bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teenagers' but not young adults' beliefs about intrinsic interpersonal obligations for group members
Authors: Gao Qiyang , Hu Jingjing , Hua Rui , Hong Haoqing , Feng Zhangwei , Xu Haokui , Yin Jun
Published: July 2023

Previous research has indicated that children perceive social category members as having intrinsic obligations toward each other, which shape their expectations for social interactions. However, it is unclear whether teenagers (aged 13 to 15) and young adults (aged 19 to 21) continue to hold such beliefs, given their increased experience with group dynamics and external social rules. To explore this question, three experiments were conducted with a total of 360 participants (N = 180 for each age group). Experiment 1 examined negative social interactions using different methods in two sub‐experiments, while Experiment 2 focused on positive social interactions to examine whether participants viewed social category members as intrinsically obligated to avoid harming each other and to offer assistance. Results revealed that teenagers evaluated within‐group harm and non‐help as unacceptable, regardless of external rules, whereas they viewed between‐group harm and non‐help as both acceptable and unacceptable, depending on the presence of external rules. Conversely, young adults considered both within‐group and between‐group harm/non‐help as more acceptable if an external rule permitted such behavior. These findings suggest that teenagers believe that members of a social category are intrinsically obligated to help and not harm each other, whereas young adults believe that individual social interactions are constrained mainly by external rules. That is, teenagers hold stronger beliefs than young adults about intrinsic interpersonal obligations to group members. Thus, in‐group moral obligations and external rules contribute differently to the evaluation and interpretation of social interactions at different developmental stages.
Identification and synthesis of (Z)‐3′‐hydroxy clomiphene as a new potential doping‐relevant metabolite of clomiphene
Authors: Euler Luisa , Mürdter Thomas , Heinkele Georg , Schwab Matthias , Miller Geoffrey D. , Eichner Daniel , Thomas Andreas , Thevis Mario
Published: July 2023

A recent study addressed the possibility of unintentional ingestion of clomiphene through residues in chicken eggs. The method developed here helped distinguish between microdose intake of (E/Z)‐clomiphene citrate and consumption of clomiphene‐containing eggs by the urinary pattern of four mono‐hydroxylated clomiphene metabolites. However, reanalyses of doping‐control samples, which showed an adverse analytical finding for clomiphene, revealed a hydroxy clomiphene (HC) isomer that was not found after microdose intake or after consumption of clomiphene‐containing eggs and could not be assigned to any of the available reference compounds. The aim of the present follow‐up study was to identify this HC isomer and to characterize this metabolite with respect to its potential properties as long‐term metabolite in doping controls.

Methods

(E/Z)‐3′‐HC and (E/Z)‐4′‐HC were synthesized involving the McMurry reaction. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and optimized after a derivatization step with dansyl chloride to separate eight HC isomers. Using this method, urine samples from a controlled clomiphene administration study were analyzed, in which male study participants received therapeutic doses of clomiphene for 30 days and collected urine samples for up to 8 months. Thus, isomer‐specific HC elimination profiles could be monitored.

Results

The metabolite previously found in doping‐control samples was identified as (Z)‐3′‐HC. The elimination profiles of the different HCs confirmed previous results, with (Z)‐3‐HC being the most abundant urinary hydroxy metabolite shortly after administration. A new finding was that the data suggest that (Z)‐3′‐HC is excreted at higher relative concentrations only several weeks after drug intake.

Conclusion

These findings might be of particular importance in sport drug testing as they can assist in the decision‐making process to distinguish between intentional doping and inadvertent exposure to clomiphene via food contamination.
Look angle tracking based three‐dimensional impact time control guidance law with field‐of‐view constraint
Authors: Wang Jianan , Ding Xiangjun , Wang Chunyan , Xia Kewei , Xin Ming
Published: July 2023

This article proposes a three‐dimensional impact time control guidance (ITCG) law without using time‐to‐go estimation, where the constrained field‐of‐view (FOV) is also considered. The guidance law design process is divided into two steps. First, the direction of the guidance command is selected to steer the look angle efficiently. Then, the desired look angle is constructed for controlling the impact time, and the guidance command magnitude is designed to track the desired look angle precisely in a prescribed time. By analyzing the look angle dynamics, the control gain is properly selected to guarantee satisfaction of the FOV constraint during the engagement. In addition, the feasible region of the desired impact time is derived. The effectiveness of the designed guidance law is validated by a series of numerical simulations.
Catalyzed and Non‐catalyzed Synthetic Approaches to Obtain Isocyanate‐free Polyurethanes
Authors: Chelike Dinesh Kumar , Gurusamy Thangavelu Senthil A.
Published: July 2023

