bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Interactions across Language Modalities: Deaf Children and Hearing Peers at School
Authors: Keating Elizabeth , Mirus Gene
Published: November 2004

Deaf youth easily become communicatively isolated in public schools, where they are in a small minority among a majority of hearing peers and teachers. This article examines communicative strategies of deaf children in an American "mainstream " school setting to discover how they creatively manage their casual communicative interactions with hearing peers across multimodal communicative channels, visual and auditory. We argue that unshared sociolinguistic practices and hearing‐oriented participation frameworks are crucial aspects of communicative failure in these settings. We also show that what look like "successful" conversational interactions between deaf and hearing children actually contain little real language and few of the complex communication skills vital to cognitive and social development. This study contributes to understanding the social production of communicative isolation of deaf students and implications of mainstream education for this minority group.
Literacy, Culture, and Politics of Schooling: Counternarratives of a Chinese Canadian Family
Authors: Li Guofang
Published: November 2004

To counter the "grand narratives" of the model minority myth, this study unveils the stories of a Chinese immigrant family who are encountering difficulties with schooling. The study demonstrates a complex interrelationship between home literacy, culture, and politics of schooling. Findings suggest that cultural mismatch theory alone cannot explain minority schoolfailure. Rather, multilevel interactions, including cultural differences, modes of incorporation, and differential power relationships between school and home, result in minority students' school difficulties.
Accommodation and Resistance: Latinas Struggle for Their Children's Education
Authors: Olmedo Irma M.
Published: November 2004

Accommodation and resistance are not dichotomous phenomena but, rather, interwoven strategies for immigrants trying to survive in a cultural environment different from their own. Both strategies are responses to conflict, especially in the education of children. This article examines these conflicts among two generations of Latinas, and the ways in which they capitalized on their funds of knowledge to resolve conflicts. The issues involve not only differences in cultural practices and beliefs but also how these are shaped by participants' social positions and the institutional forces that threaten their beliefs.
Variation in Instructional Discourse Features: Cultural or Linguistic? Evidence from Inuit and Non‐Inuit Teachers of Nunavik
Authors: Eriks‐Brophy Alice , Crago Martha
Published: November 2004

This article examines discourse features in the instructional interactions of eight Inuit and six non‐lnuit teachers of Inuit children in northern Québec. Significant differences existed between these two groups of teachers in their use of Initiation‐Response‐Evaluation (IRE) routines, nomination format, and teacher response to student initiations. The research distinguishes cultural factors from factors related to second language teaching. Findings suggest the cultural variability of discourse features that have significant ramifications for teacher judgments regarding students' academic and communicative competence.
Teachers' Expectations and Sense of Responsibility for Student Learning: The Importance of Race, Class, and Organizational Habitus
Authors: DIAMOND JOHN B. , RANDOLPH ANTONIA , SPILLANE JAMES P.
Published: November 2004

This article examines how the concentration of low‐income African American students in urban elementary schools is deeply coupled with a leveling of teachers' expectations of students and a reduction in their sense of responsibility for student learning. We argue that this process is rooted in school‐based organizational habitus through which expectations of students become embedded in schools. We show that this process can be mediated if school leaders engage in practices designed to increase teachers' sense of responsibility for student learning. [organizational habitus, race, class, teacher expectations]
Critical Design Ethnography: Designing for Change
Authors: Barab Sasha A. , Thomas Michael K. , Dodge Tyler , Squire Kurt , Newell Markeda
Published: November 2004

This article describes critical design ethnography, an ethnographic process involving participatory design work aimed at transforming a local context while producing an instructional design that can be used in multiple contexts. Here, we reflect on the opportunities and challenges that emerged as we built local critiques then reified them into a designed artifact that has been implemented in classrooms all over the world.
Irish Farmers and Travellers
Authors: Taylor Lawrence J.
Published: November 2004

Eugenia Shanklin. Donegal's Changing Traditions. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985. xviii. 236 pp. $29.00 (cloth).

Sharon Gmelch. Nan: The Life of an Irish Travelling Woman. New York: Norton, 1986. 239 pp. $15.95 (cloth).
Tales of the Moral Order
Authors: Berleant‐Schiller Riva
Published: November 2004

George W. Noblitt and R. Dwight Hare. Meta‐Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative Studies. Newbeny Park: Sage Publications, 1988. 88 pp. $6.95 (paper).

John Van Maanen. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. xvi. 173 pp. $7.95 (paper).

