bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Hall current effect on hybrid nanofluid flow over a slender stretching sheet with zero nanoparticle flux
Authors: Das Kalidas , Giri Shib S. , Kundu Prabir K.
Published: June 2021

The present article explores steady, incompressible, and electrically conducting viscous hybrid‐nanofluid flow through an impermeable slender stretching sheet. We have opted for water (H2O) as base fluid and two nanoparticles namely Al2O3 and graphene for the hybrid‐nanofluid. The consequence of nonuniform magnetic field and Hall current is accounted for in the flow distribution. Zero mass‐flux boundary conditions have been included here. The leading partial differential equations of the acknowledged model revise to similarity variables. Next, the subsequent equations are numerically solved by a shooting scheme based on Runge–Kutta fourth‐order procedure. The consequences of boosting flow factors on transport systems are achieved accurately through the requisite figures and charts. Concentration outlines are dual in nature when the wall‐thickness factor intensifies. The rate of heat and mass transmit augments with wall‐thickness factor.
Development of strangulation ileus associated with the ureter of the transplanted kidney 18 years after kidney transplantation
Authors: Shimizu Toshihiro , Katano Saki , Nishida Sho , Kinoshita Yoshitaka , Shinzato Takahiro , Sakuma Yasunaru , Iwami Daiki
Published: June 2021

Introduction

After kidney transplantation, patients should be treated with caution and monitored for surgical complications. Among the possible surgical complications, strangulation ileus after kidney transplantation is rare.

Case presentation

A 59‐year‐old woman who had undergone kidney transplantation at 41 years of age presented to our hospital with lower abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with strangulation ileus and underwent emergency surgery. In the lower right abdomen, the small intestine was compressed by cord‐like tissue running from the intraperitoneal space to the retroperitoneal space. We confirmed that the cord‐like tissue was the ureter of the transplanted kidney. The necrotic small intestine was resected, and ureter‐ureteral anastomosis of the ureter of the transplanted kidney was performed.

Conclusion

All surgical procedures, including ureteroneocystostomy, require careful attention. The occurrence of some postoperative surgical complications can be prevented by carefully performing the kidney transplantation procedure.
Polybutylene succinate artificial scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Cicero Luca , Licciardi Mariano , Cirincione Roberta , Puleio Roberto , Giammona Gaetano , Giglia Giuseppe , Sardo Pierangelo , Edoardo Vigni Giulio , Cioffi Alessio , Sanfilippo Antonino , Cassata Giovanni
Published: June 2021

Regeneration and recovery of nerve tissues are a great challenge for medicine, and positively affect the quality of life of patients. The development of tissue engineering offers a new approach to the problem with the creation of multifunctional artificial scaffolds that act on various levels in the damaged tissue, providing physical and biochemical support for the growth of nerve cells. In this study, the effects of the use of a tubular scaffold made of polybutylene succinate (PBS), surgically positioned at the level of a sciatic nerve injured in rat, between the proximal stump and the distal one, was investigated. Scaffolds characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray microcomputed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, in vivo. The demonstration of the nerve regeneration was based on the evaluation of electroneurography, measuring the weight of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles, histological examination of regenerated nerves and observing the recovery of the locomotor activity of animals. The PBS tubular scaffold minimized iatrogenic trauma on the nerve, acting as a directional guide for the regenerating fibers by conveying them toward the distal stump. In this context, neurotrophic and neurotropic factors may accumulate and perform their functions, while invasion by macrophages and scar tissue is hampered.
microRNA‐140‐3p modulates invasiveness, motility, and extracellular matrix adhesion of breast cancer cells by targeting syndecan‐4
Authors: Onyeisi Jessica Oyie Sousa , Greve Burkhard , Espinoza‐Sánchez Nancy Adriana , Kiesel Ludwig , Lopes Carla Cristina , Götte Martin
Published: June 2021

Syndecan‐4, a predicted target of the microRNA miR‐140‐3p, plays an important role in multiple steps of tumor progression and is the second most abundant heparan sulfate proteoglycan produced by breast carcinoma cell lines. To investigate the potential functional relationship of miR‐140‐3p and syndecan‐4, MDA‐MB‐231, SKBR3, and MCF‐7 breast cancer (BC) cells were transiently transfected with pre‐miR‐140‐3p, syndecan‐4 small interfering RNAJ, or control reagents, respectively. Altered cell behavior was monitored by adhesion, migration, and invasion chamber assays. Moreover, the prognostic value of syndecan‐4 was assessed by Kaplan–Maier Plotter analysis of gene expression data from tumor samples of 4929 patients. High expression of syndecan‐4 was associated with better relapse‐free survival in the whole collective of BC patients, but correlated with a worse survival in the subgroup of estrogen receptor negative and estrogen/progesterone‐receptor negative patients. miR‐140‐3p expression was associated with improved survival irrespective of hormone receptor status. miR‐140‐3p overexpression induced posttranscriptional downregulation of syndecan‐4, as demonstrated by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, and luciferase assays, resulting in decreased BC cell migration and matrigel invasiveness. Furthermore, miR‐140‐3p overexpression and syndecan‐4 silencing increased the adhesion of BC to fibronectin and laminin. qPCR analysis demonstrated that syndecan‐4 silencing leads to altered gene expression of adhesion‐related molecules, such as fibronectin and focal adhesion kinase, as well as in the gene expression of the proinvasive factors matrix metalloproteinase 2 and heparanase (also known as HPSE). We conclude that syndecan‐4 is a novel target of miR‐140‐3p that regulates BC cell invasiveness and cell‐matrix interactions in the tumor microenvironment.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of new 4(3H)‐quinazolinone derivatives containing a pyrazole carboxamide moiety
Authors: Wang Xiang , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhou Banghua , Long Jiefeng , Li Pei
Published: June 2021

