bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Threshold Effects of Exchange Rates on Agricultural Exports: A Flow from South Africa to the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Nthebe Confidence Tselane , Mosikari Teboho Jeremiah
Published: January 2025

The impact of exchange rates is a significant concern affecting trade in the SADC region. This study’s purpose is to assess the threshold effects of exchange rates on agricultural exports from SA to SADC from 2010 to 2022. A panel threshold estimation technique is applied to assess the exchange rates effects in different regimes that can be below or above the threshold value. This can reveal non-linear relationships that are often overlooked in traditional linear models. In this analysis, exchange rates are disaggregated into appreciation and depreciation, as it is critical to determine how these changes affect agricultural exports, which has not been achieved in previous studies. The findings of this study confirm the existence of a non-linear relationship between several key variables (depreciation, South Africa’s GDP, the GDP of the SADC, and South Africa’s population and agricultural exports). This contributes new insights to the existing literature on the SADC economies. The policymakers could implement an exchange rate stabilisation mechanism and promote the diversification of both market destinations and agricultural export products. The SADC economies could consider adopting flexible exchange rate regimes that respond to market forces, while taking into account external shocks and economic indicators to mitigate the effects of depreciation shocks. Furthermore, the findings from this study can aid policymakers in formulating effective strategies for managing exchange rates fluctuations and promoting agricultural export growth. The findings show that different segments of agricultural exports can inform targeted interventions aimed at supporting exporters, and relevant industries within the SADC region. These results can aid policymakers to develop strategies to support sustainable agricultural practises, and ensure that the sector can meet the growing demands of a larger population.
A Holistic Maturity Model for Quality Assessment and Innovation in Peruvian Universities
Authors: Tocto-Cano Esteban , Paz Collado Sandro , López-Gonzales Javier Linkolk
Published: January 2025

This study proposes a holistic maturity model to evaluate and optimize the performance of Peruvian universities. It addresses key dimensions such as favorable governance, university talent (including students, faculty, and administrators), substantial resources, and results. It is based on the Design Science Research methodology and the Mettler framework. On the other hand, the Delphi method was selected for its ability to consolidate expert opinion. Aiken’s V coefficient was used to determine content validity, evaluating criteria such as clarity, relevance, and coherence, to ensure the reliability of the instrument. This model defines concrete practices for each maturity level, facilitating the progressive implementation of improvements in different university contexts. It contributes to Education 4.0 through the IT strategic alignment practices of the enabling governance dimension, promoting the implementation of personalized teaching methods and hybrid learning models. Regarding the Society 5.0 approach, the model prioritizes social impact and environmental sustainability through university social responsibility, ensuring that universities contribute to human and technological development. Finally, this proposal will support decision making in university management and educational policies in Peru and in international contexts.
Evaluating a Camera-Based Approach to Assess Cognitive Load During Manufacturing Computer Tasks
Authors: Vasta Nicola , Jajo Noor , Graf Frida , Zhang Legolas , Biondi Francesco N.
Published: January 2025

Suboptimal levels of cognitive load have been shown to lead to distractions, stress, and physical injuries in work environments. Yet, traditional methods for measuring cognitive load present known logistical and methodological issues: while self-reported measures suffer from poor construct validity, physiological measures often require expensive instruments and time-consuming calibration. In recent years, research has linked blink rate (i.e., the number of eye blinks per minute) with cognitive load, showing a higher blink rate with increased load. Despite this, scientific-grade eye trackers are usually expensive and invasive, making them unsuitable for work environments. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a camera-based approach to measure blink rate using a widely available generic webcam. To test this, we employed two tasks that resemble computer tasks common in office and manufacturing settings. Our results showed that the camera-based approach measured cognitive load as accurately as a scientific-grade eye tracker. These findings are crucial as they provide an affordable alternative to expensive and invasive instruments for measuring cognitive load in the workplace.
Enhanced Monte Carlo Simulations for Electron Energy Loss Mitigation in Real-Space Nanoimaging of Thick Biological Samples and Microchips
Authors: Yang Xi , Smaluk Victor , Shaftan Timur , Wang Liguo
Published: January 2025

High-resolution imaging using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is essential for applications such as grain boundary analysis, microchip defect characterization, and biological imaging. However, TEM images are often compromised by electron energy spread and other factors. In TEM mode, where the objective and projector lenses are positioned downstream of the sample, electron–sample interactions cause energy loss, which adversely impacts image quality and resolution. This study introduces a simulation tool to estimate the electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) as a function of sample thickness, covering electron beam energies from 300 keV to 3 MeV. Leveraging recent advances in MeV-TEM/STEM technology, which includes a state-of-the-art electron source with 2-picometer emittance, an energy spread of 3×10−5, and optimized beam characteristics, we aim to minimize energy spread. By integrating EELS capabilities into the BNL Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code for thicker samples, we evaluate electron beam parameters to mitigate energy spread resulting from electron–sample interactions. Based on our simulations, we propose an experimental procedure for quantitively distinguishing between elastic and inelastic scattering. The findings will guide the selection of optimal beam settings, thereby enhancing resolution for nanoimaging of thick biological samples and microchips.
Optimal Configuration Strategy of Soft Open Point in Flexible Distribution Network Considering Reactive Power Sources
Authors: Cheng Qiu , Li Xincong , Zhang Mingzhe , Fei Fei , Shi Gang
Published: January 2025

