bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiwavelength erbium fiber ring laser using Sagnac loop and Fabry-Perot laser diode
Authors: Yeh C-H , Shih F-Y , Chen C-T , Lee C-N , Chi S
Published: November 2007

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a simply multiple-wavelength erbium compound ring fiber laser employing a Sagnac interferometer with erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD). The proposed laser has the advantage of simply structure and easy fabrication, lower insertion loss and cost-effective. Based on the Sagnac fiber laser scheme, the proposed laser can lase eight wavelengths simultaneously. Moreover, the optical output stability of the ring laser has been also discussed.
A comparative study of efficient iterative solvers for generalized Stokes equations
Authors: Larin Maxim , Reusken Arnold
Published: November 2007

We consider a generalized Stokes equation with problem parameters ξ⩾0 (size of the reaction term) and ν>0 (size of the diffusion term). We apply a standard finite element method for discretization. The main topic of the paper is a study of efficient iterative solvers for the resulting discrete saddle point problem. We investigate a coupled multigrid method with Braess–Sarazin and Vanka‐type smoothers, a preconditioned MINRES method and an inexact Uzawa method. We present a comparative study of these methods. An important issue is the dependence of the rate of convergence of these methods on the mesh size parameter and on the problem parameters ξ and ν. We give an overview of the main theoretical convergence results known for these methods. For a three‐dimensional problem, discretized by the Hood–Taylor 𝒫2–𝒫1 pair, we give results of numerical experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care—who participates and does it help?
Authors: Schou Inger , Ekeberg Oivind , Karesen Rolf , Sorensen Elin
Published: November 2007

Women who participated in the hospital psychosocial support groups following breast cancer surgery were compared with non‐participants. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the EORTC quality of life questionnaire were used to measure emotional distress and quality of life at the time of diagnosis and after 12 months. The General Life Orientation Test‐Revised was used to measure dispositional optimism. Of 165 women, 87% reported that they had been invited to participate, and 66% participated. The salient predictor for participating in support group was optimism (OR 0.89 CI: 95% 0.83–0.98, p=0.01). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of anxiety and depression caseness at the time of diagnosis, but after 12 months, the prevalence of anxiety caseness was significantly lower among the participants than that among the non‐participants (19% vs 34%, p=0.04).

In conclusion, psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care appears to have a long‐term clinical beneficial effect on anxiety. For depression and quality of life, the study is inconclusive. Self‐selection may prevent patients at risk of adverse outcome to participate in support groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical value of quality of life assessment in oncology practice—a qualitative study of patient and physician views
Authors: Velikova Galina , Awad Noha , Coles‐Gale Rebecca , Wright E. Penny , Brown Julia M. , Selby Peter J.
Published: November 2007

Background: Patients' self‐reported questionnaires measuring symptoms, functioning and quality of life (QOL) can help physicians to screen and monitor patient problems in oncology practice. Although many self‐reported questionnaires have been developed, their role in clinical practice remains unclear. This study explores what oncologists and patients need from QOL questionnaires, what their clinical value is and generates recommendations how to improve the questionnaires for use in oncology practice.

Methods: Focus groups were conducted in the Leeds Cancer Centre (St James's and Cookridge hospitals, UK), with 31 patients (9 groups) and 16 oncologists (4 groups). Twenty patients completed a questionnaire. Framework analysis was employed for the analysis.

Results: Patients and physicians wanted the questionnaires to cover: common symptoms and problems (e.g. pain, fatigue), disease and treatment‐specific issues (common for patients with similar diagnosis and/or treatment), individual patient‐specific issues (usually non‐physical, e.g. prognosis, family issues, sexuality) were important to some patients and relevant at specific points in the cancer journey. The timing and scope of enquiry should be flexible and correspond to disease and treatment stages. A model for measurement in clinical practice is proposed combining standard questionnaires with disease/treatment‐specific items and a prompt list of items, aiming to facilitate discussion of individual‐specific issues and minimize patient burden. Patients' and physicians' views on the clinical value of this approach are described.

Conclusions: The findings emphasized the need for individualized assessment alongside standard measures, for flexible measurement adapted to treatment and follow‐up, for clear interpretation of scores and decision guidelines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marital status and non‐small cell lung cancer survival: the Lung Cancer Database Project in Japan
Authors: Saito‐Nakaya Kumi , Nakaya Naoki , Akechi Tatsuo , Inagaki Masatoshi , Asai Mariko , Goto Koichi , Nagai Kanji , Nishiwaki Yutaka , Tsugane Shoichiro , Fukudo Shin , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: November 2007

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that marital status is associated with survival from lung cancer; however, its association is not conclusive. The association between marital status and survival in Japanese patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was prospectively investigated.

Methods: Between July 1999 and July 2004, a total of 1230 NSCLC patients were enrolled. The baseline survey consisted of the collection of clinical information and various demographic data, including marital status. A Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) of all‐cause mortality adjustments for age, BMI, education level, performance status, histology type, clinical stage, smoking status, choice of definitive treatment, and depression.

