bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy reliability of a turbines structure system using the right triangular fuzzy number
Authors: Dhiman Pooja , Kumar Amit
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of a turbine structure of the oil and gas Egyptian company in terms of reliability, mean time to failure (MTTF), mean time to repair (MTTR) and mean time between failures (MTBF) under fuzzy environment and working criteria. This paper examines the impact of the failure of various components on the complete turbine structure of the oil and gas system.

Design/methodology/approach

To overcome the problem of uncertain behavior of available data for various components, the right triangular generalized fuzzy number (RTrGFN) is proposed to be taken into the account to express the uncertainty which attains some tolerance in data. Furthermore, reliability indices are calculated with the help of the Lambda Tau method and the arithmetic operations on right generalized triangular fuzzy numbers (RTrGFN).

Findings

This paper explores the reliability of a repairable 3 out of 4 structure of turbines and along with the other parameters namely MTTF, MTTR and MTBF; under a fuzzy environment. Failure rates and repair times are expected to be exponential. The ranking of components of the structure is being found to decide the priority for maintenance.

Originality/value

This paper investigates the performance of the system with different spread/tolerance like 15%, 25% and 50% of crisp data. It helps to predict realistic results in the range value. To enhance the system's performance, the most important item of the system requires greater attention. For this, the authors find the sensitive part by ranking. For ranking, an extended approach has been developed to find the sensitive unit of the system by using the right triangular generalized fuzzy number. This paper explores the most and least sensitive component of the system, which helps the maintenance department to plan the maintenance action.
Preparation and characterization of self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion with different fluorocarbon chain lengths
Authors: Zhao Wanting , Shao Tantan , Chen Xiaolong , Cao Shusen , Chen Lijun
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Fluorine materials have received the keen attention of many researchers because of their water repellency and low surface free energy. The purpose of this paper is to prepare self-crosslinking fluorocarbon polyacrylate latexes containing different fluorocarbon chain lengths by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology.

Design/methodology/approach

Methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and fluorine-containing monomers were used as main monomers. The fluorine-containing monomers included hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and trifluorooctyl methacrylate (TFMA). Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as thermal decomposition initiator, non-ionic surfactant alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (25) ether (DNS-2500) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as mixed emulsifier.

Findings

Through optimizing the reaction conditions, the uniform and stable latex is gained. The polymer of structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and contact angle (CA) were tested on latex films. The particle size and distribution range of emulsion were tested with nano particle size analyzer. After comprehensively comparing the latexes and films prepared by HFMA, DFMA and TFMA, the performance of DFMA monomer modified is better.

Originality/value

The self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion is prepared via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization, which methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and fluorine-containing monomers were used as main monomers. The fluorine-containing monomers were composed of hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and trifluorooctyl methacrylate (TFMA). Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as thermal decomposition initiator, non-ionic surfactant alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (25) ether (DNS-2500) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as mixed emulsifier. There are two main innovations. One is that the self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion is prepared successfully. The other is that the effects of monomers containing different fluorocarbon chain lengths on polyacrylate, such as monomer conversion rate, coagulation rate, mechanical stability, chemical stability, emulsion particle size and storage stability, are studied in detail.
Fire‐ and herbivory‐driven consumer control in a savanna‐like temperate wood‐pasture: An experimental approach
Authors: Amsten Karin , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M. , Kuijper Dries P. J. , Loberg Jenny M. , Churski Marcin , Niklasson Mats
Published: September 2021

Fire and herbivory are fundamental top‐down processes, structuring grass–tree ratios in ecosystems across a diversity of climates. Both are plant consumers that can strongly control the recruitment of woody seedlings and saplings to taller height classes. Without consumer control, many grass‐dominated ecosystems would convert into woodlands or forests. While extensively studied in savannas, few have explored the effects of these disturbance regimes on woody recruitment under temperate conditions.

We exposed saplings of five common European tree species to fire and herbivory in a full factorial experiment in a savanna‐like wood‐pasture. After 3 years, we evaluated the effects of fire and herbivory on tree sapling survival and height increment. The tree species used, varying in traits and in expected response to fire and herbivory, were Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, Norway spruce Picea abies, European oak Quercus robur, Silver birch Betula pendula and Small‐leaved lime Tilia cordata.

Fire and herbivory had a negative effect on sapling survival for all species except for Q. robur, which was not affected by fire. Both processes reduced height increment of B. pendula, while only herbivory reduced the height increment of P. sylvestris and Q. robur. At the same time, B. pendula and P. sylvestris had some of the highest increments, together with P. abies, which had unaffected height increment in all treatments. T. cordata, on the other hand, had a negative height increment across all treatments. Overall, the combined effect of fire and herbivory was similar to the effect of herbivory alone on both survival and height increment, indicating no additional effect of fire when herbivores were present.

