bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analgesic Effects of Administering Fentanyl or Medetomidine in the Lumbosacral Epidural Space of Cats
Authors: DUKE TANYA , COX ANNA‐MARIA KOMULAINEN , REMEDIOS AUDREY M. , CRIBB PETER H.
Published: February 2008

The analgesic effects of fentanyl (4 μg/kg) and medetomidine (10 μg/kg) in 1 mL saline injected epidurally were measured in 15 cats. The response to an electrical cutaneous stimulus from a constant current generator was used as the index of analgesia. The stimulus was applied to a forelimb before epidural injection, and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes post‐injection (PI). The hindlimb was tested 5 minutes later. One mL saline only was used to control for volume of injection and saline. Medetomidine significantly increased the pain threshold for the hindlimb at 20 to 245 minutes PI compared with the preinjection level. Fentanyl significantly increased the pain threshold at 20 minutes PI only compared with preinjection levels. Medetomidine significantly increased the pain threshold of the forelimb at 15 to 120 minutes PI compared with the preinjection levels. Fentanyl did not significantly increase the pain threshold of the forelimb. Administration of medetomidine produced emesis in 12 of 15 cats in an average of 6.4 minutes PI (range, 3 to 11 minutes) and mild sedation in all cats. Injection of fentanyl produced no visible side effects in any of the cats.
Feline Onychectomy at a Teaching Institution: A Retrospective Study of 163 Cases
Authors: TOBIAS KAREN SWALEC
Published: February 2008

One hundred sixty‐three cats underwent onychectomy from January 1985 to November 1992. Onychectomy was performed with guillotine‐type nail shears (62%), surgical blade (24.5%), or both (8.6%), and wound closure consisted of bandages alone (61.3%), bandages after suture closure (26.4%), or tissue adhesive application (9.2%). The duration of surgery was significantly longer when onychectomy was performed with a blade or when suture closure was used instead of bandages alone (P < .05). Fifty percent of the cats had one or more complications immediately after surgery. Early postoperative complications included pain (38.1%), hemorrhage (31.9%), lameness (26.9%), swelling (6.3%), or non‐weight‐bearing (5.6%), and were observed more frequently after blade onychectomy (P < .001). Follow‐up was available in 121 cats; 19.8% developed complications after release. Late postoperative complications included infection (11.6%), regrowth (7.4%), P2 protrusion (1.7%), palmagrade stance (1.7%), and prolonged, intermittent lameness (0.8%). Late postoperative complications were observed more frequently after shears onychectomy (P= .018). Use of tissue adhesive was associated with more postoperative lameness (P < .02) and, when used after shears onychectomy, with more infections (P= .049).
Diagnostic and Operative Arthroscopy of the Coxofemoral Joint in Horses
Authors: NIXON ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

Arthroscopic examination of the hip joint was performed in mature and juvenile horses, using a lateral approach and standard or long instruments depending on body weight. Nine hip joints were examined in three cadavers and four anesthetized horses. The lateral, cranial, and caudal regions of the femoral head and acetabulum were accessible, and, after distraction of the limb, the ligament of the head of the femur and the acetabular notch were also visible. In small horses, the medial regions of the hip joint were visible but were inaccessible in larger horses. Iatrogenic injury to the sciatic nerve or periarticular vasculature was not evident at necropsy examination. Six horses with lameness localized to the hip joint were examined arthroscopically. At surgery, two horses had tearing of the ligament of the head of the femur, two horses had osteochondrosis of the femoral head or acetabulum, and two horses had degenerative joint disease, one associated with a rim fracture of the caudal aspect of the acetabulum and the other of indeterminant origin. Improvement after debridement occurred in one of the horses with partial disruption of the ligament of the head of the femur and in both horses with osteochondrosis. Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the hip can be accomplished in foals and weanlings using standard equipment, but, in adults weighing more than 300 kg, longer instruments are required and the ease of access and the visible extent of the hip joint is considerably reduced.
Determination of the ED50 of Isoflurane and Evaluation of the Isoflurane‐Sparing Effect of Butorphanol in Cockatoos (Cacatua spp.)
Authors: CURRO THOMAS G. , BRUNSON DAVID B. , PAUL‐MURPHY JOANNE
Published: February 2008

The use of butorphanol as an analgesic in a psittacine species was evaluated by determining its isoflurane‐sparing effects. The Effective Dose 50 (ED50) of isoflurane was determined using a bracketing technique based on the purposeful movement elicited by pressure applied to a digit with a hemostat. The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos (four greater sulfur crested, three lesser sulfur crested, and four citron crested) was determined to be 1.44 ± 0.07%. After the administration of 1 mg/kg of butorphanol tartrate intramuscularly (IM), the ED50 was significantly (P< .05) decreased to 1.08 ± 0.05%. Physiological variables that changed significantly included decreases in heart rate, tidal volume (Vt), inspiratory (Tj) and expiratory times (Te), and an increase in respiratory rate. No complications resulted because of these changes. Based on the results, butorphanol produces an isoflurane‐sparing effect in cockatoos and has the potential to be a useful analgesic in psittacines.
Effects of Three Intramedullary Pinning Techniques on Proximal Pin Location and Articular Damage in the Canine Tibia
Authors: DIXON BRADFORD C. , TOMLINSON JAMES L. , WAGNER‐MANN COLETTE C.
Published: February 2008

