bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different approaches to the pursuit of internationalization by Italian SMEs
Authors: Colapinto Cinzia , Gavinelli Laura , Zenga Mariangela , Di Gregorio Angelo
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to analyse why Italian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) pursue internationalization (current and future entry modes, motivations, advantages and difficulties) and how they go about it, with reference to four key areas: innovation and technology, networking, environmental approach and human resource (HR) competences.

Design/methodology/approach

– A questionnaire was distributed to 792 enterprises with a response rate of 24.37 per cent. Data were collected using the computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method and processed with Rasch analysis, Principal Components Analysis and Cluster analysis methods.

Findings

– The paper presents the results of a quantitative research on SMEs located in the Province of Monza and Brianza – one of the most productive territories in Italy. Four different clusters emerged with specific approaches. Briefly, this paper points out that: innovation is mostly linked to the product and is incremental; HR and their competences are crucial for facing complex markets; the green issue is not dominant (it is considered only for saving energy and reducing cost production); and networking is not a key issue (except informal relations, contractual agreements and strategic alliances).

Research limitations/implications

– The research could be extended: through a longitudinal survey on the same sample; by covering different territories on the same topics. The cluster analysis identifies potential guidelines for entrepreneurial behaviour in respect to key factors for exiting from the economic and financial crisis: innovation and technology, formal and informal networks, the “green” approach, HR training.

Originality/value

– This paper presents a new interdisciplinary approach that may work beyond country boundaries, providing a new basis to the debate on the internationalization of SMEs.
Is a firm’s financial risk associated with corporate social responsibility?
Authors: Hsu Feng Jui , Chen Yu-Cheng
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine whether socially responsible firms behave differently from other firms in terms of financial risk using US-based firms from 1991 to 2012.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors used the KLD social performance rating scores as the measure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and obtained an initial sample of 38,158 firm-year observations from 1991 to 2012. The authors obtained the monthly consensus earnings forecast for fiscal year one and the monthly dispersions for these earnings forecasts from I/B/E/S, and the bond spread from DataStream database. Specifically, the authors question whether firms that exhibit CSR obtain market approval to reduce financial risk, thereby providing investors and regulators with more reliable and transparent financial information, as opposed to firms that do not meet the same criteria.

Findings

– The authors find that social responsible firms usually perform better in terms of their credit ratings and have lower credit risk, in terms of loan spreads when compared to corporate bond spreads, and in terms of distance to default. The results control for various measurements for CSR and time periods, consider various CSR dimensions and components, and use alternative proxies to improve the quality of financial risk estimates.

Originality/value

– The findings demonstrate the importance of considering both positive and negative CSR performance. Positive CSR ratings are associated with reduced financial risk while negative CSR performance scores lead to increased financial distress. Investors respond to positive CSR ratings.
Changing attitudes towards diversity: The Netherlands and Morocco compared
Authors: Hennekam Sophie , Tahssain-Gay Loubna
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural comparison of the attitudes toward diversity among human resource managers working for the same multinational company in the Netherlands and Morocco.

Design/methodology/approach

– In total, 35 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted by telephone and were analyzed by the use of content analysis. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions were used as theoretical framework.

Findings

– The findings suggest that attitudes toward diversity are changing and not always in line with Hofstede’s scores from 2010. Differences between the Netherlands and Morocco are discussed and trends in both countries are outlined.

Originality/value

– While it has been argued that Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are relatively stable over time, the findings show that attitudes toward diversity are evolving in the light of the changing environment and that other cultural factors also play an important role.
Application of improved complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method for rapid prototyping system selection
Authors: Makhesana M. A.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology of a decision-making method for selection of rapid prototyping process and comparison of it with previously developed methods.

Design/methodology/approach

– Here in this work, the methodology of improved complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method is used which can handle even qualitative data for attributes.

Findings

– The proposed methodology is useful and can be applied to any kind of decision-making situation.

Originality/value

– The proposed method provides more effective results as compared to other methods and with a simple flow of analysis.
Fatigue properties of parts printed by PolyJet material jetting
Authors: Moore Jacob P. , Williams Christopher B.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to seek to fill a gap in the literature by characterizing the fatigue life and microstructure of a printed elastomer material, the TangoBlackPlus material.

Design/methodology/approach

– Because the TangoBlackPlus material is marketed as “rubber-like”, the printed elastomer specimens were tested according to the ASTM D4482-11 “Test Method for Rubber Property Extension Cycling Fatigue”. The microstructure of the printed material and multi-material interface was examined by slicing specimens and examining them under an optical microscope.

