bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performing Togetherness
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Western musicology has long seen improvisation, performance, and composition – and also written and oral traditions of music – as discrete categories. A broadened conception of music as performance can encompass all of these, showing how they are mutually entailed. Nicholas Cook builds such a conception on the phenomena of communicative musicality, central to which is a flexible and negotiated sense of time, and expressions of which range from infant-carer interaction and groove to musical ‘feeling voyages’. Through a series of short case studies the author develops a model of performance as a relational network that can be extended or augmented through technologies of time- and space-shifting to accommodate the condensations of performance that we call musical works. The traditional idea of works as notated entities reproduced in performance creates skewed or anachronistic understandings even of Western ‘art’ music, as well as insuperable problems in thinking across cultures, and the author suggests more productive ways of thinking about notation.
Java Comes to Paris
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Debussy’s response to the Javanese music and dance at the 1889 and 1900 Expositions universelles is a famous, but controversial, example of cross-cultural interaction. After a critical discussion of the idea of influence, the chapter attempts to straighten out the tangled story of what Debussy heard and saw – probably a simplified, touristic representation of gamelan music rather than anything that might have been heard in Java. It relates Debussy’s response to the gamelan to those of Julien Tiersot and (Louis) Benedictus, whose ‘Danses javanaises’ have been read as attempted transcriptions but are better thought of as imaginative recreations. The chapter also explores the evolutionary theory underpinning colonialism in general and the 1889 Exposition in particular, and sets Debussy’s ‘Pagodes’ into the context of turn-of-the-century French pianism. Finally it proposes a cognitive model of how Debussy heard Javanese music, based on how it intersected with his previous musical experiences, particularly of Fuxian counterpoint.
Music in a Cosmopolitan World
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Mario Paci (Mei Baiqi) conducted the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra during the 1920s and 1930s, and this chapter begins with his diversification of its repertory and reaching out to the Chinese community. The semi-colonial context of interwar Shanghai shows up some of the limitations of postcolonial theory, and Nicholas Cook argues that cosmopolitanism offers a more inclusive framework for understanding cross-cultural interaction – and one that allows more space for individual or collective agency. The chapter develops a model of cosmopolitanism centred on Levinas’s idea of openness to the other, but also taking in the consumerist values of ‘lifestyle cosmopolitanism’. Ultimately racist conceptions of cultural difference are deeply entrenched in music, yet its combination of malleability and perceived naturalness makes it a powerful vehicle for agency and identity construction. As illustrated by the modern Chinese culture of Western classical music, however, this raises questions of how firmly music may be tied to other dimensions of culture with which it is commonly associated.
Introduction
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the Sino-Indian confrontation. It refers to the conflict as the manifestation of a larger contest for international status that is playing out in the Indo-Pacific region. The Sino-Indian rivalry is often discussed in terms of territorial conflict, ideology, power, and influence, and it only has evolved further due to competing desires for increased international and regional status. The chapter considers the significance of recognizing the violence and internal repression that great powers and rising powers can undertake in the name of status pursuit and redressal of past humiliations. It contends that India’s low human development indices are a major factor for its slow advancement in international status, despite achievements in aggregate economic growth.
The Great Powers
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the varied responses of each of the present-day great powers toward India’s status accommodation. It focuses on the policies of the United States, China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom toward India’s rise while also considering the changing policies of Japan and Germany. India’s acceptance by almost all leading powers as a candidate great power resulted in increased diplomatic engagements, visits by leaders, and memberships in international organizations. Moreover, the end of the Cold War and India’s economic liberalization altered the perceptions of India as a rising power. The chapter acknowledges that India has some distance to go in order to be accepted as a major power by the leading powers of the day, in particular, China.
Deviations from the Way, Failures of Virtue
Authors: Fraser Chris
Published: April 2024

