bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ottoman Empire
Authors: Özok‐Gündoğan Nilay
Published: August 2015

The Ottoman Empire was one of the world's longest enduring empires, ruling over three continents for more than six centuries from the late medieval era to the early 20th century. What we know as the Middle East today was almost entirely ruled by the Ottoman Empire until the creation of a nation‐state system in the region in the aftermath of World War I. With the conquest of Constantinople in the mid‐15th century, the Ottomans inherited the remnants of the Byzantine legacy to become one of the superpowers of the early modern world. For most of the empire's history, Ottoman governance of its diverse ethno‐religious groups was characterized by flexibility, adaptability, and constant negotiation, accounting for the longevity and durability of this gigantic territorial entity.
Mycobacterium
Authors: Magee John G. , Ward Alan C.
Published: August 2015

My.co.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.mukêsa fungus; L. neut. n.bacterium, a small rod; N.L. neut. n.Mycobacteriuma fungus rodlet.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Mycobacteriaceae / Mycobacterium

Aerobic to microaerophilic,slightly curved or straight rods(0.2–0.6 × 1.0–10 µm),which are acid–alcohol‐fast at some stage of growth. Most species are difficult to stain by Gram's method, but are usually considered Gram‐stain‐positive. Branching may sometimes occur and a filamentous or mycelium‐like growth may appear which, on slight disturbance, becomes fragmented into rods or coccoid elements.Cells are nonmotile and asporogenous;conidia or capsules are not produced;there are no grossly visible aerial hyphae.Colonies may be white‐ to cream‐colored;some strains produce yellow‐ or orange‐pigmented colonies with or without light stimulation.Whole‐organism hydrolysates are rich inmeso‐diaminopimelic acid,arabinose,and galactose.The peptidoglycan is of the A1γ type.Muramic acid moieties areN‐glycolated.Cells and cell walls are rich in lipids.These include waxes which have characteristic,chloroform‐soluble,mycolic acids with long(60–90 carbon atoms)branched chains.The fatty acid esters released on pyrolysis MS of mycolic acid esters have 22–26 carbon atoms.Cells contain diphosphatidylglycerol,phosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylinositol,and phospatidylinositol mannosides as predominant polar lipids,straight‐chain saturated,unsaturated,and 10‐methyloctadecanoic(tuberculostearic)fatty acids as major fatty acid components,and dihydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenolog. The genus includes obligate parasites, saprophytes, and opportunistic forms.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 57–73 (Tm; HPLC; whole‐genome sequencing).

Type species:Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 363AL.
Beutenbergia
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: August 2015

Beu.ten.ber'gi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Beutenbergia
referring to Beutenberg, the geographical location of the institute in which the soil sample was studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Beutenbergia

Cells are irregular rods
(0.5–0.8 × 1.0–3.1 µm)
and cocci
(0.7–1.0 µm). They occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or clusters and exhibit a
rod–coccus growth cycle
(
Figure
1
and Figure
2). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast.
Endospores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies grown on rich (R) agar are smooth, circular, convex, opaque with entire margins and cream to bright yellow in color. Good growth on complex organic media at 28°C. NaCl in the culture medium may be tolerated up to 4%.
Oxidase‐negative
,
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α based on
L
‐lysine. The
acyl type is acetyl
. Whole cell sugars are
glucose
,
mannose
,
and galactose
. The predominant menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

); MK‐8(H
2
), MK‐8, and MK‐9(H
4
) occur in minor amounts. The polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylinositol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
and unknown phospholipids
.
The cellular fatty acid profile
is dominated by the occurrence of
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strains of
Beutenbergia
are closely related both to genera of the families
Beutenbergiaceae
(
Salana
,
Serinibacter
and
Miniimonas
) and
Bogoriellacea
(
Georgenia
and
Bogoriella
) and to the genera
Cellulosimicrobium
(
Promicromonosporaceae
),
Sanguibacter
(
Sanguibacteraceae
), and
Intrasporangium
(
Intrasporangiaceae
), and the genus
Ruania
. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the
Beutenbergiaceae
are listed in Table 108.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Beutenbergia cavernae
Groth, Schumann, Schuetze, Augsten, Kramer and Stackebrandt 1999b, 1738
VP
.
Cellulomonas
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: August 2015

Cel.lu.lo.mo'nas. N.L. n.
cellulosum
cellulose; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Cellulomonas
cellulose monad.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Cellulomonadaceae / Cellulomonas

In young cultures, slender, irregular rods ∼∼0.3–0.7 µm × ∼1.0–4.0 µm or more which may be straight, angular, or slightly curved; some of the rods are arranged at an angle to each other giving V formations. Occasional cells may show primary branching. A mycelium is produced by one species. Cultures a week or more old usually contain mainly short rods, but a small proportion of the cells may be coccoid. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐positive, but the cells are very readily decolorized. Not acid fast. Motile by one (usually polar or subpolar) or a few lateral flagella, or nonmotile.
The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains ornithine
;
dicarboxylic acids are either glutamic acid or aspartic acid
.
The major isoprenoid quinones are tetrahydrogenated quinones with nine isoprene units
[
MK‐9
(

H
4

)]. Aerobic; most strains also capable of anaerobic growth as stab cultures. Optimum temperature ∼30°C. Growth moderate on peptone‐yeast extract media at neutral pH giving opaque, usually convex, white, yellowish, or yellow colonies.
Chemoorganotrophic
:
metabolism primarily respiratory
,
but also fermentative
;
most strains produce acid from glucose both aerobically and anaerobically
. Most strains are cellulolytic and reduce nitrate. Phylogenetically a member of the order
Micrococcales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.5–76.

