bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1-Hexyl n-cyanoacrylate compound (Neucrylate™ AN), a new berry aneurysm treatment. II. Rabbit implant studies: technique and histology
Authors: Kerber Charles W , Pakbaz Ramin Sean , Hasteh Farnaz , Miskolczi Laszlo , Lieber Barry Baruch
Published: June 2011

Introduction

Following satisfactory benchtop testing of a new liquid embolic agent, animal implant studies were performed.

Materials and method

Elastase aneurysms were created in the right common carotid artery of New Zealand rabbits under approved institutional guidelines. Using direct fluoroscopic control and commercially available microcatheters, the device was introduced into the aneurysms. At 2 months, 12 months and 24 months, follow-up angiography was performed and analyzed. The animals were sacrificed, the brachiocephalic arteries were explanted and fixed, and the histologic appearance of the treated aneurysms was evaluated.

Results

The Neucrylate polymerized into an open pore elastic sponge. The open pores permitted fibrous tissue ingrowth. By 2 months, all of the aneurysm necks had been covered by fibrous tissue and a neointima. Two of the aneurysms originally inadequately filled allowed opportunity for retreatment. The reactive change within the aneurysms demonstrated fibroblastic proliferation, collagen and some giant cells but no vascular necrosis. Results at 2 months, 12 months and 24 months were for all practical purposes similar.

Conclusion

The lack of necrosis, the mild inflammatory response and the permanence of the implant are interesting in a cyanoacrylate based embolic agent, especially in light of the experience with lower chain homologs and other liquid embolic agents.
RHOMBIC SILVER NANOPARTICLES ARRAY-BASED PLASMONIC FILTER
Authors: FU YONGQI , ZHU SHAOLI , ZHOU XIULI , ZHOU WEI , ZHAO WEI
Published: June 2011

A plasmonic filter applied in visible regime is proposed. A method using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to aid design parameters of rhombic Ag nanoparticle array is adopted for the filter design and optimization on the basis of computational numerical calculation. Influence of the particle parameters such as thickness, period and effective index of medium around the particles on the extinction spectrum is studied using the DDA-based computational analysis. The calculation results show that the thickness ranging from 35 to 45 nm and the period ranging from 350 to 560 nm are the better geometrical parameters of the rhombic Ag nanoparticle array. Considering the nano-fabrication condition, 40 nm thickness and 440 nm period were selected and fabricated using nanosphere lithography (NSL) technique. The experimental results demonstrated that the measured spectrum is basically in agreement with the theoretical spectrum derived by the DDA calculation.
REDUCED TRANSFER MATRIX APPROACH FOR ISING MODEL
Authors: KAYA TUNCER , ARIK MURAT
Published: June 2011

In this work, we present a simple approximate transfer matrix method for 2D and 3D Ising ferromagnet to calculate spontaneous magnetization of the system. The critical coupling strength Kc of 2D and 3D Ising models in reduced transfer matrix approximation is obtained quite accurately by simple improvements over the mean field theory. The important physical effect we include is the some of the fluctuations effects of the systems directly with help of this method. We predict from the spontaneous magnetization curve that the critical coupling strength Kc=J/kBT = 0.401 and 0.245 for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems, respectively.
GENERALIZED mKdV EQUATION, LIOUVILLE EQUATION, SINE-GORDON EQUATION AND SINH-GORDON EQUATION AS WELL AS A FORMAL BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATION
Authors: ZHANG YUFENG , TAM HONWAH , ZHAO JING
Published: June 2011

A Lie algebra which consists of linear combinations of one basis of the Lie algebra A1is presented for which an isospectral Lax pair is exhibited. By using the zero curvature equation, the generalized mKdV equation, Liouville equation and sine-Gordon equation, sinh-Gordon equation are generated via polynomial expansions. Finally, we investigate a kind of formal Bäcklund transformation for the generalized sine-Gordon equation. The explicit Bäcklund transformation of the standard sine-Gordon equation is presented. The other equations given in the paper are obtained similarly.
THE TWO-BAND GINZBURG–LANDAU THEORY ANALYSIS ON THE UPPER CRITICAL FIELD OF Mg1-xAlxB2
Authors: LIU MINXIA , AI JIANWEN , CHEN GUIHUA , XU YONGZHAO , HU XIDUO
Published: June 2011

We studied the temperature dependence of the upper critical field Hc2(T) of Mg 1-x Al x B 2 single crystals (x=0.024 and 0.092) using the two-band Ginzburg–Landau theory. We found that this theory can describe Hc2(T) very well in the broad temperature range. The values of the parameters obtained by fitting experimental data to the theory indicated that the anisotropy of the σ bands decreased with the Al concentration. Accordingly, the temperature dependence of the anisotropy ratio of Hc2(γH) systematically decreased, and for x=0.092, γH was nearly independent of temperature.
Neural Network Approach for Analyzing Seismic Data to Identify Potentially Hazardous Bridges
Authors: Kerh Tienfuan , Huang Chuhsiung , Gunaratnam David
Published: June 2011

