bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATIONS OF DECAY IN WESTERN RED CEDAR IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Buckland D. C.
Published: April 2011

Investigations of decay in Thuja plicata D. Don. in British Columbia have shown that the major heart-rotting fungi of living western red cedar on the Coast, in decreasing order of importance, are Poria asiatica (Pilát) Overh. (brown cubical pocket and butt rot), Poria albipellucida Baxter (white ring rot), Fomes Pini (Thore) Lloyd (white pitted trunk rot), Merulius sp. (brown crumbly butt rot), and Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc. (spongy white rot). In the Interior of the Province they are Poria asiatica, P. Weirii Murr. (yellow ring rot), Fomes Pini, Polyporus balsameus Peck (brown cubical butt rot), Merulius sp., and Poria subacida. Other fungi attacking the heartwood of living trees less extensively are Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., F. nigrolimitatus (Romell) Egel., F. pinicola (Sw.) Cke., Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Quél., Omphalia campanella (Fr.) Quél., Polyporus Schweinitzii Fr., and Coniophora cerebella Pers.On the areas investigated, loss through decay in stands 50 to 450 years of age never exceeded growth increment. It was indicated that decay in younger stands was of importance. Loss through decay and incidence of infection was appreciably higher in the Interior than on the Coast. No reliable external indications of decay in the standing tree were found.Deterioration in felled trees was caused by Poria Weirii, P. albipellucida, P. subacida, Armillaria mellea, Omphalia campanella, Fomes annosus, F. nigrolimitatus, and F. pinicola. Polyporus cuneatus (Murr.) Overh., and Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lév. were the major decay organisms of cedar sapwood and slash. Polyporus abietinus (Dicks.) Fr., P. versicolor (L.) Fr., P. semipileatus Peck, P. hirsutus (Wulf.) Fr., and Poria isabellina (Fr.) Overh. were restricted in distribution or of irregular occurrence.To assist in the identification of cultures all the major heart-rotting organisms were grown on tannic and gallic acid media. Seventy-seven species of Basidiomycetes were collected on living and dead Thuja plicata in British Columbia from 1943 to 1945.
L'ÉRABLIÈRE LAURENTIENNE : II. LES SUCCESSIONS ET LEURS INDICATEURS
Authors: Dansereau Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
AWN-BARBING IN BARLEY
Authors: Friesen H. A.
Published: April 2011

The inheritance of awn-barbing was studied in crosses of barley varieties having intermediate smooth and very smooth awns and lacking the gene R for rough awns. Two genes were found to govern awn smoothness in these varieties, one being S hypostatic to R as previously reported and the other, termed S1, hypostatic to S. The genotype rrSSS1S1 has intermediate smooth awns, rrssS1S1 has smooth awns, and rrsss1s1 has very smooth awns.
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE LONGEVITY OF POPULUS AND ULMUS SEEDS IN STORAGE
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Storage of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata seeds at room temperature in a controlled-humidity series showed the optimum to be 20% relative humidity for both species. At this humidity level, seed viability was retained by P. grandidentata for 555 days and by P. tremuloides for 455 days, as compared to approximately 28 days for both checks (open air).Similar storage of seeds of four Ulmus species showed tolerance of a wide humidity range by all species, the optimum storage condition being within a range of approximately 20 to 50% relative humidity.Germinability in all four Ulmus species was greatly increased when seeds were tested in a lighted germinator.
THE CERCARIA OF APOPHALLUS BREVIS
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

The cercaria of Apophallus brevis, the causal agent of black spot disease of trout, is described and shown to be a typical pleurolophocercous cercaria.
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF IRRADIATION BY X-RAY ONp-AMINOBENZOIC ACID, USINGCLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUMFOR ASSAY
Authors: Tchaperoff Ivan C. C.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made on the effect of X-ray irradiation by producing inactivation of p-aminobenzoic acid as determined by assay with C. acetobutylicum. It has been shown that p-aminobenzoic acid in concentration of 1 × 10−4 μgm. per cc. is inactivated by an X-ray dose as small as 50 r at 190 kv. The significance of the destruction of Paba in connection with the treatment of infective lesions is discussed.
RECOVERY OF A STRAIN OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS FROM CULEX RESTUANS (THEO.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Norris Marjorie
Published: April 2011

Since an epidemic of western equine encephalitis in Manitoba in 1941, attempts have been made each year to isolate the virus from mosquitoes collected during the summer months. In 1942, 94 pools of mosquitoes were tested: 43 of the genus Aedes, 36 of Culex, and 15 of Culiseta. Suspensions made from each pool, which consisted of from 1 to 30 insects, were injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs. No isolation of virus was made. In 1943, 69 pools were tested: 49 of Aedes, 6 of Culex, 1 of Culiseta, 1 of Anopheles, and 12 of mixtures of different genera. Each suspension was derived from 10 to 75 mosquitoes and was injected intracerebrally into Rockefeller strain Swiss mice. There was no recovery of virus. In 1944, 90 pools were tested: 10 of Culex, 74 of Aedes, and 6 of Culiseta. Suspensions were usually made from 70 to 100 insects, and injected intracerebrally into Swiss mice of the Rockefeller strain. From one pool of Culex restuans (Theo.), a strain of western equine encephalitis virus was recovered.
THE SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE RICKETTSIAE OF EPIDEMIC AND MURINE TYPHUS
Authors: Craigie James , Watson Dennis W. , Clark Eina M. , Malcomson M. Elizabeth
Published: April 2011

