bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in the Time of Run, Sex Proportions, Size and Egg Content of Adult Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) at McClinton Creek, Masset Inlet, B.C.
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

The spawning runs of pink salmon to McClinton creek, Masset inlet, B.C., in 1930, 1932, 1934, and 1936, differed little in time of appearance of the first migrant and disappearance of the last. The period occupied for the main portion of each run to reach the spawning beds depended chiefly upon rainfall and freshet conditions. Males occurred in greater numbers at the beginning of every run but a subsequent increased influx of females eventually brought about equality of the sexes in two seasons. In the third the males predominated slightly, and in the fourth the females. The average length and weight of males are consistently greater than those for females in the same year. Usually a significant increase in length occurred in both sexes from the commencement to the end of the run. In some cases a similar gain in weight was demonstrated but in others it was apparently masked by loss in weight consequent upon fasting during the spawning migration. The number of eggs per female in a given year increases with increase in length and weight.
Studies of Fish Spoilage: II. The Origin of Trimethylamine Produced during the Spoilage of Cod Muscle Press Juice
Authors: Beatty S. A.
Published: April 2011

The volatile base used as a measure of fish decomposition by Beatty and Gibbons, Journal of the Biological Board of Canada, Vol. III, 1936, has been shown to be trimethylamine, derived from the reduction of trimethylamine oxide.
Transplantation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) into Masset inlet, British Columbia, in the Barren Years
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

In 1931, 1933, 1935, odd-numbered years, when no natural runs of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) occur in the Masset area, British Columbia, transfers of eggs were made from the Tlell river on the east coast of Graham island to McClinton creek, a tributary of Masset inlet. The following free-swimming fry were released: from the 1931 experiment—753,646 normal and 124,002 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and left ventral fins, and from that of 1935—397,657 normal and 108,200 "marked" by the removal of the adipose and right ventral fins. From the former, 40 "marked" adults were recovered in the Fraser river fishery in 1933, and from the latter four "marked" adults at McClinton creek in 1937. In the 1933 experiment 540,294 eyed eggs were planted but these were destroyed by freshets the following winter. Possible reasons for the failure of these experiments and the absolute blank in the "off" years are suggested.
Studies of Fish Spoilage: V. The Role of Trimethylamine Oxide in the Respiration of Achromobacter
Authors: Watson Dennis W.
Published: April 2011

A general equation involving the reduction of trimethylamine oxide by Achromobacter is derived and tested, and is AH2 + (CH3)3NO → A + (CH3)3N + H2O, where AH2is the hydrogen donator and A the oxidized substrate. The reduction of trimethylamine oxide as hydrogen acceptor with the evolution of trimethylamine is a linear function of time in the presence of cell suspensions and single hydrogen donators including glucose, glycogen, lactate, and pyruvate. All strains of Achromobacter are not able to reduce the oxide, although they may contain the same dehydrogenases as revealed by employing the methylene blue technique. Small concentrations of hydrogen acceptors such as nitrate and methylene blue inhibit the reduction of the oxide. Since fumarate is not inhibitive and supports anaerobic growth there is evidence of a preferential activation of hydrogen acceptors.
Studies of Fish Spoilage: VI. The Breakdown of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Amino Acids During Spoilage of Cod Muscle Press Juice
Authors: Beatty S. A. , Collins V. K.
Published: April 2011

Autolytic changes in cod muscle press juice are negligible in proportion to the changes resulting from bacteria ordinarily contaminating the press juice during its preparation. During early spoilage, the greater part of the bacterial action on expressate even in intimate contact with air is the result of anaerobic growth. Later, when the press juice is definitely spoiled, aerobic oxidation assumes the major part if air is available. Spoilage in sea fish expressate always occurs in two stages irrespective of the availability of air, first the oxidation of lactic acid and sugar, and second that of amino acids and the hydrolysis of proteins. The second stage represents advanced spoilage. As trimethylamine production occurs mainly during the first stage, it is a good criterion as to the probable production of toxic compounds resulting from protein and amino acid breakdown.
Nova Scotian Autumn Cod Spawning
Authors: McKenzie R. A.
Published: April 2011

Investigation by means of commercial and experimental fishing with baited gear, and gill nets, shows that sexually mature cod enter Halifax and St. Margaret bays in early October at a time when the resident cod have moved out to the mouths of these bays.Thereafter, until early December, these fish are taken in spawning condition on shoals at the heads of these bays.Tows with plankton nets take both cod eggs and larvae in and around these bays until late December, but none thereafter until about April.These autumn-spawning cod differ from the regular summer cod of these regions by having a much lower average vertebral count and by spawning in comparatively warm, shoal water at the heads of the bays instead of outside the bays in much cooler water in the late winter.
Life History of Sea-Running Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of Moser River, N.S.
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Smolts, kelts and non-mature large fish descend in May and early June to the sea, to remain feeding in the estuary or near the shore. They began (1939) to ascend the river in late June, and 93% of the "run" was in July.Fish marked when descending one branch of the river ascended both that branch and the river above but the proportion of marked fish was greater in the branch.These trout agree with the local salmon in having smolts that become silvery before migration and that are two or three years old. Trout smolts and kelts remain in the sea only about two months before returning to fresh water.
The Consumption of Young Sockeye Salmon by Predaceous Fish
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

