bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning the Hard Way: Expectations and Experiences of Infant Feeding Support
Authors: Redshaw Maggie , Henderson Jane
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Background:  Breastfeeding involves learning for women and their infants. For emotional, social, and developmental reasons this type of feeding is recommended for all newborn infants but for those in exceptional circumstances. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of what is needed in the early days to enable women to initiate and continue breastfeeding their infants.

Methods:  Data from a large‐scale national survey of women’s experience of maternity care in England were analyzed using qualitative methods, focusing on the feeding‐related responses.

Results:  A total of 2,966 women responded to the survey (62.7% response rate), 2,054 of whom wrote open text responses, 534 relating to infant feeding. The main themes identified were “the mismatch between women’s expectations and experiences” and “emotional reactions” at this time, “staff behavior and attitudes,” and “the organization of care and facilities.” Subthemes related to seeking help, conflicting advice, pressure to breastfeed, the nature of interactions with staff, and a lack of respect for women’s choices, wishes, previous experience, and knowledge.

Conclusions:  Many women who succeeded felt that they had “learned the hard way” and some of those who did not, felt they were perceived as “bad mothers” and women who had in some way “failed” at one of the earliest tasks of motherhood. What women perceived to be staff perceptions affected how they saw themselves and what they took away from their early experience of infant feeding. (BIRTH 39:1 March 2012)
Uncertainty and Variability in Product Carbon Footprinting
Authors: Weber Christopher L.
Published: January 2012

Recent years have seen increasing interest in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions accounting, also known as carbon footprinting, due to drivers such as transportation fuels policy and climate‐related eco‐labels, sometimes called carbon labels. However, it remains unclear whether applications of greenhouse gas accounting, such as carbon labels, are supportable given the level of precision that is possible with current methodology and data. The goal of this work is to further the understanding of quantitative uncertainty assessment in carbon footprinting through a case study of a rackmount electronic server. Production phase uncertainty was found to be moderate (±15%), though with a high likelihood of being significantly underestimated given the limitations in available data for assessing uncertainty associated with temporal variability and technological specificity. Individual components or subassemblies showed varying levels of uncertainty due to differences in parameter uncertainty (i.e., agreement between data sets) and variability between production or use regions. The use phase displayed a considerably higher uncertainty (±50%) than production due to uncertainty in the useful lifetime of the server, variability in electricity mixes in different market regions, and use profile uncertainty. Overall model uncertainty was found to be ±35% for the whole life cycle, a substantial amount given that the method is already being used to set policy and make comparative environmental product declarations. Future work should continue to combine the increasing volume of available data to ensure consistency and maximize the credibility of the methods of life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprinting. However, for some energy‐using products it may make more sense to increase focus on energy efficiency and use phase emissions reductions rather than attempting to quantify and reduce the uncertainty of the relatively small production phase.
Novel Sialon‐Based Ceramics Toughened by Ferro‐Molybdenum Alloy
Authors: Huang Zhao‐Hui , Yang Jing‐Zhou , Liu Yan‐Gai , Fang Ming‐Hao , Huang Jun‐Tong , Sun Hao‐Ran , Huang Sai‐Fang
Published: January 2012

High‐toughness Sialon ceramic matrix composites containing alloy second‐phase particles were fabricated by hot pressing at a relatively low temperature of 1600°C. Substantially improved fracture toughness of 8.0 MPa·m1/2 was achieved through the addition of varying amounts of ferro‐molybdenum alloy particles. The microstructure of the composites was characterized and crack propagation behavior was observed to understand the toughening mechanisms. The results showed that crack deflection and crack bridging are the principal mechanisms in the toughening of these types of ceramic composites.
Thrombophylaxis and bleeding complications after cesarean section
Authors: SNIJDER CLAUDIA A. , CORNETTE JERÔME M.W. , HOP WIM C.J. , KRUIP MARIEKE J.H.A. , DUVEKOT JOHANNES J.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To evaluate the safety of different regimes of thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) in women undergoing cesarean section. Design: Retrospective single‐center cross‐sectional study. Setting: University Medical Center, The Netherlands. Population: All women that delivered by cesarean section in the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, between January 2004 and December 2007 received thromboprophylaxis. We included women who received thromboprophylaxis according to the routine administration schedule at that time. Methods: Three different consecutive regimes of thromboprophylaxis were used. In the first period, women received dalteparin 5000IU pre‐ and postoperatively (group A), in the second period, nadroparin 5700IU was administered pre‐ and postoperatively (group B), and in the third period, nadroparin 2850IU was administered not earlier than 6–12 hours postoperatively (group C). Detailed information on individual characteristics, cesarean section and postpartum period were extracted from patient files. Main outcome measures: Postoperative bleeding complications. Results: A total of 1527 women were eligible and included. In group B, significantly more women experienced bleeding complications (necessitating either conservative treatment or re‐laparotomy) compared with the other two groups (19/574 women in group B vs. 9/647 in group A and 1/306 in group C). After adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age, body mass index, and occurrence of preeclampsia/hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) these effects remained significant (p=0.005). The incidence of thromboembolism was not different in the three groups. Conclusions: Different regimes of thromboprophylaxis in women with cesarean section influenced the occurrence of bleeding complications.
Update on in vitro allergy diagnostics
Authors: Treudler Regina
Published: January 2012

