bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMBATENDO A TRAGÉDIA DOS COMUNS: COMO ESTRATÉGIAS DE AUTOCONTROLE E COOPERAÇÃO SOCIAL PODEM CONTRIBUIR PARA O ENFRENTAMENTO DA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
Authors: Camargo Julio , Calixto Fernanda
Published: August 2020

A pandemia de COVID-19 se configura como um desafio global sem precedentes, cujos impactos sobre os sistemas de saúde ao redor do mundo podem ser caracterizados como uma espécie de tragédia dos comuns, na qual o número de pessoas adoecidas ao mesmo tempo pode superar rapidamente o número de equipamentos hospitalares e a quantidade de profissionais capacitados para prestar os atendimentos necessários. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo discorrer sobre os fatores comportamentais envolvidos em problemas sociais semelhantes aos enfrentados durante a atual situação de pandemia e, a partir disso, explorar estratégias que podem ser utilizadas para potencializar a adoção de ações e intervenções voltadas para minimizar os efeitos da COVID-19 sobre os indivíduos e sobre a sociedade como um todo. Processos comportamentais envolvidos no autocontrole e na cooperação social foram identificados e descritos como relacionados com uma maior ou menor probabilidade de adesão às medidas protetivas necessárias para o enfrentamento da pandemia, tais como o distanciamento social, o fortalecimento de hábitos de higiene e o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual. Com base na literatura analítico-comportamental, foram propostas nove estratégias de autocontrole e cooperação social que se configuram como alternativas não-coercitivas para se frear o avanço da doença, de modo a permitir que os sistemas de saúde atendam adequadamente todas as pessoas que precisem de cuidados médicos nesse momento.Palavras-chave: dilema dos comuns; tomada de decisão; desvalorização pelo atraso; desvalorização pela probabilidade; desvalorização social.
Las grandes intervenciones obstétricas
Authors: Corral Maldonado Jaime
Published: August 2020

Las indicaciones de las grandes intervenciones obstétricas, no sólo se han ido precisando en estos últimos años hasta el punto que hoy el fórceps y la cesárea han extendido considerablemente su campo de acción, invadiendo y desplazando las indicaciones de la versión que ha venido progresivamente pasando a la categoría de un simple recurso impuesto por las circunstancias, sino que se ha demostrado de una manera perentoria que recurriendo oportunamente a ellas por una indicación precisa se ha logrado reducir considerablemente la mortalidad y la morbilidad materna y fetal.
Un caso de Septicemia Puerperal por Neumococo
Authors: Ortiz Gamboa Jorge
Published: August 2020

Grande ha sido el progreso alcanzado en los últimos años en lo que se refiere al acontecimiento, diagnostico, profilaxis y tratamiento de las diversas infecciones que se pueden presentar durante los días correspondientes al puerperio ocasionadas por agentes patógenos cuya puerta de entrada está representada por la herida placentaria o por las soluciones de continuidad patológicas, tales como los desgarros cervicales vaginales y perineales.
Histerectomía Total Abdominal
Authors: Amaya León Hernando
Published: August 2020

1) El estudio se basa en la experiencia personal de 73 Casos operados de histerectomía total abdominal por la técnica de Richardson, con pequeñas modificaciones.2) La mortalidad operatoria del 2.72% (los casos), no tiene relación directa con la técnica empleada.3) El post-operatorio en general fue altamente satisfactorio.4) No se registraron casos de fistulización ni de complicaciones vasculares.
Informaciones medicas
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecología Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

Del 5 al 10 de mayo de 1952, se efectuará en Algería y Túnez, el decimoquinto Congreso de la Federación de Sociedades Obstétricas y Ginecológicas de Lengua Francesa, bajo el auspicio del gobernador general de Algeria, del Rey de Túnez y del Presidente General de Francia.
Notas sobre placenta previa - Comentario a la técnica del desprendimiento manual después de la muerte del feto
Authors: Pérez Gómez Eugenio
Published: August 2020

Desprendida la placenta en su totalidad. por lo general la hemorragia cesa, ya que se produce la retracción del segmento inferior con oclusión de los lagos sanguineos de la zona de inserción de la placenta.
Estatutos de la Sociedad Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecologia Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

Articulo primero. Llámas desde la fecha Sociedad Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología a la Sociedad de Obstetricia de Colombia, fundada en Bogotá el 30 de marzo de 1943, en el Hospital de San Juan de Dios, por profesores jefes de clínica e internos de clínica obstétrica con sede en Bogotá y regida por estatutos propios.
Revista de revistas
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecología Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

El autor del trabajo de ingreso a la sociedad Venezolana de Obstetricia y Ginecología, se muestra como poseedor de un alto sentido de autocritica y hace gala de sensatez sinceridad.
Cambio de Rumbo
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecología Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

