bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Western North Atlantic Shelfbreak Current System in Summer
Authors: Fratantoni Paula S. , Pickart Robert S.
Published: November 2007

Twelve years of historical hydrographic data, spanning the period 1990–2001, are analyzed to examine the along-stream evolution of the western North Atlantic Ocean shelfbreak front and current, following its path between the west coast of Greenland and the Middle Atlantic Bight. Over 700 synoptic sections are used to construct a mean three-dimensional description of the summer shelfbreak front and to quantify the along-stream evolution in properties, including frontal strength and grounding position. Results show that there are actually two fronts in the northern part of the domain—a shallow front located near the shelf break and a deeper front centered in the core of Irminger Water over the upper slope. The properties of the deeper Irminger front erode gradually to the south, and the front disappears entirely near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The shallow shelfbreak front is identifiable throughout the domain, and its properties exhibit large variations from north to south, with the largest changes occurring near the Tail of the Grand Banks. Despite these structural changes, and large variations in topography, the foot of the shelfbreak front remains within 20 km of the shelf break. The hydrographic sections are also used to examine the evolution of the baroclinic velocity field and its associated volume transport. The baroclinic velocity structure consists of a single velocity core that is stronger and penetrates deeper where the Irminger front is present. The baroclinic volume transport decreases by equal amounts at the southern end of the Labrador Shelf and at the Tail of the Grand Banks. Overall, the results suggest that the Grand Banks is a geographically critical location in the North Atlantic shelfbreak system.
Role of Eddies in Chlorofluorocarbon Transport in Wind-Driven Oceanic Layers
Authors: Ishida Akio , Sasai Yoshikazu , Yamanaka Yasuhiro
Published: November 2007

In this study the global distribution and transport of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the oceans are investigated using a high-resolution numerical model. The authors focus on the effects of wind-driven processes such as subduction and ventilation on the distribution of CFC-11 within surface and thermocline layers. Local maxima of tracer inventory are identified in oceanic regions. Two major absorption regions in the South Pacific Ocean are located west of South America and northeast of New Zealand in boundary latitudes between subtropical and subantarctic areas. In the North Pacific and south Indian Oceans, the positions of the local maxima of tracers migrate west–east with increasing density. The relationship between water formation and tracer distribution is discussed by comparing the wintertime mixed layer depth and mean circulation. The contributions of mean and eddy transport of the meridional overturning cells to tracer transport are analyzed. Stationary eddies have a large impact in the Southern Ocean, while transient eddies are crucial for the compensation of mean transport in the equatorial oceans. Mean and seasonal variability components of meridional tracer transport are dominant in the subtropics; however, eddy transport also plays a significant role.
The Intermediate Water Depth Limit of the Zakharov Equation and Consequences for Wave Prediction
Authors: Janssen Peter A. E. M. , Onorato Miguel
Published: November 2007

Finite-amplitude deep-water waves are subject to modulational instability, which eventually can lead to the formation of extreme waves. In shallow water, finite-amplitude surface gravity waves generate a current and deviations from the mean surface elevation. This stabilizes the modulational instability, and as a consequence the process of nonlinear focusing ceases to exist when kh < 1.363. This is a well-known property of surface gravity waves. Here it is shown for the first time that the usual starting point, namely the Zakharov equation, for deriving the nonlinear source term in the energy balance equation in wave forecasting models, shares this property as well. Consequences for wave prediction are pointed out.
GRID-enabled Solution of Groundwater Inverse Problems on the TeraGrid Network
Authors: Sayeed Mohamed , Mahinthakumar Kumar , Karonis Nicholas T.
Published: November 2007

