bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transfer of in vivo primed transgenic T cells supports allergic lung inflammation and FIZZ1 and Ym1 production in an IL-4Rα and STAT6 dependent manner
Authors: Dasgupta Preeta , Chapoval Svetlana P , Smith Elizabeth P , Keegan Achsah D
Published: November 2011

Background

CD4+ T helper type 2 (TH2) cells, their cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and the transcription factor STAT6 are known to regulate various features of asthma including lung inflammation, mucus production and airway hyperreactivity and also drive alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). However, the precise roles played by the IL-4/IL-13 receptors and STAT6 in inducing AAM protein expression and modulating specific features of airway inflammation are still unclear. Since TH2 differentiation and activation plays a pivotal role in this disease, we explored the possibility of developing an asthma model in mice using T cells that were differentiatedin vivo.

Results

In this study, we monitored the activation and proliferation status of adoptively transferred allergen-specific naïve orin vivoprimed CD4+ T cells. We found that both the naïve andin vivoprimed T cells expressed similar levels of CD44 and IL-4. However,in vivoprimed T cells underwent reduced proliferation in a lymphopenic environment when compared to naïve T cells. We then used thesein vivogenerated effector T cells in an asthma model. Although there was reduced inflammation in mice lacking IL-4Rα or STAT6, significant amounts of eosinophils were still present in the BAL and lung tissue. Moreover, specific AAM proteins YM1 and FIZZ1 were expressed by epithelial cells, while macrophages expressed only YM1 in RAG2-/-mice. We further show that FIZZ1 and YM1 protein expression in the lung was completely dependent on signaling through the IL-4Rα and STAT6. Consistent with the enhanced inflammation and AAM protein expression, there was a significant increase in collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening in RAG2-/-mice compared to mice deficient in IL-4Rα or STAT6.

Conclusions

These results establish that transfer ofin vivoprimed CD4+ T cells can induce allergic lung inflammation. Furthermore, while IL-4/IL-13 signaling through IL-4Rα and STAT6 is essential for AAM protein expression, lung inflammation and eosinophilia are only partially dependent on this pathway. Further studies are required to identify other proteins and signaling pathways involved in airway inflammation.
BRAD, the genetics and genomics database for Brassica plants
Authors: Cheng Feng , Liu Shengyi , Wu Jian , Fang Lu , Sun Silong , Liu Bo , Li Pingxia , Hua Wei , Wang Xiaowu
Published: November 2011

Background

Brassica species include both vegetable and oilseed crops, which are very important to the daily life of common human beings. Meanwhile, the Brassica species represent an excellent system for studying numerous aspects of plant biology, specifically for the analysis of genome evolution following polyploidy, so it is also very important for scientific research. Now, the genome of Brassica rapa has already been assembled, it is the time to do deep mining of the genome data.

Description

BRAD, the Brassica database, is a web-based resource focusing on genome scale genetic and genomic data for important Brassica crops. BRAD was built based on the first whole genome sequence and on further data analysis of the Brassica A genome species, Brassica rapa (Chiifu-401-42). It provides datasets, such as the complete genome sequence of B. rapa, which was de novo assembled from Illumina GA II short reads and from BAC clone sequences, predicted genes and associated annotations, non coding RNAs, transposable elements (TE), B. rapa genes' orthologous to those in A. thaliana, as well as genetic markers and linkage maps. BRAD offers useful searching and data mining tools, including search across annotation datasets, search for syntenic or non-syntenic orthologs, and to search the flanking regions of a certain target, as well as the tools of BLAST and Gbrowse. BRAD allows users to enter almost any kind of information, such as a B. rapa or A. thaliana gene ID, physical position or genetic marker.

Conclusion

BRAD, a new database which focuses on the genetics and genomics of the Brassica plants has been developed, it aims at helping scientists and breeders to fully and efficiently use the information of genome data of Brassica plants. BRAD will be continuously updated and can be accessed through http://brassicadb.org.
An open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the safe and effective use of the single-use autoinjector with an Avonex® prefilled syringe in multiple sclerosis subjects
Authors: Phillips J Theodore , Fox Edward , Grainger William , Tuccillo Dianne , Liu Shifang , Deykin Aaron
Published: November 2011

Background

The ability to self-inject in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been associated with a reduced risk of missed injections and drug discontinuation, and a beneficial effect on patients' independence. However, injection anxiety, needle phobia and disease-related disability are major barriers to a patient's ability to self-administer treatment. Use of an autoinjector may improve patients' ability to self-inject. This study evaluated the safe and effective use of Avonex Pen™ (prefilled pen), a single use autoinjector, for intramuscular delivery of interferon beta-1a (IM IFNβ-1a, Avonex) in MS patients.

