bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping Through Emotional Approach: A New Look at Emotion, Coping, and Health‐Related Outcomes
Authors: Austenfeld Jennifer L. , Stanton Annette L.
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Researchers studying stress and coping processes have attempted to identify which coping strategies are most adaptive in stressful encounters. A generally accepted conclusion has been that emotion‐focused coping processes are associated with dysfunctional outcomes. Studies from our and other research teams challenge the “bad reputation” of emotion‐focused coping by demonstrating that items measuring emotion‐focused strategies in published coping questionnaires are confounded with distress and self‐deprecation. We have developed and validated new instruments to assess coping though acknowledging, understanding, and expressing emotion, that is, coping through emotional approach. Longitudinal and experimental studies using these new scales have documented the adaptive potential of emotional‐approach coping in the context of several types of stressors, including infertility, breast cancer, and chronic pain. However, characteristics of the environmental context, stressful experience, and individual are important moderators of the relations of emotional‐approach coping and health‐related outcomes. Potential mediators and moderators of coping through emotional approach, clinical relevance of the construct, and directions for research are discussed.
Early Environment, Emotions, Responses to Stress, and Health
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. , Lerner Jennifer S. , Sage Rebecca M. , Lehman Barbara J. , Seeman Teresa E.
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A harsh early family environment is related to mental and physical health in adulthood. An important question is why family environment in childhood is associated with these outcomes so long after its initial occurrence. We describe a program of research that evaluates a model linking these variables to each other. Specifically, we hypothesize that low social competence and negative emotional states may mediate relations between a harsh early family environment and physiological/neuroendocrine responses to stress, as well as long‐term health outcomes. We report evidence that the model characterizes self‐rated health, cortisol responses to stress, and, in males only, elevated cardiovascular responses to stress. We discuss how the social context of early life (such as SES) may affect the family environment in ways that precipitate adverse health consequences. Perspectives on comorbidities in physical and mental health are discussed.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, Aging, and Health: The Increasingly Delicate Balance Between Regulating Emotions and Making Tough Choices
Authors: Löckenhoff Corinna E. , Carstensen Laura L.
Published: October 2004

AbstractAfter providing an introductory overview of socioemotional selectivity theory, we review empirical evidence for its basic postulates and consider the implications of the predicted cognitive and behavioral changes for physical health. The main assertion of socioemotional selectivity theory is that when boundaries on time are perceived, present‐oriented goals related to emotional meaning are prioritized over future‐oriented goals aimed at acquiring information and expanding horizons. Such motivational changes, which are strongly correlated with chronological age, systematically influence social preferences, social network composition, emotion regulation, and cognitive processing. On the one hand, there is considerable reason to believe that such changes are good for well‐being and social adjustment. On the other hand, the very same motivational changes may limit health‐related information‐seeking and influence attention, memory, and decision‐making such that positive material is favored over negative information. Grounding our arguments in socioemotional selectivity theory, we consider possible ways to tailor contexts such that disadvantages are avoided.
Integration planning for technology intensive acquisitions
Authors: Bannert Valerie , Tschirky Hugo
Published: October 2004

Rapid technological change, growing technological complexity and shortening product life cycles increasingly force companies to source technologies externally. One means of building up competencies and fostering innovation based on external resources such as knowledge is through the acquisition of technology‐based companies. However as literature and practice have shown, technologically motivated and intensive acquisitions are highly vulnerable to failure. One of the main reasons for this value destruction lies in the miscarried and inappropriate integration of the technology‐based company after the acquisition.

Based on eight in‐depth case studies on technology intensive acquisitions in multi‐national technology‐based companies this paper aims to identify the main causes of failure in internalizing external knowledge during the integration of technology intensive acquisitions. It was derived that a lack of integrative decision‐making, of systemic processes and of a holistic change of both companies during the integration hinders successful knowledge sourcing through acquisitions. Based on these findings, a concept for integration planning which is tailored towards the specific characteristics of technology intensive acquisitions is proposed. This concept is embedded in the acquisition process and encompasses the development of an appropriate integration strategy and the determination, assessment and planning of the required integration projects thus fostering successful knowledge sourcing.
Integrating innovation and learning curve theory: an enabler for moving nanotechnologies and other emerging process technologies into production
Authors: Linton Jonathan D. , Walsh Steven T.
Published: October 2004

Process technology selection is biased against selection of emerging process technologies such as nanotechnologies, biotechnology and microtechnologies (MEMS), since these decisions are frequently based on assumptions that are only valid for mature sustaining process technologies. This is a great concern since emerging process technologies are drivers of economic growth, especially in developed economies. We consider the learning curve literature and integrate it with the literature on technological trajectories and innovation to develop a theory for modeling the learning curve for emerging process technologies.
Implementing industrial sustainability: the research issues in technology management
Authors: Paramanathan Subashini , Farrukh Clare , Phaal Rob , Probert David
Published: October 2004