Examining the effect of strong ground motions on civil engineering structures is important as it concerns public safety. The present study initially selects twenty‐one bridges with lengths over 500 m in the Formosa freeway of Taiwan and collects a series of recorded seismic data from checking stations near these bridges. Then, three seismic parameters including focal depth, epicenter distance, and local magnitude are used as the input data sets, and a model for estimating the key seismic parameter—peak ground acceleration—for each of bridge site is developed by using the neural network approach. This model is finally combined with a simple distribution method and a new weight‐based method to estimate peak ground acceleration at each of the bridges along the freeway. Based on the seismic design value in the current building code as the evaluation criteria, the model identifies five bridges, out of all the bridges investigated, as having the potential to be subjected to significantly higher horizontal peak ground accelerations than that recommended for design in the building code. The method presented in this study hence provides a valuable reference for dealing with nonlinear seismic data by developing neural network model, and the approach presented is also applicable to other areas of interest around the world.
Delay‐Dependent Robust Stabilization for Nonlinear Large Systems via Decentralized Fuzzy Control
Authors: Dou Chun-xia , Duan Zhi-sheng , Jia Xing-bei , Li Xiao-gang , Yang Jin-zhao , Gui Ting , Bi Ye-fei
Published: June 2011

A delay‐dependent robust fuzzy control approach is developed for a class of nonlinear uncertain interconnected time delay large systems in this paper. First, an equivalent T–S fuzzy model is extended in order to accurately represent nonlinear dynamics of the large system. Then, a decentralized state feedback robust controller is proposed to guarantee system stabilization with a prescribed H∞ disturbance attenuation level. Furthermore, taking into account the time delays in large system, based on a less conservative delay‐dependent Lyapunov function approach combining with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) technique, some sufficient conditions for the existence of H∞ robust controller are presented in terms of LMI dependent on the upper bound of time delays. The upper bound of time‐delay and minimized H∞ performance index can be obtained by using convex optimization such that the system can be stabilized and for all time delays whose sizes are not larger than the bound. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through simulation example.
Physiology and clinical importance of the natriuretic peptide system
Authors: Szabó Gábor , Rigó jr. János , Nagy Bálint
Published: June 2011

In the last three decades many members of the natriuretic peptide family was isolated. The function and physiological role of these peptides are pleiotropic. All natriuretic peptides are synthesized from polypeptide precursors. Together with the sympathetic nervous system and other hormones they play key roles, like an endogenous system in the regulation of the body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure. Changes in this balance lead to dysfunction in the endothel and left ventricle, which can cause severe complications. In many cardiovascular diseases natriuretic peptides serve not only as marker for diagnosis and prognosis but they have therapeutic importance. In the last years the potential use of the elevated BNP levels for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was examined. In our review we discuss the current understanding of molecular biology, biochemistry and clinical relevance of natriuretic peptides. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1025–1034.
Study of the Encapsulation Efficiency and Controlled Release Property of Whey Protein Isolate--Polysaccharide Complexes in W1/O/W2 Double Emulsions
Authors: Li Bin , Jiang Yanfeng , Liu Fei , Chai Zhi , Li Yuanyuan , Leng Xiaojing
Published: June 2011

The complexes of whey protein isolate (WPI) with guar gum (GG) or gum arabic (GA) were used to prepare water-oil-water double emulsions. Lipid-soluble vitamin E (VE) and water-soluble vitamin B2 (VB2) were encapsulated together in these two systems. The abilities of these complexes to control the release rates were compared. When the ratio of WPI/polysaccharides increased from 5:0.1 to 5:0.5, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of VE increased from 73 to 88 percent, and EEVB2 from 61 to 68 percent in WPI-GG system; whereas only minor changes were in both EEVE and EEVB2 in WPI-GA system. In the controlled release study, WPI-GG complexes showed better resistance to the attack of the enzymes than WPI-GA complexes did. These phenomena were attributed to the formation of compact aggregates promoted by electrostatic effects.
Experiences of Cultural Diversity in the Context of an Emergent Transnationalism
Authors: Rizvi Fazal
Published: June 2011

In this article, the author argues that despite wide-ranging appeal of the discourses of globalization, our modes of thinking and ways of addressing issues of cultural diversity remain trapped within a national framework. The dominant constructions of cultural diversity often overlook the ways in which experiences of diversity now take place in emergent spaces that transcend national borders. Using a number of personal narratives, the author shows how experiences of diversity are now affected by dilemmas, contradictions and risks increasingly associated with multiple, dynamic, flexible and intersecting social affiliations. He suggests that this conclusion has major implications for thinking about the requirements of educational policy and practice committed to social inclusion and justice.
The Cost of Equity Capital on Developing Equity Markets: Estimations for Selected Slovene Companies
Authors: Stubelj Igor
Published: June 2011

The Cost of Equity Capital on Developing Equity Markets: Estimations for Selected Slovene Companies

The article sheds light on the estimation of the cost of equity capital on a developing equity market. The cost of equity is important; it is crucial in capital budgeting decisions and performance evaluation. It determines the minimum yield the investors require on the invested capital and we use it as a discount rate to calculate the present value of the expected free cash flows to equity. The aim of this paper is to tackle the estimation of the cost of equity capital on developing markets with the example of estimation for ten Slovene publicly traded companies. The estimated cost of capital for the selected Slovene companies is between 9,7% and 13,7%.
Prediction of Torque Pulsations in Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors Using Improved Analytical Technique
Authors: Kiyoumarsi Arash
Published: June 2011

