bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serologic Evidence of Hepatitis A and B Virus Infections in Thalassemia Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Stevens C. E. , Silbert J. A. , Miller D. R. , Dienstag J. L. , Purcell R. H. , Szmuness W.
Published: December 2004

To determine the current risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in multiply transfused thalassemia patients, we tested sera from such patients in New York City for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti‐HBs) using radioimmunoassay techniques. Altogether 48 per cent of the patients had either HBsAg (4.5%) or anti‐HBs (43.9%) positive sera. The prevalence of these HBV markers was related to both the number of units transfused and the year blood transfusion therapy was begun, although evidence suggested that the latter factor had the greatest influence. Donor HBsAg screening began in New York in 1969, and only one patient first transfused since that time had HBV marker positive serum. Thus, multiply‐transfused thalassemia patients now appear to be at little risk of HBV infection from transfusions. Sera were also tested for antibody to the hepatitis A virus (anti‐HA) using immune adherence hemaglutination. Anti‐HA prevalence was only 4.9 per cent, no greater than rates reported among nontransfused children, providing evidence against a significant role for blood transfusions in hepatitis A virus transmission.
Demonstration of Diego (Dib) and Scianna (Scl) Antigens on Phagocytic Leukocytes of the Blood
Authors: Kuriyan M. A. , Øven R. E. , Marsh W. L.
Published: December 2004

The high‐incidence erythrocyte antigens Dib and Scl have been demonstrated on leukocytes, using an antibody absorption technique. Tests with separated platelets, lymphocytes and neutrophils indicate that these antigens are restricted to the phagocytic leukocytes. Studies using the same methodology do not show Lan or Coa antigens on leukocytes.
The Unique Characteristics of Covalently Polymerized Bovine Serum Albumin Solutions When Used as Antibody Detection Media
Authors: Reckel R. P. , Harris J.
Published: December 2004

Bovine Serum Albumin solutions (BSA) have been chemically polymerized to give solutions (PBSA) with superior serological properties. The new PBSA reagents are shown to contain covalently bonded dimers, trimers tetramers, and larger polymers, the presence of which is directly related to hemagglutination by IgG antibody. Data are presented which show that reagents containing increased amounts of higher molecular weight polymers enhance hemagglutination, as demonstrated by serum albumin titrations of various antisera. Additionally, isolated polymers are shown to enhance hemagglutination as a function of their molecular weight with the high molecular weight tetramers being more effective than the trimeric form, which in turn is more effective than the dimeric and monomeric forms. The protein concentration does not play any significant role in these events. The data establish that the polymeric content of bovine serum albumin reagents is a major factor in the potentiating properties of such solutions. Additionally, it is shown that these reagents act not only on the second stage of hemagglutination as a function of the bovine albumin present, but also on the first stage of hemagglutination as a function of the ionic strength of these reagents. The polymeric content and ionic strength of albumin solutions are the major criteria in determining the effectiveness of these potentiating reagents.
Optimal Leukocyte Removal from Refrigerated Blood with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor
Authors: Bryant L. R. , Holland L. , Corkern S.
Published: December 2004

One hundred forty‐six units of two to five‐day‐old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.
ABO‐Incompatible Bone Marrow Transplantation: Preparation by Plasma Exchange and in Vivo Antibody Absorption
Authors: Berkman E. M. , Caplan S. , Kim C. S.
Published: December 2004

The threat of fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction has been a major deterrent to the use of ABO‐incompatible bone marrow donors. An eighteen year old type O male with acute leukemia was prepared to receive type A HLA identical marrow using large volume plasma exchange prior to and following cyclophosphamide administration. Saline agglutinating anti‐A antibody was initially present at a titer of 1:128. The initial antiglobulin titer of dithiothreitol (DTT) treated serum was 1:64. Initially the T ½ of 51Cr labeled type A red blood cells was less than five minutes. The first plasma exchange removed large quantities of anti‐A antibody but 51Cr survival of type A red blood cells was unchanged. A second plasma exchange after an interval of three days, increased the T ½ of 31Cr labeled cells to 20 minutes. Saline agglutinating anti‐A was now present at a titer of 1:8 and the antiglobulin titer of DTT treated serum was 1:4. Reaction to subsequent transfusion of type A red blood cells (5 units) was limited to a single febrile episode during the first unit. Survival of 51Cr labeled red blood cells increased to T ½ equal to 21 hours. These data indicate that plasma exchange and infusion of ABO incompatible red blood cells effectively reduce antibody concentration and prolong survival of ABO incompatible erythrocytes. It is suggested that the prolongation of 51Cr survival of ABO‐incompatible red blood cells to a point that extravascular destruction is predominant be used to establish the safety of ABO‐incompatible marrow infusion.
Methods of Assessing Factor VIII Content of Stored Fresh Frozen Plasma Intended for Preparation of Factor VIII Concentrates
Authors: Smith J. K. , Snape T. J. , Haddon M. E. , Gunson H. H. , Edwards R.
Published: December 2004

