bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex, Modality, and Cognitive Strategy Effects on Short-Term Memory as a Function of Rate of Computerized Digit Presentations
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Barbin Jane M.
Published: August 2011

Short-term memory tests were given to 111 undergraduate volunteers (44 men and 67 women) under varying modes of presentation (auditory, visual, and auditory-visual combined) using different rates (1 sec. and 3 sec.) of computer-random digits. Subjects were instructed to “chunk” mentally 25 random digits (presented sequentially on a computer screen) into 5 sets of 5 digits (1 to 5) or to “rote” memorize all 25 digits for immediate recall. A mixed 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 split-plot analysis of variance showed a significant effect for rate of digit presentations, and there was a significant interaction between sex and rate of digit presentations. Men profited more from the 3-sec. rate than women, yet at the 1-sec. rate, women had higher short-term memory scores than men. There were no significant main effects for modality or cognitive strategy. Sex differences for digit-span tasks here were compared with sex differences from other studies for related tasks such as rapid matching of digit “strings.”
Response: Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Transient Mood State
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , Pierce Edgar F.
Published: August 2011

Physiological indices should be included in research on the relationship between affect and physical activity; however, data must be appropriately analyzed, subjects must be randomly assigned or selected, and statistical inferences should provide the foundation for establishing the relationship between physical activity and changes in affect.
Oral Contraceptive Use, Caffeine Consumption, Field-Dependence, and the Discrimination of Colors
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , McCord Laura
Published: August 2011

We attempted to validate laboratory research which indicated that single doses of oral contraceptives (OCs) and caffeine affect the ability to discriminate colors (Böhme & Böhme, 1985). We did this in a nonlaboratory setting by surveying habitual use of OCs and caffeine by 43 female college students and relating that information to their performance on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test. When field-dependence, conceptualized as an indirect measure of sensitivity of the nervous system and previously shown to be strongly related to color discrimination, was included in the analyses, the results supported Böhme and Böhme's findings, For Trays 2 and 3 of the 100-Hue Test (yellow through blue of the color spectrum), higher caffeine consumption among OC users was related to poorer color discrimination, whereas, among non-users of OCs, it was related to better performance. Study design limitations do not permit attribution of causation to either caffeine or OCs at this time.
Reliability of Naive Judges of Genuine Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

58 naive judges were reliably different in their ability to distinguish 32 pairs of genuine and simulated suicide notes.
Correlations between Symbolic Motor Performance and Achievement in School for Children with Minimal Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Cakirpaloglu Panajotis , Radil Tomáš
Published: August 2011

Significant correlations were found between grades for reading, writing, and calculating and each child's individual mean reaction time for symbolic motor performance tasks with letters and numbers as stimuli for 240 elementary school boys with minimal brain dysfunction and in first to fourth classes in Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Skopje (Yugoslavia) For age(class)-matched groups of 382 healthy boys the correlations disappeared by the age of ten years. Similar results were noted for groups of boys in both cities.
Personality of Healthy Young Adults with Sleep Paralysis
Authors: Fukuda Kazuhiko , Inamatsu Nobuo , Kuroiwa Makoto , Miyasita Akio
Published: August 2011

Sleep paralysis occurs in normal persons. This phenomenon had been studied psychoanalytically or in terms of the deviation of the victims' personality. This present study aimed to assess the personalities of such persons by using the MMPI and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The subjects showed a slightly higher mean T score on the MMPI Paranoia Scale than those who did not have this experience. Although this personality difference might be related to the occurrence of the phenomenon, this difference is probably too small to take a major role. It is unlikely that the subjects developed paranoic behavior through their experiences of sleep paralysis, since their experiences were very few. Some of the subjects might have only overestimated their behavior and experiences concerning delusions and hallucinations, with the result that their Paranoia scores were higher and perhaps their kanashibari experiences exaggerated.
Shopping Time and Purchasing Behavior as a Result of In-Store Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Hornik Jacob
Published: August 2011

286 shoppers were greeted by one of 6 student-experimenters while entering a bookstore Half the shoppers were touched, and the other half were not. A light touch on the upper arm increased the subjects' shopping time, their amount of shopping, as well as their over-all evaluation of the store.
Supervisors' Performance Attributions: A Possible Barrier to Managerial Acceptance of Decision Aids
Authors: McClane William E. , Harris William L.
Published: August 2011