By reactions of both catalyzed and non‐catalyzed pathway, we attempt to show that the synthetic route of non‐isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) is developed quite recently. The advancement of sustainable, bio‐renewable, impermeable and moisture‐insensitive NIPU has started to contribute its role in academia and industry. In case of NIPU formulation, polycondensation of dicarbonate with diamine precursors as well as waste‐free polyaddition of multifunctional cyclic carbonates with diamines via ring‐opening polymerization. Obviously, since the hydroxyl groups (both primary and secondary hydroxyl group) arisen in NIPU is employed to reveal fairly different attributes compared to trivial polyurethanes (PU). The advantage of NIPU comprises of the role of carbon dioxide and renewable feedstock, while various cyclic carbonates obtained to react with diamine substrates to incorporate desired physicochemical and mechanical properties. Indeed, NIPU are noted to be non‐toxic, biodegradable and exhibit remarkable properties. In this review, we account the imperative strategies employed in developing essential sustainable NIPU have been discussed in detail.
Macromolecules Promoting Robust Zinc Anode by Synergistic Coordination Effect and Charge Redistribution
Authors: Yang Jinzhang , Yin Bosi , Zhang Siwen , Sun Ying , Li Jiazhuo , Su Dawei , Ma Tianyi
Published: July 2023

Zn dendrite formation is the main obstacle to commercializing aqueous zinc–ion batteries (ZIBs). α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) is proposed as an environmentally friendly macromolecule additive in the ZnSO4‐based electrolyte to obtain stable and reversible Zn anodes. The results show that α‐CD molecules’ unique 3D structure can effectively regulate the mass transfer of the electrolyte components and isolate the Zn anode from H2O molecules. The α‐CD provides abundant electrons to the Zn (002) crystallographic plane, which induces charge density redistribution. Such an effect relieves the reduction and aggregation of Zn2+ cations while protecting the Zn metal anode from water molecules. Finally, a small amount of α‐CD additive (0.01 M) can enhance the performance of Zn significantly in Zn||Cu cells (1980 cycles with 99.45% average CE) and Zn||Zn cells (8000 h ultra‐long cycle life). The excellent practical applicability was further verified in Zn||MnO2 cells.
Stand der Untersuchungen zu Werkstoffanforderungen hochfester Stähle S700 bis S960 – FOSTA‐Forschungsverbund HOCHFEST
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Meissner Mirco , Bartsch Helen , Münstermann Sebastian , Fehlemann Niklas , Könemann Markus
Published: July 2023

Hochfeste Baustähle ermöglichen schlanke und materialsparende, damit auch besonders nachhaltige Konstruktionen. In dem zukünftig anzuwendenden Eurocode 3‐1‐1 der zweiten Generation wird die Bemessung von Stahlbauten mit Stahlsorten bereits bis S700 geregelt sein. Gleichwohl hat das zuständige Normungsgremium CEN/TC250/SC3 ihre Working Group 12 beauftragt, schon jetzt Regeln für die Stahlbaubemessung mit Stahlsorten des Bereichs S700 bis S960 auszuarbeiten. Die in diesem Zusammenhang stehenden Werkstoffanforderungen sind ganz zu Beginn der Arbeiten zu klären. So stellt sich die Frage, ob die Anforderungen, wie sie bisher an Stähle bis S700 formuliert wurden, nicht nur hinsichtlich der Größe der Mindest‐ oder Grenzwerte weiter Bestand haben können, sondern auch, ob die jeweilige Art der Anforderungen noch angemessen sein würde. In diesem Aufsatz wird über den Stand der Untersuchungen des hierzu im Rahmen des HOCHFEST‐Forschungsverbunds eingerichteten Forschungsprojekts berichtet. Er diskutiert die derzeitigen Werkstoffanforderungen hinsichtlich einer Übertragung auf Stähle bis S960, gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungsmethoden und zeigt mögliche Alternativen auf. Das Forschungsprojekt P1509 ist noch nicht abgeschlossen und weitere Ergebnisse sind noch zu erwarten. Tendenzen zeichnen sich jedoch bereits jetzt ab.
A Trend Prediction Method for Misinformation Spreading with Time Delay Effect
Authors: Zhang Chengxin , Lin Yaguang , Wang Xiaoming , Hao Yumeng
Published: July 2023

Online social networks (OSNs) provide a platform for users to express opinions, discuss events and exchange ideas. However, the spread of misinformation in OSNs will interfere with users' judgment of useful information and may even cause significant economic losses to society. Exploring the spreading mechanism of misinformation in online social networks is the basis of eliminating the harm brought by misinformation to the network. Firstly, considering the influence of time delay on information spreading in real life, we propose a new misinformation spreading model to explore its spreading mechanism and describe its spreading process. Secondly, we provide the predictive method for studying the spread of misinformation in OSNs and theoretically demonstrate the stability of equilibrium points in the proposed information spreading model. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments based on a real dataset. The results show that compared to the benchmark model, our proposed model can reasonably explore the spreading mechanism and accurately predict the spreading trend of misinformation. Our proposed model and method can further establish a foundation for fast and effectively controlling the spread of misinformation and improving the controllability and efficiency of network communication and information spread. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A review of plant epigenetics through the lens of almond
Authors: Fresnedo‐Ramírez Jonathan , Anderson Elizabeth S. , D'Amico‐Willman Katherine , Gradziel Thomas M.
Published: July 2023

