bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação Nutricional e Funcional em Oncologia e Desfecho Clínico em Pacientes da Cidade de Caxias do Sul/RS
Authors: Maurina Ana Luísa Zanella , Dell'Osbel Rafaela Santi , Zanotti Joana
Published: July 2020

Introdução: A desnutrição e frequente em pacientes oncológicos, prejudicando a funcionalidade e aumentando a mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliação nutricional e funcional de pacientes em tratamento quimioterápico e, após seis meses, avaliar o desfecho clinico. Método: Estudo epidemiológico observacional, com delineamento longitudinal, derivado de uma coorte acompanhada por seis meses, composta por pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico. Realizou-se a avaliação nutricional pelo índice de massa corporal (desnutrição; eutrofia; sobrepeso; obesidade) e pela avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente (bem nutrido; desnutrição moderada ou suspeita de desnutrição; desnutrido grave). A avaliação funcional foi realizada por meio da dinamometria manual (adequada forca muscular; fraqueza muscular). Utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado para comparação de variáveis categóricas e a regressão de Poisson para identificar as razoes de prevalência e intervalos de confiança em 95%. Resultados: Dos 208 investigados, 55,3% eram idosos e 52,4% do sexo feminino. Verificou-se diferença significativa nos resultados dos métodos de avaliação nutricional (p≤0,0001). A maioria dos pacientes com fraqueza muscular não estava com desnutrição (p=0,013; p≤0,001). Após seis meses, 68,4% dos óbitos foram em pacientes desnutridos (p≤0,0001). Idade avançada (p=0,018; p=0,010) e fraqueza muscular (p=0,039; p=0,002) foram associadas a desnutrição. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes não estava desnutrida, embora grande parte apresentou capacidade funcional reduzida. Os métodos de avaliação nutricional diferiram entre si. Após seis meses, pacientes que foram a óbito tinham duas vezes mais chance de desnutrição.
Reconstrução Mamária em Pacientes Oncológicos durante a Pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: Lucas Frederico , Bergmann Anke , Bello Marcelo , Tonellotto Fabiana , Caiado Neto Brasil
Published: July 2020

A pandemia provocada pelo COVID-19 trouxe inúmeras mudanças na sociedade afetando os serviços de saúde, tanto pela demanda não prevista para o atendimento, quanto pela necessidade de instituir e manter o tratamento regular de diversas condições de saúde. É necessário discutir os benefícios de iniciar, manter ou suspender o tratamento do câncer de mama durante a pandemia. Esse artigo tem como objetivo descrever as recomendações para abordagem das pacientes que necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico para o câncer de mama com reconstrução mamária no Hospital do Câncer III do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Gomes de Alencar, no período de pandemia do Sars-CoV-2/Covid-19. Em um cenário de grande demanda e dificuldades de diagnóstico e acesso, o retardo de um procedimento previsto pode fazer a diferença para o desfecho final. Toda a equipe multidisciplinar deve estar informada dos cuidados necessários e participar de todos as etapas do atendimento. O fornecimento de informação e compartilhamento na tomada de decisões são fundamentais.
A Enfermagem Oncológica no Enfrentamento da Pandemia de Covid-19: Reflexões e Recomendações para a Prática de Cuidado em Oncologia
Authors: De Souza Ramos Raquel
Published: July 2020

O presente estudo objetiva apresentar uma reflexão sobre as práticas de cuidado da enfermagem no contexto da oncologia em tempos do enfrentamento da pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil.
Nota Técnica da Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Oncológica sobre os Cuidados Nutricionais em Oncologia frente à Pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Brum Martucci Renata , Calabria Cardoso Ana Maria , Weirich Gallon Carin , Coelho Carvalho Erika Simone , Fontenelle de Menezes Freitas Izabella , Carvalho Santos Roriz Lilianne , Zuolo Coppini Luciana , Beitler da Cruz Luciane , Dantas Maria Amélia , Varjão da Costa Maria Lúcia , Dias Gruezo Nádia , Dias Rodrigues Viviane , Barroso de Pinho Nivaldo
Published: July 2020

O objetivo da presente Norma Técnica é garantir as melhores condições de saúde dos pacientes e minimizar os riscos de infecção dos profissionais, pacientes e familiares.
Como a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco Pode Ajudar no Enfrentamento da Pandemia da Covid-19?
Authors: Cavalcante Tânia Maria , Lacerda Mendes Felipe , De Abreu Perez Cristina , Ribeiro de Carvalho Alexandre Octávio , Leal Teixeira Ana Paula , Rodrigues Viegas João Ricardo
Published: July 2020

Enquanto a pandemia da Covid-19 é recente e rapidamente mobilizou recursos e vontade política para seu enfrentamento em todo o planeta, o tabagismo é uma pandemia antiga, de evolução crônica e arrastada, apesar de todo o conhecimento sobre seus riscos e as melhores práticas para revertê-la.
Necessidade de Assistência Psicossocial em Tempos de Pandemia Causada pelo Novo Coronavírus: um Olhar Atento aos Pacientes Oncológicos e aos Profissionais da Área da Oncologia
Authors: Cirilo Sara Sabrina Vieira , Silva Pedro Henrique dos Santos , Cruz Victor Trindade da , Correia Rafael Santos , Maia Julianna Pereira da Costa , Silva Franciele Basso Fernandes
Published: July 2020

