bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democracy's Hope, the High School
Authors: Safford A. L.
Published: July 2018

Yet high schools are under fire in these times — crazed gunners shooting at their own ramparts.
The Declamatory Contest
Authors: Dulebohn Irl H.
Published: July 2018

This will awaken memories–if, indeed, the prize-speaking ordeal does not still persist in your bailiwick.
Why Music and Art?
Authors: Barrett S. M.
Published: July 2018

The fine arts are not mere ornaments, as some allege, but essentials of real living.
A Hobby for Each Child
Authors: Oganovic Nicholas J.
Published: July 2018

How the small school may stir the latent interests and capacities of the individual pupil
The Principal as Interpreter
Authors: Forman W. O.
Published: July 2018

“Changed times demand changed schools. How is the public to understand this change….?
Idols of the Classroom
Authors: Chrisman Lewis H.
Published: July 2018

An appeal for that kind of “academic freedom” which permits each teacher to render his best service.
Creative Work in English
Authors: Rust Dorothy
Published: July 2018

An approach to the writing of Short Stories in the secondary school—with possibilities for other forms of composition.
Now We're Correlation-Conscious
Authors: Sandt Eleanor E.
Published: July 2018

For a solid week in this school teachers emphasized the overlapping of other studies with their own.
The New Orleans Meeting
Authors: O'Connor Mary Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

A Report of the Sixty-Seventh Annual Convention of the Department of Superintendence, National Education Association
History Lives in Old Virginia
Authors: White J. Stuart
Published: July 2018

This beautiful state contributed much more than is generally realized to the establishment of our free institutions.
Winning Boys to Better Books
Authors: Moore Joseph A.
Published: July 2018

How a lively Book Club improved the reading tastes of lads at Junior High School level.
Kalamazoo's All-School Council
Authors: Gernant Leonard
Published: July 2018

Superintendent Hunt enlists the aid of pupils in solving certain administrative problems.
Famous Fallacies… 1: “Mental Discipline”
Authors: Rich Frank M.
Published: July 2018

In a series of enlivening articles, the author will present his conclusions on various controversial topics. His intention is not to dogmatize but to provoke thinking
Close-ups of Good Teaching
Authors: Clem Orlie M.
Published: July 2018

A homeroom meeting and a project in social studies conclude this interesting series.
Accelerating the Slow Readers
Authors: Drake C. Elwood
Published: July 2018

Report of a program carried out at the Weeks Junior High School.
Pupils Are People
Authors: Campbell Emma Mellon
Published: July 2018

Plenty of human nature and drama can be traced in any classroom, as this five-day diary illustrates.
Building Better Study Habits
Authors: Finch Charles Edgar
Published: July 2018

“How can we teach them to study?” is a question asked by teachers, principals and supervisors everywhere. By way of answer, Mr. Finch has prepared for JOURNAL readers an intensely practical series of nine articles, of which this is the first. The author writes from long and successful experience as Director of the Junior High Schools of Rochester, New York.
On a Young Man's Outburst
Authors: Manchester Raymond E.
Published: July 2018

Do colleges shirk their responsibility when they neglect to fit students more directly for jobs?
Timidity and Its Correction
Authors: Dodd Eugene E.
Published: July 2018

“To no little extent getting over timidity is a matter of getting the mind away from self.”
A Shake-up in Oral English
Authors: Flynt Willard C.
Published: July 2018

Introduction of “real life situations” calling for effective speech, awakened interest.
Classroom Clinic
Authors: Myers Harry Cleveland
Published: July 2018

Readers are invited to consult Dr. Myers freely through this department as to matters of Child Psychology and Educational Procedures
Classroom Clinic
Authors: Myers Garry Cleveland
Published: July 2018

Readers are invited to consult Dr. Myers freely through this department
Have you Read …?
Authors: Belding Mary Allison
Published: July 2018

Well, anyway, some one with a flair for good books has done some scouting for you.
8-4, 6-3-3, or 6-6 - Which?
Authors: Miller William T.
Published: July 2018

The pros and cons of each plan of organizing schools are summarized for comparison purposes.
Loose Ends
Authors: Foley Louis
Published: July 2018

The rule against ending a sentence with a preposition will bear looking INTO…
Music with a Smile
Authors: Lott Mignon Quaw
Published: July 2018

The music period can be made the most glamorous of the entire day…
A Salute to Herbart
Authors: Rich Frank M.
Published: July 2018

A century after his death educators still draw lessons from him.
A Safety Test for Students
Authors: Perkins Everett V.
Published: July 2018

These questions, given to high school students, call for information and clear thinking.
Guidance is not Magic
Authors: Tyson Robert
Published: July 2018

It cannot transform personalitie over-night or produce mental super men.
Progressive Speech Training
Authors: Tooze Russell
Published: July 2018

How students in a North Dakota high school are led to improve their speech habits.
Speaking of School Spirit
Authors: Lott Mignon Quaw
Published: July 2018

Some schools just cannot “take it” in a contest. They must win every time, or else—
Character Education and Defense
Authors: Schoolcraft Arthur A.
Published: July 2018

“There would be no reason for defending a society of idiots, prostitutes, cutthroats, and traitors.”
Johnson City Looks and Listens
Authors: Kays Merle
Published: July 2018

Our Johnson City schools suffered a severe and untimely loss on November 26, in the sudden death of Mrs. Merle W. Kays, librarian at the H. J. Johnson School and chairman of our system-wide committee on audio-visual aids.

