bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence on the use of aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases Evidências sobre o uso de aspirina na prevenção primária de doenças cardiovasculares
Authors: Sousa Kayo Henrique Jardel Feitosa , Fernandes Samantha Alves , Costa Girlene Ribeiro da , Souza Antônio Tiago da Silva , Carvalho Patrícia Maria Gomes de
Published: November 2017

Objetivo: identificar as recomendações de uso da aspirina para a prevenção primária de doenças cardiovasculares, pesando seus benefícios e riscos, conforme a literatura disponível. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, a coleta de dados aconteceu no mês de maio de 2014, aceitaram-se publicações do período entre 2009 e 2013, em inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados: foram selecionados 07 estudos, com excelentes níveis de recomendação. Evidenciou-se que o uso da aspirina para a prevenção primária de doenças cardiovasculares deve ser baseado em uma análise criteriosa de cada caso, avaliando seus benefícios e riscos. Conclusão: conclui-se que são necessárias ferramentas de estratificação de riscos, para assim, recomendar ou não o uso da aspirina. Ainda que, há necessidade de capacitação especial à equipe de enfermagem para um melhor acompanhamento e tratamento destes pacientes.
Gift and care during the time lived with the family A dádiva e o cuidado no tempo do vivido em família
Authors: De Souza Ítala Paris , Santos de Araújo Laura Filomena , Bellato Roseney
Published: November 2017

Objetivo: Compreender a modelagem do cuidado familiar ao longo do tempo à idosa que vivencia o Alzheimer, inscrevendo-o no circuito da dádiva. Métodos: Estudo de situação, de abordagem compreensiva, empregando história de vida com entrevista em profundidade e observação junto à idosa e família. Resultados: Apreendemos os laços que unem os entes familiares, possibilitando a modelagem do cuidado “na e para” a vida, ao longo do tempo em família, instaurando o circuito da dádiva, que apresentamos pela imagem da lemniscata. Nessa modelagem evidenciamos o intenso esforço despendido pela família na provisão e gerenciamento dos cuidados à idosa, cada vez mais aprimorados, reatualizando, assim, o dar-receber-retribuir, em tecitura afetiva e laboriosa. Conclusão: Tal compreensão se mostra importante aos profissionais de saúde para que reflitam sobre modos de produzir boas práticas que perdurem no tempo, mobilizando recursos para apoiar a família com o substrato necessário ao seu cuidar.
Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Duration in Patients Undergoing Cystectomy With Urinary Diversion
Authors: Thurnheer Maria C. , Schürmann Astrid , Huber Markus , Marschall Jonas , Wuethrich Patrick Y. , Burkhard Fiona C.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) reduces the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs). Guidelines recommend 24 hours or less of PAP for cystectomy with urinary diversion; however, evidence specifying optimal PAP duration for this surgery is lacking, and prolonged administration of PAP is common practice.

Objective

To establish noninferiority of 24-hour PAP vs extended-duration PAP in preventing SSIs within 90 days after cystectomy with urinary diversion.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This single-center, noninferiority randomized clinical trial was performed from April 18, 2018, to August 18, 2022, in patients aged older than 18 years undergoing elective open cystectomy with urinary diversion. Exclusion criteria were contraindications to administered drugs and inability to follow study procedures.

Intervention

PAP administered for 24 hours (24-hour PAP group) vs PAP until all catheters and stents were removed (extended PAP group).

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary end point was the rate of SSI, and the secondary end points included all-cause mortality, both within 90 days after surgery. Noninferiority of the 24-hour PAP treatment was assessed by comparing the 90% CI (corresponding to a significance level of α = .05) with the predefined noninferiority margin of 10%.

Results

A total of 95 patients were randomly assigned to the 24-hour PAP group (median [IQR] age, 69.3 [63.1-76.8] years; 66 males [69.5%]) and 98 to the extended PAP group (median [IQR] age, 69.5 [60.8-75.5] years; 68 males [69.4%]). Patients in the 24-hour PAP group received PAP for a median of 1 day (IQR, 1-1 day), and patients in the extended PAP group received PAP for a median of 8 days (IQR, 7-10 days). No significant differences in SSIs occurring within 90 days were found (24-hour PAP group, 8 patients [8.4%]; extended PAP group, 12 patients [12.2%]; P = .53). The risk difference for 90-day cumulative SSI incidence was −3.8% (90% CI, −11.1% to 3.4%), establishing noninferiority of 24-hour PAP vs extended PAP to prevent SSI. Mortality was not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this randomized clinical trial demonstrate noninferiority of 24-hour PAP vs extended-duration PAP in preventing SSIs within 90 days after cystectomy with urinary diversion and may contribute to antibiotic stewardship efforts in urology.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03305627
Current Burden of and Geographic Disparities in Liver Mortality and Access to Liver Transplant
Authors: Rinella Nicolas S. , Charlton William , Reddy Gautham , McLean Diaz Paige , Charlton Michael R.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Liver disease is a leading cause of mortality in the US. Liver transplant can be a lifesaving procedure for patients with severe liver disease.

