bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972, which came into operation on 1 January 1973. Article 3 of the Order applies to any person (other than a citizen of the Republic of Ireland) who arrives in the United Kingdom on an aircraft which began its flight in that Republic if they entered that Republic in the course of a journey to the United Kingdom which began outside the common travel area and was not given leave to land in that Republic in accordance with the law in force there. Meanwhile, Article 4 applies to any person who does not have the right of abode in the United Kingdom under section 2 of the Immigration Act 1971 and is not an Irish citizen, and who enters the United Kingdom on a local journey from the Republic of Ireland after having entered that Republic. Article 5 applies to any person who enters the United Kingdom on a local journey from the Republic of Ireland after having entered the Republic of Ireland on coming from a place outside the common travel area; or after leaving the United Kingdom while having limited leave to enter or remain there which has since expired. Finally, Article 6 does not apply to any person who arrives in the United Kingdom with leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom which is in force but which was given to the person before their arrival.
Immigration (Exemption from Control) Order 1972
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates the Immigration (Exemption from Control) Order 1972, which came into operation on 1 January 1973. Under Article 3, any consular officer in the service of any of the states specified in the Schedule, and any member of their family, who are not British citizens, shall be exempt from any provision of the Immigration Act 1971. Meanwhile, Article 4 lists the persons who shall be exempt from any provision of the Act relating to those who are not British citizens except any provision relating to deportation. Article 5 details the persons who shall, on arrival in the United Kingdom, be exempt from the provisions of section 3(1)(a) of the Act, which requires persons who are not British citizens to obtain leave to enter the United Kingdom. Article 6 provides that, for the purposes of section 1(1) of the British Nationality Act 1981 (which relates to acquisition of British citizenship by birth in the United Kingdom), a person to whom a child is born in the United Kingdom on or after 1 January 1983 is to be regarded as settled in the United Kingdom at the time of the birth. Finally, Article 7 provides that, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), a dependant of a member of the relevant visiting force is exempt from any provision of the Act relating to those who are not British citizens except any provision relating to deportation.
The Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the Immigration (Provision of Physical Data) Regulations 2006, which came into force on the day after they are made. Subject to regulations 4 and 5, an authorised person may require an individual who makes an application to provide a record of their fingerprints and a photograph of their face. An applicant under the age of sixteen shall not be required to provide a record of their fingerprints or a photograph of their face except where the authorised person is satisfied that the fingerprints or the photograph will be taken in the presence of a person aged eighteen or over who is the child’s parent or guardian or a person who for the time being takes responsibility for the child. Biometric information provided under these Regulations may be recorded on any document issued as a result of the application in relation to which the information was provided. Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), where an individual does not provide a record of their fingerprints or a photograph of their face in accordance with a requirement imposed under these Regulations, their application may be treated as invalid.
The Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights the Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006, which came into force on 9 October 2006. These Regulations apply to any application for asylum which has not been decided and any immigration appeal brought under the Immigration Acts (as defined in section 64(2) of the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006) which has not been finally determined. The chapter then identifies who the actors of persecution or serious harm are, and who the actors of protection are. In deciding whether a person is a refugee or a person eligible for humanitarian protection, protection from persecution, or serious harm can be provided by the State or any party or organisation, including any international organisation, controlling the State or a substantial part of the territory of the State. A person is not a refugee if they fall within the scope of Article 1D, 1E, or 1F of the Geneva Convention.
The Immigration (Removal of Family Members) Regulations 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers regulations that may be cited as the Immigration (Removal of Family Members) Regulations 2014, which took effect on 14 November 2014. It discusses the notice given to a family member that may be given at any time prior to a person’s removal or during the period of eight weeks beginning with the date on which the person is removed. It also explains that a notice given to a family member may be given by hand, sent by fax, or sent by postal service in which delivery or receipt is recorded. The chapter considers a “business day” as any day other than Saturday or Sunday, or a day which is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971. It points out that in the case that a family member is a child below the age of 18 and does not have a representative, a notice is instead given to a person who is liable to be or has been removed from the United Kingdom.
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Notify) Regulations 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers regulations that may be cited as the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Notify) Regulations 2015, which took effect on 1 November 2015. It defines the term victim as a person whom a public authority has reasonable grounds to believe may be a victim of slavery or human trafficking. It also describes a notification relating to a victim aged 18 or over that may not include information that enables the victim to be identified unless the victim consents to the inclusion of the information. The chapter points out that a public authority does not breach any obligation of confidence in relation to information relating to the victim. It highlights the referral of suspected slavery or human trafficking to a chief officer of police for a police area in England and Wales.
The Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses regulations that may be cited as the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016, which come into force on 1 February 2017. It explains that the Immigration Regulations 2016 calculates periods of continuous residence in the United Kingdom. It also points out that continuity of residence is not affected by periods of absence from the United Kingdom which do not exceed six months in total in any year and by periods of absence from the United Kingdom on compulsory military service. The chapter highlights the requirement for the self-sufficient person or student to have sufficient resources not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the United Kingdom. It mentions that a person who is no longer working must continue to be treated as a worker provided that the person is temporarily unable to work as the result of an illness or accident.
The Immigration (Guidance on Detention of Vulnerable Persons) Regulations 2021
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about the Immigration (Guidance on Detention of Vulnerable Persons) Regulations 2021. The text of the SI is not reproduced.
The Modern Effects of Champerty and Maintenance on Funded Litigation
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers nine potential consequences of champertously funded litigation, by having regard to the tripartite relationship among the champertor, the funded party, and the party being sued in the underlying action. This chapter includes analysis of: the impact of the unenforceability of a champertous agreement; whether champerty is a defence to the underlying action; whether a stay of the underlying action is permitted; the regulatory or disciplinary consequences which may arise for a champertor; the potential for non-party costs orders against the champertor; the impact of champerty upon professional indemnity insurance policies; whether a counter-suit for abuse of process is available; the potential for severance of the champertous clauses of the agreement; and whether recovery on the part of a champertor on a quantum meruit basis is possible, where services and assistance have been rendered to the funded party under a champertous agreement. Some difficult and contrary authorities pervade the consequences of champerty.
Non-Lawyers’ Funding
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