This paper ties together issues in the implementation of industrial sustainability and the contribution that technology management research has to offer. The idea of sustainability seems to be slowly attracting more attention. Discussion occurs not only amongst world governments, academics and NGOs, but also in industry. Industrial sustainability now appears to be moving up the management agenda in many organisations. Corporate reputation and shareholder value may be at stake for organisations which cannot demonstrate a rational position on sustainability. However, despite this increasing awareness, in practice there are a number of barriers to the implementation of industrial sustainability ideas. For a start, it is unclear what industrial sustainability means in practical terms. The business case for implementation is often built on individual conviction or motivational case examples, rather than being grounded in solid theory with associated frameworks, guidelines and tools. Particular challenges facing organisations include the choice of appropriate product and process technologies, lifecycle valuation techniques, changing employee and other stakeholder mindsets, and possibly most importantly, creating a new business model altogether.

In light of these issues, this paper sets out to review the contribution that technology management research can make towards the effective implementation of industrial sustainability. Considerations include the cross‐functional and cross‐organisational issues of implementation – bringing together various business units and functions within a company, and the many players in a supply chain, with the goal of improving environmental, social and economic performance in parallel. There is a need to develop new methods for technology valuation which integrate the concept of triple bottom line accountability and existing technology strategy in organisations could be extended, to include the wider set of values that underpin the concepts of industrial sustainability. The critical research needs for this to be achieved are identified.
Supporting the technology‐push of a discontinuous innovation in practice
Authors: Schwery Alexander , Raurich Vicente F.
Published: October 2004

The hydraulic power generation business is usually faced with continuous innovation, meaning that progress is rather made in small than in large steps. Nevertheless, there are currently some examples of discontinuous innovation, the Powerformer‐technology being one of them. The implying difficulties for successful innovation are internal communication and linking the technology to the most suitable markets. In order to proficiently push the Powerformer‐technology onto the markets, an appropriate procedure is identified and implemented to practice.

First, a SWOT‐analysis is used for assessing the competitive product concept of this discontinuous innovation. This contributed the specific calls for action. Second, the identified procedure for leveraging this technology‐push aggregates the technology choice tool, roadmapping and a process for technology commercialization. As a result, specified market segments, a market penetration schedule as well as development and design aims were defined. This paper intends to give a practice example on how the mentioned methodologies were applied for the technology‐push of a discontinuous innovation.
Strategic Project Leadership® Toward a strategic approach to project management
Authors: Shenhar Aaron J.
Published: October 2004

Strategic Project Leadership
®
(SPL) is a new approach to project management that is focusing projects on creating competitive advantage and winning in the marketplace. This approach is particularly relevant to strategic projects that are initiated to create the company's future, including almost all R&D projects. In the traditional approach, project managers and teams were typically focused on getting the job done, and meeting time and budget goals. SPL, provides a modern view. It suggests that projects are initiated for business reasons, and that just ‘getting the job done’ is not enough. This paper presents a mindset, a framework, and a practical, step‐by‐step approach on how to connect project management to business results and how to turn projects into powerful competitive weapons. The paper is based on extensive case research, of which we present six cases – three successes and three disappointments – to demonstrate the value of the SPL approach to project management.1
The importance of internal and external R&D network linkages for R&D organisations: evidence from Singapore
Authors: Helble Yvonne , Chong Li Choy
Published: October 2004

This paper examines the importance of internal and external R&D networks for R&D organisations of multinational firms (MNCs) in Singapore and investigates corresponding R&D management requirements in this context, namely a late‐industrialising country in Asia. A unique feature of Singapore is its ability to attract ‘high quality’ foreign direct investment, involving activities of higher value added and more complex technology without having developed full‐fledged R&D activities among its business organisations, thus creating a challenging situation for subsidiary R&D managers, both in the internal R&D organisation as well as in the external research environment. This paper analyses these issues.

Based on in‐depth interviews with 53 R&D subsidiaries of MNCs operating in Singapore, this paper identifies internal and external R&D management needs. Through our analysis of data gleaned from these interviews, we found that subsidiary R&D managers need to increase and/or maintain the strategic importance of their R&D site internally within their global corporate R&D organisation. This requires constant upgrading of the technological level at the R&D subsidiary and intense communication with headquarters as well as other R&D subsidiaries. Furthermore, our findings indicate that in the external research environment, subsidiary R&D managers need to create an efficient local network of external players. If these internal and external issues are properly addressed, the R&D subsidiary can effectively contribute to the corporate R&D organisation and be a critical partner in the local research network. Lessons learned from the Singapore experience include the need to develop sufficient local expertise as well as to change the mindset of managers to focus on creativity rather than precise execution.
Progressive Lending as an Enforcement Mechanism in Microfinance Programs
Authors: Egli Dominik
Published: October 2004