Type species
:
Cellulomonas flavigena
(Kellerman and McBeth 1912) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 165 (
Bacillus flavigena
Kellerman and McBeth 1912, 488).
Demetria
Authors: Groth Ingrid , Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

De.me'tri.a. Gr. n.
Demeter
Greek god of agriculture and wives; L. fem. suff. ‐
ia
suff. denoting belonging to; N.L. fem.
Demetria
a bacterium being responsible for fertility.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermacoccaceae / Demetria

Cells are irregularly
coccoid to rod‐shaped
, 0.8–1.2 × 0.8–3.0 µm. They occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or in small irregular clusters. Gram‐stain‐positive. Not acid fast. Nonsporeforming.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies are circular, smooth, convex, white to pale yellow, and 1–3 mm in diameter. Optimum temperature for growth is 28°C; no growth occurs at 37°C.
Oxidase negative
,
catalase positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
α with
L
‐lysine as the characteristic diamino acid. The
acyl type is acetyl
.
Galactose
is the only whole‐cell sugar. The only
respiratory quinone
is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The
polar lipids
are composed of
phosphaditylinositol
,
phophaditylglycerol
,
diphophaditylglycerol
,
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
and two unknown phospholipids
. The cellular fatty acid profile is complex with large amounts of saturated and monounsaturated straight‐chain acids and smaller amounts of iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, the genus
Demetria
is most closely related to members of the genera
Dermacoccus
and
Kytococcus
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.

Type species
:
Demetria terragena
Groth, Schumann, Rainey, Martin, Schuetze and Augsten 1997a, 1132
VP
.
Dermacoccus
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Der.ma.coc'cus. N.L. n.
derma
skin: Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain, berry: N.L. masc. n.
Dermacoccus
coccus living on skin.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermacoccaceae / Dermacoccus

Cells are coccoid
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonencapsulated. Nonsporeforming.
Chemoorganotrophic
;
aerobic
;
rarely weak growth occurs under microaerophilic conditions
. Catalase positive. Nonhalophilic. Mesophilic.

The peptidoglycan type is type
L
‐Lys

–

l

‐
Ser

1–2

–

d

‐

Glu or
L
‐Lys

–

l

‐

Ser
2

(

l

‐
Ala
)–

d

‐
Glu
,
variation A4
α. Muramic acid is acetylated. Mycolic acids and teichoic acids are absent. Galactosamine is the major constituent of cell wall polysaccharide.
The menaquinones are hydrogenated
;
the predominant menaquinone is MK‐8
(

H
2

). The cytochromes are cytochromes
aa
3
,
c
549
,
c
555
,
b
559
,
b
564
, and
d
626
(one type strain analyzed). The polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol.
The major fatty acids are C

15
:
0

iso,
C

16
:
0

iso,
C

17
:
0

iso,
and C

17
:
0

ante. If present, the long‐chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are C22 and C23 hydrocarbons, as well as minor amounts of C25, C26, and C27 hydrocarbons.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.2–71.1.

Type species
:
Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis
(Oda 1935) Stackebrandt, Koch, Gvozdiak and Schumann 1995, 689
VP
emend. Kocur, Schleifer and Kloos 1975, 291 (
Micrococcus nishinomiyaensis
Oda 1935, 1202).
Kineosphaera
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Ki.ne.o.spha.e'ra. Gr. n.
kinesis
motion; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere, N.L. fem. n.
Kineosphaera
a motile sphere.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermatophilaceae / Kineosphaera

Cells are strictly aerobic, nonsporeforming, Gram‐stain‐positive, motile cocci (1–2 µm in diameter) which grow in pairs and packets. Catalase negative and oxidase positive. Cells do not use nitrite as an electron acceptor. The cell wall contains
meso
‐A2pm as its characteristic diamino acid. The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H4). The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
; C
17:1
, C
18:1
, C
17:0
, and C
16:1
occurs in smaller amounts. Phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The genus is a member of the family
Dermatophilaceae
, order
Micrococcales
, class
Actinobacteria
.

DNA G
+
Ccontent
(
mol
%): 71.

Type species
:
Kineosphaera limosa
Liu, Hanada, Marsh, Kamagata and Nakamura 2002, 1848
VP
.
Ornithinicoccus
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: August 2015

Or.ni.thi.ni.coc'cus. N.L. n.
ornithinum
ornithine (an amino acid named after the Gr. n.
ornithos
, bird); Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain; N.L. masc. n.
Ornithinicoccus
a coccus with ornithine.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Ornithinicoccus

Cells are irregular
cocci
(0.8–1.3 µm) that occur singly, in pairs, short chains, and clusters (Figure 1). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast, nonsporeforming.
Nonmotile
.
Aerobic to microaerobic
. Colonies are smooth, circular, opaque with entire margins and white to cream in color when grown on rich (R) medium. Additionally, colonies may appear that have a depressed center which is surrounded by a uniform or radial structured wall and a wrinkled marginal zone. Colonies vary in size from 0.6–4.3 mm. Good growth occurs on complex organic media at temperatures 28–37°C; no growth at 42°C. NaCl in the culture medium is well tolerated up to 4%.
Oxidase‐negative
;
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
β with an
L
‐Orn–Gly
(1,2)
–
D
‐Glu interpeptide bridge which is in accordance with variation A21.13.
The acyl type is acetyl
. No diagnostic whole cell sugars are found. The major menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

); MK‐8(H
2
) is present in minor amounts. The polar lipids are composed of
phosphatidylinositol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylserine
, and two unknown phospholipids. The cellular fatty acid profile is distinctly dominated by the occurrence of
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, the genus
Ornithinicoccus
is most closely related to members of the genera
Humihabitans
and
Oryzihumus
. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the family
Intrasporangiaceae
are listed in Table 1.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.

