bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-grid Photovoltaic Power System for Governmental Office Electrification
Authors: Hussain Ali Nasser , Shuker Zuhair Sameen , Abbas Al-Tamimi Majid Khudair , Abid Mimouna
Published: July 2021

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. The potential solar energy has a capacity to meet all energy requirements for human survival on planet earth. Some applications such as a thermoelectric generator, electric power generation with the assistance of solar panels and water applications are required to reduce the demand for electricity generated by conventional power plants. The current work evaluates the effectiveness of solar energy for supplying the police building located in Diyala, Iraq. The installed renewable power system consists of photovoltaic/ battery system set with grid connection installed on the roof of the building with a capacity of 5.52 kWp and battery unit (200 A, 48 Volt). Based on the daily average load kWh and daily average solar irradiance for the selected site (4.3 kWh/m2), the results of the energy generated by the system for two selected days showed that for a sunny day is about (11.63 kWh) and for party cloudy day is about (8.02 kWh). The average of energy fed to the grid for a sunny day was recorded more by more than 3.0 kWh and for party cloudy day by more than 4.0 kWh.  The system installed at the first day of February of the year 2021. The obtained results encourage to install of photovoltaic systems in the selected site which can feed such facilities with renewable energy and deliver energy to the grid.
Crown outline analysis of the hominin upper third molar from the Megalopolis Basin, Peloponnese, Greece
Authors: Röding Carolin , Zastrow Julia , Scherf Heike , Doukas Constantin , Harvati Katerina
Published: July 2021

The left upper third molar from the Megalopolis Basin is enigmatic due to its problematic preservation and context. The Megalopolis molar is the only possible human fossil known to date from the Megalopolis Basin. It was found on the surface during geological surveys in 1962-63. Based on the faunal assemblage collected during the same survey, it was proposed to be of Middle Pleistocene age and possibly one of the oldest human fossils in Europe. However, its actual geological age is unknown. In the past, dental crown outline analysis has been successfully used to differentiate between hominin species and populations. We applied the method to upper third molars, attempting to shed light on the affinities of the Megalopolis specimen. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the crown outline shape grouped the Megalopolis molar with our Homo sapiens sample; however, the PCA in form space, including shape plus size, as well as Procrustes distances based on overall shape, grouped it with our Neanderthal comparative sample. We conclude that its most likely identification is as a member of the Neanderthal lineage. However, we urge further analyses with an increased fossil comparative sample to include representatives of Homo heidelbergensis, which is underrepresented in our study. The Megalopolis molar contributes to the scarce Pleistocene human fossil record of Greece and highlights the potential of the Megalopolis Basin for yielding further paleoanthropological finds.
The Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Islamic Banks’ Performance in Selected MENA Countries
Authors: ALNAJJAR ADEL , Abdullah Othman Anwar Hasan
Published: July 2021

A strong capital adequacy ratio is crucial to a financial institution's success and helps it to survive any potential financial crisis. From Q1 2017 to Q4 2019, the influence of the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on the performance of Commercial Islamic Banks in MENA nations (Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan) is examined. The performance measures utilized in this study are Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The study's sample frame comprises all Islamic commercial banks in the designated MENA nations, with a sample size of 18 Islamic commercial banks. Panel data, fixed and random models, are applied in this study since there are multiple entities and time series. The findings of the study showed that the selected Islamic banks are committed to Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) which is defined under Basel III. This is considered the largest percentage regulated by the Basel Committee. The study also found that there is a statistically negative significant influence of CAR on both performance indicators ROE and ROA in the commercial Islamic banks in the selected MENA countries. The results of the study can be useful to a policymaker or decision-makers in the Islamic Banks industry. First, the research could be a reference to financial regulators such as central banks which may use the findings to provide regulation on optimal capital levels for local banks in terms of regulations, deregulations, and financial disruption. Next, the practice implications in the Islamic banking sector will provide them with insight as to how a bank’s capital influences its earnings. Hence, management can work towards attaining an optimal structure that maximizes their performance as well as identifying “best” and “worst” practices associated with capitalization levels.
Curso de Educação Financeira Escolar: produto educacional para a formação de professores
Authors: Moraes Flávia Aparecida de , Freitas Carlos Cesar Garcia
Published: July 2021

Este artigo apresenta um produto educacional, curso de formação para professores em Educação Financeira, desenvolvido junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino (PPGEN) da Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), que teve como público-alvo estudantes do Magistério de um Colégio da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Paraná. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa de natureza tecnológica, o produto educacional foi realizado em quatro etapas: diagnóstico, desenho, implementação e avaliação, de acordo com a metodologia de design de Chiavenato (2010).  Como resultados da pesquisa, destacam-se o desenvolvimento da estrutura metodológica do curso (pressupostos, objetivos, abordagem educativa e implicações), sua organização (unidades didáticas sobre orçamento, planejamento, consumo consciente, crédito e juros, investimentos e previdência) e sua contribuição em termos de formação específica dos estudantes participantes da aplicação do produto, que além de conhecer os conteúdos da Educação Financeira e o papel do educador financeiro, puderam refletir a respeito de suas finanças pessoais.
