bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthographic Knowledge, Phonological Awareness and the Teaching of English: an Analysis of Word Dictation Errors in English of Malaysian Secondary School Pupils
Authors: Randall Mick
Published: March 2007

This paper is a case study of the written errors in English on a single word dictation test produced in one first year secondary class from a Malaysian secondary school. The analysis attempts to see if the errors produced by the children can be understood in terms of reading acquisition processes in use for teaching reading in BM or in terms of interference problems caused by the differing phonological systems of local languages spoken by the children, or in terms of systematic differences between the variety of English spoken in Malaysia and Singapore, (EMS) and RP. In particular, the paper looks at the effects of final consonant cluster written errors in situations were the final consonant is either a morphological suffix or is part of the root word. The paper then discusses the pedagogical implications of the findings.
Post-prophetism and Post-Houphouëtism in Ivory Coast
Authors: DOZON Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

In the course of an analysis of contemporary post-prophetism in Ivory Coast, the author shows that these religious phenomena are a remarkable guiding thread through a properly national history. During the Houphouët-Boigny period, the country's identity seemed to waver between economic prosperity and a real lack of development, while prophetic movements remained ambiguous figures, promoting modernity while perpetuating structures of traditional dependence. The decade of the 1980s was marked by a double (socio-political and prophetic) break with the past. The plantation economy fell into crisis, and religious movements began to rail against Western consumer lifestyles, crying for a return to traditional values and to a traditional balance of social forces—a position which brought them into conflict with established authority. A scarcity of agricultural land gave rise to an ideology of “Ivorians first”. The decade of the 1990s has been characterized by convergence between neo-traditionalism, us-first ideology and a cult of Ivorian-ness. Finally, in the present worsening context of the country, the author shows how religious movements, especially pentecostal importations, have learned to thrive even in a social and economic crisis.
Medjugorje's Living Icons: Making Spirit Matter (for Sociology)
Authors: BERRYMAN Edward
Published: March 2007

The sociology of religion is at an impasse in its analysis of the mystical dimension of its object. Inspired by the ethnomethodological perspective, this paper proposes an alternative analytical strategy. This approach maintains that claims of mystical influence can be dealt with by sociological enquiry without transforming their self-definition. The strategy is exemplified in the analysis of video accounts of apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Medjugorje, Bosnia-Hercegovina. It is argued that the accounts constitute the apparitions through a process of transubstantiation, the visionaries becoming the embodiment of the Virgin Mary's aesthetic qualities, moral features and historical role, and her religious function.
Preconceptions and Institutionalisation
Authors: Matthes J.
Published: March 2007

Si la sociologie de la religion a pris depuis quelques années un nouvel essor en Allemagne, cela est dû pour l'essentiel à des initiatives individuelles. Mais l'on arrive cependant au point où sous risque de stagnation, ce stade doit pouvoir être dépassé par des recherches plus systématiques. L'auteur analyse dans ce but les avantages et les défauts des instituts de recherches existant dans le cadre des Eglises catholique et pro testante et livre ses conclusions.
Convictions religieuses de la jeunesse hongroise scolaire et etudiante
Authors: Bango J.F.
Published: March 2007

Enquiries have been conducted over a period of more than four years amongst college and high school students in order to obtain a scientific view of religious conviction among youth. The author sets out to analyse each one of these enquiries in the light of the sociology of religion. He tries to place youth in its general statistical context. The background to these researches is made up on the one hand by the phenomenon of urbanisation and on the other by the institutional organization of the Catholic Church in Hungary as it appears today, i.e. without a major Catholic newspaper, without youth organizations and without the teaching of religion. After briefly tracing the history of socio-religious research in Hungary, the author points out that three methods have been used in the literature which deals with the religious convictions of Hungarian youth, i.e. interviews, questionnaires and 'discussions in the press'; the questionnaire method is the most scientific and the most revealing.

After making some remarks about the 'Weltanschauung' of Hungarian youth the author proceeds, under the title of 'Atheism and Belief' to analyse three enquiries which have been made. Marxist sociology of religion set out first to make out a 'balance sheet' of the Hungarian situation in the sphere of religious convictions; these enquiries prove that a simple compilation of statistics relating to the state of things is no longer sufficient and that in the future socio-religious studies must be comparative and analytical. These three enquiries took place in six high schools, in a Faculty of Agriculture and in seven colleges: the results obtained in each one of these establishments show a tendency which is perhaps general and representative of all students and pupils, but this remains to be proved. The comparative table gives the following statistical results: 11.6% of all the students questioned (about 2000) are believers, 47.7% are non-believers and 40.7% undecided. The author also gives a brief summary of the 'discussion in the press' concerning the materialism of Hungarian students. His conclusions are provisional; in order to illustrate and interpret a socio-religious phenomenon (attitude towards belief and atheism) Marxist sociology must maintain scientific rigeur.
Caste and Christianity in Kerala
Authors: Alexander K.C.
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'auteur s'interroge sur les facteurs histo riques et sociaux qui font obstacle à l'intégration des castes inférieures dans les communautés chrétiennes du Kerala. Si, dans l'ensemble de la structure sociale de l'Inde, les chrétiens s'intègrent difficilement, pour ceux qui proviennent des castes inférieures, cette difficulté est plus grande encore. Les con versions ont été nombreuses à l'intérieur de ces castes et ont représenté un moyen concret de promotion sociale; toutefois, dans le système ecclésial lui-même, une ségrégation sub siste : lieux de culte séparés, personnel ecclésiastique différent selon les castes, etc...

