bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of iron deficiency on the activation of glial cells against an antigenic challenge
Authors: Contreras-Garcia Irazu , Estrada-Guadarrama Jose Antonio , Pliego-Rivero Francisco Bernardo
Published: June 2021

Iron is an essential element for the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia and astrocytes are involved in CNS immunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of iron deficiency on the activation capacity of microglia and astrocytes challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We studied the activation of signaling cascades involving the transcription factors NF‐KB, AP‐1 and STAT 1 and 3, which promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Glial cells from newborn BALB/c mice were cultured 15 days. 24 hrs before LPS challenge, cells were treated with the iron quelator deferoxamine. Western blot (WB) analysis showed PKC phosphorylation as soon as 30 min after LPS stimulation in iron deficient cells (dFe). PKC protein phosphorylation was altered compared with control cells (sFe). JNK and ERK phosphorylation disappeared 30 minutes post‐stimulation in sFe cells, whereas phosphorylation was sustained up to 1 hr in dFe cells. Finally, we determined that dFe cells produced more NO than sFe after LPS stimulation. We are currently studying the nuclear translocation of NF‐KB and STAT to corroborate if iron deficiency alters the signaling cascades involving these molecules. Altogether, our data suggests that iron deficiency leads to an increased activation of glial cells after antigenic challenge.
The effects of Gαz signaling on pancreatic β‐cell function and mass
Authors: Kimple Michelle E. , Moss Jennifer B. , Brar Harpreet K. , Rosa Taylor C. , Newgard Christopher B. , Casey Patrick J.
Published: June 2021

Insufficient plasma insulin levels due to deficits in both pancreatic β‐cell function and mass (i.e., β‐cell decompensation) contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The focus of our study was to define the role(s) of specific guanine nucleotide binding protein (G‐protein) signaling pathways in regulating β‐cell decompensation. We have previously demonstrated that the α‐subunit of the heterotrimeric Gz protein, Gαz, impairs insulin secretion by suppressing production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Pancreatic islets from Gαz‐null mice also exhibit constitutively increased cAMP production and augmented glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, suggesting that Gαz is a tonic inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of ATP to cAMP. In the present study, we show that mice genetically deficient for Gαz are protected from developing glucose intolerance when fed a high‐fat (45 kcal%) diet. In these mice, a robust increase in β‐cell proliferation is correlated with significantly increased β‐cell mass. These results link signaling through Gαz to both major aspects of β‐cell decompensation: insufficient β‐cell function and mass. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK080845 (to MEK), DK042583 (to CBN), and DK076488 (to PJC).
STEP into Science at Medgar Evers College, a Successful Strategic Plan
Authors: Carroll Margaret A. , Skeete Dereck , Catapane Edward J.
Published: June 2021

STEP into Science was designed to increase the number of students earning BS degrees in Biology and Environmental Science. The program goals are to: recruit new students and non‐STEM students into Biology or Environmental Sciences; improve retention by providing academic, financial and mentoring support; foster integration of research and technology to better equip majors to be successful applicants to graduate/professional programs; and increase the number of students graduating with BS degrees. Now in our fifth year the program has had great success. We use peer recruiters to attract more high school, transfer, and non‐science college students into STEM majors and place emphasis on undergraduate research experiences to increase the quality and retention of science majors through their BS degree. Since the inception of the program, STEM enrollment more than doubled and the number of majors actively engaged in research has risen more than 90% with a concurrent increase in student research presentations at scientific conference, and an 87% increase in the number of students receiving external research internships and travel awards to attend national conferences. STEM graduates have also increased and the program anticipates that these and future STEP into Science graduates will continue on to Masters and Doctoral programs in STEM and ultimately enter rewarding careers in the science enterprise.
Gaining those important lab skills:Three different training programs at a liberal arts college
Authors: Brower Ashley , Romano Ray , Columbus Devin , Aguanno Ann
Published: June 2021

Hands‐on biology experiences beyond the classroom are powerful pedagogy tools. Their value is even greater at a liberal arts college, since these experiences foster biology proficiency without sacrificing liberal arts education. These experiences benefit students beyond the provision of scientific knowledge by enhancing public speaking, problem solving, and time management skills, along with self confidence. Here we outline three training opportunities available to students in the undergraduate biology program at Marymount Manhattan College. The first begins in a “Lab Skills” workshop that trains newer students in basic laboratory skills. Students may follow this by participating in undergraduate research where they are guided by faculty members and upper‐classmen in a structured training program focusing on skills specific to the research project. They also learn how to analyze primary literature, develop and execute a research project, and present research findings. An alternate opportunity allows students to train under the Laboratory Supervisor, where students acquire knowledge in chemical hygiene, biological and general lab safety, and hazardous waste management. Students are introduced to compliance standards and learn to apply these standards in the laboratory. Our analysis reveals that alumni of these programs have positive post baccalaureate scientific outcomes.
Effect of dairy foods on cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Authors: Hilpert Kirsten , West Sheila G , Ferencik Emily , Bagshaw Debrah , Kris-Etherton Penny M
Published: June 2021

