bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An unusual presentation of an odontogenic tumor
Authors: Thomas Priya , Sebastian Aneesh , Krishnapillai Rekha , Chandran Sapna
Published: June 2021

Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a rare benign neoplasm and may be located to multiple sites in the oral cavity mouth. As per the literature, there have been <50 reported cases. The tumor is often asymptomatic, although it can present with symptoms of pain and tooth mobility. Peripheral odontogenic tumor is a rare entity derived from either epithelial or mesenchymal portions of the tooth-forming apparatus. Lesions are common to gingiva and alveolar mucosa. Peripheral granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is considered to be even rarer. The purpose of the study is to report a case of SOT with a synchronous association with peripheral GCA of cystic nature in the mandible. The occurrence of SOT with ameloblastoma has not been reported as per the literature search.
Prevalence of herpes virus in chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Abooj Jai , Varma Siddhartha A
Published: June 2021

Background:

Unfavorable modifications of tooth and its surrounding structures result in periodontal complications. Viruses, in specific herpes virus, are known to increase disease severity in periodontal patients. Periodontitis is known to be more established in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients. Hence, the detection of the viral load, its effect on the prevalence of periodontitis and the glycemic control status of patients are to be evidenced. The study aimed to reveal the association of herpes virus with periodontal parameters and its prevalence in DM2 patients.

Materials and Methods:

The cross-sectional study involved a total of 120 patients falling into three groups; Group I (healthy), Group II (periodontitis without DM2) and Group III (periodontitis with DM2) were subjected for sampling. Subgingival samples of periodontitis patients were tested for clinical parameters, and DNA extraction was performed. The presence of herpes virus (Epstein–Barr virus [EBV-1] and human Cytomegalovirus [HCMV]) was detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction primers. Glycemic status of patients was recorded as glycosylated hemoglobin and scored accordingly. Chi-square test was performed to analyze the association between the categorical variables, and t-test/Mann–Whitney U-test/analysis of variance/Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous data.

Results:

Significant levels of EBV-1 were detected in Group III (n = 21, 52.5%), followed by Group II (n = 16, 40%) and Group I (n = 2, 5%) (P < 0.0001). HCMV was not detected. A significant association of EBV-1 to periodontal site-specific parameters was observed in Group II patients (P < 0.05). EBV-1 was predominant with poor glycemic status patients.

Conclusion:

This study revealed that the incidence of herpes virus infection in periodontal patients was higher in diabetic patients and the examined patients were prone to EBV-1 infections.
Reliability of odontometric parameters in stature analysis
Authors: Ramya K , Deshpande Ashwini , Deepika A D N , Rayudu G Subba , Pendyala Siva Kumar , Kondreddy Kameswari
Published: June 2021

Background:

To emphasize the role of odontometric parameters which may be used as a reliable forensic tool especially in cases with partial remains of the individual

Aim:

To assess the reliability of odontometric parameters in stature analysis

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on 100 patients (50 male and 50 Female). Mesiodistal width of anterior teeth, inter-canine width, Inter-premolar width and maxillary arch length were the parameters included. The results were tabulated with a linear regression formula obtained for each parameter.

Statistical Analysis:

The data collected was statistically analysed using SPSS version 20 and a linear regression formula was obtained thereafter.

Results:

Mesio-distal widths of individual maxillary canines, total mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors and arch length showed a significant co-relation with stature. The combined linear regression formula was obtained for all parameters.

Conclusion:

Odontometric parameters of mesio - distal widths of individual maxillary canines, total mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors and arch length can be used as reliable parameters for stature analysis.
A rare case of mandibular dentinogenic ghost cell tumor
Authors: Novembre Daniela , Giofrè Elio , Barca Ida , Ferragina Francesco , Cristofaro Maria Giulia
Published: June 2021

Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) is a rare benign tumorous form of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) characterized by the presence of ghost cells but it seems to have more aggressive behavior. It represents 11.5% of COCs. In this work, we report a case of a 60-year-old male patient with DGCT in the posterior region of the right mandible treated with surgical enucleation.
Serum aflatoxin B1 antibody titer, percent hemolysis and transaminases in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Bhowate Rahul R , Lohe Vidya K , Meshram Mrunal Ghusaji , Dangore Suwarna B
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Areca nut is deeply rooted sociocultural habit in India. Areca nut reported to be infested by fungi during the field and storage conditions. Areca nut alkaloids, nitrosamines, tobacco and aflatoxin are cytotoxic, immunotoxic to red blood cell and epithelial cell. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) antibody titer, percent hemolysis and transaminases in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, 128 participants of which 88 were suffering from OSMF. Twenty participants were areca nut habitual without OSMF (habitual control) and 20 participants without any habit (healthy control). For the detection of AFB1 antibody titer, AFB1 antigen (Sigma) A6636 from Aspergillus flavus was used. Percent hemolysis was estimated as per the procedure described by Mathuria and Verma. Serum Glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were estimated by the optimized ultraviolet method using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

Results:

Mean SGOT, SGPT, percent hemolysis and AFB1 antibody titer were significantly higher in participants with OSMF than the habitual and healthy controls. AFB1 antibody titer and % hemolysis in both OSMF and habitual without OSMF were showed significant correlation, i.e., increased AFB1 antibody titer with increased % hemolysis.

