bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concordance among diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome is inconsistent in Spanish adolescents
Authors: Fernández‐Aparicio Ángel , Perona Javier S. , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline , González‐Jiménez Emilio
Published: August 2020

Background

The metabolic syndrome (MetS), although more frequent in adults, is a growing health problem in adolescent population. There are different criteria for the diagnosis, however without a consensus of which is the best to be used in this population. The heterogeneity of the different diagnostic criteria makes it necessary to carry out more studies that analyse the degree of agreement among these criteria. The present study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between different criteria for diagnosis of MetS in adolescents.

Materials and methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed on 981 adolescents (13.2 ± 1.2 years) randomly recruited from 18 schools in south‐east Spain. MetS was diagnosed by eight different criteria.

Results

The criteria proposed by the IDF showed the highest mean values for WC and systolic blood pressure in boys and girls with MetS, and the lowest for glucose and triglycerides in boys. Depending on the diagnostic criteria used, the prevalence of MetS cases in boys ranged from 5.5% to 14.9%, while in girls varied from 3.4% to 32.6%. Both in boys and girls, the criteria proposed by the IDF was the less concordant with the other suggested criteria, while those proposed by Duncan et al, Rodriguez‐Moran et al and Cruz and Goran, were very concordant among each other. However, in girls, concordance values were not as high as those found for boys.

Conclusion

The variability observed in the agreement among the existing criteria suggests the need to validate uniform criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in adolescents.
Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with incident sustained tachyarrhythmias: A multicenter observational study
Authors: Russo Vincenzo , Di Maio Marco , Mottola Filiberto Fausto , Pagnano Gianpiero , Attena Emilio , Verde Nicoletta , Di Micco Pierpaolo , Silverio Angelo , Scudiero Fernando , Nunziata Luigi , Fele Nunzia , D'Andrea Antonello , Parodi Guido , Albani Stefano , Scacciatella Paolo , Nigro Gerardo , Severino Sergio
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Little is still known about the prognostic impact of incident arrhythmias in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and predictors of sustained tachyarrhythmias in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19, and their potential association with disease severity and in‐hospital mortality.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective multicenter observation study including consecutive patients with laboratory confirmed COVID‐19 admitted to emergency department of ten Italian Hospitals from 15 February to 15 March 2020. The prevalence and the type of incident sustained arrhythmias have been collected. The correlation between the most prevalent arrhythmias and both baseline characteristics and the development of ARDS and in‐hospital mortality has been evaluated.

Results

414 hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 (66.9 ± 15.0 years, 61.1% male) were included in the present study. During a median follow‐up of 28 days (IQR: 12‐45), the most frequent incident sustained arrhythmia was AF (N: 71; 17.1%), of which 50 (12.1%) were new‐onset and 21 (5.1%) were recurrent, followed by VT (N: 14, 3.4%) and supraventricular arrhythmias (N: 5, 1.2%). Incident AF, both new‐onset and recurrent, did not affect the risk of severe adverse events including ARDS and death during hospitalization; in contrast, incident VT significantly increased the risk of in‐hospital mortality (RR: 2.55; P: .003).

Conclusions

AF is the more frequent incident tachyarrhythmia; however, it not seems associated to ARDS development and death. On the other hand, incident VT is a not frequent but independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients.
A qualitative study of trainer and trainee perceptions and experiences of clinical assessment in post‐graduate dental training
Authors: Amir Rad Fatemeh A. , Otaki Farah , AlGurg Reem , Khan Erum , Davis Dave
Published: August 2020

Background

The implementation of workplace‐based assessment (WBA) needs to ensure the achievement of pre‐set competences but may look different across varying contexts, such as in post‐graduate dental education. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of residents, faculty members and alumni concerning their experience with clinical assessment, and what configurations they consider as optimal to maximise the entailed learning experience.

Methods

This study relied on a qualitative descriptive design using two data collection tools: focus group sessions, and semi‐structured, one‐to‐one interviews. Data were triangulated from three sources: residents, faculty members and alumni. The data were inductively analysed based on constructivist epistemology. This was done using the Thematic Analysis approach, facilitated by NVivo software.

Results

The analysis revealed two mutually exclusive themes: process and people. Within process, variables related to quality, workflow and feedback surfaced. As for the people theme, the main two group of stakeholders referred to in the related analysis were the trainees and the trainers.

Discussion

There are many variables that need to be considered when developing an evidence‐driven WBA. In addition, factoring into the design of the WBA the perception of the main stakeholders will enable contextualisation which is expected to raise the reliability of the adapted tools.

