bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMATION OF NARROW-BAND N-TYPE OPTICAL RESONANCE IN VAPORS OF POTASSIUM ATOMS
Authors: Sargsyan A.
Published: May 2022

An N-type optical resonance formed in the Л-system of potassium atoms (D1 lines) using two CW narrow-band lasers, a spectroscopic cell with a length of 1.5 cm which contains vapors of potassium atoms, and a buffer neon gas with a partial pressure of 20 Torr has been investigated. It is shown that the N-type resonance splits into three equidistant components in a longitudinal magnetic field. A comparison of the N-type resonance parameters formed in the vapors of cesium and rubidium atoms has been presented. It is found that when the N-type resonance is formed, the initial and final levels are the lower ground levels

Fg = 1, 2.
ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE L-CYSTEINE REACTION WITH Fe(III) COMPOUNDS IN AN ACIDIC MEDIUM
Authors: Berestova T. V. , Nizametdinova L. А. , Lusina О. V. , Lobov А. N. , Mustafin А. G.
Published: May 2022

The interaction of the L-cysteine solution with iron(III) compounds of FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3 was studied in an acidic medium (pH 2). It was shown that the reaction proceeded 30 minutes with the formation of L-cystine (21–40%) as the main product. It was found that the L-cysteine reaction with FeCl3 leads to the formation of the L-cysteine sulfinic acid in the solution as a by-product. The products of the L-cysteine reaction

with Fe(III) compounds were interpreted by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
VERTICAL PURE ELECTRONIC OPTICAL TRANSITION AND SEMICONDUCTOR DIRECT BAND GAP
Authors: Tolkachev V. A.
Published: May 2022

It is shown that the method of determining the frequency of pure electronic transition from molecular diffuse vibrational spectra is applicable for the estimation of a semiconductor direct band gap. This method is used to determine the direct band gap between the valence band and the photoconductivity band from the

photoconductivity spectrum.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SCATTERING BY LINEAR LOW-PARTICLE AGGREGATES OF FINITE DIELECTRIC CYLINDERS
Authors: Kovtun-Kuzhel V. A. , Mazaila I. A. , Ponyavina A. N.
Published: May 2022

A numerical simulation of functions of the angular distribution of the scattering intensity for dimers and thrimers of finite dielectric cylinders is made using the formalism of the volume integral equation. The function of the angular distribution of the scattering intensity dependence on the optical and geometric parameters of single finite cylinders and their mutual location is studied. It is shown that the electrodynamic interaction between the cylinders leads to a strong change of the angular distribution of intensity of the radiation scattered by this system in comparison with that for two cylinders without electrodynamic coupling.
“Panislamism” as a political factor
Authors: Yusupova Dildora
Published: May 2022

This article is devoted to the history of "pan-Islamism", developed in the late XIX century by the Afghan politician Said Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, which emerged in the Middle East and became the ideology of groups operating under the guise of Islam in the XX-XXI centuries. An analysis of the views expressed in the research work of scholars engaged in the interpretation of the doctrine of "Pan-Islamism" in the last century and today. It is reflected in the article the brotherhood and unity of all Muslims, the history of the idea of ​​pan-Islamism, the emergence of two different tendencies towards the ideology of "pan-Islamism", the dominance of the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism" in the Middle East in the late twentieth century. The article also describes the methodological basis of the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism", its pros and cons, the modern image of what is now called "neopanislamism" and the factors that contribute to the rise of Islamophobia.
In the last century, "pan-Islamism" emerged as a geopolitical force, considered an imperial ideology in the Ottoman Empire. The reasons for the leadership of the ideology of Islamism, the formation of religious political parties in the Middle East, the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism" and the fact that it has become a weapon of fanatical groups operating under the guise of Islam have been revealed on the basis of philosophical analysis.
Жиноятчиликка қарши кураш бўйича халқаро ҳамкорликни амалга ошириш жараёнида инсон ҳуқуқларини таъминлаш масалалари
Authors: Сатторов Дилшод
Published: May 2022

Мақолада жиноятчиликка қарши кураш масалаларини тартибга солувчи асосий халқаро шартномаларнинг ҳуқуқий табиати ва минтақавий халқаро шартномаларда мустаҳкамланишининг ўзига хос жиҳатлари таҳлил қилинган. Мақолада жиноятчиликка қарши кураш бўйича халқаро ҳамкорлик механизмининг йўналишлари ва хусусиятлари таҳлил қилар экан, асосий эътиборни инсон ҳуқуқларига қаратади. Муаллиф томонидан жиноятчи-ликка қарши кураш бўйича халқаро ҳамкорлик механизми амалга оширишда инсонпарварлик нуқтаи назаридан халқаро ҳамкорлик йўналишларининг бир-бирига боғлиқ жиҳатлари кенг ёритилган бўлиб, бу борада турли ҳуқуқ-шунос олимларнинг фикр ва мулоҳазалари келтирган.
Нетрадиционные способы обучения частям речи на уроках родного языка в начальных классах
Authors: Сафаров Ф. , Носирова Д.
Published: May 2022

Данная статья посвящена нетрадиционным способам обучения частям речи на уроках языкознания в начальных классах. При раскрытии темы статьи была использована научно-исследовательская работа зарубежных и отечественных ученых.
Hybrid Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium with Second-Order Velocity Slip, Suction and Heat Absorption
Authors: Bakar S. A. , Arifin N. M. , Bachok N. , Ali F. M.
Published: May 2022

