bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image‐Guided Liver Mapping Using Fluorescence Navigation System with Indocyanine Green for Anatomical Hepatic Resection
Authors: Aoki Takeshi , Yasuda Daisuke , Shimizu Yoshinori , Odaira Masanori , Niiya Takashi , Kusano Tomokazu , Mitamura Keitaro , Hayashi Ken , Murai Noriyuki , Koizumi Tomotake , Kato Hirohisa , Enami Yuta , Miwa Mitsuharu , Kusano Mitsuo
Published: June 2008

Background

In malignant hepatic neoplasm, anatomic resection could improve survival and limit complications from hepatectomy. Our purpose was to develop an intraoperative method for identifying segment and subsegment of the liver with high‐sensitivity near‐infrared fluorescence imaging.

Methods

The subjects were 35 patients with hepatic malignant liver disease who received hepatectomy in 2006. The segments of liver method of identification that used infrared observation camera system termed Photo Dynamic Eye‐2 (PDE‐2) with indocianine green (ICG) for the patient with malignant liver tumor (hepatocellular carcinoma: 13 cases; metastatic liver cancer: 18 cases; intrahepatic cholangio carcinoma: 4 cases) were performed before liver resection.

Results

Although greenish stain of the liver surface after the injection of ICG via portal vein is not visible clearly without infrared observation camera system PDE‐2, 1 minute after injection of ICG with fluorescent using infrared observation camera system PDE‐2, demarcation of liver segment and subsegment was clearly detected. Ten minutes after injection of ICG with fluorescent using infrared observation camera system PDE‐2, fluorescence of liver subsegment remained. Stained subsegment and segment of liver were identifiable in 33 (94.3%) of the 35 patients. There were no complications or side‐effects related to the injection of patent blue dye.

Conclusion

We demonstrated here that near‐infrared fluorescence imaging system is a novel and reliable intraoperative technique to identify hepatic segment and subsegment for anatomical hepatic resection.
Thrombosis Confined to the Portal Vein Is Not a Contraindication for Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Cho Jai Young , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Shin Woo Young , Lee Hae Won , Yi Nam‐Joon , Lee Kuhn Uk
Published: June 2008

Background

There is a lack of agreement regarding preexisting portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We report the results of a single‐center study to determine the impact of PVT on outcomes of adult LDLT recipients.

Methods

Of 133 cases of adult LDLT performed between January 2000 and December 2004, a thrombectomy was performed on 22 patients (16.5%) with PVT during the transplant procedure. One hundred eleven patients without PVT (group 1) were compared with those with a thrombosis confined to the portal vein (group 2; n = 15) and patients with the thrombosis beyond the portal vein (group 3; n = 7).

Results

The sensitivities of Doppler ultrasound and CT in detecting PVT were 50 and 63.6%. A prior history of variceal bleeding (OR = 10.6, p = 0.002) and surgical shunt surgery (OR = 28.1, p = 0.044) were found to be an independent risk factors for PVT. The rate of postoperative PVT was significantly higher in patients with PVT than in those without (18.2 vs. 2.7%; p = 0.014). In particular, the rethrombosis rate in group 3 was 28.6%. The actuarial 3‐year patient survival rate in PVT patients (73.6%) was similar to that of the non‐PVT patients (85.3%; p = 0.351). However, the actuarial 3‐year patient survival rate in group 3 was 38.1%, which was significantly lower than that in groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.006).

Conclusion

A thrombosis confined to the portal vein per se should not be considered a contraindication for LDLT.
Relative influence of habitat heterogeneity, climate, human disturbance, and spatial structure on vertebrate species richness in Spain
Authors: Moreno‐Rueda Gregorio , Pizarro Manuel
Published: June 2008

Many factors affect the distribution of species richness. This study examines the relative influence of habitat heterogeneity, climate, human disturbance, and spatial structure on the species‐richness distribution of terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) in mainland Spain. The results indicate that spatial structure and environment exert similar influences on species richness. For all four taxa, species richness increases southward and northward, being lower in the center of the country, when controlled for other variables. This may be the result of a peninsular effect, as found in other studies, and reflect the importance of historical events on species richness in the Iberian Peninsula. Climate is more important than habitat heterogeneity in determining species richness. Temperature is positively correlated with amphibian, reptile, and bird species richness, while mammalian species richness is highest at intermediate temperatures. This effect is stronger in ectotherms than among endotherms, perhaps reflecting physiological differences. Precipitation positively correlates with bird and mammalian species richness, but has no effect on ectotherm species richness. Amphibian species richness increases with altitudinal range, and bird species richness with habitat diversity. Human population density is positively correlated with bird and mammalian species richness, but does not affect ectotherm species richness, while amphibian and bird species richness is highest at moderate levels of human land alteration (farmland). However, unexplained variance remains, and we discuss that the effects of environmental variables on species richness may vary geographically, causing different effects to be obscured on a national scale, diminishing the explanatory power of environmental variables.
Photosynthetic CO2 affinity of the aquatic carnivorous plant Utricularia australis (Lentibulariaceae) and its investment in carnivory
Authors: Adamec Lubomír
Published: June 2008

