bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of dyslexia in a Dutch family
Authors: van der Leij Aryan , de Jong Peter F. , Rijswijk‐Prins Henny
Published: August 2002

This study investigates the characteristics of 19 members of a Dutch family. Nine of them, recognized as dyslexic in their early years, are compared with six non‐dyslexic members, whereas four form a non‐classified category. From their personal histories, it is clear that the dyslexics had a long and troublesome educational career, while the non‐dyslexics did not. However, probably because the dyslexic members had considerable intellectual resources and talents in mathematics and technical skills, most succeeded in getting degrees of a reasonably high standard and jobs that more or less matched their talents. In cognitive terms, differences in non‐word processing, independent of response mode (reading, spelling, oral repetition), and in speeded word reading suggest stable deficits in phonological processing and in task‐specific automatization. The spelling of words was fairly accurate, possibly because compensatory strategies were used, also indicated by remarks of the dyslexic members. Outside the reading and spelling area, only small and non‐significant differences appeared in tasks tapping verbal short‐term memory, rapid naming and working memory. However, the predicted discrepancy between the conceptual and the sequential factor of the Wechsler intelligence test was shown by most dyslexics. Two of the four non‐classified members of the family, who could not be classified as dyslexic because no early diagnosis was made, but had experienced learning problems at school, showed more or less the same characteristics, but were less successful at school and in society. In the discussion, the use of a family control group in studies with a large age range is recommended. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sertraline in underweight binge eating/purging‐type eating disorders: Five case reports
Authors: Frank Guido K. , Kaye Walter H. , Marcus Marsha D.
Published: August 2002

Discussion

Control trials show that antidepressants are efficacious in eating disorders. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used in clinical practice, there are relatively few controlled or open trials demonstrating that SSRIs are effective. We report five cases of underweight women with binge eating/purging‐type eating disorders who gained weight and had reduced core eating disorder behaviors in response to sertraline. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 495–498, 20001.
Aspects of food refusal in the elderly: The “hunger strike”
Authors: Duggal Anita , Lawrence Robert M.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To present food refusal in old age as a means of attempting to control the outcome of intergenerational family conflicts.

Method

Two cases are described.

Results

Food refusal does not necessarily arise in the context of a classical eating disorder but may represent a form of protest, or hunger strike.

Discussion

Food refusal is seen as distinct from a pure anorectic pattern of behavior. It may be a separate psychobehavioral entity in old age. Behavioral methods may help to encourage a resolution by setting clear limits and encouraging patients to share responsibility in decision making. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 213–216, 2001.
Eating disorders and health in elite women distance runners
Authors: Hulley Angela J. , Hill Andrew J.
Published: August 2002

Objectives

To examine the presence of eating disorder syndromes in elite women distance runners in the United Kingdom and any associated differences in training, dieting, general health, and well‐being.

Method

Athletes were selected from the top of their respective ranking lists for all middle and long‐distance races in 1996/1997. All running disciplines were included (track, road, cross‐country, and fell/mountain running). Athletes were sent the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire and a questionnaire on demographics, athletic training, diet, and health. Of the 226 athletes identified, 181 (81%) completed and returned the questionnaires.

Results

Twenty‐nine athletes (16%) had an eating disorder at the time of the study (7 had anorexia nervosa [AN], 2 had bulimia nervosa [BN], and 20 had eating disorders not otherwise specified [EDNOS]) and a further 6 had received previous treatment. Comparing the eating disorder group with the rest of the sample showed no difference in age, height, preferred race distance, or the number of hours/week spent training. However, they had a significantly lower body mass index (BMI), lower self‐esteem, and poorer mental health. Current and past dieting were significantly more common in the eating disorder group.

Discussion

The levels of AN and EDNOS are higher than would be expected in similarly aged, nonathletic women. The demands for leanness rather than exercise intensity appear to be the main risk in these elite runners. The early detection and prevention of eating disorders in women athletes should have high priority. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 312–317, 2001.
Convergence analysis of a stereophonic acoustic echo canceler with preprocessing
Authors: Hirano Akihiro , Nakayama Kenji , Watanabe Kazunobu
Published: August 2002

The convergence characteristics of a stereophonic echo canceler using preprocessing are analyzed. The convergence of the expectation value of the filter coefficient errors is analyzed and the relationship is found between the characteristics of the preprocessed filter and the convergence properties. The uniqueness of the solution is also analyzed in the frequency domain. From these analyses, the characteristics to be provided in the preprocessed filter are identified. It is shown that the convergence characteristics can be improved by using a quadratic all‐pass filter for preprocessing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 10–21, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1103
Devil's advocate versus authentic dissent: stimulating quantity and quality
Authors: Nemeth Charlan , Brown Keith , Rogers John
Published: August 2002