CAMs mediate atherosclerosis and thus are considered biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction. Elevated levels of CAMs predict heart disease risk and research has focused on strategies to lower them. Yet, studies of how diet affects CAMs are lacking. This study examined the effect of dairy foods on CAMs serum levels. Adults with untreated hypertension (n=23) were fed 3 experimental diets (5 wk each) in a randomized crossover study design. Diets included a dairy‐rich, high fruits and vegetables diet (D‐F&V; 30% fat, 7% saturated fat [SFA], 3.4 servings [svg]/d dairy, 9.6 svg/d F&V), a high fruits and vegetables diet (F&V; 30% fat, 7% SFA, 0.4 svg/d dairy, 9.6 svg/d F&V), and an average Western diet (AWD; 36% fat, 15% SFA, 0.4 svg/d dairy, 3.6 svg/d F&V). The D‐F&V diet reduced VCAM‐1 (547 ± 33 ng/mL) by about 16% compared with the F&V diet (649 ± 33 ng/mL, p < 0.05) and the AWD diet (650 ± 34 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Compared with the AWD diet, ICAM‐1 (242 ± 14 ng/mL) was significantly reduced by both the D‐F&V (225 ± 14 ng/mL, p < 0.05) and F&V diets (226 ± 14 ng/mL, p < 0.05). E‐selectin and P‐selectin followed a similar pattern, with the D‐F&V diet eliciting the lowest levels (D‐F&V vs. AWD, p < 0.02; D‐F&V vs. F&V, p < 0.1; F&V vs. AWD, p=ns). Collectively, these results suggest that dairy foods may have beneficial effects on endothelial function in hypertension.

Funding: National Dairy Council, GCRC Penn State University NIH M01 RR10732
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubillis L.) oil as novel source of dietary fat to prevent inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Noratto Giuliana Doris , Chirinos Rosana , Campos David , Larondelle Yvan , Arbizu Shirley , Dos Santos Manoela Maciel , Mertens-Talcott Susanne
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular‐related diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death around the world and the largest economic burden. Western diets have adopted a pattern in which ratios omega‐6 (n‐6): omega‐3 (n‐ 3) fatty acids (FA) are 15:1–16:1, which promotes inflammation and CVD. Sacha inchi seeds, native to Peru and source of dietary oil (SIO) contain a FA profile of n‐3: n‐6 ≈ 1, characteristic in Mediterranean diet. However, the composition of SIO varies by cultivar and the health benefits have not been investigated. Our goal was to characterize SIO in 16 cultivars and the antiinflammatory properties using human endothelial vein cells (HUVEC). SIO were analyzed by gas chromatography and HPLC, and antioxidant activity (AOX) by ABTS. A commercial SIO was assessed in HUVEC using the dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) assay for reactive oxygen species (ROS), and qRT‐PCR for mRNA. Results showed that SIO from different cultivars are rich in (n‐6) linoleic (36.1–40.9%) and (n‐3) α‐linolenic acids (37.2–43.9%), γ‐(702.6–1601.3 μg/g), and δ‐tocopherols (0.8 y 925.9 μg/g) and exerted AOX (7.7–10.3 μmol TE/g). SIO decreased H2O2‐induced ROS (0.73‐fold) and downregulated LPS‐induced expression of NF‐kB (0.84‐fold), TNF‐α (0.72‐fold), VCAM‐1(0.68‐fold), and ICAM‐1 (0.64‐fold). Overall, these results suggest the health cardioprotective benefits of SIO as a novel source of dietary fat.

Grant Funding Source : ASN
Glucosamine regulates autophagy in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Carames Beatriz , Lotz Martin
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine whether glucosamine (GlcN), a dietary supplement that is safe and beneficial in cellular and animal models of joint health, can activate autophagy, an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism that was found deficient in ageing and osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage.

Methods

Chondrocytes from normal human joints were treated with GlcN‐HCl (1 or 10 mM). Autophagy activation and mTOR signaling was determined by Western Blotting. Reporter mice with green fluorescent protein fused to the autophagy marker LC3 (GFP‐LC3 mice) were treated with GlcN‐HCl (250 mg/kg weight/day) for 7 days. Autophagy activation was analyzed by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

Results

GlcN treatment of chondrocytes induced autophagy by increasing LC3‐II expression, a main marker of autophagy. This was accompanied by inhibition of ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation (prbS6), a target of mTOR. In GFP‐LC3 mice, gavage administration of GlcN led to a marked activation of autophagy in liver. In articular cartilage and menisci, there was a decrease in prbS6 expression.

Conclusions

GlcN modulates several components of the autophagy pathway in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that GlcN is an effective autophagy activator and motivate future studies on its efficacy in modifying aging‐related cellular changes and supporting joint health.

Support: Funding provided by Cargill, Inc.
Effects of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids: A Randomized, Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled, Clinical Trial
Authors: Chai Weiwen , Bostick Roberd M , Franke Adrian A , Cooney Robert V
Published: June 2021

Objective

To estimate the effects of vitamin D +/− calcium supplementation on blood pressure and serum lipid levels.

Methods

Ninety‐two men and women (40 to 75 years) were randomized in a pilot, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial of daily supplemental vitamin D3 800 IU and calcium 2 g (as calcium carbonate) alone or in combination in divided doses twice daily with meals. Blood was drawn at baseline and after 6 months of intervention and stored serum samples were analyzed for serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also measured at baseline and at one and six months follow up.