Where non-lawyers are providing a litigant (the funded client) with money, other assistance, or both, much more latitude has been afforded by the English judiciary towards what constitutes champertous conduct. The courts typically undertake a case-by-case assessment in order to ascertain whether the funding agreement is likely to jeopardize the proper administration of justice or infringe public policy. This chapter considers the law of champerty as it has applied to third party funding (aka professional funding) in English law to date, and analyses the factors to which courts have had regard in respect of champertous motive and champertous conduct. The chapter also analyses a myriad of other parties who fall within the nomenclature of the ‘non-lawyer’—insurers, unions, banks, credit hire companies, and ‘conscience funders’—and whose financial assistance has given rise to the question as to whether or not such assistance was champertous. Finally, the chapter examines the lesser-known but oft-litigated arena of those who provide litigation services (rather than financial assistance) in return for a share of the spoils of any financial recovery obtained (the so-called ‘supporters’ of litigation).
General Concepts: Assessing Champertous Assignments
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

The visible manifestations of champerty and maintenance have survived in only two respects (according to Lord Mustill in Giles v Thompson)—in respect of funding and in respect of assignments of causes of action. A cause of action is a legal chose in action, and the circumstances in which it can, or cannot, be assigned has long bedevilled the law of champerty. Whether or not an assignment is champertous is an oft-litigated issue, notwithstanding that the law is undoubtedly showing more tolerance to assignments than it once did. This chapter contrasts the law of assignments with the other field of legal conduct to which champerty attaches, that of funded litigation. The chapter also explains the typical arrangement of assignments, involving the original claimant (the assignor), the substituted claimant (the assignee), and the defendant. The chapter then sets out the framework which governs the validity of assignments, by reference to post-Trendtex law, and which will form the basis for the analysis which follows in later chapters.
Assigning ‘Bare’ Causes of Action: Proving a Genuine Commercial Interest
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