The complement-fixing antibodies present in epidemic and murine typhus immune sera can be differentiated by quantitative absorption tests. The neutralizing antibodies that participate in the Giroud reaction can be differentiated by quantitative inhibition tests.Epidemic and murine typhus immune sera contain two kinds of complement-fixing antibodies and also two kinds of neutralizing antibodies. The antigens that react with these antibodies differ in specificity and thermal resistance. Cross reactions between epidemic and murine rickettsiae are due to the presence of similar heat stable antigens in the two types. Type specific sera may be obtained by absorbing immune serum with either (a) rickettsiae of heterologous type or (b) heated rickettsiae of homologous type. The specific antibodies react only with the heat labile antigens of the homologous type of rickettsiae.Mice may be actively immunized against the toxic factors of murine and epidemic rickettsiae. The immunity produced by small doses of vaccine is type specific and dependent on the presence of heat labile antigen in the vaccine.
THE BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION OF VACCINE EMULSIONS BY PENICILLIN
Authors: Morin J. Edouard , Turcotte Hector
Published: April 2011

The present communication furnishes a new method for the purification of smallpox vaccine emulsion by penicillin. Penicillin, when added in definite quantities, possesses an undeniable antibiotic power on most of the Gram-positive cocci and on the vegetative forms of certain anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and C. fallax found in the vaccine. By maintaining a threshold of penicillin (56 units per cc.), the spores of the above mentioned anaerobic microbes cannot grow. When the vaccine emulsion freed from penicillin is inoculated, new strains without any pathogenic properties can be subcultured. Penicillin has no effect on the vaccine virus. By this technique, the vaccine can be freed, in a few days, of its principal pathogenic microbes except from Gram-negative bacilli. In the emulsion thus treated, the periodic control of the penicillin titre is as necessary as the repeated tests made to establish the potency of the vaccine.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XVIII. THE KEEPING QUALITY OF ACIDULATED, GAS-PACKED POWDERS OF LOW MOISTURE CONTENT
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Reid Margaret , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Acidification of liquid egg prior to drying did not improve subsequent storage life, although pH measurements showed that powder from untreated egg became acid more rapidly during storage. Reduction in the moisture content (total volatiles) from 4.7 to 3.0% doubled, and reduction from 4.7 to 1.7% tripled, the storage life of dried whole egg powder as assessed by fluorescence tests. The maximum storage life predicted for the low moisture powder by this test was only 36 wk. at 27 °C. and 5 wk. at 38 °C. Palatability tests suggested that the product was somewhat less perishable, as a powder of 1.7% moisture was considered fit for use as an egg dish after 64 wk. at 27 °C. Gas-packing low moisture powders in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide appeared to be slightly more effective as a means of retaining palatability than packing in an atmosphere of air or nitrogen, but was particularly effective in preventing loss of solubility (assessed by potassium chloride values) during storage.
DRIED MILK POWDER: V. THE PHOTOLYSIS OF RIBOFLAVIN IN MILK POWDERS
Authors: Bryce W. A.
Published: April 2011

Exposure of milk powders to sunlight resulted in a much greater destruction of riboflavin than did exposure to ultra-violet light in the range 3200 to 4200 Å. The rate of photolysis was greater for skim-milk powders than for whole milk powders. Increased intensities of visible light accelerated riboflavin destruction. In the spectral region of 4200 to 5600 Å the wave band causing the greatest destruction in liquid skim-milk had a principal wave-length of 4450 Å, which corresponded to a maximum in the absorption spectrum of riboflavin. The rate of photolysis of riboflavin was a function of both wave-length and intensity of the impinging energy.
REDUCTION OF SPATIAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN AIR-COOLED STORAGE ROOMS. II.
Authors: Hopkins J. W. , Steeves T. A. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Measurements made under a series of imposed conditions of heat load, dunnage spacing, and air flow were in agreement with previous work in this laboratory in demonstrating (a) the occurrence of appreciable permanent temperature gradients in material, whether exothermic or not, stacked in an air-cooled storage room, and (b) the possibility of markedly reducing these gradients by effective channelling of air through the stack. With end-to-end circulation, blocking of voids in the room was the most important single factor in minimizing intra-stack temperature differentials under the conditions of these tests. Further improvement was effected by the provision of optimum dunnage and by augmenting the air flow. It is to be inferred that with blocked voids, dunnage should be extended to all external surfaces of the stack. The desirability of uniform transverse and vertical distribution of the circulating air was also evident. Further trials on a larger scale are required to explore the practical implications of these findings.
PACKAGING: IV. METHODS OF APPLYING WATER-VAPOUR BARRIERS, AND THE WATER-VAPOUR RESISTANCE OF SOME PACKAGING MATERIALS
Authors: Lavers C. G. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Reynolds' Metal A–10 and 450 M.S.Y.T. "Cellophane" were used as liners and overwraps and Darex P–16 as a wax-dip for cartons containing sawdust, and packed in a master container. Some packages were dropped a distance of three feet, 20 times at −40° F., others received the same treatment at room temperature, and some were subjected to a free fall of about 70 ft. Greatest protection was provided by the use of a liner inside the carton.Water-vapour resistance and ability to withstand rough handling were investigated for a wide variety of packaging materials (all materials but one tested as carton liners). Laminated materials having metal foil as one layer provided the greatest protection. Wax-coatings effectively reduced water-vapour transmission, but provided little added protection when packages were subjected to shock. Laminating two stocks produced marked reduction in the water-vapour transmission typical of either base sheet when used alone. Combinations utilizing scrim or kraft produced barriers that were less likely to fracture when subjected to rough handling. When Cellophane was considered, M.S.Y.T. stock and the use of triplex bags provided the greatest protection.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXIII. THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND METHOD OF PACKING ON THE STORAGE LIFE OF DRIED SUGAR–EGG MIXTURES
Authors: Hay R. L. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Dried sugar–egg powders, obtained from a commercial Canadian source, were adjusted to 1.4, 2.8, and 3.2% moisture and stored at 40°, 80°, and 120° F. from 1 to 52 weeks. Quality of the powder was assessed by measurement of fluorescence, potassium chloride value, pH, and foaming volume. The rate of deterioration increased with an increase in moisture content at 80° and 120° F. The effect of moisture content on fluorescence and potassium chloride values was negligible at 40° F., but high moisture in powders stored at this temperature accelerated the development of acidity and the loss in baking quality as assessed by foaming volume.Packing in carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and in vacuo had a slight beneficial effect on dried sugar–egg powder.
DRIED MILK POWDER: VI. THE EFFECT OF GAS- AND VACUUM-PACKING ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Bryce W. A.
Published: April 2011

