bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of tip geometry on the mechanical performance of unused and reprocessed orthopaedic drill bits
Authors: Darvish K , Shafieian M , Rehman S
Published: April 2009

Although reprocessed drill bits have been in clinical use as a cost-saving measure, their performance has not been critically evaluated in comparison with the performance of unused drill bits. The effect of three commonly used reprocessing methods on the geometry and mechanical performance of 2.5 mm orthopaedic drill bits was investigated and compared with that for unused drill bits. Four mechanically significant drill parameters including chisel edge, chisel edge angle, point angle, and lip length of 36 drill bits in four groups were measured and compared. Group A included unused drill bits. Group B included drill bits reprocessed once by one company whereas group C included those reprocessed twice by the same method. Group D included drill bits reprocessed once by another company. For mechanical performance, a test set-up was developed in which the time of travel of the drill bits through layers of cortical and trabecular synthetic bone materials under constant compressive force were measured. The geometrical parameters were found to be significantly altered as a result of the reprocessing methods. A linear relationship was derived to relate the chisel edge to the drill time through cortical and trabecular bones. The mechanical performance of drill bits is correlated largely to the chisel edge length. A larger chisel edge is correlated to a reduced drill time, particularly in the cortical bone.
Investigation of wet steam flow in a 300 MW direct air-cooling steam turbine. Part 1: Measurement principles, probe, and wetness
Authors: Cai X , Ning T , Niu F , Wu G , Song Y
Published: April 2009

The direct air-cooling steam turbines have been operated more and more in the north of China. The backpressure of a turbine is affected easily with weather and varies very often in a short time. The variation of backpressure in a larger range from about 10 to 60 kPa causes many problems in design and operation of the turbine. To study the properties of the wet steam flow in the low pressure direct air-cooling steam turbine, an optical—pneumatic probe was developed based on the multi-wavelength light extinction and four-hole wedge probe. Measurements with this probe in a 300 MW direct air-cooling turbine were carried out. The measured local wetness, total wetness of exhaust steam, size distribution of fine droplets, and their profiles along the blade height are presented. The measured cylinder efficiency and total wetness agree well with the results obtained by the thermal performance tests.
Determining compressor wash programmes for fouled gas turbines
Authors: Sánchez D , Chacartegui R , Becerra J A , Sánchez T
Published: April 2009

An assessment on the impact of compressor fouling over gas turbine thermodynamic and economic performance is presented. This operational problem is dependent on engine location as it is caused by airborne particles dragged into the engine by the compressor. For the most hazardous locations, performance deterioration can reach 10 per cent/month for power and 5 per cent/month for efficiency, with respect to rated values. Engine washing is required to compensate for these losses. Different approaches made by relevant authors in the past are analysed, showing big contradictions in predicting sensitivity to fouling of engines with different sizes and specifications. This adds complexity to establishing washing programmes based on engine specifications rather than engine location. The conclusion is that a tailored washing schedule must be developed through a trial and error methodology, which is very dependent on the operator's experience with similar engines. These concepts are applied to evaluate the performance of a running engine with severe fouling. The impact of hourly variation of electricity price and length of washing on the cashflow of a plant incorporating compressor is assessed, along with an evaluation of the effect of adopting a washing schedule which is far from the optimal or close to it.
Mass Spectrometric Detection of Gaseous Hydrogen Peroxide in Ambient Air Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge as an Excitation Source
Authors: Chen Lee Chuin , Suzuki Hiroaki , Mori Kunihiko , Ariyada Osamu , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: April 2009

Real-time detection of gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in ambient air is an important subject for public safety and security. We have developed a mass spectrometric detection system for gaseous H2O2 using dielectric barrier discharge as the excitation source for metastable rare gas atoms. The O2− ion produced by Penning ionization of ambient air forms a stable cluster ion [H2O2+O2]− which is detected by an orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer. No interference by the moisture in the air was observed.
Pulse Frequency-dependent Regulation of Lysozyme Reactivity under Pulsed Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Kawasaki Takayoshi , Toyoda Momoko , Okahata Yoshio
Published: April 2009

Hydrolytic reactivities of hen egg white lysozyme under 0.05–0.5 MHz pulsed ultrasound irradiation (base frequency: 1 and 14.5 MHz) could be controlled by a pulse frequency of ultrasound.
Promoting Effect of Re Addition to Rh/SiO2 on Glycerol Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Shimao Akira , Koso Shuichi , Ueda Naoyuki , Shinmi Yasunori , Furikado Ippei , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: April 2009

Modification of Rh/SiO2 with ReOx enhanced the activity of glycerol hydrogenolysis remarkably and suppressed degradation reactions simultaneously. At the same time, the formation of 1,3-propanediol became more favorable on the Rh–ReOx/SiO2.
Preparation of Long Conjugated Porphyrin Polymers with Gold Nanoparticles at Both Ends as Electronic and/or Photonic Molecular Wires
Authors: Ozawa Hiroaki , Kawao Masahiro , Tanaka Hirofumi , Ogawa Takuji
Published: April 2009

