bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo and 60Co‐based kilovoltage x‐ray dosimetry methods
Authors: Lawless Michael J. , Dimaso Lianna , Palmer Benjamin , Micka John , Culberson Wesley S. , DeWerd Larry A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This work seeks to investigate new methods to determine the absorbed dose to water from kilovoltage x rays. Current methods are based on measurements in air and rely on correction factors in order to account for differences between the photon spectrum in air and at depth in phantom, between the photon spectra of the calibration beam and the beam of interest, or in the radiation absorption properties of air and water. This work aims to determine the absorbed dose to water in the NIST‐matched x‐ray beams at the University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UWADCL). This will facilitate the use of detectors in terms of dose to water, which will allow for a simpler determination of dose to water in clinical kilovoltage x‐ray beams.

Materials and methods

A model of the moderately filtered x‐ray beams at the UWADCL was created using the BEAMnrc user code of the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code system. This model was validated against measurements and the dose to water per unit air kerma was calculated in a custom built water tank. Using this value and the highly precise measurement of the air kerma made by the UWADCL, the dose to water was determined in the water tank for the x‐ray beams of interest. The dose to water was also determined using the formalism defined in the report of AAPM Task Group 61 and using a method that makes use of a Co absorbed dose‐to‐water calibration coefficient and a beam quality correction factor to account for differences in beam quality between the Co calibration and kilovoltage x‐ray beam of interest. The dose to water values as determined by these different methods was then compared.

Results

The BEAMnrc models used in this work produced simulations of transverse and depth dose profiles that agreed with measurements with a 2%/2 mm criteria gamma test. The dose to water as determined from the different methods used here agreed within 3.5% at the surface of the water tank and agreed within 1.8% at a depth of 2 cm in phantom. The dose‐to‐water values all agreed within the associated uncertainties of the methods used in this work. Both the Monte Carlo‐based method and the Co‐based method had a lower uncertainty than the TG‐61 methodology for all of the x‐ray beams used in this work.

Conclusion

Two new dose determination methods were used to determine the dose to water in the NIST‐matched x‐ray beams at the UWADCL and they showed good agreement with previously established techniques. Due to the improved Monte Carlo calculation techniques used in this work, both of the methods have lower uncertainties compared to TG‐61. The methods presented in this work compare favorably with calorimetry‐based standards established at other institutions.
Brücken mit Chalkogenen
Authors: Wonner Patrick , Vogel Lukas , Weiss Robert , Huber Stefan M.
Published: October 2018

Erst seit zwei Jahren nutzen Wissenschaftler intermolekulare Chalkogenbrücken als nichtkovalente Lewis‐Säuren in der Organokatalyse. Zunächst untersuchten sie nur schwefelbasierte, inzwischen auch selen‐ oder tellurhaltige Moleküle. Je nach Edukt lassen sich Reaktionen damit bis zum 34‐Fachen beschleunigen.
Chemische Industrie: Was Digitalisierung bedeutet
Authors: Frauendorfer Eric
Published: October 2018

Veränderte Infrastruktur, effizientere Prozesse und neue Geschäftsmodelle – die digitale Transformation hat die chemische Industrie erfasst. Projektbeispiele aus dem Wacker‐Konzern zeigen das Potenzial für die Branche.
Elektronische Nase und der Duft von Kaffee
Authors: Wutz Klaus
Published: October 2018

Die Analyse komplexer Aromagemische ist in der Laboranalytik bisher mit großem Aufwand verbunden. Eine neue Ionisationstechnik mit kaltem Plasma bringt flüchtige Verbindungen nun ohne Probenvorbereitung ins Massenspektrometer.
Chemische Industrie: Mehr Geld für Entwicklung
Authors: Bick Torid
Published: October 2018

Im Jahr 2017 investierte die deutsche chemische Industrie mehr in Forschung und Entwicklung als im Jahr zuvor, die chinesische aber am meisten.
Chemische Industrie: Mehr Entwicklung im Ausland
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: October 2018

Deutsche Chemieunternehmen verlagern Forschung und Entwicklung ins Ausland. Für die Produktion scheint dieser Trend rückläufig zu sein.
Die Pioniere gingen leer aus
Authors: Offermanns Heribert
Published: October 2018

Der Weg von der Erfindung zur wirtschaftlichen Nutzung ist oft weit. Exemplarisch stehen die Entdecker einiger großtechnischer Oxidationsreaktionen. Sie schufen die Basis für milliardendollarschwere Wertschöpfungsketten. Doch die Patente sind abgelaufen und manche Erfinder sogar weitgehend vergessen.
GDCh‐Absolventenpreis 2018
Authors: Blosat Dominik , Korhammer Siegfried , Naendrup Franz , Pundsack Edgar , Rubner Lena , Schöllhammer Markus , Schönekäs Olaf , Schwerdtfeger Axel , Wessels Matthias
Published: October 2018

Die GDCh hat zum zwölften Mal die Absolventenpreise für die jahrgangsbesten Schulabgänger von Berufs‐ und Berufsfachschulen verliehen.
A lignin‐based flame retardant for improving fire behavior and biodegradation performance of polybutylene succinate
Authors: Chen Si , Lin Shichao , Hu Yan , Ma Meng , Shi Yanqin , Liu Junding , Zhu Feng , Wang Xu
Published: October 2018