Numerous passages in the early Daoist compilation Zhuāngzǐ depict the life of dé (virtue, power) as one of emotional equanimity. Acute emotions are regarded as “deviations” from the Way—“burdens” to or “failures” of dé that interfere with the freely adaptive, responsive agency central to the well-lived life. This study surveys treatments of emotion in the Zhuāngzǐ and other early texts, investigating the nature of, and grounds for, the equanimity sought by the Daoist adept, the psycho-physiological assumptions that inform this view of equanimity, and the techniques by which one attains this state. For these sources, equanimity is not a complete absence of affect but the sustained presence of a calm, peaceful alertness which facilitates activity that is physically healthy and ethically exemplary. The chief techniques for attaining this state involve attention management and cognitive reframing. The study concludes with a comparison of Daoist and Stoic views on equanimity.
Greco-Roman Therapy of the Emotions
Authors: Singer P. N.
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the ancient Greco-Roman ethical discourse on the treatment of troublesome emotions and places it in relation to the parallel Chinese discourse, especially that of the Zhuāngzǐ. It focuses on three main questions: the aim, and limits, of emotional unaffectedness; the medical or quasi-medical nature of techniques of control or cure of the emotions; and the relationship between such techniques and underlying biological theories of the embodied psyche. The main textual focus is on Greek and Latin works of medicine and philosophy of the first–second century ce (e.g., Epictetus, Galen, Plutarch, Seneca). It is argued that the Greek, especially Stoic, and Daoist discussions provide strong points of convergence, but also of contrast, especially in the conception of unaffectedness, in the contrast between “inner” and “outer,” and in the role of biological and medical theories in the understanding of and approach to the therapy of the emotions.
Emotions across the Hippocratic Corpus and theSu wen
Authors: Kazantzidis George
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses different models of emotion-embodiment in the Hippocratic Corpus and the Su wen. It is argued that, while the Hippocratics tend to divest emotions of any cognitive components, in the Su wen emotion and cognition are intrinsically linked. This has to do with the fact that, in the Su wen, intelligence is distributed across various body parts: since mental life is diffused throughout the body, with no single part functioning as the exclusive “ruling organ,” it is natural that each emotion linked with a specific body part has its own share of intelligence. Things are different with Hippocratic medicine: be it the brain, the heart, or the blood, there is always a dominant organ/substance that rules the body, and when emotions are said to make their presence felt throughout that body, it is usually in contexts where intelligence plays a limited role.
Reverence and Reverential Respect in Early Confucian Thought
Authors: Wang Ellie Hua
Published: April 2024

In early Confucian texts, the word jing敬 is used to refer both to a general, virtuous mindset of reverence and to intentionality and reverential respect toward specific objects. This paper examines these two uses of jing and their connection based on textual analysis, comparing jing as reverential respect with Darwall’s two kinds of respect. This sheds light on the deeply relational nature of Confucian ethics. Moreover, it addresses how reverence and reverential respect relate to two other core Confucian virtues, ren 仁 (humaneness) and li禮 (ritual, ritual propriety). This makes clear the humanistic move that early Confucians make in their creative transmission of the values of the Western Zhou周 period and demonstrates its significance.
Affective Construals
Authors: Campeggiani Pia
Published: April 2024

This paper sheds light on the implications that Aristotle’s treatment of virtues of character in the Nicomachean Ethics has for his understanding of the nature and role of emotion in human beings. A discussion of the notion of hexis and the way settled states of character are developed by means of affective habituation is followed by an examination of the relation between affective states and reasons, of that between affective states and actions, and of the role of environmental scaffolding and the hybrid nature of action possibilities as emerging from objective contextual features that are at the same time response-dependent. The main claim is that Aristotle’s moral psychology is grounded in the view that emotions and affective states are not just reactions to the information that agents pick up from the external world but also operate as “probes”—i.e., goal-oriented means of exploring the material and the social environment.
The Expression and Social Uses of Contempt in Ancient Greece
Authors: Spatharas Dimos
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses the underexplored emotion of contempt in Greek antiquity by taking into account modern approaches to it. It focuses on the emotion’s “output” aspects and its relationship with disgust. It also explores the uses of contempt in social interactions, with a special emphasis on this emotion’s implications for the construction of social hierarchies. The scripts discussed in this chapter shed light on the importance of contempt for ancient politics, ethics, and, more broadly, interpersonal relationships. The last part of the chapter finds its focus in a passage from Demosthenes’s ferocious attack on Aeschines in the speech On the Crown (Dem. 18). This passage is heuristically useful because it indicates saliently how social status, aesthetic responses, and moral evaluations are enlisted in support of others’ belittlement.
The Stillness of the Sage’s Heart
Authors: Graver Margaret
Published: April 2024

