bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Selectivity of the Oxidative Ring Contraction of Cyclic α‐Formyl Ketones
Authors: Xu Li‐Ping , Hou Xu‐Dong , Wang Hui , Zhou Jing‐Bo , Ma Jie , Zhuo Shuping , Wang Qian
Published: October 2019

The oxidative contraction of α‐formal ketone to form continuous all carbon chiral centers promoted by H2O2 is widely used in natural product total synthesis. Typically, using this transformation, chiral cyclic ketones are obtained as the major products and ring‐opening products as the minor products. Herein, DFT calculations have been used to investigate the detailed reaction mechanism and chemoselectivity. In addition, with the widely accepted mechanism of H2O2‐promoted transformation, our systematic investigation with various explicit‐solvent‐model calculations for the first time shows that H2O and H2O2 are comparable at catalyzing the rate‐determining step of this reaction, which emphasis the importance of solvent effect in such transformations. It is found that both the less ring‐constrain and a later transition state in an exothermic reaction account for the origin why the reaction favors ring‐contraction pathway rather than ring‐opening one. By a comprehensive analysis for the substituted groups, it has been disclosed that the steric effects of the substituted groups on R2 and R3 contribute to the selectivity with larger steric hindrance favoring the chiral cyclic products. Moreover, the electronic effects on R1 but not R3 affect the selectivity with electron‐donating groups leading to the cyclic products. Based on our calculations, some predictions for higher selectivity have been made.
Coupon Procedures for Evaluating Lead and Copper Solubility
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Wagner Jacob R.
Published: October 2019

Key Takeaways

Coupons have been used to evaluate corrosion in pipes since before the Lead and Copper Rule was enacted; there's a new way to conduct coupon studies.

Tests using coupon protocol can provide reproduceable data quickly and cost‐effectively.

Coupon studies have their limitations, but when used and interpreted correctly, they're useful in multivariable analysis.
The PFAS Problem: How Regulators Are Responding and What It Means for Drinking Water
Authors: Stewart Andrew , Morales Marshall , Zaleski Joseph
Published: October 2019

Key Takeaways

Water system operators need to understand evolving initiatives and enforcement risks related to PFAS.

Some steps the US Environmental Protection Agency might take to remediate PFAS contamination could have wide‐ranging consequences for public water delivery and treatment systems.

Utilities can help themselves by keeping their compliance programs robust and building goodwill within their communities and with regulators at all levels.
Application of the Clean Water Act to Groundwater Is Anathema to the Water Industry: An Unfolding Tale
Authors: Hoch Steven L.
Published: October 2019

Key Takeaways

Amendments to the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the definition of “waters of the United States” have evolved over time.

US courts have differed on whether the CWA regulates groundwater discharges.

Water projects could become too costly, too burdensome, and subject to delays if the Supreme Court decides that the CWA regulates groundwater.
Kinetic model for effects of simulated flue gas onto growth profiles of Chlorella sp. AE10 and Chlorella sp. Cv
Authors: Cheng Dujia , Li Xuyang , Yuan Yizhong , Zhao Quanyu
Published: October 2019

Microalgae are potential candidate for biofuel production as alternative one for fossil fuels. CO2 in flue gas is available carbon source to support microalgae growth. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of the simulated flue gas onto algal growth and photosynthetic activity were evaluated for both Chlorella sp. AE10 and Chlorella sp. Cv. The growth profiles were correlated by a simple kinetic model. It was indicated that the simulated flue gas led to low pH and the photosynthetic activity was partially destroyed. Chlorella sp. Cv can tolerate full simulated flue gas, 10% CO2 + 200 ppm NOx + 100 ppm SOx. The pH in medium maintained at 6 and the photosynthetic activity was more than 0.6 at the first 6 days. If the concentration of NOx was more 100 ppm and that of SOx was more than 50 ppm, the pH was declined to 4 at day 2 or 3 for Chlorella sp. AE10. At the same time, the related photosynthetic activities of Chlorella sp. AE10 were less than 0.4, which was not suitable for algal growth. It was shown that Chlorella sp. Cv could be used for CO2 fixation from the simulated flue gas.
Influence of the Formation Current Density on the Transport Properties of Galvanostatically Formed Model‐Type Solid Electrolyte Interphases
Authors: Kranz Sebastian , Kranz Tobias , Graubner Tim , Yusim Yuriy , Hellweg Lukas , Roling Bernhard
Published: October 2019

During the production of commercial lithium‐ion batteries, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite particles of the negative electrode is typically formed through galvanostatic protocols with low current densities. Consequently, SEI formation is a time‐consuming and rather expensive production step. In order to better understand the influence of the formation current density on the transport of ions and molecules across the SEI, we formed model‐type SEIs on planar glassy carbon electrodes under galvanostatic control. In accordance with the expectations from electrochemical nucleation and growth theory, we find that the transport of both ions and molecule becomes slower with increasing formation current density. However, it is remarkable that the ion transport is slowed down more strongly than the molecule transport. We show that at high formation current densities of about −71 μA cm−2, our model‐type SEIs clearly exceed the area‐specific resistance tolerable in commercial lithium‐ion cells.
Validation of the multiple sclerosis diagnosis in the Norwegian Patient Registry
Authors: Benjaminsen Espen , Myhr Kjell‐Morten , Grytten Nina , Alstadhaug Karl Bjørnar
Published: October 2019

Background

Health registries may yield important data for epidemiological studies. However, in order to be a valuable source for information, the registered data have to be correct.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to validate data from the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) regarding multiple sclerosis (MS).