En los tiempos qua corren el sentido de la responsabilidad ha huido como las sombra ante la visita de la luz. Aun en gremios en que, por su misma esencia, la responsabilidad Intelectual debería mantenerse siempre erguida para bien de la defensa de fueros co­lectivos y del bienestar común, sin cálculos egoístas y sin conside­raciones personales, un tremendo complejo agobia a sus componen­tes, y así las corporaciones andan en perpetuo vaivén como bajeles sin rumbo, a semejanza de aquellas naves de que hablara Maura, en una de las tardes más capitosas y soberbias de las cortes espa­ñolas. La visión melancólica de la crítica despiadada y sin base en un razonamiento lógico, como si cobrara vigencia la dosificación de Maquiavelo al hablar de los secretarlos de los príncipes y del ministro de Petrucci toma escépticos a los más entusiastas y para­liza a quienes ingresaron a un gremio por conveniencias momentá­neas y no por la llamarada mística que rompe obstáculos y lucha sin tregua por la realización de un ideal.
Quinta Asamblea de Estudios Post-graduados en Endocrinología y Metabolismo
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecología Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

La Quinta Asamblea Anual de Es­tudios Post-graduados en Endocrinolo­gía y Metabolismo, organizada bajo los auspicios de  “The Endocrine Society" (previamente "Association for the Study of Internal Secretions") se cele­brará en Miami Beach, Florida, E. U. de A., los días del 3 al 8 inclusive de noviembre próximo-venidero.En vista de la importancia creciente de los recientes descubrimientos en Endocrinología y Metabolismo para todos los campos de la medicina moderna, estos seminarios están produciendo un grandísimo interés entre los médicos de nuestro hemisferio. La ma­trícula de inscripción, al principio limi­tada a 100 médicos, ha tenido que ser ampliada a 200 para acomodar a los que se desean inscribir cada año en mayor número, procedentes de todos los países de América
Muerte materna por embolia de liquido amniótico
Authors: Firpo Jorge R.
Published: August 2020

En el año 1941. Steiner y Lushbaugh señalaron. en la autopsia de una parturienta muerta durante el parto, la existencia de embolías múltiples constituidas por los componentes del líquido amniótico, con lo cual incorporaron una nueva entidad nosológica a la patología de la gravidez.
Primera Convención Nacional de Obstetricia y Ginecología
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecologia Federación Colombiana
Published: August 2020

Organizada por la Sociedad Colombiana de Obstetricia y ginecología
El concepto moderno de Toxemia Gravídica
Authors: Fernández B. Miguel A.
Published: August 2020

Tema de gran importancia entre nosotros, en vísperas del primer Congreso Nacional de Obstetricia y Ginecología en cuyo temario está incluido; trataremos en el presente artículo de compendiar y aclarar numerosos conceptos al respecto, ya que en los últimos años, muchos de los clásicos va han sido completamente revisados.
Consideraciones sobre Cesáreas practicadas en el ICSS
Authors: Ofman José
Published: August 2020

Ya 700 años antes de Cristo, en la Lex Regia de Numa Pompilio figura la orden de “abrir el vientre y extraer el feto cuando la madre ha muerto”.En la mujer viva fue practicada por el carnicero Nufer en el año de 1500. En 1610 el cirujano Trautmann lo hizo en una mujer viva dejando el útero abierto dentro del abdomen.
Uso de una mezcla Radiopaca y Bacteriostática para Radiodiagnóstico en la esterilidad femenina
Authors: Karczmar Antonio
Published: August 2020

Estudio clínicos con controles experimentales (consejos) y bacteriológicos.
Asfixia Neo-Natorum
Authors: Gómez Herrera Humberto
Published: August 2020

La insuficiencia cardíaca materna, trae una disminución en la aportación de oxígeno al feto. Pero el niño tan pronto nace compensa rápidamente el déficit en oxígeno que existe en su sangre. Igualmente ocurre en los casos de tuberculosis en actividad y en las neumopatías.
Positive health behaviours of students of Lublin universities and their selected determinants
Authors: Nowicki Grzegorz , Ślusarska Barbara , Musur Łukasz , Bartoszek Agnieszka , Kocka Katarzyna , Szadowska-Szlachetka Zdzisława , Łuczyk Marta
Published: August 2020

Wstęp

Zgodnie ze współczesną wiedzą wyróżniamy wiele czynników warunkujących zdrowie człowieka. Wśród nich najważniejszy to styl życia. W okresie nauki na uczelni wyższej podejmowane są pierwsze samodzielne próby i decyzje, nie tylko te związane z wyborami życiowymi, ale także decyzje związane z zachowaniami zdrowotnymi, które będą miały konsekwencję w dorosłym życiu. Celem pracy była ocena pozytywnych zachowań zdrowotnych wśród studentów lubelskich uczelni oraz ich wybranych uwarunkowań.

Materiał i metody

Badania przeprowadzono metodą PAPI w okresie od marca do maja 2017 roku wśród 410 studentów płci męskiej. W badaniach wykorzystano Skalę Pozytywnych Zachowań Zdrowotnych dla dorosłych (SPZZ) oraz pytania metryczkowe. Wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej.

Wyniki

Uzyskane wyniki badań wśród studentów ocenione na podstawie SPZZ pozwalają stwierdzić, że ankietowani uzyskali najwyższy wynik w subskali IV „Zachowanie bezpieczeństwa” (2,46 ± 0,59), następnie w subskali III „Sen, odpoczynek i zdrowie psychiczne” (1,67 ± 0,53). Najniżej oceniono subskalę I „Żywienie” (1,28 ± 0,52). Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wykazała, że wiek, miejsce stałego zamieszkania, miejsce zamieszkania podczas studiów, kierunek studiów, występowanie nowotworów w rodzinie oraz samoocena stanu zdrowia determinują ocenę pozytywnych zachowań zdrowotnych (p < 0,05).

