bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familism and the Hispanic Health Advantage: The Role of Immigrant Status
Authors: Diaz Christina J. , Niño Michael
Published: September 2019

It is well known that Hispanic immigrants exhibit better physical and mental health than their U.S.-born counterparts. Scholars theorize that stronger orientations toward the family, also known as familism, could contribute to this immigrant advantage. Yet, little work directly tests whether familial attitudes may be responsible for the favorable health of foreign-born Hispanics. We investigate this possibility using biomarkers, anthropometrics, and mental health assessments from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (N = 4,078). Results demonstrate that the relationship between familial attitudes and health vary depending on the outcome assessed. While Hispanics with strong attitudes toward familial support have fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety, those who report high referent familism display worse mental health outcomes. We find little evidence that familism is linked to physical health or that immigrant generation moderates the relationship of interest. Our results challenge assumptions that familism is responsible for the comparably better health of foreign-born Hispanics.
Smoking Diffusion through Networks of Diverse, Urban American Adolescents over the High School Period
Authors: de la Haye Kayla , Shin Heesung , Vega Yon George G. , Valente Thomas W.
Published: September 2019

This study uses recent data to investigate if smoking initiation diffuses through friendship networks over the high school period and explores if diffusion processes differ across schools. One thousand four hundred and twenty-five racially and ethnically diverse youth from four high schools in Los Angeles were surveyed four times over the high school period from 2010 to 2013. Probit regression models and stochastic actor-based models for network dynamics tested for peer effects on smoking initiation. Friend smoking was found to predict adolescent smoking, and smoking initiation diffused through friendship networks in some but not all of the schools. School differences in smoking rates and the popularity of smokers may be linked to differences in the diffusion of smoking through peer networks. We conclude that there are differences in peer effects on smoking initiation across schools that will be important to account for in network-based smoking interventions.
Writing Impairments in Spanish Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Afonso Olivia , Suárez-Coalla Paz , Cuetos Fernando
Published: September 2019

This study investigated which components of the writing production process are impaired in Spanish children with developmental dyslexia (DD) aged 8 to 12 years. Children with and without dyslexia ( n = 60) were assessed in their use of the lexical and the sublexical routes of spelling as well as the orthographic working memory system by manipulating lexical frequency, phonology-to-orthography (P-O) consistency, and word length in a copying task and a spelling-to-dictation task. Results revealed that children with dyslexia produced longer written latencies than chronological age-matched (CA) controls, more errors than CA and reading age-matched (RA) controls, and writing durations similar to CA controls. Latencies were more affected by frequency, consistency, and length in the DD group and the RA group than in CA controls. Children in the DD and RA groups produced longer written latencies in the copying than in the spelling-to-dictation task, while controls in the CA group were not affected by the task. Results indicate that spelling impairments in Spanish children with dyslexia affect the relative involvement of lexical and sublexical information during handwriting. Meanwhile, effects on writing speed seem to be related to deficits in reading ability, and accuracy scores seem to be poorer than expected by children’s reading skill.
Research on the influence of elbow erosion characteristics based on bionic earthworm dorsal pore jet
Authors: Mou Jiegang , Zhang Wenqi , Gu Yunqing , Mou Chengqi
Published: September 2019

Based on the biological characteristics of earthworm, the dorsal pore jet parameters were analyzed to establish elbow erosion model. The discrete phase model and standard k-ε turbulence model were used to carry on numerical simulation of the erosion characteristics and study the mechanism of improving elbow erosion characteristics. The results showed that the most serious erosion area was the elbow lower surface, while bionic earthworm dorsal pore jet could significantly reduce the erosion rate of this area, thereby reducing the overall erosion rate. When the jet velocity was the same, the smaller the jet distance, the lower the erosion rate would be. With the increase of the jet velocity, the erosion rate decreased first and then increased. When the jet distance was 0.5 times the elbow diameter and the jet velocity was 0.3 times the flow velocity, the erosion rate was the lowest (decreased by 79.29%). When the jet velocity was less than 0.5 m·s−1, low-velocity strips formed at elbow lower surface due to the jet and reduced the kinetic energy of the solid particles near the wall; when the jet velocity was greater than 0.2 times the flow velocity, vortex cushion effect formed, therefore reduced the erosion rate significantly.
A tool path optimization approach based on blend feature simplification for multi-cavity machining of complex parts
Authors: Xin Yupeng , Yang Shengqiang , Wang Gangfeng , Evans Richard , Wu Fengfeng
Published: September 2019

