bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normative Basis for Regional Economy of Social Service Provision
Authors: Zhurukhin G I , Illarionov I V , Mokronosov A G
Published: March 2021

The article states the growing interest in social services that aim to satisfy individual preferences of a consumer. According to many social studies, the interest in higher quality commercial services is also steadily increasing. The commercial services are demanded by the representatives of the middle class that take care of their elderly relatives and disabled children or support the dependents; and by the other categories of disadvantaged citizens. As the reform of pension provision develops, the share of population that demand social servicing and are able to pay for preferred social services will also rise.

The authors have defined the key elements of the organizational economic mechanism of adaptation of regional system of social servicing of the population to the market conditions of functioning: regional standards of social servicing of the population that determine the typology of social services, standard cost of a service, standards of targeted funding of non-commercial organizations that create the supply chain as an alternative to governmental organizations of social protection. The results of statistical study of the scope and structure of social services, assessed cost of social services with regard to their various types, forms of provision, and categories of consumers are shown by the example of the operational analysis of organizations of social protection of the population in the Ural region. The authors have brought forward arguments to apply standard methods to the formation process of basic economic standards in social economy. It has been proved that while formation of consolidated standard cost of social services, classified according to the categories of consumers, forms of provision, and types of social services, their resource intensity averages out with the coefficient of variation at a standard error rate (of 33%).
Territorial Protection of Rare Orchid Species (Orchidaceae) in the Nizhny Novgorod Region
Authors: Bakka S V , Yu Kiseleva N , Schestakova A A , Urbanavichute S P
Published: March 2021

This study aims at the analysis of the current status of the territorial protection of rare orchid species in the Nizhny Novgorod region to solve the problems of further maintaining biodiversity in the region and developing the system of protected areas. The total area of 411 existing and 147 projected protected areas in the region together with buffer zones is 8350 km2 (11% of the region area). For the analysis, we used data from the Herbarium of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (NNSU), scientific publications and data obtained by the authors during surveys in 1986–2019. To determine the level of territorial protection we used the frequency of occurrence of rare orchid species in the protected areas estimated in points. It was calculated at the basis on the share of the number of discovered locations of the species per the total number of findings of that species in the region. Also we took into consideration numbers and areas of protected areas where the orchid species are protected, their status and category (federal or regional, established or projected), as well as actual records of orchids on these areas over the past 20 years. A total of 19 rare orchid species are protected at 65 established and 11 projected protected areas of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Ten orchid species are recognized as well provided with territorial protection (52.6%). The level of territorial protection of 4 species is recognized as satisfactory. At the same time 4 species of orchids are poorly protected. The threat of extinction of these orchid species in the region is significant. Three species of orchids, which are probably extinct in the Nizhny Novgorod region, are absent in the protected areas. The number of rare species growing on existing protected areas ranges from 1 to 11 and depends on different criteria (level of the flora research, diversity of habitats) and has a weak positive correlation with the area (correlation coefficient – 0.46). We predict a significant increase in the number of finds of rare orchids in protected areas with a detailed flora inventory conducting. The system of protected areas established in the region as a whole provides a satisfactory level of protection for rare orchids. Nevertheless, the territorial protection of these plants needs to be improved.
Features of Electromagnetic Situation Estimation Near the 5G Base Station Antennas
Authors: Yu Zvezdina M , Shokova Yu A
Published: March 2021