Grid-computing environments are becoming increasingly popular for scientific computing due to the significant increase in capacity that they represent when compared to a single computational resource (e.g., a single cluster), their ubiquitous availability and advances in grid middleware components. Several such specialized grid environments are now available for users in the commercial and research sectors. One such effort for research is the TeraGrid, consisting of a collection of geographically distributed heterogeneous supercomputer resources including data storage resources. Parallel implementations for these environments are inherently multilevel and obtaining efficient mapping of work to processors can be eXtremely challenging. This paper eXtends an eXisting MPI application to the grid via the use of grid-enabled MPI libraries. The application uses a simulation-optimization framework involving coarse-grained parallelism in the optimizer and fine-grained parallelism in the finite-element-based simulator. Using parallelism at both these levels is essential for problems involving computationally intensive simulation steps. A hierarchical grid architecture consisting of a collection of supercomputers is ideally suited for these types of problems as a good application-to-architecture mapping can be obtained with a proper implementation. This paper presents the performance results of our implementation on the TeraGrid network consisting of three geographically distributed supercomputers.
Parallel Environment for DEVS and Cell-DEVS Models
Authors: Qi Liu  , Wainer Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) is a sound formalism to describe generic dynamic systems in a hierarchical and modular way. Cell-DEVS is a DEVS-based formalism intended to model compleX physical systems as cell spaces. This work presents new techniques for eXecuting DEVS and Cell-DEVS models in parallel and distributed environments based on the WARPED kernel, an implementation of the Time Warp protocol. The optimistic simulator PCD++, built as a new simulation engine for CD++, is a toolkit that implements the DEVS and Cell-DEVS formalisms. We redesign algorithms in CD++ to carry out optimistic simulations using a non-hierarchical approach that reduces the communication overhead. The message-passing organization is analyzed using a high-level abstraction referred to as wall clock time slice. We propose a two-level user-controlled state-saving mechanism to achieve efficient and fleXible state saving at runtime. Various optimization strategies are applied to PCD++ and their effects are analyzed quantitatively, including a risk-free message type-based state-saving strategy to reduce the number of states saved during the simulation significantly, and a one log file per node strategy to break the bottleneck caused by file I/O operations. It is shown that PCD++ markedly outperforms other alternatives and considerable speedups can be achieved in parallel and distributed simulations.
Replication Data Sets and Favored-Hypothesis Bias
Authors: Firebaugh Glenn
Published: November 2007

Jeremy Freese makes the case for data sharing as a condition of publication for quantitative research in sociology, and Gary King tells us of a Dataverse Network under construction that is designed to routinize the process of posting and storing such data sets. No matter how user-friendly that network turns out to be, it is clear that no system is entirely cost-free, either for researchers or for journal editors. It is important, then, to determine whether the benefits of mandatory data sharing (or ``data relinquishment,'' as Herrnson calls it) would outweigh the costs. In this comment, the author discusses the issue from his vantage point as a former editor and concludes that the benefits of such a requirement most likely would exceed the costs.
Are We Losing Our Minds? Cognitive Science and the Study of Politics
Authors: Gunnell John G.
Published: November 2007

Contemporary literature in cognitive science and the philosophy of mind points to the locus of significant unresolved theoretical and methodological issues in political theory and political science, and particularly to the persistently anomalous status of mental concepts. The manner in which political and social theorists have accessed and deployed this literature, however, has been highly selective and conceptually problematical. The purpose has often been to justify prior agendas, and issues relating to how brain processes are involved in an explanation of political phenomena have not been satisfactorily confronted. Cognitive science is itself a highly contested field with indigenous theoretical difficulties, and it is necessary to sort out and analyze the salient positions in this conversation and to begin, at least tentatively, to assess critically its implications for both social theory and empirical research and to suggest a direction for further investigation.
Regulating the Effects of Depletion Through Monitoring
Authors: Echo Wen Wan  , Sternthal Brian
Published: November 2007

A robust finding is that participants who perform a depleting initial self-regulatory task are less persistent on a contiguous second task than are those who perform a less arduous initial self-regulatory task. We explain this regulatory depletion effect in terms of a monitoring process. According to this view, depleted individuals focus on the resources they have devoted to a second task, neglect to monitor their performance against their standards for such activities, and prematurely suspend their performance. Consistent with this view, we demonstrate that the regulatory depletion effect can be eliminated when individuals are encouraged to monitor their performance against some standard (Studies 1, 2, and 4) or when they have a proclivity to engage in such monitoring (Studies 3 and 4).
Methodologies for Improving Response Rates in Surveys of Physicians
Authors: VanGeest Jonathan B. , Johnson Timothy P. , Welch Verna L.
Published: November 2007

Although physician surveys are an important tool in health services and policy research, they are often characterized by low response rates. The authors conducted a systematic review of 66 published reports of efforts to improve response rates to physician surveys. Two general strategies were explored in this literature: incentive and design-based approaches. Even small financial incentives were found to be effective in improving physician response. Token nonmonetary incentives were much less effective. In terms of design strategies, postal and telephone strategies have generally been more successful than have fax or Web-based approaches, with evidence also supporting use of mixed-mode surveys in this population. In addition, use of first-class stamps on return envelopes and questionnaires designed to be brief, personalized, and endorsed by legitimizing professional associations were also more likely to be successful. Researchers should continue to implement design strategies that have been documented to improve the survey response of physicians.
Examination of a Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument Used for Summative Faculty Assessment
Authors: Bierer S. Beth , Hull Alan L.
Published: November 2007