Conclusion

This study introduced a framework that could support post‐graduate universities in their journey towards developing context‐specific WBA.
Use of technology in endodontics by undergraduate dental students in a south‐eastern state of Brazil
Authors: da Costa Ferreira Isabella , da Costa Ferreira Gabriela , Tavares Warley Luciano Fonseca , de Souza Côrtes Maria Ilma , Braga Tiago , Amaral Rodrigo Rodrigues
Published: August 2020

Introduction

This study aimed to determine the level of incorporation of current technologies for endodontic treatment in undergraduate dentistry courses in a south‐eastern state of Brazil.

Methods

For data collection, a self‐assessment‐based online questionnaire was created using the “Google Forms” platform, consisting of 12 multiple‐choice and a few open‐ended questions. The questions were related to the use of current technologies for diagnosis, imaging, use of ultrasonics in endodontics, instrumentation, use of apex locator, microscopy, photodynamic therapy and thermoplastic techniques during endodontic treatment. The questionnaire was sent to 54 dental schools in Minas Gerais.

Results

The results show low technological incorporation during the various stages of endodontic treatment by undergraduate students in dentistry courses in Minas Gerais.

Conclusion

Despite the availability of several technologies to help perform different stages of endodontic treatment, it was observed that most universities do not teach the use of these technologies. Additional studies are needed to correlate how the lack of incorporation of these technologies could impact on the quality of the endodontic learning for undergraduate students.
The dentist will scan you now: The next generation of digital‐savvy graduates
Authors: Cheah Clarine , Lim Celeste , Ma Sunyoung
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Undergraduate dental curriculum consisting of digital tools is essential in today’s era of modern dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate final‐year undergraduate dental students’ perception of using intraoral scanners and the feasibility of increasing exposure to intraoral scanners in their undergraduate programme.

Materials and methods

Forty students volunteered to complete one maxillary conventional and optical impression (TRIOS 3, 3Shape A/S). Questionnaires were used to assess their familiarity, perceived confidence levels, difficulties and user‐friendliness of each technique using a visual analogue scale prior to and after experiencing each impression technique.

Results

Students felt more familiar with conventional (C) than digital (D) impressions (P = .00). Their pre‐confidence level was also higher with the conventional method (C: 80.9 ± 15.5; D: 39.6 ± 25.5); however, the post‐confidence level significantly increased for the digital impression technique (P = .00). Participants perceived conventional technique to be easier (P = .02) and faster than optical impressions (P = .03). User‐friendliness of the intraoral scanner scored moderate (67.7 ± 22.9). The difference in the mean total working time was not significant (P = .05). Forty per cent of participants indicated that they preferred using the digital impression technique.

Conclusions

Although final‐year undergraduate students still perceived the conventional impression technique to be easier and faster than digital scanning, there was a significant increase in the level of confidence by this cohort after only one occasion of clinical optical impressions. Undergraduate dental students are ready to uptake new technology, and it should be strongly considered to incorporate more digital scanning during their training.
Knowledge of dental trauma among dental students. Lecture intervention protocol and follow‐up over four academic courses
Authors: Valdepeñas Javier , Adanero Alberto , Martínez Eva María , Planells Paloma
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims

A study was made to evaluate knowledge of dental trauma among first‐year dental students at the start of the career; assess the knowledge gained immediately after a lecture intervention; and evaluate persisting knowledge on an annual basis until the fourth year of the career.

Material and Methods

The study involved 29 volunteers from the first year of dentistry (School of Dentistry, Madrid Complutense University, Madrid, Spain). All the participants completed a previously validated questionnaire including questions referred to the management of dental trauma at the site of the accident, and other related aspects. This was followed by a brief lecture on the subject, and then the same questionnaire was administered again. Completion of the original questionnaire was subsequently repeated on an annual basis up until the fourth year of the career. Repeated measures analysis was used to assess the evolution of student knowledge.

Results

Knowledge of the subject was seen to be lacking at the start of the career, but increased significantly as a result of the lecture intervention (P < .001). Over the subsequent courses, although the notions referred to dental trauma were seen to decrease with respect to the first evaluation, they remained high. All of the participants agreed on the need for informative campaigns referred to dental trauma targeted to students in the first courses of the health sciences.

Conclusions

It is necessary to impart knowledge on the prevention and immediate management of dental traumatisms in order to improve their prognosis. This learning is especially relevant to students in the first courses of the health sciences.
Efficacy of proteasome inhibitor‐based maintenance following autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Parrondo Ricardo D. , Reljic Tea , Iqbal Madiha , Ayala Ernesto , Kharfan‐Dabaja Mohamed A. , Kumar Ambuj , Murthy Hemant S.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Lenalidomide maintenance, commonly prescribed in the postautologous transplantation (AHCT) setting for multiple myeloma (MM), is associated with development of secondary primary malignancies (SPM). Proteasome inhibitor maintenance (PIM) has also been evaluated in MM. We conduct a systematic review/meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy of PIM in MM.

