bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Polycarbo-Substituted Quinazolines Derived from the 2-Aryl-4-chloro-6-iodoquinazolines
Authors: Mphahlele Malose , Paumo Hugues , Rhyman Lydia , Ramasami Ponnadurai
Published: August 2015

The reactivity of the 2-aryl-4-chloro-6-iodoquinazolines towards palladium catalyzed sequential (Sonogashira/Suzuki-Miyaura) and one-pot two-step cross-coupling (bis-Sonogashira, and successive Sonogashira/Stille) reactions to afford novel unsymmetrical polycarbo-substituted quinazolines has been evaluated. In contrast to the chloro-bromo substituted quinazolines in which selectivity has been previously found to generally favor substitution at the more activated C(4)-Cl bond over the weaker Csp2-Br bond, substitution in the case of the chloro-iodo derivatives favors cross-coupling through the intrinsically more reactive Csp2-I bond. The electronic absorption and emission properties of the prepared 2,3-diaryl-6-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines were studied in solvents of different polarity (dichloromethane, toluene, DMF, methanol) and CH2Cl2-TFA mixture using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques complemented with density functional theory method to establish the effect of substituents on intramolecular charge transfer properties.
Impact of Carbon Nano-Onions on Hydra vulgaris as a Model Organism for Nanoecotoxicology
Authors: Marchesano Valentina , Ambrosone Alfredo , Bartelmess Juergen , Strisciante Federica , Tino Angela , Echegoyen Luis , Tortiglione Claudia , Giordani Silvia
Published: August 2015

The toxicological effects of pristine and chemically modified carbon nano-onions (CNOs) on the development of the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris were investigated in order to elucidate the ecotoxicological effects of CNOs. Chemical modifications of the CNOs were accomplished by surface functionalization with benzoic acid, pyridine and pyridinium moieties. thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the covalent surface functionalization of CNOs. Hydra specimens were exposed to the carbon nanomaterials by prolonged incubation within their medium. Uptake was monitored by optical microscopy, and the toxicological effects of the CNOs on Hydra behavior, morphology, as well as the long-term effects on the development and reproductive capability were examined. The obtained data revealed the absence of adverse effects of CNOs (in the range 0.05–0.1 mg/L) in vivo at the whole animal level. Together with previously performed in vitro toxicological analyses, our findings indicate the biosafety of CNOs and the feasibility of employing them as materials for biomedical applications.
Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Luxembourg Adults: Evidence from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors (ORISCAV-LUX) Study
Authors: Alkerwi Ala'a , Sauvageot Nicolas , Gilson Georges , Stranges Saverio
Published: August 2015

Evidence on vitamin D status and related risk factors in Luxembourg adults is lacking. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and related risk factors among healthy adults in Luxembourg. Based on clinicians’ observations, it was hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency might be common in our population, constituting a significant public health concern. A nationally representative random sample of 1432 adults was enrolled in the ORISCAV-LUX study, 2007–2008. The participants were divided into four categories according to their serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses used weighted methods to account for the stratified sampling scheme. Only 17.1% of the population had a “desirable” serum 25(OH)D level ≥75 nmol/L, whereas 27.1% had “inadequate” [serum 25(OH)D level 50–74 nmol/L], 40.4% had “insufficient” [serum 25(OH)D level 25–49 nmol/L], and 15.5% had “deficient” [serum 25(OH)D level <25 nmol/L)]. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was greater among current smokers, obese subjects, those having reduced HDL-cholesterol level and fair/poor self-perception of health, compared to their counterparts. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was additionally higher among nondrinkers of alcohol, Portuguese and subjects from non-European countries. The final multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that smoking status and obesity were independent correlates of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. Inadequate vitamin D status is highly prevalent among adults in Luxembourg and is associated with specific lifestyle factors. Along with the effect of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency on the risk of several diseases, cancer and mortality, our findings have practical implications for public health dietary recommendations, and of particular importance for healthcare practitioners and policy makers.
Antifungal Activity of 14-Helical β-Peptides against Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Candida Species
Authors: Raman Namrata , Lee Myung-Ryul , Lynn David , Palecek Sean
Published: August 2015

