bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking Lung Tumors in Orthogonal X-Rays
Authors: Li Feng , Porikli Fatih
Published: August 2013

This paper presents a computationally very efficient, robust, automatic tracking method that does not require any implanted fiducials for low-contrast tumors. First, it generates a set of motion hypotheses and computes corresponding feature vectors in local windows within orthogonal-axis X-ray images. Then, it fits a regression model that maps features to 3D tumor motions by minimizing geodesic distances on motion manifold. These hypotheses can be jointly generated in 3D to learn a single 3D regression model or in 2D through back projection to learn two 2D models separately. Tumor is tracked by applying regression to the consecutive image pairs while selecting optimal window size at every time. Evaluations are performed on orthogonal X-ray videos of 10 patients. Comparative experimental results demonstrate superior accuracy (~1 pixel average error) and robustness to varying imaging artifacts and noise at the same time.
Effect of Low Refocusing Angle in T1-Weighted Spin Echo and Fast Spin Echo MRI on Low-Contrast Detectability: A Comparative Phantom Study at 1.5 and 3 Tesla
Authors: Sarkar Subhendra N. , Mangosing Jason L. , Sarkar Pooja R.
Published: August 2013

MRI tissue contrast is not well preserved at high field. In this work, we used a phantom with known, intrinsic contrast (3.6%) for model tissue pairs to test the effects of low angle refocusing pulses and magnetization transfer from adjacent slices on intrinsic contrast at 1.5 and 3 Tesla. Only T1-weighted spin echo sequences were tested since for such sequences the contrast loss, tissue heating, and image quality degradation at high fields seem to present significant diagnostic and quality issues. We hypothesized that the sources of contrast loss could be attributed to low refocusing angles that do not fulfill the Hahn spin echo conditions or to magnetization transfer effects from adjacent slices in multislice imaging. At 1.5 T the measured contrast was 3.6% for 180° refocusing pulses and 2% for 120° pulses, while at 3 T, it was 4% for 180° and only 1% for 120° refocusing pulses. There was no significant difference between single slice and multislice imaging suggesting little or no role played by magnetization transfer in the phantom chosen. Hence, one may conclude that low angle refocusing pulses not fulfilling the Hahn spin echo conditions are primarily responsible for significant deterioration of T1-weighted spin echo image contrast in high-field MRI.
Estimation Vehicular Waiting Time at Traffic Build-Up Queues
Authors: Ata Mohamed Maher , El-Darieby Mohamed , Abdulhai Baher , Felemban Emad , Basalamah Saleh , Zafar Basim
Published: August 2013

Due to the high growth of social economic activities and the increased need for mobility in recent days, transportation problems like congestion, accidents, and pollution have been increased. However, improving the reliability of delay estimates and real-time dissemination of information remains a challenge. An advanced border-crossing system corresponding to the changes of cross-border circumstances becomes an urgent matter. An automated system for queue end monitoring has been proposed using image processing based transformed domain and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) feature extraction systems. The performance of feedforward backpropagation algorithm artificial neural networks (ANNs) was evaluated and tested, based on a selected set of features. The experimental results showed that the use of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based Daubechies with decomposition of level 2 has accomplished the target with a processing time 2 sec and 3 epochs of training network only with best validation performance of (2.1053e-007) for vehicle recognition. Also the use of EMD as a feature extractor has accomplished the target of vehicle recognition with a best validation performance of (about 3.42e-09) and a processing time of 1 sec at epoch 3 of training network only with a minimal percentage of error for the recognition of each vehicle in the appropriate queue with the aid of the new concept of road side unit (RSU).
The Role of Neuropeptides in Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review
Authors: Serafini Gianluca , Pompili Maurizio , Lindqvist Daniel , Dwivedi Yogesh , Girardi Paolo
Published: August 2013

There is a growing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. A critical review of the literature was conducted to investigate the association between neuropeptides and suicidal behavior. Only articles from peer-reviewed journals were selected for the inclusion in the present review. Twenty-six articles were assessed for eligibility but only 22 studies were included. Most studies have documented an association between suicidality and some neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), VGF, cholecystokinin, substance P, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which have been demonstrated to act as key neuromodulators of emotional processing. Significant differences in neuropeptides levels have been found in those who have attempted or completed suicide compared with healthy controls or those dying from other causes. Despite cross-sectional associations between neuropeptides levels and suicidal behavior, causality may not be inferred. The implications of the mentioned studies were discussed in this review paper.
Synthesis of Isatin Derivative on the Short Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Effect on the MKN‐45 and SW742 Cancer Cells
Authors: Tahermansouri Hasan , Chitgar Farshid
Published: August 2013

The carboxylated short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Sh‐MWCNT‐COOH) were first modified by isatin derivative to form Sh‐MWCNT‐Amide and then by hydrazine to produce Sh‐MWCNT‐Spiro. All products were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetric, solubility test, and cellular investigations. This functionalization has been chosen due to active sites of OH and carbonyl groups in Sh‐MWCNT‐Amide which might be used as functional materials in the future. Toxicity of these samples was evaluated with human gastric and colon cancer cells, and killed cell numbers were measured by reduction of living cells with 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Cellular results showed high toxicity of Sh‐MWCNT‐Amide in all samples investigated.
Growth of CZTS Thin Films by Cosputtering of Metal Targets and Sulfurization in H2S
Authors: Muhunthan N. , Singh Om Pal , Singh Son , Singh V. N.
Published: August 2013

Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is an emerging thin film photovoltaic material. Chemical composition and phase purity are important factors which decide the quality of the film for photovoltaic applications. In the present work, we report the results of the morphological, structural, optical, and electrical characterizations of Cu2ZnSnS4thin films, synthesized by sulfurizing magnetron cosputtered Cu2ZnSn thin films in ambient H2S. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on CZT deposition by cosputtering from Cu, Zn, and Sn targets and sulfurizing it in ambient H2S for making CZTS thin films. GIXRD and Raman study results showed that the film was kesterite CZTS. Optical absorbance studies revealed a band gap value of ~1.5 eV for CZTS thin film. Results of the Hall effect measurements are also reported.
Effects of a Rehabilitation Program on Perceived Environmental Barriers in Older Patients Recovering from Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Portegijs Erja , Rantakokko Merja , Edgren Johanna , Salpakoski Anu , Heinonen Ari , Arkela Marja , Kallinen Mauri , Rantanen Taina , Sipilä Sarianna
Published: August 2013

Objectives. To study effects of a one-year multicomponent intervention on perceived environmental barriers in hip fracture patients.Design. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-month home-based rehabilitation aiming to improve mobility and function (ISRCTN53680197); secondary analyses.Subjects. Community-dwelling hip fracture patients on average 70 days after trauma (n=81).Methods. Assessments at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months later included perceived entrance-related barriers (e.g., indoor/outdoor stairs, lighting, floor surfaces, and storage for mobility devices) and perceived barriers in the outdoor environment (poor street condition, hilly terrain, long-distances, and lack of resting places). Sum scores for entrance-related and outdoor barriers were analyzed using general estimating equation models.Results. At baseline, 48% and 37% of the patients perceived at least one entrance-related barrier, and 62% and 60% perceived at least one outdoor barrier in the intervention and control group, respectively. Over time, (P=0.003) the number of entrance-related barriers decreased in both groups (groupP=0.395; interactionP=0.571). For outdoor barriers, time (P=0.199), group (P=0.911), and interaction effect (P=0.430) were not significant.Conclusion. Our intervention had no additional benefit over standard care in hip fracture patients. Further study is warranted to determine whether perceived environmental barriers can be reduced by interventions targeted at the older individual. This trial is registered withISRCTN53680197.
Metabolomics in Plants and Humans: Applications in the Prevention and Diagnosis of Diseases
Authors: Gomez-Casati Diego F. , Zanor Maria I. , Busi María V.
Published: August 2013

In the recent years, there has been an increase in the number of metabolomic approaches used, in parallel with proteomic and functional genomic studies. The wide variety of chemical types of metabolites available has also accelerated the use of different techniques in the investigation of the metabolome. At present, metabolomics is applied to investigate several human diseases, to improve their diagnosis and prevention, and to design better therapeutic strategies. In addition, metabolomic studies are also being carried out in areas such as toxicology and pharmacology, crop breeding, and plant biotechnology. In this review, we emphasize the use and application of metabolomics in human diseases and plant research to improve human health.
Knockout of Density-Enhanced Phosphatase-1 Impairs Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity in an Arteriogenesis Model in Mice
Authors: Hackbusch Daniel , Dülsner André , Gatzke Nora , Krüger Janine , Hillmeister Philipp , Nagorka Stephanie , Blaschke Florian , Ritter Zully , Thöne-Reineke Christa , Böhmer Frank-D. , Buschmann Ivo , Kappert Kai
Published: August 2013

Collateral growth, arteriogenesis, represents a proliferative mechanism involving endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes/macrophages. Here we investigated the role of Density-Enhanced Phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) in arteriogenesisin vivo, a protein-tyrosine-phosphatase that has controversially been discussed with regard to vascular cell biology. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice subjected to permanent left common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) developed a significant diameter increase in distinct arteries of thecircle of Willis, especially in the anterior cerebral artery. Analyzing the impact of loss of DEP-1 function, induction of collateralization was quantified after CCAO and hindlimb femoral artery ligation comparing wild-type and DEP-1−/−mice. Both cerebral collateralization assessed by latex perfusion and peripheral vessel growth in the femoral artery determined by microsphere perfusion and micro-CT analysis were not altered in DEP-1−/−compared to wild-type mice. Cerebrovascular reserve capacity, however, was significantly impaired in DEP-1−/−mice. Cerebrovascular transcriptional analysis of proarteriogenic growth factors and receptors showed specifically reduced transcripts of PDGF-B. SiRNA knockdown of DEP-1 in endothelial cellsin vitroalso resulted in significant PDGF-B downregulation, providing further evidence for DEP-1 in PDGF-B gene regulation. In summary, our data support the notion of DEP-1 as positive functional regulator in vascular cerebral arteriogenesis, involving differential PDGF-B gene expression.
Skimmin, a Coumarin fromHydrangea paniculata, Slows down the Progression of Membranous Glomerulonephritis by Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Inhibiting Immune Complex Deposition
Authors: Zhang Sen , Xin Hongqi , Li Yan , Zhang Dongming , Shi Jing , Yang Jingzhi , Chen Xiaoguang
Published: August 2013