Robert Wuthnow. Meaning and Moral Order. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. xiii. 435 pp. $40.00 (cloth); $12.95 (paper).
Living with Evil
Authors: Teski Marea C.
Published: November 2004

David Parkin. ed. The Anthropology of Evil. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. 283 pp. $49.95 (cloth); $14.95 (paper).
Emotion, Person, and Expression
Authors: Anderson John W.
Published: November 2004

Benedicte Grima. The Performance of Emotion among Paxtun Women: "The Misfortunes which Have Befallen Me." Modern Middle East Series, 17. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. xi. 241 pp. $14.95 (paper).
Comparative Symbology: A Reexamination?
Authors: Speed Clarke
Published: November 2004

Victor Turner Blazing the Trail: Way Marks in the Exploration of Symbols. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press,1992. xxi. 181 pp.
Economy and Discourse in Brazil
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: November 2004

Antonius C. G. M. Robben Sons of the Sea Goddess: Economic Practice and Discursive Conflict in Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press. 1989. xiii. 310 pp.
African Constructions of Self
Authors: Speed Clarke K.
Published: November 2004

Paul Riesman. First Find Your Child. Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992. xix. 241 pp.
Indonesian Images
Authors: Heider Karl G.
Published: November 2004

Umar Kayam and Hard Peccinotti The Soul of Indonesia:. Cultural Journey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985.147 pp.

Peter Homan Reimar Schefold. Vincent Dekker. and Nico de Jonge. eds. Indonesia in Focus: Ancient Traditions—Modern Times. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1992.160 pp.
Beyond the Veil: Culture Screening Reality
Authors: Gamst Frederic C.
Published: November 2004

Renato Rosaldo. Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. xii. 253 pp.
The Body in Culture and Text
Authors: Carroll Traci
Published: November 2004

Frances E. Mascia‐Lees and Patricia Sharpe. eds. Tattoo, Torture, Mutilation, and Adornment: The Demoralization of the Body in Culture and Text. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. 172 pp.
Different Drummer: Vision and the Anthropological Text
Authors: Willson Margaret
Published: November 2004

The quote from Thoreau "If a man does not keep step with his fellows, it may be because he hears a different drummer" might well refer to the textual expression of anthropological knowledge. I have experimented with poetry and a novel to explore concepts of vision, the anthropological gaze, and narratives of multicultural meaning. The essay combines various textual styles to analyze the different ways symbol, concepts of vision, and conflicting perceptual fields may be expressed within the discourse of anthropology.
Saving the Good Stuff
Authors: Bresnahan Roger J.
Published: November 2004

H. Arlo Nimmo The Songs of Salanda and Other Stories of Sulu. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994. + 237 pp., map.

Jean‐Paul Dumont. Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of. Philippine Island. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. xxii. 226 pp., maps, photos, figures, index.
Narrative, Memory, and the Self in Southwestern New Britain
Authors: Maschio Thomas
Published: November 2004

In philosophy and classics, in literary criticism, in history, and in anthropology, particular narrative styles have been thought to reveal different concepts of self. Autobiographical narrative understood as a "recovery of lost time"—as a retrospective joining of the past incidents of a life in order to assign life a patterned or thematic meaning—has seemed an expressive form particularly suited to convey a unitary notion of the self. Both autobiography and the unitary concept of self have been viewed as consummately Western culture forms. This essay questions classifications that posit a vast divide between the nature of Western and non‐Western concepts of self, and thus between the character of Western and non‐Western life stories. As it shows how New Britainers use different narrative forms to come to terms with different types of experience, it reveals how the manifold structures of the Melanesian self are continually rearticulated in discourse. The essay is primarily about the phenomenology of memory in Melanesia; it is about the constitutive role that memory plays in the establishment of identity.
A Paradoxical Gift of Memory: The Pain, Pride, and History of an Untouchable "Kitchen Poetess"
Authors: Khare R. S.
Published: November 2004

Indian untouchable women challenge the anthropologist to decipher what they orally convey about their sense of the "living past," the troubling present, and uncharted future. There has been scant written record of these women's lives. Nevertheless they can take the ethnographer on a journey of recollections and verities that they experienced distinctly. The journey is also a mental picture in which "living memory," a "living past," and a "do‐it‐yourself construction" of their own history intermingle (see Bastide 1970; Halbwachs 1980; on language and gender, see Lakoff l975; Philips 1987). Viewed on its own ground, such history resists buckling under the scientistic, hypercritical prejudice of "mainstream history," and it refuses to become a secondary, that is, dependent, source of knowledge. It asserts a social retrospective; it asserts highly coded "fluid dialogues" and a self‐other critical narrative that transforms personal stories into a vivid, life‐anchored collective history. Such history is born of collective memory, reflecting, as Wachtel (1986:213) would say (my interpolation), "a particular sensibility, a way of thinking and reacting peculiar to a period, to a generation of [people]… whose echo nonetheless reaches other generations … [and] which leaves its imprint on the collective memory."
Making Mutual Sense: My Daughters and I in a Village in Iran
Authors: Friedl Erika
Published: November 2004

