bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The free-end saddle: further comments
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

A return to the problem of the free-end saddle, largely caused by the difference in the foundation offered by the teeth and tissues. Some attempts to minimize the damage which may be caused by movement of the denture base in function are considered. In Chapter 2.5 we identified the particular problems of partial denture design when free-end saddle(s) are needed. Both support and retention difficulties are present. While retention of the saddle can be improved by indirect retention (quite simply, once you have grasped the principles involved; Chapter 1.8), support is more of a problem. This diagram summarizes the deficiency:
Some mechanical complexities
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Precision attachments can be incorporated into crowns and dentures so that the support, retention, and stability can be enhanced. There are many different types of attachment and it is not within the remit of this text to consider these in detail (see Further reading). The principle of their use is that an attachment is incorporated into a crown which has a companion component in the pros- thesis to which it can locate when the denture is inserted. There are some specific issues arising from their use.
Characteristics of unipolar depressions
Authors: Goodyer Ian M
Published: November 2023

Unipolar depressive syndromes constitute a serious group of mental disorders with considerable risk for recurrence and psychosocial impairment throughout the lifespan. Using the American Psychiatric Association DSM clinical criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) successfully identifies the same clinical syndromes in school age children, adoles-cents, and adults. The majority of psychiatric studies have focussed on two disorders, major depression and dysthymia although there is an emerging literature on other affective syndromes, including depressive adjustment reaction, minor depressions, and more recently early onset bi-polar disorder.
Intergenerational transmission of affective and cognitive processes associated with depression: infancy and the pre-school years
Authors: Murray Lynne , Cooper Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the development of infants and pre-school children of women who experience depression in the postnatal months, and seeks to address a number of questions. First, we consider whether there is, in fact, evidence for adverse infant and child outcome that is associated specifically with maternal depression occurring in the postpartum period. Central to this issue is the question of the role of moderating influences; that is, whether any risks to child outcome that are associated with postnatal depression occur regardless of the context in which the maternal affective disorder occurs, or whether adverse outcomes associated with postnatal depression arise only in particular circumstances. Given the quasi-epidemiological nature of this initial question, it is important that studies from high and low risk samples are considered, with a focus on those that have employed representative community samples rather than ones that are clinic-based. Second, having addressed the question of whether postnatal depression is a risk factor for adverse child outcome, we consider what the mechanisms might be whereby such outcome associated with postpartum depression comes about.
The Mind and its Discontents
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

Grant Gillett argues that to understand mental illness fully requires more than a study of biological models of mental processes and pathologies. As intensely social animals, he argues, we need to look for the causes of human mental disorders in our interactions with others; in social rule-following and its role in the organization of mental content; in the power relations embedded within social structures and cultural norms; in the way that our mental life is inscribed by a cumulative life of encounters with others. Gillett uses material arising in the study of philosophy of mind, epistemology, post-modern continental philosophy, and philosophy of language to try to elucidate the nature of psychiatric phenomena involving disorders of thought, perception, emotion, moral sense, and action. Within this framework, a series of chapters analyse important psychiatric disorders such as depression, attention deficiency, autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia. Along the way, Gillett explores the nature of memory and identity; of hysteria and what constitutes rational behaviour; and of what causes us to label someone a psychopath or deviant. This fascinating book will provide readers with important insights into the causes and nature of psychosis. In addition, Gillett’s arguments have considerable implications for the way in which we understand and treat people suffering from psychiatric disorders. The Mind and its Discontents will be read by researchers and postgraduate students in a range of academic areas, including psychiatry, bioethics, philosophy of mind, social theory, and clinical psychology. It will also be of considerable interest to practising psychiatrists.
Thought in disarray
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

In the group of psychiatric disorders called the psychoses, we have dramatic examples of minds which are malfunctioning. Therefore if we follow closely the method of the present essay and try to develop an appreciation of the disorder from the inside making full use of the discursive formations that render it, to some extent, comprehensible, we have a good chance of obtaining a unique view of mental phenomena such as perception, consciousness, belief, motivation, reason, thought, understanding and self consciousness. Each of these topics has attracted a considerable philosophical literature so the aberrations of thought in the psychoses could potentially reveal a great deal about the way we use the concepts concerned.
I eat, therefore I am not
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to lay bare the ways in which discourse and narrative can transform the desires of the body and, in the extreme case, use those transformed desires to kill the person who holds them. The most dramatic and puzzling cases of this phenomenon are provided by the eating disorders. I will therefore examine the phenomenology of and current theories about bulimia and anorexia-two diseases which are said to be reaching epidemic proportions in our time. In attempting to understand the disturbed subjectivity that can lead a young woman to starve herself to death it is important to try and gain some appreciation of the anorexic experience from the inside.
The meaning of hysteria
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

