bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 promotes progression of colorectal cancer by sponging microRNA‐152‐3p and regulating E2F3/MAPK8 signaling
Authors: Liu Xin , Li Lei , Bai Jing , Li Liang , Fan Jianghe , Fu Zexian , Liu Jianxia
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the effects of the long noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) on CRC progression. Bioinformatics analysis verified PVT1 expression in tumor and normal tissues. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The MTT, Transwell, colony formation, and in vivo assays were used to assess the effects of PVT1 on proliferation, migration, and invasion by CRC cells. Both PVT1 and microRNA (miR)‐152‐3p were shown to be colocalized in CRC cells using FISH assay. The target genes of miR‐152‐3p were predicted and verified by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase assay, and RNA pull‐down assay. The ChIP assay revealed that E2F3 binds with the promoter of MAPK8. We found that PVT1 was overexpressed in CRC specimens, and its expression was higher in CRC cells than normal intestinal cells. Overexpression of PVT1 enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, whereas PVT1 knockdown inhibited these processes. MicroRNA‐152‐3p was a target of PVT1, and E2F3 was a target of miR‐152‐3p. Rescue experiments confirmed the interaction between miR‐152‐3p and PVT1 and between miR‐152‐3p and E2F3. Luciferase and ChIP assay results confirmed that E2F3 modulates the transcriptional activation of MAPK8. Long noncoding RNA PVT1 activated E2F3 signaling by sponging miR‐152‐3p. The PVT1/miR‐152‐3p/E2F3/MAPK8 axis promoted CRC progression.
The effect of spanking on early social‐emotional skills
Authors: Cuartas Jorge
Published: August 2021

Whether spanking is detrimental for social‐emotional (SE) development remains controversial, mostly due to disputes around the internal and external validity of existing evidence. This study examined the effect of spanking on the SE development of Bhutanese children, using a national, longitudinal sample (N = 1377; Mage = 50.5 months old; 50% girls). Following best‐practice recommendations for mitigating issues of selection bias in observational developmental research, the study employed conservative methods (i.e., child fixed‐effects and lagged‐dependent variables) and robustness checks to assess the internal validity of estimates. Across approaches, spanking predicted reductions in SE skills of .09–.17 SD, even after controlling for all time‐invariant confounders and baseline levels of SE skills. These findings strengthen the argument that spanking might be harmful to young children's SE development.
Periodontal health predicts self‐rated general health: A time‐lagged cohort study
Authors: Nguyen Vy Thi Nhat , Furuta Michiko , Zaitsu Takashi , Oshiro Akiko , Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Ando Yuichi , Miyazaki Hideo , Kambara Masaki , Fukai Kakuhiro , Aida Jun
Published: August 2021

Objectives

There is limited evidence of a temporal relationship between periodontal diseases and self‐perceived general health. To plug this knowledge gap, we aimed to assess how periodontal health affects future self‐rated health (SRH).

Methods

We collected data from five waves of an annual nationwide Japanese survey of dental patients from 2015 to 2019. The analysis of repeated measurements included 9306 observations from 4242 patients aged 20 years or older. The clinical periodontitis measurements were bleeding on probing, deepest periodontal pocket depth and most severe clinical attachment loss (CAL). We used a self‐administered questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes history, health behaviour, SRH and self‐reported periodontitis. We applied 2‐level ordered logistic regression models for repeated measurements to examine the relationships between SRH (time t) and 1‐year‐lagged periodontal health (time t‐1) after adjusting for covariates.

Results

The percentage of SRH responses recorded at time t as ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ were 36.9%, 52.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the risk of poorer SRH at time t increased in patients with CAL ≥7 mm (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–1.30), those who reported bleeding gums (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.21–1.46) and those who perceived swollen gums (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.26–1.56) at time t‐1. Sensitivity analyses using the 4‐year follow‐up model and 3‐year‐lagged cohort model also showed consistent results.

Conclusion

Periodontitis shows a gradual contribution to future SRH in dental patients, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, general health and health‐related behaviours.
Myeloid differentiation protein‐2 has a protective role in house dust mite‐mediated asthmatic characteristics with the proinflammatory regulation of airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells
Authors: Ishii Takashi , Murakami Yusuke , Narita Tomoya , Nunokawa Hiroki , Miyake Kensuke , Nagase Takahide , Yamashita Naomi
Published: August 2021

Background

Myeloid differentiation protein‐2 (MD‐2) is a lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein involved in lipopolysaccharide signalling via Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4 plays an essential role in HDM‐mediated allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, MD‐2 is structurally similar to Der f 2, a major allergen from house dust mite (HDM).

Objectives

We aimed to clarify the role of MD‐2 in the pathogenesis of HDM‐mediated allergic airway inflammation.

Methods

Wild‐type (WT), TLR4 knockout and MD‐2 knockout mice were subjected to intranasal instillation of HDM extract, and asthmatic features were evaluated. We also evaluated gene sets regulated by MD‐2 in HDM‐treated airway epithelial cells and examined the function of dendritic cells from lymph nodes and from lungs.

