bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell senescence: Hypertrophic arrest beyond the restriction point
Authors: Blagosklonny Mikhail V.
Published: September 2006

Withdrawal of mitogens (growth factors) arrests normal cells in G0 (quiescence). All other stresses and factors arrest cell cycle beyond the restriction point in G1 and G2 (non‐G0 arrest), in the presence of mitogenic stimulation. Strong mitogenic stimuli by themselves cause non‐G0 arrest. Unlike G0, arrest beyond restriction point is characterized by both high levels of cyclins and CDK inhibitors, activated mitogenic pathways with a secondary GF resistance, and continuous mass growth (cell hypertrophy). Prolonged hypertrophic arrest culminates in cell senescence. This review discusses that quiescence and senescence are two opposite, mutually exclusive conditions and that cell senescence can be reversed and prevented. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 592–597, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological functions of maspin
Authors: Bailey Caleb M. , Khalkhali‐Ellis Zhila , Seftor Elisabeth A. , Hendrix Mary J.C.
Published: September 2006

Maspin (Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor) was first reported in 1994 as a serpin with tumor suppressive properties. Maspin was initially isolated through subtractive hybridization and differential display analysis as a 42‐kDa protein that is expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but reduced or absent in breast carcinomas (Zou et al., 1994). Further research led to maspin's characterization as a class II tumor suppressor based on its ability to inhibit cell invasion, promote apoptosis, and inhibit angiogenesis (Sheng et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 2000b; Jiang et al., 2002). Since then, efforts have been made to characterize maspin's tumor suppressive mechanisms. In particular, researchers have studied maspin localization, the regulation of maspin expression, and more recently, maspin protein interactions. By elucidating these mechanisms, researchers are beginning to understand the complex, pleiotropic nature of maspin and the pathways through which maspin exerts its tumor suppressive properties. These new findings not only further enhance our understanding of cancer biology but also provide an avenue to develop maspin's potential as a diagnostic marker for cancer progression, and as a potentially powerful therapeutic agent in the fight against breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 617–624, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage between EGFR family receptors and nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) signaling in breast cancer
Authors: Biswas Debajit K. , Iglehart J. Dirk
Published: September 2006

In the United States there are 225,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer annually, and at least 50,000 women are diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Breast cancer is a collection of disorders of mammary epithelial cells with distinct pathological characteristics and diverse clinical manifestations. Breast cancers are divided broadly into four classes by the level of the biomarkers HER2 (erbB2/neu) and the estrogen receptor (ER). Histologic grade is also an important modifier of breast cancer taxonomy and behavior. Broadly speaking, breast cancer can be divided into those that are HER2‐positive, containing cancers that are both ER‐positive and negative, cancers that are ER‐positive and divided into high‐grade and low‐grade tumors, and the remaining but important class of cancers that are both ER‐negative and HER2‐negative. These last cancers are called basal‐like and were first recognized as a distinct group by gene expression arrays. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) is family of multifunctional transcription factors that when activated generate pleotrophic changes in target cells. Elevated levels of active NF‐κB are detected in many human diseases including breast cancers. High‐level active NF‐κB is detected in specific subclasses of breast cancers briefly described above, predominantly in ER‐negative and epidermal growth factor family receptor (EGFR) overexpressing breast cancers (predominantly HER2 amplified cancers). This article is focused on the role of NF‐κB activation initiated by the EGFR family receptors in subclasses of breast cancer. The combined influence of EGFR family receptors and NF‐κB signaling on the transformation of ER‐negative human mammary epithelial cell is illustrated. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 645–652, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptome profiling in clinical breast cancer: From 3D culture models to prognostic signatures
Authors: Fournier Marcia V. , Martin Katherine J.
Published: September 2006

Early detection has been one of the most effective strategies to control the growing cancer burden. The power of earlier detection has been demonstrated by the impact of pap‐smear, mammography, and PSA tests on cancer patient treatment and survival. These tests benefit patients independent of their genetic background or race. However, in many cases, we are still losing the battle against cancer because patients that initially presented with low‐grade disease progress rapidly to aggressive forms of the disease. As of yet, we have limited means to predict a particular patient's fate or to specifically treat subtypes of cancer. A combination of earlier detection and targeted therapy, based on information from transcriptome analysis, could be a powerful ally in this battle. The theme of this review article is to briefly summarize innovative strategies using three‐dimensional (3D) cell cultures of human mammary epithelial cells to predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. This strategy has the potential to further enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology and to contribute to the identification of biologically significant bio‐markers that are also useful drug targets. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 625–630, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From differential display to DNA microarrays—a personal account
Authors: Liang Peng
Published: September 2006