Nanocomposites of long conjugated porphyrin polymers with both ends substituted by gold nanoparticles were prepared by mixing a polymer bearing thiol groups at both ends with gold nanoparticles protected by 2-methylundecane-2-thiol. The nanocomposites were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed that the gold nanoparticles were attached at the terminal positions of the porphyrin polymers as expected from height analyses. The height at the terminal position was ca. 3–4 nm and that at the center position was ca. 2 nm. The nanocomposites could be dispersed homogeneously on solid surfaces such as HOPG or glass substrates using a pulse injection method under high vacuum.
A comparative genomics approach identifies a PPR-DYW protein that is essential for C-to-U editing of the Arabidopsis chloroplast accD transcript
Authors: Robbins John C. , Heller Wade P. , Hanson Maureen R.
Published: April 2009

Several nuclear-encoded proteins containing pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs have previously been identified to be trans-factors essential for particular chloroplast RNA editing events through analysis of mutants affected in chloroplast biogenesis or function. Other PPR genes are known to encode proteins involved in other aspects of organelle RNA metabolism. A function has not been assigned to most members of the large plant PPR gene family. Arabidopsis and rice each contain over 400 PPR genes, of which about a fifth exhibit a C-terminal DYW domain. We describe here a comparative genomics approach that will facilitate identification of the role of RNA-binding proteins in organelle RNA metabolism. We have implemented this strategy to identify an Arabidopsis nuclear-encoded gene RARE1 that is required for editing of the chloroplast accD transcript. RARE1 carries 15 PPR motifs, an E/E+ and a DYW domain, whereas previously reported editing factors CRR4, CRR21, and CLB19 lack a DYW domain. The accD gene encodes the β carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl coA carboxylase, which catalyzes the first step in fatty acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts. Despite a lack of accD C794 editing and lack of restoration of an evolutionarily conserved leucine residue in the β carboxyltransferase protein, rare1 mutants are unexpectedly robust and reproduce under growth room conditions. Previously the serine-to-leucine alteration caused by editing was deemed essential in the light of the finding that a recombinantly expressed “unedited” form of the pea acetyl coA carboxylase was catalytically inactive.
Time Average Replicator and Best-Reply Dynamics
Authors: Hofbauer Josef , Sorin Sylvain , Viossat Yannick
Published: April 2009

Using an explicit representation in terms of the logit map, we show, in a unilateral framework, that the time average of the replicator dynamics is a perturbed solution of the best-reply dynamics.
Interdicting a Nuclear-Weapons Project
Authors: Brown Gerald G. , Carlyle W. Matthew , Harney Robert C. , Skroch Eric M. , Wood R. Kevin
Published: April 2009

A “proliferator” seeks to complete a first small batch of fission weapons as quickly as possible, whereas an “interdictor” wishes to delay that completion for as long as possible. We develop and solve a max-min model that identifies resource-limited interdiction actions that maximally delay completion time of the proliferator's weapons project, given that the proliferator will observe any such actions and adjust his plans to minimize that time. The model incorporates a detailed project-management (critical path method) submodel, and standard optimization software solves the model in a few minutes on a personal computer. We exploit off-the-shelf project-management software to manage a database, control the optimization, and display results. Using a range of levels for interdiction effort, we analyze a published case study that models three alternate uranium-enrichment technologies. The task of “cascade loading” appears in all technologies and turns out to be an inherent fragility for the proliferator at all levels of interdiction effort. Such insights enable policy makers to quantify the effects of interdiction options at their disposal, be they diplomatic, economic, or military.
Constructing Uncertainty Sets for Robust Linear Optimization
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Brown David B.
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we propose a methodology for constructing uncertainty sets within the framework of robust optimization for linear optimization problems with uncertain parameters. Our approach relies on decision maker risk preferences. Specifically, we utilize the theory of coherent risk measures initiated by Artzner et al. (1999) [Artzner, P., F. Delbaen, J. Eber, D. Heath. 1999. Coherent measures of risk. Math. Finance 9 203–228.], and show that such risk measures, in conjunction with the support of the uncertain parameters, are equivalent to explicit uncertainty sets for robust optimization. We explore the structure of these sets in detail. In particular, we study a class of coherent risk measures, called distortion risk measures, which give rise to polyhedral uncertainty sets of a special structure that is tractable in the context of robust optimization. In the case of discrete distributions with rational probabilities, which is useful in practical settings when we are sampling from data, we show that the class of all distortion risk measures (and their corresponding polyhedral sets) are generated by a finite number of conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measures. A subclass of the distortion risk measures corresponds to polyhedral uncertainty sets symmetric through the sample mean. We show that this subclass is also finitely generated and can be used to find inner approximations to arbitrary, polyhedral uncertainty sets.
Evaluating Quantile Assessments
Authors: Jose Victor Richmond R. , Winkler Robert L.
Published: April 2009

