bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place‐protective action
Authors: Devine‐Wright Patrick
Published: October 2009

The ‘NIMBY’ (Not In My Back Yard) concept is commonly used to explain public opposition to new developments near homes and communities, particularly arising from energy technologies such as wind farms or electricity pylons. Despite its common use, the concept has been extensively critiqued by social scientists as a useful concept for research and practice. Given European policy goals to increase sustainable energy supply by 2020, deepening understanding of local opposition is of both conceptual and practical importance. This paper reviews NIMBY literature and proposes an alternative framework to explain local opposition, drawing upon social and environmental psychological theory on place. Local opposition is conceived as a form of place‐protective action, which arises when new developments disrupt pre‐existing emotional attachments and threaten place‐related identity processes. Adopting a social constructivist perspective and drawing on social representation theory, a framework of place change is proposed encompassing stages of becoming aware, interpreting, evaluating, coping and acting, with each stage conceived at multiple levels of analysis, from intrapersonal to socio‐cultural. Directions for future research and potential implications of the place‐based approach for public engagement by energy policy‐makers and practitioners are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication practices of coaches during mediator training: Addressing issues of knowledge and enactment
Authors: White Cindy H. , Agne Robert R.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to describe how coaches of mediators‐in‐training manage interaction in role‐play sessions and help trainees learn about mediation practices. Using a qualitative, discourse analytic approach, we examined role‐played mediation sessions where thirteen professional mediators each provided coaching to two pairs of student trainees who had completed training in interest‐based mediation (for a total of twenty‐six sessions). We argue that the techniques we observed at crucial moments in mediation training seemed designed to improve trainees' understanding of the mediation process but offered limited help in teaching trainees how to enact the communication practices that are essential to mediation. We consider how the demands of giving advice and assessing communication behavior affect what coaches say to trainees in these circumstances.
A Facile Synthesis of α‐Aryl α‐Oxoheterocyclic Ketene N,N‐Acetals Bearing an Electron‐Rich Catechol Subunit–An Electrochemical Oxidative Approach
Authors: Zeng Cheng‐Chu , Ping Da‐Wei , Xu Yi‐Sheng , Hu Li‐Ming , Zhong Ru‐Gang
Published: October 2009

Heterocyclic ketene N,N‐acetals are versatile building blocks for the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds. In the present work, the anodic oxidation of catechols 2a–f in the presence of α‐oxoheterocyclic ketene N,N‐acetals 1a–d has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and controlled‐potential electrolysis methods. These results indicate that α‐oxoheterocyclic ketene N,N‐acetals could undergo Michael addition to the anodically generated o‐benzoquinones and produce α‐carbon‐arylated products in good yields. This approach provides effective and “green“ access to the synthesis of α‐aryl α‐oxoheterocyclic ketene N,N‐acetals containing an electron‐rich aromatic ring. In addition, density functional theory calculations were performed to explain the exclusive formation of α‐carbon‐arylated products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Integrated Approach for the Identification of Human Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Target Genes Using Protein Binding Microarrays
Authors: Bolotin Eugene , Liao Hailing , Ta Tuong Chi , Yang Chuhu , Hwang-Verslues Wendy , Evans Jane R. , Jiang Tao , Sladek Frances M.
Published: October 2009

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is essential for liver function and is linked to several diseases including diabetes, hemophilia, atherosclerosis, and hepatitis. Although many DNA response elements and target genes have been identified for HNF4α, the complete repertoire of binding sites and target genes in the human genome is unknown. Here, we adapt protein binding microarrays (PBMs) to examine the DNA-binding characteristics of two HNF4α species (rat and human) and isoforms (HNF4α2 and HNF4α8) in a high-throughput fashion. We identified ˜1400 new binding sequences and used this dataset to successfully train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model that predicts an additional ˜10,000 unique HNF4α-binding sequences; we also identify new rules for HNF4α DNA binding. We performed expression profiling of an HNF4α RNA interference knockdown in HepG2 cells and compared the results to a search of the promoters of all human genes with the PBM and SVM models, as well as published genome-wide location analysis. Using this integrated approach, we identified ˜240 new direct HNF4α human target genes, including new functional categories of genes not typically associated with HNF4α, such as cell cycle, immune function, apoptosis, stress response, and other cancer-related genes.

Conclusion:

We report the first use of PBMs with a full-length liver-enriched transcription factor and greatly expand the repertoire of HNF4α-binding sequences and target genes, thereby identifying new functions for HNF4α. We also establish a web-based tool, HNF4 Motif Finder, that can be used to identify potential HNF4α-binding sites in any sequence. (Hepatology 2009.)
Serum chromium levels sampled with steel needle versus plastic IV cannula. Does method matter?
Authors: Penny Jeannette Ø. , Overgaard Soren
Published: October 2009