Minimally destructive methods were sought to assess the factor VIII content of fresh frozen plasma intended for large‐scale fractionation and stored in five‐liter polyethylene packs after pooling approximately 23 plasma donations. Although factor VIII distribution in the frozen pack was not perfectly homogeneous, a central “core” through the frozen pack gave a representative sample of the entire contents of the pack. Coring was compared with other methods of pack sampling before large‐scale cryoprecipitation. The survival of factor VIII was studied in three grades of stored plasma which had been separated and frozen within 4 hours, 8 hours, and 18 hours of blood donation. Plasma frozen after overnight storage of blood is a satisfactory starting material for the preparation of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates.
The Distribution and Utilization of Adenine in Red Blood Cells During 42 Days of 4 C Storage
Authors: Moore G. L. , Ledford M. E. , Brooks D. E.
Published: December 2004

The fate of adenine in CPD whole blood (17.3 mg/500 ml, or 0.25 mM) was evaluated during 42 days of 4 C storage. In whole blood, 95 per cent of the adenine was removed from the plasma by 42 days while the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels remained above 60 per cent of the initial concentration. Packed red blood cells (concentrates) were stored with the same relative quantity of adenine (0.1 mg/ml red blood cells) used in whole blood units by the addition of adenine after packing and were shown to take up adenine in a similar manner. Calculations of the initial adenine distribution indicated higher intracellular adenine concentrations than predicted from distribution equilibrium based on volume considerations. The presence of inorganic phosphate has marginal effects on adenine incorporation but does elevate ATP levels, while contributing to the reduction of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) content. The free adenine equilibrium between plasma and red blood cells favors the red blood cells, suggesting adenine binding by red blood cell membranes as shown by initial distribution studies with 14C‐adenine and equilibrium dialysis.
Recruitment Cost: A Middle Ground Between “Free Blood” and the Nonreplacement Fee
Authors: Donellan C. B.
Published: December 2004

Blood banking usually is considered to be clearly divided into two opposing philosophies concerning volunteer donor recruitment. On one side is the “community responsibility” theory. On the other side is the “individual responsibility” theory. This paper will show that both systems have problems and that in practice neither is “pure.” We propose a new system that is an effective compromise and that has been successful in the Houston region.
Hepatitis‐B Virus Markers in Patients with Bleeding Disorders and in Healthy Blood Donors
Authors: Islam M. N. , Supran E. M. , Banatvala J. E.
Published: December 2004

Sera from 113 multiply transfused patients with bleeding disorders of whom 92 (81.4 per cent) were hemophiliacs were tested for such hepatitis‐B virus (HBV) markers as HBsAg, anti‐HBs. anti‐HBc, e‐antigen and anti‐e. For comparison these marker tests were conducted on sera from 398 apparently healthy blood donors, 198 were previously known to be both HBsAg and anti‐HBs negative, 126 were anti‐HBs positive and 74 were HBsAg positive. Among patients with bleeding disorders, overt HBV infections were infrequent (2 per cent) and there was a low prevalence of HBsAg (3.5 per cent), e‐antigen (1 per cent) and anti‐e (0 per cent). However, the prevalence of anti‐HBs (63 per cent) and anti‐HBc (55 per cent) was high. Of the 71 anti‐HBs positive patients with bleeding disorders 54 (76 per cent) were also anti‐HBc positive. The sera of only four patients contained anti‐HBc alone. All but one of the patients with bleeding disorders who were anti‐HBc positive exhibited persistent responses. Anti‐HBc was detected in all the HBsAg positive blood donors and in 113 of 126 (90 per cent) of those who were anti‐HBs positive, but in none who were HBsAg and anti‐HBs negative. The highest titers of anti‐HBc, both among blood donors and patients with bleeding disorders occurred in those who were HBsAg positive. Among patients who were both anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc positive, highest anti‐HBc titers occurred in those aged 31 to 40. Anti‐e was detected in 59 per cent of HBsAg positive and 5 per cent of anti‐HBs positive blood donors, but e‐antigen was detected in none.
Supportive Granulocyte Transfusion in the Infected Severely Neutropenic Patient
Authors: Berkman E. M. , Eisenstaedt R. S. , Caplan S. N.
Published: December 2004

The patterns and types of infection in 93 infectious episodes in 76 patients who received supportive granulocyte transfusions are presented. In this population of infected patients 86 per cent had debilitating malignancies, 88 per cent of the infectious episodes were associated with severe (<100/μl) neutropenia and septicemia was documented in 56 per cent. The overall four‐week survival was 71 per cent. Patients with localized infection did extremely well. Pediatric patients also responded well to the transfusion dose and schedule. Older patients (>60) and patients over the age of 17 with diffuse infection did not do as well. Delay in the initiation of granulocyte transfusions after a diagnosis of serious infection was a significant factor in the group which died less than four weeks after the initial WBC transfusion. Donor reactions in nylon filtration leukapheresis and problems associated with administration of nylon filter cells are presented and discussed.
The Clinical Significance of Anti‐H in an Individual with the Oh (Bombay) Phenotype
Authors: Davey R. J. , Tourault M. A. , Holland P. V.
Published: December 2004

To evaluate the clinical significance of anti‐H present in individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype, red blood cell 51chromium survival studies and related serological tests were undertaken in an Oh (Bombay) individual. A small sample of group O donor red blood cells was labeled with 51chromium and infused into the patient. The T ½ of the infused cells was six minutes, with two per cent of the cells surviving at 24 hours. A similar study using the patient's own labeled red blood cells demonstrated 100 per cent survival at 24 hours. Initial laboratory studies indicated that the anti‐H was active in saline at 4, 22 and 37 C and by the indirect antiglobulin test. Analysis of the antibody in both pre‐and posttransfusion specimens showed it to have both IgM and IgG components. The anti‐H titer at 37 C rose from 1:4 prior to the infusion of the O cells to 1:32 one week postinfusion, and a partial hemolysin appeared. Saliva inhibition studies demonstrated that the antibody was neutralizable prior to the group O exposure but was not neutralizable one week post exposure. We conclude that the anti‐H present in this individual rapidly destroyed infused group O red blood cells. Individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype should be transfused only with Oh (Bombay) blood.
Increased Thrombin Sensitivity of Human Platelets After Storage at 4 C
Authors: Robblee L. S. , Shepro D. , Vecchione J. J. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

