bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turning scientific serendipity into discoveries in breast cancer research and treatment: a tale of PhD students and a 50-year roaming tamoxifen team
Authors: Jordan V. Craig
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This retrospective, about a single “mobile” laboratory in six locations on two continents, is intended as a case study in discovery for trainees and junior faculty in the medical sciences. Your knowledge of your topic is necessary to expect the unexpected.

Historical method

In 1972, there was no tamoxifen, only ICI 46, 474, a non-steroidal anti-estrogen with little chance of clinical development. No one would ever be foolish enough to predict that the medicine, 20 years later, would achieve legendary status as the first targeted treatment for breast cancer, and millions of women would benefit from long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The secret of tamoxifen’s success was a translational research strategy proposed in the mid 1970’s. This strategy was to treat only patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and deploy 5 or more years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy to prevent recurrence. Additionally, tamoxifen prevented mammary cancer in animals. Could the medicine prevent breast cancer in women?

Results

Tamoxifen and the failed breast cancer drug raloxifene became the first selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): a new drug group, discovered at the University of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Cancer Center. Serendipity can play a fundamental role in discovery, but there must be a rigorous preparation for the investigator to appreciate the possibility of a pending discovery. This article follows the unanticipated discoveries when PhD students “get the wrong answer.” The secret of success of my six Tamoxifen Teams was their technical excellence to create models, to decipher mechanisms, that drove the development of new medicines.

Summary of advances

Discoveries are listed that either changed women’s health or allowed an understanding of originally opaque mechanisms of action of potential therapies. These advances in women’s health were supported entirely by government-sponsored peer-reviewed funding and major philanthropy from the Lynn Sage Breast Cancer Foundation, the Avon Foundation, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The resulting lives saved or extended, families aided in a time of crisis and the injection of billions of dollars into national economies by drug development, is proof of the value of Federal or philanthropic investment into unencumbered research aimed at saving millions of lives.
A multi-source entity-level sentiment corpus for the financial domain: the FinLin corpus
Authors: Daudert Tobias
Published: August 2021

We introduce FinLin, a novel corpus containing investor reports, company reports, news articles, and microblogs from StockTwits, targeting multiple entities stemming from the automobile industry and covering a 3-month period. FinLin was annotated with a sentiment score and a relevance score in the range [− 1.0, 1.0] and [0.0, 1.0], respectively. The annotations also include the text spans selected for the sentiment, thus, providing additional insight into the annotators’ reasoning. Overall, FinLin aims to complement the current knowledge by providing a novel and publicly available financial sentiment corpus and to foster research on the topic of financial sentiment analysis and potential applications in behavioural science.
MultiETSC: automated machine learning for early time series classification
Authors: Ottervanger Gilles , Baratchi Mitra , Hoos Holger H.
Published: August 2021

Early time series classification (EarlyTSC) involves the prediction of a class label based on partial observation of a given time series. Most EarlyTSC algorithms consider the trade-off between accuracy and earliness as two competing objectives, using a single dedicated hyperparameter. To obtain insights into this trade-off requires finding a set of non-dominated (Pareto efficient) classifiers. So far, this has been approached through manual hyperparameter tuning. Since the trade-off hyperparameters only provide indirect control over the earliness-accuracy trade-off, manual tuning is tedious and tends to result in many sub-optimal hyperparameter settings. This complicates the search for optimal hyperparameter settings and forms a hurdle for the application of EarlyTSC to real-world problems. To address these issues, we propose an automated approach to hyperparameter tuning and algorithm selection for EarlyTSC, building on developments in the fast-moving research area known as automated machine learning (AutoML). To deal with the challenging task of optimising two conflicting objectives in early time series classification, we propose MultiETSC, a system for multi-objective algorithm selection and hyperparameter optimisation (MO-CASH) for EarlyTSC. MultiETSC can potentially leverage any existing or future EarlyTSC algorithm and produces a set of Pareto optimal algorithm configurations from which a user can choose a posteriori. As an additional benefit, our proposed framework can incorporate and leverage time-series classification algorithms not originally designed for EarlyTSC for improving performance on EarlyTSC; we demonstrate this property using a newly defined, “naïve” fixed-time algorithm. In an extensive empirical evaluation of our new approach on a benchmark of 115 data sets, we show that MultiETSC performs substantially better than baseline methods, ranking highest (avg. rank 1.98) compared to conceptually simpler single-algorithm (2.98) and single-objective alternatives (4.36).
Globular adiponectin inhibits osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Zhou Yun , Wei Li-Long , Zhang Rui-Ping , Han Cheng-Wu , Cao Yongtong
Published: August 2021

