bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piecing Together Sha Po
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

Hong Kong boasts a number of rich archaeological sites behind sandy bays. Among these backbeaches is Sha Po on Lamma Island, a site which has long captured the attention of archaeologists. However, until now no comprehensive study of the area has ever been published.
Piecing Together Sha Po presents the first sustained analysis, framed in terms of a multi-period social landscape, of the varieties of human activity in Sha Po spanning more than 6,000 years. Synthesising decades of earlier fieldwork together with Atha and Yip’s own extensive excavations conducted in 2008-2010, the discoveries collectively enabled the authors to reconstruct the society in Sha Po in different historical periods.
The artefacts unearthed from the site—some of them unique to the region—reveal a vibrant past which saw the inhabitants of Sha Po interacting with the environment in diverse ways. Evidence showing the mastery of quartz ornament manufacture and metallurgy in the Bronze Age suggests increasing craft specialisation and the rise of a more complex, competitive society. Later on, during the Six Dynasties-Tang period, Sha Po turned into a centre in the region’s imperially controlled kiln-based salt industry. Closer to our time, in the nineteenth century the farming and fishing communities in Sha Po became important suppliers of food and fuel to urban Hong Kong. Ultimately, this ground-breaking work tells a compelling story about human beings’ ceaseless reinvention of their lives through the lens of one special archaeological site.
Theorizing Excess and the Abject
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter establishes a theoretical framework for chapter 7, which deals with characterizations and tropes that resist categorization. Using Art Historical theorizations of the abject, including the work of Hal Foster and Julia Kristeva, abject bodies and national identities are explored in the historical context of early post-war Japan. The impact of abject imagery on the spectator is hypothesized using Ella Shohat and Robert Stam’s account of the ‘schizophrenic spectator.’ Case studies include Teshigahara Hiroshi’s Woman of the Dunes (Suna no onna, 1964).
In the Path of a Confederate Invasion
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the fall 1862 path through Harrison County of the Confederate army invasion of Kentucky. It describes Union soldiers building entrenchments and a large stockade at Camp Frazer before retreating north. Union occupation of the county before and after the Confederate invasion is examined. This chapter describes interactions between citizens and the Union and Confederate soldiers. The various regiments and campsites are listed. Confederate soldiers from Harrison County made short visits to their homes.
The Second Battle of Cynthiana
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the Battle of Keller’s Bridge at Cynthiana, Ky., the second of three engagements in the Second Battle of Cynthiana. While the initial battle was being fought in Cynthiana the morning of June 11, 1864, Union reinforcements arrived by train one mile northwest of Cynthiana at Keller’s Bridge on the Kentucky Central Railroad, which the Rebels burned a few days earlier. General Edward H. Hobson and Col. Joel F. Asper with 600 men of the 171st Ohio infantry, unaware of the ongoing battle in Cynthiana, unloaded the train for breakfast. Soon, Rebels stumbled upon the regiment and a battle took place along the Kentucky Central Railroad. Hobson was surrounded after a standoff lasting several hours, and surrendered. The chapter explores why Morgan decided to stay and fight Burbridge while outnumbered and low on ammunition.
Rising from the Ashes
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the impact of the Civil War on the Cynthiana and Harrison County, Ky. Subjects include: War claims submitted by attorney William S. Haviland; a duel between a former Yankee and Rebel; founding of Battle Grove Cemetery on the site of a battle; the first Confederate monument in Kentucky; Civil War veterans’ organizations and reunions in Harrison County; rebuilding of the burned downtown; newspaper editor urged reconciliation; Burbridge vilified for reprisal shootings; Civil War correspondence; and Harrison County Freedmen’s Bureau activities. This chapter also reveals details of Cynthiana attorney William W. Cleary’s role in the Confederate Secret Service operations in Canada as secretary to a Confederate commissioner. After Lincoln’s assassination Cleary and the other agents were implicated by circumstantial evidence after being seen meeting John Wilkes Booth in Canada, but charges of conspiracy to kill Lincoln were later dropped for lack of evidence.
Kentucky and the Great War
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This book focuses primarily on the Kentucky home front during World War I. It describes how Kentuckians responded to the outbreak of the war in Europe and their response after the United States entered the war in April 1917. Guided by the Kentucky Council of Defense, Kentuckians throughout the commonwealth, from small coal camps to large cities, generally supported the war through Liberty Loans, Red Cross campaigns, and efforts to conserve food and fuel. The book covers opposition to the war; the draft; the war’s effect on the economy; and how the war affected women, children, and African Americans. One chapter focuses on military camps, primarily the extensive new Camp Zachary Taylor south of Louisville. Other chapters examine the role of religion and higher education in support of the war. One chapter discusses Kentuckians who went abroad in military and civilian service. The final chapter covers the end of the war, the Spanish flu epidemic, and memorialization efforts after the war.
Women and Children
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

