bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Episodic future thinking together with observational learning benefits prospective memory in high‐functioning Korsakoff’s syndrome patients
Authors: Lloyd Beth , Oudman Erik , Altgassen Mareike , Walvoort Serge J. W. , Kessels Roy P. C. , Postma Albert
Published: May 2020

Objective

Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS) have difficulty carrying out tasks which rely on prospective memory (PM). Since remembering to carry out an action in the future is crucial for living independently, it is of primary interest to develop strategies that improve PM performance in KS patients.

Design

The study employed a computer categorization task as an ongoing activity into which a PM task was embedded. We included episodic future thinking (EFT) and observational learning (Experiment 2) to boost PM.

Methods

Experiment 1 evaluated the efficacy of EFT following written PM task instructions in ten KS patients. Due to floor‐level PM performance in Experiment 1, Experiment 2 included an instructional video demonstrating the PM intention. In Experiment 2, twenty‐six KS patients performed both conditions (EFT and no‐EFT) at least 1 week apart, while twelve controls with alcohol use disorder without KS performed the no‐EFT condition. In Experiment 2, the PM instructions were also shown through video (observational learning component). Mild cognitive impairment was assessed in a short test battery.

Results

Experiment 1 showed overall floor performance in both conditions. Experiment 2 showed that KS patients performed PM tasks less accurately than the control group in the no‐EFT condition. In Experiment 2, where the observational learning component was included, EFT improved PM performance in KS patients. This effect was driven by a sub‐group of high‐functioning KS patients.

Conclusions

This study showed the value of an observational learning component together with EFT in improving PM performance, in relatively high‐functioning KS patients.

Practitioner points

KS patients performed the PM task less accurately than non‐KS controls with alcohol use disorder, confirming PM impairment in this patient population.

Controls with alcohol use disorder performed the PM task at ceiling level.

Showing an instructional video demonstrating the PM intention improved PM performance and later recall of PM task instructions in KS patients.

Episodic future thinking strategy improved PM performance in KS patients with relatively intact cognitive functioning.
New evidence for construct validity and interpretability of the German Quality of Life in Hand Eczema Questionnaire (QOLHEQ)
Authors: Ofenloch Robert F. , Weisshaar Elke , Apfelbacher Christian
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background

The Quality of Life in Hand Eczema Questionnaire (QOLHEQ) is a disease‐specific instrument used to assess health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with hand eczema according to the domains of (a) symptoms, (b) emotions, (c) functioning, and (d) treatment/prevention. Today it is not clear what a single score of the QOLHEQ in its German‐language version means to a patient.

Objectives

It was the aim of this study to band the QOLHEQ score to an anchor question (AQ) in order to obtain meaningful categories of the QOLHEQ to aid its interpretation. In addition, we assessed the minimal important change (MIC) by using anchor‐ and distribution‐based methods.

Methods

Overall n = 440 hand eczema patients were included in the study. Mean age was 47.5 years (SD 11.9); 38.4% of the sample were female.

Results

With a weighted kappa of 0.62, the total QOLHEQ score showed the best agreement for the following band: QOLHEQ of <17 = no impairment; QOLHEQ of 18–28 = slight impairment; QOLHEQ of 29–41 = moderate impairment; QOLHEQ of 42–79 = severe impairment; and QOLHEQ of >79 = very severe impairment. The MIC for the total score was found to be 16.5 points.

Conclusion

This banding represents a standardized means of interpreting the QOLHEQ total score. Our results indicate that a banding study should be performed for each language version of the QOLHEQ.
Interindividual Variability in Lymphocyte Stimulation and Transcriptomic Response Predicts Mycophenolic Acid Sensitivity in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Collins Kimberly S. , Cheng Ying‐Hua , Ferreira Ricardo M. , Gao Hongyu , Dollins Matthew D. , Janosevic Danielle , Khan Nida A. , White Chloe , Dagher Pierre C. , Eadon Michael T.
Published: May 2020

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant commonly used to prevent renal transplant rejection and treat glomerulonephritis. MPA inhibits IMPDH2 within stimulated lymphocytes, reducing guanosine synthesis. Despite the widespread use of MPA, interindividual variability in response remains with rates of allograft rejection up to 15% and approximately half of individuals fail to achieve complete remission to lupus nephritis. We sought to identify contributors to interindividual variability in MPA response, hypothesizing that the HPRT1 salvage guanosine synthesis contributes to variability. MPA sensitivity was measured in 40 healthy individuals using an ex vivo lymphocyte viability assay. Measurement of candidate gene expression (n ± 40) and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (n ± 6) in lymphocytes was performed at baseline, poststimulation, and post‐MPA treatment. After stimulation, HPRT1 expression was 2.1‐fold higher in resistant individuals compared with sensitive individuals (P ± 0.049). Knockdown of HPRT1 increased MPA sensitivity (12%; P ± 0.003), consistent with higher expression levels in resistant individuals. Sensitive individuals had higher IMPDH2 expression and 132% greater stimulation. In lymphocyte subpopulations, differentially expressed genes between sensitive and resistant individuals included KLF2 and LTB. Knockdown of KLF2 and LTB aligned with the predicted direction of effect on proliferation. In sensitive individuals, more frequent receptor‐ligand interactions were observed after stimulation (P ± 0.0004), but fewer interactions remained after MPA treatment (P ± 0.0014). These data identify a polygenic transcriptomic signature in lymphocyte subpopulations predictive of MPA response. The degree of lymphocyte stimulation, HPRT1, KLF2, and LTB expression may serve as markers of MPA efficacy.
938. SALVIA RAYMONDII SUBSP. MAIRANAE
Authors: Wood John R.I. , Wise Rosemary
Published: May 2020