Aquatic carnivorous plants usually grow in shallow dystrophic waters poor in inorganic N and P. Utricularia australis was chosen as a model plant for its prolific distribution and great ecological plasticity. The photosynthetic CO2 compensation point and factors associated with investment in carnivory and capture of prey were measured in 17 U. australis micropopulations in Třeboň basin, Czech Republic, together with water chemistry factors at these sites differing greatly in their trophic level, water hardness, and prey availability. Apical shoot growth rate was estimated at some oligotrophic sites. The micropopulations differed greatly in the proportion of traps with animal prey (2.7–70%, mean 26%), trap proportion to total biomass (1.4–42%, mean 26%), mean trap biomass (0.7–63 μg trap−1, mean 19 μg), and maximum trap size (1–3 mm, mean 2.0 mm). CO2 compensation points ranged from 0.7 to 6.1 μM (mean 2.6 μM). A weak HCO3− use (compensation point 0.51 mM) was found in plants growing in alkaline water. Trap biomass proportion did not correlate significantly with prey capture and CO2 compensation points with ambient [CO2]. A very rapid apical growth (2.5–4.2 new nodes day−1) occurred in sand pits. Thus, HCO3− use in U. australis can be induced by growing at very high pH. CO2 compensation points resembled those known in other aquatic non‐carnivorous plants. They did not reflect carnivory. In spite of very rapid apical shoot growth, the relative growth rate of U. australis can be zero in oligotrophic habitats without prey.
Treatment of Delayed/Nonunion of Scaphoid Waist with Synthes Cannulated Scaphoid Screw and Bone Graft
Authors: Inaparthy P. K. , Nicholl J. E.
Published: June 2008

Fracture of the scaphoid bone is the most common fracture of the carpus, and frequently, diagnosis is delayed. The unique anatomy and blood supply of the scaphoid itself predisposes to delayed union or nonunion. The Synthes scaphoid screw is a cannulated headed screw, which provides superior compression compared with some other devices used to internally fix scaphoid nonunions. Our aim was to conduct a retrospective study looking at the union rate, time to union, and complications and correlating the outcome of treatment against the delay between injury and surgery and location of the fracture within the bone. This study is a review of a cohort of 30 patients treated with a cannulated Synthes scaphoid screw and corticocancellous bone grafting for scaphoid waist delayed union and nonunion at our center. We achieved 86% overall union rate. The patients with delayed union achieved a 100% union rate. Three out of four patients with persistent nonunion after surgery reported no pain and improved function. The failure rate was 75% in patients who had sustained their fracture more than 5 years previously. Our study demonstrates that delayed union of scaphoid waist fractures and scaphoid waist nonunions present for less than 5 years can be successfully treated by fracture compression and bone grafting.
FV-Leiden- und Prothrombin-G20210A-Mutation
Authors: Pötzsch B.
Published: June 2008

Die Faktor-V-Leiden-Mutation und die Prothrombin-G20210A-Mutation sind mit einer Inzidenz von 2–4% und etwa 1% die häufigsten genetisch determinierten thrombophilen Risikofaktoren. Während der thrombophile Mechanismus der FV-Leiden-Mutation auf einer Hemmung der antikoagulatorischen Aktivität von aktiviertem Protein C (APC) beruht, ist der molekulare Mechanismus der Prothrombin-G20210A-Mutation nicht eindeutig geklärt. Das Vorliegen beider Mutationen erhöht das Risiko für eine venöse Thrombose, hat aber keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Rezidivrisiko nach einer spontanen venösen Thrombose. Deswegen kann der Mutationsnachweis die klinische Diagnose einer Thrombophilie zwar bestätigen, beeinflusst aber – bis auf homozygote und compound-heterozygote Mutationsträger – das therapeutische Vorgehen nicht.
Contingency research in operations management practices
Authors: Sousa Rui , Voss Christopher A.
Published: June 2008

As operations management (OM) best practices have become mature, research on practices has begun to shift its interest from the justification of the value of those practices to the understanding of the contextual conditions under which they are effective—OM practice contingency research (OM PCR). This article sets out to examine and critique the current state of OM PCR. We review OM PCR studies through the lens of the major theoretical view on contingencies, contingency theory, along a number of relevant dimensions: contingency variables, performance variables, measurement, research design and employed form of fit. In this process, we put forward a number of tasks that need to be accomplished in order to move OM PCR forward and develop more solid conceptual foundations in which to anchor rigorous research in this area. Finally, we reflect on the theoretical arguments that underlie OM PCR (which are based on the contingency approach) and identify its limitations in fully explaining the currently observed patterns of use of OM practices and associated performance outcomes. As a result, we propose that in order to increase our understanding of these patterns, OM scholars need to study in more depth the process of selection of OM best practices by organizations. Accordingly, we put forward a framework to underpin such research integrating contingency theory and other theoretical perspectives.
Efficacy of inferior turbinate coblation for treatment of nasal obstruction
Authors: Farmer S E J , Quine S M , Eccles R
Published: June 2008

Objective:

To determine the efficacy of inferior turbinate coblation for the treatment of nasal obstruction.

Methods:

Twenty patients awaiting submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinates were recruited into the study. All underwent inferior turbinate coblation. Pre-operative and post-operative nasal function was investigated using posterior rhinomanometry and subjective symptom scales.