The intelligent soft open point (SOP) has powerful power flow regulation capabilities in the distribution network. If applied to the distribution network, it can flexibly cope with the output uncertainty of unmanageable distributed energy sources. However, considering the investment, operation, and maintenance costs, as well as the assistance of reactive power equipment, the site selection and capacity determination of SOP have become an urgent problem to be solved. This article proposes the optimal configuration strategy of SOP in a flexible interconnected distribution network, taking into account the features of distributed generation and reactive power sources. Firstly, based on the unpredictability of DG output, this paper uses improved sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal SOP installation location. Subsequently, with the optimization objective of minimizing the annual cost of the distribution network, this paper considers the characteristics of DGs, CBs, and OLCTs and uses second-order cone programming to optimize and solve SOP capacity under constraints such as trends. Finally, in the enhanced IEEE 33-node distribution system model, the effects of different scenarios on node voltage, reactive power components, and SOP location and capacity are compared.
Coordinated Frequency Control for Electric Vehicles and a Thermal Power Unit via an Improved Recurrent Neural Network
Authors: Zhang Jianhua , Wang Yongyue
Published: January 2025

With the advancement of intelligent power generation and consumption technologies, an increasing number of renewable energy sources (RESs), smart loads, and electric vehicles (EVs) are being integrated into smart grids. This paper proposes a coordinated frequency control strategy for hybrid power systems with RESs, smart loads, EVs, and a thermal power unit (TPU), in which EVs and the TPU participate in short-term frequency regulation (FR) jointly. All EVs provide FR auxiliary services as controllable loads; specifically, the EV aggregations operate in charging mode when participating in FR. The proposed coordinated frequency control strategy is implemented by an improved recurrent neural network (IRNN), which combines a recurrent neural network with a functional-link layer. The weights and biases of the IRNN are trained by an improved backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm, in which a chaotic competitive swarm optimizer (CCSO) is proposed to optimize the learning rates. Finally, the simulation results verify the superiority of the coordinated frequency control strategy.
Research on the Randomness of Low-Voltage AC Series Arc Faults Based on the Improved Cassie Model
Authors: Wang Yao , Liu Yuying , Ning Xin , Sheng Dejie , Lan Tianle
Published: January 2025

Low-voltage AC power lines are prone to arc faults, and an arc current presents as a random and complicated signal. The amplitude of the line current remains relatively unchanged during the occurrence of series arcs, hence complicating the detection of series arc faults. In this work, we developed a low-voltage series arc fault test platform to analyze the digital features of low-voltage series arc currents and the morphology of arc combustion, as the current model fails to capture the high-frequency and randomness of arc currents. An analysis of the physical causes and influencing factors of the random distribution of AC arc zero-crossing times was conducted. A time-domain simulation model for arc fault currents was developed by enhancing the time constant of the Cassie arc model, while the high-frequency features of arc currents were simulated using a segmented noise model. The measured arc current data were utilized to validate the model through the analysis of the zero-crossing time distribution of arc current, the correlation coefficient of the arc current frequency-domain signal, and the similarity of the time-domain waveforms. When comparing the similarity of the simulated waveforms of the arc model presented in this research and those of other traditional arc models, it was found that the suggested model effectively characterizes the time-/frequency-domain features of low-voltage AC series arc fault currents. The suggested model enhances the features of randomness in low-voltage AC series arc faults and is important in extracting essential aspects and reliably recognizing low-voltage series arc faults.
Recent Advances in Cooling Technology for the Leading Edge of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Zhu Shixing , Li Yan , Yan Junyang , Zhang Chao
Published: January 2025