Results: The multivariable adjusted HR of male widowed patients versus male married patients was 1.7 (95% confidence interval=1.2–2.5, p=0.005). However, no significant increased risk of death in female widowed patients compared with female married patients was observed (HR=0.7, 95% confidence interval=0.5–1.1, p=0.15). With regard to separated/divorced and single patients no significant increased risk of death in male and/or female compared with married patients was observed.

Conclusions: The present data suggest that male widowed patients with NSCLC have a higher mortality rate than male married patients with NSCLC, after controlling for various factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized controlled trial of the active music engagement (AME) intervention on children with cancer
Authors: Robb Sheri L. , Clair Alicia A. , Watanabe Masayo , Monahan Patrick O. , Azzouz Faouzi , Stouffer Janice W. , Ebberts Allison , Darsie Emily , Whitmer Courtney , Walker Joey , Nelson Kirsten , Hanson‐Abromeit Deanna , Lane Deforia , Hannan Ann
Published: November 2007

Background: Coping theorists argue that environmental factors affect how children perceive and respond to stressful events such as cancer. However, few studies have investigated how particular interventions can change coping behaviors. The active music engagement (AME) intervention was designed to counter stressful qualities of the in‐patient hospital environment by introducing three forms of environmental support.

Method: The purpose of this multi‐site randomized controlled trial was to determine the efficacy of the AME intervention on three coping‐related behaviors (i.e. positive facial affect, active engagement, and initiation). Eighty‐three participants, ages 4–7, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: AME (n = 27), music listening (ML; n = 28), or audio storybooks (ASB; n = 28). Conditions were videotaped to facilitate behavioral data collection using time‐sampling procedures.

Results: After adjusting for baseline differences, repeated measure analyses indicated that AME participants had a significantly higher frequency of coping‐related behaviors compared with ML or ASB. Positive facial affect and active engagement were significantly higher during AME compared with ML and ASB (p<0.0001). Initiation was significantly higher during AME than ASB (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study supports the use of the AME intervention to encourage coping‐related behaviors in hospitalized children aged 4–7 receiving cancer treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and conformational studies of pseudopeptides containing an unsymmetrical triazine scaffold
Authors: Bourguet Erika , Correia Isabelle , Dorgeret Bertrand , Chassaing Gerard , Sicsic Sames , Ongeri Sandrine
Published: November 2007

Solid‐phase synthesis and conformational studies of two pseudopeptides constituted by a triazine scaffold bound to two peptidic arms are described. In this paper, a new scaffold based on unsymmetrical triamino 1,3,5‐triazine bearing two alkyl chains has been designed, assisted by molecular modelling, as a mimic of the backbone of the i + 1 and i + 2 residues of a β‐turn. The results confirm the ability of the triazine scaffold to induce extended conformations of the peptidic strands and point out that this scaffold is a good candidate as a template to induce anti‐parallel β‐sheet structure. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycopeptide dendrimers. Part II
Authors: Niederhafner Petr , Šebestík Jaroslav , Ježek Jan
Published: November 2007

Glycopeptide dendrimers are regularly branched structures containing both carbohydrates and peptides. Various types of these compounds differing in composition and structure are mentioned, together with their practical use spanning from catalysis, transport vehicles to synthetic vaccines. This Part II (for Part I see Ježek J, et al., J. Pept. Sci. 2008; 14: 2–43) covers linear oligomers with variable valency (brush dendrimers, comb dendrimers), sequential oligopeptide carriers SOCn‐I and SOCn‐II, chitosan‐based dendrimers, and brush dendrimers. Other types of glycopeptide dendrimers are self‐immolative dendrimers (cascade release dendrimers, domino dendrimers), dendrimers containing ω‐amino acids (Gly, β‐Ala, γ‐Abu and ε‐aminohexanoic acid), etc. Microwave‐assisted synthesis of dendrimers and libraries of glycopeptides and glycopeptide dendrimers are also included. Characterization of dendrimers by electromigration methods, mass spectrometry, and time‐resolved and nonlinear optical spectroscopy, etc. plays an important role in purity assessment and structure characterization. Physicochemical properties of dendrimers including chirality are given. Stability of dendrimers, their biocompatibility and toxicity are reviewed. Finally, biomedical applications of dendrimers including imaging agents (contrast agents), site‐specific drug delivery systems, artificial viruses, synthetic antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer vaccines, inhibitors of cell surface protein–carbohydrate interactions, intervention with bacterial adhesion, etc. are given. Glycopeptide dendrimers were used also for studying recognition processes, as diagnostics and mimetics, for complexation of different cations, for therapeutic purposes, as immunodiagnostics, and in drug design. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building bridges: the social structure of interdependent innovation
Authors: Kleinbaum Adam M. , Tushman Michael L.
Published: November 2007