Materials and Methods

We obtained data on individuals residing in Nordland County and registered with a MS diagnosis in the NPR or in local hospital records. The NPR data included a unique 11‐digit personal identity number that made it possible to identify the individuals medical records. For each individual registered with MS in the NPR, the hospital record was scrutinized in order to confirm or rule out the diagnosis.

Results

In Nordland County, 657 individuals had MS 1 January 2017. Of these, 637 were recorded with a correct diagnosis of MS in the NPR, while 59 were recorded incorrectly. Incorrect registration was due to a diagnosis that did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria, later investigation had ruled out MS or it was an error in the diagnostic code registration process. Twenty individuals were not registered with MS in the NPR. These were patients who received their diagnosis before data in the NPR were person identifiable (before 2008), and who later had no MS‐registered contact with public specialist healthcare services. The sensitivity is 0.97, and the positive predictive value is 0.92.

Conclusion

Data from the NPR gave a good estimate of the occurrence of MS, but nearly one in 10 registered diagnoses was not correct.
Myeloid sarcoma manifesting as generalized lymphadenopathy in a patient with myelofibrosis
Authors: Trennepohl Christopher , Sorah Jonathan , Eulitt Patrick , Galeotti Jonathan , Zeidner Joshua F. , Montgomery Nathan D. , Coombs Catherine C.
Published: October 2019

Immunophenotyping is critical to the diagnosis of MS, as it can be difficult to differentiate from other diagnoses including lymphoma using conventional light microscopy.
Carbon‐based perovskite solar cells: From single‐junction to modules
Authors: He Rui , Huang Xiaozhou , Chee Mason , Hao Feng , Dong Pei
Published: October 2019

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted more and more attention in the scientific community due to their high performance and simple fabrication process. In the past few years, emerging technologies have made manufacturing large‐scale PSC modules possible. However, stability and fabrication issues still limit the modularization and commercialization of PSCs. Carbon materials have been widely used in PSCs to overcome these challenges due to their excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrophobic properties of certain carbon materials are highly effective at protecting the perovskite film from moisture and improving the stability of PSCs. All these superior properties have made carbon one of the most promising materials to fabricate future high‐performance PSC modules with long service lifetimes. In this review, recent developments of carbon‐based materials in different layers of single‐junction PSCs will first be discussed, with an emphasis on functionalities related to PSCs’ stability and modularization. Then, current improvements and future discussions in the manufacturing of monolithic PSC modules will be reviewed in detail.
Phosphahelicenes with (Thio)Phosphinic Acid and Ester Functions by the Oxidative Photocyclisation Approach
Authors: Febvay Julie , Demmer Charles S. , Retailleau Pascal , Crassous Jeanne , Abella Laura , Autschbach Jochen , Voituriez Arnaud , Marinetti Angela
Published: October 2019

Phosphahelicenes with thiophosphinic acid and ester functions have been obtained by the oxidative photocyclisation of olefins bearing both a benzophenanthrene and a benzophosphole unit. When the method has been extended to olefins bearing a partially saturated benzophospholene unit, a divergent regioselectivity of the photocyclisation step has been observed, leading to new helicenes in which the phosphorus function is located on the external rim of the helical backbone. The observed regioselectivity correlates well with the free‐valence numbers of the atoms involved in the photocyclisation reaction (DFT calculations).
Solid‐State Emission from Mono‐ and Bichromophoric Boron Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Derivatives and Comparison with Fluid Solution
Authors: Bozdemir Özgür Altan , Al‐Sharif Hatun H. T. , McFarlane William , Waddell Paul G. , Benniston Andrew C. , Harriman Anthony
Published: October 2019

The syntheses and crystal structures of sterically crowded mono‐ and bichromophoric BODIPY‐based dyes are reported. The “monomeric” compound is weakly fluorescent in the liquid phase due to fast internal conversion associated with rotation of aryl rings at the boron atom. The side‐by‐side “dimer” exhibits weak excitonic coupling between the dipyrrin units and is much more emissive in fluid solution. Solid samples of both molecular entities are strongly fluorescent under near‐UV illumination. Thus, the mono‐chromophore exhibits dual fluorescence from what appears to be a mixture of crystalline and possibly amorphous (or interfacial regions) distributions. The bi‐chromophore packs in the crystal as pairs of chromophores with each unit being provided by a different molecule. This leads to excitonic splitting and the formation of a strong H‐band in the absorption spectrum. Fluorescence occurs from the corresponding J‐species and also from what appears to be an aggregated state associated with interfacial areas. Both bulk and interface‐bound states show relatively long‐lived fluorescence while the crystal structures indicate the likelihood for fast electronic energy migration between molecules.
Silver‐Mediated Homochiral and Heterochiral α‐dC/β‐dC Base Pairs: Synthesis of α‐dC through Glycosylation and Impact of Consecutive, Isolated, and Multiple Metal Ion Pairs on DNA Stability
Authors: Chai Yingying , Leonard Peter , Guo Xiurong , Seela Frank
Published: October 2019