Methods

This was a Phase IIIb, open-label, single-country, multicenter trial in MS patients currently using IM IFNβ-1a prefilled syringes. Patients received weekly 30 mcg IM IFNβ-1a treatment over 4 weeks. On Day 1, patients self-administered IM IFNβ-1a using a prefilled syringe at the clinic. On Day 8, patients received training on the prefilled pen and self-administered IM IFNβ-1a using the device. On Day 15, patients self-administered IM IFNβ-1a at home using the prefilled pen. A final injection occurred at the clinic on Day 22 when patients self-administered IM IFNβ-1a using the prefilled pen while clinic staff observed and completed a detailed questionnaire documenting patients' ability to self-inject with the device. Serum neopterin levels were evaluated pre and post-injection on Days 1 and 8. Adverse events were monitored throughout.

Results

Seventy-one (96%) patients completed the study. The overall success rate in safely and effectively using the prefilled pen was 89%. No device malfunctions occurred. One unsuccessful administration occurred at Day 22 due to patient error; no patient injury resulted. Patients gave the prefilled pen high ratings (8.7-9.3) on a 10-point scale for ease of use (0 = extremely difficult, 10 = extremely easy). Ninety-four percent of patients preferred the prefilled pen over the prefilled syringe. Induction of serum neopterin levels, serving as a biomarker for type 1 interferon action, was similar to that of the prefilled syringe. The prefilled pen demonstrated a safety profile comparable to the prefilled syringe.

Conclusions

The prefilled pen is a safe and effective device for administration of IM IFNβ-1a and represents an alternative method for self-injection for MS patients using this therapy.

Trial registration

This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT00828204
Predicting insulin resistance using the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in Taiwanese adults
Authors: Chiang Jui-Kun , Lai Ning-Sheng , Chang Jiunn-Kae , Koo Malcolm
Published: November 2011

Background

The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) has been advocated as a simple clinical indicator of insulin resistance. Thresholds of TG/HDL-C appeared to depend on ethnicity. However, no studies have specifically compared the accuracy of TG/HDL-C with and without other clinical and demographic factors in predicting insulin resistance in Taiwanese adults. The aim of the present investigation was to use TG/HDL-C and other clinical available factors to predict insulin resistance in Taiwanese adults.

Methods

A total of 812 subjects were recruited from at the time of their general health examination at the Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taiwan. Demographic information and clinical characteristics were obtained. Insulin resistance was defined by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to obtain probabilities of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2) using TG/HDL-C with (Model 2) and without (Model 1) other clinical variables. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to evaluate the ability of the two models to correctly discriminate between subjects of low and elevated HOMA-IR.

Results

Female sex, greater waist circumferences, and higher ALT levels were significantly associated with the risk of elevated HOMA-IR in addition to TG/HDL-C in the multiple logistic regression (Model 2). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of Model 2 was 0.71 [95% CI = 0.67-0.75] and was significantly higher (P = 0.007) than the AUC 0.66 [95% CI = 0.62-0.71] of Model 1.

Conclusions

The diagnostic accuracy of insulin resistance, defined by HOMA-IR, using TG/HDL-C can be significantly enhanced by including three additional clinically available factors - sex, waist circumferences, and ALT levels.
Polyphenolic extract of lotus root (edible rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera) alleviates hepatic steatosis in obese diabetic db/db mice
Authors: Tsuruta Yumi , Nagao Koji , Kai Shunichi , Tsuge Keisuke , Yoshimura Takashi , Koganemaru Kazuyoshi , Yanagita Teruyoshi
Published: November 2011

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common liver disease of industrialized countries. Thus, discovering food components that can ameliorate NAFLD is of interest. Lotus root, the edible rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera, contains high levels of polyphenolic compounds, and several health-promoting properties of lotus root have been reported. In this study, we tested whether feeding a polyphenolic extract of lotus root to db/db mice protects them from hepatic steatosis.

Results

After 3 weeks of feeding, the hepatomegaly and hepatic triglyceride accumulation were markedly alleviated in the lotus polyphenol-diet-fed db/db mice relative to the control mice. Although the lipolytic enzyme activity was not changed, the activities of lipogenic enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme, were significantly lower in the lotus polyphenol diet-fed db/db mice. Additionally, the ESI-IT/MS and MALDI-TOF MS spectra revealed the presence of B-type proanthocyanidin polymers with polymerization degree up to 9 in the polyphenolic lotus root extract.

Conclusion

We speculate that the condensed tannins contained in lotus root can alleviate hepatic steatosis by suppressing the lipogenic enzyme activity in the livers of db/db mice.
Cytolytic replication of echoviruses in colon cancer cell lines
Authors: Israelsson Stina , Jonsson Nina , Gullberg Maria , Lindberg A Michael
Published: November 2011

Background

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, killing nearly 50% of patients afflicted. Though progress is being made within surgery and other complementary treatments, there is still need for new and more effective treatments. Oncolytic virotherapy, meaning that a cancer is cured by viral infection, is a promising field for finding new and improved treatments. We have investigated the oncolytic potential of several low-pathogenic echoviruses with rare clinical occurrence. Echoviruses are members of the enterovirus genus within the familyPicornaviridae.