Aplicativo Jogo Bolsa de Valores: uma atividade lúdica visando à inclusão da Educação Financeira e tomada de decisão nas aulas de Matemática
Authors: Barbosa Nelson Machado , Sarlo Jonatas Campos , Santos Eduardo Corrêa dos
Published: July 2021

O conhecimento financeiro e as capacidades cognitivas estão, convincentemente, ligados à qualidade da tomada de decisões financeiras. Baseando-se em pesquisas e ações participativas, este artigo apresenta uma prática pedagógica viável para facilitar o desenvolvimento do senso de autonomia do aluno, concentrando-se em envolver ativamente os estudantes no desenvolvimento do entendimento da Educação Financeira contextualizada, trabalhando de forma independente e cooperativa na tomada de decisão em uma situação-problema, com o intuito de propiciar técnicas para uma melhor administração financeira. Com este propósito, é apresentada uma atividade lúdica utilizando um aplicativo chamado Jogo Bolsa de Valores, que simula de forma satisfatória a dinâmica da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo [B3]. A partir dos resultados, pode-se perceber que ao trabalhar com o pensamento crítico e a tomada de decisão do aluno, foi possível desenvolver hábitos mentais concretos. Os discentes puderam desenvolver os processos cognitivos ensinados, sendo capazes de transferi-los para novas situações em economia, geopolítica e matemática financeira.
As produções financeiras em diferentes espaços socioculturais: pensando uma Educação Etnofinanceira
Authors: Pinheiro José Milton Lopes , Araújo Juscimar Da Silva , Alves Murilo Barros
Published: July 2021

Neste artigo objetiva-se compreender: como as atividades comerciais e financeiras se mostram e produzem sentidos e significados etnomatemáticos em diferentes contextos socioculturais? Realiza-se um estudo bibliográfico, assumindo postura e metodologia fenomenológica, buscando pelo que dizem as pesquisas em Etnomatemática que tematizam a Educação Financeira ou as atividades financeiras em diferentes espaços socioculturais. Foi possível compreender que mesmo diante de um sistema Econômico que se faz global, há produções de significados distintos para essas atividades, sendo elas realizadas, preservadas e ampliadas pela especificidade da linguagem natural dos povos que habitam esses espaços. Com essa compreensão, propõe-se aqui o desenvolvimento de uma Educação Etnofinanceira, que busque conhecer e trabalhar com significados produzidos quando em cada cultura se realiza atividades comerciais e financeiras, atentando-se aos pensamentos, métodos, práticas e conhecimentos que se expõem nas relações interpessoais e interculturais junto a essas produções.
Diálogos entre a educação financeira escolar e as diferentes áreas do conhecimento na BNCC do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Melo Danilo Pontual de , Vieira Glauciane Da Silva , Azevedo Suedy Santos de , Pessoa Cristiane Azevêdo dos Santos
Published: July 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as habilidades que se aproximam da Educação Financeira Escolar (EFE) na Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) do Ensino Fundamental anos iniciais (1º ao 5º ano) e anos finais (6º ao 9º ano) de forma transversal a todas as áreas de conhecimento. Utilizamos como fonte de pesquisa as habilidades que compõem a BNCC para o Ensino Fundamental e como técnica para discussão dos resultados a Análise de conteúdo de Bardin (1977). Identificamos diálogos entre a EFE e todas as áreas do conhecimento. Na área de Linguagens não conseguimos identificar possibilidade de diálogo apenas no componente de Língua Inglesa. Advogamos que, como Tema Contemporâneo Transversal, e de acordo com o que identificamos nas habilidades, a EF deve, na prática vivenciada nas escolas, perpassar por todas as áreas do conhecimento, estabelecendo diálogos que convergem para a formação integral dos estudantes enquanto sujeitos participantes de uma sociedade cada dia mais complexa e que não considere apenas os aspectos matemáticos envolvidos nas situações de EFE.
A Educação Financeira Escolar no 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental em uma Escola Waldorf
Authors: Albino Thais Sena Lanna , Kistemann Jr. Marco Aurélio , Santos Evelaine Cruz dos
Published: July 2021

Este artigo busca apresentar uma investigação, realizada no âmbito de um mestrado profissional, sobre a educação financeira escolar em uma escola Waldorf no 6º ano do ensino fundamental nas aulas de Matemática desta turma. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com um estudo de caso com registros em um caderno de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise documental e observação participante. Como fundamentação teórica utilizou-se os trabalhos de Rudolf Steiner para compreender a Pedagogia Waldorf e o ensino e a aprendizagem de Matemática e Educação Financeira. A pesquisa ainda contou com a realização de um trabalho de campo, em uma escola Waldorf do estado de Minas Gerais. Como resultado da pesquisa e com a intenção de propor diretrizes aos professores, foi produzido um produto educacional para a Educação Financeira Escolar no 6º ano do ensino fundamental.