Isolated and consecutive heterochiral α‐dC– base pairs have been incorporated into 12‐mer oligonucleotide duplexes at various positions, thereby replacing Watson–Crick pairs. To this end, a new synthesis of the α‐d anomer of dC has been developed, and oligonucleotides containing α‐dC residues have been synthesized. Silver‐mediated base pairs were formed upon the addition of silver ions. Furthermore, we have established that heterochiral α‐dC–dC base pairs can approach the stability of a Watson–Crick pair, whereas homochiral dC–dC pairs are significantly less stable. A positional change of the silver‐mediated base pairs affects the duplex stability and reveals the nearest‐neighbor influence. When the number of silver ions was equivalent to the number of duplex base pairs (12), non‐melting silver‐rich complexes were formed. Structural changes have been supported by circular dichroism (CD) spectra, which showed that the B‐DNA structure was maintained whilst the silver ion concentration was low. At high silver ion concentration, silver‐rich complexes displaying different CD spectra were formed.
Synthesis of Chiral Tertiary α,α‐Difluoromethyl Carbinols by Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylation
Authors: Guo Peihua , Zhang Rui , Wang Xiaoming , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling
Published: October 2019

Chiral α,α‐difluoromethyl carbinols are recurring structural motifs in many therapeutic agents. Despite the indubitable interest in the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of such compounds, this research field still remains largely underexplored. Herein, an efficient approach to a range of chiral homopropargylic α,α‐difluoromethyl carbinols has been developed, through a Cu‐catalyzed enantioselective propargylation of α,α‐difluoroketones with (pinacolato)allenylboron. In the presence of a cuprous complex, generated in situ from CuCl and a spiroketal‐based diphosphine (SKP) ligand, a variety of aryl‐, heteroaryl‐, alkyl‐, alkynyl, alkenyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl‐substituted α,α‐difluoromethyl carbinols were obtained in 75–99 % yields with 84–98 % ee values. The catalytic system was further investigated using a combined dynamic NMR spectroscopic, X‐ray crystallographic, and non‐linear effect studies. The origin of the enantioselectivity was rationalized based on DFT calculations. Finally, several efficient transformations were showcased to highlight the utilities of the protocol in synthesis of complex compounds bearing an α,α‐difluoromethyl carbinol moiety.
Four Methods to Estimate Minimum Miscibility Pressure of CO2‐Oil Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Li Ding , Li Xiangliang , Zhang Yinghua , Sun Lixin , Yuan Shiling
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

CO2 flooding accounts for a considerable proportion in gas flooding. Using CO2 as a gas displacement agent is benefit for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and the alleviation of the greenhouse effect by the permanent storage of CO2 in the crust. Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of CO2‐oil is a key factor affecting EOR, which determines the yield and economic benefit of crude oil recovery. Therefore, it is of great importance to use fast, accurate and cheap prediction methods for MMP estimation. In the present study, to evaluate the reliability of four recently developed prediction models based on machine learning (i.e., neural network analysis (NNA), genetic function approximation (GFA), multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS)), 136 sets of data are selected for calculation via outlier analysis from 147 sets of data. Afterwards, we compared the four models with existing prediction models from the literature. The analysis of correlation coefficients and multiple error functions shows that the four models can solve the MMP prediction problem well, and the model using intelligent algorithm has a higher prediction accuracy than the simple linear model. Besides, intelligent methods based on similarity algorithm have little difference from each other. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted.
High neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with treatment failure and death in patients who have melanoma treated with PD‐1 inhibitor monotherapy
Authors: Bartlett Edmund K. , Flynn Jessica R. , Panageas Katherine S. , Ferraro Richard A. , Sta.Cruz Jessica M. , Postow Michael A. , Coit Daniel G. , Ariyan Charlotte E.
Published: October 2019

Background

An elevated neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with poor survival in patients with cancer, including those who receive immunotherapies. The authors sought to investigate NLR as a biomarker of treatment outcomes in patients with melanoma who were treated with PD‐1 inhibition.

Methods

Patients undergoing initial treatment with PD‐1 inhibitor monotherapy for stage IV melanoma at a single center from 2012 to 2015 were included. Clinical characteristics and the NLR at baseline and before subsequent treatment cycles were collected. The time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier and landmark analyses.

