bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas (NEMO2.3/INDO12) – Part 2: Biogeochemistry
Authors: Gutknecht Elodie , Reffray Guillaume , Gehlen Marion , Triyulianti Iis , Berlianty Dessy , Gaspar Philippe
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In the framework of the INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project, an operational ocean forecasting system was developed to monitor the state of the Indonesian seas in terms of circulation, biogeochemistry and fisheries. This forecasting system combines a suite of numerical models connecting physical and biogeochemical variables to population dynamics of large marine predators (tunas). The physical–biogeochemical coupled component (the INDO12BIO configuration) covers a large region extending from the western Pacific Ocean to the eastern Indian Ocean at 1/12° horizontal resolution. The NEMO-OPA (Nucleus for European Model of the Ocean) physical ocean model and the PISCES (Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies) biogeochemical model are running simultaneously ("online" coupling), at the same resolution. The operational global ocean forecasting system (1/4°) operated by Mercator Océan provides the physical forcing, while climatological open boundary conditions are prescribed for the biogeochemistry. This paper describes the skill assessment of the INDO12BIO configuration. Model skill is assessed by evaluating a reference hindcast simulation covering the last 8 years (2007–2014). Model results are compared to satellite, climatological and in situ observations. Diagnostics are performed on nutrients, oxygen, chlorophyll a, net primary production and mesozooplankton. The model reproduces large-scale distributions of nutrients, oxygen, chlorophyll a, net primary production and mesozooplankton biomasses. Modelled vertical distributions of nutrients and oxygen are comparable to in situ data sets although gradients are slightly smoothed. The model simulates realistic biogeochemical characteristics of North Pacific tropical waters entering in the archipelago. Hydrodynamic transformation of water masses across the Indonesian archipelago allows for conserving nitrate and oxygen vertical distribution close to observations, in the Banda Sea and at the exit of the archipelago. While the model overestimates the mean surface chlorophyll a, the seasonal cycle is in phase with satellite estimations, with higher chlorophyll a concentrations in the southern part of the archipelago during the SE monsoon and in the northern part during the NW monsoon. The time series of chlorophyll a anomalies suggests that meteorological and ocean physical processes that drive the interannual variability of biogeochemical properties in the Indonesian region are reproduced by the model.
Local reduction of decadal glacier thickness loss through mass balance management in ski resorts
Authors: Fischer A. , Helfricht K. , Stocker-Waldhuber Martin
Published: April 2016

Abstract. For Austrian glacier ski resorts, established in the 1970s and 1980s during a period of glacier advance, negative mass balances with resulting glacier area loss and decrease in surface elevation present an operational challenge. Glacier cover, snow farming and technical snow production were introduced as adaptation measures based on studies on the effect of these measures on energy and mass balance. After a decade of the application of the various measures, the transition from the proven short-term effects to long-term effects was studied by comparing elevation changes in areas with and without mass balance management. Based on LiDAR DEMs and DGPS measurements, decadal surface elevation changes in 16 locations with mass balance management were compared to those without measures (apart from piste grooming) in five Tyrolean ski resorts on seven glaciers. The comparison of surface elevation changes presents clear local differences in mass change, and it shows the potential to retain local ice thickness over a certain time period. Locally up to 20 m of ice thickness was preserved compared to non-maintained areas at glacier tongues over a period of nine years. At 11 out of 16 profiles with mass balance management measurements, surface elevation loss could be reduced by more than 35 %. At six profiles, surface elevation loss could be reduced by over 65 %. At two of these profiles the surface elevation was preserved altogether, which is promising for a sustainable maintenance of the infrastructure at glacier ski resorts. Features like former covered pistes and installations in fun parks have rapidly evened out with the surrounding surface elevation as soon as maintenance was stopped. In general the results demonstrate the high potential of the combination of piste grooming and glacier cover, not only in the short term, but also for multi-year application to maintain the skiing infrastructure.
Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. Russia) (Perm. Ct. Arb.)
Authors: Kill Theodore
Published: April 2016

An ad hoc arbitral tribunal convened pursuant to Article 287 and Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) delivered its award on the merits on August 14, 2015 in Arctic Sunrise (Netherlands/Russia). The award was unanimous on all holdings and included no separate opinions. In addition to establishing the Tribunal’s jurisdiction and admissibility of the claims, the Tribunal also found that Russia had violated its obligations under UNCLOS by detaining the Arctic Sunrise, a Dutch-flagged vessel, and the thirty people (Arctic 30) on board on September 19, 2013; by failing to comply with an earlier order on provisional measures; and by failing to pay its share of the arbitral expenses.
Spring Wheat Breeding: Evaluation of Selected Adapted Spring Wheat Germplasm in Eastern Canada
Authors: Khanizadeh Shahrokh , Voldeng Harvey , Wang Xuelian , Xue Allen , Tabori Mirko , Moidu Hana , Martin Richard , Cummiskey Allan , Etienne Mark , Sparry Ellen , Goulet Jean
Published: April 2016