Multidivisional firms often fail to take advantage of innovations that involve combining resources from distinct divisions. This failure of cross‐line‐of‐business innovation is a consequence of design choices employed to execute the firm's strategy: in organizing around its core businesses, the firm renders interdependence between divisions residual to the formal structure. As a result, those innovations which involve cross‐line‐of‐business interdependence are trumped by the firm's articulated strategy and structure. Social structures could, potentially, fill this coordination gap. But social structures associated with the initiation of interdependent innovation are inversely associated with their execution. We build a dynamic, corporate‐level, evolutionary model in which individuals autonomously initiate cross‐line‐of‐business projects not through the formal structure of the firm, but using contacts from their own social networks. Some of these projects are selected and actively supported by senior executives; this support sends clear signals about what collaboration is valued by the firm, which gives other actors powerful, albeit informal, incentives to connect with others across the interunit boundary. As a result, the sparse interunit social structure that was conducive to initiation changes, becoming much more cohesive (at least locally) and is able to support execution and retain these interdependent innovations. Thus, where intra‐divisional innovations are primarily driven by organizational structure, we suggest that interdivisional innovations are driven primarily by social networks. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Is Paul A. Weiss' and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's system thinking still valid today?
Authors: Drack Manfred , Apfalter Wilfried
Published: November 2007

The roots of what is today called general system theory (GST) can be traced back to Vienna of the early 20th century. Here, in the 1920s, Paul Weiss performed experiments in the Viennese Prater Vivarium (a privately founded research institution devoted to experimental biology) and found that his results were totally incompatible with the prevailing mechanistic concepts dominating the biologists' way of thinking. Therefore, he proposed a system view. At about the same time, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, coming from philosophical grounds, tried to overcome the dispute in biology of vitalism versus mechanism by developing an organismic concept. They met each other and discussed the biological concepts when Bertalanffy was still a student. Rupert Riedl knew both scholars personally and thought that their ideas were of paramount importance not only for the biologist's world view. Thus, he initiated a research project called ‘System Theory Today’, in which the developments in system theory in the last three decades should be investigated. The focus of the project here described lies in the reception of system theory after Bertalanffy's death in 1972. Further developments as well as reductionistic tendencies are to be addressed. As our preliminary studies have shown, many disciplines have adopted system theory for their needs, but some of the modified theories diverge from the original context. On the one side the development in the different disciplines is positive, on the other side it leads to contradictory positions followed by misunderstandings and building up new borders that are weakening the prime intention of system theory. System theory was always meant to be an integrative tool for all sciences, aiming for a dialogue between scientific disciplines. Based on the theory arising from biology, the developments in different disciplines (from mathematics to engineering, from medicine to economics, but especially life sciences) will be investigated. The key question is whether Bertalanffy's and Weiss' system thinking still plays a role in science today and especially if there are contributions that broaden or reduce the concept. To complete the picture, the recently recovered Bertalanffy estate, which is now hosted by the University of Vienna, will play an important role. The working hypothesis is that what was made out of GST is a considerable reduction of the original concept. In this paper, an overview of the research work in the project will be given. It starts with system concepts in 1920s biology and the thoughts of Weiss and Bertalanffy. Therefrom the basic concepts are extracted to be compared with the contemporary developments of GST. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genistein-induced proteome changes in the human endometrial carcinoma cell line, ishikawa
Authors: Konstantakopoulos Nicki , Larsen Martin R. , Campbell Ian G. , Quinn Michael A. , Baker Mark S. , Georgiou Harry M. , Rice Gregory E.
Published: November 2007

Epidemiological studies have shown that Asian populations display a lower incidence of hormone-dependant cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal ailments compared to Western societies. Available data support the proposal that lower incidence is associated with the high dietary consumption of isoflavones, such as genistein. This study used two-dimensional electrophoresis to characterize the effect of genistein on the proteome of an endometrial tumor cell model, namely the Ishikawa cell line. Proteome maps displaying approx 1800 proteins were obtained from cells treated with vehicle or genistein at physiologically attainable concentrations of 0.5, 5, or 50 μMor supra-physiological concentration, 500 μM. The effects of genistein on protein expression were characterized using image analysis software. A total 65 protein spots displayed a significant decrease in expression and 32 proteins displayed a significant increase in expression. Of these protein spots, 29 were randomly selected for characterization by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry, yielding 18 different proteins. This type of analysis enabled the characterization of a wide range of cellular proteins and allowed for the identification of functional and biochemical pathways that may be regulated or affected by genistein, including cellular transcription, cell proliferation, stress response, or modulation of oncogenic pathways.
Comparison of protein expression lists from mass spectrometry of human blood fluids using exact peptide sequences versus BLAST
Authors: Zhu Peihong , Bowden Peter , Pendrak Voitek , Thiele Herbert , Zhang Du , Siu Michael , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Marshall John
Published: November 2007