Results

Aggravated allergic airway inflammation with increased airway hyperresponsiveness was observed in MD‐2 knockout mice compared with WT and TLR4 knockout mice. Global gene expression analysis revealed an MD‐2 regulated proinflammatory response and reconstituted TLR4 signalling in airway epithelial cells. The ability of dendritic cells to evoke an allergic immune response was enhanced in MD‐2 knockout mice.

Conclusions & clinical relevance

MD‐2 plays a protective role in HDM‐induced airway allergy with the proinflammatory regulation of airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells. MD‐2 may serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of asthma.
T cell activator-carrying extracellular vesicles induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells
Authors: Mo Li-Hua , Han Hai-Yang , Jin Qiao-Ruo , Song Yan-Nan , Wu Gao-Hui , Zhang Youming , Yang Li-Teng , Liu Tao , Liu Zhi-Gang , Feng Yan , Yang Ping-Chang
Published: August 2021

The mechanism of antigen-specific regulatory T cell (Treg) induction is not yet fully understood. Curcumin has an immune regulatory function. This study aims to induce antigen-specific Tregs by employing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry two types of T cell activators. Two types of T cell activators, ovalbumin (OVA)/major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) and tetramethylcurcumin (FLLL31) (a curcumin analog) were carried by dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles, designated OFexo. A murine model of allergic rhinitis (AR) was developed with OVA as the specific antigen. AR mice were treated with a nasal instillation containing OFexo. We observed that OFexo recognized antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCR) on CD4+ T cells and enhanced Il10 gene transcription in CD4+ T cells. Administration of the OFexo-containing nasal instillation induced antigen-specific type 1 Tregs (Tr1 cells) in the mouse airway tissues. OFexo-induced Tr1 cells showed immune suppressive functions on CD4+ T cell proliferation. Administration of OFexo efficiently alleviated experimental AR in mice. In conclusion, OFexo can induce antigen-specific Tr1 cells that can efficiently alleviate experimental AR. The results suggest that OFexo has the translational potential to be employed for the treatment of AR or other allergic disorders.
Visual effects of concussion: A review
Authors: Fraser Clare L. , Mobbs Rowena
Published: August 2021

A concussion occurs when a direct or indirect force is transmitted to the brain, causing a change in brain function. Given that approximately half the brain circuits are involved in vision and the control of eye movements, a concussion frequently results in visual symptoms. Ophthalmic abnormalities are helpful in the assessment of acute concussion, identified by rapid automized naming tasks and eye movement assessments. In particular, convergence, eye‐tracking and the vestibular‐ocular motor screening tool may be used. For patients suffering from post‐concussion syndrome more than 3 months from the original injury, abnormalities may be found in convergence, accommodation and smooth pursuit. Orthoptic exercises are useful rehabilitation tools to allow patients to return to school, work and recreation. This article provides a brief overview of concussion as it relates to vision and ophthalmic practice.
Towards coexistence: Can people's attitudes explain their willingness to live with Sumatran elephants in Indonesia?
Authors: Ardiantiono  , Sugiyo  , Johnson Paul J. , Lubis Muhammad Irfansyah , Amama Fahrul , Sukatmoko  , Marthy William , Zimmermann Alexandra
Published: August 2021

Understanding coexistence between humans and threatened wildlife is a central focus in conservation. Way Kambas National Park in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, harbors one of the largest populations of the critically endangered Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). The people who live alongside this population are affected by intensive crop foraging. Our study investigated the factors which influenced attitudes toward elephants. We then evaluated the implications of reported attitudes for future willingness to live with elephants. We surveyed 660 respondents in 22 villages around the park. People generally reported positive attitudes toward elephants (smartness 95%, usefulness 62%, importance 57%, and pleasantness 53%), apart from where human safety was concerned (safety 11%). Each dimension of attitude was explained by different factors including age, gender, knowledge of elephants, and distance to crop foraging locations. Most respondents (62%) expressed no willingness to coexist with elephants. Such willingness was lower when elephants were perceived to be more dangerous, but higher if beliefs in the benefits of elephants were greater. Efforts to improve crop foraging mitigation practice and to increase people's awareness of elephant benefits may promote support for their conservation. Through this study, we advocate the integration of social science to promote human–wildlife coexistence strategies, an approach that is currently limited in Indonesia.
Normative coherence for development: What relevance for responsive regionalism?
Authors: Koff Harlan , Häbel Sandra
Published: August 2021

Motivation

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for transformative development rooted in international norms, such as human rights, rule of law, and gender equality. Often, however, nation‐states do not implement these norms to the extent to which they are envisaged. Against this backdrop, regions have the potential to fill this implementation vacuum.

Purpose

Without a normative dimension, transformative development risks reproducing traditional economic development. In this special issue we focus on norm implementation in different world regions through the lens of normative coherence for development.

Methods and approach

The articles in this special issue all use qualitative methods, such as text analysis and in‐depth interviews. Given the different regional contexts, each article has its own approach to normative coherence for development depending on the regional normative framework.

Findings

This special issue indicates that regions are an important interlocutor between the global, national, and sub‐national level and, as such, are crucial for implementing the sustainable development agenda. The articles show, however, that to date normative coherence for development has not been achieved due to overriding priorities and technical approaches to policy coherence for development.

