bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sala de aula invertida: Emancipação de mestres e aprendizes à luz das ideias de Freire e Ranciére
Authors: Menezes Luiz Maurício Bentim da Rocha , Oliveira Selma Maria de
Published: February 2022

Os autores Jacques Rancière e Paulo Freire em suas obras asseveravam sobre a importância da educação como uma prática de liberdade, sem hierarquização, que conduza os alunos para uma emancipação intelectual. Nossa reflexão é sobre a presença destes ideais na adoção da metodologia da Sala de Aula Invertida para respondermos de que forma o uso dessa estratégia contempla os preceitos destes pensadores, na perspectiva da emancipação, da igualdade das inteligências de alunos e professores. O objetivo geral do estudo é refletir criticamente sobre como a Sala de Aula Invertida contribui para a emancipação de alunos e professores à luz das ideias de Freire e Rancière, bem como identificar os pilares que dão sustentação à metodologia de inversão da aprendizagem e extrapolar a concepção tradicional do ofício de ser professor como um mero explicador. Infere-se que o objeto escolhido para estudo poderá abalizar a adoção desta nova metodologia, contribuindo para práticas pedagógicas que colaborem para a construção de uma educação emancipadora, igualitária, pautada em valores éticos e alicerces sólidos que permitam ao indivíduo não só estar no mundo, mas ser parte integrante dele, problematizando, reconhecendo-se e intervindo. A pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa e procedimento bibliográfico, compondo uma tessitura de reflexões e considerações para confirmação ou não da hipótese inicial. Sua relevância centra-se na possibilidade de identificar na Sala de Aula Invertida, além de uma estratégia do uso da tecnologia a favor da aprendizagem, também um potencial para o exercício emancipatório de professores e alunos, na prática da igualdade das inteligências. Neste viés, será destacado o poder do diálogo, a relevância da dúvida e da curiosidade como pontes para o conhecimento, apontando que as convicções de Freire e Rancière são possíveis de concretização e estão presentes no desenvolvimento desta estratégia tão contemporânea.
A relação entre o campo de possibilidades e o projeto de vida de jovens em situação de conflito escolar
Authors: Nonato Eunice Maria Nazarethe , Novaes Edmarcius Carvalho , Lemos Ana Cristina Marques , Vitório Lorena Silva , Oliveira Aline Santos Pessotti de
Published: February 2022

O artigo suscita a discussão sobre a relação da juventude e seu projeto de vida, oriunda de uma oficina nominada ‘Escola de Liderança’, realizada com jovens que se encontravam em situação de conflito escolar e que, de algum modo, manifestavam liderança entre seus pares. Através de um questionário aplicado para refletirem sobre o futuro a partir do tempo atual, e com os dados sociodemográficos encontrados nas fichas de matrícula destes jovens, tornou-se possível problematizar qual seria a relação entre o campo de possibilidades existentes com o projeto de vida destes jovens em conflito escolar. Trata-se de um estudo interdisciplinar, qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório e bibliográfico. Constata-se que o contexto social e o campo de possibilidades desses jovens traçam seus projetos de vida, muitos baseados em desejos e objetos representativos de ostentação, luxo e poder – os quais podem ser acessados sobretudo pela via da criminalidade, uma vez as atuais condições sociais existentes e que se encontram vinculados.
Performances da cultura contemporâneada cultura contemporânea
Authors: Araújo Cristiane Ludwig , Nunes Ana Luiza Ruschel , Trevisan Amarildo Luiz
Published: February 2022

Este artigo tem a intenção de refletir sobre a possibilidade de compreensão dos efeitos das imagens da formação cultural na prática educativa, a fim de construir significações contextualizadas com o mundo da vida. O trabalho oriundo de pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica propõe, por intermédio do diagnóstico da formação cultural, de Adorno, da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, de Jürgen Habermas, e da incorporação dos aportes da estética, da semiótica e da hermenêutica, conferir uma nova moldura à discussão pedagógica, frente a performances da cultura atual. A pragmática da linguagem, ancorada na intersubjetividade da compreensão, pode auxiliar o sujeito a libertar-se das coações metafísicas, do condicionamento mercadológico, da racionalização e a desvendar sentidos, valores e significados que orientam sua ação ética no mundo. Nessa perspectiva, é possível alcançar, por um lado, uma educação orientada para o entendimento comunicativo e compromissada com o uso público da razão; e, por outro, o refinamento do gosto estético do educando sobre a comunicação imagética. Acredita-se, portanto, que a ação educativa, por meio de intervenções contextualizadas com o mundo vivido, abre a possibilidade para a pluralidade, para a alteridade e o reconhecimento do outro, no sentido de promover o respeito às diferenças e ao gosto, considerando a singularidade dos valores advindos do cotidiano.
Neuromarketing unmasked: A review of current state in the field
Authors: Bojić Ljubiša , Tucaković Lana , Nikolić Nemanja
Published: February 2022