Design e desenvolvimento de um simulador financeiro para o ensino de educação financeira escolar
Authors: Leite Alex Machado , Scortegagna Liamara , Silva Amarildo Melchiades da
Published: July 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o processo de planejamento e desenvolvimento de um Simulador Financeiro Educacional criado para ser utilizado como aporte tecnológico ao ensino de Educação Financeira Escolar. A trajetória evolutiva desse simulador se deu a partir de estratégias de prototipagem e metodologia de teste de software, culminando na implementação numa linguagem de programação. As concepções sobre Educação Financeira Escolar foram referenciadas pela perspectiva proposta por Silva e Powell (2013). A pesquisa possui uma abordagem qualitativa orientada pela metodologia do Design Experiment e foi fundamentada teoricamente pelo Modelo dos Campos Semânticos. Para avaliar as potencialidades do simulador, realizamos sua aplicação em um grupo de alunos do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de Minas Gerais, analisando a produção de significados para um conjunto de tarefas sobre a relação do dinheiro no tempo. Concluímos que a construção do simulador apresentou relevância por possuir um viés didático, disponibilizando suas funcionalidades a partir de múltiplas perspectivas, potencializando o processo de produção de significados dos alunos em tarefas financeiro-econômicas, tais como o cálculo de juros compostos e da inflação de preços, e contribuindo para o processo de compreensão dos mecanismos operacionais e conceituais que os regem.
HYDROGENATION OF BENZENE IN BATCH REACTOR
Authors:   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, ZHANGABAY N. , Utelbayeva A.B. ,   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Yermakhanov M.N. ,   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, KIRGIZBAYEVA A. ,   Kazakh National Medical University named after S. Asfendiyarov, KHASSANKHODJAYEVA B. ,   SILKWAY International university
Published: July 2021

In this article is considered hydrogenation of benzene in liquid phase at presence rhodium support catalyst.where as carrieris usedpillar structural montmorillonite obtaining from bentonite clay..The degree of using an internal surface of porous system is depended.of the size particles.Increase the concentration of chromium above 20 mmole per gram of clay does not lead to the further growth of distance. It is probably connected by that in a solution there are not hydrolized forms of chromium chloride which do not influence formation pillar structures. Modifying montmorillonite minerals containing in bentonite clay gives to them heat resistance. The specific surface of samples(containing 15-30 mmole Cr3+) were defined after heat treatment at 180°C are 240-260 m2 /g and increasing the temperature up to 500-560°C decreases this value insignificant to 220-240 м2 /г, accordingly. Not modified bentonite clay lost their porosity at 140°C, and a specific surface made 20 m2 /g. Besides reaction of hydro-dehydrogenation of cyclic hydrocarbons a huge interest are represented in hydrogen technology. Everyone mole of benzene and its derivatives attaching of three and more quantities of hydrogen, and are unique objects at storages and transportation of hydrogen. Thereby, necessity to develop of catalysts of hydro-dehyrogenation also follows under rather soft conditions. developed rhodium support catalyst for hydrogenation of benzene and defined the factor of efficiency using the internal surface of porosity systems. Presence of water in hydrogenated system leads to phasic course of restoration of benzene on a surface of the catalyst with formation cyclohexane and cyclohexene. The received experimental results expand a circle of data in the field of hydrodearomatization motor fuels, especially transformations of aromatic hydrocarbons cycloalkans
SYNTAX AS AN OBJECT OF PARODY
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Norman Boris Ju.
Published: July 2021

In the mind of the native speaker, there is an idea of the syntactic “optimum”, which allows them to use linguistic units most effectively to achieve a desired communicative effect. It contains a set of pieces of intuitive (“naïve”) knowledge about the parameters of the sentence, the organization of its structure, the rules of correspondence of lexical and grammatical meanings, etc. Deviations from this optimum can become independent objects of not only scholarly research, but also parody in a literary text. The article analyzes the problem lying on the borderline between linguistics, literary criticism and psychology: What syntactic features of the original text are enhanced or hyperbolized in parody? Analysis of numerous examples from Russian fiction allows the author to make a conclusion about the metalinguistic significance of certain features of the structure of the text. Collections of literary parodies (by A. Arkhangelsky, A. Ivanov, etc.) were subject to a special (continuous) analysis. The following syntactic phenomena were identified as the object and reason for their reflection in the parodies: a) excessive length of the sentence; b) artificial complication of its structure, specifically by means of chains of consecutive subordination, homogeneous members, abundance of epithets, etc.; c) absolutization of elements of oral, official and other speech styles, including the “telegraph style”; d) violation of the isosemy rule; e) non-realization of obligatory syntactic valency (unmotivated ellipsis); f) separation from the sentence of its part (parcellation), etc. These phenomena, used systematically, obtain a linguo-psychological characterization of salience (identifiability against the general background). As a result of the study, the author made up a list of syntactic facts that acquire the role of secondary signs in a work of fiction, along with other stylistic categories. Such a list, on the one hand, is intended to serve the convergence of scholarly (“academic”) and mass (“secondary school”) grammar, and, on the other hand, is of interest to experimental psychology, which studies the problems of perception and comprehension of the text.