While genomes were originally seen as static entities that stably held and organized genetic information, recent advances in sequencing have uncovered the dynamic nature of the genome. New conceptualizations of the genome include complex relationships between the environment and gene expression that must be maintained, regulated, and sometimes even transmitted over generations. The discovery of epigenetic mechanisms has allowed researchers to understand how traits like phenology, plasticity, and fitness can be altered without changing the underlying deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. While many discoveries were first made in animal systems, plants provide a particularly complex set of epigenetic mechanisms due to unique aspects of their biology and interactions with human selective breeding and cultivation. In the plant kingdom, annual plants have received the most attention; however, perennial plants endure and respond to their environment and human management in distinct ways. Perennials include crops such as almond, for which epigenetic effects have long been linked to phenomena and even considered relevant for breeding. Recent discoveries have elucidated epigenetic phenomena that influence traits such as dormancy and self‐compatibility, as well as disorders like noninfectious bud failure, which are known to be triggered by the environment and influenced by inherent aspects of the plant. Thus, epigenetics represents fertile ground to further understand almond biology and production and optimize its breeding. Here, we provide our current understanding of epigenetic regulation in plants and use almond as an example of how advances in epigenetics research can be used to understand biological fitness and agricultural performance in crop plants.
Sustainable production of bio‐fuel derived from vegetable waste via pyrolysis technique
Authors: Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan , Gopal Kaliyaperumal , De Poures Melvin Victor , Sivanantham Arunachalam , Poyyamozhi Nadesan , Venkatesh Rathinavelu , Naveen Subbaiyan , Vaishnavi Mahadevan
Published: July 2023

The impact of growth in the overall population is imposed on the continuous degradation process for environmental wastes like agricultural, industrial, food products, farming waste, etc. The improper degradation may lead to pollution and toxicity for ecological living. Based on waste management concepts, environmental wastes are reduced, reused, and recycled against environmental pollution. Most environmental wastes are recycled and used as biofuel for various energy sectors like alternative fuels. Globally, vegetable loss or wastage increased by more than 35% due to the level of retailers and consumers. The present study attempts to produce a low‐cost, reliable, environmentally emission‐free biofuel using waste vegetable resources via pyrolysis reactor arrangements. The synthesized bio‐fuel energy implemented for compression ignition engine and its performance was evaluated by single cylinder four stroke diesel engine and found higher brake power and thermal efficiency of 6.89 kW and 50.29%. Finally, the emission characteristics are assessed by an exhaust gas emission tester. CO and HC emissions showed minimum amounts like 0.021% and 47 ppm.
The increasing role of PDE5Is in men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Hackett Geoff , Kirby Mike
Published: July 2023

Diabetes is strongly associated with erectile dysfunction, which is itself a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. Evidence shows that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) use in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a significant reduction in all‐cause mortality and morbidity. Despite the evidence, PDE5Is appear to be underused in this male cohort.
The flow in the induction and entrance regions of lab‐scale wind farms
Authors: Vinnes Magnus K. , Worth Nicholas A. , Segalini Antonio , Hearst R. Jason
Published: July 2023

With the increasing demand for wind energy, it is important to be able to understand and predict the available wind resources. To that end, the present wind tunnel study addresses the flow in the induction and entrance region of wind farms through particle image velocimetry, with focus on differences between actuator disks and two‐bladed rotating wind turbine models. Both staggered and aligned farm layouts are examined for three different incoming wind directions. For each layout, 69 disks or turbines are used, and the field of view ranges from 12 rotor diameters upstream of the farms to 8 diameters downstream of the first row. The results show that the induction, or blockage effect, is higher for the disks, even though the thrust (or drag) coefficient is the same. In contrast, the wake is stronger downstream of the turbines. The orientation and layout of the farm do not have a major impact on the results. Modal decomposition of the flow shows that the flow structure similarity between the disk and turbines improves downstream of the second row of wake generating objects, indicating that the substitution of wind turbines by actuator disks is more appropriate for wind farms than for the investigation of single wakes.
Mathematical modelling of heat and solutal rate with cross‐diffusion effect on the flow of nanofluid past a curved surface under the impact of thermal radiation and heat source: Sensitivity analysis
Authors: Thumma Thirupathi , Panda Subhajit , Mishra S. R. , Ontela Surender
Published: July 2023

