bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloud–cloud collision in the Galactic center 50 km s−1 molecular cloud
Authors: Tsuboi Masato , Miyazaki Atsushi , Uehara Kenta
Published: September 2015

We performed a search of star-forming sites influenced by external factors, such as SNRs, H ii regions, and cloud–cloud collisions (CCCs), to understand the star-forming activity in the Galactic center region using the NRO Galactic Center Survey in SiO v = 0, J = 2–1, H13CO+J = 1–0, and CS J = 1–0 emission lines obtained with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We found a half-shell-like feature (HSF) with a high integrated line intensity ratio of ∫TB(SiO v = 0, J = 2–1)dv/∫TB(H13CO+J = 1–0)dv ∼ 6–8 in the 50 km s−1 molecular cloud; the HSF is a most conspicuous molecular cloud in the region and harbors an active star-forming site where several compact H ii regions can be seen. The high ratio in the HSF indicates that the cloud contains huge shocked molecular gas. The HSF can be also seen as a half-shell feature in the position–velocity diagram. A hypothesis explaining the chemical and kinetic properties of the HSF is that the feature originates from a CCC. We analyzed the CS J = 1–0 emission line data obtained with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array to reveal the relation between the HSF and the molecular cloud cores in the cloud. We made a cumulative core mass function (CMF) of the molecular cloud cores within the HSF. The CMF in the CCC region is not truncated at least up to ∼2500 M⊙, although the CMF of the non-CCC region reaches the upper limit of ∼1500 M⊙. Most massive molecular cores with Mgas > 750 M⊙ are located only around the ridge of the HSF and adjoin the compact H ii region. These may be a sign of massive star formation induced by CCCs in the Galactic center region.
Quantitative neuroanatomy for connectomics inDrosophila
Authors: Schneider-Mizell Casey M. , Gerhard Stephan , Longair Mark , Kazimiers Tom , Li Feng , Zwart Maarten F. , Champion Andrew , Midgley Frank , Fetter Richard , Saalfeld Stephan , Cardona Albert
Published: September 2015

Neuronal circuit mapping using electron microscopy demands laborious proofreading or reconciliation of multiple independent reconstructions. Here, we describe new methods to apply quantitative arbor and network context to iteratively proofread and reconstruct circuits and create anatomically-enriched wiring diagrams. We measured the morphological underpinnings of connectivity in new and existing reconstructions ofDrosophilasensorimotor (larva) and visual (adult) systems. Synaptic inputs were preferentially located on numerous small, microtubule-free “twigs” which branch off a single microtubule-containing “backbone”. Omission of individual twigs accounted for 96% of errors. However, the synapses of highly connected neurons were distributed across multiple twigs. Thus the robustness of a strong connection to detailed twig anatomy was associated with robustness to reconstruction error. By comparing iterative reconstruction to the consensus of multiple reconstructions, we show that our method overcomes the need for redundant effort through the discovery and application of relationships between cellular neuroanatomy and synaptic connectivity.
The role of social enterprises in shaping social bonds
Authors: Rymsza Marek
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of social enterprises in building social capital and strengthening social bonds.

Design/methodology/approach

– The analysis is based on the comparative method. The author compares the development of social entrepreneurship of the “old” social economy (born on the turn of nineteenth and twentieth centuries), and of the “new” social economy (developing on the turn of twentieth and twenty-first centuries); and the functioning of social enterprises of two kinds: work integration social enterprises (WISEs) and community-based social enterprises (CBSEs). Moreover, he distinguishes between economic and social re-integration; and reciprocity and vertical inclusion.

Findings

– The paper presents WISEs and CBSEs as tools of two different activation programmes: WISEs improve the employability of individuals who are marginalized in the labour market, while CBSEs serve as vehicles for the socio-economic development of the marginalized communities and territories. Furthermore, the author clarifies two methods of inclusion: through strengthening horizontal social ties (realized mainly by CBSEs, with their mutuality principle as a basis for building relations between participants) and building vertical social bonds (mainly by WISEs, based on the “inclusion of excluded” formula).

Research limitations/implications

– The paper stresses the importance of focusing research into social entrepreneurship on the role of social enterprises in shaping social bonds as well as using and producing of social capital of two main types: bonding and bridging.

Practical implications

– Recommendations for managing social enterprises as hybrid entities. The author argues that the most effective approach (in producing social value-added) is to combine the formula of the re-integration of individuals excluded from the labour market with the efforts to develop the whole local communities from marginalized territories.

Originality/value

– The author uses sociological perspectives in analysing economic entities and activation policies.
Personalized configuration rules extraction in product service systems by using Local Cluster Neural Network
Authors: Shen Jin , Wu Bin , Yu Li
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– Configuration systems are used as a means for efficient design of customer tailored product service systems (PSS). In PSS configuration, mapping customer needs with optimal configuration of PSS components have become much more challenging, because more knowledge with personalization aspects has to be considered. However, the extant techniques are hard to be applied to acquire personalized configuration rules. The purpose of this paper is to extract the configuration rule knowledge in symbolism formulation from historical data.