Results

Relative to placebo, mean serum triglycerides decreased 30.1% (P = 0.20) and 32.1% (P = 0.18) in the calcium and calcium plus vitamin D3 treated groups, respectively. Similar but non‐substantial decreases were observed for mean serum total cholesterol levels (calcium group, 5.3% lower, P = 0.31; calcium plus vitamin D3 group, 6.8% lower, P = 0.19). In the intention‐to‐treat analyses there were no statistically significant changes in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the calcium and vitamin D groups relative to the placebo group.

Conclusions

Supplemental vitamin D3 and calcium may reduce serum lipid levels but have no substantial effects on blood pressure.
Exploring the association between dietary patterns and the presence of Age‐related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Goulão Beatriz , Camacho Pedro Miguel , Mota Carla , Coelho Inês , Roe Mark , Castanheira Isabel
Published: June 2021

Age‐related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in Europe. The role of nutritional factors in the prevention of disease are not clear, in part due to difficulties in obtaining comparable nutrient intake values, in international, multi‐centre studies. EuroFIR (European Food Information Resource) eSearch platform, including more than twenty national food composition databanks, was used to examine whether specific nutrient antioxidants, fat, protein, and carbohydrates from natural food sources of different geographic origins accounted for association between AMD and dietary patterns. A cohort study was used. Participants, caucasian men and women aged over 55 selected by a AMD specialist, completed the FFQ in an interview mode during their clinical visit to a specialized eye center.

In patients who consumed a diet rich in total fat, a correlation between the choroid thickness and AMD was found (p‐value< 0,001). Clinical Nutrition studies, covering natives from Sao Tome and Principe are in progress as a contribution to understand if racial differences associated with dietary patterns affected the pathogenesis of AMD and other eye diseases.
Changes in core foods of individuals with type 2 diabetes because of a nutrition education intervention
Authors: Keim Kathryn Sarah , Lynch Elizabeth , Mang Ellen , Lorenzi Lisa
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine core food changes of African Americans with type 2 diabetes before and after a 6‐month nutrition education intervention using two different methods. Changes in core foods were assessed in a 6‐month randomized controlled trial, pre‐ and post‐intervention. Food intake was collected using the Block food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (both groups) and food logs (intervention group). Core foods were foods consumed at a high frequency using both methods. Thirty in the control group and 29 in the intervention group provided complete data. Mean age was 54 years, mean A1C was 7.6% and BMI was 35.5 for all subjects. Control group core food changes included broccoli, green beans/peas, other fresh fruit, cooked spinach became core foods, and cheese was no longer a core food, using the FFQ method. Changes in core foods of the intervention group included tomatoes, nuts, yogurt and tuna became a core food and salty snacks were no longer a core food, using the FFQ method. Nuts and seeds, sugar‐free beverages, peanut butter, high‐fat bread and rice became a core food using the food logs method. Changes in core foods happened without an intervention. Core food changes will differ by method used and may not be appropriate to assess change because of a nutrition education intervention.
Development of a Four‐Week Cyclic Mexican Mediterranean Menu for Health
Authors: Duran Carla Dee , Tam Chick F.
Published: June 2021

The mixed genetics of many Mexican Americans and Mexicans have compromised folate metabolism due to possible C677T mutation. These mutants that originate from the Mediterranean regions need to consume Mediterranean region diets to survive. However, when these mutants immigrate to the New World and eat the Western diet, they begin to acquire Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The objective is to develop a four‐week cyclic menu that contains high contents of plant foods, fish, and olive oil (the Mediterranean diet) combined with the foods established by the indigenous people of the Americas with high antioxidants and fibers to reduce the risk of MetS. First, the nutrients of each day were analyzed by diet computer program. Second, an average of 28‐days nutrient analysis was obtained to demonstrate nutrient adequacy. Third, the functional ingredients and their biochemical/biological active molecules were obtained: quinoa (saponins like solanine for heart health), amaranth (stanols and squalene to lower cholesterol), cilantro (4‐hydroxycoumarin, a vitamin K antagonist), anti‐inflammatory agents found in avocado, pumpkins, yams (carotenoids, lutein/zeaxanthin, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins), and nopales cactus: Opuntia (candicine, hordenine, betalains). The anti‐inflammatory properties of the diet can have the protective effects against the MetS found in Mexican Americans and Mexicans.

No source of financial research support.
Cholesterol lowering effects of milk with added plant sterols
Authors: Cusack Laura K , Kunces Laura J , Fernandez Maria-Luz L , Kraemer William J , Volek Jeff S
Published: June 2021

Functional foods incorporating plant sterols (PS) reduce low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) on average approximately 10%. We examined the cholesterol lowering effects of a novel triglyceride recrystallized phystosterol (TRP) in a matrix of fat‐free milk. Twenty men and women (mean ± SD; age, 56 ± 8 years; BMI, 27.4 ± 7.6) with elevated LDL‐C (>100 mg/dL) participated in two 4‐week phases. During Phase I subjects consumed 16 oz of 2% cow's milk and during Phase II they consumed an equal amount of fat‐free cow's milk containing 2.0 grams of TRP. Serum cholesterol was determined by the average of two fasting blood draws performed before and after each phase. Compared to values obtained after 2% milk, the TRP resulted in a significant 9.4% decrease in total cholesterol and an 11.5% decrease in LDL‐C. There was no effect of TRP on serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides. These results indicate that TRP can be effectively incorporated into fat‐free milk resulting in significant cholesterol lowering effects, supporting its practical use for cholesterol conscience consumers.
Systems Biology Evaluation of Combi‐Phenol on Metabolic Syndrome‐Induced Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Jun , Ferruzzi Mario , Janle Elsa M , Tang Cheuk Ying , gong Bing , Varghese Merina , Ho Lap , Pasinetti Giulio M
Published: June 2021

The study is to explore the beneficial effects of a combinatory polyphenol preparation composed of grape seed extract, Concord purple grape juice extract and resveratrol, referred to as Combi‐Phenol, on brain dysfunction induced by metabolic syndrome (MBS).