The effects of three different techniques of intramedullary (IM) pin placement on pin location and incidence of stifle joint injury were evaluated using 70 cadaver canine tibiae after middisphyseal osteotomy. In 50 tibiae, pins were placed retrograde in either a nondirected (group A) or a craniomedially directed fashion (group B) with 25 tibiae in each group. Pins were driven normograde (group N) in 20 tibiae. All the stifles were dissected to qualitatively evaluate pin interference with different joint structures. End‐on radiographs of the tibial plateaus were used to quantitatively evaluate pin location. Interference with the caudal cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, or meniscal ligaments was not observed in any group. There was a significant association between pinning technique and incidence of involvement of the cranial cruciate ligament (P < .005), patella (P < .001), patellar ligament (P < .005), and femoral condyle (P < .01). Pin location for group A was significantly different from either other group in a cranial‐caudal direction (P= .003), and was significantly different from group N in a medial‐lateral direction (P= .005). No significant difference was observed between pin location for groups B and N in either plane. It was concluded that although nondirected retrograde pinning cannot be recommended, retrograde pins directed craniomedially may be an acceptable technique for the repair of proximal to mid‐diaphyseal tibial fractures if care is taken to properly seat the pins.
Femoral Strain Distribution and Subsidence After Physiological Loading of a Cementless Canine Femoral Prosthesis: The Effects of Implant Orientation, Canal Fill, and Implant Fit
Authors: PERNELL ROBERT T. , GROSS ROBERT S. , MILTON JAMES L. , MONTGOMERY RONALD D. , WENZEL JAMES G. W. , SAVORY CARL G. , ABERMAN HAROLD M.
Published: February 2008

Twelve normal greyhound femora were divided into three groups. In group one, femoral stems were placed in neutral position with maximal fill. Group two had undersized femoral stems placed in neutral position. Group three had undersized femoral stems placed in varus position. Intact and implanted femora were loaded from 10 newtons (N) to 300 N in axial compression at a rate of 25 N/s for 10 replications. A strain gauge analysis showed that the strain distribution of all implanted femora were substantially different from intact femora, but femora with large implants placed in neutral position had the least amount of deviation from normal. An undersized stem in neutral position had significantly less compressive longitudinal strains along the proximomedial and proximocranial cortices. An undersized stem in varus position improved implant fit along the proximomedial and distolateral cortices, which resulted in increased tensile hoop strains. There were multiple significant correlations between the strain data and implantation variables (implant alignment, canal fill, and implant fit). Subsidence was significantly greater for the undersized implant in neutral position. There was not a difference in subsidence between the large neutral and varus groups. The most important variable that decreased subsidence was increased lateral implant fit (r= ‐0.86, P= .0003).
A One‐Stage Marsupialization Procedure for Management of Infected Umbilical Vein Remnants in Calves and Foals
Authors: III RYLAND B. EDWARDS , FUBINI SUSAN L.
Published: February 2008

Five Holstein calves and two foals with omphalophlebitis were treated by surgical marsupialization of the umbilical vein remnant because complete resection of the infected tract was not possible. The infected umbilical stalk was resected, and the umbilical vein remnant was marsupialized in a one‐stage procedure by suturing it into the abdominal wall lateral to the abdominal incision. Antimicrobial drugs were administered, and the marsupialized tract was irrigated until closure by second intention healing. Cellulitis associated with the marsupialization site occurred in two calves but resolved with antimicrobial therapy. Owners reported that, 9 to 60 months after surgery, there were no complications associated with the procedure.
Development of a Colic Severity Score for Predicting the Outcome of Equine Colic
Authors: FURR MARTIN O. , LESSARD PIERRE , II NATHANIEL A. WHITE
Published: February 2008

Thirty‐two physical examination and laboratory variables were recorded during examination of 165 horses admitted for acute abdominal disease. Univariate analyses were performed to determine which of the variables were significantly different between horses that lived or died. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify variables with the best predictive value. Four variables (heart rate, peritoneal fluid total protein concentration, blood lactate concentration, and abnormal mucous membrane) remained significant when entered into the model. Histograms for each significant variable were used to set “cutting‐points,” establishing categories that were made into a table of assigned values from which a Colic Severity Score (CSS) for each horse was calculated. Seventy‐one horses in a second group were used to validate the scoring chart. Case mortality rate was similar in both groups (20.6% in development group versus 21.1 % in validation group). All horses with a CSS > 7 died, whereas 75% of those with a score of 7 lived. For the validation group, use of the scoring table yielded a positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 91.8%, sensitivity of 66.7%, and specificity of 100%. The overall accuracy of the CSS was 93%. The CSS is a rapid and accurate method for predicting survival in cases of equine acute abdominal disease.
An Evaluation of Fiberglass Cast Application Techniques
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , JR RAY VANDERBY
Published: February 2008

Cylindrical casts constructed from 2, 3, 4, and 5 inch widths of fiberglass casting material were evaluated for strength in bending using an unstable fracture model. Five‐inch casting material produced the strongest casts. The effect of longitudinal splinting with 2‐inch fiberglass tape was evaluated in cylindrical casts constructed from 4‐inch tape. Casts with splints on the compression side or with splints on both the tension and compression sides were stronger in bending than casts with a single splint on the tension side or casts without splints.
The Effect of Intercondylar Notchplasty on the Normal Canine Stifle
Authors: FITCH RANDALL B. , MONTGOMERY RONALD D. , KINCAID STEVEN A. , HATCHCOCK JOHN T. , MILTON JAMES L. , GARRETT PHILLIP D. , WRIGHT JAMES C. , TERRY GLENN C.
Published: February 2008

