bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life‐history correlates of steroid concentrations in wild peripartum baboons
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Lynch Jessica Ward , Nguyen Nga , Alberts Susan C. , Gesquiere Laurence R.
Published: September 2004

Steroid concentrations during late pregnancy and early lactation may be affected by both a female's reproductive history and her current condition, and may in turn predict subsequent life‐history events, such as offspring survival. This study investigated these relationships in a wild primate population through the use of fecal steroid analysis in repeated sampling of peripartum baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Fecal samples were collected from 32 females in five groups within the Amboseli basin during 8 weeks prior to parturition and 13 weeks postpartum. From December 1999 through February 2002, 176 fecal samples were collected from individuals representing 39 peripartum periods. Fecal concentrations of progestins (fP), estrogen metabolites (fE), glucocorticoids (fGC), and testosterone metabolites (fT) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Steroid concentrations declined from late pregnancy to lactation, and the decline was greatest and most precipitous for fE and fP. Primiparous females had significantly higher mean fE concentrations in each of the last 2 months of pregnancy compared to multiparous females. Among multiparous females, fE and fT were significantly higher during late pregnancy in females carrying a male fetus compared to those carrying a female fetus. During early lactation, high fT in young mothers predicted subsequent infant death during the first year of life. These findings illustrate the potential power of repeated fecal‐steroid sampling to elucidate mechanisms of life‐history variability in natural populations. They also document significant differences in hormone profiles among subgroups, and highlight that such normative subgroup information is essential for interpreting individual variability in hormone–behavior associations. Am. J. Primatol. 64:95–106;, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A master's checklist for drafting international agreements that use alternative dispute resolution
Authors: McLaughlin Joseph T. , Scanlon Kathleen M.
Published: September 2004

New Yorkers Joseph T. McLaughlin and Kathleen M. Scanlon address transactional work, with a “master's checklist” for drafting international dispute resolution clauses and agreements.
Defining interferon β response status in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Rudick Richard A. , Lee Jar‐Chi , Simon Jack , Ransohoff Richard M. , Fisher Elizabeth
Published: September 2004

IFN‐β is effective in reducing relapses and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). It is assumed that individual therapeutic responses vary, but methods to identify IFN‐β responsiveness have not been validated. Our objective was to evaluate methods to classify IFN‐β responder status using relapses and MRI lesions. Data was analyzed from 172 patients who were followed up in a placebo‐controlled clinical trial of IFN‐β1a for 2 years. Patients were classified as responders or nonresponders using (1) the number of relapses during the 2‐year trial; (2) the number of new T2 lesions after 2 years; and (3) the number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions at year 1 and year 2 on study. Outcomes included 2‐year change in the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, and brain parenchymal fraction. We found that subgroups with high on‐study relapse numbers had more disease progression, differences between responder subgroups were similar in the IFN‐β1a and placebo arms. In contrast, subgroups with high numbers of new MRI lesions had significantly more disease progression only in the IFN‐β1a arm. Baseline characteristics failed to account for differential outcome. New MRI lesion activity during IFN‐β1a treatment correlates with poor response to IFN‐β1a. MRI classification may facilitate rational therapeutic decisions, better clinical trial designs, and studies correlating biomarkers with therapeutic response. Ann Neurol 2004
Deficient auditory interhemispheric transfer in patients with PAX6 mutations
Authors: Bamiou Doris‐Eva , Musiek Frank E. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Free Samantha L. , Davies Rosalyn A. , Moore Anthony , van Heyningen Veronica , Luxon Linda M.
Published: September 2004

PAX6 mutations are associated with absence/hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and reduction in the callosal area in humans. Both of these structures contain auditory interhemispheric fibers. The aim of this study was to characterize central auditory function in patients with a PAX6 mutation. We conducted central auditory tests (dichotic speech, pattern, and gaps in noise tests) on eight subjects with a PAX6 mutation and eight age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed absent/hypoplastic anterior commissure in six and a hypoplastic corpus callosum in three PAX6 subjects. The control group gave normal central auditory tests results. All the PAX6 subjects gave abnormal results in at least two tests that require interhemispheric transfer, and all but one gave normal results in a test not requiring interhemispheric transfer. The left ear scores in the dichotic speech tests was significantly lower in the PAX6 than in the control group. These results are consistent with deficient auditory interhemispheric transfer in patients with a PAX6 mutation, which may be attributable to structural and/or functional abnormalities of the anterior commisure and corpus callosum, although the exact contribution of these two formations to our findings remains unclear. Our unique findings broaden the possible functions of PAX6 to include neurodevelopmental roles in higher order auditory processing. Ann Neurol 2004
Structure and properties of flame‐sprayed poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) copolymer coatings
Authors: Öksüz Mustafa , Yıldırım Hüseyin
Published: September 2004