This study explores whether a clinical teaching effectiveness (CTE) instrument provides valid scores for summative faculty assessment. The sample included all CTE instruments ( n = 10,087) that learners ( N = 1,194) completed to assess clinical teachers ( N = 872) during 1 academic year. The authors investigated response processes (e.g., missing data, straight-line responses, level of learner), internal structure (e.g., confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis), teaching ratings by learner group (medical student or resident), and relation to other variables (e.g., correlation with global rating). Response processes identified a high prevalence of straight-line responses (same rating across all items) and differential patterns of missing data by learner group. Medical students rated their teachers higher than residents, and CTE scores had different factor structures depending on learner group. High correlation coefficients of CTE items with a single rating of overall teaching performance suggest that learners consider global performance when assessing clinical teaching performance.
Targeting HIV Clinical Training With Maps
Authors: Myers Janet , Bernstein Mona , Morin Stephen F. , Reyes Michael
Published: November 2007

Public health providers are increasingly called on to do more with fewer resources. Aiming to help HIV clinical training providers in 15 local sites to better target their efforts, the Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center (PAETC) implemented a method for integrating disparate information, such as program-level evaluation and publicly available health services data, into one combined and useful format. The resulting local area profiles were distributed to each training site and were updated annually for 2 years. As a result, local training teams adopted data-based approaches to doing their work. Training managers and faculty reported that data presented in spatial formats (i.e., maps) were most helpful for targeting their outreach and training. In addition to achieving the aim of supporting better programs, the project increased capacity for using data to support all aspects of training and education, from grant writing to strategic planning.
An Eight-Year Perspective on the Relationship Between the Duration of Abstinence and Other Aspects of Recovery
Authors: Dennis Michael L. , Foss Mark A. , Scott Christy K.
Published: November 2007

Using data from 1,162 people entering treatment and followed up (> 94%) for 8 years, this article examines the relationship between the duration of abstinence (1 month to 5 or more years) and other aspects of recovery (e.g., health, mental health, coping responses, legal involvement, vocational involvement, housing, peers, social and spiritual support), including the trend and at what point changes occur. It also examines how the duration of abstinence at a given point is related to the odds of sustaining abstinence in the subsequent year. The findings demonstrate the rich patterns of change associated with the course of long-term recovery.
Interventions for adult family carers of people who have had a stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Brereton Louise , Carroll Christopher , Barnston Sue
Published: November 2007

Objective: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions for adult family carers of people with stroke, and an exploratory examination of the relationship between the conceptual basis of these interventions and their effectiveness.

Data sources: Seventeen electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched, including ASSIA, BNI, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index and the Science Citation Index, HMIC and the National Research Register. Authors of unpublished material were contacted for data and additional publications. Reference and citation tracking was performed on included publications.

Review methods: Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials of interventions aimed primarily at adult family carers of people post stroke; carers were the primary sample; primary outcomes reported were for carers. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify publications and extract data. Quality assessment was performed to weight study findings.

Results: Eight papers were found reporting on six complex, generally heterogeneous, interventions: caregiver training; education and counselling; social problem-solving partnerships, delivered principally by telephone; a psycho-educational telephone support group; a nurse-led support and education programme; and a support programme, delivered either to groups in hospital or individuals during home visits. Half of the interventions were based on stress-coping theories; the remainder did not identify a conceptual basis for the intervention.

Conclusions: Some benefits were reported for all interventions, although trials were generally of low quality, preventing firm conclusions being drawn. The presence of a conceptual basis for interventions does not appear to influence effectiveness.
Six hours in the laboratory: a quantification of practice time during constraint-induced therapy (CIT)
Authors: Kaplon Richard T. , Prettyman Michelle G. , Kushi Cynthia L. , Winstein Carolee J.
Published: November 2007

Objective: To quantify supervised in-laboratory time and practice intensity during the signature protocol specified as 6 hours/day over 10 days for the EXtremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE) randomized clinical trial.

Design: Retrospective analysis of constraint-induced movement therapy training documentation acquired at the University of Southern California site from EXCITE (n = 38). Training documentation was reviewed and analysed to determine average and between-subject variability of supervised in-laboratory time and actual task-specific practice time for concurrence with the specified constraint-induced movement therapy protocol.

Setting: Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Subjects: Data from 38 participants (35 met inclusion criteria) who, upon enrolment in the EXCITE trial, were between 3 and 10 months post stroke and between 47 and 81 years of age.

