bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dilemma of Accountability and Good Governance for Improved Public Service Delivery in Nigeria
Authors: Adejuwon Kehinde David
Published: October 2017

The public sector in Nigeria is irrefutably beset with gross  incompetence and ineffective management. Perplexing difficulties endure in the Nigerian public sector in spite of a number of reform programmes that have been designed to enhance efficient and effective service delivery for almost two decades. The fact that public service has failed dismally to achieve its laudable objectives is the reason for the vote of no confidence passed on its administrators by majority of the Nigerian populace. The article examines the dilemma of accountability and good governance in Nigeria and demonstrates that the critical point in achieving meaningful developments in the country intrinsically lay with improved service delivery in the public sector. The basic reason why the public service has become the scorn of the people is because for too long, both the government and public servants have paid lip service to the crucial issue of effective and efficient service delivery. The article argues that improved service delivery will improve both the performance and the image of public service and re-awaken the citizens’ interest and trust in them to do business with public servants. It suggests that  in order to bring sanity back to the Nigerian Public Service,  all unprofessional tendencies such as ethnicity bias and nepotism in appointments and promotions, lack of security of tenure of office, and appointment of non-career public servants into key positions in the public service must stop. Also,  effective service delivery must be tailored to the circumstances of Nigeria. The study made use of secondary data obtained from various sources. It therefore concludes that without a reawakening of the culture of accountability and transparency lost over the years, the trusting relationship needed to forge between the government and the governed for the actualization of good governance will not materialize.
Editorial Note
Authors: Ijeoma Edwin
Published: October 2017

No abstract available.
Potential Benefits of Monitoring and Evaluation as a Tool in the South African Local Government Spheres
Authors: Mle T. R.
Published: October 2017

Public institutions exist for the public good and employ public officials to perform duties aimed at providing a better life for all. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 requires that the public service maintains a high standard of professional ethics, use resources efficiently and effectively, and provide services equitably.  When the new political dispensation came into being in 1994 in South Africa, the newly-elected government committed itself to ensuring a better life for all through the provision of services, for example water and electricity supply, sanitation, and houses, etc. To this end, policies and programmes were put in place. However, the challenge that faces the government is the implementation of these policies and programmes which largely remains unsatisfactory. Systems of reporting and performance are, in the main, weak. To address this short-coming, therefore, government came up with the concept of monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of policies and programmes to the extent of creating a new department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation in the Presidency.  Key to the effective implementation of government policies and programmes is the introduction of a tool to ensure that such policies and programmes do not gather dust. This paper therefore, posits how such a tool can have potential benefits in the local government sphere and be a panacea to the ills of this sphere which is characterized by violent service delivery protests through which communities express their dissatisfaction at the non-delivery of essential services.  
Nighthawk: Making Night Float Education and Patient Safety Soar
Authors: Sadowski Brett W. , Medina Hector A. , Hartzell Joshua D. , Shimeall William T.
Published: October 2017

Background 

Some residency programs responded to duty hour restrictions by implementing night rotations. Night supervision models can vary, resulting in potential patient safety issues and educational voids for residents.

Objective 

We evaluated the impact of multiple evidence-based interventions on resident satisfaction with supervision, perception of the education value of night rotations, and residents' use of online educational materials.

Methods 

The night team was augmented with an intern to assist with admissions and a senior resident (the “nighthawk”) to supervise inpatient care and deliver a night medicine curriculum. We instituted a “must-call” list, with specific clinical events requiring mandatory attending notification, and reduced conflict in the role of the night float team. We studied patient contact, online curriculum use, residents' perceptions of nighthawk involvement, exposure to educational materials, and satisfaction with supervision.

Results 

During the first half of academic year 2016–2017, 51% (64 of 126) of trainees were on the night medicine rotation. The nighthawk reviewed 1007 intern plans (15 per night; range, 6–36) and supervised 215 hands-on evaluations, including codes and rapid responses (3 per night; range, 0–12). The number of users of the online education materials increased by 85% (13 to 24), and instances of use increased 35% (85 to 115). The majority of residents (79%, 27 of 34) favored the new system.

Conclusions 

A nighthawk rotation, a must-call list, and reducing conflict in night team members' roles improved resident satisfaction with supervision and the night medicine rotation, resulting in increased communication.
Novel Technique for Replication of Natural Palatal Anatomy onto the Maxillary Permanent Denture Base within an Even Thickness
Authors: Sekar C Guna , Sabarigrinathan Chitraputhrapillai , Vinayagavel Krishnamoorthy , Karthikeyan Ramkumar , Dhanraj Muthuveeraganapathy
Published: October 2017

Aim

A technique to reproduce the exact natural anatomy of the palatal surface, known as “anatomical contour” in even thickness onto the maxillary permanent denture base.

