bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inside Out: A Curriculum for Making Grant Outputs into OER
Authors: Quail Stephanie , Coysh Sarah
Published: January 2021

Catalyzed by the passing of the York University Open Access Policy last year, a recognition has been growing at York University, like most other institutions, about the value of Open Educational Resources (OER) and more broadly, open education. This heightened awareness led to the formation of a campus-wide Open Education Working Group in January 2020. The group advocated that faculty members who receive internal funding for teaching innovation projects through York’s Academic Innovation Fund (AIF) should include a Creative Commons license on their grant outputs to facilitate the re-use, and potentially re-mixing, of the content by educators inside and outside of York University. A copy and/or link to their grant output would also be deposited into York’s institutional repository, YorkSpace. To support the 71 funded projects in achieving these lofty goals, an open education and open licensing curriculum was developed by two of the librarian members of the Open Education Working Group. This session describes how the librarians created the training program and participants will leave the session better understanding: How to develop learning modules for adult learners and apply these best practices when teaching faculty online (synchronously & asynchronously); How to access York’s open education training program and learn how they can remix the content for their own institution’s training purposes; The common types of questions and misconceptions that arise when teaching an open education and Creative Commons licensing program for faculty. Originally the program was conceived as an in-person workshop series; however, with the COVID-19 campus closure, it was redesigned into a four module synchronous and asynchronous educational program delivered via Moodle, H5P and Zoom. Modeled after the SUNY OER Community Course and materials from Abbey Elder’s OER Starter Kit, the program gave grant recipients a grounding in open educational resources, searching open course material repositories, copyright/Creative Commons licensing, and content deposit in York’s institutional repository, including OER metadata creation and accessibility considerations. The librarians modeled best practices in the use and creation of Creative Commons licensed resources throughout the program. Qualitative feedback was gathered at the end of each module in both the synchronous and asynchronous offerings of the program and will be shared with participants. The presenters will also discuss lessons learned, next steps, and some of the challenges they encountered. https://youtu.be/n6dT8UNLtJo
Morphological characterization and secondary metabolites profile of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) genotypes from Sikkim
Authors: Gurung K. , Manivannan S.
Published: January 2021

Quantification of volatile oil and analysis of four major metabolites using HPLC was done in 24 black pepper genotypes collected from south Sikkim. The amount of volatile oil ranged from 2.01% to 0.022%. Secondary metabolites like piperine ranged from 2.75-0.022%, myrcene from 2.094-0.022%, alpha- phellandrene from 1.373-0.008% and linalool from 0.834-0.012%. Genotype 23 had the highest amount of myrcene and linalool, genotype 13 had the highest quantity of piperine and genotype 8 had high amount of alpha-phellandrene. The principal component analysis (PCA) of analyzed metabolites grouped the genotypes into four categories. The study revealed that some of the genotypes were as good as pepper varieties grown in traditional areas. These genotypes will be useful in crop improvement strategies and suitable for Sikkim Himalaya.
ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING THE ENTERPRISE'S ACTIVITY
Authors:   Chernihiv National University of Technology, Oliychenko Igor Mykhaylovych , Ditkovska Maryna Yuriyivna ,   Chernihiv National University of Technology
Published: January 2021

Urgency of the research. The main task of improving the efficiency of procurement is the introduction and development of an electronic system that can save public funds, reducing corruption, and ensuring openness, accessibility of information. Target setting. Procurement in modern conditions is carried out using competitive methods of finding suppliers. Competition is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of procurement. E-procurement becomes a tool for regulating supply and demand for enterprise products. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Well-known scientists have made a significant contribution to the theory and methodology of e-procurement development: Altsivanovych O., Afanasiev R., Brovdiy A., Ovramets Yu., Sevostyanova G., Kvach V., Tsymbalenko J., Melnikov O., Smirychynsky V., Tkachenko N., Umantsiv Y., Shatkovsky O. and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Despite the large number of studies in the field of electronic procurement where the authors paid considerable attention to the problems of transparency and corruption in the public and municipal sectors, the issues of improving the efficiency of electronic procurement in the context of improving the enterprise insufficiently studied. The research objective. Analysis of the functioning of the electronic procurement system in Ukraine, identification of problems in its functioning, search for ways to improve the information support of the automated system, and adaptation to the needs of modern enterprises. The statement of basic materials. The article considers the peculiarities of the e-procurement system as a tool to improve the enterprise, explores the basic principles and stages of the procurement process, examines international experience in implementing electronic procurement systems, and analyzes the main problems and abuses in the context of enterprise development. Conclusions. Given the peculiarities of the functioning of the electronic procurement system, it is necessary to improve the components that are outside the system, such as procurement planning, anti-corruption, avoidance of tender collusion and combating unjustified price increases.
RESPONCIBLE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES: REGIONAL AND TYPES GLANCE
Authors:   Research Institute of Business Technology ", Yelnikova Yuliia Vasylivna ,   UABD",   Sumy State University
Published: January 2021