Methods

Performing a comprehensive search of the medical literature using PubMed/Medline and EMBASE on September 11, 2019, we extracted data on clinical outcomes related to benefits (OS, PFS, and depth of hematologic response [DOHR]) and harms (SPM and adverse events). 2144 references were identified; three studies were eligible for inclusion.

Results

A total of 1760 patients were included in the analysis; 507 patients received bortezomib and 395 received ixazomib maintenance. Control arms were either placebo (n = 261) or thalidomide (n = 358). PIM did not improve OS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73‐1.05, P = .15) but improved PFS (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69‐0.86, P ≤ .00001) and DOHR (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79‐0.98, P = .02) compared with control. There were no significant differences between PIM and control regarding SPM (p = NS) and ≥grade 3 peripheral neuropathy (PN) (p = NS).

Conclusions

PIM following AHCT in MM improves PFS and DOHR without an increase in development of SPM or severe PN compared with placebo/thalidomide.
Evaluation of cognitive effort in rats is not critically dependent on ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Silveira Mason M. , Wittekindt Sebastian N. , Ebsary Sophie , Winstanley Catharine A.
Published: August 2020

Organisms must frequently evaluate the amount of effort to invest in pursuing future rewards. Despite explicit awareness of the potential benefits of cognitive work, individuals vary in their willingness to attempt cognitively demanding tasks, regardless of intellectual ability. Such differences may suggest that the degree to which cognitive effort degrades perceived outcome value is a subjective, rather than objective, process, similar to risk and delay discounting. Although numerous studies suggest the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is important for allowing subjective value estimates to be updated and/or used in cost/benefit decision‐making, the causal role of the OFC in valuations of mental effort has received scant investigation. We therefore trained 24 female Long‐Evans rats on the rodent cognitive effort task (rCET) and assessed performance following temporary bilateral inactivation of the ventrolateral OFC (vlOFC). In the rCET, rats decide at trial outset whether to perform an easy or hard attentional challenge, namely to localize a brief visual stimulus to one of five possible locations. The difficulty of the challenge is determined by the stimulus duration (1.0 vs. 0.2s for easy vs. hard trials respectively), and success on hard trials results in double the sugar pellet rewards. Somewhat surprisingly, inactivations of the vlOFC did not affect rats’ willingness or ability to exert cognitive effort for larger rewards, despite increasing omissions and motor impulsivity on‐task. When considered with previous work, it appears the vlOFC plays a minimal role in cognitive effort allocation specifically, and in valuations of effort more generally.
Thinking through illusion
Authors: Alford‐Duguid Dominic
Published: August 2020

Perception of a property (e.g., a colour, a shape, and a size) can enable thought about the property, while at the same time misleading the subject as to what the property is like. This long‐overlooked claim parallels a more familiar observation concerning perception‐based thought about objects, namely that perception can enable a subject to think about an object while at the same time misleading her as to what the object is like. I defend the overlooked claim, and then use it to generate a challenge for a standard way of thinking about the relationship between visual experience and rational belief formation. Put informally, that view holds that just as we can mislead others by saying something false, illusory experience misleads by misrepresenting how things stand in the world. I argue that we ought to abandon this view in favour of some radical alternative account of the relationship between visual experience and rational belief formation.
Temporal stability vs. community matrix measures of stability and the role of weak interactions
Authors: Downing Amy L. , Jackson Craig , Plunkett Claire , Ackerman Lockhart Jayne , Schlater Shannon M. , Leibold Mathew A.
Published: August 2020

Relationships between different measures of stability are not well understood in part because empiricists and theoreticians tend to measure different aspects and most studies only explore a single form of stability. Using time‐series data from experimental plankton communities, we compared temporal stability typically measured by empiricists (coefficient of variation in biomass) to stability measures typically measured by theoreticians derived from the community matrix (asymptotic resilience, initial resilience and intrinsic stochastic invariability) using first‐order multivariate autoregressive models (MAR). Community matrices were also used to derive estimates of interaction strengths between plankton groups. We found no relationship between temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix. Weaker interaction strengths were generally associated with higher stability for community matrix measures of stability, but were not consistently associated with higher temporal stability. Temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix stability appear to represent different aspects of stability reflecting the multi‐dimensionality of stability.
Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits
Authors: Stemkovski Michael , Pearse William D. , Griffin Sean R. , Pardee Gabriella L. , Gibbs Jason , Griswold Terry , Neff John L. , Oram Ryan , Rightmyer Molly G. , Sheffield Cory S. , Wright Karen , Inouye Brian D. , Inouye David W. , Irwin Rebecca E.
Published: August 2020