Objective

To assess temporal trends and geographic variance in liver-related mortality (LRM) and liver transplant in the US.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, the frequencies and geographic variance of LRM in 2018 and 2021 were obtained in a cross-sectional analysis of the Underlying Cause of Death data available on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Epidemiologic Research database. The number of livers donated and transplanted according to the state of residence of each donor and recipient were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Liver-related mortality in 2018 and 2021, overall and by state, as well as the liver transplant rate according to state of residence of recipient and donor.

Results

Overall LRM in the US was 93 418 in 2021, with a crude rate of 28.1 per 100 000 individuals, an increase of 19.1% compared with rates seen immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2018 (77 282 [23.6 per 100 000 individuals]). Liver-related mortality in 2021 varied several-fold between states, from 18.4 per 100 000 individuals per year in Utah to 65.9 per 100 000 individuals per year in New Mexico. The mean number of liver-related deaths per transplant from all donor sources (in state and out of state) was 7.2 in the lowest LRM quintile compared with 21.5 in the highest (95% CI, 12.1-16.6; SE, 1.1; P < .001). Ten states had no liver transplant center. Paradoxically, residents of states with the highest LRM had a much lower rate of liver transplant (at any location) from organs procured from in-state residents than states with the lowest LRM quintile (13.0% vs 35.2% in-state donors; 95% CI, 14.1%-30.3%; SE, 3.9%; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study suggests that rates of LRM have increased dramatically since the COVID-19 pandemic and vary several-fold between states. Rates of liver transplant are paradoxically lowest among residents living in states with the highest LRM. These findings highlight apparent geographic disparities in access to liver transplant that allocation policy cannot address.
Maternal Prenatal Cannabis Use and Child Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Avalos Lyndsay A. , Shenkute Mahlet , Alexeeff Stacey E. , Oberman Nina , Croen Lisa A. , Davignon Meghan , Adams Sara R. , Ansley Deborah , Castellanos Carley , Young-Wolff Kelly C.
Published: October 2024

IMPORTANCE

Despite an increase in maternal prenatal cannabis use and associations with adverse neonatal outcomes, research on child neurodevelopmental outcomes is limited.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between maternal cannabis use in early pregnancy and child autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPANTS

This population-based retrospective birth cohort study included children born between 2011 and 2019 to pregnant Kaiser Permanente Northern California members screened for prenatal cannabis use during pregnancy. Statistical analysis was conducted February 2023 to March 2024.

EXPOSURES

Maternal prenatal cannabis use was assessed at entrance to prenatal care (approximately 8- to 10-weeks’ gestation) via self-report and/or positive urine toxicology test. Use frequency was assessed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Child ASD was defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes ascertained from the electronic health record. Associations between maternal prenatal cannabis use and child ASD were modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for maternal sociodemographic, other substance use and disorders, prenatal care initiation, comorbidities, and clustering among maternal siblings.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 178 948 singleton pregnancies among 146 296 unique pregnant individuals, including 48 880 (27.3%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 42 799 (23.9%) Hispanic, 9742 (5.4%) non-Hispanic Black, and 70 733 (39.5%) non-Hispanic White pregnancies. The median (IQR) maternal age at pregnancy onset was 31 (6) years; 8486 (4.7%) screened positive for cannabis use, 7054 (3.9%) via urine toxicology testing and 3662 (2.0%) by self-report. In the total study population, the frequency of self-reported use was monthly or less for 2003 pregnancies (1.1%), weekly for 918 pregnancies (0.5%), daily for 741 pregnancies (0.4%), and unknown for 4824 pregnancies (2.7%). ASD was diagnosed in 3.6% of children. After adjustment for maternal characteristics, maternal prenatal cannabis use was not associated with child ASD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% CI, 0.84-1.32). When self-reported frequency of use was assessed, no statistically significant associations were observed after confounder adjustment. No sex-specific associations were documented (males: HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.32; and females: HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.77-1.85).

CONCLUSIONS and Relevance

In this cohort study, maternal cannabis use assessed in early pregnancy was not associated with child ASD. Additional studies are needed to evaluate different patterns of use throughout pregnancy. Given the known adverse neonatal health effects of maternal prenatal cannabis use, clinicians should follow national guidelines and advise against use.
Fusing remote and social sensing data for flood impact mapping
Authors: Akhtar Zainab , Qazi Umair , El‐Sakka Aya , Sadiq Rizwan , Ofli Ferda , Imran Muhammad
Published: October 2024

The absence of comprehensive situational awareness information poses a significant challenge for humanitarian organizations during their response efforts. We present Flood Insights, an end‐to‐end system, that ingests data from multiple nontraditional data sources such as remote sensing, social sensing, and geospatial data. We employ state‐of‐the‐art natural language processing and computer vision models to identify flood exposure, ground‐level damage and flood reports, and most importantly, urgent needs of affected people. We deploy and test the system during a recent real‐world catastrophe, the 2022 Pakistan floods, to surface critical situational and damage information at the district level. We validated the system's effectiveness through various statistical analyses using official ground‐truth data, showcasing its strong performance and explanatory power of integrating multiple data sources. Moreover, the system was commended by the United Nations Development Programme stationed in Pakistan, as well as local authorities, for pinpointing hard‐hit districts and enhancing disaster response.
The virtual driving instructor: Multi‐agent system collaborating via knowledge graph for scalable driver education
Authors: Rehm Johannes , Reshodko Irina , Børresen Stian Zimmermann , Gundersen Odd Erik
Published: October 2024

