bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship and Development in the Informal Economy in Ghana
Authors: Kennedy Paul
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY A study of Ghanaian entrepreneurs in 1968/69 reveals some of the factors which condition the chances of informal sector enterprisers expanding their business to formal sector dimensions. The difficulties they face in factor and product markets are partly the familiar ones of dependent economies, partly institutional and cultural in origin—e.g., workers' preference for ‘being one's own boss’. But these latter characteristics, too, are not just traditional legacies; they are modified or reinforced by economic circumstances. Likewise the factors which explain who succeeds are partly structural, partly cultural in nature.

RESUME Les Facteurs Culturels Influençant l'Initiative des Entrepreneurs et le Développement dans le Secteur Informel de l'Economie au Ghana

Cette étude sur les entrepreneurs du Ghana, menée en 1968‐69, révèle certains facteurs qui conditionnent l'expansion des affaires des entreprises du secteur informel aux dimensions du secteur officiel. Les difficultés qu'elles rencontrent dans les marchés de facteurs de production et de produits sont en partie celles ordinairement propres aux économies dépendantes et, en partie, des difficultés ayant des origines institutionnelles et culturelles—par exemple, la préférence des travailleurs d'être ‘leur propre patron’. Mais encore une fois, ces dernières caractéristiques ne sont pas uniquement des héritages traditionnels; elles sont modifiées où renforcées par les circonstances économiques. De la même manière, les facteurs expliquant qui réussit sont partiellement structurels et partiellement culturels de nature.

RESUMEN Factores Culturales que Afectan a la Empresa y al Desarrollo en la Economía Informal de Ghana

Un estudio de los empresarios de Ghana en 1968/69 revela algunos de los factores que condicionan las oportunidades que los empresarios del sector informal tienen de expandir sus negocios a dimensiones del sector formal. Las dificultades que encuentran en mercados de productos y factores son, en parte, las bien conocidas de las economías dependientes, y en parte de origen institucional, es decir, la preferencia de los trabajadores por “ser cada uno su propio jefe”. Pero incluso estas últimas características no son tampoco únicamente legados tradicionales; están modificadas o reforzadas por las circunstancias económicas. Igualmente los factores que explican quien alcanza éxito son, en su naturaleza, en parte estructurales y en parte culturales.
Inter‐Regional Cooperation in the Social Sciences: The Latin American Experience*
Authors: Oteiza Enrique
Published: August 2010

Summary The development of the Latin American social sciences in the last three decades has been affected by serious imbalances. At the beginning of the 1960s intra‐regional links between research and training institutes were extremely weak. On the other hand links between Latin American academics and their counterparts in the USA and Western Europe were very strong. This article analyses some of the problems arising from these imbalances, as well as the process of intra‐regional organisation and collaboration.

Resume Coopération inter‐régionale dans le domaine des sciences sociales: l'expérience de l'Amérique Latine

Le développement des sciences sociales en Amérique Latine au cours des trois dernières décennies a connu de graves déséquilibres. Au début des années soixante, les liens intra‐régionaux entre les instituts de recherche et de formation étaient extrêmement ténus. D'autre part, les liens entre les universitaires d'Amérique Latine et leurs homologues aux Etats‐Unis et en Europe Occidentale étaient très solides. Cet article analyse quelques‐uns des problèmes causés par ces déséquilibres ainsi que les processus d'organisation et de collaboration intrarégionales.

Resumen Cooperación Interregional en las Ciencias Sociales: La experiencia de América Latina

El desarrollo de las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas en los tres últimos decenios ha sido objeto de graves desequilibrios. Al comienzo del decenio de 1960, las relaciones intrarregionales entre los institutos de investigación y formación profesional fueron extremadamente débiles. Por otra parte, las relaciones entre académicos latinoamericanos y sus correligionarios en los Estados Unidos y Europa Occidental eran may fuertes. En este artículo se analizan algunos de los problemas planteados por estos desequilibrios, así como el proceso de organización y colaboración intrarregional.
The Armaments Sector
Authors: Kaldor Mary
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article argues that the armament sector in Britain contrasts sharply with that in developing countries, where it is an important element in the pattern of dependence. In Britain, the armament sector is indigenous and very advanced. It draws resources, especially scientific and technical talent, away from the civilian economy and contributes to Britain's economic problems. Because the cost of an independent armament base is so high, Britain's armament sector may become more like that in a developing country in the future. The alternative would be a deliberate attempt to reduce military spending and use the resources to stimulate Britain's redevelopment.

RESUME Le secteur des armements

Cet article soutient que le secteur de l'armement en Grande‐Bretagne contraste vivement avec celui des pays en voie de développement, où il représente un élément important de la condition de dépendance. En Grande‐Bretagne le secteur de l'armement est indigène et très avancé. Il enlève les ressources, surtout le talent scientifique et technique, à l'économie civile et contribue aux problèmes économiques de la Grande‐Bretagne. En raison du coût très élevé d'une base d'armements indépendante, le secteur de l'armement britannique finira peut‐être dans l'avenir par s'apparenter davantage à celui d'un pays en voie de développement. L'alternative consisterait en une tentative delibérée de réduire les dépenses militaires et d'utiliser les ressources ainsi dégagées pour stimuler le redéveloppement de la Grande‐Bretagne.

