bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of International League of Associations for Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization Classification Systems for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Among Children in a Canadian Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Lee Jennifer J. Y. , Eng Simon W. M. , Guzman Jaime , Duffy Ciáran M. , Tucker Lori B. , Oen Kiem , Yeung Rae S. M. , Feldman Brian M. ,   the ReACCh‐Out Investigators
Published: March 2022

Objective

The aim of the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO) juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) classification criteria, which is still in development, is to identify homogeneous groups of JIA patients. This study was undertaken to compare International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) JIA classification criteria and PRINTO JIA classification criteria using data from the ReACCh‐Out (Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children, Emphasizing Outcomes) cohort.

Methods

We used clinicobiologic data recorded within 7 months of diagnosis to assign a diagnosis of JIA and identify subcategories of JIA among 1,228 patients according to the 2 JIA classification systems. We compared the proportions of patients classified and the alignment of classification categories with clinicobiologic subtypes and adult arthritis types.

Results

The PRINTO criteria classified 244 patients (19.9%) as having early‐onset antinuclear antibody–positive JIA, 157 (12.8%) as having enthesitis/spondylitis–related JIA, 38 (3.1%) as having systemic JIA, and 10 (0.8%) as having rheumatoid factor–positive JIA. A total of 12% of patients were unclassifiable using the ILAR criteria, while 63.3% were unclassifiable using the PRINTO criteria (777 with other JIA and 2 with unclassified JIA). In sensitivity analyses, >50% of patients remained unclassifiable using the PRINTO criteria. Compared to the PRINTO criteria, ILAR JIA categories aligned better with clinicobiologic subtypes in 131 patients (χ2 = 44, P = 0.005, versus χ2 = 15, P = 0.07 for PRINTO), and ILAR categories aligned better with adult types of arthritis in 389 evaluable patients.

Conclusion

Currently identified PRINTO disorders can only be used to classify a minority of JIA patients, leaving a large proportion of JIA patients with other disorders requiring further characterization. Current PRINTO JIA classification criteria do not align better with clinicobiologic subtypes or adult forms of arthritis compared with the older ILAR classification system.
Designing for serendipity in online knowledge communities: An investigation of tag presentation formats and openness to experience
Authors: Qin Chunxiu , Liu Yaxi , Ma Xubu , Chen Jiangping , Liang Huigang
Published: March 2022

Users increasingly acquire, share, and create knowledge in online knowledge communities, making them massive dynamic knowledge repositories that spark inspiration. While online knowledge communities provide powerful searching tools, they ignore the potential of serendipity in fostering knowledge acquisition. Against this backdrop, this research investigates whether serendipity can be stimulated by design features of communities. Specifically, we examine whether different tag presentation formats may promote serendipity. Two hundred seven participants were randomly assigned to our experimental website that displays one of three tag formats. Results show that users experienced serendipity more frequently while using tag trees than tag clouds, followed by tag lists. Moreover, tag formats moderate how openness to experience affects serendipity. Although openness did not influence serendipity across tag formats, further analysis shows that it significantly decreases serendipity for tag lists, but significantly increases serendipity for tag clouds and trees. Theoretically, these results provide an in‐depth understanding of serendipity that is contingent on the interaction between community design features and personality (e.g., openness to experience). Practically, these findings demonstrate how interface features (e.g., tag presentation formats) facilitate serendipity, thus informing better design of online knowledge communities to improve the efficiency of knowledge acquisition.
Electrochemical Study of Prussian White Cathodes with Glymes – Pathway to Graphite‐Based Sodium‐Ion Battery Full Cells
Authors: Gourang Patnaik Sai , Escher Ines , Ferrero Guillermo A. , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: March 2022

Prussian white (PW) cathodes exhibit extremely fast rate kinetics for sodium ion (Na+) insertion/de‐insertion at relatively high potentials. However, one of the major bottlenecks is to pair them with appropriate anode materials having similar rate kinetics. Herein, the combination of graphite anodes and several glyme‐based electrolytes as appropriate building blocks for PW cathodes to achieve high power density without compromising on energy density is reported. Low defect, Na‐rich PW is synthesized, and its electrochemical behavior is studied with conventional carbonate‐based electrolytes as well as with diglyme (2G), tetraglyme (4G) and a 1 : 1 mixture of 2G and 4G. The stability of the electrolytes is also monitored via in situ (operando) pressure cell measurements. Graphite | electrolyte | PW cells are then studied in both two and three electrode configurations. It was found that glymes are compatible with the graphite/PW electrode pair and the resulting cells exhibit very good cyclability and rate capability.
A novel human stem cell‐based biomarker assay for in vitro assessment of developmental toxicity
Authors: Jamalpoor Amer , Hartvelt Sabine , Dimopoulou Myrto , Zwetsloot Tom , Brandsma Inger , Racz Peter I. , Osterlund Torben , Hendriks Giel
Published: March 2022

Background

Testing for developmental toxicity according to the current regulatory guidelines requires large numbers of animals, making these tests very resource intensive, time‐consuming, and ethically debatable. Over the past decades, several alternative in vitro assays have been developed, but these often suffered from low predictability and the inability to provide a mechanistic understanding of developmental toxicity.

