bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is the Impact of Obesity-Related Comorbidities on the Risk of Premature Aging in Patients with Severe Obesity?: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Dudek Alicja , Zapała Barbara , Gorostowicz Aleksandra , Kawa Ilona , Ciszek Karol , Tylec Piotr , Cyranka Katarzyna , Sierocki Wojciech , Wysocki Michał , Major Piotr
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The relationships between aging, chronic diseases, and obesity remain complex and poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of comorbidities on premature aging in individuals with severe obesity. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 99 bariatric patients with severe obesity (SG) and 30 healthy volunteers (HC). SG was further divided into subgroups based on comorbidity status. Various markers of biological aging, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), telomere length (TL), attention speed, executive functions, and metabolic age, were evaluated. Results: Both subgroups of patients with obesity presented elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP, shorter TLs, lower outcomes in executive functioning tests, and greater metabolic age than healthy subjects. However, no significant differences were observed between patients with obesity with and without comorbidities. This study highlighted the impact of BMI on increased inflammation and revealed that hypertension and inflammation are associated with cognitive decline. Conclusions: These findings suggest that obesity, regardless of comorbidities, contributes to premature aging. The presence of hypertension was linked to cognitive function decline, emphasizing the multifaceted implications of obesity for the aging process.
Free Flap Surgery for Elbow Soft Tissue Reconstruction Using the Brachial Artery as Recipient Vessel: Evaluation of MPETS Cases and Comparative Literature Review
Authors: Ota Mitsutoshi , Motomiya Makoto , Watanabe Naoya , Kitaguchi Kazuya , Iwasaki Norimasa
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The elbow joint, essential for daily activities, often requires soft tissue reconstruction following trauma, infection, or tumor excision. Free flap surgery using the brachial artery (BA) as the recipient vessel offers stable vascular support, but preserving distal blood flow is crucial. Due to vessel diameter differences, end-to-side (ETS) anastomosis is usually necessary, as flow-through anastomosis can be challenging. Although reports exist on soft tissue reconstruction using the BA as the recipient vessel, complications and outcomes related to using the sole main artery as the recipient remain unclear. We developed the microscopic parachute end-to-side (MPETS) technique, adapted from ETS, to more easily address vessel size discrepancies. This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of MPETS in BA-based elbow reconstruction, alongside a review of outcomes in other cases. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed seven cases of elbow reconstruction from April 2018 to September 2023, focusing on patients with BA recipient vessels and a minimum 12-month follow-up. Variables included patient demographics, etiologies, flap types, and postoperative outcomes measured by Jupiter’s Criteria. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature review identified similar cases using the BA in free flap reconstruction for comparison. Results: In all our cases, flap survival was 100%, with no distal ischemia observed, and the average range of motion was 119°. Complications were limited, with one reoperation due to venous thrombosis. The MPETS technique minimized blood flow issues and accommodated the BA’s diameter. The literature review included 77 cases, confirming the BA’s viability and stability as a recipient vessel. Conclusions: Using the BA as a recipient vessel with MPETS demonstrates high effectiveness and safety in elbow soft tissue reconstruction. Our results support the BA’s suitability for complex reconstructions, with MPETS enhancing vessel compatibility and reducing complications.
Acute Schizophrenia-like Psychotic Disorder Against the Background of COVID-19
Authors: Bravve Lidia , Kaydan Maria , Kostyuk Georgy
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Research in this area focuses on acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder, as more than half of cases progress to a chronic course, manifesting as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Research has shown a link between viral infection and the onset of psychosis, and the influence of viruses on the clinical course of the disease is also being studied. Consequently, in cases where this type of psychosis co-occurs with a viral illness, there is a compelling rationale for identifying commonalities in both treatment and outcome. The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 provides a unique opportunity to assess these changes. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to examine the clinical characteristics of acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder in the context of the pandemic, and second, to analyze therapeutic interventions and outcomes. Materials and Methods: A non-invasive observational study was conducted in which 310 patients with acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder admitted as inpatients to a psychiatric hospital were divided into two groups according to the presence of COVID-19 (group I—F23.2 with COVID-19): 222 patients; Group II—F23.2 without COVID-19: 88 patients). After discharge, the patients in both groups were clinically followed in outpatient treatment for 36 months. Results: The results showed that acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder associated with COVID-19 was characterized by a greater severity of productive symptoms and the inclusion of the pandemic theme in psychotic symptoms. These patients were given higher doses of antipsychotic medication. Conclusions: The outcome of this type of psychosis is consistent, irrespective of the infection suffered at the onset of the disease, and is characterized by a chronic course with a predominant transition to the schizophrenic process.
Neuroprotection Devices in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories: Does It Sufficiently Protect Our Patients?
Authors: Tan Clement , Higgins Mark Daniel , Thanabalasingam Vaikunthan , Sella Kapu Chaminda , Zhang Zhihua
Published: February 2025

