bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REPRESENTATIVIDADE DOS INSTITUTOS FEDERAIS NO VII CONGRESSO LATINO-AMERICANO DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE LÍNGUAS
Authors: Carvalho Aline Moraes de , Soares Mônica Bomtempo Reis
Published: December 2020

Através de uma metassíntese qualitativa (ALENCAR & ALMOULOUD, 2017) dos estudos apresentados no VII Congresso Latino-americano de Formação de Professores de Línguas que tinham como contexto os Institutos Federais ou que tivessem sido produzidos por docentes dessas instituições, tentamos identificar a formação acadêmica dos professores-pesquisadores, as tendências, recorrências e lacunas tanto nos trabalhos produzidos pelos IF’s quanto aqueles produzidos sobre o ensino de línguas nos IF’s. Observamos o desenvolvimento de uma identidade de professor-pesquisador na área da Linguística Aplicada, que pode ser percebida na participação dos docentes no evento, com trabalhos que abrangeram a maioria dos eixos temáticos existentes. Faltam, porém, mais estudos sobre os desafios enfrentados na sala de aula, especialmente no que concerne a integração entre o ensino das línguas e o conteúdo específico da parte técnica.
LEITURA DOS ESTEREÓTIPOS DA MULHER NEGRA BRASILEIRA EM “VIAJE AL OTRO BRASIL”
Authors: Munhoz Ruan Fellipe
Published: December 2020

Este artigo expõe uma análise do relato Viaje al otro Brasil, publicado em 2002 pelo espanhol Javier Nart. Nessa obra, o viajante apresenta uma visão (ou revisão) do Brasil a partir do seu deslocamento por parte do centro-oeste, norte e nordeste. Intencionamos trabalhar especificamente com a imagem que esse estrangeiro constrói da mulher negra brasileira, tendo em vista que na maioria das vezes ela é representada como objeto digno de apreciação e deleite. Diante dessa problemática, discutiremos qual é o papel dos estereótipos na produção dos preconceitos e na manutenção do poder hegemônico. Para tanto, trabalhamos, fundamentalmente, com a contribuição de Souza (2004) na questão da formação da imagem, a construção do discurso imperial pelos pressupostos de Said (2007) e Pratt (1999), a teoria dos estereótipos desenvolvida por Bhabha (1991) e também com as divisões sociais que geram discriminação com base em Ahmad (2002), Bonnici 2007) e van Dijk (2008).
PRODUÇÃO TEXTUAL NO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA ESPANHOLA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA COM LIVRO CARTONERO NO CEFET/RJ
Authors: Souza Fabiana Oliveira de
Published: December 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar uma experiência de produção textual em língua espanhola, que culminou na elaboração e publicação de um livro cartonero, cuja capa é feita de cartón, “papelão” em espanhol. A partir dos debates sobre meio ambiente e temáticas afins, tendo como subsídio diferentes gêneros discursivos analisados em cada aula, propôs-se que os estudantes produzissem um texto abordando um desses temas. Resultado das atividades desenvolvidas ao longo de um semestre na disciplina de Língua Espanhola com a turma do quarto ano do Ensino Médio do CEFET/RJ, campus Petrópolis, o livro auxilia na formação cidadã desses alunos e faz dialogar teoria e prática, por ser não apenas uma discussão sobre conscientização, mas também uma ação coletiva de reciclagem. A obra atende às expectativas de um curso de língua estrangeira preocupado com a transdisciplinaridade, enfatizando temáticas transversais e interagindo com o mundo para além da instituição de ensino.
A FORMAÇÃO DO LEITOR EM SUAS MÚLTIPLAS DIMENSÕES: A LEITURA LITERÁRIA SEDIMENTANDO A PRÁTICA INTEGRADORA NO ENSINO MÉDIO TÉCNICO DO IFPB – CAMPUS JOÃO PESSOA
Authors: Formiga Girlene Marques , Cavalcanti Maria da Conceição Monteiro , De Araújo Clebianne Vieira
Published: December 2020

Este artigo visa a discorrer sobre a formação do leitor e o ensino de literatura na educação profissional técnica integrada ao ensino médio do Instituto Federal da Paraíba - campus João Pessoa, com foco mais específico em averiguar a ocorrência de práticas integradoras relativas à leitura que contemplem o perfil do egresso. Por meio da abordagem qualitativa e de natureza descritivo-exploratória, buscou-se identificar, a partir de documentos norteadores, como diretrizes curriculares, planos de desenvolvimento institucional e pedagógicos dos cursos, a abordagem instrucional sobre a formação integral subjacente à modalidade. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi fundamentada nos pressupostos teóricos defendidos, sobretudo, por Saviani (2008), Candido (1995) Todorov (2009), Jouve (2002) e Leahy-Dios (2004). A pesquisa possibilitou uma reflexão acerca dos direcionamentos do processo de formação capazes de conduzir o leitor do texto literário ao exercício de seu papel de sujeito constituído de especificidades em suas múltiplas dimensões histórica, política e cultural.
CONHECIMENTOS DE LEITURA E INTERPRETAÇÃO DE TEXTO EM PROVAS DE CONCURSOS PÚBLICOS
Authors: Livramento Kátia Bezerra do , Rafael Edmilson Luiz
Published: December 2020

Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais de uma pesquisa sobre os conhecimentos de língua portuguesa em provas de concursos públicos. A questão de investigação foi saber que tipo de leitor representa o sujeito hábil em concursos de nível médio para exercer a função de soldado da polícia militar e de técnicos em saúde? O objetivo foi analisar o tratamento teórico subjacente aos conhecimentos de leitura e interpretação de texto nas provas de língua portuguesa. O corpus de análise foi constituído de seis provas de concursos estaduais realizados na região nordeste, no ano de 2018, Alagoas, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Sergipe para o cargo da policia militar, e Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte para o cargo de técnicos em saúde. A análise, fundamentada nas concepção de leitura, letramento e avaliação, demostrou evidências sobre o tipo de leitor que as organizadoras estão avaliando para o desempenho das atividades laborais.
ENTREVISTA MARIA LÚCIA PESSOA SAMPAIO PROGRAMA BALE: ONDE LER É RESISTIR; É PARTILHAR SONHOS; É TRANSFORMAR VIDAS!
Authors: Soares Bezerra Keutre Gláudia Da Conceição
Published: December 2020

Entrevista sobre o Programa Biblioteca Ambulante e Literatura nas Escolas - BALE.
ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUAS E LITERATURAS NOS INSTITUTOS FEDERAIS
Authors: Amorim Marcel Alvaro de , Silva Junior Antonio Ferreira da , Costa Júnior José Veranildo Lopes da
Published: December 2020

No Brasil, a história do ensino técnico e tecnológico se inicia em 1909, quando Nilo Peçanha, o então presidente da República, criou 19 escolas de Aprendizes e Artífices que, posteriormente, se transformaram nos Centros Federais de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica, mais conhecidos como CEFETS. Em dezembro de 2008, no mandato de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, os CEFETS se transformaram em Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, tendo como principal desdobramento a expansão e a interiorização da educação técnica e tecnológica em nosso país. Desde então, a concepção de currículo dessas unidades de ensino também se modificou. Se, em um primeiro momento, tinha-se a ideia de que este modelo de educação deveria focar, quase que exclusivamente, na aprendizagem de conhecimentos específicos (normalmente voltados para o setor da indústria, as tecnologias e as ciências exatas), com os Institutos Federais, chegou-se a um consenso de que a educação técnica e tecnológica deveria se preocupar, também, com a formação do cidadão crítico e reflexivo. Com isso, percebeu-se a importância do ensino de um conjunto de disciplinas, como a Sociologia, a Filosofia, a Literatura e as Línguas (sempre no plural), na formação do profissional de nível técnico e tecnológico. Com o objetivo de colocar em discussão a defesa de um currículo linguisticamente democrático receberemos, nesta chamada, trabalhos que discutam o ensino e a aprendizagem de Línguas e suas respectivas Literaturas no âmbito dos Institutos Federais em nosso país.
Experimentalismo na prosa brasileira contemporânea: uma análise do conto Corações ruidosos, de Alex Sens
Authors: Lopes Lucas José de Mello , De Araújo Rosanne Bezerra
Published: December 2020

Elegemos como corpus deste artigo o conto Corações ruidosos, de Alex Sens. Na obra, uma viagem de ônibus abre margem para o desvelamento das inquietações de diversos personagens, que são explorados de maneira a revelar a vida nos instantes brevíssimos que são abarcados pelo conto. Esse enredo simples é potencializado pelas técnicas empreendidas pelo autor, que ecoam o ímpeto experimentalista do início do modernismo inglês. Objetivamos elucidar as estratégias narrativas utilizadas por Alex Sens, com um olhar especial para o narrador, e tecer relações de sentido entre forma e conteúdo, intimamente relacionados no conto. Para tal, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica que engloba discussões sobre o narrador e a tendência do fluxo da consciência dentro da literatura. Ao fim, percebemos que o autor, valendo-se de vozes narrativas múltiplas, imbrica o motivo da morte - que perpassa a existência dos personagens - no significante do texto, desafiando noções cristalizadas na teoria literária.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: : Literatura contemporânea brasileira; Alex Sens; Fluxo da consciência; Conto.
A encenação do ato de pintar em Courbet: L’Atelier du peintre
Authors: Arbex Marcia , Lago Izabela Baptista do
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo analisa, sob uma perspectiva dos estudos da intermidialidade, as referências intermidiáticas presentes em Courbet: L'Atelier du peintre [Courbet: O ateliê do pintor], trabalho realizado por Marianne Nahon. O livro, constituído de um texto e ilustrações do artista Charles Matton, configura-se como um objeto complexo que envolve tanto a transposição, quanto a combinação de mídias e as referências intermidiáticas, como definidas por Irina Rajewsky, e que serão o foco principal desta reflexão. O referencial teórico é também constituído pelos estudos de Walter Moser a respeito das relações entre as artes e a ênfase em sua midialidade. Nosso objetivo é identificar essas referências – em especial à pintura e ao teatro – e avaliar em que medida elas participam, por meio de descrições narrativizadas, do processo de formação de tableaux vivants, quadros vivos literários que colocam em cena o ato de pintar.
AGRAMMATIC PATIENT’S DUAL CODING PROCESS IN SENTENCE COMPREHENSION
Authors: Visvanathan Deepa
Published: December 2020