Results: The training records revealed an average of 64 hours (SD = 2.6) supervised in-laboratory time for 35 participants across 10 days of training. More importantly, the average time on task-specific practice was 3.95 hours per day (SD = 5.7) representing 62% of the in-laboratory time. Supervised in-laboratory time for

10 training days was consistent across the sample as was total practice time for days 2—10, with a substantially lower practice time on the initial training day. Conclusions: Participants tolerated an intense task-specific practice schedule that consisted of approximately two-thirds of the specified minimum 6 hour in-laboratory time and was distributed evenly between adaptive task practice (shaping) and task practice components.
Exercise capacity, physical activity patterns and outcomes six years after cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure
Authors: Mueller Lionel , Myers Jonathan , Kottman Wilhard , Oswald Ulrike , Boesch Claudia , Arbrol Nayana , Dubach Paul
Published: November 2007

Objective: To determine the short- and long-term effects of an intensive, concentrated rehabilitation programme in patients with chronic heart failure.

Design: Randomized controlled trial, with one-month and six-year evaluations. Setting: Residential rehabilitation centre in Switzerland.

Subjects: Fifty patients with chronic heart failure, randomized to exercise or control groups.

Interventions: A rehabilitation programme lasting one month, including educational sessions, a low-fat diet, and 2 hours of individually prescribed exercise daily.

Main measures: Exercise test responses, health outcomes and physical activity patterns.

Results: Peak Vo2 increased 21.4% in the exercise group during the rehabilitation programme (P<0.05), whereas peak Vo2 did not change among controls. After the six-year follow-up period, peak Vo2 was only slightly higher than that at baseline in the trained group (7%, NS), while peak Vo2 among controls was unchanged. During long-term follow-up, 9 and 12 patients died in the exercise and control groups, respectively (P = 0.63). At six years, physical activity patterns tended to be higher in the exercise group; the mean energy expenditure values over the last year were 2704 ± 1970 and 2085 ± 1522 kcal/week during recreational activities for the exercise and control groups, respectively. However, both groups were more active compared to energy expenditure prior to their cardiac event (P<0.001).

Conclusions: Six years after participation in a residential rehabilitation programme, patients with chronic heart failure had slightly better outcomes than control subjects, maintained exercise capacity and engaged in activities that exceed the minimal amount recommended by guidelines for cardiovascular health.
Physical fitness in people with a spinal cord injury: the association with complications and duration of rehabilitation
Authors: Haisma J.A. , Bussmann J.B.J. , Stam H.J. , Sluis T.A.R. , Bergen M.P. , Post M.W.M. , Dallmeijer A.J. , van der Woude L.H.V.
Published: November 2007

Objective: To assess the association between physical fitness and its recovery over time on the one hand, and complications and duration of phases of rehabilitation on the other.

Design and setting: Prospective cohort study at eight rehabilitation centres. Subjects: People with a spinal cord injury were assessed four times: at the start of active rehabilitation (n = 110), three months later (n = 92), at discharge (n = 137) and a year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation (n = 91).

Main measures: Physical fitness was defined as aerobic capacity, determined at each occasion by the peak oxygen uptake (peak Vo2; L/min) and the peak power output (peak PO; W) during a maximal exercise test. On these occasions, spasticity, musculoskeletal and neurogenic pain were determined (1 = present; 0 = absent). During inpatient rehabilitation, complications (urinary tract infection, pulmonary infection or pressure sore) and bed rest were registered (1 = complication; 0 = no complications, and 1 = bed rest; 0 = no bed rest). Complications and bed rest occurring during the year after discharge were registered similarly.

Results: Multilevel random coefficient analyses revealed associations in multivariate models (P ≤ 0.05). The peak oxygen uptake was negatively associated with complications after discharge. The recovery of peak power output over time was negatively associated with bed rest and spasticity. Both physical fitness and its recovery were negatively associated with the duration of active rehabilitation.

Conclusion: Results suggest that limiting complications, spasticity or bed rest may improve fitness. A longer duration of active rehabilitation is not associated with an increase in physical fitness.
Does the use of a constraint mitten to encourage use of the hemiplegic upper limb improve arm function in adults with subacute stroke?
Authors: Burns Alison , Burridge Jane , Pickering Ruth
Published: November 2007

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a constraint mitten, worn on the unaffected upper limb, on the arm and hand function of participants with hemiplegia. To estimate the sample size for a future trial.

Design: An A-B-A design.

Setting: Inpatient, outpatient and domiciliary setting.

Subjects Ten participants with mild to moderate residual upper limb hemiparesis, between 1 and 12 months post stroke.

Intervention: Following a two-week baseline period, 10 participants were advised to wear the constraint mitten on the unaffected upper limb for 9 waking hours/day for two weeks to encourage use of the hemiplegic arm. Existing levels of therapy continued during the whole study.