Researchers exploring the adoption of decision aids by managers have noted an apparent reluctance on the part of managers to use decision aids such as linear programming and mathematical forecasting models. In this study, the leader's attributions were explored as a possible explanation for this reluctance. Specifically, the effects of the subordinate's use of a decision aid on the supervisor's attributions of the causes of that performance were examined in a vignette to which 154 students who were employed full time as managers responded. Four conditions were explored: success while using decision aids, failure while using decision aids, success without using decision aids, and failure without using decision aids. Analysis suggests that for successful outcomes the use of a decision aid did not significantly affect the supervisor's attributions, but with failure, supervisors were more likely to attribute the cause of the failure to some quality of the subordinate (lack of ability or effort) when decision aids were used than when they were not. Such results imply that managers who use decision aids incur greater risk in the event of failure, as the cause of that failure is attributed more often to them rather than the situation when decision aids were not used.
Effects of Dyadic Participation and Awareness of Being Monitored on Facial Action during Exposure to Humor
Authors: Dale J. Alexander , Hudak Mary A. , Wasikowski Paula
Published: August 2011

The effects of humor on facial action were studied in a 2 × 3 design ( N = 53)—exposure to a comedy or informational audiotape and solitary participation with awareness of being videotaped, or solitary participation without awareness of being videotaped, or dyadic participation with awareness of being videotaped. Means for full-face smiles were higher for solitary subjects aware of being videotaped and those in dyads. Means for sad eyes and mouth were higher for subjects aware of being videotaped in both the humor and information conditions.
Tactile Hemispheric Specialization Using a Nonsense-Shape Formboard
Authors: Tanne Gordon B. , Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: August 2011

The present study reports partial support for right-hemispheric specialization for spatial-haptic discrimination when using unfamiliar shapes that were intuitively nonverbal, with 40 subjects.
Speed and Performance on College Course Examinations
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In two undergraduate courses ( ns of 41 and 30), no association was found between speed and performance on a multiple-choice examination in abnormal psychology.
Tobacyk's Paranormal Belief Scale and Temporal Lobe Signs: Sex Differences in the Experiences of Ego-Alien Intrusions
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Richards Pauline
Published: August 2011

Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and an inventory that infers temporal lobe signs were administered to 44 men and 54 women who were enrolled in first-year university courses. Women believed more in psi phenomena, witchcraft, and spiritualism than did men, who believed more in extraterrestrial life forms. Although complex partial epileptic-like signs were moderately (0.40) correlated with total beliefs for both sexes, these signs were dominated by experiences of ego-alien intrusions for women only. The results support the concept of greater interhemispheric coherence in women compared to men and emphasize the importance of limbic processes in the formation and maintenance of religious and paranormal beliefs.
Visuomotor Behavior Rehearsal in Archery Shooting Performance
Authors: Zervas Yannis , Kakkos Vassilis
Published: August 2011

To examine the effect of visuomotor behavior rehearsal on archers' shooting performance two groups of athletes were tested, one experimental and one control. The experimental group of 9 received a specifically designed program which included relaxation conditions and imagery rehearsal. The control group of 9 received only physical practice. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was used to measure the precompetitive state anxiety and self-confidence. Self-reports were used to evaluate the intermediate effectiveness of the program. Analysis showed no significant changes from pre- to posttest shooting scores. No significant changes were observed in sport-specific state anxiety. Significant changes were found on the tense-relaxed scale administered before and after the relaxation program.
Correlations among Special Education Students' Wisc—R IQS and Sra Scores
Authors: Schellinger Terri , Beer John
Published: August 2011

For 50 children in special education from rural north central Kansas school districts (30 boys, 20 girls) were recorded SRA scores (Composite, Reading, Mathematics, and Education Quotient) and WISC—R IQs (Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance). There were no sex differences on any variable and all variables intercorrelated (Pearson) significantly. The two tests gave similar results over-all, confirming that the individually administered WISC—R and the group-administered SRA provide information on children's academic abilities and, used together, give a basis for appropriate judgments regarding academic abilities.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXVII. Quieter Annual Geomagnetic Activity and Larger Effect Size for Experimental PSI (ESP) Studies over Six Decades
Authors: Berger R. E. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Standardized measures (relative effect size) were calculated for all experiments published between the years 1882 and 1939 that concerned putative telepathy. During this period the magnitude of the phenomenon was greatest when the geomagnetic activity was lowest during the previous year (when most of the experiments would have occurred); the strengths of the correlations were between -.40 and -.60. The effect was similar in both direction and magnitude to several studies, involving both experimental and subjective data (1867 through 1980) and suggesting an enhancement of this specific type of anomalous phenomenon during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity.
Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test: Normative Data for a Sample of Saudi Arabian Technical Trainees
Authors: Dagenais Fred
Published: August 2011

The Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test was translated into Arabic and administered to 130 Saudi Arabian men in a technical training program. Psychometric data, percentile scores, and information specific to this cross-cultural testing experience are presented. In the aggregate the test results for the Saudi Arabian sample appear comparable to the norming data for selected American samples, but further analysis of item data is needed for both Saudi Arabian and American samples before the test can be used with confidence.
Discrepancy in Perceived Decision-Making Roles and Argument Level within Marital Dyads
Authors: Jernigan Nathan S. , Heritage Jeannette , Royal K. Elaine
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between discrepant perceptions of marital decision-making roles of 31 pairs of spouses and frequency of their marital arguments. Spouses were surveyed independently, and their responses compared to obtain scores on numbers of discrepancies and arguments. These arrays yielded a Pearson correlation of .60.
Latency of Induced Visual Motion and Fixation
Authors: Humber C. Nadine , Sherrick Michael F.
Published: August 2011