Diante do panorama da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus, a rápida produção e o compartilhamento de informações, aliados às medidas de isolamento social implantadas como forma de combate à transmissão da doença, estão promovendo maiores níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão na população. O bem-estar psicológico da população é fundamental para o enfrentamento da Covid-19, pois é necessário que as pessoas se sintam seguras para enfrentar as situações adversas que possam surgir, ou que estejam instaladas, nas quais se destacam os pacientes oncológicos e os profissionais que trabalham nos serviços de atendimento oncológico.
Mature teratoma in a neonate presenting as an intraoral cystic lesion: A case report
Authors: Singh Srijan
Published: July 2020

Teratomas are germ cell neoplasms that can occur in the cervical and craniofacial regions. A male neonate, antenatally diagnosed with intraoral cystic lesion, presented with a large 5 cm × 5 cm cystic swelling at birth arising from the palate. Alpha-fetoprotein levels of the patient were >1000 IU/L and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels were <0.9 mIU/ml. Computed tomography neck showed a cystic hypodense lesion of palatal origin measuring 4.9 cm × 4.3 cm × 4.6 cm. The baby developed respiratory distress at around 10 min of life and underwent coablation-assisted cyst excision of the lesion. Histopathology revealed mature cystic teratoma. Postoperatively, the baby was mechanically ventilated for 2 days and subsequently weaned off respiratory support.
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis at birth in an infant with Down syndrome: A unique entity
Authors: Vechangi Bindhu , Gupta Gaurav , Umasanker Swati , Gupta Priyanka , Mohan Kriti , Singh Neha , Bhat Nowneet Kumar , Chacham Swathi
Published: July 2020

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a hematological disorder, which is rare but unique for children with Down syndrome. It is important to diagnose this entity, as these children are at 500 times higher risk for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) later in life. We report a late-preterm, low birth weight, female baby born to a 35-year-old G4P2L2A1 mother. The baby was diagnosed to have down’s phenotype at birth. On the day one of life, the baby had leukocytosis with increased peripheral blast cells. On 23rd day of life, there was a resolution of leukocytosis and the disappearance of blast cells. The child has been under regular follow-up since then. As these children are at a high risk for the development of AML in later life, a hemogram with total leukocyte counts and differential count should be a part of neonatal follow-up.
Gobierno Abierto y Participación Ciudadana. Algunas normas necesarias en Venezuela
Authors: Pinho De Oliveira Maria Fatima
Published: July 2020

Este trabajo argumentativo presenta como objetivo principal abordar de forma brevemente teórica particularidades sobre el gobierno abierto y la participación ciudadana en Venezuela, en torno a aspectos conceptuales, sus características: transparencia, participación y colaboración y una referencia a las leyes venezolanas. Cabe destacar que el Gobierno Abierto ha generado una apertura a su estudio en los últimos años en el área de la Ciencia Política a nivel mundial. Justifica su importancia en la actual necesidad de aumentar el nivel de satisfacción de los ciudadanos donde se busca en los entes y organismos gubernamentales la eficiencia en su desempeño. La metodología está basada en una investigación documental, donde a través de la interpretación se analizarán los contenidos de algunos textos. En el caso de Venezuela, lamentablemente apenas está impulsándose en el tema del gobierno abierto.
Farmacéuticos, propiedad intelectual y derechos humanos. En busca de un equilibrio.
Authors: Becerra Ramírez Manuel
Published: July 2020

Alegando la necesidad de recompensar a los innovadores (generalmente grandes empresas trasnacionales), a principios de la década de los años noventa del siglo pasado se introducen los derechos de la propiedad intelectual de las invenciones farmacéuticas en los tratados de libre comercio. Este hecho tiene un gran significado de carácter jurídico y económico internacional. En principio, al comercializarse las invenciones farmacéuticas, se obstaculiza el acceso de la población a los fármacos. Al mismo tiempo es una violación del derecho humano a la salud reconocido por el derecho internacional y que el Estado tiene la obligación de garantizar. La pandemia del COVID-19 replantea lo adecuado o no de la inserción de los productos farmacéuticos en el sistema de los derechos de la propiedad intelectual. También el tremendo impacto de la pandemia a todos los aspectos de la vida social, invita a reflexionar sobre el futuro de los monopolios de explotación en ámbitos tan importantes como la salud de las personas.
Organismos plaga y benéficos asociados a cítricos de traspatio en Tierras Altas, Chiriquí, Panamá
Authors: Collantes González Rubén , Jerkovic Maricsa
Published: July 2020

