bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley Circulation: Evidence of Solar Influence?
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan Patrick F.
Published: April 2007

Recent evidence points to a decadal modulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), one that varies with the 11-yr cycle of UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere. Interaction between the QBO and the Hadley circulation is considered here through an analysis that accounts for cyclic variations in their relationship, which may cancel and, hence, be invisible in the long-term average.

The analysis reveals coherent changes in the tropical stratosphere and troposphere. Involving periods shorter than 5 yr, their relationship manifests itself in major properties associated with the QBO and the Hadley circulation. Like the QBO’s relationship to the polar stratosphere, its relationship to the Hadley circulation reverses on the time scale of a decade. The systematic swing in their relationship leads to two important implications: 1) Interannual changes of one circulation operate coherently with changes of the other, reflecting their interaction. 2) At least one is influenced by a decadal variation. The latter is interpreted in light of the cyclic variation of ozone heating in the upper stratosphere, where the phase of the QBO is set.
A Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Eastern Pacific Climate: Toward Reducing Tropical Biases*
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Miyama Toru , Wang Yuqing , Xu Haiming , de Szoeke Simon P. , Small R. Justin O. , Richards Kelvin J. , Mochizuki Takashi , Awaji Toshiyuki
Published: April 2007

The tropical Pacific Ocean is a climatically important region, home to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The simulation of its climate remains a challenge for global coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which suffer large biases especially in reproducing the observed meridional asymmetry across the equator in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall. A basin ocean general circulation model is coupled with a full-physics regional atmospheric model to study eastern Pacific climate processes. The regional ocean–atmosphere model (ROAM) reproduces salient features of eastern Pacific climate, including a northward-displaced intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) collocated with a zonal band of high SST, a low-cloud deck in the southeastern tropical Pacific, the equatorial cold tongue, and its annual cycle. The simulated low-cloud deck experiences significant seasonal variations in vertical structure and cloudiness; cloud becomes decoupled and separated from the surface mixed layer by a stable layer in March when the ocean warms up, leading to a reduction in cloudiness. The interaction of low cloud and SST is an important internal feedback for the climatic asymmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In an experiment where the cloud radiative effect is turned off, this climatic asymmetry weakens substantially, with the ITCZ migrating back and forth across the equator following the sun. In another experiment where tropical North Atlantic SST is lowered by 2°C—say, in response to a slow-down of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation as during the Younger Dryas—the equatorial Pacific SST decreases by up to 3°C in January–April but changes much less in other seasons, resulting in a weakened equatorial annual cycle. The relatively high resolution (0.5°) of the ROAM enables it to capture mesoscale features, such as tropical instability waves, Central American gap winds, and a thermocline dome off Costa Rica. The implications for tropical biases and paleoclimate research are discussed.
Validation and Development of Melting Layer Models Using Constraints by Active/Passive Microwave Observations of Rain and the Wind-Roughened Ocean Surface
Authors: Brown Shannon T. , Ruf Christopher S.
Published: April 2007

A physically based method is developed to estimate the microphysical structure of the melting layer in stratiform rain using airborne observations by a dual-frequency radar and a 10.7-GHz radiometer. The method employs a nonlinear optimal estimation approach to find two parameters of the gamma drop size distribution (DSD) at each radar range gate from the Ku/Ka-band reflectivities. The DSD profile is used to determine the atmospheric absorption/extinction profile, which enables the surface contribution to the measured brightness temperature to be estimated. The surface wind speed is estimated from the surface emissivity by inverting the forward model, which relates the two. Retrievals in stratiform precipitation require a model to describe the thermodynamic and electromagnetic properties of melting hydrometeors. The melting layer can contribute a majority of the total atmospheric absorption, making it a key component for accurate retrievals in stratiform rain. Several melting layer models were evaluated based on their fit to the dual-frequency reflectivity measurements in the melting layer. A candidate model is selected and tuned to match the radar measurements. The melting layer model is then incorporated into the full forward model for the brightness temperature observed by the radiometer. The surface wind speed assumed in the forward model is forced by the radiometer observations. If the actual surface wind speed is known, this approach provides a powerful constraint on the possible melting layer model. A case study is presented from an airborne campaign over areas of precipitation off the coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The estimated wind speeds are found to be uncorrelated with the reflectivity and their average value is within 1 m s−1 of that retrieved in a clear area adjacent to the rain.
Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Models Used in Support of Infrared Hyperspectral Measurement Simulation and Product Algorithm Development
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Posselt Derek J. , Olson Erik R. , Huang Hung-Lung , Davies James E. , Li Jun , Velden Christopher S.
Published: April 2007

A novel application of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models within an end-to-end processing system used to demonstrate advanced hyperspectral satellite technologies and instrument concepts is presented. As part of this system, sophisticated NWP models are used to generate simulated atmospheric profile datasets with fine horizontal and vertical resolution. The simulated datasets, which are treated as the “truth” atmosphere, are subsequently passed through a sophisticated forward radiative transfer model to generate simulated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances across a broad spectral region. Atmospheric motion vectors and temperature and water vapor retrievals generated from the TOA radiances are then compared with the original model-simulated atmosphere to demonstrate the potential utility of future hyperspectral wind and retrieval algorithms. Representative examples of TOA radiances, atmospheric motion vectors, and temperature and water vapor retrievals are shown to illustrate the use of the simulated datasets.