The fast biodegradation rate and inflammability of polybutylene succinate (PBS) severely restrict its applications in many areas. To solve the above problems and broaden its applications, herein, a halogen‐free flame retardant (CP‐lignin) based on lignin was successfully synthesized. After adding 30 wt% CP‐lignin into PBS, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PBS are remarkably reduced by 27 and 31%, respectively. Additionally, the higher char yield was beneficial to improving the flame retardant properties of PBS. After adding 10 wt% CP‐lignin, the ratio of weight loss is reduced by about 33%, and the ratio of weight loss is decreased gradually as the CP‐lignin loading increases. This research provides a reasonably way to make full use of the lignin and to broaden the application of PBS. At the same time, it also provides a new idea for the production and preparation of completely biodegradable materials.
Fast scanning calorimetry clarifies the understanding of the complex melting and crystallization behavior of polyesteramide multi‐block copolymers
Authors: Sharma Ashwinikumar , Baeza Guilhem P , Imperiali Luna , Appel Wilco PJ , Fitié Carel , Vanden Poel Geert , van Ruymbeke Evelyne
Published: October 2018

Fast scanning calorimetry has been applied in order to understand the phase transitions in thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on well‐defined multi‐block copolymers made of ‘soft’ polytetrahydrofuran and ‘hard’ terephthalate ester diamides. The intrinsically complex chemical structure of TPEs leads to complex phase transitions. By changing their thermal history over a wide range of temperature (from −100 °C to 200 °C) and cooling rates (from 10 to 4000 °C s−1), we clarify the origins of the various phases present in these materials. In particular, we study the different possibilities for the hard segments to associate depending on their mobility during the quenching phase, forming either strong and stable structures or weaker and metastable ones. Besides, we demonstrate that a minimal cooling rate of 800 °C s−1 is necessary to keep these TPEs (made of short and monodisperse hard segments) amorphous leading to a subsequent cold crystallization when heating back, at around 30 °C. Finally, we validate our interpretations by varying the copolymer composition (from 10 wt% to 20 wt% hard segments), revealing the thermal invariance of poorly organized domains. Based on these data, we also discuss the importance of chain diffusion in the crystallization process. Applying fast scanning calorimetry allows us to link fundamental understanding to industrial application. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Multifunctional pH‐Responsive Sprayable Hydrogel Based on Chitosan and Lignin‐Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Weiyan , Lu Jinshun , Dai Lin
Published: October 2018

Multifunctional sprayable hydrogels are widely developed for daily chemical and biomedical application. However, adding functional components and active ingredients is difficult to achieve uniform distribution and controlled release. Here, a new kind of lignin‐based nanoparticles is prepared, which can give hydrogels more functions (anti‐ultraviolet and antioxidant properties) and promote the response of hydrogels to pH stimulus. The nanocomposite hydrogels are engineered using carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) and trans‐resveratrol‐loaded lignin‐based nanoparticles (LRNPs). The rheological, anti‐ultraviolet, and antioxidant properties of the sprayable hydrogel can be fine‐tuned by varying the ratio of lignin‐based nanoparticles. More importantly, the release behavior of the active ingredient can be flexibly controlled by adjusting the pH environment. This work provides a facile approach to fabricate a green and intelligent sprayable hydrogel amenable to a great potential in daily chemical and biomedical area.
Solvent effect on the syn/anti conformational stability: A comparison between conformational bias Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods
Authors: Cezar Henrique M. , Canuto Sylvio , Coutinho Kaline
Published: October 2018

The solvent effect on the syn/anti population ratio of the mesityl oxide (MOx) was investigated using a new implementation of conformational bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. It was observed by a previous theoretical work (Theor. Chem. Acc. (2012) 131:1214) that in gas‐phase the MOx exists dominantly in syn‐form and in aqueous solution in anti‐form. The syn/anti free energy difference in the gas phase was used in the intramolecular parametrization and a rotational barrier of approximately 10 kcal mol−1 was found. Molecular systems with barriers of this order of magnitude have been studied by experimental techniques. However, they have not been discussed yet comparing CBMC and MD simulations. In this work, we show that the intramolecular geometrical information such as bond lengths, angles and torsional angles sampled with CBMC and MD methods are equivalent. Nonetheless, only the CBMC simulations sample appropriately the syn/anti population ratio. With the CBMC configurations in gas phase, it was obtained 95% in syn‐form and 5% in anti‐form regardless the initial conformation. An inversion of the population was found in water, 25% in syn‐form and 75% in anti‐form. Comparing the gas phase and in‐water CBMC sampling, it was observed that the MOx spends typically approximately 110 successive MC cycles in anti‐form and approximately 2300 in syn‐form in gas phase. While it was much larger with explicit water, approximately 400 times more for anti‐form and approximately 6 times more for syn‐form. We argue that this strong stabilization of the anti‐form in aqueous solution, does not come from the MOx‐water hydrogen bonds interactions, because they are the same for both conformations. Instead, the stabilization comes from the dipole‐dipole interaction caused by a larger dipole moment of the MOx in the anti‐form, 7.2 D, than in the syn‐form, 5.2 D. With the MD sampled configurations in both conditions, we observe that the syn/anti conformational change is a very rare event due to the rotational barrier, which is approximately 17 times larger than the thermal energy. Therefore, the MD sampling of the MOx is not appropriated because it is strongly dependent on the initial conformation even for large simulations with 150 ns up to 400 ns for the isolated solute and for solute–solvent systems.
Prediction of the operative time for hysteroscopic myomectomy for leiomyomas penetrating the intramural cavity using leiomyoma weight and clinical characteristics of patients
Authors: Isono Wataru , Wada‐Hiraike Osamu , Sugiyama Ryo , Maruyama Masanori , Fujii Tomoyuki , Osuga Yutaka
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To preoperatively predict the operative time (OT) for hysteroscopic myomectomy for G1 or G2 leiomyoma based on leiomyoma weight.