Given the relationship between uniformity of views, premature adoption of a preferred solution and poor decision making, many suggestions have been aimed at fostering dissent, including the usage of a ‘devil's advocate.’ The hope is that such a mechanism will stimulate the kinds of reconsideration, better information processing and decision making as has been found to be stimulated by authentic dissent. In a prior study comparing these two processes, devil's advocate appeared to foster thinking that was primarily aimed at cognitive bolstering of the initial viewpoint rather than stimulate divergent thought. While that study left the actual position of the DA unknown, the present study compared conditions where the devil's advocate position was known (and consistent or inconsistent with the assigned position) or unknown. It further utilized quantity and quality of solutions as a dependent measure rather than simply cognitive activity. Results indicated that the authentic minority was superior to all three forms of ‘devil's advocate,’ again underscoring the value and importance of authenticity and the difficulty in cloning such authenticity by role‐playing techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of strong motion distribution in the 1995 Kobe earthquake based on building damage data
Authors: Yamaguchi Naoya , Yamazaki Fumio
Published: August 2002

The 1995 Kobe earthquake caused unprecedented damage to buildings and civil infrastructures in the city of Kobe and its surrounding areas. In order to evaluate the structural damage in this area due to the earthquake, it is important to estimate the distribution of earthquake ground motion. However, since the number of strong ground motion records is not enough in the heavily damaged areas, it is necessary to estimate the distribution using other data sources. In this paper, the fragility curves for low‐rise residential buildings were constructed using the recorded motions and the building damage data from the intensive field survey by the AIJ and CPIJ group. The fragility curves obtained were then employed to estimate the strong motion distribution in the district level for Kobe and the surrounding areas during the earthquake. The results may be useful to investigate the various damages caused by the earthquake. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow, laminar overland flows through organic litter
Authors: Dunkerley David
Published: August 2002

This study investigates the contribution of surface tension forces to friction coefficients in shallow, laminar interrill flows. Friction coefficients in these flows are known to be increased greatly by organic litter and by stems. Fine litter provides extensive edges along which surface tension menisci can be drawn up, and evaluating the significance of this in the frictional retardation of flow was the primary objective of the experiments reported here.

Using both standardized ‘litter particles’ (small wooden blocks of fixed dimensions) and natural plant litter, meniscus behaviour and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient were evaluated in shallow flows on a laboratory sand board. For some tests, the surface tension of ordinary water was reduced by 40 per cent by the addition of a surfactant, and the friction coefficient redetermined.

Results show that the presence of surface tension menisci flanking litter particles provides areas of deeper flow that are up to 7 mm in width and which can increase flow depths by 100–300 per cent. These zones support significantly higher flow speeds. Increased water depths within menisci are additionally associated with reduced depths beyond the menisci, so that an increase in the spatial variability of flow depths is a second consequence of meniscus formation.

These modifications of flow depth by surface tension menisci are shown to reduce rather than increase the overall friction coefficient applicable to the flow. Consequently, additional frictional retardation does not arise within the menisci flanking litter particles and so cannot account for the greater drag arising from litter than from other surface features. Different factors, possibly the direct obstruction of flow paths, must therefore underlie the frictional drag. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lacustrine shore platforms at Lake Waikaremoana, North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Allan Jonathan C. , Stephenson Wayne J. , Kirk Robert M. , Taylor Anna
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the morphology and processes governing the development of shore platforms at Lake Waikaremoana, North Island, New Zealand. Shore platforms at Lake Waikaremoana are recent features, and were formed when a new sequence of shoreline development was initiated, due to lowering of the lake by 5 m in 1946 for hydroelectric power development. Three predominant platform morphologies were identified around the lake. These include gently sloping platforms (c.1·5 to 3·9°), ramp platforms (c.6·8 to 9·2°), and concave ramp platforms (c.7·9 to 12°). Platform widths ranged from 11 to 31 m, with the gently sloping platforms characterized by the widest morphologies. Erosion rates were estimated using perched sandstone boulders and were found to range from 3·4 to 12·5 mm a−1, with a mean erosion rate of 5·9 mm a−1. Higher rates of erosion were identified at lower platform elevations, due to a greater frequency of wetting and drying cycles coincident with storm waves, while lower erosion rates were identified at higher elevations. Field evidence suggests that shore platforms at Lake Waikaremoana were likely initiated and continue to develop as a result of subaerial wetting and drying cycles. Waves, coincident with fluctuating lake levels, play an important role by removing the weathered material from the platforms, and appear to control the width of the platforms. A conceptual model of platform development is presented, and analogies are drawn between this model, and the formation of shore platforms in oceanic environments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional vortex particle‐in‐cell method for vortex motions in the vicinity of a wall
Authors: Liu Chung Ho
Published: August 2002