Skim (1% fat) and whole (26, 28, and 30% fat) milk powders (2% moisture) from two plants were packed in air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, 80% carbon dioxide and 20% nitrogen, 20% carbon dioxide and 80% nitrogen, and under vacuum, and stored for 12 months at 80° F. Quality was assessed by a tasting panel of 14 persons. Packing in an inert gas or under vacuum effected a general improvement in the quality of skim-milk powders. This was attributed to removal of volatile degradation products during the packing process and early storage. The storage life of whole milk powders was increased from a maximum of three months when packed in air to nine months when packed in inert gases or vacuum.
THE DYEING OF NATURAL COTTON WITH DIRECT DYES: SOME EFFECTS DUE TO TEMPERATURE, DYE CONCENTRATION, AND ANIONIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Graham R. P. , Seagers W. J.
Published: April 2011

The presence of an anionic surface-active agent in the dyeing of natural cotton yarn with a purified direct dye, using a dye-bath containing sodium chloride, is shown to increase the rate of dyeing, and to increase the amount of dye sorbed at equilibrium. The rate-accelerating effect has been studied as a function of the concentration of surface-active agent, using both commercial materials and methanol-extractable fractions of the latter. The effect exerted by an anionic surface-active agent, both on the equilibrium sorption and on the rate of dyeing, decreases as the temperature is increased. An explanation of the data, in terms of an interaction between the fibre and surface-active agent, is advanced.Studies carried out in the absence of a surface-active agent show that with increased temperature of dyeing the rate of dye sorption is increased, but the value of the equilibrium sorption is decreased; the dyeing process in exothermic. The relation between equilibrium sorption and residual dye-bath concentration is expressible by a Freundlich equation, and that between equilibrium sorption and initial dye-bath concentration is linear, at least over the range of concentration studied. The time required to reach a state of equilibrium increases as the initial concentration of dye in the bath is increased.
RESIN–RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: VI. PEBBLE-MILLING MILKWEED LEAVES IN CLOSED CIRCUIT
Authors: Tomkins R. V. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Conversion from batch to closed-circuit continuous operation increased the capacity of a pebble-mill from 5 to 14.5 lb. solids per hour when grinding digested milkweed leaves to pass 60 mesh for subsequent separation of resin–rubber by froth flotation. The rate of grind is a decreasing function with time in the mill; this indicates use of large mill discharge and recycle rates for high capacity.
EVIDENCE FOR AN (n, α) REACTION INDUCED IN O17 BY THERMAL NEUTRONS
Authors: May A. N. , Hincks E. P.
Published: April 2011

It can be shown from the masses involved that the reaction O17 (n, α) C14 should be exothermic by 1.72 Mev., and should therefore occur with thermal neutrons. As an attempt to detect the reaction an investigation was made of the pulse spectrum produced when an ionization chamber containing oxygen was placed in a flux of thermal neutrons. The pulses were amplified and then counted in a series of energy bands by means of a kicksorter. Two oxygen samples were compared, one being enriched (three times normal), and the other impoverished (0.5 times normal), in O17. Differences between runs with these two gases showed a considerable number of pulses between 1 and 2 Mev., with a maximum at 1.4 Mev. Reasons are given for assigning these pulses to the above reaction, including considerations of the possibility that other exothermic neutron reactions occur. By comparing the number of pulses with the number produced by N14 (n, p) C14 when the chamber contained air, a value of (1.9 ± 0.5) × 10−28 cm.2 for the cross-section for the O17 (n, α) C14 reaction in ordinary oxygen was deduced. This gives a cross-section of (0.46 ± 0.11) × 10−24 cm.2 per atom of the pure isotope O17. The effect measured is about 20% of the total thermal neutron capture cross-section that has been reported for ordinary oxygen.
THE USE OF HIGH PERMEABILITY MATERIALS IN MAGNETOMETERS. THE APPLICATION OF A SATURATED CORE TYPE MAGNETOMETER TO AN AUTOMATIC STEERING CONTROL
Authors: Armstrong L. D.
Published: April 2011

