bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepcidin knockout mice spontaneously develop chronic pancreatitis owing to cytoplasmic iron overload in acinar cells
Authors: Lunova Mariia , Schwarz Peggy , Nuraldeen Renwar , Levada Kateryna , Kuscuoglu Deniz , Stützle Michael , Vujić Spasić Maja , Haybaeck Johannes , Ruchala Piotr , Jirsa Milan , Deschemin Jean‐Christophe , Vaulont Sophie , Trautwein Christian , Strnad Pavel
Published: October 2016

Iron is both an essential and a potentially toxic element, and its systemic homeostasis is controlled by the iron hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the cellular iron exporter ferroportin, causes its degradation, and thereby diminishes iron uptake from the intestine and the release of iron from macrophages. Given that hepcidin‐resistant ferroportin mutant mice show exocrine pancreas dysfunction, we analysed pancreata of aging hepcidin knockout (KO) mice. Hepcidin and Hfe KO mice were compared with wild‐type (WT) mice kept on standard or iron‐rich diets. Twelve‐month‐old hepcidin KO mice were subjected to daily minihepcidin PR73 treatment for 1 week. Six‐month‐old hepcidin KO mice showed cytoplasmic acinar iron overload and mild pancreatitis, together with elevated expression of the iron uptake mediators DMT1 and Zip14. Acinar atrophy, massive macrophage infiltration, fatty changes and pancreas fibrosis were noted in 1‐year‐old hepcidin KO mice. As an underlying mechanism, 6‐month‐old hepcidin KO mice showed increased pancreatic oxidative stress, with elevated DNA damage, apoptosis and activated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signalling. Neither iron overload nor pancreatic damage was observed in WT mice fed iron‐rich diet or in Hfe KO mice. Minihepcidin application to hepcidin KO mice led to an improvement in general health status and to iron redistribution from acinar cells to macrophages. It also resulted in decreased NF‐κB activation and reduced DNA damage. In conclusion, loss of hepcidin signalling in mice leads to iron overload‐induced chronic pancreatitis that is not seen in situations with less severe iron accumulation. The observed tissue injury can be reversed by hepcidin supplementation. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MIIP haploinsufficiency induces chromosomal instability and promotes tumour progression in colorectal cancer
Authors: Sun Yan , Ji Ping , Chen Tao , Zhou Xinhui , Yang Da , Guo Yuhong , Liu Yuexin , Hu Limei , Xia Dianren , Liu Yanxue , Multani Asha S , Shmulevich Ilya , Kucherlapati Raju , Kopetz Scott , Sood Anil K , Hamilton Stanley R , Sun Baocun , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2016

The gene encoding migration and invasion inhibitory protein (MIIP), located on 1p36.22, is a potential tumour suppressor gene in glioma. In this study, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of action of MIIP in colorectal cancer (CRC). MIIP protein expression gradually decreased along the colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence and was negatively correlated with lymph node and distant metastasis in 526 colorectal tissue samples (p < 0.05 for all). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data showed that decreased MIIP expression was significantly associated with MIIP hemizygous deletion (p = 0.0005), which was detected in 27.7% (52/188) of CRC cases, and associated with lymph node and distant metastasis (p < 0.05 for both). We deleted one copy of the MIIP gene in HCT116 CRC cells using zinc finger nuclease technology and demonstrated that MIIP haploinsufficiency resulted in increased colony formation and cell migration and invasion, which was consistent with the results from siRNA‐mediated MIIP knockdown in two CRC cell lines (p < 0.05 for all). Moreover, MIIP haploinsufficiency promoted CRC progression in vivo (p < 0.05). Genomic instability and spectral karyotyping assays demonstrated that MIIP haploinsufficiency induced chromosomal instability (CIN). Besides modulating the downstream proteins of APC/CCdc20, securin and cyclin B1, MIIP haploinsufficiency inhibited topoisomerase II (Topo II) activity and induced chromosomal missegregation. Therefore, we report that MIIP is a novel potential tumour suppressor gene in CRC. Moreover, we characterized the MIIP gene as a novel CIN suppressor gene, through altering the stability of mitotic checkpoint proteins and disturbing Topo II activity. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unraveling the localization behavior of MWCNTs in binary polymer blends using thermodynamics and viscoelastic approaches
Authors: Rostami Amir , Vahdati Mehdi , Nazockdast Hossein
Published: October 2016

Using thermodynamics and viscoelastic approaches, the present work evaluated the localization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in binary polymer blends with matrix/dispersed morphologies from pairs of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP). Thermodynamic predictions suggested that the MWCNTs should preferentially localize at the blend interface for all the nanocomposite samples. However, viscoelastic measurements showed that the MWCNTs localize elsewhere in the binary blend samples, either in the matrix, the droplets, or both; this suggests that the thermodynamic parameters were not the only ones at work. Linear viscoelastic experiments showed that the affinity toward the individual polymers was in the following order: PS ≫ PP > PMMA. Furthermore, it was shown that the dispersive mixing of the MWCNTs in the blend components was mainly controlled by the rheological properties. This was further confirmed by start‐up experiments, electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Therefore, the kinetic parameters needed to be considered in determining where the MWCNTs eventually ended up in the binary polymer blends. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2356–2367, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structure–property relations of nylon‐6 and polytetramethylene glycol based multiblock copolymers with microphase separation prepared through reactive processing
Authors: Kong Weibo , Yang Yunyun , Liu Zhimeng , Jiang Liang , Zhou Changlin , Lei Jingxin
Published: October 2016

