bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychological Well‐Being of Unaccompanied Minors: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Immigrating From Russia and Ukraine to Israel Without Parents
Authors: Tartakovsky Eugene
Published: May 2009

This paper examines the psychological well‐being of high school adolescents immigrating from Russia and Ukraine to Israel without parents. Data were collected in a 3‐year longitudinal study that covered the premigration through postmigration periods. Immigrant adolescents were compared with nonemigrating adolescents in Russia and Ukraine. Psychological well‐being of immigrants was highest in the premigration period. During the process of immigration, general self‐esteem, body image, social competence, school competence, and loneliness followed a U‐curve: they declined in the 1st year after immigration and improved in the 3rd year after immigration. Emotional and behavioral problems of immigrants increased in the 1st year after immigration and did not change in subsequent years. At the end of the 3‐year period, self‐esteem exceeded the premigration level, emotional and behavioral problems and loneliness remained below the premigration level, while body image, social competence, and school competence returned to the premigration level. Throughout the entire immigration period, the psychological well‐being of immigrants was higher than that of nonemigrating adolescents. Premigration psychological well‐being as well as perceived social conditions in the host country (discrimination and social support) predicted postmigration psychological well‐being. The results obtained are discussed in light of the stress‐coping model of immigration and ecological systems theory.
Predictors of Adolescent Participation in Organized Activities: A Five‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Denault Anne‐Sophie , Poulin François
Published: May 2009

This study examined (a) growth curves of youth participation in sports, performance and fine arts, and youth clubs throughout the high school years and (b) the associations between a series of predictors and the initial participation rates and growth over time. The predictors included individual, friend, and family factors. The moderating effect of youths' gender was also examined. Study participants were 272 youths (55% girls,Mage=12.4 years) and their parents. The predictors were assessed in Grade 6 and were based on reports by youths, parents, teachers, and classmates. Participation in organized activities was assessed annually from Grades 7 to 10. Altogether, the findings revealed that participation in sports, performance and fine arts, and youth clubs remains stable across the high school years. However, interindividual differences were found in the participation growth curves. This variation was predicted by individual, friend, and family factors, mostly with respect to sports activities.
Analyzing Cultural Models in Adolescent Accounts of Romantic Relationships
Authors: Milbrath Constance , Ohlson Brightstar , Eyre Stephen L.
Published: May 2009

Research on academic achievement has led the way in demonstrating how culturally constructed meanings shape adolescent scholastic behavior. The aim of this research is to move this standpoint of analysis more centrally into the area of adolescent dating and sexuality by focusing on the cultural components of adolescent romantic relationships. This study examines cultural models of romantic relationships in Vernacular Term Interviews of 68 African American and 59 Mexican American 11th‐ and 12th‐grade female and male high school students. A subset of interviews was analyzed first qualitatively to identify the models. The models then were committed to a manual and 4 analytic coders established reliability before coding all interviews blind as to race/ethnicity and gender of the adolescent. The resultant data were summarized by a principal components analysis that yielded 5 interpretable factors. Factor scores were computed and compared for gender and race/ethnicity differences. The results demonstrated clear differences in factors by race/ethnicity but not by gender. Results are discussed in relation to cultural differences described in the literature for these 2 populations.
The effect of previous pregnancy and transfusion on HLA alloimmunization in blood donors: implications for a transfusion‐related acute lung injury risk reduction strategy
Authors: Triulzi Darrell J. , Kleinman Steven , Kakaiya Ram M. , Busch Michael. P. , Norris Philip J. , Steele Whitney R. , Glynn Simone A. , Hillyer Christopher D. , Carey Patricia , Gottschall Jerome L. , Murphy Edward L. , Rios Jorge A. , Ness Paul M. , Wright David J. , Carrick Danielle , Schreiber George B.
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Antibodies to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in donated blood have been implicated as a cause of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). A potential measure to reduce the risk of TRALI includes screening plateletpheresis donors for HLA antibodies. The prevalence of HLA antibodies and their relationship to previous transfusion or pregnancy in blood donors was determined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 8171 volunteer blood donors were prospectively recruited by six US blood centers from December 2006 to May 2007. Donors provided a detailed history of pregnancy and transfusion and a sample for HLA Class I and II antibody testing by multiantigen bead flow analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 8171 donors were enrolled; 7920 (96.9%) had valid HLA antibody test results and 7841 (99%) of those had complete pregnancy and transfusion information. The prevalence of any HLA antibody was similar in nontransfused (n = 1138) and transfused (n = 895) men, 1.0% versus 1.7% (p = 0.16). HLA antibodies were detected in 17.3% of all female donors (n = 5834) and in 24.4% of those with a history of previous pregnancy (n = 3992). The prevalence of HLA antibodies increased in women with greater numbers of pregnancy: 1.7% (zero), 11.2% (one), 22.5% (two), 27.5% (three), and 32.2% (four or more pregnancies; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: HLA Class I and Class II antibodies are detectable at low prevalence in male donors regardless of transfusion and in female donors without known immunizing events. The prevalence of HLA antibodies increases significantly with more pregnancies. These data will allow blood centers to estimate the impact of HLA antibody testing as a potential TRALI risk reduction measure.
Cultural Variability in the Manifestation of Expressed Emotion
Authors: LÓPEZ STEVEN R. , RAMÍREZ GARCÍA JORGE I. , ULLMAN JODIE B. , KOPELOWICZ ALEX , JENKINS JANIS , BREITBORDE NICHOLAS J. K. , PLACENCIA PERLA
Published: May 2009

