bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymeric resins containing modified starch as environmentally friendly adsorbents for dyes and metal ions removal from wastewater
Authors: Wołowicz Anna , Wawrzkiewicz Monika , Podkościelna Beata , Tarasiuk Bogdan , Blazhevska Gilev Jadranka , Sevastyanova Olena
Published: October 2024

Effective removal of organic and inorganic impurities by adsorption technique requires the preparation of new materials characterized by low production costs, significant sorption capacity, and reduced toxicity, derived from natural and renewable sources. To address these challenges, new adsorbents have been developed in the form of polymer microspheres based on ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and vinyl acetate (VA) (EGDMA/VA) containing starch (St) modified with boric acid (B) and dodecyl-S-thiuronium dodecylthioacetate (DiTDTA) for the removal of dyes: C.I. Basic Blue 3 (BB3) and C.I. Acid Green 16 (AG16) and heavy metal ions (M(II)): Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from water and wastewater. The adsorbents were characterized by ATR/FT-IR, DSC, SEM, BET, EDS, and pHPZC methods. These analyses demonstrated the successful modification of microspheres and the increased thermal resistance resulting from the addition of the modified starch. The point of zero charge for EGDMA/VA was 7.75, and this value decreased with the addition of modified starch (pHPZC = 6.62 for EGDMA/VA-St/B and pHPZC = 5.42 for EGDMA/VA-St/DiTDTA). The largest specific surface areas (SBET) were observed for the EGDMA/VA microspheres (207 m2/g), and SBET value slightly decreases with the modified starch addition (184 and 169 m2/g) as a consquence of the pores stopping by the big starch molecules. The total pore volumes (Vtot) were found to be in the range from 0.227 to 0.233 cm3/g. These materials can be classified as mesoporous, with an average pore diameter (W) of approximately 55 Å (5.35–6.10 nm). The SEM and EDS analyses indicated that the EGDMA/VA microspheres are globular in shape with well-defined edges and contain 73.06% of carbon and 26.94% of oxygen. The microspheres containing modified starch exhibited a loss of smoothness with more irregular shape. The adsorption efficiency of dyes and heavy metal ions depends on the phases contact time, initial adsorbate concentration and the presence of competing electrolytes and surfactants. The equilibrium data were better fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model than by the Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The highest experimental adsorption capacities were observed for the BB3 dye which were equal to 193 mg/g, 190 mg/g, and 194 mg/g for EGDMA/VA, EGDMA/VA-St/B, EGDMA/VA-St/DiTDTA, respectively. The dyes and heavy metal ions were removed very rapidly and the time required to reach system equilibrium was below 20 min for M(II), 40 min for BB3, and 120 min for AG16. 50% v/v methanol and its mixture with 1 M HCl and NaCl for dyes and 1 M HCl for M(II) desorbed these impurities efficiently.
AI and cybersecurity: a risk society perspective
Authors: Vulpe Simona-Nicoleta , Rughiniș Răzvan , Țurcanu Dinu , Rosner Daniel
Published: October 2024

Introduction

The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced transformative potential across various sectors, while simultaneously posing significant cybersecurity risks.

Methods

The aim of this paper is to examine the debates on AI-related cybersecurity risks through the lens of Beck’s theory of the risk society. Utilizing thematic content analysis, we explored public discourse on AI and cybersecurity as presented in articles published by WIRED.

Results

Our analysis identified several key themes: the global nature of AI risks, their pervasive influence across multiple sectors, the alteration of public trust, the individualization of risk, and the uneven distribution of AI risks and benefits.

Discussion

The editorial choices in WIRED predominantly favor a functionalist and solutionist perspective on AI cybersecurity risks, often marginalizing the opinions of ordinary individuals and non-Western voices. This editorial bias tends to limit diversity and underrepresent key opposing viewpoints, potentially hindering a more comprehensive and nuanced debate on AI and cybersecurity issues.
Deep learning approaches for protecting IoT devices in smart homes from MitM attacks
Authors: Karmous Nader , Ben Dhiab Yassmine , Ould-Elhassen Aoueileyine Mohamed , Youssef Neji , Bouallegue Ridha , Yazidi Anis
Published: October 2024

The primary objective of this paper is to enhance the security of IoT devices in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environments against Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks in smart homes using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods as part of an Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) framework. This framework aims to authenticate communication parties, ensure overall system and network security within SDN environments, and foster trust among users and stakeholders. The experimental analysis focuses on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, particularly those employed in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), such as Naive Bayes (NB), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Random Forest (RF), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The CNN algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance on the training dataset, achieving 99.96% accuracy with minimal training time. It also shows favorable results in terms of detection speed, requiring only 1 s, and maintains a low False Alarm Rate (FAR) of 0.02%. Subsequently, the proposed framework was deployed in a testbed SDN environment to evaluate its detection capabilities across diverse network topologies, showcasing its efficiency compared to existing approaches.
Resource abundance of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the KC-8 seamount, West Pacific
Authors: Hwang Gyuha , Ko Youngtak , Yang Seungjin , Kim Wonnyon
Published: October 2024