This work introduces the design, development, and deployment of a virtual driving instructor (VDI) for enhanced driver education. The VDI provides personalized, real‐time feedback to students in a driving simulator, addressing some of the limitations of traditional driver instruction. Employing a hybrid AI system, the VDI combines rule‐based agents, learning‐based agents, knowledge graphs, and Bayesian networks to assess and monitor student performance in a comprehensive manner. Implemented in multiple simulators at a driving school in Norway, the system aims to leverage AI and driving simulation to improve both the learning experience and the efficiency of instruction. Initial feedback from students has been largely positive, highlighting the effectiveness of this integration while also pointing to areas for further improvement. This marks a significant stride in infusing technology into driver education, offering a scalable and efficient approach to instruction.
Determinants of Self‐Management Behavior in Gout: A Scoping Review
Authors: van der Ven Jeffrey , van den Bemt Bart J. F. , Flendrie Marcel , Vriezekolk Johanna E. , Verhoef Lise M.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This study aimed to identify modifiable determinants of self‐management behavior in patients with gout.

Methods

Four databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) were searched using terms related to gout, self‐management, and determinants of behavior as described in the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies via screening of title/abstract and full text. Thematic synthesis was performed for qualitative data; quantitative data were summarized using cross‐tabulation displaying the investigated associations of determinants with self‐management behavior. The TDF facilitated identification and grouping of determinants.

Results

From 2,087 unique articles found, 56 studies were included in this review, of which there were 27 qualitative and 29 quantitative studies. Eight themes were identified: knowledge and skills for self‐management, acceptance of disease, beliefs about necessity of self‐management to improve gout‐related health, resistance and reluctance for medication adherence and dietary alteration/changes, negative emotions influencing self‐management, social support and interactions, environmental context, and self‐regulation of behavior. Quantitative determinants associated with self‐management behavior, predominantly medication adherence, were mapped to 12 of the 14 domains of the TDF. No determinants regarding skills and goals have been identified in quantitative research.

Conclusion

Intervention targets for self‐management behavior in patients with gout mainly included determinants related to knowledge, implicit and explicit beliefs and attitudes, the environmental context and resources, and (social) support and reinforcement.
States' lawsuits against TikTok speak to addiction‐like effects
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2024

Language in a new series of state government lawsuits against the owners of social media app TikTok strongly resembles recent warnings from federal leaders about the dangers of social media, from addiction‐like changes in the brains of young users to a lack of transparency from technology companies that has impeded a greater understanding of social media's impact.
NIDA and FDA call for new pathways for smoking cessation
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2024

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in a commentary published last week in the Annals of Internal Medicine, call for innovations in research and development of smoking cessation therapies. Cigarette smoking, while decreasing, kills nearly 500,000 Americans each year. The opioid overdose epidemic kills one‐fifth of that. More than 28 million adults currently smoke in the United States. Most of them say they want to quit, but only 31% of those receive counseling and/or medications to do so. Less than 8% quit a year.
Adhesively Bridging SAM Molecules and Perovskites for Highly Efficient Photovoltaics
Authors: Chen Xin , Chen Chun‐Hao , Su Zhen Huang , Chen Jing , Wang Kai‐Li , Xia Yu , Nizamani Namatullah , Huang Lei , Jin Run‐Jun , Li Yu‐Han , Yu Gao Xing , Wang Zhao‐Kui
Published: October 2024

The effective utilization of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) has indeed resulted in significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the poor interface contact between self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) and perovskite layers limits the further improvement of inverted PSCs. Herein, polyaniline is employed as a conductive adhesive, enabling interaction with the perovskite and simultaneous coupling with the SAM, to optimize the buried interface contact. Furthermore, the adhesive strategy is validated to alleviate residual tensile strain at the buried interface using the non‐destructive back grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (BGIWAXS) technique. As a result, the optimized inverted PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 25.59% with impressive stability by retaining 97.3% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h under ambient conditions and light‐emitting diode illumination. The findings provide a facial adhesive bridging strategy to play more impressive functions in the SAM‐based inverted PSCs.
Super Strong and Tough PVA Hydrogel Fibers Based on an Ordered‐to‐Disordered Structural Construction Strategy Targeting Artificial Ligaments
Authors: Chen Yanting , Sun Xiaoning , Luo Longbo , Li Hongxiang , Chen Ning , Yan Cenqi , Liu Xiangyang , Li Jianshu , Qin Meng , Qin Jiaqiang , Cheng Pei
Published: October 2024