The foremost objective of this study is to reflect the behaviour of hybrid nanofluid towards a permeable porous medium, with consideration of second-order velocity slip and heat absorption impacts on the fluid flow. Two distinct fluids of copper (Cu) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are reviewed in this study to work out as a hybrid nanofluid flow. The equations of boundary layer flow in the form of partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ODEs by conducting a similarity transformation technique, and the findings that obtained from this study are presented in the respective tables and figures. The effects of involving parameters such as suction, porous medium permeability, heat absorption and second order velocity slip are perceived, as well as our intention in observing the impact of traditional nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid on the fluid flow. Our findings revealed that the hybrid Cu-Al2O3/water nanofluid performs well on the fluid flow behaviour against the mono Al2O3/water nanofluid. Moreover, the participating parameters of porous medium permeability, suction and nanoparticle volume fraction are said to improve the boundary layer thickness, while second-order velocity slip parameter is deemed to decay the fluid flow.
Determination of Gaussian Integer Zeroes of F(x,z)=2x4−z3
Authors: Ismail S. , Atan K. A. M. , Sejas-Viscarra D. , Eshkuvatov Z.
Published: May 2022

In this paper the zeroes of the polynomial F(x,z)=2x4−z3 in Gaussian integers Z[i] are determined, a problem equivalent to finding the solutions of the Diophatine equation x4+y4=z3 in Z[i], with a focus on the case x=y. We start by using an analytical method that examines the real and imaginary parts of the equation F(x,z)=0. This analysis sheds light on the general algebraic behavior of the polynomial F(x,z) itself and its zeroes. This in turn allows us a deeper understanding of the different cases and conditions that give rise to trivial and non-trivial solutions to F(x,z)=0, and those that lead to inconsistencies. This paper concludes with a general formulation of the solutions to F(x,z)=0 in Gaussian integers. Results obtained in this work show the existence of infinitely many non-trivial zeroes for F(x,z)=2x4−z3 under the general form x=(1+i)η3 and c=−2η4 for η∈Z[i].
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from the Leaf Extract of Pongamia Pinnata
Authors: Senthilarasan K. , Raguraman V. , Senthilmurugan V. , Sowmiya D.
Published: May 2022

The present work describes the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Pongamia pinnata leaf extract. The preparation of zinc nanoparticles by using pongamia pinnata leaf extract has desired quality with low cost and conventional method. The pongamia pinnata leaf extract was mixed with zinc nitrate hexahydrate solution by stirring and heating 60°C-80°C and the reduction reaction was studied by observing the colour change. The preliminary screening test confirms the presence of flavonoid and polyphenols. The zinc nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR). The XRD exhibit the Crystalline in nature. FTIR confirms the presence of functional groups of stabilizer pongamia pinnata in capping the zinc nano particles. ZnO nano particles exhibits absorption peak at 370nm.Therefore, the study reveals an efficient, ecofriendly and simple method for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using green synthetic approach.
Development of the NACE “MR-01-75” and NACE “TM-01-77” Standards, Part II: Accelerated Material Qualification Testing in Sour Environments at Near Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Sherar Brent W.A. , Caldwell Eric , Ellis Peter F. , Kane Russell D.
Published: May 2022

This paper is Part II of a two-part series intended to narrate the history, some of which has been forgotten over time, leading up to the publication of the first Material Requirement (MR-01-75) standard prepared by NACE and its subsequent auxiliary standards. Previously, Part I described the field observations and discussed the metallurgical factors that were being investigated by the historical NACE T-1B and 1F committees to support the development of a sour service materials standard. In Part II, we focus on the rationale behind the use of accelerated laboratory test procedures designed to differentiate metallurgical behavior in sour environments. The original sulfide stress cracking test methodologies would later be codified as a Test Method in NACE TM-01-77 (1977). A review of the historical events culminating in NACE MR-01-75 and NACE TM-01-77 provides a technical basis for the historical use of NACE solution A (5 wt% NaCl + 0.5 wt% acetic acid) to evaluate metallurgical factors, and the origins of several common SSC NACE Test Methods still used today: Methods A (tensile), B (three-point bent beam), and C (C-ring). The accelerated laboratory test results, in combination with parallel field trials (performed in advance of the first NACE MR-01-75 publication), supported the ≤22 Rockwell C (22 HRC) hardness limit for carbon and low alloy steels in sour environments containing ≥0.05 psia H2S partial pressure. As the oil and gas industry continues to innovate and mature, it was imperative to maintain knowledge of the origins of the NACE MR-01-75 and TM-01-77 standards and their intended purposes.
Comparative effect of Gong’s mobilization and Spencer technique to manage frozen shoulder
Authors: Prasanth Sindhura K. , Sudhan Mohana M Aparna , Sreedharan Sreejesh. M. , Subbarayalu Arun Vijay , P Shahul Hameed
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Physical therapy plays a significant role in managing frozen shoulder (FS), and it includes applying manual mobilization techniques to reduce pain, restore the extensibility of the shoulder capsule and increase range of motion (ROM). Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Gong's mobilization (GM) and Spencer technique (ST) in reducing pain, functional disability, and improving shoulder ROM on FS patients.

Methods

A pre-and-post-test experimental study design was adopted, where thirty patients (n = 30) diagnosed with unilateral FS were selected and randomized into two groups of 15 using a simple random technique. Subjects in experimental group 1(EG-I) received ST technique and ultrasound therapy (US), with Codman’s pendular exercise (CPE). Whereas experimental group II (EG-II) received GM technique and US, with CPE. The intervention lasted five days and consisted of one session every day. Three variables were assessed to study the treatment effectiveness both at the pre-intervention and at the end of the first week: (i) pain intensity as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale; (ii) shoulder ROM as measured by a goniometer (abduction, flexion, and medial rotation (MR)); and (iii) functional disability as measured by SPADI (Shoulder Pain Disability Index).

