bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LANDSCAPE OF OURO PRETO (MG, BRAZIL) THROUGH ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Authors: Silva Rossi Allan , Pereira José Aldo Alves , Bueno Inácio Thomaz , Borges Luís Antônio Coimbra , Acerbi Júnior Fausto Weimar
Published: June 2018

Understanding the complex interaction among landscape elements can improve the management of environmental conservation and anthropic activities. The aim of the present study was to develop a methodology that assists in the planning and management, harmonizing the conservation of natural areas with anthropic activities in the city of Ouro Preto (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil). The methodology used the weighted overlay algorithm of the ArcMap™ software, which weights among land use characteristics. In the present study, the following classes were used: slope; relief; soil; landscape ownership by individuals; presence of protected areas; economy; and type of management applied to the preservation or conservation of forests and fields. The most relevant anthropic activities (contained in the classes) were simulated, to the detriment of the forest reduction, according to their spatial locations. Consequently, a map with five weights was obtained, which were verified in the field with their respective descriptions. The physical changes occurred as a reflection of the economy, promoting environmental effects, especially related to the mining, tourism, agricultural and livestock activities, besides conservation of natural areas. All of them require ideally a shared management. The interactions among simulated classes aid to increase information in future planning. Understanding the anthropic and natural processes, which have taken place by either consolidation or isolation along the territory, can assist decision-making on the current directions and in the definition of future proposals. It was noticed that the landscape needs a management which creates sustainable alternatives for anthropic activities.
Teaching Moral Philosophy in the Behavioral Sciences: An Efficacy Study
Authors: Fulmer Russell
Published: June 2018

Normative ethics is the philosophical basis for the American Psychological Association’s (2010) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, the applied ethics by which the psychology profession is governed. Concerned with the theories that help to determine right and wrong, normative ethics is an indispensable yet ostensibly inaccessible realm of study for clinical psychologists. This article presents a comprehensible exercise that professors and supervisors versed in normative ethics can administer to students and clinicians in training to help them clarify and articulate their beliefs. Results are presented that support the efficacy of the exercise in terms of increased normative awareness, heightened self-knowledge, and broadened worldviews. Implications for the utility of the exercise in the clinical psychology and health fields at large are also discussed.
Boekensignalement
Authors: Boutellier Hans
Published: June 2018

Boekensignalement

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
Weg van de totale oorlog tegen de overheid
Authors: Van Dijk Jasper
Published: June 2018

Weg van de totale oorlog tegen de overheid

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
Editorial: Thanks, and Goodbye to All That
Authors: Trott Barry
Published: June 2018

In her final RUSQ column before turning over responsibility for the journal to me, editor Diane Zabel noted, “I wish Barry the best of luck and know that he too will find the editorship a gratifying experience.”1 I have to say that both of those things came to be, and I am ever grateful to Diane and the RUSA Board for giving me a position that provided both challenges and satisfactions beyond what I had imagined.
Searching for Birth Parents or Adopted Children: Finding without Seeking in Romance Novels
Authors: Chelton Mary K.
Published: June 2018

Using concepts from Catherine Sheldrick Ross’s “Finding without Seeking: The Information Encounter in the Context of Reading for Pleasure,” a convenience sample of 129 romance novels about secret babies is examined to determine what information is imparted about the processes by which adoptees and birth parents search for each other.
Book Review: Street Style in America: An Exploration
Authors: Wiebe Todd J.
Published: June 2018

While I am not one to pay too much attention to fashion or clothing trends, I do find myself interested in urban culture and subculture, which is what this book is really about. Rather than simply documenting the varied dress and outward appearance choices of inner city Americans, author Jennifer Grayer Moore, an art and design historian, provides a more nuanced account of how diverse urban populations have evolved over the years, paying particular attention to how each have inevitably developed a “look” or certain visual traits that to some extent play a role in defining who they are.
Research method for locative games
Authors: Andrade Luiz Adolfo
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a methodology approach for locative games studies using as reference the actor-network theory. The hypothesis supports that actor-network theory could be useful because it focuses on agencies between humans and non-humans; by the same way, it provides useful categories to support the researcher in the description of an emerging phenomenon. Locative gaming is a fruitful experience to use concepts from actor-network theory because it is connected to many humans and non-humans actants. In the attempt to achieve a research method for locative games using actor-network theory, this study provides a description of some game sessions of Pokémon GO played in Copenhagen during the summer of 2017.
Association mapping from sequencing reads using k-mers
Authors: Rahman Atif , Hallgrímsdóttir Ingileif , Eisen Michael , Pachter Lior
Published: June 2018