Results

Among 224 study patients, 63 (28%) had a baseline NLR ≥5. The baseline NLR was significantly associated with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and the number of involved metastatic sites. With a median follow‐up of 39 months in survivors, a baseline NLR ≥5 was independently associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3‐2.9) and TTF (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.4). An NLR increase ≥30% during the first 2 cycles of treatment was associated with worse OS (median, 47 vs 13.5 months; P < .001) and a trend toward shorter TTF (12.8 vs 5.9 months; P = .05). A combined baseline NLR ≥5 and an NLR increase ≥30% identified a small cohort with markedly shortened OS (median, 5.8 months) and TTF (median, 1.8 months).

Conclusions

Elevated baseline NLR and an increased NLR early during treatment are prognostic for TTF and OS in patients who have melanoma treated with PD‐1 inhibitor monotherapy. Combined, these biomarkers can widely risk‐stratify patients for treatment failure and survival.
Preparation and Co‐Culture of iPSC‐Derived Dopaminergic Neurons and Astrocytes
Authors: de Rus Jacquet Aurelie
Published: October 2019

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐based models are powerful tools to study neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The differentiation of patient‐derived neurons and astrocytes allows investigation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for disease onset and development. In particular, these two cell types can be mono‐ or co‐cultured to study the influence of cell‐autonomous and non‐cell‐autonomous contributors to neurodegenerative diseases. We developed a streamlined procedure to produce high‐quality/high‐purity cultures of dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes that originate from the same population of midbrain floor‐plate progenitors. This unit describes differentiation, quality control, culture parameters, and troubleshooting tips to ensure the highest quality and reproducibility of research results. © 2019 The Authors.

Basic Protocol 1: Differentiation of iPSCs into midbrain‐patterned neural progenitor cells

Support Protocol: Quality control of neural progenitor cells

Basic Protocol 2: Differentiation of neural progenitor cells into astrocytes

Basic Protocol 3: Differentiation of neural progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons

Basic Protocol 4: Co‐culture of iPSC‐derived neurons and astrocytes
Understand how courts evaluate universities’ liability for alcohol‐related harm
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: October 2019

Alcohol consumption by college‐age students is a major concern for parents and higher education administrators. Parents worry about their children's safety, while institutions are concerned for student safety and well‐being, and because alcohol‐related injuries can be a source of costly litigation.
Utilization of a rodent model to examine the neurological effects of early life adversity on adolescent pain sensitivity
Authors: Salberg Sabrina , Noel Melanie , Burke Nikita N. , Vinall Jillian , Mychasiuk Richelle
Published: October 2019

All children experience pain, and although many recover quickly, some go on to develop chronic pain. Adolescent chronic pain is a growing epidemic. It is unknown why some adolescents recover without incident and others experience persistent pain. Although unexplored, early life adversity may contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. This study investigated the effects and underlying neurobiological mechanisms of an early life stressor on nociceptive (pain) sensitivity and emotional function in male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Using maternal separation (MS) as an established model of early life stress, we addressed two aims: investigation of the effects of MS on behavior (anxiety and pain sensitivity), and investigation of the effects of MS on mRNA and pathophysiological changes associated with an acutely painful stimulus. Our results indicate that MS increased anxiety‐like behavior and altered nociceptive responsivity in adolescent rats, with decreased mechanical withdrawal thresholds indicative of heightened and prolonged pain‐related behavior. The MS groups also demonstrated increased expression of genes involved in regulating the stress and fight‐or‐flight response, mood, and neuroplasticity; as well as increased levels of inflammatory markers. We conclude that nociception, both at the behavioral and molecular level, is altered in response to the MS stressor.
Body mass index cut‐off point associated with refeeding hypophosphatemia in adults with eating disorders
Authors: Yamazaki Tadahiro , Inada Shuji , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro
Published: October 2019

Objective

Refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) is a life‐threatening complication in underweight patients with eating disorders (EDs). Although a lower body mass index (BMI) has been reported as a risk factor for RH, the exact BMI cut‐off point is not known. Herein, we aimed to identify the optimal BMI cut‐off point for RH in adults with EDs.

Method

The medical charts of Japanese inpatients with EDs at our hospital between April 1, 2012 and March 31, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The optimal BMI cut‐off point for RH was determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis. Logistic regression analysis was subsequently performed to assess the association between RH and the BMI cut‐off point after adjusting for the propensity score, which was based on known risk factors for RH.

Results

The optimal BMI cut‐off point was identified as 12.6 kg/m2. A BMI lower than the cut‐off point significantly correlated with the occurrence of RH after adjusting for the propensity score.

