bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Response and Needs of African American Female Survivors of Domestic Violence
Authors: Gillum Tameka L.
Published: December 2007

Relatively few studies have looked specifically at the experiences and needs of African American women who are survivors of domestic violence. This study sought to find out from African American survivors (a) what their experience was with various community entities and (b) how they feel race may have affected these experiences. Results indicate a great deal of dissatisfaction with the services received as they attempt to escape and/or stay away from their abusive partners. This dissatisfaction was in large measure due to lack of cultural competence. Implications for service and suggestions for community entities are presented.
Classifying Partner Femicide
Authors: Dixon Louise , Hamilton-Giachritsis Catherine , Browne Kevin
Published: December 2007

The heterogeneity of domestic violent men has long been established. However, research has failed to examine this phenomenon among men committing the most severe form of domestic violence. This study aims to use a multidimensional approach to empirically construct a classification system of men who are incarcerated for the murder of their female partner based on the Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) typology. Ninety men who had been convicted and imprisoned for the murder of their female partner or spouse in England were identified from two prison samples. A content dictionary defining offense and offender characteristics associated with two dimensions of psychopathology and criminality was developed. These variables were extracted from institutional records via content analysis and analyzed for thematic structure using multidimensional scaling procedures. The resultant framework classified 80% ( n = 72) of the sample into three subgroups of men characterized by (a) low criminality/low psychopathology (15%), (b) moderate-high criminality/ high psychopathology (36%), and (c) high criminality/low-moderate psychopathology (49%). The latter two groups are akin to Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart's (1994) generally violent/antisocial and dysphoric/borderline offender, respectively. The implications for intervention, developing consensus in research methodology across the field, and examining typologies of domestic violent men prospectively are discussed.
Program Completion in Specialized Batterer Counseling for African-American Men
Authors: Gondolf Edward W.
Published: December 2007

Despite the many recommendations for specialized counseling for African-American men arrested for domestic violence, research has yet to document its effectiveness in improving program completion. This experimental clinical trial compared the program completion rates of culturally-focused counseling in all-African-American groups, conventional counseling in all-African-American groups, and conventional counseling in racially-mixed groups. The completion rate for the 16-week program was approximately 55% across the three counseling options. Completion rates were slightly lower in the specialized counseling groups following stricter enforcement of dismissal policies. For men with high racial identification, the completion rate rose to between 63% and 65% in the culturally-focused and conventional all-African-American groups versus only 40% in the racially-mixed groups. Programs might offer the option of culturally-focused counseling to African-American men to efficiently improve program completion. The influence of the program's strong link to the criminal justice system and weaker link to the community warrants further consideration.
Dress and Human Behavior
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Yoo Jeong-Ju , Kim Minjeong , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: December 2007

The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive review and analysis of published research that investigated relationships between the dress of an individual and how that dress affected others' behavior toward the individual. Existing published research was analyzed to determine the types of behaviors investigated, the types of dress manipulations, whether dress had a significant effect, theory used to guide the research, and who the participant population was in the research. Research methods were also reviewed. Sources of data were 93 studies published from 1955 to 2004. Researchers overwhelmingly investigated helping behavior. The most frequently operationalized concepts using dress manipulations were labeled “dress,” “status,” and “attractiveness.” Researchers using dress or attractiveness or attire as the primary dress manipulation did not necessarily control for other dress variables (e.g., makeup, hair-style) in their research. Most of this research was not guided by theory.
Factors Influencing Apparel Imports From China
Authors: Qimin Zhang  , Hathcote Jan M.
Published: December 2007

This article examines the impact of the quota phase-out effect on apparel trade between the United States and China post-2005 quota eliminations. To achieve this goal, several critical variables associated with the U.S. import volume of apparel from China are identified and studied. These variables, including quota price, tariff rate, labor costs, and freight costs are analyzed to determine the extent to which they influence the import volumes. From the research results, the researchers postulate possible changes post-2005 in U.S. apparel imports from China and provide beneficial information to the U.S. retailing industry in terms of sourcing opportunity with China's apparel industries, pending possible safeguards through 2008. Implications of past utilization rates and quota limits for U.S. retailers' sourcing of Chinese apparel products are drawn. The research finds that quota prices and tariff rates most often significantly influence the trade pattern of the selected apparel groups and that quota removal boosts U.S. apparel imports from China.
Is Disturbed Sleep a Mediator in the Association between Social Support and Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Nordin Maria , Knutsson Anders , Sundbom Elisabet
Published: December 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate a mediating relationship between social support and disturbed sleep in cases surviving myocardial infarction. The case-referent studies, Stockholm Heart Epidemiological Program (SHEEP) and Västernorrland Heart Epidemiological Program (VHEEP) were used comprising 6231 participants (2046 women). Referents were randomly selected. Disturbed sleep was operationalized by the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire, network support by the Availability of Social Integration Index and emotional support by the Availability of Attachment Index. Mediating associations were tested with logistic regression. The results show that disturbed sleep may act as a mediator between low network support and myocardial infarction in women.
Youth and Adolescent Physical Activity Lapsers
Authors: Shields Christopher A. , Spink Kevin S. , Chad Karen , Muhajarine Nazeem , Humbert Louise , Odnokon Pat
Published: December 2007