Results

The EG-II showed a better reduction in pain intensity (mean difference (MD) of 0.87), SPADI (MD of 7), and increase in shoulder ROM (MD: 'abduction': 15.76; ‘Flexion’: 15.67; ‘MR’: 10.33) than the EG-I at 0.05 levels of significance.

Conclusions

Gong’s mobilization was found to be more effective than Spencer's technique with ultrasound therapy and CPE in treating patients with FS.
Sababu za Kudondoshwa kwa Fonimu za Likwidi katika Maneno Teule.
Authors: Evans Kiplimo Cheruiyot
Published: May 2022

Utafiti huu umelenga kuchunguza sababu za kudondoshwa kwa fonimu za likwidi katika maneno teule. Uchanganuzi huu umeongozwa na nadharia ya fonolojia zalishi. Utafiti huu umetegemea data ya maktabani iliyokusanywa kupitia kwa mbinu za kusoma na kudondoa. Ili kushughulikia tatizo la utafiti kikamilifu, utafiti huu ulitegemea aina tatu ya data. Kwanza, data ya maumbo yaliyopangwa upya kwa matumizi ya mbinu linganishi na uundaji ndani. Pili, data kutoka kwa Kamusi Kuu ya Kiswahili. Data hii iliteuliwa kimaksudi kwa sababu inaweza kutosheleza katika kushughulikia tatizo la utafiti. Data ya makala hii imechanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa kimaelezo. Makala hii ilibainisha kuwa ni vigumu kutenganisha vichocheo na sababu kamili za mabadiliko ya lugha. Pili, athari za mabadiliko ya lugha zinaweza kuingizwa kama maelezo ya sababu za mabadiliko ya lugha. Tatu, ilikuwa vigumu kubainisha mipaka baina ya sababu za kiisimu na kiisimu-jamii. Utafiti huu ulihitimisha kuwa kuwa mabadiliko mengine kama vile uchopekaji hutokea katika kiwango cha mofolojia ili kurekebisha makosa ya kimuundo katika lugha yanayosababishwa na badiliko la kwanza. Kando na haya, makala hii ilionyesha kuwa sheria ya udondoshaji wa kihistoria wa fonimu za likwidi haina tija katika Kiswahili cha sasa. Utafiti huu unapendekeza kuwa Kuzuia uhomonimia na kuwepo kwa masalio ya kiisimu ni baadhi ya sababu zilizotolewa kueleza uzuiaji wa sheria.
Maudhui Yaliyotumiwa katika Utunzi wa Michezo ya Kuigiza kuhusu Ukimwi Katika Mashindano ya Sanaa za Shule za Upili.
Authors: Michael Kiguta
Published: May 2022

Utafiti huu ulilenga kutambua maudhui yaliyotumiwa katika utunzi wa michezo ya kuigiza kuhusu ukimwi katika mashindano ya sanaa za shule za upili. Maeneo ya utafiti yalitokana na uchunguzi wa michezo miwili, ambayo ilikuwa: Chozi (2001) na Majuto (2001). Tulitumia michezo kama sampuli iliyowakilisha michezo yote ya Kiswahili iliyokuwa na mada kuhusu ukimwi. Uteuzi ulitokana na sababu kuwa ulihusu vipengele vya kimsingi kama vile: uhusika, mandhari, jukwaa, kitendo, ploti, lugha maleba na jumuiya. Utafiti huu ulikuwa wa kimaktabani ulitumia hadhira tuli ya kimaandishi. Data zilizokusanywa kutoka nakala za michezo ziliainishwa kupitia vigezo mbalimbali vya matumizi ya maudhui. Makala hii ilibaini kuwa watunzi walitumia maudhui mbalimbali kukuza mada ya ukimwi. Baadhi ya maudhui ambayo yalitumiwa yalikuwa ya: mila na utamaduni, uhafidhina, asasi za ndoa, utabaka, utamauushi, uana, malezi, ufuska, uzinzi na kadhalika. Maudhui ulitumiwa kubeba ujumbe kuhusu ukimwi. Utafiti huu ulipendekeza kuwa maudhui yaliyojadiliwa yangefaa kuwa katika tajriba ya vijana ya  kila siku, maudhui ya ukimwi yangelijadiliwa bila kutumia mbinu ya kitanzia, ingekuwa bora kama tamthilia zingelijadili jinsi ya kuishi na waathiriwa wa ukimwi badala ya kuwatenga kama ilivyokuwa katika tamthilia ya Majuto, tamthilia ingetumika kwa njia ya ushawishi kuhusu ugonjwa wa ukimwi badala ya kulaumu na kukemea, mtunzi angeonyesha kuwa maafa si suluhu la matatizo bali ni kutorokea hali ngumu kwa njia ya kifantasia, ingekuwa bora kwa mtunzi kumuondoa katika tamthilia nzima kwa kuwa alifanaya kazi ya mtunzi iwe na udhaifu kisha kulihitajika watunzi wengi wa shule za upili wajitokeze ili tamthilia itumike vilivyo kama chombo mahsusi cha upashanaji wa ujumbe dhidi ya ukimwi.
Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future
Authors:   SEI,   CEEW
Published: May 2022

Scientific research offers evidence and guidance on how to progress on critical challenges, build better societies and protect our planet. This report was written to provide a scientific basis for the UN international meeting ‘Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity’, held in Stockholm on 2–3 June 2022. It is intended to stimulate an informed debate on why change towards a sustainable future is not happening at pace with the challenges humans and the planet face, and guide leaders to actions they can take now, informed by relevant science.
İsmâilîlik’te Nefsânî Diriliş ve Tenasüh İnancı
Authors: TIĞLI Asiye
Published: May 2022