RESUMEN El sector de los armamentos

En este articulo se sostiene que el sector de los armamentos en Gran Bretaña difiere enormemente del que prevalece en los países en vías de desarrollo, donde es un importante elemento de su condición de dependencia. En Gran Bretaña, las armas se fabrican en el país y son muy perfeccionadas. Los recursos de este sector, sobre todo en el aspecto científico y técnico, se sustraen de la economía civil y suscitan en parte los problemas económicos británicos. Por ser tan alto el coste de un sector de armamentos independiente, es posible que Gran Bretaña se parezca más en et futuro a un país en vías de desarrollo. Lo contrario sería una política deliberada de reducir los gastos militares para invertir esos recursos en estimular la recuperación económica.
The Terms of Trade of Food Producers as a Mechanism of Rural Differentiation
Authors: Gore Charles
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The seasonal and spatial structure of the barter of trade of food producers can create systematic economic disparaties both within and between rural communities. The argument is based on prices in Ghana but the patterns described recur in many poor countries.

RESUME Les conditions de I'échange des producteurs de produits alimentaires en tant que m;écanisme de diff;érenciation rurale

La structure saisonnière et spatiale de l'échange ou commerce des producteurs de produits alimentaires peut créer des disparités économiques systématiques tant au sein des communautés rurales qu'entre elles. L'argument est basé sur les prix au Ghana mais les mêmes schémas se retrouvent dans beaucoup de pays pauvres.

RESUMEN Las condiciones comerciales de los fabricantes de comestibles como un mecanismo de diferenciación rural

La estructura estacional y espacial del comercio por canje de los productores de comestibles puede crear desigualdades dentro de y entre las comunidades rurales. El argumento está basado en los precios en Ghana, pero las tendencias descritas se repiten en muchos países pobres.
Simulation Exercises for the Teaching of Planning: The Example of Ruritania
Authors: Kitching Gavin
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article outlines experience with the use of a simulation exercise in teaching development planning. Two years of using the exercise has shown that simulation is an invaluable aid, especially in the teaching of planning, and has revealed what is essentially wrong with most planning textbooks.

RESUME Exercices de simulation pour I'enseignement de la planification: exemple de la Ruritanie

Cet article est au sujet de l'expérience qui a été faite de l'utilisation d'un exercise de simulation pour l'enseignement de la planification du développement. Après deux années, cet exercice a montré que la simulation est une aide extrêmement précieuse, surtout dans l'enseignement de la planification, et il a servi à mettre en évidence ce qui ne va pas dans la plupart des manuels de planification.

RESUMEN Ejercicios simulados para la ensenanza de la planificación: El ejemplo de Ruritania

Este artículo esboza la experiencia obtenida por el uso de un ejercicio simulado para la enseñanza de la planificación de desarrollo. Después de usar el ejercicio durante dos años se ha demostrado que la simulación resulta una ayuda valiosa, especialmente con la enseñanza de la planificación, y ha demostrado en dónde se equivocan la mayor parte de los libros de texto sobre el tema.
Is Dependency Always Bad? Costa Rica—a Case for Dependent Development
Authors: Rodríguez Ennio
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY If the dependency approach is to make contributions beyond the description of past events to the analysis of development strategies. explicit discussion in terms of available historical alternatives must he introduced. This paper attempts a brief review of Costa Rican history in which comparisons are made with analytically plausible alternative development paths. First, the surprising material and political features of present day Costa Rica are explained as results of the production structures generated by internal processes and the dynamics of the integration into larger systems. This has been correlated with a process of class formation which has set the stage for non‐authoritarian political developments. Secondly. the strategies of development implemented have represented the most progressive options available.

RESUMEN La articulacyón de los factores externos e internos y las perspectivas industriales de las sociedades periféricas

Desde una perspectiva que pone de relieve la importancia del sistema capitalista global en la determinación de las oportunidades estructurales que se abren a ciertas partesde ese sistema. se exploran de una manera critica. tres formulas teóricas. Estas conceptualizaciones están vinculadas a la probabilidad de una transformación industrial y se examina en este contexto la arttculación de las variables externa e interna. Para Cardoso y Faletto. desaparece la diferencia al dehatir la evolución politica dentro de los estados nacionales. Pero para Murray. los estados nactonales y. por consiguiente. los factores internos no son mas que modificadores subsidiarios de las leyes de movimiento omnipresentes. Bienefeld e innes tratan de seguir una conceptualización de centro y periferia para el sistema capitalista. pero los conceptos siguen siendo insuficientes ante el problema latente. En breve. las tres actttudes no ofrecen una articulación satisfactoria de los factores externo e tnterno para determtnar lax perspectivas industriales de las sociedades periféricas.

