bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les jeunes et le mariage religieux: une émancipation du sacré
Authors: VOYE Liliane
Published: March 2007

What is the significance of a religious marriage for young people in a society in which religious practice is declining, and in which people know and accept fewer and fewer of the doctrines and ethics of the Catholic Church? When one listens to young people expressing their thoughts on this subject, two elements come to the fore. First of all, religious marriage is valued as a rite of passage independently of what it might mean to the Church itself. As such, it fully exemplifies the meaning of a “liminal moment” as conceptualized by Van Gennep and Turner. On the other hand, a religious marriage is also regarded as an affirmation of the importance of the family and the perpetuation of its traditions.
Trajectoire de la sociologie de la religion au Chili
Authors: GUMUCIO Cristián PARKER
Published: March 2007

The development of Chilean sociology of religion has not been smooth. In order to survive at all it sometimes had to submit to being treated as an “auxiliary science” of theology and pastoral studies. Pluralist religious fields of study emerged when the socio-political transformations linked to military authoritarianism precipitated a decisive moment in highlighting the socio-political consequences of religious life, undermining the prejudices of lay elites against the renewal of a creole sociology of religion. The author sets out a comprehensive and unique overview of the sociology of religion in Chile, until recently considered as a scientific discipline.
Des religiosités de virtuoses aux religiosités de masses: aux origines des compromis selon Max Weber
Authors: OUÉDRAOGO Jean Martin
Published: March 2007

Although not central to Max Weber's sociology of religion, the theme of compromise is nonetheless present. In fact, the question of compromise runs through all his reflections on relationships between religions, cultural traditions, magic and world. From Weber's perspective, compromise is at the heart of the passage from virtuoso religiosities to mass religiosities; the second being—under certain conditions—the destiny of the first in the long run. Weber analyses compromise in terms of feedback of the production of virtuosos, following the masses' reception of this production. Social stratification, the constitution of laity in organizational terms and their effects on religious production play important roles. The compromises appearing in the transformations of virtuoso religiosities into mass religiosities are tied to interpretations of the world and the means of salvation. In this perspective, compromise appears to be virtuoso religiosities' path to self-perpetuation.
Lorsque l'on jette de l'huile sur le feu ardent: sécularisation, homo duplex et retour du sacré
Authors: MELLOR Philip A. , SHILLING Chris
Published: March 2007

Throughout much of the 20th century, sociology has sought to uncouple religious phenomena from any enduring or foundational relationship with patterns of human sociality. Nevertheless, in recent years, notions of a “return of the sacred” are now increasingly widespread. We suggest that such notions offer an opportunity to reflect again upon the character of modernity and, more broadly, the constitution of human societies by looking at the relationship between embodiment and the sacred in the work of Emile Durkheim. Durkheim perceived that the effervescent and sacred bonds which constitute the “fiery furnace” of society are rooted in the enduring homo duplex nature of humanity. The renewed vigour and visibility of sacred phenomena in the modern world, the “re-fuelling” of the “fiery furnace”, is a reminder to sociologists to consider again the importance of those bonds of companionship which not only constitute society, but are integrally related to the embodied constitution of humanity itself.
Catholicism and Problem-solving in Dagbon
Authors: BOI-NAI Vincent , KIRBY Jon P.
Published: March 2007

The Dagomba people of northern Ghana should not be Christian at all. Although there has been a Catholic presence for the last 50 years in Dagbon, the people have never felt the need for Christianity. But some of their number are now forming village-level Christian communities. Taking the stance that religion in Africa is about problem-solving, especially when it involves the unseen world, the authors surveyed 315 villagers, Catholics and non-Catholics, asking about their most important problems and if Christianity responded to them. The problems involve beliefs and practices concerning fate, dreams, witchcraft, “bad death”, divination and the ancestors—things not usually the concern of Christian rituals. It was found that while Christians continue to have the same problems as their neighbors, they are not helped to solve them in a Christian way. But the Dagomba Christian communities are gradually drawing the attention of the Catholic Church to their needs and more creative and responsive rituals are appearing.
Une ethnographie dans “les trois monothéismes”: pour une anthropologie du fait religieux
Authors: PIETTE Albert
Published: March 2007

This article takes as its starting-point the dearth of ethnographic research work in the three monotheist religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism, especially in their occidental, institutional and contemporary forms. The author analyses the causes of this situation: first, the connection between the ethnological object and the idea of “otherness”; second, the theoretical background of the sociology of religion (Durkheim-Weber). The author discusses the main approaches to observation research work. Finally, he suggests how ethnographic work in these monotheisms might be stimulated and how a praxis of the religious field might be constructed. Interactionism, constructivism, methodological theism and avoidance of overinterpretation are the hallmarks of his suggested approach.
Fire-Resistant Treatment of Cotton Using Phosphorylamide
Authors: Nielsen Morris L.
Published: March 2007