Two types of magnetometers using high permeability materials are described—first, those using a field leaving the material in an unsaturated condition and giving a second harmonic output, and, second, those using the saturated core method, resulting in a peak signal output. The application of the saturated core type magnetometer to the particular problem of an automatic steering control is described in detail.
A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TRANSFORMATIONS IN RADIOACTIVE SERIES
Authors: Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

A direct computational procedure is given for finding the coefficients of the exponential terms in the expressions for the time dependence of the amounts of the various products in a given radioactive series. The method is based on the partition of a matrix which can be written down directly from the diagram of the series. After the explanation of simple applications, an example involving double branching with 10 members of the series is considered in order to exhibit the generality and directness of the method.
SULPHANILAMIDOPYRIMIDINES
Authors: Leitch Leonard C. , Baker Bruce E. , Brickman Leo
Published: April 2011

The syntheses of 2-sulphanilamido-4-hydroxypyrimidine, 2-sulphanilamido-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, and several other sulphanilamidopyrimidines are described. An improved method for the preparation of sulphaguanidine is given.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXI. CATALYTIC CRACKING OF CYCLIC ACETALS AND KETALS DERIVED FROM 2,3-BUTANEDIOL
Authors: Neish A. C. , Haskell V. C. , Macdonald F. J.
Published: April 2011

Pyrolysis of the vapour of the cyclic methyl ethyl ketal of l-2,3-butanediol gives butanone as the chief product. Catalysts such as alumina or phosphoric anhydride greatly accelerate this reaction, while catalytic nickel has little effect. It was found necessary to have alkyl or aryl radicals substituted on the 1,3-dioxa-cyclopentane ring to obtain a rapid reaction. The molecule always splits symmetrically with respect to oxygen, and yields up to 90% conversion per single pass were obtained at moderate flow rates with rings substituted in the 2-, 4-, and 5-positions. The compounds tested were the formal, acetal, benzal, 2-ethylhexal, dimethyl ketal, and methyl ethyl ketal of l-2,3-butanediol and the n-butyral of ethanediol.
FISSION YIELDS OF MASSES 131, 132, 134, AND 136 FORMED IN NEUTRON FISSION OF URANIUM
Authors: Yaffe L. , Mackintosh C. E.
Published: April 2011

The ratio of I131 (8.0 days) to Ba140 has been determined in neutron fission of uranium and the fission yield of the former calculated to be 2.23 × 10−2 from the previously reported value for Ba140. This in turn permits the estimation of fission yields for the 132, 134, and 136 fission chains, the relative abundance of which, together with that of 131, has been obtained by Thode. The ratio of 54 min. I to Ba139 has been determined. Using the previously reported value for the fission yield of Ba139, that for the iodine was found to be 5.75 × 10−2. A mass of 134 is assigned to the 54 min. I on the basis of Thode's data.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXIII. CONDENSATION OF THE ISOMERIC 2,3-BUTANEDIOLS WITH ETHYL ACETOACETATE
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

levo-2,3-Butanediol will condense with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of hydrochloric acid to give the ethyl ester of levo-2,4,5-trimethyl-2-carboxymethyl-1,3-dioxacyclopentane (I) (yield 48%) from which the free acid may be obtained. If p-toluenesulphonic acid is used as the catalyst and the condensation is carried out in boiling butanol with continuous removal of water, the butyl ester of (I) is obtained (yield 87%). Compounds described for the first time are levo-, dl-, and meso-2,4,5-trimethyl-2-carboxymethyl-1,3-dioxacyclopentanes, their n-butyl and p-bromophenacyl esters (melting points 74.5°, 76°, and 76 °C., respectively) and the ethyl ester of the levo-isomer.
The Preparation of 1,10-Phenanthroline From o-Phenylenediamine
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Singer S. A. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
TETRAPLOID TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ: III. ACHENE WEIGHT, FLOWERING, AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: April 2011

The ultimate size of diploid or tetraploid kok-saghyz plants, when grown in pots or at wide spacings in the field, was not determined primarily by the weight of the achenes from which they originated. Conversely large or small tetraploids when crossed among themselves did not produce achenes reflecting the differences in plant size. Tetraploids differed from diploids in possessing larger organs, but increase in size was more or less counteracted by reduction in numbers. This was especially true as regards flowering. Tetraploids were notably deficient in the production of inflorescences during the first year, and since they were correspondingly freed from the inhibiting effects of flower and seed development on root enlargement, the root size of the vegetating tetraploids tended to surpass that of the more floriferous diploids, unless the latter were disbudded. On the whole first-year plants with the broadest and leafiest rosettes and few or no capitula developed the biggest roots. An association of such characteristics is probably the best criterion for the selection of large-rooted plants. When large root size is desired it would seem advisable to avoid pregermination treatments that hasten maturation and stimulate flowering.
THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS FOR PYOCYANIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Burton Margaret O. , Eagles Blythe A. , Campbell Jack J. R.
Published: April 2011

