bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performing preemption
Authors: de Goede Marieke , Simon Stephanie , Hoijtink Marijn
Published: September 2014

Nearly 15 years after 9/11, it is time to grapple with the way in which imperatives of preemption have made their way into routine security practice and bureaucratic operations. As a growing literature in security studies and political geography has argued, preparing for catastrophe, expecting the worst, and scripting disasters are central elements of contemporary, speculative security culture. One of the most-discussed findings of the 9/11 Commission Report was that US security services had insufficiently deployed their imagination to foresee and preempt the attacks. This article introduces a special issue that offers a range of in-depth empirical studies that analyse how the imperative of ‘routinizing the imagination’ plays out in practice across different policy domains. It deploys the lens of performativity in order to conceptualize and explain the materialization of preemption and its situated entanglements with pre-existing security bureaucracies. We detail the idealized traits of a ‘security of the interstice’, which include interoperability, emergence, flexibility and analytical foresight that are meant to bridge the perceived gaps of security spaces and the temporal bridges between present and possible futures. The lofty rhetoric of preparing for the worst and bridging the gaps encounters numerous obstacles, challenges and reversals in practice. As becomes clear through the notion of performativity, such obstacles and challenges do not just ‘stand in the way’ of implementation, but actively shape the materialization of preemption in different sectors.
Homeland
Authors: Lorimer Hayden
Published: September 2014

A geographical essay, styled as creative non-fiction, in which I present a suite of stories about one family’s history and scientific endeavours, organised according to the geographies of a preserved childhood home and its remembered hinterland. By entwining the lifelines of family members, the essay is intended to illustrate the potentials – and ultimately the perils – of journeying a landscape so intimately, according to memory and emotion, attachment and estrangement. As I discover, the need to settle personal history sits in complex relation with efforts aimed at recovering local memory.
HIF-1α can act as a tumor suppressor gene in murine acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Velasco-Hernandez Talia , Hyrenius-Wittsten Axel , Rehn Matilda , Bryder David , Cammenga Jörg
Published: September 2014

Key Points

Disease initiation and maintenance in murine AML models occurs via HIF-1α independent mechanisms. HIF-1α deficiency in mice accelerates leukemogenesis induced by certain oncogenes.
A hybrid iteration for asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings
Authors: Dewangan Rajshree , Thakur Balwant Singh , Postolache Mihai
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid iteration for a finite family of asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings. We also prove that such a sequence converges strongly to a common fixed point of a finite family of asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive mappings. Results in the paper extend and improve recent results in the literature.

MSC:47H09, 47H10.
Core-shell-structured silica/polyacrylate particles prepared by Pickering emulsion: influence of the nucleation model on particle interfacial organization and emulsion stability
Authors: Ji Jing , Shu Shi , Wang Feng , Li Zhilin , Liu Jingjun , Song Ye , Jia Yi
Published: September 2014

This work reports a new evidence of the versatility of silica sol as a stabilizer for Pickering emulsions. The organization of silica particles at the oil-water interface is a function of the nucleation model. The present results show that nucleation model, together with monomer hydrophobicity, can be used as a trigger to modify the packing density of silica particles at the oil-water interface: Less hydrophobic methylmethacrylate, more wettable with silica particles, favors the formation of core-shell-structured composite when the composite particles are prepared by miniemulsion polymerization in which monomers are fed in batch (droplet nucleation). By contrast, hydrophobic butylacrylate promotes the encapsulating efficiency of silica when monomers are fed dropwise (homogeneous nucleation). The morphologies of polyacrylate-nano-SiO2 composites prepared from different feed ratio of methylmethacrylate/butylacrylate (with different hydrophobicity) and by different feed processes are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results from SEM and TEM show that the morphologies of the as-prepared polyacrylate/nano-SiO2 composite can be a core-shell structure or a bare acrylic sphere. The stability of resulting emulsions composed of these composite particles is strongly dependent on the surface coverage of silica particles. The emulsion stability is improved by densely silica-packed composite particles.
New approach for the treatment of osteoradionecrosis with pentoxifylline and tocopherol
Authors: Fan Huan , Kim Soung Min , Cho Yun Ju , Eo Mi Young , Lee Suk Keun , Woo Kyung Mi
Published: September 2014

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw is a significant complication of radiotherapy for oral cavity cancer. In addition to antibiotic medication, treatment options such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, surgical approaches, and combined therapy with pentoxifylline and tocopherol have been recently introduced.

In this review article, we will discuss the definition and classifications of osteoradionecrosis, its etiology and pathophysiology, previous treatment options, oral and maxillofacial complications of radiotherapy, basic information on pentoxifylline and tocopherol, recent reports of pentoxifylline and tocopherol combined therapy, and, finally, ORN-induced animal models and future approaches.
Pelvic peritonitis during biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Okamura Koichi , Yonemoto Yukio , Okura Chisa , Takagishi Kenji
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Infections are recognized as major complications during therapy with biologics and other immunosuppressant drugs. The respiratory tract, bone, joint, skin, and soft tissues are well known sites of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated by biologics or other immunosuppressants. It is known that patients with intra-abdominal infections may develop tuberculous peritonitis during biologic therapy. However, non-tuberculous pelvic peritonitis is rare.