The effects of target fixation on induced visual motion were examined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, induced motion was generated by a moving frame, and fixation was disrupted by temporarily extinguishing the target and by requiring subjects temporarily to look at a distractor. Relative to a continuous fixation control, both manipulations increased the perceived latency of induced motion. These effects were confirmed and extended in Exp. 2. Results indicate that target fixation should be carefully controlled in research on induced motion.
Improving Data Collection through Collaborative Research
Authors: Salina Doreen , Jason Leonard , Lesondak Linda , Crawford Isiaah
Published: August 2011

When investigators collaborated with 3 teachers of three schools, significantly more permission slips and data were collected than from the four schools where contact was minimal and formal with 6 teachers.
Use of the Revised Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration with Chronic Mentally Ill Adult Population
Authors: Ferere Harry , Burns William J. , Roth Leonard
Published: August 2011

From the Nova University Geriatric Institute, for 30 outpatients ranging in age from 55 to 80 years old, significant moderate Pearson correlations (.40 to .54) obtained between the raw scores of the Revised Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration standardized for children ages 2 1/2 years through 19 years and the WAIS-R subscale IQs. Further, scores on the Recall administration of the Benton Revised Visual Retention Test were significantly correlated with the performance on Beery's developmental test. Also, scores on Beery's test were correlated with estimates of adaptive functioning made by the staff for each patient.
Internal Consistency of the Group Environment Questionnaire Modified for An Exercise Setting
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Spink Kevin S.
Published: August 2011

The Group Environment Questionnaire—an instrument used to assess cohesiveness in sport teams since 1985—has been modified and used in fitness classes. The purpose of the study was to assess whether the internal consistency values of the modified version are similar to those reported for sport teams. For two samples of participants in exercise classes, the Cronbach alphas for the Attractions to Group Task and Social subtests and for Group Integration Task and Social subtests were .78, .61, .71, and .78 ( n = 290) and .77, .62, .71, and .77 ( n = 198), respectively. These values are highly similar to those reported for the original version.
Women's Verbal Estimation of a 40-Second Interval during the First Week Postpartum: a Replication
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano , Reynolds Margaret A. , Rutowski Patricia
Published: August 2011

In this replication research 49 mothers verbally estimated a 40-sec. interval each day for the first seven days after delivery. Throughout this postpartum period mothers overestimated the time interval. Findings of this study confirmed the results of the original 1987 research.
Metabolic Demands and Perceived Exertion during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Pierce Edgar F. , Eastman Norris W. , McGowan Robert W. , Legnola Mark L.
Published: August 2011

Emergency situations often require continuous execution of one-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for periods of time in excess of 30 minutes. The limited research which has examined the demands of the procedure has focused on central physiological measures, despite (1) the use of a subjective end-point for termination of CPR (i.e., exhaustion) as stated in professional guidelines, and (2) significant peripheral involvement in the form of muscular exertion, a phenomenon more closely linked to Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) than to central factors. To examine subjective responses to performing CPR, 8 healthy, sedentary subjects [ M age = 20.8 (yr.) ± .4; weight (kg) 82.6 ± 7.1; height (cm) 183.7 ± 2.8] reported differentiated Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) following 10 minutes of one-person CPR testing. While metabolic data observed during CPR support previous research suggesting that the energy demands of performing CPR are relatively low, both peripheral and over-all RPE were significantly higher than central (respiratory-metabolic) RPE. Over-all RPE was also significantly greater than peripheral RPE. The data suggest research investigating CPR demands based on central measures may underestimate actual as well as perceived demands of performing the procedure. In addition, the considerable interindividual variability in the relative energy cost (% VO2 max) of performing one-person CPR suggests that the fitness level of the individual may be a limiting factor in the ability to perform CPR for extended periods of time.
Acceptance-Rejection and Height of Parental Figures on the Kinetic Family Drawings
Authors: Rabinowitz Aaron
Published: August 2011

The heights of the parental figures drawn on the Kinetic Family Drawing by fifth-graders, 55 boys and 61 girls, showed that the 30 peer-accepted girls drew taller parental figures than the 28 peer-accepted boys. The peer-accepted girls drew taller mother figures than the 31 peer-rejected girls. Peer acceptance-rejection and possible sex differences are to be considered when evaluating the heights of the parental figures on the Kinetic Family Drawing.
Some Comments on “Characteristics of Handwriting of Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis” by Patricia Wellingham-Jones
Authors: Lewinson Thea Stein
Published: August 2011

