bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception of Money as a Value by Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

The Senegalese society is marked both by the traditional values of solidarity, noncompetitiveness, and sharing characteristic of their past and Islamic emphasis on moral and spiritual values to the detriment of material possession. In such a context, Senegalese adolescents (200 boys, 200 girls) requested to comment on the value of money showed a typically ambivalent attitude: the need for social promotion requires money, and their religiosity makes its value secondary.
VII. Contributions to Psychohistory: Emotional Tone of Fiction and Psychology
Authors: Strongman K. T.
Published: September 2011

285 short stories from New Zealand and Australian literary magazines were content analyzed with respect to the main emotion or emotions portrayed. Analysis showed that there was far more concern with negative than with positive emotion, although this differed within the two countries surveyed. Also, certain emotions stand out as being of major concern. Results are discussed in terms of the reflection of emotion in the writers of psychology and of fiction and also with respect to possible differences in national character.
Impact of the Film, “One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest,” on Attitudes towards Mental Illness
Authors: Domino George
Published: September 2011

Films have been neglected by psychologists, yet their powerful impact is shown in a field study of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Prior to the release of this film, 146 college students were administered a questionnaire on attitudes towards mental illness. Subsequent to the release of the film, they were readministered the questionnaire, when 85 had seen the film and 39 had not. Finally, a third administration occurred after half of the subjects had watched a television documentary designed to balance the film's portrayal of life in a mental institution. Analysis indicated substantial negative changes in attitude in four of the five areas investigated after viewing the film, but no change after the televised documentary.
Correlations of Reading Achievement and Ability for Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Labercane George D.
Published: September 2011

5 boys and 7 girls enrolled in a special education class in a large metropolitan school system participated in a pilot study of the relationship between achievement in reading, spelling, arithmetic, and ability as measured by the WISC-R and Basic Visual-memory Association Test. The Test of Reading Comprehension was also administered. Achievement in reading, spelling, and arithmetic was significantly related to performance on all three measures. The lack of correlation of all other variables with the Test of Reading Comprehension suggests these learning disabled youngsters' inability to identify words successfully may preclude them from processing the relational aspects of meaning in longer discourse. That results were based on a very limited sample points to the need for further studies with larger samples of learning disabled and normally achieving students.
Paranormal Beliefs, Interpersonal Trust, and Social Interest
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

The Paranormal Belief Scale, Interpersonal Trust Scale, and Social Interest Scale were administered to 60 college students. No significant correlations were obtained between interpersonal trust and paranormal beliefs. Social Interest, as hypothesized, showed a significant direct correlation with Traditional Religious Belief as well as significant inverse correlations with both Psi Belief and Spiritualism.
The Factor Structure of “Most Preferred Co-Worker,” and “Assumed Similarity of Opposites” Scores
Authors: Shouksmith George
Published: September 2011

Scores from a 10-item measure of Fiedler's leadership style variables, together with the Least Preferred Co-worker and Most Preferred Coworker summed scores and Assumed Similarity of Opposites profile difference measure were obtained from 272 subjects involved in leadership training courses. These were factor analyzed to determine the similarity or dissimilarity of the three measures. The first two measures are factorially distinct, though reflecting positive and negative aspects of two underlying concepts. Assumed Similarity of Opposites scores are slightly more complex factorially but are not sufficiently so to justify their use as alternative or as additional measures to the Least Preferred Co-workers.
Teachers' Ratings of Aggression and Students' Own Perceived Status
Authors: Horne Marcia D. , Powers James E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-perceived status of students ( N = 48) rated by their teachers as high and low in aggressive behavior on an 8-item modified version of the Devereaux School Behavior Rating Scale. In Grades 2, 3, and 4, 4 boys and 4 girls rated low in aggression and 4 boys and 4 girls rated high in aggression by their teachers were randomly selected. A significant interaction of grade by aggression indicated differences in perceived status depending on grade and teachers' ratings of aggression. Students in Grades 2 and 3 who were rated high in aggression perceived themselves as more popular, but those in Grades 4 and 5 so rated perceived themselves as less popular.
Comparison of Two Measures of Burnout
Authors: Stout John K. , Williams John M.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of the study were to determine the correlations between scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Tedium Measure and to correlate these measures with job satisfaction and health problems. These relationships might suggest which one of these two leading measures of burnout has the greatest utility in future research. 78 direct service workers in mental health and mental retardation settings participated. Tedium correlated significantly with the six burnout subscales. It also correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. Only the emotional exhaustion intensity sub-scale of the Maslach inventory correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. The Tedium Measure is an economical instrument for measuring burnout and has significant correlations with criterion variables. The Maslach scales may be more useful in investigating patterns as well as stages of burnout and in situations involving interactions with moderator variables.
Developmental Study of Person Perception in Boys and Girls
Authors: Crombie Gail , Gold Dolores
Published: September 2011