Main measures: The primary outcome measure was the Action Research Arm Test. At the end of the intervention phase participants completed a questionnaire. Participants also recorded their daily use of the constraint mitten during the intervention phase.

Results: A mean improvement in the Action Research Arm Test score of 4.0 points (95% confidence interval 1.7 to 6.2; P=00.016) was found during the intervention phase after correcting for background recovery. Mean compliance was 6.7 hours/day (74%), 90% of participants were positive about the intervention and would recommend the treatment to other stroke survivors, although 50% were relieved to stop the mitten-wearing phase.

Conclusions: The use of a constraint mitten in upper limb stroke rehabilitation may be a useful adjunct to enhance functional recovery with minimal additional resources. The positive findings from this preliminary study warrant a larger randomized controlled trial of 200 participants in total.
Assisted Microwave Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Poly(ArylEtherKetone)s
Authors: Brunel Raphaël , Marestin Catherine , Martin Vincent , Mercier Regis , Schiets Frederic
Published: November 2007

A microwave-assisted aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction has been used to synthesize high molecular weight Poly(ArylEtherKetone)s (PAEKs) within very short reaction times and through a highly simplified process. The influence of different parameters, (namely the microwave power, solvent nature, or reaction time) on the polymer molecular weights were studied in order to optimize the polymerization conditions. The polymers thus obtained were characterized and compared with their analogues synthesized by conventional thermal polycondensation. This work underlines the potential of microwave-assisted aromatic polymer synthesis.
Masculinity in the Dock: Legal Responses To Male Violence and Female Retaliation in England and Wales, 1900—1965
Authors: Ballinger Anette
Published: November 2007

This article contributes to the debates on gender and punishment by providing an analysis of women who were sentenced to death during the first half of the 20th century after having killed their abusive partners, and who were subsequently reprieved. The article argues that the frame of references within existing `leniency versus harshness' debates are inadequate and cannot provide a complete explanation of the issues surrounding gender and punishment. Instead, in order to gain a full understanding of the complexities of these trial outcomes it is necessary to examine the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and the discourses through which these constructions operated in the courtroom. The article thus demonstrates the way in which discourses around femininity and masculinity both played crucial roles in the final outcomes of the trials. In particular, the article emphasizes the processes through which men as well as women were expected to conform to dominant ideologies around gender. As such, failure to adhere to acceptable standards of masculine behaviour could detract from the man's status as victim while blurring the lines between victim and perpetrator with respect to the woman who eventually retaliated against her violent partner. The article concludes that the narrow focus of `leniency versus harshness' debates masks wider issues of the role of punishment in maintaining the dominant gendered, social order.
IEIIS Meeting minireview: The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of asthma: evidence for the involvement of Toll-like receptor signaling
Authors: Schröder Nicolas W. J. , Arditi Moshe
Published: November 2007

Infectious diseases have a major impact on both the development and the severity of asthma. The rise in incidence of asthma in industrialized countries over the last decades has been attributed to increased hygiene standards as well as the concomitant usage of antibiotics, which together lower the incidence of infections. Although this point of view is supported by both clinical studies and experimental approaches in mice, an increasing body of evidence suggests that certain infectious diseases may predispose for the development of asthma, thus challenging the `hygiene hypothesis' in its classical form. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are centrally involved in orchestrating immune responses towards various micro-organisms. Because of this, it is tempting to speculate that signaling through TLRs may be involved in mechanisms provoking Th1- or Th2-biased immune responses and may, therefore, be an important factor in either preventing or promoting allergic airway disease. This review summarizes clinical and experimental data from mouse models focused on the impact of TLR-signaling on allergic asthma.
Founders versus Descendants
Authors: Wang Yong , Ahmed Pervaiz , Farquhar Stuart
Published: November 2007

Family businesses and business families existed long before the genesis of historians and economists. In most economies, family business is estimated to represent over two–thirds of all enterprises and accounts for about half of the economic activity and private employment contributing to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Over the last two decades, family business studies have gathered momentum, which is reflected not only in terms of the number of published papers and publication outlets, but also in research support provided by agents and foundations. This article proffers researchers and practitioners empirical evidence of variations in financial performance of family businesses mastered by different generations. The article commences with a literature review of theories associated with business performance and family business governance, for example, agency theory, altruism and business lifecycle. This is followed by a description of the research methods adopted in this study. Statistical analyses are then conducted in two phases. Phase A employs univariate analyses to depict business demographic features. Phase B further investigates the differences of financial performance between family businesses marshalled by owner–managers in different generations. In summary, the article concludes with a set of tentative recommendations. It is anticipated that this study will bring to the surface the debate on issues surrounding the practice of family business management and widen awareness of the critical factors shaping business performance.
Sociocultural Factors and Enabling Policies for Non-timber Forest Products-based Microenterprise Development
Authors: Dubey Parag
Published: November 2007

