bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological Changes Associated with Changing Fixed Ratio Schedules in Rats
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Ossenkopp K.-P. , Kamaya V. , Pear J. J.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments rats, which had been gradually adjusted to a fixed ratio 50 (FR 50) reinforcement schedule over 10 sessions and then suddenly were placed on a FR 125 schedule on Session 11, showed a significant decrease ( p < .05) in circulating blood eosinophil levels compared to groups which had been similarly shaped up to but maintained on a FR 50 schedule. The changes presumably occurred within a 35- to 40-min. period following the schedule change. Significant positive correlations were noted between the amount of disruption in the response pattern observed in the records of the group that had been shifted from FR 50 to FR 125 and number of fecal boluses on the last day, duration of the bar-press per response, and thyroid-thymus nodule weights.
Suicide in the Spring: A Test of Durkheim's Explanation
Authors: Lester David , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

79 attempted suicides in the Spring were found to be less often married, more often agnostics, and more often living with siblings or in institutions than were 165 attempted suicides in other seasons. These results were seen as lending partial support to Durkheim's notion that suicides in the Spring might be more motivated by anomie than suicides at other times of the year.
Responding under a Constant-Probability Schedule of Electric Shock Presentation
Authors: McKearney James W.
Published: September 2011

In squirrel monkeys responding under a continuous avoidance schedule, addition of a 3-min. constant-probability variable-interval schedule of response-produced shock (concurrent avoidance 3-min. VI) increased responding. When the avoidance schedule was eliminated, so that the only consequence of responding was the presentation of response-dependent shock under the VI schedule, characteristic VI patterns of responding were maintained. In other monkeys already responding under a 3-min. VI schedule without the constant-probability feature, characteristic patterns of responding were also maintained under the constant-probability schedule. Schedule-appropriate performances are maintained under VI schedules of shock presentation in which there is little relation between probability that a given response will be shocked and the time that has passed since the last shock, i.e., a constant-probability schedule. Substantial shock-free periods just after shock are not necessary for responding to be engendered and maintained under schedules of shock presentation.
Difficulties in Replicating the Proselyting Effect in Doomsday Groups
Authors: Thompson Katherine S. , Oskamp Stuart
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a study of a recent doomsday group and discusses the methodological problems which made this study an abortive attempt to test the proselyting hypothesis of Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter (1956). These problems included: unequivocally determining whether the doomsday group met the dissonance-theory specifications, demonstrating a change in the level of proselyting, difficulties typical of field-study research which stemmed from limitations of time, inaccessibility of information, and the occurrence of an unexpected and uncontrolled event. Two conclusions were drawn. (a) The required antecedent conditions for the post-disconfirmation proselyting effect are so numerous, qualitative and nonoperationally defined that they are unlikely to be met. (b) These problems, when compounded by the inevitable group differences which arise in field study, suggest that a valid and reliable negative research outcome regarding the proselyting hypothesis of dissonance theory is also unlikely. In other words, the proselyting hypothesis may not be disconfirmable—a prophecy which cannot fail.
Self-Actualization and Value Structure: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Mahoney John
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated Maslow's assertion that there exists a cluster of values characteristic of self-actualizing persons. A total of 84 college students, 35 male and 49 female, completed the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Rokeach Value Survey. Based on the former profile, Ss were designated as reflecting one of 4 levels of self-actualization. Differential rank ordering of each value for the four groups was assessed via extensions of the median test. Results lend partial support to Maslow's assertion. The value of “social recognition” was negatively correlated with self-actualization. Significant recursive rankings in which self-actualizing persons ranked values similarly to severely nonactualizing persons but unlike normal individuals were observed for “a comfortable life,” and “a world at peace.” Findings were interpreted in terms of the self-actualizing person's definition of values and his perception of realistic limitations on his abilities.
Group Influences on Probability Judgments concerning Social and Political Change
Authors: Lamm Helmut , Trommsdorff Gisela
Published: September 2011

This study was intended to inquire into the generality of group-induced extremization (shift away from the neutral, middle point of a given response scale). The stimulus task for subjects was to estimate the probability that certain desired social, political, or economic conditions would exist by the year 2000. Another purpose of this study was to test the generality of the discussion-induced shift toward pessimism found in a previous study. Using nine discussion groups (size 3 or 4) and 13 control subjects (simple test-retest), the following findings were obtained. (1) Group means shifted toward higher extremity after discussion. (2) There was no shift when the extremity of group members' individual positions were compared. (3) The control subjects shifted toward less extreme judgments, and their judgmental confidence decreased. (4) No group shift toward pessimism was obtained. The discussion centers on subsidiary (correlational) evidence suggesting one cause of this group extremization was the disproportionate influence of extreme group members.
Efficacy of Three Common Study Methods
Authors: Hoon Peter W.
Published: September 2011