Powder coatings formed by flame spraying are being used in industrial applications. The resistance of plastics and their composite materials to chemicals, solvents, and atmospheric conditions and their high impact strength even at low service temperatures increase the importance of plastic and plastic‐based coatings. In this study, an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer powder was coated via flame spraying with gases of oxygen and acetylene. The bond strengths and microstructures of the coatings were determined with tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The bond strengths of the coatings were determined according to ASTM C 633. Oxidizing, carburizing, and neutral flames were used. The bond strengths were lower for the oxidizing and carburizing coatings than for the neutral flame coatings. The results indicated that during the flame‐spraying process, the composition, gas, spraying distance, and coating thickness were important factors in the coating bond strength. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1357–1364, 2004
Offbeat mice
Authors: Gaussin Vinciane
Published: September 2004

This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the development and function of the cardiac conduction system using genetically modified mice. Null mice for different cardiac connexins confirmed their suspected roles in cardiac conduction and, in addition, unraveled unexpected roles in cardiac morphogenesis. Genetically modified mice with LacZ‐labeled conduction system cells are indispensable tools to the further understanding of the mechanisms governing the development of this system in the mammalian heart. Mouse models also addressed the role and contribution of specific signaling molecules, such as PRKAG2, Nkx2.5, ALK3, and Tbx5, in the development of the cardiac conduction system and the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction in humans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of cardiac conduction system development: 2004 FASEB cardiac conduction system minimeeting, Washington, DC
Authors: Harris Brett S. , Jay Patrick Y. , Rackley Mary S. , Izumo Seigo , O'Brien Terrence X. , Gourdie Robert G.
Published: September 2004

The development of the complex network of specialized cells that form the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS) during cardiac morphogenesis occurs by progressive recruitment within a multipotent cardiomyogenic lineage. Understanding the molecular control of this developmental process has been the focus of recent research. Transcription factors representative of multiple subfamilies have been identified and include members of zinc‐finger subfamilies (GATA4, GATA6 HF‐1b), skeletal muscle transcription factors (MyoD), T‐box genes (Tbx5), and also homeodomain transcription factors (Msx2 and Nkx2.5). Mutations in some of these transcription factors cause congenital heart disease and are associated with cardiac abnormalities, including deficits within the AVCS. Mouse models that closely phenocopy known human heart disease provide powerful tools for the study of molecular effectors of AVCS development. Indeed, investigations of the Nkx2.5 haploinsufficient mouse have shown that peripheral Purkinje fibers are significantly underrepresented. This piece of data corroborates our previous work showing in chick, mouse, and humans that Nkx2.5 is elevated in the differentiating AVCS relative to adjacent working ventricular myocardial tissues. Using the chick embryo as a model, we show that this elevation of Nkx2.5 is transient in the network of conduction cells comprising the peripheral Purkinje fiber system. Functional studies using defective adenoviral constructs, which disrupt the normal variation in level of this gene, result in perturbations of Purkinje fiber phenotype. Thus, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of Nkx2.5 levels during development may be required for the progressive emergence of gene expression patterns specific to differentiated Purkinje fiber cells. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empfehlung Nr.19 des Arbeitskreises 3.3 – Versuchstechnik Fels – der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V.: Messung der Spannungsänderung im Fels und an Felsbauwerken mit Druckkissen
Authors: Paul Axel , Walter Fritz
Published: September 2004

Felsbaumaßnahmen ändern die Spannungen im umgebenden Gebirge. Zur Sicherung der Felsbauwerke werden diese Spannungsänderungen mit Druckkissen gemessen. Diese Empfehlung beschreibt den festen Einbau von Spannungsgebern in Fels oder Bauwerke und die Messung der Spannungsänderungen. Die Spannungsgeber bestehen aus dem Druckkissen und der Druckmeßeinheit die vollständig mit einer Druckflüssigkeit gefüllt sind. Gemessen wird entweder die nderung des Kissenvolumens (Deformationsprinzip) oder der Kissendruck (Kompensationsprinzip). Druckkissen stören die Gebirgsspannungen am wenigsten, wenn ihre Steifigkeit der des umgebenden Gesteins entspricht. Die Konzentration von Spannungen können Druckkissen auch durch geeignetes Design und geringes Höhen‐ zu Breitenverhältnis mindern. Die erzielbare Meßgenauigkeit wird durch die Auswahl und Kalibrierung des Spannungsgebers, die Qualität des Einbaus und den Meßbetrag bestimmt. Die Empfehlung schließt mit der Planung und Ausführung von Tunnelquerschnitten zur Messung von Spannungsänderungen, der Datenerfassung und Auswertung, der Darstellung der Meßergebnisse sowie der Dokumentation ab.
Exenatide: NMR/CD evaluation of the medium dependence of conformation and aggregation state
Authors: Hudson F. Michael , Andersen Niels H.
Published: September 2004

