bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Institutional Context of Multicultural Education: What Is Your Institutional Curriculum?
Authors: Murray-García Jann L. , García Jorge A.
Published: March 2009

Recently revised accreditation standards require medical schools and residency training programs to integrate multicultural training into their curricula. Most multicultural training models concern the educational outcomes of individual trainees who have received digestible “units” of multicultural education or “cultural competence” training designed for trainees’ individual consumption. Few have taken a critical perspective on how an individual trainee must learn, change his or her behavior, and sustain that behavioral change within a specific institutional context.

The authors discuss the educational impact of one’s institutional learning environment—the institution’s ethos, teachers, modeling, policies, and processes—on the multicultural education of physician trainees. A usable conceptual model is offered with which educators can identify those dimensions of one’s “institutional curriculum” that may enhance or obstruct trainees’ optimal learning and behavior change regarding issues of multiculturalism in medicine. Comparisons are drawn to the recent medical literature concerning professionalism education and the hidden curriculum. Distinctions are drawn between overlapping areas of planned, received, intended, and unintended learning and values, as communicated from faculty, attendings, and residents to students. Ways of maximizing ideal learning and minimizing unintended consequences are discussed.

The goal is for medical educators to be able to ask, What is the institutional curriculum of my training program regarding issues of race, difference, etc? What elements of that institutional curriculum can be recaptured and reclaimed as consistent with and supportive of tenets of excellent patient care for all?
Olfactory Function Following Nasal Surgery
Authors: Pade Jürgen , Hummel Thomas
Published: March 2009

Objective/Hypothesis: This prospective study aimed to investigate predictors of nasal surgery in terms of olfactory function.

Study Design: Prospective study.

Methods: A total of 775 patients were included in this prospective study (482 men, 293 women; age range 10–81 years, mean age 41 years, standard deviation = 15.3 y). Prior to surgery, patients received a detailed otorhinolaryngologic examination including nasal endoscopy. Olfactory function was assessed with a standardized odor identification test (“Sniffin' Sticks”). In 356 patients, olfactory function was retested 4 months after surgery (63–339 days after surgery; mean 128 days, standard deviation = 29 days); 206 of these patients received sinus surgery, while 150 received surgery involving the septum.

Results: Using a conservative definition of change of olfactory function, following sinus surgery, improvement of the sense of smell was found in 23%, no change was seen in 68%, and decreased function was seen in 9% of the patients; in patients with septum surgery, improvement was seen in 13%, no change in 81%, and decreased function in 7%. Patients exhibiting a postoperative decrease of olfactory function had significantly higher preoperative olfactory scores than patients who experienced improvement. In terms of the sense of smell, nasal surgery produced the highest success rates in patients with eosinophilia and a high degree of polyposis. Neither age nor sex had a major impact on the outcome of surgery in terms of olfactory function.

Conclusions: These results in a large group of patients confirm previous work. Apart from apparent success in 13 to 23% of patients, there is also a small but significant group of patients (7 to 9%) in whom olfactory function decreases after surgery. Because this decrease was mostly found in patients with relatively good preoperative olfactory function, this group should receive specific attention when counseling patients about the potential risks of nasal surgery.
Predicting the Need for Azathioprine at First Presentation in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mossop Hilary , Davies P , Murphy MS
Published: March 2009

Objective:

Although azathioprine usually is reserved for inflammatory bowel disease that proves difficult to control, routine early use has recently been advocated for children with Crohn disease. However, this practice carries with it an increased risk of adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to look for characteristics at first presentation that may identify those likely to benefit from early azathioprine.

Patients and Methods:

Study setting was a tertiary pediatric gastroenterology department. Retrospective cohort study of 156 children (93 Crohn disease, 47 ulcerative colitis, 16 indeterminate colitis), comparing characteristics at presentation in those who did and did not eventually require azathioprine. Azathioprine was reserved for patients with frequent relapses and steroid dependence/resistance. Twenty variables were examined, including patient and disease characteristics and initial treatment response. These were analysed using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves, log‐rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results:

Median follow‐up was 3.9 years (range 0.5–10.6 years). Azathioprine was used in 36% with Crohn disease and 40% with ulcerative colitis. Median time to commencing azathioprine was 14 months (range 3–77.5 months). Multifactorial analysis revealed an association with endoscopic colitis severity in Crohn disease (P < 0.02). However, only 50% with severe Crohn colitis actually needed azathioprine. There was an association with need for intravenous corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn disease (P < 0.006) and ulcerative colitis (P < 0.05). Of these patients, 75% required azathioprine.

