bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined microwave‐assisted extraction and headspace gas chromatography for hexanal determination in fat‐rich food
Authors: Vickackaite Vida , Jurkute Ingrida , Poskus Vilius , Bugelyte Birute
Published: February 2022

The feasibility of a new approach for the determination of volatiles in solid matrices by coupling microwave‐assisted extraction with static headspace gas chromatography has been demonstrated using hexanal as an analyte present in fat‐rich food. Eight polar and low volatility deep eutectic solvents were prepared using microwave heating and examined for hexanal extraction. Choline chloride‐glucose‐water showed the best transition efficiency of hexanal to the headspace and was applied to extract hexanal using microwave‐assisted extraction. Hexanal released from the fat‐rich food is poorly soluble in the hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent choline chloride‐glucose‐water so enters the gas phase and subsequently dissolves in coconut oil fixed above the extraction mixture in a polypropylene capillary. After cooling the capillary was transferred to a headspace vial and headspace gas chromatography was carried out. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 3.1 μg g–1. The developed approach was successfully applied to analyze hexanal in fat‐rich food.
Constructing Synergistic Zn‐N4 and Fe‐N4O Dual‐Sites from the COF@MOF Derived Hollow Carbon for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Miao Qiyang , Yang Shuai , Xu Qing , Liu Minghao , Wu Ping , Liu Guojuan , Yu Chengbin , Jiang Zheng , Sun Yuhan , Zeng Gaofeng
Published: February 2022

Dual‐metal atom catalysts have been demonstrated to display higher catalytic activity and selectivity than that of solo metal atom catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, it is difficult to construct synergistic sites between different atoms even though they are immobilized in the same support, because their low‐density distribution resulted in the long distance between each other. Herein, a synergistic bimetal atomic electrocatalyst for ORR, which has highly dense Zn‐N4 (12.2 wt.% for Zn) and Fe‐N4O sites, from a core–shell hybrid of a covalent organic framework (COF) and a metal–organic framework (MOF) is demonstrated. The resultant catalyst displays a high activity for ORR with a half‐wave potential of 0.89 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 m KOH, which is 50 mV more positive than that of Pt/C. The operando ANES confirms both Zn and Fe sites in the catalyst as active centers, and demonstrates that Fe sites have higher activity in the ORR process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm the synergistic effect enables to improve the activity for both Fe sites and Zn sites in ORR. This work provides a new insight to develop ORR catalysts from COFs and MOFs.
A novel damped braced tube system for tall buildings in high seismic zones
Authors: Ishibashi Yoji , Terazawa Yuki , Tanaka Haruki , Yokoyama Ryo , Mizuno Hiroki , Takeuchi Toru
Published: February 2022

The damped outrigger system is known to efficiently provide additional damping in buildings with heights of over 250 m. However, particularly for supertall buildings in the center of Tokyo, Japan, the outrigger truss from the center core to the exterior columns need to span distances of more than 20 m. This increases the flexural stiffness demand on the outrigger that leads to larger truss depths making the damped outrigger system inefficient. For such tall buildings with large plans, a new damping modification system, the “damped braced tube system” is proposed, where the exterior surface of the elastic mega braces are partially removed vertically to create a split and are replaced with dissipaters (energy‐dissipation devices). The damped braced tube system enhances the seismic performance as the exterior surfaces of the elastic mega braces work together with the damped slits like in a coupled wall system and increases the overall damping ratio. In this paper, numerical models were constructed based on a real project in Japan consisting of a 397‐m supertall building employing the damped tubular braced system using oil dampers (referred to as viscous dissipaters). A series of generalized response spectrum based numerical analyses and optimizations were performed to minimize the seismic response. The proposed system exhibited improved damping performance with the first to third mode damping ratios reaching to more than 7% while providing a wide range of options for dissipater distribution for design. Finally, the elevation of the slit's base is recommended to be equal to 0.22 of the total building height considering the trade‐off relationship between the first modal damping ratio and the fundamental period.
Person-Centred Care Interventions in Pharmaceutical Care
Authors: Marinkovic Valentina , Odalovic Marina , Tadic Ivana , Krajnovic Dusanka , Mandic Irina , Rogers Heather L.
Published: February 2022

This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the concept of person-centred care within pharmaceutical care delivery and provides a historical context. The second section focuses on the professionals and explores the role of person-centred pharmaceutical care as part of multi-disciplinary health services delivery teams. The third section focuses on the patient and describes the role of health literacy in the implementation of person-centred pharmaceutical care. The last section examines E-pharmacy services and the implementation of telepharmacy with implications for person-centred care.
Shared Decision Making
Authors: Marinkovic Valentina , Rogers Heather L. , Lewandowski Roman Andrzej , Stevic Ivana
Published: February 2022