Climate change is shifting the environmental cues that determine the phenology of interacting species. Plant–pollinator systems may be susceptible to temporal mismatch if bees and flowering plants differ in their phenological responses to warming temperatures. While the cues that trigger flowering are well‐understood, little is known about what determines bee phenology. Using generalised additive models, we analyzed time‐series data representing 67 bee species collected over 9 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to perform the first community‐wide quantification of the drivers of bee phenology. Bee emergence was sensitive to climatic variation, advancing with earlier snowmelt timing, whereas later phenophases were best explained by functional traits including overwintering stage and nest location. Comparison of these findings to a long‐term flower study showed that bee phenology is less sensitive than flower phenology to climatic variation, indicating potential for reduced synchrony of flowers and pollinators under climate change.
Adaptation and coordinated evolution of plant hydraulic traits
Authors: Sanchez‐Martinez Pablo , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Dexter Kyle G. , Segovia Ricardo A. , Mencuccini Maurizio
Published: August 2020

Hydraulic properties control plant responses to climate and are likely to be under strong selective pressure, but their macro‐evolutionary history remains poorly characterised. To fill this gap, we compiled a global dataset of hydraulic traits describing xylem conductivity (Ks), xylem resistance to embolism (P50), sapwood allocation relative to leaf area (Hv) and drought exposure (ψmin), and matched it with global seed plant phylogenies. Individually, these traits present medium to high levels of phylogenetic signal, partly related to environmental selective pressures shaping lineage evolution. Most of these traits evolved independently of each other, being co‐selected by the same environmental pressures. However, the evolutionary correlations between P50 and ψmin and between Ks and Hv show signs of deeper evolutionary integration because of functional, developmental or genetic constraints, conforming to evolutionary modules. We do not detect evolutionary integration between conductivity and resistance to embolism, rejecting a hardwired trade‐off for this pair of traits.
Evolutionary stability of plant–pollinator networks: efficient communities and a pollination dilemma
Authors: Metelmann Soeren , Sakai Shoko , Kondoh Michio , Telschow Arndt
Published: August 2020

Mutualistic interactions between species are ubiquitous in nature and essential for ecosystem functioning. Often dozens or even hundreds of species with different degrees of specialisation form complex networks. How this complexity evolves is a fundamental question in ecology. Here, we present a new game theoretical approach to model complex coevolutionary processes and apply it to pollination networks. A theoretical analysis reveals multiple evolutionary stable network structures that depend on the availability of pollination service. In particular, we find efficient communities, in which a high percentage of pollen are transported conspecifically, to evolve only when plant and pollinator abundances are well balanced. Both pollinator shortage and oversupply select for more inefficient network structures. The results suggest that availability of pollination services is a key factor structuring pollination networks and may offer a new explanation for geographical differences in pollination communities that have long been recognised by ecologists.
Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome with different types of hormonal contraceptives in women of child‐bearing age
Authors: Etminan M. , Khosrow‐Khavar F. , Sodhi M. , Carleton B. , Magee L. A. , Tremlett H. , Kezouh A. , Sheldon C.
Published: August 2020

Background and purpose

There is a lack of comparative safety data on the risk of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) associated with different hormonal contraceptives. We sought to quantify the risk of PTCS associated with eight different types of hormonal contraceptives compared with oral levonorgestrel.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study, with a case–control analysis of 4 871 504 women aged 15–45 years in the period 2008–2015, using IQVIA Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records data in the USA. Patients who used nine different contraceptive agents including intrauterine levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone injection, etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring and combination oral contraceptives (COCs) that contained ethinyl estradiol and the progestins levonorgestrel, norgestimate, desogestrel, norethindrone and drospirenone, were included. Diagnosis of PTCS was defined using the first International Classification of Diseases, 9th or 10th revision, code for intracranial hypertension in patients who had also received an imaging code in the 30 days prior to the index date.

Results

A total of 3323 PTCS cases and 13 292 matched controls were identified. No increase in risk was found when analysing intrauterine levonorgestrel or COCs containing desogestrel, norethindrone, drospirenone, norgestimate or norgestrel versus COC levonorgestrel. The adjusted incidence rate ratio for etonogestrel/etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring and medroxyprogesterone suspension compared with levonorgestrel COC was 4.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.98–9.96] and 2.20 (95% CI 1.33–3.64), respectively.

Conclusions

This study found an elevated risk for PTCS among users of etonogestrel vaginal ring and medroxyprogesterone suspension when compared with oral levonorgestrel. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Acute retinal arterial ischaemia: silent brain infarcts prevalence and short‐term recurrence
Authors: Ayrignac X. , Zagroun C. , Coget A. , Azakri S. , Menjot de Champfleur N. , Montcriol A. L. , Labauge P. , Mourand I. , Ducros A. , Daïen V. , Arquizan C.
Published: August 2020

Background and purpose

The purpose was to evaluate, in a consecutive series of patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia, the proportion of patients with acute silent brain infarcts (SBIs) on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and to assess risk of recurrence within 3 months.