Case study results demonstrate that the numerical models are able to realistically simulate mesoscale cloud, temperature, and water vapor structures present in the real atmosphere. Because real hyperspectral radiance measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution are not available for large geographical domains, the simulated TOA radiance datasets are the only viable alternative that can be used to demonstrate the new hyperspectral technologies and capabilities. As such, sophisticated mesoscale models are critically important for the demonstration of the future end-to-end processing system.
Beam Multiplexing Using the Phased-Array Weather Radar
Authors: Yu Tian-You , Orescanin Marko B. , Curtis Christopher D. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Forsyth Douglas E.
Published: April 2007

The recently installed S-band phased-array radar (PAR) at the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) offers fast and flexible beam steering through electronic beam forming. This capability allows the implementation of a novel scanning strategy termed beam multiplexing (BMX), with the goal of providing fast updates of weather information with high statistical accuracy. For conventional weather radar the data acquisition time for a sector scan or a volume coverage pattern (VCP) can be reduced by increasing the antenna’s rotation rate to the extent that the pedestal allows. However, statistical errors of the spectral moment estimates will increase due to the fewer samples that are available for the estimation. BMX is developed to exploit the idea of collecting independent samples and maximizing the usage of radar resources. An improvement factor is introduced to quantify the BMX performance, which is defined by the reduction in data acquisition time using BMX when the same data accuracy obtained by a conventional scanning strategy is maintained. It is shown theoretically that a fast update without compromising data quality can be achieved using BMX at small spectrum widths and a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Applications of BMX to weather observations are demonstrated using the PAR, and the results indicate that an average improvement factor of 2–4 can be obtained for SNR higher than 10 dB.
The Politics of Persuasion. Implementation of Foreign Policy: The Case of the Netherlands
Authors: Everts Philip P.
Published: April 2007

This article reports on a research project of the Working Group on Foreign Policy of the Netherlands. The central focus of this project is on the factors determining the effectiveness and success of foreign policy implementation. Based on three dimensions (issue area, "positive" or "negative" influence, and time), 12 cases covering 41 foreign policy goals were distinguished, which allowed testing of the impact of related hypotheses by pairwise comparisons. Among the factors determining and limiting foreign influence, four were selected as intervening variables: (1) domestic consensus, (2) ministerial commitment, (3) support of major allies, and (4) moderation of demands. Little support was found for most of the related hypotheses. Major findings include: There is no evidence that the effectiveness of Dutch foreign policy has declined over time, nor that it is easier to exercise "negative" compared with "positive" influence. A domestic consensus is a major condition for influence abroad. The support of major allies, e.g. the United States of the FRG, while not indispensable is also of major importance. Investments of time and energy should be concentrated on carefully selected topics and maintained over time. Within limits the quality of ideas can be a substitute for the lack of power characteristic of states like the Netherlands. "Bridge-builder", "loyal critic" and "moderate dissident" are suitable and effective foreign policy roles for such countries. Irrelevance threatens just as much from premature submissiveness, however, as from voicing demands which are considered as being "too radical". The road between the two is rather narrow.
Long-Stay and Long-Term Psychiatric Patients in an Area With a Community-Based System of Care. a Register Follow-Up Study
Authors: Balestrieri Matteo , Micciolo Rocco , Tansella Michele
Published: April 2007

In South-Verona, where a community-based system of care consonant with the provisions of the Italian psychiatric reform has been operating since 1978, case-register data show that Long-stay inpatient rates are decreasing, while rates of patients treated long-term outside the mental hospital (i.e. those in "continuous care for one year, receiving treatment in the community by the various out-patient and day-patient facilities and in some cases short spells of inpatient care") show a recent increasing trend. Long-stay inpatients on 31.12 1982 have been compared with long-term community patients on the same date. The two cohorts were similar in terms of basic sociodemographic variables and contained a similar proportion of psychotic patients. However, while 88% of the long-stay inpatients were still long-stay after two years, only 45% of the long-term patients in the community remained in long-term treatment over the same period. Using a log-linear model, diagnosis was found to be the variable with the highest association in the long-term cohort with subsequent pattern of use of mental health services.
British Approaches to the Continuing Care Client
Authors: Ramon Shulamit
Published: April 2007

