bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Experimental Realization of a Neutral Homoaromatic Carbocycle
Authors: Griffiths Peter R. , Pivonka Don E. , Williams Richard Vaughan
Published: July 2011

Infrared spectra recorded for 1,5‐dimethyl‐2,8:4,6‐semibullvalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (12) in the condensed and vapor phase clearly prove that in the vapor phase the dianhydride 12 is a homoaromatic ground state semibullvalene.
Size Dependence of the Folding of Multiply Charged Sodium Cationized Polylactides Revealed by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Modelling
Authors: De Winter Julien , Lemaur Vincent , Ballivian Renaud , Chirot Fabien , Coulembier Olivier , Antoine Rodolphe , Lemoine Jérôme , Cornil Jérôme , Dubois Philippe , Dugourd Philippe , Gerbaux Pascal
Published: July 2011

Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry was used to experimentally determine the three‐dimensional structure of multiply charged sodium cationized polylactides (PLA). In particular, the experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of the charge state and the size on the gas‐phase conformation of cationized PLA. The measured collision cross sections were then compared to calculated values obtained by computational chemistry methods. The most striking feature was the experimental and theoretical observation of a breaking point in the quasilinear relationship between the average collision cross sections and the number of monomer units for the triply charged cations. This breaking point was theoretically demonstrated, for the doubly and triply charged cations, to be associated with a significant folding of the polymer chains around the cationizing agents. The occurrence of such breaking points could be exploited to correlate the charge state of the most intense ion series observed upon electrospray ionization with the number‐average molecular mass of a polymer.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Cerium‐, Terbium‐, or Dysprosium‐Doped Gd4Si2O7N2 Materials.
Authors: Song Yanhua , Guo Ning , You Hongpeng
Published: July 2011

Undoped and Ln3+ doped Gd4Si2O7N2 (Ln: Ce, Tb, Dy) are prepared by solid state reactions of Gd2O3, β‐Si3N4, and CeO2, Tb4O7, or Dy2O3 (10% H2/N2, 1550 °C, alumina crucible, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Order—Disorder Transition in AgCrSe2: A New Route to Efficient Thermoelectrics.
Authors: Gascoin Franck , Maignan Antoine
Published: July 2011

The title compound is synthesized from the elements (900 °C, 24 h) and characterized by XRD and thermoelectric measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: New Barium Copper Chalcogenides Synthesized Using Two Different Chalcogen Atoms: Ba2Cu6‐xSTe4 and Ba2Cu6‐xSeyTe5‐y.
Authors: Mayasree Oottil , Sankar Cheriyedath Raj , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger
Published: July 2011

Ba2Cu5.53STe4, Ba2Cu5.43Se1.92Te3.08, Ba2Cu5.64Se1.10Te3.90, and Ba2Cu5.83Se0.48Te4.52 are synthesized from the elements (silica tube, 1073 K, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Displacement of Alkoxy Groups of Vinylogous Esters by Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Brockway Anthony J. , Gonzalez‐Lopez Marcos , Fettinger James C. , Shaw Jared T.
Published: July 2011

The reaction allows an efficient access to a number of β‐alkylated and arylated vinylogous esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Developing a Diastereoselective Intramolecular [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Nitrogen‐Stabilized Oxyallyl Cations Derived from N‐Sulfonyl‐Substituted Allenamides.
Authors: Lohse Andrew G. , Hsung Richard P. , Leider Mitchell D. , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: July 2011

In the presence of DMDO, N‐sulfonyl‐substituted allenamides undergo diastereoselective [4 + 3] cycloaddition to afford fused N‐heterocyclic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids by Reduction of N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Ketimine Esters.
Authors: Reddy Leleti Rajender , Gupta Aditya P. , Liu Yugang
Published: July 2011

Reduction of ketimine esters of type (I) with L‐Selectride allows general, versatile, and highly stereoselective access to α‐amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Olefination Directed by a Carboxylic Group.
Authors: Mochida Satoshi , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: July 2011

Aromatic and α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids undergo regioselective olefination to afford ortho‐vinylated aromatic carboxylic acids or α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of trans‐4,5‐Dioxygenated Cyclopentenone Derivatives by Organocatalyzed Rearrangement of Pyranones and Enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Nunes Joao P. M. , Veiros Luis F. , Vaz Pedro D. , Afonso Carlos A. M. , Caddick Stephen
Published: July 2011

The DABCO‐catalyzed ring contraction of pyranones (I) is successfully coupled with the lipase‐catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution to give enantioenriched cyclopentenones (III) in a one‐pot two step procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Halogenation of Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Zhang Guangyou , Lv Guanglei , Li Liping , Chen Fan , Cheng Jiang
Published: July 2011

Advantages of the title procedure are good functional group tolerance and the use of O2 as the terminal oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid Catalysis for Enantioselective Hosomi—Sakurai Reaction of Imines with Allyltrimethylsilane.
Authors: Momiyama Norie , Nishimoto Hayato , Terada Masahiro
Published: July 2011