Exenatide, synthetic exendin‐4, is the first member of the incretin mimetic class of potential therapeutic agents. It has been the subject of extensive clinical trials in people with Type 2 diabetes. Results to date indicate that exenatide decreases postmeal blood glucose concentrations and that this effect is associated with weight loss. Prior NMR studies of exendin‐4 utilized 30% trifluoroethanol because this medium affords sharp, high‐resolution NMR spectra. These studies defined its three‐dimensional structure in this medium. The NMR‐derived ensemble included a novel tertiary structure motif that has subsequently been optimized, yielding water‐soluble Trp‐cage miniproteins. Prior to the present study, the structuring propensities (and aggregation/association state) of exendin‐4 in strictly aqueous media had not been established. Studies of exendin‐4 and N‐terminally truncated analogs of exendin have established that the structuring propensities of these species are highly medium dependent. This study extends knowledge of the medium dependence of exendin structure to DMSO–water mixtures and to aqueous media mimicking the formulation conditions for this investigational drug. Exenatide retains a substantial helical propensity from residues 9–27 even in 98% DMSO. The addition of water leads to the appearance of NMR diagnostics of the Trp‐cage formation. In strictly aqueous media (pH 4–4.4), exenatide is monomeric only at <10 μM peptide concentrations. Under these conditions the Trp cage is partially formed. NMR and CD data indicate that higher concentrations lead to helix bundle formation and that the helix/helix interactions involve residues 11–26. Both the N‐ and C‐termini of the helix bundle state display rapid segmental motion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Bowel injury as a complication of laparoscopy
Authors: van der Voort M , Heijnsdijk E A M , Gouma D J
Published: September 2004

Background

Bowel injury is a rare but serious complication of laparoscopic surgery. This review examines the incidence, location, time of diagnosis, causative instruments, management and mortality of laparoscopy-induced bowel injury.

Methods

The review was carried out using the MeSH browser within PubMed. The keywords used were ‘laparoscopy/adverse effects’ and ‘bowel perforation’. Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies found in the PubMed search.

Results

The incidence of laparoscopy-induced gastrointestinal injury was 0·13 per cent (430 of 329 935) and of bowel perforation 0·22 per cent (66 of 29 532). The small intestine was most frequently injured (55·8 per cent), followed by the large intestine (38·6 per cent). In at least 66·8 per cent of bowel injuries the diagnosis was made during the laparoscopy or within 24 h thereafter. A trocar or Veress needle caused the most bowel injuries (41·8 per cent), followed by a coagulator or laser (25·6 per cent). In 68·9 per cent of instances of bowel injury, adhesions or a previous laparotomy were noted. Management was mainly by laparotomy (78·6 per cent). The mortality rate associated with laparoscopy-induced bowel injury was 3·6 per cent.

Conclusion

At 0·13 per cent, the incidence of laparoscopy-induced bowel injury is small and such injury is usually discovered during the operation. Nevertheless, laparoscopy-induced bowel injury is associated with a high mortality rate of 3·6 per cent.
Empirically informed approaches to topics in suicide risk assessment
Authors: Wingate LaRicka R. , Joiner Thomas E. , Walker Rheeda L. , Rudd M. David , Jobes David A.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this article is to approach topics in suicide risk assessment from a scientifically informed standpoint. We summarize and elaborate a general framework for an empirically supported best practice recommendation in evaluating suicide potential and minimizing risk. This risk assessment framework provides a concise heuristic for assessment of suicidal symptoms, points the way to relatively routinized clinical decision‐making and activity, and is compatible with best practices relevant to the legalities of suicide risk assessment. Having established a general and scientifically based framework for risk assessment, we go on to address the other questions noted above, with reference to the framework and to our ongoing scientific work. We conclude by summarizing all the work and providing clear and concise clinical recommendations based thereon. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal issues of professional negligence in suicide cases
Authors: Packman Wendy L. , O'Connor Pennuto Tracy , Bongar Bruce , Orthwein Jennifer
Published: September 2004

Suicide is the eleventh leading cause of death, accounting for almost 30,000 deaths each year in the United States. The loss of a patient to suicide is the most feared outcome among mental health professionals, while the fear of litigation and liability after such suicide may be a close second. This article will familiarize mental health professionals with the legal issues of professional negligence in suicide cases. We begin with an introduction to malpractice liability for suicidal patients, followed by an explanation of the essential elements of professional negligence and relevant legal terminology. We then discuss general theories of liability involving suicide, and provide illustrative legal case examples. We conclude with a discussion of risk management procedures that can substantially reduce one's exposure to malpractice liability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imagine Chicago: a methodology for cultivating community
Authors: Browne Bliss W.
Published: September 2004

This article presents a historical overview of Imagine Chicago—an approach to community development initiated by the author. Questions central to the original initiative are outlined, as are the major steps that were taken and why. The process involved generative dialogues between multiple community groups/interests described as ‘intergenerational’ learning communities. Appreciative Inquiry—an approach many regard as social constructionist—provided orienting principles and practices and the basis for practical projects in which participants developed organizing skills and worked on achievable outcomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Model of a Nonisobaric Heavily Laden Gas‐Particle Jet
Authors: Eskin D. , Voropayev S. , Hubert M.
Published: September 2004