In vitro function of fresh platelets and platelets stored for 24 hours at 4 C and 22 C was studied using the release of 14C‐5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), adenine nucleotides and calcium following stimulation with thrombin. Storage of platelets did not affect 14C‐5‐HT uptake capability, adenine nucleotide content or adenine nucleotide release. Platelets stored in 4 C varied from fresh platelets and 22 C‐stored platelets with respect to 5‐HT and calcium release. For measurement of 5‐HT release, different thrombin‐to‐platelet concentrations were used. At thrombin‐to‐platelet concentrations of 0.013 to 0.02 U/108 platelets, 4 C‐stored platelets released more 5‐HT than did fresh platelets. Differences between 4 C‐stored platelets and 22 C stored platelets were observed over a wider range of thrombin‐to‐plate‐lets concentrations. The 4 C‐stored platelets released significantly greater amounts of 5‐HT at thrombin‐to‐platelet concentrations of 0.008‐0.02 L/ml. Calcium release, measured with the calcium electrode, was studied at high (1.0 L/ml) and low (0.06 U/ml) thrombin concentrations and at a platelet concentration of 8 × 108 platelets/ml. At the high thrombin concentration, the amount of calcium released was the same for all platelets studied. At the low thrombin concentration, platelets stored at 4 C released a greater amount of calcium than did either fresh platelets or platelets stored at 22 C. The results obtained with different thrombin‐to‐platelet concentrations suggest that there is only a narrow range of thrombin concentrations per platelet at which the subtle differences between platelet populations may be detected. The range may reflect the threshold concentration of thrombin that is required to initiate a release reaction. The apparently lower thrombin threshold required by 4 C platelets to undergo a release reaction may be a factor contributing to their reduced circulation and superior hemostatic effectiveness.
Characteristics of Stored Granulocytes Collected from Donors Stimulated with Dexamethasone
Authors: Glasser L. , Huestis D. W.
Published: December 2004

Two hours after normal donors were given intravenous dexamethasone, their leukocytes were collected by intermittent flow centrifugation. Neutrophils were tested immediately after collection and following storage at 4 to 6 C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Tests included total leukocyte and absolute neutrophil counts, plasma glucose concentrations, the percentage of phagocytic neutrophils, the ability of phagocytes to accumulate particles, can‐didacidal activity, bactericidal capacity and chemotaxis. Total leukocyte and absolute neutrophil counts in the stored suspensions were decreased after 48 hours (p = .005). Plasma glucose levels in the suspensions declined at first, then stabilized at 48 hours of storage probably because of loss of cellular integrity. Chemotaxis, candidacidal activity, phagocytosis and dye exclusion showed statistically significant decreases at 24 hours. Chemotaxis deteriorated rapidly, with a mean 63 per cent functional loss at 48 hours. We conclude that treatment of donors with dexamethasone does not extend the storage limits of granulocyte concentrates used for clinical transfusions. Based on these and our previous observations, unless the storage changes should be shown to be reversible, granulocyte concentrates should probably not be stored more than 24 hours before transfusion.
Experience with an Albumin‐Enhanced, 15‐Minute Incubation, Emergency Crossmatch
Authors: Owen I. A. , Blajchman M. A. , O'Hoski P. , Jones T. E. , McBride J. A.
Published: December 2004

During a 40‐month period, an emergency crossmatch procedure using an albumin‐enhanced 15 minute incubation indirect antiglobulin technique was evaluated along with a standard procedure for 2,276 patients involving 6,423 units of blood. One hundred‐forty unsuspected allo‐antibodies were detected during this study, of which 130 were detected by both techniques. In five instances where antibodies were not detected by the emergency technique, the antibodies were not thought to be clinically significant.
Occurrence of HBsAg, Anti‐HBs, and Anti‐CMV Following the Transfusion of Blood Products
Authors: Contreras T. J. , Lang D. J. , Pivacek L. E. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

A retrospective study of the serum of 104 patients treated at Chelsea Naval Hospital between 1969 and 1972 was done. The donor blood products were not tested for the hepatitis B antigen before transfusion. The incidence of hepatitis B antigen following transfusion was about 2.8 per cent. The incidence of antibody to HBsAg prior to transfusion was 16 per cent, and about 27 per cent of the patients developed antibody to HBsAg following transfusion. The incidence of antibody to cytomegalovirus was about 22 per cent before transfusion, and 22 per cent of the patients developed complement fixing antibody against cytomegalovirus after transfusion. Since the patients received a variety of blood products it was not possible to determine retrospectively which product, if any, produced the lowest incidence of hepatitis B antigen and transmission of cytomegalovirus.
Di‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) and Mono‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate (MEHP) Accumulation in Whole Blood and Red Cell Concentrates
Authors: Peck C. C. , Odom D. G. , Friedman H. I. , Albro P. W. , Hass J. R. , Brady J. T. , Jess D. A.
Published: December 2004

