bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantitative analysis of systematic differences in the positions and proper motions of Gaia DR2 with respect to VLBI
Authors: Petrov L , Kovalev Y Y , Plavin A V
Published: October 2018

We have analysed the differences in positions of 9081 matched sources between the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) catalogues. The median position uncertainty of matched sources in the VLBI catalogue is a factor of two larger than the median position uncertainty in Gaia DR2. There are 9 per cent matched sources with statistically significant offsets between both catalogues. We found that the reported positional errors should be rescaled by a factor of 1.3 for VLBI and 1.06 for Gaia and, in addition, the Gaia errors should be multiplied by the square root of chi squared per degree of freedom in order to best fit the normalized position differences to the Rayleigh distribution. We have established that the major contributor to statistically significant position offsets is the presence of optical jets. Among the sources for which the jet direction was determined, the position offsets are parallel to the jet directions for 62 per cent of the outliers. Among the matched sources with significant proper motion, the fraction of objects with proper motion directions parallel to jets is a factor of three greater than on average. Such sources have systematically higher chi squared per degree of freedom. We explain these proper motions as a manifestation of the source position jitter caused by flares, which we predicted earlier. Therefore, the assumption that quasars are fixed points, and thus that differential proper motions determined with respect to quasar photocentres can be regarded as absolute proper motions, should be treated with great caution.
Quality improvement of neuro-oncology services: integrating the routine collection of patient-reported, health-related quality-of-life measures
Authors: Fernández-Méndez Rocío , Rastall Rebecca J , Sage William A , Oberg Ingela , Bullen Gemma , Charge Amy Louise , Crofton Anna , Santarius Thomas , Watts Colin , Price Stephen J , Brodbelt Andrew , Joannides Alexis J
Published: October 2018

Background

Brain cancer has a strong impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and its evaluation in clinical practice can improve the quality of care provided. The aim of this project was to integrate routine collection of HRQoL information from patients with brain tumor or metastasis in 2 specialized United Kingdom tertiary centers, and to evaluate the implementation process.

Methods

Since October 2016, routine collection of electronic self-reported HRQoL information has been progressively embedded in the participating centers using standard questionnaires. During the first year, the project was implemented, and the process evaluated, through regular cycles of process evaluation followed by an action plan, monitoring of questionnaire completion rates, and assessment of patient views.

Results

Main challenges encountered included reluctance to change usual practice and limited resources. Key measures for success included strong leadership of senior staff, involvement of stakeholders in project design and evaluation, and continuous strategic support to professionals. Final project workflow included 6 process steps, 1 decision step, and 4 outputs. Questionnaires were mostly self-completed (75.1%), and completion took 6-9 minutes. Most patients agreed that the questionnaire items were easy to understand (97.0%), important for them (93.0%), and helped them think what they wanted to discuss in their clinical consultation (75.4%).

Conclusions

Integrating HRQoL information as a routine part of clinical assessments has the potential to enhance individually tailored patient care in our institutions. Challenges involved in innovations of this nature can be overcome through a systematic approach involving strong leadership, wide stakeholder engagement, and strategic planning.
Acute Toxoplasma Dissemination With Encephalitis in the Era of Biological Therapies
Authors: Gharamti Amal A , Rao Amy , Pecen Paula E , Henao-Martínez Andrés F , Franco-Paredes Carlos , Montoya José G
Published: October 2018

We report the case of a 65-year-old patient with pseudolymphoma who developed acute toxoplasmosis following 6 cycles of rituximab and bendamustine therapy. Acute toxoplasmosis in the setting of biological response modifiers, rather than reactivation, is a unique unreported infection. The patient developed severe disease with multi-organ involvement, including retinitis, myocarditis, and myositis. We discuss the clinical findings, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis.
Women in the New Testament World
Authors: Hylen Susan
Published: October 2018