Findings

– Findings are developed to show the relationship between elongation and expected fatigue life. Findings also indicate that the smoother, non-support encased “glossy” surface finish option for PolyJet parts improve the fatigue life of components and that there are a number of microscopic voids in the TangoBlackPlus material that seem to be concentrated at layer and print head boundaries.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper provides a glimpse into the fatigue properties and microstructure of printed elastomeric parts, a previously unstudied area. This work is limited in that it only looks at specimens created in a single orientation, on a single machine, with a single material. More work is needed to understand the general fatigue properties of printed elastomers and the factors that influence fatigue life in these materials.

Practical implications

– The authors provide several design guidelines based on the findings and previous work that can be used to increase the fatigue life of printed elastomer components.

Originality/value

– As additive manufacturing (AM) technology moves from a prototyping tool to a tool used to create end use products, it is important to examine the expected lifespan of AM components. This work adds to the understanding of the expected product lifecycle of printed elastomer components that will likely be expected to withstand large repeated loading conditions.
Application of curved layer manufacturing for preservation of randomly located minute critical surface features in rapid prototyping
Authors: Patel Yashpal , Kshattriya Aashish , Singamneni Sarat B , Roy Choudhury A.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– Layered manufacturing with curved layers is a recently proposed rapid prototyping (RP) strategy for the manufacture of curved, thin and shell-type parts and the repair of worn surfaces, etc. The present investigation indicates another possible application area. In case of flat-layered RP of computer-aided design models having randomly located, small-dimensioned but critical surface features, adaptive slicing is resorted to. Large number of thin slices have to be employed to preserve the critical features. In contrast, a considerably lower number of curved thin slices would be required to preserve such surface features in case of RP with curved layers.

Design/methodology/approach

– The method of preservation of critical features by RP with curved layers is formulated and demonstrated for two clusters of critical features on the surface of a part. A minimum number of such curved layers is identified by application of genetic algorithms (GAs) in case of a simple example. GA evolves the shape of the curved layer passing through the lower cluster so as to make a curved layer pass through the upper cluster of critical features.

Findings

– In the example part, a 21 per cent reduction in the number of layers is achieved by the application of adaptive curved layers over adaptive straight layers.

Originality/value

– The novelty of the concept is the proposed use of curved layered RP with adaptive slicing for the preservation of critical features in final prototyped part. This methodology, applied to part with two distinct clusters, leads to reduced number of layers compared to that obtained in flat-layered RP.
Rapid prototyping in the intervertebral implant design process
Authors: Domanski Janusz , Skalski Konstanty , Grygoruk Roman , Mróz Adrian
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the methodology of a design process of new lumbar intervertebral disc implants with specific emphasis on the use of rapid prototyping technologies. The verification of functionality of artificial intervertebral discs is also given. The paper describes the attempt and preliminary research to evaluate the properties of the intervertebral disc implant prototypes manufactured with the use of different rapid prototyping technologies, i.e. FDM – fused deposition modelling, 3DP – 3D printing and SLM – selective laser melting.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on the computed tomography (CT) scan data, the anatomical parameters of lumbar spine bone tissue were achieved, which were the bases for the design-manufacture process carried out with the use of computer-aided designing/computer-aided engineering/computer-aided manufacturing systems. In the intervertebral disc implant design process, three RP technologies: FDM, 3DP and SLM were used for solving problems related to the reconstruction of geometry and functionality of the disc. Some preliminary tests such as measurement of roughness and structural analyses of material of prototypes made by different prototyping technologies were performed.

Findings

– This paper allowed the authors to elaborate and patent two new intervertebral disc implants. Because the implant designs are parametrical ones with relation to lumbar bone tissue properties measured on CT scans, they can be also made for individual patients. We also compared some of the properties of intervertebral implants prototypes made with the use of FDM, 3DP and SLM technologies.

Originality/value

– The paper presents the new intervertebral disc implants and their manufacturing by rapid prototyping. The methodology of designing intervertebral disc implant is shown. Some features of the methodology make it useful for preoperative planning of intervertebral disc surgery, as well.
Conceptual design of three-dimensional scaffolds of powder-based materials for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Vasireddi Ramakrishna , Basu Bikramjit
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to construct tissue-engineered bone repair scaffolds with pore size distributions using rapid prototyping techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

– The fabrication of porous scaffolds with complex porous architectures represents a major challenge in tissue engineering and the design aspects to mimic complex pore shape as well as spatial distribution of pore sizes of natural hard tissue remain unexplored. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the three-dimensional printing process to study its potential for scaffold fabrication as well as some innovative design of homogeneously porous or gradient porous scaffolds is described and such design has wider implication in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Findings

– The present work discusses biomedically relevant various design strategies with spatial/radial gradient in pore sizes as well as with different pore sizes and with different pore geometries.