Urgency of the research. The importance of exploring approaches to identifying and disseminating responsible investment strategies is determined by the need to find tools to fund the Sustainable Development Goals at the global level. Target setting. The issues of identification of responsible investment strategies and especially their dissemination become relevant with the reduction of the effectiveness of traditional approaches to investing in modern conditions. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. I. Vasylchuk, M. Delini, D. Leus, O. Muzychenko, T. Romanyok, I. Shkura and others study a range of responsible investment strategies. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Pluralism of approaches to defining the list of strategies for responsible investment in the works of scientists in comparison with clear approaches of international organizations necessitates their detailing. The research objective. The article aims to conduct a comparative and structural-dynamic analysis of the spread of responsible investment strategies in the world and in the regional context. The statement of basic materials. The expediency of applying approaches to the identification of responsible investment strategies of the Global Alliance for Sustainable Investment is substantiated. The author summarizes the structural and dynamic characteristics of responsible investment strategies at the global and regional levels. The existence of regional differentiation of responsible investment strategies has been established. Conclusions. Comparative analysis of approaches to defining the strategies of reputable organizations in this area, in particular the Global Alliance for Sustainable Investment, EuroSIF and USSIF, Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), the European Fund and Asset Management Association (EFAMA) allowed us to conclude that there are 7 most significant investment strategies. Dynamic characteristics of these strategies indicate a significant increase in their volume during the analyzed 6-year period for all types of strategies
TRANSFORMATION OF BANKS’ RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AS A PREREQUISITE FOR ENSURING THEIR FINANCIAL STABILITY
Authors:   National University “Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”, Yehorycheva Svitlana Borysivna , Vovchenko Oksana Sergiivna ,   Educational Establishment of Ukoopspilka “Poltava University of Economics and Trade
Published: January 2021

Urgency of the research. The importance of the problem of ensuring the financial stability of banks has grown significantly after the global financial crisis, and in Ukraine it has become relevant again since 2014. The situation of economic turbulence has led to a radical revision of the determinants of financial stability, as well as conceptual approaches to risk management of the bank. Target setting. Currently, the banking sector is on the verge of implementing internal capital adequacy assessment procedures (ICAAP), which determines the practical significance of substantiating the areas of improvement of the bank's risk management system. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Problems of bank’s risk management are revealed in the works of T. Vasylieva, V. Kovalenko, N. Tkachenko, N. Shulga and others. Methodological principles of ensuring the financial stability of the bank in conditions of uncertainty are reflected in the works of O. Kolodizev, N. Pogorelenko, T. Unkovskaya, M. Khutorna, I. Chmutova and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Further research is needed on the functioning of the bank's risk management system, substantiation of key requirements, compliance with which would serve as a guarantee of financial stability of the bank in different conditions of the macroeconomic environment. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the directions of perspective transformation of the bank's risk management system to ensure its financial stability. The statement of basic materials. The article stages the development of the bank's risk management system to substantiate the logic and determinants of further transformation of this system in order to enable long-term maintenance of its financial stability. Conclusions. The determinants of perspective transformation of the bank's risk management system in the aspect of ensuring financial stability are substantiated, which include: 1) spectrum of risks; 2) risk management priorities; 3) the complexity of the risk management methodology.
Le décret accompagnant le règlement de Tomis sur la vente de la prêtise des Dieux de Samothrace (LGS II 84 = I. Tomis 1)
Authors:   Le Mans Université (Francia), Avram Alexandru , Hălmagi Dragoş ,   Institut d’archéologie (Rumanía)
Published: January 2021

The authors suggest a tentative restoration of this fragmentary decree, assuming that theCouncil and the People of Tomis decided to honour Timaios, son of Straton, the man who also purchased the priesthood of the Samothracian Gods. They also suggest that both texts were inscribed at the same time, around 100 BC.
El símil y los personajes femeninos en el drama de Eurípides
Authors:   Universidad de Málaga (España), Calero Secall Inés
Published: January 2021

This work is focused on a study of similes that describe female characters in Euripidean drama, in order to examine what aspects of these figures are presented in similes and if they cohere with the traditional image of them in the myth and the role in the play. Discrepancies between simile and behaviour have been founded in Electra’s and Helen’s characters, and in the bacchantes.
"El significado del adjetivo ἔναυλος en Sófocles, Filoctetes 158 y en Eurípides, Fenicias 1573"
Authors:   Universidad de Salamanca (España), Méndez Dosuna Julián V.
Published: January 2021