Aussi, le retour à l'hindouisme est-il de plus en plus fré quent dans les castes inférieures qui, de cette manière, ob tiennent de nouveau l'assistance des pouvoirs publics. On assiste également à la création d'Eglises indépendantes, qui recrutent dans ces castes, et dont le message social est plus ou moins radical et révolutionnaire.

L'auteur estime que l'obstacle principal réside dans l'im possibilité de modifier l'image sociale, mais aussi dans l'iden tité des castes inférieures. La conversion au christianisme n'a pu transformer une religiosité plus ou moins magique, pas plus qu'elle n'a pu modifier les modèles familiaux ou le niveau de vie.
The Meaning of God: A Factoranalytic Study
Authors: Vercruysse Godelieve
Published: March 2007

Le concept « Dieu » recouvre de nombreuses significations: le but principal de la présente enquête est d'apporter un peu de cohérence et de structure dans cette multiplicité. Afin de mettre au point un instrument de différenciation de ces signi fications, on a réalisé un échantillonnage d'interviews. Une sélection de 27 items ont été présentés à 80 catholiques, hommes et femmes. âgés de 20 à 64 ans et de formation supérieure. L'analyse des facteurs a permis de dégager quatre facteurs interprétables d'une valeur propre supérieure à 1. A l'intérieur des facteurs I et IV (bipolaires), plusieurs composantes ont été distinquées selon des critères tant statis tiques que de contenu. Etendu à 34 items, cet instrument a ensuite été intégré dans une enquête descriptive portant sur l'image de Dieu chez les grands adolescents (17-18 ans) représentés par 470 garçons et 409 filles. L'analyse des fac teurs sur les données relatives à l'entièreté du groupe dégagea 9 facteurs parmi lesquels 6 étaient doté d'une valeur propre supérieure à 1.00 : ces derniers seulement furent retenus pour l'interprétation. Le parallélisme entre les deux structures de facteurs est limité, mais nettement plus élevé lorsqu'il est tenu compte, dans l'analyse du groupe « adultes », des compo santes des facteurs.

L'analyse des réponses et les composantes des facteurs de la première analyse (1e version) indiquent que Dieu trouve sa signification dans la relation active de l'homme au monde et à l'autre, ou dans une interrogation d'ordre métaphysique sur l'existence elle-même, plutôt que dans l'expérience du besoin humain.

La relation à un Dieu-Personne est plus manifestement pré sente dans le groupe « adultes » que chez les adolescents. Dieu, en tant que réalité vague. en tant que nom pour le mystère de l'existence est plus souvent attesté dans ce dernier groupe. En outre, les adolescents mentionnent plus souvent que les adultes « Dieu en tant que présence dynamique non personni fiée ».

Les données recueillies au cours de ce travail constituent une base de révision de l'instrument et de l'orientation d'études ultérieures.
Le Symbole du feu dans la vie des adolescents et dans leur univers religieux
Authors: Winand Paul
Published: March 2007

This study concentrates on the impact of this major symbol on teenagers, as may be perceived in the religious context through free associations and impromptu stories, and in the religious context through biblical and liturgical references.

The sampling was done according to three variables (sex, age, school) and hoped to reach the highest degree of homo geneity concerning life environment and curricula. For computational reasons, 400 answers were examined so as to have 200 for each series.

The aim of this paper is to introduce briefly our findings, taking into consideration the two variables, sex and school. The prospections of the secular context through the analysis of free associations and impromptu stories reveal, from the point of view of sex, that boys experience the world of things as means or obstacles. Girls, on the other hand, being more sensitive to the surroundings and aesthetic overtones perceive the world as values and enter the symbolic domain more easily. As far as ' school ' is concerned, it appears that the evocation of the Fire Symbol is experienced by students according to the characteristic trends of each set up.

In the religious context one sees that in general teenagers have a better knowledge of the Bible than of the Liturgy. Courage and strength being attractive, boys refer to « power theophanies » while girls stress the quality and depth of theophanies which may be termed « personal and intimate ». They know the liturgy better and are touched by the words of the liturgy, whereas the boys lose themselves in the rite itself and its materiality. As for the educational variable, the biblical and liturgical culture of state school students is characterised by a statistically broader amplitude. The pupils of the denominational network seem to be more under the influence of a primary-school-level catechesis.