Women’s efforts to support the war generally received guidance from the Kentucky Division of the Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, headed by Louisvillian Sallie White Bruce. Bruce encouraged the establishment of women’s committees in the counties. The Kentucky Division collaborated with women’s clubs and the Kentucky Council of Defense, supporting activities such as the Red Cross and Liberty Bond campaigns. It also pursued its own initiatives, including child health, schooling, and recreation. Children were expected to support the war too, primarily by growing school gardens and encouraging the purchase of War Savings Stamps.
“Over There”
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers some of the Kentuckians who served abroad with the military or with civilian relief organizations such as the Red Cross. Kentucky claimed two Medal of Honor recipients: Willie Sandlin and Samuel Woodfill. Several Kentuckians received the second highest military award for valor, the Distinguished Service Cross, and some received foreign decorations such as the French Croix de Guerre. Kentuckians held high command positions, serving as generals and admirals. Kentucky military men fought on the Western Front, in northern Russia, and in Siberia. This chapter describes the experiences of Kentuckians who wrote letters home, several of which were published in local newspapers. One such soldier was Reuben Hutchcraft of Paris, a young lawyer and former state representative who was killed in the last days of the war.
Religion and Resistance in Appalachia
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

This volume examines the complex roles of religious values and perceptions of place in the efforts of twenty-first-century anti-mountaintop removal activists in Appalachia. Applying theoretical insights from religious studies, Appalachian studies, and critical regionalism, the work charts how views of Appalachian place were transformed and revised through activism and how different religious threads were involved in that process, weaving together patterns of meaning and significance to help motivate activist efforts and reshape visions of Appalachia. The specific religious threads examined include Catholic and mainline Protestant visions of eco-justice (or religiously inspired arguments in support of social and environmental justice), evangelical Christian views of Creation Care (a term encompassing multiple visions of theocentric stewardship ethics), and forms of nature-venerating spirituality (including spiritual and religious proponents of biocentric ethics and “dark green religion”). These religious perspectives encountered friction with other perspectives, structures, and practices, generating new perspectives on the issue formed from physical interactions between diverse stakeholders as well as new visions for Appalachia in a post-mountaintop removal future. The work points to ways that scholars might continue to analyze the interconnections between local religious values and perceptions of place, influencing further studies in the interdisciplinary field of religion and nature, place studies, and social movements.
Seeking Justice
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines various eco-justice perspectives against mountaintop removal in the twenty-first-century movement, including influences from Catholic social teachings and mainline Protestant social justice work. Many of these efforts first emerged in the War on Poverty era, transitioning into activism against strip mining in the later twentieth century. Advocates of this position often cast resistance to mountaintop removal in a broader historical perspective of activism against social injustice. Mountaintop removal, they argue, constitutes a violation of the rights of the poor and needy, exploiting the lives and labor of rural Appalachians in favor of economic profits. The chapter provides specific accounts of individuals and organizations that offer this perspective in their work against mountaintop removal.
The Making of a Southern Liberal
Authors: Canady Andrew McNeill
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 examines how Weatherford moved from the provincial worldview of a small Texas town to become a southern liberal on matters of race and religion. This was brought on by his move to Nashville, Tenn., his academic studies at Vanderbilt University (undergraduate and graduate), his questioning of religious faith, his urban living, and his interaction with African Americans. Indeed, Weatherford’s movement toward liberalism was heavily influenced by his strong Protestant religious focus, a point he held in common with almost all white southern liberals of this era.
Horace Holley
Authors: Cousins James P.
Published: May 2017

The life of Horace Holley (1781–1827) recalls a time of intellectual promise in the American republic. The New England–born, Yale-educated, Unitarian minister was an unlikely choice for the presidency of Transylvania University in Kentucky, the first college west of the Allegheny Mountains. Kentucky’s religious leaders questioned his orthodoxy; elected officials doubted his abilities; others simply found him arrogant and elitist. As president, however, Holley ushered in a period of sustained educational and cultural growth. Transylvania blossomed under his oversight and received national attention for its scientifically progressive, liberal curriculum. Lexington, Kentucky, the seat of Transylvania, benefited directly from his efforts. An influx of students and celebrated faculty lent the city a distinguished atmosphere and gave credibility to the appellation “Athens of the West.”
But Holley’s story is greater than the sum of these experiences. As a young student at a rising American university, a Calvinist minister in a rural New England town, a Unitarian urbanite of national acclaim, a relocated northern Yankee in Kentucky, and president of the first and most prosperous university of the early American West, Holley symbolizes a period of rapid transformation. His experiences reflect a time when westward expansion and social progress ran against developing religious expectations and regional identities. Holley also figures prominently in the history of education in America. His innovations and missteps, successes and defeats, personal connections and bitter advisories make him an important figure not only in the evolution of an emerging state university but also in the emerging state of higher education in early America.
“Term of Severe Trial”
Authors: Cousins James P.
Published: May 2017