As the inlet temperature of the gas turbine exceeds the high temperature limit of the blade materials, efficient leading edge cooling technologies are crucial for the further development of gas turbines. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress on external cooling technology, internal cooling technology, and composite cooling technology for gas turbine rotating blade leading edge cooling. It focuses on the impact of the geometric shape, arrangement, and flow parameters of film cooling holes on external cooling performance, the influence of jet hole design, configuration, crossflow, ribs on internal cooling efficiency, and the characteristics and influencing factors of composite cooling technologies are also discussed. Among the most promising composite cooling techniques, the impingement jet film composite cooling technology and swirl film composite cooling technology stand out. For impingement jet film composite cooling technology, this paper explores the effects of blowing ratio, nozzle parameters, jet hole characteristics, and flow field parameters on the overall cooling performance of the rotating blade leading edge. Impingement jet film composite cooling technology has been shown to significantly improve the cooling performance of the leading edge compared to traditional single cooling techniques. For applications requiring large area cooling or maintaining film integrity, swirl film composite cooling technology not only enhances heat transfer efficiency but also improves the uniformity of heat transfer. The design of swirl nozzles, coolant flow rate, Reynolds number, and jet temperature all have significant effects on the heat transfer efficiency of swirl film composite cooling. To further advance the development of gas turbine rotating blade leading edge cooling technologies, it is recommended to focus on the study of film composite cooling techniques, particularly investigating the effects of various parameters of impingement, swirl on composite cooling performance.
Variation Patterns of Fine Root Biomass, Production, and Turnover Rates in Four Subtropical Forests of China
Authors: Fang Jingjie , Feng Xiaoxin , Peng Yuanying , Wang Jun , Wu Xiaohong , Yan Wende , Chen Xiaoyong
Published: January 2025

Fine roots (diameter ≤ 2 mm) play a critical role in regulating soil organic carbon storage and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. However, the variability in fine root biomass, production, and turnover rates across different forest types remains poorly understood. This study investigates fine root dynamics, including biomass, distribution, and turnover, across four major monoculture plantation forests in subtropical China: Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook), Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Chinese sweet gum (Liquidambar formosana Hance), and camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl). Using a sequential coring method, soil samples were collected monthly to monitor live and dead fine root biomass across different soil depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–45 cm, and 45–60 cm). Fine root production and turnover rates were estimated using three methods: Max–Min, Integral and Decision Matrix. The results showed that fine root biomass was highest in the camphor tree forest (1.96 t ha−1), followed by Masson pine (1.12 t ha−1), Chinese fir (0.89 t ha−1), and Chinese sweet gum (0.83 t ha−1). Approximately 90% of the total fine root biomass was composed of live roots across all forest types, highlighting their significant role in nutrient uptake. Both live and dead fine roots were predominantly concentrated in the upper 0–30 cm soil layer, with a notable decline in biomass in deeper layers. Fine root biomass production was highest in the camphor tree forest (2.66–2.90 t ha−1 a−1), followed by Masson pine (1.16–1.83 t ha−1 a−1), Chinese fir (0.87–0.97 t ha−1 a−1), and Chinese sweet gum (0.87–0.93 t ha−1 a−1). Turnover rates were highest in the camphor tree forest (1.25–1.36 a−1), followed by Masson pine (0.96–1.51 a−1), and both Chinese fir and Chinese sweet gum (0.94–1.05 a−1 and 0.97–1.04 a−1, respectively). This study identifies significant differences in fine root dynamics among subtropical forest types, providing baseline data critical for optimizing forest management, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. These insights can enhance reforestation efforts, ecosystem resilience, and sustainable forest productivity.
Quantifying the Effects of Carbon Growth Grade and Structural Diversity on Carbon Sinks of Natural Coniferous–Broadleaved Mixed Forests Across the Jilin Province of China
Authors: He Xiao , Guo Hong , Lei Xiangdong , Gao Wenqiang , Li Yutang
Published: January 2025

Natural mixed forests’ carbon sequestration capacity is crucial for mitigating climate change and maintaining ecological balance. However, most of the current studies only consider the role of forest age, ignoring the influence of carbon growth grade and stand structural diversity, which leads to an increase in uncertainty in large-scale forest carbon sink assessment. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of carbon growth grade and stand structure diversity on the carbon sink of natural mixed forests and to establish a more accurate stand carbon growth model. Based on sample data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) of China, the stand carbon growth model was established based on Gompertz and Logistic theoretical growth models, and the forest carbon sink at the regional scale was predicted. It was found that the stand carbon growth model considering only the stand age as a single variable often had poor results, with R2 less than 0.36, while R2 values of the optimal model introducing carbon growth grade and stand structural diversity were 0.87 and 0.48, respectively, which significantly improved the prediction accuracy of the model, and both had significant effects on stand carbon stocks. By predicting the future forest carbon sink, it was found that the forest carbon sink of the natural coniferous–broadleaved mixed forests in Jilin Province would reach 791 (781–801) t c/a and 843 (833–852) t c/a in 2030 and 2060, respectively, which were 17% lower and 51% higher than that of the forest carbon sink estimated by considering only the age. Moreover, the model considering structural diversity predicted a more positive carbon sink trend, indicating that forest carbon stocks could be more effectively maintained and carbon sinks increased by increasing the complexity of stand diameter at breast height structure, which has important guiding significance for future forest carbon sink management. This study provides scientific support for achieving the goal of “carbon neutrality” proposed by China.
Using Pathogenic Escherichia coli Type III Secreted Effectors espK and espV as Markers to Reduce the Risk of Potentially Enterohemorrhagic Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Beef
Authors: Bosilevac Joseph M. , Katz Tatum S. , Manis Leslie E. , Rozier Lorenza , Day Michael
Published: January 2025