Los cítricos son frutos con propiedades nutritivas y nutracéuticas, siendo consumidos directamente y empleados en la industria de alimentos, medicinas, entre otros. Se encuentran con frecuencia en traspatios, pero la mayoría no reciben un manejo adecuado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer los organismos plaga y benéficos asociados a cítricos de traspatio en Tierras Altas, Chiriquí, para ello, se seleccionó al azar en Cerro Punta, nueve árboles de traspatio sin manejo agronómico; mientras que, en Paso Ancho, se escogieron 11 árboles manejados convencionalmente. Se revisó la copa de los árboles y se podó las ramas y follaje afectados para ubicar fácilmente los organismos presentes. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que, en Cerro Punta el 88;9% de las plantas estuvieron afectadas por fumagina (Capnodiumsp.), como consecuencia del daño por insectos como Paraleyrodes sp., Aphisspiraecola, Lepidosaphesbeckii y Saissetiaco f f eae (Hemiptera), encontrándcoe estos últimos en mutualismo con hormigas (Formiciae); 44;4% tenían daños en hojas y frutos por ácaros; 11;1% presentó afectaciones en el follaje por oídio; 22;2% de las plantas, correspondientes a limón mandarino (Citrus x limonia), tenían presencia de matapalo (Struthanthus orbicularis), además de plantas epífitas; mientras que los organismos benéficos estuvieron representados por las familias Araneidae y Salticidae (Arachnida), Labiidae (Dermaptera), Syrphidae (Diptera) y las especies Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Apis mellifera y un abejorro (Apidae). En Paso Ancho, sólo se observó daño por ácaros en el follaje de limón persa (Citrus x latifolia), siendo el principal manejo el uso de agroquímicos, pero no se encontró presencia de insectos benéficos. Se concluye que, los cítricos de traspatio sin manejo adecuado, tienen mayor predominancia de plagas, mientras que el uso de plaguicidas sintéticos limita la posibilidad de establecimiento de organismos benéficos.
THE DIFFERENCE OF PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AT URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN ACEH PROVINCE
Authors: Purnama Sari Riezky , Pratiwi Ayu
Published: July 2020

Protein is needed by the human body, especially to develop and repair body tissues. The adequacy rate of protein consumption shows the amount of minimal protein needed by each resident in a day to be able to live healthy and active. The Indonesian adequacy rate of protein consumption based on the results of the National Widyakarya Food and Nutrition X set a standard of consumption per capita protein per day which is 57 grams of protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in protein consumption in urban and rural areas in Aceh province. Data used on average consumption of protein in urban and rural areas by food in 2018 in the Aceh province were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Aceh. The data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Test with the help of SPSS 23 software. Based on the results of descriptive statistics in urban areas in Aceh province, protein consumption according to food was 62.42 grams, while in rural areas it was 57.42 grams. This shows that the protein consumption of the people of Aceh province has fulfilled the protein adequacy rate.Then from the output of SPSS 23 protein consumption in urban and rural areas obtained Mann-Whitney U value = 79,000 with an Asymp Value Sig (2 tailed) = 0.590 so that the Asymp Sig value obtained> 0.05 then H0 is accepted meaning that there is no significant difference between consumption protein in urban and rural areas in Aceh
Writing Martyrdom: Agrippa d'Aubigné's Reconstruction of Sixteenth-century Martyrology
Authors: Maynard Katherine S.
Published: July 2020

Cet article examine comment Agrippa d'Aubigné utilise l'Histoire des martyrs de Jean Crespin dans sa composition de deux textes martyrologiques, le premier étant son poème Les Tragiques, et le deuxième son Histoire universelle. Ces ouvrages révèlent dans une large mesure comment d'Aubigné a lu et récrit l'Histoire des martyrs. L'Histoire universelle démontre que la puissance du martyr se réalise seulement lorsque l'expérience des témoins confirme le texte. Dans Les Tragiques, d'Aubigné cherche à recréer ce cadre. Son poème comporte des vignettes qui accompagnent le texte de Crespin et qui visent à renouveler un lectorat pour lequel l'expérience du martyr n'appartient qu'au passé.
Holy Dying in Richard II
Authors: Schuler Robert M.
Published: July 2020

Dans le Richard II de Shakespeare, 2ième acte, scène 1, le roi Richard assiste à l’agonie de John of Gaunt, considéré—selon les termes de la théorie politique des Tudor—autant comme monarque sacerdotal de droit divin (dans son corps politique) que comme parent (dans son corps naturel). Ces deux fonctions correspondent chacune à une pratique particulière de la sainte agonie: l’agonie canonique, relevant du sacrement administré par les prêtres de l’Ordre pour la Visite des Malades, et l’ars moriendi laïque. La scène en question est construite de manière à montrer que Richard se crée des parodies démoniaques de ces pratiques, renforçant les détails précédant de la pièce le présentant comme rex imago diaboli plutôt que comme rex imago Dei. Toutefois, alors qu’il perd en puissance, Richard reconnaît graduellement la nature démoniaque de ses précédentes représentations de la monarchie, et entreprend un processus d’auto examen qui le prépare à une authentique sainte agonie dans 5.5. Bolingbroke, dans l’intervalle, a ironiquement tenu compte du précédant personnage démoniaque de Richard, lorsqu’il donne des exemples remarquables de la citation prisée des démonologues élisabéthains: « la rébellion est un péché comparable à la sorcellerie » (1 Samuel 15,23). Toutefois, malgré le rattrapage spirituel et personnel de Richard, la pièce de Shakespeare démystifie la royauté en tant qu’incarnation de la monarchie sacerdotale de droit divin, et par la même occasion soulève la question de la possibilité pour tous les humains d’incarner l’idéal du rex imago Dei.
"Now is hell landed here upon the earth": Renaissance Poverty and Witchcraft in Thomas Middleton's The Black Book
Authors: Hand Molly
Published: July 2020