Conclusions:

These findings support the early use of azathioprine in children who require intravenous corticosteroids to induce initial remission. No other characteristics examined were of clinical utility in predicting need for azathioprine.
Hepatocarcinoma in Viral and Metabolic Liver Disease
Authors: Rosenthal Philip
Published: March 2009

It is becoming increasingly evident that children, like adults, with chronic viral or metabolic liver diseases are at risk for the development of hepatocarcinoma. The aims of this article are to review the risk factors for hepatocarcinoma in chronic viral or metabolic liver disease, outline potential pathogenic mechanisms of hepatocarcinoma, and describe surveillance strategies, clinical evaluation, and management of hepatocarcinoma in children.
Update on Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Authors: Alissa Feras T , Jaffe Ronald , Shneider Benjamin L
Published: March 2009

Three distinct forms of familial intrahepatic cholestasis are the result of mutations in the ATP8B1, ABCB11, and ABCB4 genes. The pathophysiologies of the latter 2 of these diseases are well characterized and are the result of abnormalities in canalicular excretion of bile acids and phospholipids, respectively. The molecular pathophysiology of the systemic disease associated with mutations in ATP8B1 remains unclear. In all of these diseases, wide variations in clinical phenotypes have been observed. The variability can be ascribed at least in part to predicted genotype:phenotype correlations. Disease‐ and genotype‐specific prognoses and therapeutic approaches may exist, although much more information needs to be ascertained before clinicians can confidently make decisions based on genetic information.
Combined effects of wheat competition and 2,4‐D amine on phenoxy herbicide resistant Raphanus raphanistrum populations
Authors: WALSH M J , MAGUIRE N , POWLES S B
Published: March 2009

Phenoxy herbicides are integral to the control of Raphanus raphanistrum populations in Australian crop production systems, but the development of phenoxy resistant R. raphanistrum populations poses a major threat to the sustainability of these systems. In dose–response pot studies, phenoxy herbicide resistant R. raphanistrum populations, WARR12 and WARR20, suffered large biomass reductions following treatment with recommended or higher application rates of phenoxy herbicides. This indicates the presence of a weak resistance mechanism where treated plants, although surviving, are affected by these herbicides. Subsequently, the competitive ability of 2,4‐D amine treated or untreated WARR12 and WARR20 populations with wheat was assessed using a target‐neighbourhood experiment. The combination of wheat competition and 2,4‐D amine application resulted in control of the resistant WARR12 population, but not the WARR20 population. Wheat crop competition alone resulted in large (>40%) biomass reductions of WARR12 and WARR20 populations. However, the application of the recommended rate of 2,4‐D amine caused a large (>75%) reduction in WARR12 biomass, but had a reduced effect on WARR20 biomass. These studies possibly explain the largely successful control of R. raphanistrum populations being achieved with phenoxy herbicides in cropping systems across the Western Australia wheatbelt. However, the results also indicated that the strategy of combining crop competition with phenoxy herbicides for the control of this weed is likely to be an effective option in the short‐term only.
The Incidence of Du in Blood Donors in Yorkshire with Special Reference to the ccDuee Phenotype
Authors: DARNBOROUGH J.
Published: March 2009

All the apparent Rh negative donor samples from several consecutive blood donor sessions were tested for the Du antigen and were Rh phenotyped. Figures are presented giving the incidence of all the Rh negative phenotypes and of the Du antigen in apparent D negatives.

The overall dangers of the undetected ccDuee donor to Rh negative patients are discussed and do not appear great enough in a white population to justify the work involved in testing apparent cde/cde donors for this factor.

Parmi 7852 donneurs de sang examinés avec deux sérums anti‐D se trouvérent 1528 donneurs négatifs. Chez ces derniers, les facteurs C, E et Du furent recherchés. Les fréquences des phénotypes ainsi trouvés sont données en détail.

Le danger que représente le donneur ccDuee pour un malade Rh négatif est discuté, et il ressort des résultats obtenus que ce danger est trop petit pour justifier le travail considérable qu'exige le dépistement, chez les donneurs apparemment cde/cde, du facteur Du.

Aus einer Serie von 7852 in einem größeren Spendezentrum gemachten Blutentnahmen wurden 1528 Blutproben bei der Routineprüfung (mit zwei Anti‐D‐Seren) Rh‐negativ befunden. Diese Blutproben wurden weiter auf das Vorkommen von C, E und Du untersucht. Die Häufigkeiten der verschiedenen auf diese Weise gefundenen Rhesus‐Phänotypen sind angegeben.

Die Gefahr, welche der nicht erkannte ccDuee‐Blutspender für Rh negative Empfänger darstellt, wird besprochen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit weisen daraufhin, daß diese Gefahr bei einer weißen Bevölkerung zu gering ist, urn die Mehrarbeit zu rechtfertigen, die das Auffinden des Du‐Faktors bei anscheinend cde/cde‐Blutspendern erfordert.
Beeinflussung der Properdinaktivitat durch Erythrozyten‐ Stromata
Authors: MARTIN Helmut , VOSS Jutta
Published: March 2009

Aus unseren Versuchen ziehen wir folgende Schlüsse:

PNH‐Erythrozyten hämolysieren, wie von Pillemer und Mitarb. mitgeteilt wurde, nur in Gegenwart von Properdin.

Aus normalen menschlichen Erythrozyten läßt sich ein polysaccharidhaltiges Substrat herstellen, das, ähnlich wie Zymosan, Properdin zu absorbieren vermag. Dabei wird der Komplementtiter auchbei Inkubationstemperaturen von 37°C nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt.

Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß das Properdinsystem auch für die normale Hämolyse von Bedeutung ist.

Es grbt offenbar physiologische Hemmfaktoren des Properdinsystems.

As reported by Pillemer et al., PNH erythrocytes are hemolyzed only in the presence of properdin.