Skimmin is one of the major pharmacologically active molecules present inHydrangea paniculata, a medical herb used in the traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. In the current study, we attempted to investigate its renoprotective activity and underlying mechanisms in a rat model of membranous glomerulonephritis induced by cationic bovine serum albumin (c-BSA). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups, including normal control, model control, Mycophenolate Mofetil-treated group, and two skimming-treated groups (15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg). Our research showed that treatment with skimmin significantly reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and serum creatinine (Scr) as compared with model control after experimental induction of membranous glomerulonephritis (P<0.01). Moreover, glomerular hypercellularity, tubulointerstitial injury, and glomerular deposition of IgG were less intense after skimmin treatment. By immunochemistry analysis, we demonstrated that skimmin could significantly inhibit interleukin-1β(IL1β) and IL-6 expression (P<0.05), reduce the loss of nephrin and podocin, and suppress the infiltration of renal interstitium by CD3-positive T cell and CD20-positive B cell. These results suggest that treatment with skimmin can significantly improve renal function and suppress the IgG deposition as well as the development of glomerular lesions in a rat model of membranous glomerulonephritis.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Drug Release Kinetics from Colon-Targeted Ibuprofen Tablets Based on Eudragit RL 100-Chitosan Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Ofokansi Kenneth Chibuzor , Kenechukwu Franklin Chimaobi
Published: August 2013

Colon-targeted drug delivery systems (CTDDSs) could be useful for local treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In this study, various interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs), formed between Eudragit RL100 (EL) and chitosan (CS), by nonstoichiometric method, and tablets based on the IPECs, prepared by wet granulation, were evaluated as potential oral CTDDSs for ibuprofen (IBF). Results obtained showed that the tablets conformed to compendial requirements for acceptance and that CS and EL formed IPECs that showed pH-dependent swelling properties and prolonged the in vitro release of IBF from the tablets in the following descending order: 3 : 2 > 2 : 3 > 1 : 1 ratios of CS and EL. An electrostatic interaction between the carbonyl (–CO–) group of EL and amino (–) group of CS of the tablets formulated with the IPECs was capable of preventing drug release in the stomach and small intestine and helped in delivering the drug to the colon. Kinetic analysis of drug release profiles showed that the systems predominantly released IBF in a zero-order manner. IPECs based on CS and EL could be exploited successfully for colon-targeted delivery of IBF in the treatment of IBDs.
Pachymeningitis in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Sakellariou Grigorios T. , Kefala Nicoleta
Published: August 2013

Central nervous involvement, mainly with symptoms of cranial neuropathies, occurs in 2–8% of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Meningeal involvement, with persistent and severe headache as main manifestation and abnormal thickening and enhancement of the dural mater on postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging, is extremely rare. We present a case of pachymeningitis due to limited GPA, providing simultaneously a literature review.
The Time Course Effects of Electroacupuncture on Promoting Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Inhibiting Excessive Fibrosis after Contusion in Rabbits
Authors: Wang Rongguo , Luo Dan , Xiao Cheng , Lin Peng , Liu Shouyao , Xu Qianwei , Wang Yunting
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on Zusanli (ST36) and Ashi acupoints in promoting skeletal muscle regeneration and inhibiting excessive fibrosis after contusion in rabbits. Sixty rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: normal, contusion, EA, and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I). An acute skeletal muscle contusion was produced on the right gastrocnemius (GM) by an instrument-based drop-mass technique. EA was performed for 15 minutes every two days with 0.4 mA (2 Hz), and GM injections were executed with rhIGF-I (0.25 mL once a week). Rabbits treated with EA had a higher T-SOD and T-AOC serum activities and lower MDA serum level, the blood perfusion of which was also significantly higher. In the EA group, the diameter of the myofibril was uniform and the arrangement was regular, contrary to the contusion group. The number and diameter of regenerative myofibers and MHC expression were increased in the EA group. EA treatment significantly decreased fibrosis formation and reduced both GDF-8 and p-Smad2/3 expressions in injured muscle. Our data indicate that EA may promote myofiber regeneration and reduce excessive fibrosis by improving blood flow and antioxidant capacities. Additionally, EA may regulate signaling factor expression after contusion.
Anomalous Dispersion of the S1 Lamb Mode
Authors: Ahmad Faiz , Hussain Takasar
Published: August 2013

The S1 mode of the Lamb spectrum of an isotropic plate exhibits negative group velocity in a narrow frequency domain. This anomalous behavior is explained analytically by examining the slope of each mode first in its initial state and then near its turning points.