Among the fish and insects which constitute the principal foods of the larger predaceous fish of Cultus lake, B.C., young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are of outstanding importance. In general, the consumption of sockeye is proportional to their abundance, though it may be in some cases modified in the direction of less than proportional predation upon the smaller populations. Consumption of alternative foods increases greatly in years when sockeye are scarce.
Effect of pH and NaCl on Swelling and Drip in Fish Muscle
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Sodium chloride prevents drip in lightly brined fish muscle by causing the proteins to swell and to bind liquid firmly, and not by a surface sealing action. In whole and in comminuted muscle at its natural pH, free drip is almost completely inhibited, and expressible drip greatly reduced, by incorporation of about 1 per cent NaCl. On either side of an approximate "isoelectric zone" (about pH 4.5 to 6.0) addition of HCl or NaOH causes fish muscle to swell markedly and to withhold liquid against hydraulic pressure, peptization of the proteins occurring above and below about pH 10 and 2 respectively. Between about pH 4.5 and 7.0, from 1 to 3 per cent NaCl enhances swelling and liquid binding power of fish muscle, while below pH 4.5 it has an entirely opposite effect. Addition of NaCl effects an increase in pH of fish muscle below, and a decrease above about pH 4.5. In 1 per cent NaCl fish muscle does not swell appreciably; in 3 to 7 per cent swelling is at a maximum, while higher concentrations cause an apparent decrease in swelling which may be due in part to the peptizing action of the salt. Theoretical and applied aspects of the process of brining fillets are discussed.
Effect of Temperature on Activity of Salvelinus fontinalis
Authors: Elson Paul F.
Published: April 2011

The distances moved in response to varied stimuli are measured, at constant temperature, by a new method. A sigmoid curve shows the relation between strength of stimulus and distance moved. For any strength of stimulus maximal amount of movement occurs at about 10 °C. Laboratory experiments and field observations reveal response temperatures (more active behaviour of the fish) at 15 and 20°, which may somewhat increase the distance moved at and above these temperatures.
Sea Life of the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

In the sea, brook trout travel in schools along the sea shore and feed largely upon small fishes of various species and upon Crustacea.
Glucose Metabolism of Bacteria from Commercial Fish
Authors: Sigurdsson G. J. , Wood A. J.
Published: April 2011

The products of fermentation of glucose by "resting cell" suspensions of certain bacteria (Serratia, Achromobacter, and Micrococcus) isolated from decomposing cod muscle include lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and small amounts of acetylmethylcarbinol. With increased acidity in the fermentation system there is a marked increase in the percentage of lactic acid formed, with a corresponding decrease in the other products. The optimum pH for the fermentation of glucose appears to be in the vicinity of 6.8—that is at, or near, the pH of fresh cod muscle.
Diurnal Variations in Feeding Activity of Young Salmon and Trout
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Young salmon and trout ordinarily take little food from about 10 p.m. to about 5 a.m. This does not seem to be entirely due to changes in temperature or light conditions. It seems probable that the fish are habituated to sleep during the hours of darkness when less food is available. A slight depression in feeding also occurs at mid-day due to rising temperature and, possibly, strong light. Extremely high temperatures at first depress, then bring about a complete cessation of feeding. After exposure to high temperatures salmon and trout will not take food again for some time, even if they find themselves in rather cool water.
Chemical Inhibition of Growth of Fish Spoilage Bacteria
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Inhibition of the growth of fish spoilage bacteria in naturally contaminated fish muscle, and in some instances of pure cultures of such organisms cultivated on laboratory media, by penicillic acid, 4-methoxy-2:5 toluquinone, methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl ether, ethyl ether, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, ethyl chloride, 1:4 dioxane, Chloramine B, Chloramine T, a mixture of isomeric glycerol formais, sodium chlorite, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and one patent fish preservative was investigated. The results are discussed and are summarized in detail.
Abdominal Width and Sexual Maturity of Female Lobsters on Canadian Atlantic Coast
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

The relative width of the second abdominal segment was used for comparing onset of sexual maturity of female lobsters in 18 different localities of the Maritime Provinces, after establishing a correlation between them. Judging by the abdominal width, the smallest lobsters to carry eggs range from 17.6 to 22.6 cm. long, and the sizes when approximately half the female lobsters are mature range from 23.5 to 29.2 cm. in the whole southern part of the gulf of St. Lawrence and along the outer Nova Scotian coast at least as far as Jeddore; in southern Nova Scotia and Grand Manan the corresponding ranges in size are higher, being 29 to 32 cm. and 36.7 to 40.4 cm. respectively. Graphs are given showing the relative abdominal width in 189 berried lobsters.
Amines in Fish Muscle: II. Development of Trimethylamine and Other Amines
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Mounsey Yvonne A.
Published: April 2011

