bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinamika tetes ekstraksi cair-cair sistem air-metil etil keton (mek)-heksan dalam kolom isian
Authors: Mirwan Agus , Ariono Danu
Published: March 2020

Mass transfer process occurs as effect of contact between continuous phase from above and dispersed phase from underside column. With existence of size and type of packing in column, that caused interfacial area to become bigger and residence time more and older so that improvement of mass transfer process. The aim of this research is to observe drop dynamics or movement behavior of drop in which the drop diameter size grouped based on current regime deputizing with Reynolds Number (Re) and to study mass transfer liquid-liquid extraction in packed column based on drop diameter size influenced by flow rate and packing type. Observation of drop behavior is done by using length square column transparent so that visually drop dynamics can be observed and recorded at every segment of column height using digital camera. This research will be done by varying packing type and flow rate of the dispersed phase and continuous phase to know behavior of drop. The research will be done by using water–MEK (methyl ethyl ketone)–n-hexane system. The result of this research for packing type of sphere and raschig ring show that more and more big dispersed phase flow rate and height from under side column (distributor), hence drop is more and more small with number of which more and more many. This caused significant increase on overall mass transfer coefficient.Keywords: drop distribution, sphere, raschig ring, drop diameter Abstrak Proses perpindahan massa ekstraksi cair-cair dalam kolom isian terjadi akibat adanya kontak antara fase kontinu dan fase dispersi yang dialirkan secara berlawanan. Berbagai macam ukuran dan jenis isian yang digunakan dalam kolom, menyebabkan luas permukaan kontak menjadi lebih besar dan waktu kontak makin lama sehingga terjadi peningkatan proses perpindahan massa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dinamika pergerakan tetesan dengan cara mengelompokkan ukuran diameter tetesan berdasarkan pada rezim aliran yang diwakilkan dengan Bilangan Reynold (Re) dan mempelajari perpindahan massa pada ekstrasi cair-cair dalam kolom isian yang didasarkan ukuran diameter tetesan yang dipengaruhi laju alir dan jenis isian. Pengamatan perilaku tetesan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom persegi panjang yang transparan sehingga secara visual dinamikanya dapat diamati dan direkam pada tiap segmen ketinggian kolom menggunakan kamera digital. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem air-MEK (metil etil keton)-n-heksan. Hasil penelitian untuk jenis isian bola padat dan raschig ring menunjukkan bahwa makin besar laju alir fase dispersi dan ketinggian dari bagian bawah (distributor), maka tetesannya makin kecil dengan jumlah yang makin banyak. Hal ini menyebabkan kenaikan yang signifikan terhadap koefisien perpindahan massa keseluruhan.Kata kunci: distribusi tetesan, bola, raschig ring, diameter tetesan.
Application of ionic liquids for separation of propyne from propylene: solubility and selectivity studies
Authors: Palgunadi Jelliarko , Indarto Antonius , Winoto Haryo , Kim Hoon Sik
Published: March 2020

Separation or removal of propyne from propylene, generated by naptha cracking process, is one of the most important processes in petrochemical industries because ppm level of propyne contained in feed olefins can serve as catalyst poisons in the polymerization of olefins. Recently, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were introduced as novel solvents for the separation of various gases and hydrocarbons. RTIL is a salt composed of unsymmetrical organic cation and organic/inorganic anion which melts at room temperature. Prior to the decision of material selection for the effective separation of propyne/propylene employing RTIL, solubility behaviors and selectivities of propyne and propylene in various RTILs were investigated. For the solubility of propyne and propylene in 1-R-3-methylimidazolium-based RTILs, solubility measurement, thermodynamic analysis, and computational calculation strongly imply that the solubility of propyne is controlled by a trade-off between a specific solute-solvent interaction (hydrogen bonding of propyne-anion) and non bonding interaction (solubility parameter). In contrast, the solubility of propylene seems to be much strongly dependent on non-bonding interaction (solubility parameter) closely related to the physical attractive forces as suggested by regular solution theory. Thus, to achieve high selectivity of propyne over propylene, a RTIL with smaller-size and stronger hydrogen bonding ability should be employed.Keywords: propyne, propylene, solubility, selectivity, ionic liquidsAbstrakPemisahan senyawa propuna dari propena, yang dihasilkan oleh proses fraksionasi nafta adalah salah satu proses yang paling penting dalam industri petrokimia. Kontaminan propuna yang terkandung dalam umpan olefin dapat menjadi racun katalis dalam proses polimerisasi olefin. Kini cairan ionik temperatur ruang (RTIL) diperkenalkan sebagai pelarut baru untuk pemisahan berbagai gas dan hidrokarbon. RTIL adalah garam yang terdiri dari kation organik dan anion organik/anorganik asimetrik yang meleleh pada suhu kamar. Pemilihan senyawa pelarut RTIL yang tepat untuk pemisahan propuna / propena akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Dalam proses pelarutan propuna dalam RTIL berbasis 1-R-3-metilimidazolium, pengukuran kelarutan, analisis termodinamika, dan pemodelan mengisyaratkan bahwa kelarutan propuna dikendalikan oleh kompromi antara interaksi spesifik solut-pelarut (ikatan hidrogen propuna-anion) dan interaksi tak mengikat  (parameter kelarutan). Sebaliknya, kelarutan propena sangat bergantung pada interaksi tak mengikat (parameter kelarutan) yang erat hubungannya dengan ikatan fisik seperti dipaparkan dalam teori larutan biasa (regular solution theory). Dengan demikian, untuk mencapai selektivitas tinggi terhadap propuna dibandingkan dengan propena, disarankan untuk menggunakan senyawa RTIL dengan ukuran molekul lebih kecil yang memiliki ikatan hidrogen lebih kuat.Kata Kunci: propuna, propena, kelarutan, absorpsi, cairan ionik
Komposisi kimia minyak atsiri daun cengkeh dari proses penyulingan uap
Authors: Jayanudin J
Published: March 2020

