bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced National Seismic System delivers improved information
Authors: Sipkin Stuart A. , Filson John R. , Benz Harley M. , Wald David J. , Earle Paul S.
Published: October 2006

The Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS),an initiative begun in 1998 to integrate, expand, and modernize seismic monitoring nationwide, is providing improvements in earthquake monitoring and in the development, production, and delivery of earthquake data, information, and science. The ANSS initiative is an element of the Earthquake Hazard Program (EHP) of the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS).

The USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC),an integral part of ANSS, has incorporated into its routine operations many of the developments in data processing and data products supported by the ANSS. The four principal elements of ANSS monitoring operations are, in sequence: data collection, data processing, generation of data products, and product dissemination. This article describes the current status and new developments in each of these elements, and how they have affected NEIC capabilities.
Petascale computing for geosciences research
Authors: Bryan Frank
Published: October 2006

A 2005 report describes the opportunities facilitated by, and the feasibility of, establishing a leadership‐class computing facility dedicated to geosciences research. A forthcoming workshop will focus on implementation of the vision outlined in this report.

The geosciences research community has progressed significantly in its ability to monitor and model components of the Earth system, and now is poised to make significant breakthroughs in understanding the system as a whole. Computational simulation, along with theory and observation, has become established as a fundamental methodology for making progress in Earth system science. Increasingly, numerical simulations are not only tested by observations, but they also provide the first glimpses of new phenomena and quantitative characterization of complex processes. In turn, simulations inspire new theoretical investigations and observational strategies. For example, properties of complex minerals at temperatures and pressures inaccessible to laboratory measurements are beginning to be derived from first‐principles‐based computations with accuracies sufficient for direct input to Earth models.
Scientists call for immediate action to ease water scarcity
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: October 2006

More than one third of the world's population currently faces water shortages, according to a report released 21 August as part of a broad assessment of 50 years of global water management practices.

The report, “Water for Food, Water for Life: Insights from the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,” highlights the findings of The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, which includes contributions from more than 700 scientists and practitioners.
Second symposium on quantitative precipitation forecasting and hydrology
Authors: Gochis David J. , Davis Christopher A.
Published: October 2006

Countless daily activities, ranging from economic to social to cultural to recreational, are influenced by expectations of whether or not it will rain and, if so, how much. Consequently, the affects of precipitation and hydrological forecasts have great influence on our livelihoods, and sometimes, in the case of extreme events, even life. Thus, the meteorological and hydrological communities face an urgent yet formidable joint challenge to improve the prediction of rainfall and subsequent flow of water on or beneath the ground.

The emerging generation of atmospheric and hydrological forecasting tools, which operate at progressively finer spatial and temporal scales, appear to provide improved representation of many key physical processes, most notably those related to the initiation and upscale organization of atmospheric convection. As with atmospheric models, many hydrological modeling systems have evolved to a more physically based, explicit representation of runoff processes compared with their predecessors.
Special recognition for the Times‐Picayune
Authors: Leifert Harvey
Published: October 2006

The Times‐Picayune, New Orleans' only daily newspaper, has justly been praised for the determination of its publisher and staff to keep publishing in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, which occurred one year ago. Despite having to evacuate its building, which sustained serious damage, and despite the fact that many staff members lost their own homes to Katrina's storm surge and levee breaks, the paper never missed an issue—although for the first few days, it produced only its electronic edition. The paper demonstrated the highest standards of community service.

At the 2006 Joint Assembly, AGU presented a special certificate of merit to The Times‐Picayune, but it was not for the paper's post‐Katrina tour de force. Rather, AGU stepped back and took note of all the paper had done to inform readers of crucial scientific and environmental issues that affect the well‐being of residents of New Orleans and southern Louisiana.
Outstanding student paper awards from the 2006 joint assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2006 Joint Assembly in Baltimore, Md.
Mark Wenzel selected as AGU Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: O'Riordan Cathy
Published: October 2006

Mark Wenzel, AGU's 2006–2007 Congressional Science Fellow, joined approximately 35 other congressional fellows from all fields of science and engineering on 5 September to begin a two‐week fellow orientation program, sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Following this orientation, Wenzel will seek placement in the office of a senator, representative, or congressional committee, where he will offer advice on a wide range of scientific issues as they pertain to public policy
Nutrient retention in the Danube's Iron Gate reservoir
Authors: Teodoru Christian , McGinnis Daniel F. , Wüest Alfred , Wehrli Bernhard
Published: October 2006