Horace grew to become one of Timothy Dwight’s greatest acolytes, and out of this devotion he developed a strict Calvinistic religious orientation. In reward for his dedication, Horace was named head minister at Greenfield Hill Congregational Church and headmaster of Greenfield Hill Academy, positions formerly held by Dwight. But Horace tired of life as a country minister, and so he looked for and found a more compelling situation as head pastor of Hollis Street Church in South Boston. Here, he cultivated a more refined understanding of the social benefits of cultured society. His position at Hollis Street allowed him to participate in many of Boston’s elite organizations, and his proximity to the city’s elite expanded the scope of his ambitions.
The Brother
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

Alexander K. Marshall was the younger brother of US Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall. A gentleman farmer, he practiced law more as a passion than a profession. Despite a workman-like career as an appellate lawyer, he left a slender legal legacy. However, his fertile fields in Mason County, Kentucky, are still tilled, and the mailbox outside the home still bears the Marshall name.
The Banker
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

The details of the life of James Parks Metcalfe are elusive, despite his success as a lawyer, banker, and civic leader. He thrived as a behind-the-scenes operator, advising both politicians and clients while quietly building a fortune that would take him from his widowed mother’s rural home to an estate in the suburbs of Lexington. He was an adviser to Kentucky governor Lazarus Powell and to congressman, US vice president, and Confederate general John C. Breckinridge, as well as a member of the Central Committee of the Kentucky Democratic Party. He promoted Lexington’s growth through the establishment of the University of Kentucky.
The Copperhead
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

Alvin Duvall the man—lawyer, judge, and politician—would be forever dwarfed by Duvall the symbol—the martyr who was barred from running for a seat on the Court of Appeals in 1864 but became the triumphant figurehead of the pro-Confederate wing of the Democratic Party when he was elected clerk of the Court of Appeals in 1866. That victory—the high point of his career—would inaugurate decades of control by former Confederates and, ironically, make it nearly impossible for men like Duvall, who had remained loyal to the Union during the war, to be elected to high office in the state.
The Last
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

Born in Hardin County near Elizabethtown, W. P. D. Bush was a descendant of one of Kentucky’s earliest settlers and two veterans of the American Revolution. A Democratic Party stalwart, he no doubt obtained the position of law reporter at least partially through his political connections. Nonetheless, he was an accomplished lawyer, newspaperman, and businessman whose uniform and competent law reports would be a model for the official state reports that would follow. Bush was Kentucky’s last nominative law reporter.
Conclusion
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

By the late 1870s, Kentucky legislators recognized that the system of reporting developed by the nominative reporters had become so regularized that it could be absorbed into the (still undersized) machinery of state government. In 1878 a new law was passed that put the printing of reports in the hands of the public printer and retained copyright for the state. The existing nominative reports (including the much criticized Sneed’s Decisions and Thomas B. Monroe’s legally questionable second volume) were renumbered volumes 1–77 of the new Kentucky Reports. They soon faced an aggressive national competitor, West’s South Western Reporter, established in 1886. By the 1950s, the South Western Reporter had become so preferred that the state discontinued the official Kentucky Reports. Today, the Westlaw Next database contains all Kentucky case law from Hughes through the South Western Reporter.
Showman of the Screen
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