This study evaluated the effect of notchplasty (enlargement of the intercondylar fossa) in stable and unstable canine stifles. Bilateral notchplasty and unilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) transection were performed in 6 dogs. Exercise, consisting of walking 1.5 miles three times a week, began 1 month after surgery and continued until euthanasia 6 months after surgery. Evaluation methods included orthopedic examination, serial radiographs, thin section radiography, histopathology, and gross pathology. Notchplasty in the stable stifle did not cause lameness beyond 3 weeks, joint instability, or degenerative joint disease. In the stable stifle, smooth resurfacing of the notchplasty site with fibrous and osseous tissue occurred. Stifles with notchplasty and CrCL transection exhibited persistent lameness, instability, and degenerative joint disease. In CrCL deficient stifles osteophytes formed within the notchplasty site, resulting in a rough surface. Our observations indicated significant refilling in notchplasties of both stable and unstable stifles (P <.05). However, the intercondylar fossa (ICF) width 6 months after notchplasty was significantly smaller in unstable stifles compared with stable stifles (P <.05) indicating that greater refilling of the notchplasties occurred in the unstable stifles. In clinical cases, notchplasty should be larger than the desired final result to accomodate the partial refilling that occurs even in stable stifles.
Evaluation of the Hemodynamic Effects of Interpleural Bupivacaine in Dogs
Authors: KUSHNER LYNNE I. , TRIM CYNTHIA M. , MADHUSUDHAN SILUVERU , BOYLE CAROLYN R.
Published: February 2008

The hemodynamic effects of interpleural (IP) bupivacaine were studied in six halothane‐anesthetized dogs. On four separate occasions, each dog received IP saline (S), or bupivacaine at a low dosage of 1.5 mg/kg (L), high dosage of 3.0 mg/kg (H), or high dosage of 3.0 mg/kg with epinephrine 5 μg/mL (HE). Heart rate, systolic and mean arterial pressures, and base excess were significantly lower in the H dosage group than in the other treatment groups. Cardiac output, expressed as a percentage of change from baseline, was significantly higher in the L group than in the H and S groups. Pulmonary arterial pressure and respiratory rate were significantly higher in the HE group than in the other three groups. Mean plasma concentrations of bupivacaine peaked between 5 and 15 minutes after IP injection. Maximum plasma concentrations in individual dogs were variable; however, mean maximum plasma concentrations in the H and HE groups were not significantly different. Clinically significant hypotension occurred in one dog in the H group and in one dog in the HE group. No pulmonary complications were detected.
Evaluation of Propofol as a General Anesthetic for Horses
Authors: MAMA K.R. , STEFFEY E.P. , PASCOE P.J.
Published: February 2008

This study provides baseline information on the potential use of propofol as a general anesthetic for horses. Using a Latin square design, propofol (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) was administered intravenously on three separate occasions to six mature horses. Information about anesthetic induction, duration, and recovery was recorded along with results of rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, pHa, Paco2and Pao2. Statistical analysis included a mixed model analysis of variance, a general linear model analysis and least square means test for post hoc comparisons. AP<.05 was considered significant. The quality of induction of anesthesia varied from poor to good. Two horses were not recumbent following the lowest dose of propofol. Brief paddling limb movements occurred occasionally and unpredictably after recumbency induced by all three doses. During recovery, horses were uniformly calm and coordinated in their moves to stand. Duration of recumbency (minutes) was dose related; 15.05 ± 1.58 (±±SD) following 2 mg/kg, 31.06 ± 5.56 following 4 mg/kg, and 47.85 ± 13.63 following 8 mg/kg. During recumbency at all doses, heart rate significantly increased from a predrug value of 40 ± 6 beats per minute. Substantial respiratory depression, characterized by a significant decrease in respiratory rate (from 11.7 ± 2.9 to 3.7 ± 1.6 breaths per minute) and increased Paco2(from 44.5 ± 2.5 to 52.7 ± 8.0 mm Hg) was seen only after 8 mg/kg. A significant decrease in Pao2was observed throughout the recumbency induced by 8 mg/kg, and also at 3 and 5 minutes following induction of anesthesia with 4 mg/ kg propofol. At 5 minutes after injection, Pao2was 87.4 ± 13.8 and 58.1 ± 17.0 mm Hg after 4 and 8 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study do not favor the routine use of propofol as a sole anesthetic in otherwise unmedicated horses.
Permanent Tracheostomy in Standing Horses: Technique and Results
Authors: McCLURE S.R. , HONNAS C.M. , SCHUMACHER J. , HOFFMAN A.G.
Published: February 2008

Permanent tracheal stomas were created in seven sedated, standing horses with severe upper airway obstruction. After local anesthesia, a 3‐cm by 6‐cm rectangle of skin was removed from the ventral surface of the neck, 3 cm distal to the cricoid cartilage. The sternothyrohyoideus muscles were clamped proximally and distally, then transected to expose the tracheal rings. The ventral third of four tracheal rings was dissected from the tracheal mucosa that was then incised in a double “Y.” Two layers of suture were used to achieve mucocutaneous closure. Stomas healed without serious complications; two mares subsequently foaled, and three horses were used for riding.
Markers of Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Literature
Authors: RORVIK ARNE MAGNUS , GRONDAHL ANN MARGARET
Published: February 2008