Microfinance programs are often characterized by progressive lending. A typical borrower receives at first very small amounts, which increase with good repayment conduct. The author rationalizes this feature of microfinance. It is shown that there is a strong tendency to split up projects into subprojects, and that it might be necessary to perform less productive projects first in order to keep pressure on the borrower to repay.
Measuring Poverty Reduction and Targeting Performance Under Multiple Government Programs
Authors: Makdissi Paul , Wodon Quentin
Published: October 2004

Evaluation of the poverty impact and targeting performance of a given social program may depend on how other programs are treated in the analysis. Using well‐known results from cooperative game theory, this paper proposes an empirically simple yet theoretically sound method for allocating between various programs the overall poverty reduction obtained from a set of programs, and for assessing the targeting performance of each program.
Wages and Other Determinants of Corruption
Authors: Sosa Luis A.
Published: October 2004

Raising wages has commonly been viewed as an anticorruption policy by policymakers from both governments and multilateral development organizations. Conventional wisdom and recent theoretical work suggest that low wages encourage corruption. Nevertheless, the empirical studies done on the wage– corruption tradeoff are econometric estimates that find no conclusive support for the effectiveness of increasing wages as an anticorruption measure. The unique contributions of this paper are the application of an expected utility model to explain the emergence of corruption, and the use of comparative static results that are consistent with the empirical evidence and useful for the design of anticorruption policies. The most important result from the expected utility model is that anticorruption policies designed to increase the net income of potentially corrupt agents not only may be ineffective but may actually encourage corruption.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Macroeconomic Performance in Hong Kong
Authors: Crosby Mark
Published: October 2004

The paper presents evidence on whether Hong Kong’s currency board arrangement, in place since 1983, has affected the volatility of real macroeconomic variables. Simple evidence on the relative volatilities of relevant macroeconomic variables before and after 1983 is presented, before a more formal econometric framework is utilized to examine the linkages between the exchange rate and the real economy. It is found that the currency board period has been one of relative stability in Hong Kong, though it has also been a period where external factors have been relatively benign. Even after controlling for the external environment, it is found that the currency board period is one of low macroeconomic volatility.
Poverty, Growth, and Redistribution: a Study of Iran
Authors: Assadzadeh Ahmad , Paul Satya
Published: October 2004

The paper examines changes in the extent of poverty in Iran in the period 1983 to 1993. More specifically, it investigates the contributions of growth and redistribution factors to changes in poverty over this period of ten years. The analysis is based on household‐level data relating to three Household Income and Expenditures Surveys of 1983, 1988, and 1993. The study reveals that the extent of poverty in the rural sector declined slightly, whereas in the urban sector it increased significantly. Decomposition of changes in poverty into growth and redistribution components indicates that in each sector the redistribution component was positive, implying that the deterioration of income inequality contributed to the worsening of poverty. The growth component, however, affected the two sectors differently: it contributed to a reduction in poverty in rural areas and an increase in urban areas.
School Governance and Oversight in California: Shaping the Landscape of Equity and Adequacy
Authors: Timar Thomas B.
Published: October 2004

This article examines California's system of school governance. The article's overarching concern is how state structures and policies support or constrain the capacity of schools to deliver an adequate and equal education. Specifically, I address the following questions: Who is responsible for ensuring that the state's schools have adequate resources'? What means are available to determine of schools’ curriculum, personnel, facilities, and instructional materials are adequate? What means exist for determining if schools are performing satisfactorily ? What means exist for remedying deficiencies in schools ? I argue that the irrationality, incoherence, and limited efficacy of California's increasingly state-controlled system of governance contribute substantially to create the substandard conditions in schools that are the subject of the Williams case.
Opportunity at the Crossroads: Racial Inequality, School Segregation, and Higher Education in California
Authors: Teranishi Robert , Allen Walter R. , Solórzano Daniel G.
Published: October 2004

This article addresses the stubborn and persistent underrepresentation of African American and Chicano/Latino in California higher education by examining the academic resources, performance, and postsecondary outcomes of students from public high schools with different racial compositions. The results from this study provide evidence for the degree to which social stratification in California public higher education is associated with racial segregation and inequities in educational resources and postsecondary preparation during high school.
Metropolitan comparisons: London as a city-state*
Authors: Keene Derek
Published: October 2004

This article explores ideas associated with the term ‘metropolis’, especially when used concerning London, and then takes the notion of the city-state as a heuristic device to identify recurrent and fundamental characteristics of this particular metropolis. The comparisons are between successive phases in London's history, including the present; between London and other metropolises; and between London and that elusive ideal type, the ‘city-state’.
St. Giles' church and Charles I's coronation visit to Scotland
Authors: Shaw Dougal
Published: October 2004