The requirement of proving that the assignee had a genuine commercial interest in the subject matter of the transaction applies particularly to where the assignor has sought to assign a cause of action, or a ‘bare right to litigate’. This approach flows from the analysis undertaken in Trendtex Trading Corp v Credit Suisse and has operated as a considerable brake upon the validity of assignments. It means that, where the assignment is challenged, the court must hunt for the ‘something more’, some genuine commercial interest over and above the assignee’s right in acquiring the cause of action and the profits that will accompany that assignment. Case law analysis reveals that several relationships between assignor and assignee have pointed to a genuine commercial interest on the assignee’s part; these are considered in this chapter. Various circumstances which show a close identity of interest between the assignor and the assignee have also proven to be important in upholding the validity of assignments. Both the categories of relationships and the identities of interest sufficient to justify an assignment are not closed but are constantly evolving. The chapter also considers the other side of the coin, viz, those matters which tend to denounce any genuine commercial interest that renders the assignment champertous. Before that, however, those things which are not assignable causes of action (causes of action that have not accrued at all, or causes of action that have been compromised) are discussed, for those are not champertous so much as ineffective.
Key Reform Issue for Funded Litigation
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

The Reservation Provision in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 should be retained, in order to secure the application of public policy and the due administration of justice as part of the landscape of funding and of assignments. However, this chapter considers this more controversial question: more than five decades after its statutory abolition, should the doctrine of champerty be reintroduced as a tort in English law, that is, as a cause of action capable of giving rise to damages? Apart from some misgivings regarding the reasoning for abolition expressed by the England and Wales Law Commission in 1966, the principal reason for considering this reform is the recent recognition in English law of the tort of malicious prosecution of civil proceedings, by bare majority, in Willers v Joyce in 2016. Both champerty and the tort of malicious prosecution of civil proceedings belong to that group of ‘abuse of litigation’ torts, and both share the same nuanced (and policy) concerns as to whether they viably serve any purpose as torts. Much can be learnt from Willers v Joyce, especially given that some of the policy arguments which were the subject of such disagreement in that judgment are also highly relevant to any reinstatement of the tort of champerty, and are quite finely balanced. Those parallels—and other relevant arguments for and against—are analysed in this chapter.
Key Reform Issues for Assignments
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

Litigation needs to be funded, and assignment of causes of action from assignor to assignee is one way of achieving that. Criticisms have been made of the requirement to show a genuine commercial interest on the assignee’s part, despite the increasing liberalization pervading champertous assignments in modern law. This chapter considers two suggestions for law reform of this area: that the requirement for a genuine commercial interest should be jettisoned; or that the point has been reached where the law should dispense with the notion of champertous assignments altogether. Having considered both suggestions, the conclusion is reached that under the detailed analytical framework which has developed post-Trendtex, in which it must be proved either that a cause of action being assigned is ancillary to a property interest, or that it is a bare cause of action for which the assignee has a genuine commercial interest in receiving it; and that for either category, the assignment must pass the public policy and due administration of justice tests, the law is working as it should. The existing legal framework is putting a brake upon the untrammelled sale of causes of action, while allowing those who have a sufficient interest to take the assignment, stand in the shoes of the original claimant, and treat the action as his own. An appropriate balance has been struck in the law of assignments, whilst acknowledging that the categories of ‘genuine commercial interest’ and appropriate ‘identity of interest’ are always evolving.
UK Policy towards the Creative Industries Sector Post-Brexit
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 scrutinises the UK’s position towards the creative industries post-Brexit, which is a key domestic growth sector. It begins with examination of the national policy toolkit used to promote national content production. This includes subsidies, tax relief, quotas, and public service broadcasting. The chapter then turns to the effect of Brexit on foreign investment, independent production, and employment. It finds that removal of EU rules on the freedom of movement has negatively affected the creative sector, which is an industry requiring a high degree of flexibility and mobility. The chapter then examines the UK’s post-Brexit status concerning the sector under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and free-trade agreements. The conclusion points to the freedom of movement being the most salient problem for the creative industries. The UK is found to have more flexibility in delivery of state aid to the sector. However, there is an imbalance in funding support moved towards infrastructure, such as broadband, and away from the cultural sector, particularly the creative arts.
In Blood and Ashes
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