Twenty-five hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines, including three known cultivars used as checks, were grown in seven locations across Eastern Canada. The objective of this multi-location experiment was to evaluate selected Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre advanced lines (ECAD lines) from the Spring Wheat Breeding Program in order to identify the best lines for performance and grower trials. The lines from this trial performed very well compared to the check varieties, especially at the Ontario locations. Overall, the ECAD lines were on a par with or superior to the checks in terms of several attributes, including yield, protein content, and Fusarium head blight resistance.
Effects of Root-trimming and Cutting-heights on Growth Performance of Potted Native Warm-season Grasses
Authors: Temu Vitalis W. , Johnson David , Kering Maru K.
Published: April 2016

Mechanized transplanting of native warm-season grass (NWSG) seedlings raised in biodegradable strip-cups may require trimming outgrown and entwined roots to facilitate individual placement and complete root covering. During establishment, mowing is often used to reduce weed competition and promote tillering. In two randomized complete block split-split-plot design experiments, effects of root-trimming and cutting-height on growth and biomass production of potted NWSGs [big bluestem (BB, Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (GG, Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass (IG, Sorghastrum nutans L.), and switchgrass (SG, Panicum virgatum L.)] were assessed. Six-week old seedlings were transplanted, with or without root-trimming, and four of each type and species, assigned to 10-, 15-, or 20-cm cutting-height. All plants were fertilized uniformly and watered sufficiently. After a 7-d adjustment period, plants were clipped to 10 cm which promoted tillering. A three-week regrowth was then allowed before the first of three forage harvests, at assigned cutting-heights. Plant heights were recorded every two weeks after transplanting and on each harvest date. Data  were analyzed for effects of root-trimming, cutting-height, and species. Root-trimming had no effect on the parameters. Cutting-height had no effect on plant heights except for second GG and SG regrowths, and/or the third BB and SG. Cutting-height affected only SG forage biomass significantly (P < 0.05) during year1 and every species during year2 with 100%+ greater values at the 20- than the 10-cm. All 20-cm average growth rates and belowground biomass in year2 were greater (P < 0.001) than the 10-cm by > 100%, but with similar root:total biomass ratios. Overall, species yield increased in the order; IG<BB<GG<SG. With adequate soil moisture and fertility, results indicate that root-trimming may not affect growth or forage biomass of NWSGs during establishment. Mowing NWSGs, during establishment, for up to three 20-cm cuts at ≥ 3-week intervals, may not impact recovery growth or belowground biomass, negatively. Results from field studies are required ahead of practical establishment management recommendations.
Influence of reduction conditions of NiO on its mechanical and electrical properties
Authors: Brodnikovskyi Yehor , Vasyliv Bogdan , Podhurska Viktoriya , Andrzejczuk Mariusz , McDonald Nikkia , Kyrpa Oleksandr , Ostash Orest , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert , Lewandowska Malgorzata
Published: April 2016

Yttria stabilized zirconia with a nickel catalyst (Ni-YSZ) is the most developed, widely used cermet anode for manufacturing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Its electro-catalytic properties, mechanical durability and performance stability in hydrogen-rich environ­ments makes it the state of the art fuel electrode for SOFCs. During the reduction stage in initial SOFC operation, the virgin anode material, a NiO-YSZ mixture, is reduced to Ni-YSZ. The volume decrease associated with the change from NiO-YSZ to Ni-YSZ creates voids and causes structural changes, which can influence the physical properties of the anode. In this work, the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of NiO samples before and after reduction in pure H2 and a mixture of 5 vol. % H2-Ar were studied. The NiO to Ni phase transformations that occur in the anode under reducing and Reduction-Oxidation (RedOx) cycling conditions and the impact on cell microstruc­ture, strength and electrical conductivity have been examined. Results show that the RedOx treatment of the NiO samples influence on their properties controversially, due to structural transfor­mation (formation of large amount of fine pores) of the reduced Ni. It strengthened the treated samples yielding the highest mechanical strength values of 25.7 MPa, but from another side it is resulting in lowest electrical conductivity value of 1.9×105 S m-1 among all reduced samples. The results of this investigation shows that reduction conditions of NiO is a powerful tool for influence on properties of the anode substrate.
A 15-Plex/xMAP Method to Detect 15 Animal Ingredients by Suspension Array System Coupled with Multifluorescent Magnetic Beads
Authors: Wu Yajun , Yang Yange , Liu Mingchang , Wang Bin , Han Jianxun , Chen Ying
Published: April 2016

A 15-plex/xMAP method was established to simultaneously detect 15 animal ingredients. The method, based on multiplex PCR and the Luminex multifluorescent bead detection system, was able to sensitively differentiate mammal and ruminant species, and in particular, to detect 11 mammal and two poultry species. The estimated sensitivity of a mixed-meat sample was 0.1% (weight percentage). In a survey of commercially processed meat products, nine of 16 samples were found to contain adulterated ingredients. The assay of the 16 samples took only 3 h for the identification of the 15 animal ingredients.
Challenges to Improve Water and Sanitation Facilities in Bangladesh
Authors: Jakariya Md. , Farid Ahmed M.
Published: April 2016