Plasma DEHP concentrations were measured weekly in whole blood and red cell concentrates (RCC) during 21 days of storage in standard CPD within PL‐130 blood bags. In addition, DEHP and MEHP accumulation patterns were investigated in blood stored for 42 days in modified CPD with adenine within PL‐146 and BB‐69 storage containers. Total per‐unit plasma DEHP of RCC units was 49 to 71 per cent of the total in plasma of whole blood units (PL‐130). From 28 to 42 days, mean DEHP levels were 12 to 19 per cent higher in whole blood stored in PL‐146 than in BB‐69. Although MEHP was not found in any blood bag plastic, MEHP accumulated in plasma during whole blood storage. MEHP concentrations were 2.8 to 3.8 times higher in plasma stored in BB‐69 than in PL‐146. It is postulated that MEHP arises from hydrolysis of DEHP by plasma lipase, even in frozen plasma samples, and that the rate of this reaction is influenced by blood bag plastic surface characteristics.
Therapeutic Plateletpheresis in Thombocythemia
Authors: Panlilio A. L. , Reiss R. F.
Published: December 2004

Patients with myeloproliferative thrombocythemia have usually been managed with chemotherapy. Generally, removal of platelets from such patients has been performed intermittently to lower the platelet mass rapidly when neurologic or hemorrhagic complications were manifest or concurrently with the initiation of chemotherapy. A platelet count of 1,000,000/μl or less was maintained by the use of repeated plateletpheresis over a period of three months in a patient with essential thrombocythemia, who had frequent syncopal episodes. A second patient with secondary thrombocytosis, who sustained two cerebrovascular accidents, underwent intermittent plateletpheresis over a 22‐day period until her underlying disorder improved. It is concluded from this experience, combined with that of others, that plateletpheresis is not only a life‐saving procedure in an acute episode but may also be used to maintain a lowered platelet count over a prolonged period in selected patients with primary thrombocythemia, in whom chemotherapy cannot be undertaken, and in symptomatic patients with secondary thrombocythemia.
Red Blood Cell Membrane Storage Lesion
Authors: Schrier S. L. , Hardy B. , Bensch K. , Junga I. , Krueger J.
Published: December 2004

Storage of human erythrocytes in CPO produced a lesion of the erythrocyte membrane manifested by abnormal endocytosis in resealed ghosts and in intact erythrocytes. Endocytosis produced by resealing Ca, Mg, and ATP into ghosts was impaired by five weeks of storage and this defect was promptly reversed by the prior regeneration of ATP in the stored erythrocytes. Drug‐induced endocytosis was studied in intact stored erythrocytes. Vinblastine endocytosis was not affected by storage. Chlorpromazine endocytosis was variably but never completely inhibited by storage, and restoration of ATP occasionally resulted in complete restoration of chlorpromazine endocytosis to base line values. However, primaquine endocytosis was usually totally inhibited after three to four weeks of storage at a time when residual ATP levels were 30 to 50 per cent of base line values. Restoration of ATP levels to at least base line values did not completely restore primaquine endocytosis to control values. Study of primaquine endocytosis provides an opportunity for defining an erythrocyte membrane storage lesion.
Combined Platelet‐Leukapheresis: A Technique for Preparing Separate Platelet and Granulocyte‐Platelet Units from Single Donors
Authors: Strauss R. G. , Goedken M. M. , Maguire L. C. , Koepke J. A. , Thompson J. S.
Published: December 2004

One donor can provide separate platelet and granulocyte‐platelet units that have the potential to fulfill the needs of two recipients. Combined platelet and leukapheresis were performed in the presence of hydroxyethyl starch and citrate employing the Haemo‐netics Model 30 Blood Separator. Platelets and granulocytes were separated subsequently by centrifugation and two individual units were prepared for transfusion. The platelet units contained a mean of 4.4 × 1011 platelets/unit and were nearly devoid of leukocytes. The combined granulocyte‐platelet units contained a mean of 7.38 × 109 neutrophils/unit and 3.06 × 1011 platelets/unit. Thus two separate units containing sufficient numbers of cells for transfusion can be obtained from pheresis of one donor.
A Simplified Method for Freezing Human Blood Platelets in Glycerol‐Glucose Using a Statically Controlled Cooling Rate Device
Authors: Dayian G. , Pert J. H.
Published: December 2004

An inexpensive, statically controlled cooling rate device consisting of a cassette of aluminum plates and cardboard insulation in a plastic bag was used to freeze platelets in liquid nitrogen with glycerol‐glucose as cryopro‐tectant. Depending on the thermocouple location, the cooling rate in the freezing bag varied between 22.1 and 38.6 C per minute, averaging 33.6 ± 1.1 C per minute at the center. The post‐thaw recovery of platelets frozen with this device and reconstituted in plasma averaged 88.6 ± 11.7 per cent, compared to 86.1 ± 9.9 per cent for nonfrozen, but otherwise identically processed platelets. 14C Serotonin uptake after 0.5‐hour incubation was 95.9 ± 1.9 per cent for fresh platelets in platelet‐rich plasma, 92.7 ± 4.4 per cent for nonfrozen processed platelets, and 81.4 ± 11.8 per cent for frozen platelets, increasing to 85.9 ± 7.7 per cent after one‐hour incubation.
Removal of Anticomplementary Activity from Human Immune Serum Globulins by Treatment with Purified Human Plasmin
Authors: Liu D. T. H. , Grzenczyk B. S. , Pai R. C.
Published: December 2004