Methods

To identify embryotoxic compounds, we developed a human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)‐based biomarker assay. The assay is based on the differentiation of hiPSCs into functional cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Proper stem cell differentiation is investigated by morphological profiling and assessment of time‐dependent expression patterns of cell‐specific biomarkers. In this system, a decrease in the expression of the biomarker genes and morphology disruption of the differentiated cells following compound treatment indicated teratogenicity.

Results

The hiPSCs‐based biomarker assay was validated with 21 well‐established in vivo animal teratogenic and non‐teratogenic compounds during cardiomyocyte and hepatocyte differentiation. The in vivo teratogenic compounds (e.g., thalidomide and valproic acid) markedly disrupted morphology, functionality, and the expression pattern of the biomarker genes in either one or both cell types. Non‐teratogenic chemicals generally had no effect on the morphology of differentiated cells, nor on the expression of the biomarker genes. Compared to the in vivo classification, the assay achieved high accuracy (91%), sensitivity (91%), and specificity (90%).

Conclusion

The assay, which we named ReproTracker®, is a state‐of‐the‐art in vitro method that can identify the teratogenicity potential of new pharmaceuticals and chemicals and signify the outcome of in vivo test systems.
Evaluating mental workload during multitasking in simulated flight
Authors: Li Wenbin , Li Rong , Xie Xiaoping , Chang Yaoming
Published: March 2022

Background

Pilots must process multiple streams of information simultaneously. Mental workload is one of the main issues in man–machine interactive mode when dealing with multiple tasks. This study aimed to combine functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect changes in mental workload during multitasking in a simulated flight.

Methods

Twenty‐six participants performed three multitasking tasks at different mental workload levels. These mental workload levels were set by varying the number of subtasks. fNIRS and ECG signals were recorded during tasks. Participants filled in the national aeronautics and space administration task load index (NASA‐TLX) scale after each task. The effects of mental workload on scores of NASA‐TLX, performance of tasks, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation were analyzed.

Results

Compared to multitasking in lower mental workload conditions, participants exhibited higher scores of NASA‐TLX, HR, and PFC activation when multitasking in high mental workload conditions. Their performance was worse during the high mental workload multitasking condition, as evidenced by the higher average tracking distance, smaller number of response times, and longer response time of the meter. The standard deviation of the RR intervals (SDNN) was negatively correlated with subjective mental workload in the low task load condition and PFC activation was positively correlated with HR and subjective mental workload in the medium task load condition.

Conclusion

HR and PFC activation can be used to detect changes in mental workload during simulated flight multitasking tasks.
Prolonged progression‐free survival achieved by octreotide LAR plus transarterial embolization in low‐to‐intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases with high hepatic tumor burden
Authors: Liu Yiming , Liu Haikuan , Chen Wenchuan , Yu Hang , Yao Wang , Fan Wenzhe , Li Jiaping , Chen Minhu , Chen Jie , Wang Yu
Published: March 2022

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and outcome of transarterial embolization (TAE) plus octreotide long‐acting repeatable (LAR) on patients with low‐to‐intermediate neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases (NETLM).

Methods

One hundred and sixteen patients with G1/G2 NETLM treated with TAE plus octreotide LAR at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University between January 12, 2016 and September 24, 2020 were reviewed. Radiological response was evaluated according to response evaluation criterion in solid tumor version 1.1. Overall progression‐free survival (PFS) was assessed. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic PFS were evaluated in the whole cohort and in patients with the extrahepatic disease (EHD), respectively. Factors affecting treatment response and overall PFS were analyzed using the logistic regression model and Cox proportional hazard model. Adverse events were recorded and evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 5.0.

Results

The median overall PFS of the whole cohort was 13.6 months. For the patients with EHD, the median intrahepatic PFS and extrahepatic PFS were 13.6 and 26.1 months, respectively. The median overall PFS of patients with hepatic tumor burden (HTB) <10%, 10%–25%, 25%–50%, and >50% were 25.2, 13.6, 11.2, and 12.3 months, respectively. Ki67 >10%, HTB >50%, and bone metastasis were independently associated with overall PFS. The objective response rate was 78.4%. In patients with HTB 25%–50% and >50%, responders (complete response or partial response) had significant prolonged PFS compared with nonresponders (stable disease or progression disease). Ki67 >10%, bone metastasis, and clear tumor margin were independently associated with response to TAE. The most frequent adverse events that occurred after TAE were postembolization syndrome, and no treatment‐associated death occurred during the perioperative period.

