bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La ficción y el origen semiótico de los mundos narrativos
Authors: Mandujano Estrada Miguel
Published: July 2020

A partir del problema de la distinción entre el sueño y la vigilia y su relación con la premisa de la película de Christopher Nolan Origen, nos proponemos construir una analogía del vínculo entre la ficción y la realidad. Esta metáfora nos servirá para exponer la idea de creación artística dentro de un marco filosófico. Para esto, recurriremos a la noción de cooperación interpretativa de los textos narrativos de Umberto Eco y, en particular, a la suposición de una teoría de la mentira como símil de la semiosis y medio de explicación semiótica.From the problem of distinguishing between dreams and wakefulness and its relationship with Christopher Nolan’s film Inception, we propose to build an analogy of the linkage between fiction and reality. This metaphor will help us to present the idea of artistic creation in a philosophical frame work. For this, we will use the notion of interpretative cooperation of the narrative texts developed by Umberto Eco and, particularly, the supposition of a lie theory as a simile of the semiosis and a semiotic way of explanation.
Literatura y mito: desmitificación, intertextuaLidad, reescritura
Authors: Martínez-Falero Luis
Published: July 2020

En este artículo se propone un estudio acerca de los procesos de desmitificación y reescritura del mito etno-religioso y del mito literario (tras la confluencia de ambos en el imaginario occidental), con una tipología de los modos de reescritura del mito.A study about the processes of demythologizing and rewriting concerning anthropological and literary myths (after their confluence in the western imaginary) is proposed in this article. it includes a typology of the different patterns of rewriting myths.
Inventario de representaciones de La vida es sueño
Authors: Trives Pérez José Manuel
Published: July 2020

Se trata de un artículo bibliográfico en el que se recogen cuantas representaciones se han encontrado registradas de La vida es sueño y se ordenan cronológicamente indicando, además del año, el lugar y la fuente bibliográfica.This article is a bibliographic study that consists in a performance list of La vida es sueño from its days until ours for all over the places where it has been performed. All items are named by the place and the date of the performance, and they also show the source where it was taken.
Introducción
Authors: García Lorenzo María M.
Published: July 2020

Las páginas que siguen constituyen una presentación del monográfico sobre ciencia y literatura de la revista Signa. Pretenden, por un lado, proporcionar un repaso a la separación de prácticas y saberes (fruto de la necesidad de perfilar identidades culturales) desde la aparición de la ciencia moderna y, por otro, mostrar distintos modos de hibridación y cruce de influencias entre lo científico-tecnológico y lo literario, desde los que podemos aproximarnos a textos de diversos géneros. Por último, se presentan y contextualizan los artículos que componen este volumen.These pages constitute a presentation of Signa’s monograph on science and literature. On the one hand, this introduction aims to offer an outline of the division of knowledge, which was the result of the need to chart cultural identities since the apparition of modern science. On the other, it shows several modes of hybridism and cross-fertilization between the scientific-technological and the literary, from which we can approach texts of different genres. Lastly, the articles composing this monograph are presented and contextualized.
«Navegando en la oscuridad»: Iris Murdoch y la enfermedad de Alzheimer
Authors: Soláns García Mariángel
Published: July 2020

El aumento de la esperanza de vida y de la población anciana ha derivado en una alta incidencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). El objetivo del presente artículo es reflexionar sobre la interdisciplinaridad del estudio de la EA, cuyo interés ha traspasado del ámbito biomédico a otras disciplinas, como la literatura. Nos centraremos en el caso de la escritora británica Iris Murdoch como enferma de Alzheimer. Así mismo resaltamos el valor de la narrativa en la representación y en el análisis de la enfermedad. Para concluir, nos centraremos en el tema de la memoria en los textos de la escritora.The increase in life expectancy and in elderly population has resulted in a high incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of this article is to discuss the interdisciplinarity of the study of AD, as it has crossed boundaries from the biomedical science to include other fields, such as literature. We will refer to the British writer Iris Murdoch as an Alzheimer’s patient. In addition, we will highlight the value of narrative in the representation and analysis of the disease. To conclude, we will focus on the question of memory and loss in the texts of this writer.
El mar, absoluto literario. La influencia del Romanticismo alemán en la Renaixença catalana
Authors: Caro Valverde María Teresa
Published: July 2020

La teoría literaria de la Renaixença sobre el vitalismo de la facultad creadora procede de la poética de la imaginación del Romanticismo alemán que indagó en el absoluto literario a través de la contemplación del mar como espejo infinito del artista. Caso ejemplar es la obra de Maragall.Literary theory of the Renaixença on the vitalism of the creative faculty comes from the poetic of the imagination of German Romanticism which investigated in literary absolute through the contemplation of the sea as the artist infinite mirror. Case in point is the work of Maragall.
La función textual del espacio topográfico en “The plumed serpent”, de D. H. Lawrence
Authors: León-Real Méndez Nora Marisa
Published: July 2020

