Viral and Host Factors Are Associated With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Aggarwal Neil R , Nordwall Jacquie , Braun Dominique L , Chung Lucy , Coslet Jordan , Der Tatyana , Eriobu Nnakelu , Ginde Adit A , Hayanga Awori J , Highbarger Helene , Holodniy Mark , Horcajada Juan P , Jain Mamta K , Kim Kami , Laverdure Sylvain , Lundgren Jens , Natarajan Ven , Nguyen Hien H , Pett Sarah L , Phillips Andrew , Poulakou Garyphallia , Price David A , Robinson Philip , Rogers Angela J , Sandkovsky Uriel , Shaw-Saliba Katy , Sturek Jeffrey M , Trautner Barbara W , Waters Michael , Reilly Cavan ,   for the ACTIV-3/TICO Study Group, Sahner David , Tierney John , Vogel Susan E , Herpin Betsey R , Smolskis Mary C , McKay Laura A , Cahill Kelly , Crew Page , Sardana Ratna , Raim Sharon Segal , Hensely Lisa , Lorenzo Johsua , Mock Rebecca , Zuckerman Judith , Atri Negin , Miller Mark , Vallee David , Chung Lucy , Kang Nayon , Barrett Kevin , Adam Stacey J , Read Sarah , Draghia-Akli Ruxandra , Currier Judy , Hughes Eric , Harrigan Rachel H , Amos Laura , Carlsen Amy , Carter Anita , Collins Gary , Davis Bionca , Denning Eileen , DuChene Alain , Eckroth Kate , Engen Nicole , Frase Alex , Gandits Greg , Grund Birgit , Harrison Merrie , Hurlbut Nancy , Kaiser Payton , Koopmeiners Joseph , Larson Gregg , Meger Sue , Mistry Shweta Sharma , Murray Thomas , Nelson Ray , Quan Kien , Quan Siu Fun , Reilly Cavan , Siegel Lianne , Thompson Greg , Vock David , Walski Jamie , Gelijns Annetine C , Moskowitz Alan J , Bagiella Emilia , Moquete Ellen , O'Sullivan Karen , Marks Mary E , Accardi Evan , Kinzel Emily , Burris Sarah , Bedoya Gabriela , Gupta Lola , Overbey Jessica R , Santos Milerva , Gillinov Marc A , Miller Marissa A , Taddei-Peters Wendy C , Fenton Kathleen , Sandkovsky Uriel , Gottlieb Robert L , Mack Michael , Berhe Mezgebe , Haley Clinton , Dishner Emma , Bettacchi Christopher , Golden Kevin , Duhaime Erin , Ryan Madison , Burris Sarah , Tallmadge Catherine , Estrada Lorie , Jones Felecia , Villa Samatha , Wang Samatha , Robert Raven , Coleman Tanquinisha , Clariday Laura , Baker Rebecca , Hurutado-Rodriguez Mariana , Iram Nazia , Fresnedo Michelle , Davis Allyson , Leonard Kiara , Ramierez Noelia , Thammavong Jon , Duque Krizia , Turner Emma , Tammy Fisher , Robinson Dianna , Ransom Desirae , Maldonado Nicholas , Lusk Erica , Killian Aaron , Adriana Palacious , Solis Edilia , Jerrow Janet , Watts Matthew , Whitacre Heather , Cothran Elizabeth , Smith Peter K , Barkauskas Christina E , Vekstein Andrew M , Ko Emily R , Dreyer Grace R , Stafford Neil , Brooks Megan , Der Tatyana , Witte Marie , Gamarallage Ruwan , Franzone John , Ivey Noel , Lumsden Rebecca H , Mosaly Nilima , Mourad Ahmaad , Holland Thomas L , Motta Mary , Lane Kathleen , McGowan Lauren M , Stout Jennifer , Aloor Heather , Bragg Kennesha M , Toledo Barvina , McLendon-Arvik Beth , Bussadori Barbara , Hollister Beth A , Griffin Michelle , Giangiacomo Dana M , Rodriguez Vicente , Bokhart Gordon , Eichman Sharon M , Parrino Patrick E , Spindel Stephen , Bansal Aditya , Baumgarten Katherine , Hand Johnathan , Vonderhaar Derek , Nossaman Bobby , Laudun Sylvia , Ames DeAnna , Broussard Shane , Hernandez Nilmo , Isaac Geralyn , Dinh Huan , Zheng Yiling , Tran Sonny , McDaniel Hunter , Crovetto Nicolle , Perin Emerson , Costello Briana , Manian Prasad , Sohail M Rizwan , Postalian Alexander , Hinsu Punit , Watson Carolyn , Chen James , Fink Melyssa , Sturgis Lydia , Walker Kim , Mahon Kim , Parenti Jennifer , Kappenman Casey , Knight Aryn , Sturek Jeffrey M , Barros Andrew , Enfield Kyle B , Kadl Alexandra , Green China J , Simon Rachel M , Fox Ashley , Thornton Kara , Adams Amy , Badhwar Vinay , Sharma Sunil , Peppers Briana , McCarthy Paul , Krupica Troy , Sarwari Arif , Reece Rebecca , Fornaresico Lisa , Glaze Chad , Evans Raquel , Di Fang , Carlson Shawn , Aucremanne Tanja , Tennant Connie , Giblin Sutton Lisa , Buterbaugh Sabrina , Williams Roger , Bunner Robin , Traverse Jay H , Rhame Frank , Huelster Joshua , Kethireddy Rajesh , Davies Irena , Salamanca Julianne , Majeski Christine , Skelton Paige , Zarambo Maria , Sarafolean Andrea , Bowdish Michael E , Borok Zea , Wald-Dickler Noah , Hutcheon Douglass , Towfighi Amytis , Lee Mary , Lewis Meghan R , Spellberg Brad , Sher Linda , Sharma Aniket , Olds Anna P , Justino Chris , Loxano Edward , Romero Chris , Leong Janet , Rodina Valentina , Quesada Christine , Hamilton Luke , Escobar Jose , Leshnower Brad , Bender William , Sharifpour Milad , Miller Jeffrey , Farrington Woodrow , Baio Kim T , McBride Mary , Fielding Michele , Mathewson Sonya , Porte Kristina , Maton Missy , Ponder Chari , Haley Elisabeth , Spainhour Christine , Rogers Susan , Tyler Derrick , Madathil Ronson J , Rabin Joseph , Levine Andrea , Saharia Kapil , Tabatabai Ali , Lau Christine , Gammie James S , Peguero Maya-Loren , McKernan Kimberly , Audette Mathew , Fleischmann Emily , Akbari Kreshta , Lee Myounghee , Chi Andrew , Salehi Hanna , Pariser Alan , Nyguyen Phuong Tran , Moore Jessica , Gee Adrienne , Vincent Shelika , Zuckerman Richard A , Iribarne Alexander , Metzler Sara , Shipman Samantha , Johnson Haley , Newton Crystallee , Parr Doug , Miller Leslie , Schelle Beth , McLean Sherry , Rothbaum Howard R , Alvarez Michael S , Kalan Shivam P , Germann Heather H , Hendershot Jennifer , Moroney Karen , Herring Karen , Cook Sharri , Paul Pam , Walker-Ignasiak Rebecca , North Crystal , Oldmixon Cathryn , Ringwood Nancy , Muzikansky Ariela , Morse Richard , Fitzgerald Laura , Morin Haley D , Brower Roy G , Reineck Lora A , Bienstock Karen , Steingrub Jay H , Hou Peter K , Steingrub Jay S , Tidswell Mark A , Kozikowski Lori-Ann , Kardos Cynthia , DeSouza Leslie , Romain Sarah , Thornton-Thompson Sherell , Talmor Daniel , Shapiro Nathan , Andromidas Konstantinos , Banner-Goodspeed Valerie , Bolstad Michael , Boyle Katherine L , Cabrera Payton , deVilla Arnaldo , Ellis Joshua C , Grafals Ana , Hayes Sharon , Higgins Conor , Kurt Lisa , Kurtzman Nicholas , Redman Kimberly , Rosseto Elinita , Scaffidi Douglas , Shapiro Nathan , Filbin Michael R , Hibbert Kathryn A , Parry Blair , Margolin Justin , Hillis Brooklynn , Hamer Rhonda , Brait Kelsey , Beakes