We examined the distribution of expressed emotion (EE) and its indices in a sample of 224 family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia pooled from 5 studies, 3 reflecting a contemporary sample of Mexican Americans (MA 2000, N=126), 1 of an earlier study of Mexican Americans (MA 1980, N=44), and the other of an earlier study of Anglo Americans (AA, N=54). Chi‐square and path analyses revealed no significant differences between the 2 MA samples in rates of high EE, critical comments, hostility, and emotional over‐involvement (EOI). Only caregiver warmth differed for the 2 MA samples; MA 1980 had higher warmth than MA 2000. Significant differences were consistently found between the combined MA samples and the AA sample; AAs had higher rates of high EE, more critical comments, less warmth, less EOI, and a high EE profile comprised more of criticism/hostility. We also examined the relationship of proxy measures of acculturation among the MA 2000 sample. The findings support and extend Jenkins' earlier observations regarding the cultural variability of EE for Mexican Americans. Implications are discussed regarding the cross‐cultural measurement of EE and the focus of family interventions.
Parent‐Child Interaction Therapy for Puerto Rican Preschool Children with ADHD and Behavior Problems: A Pilot Efficacy Study
Authors: MATOS MARIBEL , BAUERMEISTER JOSÉ J. , BERNAL GUILLERMO
Published: May 2009

This study evaluates the initial efficacy of the Parent‐Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Puerto Rican preschool children aged 4–6 years with a diagnosis of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), combined or predominantly hyperactive type, and significant behavior problems. Thirty‐two families were randomly assigned to PCIT (n=20) or a 3.5‐month waiting‐list condition (WL; n=12). Participants from both groups completed pretreatment and posttreatment assessments. Outcome measures included child's ADHD symptoms and behavior problems, parent or family functioning, and parents' satisfaction with treatment. ANCOVAs with pretreatment measures entered as covariates were significant for all posttreatment outcomes, except mother's depression, and in the expected direction (p<.01). Mothers reported a highly significant reduction in pretreatment hyperactivity and inattention and less aggressive and oppositional‐defiant behaviors, conduct problems assessed as problematic, parenting stress associated with their child's behavior, and an increase in the use of adequate parenting practices. For the WL group, there were no clinically significant changes in any measure. Treatment gains obtained after treatment were maintained at a 3.5‐month follow‐up assessment. PCIT seems to be an efficacious intervention for Puerto Rican families who have young children with significant behavior problems.
Culturally Informed and Flexible Family‐Based Treatment for Adolescents: A Tailored and Integrative Treatment for Hispanic Youth
Authors: SANTISTEBAN DANIEL A. , MENA MAITE P.
Published: May 2009

The increasing utilization of evidence‐based treatments has highlighted the need for treatment development efforts that can craft interventions that are effective with Hispanic substance abusing youth and their families. The list of evidence‐based treatments is extremely limited in its inclusion of interventions that are explicitly responsive to the unique characteristics and treatment needs of young Hispanics and that have been rigorously tested with this population. Some treatments that have been tested with Hispanics do not articulate the manner in which cultural characteristics and therapy processes interact. Other treatments have emphasized the important role of culture but have not been tested rigorously. The value of well designed interventions built upon an appreciation for unique patient characteristics was highlighted byBeutler et al. (1996)when they argued that “psychotherapy is comprised of a set of complex tasks, and practitioners need comprehensive knowledge of how different processes used in psychotherapy interact with patient characteristics in order to make treatment decisions that will maximize and optimize therapeutic power” (p. 30). A focus on how treatment processes interact with patient characteristics is particularly relevant in the Hispanic population because of the considerable heterogeneity beneath the Hispanic umbrella. Our new program of clinical research focuses on articulating how the varied profiles with regard to immigration stressors, acculturation processes, values clashes, sense of belonging to the community, discrimination, and knowledge about issues important to adolescent health can be more effectively addressed by a culturally informed treatment.
Adaptation of the Preventive Intervention Program for Depression for Use with Predominantly Low‐Income Latino Families
Authors: D'ANGELO EUGENE J. , LLERENA‐QUINN ROXANA , SHAPIRO RACHEL , COLON FRANCES , RODRIGUEZ PAOLA , GALLAGHER KATIE , BEARDSLEE WILLIAM R.
Published: May 2009