A medium consisting of acid-hydrolysed casein, glycerol, and a salt mixture has been shown to yield pyocyanin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa equal in amount to that obtained from glycerol peptone agar. The monoaminomonocarboxylic acids fraction obtained from casamino acids (Bacto) has been shown to be the source of nitrogen essential to pigment formation. Glycine, dl-alanine, dl-valine, or l-tyrosine have been shown to produce pyocyanin when employed as sole sources of nitrogen. The addition of l-leucine to media containing glycine or dl-alanine markedly increased pyocyanin formation. The addition of dl-phenylalanine to a synthetic medium inhibited pigment production. A synthetic medium consisting of dl-alanine or glycine at 0.4% concentration combined with 0.8% l-leucine, 1.0% glycerol, and a salt mixture has been shown to be the most suitable medium for pyocyanin production by five representative strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
STUDIES ON FUSARIUM CULMORUM BLIGHT OF CRESTED WHEAT AND BROME GRASS SEEDLINGS
Authors: Slykhuis John T.
Published: April 2011

A number of pathogenic fungi were isolated from blighted brome grass and crested wheat grass seedlings grown in Saskatchewan and Ontario soils. The parasitism of one of the widely distributed and commonly occurring of these, Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc, was studied in more detail.One per cent of F. culmorum sand–cornmeal inoculum caused more blight of brome grass seedlings in sterilized soil than did 6% in unsterilized soil. The development of F. culmorum in sterilized soil was optimum at 25 °C. and declined rapidly with rising and more slowly with falling temperatures. Seedling blight was severe in sterilized soil at all temperatures from 10° to 35 °C., but was significantly more severe near the optimum for the fungus provided the soil was not infested too heavily. In unsterilized soil, however, both the development of F. culmorum and the incidence of seedling blight were much greater at 10 to 20 °C. than at 25 °C. and higher, whereas other soil fungi and bacteria were more numerous at 25° C. and above than at the lower temperatures.An infusion of unsterilized soil, a suspension of miscellaneous soil bacteria, and a mixture of 75 soil fungi suppressed the development of F. culmorum in sterilized soil, and also caused reductions in seedling blight. Of 136 soil fungi tested, only three reduced fusarial blight in sterilized soil. These antagonistic fungi included isolates of Acremonium, Gliocladium fimbnatum Gilman and Abbott, and Phialophora. Their ability to reduce disease incidence was not consistently correlated with the production of toxic filtrates, or the inhibition of F. culmorum in culture or in the soil but it was related to the effect they had on the development of F. culmorum in the environment in the immediate vicinity of the germinating seeds. This zone within which the germinating seed induces a characteristic change in the microbiological balance is designated as the 'spermatosphere'.Disease incidence varied among different unsterilized field soils uniformly infested with F. culmorum and in these experiments was more severe in clay than in the soils of lighter texture. There was no consistent correlation between the suppression of blight and the numbers of fungi, bacteria, or actmomycetes in the different soils, but there was a correlation with the numbers of bacteria in the spermatosphere.
A CASEIN DIGEST MEDIUM FOR TOXIN PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM
Authors: Stevenson J. W. , Helson V. A. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

A simplified casein digest–corn steep medium is described that lends itself to large scale use. The advantages stressed are: use of fresh or frozen pancreas as a source of trypsin, a digest that is readily clarified, the clarification of corn steep by steaming in alkaline solution. The product is a medium that supports good growth of many species of bacteria and in which Clostridium botulinum produces large and consistent yields of toxin.
OBSERVATIONS ON SHOCK PRODUCED IN THE RAT BY LIMB ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Noble R. L. , Toby C. Gwendoline
Published: April 2011

Experimental shock has been produced in the rat by clamping the hind legs. The mortality was related to the duration of limb ischaemia, as were the increased haemoglobin values. Adrenalectomized animals showed much greater susceptibility to trauma than did intact animals; DCA afforded no protection against trauma whereas adrenal cortical extract considerably improved the lowered tolerance. Conclusive evidence of development of resistance following repeated clamping was not obtained. Rats that had previously received a single clamping showed little evidence of resistance to drum trauma, whereas animals resistant to drumming showed increased tolerance when subjected to clamping.
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION, AS USED IN THE STUDY OF MOSQUITO FEEDING HABITS
Authors: Riddell W. A. , Rempel J. G. , McNelly Elspeth
Published: April 2011

Reared Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes fed under controlled conditions in the laboratory are used to determine the degree of specificity of the precipitin reaction as used in the study of mosquito feeding habits. Three hosts for which antisera have been prepared are used, namely, human, rabbit, and guinea pig. The experiments disclose (1) a high degree of specificity (over 95%) for the precipitin reaction as used in this connection, (2) that multiple reactions signify multiple feedings, and (3) that significant results can be secured by applying the test to undistended mosquitoes from a field collection.
INFLUENCE OF REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PROTEIN-DEFICIENT RATS TO TRAUMA
Authors: Toby C. Gwendoline , Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

Rats, following periods of protein depletion, showed a decreased tolerance to trauma. Protein feeding restored normal tolerance but five or six days feeding was necessary to correct two weeks' depletion. The amount of protein consumed was an important factor when low levels of 0.08 to 0.68 gm. per day were used. Casein, Amigen, and wheat germ protein were effective for replacement. After protein depletion of one month or more, two or three weeks of protein feeding was required to restore normal tolerance. No individual amino acid was found to afford protection against trauma although a mixture of the essential amino acids in one case had some effect. Gelatin was an effective protein for replacement therapy. In a single experiment in which a mixture of glutamic acid and glycine of the same total nitrogen content as gelatin was administered, the same degree of protection was afforded as by gelatin.
PACKAGING: V. THE GREASE RESISTANCE OF SOME COMMON PACKAGING MATERIALS
Authors: Lavers C. G.
Published: April 2011

