bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Izazovi, nedoumice i kritični faktori za upravljanje propulzivnim privređivanjem u otvorenoj tržišnoj privredi
Authors: Todorović Jovan
Published: October 2017

Napredak privrede i blagostanje društva predominantno su određeni kvalitetom mera vlade da, kao vizionar i blagotvorni katalizator,motiviše i mobiliše privredne subjekte na propulzivno i fer privređivanje u široko otvorenom privrednom prostoru. Sažetije rečeno, to sesvodi na odnos makrooptike i mikrooptike i uloge relevantnih aktera, te odnos plana i tržišta, strukture okruženja i sistema organizacijeprivrede. U pitanju je potreba da se u uslovima brojnih izazova i velikog dinamizma okruženja ostvaruje spoj efektivnosti (da se uvek radiprava delatnost) i efikasnost (da se delatnosti uvek rade na pravi način).Sintagma „održivi razvoj“ je samo jedna strana problema, a druga je da se obezbedi optimalna struktura privređivanja imajući u vidu stanjekomparativnih prednosti zemlje, standarde međunarodnog marketinga i razvijenost oblika međunarodne poslovne saradnje i izvora finansiranja.U radu je, otuda, dat koncept sidra propulzivnog (realnog i kvalitetnog) razvoja u kome se, od kompetentne, odgovorne i dovoljno motivisanevlade, očekuje da mudro poveže komponente kao što su: 1) komparativne prednosti zemlje, 2) međunarodni standardi privređivanja, 3)ciljevi i strategija privrednog i društvenog razvoja, 4) društveni marketing i 5) makroekonomska politika i preduzetnički ambijent.Pod impaktom internacionalizacije, odnosno globalizacije privredne scene, prikazano je i prožimanje slojeva i elemenata okruženja usmislu odnosa 4 P, 4 K i 4 M, gde je upozoreno da politika, pamet, ponuda i promocija (4 P), koji su u domenu vlade i preduzeća, morajubiti prožeti zahtevima savremenog konzumerizma, konkurencije, komparativnih prednosti i konzervacije (4 K), a ovi su pod uticajemfenomena odnosno faktora kao što su: multikulturalizam, međunarodni kodeksi i standardi, međunarodna trgovinska i organizacija rada,te Međunarodni monetarni fond i Svetska banka (4 M). Za ostvarivanje realnog i fer privređivanja, odnosno održivog i optimalnog privrednogi društvenog razvoja, značajan ponder u radu je dat konceptu društvenog marketinga, od koga se očekuje da, kroz vizionarsku,prosvetiteljsku i društveno-etičku ulogu, harmonizuje optiku i kriterijume privrednih subjekata i potrebe i vrednosti društvene zajednice. Utom smislu, data je skica premisa i izazova za društveni marketing, kojom se dovodi u vezu: 1) priroda i obim zajedničkih potreba, 2) imanentniprincipi ekonomije javnog sektora, 3) mogućnosti finansiranja društvenog standarda, 4) makro upravljanje tražnjom, 5) kreiranjevantržišnih rešenja, 6) utvrđivanje indikatora uspešnosti i 7) prilagođavanje koncepta upravljanja i kontrole. Takođe, dati su elementi planaevropeizacije i efektivnijeg alijansiranja sa ostalim relevantnim delovima svetskog okruženja. Za preduzetničku ekonomiju kao glavnogrealizatora stvarnog propulzivnog privređivanja ukazano je na preovlađujuće tendencije u razvoju kritičnih faktora uspeha, uključujući iidentifikovanje dilema i elemenata marketing strategije u globalizovanom okruženju.
Recruitment dynamics of ESCRT-III and Vps4 to endosomes and implications for reverse membrane budding
Authors: Adell Manuel Alonso Y , Migliano Simona M , Upadhyayula Srigokul , Bykov Yury S , Sprenger Simon , Pakdel Mehrshad , Vogel Georg F , Jih Gloria , Skillern Wesley , Behrouzi Reza , Babst Markus , Schmidt Oliver , Hess Michael W , Briggs John AG , Kirchhausen Tomas , Teis David
Published: October 2017

The ESCRT machinery mediates reverse membrane scission. By quantitative fluorescence lattice light-sheet microscopy, we have shown that ESCRT-III subunits polymerize rapidly on yeast endosomes, together with the recruitment of at least two Vps4 hexamers. During their 3–45 s lifetimes, the ESCRT-III assemblies accumulated 75–200 Snf7 and 15–50 Vps24 molecules. Productive budding events required at least two additional Vps4 hexamers. Membrane budding was associated with continuous, stochastic exchange of Vps4 and ESCRT-III components, rather than steady growth of fixed assemblies, and depended on Vps4 ATPase activity. An all-or-none step led to final release of ESCRT-III and Vps4. Tomographic electron microscopy demonstrated that acute disruption of Vps4 recruitment stalled membrane budding. We propose a model in which multiple Vps4 hexamers (four or more) draw together several ESCRT-III filaments. This process induces cargo crowding and inward membrane buckling, followed by constriction of the nascent bud neck and ultimately ILV generation by vesicle fission.
The Effect of Typographical Features of Subtitles on Nonnative English Viewers’ Retention and Recall of Lyrics in English Music Videos
Authors: Tayari  Ashtiani Farshid
Published: October 2017