This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section introduces the concept and models of shared decision-making as a framework of person-centered care. The second section focuses on multicriteria decision-making techniques in healthcare settings and literature review about multicriteria decision making analysis methods used in healthcare is presented. The third section introduces the ethical and practical considerations about shared decision-making in person-centered care. In this section, the patient narratives are included, as well as the barriers to implementation.
Quantum symmetries in orbifolds and decomposition
Authors: Robbins Daniel G. , Sharpe Eric , Vandermeulen Thomas
Published: February 2022

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a new set of modular-invariant phase factors for orbifolds with trivially-acting subgroups, analogous to discrete torsion and generalizing quantum symmetries. After describing their basic properties, we generalize decomposition to include orbifolds with these new phase factors, making a precise proposal for how such orbifolds are equivalent to disjoint unions of other orbifolds without trivially-acting subgroups or one-form symmetries, which we check in numerous examples.
Electroweak-Skyrmion as asymmetric dark matter
Authors: Hamada Yu , Kitano Ryuichiro , Kurachi Masafumi
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We propose a scenario that the Electroweak-Skyrmion, a solitonic object made of the Higgs field and the electroweak gauge fields, is identified as an asymmetric dark matter. In this scenario, the relic abundance of the dark matter is related to the baryon asymmetry of the Universe through a sphaleron-like process. We show that the observed ratio of dark matter abundance to the baryon asymmetry can be explained by this scenario with an appropriate choice of model parameters that is allowed by currently available experimental constraints.
The exact WKB and the Landau-Zener transition for asymmetry in cosmological particle production
Authors: Enomoto Seishi , Matsuda Tomohiro
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Cosmological particle production by a time-dependent scalar field is common in cosmology. We focus on the mechanism of asymmetry production when interaction explicitly violates symmetry and its motion is rapid enough to create particles by itself. Combining the exact WKB analysis and the Landau-Zener transition, we point out that perturbation before the non-perturbative analysis may drastically change the structure of the Stokes lines of the theory. The Exact WKB can play an important role in avoiding such discrepancies.
Unstable cosmic neutrino capture
Authors: Akita Kensuke , Lambiase Gaetano , Yamaguchi Masahide
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Future direct observations of the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CνB) have the potential to explore a neutrino lifetime, especially in the region of the age of the universe, t0 = 4.35 × 1017 s. We forecast constraints on neutrino decay via capture of the CνB on tritium, with emphasis on the PTOLEMY-type experiment. In addition, in some cases of invisible neutrino decay into lighter neutrinos in the Standard Model and invisible particles, we can constrain not only the neutrino lifetime but also the masses of the invisible particles. For this purpose, we also formulate the energy spectra of the lighter neutrinos produced by 2-body and 3-body decays, and those of the electrons emitted in the process of the detection of the lighter neutrinos.
Characterizations of weak reverse Hölder inequalities on metric measure spaces
Authors: Kinnunen Juha , Kurki Emma-Karoliina , Mudarra Carlos
Published: February 2022

We present ten different characterizations of functions satisfying a weak reverse Hölder inequality on an open subset of a metric measure space with a doubling measure. Among others, we describe these functions as a class of weak$$A_\infty $$A∞weights, which is a generalization of Muckenhoupt weights that allows for nondoubling weights. Although our main results are modeled after conditions that hold true for Muckenhoupt weights, we also discuss two conditions for Muckenhoupt$$A_\infty $$A∞weights that fail to hold for weak$$A_\infty $$A∞weights.
Does coupling to ADP ribosylation factor 6 explain differences between muscarinic and other receptors in interaction with β-adrenoceptor-mediated smooth muscle relaxation?
Authors: Erdogan Betül R. , Michel Martin C.
Published: February 2022

Numerous studies in airways, ileum, and urinary bladder have demonstrated that relaxation by β-adrenoceptor agonists has lower potency and/or efficacy when contraction was elicited by muscarinic receptor agonists as compared to other G-protein-coupled receptors, KCl, or basal tone, but the molecular mechanisms behind this relative resistance remain unclear. A paper by Huang et al. in this issue demonstrates that NAV2729, an inhibitor of ADP ribosylation factor 6, inhibits contraction of isolated blood vessels elicited by muscarinic receptor agonists, but not by α1-adrenoceptor agonists or KCl. Against this background, we discuss the role of ADP ribosylation factor 6 in cellular responses to G-protein-coupled receptor stimulation. While ADP ribosylation factor 6 apparently is the only promising molecular explanation for the relative resistance of smooth muscle contraction elicited by muscarinic agonists, the existing data are insufficient for a robust conclusion.
Fibrin-based factor delivery for therapeutic angiogenesis: friend or foe?
Authors: Melly Ludovic , Banfi Andrea
Published: February 2022