Design/methodology/approach

– Customer characteristics (CCs) are defined and introduced into the construction of configuration rules. Personalized PSS configuration rules (PCRs) are thereby proposed to collect and represent more knowledge. An approach combining Local Cluster Neural Network and Rulex algorithm is proposed to extract rule knowledge from historical data.

Findings

– The personalized configuration rules with CCs are able to alleviate the burden of customers in expressing functional requirements. Furthermore, in the long-term relationship with a customer in PSS realization, PSS offerings can be reconfigured according to the changing CCs with the guide of PCRs.

Originality/value

– The contribution of this paper lies in introducing the attribute of CCs into the antecedents of PCRs and proposing the neural networks-based approach to extracting the rule knowledge from historical data.
What makes MNCs succeed in developing countries?
Authors: Hansen Michael W. , Gwozdz Wencke
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution in subsidiary performance and the factors influencing this performance based on a unique database of approximately 800 multi-national company (MNC) subsidiaries in developing countries. Developed-country multi-national companies (MNCs) are increasingly establishing subsidiaries in developing countries. The potential gains are high; however, so are the risks. While the issue of subsidiary performance should be at the heart of any international business (IB) enquiry into MNC activity in developing countries, surprisingly little research has examined this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on a comprehensive literature review of the IB performance literature, it is hypothesized that subsidiary performance essentially is shaped by five clusters of factors: location, industry, MNC capabilities, subsidiary role and entry strategy. These factors’ ability to explain variance in subsidiary performance is tested through a multiple regression analysis.

Findings

– MNC subsidiary performance in developing countries has improved enormously in recent decades. Especially, MNC capability and subsidiary role-related factors appear to explain variance in performance, while location factors appear to have less explanatory power. This suggests that strong MNC capabilities and organization can make MNCs succeed regardless of location.

Practical implications

– The key preparatory work for MNCs contemplating entry into developing countries is to carefully scrutinize internal capabilities and organization.

Originality/value

– The paper presents a model for explaining variation in subsidiary performance in developing countries specifically. The paper offers unique empirical insights into the state and drivers of subsidiary performance in developing countries.
Sensory approaches in mental health: A scoping review
Authors: Scanlan Justin Newton , Novak Theresa
Published: September 2015

Background/aim

Sensory approaches in mental health are designed to assist consumers to regulate physiological and emotional arousal. They have been highlighted as non‐invasive, self‐directed and empowering interventions that may support recovery‐oriented and trauma‐informed mental health practice and may assist in efforts to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint. Over recent years, there has been a substantial increase in research in this area. However, there has not yet been any attempt to map and summarise this literature.

Method

A five‐stage scoping review was conducted. Four databases were searched for literature evaluating sensory interventions implemented in mental health settings.

Results

A total of 17 studies were included in the final review. A range of sensory approaches was evaluated and a range of outcomes measured. In general, consumers reported reductions in distress associated with engaging in sensory interventions. Results in terms of reduction of seclusion and restraint were mixed, with some studies reporting a decrease, others reporting no change and one reporting an increase. Methodological limitations in the studies reviewed mean that results should be interpreted with caution.

Conclusions

Although there is emerging evidence for the usefulness of sensory approaches in supporting consumers’ self‐management of distress, there is less evidence for sensory approaches supporting reductions in seclusion and restraint when used in isolation. More research is necessary, but sensory approaches do appear safe and effective. Services wishing to reduce seclusion and restraint should implement sensory approaches in conjunction with other strategies to achieve this important outcome.
Splenic gene expression profiling in White Leghorn layer inoculated with the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis
Authors: Wu Guixian , Liu Liying , Qi Yukai , Sun Yu , Yang Ning , Xu Guiyun , Zhou Huaijun , Li Xianyao
Published: September 2015

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a foodborne pathogen that can threaten human health through contaminated poultry products. Live poultry, chicken eggs and meat are primary sources of human salmonellosis. To understand the genetic resistance of egg‐type chickens in response to SE inoculation, global gene expression in the spleen of 20‐week‐old White Leghorn was measured using the Agilent 4 × 44 K chicken microarray at 7 and 14 days following SE inoculation (dpi). Results showed that there were 1363 genes significantly differentially expressed between inoculated and non‐inoculated groups at 7 dpi (I7/N7), of which 682 were up‐regulated and 681 were down‐regulated genes. By contrast, 688 differentially expressed genes were observed at 14 dpi (I14/N14), of which 371 were up‐regulated genes and 317 were down‐regulated genes. There were 33 and 28 immune‐related genes significantly differentially expressed in the comparisons of I7/N7 and I14/N14 respectively. Functional annotation revealed that several Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to immunity were significantly enriched between the inoculated and non‐inoculated groups at 14 dpi but not at 7 dpi, despite a similar number of immune‐related genes identified between I7/N7 and I14/N14. The immune response to SE inoculation changes with different time points following SE inoculation. The complicated interaction between the immune system and metabolism contributes to the immune responses to SE inoculation of egg‐type chickens at 14 dpi at the onset of lay. GC, TNFSF8, CD86, CD274, BLB1 and BLB2 play important roles in response to SE inoculation. The results from this study will deepen the current understanding of the genetic response of the egg‐type chicken to SE inoculation at the onset of egg laying.
Mevastatin ameliorates sphingosine 1‐phosphate‐induced COX‐2/PGE2‐dependent cell migration via FoxO1 and CREB phosphorylation and translocation
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Kai , Lin Chih‐Chung , Hsiao Li‐Der , Yang Chuen‐Mao
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P), an important inflammatory mediator, has been shown to regulate COX‐2 production and promote various cellular responses such as cell migration. Mevastatin, an inhibitor of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMG‐CoA), effectively inhibits inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms underlying S1P‐evoked COX‐2‐dependent cell migration, which is modulated by mevastatin in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unclear.