This article is a tribute to Dr. Arthur Pardee, one of the most innovative and brilliant scientists of our time, on the occasion of his 85th birthday. In this partially perspective and partially review piece, I look back how fate, by twist and turn, has led me eventually to his lab at Harvard where we worked out the Differential Display technology from scratch, how the method has revolutionized the field of gene expression analysis and where DD is taking us in the “era” of DNA microarrays. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 653–658, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovering innate immunity genes using differential display: A story of RNA helicases
Authors: Ramirez‐Ortiz Zaida G. , Warke Rajas V. , Pacheco Laura , Xhaja Kris , Sarkar Devanand , Fisher Paul B. , Shaw Sunil K. , Martin Katherine J. , Bosch Irene
Published: September 2006

In this review we discuss the current literature for RNA helicases in response to RNA virus infection. We show the use of Differential Display Reverse Transcription PCR methodology (DD) to analyze virus–host interactions and we present current findings in dengue virus‐induced gene expression of RNA helicases. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 636–644, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lessons learned from art pardee in cell cycle, science, and life
Authors: Dou Q. Ping
Published: September 2006

This essay is written to honor Dr Art Pardee's 85th birthday (July 13, 2006). In this essay, I have summarized the lessons I learned from Art and the cell‐cycle research I performed in Art's laboratory during my postdoctoral training period. I have also summarized some research from my own laboratory that has been inspired by the lessons I learned from Art, including the interactions between cell cycle and cell death regulators and discovery of novel polyphenol‐ and copper‐based proteasome inhibitors. Finally, I have discussed the potential use of these proteasome inhibitors in cancer prevention and treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 663–669, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic biology: Checkpoint pathway activation therapy, HIV Tat, and transkingdom RNA interference
Authors: Li Chiang J.
Published: September 2006

Therapeutic biology is an exciting new frontier in the post‐genomic era with the mission to better human health. The explosive increase in the understanding of molecular and regulatory biology has enabled the identification of a plethora of potential targets and pathways for the discovery of new medicines. Conversely, molecularly based therapeutic intervention of biological aberrations in human diseases offers a test of the depth of our understanding of biology. This article discusses three examples of therapeutic biology research. The first concerns the treatment of cancer by activating genome surveillance circuitry, namely checkpoint‐pathway activation therapy. The second example is the identification of the HIV Tat protein as both a cause of immune cell activation and apoptosis, and as a vaccine candidate against HIV infection. The third example describes transkingdom RNA interference and its application in the investigational and therapeutic silencing of disease genes. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 695–700, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Replitase: Complete machinery for DNA synthesis
Authors: Murthy Shalini , Reddy G. Prem‐Veer
Published: September 2006

Replication of nuclear DNA in eukaryotes presents a tremendous challenge, not only due to the size and complexity of the genome, but also because of the time constraint imposed by a limited duration of S phase during which the entire genome has to be duplicated accurately and only once per cell division cycle. A challenge of this magnitude can only be met by the close coupling of DNA precursor synthesis to replication. Prokaryotic systems provide evidence for multienzyme and multiprotein complexes involved in DNA precursor synthesis and DNA replication. In addition, fractionation of nuclear proteins from proliferating mammalian cells shows co‐sedimentation of enzymes involved in DNA replication with those required for synthesis of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). Such complexes can be isolated only from cells that are in S phase, but not from cells in G0/G1 phases of cell cycle. The kinetics of deoxynucleotide metabolism supporting DNA replication in intact and permeabilized cells reveals close coupling and allosteric interaction between the enzymes of dNTP synthesis and DNA replication. These interactions contribute to channeling and compartmentation of deoxynucleotides in the microvicinity of DNA replication. A multienzyme and multiprotein megacomplex with these unique properties is called “replitase.” In this article, we summarize some of the relevant evidence to date that supports the concept of replitase in mammalian cells, which originated from the observations in Dr. Pardee's laboratory. In addition, we show that androgen receptor (AR), which plays a critical role in proliferation and viability of prostate cancer cells, is associated with replitase, and that identification of constituents of replitase in androgen‐dependent versus androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells may provide insights into androgen‐regulated events that control proliferation of prostate cancer cells and potentially offer an effective strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 711–717, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiosynthesis of 6‐([18F]fluoroacetamido)‐1‐hexanoicanilide ([18F]FAHA) for PET imaging of histone deacetylase (HDAC)
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Uday , Tong William P. , Gelovani Juri G. , Alauddin Mian M.
Published: September 2006