The young lady, aged 30, carefully dressed in black, who comes into the hall with short, shuffling steps, leaning on the nurse, and sinks into a chair as if exhausted, gives you the impression that she is ill. She is of slender build, her features are pale and rather painfully drawn, and her eyes are cast down. Her small manicured fingers play nervously with a handkerchief. The patient answers the questions addressed to her in a low, tired voice, without looking up, and we find that she is quite clear about time, place, and her surroundings. After a few minutes, her eyes suddenly become convulsively shut, her head sinks forward, and she seems to have fallen into a deep sleep. Her arms have grown quite limp, and fall down as if palsied when you try to lift them. She has ceased to answer, and if you try to raise her eyelids, her eyes suddenly rotate upwards. Needlepricks only produce a slight shudder. But sprinkling with cold water is followed by a deep sigh; the patient starts up, opens her eyes, looks round her with surprise, and gradually comes to herself.
How the diagnosis is made
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

A diagnosis is essential if different conditions are to be clearly distinguished from one another and is important in the understanding and treatment of such conditions. In the case of Tourette syndrome, early diagnosis offers the hope that management can begin before the syndrome pushes the individual too far off the normal course of development, resulting in problems with education, relationships, and career.Because Tourette syndrome is not widely known it may go unrecognized. Indeed many patients are diagnosed only when they reach adolescence or adulthood.
Education and Tourette syndrome: what can be done?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

Tics occur in around 10 to 20 percent of school age children; however, as we said in chapter 2, the accepted prevalence of Tourette syndrome is much lower, at around one in 2000. It is also unclear what proportion of children who have tics actually have Tourette syndrome or one of the other tic disorders. It should be noted that prevalence figures are likely to be underestimates, as they are based on clinic or other special populations (which usually focus on a disproportionate number of severe or complex cases). That is, the mild cases may be overlooked because they do not come to medical attention.
Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity and the blood–brain barrier: a model for HIV-1 neuropathogenesis
Authors: Hickey William F , Williams Kenneth C , Corey, Sarah , Kim Woong-Ki
Published: November 2023

Interest in the immune competence of the central nervous system (CNS) has grown in the past century. Supporting the relative ‘immunological privilege’ of the CNS are the absence of cellular elements of the immune system in healthy individuals, constitutively undetectable levels of MHC molecule expression, and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that excludes serum proteins including antibodies, complement, and coagulation factors (Barker and Billingham 1977; Wekerle et al. 1986; Hauser et al. 1983). Nevertheless, in many conditions, including autoimmune disease and viral infection, immune privilege vanishes and immunocompetent cells enter with alacrity (Cserr and Knopf 1992; Griffin et al. 1992; Oldstone and Southern 1993; Tyor et al. 1989; Achim et al. 1991; Williams and Hickey 1995a, b).
Individual descriptions of potentially neurotoxic soluble inflammatory mediator families released after activation of glial cells
Authors: Tardieu Marc
Published: November 2023

Many different cytokines have been demonstrated to be secreted in vitro by activated human astrocytes and microglia. The level and time of production after activation, however, depend on the investigated cells and their state of maturation and initial activation. Instead of giving a list of the cytokines tested it is more useful to emphasize two of them, IFN-§ and TNF-Α, that probably have a specific importance. It should be noted, however, that highlighting these two particular cytokines might appear an arbitrary choice. In fact, very few data evaluate comparatively the respective importance of various cytokines in HIV-1-related neurotoxicity.
Murine model systems for studies of HIV-1-associated dementia
Authors: Persidsky Yuri
Published: November 2023

To better understand the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) and to develop more rational approaches to therapy for HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) animal models should be employed. Since pathological analyses of human autopsy material demonstrate end-stage changes without evolution of the pathological processes, animal models are necessary to help dissect the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. A more complete understanding of pathogenesis enables the development of potential therapeutic agents that can be tested in a highly controlled manner using appropriate animal systems. Several animal models of virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) immunopathology have contributed valuable information to the understanding of HAD (Persidsky et al. 1995). The disadvantages of some of these systems include the use of large animals for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and ovine leukemia virus (OvLV) models, high costs, difficulties in handling requiring special facilities, and the relatively small numbers of animals studied that preclude meaningful statistical analyses (Sasseville and Lackner 1997; Narayan et al. 1988).
Neurological manifestations of HIV disease
Authors: Burton Garrett
Published: November 2023