Neuromarketing showed up as a new interdisciplinary field that bridges neuroscience and marketing. A relatively young field that was born within the "neuroculture" matrix is covered with a veil of mystery and often misrepresented in the media as a powerful tool used by corporations to manipulate consumers' preferences, purchasing behavior, etc. In this paper, we have done an extensive literature review in order to put light on some dilemmas and take off the veil of mystery that surrounds neuromarketing. Firstly, (i) we discussed the definition and context in which neuromarketing emerged, (ii) important brain areas in consumer neuroscience which find their application in neuromarketing research, (iii) techniques used in neuromarketing (neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging), (iv) ethical issues in the field of neuromarketing (a part of neuroethics), and (v) limitations and recommendations for future development of neuromarketing.
Development factors of management consulting in Serbia
Authors: Mihailović Branko , Radosavljević Katica , Popović Vesna
Published: February 2022

This paper explores management consulting in Serbia, which is analysed using the factors of its development. The most important drivers of the consulting market development in Central and South-Eastern Europe are the privatization and reorganization of state enterprises, the enlargement of the EU to the eastern region and the liberalization of national markets. The main goal of the research is to determine the most important factors in the development of management consulting in Serbia. Management consulting is in fact the result of managers' need for integrated and complex business information. The basic idea of this paper was to investigate in the empirical way the influence of certain factors on the development of management consulting in Serbia. Empirical research was carried out by gathering relevant data on a sample of 150 consulting organizations in Serbia. The target group of the research is the management consultants who are included in the sample. The research by survey was conducted by telephone surveys and direct interviews. Factor analysis was used for singling out the factors that influence the development of management consulting in Serbia. Factor analysis has shown that the three most important factors in the development of management consulting in Serbia are: managerial capabilities and skills, project activities and transformation of enterprises and markets. The aim of this paper is to point out key factors in the development of management consulting in Serbia, inform economic stakeholders about the importance of management consulting and the ways how to use it.
The importance of green procurement and responsible economy for sustainable tourism development: Hospitality of Serbia
Authors: Trišić Igor , Štetić Snežana , Vujović Slavoljub
Published: February 2022

Green procurement or responsible economy represents a production process which takes into account environmental, economic, social and ethical issues. These would, at the same time, be the basic postulates of sustainable development. The tourism market, whose consumers today have very specific needs, takes part in such a responsible economy. Tourists turn to the environmental forms of tourism. Such forms include activities focused on improvement of the values of environmental elements. This implies the selection of accommodation in environmentally responsible hotels and other facilities, directing of their business operations towards green procurement, eco-labelling and responsible economy in general. This research included the collection of data on responsible economy by surveying 50 hotels situated in Serbia. The hotels which are not sufficiently implementing responsible procurement into their business operate in the Republic of Serbia. Also, only a small number of facilities belonging to the tourism and hospitality industry possess eco-labels as the warranties of green and responsible business. What is significant is the fact that the tendency of environmental awareness to increase and its significance in the economic sphere are present in a great number of hotels in Serbia, which is demonstrated by this paper's research results.
Comparative analysis of the economic policy response to COVID-19 in the EU-27 and Republic of Serbia
Authors: Nikolić Ivan , Filipović Sanja
Published: February 2022

In response to the COVID-19 crisis, a wide range of short-term fiscal, monetary and macroprudential measures have been implemented. The aim of this research is to compare the effects of the package of economic measures implemented in the EU-27 countries and the Republic of Serbia in 2020 according to several criteria, starting from factors which had the impact on the amount of economic aid package to assessing short-term effects on economic activity, labour market and public debt. The results of the research showed that the financial value of the economic aid package in 2020 reflects, above all, the economic capacity and relative wealth of the country, rather than the depth of the crisis that the countries faced. A positive interdependence was found between the financial amount of the economic measures package and the amount of public debt as a percentage of GDP, while a negative interdependence was found between the change in unemployment rate and the volume of economic package aid as a share of GDP. Based on the available data, it is still not possible to determine the positive statistical impact of the economic package aid on economic growth. Such findings are also expected because the measures were primarily tailored to preserve the liquidity of the economy and employment. Besides, a certain period of time is needed for the measures to take effect, which may explain the discrepancy between the amount of aid and the depth of economic activity in 2020. The data showed that the Serbian economy, unlike the Eurozone, recorded moderate debt growth and adequate capitalized banking sector is resistant to credit risk growth.
Rhythmic gymnastics in Serbia: From success to sustainable developmen strategy
Authors: Moskovljević Lidija
Published: February 2022