Erratum to “Anomalous Dispersion of the S1 Lamb Mode”
Effect of a High Protein Weight Loss Diet on Weight, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk among Overweight and Obese Women: A Parallel Clinical Trial
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Izadi Vajihe , Surkan Pamela J. , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: August 2013

Studies regarding the effects of high protein (HP) diets on cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors have reported contradictory results. We aimed to determine the effects of an HP diet on CVD risk factors and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among overweight and obese women. In this randomized controlled trial, we recruited 60 overweight and obese women, aged 20–65, into an HP or energy-restricted control diet for three months (protein, carbohydrate, and fat: 25%, 45%, and 30% versus 15%, 55%, and 30%, resp.). Total protein was divided between animal and plant sources in a 1 : 1 ratio, and animal sources were distributed equally between meats and dairy products. Fasting blood samples, hs-CRP, lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were assessed using standard guidelines. Percent change was significantly different between the two diet groups for weight (standard protein (SP): −3.90 ± 0.26 versus HP: −6.10 ± 0.34%; , resp.) and waist circumference (SP: −3.03 ± 0.21 versus HP: −5.06 ± 0.28%; , resp.). Percent change of fasting blood glucose (FBG) substantially decreased in the control group compared to the HP group (−9.13 ± 0.67 versus −4.93 ± 1.4%;P= 0.01, resp.). Total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased both in the HP and in the control diet groups (P= 0.06,P= 0.07, andP= 0.09, resp.); however, the results were marginally significant. Serum levels of hs-CRP were reduced both in the control (−0.08 ± 0.11%,P= 0.06) and in the high protein groups (−0.04 ± 0.09%,P= 0.06). The energy-restricted HP diet resulted in more beneficial effects on weight loss and reduction of waist circumference. CVD risk factors may improve with HP diets among overweight and obese women. When using isoenergetic weight loss diets, total cholesterol, hs-CRP, and SBP were marginally significantly reduced, independent of dietary protein content. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT01763528.
Fuzzy Dynamic Reliability Model of Dependent Series Mechanical Systems
Authors: Gao Peng , Yan Shaoze
Published: August 2013

Conventional static fuzzy reliability models cannot be directly extended for dynamic reliability analysis of mechanical systems, which consist of correlative components with strength degradation, due to the difficulties in describing the strength degradation process of components under fuzzy load and considering the failure dependence between different components in a system in the possibility context. To deal with these problems, fuzzy dynamic reliability models of mechanical systems in terms of stress and strength are proposed in this paper, which take into account the degradation mechanism of mechanical components in the failure mode of fatigue. The proposed models can be used to represent the dynamic characteristics of fuzzy reliability and analyze the influences of the variation in the parameters of fuzzy stress and strength on the failure dependence of components in a system and the dynamic behavior of fuzzy system reliability. Besides, the explosive bolts for connection between launch vehicle and satellite are chosen as a representative example to illustrate the proposed method. The results show that different parameters of fuzzy stress have different influences on fuzzy system reliability and the failure dependence of components in a system.
Long-Term Survival in Primary Glioblastoma With Versus Without Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations
Authors: Hartmann Christian , Hentschel Bettina , Simon Matthias , Westphal Manfred , Schackert Gabriele , Tonn Jörg C. , Loeffler Markus , Reifenberger Guido , Pietsch Torsten , von Deimling Andreas , Weller Michael ,   for the German Glioma Network
Published: August 2013

Purpose: The determinants of long-term survival in glioblastoma have remained largely obscure. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 mutations are common in World Health Organization (WHO) grades II and III gliomas, but rare in primary glioblastomas, and associated with longer survival.

Experimental Design: We compared clinical and molecular characteristics of 69 patients with centrally confirmed glioblastoma and survival >36 months (LTS-36), including 33 patients surviving >60 months (LTS-60), with 257 patients surviving <36 months. MGMT promoter methylation, 1p/19q codeletions, EGFR amplification, TP53 mutations, and IDH1/2 mutations were determined by standard techniques.

Results: The rate of IDH1/2 mutations in LTS-36 patients was 34% (23 of 67 patients) as opposed to 4.3% in controls (11 of 257 patients). Long-term survivors with IDH1/2-mutant glioblastomas were younger, had almost no EGFR amplifications, but exhibited more often 1p/19q codeletions and TP53 mutations than LTS patients with IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas. Long-term survivors with IDH1/2 wild-type showed no distinguishing features from other patients with IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas except for a higher rate of MGMT promoter methylation. Similarly, among 11 patients with IDH1/2-mutant glioblastomas without long-term survival, the only difference to IDH1/2-mutant long-term survivors was less-frequent MGMT promoter methylation. Compared with LTS-36 patients, LTS-60 patients had less frequently TP53 mutations and radiotherapy alone as initial treatment.

Conclusions: IDH1/2 mutations define a subgroup of tumors of LTS patients that exhibit molecular characteristics of WHO grade II/III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. Determinants of LTS with IDH1/2 wild-type glioblastomas, which exhibit typical molecular features of primary glioblastomas, beyond MGMT promoter methylation, remain to be identified. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5146–57. ©2013 AACR.
TMPRSS2-ERG Status Is Not Prognostic Following Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: Implications for Fusion Status and DSB Repair
Authors: Dal Pra Alan , Lalonde Emilie , Sykes Jenna , Warde Fiona , Ishkanian Adrian , Meng Alice , Maloff Chad , Srigley John , Joshua Anthony M. , Petrovics Gyorgy , van der Kwast Theodorus , Evans Andrew , Milosevic Michael , Saad Fred , Collins Colin , Squire Jeremy , Lam Wan , Bismar Tarek A. , Boutros Paul C. , Bristow Robert G.
Published: August 2013

Background: Preclinical data suggest that TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions, present in about 50% of prostate cancers, may be a surrogate for DNA repair status and therefore a biomarker for DNA-damaging agents. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether TMPRSS2-ERG status was associated with biochemical failure after clinical induction of DNA damage following image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT).

