bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RADIOIMMUNOLOGISCHE LH-BESTIMMUNG IM BLUTSERUM VOM RIND UNTER BESONDERER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DES BRUNSTZYKLUS
Authors: Schams D. , Karg H.
Published: December 2008

For radioimmunoassay of LH in bovine blood the preparation LER-LH-791-l as antigen for radioiodination and the double antibody technique using filtration for separation was applied. LH-determinations were carried out in about 700 serum samples from 5 cows and 1 heifer during a total of 13 oestrous cycles. Basic levels normally ranged between 0.4 and 2.7 ng LH/ml serum. Distinct peaks, which were represented by values between 3 and 62 ng/ml, appeared no longer than 6 hours.

Commonly, one peak could be demonstrated around day 8 or 9 of the cycle, another 15 – 22 hours prior to ovulation; the latter is sometimes accompanied by movements of the LH level, performing also peaks a day before and/or after this more distinct preovulatoric peak. In some cases an extra peak occurred 3 – 6 days before ovulation. The finding of LH release twice (or more times) during the bovine cycle is in agreement with preliminary results obtained by earlier studies with the OAAD-test
ÜBER DEN ENZYMATISCHEN ABBAU VON D,L-3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY-MANDELSÄURE ZU VANILLINSÄURE
Authors: Dirscherl Wilhelm , Brisse Betty
Published: December 2008

The dehydrogenation of DL-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-glyoxylic acid by fractions of the rat liver, 20β-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase (1. 1. 1.53, C = 20-dihydrocortisone: NAD oxidoreductase) and cells of pseudomonas fluorescens Type IV, as well as fractions obtained of this strain, was proved by paper chromatography of the incubation extracts. Quantitative measurements and kinetic research was only possible with cells of pseudomonas fluorescens and fractions obtained of them.

The enzymatic activity is bound to the particles of the pseudomonas cells and the microsomes of the rat liver. Until now it was only possible to get just a small amount into solution.
THE THREE-HOUR CONVERSION RATIO: A TEST FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Wiener Jan D.
Published: December 2008

Serum organic radioiodine was determined at 3 and 24 h after an oral tracer dose of 131I. With the method used radioactive iodoamino acids (radio-IAA) rather than total protein-bound radioiodine was measured. The radio-IAA was expressed both as such (%/l serum) and as the conversion ratio (CR, % of total serum radioactivity). The results of these measurements and of 3 and 24 h % uptake determinations were compared in 181 euthyroid and 59 hyperthyroid patients sent for routine diagnostic assessment of thyroid function with 131I.

The 3-h radio-IAA did not have any diagnostic value.

The diagnostic accuracy of the 3-h CR equalled or surpassed that of the other tests. It was found to discriminate eu- from hyperthyroidism even in the presence of iodine deficiency (where % uptake tests fail) and small thyroidal iodine pools (where other serum tests fail). Only in renal insufficiency and in cardiac failure may the 24-h radio-IAA effect a better differentiation between hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients.

A fair degree of correlation between the 3-h CR and the 24-h radio-IAA was found both in hyperthyroid and in euthyroid patients with small thyroidal iodine pools, but the variation of the 3-h CR with the 24-h radio-IAA was much smaller in the latter group.

Values for several parameters tended to decrease with increasing age. Factors influencing the radio-IAA and CR are discussed.

The new test should increase the diagnostic accuracy obtainable with the short-lived isotope 132I.
THE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 11-DEOXYCORTISOL (COMPOUND S) IN LATE PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Dässler C.-G.
Published: December 2008

Paper chromatographic separation of Porter-Silber chromogenic 11-deoxycorticosteroids extracted from late pregnancy urine resulted in the detection of 11-deoxycortisol (Compound S). The amounts of urinary tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol (THS) excreted by pregnant women seemed to be higher than those excreted by non-pregnant females.
OESTROGEN-INDUCED GLYCOGENESIS IN THE UTERI OF FASTED AND INSULIN-TREATED HYPOGLYCAEMIC RATS
Authors: Wood Joan R. , Wrenn T. Randall , Bitman Joel
Published: December 2008

Uterine glycogen was found to be markedly resistent to the stress of both prolonged fasting and insulin treatment, even though blood glucose levels were drastically lowered. Under these hypoglycaemic conditions the uterus was found to maintain its glycogen synthetic response, and oestradiol administration caused increases in both uterine glucose and glycogen. Insulin-induced decreases in blood glucose were partially restored by the oestrogen treatment.
NATRIURETIC ACTIVITY OF 16α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE IN MAN
Authors: Jacobs David R.
Published: December 2008

The effect of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone on sodium, chloride and potassium balance was studied in four »normal« human subjects and one patient with hypopituitary adrenocortical insufficiency on a metabolic ward. Each subject was maintained on a constant intake of sodium, chloride, and potassium, and the daily 24-hour urinary excretion of these electrolytes and creatinine was measured, together with serial determinations of the corresponding serum concentrations. In three of the »normal« subjects, the administration of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone induced a saluresis, unaccompanied by a significant change in the potassium balance or endogenous creatinine clearance. A similar effect was observed in the patient with adrenocortical insufficiency, who was treated concomitantly with large dosages of deoxycorticosterone. One apparently »normal« subject, whose glomerular filtration rate was abnormally low, failed to respond to the administration of the steroid. These results indicate that 16α-hydroxyprogesterone is capable of exerting a natriuretic and chloruretic effect, similar to that observed with spironolactone and certain other endogenous adrenal steroids.
RESPONSE OF NEONATAL FEMALE RATS TO RESERPINE AND TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Simmons J. Emmett , Lusk Marilyn
Published: December 2008

