bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Sleep Quality among Undergraduate Students of Universities of Karachi
Authors: Khan Fahad , Haroon Husna , Murtaza Hafsa , Anwar Erum
Published: January 2018

Background: The goal of this study is to evaluate the extent to which caffeine consumption, cigarette smoking, technology use, and academics are associated with the sleeping habits of university students. Methods: 643 undergraduate students aged 18 to 23 from five universities of Karachi completed a cross-sectional survey about sleep patterns and lifestyle habits between December 2014 and November 2015. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Pearson Chi- square test was applied to determine relationship between sleep patterns and factors affecting sleep. Results: Threshold of significance was set at <0.05. Results: Majority of the participants (60.5%) reported poor sleep quality (PSQI score >5), with an average PSQI score of 6.5 (±3.033). Sleep duration was less than 7 hours for 71.8% (N=462) of the participants. Also, most participants went to bed between 9pm to 12am, with 52.5% of males (N=136) sleeping after 12am compared to 46.1% (N=177) of the females. Other than energy drinks, no stimulant beverage showed significant relation with sleep quality. However, coffee, tea and energy drinks had a negative impact on sleep onset latency. Smoking too showed an association with poor sleep quality (p-value <0.009). Mobile phone was by far the most frequently used technological device. Conclusions: Poor sleep quality is prevalent among college students of Karachi. Behavioral habits like consumption of caffeinated drinks, smoking, and technology use are associated with increased odds of poor sleep quality.
Prevalence of Compulsive Sexual Behavior/Hyper Sexuality Disorder and Its Psychological Manifestations in Youth
Authors: Batool Syeda Farah , Ahmed Sadaf
Published: January 2018

Sexuality or sexual behaviors are very complex to understand and what better place to understand. “SEX” is a NO word in our families and society, however this a natural phenomenon in which male and female genes combine to form off springs. Every person on this planet have felt or experienced sexual desire or got engage in sexual activities. Many parts of the brain are involved in generating a cascade of sexual events within the body but Limbic System plays a primary role in the initiation of sexual drive/ desire. When a person gets attracted towards someone these parts of the brain become active and induce sexual desire, this is a normal body response, but sometimes these parts become hyperactive and sexual desire is uncontrollable such condition is termed as “Hyper sexuality”. In Pakistan, live-in relationships are not very common, so mostly unmarried individuals are involved in sex addiction. This study revolves around the increasing rate of compulsive sexual behavior in youth. A random survey has been conducted with approximately equal number of male and female participants. Subjects belong to the age group from 16-25 years. Almost 200 subjects have participated in this study. Exclusion criteria was above 25 years and below 16 years. People with any other neurological or psychological disorders were excluded. Approximately a 70% of the subjects were found to be on the track of getting hyper sexuality disorder and 15% of them were suffering from this disorder. This is the high time to break the barriers. We need to start thinking and try to discuss and resolve our issues on our own. So, think and talk.
Cenesthopathy-The Paradigm in Schizophrenia
Authors: Haider Anum
Published: January 2018

In this article, the frequently presented but underestimated or neglected area has been unveiled. The Abnormal body sensations, Cenesthesias has been discussed in the context of schizophrenia. The identified underlying Psychophysiological mechanisms and treatment options will also be discussed along with future recommendations. Two cases will be presented to contemplate this condition.
Breast Cancer Ins and Outs. Progression, Prognosis and Prospective Outcomes
Authors: Aziz Syed A.
Published: January 2018

Breast Cancer is the most common cancer globally and takes more feminine life’s than any other cancer. The Progression of breast cancer has gone down slightly on an average around the world in principle and mostly due to progress in detection methodology and awareness and this perception is in developed world. The story is totally different in the developing world.
Psychological impacts of Intimate Partner Violence on women
Authors: Soomar Sarmad Muhammad
Published: January 2018

Women are considered safe at home but many of us become intentionally unaware about the situation that Intimate Partner Violence is a harsh and unacceptable behavior that itself is exhibited by one’s own loving partner, thus making the home surroundings unsafe for women. Among all sort of violence shown by intimate partner, Physical is relatively obvious but other kinds are common too. Reasons involved behind these types of behaviors are multifactorial ranging from inequality, patriarchy and dowry to disobedience, infertility and Husbands with borderline personalities. These reasons ultimately create big disasters in women's life physically, socially and mentally. Majority of the impacts exhibited in women's life are psychological. Thus, the paper aims to highlight some major impacts of Intimate partner violence on women specially on psychological wellbeing like Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder and Suicide, with the support of relevant literature and author's witnessed case scenario. On the basis of literature review, recommendations provided includes prevention, support, marital counseling, women's education, better health facilities for women and many others. Intimate partner violence is very common and harmful. As women are more vulnerable so these circumstances impact them at a greater extent.
Challenges Faced by Women Entrepreneurs:A Case Study of Tangwani Kandhkot/Kashmore District Sindh Pakistan
Authors: Syed Anwar Ali Shah G. , Shaikh Faiz Muhammad , Kumbhar Muhammad Ismail
Published: January 2018