Relatively large amounts of nonvolatile higher amines are formed during proteolysis of fish muscle by bacteria. This follows closely the formation of trimethylamine. Fresh fish contain 0.2 mg. nitrogen per 100 g, muscle as trimethylamine and about 0.1 mg. nitrogen per 100 g. as dimethylamine. Trichloracetic acid and formaldehyde solutions completely extracted trimethylamine from fish and satisfactory recovery of added trimethylamine was obtained.
Migration of Salmon Parr
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Some salmon (Salmo salar) parr in a stream descend from the spawning areas, particularly during freshets, to populate lower waters, such as lakes and fresh or brackish parts of estuaries, although killed by full sea water. Thence they ascend and populate available streams variable distances, depending upon conditions such as falls.
On Themisto libellula in Baffin Island Coastal Waters
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

The gross internal anatomy, food habits, local summer ecology and breeding cycle of Themisto libellula Mandt are studied in material from Baffin island coastal waters obtained in 1939 and 1940. The chitinous proventriculus projects backwards into the cavity of the midgut and forms a "gastric apparatus" which cuts off part of the wall of the anterior midgut from direct contact with the food. The gastric apparatus is strongly reminiscent of the peritrophic membrane in insects and the Onychophora. The food in the summer consists mainly of the smaller crustacean plankton; plant matter was also found in the gut. There is a high incidence of infection by a Gregarine parasite. The possible causes of the reduction in numbers of Themisto in the fjord waters in August are discussed; the reduction is tentatively referred to the agency of the outflowing surface current coupled with the habit of Themisto of seeking the surface waters. The breeding cycle is of the alternating, or two-phase type which has been recorded by the writer in other arctic planktonic forms. There is a breeding period in the early part of the year and perhaps another in the autumn.
Effect of Trimethylamine Oxide on the Growth of Bacteria
Authors: Castell Chas. H.
Published: April 2011

It has been shown that the addition of 1% trimethylamine oxide to culture media reduces the total counts from fresh cod fillets approximately fifty per cent when the plates are incubated at 25 °C. or lower.By plating out pure cultures it has been shown that the inhibiting action of the oxide is on gram positive organisms and has either no effect or a slight stimulating action on gram negative organisms.
Action of Enterobacteriaceae on Choline and Related Compounds
Authors: Dyer Frances E. , Wood A. J.
Published: April 2011

The ability of certain of the Enterobacteriaceae to produce trimethylamine from choline has been demonstrated. This provides an additional biochemical test for bacterial taxonomy.
Effects of Water Circulation on the Growth of Quahaugs and Oysters
Authors: Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

Holding quahaugs and oysters through a growing season in circulation-controlled trays in Bideford river, Prince Edward Island, showed that they react differently to decreased water circulation. Quahaugs grow in proportion to the extent of circulation and can survive and grow significantly when there is very little water flow. Oysters are affected little by moderately reduced circulation but grow little and may die when the circulation is much reduced. Growth of quahaugs in beds is seriously reduced by eel-grass growing on the beds, and also by eel-grass merely in the vicinity of the beds. Growth curves are given for quahaugs in natural up-river and down-river beds and the difference in growth rate is attributed to difference in water circulation.
Proteins in Fish Muscle.: I. Extraction of Protein Fractions in Fresh Fish
Authors: Dyer W. J. , French H. V. , Snow J. M.
Published: April 2011

Methods for the extraction of protein from fish muscle have been studied. Using the Waring Blendor to obtain fine subdivision, up to 95 per cent of the fish muscle protein can be extracted with 5 per cent sodium chloride. Optimum pH for extraction was pH 7–9, and the optimum salt concentration 3 to 5 per cent. About 3 per cent stroma protein, collagen and elastin, was found in cod and haddock muscle. Myosin constituted about 75 to 80 per cent of the total protein. Globulin X, myogen, and myoalbumin made up about 20 per cent of the protein.
The Acid-Soluble Phosphorous Compounds of Fish Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus and phosphocreatine were determined in trichloracetic acid extracts of fish skeletal muscle, and the acid extracts were then fractionated for the determination of adenosine polyphosphates, fructose mono and diphosphates, glucose monophosphates, myoadenylic acid, pentose phosphate and coenzyme, while glycogen was determined in the extracted tissue. A comparison of the distribution of these compounds in fish and rat skeletal muscle was made.
Pelagic Amphipoda of the Belle Isle Strait Region
Authors: Bousfield E. L.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of certain pelagic Amphipoda taken in the Belle Isle strait region during the summer of 1923 is correlated with ocean currents, light intensity and size of individuals. Hyperoche medusarum, Themisto libellula and Pseudalibrotus glacialis are index species of the cold Labrador current in the area. Hyperia galba and H. medusarum are presumably also cold water indicators. Themisto abyssorum in sizeable numbers, and Calliopius laeviusculus are related to waters of the gulf of St. Lawrence. Themisto libellula, T. compressa form compressa and T. compressa form bispinosa are more numerous, while T. abyssorum is less numerous at the surface during daylight than during darkness. Part of the breeding season of T. compressa and T. abyssorum occurs in the area during August and September, when the young of both species are much more numerous than the adults, particularly at the surface. A new southern limit of distribution for P. glacialis is established. The known distribution of the tropical genus Phronima is extended into the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide by Bacterial Enzymes
Authors: Castell C. H. , Snow J. Murray
Published: April 2011