Quantile assessments are commonly encountered in the elicitation of probability distributions in decision analysis, forecasting, and risk analysis. Scoring rules have been developed to provide ex ante incentives for careful and truthful assessments and ex post evaluation measures in the context of probability assessment. We show that these scoring rules designed for probability assessment provide inappropriate incentives if used for quantile assessment. We investigate the properties of a linear family of scoring rules that are intended specifically for quantile assessment (including the assessment of multiple quantiles) and can be related to a realistic decision-making problem. These rules provide proper incentives for quantile assessment and yield higher expected scores for distributions that are more informative in the sense of having less dispersion. We discuss the special case of interval forecasts and a generalization involving transformations, and we briefly mention other possible extensions.
Altruism as a courtship display: Some effects of third‐party generosity on audience perceptions
Authors: Barclay Pat
Published: April 2009

Public generosity may be a means to convincingly advertise one's good character. This hypothesis suggests that altruistic individuals will be desirable as romantic partners. Few studies have tested this prediction, and these showed mixed results. Some studies have found that altruism is not particularly attractive; other studies showed that altruism is attractive by contrasting descriptions of ‘nice guys’ with ‘jerks’. The present study sought to resolve this debate by having participants read a series of experimentally manipulated vignettes of persons with corresponding photographs, such that altruistic vignettes were compared with control descriptions that differed only in the presence or absence of small hints of altruistic tendencies. Altruists were more desirable for long‐term relationships than neutral individuals. Women also preferred altruists for single dates whereas men had no such preference. These results are discussed with regard to the idea that people (males in particular) signal their good character via generosity.
Being there with others: How people make environments norm‐relevant
Authors: Stapel Diederik A. , Joly Janneke F. , Lindenberg Siegwart M.
Published: April 2009

In two studies we show that people make environments norm‐relevant and this increases the likelihood that environments influence norm‐relevant judgments. When people see environments without having people on their mind, this effect does not occur. Specifically, when exposed to an environment (a library), people's perceived importance of environment‐relevant norms (be silent in libraries) increases, when the concept of ‘people’ is primed compared to when this is not the case. The impact on normative judgments of priming significant others (Study 1) is stronger than priming people in general (Study 2). Additional effects on conformism and public self‐consciousness are discussed, as well as implications for future studies.
Financial problems and psychological distress: Investigating reciprocal effects among business owners
Authors: Gorgievski Marjan J. , Bakker Arnold B. , Schaufeli Wilmar B. , van der Veen Hennie B. , Giesen Carin W. M.
Published: April 2009

Building on conservation of resources theory and the dynamic equilibrium model, this three‐wave longitudinal study among 260 Dutch agricultural business owners (1‐year time intervals) investigated reciprocal relationships between the financial situation of the business and psychological distress. Results of structural equation modelling analyses revealed a negative spiral of farm decline, in which psychological variables played a key role. Experiencing financial problems predicted psychological distress, and acted as a self‐fulfilling prophecy by strengthening intentions to quit the business, which predicted a deterioration of the objective financial situation of the business 1 year later. Moreover, farmers experiencing more psychological distress were more likely to get caught in this negative spiral than business owners with better mental health, because they experienced more financial problems, irrespective of their objective financial situation. Long‐term psychological distress rather than temporary fluctuations in distress levels accounted for this effect.
The truth about lies: What works in detecting high‐stakes deception?
Authors: Porter Stephen , ten Brinke Leanne
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we provide our view of the current understanding of high‐stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non‐verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target's behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best‐validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While advocating a reliance on empirical evidence, we observe that few studies of high‐stakes deception yet have been conducted. Further, some manifestations of lying are highly idiosyncratic and difficult to address in quantitative research, pointing to the need for keen observation skills, and psychological insight. A recurring theme is the need for the field to devise innovative approaches for studying high‐stakes lies to promote ecological validity. Ultimately, such work will provide a strong foundation for the responsible application of deception research in forensic and security settings.
Neopterin as a Predictor of Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals Undergoing Angiography in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Grammer Tanja B , Fuchs Dietmar , Boehm Bernhard O , Winkelmann Bernhard R , Maerz Winfried
Published: April 2009

Background: Neopterin is produced upon activation of the cell-mediated immune response, and may be a novel risk marker for adverse outcomes resulting from coronary artery disease.

Methods: We measured neopterin in 1801 study participants with and 511 without angiographic coronary artery disease. Rates of death were determined after a median follow-up of 8.0 years.