A series of poly(urethane‐urea‐amide) thermoplastic elastomers (PUUAs) based on polytetrahydrofuran (polytetramethylene glycol, PTMG), nylon‐6 and 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate were synthesized through reactive processing. This method solved the incompatibility of nylon‐6 and PTMG, and these model elastomers were used to gain insight into the structure–property relations of block polymers. The target products were solvent resistant, transparent and melting‐processable. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD, DSC, TEM, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile testing and TGA were used to study the structure, crystallization, morphology, mechanical properties and thermostability of the PUUAs. The Fourier transform infrared results proved the successful preparation of PUUAs from nylon‐6 and PTMG. TEM examination showed that all samples exhibit microphase separated morphology with the nylon‐6 domain dispersed in the PTMG phase. The results of tensile testing indicated that the elastomers exhibit excellent mechanical properties with stress at break and strain at break exceeding 40 MPa and 600% respectively. The TGA results implied that the PUUAs can be fabricated by transitional processing at proper temperature without any thermodegradation. These favorable features were related to the microphase separated structure of the PUUAs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Thiol‐acrylate main‐chain liquid‐crystalline elastomers with tunable thermomechanical properties and actuation strain
Authors: Saed Mohand O. , Torbati Amir H. , Starr Chelsea A. , Visvanathan Rayshan , Clark Noel A. , Yakacki Christopher M.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cross‐linking on the thermomechanical behavior of liquid‐crystalline elastomers (LCEs). Main‐chain LCE networks were synthesized via a thiol‐acrylate Michael addition reaction. The robust nature of this reaction allowed for tailoring of the behavior of the LCEs by varying the concentration and functionality of the cross‐linker. The isotropic rubbery modulus, glass transition temperature, and strain‐to‐failure showed strong dependence on cross‐linker concentration and ranged from 0.9 MPa, 3 °C, and 105% to 3.2 MPa, 25 °C, and 853%, respectively. The isotropic transition temperature (Ti) was shown to be influenced by the functionality of the cross‐linker, ranging from 70 °C to 80 °C fortri‐ andtetra‐functional cross‐linkers. The magnitude of actuation can be tailored by controlling the amount of cross‐linker and applied stress. Actuation increased with increased applied stress and decreased with greater amounts of cross‐linking. The maximum strain actuation achieved was 296% under 100 kPa of bias stress, which resulted in work capacity of 296 kJ/m3for the lowest cross‐linked networks. Overall, the experimental results provide a fundamental insight linking thermomechanical properties and actuation to a homogenous polydomainnematicLCE networks with order parameters of 0.80 when stretched. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2017,55, 157–168
Unusual dynamics of ring probes in linear matrices
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin
Published: October 2016

We perform Monte Carlo simulations of ring and linear polymers in linear matrices, and investigate the diffusivity of the probes. As the matrix chain length Nm is increased from 10 to 300 monomers, the diffusivity Dl of a linear probe (Nl = 300) decreases monotonically, while that of a ring probe Dr varies non‐monotonically, with a peak around
. We perform additional simulations with a single probe molecule (
) in a linear matrix (
). The non‐monotonicity in Dr persists even after ring–ring interactions are eliminated. Topology dependent differences in the short‐time dynamics of the probes are observed; unlike linear probes, mean‐squared displacements of ring probes depend on Nm. Primitive path analysis suggests that the difference in dynamics originates from differences in entanglement structure. For linear probes, the degree of entanglement is independent of Nm. For ring probes, we observe two regimes: when Nm is small, the number of threadings decreases as Nm increases, eventually transitioning to a plateau. In the small Nm regime, the change in the degree of entanglement offsets the change in the mobility of the matrix chains, leading to a non‐monotonic variation in Dr. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 169–177
Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and mortality: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stein Renato T. , Bont Louis J. , Zar Heather , Polack Fernando P. , Park Caroline , Claxton Ami , Borok Gerald , Butylkova Yekaterina , Wegzyn Colleen
Published: October 2016