The present study examined whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between family social influence and physical activity among youth who have experienced a recent lapse in their physical activity participation. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, participants completed measures of social influence, self-regulatory efficacy and physical activity. Only those participants whose physical activity declined were retained for further analysis. Self-regulatory efficacy partially mediated the relationship between family social influence and physical activity, with self-efficacy mediating 36 percent of the total effect. The results provide support for self-regulatory efficacy as a mediator and provide preliminary insight into the potential mechanisms for preventing lapses in activity from developing into prolonged periods of inactivity within this population.
Electroless plating copper coating of Al18B4O33 whisker for interface improvement of whisker reinforced aluminium matrix composite
Authors: Gao H. Q. , Wang L. D. , Fei W. D.
Published: December 2007

There exists serious interfacial reaction in squeeze casting aluminium borate whisker reinforced 6061Al matrix composite. To control the interfacial reaction, an electroless plating method is used to deposit Cu coating on aluminium borate whiskers. The scanning electron microscope observations of the coating indicate that the micrograph of copper coating is affected by pH value and HCHO concentration of the plating bath. The effect of pH value and HCHO concentration on deposition rate of copper is also studied. By using squeeze casting method, 6061Al matrix composites reinforced by copper coated or uncoated whisker were fabricated. It is found that Cu coating of whisker is effective in controlling the interfacial reaction in the composite. The ultimate tensile strength of composite is enhanced greatly by the coating. In addition, the solution treatment can improve further the ultimate tensile strength of the composite reinforced by coated whisker.
The mechanisms of long fatigue crack growth behaviour in Al–Si casting alloys at room and elevated temperature
Authors: Moffat A. J. , Mellor B. G. , Sinclair I. , Reed P. A. S.
Published: December 2007

Pistons are commonly made from multicomponent Al–Si casting alloys, which have complex, interconnecting three-dimensional (3D) networks of secondary phase particles. They are non-serviceable parts and so must be able to withstand high cycle fatigue while operating at temperatures between 30 and 80% of Tm. Long fatigue crack growth tests were performed at room temperature (RT) and 350°C to assess the micromechanisms of fatigue. The fracture profiles at low and high d a/d N were analysed; at low crack growth rates at both temperatures there is no crack path preferentiality with respect to the microstructure. At high d a/d N in the RT sample the crack growth occurs preferentially via hard particles, while at 350°C there is a change in mechanism and the crack appears to avoid hard particles. X-ray tomography has been used to image the crack tips and gain a detailed insight into the mechanisms of fatigue in these complex 3D microstructures.
How it all began
Authors: Woods Rollo G.
Published: December 2007

The earliest phase of automation at Southampton University Library (SUL) saw computer-based 'house-keeping' systems developed in-house to handle the trebling of student intake from 1966. The successful circulation system — the first in the UK needing a daily computer run — led to an OSTI (Office for Scientific and Technical Information) grant (1967–1973) that supported an automation group that designed, programmed, and implemented further systems. During this period SUL had more systems operational than any other UK library. Reasons why a book-form catalogue for Wessex Medical Library and a Library Automation Teaching Package were unsuccessful are also suggested. The management structures developed, and the influence of the systems on the staff, the university, and the library world are described.
Early developments in the automation of higher education libraries
Authors: Naylor Bernard
Published: December 2007

Examines the development of automation in higher education libraries from the mid-1960s until around 1975. During this period the automation of processes in academic libraries progressed from being an experimental activity, often called a research activity, engaged in by few, to being a commonly accepted phenomenon. The period also witnessed a shift away from the collaborative exploitation of computer resources among different departments, academic and administrative, of a single university, towards collaboration among university libraries. Discusses the application of computers in terms of circulation control, catalogues and cataloguing, acquisition and administration. Praises the vision and enthusiasm of librarians who, in the face of opposition from fellow professionals and users alike, pioneered the application of computer technology in libraries.
The combined roles of ADAMTS13 and VWF in murine models of TTP, endotoxemia, and thrombosis
Authors: Chauhan Anil K. , Walsh Meghan T. , Zhu Guojing , Ginsburg David , Wagner Denisa D. , Motto David G.
Published: December 2007

