bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymorphism in asymptomatic HBV blood donors from 1999 to 2007 in France
Authors: Servant‐Delmas Annabelle , Mercier Mélanie , El Ghouzzi Marie‐Hélène , Girault Annie , Bouchardeau Françoise , Pillonel Josiane , Laperche Syria
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) diversity is characterized by eight genotypes correlated to eight hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtypes, which differ in their geographical distribution.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To establish virologic characteristics and the evolution of HBV diversity, we carried out a study over a 9‐year period in HBV‐infected French blood donors. HBsAg subtyping based on specific antibody method concerned 2901 donors, from whom 940 have been analyzed by an S‐gene sequencing to determine genotypes and S‐gene mutations.

RESULTS: HBsAg subtypes were distributed as follows: ayw2, 34.4%; adw2, 25.7%; ayw1, 10.2%; ayw4, 14.9%; adr, 7.8%; ayw3, 6.4%; and adw4, 0.7%. Ayw4 (Genotype E) proportion increased over time in correlation with an increased proportion of subjects originated from sub‐Saharan Africa. The genotype observed with the highest proportion was D (43.0%), then A (26.2%), E (17.5%), B (6.5%), C (6.4%), and F (0.4%). Genotype B had the highest proportion of hepatitis B e antigen (39.2%) and the highest viral loads (VLs). Forty‐three (5.5%) isolates presented one (n = 35) or multiple (n = 8) amino acid envelope substitutions. Donors infected with mutated isolates had lowest VLs. rtA181T/sW172 stop mutation associated with resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogs was detected in two donors suggesting a transmission of these isolates.

CONCLUSION: This extensive study shows that HBV genotype evolution is closely linked to the geographical origin of subjects and that the occurrence of viral envelope mutants is not an exceptional event in healthy HBV chronic carriers. Blood donors rarely recruited in HBV studies provide further relevant information on the characteristics of HBV diversity.
Effect of platelet additive solution on bacterial dynamics and their influence on platelet quality in stored platelet concentrates
Authors: Greco Carey A. , Zhang Jerry G. , Kalab Miloslav , Yi Qi‐Long , Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra M. , Gyongyossy‐Issa Maria I.C.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Platelet additive solutions (PASs) are an alternative to plasma for the storage of platelet concentrates (PCs). However, little is known about the effect of PAS on the growth dynamics of contaminant bacteria. Conversely, there have been no studies on the influence of bacteria on platelet (PLT) quality indicators when suspended in PAS.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight buffy coats were pooled, split, and processed into PCs suspended in either plasma or PAS (SSP+, MacoPharma). PCs were inoculated with 10 and 100 colony‐forming units (CFUs)/bag of either Serratia liquefaciens or Staphylococcus epidermidis. Bacterial growth was measured over 5 days by colony counts and bacterial biofilm formation was assayed by scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet staining. Concurrently, PLT markers were measured by an assay panel and flow cytometry.

RESULTS: S. liquefaciens exhibited an apparent slower doubling time in plasma‐suspended PCs (plasma‐PCs). Biofilm formation by S. liquefaciens and S. epidermidis was significantly greater in PCs stored in plasma than in PAS. Although S. liquefaciens altered several PLT quality markers by Days 3 to 4 postinoculation in both PAS‐ and plasma‐PCs, S. epidermidis contamination did not produce measurable PLT changes.

CONCLUSIONS: S. liquefaciens can be detected more quickly in PAS‐suspended PCs (PAS‐PCs) than in plasma‐PCs by colony counting. Furthermore, reduced biofilm formation by S. liquefaciens and S. epidermidis during storage in PAS‐PCs increases bacteria availability for sampling detection. Culture‐based detection remains the earliest indicator of bacterial presence in PAS‐PCs, while changes of PLT quality can herald S. liquefaciens contamination when in excess of 108 CFUs/mL.
Multiple pH measurement during storage may detect bacterially contaminated platelet concentrates
Authors: Barker Lynn M. , Nanassy Oliver Z. , Reed Michael W. , Geelhood Steven J. , Pfalzgraf Randy D. , Cangelosi Gerard A. , De Korte Dirk
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination or platelet (PLT) metabolism can change the pH of stored PLT concentrates (PCs). Measurement of pH for quality control is currently done on a limited basis. An easy noninvasive method was developed to obtain sequential pH measurements over time, without risking contamination and/or consuming PCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The objective was to measure pH profiles of bacterially contaminated PCs over 7 days of storage. Small‐volume PC storage bags with incorporated pH sensor were prepared and in vitro variables were tested using aliquots of PCs. The pH sensors were used to delineate trends associated with the deterioration of these PCs upon inoculation with 19 different bacterial strains and one yeast.

RESULTS: Monitoring the pH trends in real time in a noninvasive fashion, most bacterial strains were detected within 24 to 72 hours after spiking into the bag. At the time of detection, bacterial concentrations had reached levels between 1 × 103 and 1 × 108 colony‐forming units/mL. Several strains had pH rebound after initial drop. Multiple noninvasive pH reads allowed bacterial detection whereas single pH reads could give false‐negative results.

