bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated GPS-FID System for Airborne Gas Detection of Pipeline Right-of-Ways
Authors: Gehue Hazen L. , Sommer Peter
Published: October 2016

Pipeline integrity, safety and environmental concerns are of prime importance in the Canadian natural gas industry. Millions of cubic feet of gas are transported all over the country on a daily basis. Maintenance of this vast pipeline network is an important responsibility of transmission companies. Aging pipes, shifting terrain, difficult river crossings.... all contribute to possible leaks in the system.

Terramatic Technology Inc. (TTI) has developed an integrated GPS/FID gas detection system known as TTI - AirTrac™ (Gehue, 1995) for use in airborne gas detection (AGD) (herein as AGD unit) along pipeline right-of-ways. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID), which has traditionally (and successfully for many years) been used to monitor air quality for gas plants and refineries, has been integrated with the Global Positioning System (GPS) via a 486 DX2-50 computer and specialized open architecture data acquisition software.

The purpose of this technology marriage is to be able to continuously monitor air quality during airborne pipeline inspection. Event tagging from visual surveillance is used to determine an explanation of any delta line deviations (DLD). These deviations are an indication of hydrocarbon gasses present in the plume that the aircraft has passed through. The role of the GPS system is to provide mapping information and coordinate data for ground inspections. When possible, if a DLD is detected, a repeat pass through the area is performed in attempts to confirm the original detection. If a second detection is evident then (if conditions permit) a ground inspection is performed using the Terra Gas™ (Gehue, 1995) multi gas detector (MGD) (herein as MGD unit). The GPS receiver and data acquisition software will time and position tag all information for post mission analysis.

If a DLD is unexplained then the anomaly is logged for post mission analysis to see if it is a candidate for a pipeline leak. Additional information collected onroute (we map all potential sites of DLDs such as gas plants, stock yards, sloughs ....) is compared to the DLD location to determine if further onsite inspection is required. If so, the co-ordinates are uploaded into a handheld GPS receiver (i.e., Magellan DLX-10) and a maintenance crew dispatched to the suspect location.

The ground based inspection using a handheld multi gas detector will confirm whether or not a leak exists. If a leak is detected then the maintenance crew can take action as dictated by NOVA Gas Transmission (herein as NOVA).

The test project performed by TTI and NOVA on Sept. 8, 1995 indicated that the integrated data acquisition AGD unit was capable of detecting DLDs and attaching a DGPS coordinate to this suspect location. Additional information from the flight confirmed that the DLDs detected came from sources such as gas plants and stockyards. Field inspection by TTI staff at two locations did not confirm that the existence of the unexplained DLDs. No indication of a gas leak from a NOVA pipeline was detected.
GIS: State Monitoring Tool for Pipelines
Authors: Pallaghy Barnabás , Bartos András
Published: October 2016

Analysis of the breakdown-statistics of the Hungarian crude and gas pipeline system dating back more than 20 years shows the main sources of the errors. In order to prevent these, we have started a vast program regarding state monitoring of pipelines by means of the common use of on-line and above-ground methodes. Related expenses are as high as 8% of maintenance costs. Manual handling and analysing of the available and continually increasing data nowadays is already insoluble.

To solve the problem, we have decided to develop an integrated information system that integrates the technical data with the up-to-date GIS applications, thus providing a wide-range application possibility for the operating staff.

Integrity analysis is supported by the system, which shows the various examination results in a comparable way, their change in time can be followed, and there is a possibility to automatically compare them sinchronously with map displaying. The system is able to receive and process the results of outer examination (for example such as of an intelligent pipe scraper), but the sinchronous transmission into outer systems is also possible.

The development of the information system and especially the input of the data into the system is possible only at great costs but the usefulness of the application and the turnover of the investment can be, even if only undirectly, proved.
Numerical Models for Static Denting and Dynamic Puncture of Gas Transmission Linepipe and Their Validation
Authors: Zarea Mures F. , Toumbas Dimitri N. , Philibert Christian E. , Deo Isabelle
Published: October 2016

Gas transmission pipe resistance to external damage is a subject of great attention at Gaz de France and in Europe. Existing results cover part of the necessary criteria for the residual life of damaged pipelines, but more knowledge is needed on defect creation.

We propose to complement existing experimental work which is limited to the explored range of parameters by validated numerical models.

The first, simple static denting model aims at optimizing the conditions for calculating the residual stress distribution needed to assess the fatigue life of dents and dents and gouges.

The second, more complex dynamic puncture model calculates both the puncture force and the puncture energy for a given pipe, excavator and tooth geometry.

