bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIGITIZING AND DOCUMENTING HERITAGE FOR CONSERVATION, A CASE STUDY: CHIRIBIQUETE NATIONAL PARK ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
Authors: Cabarcas Granados M. M. , Hamp E. , Santana Quintero M. , Reina Ortiz M. , Montejo Gaitán F. , Leguizamón L. P.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This paper presents the documentation carried out by the Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS) in collaboration with the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH) to support the conservation of the archaeological pictographs in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Chiribiquete National Park, Colombia; listed in 2018. This project entitled Preserving the past: preventive conservation on World Heritage Site Chiribiquete National Park and its buffer zone (Colombia) is funded by the U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) and managed by the Fundación Erigaie. The dense rainforest landscape includes a mountain range with Tepuis inscribed with Paleoindian pictographs, painted and layered over time. The area was the site of the Colombian armed conflict that ended in 2016 and now remains remote and highly inaccessible. High-resolution 3D dense clouds and meshes of the painted Tepuis were created to record the pictographs with a high level of detail. This method of non-destructive investigation results in minimal impact on the biological environment of the site and on the uncontacted Indigenous communities who continue to inhabit the area, and the results will enable further remote investigation of the pictographs. Such tools demonstrated effectiveness while communicating the mass, scale of the site, colour, and texture of the pictographs at a high level of detail. The non-invasive nature of the immersive documentation is a powerful tool in the ongoing conservation and management of the site by mitigating the impact of tourism, by providing a remote method of sharing and experiencing the archaeological site.
ADVANCED, MULTIDISCIPLINARY, INTEROPERABLE DIGITISATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND USER-FRIENDLY USE OF THE RESULTS: CASE STUDY OF THE CATHEDRAL OF SANTA MARIA ASSUNTA IN CIVIDALE DEL FRIULI (UD)
Authors: Canevese E. P. , Cuttini R. , Bertani I.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The Superintendency of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape of Friuli Venezia Giulia has recently launched various studies and projects for the reduction of seismic vulnerability and the restoration of the region’s historical architectural heritage which, according to the indications of the Ministry of Culture, must be implemented in an exemplary manner both from a methodological and executive point of view. For the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in Cividale del Friuli (UD), innovative solutions were sought right from the preliminary study phases, as well as new methodologies and technologies also in line with the indications of the European Commission (work programme 2018-2020 - LC-EEB-02- 2018: design and development of “kits” to support BIM Authoring for restoration and interventions on existing buildings). The use of relevant technologies such as laser scanners highlights the limitations of solid and/or parametric solid modelling (BIM) processes when applied to the built environment. These limitations arise mainly because the reality of the built environment does not correspond to an ideal geometric model, but has variations and irregularities that are difficult to reproduce through traditional modelling techniques.Within this context, it was essential to adopt innovative 3D modelling techniques, in order to meet the required accuracy of ≤5 mm and to catalogue - accurately and in advance - the architectural, structural and decorative elements present so as to obtain an effective and efficient 3D model. The aim of this work is therefore to present a successful experimentation that can open up new perspectives in the field of threedimensional reproduction of architectural heritage. In particular, the combination of the use of advanced technologies with preventive cataloguing and innovative techniques of participatory 3D modelling (crowdsourcing), in order to obtain advanced 3D models that are highly accurate and informative, as also indicated by the aforementioned European Commission directives.
THE PALAZZO DELL’ATENEO IN THE UPPER CITY OF BERGAMO (CITTÀ ALTA): NEW DOCUMENTATION AND CONSERVATION STUDIES
Authors: Cardaci A. , Versaci A. , Azzola P.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The Palazzo dell’Ateneo is an impressive neoclassical building situated between the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the cathedral of Sant’Alessandro, in the heart of the upper city of Bergamo. Erected to house the Ateneo di Scienze Lettere ed Arti – an important cultural institution founded by Napoleonic decree on 25 December 1810 – it stands on a large medieval cistern, the so-called Fontanone, partly underground. After many years of inactivity, the monument was restored at the end of the last century as a venue for temporary exhibits and public events. The University of Bergamo, on the occasion of the “Bergamo and Brescia: Italian Capital of Culture 2023”, has launched a project to improve the knowledge of the edifice. A campaign of 3D surveys and diagnostic tests aimed at both restoring the real geometries to understand its evolutionary phases and historical stratifications, and at evaluating the state of health and the structural criticalities affecting the ancient construction. Based on this case study, this paper aims at debating the concept of survey and at underlining the fundamental role of the metric-material investigation within the knowledge process aimed at establishment of the conservation project. This is today an important issue because, due to the increasing simplification of instruments and software and the reduction of costs, the role of the surveyor is very often considered marginal. In fact, it is increasingly misunderstood that the machine operates autonomously and automatically and therefore does not need to be taught by trained and competent professionals. A contradictory situation as the quality of the documents and of the restitutions of the survey does not improve with technological progress but, on the contrary, becomes increasingly poor due to the improvisation and the lack of solid cultural and scientific background.