Over 3,000 plant species produce economically significant products known as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Their use and trade are integral components of local economies and culture. Governments and policy makers have overlooked the importance of NTFPs as an enterprise for a long time due to various reasons. However, recent studies have shown their potential. Policies concerning NTFPs were often formulated without addressing enterprises or rural livelihood; as a result, they usually failed to provide adequate incentives. In addition, they were often conflicting, causing stagnation. Very few states had a definite procedure to govern the exploitation of NTFPs, though most had rules for timber extraction and marketing. As with policy, direct institutional support requires co-ordination among the agencies that deal with non-wood resources and NTFP producers. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) illustrates one mode of government collaboration with communities to manage resources and share benefits. The intangible, non-economic roles of NTFPs can be more important and even provide a foundation for the economic roles that development programmes usually address. The commercialisation of forest produce seems to marginalise certain people, especially the lower classes. Sociocultural issues play an important role in ascertaining the success of Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) and the sustainability of NTFP resource base. Policy makers should be made aware of the nature of historical and cultural patterns of NTFP use and its implications. By providing communities with technical, financial, managerial, marketing and training support, they will have a new economic incentive to conserve the resource base of their raw material, thus conserving the biological diversity of their area for the benefit of all. It will require vision and creative imagination on the part of the political leaders and administrative managers who are responsible for the effective delivery of programmes and activities to the people.
Institutional Problems of the Emerging Scientific Community in Iran
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad , Ghaneirad Mohammad-Amin , Toloo Ghasem
Published: November 2007

This article attempts to explore the concept of scientific community at the macro-national level in the context of Iran. Institutionalisation of science and its professional growth has been constrained by several factors. The article first conceptualises the notion of science community as found in the literature in the context of Iran, and attempts to map through some indicators. The main focus, however, lies in mapping some institutional problems through empirical research. This was undertaken in 2002–04 in order to analyse the structure of the scientific community in Iran in the ‘exact sciences’ (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and earth sciences). The empirical work was done in two complementary perspectives: through a questionnaire and statistical analysis of it, and through semi-structured interviews with the researchers.

There are number of problems confronting scientists in Iran. Facilities provided by institutions is one of the major problems of research. Another is the tenuous cooperation among scientists. This is reported by most of the researchers, who deplore the lack of cooperation among their group. Relationships are mostly with the Ph.D. students and only marginally with colleagues.

Our research shows that the more brilliant the scientists, the more frustrated they are from scientific institutions in Iran. Medium-range researchers seem to be much happier about the scientific institution to which they belong than the brighter scholars. The scientific institutions in Iran seem to be built for the needs of the former rather than the latter. These institutions seem not to play a positive role in the case of the best scientists. On the whole, many ingredients of the scientific community, at least at its inception, are present among Iranian scientists: the strong desire for scientific achievement in spite of personal, institutional and economic problems.
Learning for a Change
Authors: Vare Paul , Scott William
Published: November 2007

Whether we view sustainable development as our greatest challenge or a subversive litany, every phase of education is now being urged to declare its support for education for sustainable development (ESD). In this paper, we explore the ideas behind ESD and, building on work by Foster and by Scott and Gough, we argue that it is necessary now to think of two complementary approaches: ESD 1 and ESD 2. We see ESD 1 as the promotion of informed, skilled behaviours and ways of thinking, useful in the short-term where the need is clearly identified and agreed, and ESD 2 as building capacity to think critically about what experts say and to test ideas, exploring the dilemmas and contradictions inherent in sustainable living. We note the prevalence of ESD 1 approaches, especially from policy makers; this is a concern because people rarely change their behaviour in response to a rational call to do so, and more importantly, too much successful ESD 1 in isolation would reduce our capacity to manage change ourselves and therefore make us less sustainable. We argue that ESD 2 is a necessary complement to ESD 1, making it meaningful in a learning sense. In this way we avoid an either-or debate in favour of a yes-and approach that constantly challenges us to understand what we are communicating, how we are going about it and, crucially, why we are doing it in the first place.
Research Trends in the United States
Authors: Heimlich Joe E.
Published: November 2007

Research on education for sustainable development (ESD) is not a unified body of work and, much like the literature for environmental education (EE), research is published in many arenas. The trends, however, capture some of the major foci of the research that is emerging on ESD, especially in the early years of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). This article attempts to frame some of the themes in which ESD research is emerging in the United States.
Monitoring and Evaluation during the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Tilbury Daniella
Published: November 2007