RESUME La dépendance estelle toujours négative? Le Costa Rica: un cas en faveur du développement basé sur la dépendance

Si l'analyse centrée sur la dépendance doit dépasser la simple description d'événements passés pour parvenirá l'étude d'analyses de développement, il convient d'introduire une discussion explicite sur les diverses évolutions possibles. Cet article tente un bref examen de l'histoire du Costa Rica, assorti de comparaisons entre les diverses voies de éveloppement offertes par l'analyse des réalités. Tout d'abord, les caractéristiques économiques et politiques du Costa Rica d'aujourd'hui sont expliquées comme résultant des structures de production engendrées par l'évolution intérieure et parla dynamique de l'intégration á un systéme plus vaste. Ce schéma s'associe á un processus de formation de classes. qui a favorisé une évolution politique non autoritaire. En outre les tratégies du développement mises en oeuvre constituent les options les plus progressistes.
Extracts from Parliamentary Debates on the Brandt Report in the House of Commons
Authors: Lea David
Published: August 2010

Summary Extracts from speeches by Christopher Brocklebank‐Fowler, Sir Ronald Bell, loan Evans, Peter Shore, Tom McNally, Sir Bernard Braine, Edward Heath, Dame Judith Hart, Eric Deakins, Clinton Davis, Gwyneth Dunwoody, Richard Wainwright, Guy Barnett.

Resume Extraits des débats de la Chambre des Communes (28 mars, 18 juin et 12 décembre)

Extraits des discours de Christopher Brocklebank‐Fowler, Sir Ronald Bell, loan Evans, Peter Shore, Tom McNally, Sir Bernard Braine, Edward Heath, Dame Judith Hart, Eric Deakins, Clinton Davis, Gwyneth Dunwoody, Richard Wainwright, Guy Barnett.

Resumen Extractos de los debates parlamentarios de la Cámara de los Comunes, el 28 de marzo, 18 de junio y 12 de diciembre de 1980

Extractos de los discursos de los señores Christopher Brocklebank‐Fowler, Sir Ronald Bell, loan Evans, Peter Shore, Tom McNally, Sir Bernard Braine, Edward Heath, Dame Judith Hart, Eric Deakins, Clinton Davis, Gwyneth Dunwoody, Richard Wainwright y Guy Barnett.
International Keynesianism, World Business Activities and National Development: Comments on aspects of the Brandt Report*
Authors: Vaitsos Constantine V.
Published: August 2010

Summary The assumptions underlying the central Brandt Report proposal for massive transfer of resources from rich to poor countries are false and the political chances of their being introduced are minute. Interdependence between North and South does not imply mutuality of interests and the procedures by which the Brandt Report proposals might be implemented are mostly at variance with the exigencies of power relations and established interests in the world economy. The Brandt Report's treatment of transnational enterprises is particularly weak.

Resume Keynes, les affaires internationales et le développement national: commentaires sur certains aspects du rapport Brandt

Les hypothèses sous‐tendant la recommendation principale du rapport Brandt (un transfert massif de ressources des pays riches aux pays pauvres) sont erronées. Les chances de réalisation de cette recommandation sont donc minimes. L'interdépendance entre Nord et Sud n'implique pas nécessairement une communauté d'intérêts et les procédures de mise en vigueur qu'exigeraient les recommandations de la Commission viendraient buter sur les rapports de force existants et sur les intérêts établis au sein de l'économie mondiale. Le traitement des entreprises transnationales laisse particulièrement à désirer.

Resumen El keynesianismo internacional, las actividades de negocios mundiales y el desarrollo nacional: comentarios sobre aspectos del Informe Brandt

Las suposiciones que subrayan la propuesta central del Informe Brandt para hacer transferencias masivas de recursos de los países ricos a los pobres son falsas y las posibilidades políticas de que se introduzcan son minúsculas. La interdependencia del norte y el sur no significa intereses mutuos y los procedimientos mediante los cuales podrían ejecutarse las propuestas del Informe Brandt están casi siempre en desacuerdo con las exigencias de las relaciones de poder y los intereses establecidos en la economía mundial. Es sumamente débil la actitud adoptada en el Informe Brandt sobre las empresas transnacionales.
The Controversial Economics of the Brandt Report*
Authors: Bird Graham
Published: August 2010

Summary The economic principles underlying the Brandt Report are explained and evaluated. The Report uses a Keynesian model on a world scale, which fails to provide a clear explanation of the causes of inflation. The opposing monetarist (expectations) model hinges on such an explanation and suggests that the expansionary prescriptions of the Brandt Report will serve only to increase the rate of inflation, with no gain in output, in the long run. Advocates of the Brandt Report approach seem likely to lose the policy battle.

Resume La polémique autour des principes économiques du rapport Brandt

Les principes économiques qui fondent le rapport Brandt sont expliqués et évalués. Le rapport se base sur l'adoption à l'échelle mondiale du modèle keynesien, qui n'explique pas clairement les causes de l'inflation. Le modèle monétariste s'attache par contre à les expliquer et ses tenants suggèrent que les conseils expansionnistes du rapport Brandt ne feront qu'accélérer l'inflation, sans gain de production à long terme. Les Keynesiens perdront probablement la bataille sur le terrain politique.

