bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rumination, Sexual Orientation Uncertainty, and Psychological Distress in Sexual Minority University Students
Authors: Borders Ashley , Guillén Luis A. , Meyer Ilan H.
Published: April 2014

This study examined associations between uncertainty about sexual orientation, rumination, and psychological distress in university students. We hypothesized that increased rumination would mediate associations between higher sexual orientation uncertainty and greater psychological distress. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these associations might differ for self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) versus heterosexual emerging adults. A sample of 207 university students completed questionnaires assessing sexual orientation uncertainty, rumination, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and aggression. Path analyses indicated that higher sexual orientation uncertainty was associated with greater rumination, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. Furthermore, rumination mediated associations between sexual orientation uncertainty and all measures of psychological distress across the entire sample. However, multi-group analyses indicated that these associations emerged for LGB participants but not for heterosexuals. Results suggest that rumination may constitute a common but maladaptive coping response for sexual minorities facing sexual orientation uncertainty. Interventions for this population should focus on decreasing rumination.
Capacity development or new learning spaces through municipal international cooperation: Policy mobility at work?
Authors: van Ewijk Edith , Baud Isa , Bontenbal Marike , Hordijk Michaela , van Lindert Paul , Nijenhuis Gerry , van Westen Guus
Published: April 2014

The importance of strengthening local governments is widely recognised as local governments face new challenges against the backdrop of global decentralisation processes. Municipal International Cooperation (MIC) contributes strategically to such processes by peer-to-peer learning within existing local institutions, a development process that is both efficient and provides continuity. Empirically, the paper draws upon the findings of an evaluation of the Dutch support programme for MIC called LOGO South. The main conclusion is that partnerships between local authorities do strengthen local governments in the South; the unique approach of the LOGO South programme adds important spillover effects in mutual learning, resulting in both policy transfer and mobility. By creating multilevel governance networks, knowledge circulation was also strengthened. This paper contributes to the debate by showing that locally based, multilevel hybrid networks are strategic for governance processes.
Is “Aesthetics” Art Studies?
Authors: Richmond Sheldon
Published: April 2014

I provide a context for Agassi’s and Jarvie’s discussion of Aesthetics to show how their theory involves a turn to Art Studies. This turn provides a new and interesting focus in Aesthetics that revitalizes traditional aesthetics as the search for values in art. This turn also breaks the illusion of depth and progress in contemporary aesthetics by raising so far unasked critical questions in Aesthetics concerning the social demands placed on artists and the institutions of art.
The Idea of Philosophy and Its Relation to Social Science
Authors: Theunissen Mark
Published: April 2014

This article takes up Winch’s exploration of a certain dialectic in philosophical accounts of social inquiry, the poles of which I refer to as the under-laborer and over-laborer conceptions of philosophy. I argue that these conceptions, shown in Risjord and Reed, respectively, are caught in a dialectic of treating philosophy’s roles as either modestly clarifying or broadly determining the claims of social science. A third conception of philosophy, the therapeutic conception, is exemplified by Read et al.’s “New Wittgensteinian” interpretation of Winch’s work as a way out of the dialectic. Discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the latter, I conclude that a stronger development of the therapeutic approach is needed to move past the dialectic.
Misspecified Mean Function Regression
Authors: Berk Richard , Brown Lawrence , Buja Andreas , George Edward , Pitkin Emil , Zhang Kai , Zhao Linda
Published: April 2014

There are over three decades of largely unrebutted criticism of regression analysis as practiced in the social sciences. Yet, regression analysis broadly construed remains for many the method of choice for characterizing conditional relationships. One possible explanation is that the existing alternatives sometimes can be seen by researchers as unsatisfying. In this article, we provide a different formulation. We allow the regression model to be incorrect and consider what can be learned nevertheless. To this end, the search for a correct model is abandoned. We offer instead a rigorous way to learn from regression approximations. These approximations, not “the truth,” are the estimation targets. There exist estimators that are asymptotically unbiased and standard errors that are asymptotically correct even when there are important specification errors. Both can be obtained easily from popular statistical packages.
“No Crystal Stair”
Authors: Miggins Edward M.
Published: April 2014

