bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A macro method for measuring economic‐benefit returns on cybersecurity investments: The table top approach
Authors: Garvey Paul R. , Moynihan Richard A. , Servi Les
Published: December 2012

Critical considerations in engineering today's systems are securing the collection, access, and dissemination of the information they contain. Advanced computing technologies, ubiquitous environments, and sophisticated networks enable globally distributed access to data and information repositories to an uncountable community of consumers. Engineering security into these systems is more challenging and sophisticated than ever before. Along with this, assuring the integrity of highly networked systems requires economic decisions in rapidly changing technology and threat environments. Recognizing that countermeasures effective against cyber intrusions today can be ineffective tomorrow, the systems engineering community needs a rapid and agile way to identify the efficacies of competing countermeasure investment decisions. This paper presents a macroanalytic method for measuring economic‐benefit returns on investments in cybersecurity. The method is called the Table Top Approach. The table top approach is designed to place light demands on the granularity of inputs to evaluate the impacts of cyber intrusion events and the benefits of countermeasure investments. The table top approach derives which investments in a set of competing choices offer the greatest cost‐benefit gains in cyber defense, and why. It finds sets of Pareto efficient cost‐benefit investments, and their economic returns, that capture tangible and intangible advantages of countermeasures that strengthen cybersecurity. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16
Mathematical properties of System Readiness Levels
Authors: McConkie Eileen , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Sarkani Shahram , Marchette D.
Published: December 2012

Systems engineers need quantifiable metrics for measuring the readiness of a system. The recently developed System Readiness Level (SRL) is such a metric. SRL is a function of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Integration Readiness Level (IRL). The mathematical operations used to define this function have some inherent properties. Four desired mathematical properties of SRL models are developed from these inherent properties and other properties suggested from a review of the literature. Matrix algebra and tropical algebra are discussed in the literature as possible mathematical operations. These mathematical operations are reviewed to determine if they meet the desired properties. Tropical Algebra (TA) is found to inherently meet these desired properties. Future research will be conducted to determine if an SRL model using TA is a viable option. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
Low‐cost laser disdrometer with the capability of hydrometeor imaging
Authors: Minda Haruya , Tsuda Norio
Published: December 2012

Precision of microwave precipitation remote sensing is ensured by studying different hydrometeor classes (raindrops, snowflakes, graupel, and so on), shapes, and drop size distribution (DSD). Recently, DSD estimates and hydrometeor classification algorithms using polarimetric radars were proposed. These algorithm developments require a validation tool providing in situ hydrometeor measurement. We are working toward the development of a low‐cost, light‐weight, and disposable ballooning hydrometeor imaging probe with DSD measurement capabilities. This paper describes the performance of a new line‐scanning laser hydrometeor imaging probe (called PROBE) and validates the DSD using a commercially available impact‐type disdrometer. PROBE captures raindrop images with 0.125 mm horizontal resolution and more than six slices at the 33‐kHz slice rate, providing a reasonable raindrop diameter. DSD validation shows that PROBE acquires adequate DSD shapes during every 2‐min interval. These results demonstrate PROBE's performance in hydrometeor imaging and DSD measurement capabilities in a rainfall. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Science and Technology of Phase Change Materials
Authors: Wuttig Matthias , Raoux Simone
Published: December 2012

Phase Change Materials are solids which are characterized by a unique combination of properties. They exist in an amorphous and a crystalline phase with remarkably different optical and electrical properties caused by an unusual change of bonding when the amorphous phase is crystallized. It is possible to change the phase of such a material in very short times (nanoseconds) and repeatedly between the two phases which makes phase change materials ideal candidates for data storage. This paper reviews in detail the relationship between the bonding mechanisms and the resulting physical properties of phase change materials. It describes the change of bonding from ordinary covalent bonding in the amorphous phase to resonance bonding in the crystalline phase with additional disorder, resulting in unconventional physical properties of phase change materials. These properties lead to the development of phase change data storage applications. Phase change optical data storage, phase change random access memory, and emerging applications including neuromorphic computing are described with particular emphasis on material requirements and material engineering for phase change random access memory.
IIB duals of D = 3 $ \mathcal{N} = 4 $ circular quivers
Authors: Assel Benjamin , Bachas Costas , Estes John , Gomis Jaume
Published: December 2012

