bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network‐coded diversity protocol for collision recovery in slotted ALOHA networks
Authors: Cocco G. , Alagha N. , Ibars C. , Cioni S.
Published: November 2013

We propose a collision recovery scheme for symbol‐synchronous slotted ALOHA based on physical layer network coding over extended Galois fields. Information is extracted from colliding bursts allowing to achieve higher maximum throughput with respect to previously proposed collision recovery schemes. An energy efficiency analysis is also performed, and it is shown that by adjusting the transmission probability, high energy efficiency can be achieved. A performance evaluation is carried out using the proposed algorithms, revealing remarkable performance in terms of normalized throughput. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects for analyzing ancient RNA in preserved materials
Authors: Guy Paul L.
Published: November 2013

An ever increasing wealth of ancient biological material is providing opportunities to study biomolecules. Animal, plant, and microbial samples dating back hundreds, thousands, and even millions of years have been preserved in a dry state under climatic conditions ranging from the arctic to hot deserts. Various small molecules, often crystalized or polymerized, have improved preservation. Modern methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mass spectrometry, and shotgun sequencing have detected and characterized ancient biomolecules. Modern sequencing has the capacity not only to assemble the whole genome of the target host but also those of the host's parasites, mutualists, and commensals. The study of ancient RNA has barely begun. Several studies show that RNA has been preserved for decades to hundreds of years and the germination of ancient seeds implies that messenger RNA can be preserved for thousands of years. This review briefly examines the types of ancient materials available and assesses their suitability for the study of ancient RNA. Sequencing RNA from this material has the potential not only to illuminate the target host's transcriptome and small RNAs but also to characterize the host's RNA parasites: viruses and viroids. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:87–94. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1199

This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico
Significance of Serum Potassium Level Monitoring during the Course of Post‐Operative Rehabilitation in Patients with Hypokalemia
Authors: Lu Guanzhen , Xu Lingfang , Zhong Yan , Shi Ping , Shen Xuhui
Published: November 2013

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the significance of pre‐hospital and post‐operative serum potassium level monitoring and hypokalemia intervention in laparotomy patients with hypokalemia.

Method

A total of 118 laparotomy patients with hypokalemia were randomly divided into an intervention group (N = 60) and a control group (N = 58). Blood samples were collected for measurement of potassium levels at various time points (pre‐admission, admission, 24 h and 48 h post‐operation) for both groups. Hypokalemia interventions were administered to patients in the intervention group in the pre‐admission period and the post‐operative period. Visceral dynamics were assessed after laparotomy in both groups.

Result

Average serum potassium levels at admission, time period of drinking, and time of first bowel sound after laparotomy differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the two groups. Average serum potassium levels, first time of defecation, urination, and ambulation at 24 h and 48 h post‐operation differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two groups.

Conclusion

An optimal pathway of serum potassium monitoring not only saves limited ward space but also allows for early correction of hypokalemia in patients undergoing laparotomy.
Ecological consequences through responses of plant and soil communities to changing winter climate
Authors: Mori Akira S. , Fujii Saori , Kurokawa Hiroko
Published: November 2013

Community processes are now undergoing substantial reconfiguration because of climate change. Although the effects of climate change on ecosystems are currently a major concern, the issues tightly associated with winter climate change have been underrepresented. Given the importance of winter climate variables and events for determining the spatial distribution of communities and their phenological and physiological responses, and the functional roles of each species, all of which are expected to substantially influence community dis/re‐assemble in the future, this review focuses on the ecological responses and consequences of terrestrial communities to changing winter climate. In particular, the effects on processes supported by biological interactions are largely undetermined. In this context, focusing on plant–soil feedback as a major interactive multi‐system is worthwhile; these interactions can be disentangled through careful evaluation of the functional roles of organisms involved in the feedback (i.e., plants and soil organisms). The underlying mechanisms are indeed complex because direct (i.e., changes in physical conditions) and indirect pathways (i.e., plant‐mediated influences on soil‐organisms and vice versa) from winter climate change influence the functionality of future ecosystems. To face these issues, the framework of response–effect‐traits deserves research priority since this can define community re‐organization as the accumulated responses of individual species, which determines the stability and performance of ecosystem functioning. Thus, research that quantifies functional responses and roles of organisms under a changing climate will continue to be essential for the issues of winter climate change, which may become more serious and significant in the near future.
Comparison of the Effect of Individual and Combined Zr and Mn Additions on the Fracture Behavior of Al-Cu-Li Alloy AA2198 Rolled Sheet
Authors: Tsivoulas Dimitrios , Prangnell Philip B.
Published: November 2013