En este trabajo se presenta una lectura de la novela “The Plumed Serpent” (1926), de D. H. Lawrence, a partir de la construcción de significado del espacio mexicano en la narración. En esta obra, las descripciones del espacio topográfico no se limitan a mostrar un escenario de trasfondo. Por el contrario, Lawrence inviste de una carga significativa a las marcas geográficas, construyendo un espacio narrativo propio a la vez que ligado con el México fuera del texto. La descripción del paisaje sirve como método de creación de mundo, como técnica de formación del espacio narrativo.In this essay I present a reading of D.H. Lawrence’s The Plumed Serpent (1926) through the process of making meaning of Mexican space. In this novel, descriptions of topographic space are not limited to showing a background setting. On the contrary, Lawrence confers significant meaning to the landmarks, constructing a narrative space that is particular as well as linked to the Mexico outside the text. Landscape description is used then as a method for world-making, as a technique for creating narrative space.
Uso y significado de los objetos en la literatura francesa surrealista
Authors: Luengo López Jordi
Published: July 2020

El uso que en los textos surrealistas se le da a los objetos, constituye una de las bases de comunicación del pensamiento onírico de esta corriente artística, cuyo significante se reconoce en el particular modo de ver el mundo que tuvieron algunos escritores franceses. Centrándonos en la obra de André Breton y Louis Aragon se abordará este fenómeno a través del análisis del proceso de cristalización del objeto psíquico en el plano físico del texto escrito, no solo como elemento constituyente de la narración, sino también como objeto en sí al concebirse como poema-objeto o identificarse con el propio surrealismo.The use of objects in surrealist texts is one of the bases for communicating oneiric thought in this artistic movement, the meaning of which is recognised in the particular way that some French writers had of seeing the world. Focusing on the work of André Breton and Louis Aragon, this phenomenon is approached through an analysis of the process in which the psychological object is crystallised in the physical level of the written text, not only as an component of the narrative, but also as an object in its own right, in the way it is conceived as a poem-object or identified with surrealism itself.
Los duelos y quebrantos de Bartolomé José Gallardo: el lenguaje y la comunicación de la sátira moderna en su “Diccionario crítico-burlesco”
Authors: Romero Ferrer Alberto
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es subrayar las calidades grotescas del Diccionario crítico-burlesco (1811), de Bartolomé José Gallardo: filólogo, erudito, bibliógrafo, poeta, periodista y polemista de muy singular significación en la literatura española del primer tercio del siglo XIX, e injustamente denostado debido a su famoso Diccionario. Una obra especialmente importante, pues inaugura la sátira moderna en el pensamiento y la cultura española en permanente diálogo con la estética grotesca de los grabados y las Pinturas negras de Francisco de Goya, de acuerdo también con la mejor tradición burlesca de la literatura barroca e ilustrada.The purpose of this work is to study the grotesque aesthetics on Bartolomé José Gallardo's Diccionario crítico-burlesco (1811). Gallardo was a philologist, scholar, bibliographer, poet, journalist and debater of very singular significance in the Spanish literature of the first third of the nineteenth century, and was unjustly reviled due to his famous and polemical Diccionario. A crucially important work, in that it opens the modern satire in Spanish culture and thought, the Diccionario was in permanent dialogue with the grotesque aesthetics of Francisco de Goya's Caprichos and Pinturas negras, as well as with the best burlesque tradition of baroque culture and literature of the eighteenth century. A literary work that merits masterpiece status because it represents the vision of a major writer in contact, and often in conflict, with the common beliefs and behavior of his times.
RESEÑA de: Ballesteros Dorado, Ana Isabel. Manuel Bretón de los Herreros: más de cien estrenos en Madrid (1824-1840). Logroño : Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 2012.
Authors: González Subías José Luis
Published: July 2020

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RESEÑA de: Illanes, Inmaculada; Travieso, Mercedes (eds.). El mar: imágenes y escrituras. Berna [etc] : Peter Lang, 2013.
Authors: Yllera Alicia
Published: July 2020

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RESEÑA de: Martínez Cantón, Clara Isabel. El ritmo como clave del verso en Antonio Colinas. León : Universidad de León, 2013.
Authors: Polo Cano Nuria
Published: July 2020

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RESEÑA de: Monti, Silvia; Bellomi, Paola (eds.). Scene di vita : l’impegno civile nel teatro spagnolo contemporaneo. Alessandria : Edizioni dell’Orso, 2012.
Authors: Pantaleo Walter
Published: July 2020