The habitat and discovery of Salvia raymondii is described and the distinctions between the type subspecies and subsp. mairanae are discussed. Subsp. mairanae is illustrated and notes on its cultivation are provided.
Chronische Nierenerkrankung bei Psoriasis: eine Kohortenstudie
Authors: Conti Andrea , Giovannini Lisa , Mandel Victor Desmond , Odorici Giulia , Lasagni Claudia , Bigi Laura , Pellacani Giovanni , Cappelli Gianni
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund

Psoriasis ist eine chronische, schubförmig verlaufende Erkrankung, die häufig mit Komorbiditäten einhergeht. Während die Wechselwirkungen mit kardiovaskulären und metabolischen Einflussfaktoren bereits untersucht wurden, ist über den Zusammenhang mit einer Beeinträchtigung der Nierenfunktion wenig bekannt.

Materialien und Methodik

Wir führten eine Kohortenstudie mit 219 Psoriasis‐Patienten durch, in der wir die chronische Nierenerkrankung (CKD), die eGFR und die Albuminurie nach den Kriterien zur Risikostratifizierung in den KDIGO‐Leitlinien beurteilten. Des Weiteren untersuchten wir zirkulierende Immunglobuline (IgG, IgA, IgM), C3‐ und C4‐Spiegel und die Albumin‐Kreatinin‐Ratio im Urin (UACR). Wir teilten die Patienten in zwei Gruppen ein, je nach dem, ob bekannte und etablierte CKD‐Risikofaktoren vorlagen oder nicht.

Ergebnisse

In unserer Patientenpopulation war das CKD‐Risiko bei 17,35 % der Patienten mäßig, bei 5,02 % stark und bei 3,66 % sehr stark erhöht. Die Prävalenz des CKD‐Risikos war in der Gruppe ohne etablierte Risikofaktoren gegenüber der in der NHANES 1999–2006 berichteten Risikoprävalenz leicht erhöht. Das Vorliegen einer Psoriasisarthritis, die Dauer der Psoriasis (≥ 21 Jahre) und die Höhe des PASI‐Scores zeigten eine positive Korrelation mit der Albumin‐Kreatinin‐Ratio im Urin.

Schlussfolgerungen

Wir fanden eine Assoziation zwischen Mikroalbuminurie und Dauer der Psoriasis sowie Psoriasisarthritis. Darüber hinaus wiesen Patienten mit Mikroalbuminurie entsprechend der Risikostratifizierung in den KDIGO‐Leitlinien ein erhöhtes Risiko auf.
The cancer of corruption and World Bank project performance: Is there a connection?
Authors: Feil Hauke
Published: May 2020

Motivation

Corruption is often cited as a central reason why development projects fail. The article tests this claim by assessing whether World Bank projects perform worse in implementation environments with a higher corruption level. The article focuses specifically on bribery between public officials and firms during the procurement of needed goods and services.

Approach and Methods

I use data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys to avoid the often‐criticized corruption perception indices and to allow for an assessment of effects at the subnational level. The analysis builds on an assessment of the performance ratings of 1,228 World Bank projects and covers 87 different countries.

Finding

Overall, the article finds a small but statistically significant correlation between the corruption level and project performance. This result indicates that the corruption level of recipient countries should be considered during the design and implementation of projects.

Policy Implications

Nonetheless, the relatively small correlation and the low pseudo R‐squareds advise not overestimating the relevance of corruption for project performance. At least for the project level, the article finds no indication that corruption is a primary obstacle to aid effectiveness.
Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm complicating a ruptured isolated congenital diverticulum
Authors: Fang Liang , Xue Chao , Zhao Ying , Wen Zhaoying , Henein Michael
Published: May 2020

We report a case of 41‐year‐old woman who presented with chest tightness and shortness of breath. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm of the inferior wall with preserved LV systolic function. Coronary angiogram was normal. Surgical repair of the pseudoaneurysm with a pericardial patch was performed, and pathological results confirmed rupture of an isolated congenital LV diverticulum, as the most likely etiology.
Response to technical comment ‘A cautionary note for users of linear diversification dependencies’
Authors: Morlon Hélène , Rolland Jonathan , Condamine Fabien L.
Published: May 2020