These models can contribute to enhance the external damage prevention policies of transmission pipeline operators.
Development of a Diffuser Pump for Pipeline Service
Authors: Horner Jim W.
Published: October 2016

This paper reviews Trans Mountain’s decision to use diffuser pumps for pipeline service. This includes a review of the basic design parameters and the experience gained with wear rings, mechanical seals, bearings, lubrication and baseplate design during six years of operation.
Technology and Technique in Meeting Environmental Challenges: Solving Environmental Problems in the Construction and Operation of a Compressor Station
Authors: Fagg John P.
Published: October 2016

This paper will review the installation of the innovative MOPICO MOtor PIpeline COmpressor on a main transmission line segment of the Columbia Gas Transmission system in Harford County, Maryland. A review of the environmental and operational requirements for the construction process as well as for the operation of the station will be the foundation from which the various features of the station and the MOPICO technology will be discussed. The station consists of three (3) MOPICO motor compressors operating in series.
NOx Control: The Power of Plasma
Authors: Cotherman Robert D. , Manning Michael P.
Published: October 2016

The continuing growth of the global economy and recognition that environmental quality is a worldwide concern have spurred the development of technologies targeted at improving efficiency while benefiting the environment. As a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA), the interim guidelines of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment recommending “Low NOx” technology (1), and similar efforts by other countries, efforts to improve air quality have strengthened dramatically. In particular, fuel burning sources have come under increased scrutiny with more stringent limitations for compounds such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC). Internal combustion engines (ICE) for transportation and in stationary power generation produce over 90% of all NOx emissions and these sources have become the focal point of many emissions control regulations. A state of the art technology, plasma combustion control (INOX), has been developed in support of ICE to reduce emissions and improve efficiency with significant savings in capital and operating costs. This paper presents a detailed description of the plasma combustion technology and a summary of the performance test results to date. Also included is an overview of the regulatory strategies typically utilized in conjunction with the implementation of the INOX systems.
Cost-Effective Noise Control Retrofit of Existing Compressor Stations
Authors: Frank Leslie D. , Evison John
Published: October 2016

Environmental noise has become a significant concern for compressor station operations. Typical compressor buildings provide limited attenuation of the noise from the compressor package. In addition, ventilation openings, windows, doors and explosion panels can significantly downgrade the building’s potential acoustical performance. Similarly, exterior equipment such as aerial coolers, yard piping and exhaust silencers are noise contributors that cause challenging design constraints towards achieving practical noise control solutions. Integration of all of these aspects means that the economic retrofit of existing compressor station noise sources, particularly the compressor buildings themselves, has proven to be a difficult challenge. Consideration of construction complexity and cost in the “Balanced Design” process ensures that the final design is practical, economical and expedient. This paper discusses in detail the components of an approach that has been successfully used to provide cost effective noise control at existing compressor stations.
Reciprocating Compressor Valve Failure: Digital Modelling and Analysis
Authors: Motriuk R. W.
Published: October 2016

Many problems in reciprocating compressors are caused by valve failures. Usually, valve failures are diagnosed early, and the worn out parts are replaced. This requires, however, unscheduled compressor shutdowns which increase the cost of operation and possibly breach gas delivery contracts. Thus, it is essential to design valves adequate for the particular compressors and flow conditions.

In this paper, it is determined that the cause of an unusually large number of valve failures at one of the NOVA Gas Transmission Limited (NGTL) compressor stations was an inadequate valve design. It is shown that the type of valve presently used is unacceptable and should be replaced. Due to economic restrictions, however, the existing valves are modified rather than replaced.

The method used to re-design the compressor valves includes two steps: field measurements and computer digital modelling. The modelling incorporates: i) acoustic simulation of the system, ii) compressor valve dynamic simulation, and iii) simultaneous simulation of fluid solid interactions between the compressor valves, compressor cylinders and pipework. The results obtained by using models ii) and iii) are compared.
Charting a Course in the 90’s: From Field Measurement to Management Information Systems
Authors: Chudiak Greg J. , Yoon Mike
Published: October 2016

What’s new in the pipeline industry in terms of field automation and information systems technology? What impact are these technologies having on the business environment and how will they affect the way we do business in the future? How can we leverage these technologies to support the demanding business requirements of today and tomorrow?

The paper takes a quick look back at the origin of the first field control systems and office automation. Through a chronological progression we arrive at what’s on the leading edge of information technology today.

Based upon current architectures we identify how systems are implemented and some of the issues affecting the integration of field and office information systems. From small scale compressor control systems to large scale pipeline information systems we look at the informational requirements and how systems currently implement the required functionality.

Within the business environment we examine the need for corporate-wide information access. Considering both operational and business/economic levels, we identify some of the key informational requirements for the effective operation and management of a pipeline.

Based upon a corporate-wide information access model and current business and technology trends, we present an enterprise application architecture that would meet the operational and business requirements of a pipeline company.

