bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Más dispersos pero más excluidos. Análisis de la evolución de la diferenciación y exclusión residenciales de los inmigrantes económicos en Andalucía
Authors: Natera Rivas Juan José
Published: February 2016

El importante aumento que el número de inmigrantes económicos extranjeros ha experimentado en el último periodo intercensal en Andalucía ha estado caracterizado, desde el punto de vista espacial, y al menos en un número seleccionado de municipios, por una disminución de los niveles de diferenciación residencial, medidos a través del Índice de Disimilaridad. No obstante, cuando nos referimos a la exclusión residencial moderada, medida a partir del volumen de población según el estado del edificio en el que residen, la tendencia es justamente la contraria. Así pueden sintetizarse los principales hallazgos de la presente contribución, obtenidos a partir de la comparación de la información contenida en el Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2001 y en el más reciente, correspondiente a 2011.

[fr] L’augmentation importante que le nombre d’immigrants économiques étrangers ont expérimentée dans dernière décennie l’Andalousie a été caractérisée, du point de vue spatial, et dans un nombre sélectionné de municipalités, par une diminution des niveaux de différenciation résidentielle, mesurés à travers de l’Indice du Dissimilitude. Cependant, quand nous nous rapportons à l’exclusion résidentielle modérée, mesurée à partir du volume de population selon l’état de l’édifice dans lequel ils résident, la tendance est justement l’opposée. Ainsi on peut synthétiser les découvertes principales de la contribution présente, obtenues à partir de la comparaison de l’information correspondante au Recensement de Population de 2001 et du Recensement récent de 2011.
Análisis de la situación de la pesca artesanal en el delta y valle bajo del río Senegal a partir del marco conceptual DPSIR
Authors: Oumar Touré Elhadji , Romagosa Casals Francesc , Breton Renard Françoise
Published: February 2016

Durante más de dos décadas, el delta y el valle bajo del río Senegal han sufrido una grave sequía. Las condiciones climáticas han tenido graves consecuencias en el funcionamiento hidrológico. Además, la artificialización de la cuenca debido a la construcción de infraestructuras hidroagrícolas ha causado otros impactos. Las observaciones realizadas durante un ciclo anual de pesca nos permiten implementar el marco conceptual «Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses” (DPSIR). El artículo pretende contribuir a generar indicadores naturales y socioeconómicos aplicables a la pesca artesanal, así como realizar propuestas para una gestión integrada de la actividad pesquera en el área de estudio.

[fr] Durant plus de deux décennies, le delta et la basse vallée du fleuve Sénégal est affecté par une grave sécheresse. Les conditions climatiques ont eu de graves conséquences sur le fonctionnement hydrologique. L’artificialisation du bassin consécutive à la construction d’infrastructures hydroagricoles ont engendré d’autres impacts. Les observations réalisées sur le terrain durant un cycle annuel de pêche ont permis d’analyser l’activité selon le cadre conceptuel “Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses ” (DPSIR). L’article a pour but de contribuer à générer des indicateurs naturels et socioeconomiques applicables à la pêche artisanale et de faire des propositions pour une gestion intégrée de l’activité de pêche dans la zone d’étude.
State Fragility and Stakeholder Engagement
Authors: Nwagbara Uzoechi , Oruh Emeka Smart , Brown Carlton
Published: February 2016

In situations where government functions are in short supply as with most developing countries particularly Nigeria, issues concerning stakeholder engagement and stakeholder voice are usually on the back burner as a consequence. In this chapter, the authors argues that such landscape is midwifed and sustained by state fragility, which is a situation where government is incapacitated to provide basic social goods as well as infrastructures and enabling institutions that can facilitate corporate-stakeholder engagement and stakeholders' voice amplification. In the Nigerian petroleum industry, this contentious issue are redoubled, given the controversial dynamics of the sector. As this chapter contends, new media (as opposed to old media) has the potentials to facilitate better engagement in corporate-stakeholder dialectics, which can be a harbinger of amplification of stakeholders' voice for sustainable relations and engagement in the industry. In a fragile state, traditional media has a monopoly of information dissemination and sharing, which traditionally limits stakeholder engagement/voice thereby frustrating efforts towards ensuring corporate-stakeholder engagement, corporate responsibility and accountability. Thus, this dilemma can be surmounted with the aid of new media as it is a communication/engagement tool that democratises the discursive space for deliberative corporate-stakeholder relations. It is hoped that this contention will help to illuminate perspectives on how the lingering corporate-stakeholder Catch-22 in Nigeria's petroleum sector can be better managed. Methodologically, literature on main issues in this chapter will be explored and a conceptual framework – stakeholder voice amplification method (SVAM) – will be developed that has the potential to advance knowledge on better corporate-stakeholder engagement in a fragile state such as Nigeria.
Using Social Media Marketing for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Manzoor Amir
Published: February 2016