Component‐resolved diagnostics (CRD) have become of growing importance in clinical investigation of IgE‐mediated allergies. This review updates the current use of CRD in respiratory allergies (e. g. to pollen, animal dander, mites, latex), as well as in allergies to hymenoptera venom or in food allergies to plants (e. g. Bet v 1 homologues, lipid transfer proteins, storage proteins) or to animal‐derived food allergens (e. g. milk, meat, fish). CRD may help to elucidate the clinical relevance of an allergic sensitization. In some cases, CRD may also be useful in predicting either severity of clinical reactions or the therapeutic effect of specific immunotherapy.
SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF SWEET POTATO CULTIVARS WITH VARYING FLESH COLORS
Authors: LEKSRISOMPONG P.P. , WHITSON M.E. , TRUONG V.D. , DRAKE M.A.
Published: January 2012

The sensory characteristics of sweet potatoes (n = 12 cultivars) with varying flesh color (orange, purple, yellow) and the impact of flesh colors on consumer acceptance were evaluated. A lexicon was developed for sweet potato flavor followed by consumer acceptance testing conducted with and without blindfold conditions to identify if color or visual cues impacted consumer acceptance. Cluster analysis was performed on overall liking scores followed by external preference mapping to identify the drivers of liking for sweet potatoes. The lexicon differentiated sweet potatoes. Appearance (visual appearance) positively impacted liking scores of products that were not well liked but had a lower impact on liking when the sweet potato was well liked suggesting that flavor and texture were the driving attributes for liking. Three consumer clusters were found for overall liking. All clusters liked smooth texture, brown sugar and dried apricot flavor and sweet taste and disliked bitter, umami, astringent mouthfeel, vanilla aroma and residual fibers. Clusters were differentiated by the liking of visual moistness and color homogeneity, white potato, canned carrot and dried apricot flavors, chalky, firmness, denseness and fibrous texture. Sweet potatoes with unfamiliar colors were accepted by all consumers but different sensory characteristics appealed to different consumer groups.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batata) are nutritious and have numerous health benefits. The orange‐fleshed cultivars are the most familiar to consumers, but other cultivars with varying flesh color have been identified. The sensory properties of these various sweet potatoes and the drivers of liking are not established. The development of a sensory lexicon for sweet potatoes allowed for characterization of sensory properties and assisted in the understanding of key consumer liking attributes for sweet potatoes. These results can assist sweet potato breeders or marketers in understanding the impact of color and the importance of flavor and texture of sweet potatoes for the consumer fresh market.
Once‐daily versus multiple‐daily mesalamine for patients with ulcerative colitis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: TONG Jin Lu , HUANG Mei Lan , XU Xi Tao , QIAO Yu Qi , RAN Zhi Hua
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE:  To systematically review the efficacy and safety of once‐daily (OD) mesalamine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) compared with multiple‐daily (MD) mesalamine.

METHODS:  Electronic databases up to July 2011 were searched for related studies evaluating the efficacy of OD vs MD for treatment of UC. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered eligible. Remission rates or relapse rates were analyzed using intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) analysis. Pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot.

RESULTS:  Overall 10 RCTs including 9 full‐text manuscripts and one abstract met the inclusion criteria. OD dosing of mesalamine was shown to be as effective as MD dosing for the maintenance of clinical remission in patients with quiescent UC (RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.89–1.12) by ITT analysis. For active UC, a mild but significant benefit was achieved by OD dosing compared with MD dosing (RR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.64–0.99). Total adverse events were similar using OD and MD mesalamine in quiescent UC (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.93–1.20). Compliance with OD was slightly better than with MD (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.82–1.03).

CONCLUSIONS:  OD mesalamine is as effective and has a comparable safety profile as MD regimens for the maintenance treatment of UC, and is even more effective for inducing remission in active UC.
Attention to body mass index by child psychiatry providers when prescribing second‐generation antipsychotic medication to children: a survey study using a clinical vignette
Authors: Fromson John A. , Sutton‐Skinner Kelly M. , Gorrindo Tristan , Baer Lee , Romeo Sarah A. , Rieu‐Werden Meghan L. , Birnbaum Robert J.
Published: January 2012

Aim: We sought to determine whether weight and body mass index measurement were taken into consideration when prescribing second‐generation antipsychotic (SGA) medication to a child.

Methods: Two hundred clinicians were surveyed using a hypothetical clinical case vignette at a child psychopharmacology, postgraduate medical education course. The vignette described an overweight 10‐year‐old boy who was about to be prescribed an SGA medication to control psychotic symptoms. The reference to the patient's being ‘overweight’ was purposefully included to determine if providers would assess the patient's risk of morbidity from the metabolic side effects of the SGAs at the time of prescribing.

Results: Only 7.0% of prescribers listed either ‘body mass index’ or a combination of ‘height’ and ‘weight’ as part of their next treatment steps for an overweight child before prescribing an SGA.