Prediction of Torque Pulsations in Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors Using Improved Analytical Technique

Torque pulsations have prominent effects on the performance of brushless permanent- magnet (PM) machines. There are different sources of torque ripples in PM motors. These torque pulsations depend on the shape of the flux density distribution in the airgap region. For predicting the open-circuit airgap field distribution in brushless PM motors, a two dimensional (2-D) analytical method, in which the direction of magnetization, either radial or parallel and the effect of the stator slot-openings are taken into account, is used. The method uses an improved 2-D permeance model. In order to evaluate the accuracy of this method, a 2-D time-stepping FEM coupled with the two motion equations is used. A 3-phase, 36-slot, 4-pole, 5 HP, brushless PM motor is modeled by two methods. In this analysis both, the radial and parallel magnetization of the brushless motor are considered. The results obtained by the analytical method are compared with those obtained by FE analysis that shows the valuable accuracy of the analytical method for performance calculations in design and optimization processes.
Optimal Relays Coordination Efficient Method in Interconnected Power Systems
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Abyaneh Hossein , Razavi Farzad , Al-Dabbagh Majid , Sadeghi Seyed
Published: June 2011

Optimal Relays Coordination Efficient Method in Interconnected Power Systems

In this paper an efficient method for optimal overcurrent relay coordination is proposed. In the proposed method using genetic algorithm, an objective function (OF) is developed to solve the problem of miscoordination for six pairs short circuit fault currents. The new OF is improved to be simple, optimal and efficient. This technique takes into account the changes in network configuration. The efficiency of the proposed technique is demonstrated by comparing the results of two different networks namely typical 8-bus & IEEE 30-bus systems with those obtained using the recently developed techniques.
Frequency Weighted Controller Order Reduction (Part I)
Authors: Sadeghian Roozbeh , Karimaghaee Paknosh , Khayatian Alireza
Published: June 2011

Frequency Weighted Controller Order Reduction (Part I)

In this paper, a new method for controller reduction of linear time invariant systems is presented. The method is based on newly defined controllability and observability grammians which are calculated from input to state and state to output characteristics of the controller in a certain frequency domain. These grammians are defined for the closed loop system to keep the performance of original controller. The main idea of this method is based on Moores model reduction. The relation of this method with weighted frequency model reduction of Enns will be described by a commutative diagram. The stability property of the new method is investigated. It is shown that the stability for two sided weights can be preserved under certain conditions. The simulation results show the effectiveness of this novel technique.
Advanced Models and Algorithms for Self-Similar IP Network Traffic Simulation and Performance Analysis
Authors: Radev Dimitar , Lokshina Izabella
Published: June 2011

Advanced Models and Algorithms for Self-Similar IP Network Traffic Simulation and Performance Analysis

The paper examines self-similar (or fractal) properties of real communication network traffic data over a wide range of time scales. These self-similar properties are very different from the properties of traditional models based on Poisson and Markov-modulated Poisson processes. Advanced fractal models of sequentional generators and fixed-length sequence generators, and efficient algorithms that are used to simulate self-similar behavior of IP network traffic data are developed and applied. Numerical examples are provided; and simulation results are obtained and analyzed.
Self-Tuning Predictive Control of Nonlinear Servo-Motor
Authors: Bobál Vladimír , Chalupa Petr , Kubalčík Marek , Dostál Petr
Published: June 2011

Self-Tuning Predictive Control of Nonlinear Servo-Motor

The paper is focused on a design of a self-tuning predictive model control (STMPC) algorithm and its application to a control of a laboratory servo motor. The model predictive control algorithm considers constraints of a manipulated variable. An ARX model is used in the identification part of the self-tuning controller and its parameters are recursively estimated using the recursive least squares method with the directional forgetting. The control algorithm is based on the Generalised Predictive Control (GPC) method and the optimization was realized by minimization of a quadratic and absolute values objective functions. A recursive control algorithm was designed for computation of individual predictions by incorporating a receding horizon principle. Proposed predictive controllers were verified by a real-time control of highly nonlinear laboratory model — Amira DR300.
Indentation Load-Size Effect in Al2O3 — SIC Nanocomposites
Authors: CsehovAaA Erika , AndrejovskAaA Jana , Limpichaipanit Apichart , Dusza Ján , Todd Richard
Published: June 2011

Indentation Load-Size Effect in Al2O3 — SIC Nanocomposites

The indentation load-size effect (ISE) in Vickers hardness of Al2O3 and Al2O3 + SiC nanocomposites has been investigated and analysed using Meyer law, proportional specimen resistance (PSR) model and modified proportional specimen resistance (MPSR) model. The strongest ISE was found for alumina. Both the PSR and MPSR models described the ISE well, but the MPSR model resulted in slightly lower true hardness values for all materials investigated. No evidence of the effect of machining stresses on the ISE has been found.
Fighting against Cardiovascular Diseases in 21st Century by Healthy Life-Style and Healthy Diet
Authors: Haq M Maksumul , Amin Md Nurul
Published: June 2011