In the seventeenth century, St. Giles' was Edinburgh's main church, located, where it still stands today, at the heart of the capital. Yet, during the course of protracted negotiations between 1628 and 1633, Charles and his Scottish privy council vacillated over the suitability of St. Giles' as a venue for the monarch's impending coronation. It remained the favourite in the running until a late stage, before ultimately losing out to Holyrood abbey. This article reconstructs and analyses the story of the church's rejection. It suggests that a caucus of influential Edinburgh citizens mounted a negative campaign to resist the church's selection, anticipating the Caroline court's favoured brand of religious ceremonial. An analysis of Edinburgh's political infrastructure, empowered by absentee monarchy, underpins this reading. It is further substantiated in the closing part of the article by an account of the events that took place at St. Giles' in the immediate aftermath of the coronation. The article concludes by discussing how this particular case study confirms and confounds different strands of early modern British historiography.
How ‘cod war’ came: the origins of the Anglo-Icelandic fisheries dispute, 1958–61*
Authors: Jóhannesson Gudni Thorlacius
Published: October 2004

This article describes the origins of the first ‘cod war’ between Britain and Iceland in 1958–61. First, it examines the underlying factors which made it very likely that a fishing dispute of some kind would break out between the two countries. Second, it describes the actual events of 1958, when the Icelanders extended their fishing limits to twelve nautical miles and the Royal Navy was sent to protect British trawlers from harassment by Icelandic gunboats. The article is based on archival sources in Britain, Iceland, the United States, Canada, Norway and Denmark.
DNA extraction and PCR assays for detection of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: EDVINSSON BENJAMIN , JALAL SHAH , NORD CARL ERIK , PEDERSEN BABILL STRAY , EVENGÅRD BIRGITTA
Published: October 2004

For detection of Toxoplasma gondii we compared the sensitivity of two different DNA extraction methods and three different PCR assays. Sensitivities of DNA extraction by QIAamp DNA mini Kit or MagNa pure followed by PCR, nested PCR and oligochromatography or Light Cycler PCR using either SYBR green chemistry or TaqMan probe were compared. No significant difference between extraction methods was found using pure T. gondii tachyzoites. Spiked blood samples, 104 to 10 parasites per sample, generated no difference in sensitivity between the two DNA extraction methods when analysed by nested PCR detected by oligochromatography or analysed by Light Cycler PCR TaqMan. In spiked blood samples Light Cycler PCR SYBR green was unable to detect the parasite and a reduction in sensitivity was observed with the TaqMan assay. Conventional PCR was more sensitive when DNA was extracted from the spiked samples using the QIAamp DNA mini Kit. Conventional and nested PCR were found to be more sensitive than Light Cycler PCR TaqMan using the QIAamp DNA mini Kit. It was not possible to use Light Cycler PCR SYBR green in blood samples. Conventional PCR was more sensitive for detection of T. gondii in spiked blood samples using QIAamp DNA mini Kit DNA extraction, suggesting that the choice of DNA extraction method may affect PCR assays differently.
The associations of obesity, lymph node status and prognosis in breast cancer patients: Dependence on estrogen and progesterone receptor status
Authors: MAEHLE BJØRN OVE , TRETLI STEINAR , THORSEN THOR
Published: October 2004

Breast cancer patients who are obese have a higher risk of lymph node metastases and a poorer prognosis than those who are slim. It has been claimed that estrogens derived from fat are important for these associations. If estrogens are important, these relationships must be stronger in the hormone receptor‐positive than in the hormone receptor‐negative groups. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure of obesity. The second, third, and fourth quintiles of BMI were treated as one group and termed ‘medium’. Patients in the fifth quintile were termed ‘obese’ and those in the first quintile ‘slim’. The number of women with unilateral disease treated with modified radical mastectomy and included in the study was 1211. Of all patients included, obese patients had a 1.53 higher risk of lymph node metastases compared to slim patients (p=0.02). In the PgR‐negative group, obesity gave a 3.08 times higher risk of lymph node metastases (p=0.03). The risk of dying of breast cancer tended to be higher in obese than in slim patients when all patients in the study were compared (relative risk=1.38, p=0.06). BMI did not show a statistically significant relationship with prognosis if only hormone receptor status was considered. However, if lymph node status and hormone receptor status were taken together, the association was strong and reversed in the lymph node‐positive group with ER‐negative tumours. The adjusted relative risk was 0.33, showing that slim patients had a 3.03 (1.0/0.33) times higher risk of dying of breast cancer compared to obese patients (p=0.002). These results indicate that non‐hormonal mechanisms could be important.
Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin‐12 production
Authors: LARSEN MARIA WALDORFF , MOSER CLAUS , HØIBY NIELS , SONG ZHIJUN , KHARAZMI ARSALAN
Published: October 2004