This paper will focus on issues of definition and size, who is the continuing care client as an individual, the main policy and legislation changes introduced since 1980, the cost of, and innovation in, mental health services.
Leros and the Greek Mental Health System
Authors: Strutti Chiara , Rauber Sabina
Published: April 2007

In 1983 the Greek Ministry of Health, in presenting the new mental health law, described the state of the mental health system in the country as follows: "It is generally recognised that the psychiatric services in Greece are totally inade quate. The treatment inflicted on patients is often approaching the negation of the fundamental notions of human dignity. A radical reform is intended to change this intolerable situation." (EC, 1984). Eight years on, the state of the Greek mental health services can be defined as continuing to be 'serious' despite the attempts to change it and to apply the reform.
The Role of Faith in Theology: A Critique of Lonergan's Method
Authors: McGuckian Michael C.
Published: April 2007

Theology has been traditionally defined as `faith seeking understanding,' the science taking the faith of the Church as its starting point. Lonergan, in Method, says that positive theology has no normative presuppositions. This article sets out to show that the faith of the Church is the presupposition of all theology.
Sin, Fundamental Option and Conversion
Authors: Qureshi Paul
Published: April 2007

Conversion, in the light of personalist and existential theories, calls for redemption of self and society at a level which freely engages the rational, affective and religious capacities.
The Hermeneutical Debate within Modernism: Loisy, Blondel and von Hügel
Authors: Kelly James J.
Published: April 2007

The controversy which developed between Maurice Blondel and Friedrich von Hügel concerning Alfred Loisy's L'Évangile et L'Église (1902) brought the hermeneutical issue to central stage in Roman Catholic theology. Though it was not immediately evident at the time, in the fusion of the respective contributions of both men lay the seeds of an eventual solution.
Pythagoras, Byzantium and the Holiness of Beauty
Authors: Rutherford Janet
Published: April 2007

This essay explores the place of icons in the theology and worship of the Orthodox churches, through an examination of the doctrinal conflicts that formed Byzantine Christianity. It proceeds to outline the history of some principles of Pythagorean aesthetics, and to posit an explanation of how their use survived in the transmission of some Byzantine and Russian icons.
Looking Beyond the Numbers
Authors: Bonds Michael
Published: April 2007

This study obtained Black business owners' experiences in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, via qualitative methods. The same issues (racism, loan denial, etc.) that quantitative analyses of Black businesses found existed in this study. However, this study's findings departed from previous Black business studies by providing insights into the human side of Black business owners by allowing them to provide insights into their daily challenges (inability to work with other Black businesses and lack of support from African American customers). And it found that Milwaukee's Black business owners were pessimistic about Black business opportunities over time and relative to African American businesses in other cities.
Social, Economic, and Residential Diversity Within Hartford's African American Community at the Beginning of the Great Migration
Authors: Tuckel Peter , Schlichting Kurt , Maisel Richard
Published: April 2007

Scant attention has been paid to the social and economic diversity within the African American community in particular cities at the beginning stage of the Great Migration. This article examines the variation in characteristics of African Americans from different places of birth at the onset of the Great Migration living in one city, Hartford, Connecticut. The article focuses on three major attributes of African Americans with differing geographic backgrounds residing in Hartford during this time period: (a) their socioeconomic status, (b) their settlement patterns within the city, and (c) the extent of their civic participation. The article reveals sizable differences along these three dimensions among African Americans of differing geographic origins.
The Whole Truth and Nothing But The Truth?
Authors: Green Tonika Duren , Bischoff Lisa , Coleman Christy L. , Sperry Linda , Robinson-Zañartu Carol
Published: April 2007

In a study designed to examine the relationship between acculturation and achievement scores of African American college students ( N = 170), an unexpected phenomenon emerged. Twenty percent of the sample provided false information on the release of information forms (e.g., false names and false identification numbers), blocking access to their SAT scores and educational records. We labeled this unexpected phenomenon False Information Behavior (FIB). The FIB group reported higher SAT scores, included significantly more men than women, and differed significantly by major ( p = .034), with more majors in business (46%). FIB and its implications are discussed in relation to its historical and social antecedents from achievement and intelligence research fraught with negative portrayals of African Americans.
A Study of Cotton Blending
Authors: Williams Simon , Towery Jack D.
Published: April 2007