Background

In constructing oral prostheses, dentists are pri- marily concerned with replacing structural losses. However, we are necessarily adding to regions having no structural loss, e.g., the hard palate region. When these structures are covered by a denture, the proprioceptive feedback mechanism is changed and, naturally, dentures affect phonetics, which causes a tem- porary change in the articulation of speech sounds.

Technique

A metal ring plate in standardized different thick- nesses (1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm), which adapt to dental flask lower base, is made and used in the routine fabrication method of denture base processing.

Conclusion

The quick and easy methods of replicated entire individualized natural anatomical palatal contour, in various even thicknesses in the permanent maxillary denture base, including the incisive papilla, palatine suture, and palatal rugae, can be employed to newly fabricate maxillary complete dentures.

Clinical significance

This is a comprehensive approach to utilize the collective factors of suggested methods, techniques, and conclusion by various authors for speech improvement with maxillary denture.

How to cite this article

Sekar CG, Sabarigrinathan C, Vinayagavel K, Ramkumar K, Dhanraj M. Novel Technique for Replication of Natural Palatal Anatomy onto the Maxillary Permanent Denture Base within an Even Thickness. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(3):92-96.
Prevalence of Tobacco Habits in Dental Outpatients
Authors: Diliprao Podutwar Priyanka , Madhushankari GS , Mohankumar KP , Praveen SB , Chandrappa Pramod Redder
Published: October 2017

Background

Tobacco usage in any form has devastating effects on the health of the person including oral and pharyngeal cancer, which is one of the major causes of death.

Aim

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco consumption in various forms among dental outpatients.

Materials and methods

Patients reporting to the outpatient department of the College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Bengaluru, India, were evaluated for the presence or absence of habit. Habit history was recorded using standardized proforma from every patient, and the obtained data was assessed in relation to age, gender, duration of habit, and frequency of tobacco consumption.

Results

Among the 507 study participants, habits were present in 115 (22.68%), among which 101 (87.82%) were males and 14 (12.17%) were females. Among males, raw tobacco chewing and gutkha chewing had equal prevalence [25 (21.73%)] followed by cigarette smoking [23 (20%)]. In females, tobacco chewing [10 (8.69%)] was the most common habit and none of them smoked tobacco. Habits were more prevalent between the age group of 16 and 30 years. The results were found to be highly significant on applying chi-square test.

Conclusion

Higher prevalence of tobacco usage among the study population as compared with other studies needs to be addressed and counseled.

How to cite this article

Diliprao PP, Madhushankari GS, Mohankumar KP, Praveen SB, Chandrappa PR, Nandini DB. Prevalence of Tobacco Habits in Dental Outpatients. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):9-11.
Management of Mesiodens and ectopically Erupted Central Incisor
Authors: Mathew Mebin George
Published: October 2017

Pediatric dentists come across children and developing malocclusion at the earliest, early recognition and interception could avoid long-term laborious orthodontic treatment. Mesiodens are the most common supernumerary teeth, in the central region of the premaxilla, between the two central incisors, which may be the cause for a variety of irregularities in the developing occlusion, in particular, can lead to the impaction or ectopic eruption of adjacent permanent teeth, in the most esthetically important zone. Presented here is a case of management of ectopically erupted right permanent central incisor caused due to supernumerary tooth.

How to cite this article

Nagaveni NB, Poornima P, Valsan A, Mathew MG. Management of Mesiodens and ectopically Erupted Central Incisor. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):49-53.
Investigating mental health in patients with osteoarthritis and its relationship with some clinical and demographic factors
Authors: Nazarinasab Masoumeh , Motamedfar Azim , Moqadam Azin Eskandari
Published: October 2017

Objective: The reduction in the level of mental health, particularly depression is associated with outcome of treatment in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). There is no broader research into mental health or mental health care for OA patients. The purpose of the present study was to determine mental health and its relationship with some clinical and demographic factors among patients with OA.

Material and methods: 94 patients with osteoarthritis were included in presented study. Patients were referred to hospital during the year of 2016, 30 male patients (31.9%) and 64 female (68.1%), female/male ratio was about 2 : 1. All patients were evaluated in the term of mental health through demographic questionnaire and SCL-90R questionnaire and the obtained data were analyzed using version 22 of SPSS Software.

Results:  The results showed that 58.5% of patients with osteoarthritis had mental health disorders. Among all studied patients mental health disorders were found in 55 patients (58.5%), including both isolated and complex disorders such as: psychological discomfort in the form of somatic symptoms disorder (n = 45), obsessive compulsive disorders (n = 43), interpersonal sensitivity (n = 44), depression (n = 47), anxiety (n = 41), aggression (n = 52), phobia (n = 42), paranoid psychosis (n = 32), psychosis (n = 3). In addition, the prevalence of mental health problems in patients with OA was significantly higher at the age range of 18 to 20 years old (p = 0.002). Also revealed that the greater risk of mental health disorders is in the first months of diagnosis of OA compare to the patients with longer disease duration more than six months (p = 0.01) and patients taking corticosteroids were significantly higher risk of mental health disorders development (p = 0.00).