Joseph E. Levine was one of the most recognizable figures in postwar American cinema; he pioneered saturation opening techniques, revolutionized art-film marketing, and was hugely successful as a producer. He dealt in every conceivable type of film, from art house to exploitation to blockbusters, and became the most famous film promoter in America. This book is the first to fully investigate Levine’s life and work, detailing his extraordinary career in the film industry and focusing on what he called his “peculiar talent” for movie exploitation and showmanship. Based on extensive archival research and interviews with many of Levine’s collaborators, it positions Levine as the most versatile film promoter and self-promoter of his generation. It details Levine’s tough upbringing in the slums of Boston and his subsequent journey from provincial movie exhibitor to the best-known movie showman in America. The book also shows how Levine was able to capitalize on emerging cultural trends while also maintaining his reputation as a maverick by fiercely guarding his independence and deliberately provoking condemnations from cultural commentators. It acts as a corrective to the many histories of postwar American cinema that either ignore or underestimate Levine’s achievements and influence. His multifarious appetites ensured that his presence was felt in all genres and that his influence is still with us today is testament to his position as one of the most important pioneering figures in America postwar cinema.
Barefoot Boston Boy Becomes Movie Man
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Levine’s early life, from his birth to his initial work as a film exhibitor, distributor, and promoter. Levine grew up in the horrible poverty of Boston’s West End, and the details of his early life are placed into the historical context of early twentieth-century Boston. As the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, Levine not only experienced poverty but also anti-Semitism, and these experiences helped to shape the man he would become. Levine’s numerous early business ventures are also explored, as are his early days as a movie exhibitor and promoter and the importance of his marriage to Rosalie.
Monsters and Man-Gods
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about Levine’s career in the late 1950s—the period when he first became famous. It was at this time that Levine achieved success with saturation in selling Godzilla: King of the Monsters, Attila, and Hercules. The chapter provides many overlooked details about the success of these films, such as the colleagues who were an integral part of promoting them and the importance of gaining the backing of the film industry as a whole—movie exhibitors in particular—to create a sympathetic climate. This chapter also details Levine’s journey from movie promoter to self-promoting celebrity—from a largely anonymous member of the team that promoted Godzilla to the nationally famous focal point for the Hercules promotional campaign.
The Flim-Flam Man
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

With the success of Hercules, Levine was often the subject of articles and profiles in the popular press. In addition to being profiled in publications such as Time, Life, and Esquire, he was lampooned as “Joe LeVenal” in the satirical Mad magazine. This chapter concentrates on Levine’s emergence as a public figure of note and the self-promotional tactics he used to achieve what was an unprecedented amount of fame for a film importer and promoter. The chapter also shows how Levine capitalized on the criticism he was subjected to in order to position himself in opposition to America’s cultural elites and how he was able to take advantage of being a divisive figure to keep his name in the press.
The Showman in the Art House
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

Having achieved fame as America’s foremost purveyor of low culture, Levine began dealing in arthouse cinema at a national level—a field of endeavor that many felt he was unsuited for. This chapter focuses on Levine’s packaging of arthouse cinema for American audiences in the early 1960s and on the criticisms occasioned by critics and commentators, who accused Levine of being an interloper and dilettante. The chapter shows how, with the questioning of the concept of “high culture” at this time, cultural gatekeepers and elites sought to fortify their positions and to exert an even greater authority over movie culture. Levine was an ideal target for critics such as Dwight Macdonald and Bosley Crowther, but this chapter argues that their criticisms actually worked in Levine’s favor by portraying him as the maverick outsider that he portrayed himself to be. The chapter also investigates accusations that Levine was seeking critical redemption and an improved public image through his dealings in art cinema—accusations that were never true but were directed at him for the remainder of his career.
Hollywood Undermined
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

Many critics and commentators felt that America’s censorship bodies had been too lenient with The Carpetbaggers, and voices of protest led to a clampdown on what was deemed cinematic smut—notably Levine’s production of a biopic of Jean Harlow. Interventions from censors and Levine’s own uncharacteristic keenness to avoid controversy led to Harlow being perhaps the most compromised film of his career. Critics who had criticized The Carpetbaggers for being in bad taste now criticized Harlow for not being sexy enough. The chapter also explores Levine’s war of words with Bill Sargent, who was producing his own Harlow biopic, which appeared as an ugly spat in the pages of the trade press. And it examines critics’ accusations that Joe was undermining Hollywood and its institutions with his films’ insinuations.
Graduating Class
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

Having suffered significant financial losses because of unwise investments the mid-1960s, Levine completely overhauled his production strategy later that decade and decided to increase production values but make fewer films. This chapter focuses on The Graduate and Levine’s early relationship with its director, Mike Nichols. Film historians routinely belittle or ignore Levine’s involvement with The Graduate and fail to recognize that he had been an early champion of Nichols when he was a director in the legitimate theater. However, Levine often claimed undue credit for the production of The Graduate, often at the expense of Lawrence Turman, who was the driving force behind the film. This chapter puts the production of this film into its proper context, highlighting both Levine’s keen eye for talent and his habit of stealing credit.
Selling Up and Winning Trophies
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the circumstances of Levine’s sale of his company, Embassy, to the Avco Corporation in 1968. Because of various interrelated factors, corporations were looking to take over film companies in the mid- to late 1960s, and Levine stood to benefit greatly. Embassy was privately owned, had a huge library of films that were attractive to television, was not burdened by real estate or equipment, and had just had a huge success with The Graduate. Levine turned all of these positive points to his advantage and sold Embassy to Avco for an astonishing $40 million in the bubble created by the corporate feeding frenzy. This chapter also investigates two of Levine’s productions from this time, The Producers and The Lion in Winter, both of which stand as examples of Levine’s continued willingness to take risks.
Leaving the Exploitation Business
Authors: McKenna A. T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the final years of Levine’s life and career: his production of Magic, the discontinuing of his involvement with Gandhi, and his last production, Tattoo. Throughout his career, Levine had been accused of aiming for critical redemption. That was never true, so it is oddly appropriate that his final film was an exploitation picture, Tattoo, rather than a prestige picture, Gandhi. The promotional campaign for Tattoo saw Levine once again taking on criticism—feminists’ opposition to the movie’s posters in this case—and using it to get free publicity for himself and his movie, and this chapter details Levine’s typically mischievous response to his critics. The chapter also describes some of the projects Levine was interested in at the time of his death.
On Jordan’s Banks
Authors: Pimblott Kerry
Published: May 2017