This article uses Cleveland, Ohio, to examine educational reform by focusing on place, institutional change, motives, and results between 1900 and 1930. The study as well as the practice of public education in urban America has been a battleground for “the great school wars.” Despite the endless conflicts and debate, public education remains a popular panacea for the ills of urban America. Public schools expanded their programs to meet the needs of urban students, particularly immigrants from southern, eastern, and central Europe and black migrants from the American South during the era of this study. Progressive reformers also campaigned for reforms that would adapt the public schools to an environment that was changing from a commercial to an industrial city. Above all, they championed the next, all-powerful superintendent, enlightened by the “cult of efficiency,” to achieve progress and stability in the school system. Urban historians can analyze educational change and the validity of conflicting interpretations by studying local schools within their historical context. The results of progressive school reforms did not often match their promises, but failure and disappointment did not lead to introspection and analysis of their remedies. The majority of students still failed to graduate in the 1920s. Centralized management, social efficiency, vocational and technical education, recreation, Americanization, specialization, intelligence testing, tracking, and quantification became the popular national model for public education between 1900 and 1930. They still constitute the paradigm for public schooling in America.
Family and Community Influences on Diabetes-Related Dietary Change in a Low-Income Urban Neighborhood
Authors: Pollard Suzanne L. , Zachary Drew A. , Wingert Katherine , Booker Sara S. , Surkan Pamela J.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the social environment, including family and community relationships, on diabetes-related dietary change behaviors in a low-income, predominantly African American community with limited access to healthy foods.

Methods

Study methods included interviews and focus groups with adults with diabetes and family members of individuals with diabetes in a low-income African American community. In this analysis, interview participants included 11 participants with diabetes, one with prediabetes, and 8 family members or close friends with diabetes. Information from 4 participants with diabetes and 6 with family members with diabetes was included from 6 focus groups. Transcripts were analyzed via thematic iterative coding influenced by social cognitive theory to understand the influence of family and community relationships on dietary change.

Results

Participants’ social environments strongly influenced diet-related behavioral change. Family members without diabetes provided reinforcements for dietary change for those with diabetes by preparing healthy food and monitoring intake, as well as by adopting dietary changes made by those with diabetes. Family and community members served as sources of observational learning about the potential impacts of diabetes and enhanced behavioral capability for dietary change among people with diabetes by providing dietary advice and strategies for making healthy choices.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the ways in which family and community members can influence dietary change in people with diabetes. Interventions targeting diabetes management should incorporate families and communities as sources of information, learning, and support.
Partnering With Families to Refine and Expand a Diabetes Intervention for Mexican Americans
Authors: McEwen Marylyn Morris , Murdaugh Carolyn
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to refine and expand a culturally tailored individual-level diabetes self-management intervention to a family-level intervention.

Methods

Using community-based participatory research principles, Mexican American adults (n = 12) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and family members (n = 12) in the United States–Mexico border region participated in 6 focus group interviews, conducted by bilingual, bicultural facilitators. Facilitators and barriers to T2DM management were identified. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Through an iterative analysis process, 5 categories represented participants with T2DM: (1) strategies my family can use to support our managing T2DM, (2) be sensitive to my challenges, (3) stop telling me what to eat or do, (4) how can we peacefully coexist, and (5) I feel supported. Categories identified by family members were (1) changing behaviors together, (2) sharing not controlling, (3) supporting positive behaviors, and (4) your behaviors frustrate me.

Conclusions

The family was reinforced as a major influence for successful T2DM management. Family support requires that families value and develop knowledge and skills for T2DM management. This family intervention builds on family assets and relationships, shifting from traditional externally motivated individual models to create a shared commitment to manage T2DM among Mexican American adults.
Applying Erikson’s Wisdom to Self-Management Practices of Older Adults
Authors: Perry Tam E. , Ruggiano Nicole , Shtompel Natalia , Hassevoort Luke
Published: April 2014

According to Erik Erikson’s theory on the stages of human development, achieving wisdom later in life involves revisiting previous crises and renewing psychosocial accomplishments. However, few studies have used Erikson’s theory as a framework for examining how older adults self-manage physical and mental health changes that commonly occur later in life. This article presents findings from two qualitative studies that demonstrate how older adults apply wisdom in new domains. Specifically, it was found that older adults (1) reasserted autonomy by initiating creative problem solving and (2) applied skills gained from productive activities earlier in life to new health-related problems that arise later in life. These findings highlight the importance of engaging older adults to repurpose their life skills and thus reapply wisdom to new areas of their lives. Implications for practice are discussed.
Prevalence of Complications from Adult Tonsillectomy and Impact on Health Care Expenditures
Authors: Seshamani Meena , Vogtmann Emily , Gatwood Justin , Gibson Teresa B. , Scanlon Dennis
Published: April 2014

Objective

To provide information on the prevalence of common complications of adult tonsillectomy and associated health care utilization and expenditures.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of a large insurance database.

Setting

Data from the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database.