Candida albicans is the most prevalent cause of fungal infections and treatment is further complicated by the formation of drug resistant biofilms, often on the surfaces of implanted medical devices. In recent years, the incidence of fungal infections by other pathogenic Candida species such as C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis has increased. Amphiphilic, helical β-peptide structural mimetics of natural antimicrobial α-peptides have been shown to exhibit specific planktonic antifungal and anti-biofilm formation activity against C. albicans in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that β-peptides are also active against clinically isolated and drug resistant strains of C. albicans and against other opportunistic Candida spp. Different Candida species were susceptible to β-peptides to varying degrees, with C. tropicalis being the most and C. glabrata being the least susceptible. β-peptide hydrophobicity directly correlated with antifungal activity against all the Candida clinical strains and species tested. While β-peptides were largely ineffective at disrupting existing Candida biofilms, hydrophobic β-peptides were able to prevent the formation of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis biofilms. The broad-spectrum antifungal activity of β-peptides against planktonic cells and in preventing biofilm formation suggests the promise of this class of molecules as therapeutics.
Disposal Options of Bamboo Fabric-Reinforced Poly(Lactic) Acid Composites for Sustainable Packaging: Biodegradability and Recyclability
Authors: Fazita M.R. , Jayaraman Krishnan , Bhattacharyya Debes , Hossain Md. , Haafiz M.K. , H.P.S. Abdul
Published: August 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the recyclability and biodegradability of bamboo fabric-reinforced poly(lactic) acid (BF-PLA) composites for sustainable packaging. BF-PLA composite was recycled through the granulation, extrusion, pelletization and injection processes. Subsequently, mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength), thermal stability and the morphological appearance of recycled BF-PLA composites were determined and compared to BF-PLA composite (initial materials) and virgin PLA. It was observed that the BF-PLA composites had the adequate mechanical rigidity and thermal stability to be recycled and reused. Moreover, the biodegradability of BF-PLA composite was evaluated in controlled and real composting conditions, and the rate of biodegradability of BF-PLA composites was compared to the virgin PLA. Morphological and thermal characteristics of the biodegradable BF-PLA and virgin PLA were obtained by using environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The first order decay rate was found to be 0.0278 and 0.0151 day−1 in a controlled composting condition and 0.0008 and 0.0009 day−1 in real composting conditions for virgin PLA and BF-PLA composite, respectively. Results indicate that the reinforcement of bamboo fabric in PLA matrix minimizes the degradation rate of BF-PLA composite. Thus, BF-PLA composite has the potential to be used in product packaging for providing sustainable packaging.
A Framework for Sustainable Urban Water Management through Demand and Supply Forecasting: The Case of Istanbul
Authors: Yalçıntaş Murat , Bulu Melih , Küçükvar Murat , Samadi Hamidreza
Published: August 2015

The metropolitan city of Istanbul is becoming overcrowded and the demand for clean water is steeply rising in the city. The use of analytical approaches has become more and more critical for forecasting the water supply and demand balance in the long run. In this research, Istanbul’s water supply and demand data is collected for the period during 2006 and 2014. Then, using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, the time series water supply and demand forecasting model is constructed for the period between 2015 and 2018. Three important sustainability metrics such as water loss to supply ratio, water loss to demand ratio, and water loss to residential demand ratio are also presented. The findings show that residential water demand is responsible for nearly 80% of total water use and the consumption categories including commercial, industrial, agriculture, outdoor, and others have a lower share in total water demand. The results also show that there is a considerable water loss in the water distribution system which requires significant investments on the water supply networks. Furthermore, the forecasting results indicated that pipeline projects will be critical in the near future due to expected increases in the total water demand of Istanbul. The authors suggest that sustainable management of water can be achieved by reducing the residential water use through the use of water efficient technologies in households and reduction in water supply loss through investments on distribution infrastructure.
Wolbachia Do Not Induce Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Immune Pathway Activation in Aedes albopictus
Authors: Molloy Jennifer , Sinkins Steven
Published: August 2015

Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, causing millions of infections annually. It naturally carries, at high frequency, the intracellular inherited bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia strains wAlbA and wAlbB; transinfection with the higher-density Wolbachia strain wMel from Drosophila melanogaster led to transmission blocking of both arboviruses. The hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced immune activation plays a role in arbovirus inhibition in this species was examined. In contrast to previous observations in Ae. aegypti, elevation of ROS levels was not observed in either cell lines or mosquito lines carrying the wild-type Wolbachia or higher-density Drosophila Wolbachia strains. There was also no upregulation of genes controlling innate immune pathways or with antioxidant/ROS-producing functions. These data suggest that ROS-mediated immune activation is not an important component of the viral transmission-blocking phenotype in this species.
Variation in life‐history traits and their plasticities to elevational transplantation among seed families suggests potential for adaptative evolution of 15 tropical plant species to climate change
Authors: Ensslin Andreas , Fischer Markus
Published: August 2015

• Premise of the study: Because not all plant species will be able to move in response to global warming, adaptive evolution matters largely for plant persistence. As prerequisites for adaptive evolution, genetic variation in and selection on phenotypic traits are needed, but these aspects have not been studied in tropical species. We studied how plants respond to transplantation to different elevations on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, and whether there is quantitative genetic (among‐seed family) variation in and selection on life‐history traits and their phenotypic plasticity to the different environments.

• Methods: We reciprocally transplanted seed families of 15 common tropical, herbaceous species of the montane and savanna vegetation zone at Mt. Kilimanjaro to a watered experimental garden in the montane (1450 m) and in the savanna (880 m) zone at the mountain's slope and measured performance, reproductive, and phenological traits.