The adjective ἔναυλος, -ον is a hypostatic compound based on the phrase ἐν αὐλῇ. InSophocles’ Philoctetes, it refers to the interior of the cavern where the protagonist lives (αὐλή ‘dwelling’).In Euripides’ Phoenician Women, Eteocles and Polinices are compared in a simile to two lions fighting. The adjective ἐναύλους has been previously interpreted as meaning ‘being in a den cave’ or, alternatively, ‘quarrelling over a den / cave’. A different meaning is here proposed: the lions fight pent up (αὐλή ‘pen, fold’) in the space between the two armies
La magia en la tragedia griega
Authors:   Universidad de Valladolid (España), Molinos Tejada Mª. Teresa , García Teijeiro Manuel ,   Universidad de Valladolid (España)
Published: January 2021

Classic Greek tragedy is not characterized by a great interest in magic. Important passages on this subject can be found, however, such as the scenes of necromancy in Aeschylus, some episodes of the career of Medea as a magician, the supposed erotic charm of Deianira or the binding hymn of the Eumenides. There are also brief allusions to such beliefs and practices.In Euripides’s Hippolytus the references to love magic play an important role in characterizing Phaedra and her nurse
Plauto en el Rebusco de Apuntamientos autógrafos de Quevedo
Authors:   Universidad de Murcia (España), Moya Francisca , Gallego Elena ,   Universidad de Murcia (España)
Published: January 2021

In this work, the present authors have analyzed some verses from three comedies by Plautus, copied by Francisco de Quevedo verbatim. He had found out Latin expressions there used in Spanish with the same meaning. They are annotations which could be intended for the treaty entitled De la común razón de las letras y lenguas, which Quevedo was planning to publish. They were finally released in 1859. They are kept in manuscript M-530 at the Library Menéndez Pelayo. They are edited and commented on in this work. In these annotations the reader will find Quevedo as an accomplished man-of-letters
Diana Augusta y el collegium lotorum (CIL XIV 2156). Los piacula del emperador Claudio
Authors:   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (España), Pena María José
Published: January 2021

Study of an inscription from the 1st century found in Ariccia (Latium) and dedicated to Diana by two curatores of a collegium lotorum, whose functions are unknown. Analysis of the term lotores. Possible relation to another inscription from the sanctuary of Diana at Nemi (within the Ariccia municipal area) and to the piacula held in the year 50 by order of Emperor Claudius. Observations on the purification by water...
En torno al ‘filohelenismo’ de los escolios homéricos
Authors:   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (España), Pòrtulas Jaume
Published: January 2021

Iliad’s ancient commentators replaced the Homeric dichotomy “Achaeans vs. Trojans” with “Greeks vs. Barbarians”. Modern scholars no longer call the Trojans ‘barbarians’; but they usually oppose Trojans and ‘Greeks’, dispensing with the original denominations of Achaeans, Danaans, etc. This distortion is not innocuous: it assumes without discussion that the Iliad’s ancient audiences experienced a special affinity for one side and identified it with “our side”. It is not impossible that this feeling existed at times; but it is abusive to interpret it in an ethnic, national or ‘patriotic’ sense. However, this is what the Scholia usually do, seriously distorting, in many cases, the original text
Formación e historia del verbo μελαγχολάω
Authors:   Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España), Rodríguez Alfageme Ignacio
Published: January 2021

This paper traces the history of χολή / χόλος and their compounds and derivatives from the point of view of their use in the texts.
El relato de la tempestad en el De gestis Mendi de Saa de José de Anchieta y sus fuentes
Authors:   Universidad de Córdoba (España), Rodríguez-Pantoja Miguel
Published: January 2021

Edition, rhythmic translation and commentary of the passage of De Gestis Mendi de Saa by José de Anchieta where the storm and shipwreck suffered by the bishopD.Pedro Fernandes Sardinha in his trip to Portugal in the year 1556 is described. Its classical and medieval sources
Tradición clásica y mitos en la poesía cubana del siglo XIX
Authors:   Universidad de Santiago (España), Ruiz Pérez Ángel
Published: January 2021

Study of myths and motifs of classical antiquity in the poetry of some important Cuban poets of the 19th century (José María Heredia, Juan Clemente Zenea, Enrique José Varona Julián del Casal and especially José Martí). The importance of art as a subject and as a way of connecting with the ancient world and above all, the centrality of political issues are key aspects that explain the repeated presence of Prometheus and Laocoon
Associating the image with the myth on ancient Cretan coins: Three case-studies
Authors:   University of the Aegean (Grecia), Stefanakis Manolis I. , Paschalia M. Konstantinidi Niki ,   University of the Aegean (Grecia)
Published: January 2021

