bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical characteristics of allogeneic cortical bone pins designed for fracture fixation
Authors: Edwards M. R. , James S. P. , Dernell W. S. , Scott R. J. , Bachand A. M. , Withrow S. J. , Liptak J. M.
Published: November 2007

The biomechanical characteristics of 1.2 mm diameter allogeneic cortical bone pins harvested from the canine tibia were evaluated and compared to 1.1 mm diameter stainless steel pins and 1.3 mm diameter polydioxanone (PDS) pins using impact testing and four-point bending. The biomechanical performance of allogeneic cortical bone pins using impact testing was uniform with no significant differences between sites, side, and gender. In four-point bending, cortical bone pins harvested from the left tibia (204.8 ± 77.4 N/mm) were significantly stiffer than the right tibia (123.7 ± 54.4 N/mm, P=0.0001). The site of bone pin harvest also had a significant effect on stiffness, but this was dependent on interactions with gender and side. Site C in male dogs had the highest mean stiffness in the left tibia (224.4 ± 40.4 N/mm), but lowest stiffness in the right tibia (84.9 ± 24.2 N/mm). Site A in female dogs had the highest mean stiffness in the left tibia (344.9 ± 117.4 N/mm), but lowest stiffness in the right tibia (60.8 ± 3.7 N/mm). The raw and adjusted bending properties of 1.2 mm cortical bone pins were significantly better than 1.3 mm PDS pins, but significantly worse than 1.1 mm stainless steel pins (P<0.0001). In conclusion, cortical bone pins may be suitable as an implant for fracture fixation based on initial biomechanical comparison to stainless steel and PDS pins used in clinical practice.
Computed tomographic evaluation of the canine intercondylar notch in normal and cruciate deficient stifles
Authors: Allen D. A. , Henrikson T. D. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Lewis B. A.
Published: November 2007

In the human and veterinary orthopaedic literature it has been implied that intercondylar notch stenosis is a mechanical factor in cranial cruciate ligament rupture and intraarticular graft failure. The patients in this study were classified as normal (32), unilateral cruciate rupture (23), or bilateral cruciate rupture (17). The dogs were placed under general anaesthesia and both stifles were scanned via computed tomography (CT) as previously described. Three CT slices at predetermined levels were evaluated within the notch. Measurements included opening notch angle, notch width and height, condyle width, and notch width index (notch width/ condyle width) at two different heights within the notch. Intercondylar notch measurements at the most cranial extent were significantly more narrow in unilateral and bilaterally affected stifles when compared to the normal population. Significant differences were noted in the opening notch angle (ONA), notch width index (NWI), NWI at two thirds notch height (NWI2/3), and tibial slope index (TSI). No significant differences were noted between unilateral and bilateral affected stifles. Increased mechanical contact of the cranial cruciate ligament with a stenotic intercondylar notch may predispose the ligament to mechanical wear and structural weakening. Intercondylar notch measurements have been used as a tool to predict the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in young human athletes, and to assess the risk factors for intra-articular graft replacements. Our findings may be useful in developing similar predictive models using stifle CT scans.
Synthesis Pengo System plates for the treatment of long-bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs
Authors: Otoni C. C. , Pereira-Júnior O .C. M. , Blum A. L. L. , Vulcano L. C. , Rahal C.
Published: November 2007

A Brazilian orthopaedic company designed a stainless steel plate called Synthesis Pengo System (S.P.S.), which has one fixed and one changeable extremity. According to the assembly of the changeable extremity, it is possible to obtain dynamization or neutralization of the fracture site. Since the S.P.S. plate was developed for use in human patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate this system in long-bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs. Eight dogs with closed diaphyseal fractures of the femur (n= 1), radius and ulna (n=5), and tibia (n=2) were used. Patients were aged seven months to three years and weighed 18 to 31.2 kg. The S.P.S. plate was assembled with one fixed extremity and one changeable extremity in dynamization mode. The trail bar was positioned for synthesis modules with holes for cortical screws. The modules were positioned close to one another in two fractures and far away from the fracture site in the others. The bone healing occurred by external callus. Since motion at the fracture site determines the amount of callus required, the secondary bone healing that was observed in all of the cases indicated less rigid fixation of this system. A potential benefit of this system was a lesser interface contact with the bone since it was only done by trail bar. The major disadvantage was the prominence of the implant. It was possible to conclude that the S.P.S. plate appears to be a suitable method for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures in dogs.
Self‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide: A Green and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Sulfoxides
Authors: Shi Feng , Tse Man Kin , Kaiser Hanns Martin , Beller Matthias
Published: November 2007