This study analyses the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the flow of nanofluid along an impermeable curved surface. The Darcy‐Forchheimer drag vis‐à‐vis the radiating heat and the heat source enriches the flow phenomena. This drag force has several applications such as in (i) biomedical engineering for the flow of blood through curved arteries and veins, (ii) civil engineering for the flow of water through porous materials such as soil or rock, etc. The convective heat and solutal transport properties embedded in boundary conditions develop the heat transport phenomena. The dimensional governing equations are transformed into non‐dimensional form by using suitable substitution of transformed variables and stream function. Further, numerical practice is adopted to handle the set of nonlinear differential equations. The simulation of the optimized heat and solutal transfer rate for various factors is carried out using the ‘central composite design’ (CCD) associated with the ‘response surface methodology’ (RSM). The regression analysis and residual error are computed through the statistical approach of analysis of variance and finally, the sensitivity analysis is proposed for the various factors. However, the enhanced properties and flow behaviour for the diversified values of the physical parameters are presented and described briefly via the corroboration of the present methodology with the published work in particular cases. The notable outcomes are the axial velocity profile enriches for the increasing curvature constraints and the regression analysis is presented for the optimizing heat transfer rate using response surface methodology.
Introduction: Reading Lists, Listing Clues
Authors: Link Sarah J.
Published: July 2023

The chapter introduces the form of the list as a tool for meaning-making and emphasizes the central role that different conceptions of knowledge play in creating and decoding lists. It argues that enumerative structures offer themselves as an entry point to examine how readers make sense of texts because those structures put on display the gaps and blanks that have to be filled in the reading process. It proposes to combine insights from (cognitive) narratology, new formalism, and reception theory to examine how lists work within the genre of detective fiction. The introduction provides a review of list-related publications and proposes a working definition of the central term “list” that is based on a prototype model.
Defining Detective Fiction
Authors: Link Sarah J.
Published: July 2023

This chapter identifies common features of detective fiction and provides an overview of the history of the genre in order to explain the strong conceptual link between lists and detective fiction. The chapter explains how the idea of lists as an ordering principle is rooted in the genre’s history, and it illustrates the clearly marked reader positions that develop across various subgenres. Particular attention is paid to the Newgate Calendar, to the central role that Edgar Allan Poe and French detective fiction played in establishing the genre in Great Britain, to the genre’s close relation to sensation fiction, and to the role of the police. The chapter also discusses the influence of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories and the importance of genre rules established during the Golden Age of detective fiction. It concludes with the numerous rule catalogs produced by writers in the Golden Age period that highlights the genre’s affinity to enumerative forms.
Inferring Clusters of Orthologous and Paralogous Transcripts
Authors: Ouedraogo Wend Yam Donald Davy , Ouangraoua Aida
Published: July 2023

The alternative processing of eukaryote genes allows producing multiple distinct transcripts from a single gene, thereby contributing to the transcriptome diversity. Recent studies suggest that more than 90% of human genes are concerned, and the transcripts resulting from alternative processing are highly conserved between orthologous genes.

In this paper, we first present a model to define orthology and paralogy relationships at the transcriptome level, then we present an algorithm to infer clusters of orthologous and paralogous transcripts. Gene-level homology relationships are used to define different types of homology relationships between transcripts and a Reciprocal Best Hits approach is used to infer clusters of isoorthologous and recent paralogous transcripts.

We applied the method to transcripts of gene families from the Ensembl-Compara database. The results are agreeing with those from previous studies comparing orthologous gene transcripts. The results also provide evidence that searching for conserved transcripts beyond orthologous genes will likely yield valuable information. The results obtained on the Ensembl-Compara gene families are available at https://github.com/UdeS-CoBIUS/TranscriptOrthology. Supplementary material can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7750949.
Gene Order Phylogeny via Ancestral Genome Reconstruction Under Dollo
Authors: Xu Qiaoji , Sankoff David
Published: July 2023

We present a proof of principle for a new kind of stepwise algorithm for unrooted binary gene-order phylogenies. This method incorporates a simple look-ahead inspired by Dollo’s law, while simultaneously reconstructing each ancestor (sometimes referred to as hypothetical taxonomic units “HTU”). We first present a generic version of the algorithm illustrating a necessary consequence of Dollo characters. In a concrete application we use generalized oriented gene adjacencies and maximum weight matching (MWM) to reconstruct fragments of monoploid ancestral genomes as HTUs. This is applied to three flowering plant orders while estimating phylogenies for these orders in the process. We discuss how to improve on the extensive computing times that would be necessary for this method to handle larger trees.
Chern-Simons branes with enhanced gauge invariance
Authors: Mora Pablo
Published: July 2023

Abstract

I discuss how the factorization of the invariant trace used to define Chern-Simons branes in a space-time with a Chern-Simons action for a space-time group introduces new relationships between the coupling constants of the extended objects of diverse dimensions, and an enhanced gauge invariance for a suitable choice of these coupling constants, owing to an extension of the Inflow mechanism. I also comment on the possible relevance of these models in fundamental physics.
COVID-19-Impfstatus, genutzte Informationsquellen und soziodemografische Merkmale – Ergebnisse der CoSiD-Studie
Authors: Haß Wolfgang , Orth Boris , von Rüden Ursula
Published: July 2023

Hintergrund

Trotz der Vorteile einer COVID-19-Schutzimpfung galten in Deutschland im Sommer 2022 noch immer zu wenige Menschen als geimpft. Dies wurde u. a. mit soziodemografischen Unterschieden erklärt. Der Artikel analysiert diesen Zusammenhang auch unter Einbeziehung der genutzten Informationsquellen zur Corona-Schutzimpfung anhand der Daten der dritten Erhebung der „Begleitforschung zur Kommunikation der Corona-Schutzimpfung in Deutschland“ (CoSiD-Studie, Nov./Dez. 2021; n = 4366 ab 16-Jährige).