This paper describes the process for and safety/feasibility of adapting the Beardslee Preventive Intervention Program for Depression for use with predominantly low income, Latino families. Utilizing a Stage I model for protocol development, the adaptation involved literature review, focus groups, pilot testing of the adapted manual, and open trial of the adapted intervention with 9 families experiencing maternal depression. Adaptations included conducting the intervention in either Spanish or English, expanding the intervention to include the contextual experience of Latino families in the United States with special attention to cultural metaphors, and using a strength‐based, family‐centered approach. The families completed preintervention measures for maternal depression, child behavioral difficulties, global functioning, life stresses, and an interview that included questions about acculturative stressors, resiliency, and family awareness of parental depression. The postintervention interview focused on satisfaction, distress, benefits of the adapted intervention, and therapeutic alliance. The results revealed that the adaptation was nonstressful, perceived as helpful by family members, had effects that seem to be similar to the original intervention, and the preventionists could maintain fidelity to the revised manual. The therapeutic alliance with the preventionists was experienced as quite positive by the mothers. A case example illustrates how the intervention was adapted.
Kit K641E oncogene up‐regulates Sprouty homolog 4 and Trophoblast glycoprotein in interstitial cells of Cajal in a murine model of gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Authors: Gromova Petra , Ralea Sebastian , Lefort Anne , Libert Frédérick , Rubin Brian P , Erneux Christophe , Vanderwinden Jean‐Marie
Published: May 2009

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are thought to derive from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) or an ICC precursor. Oncogenic mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT are present in most GIST. KIT K642E was originally identified in sporadic GIST and later found in the germ line of a familial GIST cohort. A mouse model harbouring a germline Kit K641E mutant was created to model familial GIST. The expression profile was investigated in the gastric antrum of the KitK641E murine GIST model by microarray, quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Gja1/Cx43, Gpc6, Gpr133, Pacrg, Pde3a, Prkar2b, Prkcq/Pkce, Rasd2, Spry4 and Tpbg/5T4 were found to be up‐regulated. The proteins encoded by Gja1/Cx43, Pde3a, Prkcq/Pkce were localized in Kit‐ir ICC in wild‐type and KitK641E animals while Spry4 and Tpbg/5T4 were detected in Kit‐ir cells only in KitK641E, but not in KitWT/WT animals. Most up‐regulated genes in this mouse model belong to the gene expression profile of human GIST but also to the profile of normal Kit+ ICC in the mouse small intestine. Spry4 and Tpbg/5T4 may represent candidates for targeted therapeutic approaches in GIST with oncogenic KIT mutations.
Automatic retrieval of single microchimeric cells and verification of identity by on‐chip multiplex PCR
Authors: Kroneis Thomas , Gutstein‐Abo Liat , Kofler Kristina , Hartmann Michaele , Hartmann Petra , Alunni‐Fabbroni Marianna , Walcher Wolfgang , Dohr Gottfried , Petek Erwin , Guetta Esther , Sedlmayr Peter
Published: May 2009

The analysis of rare cells is not an easy task. This is especially true when cells representing a fetal microchimerism are to be utilized for the purpose of non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis because it is both imperative and difficult to avoid contaminating the minority of fetal cells with maternal ones. Under these conditions, even highly specific biochemical markers are not perfectly reliable. We have developed a method to verify the genomic identity of rare cells that combines automatic screening for enriched target cells (based on immunofluorescence labelling) with isolation of single candidate microchimeric cells (by laser microdissection and subsequent laser catapulting) and low‐volume on‐chip multiplex PCR for DNA fingerprint analysis. The power of the method was tested using samples containing mixed cells of related and non‐related individuals. Single‐cell DNA fingerprinting was successful in 74% of the cells analysed (55/74), with a PCR efficiency of 59.2% (860/1452) for heterozygous loci. The identification of cells by means of DNA profiling was achieved in 100% (12/12) of non‐related cells in artificial mixtures and in 86% (37/43) of cells sharing a haploid set of chromosomes and was performed on cells enriched from blood and cells isolated from tissue. We suggest DNA profiling as a standard for the identification of microchimerism on a single‐cell basis.
Biology and habitat use of three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in intermittent Mediterranean streams
Authors: Clavero M. , Pou‐Rovira Q. , Zamora L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract – We present the first data on three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) life history and habitat use in seasonal Mediterranean streams, analysing populations from NE Iberian Peninsula. Stickleback populations were strictly annual, with reproduction events involving exclusively 1+ fish. Somatic growth was concentrated in two periods, one in spring and early summer, and another in autumn and winter. During summer there was a clear stop in the somatic growth, coupled with low values of somatic condition. This growth pattern contrasts both with that of other Mediterranean stream fish species and that of stickleback in other European locations. Stickleback populations occupied mainly intermediate locations along fluvial gradients. The presence of abundant aquatic vegetation was identified as one of the main factors related with both stickleback presence and the abundance of its populations, while the latter was also negatively related with that of invasive fish and crayfish species. Stickleback tended to occur in native‐dominated fish communities, being almost absent from lower stream reaches, which bear high abundances of invasive fish species.
Structural Mechanisms for Regulation of Membrane Traffic by Rab GTPases
Authors: Gabe Lee Meng‐Tse , Mishra Ashwini , Lambright David G.
Published: May 2009

In all eukaryotic organisms, Rab GTPases function as critical regulators of membrane traffic, organelle biogenesis and maturation, and related cellular processes. The numerous Rab proteins have distinctive yet overlapping subcellular distributions throughout the endomembrane system. Intensive investigation has clarified the underlying molecular and structural mechanisms for several ubiquitous Rab proteins that control membrane traffic between tubular‐vesicular organelles in the exocytic, endocytic and recycling pathways. In this review, we focus on structural insights that inform our current understanding of the organization of the Rab family as well as the mechanisms for membrane targeting and activation, interaction with effectors, deactivation and specificity determination.
Concern for privacy in relation to age during physical examination of children: an exploratory study
Authors: Hansson Mats G , Kihlbom Ulrik , Tuvemo Torsten , Rodriguez Alina
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  To explore whether physicians behave differently regarding ethics and respect for privacy depending on children's age. We explored whether physician behaviours contributed to child uneasiness.