Some problems in this study which prevented establishment of a meaningful description of handwritings by patients with multiple sclerosis are listed.
Extraversion, Introversion, and Visual Interaction
Authors: Iizuka Yuichi
Published: August 2011

20 extraverts and 20 introverts were selected from a population of college students on the basis of their responses to the Maudsley Personality Inventory. These 40 young women were interviewed by one confederate of each sex. Six trained judges recorded visual and speech behavior by viewing through a one-way mirror and watching videotaped records. Analysis showed that extraverted women engaged in longer gazing than the introverted ones. The extraverted women gazed longer during listening than did introverted women. The proportion of time spent in gazing while speaking was not associated with extraversion. Also, women spent a greater proportion of time looking at a female interviewer than at a male interviewer.
Knowledge Acquired from Learning: Procedural Cognition and its Declarative Cognizance
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: August 2011

62 college students articulated the procedural cognition acquired during successful learning of both original and reversal-shifts of the discrimination-reversal learning task. Articulations formed a four-level hierarchy of “declarative cognizance” (defined as correct articulation of reinforcement contingencies) as follows: Level 1 having no declarative cognizance, Level 2 of perceptually based cognizance, Level 3 of concrete-rule-based cognizance, and Level 4 of abstract-rule-based cognizance. The plausibility of this cognitive hierarchy is enhanced by observations that increasingly higher levels of declarative cognizance are associated with increasingly faster learning. Mon-tare's 1983 and 1988 concepts of primary and secondary signalization are invoked to account for the learning processes underlying these examples of procedural cognition and the hierarchy of declarative cognizance.
Activation of the Antecedent by the Reflexive in Japanese: A Supplementary Control Experiment
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study is a control experiment for a previous study (Nagata, 1991) that showed activation of an antecedent by a Japanese reflexive, jibun, in syntactically ambiguous sentences. The reflexive involved in the relevant sentences in the previous study was replaced with a word from other parts of speech in this study. This manipulation was done to delete the sentence constituent that might activate any prior antecedent. 24 female students were given a recognition task on which a probe was given either for an indirect object or for a subject either immediately after a replaced word or at the end of a sentence. No difference in recognition time between the indirect object probe and subject probe for either probe position was found. This result indicates that the difference obtained between the two probes in the previous study is attributable to the activation of the antecedent by the reflexive.
Personal Importance, Motivation, and Performance of Older Adults
Authors: Beach Laurie M. , Tennant L. Keith
Published: August 2011

This investigation was conducted to examine whether older adults would improve their performance when given statements intended to make them feel important to a research study as well as statements concerning their over-all well-being. Women ( n = 14) and men ( n = 15) with mean ages. of 76.0 yr. and 75.1 yr., respectively, were randomly assigned into a control group, a positive reinforcement group, and a group given statements of personal importance. Dependent measures on a rotary pursuit task, screw-and-nut assembly task, and an interest questionnaire were obtained during three separate visits. Data were analyzed with a 3 × 3 (Groups × Days) analysis of variance. While no significant group effects were found on any measure, a significant main effect was obtained for days, indicative of learning.
A Novel Contact-Lens System to Assess Visual Hemispheric Asymmetries
Authors: Fouty H. Edward , Yeo Ronald A. , Otto Michael W. , Briggs Charles R.
Published: August 2011

A soft contact-lens system for achieving unilateral visual stimulation in a free vision format is described. Initial testing with light transmittance and visual perimetry indicated that the lenses created artificial visual-field deficits. The efficacy of the lenses as a technique for lateralizing visual input was evaluated by examining within-subject differences in performance on two visuospatial tasks. Speed and accuracy of performance were greater with visual input directed to the right hemisphere. These data support the lens design as a useful alternative to tachistoscopic procedures and previous lens systems.
Perceptual Style and Instruction in the Acquisition of Qualitative Analysis of Movement by Majors in Elementary Education
Authors: Morrison Craig , Reeve Jean
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of videotaped instruction and perceptual style on 98 undergraduate elementary education majors' (77 women, 21 men) ability to learn to analyze movement by children. Scores from the Group Embedded Figures Test were used to stratify the subjects by quartiles. Students from each of the quartiles were randomly assigned to either the instruction or the control group. All subjects viewed a pre- and posttest and were separated for treatment. The instructed group watched a videotape of children throwing, catching, and striking while the control group did unrelated activity. A three-way analysis of variance gave significant effects for treatment, tests and the interactions of perceptual style and treatment and of tests and treatment. Instruction was superior to no instruction. The third quartile scorers in the instructed group had higher scores at posttest than those from the third quartile in the control group.
Abortion Attitudes, 1984-1987-1988: Effects of Item Order and Dimensionality
Authors: Tenvergert Elisabeth , Gillespie Michael W. , Kingma Johannes , Klasen Henk
Published: August 2011