A new vortex particle‐in‐cell method for the simulation of three‐dimensional unsteady incompressible viscous flow is presented. The projection of the vortex strengths onto the mesh is based on volume interpolation. The convection of vorticity is treated as a Lagrangian move operation but one where the velocity of each particle is interpolated from an Eulerian mesh solution of velocity–Poisson equations. The change in vorticity due to diffusion is also computed on the Eulerian mesh and projected back to the particles. Where diffusive fluxes cause vorticity to enter a cell not already containing any particles new particles are created. The surface vorticity and the cancellation of tangential velocity at the plate are related by the Neumann conditions. The basic framework for implementation of the procedure is also introduced where the solution update comprises a sequence of two fractional steps. The method is applied to a problem where an unsteady boundary layer develops under the impact of a vortex ring and comparison is made with the experimental and numerical literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An implicit velocity decoupling procedure for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Kim Kyoungyoun , Baek Seung‐Jin , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: August 2002

An efficient numerical method to solve the unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is developed. A fully implicit time advancement is employed to avoid the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy restriction, where the Crank–Nicolson discretization is used for both the diffusion and convection terms. Based on a block LU decomposition, velocity–pressure decoupling is achieved in conjunction with the approximate factorization. The main emphasis is placed on the additional decoupling of the intermediate velocity components with only nth time step velocity. The temporal second‐order accuracy is preserved with the approximate factorization without any modification of boundary conditions. Since the decoupled momentum equations are solved without iteration, the computational time is reduced significantly. The present decoupling method is validated by solving several test cases, in particular, the turbulent minimal channel flow unit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating high‐frequency national accounts with state‐space modelling: a Monte Carlo experiment
Authors: Liu H. , Hall S. G.
Published: August 2002

This paper assesses a new technique for producing high‐frequency data from lower frequency measurements subject to the full set of identities within the data all holding. The technique is assessed through a set of Monte Carlo experiments. The example used here is gross domestic product (GDP) which is observed at quarterly intervals in the United States and it is a flow economic variable rather than a stock. The problem of constructing an unobserved monthly GDP variable can be handled using state space modelling. The solution of the problem lies in finding a suitable state space representation. A Monte Carlo experiment is conducted to illustrate this concept and to identify which variant of the model gives the best monthly estimates. The results demonstrate that the more simple models do almost as well as more complex ones and hence there may be little gain in return for the extra work of using a complex model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum Entropy in Option Pricing: A Convex‐Spline Smoothing Method
Authors: Guo Weiyu
Published: August 2002

Applying the principle of maximum entropy (PME) to infer an implied probability density from option
prices is appealing from a theoretical standpoint because the resulting density will be the least prejudiced
estimate, as “it will be maximally noncommittal with respect to missing or unknown
information.”1 Buchen and Kelly (1996) showed that, with a set of
well‐spread simulated exact‐option prices, the maximum‐entropy distribution (MED)
approximates a risk‐neutral distribution to a high degree of accuracy. However, when random noise is
added to the simulated option prices, the MED poorly fits the exact distribution. Motivated by the
characteristic that a call price is a convex function of the option's strike price, this study suggests a
simple convex‐spline procedure to reduce the impact of noise on observed option prices before inferring
the MED. Numerical examples show that the convex‐spline smoothing method yields satisfactory empirical
results that are consistent with prior studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
21:819–832, 2001
S&P futures returns and contrary sentiment indicators
Authors: Simon David P. , Wiggins Roy A.
Published: August 2002

This article investigates the predictive power of popular market‐based sentiment measures for subsequent returns on the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 futures contract over 10‐day, 20‐day, and 30‐day horizons from January 1989 through June 1999. These measures include the volatility index, the put–call ratio, and the trading index. The empirical results show that these variables over a variety of specifications frequently have statistically and economically significant forecasting power. The results indicate that these variables are contrarian indicators, consistent with the view that periods of extreme fear in the stock market have provided excellent buying opportunities. Finally, out‐of‐sample trading simulations performed over the second half of the sample period demonstrate that profits and risk‐adjusted profits would have been enhanced by buying S&P futures when the fear indicators were high rather than low. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:447–462, 2001
Color bar coding the BRCA1 gene on combed DNA: A useful strategy for detecting large gene rearrangements
Authors: Gad Sophie , Aurias Alain , Puget Nadine , Mairal Aline , Schurra Catherine , Montagna Marco , Pages Sabine , Caux Virginie , Mazoyer Sylvie , Bensimon Aaron , Stoppa‐Lyonnet Dominique
Published: August 2002