Social media provides companies innovative ways to market their products and services to their customers. The social media tools, such as Facebook, provides new ways to reach customers. With increasing number of people being connected to social media, businesses of all types are targeting social media as a new platform to reach their customers and strengthen customer relationships. Still, many companies are unsure as to how they can use social media for their advantage. There is lack of resources and fear of failure that hold many companies back from using social media in their marketing campaigns. Companies need a set of guidelines to understand how they can develop long-term, successful marketing strategies that involve social media as a significant component. This chapter analyzes use of social media marketing to suggest some ways companies can use social media to generate value both for them and their customers. This chapter also discusses how companies can develop a social media marketing strategy.
The Premises of Logistics
Authors: Colin Jacques
Published: February 2016

The objective of this paper is to show how the French Royal Navy, faced with multiple challenges of different kinds, has built in the 17th and 18th centuries a particularly complex military-industrial and organisational tool, which foreshadows the most up-to-date industrial and logistical organisations. By reinterpreting this pre-industrial episode, one could not only set out the major principles that constitute the foundations of the logistical and SCM backgrounds (anticipation, reactivity, standardisation, normalisation, productivity, modularity, flexibility, interoperability, fluidity, continuity), but also some logistical archetypes (strategic control of space and strategic control of time, transport infrastructures and accessibility, global sourcing and suppliers' networks, nomenclatures and production ranges, warehouses and stocks availability).
Supply Chains under Security Threat
Authors: Cedillo-Campos Miguel Gastón , Bueno-Solano A. , González-Ramírez R. G. , Jiménez-Sánchez E. , Pérez-Salas G.
Published: February 2016

Contemporary prosperity depends on effective and secure supply chain networks that support economic competitiveness. Disruptions in global supply chains would have critical consequences on economies. The lack of technical studies and quantitative data concerning security that affects supply chain operations in Latin America, motivated to develop an exploratory study. Considering the complexity of the question studied, this paper details a set of case studies that explore, from a qualitative research approach, to what extent fulfilling security international standards now necessary to access mature markets such as the U.S and Canada allows export companies located in emerging countries as Mexico to face effectively the different types and levels of local risk. These results should help both academics and practitioners to more readily understand, first, the key logistics components now taken into account when improving security in export-oriented supply chains is required, and second, decision-makers' perspectives regarding supply chain security standards (SCSS) available on the market. A discussion of results is exposed and finally, discussion and future research are presented.
VisTHAA
Authors: Cruz-Reyes Laura , Villafuerte Mercedes Pérez , Quiroz-Castellanos Marcela , Gómez Claudia , Valdez Nelson Rangel , Trejo César Medina , Martínez-Cruz Enith
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, a scientific tool designed to facilitate fair comparisons of heuristics is introduced. Making a fair comparison of the performance of different algorithms is a general problem for the heuristic community. Most of the works on experimental analysis of heuristic algorithms have been focused on tabular comparisons of experimental results over standard sets of benchmark instances. However, from a statistical point of view, and according to the experimental design theory, a minimum requirement to compare heuristic algorithms is the use of non-parametric tests. Non-parametric tests can be used for comparing algorithms whose results represent average values, in spite of the inexistence of relationships between them, and explicit conditions of normality, among others. The proposed tool, referred to as VisTHAA, incorporates four non-parametric statistical tests to facilitate the comparative analysis of heuristics. As a case study, VisTHAA is applied to analyze the published results for the best state-of-the-art algorithms that solve the one-dimensional Bin Packing Problem.
Modelling the Route Choice
Authors: Moreno-Quintero Eric
Published: February 2016

The issue of route choice is a key factor for the freight transport performance. Congestion at roads encourages hauliers to change routes to minimize the delays and keep lead times in a reliable range. In the context of transport planning, the route choice problem can be assessed by modelling the travel times needed to reach a destination through the different routes in a road network. Is in this point where the volume-delay functions become relevant. A Volume-Delay Function (VDF) is a mathematical representation of the increase of the travel time as more and more vehicles utilize the routes, causing congestion on the road networks. The related literature and practitioners report on the use of some known functional forms, as the BPR function, the Conical volume-delay function or the Akcelik's function, which are widely utilized in flow's assignation modelling in transport planning. A successful application of VDFs requires a proper fitting of the function's parameters. In a classical focus these parameters can be deduced from speed-flow surveys carried out at the routes or links of interest; these surveys generally require time money and personnel. As an alternative to this classical focus, particularly when facing scarcity of resources, this work carries out a mathematical analysis of the VDF functional forms, as well with an interpretation of their parameters in relation to road's operation. The results of these analyses clarifies the meaning of the functional forms for the VDFs and their parameters, and suggest other ways to assess those parameters which may be more practical for the purpose of modelling the choice of route in freight transport. Some considerations to put into practice this in Mexico are discussed at the end of this work.
Comparison of Two Random Weight Generators for Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Carrillo Victor M. , Almanza German
Published: February 2016