Ultralarge von Willebrand factor (UL-VWF) multimers are thought to play a central role in pathogenesis of the disease thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); however, experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis has been difficult to establish. Therefore, to examine directly the requirement for VWF in TTP pathogenesis, we generated ADAMTS13-deficient mice on a TTP-susceptible genetic background that were also either haploinsufficient (Vwf+/−) or completely deficient (Vwf−/−) in VWF. Absence of VWF resulted in complete protection from shigatoxin (Stx)–induced thrombocytopenia, demonstrating an absolute requirement for VWF in this model (Stx has been shown previously to trigger TTP in ADAMTS13-deficient mice). We next investigated the requirements for ADAMTS13 and VWF in a murine model of endotoxemia. Unlike Stx-induced TTP findings, LPS-induced thrombocytopenia and mortality were not affected by either VWF or ADAMTS13 deficiency, suggesting divergent mechanisms of thrombocytopenia between these 2 disorders. Finally, we show that VWF deficiency abrogates the ADAMTS13-deficient prothrombotic state, suggesting VWF as the only relevant ADAMTS13 substrate under these conditions. Together, these findings shed new light on the potential roles played by ADAMTS13 and VWF in TTP, endotoxemia, and normal hemostasis.
The development and feasibility of a virtual heart failure clinic
Authors: Kaan Annemarie , Lear Scott , Marie Biljana
Published: December 2007

Heart failure (HF) self-management includes monitoring and reporting of changes in symptoms. We have explored the feasibility of an interactive, easy-to-use Web-based system that provides a link between the patient and the health professional. New HF clinic patients were enrolled into a six-month study. Patients were identified according to their ability to use the Internet daily and whether they would be able to complete baseline and follow-up visits. In the first 12 months, nine patients completed the study. There was an improvement in physical functioning as measured with the 6–min walk test, from 395 m (SD 105) to 457 m (SD 90). There was also an improvement in quality-of-life scores, from 47 (SD 29) to 40 (SD 26) (the lower the score, the better). Patients expressed high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. The system was shown to be safe and feasible when used with appropriate supports. The virtual HF clinic is simple, cheap and has potential for use in a range of chronic illnesses.
Development of a combined telemedicine and Picture Archiving and Communications System for a tertiary hospital group
Authors: Crowe Bernard , Maraj Allan , Thatcher Mal , Parrish Steven , Rogers Kathy
Published: December 2007

The new Mater Mother's Hospital in Brisbane, due to open in March 2008, will cater for the growing demand on maternity services in Queensland. The plan is to provide a comprehensive teleconsultation service to the whole of Queensland and to northern New South Wales for both teleradiology and telecardiology. The key to the Mater's plans for electronic health records will be the coming together of a Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS), various clinical information systems, a new Patient Administration System (PAS) and the clinical portal system called Verdi. Clinicians will have online access to patient demographics from the PAS and to patients’ previous imaging studies from the PACS, prior to the real-time teleconsultation, so as to enhance the clinical value of the consultation. Developments in the areas of telemedicine and PACS appear capable of supporting each other to ensure that real-time teleconsultations by paediatric specialists can be provided to patients in remote areas, and at the same time the consultants can have access to a patient's images and medical records so as to provide a high standard of care.
Patient perceptions of preoperative anaesthesia assessment at a distance
Authors: Boedeker Ben H , Murray W Bosseau , Berg Benjamin W
Published: December 2007

We investigated patient perceptions of a pilot telemedicine preoperative evaluation clinic. Thirteen patients scheduled for elective surgery participated in an outpatient clinic-based preoperative evaluation using telemedicine. The clinic was 80 km from the tertiary care surgical centre. At the clinic, there was an anaesthesia nurse practitioner. An anaesthetist evaluated electrocardiograms, medical records and physical findings via a videoconferencing link. The subjects completed a 15–item, 5–point Likert scale questionnaire. The mean score in the technical quality domain (five items) was 1.7. The mean score in the efficacy perception domain (four items) was 1.6. The mean score in the affective experience domain (three items) was 4.4 (negative perception questions). The mean score in the patient preference domain (three items) was 1.3. The present study confirms that patients accepted remote preoperative anaesthesia services, with positive perceptions in the four domains examined.
Assessment of communication and swallowing function post laryngectomy: A telerehabilitation trial
Authors: Ward Liz , White Jane , Russell Trevor , Theodoros Deborah , Kuhl Melissa , Nelson Kathryn , Peters Irene
Published: December 2007

We validated an Internet-based telerehabiliatation system designed to assess the oromotor, swallowing and communication outcomes of patients following laryngectomy. Simultaneous online and face-to-face (FTF) assessments were made of 20 patients. The online assessment was conducted using a videoconferencing system developed specifically for telerehabilitation. There was greater than 80% agreement between the online and FTF clinician for all variables relating to oromotor function, swallowing status and communication ability. However, visualization of the stoma was poor. Clinician satisfaction with the functionality of the system was low, although their ratings were high for ease of use and the potential for telerehabilitation as a service delivery method. Patients were 100% satisfied with the usability of the system and the quality of service received. The study suggests that online assessment is a potentially viable service delivery method for evaluating the speech and swallowing status of patients post laryngectomy.
Telemedicine in KwaZulu-Natal: From failure to cautious optimism
Authors: Mars Maurice
Published: December 2007