The comparability of surveys is often hampered by differences in the item order of presentation. The major focus of the present study was to investigate whether a general item or a specific item at the beginning of the questionnaire would affect the endorsement as well as the scalability of a set of attitude items. By using a quasi-A-B-A experimental design for the six abortion items that appeared in the Edmonton Area Survey for the years 1984, 1987, and 1988, we found that the order of presentation of the items affected dramatically the endorsement of the abortion items. Approval of a general item was considerably higher when asked first than when asked after a specific item. In contrast, it was shown by means of a nonparametric item response theory model (the Mokken scale analysis) that the unidimensionality of the six abortion items was not affected by the manipulations of item order (i.e., the six abortion items measured the same concept in the three surveys). It was concluded that the six items are unidimensional and, therefore, create a single scale to measure the change in abortion attitudes across the three periods.
Arousability and Stress-Related Physical Symptoms: A Validation Study of Coren's Arousal Predisposition Scale
Authors: Hicks Roberta. , Conti Patricia A. , Nellis Terry
Published: August 2011

Coren's Arousal Predisposition Scale was validated against 249 college students' self-ratings of stress-related physical symptoms and an item that assessed general level of health. As we predicted, the 126 high-arousability subjects were substantially higher in mean stress-related symptoms score and lower in general health than the 123 peers low in arousability. These data suggest that the Arousal Predisposition Scale may be a useful instrument in the study of human stress.
Listeners' Perceived Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors Associated with Communicators' Perceived Understanding and Misunderstanding
Authors: Cahn Dudley D. , Frey Lawrence R.
Published: August 2011

Data from 245 respondents yielded 3 listeners' specific perceived nonverbal behaviors that were positively associated with communicators' perceived understanding and 5 verbal and 8 nonverbal perceived behaviors with perceived misunderstanding.
Comparison of Kaufman's Short Form of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales—Fourth Edition
Authors: Karr Sharon K. , Carvajal Howard , Palmer Bettye L.
Published: August 2011

21 kindergarten children completed the Stanford-Binet-IV (Binet-IV) and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Kaufman's (1977) estimated General Cognitive Index (GCI) was computed from the entire McCarthy scales. There was only one significant difference among the Binet-IV and estimated GCI scores. Abstract/Visual Reasoning was significantly lower than the Kaufman GCI. Correlations of the five Binet-IV Standard Age Scores and the Kaufman GCI ranged from .29 to .67. The correlation between the GCI and the Kaufman estimated GCI was .91.
Differential Diagnosis of Disturbed Adolescents with the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised
Authors: Fuller Gerald B.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of psychiatric adolescent patients (19 schizophrenics, 22 nonschizophrenics) on an acute inpatient ward of a general hospital were compared for their performance on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised. The effects of admission on test performance were also investigated. Results supported the efficacy of the test in differentiating between the two groups. The schizophrenic adolescents scored significantly less well (higher rotation scores) than the nonschizophrenics. It was shown that the groups' test performance significantly improved from admission to nine days later.
Binocularity and Photophobia in Intermittent Exotropia
Authors: Campos Emilio C. , Cipolli Carlo
Published: August 2011

The relationship between photophobia and binocular function in intermittent exotropia was examined in 42 subjects (21 patients and 21 controls). In all subjects fusional amplitude and strength of binocular sensory status were tested before and during exposure to bright light. An explanation of photophobia in intermittent exotropia was suggested as impairment in binocular cooperation, since the indicators of binocular function were significantly altered in the patients, particularly during light exposure.
Symbol and Word Effectiveness for Conveying Photocopier Functions in Experienced Photocopier Users
Authors: Chambers Sharon K. , Alexander Joel E. , Howard Carolyn K. , Andre Thomas , O'Boyle Michael W. , Eastman Valerie , Motoyama Tetsuro
Published: August 2011

This research was designed to assess whether experienced copier users prefer and are able to match keywords, in-use industry symbols, and new subject-generated symbols as designators of 16 photocopier functions. Previous research with inexperienced users had shown that words and newly generated symbols were more effective than in-use symbols as designators of most copier functions. In the present study, in Exp. 1 a preference measure was obtained from 38 experienced copier users for one of five different representations for 16 photocopier functions including: generated symbols, industry symbols, generated symbols with word(s), industry symbols with word(s), and word(s) only. In Exp. 2, 42 experienced photocopier users were asked to match keywords, generated symbols, and industry symbols with verbal descriptions of 16 copier functions. Analysis shows that experienced users prefer word-symbol combinations. Also, both subject-generated symbols and keywords lead to superior matching performance over industry symbols for most copier tasks. Interestingly, generated symbols and keywords did not differ significantly from each other over-all.
Manifest Reasons for Jogging and for Not Jogging
Authors: Vitulli William F. , DePace A. Nicholas
Published: August 2011