A polysaccharide substrate can be prepared from normal human erythrocytes which, like zymosan, is able to absorb properdin. This absorption does not fix complement appreciably, even when it is carried out at 37°C.

It is suggested that the properdin system is also important for normal hemolysis.

The existence of physiological inhibitors of the properdin system has been demonstrated.

Nous tirons de nos expériences les conclusions suivantes:

Les érythrocytes PNH sont hémolysées, comme l'ont montré Pillemer et ses collaborateurs, seulement en présence de properdine.

On peut préparer à partir d'érythrocytes hurnains normaux un substrat riche en polysaccharide qui, comme le zymosane, est capable d'absorber la properdine. Cette réaction, même A 37°, ne fixe pas le complement en quantités appréciables.

Il est donc vraisemblable que la properdine est importante pour l'hémolyse normale.

Il est évident qu'il existe des inhibiteurs physiologiques de la properdine.
Haemolytic Anaemias with Unusual Serology
Authors: Weiner W. , Gordon E. G. , Kidd P.
Published: March 2009

Three cases of haemolytic anaemia are described with an unusual serology which suggests that they are somewhat outside the accepted classification of acquired haemolytic anaemias.

Les auteurs décrivent trois cas d'anémie hémolytique présentant des phéno mènes sérologiques inhabituels, ce qui laisse supposer que ces cas se trouvent quelque peu en debors de la classification habituelle des anémies hémolytiques acguises.

Es werden drei Fälle von hämolytischer Anämie beschrieben, deren serologische Befunde etwas außerhalb der üblichen Einteilung der erworbenen hämolytisch en Anämien liegen.
The Ena Antigen and Antibody A Genetical Modification of Human Red Cells Affecting their Blood Grouping Reactions
Authors: Darnborough J. , Dunsford I. , Wallace Josephine A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The red cells from a 23‐year‐old pregnant woman gave very unusual blood grouping reactions and her serum contained a ‘new’ antibody active against a very high incidence antigen.

The reactions of various unrelated blood group antigens are modified, in some cases enhanced and in others depressed, the total picture being strongly reminiscent of the effects of proteolytic enzyme treatment. It is suggested that these effects can only be due to some factor affecting the red cell structure possibly by modifying the cell envelope.

This modifying factor is genetically determined and shows dosage effect. Of nine siblings three are apparently homozygous and four heterozygous for this factor, the other two being ‘normal’. It is extremely rare, no further examples having been found in 18,472 blood donors.

The antibody is undoubtedly immune, probably due to a blood transfusion two years previously. 12,509 donors have been tested with it but the only compatible red cells are those of the three homozygous siblings, i.e. the propositus, one sister and one brother. The antibody is therefore related to the modifying factor.

Two codominant genes Ena and Enb are postulated, Enb being exceedingly rare. It is suggested that these genes determine not only the presence of the corresponding antigens Ena and Enb but also the structure of the red cell.
A Detailed Serological Study on the Prediction and Diagnosis of ABO Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (ABO HD)
Authors: Voak D. , Bowley C. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. An evaluation is given of haemolysin, neutralisation, thermostability, saline titration, anti‐Ap antibody absorption and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol studies on the sera from 178 clinically affected ABO HD cases and 130 control cases.

The antiglobulin titre on the 2‐mercapto‐ethanol treated sera which determines the IgG titre was the best procedure used for the demonstration of significant immune anti‐A/B antibodies in the maternal sera.

The screen series on 5,704 sera from group 0 mothers for the detection of immune anti‐A/B and the attempted prediction of ABO HD revealed that ABO HD occurs with a frequency of about 0.8%. Exchange transfusion was needed in six cases i.e. about 0.1% of all the infants of group O mothers screened.

The minimum criteria for the diagnosis of ABO HD are the serological demonstration of incompatible anti‐A/B antibodies in an eluate prepared from the baby' red cells, accompanied by the clinical observation of jaundice, or more rarely pallor due to anaemia, in the infant during the first few days following birth.

In the absence of elution or serum studies on a blood sample from the baby, the presence of an incompatible high titre (>256) IgG antibody in the maternal serum provides good presumptive evidence that the baby may be suffering from ABO HD.
Stability of Immune Serum Globulin During Storage: Effects of Modifications in the Fractionation Scheme
Authors: Painter R. H. , Minta J. O.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Data are presented which show the extent of fragmentation found in Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) stored for various intervals of time at 2°C. As an assay of fragmentation in ISG preparations, gel filtration analysis was found to give results which correlated well with those obtained by ultracentrifugation.