CONCLUSIONS: The noninvasive pH sensor facilitated the detection of most strains of bacterial contaminants within 3 days with no potential for sampling error.
The Professional Development of Future Professors of Foreign Languages: Looking Back, Looking Forward
Authors: ALLEN HEATHER WILLIS , NEGUERUELA–AZAROLA EDUARDO
Published: June 2010

Although the professional development of graduate students in foreign language (FL) departments is of critical importance, discussion of its significance and evolution was all but absent in the 2007 Modern Language Association report “Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World,” a document advocating curricular and structural reforms of FL departments in forthright terms. This lacuna drove the current review, which traces the forms and foci of research appearing from 1987 to 2008 on the professional development of future professors of foreign languages. Empirical studies on the relation of graduate students’ beliefs and identities to their FL teaching experiences have integrated increasingly sophisticated research designs and theoretical frameworks over the past two decades; however, the primary focus of this field remained moving from a training perspective to a professional development perspective and substantiating this change with new practices that address FL graduate students’ long‐term needs as teachers and scholars. The authors call for a renewed focus on empirical research in this field and a more symbiotic relationship between research investigating the processes and outcomes of FL graduate student professional development and the practices called for in FL departments.
Pathophysiology of Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in a Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Caselli Stefano , Martino Annamaria , Genuini Igino , Santini Daria , Carbone Iacopo , Agati Luciano , Fedele Francesco
Published: June 2010

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is not a rare problem in the intensive care units and can precipitate hemodynamic shock unresponsive to catecholamine therapy. The use of echocardiographic examination is extremely important in recognizing this phenomenon and its underlying conditions, finally identifying the most appropriate therapeutic strategy. The simple correction of one or more of these factors can dramatically change patients clinical outcome. We report the clinical case of a 72‐year‐old man who developed hemodynamic shock in the intensive care unit. Hypovolemia, catecholamine infusion, and mechanical ventilation induced geometric modification of the left ventricle causing a systolic anterior motion of the mitral anterior leaflet and a severe subaortic gradient. Simple restoration of fluids and discontinuation of medical therapy dramatically changed the outcome of the patient. A review of the medical literature has been carried out to deeply investigate pathophysiology of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in critically ill patients. (Echocardiography 2010;27:E122‐E124)
Evaluation of Left Ventricle Function by Strain Imaging in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Kalkan Gulhan Yuksel , Bayram Nihal Akar , Erten Sukran , Keles Telat , Durmaz Tahir , Akcay Murat , Bozkurt Engin
Published: June 2010

Aim: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent fever and serositis. We aimed to evaluate cardiac involvement in FMF patients by using strain and strain rate echocardiographic imaging method in this study. Materials and Methods: Echocardiographic evaluation was performed in 23 FMF patients and 22 healthy controls. FMF diagnosis was based on Tell‐Hashomer diagnostic criteria. Conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler echocardiography and longitudinal two‐dimensional (2D) strain and strain rate imaging were performed in patient and control groups. Results: There were no significant differences between patient and control groups in terms of 2D, M‐mode, conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler velocities. Left ventricle strain value was significantly lower in five out of eight segments in FMF patients than controls and left ventricle strain rate value was significantly lower in three out of eight segments in FMF patients than controls. Mean left ventricle strain value was significantly lower in FMF patients than controls (–21.1 ± 2.2% vs. –23.8 ± 2.2%; P < 0.001). No significant difference was noted between FMF patients and controls in mean left ventricle strain rate value (–1.61 ± 0.23 vs. –1.58 ± 0.21; P = 0.48). Conclusion: We have shown that although conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler velocity data were similar, strain, strain rate values were significantly lower in FMF patients than controls. We know that strain and strain rate imaging method might be useful for evaluating subclinical cardiac involvement in case of normal conventional and tissue Doppler velocity data in patients with FMF. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1056‐1060)
Parasexuality in Race 65 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Isolates
Authors: ROSADA LÚCIA J. , FRANCO CLAUDINÉIA C. S. , SANT'ANNA JULIANE R. , KANESHIMA EDILSON N. , GONÇALVES‐VIDIGAL MARIA CELESTE , CASTRO‐PRADO MARIALBA A. A.
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT. Heterokaryosis is the initial step of the parasexual cycle, a process that provides genetic variability in filamentous fungi through the production of heterozygous diploid nuclei. To characterize the parasexual cycle in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, we evaluated the presence of heterokaryosis, vegetative compatibility reactions, and diploid formation among isolates of Race 65 collected from different Brazilian states. Vegetative compatibility groups were identified among the isolates according to their ability to form heterokaryons. Two heterozygous diploids were selected from compatible heterokaryons, which were characterized by the segregation of the parental auxotrophic markers and by RAPD profiles.
Another Origin of Coloniality in Volvocaleans: The Phylogenetic Position of Pyrobotrys Arnoldi (Spondylomoraceae, Volvocales)
Authors: NAKADA TAKASHI , NOZAKI HISAYOSHI , TOMITA MASARU
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT. Colonial volvocaleans (Chlorophyceae) are used as a standard model of multicellular evolution. However, the phylogenetic position of the colonial volvocalean family Spondylomoraceae has yet to be resolved. To examine this, the molecular phylogenies of Pyrobotrys stellata and Pyrobotrys squarrosa were analyzed using combined 18S rRNA, RUBISCO large subunit, and P700 chl a‐apoprotein A2 gene sequences. In the phylogenetic trees, Pyrobotrys belonged to the clade Caudivolvoxa and was not closely related to other colonial volvocalean flagellates. The results indicate that colony formation of Spondylomoraceae independently evolved from unicellular volvocaleans. The phylogenetic position of problematic “Pascherina tetras” SAG 159‐1 was also analyzed.
Evaluation of partial sterility in mating performance and reproduction of the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus
Authors: Kumano Norikuni , Kuriwada Takashi , Shiromoto Keiko , Haraguchi Dai , Kohama Tsuguo
Published: June 2010