Results:

There was no significant increase in nasal conductance two weeks after inferior turbinate coblation (p = 0.159). However, three months after inferior turbinate coblation, median nasal conductance had increased significantly, from 203 to 324 cm3/s (p = 0.004). The median increase in nasal conductance was 73 cm3/s or 43.5 per cent. Post-operative visual analogue patients' reported post-operative visual analogue scales scores for nasal obstruction decreased significantly, both two weeks (p = 0.006) and three months after inferior turbinate coblation (p = 0.001) when compared to Pre-operative values. There was no change in the reported severity of rhinorrhoea, nasal itching or sneezing. There was a significant relationship (ρ = −0.57, p = 0.014) between pre-operative nasal conductance and change in nasal conductance after inferior turbinate coblation.

Conclusions:

This study confirms the short-term efficacy of inferior turbinate coblation for the treatment of nasal obstruction. The benefit was greatest in patients with lower pre-operative nasal conductance. Objective measures of nasal obstruction may be important when selecting patients for inferior turbinate coblation.
Does methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureushave a significant role in the peri-operative course of patients undergoing rhinological surgery?
Authors: Philpott C M , Sharma A , McKiernan D C
Published: June 2008

Objectives:

Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections are becoming an increasing problem, but the link with symptomatic sino-nasal infection has not previously been quantified. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfection in patients undergoing sino-nasal surgery.

Design:

A retrospective study of case notes.

Setting:

A district general hospital.

Patients:

One hundred and fifty-one adult patients undergoing in-patient endonasal surgery over a 12-month period were considered for the study.

Main outcome measures:

Swab results from pre-operative screening and from any intra- and post-operative samples of infective mucopus.

Results:

One hundred and fifty-one patients undergoing endonasal surgery were included. All patients had pre-operative nasal swabs taken. Twenty-five patients had peri-operative microbiology samples taken. Only one middle meatal swab was found to contain methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. No patients had methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusdetected on pre-operative screening.Haemophilus influenzaewas the most common organism detected.

Conclusion:

Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfection does not represent a significant source of morbidity in our practice.
Intraosseous mandibular schwannoma mimicking an odontogenic keratocyst, with a postsurgical pathological fracture
Authors: Gallego L , Junquera L , Rodríguez-Recio C , Fresno M F
Published: June 2008

Objective:

Schwannomas are slowly growing tumours derived from Schwann cells. We present a clinical case of schwannoma in the mandibular angle.

Method:

Case report and a review of the world literature concerning intraosseous schwannoma of the maxillofacial region.

Results:

Schwannomas or neurilemmomas are slow-growing, benign neoplasms derived from Schwann cells. Intraoral lesions are unusual and intraosseous schwannomas are even rarer, representing less than 1 per cent of benign primary tumours of the bones. We present a clinical case of schwannoma in the mandibular angle mimicking a keratocystic odontogenic tumour, with a complicated posterior evolution.

Conclusion:

Clinically, neurilemmomas are slow-growing tumours which may be present for years before becoming symptomatic. Radiographically, the image may be suggestive of a benign process such as an odontogenic keratocyst. Histological analysis of the specimens obtained is extremely important in order to establish the final diagnosis.
Common canalicular obstruction secondary to the use of Herrick lacrimal plugs, requiring endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Dolan L , MacEwen C J , White P
Published: June 2008

We report the case of a 40-year-old woman who developed left common canalicular obstruction following insertion of a lacrimal plug. The patient underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, revealing the presence of the lacrimal plug occluding the common canaliculus. The patient experienced symptomatic improvement of her epiphora post-operatively.
Trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation
Authors: Ostermeyer M. , Kong H.J. , Kovalev V.I. , Harrison R.G. , Fotiadi A.A. , Mégret P. , Kalal M. , Slezak O. , Yoon J.W. , Shin J.S. , Beak D.H. , Lee S.K. , Lü Z. , Wang S. , Lin D. , Knight J.C. , Kotova N.E. , Sträßer A. , Scheikh-Obeid A. , Riesbeck T. , Meister S. , Eichler H.J. , Wang Y. , He W. , Yoshida H. , Fujita H. , Nakatsuka M. , Hatae T. , Park H. , Lim C. , Omatsu T. , Nawata K. , Shiba N. , Antipov O.L. , Kuznetsov M.S. , Zakharov N.G.
Published: June 2008

An overview on current trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation is given. This report is based on the results of the “Second International Workshop on stimulated Brillouin scattering and phase conjugation” held in Potsdam/Germany in September 2007. The properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering are presented for the compensation of phase distortions in combination with novel laser technology like ceramics materials but also for e.g., phase stabilization, beam combination, and slow light. Photorefractive nonlinear mirrors and resonant refractive index gratings are addressed as phase conjugating mirrors in addition.
Frobenius n-homomorphisms, transfers and branched coverings
Authors: BUCHSTABER V. M. , REES E. G.
Published: June 2008

In this paper, the affiliations and names of the authors were misplaced. The correct information is:

V.M. Buchstaber

Steklov Mathematical Institute, RAS, Gubkina 8, 119991 Moscow

and School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL.

and E.G. Rees

School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ

and Heilbronn Institute for Mathematical Research, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW.