Radiosynthesis of a novel substrate for histone deacetylase (HDAC), 6‐([18F]fluoroacetamido)‐1‐hexanoicanilide ([18F]FAHA, [18F]‐3) is reported. For precursor synthesis, compound 1 (6‐amino‐1‐hexanoicanilide) was prepared by the reaction of 6‐amino hexanoic acid with thionyl chloride in dichloroethane followed by addition of aniline. Compound 1 was reacted with bromoacetic anhydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of triethylamine to produce the precursor compound 6‐(bromoacetamido)‐1‐hexanoicanilide 2. Fluorination reactions were performed using tetrabutylammonium fluoride in various solvents at 80°C to prepare the unlabeled reference compound 3. Radiofluorinations were performed using either n‐Bu4N18F or K18F/kryptofix, and the crude product was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The radiochemical yields were 9–13% decay corrected (d.c.) with an average of 11% using K18F/kryptofix, and specific activity >2 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis. The synthesis time was 67–75 min from the end of bombardment (EOB). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lagged relationships between North American snow mass and atmospheric teleconnection indices
Authors: Sobolowski Stefan , Frei Allan
Published: September 2006

Relationships between North American winter (January, February, March or JFM) snow mass, or snow water equivalent (SWE), between 1980 and 1997, and four teleconnection indices are explored at different spatial and temporal scales, with teleconnection indices leading SWE by one to two seasons. Summer (July, August, September, or JAS) and fall (October, November, December, or OND) Pacific North American pattern (PNA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), El‐Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are included in this analysis. Principal components analysis of the SWE data set results in four components, explaining over 56% of the variance in the SWE signal which have significant relationships to ENSO, PDO, and NAO. Strong spatial components associated with these relationships emerge, with the first component (NAO, ENSO) located in the northcentral to northwestern regions of the United States and the southcentral to southwestern regions of Canada. A third component (PDO) stretches from the midwest to the east coast of the United States, New England, and the Atlantic Provinces. Ranked correlation analyses using the SWE data set, and additional analyses of station observations in order to extend the time domain, corroborate and elucidate the PCA results. Examinations of these relationships at different spatial scales, and over varying time domains, indicate that there may be some scale‐dependant predictive ability for North American snow mass. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Analysis and objective mapping of extreme daily rainfall in Catalonia
Authors: Carmen Casas M. , Herrero Mònica , Ninyerola Miquel , Pons Xavier , Rodríguez Raül , Rius Anna , Redaño Angel
Published: September 2006

The main objective of this study is to determine the maximum daily precipitation in Catalonia for several established return periods with a high spatial resolution. For this purpose, the maximum daily rainfall annual series from 145 pluviometric stations of the Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM) (Spanish Weather Service) in Catalonia have been analyzed. Using the L‐moments method of Hosking, every series has been fitted by the extreme value distribution function of Gumbel. From this fitting, the maximum daily precipitation for each of the pluviometric stations corresponding to return periods between 2 and 500 years, have been determined. Applying the Cressman method, the spatial analysis of these values has been achieved. Monthly precipitation climatological data, obtained from the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, have been used as the initial field for the analysis. The maximum daily precipitation at 1 km2spatial resolution on Catalonia has been objectively determined by the method employed, and structures with wavelength longer than approximately 35 km can be identified. The results show that places where the maximum daily precipitation values are expected are the zone of Guilleries in the Transversal Range, in the highest zones of the Catalan Pyrenees and Cape Creus zone at the northeastern end of Catalonia and in the south, around the Prelittoral Mountain Range between the Mountains of Prades and Montsià. A good fit between the distribution of minimum values and the driest Catalan areas has been found, the lowest values being on the western end of the Central Basin. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Trends in extreme daily precipitation and temperature near lake Hövsgöl, Mongolia
Authors: Nandintsetseg Banzragch , Greene J. Scott , Goulden Clyde E.
Published: September 2006

A long‐term (1963–2002) set of daily maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation data are analyzed for the Hövsgöl Basin area, Mongolia. Six indices of extreme temperature and eight indices of extreme precipitation are examined. Results suggest that climate conditions over northern Mongolia are changing as indicated by a warming trend identified during the study period. Significant increases are detected in the annual number of hot days and warm nights in this region. Associated with these changes are concomitant decreases in the annual number of cold days and cold nights. The number of days with precipitation has increased slightly while the annual total precipitation has not significantly increased in northern Mongolia. On an average, there was no significant decrease in the maximum number of consecutive dry days or increase in the wet days. The 5‐day precipitation total showed a small increase. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
An Arctic and antarctic perspective on recent climate change
Authors: Turner John , Overland James E. , Walsh John E.
Published: September 2006