Study design:  Observational study of 21 children (0–12 years; 18 boys; mean age 3.2) undergoing evaluation for inguinal hernia. Specific physician‐initiated verbal and nonverbal behaviours were coded from digital video discs of the consultations.

Results:  Physician intrusiveness (i.e. approaching the child suddenly or in an uninvited way) during the physical examination was related to concurrent child uneasiness (r = 0.42, p < 0.06) and lasted through the postexamination phase of the consultation (r = 0.52, p < 0.01). Child mood during the examination strongly predicted postexamination mood (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001). Neither the total number of physician‐initiated positive behaviours or privacy‐related behaviours was associated with child age. Negative physician behaviours were strongly related to negative mood in the child (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001) at the close of the consultation.

Conclusion:  Although physicians were more likely to provide information to older than younger children, their behaviours regarding privacy did not differ by child age. We found that intrusiveness was rather common and related to child uneasiness that has implications for the ethical practice and a child's willingness to be examined.
Detection of a novel HLA‐B27 allele, B*2740, in Taiwanese volunteer bone marrow donors by sequence‐based typing: curiosity rewarded
Authors: Chen M. J. , Yang T. C. , Chu C. C. , Shyr M. H. , Lin C. L. , Lin P. Y. , Yang K. L.
Published: May 2009

We report here a novel HLA‐B allele, B*2740, discovered in Taiwanese volunteer marrow donors. The new sequence has nucleotide variation at position 527 (T→A) as compared to B*2708. The nucleotide change caused an amino acid substitution from valine (V) to glutamic acid (E) at codon 152. Since B*2740 carries sequence confers to HLA‐Bw6 public epitope we believe that this novel B*27 allele might have been generated from a gene conversion involving a Bw4‐specific allele (probably B*2704) and a Bw6‐specific allele.
Local Variation in Shredder Distribution can Explain their Oversight in Tropical Streams
Authors: Camacho Regina , Boyero Luz , Cornejo Aydeé , Ibáñez Alicia , Pearson Richard G.
Published: May 2009

Stream shredders play an important role in the breakdown of allochthonous leaf litter—a well‐known, key process in temperate headwater streams. In contrast, it has been suggested that litter breakdown in tropical streams is driven by microorganisms, shredders being scarce or absent. We propose that shredders have been overlooked in some tropical streams for two reasons: (1) assuming that tropical shredders belong to the same taxa as temperate ones, without determining the diet of tropical litter fauna; and (2) the small spatial scale of most tropical stream studies, which do not account for intra‐ and inter‐site comparisons. We explored shredder abundance and species richness in six streams in each of two tropical regions, the Australian wet tropics (AWT) and Panama (PAN), finding 734 individuals of 12 shredder species in AWT and 391 individuals of 16 species in PAN. Shredder species richness was positively related to altitude in AWT, but not in PAN. Shredder contribution to total leaf breakdown in the field was 24±3 SE percent in AWT and negligible in PAN, but this was probably due to the unsuccessful colonization of experimental cages by PAN shredders. In the laboratory, shredder contribution to total leaf breakdown was higher than in the field (35%±2 SE in AWT and 64%±3 SE in PAN) and varied with leaf decomposability. Our results support earlier indications that shredders are not scarce or functionally unimportant in the tropics, and suggest that their contribution to litter processing should be determined along altitudinal gradients.
Anthropogenic Soils and Tree Distributions in a Lowland Forest in Bolivia
Authors: Paz‐Rivera Clea , Putz Francis E.
Published: May 2009

The distributions of 17 tree species with seeds or fruits that are commonly eaten or otherwise used by humans were studied in reference to anthropogenic soils in a seasonally dry lowland tropical forest in Bolivia. Two types of anthropogenic dark earths (ADEs) were identified: terra preta (TP: darkened with charcoal fragments and with abundant pottery shards) and terra mulata (TM: somewhat darkened but with little or no pottery). In 216 ha, we compared the densities of trees >10 cm dbh of useful species in nine TP patches, three TM patches, and six areas with nonanthropogenic soils (N‐ADE). The TP, which covers approximately 20 percent of the sample area, has higher contents of organic matter, extractable P, and extractable Ca than N‐ADE soils, as well as higher pH and extractable P than TM. TM has organic matter and Ca contents similar to N‐ADE soils but significantly less extractable K. In general, TP has higher nutrient content than surrounding soils, both at the surface (0–10 cm) and deeper in the profile (40–50 cm). Despite these differences in soil fertility and contrary to our expectations, none of the 17 tree species were concentrated on TP perhaps because interactions between local dispersal agents and natural disturbances have masked historical patterns. Alternatively, past inhabitants of the study area may have enriched forests with useful tree species in areas where they were not practicing the intensive soil husbandry that results in ADEs.
Species Richness of Nonvolant Small Mammals Along Elevational Gradients in Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Ferro L. Ignacio , Barquez Rubén M.
Published: May 2009