The comment by Gamisch (2020) draws the attention of users of the R‐package RPANDA (Methods Ecol. Evol., 7, 2016, 589) on situations when properly interpreting the results of linear diversification dependencies requires caution. Here we provide clarifications to help users interpreting their results when using any type of functional diversification dependencies with time or the environment.
Progressive supranuclear palsy often develops idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus‐like magnetic resonance imaging features
Authors: Ohara M. , Hattori T. , Yokota T.
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a clinical entity without established pathological hallmarks. Previous autopsy studies reported that patients with an antemortem diagnosis of iNPH had a different postmortem diagnosis, commonly progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) has been reported as a characteristic feature of iNPH on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PVHs) are noted in most patients with iNPH; these PVHs are supposed to reflect transependymal movement of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. It is hypothesized that PSP develops more iNPH‐like MRI features than other neurodegenerative disorders.

Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of PSP, 42 with Parkinson’s disease (PD) without dementia, 30 with PD with dementia (PDD) and 29 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were enrolled. The DESH score and PVH grade were measured using the conventional MRI sequence and were compared amongst the patient groups.

Results

Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus score was significantly higher in patients with PSP than PD without dementia, and there was a trend that the DESH score was higher in patients with PSP than PDD or Alzheimer’s disease. PVH grade was significantly larger in patients with PSP than PD without dementia. In the components of the DESH score, callosal angle was significantly smaller in patients with PSP than in PD without dementia or PDD.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that some PSP patients develop iNPH‐like MRI features, suggesting the presence of iNPH‐like features in the clinical spectrum of PSP. A clinical phenotype of PSP with hydrocephalus is proposed, which should be further investigated in future studies.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with autoimmune encephalitis: clues for paraneoplastic aetiology
Authors: Iorio R. , Damato V. , Spagni G. , Della Marca G. , Vollono C. , Masi G. , Papi C. , Campetella L. , Monte G. , Evoli A.
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) represents a complex syndrome with diverse clinical manifestations and therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this study was to report the clinical characteristics and the long‐term outcome of patients with paraneoplastic and idiopathic AE.

Methods

All patients with subacute encephalopathy admitted to the Neurology Department of our Institution from January 2012 to May 2019 were consecutively enrolled. Patients’ serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for neural‐specific autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assays on mouse brain, rat neurons, cell‐based assays and immunoblots. Outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale score.

Results

From 107 adult patients with subacute encephalopathy, 50 patients were finally diagnosed with AE. Neural antibodies (Abs) were detected in 45/50 patients (90%). Leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 immunoglobulin G was the most frequent (6/50, 12%) Ab specific to neural surface antigens detected in adults with AE. Paraneoplastic encephalitis was diagnosed in 16/50 patients (32%). The presence of bilateral temporal lobe lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid restricted oligoclonal bands was associated with a higher probability to detect cancer at the time of AE diagnosis. All patients with Abs to neural surface antigens had a good outcome at last follow‐up. Severe disability at AE onset and the lack of long‐term immunosuppression predicted a poor outcome.

Conclusions

Leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 immunoglobulin G was the most frequent Ab detected. Patients with bilateral temporal lobe lesions and oligoclonal bands have a higher probability to harbour an occult tumour. In these patients, a strict surveillance and monitoring for cancer detection is recommended.
Movement disorders after hypoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest in adults
Authors: Scheibe F. , Neumann W. J. , Lange C. , Scheel M. , Furth C. , Köhnlein M. , Mergenthaler P. , Schultze‐Amberger J. , Triebkorn P. , Ritter P. , Kühn A. A. , Meisel A.
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose

Post‐hypoxic movement disorders and chronic post‐hypoxic myoclonus are rare complications after cardiac arrest in adults. Our study investigates the clinical spectrum, neuroimaging results, therapy and prognosis of these debilitating post‐hypoxic sequelae.

Methods

This retrospective study included 72 patients from the neurological intensive care unit at a university hospital, who were diagnosed with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy after cardiac arrest between January 2007 and September 2018. Clinical records were screened for occurrence of post‐hypoxic movement disorders and chronic post‐hypoxic myoclonus. Affected patients were further analysed for applied neuroprognostic tests, administered therapy and treatment response, and the outcome of these movement disorders and neurological function.

Results

Nineteen out of 72 screened patients exhibited post‐hypoxic motor symptoms. Basal ganglia injury was the most likely neuroanatomical correlate of movement disorders as indicated by T1 hyperintensities and hypometabolism of this region in magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography computed tomography. Levomepromazine and intrathecal baclofen showed first promising and mostly prompt responses to control these post‐hypoxic movement disorders and even hyperkinetic storms. In contrast, chronic post‐hypoxic myoclonus best responded to co‐application of clonazepam, levetiracetam and primidone. Remission rates of post‐hypoxic movement disorders and chronic post‐hypoxic myoclonus were 58% and 50%, respectively. Affected patients seemed to present a rather good recovery of cognitive functions in contrast to the often more severe physical deficits.