The research investigates the domestic violence against women in Tangwani District Kandhkot Kashmore Sindh Pakistan. Data were collected from 150 women by using qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative methods involved initial focus group meetings that were followed by the survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was more of an in depth interview because of the sensitive nature of the issues and therefore included open ended questions with certain inferences on the types of violence recorded on a quantitative sheet. Data were analyzed by using E-View 7. It was revealed that most of the surveyed women were quiet depressed and their male counterparts not working but they are solely depending on women work in SMEs. It was further revealed that the rural women is less confident and their husbands were always given them hard time once they are exposing themselves to outside the boundaries of the house. The biggest challenges which they were facing they were doing all business in house, lack of marketing facilities, Karo Kari criminal activities and they were deprived from the basic rights. The number of women who died of stove burns in the first six months of 2011-2014 was 300 compared to 1300 murders that took place at the same time.
Lack of Family Planning: The Highlighted Burden
Authors: Ali Munira Minaz , Alaman Alizah
Published: January 2018

Family planning is defined as a practice through which number of children and the intervals between their births can be controlled. The need of using contraceptives cannot be neglected in Pakistan, as this would result in unwanted pregnancies and un-safe abortions. Illiteracy, lack of knowledge, fear of side effects, and other socio-cultural factors create obstacles in using family planning methods. These obstacles in turn create adverse impacts on women health and society. For instance, failure to use contraceptives can cause unintended pregnancies which would leave the women at the risk of pregnancy related complications resulting in maternal morbidity and mortality. Moreover, multiple pregnancies also cause financial and social distress resulting in lack of ability to fulfill basic needs of a child. Thus, important measures need to be taken to alleviate the precipitating factors and to improve maternal and child health.
Healthy Aging: A Case Report
Authors: Pachani Nazish Hussain Ali , Ali Kiran Shoukat , Aziz Armish , Naushad Laila , Ali Zoya Feroz
Published: January 2018

The process of aging is considered to be a weakness, disease or death. In reality, this is a myth. In West Virginia the concept of ‘Healthy Aging’ is developed to empower senior members of the country worldwide. This case report illustrates the application of the concept ‘Healthy Aging’ to an institutional setting in Karachi. This group project primarily aimed at how the client thinks, feels, communicates and respond to change in self and environment. The group planned to categorize activities into five components as physical, physiological, psychological, emotional, and spiritual domains. It builds a strong foundation for health promotion and disease prevention in older adults. Clients gain insight and group had an everlasting learning experience in geriatric care.
Ibogaína ¿Una Oportunidad para los Adictos?
Authors: Almaguer Vargas Ga , Bautista Ávila Ma , Montejano Rodríguez JR
Published: January 2018

La recuperación para las personas adictas a las drogas es un proceso difícil, en donde el síndrome de abstinencia y el cue, ocasionan que aun con tratamiento el índice de recaídas sea alto. Controversialmente se ha propuesto el uso de ibogaína, un alcaloide con efectos alucinógenos que interviene disminuyendo signos, síntomas y el craving para diversas sustancias adictivas facilitando así la deshabituación.
Plan de cuidados de enfermería con las taxonomías: Diagnósticos de enfermería (nanda), Clasificación de resultados de enfermería (noc), Clasificación de intervenciones de enfermería
Authors: Gayosso Islas E. , Sánchez Moreno C. , Mayorga Ponce RB , Morales González JA
Published: January 2018

El plan de cuidados de enfermería con la interacción de las taxonomías NANDA, NIC y NOC facilita a los profesionales de enfermería la planificación de los cuidados y permite manejar un lenguaje estandarizado. La NANDA proporciona una clasificación diagnósticaque sirve de guia, a través de la cual, se unifica internacionalmente el lenguaje de enfermería. La taxonomía NOC se utiliza para conceptualizar, denominar, validar y clasificar los resultados que se obtienen de la intervención de enfermería. Este lenguaje incluye resultados esperados, indicadores y escalas de medición. La taxonomía NIC, es una clasificación global y estandarizada de las intervenciones que realiza el profesional de enfermería, que tiene como centro de interés la decisión que tome para llevar a la persona al resultado esperado. La metodología de trabajo del profesional de enfermería, debe conducir a establecer un cuidado eficiente y de calidad, elaborando planes de cuidado de enfermería, que garanticen la seguridad del usuario.
Autocuidados de la mujer embarazada en el consumo de antiemeticos (doxilamina / piridoxina y metoclopramida)
Authors: Arias-Rico J. , Sánchez Padilla ML , Lazcano Ortiz M. , Jiménez Sánchez C. , Bermejo Sánchez E. , Grupo Periférico del ECEMC , Martínez-Frías ML
Published: January 2018

Antecedentes: La náusea sola o en combinación con vómitos puede presentarse en el embarazo (NVE). La náusea es un trastorno común que afecta el 50-70 % de las mujeres embarazadas. NVE es característica del primer trimestre. Alrededor del 2 % de las mujeres embarazadas experimentan la forma más grave de NVE, es la hiperémesis gravídica. Esta patología reduce sustancialmente la calidad de vida de la mujer embarazada. Se puede requerir una intervención con antieméticos hasta que desaparezca.Objetivos: Investigar el porcentaje de mujeres que toman antieméticos durante el embarazo, analizar el potencial riesgo teratogénico y establecer estrategias para el autocuidado.Material y métodos: Se analizaron los datos del Estudio Colaborativo Español de Malformaciones Congénitas de red (ECEMC). Se consideraron como expuestos los lactantes (casos y sus controles) cuyas madres estuvieron expuestas a fármacos antieméticos, durante el primer trimestre del embarazo. Para el análisis de fármacos antieméticos, se consideraron los datos de combinación de doxilamina/piridoxina, metoclopramida y el subgrupo de fenotiazinas (OR=1.69, p=0.017).Resultados: Los datos registrados en el ECEMC un promedio de 49 % de las mujeres embarazadas se ha reportado NVE. El antiemético más consumido fue doxilamina/piridoxina. La metoclopramida fue el segundo antiemético consumido y con pocos casos expuestos el subgrupo fenotiazinas. La combinación de doxilamina / piridoxina no presentó riesgo en la población de mujeres embarazadas españolas (OR=1.02, p = 0.36). La metoclopramida mostró un pequeño pero significativo aumento del riesgo teratogénico (OR = 1.21, p=0.0001), así como las fenotiazinas (OR=1.69, p=0.017). Conclusiones: El impacto de NVE en la salud se relaciona con una baja calidad de vida en las mujeres embarazadas y que tiende a ser minimizado. Esta es la razón por la que debemos tratar a NVE en forma oportuna con medicamentos seguros. Los autocuidados durante el embarazo deben ser mayores y no permitir las complicaciones de la NVE. La combinación de doxilamina / piridoxina usado durante el primer trimestre de embarazo no se asoció con un mayor riesgo de malformaciones.
Como alterar el ritmo circadiano: fundamentos, beneficios y consecuencias
Authors: Flores Martínez NA
Published: January 2018

