bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Emission from Burning Fabrics; Potential Harm Ranking
Authors: Miller Bernard , Meiser Charles H.
Published: March 2008

A technique for continuous monitoring of the heat released when a freely-suspended fabrie burns under natural con vection is described. The primary responses obtained from this measurement include (1) the maximum rate of heat emission, (2) the time to reach the maximum rate, and (3) the postmaximum time required for the heat-emission rate to subside to one-half its maximum value. Two different ways of combining these three responses are presented, leading to two single-valued expressions which describe relative potential harm, the functions [H]1 and [H]2. These functions haue been evaluated using data obtained for two large collections of fabries, one comprising a wide variety of fiber and fabrie types, and the other, cotton fabrie samples treated with flame retardants. Both the [H]1 and [H]2 functions show a strong direct correlation with Mushroom Apparel Flammability Test heat-transfer values obtained for the same mate rials. For the flame-retardant cotton fabries the two potential harm functions show a systematic response to flame- retardant add-on level.
Recent Progress in the Stabilization of Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Tozzi Antonio , Cantatore Giuseppe , Masina Franca
Published: March 2008

Preliminary data on the efliciency of two new light stahilizers, belonging to the hindered amine group, show that these products are very suitable for the stabilization of polypropylene fibers and stretched tapes. The new additives are very resistant to the leaching action of hot water, even if surfactants are added. They also exhibit good long-term antioxidant properties.
Burning Rates of Layered Combinations of Flame-Retardant and Untreated Cotton
Authors: Hobart Stanley R. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2008

Transfer of flame retardancy from treated to adjacent untreated cotton was observed in vertical burning of a series of cotton fahrics made flame retardant with THPOH-NH3 or Fyrol 76-NMA; these tests were run in 2- and 3-layered combinations with untreated cotton. The presence of a small amount of THPOH-NH3 flame retardant (FR) sub stantially increased the burning rate over that of untreated cotton in three of the four combinations. With increasing FR content, the rate increased linearly up to the point, where burning did not occur when two layers of FR fabric and one of untreated cotton were pesent; for the other two combinations increases were initially large and subsequently in diminishing proportion to the add-on. When Fyrot 76-NMA was used as the FR, similar but lesser ejects were noted.
Torsional Rotation of Cotton Fibers Caused by Changing Ambient Humidity
Authors: Tsuji W. , Shimada E. , Nakao T. , Kawamura K.
Published: March 2008

Raw Egyptian cotton fibers show reversible torsional rotation when the ambient humidity is changed from about 40% RH to 100% RH. The maximum angles of rotation range widely and reach up to 3430°. The direction of rotation is not definite. Rayon, silk, wool, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon 4 fibers show only a small angle of rotation. Water boiling, alkali scouring, or mercerization do not have a clear effect on the rotational property of the raw Egyptian cotton fibers. Cotton fibers taken from the freeze-dried cotton boll seem to show a lower angle and definite direction of rotation.
Studies On Cellulose Carbamate
Authors: Hebeish A. , Waly A.I. , Abou-Zeid N.Y. , El-Alfy E.A.
Published: March 2008

Reaction of cellulose carbamate with p-nitroaniline seems to occur via direct condensation of the amino group of p- nitroaniline with the carbamate groups of cellulose carbamzte. This reaction was effected by using three techniques: viz. a) padding cellulose carbamate in p-nitroaniline dissolved in acetone, drying, and baking at 180°C; b) padding cotton cellulose in aqueous urea solution, drying, then padding in p-nitroaniline solution, drying, and baking; and c) padding cotton cellulose in a solution containing urea together with p-nitroaniline in water/acetone mixture, drying, then baking. The extents of reaction for the three techniques were identical, provided that factors governing the extent of reaction were kept identical. These factors were urea and p-nitroaniline concentrations, temperature, and time of baking. The reaction product of cellulose carbamate with p-nitroaniline could be used to bring about a set of different colors by sub jecting it to reduction, diazotization, and coupling with different coupling agents. Trials to replace p-nitroaniline with o-nitroanHine and aniline were also made.
Utilizing Mini-Computers to Predict Yarn Performance in the Open-End Staple Viscose Spinning Process
Authors: Barella A. , Vigo J.P.
Published: March 2008

By the application of composite three-variahle rotatahle designs, and with the aid of mini computers, the main proper ties of staple viscose rotor yarns from four lots of raw material with identical "commercial". characteristics were studied; it is shown that the differences in the technical properties of the fibers influence the results of the spinning trials. The optimum spinning conditions are different for each lot, in spite of the hypothetical "commercial" identity, and they can be established by the application of the said designs.
Determination of Dye on Textile Fibers
Authors: Madan G.L. , Khan A.H.
Published: March 2008

Different methods for the determination of dye sorbed by textile fibers are outlined. The spectrophotometric deter mination of five disperse dyes sorbed on polyethylene terephthalate has been carried out using methods based on dye- extraction and dissolution of fiber in pure and mixed solvent systems. Factors influencing the efficiency of the methods have been discussed. Of the solvents investigated, chlorobenzene at 132°C has been found to be a very efficient ex tractant. The storage and thermal stahility of dyes in chlorobenzene have been studied using spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic techniques.
Response Profiles of Flame-Retardant Fabric Hand
Authors: Paek Soae L.
Published: March 2008