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major public health burden worldwide. We aimed to review the current literature on the incidence and mortality of severe RSV in children globally. Methods: Systematic literature review and meta‐analysis of published data from 2000 onwards, reporting on burden of acute respiratory infection (ARI) due to RSV in children. Main outcomes were hospitalization for severe RSV‐ARI and death. Results: Five thousand two hundred and seventy‐four references were identified. Fifty‐five studies were included from 32 countries. The global RSV‐ARI hospitalization estimates, reported per 1,000 children per year (95% Credible Interval (CrI), were 4.37 (2.98, 6.42) among children <5 years, 19.19 (15.04, 24.48) among children <1 year, 20.01 (9.65, 41.31) among children <6 months and 63.85 (37.52, 109.70) among premature children <1 year. The RSV‐ARI global case‐fatality estimates, reported per 1,000 children, (95% Crl) were 6.21 (2.64, 13.73) among children <5 years, 6.60 (1.85, 16.93) for children <1 year, and 1.04 (0.17, 12.06) among preterm children <1 year. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of RSV‐associated morbidity occurs in the first year of life, especially in children born prematurely. These data affirm the importance of RSV disease in the causation of hospitalization and as a significant contributor to pediatric mortality and further demonstrate gestational age as a critical determinant of disease severity. An important limitation of case‐fatality ratios is the absence of individual patient characteristics of non‐surviving patients. Moreover, case‐fatality ratios cannot be translated to population‐based mortality. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:556–569. © 2016 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of non‐acid gastro‐esophageal reflux in children with respiratory symptoms
Authors: Zenzeri Letizia , Quitadamo Paolo , Tambucci Renato , Ummarino Dario , Poziello Antonio , Miele Erasmo , Staiano Annamaria
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Respiratory symptoms are a possible atypical clinical picture of gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, a significant number of patients with GERD‐related respiratory symptoms do not report improvement despite aggressive acid‐suppressive therapy. Some of these refractory cases may be due to the recently appreciated entity of non‐acid or weakly acidic reflux. The aim of our study is to assess the pH‐impedance features of GER inducing airway symptoms, compared with GER inducing typical gastro‐intestinal (GI) symptoms.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled infants and children with GERD‐related respiratory symptoms from January 2015 to December 2015. Age‐ and sex‐matched patients with GERD‐related GI symptoms were enrolled as comparison group. The overall number, the acidity pattern, and the height of reflux episodes were compared between the two groups.

Results

Forty patients (M/F: 20/20; mean age: 58.3 months) were enrolled in the study group and 40 in the comparison group. The mean acid exposure index was 7.9% within the study group and 15.9% within the comparison group (p:0.026). Children with respiratory symptoms versus children with GI symptoms had a mean of 40.8 acid reflux episodes versus 62.4 (p:0.001), a mean of 2.2 weakly acid reflux episodes versus 20.1 (p:0.002), and a mean of 22.1 weakly alkaline reflux episodes versus 10.2 (P < 0.001). Separate analysis of both infants and children was performed.

Conclusions

The main finding of this prospective, controlled study is that children >1 year with GERD‐related respiratory symptoms showed a significantly higher number of weakly alkaline refluxes than children with GERD‐related GI symptoms. This supports the hypothesis that respiratory symptoms are less related to acidity than GI symptoms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:669–674. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Study on Behind‐Plate Overpressure Effect by Reactive Material Projectile
Authors: Xu Fengyue , Geng Baoqun , Zhang Xuepeng , Xiao Jianguang , Wang Haifu
Published: October 2016

The behind‐plate overpressure effect by a reactive material projectile with a density of 7.7 g cm−3 was investigated by ballistic impact and sealed chamber tests. The reactive projectile was launched onto the initially sealed test chamber with a 2024‐T3 aluminum cover plate with a thickness of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 10 mm, respectively. Moreover, the overpressure signals in the test chamber were recorded by a pressure sensor and a data acquisition system. The experimental results show that the behind‐plate overpressure effect is significantly influenced by plate thickness and impact velocity. For a given plate thickness, the peak overpressure in the test chamber shows an increasing trend with increase of impact velocity. However, for a given impact velocity, when impacting the 6 mm thick aluminum plate, the peak overpressure measured and the impulse delivered to chamber are higher than the values recorded for the 3 mm and 10 mm thick aluminum plates. As such, it is inferred that there is an optimum plate thickness to maximize the behind‐plate overpressure effect by reactive projectile.
Bayesian network and bow tie to analyze the risk of fire and explosion of pipelines
Authors: Bilal Zerouali , Mohammed Kara , Brahim Hamaidi
Published: October 2016

As accidents were and still one of the main reasons standing behind the increasing rates of casualties such as death, injuries, and evacuations, the constant improvement of safety measures especially in the field of hydrocarbons remains a major concern. Therefore, in the work in hand, we attempt to shed the light on the ways of developing a method for the evaluation of risks of fire and explosions of pipelines. The causes of the latter and consequences are, in one hand, analyzed by means of fault tree and bow tie methods. On the other hand, a quantitative analysis implementing the Bayesian networks is used to estimate the probability of occurrence of the adverse event. Moreover, 72 basic events were found to be of the primary causes provoking the occurrence of undesirable events. However, some experts often find it difficult to precisely determine the probabilities of occurrence of basic events of the tree. For the purpose of evaluating the occurrence of each basic event, we used the fuzzy logic. Hence, at the end of the study, we were able to develop a model that could help us evaluate the risks accompanied the fires and pipelines explosion as well as the consequences. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 202–212, 2017
Spider (Araneae) predations on white‐backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera in subtropical rice ecosystems, China
Authors: Wang Xue‐Qin , Wang Guang‐Hua , Zhu Zeng‐Rong , Tang Qi‐Yi , Hu Yang , Qiao Fei , Heong Kong Luen , Cheng Jia‐an
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Spiders are effective biological control agents in rice ecosystems, but the comparative study of predations among main spider species under field conditions has not been fully explored owing to a lack of practical methodology. In this study, more than 6000 spiders of dominant species were collected from subtropical rice ecosystems to compare their predations on Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (white‐backed planthopper, WBPH) using DNA‐based gut content analysis.