Abstract

We construct the type-IIB AdS4 ⋉ K supergravity solutions which are dual to the three-dimensional
$ \mathcal{N} = 4 $
superconformal field theories that arise as infrared fixed points of circular-quiver gauge theories. These superconformal field theories are labeled by a triple
$ \left( {\rho, \hat{\rho},L} \right) $
subject to constraints, where ρ and
$ \hat{\rho} $
are two partitions of a number N, and L is a positive integer. We show that in the limit of large L the localized five- branes in our solutions are effectively smeared, and these type-IIB solutions are dual to the near-horizon geometry of M-theory M2-branes at a
$ {{{{{\mathbb{C}}^4}}} \left/ {{\left( {{Z_k}\times {Z_{\widehat{k}}}} \right)}} \right.} $
orbifold singularity. Our IIB solutions resolve the singularity into localized five-brane throats, without breaking the conformal symmetry. The constraints satisfied by the triple
$ \left( {\rho, \hat{\rho},L} \right) $
, together with the enhanced non-abelian flavour symmetries of the superconformal field theories are precisely reproduced by the type-IIB supergravity solutions. As a bonus, we uncover a novel type of “orbifold equivalence” between different quantum field theories and provide quantitative evidence for this equivalence.
Irregular singularities in Liouville theory and Argyres-Douglas type gauge theories
Authors: Gaiotto D. , Teschner J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Motivated by problems arising in the study of N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories we introduce and study irregular singularities in two-dimensional conformal field theory, here Liouville theory. Irregular singularities are associated to representations of the Virasoro algebra in which a subset of the annihilation part of the algebra act diagonally. In this paper we define natural bases for the space of conformal blocks in the presence of irregular singularities, describe how to calculate their series expansions, and how such conformal blocks can be constructed by some delicate limiting procedure from ordinary conformal blocks. This leads us to a proposal for the structure functions appearing in the decomposition of physical correlation functions with irregular singularities into conformal blocks. Taken together, we get a precise prediction for the partition functions of some Argyres-Douglas type theories on S
4.
Preadaptation for parthenogenetic colony foundation in subterranean termites Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Kawatsu Kazutaka , Matsuura Kenji
Published: December 2012

Thelytokous (all-female producing) parthenogenesis, in some cases, involves reproductive advantages against obligate sexual reproduction. However, the completion of parthenogenesis takes multiple steps without the help of males, and thus preadaptation that meets those requirements will be an important factor for the evolution of parthenogenesis. The Japanese subterranean termite,Reticulitermessperatus, is known to have the ability of parthenogenetic colony foundation, where females that failed to mate with males found colonies cooperatively with partner females and reproduce by parthenogenesis. In this study, we compared the parthenogenetic ability and the colony initiation behavior among sixReticulitermesspecies in Japan. All species other thanR. speratuswere not able to reproduce parthenogenetically. Nevertheless, females of these species without the parthenogenetic ability performed homosexual female–female colony initiation and produced eggs without fertilization. In addition, in one species without parthenogenetic reproduction,R. kanmonensis, female–female pair initiated founding behavior as quickly as a heterosexual pair. These results suggest that female–female colony initiation and virgin egg-laying are predominant characters among the genusReticulitermesand provide a preadaptive condition for parthenogenetic colony foundation inR. speratus.
Changes in litter decomposition and soil organic carbon in a reforested tropical deciduous cover (India)
Authors: Mehta Nirav , Dinakaran J. , Patel Shrena , Laskar A. H. , Yadava M. G. , Ramesh R. , Krishnayya N. S. R.
Published: December 2012

Soil organic carbon (SOC) up to 1 m depth originates from contemporary vegetation cover dating from past millennia. Deforestation and reforestation with economically important species is influencing soil carbon sequestration. An attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the impact of vegetation cover change (due to replacement of natural heterogeneous cover by teak and bamboo) on SOC using carbon isotopes (δ13C, 14C) in a tropical system (India). A litter decomposition study was carried out to understand the impact of differences in vegetation characteristics (specifically of leaves) on decomposition. Both experiments were carried out to look at the impact of changes in vegetation characteristics (specifically of leaves) on litter decomposition, and how these influence near term litter decomposition rates (k values) and long‐term SOC content of the soil system beneath. Leaves of teak, bamboo and eight other species were selected for this study. The proportion of structural carbohydrates (lignin and cellulose) in leaves significantly (at 5 % level) influenced k values. The SOC and carbon isotope data collected in this study indicate that C3 vegetation cover in the study area could be contemporary and dominant for the past few centuries. This can be extended up to ~2,200 years from the recorded 14C values of teak cover. The study confirms that k values of leaf litter influence SOC present beneath the vegetation cover at the decadal/century time scale.
Tests of Measurement Invariance Without Subgroups: A Generalization of Classical Methods
Authors: Merkle Edgar C. , Zeileis Achim
Published: December 2012