We have estimated the resource potential of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (CFCs) on the summit area of the KC-8 seamount in the West Pacific, based on the acoustic backscatter intensity (ABI), ROV video footage, and CFC thickness measurements. To estimate the spatial distribution of CFC across 13 equally divided blocks within a 360 km2 area, shipboard and deep-tow ABIs were compared with visual data. The presence of CFCs is evident in the areas where ABI is higher than average, validating the use of ABI data to delineate the exposure of CFCs. With high accuracy in distinguishing between CFCs and sediment-dominant areas, the distribution area of CFCs was precisely calculated. The variation in CFC thickness across the KC-8 seamount summit was measured through CFC samples retrieved using a CFC corer. CFC thickness is highly variable even between adjacent sites, but it shows a roughly increasing trend from south to northwest. Based on the CFC distribution area associated with thickness, we calculated a CFC resource abundance. Of the estimation, 82% have remained on the gentle slope (<10°) areas, which can be accessible for future mining. Overall, our study suggests that the combination of an acoustic survey with reliable thickness information is highly effective in estimating CFC abundance.
“You’re not learning skills—you’re just realizing what you can do”: a preliminary study of self-regulation in higher education
Authors: Nyman Fredrik
Published: October 2024

Introduction

This preliminary study employs a phenomenological approach to investigate the phenomenon of self-regulated learning among higher education students in the United Kingdom. The research seeks to identify both facilitators and challenges associated with effective self-regulated learning, shedding light on the factors that influence students’ ability to manage their own learning processes.

Methods

The study used in-depth interviews with students and employed thematic analysis to explore the experiences of self-regulated learning. Through this qualitative approach, key themes emerged, including motivation, the learning process, support systems, planning, and group dynamics.

Results

Noteworthy findings include the significance of clear guidelines regarding study hours and designated learning environments for students. Themes such as the learning process, planning, and group dynamics were highlighted as crucial factors in effective self-regulated learning. Additionally, motivation and the role of support systems were found to play essential roles in students’ learning outcomes.

Discussion

The findings suggest that even students who exhibit autonomous motivation benefit from additional tools and support mechanisms to enhance their self-study practices. Educators are encouraged to integrate activities that foster learning strategies and promote social relationships within student groups. The study emphasizes the importance of creating structured learning environments and support systems to facilitate effective self-regulated learning for all students.
Case report: Pediatric hepatopulmonary syndrome despite strict weight control after craniopharyngioma surgery
Authors: Yoshikawa Satoko , Takatani Tomozumi , Takatani Rieko , Inui Ayano , Fujisawa Tomoo , Hamada Hiromichi
Published: October 2024

Childhood-onset craniopharyngiomas, though rare, are intracranial malformations that can cause obesity by disrupting the hypothalamus, a condition that often persists even after tumor resection. This severe obesity increases the risk of diabetes and fatty liver disease in childhood. Concurrently, panhypopituitarism, including growth hormone (GH) deficiency, may develop. Notably, some individuals with GH deficiency may exhibit a normal growth rate, making GH therapy unnecessary for growth purposes. However, in these cases, GH therapy may still be beneficial in preventing the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although weight management is traditionally considered the gold standard for preventing liver cirrhosis, its effectiveness can be limited by hypothalamic dysfunction and the difficulty of achieving successful weight control. Our case study highlights a patient with normal growth despite GH deficiency, who did not receive GH replacement therapy and continued to struggle with hypothalamic obesity. Despite effective body weight control, the patient developed hepatopulmonary syndrome, indicating that relying solely on weight management may not be sufficient to prevent liver complications. This case underscores the importance of addressing GH deficiency even when growth is normal. Our findings suggest that GH replacement therapy could be beneficial for preventing liver cirrhosis in such cases.
Bibliometric analysis of photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds from 1998 to 2023
Authors: Zhu Xinjie , Sui Yifan , Li Xiuli , Guan Jie , Zhang Xiaojiao , Zhang Gangfeng , Guo Yaoguang
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have attracted widespread attention due to their adverse effects on human health. Photocatalytic oxidation is an effective technology for degrading VOCs under ambient conditions.

Methods

In order to better understand the trends and development of global trends in photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs, the analysis of 2493 articles or reviews from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) in the Web of Science Core Collection, covering the period from 1998 to 2023, was conducted using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software.