Neoplatonik felsefenin ve İslam filozoflarının da etkisiyle İsmâilîler, Müslüman çoğunluktan farklı olarak ölümden sonra bedenin toprağa karışacağı, nefsin ise olgunlaşarak aslî mekânı olan ulvî aleme döneceği konusunda ittifak etmişlerdir. Bu anlayışa göre nefsin tekâmül süreci, maddeden uzaklaşma ve dolayısıyla da en mukaddes olana (Külli Akıl) yaklaşma ile paralel olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Bu nedenle kurtuluş, nefsleri dünyevi ve uhrevi mutluluğa erdirecek batınî bilgiyi uhdelerinde bulunduran nâtıkları ve imamları tanıyıp, onlara tabi olmaya bağlanmıştır. Zira insanın kendi devrindeki imamı tanıması onun ulvî alemle kuracağı bağı ifade etmektedir. Bu bağlamda ceza ya da cehennem de imamlardan öğrenilen bu batıni bilgiyi reddetme yahut görmezden gelmenin bir sonucu-dur. Bu sebeple, Külli Akıl’dan taşan batınî bilgiden uzak kalan ruhlar, gerek dünyada gerekse Büyük Kıyamet’ten sonra mânevî alemde, gerçek ilmi zevki tadamamanın acısını yaşayacaklardır. Bunlara Allah’a ve peygambere inanan zahir ehli de dahildir. Bu cezanın yeri, keyfiyeti ve ebedi olup olmadığı meseleleri ise muğlaktır. İsmâilîler’in tenasüh inancına sahip bir fırka olarak görülmelerine neden olan etmenlerin başında, Gazzâlî, İbn Haldûn ve Bîrûnî gibi kendilerine muhalif olan Müslüman yazarların bu yöndeki ifadeleri olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Binaenaleyh makalede, İsmâilî öğretinin mimarları sayılabilecek Sicistânî, Hamîdüddîn el-Kirmânî, Nâsır-ı Hüsrev ve Nasîrüddîn et-Tûsî’nin bu konulardaki fikirleri ele alınmış; iddia edildiği gibi bir tenasüh inancına sahip olup ol-madıkları sorgulanmıştır. Söz konusu isimlerin eserlerinde, tenasüh inancını kabul etme-diklerine dair açık ifadeler bulunmakla birlikte, yeniden dirilmenin (baʿs̱) Kıyamet’ten sonra değil de bu dünyada gerçekleşmesi, dünyanın bir tür cehenneme benzetilmesi ve saf olmayan ruhların nihaî sonları hakkındaki belirsizlik tenasühün reddiyle ilgili ifadelerini tartışmalı kılmaktadır.
Machine learning to understand patterns of burn severity from the SCU Lightning Complex Fires of August 2020
Authors: Potter Christopher , Alexander Olivia
Published: May 2022

The SCU Lightning Complex Fire started on 16 August 2020 and burned more than 395,000 acres of woodlands and grasslands in six California counties. Satellite images of pre-fire green vegetation biomass from both 2020 springtime (moist) and summertime (drier) periods, along with slope and aspect were used as predictors of burn severity patterns on the SCU Complex landscape using machine learning algorithms. The main finding from this analysis was that the overall burn severity patterns of the SCU Complex fires could be predicted from pre-fire vegetation biomass, slope, and aspect model input variables with high accuracies of between 50% and 80% using Random Forest machine learning techniques. The August and April biomass cover variables had the highest feature importance values. It can be concluded that the amount of dry biomass present at a given location was essential to predict how severely and completely the 2020 fires burned the vegetation cover and surface soils across this landscape.
La cultura tributaria y su incidencia en el cumplimiento de obligaciones tributarias en la empresa Dream Color E.I.R.L. Cutervo 2020
Authors: Chavez Vallejos Jorge Wangler , Oblitas Otero Roberto Carlos
Published: May 2022

La presente tesis, tiene como objetivo determinar cómo incide la cultura tributaria en el cumplimiento de obligaciones tributarias en la empresa Dream Color E.I.R.L. Cutervo 2020; con el propósito de brindar los conocimientos e importancia de generar una cultura tributaria que genere el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias y evitar evasiones o elusiones que perjudiquen las arcas fiscales, así como las sanciones a la empresa. El estudio es no experimental, por su temporalidad transversal, así también, se desarrolla bajo el nivel correlacional, para la recopilación de datos, se consideró como instrumento dos cuestionarios de encuestas para medir cada una de las variables de estudio: cultura tributaria y obligaciones tributarias, las mismas que fueron sometidas a la validación por juicio de expertos. Se concluyó que los resultados obtenidos por medio de la contrastación de las hipótesis mediante “r” de Rho de Spearman, logran evidenciar que existe una incidencia entre la Cultura tributaria y Obligaciones tributarias en la empresa Dream Color E.I.R.L. Cutervo 2020. Esta incidencia es de 0,848, es decir, presenta una correlación positiva moderada. Indicador que presenta una dependencia entre las dos variables denominada relación directa: cuando una de ellas aumenta, la otra también lo hace en proporción constante.
El control interno y la gestión patrimonial en el Hospital General de Jaén, Perú – 2021
Authors: Aguilar Lorenzo Ronald , Santos Díaz Sonia Luzmerly , Oblitas Otero Roberto Carlos
Published: May 2022