ResumeN Los aspectos económicos del Informe Brandt susceptibles de suscitar polémica

Se explican y evalúan los principios económicos que subrayan el Informe Brandt. El Informe utiliza un modelo keynesiano sobre una escala mundial que fracasa en su intento de proveer una explicación clara de las causas de la inflación. El modelo monetarista (expectativas) opuesto gira en torno a dicha explicación y sugiere que las recomendaciones expansionistas del Informe Brandt sólo servirán para aumentar el índice de inflación, sin desarrollar la producción a largo plazo. La actitud de los partidarios del Informe Brandt es probable que les haga perder la batalla política.
When Education is Unequal
Authors: Greenstreet Miranda
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article discusses the various factors which account for the importance of women in the urban informal sector in Ghana Women find urban trading the most suitable occupation because the traditional division of labour between the sexes means that women have a dual responsibility; for home and outside employment. The formal schooling of females has lagged behind that of males, and many illiterate women have found trading advantageous. Moreover, even educated women occupy lower status jobs in the formal sector.

RESUME L'inégalité en matière d'éducation

Cet article étudie les divers facteurs qui expliquent l'importance des femmes dans le secteur informel urbain du Ghana. Les femmes estiment que le commerce urbain est le métier le mieux indiqué. En effet la division traditionnelle du travail entre les sexes débouche pour elles sur une double responsabilité: le travail de maison et l'emploi au dehors. Du point de vue de la scolarisation elles sont en retard sur les hommes. Beaucoup d'illettrées ont ainsi opté pour le commerce. D'autre part, même les femmes instruites occupent des emplois moins qualités dans le secteur formel.

RESUMEN Cuando la educación es desigual

En este artículo se analizan los diversos factores responsables de la importancia de la mujer en el sector no oficial urbano de Ghana. Las mujeres comprueban que el comercio urbano es el empleo más apropiado debido a que la distribución tradicional del trabajo entre los sexos significa que las mujeres asumen doble responsabilidad: por el hogar y por su empleo fuera de casa. La enseñanza oficial femenina está retrasada en relación con la masculina y numerosas mujeres analfabetas han encontrado ventajoso el comercio. Además, incluso las mujeres educadas ocupan empleos de posición más baja en el sector oficial.
Appraising Appraisal – Towards Improved Dialogue in Rural Planning
Authors: Richards Paul
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY It is argued that even the most elaborate social surveys in the development field are one‐sided, in that they answer their sponsors' questions, and not those of the people surveyed. Rapid Rural Appraisal has no methodological sophistication in which to cloak this one‐sidedness. This is no disadvantage, however, for not only does RRA focus attention on an important problem, it also provides the means to solve it. Several ‘quick and dirty’ surveys are possible for the price of, and in the time taken by, one ‘long and clean’ survey. The opportunity is thus opened up for a more ‘interactive’ style of applied social research, incorporating a diversity of political feedback at the earliest possible stage in the development planning process.

RESUMEN Valoración del método de evaluación: en camino hacia un diálogo más intenso sobre la planificación rural

Se aducen argumentos que tienden a mostrar la unilateralidad de las investigaciones sociales en el campo de desarrollo, por muy cuidadosas que sean. Los métodos que se emplean para la Rápida Evaluación Rural carecen de complicaciones que justifiquen esta unilateralidad. Sin embargo, esto no constituye una desventaja porque la Rápida Evaluación Rural no se limita a concentrar la atención sobre un problema importante, sino que aporta los medios para resolverlo. En el mismo espacio de tiempo que se tarda en realizar una investigación ‘detenida y clara’ se pueden llevar a cabo, por el mismo coste, varías ‘apresuradas y embarulladas’. Así es como se presenta la oportunidad de introducir un estilo de actividades más ‘interdependientes’ de investigación social aplicada, en el que se incluya una diversidad de reacciones políticas a la acción llevada a cabo a partir del mismo instante en que comience el proceso de planificación del desarrollo.

RESUME Une évaluation des évaluations: vers l'amélioration du dialogue dans la planification

On estime que les enquêtes sur le développement, si élaborées soientelles, témoignent d'un parti‐pris. Elles répondent aux questions de leurs organisateurs, non à celles des personnes concernées. L'évaluation rurale rapide possède une méthodologie trop simple pour dissimuler ce partipris. Ce n'est d'ailleurs pas un inconvénient: lorsqu'elle attire l'attention sur un problème important, elle fournit également les moyens de le surmonter. Plusieurs enquêtes rapides et rudimentaires sont possibles pour le prix d'une enquête longue et complexe. Ainsi peut naître un mode plus ‘interactif’ de recherche sociale appliquée, tenant compte des réactions dès les premières étapes du processus de planification du développement.
Beyond the Tarmac Road: a Guide for Rural Poverty Watchers
Authors: Moore Mick
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY In rural Sri Lanka the homesteads of the poor are systematically located away from roadsides and thus from the view of the casual visitor. There is a spatial dimension to socio‐economic inequality which the external observer needs to consciously anticipate and investigate. Housing standards are a good proxy variable for income and wealth.

RESUMEN Cuando se deja atrás la carretera de asfalto: un aviso para los observadores de la pobreza rural

En el campo de Sri Lanka, la vivienda de los pobres se encuentran sistemáticamente alejadas de las vías de circulación rodada y, por ende, fuera de la vista de los visitantes que pasen por casualidad. Existe una dimensión espacial de la desigualdad socioeconómica que los observadores externos necesitan investigar y tener en cuenta de antemano. La calidad de la vivienda da una buena aproximación a la variable correspondiente a los ingresos y a la riqueza.