3D SURVEY TECHNOLOGIES TO DOCUMENT AND SUPPORT MICAELIC RUPESTRIAN ARCHITECTURE PRESERVATION. A CASE STUDY
Authors: Cera V.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The paper presents the actions conducted for the case study of the Hermitage of San Michele a le Grottelle, in Padula (Italy) in the framework of the scientific collaboration between the Urban\\Eco Interdepartmental Research Centre and the Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro focused on the development of specific programmes of preventive conservation for the rupestrian heritage dedicated to the micaelic cult. In this context, the hermitage hosts precious wall paintings which show signs of advancing non-uniform degradation: some frescoes are completely lost, unlike others that, despite being spatially adjacent, are still intact.The investigation was oriented towards understanding the reasons for this condition and articulated in 4 main actions: (i) digitisation of the site through the use of optical sensors, in order to obtain a digital model of the geometric and colour components of the asset; (ii) collection of external environmental data for the statistical characterisation of the site conducted considering multiple parameters recorded as observations from several meteorological stations; (iii) manipulation of the reflectance data for the informative characterisation from a material point of view of the most degraded frescoes, correlated to the colour information as well as to the geological classification of the site; (iv) virtual simulation of the incidence of external environmental parameters on the surfaces of the 3D model of the site, inserted in the real territorial context, in order to determine the relationship of causality and relative weight between the boundary conditions and the degradation phenomena found in order to direct preventive conservation actions.
PRESERVING AND EXHIBITING INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE VIA VIRTUAL MUSEUM: A CASE STUDY OF THE HUNGRY GHOSTS FESTIVAL IN HONG KONG
Authors: Chan S. C. , Cai S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This paper documents and reflects on the process of preserving and presenting the ICH in the form of a virtual museum by taking the case study of a China’s national-grade intangible cultural heritage – the Hungry Ghosts Festival organized by the Chaozhou community in Hong Kong. The documentation, exhibition and interpretation in this virtual museum adopt a participatory bottom-up approach, in which the voices of the local organizers and participants are highlighted, and personal anecdotes are played up. The virtual museum intends to aggregate and exhibit all the elements of this ICH in one virtual space, including its origins and development, the tangible artefacts it entails, its dynamic and fluidic nature (e.g., ambiance, performance, communal spirits), and its multiple layers of meanings. As the Hungry Ghosts Festival celebration lasts merely a matter of days each year at a particular place for a local community, this virtual museum enables a wider public to access this festival at any time, in any place and from different dimensions. This paper shows how the virtual museum presents the aforementioned facets of the ICH through different display techniques and evaluates their usefulness, including (1) traditional text and image panels, (2) 3D reconstructed scene and models, and (3) 360-degree video. This is significantly different from the earlier work, which mainly focused on the accuracy of re-enacting the given form of intangible cultural heritage, such as performance and craftsmanship in a virtual environment, or a particular creative presentation by professional performers and elites with specific meanings.
IMAGE RETRIEVAL FOR 3D MODELLING OF ARCHITECTURE USING AI AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Condorelli F.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This research is intended to provide an initial solution to the problem of finding images for processing by photogrammetry in special cases where these do not exist. An overview of existing artificial intelligence-based algorithms that enable the extension of source image dataset is reported. In particular, this research focused on the use of prompt-to-image systems for obtaining images to be used in reconstruction and then in the next step of 3D modelling. Thus, the combined use of these three techniques, AI, photogrammetry, and modelling allowed the creation of a model of a building that never existed except in the collective imagination, which is the tower of Babel. In particular, the case study chosen is the illustration in Kircher book present in the library of the Brixen seminary that is closed to the public and for which it was necessary to create a tool to enhance the value and knowledge of this heritage for external users. Therefore, the creation of an augmented reality app enabled the visualization of the model created by offering possibilities for immersive experiences and dissemination of the research to a wide audience.
DIGITAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE RESTORATION PROJECT. THE CASE OF THE TEMPLE OF VENUS IN BAIA
Authors: D’Agostino P. , Antuono G. , Elefante E. , Amore R.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The work that is presented here shows the results of the survey and material characterization campaign, performed through digital information acquisition and management processes of the Temple of Venus in Baia, in the framework of the activities by the Departments of Civil, Building, and Environmental Engineering of the University of Naples Federico II, in agreement with the Archaeological Park of Campi Flegrei. The artifact stands as a deeply interesting example of an architectural palimpsest, which - despite being involved by significant structural reinforcement interventions - presents interesting technical solutions, to be further investigated in their singularity and specificity. Unfortunately, it cannot be currently visited, until the execution of works to guarantee its complete and safe accessibility, also in terms of structural safety. The use of digital methodologies for data acquisition, in the integration of range and image-based survey techniques, and their semantic de-discretization has allowed systematizing the developed knowledge into models that can be easily queried and implemented over time, where both the geometric and the information component are indispensable for orienting and elaborating a conscious and articulate restoration project, as required by this building.
FAST OR EXTENSIVE? COMPARING WORKFLOWS FOR THE GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BUILT HERITAGE
Authors: Del Curto D. , Garzulino A. , Malik U. S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Three-dimensional digitization has been widely used for the documentation of built heritage. This paper presents two different approaches to the three-dimensional documentation of historic buildings using active 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) devices and data integration from other heterogeneous sources. Both methods aim to produce accurate and complete 3D surveys by integrating data from other sources, such as historical photographs, conservation reports, and traditional drawings, to enable a geometric analysis of the buildings. The first approach aims for completeness and redundancy of geometric information. The second method focuses on rapidness and is suitable for situations where the building is not easily accessible. The two approaches are applied to the case studies of Diotti Palace in Milan and Uzbekistan Hotel in Tashkent, demonstrating the efficiency of the two different datasets for analyzing the built heritage. The paper compares these two approaches and highlights their advantages and drawbacks in terms of the reliability of the resulting data. The study shows how two different methodologies can be adopted in different scenarios to obtain a comprehensive database for reliable and in-depth analysis of historic buildings.
AI-ASSISTED DIGITALISATION OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
Authors: Ferro S. , Pelillo M. , Traviglia A.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Preserving historical archival heritage involves not only physical measures to safeguard these valuable texts but also providing for their digital preservation. However, merely digitising manuscripts and codexes is not enough. A further step is needed: the digitalisation of their content, i.e. the verbatim transcription of scanned texts. This process enables the accurate preservation of their textual content, making it easier to search for information and conduct further analyses. With the help of artificial intelligence, particularly Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), automatic handwriting recognition can be performed. In this study, we employed a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN), an established type of DNN, to determine the minimum amount of labelled data required to automatically transcribe five different historical datasets that vary in language and time period. The results show that a Character Error Rate (CER) lower than 10% can be achieved with just a few hundred labelled text lines in almost all cases.
EXPLORING DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION FOR SHOPHOUSES IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Foo C. P. , Wong C. W. , Ng Y. H. , Jacosalem R.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Conservation of cultural heritage involves beyond repairing and maintaining the structures. Prelude to any conservation should be a comprehensive documentation, recording, historical study and condition assessment. Then only should the repair and restoration be considered. Damages and deterioration of cultural heritage are unpredictable in disasters. Wear and tear may some time lead to sudden catastrophic failures. As such documentation and recording of cultural heritage should be ongoing exercises. The information is also useful for in-depth understanding and research purposes.Documentation methods have developed over time with the progress in information technology and computing. Analog documentation methods have given way to digital documentation which is faster and more comprehensive. In this study, four digital documentation methods have been evaluated to explore their capabilities for documentation of a heritage shophouse; a range of unique architecture constructed from 1800s to 1900s found commonly in cities around Southeast Asia. The data was produced into 3D models and comparisons between the different methods were made. The strengths and weaknesses of each method as well as the quality of the outputs were evaluated. The digital 3D model will be useful for subsequent conservation process. This information can also be developed into repository of architectural features and also for use in HBIM system or parametric architectural components database system. There are, however, obstacles and challenges to development and implementation of such as system.