Hydrogels with high strength, high modulus, and high toughness have great application potential in the field of artificial human load‐bearing tissues, but the preparation of materials with the above high performance is still a huge challenge. In this paper, a structural construction strategy of ordered‐to‐disordered (OTD) transition is proposed to obtain hydrogel fibers with high strength, high modulus, and high toughness. The structural construction strategy of OTD refers to the ordered‐to‐disordered transition of molecular segments in PVA polymer fibers through swelling and subsequent salting‐out treatment, while still maintaining the general order of the entire polymer chain. PVA molecular chain crystallites provide physical crosslinking to stabilize the structure. The results show that the elongation at break of the hydrogel fiber can reach 257%). The strength reaches 190.04 MPa, which is more than 4 times higher than that of human ligaments. The modulus reaches 137.31 MPa, which perfectly matches the human ligaments, and the toughness can reach 100.61 MJ m−3. In addition, it has stable mechanical properties in liquid environment and excellent biocompatibility, which has great application potential in the field of artificial ligaments. This OTD structural construction strategy provides a facile approach to achieving hydrogel fibers with desired mechanical properties.
Rational Designed Polymeric Rigid Cages for Trapping Bulky Vegetable Oils toward Versatile Bio‐Based Adhesives
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Guoliang , Ma Chunfeng , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: October 2024

Polymer gels stand out as emerging and promising materials in adhesives. However, flexible network and network–solvent mismatch affect their strengths and stabilities. Regulating the network architectures of polymer gels via molecular design is a promising strategy to overcome these drawbacks. Herein, a novel polymeric rigid cage (PRC) network structure design is proposed for capturing bulky vegetable oils via mechanically interlocking supramolecular interactions or steric hindrance effect to fabricate universal polymer gels‐based adhesives. By rationally designing and refining the architectures, the rigid cage prepared by 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and N,N,N″,N″‐tetra(2‐hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (EDTP) possesses optimal encapsulation effect for epoxidized linseed oil (ELO). The resulting RCE‐50 gel exhibited robust mechanical properties (≈65 MPa) and excellent stability (high temperatures, high pressures, solvents immersion). Owing to high strength and stability of the polyurethane network, adhesion effect of high‐density amino ester groups, as well as the hydrophobic and toughening effects of ELO, the RCE‐50 gel can be used as a versatile adhesive with high adhesive strength under different conditions. This study proposes a new approach for innovating the properties of polymer gels, provides a novel idea for designing porous polymer materials, and offers fresh insights for developing versatile bio‐based adhesives.
Robust, Switchable and Printable Underwater Adhesives Based on a Temperature‐Deactivated Design
Authors: Ou Richang , Wang Shuxue , Li Jingjing , Li Zhaojun , Yu Liangmin , Wang Zhihang , Murto Petri , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: October 2024

Conventional adhesives generally suffer from diminished adhesion in aqueous environments, posing significant challenges for their application in wet and submerged conditions. While extensive research efforts are directed toward enhancing the interfacial bonding, cohesive strength, and durability of adhesives in such environments, most existing underwater adhesives remain static and irreversible. This limitation hinders their reusability and often results in undesirable residues. Addressing the challenge of achieving strong underwater adhesion with on‐demand detachment remains crucial. This study introduces the development of temperature‐responsive underwater adhesives that demonstrate outstanding bonding strength, reversibility, and durability. Through the strategic integration of interfacial bonding, reinforced cross‐linking networks, dynamic hydrogen bonds, and upper critical solution temperature (UCST)‐driven phase transitions, one of the few temperature‐deactivated adhesives is created. The optimized adhesive is distinguished by its performance to achieve underwater adhesion strengths exceeding 1.4 MPa, nearly 100% switching efficiency and residue‐free adherend under mild thermal cycling. Beyond the template‐assisted fabrication of adhesive patches, 3D printable adhesives are achieved with programmable architectures via direct ink‐writing. This work highlights the development of temperature‐deactivated underwater adhesives activated by UCST‐type phase transitions, not only boosting adhesion strengths and switching efficiencies across various water conditions but also broadening their applicability with user‐defined and application‐specific functions.
Fast and Stable NH4+/H+ Co‐Coordinated Carboxyl‐Rich N‐Heterocyclic Cathode for High‐Performance Zinc‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yehui , Huang Qi , Song Ziyang , Miao Ling , Lv Yaokang , Gan Lihua , Liu Mingxian
Published: October 2024

Designing multi‐active‐site organic cathodes with new redox‐motif chemistry is critical but still challenging for propelling better Zn‐organic batteries (ZOBs). Here an 8 fold‐active‐site N‐heterocyclic organic molecule cathode is reported, 4,4′,4″,4‴‐(pyrazino[2,3‐g]quinoxaline‐2,3,7,8‐tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid (TBA) with dual carboxyl/imine moieties toward superior ZOBs. Compared with N‐heterocyclic phenazine, rich carboxyl motifs in TBA serve as both redox sites and electron structure regulators, affording enhanced electron delocalization activity (−4.54 vs −1.078 a.u.) and low‐energy‐barrier redox kinetics (2.14 vs 2.45 eV). TBA redox‐exclusively couples with small‐hydration‐size and high‐kinetics NH4+/H+ charge carriers but excludes larger and rigid Zn2+ ions, due to a lower activation energy (0.12 vs 0.29 eV). Consequently, eight‐electron NH4+/H+ co‐storage endows fast and stable Zn||TBA battery with high capacities (302 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1; 151 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and ultralong life (20000 cycles). This work opens new horizons to build new‐type multielectron redox motifs for advanced zinc‐organic batteries.
Photothermoelectric Device Based on Near‐Infrared Absorption and Reflection of Transparent Conductive Oxides
Authors: Bianchi Catarina , Faustino Bruno M. M. , Marques Ana , Ferreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