Subjects and Methods

Treated prevalence rates for post‐tonsillectomy complications were calculated for 36,210 patients with employer‐sponsored insurance who had an outpatient tonsillectomy between 2002 and 2007. The relationships with various patient characteristics were examined using multivariate logistic regression. Postoperative emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations and total per capita health care expenditures were analyzed.

Results

This analysis suggests that of adult patients who undergo a tonsillectomy, 20% will have a complication, 10% will visit an ED, and approximately 1.5% will be admitted to a hospital within 14 days of the tonsillectomy. Six percent were treated for postoperative hemorrhage, 2% for dehydration, and 11% for ENT pain within 14 days of surgery. Patients with comorbidities, prior peritonsillar abscess, or an increased number of antibiotic prescriptions in the past year were significantly more likely to develop complications. Three out of 4 patients with postoperative hemorrhage went to the ED (4.63% of all patients), and 50% had a procedural intervention (3.09% overall). The average cost associated with a tonsillectomy was $3832 if no complication. If there was a complication within 14 days, hemorrhage was the most expensive ($6388 vs $5753 for dehydration and $4708 for ENT pain).

Conclusions

Complications of adult outpatient tonsillectomies are common and may be associated with significant morbidity, health care utilization, and expenditures.
Rapid Systematic Review of the Epley Maneuver for Treating Posterior Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: van Duijn Jeroen G. , Isfordink Liz M. , Nij Bijvank Jenny A. , Stapper Carlijne W. , van Vuren Annelies J. , Wegner Inge , Kortekaas Marlous F. , Grolman Wilko
Published: April 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare watchful waiting to the Epley maneuver as a management option for patients with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (p‐BPPV) regarding symptom relief.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted. Studies reporting original study data were included. Relevance and risk of bias (RoB) of the selected articles were assessed. Studies with low relevance, high RoB, or both were excluded. Absolute risk differences and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted for the included studies.

Results

A total of 1448 unique studies were retrieved. Eight of these satisfied the eligibility criteria. At 1‐week follow‐up, all included studies reported a clinically relevant effect in favor of the Epley maneuver regarding symptom relief (absolute risk differences ranging from 20% [95% CI, 5%‐37%] to 59% [95% CI, 32%‐76%]) or conversion to a negative Dix–Hallpike (absolute risk differences ranging from 17% [95% CI, –5%‐37%] to 64% [95% CI, 29%‐79%]). At 1‐month follow‐up, the results of the included studies diverged further. Absolute risk differences ranged from 6% (95% CI, –24%‐35%) more symptom relief in favor of watchful waiting to 79% (95% CI, 56%‐88%) in favor of the Epley maneuver.

Conclusion and Recommendations

All data of the selected studies show a benefit in favor of the Epley maneuver at 1‐week follow‐up in the management of p‐BPPV. The Epley maneuver should be considered in all patients with p‐BPPV.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Within the Medulla Oblongata of a Young Dog
Authors: Hostnik E. T. , Kube S. A. , Jortner B. , Hager D. , Garman R. H.
Published: April 2014

A 13-week-old male intact Poodle mix dog developed an acute onset of vestibular ataxia, tetraparesis, and vomiting. The patient presented ambulatory, tetraparetic, and ataxic with a head tilt to the left and a disconjugate nystagmus (rotary nystagmus with fast phase to the right in right eye and vertical nystagmus in left eye). There were absent postural reactions in the left pelvic and left thoracic limbs and decreased right-sided postural reactions. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intra-axial mass within the left midcaudal medulla oblongata. On gross dissection, there was a left-sided neoplasm in the medulla oblongata with surrounding hemorrhage. The histologic findings indicated that the mass was a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. This tumor, an uncommon variant of an astrocytoma most often seen in children and young adult humans, has yet to be described in dogs.
Malformation of Incisor Teeth in Grem2-/- Mice
Authors: Vogel P. , Liu J. , Platt K. A. , Read R. W. , Thiel M. , Vance R. B. , Brommage R.
Published: April 2014

GREMLIN 2 ( GREM2)—formerly, protein related to Dan and cerberus ( PRDC)—is a potent antagonist of the bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, but little else in known about its functions. We found that Grem2-/- mice developed small deformed mandibular and maxillary incisors, indicating that GREMLIN2 is required for normal tooth morphogenesis. Although DEXA scans suggested that bone mineral density might be increased in Grem2-/- mice, histology did not reveal any evident bone phenotype. Grem2-/- mice did not display any other notable phenotypes evaluated in a high-throughput screening process that encompassed a range of immunologic, metabolic, ophthalmic, and behavioral parameters. Our findings indicate that Grem2 can be added to the growing list of genes that affect tooth development in mice.
Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (Macacine Herpesvirus 3)–Associated Facial Neuritis in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Assaf B. T. , Knight H. L. , Miller A. D.
Published: April 2014