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is based on population and behavioral ecology and is widely used to suppress or eradicate target pest insect populations. The effectiveness of SIT depends on the ability of the released sterile males to mate with and inseminate wild females. The use of gamma‐radiation to induce sterility is, however, associated with negative impacts not only on reproductive cells but also on somatic cells. Consequently, irradiation for sterilization diminishes mating performance over time. In this study, we evaluated the balance between the irradiation dose and both fertility and mating propensity in Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for 22 days following irradiation. The mating propensity of males irradiated with a 150‐Gy dose, as currently used to induce complete sterility of E. postfasciatus in the SIT program in Okinawa Prefecture, was equal to that of non‐irradiated weevils for up to 6 days, and the mating propensity of males irradiated with a dose of 125 Gy was equal to that of non‐irradiated weevils for twice this period (12 days). The fertilization ability of weevils irradiated with a dose of 125 Gy was reduced by 4.6% in males and 0.6% in females, compared to the potential fertilization ability. We also discuss the possibility of the application of partially sterilized insects in eradication programs.
Elastin in oral connective tissue modulates the keratinization of overlying epithelium
Authors: Hsieh Po‐Chen , Jin Ying‐Tai , Chang Chia‐Wen , Huang Chi‐Chou , Liao Shih‐Chung , Yuan Kuo
Published: June 2010

Hsieh P‐C, Jin Y‐T, Chang C‐W, Huang C‐C, Liao S‐C, Yuan K. Elastin in oral connective tissue modulates the keratinization of overlying epithelium. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 705‐711 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01542.x

Aim: One of the most discernable differences between keratinized and non‐keratinized oral mucosas is the quantity of elastin they contain in the connective tissues. Whether elastin modulates the keratin expression of oral epithelial cells is unknown.

Methods: Four specimens containing both keratinized and non‐keratinized mucosas were processed for immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings for elastin and four keratins. Six keratinized and non‐keratinized portions of oral mucosas were dissected and cultured on an organ culture system. Purified elastin and elastase were added separately to the media. After 14 days, the mucosas were examined for four keratin expressions. Cell cultures of keratinized and non‐keratinized gingival fibroblasts were established and tested for elastin expression. Oral mucosa equivalents were then engineered and tested for keratin expression.

Results: Keratinized epithelium exclusively expressed keratin‐1 and ‐10 (K1/10), while non‐keratinized epithelium expressed keratin‐4 and ‐13 (K4/13). Only non‐keratinized fibroblasts expressed elastin in cell culture. Both the native and the engineered keratinized gingiva changed phenotypes and expressed K4/13 when treated with exogenous elastin. On the contrary, the native non‐keratinized mucosa started to express K1/10 when elastase eradicated inherent elastin.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the elastin in the oral connective tissue is important for the non‐keratinized phenotypes of overlaying epithelium.
Association between calcium channel blockers and gingival hyperplasia
Authors: Kaur Gaganpreet , Verhamme Katia M. C. , Dieleman Jeanne P. , Vanrolleghem Ann , Van Soest Eva M. , Stricker Bruno H. Ch. , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M.
Published: June 2010

Kaur G, Verhamme KMC, Dieleman JP, Vanrolleghem A, van Soest EM, Stricker BHCh, Sturkenboom MCJM. Association between calcium channel blockers and gingival hyperplasia. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 625–630. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01574.x.

Aim: To study the effect of the dose and type of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) on the risk of gingival hyperplasia and to quantify this association.

Methods: The study was conducted within the Integrated Primary Care Information Project in The Netherlands. A nested case–control study was designed within a cohort of all patients who were new users of either CCBs or drugs interacting with the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Cases were all individuals with a validated diagnosis of gingival hyperplasia. Controls were matched on age, gender and index date.

Results: Within the study population, 103 cases of gingival hyperplasia were identified and matched to 7677 controls. The risk of gingival hyperplasia was higher in current users of CCBs [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 2.2, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.4–3.4], especially in dihydropyridines (ORadj 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.5) and benzothiazepine derivatives (ORadj 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3–6.5) than in RAS drug users. The risk increased in patients using more than the recommended daily dose (ORadj 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6–5.5) and when the duration of current use was <1 month (ORadj 5.2, 95% CI: 2.1–12.6).