There are long‐standing concerns about the environmental impacts of large dams such as Iron Gate I, the Danube River's largest hydropower scheme, which stretches for 135 kilometers along the river, covers an area of 104 square kilometers, and contains up to 2.1 cubic kilometers of water [Friedl and Wuest, 2002]. During the onset of Black Sea coastal eutrophication resulting from increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads, the dissolved silica (DSi) concentration at the Danube discharge was reported to have decreased by approximately two thirds [Cociasu et al., 1996].Coinciding with the completion of Iron Gate I in 1972, researchers pointed to DSi removal in the reservoir to explain the shift in algal dominance in the Black Sea from diatoms to nuisance blue‐green algae, which apparently resulted in reduced fish‐catches.
Hinze receives Kaula Award
Authors: Hornberger George M. , Hinze Williams J.
Published: October 2006

William J Hinze was presented the William Kaula Award for Publication Service as part of the Editors Evening at the 2006 AGU Joint Assembly Meeting. The award recognizes unselfish service to the scientific community through extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional effort on behalf of, the AGU publications program
First appearance and rapid growth of anthropogenic HFC‐245fa (CHF2CH2CF3) in the atmosphere
Authors: Vollmer Martin K. , Reimann Stefan , Folini Doris , Porter Laurence W. , Steele L. Paul
Published: October 2006

We capture the first atmospheric appearance of HFC‐245fa (CHF2CH2CF3), a new foam blowing agent. Our results from the high‐altitude observatory at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, show a rapid growth of this substance in the northern hemispheric troposphere from 0.28 ppt in July 2004 to 0.68 ppt at the end of 2005, which corresponds to an overall increase of >90% per year. By combining our observations with an atmospheric 3‐box model we estimate a southern hemispheric trend for this trace gas which we compare to observations at southern hemisphere mid‐latitudes. We also estimate a global HFC‐245fa emissions increase from 2100–2400 tonnes in 2003 to 5100–5900 tonnes in 2005. Pollution episodes are relatively rare at Jungfraujoch compared to other hydrofluorocarbons thereby confirming the limited use of HFC‐245fa in Europe. Back trajectory analysis reveals the largest potential European sources of HFC‐245fa in northern Italy and northeastern Spain.
Comparison of the Schumann resonance parameters in horizontal magnetic and electric fields according to observations on the Kola Peninsula
Authors: Roldugin V. C. , Vasiljev A. N. , Ostapenko A. A.
Published: October 2006

The measurements of horizontal electric components at extremely low frequencies (0.1–20 Hz) have been started in the high‐latitude observatory of Lovozero in the Kola Peninsula. It is found that the electric components are not less informative than the horizontal magnetic ones for Schumann resonance study. The diurnal variations in amplitude, frequency, and bandwidth of the first Schumann resonance mode in the electric W‐E and N‐S components are similar to the variations in the magnetic H and D components, respectively. The same correspondence of the components keeps for Q bursts. The frequencies in electric and magnetic components are not always equal: In summer, the frequency of the electric N‐S component in the diurnal variation exceeds the frequency of the magnetic D component by 0.1 Hz. The parameters of both magnetic and electric components have seasonal variations. Three maxima of thunderstorm activity are observed in daily variations of the amplitudes of electric components: the Asian and American ones in the W‐S component and the African one in the N‐S component. The width of resonance bands in the electric components is somewhat larger than in the magnetic ones. The calculations of ELF wave components near poorly conducting surface are made, the results being in accordance with the observations.
U.K. studies gain new data for climate models
Authors: Shuttleworth James
Published: October 2006

The interactions between the atmosphere and the vegetation beneath it are a subject that is currently receiving worldwide attention. Large‐scale changes in vegetation, such as deforestation in the tropics and the degradation of grazing land in Africa, may produce changes in climate that could extend beyond the areas where those changes are taking place. In theory the effects of vegetation changes on climate can be predicted by using meteorological models of the atmosphere's global‐circulation (global circulation models, or GCMs). Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of calibration data to describe the surface energy balance of the existing vegetation, particularly in those very areas most affected.
Congress trims NSF budget
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The last‐minute spending bill adopted by Congress just before its 1987 holiday recess provides $1,717 billion for the National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 1988. The approved figure is more than 9% lower than the request in President Reagan's budget plan. In addition, wording in the House version of the bill that mandated protection of ocean science and women and minorities programs did not appear in the final product that was approved by Congress and signed into law.

In absolute terms, NSF's budget will be 6% more than in 1987, far less than expected by the agency and the White House, which had proposed a doubling of NSF's budget over the next several years. The Research and Related Activities section of the budget, out of which comes the bulk of NSF's support of basic research, was funded at $1,453 billion, $200 million less than its $1,653 billion request, and the Antarctic Research section received $124.8 million of $143 million in the President's budget. Science Education, on the other hand, was budgeted for $139.2 million, $25 million more than requested.
Space station? Opinions
Authors: Spilhaus A. F.
Published: October 2006

In the September 29, 1987, issue of Eos the intent of polling the AGU membership on the Space Station to obtain their views was announced and a statement on the station was published. Volunteered and solicited opinions on different aspects of the station were published in the November 10, 1987, Eos.

For the poll itself, a questionnaire was sent to 1000 randomly selected AGU members in the United States. The response has been high, with about a third of the questionnaires having been returned as of December 16.
Glossary of Geology
Authors: Rassam G. N.
Published: October 2006

This is the third edition of an important reference work—or at least that is the official count. In reality, for those of us who remember the original 1957 edition and the 1960 “revision,” this is the fourth. Aside from quibbling, however, it is useful to recall the origins of this work. Additionally, it is nostalgic for me, since in those days I was beginning my education as a geologist, and the presence of the “Glossary” was a source of comfort and amusement at the same time.
Origins of AGU publications
Authors: Heirtzler J. R.
Published: October 2006

Publications are among AGU's main products, and for most AGU members, published papers are the goals of their scientific endeavors. While we have watched the numbers of published pages grow and the journals multiply, we have rarely studied other aspects of our publications in a statistical fashion. In an attempt to learn which groups financially support the research reported and to learn something about the authors, we examined the acknowledgments and authors' affiliations in each papers of AGU's seven scientific journals for the calendar year 1986.

The source of funding was assumed to be the agency acknowledged in the paper. For each journal, we identified whether one of the U.S. government agencies, a U.S. university, a private U.S. group, or a non‐U.S. group provided the financial support. The results are shown in Table 1, where the body of the table shows the percentage of total acknowledgments for each journal.
Geophysics guides particles physics
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

When geophysicists from the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL), Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., presented evidence of a sixth fundamental force at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco last month, an uncommon thing happened. Particle physicists responded, in t h e press and elsewhere, to a potential scientific breakthrough made by a group of earth scientists.

The event is uncommon because theoretical physicists have been leading the game of leapfrog between the theoreticians, who use mathematics to present new hypotheses and provide rigor for observations, and the experimentalists, who use measurements to test old theories or demonstrate the need for new ones. In recent years, particle physicists have published dozens of theories to explain the behavior of matter and energy on a subatomic scale, according to Purdue physicist Ephraim Fischbach. Some theories, with names like “supersymmetry” or “supergravity,” predict the existence of fundamental forces in addition to the four now known to exist: electromagnetism, gravity, and the strong and weak nuclear forces
Atmospheres and Ionosphere of the Outer Planets and Their Satllites
Authors: Hunten Donald M.
Published: October 2006

This authoritative monograph summarizes an area to which the author and his students have made major contributions. In some ways it is more up to date than the journal literature , since it includes a sprinkling of results from Ph.D. theses. However, results from the Uranus encounter by Voyager are mentioned only briefly. The emphasis is aeronomical, with no discussion of meteorological topics, and the region discussed seldom ventures deeper than the 1‐bar level. As an example, radio astronomical work in the centimeter region and implications for the ammonia abundance and distribution are not considered. There is, however, discussion of transport of internal heat and of the formation of cloud layers. The bodies treated are the four Jovian planets and the satellites Io, Titan, and Triton; other Galilean satellites and Saturn's rings, with their extremely tenuous and mostly hypothetical atmospheres, are briefly discussed. Curiously, Pluto is omitted, except for a table at the end.
An Introduction to Three‐Dimensional Climate Modeling
Authors: Morel Pierre
Published: October 2006

The authors have tackled the challenging task of leading the reader from elementary geophysics to numerical climate impact studies in six easy lessons, complete with reference to three desk‐top computer programs for geophysical fluid models that can be acquired at an affordable price. As a result, they have produced a quickly moving text that provides a far‐ranging overview of a vast and rapidly advancing field in Earth system sciences.
NSF loses a plane, regains another
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

A plane owned by the National Science Foundation (NSF) took off in Antarctica on January 11, 1988, flying under its own power nearly 17 years after it crashed and was abandoned 1300 km northwest of McMurdo Station. The specially equipped Lockheed LC‐130 transport plane was successfully salvaged from a grave of snow and ice, but only at the cost of another LC‐130, which crashed December 9, 1987, during attempts to reoutfit the plane that went down in 1971. Two U.S. Navy crewmen died in that accident. (See “Congress Trims NSF Budget,” Eos, January 5, 1988, p. 1.)
New map shows susceptibility of groundwater to contamination
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A new computer‐generated map shows (in a generalized way) the susceptibility of Wisconsin's groundwater to contamination. Physical characteristics of the geologic materials that overlie groundwater served as the basis of the map. Many of these materials offer groundwater a certain amount of protection from contaminants that might be transported by infiltrating water, but some materials provide more protection than others. The 20 levels of relative susceptibility shown on the map were derived from the interpreted ability of these materials to protect the groundwater.
General groundwater session
Authors: Loaiciga Hugo A.
Published: October 2006

The session on general groundwater at the AGU 1987 Fall Meeting included several interesting presentations. In this report, the papers have been grouped into four categories for the ease of discussion: groundwater management, aquifer compaction, field approaches, and modeling.
The CEDAR data base
Authors: Sica R.
Published: October 2006

The Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) program is an international cooperative effort within the aeronomy community to further our understanding of Earth's upper atmosphere [Romick et al., 1987]. This program will be high‐lighted by numerous multi‐instrument measurement campaigns, and global simulations of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐atmosphere system. The results obtained from these studies promise a great leap forward in our understanding of the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. To achieve these results, however, will require the ability to access large amounts of data from many different instruments and models.
Pre‐drilling data review and synthesis for the Long Valley Caldera, California
Authors: Goldstein N. E.
Published: October 2006

A 2‐day symposium was held at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) on March 17–18, 1987, to review a large body of scientific investigations for the Long Valley Caldera and to discuss concepts and models for the present‐day magmatic‐hydrothermal system. Speakers at the symposium also addressed the problem of where to locate future scientific drill holes in the caldera.

Deep scientific drilling projects such as those being contemplated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Division (GTD), under the Magma Energy Program, and by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences (OBES) along with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), under the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP), will be major and expensive national undertakings that will require strong support from geoscientists and engineers and from industry and government‐supported laboratories. DOE/OBES is sponsoring a program of relatively shallow core holes (less than 1 km) in the caldera, and DOE/GTD is considering the start of a deep (6‐km) hole for geophysical observations and sampling of the near‐magmatic environment as early as fiscal year (FY) 1988.
Finalist vie for super collider, without New York
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The final race for the super collider is on, but with a late scratch—New York. In the wake o f that state's failed attempt to substitute a site near the Canadian border for one that local residents opposed, on January 19, 1988, the Department of Energy (DOE) adopted as its own the short list of proposed locations for the Superconducting Super Collider submitted last fall by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Meanwhile, the possibility that the final selection may be made by Congress and not DOE looms in the distance.
Mg may protect waste under glass
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Recent studies indicate that magnesium in seawater may help nuclear waste stored in silicate glass stay put. The preliminary results of work combining observations of the dissolution rate of ancient glass particles on land and in the oceans with laboratory experiments show that magnesium in seawater greatly retards the corrosion of silicate glasses similar in composition to those currently used to contain nuclear waste in Europe and proposed for use by the United States.

In Europe, radioactive waste is mixed and melted with silicate components to form a liquid that is then poured into stainless steel containers and quenched to a glass. The containers are buried and surrounded with clay backfill. This method is being considered for the United States, where most high‐level nuclear waste is stored in liquid form. Glass is thought to be a more reliable form of storage for the long periods of time, more than 20,000 years, that radionuclides must be isolated from the environment. Until recently, there was no direct evidence on how resistant to chemical and physical attack the glasses would really be on such a time scale.
More on the south magnetic pole
Authors: Barton C. E.
Published: October 2006

In the article “Position of the South Magnetic Pole, January 1986” (Eos, March 24, 1987, p. 162) the 1986.0 position of the southern magnetic dip pole given by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF 1985) was quoted in geocentric coordinates. The position in geodetic coordinates is 65°05.5′S, 139°19.6′E. This is 28 km (instead of 68 km) from the mean position (65°20′S, 139°10′E) estimated from observations on January 6, 1987 (see Eos, July 28, 1987, p. 650). This puts the IGRF model and observed positions into good agreement. However, the agreement may be fortuitous. A much more comprehensive set of observations has now been completed, indicating that the mean position of the pole on December 27–28, 1986, was further to the west, in the vicinity o f 65°20′S, 138°10′E. The position of the South Magnetic Pole given by IGRF 1985 for December 27–28, 1986, is 64 km away at 65°02.6°S, 139°20.2′E. I am grateful to Norman Peddie (U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) for drawing attention to the difference between the IGRF dip pole positions in geocentric and geodetic coordinates.
ODP paleomagnetic data available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) has paleomagnetic data from legs 1 to 111, representing drilling from 1968 through 1986, available to the public now. More than 200,000 individual measurements are currently available in a computerized format.

Data from legs 1 to 96 include shipboard measurements from the Glomar Challenger and measurements made at onshore laboratories. To date, data from legs 101 to 111 consist only o f shipboard measurements, although participants are required to provide appropriately formatted measurements made at onshore laboratories.
Geohydrology of the Dakota Aquifer
Authors: Johnson Ivan
Published: October 2006

This book is the result of a symposium on the geology and hydrology of the Dakota Aquifer system. The symposium and this proceedings were dedicated to C. V. Theis, who is widely considered to be the father of modern quantitative methods in groundwater hydrology. The aquifer area that is discussed in this series o f papers coincides to a great extent with the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) project. This was was one of the many RASA projects shown in the map on the cover of the April 14, 1987, Eos. The proceedings provides a multidisciplinary look at details concerning the hydrology and geology overviews, as well as more specialized discussions of the hydrodynamics of petroleum accumulation, geothermal assessment, hydrochemistry, and water use in the Dakota Sandstone and equivalent units.
1987 Bucher Medal presented to William F. Brace
Authors: Brace W. F.
Published: October 2006

When I look at the list of the past recipients of AGU's Bucher Medal, it is clear, for two reasons, that Bill Brace's name is the most obvious addition, for Bill has made two kinds of “original contributions to the basic knowledge of Earth's crust.” The first contribution consists of a string of new scientific results in rock mechanics and their applications to the crust. The second contribution by Bill is a methodology with which to link rock mechanics to crustal mechanics.
Sydney Chapman 1888”1970: A centennial celebration
Authors: Malin S. R. C.
Published: October 2006

January 29, 1988, marked the centenary of the birth of Sydney Chapman, and few of those who knew him would have been surprised if he had lived to celebrate the occasion. He was slightly built but had prodigious intellectual and physical abilities that were undiminished even into his 80s. The only sign of his advancing years was a slight deafness that might well have been the result of the many hours he spent in the swimming pool: He swam half a mile every day until within a few days of his death.
New lightning theory strikes
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The mapped patterns o f lightning appear to reveal bipolar structures 100 km or more long, many times larger than individual storms, three atmospheric scientists report in a new study. A fuller understanding of the structures could lead to improved forecasting of dangerous electrical storms.

The paper, by Richard Orville, Ronald Henderson, and Lance Bosart of the State University of New York at Albany (SUNYA), will be published in the February issue of Geophysical Research Letters. The scientists based their conclusions on records from networks of magnetic lightning detectors that together cover nearly 75% of the United States. The ability to look at lightning on a regional scale by combining observations from local networks made the wide‐ranging study possible.
Sedimentation on continental margins: An integrated program for innovative studies during the 1990s
Authors: Nittrourer Charles A. , Coleman James M. , Rouge Baton , Flood Roger D. , Ginsburg Robert N. , Gorsline Donn S. , Hine Albert C. , Sternberg Richard W. , Swift Donald J. P. , Wright L. Donelson
Published: October 2006

Continental margins are of great scientific interest, and they represent the focus of human interaction with the ocean. Their deep structure forms the transition from continental to oceanic crust, and their surface expression extends from coastal environments of estuaries and shorelines across the continental shelf and slope to either the base of a continental rise or a marginal trough. Modern continental margins represent natural laboratories for investigation of complex relationships between physical, chemical, and biological phenomena, which are sensitive to environmental conditions both on the land and in the ocean. The history of these conditions is preserved within the sedimentary deposits of continental margins. The deposits form repositories for much of the particulate material transported off the world's land masses and produced from dissolved components in the world ocean. Past deposits of continental margins have been uplifted to form many mountain ranges and sedimentary terrains of the world, which record details of Earth history and contain valuable natural resources, such as petroleum and natural gas. Modern deposits of continental margins record the more recent events that have influenced Earth and also contain natural resources (for instance, minerals, sand, and gravel), as well as anthropogenic pollutants (for example, heavy metals and pesticides). The fates of many materials beneficial and deleterious to humans are dependent on the pathways followed by sedimentary particles on continental margins.
The WOCE Hydrographic Program
Authors: Joyce T. M.
Published: October 2006

The primary scientific objective of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is to understand the general circulation of the global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its evolution in relation to long‐term changes in the climate. The large‐scale circulation includes ocean currents that are directly observable (for example, by current meters or ship drift) and processes of water mass formation, modification, and movement that are studied by more indirect methods. All are important to WOCE, and the determination of the “mean” The primary scientific objective of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) is to understand the general circulation of the global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its evolution in relation to long‐term changes in the climate. The large‐scale circulation includes ocean currents that are directly observable (for example, by current meters or ship drift) and processes of water mass formation, modification, and movement that are studied by more indirect methods. All are important to WOCE, and the determination of the “mean” circulation and also its variability on annual to decadal time and appropriate space scales is also of value.
Atmospheric Ozone
Authors: London Juluis
Published: October 2006

Studies of atmospheric ozone—its origin, three‐dimensional distribution, and time variation—have involved an increasing number of atmospheric scientists and research programs, particularly during the past 25–30 years. The major interest in ozone stems from its central role in establishing the thermal structure affecting the dynamics of the stratosphere and mesosphere and as a possible link in climate changes induced by solar effects. In addition, ozone variations regulate solar UV irradiance transmitted through the atmosphere, thus affecting photochemical, biological, and ecological processes near and at Earth's surface. The results of the various studies have been reported in the open literature and in published proceedings of different national and international conferences and workshops.
Slow growth for NSF Programs
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

NSF's programs will grow at a snail's pace in 1988, thanks to a budget from Congress that provides more than $200 million less than the agency requested. While NSF's actual Fiscal Year (FY) 1988 budget will be 6% more than 1987, most basic research in the physical sciences will grow by only a couple of percent, and NSF's planned Science and Techology Centers will not be funded at all.
Predicting Iceland's earthquakes
Authors: Bovarsson Reynir , Einarsson Pall
Published: October 2006

A research project involving seismologists from the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) started recently. The long‐term project goal is to reduce earthquake losses and strengthen the physical basis for earthquake prediction.

The project originated in the Council of Europe. In a resolution passed in 1980, the council stressed the importance of concentrating earthquake prediction research in five test areas in Europe, one of which was the South Iceland Seismic Zone (see Figure 1). The resolution led to discussion among Nordic seismologists on cooperative work in the Icelandic test area. They agreed that an appropriate first step would be to establish a digital data acquisition system around which geophysical monitoring and other experiments could be designed. A proposal for a 5 – 6‐year project, which was submitted to the Nordic Council and the Council of Nordic Ministers, was approved in 1987. The participants are planning a data acquisition system and geophysical experiments that can give information about changes in physical properties of the crust before large earthquakes.
Groundwater contamination field methods
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) will publish 39 papers as their Special Technical Publication 963, entitled “Ground‐Water Contamination Field Methods.” The report is edited by A. Gene Collins (National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Okla.) and A. I. Johnson (A. Ivan Johnson, Inc., Arvada, Colo.). The papers are the result of a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and Committee D19 on Water.
Gondawana Six: Structure, Tectonics, and Geophysics Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Paleontology
Authors: Mckenzie Garry D.
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐one years ago, the first Gondwana Symposium was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Since then, five more symposia have explored many aspects of Gondwana geoscience. The sixth symposium, held in Columbus, Ohio, August 19–23, 1985, was the first outside of the southern hemisphere. Many of the papers presented at that symposium appear in this two‐volume set, and as was the case with papers presented at the meeting, almost half of the material covers Antarctic problems. This is not unexpected, given the location of the meeting, in the United States at the Institute of Polar Studies (now known as the Byrd Polar Research Center) at the Ohio State University. Many U.S. scientists working on Gondwana problems do so in Antarctica as part of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program
Hugh Heard 1931–1987
Authors: Bonner Brian P.
Published: October 2006

Hugh's talent for experimental research was precocious. He began work in David Griggs' laboratory as an undergraduate, and later, as a graduate student, earned on his M.S. thesis the comment “the best Ph.D. thesis by a master's student” from Griggs. His 1962 Ph.D. thesis on the transition from brittle to ductile deformation in crustal rocks is a textbook study in laboratory simulation of geological processes, still widely quoted and cited.
Theodore J. Simons 1939–1987
Authors: Murthy Raj
Published: October 2006

Theodore Johannes Simons was born in the Netherlands in 1939. He graduated from the Technological University of Delft, where he majored in theoretical fluid dynamics. He was subsequently associated with the North Sea Storm Surge Research of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and served as a meteorological officer in the Royal Netherlands Air Force.

In 1966, Simons came to the United States as a research student at the Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University (Fort Collins), where he studied atmospheric instability and numerical modeling of atmospheric development. He received his Ph.D. in 1970 for his study of the nonlinear dynamics of cyclone waves.
Joint Environment Data Analysis (JEDA) Center
Authors: White Warren B. , Pazan Stephen E. , Withee Gregory W. , Noe Christopher
Published: October 2006

With the inception of the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere (TOGA) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) global climatic research programs, researchers have recognized an increased need for management of basin‐scale, quality‐controlled oceanographic data sets. At the same time, they have realized that this can be conducted best through cooperation between government and academia. This has led to the establishment of the Joint Environmental Data Analysis (JEDA) Center by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) of the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) of the University of California at San Diego, under the sponsorship of the U.S. TOGA Project Office of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Science Foundation.
U.S. GOFS participation in JGOFS Pilot Study
Authors: Livingston Hugh
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS) program, a component of the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), plans a large‐scale operation, the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment, in the North Atlantic Basin in spring and summer 1989. A proposal for support of U.S. GOFS Level 1 activities in the North Atlantic was submitted tothe National Science Foundation (NSF) in February 1988.
AGU Ocean Sciences Award to John A. Knauss
Authors: Knauss John A.
Published: October 2006

John Knauss began his career in oceanography at the Naval Electronics Laboratory in 1947, after receiving his B.S. in meteorology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a M.S. in physics from the University of Michigan. He then became an oceanographer for the Office of Naval Research (ONR), both as a civilian and as a naval officer. John was one of a small group of physical oceanographers at ONR who convinced the Navy to increase its support of oceanographic research in the universities; this led to the Ten Year Program in Oceanography (TENOC) report. This was followed by an exceptional career as a graduate student and research oceanographer at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where he had the rare experience of making the first full‐scale measurements of a newly discovered current, the Cromwell Current, or Pacific Equatorial Under current; this study served as his Ph.D. dissertation. John's penchants for probing new areas and clarifying existing observations were further evidenced in his Gulf Stream transport work. The Pacific Under current had been discovered in 1952 by Cromwell, Montgomery, and Stroup; Knauss was able to show that it was a narrow coherent feature that spanned at least the entire eastern Pacific. The large transport of the under current measured by Knauss established it as a major component of the circulation in the Pacific. He then undertook an exploration of the Indian Ocean to determine whether or not the Under current was present in that ocean. The discovery of the Indian Ocean Under current in 1963 completed the reconnaissance of the three oceans; the under current had been shown to be a significant feature of the circulation in all three tropical oceans. Notably, all of his early work on descriptive oceanography remains theoretically topical at the present time.
Future scientific drilling
Authors: Meyers Philip A. , Austin James A.
Published: October 2006

The JOI‐USSAC Workshop on Future Scientific Drilling was held April 6–8, 1987, at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Participants consisted of 56 scientists from nine countries. The general sponsors of the workshop were JOI (the Joint Oceanographic Institutions) and the U.S. Science Advisory Committee (USSAC) of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). Non‐U.S. participants were sponsored by their respective countries.

The goals of the workshop were to develop thematic suites of drilling objectives in the South Atlantic from global, regional, and topical perspectives and to broaden the base of expertise on which ODP efforts are founded by including scientific input from non‐ODP members. The workshop began with a plenary session at which general overviews of various aspects of current South Atlantic research were presented. For most of the workshop, participants separated into one of four working groups for specialized discussion. The topics of these specialized groups were

evolution of oceanic lithosphere/tectonics,

biostratigraphy,

physical stratigrapgy/development of the sedimentary record, and

geochemistry.

Once major themes had been developed, each group went on to consider where these objectives could be optimally addressed by drilling and what drilling strategies were necessary for each target area of interest. The workshop ended on the third day with a general session in which the considerations of the four working groups were summarized.
Data Analysis and Interactive Modeling System (DAIMS)
Authors: Keffer Tom
Published: October 2006

On Thursday evening, January 21, 1988, the Data Analysis and Interactive Modeling System (DAIMS) Working Group held its second workshop at the Hyatt Regency Hotel during the AGU/American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) Ocean Sciences Meeting. DAIMS is a project led by Tom Keffer (University of Washington, Seattle) and Dale Haidvogel (Chesapeake Bay Institute, Baltimore, Md.) under the sponsorship of the Institute for Naval Oceanography to develop a system of software with five main goals:
Magma under Long Valley Caldera
Authors: Dawson P. B. , Iyer H. M. , Evans J. R. , Steepels D. W.
Published: October 2006

Concerning the Long Valley Meeting Report (Eos, January 19, 1988, p. 43), in the section describing the presentation of results from the teleseismic imaging experiment, it is stated that “…subsequent questions by meeting attendees brought out the idea that the [low‐velocity] anomaly [beneath the caldera] could also be heavily influenced by fractured and hydrothermally altered rocks to depths of 4 – 5 km.” For several reasons, we think that this comment is a significant misrepresentation of facts.
1987 James B. Macelwane Medals
Authors: Axford W. I. , Terasawa Toshio , Thompson George A. , Zoback Mary Lou
Published: October 2006

It is a very great pleasure for me to be able to introduce to you as one of this year's Macelwane Medal winners Toshio Terasawa from the Geophysical Institute of Kyoto University, Japan.

Terasawa is one of the rare scientists to receive a Macelwane Medal when not working in the United States. It is a tribute both to him and to the American Geophysical Union that this has transpired, since it emphasizes the fact that science, especially geophysics, is international in every sense and that the recognition of excellence should transcend national boundaries.
A regional look at acid rain
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

New, detailed atmospheric computer models are beginning to reveal regional information about acid deposition in eastern North America and elsewhere, allowing scientists to look for the first time at the origin, transport, and deposition of acid rain and its dry equivalents on both a global and local scale. Interpretations of the simulations are expected to play a central role in future national policies on the human causes of the destructive fall‐out.

One new model developed by Hiram Levy II and Walter Moxim at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, N J., yields results indicating that over the course of a year, nitrogen‐based compounds, which make up one half of the acid material that falls from the sky, are deposited for the most part near the industrialized population centers where they originate, particularly in the northeast United States (see figure). Another model, even more detailed and complex, is being developed for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to predict over shorter periods of time the transport and deposition of a variety of chemicals that cause acid precipitation.
NASA proposes ambitious 1989 program
Authors: Alexander Joseph K.
Published: October 2006

Two recent developments highlight what may be the beginning of a strong renewal of support for the U.S. civil space program. The first of these is the new National Space Policy directive, approved by President Reagan on January 5, 1988.

The new policy reaffirms U.S. leadership in space as a fundamental national objective. Obtaining scientific, technological, and economic benefits through space‐related activities remains a major goal of the space program, and the new policy has added the new goal of expanding human presence and activity beyond Earth orbit into the solar system. Six major objectives have been set for the civilian space program:

to expand knowledge of Earth, its environment, the Solar System, and the universe;

to create new opportunities for use of the space environment through the conduct of appropriate research and experimentation in advanced technology and systems;

to develop space technology for civil applications and, wherever appropriate, make such technology available to the commercial sector;

to preserve U.S. preeminence in critical aspects of space science, applications, technology, and manned space flight;

to establish a permanent human presence in space; and

to engage in international cooperative efforts that further U.S. space goals.
SPR news from NSF
Authors: Peacock Dennis
Published: October 2006

Since the last “News from NSF” (Eos, June 23, 1987, p. 594), the programs supporting solar and upper‐atmosphere research at the National Science Foundation (NSF) have undergone major change. In fact, the Division of Atmospheric Sciences (ATM) has been reorganized for the first time since it was created in 1975. Before October 1, 1987, the division was composed of the Centers and Facilities Section (CFS) and the Grants Program Section (GPS). In the reorganization, GPS was divided into the Lower Atmosphere Research Section (LARS) and the Upper Atmosphere Research Section (UARS).
Statement of the Space Science Working Group
Authors: Solomon Sean C.
Published: October 2006

The Space Science Working Group (SSWG) is a consortium of universities and institutions represented by scientists and governmental relations officers. Its members are concerned about the health of the U.S. space program, particularly university‐based research in the space sciences. The SSWG is administered through the Association of American Universities.

For each of the last 6 years, the SSWG has attempted to bring to the attention of the U.S. Congress and the Administration issues of concern to the university space science community regarding the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) budget and the U.S. space program. Most recently, these issues have included the severe erosion of the space science research base at universities, the lack of space flight opportunities, and the inability to initiate new science programs. The SSWG supports a return by this nation to position of leadership in the space sciences, and we believe that the continued involvement of universities is essential to the U.S. space research enterprise.
Magnetosphere‐ionosphere interactions: Key to universe
Authors: Peratt Anthony L.
Published: October 2006

Ionized matter—plasma—is the over‐whelmingly dominant constituent of the universe as a whole, and matter in the plasma state is characterized by a complexity that vastly exceeds that exhibited in the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Correspondingly, the physical and especially the electrodynamic properties of the plasma are still far from well understood.;

While it is now universally acknowledged that our universe is a plasma universe, the physical understanding of this universe has remained in doubt. This is primarily because interpreting the physical processes from high‐energy, optical, infrared, and radio telescope observations critically depend on our understanding of matter in the plasma state.
Ford gets $11.8 million for GOES ground control
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Ford Aerospace Corporation in College Park, Md., has been awarded an $11.8‐million contract to develop, build, and maintain a command and telemetry system for the new class of Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite (GOES) weather satellites that Ford is building for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).