This study investigated children's person perception to determine if sex differences in perception are congruent with sex differences reported in children's peer interactions. Girls were predicted to be more knowledgeable and to differentiate more than boys about peer characteristics. 93 children from Grades 2 and 5 completed a questionnaire describing two stimulus children on nine items. The stimulus children, both of the same sex as the subject, were classified as a close friend or as not being known very well by the subject. Analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of the measure of person perception but gave no indication of sex differences. The absence of sex differences was interpreted as providing a caution against the inference of dispositional causes of sex differences in peer interaction without direct evidence for such dispositional causes.
Opinions about Mental Illness: A Comparison of American and Greek Social Work Students in 1969 and 1979
Authors: Koutrelakos James , Zarnari Olga
Published: September 2011

The influence of cultural change on attitudes towards mental patients was examined by comparing two American ( ns = 76, 104) and two Greek ( ns = 103, 116) samples, one drawn from each country in 1969 and the second in 1979. In Greece a decrease in negative attitudes is observed while in the USA a reduction in positive attitudes is noted. These changes have narrowed the differences between the two countries. They appear to reflect recent socio-economic developments in each country: improved economic conditions and modernization in Greece and economic recession and conservativism in the USA. The lower endorsement of the familial interaction theory in probably due to the resurgence of rival theories in the USA and in Greece to a moderation in familialism. Mental health professionals appear to follow rather than shape social policy.
Women's Study Courses: Do They Change Attitudes?
Authors: Stevens Gwendolyn , Gardner Sheldon
Published: September 2011

A list of adjective statements previously shown to be related to sex stereotyping was administered to 127 college students, who were instructed to rate their “ideal male” and “ideal female.” Analysis suggested that students differentiated gender roles according to the usual stereotypes, but that after the completion of one of the courses, a statistics course taught by a woman, the “ideal female” was rated significantly more “male-like.”
Death Anxiety and Attitudes toward Disabled Persons
Authors: Livneh Hanoch
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relative importance of sex, age, and two measures of anxiety, general and death anxieties, in predicting attitudes of 22 graduate students in counselor education toward disabled individuals. Although none of the variables even in combination were systematically associated with the attitudinal measure, fear of death was the single most important predictor.
Birth Order and Conformity: An Interaction Approach to Integrating Research Results
Authors: Rhine W. Ray
Published: September 2011

This article describes an interaction model for integrating the apparently conflicting results of research on the relationships between birth order and conformity. Rhine presented the elements of that approach. Reconciling the apparently contradictory findings is linked to the larger problem of consistency versus specificity in human behavior.
Factors Affecting Reported Level of Love in College Students: Gender, Year in College, and Place of Residence
Authors: Conte Linda , Zukovich Donna , Kayson Wesley , Jenkins Karen , West Vincent
Published: September 2011

Love was studied in a college community by administering a 50-item true-false questionnaire to 128 college students. The 4 (year in college) × 2 (gender) × 2 (place of residence) factorial analysis of variance showed that year in college significantly affected the level of intimacy expressed. Upper classmen expressed higher intimacy than lower classmen. The results are consistent with Erikson's psychological theory of development which states that as young adults mature they would resolve the intimacy-isolation conflict by becoming more intimate with others.
Clinical Validity of the MMPI-168
Authors: Edinger Jack D. , Vosk Barbara N.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated whether clinical judgments based on the MMPI-168 are comparable to those based on the standard MMPI. Each of 15 pairs of clinical psychologists were given a combination of short and standard form profiles from three psychiatric patients and asked both to complete an 18-item symptom rating scale for each patient and to decide upon each patient's diagnosis. Analyses of symptom ratings, with one exception, yielded non-significant P ratios and, diagnostic choices did not vary significantly as a function of MMPI form (short vs long) interpreted. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the clinical use of the MMPI-168.
Development of Humor in Children: Roles of Incongruity, Resolution and Operational Thinking
Authors: Owens Henry M. , Hogan John D.
Published: September 2011

In evaluating the responses of 87 children in Grades 1, 2, and 3 to various jokes and cartoons, the comprehension of humorous material was significantly related to grade and conservation ability, but neither of these variables related to the appreciation of humor. No evidence could be found to support a two-stage model in the development of appreciation of humor.
Development and Validation of the Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument (Gerri)
Authors: Schwartz Gerri E.
Published: September 2011