Conclusion: This study shows that the risk of gingival hyperplasia is twofold higher in current users of CCBs than in users of RAS drugs. The association was dose dependent and the highest for dihydropyridines or benzothiazepine derivates.
Soft tissue volume augmentation by the use of collagen‐based matrices: a volumetric analysis
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Jung Ronald E. , Schneider David , Cochran David L. , Ender Andreas , Jones Archie A. , Görlach Christoph , Uebersax Lorenz , Graf‐Hausner Ursula , Hämmerle Christoph H. F.
Published: June 2010

Thoma DS, Jung RE, Schneider D, Cochran DL, Ender A, Jones AA, Görlach C, Uebersax L, Graf‐Hausner U, Hämmerle CHF. Soft tissue volume augmentation by the use of collagen‐based matrices: a volumetric analysis. J Clin Peridontol 2010; 37: 659–666. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01581.x.

Objectives: The aim was to test whether or not soft tissue augmentation with a newly developed collagen matrix (CM) leads to volume gain in chronic ridge defects similar to those obtained by an autogenous subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).

Material and Methods: In six dogs, soft tissue volume augmentation was performed by randomly allocating three treatment modalities to chronic ridge defects (CM, SCTG, sham‐operated control). Impressions were taken before augmentation (baseline), at 28, and 84 days. The obtained casts were optically scanned and the images were digitally analysed. A defined region of interest was measured in all sites and the volume differences between the time points were calculated.

Results: The mean volume differences per area between baseline and 28 days amounted to a gain of 1.6 mm (CM; SD±0.9), 1.5 mm (SCTG; ±0.1), and a loss of 0.003 mm (control; ±0.3). At 84 days, the mean volume differences per area to baseline measured a gain of 1.4 mm (CM; ±1.1), 1.4 mm (SCTG; ±0.4), and a loss of 0.3 mm (control; ±0.3). The differences between CM and SCTG were statistically significant compared with control at 28 and 84 days (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Within the limits of this animal study, the CM may serve as a replacement for autogenous connective tissue.
Regulatory T cells attenuate experimental periodontitis progression in mice
Authors: Garlet Gustavo P. , Cardoso Cristina R. , Mariano Flavia S. , Claudino Marcela , De Assis Gerson F. , Campanelli Ana P. , Ávila‐Campos Mario J. , Silva João S.
Published: June 2010

Garlet GP, Cardoso CR, Mariano FS, Claudino M, de Assis GF, Campanelli AP, Ávila‐Campos MJ, Silva JS. Regulatory T cells attenuate experimental periodontitis progression in mice. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 591–600. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01586.x.

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the presence and characterize the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in experimental periodontitis in mice.

Material and Methods: C57Bl/6 mice infected with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, treated or not with anti‐glucocorticoid‐inducible tumour necrosis factor receptor (anti‐GITR) to inhibit Tregs function, were analysed regarding inflammatory cell and Tregs influx, alveolar bone loss and cytokine expression/production (analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA) throughout experimental periodontitis.

Results: A. actinomycetemcomitans inoculation in mice resulted in periodontal disease characterized by marked alveolar bone loss and an influx of inflammatory cells. Flow cytometry evaluation of inflammatory cells demonstrated an increased number of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+FOXp3+ cells, characterizing the presence of Tregs in the periodontal environment in a late stage after infection. Tregs‐associated cytokines interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated molecule 4 (CTLA‐4) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) were found to be expressed/produced in a kinetics that resembles Tregs migration. Treatment with anti‐GITR, which inhibits Tregs function, showed increased alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cell migration. A reduction in IL‐10, CTLA‐4 and TGF‐β levels was also observed, while interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand levels were increased. However, bacterial load and C‐reactive protein serum did not show any differences.

Conclusion: Taken together, our results showed that the presence of Treg cells attenuates the severity of experimental periodontitis without impairment in the control of infection.
Persistent pruritic papules and plaques: a characteristic histopathologic presentation seen in a subset of patients with adult‐onset and juvenile Still's disease
Authors: Fortna Ryan R. , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Seidel Gregory , DiCostanzo Damian , Jacobson Mark , Kopelman Margaret , Patel Rajiv M.
Published: June 2010

Background:‘Persistent pruritic papules and plaques' of Still's disease represents a recently described eruption seen in a subset of patients. Most cases reported in the literature to date have been associated with adult‐onset Still's disease.

Methods: We present the clinical and histopathologic examinations of three female patients ranging in age from 15 to 54 years.

Results: Our three patients each presented with clinical findings consistent with Still's disease. The youngest patient suffered from the juvenile form of Still's disease (systemic‐onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis). Each patient had a persistent, pruritic eruption with histopathologic findings of dyskeratosis confined to the upper layers of the epidermis as well as a sparse superficial dermal infiltrate containing scattered neutrophils.

Conclusions: These cases confirm the characteristic clinical and histopathologic findings of ‘persistent papules and plaques of Still's disease’ and show the potential for this eruption in both the adult and juvenile age groups.