Aromatic imines are allylated using protocols A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Aldol Condensation — Transition Metal Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Aldehydes, Methyl Ketones, and Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Liao Yuan‐Xi , Xing Chun‐Hui , Israel Matthew , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: July 2011

A broad spectrum of β‐substituted ketones is prepared including asymmetric versions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Building Blocks via Vinylogous Addition of Chan′s Diene to Carbonyl and Carbonyl‐Related Electrophiles, Mediated by Molecular Iodine.
Authors: Villano Rosaria , Acocella Maria R. , Scettri Arrigo
Published: July 2011

Vinylogous addition of Chan′s diene towards aldehydes, ketones, acetals as well as imines proceeds with excellent γ‐selectivity to give β‐keto esters bearing hydroxy (III), (VII), alkoxy (IX) as well as amino groups (V), resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of N′‐(Fluoroalkylsulfonyl) Amidines by a Copper(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Xiong Wanting , Xin Yong , Zhao Jingwei , Zhu Shizheng
Published: July 2011

It is demonstrated, that the azides (I) and (V) can be employed as efficient coupling partner in the reaction with terminal alkynes and aliphatic secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Bu4NI‐Catalyzed C—O Bond Formation by Using a Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) Reaction.
Authors: Chen Long , Shi Erbo , Liu Zhaojun , Chen Shulin , Wei Wei , Li Hong , Xu Kai , Wan Xiaobing
Published: July 2011

Title reaction proceeds in the absence of transition metal catalysts, is operationally simple and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups like cyano, amide, aromatic halide, ether, ketone groups and C—C double bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Gold(III) Substituted Tetraarylporphyrin Chlorides as Anticancer Reagents.
Authors: Chen Huasheng , Yang Qian , Sun Liang , Zhang Zonglei , Tong Haibo , Xu Aihua , Wang Cunde
Published: July 2011

Title compounds (Ia)—(Id) exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the growth of S180 tumor cells, derivative (Id) displays even more potent activity than cisplatin.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Selective and Reversible Pyrazoline Based MAO‐B Inhibitors: Virtual Screening, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Mishra Nibha , Sasmal D.
Published: July 2011

All the compounds (III) are tested for their MAO‐A and ‐B inhibitory activity on human and rat enzymes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Imidazolines via the Ring Expansion of Imidoyl Chlorides with Aziridines.
Authors: Kuszpit Michael R. , Wulff William D. , Tepe Jetze J.
Published: July 2011

A simple, convenient, regio‐ and stereoselective method to prepare 2‐imidazolines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antihemolytic and Cytotoxic Evaluation of New Imidazole‐Based Heterocycles.
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F. , Awad Ghada E. A. , Badria Farid A.
Published: July 2011

Starting from imidazolyl substituted ketone (I) a series of novel thiazole, arylidiene, and coumarin derivatives are synthesized and screened for their biological activities.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles Using MoO3/SiO2, an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst.
Authors: Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Kalyankar Mohan B. , Nalage Santosh V. , Bhosale Dattatry S. , Pandhare Swati L. , Kotbagi Trupti V. , Umbarkar Shubhangi B. , Dongare Mohan K.
Published: July 2011

The presented method proceeds without any side products and the catalyst is recyclable.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclization of Hydroxylamine Derivatives Based on the Control of Oxidative Aromatization Leading to 2,5‐Dihydroisoxazoles and Isoxazoles.
Authors: Okitsu Takashi , Sato Kana , Potewar Taterao M. , Wada Akimori
Published: July 2011

Treatment of hydroxylamines with I(collidine)2PF6 or NIS/ BF3 allows an efficient access to iodinated dihydroisoxazoles or isoxazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of 1,2,3‐Triazolyl Salicylamides with Inhibitory Activity on Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Nitric Oxide Production.
Authors: Yoon Jieun , Cho Lan , Lee Sang Kook , Ryu Jae‐Sang
Published: July 2011

A library of the title compounds are synthesized and evaluated for their title activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐(2‐Pyridyl)indoles via Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling.
Authors: Chen Jinlei , Pang Qingyu , Sun Yanbo , Li Xingwei
Published: July 2011

An improved and broader applicable method to prepare N‐(2‐pyridyl)indoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiprotozoal Activity of Chloroquinoline Based Chalcones.
Authors: Hayat Faisal , Moseley Emma , Salahuddin Attar , Van Zyl Robyn L. , Azam Amir
Published: July 2011

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation for antiamoebic and antimalarial activities are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose‐SO3H: An Efficient and Biodegradable Solid Acid for the Synthesis of Quinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Venkateswarlu A. , Madan Ch. , Vinu A.
Published: July 2011

A convenient approach to quinazolines is achieved through condensation of 2‐aminobenzamide with aldehydes and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Aroylation of 3,5‐Dichloro‐2(1H)‐pyrazinones.
Authors: Mehta Vaibhav P. , Sharma Ajendra Kumar , Modha Sachin G. , Sharma Sweta , Meganathan Thirumal , Parmar Virinder Singh , Van der Eycken Erik
Published: July 2011