This book presents and interprets evidence for women’s lives in the social context of the New Testament. Some of the evidence from this period of Roman history suggests that women’s roles were sharply restricted. Other evidence shows women taking on leadership roles, managing property, and the like. Previous interpreters have often argued that the two kinds of evidence describe different groups or arenas where women’s activity was either forbidden or allowed. However, this book argues that the evidence points to complex gender norms that were sometimes in tension. The culture widely recognized modesty, submission to men, and silence as virtues of women. Yet society also encouraged women to contribute to the economic well-being of their families and to serve as patrons of individuals, groups, and cities. The chapters of the book address the virtues of women, their legal status, wealth, patronage, occupations, and speech. Each chapter explores the way the New Testament writings emerge out of and reflect this complex set of social expectations for women.
Occupations
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides evidence for the tasks and occupations of women in the New Testament period. Most women became mothers, and many were the managers of household resources. Women were involved in the economic productivity of their households, whether as managers of slaves and freedpeople or as laborers themselves—and, often, as both. They were often responsible for managing a child’s education and rearing alongside these other tasks. In addition, many women also worked in business or had various jobs, either as free or freedwomen or as slaves. They were less likely than men to hold high managerial posts or political offices. Nevertheless, they performed valuable labor. The chapter explores motherhood and household management, along with women’s jobs in business (production and retail) and entertainment. It also assesses similar evidence from the New Testament of women’s occupations.
Explanation and Persuasion in Stories of Origins
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

Two narratives in the book of Genesis (chapters 16, 38) are presented as explanations of ancient Israelite identity. Both accounts share a dilemma regarding the lack of an heir to continue the family line, first of Abraham and Sarah, and then of their descendant Judah. An exploration of their plots and points of view shows that the two chapters explain to later readers how the nation of Israel emerged from family and tribal roots as God guided the historical process. The concerns of both narratives are set in the larger context of the book of Genesis and the rest of the books in the Primary History.
Narrative Contexts
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the role of the ancient historical and cultural contexts in the modern interpretation of biblical narratives, and it compares these narratives to modern historical period dramas. Several aspects of the account of Moab’s subjugation of Israel in Judges 3 are examined, including the geographic and cultural connections between Judah and Moab, the importance of tribute in the ancient world as a way for polities to relate, the ways in which the narrator of Judges puts the account into a larger historical and theological storyline, and how it serves broadly as background material for the setting of the book of Ruth.
1 Kings 21
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the account of King Ahab, Queen Jezebel, and their confiscation of Naboth’s vineyard in 1 Kings 21. Key terms in the account and character development comport with larger themes of Israelite failure and divine judgment, both in the immediate context of the account in 1 Kings 21, the fates of the king and queen, and in the books of 1 and 2 Kings. The two books of Kings are presented as shaped to explain the defeat of Israel by the Assyrians and the fall of Judah to the Babylonians. Ahab and Jezebel are negative examples to support the conclusion of divine judgment upon the nation as a whole. Extra-biblical data suggests that Ahab was an influential monarch in regional affairs, but these data are not included in the Kings portrait of the monarch. Elijah the prophet and his words and actions also represent a key theme in the negative portrayal of King Ahab and his dynasty.
A Dream or Nightmare of the Future?
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

The book concludes with the 1907 Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, which both reflected and refracted the hopes and dreams of the Cotton States and Tennessee Centennial. It reflected New South desires for a society in which industrial capital flooded the South, opened foreign markets, and where a race hierarchy included African Americans in the region’s progress yet separated them within that society. But it also saw the refraction of their dreams in in which the vision of an ordered and prosperous South came unhinged in the fair’s financial disaster. Southern women were all but eliminated from participating, and African Americans’ dreams of inclusion in the region’s progress—albeit on the white South’s terms—now appeared a very dubious assertion. The Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition still represented the New South dream of a modern and imperial future, but for others, it was a nightmare.
Warrior Masculinity and Female Victimization
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This chapter completes the reasons-explanation of the psychological factors making honor killing possible. It shows how violence-prone personality is shaped into warrior masculinity in contexts where functioning as a real, honorable man is believed to require the degradation of femininity and violent responses to alleged female misbehavior. This transition from potential aggression into violent action occurs through a learned process called the shame-to-power conversion. The chapter also investigates the behaviors and traits of potential victims, other female family members, and neighbors as facilitators or supporters of honor killing. Attention is given to conflictual arrangements common in honor–shame communities that serve as sure-fail mechanisms; that is, that generate periodic antagonisms that increase risks that females will be violently victimized.
Making Jesus Famous
Authors: Ingalls Monique M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 examines the worship concert, a mass gathering marked by participatory engagement that differentiates it from a “mere” concert, as a lens to investigate the interplay between pop-rock performance conventions and evangelical congregational singing. It identifies the range of performative strategies whereby a contemporary worship-music concert crowd becomes authenticated as a concert congregation united in worship. Through musical style, song lyrics, and discourse about music-making, many of the activities associated with rock concerts are reframed as acts of worship. This reframing has musical and political consequences: understanding the concert gathering as worship shapes evangelical expectations of the “worship experience,” which in turn influences what evangelicals expect from worship music in their local church congregations. The desire to realize these ideals fuels the sale of worship-related music commodities produced by the Christian recording industry.
Food Controversies
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey
Published: October 2018