A total of 15 new 4(3H)‐quinazolinone derivatives containing a pyrazole carboxamide moiety were designed and synthesized in this study. The structures of the target compounds were elucidated using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. Then, antifungal activities against Gibberella zeae (G. zeae), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), Cytospora mandshurica (C. mandshurica), Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans), and Pellicularia sasakii (P. sasakii) as well as antibacterial activities against Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) and Xanthomomu oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) were assayed. Bioassay results revealed that the target compounds have certain antifungal and antibacterial activities. Especially, compound 5‐chloro‐1,3‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐(4‐oxo‐2‐(m‐tolylamino)quinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide (7g) exhibited better antibacterial activities against R. solanacearum (60%) and Xoo (53%) than those of thiodiazole‐copper (52% and 38%, respectively) at 200 μg/ml. This study provided a practical tool for guiding the design and synthesis of novel and more promising active small molecules of 4(3H)‐quinazolinone derivatives containing a pyrazole carboxamide moiety for controlling plant bacterial and fungal diseases.
High Speed Evanescent Quantum‐Dot Lasers on Si
Authors: Wan Yating , Xiang Chao , Guo Joel , Koscica Rosalyn , Kennedy MJ , Selvidge Jennifer , Zhang Zeyu , Chang Lin , Xie Weiqiang , Huang Duanni , Gossard Arthur C. , Bowers John E.
Published: June 2021

Significant improvements in III–V/Si epitaxy have pushed quantum dots (QDs) to the forefront of Si photonics. For efficient, scalable, and multifunctional integrated systems to be developed, a commercially viable solution must be found to allow efficient coupling of the QD laser output to Si waveguides. In this work, the design, fabrication, and characterization of such a platform are detailed. Record‐setting evanescent QD distributed feedback lasers on Si with a 3 dB modulation bandwidth of 13 GHz, a threshold current of 4 mA, a side‐mode‐suppression‐ratio of 60 dB, and a fundamental linewidth of 26 kHz, are reported. The maximum temperature during the backend III/V process is only 200 °C, which is fully compatible with CMOS process thermal budgets. The whole process is substrate agnostic and hence can leverage previous development in QD lasers grown on Si and benefit from the economy of scale. The broadband and versatile nature of the QD lasers and the Si‐on‐insulator low‐loss waveguiding platform can be expanded to build fully functional photonic integrated circuits throughout the O band.
Can controlling family involvement promote firms to fulfill environmental responsibilities?—Evidence from China
Authors: Ma Benjiang , Wang Yanlin , Zhou Zhifang , Lai Yu , Zhou Zhongmin , Bashir Muhammad Farhan
Published: June 2021

Socioemotional wealth (SEW) suggests that family firms will pay more attention to social interests. Current research investigates how environmental responsibility is related to the family's involvement in environmental policymaking. Empirical analysis shows that the proportion of family ownership is negatively associated with the family firm's environmental responsibility. However, SEW will enhance environmental responsibility when a family member serves as the company's chairman. There is a significant inverted U‐shaped relationship between the length of family involvement and corporate environmental responsibility. We further discuss these relationships based on different types of environmental responsibility and family firms. This study expands the discussion on environmental responsibility management of family firms.
Deep Q‐network‐based auto scaling for service in a multi‐access edge computing environment
Authors: Lee Do‐Young , Jeong Se‐Yeon , Ko Kyung‐Chan , Yoo Jae‐Hyoung , Hong James Won‐Ki
Published: June 2021

In 5G networks, it is necessary to provide services while meeting various service requirements, such as high data rates and low latency, in response to dynamic network conditions. Multi‐access edge computing (MEC) is a promising concept to meet these requirements. The MEC environment enables service providers to deploy their low latency services that are composed of multiple components. However, operating a service manually and attempting to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements is difficult because many factors need to be considered in an MEC scenario. In this paper, we propose an auto‐scaling method using deep Q‐networks (DQN), which is a reinforcement learning algorithm, to resize the number of instances assigned to service. In our evaluation, compared to other baseline methods, the proposed approach maintains the appropriate number of instances effectively in response to dynamic traffic change while satisfying QoS and minimizing the cost of operating the service in the MEC environment. The proposed method was implemented as a module running in OpenStack and published as open‐source software.
The potential of expanded noninvasive prenatal screening for detection of microdeletion and microduplication syndromes
Authors: Shi Panlai , Wang Yuan , Liang Hongbin , Hou Yaqin , Chen Duo , Zhao Ganye , Dai Peng , Xia Yanjie , Feng Yin , Cram David S. , Kong Xiangdong
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical potential of a higher resolution noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS‐Plus) test for detection of microdeletion/microduplication syndromes (MMS) in addition to common aneuploidies.

Methods

In a multicenter prospective study, 37,002 pregnant women with unremarkable first‐trimester ultrasound scans had a NIPS‐Plus test. Ultrasound screen positive women were not included in this study.