The goal of this study was to test the effect of typographical features of subtitles including size, color and position on nonnative English viewers’ retention and recall of lyrics in music videos. To do so, the researcher played a simple subtitled music video for the participants at the beginning of their classes, and administered a 31-blank cloze test from the lyrics at the end of the classes. In the second test, the control group went through the same procedure but experimental group watched the customized subtitled version of the music video. The results demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups in the first test but in the second, the scores remarkably increased in the experimental group and proved better retention and recall. This study has implications for English language teachers and material developers to benefit customized bimodal subtitles as a mnemonic tool for better comprehension, retention and recall of aural contents in videos via Computer Assisted Language Teaching approach.
Teachers’ Beliefs versus Learners’ Beliefs in Grammar Teaching: Harmonizing Teaching and Learning for Adult Learners’ Improved Proficiency in English
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Sabboor Hussain Muhammad , Raha Mohd Radzuan Noor
Published: October 2017

The study tends to explore the possible reforms to raise the proficiency level of the adult English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. With this end in view, it investigates non-native EFL teachers’ beliefs in relation to adult learners’ beliefs in teaching grammar to university students in the Saudi Arabian EFL context. It finds out the harmony and disharmony between the teachers at the giving end and the taught at the receiving end to create a culture of awareness and to build a better teaching-learning environment. The study tries to fill the existing research gap as no previous research has tried to find out the solution to the problem from this angle. The main data collection tools are two five-point Likert-scale questionnaires, administered to 70 non-native EFL teachers and their 80 adult students. Teachers and learners have been selected based on stratified random sampling. Quantitative data have been analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The major findings of the study are that there is discrepancy in the grammar teaching beliefs of the EFL teachers and the taught and there is a communication gap between them which result into low English proficiency level of the EFL adult learners.  Eventually, pedagogical implications of the lack of harmony between the teachers’ teaching creeds and the learners’ learning demands/expectations are provided for effective grammar teaching and better EFL classroom environment. The study recommends a better communicative harmony in both the stakeholders to bring reforms in adult education in EFL context.
“Madwoman in the Post-Colonial Era” A Study of the Female Voice in Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea
Authors: Azam Nushrat
Published: October 2017

This paper seeks to analyze the mediums and effects of voice and silence in the life of a female character of the re-written post-colonial text Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea. The analysis shows how a re-written text can give a new meaning to a character and story of a novel, where the character of Antoinette tells the untold story of Bertha in Jane Eyre. The method of investigation for this research is analytical and descriptive; the research was completed by analyzing the events, actions and the interactions of the female character, Antoinette with the other major characters in the novel in order to identify how the character of Antoinette was portrayed throughout the novel. It is understood through the study of the text, that the post-colonial novel gave the female voice much more importance than its previous counterpart. This represents the early post-colonial times during which women were starting to gain liberation but had still not completely moved on from the notions of patriarchal societies that they had grown up in.
Problems and Challenges for the First Generation Learners
Authors: Rahman Khan Shakibur
Published: October 2017

The article Problems and challenges for the First Generation Learners seeks to explore the important issues and problems encountered by first generation English learners and teachers in the context of learning and teaching in Saudi Arabia. It is assumed that the quality of teaching, teachers, and teaching materials provided to the first generation learners as in the context of my experience of teaching, Wadi Ad-Dawasir, Sattam Bin Abdul-Aziz University, has to have certain standards and measuring rods to assess the impact of teaching.
Blooming of the Novel in the Bloomsbury Group: An Investigation to the Impact of the Members of Bloomsbury Group on the Composition of the Selected Works of Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster
Authors: Nozen SeyedehZahra , Amani Bahman , Ziyarati Fatemeh
Published: October 2017

“For masterpieces are not single and solitary births; they are the outcome of many years of thinking in common, of thinking by the body of the people, so that the experience of the mass is behind the single voice…”. Woolf’s belief has been put to the test in the Bloomsbury Group and this paper intends to investigate the validity of her claim through a critical analysis of the selected works of its novelist members. In a central part of London during the first half of the twentieth century a group of intellectual and literary writers, artists, critics and an economist came together which later on was labeled as Bloomsbury group. The group’s members had an influential role in blooming novel in a different form of expression and profoundly affect its literary figures, Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster, in the composition of their fictions The Waves, A Room of One’s Own, To the Lighthouse and Forster’s A Room with a view and Howards End. The formation of Bloomsbury circle acted as a bridge from the Victorian bigotries and narrow-mindedness to the unbounded era of modernism as they searched for universal peace, individual liberalism and human accomplishments due to ideal social norms. They freely exchanged their views on variety of subjects without any limitation. The reasons behind their popularity compared to several contemporary groups were their innumerable works, the clarification of their lives through their diaries, biographies and autobiographies and their diverse kinds of activities such as criticism, painting, politics and literary writings. They were adherents of truth, goodness, enjoyment of beautiful object, intrinsic values, aesthetics, friendship and personal relationship. Intellectual intimacy and cooperation can be considered as the main attribute of its members as they collaborate with each other and employ the fundamental tenets of the group within their works. The modern style of its artists as post-impressionist highly affects the narration technique of its literary figures. These novelists tried to narrate the verbal utterances in a visual way as if the whole of the story is depicted on a canvas. Furthermore, this paper tries to discover the role of the non-literary (painters and critics) members of the group in blooming and forming of a different and novel kind of narration technique, namely ‘stream of consciousness’, through the visual impact of the painter and the discussion method of critic members of the group.
Virulence test using nematodes to prescreenNocardiaspecies capable of inducing neurodegeneration and behavioral disorders
Authors: Bernardin Souibgui Claire , Zoropogui Anthony , Voisin Jeremy , Ribun Sebastien , Vasselon Valentin , Pujic Petar , Rodriguez-Nava Veronica , Belly Patrick , Cournoyer Benoit , Blaha Didier
Published: October 2017