RESULTS

The positive rates for all spider taxa were closely related to prey densities, as well as their behaviors and niches. The relationships of positive rates to prey planthopper densities for Pardosa pseudoannulata (Böes. et Str.), Coleosoma octomaculata (Böes. et Str.), Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell and Ummeliata insecticeps (Böes. et Str.) under field conditions could be described using saturated response curves. Quantitative comparisons of predations among the four spider species confirmed that P. pseudoannulata and C. octomaculata were more rapacious than U. insecticeps and T. maxillosa under field conditions. A comparison of ratio of spiders to WBPH and positive rates between fields revealed that biological control by spiders could be effectively integrated with variety resistance.

CONCLUSION

Generalist spiders could follow up WBPH population timely, and assemblages of spiders coupled with variety resistance could effectively suppress WBPH population. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Graphene Quantum Dots‐Capped Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Platform for Controlled Drug Delivery, Magnetic Hyperthermia, and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Yao Xianxian , Niu Xingxing , Ma Kexin , Huang Ping , Grothe Julia , Kaskel Stefan , Zhu Yufang
Published: October 2016

A multifunctional platform is reported for synergistic therapy with controlled drug release, magnetic hyperthermia, and photothermal therapy, which is composed of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as caps and local photothermal generators and magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMSN) as drug carriers and magnetic thermoseeds. The structure, drug release behavior, magnetic hyperthermia capacity, photothermal effect, and synergistic therapeutic efficiency of the MMSN/GQDs nanoparticles are investigated. The results show that monodisperse MMSN/GQDs nanoparticles with the particle size of 100 nm can load doxorubicin (DOX) and trigger DOX release by low pH environment. Furthermore, the MMSN/GQDs nanoparticles can efficiently generate heat to the hyperthermia temperature under an alternating magnetic field or by near infrared irradiation. More importantly, breast cancer 4T1 cells as a model cellular system, the results indicate that compared with chemotherapy, magnetic hyperthermia or photothermal therapy alone, the combined chemo‐magnetic hyperthermia therapy or chemo‐photothermal therapy with the DOX‐loaded MMSN/GQDs nanosystem exhibits a significant synergistic effect, resulting in a higher efficacy to kill cancer cells. Therefore, the MMSN/GQDs multifunctional platform has great potential in cancer therapy for enhancing the therapeutic efficiency.
Unextended Complexes
Authors: Pickup Martin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2016

Extended simples are fruitfully discussed in metaphysics. They are entities which are located in a complex region of space but do not themselves have parts. In this paper, I will discuss unextended complexes: entities which are not located at a complex region of space but do themselves have parts. In particular, I focus on one type of unextended complex: pointy complexes (entities that have parts but are located at a single point of space). Four areas are indicated where pointy complexes might prove philosophically useful. Unextended complexes are therefore philosophically fruitful, in much the same way as extended simples.
Speaks’s Reduction of Propositions to Properties: A Benacerraf Problem
Authors: Dixon T. Scott , Gilmore Cody ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2016

Speaks (2014) defends the view that propositions are properties: for example, the proposition that grass is green is the property being such that grass is green. We argue that there is no reason to prefer Speaks’s theory to analogous but competing theories that identify propositions with, say, 2-adic relations. This style of argument has recently been deployed by many, including Moore (1999) and King (2007), against the view that propositions are n-tuples, and by Caplan and Tillman (2013) against King’s view that propositions are facts of a special sort.We offer our argument as an objection to the view that propositions are unsaturated (non-0-adic) relations.
Plasmaprimer
Authors: Janssens Joachim , Messelhäuser Johannes , Eisenlohr Jörg
Published: October 2016

Beim Ersatz von lösemittelhaltigen Lacken oder Haftvermittlern sind zum Teil neuartige Fertigungsverfahren notwendig. Die plasmaunterstützte Gasphasenabscheidung ermöglicht es, die Oberfläche von Bauteilen je nach Bedarf zu verändern, wobei das Verfahren die Chance birgt, Verbesserungen in der Haftung, der Handhabung und der Umweltverträglichkeit zu schaffen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein dem entsprechendes Verfahren und die Aussicht von Weiterentwicklungen vorgestellt.
Inside Cover Image, Volume 3, Issue 6
Authors: Zhang Ke , Kimball John S. , Running Steven W.
Published: October 2016

The inside cover image, by Ke Zhang et al., is based on the Advanced Review A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation, DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1168

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Cover Image, Volume 5, Issue 6
Authors: Chaker Zayna , Codega Paolo , Doetsch Fiona
Published: October 2016

The cover image, by Fiona Doetsch et al., is based on the Overview A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.248.