El presente ensayo establece las bases para un estudio experimental del ritmo circadiano y como este puede ser alterado para proporcionar al cuerpo humano un nuevo sistema de interpretación de datos y de expresión de la memoria. Un nuevo sistema de aprendizaje que surge de los existentes, esto se puede observar en las investigaciones de estimulación sonora (como musicoterapia, el sistema Play-it-again-Sam, el efecto Mozart, etc.). Las expresiones culturales de sugestión y de presión social hacen cambios significativos y “eternos” en la expresión de la personalidad de un determinado grupo de personas. Todo esto lo basamos en cuestiones experimentales reportadas por diferentes científicos, tanto como por investigaciones teóricas y bases establecidas en los libros de texto y científicos. Podemos observar ciertas consecuencias y efectos secundarios que, bajo un cierto control de la conciencia, son fáciles de evitar.
Los programas de formación ética en Odontología. Propuestas para que la ética tenga más impacto en la licenciatura de Cirujano Dentista
Authors: Cortes Ortiz V. , Meneses Gutiérrez ME , Ortiz Ruiz J. , Balderas Delgadillo C.
Published: January 2018

El presente trabajo pretende crear conciencia entre los profesionales de la odontología y las instituciones formadoras de odontólogos, acerca del riesgo de pérdida de credibilidad ante la sociedad de nuestro ejercicio profesional, y la importancia que tiene la materia de ética profesional en los planes de estudio de la carrera de Cirujano Dentista.
Gestión de cambio en Enfermería
Authors: Lazcano Ortiz M. , Sánchez Padilla ML , Jiménez Sánchez RC , Arias Rico José , Pérez García MA , Ramírez Lugo A. , Méndez Sánchez A. , Lozano Mexico Y. , Escamilla García BN , Rello Yañez K.
Published: January 2018

El cambio es un proceso que abarca todas las actividades dirigidas a ayudar a la organización para que adopte exitosamente nuevas actitudes, tecnologías y formas de hacer negocios. Tiene su origen en fuerzas internas y externas.

La administración efectiva del cambio, permite la transformación de la estrategia, los procesos, la tecnología y las personas para reorientar al logro de sus objetivos, maximizar su desempeño y asegurar el mejoramiento del ambiente de negocios.

Esto se realiza mediante una persona como agente de cambio que facilita, guía y orienta durante este proceso a todos los participantes. Esta persona realiza una valoración de la organización y de los empleados para identificar problemas y, de esa manera, realizar los cambios en la empresa, la estructura y al personal.

El proceso del cambio puede ser planificado en el cual se permite estudiar a la empresa para buscar estrategias que sean óptimas. Varios autores han estudiado el cambio y uno de los más reconocidos es Lewin que propuso 3 etapas, las cuales son: descongelamiento, desplazamiento y recongelamiento. Dentro de estas etapas es posible que se presente la resistencia al cambio que es de manera individual u organizacional y tiene su origen en la falta de comunicación del agente de cambio y los participantes, el miedo a lo desconocido o la amenaza que presenta el cambio a su modo de trabajo.

Dentro del ámbito de enfermería el profesional debe de aceptar el cambio dentro de la estructura organizacional y los sistemas de información utilizando modelos que sean favorables para la institución o puede generar conflictos internos que no permiten el desempeño del personal, por lo cual el profesional de enfermería encargado del cambio debe de involucrar a todo el equipo, establecer comunicación, considerar al personal y aceptar las críticas para mejorar.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FOUR TYPES OF POLE AND LINER
Authors: Farhum St. Aisyah
Published: January 2018

This study was purposed to compare the stability of four types of pole and liner casco (round bottom, round flat bottom, round sharp bottom and u-v bottom),. The stability value was analyzed by calculating the stability on the curve with the heeling angle of 0-90°. The stability results of each casco type were then compared with the criteria of minimum standard value derived from IMO (International Maritime Organization). Results showed that the four casco types had greater stability values than IMO standard values. This study found that the stability value of the round –sharp bottom casco was better than the others.Keywords: Stability of fishing boat, Pole and liner, casco
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA IN THE ARAFURA SEA
Authors: Natsir Suhartati M. , Rubiman Rubiman
Published: January 2018