As knowledge of agriculture, food, and nutrition grows by leaps and bounds, so do agricultural controversies. While the developing world fights over access to food, the United States and western Europe fight over the moral high ground in terms of food. This chapter seeks to explain the prevalence of agricultural controversies in the presence of growing scientific knowledge. It explains how controversies persist due to insufficient facts to resolve them, how a single controversy can be a proxy war over much bigger issues, the ease with which we conflate specific policies and social movements, the difficult task of debating science and policy simultaneously, and the myriad influences determining a person’s views.
Intersections of Food and Culture
Authors: Takeda Wakako , Banwell Cathy , Setiloane Kelebogile T. , Melby Melissa K
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how culture influences what people eat, and how food practices function to enculturate the next generation. We examine four case studies of two food items (sugars and animal proteins) in countries ranging from developing to developed economies, and Western, Eastern, and African cultures. The first three case studies focus on sugar (Australia, Japan, and Thailand) with Australia providing a case study from a Western developed country, Japan providing an example from an Eastern developed country, and Thailand providing an example from a new industrialized country. These three countries have seen changes in sugar consumption paralleling increases in non-communicable diseases. Although global concern for malnutrition is increasingly focused on overconsumption and obesity, it is important to remember that much of the world’s population still struggles with undernutrition. The fourth case study of the Yoruba in southern Nigeria serves to remind us of the importance of cross-cultural comparisons and diversity, as we see that many Yoruba children experience stunting and hunger. For them overconsumption of processed food and sugars is not the primary problem; rather, it is underconsumption of protein, particularly given their infectious disease load. Around the world, culture influences food preferences, and at the same time foods often are used to convey cultural values—such as convenience and modernity, urban lifestyle, hospitality, socialization, and moral education for children. Together these factors have implications for public health interventions and policies, yet collectively require a locally nuanced understanding of culture.
Surrealist Sounds
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the controversial early sound films directed by avant-garde filmmakers Jean Cocteau and Luis Buñuel: Le Sang d’un poète (1930) by Cocteau and L’Age d’or (1930) by Buñuel. They were the first surrealist sound films, and both filmmakers used music to create strange audiovisual juxtapositions and to shock their audiences. Although music’s role in the surrealist movement was contested, Lewis demonstrates through her analysis of these two films that music was crucial for a surrealist audiovisual cinematic conception. While experiments this audacious were short-lived, these two films offer a glimpse into a style of audiovisual filmmaking that was most closely aligned with modernist musical practices of the 1920s, in terms of the participants involved, their aesthetic priorities, and the institutional structures in which they were funded and supported.
Source Music and Cinematic Realism
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on the role of diegetic music in early poetic realist films. Poetic realism, the filmmaking genre that emerged out of the politics of the mid-1930s, had its roots in transition-era films by filmmakers such as Jean Grémillon, Julien Duvivier, Jacques Feyder, and perhaps most notably, Jean Renoir. The soundtracks of these filmmakers tended to favor a “realistic” incorporation of music into the narrative, an aesthetic decision grounded in a broader preference for direct recording, and frequently featured popular songs and street musicians to enhance the realism of a film’s setting. But diegetic music in early poetic realist films was multivalent, revealing the emotions or thoughts of characters, providing narrative commentary, and at times going against the expectations of a scene’s mood or actions. Considering diegetic music in early poetic realist sound films shows the ways in which audiovisual realism and stylization worked hand in hand.
Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices
Authors: Bueno Otávio , Chen Ruey-Lin , Fagan Melinda B.
Published: October 2018