The issue of measurement invariance commonly arises in factor-analytic contexts, with methods for assessment including likelihood ratio tests, Lagrange multiplier tests, and Wald tests. These tests all require advance definition of the number of groups, group membership, and offending model parameters. In this paper, we study tests of measurement invariance based on stochastic processes of casewise derivatives of the likelihood function. These tests can be viewed as generalizations of the Lagrange multiplier test, and they are especially useful for: (i) identifying subgroups of individuals that violate measurement invariance along a continuous auxiliary variable without prespecified thresholds, and (ii) identifying specific parameters impacted by measurement invariance violations. The tests are presented and illustrated in detail, including an application to a study of stereotype threat and simulations examining the tests’ abilities in controlled conditions.
Biosynthesis of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Marine Ichthyosporean Sphaeroforma arctica
Authors: Vrinten Patricia , Mavraganis Ioannis , Qiu Xiao , Senger Toralf
Published: December 2012

Sphaeroforma arctica is a unique, recently discovered marine protist belonging to a group falling close to the yeast/animal border. S. arctica is found in cold environments, and accordingly has a fatty acid composition containing a high proportion of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including the ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Two elongases and five desaturases, representing the complete set of enzymes necessary for the synthesis of DHA from oleic acid, were isolated from this species and characterized in yeast. One elongase showed high conversion rates on a wide range of 18 and 20 carbon substrates, and was capable of sequential elongation reactions. The second elongase had a strong preference for the 20‐carbon fatty acids EPA and arachidonic acid, with over 80 % of EPA converted to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the heterologous yeast host. The isolation of a Δ8‐desaturase, along with the detection of eicosadienoic acid in S. arctica cultures indicated that this species uses the alternate Δ8‐pathway for the synthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. S. arctica also carried a Δ4‐desaturase that proved to be very active in the production of DHA from DPA. Finally, a long chain acyl‐CoA synthetase from S. arctica improved DHA uptake in the heterologous yeast host and led to an improvement in desaturation and elongation efficiencies.
Swim cast versus traditional cast in pediatric distal radius fractures: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Derksen Robert Jan , Commandeur Joris P. , Deij Ronald , Breederveld Roelf S.
Published: December 2012

Purpose

Non-displaced distal radius fractures in children are traditionally treated in a forearm cast. However, a traditional cast does not tolerate getting wet, with skin lesions and bad smell as result. A Swim cast, which has the ability to dry quickly, is an airy cast that is applied using the MOKcast technique. We hypothesize that Swim casts contribute to higher patient satisfaction scores than traditional casts, without any adverse effects on fracture healing or skin condition.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, single-center, blinded study was conducted to compare traditional and Swim cast treatment in children aged 5–15 years with greenstick or torus fractures of the distal radius. Primary endpoint was the patient and parent satisfaction, as determined by a questionnaire. Secondary endpoints were radiographic and clinical bone healing and cast-related skin conditions.

Results

A total of 68 patients, divided into two treatment groups (traditional case and Swim cast; n = 34 per group). Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The overall satisfaction score (0–10) reported by the patients was 8.6 in the Swim cast group versus 7.5 in the traditional cast group ( p < 0.002); the overall satisfaction score reported by the parents was 8.3 and 7.7, respectively ( p < 0.02). There was no difference in radiographic or clinical healing between groups, and skin conditions also did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion

In our patient group, treatment of non-displaced, pediatric, distal radius fractures by Swim cast yielded better patient satisfaction results compared to treatment with the traditional, cotton-lined cast, without adverse effects on fracture healing or skin condition.
Iliopsoas Tendon Tear: Clinical and Imaging Findings in 4 Elderly Patients
Authors: Freire Véronique , Bureau Nathalie J. , Deslandes Mélanie , Moser Thomas
Published: December 2012

Hip pain is a common clinical presentation of elderly patients in the emergency department. We report the clinical and imaging findings in 4 elderly patients with iliopsoas tendon tears who presented at our institution between October 2009 and June 2010. In 2 patients, the imaging diagnosis was significantly delayed. This injury is uncommon, and the clinical presentation in these patients may be misleading. Magnetic resonance is the imaging modality of choice after radiographs to assess these patients, and knowledge of the complex anatomy of the iliopsoas myotendinous unit helps in making the correct diagnosis. With aging of the population, the incidence of iliopsoas tendon tear is likely to increase.
The Ocean: Our Future
Authors: Independent World Commission on the Oceans
Published: December 2012

The Ocean: Our Future is the official report of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans, chaired by Mário Soares. This book is the first to deal holistically in a single volume with the full range of problems confronting our oceans on the eve of the twenty-first century. In the space of only a few decades, our traditional perception of the oceans as a source of wealth, opportunity and abundance has changed. The oceans have become the setting for a growing list of problems: territorial disputes, disruptions to global climate, overfishing, species extinction, pollution, illegal trafficking, and the destruction of coastal communities. Based on the deliberations, experience and input of some 100 specialists from around the world, the book advances innovative ideas for improving governance of the oceans and coastal zones. Written in an accessible manner this book will be valued by everyone interested in the future of the oceans.
An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
Authors: Joint Association of Classical Teachers' Greek Course
Published: December 2012