The proteins in blood were all first expressed as mRNAs from genes within cells. There are databases of human proteins that are known to be expressed as mRNA in human cells and tissues. Proteins identified from human blood by the correlation of mass spectra that fail to match human mRNA expression products may not be correct. We compared the proteins identified in human blood by mass spectrometry by 10 different groups by correlation to human and nonhuman nucleic acid sequences. We determined whether the peptides or proteins identified by the different groups mapped to the human known proteins of the Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database. We used Structured Query Language data base searches of the peptide sequences correlated to tandem mass spectrometry spectra and basic local alignment search tool analysis of the identified full length proteins to control for correlation to the wrong peptide sequence or the existence of the same or very similar peptide sequence shared by more than one protein. Mass spectra were correlated against large protein data bases that contain many sequences that may not be expressed in human beings yet the search returned a very high percentage of peptides or proteins that are known to be found in humans. Only about 5% of proteins mapped to hypothetical sequences, which is in agreement with the reported false-positive rate of searching algorithms conditions. The results were highly enriched in secreted and soluble proteins and diminished in insoluble or membrane proteins. Most of the proteins identified were relatively short and showed a similar size distribution compared to the RefSeq database. At least three groups agree on a nonredundant set of 1671 types of proteins and a nonredundant set of 3151 proteins were identified by at least three peptides.
Should All Patients Undergo Postoperative Duplex Imaging to Detect a Deep Vein Thrombosis After Varicose Vein Surgery?
Authors: Bhogal R. H. , Nyamekye I. K.
Published: November 2007

Objectives

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious complication of varicose vein surgery, with attendant risks of pulmonary embolization. Prospective duplex screening identifies DVT in 5% of patients compared to clinical incidence of approximately 1%. Universal duplex screening is costly, and the benefits of diagnosing subclinical DVT are unproven. This study evaluates whether a policy of using clinical indications (leg swelling) to determine the need for duplex imaging is safe after varicose vein surgery.

Methods

Patients undergoing varicose vein surgery over a 4‐year period were studied. Postoperative venous duplex imaging was performed if leg swelling occurred within 6 weeks of surgery. Long‐term follow‐up was performed to detect any missed occurrence of clinical DVT or pulmonary embolism.

Results

A total of 411 patients had 491 leg operations with 80 bilateral procedures (27%); 29 patients with leg swelling underwent duplex imaging, 5 of whom had duplex‐proven DVT. No patient without early clinical signs went on to develop clinical DVT on long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusion

A policy of using clinical signs as a triage for duplex imaging detected all clinically significant DVTs and generated manageable workloads for our vascular laboratory.
Italian Anarchism as a Transnational Movement, 1885–1915
Authors: Turcato Davide
Published: November 2007

Analyses of anarchism emphasizing cyclical patterns of advances and retreats inadequately explain how anarchism sustained itself over time. They foster a picture of powerlessness before repression and cyclical reappearances as if by spontaneous germination, thus lending themselves to interpretations, such as Hobsbawm's millenarianism, that identify discontinuity, spontaneism, and lack of organization as features of anarchism, and ultimately supporting charges of ineffectiveness and irrationalism. A narrow framework of analysis of national scope is responsible for such explanatory inadequacy. This article illustrates the transnational dimension of Italian anarchism, by analysing its presence in the United States and worldwide, with special emphasis on the anarchist press. A transnational analysis reveals new forms of integration, continuity, and organization, based on the mobility of militants, resources, and ideas across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. In times of repression, seeming entrances and exits of anarchism on the Italian stage often corresponded to shifts of initiative across the Italian border. Transnationalism was a built-in characteristic that supported insurrectionary tactics by enhancing the opaqueness of their preparation. Together, insurrectionism, organizational opaqueness, and transnationalism help providing an alternative to the advance-and-retreat pattern of explanation.
Revolution in a Comic Strip: Gasparazzo and the Identity of Southern Migrants in Turin, 1969–1975
Authors: Pizzolato Nicola
Published: November 2007

Between 1969 and 1975, in Turin, a social movement with migrants from southern Italy as its protagonists addressed the issues of working conditions in the automobile plants, and housing and living standards in the city's overcrowded working-class neighbourhoods. Southern migrants, from different regions and speaking sometimes mutually incomprehensible dialects, forged a collective identity as Meridionali – “southerners” – and claimed recognition as fully fledged citizens of Turin's industrial society. This identity-building was captured in the making through the satirical cartoons featuring Gasparazzo, the character of a southern worker at FIAT who struggled daily with the alienation of work, the arrogance of supervisors, the repression enforced by the police, and, back in the south, the backwardness of the social system. Although the publication of Gasparazzo ended abruptly in 1972 the qualities of the cartoon character continued to resonate in succeeding years. As militancy waned and the social movement started to crumble, Gasparazzo came to symbolize the nostalgic model of a working-class hero rather than any actual southerner in the plant.
Urban Laughter as a “Counter-Public” Sphere in Augsburg: The Case of the City Mayor, Jakob Herbrot (1490/95–1564)
Authors: Kuhn Christian
Published: November 2007