Finally, the paper takes at look at some of the business and management issues associated with implementing new information technology. It offers some basic guidelines on helping managers reduce the risks and ultimately deliver successful projects for their company.
Breaking the Barriers: An Architecture for Multi-Host Access to Field Devices
Authors: Ryan Les M.
Published: October 2016

An overview of some of the many host applications that collect and use data from field devices such as RTUs, PLCs and flow computers is given and the need to provide multi-host access to these field devices is established. The challenges in providing multi-host access to field device networks is discussed as well as some of the current methods used. The concept of using a gateway to interface field device networks to wide area networks (WAN) is introduced with a brief discussion on the advantages of using TCP/IP for host to gateway transport. Several popular field device network protocols are assessed for their multi-host access capabilities with and without a field device network gateway.
Bridging SCADA Islands: A Solution for the Distribution of Information and Commands Among Geographically Separate Control Centers
Authors: Hessenthaler Bruce , Sloan P. David
Published: October 2016

This paper describes a gas transmission pipeline company with dissimilar local control and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems that had formed over time, and the solution that was put into place to consolidate those systems. Great Lakes Gas Transmission Company (GLGT) had historically operated the pipeline from four geographically different locations with a combination of various local man-machine interface (MMI) control systems and an aging SCADA system.

As new control systems were installed at compressor and meter stations, local and corporate data acquisition needs changed. It became apparent that the existing SCADA system which telemetered a minimal set of control data could no longer support growth requirements. The decision was made to replace the old SCADA system with a new “open” state of the art architecture. As a result of competitive bidding, the Valmet OASyS (Open Architecture SyStem) was selected and installed at multiple locations along the pipeline.

Each system was connected with a Wide-Area-Network (WAN) and an application which enabled information to be shared among the locations. Operators may view information from any location along the pipeline, and may remotely control devices from authorized locations. In addition, the corporate office in Detroit, Michigan was given the capability to view information from the entire pipeline for administrative and planning purposes. The system installed at Detroit now functions as a gateway for information exchanged between GLGT’s parent companies.
Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters for Natural Gas Measurement
Authors: Upp E. Loy , Warner Kevin L.
Published: October 2016

The advantages of ultrasonic flow meters are well know — no line obstructions, large turndown ratio, bi-directionality, high accuracy — and ultrasonic meters are now widely used within the gas industry in a wide variety of applications. Ultrasonic meters are available in several different configurations ranging from high accuracy multipath spoolpiece meters to single path hot-tapped meters. While all of these meters operate on the same basic transit-time principle, there are significant differences in their operational aspects. This paper is intended to review the basic concepts of ultrasonic flow meters, to clarify the differences listed, and to explain how ultrasonic meters should be specified.
Ultrasonic Gas Flow Measurement for Custody Transfer Applications
Authors: de Boer G.
Published: October 2016

In this paper results are presented of the rapid development in ultrasonic gasflow measurement. After an introduction into the theoretical background, the techniques, tests and results with regard to accuracy, applications and installation effects are discussed. Based on these results an ultrasonic gasflowmeter was accepted and approved for custody transfer applications.
Gas Quality Can Only Be Determined by a Representative Sample
Authors: Welker Thomas F.
Published: October 2016

The Natural Gas Industry is changing rapidly. Yesterday, the producer sold to the gathering company, the gathering company sold to the pipeline company, the pipeline company sold, processed, stored, and moved the gas to the end user.

Today, the end user buys from the producer, the gatherer, pipeliner, processor, storer. All handle someone else’s gas.

There is only one way to know the quality of your product. Take a representative sample. Since everything that is done to gas changes it, you must know its’ quality as it is produced, compressed, processed, stripped, stored, and sold. This takes an analysis of that collected representative sample.

Your company’s sampling techniques determine that gas quality. The people involved and the equipment used to collect the sample, store, transport, condition, and analyze that sample all make a profound difference.

This paper will cover all of the aspects of gas quality determination and the business impacts of sampling accuracy. The issues discussed include: where on the line should the sample be taken, how should it be taken to protect its’ quality, what about transportation, D.O.T., cylinders, what happens to the gas in that cylinder, conditioning in the lab, heating, cooling, manifolds, and analyzers.

Each step in the sampling operation will be discussed, as well as the ramifications of errors involved.

This paper will also cover recent tests involving spot sampling test to maintain phase control and data from continuing test of composite samplers.
How Bulk Modulus Errors Can Affect Leak Detection
Authors: Rachford Henry H. , Wike Andrew
Published: October 2016

Liquid pipeline operators look to leak detection systems to provide continuous surveillance of their pipelines across a wide range of operating conditions; this is particularly the case for batch pipelines.