Phosphorylamide, a water-soluble phosphorus-nitrogen compound, was cured on cotton cloth to impart washfast fire resistance. Some loss in strength, particularly tear strength. resulted, part of which could be alleviated by use of a softener. Apparently a consid erable part of the nitrogen is present as imido (—NH—) nitrogen.
Factors Influencing the Crystal Structure of Cellulose Triacetate
Authors: Sprague B.S. , Riley J.L. , Noether H.D.
Published: March 2007

A general examination of the effects of cellulose source and conditions of acetylation on the crystalline structure of cellulose triacetate has been carried out. Heat has been shown to markedly improve the lateral order of the structure and thereby to demonstrate the existence of two stable polymorphic crystalline forms, cellulose triacetate I and cellulose triacetate II. A general summary of conditions for achieving each structure is given.

Conditions for transformation of triacetate I to triacetate II by heat and swelling are discussed, and the possibility of the reverse transformation is questioned.

The action of a variety of organic swelling liquids on the ability of each form of triacetate to attain high lateral order is investigated: a mechanism is proposed to explain the observations.

Proposals are made for unit cell dimensions of cellulose triacetate I an cellulose triacetate II crystals, and some speculation on their relationship to cellulose tructure is given.
Stress-Strain Relationships in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading
Authors: Smith Jack C. , McCrackin Frank L. , Schiefer Herbert F.
Published: March 2007

The behavior of an infinitely long flexible filament after transverse impact is treated theoretically. The filament is assumed to have a tension-strain curve which is always concave downwards and to have no short time creep or stress relaxation effects. Under most conditions the impact initiates a variable strain that propagates down the filament between an "elastic wave" front and a "plastic wave" front. A transverse wave, shaped like an inverted "V," then travels in the constant strain region behind the plastic wave front. Under special conditions the transverse wave front may propagate faster than the plastic wave front, but the shape of the transverse wave remains the same. The theory for both cases is worked out in detail and some illustrative examples given.
The Amino Acid Composition of Fractionated Cortical Cells From Wool
Authors: Simmonds David H. , Bartulovich John J.
Published: March 2007

Two cortical cell fractions separated from wool after treatment at 30° C. with 6 N HCl for 50 hr. have been analyzed for their amino acid composition. The heavy fraction was significantly richer than the light fraction in amide nitrogen, cystine, serine, and proline, but was deficient in alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Both cortical cell fractions were richer than the original wool in cystine, lysine, and proline, while the material dissolved by the acid treatment was richer in glycine, phenylalanine, serine, and tyrosine.
The Variability of Set in Keratin Fibers
Authors: Mitchell T. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

The amount of "permanent" set in a number of keratin fibers was measured, the fibers being strained 40% for 1 hr. in distilled water at 100° C. and then released slack for 1 hr. in the water. Variation in the amount of set retained by various keratin fibers was noted. The amount of set appears to correlate strongly with the ability of the particular fiber to supercontract and tends to be dependent on the fiber diameter.
Part I: Subjective Evaluation
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Wilsey Barbara
Published: March 2007

The serviceability of a minimum care type garment was studied. Men's slacks made from 65% Dacron 2 and 35% rayon fabric were worn a total of 750 hours. After every 150 hours of wear, half of these garments were drycleaned and half home laundered. The garments were evaluated by both the wearers and members of the research staff after each wear period and after each cleaning.

The slacks were found to be generally serviceable after wear and cleaning. The drycleaned and pressed garments were consistently rated as having a better appearance than the laundered and pressed garments, It was necessary to press the laundered slacks before they were acceptable for wear.
Factors Influencing the Dyeing of Acetate Fibers With Disperse Nonionic Dyes
Authors: Fortess Fred , Salvin Victor S.
Published: March 2007

A basic understanding of any textile dyeing process is concerned with those factors , which influence the distribution of dye molecules between an external phase, primarily aqueous, and the fiber phase. An adequate description of the factors affecting the dyeing of acetate fibers with the disperse dye class must include:

1. a detailed description of the dyes in terms of their chemical and physical prop erties and their behavior in the aqueous and fiber phases,

2. the influence of the degree of acetylation of the cellulose upon the dyeing rate and affinity for the disperse dyes,

3. the relationship of specific dye structure tp dyeability and colorfastness on secondary and tricellulose acetate, and

4. a discussion of the mechanism of accelerant or carrier dyeing as applied to cel- . lulose triacetate.