During the long term of service she gave to our schools, we came to recognize and appreciate Mrs. Kays as a person of the highest type of character and integrity and a teacher of particular and exceptional qualifications. She was gifted in the art of classroom management and in leadership control and guidance. She had the sunny disposition, the calm, quiet and even temperament that served to gain and retain for her an ever-widening circle of friends. Her love of young people and her keen interest and zest in teaching, together with her devotion to her tasks, make her exceedingly difficult to replace. We are all better for having known and worked with Mrs. Kays.

H. B. Eccleston, Superintendent of Schools
Adult Courses through Cooperation
Authors: Parker Kenneth C.
Published: July 2018

When taxpayer groups demand that frills be trimmed from the educational petticoat for economy reasons, adult education programs are often exempted from criticism. Adults who have benefited from classes that open new horizons of knowledge or from recreation programs that really recreated the tired mind would be reluctant to dispense with this phase of American education.

On these pages, Kenneth Parker, who played a large part in getting public and private school authorities to cooperate for the benefit of the community, describes an unusual adult education venture.
Streamlined Novels—Pro and Con
Authors: Barrell E. A.
Published: July 2018

Do shortened versions of the classics serve a real purpose for today's students of English? Mr. Barrell weighs the arguments on both sides of the question.
A Broken Speedometer
Authors: Hulsman Helen L.
Published: July 2018

A playlet may be used as one device for the presentation of new material in arithmetic. The mystery of the little plot during secret rehearsals in a corner of the classroom or coatroom stimulates the pupils' interest in what the play may contain.

A “radio” play is easier to prepare than a stage production. In the former, girls or boys may read the parts of either. No acting or memorization of lines is necessary and no stage properties need to be prepared. For these reasons the children may prepare the playlet with little coaching.

The following short play has been used to aid in introducing decimals early in grade six. Since it has been given by pupils standing in the coatroom with doors left open, the sound has been very much like that of voices on the radio and the children have listened with interest. The play has served both to present new material and to motivate further work with place values in decimals.
Detecting Trouble in the Classroom
Authors: Dean Kate S.
Published: July 2018

(This paper was given by Mrs. Kate Dean, Dean of Girls at George W. Carver High School, at the meeting of the Dade County Guidance Council, December 14, 1953. There are so many pertinent points expressed that guidance chairmen might find the paper of value as a basis for a faculty discussion group for in-service training.)
Sources and Characteristics of Piaget's Stage Concept of Development: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Svoboda Cyril P.
Published: July 2018

This paper is an attempt to place Piaget into an historical context. Underlying this attempt is the assumption that one's total grasp of Piaget's theory depends upon a consideration of those cultural, historical and philosophical forces influencing him. It is a look at “Piaget, the phenomenon” as opposed to “Piaget, the man.” Beginning with classical philosophical dichotomies and moving to modern world views, the article posits that Piaget's theory is a synthesis of the evolutionary - dialectical continuum. Man's vision of the world and of the idea of change is dealt with so as to arrive at what might be called the “general influences” on Piaget. The author realizes the pitfalls inherent in inferring the influences a particular philosopher, psychologist — or any other person for that matter — has on some other. While the author does not summarily presume that history has determined Piaget's theory, he does suggest with substantiation that it is not unreasonable to place Piaget within the context of the history of ideas. After discussing those influences, the author describes specific elements of Piaget's stage concept of development and how Piaget, as a philosopher, psychologist and biologist, promulgates those stages. The final section of the article poses the possibility that Piaget's abstract operational stage (Stage IV) need not be the final stage of cognitive development.
Sustained Attention and the Effects of Distraction in Underachieving Second Grade Children
Authors: Ricks Nancy L. , Mirsky Allen F.
Published: July 2018

The relationship between attention deficits and learning problems was studied in thirty-three second grade children. Impairment in sustained attention, the effects of auditory distractors upon sustained attention, the deployment of attention in a visual field (field articulation), and the management of information over time (Leveling-Sharpening) were investigated in underachieving children.