The pH at which the fraction III is separated in the cold ethanol fractionation process, Method 9, has been shown to be important in determining the stability of the fraction II separated subsequently. When fraction III was precipitated at pH 5.4 instead of pH 5.15‐5.2 the fraction II separated subsequently under the usual conditions yielded ISG solutions which were stable at 2°C. The antibody in this preparation appeared to be normal in quality but reduced in quantity by about 15%. Removal of the fraction III at pH values below pH 5.2 allowed the separation of fraction II which yielded ISG solutions which readily underwent fragmentation during storage.
Immunofixation Electrophoresis: A Technique for the Study of Protein Polymorphism1
Authors: Alper C. A. , Johnson A. M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A technique is described which allows direct visualization of individual proteins in mixtures by specific antiserum after electrophoresis. By minimizing diffusion, it permits rapid, direct, and clear detection of genetic polymorphism and ‘conversion’ of proteins in the complement and coagulation systems.
The Detection and Quantitation of Diphtheria and Tetanus Antibodies in Human Plasma or Serum by Counterelectrophoresis
Authors: Sgouris T. J.
Published: March 2009

Counterelectrophoresis has been found to be a rapid, reproducible and inexpensive means of screening human plasma and serum for diphtheria and tetanus antibody. The minimal detectable level was five international units per ml and methods of increasing sensitivity as well as quantitation of these antibodies is discussed.
Re‐Immunization of Sensitized Women
Authors: Hočevar M. , Glonar L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In order to obtain plasma with a high titre of incomplete antibodies suitable for fractionation into anti‐D immunoglobulin, 107 sensitized women older than 40 years, with different erythrocyte antigen types, received 192 booster injections. The maximum response was detected when they were injected with cells of their husband or child, lower results were achieved with cells of donors of the genotype cDE/cde, and still lower when injected with cells of donors CDe/cde. Complete antibodies appeared in 30% of the cases, 10% of them appeared for the first time. Anti‐C, ‐E and‐G agglutinins appeared approximately in the same percentage. Two weeks after the inoculation, 45% of the sera were suitable for the preparation of IgG, after 3 months the level fell to 31%, and after 6 months it was only 10%. The plasmaphereses were done in the optimum period. The second and the third immunizations were made only on a small number of women.
Demonstration of Ferritin‐Labelled Antibodies Bound to Human Erythrocytes Fixed with Glutaraldehyde1
Authors: Matsukura Y.
Published: March 2009

In this immuno‐electron microscopic study, the capability of the combining antibody and the agglutinability was examined in glutaraldehyde‐fixed erythrocytes.

Glutaraldehyde‐fixed human red cells preserved a strong ability to bind specific antibodies as unfixed cells, even though they decrease in agglutinability.

As the fixed cells were separated from one another, even when were agglutinating, the localization of antibodies on a cell in the fixed cells was very clear. The number of A antigen sites per red ceil of different phenotypes was estimated individually as each values of single cell but not as mean value of many cells.