The questions “What is an individual?” and “What things count as individuals?” are classic philosophical inquiries, currently pursued mainly within analytic metaphysics. This volume takes a new approach, reformulating these questions and exploring them from the perspective of scientific practices. The guiding query then becomes: “How do scientists individuate the things they investigate and thus count them as individuals?” In this first chapter, the volume’s editors lay the groundwork for this new approach. The following sections define the problem of individuation, examine the close relation between individuality and individuation, and motivate the approach taken by this volume in the context of relevant literature. Key themes of the subsequent chapters—experimental practice, process, and pluralism—are discussed, as well as a brief introduction to each chapter.
Experimental Individuation
Authors: Chen Ruey-Lin
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the problem of individuation from the perspective of experimental practices. In previous work, the author suggests a conception of experimental individuality (defined by separability, manipulability, and maintainability of structural unity) extracted from experimental individuation whose process and conditions in turn are the topic of this chapter. The author identifies the creation of individuals in experimenting as the ontological mode of experimental individuation and the presentation of individuals as the epistemological mode. Three experimental cases (the creation of Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the presentation of individual genes) are examined to explain the two modes. The author argues that effective experimental mechanisms and operative conditions for maintaining the structural unity of experimented entities when those entities are separated and manipulated occur in both modes of experimental individuation.
Qualitative Research and Complex Teams
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

Most qualitative research methodology texts are addressed to individual researchers working alone, whereas the majority of qualitative research today is probably conducted by complex teams. Team-based researchers recognize the work they are doing is complicated, difficult, and differs significantly from the single researcher working on a single project, but they have lacked information on how standard practices of the field are translated into group practice, particularly in the realm of writing, which is central to all qualitative research work. Bucking that trend, this text addresses the unique methodological needs of researchers who are conducting qualitative research as part of a complex team. This book is anchored in the belief that writing on team-based qualitative research has strong overlap with, and at the same time, vast differences from the writing that is produced by the single researcher working alone. The text provides background on the reasons behind the rise in complex team research and the ways qualitative researchers have attended to this change in context. There is detailed discussion of team basics, including: team formation, research design and project organization, and important ethical issues. The issues of both methodological and substantive writing are taken up in separate chapters. The book concludes with consideration of future trends and recommendations. Written with the detailed explanations that experienced qualitative researchers will be seeking, this text also covers important basics for those new to qualitative research, making it useful for both expert and novice.
Introduction
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

Increasingly in today’s world, qualitative researchers are called to practice their craft as members of multi-member teams with many forms of complexity—disciplinary, institutional, geographical, and other. Yet they have lacked texts written specifically with their methodological needs in mind. The Introduction describes how this book will provide them with detailed information written specifically with their unique needs in mind. It presents key definitions that will help the reader make better sense of the text, and provides an overview of the structure of the book and the contents of the chapters. In it, the author describes her own experiences working on complex teams as a qualitative researcher, and the ways these experiences inform her approach to the book’s concerns.
Explaining Behavior
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between the crimes committed by American troops at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and Philip Zimbardo’s 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment. Zimbardo’s experiment is one of the most famous of a large body of social psychology experiments that support the “situationist” perspective on human behavior. A central situationist claim is that features of the situations in which people act have a greater influence on behavior than we ordinarily suppose, and enduring features of personality and character have a correspondingly smaller role in explaining behavior. We explain how this research has been interpreted by psychologists such as Lee Ross and Richard Nisbett and by philosophers such as Gilbert Harman and John Doris.
Hard Cases
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

Chapter 6 applies the theory of responsibility and blameworthiness developed in Chapter 5 to a number of difficult cases. We begin with a discussion of child soldiers, and raise doubts about the intuition that child soldiers always lack moral responsibility for their actions. The second half of the chapter focuses on various causally complex cases. These cases include instances in which perpetrators are at a significant physical distance from those they harm, cases involving harm caused by actors in hierarchical institutions, and scenarios in which individual wrongdoers make marginal contributions to collective efforts. For all of these cases, our view requires that we look closely at how agents understand the meaning of their actions, at the interpersonal significance those actions may have from the viewpoints of victims, and at whether we agree with the moral perspective that victims take on the treatment they received.
Punishing and Preventing War Crimes
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