A self‐catalyzed selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides has been developed. The scope of the protocol is demonstrated in the selective oxidation of 17 different substrates. High yields and chemoselectivity (in general >90 %) are achieved in most cases.
Promoting Effect of Imidazolium Ionic Liquid in the Reaction of Chromium Carbene Complexes with Alkynes: A Most Simple and Convenient Way to Get Demetallated‐Product!
Authors: Chakraborty Amarnath , Maishal Tarun K.
Published: November 2007

Imidazolium ionic liquid serves as an interesting alternative solvent for performing the reaction of chromium carbene complexes with alkynes, with an advantage of enhancing the activity, selectivity and in situ generation of demetallated organic products.
Predictors of nonfatal assault injury to public school teachers in Los Angeles City
Authors: Casteel Carri , Peek‐Asa Corinne , Limbos Mary Ann
Published: November 2007

Background

School violence is a well‐recognized concern for student safety, although less recognized as an occupational hazard. This study examines school characteristics that increase the odds of nonfatal teacher assaults and the influence of community crime on these relationships.

Methods

Assaults from California Employers' Reports of Occupational Injury or Illness were linked to California Department of Education data for Los Angeles City public schools. Community crime rates were calculated from Los Angeles Police Department data. Random‐intercept logistic models were used to examine associations between school characteristics and teacher assault injury across community crime levels.

Results

Teacher assault was associated with teaching staff's total years of educational service, gender, and education level. Community crime surrounding the schools influenced the relationships between teacher assault injury and school, student and teacher characteristics.

Conclusions

School‐based programs to reduce violence on school grounds may be more effective in collaboration with programs to prevent community crime. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:932–939, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social disparities in the burden of occupational exposures: Results of a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Quinn Margaret M. , Sembajwe Grace , Stoddard Anne M. , Kriebel David , Krieger Nancy , Sorensen Glorian , Hartman Cathy , Naishadham Deepa , Barbeau Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2007

Background

Most occupational studies evaluate a single exposure in relation to a particular disease. However, workers typically experience multiple exposures simultaneously. There is also increasing evidence of disparities in health by sociodemographic characteristics, mostly related to social position such as gender, race/ethnicity, immigration status, income, and education. Little information exists on the worker experience of multiple occupational exposures as they vary among social groups. The objectives of this article were to: assess the burden of exposures reported within 1 year by a socially diverse population working in a range of industries; and evaluate whether sociodemographic characteristics affected the patterns of these exposures.

Methods

Study participants were from 14 unionized worksites in meat processing, electrical lighting manufacturing, retail grocery stores, and school bus driving. A cross‐sectional study design used a self‐administered, computer‐assisted questionnaire (English and Spanish) to assess sociodemographic characteristics and nine workplace exposures, within the past year. An interviewer‐administered job history also was collected.

Results

Twelve hundred eighty‐two workers (72%) completed the survey: 36% women, 23% Latino, 39% black, 24% white, and 48% born outside the US. The prevalence of high exposures ranged from 21% (chemicals) to 39% (neck strain). Forty‐six percent reported three or more high exposures. Exposure reporting varied among sociodemographic groups. Some of the disparities were explained by the jobs held by different groups, but after statistically controlling for job, many disparities remained.

Conclusions

Sociodemographic characteristics should be considered when conducting exposure assessments using questionnaires. More research is needed to understand how social characteristics may influence exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:861–875, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends and characteristics of compensated occupational cancer in Ontario, Canada, 1937–2003
Authors: Pichora Erin C. , Payne Jennifer I.
Published: November 2007

Background

In Canada, administrative databases maintained by provincial workers' compensation boards are often the best or the only available data source for describing trends and characteristics of occupational cancer. In Ontario, approximately 75% of the labor force is covered by the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) and allowed cancer claims date back to 1937.

Methods

The purpose of this study was to describe WSIB‐allowed cancer claims by worker demographics, claim characteristics, year of filing, cancer type, and work exposure measures including workplace agent, occupation and industry.

Results

In total, claims were filed and compensated for one or more malignant neoplasms by, or on behalf of, 3,126 workers between 1937 and 2003.

Conclusions

Results show trends in cancer compensation reflecting changes in the characteristics and prevalence of workers exposed to workplace carcinogens, as well as changes to WSIB adjudication policies over time. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:980–981, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen Activation by Unsaturated Mixed‐Metal Cluster Complexes: New Directions
Authors: Adams Richard D. , Captain Burjor
Published: November 2007

There has been a renewed interest in the chemistry of hydrogen as a result of the ever‐increasing global demands for energy. Recent studies have revealed new electronically unsaturated polynuclear metal complexes containing bulky ligands that exhibit a variety of reactions with hydrogen, including facile addition and elimination under mild conditions. Materials and molecules that can reversibly absorb large quantities of hydrogen are very attractive for hydrogen storage and hydrogenation catalysis. This Minireview summarizes recent studies of reactions of hydrogen with unsaturated mixed‐metal cluster complexes containing platinum and bulky phosphine ligands. Some related studies on bimetallic cooperativity and the synthesis of trimetallic nanoparticles on mesoporous supports that exhibit high activity and selectivity for catalytic hydrogenations are also discussed.
Continuous ion‐exchange removal of ammonium ion onto clinoptilolite in the presence of contaminants
Authors: Jorgensen T. C. , Weatherley L. R.
Published: November 2007