Ibrahim Card Med J 2011; 1(1):5-8
Distribution of ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups among the Population of Mymensingh District and the Students of University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md Mahbubur , Al-Emran Abdullah , Saha Sajal Kumar , Ali Mohammad Liaquat , Bachar Sitesh Chandra , Ahmed Farzana
Published: June 2011

Keywords: ABO blood group; RhD blood groupIbrahim Card Med J 2011; 1(1):33-35
'Corsican Speak' in Two French Bandes dessinées, or How to Manipulate Communication Rules
Authors: Giaufret Anna
Published: June 2011

The analysis of language in French comics has usually been carried out on questions such as variation (especially diastratic and diatopic), focusing on lexical and syntactical elements, but seldom has the question of communication rules been dealt with, despite the fact that these are paramount in the comical effects achieved by some bandes dessinées. We will therefore carry out our analysis by examining how it is possible to explain the achievement of such comical effects through the in-depth deconstruction of the functioning of communication rules, more precisely their apparent malfunctioning when two different communities of speakers are forced to interact: Corsicans and Pinzuti (the Corsican name for non-Corsicans).
A FUZZY LOGIC ENHANCED BARGAINING MODEL FOR BUSINESS PRICING DECISION SUPPORT IN JOINT VENTURE PROJECTS / FUZZY LOGINIO PASIKEITIMŲ VERTINIMO METODO TAIKYMAS JUNGTINĖS VEIKLOS PROJEKTŲ VERTEI NUSTATYTI
Authors: Yan Min-Ren
Published: June 2011

Project businesses are increasingly emerging and many companies cooperatively participate in various projects by the manner of joint venture (JV) for creating synergistic competitiveness. In a project-based short-term JV, the project tasks of JV parties can be properly allocated based on complementary specialties but the rewards sharing is always a challenge in the bargaining process. For improving the manager's reasoning process of pricing decisions, this paper incorporates game theory and fuzzy set theory for the development of a bargaining model, which can be used to estimate acceptable prices for JV parties in accordance with each party's costs and each party's need for the project's revenue. The proposed decision support model can assist JV companies to understand their bargaining positions and select a bargaining strategy in a systematic and rational manner. Irrational offers and alternatives can also be detected and eliminated during the dynamic bargaining process, so as to maintain right businesses.

Santrauka

Verslo projektai savo dydžiu, tematika, pobūdžiu ir kitais aspektais nuolat kinta, todėl dauguma kompanijų, siekdamos išlaikyti konkurencinį pranašumą bei rengdamos įvairius projektus, jungiasi į tam tikras jungtines įmones, kurios vykdo jungtines veiklas, skirtas tik tam projektui įgyvendinti. Tokios įmonės, kurios apribotos projekto trukmės, įgauna tam tikrų savybių, kai tikėtina nauda iš šio susijungimo yra neapibrėžta ir nuolat kinta. Šio straipsnio autoriai, siekdami pagerinti motyvacinę vadovų sistemą, priimdami sprendimus dalyvauti jungtinėje veikloje ir įvertindami priimtiną santykį tarp investuojamos sumos dydžio ir tikėtinos naudos, taiko žaidimų teoriją bei Fuzzy metodą.
CFD Simulation of Capillary Condensation during Freeze Drying of Porous Material
Authors: Hassan Ghajar M. , Hashemabadi S. H.
Published: June 2011

The formation and distribution of condensed vapor during the freeze drying of porous polymer hydrogels are numerically evaluated. The sublimation‐condensation model is developed by CFD simulation to investigate phase change in the freeze drying process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the structure of cross‐linked gelatine and an idealized geometry model was applied to determine interconnected pore structure. The simulation explores the influence of various parameters on condensation and drying rate, including temperature, pressure, pore diameter, liquid volume fraction, and porosity. The optimum temperature is estimated to enhance drying rate and decrease condensation in the freeze drying process. The results show that condensation in porous materials depends on capillary forces and cause invasion percolation patterns.
Process Development and Design of Downstream Processes
Authors: Strube Jochen , Grote Florian , Josch Jan Pablo , Ditz Reinhard
Published: June 2011

State‐of‐the‐art of process development, scale‐up and design for downstream processes is described for complex mixtures in biotechnology. The focus is on fermentation broth and plant‐based extracts to derive methodological arguments. Academic and industrial approaches are discussed with an assessment based on some process relevant criteria. Examples of monoclonal antibody, insulin and penicillin production processes are chosen to develop a sound argumentative basis. Demands of total process integration, accuracy and sensitivity of phenomena, resulting e.g. in miniaturization of laboratory experiments and linked with necessary in‐depth modeling are developed and implemented. Specific tasks of unit operation are displayed and their integration into an efficient process sequence is demonstrated. Based on that, further research needs are pointed out and corresponding activities are identified. For instance, the transfer of well established methods in chemical engineering like process modeling in combination with laboratory scale experiments and final miniplant validation should be followed consequently also in biotechnology applications. Some drawbacks in academic education and industrial training as well as organizational structures are discussed to help address this issue.
Transformation of a CuII Thiazolo‐1,2,4‐triazine Derivative from a Metastable Coordination Network to a Monomer in Solution and Vapor Conditions
Authors: Hori Akiko , Kikuchi Takahiro , Miyamoto Kumiko , Okano Takashi , Kachi‐Terajima Chihiro , Sakaguchi Hiroshi
Published: June 2011