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RESEÑA de: Neira, Julio. Historia poética de Nueva York en la España contemporánea. Madrid : Cátedra, 2012 ; Geometría y angustia : poetas españoles en Nueva York (ed. e introd.). Sevilla : Vandalia, 2012.
Authors: Morelli Gabriele
Published: July 2020

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What Kind of Citizen is Philosophy for Children Educating? What Kind of Citizen Should it be Educating?
Authors: Michaud Olivier
Published: July 2020

Philosophy for Children (henceforth P4C) is a program and a pedagogy for teaching philosophy in k-12 school that was first developed by Matthew Lipman and Ann Margaret Sharp. The P4C approach is generally presented as a valuable form of education for democratic citizenship. This relationship is so obvious that it often remains underdeveloped: P4C is constructed with the goal of developing children to be critical thinkers and to know how to dialogue with others, which are also hallmarks of what is wanted in the citizens of our democracies. The objective of this article is to explore and deepen this connection by analyzing how it has been developed in the literature of the P4C movement. What emerges from this study is that there are differences of opinions as to why P4C is an appropriate kind of education for democracy. From the texts analyzed, three pedagogies stood out in that regard: Deweyan pedagogy, critical pedagogy, and pedagogy of interruption. I analyze the different visions of P4C as a democratic education in each of these, present the different criticisms they offer to P4C in that regard, and propose how P4C may answer these criticisms. I conclude with the importance of practitioners being aware of the different perspectives that encompass P4C concerning its role for education for democratic citizenship.
L’indépendance des auditeurs internes dans l’administration publique du Québec
Authors: Nonki Tadida1 Eriole Zita , Daigneault23 Pierre-Marc
Published: July 2020

L’audit interne est une fonction contributive à la performance gouvernementale. Pour atteindre son objectif qui est de donner une assurance raisonnable quant à la maîtrise des risques d’une organisation, les normes internationales et les textes régissant la fonction exigent qu’elle soit objective et indépendante. Cet article présente un état des lieux de l’indépendance des auditeurs internes dans l’administration publique du Québec et une analyse de ses implications. Les données de l’étude proviennent d’un portrait de la fonction d’audit interne dans les ministères et organismes réalisé par le Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor. Selon nos résultats, si les règles d’indépendance perçue sont bien établies dans l’administration publique québécoise, l’indépendance réelle des auditeurs internes pourrait être renforcée, et le comité d’audit pourrait jouer un rôle important en ce sens.
Performance of Natural Coagulants in the Treatment of Vegetable Oil Industrial Effluent
Authors: Onyesolu C. F. Okey- , Okoye C. C. , Ude C. N. , Onukwuli O. D. , Achugbu O. E.
Published: July 2020

The potentials of natural coagulants (egg shell and fish scale) in the treatment of vegetable oil industrial wastewater were investigated. The coagulants were characterized to determine their chemical compositions, functional groups and morphology using proximate analysis method, Fourier Infra-red spectroscope (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. The industrial wastewater was equally characterized to determine its heavy metal composition and physico-chemical properties. The effects of various process parameters such as pH, coagulants dosage, time and temperature were examined during the treatment of the waste water using the natural coagulants. The proximate analysis shows that Fish Scale Coagulant (FSC) contains more carbohydrate, 42.30% while Egg Shell Coagulant (ESC) has protein content of 39.65%. It was discovered that the coagulating properties of both FSC and ESC improve after extraction due to presence of isocyanates, isothiocyadilimides, azides, ketenes, aldehydes and ketone. The turbidity of the wastewater was very high (365NTU) above the WHO recommended value. The process variables have significant effects on the coagulation with best removal efficiency of 88.54% for ESC and 74.12% for FSC at pH of 4.0 (ESC) and pH of 7.0(FSC); 0.5 g/L (ESC) and 0.04 g/L (FSC) coagulant dosage and temperature of 40°C. Therefore, both coagulants are effective in treating vegetable oil effluent but egg shell coagulant was found to be a better coagulant. Further research on optimization, kinetics and thermodynamics of the coagulation process using ESC and FSC should be carried out.
Enhancing and Conservation of Ecosystem through Philatelic Education in Europe: Think Green Concept (IV) - The Second Research Study on First-Day Covers
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Coman Mirela , Pop Alexandru Leonard
Published: July 2020