Lipid metabolism is closely related to the improvement of vascular calcification (VC) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Globular adiponectin (gAd) has been reported to be involved in the development of VC in CKD, but the detailed regulatory role remains unclear. The present study is aimed to investigate the biological function and the underlying regulation mechanism of gAd in the process of VC during CKD. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification was determined by Alizarin Red S staining. Protein signaling related with VC was tested by western blotting. The expression and intracellular localization of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) was detected by immunofluorescence and uraemic rat with VC was established by a two-step nephrectomy. Combined with the results of Alizarin Red S staining, we discovered that β-glycerophosphate (β-Gp)-induced the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs was significantly reversed by gAd treatment. Along with the VSMCs calcification and the increase of Runx2 in β-Gp-exposed VSMCs, the activities of protein kinase B (AKT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway were enhanced, but that were counteracted by the exposure of gAd in rat and human VSMCs. After administration with agonists of the Wnt (SKL2001) and AKT (SC79), there appeared more osteoblastic differentiation and higher expression of Runx2 in gAd-treated VSMCs, but showing lower impact in the presence of SC79 than that in the presence of SKL2001. In the in vivo experiments, intravenous injection of gAd also significantly inhibited VC and Runx2 level in uraemic rat in a dose-dependent manner, possibly through regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study demonstrates that gAd ameliorates osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs possibly by blocking PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling transduction. The findings provide an important foundation for gAd in treating VC in kidney diseases.
Importance of anions in electrodeposition of nickel from gluconate solutions
Authors: Chat-Wilk Karolina , Rudnik Ewa , Włoch Grzegorz , Osuch Piotr
Published: August 2021

Electrodeposition of nickel from slightly acidic gluconate solutions containing chloride or/and sulfate ions was investigated. Electrochemical measurements correlated with bath speciations showed nickel chloride complex and nickel sulfate complexes as crucial species affecting cathodic reactions in a potential range up to −1.3V. At more negative potentials, nickel deposition was governed by a release of nickel cation from nickel-gluconate complex. This was further evidenced by differences in nucleation modes, morphology, and structure of the deposits. Wettability of as-plated and chemically modified nickel layers were determined and correlated with their morphology and corrosion resistance.
Clinical Ethics Consultations in the Opinion of Polish Physicians
Authors: Czarkowski Marek , Różyńska Joanna , Maćkiewicz Bartosz , Zawiła-Niedźwiecki Jakub
Published: August 2021

Clinical Ethics Consultations (CEC) are an important tool for physicians in solving difficult cases. They are extremely common in North America and to a lesser extent also present in Europe. However, there is little data on this practice in Poland. We present results of a survey of 521 physicians practising in Poland concerning their opinion on CECs and related practices. We analysed the data looking at such issues as CECs’ perceived availability, use of CECs, and perceived usefulness of such support. Physicians in our study generally encounter hard ethics cases, even—surprisingly—those who do not work in hospitals. Most physicians have no CEC access, and those that do still do not employ CECs. However, physicians perceive this form of support as useful—even more so among actual users of CECs. We compared these findings with similar studies from other European countries and the North America. We point out peculiarities of our results as compared to those in other countries, with some possible explanations. We hope the results may encourage regulatory debate on the need to formally introduce CECs into the Polish healthcare system.
Attitudes and perceptions of outpatients towards adoption of telemedicine in healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Naik Nithesh , Ibrahim Sufyan , Sircar Sumedha , Patil Vathsala , Hameed Belthangady Monu Zeeshan , Rai Bhavan Prasad , Chłosta Piotr , Somani Bhaskar K.
Published: August 2021

Background

Asia is home to a burgeoning market for telemedicine with the availability of cheaper smartphones and internet services. Due to a rise in telemedicine use by doctors and patients, it is imperative to understand the perception of patients towards the adoption of telemedicine, the availability of telemedicine to the general population, the frequency with which patients avail these services, and the motivation or apprehensions in using them, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aims

The study is performed to understand the behavioral attitude and perceptions of the population regarding telemedicine and, in doing so, make services more user-friendly for patients.

Methods

A total of 1170 participants were surveyed using a structured online questionnaire to assess the perceptions towards the adoption of telemedicine in healthcare delivery services. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify key variables of knowledge and attitude affecting the utilization of telemedicine.