Results

Of 36,970 ultrasound negative women there were 291 NIPS‐Plus screen positive results indicating 237 aneuploidies and 54 MMS. Following amniocentesis, 171 (72%) were confirmed as genuine, comprising 3 T13s, 10 T18s, 61 T21s, 70 SCAs and 27 MMS. The PPV for MMS with unremarkable ultrasound findings was 50%. Routine clinical examination of children born from NIPS‐Plus negative pregnancies revealed no obvious signs of chromosome disease syndromes at one year of age.

Conclusions

NIPS‐Plus has the potential for clinical utility not only for routine aneuploid screening but also for MMS that do not show overt signs during early pregnancy ultrasound screening. We suggest that ultrasound with NIPS‐Plus in combination with appropriate counselling could be considered as a comprehensive first‐tier prenatal screening approach for all pregnant women.
Overcoming Gender Bias in Design
Authors: GRACE ROBERT
Published: June 2021

The lack of input by women in everyday product designs can have unintended, even deadly, consequences
Highly sensitive strain sensor using silver nanowire/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): Polystyrene sulfonate coated natural rubber
Authors: Thana Kittiphong , Jaisutti Rawat , Petchsang Nattasamon
Published: June 2021

Stretchable strain sensors have attracted much attention for health monitoring systems, human‐machine interfaces, and robotics. However, there is still a challenge to develop strain sensors with excellent mechanical stretchability and high strain‐sensing region as well as cost‐effective fabrication process. Herein, a highly sensitive, reliable and low‐cost strain sensors are developed using a resistive transduction of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and silver nanowire (Ag NW). Natural rubber was used as a stretchable substrate material, and a gold leaf was used as electrodes placed between PEDOT:PSS and Ag NW. The electrical resistance of this novel strain sensor shows an average value of 74.72 ± 14.65 Ω with a large sensing range up to 50% strain and sensing sensitivity of 418. The sensing response does not deteriorate after 750 stretching‐releasing cycles and the sensor exhibits high stability after storage in air for more than 53 days. Concerning finger and joint movement, the wearable strain sensor demonstrates a stable output signal and distinguishes response under different bending and stretching. These advantages make it potential applications in wearable electronic devices and promising development in healthcare management.
The Impairment and Functioning Inventory Revised‐English version: A validation study in individuals with disabilities and bothersome pain
Authors: Ramírez‐Maestre Carmen , Esteve Rosa , López‐Martínez Alicia E. , Jensen Mark P. , Miró Jordi , de la Vega Rocío
Published: June 2021

Background

Despite the relevance of daily function in individuals with chronic pain, few questionnaires have been designed to assess this domain in individuals with musculoskeletal pain. In addition, the Impairment and Functioning Inventory‐Revised (IFI‐R) is the only instrument that assesses perceived decreases in levels of daily activity after the onset of pain.

Objective

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the English version of the IFI‐R.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

A database of individuals with medical conditions commonly associated with chronic pain maintained by the University of Washington.

Patients

A total of 470 individuals with chronic pain.

Methods

Factorial validity was analyzed by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis via structural equation modeling. Internal consistency was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's α coefficients. Convergent validity was assessed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients between the two scales of the IFI‐R and the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Scale. Criterion validity was analyzed by regression analysis via structural equation modeling.

Main Outcome Measures

The English version of the IFI‐R (IFI‐R‐EV) for individuals with chronic pain.

Results

The IFI‐R‐EV consists of 30 items with two related subscales: The Daily Function subscale (α = .86). and the Impairment subscale (α = .89). A significant correlation was found between these subscales and a measure of pain interference (r's = − .33, and .35 respectively; p's < .01). We also found statistically significant associations (p < .05) between daily function and depression (β = −.14) and pain intensity (β = −.13), between impairment and depression (β = .14) and pain intensity (β = .16), and between daily function and pain acceptance (β = .14).

Conclusions

The findings indicate that the IFI‐R‐EV provides valid and reliable measures of daily function and impairment in English‐speaking individuals with a disability and chronic pain. These results are consistent with those obtained with the Spanish version.
A framework for the application of standards, recommendations, and research on large screen displays in the function of new control rooms design
Authors: Grozdanovic Miroljub , Bijelic Bojan , Janjic Aleksandar
Published: June 2021

Existing display systems in most control rooms in Serbia are built on obsolete technology. To enable functional monitoring by the operators, these control rooms need to be redesigned using modern technology in a way that will optimize human interaction with the control system. This paper provides a review of published literature regarding large screen displays as well as guidance from pertinent industry standards. A significant part of this paper discusses an analysis of a new display system design in the control room. Topics analyzed include the optimal dimensions of display systems, coding of visual information, colors used on display systems, interaction between the operator and the display system, and description of the content presented on display systems. This research represents a guideline for the future design of new control rooms in Serbia's railway, mining, electric power systems, and soybean flakes production.
5‐1: Invited Paper: LTPS TFT Full Color MicroLED Display with Redundant Pixel Design and Covering Micro‐Reflector Array
Authors: Tamaki Masaya , Yokoyama Ryoichi , Aoki Katsumi , Ito Hiroaki , Nakamitsu Sho , Imaizumi Kunio , Matsuda Seiji , Morikawa Shinichiro , Morita Takeomi , Ooishi Megumi , Nishida Kazuhiro , Lang Erwin , Hoeppel Lutz
Published: June 2021