• Results: Plants generally performed worse in the savanna garden, indicating that the savanna climate was more stressful and thus that plants may suffer from future climate warming. We found significant quantitative genetic variation in all measured performance and reproductive traits in both gardens and for several measures of phenotypic plasticity in response to elevational transplantation. Moreover, we found positive selection on traits at low and intermediate trait values levelling to neutral or negative selection at high values.

• Conclusions: We conclude that common plants at Mt. Kilimanjaro express quantitative genetic variation in fitness‐relevant traits and in their plasticities, suggesting potential to adapt evolutionarily to future climate warming and increased temperature variability.
The non‐native plant Rosa multiflora expresses shade avoidance traits under low light availability
Authors: Dlugos Daniel M. , Collins Hilary , Bartelme Elise M. , Drenovsky Rebecca E.
Published: August 2015

• Premise of the study: Shade tolerance is a key trait promoting invasive plant performance in forest interiors. Rosa multiflora is a problematic invasive shrub in the northeastern United States, occurring in edge habitats and encroaching into forests. Our objective was to evaluate the shade tolerance of R. multiflora to assess how ecophysiological traits may facilitate its spread into forest interiors.

• Methods: In the field, we documented shrub and seed bank density, fecundity, phenology, and seasonal photosynthetic rates of R. multiflora in contrasting light environments. In the greenhouse, we exposed seedlings to simulated canopy treatments by altering spectral quantity and quality, mimicking habitats ranging from open fields to forest interiors.

• Key results: In the field, shrub density and fecundity of R. multiflora sharply increased with light availability. However, no differences were observed between forest edge and interior seed banks. Rosa multiflora initiated leaf growth earlier and retained leaves longer than canopy vegetation and tended to have higher photosynthetic rates in spring and fall. In the greenhouse, plants displayed shade‐avoidance traits, decreasing relative growth rate and reducing branching, while increasing elongation and showing no change in light response curve parameters.

• Conclusions: In deciduous forest understories, R. multiflora appears to make use of a lengthened growing season in spring and fall, and therefore, substantial growth and spread through intact forests appears dependent on canopy gaps. Management should focus on reducing edge populations to reduce spread into the interior and on monitoring newly created canopy gaps.
Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation
Authors: Caron Arnaud , Bennewitz Roland
Published: August 2015

We combine non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and AFM indentation in ultra-high vacuum to quantitatively and reproducibly determine the hardness and deformation mechanisms of Pt(111) and a Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass with unprecedented spatial resolution. Our results on plastic deformation mechanisms of crystalline Pt(111) are consistent with the discrete mechanisms established for larger scales: Plasticity is mediated by dislocation gliding and no rate dependence is observed. For the metallic glass we have discovered that plastic deformation at the nanometer scale is not discrete but continuous and localized around the indenter, and does not exhibit rate dependence. This contrasts with the observation of serrated, rate-dependent flow of metallic glasses at larger scales. Our results reveal a lower size limit for metallic glasses below which shear transformation mechanisms are not activated by indentation. In the case of metallic glass, we conclude that the energy stored in the stressed volume during nanometer-scale indentation is insufficient to account for the interfacial energy of a shear band in the glassy matrix.
Shale Oil and Gas: The Promise and the Peril, Revised and Updated Second Edition
Authors:   Research Triangle Energy Consortium, Rao Vikram
Published: August 2015

In the first edition, Shale Gas: The Promise and the Peril, Vikram Rao explained that shale gas has the potential to transform the U.S. energy-based economy in the electricity, transportation, and chemical sectors. Since then, shale oil burst into the national consciousness even more rapidly than did shale gas. In the second edition, Rao does more justice to the shale oil–related issues, including the consequences of unpreparedness of infrastructure to deliver fluids to market. Six new chapters discuss issues such as chemicals disclosure and challenges to the orthodoxy in the production of fuels and chemicals. Both the first and second editions are intended to inform both sides of the fracturing debate, where currently rhetoric is overtaking understanding. Tailored for a nontechnical audience—with technical chemistry and geology information couched in sidebars—the second edition culminates in suggestions for research and guidance for policy making.
Polyaxial Screws in Locked Plating of Tibial Pilon Fractures
Authors: Yenna Zachary C. , Bhadra Arup K. , Ojike Nwakile I. , Burden Robert L. , Voor Michael J. , Roberts Craig S.
Published: August 2015