Results: Estimated glomerular filtration rate and N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were the strongest predictors of neopterin. Neopterin was positively related to age and inversely related to LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Use of lipid-lowering drugs lowered neopterin. Sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking status, Friesinger coronary score, and clinical instability at presentation were not associated with neopterin. Unlike C-reactive protein, neopterin was not increased in unstable angina pectoris, non–ST–elevation myocardial infarction, or ST-elevation myocardial infarction. In the third and fourth quartiles of neopterin, unadjusted hazard ratios for death from any cause were 1.94 (95% CI 1.44–2.61) and 3.32 (95% CI 2.53–4.30) compared to individuals in the first quartile, whereas hazard ratios for death from cardiovascular causes were 2.14 (95% CI 1.44–3.18) and 3.84 (95% CI 2.67–5.52), respectively. Neopterin remained predictive of total and cardiovascular mortality after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, NT-proBNP, and clinical status at presentation, but NT-proBNP substantially weakened this association.

Conclusions: Neopterin is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with or without stable coronary artery disease.
SELP and SELPLG Genetic Variation Is Associated with Cell Surface Measures of SELP and SELPLG: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study
Authors: Volcik Kelly A , Catellier Diane , Folsom Aaron R , Matijevic Nena , Wasserman Bruce , Boerwinkle Eric
Published: April 2009

Background: P-selectin (SELP) and its ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (SELPLG), play key roles in both the inflammatory response and the atherosclerotic process. Previous studies have shown genetic variation in the SELP gene [selectin P (granule membrane protein 140kDa, antigen CD62)] to be associated with plasma SELP concentrations; however, the major biological function of SELP (and SELPLG) is at the cell surface. We therefore investigated the association of SELP polymorphisms with platelet SELP measures and polymorphisms in the SELPLG gene (selectin P ligand) with lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte SELPLG measures among 1870 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study.

Methods: Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to analyze leukocyte and platelet markers in the ARIC Carotid MRI Study. The allele frequencies for the SELP and SELPLG polymorphisms of whites and African Americans were markedly different; therefore, all analyses were race specific.

Results: SELP T715P was significantly associated with lower values for platelet SELP measures in whites (P = 0.0001), whereas SELP N562D was significantly associated with higher values for SELP measures in African Americans (P = 0.02). SELPLG M62I was significantly associated with lower granulocyte and monocyte SELPLG measures in African Americans (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0002, respectively) and with lower lymphocyte SELPLG measures in whites (P = 0.01).

Conclusions: Specific SELP and SELPLG polymorphisms were associated with cell surface measures of SELP and SELPLG in both whites and African Americans in the ARIC Carotid MRI Study. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the association of SELP and SELPLG genetic variation with measures of cell surface SELP and SELPLG.
False-Negative Results in Point-of-Care Qualitative Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Devices Due to Excess hCGβ Core Fragment
Authors: Gronowski Ann M , Cervinski Mark , Stenman Ulf-Håkan , Woodworth Alison , Ashby Lori , Scott Mitchell G
Published: April 2009

Background: During pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) immunoreactivity in urine consists of intact hCG as well as a number of hCG variants including the core fragment of hCGβ (hCGβcf). We identified 3 urine specimens with apparent false-negative results using the OSOM® hCG Combo Test (Genzyme Diagnostics) qualitative hCG device and sought to determine whether an excess of 1 of the fragments or variants might be the cause of the interference.

Methods: We measured concentrations of hCG variants in the urine from 3 patients with apparent false-negative hCG results. Purified hCG variants were added to urines positive for hCG and tested using the OSOM, ICON® 25 hCG (Beckman Coulter), and hCG Combo SP® Brand (Cardinal Health) devices.

Results: Dilution of these 3 urine samples resulted in positive results on the OSOM device. Quantification of hCG variants in each of the 3 patient urine specimens demonstrated that hCGβcf occurred in molar excess of intact hCG. Addition of purified hCGβcf to hCG-positive urines caused false-negative hCG results using the OSOM and ICON qualitative urine hCG devices.

Conclusions: Increased concentrations of hCGβcf can cause false-negative results on the OSOM and ICON qualitative urine hCG devices. .
Editorial introduction Oceanic routes: migrations and mtissages in South Pacific literatures and travelogues
Authors: De Souza Pascale , Murdoch H. Adlai
Published: April 2009

Oceanic routes focuses on the South Pacific region but also reaches beyond simply francophone shores to encompass English-speaking archipelagoes. It examines the labor-driven population transfers that resulted in the extended exchanges of peoples, languages, customs and cultures that
reshaped key aspects of the South Pacific. Geographically, refocusing on the indigenous vision of the region valorizes the term Oceania, originally used to reflect a universe which once comprised not just land surfaces but also the ocean surrounding them. Thus the sea links past and future
beyond island boundaries through the transmission of cross-cultural connections and intersections. By contrast, enduring colonial divisions based on geography or language tends to further the legacy of colonialist perspectives and praxes and contribute to the fragmentation and distanciation
of the region from the unitary vision of its origins. Such a vision of the island as intrinsically linked to other locales and open to the world naturally calls forth the image of the ship. Inverting this relation such that the vessel remains static and the island is seen as moving, is in
keeping with alternative oceanic epistemologies of person and place which valorise both roots and routes.
Trois millnaires de migrations et de mtissages en Nouvelle-Caldonie. Ralit biologique et dficit culturel
Authors: Angleviel Frdric
Published: April 2009