The topic of the paper is the academic approach to participation and competition in the top rhythmic gymnastics, in Serbia. This cognitive approach is triggered by the need to capture the challenges of sustainable development (professional, organizational, personnel and academic), which are believed to be a solution that could promote competitiveness and the Olympics perspective, further affirm the educational and social significance of this attractive and beneficial sport and implement the knowledge of modern theory and practice in development of rhythmic gymnastics. The sustainability of rhythmic gymnastics in Serbia may be correlated with the basic system principles and its values as a sport and physical activity for a wide range of practicing and competing participants, as well as through academic support of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary knowledge applied to the significance of the rhythmic gymnastics for both the individual and society.
A multidisciplinary approach to examing and treating panic disorder and dyspnea
Authors: Latas Milan , Milenković Branislava
Published: February 2022

In this paper we have aimed to present the basics of comorbidity and relationship of panic disorder with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). It is, almost, well known fact that panic disorder is common comorbid condition in various somatic diseases, including pulmonary diseases. The importance of this comorbidity is related on impact on the functioning, the questions of primary diagnosis, etiological relationship, therapeutic implications etc. The prevalence of panic disorder is 3 times higher in patients with COPD and vice versa. The etiological considerations of panic disorder include, among the others, respiratory hypothesis and hyperventilation as the possible cause factors. The problem is, also, that symptoms of panic and COPD overlap, which could complicate diagnostic process. Therefore, the duty of somatic doctors is to recognize the symptoms of panic disorder in their patients, to reduce their anxiety and to refer them to psychiatric treatment if it is indicated.
Influence of retrogression and re-aging treatment on mechanical properties of the alloy EN AW 7049A-T6
Authors: Marinković Jelena , Radović Ljubica
Published: February 2022

Aluminum alloys of 7xxx series have the highest strength among all aluminium alloys, but they are prone to the corrosion-induced damage. The retrogression and re-aging heat treatment (RRA) is a heat treatment process applied on the 7xxx series aluminum alloy in T6 temper condition to provide a significant improvement of the corrosion resistance with or without small loss in its strength. The paper presents the influence of RRA treatment on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the aluminum EN AW 7049A-T6 alloy. The retrogression heat treatment was performed at various temperatures (from 180 C to 280 C) and times (from 3 min to 45 min), while re-aging was performed at 120 °C for 24 hours. It has been found that with increasing both temperature and time of retrogression, hardness and strength decrease but the toughness of the alloy increases in comparison to the initial T6 temper. Contrary to hardness values, electrical conductivity rises with an increase in holding time and temperature of retrogression.
The use of the biological algorithm in solving applied mechanics design problems
Authors: Milenković Branislav , Jovanović Đorđe
Published: February 2022

Biologically inspired algorithms are becoming powerful in modern optimization. In this paper, the principles of a metaheuristic algorithm based on Harris hawks behavior are shown. The Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO in short) was used for solving problems in applied mechanics (car side impact, cone clutch, three-dimensional beam and I beam optimization). In the end, a comparison of the results obtained by HHO and results obtained by other methods is given.
Integrative review of the recent literature on human resilience: From concepts, theories, and discussions towards a complex understanding
Authors: Métais Clément , Burel Nicolas , Gillham Jane E. , Tarquinio Cyril , Martin-Krumm Charles
Published: February 2022

Resilience may be viewed as the capacity of an individual, or perhaps of a dynamic system, to adjust and adapt positively to adversities and disruptions that impact one’s functioning and development. Yet a common statement in the literature is that there are still today numerous ways of defining and conceiving resilience. This multiplicity of approaches calls for clarification and generates a need of common theoretical ground. Therefore, this review aims to examine, to clarify and to synthesize how “human” resilience is conceptualized within the recent human sciences literature to help answer the question: ‘What are the key approaches, concepts, and definitions of resilience?”. Following Whittemore and Knafl (2005, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x) methods, an integrative review of the recent resilience literature (2013–2019) was undertaken. Four databases were used for the search: PsycINFO, PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar. A reference and citation tracking was then performed on the papers identified. Sixty-nine papers passed all the stages (identification, screening, eligibility, inclusion) and formed the sample. Results show that resilience definitions are nowadays either about “adapting and bouncing back to previous levels of health” or about “thriving and rising above the adversity towards increased levels of health.” Results also show that resilience features—antecedents, mechanisms, consequences—are mainly conceptualized in a vertical sequence where an antecedent influences another or influences a mechanism leading to consequences. This paper concludes that modern conceptions can fit within a transactional and constructivist approach that goes beyond the former approaches by providing a more nuanced and realistic picture of the resilience process and by viewing it as a dynamic and person-situation-defined process.
Influence of pumping light uniformity on laser wavefront aberration in direct-liquid-cooled thin-disk laser
Authors: Ye Zhi-Bin , Jiang Shu , Wang Hai-Lun , Wu Fei , Deng Xiao-Lei , Wang Jian-Xiao ,   College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China,   Zhejiang Jingtai Glass Technology Co., Ltd, Quzhou 324000, China
Published: February 2022