Therapeutic angiogenesis aims at promoting the growth of blood vessels to restore perfusion in ischemic tissues or aid tissue regeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the master regulator of angiogenesis in development, repair, and disease. However, exploiting VEGF for therapeutic purposes has been challenging and needs to take into account some key aspects of VEGF biology. In particular, the spatial localization of angiogenic signals within the extracellular matrix is crucial for physiological assembly and function of new blood vessels. Fibrin is the provisional matrix that is universally deposited immediately after injury and supports the initial steps of tissue regeneration. It provides therefore several ideal features as a substrate to promote therapeutic vascularization, especially through its ability to present growth factors in their physiological matrix-bound state and to modulate their availability for signaling. Here, we provide an overview of fibrin uses as a tissue-engineering scaffold material and as a tunable platform to finely control dose and duration of delivery of recombinant factors in therapeutic angiogenesis. However, in some cases, fibrin has also been associated with undesirable outcomes, namely the promotion of fibrosis and scar formation that actually prevent physiological tissue regeneration. Understanding the mechanisms that tip the balance between the pro- and anti-regenerative functions of fibrin will be the key to fully exploit its therapeutic potential.
Prehatching temperatures drive inter-annual cohort differences in great tit metabolism
Authors: Broggi Juli , Hohtola Esa , Koivula Kari , Rytkönen Seppo , Nilsson Jan-Åke
Published: February 2022

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) constitutes the lowest metabolic rate in a resting animal and is, therefore, considered to reflect the energetic cost of maintenance in endotherms. BMR is a reversible plastic trait that changes with environmental and ecological circumstances, albeit being heritable and susceptible to selection. Inter-individual variation within populations of small birds is substantial, and while many of the drivers of such variation have been identified, many remain unexplained. We studied winter BMR variation of juveniles over a 15-year period in a wild population of great tits Parus major at the northern border of their distribution. BMR during winter consistently changed between years, even after controlling for environmental factors, suggestive of a non-reversible developmental plasticity shaping the adult metabolic phenotype. BMR in cohorts of wintering great tits varied among winters as a response to minimum ambient temperatures experienced early in life, during the prehatching period. This developmental plasticity might be adaptive if temperatures experienced by growing embryos would metabolically prime them to an environment that they will likely encounter in future life. However, in line with a more unpredictable future climate, the risk of phenotype-environment mismatch is likely to lead to certain cohorts being poorly adapted to prevailing winter conditions, resulting in wider annual fluctuations in population size.
Investigating the role of swear words in abusive language detection tasks
Authors: Pamungkas Endang Wahyu , Basile Valerio , Patti Viviana
Published: February 2022

Swearing plays an ubiquitous role in everyday conversations among humans, both in oral and textual communication, and occurs frequently in social media texts, typically featured by informal language and spontaneous writing. Such occurrences can be linked to an abusive context, when they contribute to the expression of hatred and to the abusive effect, causing harm and offense. However, swearing is multifaceted and is often used in casual contexts, also with positive social functions. In this study, we explore the phenomenon of swearing in Twitter conversations, by automatically predicting the abusiveness of a swear word in a tweet as the main investigation perspective. We developed the Twitter English corpus SWAD (Swear Words Abusiveness Dataset), where abusive swearing is manually annotated at the word level. Our collection consists of 2577 instances in total from two phases of manual annotation. We developed models to automatically predict abusive swearing, to provide an intrinsic evaluation of SWAD and confirm the robustness of the resource. We model this prediction task as three different tasks, namely sequence labeling, text classification, and target-based swear word abusiveness prediction. We experimentally found that our intention to model the task similarly to aspect-based sentiment analysis leads to promising results. Subsequently, we employ the classifier to improve the prediction of abusive language in several standard benchmarks. The results of our experiments show that additional abusiveness feature of the swear words is able to improve the performance of abusive language detection models in several benchmark datasets.
Promoting Less Complex and More Honest Price Negotiations in the Online Used Car Market with Authenticated Data
Authors: Engelmann Andreas , Bauer Ingrid , Dolata Mateusz , Nadig Michael , Schwabe Gerhard
Published: February 2022

Online peer-to-peer (P2P) sales of used and or high-value goods are gaining more and more relevance today. However, since potential buyers cannot physically examine the product quality during online sales, information asymmetries and consequently uncertainty and mistrust that already exist in offline sales are exacerbated in online markets. Authenticated data platforms have been proposed to solve these problems by providing authenticated data about the negotiation object, integrating it into text-based channels secured by IT. Yet, we know little about the dynamics of online negotiations today and the impact of the introduction of authenticated data on online negotiation behaviors. We address this research gap based on two experimental studies along with the example of online used car trade. We analyze users’ communicative and strategic actions in current P2P chat-based negotiations and examine how the introduction of authenticated data affects these behaviors using a conceptional model derived from literature. Our results show that authenticated data can promote less complex negotiation processes and more honest communication behavior between buyers and sellers. Further, the results indicate that chats with the availability of authenticated data can positively impact markets with information asymmetries. These insights provide valuable contributions for academics interested in the dynamics of online negotiations and the effects of authenticated data in text-based online negotiations. In addition, providers of trade platforms who aim to advance their P2P sales platforms benefit by achieving a competitive advantage and a higher number of customers.
Fluctuations of the Magnetization in the Block Potts Model
Authors: Jalowy Jonas , Löwe Matthias , Sambale Holger
Published: February 2022