Conclusions:

A study result demonstrates that aflatoxin causes increase in serum transaminases which is indicative of liver damage in OSMF. The combined toxic effects of areca nut alkaloids, tobacco and AFB1 on red blood cell (RBC) cell wall might be responsible for increased percent hemolysis in OSMF and habitual control.
Toward developing natural histologic stains using anthocyanins
Authors: Sachdev Sanpreet Singh , Chettiankandy Tabita Joy , Sonawane Sarang Gautam , Sardar Manisha Ahire , Kende Prajwalit Prakash , Pakhmode Vivek
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

In the present-day scenario, wherein histotechnological laboratory personnel come into contact with numerous hazardous chemicals every day, laboratories are emphasizing on development of safer and environment-friendly alternatives globally which are easily available and feasible. In this context, we have attempted to utilize anthocyanins, a family of pigments naturally occurring in fruits and flowers and which are already used as natural food colorants, for assessing their utility as histological stains.

Materials and methods:

Juices of thin consistency from well-ripened pomegranates were obtained by using a juicer with blender functions. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded 4 μm thin sections were immersed in this solution for 2 h, during which the solution was periodically monitored. Several modifications were attempted such as the addition of Citrus limon (lemon) extract or acetic acid, change in orientation of the slides and refrigeration of the solution during the staining procedure.

Results:

A peculiar pattern of reasonably diagnostic staining was observed in which the basal and suprabasal cells, basement membrane, inflammatory cells and collagen fibers stained prominently with a magenta color. The addition of lemon, horizontal orientation of slides and refrigeration each separately led to an improvement in staining characteristics. The addition of 4% acetic acid and refrigeration of the solution each led to an improvement in longevity of the staining solution.

Conclusion:

Anthocyanins could potentially be used as viable histological stains having advantages of availability, feasibility, color stability and nontoxicity, although numerous modifications to improve longevity of staining solution and staining characteristics are warranted by further research for which the present study could serve as a pretext.
Scanning electron microscope characterization of noncarious cervical lesions in human teeth
Authors: Worawongvasu Ratthapong
Published: June 2021

Aims:

Abfraction is a theoretical process whereby occlusal forces create microfractures in enamel and dentin along the cervical area and predispose it to erosion and abrasion, forming noncarious cervical lesions. However, the theory is not yet proven. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of abfraction as an etiology of these lesions.

Materials and Methods:

Ten human premolars with these lesions from 10 patients requiring tooth extraction, one tooth from each patient, were used in this study. After extractions, all teeth were stored in 10% formalin until required, then prepared routinely for scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

In all 10 teeth, at low magnification, noncarious cervical lesions appeared as crescent-shaped lesions. The upper edges of the lesions were on the enamel surfaces and their lower edges were on the cemental surfaces. In four teeth, the lesions showed evidence of microfractures characterized by the presence of fracture lines and fracture surfaces. In addition, in the first tooth of these teeth, the surface was also covered by a network of poorly fixed collagen fibers. In the third tooth, linear scratches, the openings of the dentinal tubules, a dentin matrix which consisted of a network of poorly fixed collagen fibers, and numerous dentinal tubules were also observed. In the remaining six teeth, they showed linear scratches, and the presence of the dentinal tubules or the exposed collagen fibers.

Conclusions:

It appears that abrasion and erosion are associated etiologic factors in forming noncarious cervical lesions and an ultrastructural finding that supports the abfraction theory of these lesions is observed.
Prevalence of oral neurofibroma in Central Indian population
Authors: Gosavi Suchitra R , Jain Riya S , Datarkar Abhay
Published: June 2021

Context:

Neurofibroma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Commonly found in the peripheral soft tissues, it can manifest as a solitary mass or as a component of neurofibromatosis.

Aims:

The purpose of the retrospective cross-sectional study was contributing to the literature by providing data about the prevalence of oral neurofibroma in Central Indian population.

Settings and Design:

Retrospective, cross-sectional study.

Subjects and Methods:

All histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral neurofibroma were retrieved from the archives of our department and were reviewed. All the cases that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed in terms of the year when the patient reported, patient's age, gender, location of the lesion, i.e., soft tissue or intraosseous, clinical appearance, i.e., growth or swelling, histopathologic diagnosis and immunohistochemistry results if available. The results were aggregated and described qualitatively using Microsoft Excel 2013.

Results:

In our retrospective analysis of 20 years (2000–2019), we came across 14 reported cases of oral neurofibroma, in five males and nine females. Two of these cases showed a recurrent nature and one case showed transformation into atypical neurofibroma. Two cases were encountered in the mandible as an intraosseous oral neurofibroma.