The chemical composition of clove leaf essential oil obtained from steam distillation process Essential oils are needed in various industries such as industrial perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food industry, and beverages. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of clove leaf essential oil from steam distillation process using GCMS. Dry clove leaves weighing 1.5 kg are included in the kettle flute and sealed properly. Steam from the boiler flows into the kettle with the pressure of 0.5 barG, 1 barG and 1.5 barG for 5, 6 and 7 hours. Mixture oil and water out of the condenser are accommodated and let stand for 24 hours to separate water and oil. Clove leaf oil was purified with 10% bentonite by weight of oil at a temperature of 50oC with stirring for 1 hour. Clove leaf oil that has separated from bentonite added anhydrous Na2SO4 and let stand for 15 minutes and then separate the water and Na2SO4 in oil. Samples with % yield of the largest in its chemical composition analysis using GCMS. Based on the results obtained the largest yield is 1.84% with content of eugenol is 65.03% and 20.94% trans-caryophyllene. Keywords : Clove leaf, Eugenol, Essential Oil, Steam distillationAbstrakMinyak atsiri sangat dibutuhkan dalam berbagai industri seperti industri parfum, kosmetik, farmasi, industri makanan, dan minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi kimia minyak atsiri daun cengkeh dari proses penyulingan uap menggunakan analisa GCMS. Daun cengkeh kering seberat 1,5 kg yang sudah bersih dari kotoran dimasukkan dalam ketel suling dan ditutup dengan rapat. Steam dari boiler dialirkan ke ketel suling dengan tekanan 0,5 barG, 1 barG dan 1,5 barG selama 5, 6 dan 7 jam. Campuran minyak dan air yang keluar dari kondenser ditampung dan diamkan selama 24 jam untuk memisahkan air dan minyak. Minyak daun cengkeh dimurnikan dengan bentonit 10% dari berat minyak pada suhu 50oC sambil diaduk selama 1 jam. Minyak daun cengkeh yang telah terpisah dari bentonit ditambahkan Na2SO4 anhidrat dan diamkan selama 15 menit kemudian pisahkan air dan Na2SO4 dalam minyak. Sampel dengan % rendemen terbesar di analisa komposisi kimianya menggunakan GCMS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat rendemen terbesar adalah 1,84% dengan kadar yaitu eugenol 65,03% dan trans-caryophyllene 20.94%.Kata kunci : Daun cengkeh, Eugenol, Minyak atsiri, Penyulingan uap
Pemodelan dan simulasi reverse flow reactor untuk oksidasi katalitik metana: pengembangan prosedur operasi start-up
Authors: Budhi Yogi Wibisono , Kurniawan Teguh , Bindar Yazid
Published: March 2020

Modeling and simulation of reverse flow reactor for the catalytic oxidation of methane: the development of start-up operating procedures In this modelling and simulation study, three operating procedures during start-up of lean methane (1%-v) oxidation in reverse flow reactor (RFR) have been investigated to get auto-thermal condition, high methane conversion, faster pseudo steady state, and low preheating energy requirement. The RFR model developed based on one-dimension pseudo-homogeneous model for mass balance and heterogeneous model for energy balance. Procedure 1 , the preheating was employed only on the catalyst zone, fails to conduct the auto-thermal reaction and to achieve high conversion. Procedure 2, the preheating was employed for inert and catalyst of left side only, able to achieve the auto-thermal up to switching time (ST) 230 s. Procedure 3, the preheating was employed along the reactor bed, achieve the auto-thermal condition up to ST 300 s. Procedure 2 and 3 achieved the pseudosteadystate at 1000 s for ST 200 s with total conversion during start-up are 95% and 99%. The conversion of Procedure 3 higher than Procedure 2, unfortunately the heat load of Procedure 3 two times higher than Procedure 2. Keywords: modelling and simulation, catalytic methane oxidation, start-up procedure, reverse flow reactor, switching timeAbstrakDi dalam studi pemodelan dan simulasi ini, berbagai prosedur operasi reverse flow reactor (RFR) selama start-up untuk oksidasi katalitik metana encer (1%-v) dikaji dengan target sistem beroperasi secara ototermal, konversi metana tinggi, waktu pencapaian kondisi tunak semu (pseudosteady state) cepat, dan beban panas rendah. Pemodelan reaktor didasarkan pada model satu dimensi dan pseudohomogeneous untuk neraca massa, serta heterogen untuk neraca energi. Pemanasan katalis saja pada awal reaksi (Prosedur 1) tidak dapat mencapai kondisi reaktor yang ototermal. Pemanasan katalis dan inert bagian kiri (Prosedur 2) mampu mencapai kondisi reaktor yang ototermal hingga switching time (ST) 230 detik. Pemanasan seluruh bagian reaktor pada awal reaksi (Prosedur 3) mampu mencapai kondisi reaktor yang ototermal pada ST paling lama 300 detik. Prosedur start-up 2 dan 3 untuk ST 200 detik sama-sama mencapai waktu pseudosteady state pada 1000 detik dengan konversi total selama start-up masing-masing 95% dan 99%. Meskipun Prosedur 3 memberikan konversi sedikit lebih tinggi daripada Prosedur 2, namun beban panas Prosedur 3 mencapai dua kali lebih besar daripada Prosedur 2.Kata kunci: emisi metana, pemodelan dan simulasi, prosedur start-up, reverse flow reactor, switching time.
Development of granular urea-zeolite slow release fertilizer using inclined pan granulator
Authors: Hoeung Pisey , Bindar Yazid , Senda Samuel Pati
Published: March 2020