30 college males in liberal arts curricula were assigned to study passages by 3 different methods: reading, reading with underlining, and reading with note taking. When verbal intelligence (Scholastic Aptitude Test-Verbal) was held constant, the 3 groups did not differ on questions about comprehension of passages. The findings question the assumed value of underlining and note-taking during study and imply that future research might better be aimed at improving verbal rather than study skills in undergraduate populations.
Retention of Word-Pairs for Experimenter-Supplied and Subject-Originated Mnemonics
Authors: Garten Joseph A. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of descriptive sentences and mediation mnemonics supplied by E and originated by S was compared with simple repetition. All mnemonic conditions excelled the control, and at the shorter retention intervals (2 days and 1 wk.), S-originated devices were significantly superior to E-supplied conditions at the 2-day and 1-wk. intervals. At the 8-wk. interval all mnemonic conditions, save the mediation E supplied, produced significantly higher retention than the control.
Age, Education, and Occupation as Correlates of the Meaning of Leisure
Authors: Spreitzer Elmer , Snyder Eldon E. , Larson David
Published: September 2011

The meaning of leisure is examined in terms of the extent to which leisure activity serves as a source of self-identity. The data are responses to a mail survey of 236 males and 121 females under 65 yr. When age, education, and occupation were predictor variables ( rs −.28 to −.06; Rs .23 to .31), only about 10% of the variance in meanings was accounted for. rs were −.54 and −.41 for men and women between rated job satisfaction and meaning of leisure.
Linguistic Nonimmediacy and Communicators' Anxiety
Authors: Conville Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Linguistic nonimmediacy refers to the degree of verbal indirectness with which a person refers to himself or to that about which he communicates. Current research on linguistic nonimmediacy indicates that this indirectness of verbal reference increases as the speaker experiences increased negative affect. The purpose of this investigation was to test the reliability of this finding in a nonlaboratory setting and using a within- Ss design. The results of the previous research were replicated, and the argument was advanced that nonimmediacy analysis of Ss' language can be a legitimate substitute for conventional paper-and-pencil attitude tests.
An Image Theory of Instrumental Conditioning
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

According to theories of classical conditioning and images, an image of the goal for an instrumentally conditioned response occurs by way of classically conditioned associations between the stimuli of the learning situation and the stimuli produced by the instrumentally conditioned response and between these response-produced stimuli and the goal. Also, the animal is viewed as behaving in order to change the vividness of the image of the reinforcer, associated with a change in the “reinforcing effect” of the image of the reinforcer, and does so by producing successively closer approximations to the stimuli produced by the instrumentally conditioned response via a feedback process, this response thereby eventuating. Image approaches to some instrumental conditioning results and some theories of instrumental conditioning are also discussed.
Impact on Admission to a School of Medicine of an Innovation in Selection Procedures
Authors: Calkins E. Virginia , Richards James M. , McCanse Andrew , Burgess Michael M. , Willoughby T. Lee
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the impact on admission to the University of Missouri-Kansas City's 6-yr. combined baccalaureate-doctor of medicine program of an innovation in selection procedures. In 1973 and 1974, the school's Council on Selection de-emphasized high school academic performance but continued to consider extensive biographical and interview data. Significant differences emerged in the correlations of various selection criteria with the Council's ratings of candidates in 1973 and 1974 in comparison with the prior year. Specifically, admission test score which had the highest correlation (.58) in 1972 was only .18 in 1973. The negative correlation (−.30) of race (discriminatory toward non-whites) in 1972 was not present in 1973 or 1974. Instead, the highest correlations were the interviewers' ratings and recommended decisions.
A Comparative Analysis of Rorschach Signs of Homosexuality
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Andersen Dennis O. , Braucht George N.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that content analysis of the Rorschach may be a useful tool in diagnosing homosexuality. This study compared five Rorschach sign approaches (Due & Wright, Fine, Schafer, Ulett, and Wheeler) within a three-group design employing heterosexuals, sex-role disturbed, and homosexuals. The results indicated that all five sets of signs were able to differentiate the homosexual and heterosexual groups, but only the Schafer and Ulett signs discriminated between the sex-role disturbed and homosexual groups. Step-wise discriminant analyses were computed to determine what combinations of signs could most accurately differentiate the three groups.
Sex Differences in Reported Psychophysiological Reactivity
Authors: Plutchik Robert , Conte Hope
Published: September 2011