Arafura Sea consists of shallow waters and located in the Southern of Papua to the north coast of Australia. The waters is vegetated by shallow-water ecosytems such as mangrove, seagrass bed, and coral reefs. The Arafura continental shelf is predominated by sediment from late Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Cenozoic and underlain by granitic basement. Foraminifera is a single cell microorgainsm, has pseudopodia with high level of diversity. Foraminifera dwells in every level of sea depth, from estuary to the deep sea. However, a certain species commonly dwells in the specific profundity. The aim of the study was to recognize the distribution of benthic foraminifera in the waters of Arafura Sea and it relation with the environmental characteristics. As many as 11 sediment samples was collected in May 2010 from the water of Arafura Sea using a box core with capcity of 0,3 m3. Laboratory analyses on the colleted samples were performed to determine the type of sediments and identify the benthic foraminifera, and to determine the abundance of each samples. The number of species found from the collected sediments were 37 species consisting of 29 genera of which most of them were member of Suborder Rotaliina and many of them belong to Suborder Miliolina and Textulariina. The most common species of the sampling sites were Ammonia beccarii and Pseudorotalia schroeteriana. The Arafura Sea commonly recognized as shallow waters, open seas, with current speed of midium to high. The predominant sediment type of the waters is sandy mud and little of clay.Keywords: distribution, benthic foraminifera, sediment and Arafura
MARINE SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS AT KARIMUN JAVA SEA BASED ON STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE ANALYSIS, TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) AND GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS (GRANULOMETRY)
Authors: Suryantini Suryantini , Ismanto Aris , Aji Indarta Kuncoro , Saputri Dwi Fajar , Helfinalis Helfinalis
Published: January 2018

A sedimentology survey was conducted during “Pelayaran Kebangsaan” research activities with a marine vessel of "Baruna Jaya VIII" in Karimun Java Sea. The objectives of the research were to determine the characteristics of marine water and its sediment, which are important control for coral reef growth in the study area. The survey acquired samples of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS) and gravity coring. Several analyses were then carried out on those samples; TSS analysis to determine the amount of suspended sediments in sea water that reflect the water quality for marine ecology, stratigraphic profile and sediment thickness pattern analyses to determine the sources of sediment, and grain-size analysis based on granulometry to determine deposition energy and grain-size distribution in the area. Those analyses were both conducted on-board Baruna Jaya VIII research vessel and P2O LIPI laboratory in Jakarta. The results showed that in Java Sea nearby Karimun Java Islands, the sediment supply came from the surrounding islands. Two sedimentary units were found in this area. The first units has thickness of tens centimeter from sea bed surface. It is characterized by grayish green color, grain size variation from clay to coarse sand, soft or low density and abundance with shells. The second unit is located beneath the first one, indicated by sharp contact. It is characterized by brownish color, higher density resembling the density of rock, less compacted and can be broken easily by hand, with occasionally thin carbon lenses or remnant of decomposed vegetation, and less shell or fossil At sea surface, TSS distribution shows value between 0.018 and 0.034 gr/l, with average of 0.025 gr/l, whereas at near bottom sea, it ranges between 0.024 and 0.030 gr/l, with average value of 0.027 gr/l. The granulometry shows that more than 50% of sediment is characterized by the abundance of grain size greater than 3 phi. It suggest that sea water around Karimun Java Islands was clear and the current was relatively calm. These conditions were relatively stable for a long time span. Those sea characteristics were important for successful growth of coral reefs and its complementary marine biotas. However, further studies and researches based on chemical and physical characteristics of sea water, and plankton and microbiology variation and abundances are necessary to confirm those presuppositions.Keywords: total suspended solid, gravity coring, stratigraphic profile, granulometry, Karimun Java Sea
THE COMPOSITION OF SPECIES AND STRUCTURE OF SEAGRASS FISH COMMUNITY IN TANJUNG TIRAM – INNER AMBON BAY
Authors: Latuconsina Husain , Nessa M. Natsir , Rappe Rohani Ambo
Published: January 2018

The study was conducted in March - May 2011 in the coastal waters of Tanjung Tiram – inner Ambon bay. The aims of the study were to determine the composition of species and structure of fish communities in seagrass beds ecosystems. Fish were collected every spring and neap tide for three month periode with a swept area method using beach seine. Fishes were collected as many as 6444 individuals representing 68 species from 29 families. Siganus canaliculatus was contributed up to 62.91% of the total individual fish found.The fish community structure was varied between spring and neap tide. Index of dominance was in low category, diversity in medium, and evenness in unstable conditions. Moreover, the results indicated that seagrass ecosystems in Tanjung Tiram (TAD) have an important role as spawning, nursery ground, and feeding ground. Therefore, management and conservation efforts are urgently needed to maintain the ecological role of seagrass ecosystems for the sustainability of the fish resources.Keywords: Seagrass beds, fish community, tanjung tiram, inner Ambon Bay
PERIODS OF MOUTH OPENING AND YOLK ABSORPTION RELATED TO THE ACTIVITY OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN THE EARLY STADIA FROM THE SECOND GENERATION OF HUMPBACK GROUPER BROODSTOCK
Authors: Andriyanto Wawan , Marzuqi Muhammad
Published: January 2018