It was confirmed that the ability of the combining antibody varied greatly from cell to cell in the same blood of umbilical cord.
Elution of HL‐A‐Specific Antibodies from Platelets1
Authors: Heinrich D. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Czitrom A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The preconditions and kinetics of absorption and elution of HL‐A specific antibodies from platelets, their antibody binding capacity (‘activity’) and the stability of HL‐A receptors on platelets were studied. It was found that the acid elution technique is the only useful method as compared to the ether or heat elution. The optimal ratio of absorbed serum to eluate volume, platelet number, incubation temperature and time were evaluated. At pH 3.0–3.5 (range tested between pH 1.5 and 5.0) the strongest eluate activity was obtained. The fixation of HL‐A specific antibodies to platelet receptors was not reduced by repeated washings with buffered saline, hypo‐ and hyperosmolaric salt solutions (range 0.077 to 2.464 mol NaCl). The capacity of antigenic receptors of platelets to bind complement‐fixing HL‐A antibodies remained unaltered after treatment with distilled water, hypo‐ and hyperosmolaric salt solutions (range as above) and incubation between pH 5 and 9. Freezing (−20°C), heating (56°C) and short incubation at pH 10 moderately altered HL‐A receptors on platelets, which clearly deteriorated at pH 3 or after incubation at 100°C. A standardized elution procedure is recommended.
Polymorphism of Phosphoglncomutase (PGM3) in Leucocytes Gene Frequencies and Family Studies
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Stender D. , Stahn Margrit , Benkmann Heide‐G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Phosphoglucomutase phenotypes, locus 3, were determined in isolated leucocytes of 207 unrelated healthy individuals of Northern Germany and in 37 families with 73 children. The gene frequencies are in accordance with the reports concerning studies in other populations.
Exclusion of Paternity in the HL‐A System without Testing the Deceased Accused Man
Authors: Speiser P. , Mayr W. R. , Pacher M. , Pausch V. , Bleier I. , Melzer G. , Weirather M. , Groer K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a case of disputed paternity only the HL‐A system demonstrated the nonpaternity of a deceased man whose HL‐A genotype could be deduced by testing his relatives. As a curiosity in this case the ‘father’ of this man was also excluded from the paternity by means of the HL‐A system.
‘True’ Genotype of Chimeric Twins Revealed by Blood‐group Gene Products in Plasma
Authors: Wrobel Damiana M. , McDonald Ione , Race Caroline , Watkins Winifred M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A discrepancy between red cell and serum grouping in the ABO system found in routine testing of a healthy blood donor led to recognition of blood group chimerism. The red cells of the propositus grouped as A1 and his serum as AB. He was found to have a mixture of 99% A1 cells and 1% B cells, and the blood of his twin sister also contained 99% A1 and 1% B cells. In each twin the two populations of red cells also differed in Rhesus, MN, and Xg groups. The genotype of the twins was established by the presence of blood group substances in their saliva, the presence or absence of A1Leb substance on their red cells, the distribution in their serum of transferases determined by the A and B genes, and by chromosome studies on lymphocytes.
Biochemical Changes on Storage of Blood
Authors: Ioppolo Carmela , Amiconi Gino , Currell Douglas L. , Maffei Gennaro , Zolla Lello , Antonini Eraldo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The rate of reduction of ferrihemoglobin within the erythrocytes and the oxygen affinity of red cells have been measured as a function of time of blood storage. The efficiency of the ferrihemoglobin‐reducing systems decreases with time of storage as measured both in presence of glucose or lactate as substrates. The well‐known increase with ageing of the oxygen affinity (as measured by p1/2) for blood stored in ACD is observed when the p1/2 is determined in Tris‐HCl buffer and parallels the decay of the rate of ferrihemoglobin reduction. However, the increase in oxygen affinity is not observed when the p1/2 is measured in phosphate buffer; this is explained as being due to the replacement of the originally hemoglobin‐bound DPG by phosphate ions entering the red cell.
Antibody to Vaccinia
Authors: Entwistle C. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. IEOP is a simple technique which has been shown to be readily applicable to the detection of IgG antibodies to vaccinia antigen(s) which may be found in the sera of selected donors. It is suggested that the use of IEOP for screening purposes may improve the availability of plasma suitable for preparing anti‐vaccinia immune globulin.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of the Human Red Cell Acid Phosphatase
Authors: Sørensen S.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A technique of agarose gel electrophoresis has been developed for the determination of red cell acid phosphatase phenotypes. Using this simple and time‐saving method, the common phenotypes and a rare variant were easily identified. Contrary to earlier results obtained by electrophoresis on starch gel, polyacrylamide, and cellulose acetate, a cathodic migration on agarose was observed.
Skjelbred, a Low Frequency Antigen in Serum and on Red Cells
Authors: Chaves M. A. , Poole J. , Giles C. M. , Leak M. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The Skjelbred (Sk) antigen has been studied in the donor population of South London and found to have a frequency of 0.0035%. Its presence in serum as well as on red cells, its transient nature and its absence in relatives of Sk(+) individuals are suggestive of a non‐genetic background for Sk. The antibody is not uncommon in normal donor sera (3–12%).
Lectins: A New Thought
Authors: Khanna Ashwani K. , Sehajpal Prabodh K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: In the course of routine studies on lectins it was observed that serological activity whether agglutinating or haemolysing is present in all the parts of plants including roots. It is suggested that the serological activity of plants is controlled by some factor, probably genetic, which causes the formation of lectins in somatic and germ cells.
Pilot Study for Large‐Scale Plasma Procurement Using Automated Plasmapheresis
Authors: Robinson Angela E. , Penny Alan F. , Smith James , Tovey Derrick L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A pilot study for large‐scale automated plasmapheresis using the Haemonetics Model 50 machine was undertaken in the Yorkshire Region of the United Kingdom to determine the viability of such a programme for national self‐sufficiency in fresh plasma procurement for factor VIII concentrate production. The study was designed to resolve three areas of concern: donor safety and recruitment; a cost analysis, and the choice of anticoagulant for optimum factor VIII yields. The results show that large‐scale automated plasmapheresis could safely and economically produce high‐quality source plasma necessary for national self‐sufficiency.
A Comparison of the Analytical Ultracentrifuge and High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Molecular Weight Distributions of Plasma Protein Fraction (Human)
Authors: Fernandez J.L. , Bertolini M.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The use of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with size exclusion column packings is investigated as an alternate assay method to the analytical ultracentrifuge, when assaying for the high molecular weight components of human plasma protein fraction. Results indicate that HPLC is a more accurate and precise method for assaying high molecular weight components in plasma protein fraction, even when present in small amounts.
Segregation of Proteins and Sodium in Human Plasma upon Freezing
Authors: Chang Chong E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The proteins and sodium in human source blood plasma are segregated and concentrated on freezing, particularly in plasma that is frozen slowly in a large container. The temperature and the concentration gradients at the freezing front induce a convection in the liquid phase and thus play the primary role in the segregation of proteins and sodium in the frozen mass. Unidirectional freezing, where the freezing front moves against gravity, minimizes segregation because the density gradient‐induced convection is minimized at the solid‐liquid interface. Microscopic observation of the freezing front of the plasma indicates that ice crystals are the primary solid formed. Their shape is generally irregular, and they become highly dendritic as the freezing rate increases. Apparently, the liquid phase at the freezing front is trapped between the ice crystals; it then undergoes a complex secondary freezing process at a lower temperature behind the primary freezing front of the ice crystals.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) as a Tool for the Automated HBsAg Screening
Authors: Kunitomo K. , Yahara S. , Saji H. , Hosoi T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were established by fusion of the spleen cells from mice immunized with purified HBsAg with the mouse myeloma cell line P3‐NSI/l‐Ag4‐l. The monoclonal antibodies to the group‐specific antigen (a) produced by one of them were used for the automated screening of HBsAg on the Groupamatic 360 (Kontron International). Its sensitivity is almost equal, but slightly inferior, to the system employing polyclonal horse antibodies to HBsAg; it barely detects 6 ng/ml of HBsAg. It is also as highly specific as the system with polyclonal antibodies; the incidence of false‐positive reactions is 0.2%. These results indicate that the monoclonal antibodies will become a practical source for the HBsAg screening on the Groupamatic.
S‐Sulfonation: a Reversible Chemical Modification of Human Immunoglobulins Permitting Intravenous Application
Authors: Hofstaetter T. , Gronski P. , Kanzy E.J. , Schorlemmer H. U. , Seller F.R. , AG Behringwerke