We contrast recent climatic and environmental changes and their causes in the Arctic and the Antarctic. There are continuing increases in surface temperatures, losses of sea ice and tundra, and warming of permafrost over broad areas of the Arctic, while most of the major increase in Antarctic temperatures is on the Antarctic Peninsula associated with sea ice loss in the Bellingshausen–Amundsen Seas sector. While both natural atmospheric and oceanic variability, and changes in external forcing including increased greenhouse gas concentrations, must be considered in the quest for understanding such changes, the interactions and feedbacks between system components are particularly strong at high latitudes. For the 1950s to date in the Arctic and for 1957 to date in the Antarctic, positive trends in large‐scale atmospheric circulation represented by the Arctic oscillation (AO) and Antarctic oscillations (AAO) and the Pacific North American (PNA) pattern contribute to the long‐term temperature trends. However, continuing Arctic trends during the last decade of near neutral AO will require alternate explanations. The trend in the AAO since 1950 is larger than expected from natural variability and may be associated with the decrease in stratospheric ozone over Antarctic. The persistence shown in many Arctic and Antarctic Peninsula components of climate and their influence through possible feedback supports continuation of current trends over the next decade. One can expect large spatial and temporal differences, however, from the relative contributions of intrinsic variability, external forcing, and internal feedback/amplifications. It is particularly important to resolve regional feedback processes in future projections based on modeling scenarios. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Frequency and within‐type variations of large‐scale circulation types and their effects on low‐frequency climate variability in central europe since 1780
Authors: Beck C. , Jacobeit J. , Jones P. D.
Published: September 2006

This study investigates the importance of large‐scale atmospheric circulation changes for Central European climate variations during the last two centuries. On the basis of an objective classification of monthly mean sea level pressure (SLP) grids reconstructed back to 1780 and monthly historical station data for the same period, temperature and precipitation changes in Central Europe since 1780 are decomposed into two parts; one part due to frequency changes of large‐scale circulation types, and the other part caused by (dynamic and climatic) changes within these circulation types. This is achieved by applying a particular decomposition scheme for moving 31‐year time windows during the 1780–1995 period. Results indicate that large parts of the long‐term variations in Central European climate cannot be explained sufficiently by frequency changes of circulation types. Roughly one half of these variations—even up to 80% during July—can be ascribed to varying internal properties of some major circulation types. Percentages of frequency‐related and within‐type‐related climate changes are seen to vary on decadal to multidecadal time scales, thus implying that relationships between large‐scale circulation patterns and regional climates are characterised by distinct instationarities. Furthermore, regional climate variations, being attributable to within‐type changes of major circulation types, can only partly be explained by corresponding variations in dynamic properties (vorticity, intensity) of these circulation types. This points to the importance of further sources for within‐type variability, including subgrid‐scale processes, synoptic‐scale variations, and modifications of the climatic boundary conditions. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Relations of South American summer rainfall interannual variations with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Kayano Mary T. , Andreoli Rita V.
Published: September 2006

The anomaly patterns of rainfall in South America for El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) extreme conditions stratified according to the high, low, and normal Pacific (inter‐) Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phases (HPDO, LPDO and NPDO) are examined for the three bi‐months of the season from November to April. El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) composites as well as the linear (EN − LN) and nonlinear (EN + LN) components of the precipitation anomaly patterns relative to ENSO show substantial differences among the three PDO phases. The differences in the strength of ENSO teleconnections for the South American rainfall might be related to the PDO, which creates a background for these teleconnections acting constructively (destructively) when ENSO and PDO are in the same (opposite) phase. An interesting aspect is the occurrence of robust structures of the nonlinear component, which are due to the same sign rainfall anomalies for EN and LN composites. This is particularly conspicuous for the HPDO over eastern Brazil in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) region during Nov/Dec and Jan/Feb, for the HPDO over northern/northwestern South America during Mar/Apr, and for the NPDO over northeastern Brazil during Mar/Apr. The results presented here might have relevant implications for climate monitoring purposes. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Covariabilities of spring soil moisture and summertime United States precipitation in a climate simulation
Authors: Wu Wanru , Dickinson Robert E. , Wang Hui , Liu Yongqiang , Shaikh Muhammad
Published: September 2006

This paper explores the space‐time connections between springtime soil moisture and summer precipitation over the continental United States by applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) method to a 50‐year climate simulation. The first two SVD modes were analyzed. The two leading SVD modes account for 43% of the squared covariance between spring soil moisture and summer precipitation. Their corresponding components explain 14% of the soil moisture variance and 19% of the precipitation variance, respectively, which is larger than that contributed by tropical Pacific sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs). The temporal correlations between the two expansion coefficients of each SVD mode are 0.83 and 0.88, respectively, indicating a significant association between spring soil moisture variation and summer precipitation variability. Both positive and negative cross‐correlations exist over different regions of the United States in the two modes. Linear regression relates surface relative humidity and surface air temperature to the soil moisture SVD time series. The patterns revealed by the SVD analysis show where the local soil moisture‐precipitation coupling contributes to the model's simulation of precipitation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Climatic effects of urbanization in istanbul: a statistical and modeling analysis
Authors: Ezber Yasemin , Lutfi Sen Omer , Kindap Tayfun , Karaca Mehmet
Published: September 2006