In this note we study the block spin mean-field Potts model, in which the spins are divided into s blocks and can take $$q\ge 2$$

q
≥
2

different values (colors). Each block is allowed to contain a different proportion of vertices and behaves itself like a mean-field Ising/Potts model which also interacts with other blocks according to different temperatures. Of particular interest is the behavior of the magnetization, which counts the number of colors appearing in the distinct blocks. We prove central limit theorems for the magnetization in the generalized high-temperature regime and provide a moderate deviation principle for its fluctuations on lower scalings. More precisely, the magnetization concentrates around the uniform vector of all colors with an explicit, but singular, Gaussian distribution. In order to remove the singular component, we will also consider a rotated magnetization, which enables us to compare our results to various related models.
Rapid americium separations from complex matrices using commercially available extraction chromatography resins
Authors: Mahmoud Joe , Higginson Matthew , Gilligan Christopher , Thompson Paul , Livens Francis , Heath Scott L.
Published: February 2022

A method for rapid separation of americium from complex matrices by use of two commercially available extraction chromatography resins is reported. TRU resin is capable of purifying americium/lanthanides together from Group 1, Group 2 and transition metals. TRU resin tolerated high loadings of iron, aluminium, calcium sodium and potassium. TEVA resin purified americium/lanthanides by elution with ammonium thiocyanate. Decontamination factors > 20,000 were achieved within one working day. The affinity of TEVA resin for americium, curium and lanthanides as a function of ammonium thiocyanate concentration is reported. The possibility of americium/lanthanide separations on LN resin has been explored.
Plasma-assisted preparation of nano-(ZrC, ZrO2)@carbon composites from Zr-loaded sulfonated styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers
Authors: Martiz Alejandro , Károly Zoltán , Trif László , Mohai Miklós , Bereczki Laura , Németh Péter , Molnár Zsombor , Menyhárd Alfréd , Pawar Rajendra P. , Tekale Sunil , Kótai László
Published: February 2022

We have developed a simple method to prepare nano-(ZrC0.93, ZrO2-polymorphs)@carbon composites with graphite/amorphous carbon content and adjustable Zr/C ratio based on using a multistep tube furnace and plasma-assisted heat treatment of zirconium-loaded sulfonated styrene–divinylbenzene (STY-DVB) copolymers. Pre-pyrolysis of zirconium-loaded sulfonated STY-DVB ion exchangers with 2 and 8 mass % DVB at temperatures between 1000 and 1400 °C for 2 h produced nano-ZrO2@C intermediates with particle sizes of ~ 30–60 nm with no ZrC formation. Plasma processing of nano-ZrO2@C resulted in nano-(ZrC0.93, ZrO2)@C composites with 11% (under a He atmosphere) (C/Zr = 73) or 13% (under a H2 atmosphere) (C/Zr = 58) ZrC0.93 content. Three polymorphs of the zirconium dioxide (tetragonal, monoclinic and cubic, between 18 and 27 nm) were found in the products. The amounts of tetragonal and monoclinic ones are comparable to that of ZrC0.93. The average particle size of ZrC0.93 prepared in this way was found to be 21–23 nm. The BET surface area of the nano-(ZrC0.93, ZrO2)@C(graphite) composites prepared in He and H2 was over 250 and 300 m2/g, respectively. We developed a reproducible and easy method to prepare nano-(ZrC, ZrO2)@C products by setting the DVB content, sulfonation degree, Zr loading and the thermal treatment conditions, which have an influence on the ZrC and graphite/amorphous carbon content of nano-ZrO2@C intermediates. The zirconium-loaded sulfonated styrene–divinylbenzene (STY-DVB) copolymers (2 and 8 mass% DVB) or their thermal decomposition was characterized with vibrational spectroscopy, thermal analysis and DSC or powder XRD, BET, XPS and HRTEM methods, respectively.
Paradoxes in the Management of Timebanks in the UK’s Voluntary Sector: Discursive Bricolage and its Limits
Authors: Glynos Jason , Roussos Konstantinos , Voutyras Savvas , Warren Rebecca
Published: February 2022