MBS has become an epidemic and it poses tremendous potential risks for brain health. Using a diet‐induced animal model of MBS, we found that brain energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity and memory function are severely impaired. We hypothesize that the application of the Combi‐Phenol comprised of multiple bioavailable and bioactive components that target a wide range of metabolic syndrome‐related pathological features in the brain will provide greater synergistic global protection against both peripheral and central nervous system dysfunctions. We found that oral administration of Combi‐Phenol significantly improves brain mitochondrial function and cognitive performance compared to non‐treated MBS mice. This improvement coincides with micro MRI imaging studies showing that Combi‐Phenol can prevent DIM‐induced resting state fMRI abnormalities.

The outcomes of our study provide the critical basis for future development of a safe therapeutic dietary approach to preserve cognitive function in our exponentially growing, aging population.
The Characterization of Iron Status in InCHIANTI: The Use of a Higher Ferritin Cutoff
Authors: Chen Lenis , Murray-Kolb Laura E. , Patel Kushang V.
Published: June 2021

Iron is critical for physiological and mental function. The purpose of this study was to characterize iron status in 1,043 Italians >65 yr in the InCHIANTI study. Complete blood count (CBC) measures, transferrin receptor and ferritin were considered. The high prevalence of suggestive inflammation (>60%) in InCHIANTI, combined with literature supporting a higher ferritin cutoff for older people, provided a compelling case to use a ferritin cutoff of 45 μg/L rather a traditional cutoff of 15 μg/L as a criterion for iron deficiency. This cutoff and/or other iron and CBC cutoffs were used to characterize four stages of iron status: 1) iron deficiency anemia; 2) non‐anemic iron deficiency; 3) iron sufficiency; and 4) iron overload. The prevalence of individuals in each stage was 4.2%, 5.7%, 34.5% and 12.0%, respectively, while 43.6% of the population's iron status was not clearly definable according to strict cutoffs. These results suggested both a concerning prevalence of iron overload and iron deficiency in this Italian cohort. Using the traditional ferritin cutoff of 15 μg/L reduced the number of people classified as iron deficient by 47.6%, potentially misclassifying those individuals. The accurate characterization of iron status in the elderly is necessary to properly identify those who could benefit from treatment.

Grant Funding Source: This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH
Associations between Food Types, the Concentration of SNAP Approved Stores and Community Health
Authors: Racine Elizabeth F , Wang Qingfang , Laditka Sarah B , Wilson Christina , Mignery Allison
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine associations between food types and the concentration of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) approved stores and community health.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of the SNAP food environment in a large Southeastern urban county in the United States consisting of 373 census block groups (communities) and 940,000 residents. Negative binomial regression examined associations between the concentration of SNAP approved full service and limited service stores and premature death to due heart disease and diabetes controlling for demographic characteristics.

Results

Limited service SNAP stores were concentrated in low income communities; less than 1% sold fresh fruits and vegetables. In adjusted analysis, each additional limited service SNAP store was associated with a 23% increase in the number of premature deaths due to heart disease.

Conclusions

Findings suggest it would be useful for public health professionals and dietitians to provide information to clients to identify SNAP approved stores that offer healthy foods.

This study was funding by the Mecklenburg County Health Department, Charlotte, NC
Changing the children's menu default: A Best Food for Families, Infants, and Toddlers (Best Food FITS) community intervention
Authors: Hachenberg Charlotte J , Crixell Sylvia H , Friedman BJ , Clark Megan N
Published: June 2021

Children in San Marcos, TX, are disproportionately overweight. 50% of 8th graders have a body mass index (BMI) ≥ the 85th percentile, compared to 39% of 8th graders in Texas and 31.7% of children in the US. Improving children's menus may help combat excess weight gain. We obtained all children's menus in San Marcos restaurants and invited owners to improve menus in collaboration with Best Food for Families, Infants, and Toddlers, a community organization dedicated to combatting child obesity. 85/135 restaurants had children's menus. We characterized menu items in beverage, dessert, entree, and side categories. 80/85 (94%) offered sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), 26/85 (31%) offered fruit and 60/85 (71%) offered vegetable sides (including French fries). 78/85 (92%) offered at least one high‐energy dense (HED) entree, and 70/85 (82%) offered ≥ 2. While 24/85 agreed to (1) add more fruits/vegetables, (2) replace SSBs, and (3) replace HED entrees, only 11 complied. However, 6 restaurants with no previous menu added one. All 17 new menus reduced/removed HED entrees, offered no SSBs or French fries, and included at least 1 fruit or vegetable. Incentives included free ads and promotional items. Barriers were concerns about profits/cost, and perceptions that restaurant foods are not obesogenic. This study met all Institutional Review Board guidelines and was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services.
Association between dietary factors and human skin conditions in healthy subjects
Authors: Kim Juyoung , Song Won , Cho Yunhi
Published: June 2021