INTERCULTURALITY IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE
Authors:   University of Helsinki, Protassova Ekaterina Yu.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to give a quick overview of intercultural tendencies in certain Russian regions’ modern linguistic landscapes: where they can be found, why languages other than Russian are used, what the purpose of their use is, and who uses them. The material for this study includes several thousand photos taken between 2010 and 2018 in different regions of Russia, representing advertising material and signboards where different languages and cultures meet. Methodologically, the photos were classified and analyzed according to the types of code-switching and hybrid structures appearing in and on them. Some history is given on the cities studied, as well as the state of the languages that are part of their linguistic repertory. A few particular situations are scrutinized, involving national republics and other areas where linguistic minorities exist (major cities, provinces, villages). A strong tendency for the use of foreign culture was evident in the findings all over the country; the English language was preferred, but not perfect; an Asian influence was emerging everywhere. Wordplay characterized the creative employment of letters and words. Yet the cultures of the former Soviet Union, as well as the cultures of linguistic minorities (other languages besides Russian) were underrepresented, even in the national republics. The conclusion is that the modern language of the street is oriented towards the fusion of diverse cultures, but not necessarily those that represent the ethnic and cultural richness of Russia. Multiculturalism as reflected in public signage is more lively than multicultural policy because of emotionality and linkages with styles and scripts.
А. М. REMIZOV AND FOLKLORE: ON THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (the Pushkin House) Russian Academy of Sciences, Nagornaya Yana V.
Published: July 2021

The article presents a critical review of research works on the topic “Folklore-literary interaction in the creative activity of A.M. Remizov” published in Russian. The study of the topic has been conducted mainly within the framework of literary criticism. Meanwhile, for a writer known for his commitment to preservation and innovative approach to traditional literary genres, folklore is one of the dominant sources of creativity. Currently, Remizov studies cannot boast of generalizing works on folklorism in the writer’s creative activity and on the influence of oral folk art genres on his artistic system, so one of the aims of the article is to attract scholarly interest to the issue and stimulate further research in this area. The publication gives a brief description of the current state of research on the problem, identifies the main vectors of its consideration and reveals the academic lacunae. The author analyzes the works, which deal with the creative heritage from the point of view of folklore studies and address the problems of the typology of folklorism and mythologism of the writer, clarify the range of folklore sources and the specificity of working with them, as well as the role and function of the author’s comments on the miniatures of Posoloni. These notes to the texts were created under the influence of a literary scandal related to the accusation of the writer of plagiarism. The assessment of the events around this incident by specialists in Remisov studies and folklorists does not coincide, the article outlines prospects for further research. The author undertakes a detailed description of the influence of the texts of calendar rite, spiritual verses, fairy tale, conspiracy-spell tradition, folk drama, children’s folklore and Russian folk pictures on the writer’s creative activity. For the first time, the author poses a hypothesis about the possible influence of the aesthetics of rayok (“World Cosmorama”) on the work of A. M. Remizov by the example of the fairy-tale novella “What is Tobacco”, which which depicts the reformatting of the apocryphal model by artistic means of lubok and rayok. The analysis of numerous studies made it possible for the author of the article to conclude that the writer’s creative activity does not only reflect the real diversity of folklore genres but also such specific features of them as oral format and variability. The results of the study can be used in the design of the course of the history of Russian literature and folklore studies of the beginning of the early 20th century, in the studies dealing with folklore-literary interaction, and in popularization and publication of folklore texts.
T. S. ELIOT’S “OLD POSSUM’S BOOK OF PRACTICAL CATS” IN THE CONTEXT OF “NURSERY RHYMES” TRADITION
Authors:   Tyumen State University, Marshaniya Kristina M.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the results of a comparative study of the collection of poems Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats (1939) by T. S. Eliot and the collection of children’s verses Mother Goose Old Nursery Rhymes (published in 1760), compiled and illustrated by A. Rackham (1913). Consisting of 15 poems, and distinguished by its frivolity against the background of other works by Eliot, the cycle Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats has been overlooked by both Russian and foreign researchers for a long time. Recently a surge of interest in this book of verse has been provoked by the release of a feature film Cats (2019) based on the world-famous musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber. This fact as well as the lack of serious academic studies of Eliot’s book of verse has determined the urgency and novelty of this paper. It is also important to show the involvement of this segment of Eliot’s poetry into the English literary tradition. The aim of this research is to identify the influence of Victorian aesthetics of nonsense on the poetry of T. S. Eliot’s cycle. The method of comparative analysis has been chosen as the main research method. Besides, structural-semantic and linguistic-cultural methods have been used. In understanding and interpreting the term “tradition” the author relies on Eliot’s aesthetics, in which this concept is central. The terminological unit “nursery rhymes” is used in its original traditional meaning since its historical and cultural background disappears in any Russian translation or scholarly interpretation. In the course of work, certain features of nursery rhymes have been identified in the poetic texts by the great Modernist. The study of the specificity of this genre (the playful atmosphere of the text, the special rhythms and forms of coding historical events, animalistic perspectives, the use of various repetitions and imitations, the creation of author’s occasionalisms and unusual names of characters, etc.) confirms strong influence of the tradition of English nursery rhymes on T. S. Eliot’s works.