Methods: Pretreatment biopsies from two cohorts of patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer [T1/T2, Gleason score (GS) < 8, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 20 ng/mL; >7 years follow-up] were analyzed: (i) 126 patients [comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) cohort] with DNA samples assayed by array CGH (aCGH) for the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion; and (ii) 118 patients [immunohistochemical (IHC) cohort] whose biopsy samples were scored within a defined tissue microarray (TMA) immunostained for ERG overexpression (known surrogate for TMPRSS2-ERG fusion). Patients were treated with IGRT with a median dose of 76 Gy. The potential role of TMPRSS2-ERG status as a prognostic factor for biochemical relapse-free rate (bRFR; nadir + 2 ng/mL) was evaluated in the context of clinical prognostic factors in multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results: TMPRSS2-ERG fusion by aCGH was identified in 27 (21%) of the cases in the CGH cohort, and ERG overexpression was found in 59 (50%) patients in the IHC cohort. In both cohorts, TMPRSS2-ERG status was not associated with bRFR on univariate or multivariate analysis.

Conclusions: In two similarly treated IGRT cohorts, TMPRSS2-ERG status was not prognostic for bRFR, in disagreement with the hypothesis that these prostate cancers have DNA repair defects that render them clinically more radiosensitive. TMPRSS2-ERG is therefore unlikely to be a predictive factor for IGRT response. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5202–9. ©2013 AACR.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Inhibits CD8 T-cell Activation and Control of Tumor Progression
Authors: Oda Shannon K. , Strauch Pamela , Fujiwara Yuko , Al-Shami Amin , Oravecz Tamas , Tigyi Gabor , Pelanda Roberta , Torres Raul M.
Published: August 2013

CD8 T lymphocytes are able to eliminate nascent tumor cells through a process referred to as immunosurveillance. However, multiple inhibitory mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment have been described that impede tumor rejection by CD8 T cells, including increased signaling by inhibitory receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that has been shown repeatedly to promote diverse cellular processes benefiting tumorigenesis. Accordingly, the exaggerated expression of LPA and LPA receptors is a common feature of diverse tumor cell lineages and can result in elevated systemic LPA levels. LPA is recognized by at least six distinct G protein–coupled receptors, several of which are expressed by T cells, although the precise function of LPA signaling in CD8 T-cell activation and function has not been defined. Here, we show that LPA signaling via the LPA5 receptor expressed by CD8 T cells suppresses antigen receptor signaling, cell activation, and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in a mouse melanoma model tumor-specific CD8 T cells that are LPA5-deficient are able to control tumor growth significantly better than wild-type tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Together, these data suggest that the production of LPA by tumors serves not only in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis, but also as a mechanism to suppress adaptive immunity and highlights a potential novel target for cancer treatment. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(4); 245–55. ©2013 AACR.
Safety and Effectiveness of Microvascular Decompression for the Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm in the Elderly
Authors: Youn Jinyoung , Kwon Soonwook , Kim Ji Sun , Jeong Heejeong , Park Kwan , Cho Jin Whan
Published: August 2013

Background: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a common disorder and has a significant impact on the quality of life. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is an effective and safe treatment option for patients with HFS, however the effectiveness and safety of MVD in elderly patients with HFS is not clear. Methods: We enrolled 699 HFS patients who underwent MVD from February 2008 to December 2011 at the Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. Subjects were divided into two groups: an elderly group (patients who were 60 years old or older) and a younger group. We compared demographic and clinical data, surgical outcome and complications after MVD between the groups. Results: The elderly group had more severe spasms and higher grade indentation than the younger group. Multiple offending vessels were more commonly detected in the elderly group. Although the improvement was similar 6 months after MVD between the groups, complications were more common in the elderly group even after controlling for possible confounding factors. In particular, ear problems including hearing loss were more common in the elderly group. Conclusion: MVD is an effective treatment option in elderly patients with HFS. However, surgeons should be pay attention to potential complications in elderly patients with HFS.
Current Status of Healthy Human Skin Models: Can Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Potentially Improve the Present Replacement Models?
Authors: Lemper M. , Snykers S. , Vanhaecke T. , De Paepe K. , Rogiers V.
Published: August 2013