Genetic linkage data have shown that alterations of the BRCA1 gene are responsible for the majority of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 germline mutations, however, are found less frequently than expected. Mutation detection strategies, which are generally based on the polymerase chain reaction, therefore focus on point and small gene alterations. These approaches do not allow for the detection of large gene rearrangements, which also can be involved in BRCA1 alterations. Indeed, a few of them, spread over the entire BRCA1 gene, have been detected recently by Southern blotting or transcript analysis. We have developed an alternative strategy allowing a panoramic view of the BRCA1 gene, based on dynamic molecular combing and the design of a full four‐color bar code of the BRCA1 region. The strategy was tested with the study of four large BRCA1 rearrangements previously reported. In addition, when screening a series of 10 breast and ovarian cancer families negatively tested for point mutation in BRCA1/2, we found an unreported 17‐kb BRCA1 duplication encompassing exons 3 to 8. The detection of rearrangements as small as 2 to 6 kb with respect to the normal size of the studied fragment is achieved when the BRCA1 region is divided into 10 fragments. In addition, as the BRCA1 bar code is a morphologic approach, the direct observation of complex and likely underreported rearrangements, such as inversions and insertions, becomes possible. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GPHN, a novel partner gene fused to MLL in a leukemia with t(11;14)(q23;q24)
Authors: Eguchi Mariko , Eguchi‐Ishimae Minenori , Seto Masao , Morishita Kazuhiro , Suzuki Katsuyuki , Ueda Ryuzo , Ueda Kazuhiro , Kamada Nanao , Greaves Mel
Published: August 2002

We report a novel MLL‐associated chromosome translocation t(11;14)(q23;q24) in a child who showed signs of acute undifferentiated leukemia 3 years after intensive chemotherapy that included the topoisomerase‐II inhibitor VP 16. Screening of a cDNA library of the patient's leukemic cells showed a novel fusion transcript between MLL and the Gephyrin (GPHN) gene on 14q24. The resulting MLL‐GPHN fusion gene encodes MLL AT hook motifs and a DNA methyltransferase homology domain fused to the C‐terminal half of Gephyrin, including a presumed tubulin binding site and a domain homologous to the Escherichia coli molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MoeA. Genomic breakpoint analysis showed potential in vitro topoisomerase‐II DNA‐binding sites spanning the breakpoints in both MLL and GPHN but no flanking sequences that might mediate homologous recombination. This suggests that MLL‐GPHN may have been generated by VP 16/topoisomerase‐II–induced DNA double‐strand breaks, followed by error‐prone DNA repair via non‐homologous end joining. Gephyrin was originally identified as a submembraneous scaffold protein that anchors and immobilizes postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptors to underlying cytoskeletal elements. It also is reported to bind to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐triphosphate binding proteins involved in actin dynamics and downstream signaling and interacts with ATM‐related family member RAFT1. Gephyrin domains in the chimeric protein therefore could contribute novel signal sequences or might modify MLL activity by oligomerization or intracellular redistribution. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localisation of a novel region of recurrent amplification in follicular lymphoma to an ∼6.8 Mb region of 13q32‐33
Authors: Neat Michael J. , Foot Nicola , Jenner Michael , Goff Lindsey , Ashcroft Kevin , Burford Deborah , Dunham Andy , Norton Andrew , Lister T. Andrew , Fitzgibbon Jude
Published: August 2002

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterised by the presence of the t(14;18)(q32;q21) and represents ∼25% of new cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. While the t(14;18) is a well‐documented rearrangement, the role of secondary cytogenetic abnormalities in the development and progression of these tumours remains unclear. Comparative genomic hybridisation was used to characterise changes in DNA copy number in tumour DNA from patients with this malignancy. The mean numbers of deletion and amplification events found in each of the 45 samples studied were 1.8 and 2.3, respectively. Regions of recurrent (>10% tumour samples) gain involved chromosomes 2p13‐16 (16%), 7 (20%), 12 (16%), 13q21‐33 (18%), 18 (27%), and X (36%) and frequent losses localised to 6q (29%) and 17p (20%). Amplification of chromosome 13 represents a novel finding in FL. The minimal amplified region was refined to a 6.8‐Mb interval of 13q32‐33 between the BAC clones 88K16 and 44H20 by fluorescence in situ hybridisation studies using metaphase chromosomes derived from tumour material. There are a number of reports in the literature suggesting that amplification of chromosome 13 also occurs in other human cancers. The location of the putative oncogene on 13q described here in follicular and transformed lymphoma may also be important in the evolution of many other malignancies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequent gain of chromosome 19 in megakaryoblastic leukemias detected by comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Alvarez Sara , MacGrogan Donal , Calasanz M. Jose , Nimer Stephen D. , Jhanwar Suresh C.
Published: August 2002