Purpose: Modern metal‐on‐metal (MoM) joint articulations releases metal ions to the body. Research tries to establish how much this elevates metal ion levels and whether it causes adverse effects. The steel needle that samples the blood may introduce additional chromium to the sample thereby causing bias. This study aimed to test that theory. Methods: We compared serum chromium values for two sampling methods, steel needle and IV plastic cannula, as well as sampling sequence in 16 healthy volunteers. Results: We found statistically significant chromium contamination from the steel needle with mean differences between the two methods of 0.073 ng/mL, for the first sample, and 0.033 ng/mL for the second. No difference was found between the first and second plastic sample. The first steel needle sample contained an average of 0.047 ng/mL more than the second. This difference was only borderline significant. Conclusion: The chromium contamination from the steel needle is low, and sampling method matters little in MoM populations. If using steel needles we suggest discarding the first sample. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Transdentinal cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of chlorhexidine gel applied on acid‐conditioned dentin substrate
Authors: Lessa Fernanda Campos Rosetti , Nogueira Indri , Huck Cláudia , Hebling Josimeri , de Souza Costa Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2009

It has been demonstrated that chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) is capable of eliminating bacteria that may remain lodged in dentin after mechanical caries removal. In addition, the use of CHX on acid‐etched dentin before adhesive system application delays the resin–dentin interface degradation, maintaining the integrity of the adhesive restorations. Despite these advantages of using CHX in restorative dentistry, when applied on dentin, this chemical agent may diffuse across dentinal tubules to cause toxic effects to the pulp cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxic effects caused by different concentrations of CHX gels applied on acid‐conditioned dentin substrate. Dentin discs (0.2‐mm and 0.5‐mm thick) were cut from human third molars and mounted in artificial pulp chambers. Odontoblast‐like MDPC‐23 cells (50,000 cells/cm2) were seeded on the pulpal side of the discs, and the carbon polymer gel (natrosol) with different CHX concentrations (0.12, 0.2, 1, and 2%), 35% phosphoric acid, or pure natrosol were applied on the occlusal side of the discs, forming six treatment groups (n = 10 discs/thickness). The dentin discs in the control group (n = 10 discs/thickness) did not receive any treatment. In each group, cell metabolism was analyzed by the methyltetrazolium assay (n = 8/thickness), and cell morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 2/thickness). Statistical analysis showed that CHX gels had a dose‐dependent toxic effect on the odontoblast‐like cells. Cell metabolism decreased by 12.8, 14.6, 18.3, 26, 13.7, and 10.5% for the 0.5‐mm‐thick dentin discs and 23, 26.3, 28.1, 34.5, 22.5, and 19.4% for the 0.2‐mm‐thick dentin discs treated with 0.12% CHX, 0.2% CHX, 1% CHX, 2% CHX, H3PO4, and pure natrosol, respectively. According to the experimental conditions of the current investigation, it may be concluded that the application of natrosol gel with different concentrations of CHX on acid‐conditioned dentin causes mild transdentinal cytotoxic effects to the MDPC‐23 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Dentin acted as a biological barrier against CHX diffusion, and this effect was directly related to dentin thickness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2010
Textile for heart valve prostheses: Fabric long‐term durability testing
Authors: Heim Frederic , Durand Bernard , Chakfe Nabil
Published: October 2009

The rapid developments and success in percutaneous vascular surgery over the last two decades with the now common stent grafts implantation, make the noninvasive surgery technique today attractive even for heart valve replacement. Less traumatic for the patient and also less time consuming, percutaneous heart valve replacement is however at its beginning and restricted to end of life patients. The noninvasive procedure expects from the heart valve prosthesis material to be resistant and adapted to folding requirements of the implantation process (catheter). Polyester fabric could be a suited material for heart valve implanted percutaneously. Highly flexible and resistant, polyester fabric proved to be well adapted to the dynamic behavior of a valve and polyester (Dacron) is also widely used for vascular grafts implantation and shows good biocompatibility and durability. However, today there's no data available on long‐term durability of fabric used as heart valve material. The purpose of this work is to study the long term behavior of a microdenier polyester fabric construction under combined in vitro flexure and tension fatigue stress. In the novel in vitro testing technique presented, a fabric specimen was subjected to combined flexural and tensile fatigue generated by fluid flow under physiological pressure conditions. The results obtained show how flexural properties change with fatigue time, which reflects directly on the suitability of a fabric in such devices. It was also observed that these fabric structural changes directly influence the in vitro behavior of the textile heart valve prosthesis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
The biocompatibility of silver‐containing Na2O·CaO·2SiO2 glass prepared by sol–gel method: In vitro studies
Authors: Raucci Maria Grazia , Adesanya Kehinde , Di Silvio Lucy , Catauro Michelina , Ambrosio Luigi
Published: October 2009

This study was performed to determine the in vitro biocompatibility of a bioactive, antibacterial silver based gel. A human osteoblast‐like cell line (HOS TE85) was used to test cytocompatibility in the presence of eluants and the biological response in direct contact with Na2O·CaO·2SiO2 gel (containing 0.5050 wt % Ag2O prepared by a sol–gel process) sterilized by two different methods; autoclave and γ‐irradiation. MTT assay was used for the indirect evaluation of eluant toxicity and alamar Blue™ was performed to assess the biological response, which included cell viability and proliferation, and the results showed that these materials were cytocompatible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2010
Effects of hyaluronic acid sponge as a scaffold on odontoblastic cell line and amputated dental pulp
Authors: Inuyama Yoshio , Kitamura Chiaki , Nishihara Tatsuji , Morotomi Takahiko , Nagayoshi Masato , Tabata Yasuhiko , Matsuo Kou , Chen Ker‐Kong , Terashita Masamichi
Published: October 2009