The continuous removal of ammonium ions and other ionic pollutants from waste waters can be successfully achieved, usually after secondary biological treatment operations, by using ion exchange. In actual industrial operations, the presence of small concentrations of other non‐ionic or weakly ionic pollutants may exert significant influence upon the ion‐exchange uptake of the ionic species. Such effects are of significant importance in the design and specification of ion‐exchange treatment systems. The underlying aim of the work described in this paper was to quantify the behaviour of the naturally occurring zeolite, clinoptilolite, during the removal of ammonium ion in fixed‐bed ion‐exchange columns in the presence of contaminants. There were two specific areas of investigation. Firstly, the effects of interfering species, including the organic compounds citric acid, phenol, hexane, glucose, natural sunflower oil and whey protein, were studied. The effect of the presence of these contaminants upon the column breakthrough behaviour was determined. Secondly, the effect of regeneration upon the ion‐exchange performance was measured over a number of uptake/regeneration cycles. The results show that the presence of citric acid had only a small effect upon column breakthrough capacity. The column performance in the presence of whey protein is slightly enhanced. The column uptake performance is significantly enhanced after regeneration over the first four to five cycles of regeneration until a stable exchange performance is attained. The enhancement was also observed in the presence of the contaminants. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in synthesis of azeotropic distillation column sequences: internal secondary recycles
Authors: Wasylkiewicz Stanislaw K.
Published: November 2007

An algorithm for automatic generation of sequences of distillation columns and decanters for separation of azeotropic mixtures has been developed (S.K. Wasylkiewicz, 54th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, paper No. 243, Calgary, October 2004; S.K. Wasylkiewicz, AIChE Spring National Meeting, paper No. 83e, Atlanta, GA, April 2005) where distillation boundaries can be crossed by moving them with pressure change, by exploring curvatures of distillation boundaries, or by liquid‐liquid splits in decanters. In the first step of the algorithm, open‐loop sequences are generated and primary recycles are automatically detected. Then, mass balances are calculated to finish the sequences. In this paper, we are focused on internal secondary recycles where species present in the sequence feed are introduced as separating agents. This can be a pure component produced somewhere downstream in the sequence or any other intermediate stream. On the basis of a broad knowledge about distillation regions and boundaries for the separated mixture, a preferred distillation region can be identified and a suitable recycle stream can be selected. These types of recycles can simplify tremendously, the whole sequence and reduce significantly the total cost of separation. We present in detail an example based on an industrial case where the internal secondary recycle was efficiently found and calculated during synthesis of column sequences by using the Split Generator in Distil and the mass balance calculation in MS Excel. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical and biological evaluation of plasma‐induced graft polymerization of acrylamide onto polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Parvin A. , Mirzadeh H. , Khorasani M. T.
Published: November 2007

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rubbers exhibit good mechanical properties for biomedical and industrial applications, but their inherently high hydrophobicity limits biomedical applications of this material despite its favorable mechanical properties. In this work, surface modification of PDMS by radio‐frequency glow discharge and subsequently graft polymerization of acrylamide was studied. PAAm‐grafted, oxygen plasma‐treated, and control (untreated) PDMS rubbers were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analyses, zeta potential, and contact angle techniques. Fibroblast (L929) cell attachment and growth onto these surfaces were examined by optical microscopy. The data from in vitro assays showed that cell attachment onto control surface was very negligible while significant cell attachment and growth was observed onto oxygen plasma‐treated and PAAm‐grafted PDMS surfaces. The method developed in this work offers a convenient way of surface modifications of biomaterials to improve attachment of cells onto substrates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Design of the integrated information system, business, and production process by simulation
Authors: Azadeh A. , Haghnevis M. , Khodadadegan Y.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to integrate the information, business, and production process of a powder coating manufacturing via computer simulation. Previous studies considered only conventional customer lead‐time, which is defined as customer lead‐times to receive goods or services. The integrated approach of this study is capable of evaluating customer lead‐times in six different dimensions. Furthermore, the integrated simulation approach considers conventional customer lead‐time (from when the customer places an order) in addition to five other customer indices. This is the first study to consider the integrated modeling of the information, business, and production process. Previous studies mostly considered individual simulation modeling of production system, information system, or business system in various settings. It is claimed that by integrating information and business systems and production systems through simulation, major and minor organization and production issues become visible. This study also shows perceived improvements through integration of the information system and production process modeling. In summary, the unique features of this study are 3‐fold. First, the integrated approach of this study identifies major bottlenecks of the production process and information system and business process concurrently. Second, the integrated approach models and produces several dimensions of customer satisfaction. Finally, the integrated approach allows the effects of business process reengineering and information technology to be evaluated before actual implementation. In addition, by integrated modeling of this study the hidden and concurrent effect of the business and production processes are identified and improved.
Significance of rpoS during maturation of Escherichia coli biofilms
Authors: Ito Akinobu , May Thithiwat , Kawata Koji , Okabe Satoshi
Published: November 2007