Results and Discussion

The findings indicate significant growth in papers concerning photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs. China emerges as the most active country among the main drivers. Principal sources publishing relevant research are Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal of Hazardous Materials, and Environmental Science and Technology. A relatively well-established theoretical framework has been developed for the study of photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs. In the field of VOCs photocatalytic oxidation, the focus is on the development and optimization of advanced photocatalysts with efficient charge separation, better adsorption performance, and a wider light response range. In addition, the in-depth study of the charge generation and transfer mechanisms within the photocatalysts, as well as the comprehensive understanding of the reaction kinetics and catalytic oxidation process, the optimization of the reaction conditions, and the improvement of the catalytic efficiency are at the forefront of the research in this field. This research system is advancing and becoming more refined, with its theoretical propositions, research findings, and methodologies increasingly employed and confirmed.
Exploring the acceptability of a decision aid for rural women with a history of prior cesarean birth regarding subsequent mode of birth in Coatepeque, Guatemala
Authors: Jimenez-Zambrano Andrea , Avery Morgan , Feller Kathryn , Rivera Claudia , Marchin Angela , Bolaños Antonio Guillermo , Asturias Edwin , Rodas Hector , Harrison Margo S.
Published: October 2024

Background

Decisions regarding mode of delivery in the context of a prior cesarean birth is complicated because both trial of labor after cesarean and elective repeat cesarean birth have risks and benefits.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to understand the perspective of women and obstetricians in Coatepeque, Guatemala, to guide the development of a decision aid about mode of birth for women with a history of prior cesarean.

Methods

We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with obstetricians at Coatepeque Hospital and women at the Center for Human Development in the southwest Trifinio region of Guatemala in February 2020. Using qualitative content analysis, we recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed qualitative data for the meaning of themes and concepts exploring the acceptability of counseling with a decision aid regarding mode of delivery.

Results

A total of 30 qualitative interviews were conducted with women and physicians. Three themes emerged from the qualitative interviews: Having a decision aid for women with a prior cesarean birth will be useful and helpful. Content of the decision aid should include benefits and risks for women and babies as well as figures. Women described the need of tailoring the content surrounding family's role in their decisions. They felt that a trusted provider from the healthcare system should facilitate the use of the decision aid for counseling.

Conclusions

These findings emphasize the support and need for innovative approaches to patient education around mode of delivery after a prior cesarean in the southwest region in Guatemala. There is a need to improve the educational information given to women regarding their mode of delivery after a cesarean birth. Finally, an effective decision aid needs to be tailored to not only the women's needs but also the engagement of the family unit for its successful implementation.
A single-cell perspective on immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: from microenvironment analysis to therapeutic strategy innovation
Authors: Wang Rui , Liu Jie , Jiang Bo , Gao Benjian , Luo Honghao , Yang Fengyi , Ye Yuntao , Chen Zhuo , Liu Hong , Cui Cheng , Xu Ke , Li Bo , Yang Xiaoli
Published: October 2024

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with conventional treatment options providing limited efficacy. Recent advancements in immunotherapy have offered new hope, yet the unique tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic cancer poses significant challenges to its successful application. This review explores the transformative impact of single-cell technology on the understanding and treatment of pancreatic cancer. By enabling high-resolution analysis of cellular heterogeneity within the TME, single-cell approaches have elucidated the complex interplay between various immune and tumor cell populations. These insights have led to the identification of predictive biomarkers and the development of innovative, personalized immunotherapeutic strategies. The review discusses the role of single-cell technology in dissecting the intricate immune landscape of pancreatic cancer, highlighting the discovery of T cell exhaustion profiles and macrophage polarization states that influence treatment response. Moreover, it outlines the potential of single-cell data in guiding the selection of immunotherapy drugs and optimizing treatment plans. The review also addresses the challenges and prospects of translating these single-cell-based innovations into clinical practice, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research and the integration of artificial intelligence to overcome current limitations. Ultimately, the review underscores the promise of single-cell technology in driving therapeutic strategy innovation and improving patient outcomes in the battle against pancreatic cancer.
Oncolytic virus and CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors
Authors: Ponterio Eleonora , Haas Tobias Longin , De Maria Ruggero
Published: October 2024

Adoptive immunotherapy with T cells, genetically modified to express a tumor-reactive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), is an innovative and rapidly developing life-saving treatment for cancer patients without other therapeutic opportunities. CAR-T cell therapy has proven effective only in hematological malignancies. However, although by now only a few clinical trials had promising outcomes, we predict that CAR-T therapy will eventually become an established treatment for several solid tumors. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells. They can stimulate an immune response against the tumor, because OVs potentially stimulate adaptive immunity and innate components of the host immune system. Using CAR-T cells along with oncolytic viruses may enhance the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in destroying solid tumors by increasing the tumor penetrance of T cells and reducing the immune suppression by the tumor microenvironment. This review describes recent advances in the design of oncolytic viruses and CAR-T cells while providing an overview of the potential combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR-T cells for solid cancers. In this review, we will focus on the host-virus interaction in the tumor microenvironment to reverse local immunosuppression and to develop CAR-T cell effector function.
Primary seminal vesicle diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literatures
Authors: Li Youli , Cao Sufen , Lv Fangfang , Chen Guang-Liang
Published: October 2024

