bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Manufacture of Seamless Tubes
Authors: Stiefel R. C. , Pugh George A.
Published: January 2024

Two methods are today available in the manufacture of seamless tubes of 4 in. and greater diameter. These are the pilger process and the automatic or plug-mill process. The cost of installation is about the same for either process. The cost of tool equipment is much greater for the pilger process and it is claimed that the quality of the tube, particularly in the matter of service, is more uniformly reliable with the plug rolling process than with the pilger process.

Referring particularly to the plug rolling process the authors discuss the difficulties of operation and modern improvements aimed at obviating these difficulties. A distinction is emphasized between the part of the billet directly affected, or as the authors style it, “explored,” by the mandrel, and the part which is unexplored, and the smaller the unexplored section is in relation to the full section of the solid billet, the fewer are the defects on the inside of the pierced tube. This leads to the conclusion that for the production of a given size tube, as small a solid billet as possible should be used. This is proved by a formula given for power consumption in piercing. The design of piercing mills is next considered from the same point of view and the most recent developments in the use of expanding mills are described.
Some Essential Principles for Budgetary Control
Authors: Coes Harold Vinton
Published: January 2024

This paper presents in condensed form many of the essential principles for the application of budgeting to a business and the effective means for control. Some of the means for securing budgetary control are shown in charts and statements of the following: (1) fundamental operating relationships, (2) comparative results of operation for different sales volumes, (3) manufacturing expense budget, (4) indirect labor control, (5) sales and production coordination, (6) sales quota, (7) department quota, (8) comparison of operating ratios.
Training Minor Executives in a Rapidly Growing Organization
Authors: Beatty A. J.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses the problem of maintaining a trained wording force in the rapidly expanding organization. The problem of the American Rolling Mill Company is used as an illustration of what may be accomplished through proper attention to the requirements of an expanding company and to the material available in the existing personnel. Two courses organized to replace the old Works’ School of the company, namely, the Operating Training Course and the Sales Apprentice Course, are described. Other means of meeting new issues in the most effective manner are presented in the author’s discussion of the Foremen’s Cabinet and the Foremen’s Forum, the former serving in an advisory capacity and the latter as an outlet to discussion. A valuable feature of the program of developing minor-executive talent is the Armco Foremen’s Bulletin, which has served to stimulate interest in the project throughout the entire organization.
Hydraulics and Modern Machine-Tool Design
Authors: Guild Waldo J.
Published: January 2024

After showing that incompressible fluids have advantages over air for machine-tool drive and operation, the author shows how the pressure and volume of the pumping unit are determined by the energy required of the device in a unit time, and passes on to a study of the control devices for regulating the volume of fluid delivered to the driven unit by the throttle valve and bypass valve. Applications of hydraulics to several types of machine tools are then described, with brief comments on the valves employed and on air accumulation in the oil lines.
A Study of Tin-Base Bearing Metals
Authors: Ellis O. W. , Karelitz G. B.
Published: January 2024

This study represents the first part of an investigation of babbitts. It comprises the results of metallographic and mechanical tests on a series of tin-antimony-copper alloys containing up to 10 per cent of antimony and 8 per cent of copper. Relationships between the composition, microstructure, hardness, and compressive strength of these alloys are given, and the influences of elevated temperatures and of lead upon these properties are recorded.
Experimental Combustion Chambers Designed for High-Speed Diesel Engines
Authors: Kemper Carlton
Published: January 2024

In this paper the preliminary requirement of the high-speed fuel-injection-engine problem is given, and analyses of the cycles used in this type of engine are included. There is also given a discussion of the effect of increasing speeds on the output of engines employing these cycles. The requirements of combustion chambers arc set forth and results of experiments using three different types are given. The engine and testing apparatus are fully described and illustrated, and curves showing the performance of the engine when equipped with each of the special types of chambers are also shown.
The Study of Oil Sprays for Fuel-Injection Engines by Means of High-Speed Motion Pictures
Authors: Beardsley Edward G.
Published: January 2024

Apparatus for recording photographically the start, growth, and cut-off of oil sprays from injection values has been developed at the Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at Langley Field, Va. The apparatus consists of a high-tension transformer by means of which a bank of condensers is charged to a high voltage. The controlled discharge of these condensers in sequence, at a rate of several thousand per second, produces electric sparks of sufficient intensity to illuminate the moving spray for photographing it. The sprays are injected from various types of valves into a chamber containing gases at pressures up to 600 lb. per sq. in.