Twenty-nine different blends involving two-bale mixes of two varieties of cotton—namely, (1) Hi- Bred, ranging in staple from 13/16 to 15/16 inch, and (2) Bobshaw No. 1, ranging in staple from 11/16 to 13/ 16 inches—both varieties represented in grades "middling white" to "strict good ordinary white," were studied. The effects of various combinations of these grades and staples on spinnability, yarn skein strength, yarn appearance, and manufacturing waste were noted. In general, the deleterious ef fects of off-grade were offset by an increase in staple length of the low-grade type in spinning coarse-to- medium counts. It was indicated that a consider able economic advantage was obtainable through the strategic blending of various grades and staples of cotton over a range considerably wider than that generally considered practical in the industry.
ASK A Pharmacist
Authors: Campbell R. Keith
Published: April 2007

An important member of the diabetes team is the pharmacist. This new department, edited by Keith Campbell, will give authoritative answers to your pharmaceutical problems. Send your questions to headquarters, care of Ask a Pharmacist.
Domestic violence, homelessness and housing: the response of housing providers in Wales
Authors: Charles Nickie
Published: April 2007

This article explores the impact of changes in government housing policy on the availability of refuge and move-on accommodation for women and children escaping domestic violence. The residualisation of council housing and the greater involvement of housing associ ations in the provision of social housing is discussed in the context of refuge provision in Wales. Refuge provision in partnership with hous ing associations is increasing. The provision of move-on accommo dation is inadequate and only a minority of women and children leaving refuges is rehoused by local authorities or housing associ ations. Policies of housing providers towards women who are home less as a result of domestic violence vary and in some parts of Wales the prospects for rehousing are far better than in others. Increasing homelessness and reduced funding for local authority housing mean that the housing needs of women and children escaping domestic violence are not being met.
Liberation and regulation? Some paradoxes of empowerment
Authors: Baistow Karen
Published: April 2007

During the last decade empowerment has emerged as a socially desir able construct and as an organising principle for various forms of personal and social change which focus on exercising the ability to take control of one's life. One notable feature of this development is the appearance of 'empowerment' in a range of views, from the right as well as the left, and its espousal as a quasi-moral principle by a range of fields from human resource management to radical social work. As importantly, while empowerment remains in the domain of those who seek to empower themselves, a new ground has opened-up during this period for professionals, particularly from the fields of health and welfare, who seek to empower others.

This paper examines the emergence of empowerment as pro fessional practice and argues that the ubiquitous presence of empower ment in current health and welfare discourses has important regulatory as well as liberatory implications for potential empowerment 'candi dates' and for practitioners, which may jeopardise the possibilities of maintaining a critical meaning for the term.
The Maastricht Treaty's impact on the welfare state
Authors: Burkitt Brian , Baimbridge Mark
Published: April 2007

A central theme of contemporary political and economic debate is the relationship between Britain and the European Union (EU). The most recent and controversial development has been. the evolution towards closer integration within the EU, culminating in the Maastricht Treaty signed in December 1991. This imposed a new dimension of EU control over a nation's economic and political independence. The key economic criteria for convergence towards economic and monetary union concerns the ability of governments to determine their own budgetary policy. This paper addresses the possible consequences for Britain's welfare state provision in light of the government debt ratio criteria specified in the Maastricht Treaty. Our conclusion suggests, at the present time at least, that continued commitment to comprehensive health, education and social security provision is incompatible with the attainment of such criteria.
Alcohol-related problems, anger, and marital satisfaction in monoethnic Latino, biethnic Latino, and European American newlywed couples
Authors: Johns Alexis L. , Newcomb Michael D. , Johnson Matthew D. , Bradbury Thomas N.
Published: April 2007

Prior studies on alcohol use and marital functioning have largely overlooked the possibility that these variables operate differently in Latino and European American couples. The present study addresses this gap by examining the role of alcohol-related problems and anger as correlates of marital satisfaction among newlywed monoethnic Latino couples (n = 13), biethnic Latino couples (n = 28), and European American couples (n = 89). Higher self-reported anger by both spouses predicted lower marital satisfaction for all couples. Ethnicity interacted with husbands' alcohol-related problems in predicting husbands' marital satisfaction in monoethnic Latino couples. Ethnicity interacted with husbands' anger in the prediction of wives' marital satisfaction in biethnic Latino couples. Conclusions and implications for treatment and research are discussed.
Comparing Two Methods to Reconstruct the Kin Network Outside the Household With Nineteenth-Century Antwerp Data
Authors: Van Baelen Hanne , Matthijs Koen
Published: April 2007

Kinship studies based on nineteenth-century data are still rare because of a lack of information about family members residing outside the household. The lack of information is great when reconstruction of the exact kinship relations is required. This article evaluates an alternative way to define the extent of the kinship network: the patronymic indicator. The evaluation results in the conclusion that the patronymic indicator is not a good alternative. Two identified explanations are that common surnames misinterpret the patronymic indicator and that an urban environment is too populated, so the patronymic indicator itself generates many mistakes.
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Agar-Type Polysaccharides Used as Aqueous Gels in in vitro Micropropagation of Several Clones of Thuja plicata
Authors: Pochet B. , Rouxhet V. , Mestdagh M.M. , François J.
Published: April 2007

The influence of four agar-type polysaccharides on the budding and the elongation of five clones of Thuja plicata was tested. The polysac charides were used as solidifying agents for culture media and differed in their sulfate content (0.14 to 10.95% W/W). Budding was reduced on the most highly sulfated polysaccharide, and the differences observed between clones in elonga tion were as important as those observed between agar types.