Originality/value

– One of the important implications of the proposed novel design scheme would be the development of porous bioactive/biodegradable composites with gradient pore size, porosity, composition and with spatially distributed biochemical stimuli so that stem cells loaded into scaffolds would develop into complex tissues such as those at the bone–cartilage interface.
Health Benefits of Punicic Acid: A Review
Authors: Aruna P. , Venkataramanamma D. , Singh Alok Kumar , Singh R.P.
Published: October 2015

Punicic acid (PA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3 n‐5), which is classified as a conjugated linolenic acid. PA is also referred as a "super CLnA" whose effect is even more potent than that of an ordinary CLnA. It is found mainly in the seeds of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) and Trichoxanthes kirilowii and some other minor sources. It possesses a wide array of biological properties including antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic activity against various forms of cancer. In spite of this, PA has not been explored as a nutraceutical or as an ingredient of food products which can be aimed at specific consumer target groups. This review details the various health‐beneficial properties of PA and explores the possibilities of its utilization as an active ingredient in various food products.
Species richness of sawfly–host plant associations at higher taxonomic levels
Authors: Isaka Yuichi , Sato Toshiyuki
Published: October 2015

Insect–plant interactions are important to understanding the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for most of the diverse plant‐feeding insects. We aggregated data on sawfly–host plant associations and other resource associations from existing sources to address the following questions: (i) Is there a general correlation between host diversity and sawfly species richness? (ii) Is the pattern of host plant use consistent across sawfly lineages? and (iii) Is there a phylogenetically significant shift in species richness among sawflies? Our analysis comprised 8567 sawfly species, including 2087 species with host plant and other records. In total, there were 2126 records of host usage for sawflies, the overwhelming majority of which were sawflies using angiosperms as resources. Rosales are used by most of the species in sawfly families or subfamilies. We found that there was a strong correlation between the number of host plant orders and the species richness of sawfly families and subfamilies. To examine the points at which sawflies have experienced significant shifts in species richness, we compared sister taxon species richness. Several positive and negative shifts in species richness among sawflies were related to their range of host plant usage and specialized niche, respectively. In general, we found that most of the sawfly families and subfamilies used several orders as host plants, but mainly core eudicots, although some families or subfamilies were specialized on pteridophytes or gymnosperms.
Pain intensity, temperament traits and social support as determinants of trauma symptoms in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and low‐back pain
Authors: Rzeszutek Marcin , Oniszczenko Włodzimierz , Schier Katarzyna , Biernat‐Kałuża Edyta , Gasik Robert
Published: October 2015

Aim

The main goal of our study was to investigate the relationship between age, duration of pain, pain intensity, temperament traits as postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT), social support dimensions and the level of trauma symptoms, as appear in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 300 patients suffering from chronic pain in two groups comprised of 150 patients with a clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 150 patients with a clinical diagnosis of low‐back pain (LBP). They were analyzed together as a one group of 300 patients with chronic pain.

Method

Temperament was measured with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI). Social support was tested with the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS‐11) was used to measure pain intensity. The level of trauma symptoms was assessed with the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Factorial Version Inventory (PTSDF).

Results

The results of our study suggest that the intensity of pain, participants' age, Emotional Reactivity and Sensory Sensitivity as temperament traits, need for support, and actually received social support were related to the level of trauma symptoms. The sum of the squared semi‐partial correlations showed that all six variables (age, pain intensity, Emotional Reactivity, Sensory Sensitivity, need for support and actually received support), account for 20% of the variance of general trauma symptoms level.

Conclusion

The importance of temperament traits, social support and trauma symptoms should be taken into an account in psychotherapy accompanying pharmacotherapy for pain.
Out‐of‐hospital paediatric emergencies: a prospective, population‐based study
Authors: Harve H. , Salmi H. , Rahiala E. , Pohjalainen P. , Kuisma M.
Published: October 2015

Background

We wanted to study the incidence, distribution and characteristics of paediatric out‐of‐hospital emergency care on a population level. This knowledge could ameliorate the design and education of emergency medical services and their personnel.

Methods

We studied all (n = 1863) emergency medical services responses and the patient records for paediatric patients (age 0–16 years) in Helsinki, Finland (population 603,968, paediatric population 92,742) during a 12‐month period (2012). Patient characteristics, diagnoses, time intervals, medical treatments, procedures, vital measurements and outcome of out‐of‐hospital treatment were available for analysis.

Results

The incidence of emergency medical services ‐treated paediatric out‐of‐hospital emergencies was 3.8/1000 inhabitants and 20/1000 1–16‐year‐old inhabitants. This formed 4.5% of all emergency calls, while children have a threefold share of the population (15%). Falls, dyspnoea, seizures and poisonings account for half of all emergencies. Few patients suffered from a life‐threatening condition or trauma. Cardiac arrest or need for advanced life support measures (e.g. intubation) was rare. After evaluation by the emergency medical services, only half of the patients (56%) needed ambulance transportation to hospital. Only 30 (3.7%) of the non‐transported patients made an unpremeditated visit to the emergency department after the original contact with the emergency medical services. All of them were well upon arrival to the emergency department.