In recent years, the direct-liquid-cooled thin-disk lasers have become ahot research topic due to their advantages of extremely small volume to output power ratio and strong thermal management ability. A method of analyzing the wavefront aberration of the direct-liquid-cooled thin-disk laser is established in this paper. The influence of pumping light uniformity on the wavefront aberration is investigated by this method. The high order aberration distribution of the laser beam is calculated, when the uniformity is 92%, 80% and 70%, respectively. With the decrease of beam uniformity, the higher order aberrationsincrease gradually, while the low order aberrations remain basically unchanged. Experimentally, the pumping beam distributions respectively with uniformity of 92% and 70% are designed with and without using the waveguide structure. The wavefront jitter and wavefront aberration distribution of the whole gain module are measured in these two cases. The pump power is kept at 5 kW. The higher order of optical path difference (OPDH) values of the whole gain module are measured to be 0.66 μm and 0.79 μm, respectively. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical analyses.
Corticohippocampal circuit dysfunction in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Mattis Joanna , Somarowthu Ala , Goff Kevin M , Jiang Evan , Yom Jina , Sotuyo Nathaniel , Mcgarry Laura M , Feng Huijie , Kaneko Keisuke , Goldberg Ethan M
Published: February 2022

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder due to pathogenic variants in SCN1A encoding the Nav1.1 sodium channel subunit, characterized by treatment-resistant epilepsy, temperature-sensitive seizures, developmental delay/intellectual disability with features of autism spectrum disorder, and increased risk of sudden death. Convergent data suggest hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) pathology in DS (Scn1a+/-) mice. We performed two-photon calcium imaging in brain slice to uncover a profound dysfunction of filtering of perforant path input by DG in young adult Scn1a+/- mice. This was not due to dysfunction of DG parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PV-INs), which were only mildly impaired at this timepoint; however, we identified enhanced excitatory input to granule cells, suggesting that circuit dysfunction is due to excessive excitation rather than impaired inhibition. We confirmed that both optogenetic stimulation of entorhinal cortex and selective chemogenetic inhibition of DG PV-INs lowered seizure threshold in vivo in young adult Scn1a+/- mice. Optogenetic activation of PV-INs, on the other hand, normalized evoked responses in granule cells in vitro. These results establish the corticohippocampal circuit as a key locus of pathology in Scn1a+/- mice and suggest that PV-INs retain powerful inhibitory function and may be harnessed as a potential therapeutic approach toward seizure modulation.
Architecture and evolution of the cis-regulatory system of the echinoderm kirrelL gene
Authors: Khor Jian Ming , Ettensohn Charles A
Published: February 2022

The gene regulatory network (GRN) that underlies echinoderm skeletogenesis is a prominent model of GRN architecture and evolution. KirrelL is an essential downstream effector gene in this network and encodes an Ig-superfamily protein required for the fusion of skeletogenic cells and the formation of the skeleton. In this study, we dissected the transcriptional control region of the kirrelL gene of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Using plasmid- and bacterial artificial chromosome-based transgenic reporter assays, we identified key cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and transcription factor inputs that regulate Sp-kirrelL, including direct, positive inputs from two key transcription factors in the skeletogenic GRN, Alx1 and Ets1. We next identified kirrelL cis-regulatory regions from seven other echinoderm species that together represent all classes within the phylum. By introducing these heterologous regulatory regions into developing sea urchin embryos we provide evidence of their remarkable conservation across ~500 million years of evolution. We dissected in detail the kirrelL regulatory region of the sea star, Patiria miniata, and demonstrated that it also receives direct inputs from Alx1 and Ets1. Our findings identify kirrelL as a component of the ancestral echinoderm skeletogenic GRN. They support the view that GRN subcircuits, including specific transcription factor–CRE interactions, can remain stable over vast periods of evolutionary history. Lastly, our analysis of kirrelL establishes direct linkages between a developmental GRN and an effector gene that controls a key morphogenetic cell behavior, cell–cell fusion, providing a paradigm for extending the explanatory power of GRNs.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of miRNA in hydronephrosis male children caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction with or without renal functional injury
Authors: Liu Ge , Liu Xin , Yang Yi
Published: February 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are non-coding RNAs that contribute to pathological processes of various kidney diseases. Renal function injury represents a final common outcome of congenital obstructive nephropathy and has attracted a great deal of attention. However the molecular mechanisms are still not fully established. In this study, we compared transcriptome sequencing data of miRNAs of renal tissues from congenital hydronephrosis children with or without renal functional injury, in order to better understand whether microRNAs could play important roles in renal functional injury after ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A total of 22 microRNAs with significant changes in their expression were identified. Five microRNAs were up-regulated and 17 microRNAs were down-regulated in the renal tissues of the hydronephrosis patients with renal function injury compared with those without renal function injury. MicroRNA target genes were predicted by three major online miRNA target prediction algorithms, and all these mRNAs were used to perform the gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathway analysis. Then, twelve candidate human and rat homologous miRNAs were selected for validation using RT-qPCR in vitro and in vivo; only miR-187-3p had a trend identical to that detected by the sequencing results among the human tissues, in vivo and in vitro experimental models. In addition, we found that the change of miR-187-3p in vivo was consistent with results in vitro models and showed a decrease trend in time dependence. These results provided a detailed catalog of candidate miRNAs to investigate their regulatory role in renal injury of congenital hydronephrosis, indicating that they may serve as candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets in the future.
Applications and limitations of current markerless motion capture methods for clinical gait biomechanics
Authors: Wade Logan , Needham Laurie , McGuigan Polly , Bilzon James
Published: February 2022