Methods

The data from 544 patients who underwent one‐step hysteroscopic myomectomy were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 340 patients with leiomyoma penetrating the intramural cavity were identified as suitable candidates for calculation of the OT based on leiomyoma weight; we considered leiomyoma weight to be the most objective parameter for evaluating leiomyoma tissues. Additionally, 460 patients with a single leiomyoma were analyzed to estimate the weight of the resected leiomyoma based on its diameter.

Results

Considering total leiomyoma weight (TLW) and two additional coefficients (1.5: G2 leiomyoma, 0.75: vaginal parity of the patient), we demonstrated that our formula correlated well with OT (R2 = 0.72). TLW also correlated well with the cube of the average diameter (AD) of leiomyomas (R2 = 0.89). Predicting TLW significantly improved the application of specific coefficients depending on its value (1.0: AD 0.1‐2.0 cm, 0.8: AD 2.1‐3.0 cm, 0.7: AD 3.1‐5.7 cm).

Conclusion

The OT for hysteroscopic myomectomy of intracavital leiomyoma can be predicted prior to surgery using simple clinical information of the target leiomyoma and the patient.
Sperm cryopreservation: Clinical and fertility outcomes in male oncological patients with germ cell tumors or hematological disorders
Authors: Negoro Hiromitsu , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Nakayama Takahiro , Hatayama Hiroshi , Ogawa Osamu , Ichioka Kentaro
Published: October 2018

Purpose

There is insufficient understanding of the effects of malignant diseases themselves and chemotherapy on semen quality and final fertility outcomes. Here, the authors focused on the patients with malignant diseases who cryopreserved sperm pre‐ or post‐chemotherapy for future fertility, and revealed how clinical settings can affect semen quality and final outcomes.

Methods

The authors reviewed the records of 257 patients with malignant diseases who cryopreserved sperm. Among 257 cases, 113 men with germ cell tumors (GCTs) and 111 men with hematological disorders (HDs) were included in this study. Twenty‐five patients who achieved successful outcomes using cryopreserved sperm were also analyzed.

Results

In the men with GCTs and HDs, respectively, differences were observed in age (28 vs 27 years), sperm concentration (32.6 vs 46.1 million/mL, P < 0.05), motility (42.2% vs 41.0%), and the rate of cryopreservation before chemotherapy (90% vs 59%, P < 0.0001). For successful pregnancies and deliveries, age at cryopreservation (30.0 vs 35.3 years, P < 0.05) and disease type (12/16 vs 3/9, P < 0.05) were significant factors.

Conclusions

Compared to patients with GCTs, those with HDs have a lower pregnancy and delivery rate, even though semen quality is higher. Disease type and age at cryopreservation are significant factors for successful outcomes.
Global urban sustainability assessment: A multidimensional approach
Authors: Shmelev Stanislav E. , Shmeleva Irina A.
Published: October 2018

A new strategic direction for greening our cities and making them smart to reduce the environmental impact of their performance, increase employment and economic viability, and to enhance the quality of life requires a thorough assessment of sustainability and smart urban performance. This paper considers a database of over 90 global cities including London, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Moscow, Beijing, Seoul, Singapore, Shanghai, Sydney and Tokyo exploring linkages between different sustainability and smart city dimensions. To assess urban sustainability performance, this study applied a multi‐criteria approach using a panel of 20 indicators to a set of 57 global cities. The assessment comprised important aspects of energy transitions, focusing on the drivers of CO2 emissions in cities, including the share of coal in the energy mix, public transport and cycling patterns, waste recycling, the water‐energy nexus, as well as the role of smart and creative economy. The results show that San Francisco leads in economic and environmental priorities, and Stockholm leads in social and smart city priorities. Seoul consistently performs very successfully across the whole spectrum of indicators. We devote considerable attention to the strategies, policies and performance of the leading cities, namely, San Francisco, Stockholm and Seoul. This assessment could be a valuable tool for policy‐makers and investors, and could help identify linkages between different sustainability dimensions, as well as investment opportunities in cities with sustainability potential.
A 14 Eldetalbrücke
Authors: Eitelberger Johannes , Dorrer Günther
Published: October 2018