From binding spells and incantations to curse-writing rituals, magic pervaded the ancient Greek world. In Blood and Ashes: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells in Ancient Greece provides the first historical study of the development and dissemination of ritualized curse practice from 750 to 250 bce, documenting the cultural pressures that drove the use of curse tablets, charms, spells, and other private rites. This book expands understandings of daily life in ancient communities, showing how individuals were making sense of the world and coping with conflict, vulnerability, competition, anxiety, desire, and loss, all while conjuring the gods and powers of the Underworld. Bringing together epigraphic, historical, literary, archaeological, and material evidence, this volume reads between traditional histories of Archaic, Classical, and early Hellenistic Greece, drawing out new voices and new narratives to consider: here are the cooks, tavern keepers, garland weavers, helmsmen, barbers, and other persons who often slip through the cracks of ancient history. The texts and objects presented here offer glimpses of public and private lives across many centuries, illuminating the interplay of ritual and conflict-management strategies among free and enslaved persons, men and women, pagans and Christians. Filled with new material and insights, this book offers a fresh perspective on ancient Greek social history and religion, highlighting the role of ritual in negotiating life’s uncertainties.
Introduction: Magic and Curses in Ancient Greece
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

This introduction presents readers with the overarching questions, bodies of evidence, and chapter structure of In Blood and Ashes: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells in Ancient Greece. The place of magic within Classical scholarship is considered, as are the ways in which curse inscriptions can be used to draw out new historical narratives. Examples of both a Greek curse tablet and curse effigy are discussed, and an overview of the book’s three parts is provided.
Public Imprecations and Private Curse-Writing
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

This final chapter investigates public, orally pronounced curses, arai (ἀραί), and explores their relationship to private curse-writing rituals. As widespread sacred and civic phenomena, arai were pervasive in the early Greek polis, and featured regularly in treaties, oath ceremonies, civic institutions, and sacred precincts. This chapter first illuminates the linguistic contours of the public curse, and the contexts in which it found use in Greek communities. Arai carry inherently different forms of ritual speech from the binding spells examined in the previous chapter, yet just as some curse-writers were influenced by incantations, others drew inspiration from civic discourse, and public arai in particular. Curse tablets that employ the language of sacred and civic arai are understudied in scholarship on both oral and inscribed maledictions. This chapter demonstrates how practitioners—from the development of curse-writing rituals in western Sicily to their proliferation in fourth-century Athens, and well beyond—were influenced by public arai. Such curse tablets accordingly provide access to another form of early ritual speech, the public curse (ara). The final chapter thus expands the project’s scope by showing how some curse-writing rituals could partake in (and thereby preserve) older, oral traditions of sacred and civic imprecations.
Conclusion
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

This Conclusion summarizes the book’s three parts, and the major themes and insights found therein. It also provides an overview of the breadth, diversification, and heterogeneity of curse rituals during the later Roman Empire, which, while by no means exhaustive, leaves readers with a sense of the practice’s transformation over time and space in the centuries after those examined in previous chapters.
The First Christian Emperors (324–361)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the first Christian emperors during the years 324-361. It starts with Constantine establishing and binding Constantinople to his dynasty. Constantine’s sponsorship of the Church unleashed the forces of division that resulted in a Church-wide controversy about the nature of God lasting for a century. As bishops gained social power, church councils became courts of criminal law and bishops acted as judges over their peers. Thus, the Christian clergy was integrated into Roman society through the similar fiscal-legal mechanisms by which emperors defined and regulated all social classes. The chapter then details the aftermath of Constantine's death wherein conflicts arose between Constantius, Vetrania, and Magnetius.
Growing Confidence (815–867)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