An axisymmetrical model of a rapid nonisobaric heavily laden gas‐particle jet is developed. The model is based on the general functions for both axial and radial pressure distributions, which were discovered by a numerical study of rapid gas‐particle jets by the CFD code. The model equations were solved analytically. The results obtained by the model developed are in good agreement with those computed by the CFD code for a wide range of flow parameters.
Kinetics of Photocatalyzed Gas Reactions Using Titanium Dioxide as the Catalyst Part II: Photocatalyzed Total Oxidation of Alkanes with Oxygen
Authors: Haeger A. , Kleinschmidt O. , Hesse D.
Published: September 2004

In order to obtain a useful expression for the kinetics of the photocatalyzed total oxidation reaction of alkanes with oxygen and TiO2 as the catalyst, the dependence of the reaction rate on the concentration of the starting material species, the absorbed irradiation intensity, the wavelength of the light and the temperature was investigated. The experiments were performed in a CSTR system. The rate law found for alkane oxidation differs from that obtained for olefin oxidation due to a different reaction mechanism. While a reversible catalyst deactivation process takes place in the latter case, there is no hint of such a process during alkane oxidation. The kinetic data lead to the conclusion that the formation of an alkane and a hydrogen‐radical at a defect site of the catalyst is the first step in the total oxidation reaction of these species followed by the formation of a stronger adsorbed hydroperoxide species. The subsequent transformation of the hydroperoxide into further oxidized species mediated by the electron‐hole pairs generated by the absorbed light on the semiconductor's surface was recognized to be the rate determining step. The reaction behavior for the investigated alkanes could be modeled using this concept with the exception of methane. Its rate law differs strongly from that found for ethane, propane as well as iso‐butane.
A Rigorous Model for Annular Chromatography
Authors: Brozio J. , Bart H.‐J.
Published: September 2004

Modeling of annular chromatography is refined to incorporate the influence of axial and annular dispersion. Annular and axial dispersion coefficients are measured simultaneously in an annular chromatograph using an experimental technique based on the introduction of a non‐adsorbable tracer. The annular dispersion coefficient is found to be one order of magnitude lower than the axial one. Nevertheless, annular dispersion has a more pronounced effect on total dispersion when steep concentration profiles are present. A criterion to judge whether annular dispersion is negligible is developed. If the circumferential velocity is at least 0.88 times higher than the interstitial velocity, lateral dispersion can be omitted. Based on this criterion it can be concluded that the impact of annular dispersion decreases with the radius of the annulus. Therefore, it is preferable to build annular chromatographs with a large radius and a thin annulus rather than using a small radius and a thick annulus.
Data Mining Analysis of a Complex Polymer Process
Authors: Burghaus R. , Leineweber D. , Lippert J.
Published: September 2004

By successfully analyzing a complex polymer process, it is shown that detailed data mining analyses can be applied to large multistage processes. It allows the quick identification of hidden non‐local effects which are difficult to discover with other methods. The combination of subgroup discovery and neural network validation within an iterative analysis workflow helps to quickly narrow down on a “meaningful” set of independent rules describing the target attribute of interest. The introduced data mining methodology can be directly applied to other processes.
Coating of Particles at Supercritical Fluid Conditions
Authors: Vogt C. , Schreiber R. , Werther J. , Brunner G.
Published: September 2004

The combination of fluidized bed technology with supercritical carbon dioxide as fluidizing gas and as a solvent for the coating material enables the production of thin, even and solvent‐free coatings. However the successful operation of such a coating process requires detailed knowledge of fluidization at supercritical fluid conditions. The results of the experiments show that the minimum fluidization velocity at supercritical fluid conditions can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy. The coating of different solids with paraffin results in thin layers (0.7–2 μm), which are smooth and complete. Therefore, the coating of particles in fluidized beds operated with supercritical fluids can be considered as an alternative to existing coating technologies.
Use of Chelating Ligands to Tune the Reactive Site of Half‐Sandwich Ruthenium(II)–Arene Anticancer Complexes
Authors: Fernández Rafael , Melchart Michael , Habtemariam Abraha , Parsons Simon , Sadler Peter J.
Published: September 2004