In infections with intracellular microorganisms such as mycobacteria and Leishmania parasites as well as certain extracellular chronic infections such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa a Th1 response with activation of macrophages is desirable. Several studies indicate that such a response is associated with better recovery from infection, improved course of the chronic infection, and higher survival rate. In Th1 responses there is increased interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) production, whereas that of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is decreased. The present study indicated that Ginseng modulation of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) results in a higher IL‐12 production. The enhanced IL‐12 production could induce a stronger Th1 response, resulting in better protection against infection with a variety of pathogens.
Activity of hydrolytic enzymes in fungi isolated from diabetic pregnant women: Is there any relationship between fungal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity and glycemic control?
Authors: NOWAKOWSKA DOROTA , KURNATOWSKA ALICJA , STRAY‐PEDERSEN BABILL , WILCZYŃSKI JAN
Published: October 2004

Ability to respond to environmental changes and secretion of hydrolases are considered to be important for Candida virulence. In this study we determined and compared the activities of 19 different hydrolases of the fungal strains isolated from diabetic and non‐diabetic pregnant women. We also looked for the presence of a relationship between hydrolase activities and glycemic control, and, furthermore, evaluated the influence of gestational age on the activity of hydrolases. Mycological examinations were performed for 119 diabetic pregnant women: 47 with diabetes mellitus type I (DM), 72 with gestational diabetes (GDM), and for 132 healthy women (CON). Samples were collected from the vagina, rectum and oral cavity and cultured on Sabouraud media. The fungal hydrolase activities were evaluated using the API ZYM test (bioMerieux). For the 19 different fungal hydrolases tested, 13 activities were present in the isolated fungal strains. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in vaginal strains (p=0.028) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in strains from the vagina (p=0.006) and rectum (p=0.049) was significantly lower in DM than in GDM and CON women. In conclusion, we describe for the first time that fungi isolated from pregnant diabetic women have lower activity of both phosphatases compared to fungi isolated from healthy women. Furthermore, similar differences of mean ALP and ACP activities were observed in the course of pregnancy in strains from the vagina and rectum of DM and CON women. However, strains from DM had lower activity at each stage of pregnancy. The highest activity of ALP and ACP was detected at the beginning, then declined, and had the lowest values between the 24th and 33rd week of gestation. After that period the activity of both phosphatases increased.
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the thyroid – a rare tumour at an unusual site
Authors: ABBAS MUSTAFA , AJRAWI TAREQ , TUNGEKAR M. F.
Published: October 2004

We describe the light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of the first case in the literature of a primary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MC) of the thyroid and discuss its differential diagnosis at unusual extraskeletal sites. A nodular lesion of the thyroid with no evidence of extrathyroid disease showed the bimorphic pattern and haemangiopericytoma‐like areas typical of MC. In the undifferentiated areas, the cells were CD99 positive/CD117 negative, while the stroma showed focal positivity for α‐inhibin. In spite of its rarity, it is important to diagnose primary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a parenchymatous organ such as the thyroid because its biological behaviour may be different from that of tumours of similar morphology and complete resection is the treatment of choice. The patient is free of disease nearly 66 months after its first presentation. Cytogenetic and immunohistological markers may play important roles in diagnosis of this lesion in future, especially with limited tissue samplings; however, for the present a thorough sampling of the tumour remains the best diagnostic strategy.
Loss of caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7 expression in gastric cancers
Authors: YOO NAM JIN , LEE JONG WOO , KIM YUN JU , SOUNG YOUNG HWA , KIM SU YOUNG , NAM SUK WOO , PARK WON SANG , LEE JUNG YOUNG , LEE SUG HYUNG
Published: October 2004

Caspases play an essential role during apoptotic cell death, and alterations of caspases are known to contribute to human cancer development. In the current study, we analyzed the expression of caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7 in 120 gastric carcinomas by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray approach. Caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7 were expressed in 42 (35%), 63 (53%) and 39 (33%) of the gastric cancers, respectively. By contrast, the surface mucous cells and mucosal glandular cells in the normal gastric mucosa showed strong immunoreactivity for caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7. Taken together, these results indicate that caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7 expression in gastric cancer cells is decreased compared to in normal gastric mucosal cells, and suggest that loss of caspase‐2, ‐6 and ‐7 expression might be involved in the mechanisms of gastric cancer development.
Clinical Science: Treatment of Medication Overuse Headache and Long‐term Outcome
Authors: Young William B.
Published: October 2004