Synthesis. Our experiment showed how fire and herbivory can strongly affect the recruitment of European temperate tree saplings on a wood‐pasture, potentially leading to comparable consumer control described for ecosystems elsewhere (e.g. savannas). Two strategies to deal with fire and herbivory were identified: tolerance (Q. robur) and avoidance (P. sylvestris and B. pendula). We conclude that both fire and herbivory may have been important drivers of structure and species composition in open ecosystems in temperate Europe in the past.
Using Google Trends to assess the Australian public's interest in topical gynaecology issues
Authors: Hu Hillary , Mcintyre Andrew
Published: September 2021

Our primary objective is to assess public awareness of topical issues in gynaecology by observing Google Trends information on internet searches in Australia and explore the linear relationship with landmark changes in policy or management. Following notable interventions such as new government policies, action plans and publications, there has been a 26.4% increase in searches for endometriosis, 3.9% increase in searches into transvaginal mesh, a 48.8% increase in searches for cervical screening and a 20.9% overall increase in searches for polycystic ovarian syndrome. This analysis appears to show that patient interest largely mirrors real world events.
Application of calcium isotopes to the study of calcareous materials on Chinese glaze: A new methodological approach
Authors: He Li , Jian Sun , Jiayu Hou , Yinzhong Ding
Published: September 2021

In this work, we propose an innovative application of the calcium isotope technique for the study of calcareous materials in Chinese glazes, supported by simulation experiments. The δ44/42Ca values have been determined for limestone, plant ash and glazed ceramic samples collected from the Ru kiln in Henan Province, the Lauding kiln in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province. The results show that the δ44/42Ca values in limestone in Henan and Zhejiang are all between 0.15‰ and 0.41‰, whereas the δ44/42Ca values of plant ash from the Ru and Laohudong kilns are all between −0.23‰ and −0.04‰. This means that the calcium isotope technique can effectively identify whether calcium levels in the glazes were supplied by plant ash or by limestone materials. More importantly, the calcium isotope technique can evaluate the proportions of plant ash and limestone if the local glaze materials have been studied thoroughly. According to the calcium isotope ratios established for this study, it is speculated that for the Jingdezhen kilns plant ash was used from the Late Tang to Five Dynasties, and limestone and plant ash were used for glazes in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The calcium isotope technique can therefore offer an approach to identifying both the calcareous materials and the origins of ancient Chinese glazes, and provides a potentially powerful tool in their interpretation.
Duration of skin desensitisation following palmar digital nerve blocks with lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine
Authors: Harcourt MM , Smith RL , Hosgood G
Published: September 2021

Objective comparative evidence of the time to onset and duration of effect provided by local anaesthetic (LA) agents for perineural blocks in the horse is lacking. Clear knowledge of these properties is required to guide clinically appropriate agent selection and aid interpretation of response to diagnostic blocks for lameness examinations. An interventional study, with complete, randomised crossover design was used to compare time to onset and duration of skin desensitisation provided by four LA agents applied to palmar digital nerve blocks in 12 horses. Effect at each time point was determined using a pressure gauge to measure the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) over the heel bulbs. Complete desensitisation was defined when MNT was greater than four times the pre‐block baseline. Onset and duration of complete desensitisation were recorded and compared across agents using a mixed linear model. When significant (P ≤ 0.05), post‐hoc paired comparisons between agents were performed against a Tukey's corrected P ≤ 0.05. Onset of complete skin desensitisation for each agent was <5 min. Duration for lidocaine (mean 25 min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9–42) was shorter than bupivacaine (53 min; 95% CI 39–65), which was shorter than both prilocaine (102 min; 95% CI 81–123) and mepivacaine (107 min; 95% CI 92–121), which were not different. Although onset of complete skin desensitisation was not different for the LA agents tested, duration varied from 25 min to nearly 2 h. Prilocaine and mepivacaine provided the most prolonged duration of effect, both exceeding bupivacaine.
Infliximab use in the Netherlands: Uptake and characteristics of originator and biosimilars over time
Authors: Overbeek Jetty A. , Kuiper Josephina G. , Bakker Marina , van den Bemt B. J. F. ( Bart) , Herings Ron M. C.
Published: September 2021

Aims

The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to provide an overview of the utilization of originator and biosimilar infliximab in the Netherlands.

Methods

All infliximab dispensings were selected from the PHARMO In‐patient Pharmacy Database from 2002–2018. Descriptive analyses were performed in order to characterise initiators and to describe switching patterns over time.