Although mononuclear complexes were mainly obtained from Cu2+ ion and phenyl‐, ethyl‐ or benzyl‐substituted thiazolo‐1,2,4‐triazine derivatives, unique metastable orange–yellow crystals [CuCl2(3a)]n (5a; Cu/3a = 1:1) with the phenyl‐substituted derivative 3a were obtained as a 1D coordination polymer through bis(μ‐chloro) linkages in a 2‐propanol solution. The crystals show dynamic and irreversible structural transformation into blue crystals of [CuCl2(3a)2] (6a; Cu/3a = 1:2) not only in solution but also in vapor conditions. As 5a and 6a are ferromagnetic and paramagnetic, respectively, the transformation of 5a was monitored by magnetic susceptibility measurements in the solid state, and χT of 5a decreased according to the color change. The XRD pattern of 5a also changed to a new aggregation state, ascribed to the disproportionation of the 1D network to form a mononuclear complex and a solvated metal ion in the crystalline state. This unusual 1D network is stabilized by intermolecular π‐π stacking between the phenyl and the triazine moieties, and comparative studies of the ethyl and benzyl‐substituted complexes show no polymeric structures. The coordination site of all the thiazolo‐1,2,4‐triazine derivatives in this work was found to be the imino nitrogen as a monodentate coordination site by X‐ray crystallographic studies and DFT calculations.
“Click” Assembly of Carborane‐Appended Polymers and Stabilization of Gold and Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Liang Liyuan , Rapakousiou Amalia , Salmon Lionel , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier , Dash Barada Prasanna , Satapathy Rashmirekha , Sawicki James W. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: June 2011

o‐Carborane was covalently linked to the side chain of a polystyrene polymer by the “click” reaction to provide acarborane‐appended polystyrene polymer. The initial step involved the radical polymerization of p‐chloromethylstyrene with AIBN followed by replacement of the chloro units by azido groups; the final step employed the CuI‐catalyzedHuisgen‐type “click” reaction between the azidomethyl‐appended polystyrene polymer and the ethynyl‐terminated carborane unit yielding the desired carborane‐appended polystyrene. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of this carborane‐appended polymer showed a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.52. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) in dichloromethane provided a diameter value of 4.5 nm. The MALDI TOF mass spectrum exhibited a series of single peaks culminating from 16 carborane‐appended styrenyl units. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the polymer to have good thermal robustness. Polymer‐stabilized gold and palladium nanoparticles (AuNPs and PdNPs) were synthesized with sizes determined by TEM to be 2.6 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 0.3 nm, respectively. The Miyaura–Suzuki cross‐coupling of phenyl iodide with phenylboronoic acid at 22 °C was catalyzed by the polymer‐stabilized PdNPs.
Validity frameworks for outcome evaluation
Authors: Chen Huey T. , Donaldson Stewart I. , Mark Melvin M.
Published: June 2011

This chapter discusses the concept of validity as it applies to outcome evaluation. We address the historical adoption and contributions of the Campbellian typology to evaluation. We also discuss related criticisms and controversies and address future directions. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
New (and old) directions for validity concerning generalizability
Authors: Mark Melvin M.
Published: June 2011

The author addresses the issue of generalizability as it arises in outcome evaluations. Methods for enhancing knowledge about generalizability in the Campbellian tradition are briefly reviewed. Recommendations are made for future practice and promising areas of future advancement regarding understanding generalizability in outcome evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Investigating controls on the thermal sensitivity of Pennsylvania streams
Authors: Kelleher C. , Wagener T. , Gooseff M. , McGlynn B. , McGuire K. , Marshall L.
Published: June 2011

Stream temperature, an important measure of ecosystem health, is expected to be altered by future changes in climate and land use, potentially leading to shifts in habitat distribution for aquatic organisms dependent on particular temperature regimes. To assess the sensitivity of stream temperature to change in a region where such a shift has the potential to occur, we examine the variability of and controls on the direct relationship between air and water temperature across the state of Pennsylvania. We characterized the relationship between air and stream temperature via linear and nonlinear regression for 57 sites across Pennsylvania at daily and weekly timescales. Model fit (r2) improved for 92% (daily) and 65% (weekly) of sites for nonlinear versus linear relationships. Fit for weekly versus daily regression analysis improved by 0·08 for linear and 0·06 for nonlinear regression relationships. To investigate the mechanisms controlling stream temperature sensitivity to environmental change, we define ‘thermal sensitivity’ as the sensitivity of stream temperature of a given site to change in air temperature, quantified as the slope of the regression line between air and stream temperature. Air temperature accounted for 60–95% of the daily variation in stream temperature for sites at or above a Strahler stream order (SO) of 3, with thermal sensitivities ranging from low (0·02) to high (0·93). The sensitivity of stream temperature to air temperature is primarily controlled by stream size (SO) and baseflow contribution. Together, SO and baseflow index explained 43% of the variance in thermal sensitivity across the state, and 59% within the Susquehanna River Basin. In small streams, baseflow contribution was the major determinant of thermal sensitivity, with increasing baseflow contributions resulting in decreasing sensitivity values. In large streams, thermal sensitivity increased with stream size, as a function of accumulated heat throughout the stream network. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional flood frequency analysis using Bayesian generalized least squares: a comparison between quantile and parameter regression techniques
Authors: Haddad Khaled , Rahman Ataur , Stedinger Jery R.
Published: June 2011