Conclusions: These results suggest the need for education as to the importance of body mass index monitoring when prescribing second‐generation antipsychotic medications to children.
Modeling biogeochemical impacts of bioenergy buffers with perennial grasses for a row‐crop field in Illinois
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Gayathri , Cristina Negri MARIA , Salas William
Published: January 2012

Current research on the environmental sustainability of bioenergy has largely focused on the potential of bioenergy crops to sequester carbon and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and possible impacts on water quality and quantity. A key assumption in these studies is that bioenergy crops will be grown in a manner similar to current agricultural crops such as corn and hence would affect the environment similarly. In this study, we investigate an alternative cropping system where bioenergy crops are grown in buffer strips adjacent to current agricultural crops such that nutrients present in runoff and leachate from the traditional row‐crops are reused by the bioenergy crops (switchgrass, miscanthus and native prairie grasses) in the buffer strips, thus providing environmental services and meeting economic needs of farmers. The process‐based biogeochemical model Denitrification‐Decomposition (DNDC) was used to simulate crop yield, nitrous oxide production and nitrate concentrations in leachate for a typical agricultural field in Illinois. Model parameters have been developed for the first time for miscanthus and switchgrass in DNDC. Results from model simulations indicated that growing bioenergy crops in buffer strips mitigated nutrient runoff, reduced nitrate concentrations in leachate by 60–70% and resulted in a reduction of 50–90% in nitrous oxide emissions compared with traditional cropping systems. While all the bioenergy crop buffers had significant positive environmental benefits, switchgrass performed the best with respect to minimizing nutrient runoff and nitrous oxide emissions, while miscanthus had the highest yield. Overall, our model results indicated that the bioenergy crops grown in these buffer strips achieved yields that are comparable to those obtained for traditional agricultural systems while simultaneously providing environmental services and could be used to design sustainable agricultural landscapes.
Water use in a sugarcane plantation
Authors: Cabral Osvaldo M. R. , Rocha Humberto R. , Gash John H. , Ligo Marcos A. V. , Tatsch Jonatan D. , Freitas Helber C. , Brasilio Emília
Published: January 2012

The evapotranspiration (E) from a sugarcane plantation in the southeast Brazil was measured by the eddy‐covariance method during two consecutive cycles. These represented the second (393 days) and third year (374 days) re‐growth (ratoon). The total E in the first cycle was 829 mm, accounting for 69% of rainfall, whereas in the second cycle, it was 690 mm, despite the total rainfall (1353 mm) being 13% greater. The ratio of E to available energy, the evaporative fraction, exhibited a smaller variation between the first and second cycles: 0.58 and 0.51, respectively. The estimated interception losses were 88 and 90 mm, respectively, accounting for approximately 7% of the total rainfall. The sugarcane yield in the second cycle (61.5 ± 4.0 t ha−1) was 26% lower than the first cycle, as well as lower than the regional average for the third ratoon (76 t ha−1). The below average yield was associated with less available soil water at the beginning of the cycle, with the amount of rainfall recorded during the first 120 days of re‐growth in the second cycle being 16% of that recorded in the first (203 mm).
The Bunburra Rockhole meteorite fall in SW Australia: fireball trajectory, luminosity, dynamics, orbit, and impact position from photographic and photoelectric records
Authors: SPURNÝ Pavel , BLAND Philip A. , SHRBENÝ Lukáš , BOROVIČKA Jiří , CEPLECHA Zdeněk , SINGELTON Andrew , BEVAN Alex W. R. , VAUGHAN David , TOWNER Martin C. , McCLAFFERTY Terence P. , TOUMI Ralf , DEACON Geoff
Published: January 2012

Abstract– We report an analysis of the first instrumentally observed meteorite fall in Australia, which was recorded photographically and photoelectrically by two eastern stations of the Desert Fireball Network (DFN) on July 20, 2007. The meteoroid with an initial mass of 22 kg entered the atmosphere with a low speed of 13.36 km s−1 and began a luminous trajectory at an altitude of 62.83 km. In maximum, it reached −9.6 absolute magnitude and terminated after a 5.7 s and 64.7 km long flight at an altitude of 29.59 km with a speed of 5.8 km s−1. The angle of the atmospheric trajectory to the Earth’s surface was 30.9°. The first organized search took place in October 2008 and the first meteorite (150 g) was found 97 m southward from the predicted central line at the end of the first day of searching (October 3, 2008). The second stone (174 g) was recovered 39 m northward from the central line, both exactly in the predicted mass limits. During the second expedition in February 2009, a third fragment of 14.9 g was found again very close (∼100 m) from the predicted position. Total recovered mass is 339 g. The meteorite was designated Bunburra Rockhole (BR) after a nearby landscape structure. This first DFN sample is an igneous achondrite. Initial petrography indicated that BR was a brecciated eucrite but detailed analyses proved that BR is not a typical eucrite, but an anomalous basaltic meteorite (Bland et al. 2009). BR was delivered from an unusual, Aten type orbit (a < 1 AU) where virtually the entire orbit was contained within Earth’s orbit. BR is the first achondrite fall with a known orbit and it is one of the most precise orbits ever calculated for a meteorite dropping fireball.
“Why Haven’t We Been Taught All That At School?” Crosscultural Community Projects in North Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wronska‐Friend Maria
Published: January 2012