Wnioski

Ranking pozytywnych zachowań zdrowotnych wśród studentów płci męskiej lubelskich uczelni kształtuje się następująco: „Zachowanie bezpieczeństwa”, „Sen, odpoczynek i zdrowie psychiczne”, „Aktywność fizyczna”, „Dbałość o ciało” oraz „Żywienie”.
A comprehensive analysis of cloud-based big data challenges and opportunities for SMEs in India
Authors: Sandu Nitirajsingh , Gide Ergun , Karim Shakir
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this paper is to do a comprehensive analysis of Cloud based Big Data challenges and opportunity for SMEs in India. Big Data (BD) are big buzz words, and many large enterprises are making significant advances in their product development, customer relations, and increasing profitability by targeting specific customers. Therefore, it has generated interest for both the academic and industry world as it has the potential to enhance the decision making process by providing valuable insights. The large organisations are benefiting from using BD as a tool to gain a competitive edge over rivals by driving new revenue streams and improving internal operational efficiency. The large organisations are already investing as well leveraging BD. On the contrary, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India are slow adopters of new technologies due to many factors and pose to lose their competitive edge on the world stage. SMEs can also leverage BD to gain a strategic competitive advantage but are resource poor in terms of investment in manpower and financial resources. Major challenges still exist in the adoption of BD especially in information technology architecture. Cloud Computing (CC) can eliminate the need to maintain expensive computing hardware, software, and networking resources. CC can also provide a solution to scalability issues, high speed performance, and fault tolerance for using BD. With CC usage, SMEs can take advantage of BD without significant investment in information technology and manpower. This research uses secondary data as a research data collection technique, which is its limitation. However, a quantitative research methodology using statistical surveys is planned to be conducted in the near future to understand the factors impacting on the adoption of Cloud based Big Data for Indian SMEs. This paper contributes to exploring and enhancing the understanding of the challenges and opportunities for SMEs in India for adopting BD. This study will also have both industrial implications for practitioners in India, as well as those in other developing countries, and academic implications for researchers who are interested in BD adoption in developing countries.

Keywords: Cloud Computing (CC), Big Data (BD), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Challenges, Opportunities, India.
ANALISIS DISKRIMINAN UNTUK VALIDASI CLUSTER PADA STUDI KASUS PENGELOMPOKAN KECAMATAN DI KABUPATEN JEMBER BERDASARKAN STATUS KEMISKINAN
Authors: Istiqomah Fikriana Nur , Tirta I Made , Anggraeni Dian
Published: August 2020

. Cluster validation is a procedure to evaluate the results of cluster analysis quantitatively and objectively on a data. The validation process is very important to get the results of a good and appropriate grouping. In the validation process, the author uses internal validation, stability, and discriminant analysis test. This study aims to obtain validation results from the hierarchy and kmeans method. This data grouping uses “iris” simulation data, which results from the grouping method used can be applied to the original data to see which validation method is used for all data and produce an optimal grouping. The result of the study show that in the “iris” data, a single linkage link is an appropriate grouping method because the result of the grouping are optimal for all validations and classification of group members whose groups are significant. In Sub-district poverty data in Jember district with a single linkage link optimal grouping was obtained and complete linkage links were also used as a method that resulted in optimal grouping for all validation. Cluster validation using discriminant analysis test is appropriate for various types of data in general and shows that single linkage methods are better than other methods for grouping and validation methods for “iris” data and Sub-district data in Jember district based on variables of poverty status.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Diskriminant Analysis, Multivariate Analysis, Validation Cluster
KAJIAN FRAKTAL i-FIBONACCI WORD GENERALISASI GANJIL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN L-SYSTEM
Authors: Umami Riza , Purnomo Kosala Dwija , Ubaidillah Firdaus
Published: August 2020

The i-Fibonacci Words are words over {0,1}. The i-Fibonacci Word can be associated with a fractal curve by using odd-even drawing rule and L-System methods, then also known as an i-Fibonacci Word fractal. L-System is one of methods that is used to create objects with repetitive self-similiarity. Framework of L-System consists of axiom and rules. L-System is a parallel rewriting system with existing rules. The purpose of this research is to look for the LSystem rules of i-Fibonacci Word special for odd i, then look how its characteristics. The LSystem rules for i-Fibonacci Word odd i are divided into two types, the rules for i=1 and the others odd i. The characteristic of i-Fibonacci Word fractal is the more generation and i value of fractal, then the more segments and archs of fractal curve. Next, the words of i-Fibonacci Word fractal segments number is a subwords of the i-Fibonacci Word digit numbers. It is also known that the fractal curve will be stretched as the decreased angle.