Because significant others have a unique perspective on a patient's behavior, they can provide information useful in geriatric psychopharmacology. The Geriatric Evaluation of Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI) is a rating scale for significant others to be used in elderly outpatients who show symptoms of mental decline. This scale covers cognitive and social functioning, mood, and somatic functioning. Items are short sentences designed to assess the frequency of typical behavioral disturbances and complaints. Inter-rater reliability, internal consistency of the scale, and validity are discussed.
Comparison of Master's and Doctoral Level Psychologists in Recognizing Signs of Potential Suicide
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Gilbert John F.
Published: September 2011

30 doctoral-level and 43 master's-level psychologists completed a multiple-choice examination of factors from the lethality scale. The psychologists were all staff members of community mental health centers who received the examination (and returned it) by mail. The results showed no differences between the psychologists. Master's degree psychologists recognized as many signs as doctoral-level psychologists, and years of experience was shown to be nonsignificant.
Agreement for Surgical Patients on Two Instructional Situations for the State Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Boeke Saskia , Bonke Benno , Duivenvoorden Hugo , Van Der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: September 2011

To measure the agreement between two modes of the state anxiety (A-State) scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 67 plastic or reconstructive surgery patients completed a Dutch version of the A-State scale (DY) twice, both pre- and postoperatively. The instructions were “How do you feel right now,” followed by “How do you feel today.” Inconsistencies were found between the “now” version and “today” version on both measuring occasions.
Characteristics of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in a Sample of 79 Married Couples
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Scanlon Elaine D. , Crow Colleen L. , Green Donna M. , Buckler Deborra L.
Published: September 2011

Data from 79 couples in a midwestern sample were analyzed to evaluate the internal consistency reliability and validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Cronbach alphas for the scale were 0.89 and 0.93 for husbands and wives, respectively, while the scale was somewhat less well correlated with an abbreviated version of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale than with an abbreviated version of Edmonds' Marital Conventionalization Scale. The distribution of responses to the scale departed significantly from normality in terms of skewness and kurtosis, although the deviations were reduced among subjects scoring low on marital social desirability. The scale offers promise for use in clinical evaluation and survey research where a brief but reliable measure of marital satisfaction is required.
Interaction of Test Anxiety and Locus of Control on Academic Performance
Authors: Lusk Sally Lechlitner
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of the relationship of test anxiety, locus of control, and academic performance yielded contradictory results. In seeking a remedy for the negative effects of test anxiety, it will be useful to know to what extent the highly test-anxious students assume responsibility for their performance (internal view) and to what extent they believe it to be due to luck, chance, or “the system” (external view). University students enrolled in an upper division psychology course completed the Test Attitude Inventory of Spielberger, et al. and a locus of control measure only of personal control items from Gurin, et al. and of academic control items from Rotter. The students' performance on the course examinations was affected by the interaction of test anxiety and personal locus of control; highly test-anxious students achieved higher mean examination scores if they were also internal, while students low in test anxiety had higher scores if they scored external on locus of control. Studies of the interaction of test anxiety and locus of control on academic performance are needed.
The Relationship between the Protestant Ethic and Social Class for Afro-Caribbeans and Afro-Americans
Authors: Gonsalves Sandra Virginia , Bernard Godwin Anthony
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the endorsement patterns on the Protestant Ethic scale indicated that the mean for 20 Afro-Caribbeans exceeded that of 22 Afro-Americans. However, middle-class individuals from the latter group gave most favorable endorsements of the items.
Discrimination-Reversal Learning of Normal and Septal Rats
Authors: Braggio Sherryll M. , Braggio John T. , Cochran Thomas C. , Ellen Paul
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the complex learning skills of normal and septal rats using Rumbaugh's discrimination-reversal task. Transfer Index testing was carried out by using the automated test apparatus, stimulus items, and procedure described by Rumbaugh, et al. in 1972. Even though there were no significant differences between normal and septal rats, all rodents tested showed above chance performance on the transfer index task ( M = .82, range was .67 to .92). An analysis of errors in reversal indicated that the rats had more errors involving a single wrong response and fewer strings of consecutive errors. Also, the occurrence of “win-stay” and “lose-shift” response strategies for the four rats with the highest percentages correct on the second reversal trial (High Group) were compared with those of the four rats who had the lowest percentages correct on the second reversal trial (Low Group). The animals in the High Group demonstrated both “win-stay” and “lose-shift” response strategies, while those rats in the Low Group showed only a “lose-stay” response strategy. The rodents in the Low and High groups did not differ from each other in the use of a “win-shift” response strategy. These results suggest that rats can use rule or association learning to solve discrimination-reversal problems.
Prospective Mathematical Equivalence by Gender: Still More Inadvertent Support
Authors: Freed Norman H.
Published: September 2011