Conclusion

Paediatric out‐of‐hospital emergencies are infrequent and have specific characteristics differing from the adult population. The design and training of emergency medical services and their personnel should focus on evaluation and management of the most frequent situations.
The movement shortfall in bird conservation: accounting for nomadic, dispersive and irruptive species
Authors: Cottee‐Jones H. E. W. , Matthews T. J. , Whittaker R. J.
Published: October 2015

Efforts to prioritize conservation planning are undermined by several recognized knowledge shortfalls. Here we highlight a further shortfall, which we term the ‘movement shortfall’, in our knowledge of species movements, with particular reference to dispersive, irruptive and nomadic birds. Despite 100 years of ringing effort, the movement characteristics of these species are still poorly known, as the irregularity of their movements and low human population densities in parts of their range impede traditional methods. A lack of understanding of their movements, combined with an inappropriate conservation approach that relies on protected areas and international frameworks, means that the conservation status of these species continues to deteriorate. We call for the application of new tracking technology and outreach initiatives to help formulate innovative conservation approaches that are better suited to species with irregular movement behaviours.
Reintroducing reintroductions into the conservation arena
Authors: Robert A. , Colas B. , Guigon I. , Kerbiriou C. , Mihoub J.‐B. , Saint‐Jalme M. , Sarrazin F.
Published: October 2015

Read the Feature Paper: Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment and the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Using the IUCN Red List criteria to assess reintroduction success; Alternative perspectives on reintroduction success; Developing a standard for evaluating reintroduction success using IUCN Red List indices
An African mygalomorph lineage in temperate Australia: the trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea (Araneae: Migidae) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Authors: Harrison Sophie E , Rix Michael G , Harvey Mark S , Austin Andrew D
Published: October 2015

The trapdoor spider genus Moggridgea O. Pickard‐Cambridge, 1875 is widespread across the Afrotropical region, with a further two species recorded from southern Australia. One of these Australian species, M. tingle Main, 1991 from south‐western Australia, has recently been transferred to a separate genus, along with six additional new species. However, consistent with previous research, we find that M. australis Main, 1991 from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is not congeneric with the south‐western Australian taxa, and appears to be a valid member of the otherwise African genus Moggridgea. This suggests a potential case of trans‐oceanic dispersal, which would be remarkable for a mygalomorph spider. We redescribe this species based on newly collected specimens, and find that Aganippe rainbowi Pulleine, 1919, also from Kangaroo Island, is conspecific with M. australis and is the senior synonym, forming the new combination, M. rainbowi (Pulleine, 1919). We further discuss the ecology and biogeography of the species, and highlight avenues for future research.
Changes in induction methods have not influenced cesarean section rates among women with induced labor
Authors: Dögl Malin , Vanky Eszter , Heimstad Runa
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Induction of labor has become more common in most countries during the last decade. We have compared methods and routines of labor induction as practiced in Norway in 2003 and 2013, and surveyed practices with regard to induction of labor without a medical indication in 2013.

Material and methods

A telephone interview with all delivery units in Norway was conducted in 2003. Data on preferred induction methods, use of prostaglandin, dosages, dose intervals and routes of administration were collected. In 2013, the same questionnaire was used, with additional questions on induction of labor without a medical indication. Data on overall cesarean section and induction rates were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.

Results

From 2003 to 2013 the induction rate increased by 62% and the cesarean section rate by 6%. The cesarean section rate in women with induced labor remained stable at 17.1 and 17.4%, respectively. In 2003, 31 of 43 hospitals used dinoprostone for cervical ripening and induction. In 2013, 34 of 39 hospitals used misoprostol. A cervical balloon was used in three of 43 hospitals in 2003 compared with 31 of 39 in 2013. All but one hospital induced labor without a strict medical indication in 2013.

Conclusion

The preferred methods for induction of labor changed within a decade to the use of misoprostol and cervical balloon. Induction of labor without strict medical indications is widely practiced. The changed induction methods have not influenced the cesarean section rates in women with induced labors.
Intervention decision‐making processes and information preferences of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Grant N. , Rodger S. , Hoffmann T.
Published: October 2015

Background

When a child is diagnosed with autism, parents are faced with the task of choosing from many different intervention options. To find information about the options available, parents turn to a number of different sources. This study explores parents' (n = 23) intervention decision‐making processes and information preferences following the diagnosis of ASD for their child.