Results

Of the total respondents, 35.3% of patients never encountered telemedicine before and 26.9% did not come across telemedicine even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

Understanding the perceptions of patients, using targeted health education, positive communication, and behavioral modifications, is the key factor to be addressed to mitigate the apprehensions towards telemedicine and improve the utilization of the services.
The effect of intraperitoneal administration of BromAc on blood parameters: phase 1 study
Authors: Ke Kevin , Pillai Krishna , Mekkawy Ahmed H. , Akhter Javed , Badar Samina , Valle Sarah J. , Morris David L.
Published: August 2021

Intraperitoneal administration of BromAc (bromelain + acetylcysteine) is currently undergoing a phase 1 clinical trial for pseudomyxoma peritonei at our institution. This study reports on analysis of routine blood parameters before and after treatment for a series of 25 patients in this trial. Blood parameters assessed included full blood count, electrolytes, urea, and creatinine, liver function tests, coagulation studies, as well as inflammatory markers (CRP). Certain parameters such as CRP, and white cell count, were significantly elevated after treatment whilst serum albumin level was reduced indicating an inflammatory reaction. However, liver enzymes, coagulation studies, and other parameters were not affected. Therefore, there are no additional safety signals evident upon analysis of routine blood parameter testing.
Microhabitat Selection and Population Density of Nehalennia Speciosa Charpentier, 1840 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) in a Peripheral Microrefugium
Authors: Orioli Valerio , Gentili Rodolfo , Bani Luciano , Aguzzi Stefano
Published: August 2021

Peripheral populations of boreal tyrphophilic animals and plants often occupy relict Alpine peatlands, which act as microrefugia. Ecological conditions within local peatlands can lead to uncommon adaptations, highly valuable for the long-term conservation of species and habitats. The pigmy damselfly (Nehalennia speciosa) is an endangered Odonata distributed in Central and Eastern Europe with peripheral populations in the Alps. We investigated the microscale species-habitat association and the conservation status of one of these populations in a relict raised bog. We applied dynamic N-mixture models to assess population ecology and density, while disentangling predictors’ effect on ecological and observation process. We counted N. speciosa individuals in spring 2018 along with vegetation, water, soil and weather conditions during surveys. Final model resulted reliable according to performance measures. Spatial variation in N. speciosa abundance was driven by vegetation type, with a strong selection for flooded hollows where C. rostrata, R. alba and S. palustris vegetation occupy acidic and oligotrophic shallow pools. Population density showed a peak in the first decade of June and increased with accumulation of superficial water. Detection probability was generally low and decreased further when wind blew. The reduced ecological plasticity of the species imperil the species to habitat and climate changes, which will be particularly threatening for its peripheral Alpine populations in the near future, causing water imbalance and rapid vegetation turnover within the peatlands’ fragile microhabitat. The studied peat bog could thus be retained a key future microrefugium for the long-term conservation of tyrphopilous wildlife and habitats.
Case study of a water bioengineering construction site in Austria. Ecological aspects and application of an environmental life cycle assessment model
Authors: von der Thannen M. , Hoerbinger S. , Muellebner C. , Biber H. , Rauch H. P.
Published: August 2021

Recently, applications of soil and water bioengineering constructions using living plants and supplementary materials have become increasingly popular. Besides technical effects, soil and water bioengineering has the advantage of additionally taking into consideration ecological values and the values of landscape aesthetics. When implementing soil and water bioengineering structures, suitable plants must be selected, and the structures must be given a dimension taking into account potential impact loads. A consideration of energy flows and the potential negative impact of construction in terms of energy and greenhouse gas balance has been neglected until now. The current study closes this gap of knowledge by introducing a method for detecting the possible negative effects of installing soil and water bioengineering measures. For this purpose, an environmental life cycle assessment model has been applied. The impact categories global warming potential and cumulative energy demand are used in this paper to describe the type of impacts which a bioengineering construction site causes. Additionally, the water bioengineering measure is contrasted with a conventional civil engineering structure. The results determine that the bioengineering alternative performs slightly better, in terms of energy demand and global warming potential, than the conventional measure. The most relevant factor is shown to be the impact of the running machines at the water bioengineering construction site. Finally, an integral ecological assessment model for applications of soil and water bioengineering structures should point out the potential negative effects caused during installation and, furthermore, integrate the assessment of potential positive effects due to the development of living plants in the use stage of the structures.
Recent Progress in Nanoscale Covalent Organic Frameworks for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Yao Shuncheng , Liu Zhirong , Li Linlin
Published: August 2021