The effect of individual and combined addition of dispersoid-forming alloying elements Zr and Mn on the fracture behavior of the Al-Cu-Li alloy 2198 has been investigated by the Kahn tear test. Overall, the standard baseline 2198 alloy containing only Zr exhibited the best performance, while the alloy with the combined presence of Zr and Mn was slightly inferior. The lowest properties were seen for a Zr-free 2198-0.4Mn alloy variant. In the T351 temper fracture initiated at coarse constituent particles that formed large cavities and microvoid sheets linked the initial sites of void growth. In the Mn-containing alloys microvoids clearly nucleated at the coarser Al20Cu2Mn3 dispersoids within the microstructure, while this was not identifiable for the finer coherent Al3Zr dispersoids. However, this difference in the mechanism of cavity linkage had little effect on the overall toughness of the materials, which was more closely related to the effect of Mn and Zr on the level of recrystallization. Extended artificial aging promoted grain boundary decohesion due to the precipitation of high densities of T1 particles on GBs and favored a cleavage fracture mode. Particle decohesive fracture was also promoted by T1 precipitation on the Mn dispersoids.
The efficacy of neuroprosthesis in young hemiplegic patients, measured by three different gait indices: Early results
Authors: Danino Barry , Khamis Sam , Hemo Yoram , Batt Reuven , Snir Erel , Wientroub Shlomo , Hayek Shlomo
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To evaluate functional electrical stimulation (FES) neuroprothesis as a method to improve gait in hemiplegic patients, using three different gait scoring methods as measures.

Methods

Five hemiplegic patients (four with cerebral palsy at GMFCS I, one with diffuse pontine glioma) with a mean age of 16.5 years were given a FES neuroprosthesis (NESS® L300™) that was applied and calibrated individually. After an adaptation period during which the participants increased their daily use of the neuroprosthesis, gait was assessed with the stimulation off and with the FES on. Kinematic, kinetic, and temporal spatial data were determined using motion analysis and summarized by three scoring methods: Gait Profile Score (GPS), Gait Deviation Index (GDI), and Gillette Gait Index (GGI). Indices were calculated using the Gaitabase program available online. Patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year.

Results

When comparing gait with and without stimulation, all scoring methods showed improvement. GPS and GDI of the affected leg were significantly improved: 12.23–10.23° ( p = 0.017) and 72.36–78.08 ( p = 0.002), respectively. By applying the movement analysis profile, the decomposed GPS score, we found that only the ankle dorsiflexion and the foot progression angle were significantly changed. GGI of the affected leg showed improvement, but without statistical significance: 168.88–131.64 ( p = 0.221). Total GPS of legs and the GPS, GDI, and GGI of the nonaffected leg showed improvement without statistical significance. At the 1-year follow-up, all patients expressed high satisfaction and continued to use the device.

Conclusions

Dorsiflexion functional electrical stimulation improves gait in hemiplegic patients, as reflected by GPS, GDI, and GGI.
Regional atrophy is associated with impairment in distinct cognitive domains in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Smits Lieke L. , Tijms Betty M. , Benedictus Marije R. , Koedam Esther L.G. E. , Koene Teddy , Reuling Ilona E.W. , Barkhof Frederik , Scheltens Philip , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L. , Wattjes Mike P. , van der Flier Wiesje M.
Published: November 2013

Background

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), some patients present with cognitive impairment other than episodic memory disturbances. We evaluated whether occurrence of posterior atrophy (PA) and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) could account for differences in cognitive domains affected.

Methods

In 329 patients with AD, we assessed five cognitive domains: memory, language, visuospatial functioning, executive functioning, and attention. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was rated visually for the presence of MTA and PA. Two‐way analyses of variance were performed with MTA and PA as independent variables, and cognitive domains as dependent variables. Gender, age, and education were covariates. As PA is often encountered in younger patients, analyses were repeated after stratification for age of onset (early onset, ≤ 65 years).

Results

The mean age of the participants was 67 years, 175 (53%) were female, and the mean Mini‐Mental State Examination (score ± standard deviation) was 20 ± 5 points. Based on dichotomized magnetic resonance imaging ratings, 84 patients (26%) had MTA and PA, 98 (30%) had MTA, 57 (17%) had PA, and 90 (27%) had neither. MTA was associated with worse performance on memory, language, and attention (all, P < .05), and PA was associated with worse performance on visuospatial and executive functioning (both, P < .05). Stratification for age showed in patients with late‐onset AD (n = 173) associations between MTA and impairment on memory, language, visuospatial functioning, and attention (all, P < .05); in early‐onset AD (n = 156), patients with PA tended to perform worse on visuospatial functioning.

Conclusions

Regional atrophy is related to impairment in specific cognitive domains in AD. The prevalence of PA in a large set of patients with AD and its association with cognitive functioning provides support for the usefulness of this visual rating scale in the diagnostic evaluation of AD.
Back Strength Predicts Walking Improvement in Obese, Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Vincent Kevin R. , Seay Amanda N. , Conrad Bryan P. , Hurley Robert W. , George Steven Z.
Published: November 2013

Objective

To compare the effects of 4 months of isolated lumbar resistance exercise and total body resistance exercise on walking performance in obese, older adults with chronic low back pain. A secondary analysis examined whether responsiveness to training modulated walking improvement.