Policy implications

With this special issue we aim to draw more attention to the topic of normative coherence for development and show that policies need to be adjusted in order to reflect the normative dimension of sustainable development.
Three‐year U.S. pharmacovigilance report of brodalumab
Authors: Lebwohl Mark , Leonardi Craig , Armstrong April , Rawnsley Nicole , Alexander Binu , Goehring Earl , Kerdel Francisco , Jacobson Abby
Published: August 2021

Brodalumab, an interleukin‐17 receptor A antagonist, is approved for treatment of moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis in adults without response or with loss of response to other systemic therapies. In the United States, there is a boxed warning for brodalumab regarding suicidal ideation and behavior; however, no causal relationship between brodalumab and suicidality was established during pivotal trials. In the 2‐year pharmacovigilance data, no completed suicides or suicide attempts were reported. The most frequent adverse event (AE) was arthralgia. The safety profile of brodalumab is now being updated after 3 years of pharmacovigilance data. Here, we outline pharmacovigilance data reported to Ortho Dermatologics by patients and healthcare professionals in the United States from August 15, 2017, to August 14, 2020. Brodalumab exposure estimates were obtained by calculating the time between first and last prescription‐dispensing authorization dates. Data from 1854 patients were collected, and brodalumab exposure was estimated to be 2736 patient‐years. The most frequent AE was arthralgia (111 events; 0.04 events per patient‐year). One episode of suicide attempt was reported in a patient with a history of depression. No completed suicides were reported. There were 81 serious infections reported, none of which were fungal. Over the 3‐year period, 30 malignancies occurred in 25 patients, none of which were determined to be related to brodalumab. Three‐year pharmacovigilance data are consistent with the safety profile of brodalumab previously reported in long‐term analyses of clinical trials and the 2‐year pharmacovigilance data.
Effectiveness of brodalumab after previous treatment failure of interleukin‐17A inhibitors in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Loft Nikolai , Bregnhøj Anne , Fage Simon , Nielsen Claus Henrik , Enevold Christian , Zachariae Claus , Iversen Lars , Skov Lone
Published: August 2021

Studies on switch between interleukin (IL)‐17 inhibitors are scarce. We assessed the effectiveness of brodalumab in patients with previous treatment failure of IL‐17A inhibitor(s). Patients with psoriasis and previous treatment failure of an IL‐17A inhibitor were treated with brodalumab at standard dose. Effectiveness was assessed after 12, 26, and 52 weeks of treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients that had achieved an absolute psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) ≤2 and/or a relative reduction of PASI of 75% (PASI75) at week 12. Plasma cytokine levels were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. In total, 20 patients were included, seven (35%) were female, the median age was 50 years, and the median baseline PASI was 13.5. Analyzing the data using nonresponder imputation, 14 (70%) patients had achieved either PASI75 and/or PASI ≤2, 8 (40%) had achieved PASI90, and three (15%) had achieved PASI100 at week 12. In total, nine patients (45%) completed the 52‐weeks trial and seven patients (35%) still had PASI75 throughout 52 weeks. Seventeen out of 20 patients experienced any adverse events (AEs) during 52 weeks with no serious AEs or deaths. Patients responding to treatment had lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6 at baseline compared with those who did not respond to treatment (TNF‐α, p = 0.041, IL‐6, p = 0.0054). In conclusion, treatment with brodalumab despite previous treatment failure with an IL‐17A inhibitor can be effective and well‐tolerated.
Transovarial transmission of Nosema pyrausta in three generations of Ostrinia nubilalis in laboratory tests
Authors: Grushevaya Inna V. , Senderskiy Igor V. , Zubarev Ivan V. , Tokarev* Yuri S.
Published: August 2021

The microsporidium Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) (Nosematidae) is a widespread and persistent entomopathogen with integrated pest management implications. Nosema pyrausta is capable of horizontal and vertical transmissions in Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) populations. After experimental per os infection, N. pyrausta virulence decreased with the instar of the host larvae used. At a dosage of 100,000 spores per fourth instar, 47% pupae and 36% adults survived and gave rise to transovarially infected offspring. The infection persisted through three laboratory generations of the host with prevalence levels ranging between 29 and 92%. Mature microsporidian spores were not found in smears prepared from the eggs laid by infected females, but cryosections demonstrated parasite cells within the host egg’s cytoplasm. A short region of N. pyrausta hexokinase was amplified using cDNA samples from infected females’ eggs, confirming the expression of the parasite’s DNA. Thus, vertical transmission of N. pyrausta is achieved through infection of insect eggs with prespore stages of the parasite.
Coptera haywardi females discriminate puparia of Anastrepha obliqua treated with Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Martínez‐Barrera Olga Yaneth , Toledo Jorge , Cancino Jorge , Liedo Pablo , Gómez Jaime , Valle‐Mora Javier , Montoya Pablo
Published: August 2021