Stroke is a devastating complication of cardiovascular interventions. Intraprocedural stroke is a well-documented and feared risk of cardiac percutaneous transcatheter procedures. If clinically significant strokes are absent, silent strokes remain the next in line to pose large concerns related to future cognitive decline, stroke risk, and overall increased morbidity and mortality. Cerebral protection devices (CPD) developed overtime aim to neutralize this risk through either a capture-based filter or a deflector mechanism. Many CPDs exist currently, each one unique, with varying degrees of evidence. The adoption of CPDs has allowed cardiac percutaneous transcatheter procedures to be carried out in patients with high thromboembolic risks who may have historically been discommended. Though skewed towards certain devices and transcatheter procedures, a large body of evidence is still present across other devices and procedures. This review will discuss clinical importance and respective stroke rates, updated evidence surrounding CPDs, differing opinions across types of CPDs, cost benefits, and what lies ahead for CPDs within the realm of procedures undertaken in cardiac catheterization laboratories.
Effects of Mg Content and Pulsed Magnetic Field Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of As-Cast Biodegradable Zn-3Cu Alloy
Authors: Shi Lizhen , Liu Hui , Liu Houqing , Peng Cong , Ren Ling
Published: February 2025

The microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of biodegradable Zn-3Cu-xMg (x = 0, 0.5, 1 wt.%) alloys with or without pulsed magnetic field treatment during casting were systematically investigated. Mg addition induced the formation of fine Mg2Zn11 precipitated along the matrix grain boundaries. With the increase in Mg content, the precipitation of the Mg2Zn11 phase increased, and the grain size became finer. Pulsed magnetic field treatment exacerbated the occurrence of this phenomenon. Under the combined action of the Mg2Zn11 phase and refined grain size, Zn3Cu0.5Mg alloy with pulsed magnetic field treatment had the best strength–ductility match (σUTS = 181.46 ± 1.06 MPa, δ = 3.95 ± 0.07%), moderate corrosion rate (icorr = 5.69 ± 3.96 μA/cm2), positive cytocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. This study indicated that Zn3Cu0.5Mg alloy with pulsed magnetic field treatment had the greater potential to further improve its properties through subsequent conventional metal-forming processing and severe plastic deformation techniques to meet clinical requirements, compared to existing as-cast Zn alloys.
Metabolomic Analysis of Maize Response to Northern Corn Leaf Blight
Authors: Gu Yingnan , Yan Bowei , Yang Ye , Huang Ying , Liu Xin , Liu Shubin
Published: February 2025

Background: As a major food crop, maize is highly susceptible to pathogenic bacteria, which greatly reduces its yield and quality. Metabolomics reveals physiological and biochemical changes in organisms and aids in analyzing metabolic changes caused by various factors. Methods: This study utilized metabolomics to examine maize’s metabolic changes after NCLB infestation, aiming to uncover related pathways and potential biomarkers. The metabolite measurements were performed during the maize silking stage. Results: PCA showed an obvious dispersion between the treated and untreated groups. OPLS-DA identified 1274 differential metabolites, with 242 being downregulated (mainly phenolics and esters) and 1032 upregulated (primarily organic acids, amino acids, sugars, and derivatives). KEGG annotation revealed 50 affected metabolic pathways, and the biosynthesis of secondary metab-olites and amino acids was significantly enriched. Conclusions: We hypothesized that metabolic pathways related to sugar metabolism, proline metabolism, and jasmonic acid synthesis are associated with NCLB susceptibility. These findings provide critical insights into the metabolic responses of maize to biotic stress, offering a theoretical basis for future research on plant resistance mechanisms.
Relationship Between Harvesting Efficiency and Filament Morphology in Arthrospira platensis Gomont
Authors: Kim Ga-Hyeon , Lee Yeong Jun , Kwon Jong-Hee
Published: February 2025

Arthrospira platensis, a filamentous cyanobacterium, exhibits morphological variability influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. We investigated the effect of sodium ion concentration on filament length, growth, and harvest efficiency. Increasing the sodium concentration from 0.2 M to 0.4 M (using NaHCO3 or Na2CO3) led to a significant increase in filament length, from 0.3393 to 0.7084 mm, and longer filaments had increased auto-flotation efficiency (from 87% to 94%) within 3 h. The linear filaments, obtained via spontaneous morphological conversion, also had increased photosynthetic activity and growth rates compared to coiled filaments, and we speculate this was due to decreased self-shading and increased light penetration. However, linear filaments also had poor auto-flotation efficiency (10% after 24 h) and decreased buoyancy, and this likely limits their survival in natural ecosystems. These findings provide insights into optimizing the cultivation of A. platensis for biomass harvesting.
Genome Sequencing and Assembly of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli E9034A: Role of LngA, CstH, and FliC in Intestinal Cell Colonization and the Release of the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-8
Authors: Rodríguez-Martínez Ricardo , Ochoa Sara A. , Valle-Rios Ricardo , Jaimes-Ortega Gustavo A. , Hernández-Castro Rigoberto , Mancilla-Rojano Jetsi , Castro-Escarpulli Graciela , López-Saucedo Catalina , Estrada-García Teresa , Cruz-Córdova Ariadnna , Xicohtencatl-Cortes Juan
Published: February 2025