Conclusion: In presented study although the prevalence of OA is higher in group of older people, but psychiatric disorders is more common in OA patients with age range below 20 years. In addition, patients in the early months of OA are at greater risk of psychiatric disorders which the disorders were observed higher in patients taking corticosteroids.
IASI-derived NH3 enhancement ratios relative to CO for the tropical biomass burning regions
Authors: Whitburn Simon , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Hurtmans Daniel , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre-François
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Vegetation fires are a major source of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. Their emissions are mainly estimated using bottom-up approaches that rely on uncertain emission factors. In this study, we derive new biome-specific NH3 enhancement ratios relative to carbon monoxide (CO), ERNH3 ∕ CO (directly related to the emission factors), from the measurements of the IASI sounder onboard the Metop-A satellite. This is achieved for large tropical regions and for an 8-year period (2008–2015). We find substantial differences in the ERNH3 ∕ CO ratios between the biomes studied, with calculated values ranging from 7  ×  10−3 to 23  ×  10−3. For evergreen broadleaf forest these are typically 50–75 % higher than for woody savanna and savanna biomes. This variability is attributed to differences in fuel types and size and is in line with previous studies. The analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio also reveals a (sometimes large) within-biome variability. On a regional level, woody savanna shows, for example, a mean ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio for the region of Africa south of the Equator that is 40–75 % lower than in the other five regions studied, probably reflecting regional differences in fuel type and burning conditions. The same variability is also observed on a yearly basis, with a peak in the ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio observed for the year 2010 for all biomes. These results highlight the need for the development of dynamic emission factors that take into better account local variations in fuel type and fire conditions. We also compare the IASI-derived ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio with values reported in the literature, usually calculated from ground-based or airborne measurements. We find general good agreement in the referenced ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio except for cropland, for which the ERNH3 ∕ CO ratio shows an underestimation of about 2–2.5 times.
Gasoline direct injection vehicles exceed port fuel injection ones in both primary aerosol emission and secondary aerosol formation
Authors: Du Zhuofei , Hu Min , Peng Jianfei , Zhang Wenbin , Zheng Jing , Gu Fangting , Qin Yanhong , Yang Yudong , Li Mengren , Wu Yusheng , Shao Min , Shuai Shijin
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Gasoline vehicles greatly contribute importantly to urban particulate matter (PM) pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, known as their higher fuel efficiency than that of port fuel injection (PFI) engines, have been increasingly employed in new gasoline vehicles. However, the impact of this trend on air quality is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from GDI and PFI vehicles under urban-like condition, using combined approaches involving chassis dynamometer measurement and environmental chamber simulation. The PFI vehicle emits slightly more volatile organic compounds, e.g., benzene and toluene, whereas the GDI vehicle emits more particulate components, e.g., the total PM, elemental carbon, primary organic aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Strikingly, a much higher SOA production (by a factor of approximately 2.7) is found from the exhaust of the GDI vehicle than that of the PFI vehicle under the same conditions. More importantly, the higher SOA production found in the GDI vehicle exhaust occurs concurrently with lower concentrations of traditional SOA precursors, e.g., benzene and toluene, indicating a greater contribution of intermediate volatility organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds in the GDI vehicle exhaust to the SOA formation. Our results highlight the considerable potential contribution of GDI vehicles to urban air pollution in the future.
Synoptic meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality in major metropolitan regions of China
Authors: Leung Danny M. , Tai Amos P. K. , Mickley Loretta J. , Moch Jonathan M. , van Donkelaar Aaron , Shen Lu , Martin Randall V.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. In this study, we use a combination of multivariate statistical methods to understand the relationships of PM2.5 with local meteorology and synoptic weather patterns in different regions of China across various timescales. Using June 2014 to May 2017 daily total PM2.5 observations from ~ 1500 monitors, all deseasonalized and detrended to focus on synoptic-scale variations, we find strong correlations of daily PM2.5 with all selected meteorological variables (e.g., positive correlation with temperature but negative correlation with sea-level pressure throughout China; positive and negative correlation with relative humidity in northern and southern China, respectively). The spatial patterns suggest that the apparent correlations with individual meteorological variables may arise from common association with synoptic systems. Based on a principal component analysis on 1998–2017 meteorological data to diagnose distinct meteorological modes that dominate synoptic weather in four major regions of China, we find strong correlations of PM2.5 with several synoptic modes that explain 10 % to 40 % of daily PM2.5 variability. These modes include monsoonal flows and cold frontal passages in northern and central China associated with the Siberian high, onshore flows in eastern China, and frontal rainstorms in southern China. Using the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region as a case study, we further find strong interannual correlations of regionally averaged satellite-derived annual mean PM2.5 with annual mean relative humidity (positive) and springtime fluctuation frequency of the Siberian high (negative). We apply the resulting PM2.5-to-climate sensitivities to IPCC Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate projections to predict future PM2.5 by 2050s due to climate change, and find a modest decrease of ~ 0.1 μg m−3 in annual mean PM2.5 in the BTH region, which represents the compensating effects of enhanced relative humidity and synoptic frequency.
Calibration and Field Testing of Cavity Ring-Down Laser Spectrometers Measuring CH4, CO2, and δ13CH4 Deployed on Towers in the Marcellus Shale Region
Authors: Miles Natasha L. , Martins Douglas K. , Richardson Scott J. , Rella Christopher W. , Arata Caleb , Lauvaux Thomas , Davis Kenneth J. , Barkley Zachary R. , McKain Kathryn , Sweeney Colm
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Four in-situ cavity ring-down spectrometers (G2132-i, Picarro, Inc.) measuring methane dry mole fraction (CH4), carbon dioxide dry mole fraction (CO2) and the isotopic ratio of methane (δ13CH4) were deployed at four towers in the Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction region of Pennsylvania. The calibration of the continuous isotopic methane analyzers used in this study required both a linear calibration and a mole fraction correction, and a correction for cross-interference from ethane. In this paper, we describe laboratory and field calibration of the analyzers for tower-based applications, and characterize their performance in the field for the period January–December 2016. Prior to deployment, each analyzer was calibrated using high methane mole fraction air bottles with various isotopic ratios, from biogenic to thermogenic source values, diluted in zero air. Furthermore, at each tower location, three field calibration tanks were employed, from ambient to high mole fractions, with various isotopic ratios. By testing multiple calibration schemes, we determined an optimized field calibration method. A method to correct for cross interference from ethane is also described. Using an independent field tank for evaluation, the standard deviation of 4-hour means of the isotopic ratio of methane difference from the known value was found to be 0.26 ‰ δ13CH4. Following improvements in the field calibration tank sampling scheme, the standard deviation of 4-hour means was 0.11 ‰, well within the target compatibility of 0.2 ‰. Round robin style testing using tanks with near ambient isotopic ratios indicated mean errors of −0.14 to 0.03 ‰ for each of the analyzers. Flask to in-situ comparisons showed mean differences over the year of 0.02 and 0.08 ‰, for the East and South towers, respectively. Regional sources in this region were difficult to differentiate from strong perturbations in the background. During the afternoon hours, the median enhancements of isotopic ratio measured at three of the towers, compared to the background tower, were −0.15 to 0.12 ‰ with standard deviations of the 10-min isotopic ratio enhancements of 0.8 ‰. In terms of source attribution, analyzer compatibility of 0.2 ‰ δ13CH4 affords the ability to distinguish a 50 ppb CH4 peak from a biogenic source from one originating from a thermogenic source. Using a Keeling plot approach for the non-afternoon data at a tower in the center of the study region, we determined the source isotopic signature to be −31.2 ‰, consistent with a deep-layer Marcellus natural gas source.
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Authors: Laruelle Goulven G. , Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Tison Jean-Louis , Delille Bruno , Regnier Pierre
Published: October 2017