Conclusion

Transarterial embolization plus octreotide LAR can significantly prolong the PFS of neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases, especially with high HTB over 50%. Selected patients with HTB >25% (ki67 ≤10%, absence of bone metastasis, clear tumor margin) could derive prognostic advantage from the combined treatment.
Serum tumor markers level and their predictive values for solid and micropapillary components in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Zhihua , Wu Weibing , Pan Xianglong , Li Fang , Zhu Quan , He Zhicheng , Chen Liang
Published: March 2022

Background

This study aims to reveal the serum tumor marker (STM) levels in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) histological subtypes and evaluate their values in predicting the solid and micropapillary components (SMC).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 3100 invasive LUAD patients between January 2017 and December 2020. Associations between preoperative STMs (CEA, CYFRA21‐1, CA199, CA724, NSE, AFP) and LUAD subtypes were evaluated. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the independent predictors. Predictive models for SMC were constructed and AUC (area under the curve) was calculated.

Results

CEA and CYFRA21‐1 levels differed across the LUAD histological subtypes, with the SPA (solid‐predominant adenocarcinoma) having the highest level and the LPA (lepidic‐predominant adenocarcinoma) harboring the lowest level (p <0.001). Tumors with SMC also had higher CEA and CYFRA21‐1 levels than those absence of SMC. Gender, tumor size, CEA, Ki‐67, EGFR mutation (solid components only), and tumor differentiation were significantly independently associated with the containing of SMC. Patients were split into two data sets (training set: 2017–2019 and validation set: 2020). The model with gender and tumor size yielded an AUC of 0.723 (training set) and 0.704 (validation set) for the solid component. Combination of CEA, gender, and tumor size led to a significant increase in the predictive accuracy (training set: 0.771, p = 0.009; validation set: 0.747, p = 0.034). The AUC of the model for micropapillary component with only gender and tumor size was 0.699 and 0.711 in the training set and validation set, respectively. Integration of CEA with gender and tumor size significantly improved the predictive performance with an AUC of 0.746 (training set, p = 0.045) and 0.753 (validation set, p <0.001).

Conclusion

Serum CEA and CYFRA21‐1 varied considerably according to LUAD histological subtypes. The combination of serum CEA and other factors showed prominent values in predicting the SMC.
Molecular profile of pure squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder identifies major roles for OSMR and YAP signalling
Authors: Hurst Carolyn D , Cheng Guo , Platt Fiona M , Alder Olivia , Black Emma VI , Burns Julie E , Brown Joanne , Jain Sunjay , Roulson Jo‐An , Knowles Margaret A
Published: March 2022

Pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common pure variant form of bladder cancer, found in 2–5% of cases. It often presents late and is unresponsive to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. The molecular features of these tumours have not been elucidated in detail. We carried out whole‐exome sequencing (WES), copy number, and transcriptome analysis of bladder SCC. Muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples with no evidence of squamous differentiation (non‐SD) were used for comparison. To assess commonality of features with urothelial carcinoma with SD, we examined data from SD samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study of MIBC. TP53 was the most commonly mutated gene in SCC (64%) followed by FAT1 (45%). Copy number analysis revealed complex changes in SCC, many differing from those in samples with SD. Gain of 5p and 7p was the most common feature, and focal regions on 5p included OSMR and RICTOR. In addition to 9p deletions, we found some samples with focal gain of 9p24 containing CD274 (PD‐L1). Loss of 4q35 containing FAT1 was found in many samples such that all but one sample analysed by WES had FAT1 mutation or deletion. Expression features included upregulation of oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), metalloproteinases, metallothioneins, keratinisation genes, extracellular matrix components, inflammatory response genes, stem cell markers, and immune response modulators. Exploration of differentially expressed transcription factors identified BNC1 and TFAP2A, a gene repressed by PPARG, as the most upregulated factors. Known urothelial differentiation factors were downregulated along with 72 Kruppel‐associated (KRAB) domain‐containing zinc finger family protein (KZFP) genes. Novel therapies are urgently needed for these tumours. In addition to upregulated expression of EGFR, which has been suggested as a therapeutic target in basal/squamous bladder cancer, we identified expression signatures that indicate upregulated OSMR and YAP/TAZ signalling. Preclinical evaluation of the effects of inhibition of these pathways alone or in combination is merited.
Scrutinizing high‐risk patients from ASC‐US cytology via a deep learning model
Authors: Tao Xiang , Chu Xiao , Guo Bingxue , Pan Qiuzhi , Ji Shuting , Lou Wenjie , Lv Chuanfeng , Xie Guotong , Hua Keqin
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) is the most frequent but ambiguous abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) interpretation and is generally triaged by high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing before colposcopy. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based triage system to predict ASC‐US cytology for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ lesions (CIN2+).

METHODS

More than 60,000 images were used to train this proposed deep learning‐based ASC‐US triage system, where both cell‐level and slide‐level information were extracted. In total, 1967 consecutive ASC‐US Paps from 2017 to 2019 were included in this study. Histological follow‐ups were retrieved to compare the triage performance between the AI system and hrHPV in 622 patients with simultaneous hrHPV testing.