Case description

A case of a 46-year-old patient with RA developed pelvic peritonitis during therapy with MTX, tacrolimus (TAC), and golimumab (GLM). The patient visited our hospital due to a fever and general malaise. Physical findings included lower abdominal tenderness and rebound tenderness. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) images showed an intrauterine foreign body and ascites. The contraceptive ring was removed. Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus constellatus were cultured from the removed contraceptive ring. She was started on an antimicrobial agent, flomoxef (FMOX), at 2 g/day. The FMOX dosage was increased to 3 g/day from the 3rd day of disease and continued for 10 days. Her fever disappeared from the 4th disease day, and her inflammatory response then gradually decreased. No exacerbation of symptoms occurred even after the FMOX treatment was stopped, and the patient was discharged on the 14th disease day.

Discussion and evaluation

MTX and biologics were being administered at the time of onset of peritonitis. The peritonitis was diagnosed on the basis of the gynecological evaluation and CT imaging findings that were typical of peritonitis. The patient was in an immunosuppressed state during administration of anti-rheumatic drugs, and the peritonitis was thought to have developed due to an ascending infection via the long-term presence of the intrauterine contraceptive ring which had an attached string.

Conclusions

Before starting biological agents, patients must be questioned regarding the presence of an intrauterine foreign body.
Positive solutions to fractional boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions
Authors: Feng Wenquan , Sun Shurong , Li Xinhui , Xu Meirong
Published: September 2014

We consider the existence of at least one positive solution of the problem

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is the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and

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represents a nonlinear nonlocal boundary condition. By imposing some relatively mild structural conditions on f,

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, and φ, one positive solution to the problem is ensured. Our results generalize the existing results and an example is given as well.

MSC: 34A08, 34B18.
Efficient production of l-menthol in a two-phase system with SDS using an immobilized Bacillus subtilis esterase
Authors: Pan Jiang , Dang Ngoc-Duy , Zheng Gao-Wei , Cheng Bo , Ye Qin , Xu Jian-He
Published: September 2014

Background

levo-Menthol is an important flavoring chemical, which can be prepared by enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of dl-menthyl esters. A recombinant esterase (BsE) cloned from Bacillus subtilis 0554 shows excellent enantioselectivity to dl-menthyl acetate and has been immobilized using cross-linked enzyme aggregates. Though BsE has relatively high substrate tolerance, the conversion of dl-menthyl acetate decreased sharply with the increase of substrate loading from 1 to 3 M in mono-aqueous system, which might be due to the severe inhibition of enzyme activity at extremely high load of substrate or product. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of dl-menthyl acetate with an extremely high load using the immobilized CLEA-BsE was investigated in an organic-aqueous biphasic system containing surfactant to establish a promising bioprocess for large-scale production of l-menthol.

Results

An efficient biphasic reaction system of pentanol-water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was developed for improving enantioselective hydrolysis of dl-menthyl acetate to produce l-menthol by immobilized BsE. Under the optimized reaction conditions, l-menthol was produced in >97% enantiomeric excess (ee) at a substrate load of up to 3.0 M with >40% conversion.

Conclusions

All the positive features demonstrate the potential applicability of the bioprocess for the large-scale production of l-menthol.
Olanzapine-Activated AMPK Signaling in the Dorsal Vagal Complex Is Attenuated by Histamine H1 Receptor Agonist in Female Rats
Authors: He Meng , Zhang Qingsheng , Deng Chao , Wang Hongqin , Huang Xu-Feng
Published: September 2014

Weight gain and its related metabolic disorders are major side effects associated with second generation antipsychotic drug treatment. The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are implicated in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Blocking the histamine H1 receptor contributes to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. The present study investigated the time-dependent effect of olanzapine treatment (8, 16, and 36 d) on DVC AMPK signaling in olanzapine-induced weight gain and whether these changes are associated with olanzapine-induced H1 receptor antagonism. During the 8-day olanzapine treatment, the rats were hyperphagic and rapidly gained weight. The phosphorylation of AMPK (pAMPK) (activated AMPK) as well as its directly downstream phospho-acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase was significantly increased. The pAMPK/AMPK ratio, an indicator of AMPK activity, was significantly positively correlated with feeding efficiency and weight gain. As treatment was prolonged (16 and 36 d of olanzapine treatment), the rats were no longer hyperphagic, and there were no longer any changes in DVC AMPK signaling. Although the DVC H1 receptor protein expression was not significantly altered by olanzapine, the pAMPK expression was significantly positively correlated with the H1 receptor level after the 8-, 16-, and 36-day olanzapine treatments. Moreover, we showed that an H1 receptor agonist, 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) histamine, significantly inhibited the olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and DVC AMPK activation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest a time-dependent role of DVC AMPK in olanzapine-induced obesity. Thus, olanzapine-induced DVC AMPK activation may be at least partially related to olanzapine’s antagonistic effect on the H1 receptor.
Let-7 miRNA Profiles Are Associated With the Reversal of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Hypertension in Adult Male Offspring From Mothers Undernourished During Pregnancy After Preweaning Growth Hormone Treatment
Authors: Gray Clint , Li Minglan , Patel Rachna , Reynolds Clare M. , Vickers Mark H.
Published: September 2014