Primary seminal vesicle lymphoma is a remarkably rare condition, predominantly manifesting as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Due to its rarity and nonspecific clinical presentations, it is often misdiagnosed or overlooked. Here, we report a case of a 68-year-old male diagnosed with primary seminal vesicle lymphoma, coinciding with prostate cancer. The diagnosis followed initial findings of elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and abnormal magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate and left seminal vesicle. Suspicion of prostate cancer led to a radical resection of both the prostate and seminal vesicle. Subsequent pathological examination and next-generation sequencing post-surgery confirmed the diagnosis of primary seminal vesicle diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, characterized by CD79B mutation type (MCD type). The patient was treated with six cycles of the R-CHOP regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone), achieving complete metabolic remission as confirmed by positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Fifteen months post-treatment, the patient’s condition remains favorable. Through our literature review of additional six cases of primary seminal vesicle lymphoma, we aim to elucidate the typical clinical presentations, imaging features, pathological characteristics, genetic mutations, and therapeutic strategies, aiming to contribute to better detection and management of this rare malignancy. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges and emphasizes the necessity for heightened clinical suspicion and definitive pathological examination in the management of primary seminal vesicle lymphoma.
Study on the mechanical properties of PES-HmA samples printed by selective laser sintering under various pre-heating conditions
Authors: Guo Chengbo , Guo Yanling , Li Jian , Wang Yangwei , Dai Jiaming
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of pre-heating characteristics on the mechanical properties and forming process of selective laser sintering (SLS) printed PES-HmA samples. An experimental setup with four heating tubes was designed to study the pre-heating temperature distribution on the powder bed. The pre-heating temperature distribution on the powder bed was captured using a thermal imaging camera. A method for evaluating pre-heating temperature distribution based on the average and standard deviation of surface temperature was proposed. The heating tube installation position was optimized using a response surface experiment study based on the temperature distribution evaluation. By optimizing the installation position of the tubes, the temperature distribution on the powder bed tends to become uniform. The effect of pre-heating temperature value and distribution on the mechanical properties of the SLS printed PES-HmA samples was also experimentally investigated. The cross sectional microstructure of the printed samples were examined by scanning electron microscope to analyze the layer formation process at different pre-heating temperature. By increasing the pre-heating temperature from 70°C to 100°C, the material diffusion at the layers interface was improved, which made the tensile strength of sample increased by 376%, and the flexural strength increased by 224%.
Self-care practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients at public hospitals in North Shewa zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Kebede Hailemelekot Bekele , Yosef Tewodros , Bilchut Awraris Hailu , Workie Sewnet Getaye , Shifera Nigusie , Mezgebu Alemnew Destaw
Published: October 2024

Background

Hypertension significantly contributes to premature mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for effective self-care to manage its complications. However, there is limited research on self-care practices among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia. This study assessed self-care practices and associated factors in hypertensive patients at public hospitals in North Shewa zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Methods

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 450 participants using multi-stage sampling and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data were processed with Epi-Data 4.6.0.6 and analyzed using SPSS 23. Descriptive statistics summarized the results, while bivariable and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with self-care practices. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, with significance at p < 0.05.

Results

Out of 450 participants, 231 (51.3, 95% CI: 46.4–55.6%) exhibited poor hypertension self-care practices. Factors associated with poor self-care included having a college-level education (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07–0.95), university-level education (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13–0.98), being widowed/widower (AOR = 5.30, 95% CI: 1.05–27.2), poor knowledge of hypertension (AOR = 4.51, 95% CI: 2.44–8.59), inadequate stress management (AOR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.64–5.74), and first diagnosis during a check-up (AOR = 7.72, 95% CI: 4.22–13.8).

Conclusion

This study highlights inadequate self-care among hypertensive individuals, affected by factors such as education, marital status, knowledge, stress management, and diagnostic practices. Personalized interventions focusing on health education, stress management, and proactive screening are essential for improving health outcomes. Additionally, psychological support enhances emotional well-being and self-care engagement in hypertension patients, leading to better health outcomes and quality of life.
Antibacterial activity against pathogenic Vibrio and cytotoxicity on human hepatocyte of nano-silver prepared by polysaccharide-protein complexes
Authors: He Peirong , Wang Wenying , Jian Wenjie
Published: October 2024