Results

Overall, 3840 patients with 61 274 infliximab dispensings were identified. 2496 patients initiated an originator infliximab and 777 patients initiated a biosimilar infliximab. Overall, 57% of the patients was female and mean age was 43.2 years. Both originators and biosimilars were mostly prescribed by gastroenterologists, followed by internists and rheumatologists. After market authorisation of the first biosimilar, the proportion of new patients initiating the biosimilar increased from 39% in 2015 to 91% in 2018. Out of 704 patients eligible for switching 34% switched. Among switchers, the proportion of females was 60% and mean age at index was 45.1 years. Among nonswitchers, 55% were female and mean age was 39.8 years. The median time to switch was 1.7 years and switchers were most frequently initiated on infliximab by a rheumatologist (42%), while nonswitchers were most frequently initiated by a gastroenterologist (42%).

Conclusion

The results of this large population‐based cohort show an increase in biosimilar initiation in daily clinical practice. The number of switchers remains relatively low as nonmedical switch is not encouraged in the Netherlands.
Cord medialisation in unilateral vocal fold paralysis improves forced vital capacity
Authors: Thakar Alok , Pol Shashikant Anil , Kairo Arvind Kumar
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The lateralised vocal fold of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (ULVFP) is unphysiological for expiration wherein vocal folds normally adduct to increase expiratory resistance and prevent small airway collapse. ULVFP may therefore impair ventilatory function and ventilatory volume. This study seeks to test whether vocal fold medialisation improves forced vital capacity (FVC).

Design

Prospective inception cohort intervention study.

Setting

Academic Tertiary Care Institution.

Participants

Twenty‐five patients of ULVFP with a phonatory gap ranging from 2 to 6 mm.

Main outcome measures

Vocal fold medialisation was undertaken with autologous fat injection. Forced vital capacity (FVC) assessments by spirometry were undertaken pre‐treatment and 1‐month post‐treatment.

Results

Improvement in FVC was noted in all patients with the quantum of improvement ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 litres. Mean FVC improved from 3.10 L pre‐injection to 3.45 L post‐injection. (p < .001). A moderate correlation was noted between the degree of medialisation and improvement in FVC (r = .33, Pearson's correlation coefficient).

Conclusions

Objective improvement in FVC is consistently noted in post vocal fold medialisation for ULVFP and is probably mediated by increased glottic expiratory resistance and consequent improvement in intrinsic PEEP.
Associations between adverse home environments and appetite hormones, adipokines, and adiposity among Chilean adolescents
Authors: Majmudar Deshna , East Patricia , Martinez Suzanna , Blanco Estela , Lozoff Betsy , Burrows Raquel , Gahagan Sheila
Published: September 2021

Little is known regarding the relationship between adverse home environments and hormones important in regulation of appetite and their impact on obesity in children and adolescents. In this study, we examined the impact of socioeconomic economic status, family stress and maternal depressive symptoms on appetite hormones, adipokines and adiposity. To determine whether adverse home environments in childhood and adolescence relate to adiposity in adolescence and disruptions in appetite hormones and adipokines, specifically lower levels of adiponectin and ghrelin and elevated levels of leptin and orexin. Adversity in the home (maternal depressive symptoms, family stress, socioeconomic disadvantage) was measured in the households of 593 Chilean youth at age 10 years (52.3% male) and in 606 youth at 16 years. At 16 years, participants provided fasting blood samples for assessment of adipokines and appetite hormones. Waist‐to‐height ratio was used to assess central adiposity. Correlational analyses examined associations between continuous levels of adversity in childhood and adolescence and appetite hormones and adiposity in adolescence. Multinomial logistic regressions compared hormone levels by tertiles of adversity. Participants were 52% male, with average age at the 16 years hormone assessment being 16.8 (n = 606, SD = 0.26). Those with highest maternal depression at age 10 had lower adiponectin OR = 0.95 [95% CI: 0.91, 0.99], p = 0.005) and ghrelin levels (OR = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.00), p = 0.022) than those in the lowest maternal depression group at age 16. Those with the highest family stress at 16 years had lower adiponectin levels (OR = 0.93 [95% CI: 0.89, 0.98), p = 0.004) and higher central adiposity (OR = 1.05 [1.01, 1.08], p = 0.009) than the lowest family stress group. There were no significant associations found between socioeconomic status at either 10 or 16 years and appetite hormones. Results add new evidence regarding the relationship between household adversity to appetite hormones and adipokines, with the most consistent results for adiponectin. Current findings suggest that the relationship between home environment and adipokines and appetite hormones may play a role in altered adiposity in children and adolescents.
Spraying sugars, growth temperatures and N application levels change epiphytic lactic acid bacteria composition on Italian ryegrass
Authors: Chen Xinzhu , Dong Zhaoxia , Zhang Jianguo
Published: September 2021