Type species
:
Ornithinicoccus hortensis
Groth, Schumann, Martin, Schuetze, Augsten, Kramer and Stackebrandt 1999, 1723
VP
.
Terracoccus
Authors: Schumann Peter
Published: August 2015

Ter.ra.coc'cus. L. fem. n.
terra
soil; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; N.L. masc. n.
Terracoccus
coccus isolated from soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Terracoccus

Spherical to slightly ellipsoidal cells existing singly, in pairs, in tetrads, in irregular small clusters, or in more or less regular sarcinoid packets which may form large irregular clusters. Gram‐stain‐positive. Not acid‐fast. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Strictly aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. Oxidase‐negative. Catalase‐positive. The

ll

‐
diaminopimelic acid
‐containing
peptidoglycan
of group
A3
γ has
three glycine residues as an interpeptide bridge
and
a fourth glycine residue bound to the
α‐

carboxyl group of
D
‐glutamic acid

in position 2 of the peptide subunit. The major
menaquinone
is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The
fatty acid profile
represents the
iso
,
anteiso type
with predominately C
15:0
iso followed by C
15:0
anteiso. Minor straight‐chain fatty acids occur. The
polar lipids
are
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylinositol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and diphosphatidylglycerol
. Mycolic acids are absent. Phylogenetically, this genus is affiliated to the family
Intrasporangiaceae
, order
Micrococcales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 73.

Type species
:
Terracoccus luteus
Prauser, Schumann, Rainey, Kroppenstedt and Stackebrandt 1997, 1223
VP
.
Agromyces
Authors: Akimov Vladimir N. , Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: August 2015

Ag.ro.my'ces. Gr. n.
agros
field or soil; N.L. masc. n.
myces
(from Gr. masc. n.
mukes ‐etis
) fungus; N.L. masc. n.
Agromyces
soil fungus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Agromyces

Young cultures produce
thin
(
mostly 0
.
2–0
.
6
μ
m in diameter
)
branched vegetative hyphae, short branching filaments or irregular rods that subsequently break up into diphtheroid, rod‐like to coccoid fragments
. Scant aerial hyphae may occur on rare occasions. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.
Gram‐stain‐positive type
of cell wall. Non‐acid‐fast. Lysozyme sensitive. Colonies on nutrient agar medium are generally
yellow or white
, circular, 1–2 mm in diameter, opaque,
often penetrating into the agar. Chemo‐organotrophs
, having a respiratory type of metabolism.
Aerobic to microaerophilic
. Catalase and oxidase test reactions intensities vary among species. Most strains grow well on standard laboratory media at near neutral pH. Some species are nutritionally exacting. Use a wide range of organic compounds as sole sources of carbon for growth and energy. Mesophilic; optimal growth at ~24–30°C; growth range ~7–40°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–73.

Type species
:
Agromyces ramosus
Gledhill and Casida 1969a, 346
VP
.
Leucobacter
Authors: Yokota Akira
Published: August 2015

Leu.co.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
leukos
clear, light; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Leucobacter
colorless rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Leucobacter

Gram‐stain‐positive, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. No mycelium is produced. Catalase is produced, but oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, hydrogen sulfide, and urease are not produced. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
2
,
4‐diaminobutyric acid
(
DAB
) as the characteristic diamino acid.
The peptidoglycan acyl type is acetyl
. The quinone system contains either menaquinones MK‐10 and MK‐11 (
Leucobacter tardus
) or MK‐11 only as major isoprenoid quinone. Mycolic acids are not present. The major cellular fatty acids are
C

15
:
0

anteiso,
C

16
:
0

iso,
and C

17
:
0

anteiso.
Diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and one unknown glycolipid
are present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 62.8–69.5.

Type species
:
Leucobacter komagatae
Takeuchi, Weiss, Schumann and Yokota 1996, 970
VP
.
Microbacterium
Authors: Suzuki Ken‐Ichiro , Hamada Moriyuki
Published: August 2015

Mic.ro.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Microbacterium
a small rodlet.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Microbacterium

Cells of young cultures (from 12 to 24 h) are small, slender, irregular rods, generally 0.4–0.6 µm in diameter by 1.0–2.0 µm in length. Some species form cells up to 6.0 µm in length. Some of the rods are arranged at angles to each other to give a “V” formation. Primary branching may occur but is not common in mycelia formation. Cells of old cultures (from 3 to 7 d) are shorter and coccoid cells are often formed. However, the rod–coccus cycle does not occur. Cells stain Gram‐positive and are not acid‐fast. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile or motile. Colonies on solid media are yellowish white, yellow to orange in color.
Generally strictly aerobic and catalase‐positive. Chemo‐organotrophic
. Acid is produced from glucose and some carbohydrates, but only slowly or weakly on peptone. Some organic acids are assimilated.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 63–75 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Microbacterium lacticum
Orla‐Jensen 1919, 179
AL
.
Microcella
Authors: Veríssimo António
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.cel'la. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. fem. n.
cella
chamber and in biology a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Microcella
a small cell.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Microcella

Cells are, rod shaped (0.3–0.4 × 1.6–4 µm),
Gram‐stain‐positive
, and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Aerobic, oxidase‐negative, and catalase‐positive. Chemo‐organotrophic. Mesophilic. Colonies are small and yellow‐pigmented. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan
is of the B‐type containing lysine or ornithine
as the diagnostic amino acid. Fatty acids are predominantly iso‐ and anteiso‐branched, namely C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:0
iso, C
14:0
iso, and C
15:0
iso. Mycolic acids are not present. The respiratory quinones are unsaturated
menaquinones with 11–14 isoprene
units, with predominance of MK‐12 and MK‐13. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences places the genus
Microcella
in the family
Microbacteriaceae
. The closest phylogenetic neighbor is
Yonghaparkia alkaliphila
. The species of
Microcella
are
alkaliphilic
and the strains were isolated from a non‐saline highly alkaline (pH 11.4) groundwater located in Southern Portugal.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.1–70.7.