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), a relatively new group of epigenetic agents, are being investigated as powerful chemotherapeutics because of their antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects both in vitro and in vivo, in various tumor cell lines. Only little is known with respect to their effects on normal cells. Yet, to understand tissue pathology and evaluate potential effects of new chemical entities in tissue homeostasis, insight into the physiology of healthy tissue is necessary. Therefore, this review addresses the effects of HDACi on healthy human primary skin cell cultures and three-dimensional epidermal models. In general, HDACi exert an effect on both the epidermal morphology and differentiation process of human skin. The latter is manifested through cell cycle arrest, disorganization of the basal layer, thinning of the stratum spinosum and thickening of the stratum corneum, reorganization of the cytoskeleton and increased formation of cornified envelopes. This overview shows that, although only a limited number of reports exist, these molecules might be an interesting tool for the development and study of new human skin models.
Retethering in Children after Sectioning of the Filum Terminale
Authors: Vassilyadi Michael , Tataryn Zac , Merziotis Maria
Published: August 2013

Background/Aim: Sectioning of the filum terminale is performed when spinal cord tethering is suspected, sometimes without clinical symptoms. Retethering can occur and require reoperation due to the presentation of either recurrent or new symptoms. The purpose of this institutional review was to identify the retethering rate in children, especially in those who were initially asymptomatic, and to discuss the role of surgery. Methods: The medical records of all children at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) who underwent tethered cord surgery between 1978 and 2009 for a thickened filum terminale were retrospectively reviewed, as well as those who retethered. Results: A total of 146 patients with a mean age of 4.3 years underwent a low lumbar single or partial laminectomy for sectioning of the filum terminale; 44 patients (30.1%) were asymptomatic at the time of surgery, 51.4% had bladder and bowel dysfunction, 26.7% had neuroorthopedic findings, 15.8% had pain and 6.2% had progressive scoliosis; 11 children with a median age of 8.9 years had symptoms of retethering requiring reoperation (median time to retether was 4.3 years) and 4 were initially asymptomatic. Repeat surgery was successful at alleviating the new symptoms that occurred as a result of retethering. Conclusions: Of the 146 patients at CHEO who underwent surgery, 7.5% retethered, with 36% being initially asymptomatic. Those operated in the first year of life were not found to be at a higher risk. The level of the conus medullaris did not influence the rate or retethering or urological dysfunction. Children who were initially asymptomatic improved after surgery for retethering, but may not have required surgery in the first place.
Norton Scale, Hospitalization Length, Complications, and Mortality in Elderly Patients Admitted to Internal Medicine Departments
Authors: Leshem-Rubinow Eran , Vaknin Asaf , Sherman Shany , Justo Dan
Published: August 2013

Background: The Norton scale is used for assessing pressure ulcer risk. The association between admission Norton scale scores (ANSS), hospitalization length, complications, and mortality in elderly patients admitted to internal medicine departments has never been studied. Objective: To determine if ANSS are associated with hospitalization length, complications, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality in elderly patients admitted to an internal medicine department. Methods: Medical charts of consecutive elderly (≥65 years) patients admitted to a single internal medicine department between January and March 2009 were studied for ANSS, demographics, comorbidities, hospitalization length, complications during hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality. Complications during hospitalization included acute coronary syndrome, major arrhythmias, major bleeding, stroke, systemic infections, organ failure, thromboembolism, etc. ANSS ≤14 were considered low. Results: The final cohort included 259 elderly patients: 54.4% were women, the mean age was 81.6 years, and the mean hospitalization length was 3.7 days. Overall, 7.3% of the patients had complications other than pressure ulcers, 3.9% died during hospitalization, and 28.6% died within 1 year. The mean ANSS was 15.4, and 37.8% of the patients had low ANSS. Patients with low ANSS had longer hospitalization (4.7 vs. 2.9 days; p = 0.002), a higher incidence of complications during hospitalization (odds ratio: 3.9; p = 0.006), and higher rates of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 7.0; p = 0.007) relative to patients with high ANSS. Regression analysis showed that ANSS were independently negatively associated with hospitalization length, complications during hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality (p < 0.0001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.018, respectively) regardless of age, gender, comorbidities, and pressure ulcer appearance. Rates of 1-year mortality were similar in patients with low and high ANSS. Conclusions: The Norton scale may be used for predicting hospitalization length, complications during hospitalization other than pressure ulcers, and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients admitted to an internal medicine department.
Independent Sex Chromosome Evolution in Lower Vertebrates: A Molecular Cytogenetic Overview in the Erythrinidae Fish Family
Authors: Cioffi M.B. , Liehr T. , Trifonov V. , Molina W.F. , Bertollo L.A.C.
Published: August 2013

The Erythrinidae fish family is an excellent model for analyzing the evolution of sex chromosomes. Different stages of sex chromosome differentiation from homomorphic to highly differentiated ones can be found among the species of this family. Here, whole chromosome painting, together with the cytogenetic mapping of repetitive DNAs, highlighted the evolutionary relationships of the sex chromosomes among different erythrinid species and genera. It was demonstrated that the sex chromosomes can follow distinct evolutionary pathways inside this family. Reciprocal hybridizations with whole sex chromosome probes revealed that different autosomal pairs have evolved as the sex pair, even among closely related species. In addition, distinct origins and different patterns of differentiation were found for the same type of sex chromosome system. These features expose the high plasticity of the sex chromosome evolution in lower vertebrates, in contrast to that occurring in higher ones. A possible role of this sex chromosome turnover in the speciation processes is also discussed.
A Case of Expansion of Traumatic Choroidal Rupture with Delayed-Developed Outer Retinal Changes
Authors: Moon Kun , Kim Kwang Soo , Kim Yu Cheol
Published: August 2013