An examination of water supply, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in poverty‐stricken areas in bangladesh can inform policies and management approaches to improve socioeconomic conditions.
Water Utility Adaptation to a Rapidly Changing Climate: The Front Line of Changes to Come
Authors: Reiter Paul D.
Published: April 2016

This column is about courageous and unappreciated leadership and innovation in the water sector. It's also about adaptation – not to what we might wish was happening, but what is happening. We are having to adapt to a changing climate in the context of a void of knowledge and science on what adaptation in our field might look like.
The animal welfare implications of civet coffee tourism in Bali
Authors: Carder G , Proctor H , Schmidt-Burbach J , D’Cruze N
Published: April 2016

There is a growing demand for civet coffee (also known as ‘Kopi Luwak’ in Indonesia), a luxury coffee produced from coffee cherries that have been eaten and partially digested by civets. Traditionally made using scat collected from the wild, the trend for ‘caged’ civet coffee, where live civets are taken from the wild and housed in captive conditions, is increasing. There is a rapidly expanding civet coffee tourist industry that has emerged within the last five years in Indonesia. The present paper is based on observations of the housing conditions of 48 wild-caught common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) at 16 of these tourist-orientated coffee plantations in Bali. A score between 0-4 indicating welfare concerns was given for eight husbandry factors at each plantation, including: mobility, hygiene, surfaces, shelter, noise, food, water, and social interactions. In addition, interviews were conducted with senior tour guides at each of the plantations to gather information regarding tourist activities and the civet coffee production taking place therein. The data allowed for a welfare assessment to be made, which highlights the inadequate conditions and negative impact on common palm civets associated with the caged commercial production of this luxury product, which are not associated with traditional collection of scat from wild-living civets. We hope that our findings will inform tourists and tour operators about the ethical implications of visiting these attractions.
Comparison of novel mechanical cervical dislocation and a modified captive bolt for on-farm killing of poultry on behavioural reflex responses and anatomical pathology
Authors: Martin JE , McKeegan DEF , Sparrey J , Sandilands V
Published: April 2016

An alternative emergency method for killing poultry on-farm is required following European legislation changes (EU 1099/2009), which heavily restricts the use of manual cervical dislocation. This study investigated the kill efficacy of two mechanical methods that conform to the new legislation: (i) a novel mechanical cervical dislocation device; and (ii) a modified captive-bolt device (Rabbit Zinger™) and manual cervical dislocation (the control). Killing treatments were applied to broilers and layers at two stages of production (broilers: 2-3 and 5 weeks of age; layers: 12-13 and 58-62 weeks), with a total of 180 birds. Latency to abolition of cranial and behavioural reflexes, as well as post mortem analysis of the physiological damage produced, were used to estimate time to unconsciousness and assess kill efficacy. The novel mechanical cervical dislocation device was reliable and a practical method for killing poutry on-farm (100% kill success), with the majority of cranial reflexes showing no significant differences between interval mean durations across killing methods (eg nictitating membrane [mean = 0.7-3.3 s], and rhythmic breathing [mean = 0.0-0.3 s]), however for jaw tone and pupillary reflex, the modified Rabbit ZingerTMhad significantly shorter interval mean durations compared to the control and mechanical cervical dislocation device (mean differences: jaw tone = ~8 s; pupillary = ~38 s). The novel mechanical cervical dislocation device resulted in consistent anatomical damage to the birds (eg high dislocation of the neck and severing of the spinal cord) compared to the manual method, despite both having 100% success rate, while the modified Rabbit ZingerTMwas difficult to operate and resulted in varied anatomical damage. The novel mechanical cervical dislocation device showed promise as a replacement kill method on-farm for poultry.
Cooperative Model for Idle Traffic Optimisation
Authors: Baričević Hrvoje , Ćelić Jasmin , Vilke Siniša
Published: April 2016

The growth trend and the trend of population migration into city centres, as well as the continuous increase in the number of motor vehicles cause traffic jams and congestions in most major cities in the world. In order to eliminate the problems caused by the circling in search of available parking space, i.e. by the congestion, different methods and approaches are implemented. First of all, these are the appropriate strategies and policies that are made in order to regulate the existing situation and to demotivate the arrival of part of the population in the city centre, which does not represent a necessity. Another way to eliminate the above problem, which is the most emphasized in this paper, is represented by the intelligent parking systems. Intelligent parking systems are used to guide the driver to the available parking space and to provide information on the characteristics of it. Normally, they are also used for parking reservation and payment, but in most cases they were related exclusively to closed parking lots and garages. With the technological progress and the development of intelligent sensors it has become possible even to control street parking spaces, which is especially emphasized in this paper. Also, an advanced model of guidance to available parking spaces using a cooperative approach is proposed. The simulation model presenting the advantages of this system compared to the classical approach, which are also highlighted in this paper, is developed.
Fabrication of high quality carbonaceous coating on Cu nanoparticle using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and its application for oxidation prevention
Authors: Pyo Youngjun , Choi Dahyun , Son Yeon-Ho , Kang Suhee , Yoon Eric H. , Jung Seung-Boo , Kim Yongil , Lee Caroline Sunyong
Published: April 2016