Type species
:
Microcella putealis
Tiago, Pires, Mendes, Morais, da Costa and Veríssimo 2005a, 1743
VP
(Effective publication: Tiago, Pires, Mendes, Morais, da Costa and Veríssimo 2005b, 484.).
Mycetocola
Authors: Tsukamoto Takanori
Published: August 2015

My.ce.to'co.la. Gr. n.
mukês ‐etis
a mushroom, fungus; L. suff. ‐
cola
(from L. masc. or fem. n.
incola
), dweller, inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Mycetocola
fungus‐dweller.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Mycetocola

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, nonsporeforming, nonmotile actinomycetes which form irregular rods
(0.2–1.1 × 1.5–3.5 µm). Colonies are circular, convex, and smooth on nutrient agar. Growth occurs between 20–30°C, optimally at 25°C, but not at 4°C or 37°C. Catalase‐positive, but oxidase‐negative. Esculin is hydrolyzed and tributyrin and Tween 40 degraded. Acid is produced from a broad range of sugars and diverse compounds used as sole carbon sources.

Lysine is the diamino acid in the cell‐wall peptidoglycan. Muramic acid moieties are
N
‐acetylated. The polar lipid pattern consists of two phospholipids, a major diphosphatidylglycerol spot, a prominent glycolipid, and a faint phosphatidylglycerol spot; unsaturated menaquinones with ten isoprene units are the predominant isoprenologues. The major fatty acids are C

15
:
0

anteiso and C

17:
0

anteiso. The phylogenetic position of
Mycetocola
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Microbacteriaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–70.

Type species
:
Mycetocola saprophilus
Tsukamoto, Takeuchi, Shida, Murata and Shirata 2001, 942
VP
.
Acaricomes
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

A.ca.ri.co'mes. N.L. masc. pl. n.acarithe mites; L. masc. n.comescompanion; N.L. masc. n.Acaricomescompanion of mites.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Acaricomes

Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, non‐endospore‐forming rods. A rod–coccus life cycle is absent. Mesophilic. The pH optimum for growth is pH 6.0–8.0. Catalase‐positive, oxidase‐negative. Thepeptidoglycan typeisA3αL‐Lys–L‐Ala3. Thepredominant menaquinoneis dihydrogenatedmenaquinone MK‐10(H2); in addition, methylmenaquinoneMMK‐10(H2) is detectable. Themain fatty acidsdetermined areC15:0anteiso and C17:0anteiso. The majorpolar lipidsarephosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, andphosphatidylinositol.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 57.7 (HPLC).

Type species:Acaricomes phytoseiuliPukall, Schumann, Schütte, Gols and Dicke 2006, 465VP.
Kocuria
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: August 2015

Ko.cu'ri.a. N.L. fem. n. Kocuria, named after Miroslav Kocur, a Slovakian microbiologist for his pioneering studies on Gram‐stain‐positive cocci.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Kocuria

Cells coccoid. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonencapsulated. Endospores not formed. Nonmotile. Chemo‐organotrophic; metabolism is strictly respiratory.Aerobic; strains of one species are slightly facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐positive. Nonhalophilic. Mesophilic.The peptidoglycan type is A3α (l‐Lys–l‐Ala3–4). Mycolic acids and teichoic acids are absent.Menaquinones are hydrogenated; the predominant menaquinones are MK‐7(H2),MK‐8, or MK‐9(H2), either alone or in combination. Polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol; phosphatidylinositol is present in one species.The major fatty acid is C15:0anteiso.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–75.

Type species:Kocuria rosea(Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt, Koch, Gvozdiak and Schumann 1995, 690 (Micrococcus roseusFlügge 1886 183AL).
Renibacterium
Authors: Austin Brian
Published: August 2015

Re.ni.bac.te'ri.um. L. pl. n.
renes
the kidneys; L. neut. n.
bacterium
rod; N.L. neut. n.
Renibacterium
kidney bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Renibacterium

Short rods
or
cocco‐bacilli
, 0.3–1.0 × 1.0–1.5 µm, often occurring in pairs (= diplococcobacilli) and short chains.
Strongly Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonencapsulated. Nonmotile. Endospores are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Sanders and Fryer 1980, 501
VP
.
Promicromonospora
Authors: Schumann Peter , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Pro.mi.cro.mo.no.spo'ra. Gr. pref.probefore, primitive; Gr. adj.mikrossmall; Gr. adj.monossingle, solitary; Gr. fem. n.sporaa seed, and in microbiology a spore; N.L. fem. n.Promicromonosporathe genus name was coined to reflect the combination of traits then thought to be characteristic of the actinomycete form‐genera “Proactinomyces” (the tendency of the mycelium to fragment) andMicromonospora(the formation of single spores on the substrate mycelium).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Promicromonospora

Branchingseptatehyphae(0.5–1.0 μm in diameter) growing on the surface of and penetrating into the agar, whichbreak up into fragmentsof various size and shape. Fragmentation results innonmotile, Y‐ or V‐shaped, rodlike, coccoid, chlamydospore‐like, and other spore‐shaped elements. All of them may give rise to new mycelia.Growth pasty to leathery. Aerial hyphae in different strains may vary in abundance (sometimes discernible only microscopically). These are straight to curved, sometimes sparsely branched, usually fragmented into rodlike or elongated coccoid elements.Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, catalase‐positive. Aerobic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Glucose metabolized oxidatively, rarely also fermentatively.Mesophilic. Peptidoglycan type A4α, variation l‐Lys←L‐Ala←D‐Glu. Mycolic acids and wall teichoic acids are lacking. Branching fatty acids of the iso‐ and anteiso‐types (C15:0iso and C15:0anteiso) predominate. Diagnostic phospholipids are represented by phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glucosamine‐containing phospholipid. MajormenaquinoneisMK‐9(H4). Mainly found in soils. The genusPromicromonosporais the type genus of the familyPromicromonosporaceaeof the orderMicrococcales, classActinobacteria.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 70–75 (Tm).

Type species:Promicromonospora citreaKrasil'nikov, Kalakoutskii and Kirillova 1961, 107AL.
Xylanibacterium
Authors: Velázquez Encarna , Trujillo Martha E. , Martínez‐Molina Eustoquio
Published: August 2015

Xylanibacterium
(Xy.la.ni.bac.te'ri.um N.L. neut. n.
xylanum
xylan, a polysaccharide; L. neut. n.
bacterium
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Xylanibacterium
xylan hydrolyzing small rod).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Xylanibacterium

Gram‐stain‐positive
,
non‐spore forming
small rod‐shaped bacterium. Aerial mycelium is not formed.
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
, chemo‐organotrophic and
xylanolytic bacterium
. Optimum temperature 30°C and pH 7. Oxidase‐positive and catalase‐negative. Phylogenetically related to members of the family
Promicromonosporaceae
on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence.
Peptidoglycan type is A4
α,

l

‐
Lys
–

l

‐
Ala
–

d

‐
Glu
. The cell‐wall sugars are
rhamnose in great amounts
, fucose, mannose, galactose and traces of arabinose and glucose. Major menaquinones are
MK‐9
(

H
4

) and
MK‐8
(

H
4

). Predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, C
16:0
, and C
14:0
. Mycolic acids are absent. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIM).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.3 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Xylanibacterium ulmi
(Rivas, Trujillo, Schumann, Kroppenstedt, Sánchez, Mateos, Martínez‐Molina and Velázquez 2004, 560
VP
.
Sanguibacter
Authors: Ramos Cristina Pascual , Fernández‐Garayzábal José Francisco
Published: August 2015

San.gui.bac'ter. L. n.
sanguis
, ‐
inis
blood; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Sanguibacter
(
sic
) a blood rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Sanguibacteraceae / Sanguibacter

Species of the genus share the characteristics listed in the family description. Not hemolytic on sheep blood agar. Esculin is hydrolyzed. Acid is produced from glycogen, sucrose,
D
‐cellobiose,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐glucose,
L
‐arabinose,
D
‐maltose,
D
‐trehalose, and
D
‐xylose. Acid is not produced from dulcitol, erythritol, inositol, xylitol,
D
‐adonitol,
D
‐arabitol,
D
‐arabinose,
D
‐fucose,
D
‐melezitose,
D
‐tagatose, and
L
‐sorbose.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.5–73.4.

Type species
:
Sanguibacter keddieii
Fernández‐Garayzábal, Domínguez, Pascual, Jones and Collins 1995b, 619
VP
(Effective publication: Fernández‐Garayzábal, Domínguez, Pascual, Jones and Collins 1995a, 74.).
Micromonospora
Authors: Genilloud Olga
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.mo.no.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. adj.
monos
single, solitary; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Micromonospora
small, single‐spored (organism).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Micromonospora

Well‐developed, branched, substrate mycelium (0.2–0.6 µm diameter). Nonmotile spores are borne singly, sessile, or terminally on short sporophores. Sporophore development is monopodial or in some cases sympodial. Spores are spherical to oval in shape (0.7–1.5 µm) and in most species have blunt spiny projections. The spores are often carried in branched clusters on short hyphae of the substrate mycelium. Aerial mycelium is usually absent, but some cultures develop sterile short aerial hyphae. Gram‐stain‐positive, mesophilic, non‐acid‐fast. Aerobic to microaerophilic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Sensitive to pH below 5.0. Growth usually occurs between 20 and 40°C, but not above 50°C. Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and/or 3‐OH‐diaminopimelic acid. Arabinose and xylose are the characteristic sugars present in whole‐organism hydrolysates of most species, but variable amounts of galactose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose can also be found depending on the species. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are present, mostly C
15:0
iso, C
17:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
17:0
anteiso, C
17:0
10‐methyl, and C
17:0
10‐methyl. Mycolic acids are absent. Major menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
), MK‐9(H
6
), MK‐10(H
4
), MK‐10(H
6
), or MK‐12(H
6
). Isolated from soil, plant materials, freshwater, and marine environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–75 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Micromonospora chalcea
(Foulerton 1905) Ørskov 1923, 156
AL
(“
Streptothrix chalcea
” Foulerton 1905, 1199).
Nocardioides
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I. , Krausova Valentina I. , Yoon Jung‐Hoon
Published: August 2015

