bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Inoculation-Experiments with the Common-Cold Virus
Authors: Powell H. M. , Sparks A. L. , Clowes G. H. A.
Published: January 2023

Cold-virus has not proved fatal for Swiss mice when passaged in series. A few fatalities were due to associated bacteria. Cold-virus passage in ferrets has been followed in several instances by depression of body-temperature. The specificity of this has not been proven. No leucocytic reactions were observed. Both attenuated (formalin-treated) and raw viruses have been used hypodermically and intranasally in a total of 83 adult persons. The hypodermic use of cold-virus vaccine appears fairly safe; however intranasal use seems sometimes to cause colds. An irregular degree of immunity to inoculation colds may be imparted by the use of cold-virus vaccine. The evidence thus far obtained in small groups of adult subjects indicates the ineffectiveness of cold-virus vaccine in preventing natural colds.
The Antigenic Composition and Immunizing Properties of Trypanosomes
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Olitzki L. , Kligler Helen
Published: January 2023

Data are presented on the antigenic composition of Tr. evansi and Tr. lewisi and on the toxic and immunogenic properties of the various components of the cell.

Tr. evansi has a higher lipoid and lower residue content than Tr. lewisi.

The lipoid and protein fractions when injected into animals produce a leucocytosis and a rise in temperature.

None of the fractions on injection produces a hypoglycemia or a depression of temperature as is the case with toxic fractions from bacterial cells.

The various antigenic fractions of Tr. evansi fail to induce any immunity in rats.

The residue of Tr. lewisi possesses some immunizing properties; this is not the case in Tr. evansi.

Injection of whole, dead trypanosomes (Tr. evansi) produces a partial and transient immunity.

Treatment with a drug of an active infection of Tr. evansi results in a more solid and durable immunity against a reinfection with the homologous strain; this immunity is extremely variable in individual rats, in some lasting 2 or 3 months and in exceptional instances as long as 9 months.

The significance of the cell composition in relation to the antigenic and pathogenic properties of the parasite is discussed and a comparison made with the acid-fast bacteria also having a high lipoid content.
Serum Cholesterol in Horses During Immunization with Pneumococci
Authors: Member Samuel , Bruger Maurice , Chassin Maurice R.
Published: January 2023

Although it is generally assumed that cholesterol plays some part in immune reactions, the evidence is largely indirect and conflicting. For example, Koldaev (1) found no change in the cholesterol content of the blood in horses immunized against tetanus, diphtheria and typhoid organisms, Marie (2) found less cholesterol than normal in the sera of immunized horses and Danysz-Michel and Laskownicki (3) noted an increase in rabbits immunized with paratyphoid B. Ionesco-Mihaiesti and Damboviceanu (4) observed an increase in the cholesterol of the serum of horses immunized with paratyphoid B which paralleled the agglutinin titer; the serum cholesterol fell to normal in approximately two months while the antibody titer remained high. Recently, Chassin and Bruger (5) demonstrated higher agglutinin titers against E. typhosa in rabbits with induced hypercholesterolemia after injection of typhoid vaccine than in control rabbits with normal blood cholesterol values.
The Antitoxin Response of Partially Immunized Guinea Pigs to Infection with Tetanus Spores
Authors: Zuger Bernard , Greenwald Charles K. , Gerber Herman
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs given a single injection of 1 ml. of tetanal toxoid will react subsequently with an increased antitoxin titer when infected with a lethal dose of spores. This rise in titer will first be evident on the seventh day after infection in some of the guinea pigs, especially in those that are without symptoms or if with symptoms, in those that will recover. This rise is small, a significant one not taking place until the 8th to 10th day, in contrast to the significant rise in titer that takes place on the 4th–5th day when similarly prepared animals are given toxin instead of spores. There is no evidence that the increase in titer thus induced influences the clinical course. It is also shown that when an additional dose of toxoid is injected simultaneously with the spores, a significant rise in titer is evident on the 5th day.
Polysaccharides of Blastomyces Dermatitidis
Authors: Peck Robert L. , Martin Donald S. , Hauser Charles R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Chemical analysis of Blastomyces dermatitidis indicates that this fungus contains at least two distinct polysaccharides.

Minute quantities of these polysaccharides fix complement with sera prepared by immunizing rabbits with whole Blastomyces dermatitidis.

Patients with American blastomycosis who are in the allergic state of the disease respond to intracutaneous injection of the polysaccharide with a swelling which reaches its maximum within 24 hours.