A novel method of carbonaceous coating on the surface of copper particles was developed through a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to prevent the oxidation of copper nanoparticles (CNPs). The types of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) used were K-12 (M
W 3,500) and K-30 (M
W 45,000). The amounts of PVP used ranged from 10 to 50 wt %. Additionally, processing temperatures of 900 and 875 °C were tested and compared. The optimum CVD process conditions for the carbonaceous coating were as follows: 875 °C processing temperature, 50 wt % K12 PVP solution, and gas conditions of

. The resistivity change in the fabricated copper pattern was confirmed that the initial resistivity value of the ink with a mixing ratio of carbonaceous-coated CNPs to 1-octanethiol-coated CNPs of

(w/w) maintained its initial resistivity value of 2.93 × 10−7 Ω·m for more than 210 days.
Electron and hole accumulations at GaN/AlInN/GaN interfaces and conductive n-type AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Yoshida Shotaro , Ikeyama Kazuki , Yasuda Toshiki , Furuta Takashi , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Iwaya Motoaki , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: April 2016

We investigated electron and hole accumulations at GaN/AlInN/GaN interfaces by Hall effect measurement. The InN mole fraction and temperature dependences on the sheet carrier densities at the interfaces reveal that electrons and holes were induced by large positive and negative polarization charges to satisfy the charge neutrality conditions, respectively. On the basis of the above results, we then designed and demonstrated a low-resistity 10-pair Si-doped n-type AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) by using high Si doped and graded layers at the GaN/AlInN interfaces. The low-resistity n-type AlInN/GaN DBR will reduce the resistance and the internal loss in blue vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers.
Comparison of the Effect of Maternal Rest in Alternative Lateral Decubitus Positions on the Amniotic Fluid Index
Authors: Ülker Kahraman , Çiçek Melek
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To analyze the effect of maternal rest in the left and right lateral decubitus positions and resting alone on the amniotic fluid index (AFI).

Method

Sixty‐nine women with singleton pregnancies and an AFI of 6 to 24 cm at 36 to 40 weeks' gestation were included in this randomized controlled trial. The women were randomized into 2 intervention groups. After initial AFI measurements, group 1 (n = 35) rested in the left lateral position for 15 minutes and then rested in the right lateral position for another 15 minutes. Group 2 (n = 34) rested in the right lateral position for 15 minutes and then rested in the left lateral position for another 15 minutes. To compare differences between groups, AFIs were measured at the end of each 15‐minute period while the participants were kept on their backs in a semirecumbent position.

Results

The demographic data, gestational ages, and initial AFI values did not differ between groups (P > .05). In group 1, the initial mean AFI ± SD of 12.25 ± 3.81 increased significantly during the first 15 minutes to 15.17 ± 4.27 and decreased significantly during the second 15 minutes to 13.30 ± 4.29 (P< .001); however, the 30‐minute AFI was still significantly higher than the initial value (P = .008). In group 2, the initial AFI change during the first 15 minutes, from 12.83 ± 3.99 to 12.72 ± 3.87, was not significant (P> .05); however, it increased significantly to 15.63 ± 4.14 during the second 15 minutes (P< .001). The 30‐minute AFI was still significantly higher than the initial value (P< .001).

Conclusions

Maternal rest in the right lateral decubitus position does not seem to either increase or decrease the AFI, and resting alone does not increase the AFI in the short term.
Ultrasound‐Guided Transcutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Base of the Tongue and Floor of the Mouth From a Submental Approach
Authors: Wagner Jason M. , Conrad Rachel D. , Cannon Trinitia Y. , Alleman Anthony M.
Published: April 2016

Limited data exist regarding the feasibility of ultrasound‐guided transcutaneous biopsy of the base of the tongue and floor of the mouth. This retrospective study reviewed 8 cases with lesions in the base of the tongue or floor of the mouth that were biopsied by fine‐needle aspiration. Core biopsy was also needed in 1 case. All biopsies were technically successful, and all yielded squamous cell carcinoma. One biopsy yielded a false‐positive result, as subsequent resection yielded high‐grade dysplasia with no invasion. The other biopsy results were considered true‐positive based on subsequent pathologic examinations (2 cases) or clinical/imaging follow‐up (5 cases). There were no significant complications associated with the biopsies.
Factors Influencing the Outcome of Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration for Salivary Gland Lesion Diagnosis
Authors: Kim Min Woo , Kim Dong Wook , Jung Hyun Seok , Choo Hye Jung , Park Young Mi , Jung Soo Jin , Baek Hye Jin
Published: April 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to assess multiple factors influencing the outcomes of ultrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of salivary gland lesions.