This paper reports on a study on the dual coding process involved in an agrammatic patient when comprehending sentences using a sentence to picture matching test. The test was undertaken at The National Stroke Association of Malaysia (NASAM), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The current study employs the theory of Paivio’s (1991) Dual Coding Theory (DCT) as an explanation for the agrammatic patient’s ability to comprehend active and passive sentences and adopts an influential hypothesis by Grodzinsky’s (1990) Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) concerning agrammatism that characterises agrammatic patients as a good comprehender of Subject Verb Object (SVO) sentence structure, the active sentence but as bad comprehenders of Object Verb Subject (OVS) sentence structure, the passive sentences. A comprehension test, the Sentence to Picture Matching Test designed by Christensen (2001) has been adopted in this study to examine the suitability of dual coding theory as an explanation for the agrammatic patient’s comprehension ability. The performance of the patient’s comprehension pattern in this study supports the account of TDH and in general, the findings of this study suggest that sentence to picture matching test could be used to investigate the dual coding process of the agrammatic patient.
FOSTERING AN “EPIDEMIC” TEACHING & LEARNING ECOSYSTEM IN VIRTUAL LEARNING CLASSROOM
Authors: Chan Vincent , Abdul Malik Nur Iylia Syafiqah
Published: December 2020

Virtual teaching and learning have become the new norm to the education sector due to the hit of the Covid-19 pandemic. Because of the Movement Control Order (MCO) implemented by the government, all educational institutes were closed and need to operate virtually to continue the teaching and learning process. The main objective of this study is to develop an effective and impactful ecosystem to improve online teaching quality in virtual learning classrooms that can always keep students engaged and motivated. The education ecosystem is defined as an interconnecting system of various parties such as technology, educators, students, techniques, strategies, approaches, tools, and materials used in the classroom. Moreover, to create a dynamic online education ecosystem, educational resources need to seamlessly work together. Researchers explore the RICES strategy as the main element to develop this online education ecosystem. RICES strategy was developed from Rogers’ Humanist Theory, whereby R is the roles and relationship, IC is instruction and communication, E is emotion, and S is the structure. The term “epidemic” is chosen because it reflects the extensiveness or comprehensiveness of the ecosystem to be built. This paper presents a survey of 200 Multimedia University Melaka students who have experienced in virtual learning classrooms. A descriptive study was conducted to determine the most significant element in the RICES strategy. Results indicated that roles and relationship (R) is the most important element to keep the bond alive and well in online teaching. Finally, some suggestions for educators on how to successfully manage their classrooms were also discussed.
A DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR ON ACCOUNTING STUDENT
Authors: Radianto Wirawan ED , Effrata Tommy C. , Dewi Liliana
Published: December 2020

This study examines the impact of financial literacy, financial knowledge, locus of control, financial attitude, financial self-efficacy, and mental accounting on financial behavior. The study sample is an accounting student. There are 159 questionnaires that can be processed in total out of 250 distributed to the accounting selected at random. Hypothesis testing was conducted using multiple regression analysis. The result of the study shows that locus of control, financial attitude, financial self-efficacy, and mental accounting has a positive impact on financial behavior. However, this study found that financial literacy and financial knowledge do not affect financial behavior. This study also found that mental accounting has the most influence on financial behavior. This research contributes that mental accounting enables students to manage finances and make financial decisions.
THE USE OF E-TOOLS IN LEARNING ENGLISH BY EFL STUDENTS AT YARMOUK UNIVERSITY
Authors: Al Aroud Bassam , Yunus Kamariah
Published: December 2020

The objective of this paper was to investigate English as foreign language students at Yarmouk University engagement in using e-learning tools in learning the English language. This study was conducted in Jordan. This mixed-method approach comprised 30 English Language and Literature students in their 1st Year of study selected randomly. This study used a single research instrument that included a 16 items observation checklist. The elicited data were analyzed using textual analysis coding and SPSS, complemented by descriptive statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses. The findings indicated that past experiences relevant influenced EFL Jordanian undergraduate students at Yarmouk University's use of e-learning tools / MOOCs when learning the English language.
SYRIAN ATTITUDE TOWARD THE PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYRIAN DIALECT AND CULTURE IN JERASH, JORDAN
Authors: Engku Atek Engku Suhaimi , Ab. Halim Zulazhan , Al Samadi Hisham Hussain
Published: December 2020