Conclusions:

In our study, we found that oral neurofibroma was more common in the third decade with a female predilection. Gingiva was the most common site. Of the 14 cases that were encountered, two cases showed recurrence and one case showed malignant transformation. Hence, in spite of being a benign neoplasm, oral neurofibroma is locally aggressive and should be diagnosed accurately.
Cytodiagnosis of unusual metastases in parotid gland
Authors: Thomas Sophia , Bhake Arvind
Published: June 2021

Documentation of metastatic lesions in the parotid gland diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is limited in the cytopathology literature. The metastases within the parotid masquerades clinically as primary neoplasm of parotid. The authors of present case report intent to highlight the importance of FNAC in the diagnosis of metastases in parotid. These diagnoses enable the search for the locations of unknown primaries. The nodules within the parotid masquerading as primary neoplasm have undergone FNAC in five cases. The cytomorphological interpretation of the smears was performed. The diagnosis on cytology was compared with subsequent histological evaluation of the suggested primary neoplasm. FNAC in the five cases revealed the following cytodiagnosis: metastases of ductal carcinoma (2), melanoma (1), deposits of small cell carcinoma (1) and metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (1). There was complete concordance when these cytodiagnoses were compared with histological evaluation from the suggested sites of primaries as well-differentiated ductal carcinoma of the breast (2), melanoma of the scalp (1), small cell carcinoma of the lung (1) and clear cell RCC of the kidney (1). The metastases within the parotid can masquerade as primary neoplasm. The cytomorphological patterns and features of metastases are similar to that of their primary neoplasm. Therefore, FNAC over the nodules within the parotid unsuspected for metastases provides valuable information to search for primary neoplasm.
Epstein–Barr virus-positive ulcer in the oral cavity
Authors: Ramos-Baena Jose David , Jacinto-Alemán Luis Fernando , Leyva-Huerta Elba Rosa , Portilla-Robertson Javier
Published: June 2021

Epstein–Barr virus-positive ulcer (EBV + U) is a recently reported B cell lymphoproliferative disorder in the oral cavity, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and skin, principally in immunosuppressed patients. A 53-year-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, presenting ulcers of unknown duration on the dorsum and the lateral left border of the tongue. Excisional biopsy, histopathological analysis and histochemical stains for syphilis (Warthin–Starry), mycotic diseases (Grocott silver methenamine), tuberculosis (Ziehl–Neelsen), immunohistochemistry tests for herpesvirus type 8 (CMV), EBV (LMP-1) and DNA extraction for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to CMV, EBV and herpes simplex virus-1 were performed. Posterior to PCR assay, the final diagnosis was EBV + U in the oral cavity. Acyclovir® was prescribed, showing clinical improvement. A case of EBV + U with clinical characteristics similar to other lesions or conditions has been reported. Special assays are necessary for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Tumor-associated macrophages
Authors: Mukherjee Anupama , Spadigam Anita , Dhupar Anita
Published: June 2021

Background:

The significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a modulator of tumor behavior was acknowledged by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011 as the emerging hallmarks and enabling characteristics of the hallmarks of cancer. Subsequently, the role of inflammation, in conferring aggressiveness to a tumor, was regarded as a fundamental process in the evolution of the TME. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are distinctly polarized inflammatory cells and key shapers of a protumorigenic microenvironment.

Aims:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of TAMs and the expression of CD-163 as a marker to evince tumor aggressiveness, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Settings and Design:

A retrospective institutional study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and random sampling was carried out. Cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria were subjected to S(site), T(tumor), N(node), M(metastasis), P(pathology) STNMP staging along with immunohistochemical evaluation of CD-163.

Methods:

Samples for this study included 58 archival cases of OSCC. Demographic details were recorded, and the STNMP stage ascertained, following which, each case was reevaluated histopathologically for the invasive front. Cases with sufficient stroma and demonstrating the invasive front were further subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation of CD-163 for TAMs. The density of CD-163-positive cells was assessed by three pathologists, independently, in a double-blinded evaluation using Image-J©.

Statistical Analysis:

Descriptive data were evaluated and analyzed statistically using Spearman's/Pearson's correlation tests based on the distribution of data.

Results:

The density of TAMs was noted to be directly proportional to the STNMP stage. In addition, a strong positive, statistically significant correlation was noted between the density of TAMs and tumor size, nodal status and STNMP stage.

Conclusion:

The crucial role of the tumor microenvironment must be considered when evaluating OSCC. TAMs prove to be a reliable marker for assessing tumor aggressiveness and could aid in improved prognostication of OSCC, while also being potential targets for therapy.
Comparative evaluation of the concentration-dependent effect of proton-pump inhibitor in association with calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Anija R , Kalita Chandana , Bhuyan A C , Hussain M D Iftikar , Saikia Anindita , Das Lima
Published: June 2021

Background:

Enterococcus faecalis is the most persistent organism in the root canal which resists most of the intracanal medicaments. There is always a constant attempt to eliminate this endodontic pathogen from the root canal system.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the association of different concentrations of proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) (Lansoprazole) with calcium hydroxide (CH) and chlorhexidine (CHX) against E. faecalis using a broth dilution method.