Methods

In all, 103 consecutive patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia (central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion or transient monocular vision loss) were included between January 2015 and December 2016. They all had cerebral magnetic resonance imaging including DWI as well as a standardized aetiological workup and 3 months of follow‐up. The presence of DWI‐positive cerebral lesions was recorded. Main clinical and radiological characteristics between DWI‐positive and DWI‐negative patients were compared.

Results

Of the 103 patients (including 42 transient monocular vision loss), 20 (19.5%) had SBIs on DWI, which were ipsilateral to the acute retinal ischaemia in 30% and involved different and/or multiple vascular territories in 70% of cases. Ipsilateral carotid stenosis and occlusion were respectively identified in 17 and eight patients whereas cardioaortic embolism was found in 19 patients. Overall, patients with and without acute SBIs were comparable. The topography of SBIs was related to the aetiology of the acute retinal ischaemia. At 3 months of follow‐up, one patient suffered from ischaemic stroke and five had recurrent retinal ischaemia.

Conclusions

Irrespective of the baseline characteristics of the patients, SBIs are present in about 20% of patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia and may be of interest in the aetiological workup. Overall risk of recurrence is low, favoured by rapid aetiological workup and appropriate treatment.
Cytokine release syndrome‐associated encephalopathy in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Perrin P. , Collongues N. , Baloglu S. , Bedo D. , Bassand X. , Lavaux T. , Gautier‐Vargas G. , Keller N. , Kremer S. , Fafi‐Kremer S. , Moulin B. , Benotmane I. , Caillard S.
Published: August 2020

Background and purpose

Neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease (COVID)‐2019 may adversely affect clinical outcomes. Severe COVID‐19 and uremia are risk factors for neurological complications. However, the lack of insight into their pathogenesis, particularly with respect to the role of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS), is currently hampering effective therapeutic interventions. The aims of this study were to describe the neurological manifestations of patients with COVID‐19 and to gain pathophysiological insights with respect to CRS.

Methods

In this longitudinal study, we performed extensive clinical, laboratory and imaging phenotyping in five patients admitted to our renal unit.

Results

Neurological presentation included confusion, tremor, cerebellar ataxia, behavioral alterations, aphasia, pyramidal syndrome, coma, cranial nerve palsy, dysautonomia, and central hypothyroidism. Notably, neurological disturbances were accompanied by laboratory evidence of CRS. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Hyperalbuminorrachia and increased levels of the astroglial protein S100B were suggestive of blood−brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings comprised evidence of acute leukoencephalitis (n = 3, one of whom had a hemorrhagic form), cytotoxic edema mimicking ischaemic stroke (n = 1), or normal results (n = 2). Treatment with corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulins was attempted, resulting in rapid recovery from neurological disturbances in two cases. SARS‐CoV2 was undetectable in 88 of the 90 patients with COVID‐19 who underwent Reverse Transcription‐PCR testing of CSF.

Conclusions

Patients with COVID‐19 can develop neurological manifestations that share clinical, laboratory and imaging similarities with those of chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell‐related encephalopathy. The pathophysiological underpinnings appear to involve CRS, endothelial activation, BBB dysfunction, and immune‐mediated mechanisms.
Pathology, infectious agents and horse‐ and management‐level risk factors associated with signs of respiratory disease in Ethiopian working horses
Authors: Laing Gabrielle , Christley Robert , Stringer Andrew , Ashine Tibebu , Cian Francesco , Aklilu Nigatu , Newton Richard , Radford Alan , Pinchbeck Gina
Published: August 2020

Background

Respiratory disease is a common cause for presentation of working horses to clinics in Ethiopia and a priority concern for owners.

Objectives

To identify risk factors for and association of pathogens with respiratory signs in working horses.

Study design

Unmatched case‐control study.

Methods

Cases were those animals recently coughing (last 7 days) or observed with coughing, nasal discharge or altered respiration at the time of examination. A physical exam and respiratory endoscopy were performed including a tracheal wash sample to detect the presence of pathogens and serology performed on blood. An owner questionnaire was administered. Risk factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Data on 108 cases and 93 unmatched control horses were obtained. Case horses often had underlying lower airway pathology and were significantly more likely to have Streptococcus zooepidemicus detected (OR: 12.4, 95% CI: 3.6‐42.4). There was no evidence of a major role for viral respiratory pathogens. Risk factors included completion of strenuous work (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2‐6.3), drinking from stagnant water sources (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0‐5.2) or being housed on a cobbled floor (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1‐3.8). There were increased odds of respiratory disease in young and old horses in this population.

Main limitations

Samples for pathogen detection and cytology were only taken from the trachea.