Data which had been interpreted to show that men were superior to women mathematically were reanalyzed and shown to support the prospective equivalence of men and women in mathematics. The authors of the initial article criticized the reanalysis of their data. Inadvertently, the additional information offered in their error-ridden and weak defense of an inadequately controlled study lends even more support to the prospective equivalence of men and women in mathematics.
Use of Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity Measure for Entrepreneurial Research
Authors: Dollinger Marc J.
Published: September 2011

The paper discusses the application of Budner's 16-item measure of intolerance of ambiguity in research with entrepreneurs. Results from two similar recent studies by Schere and Dollinger differ dramatically. Schere's sample of 52 tested low for intolerance of ambiguity while Dollinger's sample of 79 tested high. The statistically significant difference is attributed to the definition of the population and the sampling procedure employed.
Diagnosing Homosexuality in a State Department of Mental Health
Authors: Shachar Sandra A. , Hagan Brian J. , Evenson Richard C.
Published: September 2011

The American Psychiatric Association's 1973 decision “to eliminate homosexuality per se as a mental disorder” has created interest in the extent to which a person's sexual orientation continues to be used as the basis for psychiatric diagnosis. Records of 359 patients given a DSM II diagnosis of Homosexuality/Sexual Orientation Disturbance between 1973 and 1979 were obtained from the Missouri Department of Mental Health automated data-base. Demographic information and diagnostic trends were studied. In addition, the medical records of a 100-patient subsample were examined for clinical details such as the reason for referral, diagnostic history, and treatment prescribed or administered. Presenting complaints were then compared with actual diagnoses recorded. A steady decline in the use of homosexuality as a psychiatric diagnosis after 1973 was observed. Consistent with prior literature, the data-base sample and clinical subsample were composed primarily of young, unmarried, white males. The chief presenting complaints of the subsample included: depression or suicidal ideation (38%), sexual-orientation problems (17%), behavioral acting out (12%), and substance abuse (10%). In a number of cases, the admission of homosexual preference became the focus of “the problem”. Yet, in nearly two-thirds of the subsample, sexual-orientation problems contributed significantly to the patients' expressed reasons for seeking psychiatric assistance.
A Leadership Profile of Secondary Gifted Students
Authors: Chauvin Jane C. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the leadership profile of secondary gifted students. Characteristics of leadership were based on earlier findings for adults who responded to the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. The High School Personality Questionnaire, an instrument based on the 16 PF, but normed for high school students, was administered to 181 secondary gifted students, all of whom had Full Scale IQs of at least 130. Comparing their profiles with those of adult leaders showed the gifted students scored higher on Factors B, intelligence; F, enthusiasm; and Q2, self-sufficiency. They scored lower on Factors G, conscientiousness and Q3, self-control.
Factors Influencing a Persons Reaction to Informed Consent
Authors: Gertson Linda L. , McNamara J. Regis
Published: September 2011

The present study examined how social and physical demand characteristics influenced the willingness of 128 volunteer undergraduates to participate in a drug experiment. Subjects read an informed consent form about an experiment and then received different amounts of supplemental information about the study presented orally by a physician-confederate in a medical school setting. After making an initial decision about participation in the study, participants were tested for their comprehension about the experiment. All subjects who indicated an interest in the project were asked to attend a second meeting in the Psychology Department when they were asked if they wished to change their original decisions. Because high trust was placed in the physician-confederate, there were no differences, no effect for the differing oral presentations was found. However, a significant number of subjects changed their decisions to participate at the second session. The relationship of these and other findings to clinical research and practice were discussed.
Effects of Three Different One-Hour Single-Session Treatments for Test Anxiety
Authors: Ricketts Mitchell S. , Galloway R. Edward
Published: September 2011

The effects of three different 1-hr. treatments for test anxiety were investigated using 155 undergraduate volunteers. The subjects were assigned by a block-randomized design to three treatment groups and a placebo procedure. The data showed that subjects in the relaxation-training group reported greater reductions of anxiety than those in the placebo procedure. No significant differences for academic achievement change scores were found among the groups. As with most lengthier treatments, a single 1-hr. session may reduce self-reported test anxiety but not improve academic achievement.
Computer Simulation of Human Ratings of the Paragraph Completion Method
Authors: Ingersoll Gary M.
Published: September 2011