On a self-report questionnaire, 9 out of 18 items presumed to reflect sympathetic or parasympathetic dominance differentiated between males and females. It was suggested that these findings related partly to cultural expectations, partly to differential stresses, and partly to real physiological or structural differences.
Experimental Induction of Self-Concept
Authors: Callison Connie P.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-eight male and female Central Pennsylvania third-graders participated in a study of the effects of induced self-concept. Group I Ss ( N = 14) were administered Items 1 to 40 of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale followed by a mathematics test. The children were then administered Items 41 to 80 of the self-concept scale after being told that they had made high scores on the mathematics test. Group II Ss (N = 14) were administered the same tests but were told that their performance on the mathematics test was not adequate. The results showed that Group I Ss' scores on the self-concept scale did not change while Group II Ss' scores decreased. Discrepancies in the children's expected and reported performances on the mathematics test may have affected their subsequent self-concept ratings.
Attitudinal Differences of College Students and Their Parents
Authors: Tzeng Oliver C. S. , Dimit Mary G.
Published: September 2011

47 students of both sexes living in 5 different housing units listed areas of perceived attitudinal differences with their parents on an open-ended questionnaire. A total of 89 items were elicited, ranging in number for each individual response from 0 to 31 ( M = 6.25, mode = 5). 11 categories were organized to cover these items. Differences in characteristics of responses for males and females were observed.
Social Desirability and Judged Frequency of Occurrence: Reanalysis and Comment on Bernhardson and Fisher
Authors: Abbott Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The conclusions of Bernhardson and Fisher regarding the “direct contribution” of the social desirability scale value and judged probability of occurrence in the population to the prediction of the proportion of respondents answering True to personality items were re-examined basing new estimates of “direct contribution” upon multiple regression model comparisons which emphasize the common “contribution” between the judged probability of occurrence and social desirability and are not influenced by the ordering of variables in the regression equation.
Effect of S-R Discontiguity and Double Responding on Two-Odd Oddity Learning by Retardates
Authors: Wunderlich Richard A.
Published: September 2011

36 institutionalized children whose MA scores were at least 3 yr. below their CAs were divided into three matched groups of 12 subjects each and presented with a two-odd oddity discrimination. In two groups (S … R and Double-response), a 6-in. spatial gap was imposed between the oddity stimuli and the site response. Group Double-response differed from Group S … R only in requiring a double response, i.e., touching a chosen S before making R, In a third group (S + R), no spatial discontiguity between S and R existed; subjects responded directly to the oddity stimulus and not to the remote response block. In contrast to earlier studies there was little effect of discontiguity or of double responding on performance. Most subjects learned the oddity discrimination regardless of their experimental condition and in this regard were unlike retardates of other studies. Several possible explanations are offered.
Individual Risk-Taking as a Function of Manipulated Information about Norms
Authors: Schwartz Arnold H. , Loomis Ross J. , Hebert John A.
Published: September 2011

Life situation dilemmas were presented to Ss who were to advise the central character in the situation as to what would be the lowest acceptable odds for success of a riskier, more attractive outcome. In the first session, the effects of familiarizing oneself with arguments pro and con were measured. In the second session, 10 days later, these same Ss were presented with manipulated norm information from the first session prior to taking the dilemma questionnaire again. Ss who were given (false) information that the group had been rather risky in the first session tended to shift toward risk, while those given feedback that Ss had been quite cautious, tended to shift toward caution, while a group given no feedback from the first session fell in between these two groups. The study was interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that information about others' choice is sufficient for risky shift to occur.
A-B Type Therapists and the Authoritarian Personality
Authors: Resnick Jerome H. , Berk Steven
Published: September 2011

This study tested an early contention by Betz that it is the A-B type therapist's authority orientation which most significantly mediates success over schizoid and neurotic patient groups. The authoritarian has been described as conventional, rigid in thought, insecure, concrete, and intolerant of ambiguity, paralleling the description of B-therapists, while As are seen as nonauthoritarian. Ss listened to tape-recorded communications from neurotic and schizoid patients and responded “therapeutically” in free written form at the end of each of five segments per tape. Analyses of variance indicated only minimal support for the hypothesis that the A-B dimension is related to authoritarianism.
Step-Mother's Model of Identification in Relation to Mourning in the Child
Authors: Draughon Margaret
Published: September 2011