Slow release fertilizers (SRFs) are so crucial in improvement of agriculture productions. To increase urea fertilizer effectiveness and efficiency, the product could be modified in the form of SRFs. The objective is to conduct slow release urea fertilizer. During granulation, particle sizes of urea and natural zeolite mixture (50, 60 and 80 mesh), binder solution with different percentage (2% to 10%) of starch, and clay additives (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) were used. The obtained granule was further analyzed using percolation reactor to determine the slow release rate. Leachate from reactors was collected, by using UV-visible spectrophotometric method, concentration of dissolved urea was determined. The granule size of 3-4 mm, the urea-zeolite mixture particle size of 60-mesh, the percentage of clay addition in the granulation process of 7.5%, the percentage of starch addition in binder solution of 3% are selected to be the best in term of the roughness of the granules, economic aspects, and slow release rate. In addition, it is proportionally defined the release time of nutrient from experiment and from simulated program is at least for three months which is plenty of time for crops, especially for rice. Key words: Slow Release Fertilizer, Zeolite, Urea, Inclined pan granulatorAbstrakSlow release fertilizers (SRFs) memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam peningkatan produksi pertanian. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektifitas pupuk urea, produk pupuk bisa dimodifikasi dalam bentuk SFRs. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat slow release urea fertilizer. Selama proses granulasi, digunakan ukuran partikel campuran urea dan zeolit alam (50, 60 dan 80 mesh), cairan perekat dengan persentase yang berbeda (2% sampai 10%) starch, dan tambahan tanah liat (5%, 7,5%, dan 10%). Butiran-butiran (granul) yang diperoleh selanjutnya dilakukan analisis menggunakan reaktor perkolasi digunakan untuk menentukan laju slow release. Leachate dari reaktor dikumpulkan, kemudian konsentrasi urea terlarut dapat diketahui dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Granul 3-4 mm, ukuran 60 mesh campuran antara urea dan zeolit, persentasi penambahan tanah liat dalam proses granulasi sebesar 7,5%, dan persentasi penambahan starch dalam larutan perekat sebesar 3% menunjukkan hasil yang terbaik untuk tingkat kekasaran butiran, aspek ekonomi dan menunjukkan pelepasan nutrisi lambat. Secara proporsional dapat dikatakan bahwa waktu pelepasan nutrisi yang diperoleh dari percobaan dan simulasi program, setidaknya untuk tiga bulan sangat cukup untuk tanaman, khususnya untuk padi.Kata kunci: Slow release fertilizers, Zeolit, Urea, granulator panci miring.
Kinetic and products of C3H3 and C4H2 reaction: theoretical and computational study
Authors: Indarto Antonius
Published: March 2020

The formation of first aromatic ring was suggested to be a crucial step of the PAHs and soot growth mechanism. In general, four-, five-, six-, or seven-membered ring molecules could be formed by the addition reaction of two hydrocarbon molecules resulted from many different pathways. Small hydrocarbon molecules with numerous concentrations during combustion/pyrolysis are suspected to play an important role. Propargyl radical (•C3H3) and butadiene (C4H2) have been chosen as the initial reactants in this discussion, since they are found at relatively high concentrations in flame experiments to examine the above particular reaction. Following initial addition mechanisms, their adduct intermediate can form a ring molecule and undergo subsequent rearrangement. All possible molecular structures were considered and the viability of each channel was assessed through a “RRKM + master equation” kinetic study. This study is an attemp and example to develop and apply molecular computational method for solving problems in the chemical engineering.Keywords: reaction kinetic, ab-initio calculation, RRKM theory, unimolecular reaction, propargyl, butadiene.AbstrakReaksi pembentukan cincin aromatic pada senyawa hidrokarbon merupakan mekanisme awal terpenting dari pembentukan Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) dan jelaga karbon. Secara umum, senyawa hidrokarbon dengan cincin berjumlah empat, lima, enam, atau tujuh dapat dibentuk oleh reaksi gabungan dua molekul hidrokarbon. Molekul hidrokarbon dengan jumlah atom karbon rendah akan memainkan peranan penting ditinjau dari besarnya konsentrasi senyawa ini saat pembakaran/pirolisis. Dalam diskusi ini, reaksi propargil radikal (•C3H3) dan butadiena (C4H2) digunakan sebagai studi kasus karena konsentrasinya yang relatif tinggi dalam percobaan laboratorium dengan menggunakan bunsen. Secara garis besar, reaksi pembentukan rantai lingkar (cincin) dapat tercapai baik secara langsung setelah reaksi adisi atau melalui penataan ulang molekul. Berbagai struktur molekul dan mekanisme yang mungkin ada dalam reaksi ini akan dianalisis melalui studi kinetika "RRKM + persamaan master (master equation)". Studi ini juga ditujukan sebagai usaha dan contoh untuk memperkenalkan penggunaan kimia komputasi molekuler dalam menyelesaikan berbagai problem di bidang teknik kimia.Kata kunci: kinetika reaksi, perhitungan ab-initio, teori RRKM, reaksi unimolekular, propargil, butadiena.
Addition of egbe and ethanol to enhance mes performance as chemical flooding material
Authors: Tristantini Dewi , Hakim Humala Paulus , Zuliardy Muhammad Fadly
Published: March 2020

Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) performance as chemical flooding material for EOR was investigated by adding emulsifier ethyl glycol mono butyl ether (EGBE) and ethanol. MES had interfacial tension (IFT) value as low as 10-3 dyne/cm, but its disadvantage was low solubility in brine water. Repairing this nature, MES was modified by adding nonyl phenol ethoxylate (Tergitol, as secondary surfactant), EGBE and ethanol. The mixed surfactant was tested for IFT value, solubility, and thermal influence to IFT value in various concentrations. The result indicated a significant effect of emulsifier concentration to IFT value. The longer carbon chains, the easier micelle interaction was formed. The positive effects to solubility were caused by the polarity of long chain EGBE and the increase of micro emulsion stability by ethanol. The best formulas were 1% concentration surfactant in brine water consist of MES 40%, Tergitol 20%, ethanol 40% and 0.3% of MES 40%, Tergitol 20%, EGBE 40%. These formulas also had better solubility than MES alone, since they only form one phase. Heat treatment at 62.5 oC for 1 day caused lower IFT because of increasing interaction between emulsifier and micelle. Further heating resulted in a higher IFT as the emulsifier structure collapsed, which made interactions difficult to achieve. Keywords: EOR, interfacial tension, methyl ester sulfonate, non-ionic, surfactantAbstrakKinerja metil ester sulfonat (MES) sebagai bahan chemical flooding untuk EOR telah dilakukan dengan menambahkan pengemulsi etil glikol mono butil eter (EGBE) dan etanol. MES memiliki nilai tegangan permukaan (IFT) sebesar 10-3 dyne/cm, tetapi memiliki kelarutan yang rendah dalam air formasi. Untuk memperbaiki sifat ini, MES ditambahkan dengannonyl phenol ethoxylate (Tergitol) sebagai surfaktan kedua, EGBE dan etanol. Hasil formulasi surfaktan diuji nilai IFT, kelarutan dan pengaruh termal terhadap nilai IFT dalam berbagai tingkat konsentrasi. Hasil pengujian mengindikasikan adanya pengaruh konsentrasi pengemulsi yang besar terhadap nilai IFT. Rantai karbon yang lebih panjang berakibat semakin mudah interaksi micelle terjadi. Kelarutan yang semakin tinggi disebabkan polaritas dari rantai panjang EGBE dan meningkatnya stabilitas mikroemulsi oleh alkohol. Hasil formulasi terbaik didapatkan pada konsentrasi surfaktan 1% dengan MES 40%, Tergitol 20%, Alkohol 40% dan konsentrasi surfaktan 0,3% dengan MES 40%, Tergitol 20%, EGBE 40%. Formula ini memiliki kelarutan yang lebih baik daripada MES karena hanya membentuk 1 fase. Pengaruh pemanasan 62,5 oC selama 1 hari menyebabkan IFT semakin rendah karena meningkatnya interaksi antara pengemulsi dan micelle. Pemanasan yang berlebihan menyebabkan IFT naik karena rusaknya struktur pengemulsi sehingga interaksi sulit terjadi.Kata kunci: EOR, metil ester sulfonat, non-ionik, surfaktan, tegangan permukaan
Karakteristik luas permukaan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia
Authors: Sudibandriyo Mahmud , Lydia L
Published: March 2020

Surface area characterization of activated carbon from sugarcane baggase by chemical activationAdsorption is one the process with many applications in the industries such as in a separation or in gas storage. In this adsorption, adsorbent selection is the most important thing. One of the adsorbent most suitable for this process is activated carbon. Previous studies show that high surface area of activated carbon can be produced from sugarcane bagasse using activator ZnCl2. The research’s goal is to produce activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and determine the effects of activator on the surface area of activated carbon produced. Activators used in this research are KOH and ZnCl2 with the mass ratio of activator/carbon are 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1. The results show that The highest surface area, 938,2 m2/g, is obtained by activation using KOH with mass ratio of activator/carbon 3/1, whereas the highest surface area by activation using ZnCl2 is 632 m2/g with mass ratio of activator/carbon 2/1. For comparison, preparation of activated carbon by physical activation is also done and the surface area is 293 m2/g.Keywords: Activated carbon, chemical activation, sugarcane bagasse, KOH, ZnCl2 Abstrak Adsorpsi merupakan salah satu proses yang banyak digunakan dalam industri baik dalam pemisahan maupun untuk penyimpanan gas. Pada proses adsorpsi ini, pemilihan adsorben merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Salah satu jenis adsorben yang sangat cocok untuk proses ini adalah karbon aktif. Penelusuran studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif dengan luas permukaan yang cukup tinggi dapat dibuat dari ampas tebu dengan menggunakan aktivator ZnCl2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia serta mengetahui pengaruh aktivator terhadap luas permukaan karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Aktivator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa karbon 1/1, 2/1, dan 3/1. Aktivasi dilakukan pada temperatur 700 oC selama 1 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 938,2 m2/g diperoleh dengan aktivasi menggunakan KOH dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 3/1, sedangkan aktivasi dengan menggunakan ZnCl2 diperoleh luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 632 m2/g dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 2/1. Sebagai pembanding, pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dengan metode aktivasi fisika dan diperoleh luas permukaan karbon aktif sebesar 293 m2/g.Kata kunci: Aktivasi kimia, ampas tebu, karbon aktif, KOH, ZnCl2
Simulasi aliran fluida pada proses enhanced coalbed methane
Authors: Pradewa Mohammad Resalto , Dewi Retno Gumilang , Siagian Ucok W.R.
Published: March 2020