Diversity took a variety of forms during the colonial period. This is why biological mtissage actually gave rise to a plurality of mixed communities. The Austronesian society that took shape in New Caledonia around 1100 BC was no exception. It did not coalesce around the arrival of
a single pirogue or a single group from Vanuatu, but rather around the arrival of successive waves of humans from the northwest islands of the Melanesian arc. However, if biological mtissage remained more or less constant during the first three millennia of a human presence in New Caledonia,
its examplars were progressively integrated into the dominant culture. Each new wave of human colonization brought with it technological innovations or new social practices. Ultimately, while we can observe a gradual retreat in the perception of mtissage as colonial society's preferred solution,
native groups increasingly took a back seat by comparison withf other communities.
Rcit fondateur et culture politique en Nouvelle-Caldonie. Ta Kanak, de Mlansia 2000 au Festival des Arts du Pacifique (19752000)
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: April 2009

In 1975, Jean-Marie Tjibaou, whose name was to become synonymous with the pro-independence movement in New Caledonia, organised the Mlansia 2000 Festival in Noumea. The idea behind this Festival was to bring together Kanak from all over the Territory in an attempt to revive their
culture and pave the way for a new postcolonial identity. Tjibaou produced a play-pageant or Jeu Scnique, which was an adaptation of the Kanak foundation myth, Ta Kanak. A quarter of a century later, Dw Gorod, a Kanak writer and activist who had been opposed on political grounds to Mlansia
2000, also adapted this foundation narrative in her play, Knk 2000, written for the 8th Pacific Arts Festival, which took place in Noumea in 2000. After comparing the tenets, versions and implications of this foundation myth produced by Tjibaou and Gorod, we present an interview
with Gorod, who is today Vice-President of the New Caledonian government, in charge of culture.
The captivity of translation: the legacy of William Barrett Marshall's Personal Narrative
Authors: Gniadek Melissa
Published: April 2009

In A Personal Narrative of Two Visits to New Zealand, in His Majesty's Ship Alligator, A.D. 1834, William Barrett Marshall draws upon his experiences in New Zealand, specifically his participation in a rescue expedition, to formulate a vigorous critique of military force and
irresponsible colonialism, while simultaneously constructing an impassioned argument for the benefits of missionary efforts, both in New Zealand and throughout the British Empire. This paper examines Marshall's narrative in light of postcolonial translation theory, exploring the ways in which
the text is itself a selective translation even as Marshall critiques the translations of others, and the ways in which it, and other accounts of the same events, have translated the figure of Betty Guard, a female captive among Maori, in creating colonial narratives of British hegemony and
control. As Marshall's text has been translated and re-translated, captured and recaptured, the didactic, seemingly linear tale that it relates has become as multivalent as the voices that Marshall himself translates and has spawned a network of telling that problematizes the very notion of
translation that Marshall takes up.
Book Reviews
Authors: Charnley Joy , Mosley Philip , Narbona Inmaculada Daz , Oakes Leigh , Oktapoda Efstratia , Oktapoda Efstratia , Parris David L , Tarr Carrie
Published: April 2009

The Living, Pascale Kramer, translated by Tamsin Black, (2007) Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 136 pp., ISBN 978-0-8032-7823-3 (pbk), $19.95

La Belgique entre deux sicles: laboratoire de la modernit, 18801914, Nathalie Aubert, Pierre-Philippe
Fraiture and Patrick McGuinness (eds), (2007) Bern: Peter Lang, 272 pp., ISBN 3-03910-528-0 (pbk), 52.20, 39.20

criture en transhumance entre Maghreb et Afrique subsaharienne. Littrature, oralit, arts visuels, Hlne Tissires (2007) Paris: L'Harmattan, 293 pp., ISBN 978-2-296-02794-7
(pbk), 27,50

French in Canada: Language Issues, Maeve Conrick and Vera Regan, (2007) Bern: Peter Lang, 186 pp., ISBN 978-3-03910-142-9 (pbk), 40, 26

TOMAN Cheryl (Ed.), On Evelyne Accad. Essays in Literature, Feminism, and Cultural Studies (2007) Birmingham,
Alabama: Summa Publications, 420 pp., ISBN 978-1-883479-53-4 (hbk), $58 US.