Several series of pictures are shown. The results give the effects of injection pressure, chamber pressure, specific gravity of the fuel oil used, and injection-valve design, upon spray characteristics.
Manufacture of Diesel Fuel Injectors
Authors: Alden C. R.
Published: January 2024

The paper deals with details of design and manufacture of parts of fuel-injection pumps, such as plungers and their bushings, and check valves, which must be made with greatest precision in order to permit the injection of an accurately metered amount of oil and to be tight against high pressures. Results of tests to determine the length of bushing necessary to prevent leakage around a plunger are reported and show that this need be much less than is usually specified. The characteristics of materials from which such parts can be manufactured are also given. It is suggested that the parts considered may be easily standardized with benefit to the oil-engine manufacturer.
One Example of Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum Transportation
Authors: Warterfield Floyd E.
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with the problems involved in one specific installation of motor-driven centrifugal pumps for pipe-line work. The author describes conditions prior to the installation, and gives the reasons for the selection of centrifugal pumping units, as well as actual construction and operating costs so far as possible. He also discusses the effect that the experience gained from the installation described may have on the future use of centrifugal pumps in petroleum transportation.
The Standardization of Colored Printing Inks and Its Advantages: Confusion Exists in the Color Field at Present, as Discussions and Instructions Regarding Color Have No Common Basis or Viewpoint
Authors: Anstead Taylor W.
Published: January 2024

The author discusses briefly the materials entering into the manufacture of printing ink. Since the pigments used in their manufacture exhibit the widest variations, standardization of colored inks is really the standardization of the pigments involved. Various proposed methods of standardization are considered, and it is hoped that out of their discussion some practical system will result that will do away with the confusion at present enveloping the subject.
Can Accident Prevention Be Reduced to a Science?
Authors: Carrow Thomas H.
Published: January 2024

The author concludes that accident prevention can be reduced to a science. This conclusion is based on an analysis of the causes of accidents, which shows that not more than ten per cent are due to misadventure and therefore unpreventable, and an analysis of the human factor to which eighty-five per cent of all accidents are attributable. He stresses the need of complete accident records and of educating supervisory responsibility in safety.
High Steam Pressures in Locomotive Cylinders
Authors: Fry Lawford H.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author attempts an extended survey of the efficiencies obtainable with various steam pressures, and examines the effect of the ratio of expansion on the efficiency. The Rankine cycle, it is pointed out, does not offer a satisfactory basis of comparison for the locomotive; therefore a modification is suggested, known throughout the paper as the “locomotive cycle,” and all calculations of the paper are based on this cycle. Changes in boilers to permit operation at high pressures and temperatures are discussed, and it is pointed out that such a boiler would probably require some form of water-tube firebox. Detailed compulations and comparisons of theoretical indicator diagrams are made, and the “locomotive cycle” is applied to various admission and release pressures. It is concluded that it is possible to secure a considerable increase in the thermal efficiency of the cylinders by increasing the boiler pressure. The use of three cylinders, one operating on high pressure and two low, makes compounding a very simple matter, permitting the greatest return to be received from the high pressures. For the present, however, it is not felt to be expedient to use boiler pressures much in excess of 450 lb. per sq. in. gage.
Back Pressure and Cut-Off Adjustment For the Locomotive
Authors: McBride Thos. C.
Published: January 2024

This subject is discussed from the operating standpoint only. The author presents data showing the indicated horsepower, the steam consumed, and the dry coal fired as functions of the back pressure. He points out that for each locomotive there is a certain back pressure at which maximum power can be obtained at the lowest cost. He advocates a method to determine the best back pressure experimentally, and the use of back-pressure gages for the guidance of the locomotive engineers.
Vibration of Bridges
Authors: Timoshenko S.
Published: January 2024

It is well known that a rolling load produces in a bridge or in a girder a greater deflection and hence greater stresses than the same load acting statically. This “impact effect” of live loads on bridges is of great practical importance. In this paper the following kinds of impact are analyzed:

1 “Live-load effect” of a smoothly running load

2 “Impact effect of balance weights” of locomotive driving wheels

3 “Impact effect due to irregularities.” These irregularities include irregularities in the track and also flat spots on wheels.

It is shown that the “live-load effect” of a smoothly running load is small and can be always neglected. The “impact effect of balance-weights” may be of considerable importance, especially under conditions of resonance, and is most severe on bridges of the shortest span which will allow resonance conditions to occur. For the assumptions made in this paper the minimum length of the span to allow such resonance will be about 100 ft.