LTPS TFT full color microLED displays have been developed by incorporating a redundant pixel design to increase the yield of the display, and a covering micro‐reflector array for outcoupling the light emitted from microLEDs has also been proposed.
7‐2: Invited Paper: A 40 nm Gate Length Surrounding Gate Vertical‐Channel FET Using Thermally Stable In‐Al‐Zn‐O Channel for 3D CMOS‐LSI Applications
Authors: Sato Yuta , Fujiwara Hirokazu , Saito Nobuyoshi , Ueda Tomomasa , Ikeda Keiji
Published: June 2021

We have developed a CMOS back‐end‐of‐line (BEOL) process compatible oxide semiconductor channel FET with newly proposed In‐Al‐Zn‐O (IAZO) for 3D CMOS‐LSI applications. Compared with In‐Ga‐Zn‐O for active‐matrix display applications, IAZO channel has higher thermal stability (~420°C) suitable for BEOL transistors where suppression of channel shortening is essential. We have successfully demonstrated a surrounding gate vertical‐channel FET with gate length of 40 nm by IAZO channel.
8‐4: Invited Paper: Transparent Zn Doped‐CuI for High‐Performance p‐Channel Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Liu Ao , Zhu Huihui , Noh Yong-Young
Published: June 2021

Over the past decades, developing high‐performance transparent p‐type semiconductors has become one of the urgent tasks in electronic industry for the integration of complementary circuits and high‐end displays. Unfortunately, there is no satisfied candidate reported to date. In this work, we reported a novel transparent p‐type Zn‐doped CuI semiconductor using low‐temperature and low‐cost solution process for high‐performance transistors and circuits. The optimized transistors exhibited a high hole mobility of 5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and high on/off current ratio of ~107 with excellent operational stability and reproducibility. The integrated CMOS inverter delivered a high peak gain of ~60 with the low power consumption. This study paves the way for realizing transparent, flexible, and large‐area integrated circuits with n‐type metal‐oxide semiconductors.
11‐1: Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Parameters to Tensile Wrinkle in Fine Metal Mask
Authors: Liu Yue , Bai Shanshan , Li Yansong , Bi Na , Shen Kuo , Li Na
Published: June 2021

Fine metal mask (FMM) is an important component in vacuum deposition technology. The FMM wrinkles produced during the tensile process usually bring about many drawbacks, such as uneven deposition, shadowing effects and color mixing. This paper discusses the effect of material parameters of FMM on its tensile wrinkle.
11‐2: Technology Developments in High‐Resolution FMM‐free OLED and BEOL IGZO TFTs for Power‐Efficient Microdisplays
Authors: Ke Tung-Huei , Glushkova Anastasia , Sandeheng Calvin Mona , Alvarez Gema Molina , Vandenplas Erwin , Ciarnain Rossa Mac , Malinowski Pawel E. , Mitard Jerome , Rassoul Nouredine , Belmonte Attilio , Tokei Zsolt , Kar Gouri Sankar , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul
Published: June 2021

Resolution, power efficiency, and brightness are crucial features in microdisplays for upcoming VR and AR applications. This presentation shows our work towards a high‐resolution direct RGB microdisplay. An IGZO TFTs with a top gate length of 80 nm is realized with 300mm facilities for high‐resolution backplane developments. For the development of high‐resolution OLED enabled by photolithographic patterning, we investigate an excess driving voltage in photolithographic patterned OLEDs caused by contaminants at the organic semiconductor interface. With necessary mitigation, we reduce the excess driving voltage and observe no significant lifetime change after multiple photolithographic patterning steps.
12‐1: Controlling the Pixel Colors of Quantum Dot Thin Films by Patterning the Substrates
Authors: Wu Zhenghui , Wang Weigao , Ma Jingrui , Liu Pai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2021

The common methods to achieve high resolution of patterned QD thin films are photolithography of QD thin films and ink‐jet printing of QD thin films. To avoid damages on QDs caused by photolithography and further increase the resolution of the patterned QD, a new method, i.e. selective extraction of lightemission by patterning the bottom electrode instead, was developed in this work. The theory of this method is based on optical interference. Patterning the ITO substrates offers more flexibility and higher resolution, since ITO is more robust and resistive to damages related to photolithography.
13‐1: Invited Paper: Color Quality for Large MicroLED TV
Authors: Park Daeun , Park YungKyung
Published: June 2021

Display for large TVs is approaching 100 inches in size, and in 2020, microLEDs have been introduced to the market with high luminance and a wide color gamut. The 88‐inch microLED TV display color quality was compared to OLED and LCD TV displays through color appearance experiments. The perceptual values were compared to the measured values to improve the contrast, vividness, and depth. The mLED—having a larger luminance range—exhibited 30% more clarity.
14‐1: Distinguished Paper: A Multi‐Unit Compensation for OLED Burn‐In in Mobile Displays
Authors: Ok Jiheon , Yu Yonghoon , An Joo-young , Na Sewhan , Jang Woohyuk , Lim Hyun-Wook , Lee Jae-Youl
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a cost‐effective OLED display burn‐in compensation method on a mobile system is proposed. The sub‐pixel wise compensation map is estimated using the data‐counting approach and is reallocated to multi‐unit regional map according to amount of burn‐in details. The degraded luminance compensation is applied for the display driver IC without the additional external storage. With the optimized multi‐unit map, perceptual quality can be enhanced after compensation with limited internal memory. Experiment shows that the luminance uniformity of the degraded panel has been improved by 20% after proposed compensation with 1/16 memory space usage.
14‐2: Data‐Line Driver with Gray‐Level‐Dependent Far‐End Auxiliary Driving for Large AMOLED Display Panel
Authors: Lam Hing-Mo , Jiao Hailong , Zhang Min , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2021