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron programmed cell death. The etiology of PD remains uncertain—some cases are due to selected genes associated with familial heredity, others are due to environmental exposure to toxic components, but over 90% of cases have a sporadic origin.Nocardiaare Actinobacteria that can cause human diseases like nocardiosis. This illness can lead to lung infection or central nervous system (CNS) invasion in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. The main species involved in CNS areN. farcinica, N. nova,N. brasiliensisandN. cyriacigeorgica. Some studies have highlighted the ability ofN. cyriacigeorgicato induce Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms in animals. Actinobacteria are known to produce a large variety of secondary metabolites, some of which can be neurotoxic. We hypothesized that neurotoxic secondary metabolite production and the onset of PD-like symptoms in animals could be linked.

Methods

Here we used a method to screen bacteria that could induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration before performing mouse experiments.

Results

The nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansallowed us to demonstrate thatNocardiastrains belonging toN. cyriacigeorgicaandN. farcinicaspecies can induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Strains of interest involved with the nematodes in neurodegenerative disorders were then injected in mice. Infected mice had behavioral disorders that may be related to neuronal damage, thus confirming the ability ofNocardiastrains to induce neurodegeneration. These behavioral disorders were induced byN. cyriacigeorgicaspecies (N. cyriacigeorgicaGUH-2 andN. cyriacigeorgica44484) andN. farcinica10152.

Discussion

We conclude thatC. elegansis a good model for detectingNocardiastrains involved in neurodegeneration. This model allowed us to detect bacteria with high neurodegenerative effects and which should be studied in mice to characterize the induced behavioral disorders and bacterial dissemination.
Illegal use of natural resources in federal protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Kauano Érico E. , Silva Jose M.C. , Michalski Fernanda
Published: October 2017

Background

The Brazilian Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest regions and plays a key role in biodiversity conservation as well as climate adaptation and mitigation. The government has created a network of protected areas (PAs) to ensure long-term conservation of the region. However, despite the importance of and positive advances in the establishment of PAs, natural resource depletion in the Brazilian Amazon is pervasive.

Methods

We evaluated a total of 4,243 official law enforcement records generated between 2010 and 2015 to understand the geographical distribution of the illegal use of resources in federal PAs in the Brazilian Amazon. We classified illegal activities into ten categories and used generalized additive models (GAMs) to evaluate the relationship between illegal use of natural resources inside PAs with management type, age of PAs, population density, and accessibility.

Results

We found 27 types of illegal use of natural resources that were grouped into 10 categories of illegal activities. Most infractions were related to suppression and degradation of vegetation (37.40%), followed by illegal fishing (27.30%) and hunting activities (18.20%). The explanatory power of the GAMs was low for all categories of illegal activity, with a maximum explained variation of 41.2% for illegal activities as a whole, and a minimum of 14.6% for hunting activities.

Discussion

These findings demonstrate that even though PAs are fundamental for nature conservation in the Brazilian Amazon, the pressures and threats posed by human activities include a broad range of illegal uses of natural resources. Population density up to 50 km from a PA is a key variable, influencing illegal activities. These threats endanger long-term conservation and many efforts are still needed to maintain PAs that are large enough and sufficiently intact to maintain ecosystem functions and protect biodiversity.
Gallbladder Cancer Showing a Great Response to Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Chemotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Inoue Yoshihiro , Ota Masato , Fujii Kensuke , Matsuda Junna , Kawaguchi Nao , Imai Yoshiro , Shimizu Tetsunosuke , Asakuma Mitsuhiro , Takeshita Atsushi , Hirokawa Fumitoshi , Hayashi Michihiro , Uchiyama Kazuhisa
Published: October 2017