Reasons people give for why they do or do not jog should be taken seriously since these reasons can become discriminative for decisions about participating in regular exercise. 98 undergraduate student-volunteers were given two surveys of 13 items each in Likert format, statements about jogging and “not jogging.” Only 19 students completed the “reasons for jogging” form, while 79 students completed the “reasons for not jogging” form. High among reasons for jogging included health, psychological well-being, and the convenience and economy, and those for not jogging were preference for other exercise activities, boredom, discomfort, loneliness of jogging alone, and a past injury. The interaction between sex and ratings for “reasons for not jogging” was significant.
The Eyes in Imagery and Perceptual Processes: First Remarks
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Alfieri Giovanna
Published: August 2011

Through an ecographic system we examined the activity of the crystalline lens of 10 men and women during real perceptual activity and during imagery. Subjects had to perceive near and far stimuli and to imagine reading a word on a page of a book (near imagined stimulus) or seeing a ship on the horizon (far imagined stimulus). Results showed that processes of accommodation (linked to the variations of the optical axis of the crystalline lens) occur in both real and imaginative conditions. The first results suggest an active role of the eye during imagery.
Use of Rhythm in Acquisition of a Computer-Generated Tracking Task
Authors: Fulop Ann C. , Kirby Raymond H. , Coates Glynn D.
Published: August 2011

This research assessed whether rhythm aids acquisition of motor skills by providing cues for the timing of those skills. Rhythms were presented to participants visually or visually with auditory cues. It was hypothesized that the auditory cues would facilitate recognition and learning of the rhythms. The three timing principles of rhythms were also explored. It was hypothesized that rhythms that satisfied all three timing principles would be more beneficial in learning a skill than rhythms that did not satisfy the principles. Three groups learned three different rhythms by practicing a tracking task. After training, participants attempted to reproduce the tracks from memory. Results suggest that rhythms do help in learning motor skills but different sets of timing principles explain perception of rhythm in different modalities.
Comment: Universality of Formal Operational Thought
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Piaget suggested four stages of development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete and formal operations) may be universally observed, but only the first three have been confirmed because few people attain formal operations. Both Westerners and Africans may attain formal operations, however, given the way they reason and interact in their milieu.
Quantitative Scores of Normal and Abnormal Subjects on Initial-Letter Word-Association Test
Authors: Živković Momčilo
Published: August 2011

The quotient of the mean quantitative score on Initial-letter Word-association Test for 193 normal subjects was significantly higher than the quotient of the mean quantitative score of 44 abnormal (psychotic) subjects. This is interpreted as meaning that, in general, the normal subjects have predominantly a positive attitude towards their surrounding world in contradistinction to the abnormal subjects whose attitude was predominantly negative, ambivalent, and repressive. On the other hand, the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the 44 abnormal subjects was higher than the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the normal subjects which suggests increased oral tendencies of the abnormal subjects expressed much as the unwarranted optimism of small children.
Children's Development of Reaching: Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Aimed Whole-Arm Movements
Authors: Fayt Cécile , Schepens Nicole , Minet Marc
Published: August 2011

Age-related changes in movement time and spatial distribution of pointing errors were investigated using a whole-arm target-aimed task. 60 children (6 to 11 yr.) and 10 young adults were required to reach towards targets located on a vertical screen in four conditions: target lit for 4 sec. in light (1), in darkness (2), target lit for 200 msec. in light (3), in darkness (4). Accuracy was perfect in Conditions 1 and 2, with a significant increase of MT in Condition 2 between the ages 7 and 10. Accuracy decreased slightly in Condition 3 and strongly in Condition 4, despite a similar shortening of MT. In Condition 4 the subjects undershot the target position: horizontally from age 8 and vertically in all age groups, with an increase of vertical bias by girls at age 9. These results suggest age-related changes in computation of arm movement towards the target.
Bulimic Symptomatology and Coping in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Janzen B. L. , Kelly I. W. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between bulimic symptomatology as measured by scores on the Bulimia Test—Revised and coping orientation as measured by Endler and Parker's Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations given to a nonclinical sample of 164 female college students. A relationship was obtained among emotionally oriented coping, task-oriented coping, and scores on the Bulimia Test.
Effect of Memory Set-Size upon Event Related Potentials for Concrete and Abstract Kanji Stimuli
Authors: Osaka Mariko
Published: August 2011

Event related potentials (ERP) and reaction times (RT) were recorded during the performance of memory-retrieval tasks using the Japanese kanji characters. P300 latency and RT increased as the memory set-size increased. The slope differences between RT and P300 latency were larger for stimuli when concrete kanji were used than when abstract kanji were used. This suggests that, in memory search, the 20 subjects were likely to employ direct lexical access when processing concrete kanji and likely to use phonetic coding when processing abstract kanji.
Training Special Olympics Athletes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Emes Claudia , Page Stacey
Published: August 2011