There may be a great potential in the use of diagnostic “markers” of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid to diagnose the disease in an earlier stage and perhaps assess the severity of the disease and monitor the effect of a treatment. In the present study, potential markers are characterized, discussed, and grouped according to the latest knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of osteoarthritis. They are grouped according to their origin as either cartilage degradation products, or related to the mechanisms of cartilage degradation, or related to chron‐drocytic anabolic activity during disease, or related to genetic disorders. Also potential markers that have not yet been studied clinically or experimentally are discussed. Examples of the progress that has been made in human medicine approaching reliable diagnostic markers that should also be tried in veterinary medicine are described.
A Comparison of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Thyroid Adenocarcinoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 38 Cases
Authors: CARVER JACQUELINE R. , KAPATKIN AMY , PATNAIK AMIYA K.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 38 dogs with thyroid neoplasia that were treated by surgical excision of the tumor, or had an incisional biopsy performed as a diagnostic procedure, were reviewed. Of the 38 dogs, 21 (55%) had resectable tumors, whereas 17 (45%) had an incisional biopsy as the tumors were nonresectable. All dogs had an initial diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. The type of carcinoma was confirmed in 33 dogs by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Twelve dogs (36%) had medullary thyroid carcinoma, and 21 dogs (64%) had thyroid adenocarcinoma. Of the 12 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma, 10 (83%) had resectable tumors. Of the 10, three (30%) had at least a 1‐year survival. None had radiographic evidence of metastasis at the time of surgery. Of the 21 dogs with thyroid adenocarcinoma, 11 (52%) had resectable tumors. Of the 11 dogs, five (45%) had at least a 1‐year survival. Three dogs had radiographic evidence of metastasis at the time of surgery. Of 10 dogs with nonresectable thyroid adenocarcinoma, two dogs (20%) had at least a 1‐year survival. In the dogs in this study, medullary thyroid carcinoma was more prevalent than previously reported. Most of the medullary thyroid carcinomas were well circumscribed and resectable. Medullary thyroid carcinoma may possess gross and histological characteristics of a less malignant nature when compared with other thyroid carcinomas.
Cephalothin and Cefazolin In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs
Authors: PETERSEN STEVEN W. , ROSIN EBERHARD
Published: February 2008

The periods of time that cephalothin and cefazolin serum concentration remained above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for beta hemolytic, coagulase positive staphylococcal, andEscherichia coliclinical isolates were compared. Cephalothin and cefazolin were similarly very effective in vitro against staphylococcal isolates, with an MIC90of 0.12 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, cefazolin was more effective than cephalothin againstE coliisolates; the cefazolin MIC90forE coliwas 16 μg/mL and for cephalothin 64 μg/mL. Cefazolin (20 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) serum concentration remained more than MIC90forE coliisolates significantly longer than serum concentration of cephalothin (40 mg/kg IV) (P<.001).
Transendoscopic Laser Treatment of Guttural Pouch Tympanites in Eight Foals
Authors: TATE L. P. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. , LITTLE E. D. E.
Published: February 2008

Guttural pouch tympanites was diagnosed in eight foals with respiratory stridor and tympanic swelling in the parotid region. Three foals were treated by transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser fenestration of the median septum between the guttural pouches. One foal died of pneumonia, and the other two foals recovered completely, although the fenestration later closed in one foal. Five foals were treated by creating a salpingopharyngeal fistula using transendoscopic laser irradiation: complete resolution of the tympanites occurred. Transendoscopic laser surgery in standing foals may be a reasonable alternative to conventional surgery and general anesthesia for correction of guttural pouch tympanites.
Redistribution of Vertical Ground Reaction Force in Dogs With Experimentally Induced Chronic Hindlimb Lameness
Authors: RUMPH PAUL F. , KINCAID STEVEN A. , VISCO DENISE M. , BAIRD DEBRA K. , KAMMERMANN JOHN R. , WEST MARK S.
Published: February 2008

When lameness occurs in a load‐bearing limb, compensatory load adjustments are made in the other supporting limbs. The vertical component of the ground reaction force, as measured by force platform analysis, reflects these adjustments. This study describes the pattern of vertical ground reaction force redistribution during experimental, chronic hindlimb lameness in dogs. The peak and impulse of the vertical ground reaction force were measured and described in 13 dogs before, and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. These variables were compared among limbs. The vertical ground reaction force in the forelimbs did not change significantly during the course of the study. At 2, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery, means of peak vertical force in the limb that underwent surgery were 18.9%, 44.0%, and 61.3% respectively, of presurgical values. In the contralateral limb, corresponding values were 131.7%, 112.8% and 112.9% respectively. If one accepts the relationship of mechanical loading to musculoskeletal architecture and the now certain relationship between lameness and compensatory loading of other limbs, then the use of another limb of the same animal as a control is a potential study design flaw.
Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Novel Substances for Enhancing Bone Healing
Authors: KIRKER‐HEAD CARL A.
Published: February 2008