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces two types of enterotoxins, LTs and STs, as well as several colonization factors (CFs), including CS21, CS3 fimbriae, and flagellar structures. This study investigated how these structures contribute to ETEC colonization and the immune response in HT-29 and HuTu-80 intestinal cells. ETEC strains with single, double, and triple mutations in the lngA, cstH, and fliC genes were generated and confirmed using PCR and Western blotting. The colonization of HT-29 and HuTu-80 intestinal cells by the ETEC E9034A strain, which was fully sequenced using a hybrid approach involving both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies, was used to generate the mutant and recombinant proteins. The colonization and adherence of E9034A and its mutants were assessed through colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Cytokine levels were assessed using flow cytometry and analyzed via FlowJo 7.6.1. Quantitative analysis revealed that the absence of the lngA, cstH, and fliC genes significantly (p < 0.01) reduced ETEC adherence to HT-29 and HutU-80 cells. In addition, only ETEC strains expressing the FliC protein induced IL-8 secretion. These findings suggest that LngA, CstH, and FliC in ETEC E9034A enhance adherence to intestinal cells and trigger the release of IL-8.
Biopatinas on Peperino Stone: Three Eco-Friendly Methods for Their Control and Multi-Technique Approach to Evaluate Their Efficacy
Authors: Isola Daniela , Capobianco Giuseppe , Tovazzi Valery , Pelosi Claudia , Trotta Oriana , Serranti Silvia , Lanteri Luca , Zucconi Laura , Spizzichino Valeria
Published: February 2025

In restoration practice, direct methods become necessary when indirect methods fail and when aesthetic, chemical, or physical biodeteriorative effects threaten the integrity and legibility of the artifact. More effective methods that prioritize the health of workers and the environment are essential for the outdoor stone monument’s conservation. Although several low-impact methods have been proposed, more case studies are needed to address different biopatina types, products, and lithic substrates. Within the COLLINE Project we focused on peperino, a dark volcanic stone widely used in central Italy since the 7th century BCE, because it has been poorly investigated in terms of diversity of biodeteriogens and low-impact methods for their removal. Direct observation, culture methods, and molecular identification have been applied for the identification of biodeteriogens with particular attention to black meristematic fungi. Three low-impact products, namely a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based gel, BioTersus® (essential oil-based), and Nasier (enzyme-based) were tested in ex situ (on a colonized slab) and in situ trials (on the pulpit of the S. Francesco alla Rocca Basilica, Viterbo, Italy). Three analytical methods, namely reflectance spectroradiometry, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI) were used to test the cleaning efficacy. Results evidenced the strong influence of direct irradiation and water availability in the balance and distribution of phototrophs, fungi, and lichens. The low-impact cleaning methods, particularly the DMSO-based gel and BioTersus®, effectively remove biodeteriogens from peperino stone while preserving its integrity, offering sustainable solutions for cultural heritage conservation. The instrumental analyses showed that reflectance spectroradiometry and LIF effectively validated the cleaning efficacy, albeit with different sensibility, while HMI, despite spatial constraints, confirmed the three tested cleaning methods do not interfere with peperino stone.
Preparation of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Graphene/Ionic Liquids and the Quantitative Detection and Toxicity Evaluation of Tetracycline
Authors: Lai Meidan , Huang Linzhe , Wang Chengzhi , Zuo Rui , Liu Jun
Published: February 2025

Tetracycline antibiotics, which are recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are overused and retained in large quantities in terminal water bodies, seriously endangering the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, establishing a straightforward, rapid, and sensitive method for quantitatively detecting and evaluating the toxicity of tetracyclines is highly important. Compared with traditional detection methods, emerging electrochemical methods have many advantages, such as simplicity and rapidity. In this work, an electrochemical sensor—a graphene ionic liquid composite glass carbon electrode (Gr/IL/GCE) with excellent catalytic properties for both tetracycline and cellular purine bases—was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with graphene and an ionic liquid for the quantitative detection of tetracycline and evaluation of its toxicity to cells. Graphene and the ionic liquid were uniformly distributed on the surface of the electrode and increased the electrically active surface area. The linear range of detection of tetracycline by a Gr/IL/GCE was 10–500 μM, with a detection limit of up to 2.06 μM. The Gr/IL/GCE demonstrated remarkable electrocatalytic efficacy against purine bases within human hepatocellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of tetracycline, the median inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined, which was 243.82 μM.
Last Fifteen Years of Nanotechnology Application with Our Contribute
Authors: Alfei Silvana , Zuccari Guendalina
Published: February 2025