A novel transparent photothermoelectric device has been developed, leveraging the advantageous thermoelectric properties of transparent conductive oxide thin films such as aluminium‐doped zinc oxide (AZO), and the absorption or reflectance properties of indium thin oxide (ITO) for near‐infrared (NIR) radiation. AZO exhibits transmittance exceeding 70% across a broad range of wavelengths (400–2200 nm) and a high Seebeck coefficient (120–150 µV K−1). Through heat treatments between 300 and 500 °C, ITO's NIR absorption is optimized to values above 40% in the 1–1.5 µm range. The optimized thickness of the ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer structure has an 80% reflectance for wavelengths above 1.2 µm. Integrating these two layers on a transparent thermoelectric AZO film creates a thermal gradient induced by infrared (IR) radiation. This gradient results in a photothermal potential that is sensitive to sunlight intensity, with a sensitivity measured at 1.5 mV W−1. This innovation marks a significant advancement in technology, showcasing the potential for transparent devices in smart windows.
Shell Materials for Chewable Capsules, From Design of Experiments to Optimal Dosage Form Manufacturing
Authors: Quemeneur Fanny , Igonin Annabel , Herry Catherine , Girod‐Fullana Sophie
Published: October 2024

Innovations in chewable dosage forms provide solutions for swallowing difficulties faced by certain patient populations. Chewable softgel capsules (SGC) offer opportunities to expand the benefits of SGC, excelling in the delivery of lipid‐based formulations by optimizing the mechanical properties of the shell material without compromising industrial‐scale manufacturing. This study employs an original approach, with a target product profile that aims to combine processability and chewability, to develop optimized chewable dosage forms. Through a mixture design of experiments, key factors such as plasticizer content and the addition of acid‐modified thin‐boiling corn starch are explored, focusing on response parameters critical to achieving the desired properties of the capsule shell material. Optimal shell compositions—one starch‐free and another containing 9% w/w starch, with respective gelatin/non‐volatile plasticizer ratios of 0.81 and 0.67 are determined and evaluated by manufacturing chewable SGC at pilot scale using rotary die technology. The successful manufacturing and resulting capsules, which exhibit the intended properties, highlight the efficiency of this approach in striking the right balance between processability, soft texture, and quick disintegration time.
Accelerating Optimal Synthesis of Atomically Thin MoS2: A Constrained Bayesian Optimization Guided Brachistochrone Approach
Authors: Wang Yujia , Li Guoyan , Natarajan Anand Hari , Mukerjee Sanjeev , Jin Xiaoning , Kar Swastik
Published: October 2024

A machine learning (ML) guided approach is presented for the accelerated optimization of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of 2D materials toward the highest quality, starting from low‐quality or unsuccessful synthesis conditions. Using 26 sets of these synthesis conditions as the initial training dataset, our method systematically guides experimental synthesis towards optoelectronic‐grade monolayer MoS2 flakes. A‐exciton linewidth (σA) as narrow as 38 meV could be achieved in 2D MoS2 flakes after only an additional 35 trials (reflecting 15% of the full factorial design dataset for training purposes). In practical terms, this reflects a decrease of the possible experimental time to optimize the parameters from up to one year to about two months. This remarkable efficiency was achieved by formulating a constrained sequencing optimization problem solved via a combination of constraint learning and Bayesian Optimization with the narrowness of σA as the single target metric. By employing graph‐based semi‐supervised learning with data acquired through a multi‐criteria sampling method, the constraint model effectively delineates and refines the feasible design space for monolayer flake production. Additionally, the Gaussian Process regression effectively captures the relationships between synthesis parameters and outcomes, offering high predictive capability along with a measure of prediction uncertainty. This method is scalable to a higher number of synthesis parameters and target metrics and is transferrable to other materials and types of reactors. This study envisions that this method will be fundamental for CVD and similar techniques in the future.
Nanometric Ge Films for Ultrafast Modulation of THz Waves with Flexible Metasurface
Authors: Wang Kemeng , Srivastava Yogesh Kumar , Tan Thomas CaiWei , Ako Rajour Tanyi , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Gu Jianqiang , Singh Ranjan
Published: October 2024

Harnessing confined light on a subwavelength scale within Fano metasurfaces enhances light‐matter interaction on a flexible, low‐loss substrate. This approach enables the integration of ultra‐thin semiconducting films for designing low‐power, ultrafast switchable terahertz, and optical meta devices. Here, an ultra‐thin, ∼λ/6000 germanium overlayers of 25nm or 50nm is thermally evaporated onto a flexible Fano metallic metasurface to achieve ultrafast optical modulation of terahertz radiation. A remarkable 85% modulation depth with an ultrafast speed of 400 GHz is obtained in the resonant transmission. These ultrathin, flexible, and ultrafast functional metasurfaces pave the way for developing flexible terahertz active meta devices based on nanometric scale germanium films, offering the additional advantage of compatibility with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology in microelectronics.
m6Am Methyltransferase PCIF1 Promotes LPP3 Mediated Phosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression
Authors: Luo Wenqin , Xu Zhehao , Li Fan , Ding Lifeng , Wang Ruyue , Lin Yudong , Mao Xudong , Chen Xianjiong , Li Yang , Lu Zeyi , Xie Haiyun , Wang Huan , Zhu Ziwei , Lu Yi , Guo Luying , Yu Xiaojing , Xia Liqun , He Housheng Hansen , Li Gonghui
Published: October 2024