Fluid flow simulation on enhanched coalbed methane systemThe Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) process can be applied as a carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology for the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions, by transferring CO2 emitted by stationary sources into ECBM field reservoirs. This CCS-ECBM integration is a novel technology that is aimed at reducing CO2 emission while simultaneously improving the energy supply security in Indonesia. This research studies the fluid flow in fractures/cleats in CBM reservoirs, which is a laminar flow under pressure gradient in accordance to Darcy's law. The objective of this research is to understand the mechanism of the integration between CCS and ECBM process via computer simulations. Gas components considered in the simulation include CH4 and CO2. Fluid flow variables in this research are permeability (k), porosity (ϕ), and gas saturation (S). Simulations are done using the FlexPDE version 5 software package. Simulation results indicate that all three variables influence the fluid flow mechanism in fractures/cleats during the injection of CO2 in ECBM process. Simulations which are run for 100 days predict that methane recovery is inversely proportional to porosity, with a recovery of 97.88% at a porosity of 0.017, and 37.16% at a porosity of 0.63.Keywords: greenhouse gases, CCS, ECBM, fractures, cleats Abstrak Proses Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) dapat diterapkan sebagai salah satu teknologi penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon (Carbon Capture and Storage atau CCS) untuk mitigasi emisi gas rumah kaca, dengan cara menyalurkan CO2 dari sumber emisi stasioner ke dalam reservoir lapangan ECBM. Integrasi CCS-ECBM ini merupakan teknologi baru yang diharapkan mampu mengurangi emisi CO2 sekaligus meningkatkan ketahanan pasokan energi Indonesia. Penelitian ini mempelajari aliran fluida pada retakan (fractures/cleats) di dalam reservoir CBM yang merupakan aliran laminer di bawah gradien tekanan yang mengikuti hukum Darcy. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami mekanisme integrasi CCS dengan proses ECBM melalui pendekatan simulasi komputer. Senyawa-senyawa yang ditinjau adalah CH4 dan CO2. Variabel-variabel aliran yang diperhitungkan dalam model mencakup permeabilitas (k), porositas (ϕ), dan saturasi gas (S). Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak FlexPDE versi 5. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme aliran dalam retakan dengan injeksi CO2 pada proses ECBM dipengaruhi oleh ketiga variabel yang ditinjau. Simulasi yang dijalankan selama 100 hari menunjukkan bahwa perolehan metana berbanding terbalik secara linier terhadap porositas, dengan perolehan sebesar 97,88% pada porositas 0,017 dan 37,16% pada porositas 0,63.Kata kunci: gas rumah kaca, CCS, ECBM, retakan, cleats
Effect of CD44 Aptamer on Snail Metastasis Factor and Aggressiveness of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Kavousipour Soudabeh , Mokarram Pooneh , Barazesh Mahdi , Arabizadeh Elham , Razban Vahid , Mostafavipour Zohreh , Mohammadi Shiva , Abolmaali Samira Sadat
Published: March 2020

Background: The intracellular signaling pathways stimulated by CD44/hyaluronic acid (HA) interaction play a central role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells. Epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT) is an important factor in cancer metastasis and migration, which can be stimulated by the snail transcription factor. Previous studies showed cells that were subjected to snail-induced EMT, characterized by a CD44high/CD24low phenotype, expressed at their surface. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effect of CD44/HA interaction on the snail expression and invasive behavior of aggressive breast cancer cell line with a high CD44 expression in 2D and 3D culture. The cell surface binding capacity of the selected aptamer was evaluated via flow cytometry assay. Methods: To test our hypothesis, we disrupted the CD44/HA interaction by DNA aptamer, which specifically binds to the Hyaluronic Acid Binding Domain (HABD) of CD44. Then, expression level of snail mRNA was evaluated in MDA-MB 231 cells, cultured in 2D and 3D conditions by real-time PCR. Furthermore, invasive behavior was evaluated, using wound healing assay. Results: The results of this study showed that CD44 aptamer reduced snail expression and invasive behavior in MDA-MB 231 cell line. In addition, our result indicated that cells cultured in 3D were more sensitive to the aptamer in comparison to those cultured in the 2D model. Conclusions: The inhibition of CD44-HA interaction, using aptamer, negatively regulates the CD44 function in aggressive breast cancer cell line with the high level of CD44 expression.
Diagnostics based on the juxta morphology reveals a new species of Tischeria Zeller (Lepidoptera, Tischeriidae) from the Caucasus
Authors: Klasiński Adam , Stonis Jonas Rimantas , Remeikis Andrius
Published: March 2020

We describe a new species, Tischeria caucasica Klasiński & Stonis, sp. nov., a trumpet moth (Tischeridae) recently discovered from Georgia, the Caucasus. We briefly discuss the diagnostics of T. caucasica, an outstanding new species possessing an extremely long and distally bifurcated juxta. The new species is illustrated with photographs of the adults, male and female genitalia, and the type locality.
Extract of oats as a modulator of fatty acid composition of geese tissues in the conditions of physiological stress
Authors: Danchenko Olena , Zdorovtseva Lubov , Vishchur Oleg , Koshelev Оleksandr , Halko Tatiana , Danchenko Mykola , Nikolayeva Yulia , Mayboroda Daniel
Published: March 2020