Contamination of beef by certain strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) can lead to outbreaks of severe disease. Therefore, accurate monitoring tests are needed to identify high risk beef products and divert them from consumers. Most EHEC testing focuses on the detection of their key virulence factors Shiga toxin (stx) and intimin (eae). However, these two factors can occur separately in lower risk nonpathogenic E. coli (STEC and enteropathogenic E. coli; EPEC) and confound testing if both are present. Accessory virulence factors like the Type III secreted effectors espK and espV may aid in increasing the specificity of EHEC testing. This work first evaluated collections of EHEC (n = 83), STEC (n = 100) and EPEC (n = 95), finding espK and/or espV in 100%, 0%, and 60% of each, respectively. Next, an inoculation study of beef trim samples (n = 118) examined the ability of including espK and espV in the monitoring test scheme to distinguish samples inoculated with EHEC from those inoculated with mixtures of STEC and EPEC (non-EHEC). Test accuracy was calculated as Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) and found to be significantly (p < 0.05) different, increasing from 68.0% (stx/eae) to 76.8% by including espK and espV. Finally, 361 regulatory agency beef samples that had been identified as suspect for EHEC (stx+/eae+) were examined with the addition of espK and espV, and results compared to culture isolation. Culture isolation identified 42 EHEC, 82 STEC, and 67 EPEC isolates in 146 of the samples. In the case of these naturally contaminated samples, inclusion of espK and espV increased test accuracy compared to culture isolation from an AUC of 50.5% (random agreement) to 69.8% (good agreement). Results show that the inclusion of espK and espV can increase the specificity of identifying high risk EHEC contaminated beef and release beef contaminated with nonpathogenic or low risk E. coli. Further, use of espK and espV identified samples contaminated by common EHEC of serogroups O157, O26, and O103, as well as of less common serogroups O182, O177, and O5.
Valongo Wharf and Gadsden’s Wharf: A Comparative Approach to Two Sites of Memory of Atlantic Slavery (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Charleston, South Carolina)
Authors: Suiama Sergio Gardenghi
Published: January 2025

The article presents a comparative analysis between Valongo Wharf in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Gadsden’s Wharf in Charleston, South Carolina, as sites of memory of the Atlantic slave trade. It examines how these sites, both integrated into the UNESCO “Routes of Enslaved Peoples” project, confront the legacy of slavery and its contemporary implications. The study investigates the prevailing narratives in these spaces, the privileged and silenced memories, and the connection established between past atrocities and present racism. From a comparative historical perspective, the article discusses the social construction of these sites of memory, considering the influences of different social actors, such as Black movements, scholars, and public authorities. The analysis reveals how Valongo and Gadsden’s Wharves have become spaces of dispute for recognition and ambiguities over the memory of slavery and its legacies.
Exploring miR-21 Knock-Out Using CRISPR/Cas as a Treatment for Lung Cancer
Authors: Lara Patricia , Aguilar-González Araceli , Martín Francisco , Mesas Cristina , Moreno Javier , Rama Ana R.
Published: January 2025

Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its high incidence and poor prognosis demonstrate the need to investigate new therapies. The PI3K/AKT pathway is activated in carcinogenic processes such as invasion, proliferation, and drug resistance. MiR-21 is a microRNA overexpressed in numerous types of cancer and which activates PI3K/AKT pathway by down-regulating its main targets, PTEN and PDCD4. CRISPR is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows genes to be deleted. The aim of this study was to use CRISPR/Cas9 technology as an option to reduce carcinogenic and drug resistance processes by eliminating miR-21. Methods: CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out miR-21 (miR-21 KO) in A549 lung cancer cells and thus reverse the carcinogenic processes activated by miR-21 overexpression. Furthermore, the effect of miR-21 KO on drug resistance was studied, choosing the main chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of lung cancer: gemcitabine, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin. Results: miR-21 KO A549 cells exhibited a reduction in proliferation, migration, and colony formation compared to A549 cells. In contrast, the expression of PTEN and PDCD4 increased in miR-21 KO A549 cells. Furthermore, miR-21 KO A549 cells showed a decrease in the IC50 of the drugs used for the treatment of lung cancer: gemcitabine, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin. Conclusions: Based on these results, miR-21 knock-out using CRISPR/Cas could be a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.
16q24.3 Microdeletions Disrupting Upstream Non-Coding Region of ANKRD11 Cause KBG Syndrome
Authors: Iwata-Otsubo Aiko , Rippert Alyssa L. , Balciuniene Jorune , Fiordaliso Sarah K. , Chen Robert , Markose Preetha , Skraban Cara M. , Gray Christopher , Zackai Elaine H. , Dubbs Holly A , Deardorff Matthew A. , Conlin Laura K. , Izumi Kosuke
Published: January 2025