Following unsuccessful attempts to develop a national telemedicine programme in South Africa, a videoconference-based, postgraduate tele-education service was developed in KwaZulu-Natal (KZ-N). This started in 2001; in 2006, 1 7 academic disciplines offered 765 h of multipoint programming to 23,125 participants. There is growing interest from other medical schools in South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa to participate in shared postgraduate tele-education. Pilot telemedicine projects in teledermatology (real-time and store-and-forward) and in tele-ophthalmology (store-and-forward) are reaching maturity. A substantial proportion of patients have been saved a journey to Durban. New telemedicine projects are starting. After a disappointing start, there is cautious optimism that telemedicine and tele-education will develop further in KZ-N.
Standardized patient interviewing with remote interactive technologies
Authors: Berg Benjamin W , Alverson Dale , Mccarty Teresita , Sinclair Nancy , Hudson Donald , Vincent Dale S
Published: December 2007

Standardized patients (SPs), people who have been trained to simulate or represent a medical condition in a standardized way, are commonly used in medical education. However, considerable effort is required to maintain a panel of SPs and trained evaluators. We conducted a study using the Access Grid advanced videoconferencing system and the Internet2 high performance research and education network at a hospital in Hawaii with medical residents and a medical school in New Mexico with an SP programme. After receiving one didactic presentation and written material about smoking cessation, three residents in Hawaii each counselled an SP in New Mexico via the Access Grid. One evaluator was located in New Mexico at an Access Grid node. Two evaluators were located in Hawaii, one in the same room as the residents, and one connected via the Access Grid. Evaluators scored the learners using 11 criteria. Student and SP feedback and inter-rater reliability among evaluators were good. Teaching and evaluating interviewing skills appear to be feasible using the Access Grid. Wider implementation of the technique will require considerable technical, logistical and curriculum coordination among participating sites.
FEM Analysis and Experimental Study on Monolayer Cable Net for Glass Facades: Dynamic Properties
Authors: Shi Yongjiu , Wu Lili , Wang Yuanqing , Luo Kenyi , Xu Yue
Published: December 2007

Study of the dynamic properties of a monolayer cable net is described in this part II of the paper. The linear vibration properties of a cable net are analyzed in the form of a lumped-mass system based on the assumption of small-amplitude vibration. The respective influence of two vital factors: geometric shape and cable pretension on the dynamic properties of cable nets at different deflected positions under load is especially focused upon. Results show that when the geometric shape has a small displacement, the displacement influence on frequencies of vibration is almost the same as that of pre-tension, otherwise, the influence of geometric shape is far greater than that of pre-tension. Dynamic tests on the cable net model mentioned in Part I were also carried out at each pre-stretching stage. The results of experiments agree well with those of finite element analysis (FEA). In addition, a modified method called “MML” based on Rayleigh's approach for the calculation of fundamental frequency is put forward in this paper, since it was found that Rayleigh's approach may sometimes introduce large errors. The nonlinear dynamic properties of the cable net were also analyzed. Different from the linear vibration case, nonlinear cases are to some extent amplitude-dependent. Thus explicitly approximate formulae for the first and second nonlinear modal frequencies are derived from continuous theory assuming the cable net to act as a continuous membrane. Transient dynamic analysis using the finite element software ANSYS was carried out to validate the formulae. The results given by the formulae and those via numerical analysis agree with each other well.
FEM Analysis and Experimental Study on Monolayer Cable Net for Glass Facades: Static Performance
Authors: Wang Yuanqing , Wu Lili , Shi Yongjiu , Sun Fen , Luo Kenyi , Xu Yue
Published: December 2007

Monolayer cable nets have been widely applied in point-supported glass facades in recent years because of transparency, light weight and flexibility of construction. In this paper, work on the static load bearing performance of this type of cable net is described through the use of finite element analysis (FEA) and tests on a 1/10–scale model of a real project in P.R. China under construction. Firstly a method of analysis inverse to the sequence of erection and much different from conventional methods, is used to model the pre-stretching of cables with the aid of FEA to provide guidelines for the tests. Cable pre-stretching proceeds by three stages, then load bearing behaviour tests on the cable net are carried out both before and after the installation of glass panels. The agreement between the pre-stretching tests and the FEA analysis indicates that the inverse analysis method is convenient in calculation, and provides useful references for the pre-stretching of similar types of cable net in practical engineering. The nonlinear relationship found between loads and displacements just indicates the nonlinear properties of flexible cable nets. Before the installation of glass panels, the structural stiffness actually increases slowly with increasing external loads, and greater initial pre-tension is more beneficial to load bearing capacity of the structure. But too large an initial pre-tension may overload the supporting structures of the cable net. The increase in cable force due to external loads is small. Nevertheless, the stiffness of the glass panels themselves make a significant contribution to the overall structural stiffness, the contribution which becomes less obvious as the stiffness of the cable net itself increases.
A Comparative Study of Alternative Approaches for Stability Design of Steel Frames
Authors: Tong Gengshu , Xing Guoran
Published: December 2007