RESULTS

In the triage of women with ASC‐US cytology for CIN2+, our system attained equivalent sensitivity (92.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 75.0%‐98.8%) and higher specificity (49.7%; 95% CI, 45.6%‐53.8%) than hrHPV testing (sensitivity: 89.3%; 95% CI, 70.6%‐97.2%; specificity: 34.3%; 95% CI, 30.6%‐38.3%) without requiring additional patient examination or testing. Additionally, the independence of this system from hrHPV testing (κ = 0.138) indicated that these 2 different methods could be used to triage ASC‐US as an alternative way.

CONCLUSION

This de novo deep learning‐based system can triage ASC‐US cytology for CIN2+ with a performance superior to hrHPV testing and without incurring additional expenses.;
Parameter estimation in high‐intensity focused ultrasound therapy
Authors: de los Ríos Cardenas Laura , Bermeo Varon Leonardo A. , de Albuquerque Pereira Wagner Coelho
Published: March 2022

Hyperthermia using High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is an acoustic therapy for cancer treatment. This technique consists of an increase in the temperature field of the tumor to achieve coagulative necrosis and immediate cell death. Therefore, for having a successful treatment, the physical problem requires to know several properties due to the high variability from individual to individual, or even for the same individual under different physiological conditions. This article presents a numerical simulation of hyperthermia therapy for cancer treatment using HIFU, as well as the estimation of parameters that influence the physical problem. Two mathematical models were considered to solve the forward problem. The acoustic model based on acoustic pressure performs a frequency‐domain study, and the bioheat transfer model a time‐dependent study. These models were solved using Comsol Multiphysics® software in a 2D‐axisymmetric rectangular domain to determine the temperature field. Parameter estimation was coded in Matlab Mathworks® environment using a Bayesian approach. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method by the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was implemented, and the simulated temperature measurements were considered. Results suggest that specific HIFU therapy can be performed for each patient by estimating appropriate parameters for cancer treatment and provides the possibility to define procedures before and during the treatment.
Outliers and their distribution in breeding populations
Authors: Bernardo Rex
Published: March 2022

Outliers with highly superior performance are valuable in plant breeding, but their distribution in populations has not been well‐studied. My objectives were to determine (a) if outliers behave in a predictable manner; (b) if they are distributed according to a normal distribution as is assumed for quantitative traits; and (c) which parental characteristics are indicative of the best chances of getting progeny with extreme performance. All possible biparental populations were made among 15 simulated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) parental lines in BreedingGames software. Ten million lines were simulated within each cross for a total of 1.05 billion lines. Within each biparental population, recombinant inbreds in the top 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01% tails had a continuous distribution, indicating that outliers behave in a predictable manner but are rare in practice only because the population sizes used in breeding are small. Having a finite number of loci led to slight kurtosis, which caused a minor upward bias when the usefulness criterion was applied to the extreme upper tails. The midparent value was an excellent indicator of which biparental crosses had high upper‐tail means, to the extent that modeling the genetic variance within each biparental population had little added benefit. In the simulations, selection for protein concentration and Fusarium (F. graminearum) head blight resistance decreased the gains for yield and changed the biparental population that led to the highest yield gains. Results indicated that having one very large breeding population in a select‐only scheme is inferior to two or more select‐and‐recombine cycles with smaller populations.
Implementation of artificial intelligence in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Nagao Sayaka , Tani Yasuhiro , Shibata Junichi , Tsuji Yosuke , Tada Tomohiro , Ishihara Ryu , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2022

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning has significantly expanded in the field of esophagogastric endoscopy. Recent studies have shown promising results in detecting and differentiating early gastric cancer using AI tools built using white light, magnified, or image‐enhanced endoscopic images. Some studies have reported the use of AI tools to predict the depth of early gastric cancer based on endoscopic images. Similarly, studies based on using AI for detecting early esophageal cancer have also been reported, with an accuracy comparable to that of endoscopy specialists. Moreover, an AI system, developed to diagnose pharyngeal cancer, has shown promising performance with high sensitivity. These reports suggest that, if introduced for regular use in clinical settings, AI systems can significantly reduce the burden on physicians. This review summarizes the current status of AI applications in the upper gastrointestinal tract and presents directions for clinical practice implementation and future research.
Infant ultrasonic vocalizations predict adolescent social behavior in rats: Effects of early life adversity
Authors: Granata Lauren E. , Valentine Alissa , Hirsch Jason L. , Brenhouse Heather C.
Published: March 2022

Early life adversity (ELA) increases risk for psychopathologies that often manifest during adolescence and involve disrupted social functioning. ELA affects development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which plays a role in social behavior. PFC oxytocin and vasopressin are important regulators of, first, mother–infant attachment, and, later, social behavior, and are implicated in psychiatric disorders. Here, we tested whether infant social communication is predictive of PFC development and adolescent social behavior. We used the limited bedding (LB) ELA model in rats during postnatal days (P)2–14, and measured isolation‐induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) at P10 to characterize differences in an early social response. Rats were tested for dyadic social interaction in adolescence (P34). Adolescent oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) and arginine‐vasopressin receptor 1a mRNA were measured in the PFC. Relationships between infant USVs, adolescent behavior, and gene expression were assessed. LB‐reared rats exhibited fewer USVs at P10. While social behaviors were not robustly affected by rearing, fewer total and complex‐type infant USVs predicted fewer interactions in adolescence. LB increased Oxtr in both sexes but Oxtr was not directly predicted by USVs. Findings support the use of USVs as indicators of differential early life experience in rodents, toward further characterization of early factors associated with vulnerability.
A systematic review of sociodemographic reporting and representation in eating disorder psychotherapy treatment trials in the United States
Authors: Burnette C. Blair , Luzier Jessica L. , Weisenmuller Chantel M. , Boutté Rachel L.
Published: March 2022