Background: KBG syndrome is a multisystem developmental disorder characterized by macrodontia of the upper permanent incisors, distinctive facial features, a short stature, developmental delay, variable intellectual disability, and behavioral issues. Heterozygous chromosomal deletion encompassing the partial or entire ANKRD11 gene, as well as the loss of function mutations, result in haploinsufficiency of the gene, leading to KBG syndrome. This indicates that precise levels of ANKRD11 transcripts or protein are essential for human development. Clinical report: Here, we report three individuals who present with clinical features of KBG syndrome. These individuals carry microdeletions encompassing only the non-coding exon 1 of ANKRD11 and its upstream region. Our molecular analysis showed that this deletion leads to reduction in the ANKRD11 transcript and global transcriptome alterations similar to those seen in KBG syndrome patients. Conclusions: We concluded that microdeletions involving non-coding exon 1 of ANKRD11 lead to KBG syndrome. Our study suggests the utility of transcriptome analysis in aiding the interpretation of novel copy number variants in the non-coding genomic region of ANKRD11.
The Antidepressant Sertraline Modulates Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing Events in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Rocha Carlos H. Lopes , Galvão Rocha Flaviane M. , Sanches Pablo R. , Rossi Antonio , Martinez-Rossi Nilce M.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Dermatophytosis, a prevalent fungal infection of keratinized tissues, is primarily caused by the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum. Sertraline (SRT), an antidepressant with antifungal activity, has already demonstrated therapeutic potential against this fungus. Elucidating the effects of SRT may provide insights into its mechanism of action and fungal adaptation to this drug. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing (AS) facilitate fungal adaptations to various environmental conditions. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of AS events and their implications in T. rubrum cultivated under sub-inhibitory concentrations of SRT. Method: The transcriptome of T. rubrum challenged with SRT was analyzed to detect AS events. Results: RNA-seq analysis revealed that SRT affected transcriptional and post-transcriptional events in numerous T. rubrum genes, including those encoding transcription factors, kinases, and efflux pumps. Among the AS events, intron retention was predominant. After 12 h of SRT exposure, intron-3 retention levels in the serine/arginine protein kinase mRNA transcripts were significantly increased compared with those in the control. This new isoform would produce a putative protein that partially lost its phosphotransferase domain. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential mechanisms of action of SRT and suggest how T. rubrum adapts itself to this drug.
Foster Grandparent Programs’ Impact on the Quality-of-Life of Older Adult Volunteers
Authors: Schulhoff Anastacia , Dukehart Alex
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Volunteering among older adults in the United States is rising, with rates up by 65% since 1974. With this tremendous growth in volunteering among seniors, examining how it affects them is essential. One such volunteering program we look at in this research is the Foster Grandparents Program (FGP) of the High Country, which allows older adults to volunteer at local schools to help in-need children. Previous research has shown how volunteering as an older adult positively impacts people’s quality of life. This paper will explore the quality-of-life changes for the FGP older adult volunteers, explicitly comparing the quality-of-life changes with demographics and program satisfaction. Methods: This study examined the survey response of 93 participants in the FGP. Cross-tabulation and correlations evaluated the relationships between demographic variables, satisfaction with the volunteer experience, and overall changes in the quality of life of volunteers. Results: Age, gender, and years of service were not good predictors of quality-of-life changes. Satisfaction with the FGP program proved to be the best predictor for change in quality of life. Conclusions: Volunteer program management has positive effects on volunteers self-reported quality-of-life changes. Additional studies could look at how this impacts the volunteers’ sense of purpose and its impact upon the time they donate to the volunteer program.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Digital Dental Technologies Among Dentists in Jiangsu Province
Authors: Zhu Feng , Yu Hong , Wang Zitao , Lu Xiaoxin , Meng Xiangfeng , Nie Rongrong
Published: January 2025