In order to understand factors determining the gel "quality" of agar, we have investigated the chemical composition, mechanical properties and thermal sta bility of the gel samples. The results of this investigation show that the main factors that control the mechanical properties of gels are: the sulfate content, added nutrient medium, and autoclaving.
Depression and Diabetic Neuropathy: A Complex Relationship
Authors: Geringer Edith S. , Perlmuter Lawrence C. , Stern Theodore A. , Nathan David M.
Published: April 2007

In a group of 64 non-insulin-dependent diabetic females, a significant positive correlation between Zung self-rated depression scores and objective measurements of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was limited to those women with Zung scores greater than 50 (depressed group, n = 12). In the overall group, there was no significant linear or quadratic relationship between peripheral neuropathy and depression scores. The associations between depression, peripheral neuropathy, and diabetes are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:11-15).
Frontal Lobe Syndrome and Depression in Old Age
Authors: Flint Alastair J. , Eastwood M. Robin
Published: April 2007

Frontal systems disorder can easily be misdiagnosed as depression, since patients may present with similar symptoms. Two cases are reported that illustrate the confusing features of the two disorders. Characteristics that help differentiate frontal systems disorder from depression include: patients are apathetic rather than deeply depressed; personality changes are more dramatic than those that occur in depression; and insight and judgement are usually impaired. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:53-55)
Successful Treatment of Acquired Tourettism and Major Depression
Authors: Malone Donald A. , Stern Theodore A.
Published: April 2007

The authors report a successfully treated case of an 81-year-old man with acquired Tourettism and secondary depression. Organic causes of acquired Tourettism are reviewed and treatment strategies are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:169-170)
Elderly Women Who Want to Live Alone: Lessons Learned
Authors: McCartney James R.
Published: April 2007

Housing programs should be designed to meet the personal and interpersonal needs of the growing number of older people in the population. Our understanding of these needs is based on our understanding of "normal aging," or more appropriately, what makes for successful aging. Attention to what is required for that success and for quality of life is essential. It is offered that respect for individuality, autonomy, and control is central to the maintenance of identity and integrity. Attention paid to the positive poles of Erickson's view of identity in the life cycle would serve to reinforce and maintain both identity and the quality of life. Our most difficult patients, elderly women who want to live alone, have much to teach us about the struggle of the elderly to maintain a sense of self. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:171-174)
The (un)dress of the mad poor in England, c.1650—1850. Part 1
Authors: Andrews Jonathan
Published: April 2007

Part 1 of this paper discusses the representation of the mad poor in literature and (to a lesser extent) art, emphasizing how commonly they are found in states of undress. It delineates the meanings behind such portrayals, arguing that the mad were thus displayed: (a) to signify their putative intellectual/ moral degradation, ir rationality and `otherness', and to designate them as an ontologically distinct (and inferior) species of person; (b) to denote their animality/childishness, and their proximity to Nature; (c) to reflect perceived phenomenological realities, such as that the mad were innately prone to denudation, and to tearing or destroying their clothes; and (d) as a direct appeal to charity and relief, and as a sign of their personal neglect (of decency/social codes) or neglect by others. It additionally explores medical representations and explanations of the (un)dress of the insane, before (in Part 2) comparing such representations with actual clothing provision for the mad as recorded in parochial and institutional records.
Variations in the official prevalence and disposal of the insane in England under the poor law, 1850-1900
Authors: Miller Edgar
Published: April 2007

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the vast majority of those recognized as insane were pauper insane. The local poor law officials and magistrates determined who was regarded as one of the pauper insane and what happened to them.This paper shows that there was considerable variation across England in the proportion of the population regarded as insane. Although most of the insane were committed to an asylum, a substantial minority (20-25%) were retained in the workhouse, and there was also considerable variation in the numbers dealt with in this way. Contrary to views expressed at the time and more recently, areas with higher levels of industrialization did not have higher rates of insanity. In fact the trend was definitely in the reverse direction. The factors that influenced the poor law authorities to retain the insane in the workhouse did not appear to be the additional expense of asylum care or the availability of beds in local asylums. The majority of the insane retained in the workhouse were idiots and imbeciles rather than lunatics, although some workhouses contained considerable numbers of the latter. The management of the insane in the workhouse was generally poor.
The history of clozapine and its emergence in the US market
Authors: Crilly John
Published: April 2007