Keywords: Fractal, i-Fibonacci Word, L-System
Investigating Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes of Failaka Island: A Study in Geography and Geoarchaeology
Authors: Hassan Ahmed , G Almatar Muhammad , Ashkanani Hassan
Published: August 2020

Failaka Island is located 20 kilometers east of the Kuwait mainland. The island includes archaeological sites dating back to the Bronze, Hellenistic, Christian, and Islamic ages. To develop the island as a tourist attraction the state is pursuing a new urban plan based on the island's environmental potential. This study is the basis of the urban plan depends on environmental criteria from the view of Geoarchaeology. The study analysis the land-use and land-cover changes of Failaka Island between 1958- 2018. It provides a topographic survey of the island's coastline and a classification of its geomorphological features and a state of the art identification of its archaeological sites by using a drone to make a terrain model. The study used a medium to high-resolution image analysis of the land-use and land-cover changes: WorldView2-50cm 2010 and 2018; Landsat 8; aerial photography; Drone images and a digital elevation model (DEM), to analysis the expected sea level changes by the end of this century. This study also created a geodatabase of the island that can be adapted for future studies. The results emphasize the importance of preserving the historical and ecological features of the island while developing its infrastructure.
Prediction and Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Targeting microRNA in Human Lung Epithelium
Authors: Chow Jonathan Tak-Sum , Salmena Leonardo
Published: August 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus, is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic of 2020. Experimental evidence suggests that microRNA can mediate an intracellular defence mechanism against some RNA viruses. The purpose of this study was to identify microRNA with predicted binding sites in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, compare these to their microRNA expression profiles in lung epithelial tissue and make inference towards possible roles for microRNA in mitigating coronavirus infection. We hypothesize that high expression of specific coronavirus-targeting microRNA in lung epithelia may protect against infection and viral propagation, conversely low expression may confer susceptibility to infection. We have identified 128 human microRNA with potential to target the SARS-CoV-2 genome, most of which have very low expression in lung epithelia. Six of these 128 microRNA are differentially expressed upon in vitro infection of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-eight and 23 microRNA also target the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. In addition, 48 and 32 microRNA are commonly identified in two other studies. Further research into identifying bona fide coronavirus targeting microRNA will be useful in understanding the importance of microRNA as cellular defence mechanism against pathogenic coronavirus infections.
Factors Influencing Customers’ Brand Loyalty in Ethiopian Banking Industry
Authors: Hadera Alemayehu
Published: August 2020

The study is carried out on the factors influencing customers’ brand loyalty. The study is aimed at evaluating customers’ brand loyalty status and identifying its determinants. To this end, an explanatory research design is used with the support of descriptive and multiple regression analytical techniques. From the customers of the bank 290 of them are selected using a purposive sampling technique. Questionnaires are administered to collect the primary data. The finding of the study indicates that the loyalty status of the customers is fragmented into hard-core loyalty, split loyalty, shift loyalty, and switching loyalty status with the inclination on the first and second categories of loyalty status. It also reflects that distribution, promotion, reputation, satisfaction and tangible benefits are the predictors of customers’ brand loyalty. A message of sticking on these determinants of loyalty is transmitted to the bank manager with the emphasis on the most predictors, i.e., distribution and promotion.
The Potential Role and Regulatory Mechanisms of MUC5AC in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Ye Zuguang
Published: August 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally. Studies show that airway mucus hypersecretion strongly compromises lung function, leading to frequent hospitalization and mortality, highlighting an urgent need for effective COPD treatments. MUC5AC is known to contribute to severe muco-obstructive lung diseases, worsening COPD pathogenesis. Various pathways are implicated in the aberrant MUC5AC production and secretion MUC5AC. These include signaling pathways associated with mucus-secreting cell differentiation [ nuclear factor-κB (NF-кB)and IL-13-STAT6- SAM pointed domain containing E26 transformation-specific transcription factor (SPDEF), as well as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)], and signaling pathways related to mucus transport and excretion-ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Various inhibitors of mucus hypersecretion are in clinical use but have had limited benefits against COPD. Thus, novel therapies targeting airway mucus hypersecretion should be developed for effective management of muco-obstructive lung disease. Here, we systematically review the mechanisms and pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion, with emphasis on multi-target and multi-link intervention strategies for the elucidation of novel inhibitors of airway mucus hypersecretion.
Impact of COVID-19 on Urology Practice in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Meshari , Alkhamees Mohammad , Almutairi Sulaiman , Aljuhayman Ahmed , Alkhateeb Sultan
Published: August 2020

From the moment the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic disease, COVID-19 began to affect the lives of many healthcare providers worldwide. In response to this pandemic, urology departments and training residency programs implemented urgent measures to reduce outpatient clinics, adopted the use of telemedicine, regulated emergency and outpatient urological procedures, promoted the use of operating theatres, and developed the use of sustainable e-learning alternatives to traditional urology resident/staff educational activities. Here, we review the response of urologists in Saudi Arabia to the COVID-19 pandemic and how they applied both for the patients and for the healthcare of urologist personnel.
Intrinsic Nature of Dark Matter in the Galactic Halo
Authors: CAMCI UGUR
Published: August 2020