The trimethylamine oxide reducing enzyme systems of several common bacteria were found to have the following characteristics: (1) They are sensitive to acid conditions, showing progressively decreased activity as the pH is lowered from 8.0 to 6.0. Below pH 6.0 the system was relatively inert. (2) The activity also decreased with reductions in temperature between 37° and 0 °C., but even at 0 °C. the trimethylamine oxide is slowly reduced. (3) Increased sodium chloride decreased the rate of the enzyme activity. For the common non-halophilic species, concentrations of sodium chloride between 7 and 9 per cent almost totally inhibited the enzyme activity. (4) Nitrite inhibited the oxide reducing activity of the enzyme systems of all the organisms that were tested, but with varying decreases of inhibition with different species. Nitrate inhibited the activity of some species but not of others. (5) Within this general picture, there are slight differences which appear to be characteristic of bacterial species. The two species which were isolated from fish, Ps. putrefaciens and Achromobacter #176 were more sensitive than E. coli or A. aerogenes to reductions in pH between 7.0 and 6.0. E. coli, A. aerogenes and Ps. putrefaciens were strongly inhibited by sodium nitrate while S. marcescens and Achromobacter #176 were not. There is also considerable difference in the capacity of cells of different bacterial species to reduce trimethylamine oxide. Cultures of Achromobacter and non-fluorescent Pseudomonas were the most active of those tested.
The Relationship of Fishing Effort by Gill Nets to the Interval Between Lifts
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of the method used in analysing data from the Great Slave Lake summer fishing by which the fishing effort exerted by gill nets that are cleared every two, three, four or five days can be made comparable with the effort exerted by gill nets that are cleared daily. A comparison of catches made in 151 pairs of cases where gill nets were cleared daily and every two days under otherwise apparently identical conditions indicated that the greater the catch per net that can be made in nets that are cleared daily, the less will be the relative increase in catch per net when they are cleared every two days. It is possible to "saturate" nets after which they will catch no additional fish.
Amines in Fish Muscle. VI. Trimethylamine Oxide Content of Fish and Marine Invertebrates
Authors: Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Original determinations of the trimethylamine oxide content of 60 species of fish are recorded, and 21 additional species have been studied by others. Elasmobranchs have the highest content of oxide, two to five per cent based on dry weight. Among teleost fishes, the amount increases from the lower to the higher orders, freshwater fish containing no oxide. Analyses of several species of marine invertebrates confirm earlier work showing that certain molluscs, echinoderms and other organisms contain trimethylamine oxide, often in quantities similar to those in the higher teleosts.
Effect of Storms on the Water Conditions in the Magdalen Shallows
Authors: Lauzier L.
Published: April 2011

Extreme variations in temperature and salinity have been observed at depth, during the summer months, off North Rustico, P.E.I., and Cheticamp, N.S. These were correlated with wind force and direction, controlling factors of internal adjustment of water layers according to Ekman's theory of wind-driven currents.Organisms which cannot tolerate these sudden changes in temperatures and salinities will not form important groups in populations along the margins of the Magdalen Shallows.
The Arctic Char of the West Coast of Hudson Bay
Authors: Sprules Wm. M.
Published: April 2011

A preliminary survey of the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in the vicinity of Term Point, N.W.T. on the west coast of Hudson Bay, was carried out from August 12 to September 13, 1948, to augment the biological data pertaining to this species and assess its importance in the area studied. Information relative to the rate of growth, food and spawning habits of sea-run arid landlocked populations was obtained. The dependence of the Eskimo residents on this species as a food coupled with the limited supply would seem to preclude the establishment of a commercial char fishery in this area.
The Vitamin B12 Activity of Natural Material with Particular Reference to Cod Liver Protein
Authors: Guttmann A. , Vandenheuvel F. A.
Published: April 2011