THE USE OF MEDIA TEXTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors:   University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Spisiakova Andrea , Iermachkova Olga ,   University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Gajarsky Lukas ,   University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius
Published: July 2021

At present, we observe active development of new methods and strategies of teaching foreign languages, in which mass media materials play an important role because they provide authentic resources that offer natural language environment and enrich the curriculum and syllabus. These resources can be easily adapted to suit different levels of language proficiency, interests and needs of the students. The study attempts to substantiate the necessity and importance of using various types of authentic media materials in the classroom and analyzes the challenges teachers may face in the process of teaching. The aim of the study is to address both the theoretical background and the practical issues of application of media texts at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language. They enhance not only language but and socio-cultural proficiency of the students and their understanding of linguistic phenomena such as various stylistic figures of speech, phraseological units, linguistic means of manipulation, etc. Mass media resources can be used to develop media literacy, critical thinking and analytical skills. This study is based on the use of general scientific methods such as analysis, description and interpretation. The authors fall back on scholarly literature and their personal experience of teaching Russian. The article suggests using practical media-based approaches to develop language skills and psychological properties, such as memory, prediction skills, and speed of response to linguistic stimuli in undergraduate university students of Russian as a second language. The opportunities and methods regarded in the study can be used in any other classroom of Russian as a second language.
Chemically speciated mass size distribution, particle effective density and origin of non-refractory PM1 measured at a rural background site in Central Europe
Authors: Pokorná Petra , Zíková Naděžda , Lhotka Radek , Vodička Petr , Mbengue Saliou , Holubová Šmejkalová Adéla , Riffault Véronique , Ondráček Jakub , Schwarz Jaroslav , Ždímal Vladimír
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The seasonal variability of non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) was studied at a rural background site (National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice – NAOK) in the Czech Republic to examine the impact of atmospheric regional and long-range transport in Central Europe. NR-PM1 measurements were performed by compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (C-ToF-AMS), and the chemically speciated mass size distributions, effective density, and origin were discussed. The average PM1 concentrations, calculated as the sum of the NR-PM1 (after collection efficiency corrections – CE corrections of 0.4 and 0.33 in summer and winter, respectively) and the equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations measured by an aethalometer (AE), were 8.58 ± 3.70 μg m−3 in summer and 10.08 ± 8.04 μg m−3 in winter. Organics dominated during both campaigns (summer/winter: 4.97 ± 2.92/4.55 ± 4.40 μg m−3), followed by sulphate in summer (1.68 ± 0.81/1.36± 1.38 μg m−3) and nitrate in winter (0.67 ± 0.38/2.03 ± 1.71 μg m−3). The accumulation mode dominated the average mass size distribution during both seasons, with larger particles of all species measured in winter (mode diameters: Org: 334/413 nm, NO3−: 377/501 nm, SO42−: 400/547 nm, and NH4+: 489/515 nm) pointing to regional and long-range transport. However, since the winter aerosols were less oxidized than the summer aerosols (comparing fragments f44 and f43), the importance of local sources in the cold part of the year was not negligible. The average PM1 particle effective density, defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume of a particle, corresponded to higher inorganic contents during both seasons (summer: ∼ 1.30 g cm−3 and winter: ∼ 1.40 g cm−3). However, the effective densities during episodes of higher mass concentrations calculated based on the particle number (mobility diameter) and mass size distribution (vacuum aerodynamic diameter) were even higher, ranging from 1.40–1.60 g cm−3 in summer and from 1.40–1.75 g cm−3 in winter. Although aged continental air masses from the SE were rare in summer (7 %), they were connected with the highest concentrations of all NR-PM1 species, especially sulphate and ammonium. In winter, slow continental air masses from the SW (44 %) were linked to inversion conditions over Central Europe and were associated with the highest concentrations among all NR-PM1 measurements.