Discussion

The optimal BMI cut‐off point for the occurrence of RH was 12.6 kg/m2 in adults with EDs. The findings of the present study may facilitate clinical decision making and early identification of patients who require prophylactic treatment for RH.
Microbiome responses during virulence adaptation by a phloem‐feeding insect to resistant near‐isogenic rice lines
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Srinivasan Thanga Suja , Crisol‐Martínez Eduardo , Almazan Maria Liberty P. , Ramal Angelee Fame , Oliva Ricardo , Quibod Ian L. , Bernal Carmencita C.
Published: October 2019

The microbiomes of phloem‐feeding insects include functional bacteria and yeasts essential for herbivore survival and development. Changes in microbiome composition are implicated in virulence adaptation by herbivores to host plant species or host populations (including crop varieties). We examined patterns in adaptation by the green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens, to near‐isogenic rice lines (NILs) with one or two resistance genes and the recurrent parent T65, without resistance genes. Only the line with two resistance genes was effective in reducing leafhopper fitness. After 20 generations on the resistant line, selected leafhoppers attained similar survival, weight gain, and egg laying to leafhoppers that were continually reared on the susceptible recurrent parent, indicating that they had adapted to the resistant host. By sequencing the 16s rRNA gene, we described the microbiome of leafhoppers from colonies associated with five collection sites, and continually reared or switched between NILs. The microbiomes included 69–119 OTUs of which 44 occurred in ≥90% of samples. Of these, 14 OTUs were assigned to the obligate symbiont Candidatus sulcia clade. After 20 generations of selection, collection site had a greater effect than host plant on microbiome composition. Six bacteria genera, including C. sulcia, were associated with leafhopper virulence. However, there was significant within‐treatment, site‐related variability in the prevalence of these taxa such that the mechanisms underlying their association with virulence remain to be determined. Our results imply that these taxa are associated with leafhopper nutrition. Ours is the first study to describe microbiome diversity and composition in rice leafhoppers. We discuss our results in light of the multiple functions of herbivore microbiomes during virulence adaptation in insect herbivores.
Metal Carbide as A Light‐Harvesting and Anticoking Catalysis Support for Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Takeda Kazu , Yamaguchi Akira , Cho Yohei , Anjaneyulu Oruganti , Fujita Takeshi , Abe Hideki , Miyauchi Masahiro
Published: October 2019

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is one of the most attractive chemical reactions, since it converts global‐warming gases into valuable syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Numerous previous studies used metal oxides catalysis supports, such as Al2O3, but their operating temperature was very high and severe coking occurred and deteriorated their catalytic activities. The present study reports that a metal carbide like tantalum carbide (TaC) acts as a multifunctional catalyst support for the DRM reaction, including light‐harvesting properties for saving energy operation as well as an anticoking property for long‐term stability. Nickel nanoparticles loaded on tantalum carbide (Ni/TaC) are prepared by impregnation and reductive hydrogen treatment. TaC particles act as a light‐harvesting support to promote the DRM reaction by photon irradiation through plasmonic photothermal energy conversion in TaC. Furthermore, Ni/TaC exhibits an excellent long‐term anticoking property, as compared to Ni loaded on conventional metal oxide supports such as Al2O3 or Ta2O5. According to the sole gas condition's experiment, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy, the oxy‐carbide layer near the interface between TaC and Ni plays an essential role in imparting the efficient anticoking property of Ni/TaC.
Embracing study heterogeneity for finding genetic interactions in large‐scale research consortia
Authors: Liu Yulun , Huang Jing , Urbanowicz Ryan J. , Chen Kun , Manduchi Elisabetta , Greene Casey S. , Moore Jason H. , Scheet Paul , Chen Yong
Published: October 2019

Genetic interactions have been recognized as a potentially important contributor to the heritability of complex diseases. Nevertheless, due to small effect sizes and stringent multiple‐testing correction, identifying genetic interactions in complex diseases is particularly challenging. To address the above challenges, many genomic research initiatives collaborate to form large‐scale consortia and develop open access to enable sharing of genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data. Despite the perceived benefits of data sharing from large consortia, a number of practical issues have arisen, such as privacy concerns on individual genomic information and heterogeneous data sources from distributed GWAS databases. In the context of large consortia, we demonstrate that the heterogeneously appearing marginal effects over distributed GWAS databases can offer new insights into genetic interactions for which conventional methods have had limited success. In this paper, we develop a novel two‐stage testing procedure, named phylogenY‐based effect‐size tests for interactions using first 2 moments (YETI2), to detect genetic interactions through both pooled marginal effects, in terms of averaging site‐specific marginal effects, and heterogeneity in marginal effects across sites, using a meta‐analytic framework. YETI2 can not only be applied to large consortia without shared personal information but also can be used to leverage underlying heterogeneity in marginal effects to prioritize potential genetic interactions. We investigate the performance of YETI2 through simulation studies and apply YETI2 to bladder cancer data from dbGaP.
Mitigation of NOx emission by monophenolic antioxidants blended in POME biodiesel blends
Authors: Ali Mohd Hafiz , Adam Abdullah , Yasin Mohd Hafizil Mat , Kamarulzaman Mohd Kamal , Othman Mohd Fahmi
Published: October 2019