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia is a rare subtype of AML that is often difficult to diagnose; it is most commonly associated with Down syndrome in children. To identify chromosomal imbalances and rearrangements associated with acute megakaryocytic leukemia, we used G‐banding, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and whole chromosome painting (WCP) on a variety of primary patients' samples and leukemia cell lines. The most common abnormality was gain of chromosome 19 or arm 19q, which was detected by CGH in four of 12 (33.3%) primary samples and nine of 11 (81.8%) cell lines. In none of the primary samples was this abnormality detected by G‐banding analysis. WCP was used to define further the nature of the chromosome 19 gain in the cell lines, which was found to be due to the presence of additional 19q material on marker chromosomes or to cryptic translocations involving 19q. The most common chromosomal loss—detected only in the cell lines—was deletion of chromosomal band 13q14, which was seen in six of 11 (54.5%) cell lines. Other recurrent changes included gains of 1p, 6p, 8q, 11q, 15q, 17q, and 21q and losses of 2, 4q, 5q, 7q, 9p, and 11p. Combining conventional and molecular cytogenetic analyses defined recurrent clonal chromosomal abnormalities, which will aid in the identification of critical genes that are abnormal in acute megakaryocytic leukemia cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buried artifacts in stable upland sites and the role of bioturbation: A review
Authors: Balek Cynthia L.
Published: August 2002

Burial of artifacts in Holocene soils developed in pre‐Holocene sediments on stable uplands is commonly interpreted as resulting from post‐depositional accretion of sediment. However, soils are by nature dynamic and burial or displacement of artifacts can and does occur due to “normal” syndepositional and post‐depositional biomechanical pedogenic processes. This paper presents a review of the role of bioturbation in artifact burial. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A general and accurate approach for computing the statistical power of the transmission disequilibrium test for complex disease genes
Authors: Chen Wei‐Min , Deng Hong‐Wen
Published: August 2002

Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) is a nuclear family–based analysis that can test linkage in the presence of association. It has gained extensive attention in theoretical investigation and in practical application; in both cases, the accuracy and generality of the power computation of the TDT are crucial. Despite extensive investigations, previous approaches for computing the statistical power of the TDT are neither accurate nor general. In this paper, we develop a general and highly accurate approach to analytically compute the power of the TDT. We compare the results from our approach with those from several other recent papers, all against the results obtained from computer simulations. We show that the results computed from our approach are more accurate than or at least the same as those from other approaches. More importantly, our approach can handle various situations, which include (1) families that consist of one or more children and that have any configuration of affected and nonaffected sibs; (2) families ascertained through the affection status of parent(s); (3) any mixed sample with different types of families in (1) and (2); (4) the marker locus is not a disease susceptibility locus; and (5) existence of allelic heterogeneity. We implement this approach in a user‐friendly computer program: TDT Power Calculator. Its applications are demonstrated. The approach and the program developed here should be significant for theoreticians to accurately investigate the statistical power of the TDT in various situations, and for empirical geneticists to plan efficient studies using the TDT. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:53–67, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐temperature, low/medium‐pressure clockwise P–T paths and melting in the development of regional migmatites: the role of crustal thickening and repeated plutonism
Authors: Jung S.
Published: August 2002

High‐temperature, low/medium‐pressure (c. 700 ± 50°C, c. 5 ± 1 kbar) migmatite terranes with abundant intrusions of granite from the Proterozoic to Palaeozoic Damara Orogen (Namibia) are mostly characterized by final near‐isobaric cooling paths in which substantial decompression occurred at high temperatures prior to cooling. The thermal peak, as inferred from Grt–Bt–Pl thermobarometry obtained from in situ migmatites, was reached between c. 500 and c. 520 Ma based on U‐Pb monazite ages and Sm‐Nd garnet–whole‐rock ages. The thermal peak was reached close to or shortly after the main deformation and was followed by intrusion of A‐type and S‐type granite magmas between c. 492–488 Ma and c. 492–484 Ma, respectively. On the other hand, high‐grade metapelitic and nebulitic country rocks record U‐Pb monazite ages of c. 538 Ma, c. 520–510 Ma and c. 487–470 Ma. Available age data indicate that the metamorphic evolution of the complex was not rapid but probably polyphase. Petrological studies suggest that the area was already at high metamorphic grade (Kfs + Sil‐present, muscovite‐absent, abundant residual migmatites) before the earliest granite intrusion which crystallized between 529 and 516 Ma. These results indicate that the features of granite intrusion are superimposed upon the regional metamorphic history. This conclusion is compatible with the observation that large contact aureoles are absent. A comprehensive geochronological study from the Oetmoed Migmatite Granite Complex, situated within the high‐grade central part of the orogen, shows that low/medium‐P, high‐T metamorphism was maintained by focusing mid‐crustal heat from repeated intrusion of crustally derived granite. High‐T regional metamorphism and intrusion of water‐undersaturated high‐temperature felsic melts initiated melting reactions which ultimately led to the co‐existence of in situ and intrusion‐related migmatites. It can be inferred that in situ migmatization was syntectonic (relative to crustal thickening), whereas formation of most of the mobile granitic magmas was post‐tectonic (relative to crustal thickening). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a novel brain‐derived microglial cell line isolated from neonatal rat brain
Authors: Cheepsunthorn Poonlarp , Radov Lesley , Menzies Sharon , Reid John , Connor James R.
Published: August 2002