Cretan coinage is characterized by a multitude of iconographic types, very often mythological in content. Various mythical figures and episodes are often difficult to identify or interpret due to either lack of clues that would lead to an interpretation or to the fact that could be identifiable with more than one existing myth. Thus, the identification of imagery on Cretan coins is not always self evident. Three major mints of the island are examined in this paper in order to investigate local myths, compared with the mythological tradition of mainland Greece; the myth of the Tree Nymph of Gortyn, the myth of the Labyrinth of Knossos and the myth of the Dog-nursed Infant of Kydonia. Cretan cities, through coin imagery and by carefully selecting the represented mythical figures, were bonding theircitizens with a certain heritage, offering a sense of belonging, continuation and ethnic pride differentiating themselves from other ethnic groups and city states of the island.
Enmiendas a tres teónimos de Cornuto, Compendio de las tradiciones teológicas de los griegos
Authors:   Universidad de Navarra (España), Torres Guerra José B.
Published: January 2021

This contribution analyses some textual problems related to the interpretation of three theonyms in Cornutus’s mythographical treaty. In each case the textual testimonies and the solutions adopted in the critical editions by Lang (1881) and Torres (2018) are considered. A text is proposed for each case on the basis of the etymological and allegorizing method employed in the treaty
Imperativo, futuro e infinitivo yusivo en una inscripción de Mitilene
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (España), Villa Jesús de la
Published: January 2021

On the basis of a decree from Mytilene, dated in the 4th century a. C., which combines imperatives, infinitives and futures as forms for expressing orders, the author investigates the possible differences between these three alternative procedures. After reviewing various previous proposals, it is concluded that the three procedures are basically interchangeable in this text, but are distributed according to a regular pattern for organizing the text.
Manifestações clínicas bucais da paracoccidioidomicose: um relato de caso
Authors: De Souza Caroline Maria , Rocha Fernanda Barbosa Esteves , Miguel Mirella Moreira , Rodrigues Sarah Vitor Teixeira , Miranda Roseli Teixeira , Goulart Maria Carolina Vaz , Santos Gérsika Bitencourt
Published: January 2021

A Paracoccidioidomicose é uma doença fúngica decorrente do fungo dimórfico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis que possui predileção por lugares quentes e úmidos, por essa razão há uma grande incidência da doença no Brasil. O sítio primário da doença envolve a região pulmonar, mas com o avanço das pesquisas e estudos voltados à doença, a região da mucosa bucal vem sendo bastante afetada com o fungo. O artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar as manifestações clínicas bucais da paracoccidioidomicose em uma paciente do sexo feminino que foi diagnosticada aos 79 anos, tratada com antifúngico oral pela equipe de odontologia e encaminhada para clínica médica para tratamento da doença. A paciente apresentou lesão ulcerada de fundo moriforme com pontos hemorrágicos no rebordo alveolar direito. Foi realizada a biópsia incisional e o resultado microscópico revelou estruturas birrefringentes sugestiva de Paracoccidioidomicose. A paciente foi tratada pela equipe de odontologia da clínica odontológica da Unifenas e posteriormente encaminhada ao setor de Infectologia do Hospital Alzira Vellano, de Alfenas-MG para avaliação e tratamento dos sintomas sistêmicos.  Embasado nos resultados dos exames físico, clínico e histológicos e nas características que predispõe à susceptibilidade a doença, como ser tabagista há mais de 30 anos, hipertensa e trabalhadora da zona rural, levou-se ao diagnóstico final da lesão.
Some Features of the Development of Myopia in School-Age Children
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Emelyanova I.N. , Oryol V.I. ,   Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Brzheskiy V.V. ,   Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ershova R.V. ,   Diagnostic Center No. 7, Saint Petersburg
Published: January 2021