(By Special Editor Renate Fernandez) Erika Friedl, in keeping with her preferred low‐profile stance, tells of raising two daughters in an Iranian mud village from infancy through early adulthood, their time in the field distributed over a total of more than six field years. Rarely personally frustrated by having to adapt her Austrian/U.S. academic middle‐class ways to a strongly marked patriarchy in a physically and socially uncomfortable situation, Friedl is perplexed at her own most "unanthropological" refusal to accept village ways for her daughters. She comes to terms with her reaction by distinguishing her own relatively uncostly adjustment, being an adult, from the heavy price in human development that she feels would have been paid by her daughters had she not insistently prepared them for a full cultural engagement with life in the Western world.
Clifford Geertz: His Critics and Followers,1998
Authors: Bruner Edward M.
Published: November 2004

Sherry B. Ortner. ed. The Fate of "Culture": Geertz and Beyond. Special issue of Representations, vol. 59, summer 1997.
"Taita Chimborazo and Mama Tungurahua": A Quichua Song, a Fieldwork Story
Authors: Lyons Barry
Published: November 2004

When a friend in Chimborazo Province, central Ecuador, took me to his home village in 1995, he introduced me there as the gringo who sang the "Taita Chimborazo, Mama Tungurahua," a song broadcast from time to time on the morning Quichua radio program. The song is built on the story of "Amo Badillo," a landowner who died in the middle of this century. After his death Amo Badillo is supposed to have gone to Mt. Tungurahua—locally identified with purgatory or hell—to suffer there for his cruel treatment of the indigenous laborers on his estate. In 1991, when I was living in the house of Aurelio S., a farmer, village catechist, parish political leader, and occasional songwriter, I suggested that this story would make a good basis for a song for an upcoming music competition. Taita Aurelio quickly composed the song, framing the local story of Amo Badillo within more widespread oral traditions concerning Mt. Chimborazo and Mt. Tungurahua and making the story speak to contemporary ethnic politics. When the village music group Shepherds of Caparina Bajo presented the song at a Quichua music festival sponsored and taped by a Riobamba radio station, Taita Aurelio's words won us second prize. This essay discusses what the song—its creation, performance, and reception —can tell us about both the nature of fieldwork and contemporary indigenous identity and politics in Ecuador.
The Tile Maker
Authors: Mahmood Cynthia Keppley
Published: November 2004

Georg Simmel was fascinated by the notion of "the stranger " and the role such outsiders play in the social order. Camus used "the stranger" as a metaphor for the human condition. Anthropologists are in a sense professional strangers, always half in and half out of the communities they study. This is the story, or rather nonstory, of a stranger in Friesland. Nobody knew him, but the villagers talked to me, their ethnographer, about and around him. In the end, I got a chance to meet him, but I declined. The mystery of the stranger of East‐of‐the‐Lake remains part of the aesthetic landscape of the Frisian lowlands. In this article I exercise poetic license to capture the mood of the small community, elusive in terms of traditional academic discourse. This short story—if one can call a hybrid like this a story—I find more evocative of the reality of East‐of‐the‐Lake than the scholarly papers I have written about it. Certainly, literary approaches ring truer to many of our interlocutors, who feel more comfortable being fictionalized than objectified. A Frisian friend said of this piece, "It's the first thing you've written that sounds like reality."
Changing Selves, Sexualities, and Genders in Samoan History
Authors: Middleton DeWight R.
Published: November 2004

Jeannette Marie Mageo. Theorizing Self in Samoa: Emotions, Genders, and Sexualities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. xv. 292 pp.
"I Have Seen the Future, and His Name Is Shamu": Moby Dick in San Diego
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: November 2004

Susan G. Davis. Spectacular Nature: Corporate Culture and the Sea World Experience. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. xii. 313 pp.
Poetry and Ethnography: A Dialogical Approach
Authors: Tedlock Dennis
Published: November 2004

Every act of speech or writing has a poetic dimension. This applies to discourse among ethnograpic others, dialogues between others and ethnographers, and ethnographic speaking and writing. Beginning in the 1930s, anthropologists separated ethnographic issues from linguistic and poetic ones, and the critique of representations has focused on the ethnographic side of the divide. Field encounters are treated as if they took place in a world of pure presence, with representational distortions coming afterwards. Yet one of the most widespread poetic practices among the others calls attention to the lack of transparency in langauge. The dialogical potential of language is used to balance each representation with an alternative representation, producing poetry that is built on a process of translation rather than made to resist translation.
"Go, Trabi, Go!": Reflections on a Car and Its Symbolization over Time
Authors: Berdahl Daphne
Published: November 2004

When the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a small boxy car made of fiberglass and pressed cotton captured the imaginations of Germans East and West. Long the object of affection and frustration in East Germany, the Trabi quickly came to be a key symbol not only of the German Democratic Republic but also of socialist inefficiency and backwardness. In the mid 1990s, however, the Trabi reemerged as an evocative symbol of Eastern German distinctiveness and postsocialist nostalgia. A central figure in the "argument of images" surrounding the politics of German re‐unification, then, the Trabi has moved from thejokebooks of 1989 to a new status as the "cult automobile" of the late 1990s. Drawing on James Fernandez's theory of images and symbolization over time, I trace the symbolic formation of the Trabi before, during, and after re‐unification.
Materialism and Modern Lyric
Authors: Samuels David
Published: November 2004