White the data presented do not rigorously support either the solution dyeing or the site dyeing hypothesis, sufficient empirical observations are presented which will increase the control and economy of dyeing with the disperse dyes.
Theorizing Race, Gender, and Violence in Urban Ethnographic Research
Authors: Duncan Garrett Albert
Published: March 2007

The present article draws on ethnographic data to illuminate dynamics of race, gender, and systemic violence in an informal urban learning environment. It makes critical linkages among relationships that undermine the educational achievement of Black children. The article does not stop at simply documenting violent schooling conditions, however. It goes on to illuminate mechanisms of systemic violence in ways that reveal possibilities for fostering more humane environments and for reducing real and imagined aggression in urban educational settings.
Can Early Intervention Prevent High School Dropout?
Authors: Temple Judy A. , Reynolds Arthur J. , Miedel Wendy T.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated the effects of participation in the Chicago Child-Parent Center and Expansion Program from ages 3 to 9 on school dropout by age 18 for 1,159 youths. This Title I program provides child education and family support services from preschool through second or third grade in 20 sites in Chicago’s poorest neighborhoods. After comparing children in 20 program sites with children who attended schools in similarly poor neighborhoods without the intervention, we found that preschool participation was associated with a 24% reduction in the rate of school dropout and that participation for 5 or 6 years was associated with a 27% reduction in the rate of early school dropout relative to less extensive participation.
The Benefits of Peer Mediation in the Context of Urban Conflict and Program Status
Authors: Casella Ronnie
Published: March 2007

Much research on the topic of violence prevention tends to survey the effectiveness of programs, including peer mediation, without attention to how programs are instituted and maintained in schools. This study of a high school peer mediation program examines several aspects of the process including the training of student mediators, the curriculum, the dynamics of actual mediation sessions, and the comments of mediators and trainers as they described the process. Peer mediation defines conflict in a way that prevents examination of certain conflict issues, especially those related to inequity and prejudice. Whereas peer mediation is designed to resolve conflicts in schools, it is the mediators themselves who benefit most from the programs—not the disputants.
Reaching Out to African American Parents in an Urban Community
Authors: Smalley Shelia Y. , Reyes-Blanes María E.
Published: March 2007

Actively involving African American parents in their children’s education remains one of educators’ greatest challenges. The authors, representing a metropolitan university, developed and implemented parent leadership training (PLT) to assist African American parents in rediscovering their leadership skills to help their children succeed in school. This article describes the impact of PLT on these African American parents in an urban community. Quantitative and qualitative data collected provided evidence that PLT affected participants on four levels: personal, family, school, and community.
The Misalignment between the Carnegie Classifications and Black Colleges
Authors: Coaxum James
Published: March 2007

Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have played a unique function in the American higher education system. However, research on HBCUs remains scant. One reason for the lack of research may be due to the fact that scholars have not engaged in studies that examine the diversity among theses institutions. Collectively, the mission, role, and function of these institutions have been documented in the research literature. Yet, no study has considered the individual identity that exists between and among these institutions. This article highlights the misalignment that exists between the Carnegie Classification and historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). The case is made for a separate classification that solely focuses on HBCUs. However, in doing so, such a classification must be based on variables that are unique to HBCUs and not just traditional classification variables.
Hometown Strike
Authors: Button Warren , McGruder Phyllis N.
Published: March 2007

Strike issues, as strikers and nonstrikers saw them.
Active Reading Techniques System (Arts)
Authors: Schneiderman Paula
Published: March 2007

ARTS, an active, comprehension-oriented reading system with real-life applications.
Women in School Administration
Authors: Ortiz Flora Ida , Covel Janice
Published: March 2007

Women have the same career ambitions as men, but they do not have the same opportunities.
Teacher Nomination, Deviant Career Lines, and the Management of Stigma in the Junior High School
Authors: Pink William T. , Sweeney Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

Research at the building level reveals school effects masked by standard survey methods.
Changing School Climate
Authors: Tornatzky Louis G. , Brookover Wilbur B. , Hathaway Douglas V. , Miller Stephen K. , Passalacqua Joseph
Published: March 2007

Implementation of change encounters obstacles, has mixed results.
The Urban Principal as a Positive Pygmalion
Authors: Washington Kenneth R.
Published: March 2007

Principles for improving principles.
Florida's Functional Literacy Test on Trial
Authors: White Arthur O.
Published: March 2007

In Florida, charges of racial discrimination brought in the case of Debra P. v. Turlington postponed for four years a state requirement that minimum competency be demonstrated for high school graduation. The final decision, however, did legitimate the practice.
Community Organizations and Networking
Authors: Upton James N. , Fonow Mary Margaret
Published: March 2007

Organizations with common goals "network," exchange aid and resources, to gain effectiveness.
A Head Start in Mathematics for Girls in Elementary School
Authors: Schwartz Helga , Papier Sarah
Published: March 2007