Maternal undernutrition (UN) is known to cause cardiac hypertrophy, elevated blood pressure, and endothelial dysfunction in adult offspring. Maternal UN may also lead to disturbances in GH regulation in offspring. Because GH plays a key role in cardiac development, we used a model of maternal UN to examine the effects of neonatal GH treatment on cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac micro RNA (miRNA) profiles, and associated gene regulation in adult offspring. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a standard control diet (CON) or 50% of CON intake throughout pregnancy (UN). From neonatal day 3 until weaning (d 21), CON and UN pups received either saline (S) (CON-S, UN-S) or GH (2.5 μg/g·d) (CON-GH, UN-GH). Heart structure was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and miRNA was isolated from cardiac tissue and miRNA expression analyzed using Cardiovascular miRNA gene Arrays (SABiosciences Ltd). Maternal UN caused marked increases in cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular cardiomyocyte area, which were reversed by preweaning GH treatment. Systolic blood pressure was increased in UN-S groups and normalized in UN-GH groups (CON-S 121 ± 2 mmHg, CON-GH 115 ± 3 mm Hg, UN-S 146 ± 3 mmHg, and UN-GH 127 ± 2 mmHg). GH treatment during early development facilitated a reversal of pathological changes in offspring hearts caused by UN during pregnancy. Specific cardiac miRNA profiles were exhibited in response to maternal UN, accompanied by up-regulation of the lethal-7 (LET-7) miRNA family in GH-treated offspring. miRNA target analysis revealed a number of genes associated with inflammation and cardiovascular development, which may be involved in the altered cardiac function of these offspring. Up-regulation of the LET-7 family of miRNAs observed in GH groups may mediate the reversal of cardiac hypertrophy observed in adult offspring males of UN mothers.
A novel mouse model of creatine transporter deficiency
Authors: Baroncelli Laura , Alessandrì Maria Grazia , Tola Jonida , Putignano Elena , Migliore Martina , Amendola Elena , Gross Cornelius , Leuzzi Vincenzo , Cioni Giovanni , Pizzorusso Tommaso
Published: September 2014

Mutations in the creatine (Cr) transporter (CrT) gene lead to cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome-1 (CCDS1), an X-linked metabolic disorder characterized by cerebral Cr deficiency causing intellectual disability, seizures, movement  and behavioral disturbances, language and speech impairment ( OMIM #300352).

CCDS1 is still an untreatable pathology that can be very invalidating for patients and caregivers. Only two murine models of CCDS1, one of which is an ubiquitous knockout mouse, are currently available to study the possible mechanisms underlying the pathologic phenotype of CCDS1 and to develop therapeutic strategies. Given the importance of validating phenotypes and efficacy of promising treatments in more than one mouse model we have generated a new murine model of CCDS1 obtained by ubiquitous deletion of 5-7 exons in theSlc6a8gene. We showed a remarkable Cr depletion in the murine brain tissues and cognitive defects, thus resembling the key features of human CCDS1. These results confirm that CCDS1 can be well modeled in mice. This CrT−/ymurine model will provide a new tool for increasing the relevance of preclinical studies to the human disease.
Association of Oxelytrum cayennense (Silphidae, Coleoptera) with Pig Carcasses (Sus scrofa, Suidae) in Terra Firme Areas in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Ururahy-Rodrigues Alexandre , Rafael José Albertino , Pujol-Luz José Roberto , Henriques Augusto Loureiro , Queiroz Margareth Maria de Carvalho , Barbosa Rodrigo Rocha , Baroni Marcus Neves
Published: September 2014

Colonization aspects of the carrion beetle Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm) in man-size pig carcasses (~60 kg) are presented at Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, Brazil. This species colonized pig carcasses from bloated to skeletonized stages. Adults were eventually observed preying on fly larvae from the second day postmortem and their larvae were observed from the fifth day postmortem feeding on skeletonized areas, probably cleaning the bones of the remaining soft tissues. Adult beetles with predatory behavior on the oldest Diptera larvae can impact their populations and thereby complicate the estimation of the time of death as these larvae are frequently used as a postmortem indicator. In addition, both larvae and adult developmental stages have potential use as a postmortem interval (PMI) indicator because the adult can colonizes carcasses from the second postmortem day onward and the larvae from the fifth day onward.