Currently, nanotechnology is the most promising science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale (nm), which is used in several sectors. Collectively, nanotechnology is causing a new industrial revolution, and nano-based products are becoming increasingly important for the global market and economy. The interest in nanomaterials has been strongly augmented during the last two decades, and this fact can be easily evaluated by considering the number of studies present in the literature. In November 2024, they accounted for 764,279 experimental studies developed in the years 2009–2024. During such a period, our group contributed to the field of applicative nanotechnology with several experimental and review articles, which we hope could have relevantly enhanced the knowledge of the scientific community. In this new publication, an exhaustive overview regarding the main types of developed nanomaterials, the characterization techniques, and their applications has been discussed. Particular attention has been paid to nanomaterials employed for the enhancement of bioavailability and delivery of bioactive molecules and to those used for ameliorating traditional food packaging. Then, we briefly reviewed our experimental studies on the development of nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, micelles, and liposomes for biomedical applications by collecting inherent details in a reader-friendly table. A brief excursus about our reviews on the topic has also been provided, followed by the stinging question of nanotoxicology. Indeed, although the application of nanotechnology translates into a great improvement in the properties of non-nanosized pristine materials, there may still be a not totally predictable risk for humans, animals, and the environment associated with an extensive application of NPs. Nanotoxicology is a science in rapid expansion, but several sneaky risks are not yet fully disclosed. So, the final part of this study discusses the pending issue related to the possible toxic effects of NPs and their impact on customers’ acceptance in a scenario of limited knowledge.
Clinical Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Nwude Vivian N. , Lesi Olufunmilayo A. , Onyekwere Charles , Charpentier Emilie , Hübschen Judith M.
Published: February 2025

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in West Africa, but its presentation is poorly understood. In this study, we describe the clinical characteristics of HBV-associated HCC patients in Lagos, Nigeria. Data for all cases were collected at the emergency and gastroenterology units (2017–2019), considering chronic carriers as controls. Clinical data and routine biochemical and radiologic test results were extracted from the files. The serum biomarkers (Osteopontin, AFP-L3, DCP) were investigated. For some cases, the hepatitis B viral load was determined. The mean age of the cases (n = 92) was 41.4 years, compared to 39.9 years for the controls (n = 100). Clinically, 69.5% of cases presented with ascites, 66.3% had nodules occupying >50% of the liver, and 67.4% had moderate hepatic encephalopathy. The mean viral load and the median values of Osteopontin, AFP-L3, and DCP for the cases were significantly higher than for the controls (p < 0.001). The area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were significantly higher for Osteopontin, compared with DCP and AFP-L3 (p < 0.001). Most HCC patients presented at a late disease stage, when the prognosis is usually poor. Especially Osteopontin seems to have potential for early HCC detection and could possibly complement AFP and abdominal ultrasound scan for risk-group screening.
Sacubitril Does Not Exert Proarrhythmic Effects in Combination with Different Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Authors: Ellermann Christian , Mengel Carlo , Wolfes Julian , Wegner Felix K. , Rath Benjamin , Köbe Julia , Eckardt Lars , Frommeyer Gerrit
Published: February 2025

Background: Previous studies suggest a direct effect of sacubitril on cardiac electrophysiology and indicate potential arrhythmic interactions between sacubitril and antiarrhythmic drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the electrophysiologic effects of combining sacubitril with the antiarrhythmic drugs d,l-sotalol and mexiletine in isolated hearts. Methods and results: A total of 25 rabbit hearts were perfused using a Langendorff setup. Following baseline data collection, hearts were treated with mexiletine (25 µM, 13 hearts) or d,l-sotalol (100 µM, 12 hearts). Monophasic action potential demonstrated an abbreviation of action potential duration (APD90) after administration of mexiletine. Spatial dispersion of repolarization remained unchanged after mexiletine treatment, whereas effective refractory periods (ERP) were significantly prolonged. D,l-sotalol prolonged cardiac repolarization and amplified spatial dispersion. Further infusion of sacubitril (5 µM) led to a significant reduction in APD90 and ERP in the mexiletine group. In the d,l-sotalol group, additional administration of sacubitril shortened cardiac repolarization duration without affecting spatial dispersion. No proarrhythmic effect was observed after mexiletine treatment as assessed by a predefined pacing protocol. Additional sacubitril treatment did not increase ventricular vulnerability. When potassium concentration was reduced, 30 episodes of torsade de pointes tachycardia occurred after d,l-sotalol treatment. Additional sacubitril treatment significantly suppressed torsade de pointes tachycardia (eight episodes) in the d,l-sotalol-group. Conclusions: In class IB- and class III-pretreated hearts, sacubitril shortened refractory periods and cardiac repolarization duration. The combination of sacubitril with the antiarrhythmic drugs d,l-sotalol and mexiletine demonstrates a safe electrophysiologic profile and sacubitril reduces the occurrence of class III-related proarrhythmia, i.e., torsade de pointes tachycardia.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 68Ga- and 177Lu-Labeled [diF-Pro14]Bombesin(6−14) Analogs for Detection and Radioligand Therapy of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor-Expressing Cancer
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Chao-Cheng , Chapple Devon , Wong Antonio A. W. L. , Kurkowska Sara , Lau Wing Sum , Uribe Carlos F. , Bénard François , Lin Kuo-Shyan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Overexpressed in various solid tumors, the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, the high pancreas uptake of the current clinically evaluated GRPR-targeted radiopharmaceuticals limits their applications. In this study, we replaced the Pro14 residue in our previously reported GRPR-targeted LW02056 and ProBOMB5 with 4,4-difluoroproline (diF-Pro) to obtain an agonist LW02060 (DOTA-Pip-[D-Phe6,Tle10,NMe-His12,diF-Pro14]Bombesin(6–14)) and an antagonist LW02080 (DOTA-Pip-[D-Phe6,NMe-Gly11,Leu13(ψ)diF-Pro14]Bombesin(6–14)), respectively. Methods/Results: The binding affinities (Ki) of Ga-LW02060, Ga-LW02080, Lu-LW02060, and Lu-LW02080 were measured by in vitro competition binding assays using PC-3 cells and were found to be 5.57 ± 2.47, 21.7 ± 6.69, 8.00 ± 2.61, and 32.1 ± 8.14 nM, respectively. The 68Ga- and 177Lu-labeled ligands were obtained in 36–75% decay-corrected radiochemical yields with >95% radiochemical purity. PET imaging, SPECT imaging, and ex vivo biodistribution studies were conducted in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice. Both [68Ga]Ga-LW02060 and [68Ga]Ga-LW02080 enabled clear tumor visualization in PET images at 1 h post-injection (pi). Tumor uptake values of [68Ga]Ga-LW02060 and [68Ga]Ga-LW02080 at 1 h pi were 16.8 ± 2.70 and 7.36 ± 1.33 %ID/g, respectively, while their pancreas uptake values were 3.12 ± 0.89 and 0.38 ± 0.04 %ID/g, respectively. Compared to [177Lu]Lu-LW02080, [177Lu]Lu-LW02060 showed higher tumor uptake at all time points (1, 4, 24, 72, and 120 h pi). However, fast tumor clearance was observed for both [177Lu]Lu-LW02060 and [177Lu]Lu-LW02080. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that [68Ga]Ga-LW02060 is promising for clinical translation for the detection of GRPR-expressing tumor lesions. However, further optimizations are needed for [177Lu]Lu-LW02060 and [177Lu]Lu-LW02080 to prolong tumor retention for therapeutic applications.
3D-Printed Contact Lenses to Release Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Dry Eyes
Authors: Garg Piyush , Shokrollahi Parvin , Darge Haile Fentahun , Phan Chau-Minh , Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2025