The grease resistance of a wide variety of packaging materials was tested before and after creasing and ageing, using a modification of TAPPI method T454 m-44. Kraft and sulphite were of little or no value as grease barriers even after paraffin wax coating or impregnating. Vegetable parchment and 'greaseproof' paper were superior to kraft. The grease resistance of glassine was 5 to 10 times greater than that of either greaseproof paper or vegetable parchment. Polyethylene, in turn, was considerably more resistant than glassine, and just slightly less resistant than all grades of "Cellophane", and cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, Pliofilm, vinylite, and Saran.Creasing glassine caused large reductions in its grease resistance, especially when heavy basis weights were tested. Paraffin wax coatings seemed to be more effective in improving grease resistance when dense base stocks were used. On kraft, a heavy wax coating was necessary to produce a small improvement, while on glassine only a very light coating was required, to bring about considerable improvement in grease resistance. Ageing many materials at 140° F. markedly reduced their grease resistance. An exception to this was glassine, most samples of which had greater resistance to grease penetration after ageing. Neither ageing nor creasing appreciably affected the grease resistance of Cellophane, or the thermoplastic films tested.
THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON VARIOUS ROTPROOFING TREATMENTS APPLIED TO COTTON TENTAGE DUCK
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Weatherburn Muriel W.
Published: April 2011

Cotton tentage duck treated with ferric oxide–chromic oxide ('mineral khaki'), copper carbonate–ferric oxide ('copper–iron'), cuprammonium, cutch–cuprammonium, copper 8-quinolinate, copper glyoxime, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, zinc naphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate, showed varying degrees of breaking strength loss when subjected to outdoor weathering during the summer months. The losses were in no case greater than that of the untreated fabric, and certain treatments, such as mineral khaki and cutch–cuprammonium, gave considerable protection against loss in breaking strength. With copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, and mercuric naphthenate the degree of chemical degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity was somewhat greater than that of the untreated fabric. The presence of a waterproofing treatment consisting of a mixture of petroleum-base waxes in addition to the rotproofing treatments usually resulted in increased breaking strength loss. The water resistance of the waxed samples showed a slight to pronounced increase on weathering. In general there was considerable loss of rotproofer as a result of weathering; with the copper compounds this loss was of the order of 37 to 90%, but was reduced to 6 to 44% by the presence of wax. Weathering produced an almost complete loss of the two zinc compounds, 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dichlorodiphenylmethane, and mercuric naphthenate. Losses of metal from chromium–iron proofings were negligible even in the absence of wax proofing. The degree of rot resistance as judged by soil burial was greatest in the fabrics treated with copper, and was increased by the presence of wax. The water resistance of samples subjected to soil burial was frequently decreased before the occurrence of any marked loss in breaking strength; this indicates microbiological attack on the wax coating prior to attack on the cotton fabric.
PRECISION OF LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF BREAKING STRENGTH OF TEXTILES
Authors: Hopkins J. W. , Weatherburn Muriel W.
Published: April 2011

Warp breaking strength was measured in five test strips from each of a series of duplicate pieces of cotton duck in rotproofing experiments. Breaks occurring at the jaws of the machine, which amounted to some 16% of the total, gave results about 3.5% lower and 20% more variable than non-jaw breaks. Discrepancies in non-jaw breaks of similarly treated fabric arose partly from variance in test strips from the same piece and partly from additional variance between duplicate pieces. Weathering tended to reduce intra-piece, and soil burial to increase both intra- and inter-piece variability. The tests as conducted were capable of discriminating differences of the order of 15 to 20%. Greater gains in precision would have resulted from increasing the number of replicate pieces than from increasing the number of strips tested per piece in the same ratio. However, determination of the most economical test procedure for specified precision in each type of material also required consideration of the cost factor, which was nearly three times as great per piece as per strip.
GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED IN THE FISSION OF U235
Authors: Kinsey B. B. , Hanna R. C. , Patter D. Van
Published: April 2011

This paper describes measurements which have been made on the coincidence counting rate between the fissions produced in an ionization chamber and the discharges of a Geiger counter. By determining the absolute efficiency of the counter, the total energy emitted in the form of γ-radiation was estimated to be about 4.6 ± 1.0 Mev. Measurements have been made on the range of the electrons projected from an aluminum radiator placed between the ionization chamber and two thin-walled counters. From this experiment, the average energy of the radiation appears to be about 2.5 Mev. The result is confirmed by absorption measurements in lead. The absorption curve indicates a fairly homogeneous radiation and gives some evidence for the existence of a softer component with an energy of about 500 kev.
THE PHOTOELECTRIC TEMPERATURES OF THE P CYGNI STARS
Authors: Beals C. S. , Hatcher R. D.
Published: April 2011

The photoelectric temperatures of 52 P Cygni stars of spectral type from A4 to O5 have been determined from emission lines by Zanstra's method. For approximately half the stars, accurate spectrophotometric measures of emission line intensities were available and for the remainder the intensities were estimated on the basis of published descriptions of spectra. The computed temperatures were found to range from 10,000° to 42,000° K. and after smoothing by graphical methods a temperature scale for the O, B, and A type stars showed the following values: A0, 16,000°; B0, 35,000°; O5, 40,000° K. Comparisons are made with temperatures derived by other methods and reasons are given for attributing greater weight to the values from B0 to O5 than to those in the lower range of the sequence.
A RADIO METHOD OF STUDYING THE YAW OF SHELLS
Authors: Gotlieb C. C. , Pashler P. E. , Rubinoff M.
Published: April 2011