Conclusions

Post‐hypoxic movement disorders associated with pronounced basal ganglia dysfunction might be efficiently controlled by levomepromazine or intrathecal baclofen. Their occurrence might be an indicator for a more unfavourable, but often not devastating, neurological outcome.
Evaluation of the concomitant use of oral preventive treatments and onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine: the PREVENBOX study
Authors: Alpuente A. , Gallardo V. J. , Torres‐Ferrús M. , Santos‐Lasaosa S. , Guerrero A. L. , Laínez J. M. , Viguera J. , Gago‐Veiga A. , Irimia P. , Sánchez del Rio M. , Pozo‐Rosich P.
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose

OnabotulinumtoxinA is an effective preventive treatment for chronic migraine (CM). In CM, in addition to a reduction in headache frequency, a decreased reliance on oral prophylactics is also indicative of treatment effectiveness. This study aimed to quantify the change in the use of oral prophylactics after treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with CM.

Methods

This was a retrospective, multicentric, cross‐sectional study. Patients with CM (International Classification of Headache Disorders‐3beta) that had been treated with onabotulinumtoxinA were enrolled consecutively. We collected parameters related to each patient’s pre‐treatment situation, as well as their current situation, focusing on frequency and intensity of migraine, number of oral prophylactics and the respective cycle of onabotulinumtoxinA. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

We included 542 patients, 90.0% of whom were taking oral preventive treatments. During treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA, 47.8% withdrew at least one prophylactic and 41.6% stopped using oral prophylactics altogether. Factors associated with a reduction or cessation of oral prophylactics were >50% improvement in frequency and intensity, remission to episodic migraine, use of topiramate as an initial treatment, increased number of infiltrations and shorter chronification period (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that a chronification period <20 months, more than five cycles of onabotulinumtoxinA, >50% improvement in pain intensity and topiramate as an initial treatment were predictors of a reduction in oral prophylactics (area under the curve, 70.3%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA. This treatment reduced the use of oral prophylactics. Withdrawal of oral prophylactics was most likely to occur after five cycles of treatment.
Ultrasound findings in tendons and ligaments of lame sport horses competing or training in South Florida venues during the winter seasons of 2007 through 2016
Authors: Mitchell R. D. , DaSilva D. D. , Rosenbaum C. F. , Blikslager A. T. , Edwards R. B.
Published: May 2020

Knowledge of common soft tissue lesions in sport horses in training should prove beneficial for evaluating lameness and developing training and management regimens to avoid injury and aid rehabilitation. Medical records were reviewed from 2007 to 2016 to describe tendon/ligament lesions in lame sport horses training and competing at the same venues during the winter show circuit and identified by lameness and ultrasonographic examinations. Season, discipline, breed, age, gender, limb and ultrasound findings were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population of horses. Significance of association of gender, discipline and limb with lesion type was evaluated using chi‐squared analyses. Values were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Lesions were identified in 296 horses: 176 dressage and 120 hunter/jumpers. Ninety‐two horses (31%) had multiple lesions. Suspensory ligament lesion locations (n = 281) were categorised as proximal (n = 144), body (n = 22) and branches (n = 115). Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT; n = 37), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT; n = 27), inferior check ligament (ICL; n = 34), digital flexor tendon sheath (n = 17), distal sesamoidean ligament (n = 10), lower limb collateral ligament (n = 14), carpal sheath (n = 2), superior check ligament (n = 2) and tarsal sheath (n = 1) lesions were noted. Remaining lesions identified were medial branch SDFT (n = 2), lateral branch SDFT (n = 2), palmar annular ligament (n = 3), lateral plantar ligament (n = 2) and inter‐sesamoidean ligament (n = 1). Rear limb proximal suspensory abnormalities, specifically the right hindlimb (n = 68), were significantly over‐represented (P = 0.03). Suspensory origin, suspensory branch, ICL, SDFT and DDFT accounted for 82% of the abnormal findings identified. SDFT, DDFT and ICL lesions were most often identified in the front limb. The lesion type and location may provide insight in assessing training regimens, patient monitoring and rehabilitation guidelines.
Causes of slowing‐down seasonal CO2 amplitude at Mauna Loa
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Yilong , Wang Xuhui , He Yue , Li Xiangyi , Keeling Ralph F. , Ciais Philippe , Heimann Martin , Peng Shushi , Chevallier Frédéric , Friedlingstein Pierre , Sitch Stephen , Buermann Wolfgang , Arora Vivek K. , Haverd Vanessa , Jain Atul K. , Kato Etsushi , Lienert Sebastian , Lombardozzi Danica , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Poulter Benjamin , Vuichard Nicolas , Wiltshire Andy , Zeng Ning , Zhu Dan , Piao Shilong
Published: May 2020