Caroline , McKaig Brenna , Kugener Eleonore , Jones Alan E , Galbraith James , Nandi Utsav , Peacock Rebekah , Hendey Gregory , Kangelaris Kirsten , Ashktorab Kimia , Gropper Rachel , Agrawal Anika , Yee Kimberley J , Jauregui Alejandra E , Zhuo Hanjing , Almasri Eyad , Fayed Mohamed , Hubel Kinsley A , Hughes Alyssa R , Garcia Rebekah L , Lim George W , Chang Steven Y , Hendey Gregory , Lin Michael Y , Vargas Julia , Sihota Hena , Beutler Rebecca , Agarwal Trisha , Wilson Jennifer G , Vojnik Rosemary , Perez Cynthia , McDowell Jordan H , Roque Jonasel , Wang Henry , Huebinger Ryan M , Patel Bela , Vidales Elizabeth , Albertson Timothy , Hardy Erin , Harper Richart , Moss Marc A , Baduashvili Amiran , Chauhan Lakshmi , Douin David J , Martinez Flora , Finck Lani L , Bastman Jill , Howell Michelle , Higgins Carrie , McKeehan Jeffrey , Finigan Jay , Stubenrauch Peter , Janssen William J , Griesmer Christine , VerBurg Olivia , Hyzy Robert C , Park Pauline K , Nelson Kristine , McSparron Jake I , Co Ivan N , Wang Bonnie R , Jimenez Jose , Olbrich Norman , McDonough Kelli , Jia Shijing , Hanna Sinan , Gong Michelle N , Richardson Lynne D , Nair Rahul , Lopez Brenda , Amosu Omowunmi , Offor Obiageli , Tzehaie Hiwet , Nkemdirim William , Boujid Sabah , Mosier Jarrod M , Hypes Cameron , Campbell Elizabeth Salvagio , Bixby Billie , Gilson Boris , Lopez Anitza , Bime Christian , Parthasarathy Sairam , Cano Ariana M , Hite R Duncan , Terndrup Thomas E , Wiedemann Herbert P , Hudock Kristin , Tanzeem Hammad , More Harshada , Martinkovic Jamie , Sellers Susan , Houston Judy , Burns Mary , Kiran Simra , Roads Tammy , Kennedy Sarah , Duggal Abhijit , Thiruchelvam Nirosshan , Ashok Kiran , King Alexander H , Mehkri Omar , Dugar Siddharth , Sahoo Debasis , Yealy Donald M , Angus Derek C , Weissman Alexandra J , Vita Tina M , Berryman Emily , Hough Catherine L , Khan Akram , Krol Olivia F , Mills Emmanuel , Kinjal Mistry , Briceno Genesis , Reddy Raju , Hubel Kinsley , Jouzestani Milad K , McDougal Madeline , Deshmukh Rupali , Johnston Nicholas J , Robinson Bryce H , Gundel Staphanie J , Katsandres Sarah C , Chen Peter , Torbati Sam S , Parimon Tanyalak , Caudill Antonina , Mattison Brittany , Jackman Susan E , Chen Po-En , Bayoumi Emad , Ojukwu Cristabelle , Fine Devin , Weissberg Gwendolyn , Isip Katherine , Choi-Kuaea Yunhee , Mehdikhani Shaunt , Dar Tahir B , Augustin Nsole Biteghe Fleury , Tran Dana , Dukov Jennifer Emilow , Matusov Yuri , Choe June , Hindoyan Niree A , Wynter Timothy , Pascual Ethan , Clapham Gregg J , Herrera Lisa , Caudill Antonia , O'Mahony D Shane , Nyatsatsang Sonam T , Wilson David M , Wallick Julie A , Duven Alexandria M , Fletcher Dakota D , Miller Chadwick , Files D Clark , Gibbs Kevin W , Flores Lori S , LaRose Mary E , Landreth Leigha D , Palacios D Rafael , Parks Lisa , Hicks Madeline , Goodwin Andrew J , Kilb Edward F , Lematty Caitlan T , Patti Kerilyn , Grady Abigail , Rasberry April , Morris Peter E , Sturgill Jamie L , Cassity Evan P , Dhar Sanjay , Montgomery-Yates Ashley A , Pasha Sarah N , Mayer Kirby P , Bissel Brittany , Trott Terren , Rehman