Regression‐based regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) methods are widely adopted in hydrology. This paper compares two regression‐based RFFA methods using a Bayesian generalized least squares (GLS) modelling framework; the two are quantile regression technique (QRT) and parameter regression technique (PRT). In this study, the QRT focuses on the development of prediction equations for a flood quantile in the range of 2 to 100 years average recurrence intervals (ARI), while the PRT develops prediction equations for the first three moments of the log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distribution, which are the mean, standard deviation and skew of the logarithms of the annual maximum flows; these regional parameters are then used to fit the LP3 distribution to estimate the desired flood quantiles at a given site. It has been shown that using a method similar to stepwise regression and by employing a number of statistics such as the model error variance, average variance of prediction, Bayesian information criterion and Akaike information criterion, the best set of explanatory variables in the GLS regression can be identified. In this study, a range of statistics and diagnostic plots have been adopted to evaluate the regression models. The method has been applied to 53 catchments in Tasmania, Australia. It has been found that catchment area and design rainfall intensity are the most important explanatory variables in predicting flood quantiles using the QRT. For the PRT, a total of four explanatory variables were adopted for predicting the mean, standard deviation and skew. The developed regression models satisfy the underlying model assumptions quite well; of importance, no outlier sites are detected in the plots of the regression diagnostics of the adopted regression equations. Based on ‘one‐at‐a‐time cross validation’ and a number of evaluation statistics, it has been found that for Tasmania the QRT provides more accurate flood quantile estimates for the higher ARIs while the PRT provides relatively better estimates for the smaller ARIs. The RFFA techniques presented here can easily be adapted to other Australian states and countries to derive more accurate regional flood predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of the carotenoid concentration in egg yolks depending on the feeding and housing conditions of the laying hens
Authors: Hesterberg Karoline , Schanzer Sabine , Patzelt Alexa , Sterry Wolfram , Fluhr Joachim W. , Meinke Martina C. , Lademann Jürgen , Darvin Maxim E.
Published: June 2011

Resonance Raman spectroscopic measurements are suited to analyze the concentration of carotenoid antioxidants in biological samples. Previously, it has been shown that the carotenoid concentration of nutritional egg yolks has a direct influence on the carotenoid content of human skin in vivo. In the present study, resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the carotenoid concentration in the yolks of hen eggs, which were housed in battery cages or alternatively on free‐range grassland. The egg yolks of hens, which had access to grassland, contained approximately double the amount of carotenoid concentration than the egg yolks of hens housed in battery cages (p < 0.001). The kinetics of the carotenoid concentration in the egg yolks, depending on fodder, housing and weather conditions, were investigated. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of Beauveria bassiana MsW1 isolated from pine sawyers, Monochamus saltuarius
Authors: Shin Tae Young , Choi Jae Bang , Bae Sung Min , Koo Hyun Na , Roh Jong Yul , Je Yeon Ho , Jin Byung Rae , Woo Soo Dong
Published: June 2011

Monochamus saltuarius is a vector for pine wilt disease that causes enormous damage to native pine trees in Korea. To develop a biological control method for this pine wilt disease vector, an entomopathogenic fungus was isolated from the cadaver of an adult M. saltuarius supporting fungal conidiation. This fungus was named MsW1 and identified as Beauveria bassiana by microscopic examination, PCR amplification using B. bassiana ‐specific primers and genetic sequencing of the ITS and EF1‐α regions. Virulence tests against M. saltuarius were conducted with conidial suspensions (1 × 108 conidia/ml) of B. bassiana MsW1 in laboratory conditions. The median lethal times (LT50) of adults and larvae were 7.2 and 7 days, and 100% mortality was observed at 11 and 13 days after inoculation, respectively. This is the first characterization of B. bassiana from M. saltuarius. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cytotoxic early protein 77 of mycobacteriophage L5 interacts with MSMEG_3532, an L‐serine dehydratase of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Rybniker Jan , Krumbach Karin , van Gumpel Edeltraud , Plum Georg , Eggeling Lothar , Hartmann Pia
Published: June 2011

Mycobacteriophage L5 is a temperate phage infecting a broad range of mycobacterial species. Upon induction of lytic growth, L5 rapidly switches off host protein synthesis. We have recently identified the mycobacteriophage L5 early protein gp77 as a host shut‐off protein that acts growth inhibitory in the mycobacterial host when expressed through the corresponding phage promoter. Here we present data showing that this purified phage protein of unknown function specifically binds to protein MSMEG_3532 when incubated with cell lysates of Mycobacterium smegmatis. This interaction was confirmed by pull‐down assays using purified MSMEG_3532 as bait which co‐purified with gp77. The amino acid sequence of MSMEG_3532 is nearly identical to that of threonine dehydratases, serine dehydratases and an L‐threo‐3‐hydroxyaspartate dehydratase. An enzymatic assay identified this host protein as a pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate‐dependent L‐serine dehydratase (SdhA) which converts L‐serine to pyruvate. This is the first biochemical characterization of a SdhA derived from mycobacteria. Though the addition of purified gp77 to the established in vitro assay had no influence on SdhA activity at a saturating L‐serine concentration, the specific interaction of phage protein and dehydratase in vivo may well have a role in altering the amino acid pool or the products of amino acid metabolism in favour of phage maturation. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface colonization by Azospirillum brasilense SM in the indole‐3‐acetic acid dependent growth improvement of sorghum
Authors: Kochar Mandira , Srivastava Sheela
Published: June 2011