Methode

Es wurden bi- und multivariate Zusammenhänge zwischen der Inanspruchnahme der Impfung beziehungsweise der Impfabsicht Ungeimpfter und soziodemografischen Merkmalen sowie genutzten Informationsquellen zur COVID-19-Schutzimpfung analysiert.

Ergebnisse

87,7 % der Befragten waren bereits mindestens einmal geimpft. Die Impfquote steigt tendenziell mit dem Alter, dem Bildungsgrad sowie dem Haushaltseinkommen und ist höher unter Personen in den alten Bundesländern und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Als Informationsquellen zur COVID-19-Schutzimpfung wurden zumeist Gespräche im Familien‑, Freundes- und Kollegenkreis (81,8 %) sowie deutsche TV- und Radiosender (77,1 %) genannt. Im multivariaten Modell finden sich unter den Befragten, die sich in TV- und Radiosendern aus dem Ausland und den sozialen Medien informierten, höhere Anteile von Menschen ohne Impfabsicht.

Diskussion

Zielgruppenspezifische Informationsangebote müssen soziale Ungleichheiten noch stärker berücksichtigen. Hierbei ist eine Herausforderung, dass die Nutzung verschiedener Informationsquellen auch mit unterschiedlichen Impfabsichten zusammenhängt. Insbesondere Menschen mit Impfabsicht und Unentschlossene lassen sich mit gut verständlichen, vertrauenswürdigen Informationsangeboten erreichen.
Multi-fidelity optimization of metal sheets concerning manufacturability in deep-drawing processes
Authors: Kaps Arne , Lehrer Tobias , Lepenies Ingolf , Wagner Marcus , Duddeck Fabian
Published: July 2023

Multi-fidelity optimization, which complements an expensive high-fidelity function with cheaper low-fidelity functions, has been successfully applied in many fields of structural optimization. In the present work, an exemplary cross-die deep-drawing optimization problem is investigated to compare different objective functions and to assess the performance of a multi-fidelity efficient global optimization technique. To that end, hierarchical kriging is combined with an infill criterion called variable-fidelity expected improvement. Findings depend significantly on the choice of objective function, highlighting the importance of careful consideration when defining an objective function. We show that one function based on the share of bad elements in a forming limit diagram is not well suited to optimize the example problem. In contrast, two other definitions of objective functions, the average sheet thickness reduction and an averaged limit violation in the forming limit diagram, confirm the potential of a multi-fidelity approach. They significantly reduce computational cost at comparable result quality or even improve result quality compared to a single-fidelity optimization.
Granular meta-material: response of a bending beam
Authors: Götz Holger , Pöschel Thorsten
Published: July 2023

Jammed granular matter can be considered a meta-material that behaves viscoelastic for small deformations. We characterize the elastic properties of the meta-material through the response of a simply supported bending beam consisting of jammed granular matter under weak load and quasistatic deformation.
Analyzing the capacity to initiate transformative change: a methodology for assessing biodiversity strategies
Authors: Dupuis Louise , Leandre Coline , Langridge Joseph , Delavaud Aurélie , Jactel Hervé , Soubelet Hélène
Published: July 2023

The new IPBES work programme “assessment of transformative change” aims to identify factors in human society—behavioural, social, cultural dimensions, among others—that may be leveraged to bring about transformative change. In this context and based on its scientific recommendations, the third French National Strategy for Biodiversity for 2030 (SNB3), published in 2022, aims to contribute to the implementation of France’s international commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. We carried out a critical assessment of the capacity of the first version of SNB3 to initiate transformative change. Firstly, we describe a two-step assessment methodology for determining the leverage potential of the strategy’s measures, based on a robust and replicable independent scientific audit and a multi-criteria analysis. Secondly, we present the main results of the assessment using the SNB3 as a case example. We confirm the scientific and practical relevance of this type of exercise for policy makers, for establishing strategies that are part of a transition process allowing for real transformative change in society. By analysing the measures and ranking them from most to least efficient, this study reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the strategy by anticipating what should have and may not have an impact, while highlighting what needs to be improved as a priority.
High-dimensional modeling of spatial and spatio-temporal conditional extremes using INLA and Gaussian Markov random fields
Authors: Simpson Emma S. , Opitz Thomas , Wadsworth Jennifer L.
Published: July 2023