Experience with one patient has shown that intravenous injection of a solution of this polysaccharide not only results in a decrease of carbohydrate sensitivity but also abolishes the sterile abscess-formation produced in an allergic patient by injection of heat-killed whole organisms.
The Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Curnen Edward C.
Published: January 2023

Type 14 antipneumoccal horse sera agglutinate human erythrocytes of all four major blood groups in high titers. Antipneumococcal horse sera for other types do not exhibit this phenomenon. The type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera, and occasional samples of type 5 and 7 horse sera, also agglutinate monkey and rabbit erythrocytes. The antirabbit agglutinins had the characteristics of cold agglutinins whereas the antihuman hemagglutinins were both warm and cold agglutinins. A large percentage of antipneumococcal rabbit sera, both those for type 14 and those for other types, have agglutinins for human red blood cells of groups AB and A and agglutinins and hemolysins for sheep red blood cells. The antihuman hemaggltuinins in type 14 horse sera and in the various antipneumococcal rabbit sera are not associated with hemolysins for the corresponding erythrocytes. All the agglutinins for the human erythrocytes in type 14 sera can be removed by sufficient absorption with heat-killed type 14 pneumococci. The agglutinins for human erythrocytes of all types can be removed from type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera by sufficient absorption with human erythrocytes of any one blood group. Large amounts of erythrocytes are necessary to accomplish this. Absorption of type 14 antipneumococcal sera with sufficient amounts of human erythrocytes to absorb all the human hemagglutinins removes only a portion of the type 14 pneumococcal agglutinins. The human group-A agglutinins in antipneumococcal rabbit sera may be reduced appreciably by absorption with sheep red blood cells. The reverse, however, is not true. Absorption with human group A cells does not materially alter the power of the antipneumococcal rabbit sera to agglutinate or to hemolyze sheep red blood cells. The possible relation of these findings to certain fatal reactions and to the hemoglobinuria observed following the injections of type 14 antipneumococcal horse sera is discussed.
The Reticulo-Endothelial System and Immunity in Hog-Cholera
Authors: Kernkamp H. C. H.
Published: January 2023

The artificial immunization of swine against hog-cholera has been carried on to a greater or lesser extent in this and other countries for the past quarter century. in general, the results have been satisfactory, and especially when adequate doses of antiserum of good quality and antigen of high virulence are used to treat swine that are free from disease and are of weaning age (forty to fifty days) or over. Under these conditions an active immunity of a high order is produced and usually considered to be of lifelong duration. Not infrequently, however, even where the factors attendant upon its success have apparently been fulfilled, either no immunity is produced or the immunity is of a lower order and short duration. The reason for these occurrences is not known. It seems rational to suspect that it rests in the mechanism of the body responsible for the development of immunity.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C.
Published: January 2023

This work had for its primary purpose, a study of the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of alligator-blood, and their relationship to the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of human blood. Fifty specimens of a single species, Alligator mississippiensis, were used in this study.

Isohemagglutination could not be demonstrated by cross matching the serum and cells of all the specimens of blood examined.

Agglutinogens similar to the human A, B, M, and N factors could not be demonstrated in alligator-erythrocytes.

It was found that all of the 40 specimens of alligator-serum examined for hemagglutinins contained at least 3 agglutinins: a species agglutinin for all human cells, an agglutinin similar to the alpha agglutinin of human serum, an agglutinin similar to the beta agglutinin of human serum.
Studies on Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum
Authors: Gerlough Tillman D. , Palmer John W. , Blumenthal Reuben R.
Published: January 2023

The ratios of mouse-protective units to antibody-nitrogen content of types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, and VIII antipneumococcic rabbit plasma, serum, and concentrates have been determined. By comparison with the official standard sera for types I, II, V, VII and VIII, and with tentative standards for types III and IV, the values obtained vary from about 900 units per milligram of antibody-nitrogen for type II and about 1100 for types I, IV, and VIII, to about 1500 for types III and V, and 2000 for type VII. It is felt that the greater part of the variation is due to the difficulty of determining the mouse-protective units for the various types and titrating the sera in terms of them.
Influence of Electrolytes on the Cutaneous Reactivity of Seitz-Filtered Ragweed Solutions
Authors: Koch C. A. , Zoss A. R. , Hirose R. S.
Published: January 2023

Methods for the preparation of “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts (i.e. having an electrical conductivity less than 20 × 10−6 reciprocal ohms) are presented. The reduction of the electrolyte-content of a ragweed pollen extract per se did not significantly diminish its capacity to produce intracutaneous reactions in ragweed pollen-sensitive subjects. If “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts of specified concentrations were passed through Seitz filters, the filtrates did not produce intracutaneous reactions in ragweed pollen-sensitive subjects. The specific activity of Seitz-filtered “electrolyte-free” ragweed pollen extracts could be restored or enhanced by the addition of electrolytes in proper concentration. A definite relationship between the specific activity of Seitz-filtered ragweed pollen extracts and the electrolytes contained therein has been demonstrated. This relationship was found to be dependent upon: (a) a certain alteration of unknown character produced by filtration through a Seitz filter-pad. (b) the concentration and type of contained electrolytes.
Studies in Osmotic Pressure
Authors: Kosakai Mitsuji
Published: January 2023

After blood corpuscles have been treated for a short time with certain concentrations of boric acid that are not directly injurious to those cells, the sudden immersion of the treated corpuscles in a physiological solution of sodium chloride causes their complete hemolysis.