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) naturally present on forage crops are responsible for the silage fermentation quality. However, there are few reports on the factors affecting the distribution of epiphytic LAB on the crops. Therefore, the influences of spraying sugars, growth temperatures and nitrogen application levels on the amounts and species of LAB on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were evaluated in this study. Spraying xylose, fructose, glucose, sucrose and galactose significantly increased (p < 0.05) the population sizes and species of LAB on Italian ryegrass. Spraying sucrose made Italian ryegrass epiphyte the most LAB. As for the effect of temperatures, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dominated on Italian ryegrass grown at 10 and 15°C, while Lactobacillus plantarum dominated at 20°C, and Weissella paramesenteroides dominated at 25°. The population sizes and species of LAB on Italian ryegrass were the most at 15°C. When N (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg/ha) was applied to Italian ryegrass, LAB population sizes and species were the most at N 35 kg/ha (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus plantarum was detected in all the treatments of Italian ryegrass except the growth temperatures of 10 and 25°C.
Self‐verification behavior as an employment interview tactic
Authors: Charbonneau Brooke D. , Reed Madeline , Powell Deborah M.
Published: September 2021

Across three studies, we explored the construct of self‐verification behavior in the employment interview, defined as: “sharing of unembellished self‐related information that is in line with self‐views.” Using content analysis, Study 1 explored whether job applicants (N = 252) described self‐verification behavior when they were asked which strategy they used to distinguish themselves from other applicants. Self‐verification behavior was frequently mentioned in conjunction with other self‐presentation tactics, such as honest impression management. In Studies 2 and 3, we surveyed job applicants (N = 92 and N = 311) immediately following an interview. We found a positive relationship between self‐verification behavior and honest impression management and honesty‐humility, but a near‐zero relationship with interview performance. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that although correlated, self‐verification behavior is conceptually different from honest impression management. We suggest that measuring self‐verification behavior in interviews allows researchers to capture a broader range of potential interview strategies.
Comparative transcriptome analysis at the onset of speciation in a mimetic butterfly—The Ithomiini Melinaea marsaeus
Authors: Piron‐Prunier Florence , Persyn Emma , Legeai Fabrice , McClure Melanie , Meslin Camille , Robin Stéphanie , Alves‐Carvalho Susete , Mohammad Ammara , Blugeon Corinne , Jacquin‐Joly Emmanuelle , Montagné Nicolas , Elias Marianne , Gauthier Jérémy
Published: September 2021

Ecological speciation entails divergent selection on specific traits and ultimately on the developmental pathways responsible for these traits. Selection can act on gene sequences but also on regulatory regions responsible for gene expression. Mimetic butterflies are a relevant system for speciation studies because wing colour pattern (WCP) often diverges between closely related taxa and is thought to drive speciation through assortative mating and increased predation on hybrids. Here, we generate the first transcriptomic resources for a mimetic butterfly of the tribe Ithomiini, Melinaea marsaeus, to examine patterns of differential expression between two subspecies and between tissues that express traits that likely drive reproductive isolation; WCP and chemosensory genes. We sequenced whole transcriptomes of three life stages to cover a large catalogue of transcripts, and we investigated differential expression between subspecies in pupal wing discs and antennae. Eighteen known WCP genes were expressed in wing discs and 115 chemosensory genes were expressed in antennae, with a remarkable diversity of chemosensory protein genes. Many transcripts were differentially expressed between subspecies, including two WCP genes and one odorant receptor. Our results suggest that in M. marsaeus the same genes as in other mimetic butterflies are involved in traits causing reproductive isolation, and point at possible candidates for the differences in those traits between subspecies. Differential expression analyses of other developmental stages and body organs and functional studies are needed to confirm and expand these results. Our work provides key resources for comparative genomics in mimetic butterflies, and more generally in Lepidoptera.
Consistency between the endoscopic Kyoto classification and pathological updated Sydney system for gastritis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Toyoshima Osamu , Nishizawa Toshihiro , Yoshida Shuntaro , Matsuno Tatsuya , Odawara Nariaki , Toyoshima Akira , Sakitani Kosuke , Watanabe Hidenobu , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Suzuki Hidekazu
Published: September 2021

Background

Two methods are used to evaluate gastritis: the updated Sydney system (USS) with pathology and Kyoto classification, a new endoscopy‐based diagnostic criterion for which evidence is accumulating. However, the consistency of their results is unclear. This study investigated the consistency of their results.

Methods

Patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and were evaluated forHelicobacter pyloriinfection for the first time were eligible. The association between corpus and antral USS scores (neutrophil activity, chronic inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia) and Kyoto classification scores (atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, enlarged folds, nodularity, and diffuse redness) was assessed.

Results

Seven‐hundred‐seventeen patients (mean age, 49.2 years; female sex, 57.9%; 450H. pylori‐positive and 267H. pylori‐negative patients) were enrolled. All endoscopic gastritis cases in the Kyoto classification were associated with high corpus and antral USS scores for neutrophil activity and chronic inflammation. A subanalysis was performed forH. pylori‐positive patients. Regarding atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, endoscopic findings were associated with USS scores. Enlarged folds, nodularity, and diffuse redness were associated with high corpus USS scores for neutrophil activity and chronic inflammation, but with low antral USS scores for atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. The Kyoto classification scores were also associated with the pathological topographic distribution of neutrophil activity and intestinal metaplasia.