Blend features usually exist in the machining of complex multi-cavity parts; however, the ideal linear boundary of the cavity is shown as an arc curve at actual corner machining, which affects the accuracy of a robot’s tool feed position. Focused on this problem, this article presents an automatic tool path planning approach based on blend feature simplification. By analyzing the geometric elements of blend feature, a line segment is constructed to obtain the machining boundary, while the robot tool feed position is accurately measured. On this basis, the coordinates of a robot tool feed position are assigned to the machining element, which can be used to calculate the spatial distance between different cavities. Then, an improved genetic algorithm is applied to improve the optimization of the tool path. The automatic decision of the corresponding work steps is realized by merging and sorting the machining elements. Finally, a corresponding prototype system is presented, with the correctness and validity of the proposed approach being examined, using aircraft structural part machining as an illustrative example.
Layout optimization for non-equidistant thrust system of tunneling machine based on geometric progression under mixed ground
Authors: Deng Kongshu , Zeng Lu , Ding Yicheng , Wang Guoqing
Published: September 2019

For the difference of rock and soil strength on the tunneling face, curved tunneling, and the top-heavy structure of the main machine forming the complex geological structure, the adoption of uniform thrust system arising from large unbalanced load easily causes cracks and dislocations in the rear segments. Therefore, non-equidistant driving system would be adopted in this composite foundation. This article presents a geometric progression method for layout design of non-uniform thrust system. Based on the force transmission laws of the thrust system, the geometric progression increasing difference model of arranging non-uniform driving system has been proposed. Then, the characteristics of the design method have been discussed in detail. Finally, the model has been applied to a diameter of 9.49 m of tunneling machine with a thrust system of 14 pairs of jacks which has been successfully used in curved tunnel construction in Germany. By adopting the coefficient of variation representing the force transmission performance derived from all thrusts for jacks, it indicates that the performance of the optimized thrust system is better than the original one. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the design of a non-equidistant thrust system with better force transmission performance under working geological conditions.
Housing, urban growth and inequalities: The limits to deregulation and upzoning in reducing economic and spatial inequality
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés , Storper Michael
Published: September 2019

Urban economics and branches of mainstream economics – what we call the ‘housing as opportunity’ school of thought – have been arguing that shortages of affordable housing in dense agglomerations represent a fundamental barrier to economic development. Housing shortages are considered to limit migration into thriving cities, curtailing their expansion potential, generating rising social and spatial inequalities and inhibiting national growth. According to this dominant view, relaxing zoning and other planning regulations in the most prosperous cities is crucial to unleash the economic potential of cities and nations and to facilitate within-country migration. In this article, we contend that the bulk of the claims of the housing as opportunity approach are fundamentally flawed and lead to simplistic and misguided policy recommendations. We posit that there is no clear and uncontroversial evidence that housing regulation is a principal source of differences in home availability or prices across cities. Blanket changes in zoning are unlikely to increase domestic migration or to improve affordability for lower-income households in prosperous areas. They would, however, increase gentrification within metropolitan areas and would not appreciably decrease income inequality. In contrast to the housing models, we argue that the basic motors of all these features of the economy are the current geography of employment, wages and skills.
National and Regional Variation in Local Primary Care Physician Density Relative to the Uninsured and the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Hill Barry C. , Coster Daniel , Black David R.
Published: September 2019

This study is the first to examine primary care physician (PCP) density relative to the uninsured at the local level prior to and after insurance expansion under the Affordable Care Act. Primary care physician density is associated with access to care, lower inpatient and emergency care, and primary care services. However, access to primary care among the uninsured may be limited due to inadequate availability of PCPs. Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) data from the Area Health Resource File were retrospectively examined before and after Medicaid expansion. Multiple logistic regressions were modeled for PCP density with predictor interaction effects for percentage uninsured, Medicaid expansion status, and US Census regions. Medicaid expansion CBSAs had significantly lower proportions of uninsured and higher PCP density compared with their nonexpansion counterparts. Nationally, increasing proportions of the uninsured were significantly associated with decreasing PCP density. Most notably, there is an expected 32% lower PCP density in Western Medicaid expansion areas with many uninsured (90th percentile) compared with those with few uninsured (10th percentile). Areas expanding Medicaid with greater proportions of people becoming insured postexpansion had significantly fewer PCPs. Areas with greater proportions of the uninsured may have reduced access to primary care due to the paucity of PCPs in these areas. Efforts to improve access should consider a lack of local PCPs as a limitation for ensuring accessible and timely care. Health care and policy leaders should focus on answers to improve the local availability of primary care clinicians in underserved communities.
Evaluating a short-form Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in adolescents: Evidence for a four-factor structure and invariance by time, age, and gender
Authors: Abujaradeh Hiba , Colaianne Blake A. , Roeser Robert W. , Tsukayama Eli , Galla Brian M.
Published: September 2019