Comparison of the two contexts : The symbolic structure in tegrates the same harmonics in both contexts. On the contrary, the choice and polarization of the harmonics differ. The religious overdetermination smoothes out the sexual and educational differential stresses which come out in the natural context.

Conclusion : In our contemporary culture, the young are alive to symbols. The Firc Symbol, in the Bible as well as in the Liturgy, has a powerful and positive impact, but its resonance is relative to various stresses in both contexts. secular or religious.
La naissance du dogme relatif à I'unité de I'Eglise
Authors: Mantzaridis Georges
Published: March 2007

M. Weber and E. Troeltsch have already given a rough plan of a sociology of christian dogmas. This is the perspective taken by the author and in the light of the historical data available today, he takes up again the problem of a socio logical approach of dogma relating to the unity of the Church (Nicea, 325).

Through the study of the functions of the eucharistic cult, of the notions of alliance, of Church and of Episcopacy, one can see the regulatory processes of the unity of the faithful develop in an historical context in evolution.
Les Juifs en tant que peuple paria dans I'œuvre de Max Weber
Authors: Raphael Freddy
Published: March 2007

It was in reference to Indian society that Max Weber defined the Jews as an outcast or pariah people, i.e., a " guest people " ( Gastvolk) living in a foreign environment from which they are separated ritually, formally or effectively. After the destruction of the Temple, the Jews, under the growing influence of the prophetic message and ritual pro hibitions, constituted a hereditary community which never stopped hoping for a radical break with history that would restore Israel to its pre-eminence. The only way they could calm the perpetual tension between their political and social impotence and their obstinate waiting for the realization of the promise was through fastidious and anxious observance of ritual and moral prescriptions.
The Pessimistic Sect's Influence on the Mental Health of its Members : the Case of Jehovah's Witnesses
Authors: Montague Havor
Published: March 2007

L'auteur de cet article a tenté de voir dans quelle mesure la structure religieuse et l'environnement social des Témoins de Jéhovah ont une influence sur ce qu'il est socialement convenu d'appeler « la santé mentale ».

L'analyse critique de leurs écrits semble indiquer des fré quences de ce que l'on appelle communément « pathologie mentale » plus élevées que la moyenne. Mais il faut être réservé sur cette affirmation, car ces fréquences sont varia bles et diffèrent selon les groupes de Témoins et les moments de l'investigation.

L'étude de certains facteurs à l'œuvre au sein de la Société de la Tour de Garde se révèle également utile pour mesurer les influences bénéfiques ou nuisibles à la santé mentale des membres. A ce propos, l'auteur analyse l'opinion courante des Témoins et la position officielle de l'organisation vis-à-vis de la maladie mentale. Il lui semble que deux facteurs im portants d'explication du taux relativement élevé de maladies mentales parmi les Témoins de Jéhovah sont le statut socio économique des membres et l'emprise incompétente des « An ciens » sur ceux-ci.
Theravada Buddhism and Political Power- Construction and Destructuration of its Ideological Function
Authors: Houtart Francois
Published: March 2007

Le bouddhisme theravada (petit véhicule) s'est implanté en Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est au départ de royaumes hindous et est devenu une religion d'Etat, avec y compris une divinisation des rois, ce qui apparemment est contraire à la doctrine du bouddhisme. La première partie du travail consiste à étudier les conditions sociales de la genèse du phénomène, en Inde et ensuite dans les royaumes de Ceylan, Birmanie, Thaïlande, Indonésie. Laos, Cambodge et Vietnam (Champa). L'hypothèse est que le bouddhisme est né dans des sociétés de type tributaire, mais à un moment où la représentation du rapport social de production ne pouvait plus revêtir un caractère de réciprocité et qu'il s'est implanté surtout lorsque l'on est passé à un mode de production féodal. Un tel phénomène devait provoquer des transfor mations dans le système religieux, ce qui en effet se produisit, en fonction des relations qui s'établirent entre le pouvoir royal et la sangha (institution monastique).
Islam, réformisme et nationalisme dans la résistance à la colonisation française en Algérie (1830-1930)
Authors: Faouzi Adel
Published: March 2007

Our intention in this article is to give an account of the impact which the French colonization had upon the role played by religion as well as to describe the real nature of the new religious discourse. Our observation of the situation leads us to make several comments.
The Concept of Symbolic Interactionism in the German Sociology of Religion
Authors: Fischer Wolfram , Marhold Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Les Auteurs de cet article parlent de l'interactionisme sym bolique pris au sens large du terme. Ils se réfèrent aux travaux des sociologues cherchant à analyser méthodologiquement les problèmes individuels de la vie de tous les jours (voir les travaux de G.H. Mead, A.L. Strauss, A. Cicourel, A. Schiitz, par exemple).
Holistic Imagery and Ethics in New Religious and Healing Movements
Authors: Beckford James A.
Published: March 2007