Currently, complete surgical resection is the most effective and the only potentially curative treatment for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). However, GBC frequently presents various manifestations as it progresses, including liver invasion, bile duct invasion, hepatoduodenal invasion, venous invasion, and lymphatic invasion. Although there is a clear need for effective chemotherapeutic methods in the management of GBC, no standard chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced GBC has been established to date, and the prognosis remains poor. Herein, we report a case of successful treatment in a patient with advanced GBC who showed a great response to combination chemotherapy and who was subsequently able to undergo curative resection. A 38-year-old Japanese woman was first diagnosed with unknown primary cancer with bilateral ovarian, hepatic, and peritoneal metastases. Combination paclitaxel plus carboplatin chemotherapy was started at a dose of 653 mg of carboplatin and 248 mg of paclitaxel once a week for 3 weeks. After 6 cycles, the tumor had shrunk in size and was detected as only a slightly contrasted lesion in Couinaud's hepatic segments 4 and 5. One month after the final cycle of chemotherapy, we performed cholecystectomy and right lobectomy of the liver with D2 lymph node dissection. The patient exhibited an uneventful postoperative course. Five months have passed since the operation, with no signs of recurrent disease. Our findings suggest that combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin may be effective against advanced GBC.
Colonic Necrosis Following Laparoscopic High Anterior Resection for Sigmoid Colon Cancer: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Toiyama Yuji , Hiro Junichiro , Ichikawa Takashi , Okigami Masato , Imaoka Hiroki , Fujikawa Hiroyuki , Yasuda Hiromi , Yoshiyama Shigeyuki , Kobayashi Minako , Ohi Masaki , Araki Toshimitsu , Inoue Yasuhiro , Mohri Yasuhiko , Kusunoki Masato
Published: October 2017

We report a patient who experienced colonic necrosis after laparoscopic high anterior resection for sigmoid colon cancer, and review the literature to evaluate the clinical features of colonic necrosis following surgery for sigmoid colon and rectal cancer. A 76-year-old man with sigmoid colon cancer underwent laparoscopic high anterior resection. The operation included high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery and end-to-end anastomosis using circular staples. Pathology findings revealed a pT4N2M0 lesion. Beginning on postoperative day (POD) 1, the patient experienced a high, spiking fever, and gradually developed leukocytosis and high inflammatory condition. The patient complained of abdominal distention, but had no signs of peritonitis. Abdominal computed tomography on POD4 showed wall thickness of the proximal colon from the anastomosis site and ascites with free air. An anastomotic leakage was suspected. Emergency laparotomy revealed a disrupted anastomosis without feces in the abdomen and a gangrenous 15 cm segment of the colon proximal to the anastomosis. The affected area of the colon was excised and Hartmann's procedure was performed. His postoperative period was uneventful. Our review of the literature demonstrates that elderly male patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary complications undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid and rectal cancer surgery with high ligation have high risk of postoperative colonic necrosis. We experienced colonic necrosis following laparoscopic high anterior resection for sigmoid colon cancer and required immediate resection. Elderly male patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary complications undergoing laparoscopic sigmoid and rectal cancer surgery with high ligation should be carefully monitored for postoperative colonic necrosis.
Rivers and Floodplains as Key Components of Global Terrestrial Water Storage Variability
Authors: Getirana Augusto , Kumar Sujay , Girotto Manuela , Rodell Matthew
Published: October 2017

This study quantifies the contribution of rivers and floodplains to terrestrial water storage (TWS) variability. We use state‐of‐the‐art models to simulate land surface processes and river dynamics and to separate TWS into its main components. Based on a proposed impact index, we show that surface water storage (SWS) contributes 8% of TWS variability globally, but that contribution differs widely among climate zones. Changes in SWS are a principal component of TWS variability in the tropics, where major rivers flow over arid regions and at high latitudes. SWS accounts for ~22–27% of TWS variability in both the Amazon and Nile Basins. Changes in SWS are negligible in the Western U.S., Northern Africa, Middle East, and central Asia. Based on comparisons with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment‐based TWS, we conclude that accounting for SWS improves simulated TWS in most of South America, Africa, and Southern Asia, confirming that SWS is a key component of TWS variability.
Low‐δ18O Rhyolites From the Malani Igneous Suite: A Positive Test for South China and NW India Linkage in Rodinia
Authors: Wang Wei , Cawood Peter A. , Zhou Mei‐Fu , Pandit Manoj K. , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Zhao Jun‐Hong
Published: October 2017

The Malani igneous suite (MIS) in NW India represents one of the best preserved silicic large igneous provinces. Voluminous silicic lavas of the MIS erupted between ~780–750 Ma. Zircon grains from rhyolite and dacite lavas have oxygen isotopic compositions that include depleted (δ18O = 4.12 to −1.11‰) and enriched (δ18O = 8.23–5.12‰) signatures. The low‐δ18O zircon grains have highly radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions (ƐHf(t) = +13.0 to +3.6), suggesting high‐temperature bulk cannibalization of upper level juvenile mafic crust as an essential mechanism to produce the low‐δ18O felsic magma. Xenocrystic zircon grains in dacites have high δ18O and low ƐHf(t) values for magmas older than 800 Ma, reflecting a dramatic transition in tectono‐thermal regime in NW India during 800–780 Ma. A synchronous transition also occurred in south China and Madagascar, suggesting a spatially linked geodynamic system. NW India and south China together with Madagascar and the Seychelles lay either along the periphery of Rodinia or outboards of the supercontinent with the age of convergent plate margin magmatism coinciding with breakup of the supercontinent.
On the Dependence of Cloud Feedbacks on Physical Parameterizations in WRF Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Cesana Grégory , Suselj Kay , Brient Florent
Published: October 2017

