bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chain Length Dependence of the Photovoltaic Properties of Monodisperse Donor–Acceptor Oligomers as Model Compounds of Polydisperse Low Band Gap Polymers
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Liang Yamin , Liu Feng , Sun Chen , Huang Xuelong , Xie Zengqi , Huang Fei , Roncali Jean , Russell Thomas P. , Cao Yong
Published: October 2014

Well‐defined conjugated oligomers (Sn) containing from 1 to 8 units of a tricyclic building block involving a dioctyloxybenzothiadiazole unit with two thienyl side rings (S1) are synthesized by a bottom‐up approach. UV–Vis absorption data of solutions show that chain extension produces a narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap (ΔE) to values slightly smaller than that of the parent polymer (P1). Plots of ΔE and of the band gap of films (E
g) versus the reciprocal chain length show that ΔE and E
g converge towards a limit corresponding to an effective conjugation length (ECL) of 7–8 S1 units. UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescence data of solutions and solid films show that chain extension enhances the propensity to inter‐chain aggregation. This conclusion is confirmed by GIXD analyses which reveal that the edge‐on orientation of short‐chain systems evolves toward a face‐on orientation as chain length increases while the π‐stacking distance decreases beyond 7 units. The results obtained on solution‐processed BHJ solar cells show a progressive improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) with chain extension; however, the convergence limit of PCE remains inferior to that obtained with the polymer. These results are discussed with regard to the role of mono/polydispersity and chain aggregation.
Hybrid CuTCNQ/AgTCNQ Metal‐Organic Charge Transfer Complexes via Galvanic Replacement vs Corrosion‐Recrystallization
Authors: Pearson Andrew , Ramanathan Rajesh , O'Mullane Anthony P. , Bansal Vipul
Published: October 2014

This study reports a hybrid of two metal‐organic semiconductors that are based on organic charge transfer complexes of 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). It is shown that the spontaneous reaction between semiconducting microrods of CuTCNQ with Ag+ ions leads to the formation of a CuTCNQ/AgTCNQ hybrid, both in aqueous solution and acetonitrile, albeit with completely different reaction mechanisms. In an aqueous environment, the reaction proceeds by a complex galvanic replacement (GR) mechanism, wherein in addition to AgTCNQ nanowires, Ag0 nanoparticles and Cu(OH)2 crystals decorate the surface of CuTCNQ microrods. Conversely, in acetonitrile, a GR mechanism is found to be thermodynamically unfavorable and instead a corrosion‐recrystallization mechanism leads to the decoration of CuTCNQ microrods with AgTCNQ nanoplates, resulting in a pure CuTCNQ/AgTCNQ hybrid metal‐organic charge transfer complex. While hybrids of two different inorganic semiconductors are regularly reported, this report pioneers the formation of a hybrid involving two metal‐organic semiconductors that will expand the scope of TCNQ‐based charge transfer complexes for improved catalysis, sensing, electronics, and biological applications.
Intracellular Microenvironment‐Responsive Dendrimer‐Like Mesoporous Nanohybrids for Traceable, Effective, and Safe Gene Delivery
Authors: Du Xin , Xiong Lin , Dai Sheng , Kleitz Freddy , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: October 2014

In order to create advanced functional nanocarriers for efficient gene therapy, novel intracellular microenvironment‐sensitive fluorescence label‐free nanostructured dendrimer‐like silica hybrid nanocarriers are developed for traceable, effective, and safe gene delivery. Dendrimer‐like mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) with center‐radial large pores are covalently modified with short polyethyleneimine (PEI) for efficient gene loading and binding. Autofluorescent and biodegradable PEI (AC‐PEI) responsive to the intracellular microenvironment are then coated on the gene‐loaded nanoparticles for inhibiting gene leakage from the carriers. Moreover, AC‐PEI coating not only endows intracellular microenvironment‐responsive gene release property, but also allows monitoring the gene delivery process in the absence of external labelling, owing to the pH‐ and GSH‐responsive autofluorescence and biodegradability of AC‐PEI. The resultant nanocarriers show high gene loading capacity, low cytotoxicity, stimuli‐responsive gene release, label‐free, and simultaneous fluorescence tracking, and high gene silencing capability. Thus, these developed nanocarriers hold substantial and promising potential as effective and safe gene‐delivery carriers for future scientific investigation and practical implications in gene therapy.
A multiple radioactive particle tracking technique to investigate particulate flows
Authors: Rasouli Majid , Bertrand Francois , Chaouki Jamal
Published: October 2014

Radioactive particle tracking is a nonintrusive technique that has been successfully used to study the flow dynamics in a wide range of reactors and blenders. However, it is still limited to the tracking of only one tracer at a time. A multiple radioactive particle tracking (MRPT) technique that can determine the trajectory of two free or restricted (attached to the same particle) moving tracers in a system is introduced. The accuracy (<5 mm) and precision (<5 mm) of the proposed technique is evaluated by tracking two stationary tracers and two moving tracers. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the MRPT technique when the two tracers have the same isotope and the distance between them is not too small (>2 cm). The tracking of two sticking tracers at the two ends of a cylindrical particle in a rotating drum is also considered to illustrate the potential of this characterization method. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 384–394, 2015
Comparative study on electrical properties of copper nanowire/polypropylene and carbon nanotube/polypropylene composites
Authors: Li Yan , Sundararaj Uttandaraman
Published: October 2014