Treatment of 3,5‐dichloropyrazinones with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a N‐heterocyclic carbene allows mild, efficient, and selective access to C3‐aroylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Entry to New C‐7‐Modified Colchicinoids Through Azide Alkyne [3 + 2] Cycloaddition: Application of Ring‐Contractive Rearrangements.
Authors: Nicolaus Norman , Reball Jens , Sitnikov Nikolay , Velder Janna , Termath Andreas , Fedorov Alexey Yu. , Schmalz Hans‐Guenther
Published: July 2011

Colchicine‐, allocolchicine‐, and N‐acetylcolchinol‐derived azides are prepared and employed in Cu‐catalyzed Huisgen—Sharpless cycloaddition (“click”) reactions with alkynes such as (III) and (IX) under microwave irradiation, thus opening access to libraries of C‐7 modified colchicinoids (triazole derivatives).
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Novel Pyrrole Alkaloid Analogues.
Authors: Wang Ming‐Zhong , Xu Han , Liu Tuan‐Wei , Feng Qi , Yu Shu‐Jing , Wang Su‐Hua , Li Zheng‐Ming
Published: July 2011

A series of novel pyrrole alkaloid analogues (III) are evaluated for their antifungal potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Characterization of Novel Oxoisoaporphine Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors for Cholinesterases and Amyloid β Aggregation.
Authors: Huang Shi‐Liang , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Two series of oxoisoaporphine derivatives (V)/(VII) and (XII) are synthesized and found to be effective AChE and BuChE inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Prodrugs of Meropenem with Two Lipophilic Promoieties: Synthesis and Pharmacokinetics.
Authors: Tanaka Shunkichi , Matsui Hiroshi , Kasai Masayasu , Kunishiro Kazuyoshi , Kakeya Nobuharu , Shirahase Hiroaki
Published: July 2011

To improve the oral absorption of meropenem, a series of its double‐promoiety prodrugs is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Substrate‐Controlled Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐3‐(Z)‐Dihydrorhodophytin.
Authors: Kim Byungsook , Sohn Te‐ik , Kim Sanghee , Kim Deukjoon , Lee Jongkook
Published: July 2011

Title compound (VII) is synthesized starting from epoxy alcohol (I) in 15 steps with 17% overall yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives from Meehania urticifolia.
Authors: Murata Toshihiro , Miyase Toshio , Yoshizaki Fumihiko
Published: July 2011

Rhashomonic acids A—D [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chromone Carboxamide Derivatives with Antioxidative and Calpain Inhibitory Properties.
Authors: Kim Sang Hoon , Lee Young Hoon , Jung Seo Yun , Kim Hyoung Ja , Jin Changbae , Lee Yong Sup
Published: July 2011

New chromone carboxamide derivatives like (I) are synthesized by conventional procedures to provide alternative μ‐calpain inhibitors to other conformationally constrained small peptide variants.
ChemInform Abstract: Ordered Porous Crystalline Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Sadakane Masahiro , Ueda Wataru
Published: July 2011

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Coordination Compounds
Authors: Lu Changsheng , Meng Qingjin
Published: July 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Robinson Annulation
Authors: Maklad Noha S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Metal—Organic Frameworks as Platforms for Functional Applications
Authors: Jiang Hai‐Long , Xu Qiang
Published: July 2011

Review: such as heterogeneous catalysis, supports for metal nanoparticles, templates for new material preparation; 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pericyclic Reactions in Water. Towards Green Chemistry
Authors: Klijn Jaap E. , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: July 2011

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Alkyne Metathesis.
Authors: Lopez J. Cristobal , Plumet Joaquin
Published: July 2011

Review: [128 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Switchable Solvents
Authors: Pollet Pamela , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L.
Published: July 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Isonitrile‐Metal Complexes to Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ito Yoshihiko
Published: July 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in Factor Xa Inhibitors for the Treatment of Thromboembolic Disorders
Authors: Lee Yu‐Kai , Player Mark R.
Published: July 2011

Review: 249 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Catalyst Design and Artificial Metalloenzymes
Authors: Deuss Peter J. , den Heeten Rene , Laan Wouter , Kamer Paul C. J.
Published: July 2011

Review: more than 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Induced Cross‐Linking Reactions to Target Genes Using Modified Oligonucleotides
Authors: Nagatsugi Fumi , Imoto Shuhei
Published: July 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoride Removal from Water by Chitosan Derivatives and Composites
Authors: Miretzky Patricia , Cirelli Alicia Fernandez
Published: July 2011