We investigate the effects of physical parameterizations on cloud feedback uncertainty in response to climate change. For this purpose, we construct an ensemble of eight aquaplanet simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In each WRF‐derived simulation, we replace only one parameterization at a time while all other parameters remain identical. By doing so, we aim to (i) reproduce cloud feedback uncertainty from state‐of‐the‐art climate models and (ii) understand how parametrizations impact cloud feedbacks. Our results demonstrate that this ensemble of WRF simulations, which differ only in physical parameterizations, replicates the range of cloud feedback uncertainty found in state‐of‐the‐art climate models. We show that microphysics and convective parameterizations govern the magnitude and sign of cloud feedbacks, mostly due to tropical low‐level clouds in subsidence regimes. Finally, this study highlights the advantages of using WRF to analyze cloud feedback mechanisms owing to its plug‐and‐play parameterization capability.
ENSO Weather and Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: McGowan Hamish , Theobald Alison
Published: October 2017

The most devastating mass coral bleaching has occurred during El Niño events, with bleaching reported to be a direct result of increased sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However, El Niño itself does not cause SSTs to rise in all regions that experience bleaching. Nor is the upper ocean warming trend of 0.11°C per decade since 1971, attributed to global warming, sufficient alone to exceed the thermal tolerance of corals. Here we show that weather patterns during El Niño that result in reduced cloud cover, higher than average air temperatures and higher than average atmospheric pressures, play a crucial role in determining the extent and location of coral bleaching on the world's largest coral reef system, the World Heritage Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. Accordingly, synoptic‐scale weather patterns and local atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and not large‐scale SST warming due to El Niño alone and/or global warming are often the cause of coral bleaching on the GBR.
Reversal of Long‐Term Trend in Baseline Ozone Concentrations at the North American West Coast
Authors: Parrish D. D. , Petropavlovskikh I. , Oltmans S. J.
Published: October 2017

Changes in baseline (here understood as representative of continental to hemispheric scales) tropospheric ozone concentrations that have occurred over western North American and eastern North Pacific are analyzed based on data from three measurement records: (1) sites in the U.S. Pacific coast marine boundary layer, (2) an inland, higher altitude site at Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA, and (3) springtime airborne measurements in the free troposphere between 3 and 8 km altitude. Consistent with previously published results, we find increasing ozone prior to the year 2000, but that rate of increase has slowed and now reversed in these data sets in all seasons. The past ozone increase has been identified as a significant difficulty to overcome in achieving U.S. air quality goals; this difficulty has now eased. Global models only poorly reproduce the observed baseline ozone and trends; policy guidance from such models must be considered very cautiously.
Depth of Origin of the Peak (Inner) Ring in Lunar Impact Basins
Authors: Miljković Katarina , Lemelin Myriam , Lucey Paul G.
Published: October 2017

Numerical modeling of the peak‐ring basin formation showed that the peak‐ring forms from the material that is part of the central uplift outwardly thrust over the inwardly collapsing transient crater rim. Simulations of the lunar basin formation showed that the peak or inner ring in peak ring or multiring basins, respectively, is composed of the overturned crust and deep‐seated material, possibly from the upper mantle. Numerical impact simulations were used to trace the depth of origin of material exposed within the peak (or inner) ring. We estimate the scaling trends between basin size and the depth of origin of material exposed within the ring. We also report on the likely crust, mantle, and projectile abundances exposed within the ring. Quantifying the excavation depths during the formation of the peak or inner ring provides a step toward understanding the lunar crust and mantle stratigraphy.
A Hydrometeorological Perspective on the Karakoram Anomaly Using Unique Valley‐Based Synoptic Weather Observations
Authors: Bashir Furrukh , Zeng Xubin , Gupta Hoshin , Hazenberg Pieter
Published: October 2017

Glaciers in the eastern Hindukush, western Karakoram, and northwestern Himalayan mountain ranges of Northern Pakistan are not responding to global warming in the same manner as their counterparts elsewhere. Their retreat rates are less than the global average, and some are either stable or growing. Various investigations have questioned the role of climatic factors in regard to this anomalous behavior, widely referred to as “The Karakoram Anomaly.” Here, for the first time, we present a hydrometeorological perspective based on five decades of synoptic weather observations collected by the meteorological network of Pakistan. Analysis of this unique data set indicates that increased regional scale humidity, cloud cover, and precipitation, along with decreased net radiation, near‐surface wind speed, potential evapotranspiration, and river flow, especially during the summer season, represent a substantial change in the energy, mass, and momentum fluxes that are facilitating the establishment of the Karakoram anomaly.
Conversion of Wet Glass to Melt at Lower Seismogenic Zone Conditions: Implications for Pseudotachylyte Creep
Authors: Proctor B. P. , Lockner D. A. , Lowenstern J. B. , Beeler N. M.
Published: October 2017