La investigación tiene por objeto general el determinar la relación del control Interno con la gestión patrimonial en el Hospital General de Jaén – 2021. El tipo de investigación es aplicada, de enfoque cuantitativo y nivel correlacional, de diseño no experimental. La investigación tuvo como población a 15 colaboradores del área de patrimonio, contabilidad, administración, logística del Hospital general de Jaén. Además se aplicó la técnica de la encuesta, de los resultados se pudo concluir que Se concluye que, si existe relación entre el control interno y con la gestión patrimonial en el Hospital General de Jaén – 2021, con un coeficiente de Pearson de 0,947 siendo una correlación positiva muy alta y el sig. asintótica (bilateral) del Chi-cuadrado fue 0.018 inferior a 0.05 comprobándose la hipótesis de estudio y en tal sentido, se comprobó que, que si existe vínculo y a mayor eficiencia en el control interno mayor eficiencia se tendrá en la gestión patrimonial. También se encontró que existe un nivel muy eficiente del control interno en el Hospital General de Jaén – 2021 con 46.8%, pero no totalmente eficiente, en cuanto al nivel de la gestión patrimonial fue medianamente eficiente con 40%.
Los costos laborales y su influencia en la informalidad de contratación de personal en las MYPEs de la ciudad de Moyobamba, Perú 2021
Authors: Pérez Arteaga Lidia , Regalado Rodríguez Sonia Janeth
Published: May 2022

La presente investigación ha tenido como objetivo principal determinar si los costos laborales  influyen en la contratación informal de personal en las MYPEs de la ciudad de Moyobamba 2021, la metodología fue de tipo aplicada, no experimental de nivel descriptivo correlacional, con una población de 354 gerentes de micro y pequeños empresarios, se llegó a la siguiente conclusión:  Los costos laborales  influyen altamente en la contratación informal de personal en las MYPEs de la ciudad de Moyobamba 2021, en forma parcial según el resultado inferencial indica el ρ-valor “Sig. Bilateral” ρ = 0.001 (ρ<0.05), lo que demuestra y por loque se acepta la H1, evidenciando que existe un nivel positivo de significancia entre las variables Costos laborales y Contratación de personal. De acuerdo al coeficiente de correlación es igual a 0.769 (r=0.769), estando este en un valor en el rango de correlación muy buena, con una orientación positiva entre las variables en estudio, de igual manera el análisis descriptivo si considera que los costos laborales son altos para la contratación de personal, existe un 60% dice nunca y casi nunca, un 5% neutro, y 35% indica casi siempre y siempre, de lo que se evidencia que para una mayoría 60% los costos laborales no son altos, pero si para un 35% que lo si considera que son altos, lo cual evidencia porque este porcentaje no contrata al personal formalmente.
L’émergence spontanée de la chiralité
Authors: SRINIVASARAO Mohan
Published: May 2022

Ce chapitre aborde l’apparition des textures chirales dans les nématiques constitués de molécules achirales. Les travaux de Pasteur ont donné naissance à l’idée reçue selon laquelle l’activité optique des matériaux résulte uniquement de la chiralité moléculaire. Les observations de textures chirales dans les nématiques lyotropes achiraux discutées dans ce cinquième chapitre rompent avec cette idée reçue et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives.
La carte au coeur des apprentissages disciplinaires
Authors: GAUJAL Sophie , LEININGER-FRÉZAL Caroline
Published: May 2022

La cartographie est au cœur des apprentissages en géographie. Son apprentissage est complexe et parfois réduit à des tâches de faible intensité intellectuelle. Ce chapitre interroge la manière dont les manuels scolaires se sont emparés de la nouvelle épreuve du baccalauréat (exercice de transposition d'un texte en croquis) pour initier les élèves au langage cartographique.
OUTER SPACE TREATY REFORM AND THE LONG-TERM
SUSTAINABILITY OF SPACE EXPLORATION
Authors: NAHTIGAL Matjaž
Published: May 2022