Changing amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) in the northern hemisphere is an emerging carbon cycle property. Mauna Loa (MLO) station (20°N, 156°W), which has the longest continuous northern hemisphere CO2 record, shows an increasing SCA before the 1980s (p < .01), followed by no significant change thereafter. We analyzed the potential driving factors of SCA slowing‐down, with an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) coupled with an atmospheric transport model. We found that slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is primarily explained by response of net biome productivity (NBP) to climate change, and by changes in atmospheric circulations. Through NBP, climate change increases SCA at MLO before the 1980s and decreases it afterwards. The effect of climate change on the slowing‐down of SCA at MLO is mainly exerted by intensified drought stress acting to offset the acceleration driven by CO2 fertilization. This challenges the view that CO2 fertilization is the dominant cause of emergent SCA trends at northern sites south of 40°N. The contribution of agricultural intensification on the deceleration of SCA at MLO was elusive according to land–atmosphere CO2 flux estimated by DGVMs and atmospheric inversions. Our results also show the necessity to adequately account for changing circulation patterns in understanding carbon cycle dynamics observed from atmospheric observations and in using these observations to benchmark DGVMs.
Sedimentary and geochemical characterization of Middle–Late Miocene formations in the Neogene Tsugaru Basin, Japan by means of DTH27‐1 well sediment analysis
Authors: Martizzi Paolo , Chiyonobu Shun , Arato Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Middle–Late Miocene age siliceous formations outcropping along the northwestern side of Honshu Island are considered prospective source rocks for hydrocarbons. An analysis of geophysical, sedimentological, and geochemical properties is essential to evaluate the formations' source potential, and to understand the factors that determined the accumulation and preservation of organic matter. This study investigates the Middle–Late Miocene geological record of the Tsugaru back‐arc basin, located in the western part of Aomori prefecture, through an analysis of a 200 m long portion of a core from the DTH27‐1 well; this core is composed of the diatomaceous siltstones of the Akaishi Formation and the siliceous mudstones of the Odoji Formation. Sedimentological and geophysical characterization showed that the Akaishi Formation's diatomaceous siltstones are mostly massive and bioturbated, have low magnetic susceptibility, and demonstrate moderate natural radioactivity. Although the Odoji Formation's siliceous mudstones are massive, they have exceedingly low magnetic susceptibility and high natural radioactivity. Geochemical data from a Rock‐Eval Pyrolysis such as total organic carbon and generative potential (S1 + S2) revealed that, in the Tsugaru area, only the Odoji Formation is a likely prospective source rock for hydrocarbons. On the other hand, Tmax values indicate that both the formations are thermally immature for generating hydrocarbons. The difference between the Akaishi and Odoji Formation in the sedimentological facies, in terms of the degree of bioturbation and the organic carbon content, indicates variations in lithological properties, such as porosity and grain size; moreover, this difference indicates a variation in the paleo‐oxygenation of bottom waters, with the transition from oxygen‐deficient conditions in the Middle Miocene to the more oxygenated conditions in the Late Miocene. Both the lithological and paleo‐environmental factors possibly influenced the organic richness in the two formations.
Investigation on moisture migration, microstructure and quality changes of fresh‐cut apple during storage
Authors: Yang Huimin , Cheng Shasha , Lin Rong , Wang Siqi , Wang Haitao , Wang Huihui , Tan Mingqian
Published: May 2020

Moisture migration of fresh‐cut apple during 4 °C storage was monitored by low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three water components were identified in apple tissue by LF‐NMR T2 relaxation, corresponding to water in cell wall, cytoplasm and vacuole. The relaxation results also revealed that the moisture migrated from the vacuole to cytoplasm and the mobility of water in vacuole decreased with the extension of storage time. T2 weighted images of MRI indicated that high density of water appeared at the edge of the fresh‐cut apple in the later stage of storage. Breakdown of cell walls and intracellular network were observed by cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo‐SEM). Moreover, storage process also led to the decrease in moisture content, browning and softening of fresh‐cut apple. In addition, good prediction models have been developed for quality indicators using partial least squares regression based on Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill decay data.
Patterns of genotype variation and demographic history in Lindera glauca (Lauraceae), an apomict‐containing dioecious forest tree
Authors: Zhu Shan‐Shan , Comes Hans P. , Tamaki Ichiro , Cao Ya‐Nan , Sakaguchi Shota , Yap Zhao‐Yan , Ding Yan‐Qian , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: May 2020

Aim

The historical circumstances promoting the transition from sexual to apomictic reproduction in dioecious plant species remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the divergence and demographic history of Lindera glauca, a dioecious tree generally considered to be obligate sexual in China while comprising only females (apomicts) in Japan.

Location

East Asia (China and Japan).

Taxon

Lindera glauca (Lauraceae)

Methods

Samples from 42 populations were genotyped using chloroplast DNA and nuclear microsatellite (nSSR) loci to assess genetic diversity and structure. The nSSR genotypes were also used to detect the mode of reproduction in Chinese and Japanese populations, respectively. Approximate Bayesian Computation on nSSRs and palaeoclimatic niche models provided further insights into the evolutionary and population demographic history.