Materials and Methods:

E. faecalis was inoculated into brain–heart infusion broth at 37°C for 5 h. The master broth was then treated with CH (Group 1); CH + 2% CHX (Group 2); CH + PPI 6.25 μg/ml (Group 3A); CH + PPI 25 μg/ml (Group 3B); 2% CHX + PPI 6.25 μg/ml (Group 4A); 2% CHX + PPI 25 μg/ml (Group 4B); CH + 2% CHX + PPI 6.25 μg/ml (Group 5A), and CH + 2% CHX + PPI 25 μg/ml (Group 5B). The groups were spectrophotometrically analyzed at 630 nm at 24 h to determine the group with the least optical density.

Statistical Analysis:

Comparison between the groups was done by the one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple comparisons.

Results:

The mean percentage inhibition of E. faecalis by Group 5A (CH + 2% CHX + PPI 6.25 μg/ml) was the highest compared to other groups. The lowest mean value was observed in Group 3A (CH + PPI 6.25 μg/ml) indicating least efficiency.

Conclusion:

There was a concentration-dependent effect of PPI on CH and CHX against E. faecalis. The maximum efficacy was found when the lower concentration of PPI was associated with CH/CHX mixture.
Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the parotid gland in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease
Authors: Tatsis Dimitris , Sotiropoulos Damianos , Baliaka Aggeliki , Kalaitsidou Ioanna
Published: June 2021

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas of the head and neck region are rare entities. Very few have been described in the parotid gland. They can clinically and radiologically mimic the rather common benign tumors of the parotid gland (pleomorphic adenoma and Wharthin's tumor), and subsequently the need careful consideration by the involving surgeon and pathologist is needed for a proper diagnosis. In the present study, a case of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma in the left parotid gland of a 55-year-old patient with mixed connective tissue disease is reported, along with the relevant clinical, imaging, operative, and histopathological findings. Postoperative hematological investigation to confirm the singularity of the lesion was performed. Complementary treatment with radiotherapy was followed. Disease-free, 1 year follow up is also presented.
Broder versus Bryne's histologic grading parameters on incision biopsy specimens
Authors: Vijayakumar Gopikrishnan , Sharma Gitika , Narwal Anjali , Kamboj Mala
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Various histological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma has been contributed to the literature at different periods, but the reliability of such grading systems is controversial. This study attempted to measure the efficacy of Bryne's parameters on the full thickness of incisional biopsies which are representative of the original lesion with the proven molecular malignancy markers P53 and Ki67.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred incisional biopsy specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were obtained and histologically graded according to Broder's grading system. The same was graded using Bryne's parameters on full thickness of obtained incision sample. Immunohistochemistry was carried out for both p53 and Ki67.

Results:

We found a high discrepancy in the grading of lesions with Broader as well as Bryne grading parameters within the same lesion. When compared with the molecular expression percentages of p53 and Ki67, highly significant correlation was found in Bryne's parameters (Pearson Chi-square, P value 0.000) in incisional biopsies than Broder's.

Conclusion:

The use of parameters by Bryne on invasive front of excision biopsies can provide significant grading on incisional biopsies which are more comparable to the molecular behavior of tumor given by the p53 and Ki67 expression.
Mucocele of the tongue
Authors: Nagar Saurabh R. , Fernandes Gabriela , Sinha Anuradha , Rajpari Kamil N.
Published: June 2021

Mucoceles are common cystic lesions in the oral cavity. It may occur in different locations in the oral mucosa due to trauma or obstruction of minor salivary gland ducts with the lower lip as the predominant site. However, mucoceles located on the ventral surface of the tongue originating from the anterior lingual salivary glands are extremely rare and often overlooked during screening procedures because of their asymptomatic nature. Here, we report an interesting case of mucocele on the anterior ventral surface of the tongue in an 11-year-old female based on the clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Moreover, mucoceles should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses while evaluating a growth involving the ventral surface of the tongue in young female children.
Pediatric leiomyoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Peruka Srujan Kumar , Uppada Uday Kiran , Dawalgari Gireesha Reddy
Published: June 2021

Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor that frequently occurs in the uterine myometrium of the uterus and gastrointestinal tract rarely but seldom encountered in the oral cavity, particularly in children. Its occurrence in the oral cavity is considered rare probably because of the scarcity of smooth muscle tissue in the oral cavity. The frequently affected anatomical areas intraorally are lips, palate and tongue. The purpose of this case report is to put forth a rare case of oral leiomyoma in a 10-year-old girl child involving the retromolar region.
Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of epithelial– mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin, Twist and Snail in oral submucous fibrosis and their possible association with malignant transformation
Authors: Hosur Mahadevi B , Puranik Rudrayya S , Vanaki Shrinivas S , Puranik Surekha Rudrayya , Sudhakara M , Das Sushma
Published: June 2021

Background:

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, potentially malignant condition of the oral mucosa, predominantly seen in people of Asian descent. The reported malignant transformation rate of OSMF is 7%–13%. In the context of the understanding progression of OSMF, the study of prime molecular expressions is essential. Various markers have received more attention, one of them is E-cadherin. Various factors which promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibit E-Cadherin include Snail1, Snail2, Twist and EF1/ZEB1. The intended study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of E-cadherin and its regulatory markers Twist1 and Snail1 in OSMF.