The assessment of fabric hand is influenced by three variables—namely: products, evaluators, and end-uses. In this study the influence of perceiver variable on the hand preference of flame-retardant fabrics for children's sleepwear was evaluated. Subject hand ratings and response profiles as indices of perceiver preference were analyzed. The response profile was determined as a linear function of three stimulus values of flexural rigidity, coefficient of friction, and compact ness and subject hand rating. The results of the response profiles indicated that all three panel groups chose roughness for all four categories of test fabrics. Softness was preferred for all instances except for the medium-weight woven category by homemaker and student groups. For compactness-openness, the trained panel chose compactness for the flannels, wovens, and knit category, whereas homemaker and student groups chose openness for the plain wovens. knits, and overall sleep wear category.
Equilibrium Measurements for the Reactions of Phosphorus Amides with Formaldehyde
Authors: Constant L.A. , Pepperman A.B. , Vail S.L.
Published: March 2008

The reaction of phosphorus monoamides with formaldehyde was monitored electrochemically by following the con centration of formaldehyde. Equilibrium measurements show that the methylol derivative is formed in low concentration in aqueous solution. Furthermore, dissolution of the solid methylol derivative of diethylphosphoramidate in water caused essentially complete release of formaldehyde. Phosphorus diamides qualitatively appear to react to a greater decree with formaldehyde, but it was impossible to make quantitative measurements due to successive or competitive reactions.
Evaluation of the Knittability of Synthetic Textured Yarns
Authors: Nigam J.K.
Published: March 2008

Knitting technology has advanced considerably during the past two decades with the introduction of various knitted structures, use of new and modified yarns, and design of versatile knitting equipment. The successful use of the yarns on knitting machines depends on some of the yarn characteristics and the proper selection of knitting process parameters. It appears possible to use some of these yarn properties and the range of working conditions on the knitting machines to assess the knitting performance of the yarns and use this as an index of knittability.
On the Crystallite Orientation in Jute Fiber as Obtained from Meridional and Equatorial X-Ray Reflections
Authors: Ray P.K.
Published: March 2008

Meridional x-ray reflections have been recorded for jute fiber of different varieties by the tilted-fiber technique. Hermans' orientation angle and orientation factor have been determined from the equatorial and the meridional (040) reflection. A better agreement is observed between the intensity distributions of the equatorial (002) reflection and the meridional (040) reflection than between the (040) and the composite (101) & (101) reflections.
Rotating Knife-Edge Crimping
Authors: Li H.L. , Oswald H.J. , Prevorsek D.C. , Lamb G.E.R.
Published: March 2008

A new high-speed crimping procoss has been developed. Crimping is achieved by passing the yarn over a heated rotat ing knife edge. The relative velocity difference between the knife edge and the yarn is 1 m/s or lower. A maximum yarn speed of up to 25 m/s has been achieved. The effects of processing conditions on crimped yarn characteristics are dis cussed.
Property Modifications of Cotton Fabric After Radiation-Induced Grafting of Vinyl Monomers
Authors: Trbojevi-Gobac S. , Vlatkovi M.
Published: March 2008

The samples obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and divinyllbenzene (DVB) onto cotton cellulose fabric were examined for modified physical and textile properties. After grafting with styrene or with DVB, cotton fabric showed considerably better water repellence and abrasion resistance, while breaking strength was not impaired. Air permeability and moisture regain decreased. Copolymerization with DVB improved the crease resistance. The presence of vinyl homopolymer in quantities over 5% affect the properties of the sample in an unfavorable way and should be removed.
Effect of Nitrogen Plasma on the Morphology and Allied Textile Properties of Tasar Silk Fibers and Fabrics
Authors: Bhat N.V. , Nadiger G.S.
Published: March 2008

The effect of nitrogen plasma on the morphology and properties of tasar silk fibers and fabrics has been investigated. The changes in the morphological structure were studied using the techniques of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The changes in some textile properties. such as wettability, drying rate, and crease recovery, as a result of plasma treatment, were also studied. It was found that the plasma treatment is effective only on the surface of the fibers and fabrics. Wettability increased and the drying rate became faster due to the treatment; however, the crease-recovery angle decreased. The results were used to arrive at an understanding regarding the internal structure of tasar silk.
Shrink-Resisting Wool with Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)-α,ω-Diols and Aminofunctional Silane Crosslinking Agents
Authors: Bruce Guise G. , Jones F. William
Published: March 2008

An investigation (previous paper) of shrink-resisting wool from perchloroethylene solvent treatments with poly(di methylsiloxane)-α,ω-diols and aminofunctional silane crosslinking agents was continued. A poly(dimethylsiloxane)- a,w-diol of molecular weight 55,000 was crosslinked with polyalkoxysilanes with side-chains containing various functional groups. Effective shrink resistance was only obtained with silanes containing at least two amino groups. Analogues of 3(2-aminoethylamino)-propyltrimethoxysilane with different alkoxy or amino functional groups were synthesized, and both these structural changes were found to influence significantly the development and effectiveness of the shrink resistance.
The Luster of Jute Fiber in Relation to Its Fine Structure
Authors: Bag S.C. , Ray P.K.
Published: March 2008