Review: 101 refs.
Realizing real‐time centroid detection of multiple objects with marching pixels algorithms on programmable customizing hardware
Authors: Fey Dietmar , Reichenbach Marc , Komann Marcus , Seidler Ralf
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we present a class of emergent algorithms called Marching Pixels and a corresponding programmable parallel chip architecture. Marching Pixels can be used for real‐time image processing in smart camera chips. They are based on hardware agents, which are virtually crawling in a pixel grid image to find attributes like centroid, rotation, and size of an arbitrary number of objects given in an image. Because of the distributed and local processing scheme of Marching Pixels, reply times in milliseconds can be fulfilled. This means that time is determined where pre‐known objects are located and how they are oriented to the main axes of the image. We present an example Marching Pixels algorithm and corresponding application‐specific and programmable parallel architectures. The latter contains a specific instruction set that allows not only the execution of Marching Pixels algorithms but also of arbitrary Cellular Automata algorithms as an embedded parallel processor. The strengths and weaknesses of this architecture concerning the realization as field‐programmable gate arrays and application‐specific integrated circuits are discussed by means of hardware synthesis results. These results are compared with the solution achievable on a real hardware like the Atom processor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: West John B.
Published: July 2011

Two selective pressures have shaped the evolution of the pulmonary circulation. First, as animals evolved from heterothermic ectotherms to homeothermic endoderms with their corresponding increase in the ability to sustain high oxygen consumptions, the blood‐gas barrier had to become successively thinner, and also provide an increasingly large area for diffusive gas exchange. Second, the barrier had to find a way to maintain its mechanical integrity in the face of extreme thinness, and this was assisted by the increasing separation of the pulmonary from the systemic circulation. A remarkable feature throughout the evolution of air‐breathing vertebrates has been the tight conservation of the tripartite structure of the blood‐gas barrier with its three layers: capillary endothelium, extracellular matrix, and alveolar epithelium. The strength of the barrier can be ascribed to the very thin layer of type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. In the phylogenic progression from amphibia and reptiles to mammals and birds, the blood‐gas barrier became successively thinner. Also, the area increased greatly reflecting the greater oxygen demands of the organism. The gradual separation of the pulmonary from the systemic circulation continued from amphibia through reptiles to mammals and birds. Only in the last two classes are the circulations completely separate with the result that the pulmonary capillary pressures can be maintained low enough to avoid stress failure of the blood‐gas barrier. Remarkably, the barrier is generally much thinner in birds than mammals, and it is also much more uniform in thickness. These advantages for gas exchange can be explained by the support of avian pulmonary capillaries by the surrounding air capillaries. This arrangement was made possible by the adoption of the flow‐through system of ventilation in birds as opposed to the reciprocating pattern in mammals. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1525‐1539, 2011.
Pulmonary Vascular Stiffness: Measurement, Modeling, and Implications in Normal and Hypertensive Pulmonary Circulations
Authors: Hunter Kendall S. , Lammers Steven R. , Shandas Robin
Published: July 2011

This article introduces the concept of pulmonary vascular stiffness, discusses its increasingly recognized importance as a diagnostic marker in the evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease, and describes methods to measure and model it clinically, experimentally, and computationally. It begins with a description of systems‐level methods to evaluate pulmonary vascular compliance and recent clinical efforts in applying such techniques to better predict patient outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension. It then progresses from the systems‐level to the local level, discusses proposed methods by which upstream pulmonary vessels increase in stiffness, introduces concepts around vascular mechanics, and concludes by describing recent work incorporating advanced numerical methods to more thoroughly evaluate changes in local mechanical properties of pulmonary arteries. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1413‐1435, 2011.
Airway Gas Flow
Authors: Tawhai Merryn H. , Lin Ching‐Long
Published: July 2011

Local characteristics of airflow and its global distribution in the lung are determined by interaction between resistance to flow through the airways and the compliance of the tissue, with tissue compliance dominating flow distribution in the healthy lung. Current understanding is that conceptualizing the airways of the lung as a system of smooth adjoined cylinders through which air traverses laminarly is insufficient for understanding flow and energy dissipation and is particularly poor for predicting physiologically realistic transport of particles by the airflow. With rapid advances in medical imaging, computer technologies, and computational techniques, computational fluid dynamics is now becoming a viable tool for providing detailed information on the mechanics of airflow in the human respiratory tract. Studies using such techniques have shown that the upper airway (specifically its development of a turbulent laryngeal jet in the trachea), airway geometry, branching and rotation angle, and the pattern of joining of successive bifurcations are important in determining airflow structures. It is now possible to compute airflow in physical domains that are anatomically accurate and subject specific, enabling comparisons among intersubjects, that among subjects of different ages, and that among different species. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1135‐1157, 2011.
Lung Parenchymal Mechanics
Authors: Suki Béla , Stamenović Dimitrije , Hubmayr Rolf
Published: July 2011