En 1604, le pamphlet The Black Book de Thomas Middleton a été publié en deux éditions à Londres. Middleton y répond au Pierce Penniless His Supplication to the Devil (1592) de Thomas Nashe et au The Black Booke's Messenger (1592) de Robert Greene, dans le cadre du débat concernant le Londres interlope des escrocs, des petits voleurs, et des pauvres de la ville. Il y réplique également au mythe de Faust, et contribue ainsi au débat portant sur la sorcellerie et le diable. En examinant The Black Book dans le contexte de ces deux débats apparentés, l’auteur avance que le pamphlet de Middleton met en lumière les fondements et les implications économiques de la représentation qu’avait la culture de la Renaissance des démons, sorcières, mendiants et escrocs. The Black Book propose un Lucifer qui prend la parole pour répondre à l'appel à l'aide désespéré de Pierce Penniless. En faisait endosser le rôle de la Charité à l'ennemi ultime de l'humanité, Middleton remet en question et démystifie les notions contemporaines de sorcellerie et de pauvreté urbaine. Son pamphlet offre un unique commentaire favorable sur la pauvreté et la sorcellerie dans la littérature de la Renaissance.
Mapping the Marriage: Thomas Geminus's "Britanniae Insulae Nova Descriptio" and "Nova Descriptio Hispaniae" (1555)
Authors: Samson Alexander
Published: July 2020

La représentation du mariage et de la co-monarchie de Philippe et Marie exprimée dans deux cartes géographiques de l'emigré flamant Thomas Geminus, produites en 1555, soutient les aspirations des Habsbourgs dans ce nouveau royaume, dans le but calculé d'attirer le mécénat d'un monarque qui avait un intérêt bien connu pour la cartographie. Malgré le fait que sa carrière, ses relations et ses associés suggèrent qu'il était un protestant engagé, plusieurs raisons l'ont probablement conduit à entreprendre ce projet, une de ces raisons étant au premier chef son statut d’étranger. Ses deux cartes géographiques démontrent que ses convictions religieuses n'ont pas exclu d'emblée sa participation et sa collaboration avec le gouvernement de Marie. En fait, la présence espagnole en Angleterre s'est avérée un stimulant important des entreprises coloniales anglaises, et plusieurs protestants ont profités des connaissances géographiques insurpassées des Habsbourgs. À travers une meilleure connaissance du contexte de la production des cartes géographiques, de ses emplois et de ses modes d’exposition, il est possible de mieux comprendre comment ces cartes reflètent les contours changeant des relations politiques, économiques et culturelles entre l'Espagne et l'Angleterre, exprimant ainsi les volontés politiques et la tolérance qui ont caractérisé les débuts du règne de Philippe comme roi d'Angleterre.
Two French Views of Monstrous Peoples in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Leskinen Saara
Published: July 2020

Les témoignages anciens et médiévaux de l’Afrique subsaharienne mentionnent un certain nombre de nations qui étaient soit physiquement extrêmement déformées, soit avaient des coutumes bizarres et inhumaines. Pendant la Renaissance, de tels récits avaient encore cours, bien que certains auteurs les aient remis en question et même rejetés. Cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles les auteurs français André Thevet et François de Belleforest ont nié l’existence de telles nations. Les deux auteurs ont emprunté aux théories traditionnelles concernant ces nations monstrueuses, mais les ont adaptées à leur propre point de vue, illustrant ainsi la flexibilité avec laquelle les auteurs de la Renaissance sélectionnaient et interprétaient les savoirs qui leur étaient antérieurs.
TAHAP PENGETAHUAN GURU BAHASA ARAB DALAM MELAKSANAKAN KELAS BERBALIK [THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ARABIC LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN IMPLEMENTING FLIPPED CLASSROOM]
Authors: Hilmi Asma , Mohd Zakaria Zarima , Nur Fuad Ai Fatimah
Published: July 2020

The use of technology in education is very common nowadays, and it is strongly encouraged as it provides effectiveness of the teaching and learning process especially through the 'Flipped Classroom' method. The form of this method focuses on the uses of technology and student-centered. Previous studies have shown that the Flipped classroom method has a positive effect on increasing students' interest in learning. However, recent studies show that most Arabic language teachers still use traditional methods in their teaching, making the learning environment passive and tedious. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the knowledge that Arabic teachers need to master in implementing the Flipped Classroom in order to make the teaching process more effective and engaging students.
KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA ARAB DI BANK ISLAM MALAYSIA BERHAD DAN MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAM DAN ADAT MELAYU PERAK (MAIPK) [STUDY OF THE USE OF ARABIC AT BANK ISLAM MALAYSIA BERHAD AND MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAM DAN ADAT MELAYU PERAK (MAIPK)]
Authors: Fadhli Mustafa Ahmad Farid , Mohd Hussin Mohd Yahya
Published: July 2020

The Arabic language learning and teaching scenario is based solely on the basic courses taken to qualify for the graduation process. This study was conducted to identify the use of Arabic terms as well Islamic practices used in financial institutions by officials and to know the use of Arabic as a lingua franca in Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) and Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Melayu Perak (MAIPk). The results of this study propose a guideline for designing the development of Arabic language modules suitable for use as Malaysian Institute of Higher Education for job preparation.
Pola Pertumbuhan dan Kondisi Habitat Labi-Labi (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770) Di Desa Sababangunan Kabupaten Padang Lawas Utara
Authors: Dimenta Rivo Hasper , Machrizal Rusdi , Siregar Siti Fatimah
Published: July 2020