Fortna RR, Gudjonsson JE, Seidel G, DiCostanzo D, Jacobson M, Kopelman M, Patel RM. Persistent pruritic papules and plaques: a characteristic histopathologic presentation seen in a subset of patients with adult‐onset and juvenile Still's disease.
Low‐dose rituximab in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Zaja Francesco , Vianelli Nicola , Volpetti Stefano , Battista Marta Lisa , Defina Marzia , Palmieri Salvatore , Bocchia Monica , Medeot Marta , De Luca Stefano , Ferrara Felicetto , Isola Miriam , Baccarani Michele , Fanin Renato
Published: June 2010

Backgrounds: Rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 wks has significant activity in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). In this setting, several evidences support the possible use of lower doses of rituximab. Objectives: To investigate the activity of low‐dose rituximab as salvage therapy in previously treated symptomatic ITP. Methods: Forty‐eight adult patients were treated prospectively with rituximab 100 mg weekly for 4 wks. Results: Overall and complete responses (CR) (platelet level ≥ 50 and 100 × 109/L) were 60.5% and 39.5%, respectively. In responders, the median time to response was 35 d (range: 7–112 d). The median time of observation was 18 months (range 3–49 months). Sixteen of 29 responding patients (55%) relapsed and 14 needed further treatments. The 12‐ and 24‐month cumulative relapse‐free survival was 61% and 45%, respectively. In univariate analysis, CR rate was in inverse relation with weight OR = 0.95, CI95% [0.91; 0.99] (P = 0.019) and age OR=0.96, CI95% [0.93; 0.99] (P = 0.047). Cox regression model showed that relapse probability increases as weight (HR = 1.06, CI95% [1.0031; 1.111]) and period between diagnosis and rituximab therapy (HR = 1.01, CI95% [1.002; 1.017]) increase. One patient developed an interstitial pneumonia 1 month after the end of rituximab treatment. No other infectious, hematologic or extra‐hematologic complications were documented during follow‐up. Conclusions: Low‐dose rituximab is active in ITP but has moderate long‐term effect. A comparative study with standard dose is warranted.
Relative influences of catchment‐ and reach‐scale abiotic factors on freshwater fish communities in rivers of northeastern Mesoamerica
Authors: Esselman P. C. , Allan J. D.
Published: June 2010

Esselman PC, Allan JD. Relative influences of catchment‐ and reach‐scale abiotic factors on freshwater fish communities in rivers of northeastern Mesoamerica. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 439–454. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  While the abiotic factors important to freshwater fish assemblages at a reach scale are well understood, studies of larger scale constraints have yielded variable conclusions, spurring a need for further studies in new biogeographic contexts. This study investigated the importance of catchment‐ and reach‐scale abiotic factors to variation in freshwater fish assemblages in rivers of northeastern Mesoamerica. Abiotic variables and fish data from 72 sampling sites on main stem rivers of Belize were used with partial constrained ordination to determine the proportion of spatially structured and unstructured variation in fish presence and absence, relative abundance, and community metrics explained by catchment‐ and reach‐scale environmental factors. Results showed that, combined, catchment and reach variables explained a large portion of the total variation in the fish assemblage data (54–75%), and that catchment environment explained a greater portion of variation (42–63%) than reach environment (34–50%). Variables representing landscape position (local elevation, watershed area) and their reach‐level correlates (channel width, depth variation, and substrate) correlated strongly to the fish assemblage data. Our results suggest that landscape‐scale factors have a stronger relative influence on assemblages than environmental conditions at the reach scale within our study area. These results contrast with past findings that showed greater local scale influence in landscapes with low anthropogenic disturbance levels. Our findings suggest that biodiversity conservation efforts should consider assemblage variation across a longitudinal gradient, and that a multi‐catchment region is a biologically relevant scale for fish conservation planning and coordination in northeastern Mesoamerica.
Somatic symptoms as a marker for severity in adolescent depression
Authors: Bohman Hannes , Jonsson Ulf , Von Knorring Anne‐Liis , Von Knorring Lars , Päären Aivar , Olsson Gunilla
Published: June 2010

Aim:  This study aims to investigate the prevalence of somatic symptoms in depressed adolescents and in their healthy peers. A second aim is to investigate the correlation, in the depressed adolescents, between the number of somatic symptoms and severe concurrent symptoms, signs and life events.

Methods:  The total population of 16–17 year olds – in the city of Uppsala – was screened for depression and then interviewed using a structured interview questionnaire. Depressed subjects and matched controls were identified. A total of 177 pairs were used for pair‐wise analyses of somatic symptoms. Severe symptoms, signs and life events were selected for analysing their relation to depression with somatic symptoms.

Results:  The adolescents with depressive disorders experienced considerably more somatic symptoms than their healthy controls. The duration and depth of the depression correlated with the number of somatic symptoms. There was a strong correlation between depression with many somatic symptoms and suicidal plans/thoughts, suicidal attempts, disruptive behaviour, as well as multiple stressful relationships.

Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that somatic symptoms are common in adolescent depression. Multiple somatic symptoms within depression imply a higher severity in terms of duration, depth and psychiatric comorbidity. The strong correlation with suicidal plans, suicidal attempts and disruptive behaviour is concerning.
Evidence for Increasing Indoor Sources of 1,2‐Dichloroethane Since 2004 at Two Colorado Residential Vapor Intrusion Sites
Authors: Kurtz J.P. , Wolfe E.M. , Woodland A.K. , Foster S.J.
Published: June 2010