Three models of identification are proposed for the step-mother which might clarify and consequently ease her interactions with her step-children. These are: (1) “primary” mother, (2) “other” mother, and (3) “friend.” Selection among these could be made on the basis of the child's mourning of his biological mother. If the child's mourning is incomplete and his mother is still psychologically alive to him, then the role of “friend,” model (3), seems to have advantages. But if the child's mourning of his biological mother is complete, i.e., she is psychologically dead for him, then the step-mother's adopting model (1), “primary” mother, seems to fit the needs of the situation. Model (2), “other” mother, does not appear to have advantages over other models under any circumstances considered.
Relationship between Psychosocial Maturity and Fear of Appearing Incompetent
Authors: Goldman Jeffrey A. , Olczak Paul V.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that a negative relationship should exist between one's over-all level of psychosocial maturity as measured by Constantinople's (1969) Inventory of Psychosocial Development and one's Fear of Appearing Incompetent as measured by Good and Good's (1973b) scale. The hypothesis was supported for 44 male and 106 female undergraduates ( p < .001). Similarities between the moderating effect of these two variables in the attraction paradigm were noted.
Neuroticism and Extraversion in Responses to Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Evan-Wong Louise
Published: September 2011

A two-factor principal components analysis of data from the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory for 274 English adolescents produced for both sexes two independent components. These correlated, as hypothesized, with Eysenck's Neuroticism and Extraversion.
Specific Self-Esteem and Sexual Permissiveness
Authors: Berman John , Osborn Don
Published: September 2011

The present paper reports the results of two studies using different methods, different measures of sexual permissiveness, and different measures of specific self-esteem. Both studies yielded a positive relationship between self-esteem and permissiveness for males but not for females. The results were consistent with the idea that males are socialized to associate dating success with sexual permissiveness, while females are not.
Methodological Note on Trait-Treatment Interactions
Authors: Borich Gary D.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for determining trait-treatment interactions when the effects of potentially confounding variables have been controlled in the original design through the analysis of covariance or the calculation of residual gain scores. The procedure determines the homogeneity of group regressions, the regions of covariable values for which group regressions are significantly different, and the percent of error that may be expected from this procedure when subjects are differentially assigned to treatments. Implications for recasting research designs based on the post hoc analysis of trait-treatment interactions are discussed.
Life Stress, Locus of Control, and State and Trait Anxiety
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Hinrichsen James J. , Ross Elizabeth O.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relationships between measures of life stress, locus of control and anxiety, 129 undergraduates were administered Jacobs' Life Change Inventory (Category A), Rotter's Locus of Control questionnaire and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Highly stressed Ss reported greater state and trait anxiety than Ss of low stress. Highly stressed internals did not differ from highly stressed externals on either anxiety measure, while externals of low stress reported significantly more state anxiety than internals of low stress.
Homogeneity Reliability of the it Scale for Children
Authors: Feinman Saul , Ross Sharon L.
Published: September 2011

Although the It Scale for Children (IT scale) is probably the most commonly used measure of sex-role preference in children, its test homogeneity has not been previously reported. The IT scale was administered individually to 38 boys and 40 girls in grades N through 2 of a university school by either a male or a female experimenter. The homogeneity coefficient for girls was larger than that for boys ( p < .01). Neither the Sex of E nor the interaction, Sex of S × Sex of E, was significant. Although the coefficients for girls and boys were large enough for basic research, only the coefficient for girls was large enough for diagnostic work with present sample sizes. Further investigation of the test homogeneity of the IT scale was suggested.
Dogmatism and Exposure to Political Candidates
Authors: Durand Richard M. , Lambert Zarrel V.
Published: September 2011

Formation and change of political as well as other beliefs are a function of a person's exposure to information which is subject partially to his control. He may actively seek or avoid additional information, particularly information that might be discrepant with preconceived opinions. The hypothesis was that Ss with high scores on dogmatism were less willing than Ss with low scores to attend speeches of presidential primary candidates whose views were discrepant with their own. A sample of 181 Ss was drawn from franchised university students. In a questionnaire covering a wide variety of opinions, Ss were asked to indicate agreement-disagreement with active candidates and speech attendance. An analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test supported the hypothesis. The findings suggest implications for formation of beliefs about other public issues.
Change in Self-Concept in Work-Oriented versus Communication-Oriented Juvenile Correction Programs
Authors: Maskin Michael B. , Flescher Brian E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of two institutional correction programs on change in self-concept of 60 male juvenile delinquents. The programs included a work-oriented program stressing individual, vocational and personal skills and a parent-child interaction program fostering family communication, cohesion, and solidarity. Each subject was given the Tennessee Self-concept Scale on admission to the program and then after 120 days of intervention therapy. 30 male delinquents in the program stressing interpersonal competence and family interaction underwent significantly greater change in self-concept than 30 peers in a work-oriented program; successful rehabilitation appeared to involve active integration of the delinquent and his family in the therapeutic process.
Effects of Task Structure on Serial-Order-Learning Task
Authors: Haynes Jack R.
Published: September 2011