Abstract. In spite of the recent strong increase in the number of measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface ocean (pCO2), the air–sea CO2 balance of the continental shelf seas remains poorly quantified. This is a consequence of these regions remaining strongly under-sampled in both time and space and of surface pCO2 exhibiting much higher temporal and spatial variability in these regions compared to the open ocean. Here, we use a modified version of a two-step artificial neural network method (SOM-FFN; Landschützer et al., 2013) to interpolate the pCO2 data along the continental margins with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and with monthly resolution from 1998 to 2015. The most important modifications compared to the original SOM-FFN method are (i) the much higher spatial resolution and (ii) the inclusion of sea ice and wind speed as predictors of pCO2. The SOM-FFN is first trained with pCO2 measurements extracted from the SOCATv4 database. Then, the validity of our interpolation, in both space and time, is assessed by comparing the generated pCO2 field with independent data extracted from the LDVEO2015 database. The new coastal pCO2 product confirms a previously suggested general meridional trend of the annual mean pCO2 in all the continental shelves with high values in the tropics and dropping to values beneath those of the atmosphere at higher latitudes. The monthly resolution of our data product permits us to reveal significant differences in the seasonality of pCO2 across the ocean basins. The shelves of the western and northern Pacific, as well as the shelves in the temperate northern Atlantic, display particularly pronounced seasonal variations in pCO2,  while the shelves in the southeastern Atlantic and in the southern Pacific reveal a much smaller seasonality. The calculation of temperature normalized pCO2 for several latitudes in different oceanic basins confirms that the seasonality in shelf pCO2 cannot solely be explained by temperature-induced changes in solubility but are also the result of seasonal changes in circulation, mixing and biological productivity. Our results also reveal that the amplitudes of both thermal and nonthermal seasonal variations in pCO2 are significantly larger at high latitudes. Finally, because this product's spatial extent includes parts of the open ocean as well, it can be readily merged with existing global open-ocean products to produce a true global perspective of the spatial and temporal variability of surface ocean pCO2.
Water stress induced breakdown of carbon-water relations: indicators from diurnal FLUXNET patterns
Authors: Nelson Jacob A. , Carvalhais Nuno , Migliavacca Mirco , Reichstein Markus , Jung Martin
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Understanding of terrestrial carbon and water cycles is currently hampered by an uncertainty in how to capture the large variety of plant responses to drought across climates, ecological strategies, and environments. In FLUXNET, the global network of CO2 and H2O flux observations, many sites do not uniformly report the ancillary variables needed to study drought response physiology such as soil moisture, sap flux, or species composition. In this sense, the use of diurnal energy, water, and carbon flux patterns to derive clues on ecosystem water limitation responses at a daily resolution could prove valuable, if nothing less than a benchmark to test current hypotheses. To this end, we propose two data-driven indicators derived directly from the eddy covariance data and based on theorized physiological responses to hydraulic and non-stomatal limitations. Hydraulic limitations (i.e. intra-plant limitations to water movement) are proxied using the relative diurnal centroid (C*ET), which measures the degree to which the flux of evapotranspiration (ET) is shifted toward the morning. Non-stomatal limitations (e.g. inhibitions of biochemical reactions, Rubisco activity, and/or mesophyll conductance) are characterized by the Diurnal Water:Carbon Index (DWCI), which measures the degree of coupling between ET and gross primary productivity (GPP) within each day. Globally, we found indications of hydraulic limitations in the form of significantly high frequencies of morning shifted days in dry/Mediterranean climates and savanna/evergreen plant functional types (PFT), whereas high frequencies of decoupling were dominated by dry climates and grassland/savanna PFTs indicating a prevalence of non-stomatal limitations in these ecosystems. Overall, both the diurnal centroid and DWCI were associated with high net radiation and low latent energy typical of drought. Using three water use efficiency (WUE) models, we found the mean differences between expected and observed WUE to be −0.14 to 0.56 μmol/mmol and −0.52 to −0.64 μmol/mmol for decoupled and morning shifted days respectively compared to mean differences −1.41 to −1.43 μmol/mmol in dry conditions. These results suggest that morning shifts/hydraulic responses are associated with an increase in WUE whereas decoupling/non-stomatal limitations are not.
Timescale-dependence of the relationship between the East Asian summer monsoon strength and precipitation over eastern China in the last millennium
Authors: Shi Jian , Yan Qing , Wang Huijun
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Precipitation/humidity proxies are widely used to reconstruct the historical East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) variation based on the assumption that summer precipitation over eastern China is closely and stably linked to the strength of EASM. However, whether the observed EASM-precipitation relationship (e.g., increased precipitation with a stronger EASM) was stable throughout the past time remains unclear. In this study, we used model outputs from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase Ⅲ and Community Earth System Model to investigate the stability of the EASM-precipitation relationship over the last millennium on different timescales. The model results indicate that the EASM strength (defined as the regionally averaged meridional wind) enhanced in the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ~ 950–1250 A.D.), during which there was increased precipitation over eastern China, and weakened during the Little Ice Age (LIA; ~ 1500‒1800 A.D.), during which there was decreased precipitation, consistent with precipitation/humidity proxies. However, the simulated EASM-precipitation relationship is only stable on a centennial and longer timescale and is unstable on a multi-decadal timescale. The nonstationary multi-decadal EASM-precipitation relationship broadly exhibits a quasi-60-year period, which may be attributed to the internal variability of the climate system and have no significant correlation to external forcings. Our results have implications for understanding the discrepancy among various EASM proxies on a multi-decadal timescale and highlight the need to rethink reconstructed decadal EASM variations based on precipitation/humidity proxies.
Simulation of the Greenland Ice sheet over two glacial cycles: Investigating a sub-ice shelf melt parameterisation and relative sea level forcing in an ice sheet-ice shelf model