This study examined the axial and torsional stiffness of polyaxial locked plating techniques compared with fixed-angle locked plating techniques in a distal tibia pilon fracture model. The effect of using a polyaxial screw to cross the fracture site was examined to determine its ability to control relative fracture site motion. A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the biomechanical stiffness of distal tibia fracture models repaired with 3.5-mm anterior polyaxial distal tibial plates and locking screws. Sawbones Fourth Generation Composite Tibia models (Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc, Vashon, Washington) were used to model an Orthopaedic Trauma Association 43-A1.3 distal tibia pilon fracture. The polyaxial plates were inserted with 2 central locking screws at a position perpendicular to the cortical surface of the tibia and tested for load as a function of axial displacement and torque as a function of angular displacement. The 2 screws were withdrawn and inserted at an angle 15° from perpendicular, allowing them to span the fracture and insert into the opposing fracture surface. Each tibia was tested again for axial and torsional stiffness. In medial and posterior loading, no statistically significant difference was found between tibiae plated with the polyaxial plate and the central screws placed in the neutral position compared with the central screws placed at a 15° position. In torsional loading, a statistically significant difference was noted, showing greater stiffness in tibiae plated with the polyaxial plate and the central screws placed at a 15° position compared with tibiae plated with the central screws placed at a 0° (or perpendicular) position. This study showed that variable angle constructs show similar stiffness properties between perpendicular and 15° angle insertions in axial loading. The 15° angle construct shows greater stiffness in torsional loading. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(8):e663–e667.]
Optimal Management of High-Energy Pilon Fractures
Authors: Chan Raymond , Taylor Benjamin C. , Gentile John
Published: August 2015

The ideal treatment method for fibular fractures associated with high-energy pilon injuries remains unknown. In this investigation, the authors reviewed a consecutive series of 137 patients who sustained high-energy pilon injuries and assessed the effect of fibular fixation and timing on radiographic and clinical outcomes. At a mean follow-up of 18.7 months, the authors found that the presence or lack of fibular fixation did not have an effect on the timing or rate of union of the pilon fractures; similarly, there was no significant difference between these groups regarding the presence or development of coronal or sagittal malalignment intraoperatively or at final follow-up. Fibular union rates were also not significantly different between groups, but fibular fixation increased operative time in a statistically significant manner. Interestingly, when comparing fibular fixation during the temporization stage vs the definitive fixation stage, the authors found that early fixation of the fibular fracture also had no effect on alignment, healing, or complication rates. Fixation of the fibula during external fixation placement statistically increased operative time during temporization but did not significantly decrease operative time during definitive stabilization. The authors cannot recommend fibular fixation with all associated pilon fractures because the presence or timing of fibular fixation does not significantly change the radiographic outcomes, complication rate, or need for future surgical interventions. Future clinical analysis is needed to further delineate the indication for fibular fixation in this scenario. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(8):e708–e714.]
Thin-Walled Cross-Linked Acetabular Liners Need Not Exhibit Reduced Locking Strength
Authors: Murtha Andrew S. , Roy Marcel E. , Whiteside Leo A. , Tilden David S. , Schmitt Krystal L.
Published: August 2015

Use of larger diameter femoral heads has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce the risk of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty, but thinning the walls of cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular liners to accommodate these larger heads may compromise the locking mechanism of the liner. The purpose of this study was to test the mechanical integrity of the locking mechanism in cross-linked and re-melted UHMWPE acetabular components with reduced wall thickness. The locking mechanism of cross-linked (100 kGy/re-melted) acetabular liners in sizes 50/28, 50/36, and 52/36 mm of 1 design was evaluated by lever-out tests and torsion tests. Torsion tests were performed at 2 angles to isolate the liner’s locking tabs independent of the contribution of its central post. Lever-out testing demonstrated nominally reduced failure strength in 50/36-mm liners (13.3 N · m) compared with 50/28-mm liners (12.3 N · m;
P
=.0502), whereas the lever-out strength of 52/36-mm liners was 12.2±0.94 N · m. Failure torques were similar between 50/28- and 50/36-mm liners at 45° and 90°, but the failure torque of size 52/36-mm liners was significantly higher at each angle. The use of larger diameter femoral heads does not compromise the locking mechanism of thinned MicroSeal (Signal Medical Corp, Marysville, Michigan) acetabular liners. Use of a cross-linked UHMWPE acetabular liner, with a locking mechanism that is not compromised when the liner is thinned to a thickness of at least 2.86 mm, appears to be a biomechanically sound construct when articulated with large diameter femoral heads. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(8):e727–e732.]
Corrective Osteotomy for Ipsilateral Distal Clavicular and Coracoid Malunions
Authors: Yoshida Atsushi
Published: August 2015