The capacity of a parasitoid to discriminate hosts can favor the survival of its progeny as well as improve its efficacy as a biocontrol agent when it is used with another natural enemy, as this may result in greater control of the pest. Our aim was to characterize the discrimination ability of Coptera haywardi (Oglobin) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) females with respect to puparia of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) treated with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), under three conditions: (1) no choice, separately exposing A. obliqua puparia, treated at 0, 24, 48, or 72 h prior to exposure, to the parasitoid and without application of the fungus (absolute control); (2) with the possibility of choosing between untreated and treated puparia with the same times after fungus application; and (3) multiple choice, where parasitoids could select among puparia treated at different times. Observations were made to determine the discrimination behavior of the wasps as well as the number of ovipositions by each female parasitoid; 14 observations were made. Coptera haywardi exhibited different levels of discrimination depending on the test. In the no‐choice test, discrimination was not observed; in the two‐choice test, females significantly discriminated the puparia treated at 0, 24, and 72 h prior to exposure; and in the multiple‐choice test, females preferred the untreated puparia – behavior that was corroborated in the direct observations. Oviposition time ranged from 9 to 86 min and differences in average time among treatments were not significant. We conclude that the discrimination ability of C. haywardi allows the simultaneous use of B. bassiana, as females prefer healthy, untreated puparia without interfering with the fungus.
Long‐term tolerability and efficacy after initial PegIFN‐α addition to dasatinib in CML‐CP: Five‐year follow‐up of the NordCML007 study
Authors: Flygt Hjalmar , Söderlund Stina , Stentoft Jesper , Richter Johan , Koskenvesa Perttu , Mustjoki Satu , Majeed Waleed , Lübking Anna , Dreimane Arta , Markevärn Berit , Stenke Leif , Myhr Eriksson Kristina , Gjertsen Bjørn Tore , Gedde‐Dahl Tobias , Dimitrijevic Andreja , Udby Lene , Olsson‐Strömberg Ulla , Hjorth‐Hansen Henrik
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Treatment‐free remission (TFR) has emerged as a treatment goal in chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase (CML‐CP). Attempts to increase proportion of patients achieving TFR include combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and other drugs. Interferon‐α in addition to TKI has shown promising efficacy but with dose‐dependent toxicity and discontinuations. NordCML007 was initiated to study the efficacy and safety of low dose pegylated IFN‐α (PegIFN‐α) in combination with dasatinib (DAS) in CML‐CP.

Methods

Forty patients with newly diagnosed CML‐CP were given DAS upfront. After month 3 (M3) 15 μg/wk of PegIFN‐α was added and increased to 25 μg/wk from M7 until M15. DAS treatment was continued and adverse events and BCR‐ABL1 qRT‐PCR values were reported yearly after M24. Results from M1 to M18 have previously been published, and here we present long‐term data.

Results

After 5 years of follow‐up, there were no suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions, no increase in serosal effusions, no disease progressions and no CML‐related deaths. Rates of MR3.0 (MMR), MR4.0 and MR4.5 were 84.6%, 64.1% and 51.3% respectively at M60, and 95% of patients reached MMR at some point during the study.

Conclusion

Initial addition of PegIFN‐α to DAS shows good long‐term efficacy without increased toxicity.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in persons younger than 50 years: A retrospective nationwide cohort study in Denmark
Authors: Kløvgaard Marius , Lynge Thomas H. , Tsiropoulos Ioannis , Uldall Peter V. , Banner Jytte , Winkel Bo G. , Ryvlin Philippe , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob , Sabers Anne
Published: August 2021

Objective

Persons with epilepsy have an increased mortality including a high risk of sudden unexplained death (SUD), also referred to as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We aimed to evaluate the risk of SUDEP in comparison to other causes of death and the risk of SUD in persons with and without epilepsy.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective population‐based cohort study of all Danish citizens with and without epilepsy aged 1–49 years during 2007–2009. All deaths in the population were evaluated, and all cases of SUD identified. Primary causes of death in persons with epilepsy were evaluated independently by three neurologists and one neuropediatrician, using the unified SUDEP criteria.

Results

The three most frequent causes of death in persons with epilepsy were cancer (2.38 per 1000 person‐years), SUDEP (1.65 per 1000 person‐years), and pneumonia (1.09 per 1000 person‐years) compared with cancer (.17 per 1000 person‐years), accident‐related deaths (.14 per 1000 person‐years), and cardiovascular disease (.09 per 1000 person‐years) in persons without epilepsy. Considering definite, definite plus, and probable cases, the SUDEP incidence was .27 per 1000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] = .11–.64) in children aged 1–17 years and 1.21 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI = .96–1.51) in adults aged 18–49 years. Adjusted for age and sex, persons with epilepsy younger than 50 years had a 10.8‐fold (95% CI = 9.97–11.64, p < .0001) increased all‐cause mortality and a 34.4‐fold (95% CI = 23.57–50.28, p < .0001) increased risk of SUD compared with persons without epilepsy. SUDEP accounted for 23.3% of all SUD.