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potential antibacterial agents against pathogenic Vibrio bacteria in the field of public health, yet their widespread use is limited by dispersibility and biocompatibility. In a previous study, highly dispersible AgNPs were fabricated using a polysaccharide–protein complex (PSP) obtained from the viscera of Haliotis discus. In this study, the antibacterial activity of PSP-AgNPs against pathogenic Vibrio and its cytotoxicity for human hepatocytes (LO2) was evaluated. At dosages of 3.125–25.0 μg/mL, PSP-AgNPs demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against several pathogenic Vibrio strains (such as V. fluvialis, V. mimicus, V. hollisae, V. vulnificus, and V. furnissii), and no cytotoxicity on LO2 cells. This was evidenced by cellular viability, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidase activities. However, severe cytotoxicity was observed at a PSP-AgNPs concentration of 50.0 μg/mL. Furthermore, intracellular oxidative stress was the predominant mechanism of toxicity induced by PSP-AgNPs. Overall, PSP-AgNPs are highly biocompatible in the range of effective antibacterial dosages, identifying them as promising bactericide candidates in the field of public health.
Nontargeted metabonomics analysis of Scorias spongiosa fruiting bodies at different growth stages
Authors: Nong Xiang , Zhong Shengnan , Huang Lanying , Xiao Jie , Hu Ye , Xie Yue
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Scorias spongiosa is an edible fungus.

Methods

In this study, a nontargeted metabonomic analysis was conducted on the fruiting bodies of this fungus at five growth stages, and the differences in metabolites and the related metabolic pathways during growth and development were analysed.

Results

This study revealed that the five growth stages of S. spongiosa fruiting bodies were associated with 15 pathways. These 15 metabolic pathways are speculated to play important roles in the growth of S. spongiosa fruiting bodies. Eleven bioactive substances were identified among the differentially expressed compounds. The content of six bioactive substances was highest at the S1 growth stage among all the growth stages. The metabolites related to sugar metabolism were enriched in three main pathways: pentose and gluconate interconversions, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the citrate cycle (TCA cycle).

Discussion

These results suggested that the S1 growth stage can be selected as the harvest period of S. spongiosa in fruiting bodies to retain most of the bioactive substances. Pentose and gluconate interconversions, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle are related to changes in polysaccharide content during the growth of S. spongiosa fruiting bodies.
Comparative analyses on nitrogen removal microbes and functional genes within anaerobic–anoxic–oxic and deoxidation ditch sewage-treating processes in Wuhan and Xi’an cities, China
Authors: Liu Shuangyuan , Liu Yaqi , Ye Linyan , Xiao Enrong , Xu Dong , Chao Hongjun , Dai Jingcheng , Qiu Dongru
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2/O) and deoxidation ditch (DOD) processes are being increasingly preferred owing to their effectiveness in treating various wastes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Considering seasonal variations is crucial in optimizing treatment processes, ensuring compliance with regulations, and maintaining the overall efficiency and effectiveness of WWTPs. This study aimed to determine the influence of seasonality on nitrogen removing microbes and functional genes within A2/O and DOD processes in the humid Wuhan and semi-arid Xi’an cities, China.

Methods

The physicochemical parameters of water quality were determined, and molecular and bioinformatic analyses of the bacterial community and nitrogen metabolism functional genes in the two different treatment processes of two WWTPs were performed over four seasons.

Results and discussion

Our analyses revealed a significant difference in all physicochemical parameters across all experimental groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Dokdonella, one unidentified genus of Nitrospiraceae, Terrimonas, and one unidentified genus of Chloroflexi was the highest in all groups. Generally, warmer seasons exhibited higher biodiversity indices. The A2/O system exhibited higher values in terms of most nitrogen metabolism functional genes than those of the DOD sewage treatment system. In both WWTPs, the abundance of most genes in spring and summer were higher than that of autumn and winter seasons. Taken together, changes in temperature, caused by seasonal changes, may contribute to changes in abundance of nitrogen metabolic functional genes.
Anatomical study of single incision contralateral C7 nerve transfer through subdural pathway
Authors: Yao Long , Yan Zhengcun , Wang Xiaodong , Gu Jiaxiang , Liu Hongjun , Zhang Hengzhu
Published: October 2024

Objective

To explore the feasibility of single incision C7 nerve transfer surgery through the subarachnoid pathway on the healthy side through anatomical research.

Method

Four fresh frozen cadaver specimens were used for the study. Observe and measure the length of C7 nerve root fibers. Divide the front root into 3 bundles and the rear root into 5 bundles.

Result

The C7 nerve has a filamentous structure, arranged symmetrically on both sides, and the length of the root fibers gradually shortens from top to bottom. The length of the left anterior root decreased from (12.25 ± 0.68) mm to (9.75 ± 1.40) mm, the length of the right anterior root decreased from (12.95 ± 1.49) mm to (10.00 ± 2.00) mm, the length of the left posterior root decreased from (15.63 ± 1.55) mm to (12.38 ± 0.71) mm, and the length of the right posterior root decreased from (15.48 ± 1.37) mm to (12.30 ± 0.90) mm. The distance from the exit of the C7 nerve from the dura mater to the fusion site in 4 specimens was (10.98 ± 1.21) mm on the left and (10.98 ± 1.391) mm on the right. All four specimens have completed nerve bundle anastomosis.