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The generation and release of mediators of inflammation and anaphylaxis via activation of complement or of Fc receptor‐bearing cells is held responsible for adverse reactions observed upon intravenous administration of standard immunoglobulins. They are caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG) effector functions predominantly located in the Fc region of the molecule and ‘activated’ by aggregate formation. Their functional activity depends on the correct conformation of the Cγ2 domains of Fc and are therefore impaired or even abrogated by S‐sulfonation of the hinge disulfide bonds, as demonstrated in this communication: S‐sulfonated IgG (S‐IgG) has no anticomplementary activity and does not interact with Fc‐receptors anymore. After antigen binding, i.e. immune complex (IC) formation, sulfonated IgG is about half as potent as standard IgG in complement activation or phagocyte stimulation (human monocytes and granulocytes). The two activities synergize, however, so that in the presence of complement S‐IgG IC are as effective phagocyte activators as standard IC. Moreover, S‐sulfonation being the only chemical modification of imunoglobulins that is reversible, it can be demonstrated that all IgG effector functions important for antigen removal are regained by reconstitution of the disulfide bonds.
Activation of Complement by Blood Transfusion Filter1
Authors: Snyder E.L. , Root R.K. , McLeod B. , Dalmasso A. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Fresh blood, stored blood and granulocyte concentrates were passed through 170‐μm and microaggregate blood filters to determine the degree of complement activation that occurs during transfusion of citrated blood products. Complement activation was assessed by measurement of C3 conversion using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by assessment of C5a using a leukocyte aggregation functional assay. Prefiltration, fresh or stored blood products showed 0–1% C3 activation. Postfiltration, the degree of C3 conversion did not change for fresh blood or granulocyte concentrates. For stored whole blood, the degree of C3 conversion increased slightly to 2–3%. Prefiltration results for all samples showed a low level of C5a which did not change after passage through any filter. Serum incubated with filter material at 37 °C showed 2–10% C3 conversion. In contrast, results with citrated plasma showed less than 3% conversion of C3. We conclude that although some filter materials may activate complement in serum, filtration of citrated blood products through microaggregate blood filters induces little complement activation.
Detection of Lewis a Antigenic Determinants in Chinese Medicinal Herbs
Authors: Wang X.M. , Terasaki P. I. , Loon J. , Park M. S. , Chia D. , Bernoco D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two Chinese medicinal herbs, Leonurus sibiricus L. and Carthamus tinctorius L., were found to have high levels of Lewis a (Lea)‐like determinants. The water‐soluble extracts specifically inhibited hemagglutination, hemolysis, and lymphocyte cytotoxicity directed against Lea. They did not inhibit Leb nor other specificities detected on lymphocytes, resulting from the interaction of Lewis, Secretor, and ABO systems such as A1Leb and A1Led. The activity was nondialyzable, resistant to boiling and proteolytic enzymes, but was destroyed by periodate. It was suprising that an Lea substance, previously found in human secretions, was also present in flower abstracts.
Use of Monoclonal Anti‐C3 Antibodies to Characterise the Fragments of C3 that Are Found on Erythrocytes
Authors: Lachmann P.J. , Voak D. , Oldroyd R.G. , Downie D.M. , Bevan P.C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using monoclonal antibodies to C3 it has been shown that the red blood cells of patients with cold haemagglutinin disease carry on their cells C3d,g (α‐2D‐globulin) rather than C3d. C3d,g seems to be the final product of in vivo C3 activation in fluid phase and on red cells. The cleavage of C3dg to C3d and C3g does not appear to occur in vivo either in the fluid phase or on red cell bound C3bi. In vitro C3‐coated red cells prepared by antibody or low ionic strength techniques produce cells with C3d and C3bi as the predominant C3 fragment, whereas the Fruitstone technique in which coating occurs by the alternative pathway has principally C3b. The activity of C3 cleaving enzymes in whole serum is strongly influenced by the ionic conditions of the serum.
Serum IgE in Polytransfused Thalassemic Patients
Authors: La Rosa M. , Pavone L. , Musumeci S. , Mollica F. , Ronchetti R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum IgE was determined by radioimmunoassay in 28 subjects affected by homozygous beta thalassemia (14 males and 14 females, aged 3–19 years, mean age 7 ± 5.6 years). They were given transfusions with packed red cells and chelant therapy. Blood samples were taken just before a transfusion (basal value) and at 10‐day intervals (2–3 times) between transfusions. Serum IgE values were significantly increased in the thalassemic patients as compared with the control group. There was no relation between IgE and age, sex, skin allergy, familial atopy and splenectomy. Serum IgE was significantly higher in 7 subjects with a history of febrile non‐hemolytic transfusion reactions. In the intertransfusional period there was a further serum IgE increase, which was statistically significant only in the older patients.
α‐2‐L‐Fucosyltransferase Activity in Sera of Individuals with H‐Deficient Red Cells and Normal H Antigen in Secretions
Authors: Pendu J. Le , Oriol R. , Juszczak G. , Liberge G. , Rouger P. , Salmon C. , Cartron J.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. α‐2‐L‐Fucosyltransferase activity was found in the sera of 4 H‐deficient secretor individuals (Hz). This activity represented about 5–10% of the activity present in the serum of normal H phenotypes.
Monoclonal Anti‐A and Anti‐B on Groupamatic
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Sundvall K. , Sacks S. , Lennox E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monoclonal anti‐A and Anti‐B from mouse‐mouse hybrid‐myeloma cell lines were tested in automated grouping on Groupamatic 360 C. Both sera were found to be suitable for Groupamatic typing. The anti‐B reagent was particularly potent, and could be used in a high dilution.
The Antithrombin III Content of Cryoprecipitate Prepared from Blood Collected with and without Heparin1
Authors: Cosgriff T.M. , Hodgson L.A. , West J.V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antithrombin III (AT III) is a plasma protein which acts as the principal inhibitor of thrombin and is a major modulator of intravascular coagulation. Hereditary deficiency of AT III leads to recurrent episodes of thromboembolism. Acquired deficiency of AT III occurs in persons with a variety of conditions, including severe liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Replacement of AT III may be important in some deficient persons. To determine if cryoprecipitate is a useful source of AT III, we measured the AT III content of cryoprecipitate prepared from citrate phosphate dextrose blood using coagulation and fluorogenic assays and immunoassays. Using the fluorogenic assay, we also determined the effect of adding heparin to blood on the cryoprecipitation of AT III. Functional and antigenic AT III levels were similar to those of normal plasma in all citrate phosphate dextrose blood units tested, indicating that AT III is not concentrated in cryoprecipitate. Heparin had no effect on the cryoprecipitation of AT III.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Donors Cytapheresed More Than 50 Times
Authors: Heal J. M. , Horan P.K. , Schmitt T.C. , Bailey G. , Nusbacher J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. volunteers who had donated white blood cells or platelets more than 50 times over a 5‐ to 9‐year period were studied to determine whether any adverse consequences of many cytaphereses could be detected. Among the donors no significant differences were found in 18 hematological and biochemical parameters when compared to a group of age‐and sex‐matched nondonor controls. Despite extensive cumulative lymphocyte losses sustained by these donors, the ratio of T, B, helper and suppressor cells has been maintained within the normal range. No detrimental effects of multiple cytapheresis on the donors' health has been demonstrated to date.
Successful Transfusion Results Using Rg(a+) Blood in Four Patients with Anti‐Rga1
Authors: Strohm P.L. , Molthan L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 4 patients with anti‐Rgasuccessfully transfused in 1979 and 1980 with Rg(a+) donor units are herein reported since the literature lacks information on transfusion results in patients with this alloantibody. The transfusions of both Rg(a+) whole blood and packed red blood cell units caused no discernible immediate or delayed transfusion reactions. Clinically, predicted hematocrit increases were attained and sustained and the laboratory findings showed no evidences of shortened survivals of donors' red blood cells.
Effect of Mode of Agitation on Storage of Platelet Concentrates in PL‐732 Containers for 5 Days1
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Koerner Theodore A.W. , Kakaiya Ram , Moore Patricia , Kiraly Thomas
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To determine the degree of damage induced by different modes of agitation during storage of platelets for 5 days in polyolefin (PL‐732), we studied pH, platelet count, release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and β‐thromboglobulin (β‐TG), morphology and osmotic recovery. Platelets were maintained at 20–24°C on elliptical, 6 rpm circular, 2 rpm circular and flat bed agitators. Results showed that the most and least effective modes of agitation were the 2 rpm circular and the elliptical rotators, respectively. Elliptical rotators exhibited excessive release of LDH (46%) and β‐TG (51%) while the 2 rpm circular model produced significantly less discharge of these proteins (LDH 13%; β‐TG 30%; p<0.05). With elliptical units, by 120 h of storage, pH was often very alkaline (pH >7.5) when platelet counts were under 1×109/ml. Flat bed shakers and 6 rpm circular agitators were acceptable but flat bed units were unable to resuspend the platelet ‘button’ which forms after the final preparative centrifugation. The 2 rpm circular rotator showed significantly less LDH and β‐TG release than did the 6 rpm version (p < 0.05) and permitted smooth resuspension of the platelet ‘button’. Based on our in vitro studies, we conclude that elliptical rotators may not be suitable for storing PL‐732 platelet concentrates and that some other form of agitation should be used.
Leka, a New Platelet Antigen Absent in Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia
Authors: Boizard Bernadette , Wautier Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2009

