bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory rehabilitation: restorative, specific knowledge acquisition, compensatory, and holistic approaches
Authors: Gopi Yashoda , Wilding Edward , Madan Christopher R.
Published: July 2022

Memory impairment following an acquired brain injury can negatively impact daily living and quality of life—but can be reduced by memory rehabilitation. Here, we review the literature on four approaches for memory rehabilitation and their associated strategies: (1) the restorative approach, aimed at a return to pre-morbid functioning, (2) the knowledge acquisition approach, involving training on specific information relevant to daily life, (3) the compensatory approach, targeted at improving daily functioning, and (4) the holistic approach, in which social, emotional, and behavioral deficits are addressed alongside cognitive consequences of acquired brain injury. Each memory rehabilitation approach includes specific strategies such as drill and practice (restorative), spaced retrieval (knowledge acquisition), memory aids (compensatory), or a combination of psychotherapy and cognitive strategies (holistic). Past research has demonstrated mixed support for the use of restorative strategies to improve memory function, whereas knowledge acquisition strategies show promising results on trained tasks but little generalization to untrained tasks and activities of daily living. Compensatory strategies remain widely used but require intensive training to be effectively employed. Finally, the holistic approach is becoming more widespread due to improvements in psychosocial wellbeing, yet there are considerable resource and cost requirements. Several factors can influence rehabilitation outcomes including metacognition and emotional disturbances. Considerations for future research to improve the applicability of strategies for memory rehabilitation include assessing memory impairment severity, examining memory needs in daily life, and exploring the long-term effects of memory rehabilitation.
Solving large linear least squares problems with linear equality constraints
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: July 2022

We consider the problem of solving large-scale linear least squares problems that have one or more linear constraints that must be satisfied exactly. While some classical approaches are theoretically well founded, they can face difficulties when the matrix of constraints contains dense rows or if an algorithmic transformation used in the solution process results in a modified problem that is much denser than the original one. We propose modifications with an emphasis on requiring that the constraints be satisfied with a small residual. We examine combining the null-space method with our recently developed algorithm for computing a null-space basis matrix for a “wide” matrix. We further show that a direct elimination approach enhanced by careful pivoting can be effective in transforming the problem to an unconstrained sparse-dense least squares problem that can be solved with existing direct or iterative methods. We also present a number of solution variants that employ an augmented system formulation, which can be attractive for solving a sequence of related problems. Numerical experiments on problems coming from practical applications are used throughout to demonstrate the effectiveness of the different approaches.
Characterising Negative Mental Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety
Authors: Chiu Kenny , Clark David M. , Leigh Eleanor
Published: July 2022

Background

Understanding the role of self-imagery in the development of social anxiety in adolescence holds promise for improving intervention. Cross-sectional studies indicate that imagery characteristics are associated with social anxiety symptoms, however, prospective studies are lacking. The current study examined concurrent and prospective associations between two image characteristics, namely observer-perspective and vividness, with social anxiety symptoms in a community adolescent sample (N = 616; 53% girls; aged 11–15 years). In addition, we examined common themes in the negative social anxiety-related images.

Methods

Negative self-imagery and social anxiety symptoms were assessed using questionnaires at baseline and at 4–6-month follow-up. A series of multiple linear regression analyses were performed to see if each image characteristic predicts concurrent and prospective social anxiety symptoms. Topic modelling was performed to infer key topics from verbal data.

Results

Observer-perspective and vividness significantly predicted concurrent social anxiety symptoms beyond the influence of age and gender. Observer-perspective significantly predicted prospective levels of social anxiety symptoms beyond the influence of age, gender, and baseline social anxiety and depression symptoms. Negative self-images clustered into two themes: the fear of appearing anxious and the fear of being judged or viewed as unacceptable.

Conclusions

Specific characteristics and contents of negative self-images may be particularly relevant to the development of adolescent social anxiety.
Developing a sustainability implementation framework: insights from academic research on tools, initiatives and approaches
Authors: Bautista-Puig Núria , Lozano Rodrigo , Barreiro-Gen Maria
Published: July 2022

Sustainability has been proposed to address societal challenges. A number of efforts have been undertaken to implement sustainability, particularly through frameworks such as tools, initiatives and approaches (TIAs). Most of the research on the implementation efforts has been in the corporate context. This paper is aimed at analysing the implementation of TIAs in academic research. A bibliometric analysis of twenty TIAs during the period 1961–2020 was carried out to analyse their implementation in academic research. The results highlight that there has been research published on all the TIAs analysed. The TIAs have a better balance and interrelations between the sustainability dimensions in their implementation than in the theory. The results show that for a better implementation of TIAs in academic research it is necessary to address sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental, social, and time) in a holistic and balanced way considering alignment of general and specific efforts, i.e. TIAs, and congruence (linking ‘theory’ and ‘implementation’). The results were integrated to propose a ‘Sustainability Implementation Framework’ (SIF), which is divided into three levels (i.e., Initiatives, Approaches, and Tools). The TIAs implementation should follow more strictly the definitions, or, perhaps, the TIAs definitions should be redefined to encompass the insights from their implementation.
Academic Integrity Perceptions Among Health-Professions’ Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in The Middle East
Authors: Kadayam Guruswami Gomathi , Mumtaz Sabiha , Gopakumar Aji , Khan Engila , Abdullah Fatima , Parahoo Sanjai K.
Published: July 2022