A computer-based algorithm for simulating human ratings of the Paragraph Completion Method, an open-ended response technique for assessing conceptual level, was assessed. The results indicate that a reasonably reliable, efficient approximation to human ratings may be achieved through the use of a computer. Advantages to computer-based simulation of ratings are reduced costs of training human raters and reduced fluctuations in reliability.
Influence of Perceived Job Enrichment and Goal Characteristics on Employees' Satisfaction, Motivation, and Performance
Authors: Maillet Léandre J.
Published: September 2011

This article describes (a) the relationship of goal setting and job enrichment with work satisfaction, intrinsic work motivation and performance, (b) the importance of growth need strength as a moderating variable, and (c) the evidence for a curvilinear association between job design variables and outcome measures. 117 penitentiary guards received the Job Diagnostic Survey of Hackman and Oldham, the Job Descriptive Index of Smith, et al., Steers' questionnaire on goal characteristics and a performance measure. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the specificity of goal and job enrichment were equally effective in the prediction of satisfaction and motivation, while difficulty of goals appears to be the best single predictor of work performance. Growth need strength moderated the relationship between difficulty of goals and work satisfaction. The curvilinear effect was nonsignificant.
What are the Characteristics of School Phobic Children?
Authors: Trueman David
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a critical review of studies delineating the major characteristics of school phobic children. This work focusses on data relevant to the incidence of school phobia, age, sex, ethnic, religious, and social class backgrounds of these children and their families, birth order, intelligence, and academic achievement, presence and nature of precipitating events leading to phobic episodes and onset of related symptoms, and personality characteristics. There have been few systematic surveys of school phobic children so little is known about these characteristics; much work has produced equivocal results. The only consistent agreement is that school phobic children are typically more dependent, anxious, immature, and depressed than nonphobic children.
Paranormal Belief and College Grade Point Average
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

The Paranormal Belief Scale and a self-report item concerning college grade point average were given to 307 introductory psychology students. As hypothesized, greater reported belief in both Superstition and in Witchcraft subscales were significantly associated with lower grade point average. These relationships, although statistically significant, were small.
Contributions to Psychohistory: IX. The Personality and Genius of Blaise Pascal (1623–1662): An Interpretation Based on the Concepts of Hermann Rorschach, M.D.
Authors: Irwin Jack M.
Published: September 2011

This paper uses concepts of Hermann Rorschach as set forth in his book Psychodiagnostics to interpret the personality and genius of Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), a figure of great contradictions, complex and in some sense mysterious, about whom few studies using modern psychology have been attempted.
Relating to the Self: Changing Inner Dialogue
Authors: Kaufman Gershen , Raphael Lev
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a conception of the self's relationship with the self as a foundation for building inner security and competence. Interpersonal learning in the family becomes the model for the gradually unfolding relationship which the self comes to have with the self. What is first experienced interpersonally or observed outside the self is taken inside, or internalized, through identification; visual imagery mediates this transfer. Inherent parts of the self which are experienced as being disowned by significant others become disowned by the self. The inner strife caused by divisions within the self, which are often manifested through inner dialogue, can be healed by embracing those disowned parts. Changing inner dialogue is accomplished by consciously identifying characteristic devaluing dialogues and actively replacing them with self-affirming ones derived from the therapeutic relationship. Building a self-affirming relationship translates into behaving towards the self as worthy and adequate beyond question.
Nature of Previous Experimental List Learning and Phenomenon of Simultaneous Acqusition-Retention
Authors: Wilson David B.
Published: September 2011

Underwood and Lund (1979) found that long-term recall of a common list of words increased directly as the number of lists learned simultaneously increased up to three. They called this the simultaneous acquisition-retention phenomenon. The purpose of the present experiment was to see if the nature of proactive interference affects this phenomenon. It was hypothesized that simultaneous learning would proactively interfere with subsequent simultaneous learning and not with single-task learning. 39 subjects were seen on three consecutive days. On the first day subjects learned four lists either simultaneously or singly. On the second day subjects learned either one list or three lists simultaneously. The third day consisted of recalling the list common to all conditions that was learned on the second day. Analysis showed the phenomenon is independent of the nature of proactive interference. Perhaps simultaneous acquisition-retention may result from variability of encoding.
Smoking among U. S. Navy Enlisted Men: Some Contributing Factors
Authors: Burr Ralph G.
Published: September 2011

Factors contributing to the high incidence of smoking in a sample of 505 U. S. Navy enlisted men were examined. Levenson's 1973 multidimensional locus of control scale was used to assess personality differences between smokers and nonsmokers. Also measured were perceptions of stress and peer relationships. It was hypothesized that nonsmokers would be more internal, less chance-oriented, report less stress, and perceive less positive peer relationships than smokers. The results generally supported the first three hypotheses but did not support the fourth. It was suggested that programs to promote internal expectations, such as the Navy's Health Readiness Program, may be a method of lowering the high incidence of smoking. Because the proportion of variance accounted for is low, more immediate and perhaps more salient solutions mentioned were to (a) encourage those in the chain of command to set a no-smoking example, (b) stop the practice of giving work breaks for smoking, and (c) discontinue military price discounts on cigarettes.
Relation between Children's and Parents' Empathy
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