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a type of porous and crystalline covalent organic polymer are built up from covalently linked and periodically arranged organic molecules. Their precise assembly, well-defined coordination network, and tunable porosity endow COFs with diverse characteristics such as low density, high crystallinity, porous structure, and large specific-surface area, as well as versatile functions and active sites that can be tuned at molecular and atomic level. These unique properties make them excellent candidate materials for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and disease therapy. To realize these functions, the components, dimensions, and guest molecule loading into COFs have a great influence on their performance in various applications. In this review, we first introduce the influence of dimensions, building blocks, and synthetic conditions on the chemical stability, pore structure, and chemical interaction with guest molecules of COFs. Next, the applications of COFs in cancer diagnosis and therapy are summarized. Finally, some challenges for COFs in cancer therapy are noted and the problems to be solved in the future are proposed.
Opportunities regarding the use of technologies of energy recovery from sewage sludge
Authors: Zaharioiu Anca Maria , Bucura Felicia , Ionete Roxana Elena , Marin Florian , Constantinescu Marius , Oancea Simona
Published: August 2021

Based on the global need to efficiently eliminate highly produced amounts of sewage sludge, alternative technologies are required to be practically developed. Reduction of sewage sludge waste quantities with energy recovery is the most important and modern practice, with least possible impact on the environment. Appropriate technologies for treating and disposal sewage sludge are currently considered: incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. The main products generated during the pyrolysis process are bio-gas, bio-oil and bio-residue, providing sustainable fuels/ biofuels and adsorbents. Compared to other disposal methods of sewage sludge, pyrolysis has advantages in terms of the environment: waste in small quantities, low emissions, low level of heavy metals. From a technological point of view, pyrolysis is the most efficient in relation to its final products, pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and solid residue that can be transformed into CO2 adsorbent with the help of chemical and thermal activation processes. The incineration process of sewage sludge has a number of disadvantages both environmentally and technologically: organic pollutants, heavy metals, toxic pollutants and ash resulting from combustion that needs a disposal process. A comparison of different types of sewage sludge elimination for the energy recovery is described in the present paper.

Article Highlights

Sewage sludge is a waste in increasing quantities, which requires disposal and energy recovery, in a clean way for the environment.

The pyrolysis process of sewage sludge is the cleanest method of its recovery. Pyrolysis products, bio-oil, syngas and biochar, can be used as alternative fuels to fossil fuels.

The pyrolysis process of the sewage sludge is the most advantageous from the point of view of the obtained products and of the environment, in comparison with the incineration and gasification processes.
Toward Rejuvenated Inspiration with the Unbearable Lightness of Anthropology
Authors: Halme-Tuomisaari Miia
Published: August 2021

How might the connections between anthropology and international law become more dynamic? I reflect upon this question in this essay using ethnographic insights from the documentary cycles of the UN Human Rights Committee, the treaty body monitoring state compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Building on recent anthropological scholarship on international organizations, bureaucracy, and documents, this essay discusses the knowledge practices and legal technicalities that characterize the international community of human rights lawyers. In particular, I reflect on the legal fiction of difference governing UN treaty bodies’ operations and the empirical sameness of participants in different formal categories in the shared community of practice of human rights lawyers. I conclude by suggesting that anthropological insights could significantly enrich our shared understanding of the diverse and subtle effects of human rights monitoring. Simultaneously such insights may offer rejuvenated inspiration for those international lawyers tackling a sense of losing faith in their discipline, both as an influential tool of world improvement and an invigorating intellectual tradition.
Anthropological Contributions to International Legal Approaches to Violence Against Indigenous Women
Authors: Sieder Rachel
Published: August 2021

Since the early 1990s, the law and development paradigm of “violence against women” (VAW) has framed gender-based violence against girls and women, especially intimate partner violence, as a grave violation of women's fundamental human rights and a major public health problem demanding concerted state action. Although women of all ages, social classes, races, religions, and ethnicities suffer gender-based violence, international law recognizes that VAW affecting indigenous women is compounded by historical and ongoing racial discrimination. This essay signals the contributions of indigenous women and allied anthropologists in Latin America who draw on decolonial, intersectional, and locally-grounded feminist perspectives to consider the challenges of addressing gender-based VAW. Working in collaboration with different women's collectives and organizational processes, anthropologists have conceptualized and documented the specific, myriad forms of violence affecting indigenous women. In their efforts to understand the origins, nature, and effects of violence, and to envisage possible remedies, they privilege indigenous women's voices, standpoints, and demands for collective self-determination. In this way they have contributed to international legal debates on VAW by highlighting the shortcomings and limitations of universal constructs of women and gender violence.
After International Law: Anthropology Beyond the “Age of Human Rights”
Authors: Goodale Mark
Published: August 2021