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) rely on microarrays, or more recently mapping of sequencing reads, to genotype individuals. The reliance on prior sequencing of a reference genome limits the scope of association studies, and also precludes mapping associations outside of the reference. We present an alignment free method for association studies of categorical phenotypes based on counting k-mers in whole-genome sequencing reads, testing for associations directly between k-mers and the trait of interest, and local assembly of the statistically significant k-mers to identify sequence differences. An analysis of the 1000 genomes data show that sequences identified by our method largely agree with results obtained using the standard approach. However, unlike standard GWAS, our method identifies associations with structural variations and sites not present in the reference genome. We also demonstrate that population stratification can be inferred from k-mers. Finally, application to an E.coli dataset on ampicillin resistance validates the approach.
Signals from the brain and olfactory epithelium control shaping of the mammalian nasal capsule cartilage
Authors: Kaucka Marketa , Petersen Julian , Tesarova Marketa , Szarowska Bara , Kastriti Maria Eleni , Xie Meng , Kicheva Anna , Annusver Karl , Kasper Maria , Symmons Orsolya , Pan Leslie , Spitz Francois , Kaiser Jozef , Hovorakova Maria , Zikmund Tomas , Sunadome Kazunori , Matise Michael P , Wang Hui , Marklund Ulrika , Abdo Hind , Ernfors Patrik , Maire Pascal , Wurmser Maud , Chagin Andrei S , Fried Kaj , Adameyko Igor
Published: June 2018

Facial shape is the basis for facial recognition and categorization. Facial features reflect the underlying geometry of the skeletal structures. Here, we reveal that cartilaginous nasal capsule (corresponding to upper jaw and face) is shaped by signals generated by neural structures: brain and olfactory epithelium. Brain-derived Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) enables the induction of nasal septum and posterior nasal capsule, whereas the formation of a capsule roof is controlled by signals from the olfactory epithelium. Unexpectedly, the cartilage of the nasal capsule turned out to be important for shaping membranous facial bones during development. This suggests that conserved neurosensory structures could benefit from protection and have evolved signals inducing cranial cartilages encasing them. Experiments with mutant mice revealed that the genomic regulatory regions controlling production of SHH in the nervous system contribute to facial cartilage morphogenesis, which might be a mechanism responsible for the adaptive evolution of animal faces and snouts.
PACAP neurons in the ventral premammillary nucleus regulate reproductive function in the female mouse
Authors: Ross Rachel A , Leon Silvia , Madara Joseph C , Schafer Danielle , Fergani Chrysanthi , Maguire Caroline A , Verstegen Anne MJ , Brengle Emily , Kong Dong , Herbison Allan E , Kaiser Ursula B , Lowell Bradford B , Navarro Victor M
Published: June 2018

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, Adcyap1) is a neuromodulator implicated in anxiety, metabolism and reproductive behavior. PACAP global knockout mice have decreased fertility and PACAP modulates LH release. However, its source and role at the hypothalamic level remain unknown. We demonstrate that PACAP-expressing neurons of the ventral premamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (PMVPACAP) project to, and make direct contact with, kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate and AVPV/PeN nuclei and a subset of these neurons respond to PACAP exposure. Targeted deletion of PACAP from the PMV through stereotaxic virally mediated cre- injection or genetic cross to LepR-i-cre mice with Adcyap1fl/fl mice led to delayed puberty onset and impaired reproductive function in female, but not male, mice. We propose a new role for PACAP-expressing neurons in the PMV in the relay of nutritional state information to regulate GnRH release by modulating the activity of kisspeptin neurons, thereby regulating reproduction in female mice.
Orbital frontal cortex updates state-induced value change for decision-making
Authors: Baltz Emily T , Yalcinbas Ege A , Renteria Rafael , Gremel Christina M
Published: June 2018

Recent hypotheses have posited that orbital frontal cortex (OFC) is important for using inferred consequences to guide behavior. Less clear is OFC’s contribution to goal-directed or model-based behavior, where the decision to act is controlled by previous experience with the consequence or outcome. Investigating OFC’s role in learning about changed outcomes separate from decision-making is not trivial and often the two are confounded. Here we adapted an incentive learning task to mice, where we investigated processes controlling experience-based outcome updating independent from inferred action control. We found chemogenetic OFC attenuation did not alter the ability to perceive motivational state-induced changes in outcome value but did prevent the experience-based updating of this change. Optogenetic inhibition of OFC excitatory neuron activity selectively when experiencing an outcome change disrupted the ability to update, leaving mice unable to infer the appropriate behavior. Our findings support a role for OFC in learning that controls decision-making.
Adult zebrafish Langerhans cells arise from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
Authors: He Sicong , Chen Jiahao , Jiang Yunyun , Wu Yi , Zhu Lu , Jin Wan , Zhao Changlong , Yu Tao , Wang Tienan , Wu Shuting , Lin Xi , Qu Jianan Y , Wen Zilong , Zhang Wenqing , Xu Jin
Published: June 2018