First published in 1978 and now thoroughly revised, Reading Greek is a best-selling one-year introductory course in ancient Greek for students of any age. It combines the best of modern and traditional language-learning techniques and is used in schools, summer schools and universities across the world. This Independent Study Guide is intended to help students who are learning Greek on their own or with only limited access to a teacher. It contains notes on the texts that appear in the Text and Vocabulary volume, translations of all the texts, answers to the exercises in the Grammar and Exercises volume and cross-references to the relevant fifth-century background in The World of Athens. There are instructions of how to use the course and the Study Guide. The book will also be useful to students in schools, universities and summer schools who have to learn Greek rapidly.
Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England
Authors: Pulteney Richard
Published: December 2012

Richard Pulteney (1730–1801) was a Leicestershire physician whose medical career suffered both from a lack of aristocratic patronage and from his dissenting religious background. However, his lifelong interest in botany and natural history, and particularly his work on the new Linnaean system of botanical classification, led to publications in the Gentleman's Magazine and the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1762. His book on Linnaeus (also reissued in this series), first published in 1782, was later considered to be of great significance for the acceptance in England of the Linnaean system, and this two-volume work, published in 1790, is still relevant to the study of the history of botany. Volume 2 includes the development of botanical gardens, famous figures such as Dillenius and Sherard, and the study of botany in Scotland and Ireland.
Catalogue des plantes indigènes des Pyrénées et du Bas Languedoc
Authors: Bentham George
Published: December 2012

English botanist George Bentham (1800–84) is most famous as the author of the popular Handbook of the British Flora (1858), which ran into many editions. A distinguished scientist, Bentham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1862, and served as President of the Linnean Society of London for thirteen years (1861–74). Originally published in 1826, this catalogue of plants from the Pyrénées region of France is Bentham's second work. Inspired by French botanist de Candolle (1778–1841) as well as by the analytical methods of his uncle, the famous philosopher Jeremy Bentham, this book is a systematic overview of the plants found between Figueras, in the north of Spain, and Bordeaux, Narbonne and Montpellier in France. The book opens with the story of Bentham's 1825 three-month trip through the Pyrenees region, with botanist G. A. Walker Arnott (1799–1868), on which the Catalogue is based.
Flora Australiensis
Authors: Bentham George , Mueller Ferdinand von
Published: December 2012

George Bentham (1800–84) was one of Britain's most influential botanists, whose own collection of plant specimens numbered more than 100,000. Although he donated his herbarium to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1854, he continued to make significant contributions to the field, including this exhaustive, seven-volume work detailing the plant life of Australia, which was published from 1863 to 1878. It was part of a series of works commissioned by the British government to document the flora in its colonies. Using the extensive numbers of specimens at Kew - and with the help of Ferdinand Mueller (1825–96), a German botanist in Australia - Bentham was able to compile descriptions of more than 8,000 species of Australian plants, making these volumes the first completed compendium of the flora of any large continental area. Volume 7, published in 1878, concludes with descriptions of flora in the classes of monocotyledon and cryptogamae.
Flora Indica
Authors: Hooker Joseph Dalton , Thomson Thomas
Published: December 2012

Sir Joseph Hooker (1817–1911) was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the nineteenth century. He succeeded his father, Sir William Jackson Hooker, as Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and was a close friend and supporter of Charles Darwin. His journey to the Himalayas and India, during which he collected some 7,000 species, was undertaken between 1847 and 1851 to increase the Kew collections; his account of the expedition (also reissued in this series) was dedicated to Darwin. In 1855 he published Flora Indica with his fellow-traveller Thomas Thomson, who became Superintendent of the East India Company's Botanic Garden at Calcutta. Lack of support from the Company meant that only the first volume of a projected series was published. However, the introductory essay on the geographical relations of India's flora is considered to be one of Hooker's most important statements on biogeographical issues.
Travels through the Alps of Savoy and Other Parts of the Pennine Chain
Authors: Forbes James David
Published: December 2012

The renowned geologist James D. Forbes (1809–68) presents an account of his systematic exploration of alpine mountain regions and glaciers in this important 1843 publication. Forbes' graphic descriptions of alpine scenery and his mountaineering feats are combined with detailed records of his scientific research and experiments. The study cemented Forbes' reputation in the field, which was later to be commemorated by the naming of the Aiguille Forbes in the Alps and of Mount Forbes in both Canada and New Zealand. The aim in writing the book, says Forbes, was to 'illustrate the physical geography of a particular district in one of the most frequented regions of the Alps'. In doing this, he draws upon the important work of the 'bold mountaineer' Horace Bénédict de Saussure, whose feats and achievements Forbes clearly admired. The book is still viewed today as one of the most influential and important publications on mountaineering.
The Life of Richard Owen
Authors: Owen Richard S.
Published: December 2012