Statistical and numerical modeling tools were used to investigate the climatic effects of urbanization in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to minimum temperature data from stations located in urban, suburban and rural areas in Istanbul to determine the existence and significance of trends, and the approximate years in which changes in the trends started. In addition, using a mesoscale atmospheric model, a sensitivity experiment was carried out to explore the atmospheric effects of urbanization in the city. Both statistical and modeling analyses indicated significant warming in the atmosphere over the urbanized areas. Mann–Kendall tests indicated statistically significant positive trends in the time series of the differences in minimum temperatures between urban and rural stations. Seasonal analyses showed that the urbanization effect on climate was most pronounced in summer. In most cases, the changes in the trends occurred in the 1970s and 1980s when the population growth rate in Istanbul increased dramatically. The model results exhibited a significant expansion of the urban heat island in Istanbul from 1951 to 2004, fairly consistent with the expansion of the city in this period. A two‐cell structure for the urban heat island emerged at the reference level from the difference of the July simulations with current and past landscapes: one on the European side and the other on the Asian side of the city. The maximum reference‐level temperature difference between the past and present simulations was found to be around 1 °C. The modeling experiment also indicated that the velocity of the prevailing northeasterly wind and the water vapor mixing ratio were both reduced over the city. The heating effect due to urbanization was found to penetrate about 600–800 m height in the atmosphere over the city, and the two surface heat island cells were found to combine aloft. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Mobilization of endothelial precursor cells: Systemic vascular response to musculoskeletal trauma
Authors: Laing A.J. , Dillon J.P. , Condon E.T. , Street J.T. , Wang J.H. , McGuinness A.J. , Redmond H.P.
Published: September 2006

Postnatal vasculogenesis, the process by which vascular committed bone marrow stem cells or endothelial precursor cells (EPC) migrate, differentiate, and incorporate into the nacent endothelium contributing to physiological and pathological neovascularization, has stimulated much interest. Its contribution to tumor nonvascularization, wound healing, and revascularization associated with skeletal and cardiac muscles ischaemia is established. We evaluated the mobilization of EPCs in response to musculoskeletal trauma. Blood from patients (n = 15) following AO type 42a1 closed diaphyseal tibial fractures was analyzed for CD34 and AC133 cell surface marker expression. Immunomagnetically enriched CD34+ mononuclear cell (MNCCD34+) populations were cultured and examined for phenotypic and functional vascular endothelial differentiation. Circulating MNCCD34+ levels increased sevenfold by day 3 postinjury. Circulating MNCAC133+ increased 2.5‐fold. Enriched MNCCD34+ populations from day 3 samples in culture exhibited cell cluster formation with sprouting spindles. These cells bound UEA‐1 and incorporated fluorescent DiI‐Ac‐LDL intracellularily. Our findings suggest a systemic provascular response is initiated in response to musculoskeletal trauma. Its therapeutic manipulation may have implications for the potential enhancement of fracture healing. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:44–50, 2007
Biofilm formation by bacteria isolated from retrieved failed prosthetic hip implants in an in vitro model of hip arthroplasty antibiotic prophylaxis
Authors: Tunney M.M. , Dunne N. , Einarsson G. , McDowell A. , Kerr A. , Patrick S.
Published: September 2006

Bacterial infection primarily with Staphylococcus spp. and Propionibacterium acnes remains a significant complication following total hip replacement. In this in vitro study, we investigated the efficacy of gentamicin loading of bone cement and pre‐ and postoperative administration of cefuroxime in the prevention of biofilm formation by clinical isolates. High and low initial inocula, representative of the number of bacteria that may be present at the operative site as a result of overt infection and skin contamination, respectively, were used. When a high initial inoculum was used, gentamicin loading of the cement did not prevent biofilm formation by the 10 Staphylococcus spp. and the 10 P. acnes isolates tested. Similarly, the use of cefuroxime in the fluid phase with gentamicin‐loaded cement did not prevent biofilm formation by four Staphylococcus spp. and four P. acnes isolates tested. However, when a low bacterial inoculum was used, a combination of both gentamicin‐loaded cement and cefuroxime prevented biofilm formation by these eight isolates. Our results indicate that this antibiotic combination may protect against infection after intra‐operative challenge with bacteria present in low numbers as a result of contamination from the skin but would not protect against bacteria present in high numbers as a result of overt infection of an existing implant. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:2–10, 2007
Radical scavenging properties of protein hydrolysates from Jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus eschrichitii Steenstrup) skin gelatin
Authors: Lin Lin , Li Ba‐fang
Published: September 2006