We observed highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells growing in cultures that had been enriched for microglia. The cells were initially obtained from mixed glial cultures prepared from 3‐day‐old rat brains. HAPI cells are typically round with few or no processes when cultured in 10% serum containing medium. As the percentage of serum in the medium is decreased, the HAPI cells have more processes. HAPI cells stain for the isolectin B4, OX‐42, and GLUT5, which are markers for microglial cells, but the cells do not immunolabel with A2B5, a marker of cells in the oligodendroglial cell lineage, or with the astrocyte‐specific marker, glial fibrillary aciidic protein (GFAP). In addition, HAPI cells are capable of phagocytosis. We conclude that HAPI cells are of microglia/macrophage lineage. Exposing HAPI cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the mRNAs for tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). LPS exposure also induces secretion of TNF‐α and production of nitric oxide (NO) in HAPI cells. Because activation of microglia is associated with an increase in iron accumulation and ferritin expression, we tested the hypothesis that iron status affects the production of TNF‐α and NO. Our studies demonstrate that both iron chelation and iron loading diminished the LPS‐induced effect of TNF‐α and NO. The results of this study indicate that HAPI cells possess the characteristics of microglia/brain macrophages, providing an alternative cell culture model for the study of microglia. In addition, we demonstrate that the activation of microglial cells could be modified by iron. GLIA 35:53–62, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal independent component analysis of functional MRI data containing a pair of task‐related waveforms
Authors: Calhoun V.D. , Adali T. , Pearlson G.D. , Pekar J.J.
Published: August 2002

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a technique that attempts to separate data into maximally independent groups. Achieving maximal independence in space or time yields two varieties of ICA meaningful for functional MRI (fMRI) applications: spatial ICA (SICA) and temporal ICA (TICA). SICA has so far dominated the application of ICA to fMRI. The objective of these experiments was to study ICA with two predictable components present and evaluate the importance of the underlying independence assumption in the application of ICA. Four novel visual activation paradigms were designed, each consisting of two spatiotemporal components that were either spatially dependent, temporally dependent, both spatially and temporally dependent, or spatially and temporally uncorrelated, respectively. Simulated data were generated and fMRI data from six subjects were acquired using these paradigms. Data from each paradigm were analyzed with regression analysis in order to determine if the signal was occurring as expected. Spatial and temporal ICA were then applied to these data, with the general result that ICA found components only where expected, e.g., S(T)ICA “failed” (i.e., yielded independent components unrelated to the “self‐evident” components) for paradigms that were spatially (temporally) dependent, and “worked” otherwise. Regression analysis proved a useful “check” for these data, however strong hypotheses will not always be available, and a strength of ICA is that it can characterize data without making specific modeling assumptions. We report a careful examination of some of the assumptions behind ICA methodologies, provide examples of when applying ICA would provide difficult‐to‐interpret results, and offer suggestions for applying ICA to fMRI data especially when more than one task‐related component is present in the data.Hum. Brain Mapping 13:43–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relative sensitivity of willingness‐to‐pay and time‐trade‐off to changes in health status: an empirical investigation
Authors: Smith Richard D.
Published: August 2002

This paper directly compares the relative sensitivity of time‐trade‐off (TTO) and willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) values obtained for various levels of change in health status. This was achieved by administering a TTO and WTP survey to a population of 50 subjects, assessing their valuation of various degrees of change in health status.

It was found that, overall, WTP is more sensitive than TTO in distinguishing between different dimensions of health at the same nominal level of health status (only four WTP values not significantly different, compared with eight TTO values). In addition, WTP was also more sensitive to differences in quality of life between different levels of health within each dimension (all values significantly different from each other, with TTO yielding three insignificant relationships). These results tentatively suggest, therefore, that WTP seems to be a more sensitive measure of change in health status than TTO. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affordability and cost‐effectiveness: decision‐making on the cost‐effectiveness plane
Authors: Pedram Sendi P. , Briggs Andrew H.
Published: August 2002

Much recent research interest has focused on handling uncertainty in cost‐effectiveness analysis and in particular the calculation of confidence intervals for incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Problems of interpretation when ICERs are negative have led to two important and related developments: the use of the net‐benefit statistic and the presentation of uncertainty in cost‐effectiveness analysis using acceptability curves. However, neither of these developments directly addresses the problem that decision‐makers are constrained by a fixed‐budget and may not be able to fund new, more expensive interventions, even if they have been shown to represent good value for money. In response to this limitation, the authors introduce the ‘affordability curve’ which reflects the probability that a programme is affordable for a wide range of threshold budgets. The authors argue that the joint probability an intervention is affordable and cost‐effective is more useful for decision‐making since it captures both dimensions of the decision problem faced by those responsible for health service budgets. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opportunity costs and uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health care interventions
Authors: Sendi P. , Gafni A. , Birch S.
Published: August 2002