Aims and Objectives:

Materials and Methods:

Histologically proven 20 cases of each OSMF with and without dysplasia were taken as the study group, 20 normal mucosa as control group and were subjected for immunohistochemical (IHC) expression with E-cadherin, Twist1 and snail1.

Results:

Immunohistochemical expression of all the three markers showed statistically significant expression of all the three markers. Intensity and percentage of staining between the groups were statistically significant for E-cadherin between normal oral mucosa (NOM) and OSMF with dysplasia (OSMFD), no significance was found between NOM and OSMF, whereas Snail1 and Twsit1 were statistically significant between NOM and OSMF and also between NOM and OSMFD. However, no significance was found for all the three markers when compared between the groups OSMF and OSMFD.

Conclusion:

The increased expression of Snail1 and Twist1 with concomitant loss of E -cadherin in OSMF suggests the role of the EMT.
Cytomorphometric analysis of squames obtained from normal mucosa, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Suresh T , Bastian T Sabastian , Mujib B R Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Exfoliative cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancers, as a procedure for obtaining cell samples, which can be analyzed by sophisticated diagnostic techniques. Quantitative techniques, based on the evaluation of parameters such as nucleus area, cytoplasm area and nucleus-to-cytoplasm area ratio, may increase the sensitivity of exfoliative cytology for early diagnosis of oral cancers, since these techniques are precise, objective and reproducible.

Objectives:

This study was undertaken to employ the cytomorphometric quantitative techniques to determine the value of exfoliative cytology and to assess this method to analyze the effectiveness in providing additional diagnostic test for the detection of early oral malignancy.

Materials and Methods:

The study consisted of three groups. The experimental group comprised of 20 subjects with oral leukoplakia and 20 subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. The control group comprised of 10 apparently healthy subjects. They were subjected to clinical examination and cytosmear of the buccal mucosa. A standard wooden tongue spatula/metal spatula moistened with normal saline was used to obtain scrapings of buccal mucosa. The scrapings were spread on plain glass slides and immediately fixed in Biofix spray, followed by staining with the Papanicolaou technique. Then, the microscopic pictures were captured onto a computer and are cytomorphometrically analyzed using an image analyzer. Since this study involved multiple groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing the parameters for multiple groups. Where significant difference was seen, the ANOVA test was followed by Mann–Whitney test, for pairwise comparison.

Results:

The mean count of nuclear area and nuclear diameter showed an increase from Group I to Group II, Group I to Group III and Group II to Group III, which was statistically significant. The mean count of cell area and cell diameter showed a decrease from Group I to Group II, Group I to Group III and Group II to Group III, which was statistically significant. The mean count of nuclear/cytoplasm area ratio showed an increase from Group I to Group II, Group I to Group III and Group II to Group III, which was statistically significant.

Conclusion:

With the advancements in the field of quantitative exfoliative cytology, interest in oral cytology has once again emerged in the diagnosis of oral premalignancy and malignancy. Computer-aided analysis with the sophisticated software increases the speed and accuracy of cytological measurements, which are repeatable. These versatile systems facilitate quantitative oral cytological assessments, which may become a viable procedure for the early detection of oral premalignancy and malignancy.
Differences of oral cancer in men and women of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bhattacharjee Tathagata , Kerketa Mrinmoy , Babu N Aravindha
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Oral cancer constitutes a major public health problem in South East Asia, as it causes profound social and economic consequences for people in this area. Nowadays, pattern of tobacco and alcohol use among females is changing and at the same time incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among females is increasing.

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible differences between male and female patients suffering from oral SCC.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred and sixteen patients with oral SCC, who were diagnosed between 2017 and 2018, were evaluated retrospectively. Special attention was paid to tobacco and alcohol use, as well as to patients without the risk factors. Data obtained were entered into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and then were analyzed by SPSS 24.0.

Results:

The men: women ratio was 2.5:1. Mean age for diagnosis of oral cancer in men was 57.5 and mean age for diagnosis of oral cancer in women was 46.33. Majority of men oral cancer patients had smoking habits (61.45%) and majority of women oral cancer patients had chewing habits (66.67%). Tongue was the most common site for women oral cancer patients and palate, retromolar area and tonsillar area were the most common site for men oral cancer patients who never used any habit products.