The “impact effect due to irregularities” of track may attain considerable magnitude in the case of short girders and rail bearers. By removing such discontinuities in the track as rail joints a considerable decrease in impact stresses produced in bridge parts directly subjected to the dynamical effect of mooing wheels can usually be accomplished.
Locomotive Sparks
Authors: Wallace L. W.
Published: January 2024

The annual loss due to fires alleged to have been started by locomotive sparks is stated in the paper to be approximately 12 million dollars. Numerous locomotive and laboratory tests have been made for the purpose of determining the behavior of such spares, and the author presents some of the findings relating to the subject. It is his belief that under the most favorable circumstances it is very unlikely that a spark of sufficient size and temperature ever reaches the ground in a condition that will ignite even the most inflammable material beyond 65 ft. from the center of the track. Further, there is no direct relationship between wind velocity and spark distribution. Other facts which the author sets forth clearly disclose that it is exceedingly difficult to ignite inflammables with spares of the size that pass through the ordinary locomotive netting, even at temperatures far exceeding those at which they escape from the locomotive stack. He also discusses other factors with regard to the distribution of sparks, their behavior under conditions of high temperature, color as a basis for judging the temperature of sparks, fire-weather forecasts, moisture content as a reliable index to a degree of inflammability, etc. He is of the opinion that sufficient data have now been accumulated from which fixed laws relating to the behavior of locomotive sparks may be formulated.
The Pulp and Paper Industry and the Northwest
Authors: Hockley C. C.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this paper is not to disclose the details of any one process, but rather to furnish a glimpse of the industry as a whole, and in particular that part of the industry using wood fiber, and consequently standing timber, with its relation to the Northwest, its present extent of production and consumption, and its hopes for the future.

A picture of the continental, and in fact the world production and consumption, is given, together with a glimpse of our population and rate of growth. There is also a short description of the different processes used. In the latter part of the paper a few of the points in a mill where waste occurs are enumerated, and means for avoiding at least part of these wastes are suggested.
Problems of Commercial-Plane Production
Authors: Beech Walter H.
Published: January 2024

The author compares conditions in the aircraft industry today with those which obtained in the automobile industry during its infancy; there are no precedents to guide, no sources of supply established, and no types determined. He then discusses six factors which enter the construction of a commercial plane—safety, airworthiness, performance, durability, comfort, and appearance. Considerable attention is paid by the author to the airplane-engine situation, which is unfavorable to airplane manufacturers. This is followed by a discussion of factory machinery and equipment, labor, and a brief description of the straight-line production system of the Travel Air factory. The paper closes with a short discussion of production methods of the future.
Air-Mail and Express Traffic
Authors: Ireland R. W.
Published: January 2024

The organization of most of the air-transport lines of the country is patterned somewhat after the organization of the railroads, as it is only a newer and faster method of moving persons or things. The number of air-transport lines is increasing with each year. The twenty-five existing lines are supported by private capital. An average of 42,000 miles is flown over these lines every 24 hours. The Department of Commerce has completed the lighting on over 9000 miles of the 20,000 miles of airways now in operation.
Aerial Photography Engineering
Authors: Polley E. R.
Published: January 2024

Aerial photographic surveying is described, and its advantages over ground work are given. Maps may be made with almost perfect detail and at far less cost of time and money than required by survey work in the usual manner. The methods by which the many overlapping photos are taken and then assembled in the scale map are outlined, together with the supplying of stereoscopic photos for studying the contour and physical features of the terrain. Maps made from the air have a value to municipalities in zoning and taxation problems and to counties and states for highway and park and reforestation and waste-land activities.
Application of Advanced Methods to Airplane Structural Analyses
Authors: Watter Michael
Published: January 2024

This paper urges the necessity of wider use of finer methods of structural analysis. It illustrates the importance of use of advanced methods not only from standpoint of structural safety, but also as a means of evolving new forms.

It outlines briefly some results from the author’s experience, and in connection with the desirability of finer methods urges closer coordination between aerodynamical facts and structural requirements.

Certain present requirements are criticized and a suggestion is made to revise the conception of load factors in their relation to individual members.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Instruments
Authors: Brombacher W. G.
Published: January 2024

Aircraft instruments are separated into four groups by the author, (1) for the power plant, (2) for speed, (3) for altitude, and (4) for navigation. General performance requirements are outlined, and testing equipment and procedure used at the Bureau of Standards are described. Among operating problems the author considers instrument-board vibration as most serious. The variation in temperature to which aircraft instruments are subjected causes a severe lubrication problem.