Richard Owen, F.R.S. (1804–92) was a controversial and influential palaeontologist and anatomist. Originally from Lancaster, he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and at London's St Bartholomew's Hospital. He grew interested in anatomical research and, after qualifying as a surgeon, became assistant conservator in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and then superintendent of natural history in the British Museum. He became an authority on comparative anatomy and palaeontology, coining the term 'dinosaur' and founding the Natural History Museum. He was also a fierce critic of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and engaged in a long and bitter argument with Thomas Huxley, known as 'Darwin's bulldog' for his belligerent support of the theory. Published in 1894, this two-volume biography draws on Owen's diaries and a wealth of correspondence. Volume 2 includes an essay on Owen's contributions to anatomical science written, surprisingly, by Huxley.
Hours of Exercise in the Alps
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: December 2012

John Tyndall (1820–93) was a prominent physicist, particularly noted for his studies of thermal radiation and the atmosphere. He was a prolific writer and lecturer, who was able to bring experimental physics to a wide audience. While researching his 1860 work, The Glaciers of the Alps, he became a proficient climber, and this work, first published in 1871, combines climbing expeditions in Switzerland with comments on glaciation and geology. It was extremely popular, with a second edition in the same year, and German and American editions in 1872. He was one of a group of noted Alpinists of the period, making the first ascent of the Weisshorn in Switzerland and finally conquering the Matterhorn in 1868, three years after its first ascent. This account of Victorian climbing expeditions makes fascinating reading, and shows the length an experimental scientist was prepared to go in search of knowledge.
The Geographical Distribution of Animals
Authors: Wallace Alfred Russel
Published: December 2012

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) was a British biologist and explorer whose theories of evolution, arrived at independently, caused Darwin to allow their famous joint paper to go forward to the Linnean Society in 1858. Considered the nineteenth century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animals, Wallace carried out extensive fieldwork in areas as diverse as North and South America, Africa, China, India and Australia to document the habitats, breeding, migration and feeding behaviour of thousands of species around the world, and the influence of environmental conditions on their survival. First published in 1876, this two-volume set presents Wallace's findings, and represents a landmark in the study of zoology, evolutionary biology and palaeontology which remains relevant to scholars in these fields today. Volume 1 focuses on the classification of species, migration processes, factors influencing extinction, and the characteristics of a range of zoological regions worldwide.
Dr Southwood Smith
Authors: Lewes Gertrude Hill
Published: December 2012

Thomas Southwood Smith (1788–1861) was a minister, physician and social reformer, who considerably improved the health of the poor by linking sanitation with epidemics. A utilitarian, and friend of Jeremy Bentham, his arguments in The Use of the Dead to the Living (1827) helped lead to the Anatomy Act of 1832 which allowed corpses from workhouses to be sold to medical schools, and so ended the market for grave-robbers while improving medical education. Although the fame of his granddaughter, Octavia Hill, has eclipsed his own reputation, Southwood Smith was an important figure in his day, whose work initiated many public health reforms. He served on the royal commission on children's employment, and was medical representative on the General Board of Health to deal with the cholera epidemic of 1848. This biography, written by his granddaughter Gertrude, who was G. H. Lewes' daughter-in-law, was published in 1898.
An Account of the Revd. John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer-Royal
Authors: Baily Francis , Flamsteed John
Published: December 2012

John Flamsteed (1646–1719) was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed to the newly founded Greenwich Observatory. Charged with improving navigation at sea, he used meticulous telescopic observations to compile a 'Catalogue of British Stars', radically updating Tycho Brahe's previous naked-eye calculations. However he delayed publishing, leading to a vituperative quarrel with contemporaries Newton and Halley, who published his results without his permission. Flamsteed managed to destroy most of that edition - his own was published posthumously - but his reputation was damaged. A century later, Francis Baily (1774–1844), a stockbroker who became President of the Royal Astronomical Society, rediscovered Flamsteed's papers, including autobiographical writings and extensive correspondence. Their publication in this volume, along with a revised version of the catalogue, rehabilitated Flamsteed's reputation and restated the importance of methodical observation in astronomy. Today, this book illuminates both the social context of Flamsteed's work and the intellectual climate of Baily's London.
Darwin, and after Darwin
Authors: Romanes George John
Published: December 2012