A gray‐level dependent far‐end auxiliary driving method is proposed for driving a data line of a large AMOLED display panel. The proposed method adopts the both‐end simultaneous driving to reduce the settling time of a data line. The duration of the far‐end auxiliary driving depends on the gray level difference of current and previous display data. The extra high voltage design required for the implementation of the proposed method is only a PMOS transistor, an NMOS transistor, and two level‐shifters. The simulation results show that the proposed driving method can reduce the settling time of the data line by 20% ~ 59% when varying the parasitic load of the data line by ± 20%.
15‐1: High Resolution Display Data Transmission using Weak Sub‐color DWT
Authors: Lee Joonhee , Park Dongwon , Ko Namkon , Kim Changgone , Yoon Sooyoung
Published: June 2021

As a resolution of display increases, it is necessary to process video data more efficiently and economically. In this paper, an advanced technique is proposed to reduce its data bandwidth in real time without any noticeable degradation in its image quality. By analyzing the frequency characteristics of an input image data with respect to its sub‐colors, a sub‐color data having relatively smaller proportion in high frequency which can be regarded as a ‘Weak Sub‐color data’ can be converted and reduced using the Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT). Some of the DWT‐transformed data is transmitted with the other non‐processed original sub‐color data to reduce its data size. This technique can provide a robust video system interface that reduces its transmission bandwidth up to 25% or more with improved image quality.
16‐1: Tap‐Point Skipping and Measurement‐Path Optimization for Gamma‐Tuning Algorithm
Authors: Xu Peng , Tang Hao , Xu Gang
Published: June 2021

AI trained Machine Learning (ML) models are used to study tap point/band skipping for gamma tuning optimization, with enough accuracy after exclusion of points with extremely low brightness. The ML models can be simplified to a 2‐pt linear interpolation one, which is simple and useful in most cases.
19‐2: Invited Paper: Design of Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Madayanad Suresh Subeesh , Duda Eimantas , Kahle Frank-Julian , Hall David , Bagnich Sergey , Bässler Heinz , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Köhler Anna , Zysman-Colman Eli
Published: June 2021

The development of near UV‐emitting materials will be presented. A novel ladder‐like multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compound was studied in the solid state. The compound shows narrow near UV‐emission centered at 395 nm of optical excitation and at 410 nm in an OLED; however, the efficiency remains low. Photophysical studies reveal the presence of aggregate or excimer‐like species that seem to provide an additional loss channel.
20‐2: Invited Paper: High‐Efficiency, Long‐Lifetime, Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ok Jeon Soon , Hyung Lee Kyung , Choi Hyeonho , Kim Sunghan , Yeob Lee Jun
Published: June 2021

Simultaneously achieving a high efficiency and long lifetime in deep‐blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is challenging because most high‐efficiency blue OLEDs suffer from a short device lifetime. We describe high‐efficiency, long‐lifetime deep‐blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) OLEDs by designing new blue TADF materials and developing a triplet‐exciton‐recycling device protocol. A new deep‐blue TADF emitter that harvests the singlet excitons of the fluorescent emitter was embedded in the device structure of the triplet‐exciton‐distributed (TED) TADF devices built on a new device protocol. Two TADF materials, one distributing and one emitting, were doped into a host with a triplet energy between those of these two materials. Codoping the TADF materials to realize TED‐TADF in the low‐triplet‐energy host achieved a high external quantum efficiency of 28.3% and almost quadrupled the device lifetime relative to that of the reference device with only the emitting TADF material. Recycling the triplet excitons of the distributing TADF material that were quenched by the host and the singlet‐exciton‐harvested TADF emission of the emitting TADF material were the main mechanisms realizing simultaneous high efficiency and extended lifetime. The TADF devices based on this new approach combined with an optically optimized device stack demonstrated >30% efficiency, a lifetime of >6,000 h, and a y color coordinate <0.10, which are unprecedented device metrics for deep‐blue OLEDs. This is the first work reporting such a device lifetime for the deep‐blue OLEDs with a y color coordinate below 0.09.
22‐2: Enhanced Orthogonality of Inkjet‐Printed OLEDs’ Emitting Layer by Novel Ink Composition for Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Kang Taeheon , Gyu Kim Heung , Ran Mun Hye , Lee Juyon , Kim Sehun , Ha Jaekook
Published: June 2021

Inkjet printing of OLEDs (Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes) is a revolutionary technology aimed at large‐size panel production, high OLED material consumption efficiency and lower manufacturing costs. Here we report a novel ink composition for ETL which enables uniform ETL formation with full orthogonality to small‐molecule EML material.
22‐3: Tuning ETL Mobility by Disorder Passivation
Authors: Kaiser Simon , Symalla Franz , Wehl Daniel , Neumann Tobias , Wenzel Wolfgang
Published: June 2021