The chapter notes how Leon V rose through the army to become an emperor and faced no rebellions, mutinies, or plots. The sequence of Leon-Konstantinos raises a red flag of the emperor drifting into iconoskepticism after Leon V crowned his son Symbatious as the co-emperor with the name Konstantinos. After icons were regarded as symbols of loss for emperors, Leon V needed a military victory to bolster the fight against icons. The chapter then explains how Michael II took the throne after Leon V's murder, citing that he also did not allow the restoration of icons. It details how the end of iconoclasm in 843 inaugurated a phase of humanism in literature and a closer engagement with ancient models.
A New David and Solomon (867–912)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the growth of Constantinople through internal migration from provinces while referring to the regime of Basileios I. Basileios’ ascent highlights the weakness of the dynastic principle and the possibility of men from low provincial origin entering political establishments. Some of Basileios' works involve unraveling the recent history of the Church and reinstating dissident Ignatians. The chapter then looks into the rise of higher education as an effort to spread the skill of using ancient Greek during the regime of Leon VI's regime. It notes the Tetragamy scandal caused by Leon VI's four marriages and the questions regarding the extent of the emperor's power.
The Triumph of Roman Arms (950–1025)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the triumph of Roman arms. It starts with the rhythm of the raid and counter-raid across the eastern frontier that turned into a twenty-year war. After centuries of defending Asia Minor, the imperial army took a more offensive stance with the core of four tagmata with about 1,000 cavalries in each conquest army. Thus, Konstantinos VII reformed the property basis of military service to protect soldiers’ lands from being absorbed into larger estates owned by “the powerful". The chapter examines the conquest of Cilicia and Syria. It also notes the achievements of Nikephoros II Phokas that earned him the moniker The White Death of the Saracens and Basil II as the longest-reigning Roman emperor in history..
Disintegration and Betrayal (1180–1204)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the decline of the empire after the death of Manuel II Komnenos. Manuel’s experienced cousin Andronikos was expected to save the state from the predators who wish to take advantage of the city after his death. However, Andronikos’ propaganda cast the massacre of Latins in an effort to restore Roman affairs. By 1182, Latinophobia was pervasive in Roman society, especially in religious and popular circles, while Latinophilia was a niche attitude limited to a few secular elites. Moreover, Andronikos’ reign of terror alienated the extended Komnenian aristocracy, especially by restricting their abuses. The chapter then details the Third Crusade and Fourth Crusade.
The Noose Tightens (1354–1402)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains that Andronikos III ensured that the Romans remained a formidable Balkan power despite the loss of Anatolia. However, the civil war of the 1340s enabled Serbs to annex Macedonia and central Greece, which reduced the Roman state to second-rate status. The chapter cites that the Romans of Trebizond had also experienced a prolonged period of political instability and civil war. It mentions how Ioannes V’s reign began with a cascade of territorial losses and concessions. Meanwhile, Manuel II won the late Palaiologan civil war and his reign resulted in the disappearance of the language division between Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
From the Stage to the Studio
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