Luster of jute fiber has been measured by the contrast ratio of reflected light and diffusely-scattered light. Better correlation is observed between luster and crystallite orientation, and luster and fiber-bundle tenacity; than between luster and crystallinity. Fibrillar orientation, therefore, plays an important role in developing luster in jute fiber.
Imparting Smolder-Resistance to Cotton Upholstery Fabric
Authors: Donaldson Darrell J. , St. Mard Hubert H. , Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2008

A number of polymeric materials were examined to evaluate their effectiveness in imparting smolder resistance to cotton upholstery fabrics. Among the factors examined were air permeability, fabric weight, viscosity of the backcoating formulation, positioning of the cigarette, and substrate used in the test panels. Several inorganic and organic compounds were evaluated as possible smolder-resistance agents for incorporation in latex backcoatings.
Vapor-Phase Ozone Treatment of Wool Garments
Authors: Thorsen W.J. , Sharp D.L. , Randall V.G.
Published: March 2008

Optimum treatment parameters for ozone-steam shrink-resisting of wool fabric and garments, hung in a chamber, were determined. Circulation of the vapor around the materials is necessary for rapid reaction. Fabric construction in; fluences the shrinkage control achieved; tight construction apparently limits the rate of diffusion of ozone into the fabric. Ozone consumption is low, (1.2% owf or less). Wool and lambs-wool sweaters were made shrink-resistant in a single-sweater batch treatment chamber. In batch treatments, since a large percentage (75 to 80%) of the injected ozone is exhausted unreacted from the chamber, excessively large and expensive ozone generators are required. Furthermore, these generators consume-excessive electricity (energy), and the excess ozone must be destroyed. Therefore a process was developed to utilize ozone efficiently. In this new process, garments are continuously moved through an open-ended tunnel; the ends are sloped downwards to confine the hot gasses. Ozone is injected at the center so that nearly all of it is consumed during its movement towards the ends. A pilot-scale continuous treater was constructed that utilizes 94% of the injected ozone; treated fabrics have excellent shrink resistance. The ozone-steam process has advantages over other shrink-proofing processes in that (1) no pre-wetting or post-drying stages are required (low energy requirement), (2) it is a continuous, single-stage process, (3) excellent, uniform shrinkage control is attained without significantly impairing fiber properties, and (4) treatment costs are low (efficient ozone utilization).
Insulative Values of Single-Layer Fabrics for Thermal Protective Clothing
Authors: Perkins R.M.
Published: March 2008

For certain occupations special clothing is worn t provide protection against heat and fire; the amount of protection needed varies widely with the specific occupation. Fabrics made from natural fibers have been traditionally used for ordinary protection such as that needed in routine work situations of foundary workers, firefighters, etc. This study was conducted to determine the insulative properties of fabrics as measured in single layers, as well as their retention of integrity under various heat loads. Fabrics investigated ranged in weight from 85 to 740 g/m 2 and varied in fiber content, color construction, etc. Radiative heat was supplied by a quartz panel at flux levels of 0.84 to 1.68 W/cm2; an open flame provided convective heat at 8.4 W/cm2. The total heat transferred through the fabric after exposure, and the time to reach a second-degree burn injury (based on the Derksen curve), were used to evaluate insulation characteristics. The report describes the apparatus, the test methods, and procedures used to conduct the study., Some interpretations of the results are presented.
Effect of Polymer Deposition and Washing Medium on the Felting Shrinkage of Chlorinated Wool Fabrics
Authors: Kamath Y.K. , Weigmann H.-D. , Dansizer C.J.
Published: March 2008

The felting shrinkage of chlorinated wool fabrics treated with a group of preformed polymers has been investigated. The results suggest that after polymer deposition on the fabric, interfiber bridges and transient adhesive junctions formed between the fibers prevent relative fiber movements when the fabric is subjected to bending deformations in a washing medium. In the case of Hercosett-treated fabrics the shrinkproofing mechanism seems to include the elimination of directional bias in the movement of fibers by fiber lubrication. This latter mechanism is probably prevalent in fabrics made from Hercosett-treated top. These results are supported by the frictional and mechanical behavior of the polymers. The effect of surfactants in the washing medium on felting shrinkage depends on their ionic nature. Anionic and nonionic surfactants seem to reduce shrinkage by interfiber repulsions and limited fiber lubrication. Although they are operating by the same mechanisms, wettability of the fibers seems to be a key factor in the case of cationic surfactants. Differences in the concentration dependence of the surface tension of the three surfactants support this hypothesis.
The Effect of Dry-Cleaning and of Laundering With and Without Fabric Softeners on the Thermal Properties of Blankets1
Authors: Baker Marjorie Wann , Reagan Barbara M.
Published: March 2008

The effects of repeated dry-cleanings and launderings with and without fabric softeners on the thickness, air perme ability, dimensional stability, and thermal insulative properties of two blanket fabrics were evaluated in this study. One of the two softeners used in laundering was added to the rinse, and the other was added to the dryer. Changes in the thermal-transmittance properties of the test fabrics were determined with a guarded hot/cold plate.