Nanocomposites using copper nanowires (CuNWs) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as fillers with polypropylene (PP) as matrix were prepared by miscible solution mixing and precipitation method. Comparative studies on electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding properties were reported. On the conductivity curve, a plateau was found for both CuNW/PP composite and CNT/PP composite. The plateaus are located at a different concentration range for each composite type: for CuNW/PP composite, it is between 0.8 and 1.7 vol %, while for CNT/PP composite the plateau occurs in a narrower range between 0.4 and 0.6 vol %. The shielding effectiveness (SE) increases with increased concentration of fillers. CNT/PP composite has higher SE at concentrations less than 2 vol %; the two curves cross near 10 dB at this point and at concentrations higher than 2 vol %, CuNW/PP composite has higher SE. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 296–303, 2015
Dynamic Photocontrol of the Coffee‐Ring Effect with Optically Tunable Particle Stickiness
Authors: Anyfantakis Manos , Baigl Damien
Published: October 2014

When a colloidal drop dries on a surface, most of the particles accumulate at the drop periphery, yielding a characteristic ring‐shaped pattern. This so‐called coffee‐ring effect (CRE) is observed in any pinned evaporating drop containing non‐volatile solutes. Here, the CRE is dynamically controlled for the first time by using light, and an unprecedented reconfigurability of the deposit profile is demonstrated. This is achieved through a new mechanism where particle stickiness is optically tuned on demand, thus offering reliable modulation of the deposition pattern. The system consists of anionic nanoparticles and photosensitive cationic surfactants dispersed in water. It is shown that light‐dependent modulation of surfactant–particle interactions dictates particle attraction and trapping at the liquid–gas interface, which allows us to direct particle deposition into a wide range of patterns from rings to homogeneous disks. Patterning from single drops is photoreversible upon changing the wavelength whereas spatial control in multiple drop arrays is achieved using a photomask.
Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Bicyclization of o‐Alkynylanilines with Aldehydes: Ring‐Fused 1,2‐Dihydroquinolines
Authors: Zhu Can , Ma Shengming
Published: October 2014

A Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed cascade Prins‐type cyclization reaction of o‐alkynylanilines, bearing a hydroxy or amine functionality, with aldehydes affords 1,2‐dihydroquinoline derivatives having an extra fused ring efficiently under mild reaction conditions. It is interesting to observe the reversed reactivity in the highly selective formation of 1,2‐dihydroquinoline derivatives instead of the formation of the usually favored indole derivatives.
Rational Design of Lower‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes via Nanotailoring of Co‐Assembled Composite Structures
Authors: Lee Kang Taek , Lidie Ashley A. , Yoon Hee Sung , Wachsman Eric D.
Published: October 2014

A novel in situ co‐assembled nanocomposite LSM‐Bi1.6Er0.4O3 (ESB) (icn‐LSMESB) was obtained by conjugated wet‐chemical synthesis. It showed an enhancement of the cathode polarization at 600 °C by >140 times relative to conventional LSM‐Y0.08Zr0.84O1.92 (YSZ) cathodes and exceptional solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance of >2 W cm−2 below 750 °C. This demonstrates that this novel cost‐effective and broadly applicable process provides new opportunities for performance enhancement of energy storage and conversion devices by nanotailoring of composite electrodes.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Phosphinidyne Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Doddi Adinarayana , Bockfeld Dirk , Bannenberg Thomas , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias
Published: October 2014

The N‐heterocyclic carbene–phosphinidene adduct IPrPSiMe3 is introduced as a synthon for the preparation of terminal carbene–phosphinidyne transition metal complexes of the type [(IPrP)MLn] (MLn=(η6‐p‐cymene)RuCl) and (η5‐C5Me5)RhCl). Their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, namely low‐field 31P NMR chemical shifts and short metal–phosphorus bonds, show their similarity with arylphosphinidene complexes. The formally mononegative IPrP ligand is also capable of bridging two or three metal atoms as demonstrated by the preparation of bi‐ and trimetallic RuAu, RhAu, Rh2, and Rh2Au complexes.
Biphenyl‐Derived Phosphepines as Chiral Nucleophilic Catalysts: Enantioselective [4+1] Annulations To Form Functionalized Cyclopentenes
Authors: Ziegler Daniel T. , Riesgo Lorena , Ikeda Takuya , Fujiwara Yuji , Fu Gregory C.
Published: October 2014