It is important to develop a suitable three‐dimensional scaffold for the regeneration therapy of dental pulp. In the present study, the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) sponge on responses of the odontoblastic cell line (KN‐3 cells) in vitro, as well as responses of amputated dental pulp of rat molar in vivo, were examined. In vitro, KN‐3 cells adhered to the stable structure of HA sponge and that of collagen sponge. In vivo, dental pulp proliferation and vessel invasion were observed in both sponges implanted at dentin defect area above amputated dental pulp, and the cell‐rich reorganizing tissue was observed in the dentin defect when HA sponge was implanted as compared with collagen sponge. Expression levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in KN‐3 cells seeded in HA sponge were nearly the same with those in the cells seeded in collagen sponge, while the numbers (0.67 × 103 at 1 week and 0.7 × 103 at 3 weeks) of granulated leukocytes that invaded into HA sponge from amputated dental pulp was significantly lower than those (1.22 × 103 at 1 week and 1.1 × 103 at 3 weeks) of collagen sponge (p < 0.01 at 1 week and p < 0.05 at 3 weeks). These results suggest that HA sponge has an appropriate structure, biocompatibility, and biodegradation for use as a scaffold for dental pulp regeneration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2010
Effects of gamma‐ray irradiation on mechanical properties, osteoconductivity, and absorption of porous hydroxyapatite/collagen
Authors: Kawasaki Yuichi , Sotome Shinichi , Yoshii Toshitaka , Torigoe Ichiro , Maehara Hidetsugu , Sugata Yumi , Hirano Masahiro , Mochizuki Naomi , Shinomiya Kenichi , Okawa Atsushi
Published: October 2009

In this study, the effects of gamma‐ray irradiation on the mechanical properties, absorbability, and osteoconductivity of porous hydroxyapatite/collagen (HAp/Col) were investigated. Porous HAp/Col was exposed to 16, 25, 35, or 50 kGy of gamma‐ray irradiation. The compressive elastic modulus showed irradiation dose‐dependence, with a particularly pronounced decrease in the 50‐kGy treatment group. An in vitro enzymatic digestion test showed that gamma‐ray irradiation of porous HAp/Col resulted in accelerated degradation by collagenase. For in vivo studies, porous HAp/Col was transplanted into the back muscles or bone defects in the femoral condyle of rats. Specimens were obtained at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Absorption of the implants in the muscle was time‐ and irradiation dose‐dependent, with notable absorption for the 35‐ and 50‐kGy groups at 2 weeks. At the skeletal sites, porous HAp/Col demonstrated high osteoconductivity in all irradiation treatment groups. Interestingly, not only implant absorption but also bone formation was irradiation dose‐dependent at early time points. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2010
Preparation and swelling properties of pH‐sensitive sodium alginate/layered double hydroxides hybrid beads for controlled release of diclofenac sodium
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Ping , Wang Qin , Xie Xiao‐Ling , Li Xun , Wang Ai‐Qin
Published: October 2009

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising materials for the preparation of novel drug delivery matrices. To reveal the interaction between LDHs and polymers, a series of pH‐sensitive sodium alginate/layered double hydroxides (SA/LDHs) hybrid beads were prepared using the simple surface crosslinking method. The SA/LDHs hybrid beads were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM to study their structure and the role that LDHs play. Swelling behaviors in various aqueous solutions and drug loading as well as controlled release behavior of the SA/LDHs hybrid beads were also investigated by using diclofenac sodium (DS) as the model drug to reveal the effects of introduced LDHs. The results indicate that the positively charged LDHs layers are adsorbed on the negatively charged SA polymer chains through electrostatic interaction and act as inorganic crosslinkers in the three‐dimensional network. In addition, a small part of DS molecules intercalate into layers of LDHs through an anion exchange process. The electrostatic interaction between LDHs and SA has restricted movability of the SA polymer chains, and then slows down swelling and dissolution rates of the SA/LDHs hybrid beads in aqueous solutions. The electrostatic interaction and the intercalation of DS into layers of LDHs have also improved the entrapment efficiency (EE) and controlled release behavior of SA/LDHs hybrid beads for DS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2010
A contemporary review of sublingual immunotherapy
Authors: Toskala Elina
Published: October 2009

The sublingual route has become an interesting and novel therapeutic option for the immunotherapeutic management of patients with allergies. Immunotherapy modifies the immune response by decreasing the specific IgE levels and Th2‐type inflammation in the mucosa when allergen exposure occurs, shifting this toward a Th1‐type response. Credible evidence exists of both effectiveness and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) from several placebo‐controlled double‐blind studies. SLIT has been shown to be an effective treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma in both children and adults. The therapy is well tolerated with mainly minor gastrointestinal side effects that subside in few weeks. The ideal treatment length and dosage still require further verification. Additional studies evaluating long‐term efficacy and the immune response of SLIT still need to be performed, and additional standardized antigens still need to be developed. Laryngoscope, 2009
Antiepileptic drugs in Australia: 2002–2007
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha A , Eadie Mervyn J
Published: October 2009

Purpose

With the marketing of a number of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in recent years it seemed possible that the pattern of Australian prescribing for patients with epilepsy may have been changing. We examined the trends in the prescribing of subsidised AEDs in the Australian population from 2002 to 2007.