Presence of starved, stationary phase‐like zones in biofilms seems to be an important factor for biofilm formation. In this study, roles of rpoS gene in the formation of Escherichia coli biofilms were investigated. E. coli MG1655 wild type (WT) and rpoS mutant (ΔrpoS) strains were used to compare biofilm formation capacity and global gene expression. Even though the ΔrpoS strain could attach and form microcolonies on glass surfaces, it could not establish mature biofilms. DNA microarray analysis revealed that WT biofilms (WBF) showed similar pattern of gene expression with WT planktonic stationary phase, whereas ΔrpoS biofilms (MBF) showed similar pattern of gene expression with WT planktonic exponential phase. Genes involved in energy metabolism (atpIBEFHAG, atpC, cydAB) and flagella synthesis (flgB, flgC, flhD, fliA, fliC, fliY) showed increased expression in the MBF, but not in the WBF. Moreover, genes involved in stress responses (blc, cspG, dinD poxB, wcaF, wcaI, and yfcF) showed increased expression in the WBF compared to the MBF. These results suggested that the rpoS gene contributed in maturation of E. coli biofilms through regulation of global gene expression including energy metabolism, motility, and stress responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1462–1471. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensitive SNP Dual‐Probe Assays Based on Pyrene‐Functionalized 2′‐Amino‐LNA: Lessons To Be Learned
Authors: Umemoto Tadashi , Hrdlicka Patrick J. , Babu B. Ravindra , Wengel Jesper
Published: November 2007

A homogenous fluorescence dual‐probe assay containing 2′‐N‐(pyren‐1‐ylmethyl)‐2′‐amino‐LNA (locked nucleic acid) building blocks has been developed for effective mismatch‐sensitive nucleic acid detection. The pyrene units, which are connected to the rigid bicyclic furanose derivative of 2′‐amino‐LNA through a short linker, are positioned at the 3′ and 5′ ends of a dual‐probe system. Whereas hybridization with complementary DNA/RNA results in very strong excimer signals, as the pyrene units are in close proximity to one another in the ternary complex, exposure to most singly mismatched DNA/RNA targets results in significantly lower excimer emission intensity. The mechanism that underlies this excellent optical discrimination of singly mismatched targets is clarified by comparison of the thermal‐denaturation profiles and fluorescence properties of the dual probe and a covalently linked analogue. Optical discrimination of singly mismatched targets arises from a decrease in excimer emission intensity due to a failure to form a ternary complex (a decrease in thermal stability) and/or local mismatch‐induced changes in the helix geometry, depending on the position of the mismatched base pair. The devised dual‐probe assay constitutes a simple and sensitive system for the detection of single‐nucleotide polymorphism and highlights that conformational restriction combined with the use of short probes conveys favorable properties to dual‐probe constructs.
A patch/subdomain iteration framework and algorithm class for error indicator and mesh reliability calculations
Authors: Carey Graham F.
Published: November 2007

A patch iteration approach and class of algorithms are described for inexpensively enhancing error indicators based on residuals and local boundary‐value problems. The scheme is applicable to finite element, finite volume, finite difference and similar discretization schemes. It exploits ideas from multicolor/multilevel iterative relaxation at the patch level and more generally overlapping Schwarz subdomain iteration concepts. The scheme can be ‘retrofitted’ to existing serial or parallel codes to enhance local indicators, reduce pollution effects, yield improved stopping criteria for refinement or even simply to assess the reliability of a computation on a given grid. Extrapolation techniques for further enhancing the patch iteration indicator and other extensions such as application to the adjoint solve step for dual formulations are also described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special Issue: The First Provenance Challenge
Authors: Moreau Luc , Ludäscher Bertram , Altintas Ilkay , Barga Roger S. , Bowers Shawn , Callahan Steven , Chin George , Clifford Ben , Cohen Shirley , Cohen‐Boulakia Sarah , Davidson Susan , Deelman Ewa , Digiampietri Luciano , Foster Ian , Freire Juliana , Frew James , Futrelle Joe , Gibson Tara , Gil Yolanda , Goble Carole , Golbeck Jennifer , Groth Paul , Holland David A. , Jiang Sheng , Kim Jihie , Koop David , Krenek Ales , McPhillips Timothy , Mehta Gaurang , Miles Simon , Metzger Dominic , Munroe Steve , Myers Jim , Plale Beth , Podhorszki Norbert , Ratnakar Varun , Santos Emanuele , Scheidegger Carlos , Schuchardt Karen , Seltzer Margo , Simmhan Yogesh L. , Silva Claudio , Slaughter Peter , Stephan Eric , Stevens Robert , Turi Daniele , Vo Huy , Wilde Mike , Zhao Jun , Zhao Yong
Published: November 2007