Because of the frequent occurrence of cyclopentane subunits in bioactive compounds, the development of efficient catalytic asymmetric methods for their synthesis is an important objective. Introduced herein is a new family of chiral nucleophilic catalysts, biphenyl‐derived phosphepines, and we apply them to an enantioselective variant of a useful [4+1] annulation. A range of one‐carbon coupling partners can be employed, thereby generating cyclopentenes which bear a fully substituted stereocenter [either all‐carbon or heteroatom‐substituted (sulfur and phosphorus)]. Stereocenters at the other four positions of the cyclopentane ring can also be introduced with good stereoselectivity. An initial mechanistic study indicates that phosphine addition to the electrophilic four‐carbon coupling partner is not the turnover‐limiting step of the catalytic cycle.
A Nano‐sized Supramolecule Beyond the Fullerene Topology
Authors: Dielmann Fabian , Heindl Claudia , Hastreiter Florian , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Gschwind Ruth M. , Scheer Manfred
Published: October 2014

The reaction of [CpBnFe(η5‐P5)] (1) (CpBn=η5‐C5(CH2Ph)5) with CuI selectively yields a novel spherical supramolecule (CH2Cl2)3.4@[(CpBnFeP5)12{CuI}54(MeCN)1.46] (2) showing a linkage of the scaffold atoms which is beyond the Fullerene topology. Its extended CuI framework reveals an outer diameter of 3.7 nm—a size that has not been reached before using five‐fold symmetric building blocks. Furthermore, 2 shows a remarkable solubility in CH2Cl2, and NMR spectroscopy reveals that the scaffold of the supramolecule remains intact in solution. In addition, a novel 2D polymer [{CpBnFe(η5‐P5)}2{Cu6(μ‐I)2(μ3‐I)4}]n (3) with an uncommon structural motif was isolated. Its formation can be avoided by using a large excess of CuI in the reaction with 1.
Optimization of the spark plasma sintering processing parameters affecting the properties of polyimide
Authors: Schwertz Maxime , Ranque Pierre , Lemonnier Sébastien , Barraud Elodie , Carradò Adele , Vallat Marie‐France , Nardin Michel
Published: October 2014

The present study deals with the optimization of polyimide (PI) mechanical properties, obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), by using a method combining Design of Experiments (DOE) with physical, structural, and mechanical characterizations. The effects of SPS parameters such as temperature, pressure, dwell time, and cooling rate on the density, mechanical properties, and structure of PI were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the mechanical properties of the material were optimized by raising the sintering temperature up to 350°C. The optimized SPS processing parameters were a temperature of 350°C, a pressure of 40 MPa, and a dwell time of 5 min. Under these conditions, a relative density of 99.6% was reached within only a few minutes. The corresponding mechanical properties consisted of Young's modulus of 3.43 GPa, a Shore D hardness of 87.3, and a compressive strength of 738 MPa for a maximum compressive strain of 61.8%. Moreover, when working at 320°C and at 100 MPa, an increase in the dwell time was necessary to enhance the properties. Contrary to the other parameters, the cooling rate appeared to be a non‐significant parameter. Finally, correlations between the PI structure and the mechanical properties were made to demonstrate the densification mechanisms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41542.
Practical, Modular, and General Synthesis of 3‐Coumaranones through Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkyne Oxidation Strategy
Authors: Shu Chao , Liu Rongfu , Liu Shuang , Li Jian‐Qiao , Yu Yong‐Fei , He Qiao , Lu Xin , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: October 2014

A gold‐catalyzed intermolecular alkyne oxidation for the preparation of 3‐coumaranones has been developed. Using 8‐isopropylquinoline N‐oxides as oxidants, the reactions of o‐ethynylanisoles afford versatile 3‐coumaranones in moderate to good isolated yields. The synthetic utility of this chemistry is also indicated by the synthesis of the natural product sulfuretin.
Exploring the everyday retail experience: The discourses of style and design
Authors: Pecoraro Maria , Uusitalo Outi
Published: October 2014

In contrast to earlier studies focusing on spectacular retail store environments, this study concentrates on examining ordinary retail stores and everyday retail experiences. The article explores how different sorts of retail environments influence consumers' experience and behaviour. The research uses a comparative case study and employs the theoretical framework of geosemiotics. Investigating three different stores from the perspective of architectural style reveals that cultural meanings are firmly attached to interior style design, and these can be traced in customers' retail experiences. Our findings suggest, firstly, that stores' focusing solely on functional aspects such as the efficient use of space, standardization and self‐service rather than also considering aesthetic issues leads to rather neutral and uninteresting retail experiences. Secondly, they show that the retail store environment affects the social relationships that consumers establish in commercial locations. Thirdly, the study indicates that customers' overall retail experience is linked to their perceptions of the store's social and environmental responsibility and moral values. On the whole, this research advances our theoretical understanding of everyday consumption experiences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
POEMS syndrome – A case report revealing a complex evolving diagnosis
Authors: Gachoka David N. , Prince Gregory
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical Message