Malunion after double disruption injuries of the superior shoulder suspensory complex accompanied by shoulder pain and dysfunction has been reported infrequently. A 37-year-old man had a double disruption injury (fractures of the distal clavicle and the base of the coracoid process). Conservative treatment resulted in malunion. Twelve months after the injury, pain continued in the coracoclavicular interval, and there was only 125° forward shoulder elevation. Radiographs showed 50° inferior angulation of the distal clavicle and elongated base of the coracoid process. Corrective osteotomy was required; however, the concomitant malunion of the coracoid prevented correction of the deformity with osteotomy of the distal clavicle alone. Therefore, osteotomy of the coracoid was performed. Twelve months postoperatively, successful bone union resulted in loss of pain. Forward elevation had recovered to 160°. Distal clavicular fractures with concomitant coracoid fractures are often significantly displaced, which disrupts physiologic coupling of clavicular and scapular motion and limits forward elevation. In the case of such malunions, excessive movement at the clavicle-scapula junction during mobilization causes pain in the coracoclavicular interval. Correction of this deformity requires osteotomy of both the clavicular and coracoid malunions. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(8):e742–e745.]
Alexithymia: Should This Personality Disorder Be Considered During Treatment of Patients With Mental Illness?
Authors: Reeves Roy R. , Johnson-Walker Deidra
Published: August 2015

Alexithymia is characterized by impairment of an individual’s ability to experience, identify, and express emotions, and is associated with impaired emotional intelligence and an externally oriented cognitive style. There has been increasing interest in the phenomenon, with numerous peer-reviewed articles published recently. Alexithymia may occur in patients with many psychiatric disorders, and more severe alexithymia is related to worse outcome. However, many clinicians remain unaware of the issue. The current article discusses alexithymia and its importance in the field of mental health. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 53
(8), 25–29.]
Improving Awareness of an Acute Psychiatric Unit’s Capacity for Admission
Authors: Benolkin Lauren , Kinstler Dan , Delaney Kathleen R.
Published: August 2015

New admissions to psychiatric inpatient units can significantly impact the environment and level of safety. Maintaining safety is a core and critical responsibility of nursing, but nurses are often overlooked in the decision to admit a patient. Missed opportunities for dialogue between nurses and the admitting physician challenge nurses’ ability to proactively manage the therapeutic environment. When nurses are limited in this ability, the outcome can be an unpredictable and unstable milieu. In a 25-bed acute psychiatric inpatient unit, a formalized communication system among the multidisciplinary admission team was developed. Data collected over 1 year demonstrated improved safety. Increasing the admitting provider’s awareness of the current unit acuity and involving the nursing staff early in the admission process improved collaboration among care team members and reduced risks to maintaining milieu safety. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
,
53
(8), 30–35.]
Intraocular Radio-Opaque Ring
Authors: Shieh Christine , Folz Emily , Fekrat Sharon
Published: August 2015

A radiologist noted a radio-opaque object in the eye of a woman undergoing X-ray examination to determine the safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water’s X-ray shows the titanium locking c-ring of a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis. This ring was added in 2004 to prevent intraocular disassembly of the device. The nonmagnetic ring does not prevent MRI imaging. The titanium locking c-ring and the titanium or polymethyl methacrylate back plate of the Boston keratoprosthesis are safe for MRI imaging.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:xxx–xxx.]
CXCL9 Regulates TGF-β1–Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells
Authors: O’Beirne Sarah L. , Walsh Sinead M. , Fabre Aurélie , Reviriego Carlota , Worrell Julie C. , Counihan Ian P. , Lumsden Robert V. , Cramton-Barnes Jennifer , Belperio John A. , Donnelly Seamas C. , Boylan Denise , Marchal-Sommé Joëlle , Kane Rosemary , Keane Michael P.
Published: August 2015

Epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT), whereby fully differentiated epithelial cells transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). CXCR3 and its ligands are recognized to play a protective role in pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the presence and extent of EMT and CXCR3 expression in human IPF surgical lung biopsies and assessed whether CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL9 modulate EMT in alveolar epithelial cells. Coexpression of the epithelial marker thyroid transcription factor-1 and the mesenchymal marker α-smooth muscle actin and CXCR3 expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining of IPF surgical lung biopsies. Epithelial and mesenchymal marker expression was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence in human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells treated with TGF-β1 and CXCL9, with Smad2, Smad3, and Smad7 expression and cellular localization examined by Western blotting. We found that significantly more cells were undergoing EMT in fibrotic versus normal areas of lung in IPF surgical lung biopsy samples. CXCR3 was expressed by type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts in fibrotic areas in close proximity to cells undergoing EMT. In vitro, CXCL9 abrogated TGF-β1–induced EMT. A decrease in TGF-β1–induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 occurred with CXCL9 treatment. This was associated with increased shuttling of Smad7 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it inhibits Smad phosphorylation. This suggests a role for EMT in the pathogenesis of IPF and provides a novel mechanism for the inhibitory effects of CXCL9 on TGF-β1–induced EMT.
B Cell–Specific MHC Class II Deletion Reveals Multiple Nonredundant Roles for B Cell Antigen Presentation in Murine Lupus
Authors: Giles Josephine R. , Kashgarian Michael , Koni Pandelakis A. , Shlomchik Mark J.
Published: August 2015