Associação de Oxelytrum cayennense, (Silphidae, Coleoptera) com Carcaças de Porcos (Sus scrofa, Suidae) em Áreas de Terra Firme em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil Resumo. Aspectos da colonização do silfídeo Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm) em carcaças de porcos do tamanho de um homem adulto na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke são apresentados. Esta espécie colonizou as carcaças de porcos do estágio enfisematoso à esqueletização. Adultos foram observados eventualmente predando larvas de moscas a partir do segundo dia de intervalo pós-morte e suas larvas foram observadas a partir do quinto dia se alimentando em áreas esqueletizadas, provavelmente limpando os ossos dos tecidos moles remanescentes. O comportamento predatório dos adultos nas larvas de dípteros mais velhas podem impactar suas populações e complicar estimativas de intervalo pós-morte, uma vez que estas são freqüentemente usadas para esta estimativa. Além disso, adultos e larvas têm potencial uso como indicadores de intervalo pós-morte (IPM) porque o adulto pode colonizar carcaças do segundo dia em diante e as larvas do quinto dia em diante.
Incidência das Formas Imaturas de Aedes albopictus (Skuse) e Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) no Município de Miguel Pereira, RJ, Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Paulo Roberto Moreira , Rodrigues William Costa , Cabral Marise Maleck de Oliveira
Published: September 2014

A presença de Aedes albopictus (Skuse) em área urbana representa um risco potencial do inter-relacionamento dessa espécie de mosquito com a população. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as formas imaturas de Ae. albopictus encontradas nos depósitos e imóveis do município de Miguel Pereira. O estudo foi realizado no período de 12 meses, ano de 2007, em 27 locais do município de Miguel Pereira, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As larvas encontradas foram identificadas em laboratório e a análise dos dados foi calculada pelos índices de infestação predial e índice de Breteau. Os tipos de imóveis positivos foram residências (79,44% do total); terrenos baldios (2,56%); comércios (2,56%) e outros tipos de imóveis (15,04%) para Ae. albopictus, e residências (72,72% do total); comércios (6,06%); terrenos baldios (3,03%); e outros tipos de imóveis (18,18%) para Aedes aegypti (L.). Das 3731 larvas, 3562 (95,5%) eram de Ae. albopictus e 169 (4,5%) de Ae. aegypti. O mosquito Ae. albopictus mostrou-se mais presente nos criadouros que Ae. aegypti. A média do índice de infestação predial (IFP) e índice de Breteau (IB) para Ae. albopictus foi 1,0 e 1,9 e para Ae. aegypti de 0,1 e 0,1, respectivamente. As formas imaturas mais abundantemente encontradas no Município de Miguel Pereira no ano de 2007 foram de Ae. albopictus podendo futuramente se tornar um problema de saúde pública.

Incidence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) Immature Form in Miguel Pereira, RJ, Brazil.

Abstract. The presence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in urban areas represents a potential risk of inter-relationship of this species of mosquito with the population. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the Ae. albopictus immature forms in deposits and building at Miguel Pereira city, Rio de Janeiro State. The study was carried in the last 12 months, 2007, in 27 locations in Miguel Pereira city. The larvae were identified in laboratory and data analysis was calculated by indicators of building infestation index and the Breteau index. The positive buildings were: residential (79.44% of total); waste land (2.56%), shopping (2.56%) and other types of buildings (15.04%) to Ae. albopictus, and homes (72.72% of total), shopping (6.06%); waste land (3.03%) and other types of buildings (18.18%) to Ae. aegypti (L.). The larvae (3731) collected, 3562 (95.5%) were Ae. albopictus and 169 (4.5%) were Ae. aegypti. The Ae. albopictus are more present in breeding that Ae. aegypti. The average rate of building infestation index (IFP) and Breteau index (IB) for Ae. albopictus was 1.0 and 1.9 and for Ae. aegypti was 0.1 and 0.1, respectively. The Ae. albopictus immature larvae forms were more abundantly found in the Miguel Pereira city in 2007; in future it may become a public health problem.
On Solving Large-Scale Polynomial Convex Problems by Randomized First-Order Algorithms
Authors: Ben-Tal Aharon , Nemirovski Arkadi
Published: September 2014

One of the most attractive recent approaches to processing well-structured large-scale convex optimization problems is based on smooth convex-concave saddle point reformulation of the problem of interest and solving the resulting problem by a fast first order saddle point method utilizing smoothness of the saddle point cost function. In this paper, we demonstrate that when the saddle point cost function is polynomial, the precise gradients of the cost function required by deterministic first order saddle point algorithms and becoming prohibitively computationally expensive in the extremely large-scale case, can be replaced with incomparably cheaper computationally unbiased random estimates of the gradients. We show that for large-scale problems with favorable geometry, this randomization accelerates, progressively as the sizes of the problem grow, the solution process. This extends significantly previous results on acceleration by randomization, which, to the best of our knowledge, dealt solely with bilinear saddle point problems. We illustrate our theoretical findings by instructive and encouraging numerical experiments.
Clinical handover on the labour ward: A narrative synthesis of the literature
Authors: Spranzi Francesca
Published: September 2014

Objective: To assess the extent of current knowledge on clinical handover on the labour ward.

Methods: Electronic database searching was supplemented by manual searching of the reference lists of retrieved articles.