The relationship between 215 9- to 12-yr.-olds' empathy and their parents' empathy was studied with the Mehrabian and Epstein emotional empathy scale (1972). The expected positive correlation did not appear consistently in all sex and age groups, nor did the mothers' predominant role in socialization of empathy. Mothers were emotionally more empathetic than fathers, girls more empathetic than boys. The Finnish fathers' role in acquisition of empathy by children seems evident. Partial correlations did not change the impression of the relationship between the empathy scores of parents and children after eliminating effects of different social background factors.
Self-Efficacy and Cessation of Smoking
Authors: Coelho Richard J.
Published: September 2011

For 66 adult smokers of mean age 41 yr. rated self-efficacy increased from pre- to posttreatment but decreased at 3 mo. posttreatment to a level higher than pretreatment. 18 abstinent subjects scored higher than those who relapsed. rs of self efficacy at three posttreatment times averaged .55 but were negligible with smoking status.
Comparison of the Prediction of Academic Performance for College Developmental Students and Regularly Admitted Students
Authors: Ervin Leroy , Hogrebe Mark C. , Dwinell Patricia L. , Newman Isadore
Published: September 2011

The task of selecting students who are most likely to succeed in a college Developmental Studies program results in important consequences for individuals and institutions. The present study compared the accuracy of high school grade point average and Scholastic Aptitude Test scores in predicting freshman grade point average (freshman GPA) for two groups of students, Developmental Studies freshmen and regularly admitted freshmen. Analysis indicated the differences in slopes of the regression equations accounted for a small amount of criterion variance, but there was substantially greater error variance in the predictor-criterion relationship for developmental students. The predictor variables for regular students accounted for 34% of the variance in freshman GPA which was about two-and-a-half times more variance than was accounted for by the predictors for developmental students.
Health Locus of Control: Support for Recent Multidimensional Developments
Authors: Stanley R. O. , Hyman G. J. , Sharp C. A.
Published: September 2011

A correlational analysis of the unidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale with the multidimensional Levenson Locus of Control Scale indicated that the area-specific scale relates to ‘Chance’ and ‘Internal’ attributions of influence in health. The correlation with ‘Powerful Others’ dimension of Levenson did not approach significance ( ns = 106 men, 59 women, 17 to 21 yr. old).
Replication of a Modified Procedure for Administering the WAIS
Authors: Jeffrey Timothy B. , Jeffrey Louise K.
Published: September 2011

The modified WAIS, an abbreviated scoring procedure presented by Vincent in 1979, was evaluated in a replication study of 45 subjects. Information subtest scores were used to determine starting points for questioning on 5 other subtests. Modified WAIS and WAIS IQs correlated highly for Verbal (.996) and Performance (.999) scales, and Full Scale (.998). The results of this study support Vincent's conclusion that the modified WAIS can be considered as an alternative to short forms.
Effects of Congruence between Locus of Control and Task Instructions on Self-Efficacy
Authors: Minor Scott W. , Roberts Andrew M.
Published: September 2011

Although self-efficacy theory has generated research, investigations concerning how individual difference variables may influence self-efficacy have been lacking. The present study addressed the relationship between locus of control and self-efficacy. Subjects were 40 undergraduate females (20 with internal locus of control and 20 with external locus of control) who were asked to solve five single-solution anagrams. Prior to exposure to the anagrams, half of the subjects received a set of skill instructions and the rest were given chance instructions. When instructions were congruent with locus of control (e.g., internal-skill, external-chance) subjects expended more effort to solve the anagrams. Locus of control and instructions did not significantly affect estimates of self-efficacy, but means were ordered as predicted.
Curiosity and Need for Cognition
Authors: Olson Kenneth , Camp Cameron , Fuller Dana
Published: September 2011

The present study hypothesized that individuals' need for cognition, which describes the dispositional tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking, would be related to questionnaire measures of curiosity for 148 adults. Scores on the Need for Cognition Scale were correlated with eight commonly used measures of curiosity of adults. With one exception, all values were statisically significant (mean r, .57) and added to the convergent validity of the Need for Cognition Scale. Relationships between need for cognition and social desirability, sex, and American College Testing scores were also examined.
Bilingual Representation of Discourse
Authors: Guenther R. Kim
Published: September 2011