This “boric acid hemolysis” does not occur if the addition of the physiological saline solution is made gradually or if the corpuscles are immersed, even suddenly, in more concentrated solutions of sodium chloride or of other non-hemolytic substances.

That the destructive force responsible for this form of hemolysis is that of “osmotic pressure” is shown by the fact that the minimal non-hemolytic concentrations of all of the substances examined were found to be of identical “osmotic concentration.”
Studies in Protein Intoxication
Authors: Boughton T. Harris
Published: January 2023

Comparatively few observations are recorded on the histological changes produced by chronic or repeated protein intoxication, and these have been mostly in guinea-pigs, since rabbits are in general less well suited to this kind of work than guinea-pigs. Longcope (1) reports finding lesions consisting of necrosis, leukocytic infiltration, and fibrosis in the liver, heart, and kidney of guinea-pigs and rabbits, and in the kidneys of cats and dogs as well. The writer has previously reported (2) the finding of degenerative and necrotic lesions of the epithelium, and infiltration, fibrosis and vascular lesions in the kidneys of guinea-pigs, and also (3) vascular lesions in the smaller arteries of the liver, kidney, spleen and heart of guinea-pigs. The purpose of the present paper is to report findings in the organs of rabbits treated in a similar manner, and to point out certain differences between these and lesions of similar organs in guinea-pigs.
Some Suggestive Experiments with B. Influenzae; Its Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry N. S. , Houghton E. M.
Published: January 2023

Susceptibility of Laboratory Animals. The question as to the pathogenicity of Pfeiffer's bacillus for laboratory animals has never been given the attention it deserves, as practically all text books dismiss the subject with a very few words, leaving an impression that it is non-pathogenic, except for the human subject and perhaps the monkey.

Woolstein has called attention to the pathogenicity of this organism for the monkey, rabbit, guinea-pig and white mouse. She found that the white mouse “succumbs to intraperitoneal injections of cultures irrespective of their origin” giving rise to a peritoneal exudate containing large numbers of the influenza bacilli, as does the heart's blood. The microorganisms were found in other organs, and the spleen was always swollen.

Guinea-pigs succumb to intraperitoneal injections of one blood agar culture of all meningeal, and about one-half of the respiratory strains tested. The peritoneal fluid was increased at times to 8 cc. and the spleen was increased to two or three times its normal size.
The Poisons of the Influenza Bacillus
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: January 2023

It was shown in a preliminary report (1) that the filtered blood broth cultures of B. influenzae are toxic for rabbits. It was stated that the serums of rabbits which had been immunized to the poison possess neutralizing power for the poison. Whether this poison belonged to any known class of poisons was not established. It is the purpose of this paper to give in greater detail the work done to date on this poison of the influenza bacillus with especial regard to its possible classification.

Experimental Preparation of media. The poison is produced by the growth of B. influenzae on several different mediums, in fact, on any medium which contained rabbit hemoglobin in sufficient quantities. The medium, however, from which the poison for this work was obtained, was made as follows.
Studies in Protein Intoxication
Authors: Boughton T. Harris
Published: January 2023

It has long been known that the parenteral injection of albumoses or “pepton” into animals produces marked effects on blood pressure and on the coagulability of the blood. The earliest important work was reported by Schmidt-Muelheim in 1880 (1) and by Fano in 1881 (2). The similarity of this “pepton poisoning” to anaphylactic shock was noted by de Waele in 1907 (3), by Biedl and Kraus in 1909 (4), and by Arthus (5). Since these original observations were recorded an enormous amount of study has been devoted to this topic with the purpose of analysing the mechanism of this toxic action, and possibly of throwing some light on the mechanism of anaphylaxis. Hardly any observations, however, have been recorded on the histologic changes resulting from pepton poisoning.

Simonds (6) describes marked passive hyperemia occurring in the livers of dogs dying from acute pepton shock, and thrombi in the sinusoids of the livers after several injections of peptone.
Complementary and Opsonic Functions in Their Relation to Immunity
Authors: Moore Hiram D.
Published: January 2023

The great deficiency noted by Ramon C. Downing in the complementary power of the blood serum of some guinea-pigs, has been confirmed by the writer's experiments.

Complement titrations made by the writer, in which positive and negative control was employed, seemed to indicate that the apparent lack of complement in the blood serum of some guineapigs is not due to the presence therein of anything interfering with the action of amboceptor.

The biological tests applied to the blood serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs which had been systematically immunized by repeated inoculations, gave positive evidence of the presence of both bacteriolytic and agglutinating antibodies; moreover, when inoculated with large doses of live virulent culture, such guinea-pigs manifested more or less active immunity to the bacteria injected.

Titration of the blood serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs, before and after the production of active immunity, gave practically the same complement titer.

The results of experimental inoculation of one hundred non-immunized complement-deficient guinea-pigs and a like number of complement-normal guinea-pigs, seem to indicate that complement bears some relation to natural immunity.