Abstract. The challenge of ensuring the space environment’s long-term sustainability in the context of the exploration and commercialisation of outer space raises several important issues and dimensions with respect to both international environmental law and sustainable development. The research question analyses the extent to which such exploration benefits humanity and expands the province of all humankind. In this article, historical achievements of the international legal framework governing the area of space exploration are presented. Opportunities for further developing and strengthening this framework to ensure the cooperative, transparent, inclusive and equitable development of space exploration are deliberated, notably those that do not limit the interests and opportunities of space-faring countries. The key finding and proposition of this article is that while discussing the need to improve and strengthen the international regulatory framework, developing countries’ needs and interests should also be effectively incorporated. More equitable, inclusive and sustainable development is as much in the interest of developed countries as it is of developing countries. Keywords: The Outer Space Treaty, space law, UNCOPUOS, space commercialisation, Sustainable Development Goals, inclusive and balanced development, international environmental law
Arctic tropospheric ozone: assessment of current knowledge and model performance
Authors: Whaley Cynthia H. , Law Kathy S. , Hjorth Jens Liengaard , Skov Henrik , Arnold Stephen R. , Langner Joakim , Pernov Jakob Boyd , Chien Rong-You , Christensen Jesper H. , Deushi Makoto , Dong Xinyi , Faluvegi Gregory , Flanner Mark , Fu Joshua S. , Gauss Michael , Im Ulas , Marelle Louis , Onishi Tatsuo , Oshima Naga , Plummer David A. , Pozzoli Luca , Raut Jean-Christophe , Skeie Ragnhild , Thomas Manu A. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Tsyro Svetlana , Turnock Steven T. , von Salzen Knut , Tarasick David W.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. As the third most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after CO2 and methane, tropospheric ozone (O3) is also an air pollutant causing damage to human health and ecosystems. This study brings together recent research on observations and modeling of tropospheric O3 in the Arctic, a rapidly warming and sensitive environment. At different locations in the Arctic, the observed surface O3 seasonal cycles are quite different. Coastal Arctic locations, for example, have a minimum in the springtime due to O3 depletion events resulting from surface bromine chemistry. In contrast, other Arctic locations have a maximum in the spring. The 12 state-of-the-art models used in this study lack the surface halogen chemistry needed to simulate coastal Arctic surface O3 depletion in the springtime, however, the multi-model median (MMM) has accurate seasonal cycles at non-coastal Arctic locations. There is a large amount of variability among models, which has been reported previously, and we show that there continues to be no convergence among models, nor improved accuracy in simulating tropospheric O3 and its precursor species. The MMM underestimates Arctic surface O3 by 5 % to 15 % depending on the location. The vertical distribution of tropospheric O3 is studied from recent ozonesonde measurements and the models. The models are highly variable, simulating free-tropospheric O3 within a range of +/- 50 % depending on the model and the altitude. The MMM performs best, within +/- 8 % at most locations and seasons. However, nearly all models overestimate O3 near the tropopause (~300 hPa or ~8 km), likely due to ongoing issues with underestimating the altitude of the tropopause and excessive downward transport of stratospheric O3 at high latitudes. For example, the MMM is biased high by about 20 % at Eureka. Observed and simulated O3 precursors (CO, NOx and reservoir PAN) are evaluated throughout the troposphere. Models underestimate wintertime CO everywhere, likely due to a combination of underestimating CO emissions and possibly overestimating OH. Throughout the vertical profile (compared to aircraft measurements), the MMM underestimates both CO and NOx but overestimates PAN. Perhaps as a result of competing deficiencies, the MMM O3 matches the observed O3 reasonably well. Our findings suggest that despite model updates over the last decade , model results are as highly variable as ever, and have not increased in accuracy for representing Arctic tropospheric.
Improving discrimination between clouds and optically thick aerosol plumes in geostationary satellite data
Authors: Robbins Daniel , Poulsen Caroline , Siems Steven , Proud Simon
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Cloud masking is a key initial step in the retrieval of geophysical properties from satellite data. Despite decades of research, problems still exist of over- or underdetection of clouds. High aerosol loadings, in particular from dust storms or fires, are often classified as clouds, and vice versa. In this paper, we present a cloud mask created using machine learning for the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard Himawari-8. In order to train the algorithm, a parallax-corrected collocated data set was created from AHI and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar data. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained on the collocated data to identify clouds in AHI scenes. The resulting neural network (NN) cloud masks are validated and compared to cloud masks produced by the Japanese Meteorological Association (JMA) and the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) for a number of different solar and viewing geometries, surface types and air masses. Here, five case studies covering a range of challenging scenarios for cloud masks are also presented to demonstrate the performance of the masking algorithm. The NN mask shows a lower false positive rate (FPR) for an equivalent true positive rate (TPR) across all categories, with FPRs of 0.160 and 0.259 for the NN and JMA masks, respectively, and 0.363 and 0.506 for the NN and BoM masks, respectively, at equivalent TPR values. This indicates the NN mask accurately identifies 1.13 and 1.29 times as many non-cloud pixels for the equivalent hit rate when compared to the JMA and BoM masks, respectively. The NN mask was shown to be particularly effective in distinguishing thick aerosol plumes from cloud, most likely due to the inclusion of the 0.47 and 0.51 µm bands. The NN cloud mask shows an improvement over current operational cloud masks in most scenarios, and it is suggested that improvements to current operational cloud masks could be made by including the 0.47 and 0.51 µm bands. The collocated data are made available to facilitate future research.
Contrasting mineral dust abundances from X-ray diffraction and reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Sadrian Mohammad R. , Calvin Wendy M. , McCormack John
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Mineral dust particles dominate aerosol mass in the atmosphere and directly
modify Earth's radiative balance through absorption and scattering. This
radiative forcing varies strongly with mineral composition, yet there is
still limited knowledge on the mineralogy of atmospheric dust. In this
study, we performed X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectance spectroscopy
measurements on 37 different dust deposition samples collected as airfall in