Methods

Qualitative thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts from interviews and focus groups involving parents of children with an autism diagnosis was undertaken.

Results

Analysis of the results revealed that there are concurrent emotional and pragmatic intervention ‘journeys’ undertaken by parents post diagnosis, which encompass the primary themes of: (1) information sources used, (2) parents' information preferences and (3) factors influencing intervention decision making. Parents described a journey from the point of diagnosis that involved seeking information on ASD interventions from multiple sources, with the Internet being the primary source. They were overwhelmed by the sheer volume of information available, and their preferences for information varied according to their stage in the journey post diagnosis. Parents had a ‘trial and error’ approach to choosing ASD interventions, with confidence increasing as they became more familiar with their child's condition, and had opportunities to explore numerous information sources about their child's diagnosis. While confidence increased over time, consideration of the effectiveness or evidence supporting interventions remained largely absent throughout the journey.

Conclusion

This study highlights the need for parents of children with ASD to be supported to make informed intervention decisions, particularly with consideration for research evidence.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2014 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Authors: Hales B. J. , Hizawa N. , Jenmalm M. , Sverremark‐Ekström E. , Wardlaw A. J.
Published: October 2015

The pathogenesis of asthma continues to be a major topic of interest to our authors with reviews and original papers on the role of viruses, mechanisms of inflammation, biomarkers, and phenotypes of asthma being major topics. A number of papers described new treatments for asthma focusing on blocking the Th2 response reflecting the fact that two decades of work in this area is finally bearing fruit. The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis is a growing area of interest, but there has been less on the genetics of airways disease than in previous years possibly reflecting the degree of rigour (and therefore a smaller body of work), with which these sorts of studies are now being undertaken. There continues to be a wide range of papers dealing with mechanisms of allergic disease ranging from clinical‐based studies to basic research and the use of in vivo animal models especially mice. As before, mechanisms and new approaches to immunotherapy are common themes. Several were published in the allergens section investigating modification of allergens to increase their effectiveness and reduce the risk of adverse events. Risk factors for allergic disease was a common theme in the epidemiology section and food allergy a common theme in clinical allergy with papers on the development of protocols to induce tolerance and attempts to find biomarkers to distinguish sensitization from allergic disease. This was another exciting year for the editors, and we hope the readers of the journal.
TGFβ signalling pathway regulates angiogenesis by endothelial cells, in an adipose‐derived stromal cell/endothelial cell co‐culture 3D gel model
Authors: Lin Shiyu , Xie Jing , Gong Tao , Shi Sirong , Zhang Tao , Fu Na , Ye Ling , Wang Min , Lin Yunfeng
Published: October 2015

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the role of the TGFβ signalling pathway in angiogenesis in a three‐dimensional (3D) collagen gel model, with co‐culture between adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs) and endothelial cells (ECs).

Materials and methods

A 3D collagen gel, implanted with green fluorescent protein‐labelled mouse ASCs and red fluorescent protein‐labelled mouse ECs, was established in vitro. Phenomena of angiogenesis with or without type I TGFβ receptor inhibitor (LY2157299) treatment, were observed 7 days post‐implantation, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. To detect expression of angiogenesis‐related genes, semi‐quantitative PCR and quantitative real‐time PCR were conducted. Zymography was performed to explore secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) after treatment with LY2157299 of 5, 10, 20 to 50 μm concentrations, for 24 h.

Results

Angiogenesis was found to be attenuated in co‐culture gels after ASC and EC treatment with LY2157299. Genes VEGF‐A, VEGF‐B, VE‐ca, FGF‐1, FGF‐2, PDGF, HGF, BMP‐4 were significantly reduced in the presence of LY2157299 in both mono‐cultured and co‐cultured ECs. Furthermore, reduction in co‐cultured ECs was prominent relative to mono‐cultured ECs, while the same results did not occur to ASCs. We further confirmed that gelatinases secreted by ECs were reduced in a dose‐dependent manner, after treatment with LY2157299.

Conclusions

These results indicate that in ASC/EC co‐culture, the TGFβ signalling pathway regulated angiogenesis via EC activity. Co‐cultured ECs were regulated more significantly than mono‐cultured ECs suggesting that inhibition of TGFβRI may regulate paracrine secretion of ASCs to further modulate EC angiogenesis.
Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor/T‐box factor‐2 axis acts through Cyclin D1 to regulate melanocyte proliferation
Authors: Pan L. , Ma X. , Wen B. , Su Z. , Zheng X. , Liu Y. , Li H. , Chen Y. , Wang J. , Lu F. , Qu J. , Hou L.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Control of cell proliferation is critical for accurate cell differentiation and tissue formation, during development and regeneration. Here, we have analysed the role of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor MITF and its direct target, T‐box factor TBX2, in regulating proliferation of mammalian neural crest‐derived melanocytes.

