bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphic design and scientific research: the INGV experience
Authors: Riposati Daniela , D'Addezio Giuliana , Di Laura Francesca , Misiti Valeria , Battelli Patrizia
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Part of the INGV activity is focused on the production of resources concerning Educational and Outreach projects on Geophysics and natural hazard topics. The forefront results of research activity, in fact, are periodically transferred to the public through an intense and comprehensive plan of scientific dissemination. In the past 15 years, graphic and visual communication has become an essential point of reference supporting institutional and research activities. Positive experiences are the result of a strict relationship between graphic design and scientific research, in particular the process concerning the collaborative work between designers and researchers. In projects such as the realization of museum exhibition or the production of illustrative brochures, generally designed for broad-spectrum public, the goal is to make easier the understanding and to support the scientific message, making concepts enjoyable and fruitful through the emotional involvement that visual image can arouse. The graphics and editorial products, through composition of signs and images by using different tools (colors, form, lettering) on different media (print, video, web), link to create a strong identity INGV style, in order to make them easily recognizable in Educational and Outreach projects. A project product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color, which unify the piece. Color is used not only to help the logo stand out from the international overview, but in our case to have a unifying outcome across all the INGV sections. A recent and stimulating experience has been the collaboration between INGV project design and its reference scientific community in order to create edu-games, products specifically designed for scientific dissemination. The edu-games have been designed to be an efficient combination of educational content and playful communicative aspects, with the aim therefore to learn while having fun.
Invited perspectives: How machine learning will change flood risk and impact assessment
Authors: Wagenaar Dennis , Curran Alex , Balbi Mariano , Bhardwaj Alok , Soden Robert , Hartato Emir , Mestav Sarica Gizem , Ruangpan Laddaporn , Molinario Giuseppe , Lallemant David
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Increasing amounts of data, together with more computing
power and better machine learning algorithms to analyse the data, are causing
changes in almost every aspect of our lives. This trend is expected to
continue as more data keep becoming available, computing power keeps
improving and machine learning algorithms keep improving as well. Flood risk
and impact assessments are also being influenced by this trend, particularly
in areas such as the development of mitigation measures, emergency response
preparation and flood recovery planning. Machine learning methods have the
potential to improve accuracy as well as reduce calculating time and model
development cost. It is expected that in the future more applications will become
feasible and many process models and traditional observation methods will be
replaced by machine learning. Examples of this include the use of machine
learning on remote sensing data to estimate exposure and on social media data
to improve flood response. Some improvements may require new data collection
efforts, such as for the modelling of flood damages or defence failures. In
other components, machine learning may not always be suitable or should be
applied complementary to process models, for example in hydrodynamic
applications. Overall, machine learning is likely to drastically improve
future flood risk and impact assessments, but issues such as applicability,
bias and ethics must be considered carefully to avoid misuse. This paper
presents some of the current developments on the application of machine
learning in this field and highlights some key needs and challenges.
Atmospheric Conditions Leading to an Exceptional Fatal Flash Flood in the Negev Desert, Israel
Authors: Dayan Uri , Lensky Itamar M. , Ziv Baruch
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The study deals with an intense rainstorm that hit the Middle–East between 24 and 27 April 2018. The storm reached its peak over Israel in April 26, when it produced a heavy flash flood that took the lives of ten people. The rainfall observed in the southern Negev was comparable to the long-term annual rainfall there. The timing of the storm is also unique, at the end of the rainy season when rain is relatively rare and spotty. The study analyzes the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions that made this rainstorm one of the latest spring severe events in the region during the last 3 decades. The synoptic background was an upper-level cut-off low that entered the region from west, along 30° N latitude, which is rather exceptional for such systems in the late spring. While approaching the Levant, it slowed its movement from ~ 10 to
Tectonic Exhumation of the Central Alps Recorded by Detrital Zircon in the Molasse
Basin, Switzerland
Authors: Anfinson Owen A. , Stockli Daniel F. , Miller Joseph C. , Möller Andreas , Schlunegger Fritz
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Eocene to Miocene sedimentary strata of the Northern Alpine Molasse Basin in Switzerland are well studied, yet they lack robust geochronologic and geochemical analysis of detrital zircon for provenance tracing purposes. Here, we present detrital zircon U-Pb ages coupled with rare earth and trace element geochemistry (petrochronology) to provide insights into the sedimentary provenance and to elucidate the tectonic activity of the central Alpine Orogen from the late Eocene to mid Miocene. Between 35–22.5 ± 1 Ma, the detrital zircon U-Pb age signatures were dominated by age groups of 300–370 Ma, 370–490 Ma, and 490–710 Ma, with minor Proterozoic age contributions. In contrast, from 21.5 ± 1 Ma to ~ 13.5 Ma (youngest preserved sediments), the detrital zircon U-Pb age signatures were dominated by a 252–300 Ma age group, with a secondary abundance of the 370–490 Ma age group, and only minor contributions of the 490–710 Ma age group. The Eo-Oligocene provenance signatures are consistent with interpretations that initial basin deposition primarily recorded exhumation and erosion of the Austroalpine orogenic cover and minor contributions from underlying Penninic units, containing reworked detritus from Variscan, Caledonian, and Cadomian orogenic cycles. The dominant 252–300 age group from the younger Miocene deposits is associated with the exhumation of Variscan-aged crystalline rocks of upper-Penninic basement units. Noticeable is the lack of Alpine-aged detrital zircon in all samples with the exception of one late Eocene sample, which reflects Alpine volcanism associated with incipient continent-continent collision. In addition, the rare earth and trace element data from the detrital zircon, coupled with zircon morphology and U/Th ratios, point to primarily igneous and rare metamorphic sources of zircon. The observed change in detrital input from Austroalpine to Penninic provenance in the Molasse Basin at ~ 22 Ma appears to be correlated with the onset of synorogenic extension of the Central Alps. Synorogenic extension accommodated by slip along the Simplon fault zone promoted updoming and exhumation the Penninic crystalline core of the Alpine Orogen. The lack of Alpine detrital zircon U-Pb ages in all Oligo-Miocene strata also shows that the Molasse Basin drainage network was not accessing the prominent Alpine age intrusions and metamorphic complexes located in the southern portion of the Central Alps.
Checklist of Bolivian Agaricales. 2: Species with white or pale spore prints
Authors: Melgarejo-Estrada Elizabeth , Rocabado Diana , Suárez María Eugenia , Maillard Oswaldo , Lechner Bernardo Ernesto
Published: April 2020