In organic electronics (OE) application a high degree of control of material parameters such as transport levels and charge carrier mobilities is required to build a balanced device. We demonstrate that electron mobility of the prototypical electron transport material TPBi can be tuned freely by mixing it with a secondary electron transport inert material. We can in particular increase electron mobility in TPBi by up to a factor of 10 by diluting TPBi. This increase is due to a reduced electrostatic disorder in the mixed morphology. Using our predictive ab‐initio based modeling tools we can find the optimal mixture to maximize or pinpoint electron mobility in TPBi.
22‐4: Invited Paper: OLEDs for Wearables: From Form Factor Engineering to Healthcare Applications
Authors: Yoo Seunghyup , Kim Taehyun , Lee Hyeonwoo , Moon Hanul , Kim Eungjun , Lee Seunghee
Published: June 2021

OLEDs have been established as key light sources for high‐end displays. In addition to their ideal optical characteristics, the inherent compatibility with various form factors gives OLEDs a competitive edge with respect to conventional technologies. Such versatility in form factors makes OLEDs attractive not only for displays but also for wearable devices. In this respect, this talk explores OLEDs from the perspectives of wearable applications. The first part describes engineering required for highly flexible and stretchable OLEDs adopting non‐conventional electrodes. The second part then introduces OLEDs used in wearable healthcare applications such as pulse oximetry sensors.
23‐3: Self‐Assembled Cathode Patterning for Micro‐Welding in Top‐Emission AMOLED Displays to Reduce IR Drop
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Chang Yilu , Wang Qi , Zhang Yingjie , Qiu Jacky , Helander Michael
Published: June 2021

Cathode IR‐Drop is one of the major barriers for large area top‐emission AMOLED displays with low power consumption. A solution based on making an electrical connection between the top cathode and a prefabricated auxiliary electrode in the backplane was demonstrated using ConducTorrTM self‐assembled cathode patterning process. Mid‐size top‐emission AMOLED panels for IT and large‐size panels for TV can be enabled by such damage‐free patterning process.
24‐3: High‐Color‐Gamut OLED Displays with Reduced Power Consumption for Laptop Applications
Authors: Hack Mike , Weaver Michael S. , Brown Julie J. , Parikh Kunjal , Bui Kathy , Sinha Vishal
Published: June 2021

In this paper we discuss the benefits that can be realized by phosphorescent OLED technology for low power consumption high color gamut displays. We show that relative to LCD based displays, the higher the display color gamut, the more OLED displays have a power consumption advantage over LCDs, enabling high performance displays for laptops. Based on Intel's day in life PC usage model, our simulation shows that DCI‐P3 and 97% BT2020 color profiles will deliver 13% and 18% improvement respectively in battery life for OLEDs versus equivalent LCDs.
24‐4: Research on Water Vapor Penetration of OLED Encapsulation
Authors: Sun Tao , Qin Chengjie , Wang Tao , Zhang Ziyu , Wang Youwei , Zhang Song , Liu Zheng , Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei
Published: June 2021

This paper studied the characteristics of OLED encapsulation film, the test method of water vapor penetration and improving the ability of water vapor barrier. It was found that the group changes after hygroscopic, transferred to Si‐O bond. Based on this mechanism, the test method of water vapor penetration was studied. The average water vapor penetration rate P of film A and film B was about 0.14nm/h and 34nm/h respectively at 85 °C /85%RH environment by TOF‐SIMS and XPS test. At the same time, the permeability lag phenomenon was found. The enhancement effect of inter‐layer structure on water vapor barrier ability was further studied.
25‐4: Methodology and Correlation of AI‐Based Design for OLED Materials
Authors: Yang Joong-Hwan , Choi Hyong-Jong , Bae Jae-Keon , Lee Soo-Young , Kim Gyu-Hyeong , Lee Tae-Yang , Lee Jun-Ho , Han Chang-Wook , Baek Ji-Ho , Choi Hyun-Chul , Kim Jeom-Jae , Yoon Soo-Young
Published: June 2021

AI based design for OLED materials are being tried in a variety of ways. An exemplary system is being developed to predict optical characteristics through machine learning (ML) with existing data. Once the performance descriptor is well defined and the quantum chemical calculation method is established, AI‐reverse design is expected to be possible. However, not all OLED emitting materials are equally capable of it. Different approaches are needed because the luminescence mechanism and its complexity of calculation are different depending on the material types. For pure fluorescence or even high efficiency phosphorescence, their luminescence mechanisms are relatively well defined and nearly irreversible and so the correlation between the calculation and performance could be better. If so, the reverse design is becoming possible and already it has begun to be tried a lot. However, in the case of TADF, the radiation and non‐radiation paths vary, ISC‐RISC is more reversible, and the controversy over luminescence mechanism remains. As a result, the calculating method of luminous efficiency has not yet been fully established. In this study, we want to report the consistency level of predicting characteristics of OLED materials using AI, and also discuss the difference between each emitting material types for reverse design. In particular, we also want to share the issues of calculating methods for TADF performance.
27‐4: Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Directional Polarized Light Emission
Authors: Fu Xiangyu , Zhu Liping , Mehta Yash , Chen Yi-An , Lei Lei , Barange Nilesh , Dong Qi , Yin Shichen , Mendes Juliana , He Siliang , Gogusetti Renuka , Chang Chih-Hao , So Franky
Published: June 2021