Materials and methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to examine spatial and temporal expression of TBX2 in melanocytes in vivo. RNAi and cell proliferation analysis were used to investigate functional roles of TBX2. Furthermore, quantitative RT‐PCR, western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to further scrutinize molecular mechanisms underlying TBX2‐dependent cell proliferation.

Results

TBX2 was found to be co‐expressed with MITF in melanocytes of mouse hair follicles. Specific Tbx2 knockdown in primary neural crest cells led to inhibition MITF‐positive melanoblast proliferation. Tbx2 knockdown in melan‐a cells led to reduction in Cyclin D1 expression and G1‐phase cell cycle arrest. TBX2 directly activated Ccnd1 transcription by binding to a specific sequence in the Ccnd1 promoter, and the defect in cell proliferation could be rescued partially by overexpression of Cyclin D1 in Tbx2 knockdown melanocytes.

Conclusions

Results suggest that the Mitf‐Tbx2‐Cyclin D1 pathway played an important role in regulation of melanocyte proliferation, and provided novel insights into the complex physiology of melanocytes.
Native Amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit‐based tasks when they learn to count
Authors: Jara‐Ettinger Julian , Gibson Edward , Kidd Celeste , Piantadosi Steve
Published: October 2015

Cooperation often results in a final material resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member's reward is proportional to their merit (merit‐based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane’, a farming‐foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane’ learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de‐confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane’ children who can count produce merit‐based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit‐based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count – a non‐universal, language‐dependent, cultural invention – can influence social cognition.
Risk factors for recurrent admissions with diabetic ketoacidosis: a case–control observational study
Authors: Cooper H. , Tekiteki A. , Khanolkar M. , Braatvedt G.
Published: October 2015

Aim

To perform a detailed analysis of patients with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis admissions in order to establish risk factors for readmission.

Methods

The medical records of all adults and young people (> 15 years) with Type 1 diabetes admitted to Auckland City Hospital over a 15‐year period from 1997 to 2011 with a primary diagnosis of ketoacidosis were analysed. Patients readmitted with ketoacidosis within 5 years of their index admission were identified and compared with patients without ketoacidosis readmission who were matched for age, gender, ethnicity and duration of diabetes.

Results

A total of 268 patients accounted for a total of 412 admissions. In all, 58 patients had more than one admission for diabetic ketoacidosis during this period. Of these, 40 patients readmitted with diabetic ketoacidosis were compared with matched control subjects (n = 40) who had only one admission for diabetic ketoacidosis. The mean ± sd age of the cohort was 31 ± 12 years. The readmission group had more severe diabetic ketoacidosis and poorer glycaemic control. Alcohol abuse was commonly noted in both groups, with insulin dose omission being the main contributor to the development of ketoacidosis. Both groups had high rates of clinic non‐attendance. There were no other differences noted between the groups.

Conclusion

When patients with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis were matched for age, duration of diabetes, gender and ethnicity with patients who had only one admission for diabetic ketoacidosis, few differences were noted. This makes designing intervention strategies to reduce readmission with diabetic ketoacidosis difficult.
How the cladoceran heterogonic life cycle evolved—insights from gamogenetic reproduction and direct development in Cyclestherida
Authors: Fritsch Martin , Richter Stefan
Published: October 2015

Here we document the early gamogenetic development of Cyclestherida, including a characterization of the nervous system. Resting eggs in Cyclestheria are protected by an ephippium, built by the major part of the carapace. The first stages of development are enclosed in an outer chorion and an inner vitelline membrane. After shedding of the chorion, the vitelline membrane inflates and later stages are free‐floating within the vitelline membrane. Only the juveniles are released from the vitelline membrane. Developmental stages of the gamogenetic direct development and of the parthenogenetic pseudo‐direct development are remarkably similar in Cyclestheria, both regarding external and nervous system development. Because of this high degree of correspondence, as well as the important differences to the anamorphic development in Spinicaudata, we suggest that the developmental stages from the gamogenetic life cycle evolved directly from the parthenogenetic life cycle. This implies that resting egg development in Cladoceromorpha does not correspond directly to the resting egg development in large branchiopods. This leads us to the conclusion that the entire heterogonous life cycle in Cladoceromorpha probably evolved anew.
Ghrelin receptor activity amplifies hippocampal N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor‐mediated postsynaptic currents and increases phosphorylation of the GluN1 subunit at Ser896 and Ser897
Authors: Muniz Brandon G. , Isokawa Masako
Published: October 2015