Monitoring and evaluation has been identified as one of seven key strategies for advancing the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). The UN International Implementation Scheme for the Decade has called for the development of relevant and suitable indicators at all levels. Choosing appropriate education for sustainable development (ESD) indicators requires clearly articulated goals for DESD and an understanding of what indicators can and cannot assess. Recent experiences with ESD indicators can help us navigate our way through what can be complex territory. This paper reviews current ESD indicator initiatives worldwide and focuses on the UNECE and UNESCO-IUCN Asia-Pacific efforts. These initiatives help identify relevant indicator frameworks and valuable learnings about engaging stakeholders in the development and implementation of indicators. Work on ESD indicators is positioned within the UNESCO Global Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, to be released in mid 2008.
A Needs Assessment of International Students' Wives
Authors: Martens Vonda Plett , Grant Peter R.
Published: November 2007

Despite the unique adjustment challenges facing international students' spouses, little research has focused on their adjustment experiences or their programming needs. Understanding the adjustment of these individuals is important both in itself and because spouses play a key role in the adjustment and academic success of international students. Because women make up the vast majority of accompanying spouses, two needs assessments were conducted to explore their particular adjustment experiences and gather information relevant to program development. Hypotheses regarding the impact of conational group size on adjustment were tested as well. Seventy-six wives of international graduate students at a midsized Western Canadian university completed a questionnaire. Results suggest these women are highly educated professionals who face a variety of unique cultural and situational adjustment issues. Overall, their preference is for programming with a professional development focus. Unexpectedly, few differences based on conational group size were found. Research implications for service providers and researchers are discussed.
Gender and Risk Assessment
Authors: Holtfreter Kristy , Cupp Rhonda
Published: November 2007

The developers of the Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R) argue that actuarial risk instruments, and the theoretical framework on which they are based, are “gender neutral” and apply to all offenders in a variety of correctional settings. Although there is empirical support for this perspective, recent research using more representative female offender samples suggests that the LSI-R “works” differently for various offender groups (e.g., women who follow “gendered” pathways to crime). The bulk of research used to support claims of gender neutrality is based on males. This research evaluates these claims by reviewing the empirical research on the LSI-R for female offenders published over a 20-year period (1986 — 2006). Based on the evidence, the authors identify directions for future research on gender and risk assessment and also discuss implications for correctional classification and treatment.
Application of the Risk Principle to Female Offenders
Authors: Brusman Lovins Lori , Lowenkamp Christopher T. , Latessa Edward J. , Smith Paula
Published: November 2007

Previous research has supported the significance of the principles of effective intervention in correctional treatment. The risk principle suggests that intensive correctional interventions be reserved for higher risk offenders. Increasingly, there is discussion about the application of the risk principle to specialized populations, such as female offenders. The purpose of this article is to test the risk principle on a sizeable sample of female offenders involved in community corrections in a midwestern state. Findings suggest that the risk principle is applicable to women as higher risk female offenders who participated in residential treatment showed lower probability of recidivism than a risk-controlled comparison group, while lower-risk women increased in likelihood of re-arrest after exposure to the same treatment. Results contribute to the growing literature on effective treatment interventions for female offenders.
Predicting the Prison Misconducts of Women Offenders
Authors: Wright Emily M. , Salisbury Emily J. , Van Voorhis Patricia
Published: November 2007

The needs of women offenders may be qualitatively different than the needs of male offenders. The “pathways” and “gender-responsive” perspectives of female offending have recently garnered attention in both practitioner and scholarly arenas. The pathways perspective focuses attention on the co-occurrence and effects of trauma, substance abuse, dysfunctional relationships, and mental illness on female offending, while the gender-responsive perspective also suggests that problems related to parenting, childcare, and self-concept issues are important needs of women offenders. Few studies have examined whether or not these are risk factors for poor prison adjustment. With a sample of 272 incarcerated women offenders in Missouri, we examine how each gender-responsive need is related to six- and twelve-month prison misconducts, and whether the inclusion of such needs to traditional static custody classification items increases the predictive validity of such tools. Results suggest that women offenders do, in fact, display gender-responsive risk factors in prison.
Validity of the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory as a Measure of Negative Treatment Attitudes
Authors: Hatchett Gregory T.
Published: November 2007