An individualized fitness program had no significant effect on the development of selected strength and endurance measures of 5 Special Olympics athletes.
Resistance of Voice Onset Time Variability to Intoxication
Authors: Swartz Bradford L.
Published: August 2011

Voice onset times of /d/ and /t/ were measured for 16 adult subjects (age range 21 to 26 years) under conditions of sobriety and intoxication. Subjects consumed beer to reach intoxication levels between 0.075 and 0.100% as measured using a portable breathalyzer test. Analysis indicated consistent variabilities over time for each subject and resistance of VOT variability to alcohol influence.
Reliability of the Amplitude of the Return-Sweep Velocity of Eye Movements during Reading
Authors: Ong Jin , Summers James L.
Published: August 2011

A Beckman Type RM Dynograph was used to record the eye movements of 26 professional college men, once without spectacle corrections and then with piano lenses on a trial frame, during reading equivalent print at a distance of 33 cm. Amplitudes of the return-sweep velocity on these two trials were used to calculate an equivalent form reliability coefficient. A Pearson r of 0.88 indicates that their reliability is moderately high, meaning that both the desirable as well as the undesirable reading habits are probably deeply rooted by college, and imply that any reading remediation or improvement training should be performed at some much earlier stages to be efficiently effective.
Gap Acceptance by Pedestrians
Authors: Harrell W. A. , Bereska Tami
Published: August 2011

The riskiness of street crossing behavior of 75 individuals and groups of pedestrians was observed. Gap acceptance, or the elapsed time before a pedestrian initiated a crossing at a marked crosswalk and the time until a vehicle passed through the crosswalk, was the measure of risk. Pedestrian groups containing at least one infant tended to choose longer gaps, i.e., they were less risky in their crossing. Gap acceptance was also more conservative as the mean age of the pedestrian group increased. Gap was not affected by the sex ratio of the group or the volume of traffic passing through the intersection.
Perceptual-Motor Coordination and Style in Healthy Boys and Those with Minimal Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Cakirpaloglu P. , Radil T.
Published: August 2011

Differences in visual-motor tracking by 8- to 9-yr.-old boys diagnosed with Minimal Brain Dysfunction or healthy have been analyzed. The subject's task was to use two computer keys to control a cursor line within a target which moved horizontally in two directions over the display. Target size and speed were the experimental variables. Off-target incidences and durations were measured and evaluated. The latter were longer and the former were more frequent on small targets for boys with brain dysfunction than for healthy boys. The two measures correlated negatively in most situations. The perceptual-motor style expressed by means of the distribution of coincidences of the two measures being over or under a criterion set equal to the corresponding averages of the healthy boys was different in the two groups. Brain-damaged boys were characterized mostly by the combination of high incidence of low duration misses for small and fast targets and by high incidence of high duration misses for large and slow targets, whereas most healthy boys showed a few misses of low duration for large and slow targets and few misses of high duration for small and fast targets.
Postural Sway Characteristics of Single Leg Stance in Men with Mental Retardation
Authors: Suomi Rory , Surburg Paul R. , Koceja David M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the postural sway characteristics of 10 men with mental retardation and 10 each normal men and women during the one-logged stance test. Significant differences between the men with mental retardation and the other two groups were found on measures of lateral sway and on the sagittal sway:lateral sway ratio.
A Simple Method for Evaluation of Rorschach Imagery Reactivity
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L. , Albertson Melissa G.
Published: August 2011

A general scoring system, previously developed for the analysis of pictorial associations within the paradigm of Visual Imagery Sequences, was applied in the evaluation of visual associations to memory images of Rorschach inkblots (Imagery condition) in a comparison with standard Rorschach responses (Conventional condition). The participants, 80 consecutively selected psychiatric outpatients, were divided into Clinical Reactor and Nonreactor groups, according to how productive they were of psychodynamically revealing material during insight-oriented therapy using imagery. For this simple scoring method (which does not include the customary Rorschach scores), conclusions concerning Imagery Reactivity in the Rorschach agreed with those of previous studies using a scoring system more unique to the Rorschach. The inferences drawn from statistical analysis by groups and conditions also contribute additional refinements to the understanding of the subtle interplay between defensiveness and sensitivity to imagery in determining the patterns of scorable components within the response complex. This general scoring method correctly identified 95 6% of Imagery Reactors and 100% of Imagery Nonreactors, an improvement over the 87% efficiency of the previously described, Rorschach-based method for assessing Imagery Reactivity in the Rorschach.
Left Ear (Right Temporal Lobe) Suppressions during Dichotic Listening, Ego-Alien Intrusion Experiences and Spiritualistic Beliefs in Normal Women
Authors: Lavallée Marielle R. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Beliefs in spiritualism, a history of a sensed presence, and mental diplopia may share a common source of psychometric variance. We hypothesized that this variance should be specifically associated with right temporal-lobe function. Inferences of temporal lobe signs, hemisphericity (Vingiano's quotient) and self-esteem as well as dichotic listening measures were obtained for 26 university women. As predicted, the numbers of left-ear suppressions (right temporal-lobe function) but not of right-ear suppressions were specifically and moderately ( rho = 0.64) correlated with the intensity of Tobacyk's spiritualistic beliefs and a history of sensed presences and ego-alien intrusions. However, the negative association ( rhos about −0.45) between indices of left-right hemisphericity and self-esteem was related to a separate factor.
Association of Attitude toward Mathematics with Self-Efficacy, Causal Attribution, and Personality Traits
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: August 2011