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are differentiative factors whose principal function is to induce transformation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts and osteoblasts in a dose‐dependent manner. Bone morphogenetic proteins have been isolated postnatally in mammals from bone matrix, periosteal cells, mesenchymal cells of marrow stroma, tooth anlagen, and cells of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Distribution in additional embryonic tissues implies a broader organogenic function. Bone morphogenetic proteins are the only differentiative factors able to singularly induce de novo bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant DNA technology allows their production in large and highly purified quantities. The BMPs' osteoinductive ability has been shown with a variety of carriers including collagens and polymers at heterotopic and orthotopic sites in a wide range of species. They are presently being readied for clinical use as alternatives to bone grafts. Other potential applications include use as pulp capping agents, promoters of implant osteointegration and soft tissue reunion with bone, treatments for nonadaptive bone disease, and implants for use with mitotically expanded skeletal stem cell populations. Errors in the genetic coding of BMPs may manifest as clinical disease entities.
Distribution of Topical Agents in the Frontal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity of Dogs: Comparison Between Current Protocols for Treatment of Nasal Aspergillosis and a New Noninvasive Technique
Authors: RICHARDSON ELISABETH F. , MATHEWS KYLE G.
Published: February 2008

To document and compare patterns of distribution of topically applied antifungal medication, heads from 42 canine cadavers were assigned to seven treatment groups which included two current surgical treatment protocols for nasal aspergillosis, and a new, noninvasive method. Catheters (8 Fr) were placed through trephine holes into the frontal sinuses and nasal cavity. Dilute dye was injected through the catheters and the heads were sectioned sagittally. The administration of 5 mL of dye into the lateral frontal sinus and nasal cavity (group IA, 10 mL total) was compared with 25 mL injected through catheters placed bilaterally in the lateral frontal sinus and nasal cavity (group II, 100 mL total). Both were compared with the administration of 50 mL of dye through a catheter placed in the dorsal nasal meatus via each nostril (group III). The heads in group III had significantly (P<.05) better dye distribution to all cavities than group IA and better distribution to the rostral frontal sinus than group II. Groups IV to VI were designed to show the pattern of distribution of dye to the contralateral nasal cavity and frontal sinuses. In all groups, dye injected into the lateral frontal sinus did not cross into the ipsilateral rostral frontal sinus or vice versa unless the transverse septum dividing the compartments had been penetrated during trephination.
Tube Cystostomy for Treatment of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants
Authors: RAKESTRAW PETER C. , FUBINI SUSAN L. , GILBERT ROBERT O. , WARD JEFFREY O.
Published: February 2008

Tube cystostomy was used to treat 13 goats and two sheep with obstructive urolithiasis. The cystostomy tube was intermittently occluded 3 to 4 days after placement to determine if urine could be voided through the urethra. If the animal showed no discomfort during urination after the cystostomy tube had been occluded for several days, the tube was removed. This procedure was successful in relieving urethral obstruction in 12 animals. The mean time until the animal could urinate freely and until the cystostomy tube was removed was 11.5 and 14.4 days respectively. Follow‐up was available for 10 animals; seven were alive with no recurrence of urinary obstruction. One goat died from causes unrelated to urinary obstruction 1 year postoperatively. One goat died from unknown causes, and one goat died after urinary obstruction recurred.
Development of a Free Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Flap in Cats
Authors: NICOLL STACEY A. , FOWLER J. DAVID , REMEDIOS AUDREY M. , CLAPSON J. BRIAN , GEORGE D.
Published: February 2008

Anatomic and experimental evaluation of the feline latissimus dorsi muscle was performed to assess its potential use as a free muscle flap. In the anatomic study, nonselective angiography of the subscapular artery was performed in nine heparinized feline cadavers. The muscle dimensions and vascular anatomy of the dissected latissimus dorsi muscle were recorded. In the experimental study four cats underwent heterotopic transplantation of a partial latissimus dorsi flap, and three cats underwent orthotopic transplantation of a complete latissimus dorsi flap. The mean length and width of the latissimus dorsi muscle was 19.0 and 5.4 cm, respectively. The dominant vascular pedicle was the thoracodorsal artery and vein. The average length and diameter of the thoracodorsal artery was 2.7 cm and 0.6 mm, respectively. Minor vascular pedicles were provided by branches of the intercostal arteries. Numerous choke anastomoses existed between the two pedicle systems. Viability of muscle flaps based on subjective evaluation, angiography, and histopathology, was 66% and 100% in the heterotopic and orthotopic studies, respectively. Flap failure seemed to be caused by both arterial and venous thrombosis. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap met criteria required for application in microvascular reconstruction. The vascular pattern was appropriate and consistent. Donor site morbidity was low, whereas surgical accessibility was high. The muscle satisfied the physical criteria of a free flap. Long‐term anastomotic patency and flap viability was shown.
Postoperative Analgesia for Stifle Surgery: A Comparison of Intra‐articular Bupivacaine, Morphine, or Saline
Authors: SAMMARCO JILL L. , CONZEMIUS MICHAEL G. , PERKOWSKI SANDRA Z. , WEINSTEIN M. JOY , GREGOR THOMAS P. , SMITH GAIL K.
Published: February 2008