Abstract  The city of Cairns, in north Queensland, is home to one of the most diverse populations of Australia. Situated close to South and Southeast Asia as well as the Pacific islands, it has been attracting migrants for more than 120 years. Local museums, run by historical societies, focus almost exclusively on the experience of Anglo‐Celtic settlers. Maria Wronska‐Friend, Cairns‐based curator and Museum Development Officer during 2000–2010, organized 14 community‐based exhibitions that addressed the history, contributions, and the process of cultural adaptation of “forgotten” peoples: migrants from south China, Hmong refugees from Laos, Sikh sugar cane farmers, recent migrants from Papua New Guinea, and Europeans who came as Displaced Persons after World War II. Presented in easily accessible public spaces, the exhibitions helped to create a crosscultural dialogue and made an important contribution to non‐formal education. A visitor asked in the comment book: “Why haven’t we been taught all that at school?”
Art in the Rotunda: The Cham Collection at the National Museum of Vietnamese History
Authors: Huong Nguyen Thi Thu
Published: January 2012

Abstract  National museums play an important role in representing national identities in complex and culturally diverse societies. The National Museum of Vietnamese History was established by the government in 1958 to preserve the country’s national heritage and present a discourse of nation building from prehistory up to 1945, when the country gained independence from French colonialism. Among the museum’s permanent exhibits, a collection of Champa sculptures is presented in the rotunda, separately from the main historical displays. The Champa Kingdom, approximately from the second to the nineteenth centuries in the present day central Vietnam, is known for its outstanding artistic and architectural achievements. In 1832, Champa was absorbed by and Cham people became an ethnic minority group in present‐day Vietnam. This paper analyzes the representation of the museum's Cham collection and explores how the politics of display of contested materials has changed through time and in forming national identity construction in the museum.
Barrier height determination of Au/Oxidized GaAs/n-GaAs using ballistic electron emission spectroscopy
Authors: Qin Hailang , Liu Zhiqiang , Troadec Cedric , Goh Kuan Eng Johnson , Bosman Michel , Ong Beng Sheng , Chiam Sing Yang , Pey Kin Leong
Published: January 2012

Ballistic electron emission spectroscopy (BEES) was used to determine the electron barrier height at the interface of Au and an oxidized GaAs film. Two thresholds were observed in the spectra. In a two-step procedure, we identified the first threshold at ∼1.4 eV, which we show arose from electron-hole pairs excited by photons emitted during scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the second threshold at ∼3.55 eV, which is attributed to the Au/oxidized-GaAs barrier. Our results demonstrate that the two-threshold behavior observed in BEES studies on metal/oxide samples is amenable to a physical model comprising of STM photocurrent and a metal/oxide interface barrier.
Focus Issue: Wnt and β-Catenin Signaling in Development and Disease
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: January 2012

Research reveals new functions for Wnt in cancer, tooth development, and neuronal pathfinding.
Musical Chairs
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: January 2012

Two players and one chair regulate this plant hormone signaling cascade.
Stoner Transport
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: January 2012

The transporter for an endocannabinoid is a catalytically inactive form of an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid.
Phactr4 Integrin Antagonism
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: January 2012

An adaptor protein opposes integrin signaling to promote cofilin signaling and thereby directed cell migration.
Changing Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance and Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Asian Countries: an Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study
Authors: Kim So Hyun , Song Jae-Hoon , Chung Doo Ryeon , Thamlikitkul Visanu , Yang Yonghong , Wang Hui , Lu Min , So Thomas Man-kit , Hsueh Po-Ren , Yasin Rohani M. , Carlos Celia C. , Pham Hung Van , Lalitha M. K. , Shimono Nobuyuki , Perera Jennifer , Shibl Atef M. , Baek Jin Yang , Kang Cheol-In , Ko Kwan Soo , Peck Kyong Ran
Published: January 2012

Antimicrobial resistance in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
remains a serious concern worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, despite the introduction of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). The Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) performed a prospective surveillance study of 2,184
S. pneumoniae
isolates collected from patients with pneumococcal infections from 60 hospitals in 11 Asian countries from 2008 to 2009. Among nonmeningeal isolates, the prevalence rate of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci (MIC, ≥4 μg/ml) was 4.6% and penicillin resistance (MIC, ≥8 μg/ml) was extremely rare (0.7%). Resistance to erythromycin was very prevalent in the region (72.7%); the highest rates were in China (96.4%), Taiwan (84.9%), and Vietnam (80.7%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 59.3% of isolates from Asian countries. Major serotypes were 19F (23.5%), 23F (10.0%), 19A (8.2%), 14 (7.3%), and 6B (7.3%). Overall, 52.5% of isolates showed PCV7 serotypes, ranging from 16.1% in Philippines to 75.1% in Vietnam. Serotypes 19A (8.2%), 3 (6.2%), and 6A (4.2%) were the most prominent non-PCV7 serotypes in the Asian region. Among isolates with serotype 19A, 86.0% and 79.8% showed erythromycin resistance and MDR, respectively. The most remarkable findings about the epidemiology of
S. pneumoniae
in Asian countries after the introduction of PCV7 were the high prevalence of macrolide resistance and MDR and distinctive increases in serotype 19A.
Myxobacterium-Produced Antibiotic TA (Myxovirescin) Inhibits Type II Signal Peptidase
Authors: Xiao Yao , Gerth Klaus , Müller Rolf , Wall Daniel
Published: January 2012