The Nevados del Aconquija (5500 m) and Cumbres Calchaquíes (4600 m) are isolated mountain ranges that contain at least three physiognomic units in their eastern slopes: Neotropical rainforests, Andean grasslands and High Andean Steppes. Despite phytogeographical similarities, the two ranges differ in the amount and spatial distribution of rainfall over the elevation gradient. We studied terrestrial small mammals by direct trapping in two altitudinal transects on the eastern slope of the two mountain ranges. We recorded the changes in richness and species composition, as well as the relationships between species and microhabitats at each altitudinal level. The results show a similar structure of the small mammal assemblage in the two ranges. The largest differences, in terms of species composition, were registered at lower elevation forests, and faunal affinities increased with elevation to the point of finding identical species composition at the top of the mountains. Species richness showed a clear curvilinear pattern with a peak at the upper limit of the forests. Our findings suggest that total rainfall has an important influence on the composition and abundance of small mammal species but apparently not on the species richness along the elevation gradient. The highest values of species richness were observed at the sites where a contact between two different physiognomic units exists. These results indicate that habitat heterogeneity plays an important role in allowing the juxtaposition of small terrestrial mammal assemblages of the highlands and lowlands at a given point, contributing significantly to the considerable diversity of species observed in intermediate altitudinal sites.
Shit Happens (to be Useful)! Use of Elephant Dung as Habitat by Amphibians
Authors: Campos‐Arceiz Ahimsa
Published: May 2009

Although elephants are commonly cited as an example of ecosystem engineering, cases involving Asian elephants are missing in the literature. In a dry environment of southeastern Sri Lanka, I examined 290 elephant dung piles and found a total of six frogs from three different species in 1.7 percent (N=5) of the dung piles. This suggests a facilitative role of elephants by providing habitat for amphibians.
Volatiles induced by the larvae of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) in maize plants affect behavior of conspecific larvae and female adults
Authors: Huang Cui‐Hong , Yan Feng‐Ming , Byers John A. , Wang Rong‐Jiang , Xu Chong‐Ren
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Effects of maize (Zea mays L.) volatiles induced by larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), on the orientation behaviors of Asian corn borer larvae and oviposition of the females were investigated. Nineteen volatile chemicals, with terpenes being the major components, were identified from maize plants attacked by third instar Asian corn borer larvae. Coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) analyses revealed some electroantennographic differences between female and male Asian corn borer antennae in response to larvae‐induced maize volatiles; female responded to (E)‐2‐hexenal, nonanal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and three unknown compounds while the male only responded to (E)‐2‐hexenal, nonanal and one unknown compound. In laboratory orientation bioassays, Asian corn borer neonate larvae were attracted to extracts collected from Asian corn borer‐damaged plants as well as to synthetic farnesene, but were repelled by (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol. In laboratory oviposition bioassays, gravid females laid fewer eggs on plants damaged by larvae than on mechanically damaged plants or undamaged plants. Adult Asian corn borer females deposited fewer eggs on wax paper treated with (E)‐2‐hexenal or (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol than on wax paper treated with hexane (control). The results suggest that Asian corn borer can affect the behaviors of conspecific larvae and adults by changing host plant volatiles.
Accurate determination of DNA yield from individual mosquitoes for population genomic applications
Authors: Wilding Craig S. , Weetman D. , Steen K. , Donnelly M.J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Accurate estimates of DNA quantity are likely to become increasingly important for successful genomic screening of insect populations via recently developed, highly multiplexed genotyping assays and high‐throughput sequencing methods. Here we show that genomic DNA extractions from single Anopheles gambiae Giles using a standard commercial kit‐based methodology yield extracts with concentrations below the linear range of spectrophotometric absorbance at 260 nm. Concentrations determined by spectrophotometry were not reproducible, and are therefore neither accurate nor reliable. However, DNA quantification using a fluorescent nucleic acid stain (PicoGreen®) gave highly reproducible concentration estimates, and indicated that, on average, single mosquitoes yielded approximately 300 ng of DNA. Such a total yield is currently insufficient for many high‐throughput genome screening applications, necessitating whole genome amplification of all or most individuals in a population prior to genotyping.
Zebra chip disease incidence on potato is influenced by timing of potato psyllid infestation, but not by the host plants on which they were reared
Authors: Gao Feng , Jifon John , Yang Xiangbing , Liu Tong‐Xian
Published: May 2009