Methods

Six colon cancer cell lines (CaCo-2, HT29, LoVo, SW480, SW620 and T84) were infected by the human enterovirus B species echovirus 12, 15, 17, 26 and 29, and cytopathic effects as well as viral replication efficacy were investigated. Infectivity was also tested in spheroids grown from HT29 cells.

Results

Echovirus 12, 17, 26 and 29 replicated efficiently in almost all cell lines and were considered highly cytolytic. The infectivity of these four viruses was further evaluated in artificial tumors (spheroids), where it was found that echovirus 12, 17 and 26 easily infected the spheroids.

Conclusions

We have found that echovirus 12, 17 and 26 have potential as oncolytic agents against colon cancer, by comparing the cytolytic capacity of five low-pathogenic echoviruses in six colon cancer cell lines and in artificial tumors.
Long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation modulate osteoporosis through inflammatory mechanisms in post-menopausal women: a randomized, repeated measures study
Authors: Tartibian Bakhtyar , Hajizadeh Maleki Behzad , Kanaley Jill , Sadeghi Karim
Published: November 2011

Background

Evidence indicates that dietary fats and physical activity influence bone health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 (N-3) supplementation on serum inflammatory markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone biomarkers in post-menopausal women.

Methods

Seventy-nine healthy sedentary post-menopausal women aged 58-78 years participated in this study. Subjects were randomized to one of 4 groups: exercise + supplement (E+S, n = 21), exercise (E, n = 20), supplement (S, n = 20), and control (Con, n = 18) groups. The subjects in the E+S and E groups performed aerobic exercise training (walking and jogging) up to 65% of HRmax, three times a week for 24 weeks. Subjects in the E+S and S groups consumed 1000 mg/d N-3 for 24 weeks. The lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck BMD, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 6, prostaglandin (PG) E2, estrogen, osteocalcin, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1, 25 Vit D), C-telopeptide (CTX), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were measured at baseline, the end of week 12 and 24.

Results

Serum estrogen, osteocalcin, 1, 25 Vit D, CT, L2-L4and femoral neck BMD measures increased (P< 0.05) and the serum CTX, PTH, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2decreased (P< 0.05) in E + S group after the 24 wk intervention but not in the E or S intervention groups. L2-L4and femoral neck BMD, estrogen, osteocalcin, and CT were negatively (P< 0.05) correlated with TNF-α and PGE2. PTH and CT were correlated positively and negatively with IL-6, respectively (P< 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that long-term aerobic exercise training plus N-3 supplementation have a synergistic effect in attenuating inflammation and augmenting BMD in post-menopausal osteoporosis.
The treatment of scaphoid nonunion using the Ilizarov fixator without bone graft, a study of 18 cases
Authors: Bumbaširević Marko , Tomić Slavko , Lešić Aleksandar , Bumbaširević Vesna , Rakočević Zoran , Atkinson Henry D
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Evaluating the safety and efficacy of the Ilizarov fine-wire compression/distraction technique in the treatment of scaphoid nonunion (SNU), without the use of bone graft.

Design

A retrospective review of 18 consecutive patients in one centre.

Patients and Methods

18 patients; 17 males; 1 female, with a mean SNU duration of 13.9 months. Patients with carpal instability, humpback deformity, carpal collapse, avascular necrosis or marked degenerative change, were excluded. Following frame application the treatment consisted of three stages: the frame was distracted 1 mm per day until radiographs showed a 2-3 mm opening at the SNU site (mean 10 days); the SNU site was then compressed for 5 days, at a rate of 1 mm per day, with the wrist in 15 degrees of flexion and 15 degrees of radial deviation; the third stage involved immobilization with the Ilizarov fixator for 6 weeks. The technique is detailed herein.

Results

Radiographic (CT) and clinical bony union was achieved in all 18 patients after a mean of 89 days (70-130 days). Mean modified Mayo wrist scores improved from 21 to 86 at a mean follow-up of 37 months (24-72 months), with good/excellent results in 14 patients. All patients returned to their pre-injury occupations and levels of activity at a mean of 117 days. Three patients suffered superficial K-wire infections, which resolved with oral antibiotics.

Conclusions

In these selected patients this technique safely achieved bony union without the need to open the SNU site and without the use of bone graft.
The ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCB1 and ABCC1 are not regulated by hypoxia in immortalised human brain microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Patak Pauline , Jin Fengyan , Schäfer Simon T , Metzen Eric , Hermann Dirk M
Published: November 2011

Background

ATP-binding cassette transporters at the blood-brain barrier are actively regulated upon ischemic stroke in a way that impedes the access of pharmacological compounds to the brain tissue. The luminal endothelial transporter ABCB1 was recently shown to be increased, whereas the abluminal transporter ABCC1 was decreased on ischemic brain capillaries. In vitro studies using epithelial cells suggested that ABCB1 is regulated during hypoxia in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent way.