EUROPA stamps are special stamps issued by European postal administrations and bears the official EUROPA logo, a PostEurop registered trademark under the aegis of PostEurop in which Europe is the central theme. EUROPA stamps underline cooperation in the posts domain, taking into account the promotion of thematic philately. They also build awareness of the common roots, culture and history of Europe, and its common goals. As such, EUROPA stamp issues are among the most collected and most popular stamps in the world. Europa Stamps 2016 are very special stamps with the “Think Green” theme aimed to create awareness and give a wakeup call - its time to protect our environment for the better future of the new generations, and to contribute to socio-economical development. In this paper, we propose an insight into the history of European preoccupations for natural heritage conservation and for environmental protection and bring into the discussion only the significant concerns in promoting ecological educational via thematic issues (in this case, Think green! issues). In this context, the main objective was to identify, index, and describe the main philatelic pieces - in particular first-day covers - issued in European countries (starting with Italy and ending with the Vatican), from the beginning of issuing.
A Study on the Sums of Squares of Generalized Fibonacci Numbers: Closed Forms of the Sum Formulas Σn k=0 kxkW2 k and Σn k=1 kxkW2- k
Authors: Soykan Y¨uksel
Published: July 2020

In this paper, closed forms of the sum formulas Σn k=0 kxkW2 k and Σn k=1 kxkW2 -k for the squares of generalized Fibonacci numbers are presented. As special cases, we give sum formulas of Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Pell-Lucas, Jacobsthal, Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers. We present the proofs to indicate how these formulas, in general, were discovered. Of course, all the listed formulas may be proved by induction, but that method of proof gives no clue about their discovery. Our work generalize second order recurrence relations.
Some Analytical Considerations Regarding the Traveling Salesman Problem Solved with Wolfram Mathematica Applications
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Lauran Alexandru , Coman Mirela
Published: July 2020

The paper presents an introduction to the Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) algorithm and methods for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). Documenting, understanding and knowledge of concepts regarding the emergent behavior and intelligence swarms optimization, easily led on solving the Travelling Salesman Problem using a computational program, such as Mathematics Wolfram via Creative Demostration Projects (*.cdf) module.

The proposed application runs for a different number of ants, a different number of ants, a different number of leaders (elite ants), and a different pheromone evaporation index. As a result it can be stated that the execution time of the algorithm to solve the TSP is direct and strictly proportional to the number of ants, cities and elite ants considered, the increase of the execution time increasing significantly with the increase of the variables.
Characteristics of the New Coronavirus Named SARS-CoV-2 Responsible for an Infection Called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Mbaye Modou Mamoune , Khalfi Bouchra El , Hafiane Said El , Soukri Abdelaziz
Published: July 2020

The new coronavirus called Covid-19, previously known as 2019-nCOV that has been reported in China, is rapidly spreading around the world at breakneck speed. Covid-19, a virus that was unknown to us before the outbreak in Wuhan (China) in December 2019, remains a major public health problem today. However, a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as responsible for this disease. Human-to-human transmission is no longer a matter of debate. In general, 2019-nCOV is an infectious, acute resolved disease, but it can also be very fatal especially with certain comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction or even chronic bronchitis. The main symptoms of Covid-19 are fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness / pain, respectively. Until now, the source of the virus and the pathogenesis of this disease remain unknown. Considering the speed of propagation, the mortality rate in the world and its economic consequences, it is urgent to find drugs for the treatment even a vaccine in order to cut short the Covid-19. In this article, we will try to detail all the information relating to this virus.
Rising Temperatures and Cereal Production in Cameroon
Authors: Stephan Demanou Neigha , Christel Mapa Kamdoum Géneviève
Published: July 2020

This paper assesses the impact of rising temperatures on cereal production in Cameroon over the period 1980-2016. To achieve this objective, we used Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL). Short and long-term results show that rising temperatures do not affect cereal production in Cameroon. It would therefore be possible to extend this research work using climate projection data. Moreover, this work would also have been better if it had been done on all agricultural crops by subdividing the country into agro-ecological zones.
Camgirls
Authors: Sadowski Helga
Published: July 2020

The term camgirl refers to girls and women who use audiovisual digital media to communicate with public audiences. However, the meaning of the term is in flux: while it initially described early, tech‐savvy livecasting pioneers who put their everyday lives on display, it today more commonly means performers who engage in sexual behavior in front of the camera, usually in real time and often in exchange for financial compensation, and hybrid forms thereof. In a first step, this encyclopedia entry traces the historical development of the camgirl between those two poles. It discusses how the camgirl has been interpreted in different contexts and from varying perspectives (such as the male gaze, community building, pornography, intimacy, or empowerment). Second, it discusses contemporary successors and, finally, how the camgirl relates to a present online culture of ubiquitous self‐exposure.
Fan Girls
Authors: Hannell Briony
Published: July 2020