Conclusion:

Compared to earlier studies women gets diagnosis of oral cancer earlier than men in our study. Gutkha use in men and Gudaku use in women were associated with oral cancer in early age. Further studies should be performed in women tongue cancer patients and men patients with cancer of maxillary area, retromolar and tonsillar area without risk factors to find etiology.
Expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatic vessels in both tumoral and peritumoral areas and correlation with metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sharma Geeta , Kumar Randhir , Singh Harkanwal Preet , Gupta Manu , Gupta Manish
Published: June 2021

Aim:

This study aims to study the expression of podoplanin in tumor cells as well as the lymphatic vessels (LVs) in both tumoral and peritumoral areas and correlate the importance of the lymphatic microvascular density (LMVD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its metastatic potential.

Materials and Methods:

D2–40 expression and LV density (LVD) were assessed using antibody D240, in 45 diagnosed cases of all the three grades of OSCC. D2–40 expression was evaluated in both epithelial cells as well as the LVs.

Results:

D2–40 expression in OSCC showed two different patterns - diffuse and focal. LMVD was calculated and difference in peritumoral and intra tumoral LVs was also assessed. A marked increase was seen we progressed from well-differentiated tumor to poorly differentiated ones, but this difference was found to be statistically nonsignificant. D2–40 immunostaining also highlighted the presence of lymphatic invasion present within the tumors which was detected by the presence of tumor emboli within the LVs. Overall, no significant correlation was found between D240 epithelial positivity and LVD.

Conclusion:

The expression of podoplanin in tumor cells and lymphatics when correlated with histopathological status and clinically with the lymph node status can definitely help in the adjuvant therapies used in OSCC.
Predatory science
Authors: Begum Sameera , Abdulla Riaz
Published: June 2021

The fraudulent behaviour of predatory journals/conferences through E-mail solicitations and author's perspective in unknowingly becoming victims of predatory publishing scheme, by being unaware of the fact that the journals in which they are involved are possibly predatory are highlighted here.
Neutrophils defending the defenders
Authors: Singh Roli , Sharma Preeti , Wadhwan Vijay
Published: June 2021

Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes which are involved in defense mechanism. As innate immune cells, they are first-line defenders and can perform different functions in the human body to maintain equilibrium. Neutrophils are the main leukocyte and their role in healthy oral cavity is to face pathological changes within oral environment. With regard to these, it has been observed that neutrophils are highly heterogeneous in their behavior. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the role of neutrophils in context of various physiological and pathological conditions.
Saliva and COVID 19
Authors: Chowdhry Aman , Kapoor Priyanka , Kharbanda Om P , Popli Deepika Bablani
Published: June 2021

Oral health care providers are at a higher risk of being infected by novel coronavirus due to close proximity to patient's face and exposure to saliva while working on the patient. Thus, there is an urgent need to interpret the available literature in order to establish safe practices for dental professionals as well as limit the spread of infection through saliva. The study intends to provide up-to-date, compiled evidence-based information related to saliva and its association with COVID-19. It further provides suggestions for safe practices in dentistry in current pandemic times. Oral symptoms may be strongly suggestive of early diagnosis and disease progression in COVID-19 patients. Viral loads in saliva are reported higher than standard nasopharyngeal swabs in few studies, majorly in the 1st week of symptom onset. Besides, salivary diagnostics has many additional advantages of being noninvasive, comfortable to the patients with the possibility of point-of-care testing for diagnosing COVID-19. High-efficiency particulate arrestor filter, rubber dam application and high-volume evacuator can reduce spatter and droplets/aerosol production. Povidone-iodine-based mouthwash maybe mouthwash of choice before any dental examination or procedures due to its ability to decrease severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus 2 viral loads in the mouth. Salivary diagnostics related to COVID-19 should be integral part of dental teaching programs. There is a tremendous scope to study saliva in health and diseases.
Maxillary ameloblastic carcinoma
Authors: Shrikaar Manisha , Suwasini S. , Chatterjee Kabita , Sinha Shuchita
Published: June 2021

Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is a rare malignant epithelial proliferation that is associated with an ameloblastoma or histologically resembles an ameloblastoma. It is considered to be an aggressive neoplasm that is locally invasive and spread to regional lymph nodes or distant sites. It requires aggressive surgical treatment, and regular follow-up, therefore, differs from ameloblastoma. Sometimes, ameloblastomas exhibit a mild-to-moderate degree of cytological atypia; hence, in such cases, a correlation should be established between the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, thus detecting the aggressiveness of the tumor. Here, we present the case report of a 52-year-old male patient diagnosed as AC based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.
Horoscopic role of CD105 (Endoglin) in progression of oral lichen planus
Authors: Parvathala Poornima , Baghirath P Venkat , Reddy C Narendra , Vinay B Hari , Krishna A Bhargavi , Naishadham Parameshwar P
Published: June 2021

Context:

Role of CD105(Endoglin) in Pathogenesis and progression of OLP.

Aim:

To assess the role of neoangiogenesis in the progression of OLP by determining the expression of CD105 in OLP and normal mucosa.

Settings and Design:

The present study includes a total of 70 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of which the study group comprises 50 tissue sections histopathologically confirmed as OLP. They were subdivided into two groups - Group I (Reticular OLP) and Group II (Erosive OLP) - 25 each. The control group (designated as Group III) included 20 sections of normal mucosa.