Antibiotic TA is a macrocyclic secondary metabolite produced by myxobacteria that has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. The structure of TA is unique, and its molecular target is unknown. Here, we sought to elucidate TA's mode of action (MOA) through two parallel genetic approaches. First, chromosomal
Escherichia coli
TA-resistant mutants were isolated. One mutant that showed specific resistance toward TA was mapped and resulted from an IS
4
insertion in the
lpp
gene, which encodes an abundant outer membrane (Braun's) lipoprotein. In a second approach, the comprehensive
E. coli
ASKA plasmid library was screened for overexpressing clones that conferred TA
r
. This effort resulted in the isolation of the
lspA
gene, which encodes the type II signal peptidase that cleaves signal sequences from prolipoproteins. In whole cells, TA was shown to inhibit Lpp prolipoprotein processing, similar to the known LspA inhibitor globomycin. Based on genetic evidence and prior globomycin studies, a block in Lpp expression or prevention of Lpp covalent cell wall attachment confers TA
r
by alleviating a toxic buildup of mislocalized pro-Lpp. Taken together, these data argue that LspA is the molecular target of TA. Strikingly, the giant
ta
biosynthetic gene cluster encodes two
lspA
paralogs that we hypothesize play a role in producer strain resistance.
Effects of muscle lipid concentration on wild and hatchery brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolt migration
Authors: Larsson Stefan , Serrano Ignacio , Eriksson Lars-Ove
Published: January 2012

Annually, hatchery programs are releasing millions of salmonid smolts into the Baltic Sea. Recent estimations indicate a decline in smolt sea survival, questioning the ecological and socioeconomic values of these programs. Concurrently, hatchery smolts have increased in lipid concentration. Salmonids display partial migration, and it is suggested that the ratio of migrants/residents is affected by individual smolt energetic status. To test whether the increased energetic status of hatchery smolts could explain the noted decrease in survival, we released wild trout smolts, conventional hatchery smolts, and hatchery smolts of low energetic status into a Baltic Sea river. Using telemetry, we obtained data on the number of successful migrants, their swimming speed, and diel migratory behaviour. A much lower proportion of conventional smolts (30%) successfully migrated to the coast. No difference was found between wild (74%) and hatchery smolts of low energetic status (64%). Furthermore, conventional smolts migrated slower and showed no diel migratory pattern. The results are of high relevance for hatchery programs producing partially migrating fish.
Evolution in the block: common elements of 5S rDNA organization and evolutionary patterns in distant fish genera
Authors: Campo Daniel , García-Vázquez Eva
Published: January 2012

The 5S rDNA is organized in the genome as tandemly repeated copies of a structural unit composed of a coding sequence plus a nontranscribed spacer (NTS). The coding region is highly conserved in the evolution, whereas the NTS vary in both length and sequence. It has been proposed that 5S rRNA genes are members of a gene family that have arisen through concerted evolution. In this study, we describe the molecular organization and evolution of the 5S rDNA in the genera Lepidorhombus and Scophthalmus (Scophthalmidae) and compared it with already known 5S rDNA of the very different genera Merluccius (Merluccidae) and Salmo (Salmoninae), to identify common structural elements or patterns for understanding 5S rDNA evolution in fish. High intra- and interspecific diversity within the 5S rDNA family in all the genera can be explained by a combination of duplications, deletions, and transposition events. Sequence blocks with high similarity in all the 5S rDNA members across species were identified for the four studied genera, with evidences of intense gene conversion within noncoding regions. We propose a model to explain the evolution of the 5S rDNA, in which the evolutionary units are blocks of nucleotides rather than the entire sequences or single nucleotides. This model implies a “two-speed” evolution: slow within blocks (homogenized by recombination) and fast within the gene family (diversified by duplications and deletions).
Identification of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene (NDM-1) from a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter junii in China
Authors: Zhou Zhenwen , Guan Ruili , Yang Yiyu , Chen Ling , Fu Jie , Deng Qiulian , Xie Yongqiang , Huang Yong , Wang Jielin , Wang Daowen , Liao Can , Gong Sitang , Xia Huimin
Published: January 2012

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is a novel type of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) responsible for bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Acinetobacter junii was previously shown to possess a MBL phenotype; however, the genes responsible for this phenotype were not identified. In this study, we reported the identification of NDM-1 gene in a clinical isolate of A. junii from a child patient in China, which was resistant to all β-lactams except aztreonam but sensitive to aminoglycosides and quinolones. The cloned NDM-1 gene contained an open reading frame of 813 bp and had a nucleotide sequence 99.9% identical (812/813) to reported NDM-1 genes carried by Acinetobacter baumannii , Enterococcus faecium , Escherichia coli , and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Recombinant NDM-1 protein was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21, and antibiotic sensitivities of the NDM-1-producing E. coli were largely similar to the A. junii 1454 isolate. The findings of this study raise attention to the emergence and spread of NDM-1-carrying bacteria in China.
A DUAL COORDINATE DESCENT ALGORITHM FOR SVMs COMBINED WITH RATIONAL KERNELS
Authors: ALLAUZEN CYRIL , CORTES CORINNA , MOHRI MEHRYAR
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a novel application of automata algorithms to machine learning. It introduces the first optimization solution for support vector machines used with sequence kernels that is purely based on weighted automata and transducer algorithms, without requiring any specific solver. The algorithms presented apply to a family of kernels covering all those commonly used in text and speech processing or computational biology. We show that these algorithms have significantly better computational complexity than previous ones and report the results of large-scale experiments demonstrating a dramatic reduction of the training time, typically by several orders of magnitude.
ANALOGY BETWEEN TURBULENCE AND QUANTUM GRAVITY: BEYOND KOLMOGOROV'S 1941 THEORY
Authors: SUCCI SAURO
Published: January 2012