Mycotaxon is pleased to add a new annotated species distribution list to our 136 previously posted free-access fungae. The 29-page "Checklist of Bolivian Agaricales. 2: Species with white or pale spore prints" by Melgarejo-Estrada, Rocabado, Suárez, Maillard, and Lechner
may be downloaded from our website via http://www.mycotaxon.com/mycobiota/index.html
Gender diversity and morphosyntax: An account of singular they
Authors: Konnelly Lex , Cowper Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

As one of the primary means of constructing gendered identities, language is a matter of central concern to transgender people (Zimman 2018). In this paper, we present an analysis of non-binary singular they; that is, they as used to refer to individuals whose gender identity is not, or is not exclusively, masculine or feminine. Despite singular they’s widespread usage and long history in English, not all speakers judge this most recent innovation to be grammatical, even if they do not object to singular they in quantified, generic, or otherwise gender non-specific contexts, and even if they produce the latter sort of examples natively. We argue that resistance to this new use of they can, at least in part, be attributed to speakers’ level of participation in a grammatical change in progress. Further, we propose that this change can be categorized into three distinct stages, with they’s most recent broadening – that is, as a non-binary singular pronoun of reference – dovetailing with wider socio-cultural changes (as well as featural changes beyond the pronominal system) that underscore the difficulty in separating grammatical and social judgements. As we aim to show, linguists from all subdisciplines – both theoretical and applied – are especially well suited to leverage theoretical insights to advocate for trans-affirming language practice.
Changes in Blood Glucose Level After Steroid Injection for Musculoskeletal Pain in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Shin Woo-Yong , An Min-Ji , Im Nam-Gyu , Oh Kyung-Rok , Choe Yuri , Yoon Seo-Ra , Ryu Su-Ra
Published: April 2020

Objective To investigate changes in blood glucose level after steroid injection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and factors affecting those changes.Methods We retrospectively studied 51 patients with type 2 DM who underwent steroid injection for shoulder and back pain. Mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels for 7 days before steroid injection was used as the baseline blood glucose level, which was compared with FBS levels for 14 days after steroid injection. We compared the differences in blood glucose changes between HbA1c >7% and HbA1c ≤7% groups and those between insulin and non-insulin treated groups. Demographic data, injection site, and steroid dose were analyzed.Results Compared to baseline, blood glucose significantly (p=0.012) elevated 1 day after steroid injection but not 2 days after injection. In the HbA1c >7% and insulin groups, blood glucose was significantly increased 1 day after injection compared to that in the HbA1c ≤7% (p=0.011) and non-insulin (p=0.024) groups, respectively. Higher HbA1c level before injection was significantly (p=0.003) associated with the degree of blood glucose increase 1 day after injection. No significant differences were noted in the degree of blood glucose increase according to injection site or steroid dose.Conclusion Higher HbA1c level was associated with greater elevation in blood glucose 1 day after steroid injection. Careful monitoring of blood glucose is required on the first day after steroid injection in patients with poorly controlled DM.
Work and alcohol addiction among sports coacheswithin the context of psychopathy
Authors: Wojtowicz Agnieszka , Banasik Marlena , Lipowska Małgorzata , Żbik Łukasz
Published: April 2020