N6‐methyl‐2′‐O‐methyladenosine (m6Am), occurring adjacent to the 7‐methylguanosine (m7G) cap structure and catalyzed by the newly identified writer PCIF1 (phosphorylated CTD interacting factor 1), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, its involvement in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unexplored. Here, significant upregulation of PCIF1 and m6Am levels in RCC tissues are identified, unveiling their oncogenic roles both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, employing m6Am‐Exo‐Seq, LPP3 (phospholipid phosphatase 3) mRNA is identified as a key downstream target whose translation is enhanced by m6Am modification. Furthermore, LPP3 is revealed as a key regulator of phosphatidic acid metabolism, critical for preventing its accumulation in mitochondria and facilitating mitochondrial fission. Consequently, Inhibition of the PCIF1/LPP3 axis significantly altered mitochondrial morphology and reduced RCC tumor progression. In addition, depletion of PCIF1 sensitizes RCC to sunitinib treatment. This study highlights the intricate interplay between m6Am modification, phosphatidic acid metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for RCC.
Enhancing the sustainability of cowpea production through the integrated use of fish effluents and animal manure
Authors: Diatta Andre A. , Bassène César , Manga Anicet G. B. , Senghor Yolande , Sambou Mariama , Mbow Cheikh
Published: October 2024

The integration of aquaculture and agriculture in arid and semi‐arid environments is crucial for maximizing water and land productivity, especially considering the increasing global water scarcity and the simultaneous use of water for crop and fish production. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of fish effluent on the growth, yield parameters, and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The experiment involved 13 fertilization treatments, including three types of irrigation water (river water—control, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African sharp‐toothed catfish (Clarias gariepinus), four fertilizers (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures at 10 t ha−1), recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer (150 kg ha−1 of NPK 6‐20‐10), and six mixed treatments with fish effluent and 50% of the applied rate of manure alone (5 t ha−1). The combined use of C. gariepinus effluent + 50% poultry manure significantly increased stem diameter, nodules per plant, pods per plant, and seed yield compared to NPK treatments. The shortest days to reach 50% flowering were obtained with the effluent of O. niloticus + 50% sheep manure, C. gariepinus/O. niloticus + 50% poultry manure, and 10 t ha−1 poultry manure. However, fertilization treatments did not significantly influence the number of branches, pod and root length, number of pods per plant, 100‐seed weight, and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. This study suggests that fish effluents, when combined with manure, can improve plant growth and seed yield, providing a cost‐effective alternative to inorganic fertilizers for smallholder farmers.
Application of reactive fatty alcohol ether sulfosuccinate emulsifier in surface sizing
Authors: Tang Mengwei , Ji Yongxin , Xu Haijun
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a novel reactive fatty alcohol ether sulfosuccinate emulsifier (RAEOSS10‐9) was polymerized into macromolecular emulsifier RAFT‐PRS through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and then RAFT‐PRS was co‐polymerized with monomers to form anionic surface sizing agent. The structures of RAEOSS10‐9 and RAFT‐PRS were characterized by Fourier transfer infrared spectra, and the RAFT polymerization activity of RAFT‐PRS was verified by gel permeation chromatography. The effects of RAFT reagent and RAEOSS10‐9 content on the properties of sizing emulsion and sizing paper were investigated. The morphology of latex particles and sizing paper surface were observed by use of scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The water resistance, bursting resistance and folding resistance of sizing paper were studied. The optimal formulation of sizing emulsion was built according to the above results. Besides, the investigation of the mechanical properties suggests that proper amount of reactive emulsifier is beneficial for enhancing the stability of emulsion and the performance of paper. The RAEOSS10‐9 displays better emulsifying properties than imported emulsifier SR‐10, and the emulsion produced by RAEOSS10‐9 display more excellent application properties.
Q‐learning‐based H∞ control for LPV systems
Authors: Wang Hongye , Wen Jiwei , Wan Haiying , Xue Huiwen
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a model‐free H∞ control method is developed for discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems by leveraging Q‐learning, which employs the data encompassing system states, control inputs, exogenous disturbance, and time‐varying convex hull rather than the dynamical model known a priori. A policy iteration algorithm presented via linear matrix inequality formed by such collected data is developed with convergence guarantee. Our analysis demonstrates that, in the presence of sufficiently rich disturbances, the attenuation level converges to a lower value than the traditional H∞ control solution derived from an exact LPV model. A numerical example is demonstrated to verify the stabilization, disturbance attenuation, adaptivity, and convergence of the H∞ attenuation level. Moreover, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) approximated by a discrete‐time LPV system is employed to show the practical potential of the developed model‐free approach.
Plant‐Based Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity
Authors: Tanwar Shruti Nandkishor , Parauha Yatish R. , There Yogesh , Swart Hendrik C. , Dhoble Sanjay J.
Published: October 2024