The economic attractiveness of 5G networks influences the speed of their worldwide deployment drastically, putting the deployment process ahead of environmental studies. The analysis of 5G network parameters which affect the evaluation of electromagnetic ecology was carried out. It has shown the difference between 5G and 3G/4G networks in the frequency band number, network topology, transmitting power, the radiation parameters of antenna systems, as well as the antenna systems location relative to the service areas and in distance to possible people location. These differences resulted in the following conclusions: it is incorrect to use the decimeter wave propagation models for estimation, and it is incorrect to use maximum permissible power level per unit of human skin surface area as an exposure criterion as well. Hence, the current documents for electromagnetic ecology regulation do not reflect the electromagnetic background of 5G networks. The article presents two possible ways to solve the detected contradiction: medical and biological research for 5G frequencies; scientifically based generalization of international experience in regulation with a transition to the practice of recommendations. It is shown that since the medical and biological research in Russia began only in 2020, it is possible to use the V.I. Mordachev method for the transition period. It is proposed to use the total intensity of electromagnetic background in the territory of broadband networks deployment, which operate in several frequency bands, and to use the old exposure criterion. In the paper the research results were given for a private case of 5G network functioning in three frequency bands (4.4 GHz, 24 GHz and 37 GHz) in Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg and Moscow. The given research results showed the environmental safety of the deployed networks. In addition, it was shown that the technique could be used to assess the electromagnetic ecology in the 5G network territory in the transition phase until new regulations are adopted.
Dynamics of the Length of the River Network of Elementary Watercourses in the Zone of Broad-leaved Forests under High Anthropogenic Pressure in the XXI Century (on the example of the catchment area of the Birlya river in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)
Authors: Astashin A E , Pashkin O N , Vatina O E , Astashina N I , Fomina A I
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of research the dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses within the territory of the catchment area of the Birlya river in the XXI century. The researched area is located in a zone of broad-leaved forests and characterized by high anthropogenic pressure on the landscape (high plowing and relatively high population density). The research is based on the materials of expedition work, carried out in the summer of 2020 and on geoinformation analysis of topographic map data. As a result of field work, the current position of the sources of elementary watercourses was realized, and the change in the length of rivers was calculated by comparing the position of it’s sources in 2001, recorded on topographic maps, with the position of the sources of rivers in 2020. Established the fact of multidirectional dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary rivers in comparison with 2001 and the significant role of local conditions that determine this dynamics: the nature of agriculture, forest cover, ploughing, and the influence of animals.
Generation Scheduling of Hydro-dominated Provincial Power Grid: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Wang Liang , Miao Shumin , Ding Lijie , Wei Wei , Wang Jinlong , He Yong
Published: March 2021

Hydro-dominated power grids such as Sichuan and Yunnan in China face many new problems in power generation scheduling that have not been encountered in the small- and medium -sized hydropower systems. This brings great challenges to the safety and efficiency of power system operations and large-scale absorption of clean energy such as hydropower. Sichuan Power Grid whose hydropower capacity ranks first in the country is taken as the background. With its hydropower status and actual operation requirements, this study analyzes several main problems of hydro-dominated power system operations, including curse of dimensionality of large-scale hydropower plants, generation safety control of giant hydropower units, hydropower transmission and absorption in flood season, and coordinated operations of inter-provincial hydropower plants on main streams. With the theory of hydropower optimization and practical experiences, this study also puts forward appropriate suggestions and strategies.
A Load-Based Method for Peak Operations of Cascaded Hydropower Stations
Authors: Wang Sen , Shen Jianjian , Li Shanzong
Published: March 2021

Short-term generation scheduling of cascade hydropower stations has always been one of the core tasks of power system operations. However, with the rapid increase of the number of power stations and the complexity of operation constraints, it is facing more and more challenges to quickly obtain practical day-ahead generation schedules. Based on the practical project of Hongshui River, a load-based method for peak operations of cascaded hydropower stations is proposed. The method takes the maximum effective generation production of cascaded hydropower stations as the objective, and introduces the generation weight coefficient by referring to load profile change. The purpose is to make the hydropower station generate power according to the priority of load peak, average and valley so that the generation schedules effectively meet the peak-shaving demand of the power grid. Moreover, a heuristic search procedure is developed to guide reasonable load distribution of hydropower stations. The method has been applied to a cascaded hydropower stations on the main stream of Hongshui River. The computational efficiency and rationality of the results have been verified in a case study, which shows that it is a feasible and practical method to solve the short-term operation problem of cascaded hydropower stations.
Temperature Effect of Phosphonate-based Scale Inhibitors on Calcium Sulfate Scale in a High Salinity Environment
Authors: Hou J , Chen T , Han M , Bataweel M
Published: March 2021

Calcium sulfate scale is one of the major scales causing lots of serious operating problems in water injection and oil production. It is necessary to conduct effective treatment when calcium sulfate precipitation occurs. Phosphonate-based scale inhibitors (SIs) are commonly used to control mineral scaling. In this work, the performances for calcium sulfate inhibition by four phosphonate-based SIs were investigated in high salinity and high hardness waters. Experiments at elevated temperatures (65°C, 90°C and 120°C) were conducted to demonstrate the effects of temperature on the scale inhibition efficiency. The results showed that a 100% inhibitive performance could be achieved in the addition of SI-2 at 65°C and 90°C with a dosage of <20 ppm. It was also observed that the inhibition rate on calcium sulfate decreased severely at a temperature up to 120°C.
Food Waste Behaviours at Buffet Restaurants in China
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Peng Cheng , Zhang Meixuan , Zhang Linfeng , An Jialin , Yang Xuewen , Fang Heyao , Fan Peiqi , Liu Miao
Published: March 2021