Results: A total of nine studies and articles were identified, reviewed and are presented as a narrative synthesis. Six of these include the use of a mnemonic during handover on labour ward, of which two report a postintervention reduction in serious clinical incidents.

Conclusion: The literature available on clinical handover on labour ward is limited. Further research is needed to develop evidence to guide clinical practice in relation to handover of care on labour ward.
Involving fathers in maternity care
Authors: Sporek Paulina Ewa
Published: September 2014

Student midwife Paulina Sporek discusses the need to involve fathers in antenatal education to ensure they are engaged in parenthood from the start of pregnancy.
Feline heartworm: an update
Authors: Wright Ian
Published: September 2014

The risks of heartworm infection (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs travelling abroad are well recognised but despite being recognized since 1922, many veterinarians are unaware of the significant disease that heartworm infection can cause in cats. With increasing numbers of travelling cats comes a responsible for UK veterinarians to understand the risks that this parasite poses. This article provides a review and update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs, treatment and prevention of feline heartworm infection.
Wet preparation technique for fish diagnostics
Authors: Loh Richmond
Published: September 2014

Common techniques used in fish diagnostics include: taking a history; examining the environment; testing the water quality; checking for clinical signs of disease; microscopic examination of skin mucus, fin and gill biopsies; sampling for bacterial cultures; faecal examination; blood tests; necropsy; histopathology and more. After testing for water quality, the single, most useful diagnostic procedure is examining wet preparations. Samples that can be tested in this way include gill and fin biopsies, skin mucus scrapings and faeces. Armed with a microscope, this simple technique will provide the veterinarian with an instant aetiological diagnosis. The other benefit is that it is a non-lethal, relatively benign procedure that can be conducted on valuable fish.
Xylitol: the healthy sugar
Authors: Tim
Published: September 2014

Xylitol can be used to prevent many oral and respiratory diseases. It is now incorporated into a wide range of products, giving the professional and patient many different options
Nutrition and oral health
Authors: Macpherson Patricia
Published: September 2014

To maintain a healthy body, adequate nutrition is required. A poor diet is a risk factor for chronic diseases and conditions. Dental nurses should know about nutrition and oral health, so that they can help promote healthy diets and encourage not only good oral health, but also good overall health
Safeguarding: the role of the dental nurse in practice
Authors: Powell Jill
Published: September 2014

Since the original article was written in 2012, there have been changes in relevant guidance, and new standards are being introduced. In this article, the law, regulations and guidance covering safeguarding are outlined, as well as what dental nurses need to know
Tooth Whitening Information Group
Authors: Coates Karen
Published: September 2014

One year ago, the Tooth Whitening Information Group was formed to address the urgent need to look into the practice of illegal tooth whitening. Karen Coates discusses the latest aims of the group and what impact it will make on the procedure
Reporting occupational exposure to blood and body fluids
Authors: Walley Siân
Published: September 2014

Leavy P, Templeton A, Young L, McDonnell C (2014) Reporting of occupational exposures to blood and body fluids in the primary dental care setting in Scotland: an evaluation of current practice and attitudes. Br Dent J 217: E7
A matter of taste
Authors: Riley Emma
Published: September 2014

This article will demonstrate how complex the sense of taste can be and highlight the effects that a lack of tast can have on a person's quality of life
Neuro-Linguistic Programming: conversations for change
Authors: Bridges Glenys
Published: September 2014

All too often, an individual's resolve to change unhealthy lifestyle choices follows a serious health scare about their own health, or that of someone close to them. This article considers the value of Neuro-Linguistic Programming techniques to help patients who want to make and maintain lifestyle changes to achieve health gains
Dos and don'ts – the answers
Authors: Collier Andrew
Published: September 2014

This is the first of two articles featuring a number of dilemmas that may be faced by dental nurses concerning their role when treating patients and with regard to individual professional responsibilities. It will outline the best ways forward and refers to the current guidance available
The origins and evolution of fixed orthodontic appliances
Authors: Green James
Published: September 2014

Orthodontics became a discipline in its own right in the late 19th century but the use of appliances to straighten teeth dates back more than 3,000 years. Appliances evolved a great deal over the past two centuries and digital technology means this progress should continue
Object lessons: Copying and reconstruction as a teaching strategy
Authors: Minkin Louisa , Dawson Ian
Published: September 2014

As tutors at Winchester School of Art we have worked through a series of copy projects over the past four years. We began remaking historic art objects including Anthony Caro’s Early One Morning (1962) and Jean Tinguely’s Homage to New York (1960). Works were fabricated collectively with undergraduate fine art students and staged at an end of term event. The project developed to reconstruct apparatus to make copies, including François Willème’s Photosculpture apparatus: a paradigm for nineteenth-century modernity that provides a genealogy for three-dimensional (3D) prototyping and is arguably an antecedent of cybernetic culture. Obsolete technological positions were restaged in order to better understand current cultures. Over this process, which we characterize as a material historiography, we have worked collaboratively with archaeologists at the University of Southampton to share practice and knowledge around both contemporary visualization technologies and ancient processes, most recently working speculatively through the production process of carved Neolithic artefacts. Both projects draw together technical and contextual teaching and define new uses of space and collective research structures.
Do Cyclotides bind Lipid Bilayers: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Kalata B1 and POPC/POPE membranes
Authors: Forlemu Neville  Y. , Coppock Patrick
Published: September 2014