No matter the excellence of a musician’s performance achievements upon entering the professional world, it is unlikely that any musician will depend solely upon performance for income. Those who distinguish themselves as both skilled teachers and skilled performers will have a significant advantage. This book provides the tools and information necessary for musicians to become effective teachers in terms useful to both pedagogy and applied music instructors, as well as young music students learning to teach while perfecting their performance skills. Premised on the integral partnership between pedagogy and performance, the authors offer in-depth explorations of the essential components of performance, the nature of student-teacher interactions, and the manner in which knowledge, skills, and musicianship are most effectively conveyed. In doing so, they illuminate the profound resonance between music performance and education and how musicians benefit as much from teaching as their students do from being taught. Included is a wealth of information and concrete examples on everything from setting up a studio, to writing a lesson plan, to soliciting constructive feedback from students.
Comprehensive Teaching
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the concept of teaching beyond skills, and offering more information and musicianship ideas. The chapter is prefaced by an overview of the previous chapters—Principles, Sequencing, and Independence—and how essential they are in creating the opportunity to teach musical concepts and explore indepth music-making. Well-chosen literature is also essential to comprehensive teaching because great music provides substantial and varied possibilities for exploring aspects of knowledge, such as compositional style, form, and theory; skills essential to a fine performance; and an opportunity for students to make deep and life-long personal connections to beautiful music. Full understanding of repertoire is essential to every fine performer, and should be essential to every teacher as well. Awareness of repertoire choices, including underrepresented composers and music emerging from historically oppressive situations is addressed. Teachers are also encouraged to consider that students can not only practice but complete various kinds of assignments that lead them to deeper understanding of the music. Teachers also are asked to consider what their highest priorities are, and to make certain those are embedded in their work with students.
Quandaries and Recommendations
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents several challenges that music teachers might encounter during their teaching career, and provides recommendations for resolving such problems, including ways to avoid them altogether. Adapted from real-life situations, various scenarios are described, many of which have no easy answers. These are followed by one or more recommended approaches resolving the problem presented, or at minimum, how to make the best of the difficult situation. The chapter covers challenges the arise in scheduling and fee collection, and in relationship to students, parents, other teachers, and even oneself. The teacher is encouraged follow ethics guidelines, to be willing to admit to mistakes when they happen, and to find ways to create the best environment for all concerned.
Friendships and peer groups in the teen years—our perspective
Authors: Osgood D. Wayne
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the volume by describing the origins of the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers project and presenting the conceptual framework for studying the connections between friendships and risky behavior across adolescence. It begins with the story of the project’s origin as a fortuitous outgrowth of the PROSPER community-level prevention trial. Next, the importance of the topic is discussed in terms of the simultaneous growth during adolescence in the prominence of peers and in many risky behaviors. This in turn has led to an emphasis on peer influence in both explanations of those behaviors and efforts to prevent them. The remainder of the chapter introduces a network-based conceptual framework. It begins with the ways in which a network perspective broadens understanding of peer influence, especially by directing substantive attention to selection processes. The remainder of the chapter presents concepts of network structure and position and of individual, group, and network levels of analysis.
The role of parenting in shaping the friendship context of adolescent substance use
Authors: Rulison Kelly L. , Chahl Avery , Hoeben Evelien M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines three ways parents can shape the peer context of adolescent substance use: (1) Parents shape who their children select as friends and spend (unsupervised) time with; (2) parents shape how susceptible their children are to influence from these friends; and (3) parents influence their children’s friends’ attitudes and behaviors. This chapter starts by reviewing what is known about family-peer relationships, then describes three empirical studies that utilized social network data from PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers to examine how parents shape the friendship context. Study 1 demonstrated that parenting practices can shape both friendship selection and influence. For example, adolescents who reported consistent parental discipline and those who spent less unsupervised time with friends were less likely to select alcohol-using peers as friends. Adolescents who reported experiencing more consistent parental discipline and better parental knowledge were more likely to be influenced by their friends’ alcohol use. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that friendship groups and friends link adolescents to the influence of their friends’ parents. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of these findings for family-focused interventions, as parents not only directly influence adolescent substance use, but also indirectly influence substance use by shaping adolescents’ friendship context.
Variation in network processes across community and school district contexts
Authors: McMillan Cassie , Ragan Daniel T. , Colindres Alana
Published: August 2023

An established line of research finds that adolescent networks both shape and are shaped by individual participation in problem behaviors, such as delinquency, drinking, and smoking. However, less work considers whether the processes linking risky behaviors and peer networks differ across community and school district contexts. This chapter considers whether there are significant differences in four network processes related to friend selection and peer influence across the large sample of longitudinal networks from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers study. Overall, we find limited evidence for meaningful variations in processes across networks, suggesting that interventions designed to promote positive behaviors in the context of peer networks can be applied similarly across communities. However, we also find important exceptions. For instance, in schools with larger student bodies, students engaged in delinquency and past-month drinking send more friendship ties than would otherwise be expected. We discuss the implications of our findings for school-based intervention programs and conclude with suggestions for future work.
Future directions for research on networks and adolescent health
Authors: Valente Thomas W.
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews some of the major contributions the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers study has made to understanding how adolescents’ social networks influence their health behaviors. The chapter then discusses four areas in which network research is expected to expand: (1) measurement, (2) intervention, (3) moderation/mediation; and (4) analytic strategies. Given the strong influence networks have on many behaviors, network intervention applications are likely to expand, thus providing the impetus to improve network measurement by going beyond a single adolescent friendship question. This will in turn give rise to more attention to incorporating network variables as moderators and/or mediators as a supplement to standard evaluation methods. Finally, attention is turned to network analytic strategies and observations how the PROSPER Peers team has employed many different approaches, from the calculation of simple network metrics such as centrality to complex stochastic-oriented models as estimated in Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis (SIENA). Future research in these areas can extend the impressive list of PROSPER findings and expand both the reach and the impact of our efforts on improving health and understanding the social contextual conditions to maximize them.
The Modi Government and the Uses and Limits of India’s Religious Soft Power
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: August 2023