Experimental Approach

The expression of COX‐2 was determined by Western blotting, real time‐PCR and promoter analyses. The signalling molecules were investigated by pretreatment with respective pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with siRNAs. The interaction between COX‐2 promoter and transcription factors was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, the effect of mevastatin on HTSMC migration and leukocyte counts in BAL fluid and COX‐2 expression induced by S1P was determined by a cell migration assay, cell counting and Western blot.

Key Results

S1P stimulated mTOR activation through the Nox2/ROS and PI3K/Akt pathways, which can further stimulate FoxO1 phosphorylation and translocation to the cytosol. We also found that S1P induced CREB activation and translocation via an mTOR‐independent signalling pathway. Finally, we showed that pretreatment with mevastatin markedly reduced S1P‐induced cell migration and COX‐2/PGE2 production via a PPARγ‐dependent signalling pathway.

Conclusions and Implications

Mevastatin attenuates the S1P‐induced increased expression of COX‐2 and cell migration via the regulation of FoxO1 and CREB phosphorylation and translocation by PPARγ in HTSMCs. Mevastatin could be beneficial for prevention of airway inflammation in the future.
Alcohol use in the Pacific region: Results from the STEPwise approach to surveillance, Global School‐Based Student Health Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
Authors: Kessaram Tara , McKenzie Jeanie , Girin Natalie , Roth Adam , Vivili Paula , Williams Gail , Hoy Damian
Published: September 2015

Introduction and Aims

Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for disease and injury in Pacific Island countries and territories (PICT). This paper examines drinking patterns across 20 PICTs.

Design and Methods

We synthesised published data from the STEPwise approach to surveillance or similar surveys for adults 25–64 years, and from the Global School‐Based Student Health surveys and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for youth. We examined current and heavy drinking, and for adults also frequency of consumption. Using YRBSS, we studied trends in youth alcohol use in US‐affiliated PICTs between 2001 and 2013.

Results

Alcohol consumption in adults and youth varied considerably across PICTs. In eight PICT populations, over 60% of male adults were current drinkers. Male adults consumed alcohol more frequently and engaged in heavy drinking more than female adults. Similar gender differences occurred in current and heavy drinking among youth. Across 10 PICTs, current drinking prevalence in males 13–15 years ranged from 10% to over 40%. Declines in alcohol use among grade 9–12 students were observed in YRBSS, although the magnitude differed by island and sex.

Discussion and Conclusions

Alcohol consumption varies widely between PICTs. There are marked gender differences in use and abstention. There is scope in PICTs for implementation of best practice strategies to reduce alcohol‐related harm. These need to be gender responsive and cognisant of concerning patterns of youth drinking. Strengthening surveillance of alcohol use and its consequences is vital to inform and monitor the impact of national and regional policies. [Kessaram T, McKenzie J, Girin N, Roth A, Vivili P, Williams G, Hoy D. Alcohol use in the Pacific region: Results from the STEPwise approach to surveillance, Global School‐Based Student Health Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:412–423]
Bioethanol potential from miscanthus with low ILUC risk in the province of Lublin, Poland
Authors: Gerssen‐Gondelach Sarah J. , Wicke Birka , Borzęcka‐Walker Magdalena , Pudełko Rafał , Faaij Andre P. C.
Published: September 2015