LEICA BLK2GO POINT CLOUD CLASSIFICATION WITH MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS: THE CASE STUDY OF SANT’EUSEBIO’S CRYPT IN PAVIA (ITALY)
Authors: Franzini M. , Casella V. , Niglio O.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Valorisation of cultural heritage is a priority of international community, and the creation of 3D models is considered almost a mandatory requirement to any conservation activity. Geomatics has given its contribution to this purpose offering its competences and experiences in surveying. Methods and tools have progressively improved offering more realistic, accurate, and reliable products; among the most interesting systems currently available, there is the handheld mobile mapping Leica BLK2GO technology. The characteristics of this system are particularly useful when traditional methods are unfeasible due to accessibility problem, narrowness spaces and time constraints. Nevertheless, the system, as any new technology, needs to be tested in order to verify its capability to describe the world in a correct and reliable way; moreover, it is interesting to understand if established data classification procedures are still effective for SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) data. The paper is framed in this context and illustrates the survey of an ancient crypt, located in Pavia (Italy), that is object of a preservation project. The characteristics of the monument and the acquisition strategies are described. For data classification three different Machine Learning approaches are test: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF). Seven architectural elements are considered: pavement, columns, half pilasters with structural function, walls, capitals, arches, and vaults. The analysis shows as Leica BLK2GO data owns all the characteristics feasible to produce useful point cloud; data classification performs well (with the exceptions of SVM) with higher accuracy, of about 90%, reached using RF.
RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF UAV OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO LILONG HOUSING: TAKING MEILAN LANE AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Gao J. , Shi Y. , Cai Y.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Vernacular architecture has always captured professionals’ attention for its unique approaches to construction, its typical way of integrating man and nature and the way it is used. Being a combination of traditional courtyard houses in China with townhouses in the West, Lilong houses or Shikumen houses are representatives of Shanghai vernacular housing. In terms of applying UAV oblique photogrammetry to preserving and documenting historic architectures, some studies have been done in China, but scant literatures are found on Lilong houses. This research is an attempt to preserve and document Lilong houses by adopting UAV in 3D modelling, to explore a rational approach for the application of UAV oblique photogrammetry to narrow lanes and to establish a collection of models to document the ongoing changes as well as nuances of each building more carefully. In this research, Meilan Lane is chosen as an example. Aided by AutoCAD drawings, flight routes and angles are designed. parameters for each flight are pre-set in GoodStation to send quantified instructions to the drone. A total of 4,531 photos are gathered and 4 models are built by ContextCapture Master. Two models with flight height at 40m and 115m are generated for macro-level study and two models with flight height from 20m to 32m are for micro-level study. Through this research, this paper elaborates the pros and cons of using UAV techniques in documenting Lilong residences and tries to find an applicable approach to building other Lilong complex models for more comprehensive studies in the long run.
BASILICA DI SAN GIACOMO IN COMO (ITALY): DRAWINGS AND HBIM TO MANAGE ARCHEOLOGICAL, CONSERVATIVE AND STRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Garramone M. , Jovanovic D. , Oreni D. , Barazzetti L. , Previtali M. , Roncoroni F. , Mandelli A. , Scaioni M.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This paper aims at presenting the recording and modelling work developed in the framework of restoration and conservation activities for the Basilica di San Giacomo in Como, Italy, whose construction started in the 11th century. The project started in 2022 and involved the application of the Historical Building Information Model (HBIM) methodology through a Scan-to-BIM approach was assessed. High-detailed 3D survey techniques were used to acquire the specific shape of the church and annexed buildings. Then, through different modelling strategies, the HBIM environment allowed the representation of all the architectural elements. The purpose of this model is to have essential support to plan the restoration activities and to give the different experts involved a single three-dimensional tool for managing all the information during the development of the construction works. The possibility to update the model over time with geometric and non-geometric information will provide a powerful tool also for other future activities, such as the installation of a monitoring system that could reveal the displacements of bearing elements of the church.
CREATING VIRTUAL REALITY USING A SOCIAL VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT: PHYGITAL EXHIBITION AT THE MUSEUM PASSION IN SORDEVOLO
Authors: Giovannini E. C. , Bono J.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The paper addresses the digital curation of immersive and virtual spaces for the cultural heritage sector. One of the research objectives is to define a methodological and operational workflow for developing a virtual environment designed using a social virtual environment. The use of social worlds in virtual reality (VR) is one of the possible entry points to the metaverse, understood as a way of experiencing digital reality. The possibility of creating a digital space that replicates real space offers not only the opportunity for people to gather in a virtual place but also allows designers to provide a parallel and augmented experience in terms of content.The case study aims to create the digital twin of the temporary Phygital Exhibition, which opened in July 2022 at the Sordevolo Passion Museum in the Church of Santa Marta. Unlike the permanent collection, which recounts the tradition of popular theatre in Sordevolo for the performance of the Passion of Christ, the Phygital Exhibition focuses on documenting the activity related to the design and construction of the scenography. In the virtual environment, the physical space is replicated with a low level of detail to emphasize the VR exhibition, composed of a series of panels with the possibility to interact with historical documentation, drawings, and pictures. The virtual space is also enriched by video and 3D models not available in real space, which documents the transformation of the scenography over the years.