A high level of professional integrity is expected from healthcare professionals, and literature suggests a relationship between unethical behavior of healthcare professionals and poor academic integrity behavior at medical school. While academic integrity is well researched in western countries, it is not so in the Middle East, which is characterized by different cultural values that may influence students’ academic integrity conduct. We conducted a cross-sectional study among health-professions students at a university in the Middle East to assess perceptual differences on various cheating behaviors, as well as to explore the reasons underlying the cheating behavior. A validated survey instrument disseminated among first and second-year undergraduate students resulted in 211 complete responses and this data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson’s Chi-square/ Fischer’s exact test was applied to test the association of various factors with academic misconduct. The major determinants of academic misconduct were investigated using Binary Logistic regression model. The conducted analysis and the results showed that preceding cheating behavior was the only factor significantly associated with cheating in the university (p < 0.001). No association was found between cheating behavior and age, college/major, awareness regarding academic integrity, or perception of faculty response. The reasons provided by students for cheating behavior were mainly academic workload and pressure to get a good grade. Various suggestions are made to enhance academic integrity among health-professions students including organizing workshops and events by the university to increase awareness and create an academic integrity culture, providing peer guidance as well as emotional and social support.
Analysis of the Evolution of a Multi-Ribbon Flare and Failed Filament Eruption
Authors: Joshi Reetika , Mandrini Cristina H. , Chandra Ramesh , Schmieder Brigitte , Cristiani Germán D. , Mac Cormack Cecilia , Démoulin Pascal , Cremades Hebe
Published: July 2022

How filaments form and erupt are topics about which solar researchers have wondered for more than a century and they are still open to debate. We present observations of a filament formation, its failed eruption, and the associated flare (SOL2019-05-09T05:51) that occurred in active region (AR) 12740 using data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory A (STEREO-A), the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the Learmonth Solar Observatory (LSO) of the National Solar Observatory/Global Oscillation Network Group (NSO/GONG). AR 12740 was a decaying region formed by a very disperse following polarity and a strong leading spot, surrounded by a highly dynamic zone where moving magnetic features (MMFs) were seen constantly diverging from the spot. Our analysis indicates that the filament was formed by the convergence of fibrils at a location where magnetic flux cancellation was observed. Furthermore, we conclude that its destabilisation was also related to flux cancellation associated with the constant shuffling of the MMFs. A two-ribbon flare occurred associated with the filament eruption; however, because the large-scale magnetic configuration of the AR was quadrupolar, two additional flare ribbons developed far from the two main ones. We model the magnetic configuration of the AR using a force-free field approach at the AR scale size. This local model is complemented by a global potential-field source-surface one. Based on the local model, we propose a scenario in which the filament failed eruption and the flare are due to two reconnection processes, one occurring below the erupting filament, leading to the two-ribbon flare, and another one above it between the filament flux-rope configuration and the large-scale closed loops. Our computation of the reconnected magnetic flux added to the erupting flux rope, compared to that of the large-scale field overlying it, allows us to conclude that the latter was large enough to prevent the filament eruption. A similar conjecture can be drawn from the computation of the magnetic tension derived from the global field model.
Can I dismiss the stereotype – as my teacher did? Influence of stereotype activation and an immigrant teacher on student learning
Authors: Ollrogge Karen , Frühauf Madita , Mros Theresa , Böttger Julia , Höhne Elisabeth , McElvany Nele , Zander Lysann , Hannover Bettina
Published: July 2022