MAXIMIN Daniel, Les fruits du cyclone. Une gopotique de la Carabe (2006) Paris: Seuil, 223 pp., ISBN 2-02-063095-8 (pbk), 22

Migrance compare Comparing Migration: Les littratures du
Canada et du Qubec: The literatures of Canada and Qubec, Marie Carrire & Catherine Khordoc (eds), (2008) Bern, Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt on Main, New York, Vienna: Peter Lang, 358 pp., ISBN 978-3-03911-317-0 (pbk), 45.30

Algeria Cuts. Women and Representation, 1830 to
the Present, Ranjana Khanna, (2008) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 301 pp., ISBN 978-0-8047-5261-9, cloth/ISBN 978-0-8047-5262-6 (pbk), 17.50
The problem of music in actuality television
Authors: Bates Richard , Deutsch Stephen
Published: April 2009

Incidental music, once largely confined to drama, is now a characteristic of documentaries as well as other factual programmes including even current affairs and sport. The young, at least, now seem to live in a culture where music is expected to be readily available, at any time and
in almost any circumstances, and many programme makers seem persuaded that only if their programmes are sexed-up with music will they appeal to the widest audience. However, not everyone appreciates this trend and complaints to the broadcasters are at record levels. For many it is an irritation,
but for the hearing-impaired incidental music can easily render accompanying speech unintelligible.

This article seeks to explore the historical and industrial determinants which have informed the use of, often inappropriate, incidental music and to offer suggestions for remedy. The focus
of this paper is on programmes, which are generally of a factual nature, often called actuality programmes.
Review of The Soundtrack the School of Sound summer workshop, Napier Screen Academy, Edinburgh, August 2008
Authors: Nicholls-Gaertner Su
Published: April 2009

In August 2008, the School of Sound and Screen Academy Scotland held a threeweek workshop on soundtrack production. Eighteen professional sound designers, composers, editors and directors explored the creative connections between sound, music, image and script in the production of a
narrative film soundtrack. Su Nicholls-Gaertner, Head of Department for Postproduction at the Internationale Filmschule Kln, observed the experiment.
More Than Meets the Eye: Rouben Mamoulian's City Streets
Authors: Power Dominic
Published: April 2009

Tragic enough at the best of times, this waste of talent is doubly so now at a moment when, for the first time in the history of cinema, we are beginning to experience the rare pleasure of seeing films made by men who have grown up with the cinema, who have spent their lives making
films, who are so immersed technique that they transcend it.

Tom Milne Mamoulian

I was one of those stage specialists they were hiring in those days to help the silent directors make sound movies.

Rouben Mamoulian
Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of some red algae (Rhodophyta) from Brittany coasts (France)
Authors: Zubia Mayalen , Fabre Marie-Sophie , Kerjean Véronique , Deslandes Eric
Published: April 2009

We assessed the antioxidant activity of crude extracts from 24 rhodophyte species from Brittany coasts using three complementary methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, reducing activity, and β-carotene-linoleic acid system). We also examined phenolic contents. Cytotoxic activities were determined with three different cancer cell lines. Four species (Aglaothamnion pseudobyssoides, Furcellaria fastigiata, Polysiphonia lanosa, and Heterosiphonia plumosa) had high antioxidant activity and high phenolic content. The extract from Brongniartella byssoides had the highest antioxidant potential, which was also found to be equivalent to the antioxidant activities of some commercial antioxidants. In the β-carotene system, extracts from Porphyra leucosticta and Porphyra purpurea had some specific antioxidant activity. Furthermore, Asparagopsis armata, B. byssoides and H. plumosa extracts had strong cytotoxic activities against Daudi and Jurkat cells.
Extreme Exposure Fenestration Installations—The Florida Challenge
Authors: Katsaros James D. , Carll Charles G.
Published: April 2009

Current standards for installation of fenestration units, such as ASTM E2112-07, “Standard Practice for Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights” do not address regional considerations, or how the level of wind and rain exposure could influence installation methodology. In the coastal southeastern United States, where extreme wind-driven rain events occur with some regularity, more robust methods than those prescribed in ASTM E2112-07 are necessary. In Florida, single family houses are commonly constructed with surface barrier concrete masonry walls on the first story, and membrane-drainage, wood-frame walls on the second story. This “hybrid” construction is unique, or virtually so, to Florida. Finned windows of a particular design are made expressly for installation in cement masonry unit (CMU) walls as commonly found in Florida homes. The special considerations that relate to residential construction in Florida were of concern to an industrial consortium. The consortium thus formed an Installation Committee to develop methods for fenestration installation that would be applicable to the wall systems commonly found in the coastal Southeast, with consideration of the high wind-driven rain loads that accompany tropical storms. This paper addresses two general installation methods proposed by the Installation Committee, and presents test data for wall assemblies incorporating fenestration units installed using the methods.
Uncertainty Analysis in Hygrothermal Measurements and Its Effect on Experimental Conclusions
Authors: Shi Xing , Burnett Eric
Published: April 2009