The first Provenance Challenge was set up in order to provide a forum for the community to understand the capabilities of different provenance systems and the expressiveness of their provenance representations. To this end, a functional magnetic resonance imaging workflow was defined, which participants had to either simulate or run in order to produce some provenance representation, from which a set of identified queries had to be implemented and executed. Sixteen teams responded to the challenge, and submitted their inputs. In this paper, we present the challenge workflow and queries, and summarize the participants' contributions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart versus knowledgeable online recommendation agents
Authors: Punj Girish N. , Moore Robert
Published: November 2007

This paper studies how smart recommendation agents (those that filter and integrate information and offer feedback to customers) influence consumer decision making in online stores, in comparison to recommendation agents that are merely “knowledgeable” of the alternative options that exist in a product assortment. The cognitive cost model is used to propose hypotheses that link information search and alternative evaluation with two shopping environment influences that are typical of online settings. A study that simulates search and evaluation in a Web-based choice environment is conducted to test the hypotheses. The results offer insights into how the “feedback” provided by a recommendation agent on the product options available may have an effect on search and evaluation in an online store.
Achieving customer value from electronic channels through identity commitment, calculative commitment, and trust in technology
Authors: Johnson Devon S.
Published: November 2007

How consumers feel about themselves––particularly in relation to technology––may have an important influence on their adoption and use of technology. Although research on electronic channels has shown that Web site and consumer characteristics are important predictors of consumer trust, researchers have not considered the role played by consumers’ commitment to their identity as technology users. This paper explores whether consumer identity commitment and calculative commitment to electronic channels impact consumer use of electronic channels and perceived value from the service firm. More specifically, it examines whether these effects are mediated by trust in technology and trust in the firm. Using survey data from 834 consumers engaged in both offline and online banking, plus transaction frequency data supplied by a host firm, the study finds that identity commitment plays an important role in building consumer trust in technology and that calculative commitment increases transaction frequency directly, unmediated by trust in technology. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are explored.
Generation of a Mig‐6 conditional null allele
Authors: Jin Nili , Gilbert Jennifer L. , Broaddus Russell R. , DeMayo Francesco J. , Jeong Jae‐Wook
Published: November 2007

Mitogen‐inducible gene 6 (Mig‐6) is a stress‐induced gene that serves as a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling and acts as a tumor suppressor. Ablation of Mig‐6 results in a significant percentage of embryo lethality as well as abnormalities in multiple tissues. To understand the physiological roles of Mig‐6, a conditional null allele, Mig‐6f/f was generated by introducing LoxP sites that flank exons 2 and 4. The Mig‐6f/f allele was validated by generating recombined Mig‐6−/− mice using the Zp3‐Cre system. The conditional null allele was confirmed by assaying for Mig‐6 gene expression in liver, lung, uterus, and skin. The recombined Mig‐6−/− mice developed pathological changes, such as degenerative joint diseases and skin hyperplasia similar to the previously reported Mig‐6 germline null allele. In addition, these mice also had enlarged uteri with endometrial hyperplasia. In summary, this Mig‐6f/f mouse is a useful tool for the functional study of the Mig‐6 gene in a tissue‐specific fashion. genesis 45:716–721, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple‐valued immune network with apoptosis system
Authors: Yamaguchi Takayuki , Tang Zheng
Published: November 2007

In this paper, we describe a new model of immune network based on biological immune response network. We propose an immunity like multiple‐valued network with apoptosis mechanism. The model is based on the interaction between B cells and T cells and the biological apoptosis mechanism in the human body. With the mechanism, a naturally immune system can be reproduced. The model is also applied to pattern recognition. It becomes possible with a conventional model to restrict the category increase of memory patterns. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 51– 57, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20320
Study on high‐precision angle sensor and angle measurement technology
Authors: Kojima Takaomi , Wakiwaka Hiroyuki
Published: November 2007