Significance

This nationwide study of all deaths in persons with epilepsy younger than 50 years found a lower SUDEP risk in children compared with adults, and that epilepsy was a major risk factor for SUD in the background population. This underlines the importance of addressing risk factors for SUDEP to prevent premature death.
Anterior nucleus of the thalamus seizure detection in ambulatory humans
Authors: Gregg Nicholas M. , Marks Victoria S. , Sladky Vladimir , Lundstrom Brian N. , Klassen Bryan , Messina Steven A. , Brinkmann Benjamin H. , Miller Kai J. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Kremen Vaclav , Worrell Gregory A.
Published: August 2021

There is a paucity of data to guide anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) deep brain stimulation (DBS) with brain sensing. The clinical Medtronic Percept DBS device provides constrained brain sensing power within a frequency band (power‐in‐band [PIB]), recorded in 10‐min averaged increments. Here, four patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were implanted with an investigational device providing full bandwidth chronic intracranial electroencephalogram (cEEG) from bilateral ANT and hippocampus (Hc). ANT PIB‐based seizure detection was assessed. Detection parameters were cEEG PIB center frequency, bandwidth, and epoch duration. Performance was evaluated against epileptologist‐confirmed Hc seizures, and assessed by area under the precision‐recall curve (PR‐AUC). Data included 99 days of cEEG, and 20, 278, 3, and 18 Hc seizures for Subjects 1–4. The best detector had 7‐Hz center frequency, 5‐Hz band width, and 10‐s epoch duration (group PR‐AUC = .90), with 75% sensitivity and .38 false alarms per day for Subject 1, and 100% and .0 for Subjects 3 and 4. Hc seizures in Subject 2 did not propagate to ANT. The relative change of ANT PIB was maximal ipsilateral to seizure onset for all detected seizures. Chronic ANT and Hc recordings provide direct guidance for ANT DBS with brain sensing.
Acute abdominal dehiscence following laparotomy: A multicentre, international retrospective study
Authors: Hann Michelle J. , Mair Tim S. , Gardner Alison , Mudge Margaret , Southwood Louise L. , Dechant Julie E. , Barton Michelle H. , Garcia‐Macias Jesus , Parker Russell A. , Hassel Diana , Archer Debbie C.
Published: August 2021

Background

Incisional complications are a common cause of morbidity following laparotomy. Although uncommon, acute abdominal dehiscence (AAD) is a potentially fatal post‐operative complication. However, few AAD cases are described in the literature.

Objectives

To describe common features of cases of AAD following ventral midline laparotomy, management and outcomes.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Hospital records of horses that underwent a ventral midline laparotomy at nine hospitals in the UK, Ireland and USA over a 10‐year period (2009‐2019) were reviewed. Data were collected for pre‐, intra‐ and post‐operative factors that were considered relevant. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.

Results

A total of 63 cases of AAD were identified. AAD occurred due to tearing of sutures through the linea alba or rupture of the body wall adjacent to the suture line in 46 horses (73%). AAD occurred at a median of 5 days (0.5‐70 days) post‐operatively and broodmares accounted for 25% of the cases (n = 16). Surgical site infection developed prior to AAD in 28 horses (44%); leakage of peritoneal fluid occurred in 5% of horses prior to AAD being identified. Surgical repair was performed in 27 horses (43%), 10 (16%) were treated conservatively and 26 (41%) were euthanised immediately. Repair was most frequently performed using suture (n = 14), wire (n = 5) or a combination (n = 5). Overall survival to hospital discharge was 39% (24/63). Where surgical repair was performed, 15 horses (56%) survived to hospital discharge; 9 horses (90%) managed conservatively survived to hospital discharge.

Main limitations

Follow‐up was not performed for all cases following hospital discharge and some data were incompletely recorded in hospital files.

Conclusions

Previously stated causative factors for AAD were not consistent features in the present study. Surgical site infection following laparotomy and pregnant or early post‐partum mares may be important risk factors for AAD and warrant further investigation.
Warming and imidacloprid pulses determine macroinvertebrate community dynamics in experimental streams
Authors: Macaulay Samuel J. , Hageman Kimberly J. , Piggott Jeremy J. , Juvigny‐Khenafou Noël P. D. , Matthaei Christoph D.
Published: August 2021

Sustainable management of freshwater and pesticide use is essential for mitigating the impacts of intensive agriculture in the context of a changing climate. To better understand how climate change will affect the vulnerability of freshwater ecosystems to chemical pollutants, more empirical evidence is needed on the combined effects of climatic and chemical stressors in environmentally realistic conditions. Our experiment provides the first empirical evaluation of stream macroinvertebrate community dynamics in response to one of the world's most widely used insecticides, imidacloprid, and increased water temperature. In a 7‐week streamside experiment using 128 flow‐through circular mesocosms, we investigated the effects of pulsed imidacloprid exposure (four environmentally relevant levels between 0 and 4.6 µg/L) and raised water temperature (ambient, 3°C above) on invertebrate communities representative of fast‐ and slow‐flowing microhabitats. Invertebrate drift and insect emergence were monitored during three pesticide pulses (10 days apart), and benthic invertebrate communities were sampled after 24 days of heating and pesticide manipulations. All three manipulated factors strongly affected drift community composition. The first imidacloprid pulse and increased temperature had a greater impact on communities in fast‐flowing mesocosms, which contained more pollution‐sensitive EPT taxa (mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies). Heating and imidacloprid caused increased emigration by drift, weak reductions in emergence, and negatively affected the benthic community. The combined effect of stressor manipulations and a 10‐day natural heatwave drastically reduced relative abundances of EPT and insects overall and caused a shift to oligochaete‐, crustacean‐ and gastropod‐dominated communities. Contrary to our hypothesis, the very high yet realistic water temperatures reached in our experiment meant the negative effects of imidacloprid were clearest at ambient temperatures and fast flow. These findings demonstrate the potential combined impacts of imidacloprid contamination and heatwaves on freshwater invertebrate communities under future climate scenarios and highlight the need for more countries to take regulatory action to control neonicotinoid use.
Not all species will migrate poleward as the climate warms: The case of the seven baobab species in Madagascar
Authors: Tagliari Mario M. , Danthu Pascal , Leong Pock Tsy Jean‐Michel , Cornu Cyrille , Lenoir Jonathan , Carvalho‐Rocha Vítor , Vieilledent Ghislain
Published: August 2021