There exist two general approaches to solve multiple objective problems. The first approach belongs to the classical mathematical methods: The weighted sum method, goal programming, or utility functions methods pertain to this approach. The output of mathematical methods is a single optimal solution. In the second approach are the heuristic methods, like the multiple objective evolutionary algorithms that offer the decision maker a set of optimal solutions usually called non- dominated or, Pareto-optimal solutions. This set is usually very large and the decision maker faces the problem of reducing the size of this set to a manageable number of solutions to analyze. In this paper the second approach is used to reduce the Pareto front using two weights generator for the non-numerical ranking preferences method and their performance is compared.
Implementing a Container Ship Stowage Problem for Humanitarian Aid in Palestine Based on Cultural Algorithms
Authors: Ochoa-Zezzatti Alberto , Arreola Julio , Haltaufoerhyde Kyrk , Scarandangotti Vinicius
Published: February 2016

Bioinspired algorithms are a generic term used to refer to the solution of computational problems, based on the planning and implementation based on existing models in the evolutionary process-related nature. Most evolutionary algorithms proposed paradigms that occur in the biology of living things and concepts of natural selection, mutation and reproduction. However, other paradigms that can be taken in the creation of evolutionary algorithms also exist such as the forces of nature, which have been many algorithms based on water, gas and wind reactions. Many of the environments involving unstructured problems in this case a problem of accommodation of containers of humanitarian aid to a company with limited resources, which can be considered from the perspective of cultural paradigms, because the cultural paradigms offer a wide range categorized models that ignore the possible solutions to the problem-a common situation in real life. The purpose of this research is to apply evolutionary computation properties of cultural technology; in this case, to corroborate through data mining analysis of how low the support of various companies use technology for their own benefit to propose a solution to a given problem, in our case carry different types of goods deemed humanitarian aid . The mentioned above, to carry out an adaptation from the standpoint of the modeling societies. An environment for conducting tests for this type of analysis in our case a model arrangement of containers was developed in order to enable learning about not very conventional characteristics of a cultural technology. This environment was named Allaliyah in Palestinian culture means “Together we can achieve everything.”
A Hybrid Intelligent Risk Identification Model for Configuration Management in Aerospace Systems
Authors: Nava Jose , Osorio Alejandro
Published: February 2016

This chapter proposes a multi-dimensional patterns recognition model for Configuration Management's Risk Identification in Aerospace Safety Critical Systems. This work has been designed for Aerospace software systems where companies require full compliance with the Aerospace Standard DO-178b. The solution focuses on Risk Identification for the Configuration Management Process Area. An Anomaly Detection Solution has been designed through the modeling of statistics and artificial intelligence algorithms, following CRISP-DM model standard for data mining solutions. A dimensional architecture was designed to model the problem through three dependent and interconnected dimensions. The first dimension, Behavioral Biometrics, which this model has extended to Human Behavioral Patterns. The second dimension is Infrastructure, which represents all physical specialized equipment, environments, networking, and its configurations. The third dimension is space-time, which in this model represents a time dimension against all geographical information project related (code, files, among others).
Maritime Logistics
Authors: Caliskan Aylin , Ozturkoglu Yucel
Published: February 2016

In the literature, mostly, under the heading of maritime logistics, classical sea transportation issues have been studied. In actual fact, with broader scope, maritime logistics is a different field under the logistics theme and sea transportation is just one of the functions that must be carried effectively and in an integrated manner with other logistics functions. This chapter focuses on the maritime logistics functions which were selected by the authors in accordance with the gap in the literature, namely transportation and traffic management, inventory management, demand forecasting, material handling, and packaging and labelling. In addition to the maritime logistics functions; port logistics, green maritime logistics and decision problems in maritime logistics topics are handled deeply with the aim of completing the skeleton of the maritime logistics concept by which an understanding of the clear definition of maritime logistics can be achieved. The practitioners can gain more integrated and holistic viewpoint about maritime logistics with the help of this chapter.
The Application of Hanoi Towers Game in Logistics Management
Authors: Aguilar José Alberto Hernández , Mayo Augusto Renato Pérez , Ortuño Santiago Yip , Ochoa-Zezzatti Alberto , Gallegos Julio César Ponce
Published: February 2016