Die neue Eldetalbrücke ist ein wichtiger Teil des Lückenschlusses der deutschen Bundesautobahn A 14. Sie besteht aus zwei parallel verlaufenden Teiltragwerken in Stahlverbundbauweise. Die vier Hauptträger der Brücke sind als Stahlhohlkästen ausgebildet, die im Bereich der beiden größten Spannweiten voutenförmig nach unten erweitert sind. Insgesamt liegt die Brücke auf 14 Achsen auf, die aufgrund der schwierigen Baugrundverhältnisse auf Großbohrpfählen gelagert sind. Die zwei Lagerachsen mit den größten Vouten sind als Besonderheit als semi‐integrale Verbundpfeiler ausgebildet, deren Planung und Bau eine Herausforderung für alle Beteiligten darstellten. Zusätzliche Einschränkungen bei der Zugänglichkeit erforderten kreative Lösungen bei der Stahlbaumontage. Mit einer Gesamtlänge von 506 m zählt die fertiggestellte Eldetalbrücke zu den größten Brückenbauwerken in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern.
Effect of Oxidation Level of High‐Amylose Corn Starch on Its Acetylation, Molecular Structure, and Functional Properties
Authors: Pietrzyk Sławomir , Fortuna Teresa , Łabanowska Maria , Kurdziel Magdalena , Królikowska Karolina , Juszczak Lesław
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of oxidation level on susceptibility to acetylation, molecular structure, and functional properties of high‐amylose corn starch. High‐amylose corn starch is oxidized with sodium hypochlorite (equivalent 10, 20, 30 g Cl kg−1 starch) and acetylated with the acetic acid anhydride. Content of carboxyl, carbonyl, and acetyl groups; molecular size distribution, XRD spectra, specific surface, and morphology are determined in starches. Water‐binding capacity and solubility in water are also measured. Susceptibility of starch to the formation of stable organic radicals upon UV irradiation is detected with the EPR spectroscopy. The level of the oxidation of high‐amylose starch has a great impact on acetylation and on changes in starch structure. It is found that acetylation increases water binding capacity and water solubility of oxidized starches. High‐amylose corn starch exhibit strong susceptibility to radical formation which results from the fact that the liability of its structure is higher than that of normal and waxy ones. Modification processes prevented the destruction of starch against UV irradiation.
Relative Effects of Mortality versus Emigration on a Reservoir Walleye Population
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Flammang Mark
Published: October 2018

Mechanisms influencing population fluctuations are an important component of fisheries ecology. Fishes can be lost from populations due to mortality or emigration, potentially resulting in population declines. Although emigration in large, open‐river systems is well recognized, emigration may also occur in reservoirs that are conventionally considered closed systems, potentially resulting in important population‐level effects. However, little is known regarding annual variation in reservoir emigration rates, the influence of reservoir discharge on emigration, or the influence of emigration compared to mortality in regulating populations. We used tagging data collected from 1990 to 2000 to evaluate the effects of various discharge patterns on reservoir WalleyeSander vitreusemigration and the importance of emigration versus mortality for regulating the population. Walleye annual mortality was variable, ranging from 0.05 to 0.46, but was similar between sexes. Walleye emigration ranged from 0.02 to 0.26 and was best explained by variation in mean April discharge and the number of days discharge exceeded 14 m3/s. Emigration rates were similar to mortality rates in 5 of 9 years but lower than mortality rates in the remaining 4 years, suggesting that both processes likely contribute to fluctuations in population abundance. Combined, our results indicate that wet years requiring prolonged reservoir discharge, even at relatively low rates, result in increased Walleye emigration, with up to 26% of the population emigrating. Larger, more severe precipitation events are predicted to occur in the future as a result of climate change, thus altering reservoir management plans and threatening the sustainability of reservoir fisheries.
Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Esophagectomy: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations
Authors: Low Donald E. , Allum William , De Manzoni Giovanni , Ferri Lorenzo , Immanuel Arul , Kuppusamy MadhanKumar , Law Simon , Lindblad Mats , Maynard Nick , Neal Joseph , Pramesh C. S. , Scott Mike , Mark Smithers B. , Addor Valérie , Ljungqvist Olle
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs provide a format for multidisciplinary care and has been shown to predictably improve short term outcomes associated with surgical procedures. Esophagectomy has historically been associated with significant levels of morbidity and mortality and as a result routine application and audit of ERAS guidelines specifically designed for esophageal resection has significant potential to improve outcomes associated with this complex procedure.

Methods

A team of international experts in the surgical management of esophageal cancer was assembled and the existing literature was identified and reviewed prior to the production of the guidelines. Well established procedure specific components of ERAS were reviewed and updated with changes relevant to esophagectomy. Procedure specific, operative and technical sections were produced utilizing the best current level of evidence. All sections were rated regarding the level of evidence and overall recommendation according to the evaluation (GRADE) system.

Results

Thirty‐nine sections were ultimately produced and assessed for quality of evidence and recommendations. Some sections were completely new to ERAS programs due to the fact that esophagectomy is the first guideline with a thoracic component to the procedure.