Purpose. To assess the risk factors for the development and progression of myopia in children attending schools in a large city and to determine the possibilities of its prevention on an outpatient basis. Material and Methods. The study includes 106 children attending schools in St. Petersburg (60 boys and 46 girls, 56.6% and 43.4%, respectively). The observation period was 3 years. All examinations were supplemented by questioning the parents of the examined children. Results. Most often, myopia was detected during a routine examination at school (58.5%). Primary visits more often took place in the city diagnostic centre (34%) and in private medical centres (34%). At the same time, families with one child more often visited the district polyclinic (50%), less often – the city diagnostic centre (43.7%), families with two children more often came to private medical centres (50%). When analyzing the questionnaire, it was revealed that a number of questions have prognostic significance for assessing the course of myopia. The subsequent analysis of these questions identified the most significant risk factors for the development and progression of myopia in school-age children. These factors were physical activity of a child and regulated daily routine. The study investigated the incidence of myopia in children with comorbid conditions. Pathology of the musculoskeletal system prevailed (42.3%) in children with mild myopia, while pathology of ENT organs prevailed in children with moderate myopia (33.3%), posture disorders (27.7%) and ARVI (22.2%). An analysis of the prognostic value of risk factors for the development and progression of myopia showed that the only statistically reliable factors were disorders of the child‘s daily routine and the absence of a permanent ophthalmologist. Conclusion. The primary detection of myopia in school children is more frequent (58.5%) during preventive examinations at school. Questionnaires from parents provide additional information on the risk factors for myopia development and progression in their children. Myopia disorders and lack of observation by a «permanent» ophthalmologist have the greatest impact on myopia, which should naturally be taken into account when working with children and their parents. Key words: myopia, progression, risk factors, questionnaires, schoolchildren.
DISASSEMBLY COMMISSIONS OF THE TVER ARCHIVAL INSTITUTIONS IN 1919-1934: ORGANIZATION AND RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES
Authors: Леонтьева Ольга Геннадьевна
Published: January 2021

Статья посвящена вопросам организации работы разборочных комиссий, действовавших при архивных учреждениях Тверской губернии и Калининского района в 1919-1934 гг. В статье охарактеризована правовая и методическая база деятельности разборочных комиссий, проанализированы результаты работы. Основной задачей разборочных комиссий при их образовании было проведение экспертизы ценности документов при их отборе на государственное хранение. В течение 1919-1923 гг. разборочные комиссии проводили также разбор и описание поступавших в архивы документных комплексов. В 1924-1928 гг. происходят изменение методических основ функционирования разборочных комиссий. Основной целью разборочных комиссий архивных учреждений становится выявление и выделение к уничтожению документов, не имеющих практического и научного значения. В 1929-1934 гг. деятельность разборочных комиссий сводится исключительно к рассмотрению и согласованию отборочных списков документов, выделяемых к уничтожению. В статье рассмотрены результаты деятельности разборочных комиссий. Предпринята попытка проследить изменения в организации работы разборочных комиссий и охарактеризовать влияния изменений на характер и качество выполняемых комиссиями функций.

The article is devoted to the organization of the work of the disassembly commissions of the archival institutions of the Tver province and Kalininsky district in 1919-1934. The article describes the legal and methodological basis for the activities of the dismantling commissions, analyzes the results of their work. The main task of the dismantling commissions during their formation was to carry out an examination of the value of documents when they were selected for state storage. During the years 1919-1923, the dismantling commissions also carried out the analysis and description of the documentary complexes received in the archives. In 1924-1928, there were changes in the methodological foundations of the functioning of the dismantling commissions. The main purpose of the dismantling commissions of archival institutions was to identify and allocate for destruction documents that don’t have practical and scientific significance. In 1929-1934, the activity of the dismantling commissions was limited exclusively to the consideration and approval of the selection lists of documents allocated for destruction. The article discusses the results of the work of the debriefing commissions. An attempt has been made to trace changes in the organization of work of the dismantling commissions and to characterize the impact of changes on the nature and quality of the functions performed by the commissions.
MARSILIUS OF PADUA’S «OPUSCULA» IN CONTEXT OF INTELLECTUAL CULTURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIV CENTURY
Authors: Гладков Александр Константинович
Published: January 2021

Статья посвящена анализу «малых сочинений» («О перенесении империи» - «De translatione Imperii»; «Трактат о юрисдикции императора в брачных делах» - «Tractatus de iurisdictione imperatoris in causis matrimonialibus»; «Малый защитник» - «Defensor minor») Марсилия Падуанского (1275-1342), выдающегося философа, полемиста, ректора Парижского университета, сподвижника Людовика IV Баварского, критика папских доктрин «plenitudo potestatis» и «potestas clavium», автора знаменитого трактата «Защитник мира» («Defensor pacis»), и их месту в политической мысли, интеллектуальной культуре и полемической традиции первой половины XIV в. Автор выдвигает гипотезу о датировке трактата «О перенесении империи» и вероятном контексте его написания, а также выявляет связь между всеми работами Марсилия Падуанского.