Investigations concerning the stability of a group of factors contained in cod liver residue and displaying vitamin B12 activity have led to the conclusion that under the conditions prevailing during the rendering process, as developed at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, little or no deactivation occurs. This is in sharp contrast with what occurs under more drastic conditions such as used in the alkali-digestion process.The study of the microbiological method used for the determination of vitamin B12 activity has shown that one step of the analytical procedure, namely, that phase during which the extraction of the sample is performed, is responsible for anomalous results. Deactivation occurs during this stage to an extent which varies according to the previous history of the material. The addition of thioglycolic acid or ascorbic acid during this period does not effectively protect the material unless culture medium is added as well. Medium alone is inefficient. Sodium bisulphite on the other hand exerts protection even in the absence of medium. This effect of sodium bisulphite applies not only to cod liver residue, but also to materials of diverse origin, mammalian viscera included. The data obtained show that vitamin B12 itself is not involved; presumably vitamin B12a and vitamin B12b are, although there is no direct evidence of their presence in cod liver.As a protection during extraction, 0.08 per cent to 0.1 per cent of sodium bisulphite calculated on the amount of wet material appeared to be optimum.
The Central Nervous System of Barnacles (Cirripedia)
Authors: Cornwall F.G.S. Ira E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Seasonal Fluctuations in the Selected Temperature of Speckled Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Authors: Sullivan Charlotte M. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: April 2011

The selected temperature of two- to three-inch trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill) was determined in a horizontal gradient a number of times during the months of November, December, January, February and March. The data, which were collected over four years, indicated that during the early part of winter (November, December and January), there was a fall of the selected temperature which paralleled in a general way a gradual fall of the acclimation temperature. The consistency of this parallelism was so poor, however, as to suggest that at least part of the change in selected temperature was relatively independent of the change in acclimation temperature. During the later part of the winter (February and March) there was a rise of the selected temperature which occurred regularly, regardless of whether the acclimation temperature rose, fell or remained constant. It is concluded that there was, for these animals, a seasonal change of the selected temperature which was distinct from the changes in selected temperature brought about by changes of the acclimation temperature.
Upper Lethal Temperatures of Some British Columbia Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Black Edgar C.
Published: April 2011

During the summers of 1950 and 1951 the upper lethal temperature was measured for 14 species of freshwater fishes, representing five families. The fish were captured from lakes in the southern Okanagan Valley, and the experiments were conducted in the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. The upper temperature (°C.) at which 50 per cent of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated as follows, the approximate acclimation temperature being given in brackets: Salmo gairdneri kamloops fingerlings, 24.0(11); Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi fry, 22(11); Catostomus catostomus, 27(11.5), 26.6(14); Mylocheilus caurinus, 27(10), 27.1(14); Rhinichthys falcatus, 28.3(14); Richardsonius balteatus, 25(9–11), 27.6(14); Cottus asper, 24.1(18–19); Catostomus macrocheilus, 29.4(19); Micropterus salmoides, 28.9(20–21); Ptychocheilus oregonensis, 29.3(19–22); Ameiurus melas melas, 35.0(23); Perca flavescens, 26.5(18), 29.2(22–24); Lepomis glbbosus, 28.0(18), 30.2(24); Cyprinus carpio, 31–34(20), 35.7(26).
An Economic Approach to the Optimum Utilization of Fishery Resources
Authors: Gordon H. Scott
Published: April 2011

not available
Catch and Winter Food of Lake Trout in certain Algonquin Park Lakes
Authors: Martin N. V.
Published: April 2011

Winter catches of lake trout in the sports fishery exceeded those taken at other times of the year in some Algonquin Park lakes. The size of the fish caught was generally smaller because of the different type of gear used in winter. The winter fishing also exploited a high percentage of the immature stock.The winter diet was less varied than at other seasons and there was a high percentage of empty stomachs. Bottom feeding was negligible in most lakes, but, in some, insect larvae were taken more frequently than at any other time of the year. Plankton feeding was at a low level in winter even in those lakes which have predominantly plankton-feeding populations in summer. In these same lakes the absence of thermal barriers permitted trout to feed more frequently on fish in winter and also on a greater variety of fish species. Populations feeding on fish in summer continued to do so in winter. As the winter progressed, there was a decline in the frequency of plankton in the stomachs and an increase in fish and bottom fauna.
Annual Variations of Temperature and Salinity in the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Bailey W. B. , MacGregor D. G. , Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Hearing in Fish, with Special Reference to Semotilus atromaculatus atromaculatus (Mitchill)
Authors: Kleerekoper H. , Chagnon E. C.
Published: April 2011

The literature on hearing in fish is reviewed. Experiments with Semotilus a. atromaculatus (Mitchill) showed perception over a range from 1 to 5,750 c.p.s. Fish from which the ears had been removed seemed to perceive frequencies from 20 to 200 c.p.s. Fish without the lateralis nerve behaved as normal fish. Normal fish could distinguish one-fifth of an octave in the range of 50 c.p.s. Trained on 50 c.p.s. they had absolute pitch for 70 c.p.s. A threshold curve over the range of 20 to 5,750 c.p.s. was established for this species.Highest sensitivity was at 280 c.p.s.; lowest at 20 c.p.s. and above 2,000 c.p.s. The movements of the fish in response to vibration stimuli were studied by means of motion pictures. The fish were able to locate the source of vibration, most likely oriented by fields of higher intensity in the experimental tank. In approaching the source the fish followed curved pathways. The relationships between length of pathway, direct distance from source of vibrations, and speed of locomotion were analysed. Measurements of sound intensity in the experimental rank indicated that intensity gradients existed along the pathways followed by the fish. Further measurements of low frequency vibrations in the water are in progress.
Temperature Reception and Responses in Fish
Authors: Sullivan Charlotte M.
Published: April 2011