Daniel Tiffany. Toy Medium: Materialism and Modern Lyric. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. + 351 pp.
A Vision of Modernization: An Article on a Drawing by Bah Rmpent, a Child of the Sengoi Semai, a Traditionally Nonviolent Indigenous People of the Malaysian Peninsula
Authors: Dentan Robert K.
Published: November 2004

The core of this article is a pastiche, consisting of a sketch of the life of Bah Rmpent, a nine‐year‐old Sengoi Semai boy, in 1992; a stone‐cold poem about the finality of genocide, by Robert Frost; and a newspaper account of building a dam on the last Whitewater river of peninsular Malaysia. The whole is sandwiched between an introductory interpretation and explanatory endnotes.
The Travel and Travail of Negro Showpeople
Authors: Ford Iris Carter
Published: November 2004

African American performers have always been essential cultural commodities for audiences who demand "authenticity." But to meet the demand in the segregated South, how were they to get there? Autobiographies of Negro showpeople located in northern cultural centers before desegregation of public accommodations illustrate the power of storytelling to reveal an important—but largely unexplored—dimension of the African American experience: travel.
Healing Failed Faith? Contemporary Siberian Shamanism
Authors: Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam
Published: November 2004

The agony of public and private changes in Russia (the Federation of Rossiia) has extended to indigenous peoples of Siberia. Focus on the Sakha Republic Yakutia) of the Far East enables analysis of diverse social, political, and spiritual transformations. Initial 1990s euphoria at the possibility of personal and community reform has yielded to confusion and soul searching. In such conditions, shamanic revitalization has become both popular and controversial in rural and urban contexts. Diverse shamanic activities and styles reveal a fragmentation of tradition. While disillusion with failed faith healers is rife, several nascent shamanic movements have attracted eclectic groups of followers. The two shamanic leaders featured here are attempting philosophical, social, and ecological reforms. Their movements and reputations transcend the personal healing of multicultural clients.

This article, inspired by the writing and example of Edith Turner, draws attention to the interrelationship between individual and community healing. Data, based on frequent fieldwork in the Far East since 1986, help augment and critique literature on revitalization movements, shamanism, gender, and nationalism.
The Tangibility of the Intangible: Beyond Empiricism
Authors: Salamone Frank A.
Published: November 2004

Edith Turner, in carrying on the works she and her husband Victor Turner pioneered, has focused attention on the unseen and unheard realities of cultural life. Her work draws attention back to the significance of the manner in which cultural actors shape their own realities and organize their lives, reminding those whose only reality is empirical science that there is a reality beyond the senses that often guides that which is sensible and the manner in which it is perceived. Examples from Edith Turner's work and my own are presented as illustrations of this fact.
Lithic Use‐Wear Evidence for Hunting by Neandertals and Early Modern Humans from the Levantine Mousterian
Authors: Shea John J.
Published: November 2004

Microwear analysis of stone tools from Levantine Mousterian sites provides evidence for the use of hafted stone spear points by Neandertals and early modern humans. Differences in the frequency of technologically assisted hunting may account for significant aspects of Levantine Mousterian variability. The ability to make and use hafted stone spear points is probably behaviorally “primitive” and one of many areas in which Neandertals and early modern humans did not differ from each other.
A Case Study of Heterarchy in Complex Societies: Early Medieval Ireland and its Archeological Implications
Authors: Wailes Bernard
Published: November 2004

Early Europe provides considerable evidence of heterarchical organization. Early Medieval Ireland will be examined in this chapter. Both textual and archeological evidence of a chiefdom‐type society will be evaluated, and the combination of the two will show that texts can provide details of sociopolitical organization that may be difficult or impossible to interpret from archeological evidence alone. The conclusions are couched in exclusively archeological terms, however, because the point of the exercise is to attempt archeological interpretations of heterarchy.
A Macroregional View of Cycling Chiefdoms in the Western Venezuelan Llanos
Authors: Redmond Elsa M. , Gassón Rafael A. , Spencer Charles S.
Published: November 2004

Complex chiefdoms are subject to oscillating cycles of regional political centralization under the domination of a paramount chief, followed by political dissolution, and frequently, the rise of a rival paramount chiefdom. A macroregional scale of investigation offers the best opportunity to examine the development of centralized, hierarchical leadership and the trajectories of such regional control at successive paramount centers. We present the results of recent archaeological investigations in the tropical savannas of western Venezuela, which document the development of the earliest complex chiefdoms that emerged here around A.D. 500. Regional and community‐level investigations in neighboring river valleys of Barinas, Venezuela enable us to examine the development of the regional polities centered at El Gaván and El Cedral from a macroregional perspective, and tentatively to propose that they were subject to the cycling pattern of growth and dissolution characteristic of complex paramount chiefdoms.
Managing a Tropical Environment: State Development in Early Historical‐Era Kedah, Malaysia
Authors: Allen Jane
Published: November 2004