The election of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, with a clear-cut majority for his nativist, Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), marked a watershed in Indian politics. This chapter traces the evolution of Indian soft power since the premiership of Jawaharlal Nehru, who, as the country’s first prime minister, situated Indian soft power as a primarily secular tool that sought to capitalize on the country’s civilizational heritage rather than its religious traditions. However, under Modi, India has chosen to utilize and emphasize particular religious traditions in its soft-power strategy, including Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Ultimately, India’s attempts to burnish its global image through the use of religious soft power will be tarnished because of its sharp turn toward illiberalism under Modi and its mistreatment of religious minorities, particularly Muslims.
Shi’i Diplomacy
Authors: Wastnidge Edward
Published: August 2023

Iran, since its attempts to export the Islamic Revolution in the 1980s, has invested in building diplomatic and religious infrastructure, expanding its religious outreach activities across the Shi’i world in a demonstration of its growing religious soft power. This chapter starts by contextualizing Iran’s religious soft power by exploring the role of religiously informed notions of justice that are foundational to the Islamic Republic’s foreign policy. It then examines how elements of Shi’i identity are utilized to provide justification for Iranian strategic and military engagements in the Middle East, as well as how Iran’s cultural and soft-power strategies play out in Lebanon through various state-sponsored outreach and development initiatives.
The Saxophone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 includes a brief history of the saxophone.
Embouchure
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 contains instructions on how to form a correct saxophone embouchure in three easy steps. Common mistakes and troubleshooting are also addressed.
Saxophone Posture and Hand Position
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 10 describes the correct position for playing the various types of saxophones while sitting and standing. It also covers the correct hand positions and includes photographs.
Flawless Fingers
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 18 focuses special attention on a few of the trickiest areas of the saxophone’s technique.
Palm Keys
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 22 introduces five new notes to be played using the saxophone’s palm keys.
Vibrato
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Vibrato is a technique used by many musicians to enhance musical expression. Chapter 29 explores its application on the saxophone.
Soprano, Tenor, and Baritone Saxophone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Although saxophonists often start on alto saxophone (and sometimes tenor), they will need to have the skills to play other instruments in the saxophone family to fill a concert band or jazz band section. These tips will help students adapt to various members of the saxophone family.
First Lesson Planning Guide
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter includes a sample of what the first saxophone lesson might look like.
Troubleshooting
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

One of the most important skills that a music instructor must have is the ability of diagnose a problem and present an appropriate solution. This chapter lists many of the common problems seen among younger students, along with suggestions on how to address each issue.
Wellness for the Young Musician
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter is a guide to establishing good habits, including a simple stretching routine, strategies to decrease performance anxiety, and a summary of common wellness practices.
Saxophone Resource Guide: Listening, Repertoire, and Further Reading
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 48 suggests a collection of books, sheet music, and recordings for further growth.
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World, Volume II
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This book introduces the history and archaeology of ancient Athens in the period 800–500 bce. Following the standard arrangement of the Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World series, it deals successively with the sources; environmental setting; material culture (settlement pattern, burial customs, ceramic production); political, legal, and diplomatic history; economy and demography; social and religious customs; and cultural history (including history of sculpture) of archaic Athens. It provides not only a full and up-to-date guide to all these various aspects of Athenian history and archaeology, but also an integrated history that shows how the different aspects fit together. The reader is guided through an exciting story of the way in which the territory of Attica was re-occupied after the collapse of Bronze Age civilization; how Athens emerged as the dominant settlement; how the claims of family, place, and wealth were played out against one another; and how the Athenians came to place themselves both in relation to the wider Greek world and in relation to the gods. The account is illustrated with abundant maps and photographs that bring the world of Athens to life and enable the reader to recreate life on the ground. The political and cultural achievements of classical Athens (democracy, tragedy, the Parthenon, and its sculpture) rested upon the foundations created in the archaic period, but this book shows that archaic Athens did not merely provide foundations for what came later, but it offered a fascinating history and culture of its own.
Legal History
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 discusses the nature of Drako’s laws, including in particular the law on justifiable homicide, the range and nature of the laws of Solon, and subsequent legal changes.
Diplomatic History and External Relations
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces Athenian relations with a wider world from the end of the seventh century to the Persian wars. Athens’ first recorded intervention outside Attica was the occupation of Sigeion, which marked the beginning of a long-continued close interest in the north Aegean and Hellespont; the connections of this settlement with Athenian trade and interest in the Black Sea are discussed. The chapter further explores the connections of the tyrant Peisistratos, which were arguably largely personal in nature, and the relations with Persia of post-Kleisthenic Athenian democracy. The chapter outlines Athens’ military history and military organization and discusses Athenian settlements abroad and their circumstances.
Cultural History
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 12 addresses the question of whether there was a distinctive Athenian culture. This is explored briefly with regard to the local alphabet and Athenian pottery, which has been more extensively discussed in Section 4.5, and then extensively through a history of Athenian sculpture. Athenian sculpture is traced through the great series of kouroi and korai from Athens and Attica, from the Dipylon and Sounion kouroi to the Anavyssos kouros, Aristodikos, and the Kritian Boy, and from the “Berlin Standing Goddess” and the funerary kore of Phrasikleia through the extraordinary sequence of korai from the Athenian acropolis. It is also traced through the architectural sculpture on temples (already discussed in Section 11.3), and through sixth-century grave reliefs. Among minor arts, jewelry is discussed. A short history is also provided of Athenian literature,
Historical Culture in Iron Age Italy
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