Conditioned-response experiments show that both bony fishes and selachians have surface thermal receptors. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated in selachians two mechanisms which could provide continuous information about constant temperature conditions—the ampullae of Lorenzini and the lateral-line system. In other fishes only one such mechanism has been demonstrated, namely the trunk lateral-line system. Impulses from the ampullae and the lateral-line organs are, apparently, always being poured into the central nervous system at a rate which is characteristic of the temperature of the environment. The change in frequency of these action potentials with a given change in temperature is not great and there is no sign of adaptation. These sensory receptor mechanisms could operate in such a way as to give fish an absolute sense of temperature. In addition to this non-adaptive effect of temperature on these two kinds of receptors, there occurs, in the ampullae of Lorenzini only, another spectacular change in frequency of the nerve impulses with change in temperature, and this response is adaptive. This effect disappears with continued exposure to the new temperature, and the spontaneous impulses gradually assume the stable frequency which is characteristic of the temperature.The principal effects of temperature on the activities of fish are as follows: Fish moving in a temperature gradient select a particular temperature because of an effect of the gradient temperatures on their movements. When fish move through the temperatures of a gradient, the frequency of their movements is least in the selected region. Moderately rapid changes of temperature do not elicit locomotor responses from resting fish until very high temperatures are reached, but do affect the frequency of movements of active fish. The frequency of spontaneous movements is related to the equilibration temperature, being greatest at the temperature ordinarily selected by the same fish if placed in a temperature gradient. Maximum cruising speed, as measured at different equilibration temperatures, is greatest at the selected temperature, as is also the distance moved in response to an electric shock. The maximum cruising speed that can be maintained by fish increases, with acclimation temperature, to a peak at the final preferendum.Temperature selection by fish in a gradient is a function of surface thermal receptors not in the trunk lateral line, and of the forebrain. The relation between frequency of spontaneous movements and equilibration temperature depends in some way upon the integrity of the cerebellum.There are a few instances where a correlation has been demonstrated between temperature conditions and behaviour of fish in nature because of the effect of temperature on activity. There are other instances in which distribution of fish in nature appears to be correlated with temperature as a result of selection responses to temperature gradients.
Bottom Temperatures on the Scotian Shelf
Authors: McLellan H. J.
Published: April 2011

The temperature regime at any point on the bottom over the Scotian Shelf depends upon the geographic location and the depth relative to the structure of the water column. Seasonal variations are observed on any bottom sufficiently shallow to lie within the surface layer. For this reason some areas exhibit maxima in the late fall when the surface layer is deepening. Deeper areas are subjected to non-periodic variations which are related to such factors as slope water incursions and the westward protrusion of Labrador waters. The distribution and variations of temperature over these important fishing grounds are of considerable biological significance.
Effect of Olfactory Occlusion on Migrating Silver Salmon (O. kisutch)
Authors: Wisby Warren J. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: April 2011

Silver salmon were captured in traps in Issaquah Creek and its East Fork. The olfactory pits of approximately one-half of the fish were occluded before all of them were displaced to the Issaquah about one mile below the junction of the two streams. The control salmon, unlike those with occluded olfactory pits, showed an excellent ability to repeat their original choice at the stream juncture. This is interpreted to mean that the operated fish were not able to differentiate between the two streams but were distributing themselves in a random fashion. The results, therefore, are in accord with those which would be expected if the fish were relying on their sense of smell in making this choice.
Osmophilism of Sporendonema epizoum
Authors: Vaisey E. B.
Published: April 2011

Shake-culture studies of the fungus Sporendonema epizoum, commonly called "dun", indicated that glucose, sodium nitrate and potassium chloride could replace the sodium chloride generally considered necessary to initiate growth. It was therefore concluded that this organism is an obligate osmophile rather than an obligate halophile.
Taxonomic Characters of the Eastern North America Chars (Salvelinus and Cristivomer)
Authors: Vladykov Vadim D.
Published: April 2011

For the present study about 300 specimens have been examined. These specimens belong to the six species of chars: C. namaycush, S. fontinalis, S. aureolus, S. oquassa, S. marstoni, and S. alpinus. Among meristic characters, the number of pyloric caeca was found to be very important. Body proportions and meristic characters, such as fin rays and vertebrae, are inadequate to properly describe a species. On the other hand, the skull bones, different teeth, and skeleton of the tail are sufficient in themselves to define a species. The pearl organs were found only in C. namaycush of both sexes. The taxonomic relation between species is as follows: C. namaycush belongs to a distinct genus; S. fontinalis represents a subgenus Baione; while the remaining chars are grouped in a subgenus Salvelinus.
The Artificial Drying of Lightly Salted Codfish
Authors: Legendre R.
Published: April 2011