Description of POEMS syndrome (Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes) goes back to 1938 when a patient with sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, hyperpigmemntation, solitary plasmacytoma, and elevated cerebral spinal fluid protein was reported. Since then, numerous other cases of this condition have been described by various authors including one that followed the first case 18 years later about two patients. Even though this rare condition still remains an oddity in diagnosis calling for clinicians to have a high index of suspicion due to its manifestation with varied clinical features. We present a case of POEMS syndrome that started as an episode of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and elevated levels of digestive enzymes not previously reported.
Determination of the Collision Probability between Bubbles and Nonspherical Particles in Flotation
Authors: Sokovnin Oleg M. , Zagoskina Nina V. , Zagoskin Sergey N.
Published: October 2014

A new mathematical model of the collision probability between bubbles and non‐spherical particles is proposed. In this model it is assumed that the characteristic size of the particle is much smaller than the bubble radius; the particle density is close to the density of the flotation medium and the particle moves along a streamline flowing around the floating bubble (so‐called inertialess flotation). So, the stochastic orientation of the particle with respect to the bubble surface was considered. On the basis of this model, the analytical expressions of the collision probability for rod‐like and disk‐like particles in the Stokes and Levich hydrodynamic regimes were obtained. The obtained results were compared with previous theories and experimental data.
Double‐Addition Reaction of Aryl Methyl Sulfones with N‐tert‐Butylsulfinyl Imines: Diastereoselective and Concise Synthesis of 2‐Sulfonylated 1,3‐Diamines
Authors: Li Ya , Li Desheng , Zheng Tao , Li Hongsen , Ren Xinfeng
Published: October 2014

We report a double‐addition reaction of methyl phenyl sulfone and methyl 2‐pyridyl sulfone with N‐tert‐butylsulfinyl imines. This method provides concise access to 2‐sulfonylated 1,3‐anti diamines with good to excellent diastereoselectivities. This protocol has the benefit of using readily accessible starting materials and is operationally simple.
Structure and Biosynthetic Assembly of Gulmirecins, Macrolide Antibiotics from the Predatory Bacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax
Authors: Schieferdecker Sebastian , König Stefanie , Weigel Christiane , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Werz Oliver , Nett Markus
Published: October 2014

The gulmirecins constitute a new class of glycosylated macrolides that were isolated from the predatory bacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax HKI 727. Their structures were solved by a combination of NMR spectroscopic experiments and chemical derivatization. Analysis of the annotated gulmirecin gene cluster complemented the configurational assignment and provided insights into the stereochemical course of the biosynthetic assembly. The gulmirecins exhibit strong activity against staphylococci, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but no cytotoxic effects on human cells.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of several functionalized ultrasmall particles of iron oxide, vectorized against amyloid plaques and potentially able to cross the blood–brain barrier: toward earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by molecular imaging
Authors: Ansciaux Emilie , Burtea Carmen , Laurent Sophie , Crombez Deborah , Nonclercq Denis , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert N.
Published: October 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder most often diagnosed 10 years after its onset and development. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid‐β peptide (ABP) into amyloid plaques between nerve cells, which produces a massive local neurodegeneration. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging allows diagnosis of AD by showing ABP accumulation in the brain. The ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) derivatives proposed in the present work were functionalized with peptides that present an affinity for ABP, independently of its state of aggregation. Their nanomolar Kd* confirms the high affinity of our vectorized contrast agents (VCA) for ABP and therefore their high labeling potential, specificity and sensitivity. Their lack of toxicity has been demonstrated, both by in vitro studies using the MTT method on several cell types, and by in vivo investigations with assessment of renal and hepatic biomarkers and by histopathology evaluation. The results of biodistribution studies corroborated by MRI demonstrate that USPIO‐PHO (USPIO coupled to peptide C‐IPLPFYN‐C) are able to cross the blood–brain barrier without any facilitating strategy, and accumulates in the brain 90 min after its injection in NMRI mice. None of the USPIO derivatives were found in any organs one week after administration. To conclude, USPIO‐PHO seems to have a genuine potential for labeling amyloid plaques in the brain; it has a nanomolar binding affinity, no toxic effects, and its elimination half‐life is about 3 h. Further tests will be made on transgenic mice, aimed at confirming the potential of early AD diagnosis using our VCA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coercivity of Combined Boundary Integral Equations in High‐Frequency Scattering
Authors: Spence Euan A. , Kamotski Ilia V. , Smyshlyaev Valery P.
Published: October 2014

We prove that the standard second‐kind integral equation formulation of the exterior Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation is coercive (i.e., sign‐definite) for all smooth convex domains when the wavenumber k is sufficiently large. (This integral equation involves the so‐called combined potential, or combined field, operator.) This coercivity result yields k‐explicit error estimates when the integral equation is solved using the Galerkin method, regardless of the particular approximation space used (and thus these error estimates apply to several hybrid numerical‐asymptotic methods developed recently). Coercivity also gives k‐explicit bounds on the number of GMRES iterations needed to achieve a prescribed accuracy when the integral equation is solved using the Galerkin method with standard piecewise‐polynomial subspaces. The coercivity result is obtained by using identities for the Helmholtz equation originally introduced by Morawetz in her work on the local energy decay of solutions to the wave equation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wavefunction in Density Functional Theory Embedding for Excited States: Which Wavefunctions, which Densities?
Authors: Daday Csaba , König Carolin , Neugebauer Johannes , Filippi Claudia
Published: October 2014