INTEGRATED DOCUMENTATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN URBAN HISTORICAL SITES
Authors: Guven Ulusoy F. O.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Conservation and documentation, which encompasses multidimensional and complex processes and objects with a scope ranging from works of art to monuments, from monuments to settlements and even cities, and from physical assets (tangible heritage) to intangible heritage, and with a content that has evolved in the 20th century, is directly related to systematic studies and approaches in the documentation and understanding of cultural heritage. However, most of the documentation studies focus on the physical context of cultural heritage. Although studies to understand the social and cultural context have begun to increase considerably, research and practices to integrate the data obtained with the physical context and to create a knowledge management by integrating with the physical context are not yet at a sufficient level. For this reason, this study focuses on defining the necessary tools that will form the basis for decision-making processes by using integrated methods in the documentation phase, based on the fact that the meaning, memories and narratives obtained through spatial experience and senses arising from human communication with their immediate environment directly support the conservation of space by enabling societies to build their existence, identity and future. The study presents a process consisting of field research and fieldwork in which tangible data collected from cultural heritage sites and intangible data arising from the relationship of users with the place are collected. In the field study, purpose-oriented data were collected through in-depth interviews with users, transferred to Geographic Information Systems and presented with the parameters determined. As a result, the findings obtained have enabled the integrated documentation and presentation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage values and the production of information to be used in conservation decision-making processes.
A SEMI-AUTOMATED METHODOLOGY FOR 3D IMAGING OF LARGE VAULTED CEILING PAINTINGS
Authors: Hindmarch J. , Hess M. , Groh M. , Burioni M.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. 3D imaging of large painted and vaulted historic ceilings offers many challenges, including those due to complex small and large-scale geometry, environmental conditions and limited access. In this paper we introduce CHAPI (Cultural Heritage Automated Photogrammetric Imaging), a low cost solution to these problems which provides an efficient, semi-automated method of capturing large vaulted ceiling paintings in high detail, with a consistent photogrammetric network and in limited time. We will present and examine two different case studies from the Plafond3D project, the baroque ceiling paintings of the Schloss Rheinsberg Spiegelsaal (mirror room) and the Ansbach Residence Festsaal (great hall/ballroom). The paper will examine the particular challenges of capturing large painted areas with accurate colour and geometric reproduction, and suggest how the photogrammetric recording and reconstruction process of ceilings can be optimised for large rooms. This paper also gives technical specifications and Open Access Code for the CHAPI build.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION WITH CORONA AND WV-3 SATELLITE IMAGERY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF ZAR TEPE (UZBEKISTAN)
Authors: Iranzo C. , Uribe P. , Angas J. , Ariño E. , Martínez-Ferreras V. , Gurt J. M. , Pidaev S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The use of different data from satellite platforms for archaeological prospecting and remote sensing has been applied since the end of the 20th century. Although the current use of drones with different visible and multispectral sensors for small areas has partially replaced in some cases the use of this type of satellite information due to its higher spatial resolution. The historical importance of satellite imagery is essential to find out about and compare the transformations of the archaeological landscape of the last 60 years since the CORONA satellite program started in 1960. In this paper we propose the evaluation of a proposal for the automation of processes of two photographic reconnaissance correlative satellite programs CORONA (1960-1972), HEXAGON (1971-1986) declassified since 1995 and 2011 respectively, and the commercial satellite WorldView-3 (WV3) (2014) for use in the detection of buried archaeological structures at the archaeological site of Zar Tepe in the southeast of Uzbekistan. This is a site located in the Surkhan Darya region very little known between the first century BC and the fourth century AD. This methodology is part of the IPAEB project (International Pluridisciplinary Archaeological Expedition to Bactria) led by the University of Barcelona, the University of Salamanca and recently in 2019 the University of Zaragoza. IPAEB was started in 2006 in the South of Uzbekistan and is currently trying to explore the urban planning of the Zar Tepe archaeological site and the elements that make up its natural physical environment: evidence of communication routes, smallholdings, irrigation channels, fences and sources of raw materials.
VIRTUAL REPRESENTATIONS IN IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS TO SUPPORT CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Jouan P. , Hallot P.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This paper explores the potential of virtual representations of the built heritage integrated in immersive web-based platform to support the work of experts in collecting, formalizing, and communicating data about its Cultural Significance (CS) in a participatory, multi-actor and multi-disciplinary processes. The suitability of the proposed framework is evaluated through a case study approach with the observatory of Cointe, located in Liege, Belgium. A survey was conducted in an existing web application to conduct this research with real data about values associated to the place by different groups and individuals. The taxonomy proposed in (Jouan and Hallot, 2022) is implemented to formalize the exported data. The ability of this formalism to move towards the quantification of qualitative data about cultural values is further evaluated. To do so, the potential of the data model to generate multiple meaningful representations of CS data while giving experts the necessary flexibility to focus on different aspects of interest is explored through traditional spatial analysis tools in GIS environment. The article also proposes an iterative method that supports the elaboration and progressive refinement of strategies for the recording of heritage places according to the evolving state of knowledge about its cultural significance.