The origin of Langerhans cells (LCs), which are skin epidermis-resident macrophages, remains unclear. Current lineage tracing of LCs largely relies on the promoter-Cre-LoxP system, which often gives rise to contradictory conclusions with different promoters. Thus, reinvestigation with an improved tracing method is necessary. Here, using a laser-mediated temporal-spatial resolved cell labeling method, we demonstrated that most adult LCs originated from the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (VDA), an equivalent to the mouse aorta, gonads, and mesonephros (AGM), where both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and non-HSC progenitors are generated. Further fine-fate mapping analysis revealed that the appearance of LCs in adult zebrafish was correlated with the development of HSCs, but not T cell progenitors. Finally, we showed that the appearance of tissue-resident macrophages in the brain, liver, heart, and gut of adult zebrafish was also correlated with HSCs. Thus, the results of our study challenged the EMP-origin theory for LCs.
Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Garber Paul A. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Wich Serge , Gouveia Sidney , Dobrovolski Ricardo , Nekaris K.A.I. , Nijman Vincent , Rylands Anthony B. , Maisels Fiona , Williamson Elizabeth A. , Bicca-Marques Julio , Fuentes Agustin , Jerusalinsky Leandro , Johnson Steig , Rodrigues de Melo Fabiano , Oliveira Leonardo , Schwitzer Christoph , Roos Christian , Cheyne Susan M. , Martins Kierulff Maria Cecilia , Raharivololona Brigitte , Talebi Mauricio , Ratsimbazafy Jonah , Supriatna Jatna , Boonratana Ramesh , Wedana Made , Setiawan Arif
Published: June 2018

Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.
Highly efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater by dielectrophoresis-enhanced adsorption
Authors: Liu Dongyang , Cui Chenyang , Wu Yanhong , Chen Huiying , Geng Junfeng , Xia Jianxin
Published: June 2018

A new approach, based on dielectrophoresis (DEP), was developed in this work to enhance traditional adsorption for the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) from wastewater. The factors that affected the removal efficiency were systematically investigated, which allowed us to determine optimal operation parameters. With this new method we found that the removal efficiency was significantly improved from 66.7% by adsorption only to 95% by adsorption-DEP using titanium metal mesh as electrodes of the DEP and zeolite as the absorbent material. In addition, the dosage of the absorbent/zeolite and the processing time needed for the removal were greatly reduced after the introduction of DEP into the process. In addition, a very low discharge concentration (C, 1.5 mg/L) of NH3-N was achieved by the new method, which well met the discharge criterion of C < 8 mg/L (the emission standard of pollutants for rare earth industry in China).
Horizontally transferred genes in the ctenophoreMnemiopsis leidyi
Authors: Hernandez Alexandra M. , Ryan Joseph F.
Published: June 2018

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has had major impacts on the biology of a wide range of organisms from antibiotic resistance in bacteria to adaptations to herbivory in arthropods. A growing body of literature shows that HGT between non-animals and animals is more commonplace than previously thought. In this study, we present a thorough investigation of HGT in the ctenophoreMnemiopsis leidyi. We applied tests of phylogenetic incongruence to identify nine genes that were likely transferred horizontally early in ctenophore evolution from bacteria and non-metazoan eukaryotes. All but one of these HGTs (an uncharacterized protein) are homologous to characterized enzymes, supporting previous observations that genes encoding enzymes are more likely to be retained after HGT events. We found that the majority of these nine horizontally transferred genes were expressed during development, suggesting that they are active and play a role in the biology ofM. leidyi. This is the first report of HGT in ctenophores, and contributes to an ever-growing literature on the prevalence of genetic information flowing between non-animals and animals.
Evaluation and verification of the QFix EncompassTM couch insert for intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Snyder Karen Chin , Xhaferllari Ilma , Huang Yimei , Siddiqui M. Salim , Chetty Indrin J. , Wen Ning
Published: June 2018

The QFix EncompassTM stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) immobilization system consists of a thermoplastic mask that attaches to the couch insert to immobilize patients treated with intracranial SRS. This study evaluates the dosimetric impact and verifies a vendor provided treatment planning system (TPS) model in the Eclipse TPS. A thermoplastic mask was constructed for a Lucy 3D phantom, and was scanned with and without the EncompassTM system. Attenuation measurements were performed in the Lucy phantom with and without the insert using a pinpoint ion chamber for energies of 6xFFF, 10xFFF and 6X, with three field sizes (2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 6 × 6 cm2). The measurements were compared to two sets of calculations. The first set utilized the vendor provided Encompass TPS model (EncompassTPS), which consists of two structures: the Encompass and Encompass base structure. Three HU values for the Encompass (200, 300, 400) and Encompass Base (−600, −500, −400) structures were evaluated. The second set of calculations consists of the Encompass insert included in the external body contour (EncompassEXT) for dose calculation. The average measured percent attenuation in the posterior region of the insert ranged from 3.4%–3.8% for the 6xFFF beam, 2.9%–3.4% for the 10xFFF, and 3.3%–3.6% for the 6X beam. The maximum attenuation occurred at the region where the mask attaches to the insert, where attenuation up to 17% was measured for a 6xFFF beam. The difference between measured and calculated attenuation with either the EncompassEXT or EncompassTPS approach was within 0.5%. HU values in the EncompassTPS model that provided the best agreement with measurement was 400 for the Encompass structure and −400 for the Encompass base structure. Significant attenuation was observed at the area where the mask attaches to the insert. Larger differences can be observed when using few static beams compared to rotational treatment techniques.
Finely Crafted 3D Electrodes for Dendrite‐Free and High‐Performance Flexible Fiber‐Shaped Zn–Co Batteries
Authors: Li Ming , Meng Jiashen , Li Qi , Huang Meng , Liu Xiong , Owusu Kwadwo Asare , Liu Ziang , Mai Liqiang
Published: June 2018

Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐based batteries, benefiting from their good reliability, low cost, high energy/power densities, and ecofriendliness, show great potential in energy storage systems. However, the poor cycling performance due to the formation of Zn dendrites greatly hinders their practical applications. In this work, a trilayer 3D CC‐ZnO@C‐Zn anode is obtained by in situ growing ZIFs (zeolitic‐imidazolate frameworks) derived ZnO@C core–shell nanorods on carbon cloth followed by Zn deposition, which exhibits excellent antidendrite performance. Using CC‐ZnO@C‐Zn as the anode and a branch‐like Co(CO3)0.5(OH)x·0.11H2O@CoMoO4 (CC‐CCH@CMO) as the cathode, a Zn–Co battery is rationally designed, displaying excellent energy/power densities (235 Wh kg−1, 12.6 kW kg−1) and remarkable cycling performance (71.1% after 5000 cycles). Impressively, when using a gel electrolyte, a highly customizable, fiber‐shaped flexible all‐solid‐state Zn–Co battery is assembled for the first time, which presents a high energy density of 4.6 mWh cm−3, peak power density of 0.42 W cm−3, and long durability (82% capacity retention after 1600 cycles) as well as excellent flexibility. The unique 3D electrode design in this study provides a novel approach to achieve high‐performance Zn‐based batteries, showing promising applications in flexible and portable energy‐storage systems.
Red blood cell adhesion to heme‐activated endothelial cells reflects clinical phenotype in sickle cell disease
Authors: Kucukal Erdem , Ilich Anton , Key Nigel S. , Little Jane A. , Gurkan Umut A.
Published: June 2018

In sickle cell disease (SCD), ‘disease severity’ associates with increased RBC adhesion to quiescent endothelium, but the impact on activated endothelium is not known. Increased concentrations of free heme result from intravascular hemolysis in SCD. Heme is essential for aerobic metabolism and plays an important role in numerous biological processes. Excess free heme induces reactive oxygen species generation and endothelial activation, which are associated with cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. Here, we utilized an endothelialized microfluidic platform (Endothelium‐on‐a‐chip) to assess adhesion of sickle hemoglobin‐containing red blood cells (HbS RBCs), from adults with homozygous SCD, to heme‐activated human endothelial cells (EC) in vitro. Confluent EC monolayers in microchannels were treated with pathophysiologically relevant levels of heme in order to simulate the highly hemolytic intravascular milieu seen in SCD. RBC adhesion to heme‐activated ECs varied from subject to subject, and was associated with plasma markers of hemolysis (LDH) and reticulocytosis, thereby linking those RBCs that are most likely to adhere with those that are most likely to hemolyze. These results re‐emphasize the critical contribution made by heterogeneous adhesive HbS RBCs to the pathophysiology of SCD. We found that adhesion of HbS RBCs to heme‐activated ECs varied amongst individuals in the study population, and associated with biomarkers of hemolysis and inflammation, age, and a recent history of transfusion. Importantly, the microfluidic approach described herein holds promise as a clinically feasible Endothelium‐on‐a‐chip platform with which to study complex heterocellular adhesive interactions in SCD.
Immobilization of silk fibroin on the surface of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Khosravi Alireza , Ghasemi‐Mobarakeh Laleh , Mollahosseini Hossein , Ajalloueian Fatemeh , Masoudi Rad Maryam , Norouzi Mohammad‐Reza , Sami Jokandan Maryam , Khoddami Akbar , Chronakis Ioannis S.
Published: June 2018

Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) is explored in tissue engineering (TE) applications due to its biocompatibility, processability, and appropriate mechanical properties. However, its hydrophobic nature and lack of functional groups in its structure are major drawbacks of PCL‐based scaffolds limiting appropriate cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, silk fibroin (SF) was immobilized on the surface of electrospun PCL nanofibers via covalent bonds in order to improve their hydrophilicity. To this end, the surface of PCL nanofibers was activated by ultraviolet (UV)–ozone irradiation followed by carboxylic functional groups immobilization on their surface by their immersion in acrylic acid under UV radiation and final immersion in SF solution. Furthermore, morphological, mechanical, contact angle, and Attenuated total reflection‐ Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) were measured to assess the properties of the surface‐modified PCL nanofibers grafted with SF. ATR‐FTIR results confirmed the presence of SF on the surface of PCL nanofibers. Moreover, contact angle measurements of the PCL nanofibers grafted with SF showed the contact angle of zero indicating high hydrophilicity of modified nanofibers. In vitro cell culture studies using NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts confirmed enhanced cytocompatibility, cell adhesion, and proliferation of the SF‐treated PCL nanofibers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46684.
Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, Mößbauer, and EPR Spectroscopic Studies on Ferrocenyl‐Substituted Tritylium Dyes
Authors: Oßwald Steffen , Casper Larissa A. , Anders Patrick , Schiebel Eva , Demeshko Serhiy , Winter Rainer F.
Published: June 2018