We present a detailed analysis of our recently proposed wavefunction in density functional theory method to include differential polarization effects through state‐specific embedding potentials. We study methylenecyclopropene and acrolein in water by using several wavefunction approaches to validate the supermolecular reference and to assess their response to embedding. We find that quantum Monte Carlo, complete‐active space second‐order perturbation theory, and coupled cluster methods give very consistent solvatochromic shifts and a similar response to embedding. Our scheme corrects the excitation energies produced with a frozen environment, but the values are often overshot. To ameliorate the problem, one needs to use wavefunction densities to polarize the environment. The choice of the exchange‐correlation functional in the construction of the potential has little effect on the excitation, whereas the approximate kinetic‐energy functional appears to be the largest source of error.
Financial planning for the preventive maintenance of power distribution systems via fuzzy AHP
Authors: Khodaei Tehrani Masood , Fereidunian Alireza , Lesani Hamid
Published: October 2014

One of the most important objectives of electricity distribution companies is to improve the reliability of the distribution networks. To this end, the electricity distribution companies try to optimally use the existing financial resources in the planning of preventive maintenance (PM) programs to reduce the imposed costs on the system due to the failure of network components and to improve the network reliability. In fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (fuzzy AHP) method, the degree of network reliability and the effectiveness of PM budget in the improvement of network reliability are selected as decision criteria in the budget allocation procedure. The areas served by the power distribution network are prioritized relative to each other and are assigned weights based on these priorities. The PM budget is determined based on the obtained weights. The medium voltage distribution network of seven areas in the city of Tehran have been selected for the implementation of the proposed method and the analysis of the obtained results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 36–46, 2016
‘Venturing Towards the Dark Side’: The Use of Imagery Interventions by Recently Qualified Cognitive–Behavioural Therapists
Authors: Bell Tobyn , Mackie Lynn , Bennett‐Levy James
Published: October 2014

Despite the growing recognition of the value of mental imagery within the field of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT), there is minimal research relating to clinicians' experiences of using imagery. This paper explores recently qualified CBT therapists' clinical experiences of using imagery and their perception of the role of imagery within their practice. Twelve therapists, qualified within the past 4 years, were interviewed using a semi‐structured format, and the resulting transcriptions were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The analysis identified six super‐ordinate themes: (1) broad and fluid conception of imagery; (2) the importance given to imagery and the varied rationale for its inclusion; (3) varied application; (4) clinician avoidance and apprehension; (5) personal experience of imagery and impact on use; and (6) limited core training and the potential for future use. The themes, as a whole, described a complex and often dichotomous reaction to imagery amongst the therapists. Although a section of participants reported a natural affinity with imagery, other therapists felt that using, and experiencing, imagery was anxiety provoking and problematic. There was, however, unity in the value placed on imagery, the strong rationale for usage and the importance given to imagery‐specific training. Avoidance and apprehension regarding imagery were evident in the majority of participants, and the reasons for such responses included personal, clinical and cultural factors. The overall findings highlight the importance of clinician factors in the way in which imagery is utilized and understood, which has positive implications for training, personal development and future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

There is a universal recognition of the value of imagery for experiential learning and emotional connection.

Therapists apply a variety of rationales for using imagery.

Avoidance of using imagery in CBT practice is widely reported and occurs for a variety of personal and clinical reasons.

Clinicians' own experience of imagery has a significant influence on the way in which imagery is understood, utilized and experienced in therapy.

Future training and research in imagery should more explicitly address the clinician factors that can inhibit or facilitate the use of evidence‐based imagery interventions.
Fishing on chips: Up‐and‐coming technological advances in analysis of zebrafish and Xenopus embryos
Authors: Zhu Feng , Skommer Joanna , Huang Yushi , Akagi Jin , Adams Dany , Levin Michael , Hall Chris J. , Crosier Philip S. , Wlodkowic Donald
Published: October 2014

Biotests performed on small vertebrate model organisms provide significant investigative advantages as compared with bioassays that employ cell lines, isolated primary cells, or tissue samples. The main advantage offered by whole‐organism approaches is that the effects under study occur in the context of intact physiological milieu, with all its intercellular and multisystem interactions. The gap between the high‐throughput cell‐based in vitro assays and low‐throughput, disproportionally expensive and ethically controversial mammal in vivo tests can be closed by small model organisms such as zebrafish or Xenopus. The optical transparency of their tissues, the ease of genetic manipulation and straightforward husbandry, explain the growing popularity of these model organisms. Nevertheless, despite the potential for miniaturization, automation and subsequent increase in throughput of experimental setups, the manipulation, dispensing and analysis of living fish and frog embryos remain labor‐intensive. Recently, a new generation of miniaturized chip‐based devices have been developed for zebrafish and Xenopus embryo on‐chip culture and experimentation. In this work, we review the critical developments in the field of Lab‐on‐a‐Chip devices designed to alleviate the limits of traditional platforms for studies on zebrafish and clawed frog embryo and larvae. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A novel DSP‐based PFC‐DPLL with fuzzy controlled acquisition aid to improve acquisition performance and noise immunity
Authors: Chatterjee Basab , Biswas B. N. , Ray Sudhbindu
Published: October 2014