Methods

We analysed the Medicare Australia and Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee databases for script data for AEDs from 2002 to 2007 in 5‐year age groups by gender and by class of prescriber. Scripts were converted to defined daily doses (DDDs)/1000/day using Australian Bureau of Statistics population data.

Results

Overall AED use (mainly valproate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam) increased progressively in 2002–2007 from 9.33 to 10.12 DDD/1000 population/day. Sodium valproate was the most widely used agent followed by carbamazepine then phenytoin. Amount of AED used increased in those aged in their 20s and 30s to plateau between 40 and 90 years. Use peaked in those aged 80–84 years and was slightly higher in males than females.

Conclusions

The rate of increase in the prescribing of AEDs remained steady between 2002 and 2007. The gender differences in prescribing reflect the higher prevalence of epilepsy in men and higher individual dosages used when many AEDs are prescribed on a body weight basis. The high use of some of these drugs in elderly people (≥80 years) warrants further exploration. There is growing use of lamotrigine and gabapentin for indications apart from epilepsy—most likely neuropathic pain and mood disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ras responsive element binding protein‐1 (RREB‐1) down‐regulates hZIP1 expression in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Milon Beatrice C. , Agyapong Anthony , Bautista Roderick , Costello Leslie C. , Franklin Renty B.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND

Normal prostate accumulates extremely high levels of zinc compared to other soft tissues. In contrast, the level of zinc in the prostate decreases significantly in prostate cancer. We have shown that down‐regulation of the expression of the zinc transporter hZIP1 in prostate cancer is an important event that is responsible for the decrease of zinc levels. However, the mechanism of hZIP1 down‐regulation is not known. We have hypothesized that hZIP1 is down‐regulated through transcriptional regulation.

METHODS

The hZIP1 promoter was studied using luciferase reporter assays, site‐directed mutagenesis, gel shift, and ChIP assay.

RESULTS

We have characterized a promoter region, downstream of the transcription start site, responsible for repression of hZIP1 transcription. We demonstrate that this region contains a binding site for the Ras‐Responsive Element Binding protein 1 (RREB‐1) and that the binding of RREB‐1 to the hZIP1 promoter is involved in the decrease of hZIP1 transcription in PC‐3 cells.

CONCLUSION

The Ras pathway and activation of RREB‐1 are involved in hZIP1 down‐regulation and may play a role in the decrease of the transporter expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 70: 288–296, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature effect on free volume of polymethylpentene studied by positron annihilation technique
Authors: Abdel‐Hady E. E. , Mohamed Hamdy F. M. , El‐Sharkawy M. R. M.
Published: October 2009

Polymethylpentene (PMP) possesses high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability coupled with high conductivity and ionic selectivity which is used for autoclavable medical and laboratory equipment. The Positron annihilation Lifetime (PAL) measurements were performed at temperatures from 300 K down to 165 K (1st cooling run), from 175 K up to 425 K (1st heating run), and from 425 K to 165 K (2nd cooling run) under vacuum. The temperature dependence of the free volume and its contents, which were deduced from the ortho‐ positronium (o ‐Ps) lifetime, exhibited a little change between the cooling and heating runs, so that the behavior appears to be reversible. The variation of the free volume with temperature reflects the glass transition temperature of PMP at about 300 K. Based on the free volume theory of Cohen‐Turnbull, the ionic conductivity σ is correlated with the mean hole volume Vh·. A linear relation between ln(σT0.5) and 1/Vh was observed and the critical hole volume was also estimated to be around 811.9 Å3. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the modularization and reuse of exception handling with aspects
Authors: Castor Fernando , Cacho Nélio , Figueiredo Eduardo , Garcia Alessandro , Rubira Cecília M. F. , de Amorim Jefferson Silva , da Silva Hítalo Oliveira
Published: October 2009

This paper presents an in‐depth study of the adequacy of the AspectJ language for modularizing and reusing exception‐handling code. The study consisted of refactoring existing applications so that the code responsible for implementing error‐handling strategies was moved to newly created exception handler aspects. We have performed quantitative assessments of five systems—four object‐oriented and one aspect‐oriented—based on four key quality attributes, namely separation of concerns, coupling, cohesion, and conciseness. Our investigation also included a multi‐perspective analysis of the refactored systems, including (i) the extent to which error‐handling aspects can be reused, (ii) the beneficial and harmful aspectization scenarios for exception handling, and (iii) the scalability of AOP to support the modularization of exception handling in the presence of other aspects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tools and strategies for debugging distributed stream processing applications
Authors: Gedik Buğra , Andrade Henrique , Frenkiel Andy , De Pauw Wim , Pfeifer Michael , Allen Paul , Cohen Norman , Wu Kun‐Lung
Published: October 2009