Purpose: Dry eye disease is highly prevalent, and the most common treatment, lubricating eye drops, only remains effective for a very short period of time. This project aims to 3D print a proof-of-concept, custom-fit, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-eluting contact lens (CL) for the treatment of dry eye disease. PVA is a commonly used viscosity enhancer in eye drops, with the capability of reducing symptoms of dry eye by stabilizing the tear film and reducing tear evaporation. The protective effects of PVA could be attributed to its water-retaining ability, which provides moisturization and prevents the loss of water. Method: In this work, a low-cost stereolithography-based 3D printer was retrofitted with a humidity and temperature control kit to 3D print a PVA-loaded custom-fit CL. To evaluate the print quality of the 3D-printed CL, circularity was used to evaluate the shape fidelity in 3D printing. The PVA release from these lenses was assessed, along with its role in acting as a viscosity enhancer. The effect of PVA was further analyzed by a dry eye disease (desiccation stress) cell model. Results: The shape fidelity evaluation of the 3D-printed CL displayed excellent circularity. The diameter, sagittal depth, and base curve of the 3D-printed lenses were measured to be 14.27 ± 0.06 mm, 3.77 ± 0.16 mm, and 6.4 ± 0.24 mm, respectively. The PVA release curves showed that approximately 1300 µg of PVA was released over the study duration of 24 h. Conclusions: Overall, this work demonstrates that a 3D-printed PVA-eluting CL is a promising candidate for the treatment of dry eye.
Drug Delivery Systems Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks for Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Yang Ning , He Zongyan , Lang Tianqun
Published: February 2025

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles formed by the coordination of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. Due to their high porosities, large surface areas, adjustable structures, and responsiveness to light/sound, etc., MOFs have shown great clinical potential in the field of tumor therapy. Tumor immunotherapy exerts antitumor effects through reshaping tumor immune microenvironment, showing significant preclinical and clinical advantages. Based on the mechanisms of immunity activation, the tumor immunotherapy agents can be divided into chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulators, enzymes, tumor vaccines and oligonucleotide drugs, etc. Herein, we review the MOFs-based drug delivery systems for tumor immunotherapy. The classification of MOFs, followed by their antitumor immunity activation mechanisms, are first introduced. Drug delivery systems based on MOFs with different immunotherapy agents are also summarized, especially the synergetic immunity activation mechanisms triggered by MOFs and their loadings. Furthermore, the merits and drawbacks of MOFs and the potential strategies for MOFs to promote their clinical applications are discussed.
Compartment Model and Neural Network-Based Analysis of Combination Medication Ratios
Authors: Zeng Yuxin , Yang Jieyu , Li Yong
Published: February 2025