This study evaluated the validity of the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI) as a measure of negative expectations and attitudes toward counseling. Undergraduate students completed the BTPI, the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale—Abbreviated Version, and the Expectations About Counseling—Brief Form during one administration period. Higher scores on the BTPI Closed-Mindedness and Low Expectation of Benefit scales were associated with more negative attitudes toward counseling. Furthermore, higher scores on Closed-Mindedness, Problems in Relationship Formation, and the Treatment Di ficulty Composite were associated with lower expectations to become actively involved in counseling. Participants reporting higher levels of psychological distress on the BTPI were less likely to expect warm therapeutic relationships and to take active roles in treatment. Relationships between attitudes and expectations about counseling were also evaluated. Participants reporting more positive attitudes toward counseling reported higher expectations to work with warm, empathic counselors and to take active roles in counseling and lower expectations for prescriptive, doctor-patient relationships with counselors.
WAIS-III Percentile Scores by Education and Sex for U.S. and Canadian Populations
Authors: Longman R. Stewart , Saklofske Donald H. , Fung Tak S.
Published: November 2007

Tables are presented for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS-III) IQ and index scores by education level for both the U.S. and Canadian normative samples. This allows clinicians to provide more accurate identification of relative strengths or weaknesses, compared to expectations from an individual's background, rather than the general population. Because sex di ferences are notable on the Processing Speed Index, data for this measure are presented separately. The similarities and di ferences between the two national samples are noted, with particular reference to the relatively weaker demographic e fects found in the Canadian sample.
Taxometric Analysis of the Antisocial Features Scale of the Personality Assessment Inventory in Federal Prison Inmates
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Diamond Pamela M. , Magaletta Philip R. , Geyer Matthew D. , Duncan Scott A.
Published: November 2007

The Antisocial Features (ANT) scale of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) was subjected to taxometric analysis in a group of 2,135 federal prison inmates. Scores on the three ANT subscales—Antisocial Behaviors (ANT-A), Egocentricity (ANT-E), and Stimulus Seeking (ANT-S)—served as indicators in this study and were evaluated using the following taxometric procedures: mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG), and latent mode factor analysis (L-Mode). Objective and subjective evaluation of the results revealed consistent support for a dimensional interpretation of latent structure across the di ferent taxometric procedures as well as across gender, race, and security level. As a dimensional construct, antisocial personality disorder arranges respondents along one or more quantitative dimensions (degree of antisociality), rather than assigning them to qualitatively distinct categories (antisocial or not antisocial).
Psychometric and Structural Analysis of the MMPI-2 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Facet Subscales
Authors: Quilty Lena C. , Bagby R. Michael
Published: November 2007

The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) is a model of personality psychopathology assessed in adult populations with a set of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) scales. The authors examine the reliability and validity of recently developed lower-order facet subscales for each of these five domains, with an emphasis on structural invariance, using both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). MMPI-2 protocols completed by psychiatric patients (N = 693) served as the data source. The reliability and discriminant validity of the subscales were mostly inadequate. Results from the CFAs reveal universally poor statistical fits. Subsequent EFAs extracted alternate latent structures, which also demonstrate mostly inadequate reliability and validity. Overall, results suggest that the item pool that forms the MMPI-2 PSY-5 domain scales may not be able to sustain meaningful facet subscales.
Repackaging Orientalism
Authors: Bryce Derek
Published: November 2007

This article analyses representations of Egypt and Turkey in brochures produced by tour operators for the British outbound packaged tourism market. It suggests that two specific `phases' of Orientalist discourse are deployed in promotional materials on the two destinations. Turkey reiterates the discursive division of western `reason and modernity' from eastern `stasis and passivity' while Egypt re-enacts the material intervention of Europeans to generate and articulate particular kinds of knowledge about the Orient. It suggests that it is not simply the material existence of the destinations, but the occupation of specific historically contingent positions of `sovereign subjectivity' from which to `know' them that is offered to tourists.
Does teaching creationism facilitate student autonomy?
Authors: Warnick Bryan R. , Fooce C. David
Published: November 2007

The teaching of evolution in US public schools continues to generate controversy. One argument for including creationism in science classrooms is based on the goal of facilitating student autonomy. Autonomy requires that students be exposed to significant alternatives, it is argued, and religious creation stories offer a significant alternative to secular modernity. This argument, however, is unsuccessful. When religious narratives are placed in the context of science classrooms, the religious narratives become quasi-scientific descriptions in that they are assumed to share the modernist views of reference and meaning that permeate scientific interpretation.This transformation constricts the possibilities of the sacred narrative. Thus, religious narratives in science contexts do not present a significant alternative to secular modernity and are not, therefore, directly facilitating autonomy. This analysis also applies to some versions of the recent `intelligent design' movement, but not to others. Additional arguments for inclusion of religious narratives might be more successful than the argument based on the facilitation of autonomy.