Chapter One provides a broad historical overview of African American community formation in Cairo, illuminating how the region’s economic instability and distinct blend of northern and southern racial practices combined to solidify the Black church’s emergence as the leading institution in local community-building and protest traditions. This chapter argues that the Black church’s preeminence was not inevitable. It was instead a creative and necessary response to broader patterns of Black political marginalization and an absence of alternative institutions due to the precarious economic position of Cairo’s Black working-class. The chapter also contends that the ability of Cairo’s Black churches to fill this organizational vacuum was made possible by the distinctive religious tradition harbored by African American communities across the borderland.
Straight from the Offering Plate
Authors: Pimblott Kerry
Published: May 2017

Chapter Four tracks Black Power activists’ mobilization of these new discourses to secure important organizational resources and coalitional support from local, state, and national Black church organizations. Between 1969 and 1974, the United Front secured more than half a million dollars in grants from church-based organizations as well as extensive lobbying, consultancy, and staff support for their political programming. As financial support for traditional civil rights organizations waned during the 1960s and local civic elites obstructed governmental funds, these new organizational resources proved invaluable and ensured that churches would become a significant, albeit overlooked, source of coalitional support for the Black Power Movement in Cairo and beyond.
The Recession of National Spirit
Authors: Pimblott Kerry
Published: May 2017

Chapter Five examines the closing stages of the Cairo Black Power struggle, situating state repression of activist church agencies and the revival of conservative political agendas within white congregations as fundamental but overlooked causes of the movement’s demise. In contrast to many other grassroots Black Power organizations, the United Front had survived the narrowing structure of political opportunities as well as the initial wave of state repression that characterized the late 1960s. As this chapter will show, United Front leaders – like other Black Power activists across the country – were subject to a systematic campaign of repression at the hands of federal agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
The Myth of the Screen Directors Guild Meeting
Authors: Brianton Kevin
Published: May 2017

The SDG meeting of October 22, 1950, is a famous event in Hollywood history for all the wrong reasons. It is legendary because Cecil B. DeMille, John Ford, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz, along with many other celebrated directors, played prominent roles. Even small anecdotes from the meeting, such as Ford declaring, “My name is John Ford. I make westerns,” have entered Hollywood folklore. The meeting was convened to discuss the forced recall of Mankiewicz as SDG president by its conservative board headed by DeMille. The catalyst for the recall was a debate about a loyalty oath for Guild members, which was also linked to a union-sanctioned blacklist. Mankiewicz apparently protested to the media about the way the SDG’s board was operating—in particular, its use of an open and signed ballot to push through the measure. In response to the attempted recall by DeMille and other conservatives, Mankiewicz and his supporters took legal action and called a general meeting to discuss the issue. Several hundred directors packed into the Beverley Hills Hotel on October 22, 1950, to do just that.
The House Un-American Activities Committee Arrives in Hollywood
Authors: Brianton Kevin
Published: May 2017

The opening chapter deals with the political background of the loyalty oaths in Hollywood. The focus then shifts to the internal politics of the Screen Directors Guild and its initial response to the HUAC investigations. The SDG board protested against the initial HUAC investigation in 1947, leading to a great deal of political tension between conservatives and liberals. This initiated Sam Wood and Cecil B. DeMille’s coup against liberal directors in 1947 to take control of the Guild, which was cemented by the conservatives gaining control of the board in the following elections.
Ford’s Heroic Stand
Authors: Brianton Kevin
Published: May 2017