A point of similarity between early Daoism and Greco-Roman Stoicism is that they favor impassivity, or the absence of emotions from the ideal human life. Margaret Graver elucidates the Stoic conception of impassivity as presented in the first-century Roman philosopher Seneca. In Seneca’s account, even the wise experience some involuntary feelings which are emotion-like but are not real emotions. Graver contests an earlier analysis by David Machek which finds Seneca to be hostile to these feelings (often termed “pre-emotions” or propatheiai). On the contrary, they are for Seneca a welcome reminder of the sage’s humanity. The motivations of Seneca’s account are made clearer by comparison to other strands in Greco-Roman philosophy: the Cynics’ impassivity (also apatheia) and the Epicureans’ tranquility (ataraxia).
Antitrust Regulation
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the three major challenges to Chinese antitrust regulation in the tech sector: governmental filtering of foreign content acting as a trade barrier, the unchecked expansion of tech giants like Alibaba and Tencent, and high market concentration leading to exclusionary practices by Big Tech. Chinese antitrust authorities, initially slow to act, have made a dramatic U-turn since the tech crackdown began in late 2020. This led to significant institutional changes, including the elevation of the SAMR’s antitrust bureau to vice-ministerial status and the facilitation of the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) amendment, thereby increasing punitive power and enforcement discretion. The intensification of enforcement had waned by 2022, yet interdepartmental rivalry within the SAMR continues to stimulate diverse anti-monopoly strategies, shaping the future of Chinese antitrust regulation.
Platforms as Quasi-Regulators
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores how Chinese online platforms self-regulate in the shadow of the dynamic pyramid model of regulation. As consumers rarely resort to public institutions due to their small-value claims, platforms become de facto regulators, enforcing internal rules through various sanctioning mechanisms. Platforms leverage reputation systems, sometimes tolerating fake promotional reviews, to mitigate information asymmetry and boost user engagement. However, this also creates more conflicts, pushing platforms to improve their dispute-resolution systems. While some platforms have substantial resources for enforcing rules, others lean on state support when their punitive actions lack a legal basis or implementation capacity. This co-regulation with the judiciary aids the growth of the Chinese platform economy, acting as a “helping hand” and lending credibility to platforms’ self-regulation, contrasting with the “grabbing hand” tendency of public regulation.
Decentralizing Platform Governance
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses how Chinese online platforms, driven by insecurity about government intervention and rampant market fraud, are decentralizing governance to diffuse platform-induced tensions. Alibaba, the forerunner in this decentralization, introduced a crowd-judging mechanism that encourages user participation in rule making and dispute resolution. Following this trend, numerous e-commerce, social media, and ride-hailing platforms have implemented similar legal schemes. This chapter illustrates that crowd-judging enhances efficiency in dispute resolution, improves procedural justice, and aids platforms in understanding community standards. China’s unique approach to platform decentralization showcases the power of user-generated justice in governing the digital economy. Interestingly, it also reveals that authoritarian state regulation can paradoxically stimulate more democratic, engaged platform self-regulation.
Is China Exceptional?
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter delves into the evolving legal landscapes of the United States and the European Union concerning antitrust, data, and labor regulation. This comparative analysis reveals that China is, in fact, a late arrival in reigning in Big Tech, with many of its regulatory measures mirroring those of its Western counterparts. The understanding of global regulatory trends also sheds light on the future direction of Chinese legal developments. First, there is regulatory interdependence between nations. For instance, in response to the trend of aggressive assertions of data sovereignty in Western jurisdictions, China has increasingly used data outflow control as a negotiation tool with other countries. Second, the global drive to regulate Big Tech could exert strong spillover effects in China. Dynamic legal developments overseas could provide persuasive arguments for interest groups to push for more stringent regulation, even despite the easing of tech regulation since early 2022.
Regulating Generative AI
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides measured predictions about the future of tech governance in China. As China rallies societal efforts to foster the advancement of hard tech, it raises a profound question regarding the future trajectory of Chinese tech regulation. To navigate this issue, it probes into China’s recent foray into regulating generative artificial intelligence (AI). Applying the dynamic pyramid model of regulation, it scrutinizes the motives and conduct of the key players involved in the regulatory process. It proposes that the Chinese government is unlikely to adopt a stringent stance that could obstruct the progression of its AI industry. Instead, it predicts that regulatory attention will primarily concentrate on information and content control, aiming to mitigate threats to political stability. Thus, even though the government is introducing strict measures to regulate generative AI, Chinese tech companies still have significant leeway to innovate and prosper within the sector.
How to Involve Civil Society in Grey Zone Defence
Authors: Braw Elisabeth
Published: April 2024

Grey zone aggression is extremely difficult to predict. This makes it challenging to design deterrence-by-punishment measures for it, which renders deterrence by denial even more important than it is in defence against traditional military aggression. Given that the grey zone aggression stretches across the breadth of society, deterrence by denial has to do the same. This means involving all of society: the private sector and citizens alike. Such a whole-of-society approach is not a novel concept. It is used in wars and during the Cold War, Sweden in particular built phenomenally sophisticated total defence involving the whole of society. The post-Cold War West does, however, not have a single country with full-fledged whole-of-society involvement in grey zone defence. This chapter outlines the need for whole-of-society involvement, current initiatives, and other ways in which Western governments could involve the breadth of their societies without resorting to force.
Racialization, Language Science, and Nineteenth-Century Anthropometrics
Authors: Thomas Margaret
Published: April 2024