Food waste is regarded as one of the most challenging issues in the world today with enormous environmental and socio-economic impacts, especially in China, where food waste produced per capita is estimated to be 44 kg per year. However, a review in literature suggests a lack of empirical studies investigating the motivations, management, legislation, policies, and initiative to decrease food waste in the most populated country in the world (with more than 1.4 billion residents). In this study, we collected data through participant observations, casual conversations, and in-depth interviews with 30 Chinese respondents at three buffet restaurants in Haikou, Hainan Province, a popular holiday destination in China. Findings suggest that food waste was significantly influenced by the misperception of the amount of food that a person expected to be able to eat. Food-saving behaviour was also observed as a result of high moral standards and self-discipline. Specifically, people exhibit a higher likelihood of food waste because of value for money. Patrons’ lack of environmental knowledge is more likely to contribute to wasteful behaviours. We proposed initiatives to reduce food waste at buffet restaurants in the concluding remarks of this paper.
A Two-period Game Theory Model in Subsidizing the Electric Vehicle Supply Chain with Used Electric Vehicle Batteries Remanufacturing Process
Authors: Gu Xiaoyu , Huang Hongfu , Song Yixuan
Published: March 2021

Electric vehicle batteries are usually retired when the performance drops to about 70% of factory performance. At this point, they can be remanufactured into raw materials for the production of new batteries. This paper studies a two-period vehicle supply chain consisting of government, an electric/gasoline vehicle manufacturer, a EV battery manufacturer and consumers with and without retired batteries’ remanufacturing process. The purpose is to understand government subsidy policy in these two different periods. By adopting Stackelberg game theory and Nash equilibrium, a mathematical model was developed. The study gives the optimal subsidy with and without battery remanufacturing process in different two periods. We also consider the quality and recycling rates of retired batteries, as well as the impact of raw material costs for new batteries and government environmental spending on subsidies and commodity prices such as vehicles and batteries. Meanwhile, the results show that government subsidy to EV manufacturers can be reduced when retired battery remanufacturing process exists. Increasing in retired batteries’ quality, recycling rates, and the cost of raw materials for new batteries will lead to a reduction in government subsidies; but a rising of government spending on environmental protection will lead to the need for more subsidies to electric vehicle manufacturers.
Effects of Commercial Antioxidants Applied in Ovo on Chorioallantoic Membrane and Putative Plasma Vitellogenin of Philippine Mallard (Anas platyrynchos L.)
Authors: Vega Renato SA , Adiova Christine B , Nas John Sylvester B , Cerico Desiree Joy V , Manalo David D
Published: March 2021

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different antioxidants and its overdose (4x)in ovo. Experiment 1 were grouped as vitamin C, MegaAntioxidant®and Proflavanol C®, while experiment 2 were grouped as 100, 200 and 400ppm of MegaAntioxidant®having positive and negative control for both. The 200 fertile eggs in each experiment were injected with 100ul/egg of treatment solution and placebo (positive control), except negative control. Embryonic weight and body measurements were taken weekly (7-21 d). The anti-angiogenesis using CAM at day 4 was accomplished. Determination of putative vitellogenin (VTG) was done at 28thday using SDS-PAGE. Both experiments showed comparable embryonic weight, body length, and head diameter indicating no deleterious effects of different antioxidants and MegaAntioxidants®at high doses. Absence of red blemishes of liver was observed in three different antioxidants. The CAM resulted to lesser blood vessel formation significantly at 200 and 400 ppm MegaAntioxidant®. Further, the 175 kDa putative VTG, was present in vitamin C, Proflavanol C®, positive control and negative control, except MegaAntioxidant®. The results imply that MegaAntioxidant®having 32 different antioxidants could have protected the liver, spared VTG synthesis and had anti-angiogenic property at 200 and 400ppm doses.
Effects of Water Absorption on Mercury Contamination in Fiberbank Sediments using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Authors: An Siwen , Zeeshan Faisal , Norlin Börje , Thungström Göran
Published: March 2021

A large amount of contaminated cellulose and wood fibers were emitted directly onto the seabed by the pulp and paper industry before the year of 1970. This fiber-rich sediment contains concentrations of hazardous substances that cause environmental problems. Mercury (Hg) in the fiber sediment is a worldwide threat because it can bioaccumulate in the aquatic ecosystem and eventually affect human health. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is an elemental analysis method for earth materials, which is rapid and requires minimal sample preparation. However, for in-situ XRF analyses, constraints in the measurement conditions will strongly affect the measurement sensitivity and accuracy, such as the scattered background and the water content surrounding the sample. In this work, we showed that applying an X-ray beam filter foil, optimized by using the material absorption edge, can improve the sensitivity of the XRF spectrometer system for Hg determination. Furthermore, the influence of water content in XRF measurement for Hg contamination analysis was investigated. The attenuation coefficient in water was determined by simulation of water layer with varying thickness using a Monte Carlo simulation code. The measured intensity for Hg was decreased exponentially as the water thickness increase, as expected. We propose a method to correct the attenuation in water with XRF analysis and we expect that these findings can contribute to an accurate in-situ Hg detection experiment.
Performance of Oil Palm Frond Fiber as Filtration Material in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment
Authors: Lee Man Djun , Mohamad Nur Fathin Amirah , Hassan Norhasmillah Abu , Lee Pui San
Published: March 2021

