Procedures, Processes

A review of key processes is made mapping out the stress and strain impact (maximum and fatigue) expected to be imposed on thick film passive fire protection coatings. Industry recognized standards, testing protocols and industry reviews are discussed highlighting where the expected stress and strain impacts are accounted for and where there are deficiencies yet to be addressed. Examples from the real world show how epoxy passive fire protection has met the challenge over the past 40 years and where further scrutiny is required in design and installation.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

Current standards have been heavily focused on temperate climates around the world at the expense of extreme cold and hot climates and process conditions. Furthermore, installation and construction methods have been developed which may inadvertently place greater strain on passive fire protection systems prior to in-service use. As such performance expectations are not always realized from the project specifications. New proposals and discussions have reviewed what is required to capture performance expectations of modern-day assets and passive fire protection systems. Whilst asset owners see merit in many of the proposals there is a significant upscaling of costs required to realize these tests and validate solutions. As a result of a limited scope of current testing, there is a significant risk that passive fire protection is treated as a "commodity item" rather than a "specialised safety critical element" given that it is expected to function for many decades in a multitude of different service environments.

Novel/Additive Information

Revisions to industry standard tests are discussed along with the basis for performance expectations.

New proposals for allowing for wider environmental and process conditions to be considered.

The impact of treating passive fire protection as a commodity item as opposed to a specialized safety critical element is a key highlight
An Integrated Solution to Enable Development of 100 Km Deepwater Liquid Subsea Tiebacks
Authors: Jarrell Brian , D'Souza Richard B.
Published: April 2022

Subsea tiebacks of oil discoveries to existing host platforms are currently, and will continue to be, the most sanctioned deepwater projects because they are fast paced and profitable. Deepwater liquid subsea tieback distances today are technically constrained to about 35 km. Globally, there are numerous discoveries with recoverable reserves too small to justify a stand-alone development, between 35 km and 100 km of an existing host platform, that are effectively "stranded". This paper presents an integrated solution that reimagines the extended length tieback to enable the development of many of these prospects, using only field proven technologies.

The integrated solution consists of two major components: a) an Autonomous Subsea Tieback Enabling Platform (ASTEP), which is a Normally Unattended Installation (NUI) semisubmersible platform that is moored adjacent to the subsea wells and provides power, chemicals, and controls for the tieback, and b) an Active Thermally Managed (ATM) flowline system that ties back the subsea wells to the host platform. A description of the principal components (topsides, hull, mooring, risers, subsea systems, and ATM flowline) is provided along with details of the NUI platform, flow assurance management and low carbon emission power generation options.

The ASTEP Integrated Solution (ASTEP IS) enables commercial development of stranded liquid discoveries up to 100 km from a host platform, employing field proven technologies. The ASTEP IS:

Minimizes host platform brownfield modifications and associated production deferment, Increases reservoir ultimate recovery by incorporating proven Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods, Improves Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) development aspects, Is readily adaptable to reservoir and regional conditions, Can be repurposed for multiple deployments

The technical and commercial viability of the proposed integrated solution is demonstrated by a case study of a 30 km deepwater extended tieback to a host platform in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM).