bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship to Victim Predicts Sentence Length in Sexual Assault Cases
Authors: McCORMICK JENNIFER S. , MARIC ALEXANDRA , SETO MICHAEL C. , BARBAREE HOWARD E.
Published: March 2007

There is good evidence that rapists and rape are viewed differently according to the social relationship between the victim and offender. Clinical files from 204 rapists incarcerated at a medium-security penitentiary were reviewed. The rapists were divided into three groups: 103 stranger rapists, 36 acquaintance rapists, and 65 partner rapists (including 20 men who sexually assaulted ex-partners). Based on previous findings, we predicted no group differences in terms of demographic or offense characteristics. Based on social psychological and legal findings, we predicted that victim-offender relationship would be related to sentence length, even after controlling for presumably relevant factors such as the offender's criminal history. Our predictions were supported. Stranger rapists used more force that partner rapists and caused more physical injury than rapists of known victims. However, these factors did not predict sentence length. There were only two significant predictors: excessiveness of force used and victim-offender relationship.
Case Study: Critical Success Factors for Creating Superb Self-Managing Teams at Xerox
Authors: Wageman Ruth
Published: March 2007

To achieve their full potential, self-managing teams need to monitor their own work, assume responsibility for problemsolving, and develop task-appropriate performance strategies. How can team leaders help their teams mature in these skills and grow better and better over time? Conventional wisdom says that brilliant coaching—facilitating meetings well, drawing out the right kinds of conflict, building cohesiveness, and the like-is the magic ingredient. But conventional wisdom is wrong. Basing her conclusions on observations of 43 self-managing teams in the Xerox customer service division, Wageman shows that leaders of the most successful teams gave first priority to getting the teams set up right and arranging organizational support for them. Only then did the leaders turn their attention to coaching, to help teams take advantage of their favorable performance situation. Wageman provides concrete illustrations of the seven factors that most strongly distinguish superb from struggling teams, describes how great leaders get those conditions in place, and provides a new conception of the role of hands-on coaching in promoting team effectiveness.
The Limited,Inc.: Using Strategic Peifonnance Management to Drive Brand Leademship
Authors: Heneman Robert L. , Thomas Andrea L.
Published: March 2007

In today's way of running a business, employees are expected to be team players, and managers are told to act as leaders, coaches, and strategists. Yet very few companies have developed performance management systems that simultaneously encourage workers and managers to assume these new roles and meet financial objectives. The Limited, Inc., the rapidly growing, $9 billion retailer headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, aims to be an exception. To integrate how work is done (competencies) with business results (growth targets), the system draws on the concept of a "balanced scorecard"the idea that activities in four areas drive business success: financial performance, customer service, internal processes, and learning. To emphasize the learning component, the company has defined a unique set of management competencies that center on the Limited's leadership position in various retail segments. Successes with the initial pilot installations suggest that the company is well on its way to encouraging and rewarding those leadership skills that lead to financial success.
A Success Story: Workers' Compensation Reform in Californiia
Authors: Kilgour John G.
Published: March 2007

Throughout much of the 1980s and 1990s, California's workers' compensation system was on the brink of crisis. Now, California's system is much improved: legal and medical costs, fraud and abuse, stress claims, and use of vocational rehabilitation are down, while counterproductive pricing arrangements have been eliminated and inadequate maximum benefit levels reevaluated. The California Workers' Compensation Reform Act and two sets of later amendments have contributed greatly to reining in abuse and reducing costs. But improvement is always possible. The main constituencies of workers' compensation-insurers, management, and in many states, organized labor-must continue to cooperate in improving the system.
Integrating Compensation Strategies
Authors: Hackett Thomas J. , Mc Dermott Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written about new compensation innovations as individual programs, there is less discussion of the impact these programs can have when implemented in a piecemeal fashion or even in tandem as part of a strategic compensation design. This article focuses on one company's successful attempt to use several compensation approaches to solve some fundamental organizational problems and, in the process, build an integrated compensation approach. This company was successful for two reasons: (1) it conducted a thoughtful analysis of its situation and goals to develop a compensation approach that was best suited to help meet those goals, and (2) the company used a holistic and strategic approach to compensation design to develop and implement compensation programs that support its ultimate objective of maximizing organizational efficiency and making the most of its human capital.
Long-Term Care: Addressing the Real Issues
Authors: Pearson Robert L.
Published: March 2007

There is a long-term care crisis in this country, but recent initiatives are trying to treat the wrong symptoms, and the proposed remedies will do little or nothing to address the real problems that employers and employees face. The recent proposal to promote the purchase of long-term care (LTC) insurance for employees in the workplace provides no financial relief for their elderly loved ones who are in need of care now. Similarly, the initiative for a caregiver tax credit is not a solution for employees who will soon be inheriting caregiving duties-the nearly half of the work force. Employers can provide answers-but not by tossing LTC insurance at employees who have little or no chance of using it. Help arrives when employers begin offering a responsible way for their caregiver workers to access comprehensive professional assessments, guidance and care planning. At the same time, it's crucial to establish a process where elderly family members of employees have an opportunity to purchase LTC insurance through the employee's group plan. These remedies address the heart of the longterm care crisis and the eldercare concerns faced by working adults today.
The Deterrent Effect Of Capital Punishment In Florida: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Kohfeld Carol W.
Published: March 2007

Recent Supreme Court decisions and public opinion polls both show increased support for the use of the death penalty. Much research has been conducted to assess the effect of executions on homicide rates. Most of this research, however, has been conducted at levels of aggregation different from that at which the policy is formulated and imposed. This study looks at the effect of executions on homicides in one state, Florida, for a fifty-five year period. This analysis is focused at a significant level for policy questions. That is particulary important since Florida has executed more persons since 1930 than all but five states and currently has more people on death row than any other state. Florida has executed more people than any other state since the Supreme Court lifted its ban on executions in 1976. The importance of this analysis is underscored by the use of data points since that ban was lifted. Three different types of analysis are presented. No support for the deterrence hypothesis is found. It is argued that these results are of particular significance because of the level of aggregation, time series employed, and use of executions in the state.
The Diminishing Scope Of The Exclusionary Rule
Authors: Moneymaker James M. , Janikowski W. Richard
Published: March 2007

The exclusionary rule has been the focus of controversy since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Mapp v. Ohio. Over the years the Supreme Court has narrowed both the scope and the applicability of the exclusionary rule in an effort to find an acceptable balance between the deterrence of police misconduct and needs of the law enforcement. However, examination of recent decisions reveals that controversy over the exclusionary rule has not abated. Thus, while the exclusionary has not been abandoned, the future contours of the rule remain uncertain.
Practical, Ethical And Political Aspects Of Engaging "Man's Best Friend" In The War On Crime
Authors: Stitt B. Grant
Published: March 2007

This paper simultaneously analyzes the practical, ethical and political aspects of the use of dogs in law enforcement. After a brief discussion of the distinct types of situations and contributions which can be made by "canine cops," a number of topics such as relevant ethical issues, possible deterrent effects, and the role dogs can play in police-community relations are discussed. It is concluded that the benefits of employing canines in police work far exceeds the possible costs.
Against Compulsory Treatment: No "Quick Fix" For Pregnant Substance Abusers*
Authors: Pollock-Byrne Joycelyn M. , Merlo Alida V.
Published: March 2007

Recently, pregnant women who use drugs have been subject to strict scrutiny and, in some instances, harsh treatment. Based upon the number of prosecutions of pregnant women that have occurred, it seems the government is prepared to punish the pregnant addict but unwilling to provide the prenatal care that is critical to the health of the mother and the infant. Although civil commitment under a compulsory treatment statute might appear to provide the kind of governmental intervention so desperately needed, it singles out women who are pregnant and subjects them to sanctions not similarly inflicted upon male addicts.
Jail Utilization Over Time: An Assessment Of The Patterns In Male And Female Populations
Authors: Senese Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines jail populations over time. More specifically, the purpose of this analysis is to identify cycles of local jail utilization for male and female populations. The identification of regularities in jail utilization is accomplished through the use of a finite Fourier spectral density function. This analysis is conducted on a large Midwestern jail for 1525 days from 1982 through 1986. The results show there are significant regular patterns in both the male and female populations. These results allow one to conclude that the stability of punishment hypothesis appears to be an appropriate conceptualization for the jail setting. They also demonstrate there may be a cyclical regularity in jail utilization.
Enhancing Criminal Justice and Criminology Programs: The Precarious Balance of Pedagogy and Content Knowledge
Authors: Rounds Delbert L. , Berg Bruce L. , Mutchnick Robert J.
Published: March 2007

A 1991 article in The Criminologist raises questions about what the needs may be in graduate criminal Justice and criminology education. The article, however, failed to discuss teaching skills and faculty diversity among instructors in existing programs. Since the publication of that article, there has remained a dearth of consideration of these timely areas. criminal Justice and criminology as cognate emerging disciplines have begun to develop solid stands deeply rooted in multiple parent disciplines. The current article considers whether or not people educated in these diverse disciplines, who possess different levels of practical experience, offer similar kinds of content knowledge to their students. Also considered are different pedagogical approaches used in criminal Justice and Criminological programs. As well, this paper examines how administrations might encourage faculty to upgrade both their content knowledge and pedagogical skills.
Convenient Victims - A Research Note
Authors: Petrosino Anthony J. , Fellow Spencer , Brensilber Diana
Published: March 2007

During 1993-1996, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety participated in a national study of convenience store robbery. In order to understand victim perceptions and actions during these crimes, personal semi-structured interviews were conducted during with 20 employees robbed in Boston. Most subjects were owners or managers, and tended to be entrenched in the convenience store industry. The inter view instrument contained over 80 items, and solicited a range of infor mation on the criminal event, as well as post-victimization experiences.
“Stumps Folded into a Fist”: Extra Time, Chance, and Virtual Reality in Bruno Schulz
Authors: Spieker Sven
Published: March 2007

Il y a hasard quand ce qui est possible se produit au détriment de ce qui est probable. A la place de l'attendu, autre chose paraît qui nous apprend ainsi qu'elle pouvait être.

Paul Valéry
Rethinking Current Recommendations to Introduce Solid Food between Four and Six Months to Exclusively Breastfeeding Infants
Authors: Børresen Hans Christofer
Published: March 2007

The World Health Organization and UNICEF currently recommend to start weaning between four and six months and no later than six months with the gradual introduction of solid food. However, some studies show that voluntary exclusive breastfeeding for about nine months is feasible and can sustain adequate weight gain and iron status in infants. It is therefore appropriate to review and evaluate the evidence presently used to set feeding policy. It appears that the alleged insufficiency of breast milk volume after four to six months is most likely due to management errors such as introducing supplements and spacing nursing bouts at wide intervals, both of which reduce milk yield. Women in developed countries who wish to breastfeed exclusively beyond four to six months should therefore not be discouraged from doing so. In developing countries, health authorities and non-governmental organisations should actively endorse exclusive breastfeeding for eight to nine months to protect infants against malnutrition and infections.
Standing Feeding Orders in a Well-Baby Nursery: "Water, Water Everywhere..."
Authors: Zimmerman Deena R. , Bernstein William R.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to examine standing physician orders affecting healthy breastfeeding newborns for items not in concert with the "Ten Steps to Successful Breast-feeding." All order sets of physicians or physician groups (n=22) at a mid-sized hospital in central New Jersey (USA) (approximately 1200 deliveries/year) were reviewed. Seventeen orders called for water to be offered routinely as the first feeding. Five order sets called for two or more such feeds. Twelve orders gave infants nothing by mouth (NPO) for more than 2 hours and six mandated 4-hour intervals between feedings. Practices that undermine successful breastfeeding are still ubiquitous. Physician orders, in addition to hospital policy, should be targeted for improvement.
Dietitians in Breastfeeding Management: An Untapped Resource in the Hospital
Authors: Helm Arly , Windham Carol T. , Wyse Bonita
Published: March 2007

Maternity care nurses were surveyed to gather data on the state of breastfeeding in Utah hospitals. A questionnaire was distributed to labor and delivery, well-baby nursery, and postpartum nurses at 18 hospitals representing 86% of births in the state. The results indicated that of dietitians, physicians, and nurses, dietitians were the health care professionals least likely to provide breastfeeding information and assistance.
Mastitis and Immunological Factors in Breast Milk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Women
Authors: Semba Richard D. , Kumwenda Newton , Taha Taha E. , Hoover Donald R. , Quinn Thomas C. , Lan Yin , Mtimavalye Laban , Broadhead Robin , Miotti Paolo G. , van der Hoeven Len , Chiphangwi John D.
Published: March 2007

Human milk contains important immunological factors that protect the breast from infection and are thought to protect infants from infection, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Human milk immunological factors have not been well characterized in HIV infected lactating women. Lysozyme, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), sodium (an indicator of mastitis), and HIV were measured in breast milk of 334 HIV-infected women at 6 weeks postpartum. Women with mastitis, as indicated by elevated breast milk sodium concentrations, had higher median levels lysozyme (290 vs 221 mg/L,p<0.04), SLPI (38 vs 19 mg/L,p<0.0001) and HIV (920 copies/mL vs undetectable,p<0.0001) compared with women without mastitis. Lower total plasma carotenoid levels (p<0.02) and higher maternal HIV load (p<0.006) by quartile were risk factors for mastitis. Mastitis, as indicated by elevated breast milk sodium levels, is associated with high concentrations of immunological factors and higher HIV load in breast milk.
Bisexuals at Midlife
Authors: WEINBERG MARTIN S. , WILLIAMS COLIN J. , PRYOR DOUGLAS W.
Published: March 2007

In the framework of a constructionist approach, a life-course point of view, and traditional concepts borrowed from identity theory, the authors report on a study of fifty-six San Francisco bisexuals. The data show that by midlife, changing life commitments among the participants were associated with a decrease in sexual involvement, a move toward sexual activity with just one sex, a decrease in contact with the bisexual subculture, and a decrease in the salience of a bisexual identity. Given these changes, the data reveal the opposite of what might be expected—an increase rather than a decrease in the certainty about and stability of the bisexual identity. The authors show that this was due to the continuation of dual attractions that were positively regarded even as there was a move away from a bisexual lifestyle. In explaining these findings, they discuss the interplay between sexual communities, relationships, selves, and sexuality.
CDCs and Charitable Organizations in the Urban South
Authors: SILVERMAN ROBERT MARK
Published: March 2007

This article examines how community development corporations (CDCs) and other nonprofits access social capital when constructing collaborative partnerships for urban revitalization projects. Data from interviews with the directors of CDCs and charitable organizations in Jackson, Mississippi, are used for the analysis in this research. The findings indicate that the organizations studied mobilize two mutually exclusive forms of social capital when pursuing partnerships. In some instances, social capital based on religion is mobilized. In other cases, social capital based on race is mobilized. The conclusions of the article highlight the relationship between the embeddedness of social capital in local context and the degree to which it can be mobilized to stimulate neighborhood development. Moreover, the extent to which social capital is overemphasized in current social science discourse is explored.
TOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT, Harold J. Vanderzwaag, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1972. 261 pp. $7.95.
Authors: Sprandel Dennis S.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. theses. They will be printed, with credit, within limits of space and multiple submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to John M. Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.
DAD'S DOUBLE BINDS
Authors: COOK JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

This study addressed the issues of how men experienced their emotional adjustment to the death of a child from cancer, as well as how they dealt with the normative imperatives of the bereaved father role. Taking a men's studies perspective, the analysis started from the assumption that our present understanding of the parental mourning process may be shaped by a tendency to apply and operationalize concepts formulated through the study of grieving mothers rather than fathers. Interviews and questionnaires were used to gather qualitative data from 55 men whose children had died 10 months to 5 years previously. Results indicated that fathers' approaches to grief were often cognitive and solitary; the men defined both the experience and expression of negative affect as dangerous for themselves and those around them. Related to this was the presence of two double binds that arose from the fathers' reluctance to divulge their feelings: The first bind stemmed from the societal expectation that men should comfort their wives and the second from the cultural ideal that healthy grieving cannot be accomplished without the sharing of feelings. The manner in which men and their families resolved these binds offers us some insight into the unique aspects of men's mourning.
SPLINTERED VISIONS
Authors: WHARTON CAROL S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the different concerns and perspectives of the residents and staff in a battered women's shelter. The staff's ideology was at variance with the residents' expectations of what the shelter would provide, while staff-imposed rules often contradicted the ideology. These differences in perception had consequences for everyday life within the shelter. The analysis suggests that understanding why so many women return to violent homes from shelters requires an awareness of the institutional processes within shelters themselves. More generally, this study emphasizes the conflicts that arise in situations where long-term service providers' interests and views differ from those to whom they provide service.
WOMEN IN OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS
Authors: HOPPER COLUMBUS B. , MOORE JOHNNY
Published: March 2007

This article is based on participant observation and interviews with outlaw bikers and their female associates over the course of 17 years. It describes the place of women in motorcycle gangs and the motivations and backgrounds of women affiliated with outlaw biker clubs. Biker women are compared to street gang girls in terms of their gang participation and relationships with male gang members. Over the course of the study, the role of women in motorcycle gangs changed. Although earlier biker women were simply partners in parties and hedonistic sexuality, in modern outlaw gangs, women are expected to be engaged in economic pursuits for their individual men and sometimes for the entire club. The changing role of biker women appears to be influenced by the gangs' increased involvement in crime and other money-making activities.
DEVELOPING TRUST
Authors: SEMMES CLOVIS E.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the patient/practitioner encounters of African-Americans who utilized natural (drugless) systems of health care. It identifies those features of the encounter that engendered trust. The view presented is that trust is a necessary component of sustained, uncoerced interaction and that patients typically seek to control the patient/practitioner encounter. Patient acquiescence and dependency in the encounter is not automatic and is strongly related to the attainment of trust.
APPALACHIAN WOMEN
Authors: GAGNÉ PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

The findings from case study research conducted in a small, rural central Appalachian community during the winter of 1987-1988 suggest that standard definitions of wife abuse obscure the elements of social control inherent in violent activities, while obviating the relationship between violence and other forms of social control. Three categories of control are developed. The first, normative control, refers to socially accepted ways in which women's lives are constrained by norms and ideology. The second, persuasive control, refers to nonviolent means of social control, including repeated verbal requests, withholding transportation, forced parenthood, and the use of stereotypes and ideologies to isolate women. The third, violence, refers to the threat and use of physical assault and the use of weapons to instill fear. The context-specific approach is used to demonstrate that social control is dependent on a culture and social structure which condone men's domination of women and that without cultural acceptance of and structural support for men's authority over women, violence would be less effective as a means of social control.
PERSONAL SAFETY IN DANGEROUS PLACES
Authors: WILLIAMS TERRY , DUNLAP ELOISE , JOHNSON BRUCE D. , HAMID ANSLEY
Published: March 2007

Personal safety during fieldwork is seldom addressed directly in the literature. Drawing from many prior years of ethnographic research and from field experience while studying crack distributors in New York City, the authors provide a variety of strategies by which ethnographic research can be safely conducted in dangerous settings. By projecting an appropriate demeanor, ethnographers can seek others for protector and locator roles, routinely create a safety zone in the field, and establish compatible field roles with potential subjects. The article also provides strategies for avoiding or handling sexual approaches, common law crimes, fights, drive-by shootings, and contacts with the police. When integrated with other standard qualitative methods, ethnographic strategies help to ensure that no physical harm comes to the field-worker and other staff members. Moreover, the presence of researchers may actually reduce (and not increase) potential and actual violence among crack distributors/abusers or others present in the field setting.
“SOMEWHERE OUT THERE”
Authors: SANDELOWSKI MARGARETE , HARRIS BETTY G. , HOLDITCH-DAVIS DIANE
Published: March 2007

This article describes the process of parental claiming expressed in multiple interviews conducted with 35 infertile couples waiting to adopt a child. Parental claiming is the special kind of emotional and intellectual work that adopting couples do prior to placement to make someone else's child “somewhere out there” their own. It involves creating an object to claim, undermining the primacy of blood ties, and transforming someone else's child into the right child for them. This kind of work is particularly important to social actors who aspire to statuses to which they know they are not clearly entitled.
GENDER, RACE, CLASS, AND THE TREND TOWARD EARLY MOTHERHOOD
Authors: JACOBS JANET L.
Published: March 2007

This research offers a feminist analysis of teen pregnancy and the trend toward single parenting. Forty-five young women between the ages of 14 and 19 were interviewed at a high school for teen mothers in the Denver metropolitan area. The findings of the study highlight the complex relationship between female adolescence, family structure, and social location as each of these factors informs the trend toward early motherhood. The analysis frames teen pregnancy within the feminist discourse on female development, focusing on issues of attachment and autonomy as these conflicting needs influence the choice to mother.
NONPERSON AND NONHOME
Authors: WEISS MEIRA
Published: March 2007

This ethnography draws on patterns of parental behavior in 200 Israeli homes of appearance-impaired children. Through the presentation of six characterizing case studies, which bring together a panorama of sociocultural categories, the author argues that parents define their appearance-impaired children as “nonpersons.” This extreme stigma results in allocating the children a distinct “nonhome” territory: neglected areas considered to be unfit for the use of other family members. Stigmatization is reversible once impaired appearance is “corrected.” In the analysis, the article draws on the theoretical constructs of Foucault's “body politic” to structurally define the relation between cognitive stigmatization and territorial seclusion.
DIRTY DATA AND INVESTIGATIVE METHODS
Authors: SHULMAN DAVID
Published: March 2007

Qualitative researchers have overlooked the potential scholarly utility private detectives' investigative methods possess for coping with informant deceptions and accessing dirty data. Using interview and observational data, I present private detectives' investigative techniques and a generalizable model they offer for dirty data inquiries consisting of deception cues, leakages, enactment, reconstruction, and surfacing. I then identify accessible secret repositories that private detectives use, consider the performance vulnerabilities in dirty data behaviors they expose, and determine the questions they raise about how secrets are socially embedded. Finally, I illustrate three ethnographic applications for investigative methods: checking informant veracity, secondary analysis of dirty data behaviors, and unexplored secret repositories. I conclude by addressing ethical concerns in implementing these methods and by calling for a bolder scholarly attitude about garnering dirty data.
THE CENTER AND THE PERIPHERAL
Authors: HONG LAWRENCE K. , DUFF ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to explain the roles that taxi-dance halls and table-dance clubs play in the lives of two population subgroups in Los Angeles: Whites and Asians/Latinos. In this context, it also attempts to account for the center-peripheral geographical pattern of the two types of clubs. By means of modulated participant observation and GIS computer mapping, the authors came to the conclusion that taxi-dance halls are strong in socioemotional function, which may appeal to the romantic interests of Asians and Latinos, and the table-dance clubs are strong in instrumental function, attracting a predominantly White clientele who seek a safe sexual experience. The hypothesis is supported by comparing the club subcultures, which differ in terms of control, openness, and exclusiveness. Consistent with the functional specialization hypothesis, the locations of the clubs correspond to the ethnic residential distributions in Los Angeles.
ENGENDERING THE GULF WAR
Authors: WEISS MEIRA
Published: March 2007

The universalized, gendered myth of war is that of men in arms and women at home. The Israeli experience of the Gulf War spelled an opposite situation in which fighters were not called for active military duties and the home became “the front.” This reversal was especially blatant in the case of Israeli nurses stationed in the hospital. This article analyzes the rhetorics of war among these nurses, describing how it changed from panic and uncertainty, through a discourse of soldiering, to frustration. This transformation is interpreted within a dual framework, as a professional gender struggle embedded in a national script of militarism.
A Note on the Development Advantages of the Southern States: Perceptual Mapping as a Guide to Development Marketing and Policy
Authors: Festervand Troy A.
Published: March 2007

In this study, perceptual mapping was used to identify the collective and individual positions of 10 competing southern states. The perceived position of the ideal state also was captured by the study’s findings. Industrial real estate executives who were surveyed indicated that some states have positioned themselves strategically in terms of quality of life, whereas others are recognized because of their resources or business environment. Some states appear better able to take advantage of their position, whereas others face development obstacles.
Louisiana Superdome: Public Costs and Benefits 1975-1984
Authors: Ragas Wade R. , Miestchovich Ivan J. , Nebel Eddystone C. , Ryan Timothy P. , Lacho Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

During 1985, a research effort was undertaken by a five-person team of specialists in tourism, marketing, real estate, and public finance to determine the benefits and costs associated with the Louisiana Superdome. This largest of the enclosed public stadiums was a unique experiment in design and urban location (within an existing central business district). Based on this benefit/cost analysis, construction of the Superdome was found to be a surprisingly efficient public expenditure with a benefit to cost ratio of 12.4 to 1 (1975 dollars). Most of these benefits were attributable to the acquisition of a National Football League franchise and the repeated selection of the facility as a host site for the Super Bowl. The importance of professional football franchises to urban areas is also noted in the context of public support for retaining or acquiring these franchises.
Reindustrialization and Economic Development Strategy
Authors: Norton R. D.
Published: March 2007

We are in the early phases of an export-led resurgence that will carry us through the year 2000. Where, and in what varieties, will the new industrial development occur? We can take the initial uptick in manufacturing employment from March 1987 to March 1988 as a "test period, " a basis for predicting the 1990s. This one-year record reveals the strategic primacy of the labor supply. New manufacturing jobs have sprung up in labor-surplus areas like Texas and nonmetropolitan America. By contrast, in the labor-shortage states of the Northeast, the challenge is for policies to upgrade a fixed labor supply. Policy contexts will thus differ: a postindustrial Northeast, a reindustrial heartland, and an immigration-powered California.
Entrepreneurship is Alive and Well in Rural America: A Four-State Study
Authors: Lin Xiannuan , Buss Terry F. , Popovich Mark
Published: March 2007

Are rural places inferior to urban areas in developing new businesses? Using employment insurance data for Arkansas, Iowa, Maine, and North Dakota, this study found that rural new businesses contribute substantially to job creation; that rural areas are as competitive as urban areas in developing new businesses; and that rural new businesses are as diversified as urban businesses. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that rural economies are not as inferior as contemporary wisdom would have us believe
The Bank Community Development Corporation: An Economic Development Tool for the Nineties
Authors: Sower John , Milkman Beverly L.
Published: March 2007

With the shift in economic development responsibility away from the federal level in the 1980s, state and local governments have been called upon to join forces with the private sector to plan and finance local development. The Economic Development Administration (EDA) has attempted to help local public and private sector leaders assume this responsibility by sharing information on successful local innovations with substantial private sector involvement. In this article, an EDA project that tested the widespread utility of the Bank Community Development Corporation (Bank CDC) is described for the purpose of acquainting economic development practitioners with an innovative financing tool.
"Just Say no?" The Economic and Political Realities of a Small City's Investment in Minor League Baseball
Authors: Rosentraub Mark S. , Swindell David
Published: March 2007

The magical aura which encases sports in our society continues to encourage cities to offer inducements to attract franchises. Now, even minor league franchises have become coveted assets by smaller cities seeking the same "glamour" that major league teams give larger cities. Smaller cities are seemingly mesmerized by the idea, "build it and they will come. " The "they" is the anticipated economic impact and benefits of the team. This article analyzed one city's decision by measuring the substitution effects and real growth impact of a team on the local economy. Given the tax structure in the community and the marginal impact of the team, the city and the private sector made the correct decision in not offering substantial inducements; net gains were too small for all concerned. The small impact also suggests no natural constituency existed to support the needed investments. Finally, some have argued economic analyses are not the most important element in considering whether or not to invest in sports since baseball is a form of escapism and publicity. If these are valued ideas it remains for city councils and voters to decide if the "Boys of Summer" really define a community's image, culture, placement in the fabric of American society, and the quality of life. Or, is a minor league baseball team simply an example of "big boys wanting big toys" at someone else's expense.
The Impact of Historic District Designation on Property Values: An Empirical Study
Authors: Schaeffer Peter V. , Millerick Cecily Ahern
Published: March 2007

It is often thought that historic preservation and economic interests are competing values. This case study of a large Chicago neighborhood provides evidence that National Historic District designation was beneficial to properties in the district. Substantial external benefits were also found. The designation of two smaller areas within the study area as Chicago Historic Districts had a negative effect on property values, however, indicating that the impact depends on the restrictions imposed by preservation measures.
Dynamic Development Cycles and Local Economic Management
Authors: Gittell Ross
Published: March 2007

There has been a proliferation of local economic intervention. Unfortunately, local development activities are often inadequately informed and lack coherence. This article presents and applies a three-cycle dynamic model to inform local development practice and its evaluation. It is suggested that the interaction of three economic cycles, product, process, and factor price cycles, often applied to industrial change and national economies, can provide valuable insight into local development and suggest guidelines for local development activities. Case studies are used to illustrate the analytical and prescriptive value of the dynamic cycle framework The value of dynamic cycle audits in identifying local development vulnerabilities and opportunities, providing direction for local development efforts, and suggesting particular local actions that can facilitate beneficial repositioning in dynamic development cycles is demonstrated.
Minority Contractors' Views of Government Purchasing and Procurement Practices
Authors: MacManus Susan A.
Published: March 2007

This study compares and contrasts the reasons American Indian-, Asian-, black-, and Hispanic-owned firms sell to government, the problems they encounter, and their assessments of the overall quality of the purchasing practices of the federal state, county, city, and school district governments. It also focuses on the governments they regard as undesirable customers. It is based on the responses of 325 minority-owned businesses responding to a mail survey. The overwhelming majority of minority (and nonminority-owned) firms do not believe the current system is competitive, fair, or efficient. However, minority contractor groups differ on their specific likes and dislikes, often because they tend to be clustered in different economic sectors. Minority contractors often view their successes relative to those of other minorities. Governments devising vendor recruitment plans must be sensitive to these differences if they hope to recruit and retain minority contractors within their vendor pools.
The New Southern Californian Economy: Pathways to Industrial Resurgence
Authors: Scott Allen J.
Published: March 2007

The article begins with a theoretical discussion of the imperative of regional industrial policy in the new world economic order. The recent performance of the Southern Californian manufacturing system is reviewed, and it is argued that the regional economy is now at a critical historical turning point. This turning point can be identified in terms of a series of failures involving (a) a declining aerospace-defense industrial base, (b) inadequate institutional foundations for accelerated technological progress, and (c) deteriorating labor market conditions and competitiveness in several of the region's craft specialty industries. The generalized specifications of a concerted policy response to these problems are sketched out, with particular attention being paid to (a) industrial innovation, (b) labor force re-skilling, (c) collaborative manufacturing systems, and (d) regional government.
Los Angeles One Year Later: A Prospective Assessment of Responses to the 1992 Civil Unrest
Authors: Johnson James H. , Farrell Walter C. , Jackson Maria-Rosario
Published: March 2007

Selected responses to the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest are critically evaluated in terms of their ability to address the root causes of the disturbances. The authors conclude that the grassroots initiatives are far more likely to effectuate positive change in the lives of the disadvantaged and to rebuild the communities of south central Los Angeles and other affected areas than the initiatives launched by the public and the private sectors.
The University and Economic Development: The Case of Johns Hopkins University and Baltimore
Authors: Feldman Maryann P.
Published: March 2007

Although there are many examples of the role that universities might play in fostering regional economic development, this article considers a counterfactual case. The presence of a prominent research university provides no guarantee that an area's economic development potential is enhanced. Using an innovation process model as a framework, the author studies the relationship between Johns Hopkins University and the Baltimore metropolitan area. This provides an opportunity to consider the other factors that might enhance the ability of an area to capitalize on the benefits that proximity to a research university may provide.
Economic and Fiscal Impacts of a Business Incubator
Authors: Markley Deborah M. , McNamara Kevin T.
Published: March 2007

Business incubators are one option communities have to support business survival and growth. Incubators are locally based institutions that provide shared physical space and business support services to new and young firms. Most incubator evaluations have not measured total employment and income impacts or the fiscal impacts generated by incubator firms. This article describes the economic and fiscal impacts of one business incubator to illustrate how an incubator can encourage jobs and income in a local community. Incubators generate jobs and income and create linkages with firms inside and outside the local economy over the long run. The cost of creating these jobs is competitive with those costs associated with attracting manufacturing investment into a local community. Incubators can have an impact on communities that are not well positioned to attract such external investments.
Response: Economic Development as a Profession: A Response to Visser and Wright
Authors: Blakely Edward J.
Published: March 2007

There is an assumption in the excellent article produced by Visser and Wright that professional education can be developed for economic developers by universities. This assumption rests too heavily on the notion that economic developers are professionals. This article asks the important question, Is economic development activity, no matter how noble, professional? Certainly, the generally acknowledged criteria of (1) specialized training, (2) an implicit service mission, (3) an organized body of knowledge, and (4) a code of ethics would have to be stretched to include economic developers. Nonetheless, it is argued here that economic development should be moving toward professionalization and training real professionals in a real and respected profession.
Economic Restructuring and the Restructuring of Economic Development Practice: A New York Perspective, 1985-1995
Authors: Kossy Judith A.
Published: March 2007

The economic development forces that caused regional economies in the United States to restructure also triggered a change in the practice of economic development at the local level to accommodate those forces. This article provides a reflection on the ways in which the scope and practice of economic development changed from 1985 to 1995 in western New York State. Over the decade, practice moved away from concern about equity and poverty in older urban cores, largely funded by the federal government, to a regional focus on business development and retention that depended on multiple streams offending that were dominated by state and local spending, and private sector participation. The Western New York Economic Development Corporation was an agency established to address development in this new environment.
Do High-Unemployment States Offer the Biggest Business Incentives? Results for Eight States Using the "Hypothetical Firm" Method
Authors: Peters Alan H. , Fisher Peter S.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a preliminary analysis of the spatial distribution of business incentives across 8 states and 27 cities. A variation on the "hypotheticalfirm " method is used to measure the size of tax and nontax incentives offered by those states and cities. The net present value of after-tax income for a 20-year period is calculated for various types and sectors of firms in each state and city. This income, which measures the intensity of the incentive offer is then related to state and city unemployment rates. The results suggest that high-unemployment cities (but not states) do offer bigger incentives.
Response: A State-Federal Partnership in Support of Science and Technology
Authors: Coburn Christopher M. , Brown Duncan M.
Published: March 2007

Public-private partnerships involving state and federal government are increasingly used to catalyze private investments in research and innovation. The two levels of government must consult more broadly in forming national science and technology policy. The State-Federal Technology Partnership, an ad hoc initiative of present and former governors, university presidents, corporate chief executives, and former federal research and development leaders, has studied these possibilities in several reports. Its recommendations underlie an unprecedented agreement between the White House and the National Governors' Association to launch a new U.S. Innovation Partnership for joint use of science and technology to generate economic growth, improve education and health care, and protect the environment. This article reviews the basis of state and federal science and technology cooperation and demonstrates the problems inherent in Professor Feller's critique in this issue of Economic Development Quarterly.
New Residents and the Demand for Public Services in Growing Communities: Local Officials' Perceptions and Responses
Authors: Kelsey Timothy W.
Published: March 2007

The common wisdom in many growing communities is that newcomers demand more services than do long-term residents. Dissimilar attitudes toward local services can have important effects on local government activities and services. This study investigates whether municipal officials in growing areas perceive such a difference in the demand for services; it then examines the relationship between these perceptions and actual service delivery changes in the officials' communities to see whether such perceptions really matter. The study confirms not only that many officials believe this stereotype but also that such officials were much more likely to have increased services in the past 5 years. This suggests that the stereotype, far from being innocuous, may have implications for local taxes and service provision.