Simple arguments based on the general properties of quantum fluctuations have been recently shown to imply that quantum fluctuations of spacetime obey the same scaling laws of the velocity fluctuations in a homogeneous incompressible turbulent flow, as described by Kolmogorov 1941 (K41) scaling theory. Less noted, however, is the fact that this analogy rules out the possibility of a fractal quantum spacetime, in contradiction with growing evidence in quantum gravity research. In this Note, we show that the notion of a fractal quantum spacetime can be restored by extending the analogy between turbulence and quantum gravity beyond the realm of K41 theory. In particular, it is shown that compatibility of a fractal quantum spacetime with the recent Horava–Lifshitz scenario for quantum gravity, implies singular quantum wavefunctions. Finally, we propose an operational procedure, based on extended self-similarity techniques, to inspect the (multi)-scaling properties of quantum gravitational fluctuations.
Entanglement Witnesses Arising from Exposed Positive Linear Maps
Authors: Ha Kil-Chan , Kye Seung-Hyeok
Published: January 2012

We consider entanglement witnesses arising from positive linear maps which generate exposed extremal rays. We show that every entangled state can be detected by one of these witnesses, and this witness detects a unique set of entangled states among those. Therefore, they provide a minimal set of witnesses to detect any kind of entanglement in a sense. Furthermore, if those maps are indecomposable then they detect large classes of entangled states with positive partial transposes which have nonempty relative interiors in the cone generated by all PPT states. We also provide a one-parameter family of indecomposable positive linear maps which generate exposed extremal rays. This gives the first examples of such maps in three-dimensional matrix algebra.
MANAGING CUSTOMER-DRIVEN BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION
Authors: PYNNÖNEN MIKKO , HALLIKAS JUKKA , RITALA PAAVO
Published: January 2012

The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry is now reaching saturation point in terms of growth, and constantly increasing demand for services can no longer be taken for granted. Customers have lot of options, and firms have to compete for business ever more intensely. In order to provide evidence of best practices in such environments, this paper reports a case study on customer-driven business model innovation. The resulting four-phase process framework is based on findings from a Pan-Nordic ICT service provider's recently implemented R&D project. On the theoretical level, the framework builds on the value-network and resource-based approaches, whereas in practice it may be useful to firms intending to innovate and redesign their business model in an attempt to provide superior customer value.
DUAL PAIRS OF GABOR FRAMES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC GENERATORS WITHOUT THE PARTITION OF UNITY PROPERTY
Authors: Christensen O. , Jakobsen Mads Sielemann
Published: January 2012

Frames is a strong tool to obtain series expansions in Hilbert spaces under less restrictive conditions than imposed by orthonormal bases. In order to apply frame theory it is necessary to construct a pair of so called dual frames. The goal of the article is to provide explicit constructions of dual pairs of frames having Gabor structure. Unlike the results presented in the literature we do not base the constructions on a generator satisfying the partition of unity constraint.
STRONG INSERTION OF A CONTINUOUS FUNCTION BETWEEN TWO COMPARABLE PRECONTINUOUS (SEMI-CONTINUOUS) FUNCTIONS
Authors: Mirmiran Majid
Published: January 2012

Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of lower cut sets are given for the strong insertion of a continuous function between two comparable real-valued functions.
WEAKLY COMPACT DIFFERENCES OF (WEIGHTED) COMPOSITION OPERATORS
Authors: Wolf Elke
Published: January 2012

We show that weakly compact differences of (weighted) composition operators acting between weighted Bergman spaces of infinite order are automatically compact.
NOTES ON A CURIOUS ARITHMETIC FUNCTION
Authors: Zhong Yuanming , Tan Qianrong
Published: January 2012

Let v2(n) denote the 2-adic valuation of any positive integer n. Recently, Farhi introduced a curious arithmetic function f defined for any positive integer n by [Formula: see text]. Farhi showed that the inequality [Formula: see text] with c = 4.01055487… holds for all positive integer n and conjectured that one can replace the upper bound cn by 4n in this inequality. In this paper, we show two identities about the product [Formula: see text] and then use it to prove partially Farhi's conjecture. Finally, we propose a conjecture from which the truth of Farhi's conjecture can be deduced. In particular, we confirm the truth of our conjecture for all positive integers n up to 100000 by using Matlab 7.1.
Why the CHI community should be involved in standards
Authors: Lund Arnie , Scholtz Jean , Bevan Nigel
Published: January 2012

Public policy increasingly plays a role in influencing the work that we do as HCI researchers, interaction designers, and practitioners. "Public policy" is a broad term that includes both government policy and policy within non-governmental organizations, such as standards bodies. The Interacting with Public Policy forum focuses on topics at the intersection of human-computer interaction and public policy.