The study of dialectical variation and cultural maintenance may help in protecting and promoting norms and values in a given community. The inconsistent background of Syrian from Jordanian culture enables a contingency approach for the influence of dialectical variances in cultural activities. The paper aims at examining the role of dialectical variation towards strengthening the relationship between Syrian-Jordanian communities in Jerash city. The paper examines the elements that determine dialect choice in the vicinity. The study investigates dialect and cultural maintenance among Syrian-Jordanian to allow comparison of the potential influences of several parameters on their use on different dialects. The study used the data collected from various participants through interviews and questionnaires to arrive at the findings of the study. Both local and foreign dialects receive significant recognition and functions such as social domains, social activities, social gatherings, religious practices, cultural heritage, to mention a few, in the city. The findings show that dialect maintenance is strictly secure by Syrians in all aspects, except in exceptional cases like feasts, condolences, weddings, buying and selling where they opt for local dialect other than Syrian dialect. It has been observed that socio-demographic factors impact the flow of Syrian dialect and cultural maintenance in Jerash city. The findings discovered that gender contributed to dialect choice and shifting. What appears to be achieved and documented through the current study is that Syrian males are mostly lean to the usage of Jordanian dialect than the Syrian females because the latter hardly utilize Jordanian dialect even while the necessity arose to a large extent. The regular shift of dialect from Syrian to Jordanian or vice versa which equally constitutes the factors responsible for dialect shift is heavily supported by friendship, marriage, religion, relatives, migrations, and good rapport between Syrians and Jordanians.
LEGAL AND POLICY BASIS FOR BAHASA ISYARAT MALAYSIA INTERPRETATION SERVICES
Authors: Abdul Nasir Muhamad Nadhir , Erman Efendi Alfa Nur Aini
Published: December 2020

There is an increasing need for Malaysian Sign Language interpreters or known as Jurubahasa Isyarat Malaysia (JBIM) to meet the economic, social, and cultural needs of persons who are deaf. To resolve the continuing lack of JBIM, the present paper addresses the legal and policy basis for the establishment of a government-owned and operated service system. We review several legal and government strategic documents, namely the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, the Local Government Act 1976, the Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2007, the Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities 2016-2022, and the National Community Policy 2018. Although Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM) is recognized by the law beyond its status as an official language of deaf Malaysians and as part of their cultural identity, our analysis of these legal and policy documents do not suggest a tangible and proper mechanism for BIM interpretation service system. We assert the BIM interpretation services to be established and provided by local governments through collaboration with other federal government agencies and deaf people’s organizations. We also discuss structural measures regarding recruitment and certification, job-related equipment, retirement fund as well as competitive wage. These four aspects are vital in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of the BIM interpretation services.
DEFINITION OF ‘DECEIT’ IN ONLINE PURCHASE: ANALYSIS OF LEGAL PROVISIONS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Adnan Amirah Madihah , Abdul Manap Norhoneydayatie , Zakaria Zamzuri , Samuri Mohd Al Adib , Mat Zain Mat Noor , Ahmad Azlin Alisa , Ong Tze Chin , Abdullah Farhah
Published: December 2020

It is widely known that online shopping has several advantages including time and energy-saving as well as its diversity in making choices. In spite of that, online purchasing activities are prone to a certain number of misuses, particularly to the exposure of fraud and deception by online merchants. Therefore, this article intended to address the necessity for a specific and clear definition of deceit in the context of online purchases. The need for up-to-date legal provisions is crucial to ensure consumers’ protection from any acts of deception by irresponsible merchants, taking into account the act of misleading consumers through unclear definitions and elements of deceit within online purchases in accordance with existing laws. Using content analysis methodology, the existing legal provisions on fraud have been reviewed by focusing on Section 17 of the Contracts Act 1950 in Malaysia alongside regulations on e-commerce fraud practices implemented in the United States, European Union, and Australia. Furthermore, a review of literature from past scholars is included to evaluate their point of view towards e-commerce deception. This article finds that there is a need to provide a distinct and precise definition of deceit and fraud against online purchases through existing legal provisions. It is suggested that Section 17 of the Contracts Act 1950 should include terms that denote its application in the electronic context apart from improving and clarifying the definition and elements of existing provisions to ensure the protection of consumers from the acts of deceit in online purchases.
Western Scholarship and the Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World
Authors: Karbal Mohamed
Published: December 2020

During the last two decades, the politics of certain Arab countrieshave been influenced by various Islamic groups. Some of these groupshave expressed their dissatisfaction with the performances of theirgovernments by Using the available political channels to seek change;others have resorted to violence. Armed protests have taken the form ofbombings, assassinations, and mass demonstrations.Suicide attacks and armed struggle took place against Israeli, American,and French forces in Lebanon (1982-83). President Sadat of Egyptwas assassinated in 1981 by Egyptian military pemnnel who were membersof an Islamic movement. Another armed struggle against the Syrianregime was initiated by the Syrian Islamic Front in 1976-82. Numerousdemonsttations against the governments of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisiatook place during the 1980s.Other Muslim groups attempted to participate in the decision-makingprocess in their countries. The Society of Muslim Brothers in Egypt encouragedits prominent members to run for election to the Egyptian Parliament.However, the Society was not considered a legal party accordingto Egyptian law. The Wafd, a legitimate party, allowed the Society ofMuslim Brothers to campaign under their banner. As a result, membersof the Society voted in accordance with their ideological and political beliefsrather than the Wafd party line. In Jordan, the Society of MuslimBrothem campaigned as an independent party during the 1988 electionsand won twenty percent of the seats.Due to the Arab countries’ economic and strategic importance, variousgovemments, scholars, and private and public organizations have paid closeattention to these incidents. In an attempt to understand this phenomenon,academic conventions have been held, books and articles have been published,and gmnts have been awarded for research. Western and Arabscholars have described it with such labels as Islamic fundamentalism,revivalism, awakening, reformism, resurgence , renewal, militancy, or simply ...
The Problem of Bias
Authors: Al 'Alwani Taha J.
Published: December 2020