ENABLING SCAN-TO-BIM WORKFLOW FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Authors: Angeloni R. , Mariotti C. , Petetta L. , Coppetta L.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The paper stresses the potential of digital technology in the field of Cultural Heritage (CH), focusing on Architectural Heritage (AH) conservation and management process. It presents a workflow based on non-parametric automatic 3D modeling and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) authoring to combine geometry and semantic information. The goal of such a methodology is to overcome time-consuming manual tasks that still limit the Historical Building Information Modelling (HBIM), which nevertheless proves to be one of the most effective digital tools for the conservation and management of AH in the medium to long term. The proposed workflow consists of five steps: the 3D survey campaign and raw data processing, the semantic annotation of images according to different information layers, the annotation transfer from images to the point cloud representing the studied architecture, the obtained Point Cloud Information Model (PCIM) automatic segmentation and 3D mesh wrapping, and finally the IFC generation for the HBIM representation. This unconventional digital chain was tested to support the knowledge representation of Villa Leonardi, an historical house in the Marche Region (Italy). The final output is a 3D model of the building, automatically processed from digital survey data, and semantically enriched thanks to the material consistency and decay analysis carried out and annotated on spherical panoramas. The effectiveness of this approach was proven in the conservation project for the façades of the house: enriched data on materials and decay supported an action plan of restoration works, which was then recorded in the HBIM model, thus permitting time and cost control.
A WORKFLOW FOR VALIDATION AND EVALUATION OF A DYNAMIC VISUALIZATION PLATFORM FOR UNDERGROUND ANTIQUITIES
Authors: Kaimaris D. , Patias P. , Georgiadis C. , Roustanis T. , Karolos I.-A. , Chalkidou S. , Trivizadakis N.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Smart Eye is a research project focused on developing and operating, in real-time, an innovative system, that allows the visualization of invisible, known, covered by the ground or by constructions, monuments and finds in an archaeological site, using an Augmented Reality (AR) environment. The visitors of an archaeological site will be able to observe the covered antiquities (3D models and descriptive information) on the screen of their mobile device (smart phone and/or tablet). The system integrates mobile positioning and pose estimation technologies, AR algorithms, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial databases. The AR application is implemented by IT scientists and is subsequently evaluated in the field to identify both technical problems (e.g. are files uploaded at high speed?) and problems identified by the average user of the AR application (e.g. would it be better if the button to display the 3D model of the archaeological excavation was larger on the screen or of a different color?). The paper will present, on one hand, the validation and evaluation protocols according to the relevant literature, and on the other, the exact evaluation methodology of the Smart Eye system. In addition, the problems identified and the way they were solved during the 1st evaluation of the application will be presented, as well as the problems identified during the 2nd evaluation.
AUTOMATED LARGE-SCALE DAMAGE DETECTION ON HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN POST-DISASTER AREAS USING IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Authors: Kallas J. , Napolitano R.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This research aims to investigate the application of computer vision and machine learning for the automatic detection of wall collapse damage in historic buildings caused by natural and man-made disasters. Given the complexities involved in inspecting damaged buildings, particularly in post-disaster scenarios, this research aims to establish a foundation for creating an automated assessment process. Our findings demonstrate the successful automatic detection of various shapes of wall collapse on damaged buildings from the Beirut explosion of 2020, as well as from other damaged buildings obtained from the internet, thereby highlighting the transferability of our method. This research paves the way for the development of a more robust machine learning model capable of detecting a broader range of damages, which can significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of post-disaster assessment of historic structures. The paper presents a novel approach for damage detection and quantification, which underscores the potential of structural health monitoring in improving disaster response and recovery efforts.
PARAMETRIC MODELING TECHNOLOGY FOR APPLYING HBIM TO KOREAN TRADITIONAL WOODEN ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Kang H. , Byun H. , Lee J.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The objective of this study was to apply parametric modeling for Korean traditional wooden buildings including joints using a script-based modeling engine. Korean traditional wooden buildings have complex structures composed of numerous members called joints and they are difficult to identify from the outside of the building. Therefore, creating the joints for the virtual modeling is essential to fully understand them. This study applied parametric modeling using the relationships and connectivity of each member.First, this study aims to create a single building by generating as many parametric models based on the drawings as possible, and supplementing with scanning models that are too complex to shape parametrically. Subsequently, various joint types were classified based on literature and drawings, and the parameters of each member were designed and systematized to apply to the building model. The methodology of this study can generate low-capacity models because it is based on scripts, unlike Scan-to-BIM and visualize various restoration plans for non-existing architectural heritage and virtual replication of traditional wooden buildings. Moreover, it can be utilized as a procedural modeling tool to create buildings at heritage by area including the surrounding landscape, and gradually applied to curved members using mechanical design.