French surgeon and physical anthropologist Paul Broca (1824–1880) is remembered in linguistics for his insight into localization of language in the human brain, in that he demonstrated an association between damage to the left frontal lobe and a specific variety of aphasia. Less acknowledged is that Broca’s work overall—including his studies of aphasia, and his lesser-known publications on human olfaction and on ethnic hybridity in the French population—was shaped by ideological assumptions about the superiority of humans over animals, men over women, and a commitment to a racial hierarchy that presupposed the supremacy of whites. Those assumptions went unquestioned by Broca and his contemporaries, but should be reincorporated into his modern reputation. The chapter closes with a meditation on the difficult but urgent necessity, on moral as on scientific grounds, of identifying and confronting our research assumptions which, like Broca, are taken for granted.
We Like the Idea of You But Not the Reality of You
Authors: Medina Nicté Fuller
Published: April 2024

As a field that emerged in the context of coloniality, extractivism is built into linguistics. Language is seen as extractible from people and context and thus routinely removed from marginalized communities for the enrichment of smaller, more powerful groups. This chapter highlights two methodological issues which fallout from the extractivist nature of linguistics research: the idealization of the vernacular and the positioning of native speakers as data brokers, both of which lead to narrow science and have negative material consequences for communities and minoritized scholars. As a way of disrupting these colonial ideations and practices, the author proposes shifts in thinking, making alternative paths possible, followed by direct actions. By way of illustration, the author discusses her own reframing of linguistic research and the direct actions she takes working with research assistants as whole scholars and in the repatriation and restitution of legacy data to communities.
From Gatekeeping to Inclusion in the Introductory Linguistics Curriculum
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: April 2024

In the deeply colonial field of linguistics, teaching is a vital component of decolonization. Pedagogical efforts can destabilize the normative canon and train diverse future linguists in new ways of studying language. The power of pedagogy is particularly clear in introductory classes, and this chapter suggests that incorporating a focus on race and language is vital for creating introductory courses that center the experiences of students of color. The author analyzes her experience implementing a raciolinguistic introductory curriculum as a white instructor teaching at a predominantly white institution. She evaluates curricular impact through a comparative analysis of student responses in two demographically different sections: one section was made up of students of color, while the other section was majority white. The author openly discusses her mistakes, engaging with these shortcomings to argue that decolonial teaching must ultimately include deep internal work as well as structural efforts within our institutions and the field. En la disciplina de lingüística, la enseñanza es un componente vital de la descolonización. Hay esfuerzos pedagógicos que pueden desestabilizar el canon normativo y formar a una diversidad de futuras lingüistas en nuevas formas de estudiar el lenguaje. El poder de la pedagogía resulta particularmente evidente en las clases de nivel introductorio, y en este capítulo se sugiere que la incorporación de un enfoque que combine raza y lengua es importante para crear cursos introductorios que se centren en las experiencias de los estudiantes de color. La autora analiza su experiencia en implementar un currículo raciolingüístico como una instructora blanca que enseña clases introductorias en una Universidad Predominantemente Blanca. Evalúa el impacto curricular por medio de un análisis comparativo de las respuestas de los estudiantes en dos secciones del curso con demografías muy distintas: una sección estuvo formada por estudiantes de color mientras que la otra fue mayoritariamente blanca. La autora comenta abiertamente sobre sus errores, argumentando con la perspectiva de que la enseñanza decolonial debe incluir un trabajo interno muy profundo en combinación con esfuerzos estructurales en nuestras instituciones y en el campo de estudio.
Decolonising Methodologies Through Collaboration
Authors: Chetty Rajendra , Gibson Hannah , Reilly Colin
Published: April 2024