Design

Randomized, controlled trial.

Setting

Research laboratory affiliated with tertiary care facility.

Methods and Intervention

Participants (N = 49; 60–85 years) were randomized into a 4‐month resistance exercise intervention (TOTRX), lumbar extensor exercise intervention (LEXT), or a control group (CON).

Main Outcome Measurements

Walking performance, maximal low back strength and leg strength, and average resting and low back pain severity score (from an 11‐point numerical pain rating scale; NRSpain) were collected at baseline and month 4.

Results

The TOTRX and LEXT improved lumbar extensor strength relative to CON, and the TOTRX (P < .05). NRSpain scores at month 4 were lowest in the TOTRX group compared with the LEXT and CON groups, respectively (2.0 ± 1.7 points vs 3.7 ± 2.6 points and 4.6 ± 2.4 points; P < .006). A total of 53% and 67% of participants in the TOTRX and LEXT groups were responders who made lumbar extensor strength gains that achieved ≥20% greater than baseline values. Although the TOTRX demonstrated the greatest improvement in walking endurance among the intervention groups, this did not reach significance (10.1 ± 12.2% improvement in TOTRX vs 7.4 ± 30.0% LEXT and −1.7 ± 17.4% CON; P = .11). Gait speed increased most in the TOTRX (9.0 ± 13.5%) compared with the LEXT and CON groups (P < .05). The change in lumbar extensor strength explained 10.6% of the variance of the regression model for the change in walking endurance (P = .024).

Conclusions

The use of LEXT and TOTRX produced similar modest improvements in patients’ walking endurance. Lumbar extensor strength gain compared with leg strength gain is a moderate but important contributor to walking endurance in obese older adults with chronic low back pain. Responders to resistance exercise programs (event those with only lumbar extension exercise) who make at least a 20% improvement in strength can expect better improvement in walking endurance than those who do not achieve this strength improvement.
Disparities in Wheelchair Procurement by Payer Among People With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Groah Suzanne L. , Ljungberg Inger , Lichy Alison , Oyster Michelle , Boninger Michael L.
Published: November 2013

Objective

To identify insurance provider‐related disparities in the receipt of lightweight, customizable manual wheelchairs or power wheelchairs with programmable controls among community‐dwelling people with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Setting

Six Spinal Cord Injury Model System centers.

Design

A multicenter cross‐sectional study.

Participants

A total of 359 individuals at least 16 years of age or older and 1 year after SCI who use a manual or power wheelchair as their primary means of mobility. The subjects were stratified by payer, and payers were grouped according to reimbursement characteristics as follows: Medicaid/Department of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR), private/prepaid, Medicare, Worker's Compensation (WC)/Veterans Affairs (VA), and self pay.

Methods

Demographic, wheelchair, and payer data were collected by medical record review and face‐to‐face interview.

Results

There were 125 participants in the Medicaid/DVR group, 120 in the private/prepaid group, 55 in the Medicare group, 30 in the WC/VA group, and 29 in the self‐pay group. For manual wheelchair users, the likelihood of having a lightweight, customizable wheelchair was 97.5% for private/prepaid, 96.3% for Medicaid/DVR, 94.1% for WC/VA, 87.5% for Medicare, and 82.6% for self pay. For power wheelchair users, those with WC/VA (100%) were most likely to receive a customizable power wheelchair with programmable controls, followed by private/prepaid (95.1%), Medicaid/DVR (86.0 %), Medicare (83.9%), and self pay (50.0%).

Conclusions

The only payer group for which all beneficiaries received wheelchairs that met standard of care were power wheelchairs provided by WC/VA. Fewer than 90% of people whose manual wheelchair was paid for by Medicare and self pay, and whose power wheelchair was paid for by Medicaid/DVR, Medicare, and self pay did not meet standard of care. Although these findings need to be correlated with long‐term risks, such as overuse injuries, breakdowns, and participation, this study demonstrates that disparities in wheelchair procurement by insurance provider persist.
One‐Year All‐Cause Mortality After Stroke: A Prediction Model
Authors: Bates Barbara E. , Xie Dawei , Kwong Pui L. , Kurichi Jibby E. , Ripley Diane Cowper , Stineman Margaret G.
Published: November 2013

Objective

By using data from Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national databases, this article presents and internally validates a 1‐year all‐cause mortality prediction index after hospitalization for acute stroke.

Design

An observational cohort.

Setting

VA medical centers.

Participants

Veterans with a diagnosis of a new stroke who were discharged between October 1, 2006, and September 30, 2008.

Main Outcome Measure

Death due to any cause that occurred between the index hospital discharge date and the 1‐year anniversary of that date.