In this chapter we discussed the application of Towers of Hanoi in logistics management applications, for this purpose. Firstly, we discussed how pile problems applications impact in logistics, later we discussed the Hanoi Towers application in Logistics Management, its mathematical model and common solutions applying different paradigms (iterative, recursive, and heuristics), we present an in depth analysis in genetic algorithms, later we present the analysis of a genetic algorithm applied to solve basic Hanoi Tower game (three pegs three discs) implemented in C language, and later we discuss its generalization from three to four discs. Finally, we discussed preliminary results and present our conclusions. Main contribution of this chapter is demonstrate game theory, specifically Towers of Hanoi, can be applied to solve logistics problems, and an approach for the generalization of basic Hanoi Tower form, three discs to four discs, by means of genetic algorithms implemented in C language.
A Review of RDF Storage in NoSQL Databases
Authors: Ma Zongmin , Yan Li
Published: February 2016

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a model for representing information resources on the Web. With the widespread acceptance of RDF as the de-facto standard recommended by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) for the representation and exchange of information on the Web, a huge amount of RDF data is being proliferated and becoming available. So RDF data management is of increasing importance, and has attracted attentions in the database community as well as the Semantic Web community. Currently much work has been devoted to propose different solutions to store large-scale RDF data efficiently. In order to manage massive RDF data, NoSQL (“not only SQL”) databases have been used for scalable RDF data store. This chapter focuses on using various NoSQL databases to store massive RDF data. An up-to-date overview of the current state of the art in RDF data storage in NoSQL databases is provided. The chapter aims at suggestions for future research.
The Attitudes of Chinese Organizations Towards Cloud Computing
Authors: Issa Tomayess , Duan Yuchao , Issa Theodora , Chang Vanessa
Published: February 2016

Cloud Computing become a significant factor in E-commerce and E-business processes and will reduce negative IT impacts on the environment without compromising the needs of future generations. This chapter aim to examine the attitudes of Chinese Organizations towards Cloud Computing adoption. This chapter provides an answer to the question: “What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computing adoption in Chinese organizations?” The answer was sought by means of an online survey of (N=121) respondents. The survey results revealed the Chinese position regarding the cloud movement, its strengths and weaknesses, the threats posed by Cloud Computing in China, and the specific advantages and disadvantages of this new technology that Chinese organizations and research communities should embrace for the realization of future cloud systems.
Project Management 2.0
Authors: Nach Hamid
Published: February 2016

With growing maturity of social media over the last few years, many companies started using these tools to interact with customers and employees. Business functions such as Sales, Marketing and Human Resources have innovatively embedded these technologies to support their processes and became, as such, an instrument for renewal. The use of social media in Project Management, however, seems to be very limited. The profession lags behind having difficulty keeping pace with the rapidly evolving web 2.0 driven technological innovations which are delivering on their promise to foster collaboration. The paper discusses the potential of social media in the project management practice. As the move towards harnessing the power of social media within the Project Management framework requires adequate organizational change, the study also addresses the implications of such an initiative on structure, culture, and control.
The Influence of Social Media on Teamwork Aspects
Authors: Molendijk Frank
Published: February 2016

Social media has become an integral part of society compared to only ten years ago and has changed the way we communicate. On the other hand organizations are increasingly working in teams. Key in teamwork is communication, according to Salas et al. communication is invaluable in teamwork. However what is the influence of social media on teamwork with this major adjustment in the way we communicate? This chapter introduces a conceptual model to measure the influence of social media on teamwork aspects.
Investigating the Intention to Use Social Media Tools Within Virtual Project Teams
Authors: Giltenane Jerry
Published: February 2016

Enterprise social media tools are becoming more prevalent in project management, particularly where project teams have to operate on a global and virtual basis. It is becoming more critical that organisations understand the key attributes of such technology to encourage their teams to use them in order to achieve the perceived benefits. In this chapter we search for answers to the factors that influence the adoption of such tools in a virtual project setting by testing the applicability of the much cited technology adoption model known as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The model is modified to suit the sphere of virtual teams and focuses on the behavioural intention to adopt social media technology. The purpose of examining such a model is to see if it can explain some of the key factors that may influence the adoption of social media within virtual project teams.
Social Media Use within Project Teams
Authors: Van der Merwe Linky
Published: February 2016