Excessive involvement in work, or workaholism, is classifi ed as obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is included in the group of anxiety disorders. It is indicated that workaholism is associated with forcing oneself to work, lack of control over work-related habits, which may lead to neglecting main life activities (Łuczak, 2009; Rowicka, 2015). Due to increasing tension, anxiety, depressed mood and diffi culties in interpersonal relationships, people who are excessively involved in their work are at an increased risk of becoming addicted to psychoactive substances. Thanks to stimulants, they are able to reduce increasing psychological discomfort in a short time, but in the long run –they fall victim to addiction. Attention should be especially paid to the group of people who are described as highly functioning alcoholics, i.e. people who are generally perceived as resourceful, independent and organised. The aim of the study was to check whether the relationship between alcohol abuse and workaholism in sports coaches is modified by their level of psychopathic traits. In thestudy, 96 individual and team sports coaches (Mage = 31.85±10.56) with experience from 1 to 42 years (Mexp = 8.66±8.51) were examined. The Audit (alcoholism), TriPM (psychopathy) andWorkBAT (workaholism) tests were used. The conducted moderation analyses showed that the relationship between alcohol consumption and job satisfaction changes with the increase in the level of 2 features of psychopathy - boldness (Beta=-0.28; t=-2.69; p=0.009) and disinhibition (Beta=0.21; t=2.12; p=0.037). In coaches with a high level of disinhibition, along with the increase in work enjoyment, the use of alcohol increases, while in the case of people with a high level of boldness, the higher the level of work enjoyment, the lower the consumption of alcohol. It was also found that with the increase in boldness, the relationship between alcohol use and excessive involvement in work changes (Beta=-0.28; t=-2.58; p=0.012). For people with a high level of boldness, the more they are involved in work and the less they are prone to alcoholism. Among the studied sportscoaches, psychopathic traits constituted a moderator of the relationship between alcohol abuse and workaholism. A high level of boldness can be a protective factor against the risk of heavy drinking, while a high level of disinhibition increases this risk, especially among those whose workaholism is associated with high work enjoyment.
The 15th FEPSAC European Congress of Sport & Exercise Psychology – post-conference reflections
Authors: Wałach-Biśta Zuzanna
Published: April 2020

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Klöster, Stifte und Konvente nördlich der Elbe
Authors: Auge Oliver , Hillebrand Katja
Published: April 2020

Die vorreformatorischen Klöster, Stifte und Konvente nahmen bei der Entstehung und dem Ausbau der schleswig-holsteinischen und hamburgischen Kulturlandschaft eine herausragende Rolle ein. Sie waren Orte der Kontemplation, der Spiritualität und Seelsorge, Stätten der Wissenschaft und des gelehrten Lebens, Impulsgeber für die agrarische Entwicklung und Besiedlung sowie für die kulturelle und künstlerische Entfaltung von Bauhütten und Werkstätten. Der vorliegende Band, hervorgegangen aus einer gleichbetitelten Tagung am 4. und 5. November 2010, widmet sich in seinen elf von ausgewiesenen Fachreferentinnen und -referenten erstellten Beiträgen dem derzeitigen Stand und den Perspektiven der Klosterforschung in den Bereichen Kirchen-, Territorial-, Wirtschafts- und Sozial-, Bibliotheks-, Kunst- und Baugeschichte sowie der Prosopographie und Epigraphik.
Setaphyes elenae sp. nov., a new species of mud dragon (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from Skagerrak (north-eastern Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Cepeda Diego , González-Casarrubios Alberto , Sánchez Nuria , Pardos Fernando
Published: April 2020

Meiofauna sampling in the proximity of Syd-Hällsö Island (Strömstad, Sweden) revealed a new species of Kinorhyncha from the Skagerrak. The species, Setaphyes elenae sp. nov., is distinguished from its congeners by the arrangement of the middorsal cuticular specializations (it has shortened, distally rounded middorsal processes on segments 1 and 9 and middorsal elevations throughout segments 2–8), as well as by the presence of paired laterodorsal setae on segments 3, 5, 7 and 9 and ventromedial setae on segments 3, 5 and 7 in both males and females. The finding of a new species from the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, provides new valuable information for the recently established genus in the Allomalorhagida.
Hacia unos eventos más sostenibles
Authors: Estanyol i Casals Elisenda
Published: April 2020

El cambio climático es un tema que nos debe preocupar como ciudadanos, pero sobre el que ha de haber también un compromiso cada vez más fuerte por parte de gobiernos y empresas. En este contexto, el sector de la organización de eventos debe exigirse también reducir su impacto ambiental.
Maternal spindle transfer overcomes embryo developmental arrest caused by ooplasmic defects in mice
Authors: Costa-Borges Nuno , Spath Katharina , Miguel-Escalada Irene , Mestres Enric , Balmaseda Rosa , Serafín Anna , Garcia-Jiménez Maria , Vanrell Ivette , González Jesús , Rink Klaus , Wells Dagan , Calderón Gloria
Published: April 2020