Will tracking by gender improve girls 'performances in mathematics?
Effects of Organizationally Based and Individually Based Stress Management Efforts in Elementary School Settings
Authors: Milstein Mike M. , Golaszewski Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Organizational intervention as well as intervention with individuals reduces teacher stress.
Schooling in Mass Society
Authors: Rothstein Stanley William
Published: March 2007

A changed society makes necessary changed schools, which in turn make necessary new research modes and paradigms.
The District Context and Principals' Sentiments toward Parents
Authors: Goldring Ellen B.
Published: March 2007

Principals' feelings about their relationships with parents can be explained as outcomes of interactions between parental impact and school district management systems.
A College is Born
Authors: Berrol Selma
Published: March 2007

From its beginnings, Baruch College, CUNY; has aimed to provide trained white-collar workers and to aid in occupational mobility. Sometimes the aims have been in conflict.
Current Index to Journals in Education - Feet of Clay?
Authors: Lopez Manuel D.
Published: March 2007

CIJE, a part of ERIC, has surprising gaps.
The Evolution of a University/Inner-City School Partnership
Authors: Zetlin Andrea G. , Harris Kathleen , MacLeod Elaine , Watkins Alice
Published: March 2007

The factors that hindered and facilitated the development of a collaborative partnership between a university and inner-city public school are described using ethinographic and interview data sources. The main deterrents to the partnership's success included differences in the perception of project goals by university and school staff and the many unscheduled changes at the school site and with project participants. At the end of the first school year, positive outcomes included the development of innovative teaching strategies and collaborative relationships among the teaching staff as well as improvements in the university teacher training program. The authors suggest that partnership is a developmental process and that each proposed partniership be studied closely to determine what strategies will most likely effect change given the parameters of the situation.
Curriculum Challenge from the Religious Right
Authors: Adler Louise , Tellez Kip
Published: March 2007

The Impressions reading series, which was marketed as a "whole language" program in California, was challenged by parents who charged that it promoted disrespect for parents, satanism, and witchcraft. Case study analysis of the challenges in 22 school districts revealed that the challenges clustered around specific geographic locations and time periods illustrating the political mobilization of religious right groups. Organized teacher support was found to be important in maintaining use of the series, and some teachers perceived the challenges as a test of their professional judgment. Most of the districts where the series was challenged continue to use at least parts of the series. However, the challenges to Impressions were more likely to result in removal of the books than were other challenges in California. The Impressions challenges were found to represent a watershed in the history of textbook adoption.
An Unintended Impact of One Grading Practice
Authors: Wood Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

Research shows that the distribution of grades among students remains constant in all grade levels even though a large percentage of students drop out each year The result is a depression of grades so that a typical sophomore may have more than a full letter drop in grade average. Studies also indicate that students with the lowest grades display the highest degree of dissatisfaction. As one group of students with low grades/high dissatisfaction drops out, it is replaced by a succession of newly created low grade/high dissatisfaction groups from stuents who were formerly more successful In this article the author explores the possibility that academic success may be dependent on factors often overlooked in reform efforts.
With Numeracy for all
Authors: Robinson Sharon P
Published: March 2007

The reform of mathematics education in urban schools cannot and will not succeed without a social transformation that liberates young people from the hunger, poverty, and violence that trap so many in the ghetto of despair. This liberation is both an economic necessity and an ethical imperative. It requires developing new strategies for the delivery of services that heal and protect America's youth. The most successful reform initiatives will focus on the whole chil" the whole family, the whole community-the whole socioeconomic matrix. For this reason, we face a compelling need to accelerate the still-nascent movement toward comprehensive, coordinated, school-based services. This need is closely linked to a second: We must no longer tolerate the covert racism and ethnocentrism that subject traditionally underserved students to material that-because it fails to challenge them-clears a pathway to boredom and disillusionment. The tyranny of low expectations must end.
Through a Lens Clearly
Authors: Lemahieu Paul G. , Roy Patricia A. , Foss Helen K.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an analytic framework developed to support principals' instructional leadership in the context of contemporary reform perspectives as well as current views of teaching and learning. This instructional leadership tool posits five "lenses" through which educational experience can be examined by instructional supervisory professionals, coaches, or peers. These lenses were crafted from the relevant literatures, including those concerning curriculum, pedagogy, learner development, assessment and professional development as well as school reform and restructuring. Each of the five lenses is described in detail, as well as the manner in which they focus attention upon: a) Content Standards, b) Performance Standards and Assessment, c) Teacher Instructional Practices, d) Student Learning Experience, and e) Environment and Context. The authors describe the development and refinement of this analytic framework for examining standards-based instruction and learning and, through example, illustrate its use to support a newly defined instructional leadership role for principals.
Teacher Practices and Student Motivation in a Middle School Program for African American Males
Authors: Hudley Cynthia A.
Published: March 2007