Cyclotides are cyclic antimicrobial peptides (APs) that offer promising features for the development of efficient pharmaceutical therapies. Their efficacy is still hampered by lack of molecular details of their mechanism/mode of action. We have used unconstrained an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the interactions between a representative cyclotide (kalata B1) and bilayers comprising 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) lipids. Kalata B1 is attracted to the surface of both lipid layers through close contact interactions. There is preferential binding on POPE,POPG layer as opposed to POPC mainly due to stronger electrostatic interactions. Kalata B1 in the last 60 ns of the simulation remains in close contact with the lipid headgroups of POPE using 5 amino acid residues (VAL, ASN, THR, GLU, TRP). This initial data suggest that these surface interactions promote peptide distribution similar to the carpet model mechanism of interaction.
Original method for identification of abamectin and ivermectin in pharmaceutical formulations used in producing animals, using liquid chromatography coupled to ultra efficiency photodiodes: Risk assessment of pesticide residues in dairy products
Authors: Cabral Alessandra Miranda , VITÓRIA DE MOURA MARIA DE FÁTIMA , Ribeiro da Silva Djalma
Published: September 2014

We development method for identification of abamectin and ivermectin in the presence of gentamicin sulfate (interfered substances) using liquid chromatography coupled to an ultra be efficiency photodiodes arrangement (UPLC-DAD). The results of the simultaneous identification of compounds different classes in a single analysis with running time of 20 min, being that the sample was fortified with gentamicin sulfate interference using as to verify the effective of the method. The methodology developed using UPLC-DAD is useful identify a mixture of macrolides and is considered the first step to quality control of veterinary drugs, which aims to promote safety and guarantee the minimization of waste generated in foodstuffs of animal origin. The procedures recommended by the National plan for the Control of residues and contaminants of Ministry of agriculture, livestock and food supply of Brazil (PNCRC/MAPA). Therefore, this method used as a standard inspection method to meet the requirement of the MRL set by the regulation authorities and can extended to other macrolide antibiotics.
Purification of Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides via Catching by Polymerization
Authors: Fueangfung Suntara , Fang Shiyue
Published: September 2014

Recently, large quantities of pure synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are needed for preclinical research, patient use, and clinical trials. These ODNs are synthesized on an automated synthesizer. Typically, the synthesis of ODNs generates impurities including failure sequences, which are difficult to remove. The reason is that they have the same properties as the full length ODNs. Currently, ODNs purification technologies can remove those impurities, such as reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC), anion exchange HPLC, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). However, all these methods are inconvenient or costly to scale up. To solve these problems, two non-chromatographic methods of ODNs purification by polymerization are developed. In the first method, during automated synthesis, the full-length ODNs are tagged with methacrylamide group via a cleavable linker while the failure sequences are not. The full-length ODNs are incorporated into a polymer through a copolymerization process, and failure sequences and other impurities are removed by washing. The full-length ODNs are obtained by cleaving from the polymer. In the second method, the failure sequences are capped by a methacrylated phosphoramidite followed by radical acrylamide polymerization and water extraction to retrieve the full-length ODNs. The purity of ODNs has been confirmed by RP HPLC. The identity of ODNs has been established by comparing with authentic ODNs and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. These methods do not require any expensive equipment and materials. Therefore, they are useful for large-scale drug ODN purification.
The occurrence of Dictyota canariensis (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Lozano-Orozco Jorge G. , Sentíes Abel , Díaz-Larrea Jhoana , Pedroche Francisco F. , de Clerck Olivier
Published: September 2014

The brown alga Dictyota canariensis (Grunow) Tronholm has so far been reported only from the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira). In the present work, we record the species for the first time from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, occurring in Montepío, Veracruz. The specimens were collected in December 2011 and October 2013, growing in the intertidal zone on moderately exposed rocky shores. To confirm the identification, we conducted phylogenetic analyses, combining the partial sequences of psbA and cox1 genes of l7 taxa. The low uncorrected “p” distance values obtained between Mexican and Canary Island specimens for each gene (0.3% for psbA and 1.8% for cox1) are indicative that these specimens most likely belong to the same species. The low genetic divergence is corroborated by morphological observations, which show that the Mexican specimens share the presence of rectangular pigmented patches near the rounded to obtuse apices, margins with triangle-shaped teeth, and a monostromatic medulla with D. canariensis. Additionally, male reproductive structures are described for the first time for this species.
Urinary prevalence, metabolite detection rates, temporal patterns and evaluation of suitable LC-MS/MS targets to document synthetic cannabinoid intake in US military urine specimens
Authors: Wohlfarth Ariane , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Castaneto Marisol , Gandhi Adarsh S. , Desrosiers Nathalie A. , Klette Kevin L. , Martin Thomas M. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: September 2014

Identifying synthetic cannabinoid designer drug abuse challenges toxicologists and drug testing programs. The best analytical approach for reliably documenting intake of emerging synthetic cannabinoids is unknown. Primarily metabolites are found in urine, but optimal metabolite targets remain unknown, and definitive identification is complicated by converging metabolic pathways.