Long before the emergence of Roman historical writing, the indigenous societies of Iron Age Italy were actively engaged in the transmission and use of the past. This book draws innovatively from anthropological and archaeological theory to provide a first account of this early historical interest. Key is an expansion from history narrowly defined to historical culture: the forms of written, narrative history familiar to us today are by no means the only manner in which societies articulate past and present. A new and more expansive understanding of what history is helps us recognize pervasive historical interests across a wider range of media. From the Early Iron Age to the third century BCE, Italian communities used a rich variety of burial practices, objects, calendars, and images to record and transmit their history. This book brings all this material together under the rubric of historical culture. The assembled evidence shows how Italy’s historical culture transformed over time as a reflection of broader changes in Italian social structure. The historical culture of Early Iron Age communities in Italy was transformed by the emergence and development of urban society before ultimately being absorbed by Roman imperial power. As the case of Iron Age Italy shows, different societies had different customs, and this applies to the ways in which communities engaged with their past. The account provides readers with an accessible presentation of several recent and important archaeological discoveries from Pre-Roman Italy.
The Radical Imagination of Black Women
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

The Radical Imagination of Black Women: Ambition, Politics, and Power explores how elite Black women decide to seek political office. Despite their marginalized existence, Black women engage in robust political participation that includes seeking elected office. Utilizing interviews of Black women who currently or have served in office and focus group data of Black women, the manuscript bridges the literatures of ambition theory and marginalization through a theory referred to as “ambition on the margins.” Black women’s resistance to marginalization informs us about the conditions that shape Black women and their political socialization, while ambition theory helps us understand what they do in response to marginalization. The socialization process fosters the decision-making process of Black women. This framework moves the extant literature beyond the premise that the political ambition of Black women is less than white women or men. Political science’s approach to ambition negates and disregards mechanisms beyond voting that Black women often engage in, such as doing political work through community and civic organizations. That data provided from interviews reveal the complex dynamics that contribute to the nuanced process that Black women emerge as candidates and engage as politicians.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains why the USSR went from almost withdrawing from UNESCO at the end of the 1950s to regarding participation in the agency as its best bet to succeed in the international organizational system by the end of the next decade. Focusing on Soviet involvement in UNESCO’s educational technical assistance activities in the decolonizing world from the “Year of Africa” in 1960 to the eve of détente in 1967, it provides an overview of Soviet aid through the organization in the context of the UN’s “Decade of Development.” Although Soviet officials considered UNESCO an instrument for Western “neo-imperialism,” they defended it in the midst of American efforts to undermine its centrality by looking to other, exclusively Western institutions to send aid to “weakly-developed countries.” This defense contributed to the normalization of Soviet membership in the organization, making the USSR and UNESCO strange bedfellows in a rapidly pluralizing world order.