A STUDY ON CONVERGENCE MODELING OF CULTURAL ARTIFACT USING X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Kim S. H. , Jo Y. H. , Song J. , Kim D. S. , Kim H. S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Optical three-dimensional (3D) scanning technology is extensively used for digital recording and shape analysis of cultural heritage because it is simple to obtain precise surface shape and color information. In addition, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) is used to record and analyze the internal shape of cultural heritage. However, while the 3D shape acquired by X-ray CT technology is excellent for visualizing the internal shape, expressing the high resolution of the surface shape is difficult. If the benefits of each technology are used to digitize the inside and outside of cultural heritage, the results of surface shape recording based on 3D scanning can be advanced, and various stereoscopic analysis can be performed. Therefore, an optimization modeling process that combines X-ray CT and optical surface scanning is required to record both internal and external shapes of cultural heritage. In this study, optimization modeling methodology was applied to cultural heritage by combining X-ray CT technology and optical 3D scanning technology. Based on the models obtained through both technologies, a mesh-based optimization convergence modeling methodology considering internal and external surface shapes and color is organized. Furthermore, because the X-ray CT data has a characteristic of a voxel base, it is determined that additional convergence methods, including internal voxel data, are required, and a voxel-based optimization model process is established concurrently. Following that, two convergence modeling methods were applied to each of the deer-shaped horn cup artifacts that had an interior shape. As a result, the 3D convergence model creation and mapping optimization process, which can reveal important internal and external information about artifacts such as surface color, fine shape, and internal structure, can be improved. This 3D convergence modeling methodology was able to supplement the two technologies while preserving the benefits of optical 3D scanning and X-ray CT technology. This is thought to contribute to the expansion of the digital recording process from a single technology to multiple technologies. The X-ray CT-based convergence modeling pipeline is expected to be an opportunity in promoting the revitalization of X-ray CT technology in the cultural heritage field because it can be used for a wide range of purposes such as shape analysis, preservation status evaluation, monitoring, restoration, and reproduction.
3D AND HBIM MODELS: DIGITAL TOOLS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE STAIR TURRET OF THE SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF THE MAIN TOWER OF STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL
Authors: Koehl M. , Steiner V. , Guillemin S. , Degenève F. , Zabollone A. , Bignon I. , Taufflieb C. , Tisserand L. , Hedtmann L.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. During the construction of Strasbourg Cathedral, men aspired to see it radiate eternally. However, like any monument, it experiences structural weakening due to the effects of time, but also to the many external aggressions that damage the materials. Regular interventions therefore make it possible to preserve this building over time. It is in this context of conservation that the cathedral lives to the rhythm of a major restoration campaign since 2014. The objective of this project was to carry out a modeling and a BIM model of the stair turret in the south-east corner of the main tower built entirely of sandstone. This work was part of the preparatory phase of the restoration work on the south-east stair turret of the high tower scheduled for 2024–2025. The objective was to carry out a diagnosis of the turret (35 m high, 168 steps) with the help of a 3D and BIM model. This study could be understood as the beginning of a more global work of 3D representation extendable to the entire monument. In addition, in the spirit of gathering information and building knowledge base, it could be interesting to develop a complete BIM model of the entire building later.
MEMORIALIZATION THROUGH METAVERSE: NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR HERITAGE EDUCATION
Authors: Lee C.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The prolonged COVID-19 pandemic has restricted civic engagement with heritage sites and on-site learning. Although active participation is a prerequisite for managing cultural properties, most communities have had to cope with related activities – particularly memorialization at cemeteries – during the pandemic. This study explores the dynamism of innovative technologies that radically change pedagogical approaches through the United Nations (UN)-designated graveyard, the UN Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK). It focuses on the metaverse learning program of an international memorial ceremony named “Turn toward Busan,” which is honored on Remembrance Day, 11 November, to commemorate the fallen UN veterans who died in the Korean War (1950–1953). The online activity provides students with the opportunity to engage in a silent tribute to UN veterans and to participate in the virtual UNMCK implemented on the metaverse platform called “Gather. Town.” Qualitative analysis of a literature review, interviews with related stakeholders, and video participation reveals that this program of incorporating the remembrance of war veterans into the framework of the metaverse has a high educational impact in the era of Industry 4.0. The proposed solution demonstrates how virtual learning courses integrate multi-dimensional methods to encourage participants’ proactive heritage involvement and awareness of peacebuilding. Given that 2023 marks the 70th anniversary of the Korean War Armistice, this study is expected to provide a stepping stone for further research investigating the correlation between the humanities and digital technologies to foster a more reconciliatory world.