The central myth developed about the SDG meeting was that John Ford stood up to DeMille and stopped his drive to recall Mankiewicz and introduce the loyalty oath. However, Ford’s role before, during, and after the meeting shows that he was basically a conciliator trying to reduce and minimize political friction between DeMille and other sections of the SDG. Beginning with Peter Bogdanovich’s interview of Mankiewicz in 1967, where he embellished and exaggerated Ford’s role, an increasingly flattering version of these events has developed. This has fed into a huge literature that has extolled Ford’s role at the meeting. The constructed incident now strongly influences thinking about Ford’s politics, and this view has influenced film criticism. The chapter also discusses how there was an initially cautious, or sometimes hostile, response to Ford’s cinema by liberal critics partly due to Ford’s conservatism and his support for Richard Nixon and Barry Goldwater.
Value Propositions of the Water Footprint Concept for Sustainable Water Utilities
Authors: Badruzzaman Mohammad , Hess Tim , Smith Heather , Upson Sophie , Jacangelo Joseph G.
Published: May 2017

The water footprint concept has been used by agricultural, commercial, and industrial water users to measure and report their water consumption, assess the magnitude of potential environmental impacts arising from this consumption, and identify opportunities for risk mitigation strategies that promote sustainable water use. However, water and wastewater utilities have not studied and documented the application of this concept in the same manner that other industries have. This article summarizes the growing body of information on the water footprint concept and the opportunities for integrating the concept into water utility planning efforts as a broader means of achieving and maintaining sustainable communities. The application of the water footprint concept for capital improvement planning, water resources decision‐making, operational benchmarking, and stakeholder communications is discussed, as is how the methodology, developed by the International Organization for Standardization, can be used for a water utility.
Introduction
Authors: Donington Katie , Hanley Ryan , Moody Jessica
Published: May 2017

The Introduction to this volume (Britain’s History and Memory of Transatlantic Slavery) sets out the current context of scholarship on the history of Britain’s involvement in transatlantic slavery and the slave trade and its abolition, and work around the memory of this history. This chapter considers what is ultimately at stake through configuring, reconfiguring and contesting the place of slavery and the slave trade in British national identity narratives, how this has changed in the last thirty years and why examining such relationships through a ‘local’ lens is important for interrogating the relationship between history, memory and identity. The Introduction sets out the structure of the book in its two parts and gives brief overviews of the following chapters.
East Meets West
Authors: Jeppesen Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter breaks down the artificial historiographical and archival dichotomy between ‘east and west’ by exposing the multiple and intricate connections that facilitated the systematic transfer of people, capital and goods between the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. It will suggest that if we reorient our gaze from the economic structures of slavery and focus instead upon the family as a lens through which to explore Britain’s imperial engagement during this period, it is possible to reveal a far more interconnected and intimate vision of empire than is often credited. It will offer both a qualitative and quantitative survey of the scope of connections between the Caribbean, Britain and East India Company, alongside a consideration of how the structure of the archive can be negotiated in order to explore these questions. Finally, to provide substance and depth to these claims the chapter will offer a detailed case study of the Martins of Antigua.
Liverpool’s Local Tints
Authors: Moody Jessica
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the ‘maritimization’ of slavery in the former slave-trading port city of Liverpool. Taking John Beech’s argument that Britain’s memory of transatlantic slavery has predominantly been framed as a purely ‘maritime’ activity, this chapter takes a closer look at how this plays out in the country’s foremost slave-trading port city of the eighteenth century. It argues that local ‘maritime’ identity narratives themselves act to obscure Liverpool’s memory of transatlantic slavery whilst simultaneously also revealing connections with the enslaved – particularly through engagements with ‘Goree’, here presented as a site of memory. The chapter draws on a broad range of primary material to reveal and map Liverpool’s public memory discourse, from guidebooks and written histories, newspapers, anniversaries, museums, architecture and public art.
Old Enemies? July 1921–June 1922
Authors: Hughes Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the year between the Truce and ceasefire between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British forces in July 1921 and the outbreak of civil war in June 1922. First, it will examine non-lethal breaches of the terms of the Truce by the IRA and the reaction of Crown forces, highlighting a conflict between the political necessities of the Truce and the behaviour of local IRA units and civilians on the ground. Secondly, it will interrogate the nature of suspicion and the labelling of civilians at this time through a study of extant intelligence reports compiled by the IRA in early 1922. It will be seen that production of these files, and the IRA’s intelligence war more generally, was a product of the communities in which it was conducted and personal traits or labels that would have been well known in an everyday context were produced as evidence of suspicion. This idea will be expanded upon in the final section of the chapter as it takes a broader approach to civilian defiance and IRA punishment by dealing with the experiences of and perceptions towards specific minority groups, including Protestants, loyalists, and disbanded policemen.
Knights Across the Atlantic
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: May 2017