Standard dimensions for some of the instruments have been adopted. This makes these instruments interchangeable on the instrument board, and this is considered an outstanding achievement.
Some Aerological Principles Applying to Airship Design and Operation
Authors: Reichelderfer F. W.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses some of the problems of wind structure and of vertical air currents. Data are presented on local wind fluctuations of great frequency, on less-frequent, wide-spread wind shifts, and on local vertical air movements. The discussion is not primarily of strong winds and gales as a navigational problem affecting cruising radius, but of those properties of wind structure which may be obstacles to air navigation because of the excessive forces which they may exert on airship structures.
Combined Stresses in Thick-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Norris Earle B.
Published: January 2024

The paper describes some tests which were made on 11 thick-walled cylinders of high-quality gun steel, ranging in bore from 3 in. to 9.5 in., and with ratios of outside to inside diameters of 1.5, 2, and 3. To the author the evidence seems to warrant the conclusion that the maximum-strain theory of St. Venant is correct for cases of tension and compression in mutually perpendicular planes where the tension stress is the greater of the two.
Power-Plant Substructure Problems
Authors: Sanderson J. C.
Published: January 2024

Varying conditions that are encountered in power-plant substructures are illustrated by discussing the problems that arose in the construction of four power plants at Mexico City, Pekin, Ill., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Chicago, Ill. The first was on soil of low bearing capacity, the second in water-bearing sand with a special cofferdam construction, the third required a deep foundation on water-bearing gravel, and the fourth was on a clay foundation.
Metals Used in Power Plants
Authors: White A. E.
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with metallurgy as applied to power plants. It is divided into two major sections, one concerning the metals used in this field, together with special processes for producing certain desired results, while the other considers the tests applied to metals in order to determine their suitability for the various required applications.

The metals considered in the first section are divided into two groups, ferrous and non-ferrous. Under ferrous metals, cast iron, wrought iron, plain carbon steels, and certain selected alloy steels are considered. The metals in the non-ferrous group considered are copper, lead, brass, bronze, babbitt, and monel. Special emphasis is placed on the field of use of each of these materials in power-plant work rather than on their characteristics. The special processes considered in the first section are welding, plating, and nitriding.

In the second section, the tests applied to metals made to determine their suitability for power-plant use are discussed. Among the tests considered are surface examination, including both visual and macroscopic, tensile tests, impact tests, hardness tests, metallographic examination, magnetic tests, X-ray examination, strain determinations, heat tests, fatigue tests, corrosion tests, corrosion, fatigue tests, and high-temperature tests.
Application of Refrigeration to the Preservation of Foods
Authors: Authenrieth A. J.
Published: January 2024

This paper tells how the application of refrigeration to perishables has brought about a very marked betterment in the standards of living throughout the country. It has placed the products of a nation of diversified soils and climates in the home of every one. The health of the whole people has been safeguarded in increasing measure as more and belter products are being made available. The applications of refrigeration to perishables have made possible the agricultural development of sections of the country which would otherwise lay as wasted useless land.
Research as Applied to Heating and Ventilation
Authors: Lewis Samuel R.
Published: January 2024

This paper gives the results that are being accomplished, through various research programs, that are being conducted, in the field of heating and ventilation, by the research laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Cooperative arrangements are in effect with many universities, colleges, and departments interested in this research work and these enable the work to be carried on, at a cost, very much less than would be necessary otherwise.
Commercial Problems in Steam-Turbine Design
Authors: Allen R. C.
Published: January 2024

This paper discusses developments in steam-turbine design. Concentration of power, in modern turbines, has led to an increase of operating stresses of turbines parts. The tendency now is toward higher blade speeds and reduced size and cost of machines. Manganese copper is used for blades of low stress and of small size; for the larger and more important blades, stainless steel is used. It can be forged and machined without difficulty.
Centrifugal-Pump Economics
Authors: Scherzer A. F.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author presents some developments in the theory of the centrifugal pump with which he has been connected and shows their application to pump practice. In reviewing the technical and theoretical aspects of the problem, he refers to the fact that the performance of the centrifugal pump is shown best graphically by the quantity-head curve. In the extensive centrifugal-pump literature existing there are to be found a number of theoretical analyses of the action of such pumps, all of which are based on somewhat similar assumptions. In each case the striking fact is the wide difference between the so-called theoretical curve and the one actually obtained by a test. To bring about any sort of an agreement it is necessary to assume in some cases large and disproportionate losses. To show this difference the author presents a chart showing the theoretical quantity-head curve and the actual curve obtained by a test of the pump. Around the point of zero discharge there was a discrepancy of about 100 per cent between so-called theory and practice. At or near the shut-off point the head actually obtained from the pump was nearly twice as much. A careful study of these matters resulted in the discovery of a surprising error in the derivation of the fundamental theory for the centrifugal pump.