Materials and Methods:

All the sections were 4 μm thick and stained with CD105 antibodies. After identifying areas of highest vascularity (hot spots) in low power (×10) magnification, individual microvessels were counted manually at high power (×40) magnification.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Analysis of variance test was used to determine the difference of microvessel density (MVD) between variants of OLP and normal mucosa and Cohen's kappa statistic was used to check interobserver variability.

Results:

CD105 staining showed a mean MVD of 1.31 ± 1.8 in the normal mucosa compared to 1.68 ± 1.4 and 4.14 ± 2.7 in the reticular and erosive variants, respectively, with a P = 0.000*, which is statistically significant (*P < 0.05 is statistically significant).

Conclusion:

Based on our observations, it is evident that compared to normal mucosa, MVD is greater in lichen planus. Within the two variants of OLP, MVD is higher in Erosive variant compared with Reticular variant, foreshadowing the role of neoangiogenesis in the progression of OLP and its possible malignant transformation.
Concurrent dentigerous cyst with ossifying fibroma of the mandible
Authors: Gupta Bhavana , Singh Narendra Nath , Tandon Ankita
Published: June 2021

Dentigerous cyst (DC) and ossifying fibroma (OF) are intraosseous lesions of the jaw. Both are varied pathological entities with a wide spectrum of clinical and histological features along with distinct treatment plan and prognosis. While OF comes under fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws, DC is a developmental odontogenic cyst which is formed by the accumulation of fluid between reduced enamel epithelium and enamel or between layers of the enamel organ. This case report presents a rare display of two distinct pathologies synchronously and aims to discuss the possible histogenesis for the same.
Importance and correlation of sudden onset, presence and recovery of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Chaturvedi Himani Tiwari , Patel Varsha Prabhubhai , Vasava Rahul Ramanbhai , Chaturvedi Chandrashekher
Published: June 2021

Background:

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), may be associated with acute onset of smell and taste dysfunction along with other common presenting symptoms such as cough, fever and myalgia. Our study aims to analyze the presence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OGDs) in patients with COVID-19 and to assess their onset and recovery.

Materials and Methods:

The cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2021 retrospectively at Care Multispecialty Hospital, Vadodara. A total 301 patients were admitted, among those 280 qualify according to inclusion criteria and 3 patients denied to participate in the study. All patients presenting with laboratory-confirmed real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study. All 277 patients were undergone a diagnostic questionnaire through telephonic conversation which include patient main symptoms and self-assessment of loss of smell and taste and their onset and recovery.

Results:

Two hundred and seventy-seven patients were included in this study. One hundred and fifty-three patients (55%) reported olfactory and gustatory disorders. Loss of taste and smell were more frequently reported in female patients (72.8%) than male patients (48%). Onset of these symptoms concomitant with other typical symptoms of COVID-19 is in 58.2% of cases. Recovery of symptoms in most patients was in 5–10 days and faster in younger patients.

Conclusion:

Olfactory and gustatory disorders (OGDs) related to COVID-19 are frequently reported and more common in female patients. Rapid recovery was observed in most cases. Altogether OGDs can possibly act pivot screening or diagnostic tool for COVID-19 pandemic.
Natural stain (Kumkum) formulated by the extract of Curcuma aromatica and slaked lime in histostaining of oral tissues
Authors: Lavanya A , Sowmya S V , Rao Roopa S , Augustine Dominic , Haragannavar Vanishri C
Published: June 2021

Background:

The pharmacological actions of Curcuma aromatica (wild turmeric) such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antimicrobial and wound healing have been recognized since ages. However, its role as a natural histological stain has not been explored till date.

Aim:

To evaluate the efficacy of natural substance-Kumkum prepared from the extract of C. aromatica and slaked lime in staining the biopsied oral tissues

Materials and Methods:

A cohort study that used 60 formalin fixed paraffin embedded soft and hard tissue specimens from institutional archives were subjected to sectioning and stained using Kumkum and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). The slides were evaluated for their staining efficacy and results were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Independent 't' test.

Results:

The mean of the overall parameters assessed for staining efficacy did not show statistically significant difference between the study groups in normal and pathological specimens for tooth (P = 0.410 and 0.484), bone (P = 0.133 and 0.157) and soft tissues (P = 0.186 and 0.113), respectively. This suggests that Kumkum staining efficacy is equivalent to that of routine H and E for oral tissues. Structures such as dentinoenamel junction, dentinal tubules, incremental lines of cementum, reversal and resting lines, osteocytic canaliculi, mature and immature bone could be appreciated better in Kumkum stained slides, thereby rendering a special staining property to Kumkum stain.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to have used Kumkum stain obtained from C. aromatica for the differentiation of the components of tooth, bone and soft tissue structures in histostaining of oral tissues. The naturally prepared Kumkum stain possesses dual staining property both in routine and differential staining. This facilitates diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions, bony, collagen and muscular pathologies. The natural stain also finds application in forensic odontology for age estimation.
Peels as an alternative to ground sections – An in vitro microscopic study
Authors: Rath Rachna , Raghunath Vandana
Published: June 2021

Background:

The routine approach to delve into the organization of mineralized and nonmineralized structures of teeth is by studying whole tooth or slices of it by making thin section which requires laborious grinding or employing specialized equipment and also leads to specimen wastage. Peels hitherto utilized for fossil studies hold promise in overcoming the aforesaid shortcomings. Although the acetate peel technique has been modified for the study of tooth structure, the field remains largely unexplored.