Four monoferrocenyl tritylium derivatives with donor‐substituted (OMe, NMe2) aryl rings are reported, along with their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. All the complexes show a one‐electron reduction and a quasi‐reversible ferrocene oxidation at a very positive potential. Small quadrupole splittings, ΔEQ, in Mößbauer spectra agree with highly electron‐deficient ferrocenes. Comparison of the experimental half‐wave potentials for ferrocene oxidation,E1/2(Fc/Fc+), with those estimated from established correlations ofE1/2(Fc/Fc+) with ΔEQindicates that theE1/2values of the anisyl‐substituted congenersFcOMe+andFcMeOMe+are affected by Coulombic repulsion between the positive charges at the Fe ion and the neighboring methylium site. Electronic spectra are recorded and interpreted with the aid of quantum chemical calculations. UV/Vis spectroelectrochemical measurements as well as chemical reduction provide insight into the redox‐induced color changes upon ferrocene oxidation or upon reduction to the neutral trityl radicals. The neutral radicals reversibly form EPR‐silent dimers. This process is studied by temperature‐dependent EPR spectroscopy, and thermodynamic data for their dimerization are determined. Experimental and quantum chemical data suggest that the dimers assume classical hexaarylethane structures as opposed to normal or “offset” Jacobson–Nauta‐type structures.
Iron overload in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: An updated overview
Authors: Moukalled Nour M. , El Rassi Fuad A. , Temraz Sally N. , Taher Ali T.
Published: June 2018

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) encompass a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by a broad clinical spectrum related to ineffective hematopoiesis leading to unilineage or multilineage cytopenias, with a high propensity for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Iron overload has been recently identified as one of the important conditions complicating the management of these diverse disorders. The accumulation of iron is mainly related to chronic transfusions; however, evidence suggests a possible role for ineffective erythropoiesis and increased intestinal absorption of iron, related to altered hepcidin and growth differentiation factor‐15 levels in the development of hemosiderosis in patients with MDS. In addition to its suggested role in the exacerbation of ineffective erythropoiesis, multiple reports have identified a prognostic implication for the development of iron overload in patients with MDS, with an improvement in overall survival after the initiation of iron chelation therapy. This review includes a detailed discussion of iron overload in patients with MDS whether they are undergoing supportive therapy or curative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a focus on the mechanism, diagnosis, and effect on survival as well as the optimal management of this highly variable complication.
DMS‐seq for In Vivo Genome‐Wide Mapping of Protein‐DNA Interactions and Nucleosome Centers
Authors: Umeyama Taichi , Ito Takashi
Published: June 2018

The genome exerts its functions through interactions with proteins. Hence, comprehensive identification of protein‐occupied sites by genomic footprinting is critical to an in‐depth understanding of genome functions. This unit describes the protocol of dimethyl sulfate‐sequencing (DMS‐seq). DMS is an alkylating reagent that methylates guanine and adenine in double‐stranded DNA. DMS added to the culture medium readily enters the cell and methylates its DNA throughout the genome except for the regions bound by proteins, thereby obviating the need for nuclear isolation in genomic footprinting. Polyamine/AP‐endonuclease treatment of DNA isolated from DMS‐treated cells induces cleavages at the methylated sites. Deep sequencing of these fragments identifies protein‐bound sites as peaks of protected fragments or troughs of cleavage sites. Furthermore, DMS displays an unexpected preference to nucleosome centers, enabling their direct detection without genetic manipulation. Therefore, DMS‐seq provides a unique method for non‐targeted profiling of in vivo protein‐DNA interactions. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
About the Inversion Barriers of P‐Chirogenic Triaryl‐Substituted Phosphanes
Authors: Holz Jens , Jiao Haijun , Gandelman Mark , Börner Armin
Published: June 2018

The racemization tendency of acyclic P‐chirogenic phosphanes is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Results of these investigations are important for the construction and use of P‐chirogenic ligands and organocatalysts frequently used in asymmetric syntheses. Proof is given that triaryl phosphanes undergo easier racemization than compounds in which the phosphorus atom is linked to alkyl substituents. Interestingly, bulky ortho aryl substituents have only a marginal effect, whereas P‐naphthyl rings destabilize the compound.
A Sustainable, User‐Friendly Protocol for the Pd‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Authors: Liori Aggeliki A. , Stamatopoulos Ioannis K. , Papastavrou Argyro T. , Pinaka Afroditi , Vougioukalakis Georgios C.
Published: June 2018