This chapter gives practical recommendations about the social media tools and applications for use on projects. It will introduce the reader to the most popular and widely used social media tools and will provide considerations for the selection of the best tools to integrate with projects. Platforms being described from a project management point of view are LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Yammer, Google+, Blogs, Wikis, Instant Messaging, YouTube, Webinars, SlideShare, Podcasts and Vodcasts. Best practice recommendations are given for each tool from a project manager as well as a team member perspective. Advice is given about dealing with various challenges such as security concerns and managing the culture change. The current trends that will dictate and influence the use of social media on projects are also discussed.
The Mode of Information – Due Process of Law and Student Loans
Authors: Bagwell Timothy C. , Jackson Shareka L.
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the laws, policies and practices of the Federally Guaranteed Student Loan Program and the use of digital records and databases in creating changes in the laws governing the collections of student loan debt that have led to Bills of Attainder upon consumers in default on their Federal student loans. The research found a relationship between how information is created and utilized within the student loan program and due process issues related to the offset of income tax refunds. It examines how the databases are used as a means of surveillance how the administrative practice of due diligence was compromised by student loan guarantors, lending institutions and the Department of Education. The practice of reasonable due diligence is the accepted standard for valid administrative record keeping. It is the assertion of this research that the end result has been the creation of a digital Bill of Attainder upon the property (income tax refunds) of consumers in default on their student loans.
Using Duality Theory to Reframe E-Government Challenges
Authors: Hartzel Kathleen S. , Gerde Virginia W.
Published: February 2016

The design of information and communication systems for e-government is burdened with a host of conflicting objectives. For example, systems should be standardized and stable, but at the same time they should also be flexible and responsive to the needs of various stakeholder groups. When systems are designed properly, ICT (information and communication technologies) features can help resolve some of the tensions created by conflicting objectives. This chapter uses duality theory as a basis for a new framework that demonstrates how many of the tensions found at various stages of e-government (development, implementation, and adoption) can be reframed as dualities. When e-government systems are designed for duality, ICT mitigates many of the barriers and obstacles and increases the system's effectiveness and acceptance by the citizenry.
Reconciling the Needs for National Security and Citizen Privacy in an Age of Surveillance
Authors: Hacker Kenneth L. , Acquah-Baidoo Bridget , Epperson Anthony
Published: February 2016

This chapter explores important ethics issues regarding government surveillance on citizens. Two views are discussed regarding debates about ethics and possible model development for reconciling tensions between freedom and security. Key issues for debate are presented and these include the need to define and deliberate the meanings of privacy, abuse, proportionality, secrecy, etc. Certain propositions for debate are also offered. These are: a. It is unethical to monitor citizens who are not under any demonstrable reason of suspicion without their knowledge or permission; b. It is unethical for citizens to block necessary national security surveillance when such surveillance is proven to be needed to stop acts of crime or terrorism; c. Governments should not conceal the facts about how much they monitor citizens for national security and in what typical conditions they do so; and d. Citizens should not accuse governments who use surveillance to track criminals and terrorists as being fascists or trying to establish dictatorships.
Achieving Balance between Corporate Dataveillance and Employee Privacy Concerns
Authors: Rosette Ordor Ngowari , Kazemeyni Fatemeh , Aghili Shaun , Butakov Sergey , Ruhl Ron
Published: February 2016

Big data, like most technological innovations, brings noticeable benefits as well potential risks. Dataveillance using big data is becoming another dimension in the increasing privacy concerns of the workforce. Such concerns emanate from the tension between the correct use of employee personal data and information privacy in big data within and outside the work environment. It has evolved as employees are becoming increasingly cognizant of the ways in which employers can use technologies to monitor social media activities, internet interactions, emails and other online activities outside the work environment. The objective of this research paper is to recommend a set of guidelines which will be mapped to COBIT 5 framework to help medium and large organizations balance the tension between the increasing potential of big data and employee dataveillance privacy concerns in workplaces.
Cyber Espionage
Authors: Firdhous Mohamed Fazil Mohamed
Published: February 2016

In today's world, information plays a vital role in determining the success of many endeavors. Hence, people try to gain access to information by employing many techniques that are not used under normal circumstances. Today Internet is an important resource in the lives of people and carries a vast amount of information. Hence gaining access to this information through some surreptitious means is known as cyber espionage. Cyber espionage has been a real threat to the users as it compromises the security of their precious information. Cyber espionage could be carried out by individuals, organizations or governments targeting individuals, organizations and states for obtaining information for personal, economic, political or military advantages over the other. In this chapter, the author takes an in depth look at the attacks carried out three main domains of the Internet, namely social networks, websites and email. The author not only discusses the attacks and the mechanisms used, but also proposes the precautionary methods that can be employed to protect these resources.
The Interrelationships of Politicization of School Shootings, Focal Concerns, and Racial Disproportionality in School Discipline Policies
Authors: Nation Denise D. , Henderson Dawn X. , Monell Jack S.
Published: February 2016