Another interesting point brought out in the paper is that the use and the benefits claimed for guide vanes are founded on a misconception of theory. The same is true of the so-called volute or spiral casing into which the runner discharges the water.

The author states that the real function of the pump case is that of compelling the water to revolve in a more or less circular path. Thus the natural form of a case should not be volute or spiral, but rather a plain concentric circular case of constant cross-sectional area. Tests of a circular case pump and a good design of the volute type showed a remarkable increase in head development by the former. At its point of maximum efficiency the circular case pump developed an excess head of 50 per cent over a similar volute design.
Welding of Power-Plant Piping
Authors: Outcalt F. G.
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the author discusses the possibilities offered for reducing costs of installation of power-plant piping, through welding. Erection problems are simplified when welded construction is used. Heavy fittings are eliminated and the piping is easier to handle and can be installed in less space. Many engineers are unwilling to use welded designs due to difficulty in telling when welds are not made properly. The author describes improved methods which insure that the work is of high quality and uniform character.
High-Pressure Turbine Installation of Kansas City Power and Light Company
Authors: Jowett Edwin
Published: January 2024

This paper describes the high-pressure turbine installation at the Northeast station of the Kansas City Power and Light Company. An operating pressure of 1200 lb. at the turbine throttle and a total temperature of 725 deg. are used. It is believed that the heat consumption of the station will be lowered 1830 B.t.u. by the operation of the high-pressure equipment. With an annual output of 530,201,400 kw-hr. and with fuel at 67,000 B.t.u. for one cent, the saving in fuel will result in an annual reduction in cost of $144,700. This is nearly three times the fixed charges on the difference in cost of the two installations.
Balancing Heat and Power in Industrial Plants
Authors: Kleinschmidt R. V.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this paper is to indicate the importance of various factors in increasing the amounts of by-product power that can be generated in industrial plants using process heat. It has been shown that there are opportunities for economies in increased boiler pressures, higher superheats, and particularly by reducing the back pressure on turbines and engines to the lowest possible point. Utilization of waste heat from furnace gases offers an opportunity for additional power generation in mixed-pressure turbines or in low-pressure condensing turbines. It is shown that hot air can be most economically used by returning it to the boiler furnace and heating air for process work with exhaust steam.

Two curves are presented which give the results of a detailed analysis of the problem of water heating, one showing the advantages of two-stage water heating as compared with heating by exhaust steam only, and the other giving the best condenser vacuum for various initial and final temperatures of water in a two-stage process. Attention is called to the importance of an adequate study, both of the heat and power requirements of the process and of possible improvements or alterations of the process as a basis for the improvement of the heat-power balance.
A Graphical Treatment of Heat-Exchange Problems
Authors: Stepanov Jos. S.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author points out that the graphical method has been an important tool in engineering calculations and investigations. Applying this method to the investigation of certain heat-transfer problems, he finds it convenient to introduce some new relations between the variables involved in heat transfer and to give them corresponding mathematical expression, thus simplifying the graphical presentation of the heat-transfer equations. An arrangement of interconnected diagrams around the origin of a coordinate system furnishes the numerical values of the variables pertaining to the given set of heat-transfer equations and simultaneously satisfying them. Picturing the change of variables for different conditions, these diagrams can be used for calculations as well as for investigations and for analysis of experimental data.

In the paper are given and explained equations and diagrams for handling the heat-transfer problems pertaining to surface heat exchangers and direct-contact heat exchangers, using counter-current and parallel flow of substances, and their applications in general calculations and investigations, and in the analysis of experimental data.
Heat-Insulation Practice in the Modern Steam-Generating Plant
Authors: McMillan L. B.
Published: January 2024

This paper outlines briefly the engineering principles of heat-insulation design. Especial emphasis is given to the fact that the heat dissipated by so-called “radiation” losses is from the most valuable portion of the heat, and that these losses frequently result in the lowering of heat potential or temperature head, with a resulting loss in the value of all of the heat as measured by its remaining effectiveness.

A distinction is drawn between the cost of average heat and the value of a particular portion of the heat in terms of what it will accomplish in the way of useful results. The higher value of high-potential heat is demonstrated, and a specific evaluation in the case of heat in superheated steam used for power generation shows that the high-potential increments of such heat may be 1-1/2 or even 2 times as valuable as the average heat content of the steam.