Underachievers were significantly lower than controls in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Verbal and Full Scale I.Q.'s but not in Performance I.Q. Underachievers were significantly poorer in their performance on a more difficult measure of sustained attention. Only the letters spoken distractor produced a significant effect on the performance of underachievers on an easier measure of sustained attention. The major effect of distraction in both groups was to decrease attention to critical stimuli rather than to significantly increase responses to distracting stimuli. Underachievers also had more difficulty in withholding attention from irrelevant stimuli on a measure of field articulation, but stimuli more central to the task had an apparently greater effect on their performance than peripheral stimuli. Underachievers did not differ from controls with respect to Leveling-Sharpening.

Significant correlations were found between underachievers’ performance on measures of sustained attention and measures of field articulation. The findings suggest that impairment in sustained attention is associated with difficulty in learning in second grade children and that such impairment can be identified at an earlier age, and in children with less marked academic underachievement, than is commonly believed.
Some Major Factors Influencing Motivation: Implications for Educational Setting Events
Authors: Gilmore Gary D.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine specific factors which can positively influence the educational desire of a student. Basic to this was the inherent consideration that behavioral outcomes would be dependent to a degree on individual self-perception and the desire for personal well-being. The factors involved the following: A workable problem-solving process for the initiation of a positive direction for solutions; a workable decision-making process to aid in coming to grips with the issue at hand so that alternatives might be sought; serious listening to enhance the comprehension of the particular issue; knowledge of results to serve as feedback to the individual regarding his responses; the use of praise in an atmosphere of trust for encouragement; varied curricular tasks for variety, the expansion of creative thinking, and self-enhancement; and teacher influence for the facilitation of learning through the establishment of trust and the development of self-confidence. These factors enable the individual to recognize his own needs in relation to his present situation, and provide constructive procedures for their fulfillment.
Control as an Aspect of Group Leadership in Classrooms: A Review of Research
Authors: Morrison Thomas L.
Published: July 2018

A problem with the concept of classroom control as it is frequently used is that it has too many overtones and connotations. This review differentiates among several aspects of teacher leadership behavior that could be included in the concept of teacher control: (1) specific response to deviant behavior. (2) characteristics of the teacher's emotional relationship to the class, and (3) the teacher's structuring of the classroom (i.e., limits imposed on freedom of choice). A precise conceptualization of teacher control is offered based on the concept of boundary control from social systems theory. Research studies on teacher leadership in the classroom are examined for findings relevant to the concept of teacher control as precisely defined. A major distinction is emphasized between the concepts of teacher warmth or emotional responsiveness and teacher control.
Dilthey's Voice in the Emerging Consciousness of Humanistic Education
Authors: Bender Hilary Evans
Published: July 2018

Wilhelm Dilthey, a precursor to our modern interest in human life, supports and confirms our humanistic thinking, several generations later. He urges us to develop a new methodology that is both appropriate to our unique object of study, man as human, yet sufficiently rigorous to escape the critique of scientific skepticism. Dilthey sketches the ground plan for such a methodology. Basing his research on empirical phenomena, he nevertheless utilizes the researcher as his own instrument of interpretation, understanding, and meaning-building. Steps are then outlined to train the researcher to an acceptable level of competence. Only with a methodology of rigor and power can humanistic education escape a Utopian idealism and humanize our present technological society. The researches of Dilthey were, for their part, a pioneering work; but today's generation has not as yet made them its own. … [In the] following analysis, the issue is solely one of furthering their adoption. (Heidegger, 1962, p. 429)
The Nature of Dialogue in Humanistic Education
Authors: Kamal Sajed
Published: July 2018

In all ages it has undoubtedly been glimpsed that the reciprocal essential relationship between two beings signifies a primal opportunity of being, and one, in fact, that enters into the phenomenon that man exists. And it has also ever again been glimpsed that just through the fact that he enters into essential reciprocity, man becomes revealed as man; indeed, that only with this and through this does he attain to that valid participation in being that is reserved for him; thus, that the saying of Thou by the I stands in the origin of all individual human becoming (Buber, Note 1).
Humanistic Education through an Analysis of Evaluation Practices
Authors: Joyce John F.
Published: July 2018

Participation in such evaluation practices as grading and standardized, or more informal, testing, is a routine experience for students and educators in the public schools. In a series of personal reflections on education, John Gardner contends that the necessity for many evaluation practices originated in the great number of students and educators involved in the American task of educating all citizens (Note 1). The fact that many of these evaluation practices are frequently subjected to criticism and are viewed by many as dehumanizing, necessary evils can be readily concluded from personal experience with most educational programs or by reviewing the writings of a multitude of educational critics (Note 2). Although the mission of the humanistic education movement could be described as advocating the development and use of more humanistic alternatives for many educational practices, very little attention has been devoted to evaluation practices other than grading systems (Note 3). Review of the few materials that are available reveal various arguments, for and against, many grading practices or reporting procedures. There remains a need for sufficient attention to be focused on the dehumanizing aspects of other evaluation practices and suggestions for the development of alternative practices more compatible with the evolving principles of humanistic education.
Community Participation and Teacher Bargaining: A Clash of Interests?
Authors: Haskins Kenneth W. , Cheng Charles W.
Published: July 2018