After repeated dry-cleanings and launderings, the blanket fabrics exhibited a significant reduction in thickness. Fabric dimensions were altered sifinificantly during the first few washings. Laundering and dry-cleaning also significantly changed the air permeability of the blanket fabrics: the permeability increased for one blanket fabric and decreased for the other. There was no significant change, however, in the thermal conductivity of the blanket fabrics after repeated launderings with or without fabric softeners or after repeated dry-cleanings. Thus, the thermal insulative properties of the blanket fabrics were not affected by repeated cleanings or by the use of fabric softeners during the washing or drying cycle of laundering._
Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Polymorphy of Ramie Cellulose
Authors: Roche E.
Published: March 2008

Four pqlymorphs of ramie cellulose, ramie I, II, IIII, and IVI, are characterized by electron microscopy imaging and diffraction. Darkfield imaging of native ramie shows the crystallites as discrete rods of dimensions 5 X 30 nm. After 'the polymorphic transformations, isolated ramie microfibrils exhibit a morphology similar to that of the native micro fibrils. The morphology of the microfibrils in the core of fibrillar bundles is less clear. The results are interpreted in retation to the question of the parallelism of the cellulose chains in native celluloses.
Ignition Process in Single and Multicomponent Polyester/Cotton Textile Structures
Authors: Pintauro Elissa M. , Buchanan David R.
Published: March 2008

The thermal-decomposition behavior and the ignition characteristics of a sories of polyester/cotton fabrics have been studied. Thermal decomposition at 80°C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere is generally retarded by increasing polyester content. Calculated decomposition curves, based on 100% cotton and 100% polyester decomposition curves, do not agree with those observed, either for blended or for layered systems. The interaction implied appears to have a physical rather than a chemical basis. Ignition characteristics in single and multicomponent systems depend sifinificantly on the level of the radiant-energy field surrounding the ignition area, between 7 and 18 W/cm2, as well as on the composition of the fabric. Intrinsic ignition times from autoignition experiments tend to increase with increasing polyester content, but for piloted ignition most intrinsic ignition times are effectively zero.
Thermomechanical and Swelling Behavior of Polymers Used in Wool Shrinkproofing
Authors: Kamath Y.K. , Weigmann H.-D. , Dansizer C.J.
Published: March 2008

Thermomechanical and swelling properties of polymers used in wool shrinkproofing have been investigated. The studies involve a crosslinked polyamide, a polyacrylate, and a polyurethane. Swelling seems to be important only with the hydrogel type of polymer (crosslinked polyamide) used in this work. The mechanical modulus of the polymers is seen to be related to their shrinkproofing ability but does not seem to be the only factor. Torsional braid analysis shows that the loss tangent of the hydrogel-type polymer is drastically reduced when the polymer swells. This decrease is due to the low deformahility of chairk segments of the fully-swollen network, which might influence the bending be havior of single fibers. The high loss tangent of the polyurethane suggests that elastic hysteresis of the crosslinked network may be important in the shrinkproofing mechanism.
Some Factors Affecting Measurement by the CSIRO Fiber-Fineness Distribution Analyser
Authors: Lunney H.W.M. , Irvine P.A.
Published: March 2008

A number of factors affecting measurements taken with the CSIRO Fiber Fineness Distribution Analyser are described. These factors influence the choice of conditions under which calibration and measurements are carried out.
The Direction Distribution on Cross-Contact Points in Anisotropic Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Cheng C.C. , Duckett K.E.
Published: March 2008

The spatial distribution and the volume density of points of fiber contact in a fiber assembly are dependent on the direction distribution function p( θ, ϕ) of the fiber segments. The expansion of the direction distribution function separates the terms associated with a uniformly-oriented fiber assembly from one of a generalized anisotropy. It is further demon strated that uniform fiber assemblies—other parameters being identical—consist of geometries in which the numbers of cross-contact points per unit length and per unit volume are maximized.
Determination of Crystallite Orientation in Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers
Authors: Gupta V.B. , Kumar Satish
Published: March 2008

The orientation distribution of crystallites in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers is generally determined using approximate methods. In this paper an exact equation, based on the generalized treatment of Wilchinsky, is developed which makes use of the intensity-distribution curves of three equatorial planes to determine Hermans' orientation factor. The orientation factors obtained for a few PET samples using this approach are compared with those obtained by using two approximate methods. It is concluded that for fibers having relatively high orientation. the various approaches give reasonably close values for Hermans' orientation factor.
A Comparison of the Effects of Liquid Ammonia and Sodium Hydroxide Treatments on the Accessibility of Wood Pulp
Authors: Wadsworth Larry C. , Cuculo John A. , Hudson Sam M.
Published: March 2008