Background: Combination medication strategies often involve complex interactions, making determining the appropriate pharmacodynamic component ratios challenging. Methods: This study established a time–dose relationship model through the compartment model, deriving the in vivo drug quantity ratios corresponding to the blood concentrations of the pharmacodynamic components. A neural network was then employed to establish a dose–effect relationship model between the blood concentrations of the pharmacodynamic components and the overall body response. Utilizing the feedback adjustment mechanism of neural networks continuously adjusts the network to achieve the desired drug efficacy, thereby deriving the corresponding dose ratio of the pharmacodynamic components. Empirical studies were conducted on combining Cynanchum otophyllum saponins M1 and M2 with phenobarbital for epilepsy treatment, as well as the anti-ischemic stroke activity of the prototype and metabolites of Erigeron breviscapus. Results: After adjusting the efficacy, the model recalculated the new ratio proportions for each combination, validated by the reduced Combination Index (CI). Conclusions: This model provides a new approach to combination medication strategies.
Process Monitoring for Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion by Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors
Authors: Shi Yi , Wang Beibei , Du Kui , Liu Yanan , Kang Ruiqi , Wang Shaokai , Zhang Jiayu , Gu Yizhuo , Li Min
Published: February 2025

This paper developed a carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated aramid fiber sensor, which was successfully used to monitor the resin flow front and sense the fluid pressure difference during the (VARI) process. The electrical resistance change of the CNT-coated fiber sensor was compared with that of buckypaper materials. The results show that the electrical resistances of CNT sensors show rapid growth successively along the infusion direction once the flow front reaches the sensor position during resin infusion in the VARI process. The electrical resistance of CNT-coated fiber sensors may increase by as much as 12 times after full impregnation. For the thicker preform, the resistance change ΔR/R0 of sensors on the top surface is closely related to fluid pressure, and bigger fluid pressure close to the inlet may result in a larger ΔR/R0. Two competitive factors affecting the electrical resistance of a CNT-coated sensor are revealed: aramid fiber tow swelling due to resin impregnation, and the compaction effect arising from resin pressure on the CNT network. In addition, the sensors on the top surface show a bigger ΔR/R0 than the bottom ones, and as the preform thickness decreases, these sensors tend to show smaller ΔR/R0.
Integrated Practical Framework for Multidisciplinary Prototype Design and Manufacturing Process
Authors: Török Jozef , Dupláková Darina
Published: February 2025

This article highlights the multidisciplinary approach of additive manufacturing employing ergonomics and reverse engineering in prototyping for practical applications. Based on a practical example, a personalized prototype was developed with reduced overall weight, improved air circulation, and an ergonomic design. Virtual testing demonstrated a suitable level of overall comfort, with a “Comfort” index score of 30.3, a “Back” assessment score of 6.5, and a “Rump” assessment score of 30.1. The use of digital ergonomic testing also helped eliminate costs and reduce the time required for prototype development. The final prototype was produced using Multi Jet Fusion technology. The entire process, from prototyping to real production, confirmed the suitability of the developed methodological framework for ergonomic prototyping through the application of reverse engineering. This approach forms the central focus of the article. In conclusion, the overall findings and benefits of the methodology for both science and practice are presented in alignment with the prototyping process.
Effects of Building Color, Material, and Angle on Bifacial and Transparent Solar Panels
Authors: Fahoum Nagib , Sitbon Moshe
Published: February 2025

Numerous studies have explored the placement of solar panels on the facades or roofs of buildings. This study investigates a new approach to estimating energy generation from transparent, double-sided solar panels integrated into the facade of an existing building, focusing on how the façade’s color influences panel performance. The most significant advantages of integrating double-sided and transparent solar panels on the sides of a building are the natural lighting provided by the sunlight entering the building and the additional energy generated when the radiation returns to the back of the panel. The light beam strikes the front panel, allowing some radiation to pass through the transparent panel to the back side, where it hits the surface. Part of the beam is then reflected toward the rear panel. The fraction of light reflected (albedo) depends on the surface’s color. We first constructed a double-sided, transparent solar panel and integrated it with MATLAB software 2024 code. The model was verified by comparing the simulation results, specifically the I–V and P–V graphs, with data from the manufacturer’s specifications. We conducted an extensive investigation into panels installed on surfaces made of different materials during each installation. This investigation aimed to understand the behavior and performance of the panels when installed on the surfaces of various materials.
Curved Fabry-Pérot Ultrasound Detectors: Optical and Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Rossi Barbara , Cutolo Maria Alessandra , Giaquinto Martino , Cusano Andrea , Breglio Giovanni
Published: February 2025

Optical fiber-based acoustic detectors for ultrasound imaging in medical field feature plano-concave Fabry–Perot cavities integrated on fiber tips, realized via dip-coating. This technique imposes constraints on sensor geometry, potentially limiting performance. Lab-on-Fiber technology enables complex three-dimensional structures with precise control over geometric parameters, such as the curvature radius. A careful investigation of the optical and mechanical aspects involved in the sensors’ performances is crucial for determining the design rules of such probes. In this study, we numerically analyzed the impact of curvature on the optical and acoustic properties of a plano-concave cavity using the Finite Element Method. Performance metrics, including sensitivity, bandwidth, and directivity, were compared to planar Fabry–Perot configurations. The results suggest that introducing curvature significantly enhances sensitivity by improving light confinement, especially for cavity thicknesses exceeding half the Rayleigh zone (∼45 μm), reaching an enhancement of 2.5 a L = 60 μm compared to planar designs. The curved structure maintains high spectral quality (FOM) despite 2% fabrication perturbations. A mechanical analysis confirms no disadvantages in acoustic response and bandwidth (∼40 MHz). These findings establish curved plano-concave structures as robust and reliable for high-sensitivity polymeric lab-on-fiber ultrasound detectors, offering improved performance and fabrication tolerance for MHz-scale bandwidth applications.
Real-Time Detection of Human Growth Hormone Based on Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Interferometric Biosensor
Authors: Cantons Josep Maria , Acosta Laura K. , Formentin Pilar , Ferré-Borrull Josep , Bachhuka Akash , Marsal Lluis F.
Published: February 2025