The serum of a patient who developed a posttransfusion purpura contained antibodies directed against a previously undescribed platelet antigen Leka. The antiplatelet activity was present in the IgG fraction and was detected by immunofluorescence, 51Cr lysis and 14C‐serotonin release. The frequency of the Leka phenotype in the French population is 98.18%. Leka does not appear to be sex‐linked and seems to be closely related to the Baka antigen. The Leka antigen is not expressed on thrombasthenic platelets but is found on platelets from patients with the Bernard‐Soulier syndrome which suggests that this antigen is carried by platelet glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa.
Effect of ABO Group, Secretor Status and Sex on Cold Hemagglutinins in Normal Adults1
Authors: Dube Volker E. , Tanaka Michio , Chmiel Joan , Anderson Byron
Published: March 2009

The ABO group, Lewis type and secretor status were determined in 546 normal individuals (241 male, 305 female). Their serum was tested at 4°C for agglutination of group O red blood cells; the antibody was presumed to be auto‐anti‐I; the results were expressed as a score. Among non‐A female donors, the score was higher for secretors than nonsecretors (p<0.05). Among non‐A secretors of both sexes, female donors had a higher score than male donors (p<0.05). These results suggest that the level of anti‐I in the serum of normal individuals may be affected by the donor's ABO group, secretor status and sex.
Measurement of Fragments of the Third Component of Human Complement on Erythrocytes by a New Immunochemical Method
Authors: Szymanski I.O. , Odgren P.R.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a new antiglobulin consumption method to quantitate the fragments of the third component of human complement (C3) on red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Zymosan‐bound C3, which can be stored frozen at ‐80°C for years, was used as a standard in these tests. Using anti‐C3c antibody, zymosan‐bound C3 could be calibrated against soluble converted C3 (β1A), but not against soluble, native C3 (β1C). Calibration with several commercial serum standards yielded virtually identical values. Approximately 79.8±28.2 C3d molecules (mean±1 SD, n = 50) were detected on normal, freshly collected RBC by this method, whereas no C3c fragments were noted. EC43, prepared by dilution of blood samples with low ionic strength solution, had between 650 and 3,100 C3 molecules/RBC when measured with anti‐C3c and between 1,140 and 6,500 C3 molecules when measured with anti‐C3d. These data indicated that part of the C3b molecules on EC43 had cleaved to C3d. EC43 are reported to have up to 200,000 C3 molecules when measured by other techniques. To resolve this discrepancy, EC43 were prepared by dialysis of blood samples against a low ionic strength solution. About 97.5% of C3 remained in plasma after dialysis supporting the results of our tests. The new assay is an accurate and sensitive method of quantitating C3 fragments bound to RBC in vivo and in vitro.
HLA‐ABC and DR Antigens in Celiac Disease
Authors: Trabace S. , Giunta A. , Rosso M. , Marzorati D. , Cascino I. , Tettamanti A. , Mazzilli M.C. , Gandini E.
Published: March 2009