Peripheral neuropathies are common sequelae to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans and are due to a variety of mechanisms, including direct antiretroviral toxicity, HIV-mediated damage, immune-mediated disorders, and opportunistic viral infections. Rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain the most consistent animal model for unraveling the pathogenesis of lentiviral-associated disease and its associated opportunistic infections. Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) is the most common opportunistic viral infection in rhesus macaques infected with SIV and causes multiorgan pathology; however, its role in peripheral nerve pathology has not been explored. We have identified 115 coinfected cases with SIV and RhCMV, of which 10 cases of RhCMV-associated facial neuritis were found (8.7% prevalence). Histologic lesions were consistent in all cases and ranged from partial to complete obliteration of the nerves of the tongue, lacrimal gland, and other facial tissues with a mixed inflammatory population of neutrophils and macrophages, of which the latter commonly contained intranuclear inclusion bodies. Luxol fast blue staining and myelin basic protein immunohistochemistry confirmed the progressive myelin loss in the peripheral nerves. Bielschowsky silver stain revealed progressive loss of axons directly related to the severity of inflammation. Double immunohistochemistry with spectral imaging analysis revealed RhCMV-infected macrophages directly associated with the neuritis, and there was no evidence to support RhCMV infection of Schwann cells. These results suggest that peripheral nerve damage is a bystander effect secondary to inflammation rather than a direct infection of Schwann cells and warrants further investigations into the pathogenesis of RhCMV-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Triangulating health
Authors: Jackson Paul , Neely Abigail H.
Published: April 2014

Calls for a political ecology of health have recently emerged in geography. This article builds on these to suggest a practice of a political ecology of health by incorporating the insights of medical anthropology, STS, and history of medicine. Framed around three perspectives – partial and situated knowledges, Marxist-feminist approaches, more-than-human geographies of health – this article argues that incorporating the insights of political ecology and cognate disciplines into the problems we investigate and the methods we use will make for a stronger practice of a political ecology of health.
Animal geographies II
Authors: Buller Henry
Published: April 2014

Animal geographies challenge not only the place and placing of the human and the animal but, critically, the methods we use to engage with both in relation. This second review considers the various methodological implications of a more-than-human geography and explores the innovative approaches that animal geographers employ to speak with non-human animals.
Understanding Inadequate Response to First-Grade Multi-Tier Intervention
Authors: Greulich Luana , Al Otaiba Stephanie , Schatschneider Christopher , Wanzek Jeanne , Ortiz Miriam , Wagner Richard K.
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to use a mixed methods approach to learn about inadequate response to a year-long multi-tier response to intervention (RTI) model that allowed first-grade students to move up and down tiers. Participants were 156 students who received supplemental intervention services during a larger multi-tier RTI study involving classrooms and 522 students across 10 schools. Findings from an all-subset regression indicate letter word reading, the fluency composite, and blending words explained the most variance (15%) in response among initial skills. Adding additional teacher ratings of behavior and academics accounted for a small amount of additional variance (3%) in-group membership. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated 87.5% of students were correctly classified, yielding a sensitivity of 85.3 and a specificity of 65.0. Findings from qualitative observations of intervention sessions suggest inadequate responders demonstrated physical and verbal task avoidance and displayed emotions of hopelessness and shame. Implications for practice are discussed.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics
Authors: Mills Sarah D. , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Fox Rina S. , Sadler Georgia Robins
Published: April 2014

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BASH), a four-item, language-based measure of acculturation. Participants in the study were 435 Hispanic Americans from a large metropolitan area with English or Spanish language preference. Internal consistency reliability was strong in both language-preference groups. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the structural validity of the measure. A unidimensional factor structure was found for both English and Spanish language-preference groups and items loaded equivalently across groups, demonstrating measurement invariance. The BASH had good convergent validity and incremental validity. Overall, this study provides further evidence that the BASH offers a brief, reliable, and valid measure of acculturation to be used among Hispanic Americans.
Empowerment and Condom Use Among Mexican and Mexican American Women in Illinois
Authors: Albarracin Julia , Chancay Jennifer , Hinrichs Dustin , Sanchez Laura
Published: April 2014