Chapter 7 turns to the question of the punishment and prevention of war crimes. While the bases of legal liability for participation in war crimes are complex, our account of responsibility has important implications for a particularly controversial defense against a charge of war crimes: the superior orders defense. We consider a number of different arguments for the view that combatants who commit war crimes under orders are partially excused for their actions, and argue that the only defensible conception of the superior orders defense is one in which a combatant acting under orders can plead duress or coercion. The second part of Chapter 7 turns to the question of preventing war crimes. The account of war crimes that we develop in this book offers important insights into prevention strategies that, we hope, can provide the basis for further work on this important topic.
Tyrannical Democracy
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the argumentative dimension of Plato’s claim that democracy generates tyranny. In contrast with readings of the analysis of democracy that suggest a benevolent view of the democratic regime, the chapter unpacks the argumentative logic of Plato’s claim that the demos is the tyrant’s father. This claim should be understood as referring to two main aspects: On the one hand, the corrupting effects of democracy’s institutional mechanisms and of the collective action of the demos when acting as a sovereign body; on the other, the similarity between the appetitive natures of the demos and of its political leaders. The figure of the tyrant privatizes and embodies a fundamental feature of the demos understood as a collective body: its freedom understood as both freedom from any superior authority and license of appetitive enjoyment.
The Lion and the Wolf
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

This chapter is divided into two main parts. The first offers a discussion of the nature of spirit, dealing with the current range of interpretive options, and arguing for a definition of spirit as a drive to self-assertion. The second is based on exegesis of the beginning of book IX and of the only reference to spirit included therein. The thesis is that a hardened and corrupt spirit plays a significant role in the tyrant’s psyche, because the latter’s condition is determined in part by the spirited part’s lawlessness as inflamed by the appetitive part. The two parts are bridged by a section concerning the animal metaphors related to spirit in the dialogue: this section interprets each animal as corresponding to a different state of spirit, and argues that the wolf—the animal associated with the tyrant in the dialogue—is the animal metaphor for the tyrant’s corrupt spirit.
Emma and Defective Action
Authors: John Eileen
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores what Emma and Austen might have to say about human agency and autonomy. Considered and challenged are Christine Korsgaard’s use of Austen’s characters (Emma Woodhouse and Harriet Smith) to exemplify a species of defective autonomous action. It is unmistakeably the case that Emma addresses and clarifies the nature and sources of defective action. Harriet Smith’s happy subordination to Emma’s will, as Korsgaard maintains, is obviously problematic. But it is most often Emma Woodhouse herself, and not Harriet, whose conduct Austen presents as compromised, and Emma’s behavior is not defective in such a way as to suggest an abdication of will. Moreover, it is evident that considering what another thinks one should do and allowing that to inform one’s conduct is not a course of action that is invariably deplored in Emma. The chapter investigates the light Austen’s novel can shed on defects in action and the inevitability (or not) of their connection with autonomy.
Secularizing Religion
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores North American religious thought expressed by the social gospel, reaching a high point in the early twentieth century when women and African Americans established their own expression of social Christianity. Societal stress under aggressive capitalism and two world wars accelerated this-world thinking, generating multiple theological responses. The 1950s brought into stark relief the disparity between the promises of liberal democracy and the reality among the unrepresented blacks and marginalized women. By the mid-1960s, aware of their abstract distance from suffering people, theologians turned to secular theologies and the theology of hope, seeking a new paradigm for political relevance. Black and feminist liberationists, like their Latin American counterparts, responded by moving to a full secularization of religion, giving politics new theological import. Drawing from the social gospel and post-World War II theologies, liberationists forwarded a fuller secularization of religion giving politics new significance.
Rome as the Pinnacle of the Western Ancient World
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

Ancient Rome is an important turning point in Eurasian history. But it is also an interesting test case in its own right. In the past, the standard view was that ancient economies operated on a subsistence production basis and lacked technological innovation, and that therefore, economic growth in the modern sense was highly unlikely. Yet we have the sense that Rome was wealthy. Was this wealth simply another example of the efflorescence that has been possible at various times in history without regard to innovations in either technology or energy? Our answer is yes. In that respect, it provides a useful baseline with which to compare the evolving nature of global power—military, political, and economic. It belongs in the story for what it did not do: it made little effort to escape the constraints of an agrarian political economy, As such, it is something of a negative template for what was to come in the next one and a half millennia.
Comparing the Four Main Cases
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
The Symposium, the Andron, the Mosaics
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