Conclusion

From an anatomical perspective, it is feasible to anastomose the healthy side C7 nerve with the affected side root fibers in the dorsal bundle of the spinal cord after cutting off the dura mater.
Reinforcement learning in motor skill acquisition: using the reward positivity to understand the mechanisms underlying short- and long-term behavior adaptation
Authors: Bacelar Mariane F. B. , Lohse Keith R. , Parma Juliana O. , Miller Matthew W.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

According to reinforcement learning, humans adjust their behavior based on the difference between actual and anticipated outcomes (i.e., prediction error) with the main goal of maximizing rewards through their actions. Despite offering a strong theoretical framework to understand how we acquire motor skills, very few studies have investigated reinforcement learning predictions and its underlying mechanisms in motor skill acquisition.

Methods

In the present study, we explored a 134-person dataset consisting of learners’ feedback-evoked brain activity (reward positivity; RewP) and motor accuracy during the practice phase and delayed retention test to investigate whether these variables interacted according to reinforcement learning predictions.

Results

Results showed a non-linear relationship between RewP and trial accuracy, which was moderated by the learners’ performance level. Specifically, high-performing learners were more sensitive to violations in reward expectations compared to low-performing learners, likely because they developed a stronger representation of the skill and were able to rely on more stable outcome predictions. Furthermore, contrary to our prediction, the average RewP during acquisition did not predict performance on the delayed retention test.

Discussion

Together, these findings support the use of reinforcement learning models to understand short-term behavior adaptation and highlight the complexity of the motor skill consolidation process, which would benefit from a multi-mechanistic approach to further our understanding of this phenomenon.
Differential regulation of sleep by blue, green, and red light in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bond Samuel M. , Peralta Aaliyah J. , Sirtalan Dilhan , Skeele Dominic A. , Huang Haoyang , Possidente Debra R. , Vecsey Christopher G.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Exposure to blue-enriched light from electronic devices is an emergent disruptor of human sleep, especially at particular times of day. Further dissection of this phenomenon necessitates modeling in a tractable model organism.

Methods

Thus, we investigated the effects of light color on sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. We measured sleep in red-eyed Canton-S (CS) and white-eyed w1118 flies in baseline 12:12 light/dark conditions and experimental conditions with light-color (blue, red, or green) exposure for all 12 h of daylight or 3 h in the morning or evening.

Results

Blue light reduced daytime and nighttime sleep in CS but not in w1118, potentially indicating a role for the compound eye in blue light’s effects on fruit fly sleep. Red light, especially in the evening, reduced sleep during exposure in both strains. Green light had minimal effects on sleep in CS flies, but evening exposure reduced sleep in w1118 flies, mimicking red light’s effects.

Discussion

In conclusion, light’s effects on sleep in D. melanogaster are dependent on wavelength and time-of-day. Future studies will aim to dissect these mechanisms genetically.
Association of renal biomarkers with fast progressor phenotype and related outcomes in anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke
Authors: Rios Rocha Lucas , Kayyali Mohammad N. , Mahat Bishow C. , Al-Qudah Abdullah , Doheim Mohamed F. , Al-Bayati Alhamza R. , Bhatt Nirav R. , Starr Matthew T. , Song Shlee S. , Nogueira Raul G. , Rocha Marcelo
Published: October 2024

Background

Renal dysfunction is a known predictor of long-term functional dependency after anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (ACLVO) stroke. However, the impact of renal dysfunction on early infarct growth rate (IGR) has not been previously demonstrated. The objective of this study was to define the association of creatinine-based renal biomarkers with fast or slow progressor phenotypes and related clinical outcomes in ACLVO stroke.

Methods

This retrospective study examined patients with acute intracranial internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery-M1 occlusions admitted between 2014 and 2019. Patients were included if they received baseline CT perfusion (CTP) or MRI on presentation within 24 h of estimated stroke onset. Infarct growth rate (IGR) was determined by ischemic core volume on CTP or MRI divided by time from stroke onset to imaging. IGR was used to stratify fast progressor (IGR ≥10 mL/h) and slow progressor (IGR < 10 mL/h) status. Renal dysfunction was assessed based on serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on presenting laboratories. Logistic regression models, adjusted for significant covariates, identified independent associations between renal dysfunction biomarkers, progressor status, and clinical outcomes based on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days.

Results

Among 230 patients with ACLVO, 29% were fast progressors, with median serum creatinine levels higher than slow progressors (1.1 vs. 0.9 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and lower median eGFR (66.2 vs. 69.0 mL/min/1.73m2, p < 0.05). Elevated creatinine (≥1.2 mg/dL) was independently associated with fast progressor status (adjusted OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.18–4.77), worse 90-day mRS (adjusted OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.01–3.51) and mortality (adjusted OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.14–5.79). Reduced eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73m2) was independently associated with fast progressor status (adjusted OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.14–4.94), but not with 90-day mRS or mortality.