The developmental potential of early embryos is mainly dictated by the quality of the oocyte. Here, we explore the utility of the maternal spindle transfer (MST) technique as a reproductive approach to enhance oocyte developmental competence. Our proof-of-concept experiments show that replacement of the entire cytoplasm of oocytes from a sensitive mouse strain overcomes massive embryo developmental arrest characteristic of non-manipulated oocytes. Genetic analysis confirmed minimal carryover of mtDNA following MST. Resulting mice showed low heteroplasmy levels in multiple organs at adult age, normal histology and fertility. Mice were followed for five generations (F5), revealing that heteroplasmy was reduced in F2 mice and was undetectable in the subsequent generations. This pre-clinical model demonstrates the high efficiency and potential of the MST technique, not only to prevent the transmission of mtDNA mutations, but also as a new potential treatment for patients with certain forms of infertility refractory to current clinical strategies.
Loss of Doc2b does not influence transmission at Purkinje cell to deep nuclei synapses under physiological conditions
Authors: Khan Mehak M , Regehr Wade G
Published: April 2020

Doc2a and Doc2b are high-affinity calcium-binding proteins that interact with SNARE proteins and phospholipids. Experiments performed on cultured cells indicated that Doc2 proteins promote spontaneous vesicle fusion and asynchronous neurotransmitter release, regulate vesicle priming, mediate augmentation, and regulate transmission during sustained activity. Here, we assess the role of Doc2 proteins in synaptic transmission under physiological conditions at mature synapses made by Purkinje cells onto neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (PC to DCN synapses). PCs express Doc2b but not Doc2a. Surprisingly, spontaneous neurotransmitter release, synaptic strength, the time course of evoked release, responses evoked by sustained high-frequency stimulation, and short-term plasticity were normal in Doc2b KO mice. Thus, in stark contrast to numerous functions previously proposed for Doc2, here we find that Doc2b removal does not influence transmission at PC-to-DCN synapses, indicating that conclusions based on studies of Doc2b in cultured cells do not necessarily generalize to mature synapses under physiological conditions.
Probabilistic, spinally-gated control of bladder pressure and autonomous micturition by Barrington’s nucleus CRH neurons
Authors: Ito Hiroki , Sales Anna C , Fry Christopher H , Kanai Anthony J , Drake Marcus J , Pickering Anthony E
Published: April 2020

Micturition requires precise control of bladder and urethral sphincter via parasympathetic, sympathetic and somatic motoneurons. This involves a spino-bulbospinal control circuit incorporating Barrington’s nucleus in the pons (Barr). Ponto-spinal glutamatergic neurons that express corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) form one of the largest Barr cell populations. BarrCRH neurons can generate bladder contractions, but it is unknown whether they act as a simple switch or provide a high-fidelity pre-parasympathetic motor drive and whether their activation can actually trigger voids. Combined opto- and chemo-genetic manipulations along with multisite extracellular recordings in urethane anaesthetised CRHCre mice show that BarrCRH neurons provide a probabilistic drive that generates co-ordinated voids or non-voiding contractions depending on the phase of the micturition cycle. CRH itself provides negative feedback regulation of this process. These findings inform a new inferential model of autonomous micturition and emphasise the importance of the state of the spinal gating circuit in the generation of voiding.
Proton Pump Inhibitor Switching Strategy after Failure of Standard Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Kim Jaeyoung , Kim Yeon-Ji , Chung Woo Chul
Published: April 2020

Background/Aims: It is still unknown whether cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphisms influence Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication, especially in eastern Asia. We aimed to evaluate how changes in proton pump inhibitor (PPI) strategies could be used to overcome the effects of CYP2C19 polymorphism on H. pylori eradication rate when it is used as the second-line regimen after the failure of standard triple therapy.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective observation study of 675 patients in whom standard triple therapy for H. pylori infection was not effective between January 2009 to December 2018. All patients underwent a classic bismuth-containing quadruple therapy (10 to 14-day regimen), and their eradication rates were evaluated for several years. We compared the eradication rates in patients with or without the second-line PPI switch. Further, we assessed differences in eradication rates with or without the strategy using esomeprazole and rabeprazole, which are not influenced significantly by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism.Results: The eradication rate was 81.0% in individuals who received the second-line PPI switch, but it was 74.8% without switching (P=0.14). In the strategy using esomeprazole and rabeprazole, the eradication rate was 84.6%, compared to 76.5% in the control group (P=0.03). Finally, in the group of patients who switched to rabeprazole, the eradication rates were 85.6%, compared to 77.6% in the group who switched to pantoprazole (P=0.05).Conclusions: Switching to PPI, which is not influenced by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism, increases the efficiency of eradication after the failure of standard triple therapy.
Cloroquina y sus derivados en el manejo de la COVID-19: una revisión sistemática exploratoria
Authors: Pimentel Juan , Andersson Neil
Published: April 2020