RESUME Au‐delá de la route goudronnée: guide pour les observateurs de la pauvreté rurale

Dans les régions rurales du Sri Lanka les abris des pauvres sont systématiquement situés loin de la route, donc dissimulés au visiteur qui ne fait que passer. L'inégalité socio‐économique possède une dimension spatiale dont l'observateur extérieur doit être conscient et qu il lui faut découvrir. Les normes d'habitation sont une bonne variable de substitution pour le revenu et la richesse.
The Asian Electronics Industry Looks to the Future
Authors: Clarke Jeremy , Cable Vincent
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY In recent years, the electronics industries in some Idcs have become a focus of attention, due to their success in creating employment and promoting exports. This article assesses the future of the Asian electronics industry, distinguishing the early entrants, such as South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, from the latecomers, such as Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. The former group has been able to develop a relatively independent industry, both with regard to ‘mature’ consumer goods industries and in relation to components. The new entrants, by contrast, remain heavily dependent upon MNC investment and technology. Three factors affect the future of the industry—domestic markets, protectionism and technical change. After assessing each of these factors, the article concludes on a rather pessimistic note, but points to the potential for greater intra‐Third World trade.

RESUME L'électronique asiatique est tournée vers l'avenir

Depuis peu, l'industrie électronique de certains PVD force l'attention, car elle a réussi à créer des emplois et à gonfler les exportations. Cet article évalue l'avenir de l'industrie asiatique, en distinguant les premiers arrivés tels que la Corée du Sud, Taïwan, Hong Kong et Singapour, des derniers venus tels que la Malaisie, les Philippines, I.Indonésie et Sri Lanka Le premier groupe a su développer une industrie relativement autonome, tant pour les biens de consommation “élaborés” que pour les composants. Le deuxième reste par contre étroitement dépendant des investissements et des techniques des multinatinaux.

Ces facteurs jouent sur l'avenir du secteur: marché intérieur, protectionnisme et progrès technique. Après avoir étudié chacun de ces facteurs, l'article conclut sur une note pessimiste, mais souligne la possibilité d'une intensification des échanges au sein du tiers monde.

RESUMEN La industria electrónica asiática mira hacia el futuro

En años recientes, las industrias electrónicas en algunos países menos desarrollados ha constituido un foco de atención, debido a su éxito en la creación de empleo y promoción de exportaciones. En este artículo se evalúa el futuro de la industria electrónica asiática, distinguiendo entre los primeros participantes, tales como Corea del Sur, Taiwán, Hong Kong y Singapur y los recién llegados, tales como Malasia, las Filipinas, Indonesia y Sri Lanka. El antiguo grupo ha podido desarrollar una industria relativamente independiente, tanto respecto a las industrias “maduras” de productos de consumo como en relación con la de componentes. Los nuevos participantes, en contraste, siguen dependiendo muchísimo de la inversión y tecnología de las multinacionales. Hay tres factores que influyen en el futuro de la industria: el de los mercados nacionales, el proteccionismo y el cambio tecnológico. Después de evaluar cada uno de estos factores, el artículo concluye con una nota más bien pesimista, pero señala las posibilidades para un mayor comercio entre los países del Tercer Mundo.
Food Processing: Policy for Rice and Oil Technology in South Asia
Authors: Harriss Barbara , Kelly Claire
Published: August 2010

RESUMEN Elaboración de alimentos: política tecnológica para el arroz y el aceite en el Sur de Asia

Este artículo se refiere a la política seguida al nivel nacional para modernizar la tecnología en la elaboración de alimentos. Se refiere al arroz y al aceite de cacahuete en el Sur de Asia en general, pero con mayor énfasis en la India. En el caso del arroz se examinan críticamente los argumentos que informaron la decisión de asignar recursos públicos al moderno molino arrocero, junto con las consecuencias de esto. Pasa a examinar entonces la modernización de la industria de tratamiento de cacahuetes, que está retrasada una década en relación a la del arroz. Por esta comparación se sacan las conclusiones de la política a seguir para el sector.

SUMMARY This article is concerned with public policy for the modernisation of technology in food processing. It focuses on rice and edible groundnut oil in South Asia as a whole, but with most emphasis on India. In the case of rice it looks critically at the arguments which informed the decision to allocate public resources to the modern rice mill, and the consequences of this. It then examines the modernisation of the groundnut processing industry, which is behind that of rice by about a decade. Policy conclusions for the sector are drawn from this comparison.