Clozapine is known as the first `atypical' medication and is effective in people who have treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Its 1990 emergence in the USA was marked by considerable controversy over its high cost, due in large part to having been both the first new antipsychotic medication to come to market in over a decade and the need for comprehensive safety monitor ing within a decentralized health system. This paper traces the histor y of clozapine's discover y and development in Europe, its part in the 1975 Finnish agranulocytosis scare, and its subsequent volatile emergence in the USA. Analyses examine peripheral forces at the time, particularly the influence of political, corporate, medical and societal forces which shaped its market course.
`The varieties of effects resulting from such morbific causes as are capable of rendering more vivid the feelings of the mind' by S. Hibbert (1825)
Authors: Berrios G.E.
Published: April 2007

The transfor mation of the old notion of appar ition into the new concept of hallucination started in ear nest at the beginning of the 19th century. Apparitions were naturalized on the argument that in no case were they a response to an exter nal stimulus; and were secularized by challenging the very existence of exter nal spirits or forces. Both arguments are clearly stated in the work on `Apparitions' by Samuel Hibbert (a chapter of which has been included below as Classic Text No. 69). Although the debate on the ontology and meaning of the `phantasms of the living' has continued to this day, it has had no influence on the medical concept of hallucination. It is likely that the latter has suffered as a result.
Health care across borders
Authors: Österle August
Published: April 2007

In the European Union, a growing body of regulations and decisions attempt to facilitate cross-border health treatments. These focus on coordinating social protection for those migrating or travelling within Europe, and increasingly those travelling specifically for health treatments abroad. With EU enlargement, the framework became effective for another ten countries. This article discusses access to health care in neighbouring regions of `old' and `new' EU member states: Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia. Even if cross-border care is not a new phenomenon in the region, EU enlargement implies greater opportunities and increased requirements and incentives for coordination, cooperation and competition. The article concludes that this also involves prospects for improved access in the border region. But, outside pre-arranged institutional health care settings, taking advantage of these prospects is often determined by and differentiated along the lines of access to information and individual ability to pay, and it involves certain quality risks.
Contracting-out employment services
Authors: Jahn Elke J. , Ochel Wolfgang
Published: April 2007

Since 2003, the German Public Employment Service has been experimenting with the contracting-out of various services. One of the new labour market programmes is Personnel Service Agencies (PSAs), which provide client firms with jobseekers on a temporary assignment basis and are responsible for integrating jobseekers into non-subsidized employment. By contracting-out employment services, the Public Employment Service seeks to exploit efficiency gains characteristic of enterprises that compete in quasi-markets. In order to integrate jobseekers as rapidly as possible, a result-oriented system of incentives has been developed. This article describes the institutional setting and examines its appropriateness for efficient job placement services.
Turkey
Authors: Adar Sinem
Published: April 2007

The social security system in Turkey was radically transformed in 2006 with the enactment of the Social Security and General Health Insurance Law and the Social Security Institution Law. This briefing paper analyses the main changes brought about, the positions of interest groups, and some of the current implications.
Equity and the EC Budget; a Pooled Cross-Section Time Series Analysis
Authors: Bowles Roger , Jones Philip
Published: April 2007

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the EC budget over the period 1985-89. It begins from the premise that economic variables influence both a member state's contributions to the finance of the budget and its receipts under the various spending programmes. We examine this hypothesis using data from 5 years relating to all EC members. A regression model is fitted in order to establish whether (and to what degree) a member state's contributions to the budget and the receipts it can expect under the main budget heads, are likely to increase with the country's income. The principal findings are that a country's GDP is an accurate guide to the contributions it can expect to make but a much less reliable guide to receipts. The result is that net contributions are not strongly correlated with GDP. We find also that economic indicators such as unemployment rates and the proportion of the population employed in agriculture have limited additional explanatory power. The paper extends the analysis by exploring how the position might have changed had recent moves to switch more EC spending from agricultural price support to structural measures taken place earlier. This simulation assumes that the structural part of the budget had been expanded while the agricultural price support remained the same, the extra spending being financed by a proportionate increase in contributions. It emerges that such measures would have made a member's net contributions slightly more sensitive to GDP. But it would not have been sufficient to give the budget a significant role in terms of redistributing income from poorer member states to richer ones.
In Circles We Go
Authors: Sánchez José Carlos , Loredo José Carlos
Published: April 2007