Results

Within 1‐year after discharge, 1542 (12.3%) of the total 12,565 patients had died. Seventeen risk factors known at the point of hospital discharge remained in the predictive model of 1‐year postdischarge mortality after backward selection, including advanced age, admission from extended care, type of stroke, 8 comorbid conditions, 4 types of procedures that occurred during the index hospitalization, hospital length of stay (longer than 3 weeks), and discharge location. We assigned a score to each variable in the final model and a risk score was determined for each patient by adding up the points for all risk factors present. According to these risk scores, the patients were divided into approximate quartiles that yielded low, moderate, high, and highest mortality likelihood strata. The risk of 1‐year mortality ranged from 2.24% in the lowest quartile to 29.50% in the highest quartile in the derivation cohort and from 2.11%‐30.77% in the validation cohort. Model discrimination demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.785 in the derivation cohort and 0.787 in the validation cohort. The Hosmer‐Lemeshow goodness of fit indicated that the model fit was adequate (P = .69).

Conclusion

When using readily available data, a simple index that stratifies stroke patients at hospital discharge according to low, moderate, high, and highest likelihood of all‐cause 1‐year mortality is feasible and can inform the postdischarge planning process, depending on level of risk.
Similarity models for unsteady free convection flows along a differentially cooled horizontal surface
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Fedorovich Evgeni
Published: November 2013

A class of unsteady free convection flows over a differentially cooled horizontal surface is considered. The cooling, specified in terms of an imposed negative buoyancy or buoyancy flux, varies laterally as a step function with a single step change. As thermal boundary layers develop on either side of the step change, an intrinsically unsteady, boundary-layer-like flow arises in the transition zone between them. Self-similarity model solutions of the Boussinesq equations of motion, thermal energy, and mass conservation, within a boundary-layer approximation, are obtained for flows of unstratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy or buoyancy flux, and flows of stably stratified fluids driven by a surface buoyancy flux. The motion is characterized by a shallow, primarily horizontal flow capped by a weak return flow. Stratification weakens the primary flow and strengthens the return flow. The flows intensify as the step change in surface forcing increases or as the Prandtl number decreases. Simple formulas are obtained for the propagation speeds, trajectories and the evolution of velocity maxima and other local extrema. Similarity-model predictions are verified through numerical simulations in which no boundary-layer approximations are made.
Distress of the Caregiver in Acquired Brain Injury: Positive aspects of care to moderate the effects of psychological problems
Authors: de Arroyabe Elena López , Calvete Esther , Hayas Carlota Las , Zubizarreta Anik
Published: November 2013

Acquired brain injury (ABI) causes numerous problems, including cognitive and personality changes, which can be quite stressful for caregivers. In this study, we aimed to adapt an instrument to measure caregivers’ distress, the Relative Version of the Head Injury Behaviour Scale (HIBS; Godfrey et al., 2003) to the Spanish language and to determine whether the positive aspects of caregiving moderate the effects of the psychological problems of ABI on caregivers’ distress. Moderation analyses indicated that positive aspects of caregiving involving one's outlook on life reduced the association between psychological problems and caregivers’ distress. The findings suggest that although the caregiver role is a source of distress, this role can also become a source of satisfaction, actually contributing to reducing caregivers’ distress. The importance of promoting the positive aspects of caregiving in rehabilitation programmes is discussed.
Influence of TBI Impairments and Related Caregiver Stress on Family Needs in Guadalajara, Mexico
Authors: Sung Connie , Perrin Paul B. , Mickens Melody , Villaseñor Cabrera Teresita , Jimenez-Maldonado Miriam , Martinez-Cortes Maria Luisa , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos
Published: November 2013

This study recruited 90 traumatic brain injury (TBI) caregivers from Guadalajara, Mexico to examine influences of five domains of TBI impairment and related caregiver stress on five types of family needs. Canonical correlations suggested that greater social impairment in individuals with TBI and related caregiver stress were associated with higher informational, household and health needs in families. Meanwhile greater physical impairments in individuals with TBI and related caregiver stress were associated with higher household needs. Additionally, greater emotional impairments in individuals with TBI and related caregiver stress were associated with higher informational needs. Caregiver interventions targeting specific TBI impairments and related caregiver stress may meet family needs and thereby improve the quality of informal care for their family members with TBI.
Future Concerns Among Families Following Brain Injury in the United States: Views from the Brain Injury Association of America State Affiliates
Authors: Tucker Mark , Degeneffe Charles Edmund
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to examine brain injury professionals’ perspectives on the future concerns of families of persons with brain injuries in the United States of America. A total of 28 persons in leadership positions with the Brain Injury Association of America (BIAA) participated. Through qualitative data analysis of an open-ended question in an electronic survey containing both qualitative and quantitative questions, participants identified future concerns related to future caregiving responsibilities, financial concerns, living arrangements, recovery, access to professional care, relationships and employment. The findings indicate that many families are unprepared to meet the future care and support needs of their injured family members.
Wandering anatomists and itinerant anthropologists: the antipodean sciences of race in Britain between the wars
Authors: JONES ROSS L. , ANDERSON WARWICK
Published: November 2013