The first chapter reviews current understandings of the symposium, the andron, and pebble mosaics, including the possible origins and development of each, the iconographic themes introduced by the mosaics, and relevant previous scholarship. Emphasis is placed on the circulation of a single wine cup around the andron. Moreover, the chapter describes the symposium as a commensal gathering of equals that involved competition, conversation, entertainment, and drinking. It then situates this event in the andron, characterizing that setting, its development, and the archaeological evidence pointing to the specialized function of this room. The chapter also provides an overview of the literature on pebble mosaic floors.
Masculine Hollywood
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: October 2018

This chapter turns from female stars, the objects of cinematic fascination and representation, to the men who control the apparatus. It examines three guises of the male filmmaker: the producer, the writer, and the director. In each case, through a comparison of a studio-era film with two more recent ones, the chapter examines how the backstudio picture locates “creativity” in both the business and the art of filmmaking. It also discusses how backstudios subordinate the male filmmaker and his art to questions of institutional power, with his subordination helping to glamorize or romanticize his figure. Finally, it argues that the genre subsequently equates a masculinized—and white—view of cinema with the cultural aura of “Hollywood.” The chapter closes with a look at the indie black filmmaker as depicted by Baadasssss! (2003).
The Forgotten Creed
Authors: Patterson Stephen
Published: October 2018

This book examines the history and legacy of a forgotten early Christian creed embedded in Galatians 3:26–28, remarkable for its declaration of solidarity across race, class, and gender lines. It claims that distinctions based on race, class, and gender are a human conceit; race, class, and gender simply do not exist. The book describes how ancients used these categories to create “otherness” and to structure society to the advantage of native, free males, and how, and why, certain early followers of Jesus, including Paul, came to reject these “othering” categories and instead embrace their unity and solidarity as children of God. It also traces the failure of nerve that eventually led the church to abandon this ideal and once again leverage race, class, and gender to the advantage of native, free males: let women be subordinate, slaves be obedient, and foreigners beware. This discussion is set in the context of the contemporary debate about race, class, and gender and demonstrates that these are not late-arriving modern concerns deriving from the current culture wars. Race, class, and gender have always been used to divide the human community into “us” and “them.” This forgotten creed is an early strike against the age-old problem of racism, classism, and sexism.
Children of God
Authors: Patterson Stephen J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter shows that “sons” or “children of God” was a term used by the followers of Jesus to refer to themselves. To be a child of God was to be like God, to act as God would act in the world. It was also a term used to express universal solidarity with all other human beings. “Son” or “child of God” has a rich background in Greek and Roman, as well as ancient Jewish, literature. The followers of Jesus adopted it very early on, as the appearance of the term in Q and Paul’s letters demonstrates. It was used for many years thereafter, as seen especially in the Gospel of John and the Johannine letters, as well as the Gospel of Thomas and other literature. It was associated especially with baptism and may have originally come from John the Baptist.
There Is No Male and Female
Authors: Patterson Stephen J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter shows how early Christians thought about gender inequality in the ancient world. Many contemporaries of Paul believed that women and men should be equal. Some drew upon the ancient myth of the primordial, first-created androgyne to imagine a future in which everyone would be restored to the original, androgynous image of God and, in the meantime, engaged in various creative exercises in gender-bending as a way of living out their hopes. Others believed that women should have power and authority equal to that of men and organized their communities accordingly. This was Paul’s view. Still others, however, embraced a more conventional, hierarchical view of gender, and even used Paul’s name and authority to enforce it. This is the story of how the church became a reflection of the patriarchal world into which it was born, and ultimately one of the last defenders of patriarchy in the civilized world.
Numbers Station
Authors: Hollingworth Miles
Published: October 2018

We are lured by the sounds of the numbers stations—by the sounds of infinity— away from what men actually saw and touched and out into a voyeuristic thrill. But as we listen in on the numbers as they speak to each other, we ourselves begin to be changed into a hideous likeness to them. Because that, of course, is the great danger of any ‘listening in’. It never takes place neutrally or passively. It is because of this that the Word of God can save men. And it is also because of this that the numbers station of the totality of atomic facts can destroy them. Because listening is never about the content of what is being transmitted; it is about the tuning in. In this chapter, we learn the sense in which the Tractatus was a spiritual autobiography.
Improve Results
Authors: Schrag Brian , Buren Kathleen J. Van
Published: October 2018