RÉSUMÉ L'industrie alimentaire: la politique de la technologie du riz et des huiles en Asie Méridionale

L'article traite de la politique publique de modernisation de la technologie de l'industrie alimentaire. II se concentre sur le riz et l'huile d'arachide comestible en Asie Méridionale généralement, mais le plus fort accent se porte sur l'Inde. Dans le cas du riz, il jette un regard critique sur les arguments à la base de la décision d'allouer des ressources publiques à la Rizerie Moderne, et à ses conséquences. II examine ensuite la modernisation de l'industrie de l'arachide, qui est en arrière de celle du riz d'environ une décennie. Des conclusions de politique pour le domaine sont tirées de cette comparaison.
Socialist Household Production: Some Implications of the New ‘Responsibility System’ in China
Authors: Hazard Barbara P.
Published: August 2010

summary One form of the ‘responsibility system’ recently introduced in the Chinese countryside grants households on a contractual basis the right to the use of land or other means of production owned by the production team in return for the obligation to deliver a certain amount of produce to the state. On the basis of the analysis of essays written by Chinese sociology students attending a course conducted by the author in China, the author finds that peasant responses to these new policies, together with certain characteristics of the Chinese socialist state, may well jeopardise the long‐term goal of voluntary recollectivisation.

Resumen Producción familiar socialista: implicaciones del nuevo sistema de responsabilidades dentro de la República Popular China

Una variedad del ‘sistema de responsabilidad’ recientemente incorporada al campo chino, concede a la familia el derecho a usar, en base contractual, la tierra y otros medios de producción propiedad del equipo de producción, a cambio de la obligacion de entregar cierta cantidad del producto al estado. Basándose en el análisis de los ensayos escritos por estudiantes chinos de sociologia asistentes a un curso celebrado en China bajo la dirección de la autora, ésta observa que las reacciones de los campesinos ante estas nuevas politicas, junto con ciertas caracteristicas del estado socialista chino, pueden muy bien derrumbar la meta a largo plazo del recolectivismo voluntario.

Résumé La production familiale socialiste: quelques implications de la nouvelle responsabilité. Système de la République Populaire de Chine

Une forme du ‘système de responsabilité’ récemment introduit dans la campagne chinoise accorde aux familles, sur une base contractuelle, le droit d'utiliser la terre ou d'autres moyens de production que possède l'équipe de production, en retour d'une obligation à livrer une certaine quantité de produits à l'état. Sur la base de l'analyse de essais écrits par les étudiants sociologues chinois assistant à un cours dirigé par l'auteur en Chine, ce‐dernier trouve que les réponses des paysans à ces nouvelles politiques, en même temps que certaines caractéristiques de l'état socialiste chinois, risquent de mettre en danger le but à long‐terme de la recollectivisation bénévole.
Peasant Associations and Agrarian Reform in Ethiopia
Authors: Bekele Dawit
Published: August 2010

summary In setting up peasant associations to implement the Land Reform Bill, the Ethiopian Government intended to redistribute land equally, set up local government institutions and foster the transition to socialism among the peasantry. This article examines the implementation of the bill by looking at the scope and performance of the peasant associations. It is argued that without popular political power at the central and local levels, the peasant associations cannot overcome the political, economic and social domination of the rich peasant class. The failure of land redistribution policy is thus explained by the hegemony of these classes and their supporters at the local state level. The paper demonstrates the transformation of the peasant associations into local organs of the central state with the intensification of the war in Eritrea and on the Somali border.

Resumen Asociaciones de campesinos y reforma agraria en Etiopia

Al crear asociaciones de campesinos para poner a efecto el Decreto de Reforma Agraria, el Gobierno Etfope trató de redistribuir la tierra ecuánimemente, crear instituciones locales del gobierno y respaldar la transición al socialismo entre los campesinos. Este articulo estudia la puesta en efecto del decreto observando el objetivo y el rendimiento de las asociaciones de campesinos. Se argumenta que sin el poder politico popular a niveles central y local, las asociaciones de campesinos no pueden superarel dominio politico, económico y social de la clase rica de campesinos. El fallo de la politica de redistribución de la tierra se explica asi por la hegemonia de estas clases y quienes las respaldan a nivel estatal local. El articulo demuestra la transformación de las asociaciones de campesinos en órganos locales del estado central con la intensificación de la guerra en Eritrea y en la frontera de Somalia.

Résumé Les associations de paysans et la réforme agraire en Ethiopie

En créant des associations de paysans pour mettre en place la Loi sur la Réforme Agraire, le Gouvernement éthiopien avait l'intention de redistribuer la terre de manière juste, de mettre en place des institutions gouvernementales et de favoriser la transition vers le socialisme parmi les paysans. Cet article examine la mise en place de la loi en étudiant la portée et les réalisations des associations de paysans. On soutient que sans le pouvoir politique populaire aux niveaux central et local, les associations de paysans ne peuvent pas surmonter la domination politique, économique et sociale de la riche classe paysanne. L'échec de la politique de redistribution de la terre est ainsi expliquée par l'hégémonie de ces classes et de leurs défenseurs au niveau de l'état local. Le document démontre la transformation des associations de paysans en des organes locaux de l'état central avec l'intensification de la guerre en Erythrée et sur la frontière somalienne.
The Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Flood Damage Reduction Study: Taking a Fresh Look at an Old Problem on a Basin‐Wide Level
Authors: Astrack Richard F.
Published: August 2010