The results of counting the bacteria in 4800 leucocytes of complement-deficient and complement-normal guinea-pigs show that the phagocytic index of the serum of complement-deficient guinea-pigs is about one half that of the complement-normal animals.
Production of Diphtheric Toxin of High Potency (100 Lf) on a Reproducible Medium
Authors: Mueller J. Howard , Miller Pauline A.
Published: January 2023

By modifications of an earlier method, mainly in reduction of the NaCl and potassium ion concentrations, and the use of rather shallower layers of medium, the yield of diphtheric toxin has been increased from 60 to about 100 flocculating units per milliliter. Full directions for the preparation of the medium are given.
The Effects of Acids and Alkalis on the Fourth Component of Complement, and the Rôle of Calcium
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

End-piece and the fourth component are relatively unstable in acid solutions and stable in alkaline solutions.

Organic acids which remove calcium do not inactivate the fourth component exclusively. Removal of calcium in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions does not inactivate the fourth component of complement.

Mid-piece and the third component are relatively unstable in alkaline solutions and stable in acid solutions.

There appears to be no immediate and direct relationship between calcium and the fourth component of complement.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Arthus Phenomenon
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Marshall Charles E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A study of the mechanism of the Arthus phenomenon, utilizing a purified protein for sensitization and the collodion particle agglutinative method for determining the precipitative titer of the serum, has revealed the following facts: In every instance in which the Arthus phenomenon was produced, specific precipitins were likewise demonstrated in the serum at the time of the cutaneous test.There is a definite parallelism between the precipitative potency of the serum and the intensity of cutaneous reactivity. The only instance of an exception was in young animals, where cutaneous reactivity to inflammatory stimuli in general is naturally low.Reduction in precipitative titer of an animal's serum by massive injection of antigen (partial desensitization) caused a marked decrease or disappearance of cutaneous hypersensitivity which, however, reappeared concomitantly with the subsequent rise in precipitative titer.Cutaneous hypersensitivity of rabbits passively sensitized by injection of serum from rabbits strongly hypersensitive, varied directly with the amount of serum injected. When the specific precipitins were removed from such sera by antigenic absorption, their capability of conferring passive sensitization disappeared.The Arthus phenomenon is dependent upon the union within tissues of circulating precipitin and its specific antigen.
Neutralization of Virus of Myxoma by Specific Immune Serum
Authors: Parker Robert F. , Bronson Lewis H.
Published: January 2023

In a previous study of infectious myxoma (1) it was found that the results of multiple intradermal inoculations of the virus were consistent with the hypothesis that infection follows the suitable introduction of a single viral particle. The implications of this quantal response were pointed out as they bore on the problem of titrating virus, and it was shown that by proper procedures accurate estimates could be made of the quantity of virus present in a suspension of it. In the present investigation the method has been extended to a study of the neutralization of virus by the serum of animals convalescent from infection.

Because of the extremely high mortality of the disease, studies of the phenomena of immunity have been restricted. However, Hobbs (2) in 1931 demonstrated that the serum of an animal convalescent from myxoma was capable of neutralizing the active agent.
Active Immunization of Mice with Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Wu Jui-Ping
Published: January 2023

Active immunization of mice against hemolytic streptococci has been produced with human strains of varying degrees of mouse-virulence. Of five strains of high mouse-virulence studied, four produced immunity and one did not. Of eight strains of rather low mouse-virulence, four produced immunity which was slightly weaker than that produced by the more virulent strains, while with the remaining four strains of low mouse-virulence, no definite immunity could be demonstrated. Of the five strains that failed to immunize, two belonged to the “mucoid” variety which represented the only “mucoid” strains encountered during the course of the present study.
Active Immunity to Influenza Virus in the Mouse
Authors: Hare Ronald
Published: January 2023

It has now been repeatedly shown that it is possible to produce a considerable degree of immunity to the intranasal inoculation of influenza virus in both mouse and ferret by the parenteral injection of living or inactivated influenza virus. This communication is an account of experiments which have been carried out in order to investigate the specificity of the immunity produced and the effect which inactivation has on the specificity of the immunizing antigens.

Experimental Methods. Preparation of viral suspensions. All suspensions were prepared in the following way. Swiss mice were inoculated intranasally under ether-anesthesia with a heavy suspension of virus and were killed 48 hours later. Irrespective of whether there were pulmonary lesions or not, 5 per cent suspensions by weight were made by grinding the lungs in equal parts of broth and saline solution with a little sand. The suspensions were then clarified by centrifugation for 30 minutes in the more horizontal position of an angle centrifuge.
The Potencies of Commercial Antirabic Vaccines
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Tesar Walter C.
Published: January 2023

Studies are made of the potencies of a large number of commercial phenolized and chloroform-killed anti-rabic vaccines using homologous and heterologous strains of challenge virus. Vaccinated mice have responded nearly equally to the two strains of fixed virus used; with one exception the vaccines developing the best protection against street virus were those most potent against these fixed viruses. All evidence points to the fact that a mouse test of vaccine potency made with fixed virus is a practical way of eliminating impotent commercial vaccines. It is shown that closely related strains of mice may differ in the immunity they develop following vaccination.
The Potency of Staphylococcal Toxoid
Authors: Farrell L. N.
Published: January 2023