This paper contributes to our understanding of volunteer management by charting some important challenges associated with the governance of one of the UK’s largest timebanking networks. While timebanking is often treated as a form of volunteering, many timebank advocates are keen to distinguish it sharply from traditional volunteering. We suggest that this tension generates a fundamental ‘performance paradox’ in the management of timebanks in the voluntary sector. We draw on political discourse theory to characterise and evaluate associated challenges, suggesting that, when viewed against a host of context-specific organisational and policy pressures, the progressive potential of timebanking cannot be realised as a distinct community economy without adequate support. Instead of taking up a position alongside more traditional forms of volunteering, timebanking is more likely to be subsumed by them.
Gene Co-expression Analysis of the Human Substantia Nigra Identifies ZNHIT1 as an SNCA Co-expressed Gene that Protects Against α-Synuclein-Induced Impairments in Neurite Growth and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: McCarthy Erin , Barron Aaron , Morales-Prieto Noelia , Mazzocchi Martina , McCarthy Cathal M. , Collins Louise M. , Sullivan Aideen M. , O’Keeffe Gerard W.
Published: February 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is neurodegenerative disorder with the pathological hallmarks of progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra (SN), and accumulation and spread of inclusions of aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn). Since current PD therapies do not prevent neurodegeneration, there is a need to identify therapeutic targets that can prevent α-Syn-induced reductions in neuronal survival and neurite growth. We hypothesised that genes that are normally co-expressed with the α-Syn gene (SNCA), and whose co-expression pattern is lost in PD, may be important for protecting against α-Syn-induced dopaminergic degeneration, since broken correlations can be used as an index of functional misregulation. Gene co-expression analysis of the human SN showed that nuclear zinc finger HIT-type containing 1 (ZNHIT1) is co-expressed with SNCA and that this co-expression pattern is lost in PD. Overexpression of ZNHIT1 was found to increase deposition of the H2A.Z histone variant in SH-SY5Y cells, to promote neurite growth and to prevent α-Syn-induced reductions in neurite growth and cell viability. Analysis of ZNHIT1 co-expressed genes showed significant enrichment in genes associated with mitochondrial function. In agreement, bioenergetic state analysis of mitochondrial function revealed that ZNHIT1 increased cellular ATP synthesis. Furthermore, α-Syn-induced impairments in basal respiration, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity were not seen in ZNHIT1-overexpressing cells. These data show that ZNHIT1 can protect against α-Syn-induced degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction, which rationalises further investigation of ZNHIT1 as a therapeutic target for PD.
Schriftliches mathematisches Argumentieren in zwei unterschiedlichen Inhaltsbereichen in den Jahrgangsstufen 4–6
Authors: Brunner Esther , Lampart Jonas , Jullier Romaine
Published: February 2022

Im Rahmen einer Studie zum schriftlichen mathematischen Argumentieren wurde untersucht, wie Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufen 4–6 (N = 866) beim Lösen von zwei Aufgaben aus unterschiedlichen Inhaltsbereichen – Arithmetik und Geometrie – argumentieren. Dazu wurden zwei Aufgaben entlang verschiedener theoretisch hergeleiteter Teilkompetenzen mathematischen Argumentierens entwickelt und in Teilaufgaben strukturiert. Zudem wurde geprüft, ob sich Unterschiede zwischen den drei Jahrgangsgruppen nachweisen lassen. Um die Bearbeitung der Begründungsaufgaben bezüglich zentraler inhaltlicher Merkmale beschreiben zu können, wurde entlang theoretischer Grundlagen ein Kategoriensystem entwickelt, das sowohl verschiedene Teilkompetenzen mathematischen Argumentierens in den Blick nimmt als auch die von den Schülerinnen und Schülern genutzten inhaltlichen Ideen erfasst und diese Bearbeitungsmerkmale jeweils bezüglich ihrer Ausführungsqualität einschätzt. Bei der Anwendung des Kategoriensystems ergab sich eine zufriedenstellende bis gute Interraterreliabilität. Vorgestellt werden Ergebnisse zu gezeigten Teilkompetenzen mathematischen Argumentierens sowie einbezogenen inhaltlichen Ideen für das Lösen der beiden Aufgaben. Die Befunde legen nahe, dass der Inhaltsbereich für die Bearbeitung in verschiedener Hinsicht eine Rolle spielt und dass sich die drei Jahrgangsstufen bezüglich verschiedener Merkmale der Bearbeitung voneinander unterscheiden.
“Good” choices vs “what really works”: a comparison of evidence-based practice in medicine and education
Authors: McKnight Lucinda , Morgan Andy
Published: February 2022

Evidence-based practice, in a form which draws predominantly on quantitative research and privileges randomised controlled trials as research methods, has been translated from medicine into education. It follows that combining understanding of both disciplines may contribute to insights into the costs and benefits of this project. This article shares findings from a small study initiated by a medical doctor and teacher educator to compare versions of practice and professionalism offered by two texts from our respective disciplines. These texts advocate evidence-based practice for patients and students with disability and/or special needs. We describe our methodology and methods for interdisciplinary comparative textual analysis and share how this comparison contributes to understanding ways evidence-based practice is performed in education. In particular, we compare the versions of professionalism imagined in these cases and ask questions for policy and practice about motivations for the choices made in the apparently neutral process of “translation”.
A Building Classification System for Multi-hazard Risk Assessment
Authors: Silva Vitor , Brzev Svetlana , Scawthorn Charles , Yepes Catalina , Dabbeek Jamal , Crowley Helen
Published: February 2022