This research was done to know the information about the Population of softshell turtle (A.cartilaginea) in Sababangunan Village-North of Padang Lawas District. The purpose of this study was to find out the growth pattern and the quality of physical-chemical water factor (environment parameters) whos showed river condition supporting life of A.cartilaginea in Sababangunan village-Padang Lawas Utara District. Determination of research location conducted by purposive sampling methode and sampling activity taken by using handsortir method. The analysis of data collect include measurement of morphometric (the range of length carapace, weight of body), the relationship of length-weight , growth pattern, and description of quality of physical-chemical water factor. Results showed the measurements of morphometric A.cartilaginea in range of carapace length were 10.5 - 28.5 cm with the weight of body were 190-1800 gr. The relationship models of carapace length-weights of A.cartilaginea in Sababangunan village were 0,016L2,234174, it’s describe the pattern of growth is allometric negative (b<3). The average value of river water quality conditions is still classified as within the range of tolerance in A.cartilaginea life.
Uji Kandungan Boraks Pada Bakso Di Kecamatan Muara Bangkahulu Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Sari Melisa Mayang , Nurmansyah Jimmy , Supriati Rochmah
Published: July 2020

Meatball is one of meals liked by many people, from kids, teenagers, to adults. However, in meatball making process, there are still some sellers who add borax into the dough which is actually very dangerous to people health. This research aimed to detect borax in some meatball samples using curcumin compound. The samples were collected from Muara Bangkahulu sub-district, Bengkulu city, using purposive sampling method. Samples preparation was conducted in Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) KESMAVET laboratory using curcumin solution 0.5% and the samples were examined after method validation. From 20 samples examined, 5 samples were positive containing borax. In sample M210111, the borax concentration was between 1% ?x?5% or 1?x?5 g/100 ml, meanwhile samples M210103, M210112, M210114 contained borax in range 0.5%?x?1% or 0.5?x?1 g/100 m. The samples prevalence value was 18.51% and the samples incidence value was 25%.
Eszopiclone in the treatment of insomnia
Authors: Jarema Marek , Wichniak Adam
Published: July 2020

Insomnia is an important medical problem; its treatment requires both nonpharmacological methods (education and psychotherapy) and the use of hypnotic agents. The benzodiazepine derivatives may be used as hypnotic agents but their use is substantially limited. The alter­native treatment includes so-called z-drugs, which means nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agents. Their mechanism of pharmacological action is a GABA-receptor agonism. In general, these drugs improve the quality of sleep (sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, number and duration of awakenings, total sleep time). Contrary to the benzo­diazepines they do not possess anti-anxiety, myorelaxant, and anti-seizure properties, and are better tolerated. Eszopiclone for the treatment of insomnia was not available in Poland. It is not only effective in the treatment of insomnia in comparison to placebo but is also well tolerated. It may be used for a longer time than the benzodiazepines – not only a couple of weeks but per several months. Eszopiclone shortens the sleep latency, decreases the number of wakes after sleep onset and increases total sleep time. It improves the subjective evaluation of sleep by the patients, the quality of sleep and functioning during the day. Its efficacy in the treatment of insomnia in the elderly has also been proved. It is quite well-tolerated and the most frequent side-effect of eszopiclone in the unpleasant taste.
Farming in Hawke's Bay
Authors: Dowling L.J.
Published: July 2020

There is a wide range of farming enterprises in the Hawke's Bay region because of the extended nature of the region, from Wairoa to south of Woodville, favourable climate and the mixture of soil types. This paper is therefore a general overview of the district and it attempts to provide some comparisons for those who attended the conference in 1975 and possibly 1955. Keywords: beef, cattle, climate, deer, forestry, goats, Hawke's Bay, horticulture, sheep, soils, viticulture
Farmer perceptions of reasons for perennial pasture persistence and the relationship of these with management practice, species composition, and soil fertility
Authors: Daly M.J. , Fraser T. , Perkins A. , Moffat C.M.
Published: July 2020

During 1997/98, a postal survey of 100 sheep and beef pastoral farms asked the farmers a range of questions based around pasture performance and their perceptions on persistence, and asked them to identify a persistent paddock on their farm. The farmers were then interviewed on the management of the chosen persistent paddock and the paddock was assessed for composition and fertility. The farmers ranked pasture species persistence fourth, behind pasture quality, animal health, and soil fertility in terms of importance to the whole farm system. The difference was significant between pasture quality and pasture persistence. The persistent pastures, as identified by the farmers, had high levels of desirable species and low levels of weeds and low-fertility volunteer species. The survey showed some pastures can persist and maintain high levels of desirable species for periods over 21 years. Fertility is a key factor in pasture persistence followed by drainage and grazing management. Keywords: farm management, farm survey, farmers' perceptions, interview, pasture persistence, species composition, soil fertility
Hill country farm investment options - cocksfoot pasture vs. superphosphate fertiliser
Authors: Barker D.J. , Sheppard D.G. , Mackay A.D. , Dymock N.
Published: July 2020

Farmers can choose between investment in pasture species or fertiliser, however, there are few comparisons of these options. This paper reports on the effects of 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot, (Dactylis glomerata L.) introduction and superphosphate application on pasture production in hill country. The effects of pasture production on bullbeef production were subsequently modelled using Stockpol®. Pasture, bull and financial performance was measured within four self-contained farmlets (each approximately 9 ha) at the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station; half of two farmlets had been oversown with Wana in autumn 1992 and two farmlets were untreated "Resident" hill pasture. The Wana farmlets generated an average $42.80/ha greater income than Resident farmlets. On average, modelling with Stockpol found gross financial return was increased by 80% by application of 40 kgP/ha ($715.26/ha) compared to nil fertiliser ($397.84/ha). With a cost of fertiliser of $2.44/kgP applied ($97.60) this predicted return was highly profitable. If the establishment costs of Wana were spread over the life of the pasture economic responses would be greater from investment in Wana cocksfoot, however, in the short term, economic responses were greater from investment in fertiliser. In the medium term a combination of investment in Wana establishment and fertiliser input would likely maximise the economic return. Keywords: bull beef, Dactylis glomerata L., farm system, 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot, Stockpol®, superphosphate
Dags in sheep; a look at faeces and reasons for dag formation
Authors: Waghorn G.C. , Gregory N.G. , Todd S.E. , Wesselink R.
Published: July 2020