B cells have both Ab-dependent and Ab-independent functions in systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ab-independent functions are known to be important, because mice with B cells but no secreted Ig have severe disease. These functions could include roles in lymphoid development, cytokine secretion, and Ag presentation; however, these possibilities have not been directly tested in SLE models. In this study, we show by lineage-specific ablation of MHC class II (MHCII) that B cell Ag presentation plays a nonredundant role in CD4+ T cell activation and effector differentiation in the MRL.Faslpr mouse model of SLE. MHCII-mediated interactions between B and T cells further promote B cell proliferation and differentiation, and, in fact, inefficient MHCII deletion on B cells led to strong selection of escaped cells in activated and plasmablast compartments, further underscoring the central role of B cell Ag presentation. Despite the leakiness in the system, B cell–specific MHCII deletion resulted in substantially ameliorated clinical disease. Hence, B cell Ag presentation is critical for T and B cell activation and differentiation, as well as target organ damage.
MicroRNA-15/16 Antagonizes Myb To Control NK Cell Maturation
Authors: Sullivan Ryan P. , Leong Jeffrey W. , Schneider Stephanie E. , Ireland Aaron R. , Berrien-Elliott Melissa M. , Singh Anvita , Schappe Timothy , Jewell Brea A. , Sexl Veronika , Fehniger Todd A.
Published: August 2015

NK cells develop in the bone marrow and complete their maturation in peripheral organs, but the molecular events controlling maturation are incompletely understood. The miR-15/16 family of microRNA regulates key cellular processes and is abundantly expressed in NK cells. In this study, we identify a critical role for miR-15/16 in the normal maturation of NK cells using a mouse model of NK-specific deletion, in which immature NK cells accumulate in the absence of miR-15/16. The transcription factor c-Myb (Myb) is expressed preferentially by immature NK cells, is a direct target of miR-15/16, and is increased in 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells. Importantly, maturation of 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells was rescued by Myb knockdown. Moreover, Myb overexpression in wild-type NK cells caused a defective NK cell maturation phenotype similar to deletion of miR-15/16, and Myb overexpression enforces an immature NK cell transcriptional profile. Thus, miR-15/16 regulation of Myb controls the NK cell maturation program.
The effect of grape seed extract and vitamin C feed supplementation on some blood parameters and HSP70 gene expression of broiler chickens suffering from chronic heat stress
Authors: Hajati Hosna , Hassanabadi Ahmad , Golian Abolghasem , Nassiri-Moghaddam Hassan , Reza Nassiri Mohammad
Published: August 2015

In this experiment, the effect of hydroalcoholic grape seed extract (GSE) and vitamin C feed supplementation on some blood parameters and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70 gene) expression of broiler chickens suffering from chronic heat stress was investigated. Experimental diets included control diet (with no additive), 3 levels of GSE (150, 300, 450 mg/kg), and one level of vitamin C (300 mg/kg). Each diet was fed to 5 replicates of 12 male chicks each, from d 1 to 42. The birds suffered from chronic daily heat stress under 34±1°C temperature with 65 to 70% relative humidity for 5 h from 29 to 42 d of age. Results showed that 300 mg/kg GSE supplementation increased body weight of broilers both before and after heat stress condition (at 28 and 42 d, respectively). Also, birds fed 300 mg GSE/kg diet had higher European production efficiency factor during the whole period of the experiment. Supplementation of GSE decreased the concentration of serum glucose at 28 and 42 d; at 42 d (during heat stress condition) and at 450 mg/kg diet it decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, lowand very low density lipoprotein concentration of serum blood. Vitamin C supplementation decreased serum cholesterol concentration of broilers suffering from heat stress. HSP70 gene expression in heart and liver of broilers reduced by GSE and vitamin C supplementation pre- and during chronic heat stress condition.
Volume change theory for syringomyelia: A new perspective
Authors: Rai Survendra Kumar , Rai Pooja
Published: August 2015

Background: The etiopathogenesis of syringomyelia is still an enigma. The authors present a novel theory based on fluid dynamics at the craniovertebral (CV) junction to explain the genesis of syringomyelia (SM). The changes in volume of spinal canal, spinal cord, central canal and spinal subarachnoid space (SSS) in relation to the posterior fossa have been analysed, specifically during postural movements of flexion and extension. The effect of fluctuations in volume of spinal canal and its contents associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics at the CV junction have been postulated to cause the origin and propagation of the syringomyelia. The relevant literature on the subject has been reviewed and the author's theory has been discussed. Conclusion: Volume of spinal canal in flexion is always greater than that in extension. Flexion of spine causes narrowing of the ventral subarachnoid space (SAS) and widening of dorsal SAS while extension causes reverse changes leading to fluid movement in dorsal spinal SAS in flexion and ventral spinal SAS in extension. Cervical and lumbar spinal region with maximum bulk hence maximum area and volume undergo maximum deformation during postural changes. SSS CSF is the difference between the volume of spinal canal and spinal cord, varies in flexion and extension which is compensated by changes in posterior fossa (CSF) volume in normal circumstances. Blocked SAS at foramen magnum donot permit spinal SAS CSF exchange which during postural changes is compensated by cavitatory/cystic (syrinx) change at locations in cervical and lumbar spine with propensity for maximum deformation. Augmentation of posterior fossa volume by decompression helps by normalization of this CSF exchange dynamics but immobilizing the spinal movement theoretically will cease any dynamic volume changes thereby minimizing the destructive influence of the fluid exchange on the cord. Thus, this theory strengthens the rational of treating patients by either methodology.
Safe and accurate placement of thoracic and thoracolumbar percutaneous pedicle screws without image-navigation
Authors: Nimjee Shahid , Karikari Isaac , Hardin A. , Choi Jonathan , Powers Ciaran , Brown Christopher , Isaacs Robert
Published: August 2015