Increasing production of biofuels has led to concerns about indirect land‐use change (ILUC). So far, significant efforts have been made to assess potential ILUC effects. But limited attention has been paid to strategies for reducing the extent of ILUC and controlling the type of LUC. This case study assesses five key ILUC mitigation measures to quantify the low‐ILUC‐risk production potential of miscanthus‐based bioethanol in Lublin province (Poland) in 2020. In 2020, a total area of 196 to 818 thousand hectare of agricultural land could be made available for biomass production by realizing above‐baseline yield developments (95–413 thousand ha), increased food chain efficiencies (9–30 thousand ha) and biofuel feedstock production on underutilized lands (92–375 thousand ha). However, a maximum 203–269 thousand hectare is considered legally available (not protected) and biophysically suitable for miscanthus production. The resulting low‐ILUC‐risk bioethanol production potential ranges from 12 to 35 PJ per year. The potential from this region alone is higher than the national Polish target for second‐generation bioethanol consumption of 9 PJ in 2020. Although the sustainable implementation potential may be lower, the province of Lublin could play a key role in achieving this target. This study shows that the mitigation or prevention of ILUC from bioenergy is only possible when an integrated perspective is adopted on the agricultural and bioenergy sectors. Governance and policies on planning and implementing ILUC mitigation are considered vital for realizing a significant bioenergy potential with low ILUC risk. One important aspect in this regard is monitoring the risk of ILUC and the implementation of ILUC mitigation measures. Key parameters for monitoring are land use, land cover and crop yields.
Does phylogeographical structure relate to climatic niche divergence? A test using maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)
Authors: Serra‐Varela M. J. , Grivet D. , Vincenot L. , Broennimann O. , Gonzalo‐Jiménez J. , Zimmermann N. E.
Published: September 2015

Aim

To disentangle the effects of environmental and geographical processes driving phylogenetic distances among clades of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). To assess the implications for conservation management of combining molecular information with species distribution models (SDMs; which predict species distribution based on known occurrence records and on environmental variables).

Location

Western Mediterranean Basin and European Atlantic coast.

Methods

We undertook two cluster analyses for eight genetically defined pine clades based on climatic niche and genetic similarities. We assessed niche similarity by means of a principal component analysis and Schoener's D metric. To calculate genetic similarity, we used the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based on Nei's distance using 266 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We then assessed the contribution of environmental and geographical distances to phylogenetic distance by means of Mantel regression with variance partitioning. Finally, we compared the projection obtained from SDMs fitted from the species level (SDMsp) and composed from the eight clade‐level models (SDMcm).

Results

Genetically and environmentally defined clusters were identical. Environmental and geographical distances explained 12.6% of the phylogenetic distance variation and, overall, geographical and environmental overlap among clades was low. Large differences were detected between SDMsp and SDMcm (57.75% of disagreement in the areas predicted as suitable).

Main conclusions

The genetic structure within the maritime pine subspecies complex is primarily a consequence of its demographic history, as seen by the high proportion of unexplained variation in phylogenetic distances. Nevertheless, our results highlight the contribution of local environmental adaptation in shaping the lower‐order, phylogeographical distribution patterns and spatial genetic structure of maritime pine: (1) genetically and environmentally defined clusters are consistent, and (2) environment, rather than geography, explained a higher proportion of variation in phylogenetic distance. SDMs, key tools in conservation management, better characterize the fundamental niche of the species when they include molecular information.
Cancer and serious mental illness – patient, caregiver and professional perspectives: study protocol
Authors: Millman James , Galway Karen , Santin Olinda , Reid Joanne
Published: September 2015

Aim

To explore the experience of serious mental illness and cancer from the perspective of patients, significant others and healthcare professionals involved in their care.

Background

Serious mental illness is associated with poorer cancer outcomes. Those suffering from this comorbidity receive fewer specialist interventions and die earlier than the general population. Prior qualitative research in this area has comprised of a single study focussing on healthcare professionals and there is little evidence regarding the experiences of patients and caregivers.

Design

A qualitative exploration using approximately 36 semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Semi‐structured digitally recorded interviews conducted with: adults living with serious mental illness and diagnosed with cancer; those providing them with informal support and care; and healthcare professionals. Questions will focus on the experience of having cancer and serious mental illness or caring for someone with this comorbidity, experiences of healthcare and priorities for patients and carers. Framework analysis will be used. Research Ethics Committee and Trust Research & Development approval was obtained. A steering group comprising six people with experience of either cancer or mental illness provided feedback and ratified the patient information sheets and interview schedules.

Discussion

There is a paucity of research addressing stakeholder perspectives on the experience of cancer and of cancer services for people with serious mental illness. Dissemination of findings will inform practice relating to the care of an often neglected population, informing better support for their significant others and the professionals involved in their care.
Brief report: cervical cancer screening in women with intellectual and developmental disabilities who have had a pregnancy
Authors: Brown H. K. , Plourde N. , Ouellette‐Kuntz H. , Vigod S. , Cobigo V.
Published: September 2015

Background

Women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have lower cervical cancer screening rates than women without IDD. Key barriers to screening uptake include physician or caregiver assumptions that screening is unnecessary because women with IDD are not sexually active. Our objective was to compare cervical cancer screening rates in women with and without IDD who had had a pregnancy.

Method

We conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study using linked Ontario (Canada) health and social services administrative data. We identified 20‐ to 64‐year‐old women with (N = 5033) and without (N = 527 437) IDD who had had a pregnancy. We examined the occurrence of cervical cancer screening between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2010. We compared screening rates in women with and without IDD using logistic regression, controlling for age, region of residence, neighbourhood income quintile and morbidity level.