.Sodium hydroxide mercerization and liquid ammonia pretreatments resulted in substantially higher moisture regains, indicating greatly enhanced accessibilities as compared to the unmercerized pulp. Moisture regains and infrared crystal linities were used to evaluate these changes in accessibility. The highest accessibility occurred with a comhination of both treatments on "never-dried" pulp.
A Practical Sample-Holder for Maximizing Peak Resolutions with X-Ray Diffractometry
Authors: Hall David M. , Hajek Ben F. , Hardin Ian R.
Published: March 2008

A fiber-holder of special design that allows the ends of the fibers to be scanned by x-ray diffraction while in the "stand-up" position has been found to improve the peak resolution. The device also gives new diffraction peaks not heretofore known by exposing crystallites that are in orderly lattices parallel to the fiber axis. The holder can also be employed to pack the fibers in a randomly-oriented condition for a more complete analysis of fiber crystallinity. The latter method has been found to provide a good way to measure heat-setting in nylon. The results for nylon, polyester, rayon, and cotton are given.
The Torque Generated in Single and Multi-Ply Yarns as a Function of Changes in Yarn Tension
Authors: Bennett Judith M. , Postle R.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the torque generated in a yarn as a result of a change in applied tensile stress. Single and plied yarn structures are analyzed, and it is shown that for small elastic extensions of a yarn, the change in yarn torque is linearly related to the applied tensile force P and also to the yarn twist. For plied yarns, a ratio of ply twist to single-yarn twist exists, for which the structure is torsionally insensitive to changes in applied tension. An expression is derived, relating this twist ratio to the yarn geometry, and values of 0.33, 0.20, and 0.11 are experimentally verified for 2-, 4-, and 7-ply yarns, respectively.
Shear Properties of Warp-Knitted Outerwear Fabrics
Authors: Dhingra R.C. , Postle R.
Published: March 2008

In this paper an experimental study is reported of the low-stress deformations in shear for a wide range of warp-knitted fabrics, including commercially-finished synthetic apparel outerwear fabrics, laboratory-produced wool/polyester samples, and a series of laid-in warp-knitted constructions. Features of fabric shear deformation and recovery curves such as their shape, asymmetry, linearity, and degree of hysteresis are discussed by analyzing the results in terms of elastic and frictional resistance to shear deformation. The effect of tension on fabric shear parameters is investigated. The shear behavior of warp-knitted fabrics is compared with corresponding properties of woven and double-knitted fabrics; it is shown that the laid-in warp-knitted structures exhibit much lower values of frictional shear stress and in most cases lower values of shear rigidity than do the ordinary warp-knitted structures. The effect of warp-knit construction on fabric shear behavior is examined for a series of laboratory-produced fabrics, and the effects of fabric relaxation are studied. Fabric shear properties are shown to depend largely on the inherent nature of the warp-knit construction ( viz. the combination of loop and underlap) and show very little systematic telationship with such structural variables as fahric thickness and weight per unit area of fabric. The effect of relaxation is found to be much less for shear deformation than the corresponding effect on bending behavior for warp-knitted fabrics.
The Influence of Adsorbed Dyes on the Yield Stress of Nylon Filaments
Authors: Suganuma Keiko
Published: March 2008

The effects of different dyes on the yield stress of nylon filaments have been studied, and inferences have then been made attributing the observed effects to the operations of different molecular forces in different instances ( e.g. ionic interactions, nonpolar van dcr Waal's forces, and hydrogen honds).

Several acid and disperse azo dyes were selected together with those anthraquinone dyes with similar parent chemical structure. They were applied to drawn nylon monofilaments. The stress-strain curves of dyed and undyed filaments were measured, and their yield-strcss values were obtained.

Acid dyes attached to amine ends or amide groups of nylon by ionic interactions made the yield-stress increase, whereas disperse dyes attached by hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces; and dipole-dipole forces had little effect on it. It should be noted that the resistance to bond-rotation of amide groups of nylon is stronger when acid dyes are adsorbed. In this work, acid azo dye had a little more effect than acid anthraquinone dye.
Lint-Loss and Appearance-Change Tests for Blankets
Authors: Hassenboehler Charles B. , Wyatt Nancy E.
Published: March 2008

Several textile-abrasion instruments were investigated for their ability to simulate the general surface appearance and lint loss of blankets developed during laundering and actual use. An Accelerotor-type abrasion instrument was the most effective in this regard for a wide range of representative 'blanket constructions and fiber types used by consumers. A 25-second Accelerotor exposure produced simulations of blanket surface appearances comparable to those developed during use. A nomograph was produced from correlations of the lint deposited in the dryer during latindering of the blankets and lint generated by a separate, Accelerotor test. The nomograph predicts the lint deposited in the dryer per laundering from the Accelerotor lint test for all representative blanket types evaluated. This simulated performance test rapidly determines the properties that consumers readily recognize during use and care of blankets and may be useful as a basis for blanket pricing.
Design and Construction of a Thermally-Instrumented Mannequin for Measuring the Burn Injury Potential of Wearing Apparel
Authors: Trent L.C. , Resch W.A. , Coppari L.A. , Finley D.L.
Published: March 2008