Abstract  The Zebra chip (ZC) syndrome is an emerging disease of potato and a major threat to the potato industry. The potato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli (Sulc) is believed to be a vector of the ZC pathogen, which is now thought to be Candidatus Liberibacter, a bacterium. To further understand the relationship between potato psyllid infestation and ZC disease expression, healthy potato plants at different growth stages (4, 6 and 10 weeks after germination) were exposed separately to potato psyllids that were separately reared on four solanaceous hosts plants (potato, tomato, eggplant or bell pepper) for more than 1 year. ZC symptoms, leaf rates and total nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in leaves and tubers of healthy and psyllid‐infested plants were monitored and recorded. Typical ZC symptoms were observed in leaves and tubers of all plants exposed to potato psyllids regardless of the host plant on which they were reared. This was also accompanied by significant reductions in net photosynthetic rate. Caged potato plants without exposure to potato psyllids (uninfested controls) did not show any ZC symptom in both foliage and in harvested tubers. Foliage damage and ZC expression were most severe in the potato plants that were exposed to potato psyllids 4 weeks after germination compared to plants infested at later growth stages. Tubers from potato psyllid‐infested plants had significantly higher levels of reducing sugars (glucose) and lower levels of starch than those in healthy plants, indicating that potato psyllid infestation interfered with carbohydrate metabolism in either leaves or tubers, resulting in ZC expression.
FATTY ACIDS AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENTS OF SOME PRUNUS SPP. KERNEL OILS
Authors: MATTHÄUS BERTRAND , ÖZCAN MEHMET MUSA
Published: May 2009

The oil content as well as the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of kernels from 15 Prunus spp. varieties from Turkey were determined. The oil yields from these kernels varied from 46.3 to 55.5%. The main fatty acids of Prunus spp. kernel oils were oleic acid (43.9–78.5%), linoleic acid (9.7–37%) and palmitic acid (4.9–7.3%). The total amount of vitamin‐E‐active compounds in the oils varied between 62.9 and 439.9 mg/kg. The predominant tocopherol in most kernel oils was γ‐tocopherol. Only two varieties of P. amygdalus and one variety of P. persica showed α‐tocopherol as the main vitamin‐E‐active compound. The composition of the oils was 9–164.5 mg/kg α‐tocopherol, 21.5–41.6 mg/kg α‐tocotrienol, 1.6–330.2 mg/kg γ‐tocopherol and 0–39.1 mg/kg δ‐tocopherol. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the kernels of the investigated species of Prunus fruits from Turkey may serve potential sources of valuable oil that might be used for edible and other industrial applications.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The search for new sources of vegetable oils is an ongoing challenge and the further utilization of by‐products from the food processing industry is an interesting option in this field. Seed oils from Prunus species contain high amounts of recommended monounsaturated oleic acid moderate contents of linoleic acid and low amounts of saturated fatty acids that may result in more favorable oil than olive oil with regard to their fatty acid compositions. Additionally, the oils contain vitamin‐E‐active compounds. Both fatty acid composition and vitamin‐E‐active compounds may justify the further processing of seeds from Prunus species for the production of oil for food and pharmaceutical applications.
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY DETECTION OF HIGH OLEIC SUNFLOWER OIL AS AN ADULTERANT IN EXTRA‐VIRGIN OLIVE OIL
Authors: CHIAVARO EMMA , VITTADINI ELENA , RODRIGUEZ‐ESTRADA MARIA TERESA , CERRETANI LORENZO , CAPELLI LISA , BENDINI ALESSANDRA
Published: May 2009

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to detect high oleic sunflower oil (HOSo) as an adulterant in extra‐virgin olive oil (EVOo) by means of cooling and heating thermograms. Addition of HOSo did not significantly alter cooling profiles of EVOo except for onset temperature of crystallization, which was significantly shifted toward lower temperature at 40% of adulterant addition. At the same percentage of adulteration, the heating profile of EVOo was significantly changed as the major endotherm broadened and the minor event became smaller and less evident. Cooling thermograms of pure oils and their admixtures were deconvoluted into three constituent exothermic peaks in an attempt to detect addition of HOSo at levels lower than 40%. Thermal properties of the two lower‐temperature exotherms (area percentage, offset temperature and range of transition) were significantly changed at≥20% of HOSo substitution, suggesting that DSC can be employed to detect this oil as an EVOo adulterant.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Adulteration of extra‐virgin olive oil (EVOo) with cheaper oils from other vegetable sources or seeds, as well as with lower quality olive oils, is a serious concern for oil suppliers and consumers and requires the use of new analytical techniques for their detection. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) exhibits some advantages over the classical analytical methods as it does not require sample preparation and use of solvents, thus resulting in a reduced environmental impact. Results suggested that its application to the detection of EVOo adulteration with high oleic sunflower oil, a vegetable oil largely employed for this type of fraud, is promising with the support of the deconvolution analysis of cooling thermograms.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Referral of Hypertension in an Emergency Department
Authors: Shah Tushar , Aronow Wilbert S. , Peterson Stephen J.
Published: May 2009

The authors prospectively audited 500 randomly selected charts of patients seen during a 6‐month period ending in October 2008, in the emergency department of a university medical center for the prevalence of hypertension and how it was managed. Of the 187 patients with hypertension, 14 (8%) were treated for hypertension in the emergency department and 99 (53%) were hospitalized or referred to a physician or clinic for follow‐up of their hypertension. Much improvement is needed, especially since many of the patients seen in the emergency department do not have a primary care physician.
Advances in Campylobacter biology and implications for biotechnological applications
Authors: Jeon Byeonghwa , Muraoka Wayne T. , Zhang Qijing
Published: May 2009

Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen of animal origin and a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. During the past decade, especially since the publication of the first C. jejuni genome sequence, major advances have been made in understanding the pathobiology and physiology of this organism. It is apparent that C. jejuni utilizes sophisticated mechanisms for effective colonization of the intestinal tracts in various animal species. Although Campylobacter is fragile in the environment and requires fastidious growth conditions, it exhibits great flexibility in the adaptation to various habitats including the gastrointestinal tract. This high adaptability is attributable to its genetically, metabolically and phenotypically diverse population structure and its ability to change in response to various challenges. Unlike other enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Campylobacter is unable to utilize exogenous glucose and mainly depends on the catabolism of amino acids as a carbon source. Campylobacter proves highly mutable in response to antibiotic treatments and possesses eukaryote‐like dual protein glycosylation systems, which modify flagella and other surface proteins with specific sugar structures. In this review we will summarize the distinct biological traits of Campylobacter and discuss the potential biotechnological approaches that can be developed to control this enteric pathogen.
A ‘feather‐trap’ for collecting DNA samples from birds
Authors: MAURER GOLO , BECK NADEENA , DOUBLE MICHAEL C.
Published: May 2009

Genetic analyses of birds are usually based on DNA extracted from a blood sample. For some species, however, obtaining blood samples is difficult because they are sensitive to handling, pose a conservation or animal welfare concern, or evade capture. In such cases, feathers obtained from live birds in the wild can provide an alternative source of DNA. Here, we provide the first description and evaluation of a ‘feather‐trap’, consisting of small strips of double‐sided adhesive tape placed close to a nest with chicks, as a simple, inexpensive and minimally invasive method to collect feathers. The feather‐trap was tested in tropical conditions on the Australian pheasant coucal (Centropus phasianinus). None of the 12 pairs of coucals on which the feather‐trap was used abandoned the nest, and feeding rates did not differ from those of birds not exposed to a feather‐trap. On average, 4.2 feathers were collected per trap over 2–5 days and, despite exposure to monsoonal rain, DNA was extracted from 71.4% of samples, albeit at low concentrations. The amount of genomic DNA extracted from each feather was sufficient to reliably genotype individuals at up to five microsatellite loci for parentage analysis. We show that a feather‐trap can provide a reliable alternative for obtaining DNA in species where taking blood is difficult. It may also prove useful for collecting feather samples for other purposes, e.g. stable‐isotope analysis.
Sclerosing hemangioma with multifocal pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and tumorlets
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Soo , Moon Ahrim , Kim Gou Young , Lim Sung‐Jig
Published: May 2009

Sclerosing hemangioma (SH) of the lung is a rare primary pulmonary neoplasm and is thought to be benign. Although SH was originally considered to be a variant of a hemangioma and was suggested to be of mesenchymal, mesothelial, endothelial, and neuroendocrine origin, there is now consensus that SH is derived from primitive respiratory epithelium. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) hyperplasia is considered to be a reactive process associated with regeneration of chronically injured airways or alveoli, such as in lung abscesses, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We report a rare case of SH combined with PNEC hyperplasia and tumorlets in a 62‐year‐old woman. Further studies on the relationship between the histogenesis of SH and PNEC hyperplasia or tumorlets are needed.
Diagnostic value of decreased expression of CD56 protein in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Park Won Young , Jeong Seong Muk , Lee Jung Hee , Kang Hyun Jeong , Sin Dong Hun , Choi Kyung Un , Park Do Youn , Huh Gi Yeong , Sol Mee Young , Lee Chang Hun
Published: May 2009

Background and aims: Precise pathological diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment of thyroid tumors. Ancillary diagnostic markers may be helpful in some cases. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the diagnostic value of CD56, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and galectin‐3 immunohistochemical stainings in distinguishing between papillary carcinoma (PC) and other thyroid malignancies and benign lesions. Methods: The expressions of the three markers were evaluated in PC (n= 67), follicular carcinoma (FC, n= 23), medullary carcinoma (MC, n= 18), anaplastic carcinoma (AC, n= 4), follicular adenoma (FA, n= 15), and nodular hyperplasia (NH, n= 21). Results: Statistical analysis showed significantly different expressions of CD56, galectin‐3, and CK19 in PC versus other lesions of the thyroid gland, with the exception of AC. Especially, the sensitivity and specificity of CD56 for diagnosing PC were 92.5% and 86.4%, respectively. The diagnostic specificity of CD56 was higher than that of galectin‐3 or CK19 in differentiating PC from other lesions of the thyroid gland. However, its sensitivity was lower than that of galectin‐3 or CK19. Conclusion: CD56 turns out to be a good negative marker for diagnosing PC. We suggest that immunohistochemical panels directed at the diagnosis of PC should include CD56 together with galectin‐3 and CK19.
Inter‐Organisational Alliances and the Importance of Accounting for Value in Kind Transactions: Exploring the Role of Formal Management Accounting Controls
Authors: Burfitt Brian A. , Baxter Jane , Chua Wai Fong
Published: May 2009