Potential new tracers and their relative emission factors for burning household waste in stoves
Authors: Hoffer András , Tóth Ádám , Jancsek-Turóczi Beatrix , Machon Attila , Meiramova Aida , Nagy Attila , Marmureanu Luminita , Gelencsér András
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The production and use of plastics increases rapidly as they are widely used in packaging, construction materials, furniture, foils, etc. As a consequence of their widespread use and often disposable character, vast streams of plastic wastes are continuously generated, a considerable fraction of which are combusted in households worldwide. In this paper, various types of commonly used plastics (PE, PET, PP, PU, PVC, PS, ABS), as well as treated wood samples (LDF) and firewood were combusted separately in a test stove under controlled conditions. The particulates emitted during the combustion test were collected on filters, and potential tracers for each waste type were identified by GC-MS, and their relative abundances were determined. The emission factor of 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene was found to be higher for polymers containing aromatic rings in their structure. The application of terphenyls and quarterphenyls as tracer compounds has also been investigated. The trimer of styrene was found to be a potential tracer for the combustion of polystyrene and/or styrene containing copolymers. Novel tracers were proposed for the burning of PET and furniture plates (LDF), which are among the most widely used waste types burned in households.
Forest-fire aerosol–weather feedbacks over western North America using a high-resolution, online coupled air-quality model
Authors: Makar Paul A. , Akingunola Ayodeji , Chen Jack , Pabla Balbir , Gong Wanmin , Stroud Craig , Sioris Christopher , Anderson Kerry , Cheung Philip , Zhang Junhua , Milbrandt Jason
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The influence of both anthropogenic and forest-fire emissions, and their subsequent chemical and physical processing, on the accuracy of weather and
air-quality forecasts, was studied using a high-resolution, online coupled
air-quality model. Simulations were carried out for the period 4 July through
5 August 2019, at 2.5 km horizontal grid cell size, over a 2250×3425 km2 domain covering western Canada and USA, prior to the use
of the forecast system as part of the FIREX-AQ ensemble forecast. Several
large forest fires took place in the Canadian portion of the domain during the
study period. A feature of the implementation was the incorporation of a new
online version of the Canadian Forest Fire Emissions Prediction System
(CFFEPSv4.0). This inclusion of thermodynamic forest-fire plume-rise
calculations directly into the online air-quality model allowed us to
simulate the interactions between forest-fire plume development and weather. Incorporating feedbacks resulted in weather forecast performance that exceeded
or matched the no-feedback forecast, at greater than 90 %
confidence, at most times and heights in the atmosphere. The feedback forecast
outperformed the feedback forecast at 35 out of 48 statistical evaluation
scores, for PM2.5, NO2, and O3. Relative to the
climatological cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and aerosol optical properties used
in the no-feedback simulations, the online coupled model's aerosol indirect
and direct effects were shown to result in feedback loops characterized by
decreased surface temperatures in regions affected by forest-fire plumes,
decreases in stability within the smoke plume, increases in stability further
aloft, and increased lower troposphere cloud droplet and raindrop number
densities. The aerosol direct and indirect effect reduced oceanic cloud
droplet number densities and increased oceanic raindrop number densities,
relative to the no-feedback climatological simulation. The aerosol direct and
indirect effects were responsible for changes to the near-surface
PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations at greater than the
90 % confidence level near the forest fires, with O3
changes remaining below the 90 % confidence level. The simulations show that incorporating aerosol direct and indirect effect
feedbacks can significantly improve the accuracy of weather and air-quality
forecasts and that forest-fire plume-rise calculations within an online
coupled model change the predicted fire plume dispersion and emissions, the
latter through changing the meteorology driving fire intensity and fuel
consumption.
Tracer-based source apportioning of atmospheric organic carbon and the influence of anthropogenic emissions on secondary organic aerosol formation in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Yubo , Ma Yiqiu , Hu Di
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Here we conducted comprehensive chemical characterization and
source apportionment of 49 PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong.
Besides the major aerosol constituents, 39 polar organic species, including
14 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers of isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene, and naphthalene, were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Six factors, i.e., SOA, secondary
sulfate (SS), biomass burning (BB)/SOA, sea salt, marine vessels, and
vehicle emissions, were apportioned by positive matrix factorization (PMF)
as the major sources of ambient organic carbon (OC) in Hong Kong. The
secondary formation, including OC from SOA, SS, and aging of BB plume, was
the leading contributor to OC (51.4 %, 2.15 ± 1.37 µg C m−3)
throughout the year. We then applied a tracer-based method (TBM) to estimate
the SOA formation from the photo-oxidation of four selected precursors, and
monoterpene SOA was the most abundant. A Kintecus kinetic model was used to
examine the formation channels of isoprene SOA, and the aerosol-phase
ring-opening reaction of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOXs) was found to be the
dominant formation pathway. Consistently, IEPOX tracers contributed 94 %
to total GC–MS-quantified isoprene SOA tracers. The TBM-estimated secondary
organic carbon (SOCTBM) and PMF-apportioned SOC (SOCPMF) showed
similar temporal trends; however, SOCTBM only accounted for 26.5 % of
SOCPMF, indicating a large fraction of ambient SOA was from other
reaction pathways or precursors. Results of Pearson's R and multivariate linear
regression analysis showed that NOx processing played a key role in both
daytime and nighttime SOA production in the region. Moreover, sulfate had a
significant positive linear relationship with SOCPMF and SS-related
SOC, and particle acidity was significantly correlated with SOC from the
aging of BB.