Background

Markerless motion capture has the potential to perform movement analysis with reduced data collection and processing time compared to marker-based methods. This technology is now starting to be applied for clinical and rehabilitation applications and therefore it is crucial that users of these systems understand both their potential and limitations. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of markerless motion capture for both single camera and multi-camera systems. Additionally, this review explores how practical applications of markerless technology are being used in clinical and rehabilitation settings, and examines the future challenges and directions markerless research must explore to facilitate full integration of this technology within clinical biomechanics.

Methodology

A scoping review is needed to examine this emerging broad body of literature and determine where gaps in knowledge exist, this is key to developing motion capture methods that are cost effective and practically relevant to clinicians, coaches and researchers around the world. Literature searches were performed to examine studies that report accuracy of markerless motion capture methods, explore current practical applications of markerless motion capture methods in clinical biomechanics and identify gaps in our knowledge that are relevant to future developments in this area.

Results

Markerless methods increase motion capture data versatility, enabling datasets to be re-analyzed using updated pose estimation algorithms and may even provide clinicians with the capability to collect data while patients are wearing normal clothing. While markerless temporospatial measures generally appear to be equivalent to marker-based motion capture, joint center locations and joint angles are not yet sufficiently accurate for clinical applications. Pose estimation algorithms are approaching similar error rates of marker-based motion capture, however, without comparison to a gold standard, such as bi-planar videoradiography, the true accuracy of markerless systems remains unknown.

Conclusions

Current open-source pose estimation algorithms were never designed for biomechanical applications, therefore, datasets on which they have been trained are inconsistently and inaccurately labelled. Improvements to labelling of open-source training data, as well as assessment of markerless accuracy against gold standard methods will be vital next steps in the development of this technology.
Profiles of anemia in adolescent students with sports club membership in an outpatient clinic setting: a retrospective study
Authors: Yamamoto Kana , Takita Morihito , Kami Masahiro , Tsubokura Masaharu , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Kitamura Toshio , Takemoto Yoshinobu
Published: February 2022

Background

Anemia is a common health issue among adolescents. Anemic conditions could affect physical performance; however, the actual profiles of anemia in adolescent students in sports clubs have not been well documented.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of individuals aged 13–22 years who belonged to sports clubs in schools and visited an outpatient clinic between August 1, 2016, and August 31, 2020. The medical and laboratory records, including serum levels of ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, and creatinine kinase at their first visit were assessed.

Results

A total of 485 individuals (231 male (48%) and 254 female (52%) patients) were eligible for the study. The most common club activity was track and field (n = 171 (35%)). The overall prevalence of the World Health Organization-defined anemia was 16.5% (95% CI [13.1–20.4]; 9.0% [5.4–13.8] and 23.1% [17.8–29.2] in males and females, respectively) after excluding pre-treated individuals. Hypoferritinemia and elevation of serum creatinine kinase levels were identified as independent contributors to anemia in both sexes (odds ratios: 13.2 (95% CI [4.2–41.1]), p < 0.001 and 14.7 (95% CI [1.8–118.4]), p = 0.012, respectively for males; odds ratios: 6.6 (95% CI [1.3–13.9]), p < 0.001 and 2.7 (95% CI [1.4–5.5]), p = 0.004, respectively for females).

Discussion

Anemia is prevalent in both male and female adolescent students in sports clubs. Iron deficiency and excessive training indicated by elevated creatinine kinase levels may contribute to the risk of anemia. Physicians should assess the amount of exercise, and not merely iron storage, in clinical practice.
Polarization‐Multiplexed Silicon Metasurfaces for Multi‐Channel Visible Light Modulation
Authors: Zhu Wei , Fan Yuancheng , Yang Ruisheng , Geng Guangzhou , Fu Quanhong , Gu Changzhi , Li Junjie , Zhang Fuli
Published: February 2022