an urban setting to determine mineralogy and the relative proportions of
minerals in the dust mixture. Most commonly, XRD has been used to
characterize dust mineralogy; however, without prior special sample
preparation, this technique is less effective for identifying poorly
crystalline or amorphous phases. In addition to XRD measurements, we
performed visible and short-wave infrared (VSWIR) reflectance spectroscopy
for these natural dust samples as a complementary technique to determine
mineralogy and mineral abundances. Reflectance spectra of dust particles are
a function of a nonlinear combination of mineral abundances in the mixture.
Therefore, we used a Hapke radiative transfer model along with a linear
spectral mixing approach to derive relative mineral abundances from
reflectance spectroscopy. We compared spectrally derived abundances with
those determined semi-quantitatively from XRD. Our results demonstrate that
total clay mineral abundances from XRD are correlated with those from
reflectance spectroscopy and follow similar trends; however, XRD
underpredicts the total amount of clay for many of the samples. On the other
hand, calcite abundances are significantly underpredicted by SWIR compared
to XRD. This is caused by the weakening of absorption features associated
with the fine particle size of the samples, as well as the presence of dark
non-mineral materials (e.g., asphalt) in these samples. Another possible
explanation for abundance discrepancies between XRD and SWIR is related to
the differing sensitivity of the two techniques (crystal structure vs.
chemical bonds). Our results indicate that it is beneficial to use both XRD
and reflectance spectroscopy to characterize airfall dust because the
former technique is good at identifying and quantifying the SWIR-transparent
minerals (e.g., quartz, albite, and microcline), while the latter technique
is superior for determining abundances for clays and non-mineral components.
Can state-of-the-art infrared satellite sounders and reanalyses detect moisture inversions in the Arctic?
Authors: Chellini Giovanni , Ebell Kerstin
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Moisture inversions, i.e. layers in the troposphere where specific humidity increases with height, are extremely frequent in the Arctic. They are strongly intertwined with cloud processes, as well as the energy budget, by affecting the downward longwave radiation. In this study, the capability of two benchmark satellite sounders, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), to detect moisture inversions is systematically assessed based on radiosonde data from the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund. In particular for IASI, such an analysis has not been done before. The frequency of occurrence of moisture inversions at Ny-Ålesund based on radiosoundings is above 95 % in all seasons, with multiple inversions in the same profile occurring most of the time (in 82 % of the profiles). We first performed a sensitivity analysis which revealed that the chosen vertical grid of the specific humidity profiles has a distinct impact on the inversion frequency: in general, the lower the grid resolution, the lower also the detected inversion frequency. However, even when reducing the vertical resolution of the radiosonde profiles used in the comparison to match that of the IASI and AIRS retrievals, a large underestimation in both inversion frequency and inversion strength can be found in the satellite products. While observed inversion frequency in any 100-hPa-deep layer between 1000 and 400 hPa is typically between 10 and 20 % (50 and 80 %) in the regridded (original) radiosonde data, inversion frequency in satellite data is in most cases below 10 %. A better agreement has been found for IASI below the 900-hPa level and in particular for winter, while AIRS does not detect any inversions below the 700-hPa level in this season. In addition to satellite data, reanalysis data also have the potential to provide an Arctic-wide view on moisture inversion characteristics. Here, we thus also assessed the capability of the latest reanalysis developed by ECMWF, ERA5, to detect moisture inversions at Ny-Ålesund, by performing a similar comparison with radiosoundings. We found that ERA5 represents Arctic moisture inversion characteristics very well, if the radiosonde profile resolution is reduced to that of the reanalysis.
Non-spherical microparticle shape in Antarctica during the last glacial period affects dust volume-related metrics
Authors: Chesler Aaron , Winski Dominic , Kreutz Karl , Koffman Bess , Osterberg Erich , Ferris David , Thundercloud Zayta , Mohan Joseph , Cole-Dai Jihong , Wells Mark , Handley Michael , Putnam Aaron , Anderson Katherine , Harmon Natalie
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Knowledge of microparticle geometry is essential for accurate calculation of ice core volume-related dust metrics (mass, flux, and particle size distributions) and subsequent paleoclimate interpretations, yet particle shape data remain sparse in Antarctica. Here we present 41 discrete particle shape measurements, volume calculations, and calibrated continuous particle timeseries spanning 50 – 10 ka from the South Pole Ice Core (SPC14) to assess particle shape characteristics and variability. We used FlowCAM, a dynamic particle imaging instrument, to measure aspect ratios (width divided by length) of microparticles. We then compared those results to Coulter Counter measurements on the same set of samples as well as high-resolution laser-based (Abakus) data collected from the SPC14 core during continuous flow analysis. The 41 discrete samples (~490 years per sample in the Last Glacial Maximum; LGM) were collected during three periods of rapid global climate reorganization: Heinrich Stadial 1 (18 – 16 ka, n = 6), the LGM (27 – 18 ka, n = 19), and during Heinrich Stadial 4 (42 - 36 ka) and Heinrich Stadial 5 (50 – 46 ka, n = 16). Using FlowCAM measurements, we calculated different particle size distributions (PSDs) for spherical and ellipsoidal volume estimates. Our calculated volumes were then compared to published Abakus calibration techniques. We found that Abakus-derived PSDs calculated assuming ellipsoidal, rather than spherical, particle shapes provide a more accurate representation of PSDs measured by Coulter Counter, reducing Abakus-to-Coulter Counter flux and mass ratios from 1.82 (spherical assumption) to 0.79 and 1.20 (ellipsoidal assumptions; 1 being a perfect match). Coarser particles (>5.0 µm diameter) show greater variation in measured aspect ratios than finer particles (<5.0 µm). While fine particle volumes can be accurately estimated using the spherical assumption, applying the same assumption to coarse particles has a large effect on inferred particle volumes. Temporally, coarse and fine particle aspect ratios do not significantly change within or among the three time periods (p-value > 0.05), suggesting that long range transport of dust is likely dominated by clay minerals and other elongated minerals.
Coupling a global glacier model to a global hydrological model prevents underestimation of glacier runoff
Authors: Wiersma Pau , Aerts Jerom , Zekollari Harry , Hrachowitz Markus , Drost Niels , Huss Matthias , Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , Hut Rolf