Distributed data stream processing applications are often characterized by data flow graphs consisting of a large number of built‐in and user‐defined operators connected via streams. These flow graphs are typically deployed on a large set of nodes. The data processing is carried out on‐the‐fly, as tuples arrive at possibly very high rates, with minimum latency. It is well known that developing and debugging distributed, multi‐threaded, and asynchronous applications, such as stream processing applications, can be challenging. Thus, without domain‐specific debugging support, developers struggle when debugging distributed applications. In this paper, we describe tools and language support to support debugging distributed stream processing applications. Our key insight is to view debugging of stream processing applications from four different, but related, perspectives. First, debugging the semantics of the application involves verifying the operator‐level composition and inspecting the flows at the logical level. Second, debugging the user‐defined operators involves traditional source‐code debugging, but strongly tied to the stream‐level interactions. Third, debugging the deployment details of the application require understanding the runtime physical layout and configuration of the application. Fourth, debugging the performance of the application requires inspecting various performance metrics (such as communication rates, CPU utilization, etc.) associated with streams, operators, and nodes in the system. In light of this characterization, we developed several tools such as adebugger‐awarecompiler and an associatedstream debugger,composition and deployment visualizers, andperformance visualizers, as well as language support, such as configuration knobs for logging and tracing, deployment configurations such as operator‐to‐process and process‐to‐node mappings, monitoring directives to inspect streams, and special sink adapters to intercept and dump streaming data to files and sockets, to name a few. We describe these tools in the context ofSpade—a language for creating distributed stream processing applications, andSystem S—a distributed stream processing middleware under development at the IBM Watson Research Center. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon dioxide‐enhanced virtual MDCT cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Sugimoto Maki , Yasuda Hideki , Koda Keiji , Suzuki Masato , Yamazaki Masato , Tezuka Tohru , Kosugi Chihiro , Higuchi Ryota , Watayo Yoshihisa , Yagawa Yohsuke , Uemura Shuichiro , Tsuchiya Hironori , Azuma Takeshi
Published: October 2009

Background/Purpose

We investigated the feasibility of new carbon dioxide‐enhanced virtual multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cholangiopancreatography (CMCP) for intraluminal exploration in 73 patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease.

Methods

CMCP was performed via a percutaneous or transpapillary drainage tube, and, synchronously, intravenous contrast material was employed for virtual angiography; three‐dimensional (3D) virtual reality was incorporated using OsiriX and Fovia applications. The capability of carbon dioxide to delineate the biliary and pancreatic system was evaluated.

Results

All CMCPs showed complete technical success; complications including pancreatitis or pain never occurred. The incidences of visible third‐ and fourth‐order biliary branches were 100 and 86.0%. The capability of carbon dioxide to pass an obstruction through an occluded hilar bile duct malignancy was 80.0%; it provided feasible information on additional bile duct segments. The full extent of the gallbladder was depicted in 72.7% of the studies. Minimum 2‐mm lesions of biliary stones or gallbladder polyps were clearly detected. The main or second‐order pancreatic ducts were visible in 100 and 83.3% of the studies, respectively. Carbon dioxide enabled the replacement of mucin and pancreatic juice and facilitated the detection of cystic lesions of intraductal papillary‐mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in 75.0% of the studies. We succeeded in achieving 3D spatial recognition of vascular structures in the cholangiopancreatic region, through the fusion of CMCP and 3DCT arteriography and venography in a single image scanning, and radiation time was decreased. This combined modality proved to be feasible for planning operations and for image‐guided navigated surgery in the resection of a malignancy.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the diagnostic accuracy of carbon dioxide MDCT cholangiopancreatography and the use of this modality for depicting biliary, pancreatic, and fusion blood vessels simultaneously. Carbon dioxide possesses many advantages over conventional iodinated contrast agents, and it might replace more invasive diagnostic measures in the near future.
The Clinical Application of Kaplan's Cardinal Line as a Surface Marker for the Superficial Palmar Arch
Authors: Panchal Anand P. , Trzeciak Marc A.
Published: October 2009

We feel the original description of Kaplan's cardinal line provides a more accurate reference point to the superficial palmar arterial arch. We sought to anatomically correlate the relationship of Kaplan's cardinal line to the superficial palmar arch. Sixty hands (30 cadavers) were dissected after Kaplan's original description was drawn on each hand. Measurements we made from Kaplan's cardinal line to the superficial palmar arch at both the radial and ulnar borders of the ring finger. The superficial palmar arterial arch was an average of 10.4 and 11.8 mm from the radial and ulnar borders of the ring finger with standard deviations of roughly 4 mm for each measurement. Clinically, Kaplan's cardinal line is a more predictable landmark for the superficial palmar arch. In referencing this landmark as the distal most extent of an open or endoscopic carpal tunnel release, the superficial palmar arch should be free of transection.
Invertibility of Sobolev mappings under minimal hypotheses
Authors: Rajala Kai , Kovalev Leonid V. , Onninen Jani
Published: October 2009

We prove a version of the Inverse Function Theorem for continuous weakly differentiable mappings. Namely, a nonconstant