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with directional and polarized light emission have many photonic applications, and beam shaping of these devices is fundamentally challenging because they are Lambertian light sources. In this work, using OLEDs for demonstrations, by selectively diffracting the TE waveguide mode while suppressing other optical modes in a nanostructured substrate, we demonstrated highly directional light emission from a full‐area OLED with a small divergence angle less than 3°, and a TE to TM polarization extinction ratio of 13. The highly selective diffraction of only the TE waveguide mode is possible due to the planarization of the device stack by thermal evaporation and solution processing.
28‐1: Invited Paper: Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters with Preferentially Horizontal Dipole Orientations
Authors: Gong Shaolong , Wu Chung-Chih , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2021

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters are the most promising third‐generation emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we report our recent works on developing efficient TADF emitters with preferentially horizontal dipole orientations along with how to control dipole orientation of TADF emitters via rational molecular design strategies.
29‐1: Common Triangle Optimizations and Coarse Pixel Shading for Foveated Rendering Acceleration
Authors: Burnett Thomas
Published: June 2021

Improved foveated rendering performance for head‐mounted displays (HMDs) requires re‐architecting a multi‐view render pipeline. This pipeline must manage common triangle culling/clipping operations across views while reordering triangle vs. view processing and varying the rasterization sampling rate. This paper explores render pipelines for HMD rendering improvement.
30‐2: High Refractive Index Glass Wafers for Augmented Reality: Boundary Conditions for an Excellent Optical Performance
Authors: Bachhuber Frederik , Sprengard Ruediger , Thomas Jens Ulrich , Damm Thorsten , Weidlich Stefan , Nass Peter , Ottermann Clemens , Plapper Volker , Fang Helen , Weng Nicolas , Wang Alex
Published: June 2021

Planar, high refractive glass wafers are the backbone of leading Augmented/Mixed Reality devices. They route the virtual image to the user's eye, while helping to keep the form factor small. While the glass characteristic directly affects fundamental design parameters like Field‐of‐View, the optical system of the wafer with its surfaces and interfaces as a whole determines the image quality. Besides surface quality of the glass itself, the adjacent coatings, such as anti‐reflective coating and polymer coating with a grid structure can significantly contribute to the total optical loss. Here we are reporting on optical losses caused by surface effects and polymer coatings that might lead to disadvantages in key quality parameters, such as contrast, brightness and distortion of the image.
31‐2: Distinguished Student Paper: Aberration‐Free Pupil Steering Maxwellian Display for Augmented Reality
Authors: Xiong Jianghao , Li Yannanqi , Li Kun , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2021

A see‐through Maxwellian display with aberration‐free pupil steering is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system uses a polarization‐dependent off‐axis lens coupler set fabricated with cholesteric liquid crystal. Electrically addressable polarization converters are used to switch among pupils.
31‐4: Student Paper: Maxwellian‐View Super‐Multi‐View Near Eye Display Using a Pancharatnam‐Berry Optical Element
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Yan , Liu Shuxin , Li Xiang , Su Yikai
Published: June 2021

In order to overcome the accommodation and convergence conflict and enlarge depth of field (DOF) in AR displays, a Maxwellian‐viewing‐super‐multi‐view (MV‐SMV) display system is proposed. The system employs a Pancharatnam‐Berry optical element (PBOE) and a holographic optical element (HOE). The PBOE is consisted of several regions of PB gratings with different periods and orientations. We have achieved 3*1 viewing points and a DOF of 4.4 Diopters.
32‐3: Realization of a New MR System Using Display Integrated with Cameras
Authors: Qianwen Jiang , Peng Han , Lili Chen , Hao Zhang
Published: June 2021

We present a new MR system using display integrated with cameras that we call DCam. It is supported by a powerful driver IC, in which there are ISP and image processing algorithm IP. By making use of DCam, the new MR system contributes to reduce weight of all‐in‐one device to 150g, provide a large FOV of 90, and save image transmission and processing time of 2 frame.
34‐2: Color Correction Model based on Spectral Distribution for solving Metameric Failure in Wide Color Gamut Displays
Authors: Seo Young Jun , Lee Eunjung , Yi Yongwoo , Choi Byeonghwa , Jo Sunchan
Published: June 2021

New technologies for wide color gamut displays like OLED, quantum dot, and micro‐LED have been developed and commercialized. However, these products could face metameric failure so that color measures do not match with perceived color due to the limitation of color matching functions (CMFs) standardized in International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931. Even after new CMFs were suggested to solve these problems in the CIE system, there still remain some more problems. In this study, metameric failure is yet again demonstrated in wide color gamut displays, and a quantitative methodology is proposed for the phenomenon in particular spectral distribution of displays based on experimental results. Furthermore, a color correction method for compensating perceivable differences with measured colorimetric data is developed.
37‐1: Invited Paper: Ultra Wide Color Gamut and High Luminous Efficiency LCD by Environment‐Friendly Organic Material without Cadmium
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Qian , Yang Weifan , Shao Xibin
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the FWHM and quantum efficiency of organic light‐emitting materials are analyzed, and the feasibility analysis of organic light‐emitting materials adopted in LCD module for the widest color gamut are researched and developed. By matching the color filter design, Adobe RGB coverage 99.5% and DCI‐P3 coverage 99.5% is achieved. And by adjusting the red material emitting wavelength, bt2020 coverage 91% is achieved. In terms of environmental protection and non‐toxic, organic light‐emitting materials without heavy metal components are significantly more environmental friendly than CdSe QD. In terms of energy efficiency, the LCM with organic light‐emitting film has better performance than that with InP QD film.
38‐1: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal Applications in e‐Paper and Security Films: New Trends
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Sun Jiatong , Kuznetsov Mikhail , Belyaev Victor , Chausov Denis
Published: June 2021