The basic premise of our discussion is that collective bargaining in education constitutes an exclusionary process when it comes to direct citizen participation. This exclusionary structure came into direct conflict with the movement for community control which was based on broad-range inclusionary process. First, there will be a review of two developments in the evolution of collective bargaining. Attention will concentrate on teacher organization and community alliances that existed in some urban centers prior to teacher unions becoming a power base in educational politics. An analysis then will be offered detailing how the demands of teacher unions and the movement for community control led to the erosion of parent/union cooperation. Second, an account of parent discontent with the present bargaining structure will be cited. Thirdly, to concretely illustrate the exclusionary nature of bargaining and the troubling issues being negotiated which are of general citizen concern, a brief analysis will be made of the 1975 teacher/board strike settlements in New York City and Boston. Finally, based on our first-hand experience with negotiations and a review of the evidence, we shall conclude by arguing for a radical alternative to the prevailing negotiations structure.
Three Conceptions of the Role of Teacher
Authors: Nier Charles J.
Published: July 2018

That the personality of a teacher has a direct bearing upon classroom dynamics is generally acknowledged; how personality influences manifest teaching behavior is as yet unclear. This article seeks to clarify some of the relationships which exist between a teacher's interpersonal structure and psychological needs, and how those needs can be expressed through the role of teacher. The effects which three distinct role conceptualizations have on classes and pupils are reviewed and examined.

Three teacher typologies (Ambitious, Conscientious, and Indulgent), each linked to a side of personality structure, are described. The discussion focuses upon responses to the stimulus TEACHER as elicited from teacher trainees through the administration of a word association test. The response patterns of three trainees, who may be seen as prototypical of the three teaching types, are analyzed. Three contrasting configurations of psychological needs and educational priorities are suggested by the trainees’ response patterns, each having implications for teaching behavior and teacher-pupil relationships. The discussion concludes by presenting methods of integrating word association data into a training format which can provide individuals with a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of themselves as teachers.
The Education Journal Editor: A Portrait
Authors: Silverman Robert J.
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the demographic, role and ideational characteristics of journal editors in the field of education. Gatekeepers of research, scholarly, professional and associational journals, while exhibiting differing background characteristics and levels of commitment to role functions devote insufficient attention to editorial concerns, given the significance of publication to the field and to prospective authors. Editors fail to enunciate clear, defensible approaches to education but are committed to the notion of “balancing.” They perceive themselves as orchestrators of the field and seem to have a commitment less to specific content than to the process of knowledge dissemination.
The Crisis of Federalism in Education… and what might be done about It
Authors: Halperin Samuel
Published: July 2018

The following essay is a transcript of a speech delivered by Samuel Halperin at the special symposium on British and American education at Boston University during summer term, 1976.
For Honor and Alma Mater: Perspectives on Coeducation at Cornell University, 1868–1885
Authors: Haines Patricia Foster
Published: July 2018

When Cornell University first officially welcomed women students in 1872, its patriarchs placed great emphasis on provision of equal opportunity for female and male students. After twelve years of defining this “equality” with a laissez faire approach to non-academic student matters, the Board of Trustees, dominated by Henry W. Sage, imposed compulsory residence requirements for women. This move prompted vociferous anger from the Cornell alumnae, who saw the move as institutionalizing discrimination between male and female students. This article explores the conflict between these early Cornell women and the Board of Trustees, focusing on the formal protest, the “Sage College Memorial,” which the women presented to the Board in June of 1885, after a year of close correspondence among themselves.

The incident is significant not only because it illustrates the dubious maturation of formal coeducation from a simplistic policy of open admissions into a deliberate program for gender-role socialization, but also because in doing so it investigates a perspective too seldom discussed in the history of American higher education: the history of women students. The article also suggests that the role of formal coeducation as a mechanism for gender-role socialization would be a fruitful area for further research, as would be the more difficult realm of informal patterns of personal interaction and attitudes which contribute so significantly to define the parameters of the learning experience in the undergraduate world.
The Role of Play and Make-Believe in Children's Cognitive Development: Implications for Social Class Differences and Education
Authors: Barnett Mark A.
Published: July 2018

The thesis of this paper is that play and make-believe serve an important function in the cognitive development of the child. Several early and contemporary theories of the role of play and make-believe are discussed. Studies which have examined the antecedents of social class differences in the young child's play are explored and their implications for later development and education are analyzed.
Rx for School Governance
Authors: Burges Bill
Published: July 2018