Introducción. Recientemente, investigadores chinos y franceses reportaron la eficacia de la cloroquina y la hidroxicloroquina para inhibir la replicación in vitro del virus SARS-CoV-2. La diseminación oportuna de la información científica es clave en tiempos de pandemia. Es urgente contar con una revisión sistemática sobre el efecto y la seguridad de estos medicamentos en la COVID-19.Objetivo. Describir el estado actual de la literatura científica publicada hasta el 25 de marzo de 2020 sobre el uso de la cloroquina o sus derivados en el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática exploratoria en PubMed, Embase, Lilacs y 15 bases de datos de la Plataforma de Registros Internacionales de Ensayos Clínicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se incluyeron publicaciones empíricas y teóricas en inglés, español, italiano, francés o portugués, y se hizo una síntesis narrativa de los resultados.Resultados. Se incluyeron 19 documentos y 24 registros de ensayos clínicos (n=43) de 18.059 pacientes. El 66 % (16/24) de los ensayos están registrados en China. Nueve ensayos evalúan la cloroquina exclusivamente y ocho, la hidroxicloroquina. Los documentos son comentarios (n=9), estudios in vitro (n=3), revisiones narrativas (n=2), guías de práctica clínica (n=2), así como una revisión sistemática, un consenso de expertos y un ensayo controlado.Conclusiones. Un ensayo clínico pequeño (n=26), no aleatorizado y defectuoso, respalda el uso de la hidroxicloroquina en pacientes con COVID-19. Se requiere de manera urgente tener acceso a los resultados de otros ensayos clínicos para determinar la efectividad y la seguridad de la cloroquina y sus derivados en pacientes con COVID-19.
Performance in a novel environment subject to ghost competition
Authors: Bisschop Karen , Mortier Frederik , Bonte Dries , Etienne Rampal S.
Published: April 2020

Background

A central tenet of the evolutionary theory of communities is that competition impacts evolutionary processes such as local adaptation. Species in a community exert a selection pressure on other species and may drive them to extinction. We know, however, very little about the influence of unsuccessful or ghost species on the evolutionary dynamics within the community.

Methods

Here we report the long-term influence of a ghost competitor on the performance of a more successful species using experimental evolution. We transferred the spider mite Tetranychus urticae onto a novel host plant under initial presence or absence of a competing species, the congeneric mite T. ludeni.

Results

The competitor species, T. ludeni, unintentionally went extinct soon after the start of the experiment, but we nevertheless completed the experiment and found that the early competitive pressure of this ghost competitor positively affected the performance (i.e., fecundity) of the surviving species, T. urticae. This effect on T. urticae lasted for at least 25 generations.

Discussion

Our study suggests that early experienced selection pressures can exert a persistent evolutionary signal on species’ performance in novel environments.
School self-efficacy is affected by gender and motor skills: findings from an Italian study
Authors: Codella Roberto , Puci Mariangela Valentina , Vandoni Matteo , Correale Luca , Galvani Christel , Togni Fabio , Casolo Francesco , Passi Alberto , Orizio Claudio , Alberti Giampietro , Esposito Fabio , Montomoli Cristina , La Torre Antonio
Published: April 2020

Background

Perceived school self-efficacy (SE) is an important variable in students’ activities as it affects their motivation and learning. Further, self-efficacy might represent a good predictor of performance, persistence and perseverance. Motor skills and other physical health determinants are extensively debated and linked to cognitive function in children of developmental age. However, inconclusive evidence supports a definitive relationship between perceived school SE and motor skills among schoolchildren. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 6–11-year-old schoolchildren to evaluate the extent by which perceived school SE and physical health determinants were related.

Methods

A SE questionnaire and motor performance battery tests were administered to primary school pupils recruited from 154 sampled schools of northwest Italy. Perceived SE at school was assessed via 12 items from the Caprara’s questionnaire. Motor performance scores were obtained from motor skill tests: 4 × 10 m shuttle run test, SRT; standing broad jump, SBJ; six-minute walking test, 6MWT.

Results

A total of 3,962 children (M = 2,019; F = 1943) were studied and 68% were normal weight. Overall, a 58% of the sample perceived a high SE, while, as to gender differences, a greater percentage of females perceived high levels of school SE with respect to any other level (χ2 = 38.93, p < 0.0001). Results from multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that: (i) females perceived higher SE compared to males; (ii) children who performed better in SRT and 6MWT showed higher levels of perceived school SE; (iii) no significant effect was registered for the body weight. Alternative strategies are encouraged to enhance SE through physical education: structured interventions might enhance both complex motor skills and high-order cognitive skills, like SE, in young children.
Diversity and paleoenvironmental implications of an elasmobranch assemblage from the Oligocene–Miocene boundary of Ecuador
Authors: Carrillo-Briceño Jorge D. , Villafaña Jaime A. , De Gracia Carlos , Flores-Alcívar F. Fernando , Kindlimann René , Abella Juan
Published: April 2020