The conditional extremes framework allows for event-based stochastic modeling of dependent extremes, and has recently been extended to spatial and spatio-temporal settings. After standardizing the marginal distributions and applying an appropriate linear normalization, certain non-stationary Gaussian processes can be used as asymptotically-motivated models for the process conditioned on threshold exceedances at a fixed reference location and time. In this work, we adapt existing conditional extremes models to allow for the handling of large spatial datasets. This involves specifying the model for spatial observations atdlocations in terms of a latent$$m\ll d$$m≪ddimensional Gaussian model, whose structure is specified by a Gaussian Markov random field. We perform Bayesian inference for such models for datasets containing thousands of observation locations using the integrated nested Laplace approximation, or INLA. We explain how constraints on the spatial and spatio-temporal Gaussian processes, arising from the conditioning mechanism, can be implemented through the latent variable approach without losing the computationally convenient Markov property. We discuss tools for the comparison of models via their posterior distributions, and illustrate the flexibility of the approach with gridded Red Sea surface temperature data at over 6,000 observed locations. Posterior sampling is exploited to study the probability distribution of cluster functionals of spatial and spatio-temporal extreme episodes.
Effectiveness of Horizontal Sub-drain for Slope Stability on Crack Soil Using Numerical Model
Authors: Sari Putu Tantri Kumala , Mochtar Indrasurya B. , Chaiyaput Salisa
Published: July 2023

A landslide occurred in the hilly area of Tulakan District, Pacitan, East Java Province, Indonesia. This was due to a period of heavy rain, resulting in a cumulative intensity of over 1000 mm in one month and a maximum daily rainfall exceeding 300 mm. Previous reports have suggested the use of horizontal sub-drains to manage groundwater levels and rainwater seepage to reduce the impact on slope stability. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of horizontal sub-drain as an alternative for managing groundwater and rainwater that seeped into the soil to increase the slope factor of safety by using numerical model. It also considered various factors such as the effect of real-time rainfall over a 30-day period before the landslide, hydraulic conductivity, soil parameter due to cracking and weathering, and the existing groundwater level. The coupled programs SEEP/W and SLOPE/W were used for analyses. The result showed that the horizontal sub-drain only increased the safety factor by less than 2% in the presence of a vertical crack and up to 7.7% with vertical cracks and weak layers in high ground water levels. In addition, this study found that horizontal sub-drains could be more effective in increasing the safety factor up to 11.5% when the rainfall intensity was higher (between 1.41 × 10–0.5 and 1.85 × 10–0.7 m/s) and lasted for 14 days. The installation position of the drains, soil conditions, rainfall condition, and contour topography were some of the factors that influenced the effectiveness of the horizontal sub-drains in increasing slope stability.
Measuring Education Changes Between Generations: Evidence for 52 Developing Countries from 1870 to 2010
Authors: Claver Raúl , Ortega-Lapiedra Raquel
Published: July 2023

This work measures the education changes between generations for a sample of 52 developing countries (Latin America, 15; Asia and the Pacific, 13; the Middle East, 6; and Africa, 18) from 1870 to 2010. Results show that the intergenerational correlations of Pearson-Spearman indices in the developing world are higher than ρ = 0.90, with those cases in which the existing correlation between individuals of the same gender exceeds values higher than ρ = 0.95 being especially noteworthy. The OLS estimations show intergenerational indices between 0.67 and 0.99, with Asia and Pacific being the region with the highest values, and Latin America being the developing region with the lowest indices. All four regions show a significantly high level of educational transmission between generations, with this lack of educational mobility appearing to be one reason for the stagnation of growth and economic development in these regions.
The principle of least action and teleological explanation in physics
Authors: Glick David
Published: July 2023

The principle of least action (PLA) has often been cited as a counterexample to the dominant mode of causal explanation in physics. In particular, PLA seems to involve an appeal to final causes or some other teleological ideology. However, Ben-Menahem (Causation in science, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2018) argues that such implications no longer apply given that PLA can be recovered as limiting case from quantum theory. In this paper, I argue that the metaphysical implications of PLA-based explanations are not undermined by its status as derivative. However, I contend that PLA functions as a diachronic constraint that licenses explanations by constraint (Lange, Because without cause: non-casual explanations in science and mathematics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016). PLA-based explanations, on this account, are non-causal but also differ from familiar cases of teleological explanations in several respects.
Tomb towers and minarets: analysis of symmetries and geometries of Iranian geometrical ornaments of the Seljuq era. Pictorial requiem for the Kharraqan towers
Authors: Makovicky Emil
Published: July 2023