It is commonly accepted that species should move toward higher elevations and latitudes to track shifting isotherms as climate warms. However, temperature might not be the only limiting factor determining species distribution. Species might move to opposite directions to track changes in other climatic variables. Here, we used an extensive occurrence data set and an ensemble modelling approach to model the climatic niche and to predict the distribution of the seven baobab species (genus Adansonia) present in Madagascar. Using climatic projections from three global circulation models, we predicted species’ future distribution and extinction risk for 2055 and 2085 under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and two dispersal scenarios. We disentangled the role of each climatic variable in explaining species range shift looking at relative variable importance and future climatic anomalies. Four baobab species (Adansonia rubrostipa, Adansonia madagascariensis, Adansonia perrieri¸ and Adansonia suarezensis) could experience a severe range contraction in the future (>70% for year 2085 under RCP 8.5, assuming a zero‐dispersal hypothesis). For three out of the four threatened species, range contraction was mainly explained by an increase in temperature seasonality, especially in the North of Madagascar, where they are currently distributed. In tropical regions, where species are commonly adapted to low seasonality, we found that temperature seasonality will generally increase. It is, thus, very likely that many species in the tropics will be forced to move equatorward to avoid an increase in temperature seasonality. Yet, several ecological (e.g., equatorial limit, or unsuitable deforested habitat) or geographical barriers (absence of lands) could prevent species to move equatorward, thus increasing the extinction risk of many tropical species, like endemic baobab species in Madagascar.
Messaging about corruption: The power of social norms
Authors: Agerberg Mattias
Published: August 2021

While commonly deployed in anti‐corruption programs, corruption messaging has shown limited success. I argue that strategies focusing on injunctive norms (what most people approve of) have been underutilized and could be a feasible way of influencing perceptions in a desirable direction. In two studies fielded in Mexico, I first identify a substantial discrepancy between how individuals view the permissibility of corruption and their perceptions of other people's attitudes. In a follow‐up preregistered experiment, I leverage this tension by randomly informing a treatment group about people's strong anti‐corruption attitudes. The results show that the treatment group became significantly more positive with regard to the attitudes of others. Moreover, they report higher interpersonal trust, are less likely view corruption as a basic part of Mexican culture, and show lower willingness to bribe. The study contributes to our understanding of corruption as a social phenomenon and provides insights about how to construct effective anti‐corruption messages.
Gene trapping reveals a new transcriptionally active genome element: The chromosome‐specific clustered trap region
Authors: Takeda Iyo , Araki Masatake , Ishiguro Kei‐ichiro , Ohga Toshinori , Takada Kouki , Yamaguchi Yusuke , Hashimoto Koichi , Kai Takuma , Nakagata Naomi , Imasaka Mai , Yoshinobu Kumiko , Araki Kimi
Published: August 2021

Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive sequences such as long interspersed nuclear elements. The relationship between these repeating sequences and diseases has remained unclear. Gene trapping is a useful technique for disrupting a gene and expressing a reporter gene by using the promoter activity of the gene. The analysis of trapped genes revealed a new genome element—the chromosome‐specific clustered trap (CSCT) region. For any examined sequence within this region, an equivalent was found using the BLAT of the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser. CSCT13 mapped to chromosome 13 and contained only three genes. To elucidate its in vivo function, the whole CSCT13 region (1.6 Mbp) was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in mouse embryonic stem cells, and subsequently, a CSCT13 knockout mouse line was established. The rate of homozygotes was significantly lower than expected according to Mendel's laws. In addition, the number of offspring obtained by mating homozygotes was significantly smaller than that obtained by crossing controls. Furthermore, CSCT13 might have an effect on meiotic homologous recombination. This study identifies a transcriptionally active CSCT with an important role in mouse development.
Ultrasonic scaling in COVID‐era dentistry: A quantitative assessment of aerosol spread during simulated and clinical ultrasonic scaling procedures
Authors: Pierre‐Bez Alexandra C. , Agostini‐Walesch Gina M. , Bradford Smith P. , Hong Qing , Hancock David S. , Davis Megan , Marcelli‐Munk Gina , Mitchell John C.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Healthcare agencies recommend limited use of aerosol‐generating procedures to mitigate disease (COVID‐19) transmission. However, total dispersion patterns of aerosols, particularly respirable droplets, via dental ultrasonic units is unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize and map total spatter, droplet and aerosol dispersion during ultrasonic scaling in simulated and clinical contexts.

Methods

Ultrasonic scaling was performed on dental simulation units using methylene blue dye‐stained water. All resultant stain profiles were photoanalysed to calculate droplet size and travel distance/direction. Airborne particle concentrations were also documented 0–1.2 m (0–4ft.) and 1.2–2.4 m (4–8ft.) from patients during in vivo ultrasonic scaling with a saliva ejector.