Little is known about whether a widely used mindfulness measure in adults—the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)—is also reliable and valid in adolescents. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of a 20-item short-form FFMQ in a sample of 599 high school students ( M age = 16.3 years; 49% female) living in the U.S. Students completed the FFMQ and a battery of self-report questionnaires assessing aspects of psychological well-being and social skills 3 times over the course of one academic year. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a modified four-factor hierarchical model (excluding the Observe subscale and 1 item from the Describe subscale) best fit the data. This four-factor, hierarchical FFMQ demonstrated evidence of measurement invariance across time, gender, and grade level. Reliabilities for the FFMQ total score and its subscales ranged from .61 to .88. The FFMQ total score, and its subscales (excluding Observe), demonstrated evidence of convergent (e.g., with self-compassion) and discriminant (e.g., with social perspective taking skills) validity. Finally, the FFMQ total score and Act with Awareness, Nonjudgment, and Nonreactivity subscales demonstrated evidence of incremental predictive validity for cross-time changes in psychological well-being outcomes (e.g., perceived stress). Overall, results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of a short-form FFMQ for use in high-school-age adolescents.
Introduction to the special section on the development of motivational resilience in school
Authors: Skinner Ellen A. , Kindermann Thomas A.
Published: September 2019

We introduce the umbrella construct of “motivational resilience and vulnerability in school” and explain how this special section contributes to initial field building efforts aimed at integrating complementary work on motivational, regulatory, developmental, and social processes that foster the academic development of children and youth.
Use of Isolated Adult Myocytes to Evaluate Cardiotoxicity. I. Sugar Uptake and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Haworth Robert A. , Goknur Atilla B. , Cook Melissa G. , Decker Robert S.
Published: September 2019

The usefulness of isolated adult cardiac myocytes, both in suspension and in culture, as a model system for measuring cardiotoxicity is evaluated. It has been suggested that isolated adult myocytes should preferably be cultured for such experimentation, as this restores the cells to a physiological preference for fatty acids as a substrate rather than glucose. We show here that the restoration of Ca2+ to cells immediately after isolation results in an artificially enhanced glucose metabolism, as measured by an elevated rate of deoxyglucose uptake. Early restoration of Ca2+ during cell isolation, on the other hand, results in cells with a normal low level of deoxyglucose uptake. We, thus, conclude that cells can be ready for valid toxicity studies immediately after isolation, without the need for culture. The culture of adult feline ventricular cells is also described. These cells, like rabbit but unlike rat, are particularly promising for toxicity studies because they remain quiescent in culture and do not round up. On exposure to norepinephrine, they beat spontaneously and increase their rate of protein synthesis.
Acknowledging/denying LGBT+ difference: Understanding homonormativity and LGBT+ homogeneity in Flemish TV fiction through production research
Authors: Vanlee Florian
Published: September 2019

Premised on the lack of in-depth engagements with television professionals’ views as a unit of analysis in queer television studies, this essay presents the results of expert interviews with seven respondents employed in the Flemish television industry. Television professionals consider it commonsensical and even necessary to textually reflect sexual and gender diversity as a component to socio-cultural verisimilitude. On the other hand, they rely on a homonormative conception of LGBT+ representation that emphasizes assimilation and conformity. Closer analysis reveals that this strategy is informed by unwillingness to engage in stereotyping. Accordingly, the noted homonormativity of Flemish television fiction is a product of benevolence and paradoxical dispositions towards televising difference on the level of production. Consequently, the paper calls for scholars to engage with the industry as a supplement to critical textual explorations of LGBT+ portrayals on television.
The meanings of racism: Public discourses about racism in Finnish news media and online discussion forums
Authors: Pantti Mervi , Nelimarkka Matti , Nikunen Kaarina , Titley Gavan
Published: September 2019

Understandings of racism are produced and circulated in contemporary networked media forms, contributing new opportunities to both extend and challenge racializing discourses, images and frameworks. This study investigated how the concept of racism is used in Finnish public debate by employing a computational text analysis technique to derive topics related to racism from a large corpus of news media content and online discussion forum comments. Our findings show that discourses about racism are different in legacy media and online platform regarding both their prominence and framings. While social media produce various discourses of ‘reverse racism’, news media connects racism to historical and international contexts. We conclude that what racism is understood to be is not only an intensely political process but also one shaped by the type of media platform, specificities of Finnish language and national ideological battles.
Ultra-high pre-membrane lung oxygen saturation in a patient on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Lin Ronghai , Jiang Yongpo , Mi YaFei , Xu Yinghe
Published: September 2019