Operators frequently anticipate that on-line transient modeling systems can satisfy this requirement, which they can, but have little exposure to the on-line measurement data requirements of such systems. There can be a mistaken focus on improving the quality of the real-time data normally available to facilitate pipeline operations, without due regard to providing the measurement data that the model needs.

Pipeline operators are normally not concerned with a detailed characterization of fluid properties, other than in the most general sense regarding the susceptibility of adjacent fluids to mix at their interface.

This paper illustrates how the lack of reliable fluid property data (specifically, bulk modulus data) can substantially impede the effectiveness of a transient model charged with the task of leak detection.
Leak Detection and Location for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Delarue Vincent
Published: October 2016

For legal, economic or safety reasons, gas transmission companies must look for leaks.

The most widely used leak detection method is a planned survey of the network. It can be a simple visual inspection of the pipe’s environment. It can also be done with hand held gas detectors or aboard vehicles. New methods are being developed to improve productivity. The most promising are those based on the absorption of methane in the infrared which can be airborne. The first one is based on lidars that scan the pipe and measure the backscattered light. New lasers will permit great sensitivity for gas detection. The other is a camera measuring the absorption of the light emitted by the ground.

On-line detection exists, but it is seldom used nowadays. The rare onshore applications use the data collected by SCADA systems that are processed by more or less sophisticated statistical methods. For off-shore applications, many systems are currently used: acoustic gates, echography or hydrophones. Promising new developments by many companies are under way. The first that has shown good results is based on the vibratory waves emitted by a leak. Acoustic waves can also be used.
Pipeline Management Using Networked Clamp-On Transit-Time Flowmeters
Authors: Baumoel Joseph
Published: October 2016

Traditionally, pipeline management has been accomplished using information derived from a variety of instrumentation, such as turbine meters, pressure and temperature sensors and densitometers and viscometers. This information has been delivered to tire operating staff via a SCADA system, feeding appropriate computation and display systems.

However, there is a new pipeline management system deriving all its information from a single instrument, the clamp-on transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter. This system is capable of obtaining the same information as conventional systems, but in a more coordinated and optimized fashion.

The clamp-on transit-time system has already proven to be remarkably effective in providing more timely data, and in a form extremely useful to the operating staff. Pipeline staff can view actual operating conditions quickly, and with more insight than is available from the traditional methods. This networked system, has now been made available as either an independent system, or one which is combined with its related Pipeline Leak Detection function.
Pipeline Integrity Monitoring Using System Impulse Response
Authors: Liou Jim C. P.
Published: October 2016

The impulse response function of a system can be used to predict, detect, and diagnose abnormality in the system. The impulse response function can be extracted indirectly using cross-correlations between a low amplitude pseudo-random binary disturbance and the system’s output. This method is applied to pipeline hydraulics as a means of integrity monitoring. The ability of the method to extract a pipeline’s impulse response function with the presence of data noise is demonstrated. Characteristic changes in the impulse response function as a result of a leak or a dent are identified. Examples show that the impulse response function can be used to detect and locate a leak. However, the impulse response is not sensitive to detect small to moderate-sized dents. The procedure of extracting the pipeline’s impulse response function by cross-correlations is noise-tolerant and can be conducted in the background without interfering pipeline operations.
Online Closed Loop Pipeline Control by Transient Computer Model
Authors: Pichler Ruprecht M. J.
Published: October 2016

Pipelines transporting different grades of crude oil or products usually operate with fixed setpoints for pressure limit switches and relief valves. These setpoints are calculated for a worst case condition as maximum flow rate combined with a sequence of batches of high viscosity ratio, etc. Under standard operating conditions, this worst case condition never occurs, so the setpoints restrict operating flexibility. With a transient simulation model it is possible to calculate these setpoints for actual hydraulic conditions on-line. Special attention has been paid to fail-safe operation of this on-line model and setpoint calculation. Our approach avoids all the problems linked to software in fail-safe applications and may be used for other applications of on-line simulation too. This concept has been successfully applied to a pipeline system in Austria, the AWP-Pipeline. With the new technology, substantial savings in energy costs (1–2 pump stations out of 11) as well as increased maximum throughput are possible now.
Gas Pipeline Optimization Using Adaptive Algorithms
Authors: Smati Abdelnacer , Zemmour Nordine
Published: October 2016