Conclusions

The current ERAS society guidelines should be reviewed and applied in all centers looking to improve outcomes and quality associated with esophageal resection.
Core Political Values and the Long-Term Shaping of Partisanship
Authors: Evans Geoffrey , Neundorf Anja
Published: October 2018

Party identification has been thought to provide the central organizing element for political belief systems. This article makes the contrasting case that core values concerning equality and government intervention versus individualism and free enterprise are fundamental orientations that can themselves shape partisanship. The authors evaluate these arguments in the British case using a validated multiple-item measure of core values, using ordered latent class models to estimate reciprocal effects with partisanship on panel data from the British Household Panel Study, 1991–2007. The findings demonstrate that core values are more stable than partisanship and have far stronger cross-lagged effects on partisanship than vice versa in both polarized and depolarized political contexts, for younger and older respondents, and for those with differing levels of educational attainment and income, thus demonstrating their general utility as decision-making heuristics.
Tracking the origin and dispersal of the Asian chestnut gall waspDryocosmus kuriphilusYasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) in Europe with molecular markers
Authors: Martinez-Sañudo I. , Mazzon L. , Simonato M. , Avtzis D. , Pujade-Villar J. , Faccoli M.
Published: October 2018

The Asian chestnut gall wasp,Dryocosmus kuriphilus,is an invasive pest causing significant damage to chestnut trees (Castaneaspp., Fagaceae). Originating from China, it has recently invaded a wide range of regions in Europe and North America. Understanding the population genetic structure of important invasive pests is very useful for improving the knowledge concerning routes of expansion and colonizing capacity. Despite its economic importance, limited attention has been given toD. kuriphilusorigin and spread, or to its genetic structure. In this study,D. kuriphiluspopulations sampled in eight European countries were screened using both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; COI) and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 2; ITS2) sequences, and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The molecular markers COI and ITS2 highlighted the presence of a single haplotype in all the studied populations. The recorded mitochondrial haplotype was identical to one of the most widespread haplotypes occurring in the native area (China). AFLP results indicated thatD. kuriphilusindividuals belong to two genetically distinct clusters without any further geographic clustering. These results suggest thatD. kuriphiluspopulations in Europe could be the result of a single introduction of a Chinese founder population characterized by two genetically distinct lineages that subsequently spread rapidly across Europe. However, the possibility that populations originated from multiple introductions of the same Chinese mitochondrial haplotype cannot be excluded. The reported results provide useful information concerning this invasive species, potentially facilitating integrated pest management.
Stability and Change: Policy Evolution on the Supreme Court of Canada, 1945–2005
Authors: Johnson Susan W.
Published: October 2018

Studies of the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) focus largely on its policy-making role and its interpretation of the Charter of Rights. However, less studied are the Court's decisions in earlier periods, especially in comparison to the Charter years and in cases beyond civil rights and liberties. This study fills a gap in the scholarship by analyzing the universe of decisions from 1945 to 2005 in criminal, tax and tort cases. Utilizing Baum's (1988, 1989) method to examine policy change, I explore policy trends on the Supreme Court. The findings suggest that, for the most part, the SCC has remained a stable, consistent body over the course of its modern history. It appears that most of the variation in judicial output across time is due to issue change with some shifts due to personnel and membership change.
Actually-Existing Success: Economics, Aesthetics, and the Specificity of (Still-)Socialist Urbanism
Authors: Murawski Michał
Published: October 2018

A quarter century following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the people's democracies, many of the dwellings, utilities, and public spaces built by these regimes continue to be cherished by their inhabitants and users. This has only increased as post-socialist urban landscapes undergo an ever-intensifying process of neoliberal “re-privatization,” de-planning, and spatial as well as economic stratification. Scholars, however, continue to produce accounts emphasizing how socialist cities and buildings, as well as the audacious social goals built into them, failed. This article provides a critical overview of recent literature on built socialism and identifies a tension between two parallel ethnographic and historical narratives. One argues that built socialism failed, because it was too obsessed with the economy and industry and neglected every other aspect of social life. The other pins the blame for failure on built socialism's alleged fixation with aesthetic or discursive realms and its corresponding neglect of the economy. The article closes by suggesting pathways for comparative scholarship that consider built socialism in terms of not only collapse and disintegration, but also success and endurance; not simply ofeithereconomyoraesthetics, but also of their reciprocal inter-determination and co-dependence. We must look beyond the lens of imported theories and consider “vernacular” or “emic” concepts rooted in the specificities and singularities of the socialist city itself.
Historicity, Peoplehood, and Politics: Holocaust Talk in Twenty-First-Century France
Authors: Arkin Kimberly A.
Published: October 2018