While the British Empire conventionally is recognized as a source of research subjects and objects in anthropology, and a site where anthropological expertise might inform public administration, the settler-colonial affiliations and experiences of many leading physical anthropologists could also directly shape theories of human variation, both physical and cultural. Antipodean anthropologists like Grafton Elliot Smith were pre-adapted to diffusionist models that explained cultural achievement in terms of the migration, contact and mixing of peoples. Trained in comparative methods, these fractious cosmopolitans also favoured a dynamic human biology, often emphasizing the heterogeneity and environmental plasticity of body form and function, and viewing fixed, static racial typologies and hierarchies sceptically. By following leading representatives of empire anatomy and physical anthropology, such as Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones, around the globe, it is possible to recover the colonial entanglements and biases of interwar British anthropology, moving beyond a simple inventory of imperial sources, and crediting human biology and social anthropology not just as colonial sciences but as the sciences of itinerant colonials.
Effect of altering substrate availability on metabolism and performance during intense exercise
Authors: Hawley John A. , Burke Louise M. , Angus Damien J. , Fallon Kieran E. , Martin David T. , Febbraio Mark A.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of altering substrate availability on metabolism and performance during intense cycling. Seven highly trained men ingested a random order of three isoenergetic meals 90 min before cycling at 80 % maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) for 20 min (about 310 W), followed by a 600 kJ time trial lasting about 30 min. Meals consisted of either 1·2 g saturated fat/kg body mass (BM) with 3500 U heparin intravenously (HIFAT) to elevate circulating plasma free fatty acid (FA) concentration, 2·5 g carbohydrate/kg BM (CHO) to elevate plasma glucose and insulin concentrations or 2·5 g carbohydrate+20 mg nicotinic acid/kg BM (NA) to suppress lipolysis and reduce free FA concentration. HIFAT elevated free FA concentration (HIFAT 1·3 (SEM 0·2), CHO 0·2 (sem 0·1), NA 0·1 (sem 0·1) mm; P<0·001), lowered the RER (HIFAT 0·94 (sem 0·01), CHO 0·97 (sem 0·01), NA 0·98 (sem 0·01); P<0·01) and increased the rate of fat oxidation (HIFAT 24 (sem 3), CHO 12 (sem 2), NA 8 (sem 3) μmol/kg per min; P<0·01) during the 20 min ride. Marked differences in fat availability and fuel utilisation, however, had little effect on performance in the subsequent time trial (HIFAT 320 (sem 16), CHO 324 (sem 15), NA 315 (sem 13) W). We conclude: (1) increased fat availability during intense cycling increases the rate of fat oxidation; but (2) the reduction in the rate of carbohydrate oxidation in the presence of high circulating plasma free FA is unlikely to enhance intense exercise performance lasting about 1 h; (3) substrate selection during intense (about 80 % VO2max) exercise is dominated by carbohydrate oxidation.
Patterns of energy intake in patients with cirrhosis and healthy volunteers
Authors: Madden Angela M. , Morgan Marsha Y.
Published: November 2013

Fuel utilization and N economy are optimized in patients with cirrhosis by provision of several small meals throughout the day and a late-night snack of complex carbohydrate. Currently, however, only limited information is available on the patterns of energy intake in patients with chronic liver disease. The aims of the present study were to determine the number of days required to undertake such an investigation and to observe the daily distribution of energy intake in this patient population. Eight patients with cirrhosis and eight matched healthy volunteers kept weighed dietary intake records for fifteen separate days over a 6-month period. The records were analysed for energy intake per hour and the number and size of energy intake episodes per 24 h calculated. Intake was verified against resting energy expenditure. Fourteen separate observational days were required to investigate the pattern of energy intake in the cirrhotic patients while 20 d were required for healthy volunteers. Considerable inter- and intrasubject variations in the number and size of energy intake episodes were observed in both the patients and healthy volunteers. However, no significant differences were observed between the mean total number of daily energy intake episodes (6·3 (sd1·6)v. 7·0 (sd1·4)) or in the distribution of daily energy intake between the two groups. Most patients and volunteers tended to eat frequent small meals, often including a late-night snack, rather than two or three large meals daily. It should, therefore, be possible to establish optimum patterns of energy intake in these patients in line with recent guidelines.
Thomas Kuhn et l’oubli de la pratique
Authors: FREGA ROBERTO
Published: November 2013