Aim:

The current study was taken up to explore the usefulness of cellulose acetate peels in reproducing microscopic structures of teeth as seen in routine ground sections and further if they could supplement or replace the same.

Materials and Methods:

Extracted human teeth were embedded in plaster blocks in longitudinal and transverse orientation, ground and polished with silicon carbide paper. Following etching, washing and drying, the polished surface was wet with acetone and precut cellulose acetate film was placed over it and allowed to dry. As the acetate polymer dissolved in acetone and subsequently re-polymerized after setting into the micro reliefs produced by tooth etching, it registered the microscopic tooth details on its surface. The peels were mounted and secured on a glass slide and subjected to routine light and phase contrast microscopy for observing captured details of the tooth structure.

Results and Conclusion:

Acetate peels successfully reproduced most of the microscopic tooth details which were better than those observed in ground tooth sections. Hence, this technique could be considered as a quick, durable and inexpensive alternative or supplement to routine thin ground sections of dental hard tissues.
Bilateral multiple iridociliary cysts causing secondary pigment dispersion
Authors: Garg Prerna , Dubey Suneeta , Mukherjee Saptarshi , Daga Darshana
Published: June 2021

Primary epithelial iris cysts are benign innocuous lesions, which are mostly bilateral and asymptomatic in nature. They can lead to creeping angle closure, when the angle progressively narrows due to age-associated changes. This photoessay, herewith, signifies the dual importance of identifying minute bumpy elevations in the iris by a thorough slit lamp examination as well as the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy in patients presenting with creeping angle closure, frequently misdiagnosed in the primary angle closure disease spectrum.
Case report of central retinal artery occlusion following bee sting injury
Authors: Pujari Sudeep , Ranjan Ratnesh , Verghese Shishir , Manayath George Joseph , Narendran Venkatapathy
Published: June 2021

We report the case of a 54-year-old male who presented with complaints of decreased vision in the left eye (LE). He gave a history of multiple bee stings following which he had an episode of allergic anaphylaxis to the face and neck region for which he was admitted and treated with steroids. On examination, he was found to have LE central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) which was the cause of his reduced vision. This is the first report of a bee sting venom as a cause for CRAO.
Correlating Kane formula with existing intraocular lens formulae for corneal curvatures and axial lengths
Authors: Priji P , Jacob Sajeev Cherian , Kalikivayi Lavanya , Kalikivayi Venkataramana
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:

To evaluate the predictability of the Kane formula in estimating postoperative refractive outcome with various corneal curvatures and axial lengths (ALs) besides comparing with existing intraocular lens (IOL) formulae.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients having uneventful cataract surgery at an eye hospital. A total of 50 eyes were considered for the study. The corresponding A-constant for the model of IOL implanted into the patient's eye was taken along with the actual power of IOL implanted and corresponding predicted power for the IOL power inserted were taken for all the chosen formulae and was termed as "Adjusted Predicted Refractive Power." This was compared with the actual refractive outcome and the absolute error (AE) was measured. The eyes were separated into groups in terms of corneal curvature as flat (<42D), medium (42D–46D), and steep (>46D) corneas. In terms of AL, it was grouped as short (≤22 mm), medium (>22.0–<24.0 mm), and long (>24.0 mm) eyes.

RESULTS:

The study included 50 eyes and the mean AE for all the selected formulae were calculated for each group. Over the entire corneal curvature range, none of the formulae showed any significance when compared with the Kane formula (P > 0.05). In short AL, SRK-T formula had a statistical significance over the Kane formula (P = 0.043), whereas no other group had any significance over the Kane formula in AL groups.

CONCLUSION:

The study shows, all formulae (SRK-T, Holladay1, Hoffer Q, Hill RBF, Barrett Universal II, Kane) are interchangeable to predict the IOL power for any of the corneal curvature and ALs.
A McKay bijection for projectors
Authors: Navarro Gabriel
Published: June 2021

If

\mathfrak F

is a saturated formation of groups, we define a canonical subset

\text{Irr}_{\mathfrak F'}(G)

of the irreducible complex characters of a finite solvable group

G

. If

H

is an

\mathfrak F

-projector of

G

, we show that

|\text{Irr}_{\mathfrak F'}(G)|=|\text{Irr}(\mathbf{N}_G(H)/H')|

, where

H'=[H,H]

is the derived subgroup of

H

. In particular, if

\mathfrak F

is the class of

p

-groups, this reproves the solvable case of the celebrated McKay conjecture.