Neonatal female rats treated with testosterone (12.5 μg/day) from days 4–8, or with a single injection of 62.5 μg of testosterone propionate on day 5, exhibit the persistent oestrus-anovulatory syndrome. The simultaneous injection of 6 μg reserpine/day (days 4–8) or a single injection of 30 μg of reserpine failed to alter the effect of testosterone propionate. Neonatal administration of reserpine alone, whether in multiple or single injections of the same aforementioned dosages, exerted no deleterious effect on the oestrus cycles of female rats. However, the ovaries of reserpine treated animals were heavily luteinized.
PERFUSION OF HUMAN TERM PLACENTA IN SITU WITH C-19 AND C-18 STEROIDS
Authors: Bolté E. , Gattereau D. , Joly M. , Lefebvre Y.
Published: December 2008

Five human term placentas were perfused in situ with a combination of dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H (DHA-3H) and testosterone-4-14C (T-14C). Five other similar placentas were perfused with dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H sulphate (DHAS-3H) and T-14C. Finally three placentas were perfused with 17β-oestradiol-4-14C (OE2-14C). After termination of each of these three perfusions, 17β-oestradiol-6,7-3H (OE2-3H) was administered into the antecubital vein of the mother.

The free C-19 compounds (DHA-3H and T-14C) were extensively aromatized; 80% of the material recovered from the placenta, perfusate and urine was in a phenolic form. Identification of this phenolic material from the placenta and perfusate revealed that oestrone (OE1) and 17β-oestradiol (OE2) accounted for 95 % of this. No oestriol (OE3) or ring D phenolic 16-ketols could be detected. The conjugated compound (DHAS-3H) had a pattern of metabolism similar to that of the free compounds but was less extensively utilized. Analysis of the neutral material indicated a virtual absence of placental synthesis and/or release in the foetal circulation of T from DHA and DHAS.

The placental metabolism of OE2-14C favoured a preferential release of OE1-14C in the foetal circulation. The 16α-hydroxylation of an 18 carbon steroid could not be detected from the placenta, perfusate or from the material released in the maternal circulation.

The absence of 16α-hydroxylase activity in the placenta at term makes it necessary to look into the foetal or maternal compartments for a satisfactory explanation for the rapid rise in the oestriol production at term.
OESTROGEN TREATMENT IN CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Norman N. , Vogt J. H.
Published: December 2008

In 1963 we reported the case of a female, 32 years of age, with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, and successfully treated with large doses of ethinyloestradiol and subsequent total bilateral adrenalectomy.

A round shadow which had been present in her left lung was still unchanged since first observed in 1956. A tumour consisting of closely packed cells, with partly granulated cytoplasm, and apparently nonmalignant, was removed from this lung in January 1967, 5 years after adrenalectomy.

After this operation the pigmentation of the patient's skin was reduced. Six months after the operation, while on 5 mg prednisolone administered daily in the morning, her blood plasma contained ACTH in the lower normal range, and β-MSH was not significantly raised.

If the tumour was ACTH producing, and was the cause of her Cushing's syndrome, this might explain the unusual and striking effect of the oestrogen treatment observed before adrenalectomy.
FREE THYROXINE IN SERUM AND ITS USE IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Liewendahl K. , Lamberg B-A.
Published: December 2008

Free thyroxine in serum was determined by an equilibrium dialysis method, using Sephadex gel filtration for the separation of iodide and thyroxine in the dialysate. The values for the percentage free thyroxine (PFT4), the absolute free thyroxine (AFT4) and the protein-bound iodine (PBI) were compared in healthy subjects, and in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients.

The group comprising euthyroid patients, which were being treated for non-thyroid diseases, showed a markedly wider range of values for all these parameters than did the group of healthy subjects. Hence, the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups showed a greater overlap with the euthyroid patient group than with the group of healthy subjects. AFT4, calculated from PFT4 and PBI, showed the greatest discriminating power, whereas PFT4 alone had the largest overlap between the groups. The importance of AFT4 and the need for replacing PBI by the determination of total thyroxine in the calculation is emphasized.

In a group of pregnant women the PFT4 was in the hypothyroid range and the AFT4 slightly but significantly below the normal mean. In lipoid nephrosis there was a trend towards an increase in PFT4, whereas the AFT4 was normal. PFT4 did not seem to be influenced by cholecystographic contrast media or iodochloroxyquinoline.
PROPRANOLOL AND THE UTILIZATION OF RADIOIODINE BY THE HUMAN THYROID GLAND
Authors: Hadden D. R. , Bell T. K. , McDevitt D. G. , Shanks R. G. , Montgomery D. A. D. , Weaver J. A.
Published: December 2008

The effect of propranolol on radioiodine utilization by the thyroid gland has been studied in 18 patients. All parameters of iodine uptake by the thyroid – initial 5–20 minutes after intravenous administration, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours after oral administration were unaltered by propranolol administration. In three of four patients studied an increase in isotopically labelled serum PBI was observed after 8 days propranolol therapy.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF THE RELEASE MECHANISM FOR VASOPRESSIN IN RATS
Authors: Warberg Jørgen , Thorn Niels A.
Published: December 2008

When isolated hemilobes from rat neurohypophyses were incubated for over 40 min in a Ca-free K2SO4 Locke solution containing 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 mm) or iodoacetate (3 mm), the release of hormone, which occurs in an inhibitor-free control medium on addition of Ca, was depressed to a considerable extent. Incubation with 2,4-dinitrophenol-containing medium for shorter periods was less effective.