This study used a survey of 218 Mexican women living in Illinois to test if measures of women’s empowerment in the economic, sociocultural, interpersonal/relational, and political dimensions influenced condom use. Our findings revealed that sociocultural and political forms of empowerment were significantly correlated with condom use. More specifically, women who were allowed to leave the house to visit friends without their husband/partner’s permission, had a cell phone, worked for or contributed to a political campaign, participated in a public meeting, and voted were more likely to use condoms with their husband or partners than other women. In addition, women who were younger and completed the survey in English were also more likely to use condoms. However, neither women’s economic nor interpersonal empowerment in their romantic relationship influenced condom use. Thus, women’s general empowerment may be a crucial preamble to safe sex.
Potential Influence of Intravenous Lipids on the Outcomes of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Patel Krutika S. , Noel Pawan , Singh Vijay P.
Published: April 2014

Parenteral nutrition (PN) has been associated with a higher rate of adverse outcomes compared with enteral feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). However, PN may be necessary when feeding via the enteral route is poorly tolerated or impossible, and PN is recommended as a second‐line nutrition therapy in AP. Intravenous (IV) lipids are commonly used as a part of PN in patients with AP. While the adverse outcomes related to the use of PN in AP have commonly been attributed to infectious complications, data suggest that the unsaturated fatty acids in the triglycerides used in IV lipids may contribute to the development of organ failure. We discuss the clinical and experimental data on this issue and the alternative lipid emulsions that are being studied.
Tetra-sulfonate phthalocyanine zinc-bovine serum albumin conjugate-mediated photodynamic therapy of human glioma
Authors: Xu Dianshuang , Chen Xiangyu , Chen Ke’en , Peng Yiru , Li Yingxin , Ke Yiquan , Gan Danhui
Published: April 2014

Background

Glioma is the most common brain malignancy with poor prognosis. The current treatments for gliomas are mainly based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, which exhibit limited efficacy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers has been applied to glioma therapy. However, different photosensitizers usually lead to different therapeutic effects and adverse reactions.

Objective

This study investigates the anti-tumor effect of photosensitizer ZnPcS4-BSA in xenograft glioma tumors.

Methods

The xenograft glioma tumor model was established by inoculating nude mice with U251 cells. Tumor growth was evaluated by tumor volume, weight, and inhibition rate. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvessel density were measured by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Significant decreases in tumor volume and weight as well as significant increases in tumor inhibition rate, cell apoptosis, VEGF expression, and microvessel density were observed in mice in the low- and high-dose PDT groups compared to the control, irradiation alone, and photosensitizer alone groups. No significant difference in cytotoxicity was observed between control group and photosensitizer alone group. Photosensitizer ZnPcS4-BSA significantly inhibited xenograft glioma tumor growth through induction of apoptosis.

Conclusion

PDT using ZnPcS4-BSA may be effective for the therapy of gliomas.
Best Practices in Social Media
Authors: McCaughey Deirdre , Baumgardner Catherine , Gaudes Andrew , LaRochelle Dominique , Wu Kayla Jiaxin , Raichura Tejal
Published: April 2014

This study examines the relationship of social media channel utilization (activity on blogs, content communities, and social networking sites, plus posting a social media policy) by health care organizations and the brand rating of those organizations, as measured by patients who have completed the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey. We found the degree of adoption of social media channels among hospitals to be 25%, which is consistent with other reports. We also found a positive relationship between social media channel utilization and patient rating of their overall hospital experience, as well as patient willingness to recommend the hospital. Based upon our findings, we introduce a social media value matrix. The matrix indicates that health care organizations utilizing a greater than average number of social media channels have significantly higher social media value scores (derived from the intersection of HCAHPS scores and social media channel prevalence) than hospitals that utilize fewer than average social media channels. Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory is referenced to explain the rate of adoption of social media by health care organizations.
Consumers’ Emotional Reactions to Negative Publicity and Crisis Management in the Health Care Industry
Authors: Rhee Hosung Timothy , Yang Sung-Byung
Published: April 2014

Negative publicity has an adverse effect on an organization, especially in online environments where consumers’ word of mouth travels fast. By implementing an appropriate response strategy and being attentive about consumers’ emotional reactions, an organization could minimize potential damage from crises. This explorative multiple case study decomposes each of the eight negative publicity cases into the dimensions of drug/supplement type (Lipitor and Oxyelite Pro), negative publicity source type (organizations and individuals), response execution status (response executed and no response), and defensive response type (attack the accuser and justification) in measuring consumers’ particular negative emotions (anger, anxiety, and sadness). Based on the results of the study, the following propositions are derived: (1) higher degrees of anger and sadness are correlated with the negative publicity involving a supplement; (2) a higher degree of anxiety is correlated with the negative publicity caused by individuals; (3) a higher degree of anger is correlated with the response executed; (4) response execution is the dimension that exerts the strongest impact on consumers’ negative emotions; (5) a higher degree of sadness is correlated with the late response; and (6) the degrees of anger and anxiety subside after the second response.
Anatomy of the Nonprofit Starvation Cycle
Authors: Lecy Jesse D. , Searing Elizabeth A. M.
Published: April 2014