Conclusions

AmongH. pylori‐positive individuals, endoscopic and pathological diagnoses were consistent with atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Enlarged folds, nodularity, and diffuse redness were associated with pathological inflammation (neutrophil activity and chronic inflammation) of the corpus; however, they were inversely associated with pathological atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. The endoscopy‐based Kyoto classification of gastritis partially reflects pathology.
Quantitative contrast‐enhanced ultrasound for the differentiation of kidney allografts with significant histopathological injury
Authors: Vičič Eva , Kojc Nika , Hovelja Tomaž , Arnol Miha , Ključevšek Damjana
Published: September 2021

Objective

To identify specific quantitative contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) parameters that could distinguish kidney transplants with significant histopathological injury.

Methods

Sixty‐four patients were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Biopsies were performed following CEUS and blood examination.

Results

28 biopsy specimens had minimal changes (MC group), while 36 had significant injury (SI group). Of these, 12 had rejection (RI group) and 24 non‐rejection injury (NRI group). In RI and NRI groups, temporal difference in time to peak (TTP) between medulla and cortex (ΔTTPm‐c) was significantly shorter compared to the MC group (5.77, 5.92, and 7.94 s, P = 0.048 and 0.026, respectively). Additionally, RI group had significantly shorter medullary TTP compared to the MC group (27.75 vs. 32.26 s; P = 0.03). In a subset of 41 patients with protocol biopsy at 1‐year post‐transplant, ΔTTPm‐c was significantly shorter in the SI compared to the MC group (5.67 vs. 7.67 s; P = 0.024). Area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for ΔTTPm‐c was 0.69 in all patients and 0.71 in patients with protocol biopsy.

Conclusions

RI and NRI groups had shorter ΔTTPm‐c compared to the MC group. AUROCs for both patient groups were good, making ΔTTPm‐c a promising CEUS parameter for distinguishing patients with significant histopathological injury.
Greater axial elongation associated with low accommodative lag: new insights on accommodative lag theory for myopia
Authors: Thakur Swapnil , Verkicharla Pavan K
Published: September 2021

Purpose

We aimed to test the accommodative lag and mechanical tension theories for myopia by assessing the influence of the lag of accommodation on axial elongation by using three different near targets that are known to influence the accommodative response differently.

Methods

Forty‐two young adults were recruited for the study. Axial length was measured using a non‐contact biometer, before and immediately after a 15 minute visual task, with one of the three near targets placed 20 cm from the eye: reading text from a paper, reading text from a smartphone and watching a video on a smartphone. The accommodative response was determined using an open‐field autorefractor while the participants viewed the near target monocularly.

Results

Lag of accommodation was significantly different for the three tasks: watching a video (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM] 0.92 ± 0.10 D); reading text on the smartphone (0.59 ± 0.08 D); and reading text on paper (0.24 ± 0.09 D). There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in axial length after reading text from a paper (10.5 ± 1.9 µm after 15‐min) and reading text from a smartphone (5.2 ± 2.7 µm), but not after watching a video on a smartphone (−0.5 ± 1.7 µm, p = 0.47). Vitreous chamber depth increased significantly more with the reading tasks compared with watching a video (reading text from a paper and smartphone: 33.9 ± 4 µm and 31.7 ± 4 µm vs. watching a video on a smartphone: 14.6 ± 5 µm, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Greater changes in axial length associated with the low lag of accommodation failed to support the theory that lag of accommodation during visual tasks could be the trigger for axial elongation. Reading on paper and smartphone at the closest reading distance may stimulate high accommodative demand and axial elongation as a consequence, possibly due to increased “ciliary muscle tension” during accommodation.
Novel mutations of TYK2 leading to divergent clinical phenotypes
Authors: Lv Ge , Sun Gan , Wu Peilin , Du Xiao , Zeng Ting , Wen Wen , Zhou Lina , An Yunfei , Tang Xuemei , He Tingyan , Zhao Xiaodong , Du Hongqiang
Published: September 2021

Background

TYK2 deficiency is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease caused by loss‐of‐function mutations of TYK2 gene, which is initially proposed as a subset of hyper‐IgE syndrome (HIES). However, accumulating evidence suggests TYK2‐deficient patients do not necessarily present with HIES characteristics, indicating a vacuum of knowledge on the exact roles of TYK2 in human immune system.

Method

Pathogenic effects of patients were confirmed by qRT‐PCR, Western blot, and protein stability assays. The responses to cytokines including IFN‐α/β/γ, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, and IL‐23 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients were detected by Western blot, qRT‐PCR, and flow cytometry. The differentiation of T and B cells was detected by flow cytometry.