Dags represent a major cost to sheep farmers, in both monetary terms and because of the stress associated with flystrike. Historically, the incidence of dags has been attributed in large part to worm burdens, but other causes may be more important, viz parasite larval challenge, fungal endophyte and selection of sheep for resistance to worms. These and other factors associated with the incidence of dags are summarised, together with variations in faecal types (physical and chemical composition) which affect their capacity for adhesion to wool. Much of these data emphasise the importance of differences or changes in intestinal function being responsible for the loose and gooey faeces which develop into dags. Flystrike is strongly correlated with dags, and this scenario cannot be tolerated in a country claiming to produce good, clean food. Keywords: dags, diarrhoea, endophyte, faeces, flystrike, parasitism, sheep
The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in sheep during late summer and autumn
Authors: Barry T.N. , Mcnabb W.C. , Kemp P.D. , Waghorn G.C. , Min B.R. , Luque A.
Published: July 2020

(23 g condensed tannins (CT) /kg DM) and perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture (1 g CT/ kg DM) during the late summer/autumn of 1997 (Experiment 1) and 1998 (Experiment 2). Ewes were in thin condition and weighed 54 kg in Experiment 1 and were fat and weighed 60 kg in Experiment 2. Oestrus was synchronised for two cycles in Experiment 1 and four cycles in Experiment 2. Ewes were grazed at maintenance for the first 10 days of each oestrus cycle and then ad libitum for the last 6 days, including ovulation. Half the ewes grazing L. corniculatus were drenched twice daily with polyethylene glycol (PEG), to inactivate the condensed tannins. Relative to ewes grazing pasture, grazing ewes on L. corniculatus increased both ovulation rate (OR) and wool production, with the response in OR being greater in Experiment 1 (34%) than in Experiment 2 (13%). Maximum increase in OR occurred after grazing lotus for two cycles (5 weeks). Increases in fecundity were caused by a reduction in the proportion of ewes exhibiting single ovulation and increases in the proportions having doubled and triple or quadruple ovulations. As judged by responses to PEG supplementation, part of the L. corniculatus response in OR could be explained by action of CT in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. As voluntary feed intake was similar between the treatments, feeding L. corniculatus improved the efficiency with which ingested nutrients were used for reproduction and wool growth. It was concluded that grazing L. corniculatus during autumn has most potential for increasing OR in lighter ewes. Keywords: condensed tannin, forage, Lotus corniculatus, nutritive value, ovulation rate, wool growth Abbreviations
Genetic improvements in New Zealand forage cultivars
Authors: Woodfield D.R.
Published: July 2020

Substantial genetic gains have been achieved across a range of temperate forage grass and legume species in New Zealand during the past 60 years. The genetic gains reported here compare favourably with those achieved in cereals and with those achieved for similar species internationally. Substantial improvements in grain yield of cereal crops have been achieved through changes in harvest index; however, increases in yield of forage grasses and legumes reflect increases in total above ground biomass. Rates of genetic gain have been lower in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) than in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and lower in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) than in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Gains in forage yield and quality have often exceeded 1% per year and have led to significant (0.3 to 1.3% per year) increases in animal performance. Keywords: animal performance, forages, genetic improvement, quality, symbiotic associations, yield
Long term (?) effects of withholding superphosphate application on North Island hill country: a 10-year update
Authors: Dodd M.B. , Ledgard S.F.
Published: July 2020

Measurements of soil phosphate, pasture production and botanical composition from two superphosphate fertiliser trials in northern North Island hill country (Whatawhata and Te Kuiti) have been made over a 15-year period. The impacts of superphosphate fertiliser withholding have included a decline in Olsen P, decreases in annual pasture production of 10-17% (Whatawhata) and 22-42% (Te Kuiti), decreases in the abundance of productive and desirable species (15-20% for ryegrass and white clover), and increases in the abundance of undesirable species (browntop and other low fertility grasses). These changes have increased over time, beyond that period covered by the original experiments (4-6 years). Different responses to withholding between the two sites are still apparent, and the reasons for these are explored. It is not clear that these systems have yet reached a new equilibrium, nor how long it will take for this to happen. The implications for our view of longterm grassland studies are discussed. Keywords: fertiliser, long-term, pasture production, pasture species composition
Silvopastoralism using tended poplars on New Zealand hill country: The opportunities
Authors: Mcgregor E. , Mackay A. , Dodd M. , Kemp P.
Published: July 2020

The view of the presenters of this paper is that more trees need to be integrated into New Zealand farming systems. This is particularly relevant to some 3.7 million ha of North Island hill lands that require significant soil conservation measures. Trees have numerous benefits beyond soil conservation and these are outlined. The simplest and most effective means of implementing a large scale strategy of tree planting on land dominated by livestock farming enterprises is likely to be through the use of wide-spaced tended poplars. It is our perception that the full range of benefits (and costs) is not well appreciated within the industry, and so we have attempted to summarise and discuss them here. We have adopted the perspective of the individual farmer, who in the end is the one who will determine the role of trees in the rural landscape. Keywords: conservation, hill country farming, landscape, poplar, silvopastoralism, soil conservation
Financial analysis of pasture improvement on Earnscleugh Station
Authors: Ogle G.I. , Allan B.E. , Campbell A. , Bates J.R.
Published: July 2020