Coseismic frictional melting and the production of quenched glass called pseudotachylyte is a recurring process during earthquakes. To investigate how glassy materials affect the postseismic strength and stability of faults, obsidian gouges were sheared under dry and wet conditions from 200°C to 300°C at ~150 MPa effective normal stress. Dry glass exhibited a brittle rheology at all conditions tested, exhibiting friction values and microstructures consistent with siliciclastic materials. Likewise, wet glass at 200°C exhibited a brittle rheology. In contrast, wet gouges at 300°C transitioned from brittle sliding to linear‐viscous (Newtonian) flow at strain rates <3 × 10−4 s−1, indicating melt‐like behavior. The viscosity ranged from 2 × 1011 to 7.8 × 1011 Pa‐s. Microstructures show that viscous gouges were fully welded with rod‐shaped microlites rotated into the flow direction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with electron backscatter imaging demonstrate that hydration of the glass by diffusion of pore water was the dominant process reducing the viscosity and promoting viscous flow. As much as 5 wt % water diffused into the glass. These results may provide insight into postseismic‐slip behaviors and challenge some interpretations of fault kinematics based on studies assuming that pseudotachylyte formation and flow is solely coseismic.
Ice and Snow Thickness Variability and Change in the High Arctic Ocean Observed by In Situ Measurements
Authors: Haas Christian , Beckers Justin , King Josh , Silis Arvids , Stroeve Julienne , Wilkinson Jeremy , Notenboom Bernice , Schweiger Axel , Hendricks Stefan
Published: October 2017

In April 2017, we collected unique, extensive in situ data of sea ice and snow thickness. At 10 sampling sites, located under a CryoSat‐2 overpass, between Ellesmere Island and 87.1°N mean and modal total ice thicknesses ranged between 2 to 3.4 m and 1.8 to 2.9 m, respectively. Coincident snow thicknesses ranged between 0.3 to 0.47 m (mean) and 0.1 to 0.5 m (mode). The profile spanned the complete multiyear ice zone in the Lincoln Sea, into the first‐year ice zone farther north. Complementary snow thickness measurements near the North Pole showed a mean thickness of 0.31 m. Compared with scarce measurements from other years, multiyear ice was up to 0.75 m thinner than in 2004, but not significantly different from 2011 and 2014. We found excellent agreement with a commonly used snow climatology and with published long‐term ice thinning rates. There was reasonable agreement with CryoSat‐2 thickness retrievals.
Differential Radiative Heating Drives Tropical Atmospheric Circulation Weakening
Authors: Xia Yan , Huang Yi
Published: October 2017

The tropical atmospheric circulation is projected to weaken during global warming, although the mechanisms that cause the weakening remain to be elucidated. We hypothesize that the weakening is related to the inhomogeneous distribution of the radiative forcing and feedback, which heats the tropical atmosphere in the ascending and subsiding regions differentially and thus requires the circulation to weaken due to energetic constraints. We test this hypothesis in a series of numerical experiments using a fully coupled general circulation model (GCM), in which the radiative forcing distribution is controlled using a novel method. The results affirm the effect of inhomogeneous forcing on the tropical circulation weakening, and this effect is greatly amplified by radiative feedback, especially that of clouds. In addition, we find that differential heating explains the intermodel differences in tropical circulation response to CO2 forcing in the GCM ensemble of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project.
A New Mechanism for Upper Crustal Fluid Flow Driven by Solitary Porosity Waves in Rigid Reactive Media?
Authors: Chakraborty Sumit
Published: October 2017

The equations governing the interaction of viscous deformation with porous flow of fluids give rise to wave‐like solutions. Such solutions have been explored in the context of melt and fluid flow in the mantle and crust at high temperatures, where ductile behavior occurs. Now it has been shown that the coupling of the kinetics of chemical reactions with fluid flow may give rise to similar solutions. This opens intriguing new possibilities. Porosity waves may arise in low‐temperature regimes, and may become more accessible to observation, or they may remain mathematical curiosities because other modes of transport dominate in such settings. A number of possibilities, questions, and future courses of research have been opened up by Omlin et al. (2017, https://doi.org.10.1002/2017GL074293).
Reply to Comment on “A simple model for regolith formation by chemical weathering” by Braun et al. Contradictory concentrations and a tale of two velocities by Harman et al.
Authors: Braun Jean , Guillocheau François , Robin Cecile
Published: October 2017

The apparent contradiction evidenced by Harman et al. is, in our opinion, a consequence of them assuming that the concentration of the solute is at equilibrium value Ceq, an assumption that is not part of our model. We take this opportunity to more clearly demonstrate that under the assumptions the concentration of the solute is not at equilibrium, the rate of dissolution and consequently the rate of propagation of the weathering front are, to first order, proportional to the velocity of the fluid parallel to the weathering front and thus to the slope of the water table. The results we derive from this assumption are therefore valid.
Analysis of Grazing GNSS Reflections Observed at the Zeppelin Mountain Station, Spitsbergen
Authors: Peraza L. , Semmling M. , Falck C. , Pavlova O. , Gerland S. , Wickert J.
Published: October 2017