Objective

Eating disorders (EDs) were once conceptualized as primarily affecting affluent, White women, a misconception that informed research and practice for many years. Abundant evidence now discredits this stereotype, but it is unclear if prevailing “evidence‐based” treatments have been evaluated in samples representative of the diversity of individuals affected by EDs. Our goal was to evaluate the reporting, inclusion, and analysis of sociodemographic variables in ED psychotherapeutic treatment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the US through 2020.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of ED psychotherapeutic treatment RCTs in the US and examined the reporting and inclusion of gender identity, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status (SES) of enrolled participants, as well as recruitment methods, power analyses, and discussion of limitations and generalizability.

Results

Our search yielded 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria dating back to 1985. Reporting was at times incomplete, absent, or centered on the racial/gender majority group. No studies reported gender diverse participants, and men and people of color were underrepresented generally, with differences noted across diagnoses. A minority of papers considered sociodemographic variables in analyses or acknowledged limitations related to sample characteristics. Some progress was made across the decades, with studies increasingly providing full racial and ethnic data, and more men included over time. Although racial and ethnic diversity improved somewhat, progress appeared to stall in the last decade.

Discussion

We summarize findings, consider context and challenges for RCT researchers, and offer suggestions for researchers, journal editors, and reviewers on improving representation, reporting, and analytic practices.

Public Significance

Randomized controlled trials of eating disorder psychotherapeutic treatment in the US are increasingly reporting full race/ethnicity data, but information on SES is inconsistent and sexual orientation absent. White women still comprise the overwhelming majority of participants, with few men and people of color, and no gender‐diverse individuals. Findings underscore the need to improve reporting and increase representation to ensure evidence‐based treatments are effective across and within diverse groups.
Potential for urban agriculture to support accessible and impactful undergraduate biology education
Authors: Kay Adam D. , Chapman Eric J. , Cheruiyot Jelagat D. , Lowery Sue , Singer Susan R. , Small Gaston , Stone Anne M. , Warthen Ray , Westbroek Wendy
Published: March 2022

Active learning in STEM education is essential for engaging the diverse pool of scholars needed to address pressing environmental and social challenges. However, active learning formats are difficult to scale and their incorporation into STEM teaching at U.S. universities varies widely. Here, we argue that urban agriculture as a theme can significantly increase active learning in undergraduate biology education by facilitating outdoor fieldwork and community‐engaged education. We begin by reviewing benefits of field courses and community engagement activities for undergraduate biology and discuss constraints to their broader implementation. We then describe how urban agriculture can connect biology concepts to pressing global changes, provide field research opportunities, and connect students to communities. Next, we assess the extent to which urban agriculture and related themes have already been incorporated into biology‐related programs in the United States using a review of major programs, reports on how campus gardens are used, and case studies from five higher education institutions (HEIs) engaging with this issue. We found that while field experiences are fairly common in major biology programs, community engagement opportunities are rare, and urban agriculture is almost nonexistent in course descriptions. We also found that many U.S. HEIs have campus gardens, but evidence suggests that they are rarely used in biology courses. Finally, case studies of five HEIs highlight innovative programming but also significant opportunities for further implementation. Together, our results suggest that urban agriculture is rarely incorporated into undergraduate biology in the United States, but there are significant prospects for doing so. We end with recommendations for integrating urban agriculture into undergraduate biology, including the development of campus gardens, research programs, community engagement partnerships, and collaborative networks. If done with care, this integration could help students make community contributions within required coursework, and help instructors feel a greater sense of accomplishment in an era of uncertainty.
Cardiac computed tomography‐derived myocardial tissue characterization after anthracycline treatment
Authors: Egashira Koichi , Sueta Daisuke , Kidoh Masafumi , Tomiguchi Mai , Oda Seitaro , Usuku Hiroki , Hidaka Kaori , Goto‐Yamaguchi Lisa , Sueta Aiko , Komorita Takashi , Oike Fumi , Fujisue Koichiro , Yamamoto Eiichiro , Hanatani Shinsuke , Takashio Seiji , Araki Satoshi , Matsushita Kenichi , Yamamoto Yutaka , Hirai Toshinori , Tsujita Kenichi
Published: March 2022

Aims

Understanding cardiac function after anthracycline administration is very important from the perspective of preventing the onset of heart failure. Although cardiac magnetic resonance and echocardiography are recognized as the ‘gold standard’ for detecting cardiotoxicity, they have many shortcomings. We aimed to investigate whether cardiac computed tomography (CCT) could replace these techniques, assessing serial changes in cardiac tissue characteristics as determined by CCT after anthracycline administration.