Dietary factors have a major role in the maintenance of healthy human skin, but little information is known on the modulating effects of nutritional factor on the skin condition of human. To evaluate whether dietary factors are associated with the skin condition of humans. This study was conducted in which data on dietary intake of nutritional factors, and the hydration, sebum, pH and melanin‐elastin of skin were obtained from 136 healthy subjects. Dietary intake was assessed dietary habit, food‐frequency and food preference questionnaires. Skin condition was measured with the use of noninvasive biophysical methods. Also, samples of stratum corneum (SC) layer were obtained of the subjects by the tape stripping technique, and ceramides (Cer) quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate associations of SC Cer level and dietary factors with skin conditions. After adjustment for potential confounder factors such as sex, age, and smoking, significant associations were shown in the subjects between dietary groups of cereals and meat&fish, and Cer level and skin hydration and surface pH between the dietary groups of fat oil and beverages and skin hydration. Several associations between dietary factors and skin condition were exert observed indication that changes in dietary habit or dietary intake status may affect human skin condition.
Dietary behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Mexican‐American adults
Authors: Beckmann Jessica L , Farr Kristin J , Neupane Srijana , Lindberg Nangel M , Vega-López Sonia
Published: June 2021

To identify dietary behaviors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Mexican Americans, data on frequency of eating out, consumption of traditional Mexican foods, food group intake, and CVD risk factors were collected in 65 Mexican‐American adults (21 male, 44 female; age=37±10 y; BMI=28.6±5.6 kg/m2; total‐cholesterol [C]=184±40 mg/dL; LDLC= 115±33 mg/dL; HDL‐C=45±11 mg/dL; triglycerides [TG]=129±146 mg/dL). Restaurant dining frequency (11±10 times/month) was positively correlated with total‐C (r=0.250, p<0.05) and LDL‐C (r=0.270, p<0.05). Individuals eating out more frequently (>8.75 times/month) had 26% greater total‐C (205±40 mg/dL vs. 163±29 mg/dL; p<0.0001) and 31% greater LDL‐C (130±33 vs. 99±25; p<0.0001) than those with fewer restaurant visits. Frequency of traditional Mexican food intake (4±2 times/week) was correlated positively with TG (r=0.251, p<0.05) and negatively with HDL‐C (r=−0.252, p<0.05). Eating out and consuming traditional Mexican foods were inversely correlated with fruit intake (r=−0.249 and r=−0.254, respectively; p<0.05). Data suggest that choosing restaurant and/or traditional Mexican foods more frequently may increase CVD risk factors in Mexican Americans. This relationship and how Mexican Americans define ‘traditional Mexican food’ merit further investigation. Funded by Arizona State University.
Formative evaluation for promoting adoption of the DGA, 2005 among African American parents and children in the Lower Mississippi Delta: Focus Group Results
Authors: McGee Bernestine B. , Richardson Valerie , Johnson Glenda S. , Johnson Crystal
Published: June 2021

Formative research was conducted to increase adherence to the healthful food and physical activity patterns set forth in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 (DGA, 2005) and thereby reducing weight gain and risk factors for obesity‐related chronic diseases in African American parents and their children living in Lower Mississippi Delta communities. Focus group results guided the planning of an obesity prevention intervention utilizing the obesity prevention program “We Can!” ‐ “Ways to Enhance Children's Activity and Nutrition.” Eight parent and six children focus group sessions were conducted in two Louisiana parishes. Questions were designed by the research team to 1) identify cultural values, biases, and norms that influence eating and physical activity behavior, 2) review “We Can!” Parent Handbook, and 3) identify intervention materials and delivery preferences. Focus groups discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify recurring trends and patterns among focus groups. The study showed considerable variability in perception of factors that influence eating and physical activity behavior and educational approaches. Major themes that emerged included challenges of meeting the DGA, 2005 and the CDC physical activity guidelines, cultural influences on food habits and body size, barriers to participation in a program to promote healthy food choices and regular physical activity. Focus group discussion results were used to culturally tailor the intervention to promote adoption of the DGA, 2005.

Grant Funding Source: USDA/ARS project #58‐6251‐8‐041
Are yogurt consumers different than other dairy consumers?
Authors: Nielsen Samara Joy , Ginder Vanessa , Steiler Tatiana , Paineau Damien
Published: June 2021

Background

Dairy is a broad category in terms of nutritional composition. In the US, yogurt is a developing category with very low per capita consumption. Very little is known and understood about US yogurt consumption.

Objective

This study analyzed the different kinds of US dairy consumers, specifically yogurt consumers, dairy non yogurt consumers and non dairy consumers.

Design

This study analyzed the 2005–2006 NHANES data. Four thousand five hundred twenty nine people ages 18 and up were examined.

Results

Yogurt consumers are approximately 2:1 female to male with 68.4% females to 31.6% males while dairy consumers who don't eat yogurt are split almost half and half with 49.1% males and 50.9% females. Non Hispanic Blacks consume less yogurt than other races/ethnicities in the US. Yogurt consumers eat more fruit, fiber and calcium than dairy consumers who don't eat yogurt as well as non dairy consumers. Yogurt consumers also consume higher levels of potassium, magnesium, vitamin A and vitamin C. Dairy consumers and more specifically those who consume yogurt have healthier consumption patterns overall above and beyond just their yogurt consumption.