A reflectometry station has been set up in 2013 near Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, at 78.9082°N, 11.9031°E. The main goal of the setup is to resolve the spatial and temporal variations in snow and ice cover, based on reflection power observations at grazing elevations. In this study, we develop a method to map the recorded signal power to the main reflection contributions while also discussing the spatial characteristics of the observations. A spectral analysis resolving differential Doppler between direct and reflected signals is presented to identify reflection contributions for a complete year (2014). Strong water reflections are identified with power ratios higher than 70 dB/Hz and constant Doppler shifts of 0.5–0.6 Hz for all elevations. Contributions with ratios higher than 40 dB/Hz can be related to specular land or glacier reflections, for which Doppler shift usually increases with the elevation angle and the distance between reflection point and receiver. Reflections nearby, around 3–5 km, show differential Doppler of 0.4–0.5 Hz, while for reflections farther than 16 km away, Doppler shift is usually larger than 0.8 Hz. Azimuth variations cause cross‐track drift of up to 4° during the observation year. Topography‐induced shadowing of very low lying satellites limits the extent of the monitoring area. However, the amount of satellites tracked daily, up to 30, allows the reflectometry station to constantly record reflections over areas with thick snow cover and glaciers. This offers the possibility to compare the derived reflected power with local meteorological data to resolve snow and ice variations on the area.
Faraday Rotation of Automatic Dependent Surveillance‐Broadcast (ADS‐B) Signals as a Method of Ionospheric Characterization
Authors: Cushley A. C. , Kabin K. , Noël J.‐M.
Published: October 2017

Radio waves propagating through plasma in the Earth's ambient magnetic field experience Faraday rotation; the plane of the electric field of a linearly polarized wave changes as a function of the distance travelled through a plasma. Linearly polarized radio waves at 1090 MHz frequency are emitted by Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS‐B) devices that are installed on most commercial aircraft. These radio waves can be detected by satellites in low Earth orbits, and the change of the polarization angle caused by propagation through the terrestrial ionosphere can be measured. In this manuscript we discuss how these measurements can be used to characterize the ionospheric conditions. In the present study, we compute the amount of Faraday rotation from a prescribed total electron content value and two of the profile parameters of the NeQuick ionospheric model.
Coupled Long‐Term Simulation of Reach‐Scale Water and Heat Fluxes Across the River‐Groundwater Interface for Retrieving Hyporheic Residence Times and Temperature Dynamics
Authors: Munz Matthias , Oswald Sascha E. , Schmidt Christian
Published: October 2017

Flow patterns in conjunction with seasonal and diurnal temperature variations control ecological and biogeochemical conditions in hyporheic sediments. In particular, hyporheic temperatures have a great impact on many temperature‐sensitive microbial processes. In this study, we used 3‐D coupled water flow and heat transport simulations applying the HydroGeoSphere code in combination with high‐resolution observations of hydraulic heads and temperatures to quantify reach‐scale water and heat flux across the river‐groundwater interface and hyporheic temperature dynamics of a lowland gravel bed river. The model was calibrated in order to constrain estimates of the most sensitive model parameters. The magnitude and variations of the simulated temperatures matched the observed ones, with an average mean absolute error of 0.7°C and an average Nash Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.87. Our results indicate that nonsubmerged streambed structures such as gravel bars cause substantial thermal heterogeneity within the saturated sediment at the reach scale. Individual hyporheic flow path temperatures strongly depend on the flow path residence time, flow path depth, river, and groundwater temperature. Variations in individual hyporheic flow path temperatures were up to 7.9°C, significantly higher than the daily average (2.8°C), but still lower than the average seasonal hyporheic temperature difference (19.2°C). The distribution between flow path temperatures and residence times follows a power law relationship with exponent of about 0.37. Based on this empirical relation, we further estimated the influence of hyporheic flow path residence time and temperature on oxygen consumption which was found to partly increase by up to 29% in simulations.
Modeling Transport of Cesium in Grimsel Granodiorite With Micrometer Scale Heterogeneities and Dynamic Update of Kd
Authors: Voutilainen Mikko , Kekäläinen Pekka , Siitari‐Kauppi Marja , Sardini Paul , Muuri Eveliina , Timonen Jussi , Martin Andrew
Published: October 2017

Transport and retardation of cesium in Grimsel granodiorite taking into account heterogeneity of mineral and pore structure was studied using rock samples overcored from an in situ diffusion test at the Grimsel Test Site. The field test was part of the Long‐Term Diffusion (LTD) project designed to characterize retardation properties (diffusion and distribution coefficients) under in situ conditions. Results of the LTD experiment for cesium showed that in‐diffusion profiles and spatial concentration distributions were strongly influenced by the heterogeneous pore structure and mineral distribution. In order to study the effect of heterogeneity on the in‐diffusion profile and spatial concentration distribution, a Time Domain Random Walk (TDRW) method was applied along with a feature for modeling chemical sorption in geological materials. A heterogeneous mineral structure of Grimsel granodiorite was constructed using X‐ray microcomputed tomography (X‐μCT) and the map was linked to previous results for mineral specific porosities and distribution coefficients (Kd) that were determined using C‐14‐PMMA autoradiography and batch sorption experiments, respectively. After this the heterogeneous structure contains information on local porosity and Kd in 3‐D. It was found that the heterogeneity of the mineral structure on the micrometer scale affects significantly the diffusion and sorption of cesium in Grimsel granodiorite at the centimeter scale. Furthermore, the modeled in‐diffusion profiles and spatial concentration distributions show similar shape and pattern to those from the LTD experiment. It was concluded that the use of detailed structure characterization and quantitative data on heterogeneity can significantly improve the interpretation and evaluation of transport experiments.
Observed Hydrologic Impacts of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers in the Salt and Verde River Basins of Arizona, United States
Authors: Demaria Eleonora M. C. , Dominguez Francina , Hu Huancui , von Glinski Gerd , Robles Marcos , Skindlov Jonathan , Walter James
Published: October 2017