When hemilobes were incubated for 50 min in a modified Locke solution containing 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.5 mm) the release of hormone induced by excess K was considerably decreased.

When N-ethylmaleimide was added to unstimulated hemilobes, the release of the hormone slowly increased.

The inhibition of secretion caused by metabolic inhibitors may be explained by inhibition of the maintenance of a small pool of »readily releasable« hormone or by inhibition of an energy-dependent step in the release process.
UPTAKE OF OXYTOCIN IN TISSUES AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF TRITIATED OXYTOCIN IN RATS
Authors: Sjöholm Ingvar , Rydén Gunnar
Published: December 2008

The distribution of oxytocin in the kidneys, liver, uterus and skeletal muscle of the rat was followed during 10 min after intravenous injection of tritium labelled oxytocin. Oxytocin was found to be taken up and degraded mainly in the kidneys and the liver. After 150 seconds no intact oxytocin could be detected in these organs.

The time course of the distribution of the radioactivity in the liver and the skeletal muscle showed no noteworthy characteristics, whereas a different course was found in the kidneys and in the uterus. In the kidneys, the radioactivity increased continuously from 60 to 200 seconds after the injection, indicating an accumulation of oxytocin or its metabolites in the kidneys. In the uterus a high initial uptake was observed, followed by a decrease of the radioactivity from 60 to 100 seconds after the injection. This distribution pattern was specific to oxytocin, since the uptake of tritiated tyrosine and tritiated water was almost constant during the same time period. These findings may indicate a preferential distribution of oxytocin to the uterus.
EFFECT OF POLYDIETHYLSTILBOESTROL PHOSPHATE ON THE PITUITARY CONTENT OF FSH AND ICSH IN MALE RATS
Authors: Perklev Torsten , Gröning Yngve
Published: December 2008

The effect of a single dose of polydiethylstilboestrol phosphate (PSP) on the pituitary content of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) was studied in intact, adult male rats after 7, 28, 103 and 161 days, respectively. The body weight and different organ weights were also recorded. The results were compared with those obtained in untreated controls and in rats treated with daily doses of diethylstilboestrol (DES) for 7 days.

The pituitary FSH and ICSH content in the control rats decreased roughly to about half during a period of approximately 5 months, i. e. from the 2nd to the 7th month of life. PSP (400 μg/100 g body weight) and DES (320 μg/100 g body weight) reduced the pituitary content of FSH and ICSH to approximately 35 and 50% of the control values, respectively, measured on the 7th day of treatment. The gonadotrophin inhibiting effect of PSP lasted for more than 103 days. On the other hand, on Day 28 the pituitary content of ICSH was normal and that of FSH significantly elevated in the DES-treated rats. On Day 161 both PSP- and DES-treated animals had a significantly increased ICSH content, while the FSH content was normal.

Body weights, as well as the weights of the testes and accessory glands were reduced both by DES and PSP as early as on the 7th day after the commencement of treatment. Complete restoration of these parameters in DES-treated animals was found on Day 103, while PSP exerted its effect for more than 161 days. Daily injections of 3 IU of FSH and 1.5 IU of ICSH administered in the form of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) to PSP-treated rats from the day of PSP injection for 14 days counteracted the weight loss of the testes and accessory glands, as well as the loss of body weight and the reduced food intake. The hypertrophy of the adrenals and the sterility produced by the administration of PSP were completely prevented by HMG injections.
THE HALF-LIFE OF PORCINE CORTICOTROPHIN IN PIGS
Authors: Murphy S. Salisbury , Donald R. A. , Nabarro J. D. N.
Published: December 2008

The plasma half-life of exogenous unlabelled porcine ACTH (Organon) and porcine (synthetic 1–39) ACTH 131I has been compared with that of endogenous ACTH in the domestic pig.

A sensitive radioimmune assay was used for measurement of exogenous and endogenous ACTH. With ACTH 131I, free undamaged hormone in the plasma was assessed by a technique using antibody binding and charcoal separation. The estimated half-life of porcine ACTH 131I and exogenous unlabelled porcine ACTH were found to be 13 and 28 min respectively. The half-life of endogenous ACTH measured following the abrupt termination of an insulin hypoglycaemic stimulus by intravenous glucose and dexamethasone was 7 min. Radioimmune assay of endogenous ACTH produced in physiological amounts was considered to be the best method of assessing the half-life of the hormone.
METABOLISM OF 16α-HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE AND 17α-HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE IN THE FOETOPLACENTAL UNIT AND MOTHER AT MIDGESTATION
Authors: Reynolds J. W. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

A combination of 16α-hydroxy-pregnenolone-4-14C (3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) and 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone-7α-3H (3β,17α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) was injected in three cases at laparotomy into the intact foeto-placental circulation 15 minutes prior to the interruption of gestation. The metabolites present in the various foetal tissues, placentas and maternal urine specimens were isolated and identified.