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Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 6
Authors: Huynh Elizabeth , Rajora Maneesha A. , Zheng Gang
Published: October 2016

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The cover image, by Gang Zheng et al., is based on the Advanced Review Multimodal micro, nano, and size conversion ultrasound agents for imaging and therapy, DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1398.
Die Rolle der Regionalplanung im Umgang mit Windenergiekonflikten in Deutschland und Perspektiven für die raumbezogene Forschung
Authors: Wirth Peter , Leibenath Markus
Published: October 2016

In Germany, regional planning plays a key role in the designation of sites for wind turbines. Relying on instruments such as “priority areas”, “suitable areas” and “exclusion areas”, regional planners have the legal authority to designate areas for wind energy schemes. Bearing in mind their leading role in the final decision regarding the siting of such plants, regional planners find themselves on the firing line between the supporters and opponents of wind power. The first group considers wind power as an efficient, clean and safe source of energy as well as an alternative to non-regenerative fuels. For the second group, wind farms present a risk to health and are drivers of an unwanted change of landscape. The aim of this paper is to examine the potentials and limitations of regional planning concerning these conflicts. Specifically, we investigate the ongoing regional plan for the Saxon planning region Oberes Elbtal/Osterzgebirge (Upper Elbe Valley/Eastern Ore Mountains). One interesting aspect of the planning process is a dedicated working group that aims to bring together supporters and opponents of wind energy. The results show that while regional planning can help to bring transparency to the planning process, it is unable to resolve the basic conflict between the two sides.
Modeling of magnetotelluric fields within a block geoelectric model of the southern border of the Chu Basin (Northern Tien Shan)
Authors: Belyavsky V.V. , Spichak V.V.
Published: October 2016

Three-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric fields made by 3D block modeling of magnetotelluric (MT) fields of geoelectric models permitted construction of alternative geoelectric models fitting real MT data. Based on their analysis, highly conductive zones have been identified at different depths of the crust. Their correct interpretation requires the use of reliable gravity, temperature, and seismic data. Sensitivity analysis of 3D MT model curves with respect to conductive crustal blocks has shown that it is advisable to use the maximum curves of the phase tensor to estimate the electrical conductivity of the crustal and mantle parts of the section. The information value of these curves is close to that of the maximum induction curve on mapping conductive blocks in the upper and middle crust. It is also shown that the real Wiese–Parkinson vectors provide high resolution on estimating the excess integrated conductivity of the crustal blocks. Therefore, magnetovariational sounding in the Northern Tien Shan should be continued.
Trachyandesites of the Mogot volcanic field (Stanovoi volcanoplutonic belt, East Siberia): age, geochemical features, and sources
Authors: Buchko I.V. , Sorokin A.A. , Ponomarchuk V.A. , Kotov A.B. , Travin A.V. , Kovach V.P.
Published: October 2016

The performed 40Ar/39Ar geochronological studies yielded the first reliable age of trachyandesites of the Mogot volcanic field (115 ± 3 Ma), which, together with the age of trachyandesites of the Bomnak volcanic field (117 ± 1 Ma), gives grounds to recognize a new stage (117–115 Ma) of evolution of the Stanovoi volcanoplutonic belt superposed on the igneous and metamorphic complexes of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoi superterrane of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and Stanovoi structural suture. The trachyandesites of the Mogot volcanic field are similar in geochemical features to adakites. Their parental melts resulted from the transformation of Precambrian continental crust under postcollisional extension after the formation of the Mongolo–Okhotsk orogen or under sliding along the boundary between the North Asian craton and the Amurian microcontinent.
Alluvial platinum-group minerals as indicators of primary PGE mineralization (placers of southern Siberia)
Authors: Zhmodik S.M. , Nesterenko G.V. , Airiyants E.V. , Belyanin D.K. , Kolpakov V.V. , Podlipsky M.Yu. , Karmanov N.S.
Published: October 2016

The platinum-group minerals (PGM) in placer deposits provide important information on the types of their primary source rocks and ores and formation and alteration conditions. Different characteristics of minerals can be determined by a set of conventional and modern in situ analytical techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)). A study of PGM from placers of southern Siberia (Kuznetsk Alatau, Gornaya Shoria, and Salair Ridge) shows that the morphology and composition of PGM grains, the texture, morphology, and composition of silicate, oxide, and intermetallic microinclusions, and the type of mineral alteration can serve as efficient indicators of the primary sources of PGM. The widespread rock associations in the Kuznetsk Alatau, Gornaya Shoria, and Salair Ridge, the compositions of PGM and microinclusions in them, and the dominant mineral assemblages testify to several possible primary sources of PGE mineralization: (1) Uralian–Alaskan-type intrusions; (2) ophiolite associations, including those formed in a subduction zone; (3) ultramafic alkaline massifs; and, probably, (4) rocks of the picrite–basalt association. The preservation of poorly rounded and unrounded PGM grains in many of the studied placers of the Altai–Sayan Folded Area (ASFA) suggests a short transport from their primary source.
Composition and parageneses of massive pyrolusite from the deep-water basin of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Astakhova N.V. , Lopatnikov E.A.
Published: October 2016