Results

Women with IDD who had had a pregnancy were more likely than those without IDD to be young, to live in the lowest neighbourhood income quintile, to live in rural areas and to have high or very high morbidity. Even after controlling for these factors, women with IDD were less likely than women without IDD to be screened (67.7% vs. 77.0%; adjusted odds ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.58–0.65).

Conclusions

Even among women who have had a pregnancy and are therefore known to have been sexually active, women with IDD face significant disparities in cervical cancer screening. Strategies to promote equitable uptake of cervical cancer screening for women with IDD need to be implemented.
Litigant Status and Trial Court Appeal Mobilization
Authors: Boyd Christina L.
Published: September 2015

The advantages held by haves over have nots in litigation have long fascinated scholars, with a long line of research revealing that litigant status often affects litigant resources, experience, and chances of overall success from trial courts to appellate courts. What has received considerably less attention, however, is how this status affects the decision to appeal. Bringing a new perspective to this important area holding implications for the shape and content of the judicial hierarchy, this study analyzes the decision of the losing federal district court litigant to appeal to the US courts of appeals. Utilizing an original database containing a sample of federal district court civil cases decided between 2000 and 2004, the results indicate, as predicted, that litigant status differentials affect whether there will be an appeal. This influence is further magnified when conditioned upon the relative costs of the appeal. These findings provide one of the first detailed examinations of litigant status and appeals coming from US trial courts and, simultaneously, offer the first empirical evidence to date that business litigants, like previously known government parties, are advantaged over individuals when deciding whether to appeal.
The unification of physics: the quest for a theory of everything
Authors: Paulson Steve , Gleiser Marcelo , Freese Katherine , Tegmark Max
Published: September 2015

The holy grail of physics has been to merge each of its fundamental branches into a unified “theory of everything” that would explain the functioning and existence of the universe. The last step toward this goal is to reconcile general relativity with the principles of quantum mechanics, a quest that has thus far eluded physicists. Will physics ever be able to develop an all‐encompassing theory, or should we simply acknowledge that science will always have inherent limitations as to what can be known? Should new theories be validated solely on the basis of calculations that can never be empirically tested? Can we ever truly grasp the implications of modern physics when the basic laws of nature do not always operate according to our standard paradigms? These and other questions are discussed in this paper.
Provocation tests for the diagnosis of food‐dependent exercise‐induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Asaumi Tomoyuki , Yanagida Noriyuki , Sato Sakura , Shukuya Akinori , Nishino Makoto , Ebisawa Motohiro
Published: September 2015

Background

Little has been reported regarding provocation tests for the diagnosis of food‐dependent exercise‐induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA), especially in children and adolescents. Hence, we here aimed to examine the usefulness and safety of such tests for FDEIA.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 41 patients with 184 provocation tests. The patients underwent ergometer stress tests after ingesting the suspected foods along with aspirin. When one or more allergic symptoms appeared, we judged the provocation test as positive.

Results

Based on 30 positive test results (16%), we diagnosed 20 patients (49%) as FDEIA. The major causative foods were as follows: wheat alone (five patients), combination of wheat and shrimp (three patients), combination of wheat and apple (two patients), and peach alone (two patients). The symptoms appeared within 45 min after initiating exercise in 29 tests (97%). The most frequent symptoms were cutaneous symptoms, which appeared in 25 tests (83%). Of the 30 positive tests, 6 (20%) required administration of adrenaline. After discharge, the patients with negative test results had no episodes of FDEIA due to the suspected foods that they had been tested for.

Conclusion

Provocation tests enabled us to confirm the diagnosis of FDEIA when positive and to exclude the diagnosis when negative. However, as severe symptoms may appear, these tests should be performed in a hospital under constant supervision of a physician.
Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics
Authors: Abberton Michael , Batley Jacqueline , Bentley Alison , Bryant John , Cai Hongwei , Cockram James , Costa de Oliveira Antonio , Cseke Leland J. , Dempewolf Hannes , De Pace Ciro , Edwards David , Gepts Paul , Greenland Andy , Hall Anthony E. , Henry Robert , Hori Kiyosumi , Howe Glenn Thomas , Hughes Stephen , Humphreys Mike , Lightfoot David , Marshall Athole , Mayes Sean , Nguyen Henry T. , Ogbonnaya Francis C. , Ortiz Rodomiro , Paterson Andrew H. , Tuberosa Roberto , Valliyodan Babu , Varshney Rajeev K. , Yano Masahiro
Published: September 2015