Human immune serum globulin preparations were treated with highly purified human plasmin to remove their anticomplementary activity. The extent of anticomplementary activity removed and the amount of fragmentation obtained from immune serum globulin preparation depended upon the amount of plasmin added and the length of incubation time. The enzymatic reaction was stopped by removing plasmin with bentonite adsorption. Two types of plasmin‐treated immune serum globulin that may be used for intravenous injection were obtained. One was a more fragmented product (35 to 45%) with lower anticomplementary activity, the other was a less degraded product (15 to 20%) with slightly higher anticomplementary activity. Antibody content of the former preparation was somewhat reduced while that of the latter preparation was virtually unchanged from the untreated immune serum globulin.
Plasmapheresis for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Authors: Okuno T. , Kosova L.
Published: December 2004

A 70‐year‐old woman with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was treated with plasmapheresis using fresh frozen plasma as a fluid replacement. Complete recovery and lasting remission were observed. It apprears that plasmapheresis combined with massive fresh frozen plasma can be an effective mode of treatment for patients who were, otherwise, refractory to conventional therapy.
Factors that Influence the Process of 51Chromium Labeling of Human Granulocytes Isolated from Blood by Counterflow Centrifugation
Authors: Kurtz S. R. , Carciero R. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

The uptake of 51chromium by human granulocytes isolated from blood by counterflow centrifugation is influenced by the composition of the suspension medium, the incubation period, the temperature and the amount of51 chromium used. Counterflow centrifugation‐elutria‐tion isolated approximately 98 per cent of the granulocytes from the blood. Acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD) plasma, citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) plasma and heparinized plasma as resuspension media produced similar labeling results, whereas phosphate‐buffered saline resulted in three times greater uptake in 51chromium. The greatest uptake of 51chromium (4%) was achieved after incubation at 37 C for one hour in autologous plasma, and granulocyte integrity and metabolic function in vitro were not adversely affected.
The Role of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Shock Induced by Transfusion of Human Blood in Dogs
Authors: Takaki A. , Kato H. , Takeda S. , Kishikawa H. , Torisu M. , Ohsato K.
Published: December 2004

Hemolytic blood transfusion reactions were produced in 20 dogs. Animals transfused with human blood twice in a two‐week interval demonstrated a significant increase in anti‐human red blood cell agglutination titer at the time of the second transfusion. Eighteen dogs that survived from the first transfusion reaction were divided into two groups with or without heparin treatment. The hemolytic transfusion reaction in the sensitized animals was characterized by shock and multiple coagulation abnormalities. Heparin failed to prevent shock, hemoglobinemia and thrombocytopenia, and decreased the mortality rate in heparinized animals. Pathologic examination revealed that the thrombi in the splanchnic organs were less common in the heparinized dogs.
Lactic Acidemia in Baboons after Transfusion of Red Blood Cells with Improved Oxygen Transport Function and Exposure to Severe Arterial Hypoxemia
Authors: Zaroulis C. G. , Pivacek L. E. , Lowrie G. B. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

Baboons were bled one‐third of their blood volume and then transfused with an equivalent volume of compatible donor red blood cells with 160 per cent of normal 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) levels and improved capacity to release oxygen to tissue. The mixture of baboon donor‐recipient red blood cells in the circulation had a 2,3‐DPG level of 130 per cent of normal. After transfusion, the baboon's inspired oxygen was first lowered from 21 to 10 per cent to produce severe arterial hypoxemia with a Po2 tension of less than 40 mm Hg for two hours and then restored to 21 per cent. Lactic acidemia occurred when the alveolar oxygen tension was reduced so as to produce an arterial oxygen tension of less than 40 mm Hg, even though oxygen consumption was maintained. The data suggest that when red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen delivering capacity are transfused to patients, the alveolar oxygen tension should be sufficient to maintain an arterial oxygen tension of greater than 40 mm Hg.
Platelet Glycolysis in Platelet Storage II. Levels and Turnover of Metabolic Intermediates
Authors: Beutler E. , Kuhl W. , Tegos C.
Published: December 2004

The metabolism of freshly collected platelets and platelets stored for three or four days at room temperature has been investigated. The levels of glycolytic intermediates were measured in platelets before and after incubation for 15 minutes in a buffered aerobic medium. Platelet intermediates were relatively well maintained, and levels of intermediates that were partially depleted, such as ATP, were restored toward normal after short term incubation even after storage for four days. Incorporation of 32PO4 into fresh and stored platelets during incubation in aerobic buffered medium was also studied. The incorporation pattern was only very modestly influenced by storage. These studies suggest that changes in glycolytic capacity do not play a major role in the loss of viability of platelets during storage at room temperature.
Three Additional Examples of Anti‐Xga and Xg Blood Groups Among the Japanese
Authors: Nakajima H. , Murata S. , Seno T.
Published: December 2004