Step 6 helps readers to follow guidelines for determining whether artistic products are effective; design an evaluative process using a conceptual approach; and design a recurring cycle of evaluation. It begins with a case study demonstrating how the Global Alliance to Immunize Against AIDS Vaccine Foundation (GAIA VF) has integrated research and evaluation in their program promoting storytelling cloths to educate communities in Mali about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. While pointing out the complexity of assessment processes, this section then offers these broad suggestions: trust local systems for evaluation; consider the effects of new artistry; continue researching local arts to gain deeper understandings of local perspectives; and think about when to evaluate programs. This section also offers practical suggestions for how to evaluate programs and whom to include in evaluation processes. Finally, it features a discussion of how projects can fail and what we can learn from failure.
Signs and Gestures
Authors: Farriss Nancy
Published: October 2018

Early contact between native peoples and Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries was mediated by signs and gestures with mixed success. Visual symbols by themselves often conveyed the wrong message or none at all. Religious iconography would occupy a central place in the devotional life of the Mexican church. But from the first encounters with Caribbean islanders through the use of images of the Virgin Mary to Christianize pagan space, to the experiments with pictorial catechisms and sermons illustrated by scenes of heaven and hell, the Spanish learned that visual codes needed to be combined with verbal communication to reveal their meanings.
Interpreters
Authors: Farriss Nancy
Published: October 2018

Interpreters, both Spanish and Indian, played a crucial role in the military conquest of Mexico and in the secular and ecclesiastical administration of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Dependence on these linguistic go-betweens made them indispensable and powerful figures in the early colony but distrusted by all sides as disloyal and self-serving. The early missionaries had to rely on Indian interpreters and preachers to convey the gospel message, but the risk of error and deliberate mistranslation, along with the need for confidentiality in the sacrament of confession, led eventually to the decision to pursue evangelization without the aid of intermediaries.
The Word of God
Authors: Farriss Nancy
Published: October 2018

Sermons and elaborated catechisms provided a comprehensive survey of the precepts and practices that the new Christians were obliged to follow. Discourse analysis of sixteenth-century doctrinal literature, primarily Dominican, in Spanish as well as bilingual texts, reveals a generally negative message that was addressed to the Indians. Relatively little attention was paid to the offer of salvation; instead the texts were intent on condemning the Indians’ traditional religion as “idolatry” and on warning the Indians against the triple threat of man’s inclination to sin, the snares set for him by the devil, and the likelihood of eternal damnation in hell, to which their ancestors had already been consigned.
The Anomalous Foundations of Modern Being
Authors: Anderson Greg
Published: October 2018

To better understand this anomalous modern ontology and how it shapes our historical practice, the chapter continues its ethical case by exploring the uniquely modern metaphysical commitments which sustain that ontology, determining for us what can and cannot be really there in the world. Elaborating on arguments made by the anthropologist Philippe Descola for the existence of a metaphysical “Great Divide” between modern and non-modern worlds, it contends that our capitalist way of life, our mainstream sciences, and our conventional historical practice are all premised upon historically anomalous metaphysical commitments to materialism, secularism, anthropocentrism, and individualism. Citing influential works by theorists in the classical liberal tradition, from John Locke to Herbert Spencer, it shows quite precisely how these peculiarly modern metaphysical commitments have shaped the form and contents of the universal template of social being that is taken for granted by our conventional historicist practice. The application of this model to all non-modern experiences by historians is ethically questionable, in that it denies past peoples their rightful power to determine the ultimate truths of their own existence. Yet modern philosophical orthodoxies ensure the model’s continuing use.
The Metaphysics of Polis Community
Authors: Anderson Greg
Published: October 2018