Considerable methodological research has been conducted on handling uncertainty in cost‐effectiveness analysis. The current literature suggests the concepts of net health benefits and cost‐effectiveness accepta‐bility curves to circumvent the technical shortcomings of cost‐effectiveness ratio statistics. However, these approaches do not provide a solution for the inherent problem that the threshold cost‐effectiveness ratio itself is unknown. The authors suggest analysing uncertainty in cost‐effectiveness analysis by directly addressing the concept of opportunity costs using the decision rule described by Birch and Gafni (1992) and introduce a new graphical framework (the ‘decision making plane’) for communicating with policy makers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of p53 and BCL‐2 expression with Epstein‐Barr virus infection in the cancers of head and neck
Authors: Yang Hui Jun , Cho Young Jun , Kim Hee Sung , Chang Mee Soo , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Woo Ho
Published: August 2002

Background

Reports that have both evaluated the site‐specific Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection and compared it with the expression of the EBV‐related proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the various cancers of head and neck are scarce.

Methods

Thirty‐eight nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases, 32 oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma (OPC/HPC) cases, and 93 laryngeal carcinoma (LC) cases were evaluated with in situ hybridization on EBV‐encoded small RNA (EBER) and immunohistochemical assessments of the p53, bcl‐2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by use of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue array slides.

Results

The expression of viral EBERs was observed in more than two thirds (71.1%) of the NPC cases. In contrast, only 1 case of OPC and none of the HPC or LC cases exhibited EBV positivity. In the nonkeratinizing NPC, the EBV positivity was significantly associated with both frequent p53 overexpression (p = .033) and bcl‐2 expression (p = .001). In the EBV‐positive nonkeratinizing NPC, a correlation between p53 overexpression and the tumor infiltration lymphocyte (TIL) density was noted (p = .012).

Conclusions

A site‐specific expression of viral EBER was demonstrated in the head and neck cancers, which suggests an important role for both p53 and bcl‐2 in the carcinogenesis of an EBV‐infected NPC. The correlation between p53 overexpression and the TIL density in the EBV‐infected NPC suggests that the product of a lymphoepithelial interaction, such as A20, can induce a dysfunctional p53 protein. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 629–636, 2001.
Prediction of depression 6 months to 3 years after treatment of head and neck cancer
Authors: de Leeuw J. Rob. J. , de Graeff Alexander , Ros Wynand J. G. , Blijham Geert H. , Hordijk Gert‐Jan , Winnubst Jacques A. M.
Published: August 2002

Background

Head and neck cancer and its treatment can have important psychosocial implications. Many patients become depressed. The aim of this prospective study is to examine whether pretreatment variables can be used to predict depression up to 3 years after treatment.

Methods

Head and neck cancer patients (n = 197) treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy completed both before and after treatment a questionnaire including items on social support, coping, depressive symptoms, physical functioning, and physical symptoms.

Results

Eight pretreatment variables (tumor stage, sex, depressive symptoms, openness to discuss cancer in the family, available appraisal support, received emotional support, tumor‐related symptoms, and size of the informal social network) were used to calculate a risk score to determine which patients were depressed at 6 months to 3 years after treatment (positive predicted value, 58%; negative predicted value, 83%).

Conclusions

Eight pretreatment variables can be used to predict accurately those head and neck cancer patients who are likely to become depressed up to 3 years after treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 892–898, 2001.
Quantitative and morphological analysis of dentate granule cells with recurrent basal dendrites from normal and epileptic rats
Authors: Dashtipour Khashayar , Yan Xiao‐Xin , Dinh Trinh T. , Okazaki Maxine M. , Nadler J. Victor , Ribak Charles E.
Published: August 2002

Granule cells with recurrent basal dendrites (RBDs) were previously reported in both control and epileptic rats. RBDs are dendrites that arise from the basal half of granule cell bodies and curve toward and extend into the molecular layer. They are increased in frequency in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. The present study was undertaken to analyze the distribution and morphology of granule cells with RBDs and the synaptic connections of RBDs. Granule cells were labeled by retrograde transport of biocytin. Those with an RBD were found throughout the granule cell layer, but were most numerous at the hilar border. The morphology of these cells varied in the different depths of the granule cell layer; the angle of their cell body's long axis was mainly vertical at the hilar margin, and changed to virtually horizontal close to the molecular layer border. Quantitative data on the distribution of granule cells with RBDs and the angle of the cell body's long axis confirmed these descriptions. At the electron microscopic level, RBDs showed the typical features of dendrites and formed numerous axodendritic and axospinous synapses with labeled and unlabeled axon terminals. These results showed that RBDs of granule cells from epileptic rats are postsynaptic to axon terminals, including mossy fibers, and thus are involved in a similar synaptic circuitry as apical dendrites of granule cells from these animals. Hippocampus 2002;12:235–244. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incorporating rainfall intensity into daily rainfall records for simulating runoff and infiltration into soil profiles
Authors: Mertens J. , Raes D. , Feyen J.
Published: August 2002