Feeding natural antioxidant supplements to animals and birds has multiple advantages over traditional synthetic vitamins of the antioxidant group. This study investigated the effect of the Avena satíva extract on the antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of liver tissues, the brain, and skeletal muscles of geese, live weight dynamics, and pterylographic parameters during physiological stress of formation of contour and juvenile feathers. It is confirmed that adding oat extract to the geese diet during physiological stress increases tissue antioxidant activity. It was established that during the formation of contour feathers (day 28), the voltage of the antioxidant system is significantly weakened by the action of the extract due to selective inhibition of the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular oleic. The synthesis of palmitic and stearic acids is activated. The oat extract caused the most remarkable changes in liver tissues. The subsequent period of formation of juvenile feathers (49 days) is characterized by equalization of the composition of fatty acids in the control and experimental groups. At the end of the experiment, the mass of the geese of the experimental group increased by 17.9% and their pterylographic parameters improved.
Influence of gibberellin inhibitors on the accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds in plants of Solanum melongena L.
Authors: Rogach Viktor , Reshetnyk Kateryna , Kuryata Volodymyr , Rogach Tatyana
Published: March 2020

The 0.025% tebuconazole (EW-250), 0.25% chlormequat chloride (CCC-750), and 0.15% ethephon (2-CEPA) influences growth processes, the leaf apparatus, chlorophyll concentration and various carbohydrates forms, and total nitrogen content in Solanum melongena L. The decrease in the linear dimensions of the aubergine was established for all preparations. The most significant decrease in height was observed after the application of 2-HEPCs. The retardants increased the number of leaves, the dry matter mass of leaves, the leaf area, chlorophyll content, and the surface density of the leaf. EW-250 and ССС-750 retardants strengthened carbohydrate accumulation in aubergine fruits, mainly due to reducing forms. During the growing season, the total and protein nitrogen content decreased in roots and stems both in control and in experiment variants. EW-250 and CCC-750 accelerated total and protein nitrogen outflow from roots and stems and increased its content in leaves. Increasing the carbohydrates content in fruits the retardants simultaneously reduced the content of various nitrogen forms. Such changes in the dynamics of total nitrogen under the influence of tebuconazole led to enhanced fruit formation on each plant. Thus, retardants EW-250 and ССС-750 changed the nature of the donor-acceptor relations in them by increasing the outflow of plastic substances from vegetative organs to fruits and increasing the culture productivity.
Análise de tendência em séries históricas de precipitação e vazão na UGRH2 Piracicaba, Minas Gerais
Authors: Fraga Micael de Souza , Abreu Marcel Carvalho , Reis Guilherme Barbosa , Tozi Tiago , Pinheiro Sávio Augusto Rocha
Published: March 2020

A detecção de tendências em séries históricas de precipitação e vazão é importante para a gestão de recursos hídricos e pode ser feita por meio da utilização de testes estatísticos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar tendências nos dados de precipitação e vazão nas estações da Unidade de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos do rio Piracicaba (UGRH2 Piracicaba), estado de Minas Gerais, utilizando os testes de Pettitt e análise de regressão linear para avaliar os dados anuais e mensais. Para as análises, foram selecionadas quinze estações pluviométricas e três estações fluviométricas, suas respectivas séries históricas foram obtidas no Portal HidroWeb da Agência Nacional de Águas. Os resultados mostraram que, para os dados de precipitação, quando o resultado dos diferentes testes foi significativo, a tendência observada foi de decréscimo para os dados anuais, enquanto que para os dados mensais os resultados variaram entre redução, com maiores ocorrências no mês de fevereiro, e elevação, com maiores ocorrências no mês de agosto. Já para a análise dos dados de vazão, quando o resultado dos diferentes testes foi significativo, a tendência observada foi de decréscimo para ambas as bases de dados, com predominância da redução da vazão no período seco. Ao avaliar o conjunto de dados, não foi possível estabelecer uma relação para os resultados obtidos entre os dados de precipitação e os dados de vazão.
Anatomia comparada, histoquímica e fitoquímica dos órgãos vegetativos de espécies do gênero Ocimum L. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Rocha Vera Lúcia Pegorini , Fagundes Odair de Souza , Rocha Virgilia Aparecida Pegorini , Vicente Ricardo Eduardo , Ribeiro Junior Norberto Gomes , Yamashita Oscar Mitsuo , Silva Ivone Vieira da
Published: March 2020

A descoberta das propriedades terapêuticas das plantas é algo antigo, mas para sua utilização, precisa-se identificar as espécies corretamente, e muitas vezes, caracteres morfológicos não são o suficiente. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi diferenciar através da anatomia, histoquímica e fitoquímica três espécies do gênero Ocimum, amplamente utilizadas para produção de remédios naturais. Para tanto, foram coletadas Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum e Ocimum campechianum em quintais urbanos no município de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Anatomicamente as espécies Ocimum basilicum e O. gratissimum são similares, enquanto a diferença de O. campechianum se dá pelo número de feixes vasculares e estrutura de raiz. Os testes histoquímicos mostraram a semelhança nos compostos produzidos de potencial medicinal, assim como a fitoquímica revelou a presença de taninos, flavonoides e alcaloides, compostos antioxidantes, expectorantes e anestésicos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que as espécies possuem anatomia similar assim como a presença de compostos secundários, os quais são tradicionalmente indicados para uso medicinal.
Legal protection of plants from hazardous organisms
Authors: Kudelkin Nikolai
Published: March 2020