School shootings have redefined perceptions and definitions of school violence, elevating incidences of misbehaviors and rule infractions to consistent violent threats. School shootings are rare but that important fact is lost in the debate and political rhetoric. What is also atypical are school shootings involving minority students and even more uncommon school shootings at minority schools. However, minority students have disproportionately experienced the latent effects of these policies. Few studies have offered systematic theoretical explanations for racial disciplinary disproportionality. This chapter outlines a theoretical argument using the “focal concerns” perspective to link the latent impact of the politicization of school shootings to continued racial disproportionality in school discipline. The discussion and analysis show the role of the politicization of school shootings has played in redefining and expanding the definition of school violence or school misbehaviors. Policy suggestions based in socio-political and psychological frameworks are also outlined.
Analyzing the Impact of LGBTQ Lifestyles amongst School-Aged Youth in America
Authors: Hutton Erica
Published: February 2016

The following chapter addresses the various dynamics associated to the alternative belief systems and lifestyles of juveniles in grades K-12. Youth that embrace an alternative lifestyle populate our public school systems more than ever. Applicable dynamics assessed in this chapter include: (a) school-age related violence (Elementary-High School), (b) youth bullied due to LGBTQ lifestyle of parents, (c) statistical assessment of violence regarding suicidality of LGBT teenagers, (d) teachers that participate in bully behaviors against LGBTQ youth within the public school system, (e) theoretical associations that may be employed to explicate the motivations of violent/adverse behaviors towards youth that are involved in alternative belief systems and lifestyles, (f) exploring the national intervention programs and in-school guidance counselor availability for youth, parents, and families alike.
Impact of Zero Tolerance Policies on American K-12 Education and Alternative School Models
Authors: Tseng Margaret , Becker Corey Alexander
Published: February 2016

Despite the original intent of zero tolerance policies in schools— to ensure guns and other dangerous weapons were kept out of schools—these policies have instead grown to encompass an endless variety of minor infractions that would, in previous generations, not necessarily result in the immediate removal of the student from the classroom. Zero tolerance policies do not proportionately discipline students and, instead, treats every child and situation the same. Further, studies confirm that as suspension, expulsion, and school-based arrests have increased since the mid-1990's, the majority of students being suspended, expelled, or arrested are predominately minority students. The goal of this chapter is to examine the application of zero tolerance policy in K-12 public schools and offer administrators and educators alternative school discipline models.
Plausible Solutions to School Violence and Disturbance in America
Authors: Barone Peter A.
Published: February 2016

This chapter discussed the overall reduction of crime and rise of violence in schools across America to include activities from bullying to school shootings. There was a definition of school violence provided along with the most common reasons why bulling occurs. The importance of warning signs was addressed and the significance of having key individuals such as teachers, coaches, counselors, SRO's, parents and family members trained in recognizing these signs so that some type of orchestrated intervention can be applied to the situation and the children being bullied and those performing the bullying can be addressed. The fact of why many children do not report being bullied or ask for help and how it is connected to the issues of power was provided and information regarding teachers who would rather ignore bullying in their classrooms than to address it and be in a confrontational situation was examined. The four prominent theories which relate directly to learned behavior and violence, such as social learning theory, differential association, rational choice theory and Violentization were discussed due to them being the foundation for recognizing, understanding and effectively dealing with bullying and school violence for school officials, parents and SRO's.
The RSVP Model
Authors: Leh Jayne M.
Published: February 2016

A model to remediate (eliminate) the global problem of school violence is proposed in this 3-phase plan that is strategic and comprehensive in scope, yet basic in terms of interlocking phases (Preparation, Response, Long-Term Recovery). Each phase consists of critical and practical components that are supported in the research literature for school and classroom implementation. Collectively, the model embraces a child's emotional wellness, recognizes deficits, and provides intervention to facilitate healing before perpetrating violence. Phase I consists of school-wide screening to identify and remediate deficiencies in socio-emotional skills, protective factors toward resiliency, and emotional and psychological wellness in preparation for violence. Phase II consists of emergency response. Phase III consists of therapeutic interventions, which are designed and delivered by community professionals based on student need. Phase III programming focuses on identifying and minimizing posttraumatic stress after a traumatic event for all survivors. The RSVP model diagram is included.
Gang Violence in Schools
Authors: Daly Sarah E.
Published: February 2016