A 55-year-old man who suffered from acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock was administered veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ultra-high pre-membrane lung oxygen saturation of 93% was observed. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed the presence of patent foramen ovale. The four-chamber view showed that the tip of the cannula was located in the patent foramen ovale, which resulted in a left-to-right shunt. Without adjusting the position of the drainage cannula, the patient was weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 136 hours after initiation and survived to hospital discharge.
Predictors of response to augmentation treatment in patients with treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review
Authors: Taylor Rachael W , Marwood Lindsey , Greer Ben , Strawbridge Rebecca , Cleare Anthony J
Published: September 2019

Background:

Treatment-resistant depression is an important contributor to the global burden of depression. Antidepressant augmentation is a recommended treatment strategy for treatment-resistant patients, but outcomes remain poor. Identifying factors that are predictive of response to augmentation treatments may improve outcomes.

Aims:

This review aimed to synthesise the existing literature examining predictors of response to augmentation treatments in patients who had insufficiently responded to initial treatment.

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted identifying 2241 unique manuscripts. 24 examining predictors of outcome to pharmacological or psychological augmentation treatment were included in this review.

Results:

Atypical antipsychotics were the most frequently assessed treatment class (nine studies), closely followed by mood stabilisers (eight studies). Only one eligible psychological augmentation study was identified. Early response to treatment (week 2) was the best-supported predictor of subsequent treatment outcome, reported by six studies. Many predictor variables were only assessed by one report and others such as pre-treatment severity yielded contradictory results, both within and across treatment classes.

Conclusions:

This review highlights the importance of early response as a predictor of pharmacological augmentation outcome, with implications for both the monitoring and treatment of resistant unipolar patients. Further replication is needed across specific interventions to fully assess the generalisability of this finding. However, the clear lack of consistent evidence for other predictive factors both within and across treatments, and the scarce examination of psychological augmentation, demonstrates the need for much more research of a high quality if response prediction is to improve outcomes for patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Ethnoracial Representation and the Politics of Public-Sector Responsiveness
Authors: Molina Angel Luis
Published: September 2019

Representation in service-providing organizations is vital to the inclusion of ethnoracial minorities in a democratic society. The political contexts that encompass these organizations can influence the equity of services that historically underserved groups experience. These contexts are especially meaningful for Latino communities, where bureaucratic representation is a growing venue of responsiveness in American democracy. Yet relatively little attention has been devoted to understanding how this politics – bureaucracy intersection influences their outcomes. This study focuses on this intersection against the backdrop of Latinos and education governance. Combining data from various sources, the empirical analysis examines the relationship between political contexts and group representation among managers and street-level personnel. The findings reveal that factors such as community partisanship significantly affect Latinos’ representation and educational outcomes. They also highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how such factors influence the representation and inclusion of Latinos and other ethnoracial minorities across an array of organizational settings.
Is sub-mSv CT for evaluation of non-specific findings in bone scintigraphy of oncological patients feasible?
Authors: Zakko Yousuf , Thor Daniel , Savitcheva Irina , Sundvall Albert , Wassberg Cecilia , Koskinen Seppo K , Axelsson Rimma
Published: September 2019

Background

Hybrid SPECT/CT systems allow the shortening of lead time for investigation of cancer patients, since a complementary CT for radiological characterization of focally increased isotope uptake of unclear origin in bone scintigraphy can be performed simultaneously. The use of low-dose CT (sub-mSv CT) reduces radiation dose compared to standard-dose CT and facilitates the application of complementary CT.

Purpose

To test the feasibility of sub-mSv CT for the characterization of non-specific findings in the bone scintigraphy of oncological patients.

Material and Methods

Nineteen oncological patients with a total of 50 findings of unclear origin on bone scintigraphy which required further correlation with morphologic data were included in the study. Each patient underwent two CT scan series consecutively: one low-dose CT and one standard-dose CT. The CT studies were randomized and each finding was rated by four blinded experienced radiologists. A shift in ratings between standard-dose and low-dose images were assessed using the Stuart–Maxwell chi-squared test. Inter-observer agreement and intra-observer agreement was assessed using Light’s kappa and Cohen’s kappa, respectively.

Results

The mean effective dose of low-dose CT scans was 0.8 mSv compared to 4.2 mSv for the standard-dose CT scans. No statistically significant shift in ratings was observed ( P = 0.62). There was no statistically significant difference in the inter-observer agreements: the values for the standard-dose and low-dose groups were 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.79) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.47–0.72), respectively.