The major problem facing American education is the lack of citizen participation in school governance, which is symptomatic of the general low (but increasing) rate of active citizenship that permeates American politics. In education — where citizen participation can make the difference in school responsiveness to community needs — democratic decision making has been discouraged by the three major groups at the core of the system. School administrators, teacher organizations, and school boards are not willing to share the controls with parents and other citizens despite complaints about the quality of the educational product. The following article documents and explains the problems caused by the closed system of educational decision making, and proposes several steps that might lead to change.
Education and the Boston School Desegregation Case
Authors: Dentler Robert A.
Published: July 2018

This article summarizes the positive educational, social, and political effects that can result from the advent of public school desegregation. It distinguishes these from unplanned, coincidental outcomes for students, such as academic achievement. It then contrasts the educational situation in Boston in 1973, stressing the historical decay of a once adequate public school system, with the improvements and reforms introduced through federal court intervention, including an account of sources of public resistance and political conflict. Finally, the article provides a summary of the unfinished educational reform agenda facing the Boston public school system and the paradox entailed in treating these in a context of drastic declines in enrollment resulting from shrinking births and regional out-migration.
The Impact of Court-Ordered Desegregation on Student Enrollment and Residential Patterns (White Flight)
Authors: Cunningham George K. , Husk William L. , Johnson James A.
Published: July 2018

Since the 1954 Supreme Court decision (Brown v. Board of Education), public school systems in the United States have been under pressure to desegregate in order to provide equal educational opportunity for all students. One of the methods used by courts is systematic transfer of white and black students in such a way as to break down segregation patterns. This process usually requires the busing of students. Objections have been raised concerning this method because it is believed that it fosters a type of residential movement called White Flight. The research that exists on this subject is not particularly useful and consists mainly of the use of surveys of cities in attempts to explain the relationship between desegregation and white flight. The purpose of this study was to determine if white flight was occurring as a result of the court-ordered metropolitan busing plan being implemented in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Careful analyses of enrollment trends in Jefferson County over the past ten years failed to reveal any substantial net loss resulting from white flight*. Enrollment in non-public schools which had been declining over the last few years did have an increase at about the same time as the imposition of court-ordered desegregation. Based on this example it therefore was concluded that at least in the case of a metropolitan busing plan the existence of residential white flight should not be assumed.
The Effect of School Integration on Community Integration
Authors: Rossell Christine H.
Published: July 2018

The evidence presented in this study of 113 school districts in the U.S. from 1964 or earlier to 1975–76 suggests that school desegregation has a disintegrative effect during implementation and an integrative effect in post-implementation years. Although there is white flight from school desegregation in the year of implementation, post-implementation year losses tend to be less than normal. Assessing flight over a five-year period indicates the total loss is reduced to zero or even a benefit in all but city school districts that are 35 percent black or greater. In these school districts, the most extensive plans involving white reassignments to formerly black schools still exhibit an additional white enrollment loss of almost 6 percent over the five-year period. Nevertheless, this is less than half the implementation year loss.

School desegregation is related to residential integration. Evidence from previous studies indicates that after school desegregation black parents often move into white neighborhoods to be near their child's new school assignment. The evidence presented here is nonconclusive but it suggests there is a reciprocal relationship between school integration and residential integration. School districts with more residential integration are more likely to reassign students for the purposes of school desegregation but this school desegregation may be related to subsequent residential integration.
Beyond Busing
Authors: Carrison Muriel P.
Published: July 2018

This article is a general overview of desegregation. Discussion first centers on the weakening of desegregation by federal housing programs, school board policies and opportunistic politicians, and then proceeds to the relationship of desegregation and poverty. Emphasis is placed on the existence of inadequate schools as a product of economics rather than race. The author examines the arguments used against desegregation in which she brings to the surface both the truths and falsehoods contained within these arguments. She concludes with a critical look at the quality of research conducted on desegregation.
Self-Regulated Music Practice: Microanalysis as a Data Collection Technique and Inspiration for Pedagogical Intervention
Authors: Miksza Peter , Blackwell Jennifer , Roseth Nicholas E.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore a microanalysis technique for measuring instrumentalists’ self-regulation tendencies during music practice. A secondary purpose was to investigate whether an intervention informed by the features of the microanalysis technique would increase the students’ self-regulated learning tendencies. Three undergraduate instrumental music education majors volunteered to participate in this study. This study was designed as a multiple-baselines experiment spanning 15 consecutive days. Data sources included (a) entrance interviews; (b) daily practice efficacy ratings; (c) data gathered from pre- and posttest microanalysis sessions; (d) detailed behavioral analyses of video-recorded, pre- and posttest practice sessions; and (e) a focus group exit interview. The microanalytic intervention designed for this study involved a coaching session in which a member of the research team explicitly drew attention to the affective, behavioral, and metacognitive qualities related to effective practicing during a student’s practice session. The pretest microanalysis data revealed distinct learning profiles for each student that were corroborated with information from the other data sources. The intervention had modest effects that varied across participants, suggesting that it was useful for bringing to light and addressing individuals’ specific self-regulatory deficiencies in a manner respective to their needs.
The effects of sucrose on urine collection in metabolic cages
Authors: Kovalčíková Alexandra , Gyurászová Marianna , Gardlík Roman , Boriš Martin , Celec Peter , Tóthová Ľubomíra
Published: July 2018