W^{1,n}

mapping is a local homeomorphism if it has integrable inner distortion function and satisfies a certain differential inclusion. The integrability assumption is shown to be optimal.
Antinociceptive desensitizing actions of TRPV1 receptor agonists capsaicin, resiniferatoxin andN‐oleoyldopamine as measured by determination of the noxious heat and cold thresholds in the rat
Authors: Bölcskei Kata , Tékus Valéria , Dézsi László , Szolcsányi János , Pethő Gábor
Published: October 2009

Agonists of the TRPV1 receptor excite TRPV1‐expressing polymodal nociceptors that is followed after higher doses by a state of diminished responsiveness called desensitization which ensues at two levels: (i) diminished responsiveness of the ion channel (TRPV1 receptor desensitization); (ii) diminished responsiveness of the nerve endings to all stimuli including noxious heat. The aim was to compare these desensitizing actions of TRPV1 agonists in the rat by measuring with an incremental hot/cold plate the noxious heat and cold thresholds, i.e. the lowest hot and highest cold plate temperature, respectively, that evokes nocifensive behaviour. Capsaicin (3.3–1000 nmol) or resiniferatoxin (0.016–0.5 nmol) applied intraplantarly evoked a sustained dose‐dependent elevation of the noxious heat threshold lasting for 2–11 days.N‐oleoyldopamine failed to elevate the heat threshold. The noxious cold threshold was decreased by capsaicin or resiniferatoxin with a recovery within 2–4 days. The diminished acute nocifensive and heat threshold‐lowering effects of resiniferatoxin orN‐oleoyldopamine by pretreatment with doses that failed to elevate the heat threshold and to alter the nocifensive action of the TRPA1 activator formaldehyde, were taken as indication of TRPV1 receptor desensitization. In conclusion, using measurement of threshold temperatures eliciting nocifensive reactions in rats both in the hot and cold range revealed that capsaicin and RTX impair thermosensation in both noxious ranges due to a functional desensitization of peripheral terminals of TRPV1‐expressing sensory neurons responsible for noxious heat and cold responsiveness. This could be differentiated from desensitization of TRPV1 receptor evoked by lower doses of resiniferatoxin orN‐oleoyldopamine.
Spinal cord stimulation: A brief update on mechanisms of action
Authors: Linderoth Bengt
Published: October 2009

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) originated from the gate control theory by Melzack and Wall some 40 years ago and is now widely practised as a therapy in neuropathic pain of peripheral origin. The physiological mechanisms behind the beneficial effects however are hitherto only fragmentarily known.

In this short review the present knowledge is updated with recent data from animal experiments and from clinical observations. SCS used for neuropathic pain and for ischemic seems to utilize fundamentally different mechanisms and in the latter syndromes the primary effect seems to be reduction of tissue ischemia. In neuropathic pain, in contrast, the neuronal pain‐generating mechanisms are directly targeted but the investigated networks are complex and much research on these matters is needed in order to further develop spinal neuromodulation for treatment‐refractory pain syndromes.
Ultrasound and peripheral blocks for acute and chronic pain: A review
Authors: Danelli Giorgio , Gardini Marco , Gemmi Daniela , Markidis Alessandra , Bizzarri Federico , Dallospedale Alessandro , Fattibene Claudio , Fanelli Guido
Published: October 2009

In the regional anesthesia field we assisted to an increasing study and use of ultrasound imaging for peripheral nerve blocks. This approach has been appreciated for good reliability in terms of clinical outcome of blocks and in terms of safety of the procedure. For this reason, ultrasound guidance is nearing to become the standard of care in regional anesthesia and for postoperative pain management. However, its role in invasive procedures in pain medicine is still discussed. The availability of other imaging techniques and lack of familiarization with ultrasonographic imaging are some of the reasons beneath this discrepancy. However, important steps are being made lately towards the development of safe, available and clinically efficient ultrasound guided techniques for many procedures in the pain medicine field.
Spatially distributed cell signalling
Authors: Kholodenko Boris N.
Published: October 2009

Emerging evidence indicates that complex spatial gradients and (micro)domains of signalling activities arise from distinct cellular localization of opposing enzymes, such as a kinase and phosphatase, in signal transduction cascades. Often, an interacting, active form of a target protein has a lower diffusivity than an inactive form, and this leads to spatial gradients of the protein abundance in the cytoplasm. A spatially distributed signalling cascade can create step‐like activation profiles, which decay at successive distances from the cell surface, assigning digital positional information to different regions in the cell. Feedback and feedforward network motifs control activity patterns, allowing signalling networks to serve as cellular devices for spatial computations.
The plant Golgi apparatus: Last 10 years of answered and open questions
Authors: Faso Carmen , Boulaflous Aurelia , Brandizzi Federica
Published: October 2009

Plant Golgi bodies possess unique morphological and functional characteristics that are key to several biological and biotechnological processes, such as transport of the cell's building blocks to energy‐rich compartments, including chloroplasts, storage vacuoles and a cellulosic cell wall. During the last decade it has become apparent that the plant Golgi apparatus has features that are remarkably different from other systems. Here we summarize the most recent findings on this organelle and we highlight pressing questions that are likely to drive the next 10 years of research on the plant Golgi apparatus.
Short peptides derived from the BAG‐1 C‐terminus inhibit the interaction between BAG‐1 and HSC70 and decrease breast cancer cell growth
Authors: Sharp Adam , Cutress Ramsey I. , Johnson Peter W.M. , Packham Graham , Townsend Paul A.
Published: October 2009