Over the years, oil palm waste management has always been a severe issue for the palm oil industry. The growing demand for palm oil contributes to the rapid raising of biomass waste and effluent discharge. This study aims to use oil palm frond fibre (OPF) as media filter material to treat wastewater generated by the palm oil mill itself; known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and is highly acidic, which is very harmful to the environment if discharged directly to the watercourse without proper treatment. OPF fibre is selected due to its fascinating properties such as high cellulase content, readily available, biodegradable and non-toxic. Several arrays of experiments are conducted to assess the effectiveness of OPF in POME pollutants removal. The parameters to determine the performance of pollutant reduction of this study are COD, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. OPF filters are arranged in a different ratio, particle size and even paired with other filter media materials, such as activated carbon and sand to determine the best treatment result. Findings indicate that the OPF filter with a ratio of 4:3:3 fine, medium and coarse fibres yield the best results, which are 26.44% BOD removal, 55.21% COD removal, 98% TSS removal and pH of 5.77. The findings show that the OPF filter is significant in treating POME. OPF as filtration material could be a sustainable means in wastewater treatment since it is biodegradable and readily available in oil palm plantation as agricultural waste. The outcome of this study contributes to waste management and wastewater treatment. For future studies, OPF could be coupled with other treatment methods to achieve higher treatment performance to contribute to environmental sustainability.
Effect of the Pervious Concrete and Scoria Rock Permeability to Micro-Hydropower Generation from Stormwater
Authors: Rahman M F A , Kamal N A
Published: March 2021

Micro-hydropower is a most sustainable source of energy that may generate 2kW to 100kW of electricity. The production of electrical power of micro-hydropower is from kinetic energy converted into electrical energy by the flow of water through a drain or channel and distribute to the desire location. In urban areas, micro-hydropower is generated through the flow of water from surface runoff. The source of flow is surface runoff on the impermeable layer that contain particles and suspended solids. These particles and suspended solid are unfavourable for the turbines used in micro-hydropower as they may slow the rotation, thus decreasing the generation of electricity. Filter media is a significant component in micro-hydropower. Stormwater will permeate through the filter media and the flow will rotate the turbines to generate electricity. In this study, stormwater is treated through filter media of pervious concrete and scoria rocks. It is expected to improve the efficiency of the turbine rotation. This is important in maintaining the production of electricity through micro-hydropower.
A Micro-trigeneration Geothermal Plant for a Smart Energy Community: The Case Study of a Residential District in Ischia
Authors: Ceglia F , Marrasso E , Roselli C , Sasso M
Published: March 2021

Improvements for islands sustainability subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures could be obtained by innovative solutions for energy supply by using local energy renewable sources. This paper analyses the possible benefits of a geothermal energy community, consisting of residential users, located in Ischia, an island of Naples in South of Italy. The proposed system is mainly based on an Organic Rankine Cycle plant interacting with a medium temperature geothermal source. This system satisfies both community’s pure electric load and electricity requests of the electric-driven heat pumps for space conditioning and domestic hot water demands. The entire system and residential users were modelled and dynamically simulated by considering hourly electric, thermal/cooling and domestic hot water loads variation during three reference days for winter, summer and intermediate season. The proposed plant was compared to a traditional system in which the electricity to meet the total community’s electric loads, is taken from the national power grid. The results highlight that the use of proposed system instead of traditional one allows to avoid 29.9 tons per year of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, this proposed system ensures the island-operation of community exploiting local renewable energy source and improving the energy independency.
Quito’S Urban Imaginaries: Between Conserved and Intervened Green Spaces
Authors: Montero D , Estrella A , Oleas N , Cruz J , Salazar L , Santos F , Bonilla-Bedoya S
Published: March 2021