Methods

In order to investigate whether hypoxia might be responsible for the expression changes of ABCB1 and ABCC1 in the ischemic brain, the immortalised human brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 was exposed to hypoxia (1%) or anoxia (0%). Cell lysates were analysed by Western blot to detect the protein expression of ABCB1, ABCC1, HIF-1α and HIF-2α.

Results

During hypoxia, an accumulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α was noticed in hCMEC/D3 cells that followed different time kinetics. Both HIF-1α and HIF-2α abundance increased within 4 h of hypoxia. HIF-1α levels decreased to below detection levels within 16 h of hypoxia, whereas HIF-2α remained elevated even after 48 h. No changes of ABCB1 and ABCC1 expression were detected, neither on the mRNA nor protein level.

Conclusion

Our data suggests that other factors than hypoxia may be responsible for the expression changes of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the ischemic brain.
Early mining and mineral exploration geophysics in southern Africa
Authors: de Beer Johan
Published: November 2011

The first scientific geophysical research achievements in South Africa are easy to identify: the first magnetic observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, and the Beattie and Morrison magnetic survey. In contrast, the early mining- and mineral-related geophysical surveys are not so easy to pinpoint. The best compilation of early work was provided by Krahmann (1936a). He pointed out that prior to 1931, only a few geophysical investigations were performed in southern Africa. He had records of 45 of these investigations, 30 of which comprise electrical methods. The results of many geophysical surveys were never made public, and consequently we know little or nothing about them. The surveys discussed in this section are the ones carried out and reported during the first 30 years of mining and mineral exploration geophysics in southern Africa. This then is the period commencing in the early 1900s, and this discussion ends at the start of World War II.
Introduction to this special section: Canada, Arctic technology
Authors: Goodway Bill
Published: November 2011

It became apparent at an early stage that soliciting articles for what was originally a special section on the Arctic alone was not going to produce sufficient material. So through some dynamic and innovative discussion at a meeting of the TLE Editorial Board, we decided to change the theme to Canada and Arctic, although some may think this specificity of region somewhat superfluous. Consequently, we have four articles and only one involves the Arctic. Furthermore, the three non-Arctic papers deal with unconventional resource plays for gas and heavy oil production.
Causal fracture prediction: Curvature, stress, and geomechanics
Authors: Hunt Lee , Reynolds Scott , Hadley Scott , Downton Jon , Chopra Satinder
Published: November 2011

We propose scaling volume curvature measurements with material property estimates to produce a superior prediction of natural fractures. Curvature is one of many, indirect, fracture-inferring attributes. It does not detect fractures, but is causally related to them through the assumption that increasing curvature relates to increasing strain. There are many other variables that are causally related to fractures. We propose that it would be advantageous to create combinations of these causal variables with curvature. Some of the most well known and important causes of variations in natural fracture density are material properties relating to brittleness. Material properties are critical geologically at all scales, from large-scale regional studies to prospect-level inquiries because the properties may vary significantly within individual formations and between formations. These vertical and lateral changes in material properties may be important and should be considered in fracture estimation, along with curvature. There is a lack of clarity regarding exactly which material property is best from the perspective of physics and rock mechanics; however, we have chosen a combination of parameters that we argue is a starting point. Fortunately, material properties are routinely estimated with amplitude variation with offset (AVO) techniques, and there is little practical reason not to use them together with curvature to produce a more complete attribute inferring fracture density. The combination of these variables is a step in the direction of creating quantitative causal fracture prediction estimates.
Forkhead Box A1 (FOXA1) and A2 (FOXA2) Oppositely Regulate Human Type 1 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Gene in Liver
Authors: Kanamoto Naotetsu , Tagami Tetsuya , Ueda-Sakane Yoriko , Sone Masakatsu , Miura Masako , Yasoda Akihiro , Tamura Naohisa , Arai Hiroshi , Nakao Kazuwa
Published: November 2011

Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1), a selenoenzyme that catalyzes the bioactivation of thyroid hormone, is expressed mainly in the liver. Its expression and activity are modulated by several factors, but the precise mechanism of its transcriptional regulation remains unclear. In the present study, we have analyzed the promoter of human D1 gene (hDIO1) to identify factors that prevalently increase D1 activity in the human liver. Deletion and mutation analyses demonstrated that a forkhead box (FOX)A binding site and an E-box site within the region between nucleotides −187 and −132 are important for hDIO1 promoter activity in the liver. EMSA demonstrated that FOXA1 and FOXA2 specifically bind to the FOXA binding site and that upstream stimulatory factor (USF) specifically binds to the E-box element. Overexpression of FOXA2 decreased hDIO1 promoter activity, and short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FOXA2 increased the expression of hDIO1 mRNA. In contrast, overexpression of USF1/2 increased hDIO1 promoter activity. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FOXA1 decreased the expression of hDIO1 mRNA, but knockdown of both FOXA1 and FOXA2 restored it. The response of the hDIO1 promoter to USF was greatly attenuated in the absence of FOXA1. Taken together, these results indicate that a balance of FOXA1 and FOXA2 expression modulates hDIO1 expression in the liver.
Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor in the Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus Is Critical in Regulating Feeding and Lipid Metabolism in White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Chao Hongxia , Digruccio Michael , Chen Peilin , Li Chien
Published: November 2011