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with regard to digital dental technologies among dentists in Jiangsu province. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional study enrolled dentists in Jiangsu province during June, 2023. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics of the participants and KAP regarding digital dental technologies. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the associations between KAP dimensions. Results: A total of 284 questionnaires were collected, of which 212 (74.65%) were valid, and 108 (50.94%) of the participants were male. Their knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 14.33 ± 3.59 (possible range: 0–19), 26.17 ± 3.40 (possible range: 8–40), and 10.73 ± 3.11 (possible range: 4–16), respectively, indicating sufficient knowledge, a positive attitude, and proactive practice. Cone–beam computed tomography (CBCT) was the most well-understood digital dental technology among the dentists (205, 96.70%), followed by intraoral scanning/models and digital impression scanning/facial scanning (198, 93.40%), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) (177, 83.49%), three-dimensional printing (175, 82.55%), and surgical guides (175, 82.55%). CBCT was the most frequently used technique (90.09%), followed by intraoral scanning (72.17%), impression scanning (54.25%), and CAD/CAM (42.45%). The SEM showed that knowledge had a direct effect on attitude (β = 0.283, p < 0.001), and attitude had a direct effect on practice (β = 0.280, p < 0.001), demonstrating that knowledge had an indirect effect on practice. Knowledge also had a direct effect on practice (β = 0.310, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Dentists in Jiangsu province had sufficient knowledge, a positive attitude, and proactive practice with regard to digital dental technologies. However, policies should encourage dentists to integrate digital technologies into their practice by establishing sufficient understanding and positive attitudes.
Association of Neonatal Morbidities and Postnatal Growth Faltering in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Rogulska Justyna , Fenton Tanis R. , Szczapa Tomasz , Wróblewska-Seniuk Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Postnatal growth faltering (PGF) is a risk factor for adverse neurodevelopment in very preterm neonates. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine which infants’ baseline characteristics, prenatal risk factors and neonatal morbidities are associated with two definitions of PGF: defined as loss of >2 weight z-scores (severe PGF) or as loss of >1 weight, length, and head circumference z-scores between birth and discharge (complex PGF); Methods: 146 premature newborns (<32 weeks of gestational age, <1500 g) were included in the study. Anonymized data including anthropometric measurements (weight, length, and head circumference), perinatal and neonatal data (demographics, maternal morbidities and previous pregnancies, and neonatal and perinatal morbidities) were extracted from the clinical electronic database. Changes in anthropometric age- and sex-specific z-scores using the Fenton 2013 preterm growth charts were calculated to diagnose severe PGF and complex PGF; Results: The incidence of severe PGF was 11% and complex PGF was 24%. Both PGF definitions were associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), longer respiratory support, and longer hospital stay. Severe PGF was associated with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis at 25% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.001. Complex PGF was associated with severe brain injury at 51% versus 27%, p = 0.007. Complex PGF was more common in newborns born most prematurely, while severe PGF was more common in newborns born small for gestational age (SGA); Conclusions: Both severe and complex PGF are associated with several important neonatal morbidities, which might explain why growth faltering is associated with suboptimal neurodevelopment. Appropriate early identification of faltered growth may influence medical and nutrition interventions which in turn could improve the outcome of very preterm newborns.
Exploring the Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitudes, Self-Efficacy, and Infection Control Practices Among Saudi Arabian Nurses: A Multi-Center Study
Authors: Alsulami Amal , Sacgaca Lailani , Pangket Petelyne , Pasay-an Eddieson , Al Amoudi Fatmah Ahmed , Alreshidi Maha Sanat , Alrashedi Nojoud , Mostoles Romeo , Buta Joyce , Areola Benito , Dominguez Allen Joshua , Gonzales Analita
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are a significant risk to patients and the healthcare system. Differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices among nurses have limited standardized precautions. Improving self-efficacy can enhance compliance with standard precautions, protect patients, and preserve the credibility of healthcare institutions. Aim: This study aimed to determine the mediating effects of self-efficacy on nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and compliance with standard precautions in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in four hospitals in Dharan, Saudi Arabia, between July and October 2023. The respondents were selected through a multistage sampling of 305 nurses from wards and special areas. Results: participants demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge (M = 19.00, SD = 2.17), positive attitudes (M = 55.86, SD = 10.22), intermediate compliance (M = 72.44, SD = 11.47), and moderate self-efficacy (M = 29.99, SD = 11.40). Respondents who possessed more knowledge demonstrated positive attitudes toward standard precautions (r = 0.256, p < 0.001) and were more likely to comply (r = 0.376, p < 0.001). Higher self-efficacy levels were significantly positively correlated with knowledge (r = 0.391, p < 0.001), attitude (r = 0.311, p < 0.001), and compliance (r = 0.385, p < 0.001). The direct effect of knowledge on compliance was estimated to be 0.115 (p < 0.001), while the direct effect of attitude was slightly weaker (0.014, p = 0.049). Self-efficacy indirectly increased compliance through its influence on knowledge and attitude, with indirect effects of 0.039 (p < 0.001) and 0.008 (p = 0.002), respectively. Conclusions: Nurses with higher knowledge of infection control and positive attitudes toward established protocols were more likely to comply consistently. This association is further strengthened by self-efficacy. This confidence enhanced their understanding of the specific procedures, reinforced their positive beliefs about the importance of protocols, and ultimately led to greater adherence.
Linking Epicardial Adipose Tissue to Atrial Remodeling: Clinical Implications of Strain Imaging
Authors: Cacciapuoti Fulvio , Caso Ilaria , Crispo Salvatore , Verde Nicola , Capone Valentina , Gottilla Rossella , Materazzi Crescenzo , Volpicelli Mario , Ziviello Francesca , Mauro Ciro , Caso Pio
Published: January 2025