The occurrence and diversity of elasmobranchs from the Oligocene–Miocene boundary from Tropical America is poorly known in comparison with the paleodiversity from younger Neogene intervals of the region. Here we describe a new elasmobranch assemblage from the rich fossil site of Montañita-Olón (Dos Bocas Formation, Santa Elena, Ecuador), where other vertebrates have already been described: for example, sea turtles and cetaceans. We report a total of 27 elasmobranch taxa, 19 of which are new fossil records for Ecuador, 10 new records for the Central Eastern Pacific and four new records for South America. Additionally, in order to reconstruct the environment where these marine remains were deposited, we performed abundance, paleobathymetric and habitat preference analyses, concluding that they were likely deposited in an outer neritic (open shelf) environment. The study of Oligocene and early Miocene marine elasmobranchs faunas in Tropical America is key to addressing the issues in the evolutionary history of this group.
ESTADO DO CONHECIMENTO SOBRE AVALIAÇÃO EM LARGA ESCALA E GESTÃO EDUCACIONAL
Authors: Volpato Chiapinoto Fabiane , Da Rosa Messina Gomez Simone , Machado Lunardi Elisiane
Published: April 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir o estado do conhecimento acerca das publicações científicas a partir dos descritores gestão escolar e avaliação em larga escala. Como metodologia utilizou-se a análise bibliométrica na base de dados SciELO no período de 2000 à 2017, dos foram analisados dez artigos de cada descritor. Os resultados apontam: a necessidade da gestão democrática; falta de capacitação para a inclusão; sobrecarga docente; o condicionamento da autonomia dos gestores pela lógica neoliberal; a aquisição dos sistemas de ensino privados pelas prefeituras; críticas às políticas de avaliação baseadas em “culpabilização”; trabalhos que relacionam o IDEB com o contexto escolar. Concluiu-se que o projeto educacional brasileiro não pode ser analisado somente a partir dos dados quantitativos das avaliações em larga escala.
Synthesis of 2,3‐Diaryl‐2
H
‐Azirines via Cs
2
CO
3
‐Mediated Cyclization of Ketoxime Acetates
Authors: Zhao Mi‐Na , Guan* Zheng‐Hui
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for synthesis of 2,3‐diaryl‐2
H
‐azirines via Cs
2
CO
3
‐mediated cyclization of ketoxime acetates. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The synthetic approach to 2
H
‐azirines is relied on thermal/photochemical rearrangement of vinyl azides or Neber reaction. The salient features of this method include easily available starting materials, broad functional group compatibility, and mild reaction conditions. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Synthesis of 4‐Methylbenzoate(2′,4′,6′‐Trimethoxy‐Phenyl)Iodonium Tosylate
Authors: Seidl Thomas L. , Moment* Aaron , Orella Charles , Vickery Thomas , Stuart* David R.
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for synthesis of 4‐Methylbenzoate(2’,4’,6’‐trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium Tosylate. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts that selectively, and predictably, transfer one aryl group over the other are particularly desirable reagents, especially for the transfer of elaborate aryl groups to nucleophilic moieties. Aryl(trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium tosylates undergo facile anion exchange with other anions under aqueous conditions to generate the corresponding aryl(trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium bromides, iodide, trifluoroacetates, triflates, tetrafluoroborates, and hexafluorophosphates. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Discussion Addendum For: Synthesis of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Amines by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of
N‐
(
tert
‐Butylsulfinyl) Imines
Authors: Yus* Miguel
Published: April 2020

This discussion addendum describes the procedure for synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched amines by asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of N‐tert‐butylsulfinyl imines. It is believed that more than 75% of all drugs and drug candidates contain the amine functionality. In many cases, especially natural products, aminated compounds possess at least one stereogenic center, so asymmetric methodologies that provide chiral amines enantioselectively are of great synthetic importance. The starting enantiomerically pure N‐tert‐butylsulfinyl imines are easily prepared by mixing the corresponding carbonyl compounds with enantiomerically pure commercially available tert‐butanesulfinamides in the presence of a Lewis acid, titanium tetraethoxide being the most commonly used, under thermal or microwave activation. Transfer hydrogenation to chiral imines, followed by desulfinylation under acidic conditions, is a versatile and useful methodology for the preparation of a wide range of enantioenriched primary α,α‐disubstituted amines.
Synthesis of Chiral Diamine Ligands for Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cross‐Couplings of Alkylchloroboronate Esters with Alkylzincs: (1
R
,2
R
)‐
N
,
N
′‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐Bis(2‐Methylphenyl)‐1,2‐Diaminoethane
Authors: Masuda Yusuke , Fu* Gregory C.
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for synthesis of chiral diamine ligands for nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric cross‐couplings of alkylchloroboronate esters with alkylzincs. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Chiral N,N'‐dimethyl‐1,2‐diphenylethylene‐1,2‐diamine (DMPEDA) and its derivatives are used as chiral ligands for metal‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions. The use of chiral DMPEDA‐type ligands enables the enantioconvergent cross‐coupling of racemic alkyl halides with various organometallic compounds. The procedure for the synthesis of 1,2‐bis(2‐methylphenyl)‐1,2‐diaminoethane is based on the method reported by J. J. Chin and co‐workers. A series of diphenylethylenediamine derivatives is synthesized from a single diamine (1,2‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2‐diaminoethane) with this method. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Preparation of 5‐(Triisopropylalkynyl) Dibenzo[
b
,
d
]Thiophenium Triflate
Authors: Waldecker Bernd , Kafuta Kevin , Alcarazo* Manuel
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for preparation of 5‐(Triisopropylalkynyl) dibenzo[b,d]thiophenium triflate. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Prior to performing each reaction, a thorough hazard analysis and risk assessment should be carried out with regard to each chemical substance and experimental operation on the scale planned and in the context of the laboratory where the procedures will be carried out. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Discussion Addendum For: Allylic Oxidation Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II) Tetrakis[ε‐Caprolactamate] of
tert
‐Butyldimethylsilyl‐Protected
trans
‐Dehydroandrosterone
Authors: Su Yong‐Liang , De Angelis Luca , Doyle* Michael P.
Published: April 2020