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH) plays a critical role in regulating feeding and energy metabolism. The nucleus expresses high levels of the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR2) and receives prominent innervation of nerve fibers containing Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), an endogenous ligand of the receptor. In the present study, we showed that mice deficient in Ucn 3 had elevated basal feeding and increased nocturnal food intake after overnight fasting compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates. The Ucn 3 null mice also had lower circulating insulin levels compared with those of the WT mice. Interestingly, the mutant mice maintained a comparable body weight with the WT littermates. Mice with reduced CRFR2 expression in the VMH by small hairpin RNA knockdown (KD) recapitulated feeding phenotypes observed in the Ucn 3 null mice. However, VMH CRFR2 KD mice gained significantly more weight than control mice. The weight gain was due to an accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) accompanied by reduced plasma free fatty acids and glycerol levels, increased respiratory quotients, and improved glucose tolerance. On the other hand, plasma insulin levels were comparable with the receptor KD and control mice. Furthermore, the expression of several genes, including hormone-sensitive lipase, was significantly reduced in the WAT of VMH CRFR2 KD mice compared with controls. These results indicate that Ucn 3 signaling through CRFR2 is a critical molecular mediator in the VMH in regulating feeding and lipid metabolism in WAT.
Changes in wingstroke kinematics associated with a change in swimming speed in a pteropod mollusk,Clione limacina
Authors: Szymik Brett G. , Satterlie Richard A.
Published: November 2011

In pteropod mollusks, the gastropod foot has evolved into two broad, wing-like structures that are rhythmically waved through the water for propulsion. The flexibility of the wings lends a tremendous range of motion, an advantage that could be exploited when changing locomotory speed. Here, we investigated the kinematic changes that take place during an increase in swimming speed in the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina. Clione demonstrates two distinct swim speeds: a nearly constant slow swimming behavior and a fast swimming behavior used for escape and hunting. The neural control of Clione's swimming is well documented, as are the neuromuscular changes that bring about Clione's fast swimming. This study examined the kinematics of this swimming behavior at the two speeds. High speed filming was used to obtain 3D data from individuals during both slow and fast swimming. Clione's swimming operates at a low Reynolds number, typically under 200. Within a given swimming speed, we found that wing kinematics are highly consistent from wingbeat to wingbeat, but differ between speeds. The transition to fast swimming sees a significant increase in wing velocity and angle of attack, and range of motion increases as the wings bend more during fast swimming. Clione likely uses a combination of drag-based and unsteady mechanisms for force production at both speeds. The neuromuscular control of Clione's speed change points to a two-gaited swimming behavior, and we consider the kinematic evidence for Clione's swim speeds being discrete gaits.
Developmental trajectories of gene expression reveal candidates for diapause termination: a key life-history transition in the apple maggot flyRhagoletis pomonella
Authors: Ragland Gregory J. , Egan Scott P. , Feder Jeffrey L. , Berlocher Stewart H. , Hahn Daniel A.
Published: November 2011

The timing of dormancy is a rapidly evolving life-history trait playing a crucial role in the synchronization of seasonal life cycles and adaptation to environmental change. But the physiological mechanisms regulating dormancy in animals remain poorly understood. In insects, dormancy (diapause) is a developmentally dynamic state, and the mechanisms that control diapause transitions affect seasonal timing. Here we used microarrays to examine patterns of gene expression during dormancy termination: a crucial life-history transition in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). This species is a model system for host race formation and ecological speciation via changes in diapause regulation of seasonality. Our goal was to pinpoint the timing of the transition from diapause to post-diapause development and to identify candidate genes and pathways for regulation of diapause termination. Samples were taken at six metabolically defined developmental landmarks, and time-series analysis suggests that release from metabolic depression coincides with preparation for or resumption of active cell cycling and morphogenesis, defining the ‘end’ of diapause. However, marked changes in expression, including members of pathways such as Wnt and TOR signaling, also occur prior to the metabolic rate increase, electing these pathways as candidates for early regulation of diapause termination. We discuss these results with respect to generalities in insect diapause physiology and to our long-term goal of identifying mechanisms of diapause adaptation in the Rhagoletis system.
The effect of work cycle frequency on the potentiation of dynamic force in mouse fast twitch skeletal muscle
Authors: Caterini Daniel , Gittings William , Huang Jian , Vandenboom Rene
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potentiation of concentric twitch force during work cycles is dependent upon both the speed and direction of length change. Concentric and eccentric forces were elicited by stimulating muscles during the shortening and lengthening phases, respectively, of work cycles. Work cycle frequency was varied in order to vary the speed of muscle shortening and/or lengthening; all forces were measured as the muscle passed though optimal length (Lo). Both concentric and eccentric force were assessed before (unpotentiated control) and after (potentiated) the application of a tetanic conditioning protocol known to potentiate twitch force output. The influence of the conditioning protocol on relative concentric force was speed dependent, with forces increased to 1.19±0.01, 1.25±0.01 and 1.30±0.01 of controls at 1.5, 3.3 and 6.9 Hz, respectively (all data N=9–10 with P<0.05). In contrast, the conditioning protocol had only a limited effect on eccentric force at these frequencies (range: 1.06±0.01 to 0.96±0.03). The effect of the conditioning protocol on concentric work (force × distance) was also speed dependent, being decreased at 1.5 Hz (0.84±0.01) and increased at 3.3 and 6.9 Hz (1.05±0.01 and 1.39±0.01, respectively). In contrast, eccentric work was not increased at any frequency (range: 0.88±0.02 to 0.99±0.01). Thus, our results reveal a hysteresis-like influence of activity-dependent potentiation such that concentric force and/or work were increased but eccentric force and/or work were not. These outcomes may have implications for skeletal muscle locomotor function in vivo.
Energy expenditure of freely swimming adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and its link with body acceleration
Authors: Enstipp Manfred R. , Ciccione Stéphane , Gineste Benoit , Milbergue Myriam , Ballorain Katia , Ropert-Coudert Yan , Kato Akiko , Plot Virginie , Georges Jean-Yves
Published: November 2011