Background: This study aims to report the expansion of a choroidal rupture site caused by blunt ocular trauma using scanning laser ophthalmoscope-optical coherence tomography. Case Report: The clinical course of a 15-year-old girl with a traumatic ocular injury after being hit in the eye by an elbow was evaluated. Upon the first examination, the best-corrected visual acuity was 16/20. The findings were subretinal pigment epithelial hemorrhage and vertical choroidal rupture. Three weeks after the trauma, the patient's visual acuity was reduced to counting fingers at 30 cm. On fundus examination and fluorescein angiography subretinal pigment epithelial hemorrhage decreased, while the choroidal rupture expanded; on optical coherence tomography outer retinal changes in the adjacent area were detected. Discussion: This study reveals that the delayed expansion of a choroidal rupture site and the delayed change of the adjacent outer retina improved.
Potassium Channel Openers Increase Aortic Elastic Fiber Formation and Reverse the Genetically Determined Elastin Deficit in the BN Rat
Authors: Slove Séverin , Lannoy Morgane , Behmoaras Jacques , Pezet Mylène , Sloboda Natacha , Lacolley Patrick , Escoubet Brigitte , Buján Julia , Jacob Marie-Paule
Published: August 2013

Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder that appears in more than half of the patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome, hemizygous for the elastin gene among 26 to 28 other genes. It was shown that the antihypertensive drug minoxidil, an ATP-dependent potassium channel opener, enhances elastic fiber formation; however, no wide clinical application was developed because of its adverse side effects. The Brown Norway rat was used here as an arterial elastin–deficient model. We tested 3 different potassium channel openers, minoxidil, diazoxide, and pinacidil, and 1 potassium channel blocker, glibenclamide, on cultured smooth muscle cells from Brown Norway rat aorta. All tested potassium channel openers increased mRNAs encoding proteins and enzymes involved in elastic fiber formation, whereas glibenclamide had the opposite effect. The higher steady-state level of tropoelastin mRNA in minoxidil-treated cells was attributable to an increase in both transcription and mRNA stability. Treatment of Brown Norway rats for 10 weeks with minoxidil or diazoxide increased elastic fiber content and decreased cell number in the aortic media, without changing collagen content. The minoxidil-induced cardiac hypertrophy was reduced when animals simultaneously received irbesartan, an angiotensin II–receptor antagonist. This side effect of minoxidil was not observed in diazoxide-treated animals. In conclusion, diazoxide, causing less undesirable side effects than minoxidil, or coadministration of minoxidil and irbesartan, increases elastic fiber content, decreases cell number in the aorta and, thus, could be suitable for treating vascular pathologies characterized by diminished arterial elastin content and simultaneous hypertension.
Prevalence of Optimal Treatment Regimens in Patients With Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension Based on Office Blood Pressure in a Community-Based Practice Network
Authors: Egan Brent M. , Zhao Yumin , Li Jiexiang , Brzezinski W. Adam , Todoran Thomas M. , Brook Robert D. , Calhoun David A.
Published: August 2013

Hypertensive patients with clinical blood pressure (BP) uncontrolled on ≥3 antihypertensive medications (ie, apparent treatment-resistant hypertension [aTRH]) comprise ≈28% to 30% of all uncontrolled patients in the United States. However, the proportion receiving these medications in optimal doses is unknown; aTRH is used because treatment adherence and measurement artifacts were not available in electronic record data from our >200 community-based clinics Outpatient Quality Improvement Network. This study sought to define the proportion of uncontrolled hypertensives with aTRH on optimal regimens and clinical factors associated with optimal therapy. During 2007–2010, 468 877 hypertensive patients met inclusion criteria. BP <140/<90 mm Hg defined control. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess variables independently associated with optimal therapy (prescription of diuretic and ≥2 other BP medications at ≥50% of maximum recommended hypertension doses). Among 468 877 hypertensives, 147 635 (31.5%) were uncontrolled; among uncontrolled hypertensives, 44 684 were prescribed ≥3 BP medications (30.3%), of whom 22 189 (15.0%) were prescribed optimal therapy. Clinical factors independently associated with optimal BP therapy included black race (odds ratio, 1.40 [95% confidence interval, 1.32–1.49]), chronic kidney disease (1.31 [1.25–1.38]), diabetes mellitus (1.30 [1.24–1.37]), and coronary heart disease risk equivalent status (1.29 [1.14–1.46]). Clinicians more often prescribe optimal therapy for aTRH when cardiovascular risk is greater and treatment goals lower. Approximately 1 in 7 of all uncontrolled hypertensives and 1 in 2 with uncontrolled aTRH are prescribed ≥3 BP medications in optimal regimens. Prescribing more optimal pharmacotherapy for uncontrolled hypertensives including aTRH, confirmed with out-of-office BP, could improve hypertension control.
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescent Offspring
Authors: Fraser Abigail , Nelson Scott M. , Macdonald-Wallis Corrie , Sattar Naveed , Lawlor Debbie A.
Published: August 2013