Agriculture is now facing the ‘perfect storm’ of climate change, increasing costs of fertilizer and rising food demands from a larger and wealthier human population. These factors point to a global food deficit unless the efficiency and resilience of crop production is increased. The intensification of agriculture has focused on improving production under optimized conditions, with significant agronomic inputs. Furthermore, the intensive cultivation of a limited number of crops has drastically narrowed the number of plant species humans rely on. A new agricultural paradigm is required, reducing dependence on high inputs and increasing crop diversity, yield stability and environmental resilience. Genomics offers unprecedented opportunities to increase crop yield, quality and stability of production through advanced breeding strategies, enhancing the resilience of major crops to climate variability, and increasing the productivity and range of minor crops to diversify the food supply. Here we review the state of the art of genomic‐assisted breeding for the most important staples that feed the world, and how to use and adapt such genomic tools to accelerate development of both major and minor crops with desired traits that enhance adaptation to, or mitigate the effects of climate change.
Laparoscopic‐assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy in a child with gastrinoma
Authors: Murase Naruhiko , Uchida Hiroo , Tainaka Takahisa , Kawashima Hiroshi , Tanaka Yujiro , Amano Hizuru , Kishimoto Hiroshi
Published: September 2015

Gastrinoma is rare in children. We report the case of a 9‐year‐old boy with weight loss and vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal imaging showed severe stenosis of the duodenum. Although gastrin was very high, imaging did not show a gastrinoma. Selective arterial secretagogue injection (SASI) test indicated a tumor within the gastroduodenal arterial zone. In accordance with the SASI test result, we performed laparoscopic‐assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (LAPD). Postoperative biochemistry confirmed complete resection of the gastrinoma, and the patient was asymptomatic at follow up, 30 months after surgery. Even in patients with negative imaging for gastrinoma, aggressive resection following accurate localization on SASI test is biochemically curative. In such cases, the tumor is probably very small and LAPD may offer a minimally invasive procedure. As far as we know, LAPD in a child has not been previously reported.
Secondary neuroendocrine tumor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Tamura Shinichi , Ishida Hiroyuki , Naito Takeshi , Kondo Osamu , Inoue Masami , Kawa Keisei , Kawabata Kenji , Hojo Hiroshi , Ouchi Kazutaka , Imamura Toshihiko
Published: September 2015

Here we report a case of aggressive neuroendocrine tumor (NET), which is an extremely rare secondary solid tumor that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). A patient with chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection received allo‐HSCT from an HLA‐DR two allele‐mismatched unrelated donor. Four years later, he developed NET with multiple metastases. He received thoraco‐abdominal irradiation as a conditioning regimen, and developed repeated episodes of intestinal graft‐versus‐host disease, for which he received long‐term immunosuppressive therapy. Although these factors may be potential contributing factors to the development of secondary NET, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear.
The Short‐Term Economic Impact of Levying E‐Tolls on Industries
Authors: Stofberg Francois Jacobus , Van Heerden Jan
Published: September 2015

TERM is used to analyse the short‐term regional economic impact of an increase in industries' transport costs when paying E‐Tolls. Market‐clearing and accounting equations allow regional economies to be represented as an integrated framework, labour adjusts to accommodate increasing transportation costs, and investments change to accommodate capital that is fixed. We concluded that costs from levying E‐Tolls on industries are small in comparison to total transport costs, and the impact on economic aggregates and most industries are marginal: investments (−0.404%), gross domestic product (GDP) (−0.01) and consumer price inflation (−0.10%). This is true even when considering costs and benefits on industries as well as consumers. Industries that experienced the greatest decline in output were transport, construction and gold. Provinces that are closer to Gauteng and have a greater share of severely impacted industries experienced larger GDP and real income reductions. Mpumalanga's decrease in GDP was 17% greater than Gauteng's.
Effects of riboflavin and amotosalen photoactivation systems for pathogen inactivation of fresh‐frozen plasma on fibrin clot structure
Authors: Hubbard Thomas , Backholer Lucy , Wiltshire Michael , Cardigan Rebecca , Ariëns Robert A.S.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion carries a risk of viral transmission from donor to recipient. Riboflavin (Mirasol) and amotosalen (Intercept) are two pathogen inactivation (PI) methods that may enhance the safety of FFP for transfusion. Our study investigated the effects of Mirasol and Intercept treatment on fibrin formation and clot structure.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

FFP underwent either Mirasol or Intercept treatment, and aliquots were taken before addition of the compound, before illumination (after addition of compound only), and after treatment (addition of compound plus illumination). All samples underwent turbidimetric analysis, lysis analysis, assessment of clot permeation, and analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy.

RESULTS

After treatment, there was a decrease in optical density of the fibrin network for Mirasol and Intercept, lag time to fibrin formation was prolonged for Mirasol and lysis time for Intercept, clot permeability was significantly decreased, and clot density was increased for both.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that plasma treated with Mirasol and Intercept produces denser clots consisting of thinner fibers and warrants further studies to evaluate the clinical significance of these structural changes in fibrin clot formation.
Labour Market Institutions and Household Consumption Insurance within OECD Countries
Authors: Lo Prete Anna
Published: September 2015

This paper tests empirically whether the effect of idiosyncratic income shocks on aggregate consumption depends on institutional features of national labour markets. The results show that, in a sample of 15 OECD countries, institutional heterogeneity is a significant determinant of the response of household consumption to country‐specific income shocks. This is consistent with the idea that institutionally provided social insurance may help increase income stability when people differ in their ability to access financial markets and smooth consumption fluctuations.
Corneal and anterior segment foreign body trauma in dogs: a review of 218 cases
Authors: Tetas Pont Roser , Matas Riera Marian , Newton Richard , Donaldson David
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To review clinical data on dogs that suffered a corneal and anterior segment foreign body (CASFB) trauma and to determine the risk factors for foreign body (FB) trauma and subsequent enucleation.