Biodiesel is among the solutions to substitute petroleum‐based fuel. However, the autoxidation ability of biodiesel, which results in degradation of the existing oxygen, has delayed its use on a global level. A potential solution to this problem is the addition of antioxidant additives. Palm oil methyl ester (POME) is the most popular biodiesel in Malaysia. Diesel 80% + POME 20% (B20) was added with two types of monophenolic antioxidant additives, which were butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, at 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm concentrations, respectively, to examine their effects on combustion characteristics, engine performances and exhaust emissions. Hielscher UP400S ultrasonic emulsifier was used to prepare the fuel blends at 20% of the maximum stirring speed. Yanmar TF120M single‐cylinder diesel engine was employed at a constant speed of 1800 rpm with various engine loads. The results showed that B20 and antioxidant‐treated B20 produced a mean increase in brake specific fuel consumption of 8.33%–23.27% and reduced brake thermal efficiency by a mean that was 8.40%–24.95% greater than that of diesel fuel. Both antioxidants reduced nitrogen oxide emission by a mean of 12.92%–30.54%, compared to B20. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counteracting Globalization's Skeptics: How Diasporas Influence the Internationalization Preferences of Minority Entrepreneurs' Firms
Authors: Inouye Todd M. , Joshi Amol M. , Hemmatian Iman , Robinson Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2019

Research Summary

We argue that the anti‐immigrant backlash sparked by globalization's skeptics isolates U.S. minority entrepreneurs as outsiders, which constrains their domestic business opportunities. In response, these entrepreneurs leverage their shared ethnic identities as insiders within diaspora networks to pursue international expansion opportunities focused on their countries or regions of origin. We hypothesize that diasporas imprint minority entrepreneurs with risk preferences that reduce their skepticism about globalization, while increasing their caution about overcommitting resources. Analyzing over 20,000 U.S. small businesses, we find evidence that minority entrepreneurs' firms prefer to leapfrog into markets, mitigate risks via contractual and bounded commitments, and target countries that are more ethnically and linguistically fractionalized. We extend internationalization process research with theory and evidence about how diasporas influence firm‐level strategic risk management decisions.

Managerial Summary

Increased skepticism about globalization is fueling an anti‐immigrant backlash in multi‐ethnic societies such as the U.S. This backlash may limit opportunities for immigrant entrepreneurs from ethnic minority communities to expand domestically, potentially motivating them to expand internationally. We investigate diaspora networks as a source of competitive advantage for minority entrepreneurs' firms. We find evidence that diasporas positively influence minority entrepreneurs' risk perceptions and attitudes toward globalization, leading their firms to prefer internationalizing faster, committing earlier, and targeting more fragmented markets than other firms. Diasporas counteract skepticism about globalization. We recommend that managers utilize diasporas' access to resources, knowledge, and relationships to reduce their firms' risks of internationalizing and that policymakers tailor government trade promotion programs to leverage diasporas to reduce transaction costs and increase exports.
Social capital development through the stages of internationalization: Relations between British and Indian SMEs
Authors: Puthusserry Pushyarag , Child John , Khan Zaheer
Published: October 2019

Research Summary

Relatively limited research has been conducted on the evolutionary development of social capital during the internationalization process of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We address this issue through a qualitative study of 30 pairs of British and Indian SMEs that have developed international business relations with each other. We provide frameworks that illustrate how microfoundations create, modify, or dissolve network structures to achieve the desired outcomes at different stages of social capital development and internationalization. We identify that entrepreneurial characteristics and intentions influence the development of social capital and internationalization. We suggest that the stages of social capital evolution tend to accompany discrete stages of internationalization, albeit with some exceptions due to the nature of the industrial sectors and actors' dispositions towards business exchange.

Managerial Summary

SMEs are rapidly internationalizing, competing, and even collaborating with large enterprises across the globe. Studies note that social capital plays an important role in the internationalization process of SMEs. We examine the evolution of social capital and internationalization process of SMEs, finding an association between the phases of social capital development and stages of internationalization, and a cumulative effect in social capital formation as the process of internationalization unfolds once initiated. Common ethnicity can help move the process forward, while the strengthening of social ties based on the accumulation of trust is also an important factor in this evolution. The characteristics and intentions of entrepreneurs influence the speed of social capital development, whereas the type of business and industry in question influences its form.
Neurophysiology of threat processing bias in combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: DeLaRosa Bambi L. , Spence Jeffrey S. , Didehbani Nyaz , Tillman Gail D. , Motes Michael A. , Bass Christina , Kraut Michael A. , Hart John
Published: October 2019

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that may develop after experiencing a traumatic event. Combat exposure increases an individual's chance of developing PTSD, making veterans especially susceptible to the disorder. PTSD is characterized by dysregulated emotional networks, memory deficits, and a hyperattentive response to perceived threatening stimuli. Recently, there have been a number of imaging studies that show structural and functional abnormalities associated with PTSD; however, there have been few studies utilizing electroencephalography (EEG). The goal of this study was to characterize **EEG brain dynamics in individuals with PTSD, in order to better understand the neurophysiological underpinnings of some of the salient features of PTSD, such as threat‐processing bias. Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom completed an implicit visual threat semantic memory recognition task with stimuli that varied on both category (animals, items, nature, and people) and feature (threatening and nonthreatening) membership, including trauma‐related stimuli. Combat veterans with PTSD had slower reaction times for the threatening stimuli relative to the combat veterans without PTSD (VETC). There were trauma‐specific effects in frontal regions, with theta band EEG power reductions for the threatening combat scenes in the PTSD patients compared to the VETC group. Additionally, a moderate negative correlation was observed between trauma‐specific frontal theta power and hyperarousal symptoms as measured by clinically administered PTSD scale. These findings complement and extend current models of cortico‐limbic dysfunction in PTSD. The moderate negative correlation between frontal theta power and hyperarousal endorsements suggests the utility of these measures as therapeutic markers of symptomatology in PTSD patients.
Experimental investigation on pyramid solar still with single and double collector cover—Comparative study
Authors: Kumar S Arun , Mohan Kumar P Suresh , Sathyamurthy Ravishankar , Manokar A. Muthu
Published: October 2019