The Editor apologises for this error.
Space is out of Joint: Experiencing Non-Euclidean Space in Theatre
Authors: LIMON JERZY
Published: June 2008

The aim of this article to show that the space of the stage and the ways it is constructed are an important, meaning-generating element of every production. The space of the stage is seen as an artistic construct, the aim of which is to convey senses relevant to the goals of the director. The function of the scenic space goes far beyond a mere ‘representation’ of some fictional inhabited space; it has the ability to convey meanings that, among other things, evoke metaphorical readings. The example used in this article, the St Petersburg production ofHamlet, directed by Vadim Golikov, is of unusual complexity and for this reason requires a more thorough theoretical introduction. Golikov has introduced a scene in which the Euclidean geometry falls apart, and instead a simultaneous presentation of two subjective perspectives is provided: two objects are perceived by one another at the same time, and this is shown through a distorted geometry of the stage. The essay raises theoretical issues connected with time and space in theatre.
The Word Made Flesh: Staging Pornography in Eighteenth-Century Paris
Authors: SENELICK LAURENCE
Published: June 2008

The mid-eighteenth-century French théâtre clandestin, comprising more than a score of plays of foul language and obscene subject matter, presents a number of problems. It is not clear if they were actually performed and, if so, how and before what audiences. Did they serve the purpose of pornography, arousing their consumer? The language in which the plays are couched is conventional both in its literary form and its scurrility; it needed to be supplemented by pantomime and elaborate tableaux. Those elements are remarkably similar to theatrical innovations suggested by Diderot in a different context. Ultimately, however, the mere presentation of bodies in action cannot incarnate desire except superficially. The distancing element of performance as well as the communal presence of a coterie at an organized spectacle were probably counterproductive to achieving the pornographic aim.
Cytopathogenicity and molecular subtyping ofLegionella pneumophilaenvironmental isolates from 17 hospitals
Authors: GARCIA-NUÑEZ M. , PEDRO-BOTET M. L. , RAGULL S. , SOPENA N. , MORERA J. , REY-JOLY C. , SABRIA M.
Published: June 2008

The cytopathogenicity of 22Legionella pneumophilaisolates from 17 hospitals was determined by assessing the dose of bacteria necessary to produce 50% cytopathic effect (CPED50) in U937 human-derived macrophages. All isolates were able to infect and grow in macrophage-like cells (range log10CPED50: 2·67–6·73 c.f.u./ml). Five groups were established and related to the serogroup, the number of PFGE patterns coexisting in the same hospital water distribution system, and the possible reporting of hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease cases.L. pneumophilaserogroup 1 isolates had the highest cytopathogenicity (P=0·003). Moreover, a trend to more cytopathogenic groups (groups 1–3) in hospitals with more than one PFGE pattern ofL. pneumophilain the water distribution system (60%vs. 17%) and in hospitals reporting cases of hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease (36·3%vs. 16·6%) was observed. We conclude that the cytopathogenicty of environmentalL. pneumophilashould be taken into account in evaluating the risk of a contaminated water reservoir in a hospital and hospital acquisition of Legionnaires' disease.
Deep dehydration ofUmbilicaria aprinathalli observed by proton NMR and sorption isotherm
Authors: Harańczyk H. , Bacior M. , Olech M.A.
Published: June 2008

The initial stages ofUmbilicaria aprinaNyl. hydration (starting from the hydration level Δm/m0 = 0.048 ± 0.004) were observed using hydration kinetics, sorption isotherm and proton NMR. The thalli were hydrated from gaseous phase. The total saturation hydration level obtained at the relative humidityp/p0 = 100% was Δm/m0 = 0.848 ± 0.009. The hydration courses revealed i) a fraction of very tightly bound water (Δm/m0 = 0.054 ± 0.011, short hydration time constant, thyd), ii) a fraction of tightly bound water [Δm/m0 = 0.051 ± 0.038, thyd = (4.7 ± 2.6) h], and iii) a loosely bound water pool [thyd = (31.0 ± 1.9) h] for higher values of target humidity. The sorption isotherm ofU. aprinawas fitted well using Dent model. The relative mass of water saturating primary binding sites was ΔM/m0 = 0.054, which is close to the water fractions. Proton FIDs detected (i + ii) the immobilized tightly bound water fraction, L1, and iii) the mobile, loosely bound water pool L2. The hydration dependence of the proton liquid signal suggests the presence of a significant contribution from a water soluble solid fraction in the thallus. Sorption isotherm fitted to NMR data showed the absence of ‘sealed’ water fraction trapped in pores of the thallus.
Biological implications of low condition factor “axe handle” specimens of the Antarctic toothfish,Dissostichus mawsoni, from the Ross Sea
Authors: Fenaughty J.M. , Eastman Joseph T. , Sidell Bruce D.
Published: June 2008