The Intemational Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) is pleased tosponsor this important seminar, as its topic and objectives, the nature ofthe issues to be raised, and the points of view represented by thescholarly participants and their papers are of vital concern to the Islamicworld. Through its participation, the institute has opened a new chapterfor academic activity and intellectual jihad, particularly in Arabic and Islamiccultutal circles.As the institute joins the Union of Egyptian Engineers (UEE) in thispioneering intellectual effott, it seeks to articulate its third objective asregards the reform of the methodology of Islamic thought: the Islamizationof knowledge in order to build a new Islamic cultural order and leadthe ummah to the most beneficial ways of overcoming its backwardness.Moreover, as the IIIT joins the UEE in this undettaking, it seeks toexonerate itself from the charge that it is biased in favor of theoreticalthinking and thus insensitive to the applied sciences. While this is the impressionthat might be given by the institute's publications and statements,the truth is that these are indicative only of its priorities and havenothing to do with bias.Contemporary Western thought and cultute have begun to cast theirdatkness over everything in a way that obliterates, or neatly so, all non-Western thought and culture by weakening established concepts anddetracting from the importance of their soutces. The West has done thisunder the guise of academic objectivity, by endowing its own social sciencesand humanities with an assumed universality that makes of theirdubious disciplines not only a virtue, but the authoritative last word. Infact, however, the West's "universality" is little more that its own selfcentetednessand the stripping of others of all vestiges of their own civilizationand culture.The universality of Islam, however, is another matter entirely, for itincludes and integrates every people and every culture. Yet the West,more by means of its influence than its supposed universality, insists onpopularizing slogans like "knowledge for knowledge's sake" and "art forart's sake" in a less-than-subtle attempt to persuade others to renouncetheir own traditions, thought, and culture as a prelude to plunging headlonginto their supposedly universal counterparts in the West. Indeed, ...
Towards an Ecological Consciousness
Authors: Agwan A. R.
Published: December 2020

E. F. Schumacher, the author of Small Is Beautifit said, "We are atwar with Nature and if by chance we win the war, we shall be the loser."This paradox of modem humanity is not universally accepted. However,there is hardly any visible sign of a deceleration in humanity's unilateralwar against the environment. Consequently, humanity is drawing closerand nearer to an imminent debacle.Although "the voices of peace" for solving the crisis could be heardas early as the late 194Os, their mediation has come to be regarded asvaluable only recently. As a result, the global environmental movementhas started shaping the course of developmental strategies. But, unfortunately,the growing concern over environmental devastation is still superficialand not viewed holistically. The ongoing concerns are limited to theextent of the exploitation of natural murces and the sustainability of thedevelopmental processes. However, a few voices that consider the predicamentfrom a holistic viewpoint and in a perspective of "deep ecology"are certainly audible in the global debate. The proponents of the holisticapproach feel that humanity's present awareness of the environmental crisisis not sufficient. What is needed, according to them, is a dispassionateecological consciousness emanating from the synthesis of the completeexperience of humanity since the dawn of civilization and also taking intoconsideration all facets of the ultimate reality.The New Ecological RealismFor quite some time, a relational perspective has been stressed in discussionsabout understanding and solving the ecological crisis. Accordingto this viewpoint, "nature is a web of relations" and therefore "denial ofrelationality is denial of being" (Skolimowski 1991). Furthermore, it expandsthe frontiers of the relationality of the human community to thegreater relationality of all biotic and abiotic members of the biosphere andbeyond. A concept of "the cosmic family" has been envisaged by advocatesof this vision, and humanity is expected to mold its behavior patternsso that human beings can fulfill their obligations towards the vastfamily and honor all relations while deriving benefits from the ~esourcepool of their cultural and physical environments.In its wake, a movement for deep ecology has been proposed. Theterm "deep ecology" signifies the encouragement of a more profound ...
Race and Slavery in the Middle East
Authors: Ali Hassan E.
Published: December 2020

This book is based mainly on an earlier small book entitled Race andColor in Islam that was published in 1971. In this new edition, Lewisadded more chapters and expanded the discussion of some of the materialthat he examined in the earlier edition. He mentions that scholarly workon the topic of slavery received only limited attention from researcherscompared with studies on slavery in the Greek and Roman worlds. Onlya few number of studies of high caliber could be cited.The main theme of the book, as Lewis states clearly in his concludingremarks, is that Islam's total racial hannony and ilUlocence is a mythcreated, maintained, and idealized by westerners as a rebuke to the actionsof the white man in the Americas and South Africa. Moreover, theidea found relevance among missionaries in Africa who tried to seek explanationsfor their failure in contrast to the success of Islam.In his analysis, Lewis tries lo distinguish between three distinct meaningsof Islam: 1) Islam as the religion taught by the Prophet and prescribedin the Qur'an; 2) Islam as a larger body including the traditions,works, and fatwas of Islamic scholars and jurists. In this regard Islam includesthe Shari'ah as developed over the centuries; and 3) Islam as thecounterpart not of Christianity but of Christendom. Here, Islam means not ...
The Closing of the Door of Ijtihad and the Application of the Law
Authors: Vogel Frank E.
Published: December 2020