No.car.di.o.i'des. N.L. fem. n.Nocardianame of a genus; L. suff. ‐oides(from Gr. suff. ‐eidesfrom Gr. n.eidos, that which is seen, form, shape, figure) ressembling, similar; N.L. masc. n.Nocardioides Nocardia‐like, referring to the similarity of life cycles of the type species of this genus andNocardia.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Nocardioidaceae / Nocardioides

Abundantly branched vegetative hyphae or irregular rodsmay be formed in young cultures. The morphogenetic cycle is usually observable, withdifferent organisms showing more or less complex succession of morphological stages. The morphogenetic cycle usually starts with the coccoid cells or short rods which may simply germinate into rods or longer filaments, show elementary branching or form extensively branched hyphae on and below the surface of agar media, and may give rise toaerial mycelium. The latter consists of irregular, sparsely branching or unbranched hyphae and may totally or partially cover the primary mycelium, or be discernible only microscopically. Both thevegetative and aerial hyphae and the rod‐shaped cells undergo various degrees of fragmentation(division via septa formation). Fragmentation finally results in the next generation of short rod‐like and coccoid cells. No endospores are formed.Rod‐shaped bacteria may be motile. Gram‐stain‐positivetype of cell wall. Non‐acid‐fast. The colony color is mainlywhitish, creamy, or yellowof different tint and intensity and rarelyorange. Diffusible pigments are not usually produced. Colonies not covered by aerial mycelium aremostly pasty, withsmooth to wrinkled surface. Chemo‐organotrophic, with an oxidative type of metabolism. Predominantly catalase‐positive. The level of oxidase activity varies among species. Grows under aerobic conditions on standard laboratory media, including chemically defined (synthetic) media or media with low nutrient concentrations. Certain vitamins or other growth factors may be required. Utilizes a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources, including unusual organic compounds and toxic environmental pollutants. Mostly mesophilic and neutrophilic; some grow at initial pH values of 5–5.5 and/or 11–12. Mostly non‐halophilic, but salt‐requiring organisms occasionally occur.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 67.5 (Tm)–74.8 (HPLC).

Type species:Nocardioides albusPrauser 1976, 61AL.
Friedmanniella
Authors: Schumann Peter , Pukall Rüdiger
Published: August 2015

Fri.ed.man.ni.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.Friedmanniellanamed after E. Imre Friedmann (1921–2007), an American microbiologist, in recognition of his contributions to Antarctic microbiology.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Friedmanniella

Spherical to ellipsoidal cellsthat occur mostly in more or less regular packets which develop through cell division in three perpendicular planes. The packets aggregate, forming clusters.Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Nonacid‐fast.Strictly aerobic. Oxidase‐negative. Catalase‐positive. Chemo‐organotrophic. Only a few carbohydrates, organic acids, and other carbon sources are metabolized. Thepeptidoglycan typeisA3γ' containingLL‐diaminopimelic acid, glycine in position 1 of the peptide subunit, and a single glycine residue as interpeptide bridge. The majormenaquinoneisMK‐9(H4), and the mainfatty acidsare 12‐ and 13‐methyltetradecanoic acid (C15:0anteiso and C15:0iso). Mycolic acids are absent. Thephospholipid patternincludesphosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and one unknown phospholipid.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–74.

Type species:Friedmanniella antarcticaSchumann, Prauser, Rainey, Stackebrandt and Hirsch 1997, 282VP.
Micropruina
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.prui'na. Gr. adj.
mikros
small, fine; L. fem. n.
pruina
hoarfrost; N.L. fem. n.
Micropruina
fine hoarfrost.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Micropruina

Spherical cells
, 0.5–2.2 µm in diameter (mostly about 1.0 µm) that are arranged in pairs, short chains, or clusters. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Capsules are produced.
Chemo‐organotroph, with a respiratory type of metabolism. Catalase and oxidase activities are positive
. Nitrate is used as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions; no production of nitrogen gas. The only known species,
Micropruina glycogenica
, is a slowly growing organism. Carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, carbonic acids, and amino acids are utilized as carbon sources; oxidative acid production occurs.
Capable of accumulating cellular glycogen
. Mesophilic and neutrophilic; growth occurs at 20–35°C and at pH 6–8. The optimum temperature and pH are 30°C and 7.0.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.5.

Type species
:
Micropruina glycogenica
Shintani, Liu, Hanada, Kamagata, Miyaoka, Suzuki and Nakamura 2000, 206
VP
.
Saccharomonospora
Authors: Kim Seung Bum
Published: August 2015

Sac.cha.ro.mon.o.spo'ra. Gr. n.
sakchâr
sugar; Gr. adj.
monos
single, solitary; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed; N.L. fem. n.
spora
a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Saccharomonospora
the sugar (‐containing) single‐spored (organism).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Saccharomonospora

Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, and chemo‐organotrophic.
Produces single or paired spores on aerial hyphae
. Spores may be formed on substrate mycelium. The aerial mycelium can be white, yellow‐white, green, or light to dark blue; green pigmentation may also occur on the vegetative mycelium and diffuse into the surrounding medium.
Substrate mycelia are rarely fragmented
. Spores in pairs or short chains on vegetative or aerial hyphae are occasionally present.

The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐DAP), and the sugars arabinose and galactose (wall chemotype IV)

. Mycolic acids are absent. Major amounts of iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids are found; the main

menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
)

. The diagnostic phospholipid is
phosphatidylethanolamine (phospholipid type II)
, but some species may also contain glucosamine‐containing phospholipids (type IV).
Mesophilic or thermophilic
; growth occurs between 24 and 60°C, and at neutral pH.
NaCl may be required for growth
. Isolated from soil, lake sediments, marsh soil, peat, manure, compost, and overheated fodder.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–74.