The article is devoted to analysis of the «opuscula» («On the Transfer of the Empire» - «De translatione Imperii»; «The Treatise on the Emperor’s Jurisdiction in Matrimonial Matters» - «Tractatus de iurisdictione imperatoris in causis matrimonialibus», «The Smaller Defendor» - «Defensor minor») of Marsilius of Padua (1275-1342), an outstanding philosopher, polemicist, rector of the University of Paris, Ludwif IV of Bavaria’s companion in arms, critic of pope’s doctrines «plenitudo potestatis» and «potestas clavium», author of the famous treatise «The Defender of the Peace» («Defensor pacis»), and its place in political thought, intellectual culture and polemical tradition of the first half of XIV century. The author puts forward a hypothesis, concerning dating of the «On the Transfer of the Empire» treatise and possible context of its writing, and also reveals connection between all Marsilius of Padua’s works.
[REVIEW] IN THE WORLD OF CHILDREN'S EVERYDAY LIFE (About the book Veremenko V.A., Zhukova A.E. Educational practices in the noble and intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the XIX-early XX century: monograph / V.A. V Eremenko, A.E. Zhukova. - St. Petersburg: LSU named after A.S. Pushkin, 2020. - 232 p.)
Authors: Попова Ольга Дмитриевна
Published: January 2021

Рецензия посвящена публикации В.А. Веременко и А.Е Жуковой монографии, раскрывающей систему образования и воспитания в дворянско-интеллигентских семьях России второй половины XIX - начала ХХ в. Автор рецензии отмечает большой потенциал исследования для изучения социальной истории и процесса трансформации сословного образования в России .

The review is devoted to the publication of V.A. Veremenko and A.E. Zhukova монографии about the system of education and upbringing in the noble and intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries. The author of the review notes the great potential of the book for study of social history and the process of transformation of class education in Russia.
Comprehensive and Technical Efficiency of Insurance and Takaful Companies in Pakistan
Authors:   Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, Malik Adnan , Khan Zahoor ,   Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, Khan Sami Ullah ,   University of Swabi, Muhammad Malik ,   IIU Islamabad
Published: January 2021

Comprehensive and Technical Efficiency of Insurance and Takaful Companies in Pakistan Insurance and Takaful companies, both, are business organizations existing for the motive of profit. Large capital is required by the shareholders to establish a company; therefore, the company is expected to earn sufficient profit to meet the expectations of the shareholders. Moreover, a company also has its responsibilities towards its customers in terms of quality service. Shareholders are more concerned with their profit and customers regarding the services. Companies pay claims when the covered persons suffer a loss which can be the death of the family’s only bread earner, factory on fire, theft of business goods etc. Therefore, efficient financial performance of insurance and Takaful companies is important to fulfil the requirements of both: shareholders and clients. This study investigates financial efficiency of insurance and Takaful companies via Data Envelopment Analysis during the period 2011 to 2015. We have taken six general (non - life ) insurance & Takaful companies operating in Pakistan with input factors labor cost, assets and output factors premium / contribution received and percentage of claims paid. Results show that insurance and takaful companies are more than 80% efficient in their operations. For further increasing their efficiencies, they need to reduce their input by less than 20% to have same level of output. Comparing efficiencies of insurance and takaful companies, insurance companies are more efficient in terms of pure technical & super efficiency while takaful companies have higher scale efficiency than insurance companies, though the difference in most of the cases is less than 2%. Both types of companies need to improve their efficiencies by decreasing their assets input and labor cost while retaining the same output level of premiums and claims. Keywords: General insurance, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Malmquist index, Takaful, Scale and technical efficiency
Comparison and Analysis on Shariah Standards of AAOIFI & BNM For Mudarbah Product
Authors:   Minhaj University, Lahore, Wasim Mustanir Hussain , Ali Hassnian ,   Minhaj University, Lahore
Published: January 2021

Comparison and Analysis on Shariah Standards of AAOIFI & BNM For Mudarbah Product There are two main international standard setting bodies which provide shariah, accounting and auditing standards for global Islamic financial industry. These two institutions are the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). The objective of the current study is to provide an analysis of Mudarbah financing by comparing the standards of the AAOIFI and BNM. Qualitative method of research is used to analyze the content from archival sources. It is established that there are a lot of clauses between the two standards which need to be highlighted for the development of a comprehensive and uniform Islamic financial system. This study will help to achieve this goal by minimizing the gap between AAOIFI and BNM. Keywords: Mudarbah financing, AAOIFI, BNM, Shariah Standards
Ethical Leadership and Whistle-blowing Intentions: Mediating Role of Moral Identity
Authors: Muhammad Wasim Jan Khan  , Adnan Ismail  , Zujaj Ahmed  , Israr Ali
Published: January 2021