Conclusion

Serum creatinine-based biomarkers of renal dysfunction were associated with fast progressor phenotype of ACLVO stroke, and worse clinical outcomes, which may help identify such patients earlier during emergency evaluation for expedited access to EVT. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm and test implementation of these findings.
Are tinnitus burden and tinnitus exacerbation after cochlear implantation influenced by insertion technique, array dislocation, and intracochlear trauma?
Authors: Everad F. , Beck R. L. , Aschendorff A. , Rauch A. K. , Fries Leonie , Arndt S. , Ketterer M. C.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Although numerous studies suggest that cochlear implantation (CI) generally alleviates the overall burden of tinnitus, certain patients experience tinnitus exacerbation following CI. The exact cause of this exacerbation is still uncertain. This prospective study aimed to investigate whether cochlear trauma, resulting from scalar dislocation of the electrode array, affected postoperative tinnitus intensity, tinnitus burden, and speech perception. Additionally, the influence of CI insertion technique, insertion depth, insertion angle, and cochlear morphology on postoperative tinnitus was assessed.

Methods

We evaluated 66 CI recipients preoperatively at 2 days, 4 weeks, and 12- and 24-months following surgery. Digital volume tomography was employed to document scalar position, insertion depth, and cochlear morphology postoperatively. Speech perception was analyzed using Freiburg monosyllables. The tinnitus burden was evaluated using the tinnitus questionnaire, while the tinnitus intensity was quantified using a visual analog scale.

Results

Study results pertaining to tinnitus intensity and burden did not reveal a significant difference in elevation regarding scalar position and dislocation after CI surgery compared to preoperative tinnitus levels. However, dislocation was only identified in four patients, and scala vestibuli insertions were observed in two patients. Comparing preoperative and 1-year postoperative outcomes, CI was noted to substantially reduce the tinnitus burden. When the speech processor was worn, the tinnitus intensity was significantly diminished. In comparison to round window (RW) insertion, the insertion technique cochleostomy (CS) did not exhibit a significant difference or a trend toward increased tinnitus intensity.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that CI significantly decreases the tinnitus burden. The observation implies that the electrical stimulation of the auditory pathway, facilitated by wearing the speech processor, significantly reduced the tinnitus intensity. The incidence of dislocations and scala vestibuli insertions has declined to the extent that it is no longer feasible to formulate statistically significant conclusions.
Clinical trajectories of patients with multiple sclerosis from onset and their relationship with serum neurofilament light chain levels
Authors: Quintanilla-Bordás Carlos , Cubas-Núñez Laura , Castillo-Villalba Jéssica , Carratalá-Boscá Sara , Gasque-Rubio Raquel , Tortosa-Carreres Jordi , Alcalá Carmen , Forés-Toribio Lorena , Lucas Celia , Gorriz David , Pérez-Miralles Francisco , Casanova Bonaventura
Published: October 2024

Background

Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is a biomarker of neuroaxonal destruction that correlates with acute inflammation (AI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, in the treatment era, progression without AI is the main driver of long-term disability. sNfL may provide added value in detecting ongoing axonal damage and neurological worsening in patients without AI. We conducted a prospective three-year study on patients with a first MS relapse to evaluate the basal cut-off value predicting early increased disability unrelated to relapses.

Methods

sNfL levels and AI presence were measured every 6 months during the first year and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was monitored until the third year. Baseline cohorts were stratified by sNfL levels, using a cut-off derived from patients without AI (absence of clinical relapses, new/enlarging T2 lesions, or gadolinium enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging) at year one.

Results

Fifty-one patients were included. A sNfL cut-off of 11 pg/mL predicted sustained neurological worsening independent of AI. Patients exceeding this threshold exhibited features of highly active MS (higher proportion of AI, oligoclonal M bands and higher EDSS). Despite AI ablation, sNfL levels persisted elevated and were significantly associated with increased EDSS at baseline and year 3. Patients with low sNfL and concurrent AI (n = 8) experienced relapses in the optic nerve, brainstem, and spinal cord topographies.

Conclusion

sNfL elevation may detect patients with increased disability even when AI is controlled. This may reveal mechanisms associated with early axonal degeneration and help identify patients at higher risk of progression.
Mortality and its predictors among patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome in the intensive care unit of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a multicenter retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bayu Habtu Tsehayu , Demilie Atalay Eshetie , Molla Misganew Terefe , Kumie Fantahun Tarekegn , Endeshaw Amanuel Sisay
Published: October 2024