George John Romanes (1848–94), evolutionary biologist, was one of the most zealous supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection in the nineteenth century. He met Darwin in 1874 and became a firm friend and follower, applying Darwinian theory to his work on animal intelligence and mental evolution. Romanes was elected to the Royal Society in 1879 at the age of 31, having produced his own influential research on the evolution of the nervous system. This three-volume study of Darwin's work and its implications was first developed as a series of lectures given in Edinburgh and London between 1886 and 1890. Controversially, Romanes deviates from Darwin's assertion of the significance of geographical isolation, contending that physiological differences among the same species were central to evolutionary change. Published posthumously in 1897, Volume 3 considers the 'post-Darwinian question' of isolation, incorporating Romanes' own theories on physiological selection.
British Fossil Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas , Owen Richard , Carpenter William Benjamin
Published: December 2012

British palaeontologist Thomas Davidson (1817–85) was born in Edinburgh and began his studies at the city's university. Encouraged by German palaeontologist Leopold von Buch, he began to study brachiopod fossils at the age of twenty, and he quickly became the undisputed authority. He was elected fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1852, receiving the Wollaston medal in 1865. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1857. Published between 1850 and 1886, this six-volume work became the definitive reference text on the subject. It includes more than two hundred hand-drawn plates and a comprehensive bibliography. This volume, the third of six, details the Devonian and Silurian brachiopod species, and features an essay by Roderick Impey Murchison on the classification of Silurian rocks.
British Fossil Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas , Owen Richard , Carpenter William Benjamin
Published: December 2012

British palaeontologist Thomas Davidson (1817–85) was born in Edinburgh and began his studies at the city's university. Encouraged by German palaeontologist Leopold von Buch, he began to study brachiopod fossils at the age of twenty, and he quickly became the undisputed authority. He was elected fellow of the Geological Society of London in 1852, receiving the Wollaston medal in 1865. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1857. Published between 1850 and 1886, this six-volume work became the definitive reference text on the subject. It includes more than two hundred hand-drawn plates and a comprehensive bibliography. This volume, the last of six, is a thorough bibliography of brachiopod research literature up to 1886.
On the Extent and Aims of a National Museum of Natural History
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: December 2012

A significant limitation on the development of zoology, botany and palaeontology in the mid-nineteenth century was the absence of a centralised collection of specimens. Appointed superintendent of the British Museum's natural history departments in 1859, the distinguished biologist Richard Owen (1804–92) quickly realised the need to make various scattered samples more readily available for study, and began campaigning for a new, national museum with unprecedented space and resources. This book is the text of one of his speeches to the Royal Institution, given in 1861 and first published in 1862. He argues against the usual practice of exhibiting only one type form for each genus, provides possible floor plans, and presents case studies across the zoological field which show the limitations of the then current system. He also stresses a new idea, that such a museum should aim not only to help scientists, but to educate the general public.
Six Lectures on Light
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: December 2012

Born in Leighlinbridge in Ireland, John Tyndall (1820–93) was a brilliant nineteenth-century experimental physicist and gifted science educator. He worked initially as a draughtsman, then spent a year teaching at an English school before attending the University of Marburg to study physics and chemistry. Tyndall carried out important research on magnetism, light and bacteriology. Among his many significant achievements, he demonstrated the greenhouse effect in Earth's atmospheric gases using absorption spectroscopy. He was a skilled and entertaining educator and as Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution he gave many public lectures and demonstrations of science. Published in 1873, this book features six accessible lectures on light. They explore a wide range of ideas in a non-technical way, from basic scientific theories through magnetism and light scattering, to analytical spectroscopy. The book ends with a series of essays on special topics, and includes a detailed index.
Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy
Authors: Davy John
Published: December 2012

Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was a hugely influential chemist, inventor, and public lecturer who is recognised as one of the first professional scientists. His apprenticeship to an apothecary in 1795 led to his introduction to chemical experiments. A chance meeting with Davis Giddy in 1798 introduced Davy into the wider scientific community, and in 1800 he was invited to a post at the Royal Institution, where he lectured to great acclaim. This two-volume memoir was published by his brother, Dr John Davy, in 1836, in response to Paris' biography of 1831, authorised by Lady Davy (also reissued in this series). John Davy had additional papers in his possession, and felt that Paris had failed to convey Sir Humphry's character as a man and philosopher. Volume 1 deals with his education and apprenticeship, work at the Royal Institution, and European travels. The author quotes extensively from his brother's writings.
Antarctica in Fiction
Authors: Leane Elizabeth
Published: December 2012

This comprehensive analysis of literary responses to Antarctica examines the rich body of literature that the continent has provoked over the last three centuries, focussing particularly on narrative fiction. Novelists as diverse as Edgar Allan Poe, James Fenimore Cooper, Jules Verne, H. P. Lovecraft, Ursula Le Guin, Beryl Bainbridge and Kim Stanley Robinson have all been drawn artistically to the far south. The continent has also inspired genre fiction, including a Mills and Boon novel, a Phantom comic and a Biggles book, as well as countless lost-race romances, espionage thrillers and horror-fantasies. Antarctica in Fiction draws on these sources, as well as film, travel narratives and explorers' own creative writing. It maps the far south as a space of the imagination and argues that only by engaging with this space, in addition to the physical continent, can we understand current attitudes towards Antarctica.
A First Year in Canterbury Settlement
Authors: Butler Samuel
Published: December 2012