Authors: Bradley Sarah L. , Reerink Thomas J. , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , Helsen Michiel M.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Observational evidence, including offshore moraines and sediment cores confirm that at the Last Glacial maximum (LGM) the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) grew to a significantly larger spatial extent than seen at present, grounding into Baffin Bay and to the continental shelf break. Given this larger spatial extent and it is close proximity to the neighboring Laurentide (LIS) and Innuitian Ice sheet (IIS), it is likely these ice sheets will have had a strong non-local influence on the spatial and temporal behaviour of the GrIS. Most previous paleo ice sheet modelling simulations recreated an ice sheet that either did not extend out onto the continental shelf; or utilized a simplified marine ice parametersiation and therefore did not fully include ice shelf dynamics, and or the sensitivity of the GrIS to this non-local signal from the surrounding ice sheets. In this paper, we investigated the evolution of the GrIS over the two most recent glacial-interglacial cycles (240 kyr BP to present day), using the ice sheet-ice shelf model, IMAU-ICE and investigated the influence of the LIS and IIS via an offline relative sea level (RSL) forcing generated by a GIA model. This RSL forcing controlled via changes in the water depth below the developing ice shelves, the spatial and temporal pattern of sub-ice shelf melting, which was parametrised in relation to changes in water depth. In the suite of simulations, the GrIS at the glacial maximums coalesced with the IIS to the north, expanded to the continental shelf break to the south west but remained too restricted to the north east. In terms of an ice-volume equivalent sea level contribution, at the Last Interglacial (LIG) and LGM the ice sheet added 1.46 m and −2.59 m to the budget respectively. The estimated lowering of the sea level by the Greenland contribution is considerably more (1.26 m) than most previous studies indicated whereas the contribution to the LIG high stand is lower (0.7 m). The spatial and temporal behaviour of the northern margin was highly variable in all simulations, controlled by the sub surface melt (SSM), which was dictated by the RSL forcing and the glacial history of the IIS and LIS. In contrast, the southwestern part of the ice sheet was insensitive to these forcing’s, with a uniform response in an all simulations controlled by the surface air temperature (SAT) forcing, derived from ice cores.
Isoprene derived secondary organic aerosol in a global aerosol chemistry climate model
Authors: Stadtler Scarlet , Kühn Thomas , Schröder Sabine , Taraborrelli Domenico , Schultz Martin G. , Kokkola Harri
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Within the framework of the global chemistry climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ a novel explicit coupling between the sectional aerosol model HAM-SALSA and the chemistry model MOZ was established to form isoprene derived secondary organic aerosol (iSOA). Isoprene oxidation in the chemistry model MOZ is described by a semi-explicit scheme consisting of 147 reactions, embedded in a detailed atmospheric chemical mechanism with a total of 779 reactions. Low volatile compounds (LVOC) produced during isoprene photooxidation are identified and explicitly partitioned by HAM-SALSA. A group contribution method was used to estimate their evaporation enthalpies and corresponding saturation vapor pressures, which are used by HAM-SALSA to calculate the saturation concentration of each LVOC. With this method, every single precursor is tracked in terms of condensation and evaporation in each aerosol size bin. This approach lead to the identification of ISOP(OOH)2 as a main contributor to iSOA formation. Further, reactive uptake of isoprene epoxidiols (IEPOX) and isoprene derived glyoxal were included as iSOA sources. The parameterization of IEPOX reactive uptake includes a dependency on aerosol pH value. This model framework connecting semi-explicit isoprene oxidation with explicit treatment of aerosol tracers leads to a global, annual isoprene SOA yield of 16 % relative to the primary oxidation of isoprene by OH, NO3, and ozone. With 445 Tg (392 TgC) isoprene emitted, an iSOA source of 148 Tg (61 TgC) is simulated. The major part of iSOA in ECHAM-HAMMOZ is produced by IEPOX (24.4 TgC) and ISOP(OOH)2 (28.3 TgC). The main sink process is particle wet deposition which removes 143 Tg (59 TgC). The iSOA burden reaches 1.6 Tg (0.7 TgC) in the year 2012.
Hydrological control of large hurricane-induced lahars: evidences from rainfall, seismic and video monitoring
Authors: Capra Lucia , Coviello Velio , Borselli Lorenzo , Márquez-Ramírez Víctor-Hugo , Arámbula-Mendoza Raul
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The Volcán de Colima, one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico, is commonly affected by tropical rains related to hurricanes that form over the Pacific Ocean. In 2001, 2013 and 2016 hurricanes Jova, Manuel and Patricia, respectively, promoted tropical storms that accumulated up to 400 mm of rain in 36 hrs, with maximum intensities of 50 mm/hrs. Effects were devastating, with the formation of multiple lahars along La Lumbre and Montegrande ravines, which are the most active channels in sediment delivery on the S-SW flank of the volcano. Deep erosion along the river channels and several landslides at their side were observed, and damages to bridges and paved roads for the arrival of block-rich fronts resulted in the distal reach of the ravines. Based on data from real-time monitoring (including images, seismic records and rainfall data), the temporal sequence of these events is reconstructed and analyzed with respect to the rainfall characteristics and the hydrological response of the watersheds based on rainfall/infiltration numerical simulation. For the studied events, lahars occurred after 5–6 hours since rainfall started, lasted several hours and were characterized by several pulses with block-rich fronts and a maximum flow discharge of 900 m3/s. Rainfall/infiltration simulations were performer with the Flo-2D code using the SCS-Curve number infiltration model. Results show different behaviors for the arrival times of the first lahar pulses that correlate with the catchment’s peak discharge for La Lumbre ravine and with the peaks in rainfall intensity for Montegrande ravine. This different behavior is strictly related to the area and shape of these two watersheds. Nerveless, for all the analyzed cases, the largest lahar pulse always corresponds with the last one and correlates with the maximum peak discharge of these catchments. Data here presented show that main pulses within a lahar are not randomly distributed in time, and they can be correlated with rainfall peak intensity and/or watershed discharge, depending on the watershed area and shape. This outcome has important implications for hazard assessment during extreme hydro-meteorological events since it could help in real-time alert. A stormwater was here designed based on the rainfall time distribution of hurricanes Manuel and Patricia and, in case on available weather forecasts, it can be used to run simulations prior to the event, and have an estimation of the time arrivals of main pulses, usually characterized by block-rich fronts that are responsible of damage to infrastructures and loss of goods and lives.
Political Consumerism and Buycott’s War on Koch Industries: Activism or slacktivism?
Authors: Harkins Jillian
Published: October 2017