All‐dielectric metasurfaces with low‐loss planar photonic subwavelength elements can be freely designed to realize high‐efficiency light wave manipulation. It is highly desirable to achieve multifunctionalities with a single metasurface to further enrich the manipulation of light with metasurfaces for diverse applications. This article demonstrates multifunctional silicon‐based metasurfaces capable of generating versatile wavefronts under different polarization light incidence at visible wavelengths. The polarization‐multiplexed metasurfaces are implemented with rationally arranged anisotropic silicon nanobricks to achieve independent control of orthogonal linearly polarized light waves for multi‐channel functionalities, including polarized beam splitting, opposite charged and different ordered optical vortexes. The polarization‐multiplexed high‐quality silicon metasurfaces have great potential for applications in multi‐channel optical devices with integrated functionality.
CO2 Utilization by Electrolytic Splitting to Carbon Nanotubes in Non‐Lithiated, Cost‐Effective, Molten Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Xirui , Licht Gad , Liu Xinye , Licht Stuart
Published: February 2022

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have extraordinarily high tensile strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, and electrical storage capabilities. To date, CNTs have had limited use due to their high synthesis cost. The synthesis costs decrease when CNTs are prepared by transition metal nucleated molten electrolytic CO2 splitting, rather than by conventional chemical vapor deposition or arc deposition techniques. In addition to cost, a second advantage of CNT electrosynthesis is that the process consumes the greenhouse gas CO2 in its transformation to CNTs (and oxygen), providing a path to climate mitigation. However, electrolytic high yield, CNT syntheses has only been demonstrated with expensive lithiated electrolytes, such as pure or mixed Li2CO3. This study demonstrates, after several hundred failures, that carbon nanomaterials, can be synthesized from CO2 in non‐lithiated electrolytes. In the new sodium barium carbonate electrolytes, lower mobility due to the absence of lithium ions is overcome by: i) low current density; or ii) the introduction of oxides, such as BaO, to induce graphene walls to facilitate passage of larger cations during the process of growing CNTs; and/or iii) addition of specific transition metal nucleation agents, such as Fe2O3. The electrolysis uses inexpensive anodes and cathodes to form carbon nanomaterials, including straight and coiled CNTs.
Triphasic Metal Oxide Photocatalyst for Reaction Site‐Specific Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Oxygen Reduction and Water Oxidation
Authors: Kim Keon‐Han , Kim Se‐Jun , Choi Won Ho , Lee Heebin , Moon Byeong Cheul , Kim Gi Hwan , Choi Jae Won , Park Dong Gyu , Choi Jong Hui , Kim Hyungjun , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: February 2022

The search for photocatalysts allowing the highly active, selective, and stable conversion of molecular oxygen into hydrogen peroxide is of worldwide interest. Here, the authors report the efficient conversion of O2 into H2O2 with ≈100% selectivity and stable cycle stability by a triphasic metal oxide photocatalyst with a cobalt hydroxide carbonate nanosheet phase for water oxidation as well as iron oxide and titanium oxide phases of a core‐shell morphology for charge transfer and oxygen reduction, denoted as CFT. The different surface energies of 0.78 (anatase) and 0.93 J m‐2 (rutile) for titanium oxide and 1.39 J m‐2 for iron oxide result in a core‐shell morphology. The band gaps for iron oxide (2.02 eV), titanium oxide (≈3 eV), and cobalt hydroxide carbonate (3.80 eV) sites reveal that the CFT photocatalyst allows visible‐to‐UV light absorption. The 18O2 isotope‐labeling experiments prove that the core‐shell structure promotes hole transfer toward the water oxidation site. Additionally, the hole‐induced H2O2 decomposition at the oxygen reduction site is efficiently hindered. Moreover, the photogenerated electrons transfer toward the oxygen reduction site to produce H2O2 from O2 with ≈10‐fold higher activity than those by conventional single‐ or dual‐phase photocatalysts, while giving robust cycle stability.
Minimally invasive surgery in advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Lee Sangjun , Kim Hyung‐Ho
Published: February 2022

Since Dr. Kitano introduced laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in 1994, there have been remarkable advances in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for gastric cancer, including robotic surgery. With the efforts of many clinical researchers and consenting patients, medical knowledge and evidence for laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer have accumulated. Although many gastric surgeons are comfortable with the clinical application of laparoscopic surgery for early gastric cancer, the adoption of MISs for advanced gastric cancer remains controversial. In this review article, we describe the current status and evidence of MIS from an evidence‐based medicine viewpoint and explore the feasibility and effectiveness of MIS for advanced gastric cancer in the real world.
Hybridization and self‐assembly behaviors of surface‐immobilized DNA in close proximity: A single‐molecule perspective
Authors: Gu Qufei , Josephs Eric A. , Ye Tao
Published: February 2022

Solid surfaces that are immobilized with DNA molecules underlie an array of biotechnological devices. These surfaces may also mediate the self‐assembly of hierarchical DNA nanostructures. However, a number of fundamental questions concerning the structure–function relationship of these biointerfaces remain, including how these DNA probe molecules organize on the surface and how the spatial organization influences molecular recognition kinetics and interfacial affinity of these DNA molecules at the regime where crowding interactions are important (1–10 nm). This mini‐review covers recent advances in understanding this structure–function relationship by spatially resolving surface hybridization events at the single‐molecule level. Counterintuitive cooperative effects in surface hybridization are discussed and as is how modeling these cooperative effects can be used to predict the hybridization kinetics of a prototypical DNA sensor. Future opportunities in using mechanistic understanding to improve the performance and reliability of DNA sensors and form hierarchical supramolecular structures are also discussed.
Perspectives of quantum computing for chemical engineering
Authors: Bernal David E. , Ajagekar Akshay , Harwood Stuart M. , Stober Spencer T. , Trenev Dimitar , You Fengqi
Published: February 2022