The nonprofit starvation cycle is a debilitating trend of under-investment in organizational infrastructure that is fed by potentially misleading financial reporting and donor expectations of increasingly low overhead expenses. Since its original reporting in 2004, the phenomenon has been referenced several times, but seldom explored empirically. This study uses 25 years of nonprofit data to examine the existence, duration, and mechanics behind the nonprofit starvation cycle. Our results show a definite downward trend in reported overhead costs, reflecting a deep cut in administrative expenses partially offset by an increase in fundraising expenses. The organization’s size is instrumental to its behavior, with a sharp rise in reported overhead occurring when revenues equal $100,000, but diminishing at $550,000. Finally, the brunt of the cuts have fallen on nonexecutive staff wages and professional fees, which heightens the concern of potentially ill effects derived from a fixation on overhead cost reduction.
Numerical study of wall cooling effects on transition between shock structures in a rocket propulsion nozzle
Authors: Kharati-Koopaee Masoud , Khaef Iman
Published: April 2014

A numerical study is performed to study the effect of nozzle wall cooling on transition between two different shock structures such as free shock separation and restricted shock separation in an axisymmetric thrust-optimized contour nozzle. In this study, cooling of nozzle wall which is associated to the first half of nozzle length is concerned, and at different cooling rates, the transition between shock structures, hysteresis cycle, and also plateau pressure ratio at which the transition occurs are characterized. To do this, a two-dimensional numerical calculation is accomplished utilizing the commercial CFD software, FLUENT. Validity of current numerical model is confirmed by comparison of nozzle wall pressure, hysteresis cycle, and plateau pressure ratio with experimental and previously published works as well as applying simple energy balance. Numerical results show that the increase in cooling rate causes the transition between shock structures and thus hysteresis cycle to appear at lower values of pressure ratio. It is found that, in the case of nozzle wall cooling, a single point could be realized for transition between shock structures. It is also shown that the effect of nozzle wall cooling is to reduce the plateau pressure ratio at which the transition happens.
Continuous time-varying sliding mode based attitude control for reentry vehicle
Authors: Wang Liang , Sheng Yongzhi , Liu Xiangdong
Published: April 2014

The attitude control for reentry vehicle is responsible for the robust operation to avoid the major deterioration from parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Targeting these practical issues, both the cases with and without a priori knowledge of upper bound on the lumped uncertainty (i.e. the joint effect caused by external disturbance and inertia matrix uncertainty) are addressed, and correspondingly two continuous time-varying sliding mode based attitude controller design strategies are proposed to achieve the robust tracking of the attitude commands while alleviating the control chattering. Firstly, to deal with the case where the upper bound on the second derivative of the lumped uncertainty is known in advance, a nonlinear disturbance observer based continuous time-varying sliding mode control algorithm is developed so that the asymptotic stability of the closed system is guaranteed. Furthermore, in order to address the more practical case that the upper bound on the lumped uncertainty is unavailable, a continuous adaptive time-varying sliding mode control algorithm is derived with the related switching gains adjusted on-line, by which the trajectories of the closed-loop system are guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the proposed strategies are applied to the attitude control of X-33 RLV in the reentry phase to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Early- to late-Holocene contrast in productivity, OMZ intensity and calcite dissolution in the eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Naik Sushant S , Godad Shital P , Naidu P Divakar , Tiwari Manish , Paropkari Anil L
Published: April 2014

The Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) is a potential source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and the extensive OMZ spread to 1.37 × 106 km2 in the Northern Arabian Sea would be an important contributor to the CO2 budget. In this perspective, we report here that the Eastern Arabian Sea experienced coeval increase in productivity and denitrification from ~7 to 0 kyr, which coincides with minimum dissolved oxygen levels in bottom waters. In addition, during the same period, an increased calcium carbonate dissolution occurred as evidenced by low CaCO3 content, decreasing shell weights of planktonic foraminifer species Globigerinoides ruber with well-marked dissolution features on their shells. Therefore, this study has implications on the role of OMZ in governing CaCO3 dissolution and contributing to an increase in atmospheric CO2.
Identification of multiple joint dynamics using the inverse receptance coupling method
Authors: Mehrpouya Majid , Graham Eldon , Park Simon S
Published: April 2014