A white fist punches the air, grasping tightly to a fluorescent green dollar bill — the Buycott app’s icon pictorially represents the power of consumer decisions. Buycott was developed by freelance programmer Ivan Pardo and released in May 2013 in order to provide its users with, in the words of its creator, “a platform that empowers [them] to make well-informed purchasing decisions.” The app allows consumers to make politically informed purchases, using their money as their ideological voice. Theoretically, the app was created for both conservative and liberal users, plus all those users in between. However, the app boasts overwhelmingly liberal campaigns, perhaps because liberal political participants are generally younger and more likely to utilize such a technology.
El secreto de la composición: el Kosmos de Humboldt como espacio postcolonial
Authors: Lubrich Oliver
Published: October 2017

Alexander von Humboldt ganó celebridad gracias a su viaje por América (entre 1799 y 1804). Una amplísima divulgación alcanzó su obra Kosmos, una descripción en cinco volúmenes (1845-1862) acerca del estado de conocimientos sobre el mundo. En un capítulo clave (1847), Humboldt expone la historia del saber como una historia de la violencia. Desde la Antigüedad clásica, el autor reconoce la existencia de una dialéctica entre la exploración científica del mundo y su explotación imperialista. Concebido después de las revoluciones independentistas latinoamericanas, Kosmos es la primera contribución de la literatura alemana a la teoría postcolonial. Desde esa perspectiva política puede entenderse también la híbrida forma de la obra. A partir del capítulo sobre la historia del conocimiento, el Kosmos desarrolla una confusa proliferación de distintos formatos y sub-formatos que parece imitar la exuberancia de la vegetación tropical. La disolución de una forma sistemática, “imperial”, es el efecto de esa mirada crítica al carácter colonial de las ciencias.
Experiencias de la mirada en Pfaueninsel de Thomas Hettche
Authors: Leskovec Andrea
Published: October 2017