English-Persian bilingual subjects decided whether probes were true or false for some previously studied discourses written in either English or Persian. The response times to probes depicting explicit events were much faster when the probes were written in the same language as their discourses than when they were written in the other language. However, for probes depicting implicit or false events, the difference between response times to probes written in the same language and response times to probes written in the other language was substantially less. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the form of the stored representation of the meaning of discourse is the same for both languages of the bilingual person.
Anxiety and Depersonalization and Derealization Experiences
Authors: Trueman David
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to assess whether individuals reporting experiences of depersonalization or derealization experience higher levels of anxiety than those subjects not reporting these experiences. 221 undergraduates volunteered to complete questionnaires on depersonalization and derealization and the IPAT Anxiety Scale. Analysis indicated that subjects experiencing depersonalization or derealization scored higher on the anxiety scale than those not reporting these experiences, while subjects who reported both depersonalization and derealization scored the highest. Significant positive correlations between number of depersonalization episodes, and frequency and number of derealization episodes, and significant negative correlations between level of diminution of depersonalization or derealization and reported over-all anxiety score were obtained. The results were explained using the model proposing that individuals experiencing continued depersonalization or derealization episodes suffer from a more generic anxiety or phobic-anxiety based disorder labeled “phobic-anxiety depersonalization syndrome.”
Validity of the Slosson Intelligence Test with Young Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Jeffrey Timothy B. , Jeffrey Louise K.
Published: September 2011

Many studies document the utility of the Slosson Intelligence Test with “normal” and retarded subjects but few data are available regarding the use of this instrument with learning disabled children. Several investigators have suggested that the Slosson may overestimate IQ for this population. This study compared the intellectual functioning of two groups of 24 children suspected of being learning disabled. Slosson scores exceeded scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised by approximately 9 IQ points. In spite of the recent conversion of the Slosson to a deviation IQ, caution appears prudent in interpreting IQ for this population.
Seven Treacherous Pitfalls of Statistics, Illustrated
Authors: Weitzman R. A.
Published: September 2011

Psychologists who continue to test Ho despite repeated rejections must be getting what they want. What psychologists get from the test may not be what psychology needs, however, as a number of critics of the test have pointed out. Using as an illustration an experiment singled out in the literature for its methodological excellence, this article not only adds to the criticism by citing seven specific pitfalls likely to trap users of the test but also investigates the motivational forces sustaining the continued use of the test in an effort to overcome the resistance to change.
On the Relationship between Feminism and Use of “MS.”
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B. , Insko William R.
Published: September 2011

Spence and Helmreich's Attitudes Toward Women Scale was administered to 235 undergraduate women who were then asked to indicate, as part of a General Information Sheet, their names and which form of address they preferred from among Mrs., Miss, and Ms. While fewer than one-quarter of the women chose “Ms.”, it was found, as hypothesized, that these women had higher scores on the Attitudes toward Women Scale than those who chose “Miss” or “Mrs.” However, while significant, the difference was relatively small and possible interpretations of it are discussed.
Profile of Dangerous and Non-Dangerous Offenders Referred for Pre-Trial Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Valliant P. M. , Asu M. E. , Cooper D. , Mammola D.
Published: September 2011

In this study, the possibility that clusters of variables rather than single measures enhanced differentiation between subgroups of offenders was considered. Discriminant analyses were computed to determine which 23 measures from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised, Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and a social history questionnaire differentiated 18 dangerous, 17 non-dangerous offenders, and 30 non-offenders. Analysis showed some significant clusters separated dangerous and non-dangerous offenders. Conclusions and limitations are discussed within the context of criminality.
Diurnal Changes on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A Pilot Study
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M.
Published: September 2011

11 people took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on two consecutive workdays. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon while at work, and in the evening after finishing the day's work, with the instruction to take it each time as though they had never seen it before. Analysis indicated that the data were not free of diurnal changes. Individuals differed in amount and on dimensions of significant change. Diurnal changes were most consistent on Extraversion, Introversion, Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing, Intuition, and Sensing-Intuition, and least consistent on Thinking, Feeling, and Thinking-Feeling. As interview and observation suggested that the variations reflected genuine changes in the individuals, diurnal changes on personality tests should be studied further; tests should be given a person several times to obtain a profile of the person; and classifications should be viewed as reflecting the person at a specific time and in a specific setting.
Effects of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Androgynous Alternatives on Mental Health Judgments of Psychotherapists
Authors: Swenson Elizabeth V. , Ragucci Ruth
Published: September 2011