Allylic oxidation of alkenes, which converts an allylic methylene group to a carbonyl group, is powerful methodology for the synthesis of unsaturated ketones. Compared with more traditional oxidative reagents, such as stoichiometric oxidants selenium dioxide and chromium(VI), the mild
tert
‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) oxidant, when combined with select transition metals, has advantages, especially in large‐scale reactions and natural product syntheses. The success of TBHP as a selective oxidant is due to formation of the
tert
‐butylperoxy radical. N‐Substituted 2,3‐dihydro‐4‐piperidones and substituted 4‐pyranone compounds are important intermediates in natural products and drug candidates. 7 In the first total synthesis of dehydroaltenuene B by the Barrett group, the authors found that alpha, beta‐unsaturated ketone, which was the key intermediate, could be obtained by TBHP allylic oxidation of fused cyclic alkene in good yield.
Preparation of 2,4,5,6‐Tetra(9H‐Carbazol‐9‐yl)Isophthalonitrile
Authors: Engle Saskia M. , Kirkner Takisha R. , Kelly* Christopher B.
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for preparation of 2,4,5,6‐tetra(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) isophthalonitrile. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Prior to performing each reaction, a thorough hazard analysis and risk assessment should be carried out with regard to each chemical substance and experimental operation on the scale planned and in the context of the laboratory where the procedures will be carried out. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Synthesis of Chiral Tetramic Acids: Preparation of (
S
)‐5‐Benzylpyrrolidine‐2,4‐Dione from L‐Phenylalanine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride
Authors: Lambert* Kyle M. , Medley Austin W. , Jackson Amy C. , Markham Lauren E. , Wood John L.
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for the synthesis of chiral tetramic acids by preparation of (S)‐5‐benzylpyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione from L‐phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride. It presents some important points to be considered before carrying out the procedure. The tetramic acid (pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione) scaffold can be found embedded within a plethora of natural products which exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including powerful antibiotic, antiviral, cytotoxic, and fungicidal properties, as well as inhibition of tumor growth. The article provides a general overview of tetramic acid chemistry and highlights the utility of developed synthetic methodologies aimed at the construction of the pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione core as well as the challenges encountered when applying these methods towards more complex systems. It also presents a discussion on the application of tetramic acids and the Lacey‐Dieckmann cyclization to total synthesis.
Integrated Structures from Dissimilar Materials: The Future Belongs to Aluminum–Polymer Joints
Authors: Temesi Tamas , Czigany Tibor
Published: April 2020

The spread of integrated structural elements and parts made from low‐density materials (for example aluminum and polymers) created a need for joining technologies with which these can be joined. Herein, the most important surface preparation methods and joining processes, with which the surface structure of aluminum can be modified and aluminum and polymer structures can be joined, are reviewed. For both topics, a new classification method is introduced: surface preparation methods are grouped based on the method of creating surface structures, whereas joining technologies are grouped according to heat input and structural changes in the polymer material. Herein, “hot” joining technologies (in which so much heat is formed that the polymer material is melted) are reviewed. This grouping category includes techniques based on friction and induction, ultrasonic and laser welding, and some in situ joining technologies. With these, materials with highly different chemical structures and melting temperatures are joined in fast cycles, in a reliable manner. In the coming years, more integrated structures containing aluminum–polymer joints manufactured with fast, automatable joining techniques (such as ultrasonic and laser welding, in compliance with the requirements of Industry 4.0) will be used throughout the industry.
Effect of Water Vapor on the Oxidation Behavior of the Eutectic High‐Temperature Alloy Mo‐20Si‐52.8Ti
Authors: Weber Matthias , Gorr Bronislava , Christ Hans-Jürgen , Obert Susanne , Kauffmann Alexander , Heilmaier Martin
Published: April 2020

Herein, the effect of water vapor on the oxidation resistance of the alloy Mo‐20Si‐52.8Ti (at%) is investigated. The alloy is oxidized in dry, wet, as well as in in situ changing atmospheres at 1100 °C. The oxidation kinetics changes from nearly parabolic to linear if water vapor is present in oxidizing atmosphere. Under all conditions, the oxide scales consist of an outer TiO2 and a TiO2SiO2 duplex layer underneath. In wet atmosphere, the thicknesses of the two regions substantially increase indicating a severe ingress of water vapor. The inferior oxidation resistance in wet environment is primarily rationalized by the fast diffusion of H2O through SiO2.
Interfacial Characterization and High‐Temperature Property of NbB2+NbC Nanoparticles‐Reinforced 2219Al Matrix Composite Synthesized by Melt Spinning
Authors: Ding Jinhua , Cui Chunxiang , Sun Yijiao , Kang Licong , Zhao Lichen
Published: April 2020