Results

Stain profiles showed droplets between 25 and 50µm in diameter were most common, with smaller droplets closer to the mouth. In‐vivo particle concentrations were uniformly low. The smallest (<1 µm, PM1) and largest (>10 µm, PM10+) particles were most common, especially within 1.2 m (4ft.) of the patient. Respirable particles (PM2.5) were uncommon.

Conclusions

Tests showed the highest concentration of small droplets in zones nearest the patient. While uncommon, particles were detected up to 2.4 m (8ft.) away. Furthermore, observed particle sizes were consistent with those that can carry infectious agents. Efforts to mitigate the spread of inhalable aerosols should emphasize proximate regions nearest the procedure, including personal protective equipment and the use of evacuation devices.
Review characterization of edible films formulated with sodium alginate and low‐methoxyl pectin in osmotic dehydration applications
Authors: Sotera Edgar Mario , Rodriguez Anabel , Gamboa‐Santos Juliana , Campañone Laura A.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this work was to evaluate the behaviour of two edible films (sodium alginate and low‐methoxyl pectin) under different osmotic conditions (solutions: sucrose, glucose syrup and maltodextrin; concentrations: 40 °Brix and 60 °Brix; temperature 40 °C and processing times: 0.5, 1 and 2 h). From the experimental water loss and solid uptake kinetics, effective diffusion coefficients and the dehydration performance ratio were obtained. The microstructural characteristics of the osmodehydrated films were also analysed using pear as a food matrix. The results showed that films osmodehydrated with maltodextrin and glucose syrup solutions presented higher dehydration performance ratio values than those osmodehydrated with sucrose. A reduction in the thicknesses of edible coatings was observed. The best formulation was sodium alginate 2% and calcium lactate 5% according to the microstructural analysis and structural integrity for at least up to 16 h of osmotic dehydration.
Modeling the relaxation and crystallization kinetics of glass without fictive temperature: Toy landscape approach
Authors: Wilkinson Collin J. , Mauro John C.
Published: August 2021

Relaxation and crystallization are key kinetic processes that must be understood to build a comprehensive understanding of the supercooled liquid and glassy states. Traditional approaches have been unable to capture the underlying physics accurately due to assumptions about phenomenological order parameters such as fictive temperature. In this work, we show that glass relaxation can be accurately modeled through a simplified “toy” enthalpy landscape approach, bypassing the use of fictive temperature. Moreover, the same simplified enthalpy landscape provides insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization. The toy landscape approach recovers key predictions from the traditional fictive temperature description, but it is based on a more accurate physical framework, giving fundamental knowledge of the glass relaxation and crystallization processes.
Significantly decreased depolarization hydrostatic pressure of 3D‐printed PZT95/5 ceramics with periodically distributed pores
Authors: Jia Jicai , Nie Hengchang , He Xin , Feng Chun , Zhu Min , Wu Chengtie , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: August 2021

Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 ferroelectric ceramics with porous structure of periodic distribution were fabricated successfully via Direct Ink Writing, a type of 3D printing technique. The effect of periodically distributed porous microstructure on the dielectric, ferroelectric, as well as hydrostatic‐pressure‐induced depolarization properties of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics, was investigated. The printed porous ceramics exhibit relatively good viscoelasticity to retain the periodic structure during 3D printing and drying. In contrast with dense PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics prepared by conventional solid‐state sintering, low bulk density of the periodically distributed porous PZT95/5 ceramics leads to a decreased remanent polarization of 22.9 µC/cm2 under 2 kV/mm. As the hydrostatic pressure increased, the poled periodically distributed porous PZT95/5 ceramics depolarize sharply under a low and narrow hydrostatic pressure range of 113–116 MPa with a released charge density of 23.9 µC/cm2, while the poled dense PZT95/5 ceramics depolarize under a range of 250–278 MPa. Therefore, the introduction of periodically distributed micropores into PZT95/5 ceramics decreases the ferroelectric‐to‐antiferroelectric phase transition hydrostatic pressure significantly and maintained relatively excellent other properties simultaneously, such as temperature stability and low dielectric loss. The almost sharp depolarization behavior under a significantly decreased hydrostatic pressure demonstrates that periodically distributed porous PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics fabricated controllably by 3D printing exhibit excellent performances and prospects in mechanical–electrical energy conversion applications.
Adsorption behavior of carbonic acid on γ‐dicalcium silicate surface from molecular simulations
Authors: Zhao Meicheng , Lu Linnu , Tao Yong , He Yongjia , Wang Fazhou , Zhang Wenqin , Hu Shuguang
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to investigate the adsorption of carbonic acid and water molecules on the (010) surface of γ‐dicalcium silicate (γ‐C2S) at an atomic scale using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics. It provides novel insights into the mechanism of carbonation on the surface of γ‐C2S. The electrons transfer and interfacial reactions between the carbonic acid (H2CO3) molecule and the γ‐C2S surface are characterized by adsorption configuration, bond order, electron density difference, and partial density of states. There exist strong interactions between H2CO3 and γ‐C2S surface, including two types of chemical adsorption and one type of physical adsorption. This work confirms that water in the carbonation of γ‐C2S is to react with CO2 to provide the reactants, and protons transfer of the carbonic acid molecule plays a crucial role in the carbonation process. The adsorption of the carbonic acid molecule is more favorable with respect to that of the water molecule, which may be the initial step of the carbonization of γ‐C2S.
Building capacity for health promotion by addressing nurses' role confusion: Study protocol of a pilot clustered randomised controlled trial
Authors: Iriarte‐Roteta Andrea , Lopez‐Dicastillo Olga , Mujika Agurtzane , Antoñanzas‐Baztán Elena , Hernantes Naia , Galán Espinilla María José , Pumar‐Méndez María Jesús
Published: August 2021