We screened 20,017 US military urine specimens collected from service members worldwide for synthetic cannabinoids between July 2011 and June 2012. We confirmed 1432 presumptive positive and 1069 presumptive negative specimens by qualitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis including 29 biomarkers for JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-200, JWH-210, JWH-250, RCS-4, AM2201 and MAM2201. Specimen preparation included enzyme hydrolysis and acetonitrile precipitation prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. We evaluated individual synthetic cannabinoid metabolite detection rates, prevalence, temporal patterns and suitable targets for analytical procedures.

Prevalence was 1.4% with 290 confirmed positive specimens, 92% JWH-018, 54% AM2201 and 39% JWH-122 metabolites. JWH-073, JWH-210 and JWH-250 also were identified in 37%, 4% and 8% of specimens, respectively. The United States Army Criminal Investigation Command seizure pattern for synthetic cannabinoid compounds matched our urine specimen results over the time frame of the study. Apart from one exception (AM2201), no parent compounds were observed.

Hydroxyalkyl metabolites accounted for most confirmed positive tests, and in many cases, two metabolites were identified, increasing confidence in the results, and improving detection rates. These data also emphasize the need for new designer drug metabolism studies to provide relevant targets for synthetic cannabinoid identification.
Examining the “Balance of Payments Stages” Hypothesis
Authors: Ono Masanori
Published: September 2014

This paper classifies 175 countries over a period of just 30 years according to the balance of payments stages that are frequently used in proposing a hypothesis that the stage depends on the progression in a nation’s development. Using a nonparametric estimation, this investigation demonstrates that a nation’s stage in the balance of payments has a non-monotonic relationship with its economic development and that a country at the stage of immature creditor–lender enjoys a higher GDP per capita than at any other stage in its development. Another notable finding is that a lending country produces about twice the GDP per capita that a borrowing one does and that about 25% of countries in the world lend money to the rest of the world in nearly every year.
Characterization of dissolved lignins from acetic acid Lignofibre (LGF) organosolv pulping and discussion of its delignification mechanisms
Authors: Kangas Heli , Liitiä Tiina , Rovio Stella , Ohra-aho Taina , Heikkinen Harri , Tamminen Tarja , Poppius-Levlin Kristiina
Published: September 2014

Birch chips were cooked by means of the Lignofibre (LGF) organosolv process in acetic acid (AA) and phosphinic acid (H3PO2) at 150°C. The delignification rate and structure of the dissolved lignin was followed as a function of time. The degree of delignification increased steadily up to 88% during the 120 min treatment time. The dissolved lignins were precipitated from the spent liquor (SL) by water addition, washed, and purified for the analyses. Elemental analysis, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were applied for the structural elucidation. It was found that the cleavage of the β-aryl ether linkages is the main reaction leading to delignification, accompanied by the formation of free phenolic hydroxyl groups and reduction in the content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups. The structure of the dissolved lignin remained the same after the drastic changes at the early stages of cooking (up to 30 min cooking time), indicating that secondary reactions (e.g., condensation) do not take place to a significant extent. H3PO2 probably enhances the acidolysis reaction via an ester derivative that both boosts the cleavage reaction and prevents the formation of the carbocation intermediate that induces condensation. Homolytic cleavage reactions may take place parallel to the acidolytic reactions.
LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature
Authors: Pawson S. M. , Bader M. K.-F.
Published: September 2014

Recognition of the extent and magnitude of night‐time light pollution impacts on natural ecosystems is increasing, with pervasive effects observed in both nocturnal and diurnal species. Municipal and industrial lighting is on the cusp of a step change where energy‐efficient lighting technology is driving a shift from “yellow” high‐pressure sodium vapor lamps (HPS) to new “white” light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). We hypothesized that white LEDs would be more attractive and thus have greater ecological impacts than HPS due to the peak UV‐green‐blue visual sensitivity of nocturnal invertebrates. Our results support this hypothesis; on average LED light traps captured 48% more insects than were captured with light traps fitted with HPS lamps, and this effect was dependent on air temperature (significant light × air temperature interaction). We found no evidence that manipulating the color temperature of white LEDs would minimize the ecological impacts of the adoption of white LED lights. As such, large‐scale adoption of energy‐efficient white LED lighting for municipal and industrial use may exacerbate ecological impacts and potentially amplify phytosanitary pest infestations. Our findings highlight the urgent need for collaborative research between ecologists and electrical engineers to ensure that future developments in LED technology minimize their potential ecological effects.
The raison d'être of chemical ecology
Authors: Raguso Robert A. , Agrawal Anurag A. , Douglas Angela E. , Jander Georg , Kessler André , Poveda Katja , Thaler Jennifer S.
Published: September 2014