The following 14C-labelled metabolites were isolated from the foetal tissues: 16α-hydroxy-20α-dihydro-pregnenolone (5-pregnene-3β,16α,20α-triol) from the liver and residual foetal tissues and 16α-hydroxy-progesterone (16α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) from the adrenals, liver and residual foetal tissues. The following 3H-labelled metabolites were isolated: pregnenetriol (5-pregnene-3β,17α,20α-triol) from the liver, gastrointestinal tract and residual foetal tissues, and cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) from the adrenals.

From the placentas the following 14C-labelled metabolites were isolated: 16α-hydroxy-progesterone and 16-dehydro-progesterone (4,16-pregnadiene-3,20-dione). The following 3H-labelled placental metabolites were isolated: 17α-hydroxy-preogesterone (17α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione), 17α-hydroxy-20α-dihydro-progesterone (17α,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) and androstenedione (4-androstene-3,17-dione).

Two 14C-labelled urinary metabolites were isolated: 16α-hydroxy-progesterone and isopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β,17α-pregnan-20-one). The following 3H-labelled urinary metabolites were isolated: pregnanetriol (5β-pregnane-3α,17α.20α-triol), 17α-hydroxy-pregnanolone (3α,17α-dihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one), aetiocholanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one) and oestriol.

No metabolites containing both the 14C- and 3H-labels were detected in any of the sources studied. A careful search was made for the presence of 16α,17α-dihydroxy-pregnenolone (3β,16α,17α-trihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) and 16α,17α-dihydroxy-progesterone (16α,17α-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) in all sources, but with negative results.

Two schemes are presented describing the metabolism of 16α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone in the foeto-placental unit and maternal organism at midgestation.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN ON THE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE
Authors: Asfeldt V. H. , Buhl J.
Published: December 2008

Suppression of plasma corticosteroids by dexamethasone was studied in 4 control subjects before and during treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and also in 14 epileptic patients, 13 of whom received DPH while one received primidone.

At 8 a. m. the mean value of plasma corticosteroids in 31 normal subjects 9 hours after one mg of dexamethasone given orally was less than 4.4 μg/100 ml, but in the epileptic patients the plasma corticosteroids were not suppressed to this control level. Similar experiments in the control subjects demonstrated that during treatment with DPH an insufficient response to one mg dexamethasone is found. When suppression with 2 mg of dexamethasone given orally was repeated in 4 epileptic patients and in two control subjects receiving DPH, the plasma corticosteroids still did not decrease below 4.4 μg/100 ml. After 4 mg of dexamethasone, however, the plasma corticosteroids were suppressed to values of about 4.4 μg/100 ml in 4 out of 7 epileptic patients and in two control subjects receiving DPH.

A normal diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosteroids was found in 7 out of 9 epileptic patients and in 3 control subjects receiving DPH.

Krieger (1962) and Rinne (1966) observed a limited response to metyrapone in patients treated with DPH. This observation and the insufficient suppression of plasma corticosteroids by dexamethasone found in patients receiving DPH, is most likely a consequence of a partial inhibition of the feedback control of corticotrophin (ACTH) release. Since DPH does not appear to interfere with diurnal rhythm of ACTH release, it is most unlikely that the diurnal rhythm of ACTH release is dependent solely on a negative feedback mechanism.

In patients receiving DPH, the metyrapone test and the one mg dexamethasone test are of no value in the diagnosis of pituitary-adrenal diseases.
VARIABLE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED OESTRADIOL BY THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS IN THE POSTPUBERTAL FEMALE RAT
Authors: Kato Junzo , Inaba Machiko , Kobayashi Takashi
Published: December 2008

Cyclic changes in phase with the oestrous cycle with regard to the amount of radioactive oestradiol taken up by the anterior hypothalamus were found in postpubertal rats following the injection of a physiological dose of tritiated oestradiol. Uptake at prooestrus was lower than that at dioestrus. In contrast no fluctuations in the concentration of the radioactivity in the other parts of brain, the hypophysis, and muscle or plasma were observed throughout the oestrous cycle. These findings suggest that the oestradiol receptor in the anterior hypothalamus of the rat is involved in the physiological regulation and maintenance of cyclical changes of the hypothalamo-pituitary system through the mechanism of action of feedback of oestrogen.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA OR WHOLE BLOOD CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE
Authors: Butte John C. , Noble Ernest P.
Published: December 2008

An inexpensive, simple and relatively brief method is described for the simultaneous determination of corticosterone and cortisol in human plasma. Adrenal steroids are extracted from samples of 0.05–2 ml of plasma by methylene chloride and separated by partition chromatography on Celite 535 using methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride as eluting solvents. Cortisol and corticosterone are estimated by a fluorometric procedure. This method is also applicable for the determination of adrenal steroids in dog blood and rat plasma. Comparable values to the double isotope derivative technique are obtained for corticoid levels greater than 1 μg/100 ml plasma.
THE INFLUENCE OF IODINE IN THYROID IODINE ACCUMULATION AND TURNOVER IN EUTHYROID AUSTRALIAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Myhill J. , Oddie T. H. , Hales I. B. , Fisher D. A.
Published: December 2008

Using a whole-body counting technique with 131I-labelled thyroxine, measurements were made in euthyroid volunteers of fractional thyroxine degradation rate, total thyroxine turnover and thyroidal secretion of thyroxine. Thyroidal accumulation of 127I was also calculated from the chemical assay of 24-hour urine.