We propose a classification and critical review of organic selection, or the Baldwin effect, and its wide range of current uses. From a constructivist viewpoint we criticize the usual reductionistic interpretation of organic selection: the replacement of a habit by an instinct. We argue that organic selection is better understood as a theory closely connected to a constructivist psychology. Such a constructivist psychology was created and developed by Baldwin in order to explain the ontogenetic construction of novel and adaptive behaviours. We apply this approach to the analysis of current interpretations of organic selection by Neo-Darwinism, genetic assimilation, biosemiotics, complex systems theory, social heredity and epigenetic theory.
The Case for Critical Realist Discourse Analysis as a Viable Method in Discursive Work
Authors: Riley Sarah C.E. , Sims-Schouten Wendy , Willig Carla
Published: April 2007

In this reply to Speer's response to our paper we argue that in presenting our method for doing critical realist discourse analysis (CRDA) our paper provided a systematic method from which to do CRDA that was timely, rigorous and significantly different from conversation analysis (CA) in its examination of material practices. We note that our paper addressed a methodological, not epistemological, issue and make a call for a commitment within the discourse analytic community to a valuing of the breadth of methods and approaches in discursive work. We recognize the importance of CA, but also the various versions of discourse analysis that are used in psychology which draw on techniques used in CA, but are not tied to the CA epistemology. These approaches examine normative patterns of language as at least in part a reflection of social relations of power in a given social economic and political/historical context. We conclude by arguing that diversity in research methods is essential. From this perspective, then, CA has an important role to play within discursive psychology, but so do other forms of discursive work, including the CRDA method that we offered in our paper.
Chloroquine increases low-density lipoprotein removal from plasma in systemic lupus patients
Authors: Sachet J.C. , Borba E.F. , Bonfá E. , Vinagre C.G.C. , Silva V.M. , Maranhão R.C.
Published: April 2007

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients taking chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) was evaluated through the kinetic behavior of a radioactive cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) that resembles the LDL lipidic structure. LDE was labeled with 14C-cholesteryl ester (14C-CE), then IV injected in inactive female SLE patients: 10 taking CDP (CDP), 10 without therapy (NO THERAPY); and 10 normal subjects (CONTROL). Groups were age-matched and followed rigorous selection criteria of conditions that interfere in the lipid profile. Blood samples were collected in pre-established intervals after infusion for radioactivity measurement. Fasting lipoproteins were determined in the beginning of kinetic studies. Fractional clearance rate (FCR) of 14C-CE was significantly different in the three groups ( P = 0.03). In fact, a greater FCR of 14C-CE was observed in CDP compared to NO THERAPY (0.076 ± 0.037 versus 0.046 ± 0.021 h— 1; P < 0.05) and to CONTROL (0.0516 ± 0.0125 h— 1; P < 0.05). Accordingly, a significant lower total and LDL cholesterol were observed in CDP (156 ± 16 and 88 ± 16 mg/dl) compared to NO THERAPY (174 ± 15 and 108 ± 17 mg/dl; P < 0.05) and to CONTROL (200 ± 24 and 118 ± 23 mg/dl; P < 0.05). In contrast, no difference in (FCR) of 14C-CE of NO THERAPY and CONTROL groups was observed. This is the first in vivo demonstration that LDE removal by LDL receptor from plasma is increased in SLE patients taking CDP with a consequent beneficial decrease in LDL-c levels. Lupus (2007) 16, 273—278.
Premature telomere shortening in polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is related to the lupus disease activity
Authors: Wu C-H. , Hsieh S-C. , Li K-J. , Lu M-C. , Yu C-L.
Published: April 2007

We investigated whether premature telomeric loss occurred in peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as well as mononuclear cells (MNC) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We measured the telomere length of MNC and PMN in 60 SLE patients and 26 sex-, race - and age-matched healthy volunteers by Southern blotting with chemiluminescence method. The possible predisposing factors associated with telomere change were also analysed. We found the telomere length of MNC and PMN shortened with age in different degrees in both SLE and control groups. Compared to the control group, the telomere length was shortened in both SLE-MNC (6.08 kb in SLE versus 6.71 kb in control, P = 0.0008) and PMN (6.24 kb in SLE versus 6.75 kb in control, P = 0.0025). The average reduction in telomere length in SLE patients was equivalent to a premature senescence of 16.5 years in MNC and 13.4 years in PMN. In addition, the accelerated telomere shortening was more prominent in SLE patients younger than 45 years old. SLE disease activity (SLEDAI) contributed remarkably to the accelerated telomere erosion, at least in PMN. Moreover, the telomere length of MNC was significantly shorter than PMN in the same SLE patients with leukopenia and lymphopenia. These data suggested that MNC and PMN from patients with SLE displayed premature and accelerated telomere shortening that SLE is an independent factor for it. Lupus (2007) 16, 265—272.
Knowledge Collaboration and Proximity
Authors: Moodysson Jerker , Jonsson Ola
Published: April 2007