A coastal, trade‐based state flourished in Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia, between approximately A.D. 700 and 1500. The structure of that state grew primarily out of redistributive economic structures that had been developed to control internal and external exchange across a very heterogeneous landscape of inland forests, mountains, hills, wooded stream interfluves, and coastal estuaries. Internal and then external exchange developed as a dendritic, bulking and redistributive network along the area's streams, which provided the best transportation routes between inland forests and the coast. This redistributive economic system was closely controlled from the coastal trade center, which became the state's political center, the base from which the ruler and permanent officials closely controlled trade, other internal activities, and also relations with foreign visitors. The system was heterarchical, with unranked interactions at the upstream end of the network and peer polity relations between Kedah and foreign polities; in between these endpoints, the redistributive exchange system and the state that developed out of it formed a closely integrated hierarchy.
Water Control and Maya Politics in the Southern Maya Lowlands
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: November 2004

In this chapter, I present a model of the development of Classic Maya polities in which economy and ideology articulated to form the basis of political power. Power is manifested by the ability to acquire tribute from subjects. Many of the largest Maya polities grew in areas without lakes or rivers but with seasonal water sources such as natural rain‐fed aguadas and/or swamps or bajos. At large Maya centers, rulers built immense reservoirs that would have met daily water needs during the annual dry season (January through April/May). I argue that control of water resources, symbolism and rituals during seasonal drought provided the means to amass and maintain the increasing political power evident during the Classic period (ca. A.D. 550–850) in the southern Maya lowlands. Counteracting the centripetal forces of water resources during drought, however, were the centrifugal distribution of other vital economic sources, specifically, dispersed agricultural land. In addition, standing water, if not maintained, can result in a dangerous build‐up of noxious chemicals. Emerging Maya rulers associated their abilities to keep the water clean through ritual and symbolism to attract hinterland farmers and their labor.
Chapter 5. Conduits of Ancestry: Interpretation of the Geography, Geology, and Seasonality of North Andean Shaft Tombs
Authors: Doyon Leon G.
Published: November 2004

Contextual evidence for shaft tombs and related mortuary practices in the highlands of Ecuador and southern Colombia is presented. Emphasis is given to the practical aspects of construction in light of changing settlement patterns (ca. A.D. 1–1500). Shaft tombs not only conformed to geophysical restraints and the demands of subsistence agriculture, they also exploited the ideological potentials of the landscape and its seasonal changes. Shaft tomb cemeteries are consistently located in relation to peculiar topographical, geological, hydrological, and cultural features that were modified where possible and necessary. With the added perspective of ethnographically and ethnohistorically documented native attitudes toward the landscape, the passage of time, and the place of the dead in both, 1 interpret the seemingly disparate contextual features of shaft tombs and related mortuary monuments as historically interrelated developments in hierarchical societies established and maintained fundamentally through appeal to ancestries both real and fictive.
Chapter 6. The Archaeological Study of Ancestor Cult Practices: The Case of Pampa Chica, a Late Initial Period and Early Horizon Site on the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Dulanto Jalh
Published: November 2004

This chapter explores the spatial and material dimensions of ancestor cult practices for one specific archaeological case: the late Initial Period and Early Horizon (ca. 700–200 B.C.) site of Pampa Chica in the Lurin Valley on the central coast of Peru. It combines the analysis of ethnohistoric accounts, used to formulate an ideal‐typical image of the spatial and material organization of ancestor worship in the Central Andes, with the analysis of several independent lines of archaeological evidence, in order to explore how the specific archaeological case resembles and/or deviates from the ideal‐typical ethnohistoric image. Despite regional and temporal differences, Pampa Chica seems to have been a site designed, built, and used in ways that closely resemble ancestor worship sites described in ethnohistoric documents.
Pattern and Context in the Holocene Proliferation of Backed Artifacts in Australia
Authors: Hiscock Peter
Published: November 2004

Australian backed artifacts appear in the terminal Pleistocene but “proliferate” to become the dominant retouched form in the southeast of the continent only in the mid‐Holocene. This change was triggered by the onset of an ENSO‐dominated climatic pattern 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, and increased backed artifact production was one of a number of strategies that reduced risk during the mid‐Holocene. Adoption of technologies featuring standardized kinds of artifacts was advantageous at that time, but the parallel response of the different technological systems in southern and northern Australia reveals historical contingency in the evolutionary trends.
Backed Bladelets Are a Foreign Country
Authors: Close Angela E.
Published: November 2004

For a period of some ten millennia, the stone‐tool industries of North Africa were dominated by microlithic backed bladelets, sometimes almost to the exclusion of any other forms. They were made and used in very small, face‐to‐face, social contexts and so must have had a role in shaping and negotiating social identity. This can be best seen in the extreme consistency of their forms, both size and shape. Within each of the various cultural contexts, across half a continent, the backed bladelets are so unvarying as to raise the question of whether any determinants other than social negotiation were important. The answer seems to be that, like all things, such nonsocial factors remain possible, but they are very difficult to find.
The Invisible Hinterland: Hong Kong's Reliance on Southern Guangdong Province
Authors: Guldin Gregory Eliyu
Published: November 2004