Quantum computing has been attracting public attention recently. This interest is driven by the advancements in hardware, software, and algorithms required for its successful usage and the promise that it entails the potential acceleration of computational tasks compared to classical computing. This perspective article presents a short review on quantum computing, how this computational approach solves problems, and three fields that quantum computing can potentially impact the most while relevant to chemical engineering: computational chemistry, optimization, and machine learning. Here, we present a series of chemical engineering applications, the developments, potential improvements with respect to classical computing, and challenges that quantum computing faces for each of these fields. This article intends to provide a clear picture of the challenges and potential advantages that quantum technology may yield for chemical engineering, together with an invitation for our colleagues to join us in the adoption and development of quantum computing.
Testing the amyloid cascade hypothesis: Prevention trials in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease
Authors: Levin Johannes , Vöglein Jonathan , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Bateman Randall J. , Ghisays Valentina , Lopera Francisco , McDade Eric , Reiman Eric , Tariot Pierre N. , Morris John C.
Published: February 2022

Objective

The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been increasingly challenged. Here, we aim to refocus the amyloid cascade hypothesis on its original premise that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is the primary and earliest event in AD pathogenesis as based on current evidence, initiating several pathological events and ultimately leading to AD dementia.

Background

An ongoing debate about the validity of the amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD has been triggered by clinical trials with investigational disease‐modifying drugs targeting Aβ that have not demonstrated consistent clinically meaningful benefits.

Updated Hypothesis

It is an open question if monotherapy targeting Aβ pathology could be markedly beneficial at a stage when the brain has been irreversibly damaged by a cascade of pathological changes. Interventions in cognitively unimpaired individuals at risk for dementia, during amyloid‐only and pre‐amyloid stages, are more appropriate for proving or refuting the amyloid hypothesis. Our updated hypothesis states that anti‐Aβ investigational therapies are likely to be most efficacious when initiated in the preclinical (asymptomatic) stages of AD and specifically when the disease is driven primarily by amyloid pathology. Given the young age at symptom onset and the deterministic nature of the mutations, autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) mutation carriers represent the ideal population to evaluate the efficacy of putative disease‐modifying Aβ therapies.

Major Challenges for the Hypothesis

Key challenges of the amyloid hypothesis include the recognition that disrupted Aβ homeostasis alone is insufficient to produce the AD pathophysiologic process, poor correlation of Aβ with cognitive impairment, and inconclusive data regarding clinical efficacy of therapies targeting Aβ. Challenges of conducting ADAD research include the rarity of the disease and uncertainty of the generalizability of ADAD findings for the far more common “sporadic” late‐onset AD.

Linkage to Other Major Theories

The amyloid cascade hypothesis, modified here to pertain to the preclinical stage of AD, still needs to be integrated with the development and effects of tauopathy and other co‐pathologies, including neuroinflammation, vascular insults, synucleinopathy, and many others.
Features of acoustic emission and micro‐CT of 3D‐printed continuous Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites during progressive damage under flexural load
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Lin , Song Zi‐zhen , Zhou Wei , Ma Lian‐hua
Published: February 2022

Failure mechanism and its characterization methods of 3D‐printed fiber‐reinforced composites are still needed thorough investigation. In this work, typical 3D‐printed composites reinforced with 10% and 20% continuous Kevlar fiber are prepared, respectively, three point bending progressive damage experiments are carried out, and the damage evolution are real‐time monitored by acoustic emission (AE) technology. When load reaches the maximum value and failure point, microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) observations are performed for loaded specimens to explore inside damages. Results show that bending strength of Specimen B (20% fiber) increases by 23% relative to Specimen A (10% fiber). Cumulative count and energy of AE signals are higher for Specimen B, and K‐means clustering algorithm is employed for deep analysis of AE signals. Three damage modes including matrix crack, fiber/matrix debonding, and fiber fracture are clustered and validated by micro‐CT, indicating that the combination of AE and micro‐CT is effective for the characterization of damage evolution of composites. Debonding due to poor adhesion between fiber and matrix is the main damage mode of 3D‐printed Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites, and damages of Specimen B concentrated in the later stage. This work provides failure characterization methods for 3D‐printed fiber‐reinforced composites.
Association between maternal smoking and survival among infants with trisomy 21
Authors: Ludorf Katherine L. , Benjamin Renata H. , Malik Sadia , Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. , Agopian A. J.
Published: February 2022

Background

Trisomy 21 (T21) is common, with affected infants having an increased risk of infant mortality (5.9‐7.1%). Maternal smoking is associated with infant mortality in the general population, and we evaluated if similar associations were present among infants with T21.