Animals studied

Dogs with CASFB presented to the Animal Health Trust (AHT) from January 2000 to December 2012.

Procedures

Clinical data for CASFB cases were compared to those available for the remaining AHT ophthalmic population over the same period. The depth of the FB trauma was divided into five categories. The type of FB and method of removal were described for each category. The degree of secondary uveitis and lens involvement was graded and correlated with subsequent enucleation.

Results

The mean age (standard deviation) of 218 identified CASFB cases was 3.96 (2.95) years. Risk factors for CASFB trauma were dogs younger than 5 years, English Springer Spaniels, Labrador Retrievers, and working dogs. Most dogs required general anesthesia for FB removal, and hypodermic needles were the most commonly used instrument. The lens was involved in some cases with a full‐thickness CASFB trauma (n = 49, 45%), but most suffered a minor lens trauma (n = 37, 76%). The lens trauma and phacoclastic uveitis were managed medically in most dogs (n = 37, 76%), and phacoemulsification was only elected as initial treatment in some dogs (n = 10, 20%). Enucleation was required overall in 6% of dogs. Statistically significant associations were found between enucleation and depth of FB trauma, degree of uveitis, and severity of lens trauma (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Young dogs, English Springer Spaniels, Labrador Retrievers, and working dogs had an increased risk of CASFB trauma. Risk factors for enucleation were full‐thickness FB penetration, severe lens trauma, and severe uveitis.
Quantifying Wheelchair Basketball Match Load: A Comparison of Heart-Rate and Perceived-Exertion Methods
Authors: Iturricastillo Aitor , Yanci Javier , Granados Cristina , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To describe the objective and subjective match load (ML) of wheelchair basketball (WB) and determine the relationship between session heart-rate (HR) -based ML and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) -based ML methods.

Methods:

HR-based measurements of ML included Edwards ML and Stagno training impulses (TRIMPMOD), while RPE-based ML measurements included respiratory (sRPEres) and muscular (sRPEmus). Data were collected from 10 WB players during a whole competitive season.

Results:

Edwards ML and TRIMPMOD averaged across 16 matches were 255.3 ± 66.3 and 167.9 ± 67.1 AU, respectively. In contrast, sRPEres ML and sRPEmus ML were found to be higher (521.9 ± 188.7 and 536.9 ± 185.8 AU, respectively). Moderate correlations (r = .629–.648, P < .001) between Edwards ML and RPE-based ML methods were found. Moreover, similar significant correlations were also shown between the TRIMPMOD and RPE-based ML methods (r = .627–.668, P < .001). That said, only ≥40% of variance in HR-based ML was explained by RPE-based ML, which could be explained by the heterogeneity of physical-impairment type.

Conclusion:

RPE-based ML methods could be used as an indicator of global internal ML in highly trained WB players.
Quantification of Training and Competition Load Across a Season in an Elite Australian Football Club
Authors: Ritchie Dean , Hopkins Will G. , Buchheit Martin , Cordy Justin , Bartlett Jonathan D.
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

Load monitoring in Australian football (AF) has been widely adopted, yet team-sport periodization strategies are relatively unknown. The authors aimed to quantify training and competition load across a season in an elite AF team, using rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and GPS tracking.

Methods:

Weekly totals for RPE and GPS loads (including accelerometer data; PlayerLoad) were obtained for 44 players across a full season for each training modality and for competition. General linear mixed models compared mean weekly load between 3 preseason and 4 in-season blocks. Effects were assessed with inferences about magnitudes standardized with between-players SD.

Results:

Total RPE load was most likely greater during preseason, where the majority of load was obtained via skills and conditioning. There was a large reduction in RPE load in the last preseason block. During in-season, half the total load came from games and the remaining half from training, predominantly skills and upper-body weights. Total distance, high-intensity running, and PlayerLoad showed large to very large reductions from preseason to in-season, whereas changes in mean speed were trivial across all blocks. All these effects were clear at the 99% level.

Conclusions:

These data provide useful information about targeted periods of loading and unloading across different stages of a season. The study also provides a framework for further investigation of training periodization in AF teams.
The Relationship Between Match-Play Characteristics of Elite Rugby League and Indirect Markers of Muscle Damage
Authors: Oxendale Chelsea L. , Twist Craig , Daniels Matthew , Highton Jamie
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

While exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after rugby league match play has been well documented, the specific match actions that contribute to EIMD are unclear. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the positional demands of elite rugby league matches and examine their relationship with subsequent EIMD.