The mechanical drying of lightly salted fish must be carried out by successive drying periods and press-piling. This procedure considerably reduces the drying time. Best results are obtained at a temperature of 80°F., and at an air velocity of 300 to 400 linear feet per minute. The relative humidity of the drying atmosphere should be maintained at about 50–55 per cent during the first drying period and 60–65 per cent during all subsequent ones. The first drying period should be of sufficient length to reduce the moisture content of the fish to about 55–60 per cent. The operation is then completed by successive 12-hour drying periods. Cross-piling during the press-piling period is important as it gives a product of better quality.
Electrophoretic Studies of Proteins Extractable from Post-Rigor Cod at Low Ionic Strength
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Eagles D. E. , Neelin J. M.
Published: April 2011

Extracts of post-rigor cod muscle made at low ionic strength have been examined by electrophoresis in sodium chloride phosphate buffers of ionic strength 0.15 (NaCl = 0.10) and pH between 5.3 and 7.5. The patterns were qualitatively similar to those reported for extracts made from freshly killed cod. At the lower pH values, ten components could be distinguished. The highest isoelectric point found was at pH 5.9, much lower than those reported for similar proteins from rabbit.
Day and Night Characteristics of Spatfall and of Behaviour of Oyster Larvae
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Collectors were exposed at various depths in water 2.3 m. deep in tideless Gillis Cove (Bras d'Or Lake, N.S.) and renewed morning and evening. Rates of settlement of oyster spat (Ostrea virginica) as high as 0.4 spat per sq. cm. per hour were observed. The catch varied directly with depth, was heavier by day than by night, and the level of most intense spatfall was closer to the surface by day than by night. The catch on lower surfaces was heavier than on upper but the difference was less by day than by night. These and other observations suggest that ready-to-settle oyster larvae have three behaviour characteristics: they are benthic; light stimulates them to settle; and they settle most readily on lower surfaces.
Some Physical Features of the Miramichi Estuary
Authors: Bousfield E. L.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of salinity, temperature and water transparency observed in the Miramichi estuary in 1950 and 1951 is correlated with the amount of precipitation, river discharge, wind velocity and other physical variables. Assuming complete mixing, the water exchange with the Gulf of St. Lawrence during a complete tidal cycle would be 15%. The residual or non-tidal circulation, resulting chiefly from river discharge, consists essentially of a seaward moving layer of drift within ten feet of the surface and a landward moving layer below that depth.
Resistance and Tolerance of Young Speckled Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to Oxygen Lack, with Special Reference to Low Oxygen Acclimation
Authors: Shepard M. P.
Published: April 2011

Samples of trout were exposed to flows of water containing constant low concentrations of oxygen (produced by equilibrating aerated water with nitrogen). At 9°–10 °C. minimum tolerance levels were defined by determining the lowest oxygen level permitting survival of 5%, 50% and 95% of the fish for a period of 5,000 minutes. Median resistance times for samples of fish exposed to lethal levels of oxygen were also determined. Within their first year, most trout reared in aerated water could withstand oxygen concentrations down to 1.9 mg.O2/1. The 50% tolerance level was 1.75 mg.O2/1. Most fish died at 1.5 mg.O2/1. Acclimation to low (but not lethal) oxygen levels occurred; for a drop of 1.0 mg.O2/1. in environmental oxygen concentration, the tolerance level decreased by approximately 0.09 mg.O2/1. and resistance times at given lethal levels increased up to five-fold. By acclimations trout could exist at 1.05 mg.O2/1. without direct lethal effects occurring. Between 20 and 33 hours were required for the fish to acclimate to a change of 1.0 mg. per liter in the oxygen concentration of the environment. Acclimation to low levels of oxygen was accompanied by an apparent increase in the ability of the animals to remove oxygen at low environmental oxygen concentrations, suggesting a physiological mechanism similar to that involved in acclimation of mammals to low oxygen. The tolerance levels of small fish were similar to those of large fish at similar acclimation levels, but small fish died more quickly than large fish when exposed to lethal concentrations.
Estimation of Recruitment and Natural Mortality Rate from Age-Composition and Catch Data in British Columbia Herring Populations
Authors: Tester Albert L.
Published: April 2011