Shahnaz , de Wit Marjolein , Mason Jessica , Bledsoe Joseph , Knowlton Kirk U , Brown Samuel , Lanspa Michael , Leither Lindsey , Pelton Ithan , Armbruster Brent P , Montgomery Quinn , Kumar Naresh , Fergus Melissa , Imel Karah , Palmer Ghazal , Webb Brandon , Klippel Carolyn , Jensen Hannah , Duckworth Sarah , Gray Andrew , Burke Tyler , Knox Dan , Lumpkin Jenna , Aston Valerie T , Applegate Darrin , Serezlic Erna , Brown Katie , Merril Mardee , Harris Estelle S , Middleton Elizabeth A , Barrios Macy A G , Greer Jorden , Schmidt Amber D , Webb Melissa K , Paine Roert , Callahan Sean J , Waddoups Lindsey J , Yamane Misty B , Self Wesley H , Rice Todd W , Casey Jonathan D , Johnson Jakea , Gray Christopher , Hays Margaret , Roth Megan , Menon Vidya , Kasubhai Moiz , Pillai Anjana , Daniel Jean , Sittler Daniel , Kanna Balavenkatesh , Jilani Nargis , Amaro Francisco , Santana Jessica , Lyakovestsky Aleksandr , Madhoun Issa , Desroches Louis Marie , Amadon Nicole , Bahr Alaa , Ezzat Imaan , Guerrero Maryanne , Padilla Joane , Fullmer Jessie , Singh Inderpreet , Shah Syed Hamad Ali , Narang Rajeev , Mock Polly , Shadle Melissa , Hernandez Brenda , Welch Kevin , Payne Andrea , Ertl Gabriela , Canario Daniel , Barrientos Isabel , Goss Danielle , DeVries Mattie , Folowosele Ibidolapo , Garner Dorothy , Gomez Mariana , Price Justin , Bansal Ekta , Wong Jim , Faulhaber Jason , Fazili Tasaduq , Yeary Brian , Ndolo Ruth , Bryant Christina , Smigeil Bridgette , Robinson Philip , Najjar Rana , Jones Patrice , Nguyen Julie , Chin Christina , Taha Hassan , Najm Salah , Smith Christopher , Moore Jason , Nassar Talal , Gallinger Nick , Christian Amy , Mauer D'Amber , Phipps Ashley , Waters Michael , Zepeda Karla , Coslet Jordan , Landazuri Rosalynn , Pineda Jacob , Uribe Nicole , Garcia Jose Ruiz , Barbabosa Cecilia , Sandler Kaitlyn , Overcash J Scott , Marquez Adrienna , Chu Hanh , Lee Kia , Quillin Kimberly , Garcia Andrea , Lew Pauline , Rogers Ralph , Shehadeh Fadi , Mylona Evangelia K , Kaczynski Matthew , Tran Quynh-Lam , Benitez Gregorio , Mishra Biswajit , Felix Lewis Oscar , Vafea Maria Tsikala , Atalla Eleftheria , Davies Robin , Hedili Salma , Monkeberg Maria Andrea , Tabler Sandra , Harrington Britt , Sreenath Meegada , Koripalli Venkata Sandeep , Muddana Prithvi , Jain Lakshay , Undavalli Chaitanya , Kavya Parasa , Ibiwoye Mofoluwaso , Akilo Hameed , Lovette Bryce D , Wylie Jamie-Crystal , Smith Diana M , Poon Kenneth , Eckardt Paula , Heysu Rubio-Gomez , Sundararaman Nithya , Alaby Doris , Sareli Candice , Sánchez Adriana , Popielski Laura , Kambo Amy , Viens Kimberley , Turner Melissa , Vjecha Michael J , Weintrob Amy , Brar Indira 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Christian , Hedsund Caroline , Ronn Christian Phillip , Kamstrup Peter Thobias , Hogsberg Dorthe Sandbaek , Bergsoe Christina , Søborg Christian , Hissabu Nuria M S , Arp Bodil C , Ostergaard Lars , Staerke Nina Breinholt , Yehdego Yordanos , Sondergaard Ane , Johansen Isik S , Arnholdt Pedersen Andreas , Knudtzen Fredrikke C , Larsen Lykke , Hertz Mathias A , Fabricius Thilde , Holden Inge