A serial-learning task composed of eight trigrams scaled by proximity analysis was given to two groups. The same items were used for both groups, but the order was different. The trigrams were in a random order for one group while the other group had their list structured according to radex theory. The structured list produced faster learning with fewer errors than the random order.
Self-Disclosure Correlates of Physical Attractiveness: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Soloway Deborah
Published: September 2011

24 male and 24 female college students were paired randomly to form stranger dyads and were asked to prepare and exchange topic-guided self-descriptions. Self-descriptive protocols were scored for breadth and content of self-disclosures, and relationships were assessed between subjects' disclosure indices and their self-rated and partner-rated levels of physical attractiveness. As expected, the two attractiveness ratings were weakly though significantly related. The more attractive their self-perceptions, the more men disclosed and the more favorable their disclosures were apt to be. In contrast, the more attractive the women regarded themselves, the less self-information they revealed. Disclosure was positively associated with partner-rated attractiveness, particularly for the men. Results were discussed in the context of possible developmental consequences of physical attractiveness on intra- and interpersonal processes.
Anxiety Reduction through Self-Administered Relaxation
Authors: Dawley Harold H.
Published: September 2011

Possible usefulness of self-administered instructions for relaxation is illustrated by the case of a bright, 40-yr.-old male who reported chronic anxiety.
Isolation and Psychological Disorder
Authors: Wilkinson Gregg S.
Published: September 2011

Isolation has been thought by many to exert an influence in the development of psychological disorders. However, empirical investigation has provided mixed results. This report presents data on the relationship between interpersonal isolation immediately prior to contact with a hospital and psychological disturbance as reported by psychiatric diagnosis. Significant association was found between presence of isolation, psychosis, and high disturbance. This indicates that isolation in an interpersonal sense may be detrimental to psychological well being and is a topic worthy of further investigation.
Creativity, Task Complexity, and Intuitive versus Analytical Problem Solving
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: September 2011

Using 40 Ss the relative effectiveness of intuitive and analytical problem solving was determined as a function of creativity and task complexity. A three-way analysis of variance yielded a significant three-way interaction between thinking mode (intuition or analysis), task complexity, and creativity (as measured by the Barron-Welsh Art Scale). More creative Ss found intuition more effective for a complex task, analysis on the simple task; this relation was reversed for the less creative Ss.
Arousal of Psychological Reactance as a Consequence of Predicting an Individual's Behaviour
Authors: Hannah T. Edward , Hannah Elena Rozen , Wattie Barbara
Published: September 2011

Subjects' aesthetic choices were predicted on the basis of a “personality test” described as being either 58%, 68%, or 78% accurate. The results were consistent with the notion that such prediction would be perceived as a threat to behavioural freedom and result in the arousal of psychological reactance. Subjects who were led to believe that the test was fairly accurate in predicting choices, as compared to those who thought their choices to be minimally predictable, were both more likely to choose the opposite of what was predicted and to change their ratings such that the predicted choice was devalued and the nonpredicted choice revalued upwards. The results may have important implications for a situation in which either implicit or explicit predictions of an individual's behaviour are made.
Encounter Group: Measurement of Systolic Blood Pressure
Authors: De Leon George , Biase D. Vincent
Published: September 2011

Ten systolic blood pressure readings were manually obtained 5 min. before and 5 min. after both a 3-hr. encounter group and a 3-hr. general discussion meeting. Ss were 32 male addicts who were drug-free residents in a therapeutic community. Results showed significant elevations of pressure before and significant decreases following the encounter only. However, assertions that the encounter group influences emotions must be tempered by the possibility that anticipation of the event increases pressure (affect), the adaptation of which may appear as a “ventilation” effect.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance of a Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Kjellberg Anders
Published: September 2011

The effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving performance was tested. It was hypothesized that sleep deprivation could affect this kind of performance by lowering S's standard of performance, provided that the task was such that S found failures acceptable. S would then spend less time on task and leave more items unsolved. In two experiments one group informed that there were insoluble items was compared with a group who did not get this information. The results from Exp. 1 indicated a lowered standard of performance in both groups after sleep deprivation. This was interpreted as a result of the extreme difficulty of the task which, in itself, might make failures acceptable. In the second experiment the task was made easier and only the group who knew about the insoluble items spent less time on the task after deprivation.
Empirical Application of a Cognitive Framework to Rigidity, Aspects of Creativity, Anxiety, and Adjustment
Authors: Leeb Stephen
Published: September 2011