Methods

From 2008 to 2013, a single radiologist performed US‐guided FNA of salivary gland lesions in 243 patients. With the exclusion of pure cysts, poor image quality, and insufficient static image cases, 218 salivary gland lesions in 218 patients were included. The composition, size, location, and vascularity of the lesions were retrospectively investigated on the basis of sonographic findings by the same radiologist. The relationship between sampling adequacy and multiple factors was compared, and the diagnostic accuracy of US‐guided FNA of salivary gland lesions was calculated by using the final diagnosis as a reference standard.

Results

The sampling adequacy rate for US‐guided FNA of the 218 salivary gland lesions was 96.8% (211 of 218). A significant difference was observed in the composition and vascularity of the lesions (P < .0001), whereas there was no significant difference in the patient age and sex, lesion size, lesion location, and needle size. The rate of inadequate sampling increased in predominantly cystic lesions compared with solid lesions as well as in low‐vascularity lesions compared with high‐vascularity lesions. Of the 218 lesions, 178 (81.7%) were ultimately diagnosed, and most were benign (162 of 178 [91.0%]). When 3 cases with indeterminate cytologic results were excluded, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of US‐guided FNA of salivary gland lesions were 64.3%, 98.8%, 81.8%, 97.0%, and 96.0%, respectively.

Conclusions

When using US‐guided FNA to diagnose salivary gland lesions, sampling adequacy depends on the composition or vascularity of the lesions.
Thermal conversion of filamentous potato virus X into spherical particles with different properties from virions
Authors: Nikitin Nikolai , Ksenofontov Alexander , Trifonova Ekaterina , Arkhipenko Marina , Petrova Ekaterina , Kondakova Olga , Kirpichnikov Mikhail , Atabekov Joseph , Dobrov Evgeny , Karpova Olga
Published: April 2016

We developed a method for the fast transformation of virions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in so‐called spherical particles (SPs) of different sizes. These SPs turned out to be highly useful for the preparation of different kinds of important biotechnological products. In this communication, we report that a representative of the flexuous helical virus group—potato virus X (PVX), produces SPs as well, but these SPs differ from TMV SPs in several important aspects. PVX SPs may be useful biotechnological devices.
Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) in SP‐CCSM4: Part I—Seasonal mean state and intraseasonal variability
Authors: Jin Yan , Stan Cristiana
Published: April 2016

The mean state and intraseasonal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) simulated by the Super‐Parameterized Community Climate System Model version 4 (SP‐CCSM4) and the conventionally parameterized CCSM4 are evaluated against observations. The SP‐CCSM4 model has a better simulation of the May‐June‐July‐August seasonal mean state of EASM than CCSM4, although it produces a dry bias over the EASM area compared to observations. The dry bias in SP‐CCSM4 is associated with the erroneous northward displacement of the western North Pacific subtropical high. The SP‐CCSM4 model simulates the reasonable monsoon onset and northward propagation of the monsoonal precipitation, yet the rainband marches faster and reaches to a higher latitude than in observations. The mechanisms associated with the northward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) of EASM are also captured by SP‐CCSM4. The cyclonic vorticity and the moisture convergence lead the convective activity, favoring the northward propagation of convection. The easterly wind shear and air‐sea interaction mechanisms in the model are realistic and show contributions to the northward propagation of the ISO of the model. The SP‐CCSM4 model captures many facets of the stepwise northward propagation of the precipitation belt in the EASM region, including the Mei‐yu season. However, compared to the observations, in the model the onset of the Mei‐yu season takes place 5 days earlier and the duration of the Mei‐yu's rainy episode is shorter. The CCSM4 model has large deficiencies in simulating the intraseasonal variability of EASM.
Evaluation of simulated photolysis rates and their response to solar irradiance variability
Authors: Sukhodolov Timofei , Rozanov Eugene , Ball William T. , Bais Alkiviadis , Tourpali Kleareti , Shapiro Alexander I. , Telford Paul , Smyshlyaev Sergey , Fomin Boris , Sander Rolf , Bossay Sébastien , Bekki Slimane , Marchand Marion , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip , Haigh Joanna D. , Peter Thomas , Schmutz Werner
Published: April 2016

The state of the stratospheric ozone layer and the temperature structure of the atmosphere are largely controlled by the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) through its influence on heating and photolysis rates. This study focuses on the uncertainties in the photolysis rate response to solar irradiance variability related to the choice of SSI data set and to the performance of the photolysis codes used in global chemistry‐climate models. To estimate the impact of SSI uncertainties, we compared several photolysis rates calculated with the radiative transfer model libRadtran, using SSI calculated with two models and observed during the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite mission. The importance of the calculated differences in the photolysis rate response for ozone and temperature changes has been estimated using 1‐D a radiative‐convective‐photochemical model. We demonstrate that the main photolysis reactions, responsible for the solar signal in the stratosphere, are highly sensitive to the spectral distribution of SSI variations. Accordingly, the ozone changes and related ozone‐temperature feedback are shown to depend substantially on the SSI data set being used, which highlights the necessity of obtaining accurate SSI variations. To evaluate the performance of photolysis codes, we compared the results of eight, widely used, photolysis codes against two reference schemes. We show that, in most cases, absolute values of the photolysis rates and their response to applied SSI changes agree within 30%. However, larger errors may appear in specific atmospheric regions because of differences, for instance, in the treatment of Rayleigh scattering, quantum yields, or absorption cross sections.
Characterizing the onset and demise of the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Noska Ryne , Misra Vasubandhu
Published: April 2016