The experiment was carried out to determine the exposure time of the first mouth opening on humpback grouper larval from F2 broodstock on hatchery until 10 DAH (days after hatching) because this phase is a critical phase of larval adaptation from food endogenous (from yolk sac) to the ability of absorbing nutrients from external (exogenous). The eggs used were collected from natural spawning of second generation of humpback grouper reared in the tank size of 150 litre. The mouth opening was observed at 90 and 45 degrees under computerize integrated microscope and processed by a specific software. The rate of yolk absorption was observed in larvae from the beginning to the end of breeding, while the activities of digestive enzymes (trypsin and chymotripsin) were analyzed by enzyme assay techniques. The results showed that the period of mouth opening of larvae of humpback grouper occurred at 3 DAH with mouth openings of 45° as large as 0.103 mm and of 90° as large as 0.156 mm. In the early stadia, the diameter of yolk was 0.1875 mm, while the oil globule was 0.0537 mm. At 4 days after hatching, the yolk and oil globule had been absorbed, while the enzymes trypsin and chymotripsin were detected in the early stadia. The results also showed that the larvae was started to use foods from outside after the age of 4 DAH. Up to the age of 10 days, the mouth opening increased and the activity of trypsin and chymotripsin were still detected.Keywords: progeny larvae of humpback grouper F2, mouth opening, yolk sac, enzyme
THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES ON SEA GRASS Enhalus acoroides AT PARI ISLAND, SERIBU ISLANDS
Authors: Widiarti Riani , Anggraini Fitrian
Published: January 2018

Benthic dinoflagellates causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), could be found attached either on macroalgae or sea grasses. Research on density and distribution of benthic dinoflagellates on sea grass leaves was conducted in Pari Island waters, Seribu Islands, in April 2012. Research was carried out by collecting Enhalus acoroides leaves from each site, and put inside the plastic jars containing seawater. In order to separate the dinoflagellates species from the leaves, the plastic jars were shaken vigorously and the seawater filtered through a series of sieves (125μm and 20μm). The resulted residue was than observed using Sedgewick rafter cell under light microscope. Based on samples collected, eight benthic dinoflagellates were found, where five of them were potentially toxic. They were Prorocentrum concavum, P. lima, P. rhathymum, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and O. siamensis. The highest abundance was found in the reef flat on the southern side of the island (652 sel/cm2 seagrass leaf). Research showed that the density and distribution of toxic dinoflagellates on sea grass at Pari Island, Seribu Islands were more influenced by local water currents.Keywords: benthic dinoflagellates, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, Pari Island, seagrass
LIFE-FEED ENRICHMENT FOR LARVAL REARING OF YELLOWBAND CLOWNFISH (Premnas biaculeatus)
Authors: Setiawati Ketut Maha , Gunawan Gunawan
Published: January 2018

The seeds of yellowband clownfish from hatchery has a pale skin colour and a yellow stripe became white colour.  The purposes of this research were to know the effects of life-feed enrichment on the growth of larva and the appearance of colors  yellowband clownfish. The treatments were the enrichment of rotifers and Artemia with commercial enrichment + Nannochloropsis (A), and without commercial enrichment as control, only Nannochloropsis (B). This research conducted for 15 days rearing. Larva rearings of yellowband clownfish fish with treatment A were resulted the total length at the end experiment was 7.72  ± 0.63 mm,  dan survival rate 52.6 ± 19.1 %.  The total length at treatment B was 7. 61  ± 0.43 mm and   survival rate 47.7 ± 24.2%.  Different enrichment of life-feed was not significant different effect for total length, survival rate and colour of seeds Keywords: life-feed, enrichment, growth, survival rate, colour, yellowband clownfish.
DIMENSION OF SEAMOUNT USING MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER IN BENGKULU WATERS
Authors: Fahrulian Fahrulian , Manik Henry , Hartoyo Djoko
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this research was to determine the dimensions of seamount using echosuonder in Bengkulu waters.  The survey was conducted by BPPT, LIPI, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, CGGVeritas, and the Institut de Physique du Globe (IPG) Paris in the southwest of the Sumatera island on 18-19 December 2010. Two  acoustic instruments were  used i.e., ELAC Seabeam 1050D with a frequency of 50 kHz and Simrad EM 12D with a frequency of 12 kHz.  Data acquisition was obtained by using the hydrostar software in Baruna Jaya 3 and 4 research vessels. CARIS HIPS and SIPS6.1 softwares were used toprocess the data of bathymetry. Amplitude and backscatter data were obtained by data processing on the MBSystem. Data visualization in 3-D was performed using the Fladermaus 6.2 software (personal license of Djoko Hartoyo). Seamount form was assumed as a cone with an elliptical base to calculate the dimensions. The result showed an under water seamount of 320 Km from the southwest of Bengkulu city at -4°22’9.16’’latitude and 99°25’01.47’’ longitude. The seamount height was ± 3,968 meters and had two peak separated at ± 3,050 meters. Seamount peaks located at ± 1.270 meters below sea level. The major axis was ± 50,240 meters and the minor axis in this seamount was ± 5,644 meters Keywords: seamount dimension, bathymetry, backscattering, Bengkulu Waters
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN SEKOTONG AND KODEK BAY WATERS, WEST LOMBOK
Authors: Sutomo Sutomo
Published: January 2018