Lower vocabulary in German is repeatedly reported for students with Turkish migration background attending school in Germany. We investigated whether in students of Turkish descent (a) learning vocabulary is impaired when the teacher activates the negative stereotype that students with Turkish family language learn less well and (b) whether a Turkish-origin teacher, as an ingroup expert model, can mitigate negative effects of the activation of the stereotype. In an experimental study, Turkish- and German-origin students (N = 182) living in Germany worked individually on a tablet on a vocabulary learning task instructed by a teacher in a video tutorial who introduced herself with either a Turkish or German name. Before the task, the teacher either mentioned that students in general (no stereotype activation) or students who speak Turkish in their families (stereotype activation) often have difficulties acquiring new vocabulary. A multiple-group regression analysis showed that Turkish-origin students learned significantly more under stereotype activation with the Turkish-origin teacher than in all other conditions. Results suggest that students are particularly motivated to learn when the teacher represents their ingroup targeted by negative stereotypes and openly addresses potential difficulties students of the stigmatized ingroup may encounter. We discuss the findings in light of the literature on stereotype threat and on the role of ingroup expert models.
Temporally explicit abiotic depletion potential (TADP) for mineral resource use based on future demand projections
Authors: Yokoi Ryosuke , Watari Takuma , Motoshita Masaharu
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Assessing the potential impacts (characterization) of mineral resource use in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has long been debated. One of the most crucial challenges in the characterization models for mineral resource use is the consideration of the changing demand and availability of in-use stocks in the future, which is relevant to the global population and economy growth as well as the increasing low-carbon technologies. We propose an extended characterization model to assess the potential impacts for arbitrary time horizons, considering future demand changes and the availability of in-use stock: temporally explicit abiotic depletion potential (TADP).

Methods

The TADP was developed based on abiotic depletion potential (ADP), which is a widely used characterization model for mineral resource use. While the ADP assesses the potential impacts of mineral resource use based on a natural stock estimate and the current extraction rate, the TADP adopts an average extraction rate for arbitrary time horizons. The average extraction rate was estimated using material flow analysis considering future demand changes and recycling under the five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). TADPs were calculated for six common metals: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc.

Results and discussion

As a result of calculating TADPs for the term by 2050 (TADP2050), compared to iron, all other metals showed larger values of characterization factors for all SSPs than the original ADPs. The TADP2050 of copper exhibited the largest difference with ADP among the six metals (approximately 1.9 times), which is mainly attributed to future demand growth. On the other hand, for the longer time perspective, the TADP2100 of lead and zinc exhibited larger differences with ADP than copper (approximately 2.8 times for zinc), which is mainly due to a relatively shorter lifetime for lead and a lower recycling rate for zinc. This suggests that the relative significance of the characterization factors of metals varies depending on the temporal perspective.

Conclusions

With the proposed characterization model, the potential impacts of mineral resource use can be assessed reflecting future situations for the selected time horizons. The results demonstrate that the consideration of future situations greatly influences the relative significance of the potential impacts of using different mineral resources in the results of LCIA studies. By expanding the coverage of mineral resources and future scenario analysis to other relevant factors, the TADP model can improve the robustness of the assessment and further support decision-making towards sustainable resource management.
The Dynamics Between Self-Regulated Learning and Learning Outcomes: an Exploratory Approach and Implications
Authors: van der Graaf Joep , Lim Lyn , Fan Yizhou , Kilgour Jonathan , Moore Johanna , Gašević Dragan , Bannert Maria , Molenaar Inge
Published: July 2022

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has been linked to improved learning and corresponding learning outcomes. However, there is a need for more precise insights into how SRL during learning contributes to specific learning outcomes. We operationalised four learning outcomes that varied on two dimensions: structure/connectedness and level/deepness of knowledge. Specifically, we assessed how surface knowledge measured with a domain knowledge test (independent concepts) and a concept map (connected concepts), and deep knowledge measured with a transfer test (independent concepts) and an essay (connected concepts) were associated with frequencies of SRL activities during learning, assessed by concurrent think aloud, while taking into account students’ metacognitive and prior knowledge. Forty-four university students performed a 45-minute problem-solving task integrating information about three topics to write a vision essay on the future of education. Results of the pre-/post-test analysis revealed a learning gain in domain knowledge and concept maps. Low cognitive activities were associated with all knowledge measures, except the concept maps and transfer. Furthermore, specific low cognitive activities showed either a positive or negative association; for example, processing showed a positive association with essay, but a negative association with domain knowledge. High cognitive activities were associated with the essay (connected concepts), but not with the concept map. Both metacognitive activities and knowledge were related to transfer. To conclude, taking the level and structure of knowledge into account helps specify the association between SRL activities during learning and the related learning outcomes.
Developing a robust model to predict depth of anesthesia from single channel EEG signal
Authors: Alsafy Iman , Diykh Mohammed
Published: July 2022