Cet article examine l’œuvre de Thomas Kuhn au prisme du
rôle que joue la notion de pratique dans le développement
de sa théorie de la rationalité scientifique. Je commence
par exposer les enjeux épistémologiques de la
théorie de l’incommensurabilité. Je montre
ensuite comment l’intuition originale d’une conception
pratique et sociale de l’incommensurabilité en vient
à être remplacée par une
interprétation linguistique plus conventionnelle. Dans la
deuxième partie de l’article, j’examine la
solution donnée par Kuhn au problème de
l’incommensurabilité et j’en montre
l’insuffisance. Je montre ensuite que c’est
l’incapacité à penser la dimension
épistémologique de la pratique qui empêche Kuhn
de donner une solution pleinement satisfaisante au problème
épistémologique soulevé par La
structure des révolutions scientifiques.
Comparing the effects of release methods on survival of the Eurasian black vultureAegypius monachusreintroduced in France
Authors: Mihoub Jean-Baptiste , Princé Karine , Duriez Olivier , Lécuyer Philippe , Eliotout Bertrand , Sarrazin François
Published: November 2013

The Near Threatened Eurasian black vultureAegypius monachusis considered highly threatened in Europe, and the species was reintroduced in France between 1992 and 2004. A total of 53 individuals were released, using two methods: immatures were released from large aviaries at the reintroduction site after a stay of several months (the aviary method), whereas juveniles were placed on artificial nests until fledging (the hacking method). The survival rates of released birds were compared to the survival of wild-born offspring through a multi-event capture–recapture analysis accounting for tag loss. Survival rates were higher in adults than in juveniles and immatures (0.98 ± SE 0.02 vs 0.85 ± SE 0.03) and were constant over time. Overall there were no differences in post-release survival between the two release methods: immatures released by the aviary method had a similar survival to juveniles released by the hacking method or born in the wild. Immatures can breed before juveniles, so releasing immatures by the aviary method could accelerate reintroduction settlement and increase population viability. Accurate estimates of post-release survival are essential to improve the reliability of viability analysis of reintroduced populations and the management of such populations.
Vertical transmission ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae(Myxozoa), the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease
Authors: ABD-ELFATTAH AHMED , FONTES INÊS , KUMAR GOKHLESH , SOLIMAN HATEM , HARTIKAINEN HANNA , OKAMURA BETH , EL-MATBOULI MANSOUR
Published: November 2013

The freshwater bryozoan,Fredericella sultana, is the main primary host of the myxozoan endoparasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonaewhich causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fish. Because spores that develop in bryozoan colonies are infectious to fish, bryozoans represent the ultimate source of PKD. Bryozoans produce numerous seed-like dormant stages called statoblasts that enable persistence during unfavourable conditions and achieve long-distance dispersal. The possibility thatT. bryosalmonaemay undergo vertical transmission via infection of statoblasts has been the subject of much speculation since this is observed in close relatives. This study provides the first evidence that such vertical transmission ofT. bryosalmonaeis extensive by examining the proportions of infected statoblasts in populations ofF. sultanaon two different rivers systems and confirms its effectiveness by demonstrating transmission from material derived from infected statoblasts to fish hosts. Vertical transmission in statoblasts is likely to play an important role in the infection dynamics of both bryozoan and fish hosts and may substantially contribute to the widespread distribution of PKD.
Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction ofFasciola hepaticain cattle
Authors: CHARLIER J. , VERCRUYSSE J. , MORGAN E. , VAN DIJK J. , WILLIAMS D. J. L.
Published: November 2013

Fasciola hepaticais a pathogenic trematode parasite of ruminants with a global distribution. Here, we briefly review the current epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in Europe and discuss the progress made over the last decade in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction ofF. hepaticain cattle. Advances in diagnosis have led to significantly improved coprological and serological methods to detect presence of infection. Diagnostic test results have been correlated with intensity of infection and associated production losses, unravelling the impact on carcass weight and milk yield in modern cattle production systems. The economic impact of fasciolosis may, however, go beyond the direct impacts on production as evidence shows thatF. hepaticacan modulate the immune response to some co-infections. Control of bovine fasciolosis remains hampered by the limitations of the currently available flukicidal drugs: few drugs are available to treat dairy cows, many have low efficacies against juvenile stages ofF. hepaticaand there is evidence for the development of drug resistance. This makes research into the prediction of risk periods, and thus the optimum application of available drugs more pertinent. In this field, the recent research focus has been on understanding spatial risk and delivering region-specific spatial distribution maps. Further advances in epidemiological and economic research on bovine fasciolosis are expected to deliver farm-specific economic assessments of disease impact, to leverage non-chemotherapeutic management options and to enhance a more targeted use of anthelmintics.
Geographic distribution of Theileria sp. (buffalo) and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in southern Africa: implications for speciation
Authors: PIENAAR RONEL , LATIF ABDALLA A. , THEKISOE ORIEL M. M. , MANS BEN J.
Published: November 2013