The key to improving plant productivity is successful bacterial‐plant interaction in the rhizosphere that can be maintained in the environment. The results presented here confirm Azospirillum brasilense strain SM as a competent plant growth promoting bacterium over mid‐ and long‐term associations with sorghum. This study establishes that plant growth can be directly correlated with the associated bacterium's indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production capability as IAA over‐expressing variants, SMp30 and SMΔi3‐6 fared better than the wild type strain. The auxin antagonist, p‐chlorophenoxy isobutyric acid confirmed the role of bacterial IAA in plant growth promotion and verified the presence of larger amount of IAA available to the seeds on inoculation with IAA over‐expressing mutants. Microscopic analysis identified the bacterial association at root tips, root‐shoot junction and elongation zone and their surface colonizing nature. Scanning electron microscopy identified larger number of root hairs and extensive exopolysaccharide covering in comparison to untreated ones. In addition, vibroid‐shaped Azospirilla attached by means of fibrillar material were dispersed along the elongation zone. The notable difference with IAA over‐expressing variants was enhanced number of root hairs. Thus, the variant strains may be more efficient surface colonizers of the sorghum root and used as superior bio‐inoculants for improving plant productivity. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical metrics of the eigenvalue gaps of Laplace‐Beltrami operators
Authors: Hou Songbo
Published: June 2011

Let M be a compact smooth manifold of dimension n ⩾ 2. We investigate critical metrics of the Laplacian eigenvalue gaps considered as functionals on the space of Riemannian metrics or a conformal class of metrics on M. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a metric to be critical for such a functional. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
The games people play: How the entertainment value of online ads helps or harms persuasion
Authors: Jung Jae Min , Min Kyeong Sam , Kellaris James J.
Published: June 2011

This research examines consumer reactions to online ads varying in levels of entertainment value. Results show that more favorable brand attitudes and more positive purchase intentions are formed when consumers are exposed to an ad that generates a high (game ad), rather than a low (banner ad) level of entertainment value. However, such effects are qualified by consumers' shopping goals. When consumers have access to their goals to seek specific product information, affect transfer is impaired, such that the advantage of entertaining ads dissipates. This research also documents moderating roles of individual differences in need for cognitive closure and Internet usage versatility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calculation of Detonation Properties of Gaseous Explosives Using Generalized Reduced Gradient Nonlinear Optimization
Authors: Ulas Abdullah , Cengiz Fatih
Published: June 2011

In this paper, a study on the development of a numerical modeling of the detonation of CHNO‐based gaseous explosives is presented. In accordance with the numerical model, a FORTRAN computer code named GasPX has been developed to compute both the detonation point and the detonation properties on the basis of Chapman–Jouguet (C‐J) theory. The determination of the detonation properties in GasPX is performed in chemical equilibrium and steady‐state conditions. GasPX has two improvements over other thermodynamic equilibrium codes, which predict steady‐state detonation properties of gaseous explosives. First, GasPX employs a nonlinear optimization code based on Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm to compute the equilibrium composition of the detonation products. This optimization code provides a higher level of robustness of the solutions and global optimum determination efficiency. Second, GasPX can calculate the solid carbon formation in the products for gaseous explosives with high carbon content. Detonation properties such as detonation pressure, detonation temperature, detonation energy, mole fractions of species at the detonation point, etc. have been calculated by GasPX for many gaseous explosives. The comparison between the results from this study and those of CEA code by NASA and the experimental studies in the literature are in good agreement.
GaN HEMT and MOS monolithic integration on silicon substrates
Authors: Chyurlia P. , Tang H. , Semond F. , Lester T. , Bardwell J. A. , Rolfe S. , Tarr N. G.
Published: June 2011

A process for monolithically integrating MOS and AlGaN/GaN HFETs has been developed using a windowed epitaxy technique. AlGaN/GaN HFET devices display a forward current greater than 0.8 A/mm and a break‐down voltage larger than 200 V. Field‐plated devices have also been demonstrated. Enclosed MOS devices based on a 900 °C thermal oxide have been produced showing promising characteristics. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new approach to grow C‐doped GaN thick epitaxial layers
Authors: Gogova D. , Rudko G. Yu. , Siche D. , Albrecht M. , Irmscher K. , Rost H.‐J. , Fornari R.
Published: June 2011