The measurements were made in 18 subjects during the administration of 0, 100 and 200 μg of thyroxine per day in successive seven-week periods, and in 10 subjects during the administration of 0, 252 and 1009 μg of iodide daily in successive thirteen-week periods.

When thyroxine was administered, the fall in thyroidal secretion rate was found to be parallel to the fall in radioiodine clearance rate. However, during administration of iodide thyroidal radioiodine clearance fell without appreciable alteration in total turnover of thyroxine. In addition thyroid iodine turnover increased progressively with increasing iodine intake and reached a mean value of 221 μg daily on a mean intake of 1250 μg I daily.

The data indicate that the total body turnover of thyroxine is the quantity which is maintained in thyroid homeostasis.

These data also indicate that the most significant effects on thyroid function of a chronic moderate increase in iodine intake are a) an inhibition of iodide concentrating activity, and b) an augmentation of nonthyronine iodide secretion. Neither effect is mediated by TSH.
EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED THYROIDITIS ON BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROXINE IN RATS
Authors: Gorman Colum A. , Anderson James W. , Flock Eunice V. , Owen Charles A. , Wakim Khalil G.
Published: December 2008

Thyroiditis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by repeated immunization with thyroid extract and Freund's adjuvant. Immunized and control animals were killed at intervals up to 6 hours after intravenous administration of 131I as iodide at 5, 8 and 10 weeks after the first injection. Radioiodinated compounds in the thyroid glands were identified chromatographically. Evidence of moderate thyroiditis was present (histologic appearance, gland weight, and protein-bound iodine-butanol-extractable iodine difference) but the rate of incorporation of radioiodide into thyroxine, the percentage of radioactivity in the gland as iodide, and the MIT/DIT ratio were not significantly different in immunized and control animals. The MIT/DIT ratio was found to vary with time after 131I administration in both immunized and control animals. These studies did not uncover a defect in organification of iodide in experimental thyroiditis similar to that described by others in humans with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
PURIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIDIURETIC SUBSTANCE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Frandsen Per
Published: December 2008

This is a contribution to the biological identification and estimation of the antidiuretic substance in human urine. The urine was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 and by dialyses. It was possible to estimate the antidiuretic activity of this extract against arginine vasopressin by a fundamentally and statistically valid biological assay using water loaded rats anaesthetized with ethanol. Recovery experiments of vasopressin from urine at different steps of the purification were performed, and the final yield was estimated to be about 60 %. The amount of antidiuretic activity in the urine from four healthy subjects ranged between 11 mU and 24 mU/24 h with a mean of 16 mU/24 h.
STEROIDOGENIC PROPERTIES OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Gospodarowicz Denis
Published: December 2008

The effect in vitro of the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH or LH), of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and of lactogenic hormone (LTH), on the synthesis of progesterone in slices of ovaries taken from pseudopregnant rats was investigated. It was found that ovine ICSH stimulated the synthesis of progesterone at a level of 0.01 μg/g of tissue; PMSG had no effect at a level of 0.1 μg/g of tissue, and a stimulating effect at higher levels; LTH had no steroidogenic effect. In addition, the effects of two follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations, one largely free of ICSH and the other containing minute quantities of ICSH, were studied in hypophysectomized rats and on the stimulation of progesterone synthesis in the ovaries of pseudopregnant rat. At concentration of less than 25 μg, ovine FSH had no effect on uterine growth and on interstitial tissue repair in the hypophysectomized female rat, and also had no effect on the synthesis of progesterone at concentrations of less than 50 μg/g of tissue. The ICSH contaminant in FSH was determined by comparing the steroidogenic properties of FSH with those of ICSH. Furthermore, studies with combinations of FSH and ICSH demonstrated that quantities of ICSH which in themselves are unable to stimulate steroidogenesis, are effective when combined with FSH.
CORTICOSTEROIDS AND VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Authors: Lorenzen Ib
Published: December 2008

Male albino rabbits were injected daily with noradrenaline plus prednisone and noradrenaline plus saline for two weeks. Prednisone enhanced the development of the gross and microscopic arteriosclerotic lesions of the aorta induced by noradrenaline, but inhibited the synthesis and the accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides elicited by the noradrenalineinduced damage of the aortic wall. The effect of prednisone on the aortic acid mucopolysaccharides reflects an inhibition of repair processes in the arterial wall. The enhancement of the arteriosclerosis may be explained by a decrease in the resistance of the aortic wall to mechanical trauma, possibly as a consequence of the effects of prednisone on the arterial mucopolysaccharides demonstrated in the present and the previous study. It is suggested, that the increased liability to skin-haemorrhages in patients given long-term treatment with glucocorticoids is due to an increased vascular fragility conditioned by the glucocorticoid-induced alterations in the mucopolysaccharides of the vascular wall.
PERIOVULATORY LEVELS OF PLASMA PROGESTERONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN WOMEN
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B. , Wide Leif
Published: December 2008

Plasma LH and progesterone levels were measured around the time of ovulation in 16 normal menstrual cycles. No increased levels of progesterone were found before the LH peak. The maximal LH peak levels lasted for 16–20 h at which time the plasma progesterone rose to a concentration of 1 to 2 ng/ml. Following the fall in the LH concentration, there was a rapid rise in the plasma progesterone concentration, indicating the formation of a corpus luteum. The lowest basal body temperature coincided with the first significant rise in LH levels.
THE RELATION BETWEEN PLASMA PROGESTERONE AND TOTAL URINARY OESTROGENS FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN WOMEN
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B. , Gemzell Carl
Published: December 2008