Transmission gas pipeline network consume significant amounts of energy. Then, minimizing the energy requirements is a challenging task. Due to the nonlinearity and poor knowledge of the system states, several results, based on the optimal control theory, are obtained only for simple configurations. In this paper an optimization scheme in the face of varying demand is carried out. It is based on the use of a dynamic simulation program as a plant model and the Pareto set technique to sell out useful experiments. Experiments are used for the identification of regression models based on an original class of functions. The nonlinear programming algorithm results. Its connection with regression models permits the definition off-line and for a long time horizon, of the optimal discharge pressure trajectory for all the compressor stations. The use of adaptive algorithms, with high frequency, permits to cancel the effect of unknown disturbances and errors in demand forecasts. In this way, an on-line optimization scheme using data of SCADA system is presented.
Pipeline Design Software and the Simulation of Liquid Propane/Butane - Light Oils Pipeline Operations
Authors: Peters John
Published: October 2016

A comprehensive and integrated suite of computer software routines has been developed to simulate the flow of liquids in pipelines. The fluid properties module accommodates Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids or mixtures including corrections for changes in properties with temperature and pressure. The hydraulic model calculates pressure drop in single or looped pipelines based on the diameter, route (length) and profile data provided. For multi-product pipelines the hydraulics module estimates energy loss for any sequence of batches given the size and fluid properties of each batch, and the velocity in the pipeline. When the characteristics of existing or proposed pipeline pumps are included, location and size of pumps can be optimized. The effect of heat loss on pressure drop is predicted by invoking the module which calculates the fluid temperature profile based on operating conditions, fluid properties, pipe and insulation conductivity and soil heat transfer data. Modules, created to simulate heater or cooler operations, can be incorporated to compensate for changes in temperature. Input data and calculated results can be presented in a format customized by the user.

The simulation software has been successfully applied to multi-product, fuel oil, and non-Newtonian emulsion pipelines. The simulation and operation of a refinery products pipeline for the transportation of propane, butane, gasoline, jet and diesel batches will be discussed. The impact of high vapour pressure batches (i.e., propane and butane) on the operation of the pipeline and on the upstream and downstream facilities will be examined in detail.
Identification and Assessment of Trace Contaminants Associated With Oil and Gas Pipeline Abandoned in Place
Authors: Thome Wendy E. R. , Basso Anne C. , Dhol Sukhvinder K.
Published: October 2016

As more Alberta oil and gas fields become depleted, attention is being given to development of economically and environmentally sound abandonment procedures. The objective of this study was to identify and assess residual internal and external contaminants associated with abandoned pipelines, particularly those to be abandoned in place. Circumstances which might increase the risk of contaminant release, and other issues relating to residual pipeline contaminants, were also identified.

It was found that there are thousands of different substances which could potentially be associated with abandoned pipelines. A wide range in the potential quantities of residual contaminants was also found. Of the issues identified, the effectiveness of pipeline pigging and cleaning procedures prior to abandonment was the most critical determinant of the potential quantities of residual contaminants. However, a number of trace contaminants, such as PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) and NORMs (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) may remain after thorough cleaning.

A brief review of the legislation and regulations from a number of jurisdictions shows that pipeline abandonment has only recently become an issue of concern. Regulations specific to abandonment are lacking, and more genera] regulations and guidelines are being applied on a contaminant-specific basis, or in terms of waste disposal requirements.
Putting the Environment Into the NPV Calculation: Quantifying Pipeline Environmental Costs
Authors: Dott Dawn R. , Wirasinghe S. C. , Chakma Amit
Published: October 2016

Pipeline projects impact the environment through soil and habitat disturbance, noise during construction and compressor operation, river crossing disturbance and the risk of rupture. Assigning monetary value to these negative project consequences enables the environment to be represented in the project cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents the mechanics and implications of two environmental valuation techniques: (1) the contingent valuation method and (2) the stated preference method. The use of environmental value at the project economic-evaluation stage is explained. A summary of research done on relevant environmental attribute valuation is presented and discussed. Recommendations for further research in the field are made.
Development of Vapour Collection and Control Systems for Petroleum Storage Tanks
Authors: Horner Jim W. , Read Ken C.
Published: October 2016

This paper reviews Trans Mountain’s progress in the development of vapour collection and control systems for petroleum storage tanks. These systems are specifically designed for removal of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) vapours. The basic principles for vapour emission control and the design basis for the vapour control systems are reviewed. Experience with a number of adsorption processes is documented and current development work on an alternative vapour collection systems is presented.
A Rational Design and Operating Strategy for Pipelines Traversing Unstable Slopes
Authors: Simmonds Gordon R. , Zhou Z. Joe , Samchek Alan T.
Published: October 2016

A common challenge for pipeline designers is the placement and safe operation of pipelines within unstable slopes. Consequently, special design and operation procedures must be created to maintain the integrity of the pipeline through its operating life. Nova Gas Transmission Limited (NGTL) has developed a methodology to monitor pipeline integrity in slow moving (creeping) unstable slopes.