Conclusion

These results indicate that sub-mSv CT for characterization of non-specific findings in bone scintigraphy of oncological patients is feasible.
A review of the relationship between long noncoding RNA and post-stroke injury repair
Authors: Wang Yao , Pan Wei-Yi , Ge Jun-Sheng , Wang Xiao-Dong , Chen Wei , Luo Xun , Wang Yu-Long
Published: September 2019

Stroke is a cerebrovascular circulation disorder with sudden onset, which causes disorder of ion balance, inflammation, and acidosis, and that in turn induces ischemia-reperfusion injury, influencing the prognosis of stroke patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory sequences involved at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels, have high specific expression in the central nervous system, and effectively regulate the development of the central nervous system and progression of diseases. Stroke induces changes in the expression of many lncRNAs. Therefore, lncRNAs play an important role in the complex pathological process of stroke. Exploring lncRNA could facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanism of stroke and the post-injury molecular regulatory network. However, there are few reports on the role of lncRNA in the pathological development of stroke. In the present review, we discuss the association of lncRNA with post-stroke injury repair.
Treatment of a huge biloma complicating curative radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report
Authors: Wang Haochen , Yan Ziguang , Wang Jian , Zou Yinghua
Published: September 2019

Development of a huge intrahepatic biloma after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a rare complication. We report a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had been treated by RFA and was complicated by a huge biloma. The biloma was cured by percutaneous catheter drainage and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A plastic stent was placed from the duodenal ampulla to the common bile duct to lower the pressure. The catheter and the stent were removed within 1 month after the biloma had disappeared. There was no recurrence of the biloma and HCC lesions with a follow-up time of 2 years. The present case is one of the best reported outcomes after development of a huge biloma.
MicroRNA Expression in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Samples of Canine Cutaneous and Oral Melanoma by RT-qPCR
Authors: Zamarian Valentina , Catozzi Carlotta , Ressel Lorenzo , Finotello Riccardo , Ceciliani Fabrizio , Vilafranca Miguel , Altimira Jaume , Lecchi Cristina
Published: September 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNA that post-transcriptionally regulate protein expression. miRNAs are emerging as clinical biomarkers of many diseases, including tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miRNA expression could vary in melanoma samples derived from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The study included 4 groups: (1) 9 samples of oral canine malignant melanoma, (2) 10 samples of cutaneous malignant melanoma, (3) 5 samples of healthy oral mucosa, and (4) 7 samples of healthy skin. The expression levels of 6 miRNAs—miR-145, miR-146a, miR-425-5p, miR-223, miR-365, and miR-134—were detected and assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using TaqMan probes. Cutaneous canine malignant melanoma showed a decrease of the expression level of miR-145 and miR-365 and an increase of miR-146a and miR-425-5p compared to control samples. MiR-145 was also downregulated in oral canine malignant melanoma. The miRNAs with decreased expression may regulate genes involved in RAS, Rap1, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathways, as well as upregulated genes associated with phosphatidylinositol signaling system, adherens junction, and RAS signaling pathways. In conclusion, miR-145, miR-365, miR-146a, and miR-425-5p were differentially expressed in canine malignant melanoma and healthy FFPE samples, suggesting that they may play a role in canine malignant melanoma pathogenesis.
P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Canine Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Grade III Mammary Carcinomas
Authors: Levi Michela , Peña Laura , Alonso-Díez Angela , Brunetti Barbara , Muscatello Luisa Vera , Benazzi Cinzia , Pérez-Alenza Maria Dolores , Sarli Giuseppe
Published: September 2019

P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) expression are frequently related to multidrug resistance (MDR) in neoplastic cells. Canine inflammatory and grade III noninflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC and non-IMC) are aggressive tumors that could benefit from chemotherapy. This study describes the immunohistochemical detection of P-gp and BCRP in 20 IMCs and 18 non-IMCs from dogs that had not received chemotherapy. Our aim was to determine if P-gp and BCRP expression was related to the “inflammatory” phenotype, to establish a basis for future studies analyzing the response to chemotherapy in dogs with highly malignant mammary cancer. Immunolabeling was primarily membranous for P-gp with a more intense labeling in emboli, and immunolabeling was membranous and cytoplasmic for BCRP. P-gp was expressed in 17 of 20 (85%) IMCs compared to 7 of 18 (39%) non-IMCs ( P = 0.006). BCRP was expressed within emboli in 15 of 19 (79%) emboli in IMC, 12 of 15 (80%) primary IMCs, and 12 of 18 (67%) non-IMCs, without statistically significant differences ( P > .05). All IMCs and 67% of non-IMCs expressed at least 1 of the 2 transporters, and 63% (12/19) of IMCs and 39% (7/18) of non-IMCs expressed both P-gp and BCRP. P-gp and BCRP evaluation might help select patients for chemotherapy. P-gp, expressed in a significantly higher percentage of IMCs vs non-IMCs, might play a specific role in the chemoresistance of IMC.
Lymphocyte Populations in the Adventitial Layer of Hydatid Cysts in Cattle: Relationship With Cyst Fertility Status and Fasciola Hepatica Co-Infection
Authors: Jiménez Mauricio , Stoore Caroll , Hidalgo Christian , Corrêa Felipe , Hernández Marcela , Benavides J. , Ferreras M. C. , Sáenz Leonardo , Paredes Rodolfo
Published: September 2019