Particle‐reinforced Al metal matrix composites attract more attention due to their excellent properties. The size of the reinforcing particles and their distribution in the matrix are the key factors determining their properties. In situ NbB2 and NbC nanoparticles are prepared using Al–Nb and B4C powders as raw materials by melt spinning and used to reinforce 2219Al. To improve the distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix, the melt is subjected to ultrasonic vibration during the preparation of NbB2–NbC/2219Al composites. After adding the reinforcement nanoparticles and ultrasonic vibration treatment, the grain sizes of 2219Al are decreased. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) test results showed that most of the reinforcing particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image and selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern show that the reinforcing particles and α‐Al form coherent and semicoherent interfaces with direct atom bonding. The results of mechanical properties’ research show that the addition of NbB2 and NbC nanoparticles is beneficial to the room‐ and high‐temperature properties of the alloy.
Strong Macroscale Supercrystalline Structures by 3D Printing Combined with Self‐Assembly of Ceramic Functionalized Nanoparticles
Authors: Domènech Berta , Tan Alvin T. L. , Jelitto Hans , Zegarra Berodt Eduardo , Blankenburg Malte , Focke Oliver , Cann Jaclyn , Cem Tasan C. , Colombi Ciacchi Lucio , Müller Martin , Furlan Kaline P. , John Hart A. , Schneider Gerold A.
Published: April 2020

To translate the exceptional properties of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) to macroscale geometries, assembly techniques must bridge a 106‐fold range of length. Moreover, for successfully attaining a final mechanically robust nanocomposite macroscale material, some of the intrinsic NPs’ properties have to be maintained while minimizing the density of strength‐limiting defects. However, the assembly of nanoscale building blocks into macroscopic dimensions, and their effective macroscale properties, are inherently affected by the precision of the conditions required for assembly and emergent flaws including point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries, and cracks. Herein, a direct‐write self‐assembly technique is used to construct free‐standing, millimeter‐scale columns comprising spherical iron oxide NPs (15 nm diameter) surface functionalized with oleic acid (OA), which self‐assemble into face‐centered cubic (FCC) supercrystals in minutes during the direct‐writing process. The subsequent crosslinking of OA molecules results in nanocomposites with a maximum strength of 110 MPa and elastic modulus up to 58 GPa. These mechanical properties are interpreted according to the flaw size distribution and are as high as newly engineered platelet‐based nanocomposites. The findings indicate a broad potential to create mechanically robust, multifunctional 3D structures by combining additive manufacturing with colloidal assembly.
A Noble‐Transition Alloy Excels at Hot‐Carrier Generation in the Near Infrared
Authors: Stofela Sara K. F. , Kizilkaya Orhan , Diroll Benjamin T. , Leite Tiago R. , Taheri Mohammad M. , Willis Daniel E. , Baxter Jason B. , Shelton William A. , Sprunger Phillip T. , McPeak Kevin M.
Published: April 2020

Above‐equilibrium “hot”‐carrier generation in metals is a promising route to convert photons into electrical charge for efficient near‐infrared optoelectronics. However, metals that offer both hot‐carrier generation in the near‐infrared and sufficient carrier lifetimes remain elusive. Alloys can offer emergent properties and new design strategies compared to pure metals. Here, it is shown that a noble‐transition alloy, AuxPd1−x, outperforms its constituent metals concerning generation and lifetime of hot carriers when excited in the near‐infrared. At optical fiber wavelengths (e.g., 1550 nm), Au50Pd50 provides a 20‐fold increase in the number of ≈0.8 eV hot holes, compared to Au, and a threefold increase in the carrier lifetime, compared to Pd. The discovery that noble‐transition alloys can excel at hot‐carrier generation reveals a new material platform for near‐infrared optoelectronic devices.
Comparative Study of Zeolite L Etching with Ammonium Fluoride and Ammonium Bifluoride Solutions
Authors: Babić Viktoria , Tang Lingxue , Qin Zhengxing , Hafiz Leila , Gilson Jean‐Pierre , Valtchev Valentin
Published: April 2020

A commercial zeolite L is subjected to chemical etching with aqueous solutions of NH4F and NH4HF2 to generate secondary porosity. The derived samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, 27Al MAS NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and their acid sites are quantified by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed basic probe molecules. The catalytic properties of the pristine and modified zeolites are evaluated in the dealkylation of 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene. Tuning the etching conditions allows to generate hierarchical zeolites without losing micropore volume. Furthermore, both fluoride etchants do not change the acid properties of the zeolite substantially, which is confirmed by chemical composition analysis (ICP‐OES) and by FTIR spectroscopy of pyridine. The dissolution rate of zeolite L is much faster with NH4HF2 than NH4F. The set of experimental data shows that the 1 wt% NH4HF2 solution is an efficient etchant able to generate mesopores without affecting the parent zeolite properties as lower amounts of fluoride source are required than with concentrated (20–40 wt%) NH4F solutions.