While fans have been widely studied within a number of disciplines, fan girls remain largely overlooked as the subject of scholarly attention. Adolescent girls are a rarely studied media audience. Participation in fan culture is a dominant girlhood trope and an integral part of the coming of age of preteen and teen girls in Western culture, and girls' fandom has a long and rich history across a variety of popular cultural formats dating back to the late Victorian period. By virtue of their age, gender, and performances of (hyper)femininity, fan girls are often subjected to the most derogatory stereotypes about fans by both cultural commentators and within fan culture more broadly. These stereotypes align fan girls with passivity, conformity, and triviality, and subsequently reinforce the patriarchal dismissal of girls' media cultures and forms of cultural consumption. However, a range of scholarship, particularly from feminist cultural studies and youth studies, challenges these understandings of fan girls as passive consumers of popular culture and instead emphasizes the role of girls' fandom as a pleasurable site for public expression, identity negotiation, sexual agency, friendship, community, and cultural creativity for girls.
Gender and Technology
Authors: Koinig Isabell , Diehl Sandra , Karmasin Matthias
Published: July 2020

In the network society, the topic of gender has received considerable attention on behalf of researchers. Even though technology is claimed to be gender‐neutral, reality is different as women and men have been found to fundamentally differ from one another on a very basic level, for example, as far as their communication patterns are concerned. Hence, it is no surprise that women's use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is no exception. Two major streams of research have dominated the field of gender and ICTs from the early 2000s, namely (a) gender and ICT use in general and (b) gendered ICT issues in the workplace. Research addressing gender and ICT use has taken up issues like ICT education and use among women, the domestication of ICT, as well as general aspects of ICT use, among others. In terms of work‐related issues, the most prominent topic concerns women's ability to manage the demands of both their professional and private lives—as well as how ICTs in the workplace enable them to develop or improve their IT skills, which are also found to be gendered.
Gendered Hate Online
Authors: Mattheis Ashley A. , Waltman Michael S.
Published: July 2020

This entry addresses the current state of gendered hate online focusing on the linkages between a broad‐ranging and loosely grouped collection of masculinist online “communities” known colloquially as the manosphere and the alt‐right. Of particular concern are links between these groups and increasing gendered violence along with the movement of gendered hate from fringe groups into mainstream social, and political culture. This movement has been enabled by the development of internet media through the technological affordances of social media and the wide proliferation of Wi‐Fi and smartphone technologies. The academic literature on this topic is limited and spread across a broad range of disciplines making it difficult for nonspecialists to find. This entry uses both popular and academic sources to provide an overview of the relationships between these online cultures and their linkages to gender, media, and communication. Thus we provide an overview of and context for forms and practices of gendered hate as they currently occur online including misogyny directed at women, the feminization of out‐group men, and vitriol aimed especially at feminists of either gender.
Gendered Identities Online
Authors: Mainardi Arianna
Published: July 2020

This entry offers an overview of those studies that have focused on the relationship between identity and gender, connecting gender to the issue of digital media in order to understand the current challenges of a gendered identity in an online environment. Against this background, the entry discusses the multifaceted perspectives of gender and feminist studies on the relationship between identity and technologies. Second, it explores that line of thought that has approached the internet as a space of experimentation for gender and identities by looking specifically at how gender performances may have changed, from the dichotomy between virtual and real to that between online and offline spaces, and by paying particular attention to the aspects of gender swapping, anonymity, and visuality. It explores the relationship between embodiment and disembodiment in the online experience by looking at materiality, sexuality, and experimentation. Finally, it looks at social media and mobile digital technologies in order to examine some of the major issues surrounding identity, gender, and online experiences in the present day, such as security and privacy, or the tension between sexual control and freedom of gender expression.
Feminist/Activist Responses to Online Abuse
Authors: Andreasen Maja Brandt
Published: July 2020

This entry outlines the ways in which feminist activists have responded to gendered abuse online. Online abuse is disproportionately targeted toward women and is characterized as particularly gendered as it targets their gender, appearance, and sexuality. This abuse can take the form of trolling, hate speech, rape and death threats, and image‐based sexual abuse. As the internet provided a space for online abuse it simultaneously created a platform for feminist activists to challenge this abuse. This entry outlines the variety of digital feminist activism which allows for women to document and share their experiences of abuse and to draw attention to the problem. The type of digital activism varies throughout the world and often draws attention to offline issues of rape, sexual abuse, and sexual assault. Through a number of examples of famous hashtags, it is shown how hashtag activism enables women to draw attention to a specific issue and discuss this collectively under a hashtag. A more individualist approach to digital feminist activism is that of digital vigilantism, or digilantism, in which individual women call out, shame, and ridicule online abusers and men's rights activists—often using humor as a means of communication. Finally, digital feminist activism functions as a counter‐narrative to mainstream media discourse and the entry discusses the potential for social change for the various strategies of digital feminist activism.
LGBTQIOnline
Authors: Mainardi Arianna , Pavan Elena
Published: July 2020