Gelatin extracted from Jumbo flying squid skin was hydrolyzed with serials of protease. The scavenging effects of gelatin hydrolysates on superoxide and hydroxyl radical were assessed by chemiluminescence analysis. Properase E and pepsin have shown efficient hydrolysis of squid skin gelatin to obtain high radical scavenging activity peptides. The conditions chosen for enzymic hydrolysis of squid skin gelatin with properase E were pH 9.0, 45 °C, 3 h reaction time, and enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio of 1:50. Hydrolysates combining properase E and pepsin showed the best radical scavenging activity. For fragmented hydrolysates by ultrafiltration, fractions UF‐2 (Mw < 2000 Da) had high yield and radical scavenging activity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioavailability of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in rats fed probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic powder follow‐up infant formulas and their effect on physiological and nutritional parameters
Authors: Pérez‐Conesa Darío , López Ginés , Abellán Pedro , Ros Gaspar
Published: September 2006

The effect of infant formulas supplemented with functional ingredients on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) bioavailability was investigated in rats. Seven follow‐up infant formulas containing probiotics (Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum), prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides at 12, 50 and 100 g kg−1) or synbiotics (bifidobacteria and galactooligosacccharides) were administered to weanling rats for 30 days. A 3 day mineral balance was performed over three periods (8–10, 18–20 and 28–30 days) to monitor mineral apparent absorption and retention ratios and physiological and nutritional parameters. Feeding rats on infant formula‐based diets showed high feed efficiency (≥0.46). It was found that infant formulas supplemented with probiotics and/or prebiotics for 30 days increased Ca, Mg and P bioavailability in rats. Mineral apparent absorption and retention ratios were higher than 90% for Ca and P and 80% for Mg during the first balance period regardless of the infant formula used, but they decreased during the next two balance periods. Although it was not possible to select one infant formula as the best to improve mineral absorption, the 100 g kg−1 prebiotic and 50 and 100 g kg−1 synbiotic infant formulas were the most efficient at increasing Ca, Mg and P bioavailability compared with the control group. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dehydration temperatures on colour and polyphenoloxidase activity of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars
Authors: Akyıldız Asiye , Öcal N Didem
Published: September 2006

During dehydration at different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C) of Amasya and Golden Delicious apple cultivars, changes in colour, polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO), browning index and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were studied. Effects of dehydration time on the L* values of both cultivars were not significant. Only Amasya samples dehydrated at 80 °C were found to have significantly higher L* values than the remaining samples. In all cases, Golden Delicious samples had higher L* values than those of the Amasya cultivar. a* values of samples increased within the first hour of dehydration and then remained almost unchanged. The enzyme activity showed a rapid decrease in the first hour of dehydration and residual enzyme activities (%) reached 9.8%, 5.3% and 4.5% for Amasya, and 17.4%, 10.3% and 4.6% for the Golden Delicious cultivar at 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively. In all final samples the residual enzyme activities were around 1%. The highest browning values were observed at the second hour of dehydration at 60 and 70 °C and the first hour of dehydration at 80 °C. In all conditions Amasya apples had a higher browning tendency. The presence of HMF was detected only at the 4th hour of dehydration at 80 °C for both cultivars. Effects of dehydration temperature on colour and PPO of the final product were insignificant. However, an important effect of temperature was determined on the browning index of Golden Delicious samples. The lowest browning tendency was measured on samples dehydrated at 80 °C. The results showed that cultivar and dehydration temperature had considerable effect on the browning of apple slices. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel approaches in measuring the antioxidative potential of animal feeds: the FRAP and DPPH methods
Authors: Smet Karen , Raes Katleen , de Smet Stefaan
Published: September 2006

Two methods were adapted and optimized for evaluating the antioxidative potential of animal feeds. In the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the neutralization of the stable radical DPPH• by antioxidants present in animal feeds was measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was used to measure the reducing capacity of feeds. To optimize both methods regarding to the type of solvent, the time of extraction and the volume of solvent needed, a commercial pig feed was used. Of the different solvents used, methanol showed superior results to chloroform, water, ethanol, acetone and chloroform–methanol (1:1, v/v). The time of extraction was also examined. The antioxidative potential of the extract of a first extraction step did not change with extraction time after 3 h of extraction. The need for a second extraction step was also investigated, but this could be reduced to a wash step. In a last phase, the volume of the extraction solvent was optimized. It seemed that 25 mL of methanol was sufficient to give a repeatable extraction yield from 2 g of feed. Both methods gave reproducible results with a high recovery for the tested feed. Therefore, it can be concluded that using methanol as the extraction solvent, the DPPH and FRAP methods are useful techniques for monitoring the total antioxidative potential of animal feeds. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Variability in some texture characteristics and chemical composition of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Casañas Francesc , Pujolà Montserrat , del Castillo Roser Romero , Almirall Antoni , Sánchez Esther , Nuez Fernando
Published: September 2006