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that offspring of mothers with preeclampsia have higher blood pressure during childhood and young adulthood compared with women without preeclampsia. However, the evidence with regard to offspring glucose metabolism and lipids is more scant. We examined whether maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia and gestational hypertension) are associated with a range of cardiometabolic health measures in adolescent offspring. We included data for mother–offspring pairs from a United Kingdom prospective birth cohort (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Repeat antenatal clinic measures of blood pressure and proteinuria (median 14 and 11, respectively) were used to ascertain maternal preeclampsia (n=53) and gestational hypertension (n=431). Offspring had blood pressure (n=4438), and fasting lipids, insulin, and glucose (n=2888) measured at a mean age of 17 years. There was no strong evidence of differences in fasting insulin, glucose, or lipid concentrations. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in offspring of mothers with gestational hypertension (mean difference, 2.06 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–2.84 and 1.11 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–1.69, respectively) and preeclampsia (1.12 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, −0.89–3.12 and 1.71 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.23–3.17, respectively) compared with offspring of mothers without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, maternal age at delivery, household social class, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, and smoking in pregnancy). Results suggest a specific association between maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and offspring blood pressure that may be driven by genetics or familial nongenetic risk factors particular to blood pressure.
Angiotensin-(1–7)–Induced Renal Vasodilation in Hypertensive Humans Is Attenuated by Low Sodium Intake and Angiotensin II Co-Infusion
Authors: van Twist Daan J.L. , Houben Alfons J.H.M. , de Haan Michiel W. , Mostard Guy J.M. , Kroon Abraham A. , de Leeuw Peter W.
Published: August 2013

Current evidence suggests that angiotensin-(1–7) plays an important role in the regulation of tissue blood flow. This evidence, however, is restricted to studies in animals and human forearm. Therefore, we studied the effects of intrarenal angiotensin-(1–7) infusion on renal blood flow in hypertensive humans. To assess the influence of renin–angiotensin system activity, sodium intake was varied and co-infusion with angiotensin II was performed in a subgroup. In 57 hypertensive patients who were scheduled for renal angiography, renal blood flow was measured (
133
Xenon washout method) before and during intrarenal infusion of angiotensin-(1–7) (3 incremental doses: 0.27, 0.9, and 2.7 ng/kg per minute). Patients were randomized into low or high sodium intake. These 2 groups of patients received angiotensin-(1–7), with or without intrarenal co-infusion of angiotensin II (0.3 ng/kg per minute). Angiotensin-(1–7) infusion resulted in intrarenal vasodilation in patients adhering to a sodium-rich diet. This vasodilatory effect of angiotensin-(1–7) was clearly attenuated by low sodium intake, angiotensin II co-infusion, or both. Regression analyses showed that the prevailing renin concentration was the only independent predictor of angiotensin-(1–7)–induced renal vasodilation. In conclusion, angiotensin-(1–7) induces renal vasodilation in hypertensive humans, but the effect of angiotensin-(1–7) is clearly attenuated by low sodium intake and co-infusion of angiotensin II. This supports the hypothesis that angiotensin-(1–7) induced renal vasodilation depends on the degree of renin-angiotensin-system activation.
To the knowledge of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) of the Balearic Archipelago, Spain
Authors: STRUMIA FRANCO , GAYUBO SEVERIANO FERNÁNDEZ
Published: August 2013

The Chrysididae of the Balearic Archipelago were studied by operating four Malaise traps in the Mallorca and Menorca Islands. Traps captured 98 individuals belonging to 19 species. Including all available data from literature, the number of species in this archipelago rise to 34. Hedychridium balearicum Strumia, sp. nov (Mallorca) is described and key to the Hedychridium monochroum species-group is given. Extrapolation from available data suggests the presence of about 58 to 107 Chrysididae species in the Balearic Archipelago.
A new species of Poliaspoides MacGillivray (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) on Bambusa siamensis (Poaceae) imported into Turkey
Authors: ULGENTURK SELMA , PELLIZZARI GIUSEPPINA
Published: August 2013

The adult female and first-instar nymph of a new species of armoured scale insect, Poliaspoides bambusae sp.n. (Diaspididae), is described and illustrated. The new species was collected in Turkey on imported ornamental Bambusa siamensis (Poaceae) from an unknown source.
The Governing Dynamics of the Secondary Eyewall Formation of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008)
Authors: Sun Y. Qiang , Jiang Yuxin , Tan Benkui , Zhang Fuqing
Published: August 2013

Through successful convection-permitting simulations of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) using a high-resolution nonhydrostatic model, this study examines the role of peripheral convection in the storm's secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and its eyewall replacement cycle (ERC). The study demonstrates that before SEF the simulated storm intensifies via an expansion of the tangential winds and an increase in the boundary layer inflow, which are accompanied by peripheral convective cells outside the primary eyewall. These convective cells, which initially formed in the outer rainbands under favorable environmental conditions and move in an inward spiral, play a crucial role in the formation of the secondary eyewall. It is hypothesized that SEF and ERC ultimately arise from the convective heating released from the inward-moving rainbands, the balanced response in the transverse circulation, and the unbalanced dynamics in the atmospheric boundary layer, along with the positive feedback between these processes.