Before sharing with you my experience as a person living with AIDS, two things need to be said. First, my perspective is quite personal. The variety and degree of my neurological manifestations of HIV, as well as my responses to them, are influenced by all those elements of circumstance and personality that make me (or any individual) unique (i.e. genetics, family health history, age, spiritual development, etc.). Secondly, all of us who live with AIDS have to face these varied neurological problems to some degree. For anyone coming to terms with this infection it is not a question of ‘will there be neurological problems?’ but ‘to what extent will I have to face these situations?’ My name is Garrett Burton. At the time of publication I will be 50 years old. My race is Caucasian. Music has been my profession and I am a Roman Catholic Christian. My family background is blue-collar and rural.
An overview of the clinical and biological features of the AIDS dementia complex
Authors: Navia Bradford A , Price Richard W
Published: November 2023

The recognition that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be complicated by a unique and clinically important neurological syndrome, referred to here as the AIDS dementia complex (ADC), and the subsequent linkage of this syndrome to central nervous system (CNS) infection by the newly discovered retrovirus, now called human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has generated a vigorous scientific and clinical effort to understand and ameliorate this condition. While directed primarily at relieving the high morbidity of this condition, the resultant research studies have also directed attention to broader questions of viral neuropathogenesis, immunopathology, and neurodegeneration. The perspective of this chapter is predominantly that of the clinician, since the clinical entity remains the touchstone of current understanding and ongoing inquiry, and its prevention and relief remain the long-term targets.
Current concepts in HIV neuropathogenesis: neuronal injury, white matter disease, and neurotrophic factors
Authors: Langford T Dianne , Everall, Ian Paul , Masliah Eliezer
Published: November 2023

With the advent of more effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and longer survival of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, the pathogenesis of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) has been transformed from a subacute, neuroinflammatory disorder with florid neurological alterations, to a chronic and protracted condition (Langford et al. 2002a). In agreement with these changes in progression of AIDS, recent studies show that, although the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions and dementia among HIV-infected patients has decreased, the prevalence of HIVE and more subtle forms of motor–cognitive impairment have increased (Vago et al. 2002; Neuenburg et al. 2002; Deutsch et al. 2001).
Neuropsychology of HIV
Authors: Woods Steven Paul , Grant Igor
Published: November 2023

Within this chapter, we provide an overview of the science and practice of clinical neuropsychology as it relates to persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Consistent with the diagnostic focus of this section, we explain the relevance of neuropsychological assessment in clinical and research settings that concentrate on the neurobehavioral complications of HIV and AIDS. Several different approaches to neuropsychological assessment are then described, including a review of the relative strengths and limitations of extended, focused, and screening test batteries. Next, we review the impact of HIV disease variables (e.g. viral load), demographic characteristics (e.g. age and education), and co-morbid conditions (e.g. substance use disorders) on neuropsychological test performance.
Neuropathological aspects of HIV-1 infection in children
Authors: Sharer Leroy R
Published: November 2023

Neurological abnormalities are common in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They are most often manifest as a triad of delayed developmental milestones, impaired brain growth, and progressive motor dysfunction, often with spasticity (Mintz 1992). In many children encephalopathy is progressive, in either a steady or a stepwise fashion. In the era prior to potent antiretroviral therapy, half of all children with HIV-1 infection had some neurological impairment, and up to 75% of children with AIDS had evidence of encephalopathy (Mintz 1992; Roy et al. 1992). Except for immune deficiency and its attendant problems, progressive encephalopathy is the most devastating manifestation of HIV-1 infection in children, and its presence in a child usually indicates a poor prognosis for survival (Scott et al. 1989).
Pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs in the central nervous system: pharmacokinetics, antiretroviral resistance, and pharmacodynamics
Authors: McCutchan J Allen , Letendre Scott
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the pharmacology of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). Their description and clinical use is reviewed in Chapter 10.1, this volume. There are four major reasons why the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) deserve consideration when treating HIV. Clinical manifestations in the CNS and PNS continue to afflict patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Varying degrees of cognitive impairment, pain, and loss of sensation in the feet from distal sensory peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) are among the most common and debilitating symptoms of untreated HIV. In the era of HAART, incident disease of the CNS, such as cognitive impairment and HIV encephalitis, and of the PNS, such as DSPN, remain common problems (Dore et al. 1999; Masliah et al. 2000; Sacktor et al. 2001; Louie et al. 2002; Maschke et al. 2000).
Facing legal and ethical challenges in the treatment of AIDS
Authors: Treisman Warren B , Treisman Glenn
Published: November 2023