Strict control measures apply to movement of buffalo in South Africa including testing for Theileria parva, the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle. The official test is a real-time hybridization PCR assay that amplifies the 18S rRNA V4 hyper-variable region of T. parva, T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Mixed infections with the latter organisms affect diagnostic sensitivity due to PCR suppression. While the incidence of mixed infections in the Corridor disease endemic region of South Africa is significant, little information is available on the specific distribution and prevalence of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei). Specific real-time PCR assays were developed and a total of 1211 samples known to harbour these parasites were screened. Both parasites are widely distributed in southern Africa and the incidence of mixed infections with T. parva within the endemic region is similar (∼25–50%). However, a significant discrepancy exists in regard to mixed infections of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) (∼10%). Evidence for speciation between T. sp. (buffalo) and T. sp. (bougasvlei) is supported by phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene, and their designation as different species. This suggests mutual exclusion of parasites and the possibility of hybrid sterility in cases of mixed infections.
Nationalism, Patriotism and Foreign Policy Attitudes among Chinese University Students
Authors: Sinkkonen Elina
Published: November 2013

Does empirical evidence support treating “nationalism” and “patriotism” as separate concepts in China and is there a relationship between strong nationalist/patriotic attitudes and foreign policy preferences? To analyse the construction of Chinese national identity, Chinese university students (N = 1346) took part in a survey in Beijing in spring 2007. The data supported the assumption of a conceptual separation between nationalism and patriotism. CCP members and students from rural backgrounds were more nationalistic than non-members and students with urban upbringings. Moreover, nationalism had a stronger link to foreign policy preferences than patriotism, and respondents with a greater degree of nationalism were less likely to favour international cooperation and more likely to prefer protectionist policies. The associations of nationalism and patriotism with foreign policy attitudes, and the contribution of other potential explanatory factors to the relationship between nationalism, patriotism and policy attitudes were explored with linear regression models.
X-ray powder diffraction data for bis (1-amidino-2-ethylisourea) copper(II) nitrate
Authors: Maixner J.
Published: November 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for C8H20CuN10O8 are presented [a = 5.262 (2) Å, b = 14.051 (3) Å, c = 12.183 (3) Å, β = 96.912 (5)°, unit-cell volume V = 894.3 Å3, Z = 2, space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
8. Development of a stable smallpox vaccine Collier L. J Hyg 1955; 53: 76–101
Authors: BAXBY DERRICK
Published: November 2013

During its first century the journal attracted well over 100 papers on poxviruses. During the last 50 years this was probably due in part to the fact that Allan Downie, the world's leading poxvirus authority helped to edit the journal from 1951 to 1982. This expertise and association was acknowledged by the publication of a special academic tribute of 12 papers, including 5 on poxviruses, in 1982 (89: 353–478).
A New Look at the Berekhat Ram Figurine: Implications for the Origins of Symbolism
Authors: d'Errico Francesco , Nowell April
Published: November 2013

This article addresses the nature of the evidence for symbolling behaviour among hominids living in the Near East during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Traditionally, Palaeolithic art and symbolling have been synonymous with the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe. The Berekhat Ram figurine, a piece of volcanic material from a Lower Palaeolithic site in Israel, described as purposely modified to produce human features, challenges the view of a late emergence of symbolic behaviour. The anthropogenic nature of these modifications, however, is controversial. We address this problem through an examination of volcanic material from the Berekhat Ram site and from other sources, and by experimentally reproducing the modifications observed on the figurine. We also analyze this material and the figurine itself through optical and SEM microscopy. Our conclusion is that this object was purposely modified by hominids.

With comments from Ofer Bar-Yosef, Angela E. Close, João Zilhão, Steven Mithen, Thomas Wynn, and Alexander Marshack followed by a reply from the authors.
Transcatheter reconstruction of the right heart
Authors: Boudjemline Younes , Massih Tony Abdel , Bonhoeffer Philipp
Published: November 2013

We report the interventional procedures performed on a 12-year-old child with obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valvar insufficiency, pulmonary arterial stenosis, and an atrial septal defect. A staged repair of all anomalies was performed successfully using transcatheter techniques.
Managing complex problems: treatment for common mental disorders in the UK
Authors: Tylee Andre , Haddad Mark
Published: November 2013

Aims– This paper aims to describe current trends in the UK primary care management of common mental disorders and explore the appropriateness of differing management approaches in light of the course and common complications of these disorders.Methods– It highlights key findings concerning the course and comorbidity of depression to indicate that depression and associated mental illnesses may often form part of more complex patterns of ill health and that these conditions have a clear potential for chronicity. A narrative review of studies providing detail of depression prevalence in selected comorbid conditions is presented for this purpose.Conclusion– The presentation and course of common mental disorders indicate organizational changes in health service delivery, and - for a sizeable patient group – the use of chronic disease management strategies.