Social movement scholarship has recently focused on “popular” media of protest; reading and singing provided a forceful communicative structure in semi-literate urban society, especially in Augsburg, the largest city of Reformation Germany. The case of Jakob Herbrot (1490/95–1564) combines the antagonisms of political, social, and religious movements; a rich Calvinist, he climbed the social ladder from a lowly regarded profession to the highest office of the imperial city in a precarious time of confessional armed conflict. Herbrot's conduct triggered a life-long series of accusations, polemics, satires, humorous ballads, and songs, material that allows a reassessment of the early modern discourse of Öffentlichkeit, as well as of urban laughter in the “public sphere” before its modern elevation to the central doctrine of bourgeois society. The sources suggest that humour was of essential importance to the public in the early modern city, a counter-public in the sense of an independent political arbiter.
The Role of Humour in the Process of Collective Identity Formation in Autonomous Social Movement Groups in Contemporary Madrid
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: November 2007

This article draws on ethnographic research to analyse the role of humour in the process of collective identity formation within autonomous anti-capitalist groups in Madrid. Autonomous groups embrace the principles of horizontality, openness, diversity, participatory democracy, self-organization, and direct action, so defining themselves in contradistinction to more “vertical” movement organizations of the institutional left. The process of collective-identity formation involves both generating a sense of internal cohesion, and projecting an alternative identity. Autonomous groups in Madrid face a double challenge, for they must integrate ideologically heterogeneous activists, and they must define themselves as being alternatives to the much more consolidated groups of the institutional left. I shall analyse the different ways in which humour is used to address both those challenges: to sustain groups over time, to defuse tensions and try to resolve conflict, for myth-making, and to integrate marginal group members. I will also discuss the role humour plays in charismatic leadership and its use in the projection of an alternative political identity in direct actions. Finally, I will discuss the contested nature of humour as a political tool in the context of the Madrid network.
Seasonal population dynamics ofPallisentis (Neosentis) celatus(Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) in the intestine of the rice-field eelMonopterus albusin China
Authors: Boping Zeng , Wenbin Wang
Published: November 2007

Studies on the seasonal population dynamics ofPallisentis (Neosentis) celatus(Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) in the intestine of the rice-field eelMonopterus albusfrom the paddies and ditches in the Dong-ting Lake basin of China, were carried out with samples taken from June 2002 to May 2003. Prevalences were above 21% in all seasons sampled and with a distinct seasonal trend, which was highest (45.81%) in the spring and decreased by degrees. The mean intensity of infection was above 4.0 worms per fish. The maximum intensity of worms recovered from a single fish was 86 in the autumn of 2002. No significant seasonal differences were found in mean intensities, and differences in the mean abundance between winter and spring, winter and autumn were significant. Over-dispersed distributions ofP. (N.) celatusin the host population, due to heterogeneity and feeding habits, were observed in all seasons. The size composition of both sexes ofP. (N.) celatusshowed males between 2.0 mm and 14.0 mm and females between 2.2 mm and 22.2 mm, with the main recruitment phase in the worm populations occurring in the summer and autumn, especially in the autumn, with the lowest recruitment occurring in the winter. The maturation and copulation of worms were mainly focused in the spring season. The sex ratio of female to male was both high in summer (1.09:1) and autumn (1.08:1). The higher proportion of females and the change in the worm sex ratio in summer can be attributed to the reduced longevity of male worms. As immature male worms exhibit a higher proportion of the worm population than females in all seasons, further studies are needed to determine if such a situation compensates for the shorter life span of males.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Authors: Avins Styra
Published: November 2007

I first bought a subscription to Tempo because I thought I ‘ought’ to do better at keeping up with contemporary music; but I continue to subscribe because I find it the most interesting reading on music I know. Informative, even inspiring, and my collection of CDs has grown in ways I never expected.
Warsaw Autumn, 2002
Authors: Reyland Nicholas
Published: November 2007

Picking the chocolate-coated plums – a traditional Polish treat – from the abundance of riches on offer at the 45th annual Warsaw Autumn Festival (20–28 September 2002) sets a delectable challenge. Most of the concerts were packed, and predominantly with young people; its events were held in venues ranging from the elegant National Philharmonic to the sleek Warsaw Stock Exchange; and a typically diverse range of contemporary music, programmed with insight and performed with great commitment, drew enthusiastic – and occasionally enthusiastically critical – responses from the audiences. Indeed, while the plentiful supply of complimentary chocolate bars from sponsors E. Wedel certainly helped sustain energy levels during the nine hectic days of events, the reflexive stylistic juxtapositions created this Autumn's true momentum.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Taylor Mark R.
Published: November 2007

In response to the letter from Styra Avins (Tempo, January 2003), I am grateful to stand so fascinatingly corrected with regard to the (poorly documented?) aspect of US cultural history in question.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Authors: Farmer Adrian
Published: November 2007