Plasma progesterone levels have been measured before and after a single injection of 9000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)* at different levels of total oestrogen excretion (TE) in 67 treatments with human pituitary gonadotrophin (HPG) in amenorrhoic women. With a TE excretion of less than 70 μg/24 h the rise in plasma progesterone was similar to that found in a normal menstrual cycle indicating the formation of only one corpus luteum. With more than 70 μg/24 h of TE several corpus lutea was formed as judged by the rise in plasma progesterone levels. No further increase was seen above 300 μg/24 h. The luteal phase was shorter than normal in the group with 75–300 μg/24 h of TE.
SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF A CONTRACEPTIVE ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Authors: Seng P. , Hasche H. H. , Rebensburg W. , Voigt K. D.
Published: December 2008

Plasma lipid fractions and blood levels of carbohydrate and fat metabolites were investigated in 12 normal menstruating women before and during 4 cycles of contraceptive treatment with a daily dose of 2.5 mg 4-14α-ethinyl-oestren-17β-ol (lynestrenol) + 0.075 mg 17α-ethinyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (mestranol).

All values were determined in each subject (I) before treatment, (II) after a 3 week period of reduced food intake, (III) after 3 cycles of contraceptive treatment and free food intake, and (IV) after a fourth cycle of contraceptive treatment in combination with a second period of reduced food intake. This schedule of investigation enabled us to differentiate between the effects of diet and of contraceptive treatment. As an effect of the contraceptive we found slight but significant increases in the levels of triglyceride, glyceride-glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and pyruvate. No significant changes in other lipids were observed. On the basis of these data it is concluded that this contraceptive treatment shows slight but definite effects on fat and carbohydrate metabolism. All values, however, were found to be within the normal range limits.
EVIDENCE FOR NON-COVALENT BINDING OF IODOAMINOACIDS IN PURIFIED THYROGLOBULIN
Authors: Rosenqvist Urban , Almqvist Sven
Published: December 2008

In vivo 125I-labelled dog thyroglobulin was either extracted with acid acetone or subjected to gel filtration, in order to see whether the iodoaminoacids could be removed. The acetone extracts or the material adsorbed on to the Sephadex columns contained 5–16% of the total 125I-activity present in the purified protein. These fractions of radioactivity were analyzed by two dimensional chromatography and iodoaminoacids found to be present. By equilibrium experiments it was further shown that our thyroglobulin preparation would only bind thyroxine but not 3-mono- and 3,5-diiodotyrosine. A possible interpretation of these results is that at least a fraction of the iodinated compounds of thyroglobulin is linked to the protein by non-covalent bonds.
DIE INAKTIVIERUNG VON INFUNDIERTEM VASOPRESSIN BEI DIABETES INSIPIDUS-PROBANDEN
Authors: Nitschke U. , Balzar H.
Published: December 2008

30 experiments were performed in 6 human subjects with diabetes insipidus of the central type. The response of the target organ has been investigated after abrupt cessation of a several hours lasting vasopressin infusion of different dosage. Thereby only the decrease of the urinary osmolality followed about a simple exponential decline after a different time of latency. The mean values of vasopressin doses correlated with the urinary osmolalities at the end of the infusions, the latent periods and the »slopes of the osmolar decrease«. After an input rate of 6.7 ± 3.2 μU vasopressin/kg/min, the »half life of response« was 8.25 ± 2 min, and the latent period after the withdrawal of infusion until the beginning to decline amounted to 28.45 ± 8.5 min. The corresponding data of an infusion rate of 1.7 μU/kg/min were a »half life« period of 21.7 ± 6.15 min and a time of latency of 5.1 ± 3.2 min. The total time of decrease in urinary concentration, averaging 29 min, remained completely constant in all the tests, and it was not influenced by the hormonal dosis. Only in 16 experiments, however, the time of observation had been extended until the osmolality had diminished below 100 mOsm/kg. Here the duration of the decline lasted 32.1 min on average. Therefore it was supposed a real »time of detectable inactivation« of 32 to 35 min. From the obtained results a theory is discussed, concerning the quantitative relation between vasopressin and the receptor of the target organ, and the mode of inactivation occurring there.
THE CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR IN THE LABORATORY RAT AND GOLDEN HAMSTER
Authors: Howland R. J. , Nowell N. W.
Published: December 2008

Further investigations of blood sugar control in the Wistar albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), kept in the laboratory at 21°C have been made. Concentrations of plasma insulin in the fasting and the glucose loaded animal were determined, and it was shown that the hamster maintains a lower plasma insulin concentration than the rat, and secretes less insulin in response to glucose loading. It is concluded that the high fasting blood sugar level and poor glucose tolerance of the hamster result from a relative lack of insulin in this animal.
PRE-MATERNAL ISOLATION EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOUR AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF OFFSPRING
Authors: Sackler A. M. , Weltman A. S. , Schwartz R. , Steinglass P.
Published: December 2008