We evaluated the condition factor (K), an index of weight per unit length, in a sample of 49 761 longline-caught specimens of Antarctic toothfish,Dissostichus mawsoni, from the Ross Sea. Our sample consisted of specimens from northern (60–70°S) and southern (70–78°S) regions. Fifty percent of the northern sample and 4.9% of the southern sample were large individuals with a low condition factor (Kah ≤ 1.0182) and displaying an “axe handle (ah)” morphology with a notably thinner trunk. In the northern sample 55.4% of the males and 43.2% of the females were less thanKah.In the southern region 5.3% of the males and 4.5% of the females were less thanKah. The axe handle morphology is attributable to the metabolic loss of muscular and subcutaneous lipid stores, and probably proteins, from white muscle. Our discussion considers energy metabolism as related to migration, feeding and reproduction. We suggest that migration, a life history trait of the phyletically basal notothenioid cladesPseudaphritisandEleginops, persists inD. mawsoni. The spawning migration from the southern shelf to ridges and seamounts in the north may reflect fidelity to historic spawning grounds. As evidenced by the axe handle specimens neutral buoyancy of largeD. mawsonimay be ephemeral, fluctuating over the course of adult life.
Advances in mouse models of prostate cancer
Authors: Ahmad Imran , Sansom Owen J. , Leung Hing Y.
Published: June 2008

Advances in science and technology have allowed us to manipulate the mouse genome and analyse the effect of specific genetic alterations on the development of prostate cancer in vivo. We can now analyse the molecular basis of initiation, invasion and progression to metastatic disease. The current mouse models utilise knockout, knock-in or conditional regulation of expression using Cre–loxP technology. Genes that have been targeted include homeobox genes, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, growth factors (and their receptors), steroid hormones and cell-cycle regulators, as well as pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Bigenic models indicate that that two ‘hits’ are required for progression from intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasion carcinoma, and two to five hits are needed for metastasis. Here, we discuss the numerous models that mimic various aspects of the disease process, such as PIN, locally invasive adenocarcinoma and metastatic disease. Currently the PB-Cre4 × PTENloxP/loxPmouse is the only model that spans the entire continuum from initiation to local invasion and metastasis. Such mouse models increase our understanding of the disease process and provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Hopefully, the transgenic models will become inducible and ultimately allow both temporal and spatial gene inactivation. Compound mutational models will also develop further, with double and triple knock-in or knockout systems adding to our knowledge of the interaction between different signalling cascades.
Interactions between commensal bacteria and the gut-associated immune system of the chicken
Authors: Brisbin Jennifer T. , Gong Joshua , Sharif Shayan
Published: June 2008

The chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue is made up of a number of tissues and cells that are responsible for generating mucosal immune responses and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. The normal chicken microbiota also contributes to this via the ability to activate both innate defense mechanisms and adaptive immune responses. If left uncontrolled, immune activation in response to the normal microbiota would pose a risk of excessive inflammation and intestinal damage. Therefore, it is important that immune responses to the normal microbiota be under strict regulatory control. Through studies of mammals, it has been established that the mucosal immune system has specialized regulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms for eliminating or tolerating the normal microbiota. The mechanisms that exist in the chicken to control host responses to the normal microbiota, although assumed to be similar to that of mammals, have not yet been fully described. This review summarizes what is currently known about the host response to the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the chicken.
Introduction and Comments
Authors: Johnson James
Published: June 2008

The title of this journal—Perspectives on Politics—presupposes, at least tacitly, that even if we view it from a variety of vantage points, we can identify and agree upon some thing called politics. We spend a lot of time and effort arguing about those vantage points, the theoretical and methodological “perspectives” from which we explore our object of inquiry. Rarely, however, do we direct our attention reflexively and systematically on the ways our own practices and institutions themselves are infiltrated by politics. The lead article in this issue, a study of how gender inequality operates, sometimes subtly, sometimes much less so, among faculty and administrators at one prominent American university. As the authors Kristen Monroe, Saba Ozyurt, Ted Wrigley, and Amy Alexander note at the outset, not everyone immediately sees how this topic fits within a conception of politics. Like the authors, I find it difficult to grasp that perspective. Monroe, Ozyurt, Wrigley, and Alexander not only chart in an innovative manner the ways that women faculty at a prominent research university encounter gender inequality but the strategies they have devised for responding to the predicaments that inequality creates for themselves and their colleagues. I am pleased to be publishing this provocative study and hope that it will generate much subsequent inquiry into this topic.
Gender Equality in Academia: Bad News from the Trenches, and Some Possible Solutions
Authors: Monroe Kristen , Ozyurt Saba , Wrigley Ted , Alexander Amy
Published: June 2008

Is there gender discrimination in academia? Analysis of interviews with 80 female faculty at a large Research One university—the most comprehensive qualitative data set generated to date—suggests both individual and institutional discrimination persists. Overt discrimination has largely given way to less obvious but still deeply entrenched inequities. Despite apparent increases in women in positions of authority, discrimination continues to manifest itself through gender devaluation, a process whereby the status and power of an authoritative position is downplayed when that position is held by a woman, and through penalties for those agitating for political change. Female faculty find legal mechanisms and direct political action of limited utility, and increasingly turn to more subtle forms of incremental collective action, revealing an adaptive response to discrimination and a keen sense of the power dynamics within the university. Women attributed the persistence of gender inequality not to biology but to a professional environment in which university administrators care more about the appearance than the reality of gender equality and a professional culture based on a traditional, linear male model. Respondents described heart-wrenching choices between career and family responsibilities, with tensions especially intractable in the bench sciences. They advocated alternative models of professional life but also offered very specific interim suggestions for institutions genuinely interested in alleviating gender inequality and discrimination.
Narratives of American Politics
Authors: King Ronald F. , Langston Thomas S.
Published: June 2008