The entry examines some crucial ways in which LGBTQI people take advantage of pervasive digital communications affordances in their struggle for achieving full recognition and their rights in the digital as well as in the offline social spaces. This entry proposes that an understanding of the possibilities and the challenges offered by digital media to the LGBTQI community can be reached by considering both the material and the social aspects that structure the multifaceted relationship between LGBTQI people and digital media. The entry provides an introductory overview on these two orders of aspects, beginning from material ones—that is, by accounting for the (still few) reflections on the role that digital media affordances and working logics play in LGBTQI life. The entry then proceeds by focusing on the social aspects by looking at three broad sets of media practices that are particularly relevant to understand the potentialities and the risks that digital media bring forward to the LGBTQI world: representation and identity construction, community building, and activism.
Podcasting
Authors: Brown Stephanie Anne
Published: July 2020

Less than two decades old, podcasting is a relatively new audio broadcasting technology associated both with the disruption and renewal of older forms of media and technology. This entry introduces the term
podcast
, its origin, and its multiple meanings before tracing its stages of technological development. Cultural meanings associated with podcasting are discussed, including the tension between liberating and conservative discourses, the form's relationship to radio and other legacy media, and ideals of intimacy, personalization, seriality, and disruption. Next, the entry explores podcasting's potential for activism and organizing, increasing marginalized representation, centering feminine vocal qualities, questioning masculine definitions of authority, advancing feminist storytelling techniques, building communities, and archiving marginalized histories before closing with a warning about the possibility of the institutionalization and professionalization of podcasting disrupting such potential.
Selfies and Sexual Identities
Authors: Longstaff Gareth
Published: July 2020

Selfies which set out to capture the sexual identity of the photographer are complex. The process of the
“self photographing the self ”
with the intention of uploading to social media positions that person as a combined producer and consumer of sexual meaning. Selfies also tend to repeat and reiterate sets of cultural and representational norms associated with sexual desire that the subject will have assimilated in various ways. Because the photographer is the subject and the subject is the photographer their judgments and ideas allied to their own sexual identity are caught between self and other. Here there is a paradox which locates the selfie as a tool of individual sexual agency and self‐expression, and also a commodity‐driven spectacle continually enmeshed in capitalism, consumer demand, and celebrity culture.
Women, Technology, and the Gender Gap
Authors: Rüst Annina
Published: July 2020

The technology gender gap is a phenomenon with many interconnecting parts. This entry describes the history of the technology gender gap and the experiences of women working in technology professions today. It also examines consequences that the technology gender gap has on technology creation processes and products. The entry will conclude with a survey of initiatives aiming to counter the technology gender gap.
Women's Blogs
Authors: Chen Gina Masullo , Huang Q. Elyse
Published: July 2020

Women's blogs are a potent subset of the phenomenon of blogging, defined as relatively short online posts written in reverse chronological order. Women's blogs include subgenres, such as mommy blogs and feminist blogs, and are generally focused on the lived experiences of women, their personal narratives, and their struggles for identity in today's fast‐paced world. They offer women a sense of empowerment as they connect with other women by sharing personal stories and vulnerabilities. Thus, women's blogs differ from the male‐dominated filter blogs, which aim to filter web content by sharing links. Like many forms of communication that women favor, women's blogs have faced obstacles in achieving the same notoriety as men's blogs. They are often viewed as less valuable or credible than men's blogs, illustrating the way communication that women value is often seen as less important in society as a whole. In addition, women's blogs have drawn the same type of gendered harassment that women experience on social media, in online comment streams, or offline. As a result, women's blogs offer an important vehicle for female voice on the internet, but they also demonstrate the way societal norms attempt to silence that voice.
Feminist Data Studies
Authors: Luka Mary Elizabeth , Leurs Koen
Published: July 2020

This entry explores intersectional data analysis rooted in social justice in the social sciences and humanities. The datalogical turn foregrounds the proliferation of algorithmic processing and data as an emergent regime of power/knowledge in the digital datafication of everyday life. Big Data, digital methods, and data studies are buzzwords that privilege modes of knowledge production to elevate quantitative, abstracted, and disembodied approaches over qualitative data approaches. However, database technologies and human experiences are always necessarily mutually constituted. Infrastructures, categorizations, and algorithmic processing are commonly black‐boxed and therefore invisible with the consequence that data generated is never raw, but always cooked. These processes are not devoid of different forms of cultural prejudices and discriminations, rather they are often used to exacerbate gendered, sexed, racialized, and classed power hierarchies. Subtopics to be discussed in this entry include feminist ethics of care and alternative data studies; examinations of digital infrastructures including e‐waste and assemblages of hardware and software; and critiques of data gathering and data visualizations.
Girls and Japanese Popular Culture
Authors: Shamoon Deborah
Published: July 2020