Background

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the peripheral nervous system. It is characterized by the destruction of nerves involved in movement. This condition can lead to transient pain, changes in temperature and touch sensations, muscle weakness, loss of sensation in the legs and/or arms, and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Published data on the outcomes of critical care for patients with GBS are extremely scarce in Africa, particularly Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess mortality and its predictors among patients with GBS in the intensive care unit (ICU) of specialized hospitals in Ethiopia, a low-income country.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital and the Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, from 1 January 2019 to 30 December 2023. Data were collected in the medical record rooms. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of mortality among GBS patients in the ICU. The crude and adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using bivariable and multivariable Cox regression models. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of 124 GBS patients admitted to the ICU, 120 were included in the final analysis. During the follow-up, there were 23 (19.17%) deaths. The overall incidence rate of death was 1.96 (95% CI: 1.30, 2.95) per 100 person-days of observation. Traditional medicine (AHR = 3.11, 95%: 1.12, 16.70), COVID-19 infection (AHR = 5.44, 95% CI: 1.45, 73.33), pre-ICU cardiac arrest (AHR = 6.44, 95% CI: 2.04, 84.50), and ICU readmission (AHR = 4.24, 95% CI: 1.03, 69.84) were identified as the independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

The mortality rate among GBS patients admitted to the ICU was high. Traditional medicine, COVID-19 infection, pre-ICU cardiac arrest, and readmission to the ICU were the significant predictors of mortality. Conducting large-scale studies with a prospective design in the future would yield more robust evidence.
Efficacy comparison of five antidepressants in treating anxiety and depression in cancer and non-cancer patients
Authors: Zhao Kuan , Wang Youyang , Liu Qun , Yu Ze , Feng Wei
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Cancer patients have a heightened susceptibility to anxiety and depressive disorders, which significantly impact the effectiveness of cancer treatments and long-term quality of life. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of different antidepressants in cancer and non-cancer patients.

Methods

A total of 610 patients diagnosed with depressive episodes and/or anxiety disorders were retrospectively included and divided into a cancer group and a non-cancer control group. Antidepressants used included escitalopram, duloxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine, combined with trazodone or not. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-7 (GAD-7) scores were used to evaluate the efficacy after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of systematic antidepressants treatment.

Results

Compared to the non-cancer group, the cancer group had higher proportions of females, older individuals, and patients with poor sleep quality, while reporting fewer somatic symptoms at baseline (all p < 0.05). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores in cancer patients treated with antidepressants were significantly lower than baseline at week 4 and week 8 (all p < 0.05). The sertraline group demonstrated significantly less improvement in GAD-7 scores at week 4 and in both GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores at week 8 compared to the escitalopram group, while duloxetine, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine showed comparable efficacy to escitalopram. Antidepressants combined with trazodone showed significant improvement in PHQ-9 scores at week 4 compared to those without trazodone. The gynecological cancer group showed significantly more improvement in GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores at week 4 and 8 compared to breast cancer patients.

Conclusion

Antidepressant treatment in cancer patients with anxiety and depression is as effective as in non-cancer patients. The efficacy of escitalopram is comparable to duloxetine, venlafaxine, and vortioxetine, all of which outperformed sertraline in cancer patients.
Beyond anosmia: olfactory dysfunction as a common denominator in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Chen Yu-Nan , Kostka Johanna Katharina
Published: October 2024

Olfactory dysfunction has emerged as a hallmark feature shared among several neurological conditions, including both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. While diseases of both categories have been extensively studied for decades, their association with olfaction has only recently gained attention. Olfactory deficits often manifest already during prodromal stages of these diseases, yet it remains unclear whether common pathophysiological changes along olfactory pathways cause such impairments. Here we probe into the intricate relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, shedding light on their commonalities and underlying mechanisms. We begin by providing a brief overview of the olfactory circuit and its connections to higher-associated brain areas. Additionally, we discuss olfactory deficits in these disorders, focusing on potential common mechanisms that may contribute to olfactory dysfunction across both types of disorders. We further debate whether olfactory deficits contribute to the disease propagation or are simply an epiphenomenon. We conclude by emphasizing the significance of olfactory function as a potential pre-clinical diagnostic tool to identify individuals with neurological disorders that offers the opportunity for preventive intervention before other symptoms manifest.
The effect of sulforaphane on markers of inflammation and metabolism in virally suppressed HIV patients
Authors: Giron Jose , Smiarowski Lauren , Katz Johannah
Published: October 2024

There are currently 1.2 million people living with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in the United States. Virally suppressed HIV patients commonly experience chronic inflammation which increases the risk for other chronic conditions. This inflammation can be quantified with a variety of biomarkers. Some current antiretroviral compounds bring about metabolic abnormalities and promote weight gain often associated with increases in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and an increase in the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has shown efficacy in animal models by reducing lipid levels, lowering inflammatory markers, and decreasing fat mass. A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study with 14 virally suppressed HIV patients was conducted to evaluate the effects of 40 mg (225 μmol) of sulforaphane, once daily, over 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period. There was a significant decrease in C-reactive protein compared to the control group (p = 0.019). Sulforaphane has been studied in a multitude of conditions and diseases, but this is the first study in a human population of patients living with HIV.