We herein present a new catalytic system for the palladium‐free Sonogashira coupling reaction. The catalytically active moiety is formed in situ, in a straightforward and user‐friendly manner, by combining a widely available low‐cost copper salt and an N‐heterocyclic carbene precursor. A series of N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand precursors with variable structural features, some of which are novel, were tested and the reaction conditions were optimized. Using the catalytic system with the optimum performance, the scopes of the alkyne and the aryl halide were probed. Aryl iodides readily react with terminal alkynes, providing the coupling products in high to excellent yields. The protocol is highly efficient with alkynes bearing either alkyl or aryl substituents, the latter having either electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing groups.
Coupled modeling of bank retreat processes in the Upper Jingjiang Reach, China
Authors: Deng Shanshan , Xia Junqiang , Zhou Meirong , Li Jie , Zhu Yonghui
Published: June 2018

Bank retreat processes in the Upper Jingjiang Reach (UJR) have attracted much attention in recent years due to a high occurrence frequency, and these processes can be influenced significantly by the near‐bank fluvial erosion and variations in river stage and groundwater level. A coupled model was thus proposed in this study, integrating the module of bank‐toe deformation with the modules of groundwater level change and bank stability analysis. The proposed model was validated through comparisons between the calculated and measured bank erosion volumes and bank profiles at four typical sections in the UJR, with relatively close agreement being obtained. Multiple tests were conducted to investigate the model performance. These results show that: (i) a more rapid drawdown of river stage resulted in a more significantly delayed response of groundwater level to river stage, indicating that the bank may suffer a higher pore water pressure at the same river stage during the rapid drawdown period; (ii) a larger bank erosion volume was predicted, with the delayed response of groundwater level being considered. In addition, initial groundwater level may take a great impact on bank erosion simulations, especially for the banks with relatively lower soil permeability and shear strength); (iii) based on the adopted method of bank stability analysis, the occurrence of the first failure may greatly influence the sequential failures, and thus the total number and volume of bank failure; (iv) the calculated bank erosion volume was most sensitive to a change in the critical shear stress, especially to its decrease, when the erodibility coefficient was determined by an empirical function of the critical shear stress. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Optimization of a Fuel‐ and Air‐Preheater for Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Jia X. , Pei P.
Published: June 2018

In this study, fuel‐ and air‐preheater for reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs) are designed and optimized to improve energy utilization. The fuel‐ and air‐preheater models are established and validated to be correct by comparison to experiment results. Geometry parameters of air‐ and fuel‐ preheater are optimized to get smaller temperature differences (ΔT) between hot side inlet and cold side outlet. The other main optimization is to reduce pressure losses ΔP in preheater channels. It is founded that three geometry parameters have significant influences on ΔT and ΔP, which are plate number, width and height of fuel‐ and air‐preheater. For fuel preheater, the smallest ΔT and ΔP are obtained when geometry parameters are 9 plates, 4.8 mm width and 5 mm height. For air preheater, they are 7 plates, 1 mm width and 5 mm height. This study shows new preheater models and analyzes the influence parameters of a reversible process on design. Smaller ΔT and ΔP are achieved by modifying these parameters, which make full use of recycling energy and minimize operating costs.
Grid Modernization Nearing the Tipping Point
Authors: DeCotis Paul A.
Published: June 2018

A fundamental principle of regulation is that prices and services approximate the prices and services that would have been available in a competitive market environment.
Comparison of endometrial assessment by transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy
Authors: Yela Daniela A. , Pini Patricia H. , Benetti‐Pinto Cristina L.
Published: June 2018

Objective

To compare transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of endometrial pathologies.

Methods

In the present retrospective cohort study, data were reviewed from women with ultrasonography findings suggestive of endometrial lesions and/or abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent hysteroscopy at a single center in Campinas, Brazil, between January 2011 and December 2013; data were stratified based on reproductive‐aged and postmenopausal groups. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasonography and hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions were determined. Histopathology was used as the gold standard.

Results

There were 754 patients included (256 reproductive age, 498 postmenopausal). In the reproductive‐age group, ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 96.0%, specificity of 58.0%, PPV of 94.4%, NPV of 66.6%, and accuracy of 91.5%, whereas hysteroscopy had a sensitivity of 91.8%, specificity of 76.6%, PPV of 96.0%, NPV of 60.5%, and accuracy of 89.7% for the diagnosis of endometrial disease. In the postmenopausal group, ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 99.0%, specificity of 19.0%, PPV of 96.1%, NPV of 50.0%, and accuracy of 95.3%, whereas hysteroscopy had a sensitivity of 96.7%, specificity of 86.9%, PPV of 99.2%, NPV of 58.8%, and accuracy of 96.2%.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography was found to be an effective method for the diagnosis of endometrial disease, especially among postmenopausal women.
ROLE OF FIRST‐YEAR MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT AND PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT IN BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Im Youngjo , Vanderweele Tyler J.
Published: June 2018