The lung parenchyma comprises a large number of thin‐walled alveoli, forming an enormous surface area, which serves to maintain proper gas exchange. The alveoli are held open by the transpulmonary pressure, or prestress, which is balanced by tissues forces and alveolar surface film forces. Gas exchange efficiency is thus inextricably linked to three fundamental features of the lung: parenchymal architecture, prestress, and the mechanical properties of the parenchyma. The prestress is a key determinant of lung deformability that influences many phenomena including local ventilation, regional blood flow, tissue stiffness, smooth muscle contractility, and alveolar stability. The main pathway for stress transmission is through the extracellular matrix. Thus, the mechanical properties of the matrix play a key role both in lung function and biology. These mechanical properties in turn are determined by the constituents of the tissue, including elastin, collagen, and proteoglycans. In addition, the macroscopic mechanical properties are also influenced by the surface tension and, to some extent, the contractile state of the adherent cells. This chapter focuses on the biomechanical properties of the main constituents of the parenchyma in the presence of prestress and how these properties define normal function or change in disease. An integrated view of lung mechanics is presented and the utility of parenchymal mechanics at the bedside as well as its possible future role in lung physiology and medicine are discussed. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1317‐1351, 2011.
Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Plasticity with Exercise
Authors: Hoppeler Hans , Baum Oliver , Lurman Glenn , Mueller Matthias
Published: July 2011

The skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use. Low‐intensity endurance type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized mainly by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption. High‐load strength‐type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In low‐intensity exercise, stress‐induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of a multitude of genes with Ca2+signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several parallel signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co‐activator PGC‐1α, perceived as being the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. High‐load training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTOR mainly influenced by an insulin/growth factor‐dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Exercise‐induced muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. Crucial nodes of strength and endurance exercise signaling networks are shared making these training modes interdependent. Robustness of exercise‐related signaling is the consequence of signaling being multiple parallel with feed‐back and feed‐forward control over single and multiple signaling levels. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle phenotypic plasticity. We lack understanding of the precise interactions among partners of signaling networks and accordingly models to predict signaling outcome of entire networks. A major current challenge is to verify and apply available knowledge gained in model systems to predict human phenotypic plasticity. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1383‐1412, 2011.
Lung Transplantation and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Authors: Estenne Marc , Fessler Henry E. , DeCamp Malcolm M.
Published: July 2011

Since the publication of the last edition of theHandbook of Physiology, lung transplantation has become widely available, via specialized centers, for a variety of end‐stage lung diseases. Lung volume reduction surgery, a procedure for emphysema first conceptualized in the 1950s, electrified the pulmonary medicine community when it was rediscovered in the 1990s. In parallel with their technical and clinical refinement, extensive investigation has explored the unique physiology of these procedures. In the case of lung transplantation, relevant issues include the discrepant mechanical function of the donor lungs and recipient thorax, the effects of surgical denervation, acute and chronic rejection, respiratory, chest wall, and limb muscle function, and response to exercise. For lung volume reduction surgery, there have been new insights into the counterintuitive observation that lung function in severe emphysema can be improved by resecting the most diseased portions of the lungs. For both procedures, insights from physiology have fed back to clinicians to refine patient selection and to scientists to design clinical trials. This section will first provide an overview of the clinical aspects of these procedures, including patient selection, surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes. It then reviews the extensive data on lung and muscle function following transplantation and its complications. Finally, it reviews the insights from the last 15 years on the mechanisms whereby removal of lung from an emphysema patient can improve the function of the lung left behind. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1383‐1412, 2011.
Oscillation Mechanics of the Respiratory System
Authors: Bates Jason H.T. , Irvin Charles G. , Farré Ramon , Hantos Zoltán
Published: July 2011

The mechanical impedance of the respiratory system defines the pressure profile required to drive a unit of oscillatory flow into the lungs. Impedance is a function of oscillation frequency, and is measured using the forced oscillation technique. Digital signal processing methods, most notably the Fourier transform, are used to calculate impedance from measured oscillatory pressures and flows. Impedance is a complex function of frequency, having both real and imaginary parts that vary with frequency in ways that can be used empirically to distinguish normal lung function from a variety of different pathologies. The most useful diagnostic information is gained when anatomically based mathematical models are fit to measurements of impedance. The simplest such model consists of a single flow‐resistive conduit connecting to a single elastic compartment. Models of greater complexity may have two or more compartments, and provide more accurate fits to impedance measurements over a variety of different frequency ranges. The model that currently enjoys the widest application in studies of animal models of lung disease consists of a single airway serving an alveolar compartment comprising tissue with a constant‐phase impedance. This model has been shown to fit very accurately to a wide range of impedance data, yet contains only four free parameters, and as such is highly parsimonious. The measurement of impedance in human patients is also now rapidly gaining acceptance, and promises to provide a more comprehensible assessment of lung function than parameters derived from conventional spirometry. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1233‐1272, 2011.
A case study in collaborative governance: Health care law reform in Georgia
Authors: Scott Charity
Published: July 2011

This case study illustrates how collaborative governance through consensus building can work well to achieve law reform, with shared responsibilities among elected officials, private and professional stakeholders, and ordinary citizens. The author discusses the participants involved and the process adopted in Georgia to reform the state's law on advance directives for health care. She identifies some of the best practices that contributed to the success of this law‐reform effort, and offers some lessons learned for future work in collaborative governance.
God in the process: Is there a place for religion in conflict resolution?
Authors: Goldberg Rachel , Blancke Brian
Published: July 2011