This methodology uses Pipeline-Soil Interaction models to produce parameters that are in turn placed in Pipeline Integrity Assessment Techniques such as finite element analysis. For slope movements, pipeline integrity is based on pipeline strain criteria that are established from regulated codes or NGTL’s risk-based criteria. The result is that pipe strain can be estimated over time given a particular soil type and predicted ground movement.

The ability to predict when a pipeline is reaching a critical strain allows NGTL to effectively quantify the risk and associated cost for various remedial measures based on a given operating life (life-cycle cost). These remedial measures can take the form of strain relieving outages, re-routing of the pipeline, directional drilling, or conventional geotechnical remedial practices (dewatering, slope grading, buttressing, etc.). Two case studies are presented detailing this present state-of-practice methodology at NGTL.
Effects of Pipeline Construction on Soil Compaction
Authors: Landsburg Sandra L. , Cannon Karen R. , Finlayson Nancy M.
Published: October 2016

A study was initiated in 1988 to evaluate the effects of pipeline construction on soil compaction in the province of Alberta. Cone penetration resistance (soil strength) of soils was monitored to a depth of 31.5 cm at 14 study areas. Soil strength measurements were taken from right-of-way locations as well as from an adjacent undisturbed control. Soil strength information from the 14 study areas suggests that pipeline construction procedures can cause changes in soil strength on pipeline rights-of-way. Decreases in soil strength on the RoW compared to adjacent controls are more common than increases. These differences in soil strength appear to be short lived. In the majority of cases most differences, both increases and decreases, had disappeared one year after construction.
The Alberta Pipeline Environmental Steering Committee: A Model for Cooperative Resolution of Issues
Authors: Brocke Larry K. , Kuipers Fred
Published: October 2016

In the past, industry and government independently conducted research and gathered information to address environmental issues. The results were not always mutually accepted.

A number of emerging environmental issues arose in the mid 1980’s that demanded mutual resolution. As a result, the Alberta Pipeline Environmental Steering Committee was established in 1988.

The Committee initially consisted of industry and government representatives. The membership has since been increased to include landowner representation, local government, federal interests and contractors.

The Committee has four main purposes:

1. To assist government, industry and other interest groups in their pursuit of environmental protection and economical pipeline planning, construction, operation, abandonment and reclamation in Alberta;

2. To act as a vehicle for government to receive input from industry and other interest groups during policy formation;

3. To identify, prioritize and make recommendations for workable solutions on Alberta pipeline environmental issues and;

4. To help implement recommendations by organizations represented on the Committee.

The benefits of this model are agreement on issue identification and mutual resolution. The success of the model has resulted in it being adopted for other sectors as well.
Mechanics of Buried Chilled Gas Pipelines
Authors: Selvadurai A. P. S. , Hu J.
Published: October 2016

This paper examines the factors influencing the modelling of soil-pipeline interaction for a pipeline which is used to transport chilled gas. The soil-pipeline interaction is induced by the generation of discontinuous frost heave at a boundary between soils with differing frost susceptibility. The three-dimensional modelling takes into consideration the time-dependent evolution of frost heave due to moisture migration, the creep and elastic behaviour of the frozen soil and flexural behaviour of the embedded pipeline. The results of the computational model are compared with experimental results obtained from the frost heave induced soil-pipeline interaction test performed at the full scale test facilities in Caen, France.
Risk Management at TransCanada Pipelines
Authors: Cicansky Kevin , Yuen Glenn
Published: October 2016

This Paper presents the method TransCanada PipeLines uses to assess the integrity risks with respect to operating its high pressure natural gas pipelines. TransCanada PipeLines’ experiences, results and successes gained through the implementation of its risk program, TRPRAM (TransCanada Pipelines Risk Assessment Model) are highlighted.
Preparing for New Modes of Pipeline Operation in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Dahai Chang , Wike Andrew
Published: October 2016

There are more than 7,000km of crude oil transmission pipelines, and more than 8,000km of natural gas transmission pipelines in the People’s Republic of China. Although there are few product pipelines in China today, the growth of this industry is anticipated, fueled by the rapid development of the economy in China.

The China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau is the largest pipeline operator in China, accounting for more than 6,000km of crude oil and natural gas pipelines. The Langfang-based Staff and Workers College (known simply as the Pipeline College) is a unit of the China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau. Students at the Pipeline College include full-time engineering students, and short-term trainees. In general, the short-term trainees are management and operator level staff who attend the Pipeline College for more advanced training. Having a lack of effective training tools, it was almost impossible for the Pipeline College to provide a really effective training experience, particularly in actual pipeline operations.

In 1996, the Pipeline College developed plans to embrace advanced training tools in order to increase the effectiveness of the training courses it offered. The focus was in two areas: pipeline operations; and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) set-up and maintenance. To achieve an effective training environment for pipeline operations, a simulation training system was set-up using commercially available pipeline simulation software from Stoner Associates; the PLC training is based on Allen-Bradley equipment.