Groundwater contamination associated with two former industrial facilities in Denver, Colorado, has led to concerns about vapor intrusion into residences adjacent to the facilities. 1,1,1‐Trichloroethane (1,1,1‐TCA), 1,1‐dichloroethene (1,1‐DCE), and trichloroethene (TCE) are the main contaminants of concern in groundwater, with trace levels of 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA) present at one of the sites. Indoor air monitoring programs have been ongoing at these two sites since 1998 and recent results have suggested that background, indoor source, 1,2‐DCA has been increasing in the frequency of detection, and median and maximum concentration over the past several years. A lines of evidence evaluation was undertaken for both sites in order to document the predominance of indoor sources of 1,2‐DCA. Evidence utilized included spatial evaluation of 1,2‐DCA in indoor air; comparison of 1,2‐DCA concentrations in mitigated and unmitigated homes; a phone survey to evaluate the potential for smoking to contribute to indoor air 1,2‐DCA levels; evaluation of mitigation system effluent data; and an evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) ratios in groundwater and indoor air. The results of this evaluation indicated that smoking had no demonstrable influence on measured indoor air concentrations. In addition, it appears that consumer products have had a markedly increased influence on indoor air concentrations since 2005. Data from one of the industrial facilities at one of the sites also indicated that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and vinyl composite floor adhesive used in a building remodel in 2005 apparently generated elevated levels of indoor 1,2‐DCA and vinyl chloride, which have been sustained up to the present time.
Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Using Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Fan Sijun , Qiu Haixia , Huang Houbin , Gu Ying , Zeng Jing
Published: June 2010

Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) is a novel and promising second‐generation porphyrin‐related photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). To study the effects of HMME PDT on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats, the PDT was performed 20 min after HMME bolus injection, which was investigated prior to the PDT by fluorescence microscopy with laser‐induced CNV, and delivered at an irradiance of 400, 600 and 1000 mW cm−2 corresponding to a fluence of 36, 54, 90 J cm−2 in PDT plan I (15 mg kg−1 HMME). In PDT plan II (30 mg kg−1 HMME), the laser had a constant irradiance of 600 mW cm−2, which was delivered for 60, 90 or 150 s, to also achieve total energy doses of 36, 54 or 90 J cm−2. CNV closure rates assessed by fluorescein angiography and histologic damage to treated areas of choroid and retina varied as a function of the dose of HMME and of the activating light energy fluence. Endothelial cell labeled by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 presented treated CNV lesions that were significantly reduced in size (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that PDT using HMME can effectively occlude CNV. HMME is a potentially useful photosensitizer for the reduction in CNV size of irradiated areas.
Fractionated Illumination at Low Fluence Rate Photodynamic Therapy in Mice
Authors: Middelburg Tom A. , Van Zaane Floor , De Bruijn Henriëtte S. , Van Der Ploeg‐van den Heuvel Angelique , Sterenborg Henricus J. C. M. , Neumann H. A. Martino , De Haas Ellen R. M. , Robinson Dominic J.
Published: June 2010

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic field cancerization is effective but painful. Pain mechanisms remain unclear but fluence rate has been shown to be a critical factor. Lower fluence rates also utilize available oxygen more efficiently. We investigated PDT effect in normal SKH1‐HR mice using low and high fluence rate aminolevulinic acid (ALA) PDT and a fractionated illumination scheme. Six groups of six mice with different light treatment parameters were studied. Visual skin damage was assessed up to 7 days post‐PDT. Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy during illuminations provided us with real‐time information about protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photobleaching. A novel dosing approach was introduced in that we used a photobleaching percentage instead of a preset fluence. Data show similar total and maximum damage scores in high and low fluence rate groups. Photobleaching of PpIX in the low fluence rate groups shows a trend toward more efficient photobleaching. Results indicate that low fluence rate PDT is as effective as and more efficient than high fluence rate PDT in normal mouse skin. Low fluence rate PDT light protocols need to be explored in human studies in search for an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for actinic field cancerization.
Photocatalytic Inactivation Efficiency of Anatase Nano‐TiO2 Sol on the H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus
Authors: Cui Haixin , Jiang Jianfang , Gu Wei , Sun Changjiao , Wu Donglai , Yang Tao , Yang Guochen
Published: June 2010

This study was conducted to investigate efficiency of TiO2nanomaterial as a novel environment‐friendly disinfectant to control avian influenza (AI) by its photochemical sterilization ability. Anatase nano‐TiO2sol, a neutral, viscous aqueous colloid of 1.6% TiO2, was synthesized from peroxotitanic acid solution according to the Ichinose method. Transmission electron microscope images showed that the TiO2particles were spindle‐shaped with an average size of 50 nm. X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed that the crystal phase of TiO2particles was anatase type with photocatalytic effect. A photocatalytic film of nano‐TiO2sol was tested as a means of inactivating H9N2avian influenza virus (AIV). Inactivation capabilities were examined with 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) radiation under black light by adjusting the UV intensity, the UV irradiation time and the quantity of AIV. The titer change of AIV was determined by hemagglutination tests. Cytopathic effect of Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was monitored by inverted fluorescence microscope. The results showed that anatase nano‐TiO2sol significantly inactivated AIV under UV irradiation of 365 nm. The inactivation of AIV viruses reached up to 100%. Therefore, anatase nano‐TiO2sol is a potentially environment‐friendly antivirus agent to prevent AI.
A New Nonconjugated Naphthalene Derivative ofMeso‐tetra‐(3‐hydroxy)‐phenyl‐porphyrin as a Potential Sensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Silva Pedro , Fonseca Sofia M. , Arranja Cláudia T. , Burrows Hugh D. , Urbano Ana M. , Sobral Abilio J. F. N.
Published: June 2010