Jonathan Lazar, Editor
WikiSym 2011 in Mountain View, California
Authors: Ortega Felipe
Published: January 2012

This report presents a summary of WikiSym 2011, the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration that was held in Mount View (CA, USA) on October 3-5, 2011. The symposium was hosted by Microsoft Research at their Silicon Valley Campus. Andrea Forte, from Drexel University, was the Program Chair and I took the role of General Chair. As in other previous editions, WikiSym 2011 was the meeting point for researchers, practitiones, entrepreneurs and enthusiasts from the whole world interested in open collaboration and its related technologies. The 2011 program included a packed agenda of keynotes, presentations, panels and workshops over the 3 main conference days. The Open Space, and unconference track in WikiSym, promoted further personal interaction among participants with a free agenda of face-to-face meetings set up and conducted by attendees. This report includes a conference review, mainly from my personal notes and first-hand impressions over these days.
Interview with Simon Harper
Authors: Atzenbeck Claus
Published: January 2012

Simon Harper is Chair of ACM SIGWEB, a Senior Lecturer in Computer Science at the University of Manchester, a Senior Member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Chair of the W3C WAI Research and Development Working Group, and research lead for the Web Ergonomics Laboratory, in Manchester. He is interested in how users interact with the Web and how the Web, through its design and technology, enables users to interact with it. Indeed, Simon is primarily looking at the Web from a technical human factors (ergonomics) perspective, and feels a real affinity for hypertext and the human aspects behind its inception.
High speed residue number system (RNS) based FIR filter using distributed arithmetic (DA)
Authors: Das Malay , Sinha Amitabha , Giri Nishant Kumar
Published: January 2012

In this paper high speed Residue Number System (RNS) based FIR filter using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) is proposed. The proposed architecture uses the module set having the value of numbers as small as possible. In case of using Distributed Arithmetic in FIR filter; the size of LUTs gets increased exponentially with the increase of tap of the filter. Here care has been taken so that sizes of LUTs do not get increased. The propooed architecture is designed using verilog HDL; a popular hardware description language [9]. The design is synthesized with ISE 10.1 and implemented on Xilinx's Virtex-4. The propooed architecture is also compared with conventional RNS-DA FIR filter. The results show that the proposed architecture can implement FIR filter with high speed.
Crowdsourcing for information retrieval
Authors: Lease Matthew , Yilmaz Emine
Published: January 2012

The 2nd SIGIR Workshop on Crowdsourcing for Information Retrieval (CIR 2011) was held on July 28, 2011 in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 34th Annual ACM SIGIR Conference1. The workshop brought together researchers and practitioners to disseminate recent advances in theory, empirical methods, and novel applications of crowdsourcing for information retrieval (IR). The workshop program included three invited talks, a panel discussion entitled Beyond the Lab: State-of-the-Art and Open Challenges in Practical Crowdsourcing, and presentation of nine refereed research papers and one demonstration paper. A Best Paper Award, sponored by Microsoft Bing, was awarded to Jun Wang and Bei Yu for their paper entitled Labeling Images with Queries: A Recall-based Image Retrieval Game Approach. A Crowdsourcing Challenge contest was also announced prior to the workshop, sponsored by CrowdFlower. The contest offered both seed funding and advanced technical support for the winner to use CrowdFlower's services for innovative work. Workshop organizers selected Mark Smucker as the winner based on his proposal entitled: The Crowd vs. the Lab: A Comparison of Crowd-Sourced and University Laboratory Participant Behavior. Proceedings of the workshop are available online2 [15].
The 1st international workshop on diversity in document retrieval
Authors: Macdonald Craig , Clarke Charles , Wang Jun
Published: January 2012

When an ambiguous query is received, a sensible approach is for the information retrieval (IR) system to diversify the results retrieved for this query, in the hope that at least one of the interpretations of the query intent will satisfy the user. Diversity is an increasingly important topic, of interest to both academic researchers (such as participants in the TREC Web and Blog track diversity tasks), as well as to search engines professionals. In this workshop, we solicited submissions of both technical papers and position papers on three themes: approaches and models for diversity; the evaluation of diverse search results; and on applications of diverse search results. In the workshop, two invited talks, along with ten refereed papers were presented before breakout groups considered questions and issues with the three workshop themes.
Lower Troposphere Observation over Urban Area with Lidar at 1064 nm
Authors: Deleva Atanaska , Grigorov Ivan
Published: January 2012

An episode of relatively thick (till 3 km) aerosol formation over the urban area of Sofia city was observed by lidar at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The lidar is part of Sofia lidar station at the Institute of Electronics of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Analysis of the weather conditions during the measurement period explains the stable persistence of such formation of human-activity aerosol over the town for the days of observation 20, 21, 23, and 24 June, 2011. The estimated top of the Planetary Boundary Layer for the measurement dated 23 June showed unusually high altitude 2200 m above ground. The results are presented in terms of vertical atmospheric backscatter coefficient profiles and color maps of the aerosol stratification evolution.
Magnetic-Field Immunity Examination and Evaluation of Transcutaneous Energy-Transmission System for a Totally Implantable Artificial Heart
Authors: Yamamoto Takahiko , Koshiji Kohji
Published: January 2012