This paper proposes a new digital signal processing (DSP)‐based phase frequency controlled digital phase locked loop. Here, a very simplistic form of fuzzy logic controller with the help of carrier phase and frequency error as input data is used to provide an acquisition aid. A frequency discriminator is employed to generate frequency error, and phase detector output is taken for phase error. This addition of an acquisition aid helps the loop to achieve the minimum acquisition time and maximum noise rejection simultaneously. An additional phase control in the digitally controlled oscillator makes the loop perform even better towards this goal. The implementation of the proposed loop is carried out on a reconfigurable logic platform using System Generator®;, a tool from Xilinx®; used to design real‐time DSP application. A significant improvement of time domain characteristics are observed as well as the performance in presence of additive white Gaussian noise is demonstrated in terms of the reduction in steady‐state phase jitter and enhancement in output signal to noise ratio in the proposed loop. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a user anonymous password authentication scheme without smart card
Authors: Kumari Saru , Khan Muhammad Khurram , Li Xiong , Wu Fan
Published: October 2014

Recently, Jiang et al. and He et al. independently found security problems in Chen et al.'s remote user authentication scheme for non‐tamper‐proof storage devices like Universal Serial Bus stick and proposed improvements. Nonetheless, we detect that the schemes proposed by Jiang et al. and He et al. overlook a user's privacy. We also observe that Jiang et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to insider attack and denial of service attacks and lacks forward secrecy. We point out that the password changing facility in He et al.'s scheme is equivalent to undergoing registration, whereas in Jiang et al.'s scheme, it is unsuitable. Moreover, the login phase of both the schemes is incapable to prevent the use of wrong password leading to the computation of an unworkable login request. Therefore, we design a new scheme with user anonymity to surmount the identified weaknesses. Without adding much in communication/computational cost, our scheme provides more security characteristics and keeps the merits of the original schemes. As compared with its predecessor schemes, the proposed scheme stands out as a more apt user authentication method for common storage devices. We have also presented a formal proof of security of the proposed scheme based on the logic proposed by Burrows, Abadi and Needham (BAN logic). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bio‐inspired packet dropping for ad‐hoc social networks
Authors: Liaqat Hannan Bin , Xia Feng , Yang Qiuyuan , Xu Zhenzhen , Ahmed Ahmedin Mohammed , Rahim Azizur
Published: October 2014

Ad‐hoc social networks (ASNETs) explore social properties of nodes in communications. The usage of various social applications in a resource‐scarce environment and the dynamic nature of the network create unnecessary congestion that might degrade the quality of service dramatically. Traditional approaches use drop‐tail or random‐early discard techniques to drop data packets from the intermediate node queue. Nonetheless, because of the unavailability of the social properties, these techniques are not suitable for ASNETs. In this paper, we propose a Bio‐inspired packet dropping (BPD) algorithm for ASNETS. BPD imitates the matching procedure of receptors and epitopes in immune systems to detect congestions. The drop probability settings depend on the selection of data packets, which is based on node popularity level. BPD selects the most prioritized node through social properties, which is inspired by the B‐cell stimulation in immune systems. To fairly prioritize data packets, two social properties are used: (1) similarity and (2) closeness centrality between nodes. Extensive simulations are carried out to evaluate and compare BPD to other existing schemes in terms of mean goodput, mean loss rate, throughput, delay, attained bandwidth, and overhead ratio. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms these existing schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice
Authors: Hsieh Chung‐Pin , Chang Wen‐Teng , Lee Yi‐Chao , Huang A‐Min
Published: October 2014

CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti‐CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive‐like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 463–484, 2015
Anabolic steroids detected in bodybuilding dietary supplements – a significant risk to public health
Authors: Abbate V. , Kicman A. T. , Evans‐Brown M. , McVeigh J. , Cowan D. A. , Wilson C. , Coles S. J. , Walker C. J.
Published: October 2014

Twenty‐four products suspected of containing anabolic steroids and sold in fitness equipment shops in the United Kingdom (UK) were analyzed for their qualitative and semi‐quantitative content using full scan gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), accurate mass liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD), UV‐Vis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, X‐ray crystallography enabled the identification of one of the compounds, where reference standard was not available. Of the 24 products tested, 23 contained steroids including known anabolic agents; 16 of these contained steroids that were different to those indicated on the packaging and one product contained no steroid at all. Overall, 13 different steroids were identified; 12 of these are controlled in the UK under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Several of the products contained steroids that may be considered to have considerable pharmacological activity, based on their chemical structures and the amounts present. This could unwittingly expose users to a significant risk to their health, which is of particular concern for naïve users. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular Coordination Complexes of theN‐Thiophosphorylated 2,5‐Dithiobiurea [NHC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]2with ZnIIand CdIIIons – Cation‐Induced Dinuclear Mesocate Structure versus Tetranuclear Nanoscaled Aggregate
Authors: Safin Damir A. , Babashkina Maria G. , Kubisiak Piotr , Mitoraj Mariusz P. , Le Duff Cécile S. , Robeyns Koen , Garcia Yann
Published: October 2014