Nanotechnology has changed and developed all the sectors and working fields. Nanoparticles are one of the important evolutionary materials that have application in almost all the working areas such as catalysis, bioengineering, photoelectricity, antibacterial, anticancer, and medical imaging due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Traditionally used chemical and physical method of synthesis of nanoparticles have several disadvantages like using different chemicals, high cost, and most importantly they are hazardous to the environment. Counter to these disadvantages, a more eco‐friendly, easy, and cost‐effective green synthesis method is widely employed nowadays. Various parts of a plant are used as a fuel for reducing the metal ion salt. Plant extracts act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. Besides these advantages, photosynthesized nanoparticles are nontoxic, more stable, and more uniform in size than their counterparts prepared by the traditional method. In this present review, the synthesis of various plant extract‐mediated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is discussed along with their different applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of key findings in green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and attempts to determine their possible synthesis mechanism. This article also focuses on factors affecting their synthesis, characterization, potential applications, and prospects.
Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting by Earth‐Abundant Catalysts: Metal‐Semiconductor Metamaterials Made of Plasmonic Magnesium Diboride and Transitional Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Zhou Hongkai , Grigorenko Alexander N. , Kravets Vasyl G.
Published: October 2024

Metal‐semiconductor metamaterials hold great promise for photocatalytic water splitting due to their excellent light harvesting in a broad spectral range as well as efficient charge carrier generation and transfer. In the majority of such metamaterials, semiconductors are used to initiate the water splitting reaction, while their metal counterparts are employed to improve light harvesting through plasmonic effects. Here, we describe for the first time an exceptional reversed case of metal‐semiconductor photocatalysts in which metals are used to initiate the water splitting reaction and semiconductors are employed to improve light harvesting through the blackbody effect and serve as co‐catalysts. The studied photoanodes are made of non‐noble plasmonic MgB2 combined with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The plasmonic resonances of the MgB2 component contribute to field confinement, plasmon–exciton coupling, and hot‐electron transfer providing an enhancement of photoactivity in the entire solar spectrum capable of water splitting. The TMDC component provides impedance matching and enhances light absorption by the metal catalyst. We demonstrate seawater splitting with MgB2‐TMDCs photoanodes attaining current densities of ~3 mA cm−2 at solar radiation. The overall efficiency of hydrogen production in seawater splitting by sunlight with the help of the studied photoanodes is 3 % at a bias voltage of Vbias=0.3 V.
Penijanacoranes A—F, Acorane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Sea‐Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellumSH0301
Authors: Yang Lu‐Jia , Lv Ling , Han Zhuang , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Li Xin , Shao Chang‐Lun , Liu Zhi‐Qing , Wang Chang‐Yun
Published: October 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Six new acorane‐type sesquiterpenes, named penijanacoranes A—F (1—6), as well as one known eudesmane sesquiterpenoid 1α,6β,11‐eudesm‐triol (7) have been isolated from a deep‐sea‐derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum SH0301. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by the comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, TDDFT‐ECD calculations, and X‐ray diffraction. Penijanacorane A (1) was identified as a rare acorane‐type sesquiterpene lactone featuring a novel 6/5/6 tricyclic system, while penijanacoranes E and F (5 and 6) represented undescribed examples of nor‐acorane sesquiterpenes at C‐1. Penijanacorane C (3) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against LPS‐induced NO production in Raw264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 6.23 μM, which was more potent than that of positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 11.49 μM). This study expanded the chemical diversity of acorane‐type sesquiterpenoids and revealed that compound 3 was a potential molecule for anti‐inflammatory agents.
Do Attachment, Educator Characteristics and Youth–Educator Relationship Matter in 6‐Month Changes of Institutionalized Adolescents?
Authors: Muzi S. , Rogier G. , Bizzi F. , Pace C. S.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This longitudinal study involved youths in residential care due to previous adverse experiences and their educators, aiming to investigate the role of youths and educators' attachment, educators' psychopathology, and the quality of youth–educator relationship on change scores of youths' symptoms and youth–educator relationship security over 6 months.

Method

Participants were 36 institutionalized youths (Mage = 16.50 ± 2.13) and their 25 main educators (Mage = 38.48 ± 5.75), assessed at baseline (T1) and 6 months later (T2). Youths were assessed in total, internalizing and externalizing problems via a multi‐informant approach, and educators in psychopathology levels. Attachment representations of youths and educators were assessed through validated attachment interviews (Friends and Family Interview and Adult Attachment Interview), and both separately rated the youth–educator relationship.

Results

(1) Most cases remain stable over 6 months. (2) Educator narrative coherence and the quality of youth–educator relationship at baseline were correlated but not predictive of change in youths' symptoms. (3) Youths' higher attachment disorganization at baseline was the unique predictor of 14% variance of positive change in the youth–educator relationship security perceived by the youth. (4) Youth attachment avoidance uniquely predicted 37% of positive change variance in the youth–educator relationship security perceived by educators.