This essay examines the ways in which anthropologists have tracked the rise and fall of international law after the end of the Cold War. It argues that anthropological research has made important contributions to the wider understanding of international law as a mechanism for social and political change, a framework for protecting vulnerable populations, and a language through which collective identities can be expressed and valorized. Yet, over time, international law has lost many of these expansive functions, a shift that anthropologists have also studied, although with greater reluctance and difficulty. The essay explains the ways in which particular categories of international law, such as human rights and international criminal justice, grew dramatically in importance and power during the 1990s and early 2000s, a shift whose complexities anthropologists studied at the local level. As the essay also explains, anthropological research began to detect a weakening in human rights implementation and respect for international legal norms, a countervailing shift that has broader implications for the possibilities for international cooperation and the resolution of conflicts, among others. At the same time, the retreat of international law from its highpoint in the early post-Cold War years has given way to the reemergence of non-legal strategies for advancing change and accounting for past injustices, including strategies based on social confrontation, moral shaming, and even violence.
The Deceiving Game
Authors: COHEN SHLOMO , ZULTAN RO'I
Published: August 2021

The moral comparison of the three venues of deception—lying, falsely implicating, and nonverbal deception—is a central, ongoing debate in the ethics of deception. To date there has been no attempt to advance in the debate through experimental philosophy. Using methods of experimental economics, we devised a strategic game to test positions in the debate. Our article presents the experimental results and shows how philosophical analysis of the results allows drawing valid normative conclusions. Our conclusions testify against the dominant position in the debate—that lying is morally worse than all non-lying deceptions. They offer prima facie support to the view that the venue of deception makes no moral difference.
Quality of Life in Lower-Limb Amputees 10 Years After the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wang Qian , Chen Caiyun , Zhang Sheng , Tang Yimin , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Xue , Wong Man-sang
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term outcome of quality of life (QOL) in the lower-limb amputees 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

Methods:

In the cross-sectional study, 66 lower-limb amputees were recruited. The prosthetics-related QOL was assessed using the Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) in terms of the scales of utility, appearance, sounds, residual limb health, perceived response, frustration, social burden, ambulation, and well-being. The score of each PEQ subscale was calculated and compared among the cohorts with different demographic characteristics.

Results:

The PEQ scores showed that the scales of sounds, residual limb health, and frustration were still low in the lower-limb amputees 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The comparison of PEQ scales among cohorts with different demographic characteristics indicated that the potential demographic risk factors, namely, age, marital status, educational level, living independence, and comorbidity, were associated with prosthesis-related QOL.

Conclusions:

The prosthesis-related QOL of the lower-limb amputees 10 years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake has been partly documented in this study. The potential demographic risk factors associated with QOL of amputees were also identified. These findings could enhance the understanding of prosthesis-related QOL of lower-limb amputees sustained in an earthquake and facilitate the optimization of post-disaster rehabilitation strategies.
Oxygen and Ventilator Logistics During California’s COVID-19 Surge: When Oxygen Becomes a Scarce Resource
Authors: Devereaux Asha V. , Backer Howard , Salami Arzoo , Wright Chuck , Christensen Kate , Rice Kathleen , Jakel-Smith Cindy , Metzner Mitch , Bains Jasmeet K. , Staats Kathy , Branson Richard , Pierce Markell , Noste Erin , Duncan David
Published: August 2021

The state of California, in the United States of America, has a population of nearly 40 million people and is the 5th largest economy in the world. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020-2021, the state experienced a medical surge that stressed its sophisticated health-care and public health system. During this period, ventilators, oxygen, and other equipment necessary for providing ventilatory support became a scarce resource in many health-care settings. When demand overwhelms supply, creative solutions are required at all levels of disaster management and health care. This study describes the disaster response by the state of California to mitigate the emergency demands for oxygen delivery resources.
Public Archaeology in Poland: State of the Art and Future Directions
Authors: Pawleta Michał
Published: August 2021

This article aims to conceptualize the present state of public archaeology in Poland, which has recently become topical in archaeological practice. The author defines public archaeology and discusses the historical background of such activities in the context of the specific traditions of Polish archaeology. He then describes the main forms of outreach activities undertaken by archaeologists in Poland and presents community-oriented initiatives that go beyond the education of the general public about the past and strive to engage local communities in activities focused on archaeology and archaeological heritage. He concludes by outlining some directions that this sub-discipline may adopt in future.
Integrating microbiome, transcriptome and metabolome data to investigate gastric disease pathogenesis: a concise review
Authors: Doohan Dalla , Rezkitha Yudith Annisa Ayu , Waskito Langgeng Agung , Vilaichone Ratha-korn , Yamaoka Yoshio , Miftahussurur Muhammad
Published: August 2021