The reaction of the deprotonatedN‐thiophosphorylated bisthioureaN,N′‐bis(diisopropoxythiophosphorylamidothiocarbonyl)hydrazine {[NHC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]2, H2L} with ZnCl2leads to the complex [Zn2{[NHC(S)NP(S)(OiPr)2]2}2] ([Zn2L2]), in which two metal cations are each 1,5‐S,S′‐coordinated through the sulfur atoms of the thiocarbonyl and thiophosphoryl groups of the pendant deprotonated thioacylamidothiophosphate functions. The same reaction with CdCl2leads to the tetranuclear nanoscaled aggregate [(Cd2{[NC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]2}2)2] ([(Cd2L2)2]). This complex contains ligands that are doubly deprotonated through their hydrazine NH groups and exhibit unprecedented μ4and μ5coordination modes. DFT calculations have shown that both complexes are stabilized not only by typical coordination bonds (Zn–S, Cd–S) but also by numerous intramolecular “noncovalent” interactions: polar C–H···S and N–H···S, nonpolar C–H···H–C, and σ‐hole bonding (S···S).
Preparation of Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Films and Their Integration in Triboelectric Generators
Authors: Valentini Luca , Rescignano Nicoletta , Puglia Debora , Cardinali Marta , Kenny Josè
Published: October 2014

Sodium alginate/graphene oxide (Al/GO) nanocomposite films were prepared by solvent casting. The structure, morphology, and electrical properties of Al/GO films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The utilization of such an Al/GO film for a device that uses friction as the charging process to convert mechanical energy into electric power is reported. The triboelectric generator (TEG) was fabricated by stacking a drop‐cast Al/GO film bewteen indium–tin oxide (ITO)‐coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a PET sheet. Furthermore, the utilization of such a TEG as a pressure sensor is also illustrated.
Ion‐Size‐Dependent Formation of Mixed Titanium/Lanthanide Oxo Clusters
Authors: Artner Christine , Kronister Stefan , Czakler Matthias , Schubert Ulrich
Published: October 2014

The mixed‐metal oxo clusters LnTi4O3(OiPr)2(OMc)11 (Ln = La, Ce; OMc = methacrylate), Ln2Ti6O6(OMc)18(HOiPr) (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm) and Ln2Ti4O4(OMc)14(HOMc)2 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho) have been synthesized from titanium isopropoxide, the corresponding lanthanide acetate and methacrylic acid. The type of cluster obtained strongly depends on the size of the lanthanide ion.
Maternal use of a diet rich omega‐3 from flaxseed improves aortic remodeling but not the biochemical parameters of female offspring of diabetic rats
Authors: Vicente Gabriela Câmara , Correia‐Santos André Manoel , Suzuki Akemi , Chagas Maurício Alves , Boaventura Gilson Teles
Published: October 2014

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of flaxseed flour and flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters and aortic morphology of the offspring of type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were induced into diabetes by a high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg). After confirming the diagnosis of diabetes, they were mated and, when gestation was confirmed, were divided into four groups: control group (CG), high fat group (HFG), flaxseed oil group (FOG), and flaxseed flour group (FFG). After weaning, six females from each group were separated and were fed a commercial diet until 100 days of age, when they were sacrificed. It was observed that experimental diets did not affect monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1) concentration, cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL. On the other hand, the concentration of VEGF was higher in HFG and FOG groups in comparison to CG. The thickness values of the aorta were significantly smaller in FOG and FFG, and the lumen area was the same among the CG, HFG, and FFG, while the FOG showed a smaller lumen area when compared to CG and HFG. The data here suggest that a diet rich in flaxseed flour and flaxseed oil reduces the remodeling of the aorta, even though it did not modify cardiovascular biochemical parameters.

Practical applications: The results help explain how the use of omega‐3 rich diet decreases the impact of gestational diabetes on cardiac risk of offspring.