Sun radiation is the heat energy source for solar still. That should be utilized maximum for increasing the evaporative rate at the top surface of the brine. The pyramid shape solar still (PSSS) can receive solar input radiation from all four directions. In this research, the top layer of conventional pyramid shape solar still (CPSSS) is covered with air‐packed cover and analysed the effect in the modified still after air packed in between the two glasses, finally, that result is compared with the CPSSS. The air inside the two glasses will be receiving maximum radiation and retain in it. It can be used as top side insulation and which can ensure the maximum insulation for heat energy inside the PSSS. The CPSSS and air‐packed pyramid shape solar still (APPSSS) were fabricated and experimented. The experiments were conducted at an ambient condition of the Chennai, Tamil Nadu (12.9416°N, 80.2362°E). The CPSSS gives good yield at evening when an increase in wind velocity. The APPSSS gives a lower performance as compared to the CPSSS due to the air‐packed cover.
Evaluation of Newcastle disease virus mediated dendritic cell activation and cross‐priming tumor‐specific immune responses ex vivo
Authors: Xu Qi , Rangaswamy Udaya S. , Wang Weijia , Robbins Scott H. , Harper James , Jin Hong , Cheng Xing
Published: October 2019

We have developed an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that has potent in vitro and in vivo anti‐tumor activities and attenuated pathogenicity in chickens. In this ex vivo study using the same recombinant NDV backbone with GFP transgene (NDV‐GFP, designated as rNDV), we found that rNDV induces maturation of monocyte‐derived immature dendritic cells (iDCs) by both direct and indirect mechanisms, which promote development of antigen‐specific T cell responses. Addition of rNDV directly to iDCs culture induced DC maturation, as demonstrated by the increased expression of costimulatory and antigen‐presenting molecules as well as the production of type I interferons (IFNs). rNDV infection of the HER‐2 positive human breast cancer cell line (SKBR3) resulted in apoptotic cell death, release of proinflammatory cytokines, and danger‐associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) including high‐mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Addition of rNDV‐infected SKBR3 cells to iDC culture resulted in greatly enhanced upregulation of the maturation markers and release of type I IFNs by DCs than rNDV‐infected DCs only. When co‐cultured with autologous T cells, DCs pre‐treated with rNDV‐infected SKBR3 cells cross‐primed T cells in an antigen‐specific manner. Altogether, our data strongly support the potential of oncolytic NDV as efficient therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
The impact of current treatment modalities on the outcomes of patients with melanoma brain metastases: A systematic review
Authors: van Opijnen Mark P. , Dirven Linda , Coremans Ida E.M. , Taphoorn Martin J.B. , Kapiteijn Ellen H.W.
Published: October 2019

Patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) still have a very poor prognosis. Several treatment modalities have been investigated in an attempt to improve the management of MBM. This review aimed to evaluate the impact of current treatments for MBM on patient‐ and tumor‐related outcomes, and to provide treatment recommendations for this patient population. A literature search in the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane was conducted up to January 8, 2019. Original articles published since 2010 describing patient‐ and tumor‐related outcomes of adult MBM patients treated with clearly defined systemic therapy were included. Information on basic trial demographics, treatment under investigation and outcomes (overall and progression‐free survival, local and distant control and toxicity) were extracted. We identified 96 eligible articles, comprising 95 studies. A large variety of treatment options for MBM were investigated, either used alone or as combined modality therapy. Combined modality therapy was investigated in 71% of the studies and resulted in increased survival and better distant/local control than monotherapy, especially with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. However, neurotoxic side‐effects also occurred more frequently. Timing appeared to be an important determinant, with the best results when radiotherapy was given before or during systemic therapy. Improved tumor control and prolonged survival can be achieved by combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy or targeted therapy. However, more randomized controlled trials or prospective studies are warranted to generate proper evidence that can be used to change the standard of care for patients with MBM.
Meat intake and risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) project
Authors: Ferro Ana , Rosato Valentina , Rota Matteo , Costa Ana Rute , Morais Samantha , Pelucchi Claudio , Johnson Kenneth C. , Hu Jinfu , Palli Domenico , Ferraroni Monica , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Bonzi Rossella , Yu Guo‐Pei , Peleteiro Bárbara , López‐Carrillo Lizbeth , Tsugane Shoichiro , Hamada Gerson Shigueaki , Hidaka Akihisa , Zaridze David , Maximovitch Dmitry , Vioque Jesus , Navarrete‐Munoz Eva M. , Aragonés Nuria , Martín Vicente , Hernández‐Ramírez Raúl Ulisses , Bertuccio Paola , Ward Mary H. , Malekzadeh Reza , Pourfarzi Farhad , Mu Lina , López‐Cervantes Malaquias , Persiani Roberto , Kurtz Robert C. , Lagiou Areti , Lagiou Pagona , Boffetta Paolo , Boccia Stefania , Negri Eva , Camargo M. Constanza , Curado Maria Paula , La Vecchia Carlo , Lunet Nuno
Published: October 2019