This panel's center of gravity is Islamic legal theory and doctrine,particularly usul alfiqh. In this mom are many of the West's leadingscholars in this field. This puts me out of step, for my work leads me tostudy fiqh and usul alfiqh chiefly from the viewpoint of their application,an approach that is the result of spending several years in SaudiArabia studying the role of fiqh and the ulema in the Islamic legalsystem. I wish to submit, however, that there are a number of doctrinalproblems to which a study of the law's application and practice or, inother words, a study of the legal system, stands to contribute a great deal.The closing of the door of ijtihad, which I intend to discuss, is such anissue.But first let me make some general points to support the generalsuggestion I have just made. In western studies of fiqh, we have oftenomitted, justifiably or not, any consideration of the law's application.Among the valid justifications for doing so is the very vastness of thedoctrinal corpus. Another is that to get basic data on the law's historicalapplication is far more difficult than fvding its black-letter doctrine.Other justifications are more questionable. For one, we have often madecertain assumptions, which-stating them with due exaggeration-holdthat Islamic law, since it became stagnant at an early period, was usuallyignod in practice. As a d t of this, it is often maintained, fiqh retreatedinto the ideal world of scholarship while the application of the lawfell under the sway of arbitrary and despotic rulers. Approaching the lawwith such an impression, however much in the background, scholars ofIslamic law have, not surprisingly, spent little time on its application.This last justification for ignoring the law's application is now, I believe,rapidly eroding due to the efforts of scholars on many differentfronts. Some, notably Professor Hallaq, are at work countering the exaggeratedidea of the "closing of the door of ijtihad," a phrase used to conveythe idea that fiqh became utterly stultified at an early stage. Otherscholars ate examining late Shari'ah court records and legal documents ...
Towards the Twenty First Century
Authors: Mohamad Mahathir
Published: December 2020

I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me to the jointlaunching of the Institute of Islamic Understanding, Malaysia, and theopening ceremony of this congress.The idea of the Institute of Islamic Understanding, Malaysia, was firstsuggested because of the confusion among Muslims and non-Muslimsregarding Islam. This discord has led to misunderstanding and animositynot only between Muslims and non-Muslims but among Muslims themselves.Whether we like it or not, many non-Muslims consider Islam areligion that is closely related to backwardness, poverty, and weakness.Of late, some Muslims have also been closely associated with violenceand irrationality-an act or thought which is without principles.We are deeply disappointed with such incorrect views. But the truthis that Muslims and Islamic nations are far behind, weak, and dependenton others for their various needs. At the same time, Muslims themselvesfind cooperation and unity difficult. They allow themselves to be used astools and to serve the interests of others. They are unable and often Wlwillingto help each other, whlch leads to disunity, animosity, disagreement.The administration of Islamic countries is usually weak andbackward, chaotic and disorderly. No Muslim country can be considereda major power worthy of international respect. Rather, all are considereddeveloping countries, even though some have enonnous wealth. The mainreason for this is that they lack technology and sophistication.This was not always true, for in the past Islam and MusUms enjoyeda prolonged period of success and prosperity, respect and esteem. Afterthe death of the Prophet, Muslims spread Islam from Spain to China.Through their missionary activities, military might, and efficient rule, theyerected the largest empire in world history. Islamic countries evolved andwere famous for their high and sophisticated civilization. They producedexperts in administration, development, agriculture, industry, engineering,defense, science, mathematics, shipping, navigation, medicine, and other ...
Ummah or Nation
Authors: Voll John Obert
Published: December 2020

The interaction of societies and worldviews is one of the great themesof modem world history. Abdullah al-Ahsan makes an important contributionto the explanation and W1derstanding of these interactions in thecontext of the Islamic world. In particular, he concentrates on the issuesof ultimate sociopolitical identity and how it is affected by the attitudesand beliefs of modem Muslims: the dual loyalty to "nation" and to thegreater Islamic commnity (ummah).This book opens with a discussion of the term "um.mah" and its conceptualdevelopment in Islamic history. Then it addresses the develop­ment of nationalism in the modem world, particularly during the colonialera in Turkey, Egypt, and South Asia, and leading to "the identity crisisof the modem Muslim." Al-Ahsan concludes with a discussion of contemporarytransnational Muslim organizations, giving special attention to theOrganization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), which he describes as botha potentially ummatic entity and an organization of nation-states."The problematic relationship between European secular thought andtraditional Islamic ideas has created an identity crisis in contemporaryMuslim society" (p. 145), al-Ahsan says. This is not just a matter of thecoexistence of different identities within an individual or group, which isnatural; rather it involves defining a Muslim's "supreme loyalty." Forsuch a loyalty to be successful it should "be strong enough to generate asense of unity among its adherents and at the same time be flexibleenough to accommodate other identities within its fold" (p. 146). This isa matter of individual identity and "an adherent should have the freedom ...
Islamic Law and Religion
Authors: Mattson Ingrid
Published: December 2020