This article is an extended review essay that classifies the main literatures on American politics, somewhat unconventionally, in terms of four distinct narrative modes: comedy, romance, tragedy, and irony. The four modes are differentiated by their internal construction and external social message. The central assertion is that there are standardized trajectories inherent to many of the empirical analyses we advance, which can be used to understand ongoing debates in the field. Perceiving inherent harmony or discord, emphasizing the exalted or the mundane, projecting achievement or frustration, the various narratives of American politics present contrasting interpretations regarding regime tensions and prospects. The more that political scientists become conscious of the forms and limits of the models employed, the more sophisticated we can be at developing and debating them.
Religious Conservatives and the Requirements of Citizenship: Political Autonomy
Authors: Conger Kimberly H. , McGraw Bryan T.
Published: June 2008

Many scholars have viewed the rise and political influence of religious conservatives in the U.S. with some alarm, arguing that their commitments are so illiberal and undemocratic as to be a substantial threat to the creation and maintenance of a just and stable democratic polity. In particular, many worry that religious conservatives lack the requisite civic virtues necessary to making pluralist democracies work. After attending to what sorts of virtues a good citizen ought to possess, we present evidence drawn from interviews with state-level religious conservative activists suggesting that political mobilization and integration into institutions of deliberation and electoral contestation actually works to make them better citizens, at least with respect to one important virtue, political autonomy. If such engagement can temporize the dangers politicized religion can sometimes pose, those concerned about religion's public influence might have their fears eased. Religious conservative activists can make for good citizens, fellow participants in the project of constructing a common political order that is durable, decent, and democratic.
Assessing the Welfare State: The Politics of Happiness
Authors: Pacek Alexander , Radcliff Benjamin
Published: June 2008

While there is a vast and highly contentious literature devoted to understanding the economic, social, and political consequences of the welfare state, little attention has been paid to the fundamental question of whether social security programs actually improve the overall quality of human life. We attempt such an appraisal, using the extent to which individuals find their lives to be satisfying as an evaluative metric. Considering national rates of satisfaction in the industrial democracies from the 1970s to the present, we find that citizens find life more rewarding as the generosity of the welfare state increases, net of economic or cultural conditions. The implications for social policy are discussed.
Cheap Labor: The New Politics of “Bread and Roses” in Industrial Democracies
Authors: King Desmond , Rueda David
Published: June 2008

In this article we aim to return labor (particularly the most vulnerable members of the labor market) to the core of the comparative political economy of advanced democracies. We formulate a framework with which to conceptualize cheap labor in advanced democracies. We propose that to understand the politics of cheap labor, the weakest members of the labor market need to be divided into two structural groups: those in standard and those in nonstandard employment.Standard cheap laborincludes “regular jobs” whilenonstandard cheap laborincludes low-cost, flexible, and temporary jobs. We show that the use of cheap labor is significant in all industrialized democracies but that there are important contrasts in how different economies use cheap labor. We argue that there is a trade-off between standard and nonstandard cheap labor. Countries that satisfy their need for cheap labor through standard employment do not develop large nonstandard sectors of their economies. Countries that do not promote cheap labor in the standard sector, on the other hand, end up relying on an army of nonstandard workers to meet their cheap labor needs.
Genes and Ideologies
Authors: Charney Evan
Published: June 2008

There is a trend among behavioral scientists to view ever more complex attitudes or systems of belief as in some sense genetically determined (or “heritable”). Consistent with this trend is the recent article of Alford, Funk, and Hibbing titled “Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?” in which the authors claim to have demonstrated that when it comes to the transmission of political ideologies, genes count for more than environment. Their article has received an enormous amount of attention among political scientists and in the popular press. I critically evaluate the research technique on the basis of which the authors' support their claims and argue that it suffers from significant methodological flaws. Such flaws notwithstanding, I demonstrate that the authors' data do not clearly support their conclusions. I then question the cogency, from an historical and theoretical perspective, of proposing the existence of “liberal” and “conservative” “phenotypes” and “genotypes.” My argument has implications beyond the findings of Alford, Funk, and Hibbing, and applies to all studies that claim to have demonstrated the heritability of complex and politically relevant attitudes.
Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes
Authors: Alford John R. , Funk Carolyn L. , Hibbing John R.
Published: June 2008

In the past, most political scientists have been oblivious to the growing empirical evidence challenging environmental determinism. Professor Charney, apparently as a result of the fact that genes and the environment interact in a complex fashion, advocates that this passive unawareness be replaced by active denial. Science, however, does not advance by avoiding important relationships merely because they are complicated and, fortunately, science is not heeding Charney's ideologically-based fears. Molecular geneticists, often working in tandem with political scientists, are quickly moving beyond twin studies to identify the specific suites of genes and biological systems that predict variation in core political preferences, whatever labels those preferences might be given in a particular culture at a particular time. We sympathize with the fact that our empirical findings, like those of so many behavioral geneticists, make Charney uncomfortable; still, his critique serves up nothing new—empirically or otherwise. Just as analyses of the roots of sexual preferences cannot presumptively ignore genetics, neither can analyses of the roots of political preferences.
The Threat of Genes: A Comment on Evan Charney's “Genes and Ideologies”
Authors: Hannagan Rebecca J. , Hatemi Peter K.
Published: June 2008