Medication overuse headache is an important and challenging problem for clinicians and researchers. The new International Headache Society classification now gives specific limits for medication use based on the number of days of treatment per month. Medication overuse headache is increasingly recognized in children. Triptan overusers have a more migrainous phenotype than overusers of other medications, as well as a shorter period of induction and a milder and more ultimately successful medication withdrawal course. Treatment may involve weaning the overused medications or abrupt discontinuation using a transitional medication for 1 or 2 weeks. Detoxification may be performed in an inpatient or outpatient setting. Repetitive intravenous valproate, prochlorperazine, or lidocaine may be reasonable alternatives to the traditional treatment of metoclopramide and dihydroergotamine. Biofeedback‐assisted relaxation training improves outcomes after detoxification at 3 years. Even aggressive treatment is unsuccessful in a significant number of cases.
Transmission Error in Helical Synchronous Belt Drives in Bidirectional Operation Under No Transmitted Load (Influence of Pulley Flanges)
Authors: Kagotani Masanori , Makita Kenichi , Ueda Hiroyuki , Koyama Tomio
Published: October 2004

Helical synchronous belt drives are more effective than conventional synchronous belt drives with respect to reducing noise and transmission error per single pitch of the pulley. However, the helix angle of the tooth trace causes axial belt movement. Therefore, flanged pulleys are used in a helical synchronous belt drive, in order to prevent the belt from running off the pulley. In the present study, the transmission error in a helical synchronous belt drive using flanged pulleys under no transmitted load was investigated both theoretically and experimentally for the case where the pulley was rotated in bidirectional operation. The computed transmission error agrees well with the experimental results, thereby confirming the applicability of the proposed theoretical analysis for transmission error. In this case, transmission error is found to be generated by the difference in axial belt movement between the driving and driven sides, and by a change in the state of contact between the belt and pulley teeth flanks. The transmission error is reduced when the installation tension is set higher than the tension that causes a change in contact direction between the tooth flanks. In addition, transmission error does not occur when the driving and driven pulleys are of equal outside diameter and have no alignment error between the driving and driven pulleys in the axial direction.
The Design Exemplar: A New Data Structure for Embodiment Design Automation
Authors: Summers Joshua D. , Bettig Bernie , Shah Jami J.
Published: October 2004

A key issue in developing new intelligent computer aided design and manufacturing tools (CAD/CAM) is knowledge representation. Engineering knowledge has been represented in many forms, such as rule sets, design procedures, features, frames, and semantic networks. Some of these are domain dependent, some are query dependent, and some require specialized inferencing engines or solving algorithms, thus providing a severe limitation for exchange and re-use of design knowledge. A standard representation structure that is capable of encapsulating different types of knowledge would be a useful tool. The design exemplar provides a standard representation of mechanical engineering design problem knowledge based upon a canonically derived set of entities and relationships. The data structure of the design exemplar facilitates four basic design tasks: pattern matching, property extraction, design validation, and change propagation. This paper shows that it is possible to map the design exemplar to other representations (procedures, rules, and features). The concept of integrating atomic design exemplars into composite networks for performing complex design tasks is also introduced as a tool for developing and applying the design exemplar in engineering design automation.
Dynamic Responses of a Globoidal Cam System
Authors: Kuang Jao-Hwa , Lin Ah-Der , Ho Tzong-Yow
Published: October 2004

Dynamic equations of the intermittent-motion of a globoidal cam driven system were derived in this study. The effects of roller mesh flexibility and cam profile curve on the residual vibration of a globoidal cam system were studied experimentally and numerically. Time varying roller mesh stiffness and damping coefficients were used to account for the periodic variation of the mesh stiffness in the dwell and the active periods respectively. Dynamic responses of a globoidal cam system in the active and the dwell periods were simulated and measured. The effects of cam profile and input shaft speed on the residual vibration were also studied in this work. Results indicated that the proposed model was feasible for the dynamic simulation of a globoidal cam system.
Interpolation Error Prediction of a Three-Degree Parallel Kinematic Machine
Authors: Wang Yang , Huang Tian , Gosselin Clement M.
Published: October 2004

In this paper, an NC interpolation algorithm for a tripod-based parallel kinematic machine is investigated. The algorithm can be implemented in two steps, the rough interpolation in the Cartesian space and the precise interpolation in the actuator space. The upper bound of the theoretical interpolation error due to the interpolation algorithm in the precise interpolation and nonlinear mapping is analyzed. The representation of the interpolation error distribution within the Cartesian space is depicted in terms of the variations of the interpolation period and the programming velocity. It was concluded that this error is sufficiently small and may be neglected.
Inverse Kinematics of an Untethered Rigid Body Undergoing a Sequence of Forward and Reverse Rotations
Authors: Koh Sung K. , Ananthasuresh G. K.
Published: October 2004