Detachement of business practicess and ethics led to a number of business scandals and unethical practices in workplaces. This urged scholars and practioners to investigate importance of morality at workplace. This study has highlighted the role of ethical leaders in shaping whistleblowing intentions of their subordinates. Moreover, this study has also investiagted the role of moral identity. A total of four hypotheses, examining the direct effect of ethical leadership on moral identity and whistleblowing intentions and the mediationing role of moral identity were proposeed. This study adopted a timelagged study design and collected information from employee-peer dyads at three points in time. Data was gathered from 214 employees working in service sector. Results verified the role of ethical leaders in shaping moral identity of employees as well as their whistleblowing intentions. Alongwith, the findings also suggest that moral identity acts as an intervening mechanism between ethical leaadership and whistleblowing intentions. Moreover, this study has highlighted multiple avenues for future research.
Clasificación de hidronefrosis congénita
Authors: Orquera Ayala Nathalia Carolina , Ortiz Roncallo Lina Marcela , Murgueytio Salazar Marielena Estefanía , Villalva Paredes Emilia Soledad
Published: January 2021

La hidronefrosis congénita (Primaria o Fetal) se ubica dentro de un amplio espectro de anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario que comúnmente se identifican en el periodo prenatal. Su origen procede de algún defecto en el desarrollo del aparato urinario en diferentes niveles, es decir, del sistema colector, del parénquima renal o de la migración. El objetivo que se pretendió alcanzar fue el de compendiar distintos criterios expertos respecto a la clasificación de Hidronefrosis Congénita. La investigación se desarrolló en base a un diseño bibliográfico y a una metodología de revisión, con la cual se expuso sobre: definiciones fundamentales, etiología, y clasificación en uso. En conclusión, el uso de la más reciente clasificación propuesta mediante el consenso celebrado en 2014 entre varias sociedades médicas, en su mayoría de USA, debido a que la misma permite estudiar la relación entre varios grados de dilatación del tracto urinario y resultados clínicamente relevantes, además de favorecer la detección oportuna de determinados casos que, particularmente, pudieran derivar en complicaciones durante el periodo posnatal.
Geographic expansion and intensification of coffee-growing in Costa Rica during the Green Revolution (1950-89): Drivers and outcomes
Authors: Montero Andrea , Badia-Miró Marc , Tello Enric
Published: January 2021

This article presents fresh improved aggregated data on coffee-growing regional specialization in Costa Rica between the 1950s to the 1980s and discusses the determinants of the expansion of that coffee cropping frontier with amodel that combines environmental and geo-economic drivers. The model performs amultiregression analysis that includes agroclimatic, land use, demographic, and market access variables to explain the geographical patterns of expansion and intensification of coffee-growing areas during the deployment of the Green Revolution. The results allow us to characterize the locations and understand the main drivers behind coffee regional specialization. The results confirm that the locations of coffee-growing expansion were conditioned by a dynamic interaction among first and second-nature factors whose importance changed over time within a complex social and agro-ecological fabric that allowed, to some extent, the endurance of functional shaded management in small-scale coffee plantations.
Dynamic response of reinforced concrete buildings
Authors: Umemura Hajime , Takizawa Haruo
Published: January 2021

During the last tow decades, remarkable progress has been made toward the better understanding of the performance of reinforced concrete buildings when subjected to destructive earthquake motions. This volume examines the literature with regard to analytical methods for modeling their dynamic failure, and is intended to provide a summary report on the current state of the art.

The survey places major emphasis on formulations of a basically empirical nature. Its necessity arises mostly from the complexities inherent in the inelastic and hysteretic response of reinforced concrete. Important aspects are first reviewed for the microscopic or member-by-member modelings, while the interest is then taken in the macroscopic or simple modelings of overall behavior. Their advantages and limitations as well as the directions of future improvement are noted by including simple illustrations. In particular, the examination emphasizes unsatisfactory state of the art for a reliable description of the out-of-plane failure process of structure.

An extensive presentation of the bibliography featurs this publication, dealing with the literature up until the middle of 1980 and covering no less than 300 papers. The work will contribute to bringing structural engineers up-to-date with the methods of strong-motion response analysis for reinforced concrete frames.
Introduction to safety and reliability of structures
Authors: Schneider Jörg , Vrouwenvelder Ton
Published: January 2021

Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the structures it uses.
Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might
be impacted by some probability.
The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a ﬁ rst chapter to the main concepts and strategies for dealing with hazards. The next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal with the modelling of structures and with methods of reliability analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective strategies against human error. The last chapter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related computer programs.
This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the concepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way, making use of simple examples, rather than extended theoretical discussion. It is hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability analysis in engineering practice.
The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and supports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.
Structural bearings and expansion joints for bridges
Authors: Ramberger Günter
Published: January 2021

Bridge superstructures have to be designed to permit thermal and live load strains to occur without unintended restraints. Bridge bearings have to transfer forces from the superstructure to the substructure, allowing all movements in directions defined by the designer. The two functions -transfer the loads and allow movements only in the required directions for a long service time with little maintenance - are not so easy to fulfil. Differ­ent bearings for different purposes and requirements have been developed so, that the bridge designer can choose the most suitable bearing.