We show that the chelating ligand XY in RuIIanticancer complexes of the type [Ru(η6‐arene)(XY)Cl]n+has a major influence on the rate and extent of aquation, the pKaof the aqua adduct, and the rate and selectivity of binding to nucleobases. Replacement of neutral ethylenediamine (en) by anionic acetylacetonate (acac) as the chelating ligand increases the rate and extent of hydrolysis, the pKaof the aqua complex (from 8.25 to 9.41 for arene=p‐cymene), and changes the nucleobase specificity. For the complexes containing the hydrogen‐bond donor en, there is exclusive binding to N7 of guanine in competitive nucleobase reactions, and in the absence of guanine, binding to cytosine or thymine but not to adenine. In contrast, when XY is the hydrogen‐bond acceptor acac, the overall affinity for adenosine (N7 and N1 binding) is comparable to that for guanosine, but there is little binding to cytidine or thymidine.
Vapor Pressures and Standard Sublimation Enthalphies for Thulium Trichloride, Tribromide, and Triiodide.
Authors: Brunetti Bruno , Piacente Vincenzo , Scardala Paolo
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Chiral Pincer Palladium Complexes Bearing a Pyrroloimidazolone Unit. Catalytic Use for Asymmetric Michael Addition.
Authors: Takenaka Kazuhiro , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Cleavage of the Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond of Aromatic Imines Using Acylation Reagents in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of Ytterbium Triflate.
Authors: Su Weike , Jin Can
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity and Mechanism of Action of the Mannich α′‐Bases of α‐Arylidenecyclohex(pent)anones, α‐Arylcyclohexanones, and Their Deoxobisaryl‐Substituted Cyclohex(pent)ene Analogues.
Authors: Zhao Kejun , Wang YongFeng , Li Dan , Tisdail Michael J. , Zhao Linxiang , Ji Zhizhong , Schwalbe Carl H.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantiodivergent Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines Based on Diastereoselective Parham Cyclization and α‐Amidoalkylation Reactions.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Temprano Ines , Osante Inaki , Lete Esther , Sotomayor Nuria
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Pyrazolo[4,3‐e]‐1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidines and Related Heterocycles.
Authors: Baraldi Pier Giovanni , El‐Kashef Hussein , Farghaly Abdel‐Rahman , Vanelle Patrice , Fruttarolo Francesca
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of α‐Ketophosphonates by Oxidation of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates with Chromium‐Based Oxidants.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Sobhani Sara
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Macrocyclic Taxane Analogues.
Authors: Tarrant James G. , Cook Donald , Fairchild Craig , Kadow John F. , Long Byron H. , Rose William C. , Vyas Dolatrai
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Alkylsulfanyl Estrogen Derivatives: Synthesis of a Novel Class of Multi‐Targeted Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Leese Mathew P. , Newman Simon P. , Purohit Atul , Reed Michael J. , Potter Barry V. L.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates Using Enantioselective Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Kiyohara Hiroshi , Nakamura Yoshitaka , Matsubara Ryosuke
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Fluorescent‐Labeled Dinucleoside Polyphosphates.
Authors: Wright Michael , Miller Andrew D.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure Types — A Review
Authors: Hauck J. , Mika K.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tungsten
Authors: Okamura T. , Ueyama N.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Research and Development in Synthetic Polymer‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Ghosh Samaresh
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid Supports in Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Other Solid‐Phase Immunoassays
Authors: Butler John E.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coordination of the Trost Modular Ligand to Palladium Allyl Fragments: Oligomers, Monomers, and Memory Effects in Catalysis
Authors: Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Stephen Susanna C. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Martorell Aina , Dominguez Beatriz , Tomlin Paula M. , Murray Martin , Fernandez Jesus M. , Jeffery John C. , Riis‐Johannessen Thomas , et al. et al.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Development of Radicicol and Cycloproparadicicol: Highly Promising Anticancer Agents Targeting Hsp90
Authors: Geng Xudong , Yang Zhi‐Qiang , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Bonding in the Omnicapped Truncated Tetrahedral Au20 Cluster: Analogies Between Gold and Carbon Cluster Chemistry.
Authors: King R. Bruce , Chen Zhongfang , von Rague Schleyer Paul
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Stability in the Systems AeAl2‐xMgx (Ae: Ca, Sr, Ba): Electron Concentration and Size Controlled Variations in the Laves Phase Structural Theme.
Authors: Amerioun Shahrad , Yokosawa Tadahiro , Lidin Sven , Haeussermann Ulrich
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Phase Control by an Electric Field.
Authors: Lottermoser Thomas , Lonkai Thomas , Amann Uwe , Hohlwein Dietmar , Ihringer Joerg , Fiebig Manfred
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonaqueous and Halide‐Free Route to Crystalline BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Nanoparticles via a Mechanism Involving C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Niederberger Markus , Garnweitner Georg , Pinna Nicola , Antonietti Markus
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetics Evidence for a Complex Between Peroxynitrous Acid and Titanium(IV).
Authors: Wick Patrick K. , Kissner Reinhard , Koppenol Willem H.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α‐Enones in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 1. Classical Synthetic and Environmentally Friendly Synthetic Approaches to Alkyl and Acyl Azoles and Azines.
Authors: Al‐Shiekh Mariam A. , El‐Din Abdellatif M. Salah , Hafez Ebtisam A. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetra‐n‐alkyl Ammonium Bromates as a Primary Oxidants in the Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Deb Dibakar , Das Satya Sandhya , Nath Utpal , Das Pranab J.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Catalyzed by Polymer‐Incarcerated Palladium: A Highly Active, Recoverable, and Reusable Pd Catalyst.
Authors: Okamoto Kuniaki , Akiyama Ryo , Kobayashi Shu
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel N1—C4 β‐Lactam Bond Breakage. Synthesis of Enantiopure α‐Alkoxy‐γ‐keto Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Redondo Maria C.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zn(II)/Amine‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Alkylidenemalonates with Propargyl Alcohol: A One‐Pot Synthesis of Methylenetetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Nakamura Masaharu , Liang Chungen , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Protection of Poorly Nucleophilic Pyrroles.
Authors: Handy Scott T. , Sabatini Jesse J. , Zhang Yanan , Vulfova Inessa
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Green Chemistry for Preparation of Oligopyrrole Macrocycles Precursors: Novel Methodology for Dipyrromethanes and Tripyrromethanes Synthesis in Water.
Authors: Kral Vladimir , Vasek Petr , Dolensky Bohumil
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extending Pummerer Reaction Chemistry. Application to the Oxidative Cyclization of Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Feldman Ken S. , Vidulova Daniela Boneva
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐1,3‐Disubstituted Cyclobutyl Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Helal Christopher J. , Kang Zhijun , Lucas John C. , Bohall Brooks R.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Y‐Shaped Two‐Photon Absorbing Molecules with an Imidazole—Thiazole Core
Authors: Feng Ke , De Boni Leonardo , Misoguti Lino , Mendonca C. R. , Meador Michael , Hsu Fu‐Lian , Bu Xiu R.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Thrombin Inhibitors Incorporating Weakly Basic Heterobicyclic P1‐Arginine Mimetics: Optimization via Modification of P1 and P3 Moieties.
Authors: Kranjc Andreja , Peterlin‐Masic Lucija , Ilas Janez , Prezelj Andrej , Stegnar Mojca , Kikelj Danijel
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Methylenedioxy‐Bearing 1‐Aryl‐3‐carboxylisoquinolines Using a Modified Ritter Reaction Procedure.
Authors: Janin Yves L. , Decaudin Didier , Monneret Claude , Poupon Marie‐France
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Diarylquinazolines: A System with Cofacial Aromatic Rings. Diazines. Part 39.
Authors: Busch Alexandrine , Gautheron‐Chapoulaud Valerie , Audoux Jerome , Ple Nelly , Turck Alain
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Functionalized 1,2,4‐Triazino[5,6‐b]indoles.
Authors: Hamid Hamida M. Abdel
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Hydroxyethylamine Isosteres via Chiral Sulfoxide Chemistry.
Authors: Pesenti Cristina , Arnone Alberto , Arosio Paolo , Frigerio Massimo , Meille Stefano V. , Panzeri Walter , Viani Fiorenza , Zanda Matteo
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Core of the Bisabosquals.
Authors: Snider Barry B. , Lobera Mercedes
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Approach to Kendomycin: Preparation of the C‐Glycosidic Core.
Authors: Sengoku Tetsuya , Arimoto Hirokazu , Uemura Daisuke
Published: September 2004