The operations training center computer systems were configured to accommodate ten trainees simultaneously running their own independent training sessions. The first training courses delivered by the Pipeline College using their new tools were presented in the summer of 1997.

This paper briefly chronicles the development of the pipeline industry in China as a background to the operation of the Pipeline College. The training center hardware and software configurations are described in some detail. The paper describes the Pipeline College’s first experiences of using these advanced training tools, and their plans for the future development of the training center.
Colombian Crude Export System Begins Full Operation
Authors: Topolinsky Ken M. , Ordoñez R. German D.
Published: October 2016

Shipments began in October 1997 along Oleoducto Central S.A (OCENSA), the 837 km oil export system, consisting of 406, 762 and 914 mm (16”, 30” and 36”) diameter pipe, from eastern Colombia to the country’s north coast on the Carribean Sea. Start-up follows the completion of a phased construction program which began in 1993–94 and ended in September 1997. The system transports production from the Cusiana / Cupiagua oilfields, and several adjacent smaller production fields in the eastern foothills of the Andes to an offshore terminal loading unit 11 km offshore. The authors provide an operating overview of this system designed to handle some 88,410 m3/d (556 kbd) and some of its operating challenges.
The Alliance Pipeline: A Design Shift in Long Distance Gas Transmission
Authors: Janzen Todd S. , Horner W. Norval
Published: October 2016

Competition in the natural gas industry grows steadily. The demand for natural gas transportation has typically exceeded the capability of the existing natural gas pipelines within Canada for several years. Even though intense competition exists with producing and marketing natural gas, limited transportation options limits the business opportunities available for energy companies. This competitive spirit is driving the Alliance Pipeline Project. Once the pipeline is complete, producers will have an additional transportation option to move their products to Chicago, Illinois, which is emerging as an important business hub for natural gas marketing. Designing and constructing a natural gas pipeline in the late 1990’s will allow Alliance Pipeline Limited the ability to implement the latest technology into all aspects of the design.
Multi-Product Pipelines: Western Canadian Experience
Authors: Baum Judy S. , Hansen Larry I. , Brown Colin A. , Marzocco Ken E.
Published: October 2016

The focus of this paper is to discuss the special design and operating considerations on receipt of materials at a terminal from a pipeline that is used to transport both crude oil and refined petroleum products. The paper includes a history of the closures of refineries in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada resulting in the need for multi-product pipeline movements. The discussions include the importance of interface detection technologies (e.g. densitometers, colourimeters, sound velocity, and batch tracking), batch configuration, proper dynamic modeling of the receipt facilities, re-processing techniques, and operating procedures. The intent is to give an overview of the success achieved by using a crude oil pipeline for multi-product shipments.
Safe Pig Trap Loading and Unloading: An Interlocking Perspective
Authors: Smith Mike (M. J.)
Published: October 2016

As a general principle, it may be said that operations that are safe when performed correctly, can have catastrophic consequences when performed incorrectly.
Inhibitor Selection for Internal Corrosion Control of Pipelines
Authors: Papavinasam S. , Revie R. W.
Published: October 2016

Addition of inhibitors can provide a cost-effective method for controlling internal corrosion of pipelines. To select appropriate inhibitors and their concentrations, several laboratory experiments are usually performed. Test methodologies to evaluate inhibitors for a particular field should be carried out to simulate the conditions in the pipeline. Because several interacting parameters influence corrosion, and hence inhibitor performance, simulation of field operating conditions in the laboratory is often difficult. In this paper, user-friendly software to optimize the laboratory experimental conditions to simulate field operating conditions is discussed. The merits of the program in selecting commercial inhibitors and in designing cost-effective inhibitors for future application are described.
Environmental Management and Emergency Response Planning for Pipelines Using Geomatics Technologies
Authors: Kerr David S. , Thompson M. Diane , Hebb Jill S. , McPherson Justin A. M. , Morris David , Barrett Roy , Thompson Jim C.
Published: October 2016

The challenge in pipeline emergency response planning is to respond effectively and efficiently to emergencies or incidents which may occur over a wide geographic area with variable degrees of potential human exposure and environmental sensitivities. The type and level of response is dictated by the nature and extent of the emergency, as well as the location of sensitive environmental and human resources. Access and use of both spatial and temporal information in responding to the emergency must therefore be efficient and subsequent decisions and actions clearly understood and passed on from a management/co-ordination level to the field operations. One means of increasing the efficiency in this process is through the use of geomatics technologies (i.e., geographic information system (GIS). Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) data, image processing software) integrated with a database holding both spatial and non-spatial information.
Strain-Based Failure Criteria for Sharp Part-Wall Defects in Pipelines
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron S. , Graville Brian A. , Glover Alan G.
Published: October 2016

Failure criteria in current engineering critical assessment procedures for defects in pipelines and welds are stress-based. For example, failure is presumed to occur when the net section average stress reaches some arbitrary flow stress. These approaches are unrealistic for defects of limited length where loading of the net section (ligament) is essentially strain controlled. In order to improve upon this, the authors developed a strain-based failure criterion for part wall pipe defects in terms of the maximum ligament plastic extension. While this criterion[l] provided a basis for assessing the criticality of blunt defects, with respect to plastic collapse, it did not address sharp or planar defects which promote fracture.