Airborne and ground-based measurements of aerosol optical depth of freshly emitted anthropogenic plumes in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
Authors: Baibakov Konstantin , LeBlanc Samuel , Ranjbar Keyvan , O'Neill Norman T. , Wolde Mengistu , Redemann Jens , Pistone Kristina , Li Shao-Meng , Liggio John , Hayden Katherine , Chan Tak W. , Wheeler Michael J. , Nichman Leonid , Flynn Connor , Johnson Roy
Published: July 2021

Abstract. In this work we report the airborne aerosol optical depth (AOD) from measurements within freshly emitted anthropogenic plumes arising from mining and processing operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in the context of ground-based AERONET climatological daily averaged AODs at Fort McMurray (Alberta, Canada). During two flights on 9 and 18 June 2018, the NASA airborne 4STAR (Spectrometers for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research) Sun photometer registered high fine-mode (FM, <1 µm) in-plume AODs of up to 0.4 and 0.9, respectively, in the vicinity of the plume source (<20 km). Particle composition shows that the plumes were associated with elevated concentrations of sulfates and ammonium. These high AODs significantly exceed climatological averages for June and were not captured by the nearby AERONET instrument (mean daily AODs of 0.10±0.01 and 0.07±0.02, maximum AOD of 0.12) due possibly to horizontal inhomogeneity of the plumes, plume dilution and winds which in certain cases were carrying the plume away from the ground-based instrument. The average 4STAR out-of-plume (background) AODs deviated only marginally from AERONET daily averaged values. While 4STAR AOD peaks were generally well correlated in time with peaks in the in situ-measured particle concentrations, we show that differences in particle size are the dominant factor in determining the 4STAR-derived AOD. During the two flights of 24 June and 5 July 2018 when plumes likely travelled distances of 60 km or more, the average 4STAR FM AOD increased by 0.01–0.02 over ∼50 km of downwind particle evolution, which was supported by the increases in layer AODs calculated from the in situ extinction measurements. Based on these observations as well as the increases in organic mass, we attribute the observed AOD increase, at least in part, to secondary organic aerosol formation. The in-plume and out-of-plume AODs for this second pair of flights, in contrast to clear differences in in situ optical and other measurements, were practically indistinguishable and compared favourably to AERONET within 0.01–0.02 AOD. This means that AERONET was generally successful in capturing the background AODs, but missed some of the spatially constrained high-AOD plumes with sources as close as 30–50 km, which is important to note since the AERONET measurements are generally thought to be representative of the regional AOD loading. The fact that industrial plumes can be associated with significantly higher AODs in the vicinity of the emission sources than previously reported from AERONET can potentially have an effect on estimating the AOSR radiative impact.
Contrasting chemical environments in summertime for atmospheric ozone across major Chinese industrial regions: the effectiveness of emission control strategies
Authors: Liu Zhenze , Doherty Ruth M. , Wild Oliver , Hollaway Michael , O’Connor Fiona M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) chemistry–climate model is used to quantify the differences in chemical environment for surface O3 for six major industrial regions across China in summer 2016. We first enhance the UKCA gas-phase chemistry scheme by incorporating reactive volatile organic compound (VOC) tracers that are necessary to represent urban and regional-scale O3 photochemistry. We demonstrate that the model with the improved chemistry scheme captures the observed magnitudes and diurnal patterns of surface O3 concentrations across these regions well. Simulated O3 concentrations are highest in Beijing and Shijiazhuang on the North China Plain and in Chongqing, lower in Shanghai and Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta, and lowest in Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta despite the highest daytime O3 production rates in Guangzhou. NOx / VOC and H2O2 / HNO3 ratios indicate that O3 production across all regions except Chongqing is VOC limited. We confirm this by constructing O3 response surfaces for each region changing NOx and VOC emissions and further contrast the effectiveness of measures to reduce surface O3 concentrations. In VOC-limited regions, reducing NOx emissions by 20 % leads to a substantial O3 increase (11 %) in Shanghai. We find that reductions in NOx emissions alone of more than 70 % are required to decrease O3 concentrations across all regions. Reductions in VOC emissions alone of 20 % produce the largest decrease (−11 %) in O3 levels in Shanghai and Guangzhou and the smallest decrease (−1 %) in Chongqing. These responses are substantially different from those currently found in highly populated regions in other parts of the world, likely due to higher NOx emission levels in these Chinese regions. Our work provides an assessment of the effectiveness of emission control strategies to mitigate surface O3 pollution in these major industrial regions and emphasises that combined NOx and VOC emission controls play a pivotal role in effectively offsetting high O3 levels. It also demonstrates new capabilities in capturing regional air pollution that will permit this model to be used for future studies of regional air-quality–climate interactions.