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Tissue Engineering Using Nanofiber
Authors: Kitazono Eiichi , Kaneko Hiroaki , Miyoshi Takanori , Miyamoto Keiichi
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of N‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐N,N‐dimethylamine —Gramine
Authors: Semenov B. B. , Granik V. G.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐Sparteine and the Synthesis of a Readily Accessible (+)‐Sparteine Surrogate
Authors: Iyengar Rajesh , Gracias Vijaya
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optically Active Ruthenium Porphyrins: Chiral Recognition and Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Simonneaux G. , Le Maux P.
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing Bioisosteres Corresponding to Phosphoamino Acids and Dipeptide Units
Authors: Otaka Akira , Mitsuyama Etsuko , Watanabe Junko , Watanabe Hideaki , Fujii Nobutaka
Published: September 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Geometric algebra and transition‐selective implementations of the controlled‐NOT gate
Authors: Havel Timothy F. , Somaroo Shyamal S. , Zhang Wurong , Cory David G.
Published: September 2004

Geometric algebra provides a complete set of simple rules for the manipulation of product operator expressions at a symbolic level, without any explicit use of matrices. This approach can be used not only to describe the state and evolution of a spin system, but also to derive the effective Hamiltonian and associated propagator in full generality. In this article, we illustrate the use of geometric algebra via a detailed analysis of transition‐selective implementations of the controlled‐NOT gate, which plays a key role in NMR‐based quantum information processing. In the appendices, we show how one can also use geometric algebra to derive tight bounds on the magnitudes of the errors associated with these implementations of the controlled‐NOT. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 23A: 49–62, 2004
Influence of the preparation route on the optical properties of dosimetric phosphors based on rare‐earth doped polycrystalline strontium borates
Authors: Lavat A. , Graselli C. , Santiago M. , Pomarico J. , Caselli E.
Published: September 2004

Most of commercial dosimetric phosphors consist of suitably doped polycrystalline compounds. Whereas the activation issue has been usually addressed, less attention has been paid to the influence of host preparation in the final perfomance of the products. In this paper different routes have been followed to synthesise phosphors based on rare‐earth doped strontium borates. The structural and optical properties of the materials have been given special consideration. Finally, thermoluminescence glow curves have been recorded in order to assess which of the preparation routes yields the most efficient compound. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth and characterization of the CdGaCrSe(4‐X)S(X) system
Authors: Sagredo V. , Betancourt L. , de Chalbaud L. M. , Delgado G. E.
Published: September 2004