In hygrothermal measurements a variety of sensors and data acquisition systems are used. Measurement uncertainty is always associated with the experimental work conducted using these devices. Although uncertainty analysis methodology has been well established, performing an uncertainty analysis for a complex hygrothermal measurement system that involves various uncertainty sources and requires multiple levels of uncertainty propagation is not an easy task. Such uncertainty analysis is essential for evaluating the accuracy or “goodness” of the experimental work. More importantly, uncertainty of the measurement is vital in evaluating the validity of the conclusions drawn from the experimental data. Without an appropriate uncertainty analysis, the experimental work cannot be considered complete and the experimental conclusions can be questioned. This paper presents an uncertainty analysis for a vapor pressure measurement system involved in a research project on ventilation drying in wall systems. The influence of the uncertainty on the validity of one experimental conclusion is studied. It demonstrates that considering measurement uncertainty provides a way to understand the experimental conclusion from the probability perspective.
Early Systemic Hypotension and Vasopressor Support in Low Birth Weight Infants: Impact on Neurodevelopment
Authors: Pellicer Adelina , del Carmen Bravo María , Madero Rosario , Salas Sofía , Quero José , Cabañas Fernando
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND. The duration and severity of systemic hypotension have been related with altered neurodevelopment. Cerebral circulation is pressure-passive in low birth weight infants with early systemic hypotension who receive cardiovascular support. The treatment of early systemic hypotension is controversial, because it has been associated with short-term and long-term morbidity in retrospective studies. However, there has been no prospective information on cardiovascular support for hypotension and morbidity.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal for this prospective study was to evaluate the effect on neurodevelopment resulting from the use of vasopressors/inotropes for early systemic hypotension.

METHODS. Low birth weight infants with early systemic hypotension (<24 hours of life; study group) were assigned randomly to receive dopamine (2.5–10 μg/kg per minute) or epinephrine (0.125–0.5 μg/kg per minute) in progressively larger doses until target blood pressure was attained (treatment-success subgroup). Hemodynamically stable patients who did not receive cardiovascular support were the control group. Outcome measures were serial cranial ultrasound up to 40 weeks, structured neurologic evaluation (every 3 months), and neurodevelopmental test at 2 to 3 years of age.

RESULTS. One hundred thirty patients were included (study = 60; treatment success = 38; controls = 70). Study-group patients had lower birth weight, gestational age, and 5-minute Apgar score, higher rates of premature rupture of membranes, need for cardiorespiratory resuscitation at birth, and sickness shortly after birth than the control group. The patients in the study group also had significantly higher serum troponin I levels at birth. Initial cranial ultrasound findings did not differ between groups, but the final cranial ultrasounds revealed higher rates of severe periventricular hemorrhage in the study group and higher rates of normal cranial ultrasounds in the control group. Only the latter remained when the treatment-success subgroup and control group were compared. Multivariate analysis did not detect any association between final cranial ultrasounds and the use of vasopressors/inotropes. Sixteen infants died and 103 were followed up (90% survival rate). No differences between groups were found in the rates of abnormal neurologic status, developmental delay, or combined adverse outcome (death or cerebral palsy or severe neurodevelopmental delay).

CONCLUSIONS. Cautious use of cardiovascular support to treat early systemic hypotension in low birth weight infants seems to be safe. The question of whether raising systemic blood pressure to within a normal range will improve outcome should be examined by using appropriate study designs.
Psychological Distress, Television Viewing, and Physical Activity in Children Aged 4 to 12 Years
Authors: Hamer Mark , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Mishra Gita
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. Sedentary behavior and physical activity may be independent risk factors for psychological distress in adolescents, although there is no existing information for children. We examined the cross-sectional association between psychological distress, television and screen entertainment time, and physical activity levels among a representative sample of children aged 4 to 12 years from the 2003 Scottish Health Survey.

METHODS. Participants were 1486 boys and girls (mean age: 8.5 ± 2.3 years). Parents answered on behalf of children who were required to be present. The parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and information on television and screen entertainment time, physical activity, and dietary intake of their children.

RESULTS. An abnormally high Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties score (20–40) was found in 4.2% of the sample. Approximately 25% of the children were exposed to television and screen entertainment at least 3 hours/day. In general linear models, television and screen entertainment time per week and physical activity levels were independently associated with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties score after adjustment for age, gender, area deprivation level, single-parent status, medical conditions, and various dietary intake indicators. There was also an additive interaction effect showing that the combination of high television and screen entertainment time and low physical activity was associated with the highest Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score. Higher television and screen entertainment exposure (>2.7 hours/day) alone resulted in a 24% increase in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score in comparison with lower television and screen entertainment exposure (<1.6 hours/day), although when combined with low physical activity this resulted in a 46% increase.