Background: Percutaneous pedicle screw placement is now commonly used to treat spinal instability. It is imperative, especially at thoracic levels, to avoid damage to adjacent neurovascular structures. Although more technically demanding when compared with the lumbar spine, we believe that the percutaneous placement of thoracic pedicle screws can be performed safely without image-navigation. Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the safety of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine without image-navigation. Study Design / Setting: A retrospective study at a single institution. Patient Sample: Patients over the age of 18 years who presented with degenerative disease, trauma or tumor that required surgical stabilization. Outcome Measures: Our outcomes included postoperative plain film X-rays and computerized tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients who underwent percutaneous pedicle screw placement without image-navigation between T2 and L2. Results: Between 2005 and 2011, a total of 507 pedicle screws were placed in 120 patients. The indications included trauma (17%), tumor (8%), and degenerative conditions (75%). The mean age was 61.3 years (range: 20-81 years). Fifty-seven percent were male, and 43% were female. The mean blood loss was 297 ± 40 ml. All patients underwent postoperative anterior-posterior and lateral films that showed safe placement of pedicle screws. Moreover, 57% of patients underwent postoperative CT imaging. There was 1 (0.4%) medial breach and 13 (5%) lateral breaches of the pedicle screw patients who underwent CT imaging as read by an independent neuroradiologist. None of the breaches resulted in adverse neurological sequelae either immediately after or at most recent follow-up. Conclusion: Thoracic and thoracolumbar percutaneous pedicle screw placement can be performed safely and accurately without image-navigation.
Enigmatic intracranial cyst causing diplopia and trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Pelluru Pavan , Rajesh Alugolu
Published: August 2015

Chronic compression by intracranial cystic lesions can cause cranial nerve palsies and bony changes. With the advent of imaging techniques, grossly accurate diagnosis is possible. However, few cases do surprise the clinicians both intra, and postoperatively. A 27-year-old male presented to us with complaints of double vision for 4 months followed by sharp, shooting pain in the left V1 and V2 distribution for 1-month duration, on examination, he had left lateral palsy and decreased pin prick and temperature sensation in V1 distribution. On computed tomography scan, a cystic lesion noted which is isodense in the middle cranial fossa with erosion of the underlying bone. On magnetic resonance imaging lesion was iso to hyperintense on T1-Weighted and hyperintense on T2-Weighted, brilliantly enhancing on contrast administration. Provisional diagnosis was trigeminal schwannoma, left temporal craniotomy and total excision of the cyst done. Histopathological examination showed cyst wall lined with collagen. Postoperatively patient neuralgic pain subsided with persisting sixth nerve palsy.
Rare occurrence of intracranial epidermoid tumor in an unusual location with atypical radiological features
Authors: Sarkar Hrishikesh , Vijaya G , Mitta Suresh
Published: August 2015

Intracranial epidermoid tumors are benign rare tumors that arise due to dysembryogenesis. Thought rare, they have characteristic radiological features such as their magnetic resonance imaging signal intensities and a typical location. We present a rare case of intracranial epidermoid tumor in a young female patient that was unusually located within the left frontal lobe and had certain atypical radiological findings. Preoperatively, this lesion was erroneously presumed to be a low grade glioma or a dermoid. Therefore, this case report prompts us to include atypical epidermoid cyst in the list of differential diagnosis for nonenhancing lobar tumors.
Multiple meningiomas consisting of fibrous meningioma, transitional meningioma, and meningotheliomatous meningioma in one adult patient
Authors: Yudoyono Farid , Sidabutar Roland , Arifin Muhammad , Faried Ahmad
Published: August 2015

Multiple histopathology of meningioma is a condition in which the patient has more than one histopathology feature of meningioma in different intracranial locations, with or without sign of neurofibromatosis. Meningiomas are the most common, non-glial, primitive intracranial tumors; their prevalence among operated tumors is around 13-19%. They may occur at any age, but have a peak incidence around 45 years of age. The incidence of multiple intracranial meningiomas varies from 1% to 10% in different series, and the frequency of multiple meningiomas without neurofibromatosis was reported to be <3%.
Skin Carcinogenesis Studies Using Mouse Models with Altered Polyamines
Authors: Nowotarski Shannon L. , Feith David J. , Shantz Lisa M.
Published: August 2015