Despite the separation of Hong Kong from the rest of China, Hong Kong's "development" and urbanization cannot be understood without systematic reference to Hong Kong's Chinese hinterland. Historical and statistical analyses reveal that ongoing economic, demographic, and social ties with the rest of China are what made Hong Kong's transformation possible. Only when we consider Hong Kong, not as a colonial "city‐state" in cold war isolation from the People's Republic of China, but as a Chinese city in continued—though at times attenuated—ties with its Chinese hinterland, can we explain and forecast Hong Kong's past and future. [Hong Kong, hinterlands, South China, development]
Patronage and Artistic Change
Authors: Cameron Catherine M.
Published: November 2004

This article considers the causal relationship between types of cultural financing and the way styles develop, with a focus on the case of recent American experimental music. While this music developed in the early decades of the 20th century, it did not effloresce until the decades after World War II. It is argued that the ensuing stylistic diversity was encouraged by the general and unrestrictive financing available during this time, especially that provided by the large public universities. The relative freedom allowed by patrons of the arts is unusual in Western history. The reasons for this are explored. [American music, artistic change, cultural financing, patronage]
Considering the Source: Testimony versus Data in Regulations Surrounding Gulf and South Atlantic Trap Fisheries
Authors: Griffith David , Maiolo John
Published: November 2004

The source of a problem influences the source of information we use to address the problem. However, the source of information we use can also influence our conceptualization of the problem. Just such a paradox faces fishermen in the Gulf and South Atlantic trap fisheries. Competition and conflict among commercial trap fishermen, other types of fishermen (e.g., longliners and divers), recreational fishermen, and environmentalists occur throughout South Atlantic and Gulf waters, yet an actual accounting of episodes of environmental destruction, theft of traps, and so on, has been difficult to develop. In many cases, documentation has become largely irrelevant. People perceive theft, destruction, or resource depletion to be occurring, and the strength of their belief prompts them to political organization and action. Using information from North Carolina, the Caribbean, and the Florida Keys, this article discusses the ways in which various sources of information have influenced the management of trap fisheries in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters. Implications for other policy domains are discussed, [fisheries, regulation, testimony, science, farming systems, natural resources]
White Like Them: Asian Refugees in a White Christian Congregation
Authors: Maxwell Carol J. C.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the impact of the introduction of Lao refugees on previously polarized (black/white) ethnic relations in a working‐class evangelical congregation in St. Louis. Church members maintain idealized concepts of Lao economic success, youth, gender roles, and academic performance, which they contrast to concepts of blacks whom they perceive to fail where the Lao succeed. Minimizing differences between the Lao and white church members creates a sense of unity which facilitates restructuring Hie ethnic order into a black/non‐black dichotomy that perpetuates racism and sexism, and appears to "prove" the theory that the poor are responsible for their plight, [sexism, racism, ethnicity, Lao, refugees]
Why (Not) Hire an American? The Employer's View
Authors: Rynearson Ann M.
Published: November 2004

As in other areas, new immigrants in St. Louis are rapidly moving into certain economic niches in the labor market, while unemployment remains relatively higher for established American residents of the city. Based on a series of in‐depth interviews with business people who routinely hire refugees and immigrants, this article describes the employers' perceptions of the cost/benefit variables involved in selecting among three categories of potential employees —former monopoly‐sector workers, unskilled black and white Americans from the inner city, and refugees and immigrants. An analysis of the ethnographic data within a political economic framework leads to a model of some of the forces behind "disordered discrimination.” [employment, immigrant, refugees, work, ethnic succession]
Marketing Ybor City: Race, Ethnicity, and Historic Preservation in the Sunbelt
Authors: Greenbaum Susan D.
Published: November 2004

YBOR CITY IS the historic Latin Quarter in Tampa, Florida. First established in 1886, this neighborhood was the site of Tampa's cigar factories and was populated by Cuban, Spanish, and Italian immigrants. After World War II, white flight and physical decay brought racial changes, and in the 1960s urban renewal demolished much of the residential section. In the 1970s, however, planners and developers launched an effort to revitalize Ybor City. In this article I examine Hie racial and ethnic politics surrounding Ybor City revitalization, focusing on historical patterns of interethnic relations and contemporary efforts to promote the cultural heritage of the neighborhood, [historic preservation, ethnicity, race, neighborhood, revitalization]
Central Place Theory and Housing Programs in Panama's Secondary CitiesA Case of Official Generative Planning
Authors: Murphy Arthur D. , Hackenberg Roberta.
Published: November 2004