In your recent review of the Zemlinsky Quartets recorded by the Artis Quartet on Nimbus (Tempo 222, pp.47–8) you stated that regrettably these discs were no longer available.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Authors: Doran Mark
Published: November 2007

Once again I have the pleasure of thanking various individuals for their welcome correspondence – specifically, Andrew Porter for a gracious acknowledgement (Tempo 221); Mark R. Taylor for some kind remarks and an intriguing observation (Tempo 222), and Michael Graubart for his extended and musicianly reflections (Tempo 221 and 222).
The Crisis of Labor Politics in Latin America: Parties and Labor Movements during the Transition to Neoliberalism
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M.
Published: November 2007

Following the onset of mass politics in early twentieth-century Latin America, party systems were distinguished by different patterns of labor incorporation. In some countries, political competition was realigned by the emergence of a mass-based, labor-mobilizing populist or leftist party. In other countries, party systems remained under the control of traditional oligarchic parties or elite personalities who provided little impetus for labor mobilization. Countries with labor-mobilizing party systems were more deeply embedded in the state-led model of capitalist development known as import substitution industrialization in the middle of the twentieth century, and they suffered severe economic trauma when this development model collapsed in the debt crisis of the 1980s. Economic austerity and free-market reforms undermined the social foundations of these party systems, which experienced sharp declines in trade-union density and widespread electoral volatility during the waning decades of the twentieth century.
What Has Happened to Organized Labor in Southern Africa?
Authors: Pitcher M. Anne
Published: November 2007

Why have labor movements in Mozambique, Zambia, and South Africa increasingly been marginalized from the economic debates that are taking place in their countries, even though they have supported ruling parties? Policy reforms such as trade liberalization, privatization, and revisions to labor legislation in all three countries partially account for the loss of power by organized labor as many scholars have claimed. Yet, these policy “adjustments” have also interacted with long-run, structural changes in production, distribution, and trade of goods as well as with processes of democratization to undermine the position of trade unions across much of southern Africa. The article explores this puzzle by first examining the different historical trajectories of organized labor in Mozambique, Zambia, and South Africa. It then analyzes how policy reforms, global restructuring, and democracy had similar consequences across all three cases; collectively, they produced declines in trade-union membership and weakened the influence of organized labor. Although trade unions face a number of daunting challenges, the conclusion traces emerging opportunities for labor to recover from its current malaise.
Organized Labor's Global Problems and Local Responses
Authors: Drake Paul W.
Published: November 2007

From the 1980s to the 2000s around much of the world, organized labor scrambled to adjust to two international regimes, both propelled by the hegemonic United States and its allies: neoliberal economies and neoliberal democracies. The first framework undercut the power of unions by discouraging interference with market mechanisms from either social actors or governments. The second code of conduct hampered labor by prescribing low-intensity democracies with little mass mobilization or socioeconomic redistribution. The second model sustained the first. Thus weakened working-class movements wrestled with the dilemma of being largely unable to use democratic mechanisms to alter prejudicial economic policies.
Tea and Sympathy: A Study of Diversity among Women Activists in the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, England, 1907–14
Authors: Hunt Cathy
Published: November 2007

This article considers the ways in which three local activists sought to inspire women workers to become active and loyal trade unionists at the start of the twentieth century, at a time when the great majority of female workers in Britain was unorganized. It employs evidence of tactics used by organizers of the all-female trade union, the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, in the industrial West Midlands of Britain in the years before the First World War. This in turn encourages consideration of the extent to which the aims and policies advocated by the Federation's national leadership suited the economic and social characteristics in the regions of Britain. It offers an opportunity to look beyond the dominant and charismatic personalities who shaped and dominated the union's national headquarters and instead considers the successes and failures of local women who attempted to establish a regional branch of the Federation.
Evaluation of data quality in a laboratory-based surveillance of M. tuberculosis drug resistance and impact on the prevalence of resistance: France, 2004
Authors: KHUÊ P. M. , MALLET A. , VEZIRIS N. , JARLIER V. , ROBERT J.
Published: November 2007

In France, surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance is performed by the Azay-Mycobacteria network, representing 30% of all culture-positive cases. We sought to validate administrative and clinical data gathered by the network in 2004 and to produce corrected resistance rates accounting for the observed misclassification. We reviewed a 10% sample of patients' records diagnosed in 2004 and measured the agreement between controlled data and data collected by the network by using the kappa (κ) statistic. A re-sampling bootstrap-based method was used to investigate the impact of bias found on resistance rates. Most of data collected by the network, such as demographic data, and country of birth had an excellent agreement (κ>0·8) with controlled data. The concordance was good (κ>0·6) for HIV status and tuberculosis site. The only variable slightly discordant with controlled data was prior history of treatment (κ=0·52). However, after correcting crude resistance rates for the observed misclassification, all estimated rates were within confidence intervals based on reported rates. This validation study is in favour of a good quality of data produced by the network, even though corrected rates are slightly different from observed rates. Therefore, data collected through the network may be used for policy making and tuberculosis programme evaluation. However, improvement in data collection regarding prior history of treatment should be considered.
Morphological and genetic diversity of Mexican guava germplasm
Authors: Hernández-Delgado Sanjuana , Padilla-Ramírez José Saúl , Nava-Cedillo Alejandro , Mayek-Pérez Netzahualcoyotl
Published: November 2007