HLA phenotypes of 64 Italian pediatric patients with celiac disease (CD) were compared with those of a group of healthy controls. DR3 and DR7 are significantly increased as reported in other populations. In addition an increase of heterozygotes DR5/DR7 was observed in our patients. The Hardy‐Weinberg distribution in the patients group shows a disequilibrium due to the genotype DR5/DR7. Our data confirm that more than one HLA gene product is associated with CD: one with DR3 and the other with DR7.
A New Genetic Variant for Chido1
Authors: Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

A new and distinct partial inhibition pattern was observed for Chido during routine typing; it is found in 3% of random samples, shows recessive inheritance and is linked to HLA. Polyspecificity in anti‐Ch reagents, selected to detect partial inhibition, is demonstrated.
Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies with Anti‐A, Anti‐B and Anti‐A,B Specificities; Some Superior to Human Polyclonal ABO Reagents
Authors: Messeter L. , Brodin T. , Chester M. A. , Löw B. , Lundblad A.
Published: March 2009

A series of fusions using mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with blood group substances or human red cells was performed with the aim of obtaining ABO antibodies suitable for routine blood grouping. Seven strongly agglutinating antibodies against antigens in the ABO system were obtained from 18 fusions. These antibodies were tested extensively in manual and automated routines, and six of them were found to be as good as or better than commercial polyclonal test sera of human origin.
Incidence of T Activation in a Hospital Population
Authors: Rawlinson Violet I. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

The incidence of T activation in a hospital population has been studied. T polyagglutinability likely to cause serological problems was found in only 1:10,000 but minor degrees of T activation occurred in 1:200. In a number of cases, severe infections were accompanied by T activation, but we were unable to establish any primary association between T activation and anaemia. The findings suggested that individuals whose erythrocyte sialic acid levels are slightly lower than normal are those who, when hospital patients, are likely to develop various degrees of T activation.
Platelet Freezing for Serological Purposes with and without a Cryopreservative
Authors: Helmerhorst F.M. , ten Berge M.L. , Dalen C.M. van der Plas‐van , Engelfriet C.P. , von dem Borne A.E.G.Kr.
Published: March 2009

We compared the reactivity of fresh platelets with platelets frozen in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or without a cryopreservative by testing agglutinating and nonagglutinating platelet‐specific alloantibodies in titration. Frozen platelets, irrespective of the method of preservation, showed no loss of antigenicity as compared with fresh platelets. The yield of platelets frozen without a cryopreservative proved to be higher (80%) than platelets frozen in the presence of DMSO (50%). Platelets sensitized with autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia could also be stored by simple freezing in platelet‐rich plasma and used for (re)testing.