Gang-related violence in schools can have a number of negative effects on the school environment, student achievement, and perceptions of fear. Schools that report a gang presence among students often report higher rates of victimization on school property. In response, many schools have focused on both physical and procedural safety measures to enhance security and prevent violence. However, attempts at maintaining order and ensuring safety often fall short in preventing violence and may actually enhance feelings of fear at schools. As such, schools face the difficult task of addressing violence with effective safety measures while also minimizing and balancing the prison-like feeling that comes with many of the options. This chapter aims to describe the effects of violence in schools and examine a variety of safety measures in terms of cost, effect on perceptions of fear, and effectiveness.
Gender Dynamics of Violent Acts among Gang Affiliated Young Adult Mexican American Men
Authors: Nowotny Kathryn M. , Zhao Qianwei , Kaplan Charles , Cepeda Alice , Valdez Avelardo
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines how gender dynamics shape violent acts among Mexican American young adult males with a history of adolescent gang membership. We use the concept of hegemonic masculinity to examine the various ways that gender is performed in acts of violence (Connell, 1995). Masculinity is not a fixed entity or individual personality traits, masculinities are “configurations of practice that are accomplished in social action and, therefore, can differ according to the gender relations in a particular setting” (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005:836). In other words, “gender identity is never a completed project, but always a developmental process which unfolds within a social context” (Messner, 1990:209). Nevertheless, the tendencies for aggression and violence are central to what it means to be masculine (Messerschmidt, 2000; Crowley, Foley et al., 2008) because “real men” must show others that they are not afraid (Kimmel, 2010). We examine the unfolding of masculine identity among disadvantaged Mexican American men in two different yet related contexts: violent acts with other men and the retelling of these violent acts. Among disadvantaged men, in general, social class is central to masculinity because these men are likely to have limited options in accomplishing their masculinity compared to men with more advantages (Britton, 2011; Messerschmidt, 1993; Stretesky & Pogrebin, 2007). The type of masculinity expressed by Mexican American males, more specifically, varies depending on a constellation of variables related to social class including income, generational status, education, and association with the criminal justice system (Rios, 2011; Valdez, 2007).
In Hand, Out of Hand
Authors: Carpenter Ami C.
Published: February 2016

This chapter interrogates the nature and function of weapons in Latino gang culture, and is divided into three parts. It begins by defining Latino gangs in the Americas, and classifying them into Mexican-American gangs, Mexican gangs, and Central American gangs. Despite differences in region, economic situation, generations and cultural characteristics, I draw broad similarities by focusing specifically on large, organized gangs within each of the three classifications. The second section interrogates the logics and motivations driving gangs' use of weapons, along with the psychological and instrumental functions of weapons use for Latino gangs. The chapter's third section is a substantial conclusion which argues for approaches to gang-violence which derive from the field of peace and conflict studies, including short-term approaches to violence reduction (gang ceasefires and truces) and longer term, ecological approaches based on the theoretical framework of community resilience.
“It's a Vicious Game”
Authors: Maitra Dev Rup
Published: February 2016

This chapter explores the activities and characteristics of street gangs and organised crime groups in contemporary British society. Although numerous studies exist which investigate youth delinquency and group violence in Britain, there is less research which specifically investigates contemporary British criminal gangs - carrying out such an exploration is the organising principle of this chapter. Through conducting qualitative research at an adult men's prison in England and its surrounding area, this chapter attempts to articulate the experiences of prisoners and street-offenders on this subject. The results illustrate the entrenched role street gangs and organised crime groups hold in certain areas of England; not only are they seen as viable alternatives to gainful employment, but their activities are often sanctioned by the communities within which they are based. Subsequently, a high level of violence is normalised within such communities, including heightened levels of weapon usage by gang members, both within and outside prison.
An Exploratory Study of Prison Gangs in Contemporary Society
Authors: Maitra Dev Rup
Published: February 2016

This chapter investigates the composition of prison gangs, their effects on the prison environment, and their relationships with street gangs. Through conducting an ethnographic study of an adult men's prison in England, the chapter attempts to articulate the experiences of prison gang members, as well as prisoners exposed to high levels of gang activity. The results illustrate the established role gangs play within English prisons, but also the relevance of other groups, collectives and “sets” within the penal environment. Through analysing the gathered data, I aim to show the important - but not defining - role gangs play within an English prison. Moreover, when compared to the American prison system, gangs are far less entrenched in English prisons; this can partly be attributed to the deeper historical roots of American prison gangs, as well as their highly racialized dimensions. The chapter begins with two case-studies, the subjects of which are prisoners from the research site.
The Reorganisation of Gangs in New Zealand
Authors: Gilbert Jarrod
Published: February 2016

The first decade of the new century has seen significant changes among the gangs of New Zealand. Facing a changing cultural climate in which rebellious young people see membership in traditional ‘patch'-wearing gangs as less desirable, New Zealand's established gangs have become starved for recruits. Rather than precipitating a straightforward decline in the country's gang scene, however, what we are seeing is a reorganisation of the gangs. This chapter examines the problems facing the outlaw motorcycle clubs and the patched street gangs, and the numerous and complex nature of the issues facing these groups. It also explores the rise of LA-style street gangs and the similarities and difference that exist between them and New Zealand's traditional gangs.
PcpA Promotes Higher Levels of Infection and Modulates Recruitment of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells during Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Walker Melissa M. , Novak Lea , Widener Rebecca , Grubbs James Aaron , King Janice , Hale Joanetha Y. , Ochs Martina M. , Myers Lisa E. , Briles David E. , Deshane Jessy
Published: February 2016