By the movement of a bridge, gaps are necessary between superstructure and substructure. Expansion joints fill the gaps, allowing traffic loads tobe carried and allowing all expected displacements with low resistance. Ex­pansion joints should provide a smooth transition, avoid noise emission as far as possible and withstand all mechanical actions and chemical attacks (de-icing) for a long time. A simple exchange of all wearing parts and of the entire expansion joint should be possible.

The present volume provides a comprehensive survey of arrangement, construction and installation of bearings and expansion joints for bridges including calculation of bearing reactions and movements, analysis and design, inspection and maintenance. A long list of references deals with the subjects but also with aspects in the vicinity of bearings and expansion joints.

This book is aimed at both students and practising engineers, working in the field of bridge design, construction, analysis, inspection, maintenance and repair.
Safety and Sustainability—the Structural Engineer's Role
Authors: Kanda Jun
Published: January 2021

The mission of structural engineering is to design and construct safe structures by making appropriate decisions. At the same time, society also has a strong demand for sustainability, to which structural engineers can contribute through their decisions. Such decisions are necessary at every step of the design, construction, maintenance, and demolition process. The appropriateness depends on people’s expectancy for a structure, which varies according to their cultural background and economic well-being, as well as technological development. Historically, when quantitative information of a design variable was not available, the structural safety was deter-mined by engineers, based mainly on their own experiences. Materials and construction systems simply followed what had been successful in the past.
Asset Management
Authors: Matos José C. , Neves Luis , Gonçalves Bruno
Published: January 2021

The increase in the number of ageing infrastructures in Europe, North America, and Japan over the last three decades, has led to the development of a set of tools that allow a more consistent and optimized management procedure. Asset management can be deﬁ ned as the systematic activities and practices used by an organization to manage its infrastructures, by optimizing performance, risk, and expenditures over the structure’s entire life cycle. These tools and procedures are fundamental in reducing costs during the use of the structure, as well as in extending their service life, and minimizing decommissioning and replacement expenditures.
Sustainability and Bridges
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Kirk Martin J. D.
Published: January 2021

How should bridges be considered with regard to sustainability? Should it be by maximizing the use of recycled materials and minimizing CO2 emissions and the use of water? Alternatively, should it be by taking its impacts on local communities during their planning and execution into account? Or, might it be by designing bridges to minimize the need for maintenance and repair during their intended service lives? None of these approaches is necessarily right or wrong, but none on its own sufﬁ ciently addresses the breadth and complexity of the challenge posed by sustainability and sustainable thinking to all those involved with bridges—as owners, designers, constructors, maintainers, and users.
Masonry Buildings' Seismic Failures
Authors: Apostolidi Eftychia
Published: January 2021

Masonry structures are probably the most popular and ancient type of buildings all over the world. Easy access of its constitutive materials, which are basically stones, bricks, and mortar (which varies from region to region), makes masonry one of the everlasting construction methods from small residential buildings to the most important ancient and historic monuments.

Some masonry buildings have proved to be resistant structures even in seismic prone areas, due to some specific structural characteristics that have been observed throughout the years and after many destructive earthquakes. In this chapter, an effort will be made to refer to and describe the most characteristic deficiencies in unreinforced and reinforced masonry buildings under seis-mic actions. Design recommendations for new earthquake-resistant structures will follow, and some retrofitting and strengthening strategies for existing masonry buildings will be proposed.
Geotechnical Aspects of Structural Failures
Authors: Giarlelis Christos
Published: January 2021

Strong seismic shaking is recognized as the direct cause of structural failures. In many cases, however, the factor that initiates the structural damage is ground failure or ground displacement. This chapter deals with the identiﬁcation of all geotechnical related structural failures. Surface fault rupture has been a well-acknowledged cause of failures of structures built across or near the fault, which are increasing in frequency as the man-made environment constantly expands to new areas. Seismically induced rockfalls, landslides and slope failures have also been associ-ated with major disasters with an increasing frequency in some cases due to an expanding popu-lation, which encroach on areas with landslide risk or in other cases as result of the destruction of the natural environment (vegetation and water routes), which have protected these slopes in the past. Foundation damage may be a result of failure of shallow foundations or piles. In addition, although liquefaction and ground settlement are technically part of foundation failures, they are usually treated as separate, special cases. Retaining wall structures, usually considered as simple systems, may display a complex behaviour, which can be related to extensive seismic failures. Finally, not taking into account soil–structure interaction (SSI) may have a detrimental effect on the dynamic response of structures. Although SSI may never be the direct cause of a structural failure, it has proven to be, in several cases, the underlying reason for the analysis misconception that led to the failure.