In recent years, high‐precision and high‐resolution encoders are expected for nanotechnology control systems. High‐precision angle calibration devices are required and hence, they have been developed according to industry expectations. The accuracy of the disk and angle sensor was calibrated with high precision using the same accuracy measurement system, and a high‐precision angle sensor was achieved. Using the high‐precision angle calibration system, the encoder was realized with a high level of wide accuracy of 0.2 second. In addition, a high‐resolution angle sensor with 30 bits was created, and the multifunctional angle sensor which has acceleration data and bus communications for a servo system was developed. The principle by which an angle sensor calibrates the accuracy by itself has been developed. The base technology for applying an angle sensor to a nanotechnology system was established. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(3): 68–77, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20650
Seeds and oil of the Styrian oil pumpkin: Components and biological activities
Authors: Fruhwirth Gilbert O. , Hermetter Albin
Published: November 2007

Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. Styriaca is a phylogenetically young member of the Cucurbita spp. since the mutation leading to dark green seeds with stunted outer hulls arose only in the 19th century. This mutation defined the so‐called Styrian oil pumpkin and facilitated the production of Styrian pumpkin seed oil. It is a regional specialty oil in the south‐eastern part of Europe. In this article, we describe the production and economic value of this edible oil as well as its composition on a molecular basis, including fatty acids, vitamins, phytosterols, minerals, polyphenols, and the compounds responsible for its pigments, taste and flavor. We also describe contaminants of Styrian pumpkin seed oil and the most relevant field pests of the Styrian oil pumpkin plant. Finally, we review the putative beneficial health effects of Styrian oil pumpkin seeds and of their products.
How Many Elementary Processes Are Involved in Base‐ and Acid‐Promoted Aldol Condensations?
Authors: Yamabe Shinichi , Hirahara Kohji , Yamazaki Shoko
Published: November 2007

The title reactions were investigated by density functional theory calculations. MeRC=O + OH– + (H2O)8 (R = H and Me) and MeCH=O + H3O+ + (H2O)8 systems were adopted to trace the elementary processes. Eight water molecules were included to assure proton shifts through hydrogen bonds. The OH–‐containing reactions were confirmed to have three elementary processes. Whereas the rate‐determining step of the reaction of acetaldehyde is C–H bond scission, that of acetone is C–C bond formation. The H3O+‐containing reactions have two elementary processes. The reactivity difference between OH–‐ and H3O+‐promoted reactions was discussed in terms of their mobility and hydration strength. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
(β‐Oxoiminato)(phosphanyl)palladium Complexes as Highly Active Catalysts in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lee Dong‐Hwan , Jung Ji‐Young , Lee Ik‐Mo , Jin Myung‐Jong
Published: November 2007

(β‐Oxoiminato)(phosphanyl)palladium complexes have been used as catalysts in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. In the presence of these palladium complexes, various aryl iodides and bromides were efficiently coupled with phenylboronic acid with extremely high turnover frequencies under mild conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst system was also found to be effective in the reactions of aryl chlorides. This work indicates that these palladium complexes can serve as highly active catalysts in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A New Synthetic Approach to (+)‐Hyacinthacine A1 and the First Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration Assignment of Naturally Occurring (+)‐Hyacinthacine A6
Authors: Izquierdo Isidoro , Plaza María T. , Tamayo Juan A. , Sánchez‐Cantalejo Fernando
Published: November 2007

Naturally occurring (1S,2R,3R,7aR)‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine [(+)‐hyacinthacine A1 (1)] and(1S,2R,3R,5R,7aR)‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methylpyrrolizidine [(+)‐hyacinthacine A6 (2)] have been synthesized by Wittig's methodology using aldehyde 7, prepared from (2R,3S,4R,5R)‐3,4‐bis(benzyloxy)‐2′‐O‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl)‐2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine (3, partially protected DALDP), as the homochiral starting material and the appropriated ylide to afford either the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated ester 8 or ketone 9, which were submitted to internal lactamization and reductive amination, respectively, to give the corresponding intermediate pyrrolizidin‐5‐one 11 and the totally protected pyrrolizidine 14. Compounds 11 and 14 were easily transformed into the above hyacinthacines 1 and 2, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Convenient Conditions for the Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Methyl‐α‐amino Acids with the Use of Cinchona Ammonium Salts as Phase‐Transfer Organocatalysts
Authors: Chinchilla Rafael , Nájera Carmen , Ortega Francisco J.
Published: November 2007

The enantioselective α‐alkylation of 2‐naphthalenecarbaldehyde aldimine alanine tert‐butyl ester is carried out by using N‐anthracenylmethyl ammonium salts from the simple and unmodified cinchonidine and cinchonine alkaloids as phase‐transfer organocatalysts, which affords (S)‐ and (R)‐enantioenriched α‐methyl‐α‐amino acid (AMAA) derivatives in 71–98 % yield and 79–96 % ee. The employed reaction conditions, rubidium hydroxide as base and toluene/chloroform as solvent at –20 °C, allows higher enantioselectivities to be obtained than those previously obtained by using other Cinchona alkaloid‐derived ammonium salts, even with a lower catalyst loading (5 mol‐%). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Hydroxylic Solvents as Hydrogen Atom Donors in Radical Reactions
Authors: Tantawy Waled , Zipse Hendrik
Published: November 2007