Subtleties founded on intent are not uncommon in the law, but here the distinctions are particularly difficult to grasp because the end result is parallel. The patient who opts to withdraw life-saving medical care dies based on that decision. The patient whose physician provides a lethal dosage of medication dies based on that decision. Despite the parallels, the distinction is generally recognized and forms the base on which the great body of law on this topic has been erected.
AIDS-related death anxiety: a research review and clinical recommendations
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A , Stewart, Alan E , Anderson John R
Published: November 2023

As the AIDS pandemic grows and mental health agencies attempt to develop support services for those affected by it, it is becoming important to learn more about the indigenous help-seeking patterns among at-risk populations, and the effectiveness of various sources of support in dealing with death-related concerns. In response, Catania and his colleagues (1992) have studied the relationship between death anxiety and social support in a large cohort of gay men varying in their serological status. Interestingly, they found that, despite the very high rates of death concerns among these men, only about half of the death-anxious subjects had sought help in coping with these concerns from anyone, whether formally or informally.
Animal Signals
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David
Published: November 2023

Why are animal signals reliable? This is the central problem for evolutionary biologists interested in signals. Of course, not all signals are reliable; but most are, otherwise receivers of signals would ignore them. A number of theoretical answers have been proposed and empirical studies made, but there still remains a considerable amount of confusion. The authors, one a theoretician the other a fieldworker, introduce a sense of order to this chaos. A significant cause of confusion has been the tendency for different researchers to use either the same term with different meanings, or different terms with the same meaning. The authors attempt to clarify these differences. A second cause of confusion has arisen because many biologists continue to assume that there is only one correct explanation for signal reliability. The authors argue that the reliability of signals is maintained in several ways, relevant in different circumstances, and that biologists must learn to distinguish between them. In this book they explain the different theories, give examples of signalling systems to which one or another theory applies, and point to the many areas where further work, both theoretical and empirical, is required. John Maynard Smith is one of the most influential scientists of his generation and his theories have transformed our understanding of animal behaviour, whilst David Harper is a reknowned field ecologist. Animal signals are one of the hottest and most controversial subjects in animal behaviour, and are also of major importance to an understanding of human behaviour and the evolution of language.
Order and strongly sober compactifications
Authors: Lawson J D
Published: November 2023

The notion of compactness in Hausdorff spaces has been a fundamental property in general topology and various contexts where it has been applied. In the context of To-spaces the property of compactness is, in general, much weaker, and consequently of less use. For example, one can consider an infinite set with the cofinite topology or a space with a point whose only neighbourhood is the whole space. In recent years a class of spaces has emerged—the locally compact strongly sober spaces—which appears to be a suitable analogue in the Tb-category to the class of compact spaces in the Hausdorff category.
Sugaring and Parsing
Authors: Ranta Aarne
Published: November 2023

In this book, we have been mainly discussing themes familiar from logical semantics. The previous chapter discussed generative grammar in the special form consisting of a categorial grammar together with a sugaring procedure. A categorial grammar for a fragment of English was described. This chapter will provide a sugaring procedure for a somewhat smaller fragment. We shall also briefly discuss the parsing problem, that is, the task of translating English sentences back to type theory.
Conservation
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen
Published: November 2023

WITH such a large human population, and increased pressures to exploit all economic resources that the land can offer, it is inevitable that nature is in a state of retreat. Forests are pushed back to the highest peaks or most unfarmable lands, and the birds themselves are persecuted for food, sport, or sale. How are they coping in such a changing world? What conservation measures are being taken to protect them? Java and Bali are clearly the most affected islands of the Greater Sundas, with 68% of the region’s population living on only 10% of its land surface. Only 10% of the area ofJava and Bali remains forested, mostly in mountainous regions. The lowland forests are almost gone and less than 3% cover remains, only half of which lies inside protected areas. It is thus not surprising that some birds seem to have completely disappeared from Java, that others have not been seen for many years, and that many more are rare now. Appendix 1 lists the main species of conservation concern.
When and where to see birds
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen
Published: November 2023

Although the seasons of tropical regions are not as marked as in tem¬ perate countries, tropical birds are very sensitive to small changes in temperature and show quite seasonal patterns of breeding. The avifauna also reflects indirectly the more dramatic climatic changes of the temperate regions because about 25% of the entire avifauna is made up of temperate migrants. These are mostly from the North and arrive over the northern winter, but a few are southern migrants from Australasia. A few more are oceanic visitors. The climate of the region is affected most strongly by the winter monsoon when there is a high pressure on the Asian mainland and cool wet winds blow south over the whole Greater Sundas area. November to April are the coldest and wettest months of the year.
Introduction
Authors: Hallam Anthony
Published: November 2023