This article examines the role of management accounting control practices in relation to inter‐organisational alliances (IOAs) involving non‐cash, ‘value in kind’ (VIK) transactions. The research is undertaken in the context of a retrospective case study of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games which examines how SOCOG managed and accounted for over $360 million of VIK. The case study is based on both document study and interviews with individuals involved with this aspect of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. On combining previous research concerning both the lifecycle (Das and Teng 2002) and the nature of formal accounting controls (Dekker 2004) in IOAs, a lack of directly transferable expertise from traditional accounting practices in relation to the following aspects of the management and control of VIK – recognition, planning/budgeting, procedures/rules and performance monitoring – becomes evident. Given the potential economic significance of VIK transactions, this suggests a need for both further research and professional discourse in this area to ensure sufficient visibility of, and management planning and control for, VIK transactions.
Value for Money? Neo‐Liberalism in New South Wales Prisons
Authors: Andrew Jane , Cahill Damien
Published: May 2009

The NSW prison sector has undergone considerable reform over the last ten years. The NSW government now oversees the operation of publicly managed prisons, one privately managed prison and a number of new public prisons operating under the new ‘Way Forward’ management model. In order to establish which approach to prison management offered the best value for money, the NSW government undertook a ‘value for money’ assessment in 2005. In this article, we argue the cost accounting information is privileged in the assessment process. However, we contend that this information was limited and partial, and provided a poor basis on which to form policy. Even so, the NSW government has proceeded on this basis. In order to explain this, we position the report within the wider neo‐liberal turn in policymaking and the workplace reforms that have accompanied it.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase regulates protective surface microclimate pH in rat duodenum
Authors: Mizumori Misa , Ham Maggie , Guth Paul H. , Engel Eli , Kaunitz Jonathan D. , Akiba Yasutada
Published: May 2009

Regulation of localized extracellular pH (pHo) maintains normal organ function. An alkaline microclimate overlying the duodenal enterocyte brush border protects the mucosa from luminal acid. We hypothesized that intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) regulates pHo due to pH‐sensitive ATP hydrolysis as part of an ecto‐purinergic pH regulatory system, comprised of cell‐surface P2Y receptors and ATP‐stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS). To test this hypothesis, we measured DBS in a perfused rat duodenal loop, examining the effect of the competitive alkaline phosphatase inhibitor glycerol phosphate (GP), the ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase inhibitor ARL67156, and exogenous nucleotides or P2 receptor agonists on DBS. Furthermore, we measured perfusate ATP concentration with a luciferin–luciferase bioassay. IAP inhibition increased DBS and luminal ATP output. Increased luminal ATP output was partially CFTR dependent, but was not due to cellular injury. Immunofluorescence localized the P2Y1 receptor to the brush border membrane of duodenal villi. The P2Y1 agonist 2‐methylthio‐ADP increased DBS, whereas the P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 reduced ATP‐ or GP‐induced DBS. Acid perfusion augmented DBS and ATP release, further enhanced by the IAP inhibitor l‐cysteine, and reduced by the exogenous ATPase apyrase. Furthermore, MRS2179 or the highly selective P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500 co‐perfused with acid induced epithelial injury, suggesting that IAP/ATP/P2Y signalling protects the mucosa from acid injury. Increased DBS augments IAP activity presumably by raising pHo, increasing the rate of ATP degradation, decreasing ATP‐mediated DBS, forming a negative feedback loop. The duodenal epithelial brush border IAP–P2Y–HCO3− surface microclimate pH regulatory system effectively protects the mucosa from acid injury.
Differential effects of treadmill running and wheel running on spatial or aversive learning and memory: roles of amygdalar brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and synaptotagmin I
Authors: Liu Yu‐Fan , Chen Hsiun‐ing , Wu Chao‐Liang , Kuo Yu‐Min , Yu Lung , Huang A‐Min , Wu Fong‐Sen , Chuang Jih‐Ing , Jen Chauying J.
Published: May 2009

Chronic exercise has been reported to improve cognitive function. However, whether and how different types of exercise affect various learning and memory tasks remain uncertain. To address this issue, male BALB/c mice were trained for 4 weeks under two different exercise protocols: moderate treadmill running or voluntary wheel running. After exercise training, their spatial memory and aversive memory were evaluated by a Morris water maze and by one‐trial passive avoidance (PA), respectively. Levels of neural plasticity‐related proteins, i.e. brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB) and synaptotagmin I (Syt I), in hippocampus and amygdala were determined by ELISA or immunoblotting. Finally, the functional roles of these proteins in the basolateral amygdala were verified by locally blocking them with K252a (a TrkB kinase inhibitor), or lentivirus expressing Syt I shRNA. We found that (1) although both moderate treadmill running and wheel running improved the Morris water maze performance, only the former improved PA performance; (2) likewise, both exercise protocols upregulated the BDNF–TrkB pathway and Syt I in the hippocampus, whereas only treadmill exercise upregulated their expression levels in the amygdala; (3) local injection of K252a abolished the treadmill exercise‐facilitated PA performance and upregulation of amygdalar TrkB and Syt I; and (4) local administration of Syt I shRNA abolished the treadmill exercise‐facilitated PA performance and upregulation of amygdalar Syt I. Therefore, our results support the notion that different forms of exercise induce neuroplasticity changes in different brain regions, and thus exert diverse effects on various forms of learning and memory.