As a defect becomes sharper, failure is determined more by local strain at the defect tip which is typically characterized by the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). This paper describes the development of a sharp/planar defect strain-based failure criterion which relates the maximum ligament extension to the critical CTOD of the material. Two and three dimensional non-linear finite element analyses are used to determine local root extensions of circumferential defects which can be related to the loading, defect and pipe dimensions. The root extensions are calibrated to standard CTOD measurements through non-linear finite element analysis.

The failure criterion development process considers various defect lengths, material work hardening rates and material models. The failure criterion is compared with analytical and experimental data to demonstrate its predictive capability. The end result of this work is the development of an alternative acceptance criterion for sharp weld defects permitting more effective repair decisions to be made based on a more uniform level of reliability.
TransAlaska Pipeline System Linewide Slackline Investigations for Potential Pipe Vibrations
Authors: Tonkins W. G. , Baskurt U. J. , Hart James D.
Published: October 2016

During the summer of 1996, the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) experienced pipe vibrations near Thompson Pass, which is located 25 miles north of the Valdez Marine Terminal (VMT). The VMT is the southern terminus of the 48-inch oil pipeline transporting Alaska North Slope Crude for further shipment to market via marine tankers. The pipeline is designed to operate in a slackline mode as it flows over the 2,810 ft. elevation of Thompson Pass.

As a result of the slackline experience gained at Thompson Pass, Alyeska evaluated other areas along TAPS where continuous slackline operation either existed in the past or could exist in the future with declining pipeline throughputs. A study determined that other locations along the pipeline could operate in a continuous slackline mode and should be investigated for potential slackline operating problems. This paper describes the slackline testing and evaluation and methods developed by Alyeska to control problems caused by slackline operation. General evaluations and observations of the slackline dynamics phenomena that can cause pipe vibrations along with guidelines and recommendations for the control or elimination of slackline vibration problems are presented.
Fatigue Behavior of Line Pipes Subjected to Severe Mechanical Damage
Authors: Hagiwara Naoto , Oguchi Noritake
Published: October 2016

Fatigue tests were carried out on ERW line pipes 200 mm and 300 mm in diameter with a severe gouge in dent type defect. Hoop stress fluctuation between 15% and 30% of the yield stress of the pipe materials was applied by cyclic internal pressure loading. By the parameter Q, a function of defect size and fracture toughness, fatigue behavior could have been well explained. Fatigue behavior differed above and below the threshold Q (Qth. When Q<Qth, crack propagation was initially associated with ductile crack growth, and therefore, fatigue life, Nf, decreased to less than 1000 cycles. On the contrary, Nf was larger than 1000 cycles when Q≧Qth. Nf was predictable with a power law equation incorporating dent depth, gouge depth, and stress amplitude when Q≧Qth. A gouge in a dent with Q<Qth, requires immediate repair or replacement.
Investigations of Dent Rerounding Behavior
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: October 2016

A theoretical model was developed to describe the structural behavior of indented pipe under pressure. The model suggested that the transverse shape of the dent, which can be characterized by a single easily-measured parameter, significantly affects rerounding behavior. The model gave predictions for rerounding that were in good agreement with results of tests. Tests also indicated that dent rerounding behavior is cycle-dependent. The model sets a groundwork for estimating the fatigue life of dented pipe subject to pressure cycles. The results apply primarily to plain dents, but might be adapted to those that contain collateral mechanical damage.
An Automated ACFM Peak Detection Algorithm With Potential for Locating SCC Clusters on Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Carroll L. Blair , Monahan Craig C. , Gosine Raymond G.
Published: October 2016

The Alternating Current Reid Measurement (ACFM) crack detection and sizing technique has demonstrated its potential as a stress corrosion cracking (SCC) characterization tool in studies conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). It’s ability to detect and size cracks through non-conductive coating thicknesses of 5 mm or more can have a significant impact on the costs associated with the current SCC investigation practices of many gas and liquid fuel transmission companies.

This paper outlines work conducted at MUN in automating the detection of SCC within ACFM signals. The technique may be refined and incorporated into SCC characterization procedures.