Una de nuestras experiencias primarias es la construcción y fragmentación de la identidad personal a través de la mirada del otro. En la civilización occidental esta idea ha ido tomando forma ya desde los tiempos en que Sócrates hablaba sobre la determinación, clasificación y juzgamiento de la mirada. Respecto de su intención, la mirada es una visión instrumentalizada, una objetivación del otro, y por lo tanto funciona como un acto de (auto) satisfacción narcisista. Experimentar una mirada es, en última instancia, experimentar violencia. Pfaueninsel de Thomas Hettche ofrece una alternativa que será discutida en el contexto de la teoría fenomenológica de la percepción (Lévinas, Merleau- Ponty, Waldenfels).
Mid-term results of revision total hip arthroplasty with an uncemented modular femoral component
Authors: Rieger Bertram , Ilchmann Thomas , Bolliger Lilianna , Stoffel Karl K. , Zwicky Lukas , Clauss Martin
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

During revision total hip arthroplasty (THA), the surgeon commonly faces deficient proximal femoral bone. In this situation, distal fixation of the prosthesis is required. The aim of the current retrospective study is to assess the clinical and radiographic mid-term outcome of revision total hip arthroplasty using a modular uncemented, tapered, grit-blasted, distal straight stem system.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 70 femoral revisions that were performed in 67 patients using the device of interest. All patients were operated on via an extended trochanteric osteotomy. 60 revisions were performed as 1-stage (12 infected) and 10 as 2-stage (all infected) revisions. At 3 months postoperatively and at final follow-up, patients were assessed radiographically for the presence of osteolysis and for distal integration.

Results:

The mean follow-up time was 4.3 (2.0-7.6) years. 4 patients had a removal of at least 1 prosthetic component. Stem survival for any reason was 92% after 5 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 83%-100%). With aseptic loosening of the stem as the endpoint of interest, survival after 5 years was 96% (95% CI, 88%-100%). A postoperative subsidence rate of 14.7% was found. No perioperative femoral fractures were found in the current patient series.