Philosophically it is argued psychology should be based on constructs independent of objective environmental meaning. Four such constructs are introduced and related to various measures of personality variables. Subjective anxiety and adjustment, as measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory and Repression-Sensitization scale, are associated with a type of consistency which is based on the number of choices an individual has for finding relationships with respect to available subjective information. Personality rigidity, as measured by the Dogmatism and Authoritarianism scales, is negatively associated with the amount of subjective information available as well as how the information is grouped; in particular, both overly synthetic and overly analytic groupings were associated with high rigidity. Creativity, as measured by the Remote Associates Test, is positively associated with the amount of subjective information. The defense mechanisms, repression and sensitization, are associated with synthetic and analytic groupings of information, respectively. Contrary to past studies, evidence is given that high dogmatism may be systematically associated with either repression or sensitization.
Self-Reported Masculinity-Femininity as Related to Self-Esteem
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R. , Harris Cynthia L.
Published: September 2011

A test was made of the prediction that “masculine” males will report higher self-esteem than “feminine” males and that “feminine” females will report higher self-esteem than “masculine” females. The prediction was supported for 33 undergraduate males but not for 45 females.
Testing Hypotheses on Behavioral Preferences of University Women and Men with Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Muhich Dolores
Published: September 2011

Responses from 789 students on the Self-report Inventory at a large midwestern university (representing many states and foreign countries) showed no significant differences between the sexes on the Educability dimension of the Activities Index. The Emotional Expression and Dependency Needs of the women were significantly greater than those of the men, while the men were significantly higher on Achievement Orientation. More significant differences in Educability were found for men studying in the Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Undecideds than for women in these fields of study. Variations in behavioral decision patterns occurred for women and men with regard to how they allocated their time for school and nonschool activities. Women students were significantly higher than the men on high school and college grade point averages but significantly lower in representation for achieving advanced degrees. Impulse control was definitely related to how students allocated their time, but total anxiety was not so related except that the anxiety associated with fear of taking tests was positively related to number of hours spent for study purposes. Women were also significantly underrepresented in school-sponsored activities.
Dimensions of Alienation and Pathology
Authors: Schimek Jean G. , Meyer Roslyn Milstein
Published: September 2011

The Keniston Alienation Scale was administered to a group of 47 adolescent psychiatric hospital patients, to a control group of 78 college undergraduates and to the staff ( n = 28) of the psychiatric hospital. Three main factors emerged: interpersonal alienation, self-repudiation, and cultural alienation. The patient group scored much higher on the first two factors, but cultural alienation did not differentiate any of the groups and seems unrelated to pathology. Clinical data showed that patients high on self-repudiation have a greater tendency toward withdrawal and depression, whereas those low on this dimension were characterized by anti-social behavior. The findings are discussed in relation to the clinical validity of the alienation scale, and the dangers of treating alienation as a unitary dimension.
Patients' Opinions of the Therapeutic Relationship in Rational Behavior Psychotherapy
Authors: Maultsby Maxie C.
Published: September 2011

Very few psychotherapists can give a simple objective description of therapeutic relationship. Yet there are few concepts in traditional psychotherapy that are as widely accepted as being important and as actively pursued as the therapeutic relationship. Like many behavior therapists, however, rational behavior therapists neither actively pursue nor even hypothesize a therapeutic relationship. For that reason, many traditional psychotherapists look at behaviorists with suspicion and are reluctant to use behavioral techniques. This study tried to resolve this difference in professional opinions by consulting patients, the only legitimate experts on the issue. The two main implications are: first, if a therapeutic relationship is a distinct entity, it's probably an incidental result of effective psychotherapy. Secondly, friendly concern is probably all any therapists need to achieve therapeutic success.
Birth Order and Religiosity
Authors: Lewis Bob D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between birth order and religiosity was studied using specific questions concerning birth order, sex, and frequency of church attendance. Subjects were 68 male and 69 female college students at a small, southern, private, church college. Due to high need affiliation, dependency, and conformity noted in firstborns, it was hypothesized that they would be more religious than laterborn individuals but results did not support the hypothesis statistically ( P > .05). The homogeneity of the students was a critical factor.
Ecology and Ordinality in Invention: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Cleland Charles C. , Uno Tadao , Rago William , Case J. C. , McGavern Maureen
Published: September 2011

A review of literature on environmental complexity, biographic works on inventors, and even the etymology of ecology (Greek oikos or house) generated the hypothesis that inventors, more than noninventors, would have spent a significant part of their lives in a 2-story home. Further, inventors would be overrepresented by firstborns. 544, i.e., 30% of the University of Texas faculty, responded to a brief questionnaire. Although analyses failed to uphold the hypotheses, certain findings supported previous work and are discussed in relation to future work on invention.
Kerlinger's Theory of Social Attitudes: An Analysis
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin , Josefowitz Nina
Published: September 2011