Declaration of Interest: None.
The Mongol conquest of Tibet
Authors: HAW STEPHEN G.
Published: November 2013

The Mongol conquest of Tibet has been poorly understood. ‘Traditional’ Mongol and Tibetan accounts, in comparatively late sources, tell of a submission to Chinggis Khan by Tibetan chieftains. This version of history was rejected some time ago, and replaced with an account that begins with a Mongol invasion of Tibet in 1240. Problems with clarifying this issue include the often poor quality of Tibetan sources, the confusion of Tibet and Tangut (Xi Xia) in Persian sources, and misunderstanding by modern scholars of Chinese terms relating to Tibet. In fact, Chinese sources make clear that there was considerable contact between the Mongols and Tibet before 1240. Chinggis Khan may never have invaded Tibet, but undoubtedly had the intention of doing so. The picture that emerges is of a gradual conquest, with early incursions across the borders of Tibet followed by more penetrating invasions in the 1240s and 1250s.
Diffuse scattering in Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 relaxor solid solutions
Authors: Tai C.-W.
Published: November 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE DECISION TO PURSUE BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
Authors: Bates Timothy , Tuck Stephen
Published: November 2013

Abstract

The choice between working as an employee and owning a business is shaped by constraints and opportunities. Among African Americans, understanding why the entrepreneurial path is chosen requires evaluating not only the relative importance of constraints pushing workers toward self-employment versus opportunities pulling entrants into firm ownership, but, more fundamentally, the changing opportunity structures shaping occupational choices. This study focuses on the 1960s and 1970s period when specific constraints historically limiting entrepreneurial alternatives began to change dramatically. Findings indicate that expanding opportunities sharply altered the industry composition of the Black business community.

Because economists view the decision to enter into business ownership as an exercise in freedom of choice made on the basis of one’s preferences, they tend not to appreciate that these decisions are made in specific socio-economic contexts and that changes in context matter. Facing altered opportunity structures, prospective Black entrepreneurs have often chosen to abandon fields offering low remuneration—particularly personal services—entering instead into higher yielding fields where creation of viable firms requires investment of capital by owners possessing appropriate expertise. This transformation has remolded the stagnant business community of the mid-1960s into a profoundly different, more dynamic one.
Access all areas: creative adaptations for CBT with people with cognitive impairments – illustrations and issues
Authors: Rossiter Rowena , Holmes Sophie
Published: November 2013

Policy and legislation requires clinicians and services to address diversity and equalities including disability. Currently, practice, training and research do not do this adequately. This paper outlines why adapted CBT is important and presents some evidence to increase accessibility for people who have cognitive impairments, learning disabilities and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. It demonstrates how CBT can be made accessible through clinical examples using traditional, adapted and personalized assessment and intervention materials. Implications and recommendations are identified.
BER-driven synthesis for directional modulation secured wireless communication
Authors: Ding Yuan , Fusco Vincent
Published: November 2013

Directional modulation (DM) is a recently introduced technique for secure wireless transmission using direct physical layer wave-front manipulation. This paper provides a bit error rate (BER)-based DM array synthesis method. It is shown for the first time that the standard constellation mappings in In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) space to a pre-specified BER can be exactly achieved along a given specified spatial direction. Different receiver capabilities are investigated and different assessment metrics for each case are discussed. The approach is validated for a1 × 4element dipole array operating at 1 GHz.
Disability Profile/Clinician-Rated: Validity for Brazilian University Students with Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Vaccaro de Morais Abumusse Luciene , Osório Flávia L. , Crippa José Alexandre S. , Loureiro Sonia Regina
Published: November 2013

Functional impairment scales are important to assess Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) patients. The present study aims to evaluate the reliability, internal consistency, validity and factorial structure of the Disability Profile/Clinician-Rate (DP) scale, as well as to present an interview-guide to support its application by clinicians. University students (n = 173) of both genders participated in the study (SAD = 84 and Non-SAD = 89), with ages ranging between 17 and 35 years, systematically diagnosed. The SAD group presented more difficulties when compared to the Non-SAD group. The DP presented, for the SAD group, internal consistency of 0.68 (lifetime) and 0.67 (last two weeks). Inter-rater reliability varied from 0.75 to 0.93. Two factors were extracted and the correlation among such factors and the Social Phobia Inventory subscales presented association between fear and avoidance symptoms and the functional impairments. The scale presents good psychometric properties and can contribute to the assessment of functional impairments.
Teaching About Twins: College Courses and Public Lectures/Twin Research: Obesity Control, Post-Zygotic Mutation, In Vitro Fertilization, and Schisis-Associated Defects/Noted in the News: Double Rape Charges, Chinese Twins Separated at Birth, Twin CEO, and Shared Professions
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: November 2013

The present article describes teaching experiences and observations in college courses and public lectures on twins. It is concluded that much more information about twins, at both research and practical levels, requires general dissemination. This discussion is followed by reviews of recent twin research on the topics of obesity control, post-zygotic mutation, in vitro fertilization, and schisis-associated defects. Media reports of twins accused of rape, infant Chinese twins sold separately for profit, a twin CEO, and twins pursuing the same career are presented.