A new 5,10,15,20‐tetra‐(phenoxy‐3‐carbonyl‐1‐amino‐naphthyl)‐porphyrin was prepared by an isocyanate condensation reaction and its photophysical properties fully evaluated, both in terms of photostability and singlet oxygen production. It shows considerably enhanced photostability when compared with the parent 5,10,15,20‐tetra‐(3‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐porphyrin, with the photodegradation quantum yields for T(NAF)PP and T(OH)PP being 4.65 × 10−4and 5.19 × 10−3, respectively. Its photodynamic effect in human carcinoma HT‐29 cells was evaluated. The new porphyrin showed good properties as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy with anin vitrocytotoxicity IC50value of 6.80 μg mL−1for a 24 h incubation. In addition to the potential of this compound, the synthetic route used provides possibilities of extension to a wide range of new sensitizers.
Differential propensity in recognition of prepsychotic phenomena among psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and school counsellors
Authors: Liu Chen‐Chung , Chang Li‐Ren , Tseng Huai‐Hsuan , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Hwu Hai‐Gwo
Published: June 2010

Aim: The prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia are difficult to differentiate from other common psychiatric illnesses or stress reactions. Despite the development of new diagnostic instruments, non‐specificity and poor awareness of this clinical entity are still major barriers to early identification of individuals at risk for schizophrenia. This study was conducted to assess differences among three types of mental health professionals in the recognition of prepsychotic phenomena.

Methods: A questionnaire was developed that presented 11 case vignettes. The vignettes represented a hypothetical gradient of clinical severity, including stress reactions; very early stage, intermediate‐risk stage and very high‐risk stage of the schizophrenia prodrome; and full‐blown psychosis. The questionnaire was completed by 57 psychiatrists, 44 clinical psychologists and 50 school counsellors. For each vignette, respondents indicated their top three choices among nine different diagnostic considerations.

Results: As a group, psychiatrists were most likely to consider schizophrenia for all stages of clinical severity, whereas school counsellors were least likely to. Still, only about half of psychiatrists selected schizophrenia as their first choice for very high‐risk cases, and even fewer psychologists and counsellors did so. A proportion of school counsellors failed to recognize full‐blown psychosis. Despite the differential propensity in recognition of prepsychotic phenomena, a gradient in considering schizophrenia as a possible diagnosis across the stages of clinical severity was obvious.

Conclusions: Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and school counsellors all need further education, targeting their group‐specific proclivities, to improve their sensitivity and specificity in early identification of individuals at risk for schizophrenia.
Cognitive‐behaviour therapy for medication‐resistant positive symptoms in early psychosis: a case series
Authors: Erickson David H.
Published: June 2010

Introduction: Cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) for psychosis reduces the severity of medication‐resistant positive symptoms in chronic schizophrenia, but its efficacy for early psychosis outpatients with a similar profile has not been established.

Objective: This paper describes an uncontrolled evaluation of CBT, added to medication and comprehensive care in an early psychosis program, in a group of stable outpatients.

Patients: The sample was drawn from 24 consecutive referrals. Fourteen were eligible, i.e. had positive symptom(s) and had been on the same medication regime for 3 months.

Treatment: Patients received an average of 16 individual sessions with a senior psychologist.

Measures: Symptom severity was assessed both by an independent rater, and by patient self‐report.

Results: Eleven of 14 patients completed treatment. Both clinician and self‐report post‐treatment ratings of positive symptoms were significantly reduced following CBT. For positive symptom totals, effect sizes ranged from d = 1.0 to 1.3. Clinically significant changes were apparent in at least eight of 11 patients.

Discussion: While case‐series studies have significant limitations, the large effect sizes described here suggest that CBT shows promise for effectiveness with early psychosis patients. A randomized trial is needed to establish both the effect size over and above a control condition, and the durability of gains of CBT for medication‐resistant symptoms in early psychosis.
Evolutionary response of landraces to climate change in centers of crop diversity
Authors: Mercer Kristin L. , Perales Hugo R.
Published: June 2010

Landraces cultivated in centers of crop diversity result from past and contemporary patterns of natural and farmer‐mediated evolutionary forces. Successful in situ conservation of crop genetic resources depends on continuity of these evolutionary processes. Climate change is projected to affect agricultural production, yet analyses of impacts on in situ conservation of crop genetic diversity and farmers who conserve it have been absent. How will crop landraces respond to alterations in climate? We review the roles that phenotypic plasticity, evolution, and gene flow might play in sustaining production, although we might expect erosion of genetic diversity if landrace populations or entire races lose productivity. For example, highland maize landraces in southern Mexico do not express the plasticity necessary to sustain productivity under climate change, but may evolve in response to altered conditions. The outcome for any given crop in a given region will depend on the distribution of genetic variation that affects fitness and patterns of climate change. Understanding patterns of neutral and adaptive diversity from the population to the landscape scale is essential to clarify how landraces conserved in situ will continue to evolve and how to minimize genetic erosion of this essential natural resource.
The treatment of HSV1 ocular infections using quantitative real‐time PCR results
Authors: Hlinomazová Zuzana , Loukotová Věra , Horáčková Monika , Šerý Omar
Published: June 2010

Purpose:  Herpes stromal keratitis is a serious condition and the most frequent cause of unilateral blindness. The real‐time PCR is an accurate and fast diagnostic method for an analysis of infectious agents causing keratitis and keratouveitis. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between clinical symptoms, treatment efficacy monitoring and viral quantity in corneal swabs determined by quantitative real‐time PCR method. The real‐time PCR method was used as well for the detection of other viral eye pathogens.