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Global hydrological models have become a valuable tool for a range of global impact studies related to water resources. However, glacier parameterization is often simplistic or non-existent in global hydrological models. By contrast, global glacier models do represent complex glacier dynamics and glacier evolution, and as such hold the promise of better resolving glacier runoff estimates. In this study, we test the hypothesis that coupling a global glacier model with a global hydrological model leads to a more realistic glacier representation and consequently an improved runoff prediction in the global hydrological model. To this end, the Global Glacier Evolution Model (GloGEM) is coupled with the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB 2 using the eWaterCycle platform. For the period 2001–2012, the coupled model is evaluated against the uncoupled PCR-GLOBWB 2 in 25 large-scale (>50.000 km2) glacierized basins. The coupled model produces higher runoff estimates across all basins and throughout the melt season. In summer, the runoff differences range from 0.07 % for weakly glacier-influenced basins to 252 % for strongly glacier-influenced basins. The difference can primarily be explained by PCR- GLOBWB 2 not accounting for glacier flow and glacier mass loss, thereby causing an underestimation of glacier runoff. The coupled model performs better in reproducing basin runoff observations mostly in strongly glacier-influenced basins, which is where the coupling has the most impact. This study underlines the importance of glacier representation in global hydrological models and demonstrates the potential of coupling a global hydrological model with a global glacier model for better glacier representation and runoff predictions in glacierized basins.
Identifying the drivers of private flood precautionary measures in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Vishwanath Harish Thulasi , Sairam Nivedita , Yang Liang Emlyn , Garschagen Matthias , Kreibich Heidi
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Private flood precautionary measures have proven to reduce flood damage effectively. Integration of these measures into flood response systems can improve flood risk management in highly vulnerable areas such as Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Since uptake of such measures is voluntary, it is important to know what drives householders to implement precautionary measures. Protection Motivation Theory in combination with the Transtheoretical Model was applied to survey data collected from 1000 flood prone households in HCMC. Data analyses by ridge and elastic net regression revealed that, education, degree of belief that the government will implement effective flood protection measures and degree of belief that one has to deal with the consequences of flooding by themselves positively influence the proactive implementation of non-structural flood precautionary measures. Experienced increasing flood damage leads to reactive implementation of measures. But when the perceived severity of flood damage in the future was high, it discouraged implementation of structural flood precautionary measures even after experiencing a serious flood event. These important aspects should be considered when developing risk communication or incentive campaigns to promote proactive implementation of private flood precaution in HCMC.
Tracing the role of Arctic shelf processes in Si and N cycling and export through the Fram Strait: Insights from combined silicon and nitrate isotopes
Authors: Debyser Margot C. F. , Pichevin Laetitia , Tuerena Robyn E. , Dodd Paul A. , Doncila Antonia , Ganeshram Raja S.
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Nutrient cycles in the Arctic ocean are being altered by changing hydrography, increasing riverine inputs, glacial melt and sea-ice loss due to climate change. In this study, combined isotopic measurements of dissolved nitrate (δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3) and silicon (δ30Si(OH)4) are used to understand the pathways that major nutrients follow through the Arctic ocean. Atlantic waters were found to be isotopically lighter (δ30Si(OH)4= 1.74 ‰) than their polar counterpart (δ30Si(OH)4= 1.85 ‰) owing to partial biological utilisation of dissolved Si (DSi) within the Arctic ocean. Coupled partial benthic denitrification and nitrification on Eurasian Arctic shelves leads to the enrichment of δ15N-NO3 and lighter δ18O-NO3 in the polar surface waters (δ15N-NO3 = 5.44 ‰, δ18O-NO3 = 1.22 ‰) relative to Atlantic waters (δ15N-NO3 = 5.18 ‰, δ18O-NO3 = 2.33 ‰). Using a pan-Arctic DSi isotope dataset we find that the input of isotopically light δ30Si(OH)4 by Arctic rivers and the subsequent partial biological uptake and biogenic Si burial on Eurasian shelves are the key processes that generate the enriched isotopic signatures of DSi exported through Fram Strait. A similar analysis of δ15N-NO3 highlights the role of N-limitation due to denitrification losses on Arctic shelves in generating the excess dissolved silica exported from the Arctic ocean. We estimate that about a third of the dissolved silica exported through Fram Strait is of riverine origin. As the Arctic ocean is N-limited and riverine sources of DSi are increasing faster than nitrogen inputs, a larger export through the Fram Strait is expected in the future. Arctic riverine inputs therefore have the potential to modify the North Atlantic DSi budget and are expected to become more important than variable Pacific and glacial DSi sources over the coming decades.
Sensitivity of modeled snow grain size retrievals to solar geometry, snow particle asphericity, and snowpack impurities
Authors: Fair Zachary , Flanner Mark , Schneider Adam , Skiles S. McKenzie
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Snow grain size is an important metric to determine snow age and metamorphism, but it is difficult to measure. The effective grain size can be derived from spaceborne and airborne radiance measurements due to strong attenuation of near-infrared energy by ice. Consequently, a snow grain size inversion technique that uses hyperspectral radiances and exploits variations in the 1.03 μm ice absorption feature was previously developed for use with airborne imaging spectroscopy. Previous studies have since demonstrated the effectiveness of the technique, though there has yet to be a quantitative assessment of the retrieval sensitivity to snowpack impurities, ice particle shape, or solar geometry. In this study, we use the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model and a Monte Carlo photon tracking model to examine the sensitivity of snow grain size retrievals to changes in dust and black carbon content, anisotropic reflectance, changes in solar illumination angle (θ0), and scattering asymmetry parameter (g) associated with different particle shapes. Our results show that changes in these variables can produce large grain size errors, especially when the effective grain size exceeds 500 μm. Dust content of 1000 ppm induces errors exceeding 800 μm, with the highest biases associated with small particles. Aspherical ice particles and perturbed solar zenith angles produce maximum biases of ∼540 μm and ∼400 μm respectively, when spherical snow grains and θ0 = 60° are assumed in the generation of the retrieval calibration curve. Retrievals become highly sensitive to viewing angle when reflectance is anisotropic, with biases exceeding 1000 μm in extreme cases. Overall, we show that a more detailed understanding of snowpack state and solar geometry improves the precision when determining snow grain size through hyperspectral remote sensing.