Conclusion

S. zooepidemicus, a common commensal, may play a role in clinical respiratory disease in this population.
Accuracy and Bias in Vulnerability Perceptions of Partners Undergoing Emotion‐Focused Therapy for Couples
Authors: Wiesel Ido , Shahar Ben , Goldman Rhonda N. , Bar‐Kalifa Eran
Published: August 2020

The primary mechanism of change in emotion‐focused couples therapy (EFT‐C) is described as one partner accessing and expressing vulnerability, with the other partner responding affiliatively, with compassion, acceptance, validation, and support. These interactions are assumed to restructure the negative, rigid interactional cycle that usually brings couples to therapy and helps build a positive emotional bond. The primary aim of this study was to test whether for this process to occur, partners need to accurately perceive their spouse’s experiences of vulnerability during therapy. Specifically, it examined the factors (i.e., tracking accuracy, assumed‐similarity bias, and directional bias) shaping partners’ perceptions of their spouse’s vulnerability and whether accurate perceptions predict positive session outcomes during EFT‐C. Data from 36 couples who took part in the York Emotional Injury Project were analyzed. Following each session, clients reported their own experience of vulnerability as well as their perceptions of their partners’ vulnerability. Session outcome was defined as the extent to which clients reported resolution. Using a multilevel Truth and Bias model, the results indicated that partners accurately perceived changes in their spouses’ expressions of vulnerability (i.e., significant tracking accuracy). Interestingly, partners’ perceptions were also tied to their own expressions of vulnerability (i.e., significant assumed‐similarity bias) and tended to underestimate the level of their partners’ vulnerability expressions (i.e., significant negative mean‐level bias). Using a multilevel Response Surface Analysis, we found that accuracy regarding partners’ vulnerability was associated with higher levels of resolution.
Drug interactions between emergency contraceptive drugs and cytochrome inducers: literature review and quantitative prediction
Authors: Le Corvaisier Claire , Capelle Aude , France Mathilde , Bourguignon Laurent , Tod Michel , Goutelle Sylvain
Published: August 2020

The emergency contraceptive drugs (EC), levonorgestrel (LNG) and ulipristal acetate (UPA), are sensitive substrates of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). In 2016, the label of LNG was updated based on a drug–drug interaction (DDI) study showing a significant decrease in LNG exposure when co‐administered with efavirenz, a known CYP3A4 inducer. DDI between UPA and CYP3A4 inducers are poorly characterized. The aims of this study were to review quantitative data from the literature on DDI with EC, to provide quantitative predictions of DDI between UPA and CYP3A4 inducers, and to identify moderate and severe DDI that may require a dose adjustment. A literature search was performed on pharmacokinetic DDI of LNG and UPA. Quantitative prediction of DDI with UPA was carried out by using the in vivo mechanistic static model (IMSM). Limited information was available on DDI with emergency contraception drugs. For LNG, data from eleven studies were retrieved, including five known CYP3A4 inducers that confirmed a risk of underexposure to LNG when co‐administered with inducers. For UPA, only three studies were identified, including only one CYP3A4 inducer. The IMSM approach indicated that UPA is a sensitive substrate of CYP3A4, with an estimated contribution of 86% of CYP3A4 to oral clearance. Moderate to severe DDI were predicted in 17 cases with CYP3A4 inducers, and dosage adjustments were suggested. This study illustrates the ability of the IMSM approach to inform about the DDI profile of old and new drugs.
A new role for 14‐3‐3 protein in steroidogenesis
Authors: Obsilova Veronika , Obsil Tomas
Published: August 2020

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1) is regulated by phosphorylation and 14‐3‐3 protein binding. STARD1 is a key player in cholesterol transport in mitochondria, and its regulation is not fully understood. Tugaeva et al. provide novel insights on the site‐specific phosphorylation and subsequent 14‐3‐3‐dependent regulation of STARD1 function. These results may help us understand the mechanism behind the regulation of steroidogenesis.

Comment on: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15474
Protein structural and mechanistic basis of progeroid laminopathies
Authors: Marcelot Agathe , Worman Howard J. , Zinn‐Justin Sophie
Published: August 2020