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Two types of hydatid cysts occur in intermediate hosts: fertile cysts that generate protoscoleces from the germinal layer of the cyst, and infertile cysts that do not produce protoscoleces and are unable to continue the life cycle of the parasite. The adventitial layer, a host-derived fibrous capsule surrounding the hydatid cyst, is suggested to play an important role in local immune regulation during infection and in fertility of the cysts. Fasciola hepatica, another important parasite of cattle, induces a characteristic Th2-like immune response that could modulate the immune response against E. granulosus. Natural co-infection of both parasites is common in cattle, but no reports describe the local immune response against E. granulosus with F. hepatica infection in the same host. This study analyzed the number and distribution of T and B cells in the adventitial layer of liver and lung cysts and the relationship with cyst fertility and F. hepatica co-infection. T lymphocytes were the predominant cell type in the adventitial layer of infertile hydatid cysts and were more numerous in infertile hydatid cysts. B lymphocyte numbers were not associated with hydatid cyst fertility. Mast cells were infrequent in the adventitial layer. The number of T and B cells was not associated with F. hepatica co-infection. The present study contributes to the understanding of local immune responses in bovine cystic echinococcosis.
The Late Period Stela of the God’s Father Horenpe from the Manchester Museum
Authors: Nielsen Nicky
Published: September 2019

This article presents a stela belonging to the God’s Father Horenpe (acc. no. 6041), which was donated to the Manchester Museum by its founder and primary benefactor Sir Jesse Haworth and partly published by Amelia Edwards in 1888. The article investigates the stela’s provenance and dates it on stylistic grounds to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Evidence is also presented which suggests that the stela may have originated from Abydos where a near-identical stela also belonging to a man similarly named Horenpe was uncovered by John Garstang in 1907.
Brexit and the working class on Teesside: Moving beyond reductionism
Authors: Telford Luke , Wistow Jonathan
Published: September 2019

Too often, members of the working class who voted to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum have been framed as uneducated and unaware of their own economic interests. This article, based on 26 in-depth face-to-face interviews and a further telephone interview on Teesside in the North East of England, offers an alternative perspective that is more nuanced and less reductionist. The article critiques some of the commonly heard tropes regarding the rationale for voting leave, it then exposes how leave voters rooted their decision in a localised experience of neoliberalism’s slow-motion social dislocation linked to the deindustrialisation of the area and the failure of political parties, particularly the Labour Party, to speak for regional or working-class interests.
Behind the veils of discourse: Analysing the connection between discourse and exploitation on the ‘social’ internet
Authors: Gjerde Lars Erik Løvaas
Published: September 2019

In this article, I discuss the connection between discursive and social practice on the so-called ‘social’ internet. While the economic significance of platform capitalism grows, the discourse which constitutes these platforms as the substrate of the ‘social’ internet remains largely unquestioned. I will argue that economic realities are obscured by the social frames of interpretation which dominate our understanding of the internet. I will show how the internet is dominated by this naturalized discourse which I name ‘sociodigital’. Whether the internet may best be described in social terms or not is a question outside of the scope of this text. Rather, I will analyse how exploitation is veiled by this myth of the ‘social’ internet. The importance of this lies in unveiling hidden exploitation in an era where economic inequalities are increasing both rapidly and globally while simultaneously, the importance of ‘softer’ linguistic power increases. This makes discourse analysis important to reveal hidden power relations. I will argue that the users of ‘social’ media are exploited through their production of content, as this generates profits for the capitalist. This exploitation is however both veiled and increased by the discourse, which thus functions ideologically. Therefore, I will wield critical discourse analysis to unravel how the myth of the ‘social’ internet suppresses the economic consequences of exploitation.
mGluR5 Facilitates Long-Term Synaptic Depression in a Stress-Induced Depressive Mouse Model
Authors: Jiang Xiangzhi , Lin Wei , Cheng Yuanyuan , Wang Dongming
Published: September 2019

Background

Glutamatergic system has been known to play a role in the pathogenesis of major depression disorder by inducing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)-dependent LTD. Here, we characterized the LTD in a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depressive mouse model.