Single‐crystal of the CdGaCrSe(4‐X)S(X) system (x = 0; 1; 2; 3; 4) were grown by the chemical vapour‐phase transport technique. The crystals were obtaine by using CdCl2 as transporting agent for the composition with x = 1, and CrCl3 for those with x = 0; 2; 3 and 4. X‐ray powder diffraction analysis indicated that some of the samples crystallizes in the tetragonal system with space group I‐4 (CdGaCrSe3S , x = 1; CdGaCrSe2S2 , x = 2), or in a cubic system with space group Fd‐3m (CdGaCrSeS3, x = 3; CdGaCrS4, x = 4), however the sample of CdGaCrSe4 (x = 0) crystallizes in rhombohedral system. Magnetic measurements show significant changes in the magnetic interactions behaviour probably due to the anionic substitutions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel approach to enable decorrelating multiuser detection without matrix inversion operations
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Wu Chi‐Feng
Published: September 2004

This paper proposes a non‐matrix inversion based algorithm to implement decorrelating detection (DD), namely quasi‐decorrelating detector (QDD), which uses truncated matrix series expansion to overcome the problems associated with the matrix inversion in DD, such as noise enhancement, computational complexity and matrix singularity, etc. Two alternative QDD implementation schemes are presented in this paper; one is to use multi‐stage feedforward filters and the other is to use an nth order single matrix filter (neither of which involves matrix inversion). In addition to significantly reduced computational complexity if compared with DD, the QDD algorithm offers a unique flexibility to trade among MAI suppression, near‐far resistance and noise enhancement depending on varying system set‐ups. The obtained results show that the QDD outperforms DD in either AWGN or multipath channel if a proper number of feed‐forward stages can be used. We will also study the impact of correlation statistics of spreading codes on the QDD's performance with the help of a performance‐determining factor derived in the paper, which offers a code‐selection guideline for the optimal performance of QDD algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexia
Authors: C. Tiffin‐Richards Margaret , Hasselhorn Marcus , Richards Michael L. , Banaschewski Tobias , Rothenberger Aribert
Published: September 2004

Aim: Deficits in timing and sequencing behaviour in children with dyslexia and with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder have already been identified. However many studies have not controlled for comorbidity between dyslexia and ADHD. This study investigated timing performance of children with either dyslexia or ADHD, or ADHD + dyslexia or unaffected children using a finger‐tapping paradigm.

Method: Four groups of children (ADHD × Dyslexia) with a total of 68 children were compared using a four factorial design with two between‐subject factors (ADHD (yes/no), dyslexia (yes/no)) and two within‐subject factors, inter‐stimulus interval (263, 500, 625, 750, 875 and 1000 ms) and tapping condition (free tapping, synchronous tapping, and unpaced tapping). In addition the complexity of rhythm reproduction pattern (unpaced tapping) was varied (simple/complex).

Results: No significant differences were found either in the ability of the ADHD or the dyslexia groups to sustain a self‐chosen free tapping rate or to generate a stable inter‐response interval either by synchronising to a signal or in reproducing a given interval without the previous pacing signal. Response averages showed the expected asynchrony and variability. In rhythm pattern reproduction the groups did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce rhythms. However, a significant two way interaction effect between dyslexia and complexity was apparent indicating that the difference in levels of performance for simple versus complex rhythms was more pronounced for dyslexia than for the two other groups.

Conclusion: The results indicate that motor timing ability in the millisecond range below 1000 ms in children with ADHD and/or dyslexia is intact. The performance of the comorbid group was revealed to be similar to the performance of the single disorder groups, but both the dyslexic groups were relatively worse than either the ADHD‐only or the unimpaired group at reproducing complex versus simple rhythms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conceptual model for determining soil erosion by water
Authors: Parsons Anthony J. , Wainwright John , Mark Powell D. , Kaduk Jörg , Brazier Richard E.
Published: September 2004

Current estimates of rates of soil erosion by water derived from plots are incompatible with estimates of long‐term lowering of large drainage basins. Traditional arguments to reconcile these two disparate rates are ﬂawed. The ﬂux of sediment leaving a speciﬁed area cannot be converted to a yield simply by dividing by the area, because there is no simple relationship between ﬂux and area. Here, we develop an approach to the determination of erosion rates that is based upon the entrainment rates and travel distances of individual particles. The limited available empirical data is consistent with the predictions of this approach. Parameterization of the equations to take account of such factors as gradient and sediment supply is required to proceed from the conceptual framework to quantitative measurements of erosion. However, our conceptual model solves the apparent paradox of the sediment delivery ratio, resolves recent discussion about the validity of erosion rates made using USLE erosion plots, and potentially can reconcile erosion rates with known lifespans of continents. Our results imply that previous estimates of soil erosion are fallacious. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of dense gas flows on unstructured grids with an implicit high resolution upwind Euler solver
Authors: Colonna P. , Rebay S.
Published: September 2004