Methods and results

We prospectively investigated 15 consecutive breast cancer patients who were scheduled to receive anthracycline therapy. We performed echocardiography and CCT before and 3, 6, and 12 months after anthracycline treatment. The mean cumulative administered anthracycline dose was 269.9 ± 14.6 mg/m2 (doxorubicin‐converted dose). Of the 15 enrolled patients who received anthracycline treatment for breast cancer, none met the definition of cardiotoxicity. The CCT‐derived extracellular volume fraction tended to continue to increase after anthracycline treatment and had relatively similar dynamics to the left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain as determined by echocardiography.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that CCT could provide adequate information about the characteristics of myocardial tissue after anthracycline administration. CCT may improve the understanding of cardiotoxicity by compensating for the weaknesses of echocardiography. This technique could be useful for understanding cardiac tissue characterization as a ‘one‐stop shop’ evaluation, providing new insight into cardiooncology.
Marker‐free vision‐based method for vibration measurements of RC structure under seismic vibration
Authors: Xin Cun , Wang Cunjun , Xu Zili , Qin Manqing , He Mengfu
Published: March 2022

The seismic vibration measurement of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is an important aspect of post‐disaster reconstruction. Unfortunately, the existing method of installing sensors on walls and columns is prohibitively expensive, and the measurement signals are prone to loss during seismic vibration. In this paper, a marker‐free measurement method based on the Lucas‐Kanade (L‐K) optical flow algorithm for vibration measurements of RC structures under seismic vibration has been developed. In addition, to improve the accuracy of L‐K optical flow in dealing with the RC structure under seismic vibration, a new approach for selecting the feature point that is used to solve the restrictions of manual marking, as well as an adaptive matched window strategy that uses different sizes of matched window along the motion to replace the fixed matched window in the original L‐K algorithm, are proposed. The precision of the proposed method is first validated by comparing it to the original L‐K optical flow algorithm. Then, compare its precision and efficiency to the existing vision‐based methods, including feature matching (FM) and digital image correlation (DIC). Finally, the behaviors of RC structures during seismic vibration, such as inter‐story drift, frequency, and strain, are investigated. The results show that, when compared to the original L‐K optical flow algorithm and other vision‐based methods, the proposed method can accurately and efficiently measure motion without spraying speckle or high contrast markers on the structure's surface, and it enables the rapid diagnosis of structures affected by earthquakes.
Optimum utilization of grid‐connected hybrid power system using hybrid particle swarm optimization/whale optimization algorithm
Authors: Oladepo Olatunde , Ajewole Titus O. , Awofolaju Tolulope T.
Published: March 2022

Network management and optimization play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources on the distribution network. This paper presents the optimization of the grid‐connected photovoltaic/small hydropower hybrid power system using a hybrid particle swarm optimization‐whale optimization algorithm. The exploration strength of the particle swarm optimization is hybridized with the exploitation capability of the whale optimization algorithm for improved convergence, speed, and optimal network performance. The objective function is to minimize the feeder voltage deviation and power loss. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified on the standard 118—bus distribution system. The simulation is carried out with step changes in irradiation and loading conditions. The optimization result from the two hybridized algorithms is compared to its standalone form, simulated under the same conditions. The results show that the proposed method is superior in the optimal solution and convergence property. The results confirm the technique's contribution to improved network management and grid‐connected hybrid renewable power systems. It significantly reduced the voltage deviation by 62.58% on multiple locations of renewable sources. The voltage is achieved within the statutory range at all hours of the daily simulation. The technique is envisaged to be very useful in distribution network operators.
Allelic variants of a potato HEAT SHOCK COGNATE 70 gene confer improved tuber yield under a wide range of environmental conditions
Authors: Campbell Raymond , Ducreux Laurence , Cowan Graham , Young Vanessa , Chinoko Gift , Chitedze Gloria , Kwendani Stanley , Chiipanthenga Margaret , Bita Craita E. , Mwenye Obed , Were Hassan , Torrance Lesley , Sharma Sanjeev Kumar , Hancock Robert D. , Bryan Glenn J. , Taylor Mark
Published: March 2022

Previously, we developed and applied a glasshouse screen for potato tuber yield under heat stress and identified a candidate gene (HSc70) for heat tolerance by genetic analysis of a diploid potato population. Specific allelic variants were expressed at high levels on exposure to moderately elevated temperature due to variations in gene promoter sequence.