Results

We described five more TYK2‐deficient cases presenting with or without hyper‐IgE levels, atopy, and distinct pathogen infection profile, which are caused by novel TYK2 mutations. These mutations were all found by high‐throughput sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The patients showed heterogeneous responses to various cytokine treatments, including IFN‐α/β/γ, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, and IL‐23. The homeostasis of lymphocytes is also disrupted.

Conclusion

Based on our findings, we propose that TYK2 works as a multi‐tasker in orchestrating various cytokine signaling pathways, differentially combined defects which account for the expressed clinical manifestations.
Maintaining or letting go of couplehood: Perspectives of older male spousal dementia caregivers
Authors: Stefánsdóttir Olga Ásrún , Munkejord Mai Camilla , Sveinbjarnardóttir Eydís Kristín
Published: September 2021

Despite the negative implications for their own health, spouses continue to support each other and maintain their couplehood for as long as possible, including when one of them develops a severe illness. However, with some exceptions, the experiences of older male spousal caregivers have been largely overlooked, and our knowledge of the relational aspects of spousal dementia care is scarce. To respond to this knowledge gap, this article explores the following research questions: How do older male spousal caregivers of wives with dementia talk about changes in their couplehood? What transitions or phases in the relationship can be identified as the caring process evolves and the wife's health continues to deteriorate? To answer these questions, we analyse in‐depth interviews with eight purposefully selected men aged 67–92 years old from Iceland and Norway. Our findings reveal that the participants felt that they were gradually losing their couplehood in the sense that they lost their shared everyday life routines, intimacy, joint activities, meaningful communication, and dreams and hopes for the future. Four phases of the dementia caring process were identified: the denial phase, the battle phase, the new reality phase and the redefinition phase. We hope that our findings spur more research on relational challenges as experienced by spouses caring for partners with cognitive decline. In conclusion, we argue that interdisciplinary clinical guidelines for a couple‐centred approach in elder care should be developed to urge professional care providers to pay attention to the various changes and challenges that dementia couples undergo to meet not only the health and care needs of dementia patients but also those of their spouses.
Suitability assessment of global, continental and national digital elevation models for geomorphological analyses in Italy
Authors: Zingaro Marina , La Salandra Marco , Colacicco Rosa , Roseto Rodolfo , Petio Paolo , Capolongo Domenico
Published: September 2021

Digital elevation models (DEMs) represent a fundamental resource in geomorphological analysis. The increasing availability of open‐access DEMs over wide areas is advantageous, but requires an evaluation of DEM quality and errors. This work applies a hierarchical assessment of global, continental and national DEMs in Italy in order to explore the differences and analyze the vertical accuracy, spatial error distribution and agreement of morphometric measurements. The selected DEMs are compared with local reference data as a ground points dataset, extracted from the national geodetic network, and regional DEMs at high spatial resolution, through both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The results identify limits and potentialities of the selected DEMs, showing accuracy and errors in height representation, also affected by the topographic characteristics of the surface, such as steep slope in mountain zones and some defects in hydromorphological derivatives that could condition the geomorphological applications.
Foreign direct investment and regional innovation: Evidence from China
Authors: Jiang Haiwei , Liang Yousha , Pan Shiyuan
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on regional innovation, which is measured by patent applications and patent citations, based on city‐level data in China from 1995 to 2015. Using an instrumental variable approach, this paper demonstrates that FDI not only promotes the quantity of regional innovation, but also improves the quality of regional innovation in China. The findings are robust to various specifications of the empirical model and measurements. In addition, we highlight the channel of improving local absorptive capacity and market competition through which FDI exerts positive influence on regional innovation, and show that FDI acts as a substitute for local financial development to raise regional innovation.
College Student’s Stress and Associated Demographic Correlates
Authors: Srinivasa Susheelabai
Published: September 2021

Several research studies consistently identified that college student’s experience stress. However, there is hardly any substantive research that compared stress and its demographic correlates among international and American students. The current study, to address the knowledge gap in the literature, gathered data from the participants with multiethnic and cultural backgrounds. It provides perspective and insight into the stressors affecting international and American students and differences between them. The study collected data using a survey instrument from a sample of 221 students (90 international and 131 American students) at a mid-size public university in Midwestern region in the United States. The study findings confirmed the results of prior research studies that international students experienced low levels of stress than the American students. Among the demographic’s particulars, gender emerged as a key predictor of stress among both the groups. In addition, age and socioeconomic background too emerged as significant correlates of stress among students in both sample groups. Lower economic status of students caused moderate to severe levels of stress in both American and international groups compared to high income students.
The oestrous cycle and skeletal muscle atrophy: Investigations in rodent models of muscle loss
Authors: Rosa‐Caldwell Megan E. , Mortreux Marie , Kaiser Ursula B. , Sung Dong‐Min , Bouxsein Mary L. , Dunlap Kirsten R. , Greene Nicholas P. , Rutkove Seward B.
Published: September 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Is the oestrous cycle affected during disuse atrophies and, if so, how are oestrous cycle changes related to musculoskeletal outcomes?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Rodent oestrous cycles were altered during disuse atrophy, which was correlated with musculoskeletal outcomes. However, the oestrous cycle did not appear to be changed by Lewis lung carcinoma, which resulted in no differences in muscle size in comparison to healthy control animals. These findings suggest a relationship between the oestrous cycle and muscle size during atrophic pathologies.