Approaches for stability design of steel frames include the traditional and the modified effective length methods and the notional load approach. This paper presents a storey-based stability factor approach in which storey slenderness and a stability coefficient for a storey are defined, the stability of a storey is checked as a whole. Also presented are detailed comparison of the modified effective length approach, the notional load approach and the proposed storey-based method with FEM. Seven frames, with different bases or beam-to-column connections, one or two spans, one or two stories, with or without leaning columns, uniformly or unevenly loaded, are analysed. Various imperfections are considered. All frames are assumed to be axially loaded to serve as benchmark problems for checking the priority of available methods. It is found that the notional load approach is ideal for frames that are uniformly loaded, and if the modified effective length factors of columns are within 1∼2. The modified effective length is not accurate enough in considering the inter-column interaction of a storey failing in an elastic-plastic state. The proposed storey-based stability factor approach shows good agreement with FEM for all the frames analysed.
Stable PNPase RNAi silencing: Its effect on the processing and adenylation of human mitochondrial RNA
Authors: Slomovic Shimyn , Schuster Gadi
Published: December 2007

Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is a diverse enzyme, involved in RNA polyadenylation, degradation, and processing in prokaryotes and organelles. However, in human mitochondria, PNPase is located in the intermembrane space (IMS), where no mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) is known to be present. In order to determine the nature and degree of its involvement in mtRNA metabolism, we stably silenced PNPase by establishing HeLa cell lines expressing PNPase short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). Processing and polyadenylation of mt-mRNAs were significantly affected, but, to different degrees in different genes. For instance, the stable poly(A) tails at the 3′ ends of COX1 transcripts were abolished, while COX3 poly(A) tails remained unaffected and ND5 and ND3 poly(A) extensions increased in length. Despite the lack of polyadenylation at the 3′ end, COX1 mRNA and protein accumulated to normal levels, as was the case for all 13 mt-encoded proteins. Interestingly, ATP depletion also altered poly(A) tail length, demonstrating that adenylation of mtRNA can be manipulated by indirect, environmental means and not solely by direct enzymatic activity. When both PNPase and the mitochondrial poly(A)-polymerase (mtPAP) were concurrently silenced, the mature 3′ end of ND3 mRNA lacked poly(A) tails but retained oligo(A) extensions. Furthermore, in mtPAP-silenced cells, truncated adenylated COX1 molecules, considered to be degradation intermediates, were present but harbored significantly shorter tails. Together, these results suggest that an additional mitochondrial polymerase, yet to be identified, is responsible for the oligoadenylation of mtRNA and that PNPase, although located in the IMS, is involved, most likely by indirect means, in the processing and polyadenylation of mtRNA.
Analysis of the human polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) reveals differences in RNA binding and response to phosphate compared to its bacterial and chloroplast counterparts
Authors: Portnoy Victoria , Palnizky Gili , Yehudai-Resheff Shlomit , Glaser Fabian , Schuster Gadi
Published: December 2007

PNPase is a major exoribonuclease that plays an important role in the degradation, processing, and polyadenylation of RNA in prokaryotes and organelles. This phosphorolytic processive enzyme uses inorganic phosphate and nucleotide diphosphate for degradation and polymerization activities, respectively. Its structure and activities are similar to the archaeal exosome complex. The human PNPase was recently localized to the intermembrane space (IMS) of the mitochondria, and is, therefore, most likely not directly involved in RNA metabolism, unlike in bacteria and other organelles. In this work, the degradation, polymerization, and RNA-binding properties of the human PNPase were analyzed and compared to its bacterial and organellar counterparts. Phosphorolytic activity was displayed at lower optimum concentrations of inorganic phosphate. Also, the RNA-binding properties to ribohomopolymers varied significantly from those of its bacterial and organellar enzymes. The purified enzyme did not preferentially bind RNA harboring a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end, compared to a molecule lacking this tail. Several site-directed mutations at conserved amino acid positions either eliminated or modified degradation/polymerization activity in different manners than observed for the Escherichia coli PNPase and the archaeal and human exosomes. In light of these results, a possible function of the human PNPase in the mitochondrial IMS is discussed.
Public Participation in Planning Within a Representative Local Democracy
Authors: Boaden Noel , Goldsmith Michael , Hampton William , Stringer Peter
Published: December 2007

Within the present system of local government in Britain there is great variation of public involvement. Major elites are often involved and consulted, while minor elites occasionally enjoy that position. For the public at large there is little collective involvement. The obvious challenge which these facts offer to conventional democratic notions is recognised in the recent requirement for public participation in planning introduced in 1971. Such participation, we argue, may range from improved representative government, where it may be little more than public relations, to participatory democracy where the people exercise power over planning decisions. Empirical evidence from five structure plan authorities is used to illustrate positions between those two poles. They exhibit some variation, though clustering towards the improved representative pole. The varied positions are considered in terms of the different relationships between planners, elected members and officials in other local departments. In our five cases the planners rarely involve the elected councillors, and the involvement of other officers varies. The resulting efforts at public participation depend on planners’ attitudes towards the role which the public should play (legitimizing or exercising power); and whether it is conceived as a continuing process, or simply the production of formal plans. Comment is offered on the five cases looking at the pattern of likely local conflict and its implications for the planners. Given the nature of local government since reorganization, it is argued that participatory democracy is unlikely. If it is to develop, planning must develop a direct engagement with the normal political processes: it cannot be achieved by planners acting alone.
Role of Bcl2 in Osteoclastogenesis and PTH Anabolic Actions in Bone
Authors: Yamashita Junro , Datta Nabanita S , Chun Yong-Hee P , Yang Dong-Ye , Carey Allison A , Kreider Jaclynn M , Goldstein Steven A , McCauley Laurie K
Published: December 2007

Introduction: B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) is a proto-oncogene best known for its ability to suppress cell death. However, the role of Bcl2 in the skeletal system is unknown. Bcl2 has been hypothesized to play an important anti-apoptotic role in osteoblasts during anabolic actions of PTH. Although rational, this has not been validated in vivo; hence, the impact of Bcl2 in bone remains unknown.