Hydrogen‐transfer reactions between methyl radicals and protic solvents, such as water and ethanol, have been studied at the G3(MP2)‐RAD level of theory. The typically high barriers for hydrogen abstraction from the OH group are lowered dramatically on complexation of protic solvents with BMe3. The barrier lowering is found to be a consequence of the unique properties of trialkylboranes, acting as Lewis acids towards the closed‐shell solvent, but as electron donors towards the evolving oxygen‐centered radicals.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
CE‐based simultaneous liquid‐phase noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay for three tumor markers in human serum using electrochemical detection
Authors: Zhang Shusheng , Li Xuemei , Zhang Fan
Published: November 2007

A method for indirectly detecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was described by CE with electrochemical detection. Details of selection for optimum conditions were presented. The detection limit of free HRP was 1.09×10−12 M or 0.94 zmol (S/N = 3). A novel CE‐based liquid‐phase binding noncompetitive enzyme immunoassay (CE‐EIA) was developed. In this method, after the noncompetitive immunoreaction in liquid phase, the free enzyme (HRP)‐labeled antibody (Ab*) and the bound enzyme‐labeled complex (Ag–Ab*) were separated and then the system of HRP catalyzing H2O2/o‐aminophenol (OAP) reaction was adopted. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in human serum samples were detected without any sample preparation, with the detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.22, 0.17 and 0.30 ng/mL, respectively. This technique has been successfully applied to detect simultaneously PSA, CEA, and HCG in 12 min, upon adding these three antigens into human serum to simulate patient serum. It proves that the CE‐EIA technique proposed could be developed into a sensitive and new method for simultaneous clinical assay of multianalytes.
Assessment of protein‐incorporated arginine methylation in biological specimens by CZE UV‐detection
Authors: Zinellu Angelo , Sotgia Salvatore , Scanu Bastianina , Formato Marilena , Deiana Luca , Carru Ciriaco
Published: November 2007

Protein arginine methyltransferases methylate post‐translationally arginine residues in proteins to synthesize monomethylarginine (MMA), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), or symmetric dimethylarginine. Protein arginine methylation is involved in the regulation of signal transduction, RNA export, and cell proliferation. Moreover, upon proteolysis, arginines are released into the cytosol in which they exert important biological effects. Both MMA and ADMA are inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and especially elevated levels of ADMA are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Quantification of these analytes is commonly performed by HPLC after sample cleanup and derivatization. We propose a CE method in which these steps have been avoided and the procedure for sample preparation has been simplified. After acidic hydrolysis of proteins, samples were dried, resuspended in water, and directly injected in CE. A baseline separation of analytes was reached in a 60 cm×75 μm id uncoated silica capillary, by using a Tris‐phosphate run buffer at pH 2.15. This method allows an accurate assessment of protein arginine methylation degree in different biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, red blood cells, cultured cells, and tissue. Moreover, its good sensitivity permits to evaluate the methylation of a single protein type after the opportune purification steps. A method applicability concerns both clinical laboratories, where the evaluation of blood protein from numerous samples could be rapidly performed, and research laboratories where the factors affecting the arginine protein methylation degree could be easily studied.
Analysis of urinary metabolites for metabolomic study by pressurized CEC
Authors: Xie Guoxiang , Su Mingming , Li Peng , Gu Xue , Yan Chao , Qiu Yunping , Li Houkai , Jia Wei
Published: November 2007

A new approach for the metabolomic study of urinary samples using pressurized CEC (pCEC) with gradient elution is proposed as an alternative chromatographic separation tool with higher degree of resolution, selectivity, sensitivity, and efficiency. The pCEC separation of urinary samples was performed on a RP column packed with C18, 5 μm particles with an ACN/water mobile phase containing TFA. The effects of the acid modifiers, applied voltage, mobile phase, and detection wavelength were systematically evaluated using eight spiked standards, as well as urine samples. A typical analytical trial of urine samples from Sprague Dawley (S.D.) rats exposed to high‐energy diet was carried out following sample pretreatment. Significant differences in urinary metabolic profiles were observed between the high energy diet‐induced obesity rats and the healthy control rats at the 6th wk postdose. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed the differential metabolites in response to the diet, which were partially validated with the putative standards. This work suggests that such a pCEC‐based separation and analysis method may provide a new and cost‐effective platform for metabolomic study uniquely positioned between the conventional chromatographic tools such as HPLC, and hyphenated analytical techniques such as LC‐MS.
Separation and determination of metal cations in milk and dairy products by CE
Authors: Sze Kwan‐Lok , Yeung William Shu‐Biu , Fung Ying‐Sing
Published: November 2007