460 17-yr.-old secondary school students in England and Wales completed three social attitude questionnaires. From second-order factor analysis the findings suggest that the aggregate structure of social attitudes is not basically unidimensional and bipolar but rather dualistic, which provides support for a theory of the structure of social attitudes developed by Kerlinger.
Aggression in Fairy Tales: Comparison of Three Cultures
Authors: Gentry W. Doyle
Published: September 2011

The extent of aggressive content was estimated in six fairy tales from each of three cultures: American, Japanese, and middle-eastern Indian. Aggression, primarily of a physical type, was widespread throughout the selected tales from all three cultures. However, the Grimm's tales, utilized in the American culture, evidenced the greatest amount of manifest aggression by a ratio of 4:2:1 over the Indian and Japanese cultures. The Grimm's tales also depicted significantly more human, as opposed to fictional, aggression. Further study of the relationship between exposure to this form of mediated experience and aggressive behavior in children of the different cultures is suggested.
Peabody Individual Achievement Test: Concurrent Validity with Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Ollendick Duane G. , Murphy Michael J. , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the concurrent validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test with the Wide Range Achievement Test and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in a juvenile delinquent population. The three tests were administered to 18 male delinquents between the ages of 12–4 and 15–11. Intercorrelations between subtests of the first two tests were significant, as was the Peabody Achievement Total Test with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Full Scale IQ. However, the two achievement measures agreed in terms of gross intellectual classification less than 56% of the time on all subtests. As the Peabody Achievement subtest, Mathematics, vs Wide Range subtest, Arithmetic, yielded significantly different achievement levels the two were not measuring comparable achievement levels. Substitution of one for the other is questionable. Suggestions were made for research concerning concurrent validity employing the present methodology.
Identification of Dropouts at the Initial Stage of Drug Abuse Treatment
Authors: Ungerer James C. , Harford Robert J. , Coloni Randall S.
Published: September 2011

32 applicants to the Drug Dependence Unit of the Connecticut Mental Health Center were administered Level of Aspiration Board Tasks. The results indicated that, relative to applicants (12 males, 4 females) who actually entered treatment programs, applicants (14 males, 2 females) who failed to enter were significantly less realistic and less cautious in terms of their achievement aspiration.
Convergent and Discriminant Behavioral Aspects of Interpersonal Trust
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Stack James J. , Luna Gloria C.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's construct of interpersonal trust and its relationship to overt behavioral trust and to self-disclosure were examined. Without employing a deceptive or competitive task, a behavioral measure of trust was devised and defined as the speed with which S initiated and completed a backward fall into the hands of a readied assistant. While scores on Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale were uncorrelated with those on Jourard's Self-disclosure Scale, high trusters had shorter latencies on the behavioral task. These data represent evidence of the discriminant and convergent validity of the construct and measurement of interpersonal trust. High disclosers were more apt to volunteer for the behavioral task.
Effects of Dogmatism and Anxiety during Computer-Assisted Learning
Authors: Rappaport Edward
Published: September 2011

60 female college students were selected on the basis of extreme scores on the Dogmatism Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait Anxiety (A-Trait) Scale to work on a computer-assisted learning task of difficult mathematical problems. Contrary to expectations, high and low dogmatic subjects, when controlled for A-Trait, did not differ in the level of state anxiety (A-State) displayed during the learning task. As hypothesized, high A-Trait subjects had significantly higher levels of A-State during the experiment than low A-Trait subjects. Neither A-Trait nor dogmatism was related to errors on the task. However, a significant interactive effect of mathematical ability and A-State on performance was observed. Consistent with drive theory, high A-State resulted in more errors for subjects of low mathematical ability but had no effect on the performance of subjects of high mathematical ability.
Relationship of Drug Involvement to Dropping Out of College
Authors: Kahn Malcolm , Kulick Francine
Published: September 2011

28 heavy drug users, 32 moderate drug users, and 35 nonusers were compared for how long they stayed in college following their entrance. As predicted, heavy drug users showed the least persistence. This finding was discussed in terms of motivational factors.
Relationship of Locus of Control to Preoperative Anxiety
Authors: Lowery Barbara , Jacobsen Barbara , Keane Anne
Published: September 2011

Scores on Rotter's I-E scale and Zuckerman's Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, Today Form for 91 presurgical patients (18–85 yr.) were symmetrically distributed. When I-E scores were partitioned Externals were significantly more anxious than Internals, but the actual mean difference was small. About 10% of the variance in anxiety was accounted for by the r of .31 with I-E scores. Time of day of test was not critical.
Therapeutic Abortion in a Midwestern City
Authors: Melamed Leslie
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 188 women undergoing therapeutic abortions in the first trimester of their pregnancy. Results showed the women to be younger than average, mainly unmarried, and representing all cross sections of the population. The women showed little knowledge of their own fertility and sparse use of birth control devices. The implications of these and other results are discussed.
Construct Validation of a Fear-of-Failure Measure Using an Operant Type of Behavior
Authors: Feij Jan A.
Published: September 2011