Drawing on ethnographic data from the mid-2000s as well as accounts from French Jewish newspapers and magazines from the 1980s onward, this paper traces the emergence of new French Jewish institutional narratives linking North African Jews to the “European” Holocaust. I argue that these new narratives emerged as a response to the social and political impasses produced by intra-Jewish disagreements over whether and how North African Jews could talk about the Holocaust, which divided French Jews and threatened the relationship between Jewishness and French national identity. These new pedagogical narratives relied on a very different historicity, or way of reckoning time and causality, than those used in more divisive everyday French Jewish Holocaust narratives. By reworking the ways that French Jews reckoned time and causality, they offered an expansive and homogenously “European” Jewishness. This argument works against a growing postcolonial sociological and anthropological literature on religious minorities in France and Europe by emphasizing the contingency, difficulty, and even ambivalence around constructing “Jewishness” as transparently either “European” or “French.” It also highlights the role played by historicity—not just history—in producing what counts as group “identity.”
Denouncing Sovereignty: Claims to Liberty in Northeastern Central African Republic
Authors: Lombard Louisa
Published: October 2018

This essay focuses on the northeastern borderlands of the Central African Republic (CAR), an area that though formally part of a state is mostly left to its own devices. It has no single sovereign, but many people participate in the sovereign prerogative of enacting violence in such a way as to claim a right to determine how to live. These dynamics are particularly visible in the area's contests over armed conservation, my ethnographic and historical topic here. These sovereign claims take the form of denunciation: rallying people to take extreme measures against another whose egregious acts threaten fundamental values. In northeastern CAR, the value frequently fought for through denunciation is negative liberty—freedom from molestation for those who carve space for themselves by denouncing. In addition to excavating denunciation as a dynamics of sovereignty, this paper shows that the values motivating sovereign struggles can include not just autonomy—whether devoted to a principle of order or anarchy, as others have explored—but can also be devoted to creating exceptions for those who denounce, such that they are able to participate in projects and access terrains that extend beyond their place of residence without having to consistently abide by others’ rules. Denunciation is thus a dynamics of sovereign claim-making that can shape and mobilize solidarities that are in flux, rather than those calcified by the violent, exceptional decision of a unitary sovereign. Denunciation foregrounds relational and processual aspects of sovereignty and in so doing invites new comparisons.
What Empires Can and Can't Do
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: October 2018

I review and critique three important recent books to clarify the ways in which empires amass territories, dominate the peoples within them, and sooner or later decline and disappear. I review definitions of empires and contrast empires with nation-states. Empires succeed to the extent to which they manage differences among subjects, and I examine explanations for empires’ varying strategies for accomplishing that necessary task. I examine how empires both suppress and inadvertently foster nationalism. Imperial dynamics were influenced by competition with rival empires even as empires learned from each other's successes and failures. Throughout the modern era ancient Rome was a model and a caution. I identify the ways in which wars led to imperial expansion and moments when wars weakened or fatally undermined empires. I contrast ancient and modern and European and Asian empires. Finally, I look at the nineteenth-century expansion and twentieth-century collapses of modern empires and speculate on the extent to which those trajectories hold lessons for the contemporary United States.
The influence of environmental conditions onParasagitta friderici(Chaetognatha) abundance in a subtropical estuary (south Brazil)
Authors: Nogueira Júnior Miodeli , Giachini Tosetto Everton , Razzolini Emanuel Luís
Published: October 2018

Estuarine chaetognath population dynamics are poorly known worldwide. We have conducted eight seasonal campaigns (October 2007–August 2008) sampling three sectors in the subtropical Babitonga Bay estuary (26°S 48°W) in order to depict chaetognath abundance and population structure dynamics and test the influence of hydrography and food availability and type. Of three species sampled,Parasagitta fridericirepresented >93% of abundance in all samples and was examined in detail. There were no differences inP. fridericiabundance between the sectors of the estuary, related to its high tolerance to low salinity, a feature not common for most chaetognath species. Salinity tolerance is an important adaptive characteristic to thrive within estuarine systems, and probably is responsible for the dominance ofP. fridericiin coastal and brackish water environments throughout most of its distribution. Juveniles dominated the population most of the year, except in February–April when abundances were lower and adults predominated. These results suggest that recruitment occurs continuously throughout the year, being more intense between October and January (spring to early summer) and in May (autumn) when densities and proportion of juveniles were higher. General Additive Models suggest that temperature and zooplankton biomass are significant (P< 0.05) factors influencing juvenile abundance while only the latter influenced the adults. We conclude that food availability is the most important driver in the studied population ofP. fridericiand recruitment peaks, which lead to high densities, seem to occur following peaks of their copepod prey along with particular temperature conditions (22–23°C).
The genealogy of death: A chronology of U.S. organizations promoting euthanasia and assisted suicide
Authors: Brueck MaryKatherine A. , Sulmasy Daniel P.
Published: October 2018

In the early 20th century, a political movement to secure access to euthanasia and assisted suicide began in the United States. The multitude of organizations associated with this effort has undergone an array of mergers, splits, and name changes, channeled through two progenitor organizations—the Euthanasia Society of America and the Hemlock Society. A few chronologies mapping the metamorphoses of these organizations are available, but they are not accessible in the medical literature. Moreover, they are not comprehensive, lack consistency, and are not rigorously validated. As debates about the legalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide continue, it is important to have a common understanding of the history behind these developments, including recognition of the factors driving these adaptations. In this paper, we offer a comprehensive and definitive history to aid those interested in knowing the roots of these organizations and those that are still active today.
Systematic review of global functioning and quality of life in people with psychotic disorders
Authors: Nevarez-Flores A. G. , Sanderson K. , Breslin M. , Carr V. J. , Morgan V. A. , Neil A. L.
Published: October 2018

Aims

People with psychotic disorders face impairments in their global functioning and their quality of life (QoL). The relationship between the two outcomes has not been systematically investigated. Through a systematic review, we aim to explore the presence and extent of associations between global functioning and QoL and establish whether associations depend on the instruments employed.