Representative urine collection that respects the standards of animal welfare is still an issue in experimental nephrology. The commonly used metabolic cages induce stress in rodents. In mice, the volume of collected urine is sometimes insufficient for further analysis. The aim of this experiment was to analyse the effects of time of day, temperature and 2%, 5% or 10% sucrose solutions on diuresis, weight change and liquid intake of adult mice placed in metabolic cages for urine collection. Mice were placed in metabolic cages for 12 h during the day or night at standard ambient (22℃) and thermoneutral (28℃) temperatures. To determine the effect of acclimatisation, mice were placed in metabolic cages for five consecutive days. Diuresis increased with concentrations of sucrose. Body weight reduction was most rapid in the group given tap water and decreased with increasing sucrose concentrations. A drastic drop in body weight was observed in mice placed in metabolic cages for four consecutive days with access to tap water and food, indicating that time spent in metabolic cages should be kept to a minimum, as prolonged confinement in metabolic cages can be harmful to mice. The administration of concentrated sucrose solutions can potentially aid in mouse urine collection by reducing the time spent in metabolic cages. Sucrose supplementation increased the albumin/creatinine ratio. However, without showing estimates of glomerular filtration rate, renal haemodynamics, plasma electrolytes and urinary electrolyte excretions, the results of this study do not provide any conclusion about the effect of sucrose on renal function.
Social and economic consequences of black residential segregation by neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: The case of Metropolitan Detroit
Authors: Darden Joe , Malega Ron , Stallings Rebecca
Published: July 2018

Although research has been done by social scientists on the inability of blacks to use income, like whites, to purchase a home or to rent an apartment in a less disadvantaged neighbourhood, we argue that most past researchers have been limited in the variables they have used to characterise neighbourhoods. Most researchers have overwhelmingly used a single variable – median income. We argue that a single variable is not sufficient to capture the life experiences of children and adults in neighbourhoods. By including multiple variables and a Composite Socioeconomic Index to characterise neighbourhoods, our approach provides a more realistic assessment of the differences blacks and whites experience in separate and unequal neighbourhoods, even though they may have similar incomes. Thus different neighbourhoods have different social and economic consequences for black and white residents.
The effect of plasticization on the properties of poly(urethaneureas) based on oligoether diols, 2,4-toluenediisocyanate, and aromatic diamines
Authors: Tereshatov Vasiliy , Makarova Marina , Senichev Valeriy , Vnutskikh Zhanna , Oshchepkova Tamara , Borisova Irina
Published: July 2018

Segmented poly(urethaneureas) (SPUUs) modified with low glass transition temperature chemically inert liquids are of interest due to their controllable properties and potential applications under various environmental conditions. Investigation into the influence of plasticizers on the properties of SPUUs based on oligotetramethyleneoxide diol (polytetramethyleneoxide), oligopropyleneoxide diol (polypropyleneoxide), 2,4-toluenediisocyanate, Ethacure-300, and methylene-bis- o-chloroaniline was conducted. Partial crystallization of polytetramethyleneoxide segments was identified during cooling of some SPUU samples plasticized by di-(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DEHS) and tributyl phosphate. Polypropyleneoxide segments did not crystallize under the same conditions. A low crystallization temperature for the amorphous component of the polymer matrix in SPUU (−100°C to 103°C) was attained at a molecular mass ( Mn) of soft segments equal to 2000 g mol−1 and a DEHS concentration equal to 40–45%. A relationship between the mechanical properties of plasticized SPUU, microphase segregation, and dilution of the polymer matrix was found. For the first time, the effect of dilution with plasticizer on the strength of elastomers was considered. The plasticization effect on the mechanical properties of SPUU was investigated in the temperature diapason from 50°C to −70°C. The results of these investigations can be used in various technologies including the design of SPUUs with high elastic properties at temperatures as low as −70°C, typical of extreme conditions of the Arctic climate.
Enhancing Return on Salesforce Investment: Reallocating Incentives and Training Resources With Intrinsic Valuation Approach
Authors: Madhani Pankaj M.
Published: July 2018