A prospective study was undertaken to compare the analgesic effect of intra‐articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline in the 24‐hour period following cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs. Thirty‐six clinical patients with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments were randomly assigned to one of three groups. After surgical stabilization, and before skin closure, an intra‐articular injection was given; group one (n = 12) received 0.5% bupivacaine HCl at 0.5 mL/kg, group two (n = 12) received morphine at 0.1 mg/kg diluted with saline to a volume of 0.5 mL/kg, and group three (n = 12) received saline at 0.5 mL/kg. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cumulative pain score, visual analog pain score, and pain threshold test on both stifles were recorded preoperatively and at 0 to 6 and 24 hours postoperatively. Surgeons and pain scoring investigators were unaware of the intra‐articular medication given. Supplemental analgesia, if needed, was provided in the postoperative period according to subjective assessment of patient discomfort. Postoperative pain scores were lowest in the bupivacaine group and highest in the saline group. Pain threshold, measured by applying calibrated loads to the knee, was higher postoperatively in the bupivacaine group than in the saline group. Dogs in the morphine and bupivacaine groups required less supplemental analgesia than dogs in the saline group. The local provision of analgesia reduces the need for systemic drugs with potential side effects. Both intra‐articular morphine and intra‐articular bupivacaine provided better postoperative analgesia than intra‐articular saline, with intra‐articular bupivacaine showing the greatest effect.
Omentum‐Enhanced Reconstruction of Chronic Nonhealing Wounds in Cats: Techniques and Clinical Use
Authors: BROCKMAN DANIEL J. , PARDO ANTHONY D. , CONZEMIUS MICHAEL G. , CABELL LORI M. , TROUT NICHOLAS J.
Published: February 2008

The greater omentum was used to aid in the reconstruction of nonhealing wounds in five cats. In each cat the cause of the nonhealing wound could not be determined. A vascular omental pedicle was created at laparotomy by dividing the dorsal leaf of the omentum at its pancreatic attachments (four cats) or by dividing the ventral leaf at its gastric attachments (one cat). The pedicle was then passed through either the ventral or lateral body wall into the nonhealing wound via a subcutaneous tunnel. The wounds were closed over the omentum after local tissue mobilization. All the wounds healed uneventfully and have remained healed with a mean follow‐up period of 2.5 years. Complications included intestinal herniation through a ventral midline exit hole (one cat), presumed abdominal fat herniation through a ventral abdominal exit hole (one cat) and seroma formation (one cat). All of the complications were treated successfully. The omentum should be considered a useful adjunct in the treatment of nonhealing wounds in cats.
The Medial Saphenous Fasciocutaneous Free Flap in Dogs
Authors: DEGNER DANIEL A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , LANZ OTTO , ROSENSTEIN DIANA , SMITH RICK J.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the angiosome of the medial saphenous artery and vein and to evaluate the use of this cutaneous angiosome as a free skin flap in the dog. In phase 1 of this study, selective angiography of the medial saphenous artery performed in six canine cadavers showed that the skin covering the entire medial femorotibial area, the distal half of the caudal head of the sartorius muscle, and the gracilis muscle were perfused by the medial saphenous artery. In phase 2, a medial saphenous fasciocutaneous island flap was raised and sutured back to the skin edges of the donor wound in three dogs. One hundred percent survival of all of the flaps occurred. In phase 3, a medial saphenous fasciocutaneous microvascular free flap was transferred to a wound that was created over the dorsal metacarpal (n = 3) or metatarsal region (n = 3). The mean length ± SD of the medial saphenous vascular pedicle was 80 ± 13 mm (n = 5); the mean diameter ± SD of the medial saphenous artery was 2.8 ± 0.2 mm (n = 5) and the mean diameter ± SD of the medial saphenous vein was 4.2 ± 0.2 mm (n = 5). One hundred percent of all flaps survived (n = 6). Selective angiography of the distal cranial tibial artery (metatarsal wounds, n = 3) and the median artery (metacarpal wound, n = 3) was performed 3 weeks after surgery. All of the vascular anastomoses were patent and neovascularization of the wound beds was present. This free flap was found to be acceptable for cosmetic reconstruction of wounds located on the distal extremity.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Effects of Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Horses
Authors: AIDA HIROKO , MIZUNO YUTAKA , HOBO SEIJI , YOSHIDA KOHEI , FUJINAGA TORU
Published: February 2008

The effects of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane on hemodynamic, pulmonary and blood chemistry variables were measured during spontaneous and controlled ventilation in healthy horses. Sevoflurane was the only anesthetic drug administered to the horses. In a dose‐dependent manner, sevoflurane significantly decreased (P <.05) mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume. There was a progressive decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and an increase in heart rate as the concentration of sevoflurane was increased, but the differences were not significant. During spontaneous ventilation there was a dose‐dependent decrease in respiratory rate that caused a decrease in the minute volume. As the dose of sevoflurane increased, the arterial carbon dioxide tension also increased (P <.05). All blood chemistries remained within normal limits. Recovery from anesthesia was without incident. In conclusion, sevoflurane induces a dose‐dependent decrease in hemodynamic variables and pulmonary function in horses that is not greatly different from that of other approved inhalant anesthetics.
Application of a Hook Plate for Management of Equine Ulnar Fractures
Authors: MURRAY RACHEL C. , DEBOWES RICHARD M. , GAUGHAN EARL M. , BRAMLAGE LAWRENCE R.
Published: February 2008