An objective index of the onset and demise of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is introduced. This index has the advantage of simplicity by using only one variable, which is the spatially averaged all‐India rainfall, a reliably observed quantity for more than a century. The proposed onset index is shown to be insensitive to all historic false onsets. By definition, now the seasonal mean rainfall anomalies become a function of variations in onset and demise dates, rendering their monitoring to be very meaningful. This new index provides a comprehensive representation of the seasonal evolution of the ISM by capturing the corresponding changes in large‐scale dynamic and thermodynamic variables. We also show that the interannual variability of the onset date of the ISM is associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with early (late) onsets preceded by cold (warm) ENSO.
The spectroscopic foundation of radiative forcing of climate by carbon dioxide
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Daniels Taumi S. , Kratz David P. , Feldman Daniel R. , Collins William D. , Mlawer Eli J. , Alvarado Matthew J. , Lawler James E. , Anderson L. W. , Fahey David W. , Hunt Linda A. , Mast Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2016

The radiative forcing (RF) of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the leading contribution to climate change from anthropogenic activities. Calculating CO2 RF requires detailed knowledge of spectral line parameters for thousands of infrared absorption lines. A reliable spectroscopic characterization of CO2 forcing is critical to scientific and policy assessments of present climate and climate change. Our results show that CO2 RF in a variety of atmospheres is remarkably insensitive to known uncertainties in the three main CO2 spectroscopic parameters: the line shapes, line strengths, and half widths. We specifically examine uncertainty in RF due to line mixing as this process is critical in determining line shapes in the far wings of CO2 absorption lines. RF computed with a Voigt line shape is also examined. Overall, the spectroscopic uncertainty in present‐day CO2 RF is less than 1%, indicating a robust foundation in our understanding of how rising CO2 warms the climate system.
Parental Leave in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Baker Maureen
Published: April 2016

The development of employment leave and cash benefits to replace the earnings of new parents dates back to the nineteenth century but changes in women's employment and new ideas about gender equity have led to the expansion of these programs in many countries. This entry examines debates about entitlement, funding, duration, and wage compensation for maternity and paternity. These debates are situated within gendered patterns of paid/unpaid work and cross‐national variations in political goals.
Sustainable Livelihoods
Authors: Harcourt Wendy
Published: April 2016

The sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach to the environment and resource management has traditionally focused on poverty reduction in relation to the environment. Feminist political ecology and queer ecology have run parallel to the SL approach. These two approaches to the environment have focused on gender power relations, embodiment, nature, and community.
Sexual Terrorism
Authors: Rosen David
Published: April 2016

Sexual terrorism is a form of violence – or the threat of violence – employed officially or informally in wars and civil conflicts. It is also referred to as gender‐based terrorism and is particularly targeted at women and young girls, often involving individual rape, gang rape, forced impregnation, sexual mutilation, and other acts of sexual violation. The International Criminal Court (ICC) recognizes it as a war crime. Sexual terrorism is a worldwide phenomenon with historic roots reaching back to Greek mythology and the Bible. It became a feature of the twentieth‐century concept of “total war” and was first systematically used as part of the military strategy of “ethnic cleansing” in the 1992 Bosnian conflict. The US military employed it in Vietnam and as part of its post‐9/11 “enhanced interrogation techniques” at Abu Ghraib, Guantánamo, and black‐site prisons.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Keshet Yael
Published: April 2016

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is an umbrella term used to denote a group of diverse medical modalities, practices, and products that are not generally considered to be part of conventional biomedicine in Western countries. Women are more likely than men to use, practice, and study CAM. Women were also found to be more actively involved in mindfulness practices such as meditation, guided imagery, and deep breathing for relaxation, and to have greater affinity for New Age and holistic spirituality. Several explanations that have been suggested are presented. While CAM and holistic spirituality offer a broad alternative that extends beyond the medicine of the body, analysis suggests that a gendered alternative vision is realized only to a limited extent. Moreover, the empowering impact of CAM is restricted mostly to women who enjoy a high income and a high level of education.
Families of Choice
Authors: Dewaele Alexis
Published: April 2016

Lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) more often rely on friends than on family for sexuality‐related problems. The importance that LGBs attach to their friendship networks in contrast to their family networks is echoed in the family‐of‐choice hypothesis. We discuss how chosen families reflect a unique characteristic of social networks in sexual minority individuals, as well as a familiar dynamic to compensate for lack of social support in several minority groups.
Homelessness and Gender
Authors: Zufferey Carole
Published: April 2016