Although the seminar's presentations were not centered around asingle issue in Islamic law, two common purposes were apparent: to explorethe nature of change in Islamic law and to understand the relationshipbetween religious authority and the practice of the law.It is useful to begin with the presentation of Abbas Amanat (YaleUniversity) on the history of modem Shi'i law, since he was the onlyspeaker who held to the characterii.ation of Islamic law (at least in modemIran) as removed from practical life, concerned with insignificant detailsof ritual, and heir to a textual tradition reduced to commentaries oncommentaries. Amanat decried the fact that the Iranian ulema missed theopportunity in the nineteenth century to refonn significantly the legal system.He argued that the success achieved by the religious scholars in instigatingthe tobacco boycott of 1891 should have mobilized them to callfor significant institutional changes in Iranian law. Yet with the end ofthe boycott, the scholars returned to the same old business of speculatingon questions irrelevant to the needs of a changing society.Amanat admitted in the question and answer period that the ulemawere restricted by political circumstances; indeed they may not have survivedto seize control of the government in our times if they had pressedfor reform too quickly. lbis is an issue that has not been explored sufficientlyin the history of Islamic law: when jurists had no direct coercivepower over governments, how did they use their moral authority to effectchange? No doubt there were always individuals who had few scruplesabout endorsing whatever the ruling elite desired, yet there were otherswho pressed for change when they calculated that such pressure could beeffective. Close biographical studies of individual scholars in their social ...
Religiosity in Islam as a Protective Mechanism against Criminal Temptation
Authors: Al-Khalifah Abdullah H. M.
Published: December 2020

The goal of this paper is b examine the extent to which religiosity,within the Islamic context, can be viewed BS an effective mechanismagainst criminal temptation. To accomplish this, we will a) review thetheories and literatwe concerning the religion-crime relationship, b) discussthe meaning of the religiosity concept in order to highlight essentialfeatures of religiosity in Islam that make it a valuable force in crime controlwithin a Muslim society, and c) present a thorough discussion of certainelements of Islamic ideology that conshin criminal behavior.Theoretical AntecedenceThe relation of religion to other social phenomena has received agreat deal of attention from social scientists. Given the variations of theideological and philosophical backgrounds underlying most schools of SQcia1thought, theme is no single view of the impact of religion. For example,Ibn Khaldiin ([d. 14061 1981) views religion, through its effect onsocial cohesion and cooperation, as a primary factor in the rise and fallof Societies. Marx (Tucker 1978), in his analysis of capitalism, recognizesthe importance of religion as a control mechanism and considers itan effective instNment utilized by the bourgeois dass to maintain itsdominance over the proletariat. On the conttary, Weber (1958) views theentin= capitalist system as a by-product of Protestantism.But it is perhaps the functional theorists who highlight the impowceof religion on the creation and maintenance of social order. They considerreligion to be the basis and source of social values and norms by whichpeople are united and their behavior and activities are regulated murkheim1951). However, due to the increasingly secular nature of modem ...
Mirrors and Windows
Authors: Serageldin Ismail
Published: December 2020

On BoundariesFmntiets are an invention of the mind. We set boundaries for ourselvesand others by what we choose to see as reality and by what wechoose to value. But men and women are social creatures, and individualbehavior is subjected to the control of widely shared social values. Theseboundaries that define the limits of acceptable behavior also tend toreflect and reinforce limits on acceptable thinking.How are such social values developed? How do they change overtime? The intelligentsiaartists and intellectuals-create mirrors throughwhich we see outselves and windows through which we perceive reality.It is these mims and windows that define the boundaries of the mind.The intelligentsia's roleboth as makets of a cultual outlook and productof the milieu-is central to my view of what is happening in the worldgenerally and in the Muslim societies of the Middle East particularly.These important questions will appear throughout this essay like a leitmotif.The intelligentsia needs a space offreedom in which it can performits dual tole and shape the boundaries by which we define ourselves.Are such boundaries important? They cettainly are. Shared values reflectedin predictable behavior not only are the basis of all social organizationbut are at the core of "cultural identity"a hackneyed expressionthat nevertheless remains essential to anyone who lives in a group.' Yetindividuals within a group are not clones, interchangeable units within acollectivity. Each petson interacts with others in an expanding series ofcircles starting with high intensity vis-his the immediate family circleand with decreasing intensity to the limit of the group(s) with which theindividual identifies ...
The Challenge of Arabization in Syria
Authors: Badinjki Taher
Published: December 2020