In this study, we aimed to confirm the results from the glasshouse screen in field trials conducted over several seasons and locations including those in Kenya, Malawi and the UK. We extend our understanding of the HSc70 gene and demonstrate that expression level of HSc70 correlates with tolerance to heat stress in a wide range of wild potato relatives. The physiological basis of the protective effect of HSc70 was explored and we show that genotypes carrying the highly expressed HSc70 A2 allele are protected against photooxidative damage to PSII induced by abiotic stresses. Overall, we show the potential of HSc70 alleles for breeding resilient potato genotypes for multiple environments.
Nonintrusive reduced‐order modeling approach for parametrized unsteady flow and heat transfer problems
Authors: Hua Jinsong , Sørheim Einar Arne
Published: March 2022

A novel nonintrusive reduced‐order modeling approach is proposed for parametrized unsteady flow and heat transfer problems. A set of reduced basis functions are extracted via a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method from a collection of high‐fidelity numerical solutions (snapshots of spatial distribution at a series of time steps) that are computed for properly chosen parameters (e.g., material property, initial/boundary conditions) using a full‐order model (finite‐volume/finite‐element methods). Here, the time dimension is treated separately from other parameters, reflecting the dynamic features of the flow problems. Dynamic mode decomposition is used to decompose the time‐resolved data (POD coefficients) into dynamics modes and reconstruct/predict the dynamic evolution of the flow systems. The POD coefficients at every time step under the condition of a set of parameters are approximated through interpolation with the radial basis function method from those obtained from the snapshots of the chosen parameter space. Hence, the POD coefficients at a set of given time and parameters can be approximated, and the spatial distribution of the solution data can be reconstructed. The current reduced‐order model has been applied to the problems governed by a set of parametrized unsteady Navier–Stokes and heat conduction equations. The model capability has been illustrated numerically by three numerical test cases: flow past a cylinder, melt solidification, and dam break. The model prediction capabilities have been evaluated by varying the material properties (viscosity and density) and the heat transfer conditions on some of the boundaries. An error analysis is also carried out to show the model prediction accuracy.
A one‐step simplified lattice Boltzmann method without evolution of distribution functions
Authors: Qin Shenglei , Yang Liuming , Hou Guoxiang , Gao Yuan , Guo Wenqiang
Published: March 2022

Recently, a simplified lattice Boltzmann method without evolution of distribution functions was developed. This method adopts the predictor‐corrector scheme to evolve the macroscopic variables. Unlike the original simplified method, we develop a one‐step scheme based on the resultant governing equations given by the Chapman–Enskog expansion analysis of the lattice Boltzmann equation. The proposed method abandons the predictor‐corrector scheme and only needs one step to solve the governing equations without additional intermediate implementation. As a result, the computational efficiency can be improved. In addition, the theoretical analysis demonstrates that the present method has second‐order of accuracy. To treat the boundary, the second‐order approximations for equilibrium distribution functions are employed. To validate the proposed one‐step method, several cases including the Poiseuille flow, the Womersley flow, the Taylor‐Green vortex flow, and the lid‐driven cavity flow are simulated. The numerical results agree with the analytical solutions or the reference data. And the second‐order of accuracy is ensured. Moreover, simulations also suggest that our method has good performances on the numerical stability and the computational efficiency. And the improved efficiency is no less than in our tests.
A finite volume coupled level set and volume of fluid method with a mass conservation step for simulating two‐phase flows
Authors: Lyras Konstantinos G. , Lee Jack
Published: March 2022

This article presents a finite volume method for simulating two‐phase flows using a level set approach coupled with volume of fluid method capable of simulating sharp fluid interfaces. The efficiency of the method is a result of the fact that the interface is calculated in order to satisfy mass conservation with no explicit interface reconstruction step and the mass fluxes across cell‐faces are corrected to respect the recovered volume fraction. The mass‐conservation correction step proposed here, is utilized using an iterative algorithm which solves a reaction‐diffusion equation for the mass correction of the level set. The re‐sharpened volume fraction is used for the new volumetric fluxes at each cell which are calculated through the proposed algorithm that guarantees that they satisfy mass conservation. The algorithm is not limited in representing the interface with the 0.5‐contour and is applicable for arbitrary polyhedral cells. Good accuracy and mass conservation are achieved when compared to other conservative approaches.
Three‐dimensional weakly compressible moving particle simulation coupled with geometrically nonlinear shell for hydro‐elastic free‐surface flows
Authors: Amaro Junior Rubens Augusto , Gay Neto Alfredo , Cheng Liang‐Yee
Published: March 2022