We obtain more straightforwardly the main intrinsic features of dark matter distribution in the halos of galaxies by considering the spherically symmetric space-time, which satisfies the flat rotational curve condition, and the geometric equation of state resulting from the modified gravity theory. In order to measure the equation of state for dark matter in the galactic halo, we provide a general formalism taking into account the modified f(X) gravity theories. Here, f(X) is a general function of X∈{R,G,T}, where R,G and T are the Ricci scalar, the Gauss-Bonnet scalar and the torsion scalar, respectively. These theories yield that the flat rotation curves appear as a consequence of the additional geometric structure accommodated by those of modified gravity theories. Constructing a geometric equation of state wX≡pX/ρX and inspiring by some values of the equation of state for the ordinary matter, we infer the properties of dark matter in galactic halos of galaxies.
Effect of fattening period length on intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid profiles in Iberian pigs finished in the montanera sustainable system
Authors: Ayuso Dolores , González Ana , Peña Francisco , Hernandez-Garcia Francisco I , Izquierdo Mercedes
Published: August 2020

Twenty-four extensively-reared Iberian pigs were used to study the influence of fattening period length (30, 60 or 90 days) on the fatty acid profiles of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat and the relationships between both profiles. Regarding fatty acid (FA) percentage, PUFA was greater in backfat and MUFA was greater in intramuscular fat (IMF), regardless fattening period length. The longer fattening period increased MUFA content in backfat (which had a more marked change in oleic acid) and decreased PUFA content in backfat and IMF, but it did not affect SFA content. Within the 3-layers subcutaneous backfat, SFA content was greater in the inner layer, MUFA was greater in the outer layer and PUFA was greater in both of these layers. The few differences in FA composition between both adipose tissues suggest that the changes due to the feeding regime are slow and, therefore, although the length of the fattening phase was increased, the fatty acid profile did not change substantially. The strong relationship between the FA profiles of IMF and backfat might be used to predict one profile from the other one when this latter was more readily available for sampling or analytical reasons.
Buildings as a Global Carbon Sink? The Design of Mass Timber Panels as Heat-exchangers (Dynamic Insulation)
Authors: Craig Salmaan , Halepaska Anna , Elbrecht Jacob , Ferguson Katherine , Rains Preston , Freear Andrew , Kennedy David , Moe Kiel
Published: August 2020

Mass timber products, together with careful forestry management, could help decarbonize the construction industry. These products must be long-lasting, to safely store atmospheric carbon for decades or centuries, and multi-functional, to displace materials and equipment that are emissions-intensive. This paper shows how to optimize mass timber panels as heat-exchangers, suggesting how to eliminate insulation while simplifying HVAC systems. Test panels measured the heat-exchange in steady and transient conditions, when the ventilation was driven by a fan or by thermal buoyancy. The total heatexchange was predicted accurately by theory in all cases. Further investigation is needed to understand the possible heat-recovery effects at the exterior surface.
Sequence Analysis of Egyptian Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Field and Vaccine Strains: Intertypic Recombination and Evidence for Accidental Release of Virulent Virus
Authors: Abd El Rahman Sahar , Hoffmann Bernd , Karam Reham , El-Beskawy Mohamed , Hamed Mohammed F. , Forth Leonie F. , Höper Dirk , Eschbaumer Michael
Published: August 2020

In addition to the risk of vaccine failure caused by strain mismatch, the production of inactivated FMD vaccines is dangerous if adequate biosafety cannot be maintained. Using a high-throughput sequencing protocol optimized for short nucleic acid fragments, the composition of a local inactivated vaccine was analyzed in depth. The serotype O strain identified in the vaccine was genetically identical to viruses found in recent FMD outbreaks in Egypt.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Restricted to The Back Muscle: The First Case Report
Authors: Lee Yu-Mi , Chung Sang Wan
Published: August 2020

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an autoimmune disease which is a type of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis that frequently affects the lungs and kidneys. However, GPA limited to a single organ has also been reported. A 73-year-old man was admitted for back pain and fever. We detected elevated levels of inflammatory markers and myeloperoxidase-ANCA. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated diffuse inflammation of the back and psoas muscles. Histology showed degenerated muscle fibers and granulomatosis vasculitis with mixed lymphoplasma cell infiltration. High-dose methylprednisolone therapy improved his symptoms. A final diagnosis of GPA limited to the muscles was made.
The Life of a Fracture: Biologic Progression, Healing Gone Awry, and Evaluation of Union
Authors: Hellwinkel Justin E. , Miclau Theodore , Provencher Matthew T. , Bahney Chelsea S. , Working Zachary M.
Published: August 2020

» New knowledge about the molecular biology of fracture-healing provides opportunities for intervention and reduction of risk for specific phases that are affected by disease and medications.

» Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors can prolong healing, and the informed clinician should optimize each patient to provide the best chance for union.

» Techniques to monitor progression of fracture-healing have not changed substantially over time; new objective modalities are needed.
Efficacy of Home Prophylactic Benzoyl Peroxide and Chlorhexidine in Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Nhan Derek T. , Woodhead Benjamin M. , Gilotra Mohit N. , Matsen Frederick A. , Hsu Jason E.
Published: August 2020

» Two predominant prophylactic home skin-disinfection regimens exist in shoulder surgery, benzoyl peroxide and chlorhexidine.

» Of these 2 regimens, benzoyl peroxide gel is more effective than chlorhexidine in reducing the rate of positive Cutibacterium cultures on the skin surface.