If absolute recruitment (R) and natural mortality rate (q) are both presumed constant in each of two or more periods of stabilized fishing, it is shown that i = q + (1/R)iC, where i is instantaneous total mortality rate and C is catch in numbers. The relationship yields approximate estimates of R and q under semi-stable conditions if "average referable C" is related to apparent i, the former derived from catch data and the latter from age-composition data for post-recruited age-groups. In the herring population, in which recruitment takes place mostly at age III but is spread from ages I to IV, the average of the catch of years x and x + 1 is referable to apparent i at ages IV to V in year x + 2, at ages V to VI in year x + 3, etc. When q increases with advancing age, it is shown that R is most accurately estimated from data for ages IV to V; q is slightly overestimated at ages IV to V and underestimated at ages VI to VII and VII to VIII. From data for periods of approximate stability in the lower east coast of Vancouver Island population, average R is estimated at about 500 million fish per year; average q appears to increase with age, ranging from about 0.4 at ages IV to V to about 0.85 at ages VII to VIII. For a recent period of stabilized intensive fishing, a rough estimate of the average initial size of the fishable stock, based on age-composition and catch data, agrees well with that estimated by another method. For populations along the west coast of Vancouver Island, q also appears to increase with advancing age; R is estimated at about 400 million fish. In an appendix it is shown that a method of estimating q from age-composition and effort data gives unsatisfactory results because effort expended in herring fishing is not proportional to rate of fishing of the stock.
Food and Feeding Habits of Brünnich's Murre (Uria lomvia lomvia) on Akpatok Island
Authors: Tuck Leslie M. , Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

A study of the food and feeding habits of Brünnich's murre (Uria lomvia lomvia) on Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, was made during the period August 9–28, 1954. The adults often dropped the food they were bringing to the young. This was collected in a restricted area, daily Some young were fed experimentally with this food which showed that 13.4 grams were required to build a gain in weight of 1 gram.Examination of the stomach contents of 34 adults showed a predominance of crustaceans but the presence of otoliths and vertebrae suggest that fish are a large part of the diet of the adult as well. Twenty species of fish and 12 of invertebrates are identified and discussed with relation to their occurrence in the area and proportion in the food of the young murre.A first record for the Eastern Canadian Arctic, Onchidiopsis glacialis (M. Sars), is recorded.
Frozen Oysters
Authors: Morton Margaret L. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Quick frozen freshly shucked oysters stored at −10°F. (−23 °C.) did not deteriorate significantly during a storage period of 9 months, as assessed by taste panels on the simmered oysters. Slow freezing and storage at higher temperatures resulted in a much greater loss in quality, and objectionable darkening occurred. Preparation as a stew largely masked this deterioration.
Jellied Condition in the American Plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius)
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Andrews Gertrude L.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Behaviour of Migrating Pink and Chum Salmon Fry
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Pink salmon fry which have never schooled are negatively phototactic, prefer a cover of stones and do not emerge into bright light. Those which have schooled show a strong cover reaction when exposed to a rapid increase in light intensity but do not seek cover unless the change is abrupt. In general they remain in bright light after they have schooled. This change in behaviour occurs rapidly (15 minutes or less) when the fry school for the first time. Chum salmon fry establish a definite direction of swimming in the quiet water of a circular channel or basin. The established direction is stable and not permanently disturbed by light or darkness, by water currents, by strong avoiding reactions, by changing the location or by excluding direct skylight. The direction may be initially established in relation to water currents.
An Investigation of the Electrical "Spike" Potentials Produced by the Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Water Surrounding the Head Region
Authors: Kleerekoper H. , Sibakin Kira
Published: April 2011

In the water surrounding the head of Petromyzon marinus electric triphasic spike potentials can be recorded which recur rhythmically at 0.4-second intervals and are synchronous with the externally visible movement of respiration. At a distance of 15 to 20 mm. from the animal, above the eye region, the potentials are from 200–300 μv in an adult lamprey, in fresh water. The electric field produced by these potentials extends several centimeters frontwards of the head depending on experimental conditions and factors now being studied. Posterior to the gill openings the potentials taper off sharply and no spikes could be recorded 50–70 mm. posterior to the last gill opening. The field is symmetrical around the longitudinal axis of the animal under the experimental conditions described. Strychnine and cocaine do not affect the characteristics of the spikes but curare decreases their potential considerably, depending on amounts injected and the condition of the experimental animal. Light conditions do not affect the production of the spikes. The possible function of the electric field for the sea lamprey is discussed.
Diet-Induced Differences in the Weight—Length Relationship of Aquarium Fed Sardines (Sardinops caerulea)
Authors: Fabris David A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Distribution and Taxonomy of Fishes in the Mackenzie Drainage of British Columbia
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: April 2011

New and previously published records are listed for 28 species of freshwater fishes in tributaries of the Mackenzie River in northern British Columbia. Distribution patterns are discussed for all species reaching the continental divide at the Peace River headwaters; some are restricted to one or other side, but 17 species are common to the Peace and Fraser Rivers, suggesting that mountain ranges have served as a check but not an insurmountable obstacle to postglacial expansion. Five species indigenous to the Pacific slope—Catostomus macrocheilus, Richardsonius balteatus, Ptychocheilus oregonense, Mylocheilus caurinum, and Cottus asper—have evidently penetrated to the Peace River in comparatively recent times. Three species—the flathead chub Platygobio gracilis, the trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, and the spoon-head sculpin Cottus ricei—have not previously been recorded from the province. Evidence is presented that subspecific distinctions are invalid in Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) and Lota lota (Linnaeus). Coregonus coulieri and Hybognathus hankinsoni are reported for the first time from the Mackenzie drainage.