A uniform and comprehensive classification system, often referred to as taxonomy, is fundamental for the characterization of building portfolios for natural hazard risk assessment. A building taxonomy characterizes assets according to attributes that can influence the likelihood of damage due to the effects of natural hazards. Within the scope of the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) initiative, a building taxonomy (GEM Building Taxonomy V2.0) was developed with the goal of classifying buildings according to their seismic vulnerability. This taxonomy contained 13 building attributes, including the main material of construction, lateral load-resisting system, date of construction and number of stories. Since its release in 2012, the taxonomy has been used by hundreds of experts working on exposure and risk modeling efforts. These applications allowed the identification of several limitations, which led to the improvement and expansion of this taxonomy into a new classification system compatible with multi-hazard risk assessment. This expanded taxonomy (named GED4ALL) includes more attributes and several details relevant for buildings exposed to natural hazards beyond earthquakes. GED4ALL has been applied in several international initiatives, enabling the identification of the most common building classes in the world, and facilitating compatibility between exposure models and databases of vulnerability and damage databases.
Telemedicine monitoring in the follow-up of kidney transplant recipients: consensus indications from an Italian panel of surgeons and nephrologists after the COVID-19 experience
Authors: Biancone Luigi , Minetti Enrico , De Rosa Paride , Rigotti Paolo , Stallone Giovanni , Volpe Marco , Citterio Franco
Published: February 2022

The quality of follow-up has clearly emerged as a key factor for long-term kidney graft survival. Currently, many clinics are facing difficulties in delivering optimal surveillance because of the increased number and complexity of kidney transplant recipients, and because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional ways of performing follow-up visits are needed and telemedicine has emerged as a tool to strengthen patient care intensity. Six Italian transplant surgeons and nephrologists convened via teleconference to develop a consensual model of video visits for the follow-up of kidney transplant recipients. Issues discussed were: profile of eligible patients; assessments that can be carried out; video visit organization and medical professionals involved; supporting tools and implementation. The video visit was consensually recognized as the most relevant for the follow-up of kidney transplant recipients. Eligible patients should have basic electronic devices and the skills to correctly use them and be in clinically stable condition. With the exception of physical and instrumental examination, and kidney biopsy, all other assessments are feasible during a video visit and can be implemented by specific training and use of supporting tools. The video visit model is simple and adaptable to most transplant patients. It is not intended to replace face-to-face examinations, but is an additional tool for improving the intensity of follow-up of kidney transplant recipients, which can be integrated into current monitoring protocols.

Graphical abstract
Removal of ions from produced water using Powder River Basin coal
Authors: Huang Zaixing , Liu Fangjing , Tang Mingchen , Gao Yangyan , Bagley David M. , He Xin , Goroncy Alexander , Fan Maohong
Published: February 2022

In addition to being used as an energy source, coal also has significant potential for other, more sustainable uses including water treatment. In this study, we present a simple approach to treat water that was produced during oil production and contained a total dissolved solids (TDS) content of over 150 g/L using Powder River Basin (PRB) coal. PRB coal used as packing material in a flow-through column effectively removed 60%–80% of the cations and anions simultaneously. Additionally, 71%–92% of the total organic carbon in the produced water was removed as was all of the total suspended solids. The removal mechanisms of both cations and anions were investigated. Cations were removed by ion exchange with protons from oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxylic and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Anions, mainly Cl−1, appeared to be removed through either the formation of resonance structures as a result of delocalization of electrons within coal molecules or through ion–π interactions. We propose that coal is a “pseudo-amphoteric” exchange material that can remove cations and anions simultaneously by exchanging ions with both ionized and non-ionized acids that are ubiquitous in coal structure or resonance effect.

Graphical abstract
Architecture Design and Reliability Evaluation of a Novel Software-Defined Train Control System
Authors: Chang Ming , Nan Nan , Ou Dongxiu , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2022

Communication-based train control (CBTC) has been the prevailing technology of the urban transit signaling system. However, CBTC also faces a few issues to extend and maintain because of its complicated structure. This paper presents a novel urban transit signaling system architecture, software-defined train control (SDTC), which is based on cloud and high-speed wireless communication technology. The core functions of the proposed SDTC, including the onboard controller, are implemented in the cloud platform, with only sensors and input–output (IO) units remaining on the trackside and the train. Because of the scalable framework, the system function can be expanded according to the user’s demand, making signaling as a service possible. With warm standby server redundancy, SDTC has better reliability. Compared with the traditional CBTC architecture, the mean time between failures is improved by 39% by calculating typical project parameters by the Markov model based on some assumptions.
Knowledge building process during collaborative research ethics training for researchers: experiences from one university
Authors: Tammeleht Anu , Koort Kairi , Rodríguez-Triana María Jesús , Löfström Erika
Published: February 2022