A lot of effort has been put into accurately modelling virtual prototypes prior to physical building of structures, in order to minimize cost and time while improving performance. However, there are often significant discrepancies between the dynamics of virtual prototypes and actual physical structures, which are mainly caused by improper joint dynamics modelling and assumptions. To overcome these challenges, we propose a method for the identification of multiple joints in structures using the inverse receptance coupling method. This method enables the determination of the joint properties by finding the differences between the measured receptances of the assembled structures and the simulated receptances obtained from rigidly coupled substructures. The receptances are obtained either through the finite element model or experimental modal measurements. The only measurements required in the proposed identification method are measurements on the translational degrees of freedom of the substructures and assembled structure. Knowing the joint’s dynamic properties allows for the prediction of behavior of a new assembled structure that uses the same joint configuration, without the necessity of direct measurements on the structure.
Dynamic response of normal moving load on an irregular fiber-reinforced half-space
Authors: Kaur Tanupreet , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Chattopadhyay Amares , Sharma Satish Kumar
Published: April 2014

Studying the problem of a moving load causing fracture is used in the interpretation analysis of geophysical fracture. This paper aims to study the stress produced in an irregular fiber-reinforced half-space due to a normal moving load on a free surface. The stress produced in this case has been obtained in a closed form. Three different cases of irregularity, viz. rectangular, parabolic and no irregularity, have been discussed and compared. The effects of depth, irregularity factor and maximum irregularity depth on stress have been investigated. Also, the stress produced from a normal moving load in an irregular isotropic half-space has been deduced as a special case of the problem and comparative study has been made with that of fiber-reinforced medium. Moreover, some important peculiarities have been depicted with the use of graphs.
Ethnic Group Differences in Police Notification About Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Ackerman Jeffrey , Love Tony P.
Published: April 2014

We analyzed data from the National Crime Victimization Survey to test whether individuals from different ethnic groups differentially notify the police after incidents of partner violence. After finding that minority groups notified the police about intimate partner violence (IPV) events more than non-minorities, we found that socioeconomic status differences between minorities and non-minorities explained a statistically significant proportion of the reasons underlying the differences in notification. We suggest that the pattern of our results supports a structural perspective and has potential implications about the subjective and objective efficacy of police involvement in IPV.
“She Deserved It”
Authors: Koepke Sabrina , Eyssel Friederike , Bohner Gerd
Published: April 2014

Effects of ambivalent sexism, sexism norms, victim behavior, and type of violence on male students’ reactions to male violence against women in intimate relationships were examined. Participants judged a scenario depicting an act of sexual or non-sexual violence against a female partner who had either shown overtly sexual or non-sexual behavior toward another man. Generally, high (vs. low) hostile sexism, high (vs. low) hostile sexism norm feedback, and victim’s overtly sexual (vs. non-sexual) behavior led to stronger victim blame and perceived approval of the aggressor’s behavior. The victim of non-sexual violence was blamed more than the rape victim, particularly if she had behaved in an overtly sexual manner.
Responsible Integration of Biological and Psychosocial Models
Authors: Abbey Antonia
Published: April 2014

Despite research demonstrating that gene expression differs in response to social environmental circumstances, deterministic views of biology are common. Stuart and colleagues (2014) encourage readers to think about genetic factors in the same dynamic and probabilistic manner that they consider other causes of intimate partner violence. Given that participants had co-occurring alcohol problems, future studies should evaluate how different genetic polymorphisms uniquely and synergistically contribute to heavy drinking and aggression under different socio-environmental conditions. Psychological expectancies have a powerful impact on behavior, thus extreme caution is required before labeling people as genetically predisposed to violence.
Reducing the Environmental Bootprint? Competition and Regulation in the Greening of Europe’s Defense Sector
Authors: Fiott Daniel
Published: April 2014

As part of the European Union’s (EU) renewable energy and climate targets and its drive for sustainability, energy efficiency, and environmental protection, various elements of the defense sector in Europe are undertaking their own green initiatives. This is particularly important as the defense sector is one of the biggest public consumers of energy in the EU. This article asks to what extent, how, and why elements of the defense sector in Europe have engaged in greening. By examining four categories in a relevant typology of greening—ceremonial greening, holistic greening, regulatory greening, and competitive greening—this article argues that the defense sector in Europe is far from being a holistic green actor. Rather, Europe’s militaries, defense institutions, and defense firms exhibit a strong sense of self-interest in greening—embodied in defense market competition and regulation—and tend toward delegating green innovation to the market within an increasingly regulated context.
Experiences of physical activity: A phenomenological study of individuals with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Street Rachael , Mercer Jenny , Mills-Bennett Rebekah , O’Leary Catherine , Thirlaway Kathryn
Published: April 2014