This report was designed to determine combined effects of maternal endocrine imbalances and abnormal behaviour due to prolonged isolation stress of female mice on the behaviour, developmental growth rate and endocrine function of their offspring. Sixty female albino mice averaging 19 g were divided equally into isolated and control groups. The isolated females were housed singly; control females were maintained in groups of 2 mice per cage. After observation of behavioural and physiological effects characteristic of isolation stress in the test mice, all isolated and control mice were mated after a 6½ month experimental, isolation period. No differences were observed in fertility and fecundity of the two groups of mothers. Analyses of developmental growth rates of the litters of the isolated versus control mothers showed significantly lower body weights in the test offspring at 3 and 4 weeks of age. The body weights of the female offspring remained significantly lower from the 4th to 11th weeks. The effects on the body weights of the male offspring declined and were no longer statistically significant at the 5th to 11 weeks. Locomotor activity at 4½ and 8 weeks of age was markedly or significantly higher in the male and female mice from isolated mothers. Tail-blood samples taken prior to autopsy at 5 and 11 weeks of age revealed significant decreases in the total leukocyte and eosinophil counts of both sexes. At the two ages, the absolute and relative spleen and thymus weights of the male and female offspring were markedly and/or significantly lower than the values observed in counterpart young from control females. Significant decreases were also observed in the absolute gonadal organ weights of both sexes at 11 weeks of age. The various data indicated inhibited growth rates, heightened locomotor activity and evasiveness, as well as evidence of increased adrenocortical function in the offspring from test mothers. The gonadal weight decreases suggested retarded gonadal development. Further studies using split-litter techniques are required to differentiate the effects of prenatal endocrine imbalances versus postnatal maternal influence (i. e., nursing care) on the offspring.
EFFECTS OF MUSCULAR WORK ON CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE CONTENT IN THE BLOOD AND ADRENALS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Viru A. , Äkke H.
Published: December 2008

The cortisol and corticosterone content was determined fluorometrically in the blood and in the adrenals of guinea pigs. After three 5-minute-swimming sets the corticoid content increased in the adrenals, but remained unchanged in the blood. After 5-minute-swimming sets repeated until exhaustion, the adrenal corticoid content did not differ from the level of the control group. The blood cortisol content, however, fell significantly. The blood corticosterone content did not change. If before the swimming sets 4 IU of corticotrophin were administered, the cortisol content both in the adrenals and blood at the point of exhaustion was somewhat higher than in the control group. The decrease in blood corticoid concentration during long-lasting muscular work is due to insufficient stimulation of the adrenocortical activity. It has been suggested that the inhibition of the stimulation of the adrenocortical activity is one manifestation of a general defence reaction, against the fatal depletion of the resources of the organism.
METABOLIC CLEARANCE AND PRODUCTION RATES OF CORTICOSTERONE IN MALE AND FEMALE VIRGIN AND BREEDER RATS
Authors: Saroff Jack , Wexler Bernard C.
Published: December 2008

Repeatedly bred male and female rats spontaneously develop arteriosclerosis. In order to evaluate the endocrine aspects of this condition volumes of distribution, metabolic clearance (MCR) and production rates (PR) of corticosterone (B) were measured in ether-stressed virgin male and female rats initially and after a significant gain in weight for comparison with heavier breeders. After the iv injection of [1,2-3H]B values were calculated from the disappearance of total radioactivity and [1,2-3H]B from plasma employing a single- and double compartment model. The latter was used for final comparisons. There was a significant difference in the half-lives of the initial and slower disappearance curves between males (3.7 and 14 min) and females (2.4 and 10 min), respectively. For both sexes with an increase in size there was a corresponding increase in the volumes of distribution, MCR and PR of B. In female breeders there was a significant decrease in these same parameters: MCR dropped from 8.5 to 5.7 1/day, PR from 6.4 to 3.5 mg/day. Circulating plasma levels decreased from 76.4 to 61.3 μg/100 ml. The results indicate that physiological factors in addition to the adrenal are responsible for the decreased PR in arteriosclerotic breeder female rats.
ZUR FRAGE DER BIOSYNTHESE VON ALDOSTERON UND 11-DESOXYCORTICOSTERON IN DER NEBENNIERE UND IM ADENOM BEI EINEM PATIENTEN MIT PRIMÄREM ALDOSTERONISMUS
Authors: Dahm K. , Breuer H. , Bayer J. M.
Published: December 2008

In a 19-year old male patient, suffering from primary aldosteronism, the biosynthesis of 11-deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone was studied in slices of normal and adenomatous adrenal tissue; [4-14C] progesterone and [4-14C] 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were used as substrates. In addition, the urinary excretion of 1 1-deoxycorticosterone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone was determined before and after operation.

As compared with normal adrenal tissue, a very high activity of the 21-hydroxylase towards progesterone (metabolite: 11-deoxycorticosterone) as well as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (metabolite: 17α-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone) was found in the adenoma. In contrast, the activity of the 11β-hydroxylase was much less in the adenoma than in the normal adrenal tissue. In the absence of cofactors, only traces of aldosterone were detected in the experiments with slices of the adenoma, whereas a normal rate of production was observed in the experiments with the adrenal slices.

The excretion of aldosterone in urine varied between 29.4 and 70.7 μg/24 h before operation; it was unaffected by dietetic measures, thus indicating an autonomy of the tumour. After operation, the concentration of aldosterone in urine fell to normal values (6.1–9.1 μg/24 h). The excretion of free 11-deoxycorticosterone (0.2–2.0 μg/24 h) and of its tetrahydroderivative (31.7–40.4 μg/24 h) was in the normal range before as well as after operation.