Samuel Butler (1835–1902) became famous with his satirical Utopian novel Erewhon, based on his experiences as a sheep farmer in New Zealand and published, initially anonymously, in 1872. This earlier book, published in London in 1863 while he was still abroad, is a compilation of his letters home. Having obtained a degree in Classics from Cambridge, Butler had left England in 1859 with generous funding from his father, who hoped that making his fortune in the colonies would cure his son's ambition to become an artist. Butler was highly successful in his farming enterprise, and his letters provide both financial details and information on the practicalities of animal husbandry, pasture management and colonial life. Butler also explored Canterbury and travelled to the Southern Alps, and describes vividly the landscapes, flora and fauna of South Island. This classic source for New Zealand history also sheds light on Butler's later work.
The Fruit Manual
Authors: Hogg Robert
Published: December 2012

Robert Hogg (1818–97) was a British nurseryman and an early secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society: a prize medal is named in his honour. Born in Berwickshire, Hogg trained in medicine at Edinburgh before following his father into fruit tree cultivation, and became joint editor of the Cottage Gardener, later the Journal of Horticulture. In 1851, he published The British Pomology (also reissued in this series): this work, on apples, was apparently intended as a study of British fruit trees, but no further volumes followed. Instead, in 1860, Hogg published this comprehensive catalogue of British fruit, which ran to five, increasingly extended, editions over the next twenty-five years. It became the standard reference work, and was even plagiarised in Scott's Orchardist: however Hogg sued and obtained an injunction preventing further sales. Hogg promoted systematic work in the Royal Horticultural Society and was instrumental in setting up its fruit committee.
The Life of Sir Frederick Weld, G.C.M.G.
Authors: Lovat Alice , Clifford Hugh
Published: December 2012

Written in 1914 by Alice, Lady Lovat (1846–1938), a cousin, this biography of Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld (1823–91) is characterised by its subtitle, 'a pioneer of empire'. The young Weld emigrated to New Zealand with a cousin to establish sheep stations. Entering politics, he became Minister for Native Affairs and then Premier; his Native Rights Act of 1865 redressed many of the grievances which had led to the Maori Wars. In 1868 he was appointed Governor of Western Australia, where he brought in a degree of representative government and helped develop the telegraph and transport infrastructure. In 1874 he became Governor of Tasmania, and in 1880 was promoted to the Straits Settlements, where his period as a colonial administrator was notable for the increase of British influence among the princely rulers of the Malay States. Retiring in 1887 for health reasons, he died in England in 1891.
The Story of New Zealand
Authors: Thomson Arthur S.
Published: December 2012

Arthur S. Thomson (1816–60) was a Scottish military surgeon and medical scientist who was posted to New Zealand in the late 1840s. During his eleven years in the country, settlement increased and British sovereignty over the colony was extended. Thomson felt that previous historical accounts of New Zealand all demonstrated a certain political, colonial or religious bias, and decided to write his own comprehensive history of the islands, which was published in 1859. Volume 1 begins with a focus on the geography and climate of New Zealand. Thomson then describes the physical appearance of the New Zealanders, their way of life, their culture, their property laws and the origin of their (now abandoned) cannibalism. Next he describes the history of discovery and settlement by Europeans, who brought 'true civilisation' to the islands. Thomson gives especial credit to the Christian missionaries for having introduced progress and enlightenment.
A History of the Colony of Victoria
Authors: Turner Henry Gyles
Published: December 2012

The first attempt by Europeans to settle in the area that eventually became the state of Victoria, Australia, was led by Colonel David Collins in 1803. Melbourne was founded in 1835, and after the discovery of gold in 1851 became the financial centre of Australia. This authoritative two-volume history of the state's first century, published in 1904 by the banker Henry Gyles Turner (1831–1920), is based on parliamentary records and information from leading political figures with whom the author was personally acquainted. Volume 2 continues Turner's discussion of the gold rush, and covers the management of the goldfields, the imprisonment of unlicensed miners, and the miners' revolts against taxes. The book sets events in the context of the region's changing political landscape, and documents the struggle to establish an efficient government. It ends with a thorough account of Victoria's integration into the Commonwealth of Australia.
Plato, Aristotle, and the Purpose of Politics
Authors: Cherry Kevin M.
Published: December 2012