In recent years interest has grown in tests that predict injury potential by measuring the heat transferred from burning textile materials. The preferred test is one in which the geometry of the heat receiver closely approximates the form of the human body. This work describes the design and construction of a heat-sensing system capable of measuring the area of simulated first-, second-, and third-degree burns of the human body. Sufficient detail is included to allow con struction of similar mannequin systems by others.
Quantitative Analysis of Cotton-Polynosic Blends
Authors: Kumar Raj , Sarma T.S. , Srivastava H.C.
Published: March 2008

A physicochemical nondestructive method for the quantitative analysis of cotton-polynosic blends is described. The method is based on the moisture regain of cotton, polynosic, and their blends. It is found that the moisture regain is a linear function of the blend composition.
Evaluation of Cleaning and Washing Processes for Cotton Fiber
Authors: Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D.
Published: March 2008

Fine dusts in trash samples collected on Pneumafil filter during carding of washed cottons were separated into 20 to 38-μm and <20-μm fractions, their ash contents determined, and elemental analyses performed on the resulting inorganic residues. The quantity of fine dusts separated was affected by carding rate and the use of an electrostatic eliminator on the card. The lower the carding speed, the lower the fine dust content per bale. The electrostatic eliminator significantly increased the amount of fine dusts per bale even at the lowest carding speed. Ash contents varied with washing conditions, carding rate, and whether the electrostatic eliminator was employed. A wide variety of elements was present in the fine dusts, but unexpectedly high levels of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Al were found, which indicate contamination of these cottons.
Evaluation of Cleaning and Washing Processes for Cotton Fiber
Authors: Fischer Janet J.
Published: March 2008

Precleaning, washing, steaming plus washing, and steaming plus hot alkaline scour result in statisti cally significant decreases in the gram-negative organism counts and the endotoxin content of the cotton and of the airborne dusts in the model cardroom when the cotton is carded.
No-Twist Cotton Yarn Made from Card Web1
Authors: Salaun H.L. , Brown R.S. , Louis G.L.
Published: March 2008

A technique for producing a no-twist yarn from a card web has been developed. The fibers in a strip of web are aligned by a special drafting device. The fibers are impregnated with a binder, dried, and packaged. The binder holds the untwisted fibers together until the yarn is made into a fabric. The binder is then removed, and the fibers are held together by the fabric construction. Fabric properties including strength compare favorably with fabric properties of conventional yarns. A yarn production rate of 1 m/s has been achieved.
Preparing and Finishing Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics1
Authors: Jones Brian W. , Turner John D. , Luparello Diane O.
Published: March 2008

Commercially practicable preparation and finishing techniques have been studied that can be com bined to produce improved durable-press or easy-care woven cotton fabrics, especially lightweights. Fabric mercerization combined with extensive stretching in the filling direction was highly effective in improving tensile and tear strength after subsequent finishing, especially in the filling direction. As an alternative to mercerization, liquid-ammonia treatment on commercial equipment had the addi tional benefits of greater fabric softness, better abrasion resistance, and better fabric appearance after laundering. Finishing with so-called buffered glyoxal crosslinking resins gave a consistently better balance of durable-press rating to strength than the older, less-buffered ones. Application of finish with a low wet pick-up technique resulted in better chemical efficiency and abrasion resistance than a conventional pad application.
Novel Porous Sheets Made Directly from Acrylonitrile or Polyvinyl Alcohol
Authors: Arons Gilbert N.
Published: March 2008

Dilute aqueous solutions of acrylonitrile and polyvinyl alcohol were frozen in sheet form. Ionizing radiation from a cobalt-60 source was used to achieve polymerization in a network of voids between ice crystals. Dosages were 5 to 64 megarads for acrylonitrile at -100°C and 1 to 25 megarads for polyvinyl alcohol at -20°C. Subsequent to thawing and evaporation, stable fabric-like webs were obtained.
A Review of Techniques for the Assessment of Hand
Authors: Ellis B.C. , Garnsworthy R.K.
Published: March 2008

The subjective assessment of a textile material obtained from the sense of touch is an essential consideration in fabric manufacture and marketing. This paper reviews what the authors judge to be the most significant contributions to the problems of evaluating hand in an organized and quantitative manner.
Determination of the Autocorrelation Function of Woven Fabrics Using Laser Speckle
Authors: Toba Eiji
Published: March 2008

When a rough surface is irradiated by a laser light and reflected or transmitted light is observed, a diffraction fringe with speckle is obtained at the observation plane. This diffraction fringe is called the speckle pattern. In the present study the static states of woven fabric surfaces were obtained as the autocorrelation functions from the speckle patterns. The functions indicate the following: 1) By the reflection method the surface configuration of a woven fabric can be determined; by the transmission method the state of plane arrangement of yarn can be determined. 2) Three funda mental weaves (plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave) can be discriminated. 3) The presence and sizes of periodic defects in the woven fabric can be detected.
The Relationship of Drafting-Force Variability to Cotton Fiber Properties and Spinning Efficiency
Authors: Graham John S. , Taylor Robert A.
Published: March 2008