An instructional program emphasizing African American history and culture was examined to determine the classroom experiences that were present as well as the program's impact on achievement motivation. Ethnic minority middle school students (N = 18) and their teacher participated. Data included a semi structured teacher interview and student measures of self-perceptions of competence and intrinsic motivation. Students displayed average levels of perceived competence and intrinsic motivation; however, these two constructs were weakly related. The teacher endorsed moderate levels of student autonomy and academic competition. Findings were discussed in relationship to cognitive evaluation theory and the motivation-enhancing elements of this program.
Walking the Talk
Authors: Cruz Barbara C.
Published: March 2007

As we prepare teachers for a society that will be increasingly urban and diverse, we must carefully plan and require field-based experiences that will put prospective teachers in direct contact with the students and communities with whom they will work. Although most teacher educators agree that an understanding of the sociocultural context of learning is imperative for effective urban teaching, there is a paucity of examples of urban teacher preparation programs that provide preservice teachers with the opportunities to explore the school environs and to learn about the community and its citizens through firsthand experiences. This article will describe one urban education program that provides student teachers with firsthand experiences in urban settings and the observations and lessons learned by the participants.
Learning to Coconstruct Critical Learning Processes in an Urban School-University Partnership
Authors: Blue Elfreda , Collins James L.
Published: March 2007

This article tells the story of how university and school personnel collaborated to revise a fifth-grade writing program. The project was named Rethink/Rewrite because it focused on having students consider contrasting portrayals of people and events in their social studies textbooks and in alternative materials about the same historical periods by African Americans and native peoples. Using participant observations, field notes, artifacts, and meeting records, this article describes the evolving nature of the 2-year collaboration from a top-down model of communication to one of equitable participation and how the university and school personnel eventually reconceived literacy instruction as part of their collaboration.
Growing our Own
Authors: Mark Dianne L. Hall
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the scope of work of a three-way collaborative effort, titled COP 2000, that has been in existence for more than 6 years. The study explores the process that was used in establishing the COP 2000 program, including students' graduation and retention rates. A review of the existing literature is provided, followed by a discussion on the data collection procedure. A summary of findings is presented that highlights the program's partners, the process, students, and the program's evaluation. Implications for future program development are drawn.
“It’s Going Good”
Authors: Kaplan Elaine Bell
Published: March 2007

This article is based on in-depth interviews conducted with 39 inner-city Black and Latino adolescent students who were involved in a precollege tutorial academic program. The focus of this article is on the students’perceptions of the program, how it is structured, and how it changed their lives. Before they became involved in the program, the students were doing poorly in school and were influenced by a peer group who did not value educational achievement. The students discuss the difficulties of leaving the old peer group and learning to embrace the idea that they can achieve in school. As a result of the students’perceptions of this program, this article also addresses its broader implications in terms of policy, assets, and problems.
Adolescent Perceptions of Adoption
Authors: DALY KERRY J.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the attitudes and perceptions that adolescents have of adoption. Of particular interest is how these attitudes might help to explain the decline in the choice of the adoption alternative as a way of resolving an unplanned pregnancy. Although participants appear to have generally favorable attitudes toward adoption, there were high levels of uncertainty about how parents and friends would feel about adoption. In relation to other pregnancy resolution alternatives, adoption is the least discussed option. Finally, many were uncertain about how to go about adoption and there were perceptions that making an adoption plan was complicated and of questionable legality.
Growing up in a Violent Environment
Authors: FICK ANA CORREA , THOMAS SARAH MOODY
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the relationship between violence exposure and (a) experimentation with cigarettes and alcohol, (b) intentions to use cigarettes and alcohol, (c) health locus of control, and (d) health values. Findings based on a sample of inner city youth indicate intentions to smoke cigarettes was positively correlated with greater exposure to violence. Internal and Powerful Others Health Locus of Control scales were negatively correlated with exposure to family and community violence.
Foreign Policy without Diplomacy: the Bush Administration at a Crossroads
Authors: Guzzini Stefano
Published: March 2007

The Bush administration's foreign policy hitherto suffers from a neglect of diplomacy. It has emphasised a strategy that combines unilateral and re-militarising elements. Security is conceived of in terms of a gated community writ large. Diplomacy is downgraded to alliance-building (conveniently misnamed multilateralism) for a policy already decided. Other countries are sheer objects, not subjects, within US foreign policy. The conception of order in international society is stripped of substantial components of justice or legitimacy, to which the US would accept being subjected itself. In short, there is a tendency to repeat the US cold war strategy which reversed Clausewitz, that is, where politics becomes the prolongation of war with other means. The article consciously bases its critique mainly on realist writers, simply to show that the present US foreign policy is debatable even in realist terms.
Les Temps modernes and the French war in Indochina
Authors: Drake David
Published: March 2007