The eclipse of Arabic that took place in the last part of the eighteenthand the early nineteenth century was caused by several factots. This paperlooks at the mxons for this eclipse and also sheds light on the revival ofArabic in the Arab world in general and in Syria in particular.The conquest of Syria and Egypt by Salim I in 1516 and 1517 marksa definite stage in the extension of Ottoman sway over the Arab world.His crushing victories made him the master of Iraq and Syria and enabledhim to enter Cairo and establish his rule over Egypt. Under his successor,Sulaymh the Magnificent, the subjection of the Arab world was extendedwestward along the North African coast and southward as far as Yemenand Aden. Upon Stdaymiin’s death in 1566, the Ottomans ruled the Arabworld from Algeria to the Arabian Gulf, and from Aleppo to the IndianOcean. In addition to the sacred cities of Makkah, Madinah, and Jerusalem,it embraced Damascus, the fitst capital of the Arab empire, andBaghdad, whose sciences had once illuminated the world. With varyingfortunes, and frequently accompanied by war and revolt, the OttomanEmpire maintained itself in these territories until the end of the eighteenthcentury and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire witnesseda movement of reform and reorganization under Abmad III(1703-30) and his successors. However, the Arab world did not seem to benefitvery much from it. In addition, these reforms, intended primarily to arrestthe Empire’s decline and restore vitality to its system, sought to establishTurldsh as the language of instruction. Later on, Arabic was abandonedand Turkish became the language of instruction in government schoolsand educational institutions.‘ Only Arabic grammatical rules, which wereindispensable for an understanding of Ottoman literature, were taught and,quite often, by Turkish teachers ...
The Politics of Islamic Resurgence
Authors: Atiyyah Hani M.
Published: December 2020

This bibliography covers articles in jownals and daily newspapers,books, conference papers, and dissertations published in western languages(mainly English) during 1970-92. The attempted coverage of articlespublished in daily newspapers and conference papers, the last to bethought of and difficult to cover, is in itself admirable. However, whilethe limitation of "Through Western Eyes" is suitable for the three introductorychapters, it is not so for the bibliography, as most of the literaturecited is written by non-Muslims. In fact, only roughly one quarter (368)of all works cited (1405) are written by Muslims. This raises a questionabout the objective, although the compilers declare that it seeks to "presentthe Western intelligentsia-scholars, politicians, journalists-withMuslim comment and a bibliographic collection of Western articles thathave tackled the issue of Islamic revival" (p. ii).The book is divided into two parts: three introductory chapters andthe actual bibliography. The first part was written by the compilers individually"to provide substantive analysis as essays that reflect Muslim responsesto the precarious relationship with the West ... [and they] aimat crystallizing the frequently distorted image of political Islam and thelslamic revival" (p. ii).Chapter one, "The Western Pen: A Sword in Disguise?," deals withwestern media bias and the consequent distortion of Islam through a)reproducing photos that appear as covers of such famous magazines asThe Economist and Time and b) using slanted titles (i.e., "The Sword ofIslam" and "Muhammad's Militants: Spreading Islam by the SwordAgain")and special semantics (i.e., "fear," "impose," and "purge" as wellas "fundamentalist network" and "wealthy fundamentalist businessmen")to propagate paranoia about Islam. The chapter highlights, through quotationsfrom various sources, fabricated stories, subjective opinions, andgeneral unfamiliarity with Islam and tends to condemn western authorsand journalists for their role in formulating people's opinions. It concludesthat "Islamic 'fundamentalism' is an all-encompassing term. It is ...
Methodologies of Change in the Contemporary Islamic World
Authors: DeLorenzo Yusuf Talal
Published: December 2020

llris seminar was the second in a series of seminars held jointly bythe International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in cooperation withthe Kuwaiti Department of Awqaf. The inaugural session of the seminarwas addressed by the Minister for Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Jam'an al'Azimi, who stated that the topic of the seminar sufficed to indicate itsimportance. The following speaker, the Secretary of the Ministry, Khalidal Zir, underlined the fact that while everyone agreed on the need to returnto the pristine teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah, it was not aneasy matter to determine how, in practical tenns, this might be achieved.This is why, the Secretary said, this seminar was convened.Taha Jabir al 'Alwani, President of the International Institute ofIslamic Thought, after making his opening remarks, delivered a paperentitled The Horizons of Change and Its Approaches, in which he statedthat the Arab world had very recently reached a critical stage. Manyanalytical studies of various aspects of the Arab situation, he added, hadbeen conducted from several different perspectives. Undoubtedly, on thebasis of these studies, the outlines of an alternative civilizational projectmay emerge. It is for this reason that the topic of the seminar, "Methodologiesof Change in the Contemporary Islamic World," is of such overwhelmingimportance.Muhammad al Ghazali, the noted Muslim 'alim and author, thenspoke on behalf of the seminar participants. Prefacing his remarks bynoting the importance of Kuwait in the Arab and Muslim worlds, alGhazali explained that it is the duty of Muslims everywhere to work togetherto further the cause of Islam. This is why, he added, the cooperationof the Kuwaiti Ministry with the International Institute of IslamicThought was such a commendable undertaking.The seminar was comprised of four distinctive themes. The first onedealt with defining the concept of change within the Islamic paradigm,beginning with the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and the historical experience ofIslam. This concept may be studied in light of the theories and opinionsof the classical scholars of Islam. In addition, it may prove beneficial tostudy it in conjunction with such similar concepts within the Islamic paradigmas tajdid, reform, revival, awakening, revolution, modernization,development, and progress. Topics for discussion included the following: ...