Hard fragments (crushed only by a hammer) of manganese deposits differing strongly in appearance from the regional ferromanganese crusts were sampled from depths of 3500–3200 m during the dredging of an unnamed seamount in the Central Basin of the Sea of Japan. Their surface has a black carbonaceous coating; after its removal, the crusts become steel-gray. The specific weight of these crust fragments is 3.35 g/cm3, whereas the regional crusts have a specific weight of <2 g/cm3. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the sampled fragments consist of pure pyrolusite. There are also fragments of crusts formed by todorokite and birnessite. All pyrolusite samples have an abnormally high content of Mn (up to 63%). The Mn/Fe ratio reaches 9016. The conclusion is drawn that the manganese crusts formed on this seamount are of hydrothermal genesis.
Capturing nonlinear dynamics of two-fluid Couette flows with asymptotic models
Authors: Kalogirou A. , Cîmpeanu R. , Keaveny E. E. , Papageorgiou D. T.
Published: October 2016

The nonlinear stability of two-fluid Couette flows is studied using a novel evolution equation whose dynamics is validated by direct numerical simulation (DNS). The evolution equation incorporates inertial effects at arbitrary Reynolds numbers through a non-local term arising from the coupling between the two fluid regions, and is valid when one of the layers is thin. The equation predicts asymmetric solutions and exhibits bistability, features that are essential observations in the experiments of Barthelet et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 303, 1995, pp. 23–53). Related low-inertia models have been used in qualitative predictions rather than the direct comparisons carried out here, and ad hoc modifications appear to be necessary in order to predict asymmetry and bistability. Comparisons between model solutions and DNS show excellent agreement at Reynolds numbers of $O(10^{3})$ found in the experiments. Direct comparisons are also made with the available experimental results of Barthelet et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 303, 1995, pp. 23–53) when the thin layer occupies $1/5$ of the channel height. Pointwise comparisons of the travelling wave shapes are carried out, and once again the agreement is very good.
THE MODIFIED QUANTUM WIGNER SYSTEM IN WEIGHTED -SPACE
Authors: LI BIN , YANG HAN
Published: October 2016

This paper is concerned with the modified Wigner (respectively, Wigner–Fokker–Planck) Poisson equation. The quantum mechanical model describes the transport of charged particles under the influence of the modified Poisson potential field without (respectively, with) the collision operator. Existence and uniqueness of a global mild solution to the initial boundary value problem in one dimension are established on a weighted $L^{2}$-space. The main difficulties are to derive a priori estimates on the modified Poisson equation and prove the Lipschitz properties of the appropriate potential term.
A NOTE ON ASYMPTOTIC NONBASES
Authors: LING DENG-RONG
Published: October 2016

Let $A$ be a subset of $\mathbb{N}$, the set of all nonnegative integers. For an integer $h\geq 2$, let $hA$ be the set of all sums of $h$ elements of $A$. The set $A$ is called an asymptotic basis of order $h$ if $hA$ contains all sufficiently large integers. Otherwise, $A$ is called an asymptotic nonbasis of order $h$. An asymptotic nonbasis $A$ of order $h$ is called a maximal asymptotic nonbasis of order $h$ if $A\cup \{a\}$ is an asymptotic basis of order $h$ for every $a\notin A$. In this paper, we construct a sequence of asymptotic nonbases of order $h$ for each $h\geq 2$, each of which is not a subset of a maximal asymptotic nonbasis of order $h$.
Exchanging a few commercial, regularly consumed food items with improved fat quality reduces total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ulven Stine M. , Leder Lena , Elind Elisabeth , Ottestad Inger , Christensen Jacob J. , Telle-Hansen Vibeke H. , Skjetne Anne J. , Raael Ellen , Sheikh Navida A. , Holck Marianne , Torvik Kristin , Lamglait Amandine , Thyholt Kari , Byfuglien Marte G. , Granlund Linda , Andersen Lene F. , Holven Kirsten B.
Published: October 2016

The healthy Nordic diet has been previously shown to have health beneficial effects among subjects at risk of CVD. However, the extent of food changes needed to achieve these effects is less explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exchanging a few commercially available, regularly consumed key food items (e.g. spread on bread, fat for cooking, cheese, bread and cereals) with improved fat quality on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and inflammatory markers in a double-blind randomised, controlled trial. In total, 115 moderately hypercholesterolaemic, non-statin-treated adults (25–70 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental diet group (Ex-diet group) or control diet group (C-diet group) for 8 weeks with commercially available food items with different fatty acid composition (replacing SFA with mostly n-6 PUFA). In the Ex-diet group, serum total cholesterol (P<0·001) and LDL-cholesterol (P<0·001) were reduced after 8 weeks, compared with the C-diet group. The difference in change between the two groups at the end of the study was −9 and −11 % in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. No difference in change in plasma levels of inflammatory markers (high-sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-6, soluble TNF receptor 1 and interferon-γ) was observed between the groups. In conclusion, exchanging a few regularly consumed food items with improved fat quality reduces total cholesterol, with no negative effect on levels of inflammatory markers. This shows that an exchange of a few commercially available food items was easy and manageable and led to clinically relevant cholesterol reduction, potentially affecting future CVD risk.
Labor Education in the Caribbean: A Critical Evaluation of Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad
Authors: Roberts Danny , Marsh Lauren
Published: October 2016