K , Lindvig Susan O , Helleberg Marie , Gerstoft Jan , Kirk Ole , Bruun Tina , Jensen Tomas Ostergaard , Madsen Birgitte Lindegaard , Pedersen Thomas Ingemann , Harboe Zitta Barrella , Roge Birgit Thorup , Hansen Thomas Michael , Glesner Matilde Kanstrup , Lofberg Sandra Valborg , Nielsen Ariella Denize , Leicht von Huth Sebastian , Nielsen Henrik , Thisted Rikke Krog , Petersen Kristine Toft , Juhl Maria Ruwald , Podlekareva Daria , Johnsen Stine , Andreassen Helle Frost , Pedersen Lars , Lindnér Cecilia Ebba Clara Ellinor , Wiese Lothar , Knudsen Lene Surland , Nytofte Nikolaj Julian Skrøder , 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Acosta Cristina , Solé-Felip Cristina , Horcajada Juan P , Sendra Elena , Castañeda Silvia , López-Montesinos Inmaculada , Gómez-Junyent Joan , Gonzáles Carlota Gudiol , Cuervo Guilermo , Pujol Miquel , Carratalà Jordi , Videla Sebastià , Günthard Huldrych , Braun Dominique L , West Emily , M'Rabeth-Bensalah Khadija , Eichinger Mareile L , Grüttner-Durmaz Manuela , Grube Christina , Zink Veronika , Goes Josefine , Fätkenheuer Gerd , Malin Jakob J , Tsertsvadze Tengiz , Abutidze Akaki , Chkhartishvili Nikoloz , Metchurtchlishvili Revaz , Endeladze Marina , Paciorek Marcin , Bursa Dominik , Krogulec Dominika , Pulik Piotr , Ignatowska Anna , Horban Andrzej , Bakowska Elzbieta , Kowaska Justyna , Bednarska Agnieszka , Jurek Natalia , Skrzat-Klapaczynska Agata , Bienkowski Carlo , Hackiewicz Malgorzata , Makowiecki Michal , Platowski Antoni , Fishchuk Roman , Kobrynska Olena , Levandovska Khrystyna , Kirieieva Ivanna , Kuziuk Mykhailo , Naucler Pontus , Perlhamre Emma , Mazouch Lotta , Kelleher Anthony , Polizzotto Mark , Carey Catherine , Chang Christina C , Hough Sally , Virachit Sophie , Davidson Sarah , Bice Daniel J , Ognenovska Katherine , Cabrera Gesalit , Flynn Ruth , Young Barnaby E , Chia Po Ying , Lee Tau Hong , Lin Ray J , Lye David C , Ong Sean W X , Puah Ser Hon , Yeo Tsin Wen , Diong Shiau Hui , Ongko Juwinda , Yeo He Ping , Eriobu Nnakelu , Kwaghe Vivian , Zaiyad Habib , Idoko Godwin , Uche Blessing , Selvamuthu Poongulali , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Beulah Faith Ester , Govindarajan Narayan , Mariyappan Kowsalya , Losso Marcelo H , Abela Cecilia , Moretto Renzo , Belloc Carlos G , Ludueña Jael , Amar Josefina , Losso Marcelo H , Toibaro Javier , Macias Laura Moreno , Fernandez Lucia , Frare Pablo S , Chaio Sebastian R , Pachioli Valeria , Timpano Stella M , Sanchez Marisa del Lujan , Sierra Mariana de Paz , Stanek Vanina , Belloso Waldo , Cilenti Flavia L , Valentini Ricardo N , Stryjewski Martin E , Locatelli Nicolas , Soler Riera Maria C , Salgado Clara , Baeck Ines M , Di Castelnuovo Valentina , Zarza Stella M , Hudson Fleur , Parmar Mahesh K B , Goodman Anna L , Badrock Jonathan , Gregory Adam , Goodall Katharine , Harris Nicola , Wyncoll James , Bhagani S , Rodger A , Luntiel A , Patterson C , Morales J , Witele E , Preston A-M , Nandani A , Price D A , Hanrath Aiden , Nell Jeremy , Patel Bijal , Hays Carole , Jones Geraldine , Davidson Jade , Goodman Anna L , Bawa T , Mathews M , Mazzella A , Bisnauthsing K , Aguilar-Jimenez L , Borchini F , Hammett S , Touloumi Giota , Pantazis Nikos , Gioukari Vicky , Souliou Tania , Antoniadou A , Protopapas K , Kavatha D , Grigoropoulou S , Tziolos R-N , Oikonomopoulo C , Moschopoulos C , Koulouris N G , Tzimopoulos K , Koromilias A , Argyraki K , Lourida P , Bakakos P , Kalomenidis I , Vlachakos V , Barmparessou Z , Balis E , Zakynthinos S , Sigala I , Gianniou N , Dima E , Magkouta S , Synolaki E , Konstanta S , Vlachou M , Stathopoulou P , Panagopoulos P , Petrakis V , Papazoglou D , Tompaidou E , Isaakidou E , Poulakou G , Rapti V , Leontis K , Nitsotolis T , Athanasiou K , Syrigos K , Argyraki K , Myrodia M-D , Kyriakoulis K , Trontzas I , Arfara-Melanini M , Kolonis V , Kityo Cissy , Mugerwa Henry , Kiweewa Francis , Kimuli Ivan , Lukaakome Joseph , Nsereko Christoher , Lubega Gloria , Kibirige Moses , Nakahima William , Wangi Deus , Aguti Evelyne , Generous Lilian , Massa Rosemary , Nalaki Margaret , Magala Felix , Nabaggala Phiona Kaweesi , Kidega Robert , Kityo Cissy , Mugerwa Henry , Faith Oryem Daizy , Florence Apio , Emmanuel Ocung , Beacham Mugoonyi Paul , Geoffrey Amone , Nakiboneka Dridah , Apiyo Paska , Kiweewa Francis , Kirenga Bruce , Kimuli Ivan , Atukunda Angella , Muttamba Winters , Remmy Kyeyume , Segawa Ivan , Pheona Nsubuga , Kigere David , Mbabazi Queen Lailah , Boersalino Ledra , Nyakoolo Grace , Kiweewa Francis , Fred Aniongo , Alupo Alice , Ebong Doryn , Monday Edson , Nalubwama Ritah Norah , Kainja Milton , Ambrose Munu , Kwehayo Vanon , Nalubega Mary Grace , Ongoli Augustine , Obbo Stephen , Sebudde Nicholus , Alaba Jeniffer , Magombe Geoffrey , Tino Harriet , Obonya E E Emmanuel , Lutaakome Joseph , Kitonsa Jonathan , Onyango Martin , Naboth Tukamwesiga , Naluyinda Hadijah , Nanyunja Regina , Irene Muttiibwa , Jane Biira , Wimfred Kyobejja , Leonard Ssemazzi , Deus Tkiinomuhisha , Babra Namasaba , Taire Paul , Lutaakome Joseph , Nabankema Evelyn , Ogavu Joseph , Mugerwa Oscar , Okoth Ivan , Mwebaze Raymond , Mugabi Timothy , Makhoba Anthony , Arikiriza Phiona , Theresa Nabuuma , Nakayima Hope , Frank Kisuule , Ramgi Patrícia , Pereira Kássia , Osinusi Anu , Cao Huyen , Klekotka Paul , Price Karen , Nirula Ajay , Osei Suzette , Tipple Craig , Wills Angela , Peppercorn Amanda , Watson Helen , Gupta Rajesh , Alexander Elizabeth , Mogalian Erik , Lin Leo , Ding Xiao , Margolis David , Yan Li , Girardet Jean-Luc , Ma Ji , Hong Zhi , Zhu Quing , Seegobin Seth , Gibbs Michael , Latchman Mickel , Hasior Katarzyna , Bouquet Jerome , Wei Jianxin , Streicher Katie , Schmelzer Albert , Brooks Dennis , Butcher Jonny , Tonev Dimitar , Arbetter Douglas , Damstetter Philippe , Legenne Philippe , Stumpp Michael , Goncalves Susana , Ramanathan Krishnan , Chandra Richa , Baseler Beth , Teitelbaum Marc , Schechner Adam , Holley H Preston , Jankelevich Shirley , Adams Amy , Becker Nancy , Dolney Suzanne , Hissey Debbie , Simpson Shelly , Kim Mi Ha , Beeler Joy , Harmon Liam , Asomah Mabel , Jato Yvonne , Stottlemyer April , Tang Olivia , Vanderpuye Sharon , Yeon Lindsey , Buehn Molly , Eccard-Koons