Hydrological modelling often implies the use of rainfall data. Its quality and resolution directly affect the accuracy of the simulation results. This study illustrates that a simple approach of incorporating rainfall intensity information in daily rainfall records significantly improves the simulation of surface runoff and rainfall infiltration into soil profiles. The procedure is developed using a frequency analysis on rainfall data of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, collected with a resolution of 10 min and for a consecutive period of 61 years. The frequency analysis of the data allowed the incorporation of rainfall intensity information into daily rainfall records. To test the effect of this approach the surface runoff and water flow into three different soil types was simulated using the HYDRUS‐1D model for a typical dry, normal and wet year. The simulation results whereby the observed 10‐min rainfall data was used as input were considered as the reference. Comparative analysis revealed that the simulations using the 10 min rainfall data deducted from the incorporation of rainfall intensity into daily rainfall records, deviate a maximum 1·2% from the reference and produce much better results than the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve‐number method because rainfall intensity is considered in the procedure presented. The SCS curve‐number method typical overestimates surface runoff during periods of low rainfall intensity (winter) and underestimate runoff during periods of high rainfall intensities (summer). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal variability of phytoplankton in a salt wedge estuary, the Swan–Canning Estuary, Western Australia
Authors: Thompson Peter A.
Published: August 2002

The temporal cycles of variation in salinity, temperature and river flow in the Swan–Canning Estuary plus rainfall in the vicinity are examined. A ‘normal’ pattern is defined for rainfall and river flow based on long‐term median monthly values from available historical data. Long‐term monthly median rainfall and median monthly river flow were highly correlated. Deviations from the ‘normal’ patterns of rainfall and river flow are documented. Three years of detailed data on the temporal distribution of the algal biomass and phytoplankton community composition from the Swan–Canning Estuary are presented and discussed. Significant interannual variability in the phytoplankton biomass was observed with 1996 having a significantly lower median chlorophyll a concentration than 1995 or 1997. Different years also had pronounced differences in the timing, persistence and occurrence of algal blooms. Links with, and between, rainfall, river flow, nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass are made by careful examination of the temporal patterns. Deviations from the proposed ‘normal’ temporal pattern of physical and chemical environmental factors relevant to the growth of phytoplankton biomass are assessed. Deviations from ‘normal’ rainfall and river flow, depending upon their timing and intensity, appear to be associated with occurrence of algal blooms. For example, the lack of a dinoflagellate bloom in December 1996 or January 1997 appears to be associated with a wetter than normal spring. Based upon the observed data, published reports and basic principles of algal ecology a set of predicted responses to variation in the major environmental variables (rainfall and river flow) are tabulated. The tabulated predictions are proposed as a useful tool for resource managers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem scale evapotranspiration and net CO2 exchange from a restored peatland
Authors: Petrone Richard M. , Waddington J. M. , Price Jonathan S.
Published: August 2002

An understanding of the symbiotic water and gas exchange processes at the ecosystem scale is essential to the development of appropriate restoration plans of extracted peatlands. This paper presents ecosystem scale measurements of the atmospheric exchange of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a restored vacuum extracted peatland in eastern Québec, utilizing full‐scale micrometeorological measurements of both evaporation and CO2. The results indicate that the adopted restoration practices reduce the loss of water from the peat, but CO2 emissions are ∼25% greater than an adjacent nonrestored comparison site. The blockage of drainage ditches and the existence of a mulch cover at the site keep the moisture conditions more or less constant. Consequently, the CO2 flux, which is predominantly soil respiration, is strongly controlled by peat temperature fluctuations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horton overland flow contribution to runoff on unpaved mountain roads: A case study in northern Thailand
Authors: Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Sutherland Ross A. , Vana Thomas T. , Nullet Mike A.
Published: August 2002

Two indirect methods are used to detect evidence of intercepted subsurface flow (ISSF) by the road prism in the Pang Khum Experimental Watershed (PKEW) in northern Thailand. During the 12‐month study period we failed to observe a soil moisture change that corresponds with ISSF being generated by the water table rising above the road surface. In support of the soil moisture data, δ18O signatures of rain water, road runoff, and stream water (a proxy for soil water) suggest Horton overland flow (HOF) generated on the road surface, not ISSF, is the dominant source of observed road runoff during typical rainfall events in the study area. This finding, which is contrary to the ISSF‐dominant road runoff regime found typically on unpaved mountain roads in the US Pacific NW, suggests that the use of a HOF‐based model to simulate runoff and sediment transport on unpaved roads in PKEW provides not only lower bound estimates of these processes, but realistic approximations for typical events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.