Microbiome, the study of microbial communities in specific environments, has developed significantly since the Human Microbiome Project began. Microbiomes have been associated with changes within environmental niches and the development of various diseases. The development of high-throughput technology such as next-generation sequencing has also allowed us to perform transcriptome studies, which provide accurate functional profiling data. Metabolome studies, which analyse the metabolites found in the environment, are the most direct environmental condition indicator. Although each dataset provides valuable information on its own, the integration of multiple datasets provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between the host, agent and environment. Therefore, network analysis using multiple datasets might give a clearer understanding of disease pathogenesis.
Catholic Political Thought and Calvinist Ecclesiology in Samuel Rutherford's Lex, Rex (1644)
Authors: Schultz Karie
Published: August 2021

This article presents a significant reinterpretation of an essential text in Scottish (and British) political thought, Samuel Rutherford's Lex, Rex, by analyzing its relationship with Catholic scholasticism. While scholars have observed Rutherford's use of Catholic authors, there has been no sustained analysis of how Rutherford strategically applied this intellectual tradition to the religious and political context of the British civil wars. Ideas about human liberty, the law of nations, and popular sovereignty that were developed by Catholic scholastics in the School of Salamanca allowed Rutherford to defend limited monarchy and fulfill an ecclesiological purpose in seventeenth-century Britain. He, and the majority of his Covenanter contemporaries, believed in jure divino presbyterianism: scripture mandated that elders and synods, not bishops, should rule the church. To ensure a presbyterian settlement, Rutherford needed to disprove royalist absolutists who claimed that presbyterianism threatened absolute monarchy (the divinely ordained form of civil government) by limiting royal supremacy over the church. By building on Catholic scholastic political ideas, Rutherford was able to argue that human beings could change the form of civil government and that absolute monarchy was not required by God. Ironically, to make a civil state safe for presbyterianism, Rutherford resorted to Catholic scholastics rather than those of his own confessional tradition. This analysis urges reconsideration of not only the porosity of traditional confessional boundaries in early modern political thought but the respective positions of both Calvinism and Catholicism in shaping the political ideas underlying the British revolutions of the mid-seventeenth century.
“Beasts with Claws”: The English Republic, the Presbyterian Peril, and the Ulster Question
Authors: Armstrong Robert
Published: August 2021

Among the multitude of enemies facing the newly born English republic, the Presbyterians of Ulster posed a threat at once ideological and military. Such supporters of the new regime as John Milton derided the “blockish presbyters” of a “remote” province and denounced them as Scottish intruders upon English soil. But the threat they posed lay not only in their capacity to mobilize an armed population but to do so around religious and political positions drawn from a common stock of ideas present across the three kingdoms. The twin dangers could be made to serve polemical purposes within domestic English debate as the Commonwealth sought to counter the religious ambitions and constitutional challenges of those they branded as “Scottified” Presbyterians. In Ulster, the short-lived Presbyterian “revolt” proved a remarkable though fleeting success. Its proponents cultivated these transplanted ideas into fertile if fragile growth in the form of armed organization and communal mobilization. This episode attests to the importance of localizing ideology in precise contexts, and to the fact that print was only one vector, if a vital one, for its transmission.
HirnantiaFauna from the Condroz Inlier, Belgium: another case of a relict Ordovician shelly fauna in the Silurian?
Authors: Pereira Sofia , Colmenar Jorge , Mortier Jan , Vanmeirhaeghe Jan , Verniers Jacques , Štorch Petr , Harper David Alexander Taylor , Gutiérrez-Marco Juan Carlos
Published: August 2021