CONCLUSION. Higher levels of television and screen entertainment time and low physical activity levels interact to increase psychological distress in young children.
Positive Association Between Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Use and Academic Achievement During Elementary School
Authors: Scheffler Richard M. , Brown Timothy T. , Fulton Brent D. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Levine Peter , Stone Susan
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. Approximately 4.4 million (7.8%) children in the United States have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and 56% of affected children take prescription medications to treat the disorder. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is strongly linked with low academic achievement, but the association between medication use and academic achievement in school settings is largely unknown. Our objective was to determine if reported medication use for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is positively associated with academic achievement during elementary school.

METHOD. To estimate the association between reported medication use and standardized mathematics and reading achievement scores for a US sample of 594 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, we used 5 survey waves between kindergarten and fifth grade from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 to estimate a first-differenced regression model, which controlled for time-invariant confounding variables.

RESULTS. Medicated children had a mean mathematics score that was 2.9 points higher than the mean score of unmedicated peers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Children who were medicated for a longer duration (at >2 waves) had a mean reading score that was 5.4 points higher than the mean score of unmedicated peers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The medication-reading association was lower for children who had an individualized education program than for those without such educational accommodation.

CONCLUSIONS. The finding of a positive association between medication use and standardized mathematics and reading test scores is important, given the high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with low academic achievement. The 2.9-point mathematics and 5.4-point reading score differences are comparable with score gains of 0.19 and 0.29 school years, respectively, but these gains are insufficient to eliminate the test-score gap between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and those without the disorder. Long-term trials are needed to better understand the relationship between medication use and academic achievement.
In Utero Smoke Exposure,Glutathione S-Transferase P1Haplotypes, and Respiratory Illness–Related Absence Among Schoolchildren
Authors: Wenten Madé , Li Yu-Fen , Lin Pi-Chu , Gauderman W. James , Berhane Kiros , Avol Edward , Gilliland Frank D.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND. The GSTP1 Ile105Val variant and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure have been independently associated with acute respiratory illness; however, susceptibility to in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke has yet to be examined in relation to variation across the GSTP1 locus.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine whether variation across the GSTP1 locus is associated with respiratory illness–related school absences and to determine whether this relationship varies by in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure.

METHODS. Tobacco smoke exposure status, incident respiratory-related school absence records, and DNA samples was ascertained for 1132 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elementary school children as part of the Children's Health Study.

RESULTS. Four GSTP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected that accounted for 93% of the variation across the locus. Individual single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses showed a protective effect for the minor alleles in single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1 (rs6591255), 3 (GSTP1 Ile105Val: rs1695), and 4 (rs749174) for respiratory illness. The haplotype, which includes a minor allele for single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1, 3, and 4 (h1011), was associated with a decreased risk of respiratory illness. The protective effect of GSTP1 variants was lost among individuals exposed to in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke.

CONCLUSIONS. A common GSTP1 haplotype, which includes the functional Ile105Val polymorphism, was associated with respiratory-related school absences. The protection afforded by this haplotype was lost in children exposed to involuntary tobacco smoke. The paradigm of loss of genetic protection among those exposed to tobacco smoke has clinical and public health implications that warrant broader consideration in research and practice.
Impact of Age at Kasai Operation on Its Results in Late Childhood and Adolescence: A Rational Basis for Biliary Atresia Screening
Authors: Serinet Marie-Odile , Wildhaber Barbara E. , Broué Pierre , Lachaux Alain , Sarles Jacques , Jacquemin Emmanuel , Gauthier Frédéric , Chardot Christophe
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND. Increased age at surgery has a negative impact on results of the Kasai operation for biliary atresia in infancy and early childhood. It remained unclear if an age threshold exists and if this effect persists with extended follow-up. In this study we examined the relationship between increased age at surgery and its results in adolescence.

METHODS. All patients with biliary atresia who were living in France and born between 1986 and 2002 were included. Median follow-up in survivors was 7 years.

RESULTS. Included in the study were 743 patients with biliary atresia, 695 of whom underwent a Kasai operation; 2-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates with native liver were 57.1%, 37.9%, 32.4%, and 28.5%, respectively. Median age at Kasai operation was 60 days and was stable over the study period. Whatever the follow-up (2, 5, 10, or 15 years), survival rates with native liver decreased when age at surgery increased (≤30, 31–45, 46–60, 61–75, and 76–90 days). Accordingly, we estimated that if every patient with biliary atresia underwent the Kasai operation before 46 days of age, 5.7% of all liver transplantations performed annually in France in patients younger than 16 years could be spared.

CONCLUSIONS. Increased age at surgery had a progressive and sustained deleterious effect on the results of the Kasai operation until adolescence. These findings indicate a rational basis for biliary atresia screening to reduce the need for liver transplantations in infancy and childhood.