Monitoring depth of anaesthesia (DoA) from electroencephalograph (EEG) signals is an ongoing challenge for anaesthesiologists. In this study, we propose an intelligence model that predicts the DoA from a single channel electroencephalograph (EEG) signal. A segmentation technique based on a sliding window is employed to partition EEG signals. Hierarchical dispersion entropy (HDE) is applied to each EEG segment. A set of features is extracted from each EEG segment. The extracted features are investigated using a community graph detection approach (CGDA), and the most relevant features are selected to trace the DoA. The proposed model, based on HDE coupled with CGDA, is evaluated in term of BIS index using several statistical metrics such Q-Q plot, regression, and correlation coefficients. In addition, the proposed model is evaluated against the BIS index in the case of the poor signal quality. The results demonstrated that the proposed model showed an earlier reaction compared with the BIS index when patient’s state transits from deep anaesthesia to moderate anaesthesia in the case of poor signal quality. The highest Pearson correlation coefficient obtained by the proposed is 0.96.
Clinical outcomes of patients with complicated post-operative course after gastrectomy for cancer: a GIRCG study using the GASTRODATA registry
Authors: Baiocchi Gian Luca , Giacopuzzi Simone , Vittimberga Giovanni , De Pascale Stefano , Pastorelli Elisabetta , Gelmini Roberta , Viganò Jacopo , Graziosi Luigina , Vagliasindi Alessio , Rosa Fausto , Steccanella Francesca , Demartini Paolo , Reddavid Rossella , Berselli Mattia , Elmore Ugo , Romario Uberto Fumagalli , Degiuli Maurizio , Morgagni Paolo , Marrelli Daniele , D’Ugo Domenico , Rosati Riccardo , De Manzoni Giovanni
Published: July 2022

Gastrectomy for gastric cancer is still performed in Western countries with high morbidity and mortality. Post-operative complications are frequent, and effective diagnosis and treatment of complications is crucial to lower the mortality rates. In 2015, a project was launched by the EGCA with the aim of building an agreement on list and definitions of post-operative complications specific for gastrectomy. In 2018, the platform www.gastrodata.org was launched for collecting cases by utilizing this new complication list. In the present paper, the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer endorsed a collection of complicated cases in the period 2015–2019, with the aim of investigating the clinical pictures, diagnostic modalities, and treatment approaches, as well as outcome measures of patients experiencing almost one post-operative complication. Fifteen centers across Italy provided 386 cases with a total of 538 complications (mean 1.4 complication/patient). The most frequent complications were non-surgical infections (gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and urinary) and anastomotic leaks, accounting for 29.2% and 17.3% of complicated patients, with a median Clavien–Dindo score of II and IIIB, respectively. Overall mortality of this series was 12.4%, while mortality of patients with anastomotic leak was 25.4%. The clinical presentation with systemic septic signs, the timing of diagnosis, and the hospital volume were the most relevant factors influencing outcome.
Neuroinflammation in Tinnitus
Authors: Adcock Katherine , Vanneste Sven
Published: July 2022

Purpose of Review

The current review aims to explore recent studies that have illustrated a link between neuroinflammation and tinnitus and the consequential effect on neuronal functioning. We explore parallels amongst pain and tinnitus pathologies and a novel treatment option.

Recent Findings

Genetic and pharmacological blockage of pro-inflammatory cytokines mitigates the physiological and behavioral tinnitus phenotype in acute rodent models. In addition, recent pain studies target a signaling pathway to prevent the transition from acute to chronic neuropathic pain, which could translate to tinnitus.

Neuroinflammation likely mediates hyperexcitability of the auditory pathway, driving the development of acute tinnitus. In chronic tinnitus, we believe translational regulation plays a role in maintaining persistent tinnitus signaling. We therefore propose this pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy.
On the Prediction of Uniaxial Tensile Behavior Beyond the Yield Point of Wrought and Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Quintana Maria J. , Temple Andrew J. , Harlow D. Gary , Collins Peter C.
Published: July 2022

In this paper, phenomenological relationships are presented that permit the prediction of the plastic regime of stress–strain curves using a limited number of parameters. These relationships were obtained from both conventional (wrought + β annealed) and additively manufactured (i.e., “3D printed”) Ti-6Al-4V. Three different methods of additive manufacturing have been exploited to produce the materials, including large-volume electron beam additive manufacturing, large-volume laser hot wire additive manufacturing, and small-volume selective laser melting. The general fundamental expressions are independent not only of the additive manufacturing process, but also of a wide variety of post-deposition heat treatments, however the coefficients are specific to material states. Thus, this work demonstrates that it is possible to predict not only the ultimate tensile strength, but also the full true stress, true strain curves, if certain parameters of the material are known. In general, the prediction of ultimate tensile strength are within 5% of the experimentally measured values across all additive manufacturing variants and subsequent heat treatments. The absolute values of ultimate tensile strength range from ~ 910 MPa to ~ 1170 MPa for the single alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Data representing 113 explicit samples are included in this work.
A substructure approach for analyzing pile foundation and soil vibrations due to train running over viaduct and its validation
Authors: Wu Ying , Bian Xuecheng , Cheng Chong , Jiang Jianqun
Published: July 2022