Vanessa , Frary Sadie , MacDonald Leah , Cash Jennifer , Hoopengardner Lisa , Linton Jessica , Schaffhauser Marylu , Nelson Michaela , Spinelli-Nadzam Mary , Proffitt Calvin , Lee Christopher , Engel Theresa , Fontaine Laura , Osborne C K , Hohn Matt , Galcik Michael , Thompson DeeDee , Kopka Stacey , Shelley Denise M , Mendez Gregg , Brown Shawn , Albert Sara , Balde Abby , Baracz Michelle , Bielica Mona , Billouin-Frazier Shere , Choudary Jay , Dixon Mary , Eyler Carolyn , Frye Leanne , Gertz Jensen , Giebeig Lisa , Gulati Neelam , Hankinson Liz , Hogarty Debi , Huber Lynda , Krauss Gary , Lake Eileen , Manandhar Meryan , Rudzinski Erin , Sandrus Jen , Suders Connie , Natarajan Ven , Rupert Adam W , Baseler Michael , Lynam Danielle , Imamichi Tom , Laverdure Sylvain , McCormack Ashley , Paudel Sharada , Cook Kyndal , Haupt Kendra , Khan Ayub , Hazen Allison , Badralmaa Yunden , Smith Kenneth , Patel Bhakti , Kubernac Amanda , Kubernac Robert , Hoover Marie L , Solomon Courtney , Rashid Marium , Murphy Joseph , Brown Craig , DuChateau Nadine , Ellis Sadie , Flosi Adam , Fox Lisa , Johnson Les , Nelson Rich , Stojanovic Jelena , Treagus Amy , Wenner Christine , Williams Richard 
Published: February 2024

Background

Persistent mortality in adults hospitalized due to acute COVID-19 justifies pursuit of disease mechanisms and potential therapies. The aim was to evaluate which virus and host response factors were associated with mortality risk among participants in Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO/ACTIV-3) trials.

Methods

A secondary analysis of 2625 adults hospitalized for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection randomized to 1 of 5 antiviral products or matched placebo in 114 centers on 4 continents. Uniform, site-level collection of participant baseline clinical variables was performed. Research laboratories assayed baseline upper respiratory swabs for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and plasma for anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen (viral Ag), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Associations between factors and time to mortality by 90 days were assessed using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Viral Ag ≥4500 ng/L (vs &lt;200 ng/L; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.07; 1.29–3.34), viral RNA (&lt;35 000 copies/mL [aHR, 2.42; 1.09–5.34], ≥35 000 copies/mL [aHR, 2.84; 1.29–6.28], vs below detection), respiratory support (&lt;4 L O2 [aHR, 1.84; 1.06–3.22]; ≥4 L O2 [aHR, 4.41; 2.63–7.39], or noninvasive ventilation/high-flow nasal cannula [aHR, 11.30; 6.46–19.75] vs no oxygen), renal impairment (aHR, 1.77; 1.29–2.42), and IL-6 &gt;5.8 ng/L (aHR, 2.54 [1.74–3.70] vs ≤5.8 ng/L) were significantly associated with mortality risk in final adjusted analyses. Viral Ag, viral RNA, and IL-6 were not measured in real-time.

Conclusions

Baseline virus-specific, clinical, and biological variables are strongly associated with mortality risk within 90 days, revealing potential pathogen and host-response therapeutic targets for acute COVID-19 disease.