A moi-même, menant une bien petite barque sur l'océan de la guerre, l'Indochine apparaissait alors comme un grand navire désemparé que je ne pourrais secourir avant d'avoir longuement réuni les moyens du sauvetage. Le voyant s'éloigner dans la brume, je me jurais à moi- même de le ramener un jour.
Monadic Marxism
Authors: Moggach Douglas
Published: March 2007

Elster's work unstably combines Leibnizian and utilitarian conceptions of action and offers various deconstructions of rationality and individuality. His method ological individualism gives an inadequate account of its privileged object, individual teleologies, and a distorted account of the relational framework of social reproduction and transformation. Elster has not properly conceptualized the relation of the teleological act to patterns of material and social causality, and his rational choice theory proves unable to accommodate the interactions of his postulated monadic individuals. His most recent work dearly illustrates the limits of an individualist approach, while remaining committed to its principles.
Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Kurzman Charles
Published: March 2007

Epistemology, I will argue, is of crucial importance to the sociology of knowledge— not just by way of definition of the phenomenon under study, but also because approaches to the sociology of knowledge rely on too-often implicit epistemological stances. I will make this argument through a series of categorizations: first, I will classify the field of epistemology into its three main forms; second, I will classify the sociology of knowledge into epistemological categories; third, I will classify the sociology of science into these same categories. All the while, I will be making an argument for an empirical epistemology and "agnostic" studies of knowledge. This article does not cover the field of epistemology exhaustively, but tries to offer an orderly overview of classic positions for the benefit of social scientists.
A Comparison of Social Constructionist and Ethnomethodological Descriptions of How a Judge Distinguished Between the Erotic and the Obscene
Authors: Watson Graham
Published: March 2007

In 1985, a member of the Canadian judiciary handed down a written judgment in which he distinguished between erotica and obscene matter. The judgment attracted the scorn of some normative sociologists, who complained of the insufficiency of the social psychological research on which it was based. Their reaction prompts a review of the judgment in the light of social constructionism and of ethnomethodology; this, in turn, prompts a comparison of social constructionist and ethnomethodological methodologies, in which the legal judgment serves merely as a test case. It is argued that normative sociology and social constructionism, both being of an essentially ironic cast, occlude the judge's sense-making procedures, the very phenomena they purport to describe. Ethnomethodology, on the other hand, being nonironic, promises to capture those procedures.
The Socioeconomic Context
Authors: Matzner Egon , Bhaduri Amit
Published: March 2007

This article raises the question of whether standard economics with the general equilibrium model at its core applies situational analysis in a Popperian sense. Contrary to Popper's own view, the authors come to the conclusion that this is not the case. Standard economics fails to represent elements essential to any social situation in an adequate manner. It comprises uncertainty, time and space, social interaction, unintended effects, as well as culture and institutions. The authors suggest, therefore, the socioeconomic context as an alternative approach to analyzing social situations. It consists of four basic elements: (1) dominant worldviews, (2) institutions and technologies, (3) relative prices, and (4) political instruments. The alternative approach was applied with some success to analyzing inter alia problems of unemployment as well as of transformation.
Statistics of Ordinal Variation
Authors: BLAIR JULIAN , LACY MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

Whereas measures of variation in nominal data have long been recognized and used by sociologists, measures of variation for ordered categorical data have received little attention. The authors discuss the potential usefulness of ordinal dispersion statistics in sociology and define a broad class of such measures, some of which have previously been proposed in other forms. This article focuses on two statistics, termed l2 and l, which are [0 - 1] normed measures of concentration or dispersion, and illustrates their use for two purposes: measuring inequality and cultural consensus. The bias, variance, and use of these statistics in inference are discussed. The article concludes with a substantive application of these statistics and a comparison to the performance of conventional variation statistics.
Cooperation, Mimesis, and Local Interaction
Authors: ESHEL ILAN , HERREINER DOROTHEA K. , SAMUELSON LARRY , SANSONE EMILIA , SHAKED AVNER
Published: March 2007

In a population with a local interaction structure, where individuals interact with their neighbors and learning is by way of imitating a successful neighbor, cooperation is shown to be a stable strategy that cannot easily be eliminated from the population.
Estimating Differential Equation Models On Time Series
Authors: Doreian Patrick , Hummon Norman
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the statistical properties of estimates proposed by Doreian and Hummon (1976) for systems of simultaneous differential equation systems. Since these procedures are iterative and computationally burdensome, alternative simpler methods are also explored via Monte Carlo Simulations. The simpler methods provide reasonably good diagnostics as to whether or not the more com plicated procedures are worthwhile. Problems of autocorrelation, interequation linkage, and error variance are systematically varied, and the effects of these varia tions on the parameter estimates are detailed.
The Analysis of Nonmetric Data
Authors: Kuechler Manfred
Published: March 2007