Methods

CSDS was used to induce the depressive-like behaviors in C57BL/6 male mice, which were assessed using sucrose preference test and social interaction test. The synaptic strength including LTD and long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by paired-pulse low frequency stimulation (PP-LFS) was measured using whole-cell recording technique.

Results

CSDS induced depressive-like behaviors and facilitated PP-LFS-induced LTD in hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway in the susceptible mice. Interestingly, mGluR5 but not N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor mediated the PP-LFS-induced LTD. In addition, mGluR5 agonist dihydroxyphenylglycine promoted PP-LFS-induced LTD specifically in susceptible mice, which was diminished by activating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that mGluR5-dependent LTD might be responsible for the development of depressive-like behaviors in CSDS-induced depression mice model.
Building a Home: Everyday Placemaking in a Toxic Neighborhood
Authors: Hernandez Maricarmen
Published: September 2019

Why do residents of a contaminated area actively organize to formalize their land tenure and continually invest scarce resources in the fortification of their homes, despite their high-risk locations? Existing research documents the collective struggles of residents of contaminated communities to leave toxic areas or to confront polluting industries. Drawing from long-term ethnographic fieldwork in an informal settlement located next to a highly polluting petrochemical complex in Esmeraldas, Ecuador, this article presents the case of a marginalized community that is not only well-aware of its toxic exposure but also actively organizing and investing time and resources to ensure its permanence in the area. This article shows that the strenuous circumstances under which families moved into the neighborhood after multiple displacements, their continued struggle to remain there along with their longing for housing stability have contributed to their extended exposure to the poisonous toxic externalities of the neighboring petrochemical industry.
“It’s Its Own Thing”: A Typology of Interpersonal Sugar Relationship Scripts
Authors: Scull Maren T.
Published: September 2019

Although academics have focused on sugaring in various parts of the globe, sugar relationships in the United States have largely been ignored. The few studies that address these arrangements in the United States often frame them as a form of prostitution. Drawing from 48 in-depth interviews with women in the United States who have been in sugar relationships, I adopt a connected lives approach to explore the structure of these arrangements and to assess the extent to which they are a form of prostitution. Overall, I found that, although there is a dominant, subcultural relationship script that serves as a blueprint for sugar arrangements, they comprise their own unique relational package and take a variety of forms when enacted on an interpersonal level. Specifically, I identified seven types of sugar relationships, only one of which can be considered prostitution. These included sugar prostitution, compensated dating, compensated companionship, sugar dating, sugar friendships, sugar friendships with benefits, and pragmatic love.
Toward quality discourse: Measuring the effect of user identity in commenting forums
Authors: Santana Arthur D.
Published: September 2019

Via a content analysis of 4,800 comments from online commenting forums of top news sites, this research examines the overall quality of the comments. Expanding the scope of previous research in this area and guided by the theory of deliberative democracy, the normative conditions for quality discourse were measured with six parameters: civility, reciprocity, reflexivity, rationality, diversity, and relevance. In measuring the quality of the comments, two conditions were the identity of the commenter.
Integral Engagement: Christian Constructivism and the Social Sciences
Authors: Guthrie Donald
Published: September 2019

This article explores how Christian constructivism can guide educators who are Christians toward an integral engagement with the social sciences that is both critically reflective and humbly teachable. Such an engagement requires a recognition that all image-bearing human beings may contribute insights about the human condition, responsible stewardship of knowledge with the mind of Christ, and approaching the social sciences with gospel-directed critical realism that is neither fearful nor uncritically accepting of social science perspectives.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome: Potential Role in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Deeb Wissam , Malaty Irene
Published: September 2019

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. Despite an expected natural history of improvement with age, many individuals continue to have severe tics and remain refractory to the current best pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential treatment option. This article reviews the published reports on the use of deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome revealing that 2 anatomical targets have been most commonly used: the centromedian thalamus and the globus pallidus internus. The evidence supports a significant clinical improvement of tics with deep brain stimulation, though the data are limited by the small number of patients and variable methodology employed. To bridge these limitations, the international Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation database and registry have been created, fostering collaboration among multiple centers from 10 countries. By standardizing data collection, the database and registry are providing valuable insights into deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome. In conclusion, deep brain stimulation offers significant promise for the management of tics.
Facile fabrication of hyaluronated starch nanogels for efficient docetaxel delivery
Authors: Yu Hyeong Sup , Koo Mijin , Choi Sung-Wook , Na Kun , Oh Kyung Taek , Youn Yu Seok , Lee Eun Seong
Published: September 2019