An efficient computational approach based on substructure methodology is proposed to analyze the viaduct–pile foundation–soil dynamic interaction under train loads. The train–viaduct subsystem is solved using the dynamic stiffness integration method, and its accuracy is verified by the existing analytical solution for a moving vehicle on a simply supported beam. For the pile foundation–soil subsystem, the geometric and material properties of piles and soils are assumed to be invariable along the azimuth direction. By introducing the equivalent stiffness of grouped piles, the governing equations of pile foundation–soil interaction are simplified based on Fourier decomposition method, so the three-dimensional problem is decomposed into several two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element models. The pile foundation–soil interaction model is verified by field measurements due to shaker loading at pile foundation top. In addition, these two substructures are coupled with the displacement compatibility condition at interface of pier bottom and pile foundation top. Finally, the proposed train–viaduct–pile foundation–soil interaction model was validated by field tests. The results show that the proposed model can predict vibrations of pile foundation and soil accurately, thereby providing a basis for the prediction of pile–soil foundation settlement. The frequency spectra of the vibration in Beijing–Tianjin high-speed railway demonstrated that the main frequencies of the pier top and ground surface are below 100 and 30 Hz, respectively.
On the notion of sequentially Cohen–Macaulay modules
Authors: Caviglia Giulio , De Stefani Alessandro , Sbarra Enrico , Strazzanti Francesco
Published: July 2022

In this survey paper, we first present the main properties of sequentially Cohen–Macaulay modules. Some basic examples are provided to help the reader with quickly getting acquainted with this topic. We then discuss two generalizations of the notion of sequential Cohen–Macaulayness which are inspired by a theorem of Jürgen Herzog and the third author.
Multi-layer stacking ensemble learners for low footprint network intrusion detection
Authors: Shafieian Saeed , Zulkernine Mohammad
Published: July 2022

Machine learning has become the standard solution to problems in many areas, such as image recognition, natural language processing, and spam detection. In the area of network intrusion detection, machine learning techniques have also been successfully used to detect anomalies in network traffic. However, there is less tolerance in the network intrusion detection domain in terms of errors, especially false positives. In this paper, we define strict acceptance criteria, and show that only very few ensemble learning classifiers are able to meet them in detecting low footprint network intrusions. We compare bagging, boosting, and stacking techniques, and show how methods such as multi-layer stacking can outperform other ensemble techniques and non-ensemble models in detecting such intrusions. We show how different variations on a stacking ensemble model can play a significant role on the classification performance. Malicious examples in our dataset are from the network intrusions that exfiltrate data from a target machine. The benign examples are captured by network taps in geographically different locations on a big corporate network. Among hundreds of ensemble models based on seven different base learners, only three multi-layer stacking models meet the strict acceptance criteria, and achieve an F1 score of 0.99, and a false-positive rate of 0.001. Furthermore, we show that our ensemble models outperform different deep neural network models in classifying low footprint network intrusions.
Using true-triaxial stress path to simulate excavation-induced rock damage: a case study
Authors: Bai Qingsheng , Zhang Cun , Paul Young R.
Published: July 2022

This study presents an example illustrating the role of in situ 3D stress path method in simulating the roof damage development observed in the Mine-by tunnel at Underground Research Laboratory (URL) located in Manitoba, Canada. The 3D stress path, at the point 1 cm in the crown of the Mine-by tunnel, was applied to a cubic Lac du Bonnet (LdB) granite sample to further understand the roof damage process and the associated seismicity. After careful calibrations, a numerical model was used to reproduce the experiment, which produced similar seismicity processes and source mechanisms. Acoustic emission (AE) events obtained from laboratory and numerical modeling were converted to locations in relation to the tunnel face and were compared to the field microseismicity (MS) occurring in the upper notch region of the Mine-by tunnel. The crack development and damage mechanism are carefully illustrated. The difference between tests and field monitoring was discussed. The intermediate principal stress (σ2) unloading process was carried out in numerical simulation to investigate its role in rock damage development. The results clearly showed σ2 could play a significant role both in damage development and failure mode. It should be considered when predicting the damage region in underground excavations. This study highlights the potential role of laboratory and numerical stress path tests to investigate fracture processes and mechanisms occurring during engineering activities such as tunnel excavation.
Hypergraph cuts with edge-dependent vertex weights
Authors: Zhu Yu , Segarra Santiago
Published: July 2022

We develop a framework for incorporating edge-dependent vertex weights (EDVWs) into the hypergraph minimums-tcut problem. These weights are able to reflect different importance of vertices within a hyperedge, thus leading to better characterized cut properties. More precisely, we introduce a new class of hyperedge splitting functions that we call EDVWs-based, where the penalty of splitting a hyperedge depends only on the sum of EDVWs associated with the vertices on each side of the split. Moreover, we provide a way to construct submodular EDVWs-based splitting functions and prove that a hypergraph equipped with such splitting functions can be reduced to a graph sharing the same cut properties. In this case, the hypergraph minimums-tcut problem can be solved using well-developed solutions to the graph minimums-tcut problem. In addition, we show that an existing sparsification technique can be easily extended to our case and makes the reduced graph smaller and sparser, thus further accelerating the algorithms applied to the reduced graph. Numerical experiments using real-world data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed EDVWs-based splitting functions in comparison with the all-or-nothing splitting function and cardinality-based splitting functions commonly adopted in existing work.
Shortening the delivery time of proton therapy by real-time compensation method with raster scanning
Authors: Sun Xiang-Shang , Li Yong-Jiang , Liu Jun-Ya , Liao Wen-Tao , Wu Chao , Pu Yue-Hu
Published: July 2022