The achievements of the labor movement in the Caribbean are generally historicized without highlighting the contribution of labor colleges to the function and survivability of trade unions. For more than fifty years, labor colleges have played a critical role in developing the knowledge and skill sets of union members who had an interest in labor studies. Many will attribute the heydays of the Caribbean labor movement in the mid-1900s to the intellectual thrust given to the trade union movement by labor colleges. During this period, trade unions relied heavily on labor colleges for intellectual support and advice primarily on matters that required in-depth academic investigation. Support from the labor colleges enhanced the reputation of the labor movement by shifting popular notions that the trade union movement consisted only of the poor and illiterate working class. The effects of these parallel training activities have been positive for both the leadership of the trade union movement and the overall impact they have had on labor-management relationships. There has been a noted change in the pattern of trade union leadership where “the first generation leaders, considered by many as demagogic and messianic, have given way increasingly to a younger and more formally educated second and third generation leadership”.
The Industrious Revolution: A Concept Too Many?
Authors: Rosenband Leonard N.
Published: October 2016

Much of the recent debate in early modern European labor and economic history has centered on Jan de Vries’s concept of the industrious revolution. Briefly, he claimed that workers during the period 1650-1800 chose to labor longer hours, often at greater intensity, in order to consume novel manufactured goods and imported commodities. Moreover, plebeian families increasingly pursued new employments beyond the household to pay for these objects. As a result, men, women, and children spent ever more hours in waged labor, and their growing purchasing power proved decisive in stimulating large-scale European industrialization. My work on the history of French and English papermaking raises fundamental challenges to this model. First, paperworkers already labored exhausting hours at the outset of de Vries’s period of newfound industriousness. Second, masters and workers alike knew that they had to both “speed up” and “take their time” to turn out quality paper at the expected rate. Third, women and adolescent workers toiled for wages in paper mills long before the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. On the eve of large-scale mechanization, enduring shopfloor realities, skills, and quotas prevented a surge of productivity beyond papermaking’s familiar standards. With the demand for paper rising rapidly, it was the absence of an industrious revolution in papermaking that turned the manufacturers’ attention first to enlarged mills and small technological shifts, and finally, to the development of a papermaking machine.
Challenges of Working-Class Education at Present: The Landless Workers’ Movement Experience in Brazil
Authors: Vendramini Célia Regina , Stronzake Janaina , Stronzake Judite , Morais Sérgio Paulo
Published: October 2016

In this essay, we address the educational program and experiences of the Brazilian Landless Workers’ Movement (MST), as found in its camps, settlements, schools, and political training courses. One of the most active organized social movements in Brazil during the last thirty years, the MST combines political struggle with the organization of worker-controlled enterprises and educational opportunities for landless workers and their families. We begin with an excerpt from a report by one of us (Janaina Stronzake), which illustrates the ways in which the material conditions of an MST encampment led to a different kind of school, focused on the needs of students from the countryside.
Crystal chemistry and X-ray diffraction patterns for Co(NixZn1−x)Nb4O12(x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8)
Authors: Liu G. , Wong-Ng W. , Kaduk J. A.
Published: October 2016

X-ray reference powder patterns and structures have been determined for a series of cobalt-, nickel- and zinc-containing niobates, Co(NixZn1−x)Nb4O12(x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). The Co(NixZn1−x)Nb4O12series crystallize in the space group ofPbcn, which is of the disordered columbite-type structure (α-PbO2). The lattice parameters range froma= 14.11190(13) to 14.1569(3) Å,b= 5.69965(6) to 5.71209(13) Å,c= 5.03332(5) to 5.03673(11) Å, andV= 404.844(8) to 407.296(17) Å3fromx= 0.8 to 0.2, respectively. Co(NixZn1−x)Nb4O12contains double zig-zag chains of NbO6octahedra and single chain of (Ni,Zn,Co)O6octahedra run parallel to thebc-plane. Within the same chain the NbO6octahedra share edges, while the adjacent NbO6chains are joined to each other through common oxygen corners. These double NbO6chains are further linked together along the [100]-direction through another (Co,Ni,Zn)O6units, via common oxygen corners. The edge-sharing (Co,Ni,Zn)O6also forms zig-zag chains along thec-axis. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of this series of compounds have been submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File.
More Than a Game: Football Fans and Marriage Equality
Authors: Harrison Brian F. , Michelson Melissa R.
Published: October 2016