Drawing on economic models of child development and attachment relationship perspectives, this study examined the effect of maternal employment in the first year after childbirth on subsequent behavioral and cognitive development in low‐income children. Analyses of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 411) revealed that despite the accompanying family income gains, maternal employment in the first year after childbirth adversely affected caregiver‐reported internalizing and externalizing behavior problems of Hispanic, Black, and White children at ages 3 and 5 years. This study also examined how paternal participation in childcare might affect children's outcomes. Results indicate that greater paternal participation eased the adverse impacts of maternal employment on internalizing behavior problems. There was no evidence that maternal employment was associated with children's memory cognitive functioning or that paternal involvement moderated children's cognitive development. These findings suggest that when early intervention programs are designed to assist low‐income families, enhancing supports (e.g., paternal involvement or parental leave) for working mothers during their child's first year may be valuable for young children's healthy development.
Hydrant Discharge Measurements Methods As Used By Operators
Authors: Wilson P.S.
Published: June 2018

One method of field flow measurement is discussed. The Pitot orifice tube is inserted through a corporation cock in the side of a main. A cap having an ordinary pressure gage tapped into it is placed on the hydrant nozzle, allowing discharge to take place through the other nozzles. A formula to determine hydrant discharge is also discussed along with the practical uses of hydrant flow tests.
Hints To Help Operators Keep Pumps Running
Authors: Emmerling Charles R.
Published: June 2018

Misalignment and improper suction piping are some of the problems which can occur in centrifugal pumps. Suggestions for keeping pumps in proper working order are presented.
Motorized Equipment Improves Efficiency For Smaller Systems
Authors: Ramey Jesse C.
Published: June 2018

Motorized vehicles are important in the installation, maintenance and repair of fire hydrants. The proper equipment will prevent unnecessary injury to workers. There are also specially‐equipped trucks for meter testing and field repair. Emergency vehicles and their uses are also covered.
Part II Treatment Plant and Equipment Corrosion
Authors: Vogele Lou J.
Published: June 2018

Various types of corrosion are discussed including galvanic corrosion, fretting, corrosion fatigue, erosion‐corrosion, cavitation, and oxidation. Also presented are methods of preventing these types of corrosion.
Potable Water Supply Cross‐Connection Issues
Authors: Kelley William A.
Published: June 2018

Different types of cross‐connection problems which can occur are briefly discussed. These problems illustrate the necessity for precautions to protect the quality of water after it has entered the distribution system.
Large Lateral Connections to Pressurized Water Mains (Wet Tapping)—Part III
Authors: Morrow Darrel , Breheny Michael J. , Seevers F.R. Dick
Published: June 2018

A method of tapping into water mains under pressure is described. With the use of large lateral connections, the job may be accomplished at the convenience of the utility and no customers are without water. The fire system remains operational and there is no overtime for night labor. The procedure is outlined here.
Microbiology in Surface Water Sources
Authors: Kincannon Don F.
Published: June 2018

The natural microbial flora found in surface waters, such as algae, bacteria, and yeast, are perfectly safe and do not cause any diseases until human waste is added to the water. This flora does, however, cause taste and odor problems in the water. This paper discusses waterborne diseases and infection, the bacteriological indicators of waterborne disease, and the causes of taste and odor problems that may occur.
Winterize Now!
Authors: Wolkowski Robert
Published: June 2018

In this article, water utility personnel from Wisconsin and Minnesota provide guidelines for system maintenance in anticipation of winter operations. Topics covered include vehicle and equipment preparation, stockpiling of supplies and repair parts, compilation of accurate maps and records, and completion of fall main flushing and hydrant maintenance programs.
Fall T&O Control Experience at Marston Lake (Denver)
Authors: Beer Charles R
Published: June 2018

Described is the experience with taste and odor problems which occurred in Marston Lake in Denver, Colorado. Algae was a problem for many years but was kept under control by monitoring the lake twice a week and treating with copper sulfate. Recently, however, late algal blooms after the lake was frozen over caused a severe odor problem which could not be treated with copper sulfate because of the frozen condition of the lake. The solution decided upon was to treat the lake with copper sulfate in the late autumn when the algae counts are low, thereby eliminating any frozen lake odor problem. The problems and solutions over the span of several years are discussed.
Cowlitz River Carries Water Supply Problems
Authors: Editi Leland F.
Published: June 2018

The City of Longview, Washington, takes its water supply from the Cowlitz River 13 miles down river from its confluence with the tributary Toutle River, which forks along the north and west sides of Mt. St. Helens. The volcano's May 18, 1980 eruption caused a huge log jam, an increase in the Cowlitz's turbidity to over 50,000 JTU, and a 12‐foot deposit of silt and mud on the river bottom. The city's emergency procedures for adequate supply, filtration plant sedimentation cleaning, and modifications of the raw‐water intakes are discussed.
Bigger box gives greater grip
Authors: Barr Carl E.
Published: June 2018