» At present, there are no studies that assess the impact of these home prophylactic measures on clinical infection rates.
Molecular Signatures of Solvent Injection in Shale Organic Nanopores
Authors: Perez Felipe , Devegowda Deepak
Published: August 2020

In this study, we investigate the mixing process of an organic solvent with reservoir fluids in organic nanopores. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we create a molecular model of mature kerogen saturated with a black oil and systematically investigate the physical mechanisms by which the mixing process occurs. The in-situ hydrocarbon mixture in organic pores partitions because of preferential adsorption of the longer alkane chains and aromatic molecules onto the pore surface and differential mixing with the solvent. Under primary production, the produced oil composition is always lighter than the in-situ fluid. Injection of a solvent promotes mobilization of intermediate and heavy components demonstrating the promise of miscible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in shales. We also show that solvent penetration is rather limited even with extended periods of soaking which highlights the importance of surface area to the success of EOR.
Miscible Gas EOR in a Supergiant Oil Rim Reservoir
Authors: Penigin Artem , McGuire Patrick , Glavnov Nikolay , Vershinina Maya , Mukhametzyanov Iskander , Garipov Ilnar
Published: August 2020

The paper describes the development of an EOR project for a supergiant oil rim field, and how the optimal injected gas composition was determined. This includes the laboratory tests to develop a miscible gas equation of state (EOS), cryogenic plant design considerations, and the evaluation of gas EOR development strategies for the different Novoportovskoye reservoirs.

Facilities models were built to evaluate options to increase extraction of C2-C4 components from produced gas. This rich gas can then be mixed with lean gas to create miscible injectant (MI) for EOR. Because the gas caps are so lean (90+% methane), the best options were to chill the produced gas to either −55°C or −80°C with a turbo-expander unit. The lower temperature option requires special metallurgy, but it boosted extraction by 35%.

The first EOR PVT model was designed from the limited compositional data available. MI compositions for each reservoir were developed. A laboratory experimental program was undertaken to calibrate the EOS for Novoportovskoye EOR. The new EOS was used to determine the optimal composition of the MI. According to slimtube tests and simulation studies, the optimal composition of miscible injectant is 62-67% methane, with the rest being C2-C4.

The currently planned waterflood patterns and gravity drainage/gas cap expansion areas were studied to determine the best areal and cross-sectional location of the MI injectors. An integrated model was built to account for injected and produced gas volumes and compositions. This allowed the analysis of bottle-necks in the production network, cryogenic plant, and gas facilities.

WAG in most areas performed better in terms of gas utilization, which leads to increased incremental oil given the same amount of MI available. By choosing the most efficient patterns in terms of gas utilization it is possible to increase oil recovery in these areas by 10-15% OOIP.
Evaluation of an Amphoteric Surfactant for CO2 Foam Applications: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhou Jimin , Srivastava Mayank , Hahn Ruth , Inouye Art , Dwarakanath Varadarajan
Published: August 2020

In a surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) injection, stable foams form viscous barriers and divert fluids, thereby providing conformance for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Once foam decays, injected gas resumes preferential flow through thief zones, demonstrating the need for higher foam stability. Thus, longer foam half-lives or stability is one of the key factors determining the success of any foam-field application. The ability of surfactants to stabilize foam depends on the gas type. Many surfactants that form stable foam with nitrogen (N2) and hydrocarbon gas are not able to form a stable foam with carbon dioxide (CO2), which could be due to the presence of low pH environment in CO2 floods, relatively high solubility of CO2 in water, and CO2 permeability through liquid films. To improve the performance of CO2 floods, it is imperative to identify surfactants that can enhance the stability of CO2-foam.

This work investigates an amphoteric surfactant, which is commercially available and priced similarly to other commonly used EOR foamers, for its ability to stabilize CO2-foam. Static stability and dynamic coreflood tests were conducted at high pressure and high temperature conditions, where CO2 remained in the supercritical state. The performance of the amphoteric surfactant was compared with another good foamer on the basis of foam stability and strength, both in bulk and in porous media. Dynamic adsorption tests were conducted to compare the adsorption of amphoteric and anionic surfactants on both sandstone and carbonate rock surfaces. Ways to mitigate surfactant adsorption on rock surfaces were studied.

In terms of CO2-foam stability, the amphoteric surfactant performed much better than the anionic and nonionic surfactants evaluated in this study. In the presence of oil, foam stabilized by the amphoteric surfactant exhibited the longest half-life in static tests. However, the amphoteric surfactant performed similarly to other surfactants with nitrogen or hydrocarbon gas. Compared to other surfactants, foam stabilized by the amphoteric surfactant remained stable and exhibited higher apparent viscosity at high foam qualities. Foam stability at higher qualities improves the performance of SAG process as it can lengthen the gas cycle and reduce the amount of surfactant needed, a beneficial outcome when water supply is limited. We found the adsorption of amphoteric on carbonate rock to be much lower than on sandstone rock.