In this chapter we provide a reflective account of our experiences as scholars based in the UK and South Africa, of working in international academic partnerships. We ask: What can we as individuals do to work towards decolonial international research partnerships? What can the institutions at which we are based do to facilitate more equitable and decolonial research partnerships between ‘North’ and ‘South’ contexts? What is the role of funding and funders in supporting these international research collaborations, particularly in light of historical and continued inequitable power relations? We explore issues relating to power and equity in academic collaboration through providing personal accounts of research partnerships with which we have each been associated. We focus mainly on issues surrounding funding and the challenges which can emerge from Eurocentric funding models. We conclude with points for reflection on how we can move towards effective, decolonial partnerships. Kwesi sahluko sinikezela ngocamngco lwengxelo ebonakalisa amava ethu njengengcali kwezemfundo ezihlala e-UK naseMzantsi Afrika zisebenzisana kubuhlakani bezemfundo zamazwe ngamazwe (kwi-international academic partnership. Sigxile ekubuzeni imibuzo ethi, angenza ntoni umntu ngamnye ekuphumezeni ubudlelwane bophando lwe- decolonial lwezizwe ngezizwe olujoliswe kwi-decolonial? Angenza ntono amaziko enizinze kuwo ukuququzelela ubudlelwane bophando olulunganayo ne-decolinial ejolise kwimeko yase ‘Mantla’ ‘naseMzantsi’. Ithini indima yenkxaso-mali nabaxhasi ekuxhaseni intsebenziswano zophando olwenziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwimbali yombanjululo kunye nobudlelwane obusaqhubekekayo bokungalingani? Siphonononga imeko ezingqamelene. Siphonononga imiba enxulumene namandla nokulingana ngentsebenziswano kwezemfundo ngokuthi umntu ngamnye anike ingxelo ngokwamanqanaba ophando ayanyaniswe nalo. Sijolise ikakhulu kwimiba ephathelele kwimiba ephathelele kwinkxaso-mali nemiceli mingeni enokuthi ivele kwimodeli yenkxaso mali e- Eurocentric. Siqukumbela ngamanqaku okucamngca ngendlela esebenzayo yokuqhubela phambili ubudlelwane be-decolonialsm.
Prioritizing Community Partners’ Goals in Projects to Support Indigenous Language Revitalization
Authors: Riestenberg Katherine J. , Freemond Ally , Lillehaugen Brook Danielle , Washington Jonathan N.
Published: April 2024

Published work on community-based or participatory research with Indigenous languages tends to focus on balancing community members’ goals with outside researchers’ academic goals. However, because inherent contradictions exist between the realities of the academy and the priorities of communities, attempts at achieving this balance rarely result in work that is truly community-based. This chapter describes two Indigenous language revitalization projects that aimed to prioritize community partners’ goals rather than outcomes set by outside academic researchers. The authors offer a set of reflections based on the results of surveys conducted with the community members and students who participated in the projects. They discuss the roles of financial resources, institutional motivations, employment, and long-term connections between academic faculty and community activists in carrying out community-based work.
The AI Mirror
Authors: Vallor Shannon
Published: April 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies spark hope for a future in which human limits and frailties are finally overcome—not by us, but by our machines. Yet rather than open new futures, today’s powerful AI technologies reproduce the past. Forged from oceans of our data into immensely powerful and useful but deeply flawed mirrors, they reflect the same errors, biases, and failures of wisdom that we are striving to escape. Our new digital mirrors point backward. They show where our data say that we have already been, never where we might venture together for the first time. To meet today’s grave challenges to our species and our planet, we will need something new from AI, and from ourselves. This book makes a case for what AI could be: a way to reclaim our human potential for moral and intellectual growth, rather than lose ourselves in mirrors of the past. Rejecting prophecies of doom, the book encourages readers to pursue technology that helps them recover their sense of the possible, and with it the confidence and courage to repair a broken world. The book calls readers to rethink what AI is and can be, and what they want to be with it.
Agile Workforce Planning
Authors: Gibson Adam , Oldroyd Nicola
Published: April 2024