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a major health concern worldwide. With increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and patients taking photosensitizing medications, the incidence of NMSC continues to rise. Mouse models of NMSC allow us to better understand the molecular signaling cascades involved in skin tumor development in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the models designed to determine the role of the polyamines in NMSC development and maintenance. Elevated polyamines are absolutely required for tumor growth, and dysregulation of their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes has been observed in NMSC. Studies using mice with genetic alterations in epidermal polyamines suggest that they play key roles in tumor promotion and epithelial cell survival pathways, and recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of polyamine metabolism show promise in individuals at high risk for NMSC.
HMPL: A Pipeline for Identifying Hemimethylation Patterns by Comparing Two Samples
Authors: Sun Shuying , Li Peng
Published: August 2015

DNA methylation (the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine) is an important epigenetic event in mammalian cells because it plays a key role in regulating gene expression. Most previous methylation studies assume that DNA methylation occurs on both positive and negative strands. However, a few studies have reported that in some genes, methylation occurs only on one strand (ie, hemimethylation) and has clustering patterns. These studies report that hemimethylation occurs on individual genes. It is unclear whether hemimethylation occurs genome-wide and whether there are hemimethylation differences between cancerous and noncancerous cells. To address these questions, we have developed the first-ever pipeline, named hemimethylation pipeline (HMPL), to identify hemimethylation patterns. Utilizing the available software and the newly developed Perl and R scripts, HMPL can identify hemimethylation patterns for a single sample and can also compare two different samples.
Public architectural art and its spirits of instability*
Authors: Bertoni Aura , Montagnani Maria Lillà
Published: August 2015

When applied to public architectural art, the instability of copyright law is emphasized by the presence of many conflicting interests as well as by the identitarian dimension that architectural expression conveys. After surveying the struggle to obtain copyright protection for architectural works, this article analyses these conflicting interests and the unpredictable contours that architectural copyright encompasses, which are the result of cultural and economic demands as well as the social and environmental needs expressed by individuals, public bodies or collective entities. Then, the identitarian dimension of the architectural phenomenon is addressed to show that public architectural art can be, at the same time, an expression of individuals, communities and the state – where by ‘expression’ we refer to both the interests involved and the reason why protection is given to a specific interest. This exercise aims at understanding how to cope with copyright instability in public architectural art and face the unpredictable effects that it may cause by giving a more concrete meaning to ‘the public interest’, and, more precisely, by giving more substance to the identities that this concept expresses.
Tactical destabilization for economic justice: the first phase of the 1984–2004 rhythm & blues royalty reform movement
Authors: Stahl Matt
Published: August 2015

This article examines an early (1980s) phase in a two-decade effort towards ‘royalty reform’ in the US recording industry, whereby ageing African American rhythm & blues performers sought to redress systematic underpayment of record royalties. The record companies to which these performers had signed in the 1940s and 1950s had contractually obligated themselves to provide biannual statements of royalty accounts, and to pay artists record royalties, once initial costs had been recouped. Yet this is rarely how things turned out, and many performers found themselves broke and vulnerable as they reached retirement age, even though many of their records had remained in print and selling for decades.

Drawing conceptually on critical race theory and social science scholarship, and empirically on primary source and archival documents, the article outlines the 1950s recording industry's ‘racialized political economy’ and offers an account of singer Ruth Brown and attorney Howell Begle's innovative and successful effort to narrate a counter-history of fraudulent accounting practices and casual racism that helped pressure companies like Warner Communications, MCA and Capitol/EMI into forgiving old production debts, renegotiating 40-year-old contracts, and paying millions of dollars in restitution through the formation and funding of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation.
O MEC-INEP contra a Reforma Capanema: renovação do ensino secundário na década de 1950
Authors: Dallabrida Norberto
Published: August 2015

Este artigo tem o intuito de compreender o modelo pedagógico renovador do ensino secundário brasileiro que foi colocado em circulação em textos publicados, na segunda metade da década de 1950, no periódico “Educação e Ciências Sociais – Boletim do Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Educacionais”. Considera-se que um modelo pedagógico é produzido, colocado em circulação de diversificados modos e apropriado de forma específica e inventiva. Na difusão escrita, os periódicos educativos têm um papel importante na medida em que estão vinculados a posições no campo educacional. Por um lado, este artigo procura compreender a proposta renovadora de Jayme Abreu, como técnico do INEP, sobre o ensino secundário; de outra parte, explora as prescrições da Diretoria do Ensino Secundário do Ministério da Educação e Cultura para as classes secundárias experimentais. Numa época marcada por acirrados debates educacionais, intenta-se dar visibilidade ao modelo pedagógico renovador do ensino secundário brasileiro, que se opunha à Reforma Capanema.