A new method of investigating the angular motion of a shell in flight is described. This is a radio method wherein the fuse of the shell is replaced by a high frequency transmitter and the radiated signal is recorded at a ground station. The theory of the method is given, the equipment described, and the procedure in the analysis of the records is discussed. Results of experiments are quoted and values of the force coefficients are deduced. In addition to those coefficients usually determined by jump card experiments, certain other coefficients, involving spin, are evaluated. The radio method of measuring yaw is compared with other methods.
THE γ-RAYS OF THORIUM CC′
Authors: Fultz S. C. , Harding G. N.
Published: April 2011

At least two energy level schemes have been proposed for the ThC′ nucleus, which is excited in the β-disintegration ThCC′. That of Ellis (1933) includes three γ-rays of energies 0.726, 1.62, and 1.80 Mev., the 1.62 Mev. ray being doubtful. The level scheme of Latyschev and Kulchitsky (1940) has eight γ-rays including one of energy 2.2 Mev., for which no corresponding long-range α-particle group has been observed. The two level schemes lead to widely differing values for the total γ-ray energy of ThCC′. In the present investigation a value for the total γ-ray energy of ThCC′ has been obtained by measuring coincidences between the γ-rays of ThCC′ and the subsequently emitted α-particles of ThC′. It is shown that this value (0.14 Mev.) favors the level scheme of Ellis, including only the γ-rays of energy 0.726 and 1.80 Mev., and taking the former as electric quadrupole. It was found that under certain conditions the external bremsstrahlung excited by the β-rays of ThCC′ in the source-holder contributed appreciably to the coincidence rate. Precautions were taken to minimize this effect.
REMARKS ON THE EXCITATION OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Petrie William
Published: April 2011

A number of hydrogen and helium lines have been identified as features of the auroral spectrum. The relative intensities of these lines suggest that the excitation process is electron collision. Furthermore, the intensities of the helium lines indicate an "excitation temperature" of 4600°K., and the intensities of the hydrogen lines an "excitation temperature" of 7600°K.
THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH BUTADIENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with butadiene was made at 28° and 252 °C. by the Wood–Bonhoeffer method. Ethane was the main product, with butane, butene, propane, and methane occurring in smaller concentrations. Trace amounts of propylene and acetylene were also found. Temperature had little effect on either the nature or the relative proportions of the products. A possible mechanism for the reaction is outlined.
COPPER (II) AND NICKEL (II) CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS WITH DIETHYLENETRIAMINE AND HYDROXYETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE
Authors: Breckenridge J. G.
Published: April 2011

The reactions of diethylenetriamine and hydroxyethylethylenediamine with copper (II) and nickel (II) chloride and bromide have been shown to give a variety of stable, highly crystalline products. With diethylenetriamine (dn), the two metals behaved in a parallel manner, either one or two 'dn' molecules co-ordinating to the metal, thus confirming the deductions of others from spectrophotometric work. With hydroxyethylethylenediamine (hn), either one or two 'hn' molecules co-ordinated with copper, and three with nickel.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: VI. THE NITRATION OF DI-n-OCTYLAMINE
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

The yield of purified dioctylnitramine from di-n-octylammonium chloride is low and the crude nitration product is badly contaminated with by-products which contain halogen. Since dioctylamine can be nitrosated, acetylated, chlorinated, and p-toluenesulphonated with ease it is considered that the low yield of nitro compound is owing to decomposition of the dioctylchloramine which is intermediate during the nitration process. A mechanism for this decomposition is suggested on the basis of the products isolated from treatment of the chloramine with hydrogen chloride, acetyl chloride, acetic acid, or acetic anhydride.
THE DETECTION OF FREE RADICALS IN HYDROGEN ATOM REACTIONS WITH ORGANIC MOLECULES
Authors: Harris G. M. , Tickner A. W.
Published: April 2011

The Paneth–Rice free radical detection technique has been applied to the study of reactions of hydrogen atoms, produced by the discharge tube method, with two compounds, acetone and dimethyl mercury. Bismuth has been demonstrated to be a satisfactorily stable 'mirror metal' for the purpose, although some evidence was noted for the formation of a short-lived hydride of this metal under the adopted experimental conditions. A method has been devised for the preparation of radioactive bismuth mirrors of known specific activity, utilizing Bi210 ('Radium E'), obtained from uranium extraction residues, as the tracer. The hydrogen atom – acetone reaction system gave no evidence in the present work for the formerly postulated existence of free alkyl radicals. However, conclusive positive results were obtained in the case of the dimethyl mercury reaction. Studies in which the methane–ethane ratio in the products of the latter reaction was compared in presence and absence of the radical-sensitive mirror have further supported a previously proposed free radical mechanism.
THE SYNTHESIS OF L-α-GUAIACYL GLYCEROL ETHER
Authors: Fischer Hermann O. L. , Newcombe Alan G.
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of L-α-guaiacyl glycerol ether is described.
THE DETONATION VELOCITY OF AXIALLY CAVITATED CYLINDERS OF CAST DINA
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Kirsch M. , Papineau-Couture G.
Published: April 2011