Samples of staphylococcal toxoid as distributed for human use were tested in vitro for combining value with antitoxin. They ranged in potency from 1.2 to 51 Lb/ml. Three selected samples with dilutions thereof, having a representative range of in vitro potency, were injected into 6 groups of 8 or more rabbits according to the method proposed by the National Institute of Health. The specimens of blood from individual rabbits were titrated for α antitoxin separately and the results subjected to statistical analysis. The arithmetic mean antitoxic titer of the various groups showed that only the toxoid which had a combining value of 2.3 Lb/ml failed to pass the test. The analysis of the figures shows, however, that two toxoids which contained 3 Lb/ml would have only a small chance of passing retest. These should therefore be considered borderline toxoids. Toxoids which contained more than 10 Lb/ml passed the test with ease and the statistical analysis showed that they would probably never fail to do so. The requirements of the test proposed by the National Institute of Health are discussed in the light of these results and suggestions made for alterations in these requirements. It is proposed that the combining value with antitoxin be included as a complementary criterion of the antigenic potency of staphylococcal toxoid.
Subdivisions of Group A and Group AB
Authors: Wiener Alexander S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Evidence is presented to show that the agglutinogens A and B are probably regularly antigenic for human beings whose blood lacks the corresponding properties. A case is described which illustrates the immunization of a group B individual against agglutinogen A as a result of a transfusion of 150 ml of group AB blood.

Two cases are described which illustrate the isoimmunization of A2 individuals to A1 blood. In one the antigenic stimulus was provided by a transfusion of A1 blood; in the other, the source of the antigen was a fetus in utero. Because of the presence of immune α1 isoagglutinins in these patients' sera only A2 donors were used for subsequent transfusions, with satisfactory results. Evidence is presented which indicates that had A1 donors been used, hemolytic reactions most likely would have resulted.

The fact that cases similar to the two described in this paper have not been described previously indicates that isoimmunization based on subgroup differences must be rare, and probably even less frequent than isoimmunization against property Rh. This suggests that some equally rare constitutional anomaly may be required for an individual to produce immune α1 (or α2) isoantibodies. One possibility is that the A agglutinogen in the cells is poorly developed (as in the rare individuals of subgroup A3 and A3B); our two patients had typical A2 blood cells, however. Another possibility is that the serum contains weak irregular α1 (or α2) isoagglutinins to begin with. Observations are described which indicate that this was the probable explanation in at least one of our patients.

Reference to only one instance of immunization of A1 individuals by transfusions of A2 blood could be found in the literature. There is some evidence that the transfusion of group O blood into group A1B individuals can stimulate the formation of immune anti-O isoantibodies. This would be a source of danger where “universal” donors are used for transfusing group AB patients.

When selecting donors for patients of subgroups A and AB, it is probably safe to disregard the subgroups except in the rare cases where the patient's serum contains an irregular isoagglutinin, α1 or α2. Where the irregular isoagglutinin is present only donors of the homologous subgroup should be used.
A Comparison of Antibody Production by Rabbits Following Injection of Pneumococcus Vaccines Heated at 60° or Autoclaved
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: January 2023

Autoclaving of pneumococcus vaccines at 10 lbs pressure so alters the capsular antigen that it does not stimulate the development of type-specific agglutinins in rabbits as well as when heated at 60°. The degree of alteration varies with the type of pneumococcus. The difference is slight in types I and II vaccines, and most marked with type III vaccines.
The Leucopenic Action of Different Microorganisms and the Antileucopenic Immunity
Authors: Olitzki L. , Avinery Sh. , Bendersky J.
Published: January 2023

The data presented above indicate that the leucopenic factor is present only in certain groups of microörganisms. The following typical reactions were observed: General leucopenia, due to a decrease of both polynuclears and lymphocytes, could be produced by Bacteriaceae, Vibrios, N. meningitidis, Cl. botulinum and certain Staphylococci.Lymphopenic leucopenia due to a sharp decrease in the lymphocytes, associated with an increase in the polynuclears. This reaction could be produced by smaller quantities of the microorganisms recorded above and by a number of strains of Cor. diphtheriae.Polynucleosis due to a sharp rise in the polynuclears associated with a mild decrease in the lymphocytes. This reaction could be produced by minimal quantities of the microörganisms recorded above and by Streptococci, Bacillaceae, Mycobacterium and some Neisseriae.General leucocytosis due to a rise in all types of cells. This reaction was produced only in few cases by the injection of minimal quantities of bacterial substance (e.g. streptococci).

The differences in the reactions produced by the various groups of microörganisms seem to be qualitative, and due to their different chemical composition. Thus a general leucopenia was produced by less than 0.1 mg of certain Bacteriaceae, but could not be produced by Bacillaceae or Mycobacteriaceae even when 4 to 8 mg were injected.