This manuscript presents the results of field research aimed to identify the perceptions that condition the urban imaginaries addressing the green spaces in Quito, Ecuador. Two focus groups were carried out with experts in designing green spaces. The results were evaluated through discourse analysis, applying the dialectical hermeneutical method, to finally establish open, axial, and selective categories. Six categories allow the understanding of the imaginaries associated with the city’s green spaces: conserved or intervened spaces, public and private spaces, and individual and collective subjectivity in relation to green areas; also relevant are the interventions of actors such as the state, the real estate market, and the community in the management of these spaces. In the city, conserved green spaces, such as urban and peri-urban forests, are for contemplative use and would be less attractive to the population than provoked green spaces, the latter of which are characterized by facilitating human interaction and by having the direct intervention of public institutions. The identification of public and private green spaces was related to potential forms of urban segregation. Participants stated that privileged social groups have direct access to customized architectural designs, whereas community organizations manage these spaces through social action.
Finite Element Analysis of Notch Sensitivity of PEEK under Monotonic Tension
Authors: Khan M A A , Asad M , Djavanroodi F , Nayfeh J F , Waqar T
Published: March 2021

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is of great interest to the biomedical industry especially for trauma, orthopedic and spinal implants. It is biocompatible and offers numerous advantages over other metallic biomedical implants. A good understanding of behavior of PEEK under different loading conditions is therefore necessary for its more efficient use. This paper investigates the notch sensitivity of PEEK in monotonic tension using the finite element modeling in ABAQUS. An unnotched specimen and three notched specimens (moderate, deep and razor) are modeled and the maximum true stress in each case is obtained. The stress distribution in front of the crack tip is also found by introducing a crack in the model for each specimen. It is observed that PEEK exhibits a ductile behavior in the absence of a stress concentration. The deformation mechanism is found to be dramatically changed from ductile to brittle in the presence of notches. Hence, the locations and severity of stress risers modeled as notches in PEEK should be taken into consideration prior to its use in biomedical implants.
A Generative Adversarial Network Based Segmentation and Classificationusing Deep CNN: Systematic Review
Authors: Sabeenian R S , Vijitha V
Published: March 2021

To become improved in the field of Deep Learning.it is a province system which is fully depended on learning methods and it upgraded one.Itpossesses to inspect closely to computer algorithms. In this detecting tumor system is one of the uppermost to confinement training tissue from the normal brain function tissue.it contributing numerous discipline such as medical image analysis, facial recognition system, virtualassistants,investment modelling like many applications its paly a various role to get accurate detection of the image. The motivation to this study is to layout an investigation based on deep learning network analysis. From this segmentation and classification is established to impose deep convolutional neural network and fully connected layer based Generative Adversarial Network (GAN).The model makes unfamiliar data that bear a resemblance training data in generator(generate images) and discriminator(it is classifies real and fake image).after a while GAN based segmentation and classification handout some predominance performance are confer. A good many multitude people were worked in this GAN based tumor segmentation and detection. From this most of the researches failed to get more accuracy in this technique.to summarize the state of art to help out experimentation in succeeding superintendence.
Automatic number plate recognition using deep learning
Authors: Gnanaprakash V , Kanthimathi N , Saranya N
Published: March 2021

In this era of fast growing technologies, there is a huge demand among the people for a secure lifestyle and travelling. In the past decade, the number of vehicles on road has been increased. Tracking of individual vehicle becomes a very challenging task with the massive growth in the vehicular sector every day. This paper suggests an automated vehicle tracking system for the fast moving vehicles with the help of the surveillance cameras on the roadside. The process of getting CCTV footage in the real time background is very tedious process. To cater to this problem, an efficient deep learning model such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) is used for object detection. The proposed work consists of four main steps. In the first step, video footage is converted into images and the car is detected from each of the frames. In the next step, license plate is detected from the detected cars. In the final step, the number plate characters reading are recognized from the detected number plates. The proposed deep learning model uses ImageAI library to make the training process easier. Tamil Nadu license plate images are used to analyse the performance of the model. The accuracy of 97% is achieved for car detection, accuracy of 98% is achieved for number plate localization and accuracy of 90% achieved for character recognition.
Analysis of Epilepsy Risk Levels from EEG Features through Support Vector Machine and Minimum Relative Entropy Model
Authors: Rajaguru Harikumar , Ramesh Monish , Manoranjith K
Published: March 2021

The goal of this research is to attain the epilepsy risk levels from Extracted features from EEG signals. This paper analyses a two-levelmethod of classification. At level one fuzzy method were endorsed to reach a multiple sub optimal solutions. Then the SVM and MRE classifiers were used to reach the singleton results. The Classifiers were compared by means of quality values. The SVM classifier accomplisher higher Quality Value of 23.02 when compared with other classifiers.
Performance Analysis of classifiers in Detection of Abnormalities from Ultrasonic Images-A Review
Authors: Harikumar R , Karthikamani R
Published: March 2021