Homelessness is a gendered issue. However, homelessness has been conceptualized and responded to using a male‐centric lens that stereotypes gender and does not always make explicit gender, race, and class differences central to the phenomenon of homelessness. Feminist theorizing questions masculinized definitions of homelessness. Intersectional feminism highlights that gender intersects with other social categories, such as class, ethnicity, race, religion, age, sexuality, and ability, to shape the experiences of men and women who are defined as homeless.
Stratified Reproduction
Authors: McCormack Karen M.
Published: April 2016

Stratified reproduction refers to the various policies, practices, and beliefs that promote and enable reproduction and childrearing for some while actively discouraging the reproduction of others. By allocating resources unequally, the reproductive practices of the privileged are often supported and celebrated, while they are made difficult and even dangerous for others.
Women's Dirges
Authors: Thiruchandran Selvy
Published: April 2016

Dirges have a ritual status and therefore are amenable to analytical, sociological, and anthropological research. This genre, usually associated with death, also has a cross‐cultural presence across China, Finland, Ireland, Greece, and India. In India, Sri Lanka, China, and Finland there are other types of lament songs more closely associated with women's suffering. Though dirges are a vocation for women, there are instances of men initiating the process. The emotions expressed through the songs vary according to the age, gender, and caste/class status of the person who has died, and depend on the relationship of the deceased to the mourners. There is also a belief that singing dirges has an otherworldly motive and that the dead person's soul will be appeased. Most importantly, commonsense wisdom comprehends dirges from a social‐psychological perspective. They are seen as catharsis of the self, of those who are grieving, to relieve anxiety and pent‐up tensions through an outlet for repressed feelings.
Lesbian Performance
Authors: Williams Martina
Published: April 2016

This entry begins by considering what “lesbian performance” might mean, particularly in the context of the theater. It goes on to outline briefly some of the more prominent recent examples of lesbian performances.
Compulsory Heterosexuality
Authors: Schippers Mimi
Published: April 2016

This entry offers a definition of the term compulsory heterosexuality. It outlines the key themes and ideas, including male identification and lesbian continuum, in the essay in which Adrienne Rich developed the concept. There is also a summary of the main critiques of Rich's theory. The entry concludes with a brief discussion of the concept's subsequent role in feminist and queer theory and in gender and sexuality research.
Appearance Psychology
Authors: Hayfield Nikki , Tischner Irmgard
Published: April 2016

Most mainstream appearance psychology has been located within health psychology and has focused on how appearance can become a concern for those with congenital or acquired visible differences or “disfigurements.” Other appearance research has focused on body image and appearance in relation to gender and sexuality from both mainstream and critical psychological perspectives. A smaller body of research and theory has considered the ways in which individual and collective identities are formed partly through dress and appearance, and has explored the links between appearance, gender and sexuality, and masculine and feminine identities.
Gangs and Gender
Authors: Palasinski Marek , Montague Jane
Published: April 2016

The key factor differentiating gangs from ordinary, and even delinquent, youth groups has been argued to be violence, which serves as a tool for acquiring, maintaining, and enhancing a perceived social status and for commanding respect. Thus, not only do gangs attract people with a propensity for criminal involvement, including violence, and increase the opportunities for engaging in such behavior, but they also seem to act as a magnet for those concerned with their social status when the legitimate avenues for upward social mobility are seen as scarce.
Wet Nursing
Authors: Saikin Anna Dodson
Published: April 2016

Wet nursing has served as an alternative to a mother's breast milk for much of modern history, but is rarely practiced in the present day due to medical and ethical concerns regarding the safety of a wet nurse's milk, and the advent of infant formula and milk banks as alternative sources of infant nourishment.
Alternative Media
Authors: Bell Erin
Published: April 2016

Alternative media, also known as independent media, offers a diverging point of view (as pertaining to politics, sexuality, economics, or almost any other locus of interest) and more diverse content than the mainstream media. As the term suggests, alternative media typically aims to report upon news and events ignored by the conventional reportage of the world, hence providing an “alternative” to the commonly disseminated media rhetoric in a given location. Some experts also suggest that alternative journalists often persuade their audiences to move from passive spectatorship to a state of political activism.
Feminist Standpoint Theory
Authors: van der Tuin Iris
Published: April 2016

Feminist standpoint theory was developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It served as the epistemological backbone of women's studies. In fact, the theory soon became prescriptive in women's studies circles. Feminist standpoint theory prioritizes thinking from women's or marginalized lives. The theory considers these lives as privileged sites of knowledge production. Hence, feminist standpoint theory focuses on the intersection of everyday practices of exercising power and the production of knowledge. The working hypothesis of feminist standpoint theory can be summarized as follows: a social disadvantage implies an epistemological advantage. Standpoint theory has been the motor behind the feminist attempt at making the relation between the knowing subject and the object of knowledge horizontal. This aspect of the theory is particularly important in the human sciences because these sciences work with people or people's products (cultural artifacts). When marginalized people are privileged producers of knowledge, they must also be the ones who ask the questions. As a result, feminist standpoint theorists try to produce socially relevant research. Sandra Harding is the main canonizing force behind feminist standpoint theory.
Feminisms, First, Second, and Third Wave
Authors: van der Tuin Iris
Published: April 2016