In his essay, “Genes and Ideologies,” Evan Charney wrangles with the question of the role of genes in the formation of political attitudes via a critique of Alford, Funk, and Hibbing's 2005American Political Science Reviewarticle. Although critical evaluations are necessary, his essay falls short of what is required of a scientific critique on both empirical and theoretical grounds. We offer a comment on his essay and further contend that it is naïve to proceed on the assumption that a barrier exists between the biological and social sciences, such that the biological sciences have nothing to offer the social sciences. If we look beyond our discipline's current theoretical models we may find a more thorough, and not just competing, explanation of political behavior.
Politics, Genetics, and “Greedy Reductionism”
Authors: Charney Evan
Published: June 2008

I would like to thank Alford, Funk, and Hibbing, and Hannagan and Hatemi, for agreeing to write critical responses to my article, and I am grateful for the opportunity afforded me to respond.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2008

As always, this issue of the Book Review features a wide variety of books spanning the entire gamut of political science topics, methods, and subfields. At the same time, a number of core themes recur through the books under review.
Democratic Rights: The Substance of Self-Government. By Corey Brettschneider. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. 192p. $29.95.
Authors: Schwartzberg Melissa
Published: June 2008

In his book, Corey Brettschneider defends a “substantive” conception of democracy—a “value theory of democracy”—against purely procedural accounts of democracy. Whereas “proceduralists” seek to define democracy strictly through reference to the (majoritarian) means by which decisions are rendered, Brettschneider fears that this leaves democracy rootless, at risk of producing undemocratic outcomes. His effort at solving the problem of “democratic autophagy”—the argument that democracy will consume itself through its own procedures, as I term it in Democracy and Legal Change—is twofold. First, he specifies the values that democratic rights should reflect and preserve. Second, he argues that even nonmajoritarian institutions, such as judicial review, act in a democratic fashion insofar as they help us to ensure that our laws actually do cohere with these values. The former effort is remarkably successful. In my view, however, the latter claim is less persuasive, partially because of the difficulty inherent in translating abstract substantive commitments into law.
Response to Melissa Schwartzberg's review of Democratic Rights
Authors: Brettschneider Corey
Published: June 2008

Melissa Schwartzberg intelligently raises the important question of how we might move from the ideal of the value theory democracy, to which she is sympathetic, to its institutionalization. I share the concern she voices about the extent to which democratic contractualism can be directly applied in democratic institutions, but I differ with the conclusion she draws in response to this concern.
Democracy and Legal Change. By Melissa Schwartzberg. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 240p. $85.00.
Authors: Brettschneider Corey
Published: June 2008

This book provocatively inquires into whether some aspects of law should be regarded as beyond the purview of democratic procedures. On Melissa Schwartzberg's account, “entrenchment,”—her term for those aspects of law thought not to be susceptible to revision by democratic majorities or to constitutional amendment by supramajoritarian procedures—damages democracy, despite its prevalence in modern history. She argues that entrenchment risks sedimenting law and deadening active democratic participation because it places crucial issues beyond debate. In resisting entrenchment, she aligns herself with Jürgen Habermas's project of invigorating democratic constitutionalism as a “living project.”
Response to Corey Brettschneider's review of Democracy and Legal Change
Authors: Schwartzberg Melissa
Published: June 2008

Thanks to Corey Brettschneider for his generous and perceptively critical review of my work and to Jeff Isaac for inviting us to discuss these issues.
Review ofThe New U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual
Authors: Biddle Stephen
Published: June 2008

Stephen Biddle onThe U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual.By the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Forward by David H. Petraeus, James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl. Introduction by Sarah Sewall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 472p. $15.00.
Review of The New U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: June 2008

Stathis N. Kalyvas on The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. By the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Forward by David H. Petraeus, James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl. Introduction by Sarah Sewall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 472p. $15.00.
Review of The New U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: June 2008

Wendy Brown on The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. By the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Forward by David H. Petraeus, James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl. Introduction by Sarah Sewall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 472p. $15.00.
Review of The New U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual
Authors: Ollivant Douglas A.
Published: June 2008

Douglas A. Ollivant on The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. By the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Forward by David H. Petraeus, James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl. Introduction by Sarah Sewall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 472p. $15.00.
Mangelernährung im Spital – Eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Burri E. , Meier R.
Published: June 2008