In this paper the ultrasonic abdominal diseases are classified using various classifiers and their performances are analysed. Early diagnosis of abdominal disease is very important in deciding the proper treatment process. To carry out any research work without the comparison of the proposed one with the other already existing method is not effective to give better result. Objective of this paper is to review the classification methods based on the standard parameters like, Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy. In this review four classification algorithms Naive Bays Classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) are compared.The SVM classifier attained higher accuracy of 98.33 % when compared with all the classifiers.
Investigation on enhancing the binary classification accuracy of supervised classifiers using various transforms
Authors: Issac K. , Bharadwaj K. , Bharanidharan N , Rajaguru Harikumar
Published: March 2021

The Classification is used for testing instances where the unknown class labels are assigned where the predictor features are known. This paper aims to investigate the classification performance improvement of popular supervised classification approaches using data transformation techniques. Hilbert Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, and Principal Component Analysis are investigated as data transformation techniques for improving the performance of four different supervised classification approaches namely K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest Classifier, Naive Bayes Classifier, and Support Vector Machine. SONAR dataset is used in this research work and the highest Mathews Correlation Coefficient of 0.72 is attained for Random Forest Classifier.
Virtual Tollgate using Machine Learning
Authors: Manojkumar P , Raja Sekaran N , Dhanapal M , Srinivasan C
Published: March 2021

The traffic at toll gates is increasing day by day which leads to loss of time as well as fuel and pollution which is now a major concern. Even though there are smart payment gateways such as FASTAG the vehicle still needs to move in lower speeds to get detected by the readers. Our system is to implement a way smarter tollgate using machine learning algorithms. In these a tracking device is placed inside the corresponding vehicle and the path travelled by the vehicle for a day is retrieved as an image and pushed to the server through the internet connectivity provided in the device. In the server the received image is processed using the machine learning algorithms fed into it and allots the fare accordingly. The bill is generated on a monthly or weekly basis and sent to the user/owner of the vehicle. The utilization of mechanized cost assortment frameworks in numerous metropolitan urban areas would be an effective advance towards the congestion of the city roadways in substantial clog of traffic. As we as a whole know, transportation is the strength of our nation’s economy. There are different usage conventions in remote sensor organizations, for example, drain and segments, for example, RFID, NFC in this manner empowering decrease in activity expenses and rousing credit only exchanges. If there should arise an occurrence of manual cost assortment framework time utilization is much far more regrettable just as fuel consumption and most significant is the climate, the measure of air contamination that is made at the tollgate site is at elevated level, so our created framework will decrease time wastage and lessen air contamination as well as preserve fuel. The sole reason for this paper is to decrease the difficulties brought about by manual cost assortment frameworks and pass the subject’s vehicle through the cost obstruction in a matter of a couple of moments without stop.
Joint Sparsity and Total Variation Based Unmixing of Mixed Noise
Authors: Bachu Srinivas , Mounika Moturi , Nagabhushanam K
Published: March 2021

Hyperspectral unmixing is the procedure by which the end component elements are calculated and their fractional abundances are found in each pixel in hyperspectral images. Sometimes several types of sound harm a hyperspectral photo. In a general scenario that takes mixed noise into consideration, this study addresses the hyperspectral non-mixing problem. Gaussian and sparse noises are expressly taken into account in the unmixing model. The problem of unmixing was formulated to use the combined shortage of abundance maps. For the modelling of flatness diagrams, a complete variation-based regularisation has also been used. For the solution of an algorithm for the optimization problem, the split-Bregman technique was used. The advantages of the method proposed are revealed by detailed preliminary findings on both real and synthetic images.
Analysis of LSE and MMSE Pilot Based Channel EstimationTechniques for MIMO-OFDM System
Authors: Gayathri R , Perarasi T , Saranya S , Harikirubha S , Roobini K
Published: March 2021

An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) has becoming a desirable modulation technique scheme for wireless systems. In recent years, with the advent of technology in Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI), the number of higher data level is growing. Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to meet these criteria due to their high performance, in terms of transmission range, data rate resistance to multi-path transmission. A MIMO OFDM framework is designed for systems such as IEEE 802.11n, 4 G and LTE in advanced communication systems. It provides secure transmission with a growing coverage area. The estimation of Channel State Information (CSI) is the biggest challenge in the implementation of MIMO-OFDM method. We evaluate and enforce the pilot-based channel analysis methods for MIMO-OFDM system such as Minimum Mean Square Errors (MMSE), Least Square (LS).
Analyzing The Performance Of On-Demand Routing Protocols Based On Rainfall Intensity In Wi-Fi Networks
Authors: Hariprasath N , Jayaram T , Prema R
Published: March 2021