While research ethics and developing respective competencies is gaining prominence in higher education institutions, there is limited knowledge about the learning process and scaffolding during such training. The global health crisis has made the need for facilitator-independent training materials with sufficient support even more pronounced. To understand how knowledge building takes place and how computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) supports research ethics learning, we analysed: 1) how the participants’ understanding was displayed during the collaborative learning process utilising the developed ethics resource; and 2) whether the scaffolding provided by the resource supported the learning process. Epistemic evidence was collected during design-based research (DBR) involving 36 PhD students and researchers with supervisory experience divided into 11 groups. Data (from written group reports, group discussion recordings and self-reflection questionnaires) was analysed qualitatively utilising the SOLO taxonomy. The results revealed that: 1) participants displayed high levels of understanding and the need for the facilitator support decreased with the use of the online ethics resource; 2) the learners were able to evaluate their learning outcomes with satisfactory accuracy; 3) when used linearly, the online ethics resource helped learners to achieve high levels of understanding even when the scaffolding gradually faded. Based on the lessons learnt, design principles were extracted to develop research ethics competencies in higher education, and also recommendations for research ethics training were outlined.
“Trying as Hard as I Can”– Narratives of Failure and Success in the Experience of Housing Insecurity
Authors: Wolf Hannah
Published: February 2022

The housing crisis represents a liminal experience: a loss of the taken-for-granted and the suspension of ontological security has put individuals in a situation of potentiality in which both conceptions of home and of personal identity are open to transformation. Empirically assessing this liminal transition allows us to understand the refiguration processes of both home and subjectivities. This has both conceptual and political implications: with ongoing individualization of responsibility in virtually all spheres of social life, it is no longer possible to assume that the private sphere of home is an arena in which individuals are free and secured from societal forces, pressures, and compulsions. Instead, we might find ourselves in a transient liminal period in which the very meaning and psycho-social foundation of home are being transformed. To understand these processes is not only an epistemological but also a political endeavor, for only by understanding the psycho-social implications of the housing crisis can we acknowledge its embeddedness in and relation to processes of societal individualization, as well as the potential to open up pathways to the emergence of a liminal communitas.
Digital Citizenship and Professional Digital Competence — Swedish Subject Teacher Education in a Postdigital Era
Authors: Örtegren Alex
Published: February 2022

Teacher education (TE) is not only about skills and knowledge but also about citizenship formation as student teachers are prepared for the democratic assignment of school. In a postdigital era, blurred boundaries between digital technologies and physical reality place new demands on citizenship, teacher education institutions (TEIs), and teacher educators (TEDs). This paper explores Swedish TEDs’ views of digital citizenship and the professional digital competence (PDC) required for teaching subject student teachers to teach for digital citizenship. Seven TEIs participated and 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with TEDs teaching a Core Education Subjects module on education and democracy mandatory for all student teachers. TEDs generally believe that the digitalization of society impacts the democratic assignment and addressing this requires specific PDC. Conceptualizations of digital citizenship tend to foreground source criticism as well as ethical, safe, and sound use of digital technologies, and to some degree also (im-)material means of democratic participation. While generally believing that TE should address questions relating to digital citizenship and that TEDs have an important role in this regard, digital technologies are discussed in the module coincidentally and TEDs are unsure to what degree student teachers receive such training. Challenges include lack of time and unclear Degree Objectives. To develop TEDs’ PDC to include questions relating to digital citizenship in their teaching, support is needed through policy and continuous professional development for TEDs, including reviews of course content and program structure. Future TE research needs to explore digital citizenship in the school subject social studies.
Towards predicting biochar impacts on plant-available soil nitrogen content
Authors: Phillips Claire L. , Meyer Kylie M. , Garcia-Jaramillo Manuel , Weidman Clara S. , Stewart Catherine E. , Wanzek Thomas , Grusak Michael A. , Watts Donald W. , Novak Jeff , Trippe Kristin M.
Published: February 2022

Biochars can improve soil health but have been widely shown to reduce plant-available nitrogen (N) owing to their high carbon (C) content, which stimulates microbial N-immobilization. However, because biochars contain large amounts of C that are not microbially available, their total elemental C:N ratio does not correspond well with impacts on soil N. We hypothesized that impacts on soil plant-available N would relate to biochar mineralizable-C (Cmin) content, and that C:N ratios of the mineralizable biochar component could provide a means for predicting conditions of net soil N-mineralization or -immobilization. We conducted two laboratory experiments, the first measuring biochar Cmin from respiration of isotopically labeled barley biochars manufactured at 300, 500, and 750 °C, and the second characterizing Cmin by proxy measurements for ten biochars from six feedstocks at several temperatures. For both experiments, soils were incubated with 2% biochar by mass to determine impacts to soil N-mineralization. Contrary to expectation, all the biochars increased soil N-mineralization relative to unamended soils. Also unexpected, higher temperature (500 and 700 °C) barley biochars with less Cmin stimulated more soil decomposition and more soil N-mineralization than a 350 °C barley biochar. However, across diverse biochar feedstocks and production methods, none of the biochar characteristics correlated with soil N-mineralization. The finding of improved soil N-mineralization adds complexity to the range of soil N responses that can be expected in response to biochar amendment. Because of the limited ability to predict soil N responses from biochar properties, users should monitor soil N to manage soil fertility.
Understanding the Persistence of Occupational Sex Segregation in German Labour Markets: How Gender Attitudes Shape Young Women’s Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Chesters Jenny
Published: February 2022