Fifty-six bales of medium staple cotton were spun into 40s yarn to evaluate spinning performance. In a parallel effort, roving samples from each bale were tested on a single-end drafting tester that duplicates the Tru-Set drafting system used in spinning. Front-zone drafting force and force-vari ability measurements were related to fiber properties and spinning performance. Drafting-force variability correlated well with spinning. The correlation with spinning was improved by subtracting from drafting-force variance the weight variance caused by fiber randomization due to average micro naire fineness.
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Dust Collected Using a Vertical Elutriator Cotton Dust Sampler
Authors: Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D. , Hersh S.P. , Dzubay T.G.
Published: March 2008

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy has been used to analyze trace-element concentrations in cotton dusts collected on vertical elutriator filter media. Twenty-three samples collected from ten bales of cotton processed in a model cardroom have been analyzed. The major elements in the dust detected by the XRF technique are Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ba. The XRF method has been shown to give reproducible results and may be used to show differences between airborne dusts in a cardroom. Similar analyses are reported of cotton dusts collected on an areal sampler.
An Assessment of Some Thermodynamic Treatments of Wool Dyeing Systems
Authors: Asquith R.S. , Kwok W.F. , Otterburn M.S.
Published: March 2008

This paper examines previous thermodynamic data for some acid dye/wool systems. On the basis of further experimental evidence, it is suggested that errors result if allowance is not made for hydrophobic dye - dye interactions in solution at lower dyeing temperatures.
The Role of Computers in the Production of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Ilg Otto M.
Published: March 2008

The desire of the synthetic fibers industry to reduce manufacturing cost, to conserve energy and raw materials, and to increase productivity and unit capacity leads to the integration of individual manufacturing steps into high-speed, greatly-automated, one-step processes. Utilizing micropro cessors and computers for real-time process supervision or control and continuous mathematical analysis of essential process parameters, the product quality of the fiber produced is largely assured through improved process stability. Computer-assisted process control is steadily diminishing the importance of statistical product-quality testing. Process and equipment performance data, pro ductivity information, and inventory management are further potential benefits of such on-line systems.
Influences of Fiber Geometry on the Performance of Nonwoven Air Filters
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Costanza Peter A.
Published: March 2008

The effects of fiber cross-sectional shape on the filtration performance of nonwoven fabrics were examined empirically. Compared to round fibers, performance was better with fibers having three or four lobes but poorer with fibers having two lobes, Performance improved with lobe depth. Some of these results, which were obtained with small (10-cm diameter) patch filters, were con firmed by measurements made with a one-bag laboratory baghouse. The results obtained are similar to theoretical predictions of capture efficiency of lobed fibers in electric fields, and therefore it is proposed that the response of filter performance to fiber shape is partly electrostatic in origin. Some experimental support for this hypothesis is presented.
The Severity of Impeller Washing Machines
Authors: Denby E.F.
Published: March 2008

The shrinkage rate of woollen fabrics is proportional to the square of the agitator speed in an impeller washing machine. By measuring the relative force levels at different speeds, it is con cluded that the increase is caused by the number of flexes per unit time and the magnitude of the flexes both being proportional to the impeller speed.
Mass Transfer in a Laboratory Washing Machine
Authors: Ganguli K.L. , Van Eendenburg J.
Published: March 2008

Rinsing of loosened soil from textiles into an agitated bath is one of the essential steps in washing. This paper describes a rinsing model, its measurements, and further applications.

A textile is an inhomogeneous porous medium. The liquid from the bath easily flows into the large pores. In these regions the soil is dispersed mainly by convection. The small pores are occupied by stagnant liquid. Consequently, the supply of detergents and the transport of loosened soil take place by diffusion. A piece of textile is therefore regarded as a porous slab having diffusion and convective regions. The length of each region depends on agitation, cloth/liquor ratio, textile porosity, and tem perature.

Using the diffusion length as a characteristic parameter, the agitation and the influence of detergents in fabric cleaning can be investigated and optimized in washing machines of various types and dimen sions.
Development of Cored Wool/Polyester Blend Yarns and Their Evaluation in Fabrics
Authors: Singleton Robert W.
Published: March 2008

Mechanical and thermal coring techniques were used to create a series of wool/polyester (65/35) blend staple yarns with varying percentages of wool fiber in the outer layer of yarn (WOLY) (one- fifth yarn diameter-% WOLY). A maximum value of 94% WOLY was achieved via controlled relaxa tion of a high-shrink polyester as the blending fiber. While the techniques employed do not result in a reduction in fiber packing density, a lower level of yarn lateral coherency is created, which manifests itself in reduced pilling and abrasion resistance and lower flexural rigidity of fabrics knitted from these cored yarns. The aesthetic qualities of the fabrics produced from the blend yarns studied are not enhanced by polyester fiber coring.
Closed-Boll Cotton
Authors: Nelson Mary L. , Rousselle Marie-Alice , Ramey Harmon H. , Barker Gary L.
Published: March 2008