Results

Chinese L. glauca was found to harbour both sexual and asexual genotypes. Chinese and Japanese L. glauca underwent likely severe bottlenecks during a mid‐Pleistocene glacial period, possibly marking the split time of the island lineage from its mainland ancestor. In contrast to Chinese L. glauca, the Japanese lineage experienced a massive range contraction during the Last Glacial Maximum and postglacial expansions.

Main Conclusions

While reproductive assurance plays an important role in the selection of apomixis in Chinese L. glauca, the lack of male plants in Japan likely reflects population demographic history driven by (Late) Quaternary climate change. Hence, the present study demonstrates a possible link between palaeoclimate change and the transition to exclusively apomictic reproduction in a dioecious tree.
Novel two‐lead cardiac resynchronization therapy system provides equivalent CRT responses with less complications than a conventional three‐lead system: Results from the QP ExCELs lead registry
Authors: Shaik Naushad A. , Drucker Michael , Pierce Christopher , Duray Gabor Z. , Gillett Shane , Miller Crystal , Harrell Camden , Thomas George
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The novel two‐lead cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)‐DX system utilizes a floating atrial dipole on the implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator lead, and when implanted with a left ventricular (LV) lead, offers a two‐lead CRT system with AV synchrony. This study compared complication rates and CRT response among subjects implanted with a two‐lead CRT‐DX system to those subjects implanted with a standard three‐lead CRT‐D system.

Methods and Results

A total of 240 subjects from the Sentus QP—Extended CRT Evaluation with Quadripolar Left Ventricular Leads postapproval study were selected to identify 120 matched pairs based on similar demographic characteristics using a Greedy algorithm. The complication‐free rate was evaluated as the primary endpoint. All‐cause mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, device diagnostic data, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class improvement, and defibrillator therapy were evaluated from clinical data, in‐office interrogations, and remote monitoring throughout the follow‐up period. Complication‐free survival favored the CRT‐DX group with 92.5% without a major complication compared to 85.0% in the CRT‐D cohort (P = .0495; 95% confidence interval: 0.1%‐14.9%) over a mean follow‐up of 1.3 and 1.4 years, respectively. Incidence of all‐cause mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, NYHA changes at 6 months postimplant, and percent of LV pacing during CRT therapy were similar in both device cohorts. Inappropriate shocks were more frequent in the CRT‐D cohort with 5.8% of subjects receiving an inappropriate shock vs 0.8% in the CRT‐DX cohort.

Conclusion

The results of this subanalysis demonstrate that the CRT‐DX system can provide similar CRT responses and significantly fewer complications when compared to a similar cohort with a conventional three‐lead CRT‐D system.
Perimembranous ventricular septal defect following His bundle lead implantation
Authors: De Pooter Jan , Calle Simon , Bove Thierry , Van Heuverswyn Frédéric E. , Timmermans Frank
Published: May 2020

His bundle pacing (HBP) offers physiologic pacing by placing the pacing lead directly to the His bundle. We present a case in which a HBP lead, implanted at the fragile membranous septum, resulted in a persistent restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). This complication of HBP has not been reported before but brings new insights in the discussion regarding the optimal position of a pacing lead in the ventricular septum. The fragility of the membranous septum and low rate of spontaneous closure of membranous VSD, might favor lead placement in the muscular septum when aiming for physiologic pacing.
Intake of sucrose affects gut dysbiosis in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Hamaguchi Masahide , Kaji Ayumi , Sakai Ryosuke , Osaka Takafumi , Inoue Ryo , Kashiwagi Saori , Mizushima Katsura , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Takagi Tomohisa , Naito Yuji , Fukui Michiaki
Published: May 2020

Aims/Introduction

Gut dysbiosis is generally associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of habitual dietary intake on gut dysbiosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not yet been explicated. This study investigated whether alteration of the gut microbiota was influenced by dietary intake of sucrose in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 97 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 97 healthy individuals were matched by age and sex, and then, fecal samples were obtained. Next‐generation sequencing of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was carried out, and functional profiles for the gut microbiota were analyzed. We selected the top 30 gut microbial genera and top 20 functional profiles for the gut microbiota specified by the weighted average difference method. The association between gut microbial genera or functional profiles and habitual dietary intake was investigated by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and then, clustering analysis was carried out to clarify the impact of habitual dietary intake.

Results

The Actinobacteria phylum was highly abundant in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas the Bacteroidetes phylum was less abundant. Diabetic‐type gut microbes, specifically Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, were altered by sucrose intake at the genus level. Furthermore, sucrose intake was associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in the diabetic‐type functional profiles of the gut microbiota.