During rainfall the information signal while transmission gets attenuated and the network performance is affected greatly in the regions where frequent rainfall occurs as they are prone to varying climatic conditions. Therefore in order to maintain a reliable communication the implementation of a MANET protocols during rainstorm or similar unfavorable environmental conditions should be paid great attention for the selection of routing protocols. The routing protocol must provide efficient and effective improvement in performance aspects such as total number of packets received, throughput, mean jitter and an end to end delay. This paper undergoes evaluation based study of MANET reactive/on-demand routing protocols namely LANMAR, OSPFV2, ANODR and DYMO in Wi-Fi networks (IEEE802.11n). The behavior of routing protocols is simulated and evaluated using Exata 5.1 network simulator by varying the intensity level of rainfall from light rain (2mm/hr) to cloud burst (100 mm/hr) to predict rainfall efficient routing protocol which can render maximum throughput and minimum delay.
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review on Sensor Deployment and Routing Protocols for Different Application
Authors: Pavithra L , Abdullah M , Prakash S P , Karthick S , Ragavi B , Nandhini V D
Published: March 2021

In the past years, many research works has been performed on the basics of the wireless sensor networks for different application namely precision agriculture, environment, medical care, security and surveillance. Whereas, WSN faces the different kinds of challenges that includes energy consumption, routing protocol algorithm and selection of the sensor node from the particular application environment. Therefore, the implementation of the wireless sensor networks has overcome a numerous amount of challenges in the practical life. In this paper, we mainly focused on the two issues which mainly affect the transmission of the data to the base station they are sensor node deployment which is used to improve the coverage area of the environment and the routing protocol which is used to select the node to maintain a particular route for a network. Atlast, we have discussed about design challenges that are faced during the designation of the wireless sensor networks.
Wireless Home Automation System
Authors: Hamsagayatri P , Subash S , Susheel S , Venkatesh K M
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a novel design prototype for home automation is presented, where it uses WiFi technology as its communication network. The proposed prototype consists of two modules, where one is a web server the first one is the web server that serves as a system core which organizes, controls, and monitors users’ home. Users and system administrators are controlled either using LAN or internet. The second is a hardware module, which interface sensors and actuators in the home automation system. When compared to commercial home automation systems in the market, the proposed system is cost-effective. The proposed automation prototype controls different devices like security and power management components. The proposed system is highly flexible and scalable with good accuracy.
RETRACTED: Architecture of a HV Power Battery Protection Devices for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
Authors: Thakre Mohan P. , Mahadik Yogesh V. , Sardar Nikhil
Published: March 2021

The Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) has high voltage battery whose voltage is higher than the people can endure. The proper insulation should be provided to the HV battery pack but sometime due to abnormal condition the battery insulation get failed. Whereas the HV battery not grounded to chassis if an abnormal condition occurred then a human being get electrified. To resolve the insolation failure this paper aims on Designing HV battery Protection system for Electric vehicles. In this paper we design control strategy and algorithm for battery isolation in electric vehicle. This paper aims to Designing the hardware circuit and algorithm for the isolation. These systems detect resistance in between battery pack chassis and maintain this resistance with standard resistance value. If it is failed to maintain resistance it turned off the battery Precharge switch to avoid malfunctioning. It is convenient, simple and less in cost.
Design and Implementation of Intelligent Head Protective Gear for Accident Detection and Notification
Authors: Maheswari K T , Srimathi R , Jaanaa Rubavathy S , Karpagam R , Thanish Jackson V
Published: March 2021

The main aim of the paper is to safeguard the rider with a smart helmet without which the rider cannot start the bike. So the bike can be started only by using both key and smart helmet. This smart helmet technology consists of alcohol detection, accident detection, alert system and women’s safety. If accident occurs, the information will be send to the emergency contacts by using a GPS and GSM technology. Also, the bike’s location is tracked by employing GPS (Global Positioning System) and provide information to contacts by using GSM (Global System of Mobile) technology. Similarly, when the rider has consumed alcohol, the controller will automatically shut downs the bike’s ignition system and will not allow the rider to ride the bike. An emergency alert system could be used in case of emergencies like provocation and molestation. The women have to hold the button of helmet and whenever she clicks the button of the helmet, its ends alert messages to family members or nearby police stations. Another important feature is that, when the rider’s helmet strikes the floor, vibration sensor senses the possibility of hitting and gives information to regulator. When the numbers surpasses smallest stress limit, GSM module alerts ambulance or family members along with location using GPS module. This smart and intelligent helmet is implemented and tested to enhance the protection of riders.
Pv Based Battery Less Cooling And Lighting Solution
Authors: Nıvesh Kumar K. , Mothınathan L. , Sathıyanarayanan T. , Arun Jayakar S.
Published: March 2021