The increased formation of 11-deoxycorticosterone and the decreased formation of aldosterone in the adenoma under in vitro conditions stand in contrast to the normal excretion of 11-deoxycorticosterone and the increased excretion of aldosterone in urine before operation. This discrepancy may be explained by the deficiency of cofactors in the slices of the adenoma. The results obtained support the view that, in steroid producing organs with high activities, only limited conclusions can be drawn from in vitro experiments to the situation in vivo.
OESTROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS AND STEROID METABOLISM IN THE PORCINE OVARY
Authors: Preumont P. , Cooke I. D. , Ryan K. J.
Published: December 2008

In vitro incubations of isolated porcine pre-ovulatory follicles, corpora lutea, and minced whole pre- and post-ovulatory ovaries were undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the pathways of oestrogen biosynthesis and steroid metabolism in the various cellular compartments of the porcine ovary.

The conversion of radioactive acetate to cholesterol, the conversions of pregnenolone and progesterone to 16-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, oestrone and oestradiol and the conversion of pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone were observed following incubation with pre-ovulatory follicles in vitro. No significant effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) added in vitro on steroid metabolism could be demonstrated.

The conversions of dehydroepiandrosterone to oestradiol and 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone to 16-hydroxyandrostenedione were obtained with corpora lutea in vitro. Pre-ovulatory whole ovarian mince incubations converted progesterone to 16-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione to oestrone.

When 16-hydroxyandrostenedione, 16-hydroxyprogesterone and 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone were incubated as substrates and/or formed in these various studies, no evidence for the formation of oestriol or other 16-oxygenated oestrogens could be demonstrated, although non-16 hydroxylated neutral steroids were aromatized in paired experiments.
THE TIME COURSE OF EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES ON ELECTRICALLY-EVOKED POTENTIALS IN THE FROG FOREBRAIN
Authors: Oshima Kiyoshi , Gorbman Aubrey
Published: December 2008

In the frog, over a period of up to 12 days, the effects of a single injection of steroid hormone were measured on potentials evoked in the olfactory lobe and telencephalon after electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve. Response amplitudes in the olfactory lobe and telencephalon were depressed by 10 μg doses of progesterone whether given alone, or in combination with 10 μg of oestradiol. In the olfactory lobe the change in response induced by progesterone was significant by 2 days and reached a peak by 6 to 8 days after injection. In the telencephalon the peak effect of progesterone was also at about 6 days, but no significant change from the control could be found before 4 days.

In contrast, oestradiol, when given alone, augmented the response to olfactory stimulation detected in the olfactory lobe and telencephalon. The time relations were about the same as for progesterone.

Effects of the two hormones on stimulus threshold were relatively modest and in general were correlated with the effects on response amplitude. Similarity in time course of effects of progesterone and oestradiol, and the dominance of the progesterone effect over that of oestradiol suggests that despite their opposite actions, at least part of their influence is on the same elements in the olfactory response system.
THE LIGATURE OF THE INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY AND THE INCIDENCE OF GOITRE RECURRENCE AFTER SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Depisch D. , Dinstl K. , Keminger K.
Published: December 2008

A short historical introduction is given about vascular ligature in goitre surgery. By means of various experiments an attempt was made to investigate the effect of various types of vascular ligatures on the thyroid gland. In addition on the basis of follow-up examinations of patients operated on for goitre, the effect of vascular ligature on recurrence was examined. The results of these investigations cast doubt on the value of ligature of all four thyroid arteries required by some investigators (Huber 1967; Kreiner 1952; Steiner 1960) as a prophylactic measure against the danger of recurrence.
MODIFICATIONS DES CELLULES GONADOTROPES ET DU CONTENU EN FSH DE LA GLANDE PITUITAIRE DANS LES CONDITIONS DE LA PONTE PROVOQUEE CHEZ LA RATTE
Authors: Roos J.
Published: December 2008

The action exerted by an early mating on the pituitary β and γ cells and on the pituitary FSH content has been studied in 4-day cyclic female rats which were mated at 5–6 p. m. on dioestrus 2 after being injected with oestradiol (10 μg) at 10–11 p.m. on dioestrus 1. The following results were obtained:

Oestradiol alone induces, on one hand, a highly significant decrease with respect to control animals of the percentage of the γ cells, on the other hand, an increase of the granular content of the β cells. Ovulation only occurs in 5 % of these oestrogenized rats.

After early mating a further diminution of the percentage of the γ cells was observed concomitantly with a strong degranulation of the β cells; this early coitus triggered ovulation in 52 % of the females.

The pituitary FSH bioassay evidenced a stockage of FSH in oestrogenized females with respect to control animals and on the contrary a FSH release under the influence of coitus.

It was therefore concluded that early ovulation as well as spontaneous ovulation in the rat require the synergistic action of both FSH and LH gonadotrophic hormones.
CHROMOPHOBE ADENOMAS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND IN CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: Lindholm J. , Rasmussen P. , Korsgaard O.
Published: December 2008

Two patients with concurrent Cushing's disease and chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland are presented. In one case the tumour was present before adrenalectomy, in the other it was not recognized until after adrenalectomy.

The characteristic symptoms and findings are described – including the results of corticotrophin determinations in the blood. Some aspects of the treatment of Cushing's disease are discussed.