Closed fractures of the proximal aspect of the ulna were repaired in 10 horses younger than or equal to 6 months of age by application of a hook plate using a tension band principle. Ulnar fractures were classified as type 1A (2 horses), type 1B (4 horses), type 2 (1 horse), type 3 (1 horse), and type 4 (2 horses); all fractures had displacement of a proximal fragment. Complications were implant deformation (4 horses), screw pullout (1 horse), osseous sequestration (1 horse), ulnar fracture through a hole used to apply a tension device (1 horse), and metacarpophalangeal deformity associated with a displaced anconeal fragment (1 horse). Hook deformation was likely associated with failure to insert screws in all of the proximal holes of the plate and also in two horses, possibly with difficult recovery from anesthesia. Seven horses were discharged from the hospital and were being used for athletic activities. Insertion of the hook through the tendon of the triceps muscle and incorporation of the fragment within the hook can be used to effectively reduce and stabilize a fragment that might otherwise not hold screws.
Evaluation of the Cranial Rectus Abdominus Muscle Pedicle Flap as a Blood Supply for the Caudal Superficial Epigastric Skin Flap in Dogs
Authors: DEGNER DANIEL A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , ARNOCZKY STEVE P. , SMITH RICK J. , PATTERSON JON S. , DEGNER LISA A. , HAMAIDE ANNICK , ROSENSTEIN DIANA
Published: February 2008

This study evaluates the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap as the sole blood supply for the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. This flap was composed of a cranially based rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap that was attached to the caudal superficial epigastric island skin flap (including mammary glands 2 to 5) via the pudendoepigastric trunk. Selective angiography of the cranial epigastric artery in eight cadaver dogs proved that the arterial vasculature in the cranial rectus abdominus was contiguous with that in the caudal superficial epigastric skin flap. In the live dog study, three of six of the flaps failed because of venous insufficiency. Necrosis of mammary gland 2 occurred in two of six flaps. One of six flaps survived with the exception of the cranial most aspect of mammary gland 2. Angiography of the cranial epigastric artery proved that arterial blood supply to these flaps was intact. Histological evaluation of the failed flaps showed full‐thickness necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, the presence of severe congestion, and venous thrombosis. Retrograde venous blood flow through the flap was inconsistent, and hence resulted in failure of this myocutaneous flap. Use of this flap for clinical wound reconstruction cannot be recommended.
Evaluation of a Biofragmentable Anastomosis Ring for Small Intestinal Anastomosis in Ponies
Authors: BLEYAERT HELGA F. , MADISON JOHN B. , BAILEY JAMES E. , JOHNSON CALVIN M.
Published: February 2008

Six ponies divided into two groups of three were used in a double crossover study design. Group 1 ponies had a small intestinal resection and anastomosis performed using a biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR); group 2 ponies had a hand‐sewn small intestinal resection and anastomosis using a Gambee suture pattern. Approximately 30 days later, all ponies had a second celiotomy and anastomosed segments were removed. Group 1 ponies had a hand‐sewn anastomosis performed and group 2 had a BAR. The anastomotic sites were collected at necropsy approximately 30 days later. Anastomosed intestinal segments were evaluated with ultrasound to determine lumen diameter, area, circumference, and wall thickness. Gross descriptions of adhesions were recorded and sections of the anastomotic site were taken for histological evaluation. Time to perform the BAR anastomosis was significantly less (P=.0004) than for the hand‐sewn Gambee anastomosis. Ponies with handsewn anastomoses had no signs of colic, whereas five of six ponies with BAR anastomoses had several episodes of abdominal discomfort, between day 16 to 18, corresponding to the time of BAR disintegration as determined by abdominal radiographs. Hand‐sewn anastomoses had a tendency to have more adhesion formation than BAR anastomoses, but all anastomoses, except one BAR anastomosis, were graded as having a low obstructive potential. BAR anastomoses had a significantly larger mean index of stenosis for intraluminal diameter (76%± 13.6), area (93.7%± 6.01) and circumference (75.8%± 14.0) than the hand‐sewn anastomoses (26.6%± 11.9; 44.6%± 19.5; 26.8%± 12.7). The BAR anastomoses also had a significantly smaller mean intraluminal diameter (0.96 cm ± 0.49), area (0.838 cm2± 0.65) and circumference (3.28 cm ± 1.63) than the hand sewn anastomoses (3.11 cm ± 0.73; 7.99 cm2± 3.9; 10.3 cm ± 2.47). In addition, the BAR anastomoses had a significantly larger (P=.0069) bowel wall thickness at the anastomosis and a significantly larger (P=.047) wall thickness proximal to the anastomosis than the hand‐sewn anastomoses, indicating some degree of hypertrophy because of chronic obstruction. No significant difference was found in the diameter, area, or circumference between bowel proximal and distal to the anastomosis for either the BAR or Gambee techniques, or between the BAR and Gambee anastomosis as a measure of chronic obstruction. There was a significantly higher (P=.0043) histological score (worse healing) for mucosal healing and continuity for the BAR, as well as a tendency to score higher for inflammation, anastomotic alignment, and anastomotic fibrosis. The BAR technique had a significantly higher (P=.0043) total histological score than the Gambee technique. Although the BAR was advantageous in many respects, results of this study suggest that it should not be used for equine small intestinal anastomosis because of the potential for stricture formation.
A Method for Controlling Portal Pressure After Attenuation of Intrahepatic Portacaval Shunts
Authors: WHITE R. N. , TROWER N. D. , McEVOY F. J. , GARDEN O. A. , BOSWOOD A.
Published: February 2008