Teenage girls are a central part of Japanese popular culture. The term
shōjo
(girl) came into usage at the beginning of Japan's modern era, in the late 19th century, to indicate the liminal state between childhood and adulthood, usually spent attending secondary school. Girls' secondary schools in the early 20th century formed a discrete girls' culture. Representations of girls in popular culture can be roughly divided into two groups, those created by and for adult men, and those created within girls' culture and for a teenage girl audience. The former often features sexualized or exploitative depictions of girls and represent male desires and fears about the sexuality of young women, while the latter emphasizes purity, innocence, and freedom, if in proscribed or limited ways.
Mediatization
Authors: Franchi Marina
Published: July 2020

Mediatization became a central concept in media and communication studies in the early 2000s. Mediatization calls for a critical engagement with the changes invested in media and their role in high modern societies, and the effects of those changes. Such a process is understood to have profound gendered consequences. Particularly crucial are the reflections around the empowering/disempowering effects of the pervasive presence of media in our lives and, in particular, on their role in both reproducing and disrupting hegemonic understanding of gender and sexuality. This entry focuses especially on the mediatization of politics and its role in perpetuating discourses that tend to marginalize and minoritize those who do not conform to a deeply gendered and racialized ideal of power. It then examines how the emancipatory and transformative power of social media is deeply intertwined with practices that reproduce conservative gender politics.
Participatory and Networked Cultures
Authors: Zobl Elke , Drüeke Ricarda
Published: July 2020

Participatory and networked cultures are closely connected with the history and development of do‐it‐yourself (DIY) cultures. The concept of participatory culture has been developed in cultural studies, communication and media studies, art history, gender studies, media pedagogy, and social movement research. Interdisciplinary research has focused on processes and practices of participation, alternative media production, digital media, online communities, and fandom as well as on pedagogical implications. Alternative media and participatory cultural practices are also of seminal importance to the production of critical publics and can be seen as part of networked cultures. In recent decades, scholars have offered a range of conceptual frameworks to define the different purposes, processes, and contents of participatory and networked cultures and cultures of participation. Various queer‐feminist analyses have taken participatory practices in alternative media and cultural production and their networks into account, as well as DIY informal learning spaces and collective actions online (such as zines, Ladyfest, and blogs). While participatory cultures can be conceptualized as a politicized vision of a more democratic, emancipatory world, where more people have access to the means of knowledge and cultural production, it is important not to implicitly associate them with progressive and resistant cultures—and at the same time, to consider the commercial and capitalist forms of cultural production.
Pornography as Education
Authors: Cardoso Daniel
Published: July 2020

As a media category whose social and cultural role is heavily contested, pornography is often framed as a threat to sexual mores, to cultural propriety, and gender equality, and the savior of the same elements. In both perspectives, pornography is seen as educational—both in the emancipatory and in the regressive sense of the word. The way pornography functions —and does not function—as education is discussed, as are the implications of each perspective, the presuppositions around what pornography is and does, and how to go beyond simplistic “media effects” models in favor of a situated look at the available media and cultural resources that are available to various people in different ways. This different outlook can help foster gender and sexual diversity, but does not guarantee it.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Seddighi Gilda , Tafakori Sara
Published: July 2020

Postcolonialism situates media representations and practices within global relations of power as shaped by colonial histories, and questions paradigms of media technologies as bringers of modernity, seen in celebratory accounts of the political and cultural impacts of social media. In feminist and gender studies, this means critiquing the distinctions created between emancipated “first‐world” and oppressed “third‐world” woman—ideas that have been mobilized in racialized discourses around the often conjoined figures of the migrant and the Muslim in mainstream representations.
Trans Identity in the Media
Authors: Keys Wendy , Pini Barbara
Published: July 2020

In this entry we focus on two key aspects of trans identity in the media. We begin by reviewing the area of scholarship that has elicited the most interest from media studies academics, that is, representations of trans people in the media. We review earlier as well as more recent work to demonstrate that while there has been an increased trans presence in the media, this is not necessarily indicative of a move to trans inclusion and equality. Included in this review is a discussion on the increasing hegemony of the “wrong body” discourse in mediated narratives of trans lives. We then move from representations to consider the literature on trans people as producers and consumers of media. We reveal that, with the growth of social media, this is an area of increasing research interest. We highlight that studies have shown trans people, whose everyday realities may differ from mainstream media depictions, are actively engaged in producing, distributing, and consuming their own media to build new social networks and affirm their lives.
Women in the Advertising Industry
Authors: Kurultay Ayşe Binay
Published: July 2020