We evaluated the influence of maternal ingestion of a high fat diet with added flaxseed flour and flaxseed oil during pregnancy and lactation on the morphology and biochemical parameters of the aorta in the female offspring of diabetic rats 100 days of life. It was observed that experimental diets did not altered the biochemical parameters of their offspring when they reached adult age. However it is suggested that there was a beneficial action promoted by maternal consumption of flaxseed meal or flaxseed oil against aortic remodeling of offspring at 100 days of life.
Tribenzotriquinacenes that Bear Three Peripheral Pentaphenylphenyl Residues: Steric Crowding at a Bowl‐Shaped Core
Authors: Mughal Ehsan Ullah , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Kuck Dietmar
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) that bear three phenylethynyl groups at the peripheral positions of the bowl‐shaped molecular scaffold has been achieved by use of different strategies. Although the C1‐ and C3‐symmetrical triformyl, triethynyl and triiodo derivatives were inseparable by chromatography, the corresponding C1‐ and C3‐symmetrical tris(phenylethynyl)tribenzotriquinacenes were obtained in pure form. Threefold cyclocondensation of these TBTQ‐based tris‐tolanes with tetracyclone gave C1‐ and C3‐tris(pentaphenylphenyl)tribenzotriquinacenes in good yields. Attempts to generate a completely closed graphene‐like periphery around the TBTQ core by Scholl cyclodehydrogenation of the C3‐symmetrical isomer failed.
Short, Convergent Synthesis of Locked Retinals
Authors: Andrä Michal S. , Tzschucke C. Christoph
Published: October 2014

We report a short and convenient synthesis of two configurationally locked retinals that are important for applications in the context of optogenetics. The C11–C15 cyclopentyl fragments of both retinals were obtained by palladium‐catalysed alkoxycarbonylation and merged with the rest of the carbon skeleton through Wittig olefination. The preparation of the required and known ylide precursor was revisited and optimised. This synthetic route enables gram‐scale preparation of both retinal derivatives.
Synthesis of Quinuclidines by Intramolecular Silver‐Catalysed Amine Additions to Alkynes
Authors: Breman Arjen C. , Ruiz‐Olalla Andrea , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Ingemann Steen , Hiemstra Henk
Published: October 2014

A new method has been developed for the synthesis of 2‐alkylidenequinuclidines based on a silver triflate catalysed intramolecular hydroamination of 4‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)piperidines. Monosubstituted piperidines reacted less efficiently than cis‐disubstituted piperidines, and the reaction was selective for an alkyne moiety, even in the presence of a vinyl group at the 3‐position. The hydroamination occurred readily with a terminal alkyne, as well as with an internal alkyne bearing an aliphatic or aromatic group at the terminal carbon atom. Using this silver‐catalysed cyclization, a short procedure was developed for the relay synthesis of the cinchona alkaloids dihydroquinidine and dihydroquinine.
The relationship between acculturation preferences and prejudice: Longitudinal evidence from majority and minority groups in three European countries
Authors: Zagefka Hanna , Binder Jens , Brown Rupert , Kessler Thomas , Mummendey Amélie , Funke Friedrich , Demoulin Stéphanie , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Maquil Annemie
Published: October 2014

A longitudinal field survey tested the reciprocal effects of acculturation preferences and prejudice among ethnic minorities and majorities. Data were collected at two points in time from 512 members of ethnic minorities and 1143 majority members in Germany, Belgium and England. Path analyses yielded not only the lagged effects of prejudice on acculturation preferences but also the reverse for both majority and minority members. The mutual longitudinal effects between prejudice and desire for culture maintenance were negative, and the mutual effects between prejudice and desire for culture adoption were positive for majority members. The reverse was the case for minority participants. Moreover, the two acculturation dimensions interacted in their effect on prejudice for majority participants but not for minority participants. The effect of desire for culture adoption on prejudice was moderated by perceived intergroup similarity. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Electrochromic Materials Based on PEDOT/WO3 Composites Synthesized in Ionic Liquid Media
Authors: Dulgerbaki Cigdem , Oksuz Aysegul Uygun
Published: October 2014

A series of ionic liquids such as 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMIMTFSI), and 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMPTFSI) were used as both electrochemical growth media and electrolytes for the synthesis of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/tungsten oxide (PEDOT/WO3) composite films for electrochromic device applications. The surface and electrochromic properties of the composites changed depending on characteristic of ionic liquids. The maximum transmittance window 41.3 % was obtained at 620 nm with the operating potentials between +2 and −2 V, for the BMPTFSI synthesis medium. Optical transmittance spectra results of EC devices indicated that optical modulations values were 32.8 % and 22.3 % at 620 nm for the PEDOT/WO3 composites synthesized in the presence of BMIMPF6 and BMIMTFSI, respectively.
Investigation of encapsulated diacetyl colloidosome release profile as a function of sintering process and release media properties
Authors: Zandi Mohsen , Mohebbei Mohebbat
Published: October 2014

Based on the self‐assembly of colloidal particles, diacetyl encapsulated colloidosomes from poly (styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) latex particles were prepared at two different sintering times, and the effects of release media characteristics, including pH (5, 7 and 9), temperature (10, 25 and 40 °C) and shear rate (0, 50 and 100 s−1) on release profile were investigated. Results showed that the sintering process, pH and shear rate of the release media had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the release of diacetyl from colloidosome, but temperature had no significant effect on the release profile. A diffusion equation was fitted to the experimental data, and diffusion coefficients of 0.025 × 10−15 to 8.15 × 10−15 m2/s were obtained for diacetyl release at various conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.