This article addresses the role of proximity for knowledge collaboration between dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs) and related actors. Innovation projects managed by a selection of eight Swedish DBFs are analysed in detail and classified with regard to their specific knowledge characteristics. Based on this classification, explanations to the relative importance of functional and relational proximity to collaborators are sought.The findings indicate that knowledge collaboration in projects characterized by embodied knowledge are more sensitive to functional proximity than projects characterized by embrained and encoded knowledge. The findings also indicate that even though functional proximity is facilitative, global knowledge collaboration is indispensable for most DBFs. The convenience of local collaboration can never replace the extreme requirements of specialized knowledge, which forces them to seek collaborators on a global arena despite the impediments they face in these situations. Policy resources aimed at promoting bioregions are therefore better used to enhance local resources and to provide conditions for DBFs to link up with global sources of knowledge rather than to boost the formation of `second best' local networks.
Euro Commentary: Towards the Sustainability of Historical Centres: a Case-Study of León, Spain
Authors: Fernández Óscar
Published: April 2007

Many historical city centres are currently undergoing major transformation thanks to projects financed by a range of institutions. In general, they have suffered a loss of habitability, functionality and social life as they have become seen as museum pieces and places of leisure and culture.They are, then, inhabited by one group, the residents, and used and enjoyed by others for the purposes of leisure and cultural tourism.This article examines the characteristics, problems presented and solutions offered for the historical centres of medium-sized cities in Southern Europe. It offers a study of the historical centre of the city of León, in Spain, in order to make suggestions for the sustainable development of such places.
Federalism and the Organization of Tourism in Belgium
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: April 2007

Interorganizational analysis is used to examine the impact of federalism on the structure and functions of tourist organizations in Belgium. After a conceptual framework emphasizing the impact of environmental factors has been presented, moves towards the creation of a federal state are reviewed and the structure of tourism in Belgium outlined. The evolution of the tourist organization network is then examined and the impact of communitization and regionalization is assessed, along with recent attempts to adopt a more product-oriented marketing approach. Among the changes observed are a decapitation of the network, delays in the development of a marketing emphasis, presentation of new and different geographies of Belgium and new configurations of tourist space.
Regional Technology Policies in the Old and New Länder of Germany
Authors: Hassink Robert
Published: April 2007

Decentralizing trends in technology policy occur in the various regions of Europe to different degrees. National governments and history strongly influence the present political power of the regions of Europe and thus the environment of firms. In West Germany the relative autonomy of Länder gave them opportunities to implement their own technology policy at the end of the 1970s. Focusing on regional technology policies in one old Land, Baden-Württemberg, and one new Land, Thuringia, in Germany in the mid-1990s, three main questions are asked in this article. First, what are the objectives, actors, instruments and strategies of regional technology policies in Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia and how much political autonomy do these Länder have to devise their own policies? Secondly, what are the effects of regional technology policies in Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia on regional economic development? Thirdly, to what extent do regional technology policies in Baden-Württemberg and Thuringia tackle specific regional economic problems ? The main conclusion is that both in Baden-Württemberg, a Land with a long tradition in technology policy and large economic problems, and in Thuringia, a new Land with an economy which suffered heavily from restructuring, regional technology policies have limited impacts on regional economies in transition.
Linking Technology Strategy with Human Resource Management for Small Firms
Authors: Chen Chung-Chiang
Published: April 2007

This article explores the effects of new technology introduction through detailed case studies of two bottle production units in Taiwan. Based on the insights from these, it develops a few propositions to establish the links between an effective technology strategy and business structure/environment, human resource man agement and technology providers. The article suggests that in order for small firms to survive in a highly competitive market, they must look inwards and integrate the available physical and human resources with the environment.
The Life Cycle of Life Styles: Projecting the Course of Local Evolutionary Sequences
Authors: Erickson Edwin E.
Published: April 2007

With few exceptions, researchers in culture evolutionary theory have given short shrift to the data and issues of specific, as opposed to general, evolution (i.e. to process and sequences that are bound to specific spatial contexts vs. those that are, or are presumed to be, hologeistic). In this paper, data from two disparate and well-delimited sequences, Pre-Norman England and Lowland Classic Maya (data assembled respectively by Rob ert Carneiro and S. G. Morley), are fitted to the same math ematical model, the hyperbolic tangent variant of the " lazy-S" curve. It is demonstrated that growth and development in these two sequences, though clearly in different phases, is adequately epitomized by that function, when suitable parameters are es timated empirically.

This paper is programmatic, in the sense that it provides an example of how one might do systematic statistical comparisons of growth processes between specific evolutionary sequences, and how these might contribute to general evolutionary theory. In this connection, the paper contains a brief discussion of growth-rate research in other social science areas. [Cultural evolution; culture patterns; mathematical models.]