Aim

To describe the protocol for the pilot phase of a complex intervention, designed to address primary care nurses' role confusion in health promotion.

Design

A pilot clustered randomized controlled trial, with control and intervention groups.

Methods

The study will be conducted in a primary care setting. Participants will be nurses from the primary care health service working in a primary care team (PCT, 15 control group; 15 intervention group). Nurses in the experimental group will receive the ROLE‐AP programme over a 3‐week period. The control group will continue with the normal routine. The pilot will help determine the intervention's feasibility, acceptability, fidelity and quality of the programme components. Data collected preintervention, postintervention and 3 months after intervention will provide estimates of the intervention's preliminary effects on the main variable, nurses' degree of agreement concerning their expected role in health promotion. The study received funding from the local government in December 2019.

Discussion

Role confusion is promoting primary care nurses' omissions in their health‐promoting practice, which is far from the ideal portrayed by the Ottawa Charter. Interventions are needed that reveal the most appropriate mechanisms for addressing role confusion, which requires reaching an intraprofessional agreement about the expectations for role activities. Healthcare organisations could benefit from the incorporation of a programme of these characteristics into standard practice.

Impact

This study will produce a novel and comprehensive complex intervention that is expected to build nurses' capacity in primary healthcare organizations for health promotion, which is key to increasing the quality, efficiency and sustainability of the National Health System. The programme evaluation and feasibility study will reveal how to better use existing resources in a full‐scale clinical trial.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04726696).
Age stereotypes towards younger and older colleagues in registered nurses and supervisors in a university hospital: A generic qualitative study
Authors: Helaß Madeleine , Greinacher Anja , Götz Sebastian , Müller Andreas , Gündel Harald , Junne Florian , Nikendei Christoph , Maatouk Imad
Published: August 2021

Aim

This study aimed to identify and compare age stereotypes of registered nurses and supervisors in clinical inpatient settings.

Design

Generic qualitative study using half‐standardized interviews.

Method

Nineteen face‐to‐face interviews and five focus groups (N = 50) were conducted with nurses of varying levels at a hospital of maximum medical care in Germany between August and November 2018 and were subjected to structured qualitative content analysis.

Results

Reflecting the ageing process and cooperation in mixed‐age teams, nursing staff and supervisors defined similar age stereotypes towards older and younger nurses reminiscent of common generational labels ‘Baby Boomers’ and Generations X. Their evaluation created an inconsistent and contradictory pattern differing to the respective work context and goals. Age stereotypes were described as both potentially beneficial and detrimental for the individual and the cooperation in the team. If a successfully implemented diversity management focuses age stereotypes, negative assumptions can be reduced and cooperation in mixed‐age teams can be considered beneficial.

Conclusion

Diversity management as measures against age stereotypes and for mutual acceptance and understanding should include staff from various hierarchical levels of the inpatient setting.
Across‐country genomic predictions in Norwegian and New Zealand Composite sheep populations with similar development history
Authors: Oliveira Hinayah Rojas de , McEwan John C. , Jakobsen Jette H. , Blichfeldt Thor , Meuwissen Theo H. E. , Pickering Natalie K. , Clarke Shannon M. , Brito Luiz F.
Published: August 2021

The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of across‐country genomic predictions in Norwegian White Sheep (NWS) and New Zealand Composite (NZC) sheep populations with similar development history. Different training populations were evaluated (i.e., including only NWS or NZC, or combining both populations). Predictions were performed using the actual phenotypes (normalized) and the single‐step GBLUP via Bayesian inference. Genotyped NWS animals born in 2016 (N = 267) were used to assess the accuracy and bias of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) predicted for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), carcass weight (CW), EUROP carcass classification (EUC), and EUROP fat grading (EUF). The accuracy and bias of GEBVs differed across traits and training population used. For instance, the GEBV accuracies ranged from 0.13 (BW) to 0.44 (EUC) for GEBVs predicted including only NWS, from 0.06 (BW) to 0.15 (CW) when including only NZC, and from 0.10 (BW) to 0.41 (EUC) when including both NWS and NZC animals in the training population. The regression coefficients used to assess the spread of GEBVs (bias) ranged from 0.26 (BW) to 0.64 (EUF) for only NWS, 0.10 (EUC) to 0.52 (CW) for only NZC, and from 0.42 (WW) to 2.23 (EUC) for both NWS and NZC in the training population. Our findings suggest that across‐country genomic predictions based on ssGBLUP might be possible for NWS and NZC, especially for novel traits.