Since its inception in 2017, agile workforce planning has rapidly developed as a leading practice to respond to the challenges of workforce planning in the real world. It is designed to be applicable in all businesses, in all industry sectors, and across all planning horizons. This chapter summarizes the agile workforce planning methodology for new and existing workforce planning practitioners. The chapter highlights the limitations of traditional approaches, lays out the principles of the approach, and steps through the methodology using multipart business case studies. Throughout the chapter, specific callouts are made to the experiences of a new practitioner in the workforce planning field.
Enabling Strategic Workforce Planning Through Skills, Artificial Intelligence, and Internal Talent Marketplace
Authors: Heger Brian
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI), skills, and internal talent marketplace (ITM) technology in strategic workforce planning. The author presents findings from a pilot study conducted at Bristol-Myers Squibb that focused on the evaluation of ITM technologies and their usefulness in informing workforce planning. The study demonstrates the potential of skills-based ITM platforms in inferring employee skills and using the resulting data to inform workforce planning. However, successful implementation of ITM requires addressing barriers and challenges. The chapter highlights key takeaways and offers recommendations for practitioners seeking to leverage AI-based ITMs for strategic workforce planning in their organizations.
Orienting Reason
Authors: Stepien Rafal K.
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 applies the insights broached in the Introduction directly to the study of Nāgārjuna. This chapter focuses on the vexed question of the rationality—or irrationality—of Nāgārjuna’s thought and brings to light the theoretical underpinnings of the hermeneutical project predominant among present-day scholars, which is to actively overlook the religious motivation of Nāgārjuna’s arguments. While this project has typically been pursued in an apologetic effort to justify Nāgārjuna as truly worthy of the title ‘philosopher’, to mainstream (Western) philosophers, it has also had the effect among some scholars of dismissing him as insufficiently philosophical. Regardless of the glowing or dim light in which he is thereby cast, Nāgārjuna is appraised according to exclusively philosophical criteria. This chapter is aimed at elucidating and problematizing this approach as at best tangential to and at worst seriously distortive of Nāgārjuna’s thought as a whole.
Beyond the distributive economics and politics of the welfare state
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos
Published: April 2024

In Chapter 2, we take stock of how, since the 1980s, many economists, political scientists, and sociologists studying the welfare state have gradually come to view social policy in terms of redistributive economics and politics. For the founding fathers, including J.M. Keynes and W.H. Beveridge, the modern welfare state held out a promise of full employment (admittedly for men), basic income security, access to good quality health care, and widening educational opportunities. For our theoretical perspective, we return to this earlier tradition, however, by adding the family gender dimension. As women have entered the labour market en masse, the relationship between families, markets, and state-level policies, has changed in a transformative fashiond. We view social policy in terms of three complementary social investment functions: buffers, flows, and stocks. New evidence suggests that the quality of social investment positively affects long-term growth by raising employment and improving productivity by enhancing people’s capabilities to ex ante resolve the gendered social risks of post-industrial societies, whilst ensuring the high levels of employment of both men and women needed to sustain popular welfare states.
Social Europe in a bind, again?
Authors: Corti Francesco , Hemerijck Anton
Published: April 2024

This chapter covers the evolution of the EU social agenda in the wake of the Great Recession in three periods: ‘conservative reflex’ (2009–2012), ‘paradigm contestation and social crisis acknowledgement’ (2013–2014), and ‘Social Europe resurgence’ (2015–2019). From 2010, low growth, high unemployment, and falling investments, together with deepening poverty and social exclusion—especially in countries adversely affected by the eurozone crisis—triggered a search process as to how the EU can reliably support inclusive welfare provision across member states. The weakening of the ‘expansionary austerity’ paradigm gave new impetus to social Europe, from the launch of the Social Investment Package (SIP) in 2013 up to the endorsement of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) in 2017. The commitment of the commission president, Ursula von der Leyen, to an ambitious social agenda, against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic, seems to have codified the resurgence of Social Europe.
Towards a social compass for inclusive and sustainable growth
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos
Published: April 2024

In this chapter we assert that the welfare state’s resilience stems from its contribution to prosperity: successful market economies and liberal democracies cannot perform without effective welfare states. Received opinion has not yet fully acknowledged this fact. Like Third International spokesmen in the 1930s confidently announcing the imminent end of capitalism, many have predicted the welfare state’s demise. Half a century on, the welfare state is in rude health. Putin’s attack on Ukraine has, if anything, strengthened European solidarity. We now enter a post-neoliberal world. The notion that the EU can advance as a mere project of market integration is being abandoned. The new social compass requires a macroeconomic policy environment that allows all national economies to prosper; sustained investment in the health and skills of Europeans, on which future prosperity relies; and a shared appreciation that a robust welfare state is the secret to Europe’s success.
Justice and Equality from Rationality Alone
Authors: Louaas Alexis
Published: April 2024

Building on the contractarian tradition, this chapter shows how the norm of justice can be interpreted as a constraint on the strategies of players in an indefinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma. Indeed, a too unequal division of the cooperative surplus prevents cooperation and leads to an uncooperative state akin to Hobbes’s war of all against all. An individual with high bargaining power is, therefore, better off constraining his claim over total wealth in order to preserve cooperation. This strategic behavior is observationally equivalent to an altruistic behavior pattern. Therefore, the model developed in this chapter offers a possible rationalization of individuals’ demands for equality and justice based on the existence of an equity-efficiency complementarity.
How Governments Borrow
Authors: Cormier Ben
Published: April 2024