Two dogs had right divisional intrahepatic portacaval shunts within the right lateral lobe of the liver. In both dogs, an extrahepatic portacaval vascular anastomosis was created, using an autologous right external jugular vein graft. The intrahepatic shunts were completely attenuated using a prehepatic intravascular caval approach. The creation of the vascular graft allowed postattenuation rises in portal pressure to be controlled, preventing the development of life threatening portal hypertension. Both dogs recovered from the procedure. One dog is clinically normal and does not require medication (8 months postoperatively); the other dog was euthanatized 5 months after surgery because of renal failure. Scintigraphy studies, performed before surgery, showed significant shunting of portal blood away from the liver (shunt indices 65% and 59%), whereas, similar studies done 4 weeks afterwards showed almost normal portal blood flow (shunt indices 16% and 18%, respectively).
Vaginourethroplasty for Treatment of Urethral Obstruction in the Bitch
Authors: WHITE R. N. , DAVIES J. V. , GREGORY S. P.
Published: February 2008

Vaginourethroplasty was performed in six bitches with infiltrative, obstructive urethral disease. The initial clinical signs included dysuria, hematuria, pollakiuria, and stranguria. Diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, plain radiography and contrast vagino‐urethrogram examination, and urethral biopsy. Five dogs were diagnosed as having urethral neoplasia; the sixth dog had granulomatous urethritis. In all six dogs, up to 50% of the urethra and the urethral tubercle were resected to ensure adequate surgical margins. One dog was euthanatized 4 months after surgery for recurrence of a transitional cell carcinoma at the surgical site. Long‐term resolution of the problem (minimum of 12 months) was achieved in the other five dogs. The frequency of serious complications, including urinary incontinence and ascending lower urinary tract infections, was low.
Epoxy Putty for Free‐Form External Skeletal Fixators
Authors: ROE SIMON C. , KEO THEARAYOUK
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate the suitability of epoxy putty for use as a connecting beam material in a free‐form external skeletal fixator.

Design—Mechanical evaluation of beams and the pin‐material interface of commonly used methacrylates and the proposed epoxy putty.

Procedure—The apparent modulus, bending strength, and toughness of 10 beams of three methacrylates (Technovit, APEF System, Bone Cement) and three epoxy putties (Oatey Epoxy Putty, All‐Metals PowerPoxy, and Plumber's PowerPoxy) were determined in three‐point bending. The shear strength of smooth and roughened‐shaft pins embedded in the three methacrylates and the Oatey Epoxy Putty was determined by pull‐out testing.

Results—The epoxy putties had similar strength, greater apparent modulus, and reduced toughness when compared with the methacrylates. The shear strength of the smooth pin interface with the Oatey Epoxy putty was greater than that with the methacrylates. The interface with roughened pins was much stronger than that with smooth pins for all materials tested.

Clinical Relevance—Epoxy putty is a suitable material for free‐form external fixators. It is easy to handle, inexpensive, and has suitable setting times and mechanical properties.
Laryngoplasty With or Without Ventriculectomy for Treatment of Left Laryngeal Hemiplegia in 230 Racehorses
Authors: HAWKINS JAN F. , TULLENERS ERIC P. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , EVANS LOREN H. , RAKER CHARLES W.
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of laryngoplasty on racing performance and to determine if any of the following variables had a significant effect on outcome: breed (ThoroughbredvStandardbred), endoscopic grade of laryngeal function, ventriculectomy versus no ventriculectomy, type of prosthetic suture used, and number of prostheses placed.

Study Design—Retrospective study of laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in racehorses between 1986 and 1993.

Animals or Sample Population—230 horses (174 Thoroughbreds, 56 Standardbreds).

Methods—The medical records of racehorses or horses intended for racing were reviewed. Signalment, admitting complaints, physical examination findings, resting endoscopic grade of laryngeal function, type of prosthetic suture material used, number of prosthetic sutures placed, presence or absence of ventriculectomy, and postoperative complications were recorded.

Results—Upper respiratory tract noise and exercise intolerance were the most common presenting complaints. Two horses had a laryngeal grade of 2, 109 horses a laryngeal grade of 3, and 119 horses a laryngeal grade of 4. Two double‐strand braided polyester sutures were used in 147 horses, a single double‐strand polyester suture was used in 49 horses, and a single double‐strand nylon suture was used in 34 horses. Ventriculectomy was performed on 186 horses. The most common complication recognized during hospitalization was coughing in 50 horses. Telephone follow‐up was obtained for 176 horses. For 168 horses, respiratory noise after surgery was decreased in 126 horses, the same in 28, and increased in 14. After hospital discharge, coughing occurred in 43 of 166 horses, and a nasal discharge occurred in 26 horses. Postoperative racing performance for 167 horses was subjectively evaluated by respondents as being improved in 69% of the horses. Overall owner satisfaction with the outcome after surgery was 81%. Of 230 horses, 178 raced at least one time after surgery. Overall, 117 horses raced three or more times before and after surgery, and 65 of these horses had improved performance index scores. None of the variables of surgical interest affected performance index scores.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy allowed 77% of the horses to race at least one time after surgery, improved racing performance in 56% of the horses that completed three races before and after surgery, and improved subjectively evaluated racing performance in 69% of the horses.