Research and theoretical notions on the relationship between mental health and androgyny have yielded contradictory statements. In the present study 42 practicing psychotherapists were asked to rate the mentally healthy person (sex unspecified), man, and woman on the Bem Sex-role Inventory. Analysis showed that masculine was the preferred category for the person, with androgynous more often used to describe the man and undifferentiated, the woman. Male and female ratees differed significantly in masculinity and femininity in the expected direction with the person midway between. Sex-role stereotyping remains prevalent among mental health professionals.
Trait Anxiety and Response to Potential Flood Disaster
Authors: De Man Anton , Simpson-Housley Paul , Curtis Fred , Smith David
Published: September 2011

81 subjects participated in a study examining the relationship between trait-anxiety, as measured by the trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and perceptions of or responses to potential floodhazard, as evaluated by an objective questionnaire. In assessing these relationships the interactive effects of a number of relevant variables were investigated. Correlations suggested that trait-anxiety was negatively related to expectation of flooding and to acknowledged anxiety. Moreover, trait-anxiety acted as a suppressor variable in the estimation of future damages.
Adjustment Problems of a Group of Committed Children
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Hanekom Francois W.
Published: September 2011

A total of 57 white committed children, 22 female and 35 male, with an age range of 14 to 18 yr., were compared with a control group on general personality adjustment. Analysis indicated that the committed group maintained a high level of anxiety, together with underlying feelings of frustration, uncertainty, and isolation.
Influence of Serial Structure of a Facts-Enumerating Text on Free Recall
Authors: Van Dam Gerrit , Brinkerink-Carlier Michèle , Schipper Bram
Published: September 2011

20 female and 13 male psychology students studied a series of self-contained complexes of information on Egyptian pyramids. Each of three versions was studied by 11 subjects. In Version A the information complexes were presented in random serial order, in Version B this series was structured by insertion of four subtitles, in Version C the serial order was altered to facilitate learning. Serial structures of B- and C-reproductions agreed better with the original texts than A-reproductions. Versions did not differ with respect to the amount of reproduced information.
Correlates of Self-Concept among Variant Children
Authors: Chovan William L. , Morrison E. Rebecca
Published: September 2011

48 children who were educably mentally handicapped, learning disabled, achievers, and academically gifted took the Piers-Harris self-concept scale. Differences between groups on the 6 factors of the scale were examined. Achievers and gifted students had higher and more positive responses to self-concept statements about school ability and achievement than the other two groups.
Locus of Control and Decision to Abort
Authors: Dixon Paul N. , Strano Donald A. , Willingham Welborn
Published: September 2011

The relationship of locus of control to deciding on an abortion was investigated. Rotter's Scale was given to 118 women immediately prior to abortion, 2 wk., and 3 mo. following the abortion. Subjects' locus of control scores were compared across the three times, and the abortion group's pretest scores were compared with those of a nonpregnant control group. As hypothesized, the aborting group scored significantly more internal than the general population but no differences in locus of control were found across the three times. The length of delay in deciding to abort an unwanted pregnancy following confirmation was also assessed. Women seeking first-trimester abortions were divided into internal and external groups on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale and the lengths of delay were compared. The hypothesis that external scorers would delay the decision longer than internal ones was confirmed. The results confirm characteristics of the locus of control construct and add information about personality characteristics of women undergoing abortion.
Concordance of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Cassileth Barrie R. , Lusk Edward J. , Hutter Randi , Strouse Thomas B. , Brown Lorraine L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between depression and anxiety in 867 adult patients was studied. High correlation coefficients suggested a concurrence of these two symptoms among these patients. Implications for therapy are discussed.
Memory for Places: Role of Schemata-Related Expectancy and Saliency in Recall and Recognition
Authors: Saab Zoanne , Trottier Jeanne , Wail Harriet M.
Published: September 2011

After a 2-min. wait in a room described as the laboratory assistant's office, memory of 22 undergraduates for items in the office was tested. Previous ratings of the saliency of items predicted retrieval and errors. The results were discussed in terms of the operation of schemata as described by Bartlett in 1932.
Awareness of Internal Cues and Concordance among Verbal, Behavioral, and Physiological Systems in Dysfunction
Authors: Gannon Linda
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that persons suffering from a particular dysfunction lack awareness of internal cues associated with physiological activity in the dysfunctional system. Further, this deficit in awareness results in a lack of concordance among verbal, behavioral, and physiological measures of the dysfunctional system; persons not suffering from the particular dysfunction have adequate perception of internal cues and exhibit concordance among these measures. To evaluate these hypotheses, relevant research is reviewed. Discussions of the potential relevance of the proposed theoretical orientation to treatment and methodological issues pertinent to empirical validation are included.