Summary

The Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Plan will develop a systemic flood damage reduction project that is consistent with environmental sustainability goals and responds to the study authorization as per the Water Resources Development Act of 1999 (Public Law 106‐53).
Impacts of Information and Communication Technology Implementations on Employees' Jobs in Service Organizations in India: A Multi‐Method Longitudinal Field Study
Authors: Venkatesh Viswanath , Bala Hillol , Sykes Tracy Ann
Published: August 2010

India is an important frontier for economic growth, investments, and development. The service sector, like the manufacturing industry, in India is booming. Following the trend of their western counterparts, service organizations in India are implementing enterprise‐level information and communication technologies (ICTs) to support service processes. In this paper, we used socio‐technical systems theory to develop hypotheses about the effects of ICTs on the five job characteristics, i.e., skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback, in the job characteristics model (JCM) in a service organization (a bank) in India. We also tested the entire JCM that relates job characteristics to job satisfaction and job performance via various mediators and moderators. In a 32‐month longitudinal field study of 1743 employees, we gathered one wave of data before an ICT implementation and two waves after the implementation. We found that, although the ICT enriched employees' job characteristics, employees reported significantly lower job satisfaction and job performance. To understand this puzzling finding, we conducted a qualitative study and identified four contextual forces that contribute to these results and hinder successful implementation of ICTs in the service sector in India and, possibly, other developing countries: environmental barriers, learning difficulty, culture shock, and employee valuation.
Catching Up or Falling Behind? Economic Performance and Regional Trajectories in the “New Europe”*
Authors: Dunford Mick , Smith Adrian
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper examines the trajectories of economic development of European national and regional economies in light of the pressures for greater integration and enlargement of the European Union. Using a variety of data sets, we demonstrate that there are significant variations in the speed and direction of change in per capita income and in productivity and employment rates across countries and a sample of European regions, and that falling behind (divergence) occurs as well as catching up (convergence). Making sense of spatial development therefore requires, we argue, that attention be paid to processes of differentiation and, in particular, to the falling behind experienced by less developed areas in East Central Europe and the forging ahead of the most developed, as well as to processes of catch‐up. The paper also contributes to an assessment of the appropriateness of interpretations of growth and spatial development through countering the dominant discourse of convergence in neoclassical and neoliberal formulations and by suggesting that integration brings with it a number of important territorial “costs” associated with increasing inequality.
On the Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors and J-Integrals Using the Submodeling Technique
Authors: Marenić Eduard , Skozrit Ivica , Tonković Zdenko
Published: August 2010

In the present paper, calculations of the stress intensity factor (SIF) in the linear-elastic range and the J-integral in the elastoplastic domain of cracked structural components are performed by using the shell-to-solid submodeling technique to improve both the computational efficiency and accuracy. In order to validate the submodeling technique, several numerical examples are analyzed. The influence of the choice of the submodel size on the SIF and the J-integral results is investigated. Detailed finite element solutions for elastic and fully plastic J-integral values are obtained for an axially cracked thick-walled pipe under internal pressure. These values are then combined, using the General Electric/Electric Power Research Institute method and the reference stress method, to obtain approximate values of the J-integral at all load levels up to the limit load. The newly developed analytical approximation of the reference pressure for thick-walled pipes with external axial surface cracks is applicable to a wide range of crack dimensions.
Two-Zone Proportional Hazard Model for Equipment Remaining Useful Life Prediction
Authors: You Ming-Yi , Li Lin , Meng Guang , Ni Jun
Published: August 2010

Since pioneering work in 1972, the proportional hazard model (PHM) has been widely studied for survival analysis in the area of medicine. Recently, applying the PHM in the area of reliability engineering attracts significant research attentions. In this paper, a two-zone PHM is investigated to predict equipment remaining useful life (RUL) based on the practice that the equipment lifecycle could be divided into two zones: a stable zone and a degradation zone. Results from the numerical experiment illustrate that RUL prediction by applying the proposed two-zone PHM is more accurate and reliable than prediction using the traditional PHM for the entire lifecycle. In practice, this improvement is crucial for real-time maintenance decision making to prevent equipment from catastrophic failures.
Effect of Compliance and Travel Angle on Friction Stir Welding With Gaps
Authors: Shultz Edward F. , Cole Edward G. , Smith Christopher B. , Zinn Michael R. , Ferrier Nicola J. , Pfefferkorn Frank E.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents an investigation of the effects of friction stir weld tool travel angle and machine compliance on joint efficiency of butt welded 5083-H111 aluminum alloy in the presence of joint gaps. Friction stir welds are produced with a CNC mill and an industrial robot at travel angles of 1 deg, 3 deg, and 5 deg with gaps from 0 mm to 2 mm, in 0.5 mm increments. Results indicate that the more rigid mill resulted in higher joint efficiencies than the relatively compliant robot when welding gaps greater than 1 mm with a 3 deg travel angle using our test setup. The results also show that when gaps exceed 1 mm welds made with a travel (tilt) angle of 5 deg are able to generate higher joint efficiencies than welds made with a travel angle of 1 deg and 3 deg. Based on tool geometry and workpiece dimensions, a simple model is presented that is able to estimate the joint efficiency of friction stir welds as a function of gap width, travel angle, and plunge depth. This model can be used as an assistive tool in optimizing weld process parameters and tool design when welding over gaps. Experimental results show that the model is able to estimate the joint efficiency for the test cases presented in this paper.
Linear Stability Analysis and Buckling of Two-Layered Shells Under External Circumferential Loading: A Numerical Investigation
Authors: Papadakis George
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine computationally the stability of shells consisting of two layers when subjected to external circumferential strain. This loading appears often in biomedicine when the smooth muscle surrounding various organs such as esophagus, lung airways, or gastrointestinal tract contracts. The differential stability equations are discretized using the finite volume method and the resulting generalized eigenvalue problem is solved using the QZ decomposition technique. The predicted number of folds agrees well with available experimental measurements. The present results show that the buckling behavior under circumferential strain loading is entirely different compared with external hydrostatic pressure loading. More specifically, in the latter case, the number of folds with the smallest critical load is always equal to 2. In the former case, however, it depends on the thickness and modulus of elasticity of each layer. The thickness of the inner layer significantly affects the number of folds and the critical buckling load. The influence of the thickness of the outer layer and the ratio of the two moduli of elasticity was also examined, but their effect was not as strong as that of the thickness of the inner layer.
Experimental Investigation of the Acoustic Power Around Two Tandem Cylinders
Authors: Finnegan S. L. , Meskell C. , Ziada S.
Published: August 2010