Among the various scanning techniques, spot and raster scanning are the most frequently adopted. Raster scanning turns off the beam only when each isoenergy slice irradiation is completed. This feature intrinsically solves the leakage dose and frequent beam-switching problems encountered during spot scanning. However, to shorten the delivery time of raster scanning, a sophisticated dose control strategy is required to guarantee dose distribution. In this study, a real-time compensation method with raster scanning for synchrotron systems was designed. It is characterized by a small spot-spacing planning strategy and real-time subtraction of the transient number of particles delivered between two planning-spot positions from the planned number of particles of the subsequent raster point. The efficacy of the compensation method was demonstrated by performing accurate raster scanning simulations with an in-house simulation code and accurate final dose evaluations with a commercial treatment planning system. Given the similar dose evaluation criteria under a practical high scanning speed, compared with the spot scanning method, the total delivery time of the compensated raster scanning method was significantly shortened by 53.3% in the case of irradiating a cubical target and by 28.8% in a pelvic case. Therefore, it can be concluded that real-time compensated raster scanning with a fast scanning configuration can significantly shorten the delivery time compared to that of spot scanning. It is important to reduce the pressure on patients caused by prolonged immobilization and to improve patient throughput capacity at particle therapy centers.
Dickdarmkrebsscreening in der Schweiz: Sind unsere Patienten genügend motiviert?
Authors: Marbet Urs A. , Stoffel Sandro T. , Brunner-Schaub Nora
Published: July 2022

Ein breites Bevölkerungsscreening könnte die Mortalität von Dickdarmkrebs erheblich reduzieren. Die Darmkrebsvorsorge ist in der Schweiz aber wenig beliebt. Um die Voraussetzungen für eine effiziente Darmkrebsvorsorge zu schaffen, müssen unterschiedlichste Verbesserungen angestrebt werden. Finanzielle Hindernisse sollten gesamtschweizerisch abgebaut und einheitliche Richtlinien geschaffen werden. Die Verfügbarkeit von verschiedenen wissenschaftlich etablierten Tests sollte den persönlichen Präferenzen Rechnung tragen. Das allgemeine Bewusstsein um die Bedeutung des Dickdarmkrebses muss verbessert und die verbreiteten Ängste und falschen Vorstellungen abgebaut werden. Alle Bemühungen dürfen nicht nur jene erreichen, die regelmässig einen Arzt aufsuchen, sondern müssen auch sozial schlechter Gestellte erfassen und sprachliche Barrieren überwinden. Die Rolle des Hausarztes bei der Entscheidungsfindung ist zentral. Hausärzte sollten durch Erinnerungssysteme und allenfalls Entschädigungen für den administrativen Aufwand unterstützt werden. Positive Screeningtests müssen innert nützlicher Frist abgeklärt werden, was genügend Endoskopie-Plätze bedingt. Organisierte überregionale Vorsorgeprogramme können mithelfen, die Qualität und den Nutzen langfristig zu sichern.
Endogenous rural dynamics: an analysis of labour markets, human resource practices and firm performance
Authors: Margarian Anne , Détang-Dessendre Cécile , Barczak Aleksandra , Tanguy Corinne
Published: July 2022

Some rural locations in industrialized countries have experienced considerable employment growth in the last decades, while others suffer from depopulation and decline. The paper aims to contribute to the development of an evolutionary approach that allows for the identification of those often difficult-to-observe evolving factors that explain success and failure of rural locations. It also wants to show how the combined recognition of evolutionary labour market perspectives, the dynamic capability view of the firm, and human resource management (HRM) theories can serve the operationalisation of evolutionary explanations in this context. According to the derived model, apparent locational disadvantages might be compensated for by subtle, potentially self-enforcing labour market dynamics that generate opportunities for certain firms and industries. Empirically, the ideas are substantiated by means of a mediation model. The empirical analysis is based on latent class analysis and discrete choice models using data from an own survey of 200 food-processing firms in urban and rural locations of one German federal state. For these observations, our results support the idea that the exploitation of HRM opportunities may be more important for good performance in rural labour markets than the direct implementation of specific innovation modes. Investment in HRM allows rural firms in our sample to realise those gains in terms of innovation and growth offered by the creation of a stable and experienced workforce. Their focus on internal labour markets potentially generates external effects, which further encourages neighbouring firms to also invest in involved HRM measures.
Are delusions pathological beliefs?
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa
Published: July 2022