In this book, Kevin M. Cherry compares the views of Plato and Aristotle about the practice, study and, above all, the purpose of politics. The first scholar to place Aristotle's Politics in sustained dialogue with Plato's Statesman, Cherry argues that Aristotle rejects the view of politics advanced by Plato's Eleatic Stranger, contrasting them on topics such as the proper categorization of regimes, the usefulness and limitations of the rule of law, and the proper understanding of phronēsis. The various differences between their respective political philosophies, however, reflect a more fundamental difference in how they view the relationship of human beings to the natural world around them. Reading the Politics in light of the Statesman sheds new light on Aristotle's political theory and provides a better understanding of Aristotle's criticism of Socrates. Most importantly, it highlights an enduring and important question: should politics have as its primary purpose the preservation of life, or should it pursue the higher good of living well?
Seven Lectures on Meteorology
Authors: Howard Luke
Published: December 2012

Luke Howard (1772–1864) was a pharmacist and businessman, but is most famous for his contributions to meteorology. He classified clouds by their appearance and gave them their modern names of cumulus, cirrus, nimbus and stratus. He was educated at a Quaker school in Oxfordshire, then trained as a pharmacist, but was fascinated by weather throughout his life, and developed into a keen amateur meteorologist. He wrote several important texts on the subject including The Climate of London, an early study in urban climatology, and On the Modification of Clouds (both also reissued in this series). Published in 1837, Seven Lectures on Meteorology covers the components of the atmosphere, seasonal variation in winds and temperature, the use of barometers, cloud structure, and visual phenomena such as rainbows and the Aurora Borealis. This reissue also includes Howard's short 1842 book which details selected British weather data from 1824 to 1841.
Life of Henry Fawcett
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: December 2012

Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge, MP and Postmaster General, Henry Fawcett (1833–84) was a radical supporter of both feminism and class equality. He campaigned for the widening of access to universities and the preservation of public open spaces, and oversaw the development of the telephone network. This biography, first published in 1885, was written by Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), Fawcett's contemporary at Cambridge, who later helped found the Dictionary of National Biography. Although their ideologies diverged later in their careers, Stephen and Fawcett's friendship lasted for over thirty years. Stephen, who was uncertain at their first encounter whether Fawcett was a Cambridge undergraduate or a farmer, gives a lively account of his friend's years at Cambridge and his successful academic and parliamentary career, achieved despite his blindness (the result of an accident in 1858). The book provides fascinating insights into the life of this often overlooked but remarkable politician.
A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation
Authors: Creighton Mandell
Published: December 2012

Mandell Creighton's five-volume study of the papacy during the Reformation was first published between 1882 and 1894. Lytton Strachey paid an indirect compliment to Creighton's work by remarking that 'the biscuit is certainly dry; but at any rate there are no weevils'. Creighton (1843–1901) was an academic and an ordained Anglican. Having studied at Oxford and spent time in the parish of Embleton in Northumberland, he was appointed the first Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge, became Bishop of Peterborough and ended his career as Bishop of London. Volume 4 (1887) continues the account of Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia. In 1503 Julius II, the 'Warrior Pope' was elected, and Creighton gives a full narrative of the wars and alliances that the papacy subsequently became embroiled in. He also describes the sessions of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17), and the succession of Leo X.
Fauna Boreali-Americana; or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America
Authors: Richardson John , Swainson William , Kirby William
Published: December 2012

Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer, went on Sir John Franklin's first two Arctic expeditions as ship's doctor and naturalist, and made observations and collected a large number of plant and animal specimens from the Canadian Arctic. On his return to England after the second expedition he began to write this four-volume work of natural history, first published between 1829 and 1837. A volume is dedicated to each of the classes of mammal, bird, fish and insect, which are found in the Canadian Arctic. This work is an interesting example of pre-Darwinian natural history, full of detailed descriptions of the appearance, anatomy and behaviour of the different species. Volume 2 was first published in 1831 and focuses on the species of birds found in the Canadian Arctic. It was co-authored with naturalist and illustrator William Swainson (1789–1855) and contains many illustrations.
Life of Alexander von Humboldt
Authors: Löwenberg Julius , Avé-Lallemant Robert , Dove Alfred
Published: December 2012

Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was a naturalist, explorer and philanthropist now well known for his multidisciplinary approach to science. First published in English in 1873, this two-volume biography was translated from the German edition of 1872, edited by Karl Bruhns, which had been compiled in commemoration of the centenary of Humboldt's birth. Incorporating numerous extracts of Humboldt's own warmly written letters and anecdotes from his many acquaintances, it charts his travels in South America, Asia and Europe. Volume 1 covers his early exploratory trips and some of his lesser-known exploits, including becoming Superintendent of Mines in Northern Bavaria, his research on the sixteenth-century eruption of Nevado del Altar in Ecuador and his friendship with the young Prince William of Prussia. Of interest to students and researchers in the history of science, this is a minutely detailed and compelling insight into the life of the man behind the scientist.