Aeroacoustic resonance of bluff bodies exposed to cross flow can be problematic for many different engineering applications and knowledge of the location and interaction of acoustic sources is not well understood. Thus, an empirical investigation of the acoustically coupled flow around two tandem cylinders under two different resonant conditions is presented. It is assumed that the resonant acoustic field could be decoupled from the hydrodynamic flow field, resolved separately, and then recoupled to predict the flow/sound interaction mechanisms using Howe's theory of aerodynamic sound. Particle image velocimetry was employed to resolve the phase-averaged flow field characteristics around the cylinders at various phases in an acoustic wave cycle. It was found that the vortex shedding patterns of the two resonant conditions exhibit substantial differences. For the first condition, which occurred at low flow velocities where the natural vortex shedding frequency was below the acoustic resonance frequency, fully developed vortices formed in both the gap region between the cylinders and in the wake. These vortices were found to be in phase with each other. For the second resonant condition, which occurred at higher flow velocities where the natural vortex shedding frequency was above the acoustic resonant frequency, fully developed vortices only formed in the wake and shedding from the two cylinders were not in phase. These differences in the flow field resulted in substantial variation in the flow-acoustic interaction mechanisms between the two resonant conditions. Corresponding patterns of the net acoustic energy suggest that acoustic resonance at the lower flow velocity is due to a combination of shear layer instability in the gap and vortex shedding in the wake, while acoustic resonance at the higher flow velocity is driven by the vortex shedding in the wake of the two cylinders.
A Model for Bending, Torsional, and Axial Vibrations of Micro- and Macro-Drills Including Actual Drill Geometry—Part II: Model Validation and Application
Authors: Filiz Sinan , Ozdoganlar O. Burak
Published: August 2010

In Part II of this work, an experimental study is conducted to validate the three-dimensional (3D-ST) drill dynamics model. Modal experiments on macro- and micro-drills are performed by exciting the drills with small piezoelectric elements directly attached to the drill body. The response measurements are conducted in a noncontact manner using a laser Doppler vibrometer system. In addition, to perform the comparison on a complete frequency response function, rather than on only natural frequencies and mode shapes, an impact hammer test with a miniature hammer and a small accelerometer was conducted on one of the macro-drills. In the validation study, five macro-drills and three micro-drills with different geometric parameters are used. It was concluded that the 3D-ST model can capture both bending and torsional-axial natural frequencies and mode shapes of macro-drills (up to 15 kHz) and micro-drills (up to 90 kHz) with better than 4.5% accuracy, and with an average absolute error of 1.5%. For each case, the natural frequencies are also compared with those from detailed solid-element finite-elements (FEs) model to gain further insight about the 3D-ST model. The natural frequencies from the FE and 3D-ST models are seen to match with better than 1.5% accuracy. Subsequently, the effects of tool geometry (diameter, aspect ratio, helix angle, and web-taper) and axial (thrust) force on dynamics of macro- and micro-drills are analyzed.
Variation Analysis and Robust Fixture Design of a Flexible Fixturing System for Sheet Metal Assembly
Authors: Li Bing , Yu Hongjian , Yang Xiaojun , Hu Ying
Published: August 2010

Flexibility of assembly systems is crucial to maintaining the competitiveness in the rapidly changing market. In this paper, a novel flexible fixturing system for sheet metal part assembly is presented, which utilizes parallel robots as reconfigurable fixture elements. The method of influence coefficients, combined with finite element analysis and screw theory, is used to analyze the variations in sheet metal assembly. In the analysis of assembly variations, a total of six variations involved in prewelding, underwelding, and afterwelding process are intensively considered. Screw theory is employed to model the kinematic and constraint features corresponding to the fixturing schemes. A robust fixture layout design model is developed based on the Lagrangian conditional extremum method. A case study illustrates that the robust optimal methodology and an optimal fixture layout scheme with less sensitivity can be obtained.