Normative Models from social science are often used to justify regulative plans by governments and other development agencies. In the case of international aid this often leads to a situation where local‐level agencies must engage in generative planning in order to modify bilateral agreements and adapt them to the local context. This article demonstrates this process with data from a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project in Panama. [Panama, housing, central place theory, secondary cities]
“Jodido, Pero Contento"Urban Economics and the Popular Revolution in Nicaragua
Authors: Higgins Michael J. , Coen Tanya
Published: November 2004

The People of Nicaragua have struggled through a decade that was torn between revolutionary triumph and counterreactions to that triumph. They have been stymied in finding a political economy for their revolution. Nicaraguans under the Sandinistas referred to theirs as a mixed economy, where the private and social sectors pursue cooperative instead of exploitive relations. When asked to explain their economic state, the Nicaraguans often said, "Jodido, pero contento,” which can be paraphrased as "poor, but happy.” Having failed with centralized regulative planning, the government decided to allow local‐level generative planning to become a major factor in Managua's economic life. [Nicaragua, urban economics, planning, popular revolution]
Generative and Regulative Organization in Site‐and‐Services Housing Projects A Case from Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Prince Zack , Murphy Arthur D.
Published: November 2004

Housing is a major area where government regulative planning affects the lives of people from every socioeconomic class. This article examines the planning style (regulative) of a government agency organizing a site‐and‐services project in Oaxaca, Mexico and compares it to the situational response style (generative) of the community's residents. In most cases the style of planning used by community residents puts them at a disadvantage when faced with an organized plan pushed by outside change agents, [housing, planning, Oaxaca]
The Haitian Informal Sector in Miami
Authors: Stepick Alex
Published: November 2004

The nature of immigration policy toward Haitians in southern Florida is largely responsible for the nature of their participation in the labor market. As individuals with an ambiguous status in the United States they are forced to work for low wages on the fringes of the formal sector of the economy or in Miami's growing informal sector. Most notably an example of generative economic activity is the growth of Little Haiti in Miami and the support it provides its residents. [Haitians, boat people, informal economy]
Afterthoughts: Old and New Directions
Authors: Plotnicov Leonard
Published: November 2004

THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS in urban anthropology manifest a continuity with concerns that first emerged nearly three decades ago, which include contextual and holistic analyses. The new theoretical interests extend these frames horizontally, to examine the articulation of processes on a global scale, and vertically, to delineate systemic linkages. Current topical interests broaden the range of ethnographic subjects and focus on contemporary phenomena in the search for interrelated processes that produce such things as gentrification and tourism alongside an increase of homelessness and urban squatters. This enhances the prospects of building theories based on change and process, [contextual analysis, urban economic development, vertical systemic linkages, ethnography of contemporary change]
Late Industrialization and Women's Work in Urban South Korea: An Ethnographic Study of Upper–Middle–Class Families
Authors: Kim Myung–Hye
Published: November 2004

LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA has affected gender relationships and class relationships, both of which can be observed in urban families. This article focuses on the nature of women's work and family structure in upper‐ middle‐class families, which most urban studies of developing countries have ignored. It contrasts existing models of female labor‐force participation with the voices of upper‐middle‐class housewives who engage in various labor activities to enhance the social status of the family. The article argues that the "economic miracle" of South Korea is closely related to the patriarchal family ideology of upper–middle–class families, and that families function as "shock absorbers" in the rapid advance of late‐industrial capitalism. Not only men's productive work, but also women's reproductive work, is highly valued, by the state and by the society in general, for its contribution to rapid economic development. Late industrialization is a complex process that provides both liberating and oppressive contexts for gender practices and creates contradictory interpretations of gender roles. [South Korea, late industrialization, gender, class, urban families]
Zan Boko; Mapantsula
Authors: Owusu Maxwell
Published: November 2004

Zan Boko. 1988. video by Gasfon Kaboré. 94 minutes, color. Moréand French, with English subtitles. For information contact California Newsreel, 149, 9th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 (415/621 ‐6196).

Mapantsula. 1988. video by Thomas Mogotlane. Max Montocchio. and Oliver Schmitz. 104 minutes, color. Zulu, Sotho, and Afrikaans, with English subtitles. For information contact California Newsreel.
“Managua Is Nicaragua” The Making of a Neoliberal City
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: November 2004

The Changing Face of the city of Managua in Nicaragua reflects the current government's desire to erase evidence of the revolutionary past and to present a welcoming environment for foreign investors and the national elite. The use of urban space is inflected by gender and power in the neoliberal era as women and low‐income residents in general are removed from public view or located in marginal sites. Ironically, harsh conditions may be catalyzing a more unified response from civil society to address the nation's problems. [Latin America, Nicaragua, neoliberalism, gender, cultural politics]
Middle‐Class Criminals? The Romance of the Ether and the City in Zambia
Authors: Roeber Carter A.
Published: November 2004