Phytoplankton plays important roles of food weeb in aquatic ecosystem, can absorb and release CO2 which is very useful for other organisms and the environment. The purpose of this research was to study the community structure, including abundance, composition and diversity of phytoplankton in the Sekotong and Kodek Bay, West Lombok. The study was conducted in April 2012 at 10 stations in the Sekotong Bay  and six stations in Kodek Bay. Sampling was done vertically by using plankton Kitahara net having mesh size of 80 μm. The results showed that the abundance of phytoplankton from 10 stations in Sekotong Bay ranged between 834,134-6,488,888 sel/m3, while in Code Bay ranged between 53,571-191,642 sel/m3. Phytoplankton dominant in the waters of Sekotong Bay were Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, while in Kodek Bay the dominant phytoplankton were Chaetoceros, Hemialus, Lauderia, and Skeletonema. The results of the analysis of the diversity of phytoplankton genera in Sekotong Bay  showed the value of diversity index (H')=0.40-1.13 and dominancy  index=0.41-0.85. While in Kode Bay, the diversity of phytoplankton genera showed  the value of diversity index (H')=1.53-1.98 and dominancy index=0.03-0.28. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the diversity of phytoplankton genera in the waters Sekotong Bay could be classified as less to moderate and there was a tendency of being dominated by one genera in the population. The diversity of phytoplankton genera in Kodek could be  classified as moderate and there were low tendency of domination by certain genera in the population. Keywords: stucture community, phytoplankton, Sekotong Bay, Kodek Bay, West Lombok.
DISTRIBUTION AND PREDICTION ON HEAVY METALS POLLUTION LEVEL (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni) IN SEDIMENT IN BANGKA ISLAND WATERS USING LOAD POLLUTION INDEX AND GEOACCUMULATION INDEX
Authors: Ahmad Fasmi
Published: January 2018

Bangka Island is rich in natural resources particularly tin minerals. The increasing of tin mining has elevated various wastes such as tailings, oil, and fuel coming from the sand scraper tin boat. These wastes containing toxic heavy metals may harmful to marine organism. Measurement of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni were carried out in September 2010. The purpose of this research was to predict the pollution degree of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in sediment using two different methods namely geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and pollution load index (PLI). The samples of sediments were collected at 20 stations using Gravity Core. The content of heavy metals in all samples was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a mixture of air and acetylene flame. The results showed that there was a different of prediction on sediment pollution level between Load Pollution Index with Geoaccumulation Index. According to Load Pollution Index, sediments in this waters were not polluted by Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni (PLI<1). Based on Geoaccumulation Index, sediment were also not polluted by Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni (Igeo<0). While for Cd, sediments divided into three categories, namely not polluted (Igeo<0), light polluted (0<Igeo<1), and medium pollued (1<Igeo<2).  The concentration of the heavy metals still lower than that sediment quality guideline values. Keywords: Bangka Island, heavy metals, geoaccumulation index, pollution load index.
ZONATION AND DENSITY OF INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES AT COASTAL AREA OF BATU HIJAU, SUMBAWA
Authors: Yulianda Fredinan , Yusuf Muhamad Salamuddin , Prayogo Windy
Published: January 2018

Characteristics of coastal tidal areas of Batu Hijau vary from sandy substrate type, sandy to rocky reef with a wide expanse of intertidal ranges from 100 meters to 350 meters. To find out zoning intertidal community,the observation conducted at five locations intertidal beach, each consisting of three zones: the high tide, middle tide and low tide. Living structure in tidal areas of coastal Batu Hijau, Sumbawa consists of the main communities and associated biota. The main intertidal community composed of coral, seagrass, algae, and other fauna, while the intertidal biota associated with tidal habitat consists of a group of molluscs, echinoderm, crustacean, worms and fish. Distribution of intertidal communities formed three zones consisting of (1) seagrass (21.3%) in the upper zone (high tide), (2) algae (35.5%) in the central zone (mid tide), and (3) coral (28.5%) and algae (42.5%) in the lower zone (low tide). The main groups of biota in the form of tidal zoning system consisting of two groups of molluscs (51.12%) in the upper zone, while the echinoderms that predominate in the central zone (36.96%) and lower (66.89%). No significant differences between the structure and composition of marine intertidal communities in September 2011 (rainy season) and April 2012 (dry season). Keywords: intertidal (tidal), percent cover, density, community, biota
VARIABILITY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS OF SURFACE WATER IN VARIOUS SEASONS
Authors: Untung Murjat Hi , Nababan Bisman , Siregar Vincentus P.
Published: January 2018

Variability and spatial distribution data of the total scattering coefficients ares useful in the development of bio-optical algorithms of ocean color satellite. The purpose of this study was to determine the variability and spatial distribution of the total scattering coefficient at 9 wavelengths (λ) in different seasons. Field data collection were conducted in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) of the spring , summer, and fall in 1999-2000 by using the ac-9 in-situ Spectrophotometer and restricted to coastal waters of 10 m isobath and offshore of 1000 m isobath. The data were filtered using the moving average method and tested with the Kruskal-Wallis. The results showed that the average value of the total scattering coefficients were significantly different among spring, summer, and fall. In general, the total scattering coefficients were relatively high, especially in the coastal waters near the mouth of the river each season and relatively low in offshore waters except during the summer that the total scattering coefficients were also relatively high in offshore watersdue to the intrusion of the Mississippi river flow toward offshore containing high nutrients that can promote the growth of phytoplankton in the offshore, suspended material and lower salinity jointly to increase the total scattering coefficients.   Keywords: variability, spatial distribution, total scattering coefficient, bio-optic, NEGOM.
SHALLOW WATER HABITAT MAPPING AND REEF FISH STOCK ESTIMATION USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE DATA
Authors: Siregar Vincentius P. , Wouthuyzen Sam , Sunuddin Andriani , Anggoro Ari , Mustika Ade Ayu
Published: January 2018