There is a growing demand for religion and spirituality in conflict resolution processes. Is this dangerous or praiseworthy, and how should we respond? The authors reviewed literature from conflict resolution, psychology, and law. They conclude that faith, religion, spirituality, and values: (1) can have a safe place in the process; (2) need to be a subject of expertise for conflict resolvers; and (3) should be understood through the self‐awareness work of being an ethical practitioner, regardless of their beliefs. The authors explore the implications of this for the self‐determination of parties and the legitimacy of third‐party roles.
Maternal and zygotic requirements for src64 during Drosophila cellularization
Authors: Strong Taylor C. , Thomas Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2011

Cellularization of the multinucleate Drosophila embryo occurs shortly after zygotic transcription begins. During cellular blastoderm morphogenesis, the microfilament cytoskeleton undergoes extensive reorganization. This cytoskeletal reorganization includes synchronized microfilament contraction regulated by src64, a gene encoding a Src nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. We report that src64 is maternally expressed in the Drosophila embryo and acts primarily as a maternal gene during cellularization. However, we show that src64 has some zygotic activity during late cellularization. By using compound chromosomes to generate embryos with wild‐type levels of maternal src64 activity, we show that this zygotic activity is normally nonessential. We also report the identification of an alternate src64 transcript. Expression of this transcript is not affected by the src64Δ17 deletion mutation, explaining the presence of low levels of src64 activity observed in src64Δ17 mutants. genesis 49:912–918, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatic gonadal cells: The supporting cast for the germline
Authors: Jemc Jennifer C.
Published: July 2011

Cell‐cell signaling and adhesion are critical for establishing tissue architecture during development and for maintaining tissue architecture and function in the adult. Defects in adhesion and signaling can result in mislocalization of cells, uncontrolled proliferation and improper differentiation, leading to tissue overgrowth, tumor formation, and cancer metastasis. An important example is found in the germline. Germ cells that are not incorporated into the gonad exhibit a greater propensity for forming germ cell tumors, and defects in germline development can reduce fertility. While much attention is given to germ cells, their development into functional gametes depends upon somatic gonadal cells. The study of model organisms has provided great insights into how somatic gonadal cells are specified, the molecular mechanisms that regulate gonad morphogenesis, and the role of germline‐soma communication in the establishment and maintenance of the germline stem cell niche. This work will be discussed in the context of Drosophila melanogaster. genesis 49:753–775, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of transgenic mice overexpressing EfnB2 in endothelial cells
Authors: Luxey Maëva , Laussu Julien , Jungas Thomas , Davy Alice
Published: July 2011

Genetic studies have shown that ephrin‐B2 and its cognate EphB4 receptor are necessary for normal embryonic angiogenesis. Moreover, there is overwhelming evidence that ephrin‐B2 is involved in tumor vascularization, yet its role in adult angiogenesis has been difficult to track genetically. Here, we report the generation of transgenic mice that over‐express EfnB2 specifically in endothelial cells (ECs). We show that exogenous expression of EfnB2 under the control of the Tie2 promoter/enhancer regions in ECs does not affect viability or growth of the transgenic animals. We further show that targeted expression of EfnB2 in ECs is not sufficient to rescue severe cardiovascular defects at mid‐gestation stages but rescues early embryonic lethality associated with loss‐of‐function mutation in EfnB2. This mouse model will be useful to study the role of ephrin‐B2 in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.genesis 49:811–820, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In Situ Tetrazole Ligand Synthesis of Two‐Fold Interpenetrating Zinc Coordination Frameworks
Authors: Ma Li , Qiu Yong‐Cai , Peng Guo , Cai Jin‐Biao , Deng Hong
Published: July 2011

Four d10 metal directed coordination frameworks, [Zn2(MT)3(IN)] (1; MT = 5‐methyltetrazole, IN = isonicotinic acid), [Zn(ET)(IN)] (2; ET = 5‐ethyltetrazole), [Zn(PT)2] (3; PT = 5‐propyltetrazole), and [Zn(IPT)2] (4; IPT = 5‐isopropyltetrazole), have been obtained by in situ tetrazole synthesis and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal studies, as well as by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. Compound 1 exhibits a two‐fold diamondoid network constructed of two‐dimensional (2D) Zn–MT wheel layers and IN linkers. Compound 2 displays a similar two‐fold diamondoid network constructed by interconnection of Zn–ET–IN honeycomb layers and IN ligands. Compound 3 represents a 3D coordination polymer constructed from numerous Zn6(PT)6 wheels with a diamondoid net. Compound 4 is a 2D network constructed by the self‐assembly of Zn ions and IPT ligands with an sql net. Furthermore, the solid‐state properties of these crystalline materials, such as their thermal behavior and photoluminescence properties, have also been investigated.
Stereoselective Synthesis of a Series of New N‐Alkyl‐3‐hydroxypiperidine Derivatives Containing a Hemiketal
Authors: Wang Haibo , Luo Hairong , Ma Xiaofeng , Zou Wei , Shao Huawu
Published: July 2011