Three examples of anti‐Xga identified in Japanese donors are reported. Two of these were stimulated by pregnancy, while the antibody stimulation of the other one remains unknown. All of these antibodies had the ability to bind complement. A dosage effect was observed in an anti‐Xga serum. The Xga gene frequency for 529 unrelated Japanese was 0.681, similar to that for Caucasians. Tests on 125 Japanese families with 242 offspring for Xga antigen are also reported.
Studies of Donors Who Transmit Posttransfusion Hepatitis
Authors: Tabor E. , Hoofnagle J. H. , Smallwood L. A. , Drucker J. A. , Pineda‐Tamondong G. C. , Ni L. Y. , Greenwalt T. J. , Barker L. F. , Gerety R. J.
Published: December 2004

Sera and questionnaires were evaluated retrospectively from 128 volunteer blood donors whose blood had been implicated in cases of clinically recognized posttransfusion hepatitis in recipients of one‐ or two‐unit blood transfusions between 1971 and 1977. Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were found in 23 per cent, compared to 9.7 per cent of 3,230 prospective blood donors. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus was similar among implicated donors (44%), prospective donors (58%), and among those implicated donors with (41%) and without (44%) HBV markers. Among implicated donors, none had a history at the time of donation of having had clinically recognizable hepatitis, 93 per cent had no history of prior blood transfusion, and 80 per cent had normal hepatic enzymes. Data from this study confirm that non‐A, non‐B hepatitis has been a common form of posttransfusion hepatitis in recent years, since 77 per cent of these implicated donors had no HBV serologic markers. In addition, these donors could not be distinguished by age, race, sex, history of clinical hepatitis or of prior blood transfusion, or in most cases by hepatic enzyme levels.
Weekly Rotation of Blood Inventory—A System for Supplying Small Hospitals
Authors: Britten A. F. H. , Geurtze D. G.
Published: December 2004

A system of weekly turnover of blood inventory has been shown capable of reducing outdating in small hospitals. One problem is ensuring the return of unused blood at the end of the first week. Outdating becomes intolerable if the blood is returned to the blood center after two weeks.
Screen Filtration Pressure and Quantity of Microaggregates:
Authors: Risberg B.
Published: December 2004

In 22 units of stored canine blood, the relationships between screen filtration pressure and number and volumes of microaggregates were studied. No correlations were found. As high screen filtration pressure in transfused blood has been associated with organ dysfunction, its measurement may have some clinical merit.
The Use of Purified Lectins in Immunohematology
Authors: Judd W. J.
Published: December 2004

A simple method for preparing purified lectins for use in immunohematology, employing bovine albumin as a diluent, is described. The results of tests using purified lectins on normal, polyagglutinable and selected MN‐system variant red blood cells, confirm and extend previously reported results obtained with impure lectin preparations.
A Comparison of Platelets Prepared by the Haemonetics Model 30 and Multiunit Bag Plateletpheresis
Authors: Daly P. A. , Schiffer C. A. , Aisner J. , Wiernik P. H.
Published: December 2004

Platelet concentrates were prepared using the Haemonetics Model 30 (M‐30) and a multiunit bag pheresis method. Comparisons of collection efficiency using paired donor collections and posttransfusion recovery using the same donor‐recipient pairs were made for the two methods. The M‐30 proved consistently superior as a method of collection in terms of efficiency and yield per hour (p < .001). When the platelets obtained were transfused to HL‐A matched, clinically stable, thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia similar increments within the expected range were obtained at 1 hour and 18 hours posttransfusion. While the M‐30 is a more efficient collection method, the bag method is still relatively efficient and may be more suitable for smaller centers and specialized uses.
Therapeutic effectiveness and safety of outdated human red blood cells rejuvenated to improve oxygen transport function, frozen for about 1.5 years at 80 C, washed, and stored at 4 C for 24 hours prior to rapid infusion
Authors: Valeri CR , Zaroulis CG , Vecchione JJ , Valeri DA , Anastasi J , Pivacek LE , Emerson CP
Published: December 2004

After storage at 4 C for 20 to 28 days, red blood cells were biochemically modified to improve their oxygen transport function which had deteriorated during liquid storage. The solution used for rejuvenation contained pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, and adenine (PIGPA Solution B). The rejuvenated red blood cells were frozen with 40% W/V glycerol in a polyolefin plastic bag and were stored in the frozen state for about 1.5 years at −80 C. After thawing and washing the red blood cells were stored at 4 C in a sodium chloride‐ glucose‐phosphate solution for 24 hours before transfusion. A pool of four to ten units was rapidly transfused to each of 14 elderly anemic recipients, 11 of whom had cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Recovery of the red blood cells after the freeze‐thaw process was about 97 per cent, and after the freeze‐thaw‐wash process about 90 per cent. The 24− hour posttransfusion survival values were about 75 per cent, and the long‐term survival values were about 85 days depending on the disease state of the recipient. The red blood cells had 1.5 times normal 2.3‐ DPG levels and a decreased affinity for oxygen at the time of transfusion and were able to delivery oxygen at high oxygen tension immediately after the rapid infusion of pools of from four to ten units through a 40‐or 170‐micron filter. Plasma hemoglobin levels were consistent with extravascular sequestration of nonviable red blood cells, and uric acid levels were not increased during the immediate 24− hour posttransfusion period.
Control of the antigen‐antibody ratio in antibody detection/compatibility tests
Authors: Beattie KM
Published: December 2004