Sensitivity to the sources of uncertainties in the modeling of atmospheric CO2 concentration within and in the vicinity of Paris
Authors: Lian Jinghui , Bréon François-Marie , Broquet Grégoire , Lauvaux Thomas , Zheng Bo , Ramonet Michel , Xueref-Remy Irène , Kotthaus Simone , Haeffelin Martial , Ciais Philippe
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The top-down atmospheric inversion method that couples
atmospheric CO2 observations with an atmospheric transport model has
been used extensively to quantify CO2 emissions from cities. However,
the potential of the method is limited by several sources of misfits between
the measured and modeled CO2 that are of different origins than the
targeted CO2 emissions. This study investigates the critical sources of
errors that can compromise the estimates of the city-scale emissions and
identifies the signal of emissions that has to be filtered when doing
inversions. A set of 1-year forward simulations is carried out using the
WRF-Chem model at a horizontal resolution of 1 km focusing on the Paris area
with different anthropogenic emission inventories, physical
parameterizations, and CO2 boundary conditions. The simulated CO2
concentrations are compared with in situ observations from six continuous
monitoring stations located within Paris and its vicinity. Results highlight
large nighttime model–data misfits, especially in winter within the
city, which are attributed to large uncertainties in the diurnal profile of
anthropogenic emissions as well as to errors in the vertical mixing near the
surface in the WRF-Chem model. The nighttime biogenic respiration to the
CO2 concentration is a significant source of modeling errors during the
growing season outside the city. When winds are from continental Europe and
the CO2 concentration of incoming air masses is influenced by remote
emissions and large-scale biogenic fluxes, differences in the simulated
CO2 induced by the two different boundary conditions (CAMS and
CarbonTracker) can be of up to 5 ppm. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate
the potential of our optimal CO2 atmospheric modeling system to be
utilized in atmospheric inversions of CO2 emissions over the Paris
metropolitan area. We evaluated the model performances in terms of wind,
vertical mixing, and CO2 model–data mismatches, and we developed a
filtering algorithm for outliers due to local contamination and unfavorable
meteorological conditions. Analysis of model–data misfit indicates
that future inversions at the mesoscale should only use afternoon urban
CO2 measurements in winter and suburban measurements in summer.
Finally, we determined that errors related to CO2 boundary conditions
can be overcome by including distant background observations to constrain
the boundary inflow or by assimilating CO2 gradients of upwind–downwind
stations rather than by assimilating absolute CO2 concentrations.
Spectrometric measurements of atmospheric propane (C3H8)
Authors: Toon Geoffrey C. , Blavier Jean-Francois L. , Sung Keeyoon , Yu Katelyn
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We report measurements of atmospheric C3H8 from analysis
of ground-based solar absorption spectra from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) MkIV interferometer.
Using the strong Q-branch absorption feature at 2967 cm−1, we can
measure C3H8 in locations where its abundance is enhanced by
proximity to sources (e.g., large natural gas fields, megacities). A case
study of MkIV C3H8 measurements from Fort Sumner, New Mexico, shows
that amounts are strongly correlated with ethane (C2H6) and with
back-trajectories from SE New Mexico and western Texas, where the Permian Basin
oil and natural gas field is located. Measurements from JPL, California,
also show large C3H8 enhancements on certain days but more
correlated with CO than C2H6. From high-altitude balloon-borne
MkIV solar occultation measurements, C3H8 was not detected at any
altitude (5–40 km) in any of the 25 flights.
W-band radar observations for fog forecast improvement: an analysis of model and forward operator errors
Authors: Bell Alistair , Martinet Pauline , Caumont Olivier , Vié Benoît , Delanoë Julien , Dupont Jean-Charles , Borderies Mary
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The development of ground-based cloud radars offers a new capability to continuously monitor fog structure. Retrievals of fog microphysics are key for future process studies, data assimilation, or model evaluation and can be performed using a variational method.
Both the one-dimensional variational retrieval method (1D-Var) or direct 3D/4D-Var data assimilation techniques rely on the combination of cloud radar measurements and a background profile weighted by their corresponding uncertainties to obtain the optimal solution for the atmospheric state.
In order to prepare for the use of ground-based cloud radar measurements for future applications based on variational approaches, the different sources of uncertainty due to instrumental, background, and forward operator errors need to be properly treated and accounted for. This paper aims at preparing 1D-Var retrievals by analysing the errors associated with a background profile and a forward operator during fog conditions. For this, the background was provided by a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model and the forward operator by a radar simulator. Firstly, an instrumental dataset was taken from the SIRTA observatory near Paris, France, for winter 2018–2019 during which 31 fog events were observed. Statistics were calculated comparing cloud radar observations to those simulated. It was found that the accuracy of simulations could be drastically improved by correcting for significant spatio-temporal background errors. This was achieved by implementing a most resembling profile method in which an optimal model background profile is selected from a domain and time window around the observation location and time. After selecting the background profiles with the best agreement with the observations, the standard deviation of innovations (observations–simulations) was found to decrease significantly. Moreover, innovation statistics were found to satisfy the conditions needed for future 1D-Var retrievals (un-biased and normally distributed).