Methods

In May 2016, ten electronic databases were searched using a two-phase process to identify articles in which associations between global functioning and QoL were assessed. Basic descriptive data and correlation coefficients between global functioning and QoL instruments were extracted, with the strength of the correlation assessed according to the specifications of Cohen 1988. Results were reported with reference to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines and PRISMA standards. A narrative synthesis was performed due to heterogeneity in methodological approaches.

Results

Of an initial 15 183 non-duplicate articles identified, 756 were deemed potentially relevant, with 40 studies encompassing 42 articles included. Fourteen instruments for measuring global functioning and 22 instruments for measuring QoL were used. Twenty-nine articles reported linear associations while 19 assessed QoL predictors. Correlations between overall scores varied in strength, primarily dependent on the QoL instrument employed, and whether QoL was objectively or subjectively assessed. Correlations observed for objective QoL measures were consistently larger than those observed for subjective measures, as were correlations for an interviewer than self-assessed QoL. When correlations were assessed by domains of QoL, the highest correlations were found for social domains of QoL, for which most correlations were moderate or higher. Global functioning consistently predicted overall QoL as did depressive and negative symptoms.

Conclusions

This review is the first to explore the extent of associations between global functioning and QoL in people with psychotic disorders. We consistently found a positive association between global functioning and QoL. The strength of the association was dependent on the QoL instrument employed. QoL domains strongly associated with global functioning were highlighted. The review illustrates the extensive array of instruments used for the assessment of QoL and to a lesser extent global functioning in people with psychotic disorders and provides a framework to understand the different findings reported in the literature. The findings can also inform the future choice of instruments by researchers and/or clinicians. The observed associations reassure that interventions for improving global functioning will have a positive impact on the QoL of people living with a psychotic disorder.
Does Pebble Abrasion Influence Detrital Age Population Statistics? A Numerical Investigation of Natural Data Sets
Authors: Lavarini C. , Attal M. , da Costa Filho C. A. , Kirstein L. A.
Published: October 2018

Pebble abrasion is a key factor controlling the release of minerals into sand, but few attempts have been made to model how it could influence the liberation of minerals into the size fraction used in detrital geochronology. We perform a series of experiments with an abrasion model to test this influence using natural and synthetic data sets. Our results demonstrate that pebble abrasion can change the zircon mixing proportions of upstream source units as well as the age distribution of mixed fluvial sands. This change is particularly significant when there is strong contrast in rock resistance within the watershed. Pebble abrasion is one of many factors that can change the mixing proportion of sands, including hillslope gravel supply, erosion rates, and mineral fertility. In our study case (Marsyandi watershed, Himalaya), the abrasion model predicts age distributions that are statistically indistinguishable from those predicted by a no‐abrasion model. However, the relative erosion rates estimated by our model largely differ from the results of a no‐abrasion model and are closer to those from other studies that suggest a strong correlation between modern erosion rates, tectonics, and precipitation intensity in the Marsyandi watershed. These findings highlight that, even in cases where there is no statistical evidence of change between the modeled age distributions, abrasion can affect the erosion rates estimated from them. Therefore, quantifying the influence of abrasion on sand production is an essential step not only to predict mixing proportions but also to accurately retrieve erosion rates from the measured grain age distributions.
The Psychology of Authenticity
Authors: Newman George E.
Published: October 2018

Perceptions of authenticity (or, inauthenticity) have been shown to affect people’s judgments and behavior across a wide variety of domains. However, there is still ambiguity about how the concept should be defined. This is attributable, at least in part, to a growing list of different “kinds of authenticity” with little discussion of the potential overlaps between them. The goal of this paper is to reduce these various notions of authenticity into a more manageable set of constructs. Building on the work of Newman and Smith (2016a), three broad kinds of authenticity are proposed: Historical, Categorical, and Values authenticity. Two studies then examine the extent to which people’s conceptions of authenticity naturally segment into these three types. Specifically, Study 1 asks participants about the various ways in which they might assess authenticity, whereas Study 2 examines individual differences in sensitivity to different kinds of inauthenticity. The results from both studies indicate a striking degree of convergence in support of these three broad dimensions. Moreover, different populations appear to be differentially concerned about these various ways of evaluating authenticity. The implications of this framework for existing and future work in this area are discussed.
GOBO projection for 3D measurements at highest frame rates: a performance analysis
Authors: Heist Stefan , Dietrich Patrick , Landmann Martin , Kühmstedt Peter , Notni Gunther , Tünnermann Andreas
Published: October 2018