Conclusion

In conclusion, attachment‐based assessment of youths and educators can inform intervention to foster youth improvement.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Social Support in Bereavement and Posttraumatic Growth—A Random Intercept Cross‐Lagged Analysis
Authors: Gai Yihan , Li Jie , Long Mengyuan , Li Mei , Shi Kan
Published: October 2024

Social support can promote posttraumatic growth (PTG) in the general trauma population. However, evidence on the reciprocal predictive relationship between social support and PTG is lacking, particularly among the bereaved. In this longitudinal study, we surveyed 181 adults who had lost first‐degree relatives within 1 year at three intervals, each 6 months apart. The study utilized The Scale of Social Support in Bereavement (SSB), which distinguishes four domains of social support for the bereaved: living support, economic support, grief processing and emotion restoration. Additionally, The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to measure PTG. Random intercepts cross‐lagged panel model analyses revealed that social support and PTG were positively correlated at each time point at the within‐person level. Moreover, at the within‐person level, the total social support, as well as social support in the restoration‐oriented domains at Time 2, positively predicted PTG at Time 3, but this relationship was not observed for grief processing support. Additionally, PTG at Time 1 positively predicted the receipt of emotion restoration support at Time 2 at the within‐person level. The mutual influence between PTG and social support, as well as the differential relationship between types of support and PTG, enriches our understanding of ways to promote positive changes among the bereaved. The findings underscore the importance of restoration‐oriented social support for bereaved individuals in facilitating PTG.
Analysis and Design of Total Harmonic Distortion Performance in Grid‐Tied Single‐Phase Voltage Source Inverters Through Closed‐Loop Modeling
Authors: Gruner Victor F. , Gonçalves Christopher F. , Schmitz Lenon , Martins Denizar C. , Smedley Keyue M. , Coelho Roberto F.
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a methodology to estimate, in the design stage, the total harmonic distortion of the current injected into the power grid by two‐stage voltage source inverters (VSI). As such inverters operate in a closed loop, the quality of the grid current is highly dependent on the dynamics of the control loops. Thus, it is necessary to focus on an approach to model the behavior of the grid current considering the closed‐loop disturbances. The proposed approach allows deriving an equation to predict the behavior of the current injected into the grid and estimate its harmonic distortion, becoming an important tool for optimal design of grid‐connected inverters. To validate the accuracy of the developed methodology, experimental results are presented in different operating scenarios.
Main Group Metal Complexes of Si, Ge and Al with an Unsymmetrical N,N’‐Substituted Diamide Ligand
Authors: Pracht Martin , Roschke Felix , Rüffer Tobias , Korb Marcus , Schaarschmidt Dieter , Auer Alexander A. , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: October 2024

Unsymmetrically N,N’‐substituted metal amides of silicon, germanium and aluminium were synthesized starting from N‐ethyl‐2‐(n‐propylaminomethyl)phenylamine (1, Et,nPr‐ampaH2). Reaction of the dilithium compound of 1 with SiCl4 gave spirocyclic Si(Et,nPr‐ampa)2 (2) and Cl2Si(Et,nPr‐ampa) (3). Reduction of 3 with potassium resulted in the formation of the corresponding cyclotetrasilane [Si(Et,nPr‐ampa)]4 (4), whereas the reaction of 3 with lithium triethylborohydride gave the dihydro silane H2Si(Et,nPr‐ampa) (5). The corresponding germanium(IV) compounds Ge(Et,nPr‐ampa)2 (6) and Cl2Ge(Et,nPr‐ampa) (7) were synthesized starting from GeCl4, amine 1 and NEt3 using appropriate stoichiometric ratios. Reaction of Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2 with amine 1 provided the germylene [Ge(Et,nPr‐ampa)]2 (8). The aluminium dichloro compound Cl2Al(Et,nPr‐ampaH) (9) was obtained either by reaction of the dichlorogermine 7 with lithium aluminium hydride or by reaction of the dilithium salt of 1 with AlCl3. Reaction of trimethylaluminium with amine 1 provided the amido‐amine (CH3)2Al(Et,nPr‐ampaH) (10) which was converted into the diamide CH3Al(Et,nPr‐ampa) (11) by methane elimination.
The Impact of Holistic Justice on the Long‐Term Experiences and Wellbeing of Mass Human Rights Violation Survivors: Ethnographic and Interview Evidence From Kosova, Northern Ireland and Albania
Authors: Kёllezi Blerina , Wakefield Juliet R. H. , Bowe Mhairi , Guxholli Aurora , Livingstone Andrew , Jetten Jolanda , Reicher Stephen
Published: October 2024

Research highlights the long‐term collective effects of mass human rights violations (MHRVs) on survivors’ wellbeing. This multi‐method, multi‐context paper combines the social identity approach (SIA), transitional and social justice theories and human rights‐conceptualised wellbeing to propose a human rights understanding of trauma responses and experiences in the context of MHRVs. In Study 1, ethnographic research in four locations in Kosova, 5 years post war indicates that lack of perceived conflict‐related and social justice is experienced as a key contributor to survivors’ individual and collective wellbeing. In Study 2, 61 semi‐structured interviews with MHRVs survivors from post‐war Kosova, post‐conflict Northern Ireland and post‐dictatorship Albania two to three decades post conflict also show that such justice experiences inform wellbeing. These studies illustrate the importance of expanding the SIA to health and trauma theories by taking account of a human rights‐conceptualised wellbeing as well as adopting a holistic analysis of justice perception.