Conclusion

Encouraging people to include yogurt in their diet might help to increase the intake of potassium and calcium which have been identified as shortfall nutrients by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. However, intervention studies are required to investigate the impact of this yogurt inclusion on dietary patterns, nutritional status and health outcomes.
Relationship between serum folate status and blood lead concentrations in pregnant women: Mothers and Childrenˈs Environmental Health (MOCEH)
Authors: Kim Hyesook , Kim Ki-Nam , Ha Eun-Hee , Park Hyesook , Ha Mina , Kim Yangho , Hong Yun-Chul , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Lead has toxic effects on the body, including on the nervous system and reproductive outcomes. It is possible that folate, which is involved in sulfur‐containing amino acid metabolism, participates in the lead detoxification process. We evaluated the relationship between maternal serum folate status and blood lead in pregnant Korean women. The nutritional status of folate and blood lead concentration was measured in pregnant Korean women who participated in a multicenter prospective study between 2006 and 2010. We analyzed existing blood mercury data based on serum folate status at two gestational time points (mid and late pregnancy; n=778 and 452, respectively). Serum folate concentrations in pregnant women were negatively associated with blood lead concentrations at mid pregnancy but not at late pregnancy (P trend 0.008 and 0.929, respectively). A general linear model developed after adjusting for age, prepregnancy body mass index, education status, gestational age at blood collection, and urinary cotinine concentrations indicated that there was a significant negative association between the two at mid pregnancy. We found a negative association between serum folate and blood lead concentrations in pregnant Korean women. These results warrant future studies to explore the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial role of folate status against blood lead concentrations in pregnant women.
Is social capital associated with food security in food pantry users?
Authors: Chhabra Surbhi , Hale Robyn , Holben David H. , Faciglia Grace , Vaughn Lisa M. , Lee Seung-Yeon
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between food security, social capital and social support in urban food pantry users in Cincinnati, OH. Fifty four in‐person interviews were completed with food pantry users using the 18‐item US Household Food Security Survey Module, a 38‐item social capital questionnaire, and a 23‐item social support questionnaire. More than half of the participants (aged 50.5 ± 9.05yr) were male (55.6%) and Black American (88.9%). Most participants (81%) were food insecure and 68.5% reported that the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) was their primary source to buy food. The participants were asked to list up to 10 significant people who provided personal support. The average number of people listed was 4.9 ± 2.4 and included immediate family members (49.0%), friends (24.3%), and relatives (10.8%). Social capital was assessed at subconstructs of trust, networks, cooperation, community involvement, and self‐perception using a response range from 1 to 4. The score was highest for self‐perception (3.2±0.64) and lowest for community involvement (2.2±0.61). There was no significant association between food security and social capital (p=0.249). The finding may be due to a small sample size. It will be important to examine the relationships with a larger sample.

Startup funding by University Research Council, University of Cincinnati

Grant Funding Source: None
A garden‐based nutrition intervention in the rural Dominican Republic – impact on vitamin A rich food consumption
Authors: Binford John Christopher , Camp Meredith Ann , Camp Debbie
Published: June 2021

Garden‐based nutrition interventions focus on improving food security and food diversity through the creation and augmentation of homestead food production.

Objectives

This study assesses the impact of a garden‐based nutrition intervention on the consumption of vitamin A rich foods in rural communities of the Dominican Republic.

Methods

A garden‐based nutrition intervention was implemented by the Fundación Salud y Bienestar (NGO) in partnership with the authors. A validated “Vitamin A Food Frequency” questionnaire was conducted by convenience sampling of households containing a pregnant woman or a child under the age of five years in two control and two intervention communities. Interviews were conducted before the intervention (n=71) and two years after its initiation (n=48).

Results

Pre‐ and post‐intervention analysis revealed an increase in average weekly intake of vitamin A‐rich foods in both intervention and control communities (p < 0.001). There was a larger, but not statistically significant, increase in vitamin A food intake in the intervention communities compared to control communities.

Conclusions

These results indicate that garden‐based nutrition interventions may be a valuable means to enhance Vitamin A food intake in rural settings in developing countries. Support was provided by the Downs Fellowship/Yale University School of Medicine.
2009–10 USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) in Indiana Improved Several Factors that Lead to Improved Health
Authors: Lin Yi-Chun , Foland Elizabeth , Fly Alyce D.
Published: June 2021

US children consume inadequate amounts of fruit (F) and vegetables (V). In 2008, FFVP became a permanent national intervention program to combat this problem. Data from Indiana students at 3 intervention and 3 control schools during the 2009–10 program year were analyzed by logistic regression to determine probability of improvements in children's knowledge about daily F and V needs and their intention to eat, preference for, and daily variety (n=1486). Differences in daily intake were determined with analysis of covariance, with small differences in rate of free and reduced lunch treated as a covariate. No changes were found for control students. The probability that intervention students knew daily F and V were needed for health increased (+7% for fruit, p=0.04; +11% for vegetables, p=0.002) as did probability of eating more than one kind of F (+12%, p=0.001) or V (+9%, p=0.004) daily. There were no improvements in intention to eat F daily (p=0.203), though those with the intention were high at the onset of the program (74%). The frequency of students that intended to eat daily V began lower (40%) and the probability of eating daily V increased (9%, p=0.05) over time. Students’ preferences for F and V did not change (p=0.83, 0.932). Daily F intake in school increased about 0.5 times per day (p<0.001) with no change for V (p=0.247). These data show FFVP may improve children's health.