MINT‐7265281: peptide 15L (uniprotkb:Q99933) binds (MI:0407) to HSC70 (uniprotkb:P11142) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
The Golgi apparatus: Lessons from Drosophila
Authors: Kondylis Vangelis , Rabouille Catherine
Published: October 2009

Historically, Drosophila has been a model organism for studying molecular and developmental biology leading to many important discoveries in this field. More recently, the fruit fly has started to be used to address cell biology issues including studies of the secretory pathway, and more specifically on the functional integrity of the Golgi apparatus. A number of advances have been made that are reviewed below. Furthermore, with the development of RNAi technology, Drosophila tissue culture cells have been used to perform genome‐wide screens addressing similar issues. Last, the Golgi function has been involved in specific developmental processes, thus shedding new light on the functions of a number of Golgi proteins.
Clinical efficacy of initial intratympanic steroid treatment on sudden sensorineural hearing loss with diabetes
Authors: Han Chi‐Sung , Park Jong‐Ryul , Boo Sung‐Hyun , Jo Joon‐Man , Park Kyung‐Won , Lee Won‐Yong , Ahn Joong‐Gi , Kang Myung‐Koo , Park Byung‐Gun , Lee Hyun
Published: October 2009

Objective

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of intratympanic steroid injection (ITSI) with that of systemic steroids as an initial treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with diabetes.

Study Design

Prospective, nonrandomized multicenter clinical trial.

Setting

Multicenter study in Busan and Masan, South Korea.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 114 sudden SNHL patients who were diagnosed with diabetes were divided into peroral (PO) group (n = 48), intravenous (IV) group (n = 32), and intratympanic (IT) group (n = 34). In the PO group, prednisolone was used orally for 10 days, per schedule. In the IV group, prednisolone was administered intravenously for seven days, followed by oral administration of tapered doses for another several days. In the IT group, dexamethasone was injected into the tympanic cavity four times within a two‐week period. Hearing outcome was assessed before and after the treatment.

Results

All groups showed significant improvement with criteria of 15 dB (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in hearing gain and recovery rate among groups (P > 0.05). Systemic steroid treatment was stopped for two patients in the IV group and for one in the PO group due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia. However, in the IT group, there were no patients who failed to control their blood sugar level.

Conclusion

ITSI is as effective as systemic steroid treatment for sudden SNHL patients with diabetes and it can avoid undesirable side effects. Therefore, we consider ITSI to be a more reasonable alternative as an initial treatment for sudden SNHL patients with diabetes.
Oropharyngeal flora changes after tonsillectomy
Authors: Karaman Emin , Enver Ozgun , Alimoglu Yalcin , Gonullu Nevriye , Bahar Hrisi , Torun Muzeyyen Mamal , Isildak Huseyin
Published: October 2009

Objective

We aimed to investigate the effect of tonsillectomy on oropharyngeal flora in children who underwent tonsillectomy for chronic recurrent tonsillitis.

Study Design and Setting

A prospective study was performed comprising patients with chronic recurrent tonsillitis who underwent tonsillectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical School. Incisional core biopsies of excised tonsils were also performed. Swabs and core biopsy specimens were transferred and maintained in Stuart's medium and sent to the Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology at Cerrahpasa Medical School for microbiologic evaluation.

Subjects and Methods

Oropharyngeal swabs and tonsillar core biopsy specimens from 31 patients operated on for recurrent tonsillitis were cultured. Follow‐up oropharyngeal swabs were cultured one month after tonsillectomy.

Results

There was no significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative isolation rate of the potentially pathogenic bacteria. Normal aerobic flora did not change significantly. However, the isolation rate of the Neisseria species dropped (P = 0.097) but did not reach statistical significance. Among anaerobes, Bacteroides fragilis, one of the major anaerobic bacteria, dropped significantly (P = 0.007). The Propionibacterium acnes isolation rate increased significantly (P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Oropharyngeal anaerobic bacterial flora decreases after tonsillectomy in recurrent tonsillitis patients. The isolation rate for bacteria of the normal flora and potentially pathogenic bacteria does not change. Tonsils with recurrent infections may become a nidus for anaerobic bacteria. In patients with chronic recurrent tonsillitis, tonsillectomy may help change anaerobic bacterial oropharyngeal flora to the normal flora found in healthy individuals.
Construct validity of a simulator for myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion
Authors: Volsky Peter G. , Hughley Brian B. , Peirce Shayn M. , Kesser Bradley W.
Published: October 2009

Objectives

To establish construct validity of an anatomic model as a simulator for myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion and to assess its subjective appeal.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional, repeated‐measures comparative evaluation of simulator.

Setting

University academic otolaryngology residency program.

Subjects and Methods

Using an anatomic model of the human auricle, ear canal, eardrum, and middle ear space, 18 otolaryngologists of various levels of training performed 10 timed procedures: myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion. Errors were recorded, and participants reported the quality of their experience.