Although ghrelin and its cognate receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a) are highly localized in the hypothalamic nuclei for the regulation of metabolic states and feeding, GHSR1a is also highly localized in the hippocampus, suggesting its involvement in extra‐hypothalamic functions. Indeed, exogenous application of ghrelin has been reported to improve hippocampal learning and memory. However, the underlying mechanism of ghrelin regulation of hippocampal functions is poorly understood. Here, we report ghrelin‐promoted phosphorylation of GluN1 and amplified N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in slice preparations. The ghrelin‐induced responses were sensitive to a GHSR1a antagonist and inverse agonist, and were absent in GHSR1a homozygous knock‐out mice. These results indicated that activation of GHSR1a was critical in the ghrelin‐induced enhancement of the NMDAR function. Interestingly, heterozygous mouse hippocampi were also insensitive to ghrelin treatment, suggesting that a slight reduction in the availability of GHSR1a may be sufficient to negate the effect of ghrelin on GluN1 phosphorylation and NMDAR channel activities. In addition, NMDAR‐mediated spike currents, which are of dendritic origin, were blocked by the GHSR1a antagonist, suggesting the presence of GHSR1a on the pyramidal cell dendrites in physical proximity to NMDAR. Together with our findings on the localization of GHSR1a in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, which was shown by fluorescent ghrelin binding, immunoreactivity, and enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression, we conclude that the activation of GHSR1a favours rapid modulation of the NMDAR‐mediated glutamatergic synaptic transmission by phosphorylating GluN1 in the hippocampus.
Role of HSP70 in motoneuron survival after excitotoxic stress in a rat spinal cord injury model in vitro
Authors: Shabbir Ayisha , Bianchetti Elena , Cargonja Renato , Petrovic Antonela , Mladinic Miranda , Pilipović Kristina , Nistri Andrea
Published: October 2015

The outcome for gait recovery from paralysis due to spinal lesion remains uncertain even when damage is limited. One critical factor is the survival of motoneurons, which are very vulnerable cells. To clarify the early pathophysiological mechanisms of spinal damage, an in vitro injury model of the rat spinal cord caused by moderate excitotoxicity was used. With this preparation we investigated whether motoneuron survival was dependent on the expression of the neuroprotective protein HSP70. In the present study excitotoxicity evoked by kainate induced delayed (24 h) loss (35%) of motoneurons, which became pyknotic with translocation of the cell death biomarker apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus. This process was concomitant with suppression of locomotor network electrical activity. Surviving cells showed strong expression of HSP70 without nuclear AIF. The HSP70 inhibitor VER155008 per se induced neurotoxicity similar to that of kainate, while the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin did not damage spinal tissue. Electrophysiological recording following kainate or VER155008 indicated depression of motoneuron field potentials, with decreased excitability and impaired synaptic transmission. When these two drugs were applied together, more intense neurotoxicity emerged. Our data indicate that HSP70 was one important contributor to motoneuron survival and suggest that enhancing HSP70 activity is a potential future strategy for neuroprotecting these cells.
A comparison of the prevalence of gastric ulceration in feral and domesticated horses in theUK
Authors: Ward S. , Sykes B. W. , Brown H. , Bishop A. , Penaluna L. A.
Published: October 2015

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome is common in domesticated horses, especially those performing in athletic endeavours. However, the prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in feral populations of horses is not documented. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of squamous and glandular gastric ulceration in an abattoir population of horses in theUK. Both squamous and glandular ulceration were more prevalent in domesticated horses when compared to the feral horses studied.
Transferability of the two‐parameter fracture criterion for 2219 aluminium alloy cracked configurations
Authors: Mahtabi M. J. , Sanford A. , Shamsaei N. , Newman J. C.
Published: October 2015

Two‐dimensional elastic–plastic finite‐element fracture simulations with the critical crack‐tip‐opening‐angle fracture criterion were used to evaluate the two‐parameter fracture criterion (TPFC). Three different crack configurations under tension and bending loads made of thin‐sheet 2219‐T87 aluminium alloy were analysed. A very wide range of widths (w = 76 to 2440 mm) and initial crack‐length‐to‐width ratios (ci/w = 0.05 to 0.95) were considered. A relation from the original TPFC was shown to fit the simulated fracture behaviour fairly well for the three different specimen types for net‐section stresses less than the yield stress (σy) of the material. Comparisons were also made on measured and simulated fracture tests on middle‐crack‐tension specimens. A relation between the elastic stress‐intensity factor, KIe, and net‐section stress, Sn, at failure was found to be linear for Sn < σy. The results demonstrated the transferability of the TPFC for different crack configurations for Sn < σy, but further study is needed for Sn > σy.
Changes in seasonal climate outpace compensatory density‐dependence in eastern brook trout
Authors: Bassar Ronald D. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Nislow Keith H. , Whiteley Andrew R.
Published: October 2015