Type species
:
Saccharomonospora viridis
(Schuurmans, Olson and San Clemente 1956) Nonomura and Ohara 1971, 899
AL
[
Thermoactinomyces viridis
Schuurmans, Olson and San Clemente 1956, 61;
Thermomonospora viridis
(Schuurmans, Olson and San Clemente 1956) Küster and Locci 1963].
Saccharothrix
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: August 2015

Sac.cha.ro'thrix. Gr. n.
sakchâr
sugar; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Saccharothrix
sugar‐containing hair.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Saccharothrix

Branched vegetative mycelia (approximately 0.5–0.7 µm diameter); aerial mycelium is produced on some growth media. Both the vegetative and aerial hyphae fragment into coccoid to coccoid‐rod, nonmotile elements. A “zig‐zag” morphology of the aerial hyphae is typically observed during sporulation of most species. Gram‐stain‐positive. Resistant to lysozyme. Catalase‐positive and aerobic.

Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. Characteristic whole‐cell sugars consist of galactose, rhamnose, and a trace of mannose. The phospholipid pattern contains significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine containing 2‐hydroxy fatty acids, as well as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The principal menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐10(H
4
)

. The fatty acid profile consists predominantly of iso‐ and anteiso‐pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, and heptadecanoic saturated fatty acids along with smaller quantities of unsaturated, straight‐chain pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, and heptadecanoic fatty acids. Phylogenetically, the genus
Saccharothrix
represents a line of descent closest to the genera
Lentzea
and
Lechevalieria
.
The 16S rRNA gene sequence contains the genus‐specific diagnostic nucleotide signature pattern of CAC (607–609) and GTG (617–619)
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67–76 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Saccharothrix australiensis
Labeda, Testa, Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1984, 430
VP
.
incertae sedis I. Kitasatospora corrig
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Ki.ta.sa.to.spo'ra. N.L. fem. n.
Kitasatoa
named for Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852–1931), a Japanese bacteriologist; N.L. fem. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Kitasatospora
Kitasato spore.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptomycetales / Streptomycetaceae / incertae sedis I. Kitasatospora

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast actinomycetes which form an intensively branched, non‐fragmenting mycelium. A stable substrate mycelium is as well‐developed as that of streptomycetes, and the aerial mycelium bears long spore chains of more than 20 spores. Does not form sporangia. The major constituents of the cell wall are glycine, galactose, and
meso
‐A
2
pm or
LL
‐A
2
pm, depending on the type of cells analyzed. When cells are grown on agar media, aerial spores contain
LL
‐A
2
pm, whereas the substrate mycelium contains
meso
‐A
2
pm. When cells are grown in liquid media, submerged spores which contain
LL
‐A
2
pm are formed while the filamentous mycelia contain
meso
‐A
2
pm. Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain galactose, but lack arabinose, madurose, and xylose. Hexa‐ and octa‐hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units are the predominant isoprenologs, cells are rich in saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids, and have complex polar lipid patterns which contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The glycolate test is negative. The organism is chemo‐organotrophic, and grows from 15 to 42°C, and within the pH range 5.5 to 9.0.

Source
: not known.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66–77.

Type species
:
Kitasatospora setae
corrig. Ōmura, Takahashi, Iwai and Tanaka 1983, 672 (Effective publication: Ōmura, Takahashi, Iwai and Tanaka 1982, 1014).
Incertae sedis II. Streptacidiphilus
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Strep.ta.ci.di'phi.lus. Gr. adj.
streptos
pliant, easily twisted; N.L. neut. n.
acidum
(from L. adj.
acidus ‐a ‐um
sour) an acid; N.L. adj.
philus ‐a ‐um
(from Gr. adj.
philos ‐ê ‐on
) friend, loving; N.L. masc. n.
Streptacidiphilus
twisted, acid‐loving.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptomycetales / Streptomycetaceae / incertae sedis II. Streptacidiphilus

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast actinomycetes that form an intensively branched, non‐fragmenting mycelium. The aerial mycelium at maturity carries long chains of spores. Discrete leathery or lichenoid colonies are formed. Produce a range of pigments that are responsible for the color of the substrate and aerial mycelium. Colored diffusible pigments may be formed. Chemo‐organotrophic, having an oxidative type of metabolism. Use a wide range of carbon compounds as sole sources of carbon for energy and growth. Most strains grow between pH 3.5 and 6.0 with an optimum around pH 5, and at temperatures between 15 and 30°C.
LL
‐A
2
pm is the major diamino acid in the peptidoglycan layer. Contains major amounts of galactose and rhamnose in whole‐organism hydrolysates, hexa‐ and octa‐hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as predominant isoprenologs, is rich in saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids, and produces complex polar lipid patterns that contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The organism is widely distributed in acidic soil and litter.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–72.

Type species
:
Streptacidiphilus albus
Kim, Lonsdale, Seong and Goodfellow 2003a, 1219
VP
(Effective publication: Kim, Lonsdale, Seong and Goodfellow 2003b, 115.).
Planobispora
Authors: Vobis Gernot , Lodders Nicole , Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Pla.no.bi.spo'ra. Gr. n.
planos
wanderer, tramper; L. adv. num.
bis
twice (double); Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Planobispora
a motile, double‐spored organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Planobispora