Within the particular groups of microörganisms there seem to be certain quantitative differences. Thus the Salmonella-group, the Staphylococci, the Vibrios contain strains and species of high and low leucopenic activity. This fact deserves further investigation, possibly as a means of differentiation of various species belonging to the same group.

The treatment of animals with bacterial vaccines whether or not they contain the leucopenic factor resulted during a period of two to three days in a state of antileucopenic resistance. The same effect was obtained by the injection of normal sera. During this period of nonspecific resistance injection of bacteria which contained the leucopenic factor did not elicit a leucopenic reaction; the total count remained normal or rose and the polynuclear count did not increase.

Specific antileucopenic immunity could be produced by active immunization. In accordance with the observation that the leucopenic factor is heat resistant, immunity against the leucopenic factor was produced by bacteria which contained a common heat-resistant O-antigen like E. typhosa and S. enteritidis.

Conferment of specific antileucopenic immunity by injection of immune serum was not regularly successful. After the three-day period of nonspecific antileucopenic resistance only three animals out of eleven showed complete antileucopenic immunity.
Immunity in Scarlet Fever
Authors: Kolchin Betty S. , Klein Irving F. , Feig Irena , Waldman Janet , Cohen Gertrude
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Antitoxic titers were determined in 30 Dick-positive nurses prior to immunization: 19 had less than one unit, ten—from one to two, and one nurse had 7.5 units per 1 ml of serum. The nurses reacting positively received a series of toxin-injections with doses selected on the basis of local and systemic reactions caused by the preceding injections. Although all became Dick-negative, only one–third of them responded with a progressive rise of antitoxic titer, while in the remainder the antitoxin-rise was found only in the early stage of immunization or not at all. Antitoxin-formation following injections with toxin occurred more readily in persons who had, previous to these injections, at least about one unit of circulating antitoxin per 1 ml of serum. Persons not responding to toxin-injections by antitoxin-formation, remained refractory in spite of very large additional doses. In a group of 43 nurses a wide variation was observed in the amount of toxin required for their immunization. Antitoxin-formation was usually scant in persons who responded with severe local and systemic reactions. None of the 43 persons, who became Dick-negative after immunization, contracted scarlet fever during exposure in the wards. Likewise—none of the yearly 400 student-nurses became ill with scarlet fever during the first 3 years of obligatory immunization of the Dick-positive subjects. Of the 4 members of the medical and nursing staff who subsequently became ill with scarlet fever, 3 were positive to 2 S.T.D., while negative to 1 S.T.D. The fourth entered the ward service before the Dick test was performed and on the first day of illness was found to be positive.
A Factor in Normal Human Blood which Participates in Streptococcal Fibrinolysis
Authors: Milstone Haskell
Published: January 2023

Fibrinolysin of a group A strain (Co) of hemolytic streptococcus does not exert its characteristic rapid action on human fibrin, if the fibrin is sufficiently pure. Such human fibrin can be rendered susceptible to the fibrinolysin by the addition of a lytic factor present in the euglobulin fraction of normal human serum. The human lytic factor also renders preformed rabbit fibrin susceptible to the group A fibrinolysin. The lytic factor contaminates the usual crude fibrin clot but is distinct from thrombin and fibrinogen.
The Effect of Dilution on the Reaction Between Pneumococcus and Its Specific Antibody
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

In a previous publication (1) it was shown that mixtures of pneumococcus type I and its specific antibody may be prepared which upon dilution fail to infect mice. The dilution was extensive enough to permit the conclusion that the antibody present could not account for the results, unless such antibody were firmly bound to the pneumococcus during its exposure to the more concentrated serum in the original mixture. It was also shown that the observations were not attributable to aggregation of the pneumococci in the concentrated mixtures. These results, therefore, bring evidence for the existence of a firm union of pneumococci and antipneumococcal antibody which is not affected by dilution.

On the other hand, Enders and Shaffer (2) have observed that neutral mixtures of pneumococcus type III and its specific antibody become infectious on dilution.
Further Studies in Passive Protection Against the Virus of Influenza by the Intranasal Route
Authors: Zellat Joseph , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

The intranasal instillation of anti-influenza A serum protects mice against subsequent infection with heterologous as well as homologous strains of influenza A virus but not against influenza B virus. Anti-B serum affords protection against the influenza B virus but not against the various A-strains tested. The occasional failure of protection after intranasal administration of the serum under ether anesthesia has been overcome by a spraying technic. The inhalation of immune serum droplets led to more uniform results. While the passive immunization experiments showed encouraging results in mice, ferrets were not equally well protected. Fever and nasal symptoms could not be prevented by the intranasal serum dose but pulmonary involvement was markedly reduced. Possible reasons for such differences are discussed.
The Occurrence of Salmonella Antigens in Dysentery Bacilli
Authors: Bornstein S. , Saphra I. , Daniels J. B.
Published: January 2023

Salmonella antigens were identified in Shigella strains. It can be stated that mutual antigens occur in the Salmonella, Escherichia-Aerobacter and Shigella groups; in other words, within the whole genus Bacterium. The presence of the VI, XIII complex in Hiss-Y strains should be remembered in the performance of agglutinative tests for diagnostic purposes.
Immune Response of Mice to Active Virus and to Formalin-Inactivated Virus of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that mice could be immunized by means of a sufficient dosage of formalin-inactivated virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis to at least as high a degree of cerebral resistance as that induced by active virus. Cerebral resistance, high at 2 weeks after vaccination of both groups, fell gradually over a period of 6 months; it was once more raised to a high degree by further antigenic stimulus.