The origin of biogeography as a scientific discipline has been attributed to the great French naturalist of the Enlightenment, Buffon. In 1761 he pointed out that the Old and New Worlds have no mammalian species in common. This led to a generalization sometimes known as Buffon’s Law, that different regions of the globe, though experiencing the same environmental conditions, were inhabited by different species of animal and plant. Such a ‘law’ implies that the key factor controlling organic distribution is history rather than ecology. It was actually the French botanist Candolle who was the first to make this generalization, early in the nineteenth century, and his 1820 publication can be taken as marking the true birth of biogeography (Nelson 1978). In this work Candolle lists twenty botanical regions across the world, defined by endemic species. Despite Nelson’s promotion of Candolle, Brundin (1988) considers that another botanist, Joseph Hooker (1853), was the real founder of causal historical biogeography. From the results of his comprehensive taxonomic analysis of southern floras, he inferred that those at the southern tip of South America, New Zealand, and southern Australia were closely related. As a result of investigating possible dispersal mechanisms he became convinced that dispersal was not a significant agent and concluded that the southern continents must once have been connected - an anticipation of Suess’s concept of Gondwanaland, put forward at the end of the nineteenth century. Hooker’s explanation was based on vicariance biogeography, thus anticipating a school of thought that has arisen within the last two decades.
Late Palaeozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony
Published: November 2023

As a result of the so-called ‘conquest of the land’, the Late Palaeozoic was the time when a substantial biota of vascular plants and vertebrates became established on the continents, thereby expanding the range of organisms whose biogeography can be studied. As regards plate tectonics, the supercontinent Pangaea had been created in the Permian, as a consequence of successive coalescence of continental blocks. Reconstruction of Pangaea for Permian times has proved problematic, because of an apparent disparity of geological and palaeomagnetic results. When plotted on a conventional Pangaea reconstruction the palaeomagnetic poles for Gondwana are clearly distinct from those of the other major component, Laurussia, consisting of North America, Greenland, and Europe. Attempts have been made to avoid unacceptable overlap of these components by invoking right-lateral shear movement on a huge scale in Late Permian and Triassic times. Morel and Irving (1981) proposed a pre-shear reconstruction in which the northern margins of South America lay adjacent to eastern North America and West Africa against southern Europe. Even more extreme, Smith et al. (1981) had South America against Europe and Africa against southern Asia (Fig. 6.1).
Modelling groundwater flow and transport in the Chalk
Authors: Barker J A
Published: November 2023

At this stage it is convenient to review the transport mechanisms in the Chalk and the factors that have to be considered when creating models of the Chalk’s flow systems. Modelling is a discipline that requires a clear understanding of the processes occurring in the Chalk. The increasing ability to construct sophisticated models has focused attention on these processes and led to more rigorous and realistic conceptual models of the aquifer for examining both flow and pollution problems.
Chalk water and engineering geology
Authors: Mortimore R N
Published: November 2023

To assess the potential engineering hazard created by water in the Chalk it is first necessary to identify the range of engineering operations. It is also necessary to establish the engineering characteristics of chalk that generate particular hazards in combination with pore-water and/or fissure water. Engineering operations that are relevant cover underground excavations, surface earthworks, slope stabilization, preparation of foundations, waste disposal, water disposal in soakaways, and the abstraction of both water and hydrocarbons. Each of these operations is dependent on a knowledge of pore and fissure structure, porosity and permeability, and the degree of saturation. A knowledge of water chemistry and the interaction between the ‘dual porosity’ of pores and fissures is also often needed. This is in addition to understanding the gross lithology and structure of chalk and chalk terrain evolution.
The Chalk aquifer—its vulnerability to pollution
Authors: Foster S S D
Published: November 2023

The very property of the Chalk that makes it an excellent aquifer—its well-developed fractures and fissures—also renders it especially vulnerable to pollution. The unusual characteristic of having superimposed and contrasting porosity/permeability elements results in distinctive behaviour in terms of pollutant transport, and greatly prolongs the persistence of pollution incidents by non-degradable contaminants. This chapter identifies those properties of the Chalk, in its various common lithological and structural variants, which determine its capacity to transport, store, and attenuate water contaminants, and reviews the impact of different sources of pollution on the aquifer. Saline intrusion in coastal areas is not considered, although the controlling factors will be similar to those affecting the transport of mobile contaminants in the saturated zone, which are dealt with in this chapter.
South-East Asian Oil, Gas, Coal and Mineral Deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