Marine turtles are globally threatened. Crucial for the conservation of these large ectotherms is a detailed knowledge of their energy relationships, especially their at-sea metabolic rates, which will ultimately define population structure and size. Measuring metabolic rates in free-ranging aquatic animals, however, remains a challenge. Hence, it is not surprising that for most marine turtle species we know little about the energetic requirements of adults at sea. Recently, accelerometry has emerged as a promising tool for estimating activity-specific metabolic rates of animals in the field. Accelerometry allows quantification of the movement of animals (ODBA/PDBA, overall/partial dynamic body acceleration), which, after calibration, might serve as a proxy for metabolic rate. We measured oxygen consumption rates () of adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas; 142.1±26.9 kg) at rest and when swimming within a 13 m-long swim channel, using flow-through respirometry. We investigated the effect of water temperature (Tw) on turtle and tested the hypothesis that turtle body acceleration can be used as a proxy for . Mean mass-specific () of six turtles when resting at a Tw of 25.8±1.0°C was 0.50±0.09 ml min–1 kg–0.83. increased significantly with Tw and activity level. Changes in were paralleled by changes in respiratory frequency (fR). Deploying bi-axial accelerometers in conjunction with respirometry, we found a significant positive relationship between and PDBA that was modified by Tw. The resulting predictive equation was highly significant (r2=0.83, P<0.0001) and associated error estimates were small (mean algebraic error 3.3%), indicating that body acceleration is a good predictor of in green turtles. Our results suggest that accelerometry is a suitable method to investigate marine turtle energetics at sea.
A Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst Sulfated Titania for Easy Synthesis of Quinoxaline and Dipyridophenazine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Krishnakumar Balu , Swaminathan Meenakshisundaram
Published: November 2011

TiO2–SO42−, prepared by sol–gel method has been used for the synthesis of quinoxaline and dipyridophenizine derivatives under microwave irradiation. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images reveal the corrosion of TiO2 particles by sulfuric acid, which causes an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. Sulfate loading by H2SO4 increases catalytic activity of TiO2. This catalyst gives an excellent yield with less reaction time and is an inexpensive, easily recyclable and efficient catalyst for this reaction.
Carbon-Supported Palladium Sub-Nanometer Particle Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Media
Authors: Shim Jun Ho , Jung Hyun Jung , Lee Youngmi , Lee Chongmok
Published: November 2011

Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on a carbon support (Pd/C) were synthesized in ethylene glycol containing poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) at various PVP/Pd precursor ratios. The sizes of the Pd NPs were controlled by varying the PVP concentration. Smaller Pd NPs were obtained at higher PVP concentrations. Indeed, the mean sizes of the Pd NPs with PVP/Pd precursor ratios of 0, 40, and 80 (Pd/C-0, -40, and -80) were 2.8 (±1.2), 1.5 (±0.3), and 0.8 (±0.3) nm, respectively, by TEM analysis. The electrocatalytic activities of the Pd/C catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were examined in a 0.1 M HClO4 solution using rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The smaller Pd NPs exhibited more efficient ORR properties, such as a more positive ORR onset potential (or half-wave potential, E1/2) and increased number of electrons (n) transferred in the ORR. In particular, the Pd/C-80 catalyst with a lower metal content (7.9 wt % Pd) showed desirable ORR performance in terms of the onset potential, n value, mass activity, and methanol tolerance.
Rapid and Continuous Polyol Process for Platinum Nanoparticle Synthesis Using a Single-mode Microwave Flow Reactor
Authors: Nishioka Masateru , Miyakawa Masato , Daino Yohei , Kataoka Haruki , Koda Hidekazu , Sato Koichi , Suzuki Toshishige M
Published: November 2011