A logic of “feminist waves” structures the ways in which Western academic and non‐academic feminists tell stories about their past and present. The notions of “first‐wave,” “second‐wave,” and “third‐wave feminism” are common currency in feminist discourse. In spite of this, waves are generally reckoned to constrain how we plot and plan feminism. The wave‐logic is argued to be a source of processes of inclusion and exclusion within feminism. Second‐wave feminists object to the strategy of the first feminist wave (“equality feminism” is exchanged for feminisms of “difference”) and the results of equality feminism are questioned. This is because the rights gained had not changed the minds and practices of men and women. The conflict‐based models of equality feminism were also said to be based on a model of kinship relations that does not do justice to the experiences of black and lesbian women. The relation between mothers and daughters has different features in black and lesbian communities. Hence, the wave model has a white bias and suffers from heterosexism and biologism. Contemporary queer and quantum feminists reconfigure the concept of the feminist wave by asking how the ontology of a feminist wave looks.
Menarche
Authors: Samuels Danielle V. , Natsuaki Misaki N.
Published: April 2016

Menarche is defined as the onset of menstruation. Though the term refers to a biological event in the adolescent female body, its status as harbinger of reproductive fertility represents a symbolic shift from girlhood to womanhood. As such, the transition often requires psychological and social adjustment. Contemporary psychologists and anthropologists study how the meaning and experience of menarche vary across cultures and individuals. Current emphases in theory and research include factors that influence the experience of menarche, such as changing social norms and individual timing of menarche relative to peers, and their implications for adjustment. Because clinicians and researchers have demonstrated the importance of menarcheal timing for psychological and health outcomes, future theory and research efforts will be devoted to elucidating specific mechanisms and to finding more reliable assessments of menarche and associated experiences.
Kothi
Authors: Gill Harjant
Published: April 2016

Kothi (also spelled koti and khoti) is an identity that in contemporary India and Bangladesh is used by many effeminate men to signal their preference for being receptive (bottom) partners during sexual intercourse among men who have sex with men (MSM). While kothi‐identified men often term their penetrative (top) partner “panthi,” unlike kothi, panthi is a classification that the penetrative partners rarely use as an identity. Recognized within sexual rights discourse in India as a distinct identity within the broader umbrella of MSM, kothi is often cited as the “indigenous” or “localized” counterpart to Western categories of gay and bisexual which have become more popular over the last two decades. Kothi‐identified men are often not fluent in English and belong to poor or working class backgrounds.
Alpha Male
Authors: Page Jennifer K.
Published: April 2016

Originally used to indicate dominance in animal communities, “alpha male” is now a term used to describe human males who demonstrate confidence, persistence, and charisma in professional and social, especially sexual, situations. Alpha males claim professional and sexual success as a means of gaining acceptance and respect from other males within their communities.
Gay and Lesbian Pride Day
Authors: Sizemore‐Barber April
Published: April 2016

Gay and Lesbian Pride Day is an official event around which lesbians, gays, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people organize and celebrate their identities and relationships in a public space that might normally be hostile. Usually typified by a parade, street party, community information booths, and rainbow flags, “Pride” has become an international phenomenon, spreading from gay‐friendly European and American cities to numerous locations across the world. The globalization of Pride and LGBT identity has, however, resulted in critiques from both anti‐gay and radical queer positions.
Women in Development
Authors: Basiliere Jenna
Published: April 2016

Women in development (WID) is classified as a series of policies used by governments and non‐government organizations between the 1970s and 1980s. WID policies promote women's economic empowerment and targeted women as a compartmentalized group of development beneficiaries. This marks a shift from previous development/welfare policies, which often classified women exclusively through their roles as mothers and familial caretakers. Ultimately, WID policies came under heavy feminist critique for being too essentialist, and gave way to a new set of development policies colloquially referred to as gender and development (GAD).
Sexual Fetishism
Authors: Houston Lola D.
Published: April 2016

Sexual fetishism is usually considered to be the specific interest in a particular object, aspect, or part of a person that incites a strong sexual response. Often seen in the context of a culture or practice, sexual fetishism has more recently been subsumed as a clinical rather than a social matter, and has subsequently connoted a problem or something to be “cured” or “fixed” rather than as a part of a cultural whole.
Sadomasochism, Domination, and Submission
Authors: Musser Amber Jamilla
Published: April 2016

Sadomasochism is a flexible term that describes a broad range of sexual practices, a psychological frame of mind, and a theoretical mode. Originating in Austrian psychiatric literature as a set of pathologies to describe those who desired submission (masochism) and those who desired to cause pain in others for their own pleasure (sadism), sadomasochism can be understood as the coexistence of the conflicting impulses of domination and submission.