Human growth hormone (hGH) is a polypeptide hormone that is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, whose excess is linked to acromegaly-causing pituitary adenomas while deficiencies are linked to disorders including short stature and Turner’s syndrome. This study investigates the real-time biosensing of hGH using a microfluidic optical biosensor based on reflectometric interferometry Fourier spectroscopy (RIFTS). The biosensing platform is based on a monolayer of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) fabricated following the two-step anodization method to produce pore sizes between 30 and 35 nm. The sensitivity of the nanostructure is improved by increasing the effective surface area by widening the pores to about 45 nm. NAA structures are then functionalized to make them selective to hGH. The sensing performance of the system shows a linear detection range from 12.5 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL with a detection limit of 10.6 µg/mL. This biosensing platform demonstrates the capability to detect high concentrations of human growth hormone using a cost-effective, fast, and portable biosensing system.
A Dual-Polarized and Broadband Multiple-Antenna System for 5G Cellular Communications
Authors: Jahanbakhsh Basherlou Haleh , Ojaroudi Parchin Naser , See Chan Hwang
Published: February 2025

This study presents a new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array system designed for sub-6 GHz fifth generation (5G) cellular applications. The design features eight compact trapezoid slot elements with L-shaped CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) feedlines, providing broad bandwidth and radiation/polarization diversity. The antenna elements are compact in size and function within the frequency spectrum spanning from 3.2 to 6 GHz. They have been strategically positioned at the peripheral corners of the smartphone mainboard, resulting in a compact overall footprint of 75 mm × 150 mm FR4. Within this design framework, there are four pairs of antennas, each aligned to offer both horizontal and vertical polarization options. In addition, despite the absence of decoupling structures, the adjacent elements in the array exhibit high isolation. The array demonstrates a good bandwidth of 2800 MHz, essential for 5G applications requiring high data rates and reliable connectivity, high radiation efficiency, and dual-polarized/full-coverage radiation. Furthermore, it achieves low ECC (Envelope Correlation Coefficient) and TARC (Total Active Reflection Coefficient) values, measuring better than 0.005 and −20 dB, respectively. With its compact and planar configuration, quite broad bandwidth, acceptable SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and excellent radiation characteristics, this suggested MIMO antenna array design shows good promise for integration into 5G hand-portable devices. Furthermore, a compact phased-array millimeter-wave (mmWave) antenna with broad bandwidth is introduced as a proof of concept for higher frequency antenna integration. This design underscores the potential to support future 5G and 6G applications, enabling advanced connectivity in smartphones.
Low-Noise Millimeter-Wave Down-Conversion Technology for Chip-Scaled Optical Clocks
Authors: Li Shuai , Yan Lulu , Zheng Enrang , Du Zhijing , Ruan Jun , Zhang Shougang
Published: February 2025

This article reports on a millimeter-wave (MM-wave) signal down-conversion system with low phase noise for chip-scaled optical clocks. The system utilizes analog regenerative frequency division, low-noise fractional frequency division, and phase-locked frequency division techniques to down-convert a 100 GHz MM-wave signal to 100 MHz with phase noise of −117 dBc/Hz @100 Hz, −133 dBc/Hz @1 kHz, and 10 MHz with phase noise of −124 dBc/Hz @100 Hz and −143 dBc/Hz @1 kHz. The frequency stability of the signal down-converted to 100 MHz is 5.0 × 10−15 @ 1 s and 1.8 × 10−16 @ 1000 s, while the frequency stability of the 10 MHz signal is 5.7 × 10−14 @ 1 s and 5.9 × 10−16 @1000 s, both of which decrease to the 10−16 level at 10,000 s. This down-conversion system meets the frequency conversion requirements of state-of-the-art chip-based optical clocks and micro-cavity optical combs.
Study on the Evolution of Deformation Trend in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Samples Based on a Novel Monitoring System
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Guoqing , Yang Bing , Chen Qingpeng , Yang Zihan , Liu Sheng , Dong Fang
Published: February 2025