Modeling and evaluation of the susceptibility to landslide events using machine learning algorithms in the province of Chañaral, Atacama region, Chile
Authors: Parra Francisco , González Jaime , Chacón Max , Marín Mauricio
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Landslides represent one of the main geological hazards, especially in Chile. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of machine learning algorithms (Support vector vachine, Random forest, XGBoost and logistic regression) and compare the results for the modeling of landslides susceptibility in the province of Chañaral, III region, Chile. A total of 86 sites are identified using various sources, plus another 86 sites as non-landslides, which are randomly divided, and then a cross-validation process is applied to calculate the accuracy of the models. After that, from 23 conditioning factors, 12 were chosen based on the information gain ratio (IGR). Subsequently, 5 factors are excluded by the correlation criterion, of which 2 that have not been used in the literature (Normalized difference glacier index, enhanced vegetation index) are used. The performance of the models is evaluated through the area under the ROC curve (AUC). To study the statistical behavior of the model, the Friedman non-parametric test is performed to compare the performance with the other algorithms and the Nemenyi test for pairwise comparison. Of the algorithms used, the RF (AUC = 0.9095) and the SVM (AUC = 0.9089) has the highest accuracy values measured in AUC compared to the other models and can be used for the same purpose in other geographic areas with similar characteristics. The findings of this investigation have the potential to assist in land use planning, landslide risk reduction, and informed decision making in the surrounding zones.
Data reporting and sharing for ocean alkalinity enhancement research
Authors: Jiang Li-Qing , Subhas Adam , Basso Daniela , Fennel Katja , Gattuso Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Effective management of data is essential for successful ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research, as it guarantees the long-term preservation, interoperability, discoverability, and accessibility of data. OAE research generates various types of data, such as discrete bottle measurements, autonomous measurements from surface underway and uncrewed platforms (e.g., moorings, Saildrones, gliders, Argo floats), physiological response studies (e.g., laboratory, mesocosms, and field experiments, and natural analogues), and model outputs. This chapter covers data and metadata standards for all these types of OAE data. As part of this study, existing data standards have been updated to accommodate OAE research needs, and a completely new physiological response data standard has been introduced. Additionally, an existing ocean acidification metadata template has been upgraded to be applicable to OAE research. This chapter also presents controlled vocabularies for OAE research, including types of studies, alkalinization methods, platforms, and instruments. These guidelines will aid OAE researchers in preparing their metadata and data for submission to permanent archives. Finally, the chapter provides information about available data assembly centers (DACs) that OAE researchers can utilize for their data needs.
A decade-plus of Antarctic sea ice thickness and volume estimates from CryoSat-2 using a physical model and waveform fitting
Authors: Fons Steven , Kurtz Nathan , Bagnardi Marco
Published: June 2023

Abstract. We estimate the snow depth and snow freeboard of Antarctic sea ice using a comprehensive retrieval method (referred to as CryoSat-2 Waveform Fitting for Antarctic sea ice, or CS2WFA) consisting of a physical waveform model and a waveform-fitting process that fits modeled waveforms to CryoSat-2 data.
These snow depth and snow freeboard estimates are combined with snow, sea ice, and sea water density values to calculate the sea ice thickness and volume over an 11+ year span between 2010 and 2021. We first compare our snow freeboard, snow depth, and sea ice thickness estimates to other altimetry- and ship-based observations and find good agreement overall in both along-track and monthly gridded comparisons. Some discrepancies exist in certain regions and seasons that are theorized to come from both sampling biases and the differing assumptions in the retrieval methods. We then present an 11+ year time series of sea ice thickness and volume both regionally and pan-Antarctic. This time series is used to uncover intra-decadal changes in the ice cover between 2010 and 2021, showing small, competing regional thickness changes of less than 0.5 cm yr−1 in magnitude.
Finally, we place these thickness estimates in the context of a longer-term, snow freeboard-derived, laser–radar sea ice thickness time series that began with NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and continues with ICESat-2 and contend that reconciling and validating this longer-term, multi-sensor time series will be important in better understanding changes in the Antarctic sea ice cover.