A series of new N‐alkyl‐3‐hydroxypiperidine derivatives containing a five‐membered hemiketal were synthesized from 1‐C‐acetylmethyl sugars. Based on the stereochemistry of the products obtained, a plausible mechanism is illustrated. A new approach to the hemiketal, which has undergone hydrogenation in the presence of Pd/C and β‐elimination and intramolecular cycloaddition with 1 % NaOMe in methanol, is reported.
Studies of Edge Effects with Shroud‐Modified Electrodes
Authors: Thakar Rahul , Wilburn Jeremy P. , Baker Lane A.
Published: July 2011

Micron and submicron platinum electrodes with hydrophobically‐modified shrouds have been prepared. The steady state response to a number of electrochemical species have been evaluated with respect to the shroud coating. For submicron electrodes deviations in response were observed based on the shroud modification. These effects were not observed in larger electrodes, and may be due to the so‐called “edge effect” for small diameter electrodes.
A multiplexed bead assay for profiling glycosylation patterns on serum protein biomarkers of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Li Chen , Zolotarevsky Eugene , Thompson Ian , Anderson Michelle A. , Simeone Diane M. , Casper John M. , Mullenix Michael C. , Lubman David M.
Published: July 2011

A multiplexed bead‐based immunoassay was developed to simultaneously profile glycosylation patterns of serum proteins to investigate their usefulness as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. The multiplex assay utilized protein‐specific capture antibodies chemically coupled individually to beads labeled with specific amounts of fluorescent dye. Captured proteins were detected based on the extent and specific type of glycosylation as determined by successive binding of fluorescent lectin probes. Advantages to this technique include the fact that antibodies coupled to the beads had minimal nonspecific binding to the lectins ConA/SNA, avoiding the step of chemically blocking the antibody glycans and the bead assays were performed in a 96‐well filter plate enabling high‐throughput screening applications with improved reproducibility. The assay was tested with ConA and SNA lectins to examine the glycosylation patterns of α‐1‐β glycoprotein (A1BG) and serum amyloid p (SAP) component for use as potential biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer based on the results from prior biomarker studies. The results showed that the SNA response on the captured A1BG protein could distinguish chronic pancreatitis samples from pancreatic cancer with a p‐value of 0.035 and for the SAP protein with SNA, a p‐value of 0.026 was found between the signal of normal controls and the pancreatic cancer samples. For the ConA response, a decline in the signal for both proteins in the serum samples was found to distinguish pancreatic cancer from normal controls and renal cell carnoma samples (A1BG, p<0.05; and SAP, p<0.0001).
A Practical Comparison of Two Types of Family Intervention: An Exploratory RCT of Family Day Workshops and Individual Family Work as a Supplement to Inpatient Care for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Whitney Jenna , Murphy Tara , Landau Sabine , Gavan Kay , Todd Gill , Whitaker Wendy , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2011

Background

Little is known about the outcome of involving families in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa. Carers of people with anorexia nervosa experience significant levels of distress. This may contribute to unhelpful behaviours which maintain the illness.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of family workshops with educational and skills‐based components as compared to individual family work.

Method

An exploratory randomised controlled trial of two forms of family intervention was conducted for inpatients with anorexia nervosa (n = 48) and their family members on a specialised unit for adults.

Results

In both groups, there was an improvement in patients' BMI and a reduction in carers' distress. There were no differences between groups.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest that workshop‐based intervention with two families might be as effective as an individually focused family intervention. This may offer a more cost‐effective intervention for this treatment‐resistant group. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Family Work in Anorexia Nervosa: A Qualitative Study of Carers' Experiences of Two Methods of Family Intervention
Authors: Whitney Jenna , Currin Laura , Murray Joanna , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2011

Background

Qualitative methods can aid in the development of complex interventions.

Aims

Qualitative methodology was used to examine treatment efficacy, carer satisfaction and process of change in carers of people with anorexia nervosa who participated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing individual family work (IFW) and multi‐(dual) family workshops.

Method

Twenty‐three carers were interviewed. Themes were developed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).

Results

Carers who worked with another family described this as beneficial. There was dissatisfaction about a lack of structure perceived in the IFW. Most carers felt the interventions helped them communicate, understand the illness and gain personal and familial insight. Although there was lack of consensus on the most helpful techniques, carers felt sessions should focus on individual relationships and practical guidance for challenging behaviour.