During the LPBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) process, excessive residual stress can lead to a decline in the forming quality of printed parts. Residual stress is the primary cause of part deformation; therefore, monitoring the part deformation trend can, to a certain extent, reflect the overall residual stress level of the part. Online stress or deformation monitoring presents significant challenges due to the part being covered by powder and the need for a sealed environment. This paper proposes a novel monitoring system that replaces the bolts used to fix the baseplate with bolts capable of measuring tensile force. The deformation trend of the part will be inhibited by the bolts fixing it to the base plate, and the magnitude of the bolt tensile force is indicative of the magnitude of the deformation trend. Printing experiments were conducted under different scanning strategies and preheating conditions. The experimental curves reveal the patterns of deformation trend evolution in the parts, and these patterns are well explained by existing theories, which confirms the reliability and accuracy of the monitoring system.
Application of Transfer Entropy Measure to Characterize Environmental Sounds in Urban and Wild Parks
Authors: Benocci Roberto , Guagliumi Giorgia , Potenza Andrea , Zaffaroni-Caorsi Valentina , Roman H. Eduardo , Zambon Giovanni
Published: February 2025

Anthropized green zones in urban areas and their surroundings develop complex soundscapes, characterized by the presence of multiple sound sources. This makes the interpretation of the sound environment challenging. To accurately distinguish between different sound components, a combination of selective analysis techniques is necessary. Urban parks are significant and interesting examples, where the interaction between anthropogenic and biophonic sound sources persists over broad temporal and spatial scales, making them important sites for evaluating local soundscape quality. In this work, we suggest that a transfer entropy measure (TEM) may more efficiently disentangle relevant information than traditional eco-acoustic indices. The two study areas were Parco Nord in Milan, Italy, and Ticino River Park, also in Italy. For Parco Nord, we used 3.5-h (1-min interval) recordings taken over an area of about 20 hectares, employing 16 sensors. For the Ticino River Park, we used 5-day (1 min plus 5 min pause) recordings taken over an area of approximately 10 hectares, using a smaller set of eight sensors. We calculated the classical eco-acoustic indices and selected two of them: the acoustic entropy (H) and the bio-acoustic index (BI), calculated for all sites with a 1 min time resolution obtained after a principal components analysis. For these time series, we studied the TEM of all sites in both directions, i.e., from one site to another and vice-versa, resulting in asymmetric transfer entropies depending on the location and period of the day. The results suggest the existence of a network of interconnections among sites characterized by strong bio-phonic activity, whereas the interconnection network is damped at sites close to sources of traffic noise. The TEM seems to be independent of the choice of eco-acoustic index time series, and therefore can be considered a robust index of sound quality in urban and wild park environments, providing additional structural insights complementing the traditional approach based on eco-acoustic indices. Specifically, TEM provides directional information about intersite sound connectivity in the area of study, enabling a nuanced understanding of the sound flows across varying anthropogenic and natural sound sources, which is not available using conventional methods.
Analysis of Kinect-Based Human Motion Capture Accuracy Using Skeletal Cosine Similarity Metrics
Authors: Jia Wenchuan , Wang Hanyang , Chen Qi , Bao Tianxu , Sun Yi
Published: February 2025

Kinect, with its intrinsic and accessible human motion capture capabilities, found widespread application in real-world scenarios such as rehabilitation therapy and robot control. Consequently, a thorough analysis of its previously under-examined motion capture accuracy is of paramount importance to mitigate the risks potentially arising from recognition errors in practical applications. This study employs a high-precision, marker-based motion capture system to generate ground truth human pose data, enabling an evaluation of Azure Kinect’s performance across a spectrum of tasks, which include both static postures and dynamic movement behaviors. Specifically, the cosine similarity for skeletal representation is employed to assess pose estimation accuracy from an application-centric perspective. Experimental results reveal that factors such as the subject’s distance and orientation relative to the Kinect, as well as self-occlusion, exert a significant influence on the fidelity of Azure Kinect’s human posture recognition. Optimal testing recommendations are derived based on the observed trends. Furthermore, a linear fitting analysis between the ground truth data and Azure Kinect’s output suggests the potential for performance optimization under specific conditions. This research provides valuable insights for the informed deployment of Kinect in applications demanding high-precision motion recognition.
A Review of Recent Advances in Unidirectional Ultrasonic Guided Wave Techniques for Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation
Authors: Abuassal Ali , Kang Lei , Martinho Lucas , Kubrusly Alan , Dixon Steve , Smart Edward , Ma Hongjie , Sanders David
Published: February 2025

Unidirectional ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) play a crucial role in the nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) domains, offering unique advantages in detecting material defects, evaluating structural integrity, and improving the accuracy of thickness measurements. This review paper thoroughly studies the state of the art of unidirectional UGWs before presenting a comprehensive review of the foundational mathematical principles of unidirectional UGWs, focusing on the recent advancements in their methodologies and applications. This review introduces ultrasonic guided waves and their modes before looking at mode excitability and selectivity, signal excitation, and mechanisms used to generate and receive guided waves unidirectionally. This paper outlines the applications of unidirectional UGWs to reflect their effectiveness, for instance, in measuring thickness and in identifying defects such as cracks and corrosion in pipelines, etc. The paper also studies the challenges associated with unidirectional UGW generation and utilisation, such as multi-mode and side lobes. It includes a review of the literature to mitigate these challenges. Finally, this paper highlights promising future perspectives and develops directions for the technique. This review aims to create a useful resource for researchers and practitioners to comprehend unidirectional ultrasonic guided waves’ capabilities, challenges, and prospects in NDT&E applications.