Shallow marine waters comprise diverse benthic types forming habitats for reef fish community, which important for the livelihood of coastal and small island inhabitants. Satellite imagery provide synoptic map of benthic habitat and further utilized to estimate reef fish stock. The objective of this research was to estimate reef fish stock in complex coral reef of Pulau Pari, by utilizing high resolution satellite imagery of the WorldView-2 in combination with field data such as visual census of reef fish. Field survey was conducted between May-August 2013 with 160 sampling points representing four sites (north, south, west, and east). The image was analy-zed and grouped into five classes of benthic habitats i.e., live coral (LC), dead coral (DC), sand (Sa), seagrass (Sg), and mix (Mx) (combination seagrass+coral and seagrass+sand). The overall accuracy of benthic habitat map was 78%. Field survey revealed that the highest live coral cover (58%) was found at the north site with fish density 3.69 and 1.50 ind/m2at 3 and 10 m depth, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest live coral cover (18%) was found at the south site with fish density 2.79 and 2.18  ind/m2 at 3 and 10 m depth, respectively. Interpolation on fish density data in each habitat class resulted in standing stock reef fish estimation:  LC (5,340,698 ind), DC (56,254,356 ind), Sa (13,370,154 ind), Sg (1,776,195 ind) and Mx (14,557,680 ind). Keywords: mapping, satellite imagery, benthic habitat, reef fish, stock estimation
DISTRIBUTIONAND DIVERSITY OF MACRO ALGAE COMMUNITIES IN THE AMBON BAY
Authors: Litaay Christina
Published: January 2018

Water conditions affected by natural and anthropogenic parameters such as sedimentation and solid waste disposal can influence the growth and distribution of macro algae. Sustainable management efforts can reduce damage on the Gulf coast of Ambon due to human activities and land clearing. This study was conducted in October 2008 using the transect method with 3 replicates in five locations i.e., Tantui, Air Salobar, Hative Besar, Halong, and Lateri. The interior and exterior waters of Ambon Bay contained different habitat conditions due to  sedimentation processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and diversity of macro algae communities in the Ambon Bay. The results found 21 species of macro- algae consisting of 10 species of Rhodhophyceae, 6 species of Chlorophyceae, and 5 species of Phaeophyceae. The highest density value of seaweed in Tantui was 389.0 g/m² of Chlorophyceae of Halimeda genus. In Air Salobar and Halong, the highest density value was Rhodophyceae of Gracilaria genus of 172.0 g/m² and 155.0 g/m², respectively. For the other genus in the Tantui and Lateri regions were dominated by Ulva at 92.10 gr/m2 and Padina of 20.0 gr/m2, respectively. The highest dominance of macro algae in the Hative Besar was found Chlorophyceae of Halimeda genus of 2.93 %, in the Air Salobar of Phaeophyceae of Turbinaria genus of 1.43 %. The difference values in density and the dominance of macro algae indicated an influence of habitat and environment due to seasons, sediment, and solid waste disposal to the diversity of macro algae. Keywords: Diversity, macro algae, Ambon Bay.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT PREFERENCE OF BIVALVIA IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF SIMPANG PESAK SUB DISTRICT, EAST BELITUNG DISTRICT
Authors: Akhrianti Irma , Bengen Dietriech G , Setyobudiandi Isdradjad
Published: January 2018

The coastal waters of Simpang Pesak Sub-district, East Belitung Regency considered as a productive region and had a broad range of habitats for bivalvia. However, research on spatial distribution and habitat preference of bivalvia in this region is limited to none. The objectives of this research were to examine the effects of marine biophysical parameters and substrate quality on bivalvia. The research was started from Mei 2013 until June 2013 by using survey method and random systematic sampling approach. The results showed that there were 16 species of bivalves consisted of 14 genus from 7 family and dominated by Gafrarium pectinatum at station I (13.62 ind/m2, C=0.52, H’=0.6, muddy sandy), and  station II (28.4 ind/m2, C=0.51, H’=1.04, sandy), Gafrarium tumidum at station III (59.9 ind/m2, C=0.51, H’=1.03, sandy), Scapharca pilula at Stasiun IV (61,6 ind/m2, C=0.5, H’=0.89, clay sandy). Spatial distribution and density of bivalves were influenced by particle size, C-organik, and other environmental factors such as current, dissolved oxygen, TSS, temperature, and salinity. Keywords: bivalves, distribution, habitat preference
INTRA-SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF NEAR-BOTTOM CURRENT IN THE HALMAHERA SEA
Authors: Wattimena Marlin C , Atmadipoera Agus S , Purba Mulia , Koch-Larrouy Ariane
Published: January 2018