Use of a valve box constructed of PVC sewer pipe which has a larger diameter than regular valve boxes is one solution to the problem of valve box shifting which obstructs a secure grip on the operating nut.
Tool for lifting lid of water valve box
Authors: Divis Gene
Published: June 2018

This flexible, two‐fingered tool with a handle grips water valve box lids firmly, pulls straight and evenly, and is easy to apply even on lids that are covered with dirt or are frozen tight.
Windmills: new designs for old machines
Authors: Udall Stewart
Published: June 2018

The second in a featured series on windmills, this article outlines government and private industrial contributions to the development of modern windmills. Products of several small manufacturers are described and pictured. Experiences of rural families with windmill use are related.
A Do‐lt‐Yourself Well Probe for Small Systems
Authors: Skeels Jerry
Published: June 2018

Directions for building a low‐cost well probe are given. Materials include speaker wire, wire makers, clear heat‐shrink tubing, a plastic spool with a crank handle, a metal box, a buzzer, a power cord, and an optional meter.
Chlorination Systems—Feeding Chlorine Into Water
Authors: Wesorick Jim
Published: June 2018

The most common type of chlorination system used in water treatment plants is the solution‐feed vacuum‐type chlorination system. This article describes the solution‐ feed vacuum‐type chlorination system's regulator, rate valve, and ejector. Accompanying this article is a list of guidelines for inspecting and maintaining these components. Also discussed are guidelines for the handling of chlorine containers, connecting chlorine containers, temperature and corrosion controls, and leakage checks.
Homemade Tool Repairs Angle Meter Valves
Authors: Rodden Roy , Lee Kenneth
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” provides instructions and illustrations for constructing an angle‐ meter‐valve repair tool. This tool was designed to repair angle meter valves which have been turned and twisted in the wrong direction.
Checking Pressure Gauges and Thermometers
Authors: Klausegger R.B.
Published: June 2018

This article reminds operators that pressure gauges and thermometers must be frequently inspected and maintained. A dead weight indicator can be used to check the accuracy of pressure gauges, and comparators, thermometers known to be accurate, can be used to test the accuracy of thermometers. Another method for testing thermometers is to place the thermometer in slightly melted crushed ice. The thermometer should read 32 F if it is accurate.
Troubleshooting the Water Distribution System
Authors: Brook Sheldon A.
Published: June 2018

This paper provides helpful hints in troubleshooting customer complaints. Common problems include: sand and grit in water; too low or too high pressure; taste and odors; red water; and high water rates. Sand and grit, bad taste, red water, swimming organisms, and other similar complaints can often be solved by flushing adjacent hydrants. The utility should be properly equipped to deal with all sorts of complaints and keep accurate records of all complaints and action taken toward solving them. The water utility troubleshooter should equip his or her office with a variety of good quality pressure gauges, a chlorine analysis kit, an aquaphone, and other equipment necessary to evaluate the problem and recommend remedial action.
Arc Welder Used to Thaw Frozen Pipes
Authors: Nelson LaVern M.
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the use of gasoline‐powered DC arc welders, rated at at least 450 A continuous duty, for thawing of frozen pipes in Madison, Wisconsin during the winter of 1976‐1977. Equipment, procedures, and time factors are discussed, and the need for proper training and safety practices is emphasized.
Rock Grabber Gets Rocks Out the Easy Way
Authors: Tillo Joseph J.
Published: June 2018

This invention is an oversized version of the tool used to grab small auto parts that are dropped into places where they cannot be reached. Steel jaws fit around a rock, and when they are tightened the rock is lifted easily.
Alarm Sounds When Chemical Tank Overflows
Authors: Dmitruk Andy
Published: June 2018

The overflow warning system described consists of a toilet flush tank float, a micro switch, and the treatment facility's doorbell circuit. The bell will ring continuously if the level in the mixing tank rises above a predetermined level.
Track Down Leaks With Easy‐to‐Use Form
Authors: Fickle Steven D.
Published: June 2018

An easy‐to‐use form for recording daily meter readings, designed to be completed by water utility customers, serves as a public relations tool and an aid in tracking down intermittent leaks in residences.
Meter Test Bench Ensures Accuracy
Authors: Moore Floyd
Published: June 2018

Testing water meter accuracy is necessary after a meter has been repaired. An easy way to perform the test is to hook up the meter to an easy‐to‐construct test bench. Directions for construction of the bench are included in this article.
Streaming Current Monitor Optimizes Coagulation
Authors: Bryant Robert L.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses problems in maintaining correct coagulant dosages, methods of measuring coagulant dosage, and the use of a streaming current monitor (SCM) to maintain optimum coagulant dosage. The SCM responds to changes in raw water turbidities and flow rates and allows the operator to make the proper adjustments. It also provides an immediate alarm if chemical feed is interrupted for any reason.