In most sales organizations, salesforce performance evaluation has mostly relied on reflective metrics such as sales volume, revenue, and manager’s evaluations of salesforce, and hence they have limited insight into how a salesperson will do going forward and what types of training and incentives will be most effective. Sales organizations should emphasize sustaining and improving their salesforce performance by proactively reallocating investment in incentives and training resources. The main question is what type of incentives and training will bring out the best in a high performer or help a promising sales employee improve? Salesperson’s intrinsic value measurement and analysis provides directions for finding an answer. With this approach, sales organizations can then make strategic decisions about rewards and training optimization. These findings will help organizations reallocate their expenditure levels (i.e., training and incentive investments) to maximize salesperson’s intrinsic value, enhance salesperson’s future performance and ultimately boost revenue and profitability.
A Mind in Training: Philo of Alexandria on Jacob's Spiritual Exercises
Authors: Uusimäki Elisa
Published: July 2018

How does Philo of Alexandria depict the formation of a wise person? This article pays attention to the centrality of spiritual training in Graeco-Roman philosophy, and argues that Philo likewise regards the process of seeking wisdom as entailing mental practice. The analysis focuses on two passages of Quis rerum divinarum heres sit and Legum allegoriarum where Philo attributes lists of spiritual exercises to the figure of Jacob. As such, these accounts illustrate how Philo makes use of scriptural interpretation as he imagines the execution of a life dedicated to wisdom. The listed exercises are largely familiar from Graeco-Roman philosophical traditions, yet they coexist with and contribute to the performance of Philo's ancestral tradition. This mέlange of cultural elements suggests that Philo discusses Jacob's inner cultivation in order to enable his audience to grasp (one prospect of) how to lead a Jewish philosophical life in the Roman Alexandria.
Ground experimental simulation method of infrared radiation of high altitude aircraft’s surface
Authors: Wang Hao , Liu Jian , Ji Honghu
Published: July 2018

It is difficult and costly to accurately measure the spectral and spatial distributions of the infrared radiation signature of a high altitude aircraft’s surface at relatively low temperatures. To reduce the experimental cost, simulated experimental measurement on the ground is usually made to measure its infrared signature. However, there are three main difficulties in the ground measurement: (1) it is difficult to simulate the temperature at high altitude which is much lower than the temperature near the ground; (2) it is difficult to accurately measure the infrared signature of a low temperature surface on the ground; and (3) it is difficult to measure the infrared signature of a prototype aircraft surface. To solve these problems, a ground experimental simulation method to obtain the infrared signature of a high altitude aircraft’s surface is developed, which makes it possible to use a scale model (scale factor M) at relatively higher temperature ( n times the temperature of the aircraft’s surface) to experimentally simulate the infrared signature of the actual aircraft’s surface. The results show that the integrated radiation intensity in the wavelength band between λ1 and λ2 of an original flying aircraft’s surface at a temperature range from T1 to T2 is equal to [Formula: see text] times the integrated radiation intensity in the wavelength band between λ1/ n and λ2/ n of the scale test surface model on the ground at a temperature range from nT1 to nT2.
Advancing urban adaptation where it counts: reshaping unequal knowledge and resource diffusion in networked Indonesian cities
Authors: Geldin Samuel
Published: July 2018

Climate adaptation literature vocalizes the need for transnational municipal networks (TMNs) to expand activities in vulnerable medium-sized cities, but little work has examined the granular extent of city participation and processes constraining TMN growth. This study explores the effectiveness of TMNs in reaching adaptation outcomes and how financial, material, and knowledge exchanges of TMNs tend to exclude adaptation in high-priority intermediary cities. Nearly 40 semi-structured interviews with Indonesian city actors and a preliminary catalogue of cities participating in TMNs reveal that risk-averse selection criteria, insufficient impact assessments, and duplicative institutional efforts reinforce disparities between primary and intermediary cities. To effectively build adaptive capacity in the most vulnerable regions, TMNs should remove participation barriers for intermediary cities, improve incentives for institutional collaboration, and adopt more rigorous evaluative metrics. These results directly inform the governance, resource allocation, and operational goals of TMN stakeholders to advance distributive climate justice.
Influence of sampling and disturbance history on climatic sensitivity of temperature-limited conifers
Authors: Rydval Miloš , Druckenbrod Daniel L , Svoboda Miroslav , Trotsiuk Volodymyr , Janda Pavel , Mikoláš Martin , Čada Vojtěch , Bače Radek , Teodosiu Marius , Wilson Rob
Published: July 2018