Materials and Methods: The bone phenotype of Bcl2 homozygous mutant (Bcl2−/−) mice was analyzed with histomorphometry and μCT. Calvarial osteoblasts were isolated and evaluated for their cellular activity. Osteoclastogenesis was induced from bone marrow cells using RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and their differentiation was analyzed. PTH(1–3;34) (50 μg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily to Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice (4 days old) for 9 days to clarify the influence of Bcl2 ablation on PTH anabolic actions. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed to detect Bcl2 expression in calvarial osteoblasts in response to PTH ex vivo.

Results: There were reduced numbers of osteoclasts in Bcl2−/− mice, with a resultant increase in bone mass. Bcl2−/− bone marrow–derived osteoclasts ex vivo were significantly larger in size and short-lived compared with wildtype, suggesting a pro-apoptotic nature of Bcl2−/− osteoclasts. In contrast, osteoblasts were entirely normal in their proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Intermittent administration of PTH increased bone mass similarly in Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice. Finally, Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that Bcl2 levels were not induced in response to PTH in calvarial osteoblasts.

Conclusions: Bcl2 is critical in osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. Osteoclast suppression is at least in part responsible for increased bone mass of Bcl2−/− mice, and Bcl2 is dispensable in PTH anabolic actions during bone growth.
Modellierung komplexer Webanwendungen: eine praxisorientierte, durchgängige Methode und Notation (Modelling Complex Web Applications: A Continuous, Practical Modelling Method and Graphical Notation)
Authors: Wissen Michael , Hermann Fabian
Published: December 2007

Webanwendungen sind oft hochkomplexe, inhaltsreiche Systeme, die dennoch häufig unter großem Zeitdruck entworfen werden. Typische Probleme in der Konzeption solcher Systeme liegen darin, frühzeitig tragfähige Entwürfe zu entwickeln, Alternativen zu bewerten und auszuwählen, sie innerhalb des Projektteams oder mit dem Auftraggeber zu kommunizieren und abzustimmen. Wir stellen eine modellbasierte Entwurfsmethodik vor, die durch die Einteilung des Entwicklungsprozesses in einzelne Konzeptions- und Umsetzungsphasen eine praxisnahe und flexible Erstellung ermöglicht. Verwendete Entwurfsbereiche der Modellierung beziehen sich auf die Perspektiven „Information”, „Navigation” und „Präsentation” sowie „Aufgabe” und „Adaption”. Die Funktionsweise und das Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Modelle werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Vor allem bei der Navigationsmodellierung unterstützt eine grafische, durch die Ähnlichkeit zum Web-Layout nachvollziehbare Notation die Entwurfsarbeit, ohne dass, wie z. B. im Storyboarding, für jede Inhaltsvariante ein neuer grafischer Entwurf gezeichnet werden muss. Auf der Basis der Modelle können lauffähige Prototypen generiert werden, die – neben den grafischen Modellen selbst – die Kommunikation, Entscheidung und spätere Umsetzung unterstützen.
UWE – Ein Ansatz zur modellgetriebenen Entwicklung von Webanwendungen (UWE – An Approach for the Model-Driven Development of Web Applications)
Authors: Knapp Alexander , Koch Nora , Wirsing Martin , Zhang Gefei
Published: December 2007

UWE (UML-based Web Engineering) ist ein Ansatz zur modellgetriebenen Entwicklung von Websystemen. Die UWE-Notation ist speziell an die intuitive Modellierung von Webanwendungen angepasst; UWE umfasst einen werkzeugunterstützten Entwicklungsprozess für die semi-automatische Konstruktion von Webanwendungen; und UWE-Modelle ermöglichen eine frühzeitige Validierung. Eines der Hauptcharakteristika von UWE ist seine Verwendung von etablierten Standards: Die Modellierungssprache basiert auf UML und einer UML-Erweiterung, einem so genannten UML-Profil. Dieses Profil ist als eine konservative Erweiterung des UML-Metamodells definiert, wodurch die Verwendung bestehender Modellierungswerkzeuge und deren Erweiterungen ermöglicht wird. Der UWE-Prozess wendet die Model-Driven-Architecture (MDA)-Prinzipien auf die Entwicklung von Webanwendungen an, Modelle und Modelltransformationen bilden den primären Fokus.
Crystal structure of a vivianite-type mineral: Mg-rich erythrite, (Co2.16Ni0.24Mg0.60)(AsO4)2 · 8 H2O
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Elaatmani Mohamed , Lalaoui My Driss , Piniella Juan F.
Published: December 2007