In chapter 3 of Delusions and Beliefs, Kengo Miyazono argues that, when delusions are pathological beliefs, they are so due to their being both harmful and malfunctional. In this brief commentary, I put pressure on Miyazono’s account of delusions as harmful malfunctioning beliefs. No delusions might satisfy the malfunction criterion and some delusions might fail to satisfy the harmfulness criterion when such conditions are interpreted as criteria for pathological beliefs. In the end, I raise a general concern about attributing pathological status to single beliefs out of context, and gesture towards the idea of pathology as a failure of agency to which some beliefs can contribute but that can only be identified by considering the person as a whole.
Local wound infiltration with a mixture of tramadol and bupivacaine versus bupivacaine alone in those undergoing lower abdominal surgery: Prospective cohort study, 2020
Authors: Gebremedhin Tsegaye Demeke , Obsa Mohammed Suleiman , Andebirku Andualem Assefa , Gemechu Ashebir Debalike , Haile Kirubel Eshetu , Zemedkun Abebayehu
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:

Postoperative pain can have immediate and long-term consequences, including poor outcomes and prolonged hospitalization. It can also lead to chronic pain if not treated. Wound site infiltration with local anesthetic agents provides desirable analgesia for postoperative pain relief. The purpose of this study was to compare the analgesic effectiveness of local wound infiltration with a mixture of bupivacaine and tramadol (BT) versus bupivacaine alone (BA) for postoperative analgesia.

Method:

A prospective cohort study design was employed on 120 patients who underwent elective lower abdominal surgery under general or spinal anesthesia and were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Patients were divided into two groups based on the anesthetist in charge of postoperative pain management. Patients who received BT at the end of surgery are called BT groups, and patients who received BA are called BA groups (control).

Result:

The median (interquartile range) of pain severity score was significantly lower in the BT group as compared to the BA group with a p-value of 0.001. And, the median time to first analgesic request in the BT group was significantly longer as compared to patients in the BA group, with a p-value of 0.001.

Conclusion:

Local wound infiltration with BT decreases the postoperative pain score, total analgesic consumption, and has a prolonged time to first analgesia request as compared to BA. Therefore, we recommend using a local wound infiltration with BT to be effective for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing elective lower abdominal surgery under general or spinal anesthesia.

Highlights
The Fortunes of Everyman in Twentieth-Century German
Drama
Authors: Murdoch Brian
Published: July 2022

Death still comes
to everyman, but this study of three twentieth-century German
plays shows the harder challenge of living without salvation in
an age of war and unprecedented mass destruction.
Deception in Medieval Warfare
Authors: Titterton James
Published: July 2022

The first full-length study of the use and perception of deceit in medieval warfare.
Bishop Æthelwold, his Followers, and Saints' Cults in Early Medieval England
Authors: Hudson Alison
Published: July 2022

An exploration of how Æthelwold and those he influenced deployed the promotion of saints to implement religious reform.
Fake News in the Sahel: “Afrancaux News,” French Counterterrorism, and the Logics of User-Generated Media
Authors: Kirwin Matthew , Ouedraogo Lassane , Warner Jason
Published: July 2022

Studies of fake news have historically suffered from being primarily Western-centric and focusing on “news” emanating from formal media outlets. The Sahel has generated its own unique version of fake news, the authors refer to as Afrancaux News. Using nationwide public opinion surveys in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, open-source online forum ethnographic research, and postcolonial epistemological predispositions, the authors suggest that although other historical instantiations exist, the most prominent contemporary example of Afrancaux News can be seen in the fake news stories related to the French counterterrorism presence in the Sahel.
Helicity dynamics in viscous vortex links
Authors: Yao Jie , Shen Weiyu , Yang Yue , Hussain Fazle
Published: July 2022

The dynamics of two slender Hopf-linked vortex rings at vortex Reynolds numbers (

$Re \equiv \varGamma /\nu, \mathrm {circulation/viscosity}$

)

$2000$

,

$3000$

and

$4000$

is studied using direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Under self-induction, the initially perpendicularly placed vortex rings approach each other and reconnect to form two separate vortex rings. The leading ring is closely cuddled and further undergoes secondary reconnection to form two even smaller rings. At high

$Re$

, the leading ring and the subsequent smaller rings are unstable and break up into turbulent clouds consisting of numerous even smaller-scale structures. Although the global helicity

$H$

remains constant before reconnection, it increases and then rapidly decays during reconnection – both the growth and decay rates increase with

$Re$

. In the two higher

$Re$

(i.e. 3000 and 4000) cases,

$H$

further rises after the first reconnection and reaches a quasi-plateau with the asymptotic value continuously increasing with