Cotton lint from closed bolls harvested at various stages approaching maturity had very high initial moisture content, water retention, and dye sorption. Values decreased as fibers matured. Equilibrium moisture contents of never-dried cotton by desorption to 93 and 87% relative humidity were much higher than those for rewet air-dried fibers. Tensile elongations of never-dried fibers were greater than those of rewet air-dried fibers only in the more mature samples. Under the condi tions employed, treatment of never-dried cotton with aqueous acidified formaldehyde solution did not preserve the very high sorptive properties.
The Cross-Sectional Shapes of a Cotton Fiber Along its Length
Authors: Petkar B.M. , Oka P.G. , Sundaram V.
Published: March 2008

An attempt has been made to examine the cross-sectional shapes of the cotton fiber along its length. For this purpose, three cottons were selected, and the cotton fibers were sectioned at four different positions— viz., one each at the two extremities (basal and apical ends), and two at the middle region. The values of circularity of the cross sections at these regions were determined from measurements of area and perimeter. It was concluded that the apical end of the cotton fiber was more circular in cross-sectional shape, and the basal end less circular than the middle region. The middle region was consistent in cross-sectional shape over a considerable length. Further, the lower value of the cross- sectional shape at the basal end was confirmed from measurement of fiber and lumen widths of the fiber.
A Constitutive Equation for Fabrics
Authors: Phan-Thien N.
Published: March 2008

A reasonable microstructural model of fabrics is adopted, and an explicit. constitutive equation for such materials is derived. At infinitesimal strains the bulk stress tensor is directly proportional to the area fraction and the Young modulus of the fiber strands. Anisotropy is a direct consequence of the distribution of fiber strands. Two cases are considered: the completely random distribution, and a regular pattern of fiber strands. In the former case the material is not Hookean, in the sense that normal stresses are generated during a shear deformation; in the latter case material properties are strongly dependent on the pattern distribution itself.
Swelling of Jute: Heterogeneity of Crimp Formation
Authors: Majumder A. , Samajpati S. , Ganguly P.K. , Sardar D. , Das Gupta P.C.
Published: March 2008

Different degrees of crimp were developed in three jute samples when they were treated with 18% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution. Better crimp formation of the fiber was accompanied by larger longitudinal contraction of the fiber, larger longitudinal shrinkage, and greater swelling of the ulti mate cells of the fiber. Loss in weight and inward swelling of cell-wall materials (typical when jute was treated with 18% (w/w) alkali) may not be considered as the dominant factors responsible for crimp formation of the fiber.
Dye-Induced Structural Changes and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers
Authors: Gulrajani M.L. , Saxena R.K. , Sengupta A.K.
Published: March 2008

Disperse dyes participate in the structural modifications of polyester fibers during dyeing. The change in the mechanical properties of the disperse-dyed polyester fibers over the blank-treated ones is, however, due to mechanical hindrance of the dye, which is dependent on the structure and the concentration of dye in the fiber. The dye-induced structural change has little or no effect on the mechanical properties.
Texturing of Polyester-Viscose Blended Yarn by Batch and Continuous Processes
Authors: Bajaj P. , Sengupta A.K. , Sen K.
Published: March 2008

Union-setting (combined heat-setting and resin-curing) of polyester-viscose blended yarns of varying blend ratios (20/80, 50/50, 65/35, and 80/20) was studied for producing textured yarn by batch (twist-set-detwist) and continuous (false-twist) methods. Basic aluminum chloride and magnesium dihydrogen phosphate were used as catalysts for the setting of the viscose component by dimethylol dihydroxyethylene urea. In the batch process an increase in the curing time from 2.5 to 30 seconds marginally increases the extent of resin fixation with no concommitant increase in the crimp rigidity. The crimp rigidity, however, increases with increase in the polyester component in the blend. The ratios of wet/dry retractability and wet/dry tenacity are maximum in 65/35 polyester-viscose blended yarn. Continuous false-twist texturization of blended yarn with simultaneous setting of both the components was possible even with a residence time of 1 second in the heater.
Role of Filter Structure and Electrostatics in Dust-Cake Formation
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Costanza Peter A. , Turner James H.
Published: March 2008

This study has examined the relationship between filter performance and dust-cake formation. The latter is found to be dependent on filter structure and on electrostatic effects. An important feature of the dust cake is the distribution of mass with distance from the fabric surface. When the cake forms close to the upstream surface, lower dust retention and lower pressure drop result, as well as better capture efficiency. This upstream concentration of the dust cake can be achieved by proper choice of the fibers of which the filter is made, by certain layered constructions of the filter, and by application of an electric field at the filter surface.
Crystallinity, Crystallite Size, and Physical Properties of Native Egyptian Cotton
Authors: Hindeleh A.M.
Published: March 2008

Crystallinity and crystallite size of eight types of native Egyptian cotton have been measured by the multipeak-resolution method of Hindeleh and Johnson. Remarkable variations in crystallinity were found—it ranges between 69 and 53%—while the crystallite size normal to the 002 planes ranges between 4.1 and 3.6 nm.

A sample that possesses higher values of crystallinity and birefringence is characterized by higher values of breaking tenacity and stiffness and by a lower value of breaking elongation. The finest fiber (Guiza 45) has the best structural parameters and tensile properties.

Although the crystallinity and birefringence are highly correlated with the physical properties, the birefringence correlation is more significant.