Atrial fibrillation is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia influenced by multifactorial mechanisms, including the emerging role of epicardial adipose tissue. Left atrial epicardial adipose tissue, through its endocrine and paracrine activities, contributes to atrial remodeling by fostering inflammation, fibrosis, and electrical remodeling. Objectives: This review aims to explore the interaction between left atrial epicardial adipose tissue and atrial dysfunction, highlighting the utility of strain imaging as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in atrial fibrillation management. Additionally, it examines emerging therapeutic strategies targeting epicardial adipose tissue to improve outcomes. Methods: We analyzed recent advances in imaging techniques, with a specific focus on speckle-tracking echocardiography for non-invasive strain assessment. Strain imaging parameters, including atrial reservoir, conduit, and contractile strain, were evaluated alongside volumetric measures of epicardial adipose tissue. Emerging therapies, such as weight management and GLP-1 receptor agonists, were reviewed for their impact on left atrial epicardial adipose tissue and atrial remodeling. Results: Strain imaging demonstrates a significant association between reduced strain parameters and atrial remodeling induced by left atrial epicardial adipose tissue. Combining strain assessment with volumetric measures enhances diagnostic accuracy and stratification of patients at risk for recurrent or progressive atrial fibrillation. Emerging therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists, show promise in reducing epicardial adipose tissue volume and mitigating atrial remodeling, thereby improving catheter ablation outcomes. Conclusions: Strain imaging is a valuable tool for the early detection of atrial dysfunction and personalized treatment planning in atrial fibrillation. Integrating these imaging approaches into routine clinical practice can optimize atrial fibrillation management and improve patient outcomes.
α1D Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism Protects Against High Glucose-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Blood Retinal Barrier Breakdown in ARPE-19 Cells
Authors: Giuffrida Erika , Platania Chiara Bianca Maria , Lazzara Francesca , Conti Federica , Sotera Ludovica , Drago Filippo , Herath Danushki , Motterlini Roberto , Foresti Roberta , Bucolo Claudio
Published: January 2025

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. Current pharmacological treatments counteract DR’s later stages without targeting the earlier disease phases. Using computational approaches, our group previously identified the α1D and α2C adrenoceptors (α1DR and α2CR) as new putative drug targets for DR. Therefore, the aim of this work was to validate the role of these receptors in an in vitro model of DR, i.e., retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) challenged with high glucose (HG, 50 mM). We examined the effects of selective α1DR and α2CR agonists and antagonists on hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and blood retinal barrier breakdown. Seahorse XFe was employed to assess the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate. The integrity of the ARPE-19 barrier was evaluated through transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and a sodium fluorescein permeability test. α1DR pharmacological modulation through the α1DR antagonist BMY 7378 (0.1–1 µM, 24 h), but not α2CR, significantly attenuated HG-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. BMY 7378 (0.1–1 µM, 48 h) also prevented HG-mediated damage to retinal epithelial integrity. In contrast, the α1DR agonist phenylephrine (1–10 μM, 24 h) further reduced ARPE-19 mitochondrial activity compared to HG, indicating that α1D activation is directly implicated in DR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, the current in vitro study validated α1DR as a pharmacological target for DR.
Natural Killer Cells in Graves’ Disease: Increased Frequency but Impaired Degranulation Ability Compared to Healthy Controls
Authors: Gallo Daniela , Piantanida Eliana , Bombelli Raffaella , Lepanto Silvia , Bruno Antonino , Gallazzi Matteo , Bilato Giorgia , Borgese Marina , Baci Denisa , Mortara Lorenzo , Tanda Maria Laura
Published: January 2025

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder, driven by the appearance of circulating autoantibodies (Ab) against the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, thus causing hyperthyroidism. While antithyroid drugs, the only available treatment for GD, carry a significant risk of relapse, advances in immunology could pave the way for more effective therapies. Natural killer (NK) cells, divided into cytotoxic CD56dim and cytokine-secreting CD56bright subsets, regulate immune responses through cytokine production and cell lysis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of GD. To investigate their involvement, we conducted flow cytometry on peripheral blood samples from 131 GD patients at various stages (disease onset, on antithyroid drugs, and in remission) and 97 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). We analyzed NK cell subsets, activating (CD16, CD69, NKG2D, NKp30) and inhibitory receptors (CD161, NKG2A), degranulation (CD107a), and intracellular cytokines expression (interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α). Statistical comparisons were made between GD patients and HC and across disease stages. GD patients had a higher frequency of total NK cells (p < 0.028) and CD56bright NK cells (p < 0.01) but a lower frequency of CD56dim NK cells (p = 0.005) compared to HC. NK cells in GD patients expressed activating receptors more frequently, except for NKG2D, but had decreased cytokine expression and degranulation ability. At GD onset, patients had higher frequencies of total NK cells, CD56bright NK cells, and NK cells expressing activating receptors compared to patients receiving ATD treatment and those in remission. CD161+ NK cells were lower at GD onset and returned to levels of HC following treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that free thyroxine (FT4) levels were inversely correlated with CD107a+ NK cells (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with CD69+ NK cells (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that hyperthyroidism impairs NK cell degranulation, with the increased frequency of NK cells potentially compensating for their reduced function. This dysfunction may contribute to the unregulated immune response in GD, highlighting NK cells as a potential target for novel therapeutic strategies.
Dual Roles of Canagliflozin on Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Growth and Enhanced Growth Suppression in Combination with FK866
Authors: Taguchi Daisuke , Shirakami Yohei , Sakai Hiroyasu , Minowa Daisuke , Miwa Takao , Maeda Toshihide , Kubota Masaya , Imai Kenji , Ibuka Takashi , Shimizu Masahito
Published: January 2025