The Analysis of Fraud provides new insights into the workings of Third World Cities. Fraud is a middle class crime because it requires knowledge of how the urban ether, that complex of abstract systems and disembodied social relations, operates. While fraud is commonly criticized for undermining the social order, it is also romanticized. Three different cases drawn from Zambian newspapers form the basis for a discussion about the endemic nature of fraud, and the necessity of balancing state and organizational power against issues of personal freedom in the attempts to control fraud. [Crime, state power, personal freedom, Zambia]
Unspeakable Spaces racisms past and present on exhibit in Stockholm, or the unaddressable addressed
Authors: Pred Allan
Published: November 2004

The denials, displacements, and collective amnesia often associated with Sweden's widespread cultural racism are explored through bringing three unspeakable spaces into conjunction and tension with one another: a "wax cab' inet and anatomical museum" in Stockholm during the 1890s; a resurrection of that same exhibition during 1999; and Stockholm's principal downtown square, which in 1999 was being considered for radical architectual redesign in order to make it more "human." In each instance the taken for granted, the for gotten, the taboo–laden, the literally unsay able, and the absolutely appalingare shown to be mutually enmeshed. [Cultural racism, dis(re)membering, popular imagination, stereotypes, the taken for granted).
Center and Diaspora: Jews in late‐twentieth‐century Morocco
Authors: Levy André
Published: November 2004

Contemporary Jews in Casablanca are facing a slow and constant process of diminution—a consequence of death and emigration (mostly to France). This process deeply influences the Jews' self‐perception of their very existence in Morocco in various aspects of life. Their small number, along with the diminw tion process underline their marginality to Morocco's life. Yet, emigration also colors in a new light their feeling as a diaspora, and contradicts the "solar system model" that assumes unidirectional symbolic relationships between a singular "homeland" with its "diasporic communities. Although Jews have seen the Land of Israel as the cradle of their history, they also conceive of Morocco as a symbolic center; a homeland for those who remained behind as well as for those who migrated. [Diasporas, homelands, immigration, Israel, Moroccan Jews]
Blue Helmets and White Armor multi–nationalism and multi–culturalism among UN peacekeeping forces
Authors: Ben‐Ari Eyal , Elron Efrat
Published: November 2004

Multi‐national peace‐keeping forces as organizations are characterized by an inherent tension between national and transnational belonging. Derived from a wider ethnography of peacekeeping, this article focuses on these military missions as transnational sites and explores the implications of this tension between national belonging and allegiance and membership and operations within an international framework.The data is derived from interviews and focus groups with military and civilian personnel in the main peacekeeping forces in and around Israel and in a number of military forces around the world. [Cosmopolitanism, the military, transnationalism, peace‐keeping, United Nations]
Consumption, Body Image, and Rural–Urban Apartheid in Contemporary China
Authors: Zheng Tiantian
Published: November 2004

This paper investigates how rural migrant bar hostesses in China's contemporary urban settings deploy their marginaUty as a resource and a weapon to debunk derogatory understandings of who they are. Based on research in the city of Dalian, I argue that hostesses struggle within a system of rural–Urban apartheid to forge a new identity, but that their degrees of freedom are sharply curtailed by the economic and political constraints under which they operate. Analysis of hostesses consumption patterns also challenges Daniel Miller's treatment of consumption as individualistic expressive behavior. Hostesses' consumption patterns suggest that their consumption, rather than the product of freely operating, individual imaginations, is directly curtailed by their social position as rural migrant women and sex workers. [Consumption, modernity, sex workers, marginality, urban China]
Culture of Poverty Lives On: community economic developers in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
Authors: DeRoche Constance P.
Published: November 2004

Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island has a Jong history of community economic dlevelopment (CED) initiatives for which it is nationally recognized. While CED encompasses a range of forms and philosophies, the term commonly refers to “grassroots” undertakings that celebrate local knowledge and action. Yet, as his paper shows, key local spokespersons argue that die Island's “culture of dpendency,” though bom of capitalist exploitation, undermines effective folk envolvement in economic development. Their position is reminiscent of die clasic but problematic “culture of poverty” argument. Thus, ironically, a purport My left‐of‐Center orientation turns to victim blaming. An interrogation of this curious stance suggests that it serves not as a defensible representation of recent history, but rather as legitimation for leadership, [poverty, ideology, community economic devebpment, Atlantic Canada]
Violent Pastime(s): On the Commendation and Condemnation of Violence in Belfast
Authors: Carter Thomas F.
Published: November 2004

The 1998 Belfast Accord or Good Friday Agreement presented Belfast's civic authorities with an opportunity to rebuild much of the devastated city. Taking this opportunity, they began creating an image of the city that had rid itself of the problem of sectarian violence, even though the city remains a violent urban environment. Civic leaders recast the symbolism of violence to legitimate their gentrification strategies by controlling access to specific urban spaces in the city. This article plays with the different ways urban leaders contextualize violence. Their efforts to present Belfast as a cosmopolitan city contrast with workingclass youth's practices of engaging in communal violence as a means of rejecting their spatial and social marginalization, a results of the implementation of urban leaders' vision of the city, [space, gentrification, sport, violence, Belfast]