The crystal structure of erythrite from Bouzaer, south Morocco, was refined through single crystal X-ray diffraction data, within monoclinic space group C2/m, with the following unit cell constants: a = 10.187(1) Å, b = 13.470(1) Å, c = 4.755(1) Å, β = 104.971(2)°, V = 630.3(2) Å3. Transition metal and magnesium cations are randomly distributed over two special positions Me(1) and Me(2), making up single and dimerical octahedral groups, connected by (AsO4) tetrahedra groups, in order to form infinite sheets down b. Such sheets are held together within the three-dimensional framework owing to the presence of an intricate hydrogen bond network. An infrared spectrum was collected in order to achieve information on the HOH bending modes of the erythrite.
BRIZ: a vizualization program for Brillouin zone – Fermi sphere configuration
Authors: Degtyareva Valentina F. , Smirnova Irina S.
Published: December 2007

The program BRIZ has been developed for displaying Brillouin zones and Fermi sphere configurations. The underlying physics relates to the nearly-free-electron model for simple sp-metals. A Brillouin zone boundary near the Fermi level provides formation of the energy gap and leads to the lowering of the structure energy. Consideration of the Brillouin zone with respect to a free-electron Fermi sphere and zone filling by electron states provides useful information for phase structure stability and physical properties.
Perfil dos indicadores de gordura e massa muscular corporal dos idosos de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Menezes Tarciana Nobre de , Marucci Maria de Fátima Nunes
Published: December 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as variáveis indicadoras de gordura e massa muscular dos idosos de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Este estudo é populacional, transversal, domiciliar, realizado com idosos (60 anos ou mais) residentes em Fortaleza. As variáveis verificadas foram: dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), área de gordura do braço (AGB), perímetro do braço (PB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), área muscular do braço (AMB) e área muscular do braço corrigida (AMBc). Foram avaliados 483 idosos. O valor médio da DCT das mulheres foi significativamente superior ao dos homens (p < 0,05), assim como o valor médio da AGB (p < 0,05). As variáveis CMB, AMB e AMBc apresentaram valor médio maior entre os homens, quando comparados às mulheres (p < 0,05). Em todas as variáveis houve diminuição dos valores médios e percentil com o avançar dos grupos etários, com exceção do percentil da DCT para as mulheres. O padrão antropométrico e de composição corporal dos idosos deste trabalho segue a tendência de outros estudos, no entanto, os valores diferem. Com isso, sugere-se que as informações deste estudo sejam utilizadas como padrão de referência para idosos de Fortaleza.
Atendimento de pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana: avaliação nos serviços de saúde de municípios do noroeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Lima Meiri Vanderlei Nogueira de , Oliveira Rosangela Ziggiotti de , Lima Airton Pereira de , Felix Magda Lúcia Oliveira , Silveira Thais Gomes Verzignassi , Rossi Robson Marcelo , Teodoro Ueslei
Published: December 2007

Avalia-se o atendimento ambulatorial oferecido aos pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana, de 2001 a 2004, antes e após a descentralização, em municípios do noroeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram analisados 229 prontuários de pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Observou-se que no atendimento centralizado a avaliação clínica e os registros médicos foram mais completos e criteriosos; o tratamento iniciou-se mais prontamente; o acompanhamento do desfecho em 95% dos pacientes e em 100% dos casos tratados com duas séries de tratamento foi avaliado. Foram observados os critérios recomendados pelo Manual de Controle da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. Após a descentralização, o rigor no atendimento aos pacientes diminuiu: 32% dos pacientes foram tratados com duas séries de antimoniato N-metil glucamina, sem observação dos critérios recomendados. Detectou-se que 72,6% do acompanhamento dos pacientes foi inadequado e 84% da avaliação clínica não foram realizadas. A falta de registro dos prontuários constituiu importante obstáculo para a avaliação das atividades. O presente estudo não evidenciou benefícios significativos com a descentralização.
Reestruturação produtiva, impactos na saúde e sofrimento mental: o caso de um banco estatal em Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Silva Luiz Sérgio , Pinheiro Tarcísio Márcio Magalhães , Sakurai Emília
Published: December 2007