To prevent casein adsorption and improve between‐run repeatability, a CE procedure is developed for cation analysis in milk using a modified imidazole/α‐hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) BGE system to operate at pH 6 to match the pH of milk and elevate imidazole concentration to enhance its buffer action. The procedure is shown to produce a fast, economic and efficient method for cation separation in milk with only simple dilution. Upon direct hydrodynamic injection of diluted milk sample at 8 cm for 30 s in an uncoated column with a BGE consisting of 10 mM imidazole, 10 mM HIBA and 10% methanol at pH 6.0 under +18 kV, baseline separation was achieved for K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+. Agreeable results at 95% confidence level were obtained using CE and inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) for milk samples after protein removal. Baseline‐resolved peaks for essential minerals were obtained for fresh and non‐refrigerated reconstituted milks. Long‐term stability was demonstrated by repeated determinations without rinsing and improvement in repeatability was shown by rinsing with 60 mM SDS in BGE. Information on metal speciation useful for nutritional assessment was obtained from CE to complement the ICP methods.
Environmental management systems: Benefit or burden?
Authors: Webber Graeme
Published: November 2007

The development of environmental law and its impact on industrial and commercial activities in all sectors of the economy has encouraged companies to establish environmental policies and introduce effective environmental management systems and procedures. The British Standard BS7750 and the eco‐management and audit scheme both aim to identify key policy areas and draw up achievable aims and objectives with regard to environmental performance and management. The first draft for a British Standard for environmental management was published in June 1991 and described the mechanics of the system designed to achieve as a minimum, compliance with increasingly stringent environmental regulations and to comply with policy and the objectives of those businesses seeking certification. The system also aims to achieve better use of personal and financial resources. The system envisages a policy and commitment to achieving standards that exceed those of current environmental regulations. Compliance is to be assessed by means of internal environmental management reviews. The revised draft British Standard was published in January 1994. The European eco‐audit and management scheme (EMAS) also requires businesses to implement adequate management systems and certification arrangements to achieve and demonstrate compliance with the proposed internal environmental review element of the eco‐auditing procedure. Clearly, there is scope for the two complementary systems to help business manage environmental issues and perhaps improve environmental performance and reduce the effects on the environment as a whole. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The environmental management system in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises using ISO 14000
Authors: O'Laoire Donal , Welford Richard
Published: November 2007

A major opportunity to address the specific issues of environmental improvements in small‐and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is provided by the publication of the International Standard Organisation's new environmental management system (EMS) standard, ISO 14000. The standard sets out to provide some practical suggestions for implementing the EMS in a way which is focused on, and more appropriate to, SMEs. The issues to be addressed, the advice which will be provided in the standard and some practical suggestions for implementing and recognizing the EMS in SMEs are discussed. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Municipal eco‐auditing in Norway
Authors: Aall Carlo
Published: November 2007

A model for municipal eco‐auditing based on three years of experience is to be tried out in nine municipalities in Norway. The model emphasizes the establishment of a results reporting system (environmental accounts) and controlling the return messages (eco‐audits). Environmental accounting and eco‐audits should include both municipal service‐delivering activities and planning in relation to the whole spectrum of environmental problems. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Yorkshire and humberside: Business and environmental regulation
Authors: Sykes Stephen
Published: November 2007

All environmental laws are important, but some are more important than others. Most businesses will not have the time or money to do absolutely everything, and it therefore makes sense to target those measures which will have the greatest impact. Drawing on data from the Yorkshire and Humberside region, this paper analyses the regulatory issues which are of critical importance for businesses. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Analysis of effects of contracts on the stability of dynamic power markets
Authors: Yan‐Bing Jia , Zheng Yan
Published: November 2007

Experiences with operations of power markets show that contracts may affect stability of markets. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the market with bilateral contracts will lead to a stable equilibrium conditions after the market is exposed to certain kinds of disturbances. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of power markets is expressed by differential/algebraic equations, and eigenvalue analysis is used to study effects of contracts on stability of the model. Results of the analysis show that suitable relative ratio of contracts can improve the stability of power markets and even make the unstable markets stable. On the other hand, unsuitable relative ratio of contracts may deteriorate the stability of markets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservative and non‐conservative arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian forms for ventricular flows
Authors: Nordsletten D. A. , Hunter P. J. , Smith N. P.
Published: November 2007

Blood flow through the heart is driven by a complex motion of the endocardial heart wall, where dilation or contraction results in filling and ejection. Boundary‐driven flows of this type are inherently sensitive to conservation principles. Considering the finite element approach to the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) form of the Navier–Stokes equations, we present analysis addressing critical assumptions concerning conservation and numerical approximation which affect the accuracy and stability of ALE schemes for boundary‐driven flows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.