Methods

We identified infants with T21 from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, and maternal smoking and infant vital status were obtained from linked birth and death certificate data, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios between maternal smoking and death between 0 to ≤ 364 days, 28‐364 days, and 0‐27 days.

Results

We found a significant association between maternal smoking and death between 0 to ≤ 364 (unadjusted HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.07, 2.77), which was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for covariates (adjusted HR 1.55, 95% CI 0.94, 2.56). A similar pattern was observed for death between 28‐364 days (adjusted HR: 1.68, 95% CI 0.93, 3.03), whereas the association for 0‐27 days (adjusted HR: 1.30, 95% CI 0.51, 3.29) was not statistically significant before and after adjustment.

Conclusions

The observed magnitudes of associations were similar to previous estimates among the general population. Further work considering the role of other maternal and infant risk factors and social determinants of health is necessary to better understand the observed results.
Improving adaptive seamless designs through Bayesian optimization
Authors: Richter Jakob , Friede Tim , Rahnenführer Jörg
Published: February 2022

We propose to use Bayesian optimization (BO) to improve the efficiency of the design selection process in clinical trials. BO is a method to optimize expensive black‐box functions, by using a regression as a surrogate to guide the search. In clinical trials, planning test procedures and sample sizes is a crucial task. A common goal is to maximize the test power, given a set of treatments, corresponding effect sizes, and a total number of samples. From a wide range of possible designs, we aim to select the best one in a short time to allow quick decisions. The standard approach to simulate the power for each single design can become too time consuming. When the number of possible designs becomes very large, either large computational resources are required or an exhaustive exploration of all possible designs takes too long. Here, we propose to use BO to quickly find a clinical trial design with high power from a large number of candidate designs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by optimizing the power of adaptive seamless designs for different sets of treatment effect sizes. Comparing BO with an exhaustive evaluation of all candidate designs shows that BO finds competitive designs in a fraction of the time.
Effect of metal ions on Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Liu Fan , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Lin , Meng Ruo‐Ni , Gao Jia , Jin Ming , Li Ming , Wang Xiao‐Peng
Published: February 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. The typical pathological changes of AD are Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss, and chronic inflammation. The balance of metal ions is essential for numerous physiological functions, especially in the central nervous system. More studies showed that metal ions participate in the development of AD. However, the involvement of metal ions in AD is controversial. Thus, we reviewed articles about the relationship between metal ions and AD and discussed some contradictory reports in order to better understand the role of metal ions in AD.
Characterization, management, and risk factors of hyperglycemia during PI3K or AKT inhibitor treatment
Authors: Liu Dazhi , Weintraub Michael A. , Garcia Christine , Goncalves Marcus D. , Sisk Ann Elizabeth , Casas Alissa , Harding James J. , Harnicar Stephen , Drilon Alexander , Jhaveri Komal , Flory James H.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway controls insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia is one of the most common on‐target adverse effects (AEs) of PI3K/AKT inhibitors. As several PI3K and AKT inhibitors are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration or are being studied in clinical trials, characterizing this AE and developing a management strategy is essential.

Methods

Patients with hematologic or solid malignancies treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with a PI3K or AKT inhibitor were included in this retrospective analysis. A search for patients experiencing hyperglycemia was performed. The frequency, management interventions and outcomes were characterized.

Results

Four hundred and ninety‐one patients with 10 unique cancer types who received a PI3K or AKT inhibitor were included. Twelve percent of patients required a dose interruption, 6% of patients required a dose reduction and 2% of patients were hospitalized to manage hyperglycemia. No events occurred among patients receiving β‐, γ‐, or δ‐ specific PI3K inhibitor. There was one case where the PI3K or AKT inhibitor was permanently discontinued due to hyperglycemia. Metformin was the most commonly used antidiabetic medication, followed by insulin, sodium‐glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and sulfonylurea. SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with the greatest reductions in blood sugar, followed by metformin. At least one case of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurred in a patient on PI3K inhibitor and SGLT2 inhibitor. Body mass index ≥ 25 and HbA1c ≥ 5.7 are were independently significant predictors of developing hyperglycemia.

Conclusion

Hyperglycemia is one of the major on‐target side effects of PI3K and AKT inhibitors. It is manageable with antidiabetic medications, treatment interruption and/or dose modification. We summarize pharmacological interventions that may be considered for PI3K/AKT inhibitor induced hyperglycemia. SGLT2‐inhibitor may be a particularly effective second‐line option after metformin but there is a low risk of euglycemic DKA, which can be deadly. To our knowledge, our report is the largest study of hyperglycemia in patients receiving PI3K/AKT inhibitors.