Hintergrund: Die Mangelernährung bei hospitalisierten Patienten wird noch zu selten erfasst und meist keine Ernährungstherapie eingeleitet. Methoden: Pilotstudie mit konsekutiver Erfassung von 50 stationären Patienten bei Spitaleintritt mittels Nutritional Risk Score (NRS). Beginn einer Ernährungstherapie bei NRS ≥ 3 (Interventionsgruppe, IG), normale Spitalkost bei NRS < 3 (Nicht-Interventionsgruppe, NIG). Bei allen Patienten wurden Gewicht, Body-Mass-Index, Albumin und Transferrin bei Eintritt und Austritt erfasst. Die tägliche Kalorien- und Proteinzufuhr wurde mit dem errechneten Tagesbedarf verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Hospitalisationsdauer in der IG war länger (24d vs. 13d, p < 0.01) und nahm in beiden Gruppen mit steigender Punktzahl im NRS zu. In der IG blieben das Gewicht (−0.3 kg, p = 0.73 vs. −1.3 kg, p < 0.01) und der BMI (−0.1 kg/m², p = 0.69 vs. −0.4 kg/m², p < 0.01) stabiler gegenüber der NIG. Das Serumalbumin fiel in beiden Gruppen ab (−3.0 g/l vs. −2.4 g/l, p < 0.01), Transferrin blieb unverändert (−0.1 g/l, p = 0.32 vs. −0.1 g/l, p = 0.59). Die mittlere Kalorien- und Proteinzufuhr war in beiden Gruppen gleich. In der IG wurde der Tagesbedarf an Kalorien (94% vs. 79%, p < 0.01) und Proteinen (80% vs. 68%, p < 0.01) besser abgedeckt und weniger Patienten waren unterversorgt mit Kalorien (7 resp. 32% vs. 11 resp. 39%, p = 0.01) und Proteinen (13 resp. 59% vs. 22 resp. 79%, p = 0.04). Schlussfolgerung: Patienten der IG verloren trotz einer längeren Hospitalisationsdauer im Gegensatz zur NIG weniger Körpergewicht und wiesen eine entsprechend dem täglichen Bedarf deutlich höhere Kalorien- und Proteinzufuhr auf.
Sagt ein Bild mehr als tausend Worte?
Authors: Neuner-Jehle S. , Wegwarth O. , Steurer J.
Published: June 2008

Anhand eines Literaturüberblicks werden die verschiedenen Formate, mit denen Risiko in der Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation dargestellt werden kann, aufgezeigt und ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Mit dem Ziel, das Verständnis von Risiken beim Patienten1 zu optimieren, sind folgende Punkte zu beachten: Zurückhaltender Gebrauch wenig präziser verbaler Formate; unter den numerischen Formaten bevorzugte Verwendung natürlicher Zahlen gegenüber prozentualen Wahrscheinlichkeiten sowie der Einbau von aussagekräftigen, einfachen Graphiken in die Kommunikation. Anstelle einzelner Formate empfiehlt sich der kombinierte Einsatz verbaler, numerischer und graphischer Darstellungsarten, um die Effizienz der Risikokommunikation zu erhöhen.
Themen und Perspektiven der medizinhistorischen Erforschung von Krebs im 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Eschenbruch N.
Published: June 2008

Der Beitrag legt die Medizingeschichte der Krebserkrankungen im 20. Jahrhundert dar und verweist dabei auf wissenschaftliche Erklärungen, neue Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, soziale Umstände und kulturelle Deutungen der Krankheit.
Rezidivierende Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Infekte bei einer 24-jährigen Patientin
Authors: Hochholzer W. , Koch G.
Published: June 2008

Bei einer 24-jährigen Patientin mit einer langjährigen Anamnese von rezidivierenden Infekten im HNO-Bereich wird lediglich eine IgA-Defizienz festgestellt, obwohl die Anamnese eher für eine generalisierte Immundefizienz spricht. Auch wenn die Diagnose einer IgA-Defizienz bei dieser Patientin aktuell keine weiteren spezifischen therapeutischen Massnahmen erfordert, ist die Stellung dieser Diagnose dennoch von grosser Bedeutung, da zum einen ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine allergische Reaktion bei Gabe von Blutprodukten besteht und zum an deren regelmässige Nachkontrollen erfolgen sollten, um einen Übergang in eine erweiterte Immundefizienz nicht zu übersehen.
Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty estimation for tephra dispersal models
Authors: Scollo Simona , Tarantola Stefano , Bonadonna Costanza , Coltelli Mauro , Saltelli Andrea
Published: June 2008

Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty estimation are crucial to the validation and calibration of numerical models. In this paper we present the application of sensitivity analyses, parameter estimations and Monte‐Carlo uncertainty analyses on TEPHRA, an advection‐diffusion model for the description of particle dispersion and sedimentation from volcanic plumes. The model and the related sensitivity analysis are tested on two sub‐plinian eruptions: the 22 July 1998 eruption of Etna volcano (Italy) and the 17 June 1996 eruption of Ruapehu volcano (New Zealand). Sensitivity analyses are key to (1) constrain crucial eruption parameters (e.g., total erupted mass) (2) reduce the number of variables by eliminating non‐influential parameters (e.g., particle density) and (3) investigate the interactions among all input parameters (plume height, total grain‐size distribution, diffusion coefficient, fall‐time threshold and mass‐distribution parameter). For the two test cases, we found that the total erupted mass significantly affects the model outputs and, therefore, it can be accurately estimated from field data of the fallout deposit, whereas the particle density can be fixed at its nominal value because it has negligible effects on the model predictions.