The financial benefit of improving depleted pastures in the New Zealand high country is considered. Two models were developed based on Earnscleugh Station in Central Otago using RANGEPACK HerdEcon with data gathered from a large-scale pasture development trial. One model developed 721 ha of extra pastures using the costs and production gains expected while the other did not undertake development. The cash surplus accumulated after taxation was 4.7% higher after 10 years if no development occurred while the Net worth was 1% better if nothing was done. Reducing developed costs to $50/ha did not achieve a payback within 10 years whereas a marginal increase in stock numbers of 2.25 stock units achieved this. It was estimated that some of the landforms on Earnscleugh Station's pasture development trial did achieve this level of productivity. The overall poor performance of the development simulations was concluded to be a result of developing marginal landforms, which although cheap to develop make the scenario unprofitable. Keywords: development, financial analysis, fine wool, merino, pasture improvement, price variability
Effects of effluent and urea application on groundwater, soil and pastures at WTARS
Authors: Roach C.G. , Stevens G. , Clark D.A. , Nicholas P.
Published: July 2020

encouraged by many regional councils, and the use of urea fertiliser on dairy farms has increased over recent years. A 3-year trial was started in September 1997 to investigate the effects of urea and dairy effluent applications on pastures, soils and groundwater quality. Twenty-one 0.25 ha paddocks received urea or dairy effluent at rates of 0, 100, 200, or 400 kg N/ha/yr, and were grazed by dairy cows. Increasing nitrogen application rates resulted in increased pasture production and ryegrass content, and nitrate leaching to ground water. Nitrate leaching was estimated to be 14, 18, 26 and 56 kg N/ha/yr for the 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha/yr application rates respectively. No differences in these responses were measured between urea and effluent when applied at the same rate of nitrogen. Application of dairy effluent resulted in increased average pasture potassium levels from 3.65%DM to 4.00%DM, which may have implications for animal health. Application of dairy effluent also decreased soil sulphur levels and increased soil magnesium status. Keywords: dairy effluent, groundwater, nitrate leaching, nitrogen, pasture, soil, urea
Nitrogen responses on pastures in the southern South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Smith L.C. , Morton J.D. , Catto W.D. , Trainor K.D.
Published: July 2020

increasing farm production is the low pasture production in early spring and late autumn. In order to accurately predict the effect of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on production at these times, four smallplot mowing trials looking at pasture responses to N fertiliser were established on two dairy farms and one sheep farm in Southland and one sheep farm in Central Otago in August 1998. Monthly applications of 50 kg N/ha as urea were applied from August to May. Pasture production was measured monthly using a pasture probe in Southland and by cutting and drying the herbage in Central Otago. Results show that the August- September applications of N gave pasture responses of 1.5-9 kg DM/kg N in 1998 and 6-23 kg DM/kg N in 1999. The October-November N applications gave responses of 4-20 kg DM/kg N in 1998 and 4-15 kg DM/kg N in 1999. The February-March applications of N produced responses of 6-14 kg DM/kg N in 1999 and 3.2-20 kg DM/kg N in 2000. The response to August-applied N was similar in the second month after application to the first month. For the March application, most of the response occurred in the first 30 days following application, although small responses were measured up to 90 days after application at some sites. N applied in May had a small carryover effect on spring (September) pasture production, but the August application resulted in the greatest overall production increase in September. This study showed that a single application of N in August or March can result in large pasture production increases under mowing with clippings removed, without depressing clover growth. Keywords: autumn, nitrogen fertiliser, nitrogen response, pasture production, spring
Salt supplementation of dairy cows
Authors: O'Connor M.B. , Hawke M.F. , Waller J.E. , Rotherham J.R. , Coulter S.P.
Published: July 2020

Supplementation of salt to dairy cows on a pumice soil at Waikite, Rotorua gave a 12.8% increase in milk yield with unaltered composition. The response was immediate and occurred over a 3- month trial period. The result was obtained on ryegrass/clover pastures averaging 0.05% Na whereas the recommended concentration for dairy cows is 0.12% Na. Two methods of diagnosing Na deficiency were examined in the trial namely saliva Na: K ratios and pasture Na content. In the case of the former, practical sampling problems and a lack of a production response calibration indicates that of the two methods, pasture analysis will probably be the most simple and reliable means of diagnosing deficiency. Salt supplementation in a Na-deficient situation is likely to be economically very viable. If the 12.8% milk production response in the current trial was extended to the full lactation period this would give an additional income of $129/cow (at $3.50/kg milk solids) at a cost of $2.84/cow increased. Sodium deficiency is likely to become more prevalent in the future as outputs of Na on farms exceed inputs and potassium fertiliser continues to be applied at rates in excess of maintenance. Further work is required to determine critical Na levels for production responses, the best methods of supplementation, the rates of application required and how well salt dissolves and mixes with other drenches. Keywords: dairy cows, milk yield, salt supplementation, sodium response
The effect of pasture species on pasture and animal performances in irrigated systems
Authors: Moss R.A. , Fraser T.J. , Daly M.J. , Knight T.L. , Carson D.G.
Published: July 2020