This is the first and only book to give a regional analysis of the oil, gas, coal, and mineral deposits of South-East Asia. The hydrocarbon-bearing basins are described in the complicated regional Tertiary tectonics, for which the region is the world's foremost field laboratory. The book is a companion to the author's 1989 Geological Evolution of South-East Asia. (Now to be reissued by the Geological Society of Malaya.) The stratigraphy, structures, hydrocarbon and coal deposits of the major Tertiary basins are described. Regional similarities and differencs are analysed. Important ophiolite-related chromium, nickel and copper deposits, and volcanic-related porphyry copper and epithermal gold-silver deposits are described from the island-arc terrains of the Philipines and Indonesia. The Sundaland continental peninsular core has been the world's foremost source of tungsten and tin. The great placer tin mines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand are now in decline. Iron, antimony, non-volcanic gold, fluorite, barite, lead-zinc and gemstone deposits are also described.
Basins of Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Hutchison Charles S
Published: November 2023

There are several basins lying between the eastern margin of Sundaland and the northern margin of Australia. The Savu Basin lies in a fore-arc setting and the Bone Basin is a Tertiary rift basin. The basins of Irian Jaya are unlike the basins described in the foregoing chapters and are integral parts of the continental shelf of Australia.
Fossil non-human primates
Authors: Colin P. Groves
Published: November 2023

It is probably too much to hope that, except in the later stages where stratigraphic resolution is greatest, modes of evolution can be worked out in fossil primates. Gingerich and others tried it for Pelycodus and Plesiadapis, and it is still controversial. But no book of human and primate evolution would be complete without them, for obvious reasons; and we may yet be able to deduce something about what made the system run.
Species and clades in human evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves
Published: November 2023

The general assumption of most writers I mentioned earlier has been that human evolution was largely unilineal. This assumption is so deeply ingrained that, even among those who do not espouse this view, communication is most readily achieved by talking in grade terms; which is why I did the same in Chapter 6, section 6.1. But this may not be how it did actually happen: here, I would like to test the unilineal view by cladistic analysis assisted by a realistic (section 6.3) view of variation.
Syntactic Nuts
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

This book investigates the architecture of the language faculty by considering what the properties of language reveal about the mental abilities and processes involved in language acquisition. The language faculty, the author argues, must be able not only to accommodate what is general, exceptionless, and universal in language, but must also be capable of dealing with what is irregular, exceptional, and idiosyncratic. In Syntactic Nuts Peter Culicover shows that this is true not only of the lexicon, but for syntax. Marginal and exceptional cases, where there is no straightforward form-meaning correspondence, are dealt with by the language faculty easily and precisely as the general cases. In considering how and why this should be the author argues against the prevailing trend in generative grammar, which takes the learner as either incorporating maximally global generalisations as part of its innate capacity for language, or projecting global generalisations from a very limited input on the basis of innate mechanisms. He suggests that the learning mechanism does not generalize significantly beyond the evidence presented to it, and further that it seeks to form generalizations based on all and only the evidence presented to it. Syntactic Nuts makes a fundamental contribution to generative grammar and syntactic theory. It situates syntactic theory within cognitive science in a novel way. It contributes to an alternative, and yet in many ways traditional, perspective on the manner in which knowledge is represented and processed in the mind.
The Verb
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The stem. The form of the verb cited in the dictionaries is the infinitive in -mek, e.g. bilmek ‘to know’, bulmak ‘to find’, görmek ‘to see’, anlamak ‘to understand’. When one is describing the conjugation of the verb it is more convenient to omit this ending and cite only the stem: bil-, bul-, gör-, anla-. The verb ‘to be’. We shall first deal with those parts of the anomalous and defective verb ‘to be’ which are used as auxiliaries in the conjugation of all verbs. In the oldest texts the infinitive ‘to be’ was ermek, but the stem er-, abraded in the course of time, now appears as i-. Some grammarians consequently speak of ‘the verb imek’, but no such form ever existed.
The political world of the absolutist state in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Authors: Symcox Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Italy’s fragmented political geography, enshrined in the peace treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, persisted through the Old Regime. On the eve of the Napoleonic invasion in 1796 the political map still looked much as it had two centuries earlier. Apart from the Habsburg-first Spanish, later Austrian-imperial possessions (Lombardy, and the kingdom of Naples and Sicily until 1734), most states were ruled by autonomous princes aspiring to absolute authority. The old and increasingly inert city-republics of Venice, Genoa, and Lucca coexisted with the rising dynamic of princely absolutism. ‘Italy’ was in fact a system of regional states, republican or princely, competing for territory and status.
France overseas
Authors: Boulle Pierre H , Gillian Thompson D
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of Louis XIV’s personal reign, France overseas consisted of a somewhat haphazard collection of territories under the half-hearted control of the metropolis. The principal possessions were New France and some islands in the Caribbean. By the end of the reign, France’s empire was made up of colonies and commercial factories controlled from the centre and connected to the mother country by complex economic ties. It would continue to grow in the eighteenth century, when competition with the British for colonial empire reached its climax. By the mid-eighteenth century, France challenged British ambitions to control world trade. While Britain was victorious in North America and India, elsewhere, and notably in the West Indies, France more than held its own.
Conclusion
Authors: Doyle William
Published: November 2023