This article explores the statistical properties as well as the substantial interpretation of coefficients arrived at by usual regression procedures when the de pendent variable is a dichotomy. Some practical advice is offered on how this traditional technique can be used as a proxy to the more refined approach suggested by Grizzle, Starmer, and Koch.
Studying Status/Role-Sets as Ersatz Network Positions in Mass Surveys
Authors: Burt Ronald S.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for interviewing a random sample of persons drawn from a large population so as to describe role-sets defining statuses in the population social structure. The key to the method is a connection between the concept of an at tor's network position in social structure and combinations of attributes that define statuses in the social structure. With data obtained in a survey interview with a randomly selected respondent, it is possible to describe the relational pattern defining his "ersatz network position" in the population social structure from which he has been drawn. Given ersatz network positions for a representative sample, it is possible to test hypotheses concerning satus/role-sets in terms of which the population is stratified.
Asymptotic Sampling Theory of Tau b
Authors: ZIMMERMANN KLAUS F.
Published: March 2007

Goodman and Kruskal (1972) developed the asymptotic sampling theory for the association measure Tau b. Their formula has been modified by Bishop, Fienberg, and Holland (1978) and generalized for the partial analog by Gray and Williams (1981). Unfortunately, both modifications are incorrect, which is shown in this article. Also, the correct formula for the variance of the partial Tau b is given.
Methodological Issues in Court Research
Authors: STRYKER ROBIN , NAGEL ILENE H. , HAGAN JOHN
Published: March 2007

Combining elements of “response as outcome” studies and “response as process” studies overcomes deficiencies resulting from methodological bifurcation, improves our understanding of court outcomes, and leads to theoretical transformation. Using observational and in-depth interview data to inform hypotheses and to create contextual variables, we develop and test models of the pretrial release decision for federal defendants. These models suggest that the emphasis in outcome research on defendants' ascribed status characteristics has been exaggerated. It is asserted that too little attention has been devoted to processual factors, including labeling, and to jurisdictional and organizational factors determining court outcomes.
PRU Measures of Association for Contingency Table Analysis
Authors: KIM JAE-ON
Published: March 2007

This paper introduces new predictive measures of association that may be used for contingency table analysis much as the simple, partial, and multiple correlation coefficients are used for regression analysis. The new measures are based on the combination of (1) the logic of the PRE (proportional reduction in error) measures of association, (2) the use of uncertainty (or maximum-likelihood-ϰ2) as indirect measures of errors in prediction, and (3) analysis strategy of log-linear models for contingency tables.
Data Analysis Using APL2 and APL2STAT
Authors: FOX JOHN , FRIENDLY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

As has often been recognized, several characteristics of APL make it especially well suited for programming statistical applications: APL treats arrays—vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional arrays—as data structures that can be processed without reference to their elements; it contains many powerful primitive functions and operators for manipulating data; and it is an extensible language, so that user-written programs are employed in the same manner as the primitives. APL2 incorporates several significant extensions of the language, the most important of which are generalized arrays—arrays whose elements may themselves be arrays. Using generalized arrays along with other features of APL2, the authors build an object-oriented programming environment for statistics and data analysis called APL2STAT.
A Comment on “Measuring the Agreement between Sequences”
Authors: ABBOTT ANDREW
Published: March 2007

In commenting on Dijkstra and Taris, the author sketches three main topics. First, he discusses the general concept and nature of alignment algorithms for sequence data. He then talks about the character and utility of the Dijkstra/Taris algorithm, a particular implementation of the alignment approach to sequence analysis. The article closes with a discussion of the general types of algorithms appropriate to stage theories, to career patterns, to common subsequences, and to continuous data.
A Uniform Customary Code? Marital breakdown and women's economic entitlements in rural Bijnor
Authors: Jeffery Patricia
Published: March 2007

Drawing on research in rural Bijnor district, western Uttar Pradesh, this article explores some of the implications of the Shah Bano controversy in the mid-1980s, and of the associated communalisation of politics, for local-level communal and gender politics. It makes three main points. First, the crucial parallels in the domestic lives of Hindu and Muslim women in rural Bijnor undermine Hindu Right assertions that Muslim women are uniquely oppressed, for instance, in relation to marital breakdown. Second, while political developments on the national stage have been highly significant in terms of local-level communal politics in Bijnor, the Muslim Women Act appears to have had no impact on the economic situations of rural Muslim women. Third and fol lowing from the first two points, bringing local-level gender politics into the frame alongside the communalisation of politics raises questions about strategic priorities in the struggle for gender equity in India.
State legitimacy and social suffering in a modern epidemic: A case study of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Delhi
Authors: Addlakha Renu
Published: March 2007