Transcutaneous energy transmission (TET) is the most promising noninvasive method for supplying driving energy to a totally implantable artificial heart. Induction-heating (IH) cookers generate a magnetic flux, and if a cooker is operated near a transcutaneous transformer, the magnetic flux generated will link with its external and internal coils. This will affect the performance of the TET and the artificial heart system. In this paper, we present the design and development of a coil to be used for a magnetic immunity test, and we detail the investigation of the magnetic immunity of a transcutaneous transformer. The experimental coil, with five turns like a solenoid, was able to generate a uniform magnetic field in the necessary bandwidth. A magnetic-field immunity examination of the TET system was performed using this coil, and the system was confirmed to have sufficient immunity to the magnetic field generated as a result of the conventional operation of induction-heating cooker.
Adoptive Cell Therapy for Lymphoma with CD4 T Cells Depleted of CD137-Expressing Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Goldstein Matthew J. , Kohrt Holbrook E. , Houot Roch , Varghese Bindu , Lin Jack T. , Swanson Erica , Levy Ronald
Published: January 2012

Adoptive immunotherapy with antitumor T cells is a promising novel approach for the treatment of cancer. However, T-cell therapy may be limited by the cotransfer of regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we explored this hypothesis by using 2 cell surface markers, CD44 and CD137, to isolate antitumor CD4 T cells while excluding Tregs. In a murine model of B-cell lymphoma, only CD137negCD44hi CD4 T cells infiltrated tumor sites and provided protection. Conversely, the population of CD137posCD44hi CD4 T cells consisted primarily of activated Tregs. Notably, this CD137pos Treg population persisted following adoptive transfer and maintained expression of FoxP3 as well as CD137. Moreover, in vitro these CD137pos cells suppressed the proliferation of effector cells in a contact-dependent manner, and in vivo adding the CD137posCD44hi CD4 cells to CD137negCD44hi CD4 cells suppressed the antitumor immune response. Thus, CD137 expression on CD4 T cells defined a population of activated Tregs that greatly limited antitumor immune responses. Consistent with observations in the murine model, human lymphoma biopsies also contained a population of CD137pos CD4 T cells that were predominantly CD25posFoxP3pos Tregs. In conclusion, our findings identify 2 surface markers that can be used to facilitate the enrichment of antitumor CD4 T cells while depleting an inhibitory Treg population. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1239–47. ©2012 AACR.
Telomestatin Impairs Glioma Stem Cell Survival and Growth through the Disruption of Telomeric G-Quadruplex and Inhibition of the Proto-oncogene, c-Myb
Authors: Miyazaki Takeshi , Pan Yang , Joshi Kaushal , Purohit Deepti , Hu Bin , Demir Habibe , Mazumder Sarmistha , Okabe Sachiko , Yamori Takao , Viapiano Mariano , Shin-ya Kazuo , Seimiya Hiroyuki , Nakano Ichiro
Published: January 2012

Purpose: Glioma stem cells (GSC) are a critical therapeutic target of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Experimental Design: The effects of a G-quadruplex ligand, telomestatin, were evaluated using patient-derived GSCs, non-stem tumor cells (non-GSC), and normal fetal neural precursors in vitro and in vivo. The molecular targets of telomestatin were determined by immunofluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) and cDNA microarray. The data were then validated by in vitro and in vivo functional assays, as well as by immunohistochemistry against 90 clinical samples.

Results: Telomestatin impaired the maintenance of GSC stem cell state by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The migration potential of GSCs was also impaired by telomestatin treatment. In contrast, both normal neural precursors and non-GSCs were relatively resistant to telomestatin. Treatment of GSC-derived mouse intracranial tumors reduced tumor sizes in vivo without a noticeable cell death in normal brains. iFISH revealed both telomeric and non-telomeric DNA damage by telomestatin in GSCs but not in non-GSCs. cDNA microarray identified a proto-oncogene, c-Myb, as a novel molecular target of telomestatin in GSCs, and pharmacodynamic analysis in telomestatin-treated tumor-bearing mouse brains showed a reduction of c-Myb in tumors in vivo. Knockdown of c-Myb phenocopied telomestatin-treated GSCs both in vitro and in vivo, and restoring c-Myb by overexpression partially rescued the phenotype. Finally, c-Myb expression was markedly elevated in surgical specimens of GBMs compared with normal tissues.

Conclusions: These data indicate that telomestatin potently eradicates GSCs through telomere disruption and c-Myb inhibition, and this study suggests a novel GSC-directed therapeutic strategy for GBMs. Clin Cancer Res; 18(5); 1268–80. ©2012 AACR.
TRAIL Signaling and Synergy Mechanisms Used in TRAIL-Based Combination Therapies
Authors: Hellwig Christian T. , Rehm Markus
Published: January 2012

TRAIL and agonistic antibodies raised against TRAIL death receptors are highly promising new anticancer agents. In this brief review, we describe the recent advances in the molecular understanding of TRAIL signaling and the progress made in using TRAIL or agonistic antibodies clinically in mono- and combination therapies. Synergies have been reported in various scenarios of TRAIL-based multidrug treatments, and these can be used to potentiate the efficacy of therapies targeting TRAIL death receptors. We pay particular attention to structure the current knowledge on the diverse molecular mechanisms that are thought to give rise to these synergies and describe how different signaling features evoking synergies can be associated with distinct classes of drugs used in TRAIL-based combination treatments. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(1); 3–13. ©2012 AACR.