Partant du constat que les études relatives aux nouveaux mouvements religieux dans les sociétés occidentales ont tendu à se concentrer exclusivement sur les grands mouvements objets de controverses et dont les adeptes sont principalement de jeunes adultes, l'Auteur de cet article montre que d'autres mouvements sont également en expansion. Il s'agit surtout de mouvements combinant les intérêts spirituels avec d'autres pratiques visant diverses sortes de thérapies. L'une de leurs caractéristiques princi pales consiste dans des représentations holistes mettant l'accent sur un monisme philosophique, l'intégration sociale et l'intégrité personnelle. Les diverses conceptions holistiques de la personne, de la guérison et du cosmos sont examinées par l'Auteur à partir d'exemples pris dans un large éventail de nouvelles religions et de pratiques des adeptes de ces mouvements témoignant d'une affi nité élective avec les expériences éducatives et de travail de la classe moyenne. L'Auteur conclut que la représentation holiste est capable de transmettre des notions distinctes du sacré dans les sociétés modernes.
La défense de la propriété privée. Aux sources de la doctrine sociale de l'Eglise
Authors: Degand André
Published: March 2007

The Author proceeds with an analysis of the social doctrine produced within Belgian Catholicism at the end of the XIXth Century.
Les représentations de la santé dans les groupes populaires du Nicaragua
Authors: Houtart François , Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

This article on health representations among popular groups in Nicaragua starts from the hypothesis that such representations are central in the reproduction of society. The first part studies the system of representations of health and of illnesse in precolum bian society, where they are part of a general myth explanatory of the universe and of society. In this same first part the A. ex amines what was brought by Spanish colonization: social reproduction is assured by collective festivals, which are also the place for the accomplishment of the promises to the saints, pro tectors against illnesses. The introduction of modern medecine has coincided with the penetration of an agrarian capitalism, bringing also representations of health as a commodity. The se cond part of the article is based on a survey made among some 500 persons of popular milieux, rural and urban. It shows the dif ferences in the representations, along the lines of three main models: the traditional is based on a sacred approach to the causes of illnesses. It is to be found especially among rural workers, whereas members of cooperatives show a certain erosion of this model. The second model is the refusal of the first one, typical of urban groups having gone through secondary educa tion. The last model is characterized by ignorance of the tradi tional representations, but without other positions: it is the fact of individuals among various groups. A series of new practical knowledges in the medical field are shared by the three groups, in dicating that alphabetization campaigns and the health education has a result in this area. But they do not suffice to transform the main interpretations. Other factors are necessary, like the socio economic change brought about by Land Reform in the rural areas or by secondary education in the cities. The method used for the analysis of the data has been the "analysis of correspondences ".
Ritual, Symbolism and Healing
Authors: McGuire Meredith B.
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article examine divers cas d'emploi de symboles verbaux et non verbaux dans des groupes de guérison alternatifs au sein de la société moderne. Des « mots-rituels » se caractérisent par le fait que leurs usagers les dotent d'un pouvoir et d'une efficacité de guérison qui va au-delà de leur sens littéral. Dans plusieurs des groupes étudiés, on insiste sur l'auto-guérison obtenue de la sorte et, dans ce sens, le rituel de guérison a ten- dance à être relativement individualisé, créatif et fluide.
Trends in Danish Religion
Authors: Rijs Ole
Published: March 2007

La plupart des Danois appartiennent à l'Eglise nationale dont le taux d'appartenance reste supérieur à 90 %, le nombre de ceux qui quittent l'Eglise étant négligeable. Le nombre des baptêmes est, lui, en diminution, spécialement dans la région de Copenhague.
L' ef ficience de 1' imaginaire. Complément à une interprétation marxienne de la religion
Authors: Bertrand Michèle
Published: March 2007

A t present, one would not be able to refer to any one Marxist analysis of religion, but much rather to various studies bringing to light, in the diversity of existing situations, the relations which unite practices and beliefs to specific forms of power, thought, stuggles and social exchanges... Abandon certain categories, create others, reopen forgotten routes. One of these might be researching the subjective efficiency of belief and of that which makes a social bond. Of course this concerns the great religions, but also the organizations and movements proposing social ideals or political objectives.
Conceptualizing Religion from Below. The Central American Experience
Authors: Gismondi Michael
Published: March 2007

Malgré le fait que I'on s'accorde généralement d attribuer l'innovation religieuse aux classes sociales subalternes et que cette représentation des choses ne soit pas sans répercussions sur les mouvements sociaux et politiques, le cadre théorique et les pers pectives méthodologiques sur cette question n'en restent pas moins mal assurées et peu développées.
Ascèse, rationalité, modernité en contexte oriental: le bouddhisme de la Soka Gakkai
Authors: HOURMANT Louis
Published: March 2007

The concept of asceticism assumes a multidimensional character for Max Weber. This confers upon it a certain ambiguity. One of the facets of the concept concerns the progressive emergence of a form of “ascesis-in-the-world” in the context of oriental wisdom, particularly within Japanese Buddhism.