Progeroid laminopathies are characterized by the premature appearance of certain signs of physiological aging in a subset of tissues. They are caused by mutations in genes coding for A‐type lamins or lamin‐binding proteins. Here, we review how different mutations causing progeroid laminopathies alter protein structure or protein–protein interactions and how these impact on mechanisms that protect cell viability and function. One group of progeroid laminopathies, which includes Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria syndrome, is characterized by accumulation of unprocessed prelamin A or variants. These are caused by mutations in the A‐type lamin gene (LMNA), altering prelamin A itself, or in ZMPSTE24, encoding an endoprotease involved in its processing. The abnormally expressed farnesylated proteins impact on various cellular processes that may contribute to progeroid phenotypes. Other LMNA mutations lead to the production of nonfarnesylated A‐type lamin variants with amino acid substitutions in solvent‐exposed hot spots located mainly in coil 1B and the immunoglobulin fold domain. Dominant missense mutations might reinforce interactions between lamin domains, thus giving rise to excessively stabilized filament networks. Recessive missense mutations in A‐type lamins and barrier‐to‐autointegration factor (BAF) causing progeroid disorders are found at the interface between these interacting proteins. The amino acid changes decrease the binding affinity of A‐type lamins for BAF, which may contribute to lamina disorganization, as well as defective repair of mechanically induced nuclear envelope rupture. Targeting these molecular alterations in A‐type lamins and associated proteins identified through structural biology studies could facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies to treat patients with rare but severe progeroid laminopathies.
Corrosion fatigue and electrochemical behaviour of steel wires used in bridge cables
Authors: Liu Zhongxiang , Guo Tong , Yu Xiaming , Huang Xuelin , Correia José
Published: August 2020

In‐service bridge wires often fail prior to the design life subjected to alternating stresses and environmental erosion. In this paper, a novel corrosion fatigue test device, integrating fatigue testing machine and electrochemical accelerated corrosion assemblies, was developed to characterize the corrosion fatigue and electrochemical behaviour of the wires. Using the developed device, corrosion fatigue tests of corroded bridge wires under different corrosion and loading conditions were conducted. Electrochemical characteristics, corrosion fatigue behaviour, failure mechanism, and so forth were investigated according to electrochemical measurements, fracture morphologies and the lifetime of wires. Results evidence the synchronization of corrosion and fatigue and show the accelerated corrosion due to static and fatigue stresses. Additionally, cracking and fracture induced by multiple crack initiation was dominant in corrosion fatigue of corroded wires, and the coexistence of multiple corrosion pits decreased the lifetime significantly.
Communities in high definition: Spatial and environmental factors shape the micro‐distribution of aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Burgazzi Gemma , Laini Alex , Ovaskainen Otso , Saccò Mattia , Stubbington Rachel , Viaroli Pierluigi
Published: August 2020

According to metacommunity theories, the structure of natural communities is the result of both environmental filtering and spatial processes, with their relative importance depending on factors including local habitat characteristics, functional features of organisms, and the spatial scale considered. However, few studies have explored environmental and spatial processes in riverine systems at local scales, explicitly incorporating spatial coordinates into multi‐taxa distribution models. To address this gap, we conducted a small‐scale study to discriminate between abiotic and biotic factors affecting the distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates, applying metacommunity concepts.

We studied a mountain section in each of three perennial streams within the Po River Basin (northern Italy). We sampled macroinvertebrates both in summer and winter, using specific in situ 50‐point random sampling grids. Environmental factors, including benthic organic matter (BOM), flow velocity, water depth, and substrate were recorded together with spatial coordinates for each sampling point. The relationships between community metrics (taxon richness, abundance, biomass, biomass–abundance ratio, and functional feeding groups) and explanatory variables (environmental and spatial) were assessed using generalised additive models. The influence of the explanatory variables on community structure was analysed with joint species distribution models.

Environmental variables—primarily BOM—were the main drivers affecting community metrics, whereas the effects of spatial variables varied among metrics, streams, and seasons. During summer, community structure was strongly affected by BOM and spatial position within the riverbed, the latter probably being a proxy for mass effects mediated by biotic and stochastic processes. In contrast, community structure was mainly shaped by hydraulic variables in winter.

Using macroinvertebrate communities as a model group, our results demonstrate that metacommunity concepts can explain small‐scale variability in community structure. We found that both environmental filtering and biotic processes shape local communities, with the strength of these drivers depending on the season. These insights provide baseline knowledge that informs our understanding of ecological responses to environmental variability in contexts including restoration ecology, habitat suitability modelling, and biomonitoring.
Primary diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the mandible: A case report
Authors: Coskunses Fatih Mehmet , Cilasun Ülkem , Celik Topcu Pinar , Tokuc Berkay
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes and their precursor cells. Lymphoma is seen 3.5% of all intraoral malignancies and is the second most common neoplasm after the squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL), which is a subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, are seen mostly in the paraoral region.

Case presentation

An 82‐year‐old woman was referred with a localised swelling of the mandibular buccal mucosa for 3 months. Excisional biopsy revealed the diagnosis of DLBCL in the mandible and chemotherapy regimen started immediately. However, patient died during treatment.