The consumption of processed meat has been associated with noncardia gastric cancer, but evidence regarding a possible role of red meat is more limited. Our study aims to quantify the association between meat consumption, namely white, red and processed meat, and the risk of gastric cancer, through individual participant data meta‐analysis of studies participating in the “Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project”. Data from 22 studies, including 11,443 cases and 28,029 controls, were used. Study‐specific odds ratios (ORs) were pooled through a two‐stage approach based on random‐effects models. An exposure‐response relationship was modeled, using one and two‐order fractional polynomials, to evaluate the possible nonlinear association between meat intake and gastric cancer. An increased risk of gastric cancer was observed for the consumption of all types of meat (highest vs. lowest tertile), which was statistically significant for red (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.00–1.53), processed (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06–1.43) and total meat (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09–1.55). Exposure‐response analyses showed an increasing risk of gastric cancer with increasing consumption of both processed and red meat, with the highest OR being observed for an intake of 150 g/day of red meat (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.56–2.20). This work provides robust evidence on the relation between the consumption of different types of meat and gastric cancer. Adherence to dietary recommendations to reduce meat consumption may contribute to a reduction in the burden of gastric cancer.
Latency of tobacco smoking for head and neck cancer among HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative individuals
Authors: Madathil Sreenath , Rousseau Marie‐Claude , Joseph Lawrence , Coutlée François , Schlecht Nicolas F. , Franco Eduardo , Nicolau Belinda
Published: October 2019

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and tobacco smoking are well‐known risk factors for head and neck cancers (HNC). Although an effect modification between oral HPV infection and tobacco smoking may exist, evidence is lacking on how they interact temporally. We investigated the latency and life course effects of tobacco smoking on risk of HNC among HPV‐positive (HPV+ve) and negative (HPV‐ve) individuals. We used data from 631 ever‐smoker participants of a hospital‐based case–control study conducted in four major hospitals in Montréal, Canada. Cases (n = 320), incident, histologically confirmed, primary squamous cell carcinomas, were frequency‐matched to controls (n = 311) by age and sex. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors (e.g., tobacco and alcohol use and sexual history) were collected using a structured interview applying a life grid technique. Oral exfoliated cells were used for HPV DNA detection and genotyping. Latency effects were estimated flexibly using a Bayesian relevant exposure model and further extended with a life course approach. Retrospective smoking trajectories for HPV+ve cases and controls had similar shapes. Exposure to tobacco smoking even 40 years before diagnosis was associated with an increased HNC risk among both HPV+ve and HPV‐ve participants. The effect of smoking before the start of sexual activity compared to afterwards was higher among HPV+ve individuals. This pattern of association was less profound among HPV‐ve participants. Temporal interactions may exists between oral HPV infection and life course smoking trajectories in relation to HNC risk.
Birth weight, weight over the adult life course and risk of breast cancer
Authors: Luo Juhua , Chen Xiwei , Manson JoAnn E. , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Vitolins Mara , Rohan Thomas E. , Cheng Ting‐Yuan D. , Zhang Zhenzhen , Qi Lihong , Hendryx Michael
Published: October 2019

Breast cancer has been suggested to potentially have prenatal origins. We examined associations between birth weight, body mass index (BMI) at four‐time points over 25 years of adulthood, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, with emphasis on whether the association between birth weight and risk of breast cancer was mediated by weight and height changes over the adult life course. Postmenopausal women (n = 70,397) aged 50–79 years without breast cancer at enrollment (1993–1998) were followed up to 25 years. Weight and height were measured at baseline. Birth weight, and weights at ages 18, 35 and 50 were self‐reported. Breast cancer cases were centrally adjudicated. Compared to women with birth weight of 6–8 pounds, women with birth weight of <6 pounds had lower risk of breast cancer (HR = 0.88 95% CI: 0.79–0.99). 44% and 21% of the relationship between birth weight and breast cancer risk was mediated by adult height and weight at baseline, respectively. Birth weight of 8 pounds or more was not associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Weight gain in adulthood was associated with increased risk of breast cancer regardless of time periods. In conclusion, lower birthweight was associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, and this reduction in risk was significantly mediated by childhood or adolescent growth, especially by adult height. Our data suggest that reaching and maintaining a healthy weight during adulthood is key in the prevention of breast cancer.