The removal of mystical traits from this form of Buddhism was completed during the reforms of the monk Nichiren in the 13th century and reinforced in the 20th century with the creation of the Soka Gakkai. This powerful organization has put an end to the outsider status of the laity vis-a-vis supreme salvation, which is now seen as encompassing all members of society.

Salvation is achieved through a process of “human revolution”. It is a question here of a moral transformation brought about in daily life, conceived as a matter of personal choice, which is well in keeping with modern demands for a rational approach to such matters.
La CISR: Réflexions sur la thèse d'Emile Poulat
Authors: HOUTART François
Published: March 2007

Responding to Emile Poulat, Houtart thinks that the question of confessionality must be relativized. Its meaning differs from society to society. The Dutch Catholics were building their place in a society based on Church or non-Church belonging. In France and in Belgium the problem was meeting with a society and a culture in which Christianity was no longer central. There also, two directions were possible: to build a partial Christianity, which orientated Sociology of Religion as a service of the ecclesiastical institution; or to insert evangelical values in an unequal society, with the discovery of the role of religion as a class ideology. This brought a more theoretical preoccupation. In both cases the majority of the promotors of Sociology of Religion were religious agents. For some of them a theological perspective should establish the epistemology of the disciplines, but others accepted the scientific foundation of sociology as the same for believers and non-believers.

The other question raised is the existence of various theoretical currents in the Conference: Max Weber, Durkheim, Functionalism. However there is a relative absence of the Marxist approach. This could be explained by different factors: the fact that research has perhaps been less developed within this theoretical orientation; or because of the institutional origin of the members of the Conference; or because of their permeability to the anti-marxist current prevailing in the intellectual world after 1968. Houtart concludes with some considerations on his participation as General Secretary of the Conference.
La “Tour de Babel” des définitions de la religion
Authors: LAMBERT Yves
Published: March 2007

Definitions of religion diverge considerably from those which see religion as a particular ideology to those which, on the contrary, see ideologies as “secular” (or “civil”) religions. Historically, they have ranged from a tendancy to reductionism, typical of positivism and marxism, to quite the reverse, as can be seen in “ultimate” definitions, influenced by theology. If only to differentiate the “secular” religions from the others, we do not see how “substantive” criteria can be dispensed with. At the end of the analysis, a plural and heuristic approach to definitions is put forward.
Perception de la religion chez les jeunes au Québec
Authors: MONTMINY Jean-Paul , RICHARD Réginald
Published: March 2007

What do young people talk about when the subject of religion comes up? That is the underlying question of this inquiry. The clearest conclusion is the non-univocal character of the term: religion is associated (a) with a relationship of values or an absolute code; (b) with an inner life or an “empty set”. In the case of a “relationship of values” or an “absolute code”, teaching is its structuring activity. The problem presents itself in quite another way when it is a question of “inner life”: there is a rupture between this group and the preceding two, but a bond with those for whom religion is “empty”, incapable of nourishing a lived meaning. A bipolarity thus emerges between the quest for truth and the pleasures of existence.
Les catholiques et le Parti des travailleurs au Brésil
Authors: FOLLMANN José-Ivo
Published: March 2007

The author deals with the question of identity of Catholics involved in the Labour Party of Brazil and its significance on the level of the Party and the Church. The fundamental observation he makes regards the existence of a more or less common core to be found in the identifying process of this group. This core is to be found at different levels in the development of the concept of identity (projects, strategies, lived experiences) and manifests itself concretely in many ways. The author advances the hypothesis that there are four main categories: the “popular”, the “political”, the “religious” and the “independent”. A specific attitude corresponds to each category with regard to the priorities of its militant involvement.
Marginalité et instrumentalité de l'Islam dans la presse du Maghreb central
Authors: GARON Lise
Published: March 2007

It seems generally accepted within academic circles that religion (Islam) is a driving force in public life and political systems in the Arab world. However, the research reported in this article points to a different conclusion. The author's analysis of the reporting of human rights issues in daily newspapers in three Muslim countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) shows, first, that there are few direct references to Islam in the popular press; and second, that Islam, far from being a variable independent of politics, is itself instrumentalized by social actors such as newspapers. The author concludes that the presupposition of supremacy of religion over politics in these countries is misconceived.
Le supermarché religieux: ancrages locaux du Nouvel Age au sein du réseau mondial
Authors: YORK Michael
Published: March 2007

How does a new religious movement such as New Age or Neo-paganism differ from the religious consumer supermarket characteristic of pick-and-choose spirituality in late modernity/early postmodernity? This paper focuses on Gerlach and Hine's developmental SPIN model—the segmented-polycentric-integrated-network—originally conceived as a means of dissenting survival in a hostile environment. Besides established centres for New Age from which key ideas are disseminated, local scenes throughout the western world become sacralized as well (for example, Bath and Glastonbury in England, or Naples, Florida). Linking the religious dimension to territorial belonging, these emergent local centres serve their respective geographic areas as focalizing magnets for the spiritual shopper with the cry, “It is happening here!” As the millennium draws to a close and the year 2012 or a similarly awaited date approaches, what is the interplay from a New Age perspective between the local community and the global movement?
Moral Discrepancy and `Fudging the Issue' in a Radio News Interview
Authors: Housley William
Published: March 2007