Increase in usage of renewable energy has become mandatory as the world is moving towards green energy. Developing nations like India and many others aids the revolution as it has abundant solar energy to harness. A solar powered flyback converter with an inverter is presented in this paper. This system is of great use at street side vending shops and food trucks where variable loads like fan and incandescent lamp can be connected. Flyback converter provides galvanic isolation to protect the load from the source and minimal usage of circuit components which adds to the advantage. The proposed system has no battery and the power of the load changes as the solar radiation changes. A prototype with 35V DC input and 230V AC output was developed and tested to verify the performance of the proposed system. The efficiency of the system was found to be 81%.
Identification of Fruits and Vegetables using Embedded Sensor
Authors: Rajasekar L , Ganesh Babu C , Sharmila D
Published: March 2021

In precision agriculture, computational techniques play a critical role. It is a vital job to detect and classify fruits and vegetables from crops and gardens. In fruit detection and yield estimation, an intelligent detection system is used as a key technology where embedded sensor techniques are being implemented. Many researchers developed a different classification system for classifying the fruits or vegetables using image processing techniques and machine learning algorithm. Big computers with fast CPUs and GPUs, massive RAM sizes or cloud algorithms have often been associated with them even simple applications. In this article Tensorflow and Arduino BLE sense are used to identify the fruits and vegetable with less resource.
Modeling of an Adaptive Energy Based Route Broadcasting Algorithm (AERBA) Using Route Optimization in MANET
Authors: Manoojkumaar S B , Poongodi C
Published: March 2021

Owed to the uncertain and dynamic behaviour of nodes over Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), the reliable route discovery and data delivery is considered as a challenging factor. With absence of centralized infra-structure and global broadcasting nature, nodes over the distributed environment rely over the neighborhood nodes. For reliable communication, the network needs to broadcast the routing direction to chose the appropriate neighborhood partner to make the functionality effectual during packet relying. Therefore, the evaluation process is determined to be a crucial factor. Various methodologies use the trust-based concepts for choosing the route broadcasting region and neighborhood nodes. However, those methods are identified with certain limitations and the evaluation is performed over single node. The inadequate consideration of these factors leads to the wider range of network model that leads to inappropriate broadcasting. This leads to packet loss, higher energy consumption due to re-transmission of packets. In this work, an Adaptive Energy-based Route Broadcasting Algorithm (AERBA) using Route Optimization (RO) is applied along with the route optimization approach to derive the global solutions. This leads to the trust establishment among the network nodes and pretends to fulfill the constraints related to broadcasting and energy consumption. The anticipated model facilitates appropriate evaluation over the potential nodes with multiple hops for balancing the route broadcasting and energy consumption. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment and the results demonstrate lesser energy consumption, higher delivery ration when compared with prevailing approaches.
Certain Investigations and an experimental approach for the kerbside Rainwater collection
Authors: Mythili S , Kalamani M , Krishnaraj R , Soundarya B
Published: March 2021

Rainwater is a free and renewable source used for domestic purposes but due to storage constraints, 36% of rain water is used in India even though heavy rainfall occurs during monsoon months. Nowadays the roads and their development in city environments are incalculable. The outstanding backlog is that most of the time, the drainage is filled by rain that falls on roads lead to less possibility of rain water usage. This work describes of saving rain water via external sensor -equipped pipes attached to the roadside. Whenever rain water fall on sensors it will be sensed, so that the pipes will open and rain water will fall through the fitted pipes and further it is transferred to storage tank with the aid of servo motors and DC motors. Through this prototype construction the rain water quantity of 55% is getting saved and also supports for ground water recharge
A Smart Approach to Facilitate Cafeteria
Authors: Swami I , Das N
Published: March 2021

With the dawn of digital age, the paperless technology has gained prominence. Besides this automation is providing solution to lowered costs and lessening of man-power cost. Nowadays people don’t want to waste their time in canteen by being just there and waiting in long queue to give their food orders to canteen staff. During lunch time if any customer visits the canteen, due to limited time he/she cannot return to his/her working place. This paper enables the end users to register online, read and select the food items from e-menu card and order online by selecting and adding the food items in food cart by using web application. The purpose of making a web application is to replace manual payment by electronic payment. The system will have GUI interface and less user training is required. The system has been developed using Incremental Rapid Application Development (RAD) model and the website has been designed and developed using PHP, CSS, HTML, Bootstrap, Ajax and MySQL.
Structure and mechanical properties of a wedge-rolled steel skelp
Authors: Pachurin V G , Galkin V V , Pachurin G V , Mukhina M V , Smirnova Zh V , Chelnokova EA
Published: March 2021

Using the example of steel 50CrMnV, we present the regular changes in the structure and mechanical properties of the metal product with a wedge-shaped longitudinal section obtained by hot rolling of a skelp with the highest reduction rate of 40% and data on the structure of its deformation zone.