Compared to ionic and nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants are usually avoided for oilfield applications due to potential for high retention. Based on systematic evaluation, our work demonstrates the unique ability of amphoteric surfactants to enhance the stability of CO2-foams at reservoir conditions.
Determination of Infill Drilling Time Window Based on Depletion-Induced Stress Evolution of Shale Reservoirs with Complex Natural Fractures
Authors: Pei Yanli , Yu Wei , Sepehrnoori Kamy
Published: August 2020

Infill drilling is a common technique to further develop the unstimulated region in-between parent wells for shale oil reservoirs. However, the potential of infill drilling to improve oil recovery depends heavily on the depletion-induced stress evolution at the selected infill locations. This work aims to model the spatial-temporal evolution of stress field for shale oil reservoirs in the Permian Basin and proposes the best timings for infill drilling to maximize the shale oil production. Based on history matching of an actual well, two types of fracture networks - with and without natural fractures (NFs) were generated for future production forecast. Our three-dimensional coupled geomechanics and compositional simulator with embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) was used to simulate the pressure and stress redistribution associated with depletion in a highly fractured reservoir. A loosely coupled procedure is applied between fluid flow and geomechanics modeling to speed up the computation process while guaranteeing the simulation accuracy. The time window was determined by monitoring the orientation change of local maximum horizontal stress at the infill region, and the right timings for infill drilling were suggested accordingly. Field application in Permian basin indicates that the degree of stress reorientation at the infill region is closely related to the drainage area created by the complex fracture networks. When only hydraulic fractures present, the stress reversal in-between parent wells occurs after 0.8 year of production and gradually returns back to the original direction after 5 years; the critical time to perform infill drilling is recommended as before 0.8 year or after 5 years to ensure the child fractures propagating towards undepleted areas. When natural and hydraulic factures coexist, a similar phenomenon of stress reorientation is observed; the right timing for infill drilling in this case has been widened to before 1 year and after 3 years considering the higher conductivity introduced by complex natural fractures. Sensitivity analysis indicates that a smaller well distance and a higher bottomhole pressure will both help alleviate the stress reversal at the infill region, whereas a larger cluster spacing will narrow the available time window of infill drilling. The time-varying stress state at the infill region of shale oil reservoirs with complex fracture networks has been fully illustrated by our coupled geomechanics and multiphase compositional simulator. Based on the entire picture of stress reorientation process, this work suggests the best timings for infill drilling at the desired locations, which will significantly improve hydraulic fracturing performance and oil recovery in the Permian basin.
Assessment of Miscible WAG Injection Performance in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir using Analytical and Numerical Approaches
Authors: de Araujo Cavalcante Filho Jose Sergio , Santos Silva Vinicius Luis , de Sant'Anna Pizarro Jorge Oscar
Published: August 2020

Carbonate reservoirs from Pre-salt layer are responsible for a significant volume of Brazils total oil production. Recovery mechanisms applied are mostly water injection, aiming for pressure maintenance and oil recovery increase through macroscopic oil displacement, complemented by gas injection to dispose produced CO2 rich gas stream into the reservoir. Production strategies were originally built using producers combined with gas and water injectors. Later, based on a serious of technical studies, including the ones described here, most injection wells were converted to water alternating gas (WAG). In the literature, WAG injection is applied mostly to gas injection projects to increase oil recovery and provide mobility control; as a recovery mechanism the WAG process combines the increased microscopic sweep efficiency from the gas with the improved macroscopic sweep efficiency obtained from the water. In this work we perform the screening and evaluation of WAG injection as a recovery mechanism in a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir from the Brazilian pre-salt. For that purpose, we use both analytical and numerical methods, the later using a commercial compositional simulator. The screening indicates that this reservoir is a candidate for WAG injection. Lab data shows thermodynamic miscibility at initial pressure levels and phase behavior observed in experiments is matched to a Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS). Results from numerical simulation have a good qualitative agreement with analytical results and data from the literature, indicating higher oil recovery for greater gas injection. The increase in oil recovery estimated by numerical simulation is compared with actual data from the literature using dimensionless variables where we observe good agreement of our expectations to previous field results. We conclude that the efficiency of WAG injection, in these reservoirs, relies on factors such as gas availability, miscibility development and flow pattern to be developed due to reservoir heterogeneities (channeling versus dispersive flow).
Scleroglucan Polymer Stability: Thermal, Chemical, and Microbial
Authors: Kozlowicz Briana , Jensen Tryg , Khambete Malhar , Kadhum Mohannad J. , Garshol Frøydis Kirsti , Vik Eilen Arctander , Tomczak-Wandzel Renata , Wever Diego A. , Lomans Bart P. , Ray Charles
Published: August 2020

Polymers for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes are required to have long term mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological stability across a wide variety of conditions throughout field deployment. In this work we expand upon initial studies of scleroglucan biopolymer stability and demonstrate that scleroglucan solutions retain a significant proportion of their initial viscosity over a large range of stresses. Thermal stability of the biopolymer, scleroglucan, was tested at temperatures of up to 115°C, wherein the samples retained >95 % of the original viscosity over several months, and at 105 °C sclergolucan maintained >95 % viscosity over the course of 720 days. Scleroglucan was found to be chemically compatible with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium sulfate (THPS), and 1,3,4,6-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1H,3H)-dione (TMAD) for six months at 37 °C, 85 °C, and 95 °C, indicating these biocides have the potential for use in microbial control during scleroglucan implementation under various conditions. Rheological studies indicate the viscosifying power of scleroglucan is largely unimpacted by common reservoir salts (including divalents and trivalents) even through 20 % (wt/wt) salt addition.