An evaluation was made of the variation and importance of dropper volume delivery on pretransfusion testing in ten hospital transfusion services which annually perform a combined total of 225,000 compatibility tests on the serum of approximately 70,000 patients. The pretransfusion testing by these institutions typifies practices throughout the United States in that serum and red blood cells are used with little awareness of actual volumes used and the resultant proportion of one reactant to the other. Tests of the hospitals' dropper pipettes showed a range of serum delivery per test of 0.0465 to 0.1155 ml. Commercial reagent red blood cell vial droppers delivered (according to cell concentration) from 0.00166 to 0.00294 ml packed red blood cells (pcv). From these findings, it could be shown that the serum to cell ratio in the tests done in two transfusion services was as low as 19 to 1 and that the highest ratio of 70 to 1 was used in only one institution. In none was the serum‐cell ratio the optimum of 80 to 1.
Description of a closed plastic bag system for the collection and cryopreservation of leukapheresis‐derived blood mononuclear leukocytes and CFUc from human donors
Authors: Korbling M , Fliedner TM , Ruber E , Pflieger H
Published: December 2004

Hemopoietic stem cells were collected from blood by means of continuous‐ flow centrifugation. The therapeutic use of large quantities of autologous blood stem cells requires a suitable, reliable and easily practicable cryopreservation technique which prevents loss of cell number and viability. This paper describes a closed plastic bag system consisting of one part for the collection and freezing of blood‐derived mononuclear cells (MNC), among them granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFUc), and of a second part for thawing the cryopreserved cells and washing them free of DMSO before transfusion to a patient. In a series of 20 leukaphereses, the average number of collected MNC and CFUc was about 11 × 10(9) and 8 × 10(5) respectively. The recovery rate of the leukapheresis derived MNC and CFUc after cryopreservation, thawing, and washing was demonstrated to be 90 per cent of better. Sequential leukaphereses in the same donor showed little effect on red and white blood cell concentration. However, there was a significant decrease in the donor's blood platelet concentration prior to the third leukapheresis.
Blood preservation. XXXIV. DHA maintains 2,3‐DPG and its adverse effect on ATP is reversed with extra phosphate
Authors: Dawson RB , Meyer DR , Hedian KA , Hershey RT , Myers CS
Published: December 2004

We have found that the addition of 10 mM inorganic phosphate to DHA in CPD‐adenine maintains ATP levels at normal or higher than normal values for six weeks of storage. 2,3‐DPG values are slightly lowered by the extra phosphate, but are still maintained at approximately half normal for four weeks by the DHA. The addition of a higher phosphate concentration, 20 mM, to DHA produced lower levels of ATP and 2,3‐DPG than those observed with 10 mM phosphate, although both levels were better than in the CPD‐adenine control. pH values in this experiment were lowest in the three preservatives containing DHA, probably indicating increased lactate production due to metabolism of this triose sugar, in addition to dextrose present in CPD.
Type and screen for elective surgery. Results of one year's experience in a small community hospital
Authors: Lee K , Lachance V
Published: December 2004

The results of elimination of routine crossmatching in certain elective surgical procedures over a one‐year period in a small community hospital are reviewed. Substantial savings were realized in technician time and patient cost. This was accomplished safely and easily with the close cooperation of the medical staff.
The second example of anti‐Duffy5
Authors: Chan‐Shu SA
Published: December 2004

A ten‐year‐old black girl with sickle cell disease developed anti‐Fy5 antibody. She received one unit of Fy5 positive blood and had a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction four days later. In addition she had anti‐E, anti‐C and anti‐K antibodies. A clinical picture of autoimmune hemolytic anemia evolved with a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test and strong auto anti‐I antibodies. She improved after a course of steroid therapy.
The In Vitro Evaluation of Modifications in CPD‐Adenine Anticoagulated‐Preserved Blood at Various Hematocrits
Authors: Moore G. L. , Ledford M. E. , Peck C. C.
Published: December 2004

Erythrocytes stored in the new CPD‐adenine anticoagulant (CPDA‐1) barely met the 70 per cent 24‐hour postinfusion 51Cr recoveries on day 35 when stored at hematocrit ≥ 75 per cent. CPDA‐1 differs from CPD in that it has 1.25 times the glucose concentration plus 17.3 mg adenine/63 ml. In an effort to improve the survivability (or viability) of red blood cells following extended storage (35+ days), two new CPD‐adenine anticoagulants have been tested in vitro. CPDA‐2 and CPDA‐3 (both of which contain 34.6 mg/63 ml of anticoagulant or 0.50 mM adenine [final Mood concentration], and either 1.75 times or 2.0 times respectively the amount of glucose used in CPD) have been tested for whole blood or red blood cell storage to 42 days. Red blood cell ATP concentrations were better maintained throughout 42 days of storage in both of these formulations than in CPDA‐1 at hematocrits that ranged from 40 to 85. Other biochemical parameters (2,3‐DPG, pH, plasma hemoglobin) were similar to those of blood stored in CPD or CPDA‐1.
Cryopreservation of Platelets Simplified: A Modified Glycerol‐Glucose Method
Authors: Ridgway R. L. , Usry R. T.
Published: December 2004

Platelets were prepared for freezing in liquid nitrogen by prediluting with 1 ml glycerol‐glucose freezing solution, allowing the platelet concentrate to set for ten minutes at 29 C, and then adding an additional 8 ml glycerol‐glucose freezing solution. A 3‐mm thick cardboard holder was constructed and used to hold the platelet concentrate during immersion and storage in liquid nitrogen. The mean recovery of frozen thawed platelets was 79 per cent. Electron microscopic examination of the frozen thawed platelets showed the platelets to be structurally intact. In vitro testing showed the platelets to be functional.
Use of Long‐Term Leukapheresis in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Goldfinger D. , Capostagno V. , Lowe C. , Sacks H. J. , Gatti R. A.
Published: December 2004