In this study we employ a new method for growth of carbon‐doped wurtzite crystalline GaN (GaN:C) based on vapour phase transport of Ga by the pseudohalide hydrogen cyanide HCN. GaN:C layers with a thicknesses from 10 to 100 μm and up to 19 mm in size were grown from gallium melt and ammonia as feeding materials in a carbon‐containing equipment. The properties of the GaN:C layers were characterized by low‐temperature photoluminescence (LTPL), High‐Resolution X‐ray Diffraction (HRXRD), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and room‐temperature Hall effect and Raman spectroscopy measurements. HRXRD studies demonstrated good crystalline quality of the thick GaN layers (the Rocking curve FWHMs are 570 arcsec for the (0004) reflection and 561 arcsec for the (10‐14) reflection for 10 μm thick samples). The LTPL and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the good optical and structural quality of the material. The carbon concentration measured by SIMS was 6x1018 cm‐3, however, the room‐temperature Hall effect experiments showed n‐type conductivity. Carbon acceptor incorporation into GaN (from the transport agent) as well as the reason of its electrical overcompensation by unintentional impurities like oxygen and silicon is discussed. Ways of technological process improvement are proposed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Le perfectionnisme à l’épreuve du pragmatisme
Authors: Frega Roberto
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT: In this paper, I first lay out a definition of perfectionism drawing mainly upon the works of Cora Diamond and Stanley Cavell. Secondly, I introduce the notion of “expressive rationality” and show how it contributes to expanding the scope of pragmatism beyond its original boundaries. I then proceed to examine pragmatism and perfectionism as competing alternative accounts of moral experience, through a discussion of Coetzee’s novelThe Lives of Animals.In so doing, I intend to show that pragmatism and perfectionism constitute two necessary and irreducible approaches to moral experience, pointing towards two diverging and yet irreducibly joined spheres of moral life.
Diet composition of adult twaite shad (Alosa fallax) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey)
Authors: Ceyhan Tevfik , Akyol Okan , Sever T. Murat , Kara Ali
Published: June 2011

Specimens of twaite shad,Alosa fallaxwere sampled from commercial purse seiners and trammel netters in Izmir Bay during November and December 2007. A total of 287 prey items from 14 taxa from 208 stomachs were recorded. The primary food of twaite shad was found to be fish, especially anchovyEngraulis encrasicolus, which was the most frequent (%F = 66.11) and abundant (%N = 63.64) prey item, and also had the highest percentage by weight (%W = 81.91). Decapoda, Isopoda, Ostracoda and Copepoda (Calanusspp.,Candocia armata, Temora styliferafrom Calanoida andCorycaeus spp.from Cyclopodia), were recorded occasionally with low values for all indices. The study showed that in the Aegean SeaAlosa fallaxis a predator of small pelagic fish,E. encrasicolus, A. boyeri, S. pilchardus, and some crustaceans. BenthopelagicP. acarneand demersalS. hepatuswere first recorded in diet of twaite shad.
Life on the Leading Edge of Democratic Reform: Student Perspectives on School Desegregation
Authors: Orr Marion , Walton Hanes
Published: June 2011

“I was afraid. Some mornings I would get up and my mama would say ‘you know you don't have to do this thing.' My words to her were ‘yes ma'am I do’, because if they make me quit anyone who follows would have a rough road. I got to do this thing.” —Ulysses O. Bryant, Jr., the first African-American graduate of Savannah High School
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF STEADY-STATE EQUILIBRIUM IN A GENERALIZED OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL
Authors: Li Jinlu , Lin Shuanglin
Published: June 2011

Galor and Ryder [Journal of Economic Theory 49 (1989), 360–375] establish conditions for the existence of equilibrium in a Diamond-type overlapping-generations (OLG) model. Although theoretically appealing, these conditions are implicit and not convenient to apply. This paper provides explicit and easily applied conditions for the existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium, with which one only needs to check the first derivatives of the production and utility functions and their interactions, with no need to solve the optimization problem. Our theorems on the existence and uniqueness of steady-state equilibrium can be applied to a larger class of OLG models that do not require second-order differentiability of the production and utility functions. We present examples to show how to check the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium.
Thermal degradation of unstrained single polymer chain: Non-linear effects at work
Authors: Paturej J. , Milchev A. , Rostiashvili V. G. , Vilgis T. A.
Published: June 2011

We examine the thermally induced fracture of an unstrained polymer chain of discrete segments coupled by an anharmonic potential by means of molecular dynamics simulation with a Langevin thermostat. Cases of both under- and over-damped dynamics are investigated, and a comparison with recent studies of bond scission in model polymers with harmonic interactions is performed. We find that the polymer degradation changes qualitatively between the inertial regime and that of heavily damped dynamics. The role of bond healing (recombination) is also studied and probability distributions for the recombination times and overstretched bond lengths are obtained. Our extensive simulations reveal many properties of the scission dynamics in agreement with the notion of random breakdown of independent bonds, e.g., the mean time of chain rupture, 〈τ〉 follows an Arrhenian behavior with temperature T, and depends on the number of bonds N in the polymer as 〈τ〉∝N−1. In contrast, the rupture rates of the individual bonds along the polymer backbone indicate clearly the presence of self-induced inhomogeneity resulting from the interplay of thermal noise and nonlinearity. Eventually we examine the fragmentation kinetics during thermolysis. We demonstrate that both the probability distribution function of fragment sizes as well as the mean length of fragments at subsequent times t characterize degradation as predominantly a first order reaction.