Atmospheric rivers (ARs), narrow atmospheric water vapor corridors, can contribute substantially to winter precipitation in the semiarid Southwest U.S., where natural ecosystems and humans compete for over‐allocated water resources. We investigate the hydrologic impacts of 122 ARs that occurred in the Salt and Verde river basins in northeastern Arizona during the cold seasons from 1979 to 2009. We focus on the relationship between precipitation, snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and extreme flooding. During the cold season (October through March) ARs contribute an average of 25%/29% of total seasonal precipitation for the Salt/Verde river basins, respectively. However, they contribute disproportionately to total heavy precipitation and account for 64%/72% of extreme total daily precipitation (exceeding the 98th percentile). Excess precipitation during AR occurrences contributes to snow accumulation; on the other hand, warmer than normal temperatures during AR landfallings are linked to rain‐on‐snow processes, an increase in the basins' area contributing to runoff generation, and higher melting lines. Although not all AR events are linked to extreme flooding in the basins, they do account for larger runoff coefficients. On average, ARs generate 43% of the annual maximum flows for the period studied, with 25% of the events exceeding the 10 year return period. Our analysis shows that the devastating 1993 flooding event in the region was caused by AR events. These results illustrate the importance of AR activity on the hydrology of inland semiarid regions: ARs are critical for water resources, but they can also lead to extreme flooding that affects infrastructure and human activities.
Situating Green Infrastructure in Context: A Framework for Adaptive Socio‐Hydrology in Cities
Authors: Schifman L. A. , Herrmann D. L. , Shuster W. D. , Ossola A. , Garmestani A. , Hopton M. E.
Published: October 2017

Management of urban hydrologic processes using green infrastructure (GI) has largely focused on storm water management. Thus, design and implementation of GI usually rely on physical site characteristics and local rainfall patterns, and do not typically account for human or social dimensions. This traditional approach leads to highly centralized storm water management in a disconnected urban landscape and can deemphasize additional benefits that GI offers, such as increased property value, greenspace aesthetics, heat island amelioration, carbon sequestration, and habitat for biodiversity. We propose the Framework for Adaptive Socio‐Hydrology (FrASH) in which GI planning and implementation moves from a purely hydrology‐driven perspective to an integrated sociohydrological approach. This allows for an iterative, multifaceted decision‐making process that would enable a network of stakeholders to collaboratively set a dynamic, context‐guided project plan for the installation of GI, rather than a “one‐size‐fits‐all” installation. We explain how different sectors (e.g., governance, nongovernmental organizations, communities, academia, and industry) can create a connected network of organizations that work toward a common goal. Through a graphical Chambered Nautilus model, FrASH is experimentally applied to contrasting GI case studies and shows that this multistakeholder, connected, decentralized network with a coevolving decision‐making project plan results in enhanced multifunctionality, potentially allowing for the management of resilience in urban systems at multiple scales.
A KDE‐Based Random Walk Method for Modeling Reactive Transport With Complex Kinetics in Porous Media
Authors: Sole‐Mari Guillem , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , Rodríguez‐Escales Paula , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier
Published: October 2017

In recent years, a large body of the literature has been devoted to study reactive transport of solutes in porous media based on pure Lagrangian formulations. Such approaches have also been extended to accommodate second‐order bimolecular reactions, in which the reaction rate is proportional to the concentrations of the reactants. Rather, in some cases, chemical reactions involving two reactants follow more complicated rate laws. Some examples are (1) reaction rate laws written in terms of powers of concentrations, (2) redox reactions incorporating a limiting term (e.g., Michaelis‐Menten), or (3) any reaction where the activity coefficients vary with the concentration of the reactants, just to name a few. We provide a methodology to account for complex kinetic bimolecular reactions in a fully Lagrangian framework where each particle represents a fraction of the total mass of a specific solute. The method, built as an extension to the second‐order case, is based on the concept of optimal Kernel Density Estimator, which allows the concentrations to be written in terms of particle locations, hence transferring the concept of reaction rate to that of particle location distribution. By doing so, we can update the probability of particles reacting without the need to fully reconstruct the concentration maps. The performance and convergence of the method is tested for several illustrative examples that simulate the Advection‐Dispersion‐Reaction Equation in a 1‐D homogeneous column. Finally, a 2‐D application example is presented evaluating the need of fully describing non‐bilinear chemical kinetics in a randomly heterogeneous porous medium.