Fifty morphological characteristics, fruit production over 3 years (from 1999 to 2002) and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique were used to analyse a set of 48 guava (Psidium guajavaL.) accessions cultivated in Mexico, in order to characterize their genetic relationships. Germplasm was collected from the Calvillo-Cañones region and planted in Huanusco, Mexico. The study included twoP. cattleianum(Sabine) and twoP. friedrichsthalianum(Berg-Niedenzu) accessions from Costa Rica as outgroups. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained less than 30% of total variation and 14 characteristics from trees (1), leaves (2) and fruits (11) were the most informative. PCA analysis separated the germplasm into three major groups of accessions based on fruit size and weight, stem diameter and leaf size. Significant differences in fruit yield were detected among accessions and years, whereP.guajavaproduced 36 kg/year/tree of fresh fruit whileP. cattleianumandP. friedrichsthalianumshowed fruit yield lower than 7 kg/year/tree. The fruit yield broad sense heritability was 0.25. The AFLP analysis produced two clusters ofPsidiumaccessions, the first includedP. cattleianumandP. friedrichsthalianum, and the secondP. guajavaaccessions. This is the first report about the use of AFLP marker methodology for the genetic characterization of Mexican native guava germplasm and the results based on phenotypic and productive characteristics suggest that germplasm was selected from open pollinated trees.
Therapeutic angiogenesis for peripheral artery disease: Stem cell therapy
Authors: Lachmann  , Nikol
Published: November 2007

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis that is associated with a significant limitation in limb function due to ischaemia and high risk of cardiovascular mortality. The lower limb manifestations of PAD principally fall into the categories of chronic stable claudication, critical leg ischaemia, and, rarely, acute limb ischaemia. Lower limb ischaemia induced by PAD is a major health problem. In the absence of effective pharmacological, interventional or surgical treatment, amputation is undertaken at the end-stage as a solution to unbearable symptoms. The concept of "therapeutic angiogenesis" has become widely accepted during the past few years. Bone marrow consists of multiple cell populations, including endothelial progenitor cells, which have been shown to differentiate into endothelial cells and release several angiogenic factors and thereby enhance neovascularisation in animal models of hind limb ischaemia. The promising results from various preclinical studies provide the basis for clinical trials using bone marrow-derived cells or non-bone marrow cells, like cells from the peripheral blood or other tissues. However, the mechanisms by which these cells exert their positive effects are poorly understood until now. This review summarises the data from experimental and clinical studies related to peripheral arterial disease and cellular therapy.
Production and preservation of organic matter: The significance of iron
Authors: Meyers Stephen R.
Published: November 2007

“Iron fertilization” has been previously recognized as a potential mechanism for enhanced organic matter burial in marine sediments. However, the singular view of iron as a control on primary production overlooks its role in sedimentary diagenesis, a factor that must be evaluated when considering organic matter accumulation. This study examines the role of iron as a buffer of pore water sulfide and its implications for marine organic matter burial. Biogeochemical model experiments indicate that dissolved sulfide buildup in surficial marine sediments is highly sensitive to reactive iron concentration. A reduction in reactive iron concentration can initiate dissolved sulfide accumulation, the consequences of which include inhibition of bioturbation/bioirrigation, a decrease in oxygen exposure time, and enhanced organic matter burial. Alternatively, an increase in reactive iron concentration can serve to decrease organic matter burial. The coupling of iron and phosphorous cycling within marine sediments provides an important positive feedback, and therefore this mechanism is designated the “sulfide buffer/phosphorous trap hypothesis.” Given sufficient organic carbon supply, carbonate‐rich and opal‐rich sediments should be especially prone to the development of sulfidic conditions because of a deficiency in terrigenous iron. Widespread chalk and marl deposition during the Cretaceous, in association with the evolutionary expansion of calcareous plankton, may have predisposed many benthic marine environments to the accumulation of toxic hydrogen sulfide and fostered the development of “oceanic anoxic events.” Comparison of model results with proxy data from oceanic anoxic event II (middle Cretaceous) suggests a complex role of iron as a control on both organic matter production and preservation.
Paleointensity‐assisted chronostratigraphy of detrital layers on the Eirik Drift (North Atlantic) since marine isotope stage 11
Authors: Evans Helen F. , Channell James E. T. , Stoner Joseph S. , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude , Wright James D. , Neitzke Lauren C. , Mountain Gregory S.
Published: November 2007