Conclusions

Non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas would be late‐ or misdiagnosed in the perioral region that may result poor prognosis.
The interaction of elite networks in the Pinochet regime's macroeconomic policies
Authors: GAUTIER MORIN JOHANNA , ROSSIER THIERRY
Published: August 2020

The Chilean military regime offered a prime example of interactions among elite groups in the making of macroeconomic policies. Through the lens of both Bourdieu's field theory and Mills's elite coordination through networks, we show how Chilean elites sought to implement these policies despite being divided by their transnational and national ties. We have constructed an original database on the 62 most influential individuals within the space of macroeconomic policies using a variety of descriptive methods (multiple correspondence analysis, cluster analysis, and social network analysis), only used on very few occasions to study South American elites. We explore the internal divisions in these elites in terms of their orientation to national and transnational capital and biographical trajectories. We identify three groups – high‐ranking military officers, Chicago academic economists, and public and private sector professionals. Military officers were mostly endowed with national assets, while civilian groups relied on transnational resources. Moreover, the Chicago economists, characterized by their transnational and scientific legitimacy, were the closest to influential state positions overall (the Ministry of the Treasury and the Central Bank). Finally, we categorize the same three groups through (national and transnational) network ties. Organizational ties between those groups were significant, particularly among Chicago economists and professionals, which suggests an intense coordination process, facilitated by transnational affiliations and profile.
Twenty‐five years of Gender, Work and Organization: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Kataria Aakanksha , Kumar Satish , Pandey Nitesh
Published: August 2020

Gender, Work and Organization (GWO) is a highly reputed journal specializing in gender and development‐based research. In 2018, the journal celebrated its 25th anniversary, presenting the perfect opportunity to conduct a retrospective analysis of its content. Using bibliometric analysis on the GWO documents retrieved from the Scopus database, this study documents evidence of the research activities of the journal between 1994 and 2018. The article reports its publication and citation structure, leading trends and its increasing drive towards co‐authorship. It also identifies the most prominent topics, prolific articles and authors, and discusses the impact of the state of collaboration among the various GWO scholars. The study also maps the intellectual structure of the scholar network in the journal and finds the most influential scholars and leading institutions to be the most central in the collaboration network. The findings of the research include implications for researchers, practitioners and policymakers.
Modeling and Mapping High Water Table for a Coastal Region in Florida using Lidar DEM Data
Authors: Zhang Caiyun , Su Hongbo , Li Tiantian , Liu Weibo , Mitsova Diana , Nagarajan Sudhagar , Teegavarapu Ramesh , Xie Zhixiao , Bloetscher Fred , Yong Yan
Published: August 2020

Predicting and mapping high water table elevation in coastal landscapes is critical for both science application projects like inundation risk analysis and engineering projects like pond design and maintenance. Previous studies of water table mapping focused on the application of geostatistical methods, which cannot predict values beyond an observation spatial domain or generate an ideal pattern for regions with sparse measurements. In this study, we evaluated the multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques for high water table prediction and mapping using fine spatial resolution lidar‐derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and designed an application protocol of these two techniques for high water table mapping in a coastal landscape where groundwater, tide, and surface water are related. Testing results showed that SVM largely improved the high water table prediction with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.22 feet and root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.22 feet compared to the application of the ordinary Kriging method which could not generate a reasonable water table. MLR was also promising with a MAE of around 2 feet and RMSE of around 3 feet. The study suggests that both MLR and SVM are valuable alternatives to estimate high water table elevation in Florida. Fine resolution lidar DEMs are beneficial for high water table prediction and mapping.
anem: A Simple Web‐Based Platform to Build Stakeholder Understanding of Groundwater Behavior
Authors: Penny Gopal , Mullen Connor , Bolster Diogo , Huber Bruce , Müller Marc F.
Published: August 2020

Groundwater supports essential societal and ecological functions by acting as a reservoir that buffers against natural variability. Increasing water scarcity and climate variability have resulted in more intensive management of groundwater resources, but groundwater often remains difficult to understand and manage. With this in mind, we develop a simple platform that provides a straightforward, web‐based user interface applicable to a wide variety of end‐user scenarios. Groundwater behavior is modeled using the method of images in a new R package, anem, which serves as the engine for the web platform, anem‐app, produced using R Shiny. Both tools allow users to define aquifer properties and pumping wells, view maps of hydraulic head, and simulate particle tracking under steady‐state conditions. These tools have the advantage of being platform independent and open source, so that they are freely available to anyone with a web browser and internet connection (anem‐app) or computing platform with R installed (anem). We designed both tools to lower the learning curve and up‐front costs to building simple groundwater models. The simplicity of the web application allows exploration of groundwater behavior under various conditions, and should be especially valuable in low‐budget applications where advanced analysis may not be practical or necessary. Integration with the R language allows for advanced analysis and deeper exploration of groundwater dynamics. In this manuscript, we describe how anem and anem‐app are built in the R environment and demonstrate how they might be used by planners or stakeholders.