Cholangiocarcinoma-associated mortality has been increasing over the past decade. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, has demonstrated anti-tumor effects against several types of cancers; however, studies examining its potential impact on cholangiocarcinoma are lacking. This study investigated the anti-tumor effects of canagliflozin on cholangiocarcinoma and the effects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ salvage pathway activation and sirtuin 1 on tumor growth. We evaluated cell proliferation and gene expression in several cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and analyzed the effects of canagliflozin on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Canagliflozin treatment decreased the viability of cholangiocarcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner but increased the viability at low concentrations in several cell lines. At high concentrations, canagliflozin arrested the cell cycle checkpoint in the G0/G1 phase. In contrast, at low concentrations, it increased the proportion of cells in the S phase. Canagliflozin also reduced the migratory ability of cholangiocarcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Canagliflozin treatment upregulated nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), NAD+, and sirtuin 1 in cholangiocarcinoma and activated the NAD+ salvage pathway. The growth-inhibitory effect of canagliflozin was enhanced when combined with an NAMPT inhibitor. Canagliflozin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and migration and its anti-tumor effect is enhanced when combined with an NAMPT inhibitor. However, further investigation is required because of its potential tumor growth-promoting effect through the activation of the NAD+ salvage pathway.
Exploiting Mixed Waste Office Paper Containing Lignocellulosic Fibers for Alternatively Producing High-Value Succinic Acid by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli KJ122
Authors: Congthai Walainud , Phosriran Chutchawan , Chou Socheata , Onsanoi Kanyarat , Gosalawit Chotika , Cheng Kuan-Chen , Jantama Kaemwich
Published: January 2025

Succinic acid is applied in many chemical industries in which it can be produced through microbial fermentation using lignocellulosic biomasses. Mixed-waste office paper (MWOP) containing lignocellulosic fibers is enormously generated globally. MWOP is recycled into toilet paper and cardboard, but the recovery process is costly. The reuse of MWOP to alternatively produce succinic acid is highly attractive. In this study, pretreatment of MWOPs with 1% (v/v) H2SO4 at 121 °C for 20 min was found to be optimal. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of H2SO4-pretreated MWOP (AP-MWOP) were at 50 °C, with cellulase loading at 80 PCU/g AP-MWOP. This resulted in the highest glucose (22.46 ± 0.15 g/L) and xylose (5.11 ± 0.32 g/L). Succinic acid production via separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) by Escherichia coli KJ122 reached 28.19 ± 0.98 g/L (productivity of 1.17 ± 0.04 g/L/h). For simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), succinic acid was produced at 24.58 ± 2.32 g/L (productivity of 0.82 ± 0.07 g/L/h). Finally, succinic acid at 51.38 ± 4.05 g/L with yield and productivity of 0.75 ± 0.05 g/g and 1.07 ± 0.08 g/L/h was achieved via fed-batch pre-saccharified SSF. This study not only offers means to reuse MWOP for producing succinic acid but also provides insights for exploiting other wastes to high-value succinic acid, supporting environmental sustainability and zero-waste society.
Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid from a Novel Bacillus subtilis Strain: Strengthening the Skin Barrier and Improving Moisture Retention in Keratinocytes and a Reconstructed Skin Model
Authors: Ko Hyun-Ju , Park SeoA , Shin Eunjin , Kim Jinhwa , Lee Geun Soo , Lee Ye-Jin , Park Sung Min , Lee Jungno , Hyun Chang-Gu
Published: January 2025

A novel Bacillus subtilis HB-31 strain was isolated from Gotjawal Wetland in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. A mucus substance produced by this strain was identified as high-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) using NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography/multi-angle light scattering analyses. We evaluated whether γ-PGA strengthened the skin barrier using keratinocytes and a reconstructed skin model. In keratinocytes, γ-PGA treatment dose-dependently increased the mRNA expression of skin barrier markers, including filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, serine palmitoyl transferase, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. γ-PGA also enhanced hyaluronic acid synthesis by upregulating hyaluronic acid synthase-1, -2, and -3 mRNA levels and promoted aquaporin 3 expression, which is involved in skin hydration. In the reconstructed skin model, topical application of 1% γ-PGA elevated filaggrin, involucrin, CD44, and aquaporin 3 expression, compared to the control. These results suggest that the newly isolated HB-31 can be used as a commercial production system of high-molecular-weight γ-PGA, which can serve as an effective ingredient for strengthening the skin barrier and improving moisture retention. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of γ-PGA on skin health and its application in treating skin conditions.