The author studies the issues of legal protection of plants from hazardous organisms including alien species, whose invasions threaten biodiversity. Such a situation determines the complex research object - the relations emerging in the field of protection of plants from hazardous organisms. The problem of protection of plants from hazardous organisms is a complex problem, as it threatens crop plants as well as forests, and flora out of forests. Such relations are regulated at the international and national levels.  The author uses a set of various methods, logical techniques, and means of cognition: general scientific and special legal including the formal legal and comparative legal research methods. At present, there’s a need in Russia for the development of the legislation guaranteeing an appropriate level of protection of crop plants from hazardous organisms, which are not quarantine objects. This problem can be regulated as in a fleshed-out law and together with the questions related to plant quarantine. The development and adoption of the law “On Flora” with a special attention given to the issues of the protection of out-of-forests flora, and their protection from hazardous organisms, are topical for the Russian Federation. The author suggests that, for the purpose of the increase of effectiveness of the struggle against hazardous organisms, the use of toxic substances should be allowed in forests if the use of other means is ineffective, and the potential risk of the use of toxic substances is lower than the expected useful effect.   
Too Smart
Authors: Sadowski Jathan
Published: March 2020

Who benefits from smart technology? Whose interests are served when we trade our personal data for convenience and connectivity?

Smart technology is everywhere: smart umbrellas that light up when rain is in the forecast; smart cars that relieve drivers of the drudgery of driving; smart toothbrushes that send your dental hygiene details to the cloud. Nothing is safe from smartification. In Too Smart, Jathan Sadowski looks at the proliferation of smart stuff in our lives and asks whether the tradeoff—exchanging our personal data for convenience and connectivity—is worth it. Who benefits from smart technology?

Sadowski explains how data, once the purview of researchers and policy wonks, has become a form of capital. Smart technology, he argues, is driven by the dual imperatives of digital capitalism: extracting data from, and expanding control over, everything and everybody. He looks at three domains colonized by smart technologies' collection and control systems: the smart self, the smart home, and the smart city. The smart self involves more than self-tracking of steps walked and calories burned; it raises questions about what others do with our data and how they direct our behavior—whether or not we want them to. The smart home collects data about our habits that offer business a window into our domestic spaces. And the smart city, where these systems have space to grow, offers military-grade surveillance capabilities to local authorities.

Technology gets smart from our data. We may enjoy the conveniences we get in return (the refrigerator says we're out of milk!), but, Sadowski argues, smart technology advances the interests of corporate technocratic power—and will continue to do so unless we demand oversight and ownership of our data.
When Blood Breaks Down
Authors: Sekeres Mikkael A.
Published: March 2020

A leading cancer specialist tells the compelling stories of three adult leukemia patients and their treatments, the disease itself, and the drugs developed to treat it.

When you are told that you have leukemia, your world stops. Your brain can't function. You are asked to make decisions about treatment almost immediately, when you are not in your right mind. And yet you pull yourself together and start asking questions. Beside you is your doctor, whose job it is to solve the awful puzzle of bone marrow gone wrong. The two of you are in it together. In When Blood Breaks Down, Mikkael Sekeres, a leading cancer specialist, takes readers on the journey that patient and doctor travel together.

Sekeres, who writes regularly for the Well section of the New York Times, tells the compelling stories of three people who receive diagnoses of adult leukemia within hours of each other: Joan, a 48-year-old surgical nurse, a caregiver who becomes a patient; David, a 68-year-old former factory worker who bows to his family's wishes and pursues the most aggressive treatment; and Sarah, a 36-year-old pregnant woman who must decide whether to undergo chemotherapy and put her fetus at risk. We join the intimacy of the conversations Sekeres has with his patients, and watch as he teaches trainees. Along the way, Sekeres also explores leukemia in its different forms and the development of drugs to treat it—describing, among many other fascinating details, the invention of the bone marrow transplant (first performed experimentally on beagles) and a treatment that targets the genetics of leukemia.

The lessons to be learned from leukemia, Sekeres shows, are not merely medical; they teach us about courage and grace and defying the odds.
Contact Angle Hysteresis – Advantages and Disadvantages: A Critical Review
Authors: Tyowua Andrew Terhemen , Yiase Stephen Gbaoron
Published: March 2020

The existence of contact angle hysteresis – the difference between the values of the advancing and receding contact angles – is evident in nature (e.g. sticking of rain drops to car windscreens and window panes) and many industrial processes (e.g. surface coating,
spraying, and dyeing of fabrics). This phenomenon is often viewed as a nuisance, but it is advantageous in many processes including dip and spin coating, spraying, and painting. With the early theoretical framework of Thomas Young, Robert Wenzel, and A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, describing
the wettability of solid surfaces and by extension contact angle, contact angle hysteresis has been deeply investigated. We review here the various ways of measuring contact angle and, consequently, contact angle hysteresis as well as related theoretical models. The successes and limitations
of these models are highlighted. We conclude with the advantages and disadvantages of contact angle hysteresis whose presence in many processes is often considered as a nuisance, especially when "coffee stain" forms from the evaporation of a volatile liquid drop containing nonvolatile components.
Internal Trauma, Humeral Fracture, and Radial Nerve Paralysis: How Could it Occur in the Sport Setting? A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Naoufal Elghoul , Ismail Elantri , Ayoub Bouya , Azzelarab Bennis , Omar Zaddoug , Mansour Tanane , Abdeloihab Jaafar
Published: March 2020