A sequence of rotations considered in this paper is a series of rotations of an untethered rigid body about its body-fixed axes such that the rotation about each axis is fully reversed at the end of the sequence. Due to the noncommutative property of finite rigid body rotations, such a sequence can effect nonzero changes in the orientation of the rigid body even though the net rotation about each axis is zero. These sequences are useful for attitude maneuvers of miniature spacecraft that use elastic deformation-based microactuators, or of other airborne or neutrally buoyant underwater vehicles. This paper considers the inverse kinematics problem of determining the angles in a given sequence to achieve a desired change in the orientation. Two types of problems are addressed. For the first problem, where four-rotation sequences are used, an analytical solution is presented and it is shown that a pointing vector attached to the rigid-body can be arbitrarily oriented. In the second problem, six-rotation sequences are used to control all three of the orientation freedoms of the rigid body. Some of the six-rotation sequences can provide any change in orientation while others are limited in their capabilities. A general numerical solution for all types, and a closed-form analytical solution for one type are presented along with the numerical examples and graphical visualization.
Windage Losses in High Speed Gears—Preliminary Experimental and Theoretical Results
Authors: Diab Y. , Ville F. , Velex P. , Changenet C.
Published: October 2004

Power losses in high-speed gears come from the friction between the teeth (sliding and rolling), the lubrication process (dip or jet lubrication), the pumping of a gas-lubricant mixture during the meshing and the losses associated with windage effects. The objective of this paper is to present a number of preliminary experimental and theoretical findings on the prediction of windage losses. Experiments were conducted on a test bench whose principle consists in driving a gear to a given speed and then measuring its deceleration once it has been disconnected from the motor. Results are presented for a disk and 4 different gears with no enclosure and in the absence of lubricant at speeds ranging from 0 to 12, 000 rpm. Two different theoretical approaches have been developed: i) a dimensional analysis based upon the dimensionless groups of terms which account for the flow characteristics (Reynolds number), the gear geometry (tooth number, pitch diameter, face width) and the speed, ii) a quasi-analytical model considering in detail the fluid flow on the gear faces and inside the teeth. It is found that both approaches give good results in comparison with the experimental evidence and two analytical formulas aimed at predicting windage losses in high-speed gears are proposed.
Multi-Objective Optimization Using Asynchronous Distributed Applications
Authors: Giassi Alessandro , Bennis Fouad , Maisonneuve Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2004

In the context of concurrent engineering, this paper presents a quite innovative approach to the collaborative optimization process, which couples a multi-objective genetic algorithm with an asynchronous communication tool. This optimization method allows the collaborative and multi-sites design to be performed without requiring significant investments or changes in the company organization. To illustrate this methodology, the collaboration of three European companies on the optimization of a ship hull is described. The hull shape is automatically optimised distributing the elements of the optimization loop among three distant sites. Our study demonstrates that when multi-objective optimization is carried out in a distributed manner it can provide a powerful tool for concurrent product design.
A Motor-Integrated Parallel Hybrid Transmission
Authors: Tsai L. W. , Schultz G.
Published: October 2004

This paper presents a motor-integrated transmission mechanism for use in parallel hybrid electric vehicles. The transmission can provide five basic modes of operation that can be further classified into sixteen sub-modes: one electric motor mode, four engine modes, four engine/charge modes, three power modes, and four regenerative braking modes. Each of these sub-modes can be grouped into like clutching conditions, providing the functional appearance of a conventional 4-speed automatic transmission, with electric launch, engine-only, engine/charge, power-assist, and regeneration capability. CVT capability is provided with one of the engine/charge modes. The kinematics, static torque, and power flow relations for each mode are analyzed in detail. Finally, a clutching logic and a notional control strategy are developed. The transmission can be incorporated not only in front-wheel drive but also in rear-wheel drive vehicles. The compactness, mechanical simplicity, and operational flexibility of the transmission make it an excellent candidate for future hybrid electric vehicles.
Life Cycle Energy Analysis as a Method for Material Selection
Authors: Fitch Peder E. , Smith Cooper Joyce
Published: October 2004

This paper presents a method of performing Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) for the purpose of material selection. The method applies product analysis methods to the evaluation of material options for automotive components. Specifically, LCEA is used to compare material options for a bumper-reinforcing beam on a 1030 kg vehicle. In this analysis, glass fiber composites and high-strength steel beams result in the lowest life cycle energy consumption. This paper also presents a set of life cycle energy terms designed to clearly distinguish between energy consumption occurring during different phases of a product’s life cycle. In addition, this paper compares the results of the LCEA method to those of other energy analyses and demonstrates how different methods of varying thoroughness can result in different material selections. Finally, opportunities are identified for extending this type of analysis beyond both automotive components and energy consumption. In particular, this paper identifies the need to develop similar methods for other environmental indicators.
Grammar-Based Designer Assistance Tool for Epicyclic Gear Trains
Authors: Li Xin , Schmidt Linda
Published: October 2004

This paper presents a grammar-based designer assistance tool for Epicyclic Gear Trains (EGTs) that helps designers generate concepts of EGT structures during conceptual design. The tool is comprised of three parts. The first is a grammar-based graph generation engine, the second is a functional schematic sketching module and the third is a concept selection module. Here we highlight the implementation of the first two modules. This is an initial exploration of using grammar-based generation routines to build an interactive designer assistance tool (DAT) for mechanism design.
Emulation of the Dynamic Effects of Human Torso During a Walking Gait
Authors: Mohamed B. , Gravez F. , Ouezdou F. B.
Published: October 2004