Results

Both time‐to‐completion and errors per trial discriminated novices from non‐novice participants; novices (02:23, 95% confidence interval [CI], 01:42‐03:04) were 3.6 times slower than non‐novices (00:39, 95% CI, 00:35‐00:43) and 6.5 times more error prone (novices 2.16 errors/trial, 95% CI, 1.68‐2.64; non‐novices 0.33 errors/trial, 95% CI, 0.21‐0.45). Errors were strongly correlated with prior surgical experience. All participants required more time to complete the first trial, and their performance stabilized thereafter. Overall, the simulation was perceived as a valuable experience.

Conclusion

Our model is a valid platform for simulating myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion. The model discriminates novices from non‐novices, has a learning curve, and is perceived to be a valuable and realistic teaching tool by users.
Readability analysis of patient information on the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery website
Authors: Greywoode Jewel , Bluman Eric , Spiegel Joseph , Boon Maurits
Published: October 2009

Objective

To evaluate the readability of patient‐oriented online health information (OHI) presented on the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (AAO–HNS) website.

Study Design

Review of the Flesch‐Kincaid (FK) grade level for 104 articles on the AAO–HNS website.

Methods

The FK grade level for 104 articles was determined using the readability calculator available within Microsoft Office Word 2003. The interobserver reliability for the FK grade level was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for 52 entries.

Results

The average FK grade reading level of the articles was 10.8 (range 6.3‐16.7; 95% CI, 10.4‐11.2). Eighty‐one percent of the articles were written at a ninth grade level or higher. The intraclass correlation was good (r = 0.83) for the 52 articles that were independently reviewed.

Conclusions

This analysis has shown that the average reading level for each article on the AAO–HNS site was higher than the recommended sixth grade reading level. Although the AAO–HNS site is written at a higher level than that suggested for the general public, it is important to realize that readability is just one consideration in the evaluation of OHI comprehension. Physicians need to be cognizant of their patients' ability to read and comprehend written information and tailor their educational material appropriately.
Beyond the Evidence‐Based Practice Paradigm to Achieve Best Practice in Rehabilitation Medicine: A Clinical Review
Authors: Groah Suzanne L. , Libin Alexander , Lauderdale Manon , Kroll Thilo , DeJong Gerben , Hsieh Jean
Published: October 2009

Objective

Best practice is a practice that, on rigorous evaluation, demonstrates success, has had an impact, and can be replicated. It is differentiated from its constituent parts, evidence‐based practice and knowledge translation, by its general meaning and global purview. The purpose of this clinical review is to provide transparency to the concept and achievement of best practice in the context of rehabilitation medicine. The authors will review and analyze the roles of evidence‐based practice and knowledge translation in rehabilitation medicine as they work to support best practice. Challenge areas will be discussed, including an evidential hierarchy in need of update, a lack of “high‐level” research evidence, and delays in translating evidence to practice. Last, the authors will argue that rehabilitation medicine is well‐positioned to effect change by promoting inclusion of emerging research methodologies and analytic techniques that better capture context‐specific rehabilitation evidence, into the evidential hierarchy. Achieving best practice is dependent on this, as well as alignment of all key stakeholders, ranging from the patient, researchers and clinicians, to policymakers, payers, and others.
An Algebraic Proof of Quillen's Resolution Theorem for K1
Authors: Whale Ben
Published: October 2009

In his 1973 paper [4] Quillen proved a resolution theorem for the K-Theory of an exact category; his proof was homotopic in nature. By using the main result of Nenashev's paper [3], we are able to give an algebraic proof of Quillen's Resolution Theorem for K1 of an exact category. We view this as an advance towards the goal of giving an essentially algebraic subject an algebraic foundation.
Twisted Homology of Quantum SL(2) - Part II
Authors: Hadfield Tom , Krähmer Ulrich
Published: October 2009

We complete the calculation of the twisted cyclic homology of the quantised coordinate ring= ℂq[SL(2)] ofSL(2) that we began in [14]. In particular, a nontrivial cyclic 3-cocycle is constructed which also has a nontrivial class in Hochschild cohomology and thus should be viewed as a noncommutative geometry analogue of a volume form.
LOWER SEMICONTINUITY OF PARAMETRIC GENERALIZED WEAK VECTOR EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS
Authors: LI SHENG-JIE , LIU HUI-MIN , CHEN CHUN-RONG
Published: October 2009

In this paper, using a scalarization method, we obtain sufficient conditions for the lower semicontinuity and continuity of the solution mapping to a parametric generalized weak vector equilibrium problem with set-valued mappings.
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HERMITIAN ALGEBRAS WITH CONTINUOUS INVERSION
Authors: BELTIŢĂ DANIEL , NEEB KARL-HERMANN
Published: October 2009

A hermitian algebra is a unital associative ℂ-algebra endowed with an involution such that the spectra of self-adjoint elements are contained in ℝ. In the case of an algebra 𝒜 endowed with a Mackey-complete, locally convex topology such that the set of invertible elements is open and the inversion mapping is continuous, we construct the smooth structures on the appropriate versions of flag manifolds. Then we prove that if such a locally convex algebra 𝒜 is endowed with a continuous involution, then it is a hermitian algebra if and only if the natural action of all unitary groups Un(𝒜) on each flag manifold is transitive.