Thrower’s fractures are Spiral fractures of the humerus in the ball. They represent very uncommon clinical entities that can simulate pathologic fractures. Moreover, the concomitant neurologic deficient is rare. Herein we report a 27 years old muscular man presented a spiral fracture of the humerus following a forceful throw of the ball during an amateur throwing challenge. Clinical and imaging findings showed a displaced Thrower fracture with radial nerve neurapraxia (known as Holstein Lewis fracture) prompting the patient to undergo surgery. The intraoperative aspect found that the nerve was near to the beveled distal humeral fragment with no incarceration. We performed an internal fixation using the Leicester plate and the nerve was kept away from the plate by the interposition of a soft tissue sheet. At the last follow up, the fracture united and radial nerve neurapraxia resolved and the patient regained the full range of motion of his right upper limb with no pain. In conclusion, although this type of fracture is rare, given their significant morbidity, we emphasize that the reactional throwers should undergo appropriate preseason training before practicing a throwing challenge or generally a throwing sport.
MS Disease and Providing a Biologic Perspective and Reducing the Symptoms of the Disease with the Help of Stem Cells
Authors: Sharifipour Ehsan , Ameli Hoorolnesa , Hashemi Madani Shima Sadat
Published: March 2020

Introduction: MS is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, with the destruction of nerves. One of the symptoms of MS disorder is dystonia, fatigue, spasticity, disturbances, lack of sensation in the organs, cognitive impairment, weakness, tremor, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction. Method: The search was carried out in the Pubmed/Medline database. 63 The study was designed to investigate patients with MS and therapeutic samples that were materially similar to the current research, and are included in this article. Findings: Therapeutic injection methods in MS have responded, but patients are still in trouble. Studies have shown that the use of stem cells for treating patients with MS has been fruitful and can be used to treat MS. Discussion: As it has been said, the most important treatment challenges in this way is to reduce treatment, and moreover, that anti-MS drugs in advanced forms are limited. Hence, the production of new, improved medicines for the complete treatment of MS is essential. Stem cells play a veryw important role in the repair process, and the complications of these cells are low in patients and provide an acceptable response. Reliably, the focus on new immunology methods with more biological properties has a greater impact on the treatment category. They will have patients.
Pronunciation Problems of Words’ Stress Placement in English by Saudi Students at Albaha University, Saudi Arabia. A case Study at Almandag
Authors: Abdalla Ahmed Abker Ibrahim
Published: March 2020

This study attempts to investigate into the problems of correct words stress placement in English. Words that can be both nouns and verbs in a group of Saudi university students, in Almandag, at Albaha University. The researcher used the Descriptive Statistical Method and two tools to analyse the data, which were collected by two means: recorded and written tests. The data were then analysed by using ‘Praat soft wave’ to measure the acoustic properties of English words for the recorded test and SPSS for the written test. The study arrived at the following results: Students ignored the rules of words stress placement. they did not have sufficient practice in stress placement; and the curriculum in previous educational stages had not provided them with information on correct stress placement. The recommendations of this study are that students need to study the rules of words’ stress to distinguish between verbs and nouns. They need to know that the stress of verbs and nouns is different, so must be pronounced differently. Finally, students need more practice in correct words stress placement in daily conversations and in the classroom.
Reticence in the EFL Classroom: Voices from Students in a Chinese University
Authors: Wu Huashan
Published: March 2020

Student reticence in the English classroom is a pervasive phenomenon in the EFL context, yet limited empirical research on reticence among Chinese university students can be found in the previous literature. This study investigated the students’ perception regarding the reasons behind their reticence. Student respondents also proposed coping strategies both from students’ and teachers’ perspectives. 144 first-year undergraduates undertaking various disciplines in a Chinese university participated in the research. Methodological triangulation involving quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted. Findings indicate that low language proficiency, foreign language anxiety, introversion and teachers’ influence are strongly related with student reticence. By employing thematic content analysis, it is found that informants may respond with self-encouragement, adequate preparation and oral practice in an attempt to produce more oral output. Meanwhile, they expect teachers to organize more speaking activities, give guidance and be amicable, which can effectively promote classroom interaction. It is hoped that the findings of this research could potentially help to address student reticence in the English classroom at the tertiary level.
The Reconfiguration of Sisyphean Myth in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea and Akwanya’s Orimili
Authors: Omeje Greg , Onunkwo Chibuzo
Published: March 2020

A literary work fascinates scholars and critics in different ways which may be based on literary experience or interest. In whichever perspective, literature engages the mind with multiplicity of interpretations. Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea and Akwanya’s Orimili have been studied in varied ways but no study, as far as this research is concerned, has looked at either or both texts from the view of configuration of the myth of Sisyphus. Here is a reading that intends to look at the mythic patterns in the two works with respect to the characters of Santiago and Ekwenze Orimili, the protagonists. In the study, attempt is made to define the Sisyphean features, and establish how the patterns are configured in the two texts. The study uses the tool of archetypal criticism, from the perspectives of Northrop Frye, to examine these similar discursive formations in the texts. The study establishes that mythic thinking gives literature rootedness in tradition, and universal appeal.