Aperiodic sinusoidal patterns that are cast by a GOBO (GOes Before Optics) projector are a powerful tool for optically measuring the surface topography of moving or deforming objects with very high speed and accuracy. We optimised the first experimental setup that we were able to measure inflating car airbags at frame rates of more than 50 kHz while achieving a 3D point standard deviation of ~500 µm. Here, we theoretically investigate the method of GOBO projection of aperiodic sinusoidal fringes. In a simulation-based performance analysis, we examine the parameters that influence the accuracy of the measurement result and identify an optimal pattern design that yields the highest measurement accuracy. We compare the results with those that were obtained via GOBO projection of phase-shifted sinusoidal fringes. Finally, we experimentally verify the theoretical findings. We show that the proposed technique has several advantages over conventional fringe projection techniques, as the easy-to-build and cost-effective GOBO projector can provide a high radiant flux, allows high frame rates, and can be used over a wide spectral range.
Latitude-dependent finescale turbulent shear generations in the Pacific tropical-extratropical upper ocean
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Qiu Bo , Tian Jiwei , Zhao Wei , Huang Xiaodong
Published: October 2018

Turbulent mixing, which is critically important for the equilibrium of ocean circulation, is controlled by finescale turbulent shear (S2) of oceanic flows through shear instability. Although the relationship between S2 and mixing is well understood, the latitude-dependent generation processes of S2 remain poorly known due to the lack of geographically extensive, long-term finescale velocity measurements. Here, using one-year ADCP data from 17 moorings along 143°E, we first show that the upper-ocean S2 and its resultant mixing rate have a W-shaped latitudinal distribution in the tropical-extratropical northwest Pacific with peaks at 0–2°N, 12–14°N, and 20–22°N, respectively. Further analyses reveal that these S2 peaks are caused by vertically-sheared equatorial currents, parametric subharmonic instability of diurnal tide, and anticyclonic eddy’s inertial chimney effect, respectively. As climate model simulations are sensitive to the mixing parameterizations, our findings highlight the need to incorporate the latitude-dependent generation mechanisms of S2 to improve climate models’ prediction capabilities.
Evidence for magmatic carbon bias in 14C dating of the Taupo and other major eruptions
Authors: Holdaway Richard N. , Duffy Brendan , Kennedy Ben
Published: October 2018

Prehistoric timescales, volcanic hazard assessment, and understanding of volcanogenic climate events rely on accurate dating of prehistoric eruptions. Most late Quaternary eruptions are dated by 14C measurements on material from close to the volcano that may be contaminated by geologic-sourced infinite-age carbon. Here we show that 14C ages for the Taupo (New Zealand) First Millennium eruption are geographically arrayed, with oldest ages closer to the vent. The current eruption wiggle match date of 232 ± 5 years CE is amongst the oldest. We present evidence that the older, vent-proximal 14C ages were biased by magmatic CO2 degassed from groundwater, and that the Taupo eruption occurred decades to two centuries after 232 CE. Our reinterpretation implies that ages for other proximally-dated, unobserved, eruptions may also be too old. Plateauing or declining tree ring cellulose δ13C and Δ14C values near a volcano indicate magmatic influence and may allow forecasting of super-eruptions.
Myelo-lymphoid lineage restriction occurs in the human haematopoietic stem cell compartment before lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors
Authors: Belluschi Serena , Calderbank Emily F. , Ciaurro Valerio , Pijuan-Sala Blanca , Santoro Antonella , Mende Nicole , Diamanti Evangelia , Sham Kendig Yen Chi , Wang Xiaonan , Lau Winnie W. Y. , Jawaid Wajid , Göttgens Berthold , Laurenti Elisa
Published: October 2018

Capturing where and how multipotency is lost is crucial to understand how blood formation is controlled. Blood lineage specification is currently thought to occur downstream of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Here we show that, in human, the first lineage restriction events occur within the CD19−CD34+CD38−CD45RA−CD49f+CD90+ (49f+) HSC compartment to generate myelo-lymphoid committed cells with no erythroid differentiation capacity. At single-cell resolution, we observe a continuous but polarised organisation of the 49f+ compartment, where transcriptional programmes and lineage potential progressively change along a gradient of opposing cell surface expression of CLEC9A and CD34. CLEC9AhiCD34lo cells contain long-term repopulating multipotent HSCs with slow quiescence exit kinetics, whereas CLEC9AloCD34hi cells are restricted to myelo-lymphoid differentiation and display infrequent but durable repopulation capacity. We thus propose that human HSCs gradually transition to a discrete lymphoid-primed state, distinct from lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, representing the earliest entry point into lymphoid commitment.
Direct electrical quantification of glucose and asparagine from bodily fluids using nanopores
Authors: Galenkamp Nicole Stéphanie , Soskine Misha , Hermans Jos , Wloka Carsten , Maglia Giovanni
Published: October 2018

Crucial steps in the miniaturisation of biosensors are the conversion of a biological signal into an electrical current as well as the direct sampling of bodily fluids. Here we show that protein sensors in combination with a nanopore, acting as an electrical transducer, can accurately quantify metabolites in real time directly from nanoliter amounts of blood and other bodily fluids. Incorporation of the nanopore into portable electronic devices will allow developing sensitive, continuous, and non-invasive sensors for metabolites for point-of-care and home diagnostics.