Substrate and aerial mycelia
are formed on agar media. Substrate hyphae (0.5–1.0 µm in diameter) are nonfragmenting, branched, and septate. Aerial hyphae (1.0 µm in diameter) are sparsely branched and septate. Gram‐stain‐positive and non‐acid‐fast.
Cylindrical to clavate sporangia
(1.0–1.2 µm × 6.0–8.0 µm), each containing a
longitudinal pair of spores
, are developed singly or in bundles on short ramifications of the
aerial hyphae
. The
spores
(zoospores) are oblong and cylindrical with rounded ends, and are
motile
by means of peritrichous flagella. Colonies developed on agar media are flat or occasionally elevated, the
substrate mycelium either without distinctive color or rose colored
. The
aerial mycelium
, which is formed only on certain agar media, is
white or with a light rose tinge
. Strains grow well under aerobic conditions. Chemoorganotrophic and mesophilic, growing well at 28–40°C and pH 6.0–9.0. Cell walls contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and whole‐cell hydrolysates contain madurose as the diagnostic sugar. Contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxylated phosphatidylethanolamine, and ninhydrin and sugar positive phospholipids as predominant phospholipids. Major menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
), MK‐9(H
2
), and MK‐9(H
0
). Major types of fatty acids are C
17
10‐methyl and C
16
iso‐branched fatty acids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–71 (Im).

Type species
:
Planobispora longispora
Thiemann and Beretta 1968c, 157
AL
.
Sphaerisporangium
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Carro Lorena , Goodfellow Michael
Published: August 2015

Spha.e.ri.spo.ran'gium. L. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. neut. n.
sporangium
sporangia; N.L. neut. n.
Sphaerisporangium
an organism with spherical sporangia.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Sphaerisporangium

Aerobic, non‐acid‐fast, Gram‐stain‐positive actinomycetes which form branched, non‐fragmenting substrate and aerial hyphae.
Single or clustered spherical spore vesicles (~1.5–8.0 μm) are produced on aerial hyphae. Vesicles contain coiled chains of nonmotile spores which are oval or spherical (0.4–0.9 × 0.6–1.2 μm) with smooth, wrinkled, and prominently ridged surfaces
. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism.

The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose, and ribose. The diagnostic phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and ninhydrin‐positive phosphoglycolipids. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
iso and 10‐methyl C
17:0
, and the predominant menaquinones, MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
6
). Phylogenetically related to members of the family
Streptosporangiaceae

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67–72 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Sphaerisporangium melleum
corrig. Ara and Kudo 2007c, 2449
VP
.
Thermocrinis
Authors: Huber Robert , Eder Wolfgang , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.cri' nis
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; L. masc. n.
crinis
hair; M.L. masc. n.
Thermocrinis
hot hair.

Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / Thermocrinis

Rod‐shaped
cells with rounded ends, about 1–3 × 0.4–0.5 µm. The rods occur singly, in pairs, in aggregates or as
long filaments
. Double‐layered cell envelope.
Diaminopimelic acid present
. Non‐sporulating.
Gram negative
. Motile by monopolar polytrichous flagellation.
Microaerophilic. Hyperthermophilic
, optimum growth temperature, 80°C; maximum 89°C; minimum, 44°C. Growth at 0–0.4% NaCl and at pH 7 and 8.5. Growth occurs on solid surfaces.
Chemolithoautotrophic or chemoorganoheterotrophic metabolism
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47.2–47.8.

Type species
:
Thermocrinis ruber
Huber, Eder, Heldwein, Wanner, Huber, Rachel and Stetter 1999, 341 (Effective publication: Huber, Eder, Heldwein, Wanner, Huber, Rachel and Stetter 1998c, 3582.)
Porphyromonas
Authors: Summanen Paula , Finegold Sydney M.
Published: August 2015

Por.phy.ro.mo'nas. Gr. adj.
porphyreos
purple; Gr. n.
monas
unit; N.L. fem. n.
Porphyromonas
porphyrin cell.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Porphyromonas

Short rods or coccobacilli
, 0.3–1 × 0.8–3.5 µm. Gram‐negative, non‐sporeforming, and nonmotile.
Obligately anaerobic
. Generally cells form
brown to black colonies on blood agar due to protoheme production
. Most species are asaccharolytic: growth is not significantly affected by carbohydrates but is enhanced by protein hydrolysates such as proteose peptone or yeast extract.
Major fermentation products are usually n‐butyric acid and acetic acid
; propionic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and phenylacetic acid may also be produced. The major cellular fatty acid is 13‐methyltetradecanoic acid (C
15:0
iso). Indole is produced by most strains. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Esculin is not hydrolyzed. Most species do not hydrolyze starch. Isolated from oral infections and various other clinical specimens of human and animal origin.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–55 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica
(Holdeman and Moore 1970) Shah and Collins 1988, 128
VP
[
Bacteroides asaccharolyticus
(Holdeman and Moore 1970) Finegold and Barnes 1977, 390;
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
subsp.
asaccharolyticus
Holdeman and Moore 1970, 33].
Croceibacter
Authors: Cho Jang‐Cheon , Giovannoni Stephen J.
Published: August 2015

Cro.cei.bac'ter. L. adj.
croceus
saffron‐colored; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Croceibacter
saffroncolored rod shaped bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Croceibacter

Rod‐shaped cells
with rounded ends. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonmotile and no gliding motility
. Aerobic, mesophilic, and chemoheterotrophic. Endospores are not produced.
Carotenoid pigments are produced, but not flexirubin pigments
. NaCl is required for growth.
Gelatin, DNA, starch, casein, and elastin are degraded
. The major fatty acid types are branched acids and hydroxy acids, including C
17:0
3‐OH iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:1
iso, and C
17:1
ω9
c
iso.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.8.

Type species
:
Croceibacter atlanticus
Cho and Giovannoni 2003, 935
VP
(Effective publication: Cho and Giovannoni 2003, 82.).