A method is described, involving the use of the Jones and Lamson Pedestal Comparator, for estimating velocities of detonation from the photographic record obtained on a rapidly moving film. The increase in detonation velocity in cavitated charges is accompanied by the appearance of a luminous effect which moves down the cavity approximately 1.6 times faster than the detonation wave. Both the luminous effect and the increase in detonation velocity disappear when the cavity is filled with water.
A STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NITROGENOUS MATERIAL FROM PLANTS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SUBSEQUENT DETERMINATION OF THE LIGNIN CONTENT
Authors: DeLong W. A. , MacDougall D.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of methods for the removal of nitrogenous constituents from plant tissues prior to determination of their lignin contents. It was found that substitution of a continuous extraction method for the usual treatment with hot 1% hydrochloric acid had little effect on the amount of lignin isolated but apparently lowered its methoxyl content. Continuous extraction thus appears to cause some demethoxylation of lignin. Treatment with cold 5% acetic acid apparently can be substituted for the hot 1% hydrochloric acid extraction with very young but not with older, undried tissue. Ether saturated water was found to be the most satisfactory nonacid extractant for removal of nitrogen-containing material from young undried tissues. Upwards of 90% of the original nitrogen can be removed from such material by three extractions with this solvent. With older tissues or with material that has been dried, this proportion of the nitrogen cannot be removed except by extraction with hot dilute mineral acid.
THE EFFECT OF ADDED VAPORS ON THE INFLAMMABILITY OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Authors: McCallum K. J. , Graham W.
Published: April 2011

The limits of inflammability of hydrogen cyanide – air mixtures at room temperature and approximately 1 atm. pressure, have been determined to be 7.8 and 42.4 volume % of hydrogen cyanide. The effect of the addition of cyanogen chloride, phosgene, chloroform, hexane, heptane, and methyl chloroformate upon these limits has been investigated. It was found that the minimum molar ratio of added vapor to hydrogen cyanide that will produce a mixture that never becomes inflammable when progressively diluted with air is equal to 4.7 for cyanogen chloride, 0.86 for phosgene, and 1.1 for chloroform. All mixtures of hexane, heptane, and methyl chloroformate with hydrogen cyanide become inflammable when suitably diluted with air. For these systems, Le Chatelier's law, dealing with the composition of limit mixtures of two inflammable gases with air, was found to hold.
SULPHURIC ACID AS A REARRANGEMENT MEDIUM FOR SOME ALPHA-DIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANES
Authors: Boyer R. , Barry G. T.
Published: April 2011

The compounds 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) are reported to rearrange to 4,4′-dichlorobenzil by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid. Two proposed mechanisms for this conversion are discussed. Attempts to rearrange other substituted alpha-diphenyltrichloroethanes to the corresponding benzils were unsuccessful.
ADSORPTION AND DECOMPOSITION OF NICKEL CARBONYL ON THE SURFACE OF RESPIRATOR CHARCOALS
Authors: Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

Nickel carbonyl is adsorbed by respirator charcoals without decomposition in the absence of oxygen. The amount adsorbed is reduced if the charcoal has previously adsorbed nickel carbonyl, carbon tetrachloride, phosgene, or arsine and has not been degassed thereafter. The adsorbed nickel carbonyl is oxidized rapidly by oxygen, liberating carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and leaving an amorphous deposit on the charcoal. This deposit is slightly more than half nickel, and does not yield an X-ray diffraction pattern. Adsorbed nickel carbonyl is decomposed thermally to give metallic nickel and carbon monoxide. The nickel is deposited in sufficient amounts to give an X-ray diffraction pattern.
THE MECHANISM OF SODIUM-INITIATED POLYMERIZATION OF DIOLEFINS
Authors: Robertson R. E. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the products of sodium-catalyzed polymerization of butadiene and isoprene in the presence of toluene suggests that initiation of polymerization takes place by the formation of a disodium addend rather than a free radical. The diaddend reacts with toluene to yield butene-2 and sodium benzyl. Since all of the low molecular weight polymers analyzed were shown to conform to the general formula C6H5CH2(monomer)nH, sodium benzyl is considered to be the chief chain initiator. Chain termination took place by reaction with toluene to regenerate the chain carrier, sodium benzyl. The nature of the acids separated on carbonation of a polymerizing system supports this conclusion.
DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM ENERGY OF THE β− RADIATION OF S35
Authors: Yaffe L. , Justus Katharine M.
Published: April 2011

The range in aluminum of the β− radiation of S35 has been determined and found to be 32.2 ± 0.3 mgm. per cm2. Using various range–energy relations the maximum energy has been estimated to be 169 ± 5 kev.
A HOMOTHALLIC, SHORT-CYCLE STRAIN OF UROMYCES POLYGONI (PERS.) FUCKEL
Authors: Brown A. M.
Published: April 2011

A strain of Uromyces Polygoni (Pers.) Fuckel collected on Polygonum aviculare L. at Winnipeg was found to be homothallic. Attempts to infect P. erectum L. and P. neglectum Besser with sporidia, aeciospores, and urediospores of this rust were unsuccessful. Of the sporidial infections on P. aviculare, whether originating from a single sporidium or from two or more sporidia, most produced aecia only, but some produced uredia only, and a few produced aecia and uredia in association. Pycnia were not visible in any of the sporidial infections when examined with a hand lens but, in microtome sections cut from infections that had developed aecia, a few pycnia containing pycniospores were observed. No flexuous hyphae and periphyses were seen in these pycnia.