A reestruturação produtiva no setor financeiro brasileiro instalou-se por meio do trinômio demissões em massa, automação e terceirização, além de processos de reengenharia empresarial, com redução de níveis hierárquicos, flexibilização e polivalência de funções. O bancário, para se adaptar e resistir às exigências, aumentou seu nível de escolaridade, tornou-se polivalente e exímio vendedor, submetendo-se à precariedade das condições de trabalho, aumento da carga de serviços, longas jornadas e baixos salários. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o processo de reestruturação produtiva em um banco público do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e seus possíveis impactos na saúde de seus trabalhadores. Analisou-se também o absenteísmo no período entre 1998 e 2003, quando houve maior desenvolvimento de doenças, como lesão por esforço repetitivo/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e os distúrbios mentais e comportamentais, sendo responsáveis, respectivamente, por 56% e 19% do número de dias de afastamentos. O processo continuou até os dias atuais, com uma política restritiva de contratações. Novos estudos se fazem necessários para a continuidade desta análise e para confirmar os resultados encontrados.
Distribuição das espécies do gênero Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae) no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil
Authors: Rebêlo José M. Macário , Moraes Jorge L. P. , Alves Gildário A. , Leonardo Francisco S. , Rocha Roseno V. da , Mendes Walter Araújo , Costa Elizaldo , Câmara Lucy E. M. B. , Silva Márcio J. A. , Pereira Yrla N. O. , Mendonça José A. C.
Published: December 2007

Estudou-se a distribuição e diversidade de espécies de Anopheles em 123 municípios do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. O método básico foi a captura de fêmeas dentro e nos arredores das habitações humanas, em intervalos compreendidos entre 18h e 6h, no período de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2001. Foram capturados 84.467 exemplares distribuídos em 24 espécies, com o predomínio de A. triannulatus sensu lato (20.788), A. darlingi (19.083), A. nuneztovari (16.884), A. albitarsis s.l. (14.352), A. aquasalis (8.202) e A. evansae (2.885). As outras 18 espécies juntas representaram apenas 2,7%. As espécies encontradas no maior número de municípios foram: A. albitarsis s.l. (109 municípios), A. triannulatus s.l. (106), A. nuneztovari (93), A. darlingi (87) e A. evansae (64). A riqueza e a ampla distribuição das espécies de anofelinos no Maranhão concordam com a posição geográfica do estado, entre as macrorregiões que caracterizam o Brasil, resultando em uma fauna mista, com elementos representativos dessas regiões.
Diagnosis of overweight and obesity in adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: comparison of two diagnostic criteria
Authors: Vieira Maria de Fátima Alves , Araújo Cora Luiza Pavin , Neutzling Marilda Borges , Hallal Pedro Curi , Menezes Ana Maria Baptista
Published: December 2007

Various cut-off points for body mass index have been proposed to assess nutritional status in adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare two methods for evaluating overweight and obesity. In 2004-5, 4,452 adolescents from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study were evaluated, representing 87.5% of the original cohort. Overweight and obesity were evaluated using the methods proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Prevalence of overweight was similar when comparing the two methods (WHO: 23.2%; IOTF: 21.6%). Prevalence of obesity was higher according to the WHO criterion (total sample: 11.6%; boys: 15.1%; girls: 8.2%) as compared to IOTF (total sample: 5.0%; boys: 5.6%; girls: 4.4%). The kappa statistic was around 0.9 for determining overweight and 0.4 for obesity. The IOTF classification showed high specificity in comparison to the WHO criterion for determining overweight and obesity. However, sensitivity was high for overweight but low for obesity. Our data show that the IOTF classification underestimates the prevalence of obesity in early adolescence.
Violência: um problema global de saúde pública
Authors: Dahlberg Linda L. , Krug Etienne G.
Published: December 2007

Este artigo é uma versão do que foi publicado no Informe Mundial sobre Violência e Saúde, da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), como introdução ao tema. Apresenta uma descrição geral da problemática e a posição da OMS. Nele, os autores se dedicam a responder algumas questões básicas: o estado do conhecimento sobre o assunto; os conceitos e definições com os quais a OMS trabalha; a natureza e a tipologia sobre violência; as formas de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa em um modelo ecológico; o lugar e o papel da saúde pública e sua potencialidade com vistas a contribuir para prevenir e diminuir a violência no mundo; as responsabilidades das nações e dos gestores em todos os níveis; os obstáculos para atuação e os desafios para o setor.
Youth representations of community, art, and struggle in Harlem
Authors: Kinloch Valerie
Published: December 2007

This article describes how two African American young adults engage in learning and activism in their Harlem community through employment of art forms. Observations on the reversal of learning—from adults to young people in classrooms and young people to adults in the community—are critiqued.
The arts as an occasion for collective adult learning as authentic community development
Authors: Aprill Arnold , Townsell Richard
Published: December 2007

This chapter presents a case study of collaboration between the Lawndale Christian Development Corporation and the Chicago Arts Partnerships in Education.
Texts as teachers: Shakespeare behind bars and changing lives through literature
Authors: Trounstine Jean
Published: December 2007

This chapter looks at the power of theater and literature programs to affect correctional facilities; it delves into how such programs can deepen connections to oneself, to others, to community, and to the larger world.
Democratic process and the theater of the oppressed
Authors: Picher Marie‐Claire
Published: December 2007

This chapter describes the methodology of the Theater of the Oppressed as developed by Augusto Boal along with examples of its application.
Lessons from the lessons learned: Arts change the world when…
Authors: Hayes Sandra , Yorks Lyle
Published: December 2007

This chapter brings together themes from the various practices presented by the educators who contributed to this volume for purposes of reflecting on the implications of the arts for the practice and theory of adult education.