During the course of this article I employ the reconsidered model of membership categorization analysis in order to explore the normative, categorial and sequential characteristics of talk within a radio news interview. Furthermore, I explore the categorial and sequential characteristics of a particular form of adjacency and other features of the talk concerning the topic of banning fox hunting. The article explores transcribed materials as a means of illustrating how the alleged practice of providing answers that `fudge the issue' within political radio news interviews is facilitated by questions that introduce a specific moral device. Furthermore, it is argued that issues concerning accountability and the media need to be informed by studies that explore the precise characteristics of situated talk-in-interaction displayed within such settings.
Mobility and Proximity
Authors: Urry John
Published: March 2007

In this article I discuss just why travel takes place. Why does travel occur, especially with the development of new communications technologies? I unpack how corporeal proximity in diverse modes appears to make travel necessary and desirable. I examine how aspects of conversational practice and of `meetings' make travel obligatory for sustaining `physical proximity'. I go on to consider the roles that travel plays in social networks, using Putnam's recent analysis of social capital. The implications of different kinds of travel for the distribution of such social capital are spelled out. I examine what kinds of corporeal travel are necessary and appropriate for a rich and densely networked social life across various social groups. And in the light of these analyses of proximity and social capital, virtual travel will not in a simple sense substitute for corporeal travel, since intermittent co-presence appears obligatory for many forms of social life. However, virtual travel does seem to produce a strange and uncanny life on the screen that is near and far, present and absent, and it may be that this will change the very nature of what is experienced as `co-presence'. I conclude by showing how issues of social inclusion and exclusion cannot be examined without identifying the complex, overlapping and contradictory mobilities necessarily involved in the patterning of an embodied social life.
The Surface of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Porter Blanche R. , Peacock Charles L. , Tripp Verne W. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Experiments designed to complement microscopical studies and to attempt a practical evaluation of the effectiveness of various agents which impart resistance to dry soil are reported. Various methods of applying soil to fabric were evaluated, as was the ef fectiveness of a number of soil retardants. Soils included carbon blacks of a range of particle sizes, a natural clay, and a synthetic soil whose formula approximated the com position of natural soil, containing fatty materials. Fabrics were also soiled by foot traffic on the floor. Results were interpreted from reflectance data and from radioactive tracer assays of weight of soil takeup. In attempting to elucidate the mechanism of dry soiling. the effects of textile construction, electrical charge on the fiber, particle size of soil as related to topography of fiber surface, surface hardness, reducing surface rough ness. and lowering surface energy were considered. It was shown that soil takeup is directly related to specific surface. It was found that grey cotton is slightly more re sistant to soil than bleached cotton, and that increased smoothness of fiber. even to com plete obliteration of native rugosities, did not necessarily impart soil resistance to cotton fabrics. The most successful types of antisoiling agents for dry soils appear to be col loidal particulate applications such as silica or alumina, and additive finishes which lower surface energy of the tiber. Only a few of the typical commercially available soil re tardants were used in these studies. The project was a short term one and the experi ments were designed for the study of the mechanism of soiling of cotton textiles which would be subject to in-place cleauing. Many new soil retardants were marketed after the experiments had been initiated.
Physical Properties of Chemically Modified Cottons
Authors: Grant James N. , McDonald Allan W. , Humphreys Geraldine C.
Published: March 2007

Yarns from six cottons selected for their widely different inherent fiber characteristics were partially carboxymethylated to a degree of substitution averaging about 0.125 while held at their original kngth. Moisture regain, linear density, breaking load, and elon gation at break, measured on the fibers and/or yarns, were increased by the modification. Fiber cellulose density and length decreased. Samples of the different cotton varieties were found to differ in their response to the treatment with interrelationships existing between the linear density, degree of substitution, and moisture regain. Changes in fiber properties in the caustic treatments of cottons, such as carboxymethylation and mer cerization, were found to be similar when the tensional conditions during treatment were essentially equal.
An Optical Measurement of the Trash Content of Ginned Cotton
Authors: Baker Cameron , Kirk George , Gaffney Harry
Published: March 2007

Current methods of evaluating the amount and particle size of trash in ginned cotton are reviewed and the need for simplicity and speed in obtaining a measurement of trash content is evidenced. The authors discuss a new optical-electronic method of scanning a classer's sample to record both particle size and number of particles. The sum of the areas in the sample which are darker than the background is taken as a percent of the total area scanned. The method utilizes a closed circuit television camera, which in a fraction of a second traverses the face of a sample and reads out the desired information directly. Results of tests designed to prove the reliability and validity of the method are shown and a comparison to current methods of evaluation is given.