$Re$

– suggesting that

$H$

for viscous flows is not conserved at very high

$Re$

. Further flow analysis demonstrates that significant numbers of positive and negative helical structures are simultaneously generated before and during reconnection, and their different decay rates is the main reason for the complex evolution of

$H$

. By examining the topological aspects of the helicity dynamics, we find that, different from

$H$

, the sum of link and writhe (

$L_k+W_r$

) continuously drop during reconnection. Our results also clearly demonstrate that the twist, which increases with

$Re$

, plays a significant role in the helicity dynamics, particularly at high

$Re$

.
Cell repertoire and proliferation of germinative cells of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti
Authors: Domínguez María Fernanda , Costábile Alicia , Koziol Uriel , Preza Matías , Brehm Klaus , Tort José F. , Castillo Estela
Published: July 2022

The phylum Platyhelminthes shares a unique population of undifferentiated cells responsible for the proliferation capacity needed for cell renewal, growth, tissue repair and regeneration. These cells have been extensively studied in free-living flatworms, whereas in cestodes the presence of a set of undifferentiated cells, known as germinative cells, has been demonstrated in classical morphology studies, but poorly characterized with molecular biology approaches. Furthermore, several genes have been identified as neoblast markers in free-living flatworms that deserve study in cestode models. Here, different cell types of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti were characterized, identifying differentiated and germinative cells. Muscle cells, tegumental cells, calcareous corpuscle precursor cells and excretory system cells were identified, all of which are non-proliferative, differentiated cell types. Besides those, germinative cells were identified as a population of small cells with proliferative capacity in vivo. Primary cell culture experiments in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Echinococcus hydatid fluid and hepatocyte conditioned media in non-reductive or reductive conditions confirmed that the germinative cells were the only ones with proliferative capacity. Since several genes have been identified as markers of undifferentiated neoblast cells in free-living flatworms, the expression of pumilio and pL10 genes was analysed by qPCR and in situ hybridization, showing that the expression of these genes was stronger in germinative cells but not restricted to this cell type. This study provides the first tools to analyse and further characterise undifferentiated cells in a model cestode.
Filling lexical gaps and more: code-switching for the power of expression by young bilinguals
Authors: TULLOCH Michelle K. , HOFF Erika
Published: July 2022

In this preregistered, longitudinal study of early code-switching, 34 US-born, Spanish–English bilingual children were recorded with a bilingual family member at 2;6 and 3;6, in Spanish-designated and English-designated interactions. Children’s Spanish and English expressive vocabulary and their exposure to code-switching were measured through direct assessment and caregiver report. The children code-switched most frequently at speaker changes; within-turn and within-utterance codeswitching were rare. By 3;6, switches to English were significantly more frequent than switches to Spanish. At both ages, Spanish proficiency was a negative predictor of the frequency of switching to English, but children’s degree of English dominance uniquely explained additional variance. Thus, children appear to code-switch not merely to fill gaps in their weaker language but to maximize their expressive power. Neither individual differences in exposure to code-switching nor in the interlocutors’ language proficiency were consistently related to the children’s rate of code-switching.
“We Are Now the Same”: Chinese Wholesalers and the Politics of Trade Hierarchies in Tanzania
Authors: Sheridan Derek
Published: July 2022

Many accounts of Chinese migration in Africa compare China to “the West.” However, lived historical experiences, social hierarchies and moral mappings of the division of labour have mediated how different peoples in different contexts have received, interacted with and given meaning to Chinese migrants. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tanzanians talk about so-called Chinese “wamachinga” (petty traders) who have complicated long-standing ideas about “African” and “non-African” roles in the economy, and who have both opened and closed opportunities for different African traders. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the key Tanzanian wholesale market of Kariakoo, I examine how the entry of Chinese goods and traders has been associated with shifting local economic hierarchies. I argue that debates over the presence of Chinese traders are less about “China” than about the politics of which roles belong to whom in a hierarchical division of labour.
Non-suffering Work: China's Medical Interventions in South Sudan
Authors: Gong Yidong
Published: July 2022

This paper explores China's mode of medical intervention in South Sudan and compares it with the medical humanitarianism and global health imaginaries and modes of intervention that characterize the activities of the wider international community, especially NGOs and faith-based organizations. In their provision of medical aid to South Sudan, organizations of the international community largely draw on a discourse of suffering and a framework of emergency response to humanitarian crises in post-conflict settings, which often translates into vertical programmes which involve direct governance of the South Sudanese population. In contrast, China's contemporary medical interventions in South Sudan are a mixture of health diplomacy, health infrastructure and development aid, an assemblage which can be understood as a “non-suffering” model of care and a loosely defined apparatus of biopolitics. However, the obvious gap between national goals and the daily experiences of individual Chinese doctors suggests that this will be an uneven process of “becoming.”