Methods:  A total of 212 patients (136 men and 76 women) suspect of having herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis or keratouveitis were included in the study. The detection and quantitative analysis of the viral DNA were performed using the EliGene HSV1 RT kit, and the result was correlated with the clinical picture of the disease. The patients were routinely treated with acyclovir applied locally or, alternatively, in systemic administration. In a case of acyclovir treatment resistant keratitis, the patients were treated with local ganciclovir (Virgan gel ophth 0.15%).

Results:  A total of 636 analyses of the viral DNA were performed; 85 patients were positive for HSV1 (198 detected). There were 16 acyclovir resistant cases of keratitis (14%).

Conclusions:  The real‐time PCR appears as a fast and accurate method for an exact identification of the viral DNA in patients with herpes stromal keratitis. The introduction of the quantification is important for the treatment evaluation and for the specification of a so‐called acyclovir resistant keratitis. A long‐term systemic administration in maintenance doses may lead to the resistance and repeated, frequent relapses of the disease.
A can of red herrings
Authors: RAJA Rafi , LAMONT Duncan , YUNG Anthony , SOLANKI Kamal
Published: June 2010

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare disease. Anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibody is more commonly found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and less frequently in some of the other rheumatic and non‐rheumatic conditions. It is not recognized to be present in lymphoproliferative disease on its own. We report the first case of anti‐CCP antibody positivity in lymphomatoid granulomatosis presenting with polyarthritis. This case illustrates the evolving nature of this disease and its characteristics at different stages leading to the challenge of an accurate diagnosis in the setting of a paraneoplastic polyarthritis.
Discrimination ability of ASDAS estimating disease activity status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: NAS Kemal , YILDIRIM Kadir , CEVIK Remzi , KARATAY Saliha , ERDAL Akin , BAYSAL Ozlem , ALTAY Zuhal , KAMANLI Ayhan , ERSOY Yuksel , KAYA Arzu , DURMUS Bekir , ARDICOGLU Ozge , TEKEOGLU Ibrahim , UGUR Mahir , SARAC Aysegul Jale , SENEL Kazim , GUR Ali , OZGOCMEN Salih
Published: June 2010

Objectives:  To investigate discrimination ability of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) versions evaluating low and high disease activity in an unselected group of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods:  Patients consecutively included into the joint database of five university hospitals were analyzed for low or high disease activity according to different criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMD) for two ASDAS versions were evaluated.

Results:  The ASDAS versions (back pain, morning stiffness, patient global pain, pain/swelling of peripheral joints, plus either erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C‐reactive protein) discriminated high and low disease activity in subgroups according to Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (BASDAI) and ASAS remission/partial remission criteria. ASDAS versions were also not influenced by peripheral arthritis and correlated well with other outcome measurements and acute‐phase reactants. The ASDAS versions performed better than patient‐reported measures or acute‐phase reactants discriminating high and low disease activity status.

Conclusion:  Both ASDAS versions, consisting of both patient‐reported data and acute‐phase reactants, performed well in discriminating low and high disease activity. Further longitudinal data may better estimate the usefulness of ASDAS to assess disease activity subgroups and treatment response.
Psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: CANTINI Fabrizio , NICCOLI Laura , NANNINI Carlotta , KALOUDI Olga , BERTONI Michele , CASSARÀ Emanuele
Published: June 2010

Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory rheumatic disorder of unknown etiology occurring in patients with psoriasis. The Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis study group has recently developed a validated set of classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis with a sensitivity of 91.4% and a specificity of 98.7%. Three main clinical patterns have been identified: oligoarticular (≤ 4 involved joints) or polyarticular (≥ 5 involved joints) peripheral disease and axial disease with or without associated peripheral arthritis. In this context distal interphalangeal arthritis and arthritis mutilans may occur. According to other reports, also in our centre, asymmetric oligoarthritis is the most frequent pattern at onset. Axial disease has been estimated between 5% and 36% of patients. It is characterized by an irregular involvement of the axial skeleton with a predilection for the cervical spine. Recurrent episodes of enthesitis and dactylitis represent a hallmark of psoriatic arthritis. In around 20% of cases distal extremity swelling with pitting edema of the hands or feet is observed. Unilateral acute iridocyclitis, usually recurrent in alternate fashion, is the most frequent extra‐articular manifestation, and accelerated atherosclerosis is the prominent comorbidity. The clinical course of peripheral and axial psoriatic arthritis is usually less severe than rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, respectively. Local corticosteroid injections and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are recommended in milder forms. Sulphasalazine and methotrexate are effective in peripheral psoriatic arthritis. Recent studies have provided evidence on the efficacy of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α drugs to control symptoms and to slow or arrest radiological disease progression.