Results accomplished by the insulation of various units of power-plant equipment are discussed and typical installations are shown.

The factors involved in determining the most economical thickness of insulation are discussed and a chart is given on which each of the factors may be taken separately into account. The resulting economical thickness may quickly and conveniently be determined directly from the chart.
Thermodynamic Theory of the Air Lift
Authors: Stepanoff Alexey J.
Published: January 2024

The air lift as a method of pumping from deep wells is subject to no generally accepted theory that will serve as a basis for practical design. Treating the air-lift pump as hydraulic apparatus, the thermodynamic side of the phenomenon has been neglected, and this method will explain many points in the operation that now are obscure. In his conclusions the author decides that the efficiency of the air does not depend upon the form of the footpiece if the air-inlet devices do not obstruct the flow of water, if the openings for the air are sufficiently large to cause no impact, and if the air and water are so introduced as to secure uniform mixture. Attempts to introduce jet action of the air are due to misunderstanding the method of action. Slip losses are usually due to incomplete expansion of the air, the slip as such being not of much importance. No “single coefficient” experimental formula can express the variables involved in the air lift, as its operation depends upon factors which vary differently for various submergences, air-to-water ratios, sizes of pipes, etc.
Heavy-Duty Anti-Friction Bearings
Authors: Koon Sidney G.
Published: January 2024

Advantages of ball or roller bearings on almost all types of operating mechanisms are stressed in this paper. There are not only the savings in power consumption, which frequently run from 25 to as much as 60 per cent, but also collateral advantages of varying description. Frequently the bearings permit operations which without them would be exceedingly difficult or expensive.

Some of the limitations to the use of the bearings are taken up, particularly those dealing with space limitations on equipment of old design. The concurrent development of heavy-duty bearings for steel-rolling-mill work along with backed-up types of rolling mills is traced at some length. Many features of operating conditions found in steel mills are discussed in their relation to the use of bearings of this type. Lubrication and care of the bearings are also given consideration.

How much load the roller bearing will carry and how long it will carry that load satisfactorily are not yet known. The whole field of roller-bearing uses on a large scale is in process of development, and ideas have not yet crystallized on many features of the work. In the present state of development they operate successfully under many varying conditions, but it is essential that they be adapted particularly to the work which they are called upon to do. The fact that wear is practically negligible permits maintenance of constant operating conditions for a much longer period than with plain bearings, and makes a strong point in favor of the anti-friction type. It seems to be generally accepted that in a great many cases, their greater initial expense is fully justified by the results to be expected from their use.
The Hot-Blast Cupola
Authors: Vial F. K.
Published: January 2024

The object of this paper is to announce a new era in cupola practice. Since prehistoric times there have been but few outstanding advances in the art of melting iron in shaft furnaces. The demand for cannon in the Middle Ages brought about a high degree of development in the foundrymen’s art, and the invention of the steam engine made possible the modern factory system. Aside from these two outstanding events but little has been done to improve the metallurgical or economic performance of the cupola. There is therefore an inviting field for research to develop the following:

Control of melting conditions

Control of the chemical elements of the iron

Control of the temperature of the molten iron

Relation of slag to melting conditions, oxidation, temperature of the iron, and economy in fuel

Mastery of the far-reaching effect of heat treatment

Knowledge of the effect produced by various alloys

Ability to produce steel, malleable iron, or cast iron at pleasure

A decided improvement in physical properties of all grades of iron that can be melted in the cupola

A radical improvement in fuel economy.

When these improvements are established, and there is no reason why they should not be, there will be introduced a decidedly new era in the cast-iron industry that will entirely overshadow all previous developments.
Ore-Handling Bridges
Authors: Brown Alexander C.
Published: January 2024

In this profusely illustrated paper the author, after briefly referring to the cable tramway first used for handling ore, takes up the development of the bridge type of tramway. The invention of the automatic grab bucket and the adoption of electric power, he points out, made possible the modern methods used in unloading and rehandling ore. He then discusses various methods which have been proposed to secure stability and safety in ore bridges in order to withstand wind storms of high velocity. Types of wind bracing are then dealt with, as well as skewing bridges for avoiding twisting stresses when one end of bridge travels faster than the other. The four travel mechanisms which have been largely used are described, following which tracks and track wheels are considered. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of improvements which have taken place in trolley design as distinguished from design of the bridge structure.
National Elimination-of-Waste Campaign
Authors: Auel C. B.
Published: January 2024