In 1788, Maximilien Robespierre was a 30-year-old lawyer in sleepy provincial Arras, overeducated for his prospects, surviving on the occasional earnings of hopeless briefs and a petty part-time judge ship, reading Rousseau, and dreaming of utopia. Six years later, almost as much to his surprise as anyone’s, he dominated the government of France, still dreaming, but now in a position to massacre anybody who did not share his dreams. The French Revolution would be the midwife of countless other life changes scarcely less astonishing. ‘Political writers’, Robespierre would later declare, ‘ ⃛ had in no way foreseen this Revolution’, much less any other sort. For the vacuum of power produced by the collapse of the old monarchy forced everybody who lived in France to rethink every aspect of their existence. The authority to which the French instinctively looked had suddenly disappeared, and they had to reconstruct their world from its very foundations.
Introduction
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

In this study, I have two main objectives. One is to supply an introductory survey of British economic and social history between 1050 and 1530, registering the principal achievements of the last fifty years in improving our data and refining its analysis through discussion and debate. I hope that my treatment will be sufficiently approachable to interest students and other readers in finding out more about the topics covered in the book, sometimes all too briefly. The reading lists have been designed to enable readers to carry some topics much further than an introductory text like this can take them, and include numerous important items not referenced in the main text. I have also supplied, in the bibliographies for Chapters 13 and 23, details of original source material available in English. I hope that this will enable students interested in the period to find suitable topics for dissertations; the problem of finding translated source material has, in my experience, often driven students to later periods against their stronger inclinations.
Contours of Development
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

The years 1050–1300 were years of considerable, if erratic, economic expansion. As in any period of such length, people had considerable diversities of experience, including times of acute political uncertainty, warfare, and local destruction. Nevertheless, comparisons between Britain in 1050 and 1300 demonstrate many signs of development, particularly during the hundred years between about 1160 and 1260. The number of inhabitants of Britain grew, the use of land for agriculture intensified, as woodland was cleared and marshland drained, the number and size of towns increased, the circulation of money was almost everywhere growing, and writing became extensively used to record contracts, exchanges, and administrative details. These are all signs that the quantity of goods and services being produced in Britain increased. The total output of goods and services grew perhaps by between two and three times between 1050 and 1300.
Government
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Although governments had no concept of an economic policy designed to facilitate economic growth, there can be no doubt that their activities affected the economy in various ways. Many measures both in war and peace affected transaction costs, and so had a bearing on levels of profit that traders could expect. Other activities, notably through taxation, directly affected the level and distribution of incomes. These two aspects of the impact of government deserve separate consideration to determine how rulers responded to commercial development between 1050 and 1300, and also to assess how they enhanced or dampened productive and commercial incentives.
Towns, Industry, and Local Trade
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Though urban historians have long tried to establish some consensus of opinion relating to urban fortunes through the period 1300–1525, the task has proved more difficult than for the preceding 450 years. Securing agreement about the period between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries is facilitated by circumstances generally favourable to urban growth—increasing international communications, increasing population and internal trade, and expanding money supply. After 1300 such ease of generalization over time and space is no longer feasible. There was no sustained growth of internal or external trade, but neither was there any other pattern of development common to all towns. They varied markedly in the extent of their dependence on long-distance or local trade, and these differences affected their capacity for enterprise and growth.
Government
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