Grant Funding Source : Indiana University
Change in Adherence to DASH Diet and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Authors: Barnes Timothy L. , Crandell Jamie L. , Bell Ronny A. , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Dabelea Dana , Liese Angela D.
Published: June 2021

Youth with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated whether change in adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet was associated with change in CVD risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adherence to DASH was assessed using an index score (range=0–80). Longitudinal mixed models were utilized to examine the relationship between change in DASH adherence and change in CVD risk overtime in 806 participants. Diet adherence was poor and appeared to change very little over time (mean= −0.17 for type 1 and −0.36 for type 2). However, an increase in DASH adherence was significantly associated with decreases in triglyceride and A1c levels in youth with type 1 diabetes. Thus, a 10 point increase in DASH score was related to a 0.23% decrease in A1c and 5.91 mg/dl decrease in triglycerides. No significant associations were observed in youth with type 2 diabetes. Improvements in dietary quality may have beneficial effects in youth with type 1 diabetes. Further work in larger groups of youth with type 1 and 2 diabetes is desirable. Funded by CDC PA #'s 00097, DP‐05‐069, and DP‐10‐001.
Consumption of buckwheat modulates the post‐prandial response of selected gastrointestinal satiety hormones: a randomized, clinical trial with Fagopyrum esculentum moenech (common buckwheat)
Authors: Stringer Danielle Marie , Taylor Carla G. , Appah Paulyn , Wilson Angela , Blewett Heather , Zahradka Peter
Published: June 2021

Buckwheat (BW) consumption has been linked to improved glycemic control; however, evidence from randomized, placebo‐controlled trials is lacking. Our objective was to assess the post‐prandial response of glucose, insulin and gastrointestinal hormones affecting glycemia and satiety after consumption of BW. Twelve control participants and 12 with type 2 diabetes were recruited and asked to consume crackers containing 50 grams of available carbohydrate made from BW or rice flour, in random order, on two separate occasions. Blood samples were taken 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after consumption. Plasma responses of glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, incretin and satiety hormones were assessed using total area under the curve (tAUC). Glucose, insulin and C‐peptide were not affected by BW consumption. There was a trend for tAUC of the incretin hormone glucagon‐like peptide 1 to be higher after BW consumption while paradoxically the tAUC for glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide, another incretin hormone, was lower. Although tAUC of ghrelin and peptide YY were not different between rice and BW, there was a trend for tAUC of the anorexigenic hormone pancreatic polypeptide to be higher after consumption of BW. Overall, a food product made from BW containing 50 grams of available carbohydrate does not modify post‐prandial glycemia or insulinemia; however, changes in satiety hormones warrants further study.

Grant Funding Source: Manitoba Functional Foods Opportunity Program; Agri‐food Research & Development Initiative; Manitoba Agri‐health Research Network
Protein, phosphorus and EPA+DHA in 14 fish species, as nutrients to be considered in renal diet
Authors: Galindo-Gómez Carlos , Castro-Gonzalez Ma. Isabel , Silencio-Barrita José Luis , Maafs-Rodríguez Ana Gabriela
Published: June 2021

It was evaluated the limiting nutrients and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of different fish species in order to determine which could be beneficial to renal patients. 14 common consumption fish were analyzed by its protein, lipid, n‐3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA), phosphorus, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals content, using the AOAC techniques. Phosphorus content varied from 50.86 – 227.52 mg/100g and protein content in all species ranged from 14.7 to 25.5g/100g. EPA+DHA extended from 3.83 to 1667.4mg/100g. Considering the phosphorus‐protein ratio recommended for renal patients, all studied species, except Swordfish, Black bullhead and Spotted scorpionfish, could be included in their diet without risk. By its risk/benefit (phosphorus/n‐3 fatty acid) coefficient Parrot sand bass, Black bullhead, Swordfish, Longjaw leatherjacket, Oilfish, Atlantic tripletail and Round herring could be administered in the renal diet. Fish species can be incorporated in renal diet taking in count that the nutrition therapy could include those species that, because of their nutritional content and risk/benefit ratio, must accommodate the patient's requirements.
Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (sRAGE) Correlates Inversely with Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference and Positively Correlates with High Molecular Weight Adiponectin
Authors: Davis Kathleen E. , Imrhan Victorine , Prasad Chandan
Published: June 2021

sRAGE acts as a decoy receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE), reducing concentrations of AGE in the blood and thus decreasing RAGE‐mediated inflammation. Factors affecting circulating sRAGE are not well defined. Anthropometrics were obtained from healthy adult participants (n=67). Serum was analyzed for sRAGE for all participants. Adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin, insulin, and cholesterol were also assessed (n=34). Factors inversely correlated to sRAGE include weight (−0.409; p=0.001), waist circumference (−0.337; p=0.005), and BMI (−0.402; p=0.001). High molecular weight adiponectin is positively correlated with sRAGE (0.406; p=0.02).
Metabolite signatures reflective of muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity following a diet and fitness intervention in obese, sedentary, insulin‐resistant women
Authors: Campbell Caitlin , Chandler Carol J. , Burnett Dustin J. , Souza Elaine C. , Casazza Gretchen A. , Fiehn Oliver , Hoppel Charles L. , Newman John W. , Garvey W. Timothy , Hunter Gary R. , Keim Nancy L. , Fernandez Jose R. , Adams Sean H.
Published: June 2021