Diagrams of the optical and computing systems used in the method are explained in detail.
The Polarographic Estimation of Sulfydryl and Disulfide Groups in Wool
Authors: Human J.P.E.
Published: March 2007

Methods for determining sulfydryl sulfur only and sulfydryl plus disulfide sulfur in intact wool are described. In the first case, the wool is allowed to react with an excess of an organic mercurial in a buffer containing urea at pH 7-8.5, while in the second case sulfite as well as urea is present in a buffer at pH 8.5. In both, the excess mer curial is determined polarographically.

Two existing methods for the polarographic determination of sulfydryl plus disulfide sulfur in protein hydrolysates, namely amperometric titration with mercuric chloride and the use of the catalytic wave produced by cysteine and cystine in the presence of cobalt ions, have been adapted for the special case of wool. to cope with 10-100 mg. samples and 0.05-0.10 mg. samples, respectively.

An indication of the reliability of the nonhydrolytic methods is also given.
Comparison of Methods for Determining Intrinsic Viscosities from Non-Newtonian Viscosities
Authors: Cram K.H. , Whitwell J.C.
Published: March 2007

Absolute flow curves for solutions of two samples of cotton cellulose at concentra tions of 0.1. 0.2. and 0.3 g. 100 ml. in 0.5 M cupriethylenediamine were determined over a shear stress range of 0.01-1000 dynes sq. cm. Both rotational and capillary viscome ters were employed. All three solutions behaved as Newtonian fluids below a shear stress of 1.0 dyne sq. cm.

Various methods of calculating intrinsic viscosities were investigated. Values based on zero shear rate viscosities are required to avoid dependence on the viscometric proce dure. Where determination of intrinsic viscosities is not the primary objective, the best method for precise differentiation among closely similar samples appears to be compari son of apparent viscosities using a single high concentration and as low a standard shear stress as practicable. Intrinsic viscosity determinations, based on non-Newtonian vis cosities, are less satisfactory.
Fiber Damage in the Stock-Dyeing of Wool
Authors: Gullbrandson Bengt
Published: March 2007

The tenacity of wool is often reduced in stock-dyeing processes. As a result of this, many fibers are broken in the card. This reduction in tenacity has usually been ascribed to a damaging effect of the dye. However, our investigations show that most of the reduction in fiber strength is due to setting of bends or curvatures of the packed fibers by the hot water treatment. Such set fiber bends are nonuniformlv strained by tensions and thus resist smaller toads than fibers set in the straight state.
The Not-So-Invisible Professors
Authors: Foster Lenoar
Published: March 2007

This article explores the growing phenomenon of increasing and majority numbers of White faculty members at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States and the implications that such a growing presence has for the traditional mission and activities of these institutions. The author explores the historical and contemporary presence of White faculty members at HBCU institutions and discusses both the unresolved and emerging issues, problems, and challenges that must be squarely confronted if these institutions are to remain successful in educating and empowering large numbers of African American students in the future.
To Set an Example
Authors: Jewell Joseph O.
Published: March 2007

Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been emblematic of the African American quest for educational parity and social equality in American society. In addition to having been primarily responsible for the education of African Americans, HBCUs have also functioned as key institutions in the social, political, and economic development of the African American community within the constraints of a racially stratified society. This article maps the evolution of a pioneering tradition of diversity at HBCUs from their beginnings in the late 19th century to the present. The author argues that the social and educational environments that have traditionally supported diversity at HBCUs emerged out of group struggle between Blacks and their allies as well as with those seeking to maintain the larger system of overt, institutionalized racial stratification that dominated American society for much of its history. The article concludes with an examination of trends in diversity at HBCU campuses.
The Case of the First-Year Charter School
Authors: Leonard Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

Charter schools are growing at a phenomenal rate because of the deregulation of education in many states. Exempt from many rules that constrain public schools, charter schools can use any means to accomplish their goals, such as offering an ethnocentric curriculum or focusing on technology, science, communications, or the arts. However, there is a dearth of research on charter schools. This article explains how one urban charter school struggled during its first year to overcome several barriers, such as the school’s initial facility, limited curricula, and certain administrative policies, to become a cohesive team that nurtured a unique community of learners.
Busing Status and Student Ethnicity
Authors: Sheehan Daniel S. , Marcus Mary
Published: March 2007

It becomes less clear that busing, in itself, has short-term effects on academic performance.
The State of Urban Schools
Authors: Wolf Alison
Published: March 2007

Poor children get poor schooling, not primarily because they are poor but because they go to poor schools.
Leadership and Conflict in Two School Districts
Authors: Bridgeland William M. , Thomas David M.
Published: March 2007

Scene and background, as well as actors, determine conflict.
Socializing to Participate
Authors: Will W. Marvin
Published: March 2007

Political awareness and political action depend upon political participation.
Education Myth and Public Policymaking
Authors: Rost Joseph
Published: March 2007