During the period 1050–1300 the impact of central governments on the economy had increased through the extension of its range. The power of English kings had reached northwards into northern England (finally checked only by the Scottish wars of independence) and westwards into Wales and Ireland. By the time of Alexander III’s death in 1286 Scottish kingship stretched westwards and northwards to embrace almost the whole of modern Scotland. Only Orkney and Shetland remained as fiefs of Norway. Between 1300 and 1530 there were significant differences in the capacity of the two monarchies to retain these earlier extensions to their authority. The range of the English crown’s authority contracted, both because the government revenues required to maintain its former extended rule were no longer available, and because the more peripheral parts of Britain and Ireland could no longer produce surpluses sufficiently large to justify heavy expenditure.
Introduction
Authors: Holt MackP
Published: November 2023

This volume aims to provide a general overview of French history in the century and a half between 1500 and 1648. Neither its title nor its terminal dates are meant to suggest that this is a period without significant continuities with both what came before as well as what followed. Moreover, the adjectives Renaissance and Reformation in the volume’s title should also be understood in other than purely traditional ways. It is certainly true that in 1500 many contemporaries saw France as the state most likely to dominate Europe in the coming century. Except for die nominal port city of Calais, English troops had been forced out of France altogether by 1453 at the end of the Hundred Years War, and Louis XI had restored royal authority shortly thereafter.
Rural, urban, and global economies
Authors: Hoffman Philip T
Published: November 2023

What was life like in early modern France? Were men and women rich or poor? How did they support themselves? Did the economy produce enough for them to eat or did they go to bed hungry? Did their material circumstances improve or worsen over time? Could they expect to survive to a ripe and healthy old age or did they often die young?

Economic historians ask questions such as these. They might pose others as well: why reputations played a peculiarly important role in early modern markets, or why the French monarchy sold government offices in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At bottom, though, all of their questions have something to say about economic growth, the key issue of economic history. It lies at the heart of economic history, and for obvious reasons.
Social history
Authors: Kaelble Hartmut
Published: November 2023

European societies in the second half of the twentieth century were characterized by extraordinary, to some extent intended, social dynamics within a hot peace. This period had some quite particular social features, especially compared to the turbulent first half of the twentieth century. First, this was an unusually long period of peace in Europe, but it lay in the shadow of one of the most catastrophic wars in European history, and also under the threat of intensive rearmament and of military conflicts in former European colonies. European society was first seen by Europeans through the lens of their experience of wartime, and was highly appreciated as a peacetime society. At the same time, peace was rarely seen as assured.
The south
Authors: Paterson Linda
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the twelfth century, King Louis VI ‘s rule beyond the borders of the royal domain of the fle-de-France was nominal. Even if Philip Augustus had succeeded in gaining control over much of modern-day France by the end of it, many areas, such as Aquitaine and Montpellier, long remained outside it, and both north and south comprised a considerable diversity of smaller regions. The most marked division was the distinction between north and south, between what those sensitive to twenty-first-century regionalism prefer to call ‘France ‘ and ‘Occitania ‘.
Introduction
Authors: Lyttelton Adrian
Published: November 2023

The new century in Italy brought a fresh start, in the economy, in society, and in politics. Italy benefited more than most nations from the international economic upswing which began in 1896. Until the crisis ofi907, the pace of ltaly’ s economic growth was faster than that of any other major state. Industrial production grew at around 7 per cent a year between 1896 and 1908. After the financial crises of the 1890s, a reformed banking system proved efficient both in managing the currency and in channelling funds to industry. It was possible for the state to return to a policy of actively promoting economic growth without, as before, incurring dangerously large budget deficits. For important sections of Italian liberal opinion, this role of the state was an anomaly, a distortion of the natural course of economic development.
A Theory of Simple Conditionals; Non-Assertoric Conditionals
Authors: Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

If possible worlds theories, and the theory that the truth-conditions of Simple Conditionals are those of the material conditional are rejected, we are left, first, with the view that Simple Conditionals are to be explained as being used to make conditional assertions, so that they do not express propositions to which a truth-value may be ascribed (though a truth-value may be assigned to the consequent in the event of the antecedent’s truth); and second the view that such conditionals do have truth conditions of a relativized kind relativized to the epistemic state of the speaker.
Sketch of a Theory of ‘Counterfactual’ Conditionals
Authors: Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In Section 2, I argued that the Counterfactuality Thesis is false; and in Section 5, I argued against the attempt to explain ‘counterfactual’ conditionals in terms of possible worlds. Having, in the last section, developed an account of the meaning of ‘if’ when it occurs in Simple Conditionals, it remains to sketch a theory of ‘counterfactuals’ that meets the requirements identified in Section 5. So I begin by returning to the question of the logical form of conditionals employing ‘would’.