The secondary entry portal of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) from the Pacific to Indian Oceans is considered to be via the Halmahera Sea (HS). However, few ITF studies have been done within the passage. This motivated the Internal Tides and Mixing in the Indonesian Througflow (INDOMIX) program to conduct direct measurements of currents and its variability across the eastern path of the ITF. This study focused on the intra-seasonal variability of near-bottom current in HS (129°E, 0°S), its origin and correlation with surface zonal winds and sea surface height over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The result showed a strong northwestward mean flow with velocity exceeding 40 cm/s, which represented the current-following topography with the northwest orientation. Meridional current component was much stronger than the zonal component. The energy of power spectral density (PSD) of the current peaked on 14-days and 27-days periods. The first period was presumably related to the tidal oscillation, but the latter may be associated with surface winds perturbation. Furthermore, cross-PSD revealed a significant coherency between the observed currents and the surface zonal winds in the central equatorial Pacific zonal winds (180°E-160°W), which corroborates westward propagation of intra-seasonal sea surface height signals along the 5°S with its mean phase speeds of 50 cm/s, depicting the low-latitude westward Rossby waves on intra-seasonal band. Keywords: current, equatorial Pacific Ocean,  zonal winds, sea surface height, Halmahera Sea
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPID BIOMARKERS (N-ALKANES, FATTY ACIDS, STEROLS, N-ALKANOLS AND ISOPRENOID) IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS OF MUARA ANGKE JAKARTA BAY AND CILINTANG-UJUNG KULON
Authors: Nugraha Mohammad Agung , Prartono Tri , Sanusi Harpasis Slamet
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT Lipid biomarkers as specific organic compounds can be used to evaluate the possible contribution of organic carbon from different sources or to trace the biological origin of molecules. The purpose of this research was to assess the contribution of sedimentary organic of origin based on the characteristics of lipid biomarkers in the Muara Angke Estuary-Jakarta Bay and Cilintang-Ujung Kulon.  Single sediment sample were collected at the 10 cm deep from the top sediment.  Those samples were extracted by soxhlet apparatus and fractioned prior to GC-MS analysis.  All of those sediment showed different characteristics of biomarker (n-alkanes, fatty acid, sterol,n-alkanols and isoprenoid). They indicated the different of contribution of organic material inputs influenced by the activity of the upland and surrounding the estuary. Keywords: estuary sediment, GC-MS, lipids biomarkers
MANGROVE COVERAGE CHANGE DETECTION USING LANDSAT IMAGERIES BASED ON HYBRID CLASSIFICATION IN KEMBUNG RIVER, BENGKALIS ISLAND, RIAU PROVINCE
Authors: Jhonnerie Romie , Siregar Vincentius P , Nababan Bisman , Prasetyo Lilik Budi , Wouthuyzen Sam
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT The limited scientific information and lack of attention from stakeholders on the status of mangroves in Kembung River functioned as a basis of this study. Four series of Landsat data recorded in 1996, 2002, 2010, and 2013 were used to map mangrove land cover and changes detection. Hybrid classification technique, a combination of the object-based and random forest classifications, were applied in this study. The result showed that based on hybrid classification, mangrove coverage was detected within 82.6-88.4% overall accuracy. Change detection analyses showed that the mangrove area of Kembung River was relatively stable. For nearly two decades, we found mangrove loss about 197.2 ha, gain of 251.1 ha, and unchanged of 2904.9 ha. Changes in mangrove were generally caused by anthropogenic factors such as mangrove replanting, logging, changes over the function of mangroves into the road, embankment, settlement, shrimp farms, and natural growth. Serious attention from various parties are needed to maintain the existence and sustainablility of mangrove ecosystems in Kembung River.   Keywords: Mangrove, Sungai Kembung, monitoring, Landsat, hybrid classification
CHANGE DETECTION OF CORAL REEF HABITAT USING LANDSAT IMAGERY IN MOROTAI ISLAND NORTH MALUKU PROVINCE
Authors: Wahiddin Nurhalis , Siregar Vincentius P , Nababan Bisman , Jaya Indra , Wouthuyzen Sam
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT Scientific information on coral reef habitat changes of Morotai island is very limited to none. This study aimed to detect the change of coral reef habitats between 1996 and 2013, using Landsat imagery integrated with field data in 2012. The research was conducted in the coral reef ecosystem of Morotai Island in North Maluku province. Change detection analyses were conducted using supervised classifications and transformation depth invariant index (DII), with five habitat classes i.e., mixed-habitat, coral, seagrass, sand, and rubble. The result showed that in 1996-2002 there was a significant increase in the mix-habitat and rubble classes (11.3% and 32.5%), however,  there  was  a siginifcant decrease in the sand, seagrass, and coral classes of -14.1%, -14.9%, and -16.6%, respectively. In 2002-2013, mixed-habitat, sand, and seagrass classes were increase by 1.1%, 13.3%, and 24.78%, respectively.  Meanwhile, coral and rubble classes were decrease by -22.7% and -27.0%, respectively. Within the period of 1996-2013, there was about 43.6% loss of coral reef of Morotai island.  This was probably caused by the increase of seas surface temperature nad and the increase of human activities in the region. Keywords: coral reef habitats, Landsat, change detection, Morotai Island
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CARRAGEENAN Kappaphycus alvarezii FROM COAST OF KUTAI TIMUR DISTRICT
Authors: Asikin Andi Noor , Kusumaningrum Indrati , Sutono Doddy
Published: January 2018

Carrageenan is a gelling form of polysaccharide obtained from extraction process of red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) including Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carrageenan is widely used for pharmacy, cosmetics,  food,  gelling,  and  binding  agent  as  well  as  emulsifier  and  stabi-lizer. The quality of carrageenan is affected by several factors, one of them such as concen-tration of KOH. The objectives of this research were to define the best concentration of KOH for extraction and characterize the functional properties. Functional properties of carrageen-an in this research were sulphate content, acid insoluble ash, gell strength, fiber, and whiteness. The experimental design used for this research was completely ran-domized design with four treatments of KOH concentrations i.e. 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%.  The study showed that the use of KOH concentarion of 7% resulted the best of carrageenan quality containing 24.36% sulphate, 1.96% acid insoluble ash, 17.80 g/cm2 gell strength, 8.94% fiber and 58.91% whiteness. Keywords: carrageenan, extraction, functional properties, Kalium Hydroxide, Kappaphycus alvarezii