Chemical ecology is a mechanistic approach to understanding the causes and consequences of species interactions, distribution, abundance, and diversity. The promise of chemical ecology stems from its potential to provide causal mechanisms that further our understanding of ecological interactions and allow us to more effectively manipulate managed systems. Founded on the notion that all organisms use endogenous hormones and chemical compounds that mediate interactions, chemical ecology has flourished over the past 50 years since its origin. In this essay we highlight the breadth of chemical ecology, from its historical focus on pheromonal communication, plant–insect interactions, and coevolution to frontier themes including community and ecosystem effects of chemically mediated species interactions. Emerging approaches including the ‐omics, phylogenetic ecology, the form and function of microbiomes, and network analysis, as well as emerging challenges (e.g., sustainable agriculture and public health) are guiding current growth of this field. Nonetheless, the directions and approaches we advocate for the future are grounded in classic ecological theories and hypotheses that continue to motivate our broader discipline.
An agent‐based movement model to assess the impact of landscape fragmentation on disease transmission
Authors: Tracey Jeff A. , Bevins Sarah N. , VandeWoude Sue , Crooks Kevin R.
Published: September 2014

Landscape changes can result in habitat fragmentation and reduced landscape connectivity, limiting the ability of animals to move across space and altering infectious disease dynamics in wildlife. In this study, we develop and implement an agent‐based model to assess the impacts of animal movement behavior and landscape structure on disease dynamics. We model a susceptible/infective disease state system applicable to the transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus in bobcats in the urbanized landscape of coastal southern California. Our agent‐based model incorporates animal movement behavior, pathogen prevalence, transmission probability, and habitat fragmentation to evaluate how these variables influence disease spread in urbanizing landscapes. We performed a sensitivity analysis by simulating the system under 4200 different combinations of model parameters and evaluating disease transmission outcomes. Our model reveals that host movement behavior and response to landscape features play a pivotal role in determining how habitat fragmentation influences disease dynamics. Importantly, interactions among habitat fragmentation and movement had non‐linear and counter‐intuitive effects on disease transmission. For example, the model predicts that an intermediate level of non‐habitat permeability and directionality will result in the highest rates of between‐patch disease transmission. Agent‐based models serve as computational laboratories that provide a powerful approach for quantitatively and visually exploring the role of animal behavior and anthropogenic landscape change on contacts among agents and the spread of disease. Such questions are challenging to study empirically given that it is difficult or impossible to experimentally manipulate actual landscapes and the animals and pathogens that move through them. Modeling the relationship between habitat fragmentation, animal movement behavior, and disease spread will improve understanding of the spread of potentially destructive pathogens through wildlife populations, as well as domestic animals and humans.
Forest management intensity measures as alternative to stand properties for quantifying effects on biodiversity
Authors: Gossner Martin M. , Schall Peter , Ammer Christian , Ammer Ulrich , Engel Kerstin , Schubert Holger , Simon Ulrich , Utschick Hans , Weisser Wolfgang W.
Published: September 2014

While land use is known to be a major driver of biodiversity loss, it is generally difficult to quantify land‐use intensity. As a consequence, studies often use a qualitative approach and contrast different land‐use categories, or use structural ecosystem attributes as a proxy for land‐use intensity. In this paper we compared these different approaches with two quantitative approaches using forest management as an example. We carried out detailed biodiversity assessments of ten different groups of organisms, ranging from fungi and plants to arthropods and birds; in 12 different forest stands of four forest types in three regions of Southern Germany. We compared the explanatory power of the categorical approach to the explanatory power of (1) stand structural attributes, (2) stand structural complexity indices, (3) measures of forest ‘naturalness', and (4) a recently developed quantitative descriptors of land‐use intensity in forests, Silvicultural Management Intensity (SMI).

The diversities of many taxa differed between the different land‐use categories but the explanatory power of the categorical approach strongly decreased when using jackknifing. Single structural attributes explained differences in biodiversity for some taxa which were illustrative for proximate mechanisms underlying biodiversity changes. Stand structural complexity indices i.e., combinations of single structural attributes, showed higher explanatory power than single structural attributes but explained less variation in biodiversity among stands than land‐use intensity measures. SMI was negatively correlated with forest ‘naturalness', and, for many groups of organisms, increasing SMI decreased biodiversity, but trophic guilds responded differently. Some guilds, such as wood‐ and bark living fungi, saprophytic arthropods, herbivores, canopy predators and breeding birds showed a clear negative response to increasing land‐use intensity, while for others such as plants there was no relationship. Some guilds, such as mosses and ground dwelling predators appeared to even benefit from increased land‐use intensity. Using a quantitative measure of land‐use intensity can thus help to understand even more subtle relationships between human impact and the diversity of organisms. Measures such as SMI seem to be useful tools for quantifying land‐use intensity in forests and may be applied to biodiversity data of different forest ecosystems worldwide.