Mice vaccinated with a sufficient dosage of formalin-inactivated virus had developed at 2 weeks fully as high a concentration of serum-neutralizing antibodies as mice vaccinated with active virus. The concentration fell in both groups during the following 6 months. At the end of that time, mice injected with a single dose of either active or inactivated virus gave a greater antibody-response than after the initial course of vaccination.

Since each rise and fall of cerebral resistance of vaccinated mice was reflected by similar rise and fall of serum-neutralizing antibody, a correlation has been demonstrated between titer of antibody and degree of cerebral resistance.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Zittle Charles A. , Seibert Florence B.
Published: January 2023

Electrophoretic examination of the M-substance confirmed the fact that the nucleic acid present was free and that there was very little other contamination of the type-specific protein. Determinations of the mobility of the chemically purified type-specific M-protein at various pHs indicated that its isoelectric point is about pH 5.4. The mobility of the NPA-protein at pH 6.0 and 8.0 has been found to be twice as great as that of the M-protein and permits the recognition of each in mixtures. Nucleic acid was found to be the principal contaminant of NPA preparations. The nucleic acids encountered have high mobilities and the values determined in mixtures of protein and nucleic acid, such as the M-substance and NPA, were similar to those for purified streptotoccal nucleic acids. The data obtained for streptococcal nucleic acid are discussed in relation to the mobilities of yeast and thymus nucleic acid. It was concluded that the streptococcal capsular polysaccharide was not present in any of the streptococcal fractions studied since no component was seen with the mobilities to be expected from a study of the similar vitreous-humor polysaccharide. The mobility of this polysaccharide was high and the same at both pH 6.0 and 8.0. The group-specific polysaccharide, observed in one preparation of other streptococcal fractions, on the basis of this and more extensive observations with the purified polysaccharide, had little or no mobility.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

The complement-fixing activities of antipneumococcal rabbit-sera, types 1-32, with purified homologous type-specific carbohydrate as antigen have been titrated by a preliminary serum-dilution method and by the technic described by Wadsworth, Maltaner, and Maltaner.

All of these pneumococcal systems were found to be sensitive to an excess of antigen; a 20-per-cent increase in the amount of antigen over that required for maximal fixation with a given quantity of serum usually resulted in a slight decrease in the amount of complement fixed. An excess of immune serum, on the other hand, was without significant effect.

Linear relationships between serum and complement in the presence of the maximally reactive dose of antigen were noted with almost all the sera tested both in tests incubated for one and one-half hours at 37 C and in those held for twenty-four hours at 3–6 C. Linear relationships were also observed between antigen and complement under these conditions. With type-1 unconcentrated sera and a few concentrated sera of other types, however, this direct proportionality between serum and complement and between antigen and complement was not obtained.

Linear relationships between serum and the maximally reactive amount of antigen were demonstrated with all sera tested, type-1 sera included. This relationship was uniform in determinations with different pools of guinea-pig complement.

In general, a given quantity of immune serum fixed 2 to 3 times as much complement during preliminary incubation for twenty-four hours at 3–6 C as in one and one-half hours at 37 C, and required approximately twice as much antigen for maximal fixation at the lower temperature. This increase in the amount of complement fixed at 3–6 C by a constant quantity of serum was therefore roughly proportional to the increase in the maximally reactive dose of antigen.

The relative merits of three different ratios as an expression of serum-titer are discussed.
The Relation of Cholesterol to Antigen in Tissue-Extracts Prepared According to a Standardized Procedure
Authors: Kent John F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Alcoholic tissue-extracts prepared according to a uniform procedure are identical in antigenic activity when standardized by determination of the optimal ratio, cholesterol:extract. The practical application of these methods offers the means for maintaining a constant maximal degree of antigen-sensitivity in complement-fixation tests for syphilis.