The Knights of Labor became the first national movement of American workers between 1869 and 1917. They also established branches of their movement across the world. This book explores the history of the Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland, where between 1883 and the end of the century they organised upwards of 50 individual assemblies (branches) and 10,000 members across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. It treats the Knights as an important but under-recognised part of the great changes taking place within the British labour movement at the end of the nineteenth century, whether in terms of the growth of labour politics (and ultimately the Labour Party) or the transformation of the trade unions from the movement of a minority of wage earners to a majority of them. This book looks at the approaches that British and Irish Knights took to politics, industrial relations, race, culture and gender, drawing on and making comparisons with the well-established historiography of the Knights in Canada and the United States, and shows how British and Irish Knights tried and ultimately failed to make their American movement a permanent part of the British and Irish industrial landscape.
Organisation, Culture and Gender
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: May 2017

Knights drew on a rich and varied array of cultural traditions and practices, including the ritual conducted at each assembly meeting. This chapter looks at how British and Irish Knights engaged with those traditions and practices, and how they sought to replicate the fraternal culture of their American Order across the Atlantic. It examines major cases where British workers not attached to the assemblies nevertheless adopted the Order’s model for their own ends. This chapter then asks why British and Irish Knights were so unsuccessful at recruiting women where American Knights had been so successful, and finds the answer in differences between British and American reform traditions, cultural divergences, and connections between class battles and gender attitudes.
The Knights in Industry
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: May 2017

The history of the British and Irish Knights was defined to a large extent by their approach to industrial relations, which followed the industrial prescriptions of their American leaders to the letter. They insisted on arbitration rather than conflict, boycotts rather than strikes, and tried to put their resources into co-operative enterprises of various kinds. This chapter also explores how these attitudes played out in a number of industrial disputes and helped to determine the rise and fall of the British and Irish assemblies. In places where arbitration was common or when economic conditions were poor, Knights did well. Once trade improved and workers began to think about strike action, however, the Knights found themselves opposed by many of their own or potential members even as they failed to get recognition from employers.
The Knights and Politics
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the political ventures of British and Irish Knights at a municipal and national level, and compares them with the great working-class political mobilisation that American Knights led in in the mid-1880s. It categorises the various political stances held by leading figures in the British and Irish assemblies and then charts their attempts to elect councillors and MPs, build political movements at a local level, and join political organisations set up by trade unionists to support independent labour representation. In England, and in Scotland, Knights were part of the different political traditions and ideas - working-class Liberalism, socialism, and the desire for working-class representation – that coalesced in time in the form of the British Labour Party.
Conclusion
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: May 2017

In only ten years the Knights of Labor helped to reshape the British labour movement and won several major successes at a local level as well. The conclusion addresses their achievements, and the wider significance of the Knights of Labor within global labour history. The Knights represented an alternative, and a powerful one at that, to the subsequent development of international working-class movements such as the Second International and the International Trade Secretariats. Yet the Knights themselves, especially through bodies such as the Universal Federation of Window-Glass Workers, contributed as well to the development of those movements. The conclusion ends by locating the Knights as part of a long transatlantic radical tradition that still has its representatives today.
Dramatized Societies: Quality Television in Spain and Mexico
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: May 2017

Over the last decade Spain and Mexico have both produced an extraordinary wealth of television drama and are among the leaders in their respective continents. The new dramas have high production values (easily the equal of cinema), intricately plotted narratives, and compellingly ambivalent characters. They are thus clearly worthy of the close textual analysis they have not yet received. Drawing on both national practices of production and reception (based on archival research in Madrid and Mexico City) and international theories of textual analysis, this book offers the first study of contemporary quality TV drama in two countries where, unlike elsewhere, it is not yet recognized that television has displaced cinema as the creative medium that shapes the national narrative. As dramatized societies, Spain and Mexico are thus at once reflected and refracted by the new series on the small screen. Social issues treated include historical memory, youth, drugs, race, and gender.
Educational Television: XY (Canal 11, 2009–12)
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 treats the first of Canal 11’s modern series, which, striking a blow against clichéd machismo, takes as its theme the crisis in contemporary manhood. Set at a fictional magazine, this workplace drama addresses the conflict between public interest and private profit in the media, even as it explores the relationships between varied models of men: old and young, rich and poor, straight and gay. More specifically, the sex scenes between men here provoked complaints to the Mexican authorities. The chapter argues, however, that the educational remit of the channel, previously expressed in dutiful documentaries, is properly extended here in a compelling fiction that charts new paths for men in modern Mexico.
Introduction
Authors: Mulvenna Gareth
Published: May 2017