983 children from Grades 1, 2, and 3 of the middle schools participated as subjects. Of these, 339 children were judged as having higher “self-efficacy” than the others. The associations of attitude toward mathematics with self-efficacy, attributions, and personality traits measured on the Shimoda Personality Inventory were investigated. Analysis showed that attitude toward mathematics had significant effects on mathematics performance. In attribution of effects to mathematics performance there were differences among the children across the grades. Among personality traits the immodithymic trait was significantly correlated with attitude toward mathematics.
Sex Differences in Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David , Heim Nikolaus
Published: August 2011

Suicide notes written by German men and women ( ns = 20) were found to be quite similar in content except for a tendency for the men to mention specific precipitating events more often than did the women.
Neuropsychological Performance and Suicidal Behavior in Adult Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Ellis Thomas E. , Berg Richard A. , Franzen Michael D.
Published: August 2011

Although various studies have shown that suicidal persons exhibit greater cognitive deficiencies than both normals and other psychiatric patients, researchers as yet have been unable to account for the source(s) of the differences. Some of these differences (e.g., cognitive rigidity and impaired problem solving) hint of possible organic involvement. This study explored the relationship of neuropsychological functioning to suicidal behavior by comparing 20 suicidal and 27 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients on several tests of neuropsychological functioning. Although results showed no significant differences between the two groups on most measures, both groups showed evidence of notably high levels of cortical dysfunction relative to test norms. Thirty-five percent of suicidal patients and 44% of nonsuicidal patients scored in the impaired range. Implications of this high frequency of impairment for the treatment of suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric patients are discussed.
Still No Evidence for a Photoreceptor-Level Abnormality in Dyslexia
Authors: Stuart G. W. , Lovegrove W. J.
Published: August 2011

In reply to Grosser and Spafford's (1992) defence of their theory that there is a photoreceptor-level abnormality in dyslexia we argue that (1) their original experiments do not tap rod functions, (2) the theory fails at the quantitative level, and (3) the proposition that rod inputs generate transient responses is false.
Behavior Engineering Proposals: 5. An Experimental Comparison of Team versus Solo Proofreading
Authors: Riefer David M.
Published: August 2011

An experiment is reported that tested the effectiveness of a common proofreading strategy known as team proofreading. Subjects in 32 pairs proofread a series of passages containing misspellings; one subject read out loud to a partner who followed along silently, both looking for errors. In a control condition both subjects read passages but did so separately Analysis showed that two proofreaders working on the same passage detected significantly more errors than one proofreader working alone. However, team proofreading itself was not shown to be effective for detecting misspellings, because two readers detected just as many total errors when they read separately as they did working as a team. In addition, reading out loud was not shown to be a beneficial element of team proofreading. The results suggest that having multiple proofreaders is a beneficial strategy for detecting misspellings, bur that it is not necessary for readers to work interactively as a team to accomplish this.
Learning Styles of Community College versus University Students
Authors: Henson Mark , Schmeck R. R.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Inventory of Learning Processes of 89 undergraduates from each of two institutions yielded higher intercorrelations among subscales for the community college students, suggesting students from the community college mistook acting like good students for being good university students.
Spatial Coding of Information on Temporal Order in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Stuckey Ralph W
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of spatial cues on judgments of temporal order for digits presented to the right or left visual field. 56 subjects were better able to recall temporal order on trials with congruent temporal and spatial cues, and on trials in which stimuli were presented to the right visual field. The implications of these results for several models of temporal encoding are discussed.
Impairment of Saccadic Eye Movements by Scopolamine Treatment
Authors: Oliva Giulia A. , Bucci Maria P. , Fioravanti Roberto
Published: August 2011

The effects of Scopolamine on the dynamics of saccadic eye movements, stimulated over a random time interval, have been investigated in humans. A 0.5-mg dose of the drug (intramuscular injection) had various influences on the basic saccadic parameters. For all subjects duration increased and peak velocity decreased, while for 50% of the subjects saccades became hypometric and latency increased. Standard deviations increased consistently too. Moreover, the Scopolamine treatment affected postsaccadic fixation; at the end of many saccades, the eye drifted considerably, but stability was recovered after a few seconds.