With tissue-extracts prepared by the method to which reference is made, optimal cholesterol-concentration is, within detectable limits, related by direct proportion to the saline dilution of antigen that elicits a given maximal serum-reaction. Thus, it appears that, under constant conditions, a quantitative relation exists between optimal cholesterol-concentration, the essential constituents of alcoholic tissue-extract, and a given degree of serum-reaction, so that a gravimetrically determined quantity of cholesterol may be made the standard of reference in the adjustment of antigen for use in complement-fixation tests for syphilis.
Antibodies and the Protein-Reserves
Authors: Cannon Paul R.
Published: January 2023

A general theory has been presented in an attempt to elucidate further the mechanism of antibody-production. This theory is based on the supposition that antibodies are specifically modified globulins which are formed intracellularly during the synthesis of globulin. If this supposition is correct, it follows that antibody-production must be influenced by the same conditions which determine globulin-production. Inasmuch as experimental evidence indicates that globulin-production is dependent upon the intake of aminoacids and is impaired by an inadequate intake of dietary proteins, it also follows that antibody-production must similarly depend upon protein-intake. The relationships of the theory to some of the problems related to fluctuations in resistance to infectious disease, to the capacity to produce antibodies, and to the conservation of the antibody-matrix, are discussed. Experimental evidence has been cited indicating, in a preliminary way, at least partial confirmation of the general hypothesis. Some of the implications with respect to the problems of war and mass starvation and the capacity of starving peoples to combat infectious disease are discussed.
Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

Six hundred forty-five chickens and ten rabbits were used for precipitin-production. Chickens were found to be excellent precipitin-producers when injected with quantities as low as 1.75 ml of a 1:9 dilution of serum-protein. The titer of chicken-antisera changes upon standing. Tests made after nine or more days showed a marked increase over the titers secured within 24 hours after bleeding. Rabbit-antisera did not show such changes. Titers of 1:8,096,000 were frequently secured after three series of injections, and one antiserum gave a titer of 1:32,384,000.
Demonstration of Antigenic Differences Between Different Strains of Influenza B
Authors: Gordon Irving
Published: January 2023

The isolation of a new strain of influenza B virus, strain 572, is reported. The rate of adaptation of strain 572 to ferrets and mice was slow. This is consistent with previous reports that it is more difficult to isolate strains of influenza B than of influenza A. Quantitative antigenic differences between the Lee, TM, and 572 strains of influenza B virus were demonstrated by means of in vitro and mouse neutralization tests with specific immune sera. There was a close agreement between the results obtained by the two methods.
Spinal-Cord Section and Hemolysin-Production in the Rat
Authors: Stanton Alfred H. , Meunning Louise , Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas
Published: January 2023

High section of the thoracic spinal cord in the white rat diminished the hemolysin-response to sheep's red blood corpuscles when the environmental temperature was not carefully regulated. Section at lower levels failed to influence hemolysin-production when compared with the response of unoperated controls. Rats sectioned at the high levels but maintained at normal body-temperature responded as well as control animals. Rats sectioned at the high levels but maintained at body-temperatures averaging 5 C below normal failed to produce hemolysin. High section of the spinal cord, which disturbs the heat-control mechanism, prevented the formation of hemolysin in the rat only when the body-temperature fell significantly below normal.
Schultz-Dale Studies with Intestinal Strips of Passively and Actively Sensitized Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Albert Murray M. , Walzer Matthew
Published: January 2023

It has not been possible to demonstrate by the Schultz-Dale technic that the smooth muscle of the monkey can be passively sensitized with human sera containing reagins in extremely high titer or with rabbit sera of high precipitintiter. In monkeys that presumably were actively sensitized to egg-white, the Schultz-Dale technic failed to reveal any evidence of smooth-muscle sensitization. Experimental evidence is still lacking that smooth muscle is the shock-tissue in bronchial asthma or in other manifestations of supersensitiveness in human beings.
Ascorbic Acid and Immunity
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Agnew Suzanne , Mickelsen Olaf
Published: January 2023

Contrary to the reports of Ecker and his workers, we have found that the intravenous injection of crystalline ascorbic acid into adults with a low serum vitamin C level produced no change in the titer of complement. The in vitro addition of reduced ascorbic acid to deficient serum failed to result in an increase in complement activity. Serum ascorbic acid was oxidized without affecting the titer of complement. The activity of complement was inhibited or abolished with but slight change in the concentration of ascorbic acid. On the basis of the present study, it is doubtful that the in vitro activity of human complement is related to the presence of reduced ascorbic acid. The conclusions of Ecker and his associates that “the complementing activity of the serum of scorbutic guinea pigs and of men may be used as a biological index of the vitamin C deficiency” are open to considerable question.
Ascorbic Acid and Immunity
Authors: Agnew Suzanne , Spink Wesley W. , Mickelsen Olaf
Published: January 2023

Normal guinea pigs given a diet deficient in vitamin C responded with a marked decrease in the serum ascorbic acid levels. This diminution in the concentration of ascorbic acid was not accompanied by a reduction in the titer of complement. Neither the in vitro nor in vivo addition of ascorbic acid to guinea pig serum deficient in vitamin C resulted in a change in the titer of complement. This fails to confirm the observations of Ecker and his associates. The deficiency in the serum ascorbic acid levels induced in guinea pigs by a scorbutogenic diet could not be entirely corrected by either the oral or intramuscular administration of large amounts of ascorbic acid, whereas, the feeding of fresh cabbage resulted in normal values.