Recent efforts have focused on improving our understanding of female muscle physiology during exposure to muscle atrophic stimuli. A key feature of female rodent physiology is the oestrous cycle. However, it is not known how such stimuli interact with the oestrous cycle to influence muscle health. In this study, we investigated the impact of muscle atrophic stimuli on the oestrous cycle and how these alterations are correlated with musculoskeletal outcomes. A series of experiments were performed in female rodents, including hindlimb unloading (HU), HU followed by 24 h of reloading, HU combined with dexamethasone treatment, and Lewis lung carcinoma. The oestrous cycle phase was assessed throughout each intervention and correlated with musculoskeletal outcomes. Seven or 14 days of HU increased the duration in dioestrus or metoestrus (D/M; low hormones) and was negatively correlated with gastrocnemius mass. Time spent in D/M was also negatively correlated with changes in grip strength and bone density after HU, and with muscle recovery 24 h after the cessation of HU. The addition of dexamethasone strengthened these relationships between time in D/M and reduced musculoskeletal outcomes. However, in animals with Lewis lung carcinoma, oestrous cyclicity did not differ from that of control animals, and time spent in D/M was not correlated with either gastrocnemius mass or tumour burden. In vitro experiments suggested that enhanced protein synthesis induced by estrogen might protect against muscle atrophy. In conclusion, muscle atrophic insults are correlated with changes in the oestrous cycle, which are associated with deterioration in musculoskeletal outcomes. The magnitude of oestrous cycle alterations depends on the atrophic stimuli.
Characterization of the Formability of High-Purity Polycrystalline Niobium Sheets for Superconducting Radiofrequency Applications
Authors: Croteau Jean-François , Robin Guillaume , Cantergiani Elisa , Atieh Said , Jacques Nicolas , Mazars Gilles , Martiny Marion
Published: September 2021

The forming limit diagram (FLD) of high-purity niobium sheets used for the manufacturing of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities is presented. The Marciniak (in-plane) test was used with niobium blanks with a thickness of 1 mm and blank carriers of annealed oxygen-free electronic (OFE) copper. A high formability was measured, with an approximate true major strain at necking for plane strain of 0.44. The high formability of high-purity niobium is likely caused by its high strain rate sensitivity of 0.112. Plastic strain anisotropies (r-values) of 1.66, 1.00, and 2.30 were measured in the 0 deg, 45 deg, and 90 deg directions. However, stress–strain curves at a nominal strain rate of ∼10−3 s−1 showed similar mechanical properties in the three directions. Theoretical calculations of the forming limit curves (FLCs) were conducted using an analytical two-zone model. The obtained results indicate that the anisotropy and strain rate sensitivity of niobium affect its formability. The model was used to investigate the influence of strain rate on strains at necking. The obtained results suggest that the use of high-speed sheet forming should further increase the formability of niobium.
Frequentist parameter estimation with supervised learning
Authors: Nolan Samuel P. , Pezzè Luca , Smerzi Augusto
Published: September 2021

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest surrounding the calibration of quantum sensors using machine learning techniques. This work explores the use of regression to infer a machine-learned point estimate of an unknown parameter. Although the analysis is necessarily frequentist—relying on repeated estimates to build up statistics—the authors clarify that this machine-learned estimator converges to the Bayesian maximum a posteriori estimator (subject to some regularity conditions). When the number of training measurements is large, this is identical to the well-known maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE), and using this fact, the authors argue that the Cramér–Rao sensitivity bound applies to the mean-square error cost function and can therefore be used to select optimal model and training parameters. The machine-learned estimator inherits the desirable asymptotic properties of the MLE, up to a limit imposed by the resolution of the training grid. Furthermore, the authors investigate the role of quantum noise in the training process and show that this noise imposes a fundamental limit on the number of grid points. This manuscript paves the way for machine-learning to assist the calibration of quantum sensors, thereby allowing maximum-likelihood inference to play a more prominent role in the design and operation of the next generation of ultra-precise sensors.
Nitrogen ion-implanted resistive regions for edge termination of vertical Ga2O3 rectifiers
Authors: Xia Xinyi , Xian Minghan , Fares Chaker , Sharma Ribhu , Law Mark E. , Ren Fan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: September 2021