Conclusions

The gut microbiota and functional profiles for the gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly different from those in healthy individuals. Furthermore, we showed that sucrose intake was closely associated with these differences.
Population dynamics of threadfin porgy Evynnis cardinalis, an endangered species on the IUCN red list in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Kui , Cai Yancong , Liao Baochao , Jiang Yan'e , Sun Mingshuai , Su Li , Chen Zuozhi
Published: May 2020

Threadfin porgy Evynnis cardinalis is both a dominant fish species and an important fishing target in bottom trawl fisheries in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. It was listed as endangered (EN) in a recent International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. Despite its economic importance and endangered status, limited research on its biological characteristics and spatial–temporal distribution has been undertaken this last decade, creating uncertainty in current conservation and management. We analyse this species' spatial distribution characteristics using data from four seasonal bottom trawl surveys in 2014–2015, and report average catch per unit effort to vary seasonally, from 49.1 to 594.5 ind h−1. Growth, mortality and sexual maturity are reported for four time periods based on data from bottom trawl fishery surveys over 1961–1962, 1998–1999, 2006, and 2014–2015. Length frequency distributions changed from bimodal to unimodal, and the female‐to‐male ratio increased. Mean body length and length at first maturity decreased, whereas the growth coefficient increased, indicating miniaturization, early sexual maturity and accelerated growth, respectively. We report sparid catch to have first exceeded maximum sustainable yield in 2001, and to have remained overfished from 2010 to 2015. Since the 1980s, low‐trophic‐level fishes such as E. cardinalis have replaced high‐trophic‐level fishes such as Crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus to become dominant species. As catches have increased substantially, these species have been faced with overfishing, driving the ecosystem into an unstable state.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided anastomosis: Is it ready for prime time?
Authors: Teoh Anthony Yuen Bun
Published: May 2020

Significant advancements in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided drainage procedures and EUS‐guided anastomosis have recently been described. The described procedures include EUS‐guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections, biliary drainage, pancreatic duct drainage, gallbladder drainage, and gastroenterostomy. These procedures have been made possible with novel devices that can reduce the difficulties of the procedures and potentially reducing the risk of adverse events. The procedures are also becoming standardized, which is essential for dissemination of the techniques. Furthermore, results from randomized studies are becoming available showing definite benefits associated with these procedures. In this paper, we will provide a review on EUS‐guided anastomotic procedures.
Plant Golgi ultrastructure
Authors: ROBINSON DAVID G.
Published: May 2020

The plant Golgi apparatus (sensu lato: Golgi stack + Trans Golgi Network, TGN) is a highly polar and mobile key organelle lying at the junction of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Unlike its counterpart in animal cells it does not disassemble during mitosis. It modifies glycoproteins sent to it from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), it recycles ER resident proteins, it sorts proteins destined for the vacuole from secretory proteins, it receives proteins internalised from the plasma membrane and either recycles them to the plasma membrane or retargets them to the vacuole for degradation. In functional terms the Golgi apparatus can be likened to a car factory, with incoming (COPII traffic) and returning (COPI traffic) railway lines at the entry gate, and a distribution centre (the TGN) at the exit gate of the assembly hall. In the assembly hall we have a conveyor belt system where the incoming car parts are initially assembled (in the cis‐area) then gradually modified into different models (processing of secretory cargo) as the cars pass along the production line (cisternal maturation). After being released the trans‐area, the cars (secretory cargos) are moved out of the assembly hall and passed on to the distribution centre (TGN), where the various models are placed onto different trains (cargo sorting into carrier vesicles) for transport to the car dealers. Cars with motor problems are returned to the factory for repairs (endocytosis to the TGN). This simple analogy also incorporates features of quality control at the COPII entry gate with defective parts being returned to the manufacturing center (the ER) via the COPI trains (vesicles).

In recent years, numerous studies have contributed to our knowledge on Golgi function and structure in both animals, yeast and plants. This review, rather than giving a balanced account of the structure as well as of the function of the Golgi apparatus has purposely a marked slant towards plant Golgi ultrastructure integrating findings from the mammalian/animal field.
A novel homozygous variant extending the peripheral myelin protein 22 by 9 amino acids causes early‐onset Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease with predominant severe sensory ataxia
Authors: Zambon Alberto A. , Pitt Matthew , Laurà Matilde , Polke James M. , Reilly Mary M. , Muntoni Francesco
Published: May 2020

Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) related neuropathies account for over 50% of inherited peripheral neuropathies. A gene copy variation results in CMT1A (duplication) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP; single deletion). Point mutations comprise both phenotypes. The underlying pathological mechanisms are incompletely understood and biallelic mutations of PMP22 are very rare. We describe a 9‐year‐old girl who presented before the age of 1 year with severe locomotor delay. She now requires support for standing and walking in view of her severe sensory ataxia. Strikingly, her muscle power and bulk are close to normal in all segments. Nerve conduction studies showed sensory‐motor velocities below 5 m/s. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous sequence change in the PMP22 gene causing the loss of termination codon (c.483A > G; p.[*161Trpext*10]), extending the protein by 9 amino acids. Both heterozygous parents have neurophysiological abnormalities consistent with HNPP, consistent with this being a loss‐of‐function mutation. PMP22‐deficient human models are rare but important to decipher the physiological function of the PMP22 protein in vivo. The predominance of large fiber sensory involvement in this and other rare similar cases suggests a pivotal role played by PMP22 in the embryogenesis of dorsal root ganglia in humans.
Preparation and evaluation of a free surfactant herbal shampoo with Acanthophyllum Squarrosum Saponins
Authors: Moghimipour Eskandar , Jasemnezhad Malek , Mohammad Soleymani Saeed , Salimi Anayatollah
Published: May 2020

Background

Shampoos remove fat and pus from the skin and hair. The most critical part of these products is their cleansing properties; therefore, the amount of shampoo cleanser plays an essential role in consumer acceptance.