In two male student samples ( ns = 34, 44) a positive relationship has been found between debilitating anxiety assessed by a Dutch questionnaire and a measure of reluctance to participate as S in a psychological experiment. Results indicate that experiments may arouse fear, which can be validly assessed by a questionnaire. The anticipatory character of the debilitating anxiety construct is emphasized.
Economic Threat and Authoritarianism in Television Programs: 1950–1974
Authors: Jorgenson Dale O.
Published: September 2011

1761 prime-time television programs aired on the three major networks during the first week in October for each of the years from 1950 to 1974 were judged as either authoritarian or nonauthoritarian. As predicted, the proportion of authoritarian programs in a given year correlated positively with the annual unemployment rate, for that year, the change in the consumer price index from the previous year, and the proportion of Gallup Poll respondents who mentioned economic problems as most important in the U. S. A.
Teachers' Attitudes and Practices in Teaching Creativity and Problem-Solving to Economically Disadvantaged and Minority Children
Authors: Feldhusen John F. , Treffinger Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Ammons and Ammons (1962a, 1962b) evaluated the reaction of college students, many of whom were prospective teachers, to case history material describing family and life experiences of creative individuals. The students exhibited attitudes indicating that they would not reward and would even suppress, behaviors and environmental conditions which would support the development of creative abilities. The results of the present survey indicate a much more positive picture. There was considerable interest among 408 teachers from 5 cities, but little actual involvement, in teaching to foster creative thinking and problem-solving. Most teachers considered these areas significant in the education of economically disadvantaged and minority students. They expressed need for additional information about materials and methods to incorporate into the regular curriculum. Perhaps the vast emphasis on creativity by Torrance and others has produced these more favorable attitudes in teachers toward the nurturance of creativity and problem-solving.
Personality Variables, Academic Major, and Vocational Choice: A Longitudinal Study of Holland's Theory
Authors: Devoge Susan D.
Published: September 2011

This study proposed further validation for Holland's personality theory of vocational choice which asserts that personality characteristics are a major factor in determining occupational choice. The 16 PF was administered to 132 male college students at both their freshman and senior years to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and major area of study. In addition, the continuity between major area of study and occupation 4 yr. after college was investigated. The relationship between students' scores as freshmen and college major was not significant; however, the relationship between their personality scores as seniors and their college majors was significant. There was also a significant continuity between academic major and later employment. The findings supported the importance of personality variables in vocational choice.
Some Norms and Validities of the Quick Test for Delinquent Samples
Authors: Gendreau Paul , Kennedy D. J. , Wormith J. Stephen , Wass John
Published: September 2011

Forms 1, 2, and 3 of Ammons and Ammons Quick Test (QT) were given to three delinquent samples ( ns = 43, 65, 49). The Quick Test was correlated with the WAIS, Differential Aptitude Test, Revised Beta and Otis Em. The role of the QT in correctional diagnostics was discussed.
16 PF Correlates of Sensation-Seeking: An Expansion and Validation
Authors: Jacobs Keith W.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the Form C of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) and Form IV of Zuckerman's Sensation-seeking Scale are presented for 200 undergraduate college students. Previous findings tended to be supported and the analysis was expanded to include four second-stratum 16 PF traits and six 16 PF criterion scores. General sensation-seeking was negatively related to psychoticism and neuroticism and positively related to extraversion, contertia, and independence. The psychoticism and neuroticism factors are also negatively related to the factors of sensation-seeking, thrill seeking, and disinhibition, as well as other significant relationships between these factor scales.
Impact of a Life Planning Workshop on Perceived Locus of Control
Authors: Lynch Michael L. , Ogg William D. , Christensen Mark G.
Published: September 2011

This study used Rotter's I-E scale to investigate the efficacy of a Life Planning Workshop in facilitating development of an internal locus of control for 5 male and 8 female college students seeking assistance with vocational planning and decision making. Findings showed participants made significantly greater progress ( p < .05) than did a control group of 11 nonparticipants in the development of an internal locus of control.
Conceptualizing Depression and its Treatment: Comparison of Psychoanalytic and Behavioral Approaches
Authors: Woods Donald J.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of behavioral and more traditional approaches to understanding and modifying depressed behavior is offered. Reports citing the applicability of behavioral techniques to therapy with depressed persons are summarized. A consideration of what behavioral principles might underlie more traditional approaches appears to be a helpful step in defining more productive treatment modes for this disorder.