Understanding how multiple extrinsic (density‐independent) factors and intrinsic (density‐dependent) mechanisms influence population dynamics has become increasingly urgent in the face of rapidly changing climates. It is particularly unclear how multiple extrinsic factors with contrasting effects among seasons are related to declines in population numbers and changes in mean body size and whether there is a strong role for density‐dependence. The primary goal of this study was to identify the roles of seasonal variation in climate driven environmental direct effects (mean stream flow and temperature) vs. density‐dependence on population size and mean body size in eastern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We use data from a 10‐year capture‐mark‐recapture study of eastern brook trout in four streams in Western Massachusetts,USAto parameterize a discrete‐time population projection model. The model integrates matrix modeling techniques used to characterize discrete population structures (age, habitat type, and season) with integral projection models (IPMs) that characterize demographic rates as continuous functions of organismal traits (in this case body size). Using both stochastic and deterministic analyses we show that decreases in population size are due to changes in stream flow and temperature and that these changes are larger than what can be compensated for through density‐dependent responses. We also show that the declines are due mostly to increasing mean stream temperatures decreasing the survival of the youngest age class. In contrast, increases in mean body size over the same period are the result of indirect changes in density with a lesser direct role of climate‐driven environmental change.
Comparing concentration‐based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests
Authors: Anav Alessandro , De Marco Alessandra , Proietti Chiara , Alessandri Andrea , Dell'Aquila Alessandro , Cionni Irene , Friedlingstein Pierre , Khvorostyanov Dmitry , Menut Laurent , Paoletti Elena , Sicard Pierre , Sitch Stephen , Vitale Marcello
Published: October 2015

Tropospheric ozone (O3) produces harmful effects to forests and crops, leading to a reduction of land carbon assimilation that, consequently, influences the land sink and the crop yield production. To assess the potential negative O3 impacts to vegetation, the European Union uses the Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). This index has been chosen for its simplicity and flexibility in handling different ecosystems as well as for its linear relationships with yield or biomass loss. However, AOT40 does not give any information on the physiological O3 uptake into the leaves since it does not include any environmental constraints to O3 uptake through stomata. Therefore, an index based on stomatal O3 uptake (i.e. PODY), which describes the amount of O3 entering into the leaves, would be more appropriate. Specifically, the PODY metric considers the effects of multiple climatic factors, vegetation characteristics and local and phenological inputs rather than the only atmospheric O3 concentration. For this reason, the use of PODY in the O3 risk assessment for vegetation is becoming recommended. We compare different potential O3 risk assessments based on two methodologies (i.e. AOT40 and stomatal O3 uptake) using a framework of mesoscale models that produces hourly meteorological and O3 data at high spatial resolution (12 km) over Europe for the time period 2000–2005. Results indicate a remarkable spatial and temporal inconsistency between the two indices, suggesting that a new definition of European legislative standard is needed in the near future. Besides, our risk assessment based on AOT40 shows a good consistency compared to both in‐situ data and other model‐based datasets. Conversely, risk assessment based on stomatal O3 uptake shows different spatial patterns compared to other model‐based datasets. This strong inconsistency can be likely related to a different vegetation cover and its associated parameterizations.
Saltwater Upconing Due to Cyclic Pumping by Horizontal Wells in Freshwater Lenses
Authors: Pauw Pieter S. , van der Zee Sjoerd E.A.T.M. , Leijnse Anton , Oude Essink Gualbert H.P.
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the quantification of saltwater upconing below horizontal wells in freshwater lenses using analytical solutions as a computationally fast alternative to numerical simulations. Comparisons between analytical calculations and numerical simulations are presented regarding three aspects: (1) cyclic pumping; (2) dispersion; and (3) finite horizontal wells in a finite domain (a freshwater lens). Various hydrogeological conditions and pumping regimes within a dry half year are considered. The results show that the influence of elastic and phreatic storage (which are not taken into account in the analytical solutions) on the upconing of the interface is minimal. Furthermore, the analytical calculations based on the interface approach compare well with numerical simulations as long as the dimensionless interface upconing is below 1/3, which is in line with previous studies on steady pumping. Superimposing an analytical solution for mixing by dispersion below the well over an analytical solution based on the interface approach is appropriate in case the vertical flow velocity around the interface is nearly constant but should not be used for estimating the salinity of the pumped groundwater. The analytical calculations of interface upconing below a finite horizontal well compare well with the numerical simulations in case the distance between the horizontal well and the initial interface does not vary significantly along the well and in case the natural fluctuation of the freshwater lens is small. In order to maintain a low level of salinity in the well during a dry half year, the dimensionless analytically calculated interface upconing should stay below 0.25.