The study of the dense gas flows which occur in many technological applications demands for fluid dynamic simulation tools incorporating complex thermodynamic models that are not usually available in commercial software. Moreover, the software mentioned can be used to study very interesting phenomena that usually go under the name of ‘non‐classical gasdynamics’, which are theoretically predicted for high molecular weight fluids in the superheated region, close to saturation. This paper presents the numerical methods and models implemented in a computer code named zFlow which is capable of simulating inviscid dense gas flows in complex geometries. A detailed description of the space discretization method used to approximate the Euler equations on unstructured grids and for general equations of state, and a summary of the thermodynamic functions required by the mentioned formulation are also given. The performance of the code is demonstrated by presenting two applications, the calculation of the transonic flow around an airfoil computed with both the ideal gas and a complex equation of state and the simulation of the non‐classical phenomena occurring in a supersonic flow between two staggered sinusoidal blades. Non‐classical effects are simulated in a supersonic flow of a siloxane using a Peng–Robinson‐type equation of state. Siloxanes are a class of substances used as working fluids in organic Rankine cycles turbines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2D nearly orthogonal mesh generation
Authors: Zhang Yaoxin , Jia Yafei , Wang Sam S. Y.
Published: September 2004

The Ryskin and Leal (RL) system is the most widely used mesh generation system for the orthogonal mapping. However, when this system is used in domains with complex geometry, particularly in those with sharp corners and strong curvatures, serious distortion or overlapping of mesh lines may occur and an acceptable solution may not be possible. In the present study, two methods are proposed to generate nearly orthogonal meshes with the smoothness control. In the first method, the original RL system is modified by introducing smoothness control functions, which are formulated through the blending of the conformal mapping and the orthogonal mapping; while in the second method, the RL system is modified by introducing the contribution factors. A hybrid system of both methods is also developed. The proposed methods are illustrated by several test examples. Applications of these methods in a natural river channel are demonstrated. It is shown that the modified RL systems are capable of producing meshes with an adequate balance between the orthogonality and the smoothness for complex computational domains without mesh distortions and overlapping. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of novel conditional and hypomorphic alleles of the Smad2 gene
Authors: Liu Ye , Festing Maria H. , Hester Mark , Thompson John C. , Weinstein Michael
Published: September 2004

Smad2 is an intracellular mediator of the transforming growth factor beta signaling (TGFβ) pathway. It has been previously shown that, in the mouse, ablation of functional Smad2 results in embryonic lethality due to gastrulation defects. To circumvent the early lethality and study the spatially and temporally specific functions of Smad2, we utilized the Cre‐loxP system to generate a Smad2 conditional allele. Here we show that a conditional allele, Smad2flox, was generated. In this allele, exons 9 and 10 are flanked by loxP sites and the gene is functionally wildtype. Cre‐mediated recombination results in a deletion allele which phenocopies our previously reported Smad2ΔC null mutation. To generate this conditional allele, we first made a targeted mutation which introduced a floxed neo cassette into intron 10. This allele (Smad23loxP) functions hypomorphically when placed opposite a null allele, and unlike the other published Smad2 hypomorphic allele, can be maintained in the homozygous state. genesis 40:118–123, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory topography of the oral cavity and the impact of free flap reconstruction: A preliminary study
Authors: Zur Karen B. , Genden Eric M. , Urken Mark L.
Published: September 2004

Background.

The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to (1) assess the computerized pressure‐specific sensory device (PSSD) as a tool for measuring oral cavity sensation, (2) establish a topographic sensory map of the oral cavity, and (3) objectively evaluate postoperative sensory recovery of noninnervated oral cavity free flap reconstruction.

Methods.

Twenty‐three healthy control subjects were recruited to test four intraoral sites and the volar forearm. Sensory scores were evaluated for consistent trends between an established sensory tool, the Semmes Weinstein Monofilament (SWM), and the PSSD. Sensory control values were then compared with those of 18 patients who underwent reconstruction of the oral cavity with a noninnervated microvascular free flap.

Results.

The SWM testing demonstrated the lowest sensory thresholds in the lower lip, followed by the lateral tongue, buccal mucosa, and central tongue. The PSSD also demonstrated the lowest sensory thresholds in the lower lip followed by the lateral tongue; however, the central tongue demonstrated a lower sensory threshold than did the buccal mucosa. The neotongue of patients with noninnervated free flaps demonstrated inferior sensation compared with the native tongue (p < .05).

Conclusions.

We have established normal sensory values for the oral cavity, skin of the volar forearm, and noninnervated free flap tissue within the oral cavity. Although discrepancies exist between the data derived from the SWM and the PSSD, the PSSD represents a reliable, sensitive, and easy method for assessing sensation of the oral cavity. Furthermore, PSSD testing is not affected by saliva or movement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 884–889,2004