Four piston cores collected in 1999 and 2002 from the Eirik Drift (southern Labrador Sea, off SE Greenland) provide paleomagnetic, environmental magnetic, and oxygen isotope records back to marine isotope stage 11. Age models for the cores are based on a combination of planktonic oxygen isotope data, relative geomagnetic paleointensity proxies, and the identification of geomagnetic excursions (Laschamp and Iceland Basin). Environmental magnetic data delineate two distinct detrital signals, interpreted to reflect the behavior of the surrounding ice sheets (Greenland and Laurentide) to orbital‐ and millennial‐scale climate forcing. Broad decimeter‐scale intervals of increased magnetic concentration and grain size occur during the early part of interglacial marine isotopic stages (MIS) 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11. Discrete centimeter‐scale layers, recognized by magnetic concentration and grain‐size sensitive parameters, gamma ray attenuation (GRA) bulk density, and carbonate content, are observed in glacial and interglacial stages as well as during terminations. On the basis of glacial reconstructions on Greenland during the last termination, the broad decimeter‐scale coarser‐grained intervals can be attributed to detrital influx associated with the retreat of the terrestrial‐based Greenland Ice Sheet in the early Holocene. A similar magnetic signal observed within interglacial MIS 5, 7, 9, and 11 indicates similar Greenland Ice Sheet behavior during these time intervals. Two types of centimeter‐scale detrital layers are also recognized back to MIS 11. Detrital carbonate (DC) layers reflect predominately ice‐rafted debris (IRD) deposition, while the low detrital carbonate (LDC) layers reflect mass movement as evidenced by sharp basal contacts, graded bedding, and traction structures, likely from the Greenland slope. Some detrital layers on Eirik Drift, particularly the DC layers, can be tentatively correlated to detrital layers observed in the central North Atlantic and to those documented on the southern side of the Labrador Sea at Orphan Knoll.
Role of eddies in the interannual variability of Hadley cell strength
Authors: Caballero Rodrigo
Published: November 2007

There is evidence from simplified atmosphere models that extratropical eddies strongly affect the Hadley cell mass flux. Here, we use reanalysis data to assess the role of eddy momentum transport in the interannual variability of northern hemisphere winter Hadley cell strength. We define a Hadley cell strength index and decompose it into an ENSO‐related term and an uncorrelated remainder. Regressing these two time series onto the momentum budget shows that ENSO‐related variability involves changes in momentum transport by tropical stationary waves, while non‐ENSO variability is related to changes in the extratropical wave flux impinging on the tropics, with stationary waves dominant in the northern (winter) cell and transients dominant in the southern (summer) cell. Non‐ENSO variability accounts for a large fraction of the interannual variance in Hadley cell strength, supporting the hypothesis that extratropical eddy stresses drive much of the zonally symmetric variability in the tropics.
Moment inference from tomograms
Authors: Day‐Lewis F. D. , Chen Y. , Singha K.
Published: November 2007

Time‐lapse geophysical tomography can provide valuable qualitative insights into hydrologic transport phenomena associated with aquifer dynamics, tracer experiments, and engineered remediation. Increasingly, tomograms are used to infer the spatial and/or temporal moments of solute plumes; these moments provide quantitative information about transport processes (e.g., advection, dispersion, and rate‐limited mass transfer) and controlling parameters (e.g., permeability, dispersivity, and rate coefficients). The reliability of moments calculated from tomograms is, however, poorly understood because classic approaches to image appraisal (e.g., the model resolution matrix) are not directly applicable to moment inference. Here, we present a semi‐analytical approach to construct a moment resolution matrix based on (1) the classic model resolution matrix and (2) image reconstruction from orthogonal moments. Numerical results for radar and electrical‐resistivity imaging of solute plumes demonstrate that moment values calculated from tomograms depend strongly on plume location within the tomogram, survey geometry, regularization criteria, and measurement error.
Medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected with dense and wide TEC maps over North America
Authors: Tsugawa T. , Otsuka Y. , Coster A. J. , Saito A.
Published: November 2007

Nighttime and daytime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) are detected with dense and wide detrended total electron content (TEC) maps over North America using multiple GPS receiver networks. The TEC maps cover a wide region of 60–130°W and 24–54°N (30–65°N in geomagnetic latitude), and have a spatial resolution of 1.05° × 1.05° in latitude and longitude (0.15° × 0.15° with 7 × 7 pixel smoothing) and a temporal resolution of 30 seconds. The TEC maps reveal, for the first time, that the nighttime MSTIDs propagate southwestward with 200–500 km wavelengths over North America and have wavefronts longer than ∼2,000 km. We also observe that daytime MSTIDs with 300–1,000 km wavelengths propagate southeastward until mid‐afternoon and southwestward in the late afternoon. In the mid‐to‐late afternoon, these MSTIDs propagating in the different directions are superimposed. The TEC maps can be a new powerful tool to investigate the MSTIDs.