N+ ion implantation to form resistive regions for edge termination at the anode contact periphery was used to maximize the breakdown voltage (VB) of vertical geometry β-Ga2O3 rectifiers. The design was examined via simulations using the Florida object oriented device and process Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulator. The configuration of the implanted region was investigated with these simulations and then implemented experimentally. Significant increases of ∼200%–250% in VB were achieved for 50–1000 μm diameter rectifiers with an unbounded resistive region and an implantation depth of ∼0.5 μm. The on-state resistance and on/off ratios of the rectifiers were essentially unchanged by the addition of the implanted regions. An optimized implanted edge termination structure maximizes the breakdown voltage with no associated increase in device resistance in vertical geometry Ga2O3 rectifiers.
The FTO rs17817449 Polymorphism is Not Associated With Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, or Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Findings From the GENADIO Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Martorell Miquel , Mardones Lorena , Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Martinez-Sanguinetti Maria Adela , Leiva-Ordoñez Ana Maria , Troncoso-Pantoja Claudia , Flores Fernando , Cigarroa Igor , Perez-Bravo Francisco , Ulloa Natalia , Mondaca-Rojas Daniel , Diaz-Martinez Ximena , Celis-Morales Carlos , Villagran Marcelo , _ _
Published: September 2021

Background: Genetic variants within the FTO gene have been associated with increased adiposity and metabolic markers; however, there is limited evidence regarding the association of FTO gene variants with physical activity-related variables. The authors aimed to investigate the association of the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO with physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in Chilean adults. Methods: A total of 409 participants from the GENADIO study were included and genotyped for the rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of FTO in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured with ActiGraph accelerometers. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the Chester step test. The associations were assessed by using multivariate regression analyses. Results: No associations were found for FTO variant with physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness. The risk allele (G) of the FTO was found to be associated with sedentary time in the minimally adjusted model (β = 19.7 min/d; 95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 35.5, per each copy of the risk allele; P = .006), but the association was no longer significant when body mass index was included as a confounder (P = .211). Conclusion: The rs17817449 single-nucleotide polymorphism of the FTO gene was not associated with the level of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sedentary behaviors in Chilean adults.
Thyroid storm as an early presentation of hCG-producing metastatic choriocarcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Chivukula Krishna Karthik , Toro-Tobón David , Motazedi Banafsheh , Goyal Rachna
Published: September 2021

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced hyperthyroidism has been previously reported as a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in non-seminomatous germ cell tumours and usually presents with mild symptoms or subclinical thyrotoxicosis. We present a case of a young adult man who consulted with abdominal pain, nausea and emesis. On admission, he was found to be tachycardic, febrile, anxious and with icteric sclera and tenderness to palpation in the right upper abdomen. A right scrotal mass was also noted. Initial studies revealed transaminitis, hyperbilirubinaemia, suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone and elevated free T4. Scrotal biopsy confirmed diagnosis of testicular choriocarcinoma with an elevated hCG level of 6074 mIU/mL, which was corrected to 6 760 713 mIU/mL when reassessed with dilution. The clinical scenario reflected hCG-induced thyrotoxicosis concerning for thyroid storm. Euthyroid state was restored after initiation of chemotherapy and a short course of methimazole. Unfortunately, the patient passed away due to progression of his malignant disease. This case suggests that when choriocarcinoma is suspected, the use of iodinated contrast agents should be limited to avoid precipitation of thyroid storm or worsening of hCG-induced hyperthyroidism. Moreover, if the clinical picture does not support a primary aetiology of hyperthyroidism and hCG is not concordantly elevated, reassessment of hCG by dilution should be considered as hCG assays are subject to prozone effect.
Immunotherapy-induced coeliac disease in curative lung cancer
Authors: Walton Hannah , Hopkins Samantha , Shand Alan , Din Shahida
Published: September 2021

The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of metastatic lung cancer and it has recently been established as the standard of care in the radical treatment of lung cancer. However, immune-related adverse events (IrAEs) frequently occur in patients treated with immunotherapy, and rare IrAEs continue to be identified. We report a case of immunotherapy-induced coeliac disease due to adjuvant durvalumab post-chemoradiotherapy in a patient receiving curative treatment for lung cancer. The patient had raised anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA and histological findings consistent with coeliac disease. This is the first published case report of probable immunotherapy-induced coeliac disease both with the immunotherapy drug durvalumab and in the curative lung cancer setting.
Altered mental status and pronounced febrile response after second mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine administration in a patient with previously documented COVID-19 infection
Authors: Hilaire Patrick Shamell , Tito Emmanuel , Muthukumarasamy Nirmal , Schauer Mark
Published: September 2021

A 54-year-old man who was previously found to be COVID-19 positive received two doses of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine 4 weeks apart, as recommended by the manufacturer. He was brought to the emergency department 1 day after second dose of the vaccine with altered mental status, headache and high fever. The patient was hospitalised for 2 days and managed with supportive care. He completely recovered with return of mental status to baseline and resolution of fever.