The myth that education is not and should not be influenced by politics dies hard. In the meantime, the myth can be put to use.
Cognitive Skills and Street Activity
Authors: Foley Matthew , McGuire Donald
Published: March 2007

The worst educator's assumption is that all knowledge comes from schooling. Another and important source is children's street play.
The Future of Predominantly Black Public Colleges and Universities
Authors: Murphy Dennis Dailey
Published: March 2007

Is it educationally sound for all-black colleges to continue in existence? Is it feasible? Is it legal? The affirmative is argued.
Neighborhood Schools
Authors: Berger Michael A.
Published: March 2007

In a paradoxical decision, the federal district court in this case resegregated grades 1-4 in response to declining enrollment and inequities in the existing desegregation plan.
Race, Class, and Gender in an Urban School a Case Study
Authors: Sleeter Christine E. , Grant Carl A.
Published: March 2007

Pupils from a multiracial, multicultural community were relatively knowledgeable and accepting of differences. The school did little to increase either.
Identification of the Gifted
Authors: Shaw Frank W.
Published: March 2007

Selection criteria of students in programs for the gifted must meet legal and constitutional standards. An alternative approach seems promising.
Searches and Seizures
Authors: Lincoln Eugene A.
Published: March 2007

In New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985), the Supreme Court clarified and limited the student's Fourth Amendment rights against "unreasonable searches and seizures."
School Social Work
Authors: Constable Robert , Walberg Herbert
Published: March 2007

Schools cannot be effective without partnerships with parents. Social workers have much to contribute to developing this partnership.
Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Edelman Marion Wright
Published: March 2007

Limited "life options " increases likelihood of early pregnancies: This view implies modes of preventing them.
Principal-Teacher Interactions in Instructionally Effective and Ordinary Elementary Schools
Authors: Reitzug Ulrich C.
Published: March 2007

The principal in the more effective school talked with teachers more often, was concerned for them, had high expectations, and was more supportive.
Changing Sources of Self-Esteem among Girls and Boys in Secondary Schools
Authors: Brutsaert Herman
Published: March 2007

Self-esteem of early adolescent girls depends upon parental support, but that of boys upon a sense of mastery. Later; sense of mastery becomes most important for both boys' and girls' self-esteem.
And then they Go Home
Authors: Sacken Donal M.
Published: March 2007

Intruders - "visitors" -interfere with local problem solving. Influence or authority should be "stakeholders. "
The Stratification of School Knowledge through Extracurricular Activities in an Urban High School
Authors: Thomas William B. , Moran Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

School clubs and schools teams, as well as school classes, offer or limit opportunity.
Improving the Effectiveness of Compensatory Education Funding
Authors: Weldon Ward
Published: March 2007

Four ways of providing additional funds for low-income students are compared: (a) Separate programs for such students may have stigmatizing effects. (b) Districtwide discretionary funding may lead to programs that benefit middle- and higher-income students more than the intended low-income recipients. (c) Buildingwide funding for schools with many low-income students offers a way to avoid stigmatizing and/or diversionary effects of other funding paths. This method is recommended for large-scale trial. (d) Vouchers given exclusively to low-income families are a fourth possibility, as yet largely untried.
Voter Characteristics and Support for Local School Taxes
Authors: Weaver Sue Wells , Parent T. Wayne
Published: March 2007

This study examined local politics, economics, and other factors contributing to the results of 1987and 1992 tax elections in a Louisiana city-parish. The purpose of the study was to explain conditions of voter support for millages to fund educational and community enhancement programs in the city of Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge parish. The research design was to employ separate examinations of tax referenda on parish election ballots in 1987and 1992. Urban voters appreciated distinctions among tax and expenditure referenda. Developmental policies were favored by voters in all precincts. Redistributive policies were preferred in precincts with high percentages of Black and normal Democratic voters, such as those located in the inner city.
"Yo Soy Voluntaria"
Authors: Rubio Olga G.
Published: March 2007

Several recent studies have suggested that to involve parents, the most successful schools reach out to the community. In a recent ethnographic study of parents whose children attend a dual-language school, it was found that volunteering in the school was an important mechanism to build and maintain close relationships between parents and the school. This article reports on the patterns of volunteering in the school and the ways that parents used these opportunities, not only to benefit the school and the community, but to improve their own lives.
Investing in Teaching and Learning
Authors: Muller Chandra , Katz Susan Roberta , Dance L. Janelle
Published: March 2007

This article integrates findings from three independent studies (one national quantitative and two urban qualitative) to analyze two aspects of the teacher-student relationship: (a) how teachers and students each view their mutual relationship and (b) how this relationship affects students’subsequent academic performance. All three studies corroborate the significant finding that teachers base their educational expectations heavily on students’ test scores, whereas the students shape their own educational expectations largely from their perceptions of their teachers’ expectations as well as their test scores. Teachers’ reliance on test scores masks racial differences in their expectations, which students may perceive as racism.