Conclusions:

This study showed excellent mid-term survival and good clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients who had undergone revision THA with a modular uncemented, tapered, straight design.
Transfusion Rate Using Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Hip Revision Surgery
Authors: Mariani Pablo , Buttaro Martin A. , Slullitel Pablo A. , Comba Fernando M. , Zanotti Gerardo , Ali Pablo , Piccaluga Francisco
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Hip revision surgery is associated with a high probability of the necessity for a blood transfusion. Different studies support the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) to decrease the rate of transfusions in primary hip surgery. Nevertheless, the use of this drug in hip revision surgery has not yet been widely accepted. The aim of our study was to establish the rate of blood transfusion with and without TXA in hip revision surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 125 hip revision surgery patients operated on between 2011 and 2014. We divided our series into 2 groups: the TXA group with 61 patients (in which a 1000 mg dose of TXA was used before the skin incision and a second identical dose after skin closure) and a control group with 64 patients. We analysed the red blood cell (RBC) transfusion rates and their odds risk as well as the presence of collateral complications.

Results

Average RBC transfusion was 2.7 units/patient (range 0-6) in the control group compared to 1.6 units/patient (range 0-6) in the TXA group. A 90.11% (odds ratio [OR] 0.098; confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.04; p<0.0029) odds risk reduction for transfusion of at least 1 unit of erythrocyte blood cell was observed in the TXA group. Complications associated with the TXA were similar in both groups.

Interpretation

The benefits of TXA have been shown in elective hip replacement. In this study, TXA proved to be safe and efficacious in reducing the need for transfusions following revision total hip arthroplasty.
Hip resurfacing arthroplasty for patients with inflammatory arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Morse Kyle W. , Su Edwin P.
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Modern metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty has led to decreased revision rates and high implant survival rates as compared to prior generations of resurfacing. Many of the series that report on resurfacing outcomes focus upon patients treated with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Patients with inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are also treated in these series, however, their outcomes following resurfacing are underreported. The aim of this study was to determine complications that may occur following hip resurfacing in patients with inflammatory arthritis. A secondary aim was to determine functional outcomes following resurfacing.

Methods:

A search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed/OVID), Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. 5 studies met eligibility criteria. This review includes 196 hips; 120 had a diagnosis of AS or seronegative spondyloarthropathy and 76 had a diagnosis of RA or juvenile RA. 8 revisions were reported at a mean time of 64.2 (8.67-275.58) weeks.

Results:

Femoral neck fracture was the most common indication for revision, occurring in 3.06% of all hips at 34.5 weeks (16.0-52.0). 2 infections, 2 reports of acetabular radiolucency, and no dislocations were reported. The University of California at Los Angeles score, Harris Hip Score, and Range of Motion were the most common functional outcomes measured, which increased in the majority of studies following resurfacing.

Conclusions:

Femoral neck fracture was the most common reason for revision in patients with inflammatory arthritis following resurfacing and there were no dislocations reported. Following resurfacing, these patients have improved functional outcomes.
Conceptual Metaphors of Pride in Middlemarch
Authors: Walker Kamila
Published: October 2017

This article explores the way George Eliot represents and comments on the ethics of pride in Middlemarch through the skillful use of conventional metaphors. Probably as a result of the long-standing distinction between positive and negative types of pride in Western cultures, the linguistic construction of this two-faceted emotion in Eliot's novelistic discourse is not an arbitrary process, but arises from conventionalized mental models of pride present in her unique narrative method. This uniqueness relies on bringing to fictional encounters this author's particular sensitivity to the psychological nature of this emotion, her own mental awareness of normative behaviors, and her way of recruiting the preconditions and embodied experience of pride to the service of her rhetorical and didactic aims. But this special capacity for representing affective experience can also be seen to be situated within a larger framework of familiar conceptual metaphors that this discussion scrutinizes. This analysis involves tracing the conventionalized embodied expressions for both types of pride as deployed by Eliot within her extraordinarily effective narrative technique.
“My hands are tied”: Nurses’ perception of organizational culture in Kenyan private hospitals
Authors: Mbuthia Gladys Muthoni , Brownie Sharon , Holroyd Eleanor
Published: October 2017

It is estimated that by 2030 the global shortage of nurses and midwives will be 7.6 million, with African countries among the most adversely affected. Within this context, it is important to understand the specific organizational factors that contribute to registered nurses (RNs)’ decisions to remain or leave their workplaces in East Africa. The aim of this study was to commence exploration of these factors by exploring nurses’ perceptions of organizational culture of selected private hospitals in Kenya. A small-scale exploratory qualitative approach was employed, with eight nurses undertaking semi-structured interviews. There were five female and three male nurses. All participants were RNs; two held a bachelor’s degree in nursing and the rest held diplomas in nursing. The thematic analysis revealed four major themes and nine sub-themes. The major themes included: restrictive work environment, top-down leadership, normalizing the abnormal in team dynamics and professionalism, and ethical concerns. These findings suggest an urgent need for Kenyan private hospital administrators to create a hospital work environment that provides more autonomy for nurses. There is a need for inclusive leadership styles that target hospital organizational structures and processes in order to address nursing workforce team dynamics. A merit-based salary and progressive reward systems are recommended to empower nurses to remain in the workforce.