The persistence of occupational sex segregation is a global phenomenon that relegates women into lower paid, lower status jobs. Understanding why young women apparently choose such jobs is integral to reversing decades of economic inequality related to employment. The strength of the association between the education system and labour market as well as high levels of occupational sex segregation makes Germany an interesting case to study. Using data from the National Education Panel Study (NEPS) Starting Cohort 4 data, I examine whether the occupational aspirations of female secondary school students are related to family characteristics and/or attitudes to gender roles. The results indicate that girls with fathers employed in male-dominated occupations hold more conservative gender attitudes than their peers with fathers employed in gender-neutral occupations. Girls with more conservative gender attitudes are more likely to hold aspirations for jobs in female-dominated occupations. These findings suggest that despite growth in gender-neutral knowledge-based industries, the socialisation of young women, particularly with regard to attitudes to appropriate roles for women, continues to influence occupational aspirations.
Water on/in Mars and the Moon
Authors: Liu Lin-gun
Published: February 2022

The speculation of an ancient ocean, river and lake on Mars, the observation of geological features andthe findings of H2O on the Martian surface, and the detection of a “water lake” beneath 1.5 km in Mars are all consistent with the scenario of water envisaged earlier by Liu (Phys Earth Planet Inter 49: 142–167, 1987; Icarus 74: 98–107, 1988). Unless sealed in cavities, liquid water or naked ice should not survive on the Martian surface. These materials cannot possibly exist on the lunar surface either, regardless of the recent claims made by space missions to the Moon, because the lunar mass is even much smaller than Mars. Both the disappearance of the Martian ancient ocean and the scarceness of the findings in the space missions manifest that water and ice are not physically stable on the surface of Mars and the Moon. Otherwise, significant amounts of water and/or ice should have had been accumulated during the long history of these planets. Depending on the origin, the Moon may or may not contain ordinary hydrous minerals. Whether a volatile can stably exist on the surface of a planet, in either liquid or solid, depends on whether the volatile can exist as a component of the planet’s atmosphere.
A Rare Cause of Autoinflation after Penile Prosthesis Insertion: Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Wai Gin , Satchi Maria , Skrodzka Marta , Papavasileiou Georgios , Ralph David
Published: February 2022

Background

In 2016, we reported the first case of high flow priapism and arteriocavernosal fistula caused by penile prosthesis insertion that mimicked device autoinflation.

Aim

To raise awareness amongst implanters, we describe further cases from our institution and perform a systematic review of the literature to understand the rarity of this phenomenon.

Methods

Patient demographics, management and outcomes were extracted retrospectively. A systematic search of the EMBASE, PubMed and PubMed Central libraries for studies reporting arteriocavernosal fistula mimicking autoinflation since 1946 was performed.

Outcomes

To identify and report all known cases of high flow priapism and arteriocavernosal fistula presenting as autoinflation of an inflatable penile prosthesis.

Results

Four patients in total (median age 56, range 46-60 years) were identified. Catastrophic bleeding (1.8L) occurred during revision surgery for presumed autoinflation in Patient 1 and subsequent ultrasound (US) confirmed a fistula which was embolized. Patient 2 redeveloped autoinflation following revision surgery. Ultrasound confirmed high flow priapism from an arteriocavernosal fistula. Patient 3 underwent penile magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate autoinflation and residual penile curvature. MRI showed a tumescent penis despite a deflated device and the fistula was embolized successfully. Patient 4 with sleep-related painful erections did not improve following insertion of penile prosthesis. Doppler US identified 2 fistulae that was embolized but with no resolution of symptoms. Subsequent embolization of both common penile arteries were done to control his symptoms. No other publications apart from the published abstract from 2016 reporting patient 1 was found.

Clinical Implications

If considered prior to revision surgery, the fistula can be managed safely by minimally invasive percutaneous angioembolisation avoiding surgery which can potentially be associated with significant complications.

Strengths and Limitations

The rarity of this phenomenon was supported by a systematic review. Our study however does present the findings from a small number of patients.

Conclusion

Damage to the cavernosal artery during inflatable penile prosthesis insertion can create an arteriocavernosal fistula that mimics autoinflation, leading to catastrophic intra-operative bleeding or unnecessary surgery.
The Architecture of Confinement
Authors: Pieris Anoma , Horiuchi Lynne
Published: February 2022

In this global and comparative study of Pacific War incarceration environments we explore the arc of the Pacific Basin as an archipelagic network of militarized penal sites. Grounded in spatial, physical and material analyses focused on experiences of civilian internees, minority citizens, and enemy prisoners of war, the book offers an architectural and urban understanding of the unfolding history and aftermath of World War II in the Pacific. Examples are drawn from Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, and North America. The Architecture of Confinement highlights the contrasting physical facilities, urban formations and material character of various camps and the ways in which these uncover different interpretations of wartime sovereignty. The exclusion and material deprivation of selective populations within these camp environments extends the practices by which land, labor and capital are expropriated in settler-colonial societies; practices critical to identity formation and endemic to their legacies of liberal democracy.