Optically rewritable technique based on photoalignment azodye nanolayers technology will be discussed for various applications in labels and plastic card displays, as well as for security applications.
38‐2: Invited Paper: 12.3‐in Highly Transparent LCD by Scattering Mode with Direct Edge Light and Field‐Sequential Color‐Driving Method
Authors: Okuyama Kentaro , Omori Yuji , Miyao Makoto , Kitamura Koji , Zako Muneaki , Maruoka Yoshio , Akutsu Kenichi , Sugiyama Hiroki , Oue Yoshihide , Nakamura Tenfu , Ichihara Kazuki , Irie Hiroshi , Ito Shohei , Hirama Katsuya , Asano Naoyuki , Imai Takayuki , Takano Daijiro , Ishida Satoru
Published: June 2021

We have newly developed 12.3‐inch highly transparent color liquid crystal display (LCD) which has no color filter, no polarizer and no back light. For the improvement of optical performance and lager sized panel, the process of scattering liquid crystal, panel structure and driving scheme were optimized. We have successfully achieved high transmittance as 87% and high contrast ratio as 32:1 which is 2 times larger than previous 4‐inch model.
38‐3: Ultra‐Thin Flexible LCD Based on Single‐Substrate Structure Using Novel Deformable Polarizer
Authors: Umemoto Toru , Takae Kosuke , Kawamidori Kazuki , Kamijo Takashi , Miwa Kazuya , Nagase Junichi , Ishinabe Takahiro , Shibata Yosei , Fujikake Hideo
Published: June 2021

We developed ultra‐thin flexible LCD using novel deformable polarizer. The LCD was developed by integrating optically isotropic LCs coated directly on a single substrate with bendable silver nano‐wire electrodes and 10µm deformable polarizers. Consequently, we achieved ultra‐thin structure of 60µm and excellent bending performance with 1mm radius of curvature.
41‐3: Invited Paper: Virtual Visor: Adding Intelligence to LCD Displays to Selectively Block Sunlight
Authors: Zink Jason , Todd Ryan , Kumbar Manjunath , Biyani Arun , Huang Xinyu , Ren Liu
Published: June 2021

A typical liquid crystal display (LCD) uses the liquid crystal to selectively modulate a constant backlight to produce an image for viewing. The Bosch Virtual Visor reuses this concept by employing a liquid crystal display as a sun visor to selectively block environmental light in an automotive setting. Instead of producing images for viewing, the Virtual Visor is designed to maximize a driver's ability to see the equivalent of its backlight – the scene in front of the driver. This requires perception and comprehension of the dynamic lighting conditions both inside and outside of the vehicle, and dynamic adaptation to each unique driver. The end result is a 90% improvement in visibility through the sun visor, dramatically improving driver visibility.
43‐3: Laser Assisted LED for High Output Automotive DMD Headlight
Authors: Li Kenneth , Chang Y.P. , Chen Andy , Wang Lion , Tsai Stark
Published: June 2021

Most of ADB headlight engines are designed using blue LED or laser light sources for the exciting the phosphor conversion layer producing white light output. The phosphor conversion layers have been fabricated by silicone‐based phosphor, glass‐based phosphor, ceramic‐based phosphor, and single crystal‐based phosphor. Among these different phosphor materials, the single crystal phosphor (SCP) exhibits excellent thermal stability, better conversion efficiency, and high transparency to yellow light, but the required high‐temperature fabrication process, has been an impediment for widespread commercial production. Recently, the issues of higher fabrication temperature of the SCP have been overcome by using a novel design of single crystal growth to produce SCP with higher yield and better uniformity. In this study, the ADB headlight consists of a well‐developed, high efficiency, automotive qualified white LED, a TI digit mirror device (DMD), a projection lens, and a Laser‐Assist™ LED system using two laser diodes and a SCP plate. The SCP plates are fabricated by Czochralski technology at the high temperature of 1,940°C. Using the laser for the Laser‐Assist™ process, a 50% increase in the LED is obtained. This increase in output enables the increase in FOV and brightness of the ADB headlight, which results in significant improvement of the visibility and the illumination distance. The proposed advanced ADB headlight with ultra‐reliable SCP and Laser‐Assist™ LED system will become one of the most promising ADB headlight candidates for use in the next‐generation autonomous vehicle applications.
43‐4: A Novel Smart Anti‐glare Rearview Mirror Device
Authors: Li Wenbo , Liu Jindou , Du Zhihong , Zhao Yuqiang , Zhou Li , Li Xinguo , Xu Xiaoguang
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a new optical design method to realize the anti‐glare characteristics of the rearview mirror. The reflectivity of the mirror can be adjusted from 41.8% to 10.6% by the phase modulation of liquid crystal optics, and the display performance of the device is maintained well simultaneously compared with the EC anti‐glare device.
44‐3: Impact of Human Fingertip on Automotive Displays and the Quantitative Measurement on the Imperceptible Abrasion by Human Fingertip
Authors: Weinhold Wolfgang P. , Wang Helen , Schaffer Donald
Published: June 2021

The impact of human fingertip on automotive displays involves a complicated tribological movement namely touch, zoom and swipe. All these 3 motions generate a non linear dynamic mechanical and chemical impact. Proper simulation tests have been performed and further quantitative evaluation is given for the imperceptible abrasion damage on the display.