We used two different infection models to investigate the kinetics of the PcpA-dependent pneumococcal disease in mice. In a bacteremic pneumonia model, we observed a PcpA-dependent increase in bacterial burden in the lungs, blood, liver, bronchoalveolar lavage, and spleens of mice at 24 h postinfection. This PcpA-dependent effect on bacterial burden appeared earlier (within 12 h) in the focal pneumonia model, which lacks bacteremia or sepsis. Histological changes show that the ability of pneumococci to make PcpA was associated with unresolved inflammation in both models of infection. Using our bacteremic pneumonia model we further investigated the effects of PcpA on recruitment of innate immune regulatory cells. The presence of PcpA was associated with increased IL-6 levels, suppressed production of TRAIL, and reduced infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells. The ability of pneumococci to make PcpA negatively modulated both the infiltration and apoptosis of macrophages and the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. The latter have been shown to facilitate the clearance and control of bacterial pneumonia. Taken together, the ability to make PcpA was strongly associated with increased bacterial burden, inflammation, and negative regulation of innate immune cell recruitment to the lung tissue during bacteremic pneumonia.
Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide–Exposed Endothelial Cells Bias Antigen Presentation to CD4+ T Cells toward a Th17 Response
Authors: Ding Wanhong , Stohl Lori L. , Xu Linghui , Zhou Xi K. , Manni Michela , Wagner John A. , Granstein Richard D.
Published: February 2016

Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with well-established immunomodulatory functions. CGRP-containing nerves innervate dermal blood vessels and lymph nodes. We examined whether CGRP regulates the outcome of Ag presentation by Langerhans cells (LCs) to T cells through actions on microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Exposure of primary murine dermal microvascular ECs (pDMECs) to CGRP followed by coculture with LCs, responsive CD4+ T cells and Ag resulted in increased production of IL-6 and IL-17A accompanied by inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-22 compared with wells containing pDMECs treated with medium alone. Physical contact between ECs and LCs or T cells was not required for this effect and, except for IL-4, we demonstrated that IL-6 production by CGRP-treated pDMECs was involved in these effects. CD4+ cells expressing cytoplasmic IL-17A were increased, whereas cells expressing cytoplasmic IFN-γ or IL-4 were decreased by the presence of CGRP-treated pDMECs. In addition, the level of retinoic acid receptor–related orphan receptor γt mRNA was significantly increased, whereas T-bet and GATA3 expression was inhibited. Immunization at the site of intradermally administered CGRP led to a similar bias in CD4+ T cells from draining lymph node cells toward IL-17A and away from IFN-γ. Actions of nerve-derived CGRP on ECs may have important regulatory effects on the outcome of Ag presentation with consequences for the expression of inflammatory skin disorders involving Th17 cells.
High temperature requirement A1, transforming growth factor beta1, phosphoSmad2 and Ki67 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis
Authors: Goteri G. , Altobelli E. , Tossetta G. , Zizzi A. , Avellini C. , Licini C. , Lorenzi T. , Castellucci M. , Ciavattini A. , Marzioni D.
Published: February 2016

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that TGFb1 signalling may be mediated by high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) serine protease, acting on important regulatory mechanisms such as cell proliferation and mobility. Evidence is now accumulating to suggest that HtrA1 is involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate: i) if HtrA1 and TGFb1 expressions differ in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in women with endometriosis; ii) if HtrA1 correlates to TGFb1, pSmad and Ki67. This study was carried out including 10 women with ovarian endometriosis (cases) and 10 women with non endometriotic diseases (controls). Endometrial tissue underwent immunohistochemical H-score analysis for HtrA1, TGFb1, pSmad and Ki67 molecules. Data evaluation was performed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship among the molecules investigated in the epithelial and in the stromal compartment. The HtrA1 was significant decreased in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis when compared with control endometrium in epithelial compartment. TGFb1was significantly increased in eutopic endometrium and decreased in ectopic endometrium in epithelial and stromal compartment. In addition, Ki67 was significant increased and an increase, but not significant, was detected for pSMAd2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium compared to control one.Â  In summary, the significant direct correlation between TGFb1 and pSmad2 as well as between HtrA1 and TGFb1 and the very significant increase of Ki67 in stromal compartment of eutopic endometrium suggest a possible involvement of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Â
Proceedings of the XXXV National Meeting of the Italian Society for the Study of Connective Tissues (SISC)
Authors: Antonio Rossi President:
Published: February 2016

Proceedings of the XXXV National Meeting of the Italian Society for the Study of Connective Tissues (SISC)