Inefficient muscle fatty acid ß‐oxidation (FAO) is prevalent in insulin‐resistant/type 2 diabetic persons, yet no metabolite signatures of muscle‐specific FAO are available. Biomarkers of an individual's muscle FAO status would have value as indices of diabetes risk. We hypothesized that plasma metabolites reflective of dysregulated muscle FAO would be normalized in sedentary, obese, insulin‐resistant women after a diet and exercise intervention. Twelve women (BMI 33.5 ± 0.8, aged 41.7 ± 1.6 yr) completed 16 wk of moderate‐intensity physical activity with a calorie‐restricted diet, and fed defined weight‐maintenance diets during 1 wk test periods pre‐ and post‐intervention. VO2peak increased by 11.9% (43.5 ± 1.8 to 49.4 ± 1.4 mL/kg FFM/min, P<0.0001), body weight and % body fat decreased (88.3 ± 2.4 to 82.4 ± 3.0 kg and 47.4 ± 1.1% to 43.4 ± 1.5%, respectively; P<0.001), and insulin sensivity improved (QUICKI score, 0.322 ± 0.006 to 0.338 ± 0.006, P=0.001). Blood was taken throughout a 30 min exercise bout at 45% VO2peak, and metabolomics platforms are being applied to these samples to determine profiles of hundreds of metabolites including acylcarnitines, macronutrients and their derivatives, and oxylipins, in order to identify metabolites that track improved fitness, insulin sensitivity, and muscle FAO. Funding: USDA‐ARS Projects 5306‐51530‐016‐00D & 5306‐51530‐019‐00, and NIH‐NIDDK R01DK078328‐01
A Comparison of Meal‐derived Indices for Predicting Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Maki Kevin C , Gower Barbara A. , Rains Tia M. , Schild Arianne , Granger Westley M.
Published: June 2021

This investigation evaluated indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion from the liquid meal tolerance test (LMTT) as determinants of 2‐h glucose (G) values from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Subjects were 38 men and 31 women, 42% with pre‐diabetes, mean±SEM age 35.1±1.0 y and BMI 32.5±0.5 kg/m2. On separate days subjects completed a 75 g OGTT, a LMTT (Carnation Instant Breakfast®+ whole milk; 7 kcal/kg; 24% fat, 59% carbohydrate, and 17% protein) and an insulin‐modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the variance in log‐transformed 2‐hour OGTT G values explained by indices of insulin (I) sensitivity ‐ Matsuda LMTT (MISI), Cobelli LMTT (CoSI) and IVGTT (Minmod SI) and I secretion ‐ LMTT 30 min ΔI/ΔG, 120 min AUC I/AUC G, Phi S and the acute insulin response to IV glucose (AIRG). The R2 value for the reference method (IVGTT SI and AIRG) was 0.199. R2 values for combinations of LMTT variables (all models P<0.001) were: 0.178 (CoSI and ΔI/ΔG), 0.154 (MISI and ΔI/ΔG), 0.127 (CoSI and Phi S), 0.112 (CoSI and 120 min AUC I/AUC G) and 0.086 (MISI and AUC I/AUC G). These results suggest that CoSI and ΔI/ΔG performs well compared to the IVGTT reference method, and that use of MISI and ΔI/ΔG (from I and G at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min vs. 23 timepoints for CoSI) results in only minor loss of explanatory power.
Modulation of starch digestion for slow glucose release through “toggling” of mucosal α‐glucosidases by acarbose
Authors: Lee Byung-Hoo , Eskandari Razieh , Pinto B. Mario , Nichols Buford L. , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: June 2021

For digestion of starch, α‐amylase first hydrolyzes the starch structure to α‐limit dextrins (αLDx's). Complete hydrolysis to glucose then takes place through the combined action of mucosal maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrase‐isomaltase (SI), which have two subunits each (N‐ and C‐ terminal). In this study, we applied the concept of “toggling” through differential inhibition of subunits to examine control of glucogenesis from αLDx's with the aim of attaining slow glucose delivery to the body. Mammalian recombinant MGAM and SI subunits were individually reacted with αLDx's with varying concentrations of acarbose, a well known α‐glucosidase inhibitor. Released glucose amounts were analyzed for hydrolysis activity. Notably, results showed selective inhibitory effect on C‐terminal subunits by acarbose for starch digestion. Furthermore, Ki values of C‐terminal subunits were lower than human α‐amylases which can be applied that certain amount of acarbose had inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of αLDx's by C‐terminal subunits but not on α‐amylase for moderating glucogenesis. This result supports the concept of controlling starch digestion rate for slow glucose release through the “toggling” of activities of the mucosal α‐glucosidases by selective enzyme inhibition. Conceivably this approach could be used to treat Type II diabetes by extending postprandial blood glucose delivery to the body, and may apply as well to other metabolic syndrome‐associated diseases and conditions.

This research was supported from Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and USDA/AFRI.