By way of illustration, Part Three (“Life in a Cosmic Ecology”) revisits the primary case study, showing how the proposed paradigm shift can help us to produce an entirely new, more historically meaningful account of the Athenian politeia. The chapter introduces this alternative account by reconstructing the a priori template of social being upon which demokratia was premised. This model seems to have taken the form of a kind of cosmic ecology of gods, land, and demos (“people”) in Attica, an a priori symbiosis between the human and non-human constituents of the polis, whereby the former subsisted as a kind of human superorganism, not as an aggregate of modern-style individuals. In the chapters that follow, the principal practices and mechanisms of the Athenian politeia are then duly re-examined in this original metaphysical conjuncture, thereby demonstrating the profound differences which separate an ancient demokratia from a modern democracy.
The Place of “On a New List of Categories”
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Peirce’s essay “On a New List of Categories,” presented in 1867, apparently anticipates his later work in phenomenology. Some scholars have regarded it as the keystone of Peirce’s philosophy, but others view it merely as a stepping stone to his mature work. In that early essay, Aristotle’s analysis of the proposition and Peirce’s discovery of three specific functions of the copula result in his identification of quality, relation, and representation as the three categories. He would have to abandon this account as his development of the Existential Graphs and study of other grammars led him to reject the Aristotelian theory of the proposition and to regard the copula as logically inessential.
Peirce’s Reduction Thesis
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Peirce’s reduction thesis—that the basic forms of propositions are three and only three, named firstness, secondness, and thirdness—is a point of scholarly contention, but it is also at the root of Peirce’s phenomenology. Peirce came to this thesis through his formal logical notation, the Existential Graphs. Peirce maintains that all n-adic propositional forms where n > 3 can be constructed from triadic propositional forms. All n-adic propositional forms where n > 3 can be decomposted into triadic propositional forms. Moreover, triadic propositional forms cannot be constructed from dyadic propositional forms, and dyadic propositional forms cannot be constructed from monadic propositional forms. Finally, all triadic propositional forms contain as abstractical logical ingredients dyadic and monadic propositional forms. These four theses, elucidated by his work in graphical logic, entail his reduction thesis.
Phenomenological Investigation
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Phenomenological investigation involves observation, description, analysis, and evaluation. The phenomenologist observes the phaneron, describes it by making judgments about it, analyzes it into its most basic sorts of constituents, and then evaluates whether the analysis is accurate and adequate. Two kinds of analysis are employed in phenomenological investigation: logical analysis and analysis by inspection. The former consists in the application of Peirce’s reduction thesis and in the framing of scientific definitions. The second consists of both direct and indirect inspective analysis. Direct inspective analysis is either organic or attentional. Indirect inspective analysis is either comparational or experimental. Whereas Peirce restricts the sort of inspective analysis involved in phenomenology to direct attentional inspective analysis, he could have extended it to direct organic analysis and indirect comparational analysis.
Confession
Authors: Carey Patrick W.
Published: October 2018

Confession is a history of penance as a virtue and a sacrament in the United States from about 1634, the origin of Catholicism in Maryland, to 2015, fifty years after the major theological and disciplinary changes initiated by the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). The history of the Catholic theology and practice of penance is analyzed within the larger context of American Protestant penitential theology and discipline and in connection with divergent interpretations of biblical penitential language (sin, repentance, forgiveness, reconciliation) that Jews, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Catholics shared in the American body politic. The overall argument of the text is that the Catholic theology and practice of penance, so much opposed by the inheritors of the Protestant Reformation, kept alive the biblical penitential language in the United States at least until the mid 1960s when Catholic penitential discipline changed and the practice of sacramental confession declined precipitously. Those changes within the American Catholic tradition contributed to the more general eclipse of penitential language in American society as a whole. From the 1960s onward penitential language was overshadowed increasingly by the language of conflict and controversy. In the current climate of controversy and conflict, such a text may help Americans understand how much their society has departed from the penitential language of the earlier American tradition and consider what the advantages and disadvantages of such a departure are.
Sin, Repentance, and Confession in Nineteenth-Century American Protestant Polemics
Authors: Carey Patrick W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the American Protestant reactions to the Catholic understanding of sacramental confession. That reaction is analyzed within the context of the heritage of the Protestant Reformation’s understandings of sin, repentance, and confession. The chapter demonstrates how the Protestant Episcopal Church in the late eighteenth century and American Lutherans in the early nineteenth century transformed the inherited Anglican and Lutheran traditions on the confession of sins to a priest or pastor. In the nineteenth century, sacramental confession became a central polemic issue, because for American Protestants that doctrine seemed to violate the Protestant understanding of justification by faith alone. The Protestant polemic was based on biblical, theological, legal, disciplinary, and historical issues. But, in some cases, the polemic made sensational charges on the immoral and evil political and social consequences of the practice of sacramental confession. Salacious accounts of confessional practice became a part of the polemical record.