The effect of two contrasting forage supply options on forage and sheep production was evaluated on irrigated farmlet systems at Winchmore, mid Canterbury, over 3 years. One system was based on perennial ryegrass pastures (Control), and the other on hybrid ryegrass, tall fescue, and chicory pastures (Improved). Pasture growth rates were similar for all pasture types, however, pasture cover was on occasion, higher on the Control than Improved systems ensuring this system was self-sufficient in feed while the Improved system had a deficit averaging 714 kgDM/ha/yr. Swards on both systems contained similar proportions of legume but the Improved system contained less grass and more chicory before lamb grazing. Despite the apparent improvement in feed quality of the Improved system, its lamb performance was greater than that from the Control system for the first year only, when swards were newly established and contained greater proportions of chicory and legume. Although pasture production was similar between years there was considerable variation in lamb growth rates. This was most pronounced in the Improved system where pre-weaning rates averaged 266 and 216 g/d in years 1 and 3 respectively, and post-weaning rates 190 and 108 in years 1 and 2 respectively. The post-weaning variation appeared to coincide with fluctuations in clover and to an even greater extent, the chicory content of swards, the proportion of which declined as seasons progressed and pastures aged. The Improved system gave financial returns from lamb that were $49/ha higher than the Control in year 1 but offered no advantage in subsequent years. Compared to the Control, the Improved system had the added costs of more frequent pasture renewal and was further disadvantaged by a feed deficit necessitating buying-in supplies. Improvements anticipated to accrue from the inclusion of higher quality swards in an irrigated animal production system, were not supported by findings from this study. Keywords: irrigation, lamb production, pasture production, pasture quality, pasture species
Nutrient losses in drainage and surface runoff from a cattle-grazed pasture in Southland
Authors: Monaghan R.M. , Paton R.J. , Smith L.C. , Binet C.
Published: July 2020

In response to local concerns about the expanding Southland dairy herd, a 4-year study was initiated in 1995 with the primary objective of quantifying nitrate-N losses to waterways from intensively grazed cattle pastures. Treatments were annual N fertiliser inputs of 0, 100, 200 or 400 kg N/ha. Stocking rate was set according to the pasture production on each of these four treatments, and over the 4 years of study ranged between the equivalent of 2.0 cows/ha for the 0N treatment, to 3.0 cows/ha for the treatment receiving 400 kg N/ ha/year. Mean annual losses of nitrate-N in drainage were 30, 34, 46 and 56 kg N/ha for the 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha/year treatments, respectively. Corresponding mean nitrate-N concentrations in drainage waters were 8.3, 9.2, 12.5 and 15.4 mg/ l, respectively. Very little direct leaching of fertiliser N was observed, even for drainage events in early spring, shortly after urea fertiliser application. The increased nitrate-N losses at higher rates of N fertiliser addition were instead owing to the indirect effect of increasing returns of urine and dung N to pasture. In Years 2 and 3, leaching losses of Ca, Mg, K, Na and sulphate-S averaged 61, 9, 11, 28 and 17 kg/ha/year, respectively, in the 0N fertiliser treatment. Increasing fertiliser N inputs significantly increased calcium and, to a lesser extent, potassium leaching losses but had no effect on losses of other plant nutrients. Surface runoff losses of Total-P, nitrate-N and ammonium- N were less than 0.5 kg/ha/year. For this well-drained Fleming soil, surface runoff was a relatively minor contributor of N to surface water, even for plots receiving high rates of fertiliser N and at a stocking rate of 3.0 cows/ha. Extrapolating these results to a 'typical' dairy pasture in Eastern Southland would suggest that the safe upper limit for annual fertiliser N additions to this site to achieve nitrate in drainage water below the drinking water standard is approximately 170 kg N/ha. Although losses of Ca in drainage were large, returns of this nutrient in maintenance applications of superphosphate-based products and lime should ensure Ca deficiencies are avoided in Southland dairy pastures. Keywords: cation-anion balances, dairy, N fertiliser, nitrate leaching, surface runoff, Southland
Reducing the impact of adverse summer-autumn pasture conditions on livestock performance: results from farmer experience
Authors: Webby R.W. , Johnstone L.C.J. , Sherlock R.
Published: July 2020

A group of 12 farmers managing a total of 8845 ha in the West Waikato Region of the North Island, conducted a project to understand and overcome poor livestock performance during the summer- autumn period. Pastures and livestock were monitored to measure the impact of the conditions. Metabolisable energy (ME) of pasture averaged 9.0, 9.8 and 9.3 mega joules per kg of dry matter over the 3 years of study and elevated levels of pasture toxins were consistently found from mid- January to the end of May. To counter these conditions, farmers adopted varying strategies including pasture management and alternative feeding (silage and forage crops). A computerbased tool that enabled the user to make livestock feeding decisions based on the pasture cover, the ME of the pasture, and the quantity and ME of a feed supplement was developed. Farmers were able to reduce the proportion of damaged livers in lambs from 60 to 40% of the flock, which was against the district trend. When the right strategies were implemented, lamb and cattle liveweight gains increased from 52 to 146 g/day and 0.34 to 0.5 kg/day respectively. On average, ewe reproductive performance also improved during the period from 2.4 to 2.8% of lambs scanned/kg ewe body weight. The project emphasised to farmers that their resident pastures did not meet the needs of a high performing livestock production system and that alternative feeding strategies were required if higher performance was to be achieved. Keywords: Androvax, livestock feeding, metabolisable energy, pasture toxins, zinc