Aim

The production of herbal shampoos from root saponins in Hawthorn can lead to the removal of these substances from shampoos. Squarrosum is one of the 23 Acanthophyllum species that is native to Iran. The root of this plant has been used traditionally as a consumption detergent due to the presence of saponins.

Method

To make the shampoo, saponins were extracted through several steps by a solvent after Acanthophyllum squarrosum scientific specimens had been prepared and identified The shampoo's fatigue strength was tested using the Ross‐Miles method, and its cleansing power was assessed using Thompson's test.

Results

The optimum formula with 15% total saponins content was evaluated.

Conclusion

This liquid shampoo has an excellent cleansing effect, is suitable for regular hair; has pseudoplastic rheology; and has acceptable pH, surface tension, and organoleptic stability characteristics.
Tissue expression of IL‐17A and FOXP3 in acne vulgaris patients
Authors: Farag Azza Gaber Antar , Maraee Alaa Hassan , Rifaat Al‐Sharaky Dalia , Elshaib Mustafa Elsayed , Kohla Marwa Samir Mohamed , Shehata Wafaa Ahmed
Published: May 2020

Background/Objectives

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells through its pro‐inflammatory cell type, interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐generating cells and its anti‐inflammatory category forkhead box P3‐positive (FOXP3+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, play a vital role in the immune balance in inflammatory disorders. Therefore, assessment of both IL‐17 and FOXP3 in acne vulgaris (AV), a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, could be of value in understanding AV pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of IL‐17A and FOXP3 in acne vulgaris lesions versus normal skin.

Methods

Forty‐five AV patients and 25 controls were included in this case‐control study. Biopsies from participants were analyzed for IL‐17A and FOXP3 immunohistochemical profiles using IL‐17A and FOXP3 polyclonal antibodies.

Results

Compared to controls, AV patients exhibited a significant increase of IL‐17A percent of expression in epidermis (P ≤ .001), in lymphocytes in papillary dermis (P ≤ .001), and in perifollicular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in AV lesions. Also, there was a significant elevation in FOXP3 percent of expression in epidermis (P = .049) and in lymphocytes in papillary dermis (P ≤ .027) in acne patients than control. A significant positive correlation between IL‐17A expression in papillary lymphocytes and in epidermal keratinocyte was observed (r = .537, P = .001). In acne vulgaris patients, the associations between IL‐17A and FOXP3 expressions could not reach level of significance.

Conclusions

There was an up‐regulation of IL‐17A and FOXP3 in acne vulgaris development, but with independent roles. Moreover, targeting of IL‐17A and FOXP3 may open the door for development of new therapeutic agents in acne vulgaris treatment.
A comparative clinical and histopathological pilot study of different fractional CO2 laser parameters in treatment of atrophic linear scars
Authors: Rasheed Ahmad I. , Shawki Sylvia R. , Mostafa Rabab G. , Sharara Manal A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Atrophic scars cause significant patient morbidity. Fractional photothermolysis is one of the most effective treatment options used to resurface scars of different etiologies.

Aims

To assess the efficacy and safety of different fractional ablative CO2 laser parameters in treatment of linear atrophic depressed post‐traumatic facial scars in adult male patients.

Methods

A prospective pilot study of 20 adult male patients (skin types Π‐ Ⅳ, aged 18‐45) with post‐traumatic atrophic linear scars were divided into 2 groups each comprising 10 patients receiving different fractional CO2 laser parameters. Both groups received 3 laser sessions, one month apart, and were followed for 2 months after the last treatment session. Clinical and histological assessments were done to all patients before treatment and 2 months after the last treatment session. Also, patient satisfaction and side effects were recorded.

Results

The study showed statistically significant reduction in average scar volume in both groups (P < .01), with reduction in depth more obvious than reduction in width or length in both groups. There was a highly significant difference in overall scar improvement represented by scar volume between both groups (P < .01) with an average reduction in scar volume of 42.85% in group (a) compared with 35.29% in group (b). Also, there was a highly statistically significant increase in both epidermal and papillary and reticular dermis thickness in both groups after treatment. However, the difference between both groups was nonsignificant. Side effects were mild, well tolerated, and transient.

Conclusion

Fractional CO2 laser can be utilized as a safe and effective modality in treatment of post‐traumatic linear atrophic scars of the face. Adjusting parameters toward increasing depth of penetration and decreasing thermal coagulative effect gives better results.