Conclusions

Carers valued structured, skills‐based interventions. The inclusion of multiple families may reduce carer blame and isolation and facilitate skills‐based learning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Hepatitis C virus E1 envelope glycoprotein interacts with apolipoproteins in facilitating entry into hepatocytes
Authors: Mazumdar Budhaditya , Banerjee Arup , Meyer Keith , Ray Ranjit
Published: July 2011

Our previous studies demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins 1 and 2 (E1 and E2) display distinct reactivity to different cell-surface molecules. In this study, we characterized the interaction of E1 and E2 with apolipoproteins in facilitating virus entry. The results suggested a higher neutralization of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)/HCV E1-G pseudotype infectivity by antibodies to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) than apolipoprotein B (ApoB), with VSV/HCV E2-G pseudotype infectivity remaining largely unaffected. Neutralization of cell-culture–grown HCV infectivity by antiserum to ApoE and, to a lesser extent, by ApoB further verified their involvement in virus entry. HCV E1, but not E2, displayed binding with ApoE and ApoB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Binding of E1 with apolipoproteins were further supported by coimmunoprecipitation from human hepatocytes expressing E1. Rabbit antiserum to a selected E1 ectodomain-derived peptide displayed ˜50% neutralization of E1-G pseudotype infectivity. Furthermore, E1 ectodomain-derived synthetic peptides significantly inhibited the interaction of E1 with both the apolipoproteins. Investigation on the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) as a hepatocyte surface receptor for virus entry suggested a significant reduction in E1-G pseudotype plaque numbers (˜70%) by inhibiting LDL-R ligand-binding activity using human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and platelet factor-4, whereas they had a minimal inhibitory effect on the E2-G pseudotype.

Conclusion:

Together, the results suggested an association between HCV E1 and apolipoproteins, which may facilitate virus entry through LDL-R into mammalian cells. (Hepatology 2011;)
The G-Protein-coupled bile acid receptor, Gpbar1 (TGR5), negatively regulates hepatic inflammatory response through antagonizing nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mice
Authors: Wang Yan-Dong , Chen Wei-Dong , Yu Donna , Forman Barry M. , Huang Wendong
Published: July 2011

Gpbar1 (TGR5), a membrane-bound bile acid receptor, is well known for its roles in regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. TGR5 also displays strong attenuation of macrophage reactivity

in vitro

, but the physiological roles of TGR5 in inflammatory response, and its mechanism, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TGR5 is a negative modulator of nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation. TGR5 activation suppresses the phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα), the translocation of p65, NF-κB DNA-binding activity, and its transcription activity. Furthermore, TGR5 activation enhances the interaction of IκBα and β-arrestin2. Suppression of NF-κB transcription activity and its target gene expression by TGR5 agonist are specifically abolished by the expression of anti-β-arrestin2 small interfering RNA. These results show that TGR5 suppresses the NF-κB pathway by mediation of the interaction between IκBα and β-arrestin2. In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model, TGR5−/− mice show more severe liver necroses and inflammation, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Activation of TGR5 by its agonist ligand inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in response to NF-κB activation induced by LPS in WT, but not TGR5−/−, mouse liver.

Conclusion:

These findings identify TGR5 as a negative mediator of inflammation that may serve as an attractive therapeutic tool for immune and inflammatory liver diseases. (Hepatology 2011;)
Gankyrin-mediated dedifferentiation facilitates the tumorigenicity of rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells
Authors: Sun Wen , Ding Jin , Wu Kun , Ning Bei-Fang , Wen Wen , Sun Han-Yong , Han Tao , Huang Lei , Dong Li-Wei , Yang Wen , Deng Xing , Li Zhong , Wu Meng-Chao , Feng Gen-Sheng , Xie Wei-Fen , Wang Hong-Yang
Published: July 2011

Gankyrin is a critical oncoprotein overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism underlying gankyrin-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis remains elusive. Herein, we provide evidence that gankyrin expression was progressively elevated in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Levels of gankyrin expression were closely associated with the dedifferentiation status of hepatoma in patients. Decrease of hepatocyte characteristic markers and increase of cholangiocyte-specific markers were observed in rat primary hepatocytes with enforced gankyrin expression and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-triggered rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Overexpression of gankyrin also attenuated the hepatic function of primary hepatocytes, which further suggests that gankyrin promotes the dedifferentiation of hepatocytes. Moreover, elevated expression of gankyrin closely correlated with the expression of HCC stem/progenitor cell markers in DEN-triggered hepatocarcinogenesis and human HCCs. Hepatoma cells derived from suspension-cultured spheroids exhibited a higher gankyrin level, and enforced gankyrin expression in hepatoma cells remarkably enhanced cluster of differentiation (CD)133, CD90, and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule expression, indicating a role of gankyrin in hepatoma cell dedifferentiation and the generation of hepatoma stem/progenitor cells. In contrast, down-regulation of gankyrin in hepatoma cells by lentivirus-mediated microRNA delivery significantly improved their differentiation status and attenuated malignancy. Interference of gankyrin expression in hepatoma cells also diminished the proportion of cancer stem/progenitor cells and their self-renewal capacity. Furthermore, gankyrin was found to bind hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), which determines hepatocyte differentiation status and enhances proteasome-dependent HNF4α degradation in hepatoma cells. The inverse correlation of gankyrin and HNF4α was further confirmed in primary hepatocytes, DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, and human HCCs.

Conclusion:

Gankyrin-mediated dedifferentiation of hepatocytes and hepatoma cells via, at least partially, down-regulation of HNF4α facilitates HCC development, and interference of gankyrin expression could be a novel strategy for HCC prevention and differentiation therapy. (Hepatology 2011;54:1259–1272)