The introduction outlines the core themes and structure of the book as well as the theories which underpin the oral history contained therein.
Opening the Folds: A Pastoral Vanguard
Authors: Hair Ross
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 considers the ubiquitous presence of pastoral literature and art in the late modernist milieu of The Jargon Society by examining its role and function in the work of Ian Hamilton Finlay, Thomas A. Clark, and Simon Cutts. Far from perpetuating the common perception of pastoral as an idealistic, nostalgic, or escapist aesthetic mode, Finlay, Clark, and Cutts’s use of pastoral, it is argued, demonstrate a more knowing understanding, and innovative appropriation, of its complex tradition. In particular, it is suggested that pastoral provides these poets the means for reflecting on the materiality of the poem and for articulating the poetics of the printed format that it takes. Furthermore, due to its close links with Epicureanism and its dense weave of intertextual allusion, chapter 5 shows how pastoral presents an insightful analogy for the social dynamics and collaborative vanguard spirit of the remote small press networks that Finlay, Clark, and Cutts have participated in.
The Outsider as Editor: Three Guineas and the Feminist Periodical
Authors: Mackenzie Alyssa
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Virginia Woolf’s Three Guineas in relation to feminist periodicals of her time. Drawing on Jürgen Habermas’s notion of the public sphere, it considers The Freewoman (edited by Dora Marsden) and Time and Tide (edited by Lady Margaret Rhondda) alongside Woolf’s imagined Outsiders’ Society. The chapter finds numerous shared concerns and strategies between these feminist periodicals and Woolf’s writings in and about Three Guineas, including questions of distribution, cost, allegiance to official movements, and relationship to readers. Critics have often interpreted Three Guineas as advocating a withdrawal from the public sphere; however, this chapter argues that implicit in Woolf’s discussion of women and the potential for political action is a model of feminist periodical publication, oriented towards rather than turning away from a Habermasian public sphere.
A Carnival of the Grotesque: Feminine Imperial Flânerie in Virginia Woolf’s “Street Haunting” and Una Marson’s “Little Brown Girl”
Authors: Kim Jessica
Published: May 2017

This paper demonstrates the operation of feminine imperial flânerie, or engagement with the imperial figure in the context of the traditionally male urban pastime of leisurely street-walking, in Virginia Woolf’s short story “Street Haunting” and Una Marson’s poem “Little Brown Girl” as they register related responses to a socially abject identity ever-hovering on the horizon of each writer’s attempts at self-identification as gendered subjects in their work. Specifically, the abject figure serves as a litmus test for each androgynous narrator’s choice to either assimilate with or self-differentiate from traditional national masculine perspectives of hegemonic cultural and political discourse. Each writer’s either sympathetic or distancing treatment of the imperial abject subject in the context of a potentially liberating flâneurial setting thus enacts a specific response to the question of British women modernists’ own degree of otherness as newly arrived observers under the auspices of the national patriarchal imperial complex.
The Weight of “Formal Obstructions” and Punctuation in Mrs. Dalloway and Pointed Roofs
Authors: Rials Emily
Published: May 2017

This paper explores formal differences between Virginia Woolf’s Mrs.Dalloway and Dorothy Richardson’s Pointed Roofs to argue that Woolf’s punctuation reveals how her fiction defies the “damned egotistical self” which she claimed “ruins” her contemporaries’ work. While Richardson’s ellipses distinguish her narration of Miriam’s thoughts from both the “current masculine realism” against which she wrote and male writers’ conventions of “feminine prose,” Woolf’s apparently-seamless sentences develop Clarissa Dalloway’s interiority by engaging, rather than rejecting, what Richardson calls “formal obstructions” on the page. Combining narratology with textual and feminist criticism, this paper argues that the novels’ punctuation reflects these writers’ radically different approaches to character interiority, narratorial authority, and the ethics of representation.
Saracens, Assyrians, and Spaniards: allegories of the Armada
Authors: Christian Margaret
Published: May 2017

When the Spanish invasion force of 1588 met with successful English resistance and disastrous weather, losing thousands of men and 62 of 130 ships, contemporary observers and participants on both sides believed the outcome reflected God’s intervention. English sermons used Bible stories to develop a patriotic and providentialist interpretation of the gathering threat and subsequent Spanish defeat. Sermons before the attempted invasion, by Thomas Drant, Meredith Hanmer, and William Gravet, demonstrate the comparison preachers drew a between Islam and Roman Catholicism (as Spenser created a Muslim sultan to represent the Roman Catholic Spanish threat). Sermons celebrating the English victory, by John Prime, Thomas White, Roger Hackett, and Stephen Gosson, show that Spenser and the preachers drew on the same biblical theme of God’s judgment and motifs of horses, chariot, and hardware.