We used repeated leukapheresis in the long‐term management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Twelve patients with far‐advanced disease that was refractory to standard forms of therapy, were studied. Six patients completed a predefined course of therapy. Although a single patient responded favorably for a period of time, no other patient was benefited by this treatment. While circulating lymphocyte counts in these patients always could be reduced, generally, this was not associated with improvements in pancytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, adenopathy, organomegaly, or constitutional symptoms of lethargy, fevers and night sweats. Mean survival was only ten months from onset of therapy. We conclude that long‐term leukapheresis is ineffective in the management of far‐advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Long‐Term Plateletpheresis of a Donor
Authors: Bongiovanni M. B. , Katz R. S. , Wurzel H. A.
Published: December 2004

A 25‐year‐old woman underwent plateletpheresis 101 times over a 33‐month period. The equivalent of 5.8 to 7.5 units of platelet concentrate was removed during each pheresis. Two machine‐related complications occurred, resulting in the loss of one unit of blood and 150 milliliters of plasma. Other complications included a mild anemia consistent with iron deficiency. The donor's platelet count decreased but remained in the normal range. There were no significant changes in the serum proteins or immunoglobulins. Serum hepatic emymes became elevated and were consistent with a mild, subclinical hepatitis. These returned toward normal during continued pheresis.
Acquired B Antigen: An ABO Typing Discrepancy Successfully Reversed by Transfusion with Type A Red Blood Cells
Authors: Campbell B. , Palmer R. N.
Published: December 2004

Two elderly type A patients were found to have acquired B antigen, one secondary to Escherichia coli and the other to Pseudomonas septicemia. One received a transfusion of type A red blood cells without any apparent sequelae. The mechanism and diagnosis of the acquired B antigen are discussed.
Viability and Function of Platelet Concentrates Stored in CPD‐Adenine (CPDA‐1)
Authors: Scott E. P. , Slichter S. J.
Published: December 2004

The effective use of CPDA‐1 as an anticoagulant in routine blood banking practice requires demonstration that platelet concentrates prepared in this solution meet both in vitro quality control standards and maintain posttransfusion viability and function after storage. In this study of 138 units of CPDA‐1 platelet concentrates, the average platelet count was 8.0 ± 0.2 × 1010 with 81 per cent of the units having greater than 5.5 × 1010 platelets. The mean poststorage pH was 6.68 ± 0.03 and only four of the units had a pH of less than 6.0 (3%). Residual plasma volume averaged 75 ± 1 ml. Platelet viability was determined in 16 normal volunteers by measuring survival of 51Cr‐labeled autologous platelets after storage for 72 hours at 22 ± 2 C. Platelet recovery averaged 50 ± 4 per cent, while survival was 7.3 ± 0.4 days for the 15 units with a pH above 6.0. Measurements of posttransfusion platelet viability and function were made in 12 patients with thrombocytopenia secondary to marrow failure. Their mean pretransfusion platelet count was 17,000 ± 2,000/μl, and their standardized template bleeding times were all greater than 30 minutes. Platelet recovery averaged 44 ±5 per cent and survival 33 ±0.5 days. In seven of the patients with the best posttransfusion increments, bleeding time was improved. Five patients with poor posttransfusion platelet increments showed no improvement in bleeding time with CPDA‐1; two of these patients were also transfused with CPD platelets and had no response. Our studies indicate that platelet concentrates prepared in CPDA‐1 meet in vitro quality control standards and after transfusion, maintain viability and function comparable to that of CPD collected platelets.
A High Incidence Antibody (Anti‐Sc3) in the Serum of a Sc:—1,—2 Patient
Authors: Nason S. G. , Vengelen‐Tyler V. , Cohen N. , Best M. , Quirk J.
Published: December 2004

An individual has been found whose red blood cells type as Sc:‐1,‐2, and do not absorb or yield on elution, anti‐Sc1 or anti‐Sc2. The patient produced an antibody reacting with all red blood cells, except those that were So:‐1,‐2. The antibody, here called anti‐Sc3, was shown not to contain separable specificities when absorption studies were performed with Sc:‐1,2 and Sc:1,‐2 red Mood cells. It appears that all Sc:1 or Sc:2 red blood cells are also Sc:3, while those that are Sc:‐1,‐2 are Sc:‐3. A family study did not reveal the genetic background responsible for this Sc:‐1,‐2 phenotype.
Stability of Factors V and VIII in Thawed Fresh Frozen Plasma Units
Authors: Milam J. D. , Buzzurro C. J. , Austin S. F. , Stansberry S. W.
Published: December 2004

Factors V and VIII, commonly regarded as unstable in unfrozen plasma, were assayed at various intervals up to 24 hours using plasma from 20 thawed fresh frozen plasma (FFP) units. Comparisons were made between units stored at 4 and 25 C. The mean factor V value did not significantly change during the postthaw test period. Mean factor VIII activity prior to freezing was 121 per cent, dropped to 89 per cent four hours after tha wing, and gradually decreased to 67 per cent at 24 hours. There was no difference between those units stored at 4 C and those stored at 25 C after thawing; therefore, refrigeration does not appear necessary for factor V or VIII stability up to 24 hours after thawing.