The increase in the consumption of pulses in developed countries is strongly related to the availability of varieties with high‐quality sensory attributes. Local varieties show variability of this characteristic but the extent is unknown. This study aims to assess the variability in texture and chemical composition among traditional Spanish varieties of common beans. Texture differences among varieties found by panellists correspond to chemical variation, although chemical differences within varieties seem greater than those reported in sensory analyses. It seems reasonable to screen existing information on the chemical composition of common beans to identify promising varieties to be tested in sensory trials. Nevertheless, selection within varieties should be performed only after sensory tests on the degree of differences shown by extreme genotypes for components such as protein or starch. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioavailability and stability issues in understanding the cancer preventive effects of tea polyphenols
Authors: Sang Shengmin , Lambert Joshua D , Yang Chung S
Published: September 2006

The cancer preventive activities of tea (Camellia sinensis) have received a great deal of attention from researchers and the general public. The inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea and tea polyphenols has been demonstrated in different animal models of skin, lung, intestinal and other cancer types by many investigators. Numerous mechanisms for the cancer preventive activity have been proposed based on studies of human cancer cell lines without considering the bioavailability of tea polyphenols. The proposed inhibition of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and activator protein 1 (AP‐1) mediated transcription, growth factor‐mediated signaling, and other activities could lead to the inhibition of tumor cell growth or induction of apoptosis as well as the inhibition of angiogenesis. In many cases, however, the concentrations of tea polyphenols required to observe these biological effectsin vitroexceed the concentrations achievable in blood and tissues by 10‐ to 100‐fold. In addition,in vitrostudies are complicated by the fact that tea polyphenols are not stable and reactive oxygen species are generated under most cell culture conditions. It is not clear whether these reactions occurin vivo. From the bioavailability and stability viewpoints, we herein discuss the relevance ofin vitroobservations to the mechanisms of the cancer preventive activities of tea polyphenolsin vivo. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Unique continuation for the symmetric regularized long wave equation
Authors: Shang Yadong
Published: September 2006

The unique continuation property has been intensively studied for a long time due to the important role that plays in the applications. The validity of the unique continuation property for symmetric regularized long wave equation is showed in this paper. The result is established by using an appropriate Carleman‐type estimate for a partial differential operators closely related to our problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating SPIO‐labelled cell MR efficiency by three‐dimensional quantitative T MRI
Authors: Mowat P. , Franconi F. , Chapon C. , Lemaire L. , Dorat J. , Hindré F. , Benoit J.‐P. , Richomme P. , Le Jeune J.‐J.
Published: September 2006

An in vitro MR‐assay for superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle cell labelling assessment via three‐dimensional quantitative T MR microscopy was proposed. On high‐resolution images, and due to the high susceptibility difference between the particles and the surrounding medium, SPIO internalized in cells induces signal loss which may be counted and measured on T maps. The increase in both labelled cell percentage and the average perturbation volume with an added amount of iron in the incubation medium proved that intracellular iron uptake is dependent upon the initial concentration of incubation iron. It also proved that the observed increases in total cellular iron uptake measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy are due to both an increase in the iron mass per cell and also an increase in labelled cell concentration. MR results were compared with Prussian blue staining histology. The sensitivity of the MR methodology was then used to distinguish labelling differences for two different types of particle coating.

The MRI‐assay we proposed is a compulsory tool to optimize labelling efficiency in order to improve in vivo cell detection. Key parameters for detection, such as the percentage of cell labelling, the effect on the image for a given amount of internalized iron and labelling distribution among a cell population, are easily obtained. The comparison of different contrast agents for labelling one cell type, the assessment of one type of contrast agent for labelling different cell types and/or the evaluation of labelling strategies, are possible without having recourse to classical methods, and provide improved accuracy, since the principle is based on intracellular relaxivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective cine 3He ventilation imaging under spontaneous breathing conditions: a non‐invasive protocol for small‐animal lung function imaging
Authors: Stupar Vasile , Canet‐Soulas Emmanuelle , Gaillard Sophie , Alsaid Hasan , Beckmann Nicolau , Crémillieux Yannick
Published: September 2006