Campaigns to eliminate waste are not cure-alls, but they strongly supplement the regular efforts of the management. The steps preparatory to such a campaign are decided, the supervisory force is coached so that their plans are crystallized, the workers are made to understand the purpose, and then exhibits are placed about the plant showing concrete cases of waste and the cost in time and money. In the plant where the campaign described was carried on, the saving directly attributable to the effort was $50,000. A general review of the national campaign is given, together with the special effort in certain plants.
Apprenticeship in the Rubber Industry
Authors: Slusser C. C.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author describes the apprenticeship training courses used by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, The training is of four classes—the production squadron, the engineering squadron, the Goodyear Industrial University Training Course, and the apprentice machinist course. Candidates are selected by means of an intelligence test, personal interview, and physical examination.

The production squadron provides production men for departments where extra help is needed. The engineering squadron prepares men for positions as foremen, inspectors, and staff assistants. The Industrial University Training group gives instruction to high-school graduates who wish to enter staff work, but require additional training. The apprentice machinist course trains men to be skilled mechanics.
Management Applied to Materials Handling
Authors: Lynah James
Published: January 2024

In his paper on “Management Applied to Materials Handling” the author tells of the coordinating-production, engineering, power, maintenance, and design problems which are undertaken by the Works-Managers Committee of the General Motors Corporation. A staff of experts in production-engineering work,, wage incentives, maintenance problems, etc., consider various phases of materials handling and devise methods for taking up slack to prevent undue accumulation, and provide rapid and efficient movement of materials through the plant.
The Use of Skids for Water Shipments
Authors: Stocker H. E.
Published: January 2024

Economical handling of commodities in bulk has been highly developed, but great reductions in costs are possible with other classes of cargo by the use of advanced methods and equipment and the application of principles which have accomplished so much in manufacturing. The principles of greatest importance are the reducing of handling to the minimum and increasing the production of equipment to the maximum.

In the shipping industry handling may be reduced by keeping freight off the floor of the dock and the deck of the ship. The best method of accomplishing this is to receive the freight from the manufacturer already loaded on a skid. It broadens the application of the principle by extending it back to the mill where the goods are manufactured. Savings are increased not only by reducing handling at the mill and at point of consumption but by reducing packing expenses.

On a dock with its floor in good condition, one man and a tractor will handle skids averaging 3600 lb. with a total saving as compared with shipments in cases of over 80 per cent.

Even more important from the standpoint of net profit is the fact that additional business has been brought to the line by accepting shipments on skids.

In addition to the economy resulting from handling skids on the dock with lift trucks, the average sling load will be increased approximately 300 per cent, the ship’s dispatch will be expedited, and the claims reduced. Total savings will be the equivalent of more than a 50 per cent cut in cargo-handling expenses.
Mechanical Applications of Chromium Plating
Authors: Blum W.
Published: January 2024

After giving particulars regarding the physical properties of chromium such as hardness, thermal expansivity, density, melting point, electrical conductivity, and adherence, the author discusses the uses to which chromium plating, by reason of its wear-resisting qualities, has been more or less successfully put: namely, its application to gages and other measuring devices; to drawing, forming, stamping, and molding dies; to rolls for forming metals; to tools for cutting metal; to bearing surfaces in machinery, etc. He shows how in addition to savings due to the longer life of chromium-plated tools and parts, there are savings much greater in amount resulting from reducing the number of times that machines must be stopped for their replacement.
Large Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: Candee Allan H.
Published: January 2024

The paper deals with recent developments in the manufacture of large bevel and hypoid gears, the principal subjects being:

1 Large bevel gears of greatly improved running qualities due (a) to generating instead of planing the teeth, and (b) to the use of spiral teeth instead of straight teeth;

2 A new type of large bevel-gear generating machine designed at the Gleason Worlds, with a description of the unique combination of mechanical movements used to produce spiral teeth; and

3 The accurate generation of large hypoid gears in which the axis of the pinion is offset from the axis of the gear, thus making it possible for the two shafts to continue past each other.
Thread Forms of Milled Worms: Progress Report No. 3 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Worm Gears
Authors: Buckingham Earle , Acker George H. , Broshek Joseph J. , Buckendale L. Ray , Lindquist David L. , Ross A. A. , Waterman Benjamin F. , Himes W. H.
Published: January 2024

This paper is a continuation of the material on helicoidal sections given in the author’s paper on “Worm-Wheel Contact” presented before the Society in December, 1926. It covers the equations necessary to determine the thread form of milled and ground threads in various sections and also the sections of a helicoid formed by a straight-sided lathe tool, set toward the helix angle of a thread. This last helicoid is a convolute helicoid with the inclination of its generatrix in the opposite direction to that of the helix.