This entry aims to take a snapshot of the women advertisers' position in the advertising industry based on global studies. Tracing women's growing place in advertising is important in terms of presenting a model for gender equality and women's rights. There is unanimous agreement in literature that being a woman, especially a woman with children, negatively impacts an advertising professional's career. Horizontal and vertical segregation, glass ceiling, sticky floor, the pink ghetto, and hegemonic masculinity present in the advertising agency cultures are all various ways that hold women back in the advertising industry, especially in the creative departments.
Women's Pornography Cultures
Authors: Popolla Mariella
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to women's pornography cultures. Starting from the rebuilding of the positions that animated the debate in so‐called “sex wars” since the 1970s, with the opposition between anti‐pornographic and pro‐sex authors, it will focus on the emergence of audiovisual pornographies “by women for women” before and “feminist” later. The entry will explore some of their distinguishing marks and discourses and their relationship with the broader cultural and social context, with the so called “mainstream pornography” and with other sexual products such as magazines and sex toys' retailers.
British Women's Amateur Film Production
Authors: Motrescu‐Mayes Annamaria , Nicholson Heather Norris
Published: July 2020

British women's amateur film practice contributes to the rapidly growing specialist field of amateur film studies and to broader cinematic trajectories and media history. Over almost 90 years women used evolving camera technologies—cine, video, and digital—to create visual stories about their lives and the world around them and to experiment with other genres, namely animation and fiction. Their visual practice intersects with wider societal changes and discloses how women negotiated aspects of changing lifestyles, attitudes, and opportunities. Their varied reasons for making and showing films, whether in imperial, postcolonial, or contemporary Britain, and during their years overseas, evidence self‐expression, creativity, and agency. Their informal perspectives differ from the dominant narratives of late imperialism which were mediated via documentary and newsreel productions. Women's amateur films depict interactions shaped by class, gender, and race and disclose subjectivities and perceptions that suggest their filmmakers' responses to changing circumstances, expectations, and notions of authority. Interrogating women's amateur films draws on cross‐archival research, identifies films from public and specialist collections and uses theoretical perspectives central to issues of identity, gender, race and status, national and (post‐)imperial history, visual politics, cinema history, and new media scholarship.
Fashion Media
Authors: Vänskä Annamari
Published: July 2020

Fashion is not only something people buy or wear, fashion is also an image disseminated by the fashion media. Fashion is a form of communication in the visual or image form. Since fashion is closely tied to imagery, it is communicated to consumers through the use of diverse visual media from the traditional fashion magazine to contemporary digital online platforms (blogs, Instagram). Fashion media underline the importance of looking at images of fashion. They describe and transmit meanings related to what is in fashion. When fashion is understood as visual communication, the processes by which meanings are constructed by images also becomes important. The visual representations of fashion intertwine with the body as classed, gendered, and sexualized. This makes fashion media and their related images crucial tools in building the consumers' classed, gendered, and sexualized identities. They are part of the broader fashion culture that formulates and normalizes meanings related to ideal self.
Feminist Camp
Authors: Vazquez Asier Gil
Published: July 2020

Feminist camp is a term coined by Pamela Robertson in the mid‐1990s in order to understand how women, regardless of their sexuality, have produced and consumed female representations found in mass culture. Even if some scholars reclaimed it as a performative strategy exclusively available for the queer community, some other tendencies recognized its appeal for women as an oppositional discourse to the heteropatriarchal regime. Camp has been largely related to a sense of frivolity, irony, and parody that can be used as a disruptive practice that laughs with and also at binary and essentialist notions on gender. Therefore, studies on feminist camp regard theatrical and parodic representations of femininity and masculinity as a form to reduce gender roles to mere representations. Feminist camp's gender parody can be traced in representation and performances of some camp icons and texts that self‐consciously exaggerate the old gender stereotypes to the limit of rendering them artificial. Audiences, as well as their social and historical context, are pivotal in order to understand how women have historically engaged in feminist camp as a reception strategy that enables them to read against the grain those cultural texts that were and are produced within dominant ideologies.
Leeds Animation Workshop
Authors: Thomson Else
Published: July 2020

Leeds Animation Workshop (LAW) is one of the few surviving all‐female film cooperatives formed in the 1980s and was part of the radical, independent filmmaking sector in Britain thriving at that time. The workshop movement sought to foster an integrated filmmaking process in which production, distribution, and exhibition were carried out by small filmmaking units. LAW's collective approach encouraged equality with skill sharing and rotation of roles, working against the big business ethos of the mainstream film industry. Based in the northern UK city of Leeds the group is an example of regional filmmaking that emphasized issues pertinent to local, working class, Northern audiences while also dealing with the major political concerns of the time such as sexism, racism, privatization, the nuclear threat, the environment, and developing world debt. The main focus throughout their films is the effect of these issues on women's lives with all cartoons featuring female protagonists connecting them to feminist second‐wave activism. The use of humor and simple line drawings, compressed in a short time span, are part of LAW's strategy to present in an accessible form, complex issues, designed to attract a wide, popular audience. Several of their past key films are discussed while also covering the distribution and exhibition contexts both past and present, assessing the position of the collective in an era of renewed feminist activism.