The end-Ordovician mass extinction, linked to a major glaciation, led to deep changes in Hirnantian–Rhuddanian biotas. TheHirnantiaFauna, the first of two Hirnantian survival brachiopod-dominated communities, characterizes the lower–mid Hirnantian deposits globally, and its distribution is essential to understand how the extinction took place. In this paper, we describe, illustrate, and discuss the first macrofossiliferousHirnantiaFauna assemblage from Belgium, occurring in the Tihange Member of the Fosses Formation at Tihange (Huy), within the Central Condroz Inlier. Six fossiliferous beds have yielded a low-diversity, brachiopod-dominated association. In addition to the brachiopods (Eostropheodonta hirnantensis,Plectothyrella crassicosta,Hirnantiasp., andTrucizetina? sp.), one trilobite (Mucronaspissp.), four pelmatozoans (Xenocrinussp.,Cyclocharax[col.]paucicrenulatus,Conspectocrinus[col.]celticus, andPentagonocyclicus[col.] sp.), three graptolites (Cystograptus ancestralis,Normalograptus normalis, and ?Metabolograptussp.), together with indeterminate machaeridians and bryozoans were identified. The graptolite assemblage, from theAkidograptus ascensus-Parakidograptus acuminatusBiozone, indicates an early Rhuddanian (Silurian) age, and thus, an unexpectedly late occurrence of a typicalHirnantiaFauna. This Belgian association may represent an additional example of relictHirnantiaFauna in the Silurian, sharing characteristics with the only other known from Rhuddanian rocks at Yewdale Beck (Lake District, England), although reworking has not been completely ruled out. The survival of these Hirnantian taxa into the Silurian might be linked to delayed post-glacial effects of rising temperature and sea-level, which may have favored the establishment of refugia in these two particular regions that were paleogeographically close during the Late Ordovician–early Silurian.
Holocene glacier history of northeastern Cordillera Darwin, southernmost South America (55°S)
Authors: Reynhout Scott A. , Kaplan Michael R. , Sagredo Esteban A. , Aravena Juan Carlos , Soteres Rodrigo L. , Schwartz Roseanne , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: August 2021

In the Cordillera Darwin, southernmost South America, we used 10Be and 14C dating, dendrochronology, and historical observations to reconstruct the glacial history of the Dalla Vedova valley from deglacial time to the present. After deglacial recession into northeastern Darwin and Dalla Vedova, by ~16 ka, evidence indicates a glacial advance at ~13 ka coeval with the Antarctic Cold Reversal. The next robustly dated glacial expansion occurred at 870 ± 60 calendar yr ago (approximately AD 1150), followed by less-extensive dendrochronologically constrained advances from shortly before AD 1836 to the mid-twentieth century. Our record is consistent with most studies within the Cordillera Darwin that show that the Holocene glacial maximum occurred during the last millennium. This pattern contrasts with the extensive early- and mid-Holocene glacier expansions farther north in Patagonia; furthermore, an advance at 870 ± 60 yr ago may suggest out-of-phase glacial advances occurred within the Cordillera Darwin relative to Patagonia. We speculate that a southward shift of westerlies and associated climate regimes toward the southernmost tip of the continent, about 900–800 yr ago, provides a mechanism by which some glaciers advanced in the Cordillera Darwin during what is generally considered a warm and dry period to the north in Patagonia.
HESSEL DE VRIES: RADIOCARBON PIONEER FROM GRONINGEN
Authors: Grootes Pieter M , van der Plicht Hans
Published: August 2021

Hessel de Vries contributed to radiocarbon (14C) dating for only one short decade. Yet, his development of proportional CO2 counting greatly facilitated 14C measurements, improved their reproducibility, and lowered both the amount of carbon needed for a measurement and the 14C detection limit by at least a factor ten. Validating Libby’s 14C method by checking its basic assumptions with improved sensitivity, de Vries documented relatively minor violations. Natural variations in atmospheric 14C concentrations, found in tree rings, marked the start of 14C tree-ring calibration. Variable differences in 14C concentration between the atmosphere and aquatic reservoirs revealed reservoir ages, leading to further studies. De Vries applied analogue modeling to gain a better understanding of the influence of cosmogenic 14C production and the global carbon cycle, inclusive CO2 exchange across the air-water boundary, on atmospheric 14C concentrations. In close collaboration with colleagues in archaeology and geology, de Vries documented climate fluctuations and archaeological developments over the last 50,000+ years and placed them on a common 14C time scale.
Orderability of link quandles
Authors: Raundal Hitesh , Singh Mahender , Singh Manpreet
Published: August 2021

The paper develops a general theory of orderability of quandles with a focus on link quandles of tame links and gives some general constructions of orderable quandles. We prove that knot quandles of many fibred prime knots are right-orderable, whereas link quandles of most non-trivial torus links are not right-orderable. As a consequence, we deduce that the knot quandle of the trefoil is neither left nor right-orderable. Further, it is proved that link quandles of certain non-trivial positive (or negative) links are not bi-orderable, which includes some alternating knots of prime determinant and alternating Montesinos links. The paper also explores interconnections between orderability of quandles and that of their enveloping groups. The results establish that orderability of link quandles behaves quite differently than that of corresponding link groups.
The readability and reliability of online information about adenoidectomy
Authors: Ahmadi O , Wood A J
Published: August 2021

Objective

There is limited understanding amongst patients and parents of paediatric patients regarding adenoidectomy. Most patients access health-related information online. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of online information on adenoidectomy.

Method

The term ‘adenoid’ was used to search Google, and the first 50 websites identified were screened. For each website, the readability and quality were assessed.