Accurately capturing medium- to low-frequency trends in tree-ring data is vital to assessing climatic response and developing robust reconstructions of past climate. Non-climatic disturbance can affect growth trends in tree-ring-width (RW) series and bias climate information obtained from such records. It is important to develop suitable strategies to ensure the development of chronologies that minimize these medium- to low-frequency biases. By performing high density sampling (760 trees) over a ~40-ha natural high-elevation Norway spruce ( Picea abies) stand in the Romanian Carpathians, this study assessed the suitability of several sampling strategies for developing chronologies with an optimal climate signal for dendroclimatic purposes. There was a roughly equal probability for chronologies (40 samples each) to express a reasonable ( r = 0.3–0.5) to non-existent climate signal. While showing a strong high-frequency response, older/larger trees expressed the weakest overall temperature signal. Although random sampling yielded the most consistent climate signal in all sub-chronologies, the outcome was still sub-optimal. Alternative strategies to optimize the climate signal, including very high replication and principal components analysis, were also unable to minimize this disturbance bias and produce chronologies adequately representing climatic trends, indicating that larger scale disturbances can produce synchronous pervasive disturbance trends that affect a large part of a sampled population. The Curve Intervention Detection (CID) method, used to identify and reduce the influence of disturbance trends in the RW chronologies, considerably improved climate signal representation (from r = 0.28 before correction to r = 0.41 after correction for the full 760 sample chronology over 1909–2009) and represents a potentially important new approach for assessing disturbance impacts on RW chronologies. Blue intensity (BI) also shows promise as a climatically more sensitive variable which, unlike RW, does not appear significantly affected by disturbance. We recommend that studies utilizing RW chronologies to investigate medium- to long-term climatic trends also assess disturbance impact on those series.
Compositional analysis of dietary patterns
Authors: Solans M , Coenders G , Marcos-Gragera R , Castelló A , Gràcia-Lavedan E , Benavente Y , Moreno V , Pérez-Gómez B , Amiano P , Fernández-Villa T , Guevara M , Gómez-Acebo I , Fernández-Tardón G , Vanaclocha-Espi M , Chirlaque MD , Capelo R , Barrios R , Aragonés N , Molinuevo A , Vitelli-Storelli F , Castilla J , Dierssen-Sotos T , Castaño-Vinyals G , Kogevinas M , Pollán M , Saez M
Published: July 2018

Instead of looking at individual nutrients or foods, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as a promising approach to examine the relationship between diet and health outcomes. Despite dietary patterns being compositional (i.e. usually a higher intake of some foods implies that less of other foods are being consumed), compositional data analysis has not yet been applied in this setting. We describe three compositional data analysis approaches (compositional principal component analysis, balances and principal balances) that enable the extraction of dietary patterns by using control subjects from the Spanish multicase-control (MCC-Spain) study. In particular, principal balances overcome the limitations of purely data-driven or investigator-driven methods and present dietary patterns as trade-offs between eating more of some foods and less of others.
Impact of Structural Empowerment on Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Women’s Psychological Empowerment
Authors: Aggarwal Arun , Dhaliwal Ran Singh , Nobi Kamrunnisha
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to test the mediation role of women’s psychological empowerment on the relationship between structural empowerment and employee’s affective commitment. Organizational commitment leads to numerous positive consequences for an organization. So, it is vital to identify those factors which affect the commitment of employees. Previous research has demonstrated strong relationship between structural empowerment and psychological empowerment and commitment but not a single study examines all these in one study in Indian nursing context. In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected from 389 women nurses working in public and private hospitals operating in Punjab by adopting a multi-stage random sampling technique. Results of the study depicted that psychological empowerment mediates all the proposed relationship between different dimensions of structural empowerment and affective commitment. Indian nurses experienced high level of structural empowerment which further leads to high commitment. Results of the present study showed that in order to have a harmonious environment in the organization, it is important to create such an environment which foster psychological empowerment among employees as it has many attitudinal (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job strain and turnover intension) and behavioural (organizational citizenship behaviour, task performance and innovation) consequences.
Prioritizing Critical Success Factors for Sustainable Service Quality Management by Logistics Service Providers
Authors: Gupta Anchal , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Suri Pradeep Kumar
Published: July 2018

In the era of globalization, the scope of logistics service providers (LSPs) is expected to grow exponentially in India. In order to sustain and grow, LSPs need to provide quality services to the organizations. The objective of this article is to identify the important critical success factors (CSFs) for LSPs to deliver sustainable service quality and to rate the importance of identified CSFs by using fuzzy TOPSIS methodology. Twelve CSFs were identified from the literature review. The experts were asked to provide inputs, and rate each of these 12 factors in terms of their importance. Further, a fuzzy TOPSIS approach was applied for prioritizing CSFs. The findings of the study show that the top four prioritized factors among all the 12 factors are committed management and workforce, understanding and analysis of customer needs, service quality and reliability, and integrated logistics management. The study will enable the LSPs to understand the expectations from shippers in order to provide sustainable service quality. The research will also help LSPs to identify the factors on which they have to work to fulfil market requirements.