Ornamental adornment of the Kharraqan tomb towers, the most outstanding funeral monuments of the Seljuk era in NW Iran, and those of four best-preserved Seljuq brick minarets in northern Iran, documents the artistic canon of the pre-glaze stage of Iranian Islamic architecture. Despite some later interruptions, these monuments and their plain-brick ornaments, as well as the ‘virtually interlaced’ brick ornaments, stand at the beginnings of a rich development that led to the Safavid architecture of Iran. Besides documentation and study of the geometric character of early Islamic art, which was based on limited technical resources, this study offers insight into symmetry concepts developed at this stage of art and architecture development. This is the last and most complete study of the Kharraqan towers performed before their overwhelming destruction in the 2002 earthquake.
Influence of a magnetic field on a nonlocal thermoelastic porous solid with memory-dependent derivative
Authors: Said Samia M. , Othman Mohamed I. A. , Eldemerdash Mohamed G.
Published: July 2023

A novel model of a nonlocal magneto-thermoelastic porous solid in the context of the three-phase-lag model with a memory-dependent derivative is introduced. The effect of a magnetic field on a nonlocal thermoelastic porous medium in the context of a three-phase-lag model with memory-dependent derivatives was studied. The normal mode analysis is used to solve the problem of an isothermal boundary to obtain the exact expressions of physical fields. The numerical results are represented to estimate the effects of the magnetic field, time delay, and the nonlocal parameter on the behavior of all of the field variables such as temperature, displacement, and stresses. Comparisons are given for the results in the absence and presence of the magnetic field as well as the locality. Comparisons are also given for the results for different values of time delay. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this model is reported for the first time. Some particular cases are also deduced from the present investigation.
Karst conduit size distribution evolution using speleogenesis modelling
Authors: Maqueda A. , Renard P. , Filipponi M.
Published: July 2023

One of the critical aspects when modeling groundwater flow in karstic aquifers is to estimate the statistics of the size of the conduits, in conjunction with the connectivity of the karst conduit network. Statistical analysis can be performed on data gathered by speleologists, but a significant fraction of the karst conduit networks is not directly reachable, and therefore, the resulting statistics are incomplete. An alternative method to evaluate the inaccessible areas of a karst conduit network is to simulate numerically the speleogenesis processes. In this paper, we use a coupled reactive-transport model to simulate the evolution of a vertical section of a fractured carbonate aquifer and investigate how the statistical distribution of the fracture apertures evolves. The numerical results confirm that the karstification proceeds in different phases that were previously hypothesized and described (inception, gestation, development). These phases result in a multi-modal distribution of conduit aperture. Each mode has a roughly lognormal distribution and corresponds to a different phase of this evolution. These outcomes can help better characterize the statistical distribution of karst conduit apertures including the inaccessible part of the network.
Modification of Casting Production Parameters in Order to Obtain Products with the Assumed Parameters with Using Machine Learning
Authors: Wilk-Kołodziejczyk Dorota , Małysza Marcin , Jaśkowiec Krzysztof , Bitka Adam , Głowacki Mirosław
Published: July 2023

A study was carried out on the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the modification of the casting production process. Proposed solution shows the model for our data and how the changes may affect the cost of metal casting. These activities are the subject of the research described in this article. In the proposed solution, the cost function was added to the prediction model developed and presented by Hazela et al. (J Nanomater, 2022). The data obtained as a result of the model operation were verified using a computer simulation and a physical experiment.
Insulin-like growth factor 1 in heat stress-induced neuroinflammation: novel perspective about the neuroprotective role of chromium
Authors: Wang Songlin , Hou Kanghui , Gui Siqi , Ma Yue , Wang Shuai , Zhao Shanting , Zhu Xiaoyan
Published: July 2023

Heat stress (HS) can cause a series of stress responses, resulting in numerous negative effects on the body, such as the diminished food intake, carcass quality and reproductive capacity. In addition to the negative effects on the peripheral system, HS leads to central nervous system (CNS) disorders given its toll on neuroinflammation. This neuroinflammatory process is mainly mediated by microglia and astrocytes, which are involved in the activation of glial cells and the secretion of cytokines. While the regulation of inflammatory signaling has a close relationship with the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), HS-induced neuroinflammation is closely related to the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are key players in the development of neuroinflammation. Chromium (Cr) has been widely shown to have neuroprotective effects in both humans and animals, despite the lack of mechanistic evidence. Evidence has shown that Cr supplementation can increase the levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a major neurotrophic factor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This review highlights recent advances in the attenuating effects and potential mechanisms of Cr-mediated IGF-1 actions on HS-induced neuroinflammation, providing presently existing evidence supporting the neuroprotective role of Cr.
Human Nature
Authors: Ramsey Grant
Published: July 2023