Sovereign debt composition enhances or limits the capacity of an Emerging Market (EM) government to contribute to social and economic development. Many EMs depend on foreign currency debt. How much external debt an EM government owes, the cost of that debt, the maturity of that debt, and the conditions attached to that debt all determine the political and economic opportunities and risks associated with a government’s borrowings. EMs borrow from different sources each year, leading them to build different sovereign debt structures over time. Some prioritize cheap yet conditional official credit, which constrains policy autonomy but enhances debt sustainability. Others prioritize comparatively expensive bond markets, which enhances policy autonomy but brings more expensive repayment obligations on to national balance sheets. As countries accumulate debt, the borrowing choices they make come to have important effects on fiscal space, debt sustainability, and development. How Governments Borrow shows how annual borrowing decisions are informed by domestic politics. The book traces the annual fiscal policymaking process in EMs to show how a government’s partisan policy preferences are a primary determinant of annual external borrowing decisions and thus patterns of debt accumulation. That sovereign debt composition has partisan political roots provides insights for scholars in political science, international relations, economics, sociology, and public administration that work on sovereign debt.
Setting the Pay of Frontline Care Workers in Practice
Authors: Elliott Robert
Published: April 2024

This chapter details the way in which the pay of frontline care workers in the UK is set, the data required for pay setting, and the shortcomings of the data currently available. It documents what has happened to the weekly pay and the lifetime pay of the largest frontline health occupations in the UK relative to that of other workers. It details the substantial deterioration of the weekly pay of hospital doctors relative to those of other workers over the period since 2005. It further reveals that, over a longer period, the relative weekly pay of nurses and care workers has marked time, when it might have been expected to improve. The chapter also reports the results of the limited research into ethnic pay gaps.
Of Little Constitutional Interest
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

If extractivism has been a priority for the political branches in Peru, its apex court—the Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal—seems disinterested in disturbing the primacy accorded to foreign investment. Although the Tribunal has, in some instances, pushed back against a powerful executive branch and has enforced some social and economic constitutional commitments, it has fallen mostly into line with executive branch priorities. These include commitments made to foreign traders and investors via new free trade and investment agreements. The Tribunal’s response to the threat of diminished constitutional space due to investment treaty law and arbitration, following upon a series of recent constitutional cases, is one best described as a stance of hard deference. For the most part, the Tribunal has deferred to—even embraced—the potential diminution of policy options otherwise constitutionally available to the Peruvian state. Two influences seem to be at work. First is the Tribunal’s submission to the desires of Peru’s powerful executive branch. Second is the influence of investment law disciplines themselves—as on at least one occasion judges eagerly incorporated the investment law doctrine of indirect expropriation into Peruvian constitutional law. On the whole, the Constitutional Tribunal has chosen to ignore the diminution of Peruvian constitutional space.
Conclusion
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: April 2024

Taking into account interests not otherwise heard is offered as a key rationale for protecting foreign investors. Constitutional interpretation that disrupts this dominant trendline, it is argued, should be resisted in favour of review that smooths integration in accordance with value system associated with economic globalization. On what grounds should judges yield to preferences granted to some of the most powerful economic actors in the world today despite the complex and sometimes delicate compromises that are entrenched in constitutional text? Is it not, after all, the ‘province and duty’ of apex court judges to enforce constitutional obligations in the face of obvious constitutional transgressions? Or do judges, as some scholars suggest, have an obligation to yield to the executive branch embrace of international investment law edicts irrespective of national constitutional settlements. The Conclusion examines proposals that argue for ‘conditional coexistence’ or ‘dialogue.’ Most of these contributions call upon apex courts to succumb to the investment law regime. Yet constitutions are not mechanisms for imposing uniformity but spaces for dialogue and negotiation over constitutional meaning. International investment law, on the other hand, is built to serve as a prophylactic for foreign firms to guard against political risk, namely, state action that renders their investments less profitable. The regime is reluctant to crowd these rights with countervailing interests. Instead, it is a regime that aspires to uniformity and homogeneity rather than a legal order that listens to all sides. It is not a model worthy of constitutional respect.
Reconstituting intervention
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

When we write about intervention in International Relations, we usually have in mind a particular sort of event, with particular characteristics, fitting into a particular frame. Less typical is an acknowledgement that this was not always so. In 1967, James Rosenau opened a conference at Princeton University devoted to the concept of intervention and the developing states. This chapter uses the story of Rosenau’s paper presentation, and its eventual uptake by the English School of International Relations theory, to illustrate certain basic insights of anti-naturalist explanation and concept formation. In doing so it exposes not only the naturalistic tendencies of prevailing writings, but also the complicities of the classical academic definition of intervention with historical foreign policies of Western Great Powers and recurring politics of colonialism and vassalage.
‘Friendly’ intervention and the Special Committee
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