As an example, the worm used in the drive AW-3 in Progress Report No. 2 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Worm Gears has been analyzed and the coordinates of the thread form in an axial section have been determined when the thread is produced by a lathe tool, a 4-in.-diameter thread milling cutter, a 12-in.-diameter grinding wheel, and by the flat side of a grinding wheel which would produce an involute helicoid.

This analysis shows that the form in the axial section of a thread produced by a lathe tool, tipped toward the helix angle, will be concave. That produced by a milling cutter may be concave, convex, or a form of double curvature, depending upon the diameter of the cutter, angle of thread, diameter and lead of screw, and depth of thread.

The curvature increases with a reduction in thread angle and an increase in helix angle. The milled forms become more convex with an increase in the diameter of the cutter or grinding wheel.

This paper is another attempt to introduce more mathematics in the machine shop to the end that we may know more definitely the conditions with which we are contending.
Precision Cylindrical Grinding
Authors: Harrison R. E. W.
Published: January 2024

This paper reviews the process of evolution through which the art of precision cylindrical grinding has passed during the last seven or eight years. As the mechanical features of the machines and the wheels employed on them have been improved in efficiency, it has been realized that production is dependent upon the horsepower capacity of the tool, consequently the structure of the tool has been strengthened and improved, until today these tools are offered to users largely on their power rating. Work which was regularly handled on 5-hp. machines in 1920 and 1921, is today being produced in a proportionately reduced time on 15 and occasionally on 20-hp. machines.

There is still considerable work to be done, both by builders and users of grinding machines, in the direction of the further elimination of idle or non-grinding time between the work cycles. It is as true of the modern grinding machine as it is of any other machine tool that is only an earning unit while the grinding wheel is in contact with the work. At other times it is a liability, so that the efforts of the shop management and the production engineer should all be directed toward the elimination of unproductive movements on the part of the operator.
High-Speed Oil-Engine Pumps and Injection Valves
Authors: Goldthwaite John L.
Published: January 2024

Unable to find reliable data on high-speed injection valves and pumps for Diesel-engine manufacture, the author made a study of the problem, and his findings are given as an elementary treatise to clear the many points of trouble. As a practical solution of the injection problem, he makes a compact unit of the entire drive, the admission valves, and the controls. He uses the constant-pressure system, groups the admission valves for convenience, and pipes them to heavily loaded automatic injectors.
Current Production Engineering Problems
Authors: Marsh Hallan N.
Published: January 2024

The modern methods of drilling and of “bringing in” an oil well are given, using a definite well as an example of the succeeding operations. The precautions taken to conserve the oil and the gas and the methods in use to continue the flow at the best rate for obtaining maximum recovery are described. The safeguards used to prevent accident and the proper processes for reviving a well that has ceased to flow are stated.
The Necessity for Research in the Printing Industry
Authors: Carter George H.
Published: January 2024

After quoting President Hoover as sounding the real keynote of the conference, the author outlines the value of organized research in other industries, and then considers the necessity for similar research in the printing industry. If “printing is the mother of progress,” the industry is not living up to its watchword. Meager and unorganized support is given to research by the printing industry in comparison with the great sums spent for industrial research.
Limitations of Standardization and Research in Ink Making
Authors: Van Dyck Edwin M. , Mock Walter W.
Published: January 2024

In the introduction the authors present certain statistics relating to the printing-ink industry. This is followed by a discussion of the limiting factors in standardizing raw materials, finished inks containers, and cost system. In the second part of the paper, research and its accomplishments in ink manufacture have been portrayed, past and present, while a hint is given as to the probable course of future research problems.
What Research Has Done in Type Metal
Authors: Thompson G. W.
Published: January 2024

This foremost authority on the technology of lead products indicates the proportions and the proper mixing and melting point of lead, tin, and antimony to secure the correct type metal. The distinct components impart certain properties and each has a proportional effect, so that a composition may be provided for practically every need in the printing industry where type metals are used.
Research—From the Operator’s Standpoint
Authors: Berry George L. , Claybourn L. W.
Published: January 2024

In discussing what is the matter with printing, the same answer cannot be obtained from any two plants. Rule-of-thumb methods are found in every division of most plants, and little effort is made to correct them. The industry is dealing with a mechanical problem, and it is time that engineers took a big part in it.