Public health emergencies like epidemic outbreaks provide a challenge to the legitimacy of the state as the mechanism for the maintenance of public order in modern societies. Official agencies, under such circumstances, are faced with the formidable task of ration alising the state's failure to pre-empt a crisis, that is, to maintain their legitimacy in the face of human suffering. This article explores how the Delhi government responded to an outbreak of dengue fever in 1996, an event for which it was entirely unprepared. Using a multi-sited ethnographic approach, I trace the lineaments of the disease out break on the multiple but interconnected registers of the state, the media, the medical community and individual citizens. Crucial to this analysis is the notion of crisis, since the implicit line drawn by the state between public disorder and the concern for public good is demonstrated during crises, in the manner in which they are resolved and the legitimacy and stability of the state maintained.
Common property, forest management and the Indian Himalaya
Authors: Agrawal Arun
Published: March 2007

This article examines contributions to the literature on common property regimes that govern natural resources. The article also seeks to analyse the relevance of this literature for resource management in the Indian Himalaya. Writings on common property have been instrumental in developing a theoretical justification for decentralisation of envir onmental policies around the world. Nonetheless, they have been relatively inattentive to issues of power and the larger socio-political context within which most common prop erty regimes are embedded. Research in the Himalayan mountains not only stands to benefit from using theoretical approaches based on studies of common property, but can also enrich the study of common property because of the long history of commons management in the region.
Ungendered atma, masculine virility and feminine compassion: Ambiguities in renunciant discourses on gender
Authors: Khandelwal Meena
Published: March 2007

Sannyasa generally represents itself and is represented by scholars as either ungendered or unambiguously masculine. Indeed, advaitic philosophy expects renouncers to transcend the body and ignore all social distinctions, while Brahmanic orthodoxy reveals its misogynous tendencies by restricting renunciation to elite men. What both perspectives share is an assumption that women must give up their femininity in order to renounce. I argue that the female renouncers I interviewed in Haridwar neither presented themselves as men nor as transcendent, ungendered beings. Rather, they likened themselves to female householders, both in the everyday problems they face in their interactions with men and in the 'motherly' qualities that make renunciation easier for women. Furthermore, hagiographic evidence seems to suggest that male renouncers may also become mothers. Thus, in spite of advaitic and Brahmanic statements to the contrary, sannyasa is not only highly gendered, but is sometimes gendered feminine.
The study of industrial labour in post-colonial India—The informal sector: A concluding review
Authors: Breman Jan
Published: March 2007

Though many had expected that industrialisation would lead India to both a modernisation of production and a universal 'freeing' of labour, this has not happened. Instead new forms of tying labour are emerging. Simultaneously, labour relations are in a process of radical change because, though impoverished labourers may still be tied by debt, tied relations today are very largely economic in content. They are increasingly bereft of the extra- economic control and coercion that rural employers used to exert over their labour forces. For this reason it is argued that, rather than a process of 'deproletarianisation', it is a very slow and uneven process of the self-won emancipation of labour that is under way. These emancipatory processes are greatly endangered by policies that seek to deregulate labour, and for this reason the World Bank's uncritical endorsement of deregulation is found to be deeply flawed.
Directions of Change in Southern California English
Authors: Metcalf Allan A.
Published: March 2007

Bret Harte has attributed to the miners of California a peculiar, strongly-marked, and affected dialect, but he has drawn on his imagination for the greater part of it. A mixed population like that in the mines, representing every state in the Union, and every county of Great Britain, could not have a dialect; and nowhere is the English language better understood, or spoken with more force, elegance, and purity, by the poorer classes of people, than in this State.1 If you want to hear the general American of the future, Hollywood and TV-studio based, go to California and listen to the speech of the California-born younger generation (not, of course, to the immigrants from other states, who will carry their local intonations with them to their dying day). Do you recall how in the Presidential campaign of 1960, Kennedy's ahsk and Africar stood out like sore thumbs, while Nixon never drew a lifted eyebrow? Nixon spoke the general American of the future, an American shorn of all local peculiarities. 2
I. Eros and the Female in Greek Political Thought
Authors: Saxonhouse Arlene W.
Published: March 2007

They do not understand that being brought apart is carried back together with itself; it is a back-stretching harmony as of the bow and the lyre.

Herakleitus, Frag. 51

“Tell me, you, the heir of the argument,” I said, “what was it Simonides said about justice that you assert he said correctly?”“That it is just to give to each what is owed,” he said. “In saying this he said a fine thing, at least in my opinion.”

Plato, Republic 331e

(Bloom translation)