A three‐dimensional fluid–structure interaction solver based on an improved weakly compressible moving particle simulation (WC‐MPS) method and a geometrically nonlinear shell structural model is developed and applied to hydro‐elastic free‐surface flows. The fluid–structure coupling is performed by a polygon wall boundary model that can handle particles and finite elements of distinct sizes. In WC‐MPS, a tuning‐free diffusive term is introduced to the continuity equation to mitigate nonphysical pressure oscillations. Discrete divergence operators are derived and applied to the polygon wall boundary, of which the numerical stability is enhanced by a repulsive Lennard–Jones force. Additionally, an efficient technique to deal with the interaction between fluid particles placed at opposite sides of zero‐thickness walls is proposed. The geometrically nonlinear shell is modeled by an unstructured mesh of six‐node triangular elements. Finite rotations are considered with Rodrigues parameters and a hyperelastic constitutive model is adopted. Benchmark examples involving free‐surface flows and thin‐walled structures demonstrate that the proposed model is robust, numerically stable and offers more efficient computation by allowing mesh size larger than that of fluid particles.
High‐order implicit‐explicit additive Runge–Kutta schemes for numerical combustion with adaptive mesh refinement
Authors: Christopher Joshua , Guzik Stephen M. , Gao Xinfeng
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study is to develop and apply efficient solution techniques for numerical modeling of combustion with stiff chemical kinetics in practical combustors. The new technique combines a fourth‐order implicit‐explicit (IMEX) additive Runge‐Kutta scheme (ARK) with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The IMEX component treats the stiff reactions implicitly but integrates convection and diffusion explicitly in time, and thus permits the solution to advance with larger time‐step sizes than that of explicit time‐marching methods alone. The AMR further adds computational efficiency by effectively placing high spatial resolution meshes in regions with strong gradients, such as flame fronts. The novelty of this study is in the integration of a fourth‐order IMEX ARK method with AMR for a high‐order finite‐volume scheme and the application to solving complex reacting flows governed by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with very stiff chemistry in a practical combustor geometry. The effectiveness and performance of the adaptive ARK4 is assessed for complex reacting flows by examining properties, such as the presence of shock waves, the time‐scale changes in response to AMR levels, and the size and stiffness of reaction mechanisms for various fuels such as , , and . The new adaptive ARK4 method is verified and validated using a convection‐diffusion‐reaction problem and shock‐driven combustion, respectively. The validated algorithm is then applied to solve the stiff ‐air combustion in a bluff‐body combustor. A significant speedup of three orders of magnitude is achieved in comparison to the standard ERK4 method at the given solution accuracy.
Deep learning with regularized robust long‐ and short‐term memory network for probabilistic short‐term load forecasting
Authors: Jiang He , Zheng Weihua
Published: March 2022

Short‐term electricity load forecasting plays an essential role in power system operation and energy trading. However, the strong volatility, seasonality, and uncertainly of the load series pose challenges to accurate short‐term load forecasting using existing forecasting models. To tackle these challenges, in this paper, we investigate a novel deep learning‐based probabilistic short‐term load forecasting model to predict the hourly ahead electricity load accurately. The proposed deep learning forecasting model embeds nonconvex minimax concave penalty in the robust long‐ and short‐term memory (LSTM) network to simplify its complex structure while extracting the important information. The model parameters in the proposed regularized and robust LSTM network are fine‐tuned using whale optimization algorithm which is a meta‐heuristic approach. For empirical applications, electricity load data collected from New York Independent System Operator and ISO New England are considered, and numerical results show that the proposed method outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art competitors in terms of both point and interval forecasting accuracy.
Depositional and diagenetic constraints on the quality of shale‐gas reservoirs: A case study from the Late Palaeocene of the Potwar Basin (Pakistan, Eastern Tethys)
Authors: Khan Nasar , Weltje Gert Jan , Jan Irfan U. , Swennen Rudy
Published: March 2022

Unconventional shale‐gas reservoir assessment concurs numerous exploration challenges, often related to their complex lithology, which reflects secular changes in depositional environment(s) as well as spatially variable diagenetic overprinting. This study combines a range of methods (sedimentological, petrographical, CL‐microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, TOC (total organic carbon), TON (total organic nitrogen) and δ13Corg and δ15Norg stable isotopes) to address the controls of lithofacies, palaeo‐depositional environment(s) and diagenesis on the shale‐gas reservoir potential of the Late Palaeocene Patala Formation in the Potwar Basin of Pakistan. This formation records sediment accumulation in a shallow, mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate shelf environment. Sedimentological and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that the formation is primarily composed of an alternation of carbonaceous, siliceous, calcareous and argillaceous mudstone lithofacies. Detrital assemblages, including grains of quartz, apatite, calcite, chlorite, as well as organic matter (OM) and clay minerals with auxiliary (authigenic) pyrite, dominate the formation. High terrigenous influx is represented by the abundance of siliciclastics and terrigenous OM. The δ13Corg and δ15Norg proxies reflect dysoxic to anoxic palaeo‐environmental conditions, which promoted preservation of mixed marine and terrigenous OM, a setting considered to be indicative for high shale‐gas potential. The organic‐rich siliceous and carbonaceous mudstone lithofacies are considered to be the most prospective intervals, while calcareous and argillaceous mudstones are considered least promising in terms of reservoir quality. Spatially variable eo‐, meso‐ and telo‐diagenetic features such as compaction, cementation, stylolitization, dissolution and re‐precipitation are superimposed upon the depositional fabric, which locally affected the reservoir quality of the Patala Formation. The results of this study strongly suggest that the organic‐ and quartz‐rich mudstone lithofacies constitute “sweet spots” whose occurrence in space and time may be traced to design a strategy for shale‐gas exploration in the Potwar Basin of Pakistan and in analogous settings elsewhere.