Rapid and continuous synthesis of size-controlled platinum nanoparticles is achieved using a single-mode microwave flow reactor controlled with temperature feedback module. Platinum nanoparticles are synthesized within 2.8 s of residence time in glycerol and 1,3-propanediol having large dielectric dissipation factor and high solvent viscosity.
Efavirenz interference in urine screening immunoassays for tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicholette M , Laurens Johannes B
Published: November 2011

Background

It has been known for some time that the antiretroviral drug, efavirenz (EFV), cross-reacts in urine immunoassays for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Because published studies investigating this phenomenon are limited, cross-reactivity information for several immunoassays is lacking. Reports of possible false-positive THC results from clinicians conducting workplace testing prompted us to investigate cross-reactivity for assays frequently employed in our own setting. In light of the potentially deleterious consequences of misclassification, information about EFV cross-reactivity should be included in product information to facilitate interpretation of results and assay selection.

Methods

Random urine samples from 30 patients on EFV therapy were analysed for THC metabolites by two near-testing devices (THC One Step Marijuana and Rapid Response® Drugs of Abuse Test Strips) and two automated immunoassays (Roche Diagnostics Cannabinoids II and Beckman Coulter SYNCHRON® Systems THC2). THC confirmatory testing was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Results

GC-MS failed to detect THC metabolites in any of the samples, as did three of the four immunoassays. However, the Rapid Response® test strips yielded positive results in 28 out of 30 samples, which could be reversed on re-testing after sample pretreatment with glucuronidase.

Conclusions

Our study supports previous findings that interference is attributable to a glucuronidated EFV metabolite. We postulate that cross-reactivity is influenced by the composition of immunogens used to elicit anti-THC antibodies. Since access to such information is restricted, contributions from scientists in the antibody industry may be enlightening.
Active Control of the Accordion Modes of a Submerged Hull
Authors: Gangemi Peter J. , Kessissoglou Nicole J. , Caresta Mauro , Tso Yan
Published: November 2011

This work investigates active vibration control of tonal hull axial resonances to attenuate the structural and acoustic responses of a submarine. A submerged hull can be idealised as a ring-stiffened finite cylinder with external fluid loading. At low frequencies, rotation of the propeller results in discrete tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics. The fluctuating forces at the propeller are transmitted through the propulsion system, resulting in excitation of the low frequency hull vibrational modes, which in turn results in a high level of structure-borne radiated noise. Global hull modes are difficult to attenuate since passive control techniques such as damping materials and isolators are not practical due to size and weight constraints. This work numerically investigates the application of active vibration control based on a feedforward algorithm to suppress the axial and radial hull displacements. The effect of various cost functions and control arrangements on the structure-borne radiated noise is presented.
Nitrogen Adsorption Studies on Non-Porous Silica: The Annealing Effect over Surface Non-Bridging Oxygen Atoms
Authors: Herdes Carmelo , Russo Patrícia A. , Carrott M. Manuela L. Ribeiro , Carrott Peter J.M.
Published: November 2011

This contribution compares experimental nitrogen adsorption isotherms with molecular simulation results on effective non-porous silica models. A Molecular Dynamic (MD) annealing temperature scheme was adopted for the formulation of three samples of the solid surface. By means of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations, nitrogen adsorption isotherms were obtained for each sample, with charged and uncharged nitrogen molecules, and compared with relevant experimental data. Following comparison of the experimental and simulated nitrogen results, a tuning process over the energetic parameter of the oxygen atoms was performed for the final proposed model. Specifically, the results are presented in terms of adsorption isotherms with an emphasis on the annealing effect over relevant model parameters, such as the surface concentration and the distribution of non-bridging oxygen atoms.
DDDAS Computational Model and Environments
Authors: Darema Frederica
Published: November 2011

The Data Driven Applications Systems (DDDAS) concept entails “ the ability to dynamically incorporate data into an executing application simulation, and in reverse, the ability of applications to dynamically steer measurement processes”, creating “ application simulations that can dynamically accept and respond to ‘online’ field data and measurements and/or control such measurements”. Through the DDDAS concept, the application modeling capability, its accuracy and its efficiency, are enhanced over the traditional computational modeling methods, by complementing and augmenting the computational modeling with dynamic data inputs, which can be dynamically incorporated into the computation at runtime. In reverse, the ability of the executing application to steer the measurement processes, and conduct targeted measurements guided by the executing application, can result into more efficient and more effective measurement processes. By integrating the computational and measurement aspects of an application in a dynamic feed-back loop, DDDAS changes the paradigm of the traditionally distinct computational and measurement processes, and leads to a unification of the computing and instrumentation platforms of an application. The discussions in the present paper focus on a DDDAS computational model representing the unification of measurement and computational platforms, and on the new measurement capabilities enabled through DDDAS and in particular in architecting and dynamically managing sensor networks and the systems software needs for supporting the unified measurement and computational platforms in DDDAS environments.
Design and Implementation of An Agent-Based Simulation for Emergency Response and Crisis Management
Authors: Schoenharl Timothy , Madey Greg
Published: November 2011