Although extensive research has investigated the benefits of physical activity in cystic fibrosis, minimal exploration of the experiences for individuals from a qualitative, phenomenological perspective has been carried out. The aim of this study was to explore the subjective experiences of physical activity for individuals with cystic fibrosis. The health-care team, at an Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit in the United Kingdom, recruited 12 participants to take part. Interview data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. A central theme of ‘self-monitoring’ emerged from the accounts and was embedded in the three super-ordinate themes.
Acute pain experience in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review
Authors: Moore David J
Published: April 2014

In addition to the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder, a number of clinically important comorbid complaints, including sensory abnormalities, are also discussed. One difference often noted in these accounts is hyposensitivity to pain; however, evidence for this is limited. The purpose of the current review therefore was to examine sensitivity to pain of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This review is interested in reports which consider differences in subjective experience of pain (i.e. different pain thresholds) and differences in behavioural response to pain (i.e. signs of pain-related distress). Studies were included if they were conducted with human subjects, included a clearly diagnosed autism spectrum disorder population and reported data pertaining to pain experience relative to the neurotypical population. Studies were classified as being self/parent report, clinical observations, observations of response to medical procedures or experimental examination of pain. Both self/parent report and clinical observations appeared to report hyposensitivity to pain, whereas observations of medical procedures and experimental manipulation suggested normal or hypersensitive responses to pain. This review suggests that contrary to classical reports, individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not appear to have systematically altered pain responses or thresholds. More systematic experimental examination of this area is needed to understand responses to pain of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Brightness perception of white LED lights with different correlated colour temperatures
Authors: Kim In-Tae , Jang In-Hyun , Choi An-Seop , Sung Minki
Published: April 2014

Various luminous environments can be created by utilizing light emitting diode (LED) lights which can be easily controlled with diverse illuminance and correlated colour temperature (CCT) levels. Implementation of such luminous environments could affect occupants’ perceptions. This study aim to identify subjective brightness perception of young healthy female and male students being exposed to different CCT conditions of LED lights in lecture room environment. To measure brightness perception, three subjective evaluations were conducted. First, brightness perception in different CCTs was compared under single CCT LED lights. Second, a single CCT of LED light was compared to the same CCT under mixed CCTs. Third, different mixing methods for a particular CCT were applied to mixed CCTs of LED lights. The results of the first test showed that the subjects perceived the environmental space to be brighter when exposed to a higher CCT with the same illuminance level. The second experiment showed that LED lights with mixed CCTs are relatively superior to LED lights with a single CCT in terms of brightness perception under the same illuminance level. The third experiment illustrated that the subjects would feel their environment as brighter when exposed to higher CCT and/or with a larger proportion of high CCT. The selections and mixing among different CCTs for classroom design can be determined based on the results of this study where brightness perception is important.
Australia Day, flags on cars and Australian nationalism
Authors: Fozdar Farida , Spittles Brian , Hartley Lisa K.
Published: April 2014

This article reports the results of research into the recent popular phenomenon of flying Australian flags on one’s car for Australia Day. A survey was undertaken in Western Australia in 2011 to ascertain who flies the flag and why. Results indicate the phenomenon was widespread, with a quarter of those surveyed displaying car-flags. A clear relationship between car-flag-flying and exclusionary nationalism is demonstrated. Car-flag-flyers rate more highly on measures of patriotism and nationalism, and feel more negative towards Muslims and asylum seekers, and more positive about the White Australia Policy. They are also significantly more likely to feel their culture and values are in danger, and have a nativist vision of Australian identity. While both groups are positive about Australia’s diversity, car-flag-flyers are more likely to feel that migrants should assimilate. The results support other literature that suggests that in some contexts the Australian flag has come to be associated with exclusionary nationalism.
Does deliberation contribute to decreasing the gender gap in knowledge?
Authors: Fraile Marta
Published: April 2014

This article tests the role of deliberation in potentially reducing the gender gap in knowledge. It compares gender differences in knowledge of both participants and non-participants before and after the Europolis deliberative event took place by making use of the difference in difference estimation method. Findings show that deliberation increases the political knowledge of participants (especially women) suggesting that it contributes to reducing the gender gap in knowledge by providing participants not only with information and awareness about the topics discussed but also with confidence when answering factual knowledge questions. These results suggest the need to conduct further research about the way in which information–rich contexts might reduce other potential inequalities in sources of knowledge.