Methods:

Twenty-eight performances (from 17 participants) were captured using 10-Hz global positioning systems over 4 competitive matches. Upper- and lower-body neuromuscular fatigue, creatine kinase (CK), and perceived muscle soreness were assessed 24 h before and at 12, 36, and 60 h after matches.

Results:

High-intensity running was moderately higher in backs (6.6 ± 2.6 m/min) than in forwards (5.1 ± 1.6 m/min), whereas total collisions were moderately lower (31.1 ± 13.1 vs 54.1 ± 37.0). Duration (r = .90, CI: .77–.96) and total (r = .86, CI: .70–.95) and high-intensity distance covered (r = .76, CI: .51–.91) were associated (P < .05) with increased CK concentration postmatch. Total collisions and repeated high-intensity efforts were associated (P < .05) with large decrements in upper-body neuromuscular performance (r = –.48, CI: –.74 to .02; r = –.49, CI: –.77 to .05, respectively), muscle soreness (r = –.68, CI: –.87 to –.10, r = –.66, CI: –.89 to .21, respectively), and CK concentration (r = .67, CI: .42–.85; r = .73, CI: .51–.87, respectively). All EIMD markers returned to baseline within 60 h.

Conclusion:

Match duration, high-intensity running, and collisions were associated with variations in EIMD markers, suggesting that recovery is dependent on individual match demands.
Flu study raises questions about U.S. ban
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: September 2015

A new viral “backbone” could speed up production of influenza vaccines.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900 (DSM 50071
T
), Determined Using PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology
Authors: Nakano Kazuma , Terabayashi Yasunobu , Shiroma Akino , Shimoji Makiko , Tamotsu Hinako , Ashimine Noriko , Ohki Shun , Shinzato Misuzu , Teruya Kuniko , Satou Kazuhito , Hirano Takashi
Published: September 2015

The first complete genome sequence of the type strain
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Schroeter 1872) Migula 1900 (DSM 50071
T
) was determined in a single contig by PacBio RS II. The genome (6,317,050 bp, G+C content of 66.52%) contained 10 sets of >1,000-bp identical sequence pairs and 183 tandem repeats.
Draft Genome Sequence of a
Bacillus
Bacterium from the Atacama Desert Wetlands Metagenome
Authors: Vilo Claudia , Galetovic Alexandra , Araya Jorge E. , Gómez-Silva Benito , Dong Qunfeng
Published: September 2015

We report here the draft genome sequence of a
Bacillus
bacterium isolated from the microflora of
Nostoc
colonies grown at the Andean wetlands in northern Chile. We consider this genome sequence to be a molecular tool for exploring microbial relationships and adaptation strategies to the prevailing extreme conditions at the Atacama Desert.
Complete Genome Sequences of Lineage IV Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses from the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Masdooq Aliyu Abdullahi , Pawar Rahul Mohanchandra , Parthiban Aravindh Babu R. , Ragavendhar K. , Sundarapandian G. , Thangavelu A. , Dhinakar Raj G.
Published: September 2015

The complete genome sequences of two virulent lineage IV peste des petits ruminants viruses (PPRVs) isolated from clinically infected goats in the Indian subcontinent are reported here. This is the first report of a complete genome sequence of a virulent PPRV isolate from India in recent decades.
Draft Genome Sequence of Three Antibiotic-Resistant Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains of Dairy Origin
Authors: Campedelli Ilenia , Flórez Ana Belén , Salvetti Elisa , Delgado Susana , Orrù Luigi , Cattivelli Luigi , Alegría Ángel , Felis Giovanna E. , Torriani Sandra , Mayo Baltasar
Published: September 2015

Leuconostoc mesenteroides
is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) commonly associated with fermented foods. Here, we report the genome sequence of three selected dairy strains, showing atypical antibiotic resistances (AR). Genome analysis provided a better understanding of the genetic bases of AR in
Leuconostoc
and its potential transferability among foodborne bacteria.
Unusual intrabony transmigration of mandibular canine: case series (report of 4 cases)
Authors: Tarsariya Vivek Muljibhai , Jayam Cheranjeevi , Parmar Yuvaraj Suryakant , Bandlapalli Anila
Published: September 2015

Intrabony cross arch migration (transmigration) of impacted teeth is a very rare dental anomaly. Transmigration is commonly seen in permanent dentition of the lower jaw. The tooth most commonly involved is the mandibular canine. The prevalence of transmigrated canine has been found to be only 0.14–0.31%. Transmigration of the canine most frequently occurs in a mesial direction resulting in migration across the mandibular symphysis to the opposite side of the dental arch. We report a case series (4 cases) of rare transmigration of mandibular canines and emphasise the need to use panoramic radiography in cases presenting with either over retained deciduous canines and/or missing permanent canines. We also propose a newer modification to the present classification of transmigration for one of these cases as the present classification does not include all the entities.