The 1960s and 1970s involved a tumultuous campaign to institutionalize what it meant to intervene in international relations, not a pure and simple retreat to non-interventionism. At no other point in history was the composition of the intervention concept so directly and systematically contemplated by statespeople, in a single forum and at such great length. If a theory of intervention as dictatorial or coercive interference had been accepted as a matter of state-based duty in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, then the period leading up to the Friendly Relations Declaration should be construed as an encounter between incompatible dictatorial and anti-colonial theories. Learning to disentangle interventionism from internationalism in historical international society is helpful in making sense of the solidarist ambitions of its members. According to anti-colonial theories of non-aligned states, to commit ‘intervention’ is, by the nature of the act itself, to violate human rights.
Liberal intervention and the Responsibilities to Protect
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

This chapter reconsiders how and to what extent intervention secured an international legitimacy in the post-Cold War period, and the ways in which the idea of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) came to be contested by developing states. It turns our attention away from the ‘right’ to ‘responsibility’ narrative, and not only because the changing character of sovereignty and domestic jurisdiction has long implied duties, including international duties involving forms of coercion, to protect strangers. The chapter suggests instead that while liberal-solidarist accounts of RtoP and an emerging norm of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ served significant political purposes in the post-Cold War period, to focus on agreement alone would be to overlook a deeper, more primary change in meaning, even to miss the point of this recent stage of the global intervention debate.
The Uneven Path to Recovery
Authors: Danquah Michael , Ebrahim Amina , Were Maureen
Published: April 2024

COVID-19 cases were first confirmed in Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa in March 2020. These countries put in place several stringent measures, including lockdowns. Various policies were rolled out to mitigate adverse impacts, particularly on the vulnerable, and to revive the economy. This chapter discusses the evolution of the pandemic and containment measures, the subsequent policy responses, and the effectiveness of these policies. The moderate relief and economic stimulus packages introduced in these countries to support individuals and businesses seems to have helped some workers—however, there seems to have been an uneven recovery in employment and earnings following from these interventions. The experiences also show that more needs to be done to mitigate the impact of the pandemic and similar shocks on informal workers, particularly women. These include adequate relief to the poor and vulnerable in a quick, safe, and effective manner.
Informal Employment and an Inclusive Recovery
Authors: Mhlana Siviwe , Moussié Rachel , Roever Sally , Rogan Michael
Published: April 2024

Throughout 2021, fiscal stimulus packages were introduced to jump-start the ‘post-pandemic’ economic recovery process. While calls for economic recovery packages that promise to ‘build back better’ have come from many directions, the under-allocation of recovery resources directed at workers in the informal economy threatens the recovery of livelihoods for the majority of the world’s workforce. This chapter analyses the economic recovery approaches of Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa, and Thailand. The chapter assesses the economic recovery responses in light of what is known about the impact of the crisis on informal workers globally. The chapter assesses national recovery packages with particular attention to the largest segments of informal employment and those where women are over-represented. It concludes that more needs to be done to ensure that national-level economic recovery packages can support the livelihoods of the majority of workers in emerging and developing countries.
Optimality Justifications
Authors: Schurz Gerhard
Published: April 2024

The leading idea of epistemology in the Enlightenment tradition was foundation-theoretic: to reach knowledge we must not legitimize our beliefs by external authorities, but justify them by rational arguments. Presently the foundation-theoretic ideal of justification has come under attack, the chief criticism being that been that its universal standards of justification are illusionary because the justificational regress problem is unsolvable. Alternatives to foundation-theoretic epistemology such as coherentism, externalism, or dogmatism have been developed that give up central claims of enlightenment epistemology such as empirical support, cognitive accessibility, or rational justifiability. In this book a new account of foundation-theoretic epistemology is developed based on the method of optimality justifications. Optimality justifications offer a solution to the regress problem. Rather than striving for a priori demonstrations of reliability, which are impossible, they show that certain epistemic methods are optimal in regard to all accessible alternatives, which is more modestly but provably possible. In particular, optimality justifications can achieve a non-circular justification of deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. All in all this book pursues two goals: a general renewal of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the account of optimality justifications, and the advancement of methods of optimality justification in important domains of epistemology and philosophy of science, logic, and cognition. Connected with these two goals is the aspiration of this book to develop new ideas for mainstream epistemology as well as for formal epistemology, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, intended to attract researchers, students, and all other readers interested in these fields.