Microbial risks to polymer stability were also investigated. The susceptibility of scleroglucan to microbial degradation was assessed under reservoir relevant conditions using a bottle test system in which the polymer was incubated with active microbial cultures under various conditions that simulate reservoirs spanning 3.5 % to 17 % salinity and 30 °C to 90 °C. Our tests of microbial degradation found that anaerobic samples incubated with active microbial consortia under lower salinities and temperature lost viscosity with concomitant microbial growth indicating the presence of scleroglucan degrading organisms in the inoculum. However, anaerobic samples at temperatures above 60 °C and salinities greater than 7 % retained viscosity during the experiment illustrating polymer stability under conditions similar to those of harsh reservoirs. This study further refines the window of operation where scleroglucan maintains functional viscosity and may be employed for EOR use.
Quantifying Oil-Recovery Mechanisms During Natural-Gas Huff n Puff Experiments on Ultratight Core Plugs
Authors: Tran Son , Yassin Mahmood Reza , Eghbali Sara , Doranehgard Mohammad Hossein , Dehghanpour Hassan
Published: August 2020

Despite promising natural gas huff ‘n’ puff (HnP) field-pilot results, the dominant oil-recovery mechanisms during this process are poorly understood. We conduct systematic natural-gas (C1 and a mixture of C1/C2 with the molar ratio of 70/30) HnP experiments on an ultratight core plug collected from the Montney tight- oil Formation, under reservoir conditions (P = 137.9 bar and T = 50°C). We used a custom-designed visualization cell to experimentally evaluate mechanisms controlling (i) gas transport into the plug during injection and soaking phases, and (ii) oil recovery during the whole process. The tests also allow us to investigate effects of gas composition and initial differential pressure between injected gas and the plug (ΔPi = Pg – Po) on the gas-transport and oil-recovery mechanisms. Moreover, we performed a Péclet number (NPe) analysis to quantify the contribution of each transport mechanism during the soaking period.

We found that advective-dominated transport is the mechanism responsible for the transport of gas into the plug at early times of the soaking period (NPe= 1.58 to 3.03). When the soaking progresses, NPe ranges from 0.26 to 0.62, indicating the dominance of molecular diffusion. The advective flow caused by ΔPi during gas injection and soaking leads to improved gas transport into the plug. Total system compressibility, oil swelling, and vaporization of oil components into the gas phase are the recovery mechanisms observed during gas injection and soaking, while gas expansion is the main mechanism during depressurization phase. Overall, gas expansion is the dominant mechanism, followed by total system compressibility, oil swelling, and vaporization. During the ‘puff period, the expansion and flow of diffused gas drag the oil along its flowpaths, resulting in a significant flow of oil and gas observed on the surface of the plug. The enrichment of injected gas by 30 mol% C2 enhances the transport of gas into the plug and increases oil recovery compared to pure C1 cases.
The Past, Present, and Future of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods in Yates Field Unit
Authors: Valdez Raul , Boring Pamela A. , Lewis Edward J. , Haymes Seth , Hernandez Gonzalo A.
Published: August 2020

Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods have been implemented in a West Texas fractured carbonate. Due to the partially oil-wet nature of Yates field and slightly viscous oil (5-7 cP), surfactant injection was implemented to alter wettability and polymer was injected in the waterflood area to improve displacement efficiency, respectively. Single well huff-n-puff (HnP) surfactant treatments (late 1980's-today) and well-to-well pilots (1990's-2000's) have increased incremental oil production relative to base decline. Optimum surfactant chemicals were chosen based on laboratory results, reservoir performance, and economic viability. Polymer injection was carried out over a 6 year span (1983-1989) in which 55+ million pounds of polymer was injected; however the interpretation and analysis was complicated due to concurrent drilling, workover activities, and no prior waterflood development.

Design parameters key to the surfactant implementation included: surfactant type and concentration, Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC), fluid saturations, oil composition, formation water salinity, fracture intensity, and treatment soak timing. Laboratory experiments included interfacial tension, contact angle, adsorption, fluid phase stability, Amott tests, and coreflooding. Numerical models were developed to help understand the sensitivity of each parameter on EOR performance and guide the design of treatments.

Field implementation of surfactant included different surfactant types: anionic, non-ionic, and cationic. HnP treatments were followed by a soak period before returning the well to production and conducting flow back water analysis. Overall, HnP treatments using cationic surfactant resulted in the highest efficiency in terms of barrels of oil per kilogram of surfactant. Well-to-well tests were only conducted with non-ionic surfactants and showed mixed results.

Design parameters for polymer injection such as fluid viscosity, concentration, adsorption and molecular weight were determined through coreflooding and fluid viscosity experiments. Two polymer types, high and low molecular weight, were studied and manufactured in-field and used in 200 or more injectors either continuously or alternating with produced water. Polymer injection was not effective in improving displacement efficiency in the water flood area of Yates reservoir and was suspended in 1989.

The scale of field implementation and analysis of the impact of chemical injection on oil production in a massive, densely fractured carbonate field has provided valuable insight and learnings for future development and will be discussed. Other chemical EOR methods currently under investigation such as foam and other wettability altering technologies will also be discussed.