A non‐invasive and free‐breathing hyperpolarized (HP) 3He imaging protocol for small animals was implemented and validated on rats for lung function imaging. Animals were allowed to breathe a mixture of air and 3He from a mask and a gas reservoir fitted to their heads. Radial imaging sequences were used, and MRI signal intensity changes were monitored for retrospective cine image reconstruction. The ventilation cycle of the animals was imaged with a 100 ms temporal resolution. The sliding window imaging technique was applied to reconstruct 5 ms time‐shifted image series covering the complete breathing cycle. Image series were processed to extract quantitative ventilation parameters such as the gas arrival time. The reproducibility and the non‐invasiveness of this ventilation imaging protocol were evaluated by multiple acquisitions on the same animals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse relaxation in rat optic nerve
Authors: Bonilla Isidro , Snyder Richard E.
Published: September 2006

In vitro investigations were performed to study the proton T2 relaxation spectrum of rat optic nerve. Studies in which the nerve was incubated in a D2O‐based solution revealed that >98% of the spectrum originated from the water protons. The spectrum was found to consist of three components having relaxation times and sizes similar to those reported in the literature for peripheral nerve. Procedures were taken to confirm the existence of a third optic nerve component and that it was not an artifact of the long‐lived water protons of the in vitro incubation solution. Evidence using paramagnetic agents in the incubation solution, which removed the two longest‐lived nerve components from the spectrum, revealed the existence of a small fourth component (<10% of total) having a T2 relaxation time similar to that of the intermediate‐lived nerve component. Bathing the nerves in a 10 mM glutamate solution, glutamate known to result in cellular swelling in mammalian central nervous system (CNS), was found to increase the component size of the longest‐lived nerve component, suggestive that this component may result from cellular water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen status of lung granulomas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected mice
Authors: Aly S , Wagner K , Keller C , Malm S , Malzan A , Brandau S , Bange F‐C , Ehlers S
Published: September 2006

It is often assumed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)‐induced granulomatous lesions, particularly those undergoing central caseation, are anoxic, and that the survival of Mtb in these lesions requires the integrity of its non‐oxidative respiratory pathways. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, we now provide immunohistochemical evidence that in the most frequently used animal model system of inbred mice Mtb‐induced granulomas, even after more than one year of aerogenic infection, are not severely hypoxic. In contrast, chronic aerosol infection with M. avium strain TMC724 was associated with hypoxia surrounding necrotizing granuloma centres. Direct measurements of oxygen tension with a flexible microelectrode in mouse lungs chronically infected with Mtb disclosed a wide range of oxygen partial pressures in different parts of the lungs which, however, rarely approached the anoxic conditions consistently found in necrotizing tumours. We further show that an Mtb mutant, defective in nitrate reductase (narG) necessary for survival under anaerobic conditions in vitro, can persist in the lungs of chronically infected mice to a similar extent as wild‐type Mtb. These findings have important implications for the use of the mouse model of Mtb infection in developing eradication chemotherapy and for evaluating putative mechanisms of chronic persistence and latency of Mtb. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of two statin prescribing strategies with respect to adherence and cardiovascular outcomes: observational study
Authors: Wei L. , MacDonald T. M. , Watson A. D. , Murphy M. J.
Published: September 2006

Background

There is considerable evidence that statins can reduce cardiovascular events. Currently high‐risk patients are treated to a target cholesterol concentration. An alternative prescribing strategy (the ‘fire‐and‐forget’ approach) would instead deploy low‐dose statins more widely. It has been suggested that for the same cost this approach might prevent more cardiovascular events. We have compared the treat‐to‐target and fire‐and‐forget statin prescribing strategies with respect to adherence and cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods

We used a population‐based record‐linkage database containing several data sets linked by a unique patient identifier. We identified two cohorts of patients. Patients in the treat‐to‐target cohort were prescribed a statin, and subsequent measurement of their cholesterol was followed by upward titration of their statin dose if necessary. Patients in the fire‐and‐forget cohort were prescribed a statin, but no further cholesterol measurement was observed during the follow‐up period.

Findings

Adherence to statin treatment in patients treated to target was significantly better than in patients treated on a fire‐and‐forget basis (adjusted odds ratio 2.51, 95%CI 2.26–2.78). We found a lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) event rate in patients treated to target than in fire‐and‐forget patients (hazard ratio of CVD or cardiovascular death 0.41 (0.35–0.48) even after adjustment was made for adherence and baseline CVD risk).

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that adherence to statins is worse in patients treated on a fire‐and‐forget basis than in patients treated to a target cholesterol concentration, and that this prescribing strategy is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.