A human being model is very complex and full reproduction of its kinematic structure is a difficult task. The main objective of this paper is to identify a minimal mechanism of the human upper part able to replace it during the walk. A virtual mannequin was built and dynamic simulations are carried out. A dynamic equivalence based on approach is used to identify this mechanism. Simulation results proved that a four dofs mechanism is necessary and sufficient to reproduce human upper part dynamic effects during walking gait. Simplicity of design and control led us to adopt an RPPP mechanism. Future work concerns a full design of the RPPP mechanism. Mounted on a ROBIAN biped locomotion system, dynamic walk experiments are demonstrated.
The Evolutionary Origin of Cooperators and Defectors
Authors: Doebeli Michael , Hauert Christoph , Killingback Timothy
Published: October 2004

Coexistence of cooperators and defectors is common in nature, yet the evolutionary origin of such social diversification is unclear. Many models have been studied on the basis of the assumption that benefits of cooperative acts only accrue to others. Here, we analyze the continuous snowdrift game, in which cooperative investments are costly but yield benefits to others as well as to the cooperator. Adaptive dynamics of investment levels often result in evolutionary diversification from initially uniform populations to a stable state in which cooperators making large investments coexist with defectors who invest very little. Thus, when individuals benefit from their own actions, large asymmetries in cooperative investments can evolve.
Early-Life Blockade of the 5-HT Transporter Alters Emotional Behavior in Adult Mice
Authors: Ansorge Mark S. , Zhou Mingming , Lira Alena , Hen René , Gingrich Jay A.
Published: October 2004

Reduced serotonin transporter (5-HTT) expression is associated with abnormal affective and anxiety-like symptoms in humans and rodents, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Transient inhibition of 5-HTT during early development with fluoxetine, a commonly used serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, produced abnormal emotional behaviors in adult mice. This effect mimicked the behavioral phenotype of mice genetically deficient in
5-HTT
expression. These findings indicate a critical role of serotonin in the maturation of brain systems that modulate emotional function in the adult and suggest a developmental mechanism to explain how low-expressing
5-HTT
promoter alleles increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
Probabilistic Tomography Maps Chemical Heterogeneities Throughout the Lower Mantle
Authors: Trampert Jeannot , Deschamps Frédéric , Resovsky Joseph , Yuen Dave
Published: October 2004

We obtained likelihoods in the lower mantle for long-wavelength models of bulk sound and shear wave speed, density, and boundary topography, compatible with gravity constraints, from normal mode splitting functions and surface wave data. Taking into account the large uncertainties in Earth's thermodynamic reference state and the published range of mineral physics data, we converted the tomographic likelihoods into probability density functions for temperature, perovskite, and iron variations. Temperature and composition can be separated, showing that chemical variations contribute to the overall buoyancy and are dominant in the lower 1000 kilometers of the mantle.
Macroscopic Separation of Dense Fluid Phase and Liquid Phase of Phosphorus
Authors: Katayama Yoshinori , Inamura Yasuhiro , Mizutani Takeshi , Yamakata Masaaki , Utsumi Wataru , Shimomura Osamu
Published: October 2004

Structural transformation between a dense molecular fluid and a polymeric liquid of phosphorus that occurred at about 1 gigapascal and 1000°C was investigated by in situ x-ray radiography. When the low-pressure fluid was compressed, dark and round objects appeared in the radiograph. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that these objects were the highpressure liquid. The drops grew and eventually filled the sample space. Decompressing caused the reverse process. The macroscopic phase separation supported the existence of a first-order phase transition between two stable disordered phases besides the liquid-gas transition. X-ray absorption measurements revealed that the change in density at the transition corresponds to about 40% of the density of the high-pressure liquid.
A Centrosomal Localization Signal in Cyclin E Required for Cdk2-Independent S Phase Entry
Authors: Matsumoto Yutaka , Maller James L.
Published: October 2004

Excess cyclin E–Cdk2 accelerates entry into S phase of the cell cycle and promotes polyploidy, which may contribute to genomic instability in cancer cells. We identified 20 amino acids in cyclin E as a centrosomal localization signal (CLS) essential for both centrosomal targeting and promoting DNA synthesis. Expressed wild-type, but not mutant, CLS peptides localized on the centrosome, prevented endogenous cyclin E and cyclin A from localizing to the centrosome, and inhibited DNA synthesis. Ectopic cyclin E localized to the centrosome and accelerated S phase entry even with mutations that abolish Cdk2 binding, but not with a mutation in the CLS. These results suggest that cyclin E has a modular centrosomal-targeting domain essential for promoting S phase entry in a Cdk2-independent manner.