This paper introduces the simulation component of the WIPER system [Schoenharl et al., 2006]. The Wireless Integrated Phone-based Emergency Response (WIPER) system is a Dynamic Data-Driven Application System (DDDAS) that uses a stream of cellular network activity to detect, classify and predict crisis events. The WIPER simulation is essential to classification and prediction tasks, as the simulations model human activity, both in movement and cell phone activity, in an attempt to better understand crisis events. These Agent-Based simulations are parameterized with agent location data from the cellular service provider and agents inhabit a GIS space representative of the urban area. Simulations include models for normal and crisis behaviors in an urban setting. Simulations generate call activity and agent locations, similar to that generated by the observation of cell phone users in an urban setting. A taxonomy of crisis events is presented, which has simplified the development of the simulation. We present an overview of the design and implementation of the WIPER simulation along with validation and verification of the system and an evaluation of runtime characteristics.
Ensemble Methods for Dynamic Data Assimilation of Chemical Observations in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Sandu Adrian , Constantinescu Emil , Carmichael Gregory R. , Chai Tianfeng , Daescu Dacian , Seinfeld John H.
Published: November 2011

The task of providing an optimal analysis of the state of the atmosphere requires the development of dynamic data-driven systems (DDDAS) that efficiently integrate the observational data and the models. Data assimilation, the dynamic incorporation of additional data into an executing application, is an essential DDDAS concept with wide applicability. In this paper we discuss practical aspects of nonlinear ensemble Kalman data assimilation applied to atmospheric chemical transport models. We highlight the challenges encountered in this approach such as filter divergence and spurious corrections, and propose solutions to overcome them, such as background covariance inflation and filter localization. The predictability is further improved by including model parameters in the assimilation process. Results for a large scale simulation of air pollution in North-East United States illustrate the potential of nonlinear ensemble techniques to assimilate chemical observations.
Simulation of East India Coastal Features and Validation with Satellite Altimetry and Drifter Climatology
Authors: Sil Sourav , Chakraborty Arun
Published: November 2011

The circulation features of western coast of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) have been analyzed using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) with Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) wind and thermal forcing. The model simulation shows that the coastal current is not continuous throughout the year similar to the structure seen from the drifter climatology. The western boundary current (WBC) is formed in February and persists till May. This boundary current is very strong during March and April due to formation of anticyclonic eddies. From July to September, the coastal current is disorganized because of sequential development of anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies. But in October the coastal current starts to flow southward as the East India Coastal Current (EICC) and it prevails till December with the formation of cyclonic eddies along the coast. The simulated sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) is competent to detect the upwelling and downwelling zones in the coastal region as supported by TOPEX/POSEIDON climatology.
Exam Corner - October 2011
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: November 2011

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA;New Dosage Forms and Indications Approved by the FDA;Agents Pending FDA Approval;New Drug/Biologics License Applications Filed by Manufacturer;Supplemental Actions Filed by Manufacturer;Significant Labeling Changes or “Dear Health Professional” Letters Related to Safety
Authors: Danial E. Baker
Published: November 2011

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let me know at bakerdan@wsu.edu .
Designing and Discussing Pharmacy Informatics Education
Authors: Brent I. Fox , Bill G. Felkey
Published: November 2011

Several years ago, we wrote about opportunities for hospital pharmacists to help train students in pharmacy informatics during the experiential years. With this column, we elaborate on one approach to pharmacy informatics education that is provided at Auburn University's Harrison School of Pharmacy. This example is intended to serve as a stimulus for future discussions among all readers of this discourse.
The Value of Pharmacy Services on a Short-Term Medical Mission Trip: Description of Services and Assessment of Team Satisfaction
Authors: Clements Jennifer N , Rager Michelle L , Vescovi Emily M
Published: November 2011

Background:

Pharmacists should be key members of a medical mission trip by providing assistance with medication knowledge and therapeutics.

Objective:

To determine the value of a pharmacist as a member of a medical mission team through (1) pharmacy interventions on 2 medical teams and 1 women's hearth team and (2) team satisfaction with the pharmacy services.

Methods:

Pharmacy interventions were documented by 2 medical teams and 1 women's health team and included, but were not limited to, dosing recommendations, medication selection, and therapeutic substitution. Team satisfaction was determined from a 10-question survey administered on the last clinical day to all team members except pharmacists, pharmacy students, and physical therapists.

Results:

The pharmacy service dispensed 2119 prescriptions, with an average number of prescriptions of 1.84 per patient. A total of 2340 interventions were provided by the pharmacy service, averaging 2.04 interventions per patient and 1.1 interventions per prescription. The survey indicated that a pharmacist serves an integral role for the multidisciplinary medical team.

Conclusions:

Pharmacists play an important role in a short-term medical mission trip by serving as sources for medication knowledge and ensuring appropriate medication therapy management as part of the interdisciplinary team.