In this study, we designed and synthesized polysaccharidic nanogels comprising starch cross-linked with hyaluronic acid. These hyaluronated starch nanogels were prepared by cross-linking primary hydroxyl groups in polysaccharides (starch and hyaluronic acid) and epoxide groups in 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (used as a cross-linking agent). The nanogels take advantage of hyaluronic acid as a specific ligand for CD44 receptors overexpressed on tumors and the hyaluronic acid/starch core as a compartment for the encapsulation of docetaxel (as model antitumor drug). Here, hyaluronic acid can be enzymatically degraded by tumor cell–specific enzyme (e.g. hyaluronidase-1), which could significantly accelerate docetaxel release from the nanogels. Our experimental results demonstrate that the nanogels promote the release of docetaxel content in the presence of hyaluronidase-1 enzyme. As a result, the nanogels selectively inhibited MCF-7 (with CD44 receptor and hyaluronidase-1 enzyme) tumor cell growth in vitro, suggesting their therapeutic potential for efficient tumor ablation.
A Longitudinal Examination of Alcohol Problems and Cyber, Psychological, and Physical Dating Abuse: The Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Brem Meagan J. , Stuart Gregory L. , Cornelius Tara L. , Shorey Ryan C.
Published: September 2019

Given the prevalence of technology, cyber dating abuse (DA) emerged as an important area of empirical inquiry. Cross-sectional data linked cyber DA perpetration to alcohol problems and psychological and physical DA perpetration. However, the longitudinal relations among these constructs are unknown. DA theory and research suggested that higher levels of aggressogenic traits (e.g., emotion dysregulation) increased the likelihood that alcohol problems and DA co-occur; this conceptual model may extend to cyber DA. We collected self-report data from 578 college students at baseline (T1) and 3 months later (T2) to test the hypothesis that T1 alcohol problems would predict T2 psychological, physical, and cyber DA for students with high, but not low, emotion dysregulation. We also hypothesized that T1 cyber DA would predict T2 psychological and physical DA. We conducted path analyses in Mplus and used the Johnson-Neyman technique to probe significant interactions. Results indicated that alcohol problems predicted psychological and physical DA for college students with high and average emotion dysregulation only. Alcohol problems did not predict cyber DA independently or in conjunction with emotion dysregulation. Cyber DA predicted psychological and physical DA. Results extend DA conceptualizations and highlight the importance of targeting emotion dysregulation in college DA intervention programs.
Introduction: Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine: Historical Research, Public Debates, and Methodological Disputes
Authors: Rossoliński-Liebe Grzegorz
Published: September 2019

This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe.

The Shoah belongs to one of the most thoroughly investigated aspects of modern European history. Scholars have used the Holocaust methodology to study other genocides, or forms of ethnic or political violence. Nevertheless, our understanding of the extermination of the European Jewry is limited, fragmented, and changes constantly due to new investigation methods, research interests, and public debates. The first studies on the Holocaust were conducted already during the Shoah but because of different reasons historians in some countries such as Germany and Ukraine did not pay much attention to them and concentrated rather on the documents left by the perpetrators and their fate during the war. While in Poland the research on the Holocaust never stopped, even if it was subjected to various political and ideological limitations, and the Shoah has been publicly debated since the middle of the 1980s, this was not the case in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, the importance of the Holocaust was discovered in these countries as well and it is currently conceptualized in the framework of regional, national, and European history.
Control of porous properties of ambient dried sodium silicate-based aerogels using response surface methodology
Authors: Hosseini-Nasab Seyed Jalal , Saber-Tehrani Mohammad , Haghgoo Majid , Aberoomand-Azar Parviz
Published: September 2019

In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with central composite design was employed to study the effect of independent variables on the nanoporous characteristics of silica aerogels prepared via ambient pressure drying. Different techniques such as attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and thermogravimetric differential thermal analyses were used to characterize the aerogel samples. The independent variables in this study were water:Na2SiO3 and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS):Na2SiO3 volume ratio. The results showed that contemporaneous change of these factors affects the porous structure of silica aerogels considerably. Actually, when water:Na2SiO3 and TMCS:Na2SiO3 volume ratio were 6–7 and 0.8–1.4, respectively, specific surface area was maximum (∼660 m2 g−1). In addition, in this range, mean pore diameter was minimum, approximately 18 nm. Generally, the increasing water:Na2SiO3 volume ratio (to about 8), and the simultaneous increase of TMCS:Na2SiO3 volume ratio (to about 1.6), led to the decrease of mean pore diameter, while the density of the aerogels increased slightly. The combination of using low-cost precursors and ambient pressure drying method followed by applying RSM for producing silica aerogels with optimized properties is a key step toward commercializing these materials. Such a porous structure is ideal for thermal insulation applications.