Public opinion tends to be stable. Once formed, attitudes are persistent and endure over time at both the individual and the aggregate levels. Attitudes toward marriage equality, however, have changed rapidly in recent years. This article posits that this is partly due to people learning that other members of their in-groups are supporters; they then alter their own opinions to be consistent with those of other in-group members. The authors tested this theory using a set of randomized survey experiments that shared identities as fans of professional football. When fans learn—sometimes unexpectedly—that other fans or athletes are supporters of marriage equality, they are motivated to agree in order to further normalize their membership in those sports-fan groups.
Correct Voting and Post-Election Regret
Authors: Blais André , Kilibarda Anja
Published: October 2016

Regret is a basic affect associated with individual choice. While much research in organizational science and consumer behavior has assessed the precedents and consequents of regret, little attention has been paid to regret in political science. The present study assesses the relationship between one of the most democratically consequential forms of political behavior—voting—and feelings of regret. We examine the extent to which citizens regret how they voted after doing so and the factors that might lead one individual to be more regretful than another. Relying on surveys in five different countries after 11 regional and national elections, we find not only that political information leads to a decrease in post-election regret, but also that having voted correctly, or having voted in accordance with one’s underlying preferences regardless of information, similarly mitigates regret. The effect of correct voting on regret is greater among the least informed.
Forecasting Presidential Nominations in 2016: #WePredictedClintonANDTrump
Authors: Dowdle Andrew J. , Adkins Randall E. , Sebold Karen , Cuellar Jarred
Published: October 2016

A number of scholars successfully modeled and predicted presidential nomination outcomes from 1996–2008. However, dramatic changes occurred in subsequent years that would seem to make replicating these results challenging at best. Building on those earlier studies, we utilize a series of OLS models that included measures of preprimary resources and early campaign successes or failures to forecast that Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump would win the Democratic and Republican presidential nominations in 2016. This outcome suggests that some fundamental factors governing nomination outcomes have not changed despite the conventional wisdom.
Social Desirability, Hidden Biases, and Support for Hillary Clinton
Authors: Claassen Ryan L. , Ryan John Barry
Published: October 2016

An emerging consensus suggests that women are underrepresented in government because of biases in the recruitment process instead of biases at the ballot box. These results, however, are largely for legislative offices, and research suggests that “male” characteristics are generally associated with executive positions like the presidency. At the same time, some research demonstrates social desirability masks gender biases against women who seek the highest office in the land. We use the historic candidacy of Hillary Clinton to examine if she faces hidden biases in either the primaries or the general election. Two different methods for uncovering hidden biases embedded in national surveys demonstrate small hidden biases that are likely electorally inconsequential.
Presidential Primary Turnout 1972–2016
Authors: Atkeson Lonna Rae , Maestas Cherie D.
Published: October 2016

We explore the implications of sequential presidential primary elections for turnout in selecting the presidential party nominees. Drawing from a micro-level theory of participation in sequential elections, we develop a set of aggregate-level hypotheses that tease out different ways that candidate mobilization efforts as well as the legal and institutional structures within a sequential contest influence turnout in presidential nomination contests. Using data from all state primary elections from 1972–2016, we find that electorates facing winnowed candidate pools, and those with contests after the effective endings to presidential contests have substantially reduced turnout that effectively disenfranchises voters in many states. Sequenced primary elections lead to lower overall turnout and less meaningful participation for many voters during presidential nominations contests.
Contra Koza
Authors: DeWitt Darin , Schwartz Thomas
Published: October 2016

Three of our arguments drew no objection from Dr. Koza. One is that plurality rule—the heart of his proposed reform—can be anti-majoritarian. In our three-candidate example, Libby was the plurality favorite but Maude beat each of her rivals, Libby included, by a majority. A plurality can be a majority, of course, but the Electoral College has never reversed a popular majority.
Party Versus Faction in the Reformed Presidential Nominating System
Authors: Cohen Marty , Karol David , Noel Hans , Zaller John
Published: October 2016

Political scientists have devoted vastly more attention to general presidential elections than to party nominations for president. This emphasis might be reasonable if parties could be counted on to nominate generic representatives of their traditions. But it is clear that they cannot. Since the party reforms of the 1970s, regulars like Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, and Al Gore have sometimes won fairly easy nominations, but outsider candidates like Jimmy Carter and Howard Dean have made strong runs or even won. 2016 has produced extremes of both types: ultimate regular Hillary Clinton on the Democratic side and far outsider Donald Trump on the Republican side. It seems, moreover, that party regulars are having more difficulty in recent cycles than they did in the 1980s and 1990s. There is therefore some urgency to the question: when and why do party regulars tend to win nominations?

We examine this question from the point of view of two well-known studies, Nelson Polsby’sConsequences of Party Reformand our own,The Party Decides. The former explains why incentives built into the reformed system of presidential nominations make outsider and factional candidates like Trump likely. The latter argues that, following the factional nominations of the 1970s, party leaders learned to steer nominations to insider favorites. This article uses the logic of these studies to argue that major trends over the past two decades – the rise of new political media, the flood of early money into presidential nominations, and the conflict among party factions – have made it easier for factional candidates and outsiders to challenge elite control of nominations.