Human nature is frequently evoked to characterize our species and describe how it differs from others. But how should we understand this concept? What is the nature of a species? Some take our nature to be an essence and argue that because humans lack an essence, they also lack a nature. Others argue for non-essentialist ways of understanding human nature, which usually aim to provide criteria for sorting human traits into one of two bins, the one belonging to our nature and the other outside our nature. This Element argues that both the essentialist and trait bin approaches are misguided. Instead, the author develops a trait cluster account of human nature, which holds that human nature is based on the distribution of our traits over our (actual and possible) life histories. One benefit of this account is that it aligns human nature with the human sciences, rendering the central concern of the human sciences to be the study of human nature. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Stretch goals: Launching crowdfunded comics collections in academic libraries
Authors: Thacker Mara L. , Larsen Jason
Published: July 2023

This article presents a case study reflecting on the first two years of collecting crowdfunded comics at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The case study demonstrates the significant resource investment required to start such a specialized collection, and that the project met its goal to diversify the comics collection by adding titles from BIPOC and LGTBQ+ creators.
A Linked Open Data model for describing comic book sequences: Exploring semantic enrichment opportunities with graphic medicine
Authors: Petiya Sean
Published: July 2023

Applying a Linked Open Data (LOD) approach to modeling the visual structure and content of comic books and graphic novels enables the description of these works to be enhanced through the process of semantic enrichment. This strategy may be particularly impactful for graphic medicine, a non-exclusive genre of comics that communicate medical and healthcare information, including personal stories of illness. However, the metadata for these works may lack references to healthcare-related vocabulary, thesauri or ontology that would more precisely describe their contents. This material may include pages and panels that illustrate specific medical topics, such as symptoms, side-effects or treatments — subjects that often overlap with other healthcare challenges, including mental health and illness. Exploring an LOD approach for describing comics content may potentially enhance the discoverability of this material and its ability to be remixed and reused, and better connected to other information resources.
Sea Watch v. Ministero Delle Infrastrutture E Dei Transporti (C.J.E.U.)
Authors: Giffin Garrett
Published: July 2023

On August 1, 2022, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (Court of Justice) published its judgment on the joined cases of Sea Watch eV against the Italian Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Transporti, the Capitaneria (Harbor Master's Office) di Porto di Palermo, and the Capitaneria di Porto di Porto Empedocle. The Court of Justice's judgment clarifies EU law regarding the additional inspection and detention of a private humanitarian assistance ship. A port state must make a reasonable and justified decision to conduct additional inspections or to detain a ship. The port state must base its decision on serious indications of dangerous operation. However, interpreting the EU law alongside the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the Court of Justice held that a port state cannot justify such additional inspections solely based on an excess of passengers beyond a ship's classification or certifications when that ship is rendering assistance to rescued individuals.
Towards decoupling the effects of permeability and roughness on turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Wangsawijaya D.D. , Jaiswal P. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: July 2023

Boundary-layer flow over a realistic porous wall might contain both the effects of wall-permeability and wall-roughness. These two effects are typically examined in the context of a rough-wall flow, i.e. by defining a ‘roughness’ length or equivalent to capture the effect of the surface on momentum deficit/drag. In this work, we examine the hypothesis of Esteban et al. (Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 7, no. 9, 2022, 094603), that a turbulent boundary layer over a porous wall could be modelled as a superposition of the roughness effects on the permeability effects by using independently obtained information on permeability and roughness. We carry out wind tunnel experiments at high Reynolds number (

$14\ 400 \leq Re_{\tau } \leq 33\ 100$

) on various combinations of porous walls where different roughnesses are overlaid over a given permeable wall. Measurements are also conducted on the permeable wall as well as the rough walls independently to obtain the corresponding length scales. Analysis of mean flow data across all these measurements suggests that an empirical formulation can be obtained where the momentum deficit (

$\Delta U^+$

) is modelled as a combination of independently obtained roughness and permeability length scales. This formulation assumes the presence of outer-layer similarity across these different surfaces, which is shown to be valid at high Reynolds numbers. Finally, this decoupling approach is equivalent to the area-weighted power-mean of the respective permeability and roughness length scales, consistent with the approach recently suggested by Hutchins et al. (Ocean Engng, vol. 271, 2023, 113454) to capture the effects of heterogeneous rough surfaces.
Legislative Resources, Corruption, and Incumbency
Authors: Martin Shane , McClean Charles T. , Strøm Kaare W.
Published: July 2023

Members of some legislatures enjoy long political careers, whereas elsewhere turnover is rampant. This variation is consequential since high-incumbency assemblies may facilitate legislative expertise at the expense of social representation. We explore cross-national differences in re-election (incumbency) rates by identifying ‘supply’ conditions such as legislative resources that benefit incumbents as well as ‘demand’ conditions such as political corruption that affect voters' willingness to re-elect incumbents. We hypothesize that legislative perquisites help incumbents win re-election, but only if there is relatively high public confidence in politics, as reflected in low corruption levels. We tested our argument using OLS and instrumental variable regression and new global data on sixty-eight democracies (2000–18) covering 288 elections and over 55,000 legislators. We found that legislative resources help incumbents get re-elected only under relatively low levels of political corruption. In contrast, under severe corruption, such resources can depress re-election rates.