Results

Of the 41 websites that met the inclusion criteria, the mean readability scores corresponded to ‘difficult to read’ and university-level reading categories. For the quality of the websites, the mean score corresponded to ‘fair’ with 39 per cent of the websites containing either ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’ quality data. The ENT UK information is one of the most readable and reliable online resources.

Conclusion

The online information on adenoidectomy is largely set at an inappropriate readability level and of variable quality. Surgeons should consider assisting their patients with online searches regarding adenoidectomy.
Party competition over EU integration: asymmetrical impacts of external shocks across regions?
Authors: Huijsmans Twan , Krouwel André
Published: August 2021

Using Voting Advice Application (VAA) data from the EU Profiler/euandi Trend File, we studied how parties’ positions towards European integration relate to their positions on other important issues, and how this varies across EP elections, and between European regions. We hypothesized that the association between parties’ EU-integration positions and their positions on other issues was affected by the three major crises that hit the European Union (EU) between 2009 and 2019: the economic, migration, and climate crises. Additionally, we hypothesized that the economic and migration crises asymmetrically affected the association between cultural and economic issues on the one hand and the EU dimension on the other across the EU’s three macro regions (NWE, SE, and CEE). Our results show that neither the economic crisis nor the migration crisis or the climate crisis had an EU-wide impact on how European integration relates to other issue dimensions. As we hypothesized, economic issues were particularly strongly linked to EU-integration positions in SE in 2014, but our results additionally indicated that the longstanding interpretation of EU integration as a mainly economic issue in SE diminished after the start of the migration crisis. Finally, EU integration became related to immigration issues in CEE while this is not the case in the other regions. The main takeaway is that EU integration is interpreted differently by parties across the EU, which is important to recognize for parties that seek to work together in transnational party groups, and for scholars that aim to understand EU policy making.
Spurline-embedded compact hairpin-line bandpass filters for wide harmonic suppression
Authors: Das Tarun Kumar , Chatterjee Sayan
Published: August 2021

The current paper describes the design of a fourth-order compact narrow-band hairpin-line bandpass filter centered at 2.5 GHz and enhanced stopband suppression ~38 dB required for wireless local area network (IEEE802.11b). The size reduction of 24% has been achieved for a conventional hairpin-line filter with a second-order inward folding of the open-end arms with an improvement in the skirt characteristics. However, the folding mechanism has been overshadowed by the presence of spurious harmonics with an attenuation level of <10 dB. Subsequently, L-shaped spurlines with optimum dimensions have been incorporated in the coupled arms of the folded hairpin-line cells. Three fourth-order filters have been designed with the incorporation of spurlines in different coupling regions, fabricated, and tested experimentally. Accordingly, an extended stopband with a rejection level of 38 dB up to 4.48f0 and a size reduction of 18% over the conventional hairpin-line filter has been achieved.
Trends in the Representation of Women Among US Geoscience Faculty From 1999 to 2020: The Long Road Toward Gender Parity
Authors: Ranganathan Meghana , Lalk Ellen , Freese Lyssa M. , Freilich Mara A. , Wilcots Julia , Duffy Margaret L. , Shivamoggi Rohini
Published: August 2021

Inequalities persist in the geosciences. White women and people of color remain under‐represented at all levels of academic faculty, including positions of power such as departmental and institutional leadership. While the proportion of women among geoscience faculty has been cataloged previously, new programs and initiatives aimed at improving diversity, focused on institutional factors that affect equity in the geosciences, necessitate an updated study and a new metric for quantifying the biases that result in under‐representation. We compile a data set of 2,531 tenured and tenure‐track geoscience faculty from 62 universities in the United States to evaluate the proportion of women by rank and discipline. We find that 27% of faculty are women. The fraction of women in the faculty pool decreases with rank, as women comprise 46% of assistant professors, 34% of associate professors, and 19% of full professors. We quantify the attrition of women in terms of a fractionation factor, which describes the rate of loss of women along the tenure track and allows us to move away from the metaphor of the “leaky pipeline.” Efforts to address inequities in institutional culture and biases in promotion and hiring practices over the past few years may provide insight into the recent positive shifts in fractionation factor. Our results suggest a need for 1:1 hiring between men and women to reach gender parity. Due to significant disparities in race, this work is most applicable to white women, and our use of the gender binary does not represent gender diversity in the geosciences.
Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age
Authors: Farmer Jesse R. , Sigman Daniel M. , Granger Julie , Underwood Ona M. , Fripiat François , Cronin Thomas M. , Martínez-García Alfredo , Haug Gerald H.
Published: August 2021

Salinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.