bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relating Individual Control, Social Understanding, and Gender to Child–Friend Interaction: A Relationships Perspective
Authors: McElwain Nancy L. , Volling Brenda L.
Published: March 2003

According to a relationships perspective, it is critical to consider how the individual behaviors and characteristics of both partners shape their social interaction. Adopting a relationships approach to the investigation of children's friendships, we examined how preschool children's and their friends’ controlling behaviors, social understanding, and gender were related to their dyadic interaction. Child–friend dyads (n = 49) were videotaped in two laboratory play sessions (free play and sharing task), and child interviews assessed understanding of emotions and false beliefs. Both children's indirect control was associated with coordinated play during the free play session, and both children's direct control was associated with conflict during the sharing task. Moreover, dyadic interaction varied as a function of study children's social understanding, friends’ social understanding, and play session. An interaction between gender composition and play session also emerged for dyadic conflict. Multiple regression analyses suggested that study children's controlling behaviors accounted for associations between dyadic interaction and more ‘distal’ individual factors (i.e., social understanding, gender). The findings underscore the need to examine how both children's individual competencies are related to the quality of their dyadic interaction and illuminate how the associations between individual factors and dyadic interaction are moderated by the interactive context.
Social Care in Old Age: More Than a Funding Problem
Authors: Baldock John
Published: March 2003

There is currently a debate about the future funding of long‐term care for old people. Welcome as it is, there is a risk that the focus on finance will obscure equally important questions about who should provide the care and what models of care should be chosen. Many years of research and innovation in the care of the elderly have shown that the effective and efficient provision of simple care services is very difficult to achieve. Social care is at once everyday and peculiarly complex. Some essential characteristics of social care are described which make it unlikely that a solution to the funding problem will improve either the allocation or the outcomes of long‐term care.
Settling In and Moving On: Transience and Older People in Care Homes
Authors: Reed Jan , Roskell Payton Valerie , Bond Senga
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a study which examined the experiences of 46 older people who moved into nursing and residential care homes, interviewing them at four points, from before the move to up to six months afterwards. A key finding was that older people were actively involved in the process of settling into homes and forming new friendships. Participant data also indicated that these older people had often experienced many moves in recent years, as their need for care had changed, and following them through after their inclusion in the study indicated that, for some, there were more moves to come. These data place the debates about assessment, and the identified problem of "misplacement" in a different light. The problem is not simply one of improving assessment techniques so that needs and provision can be matched more accurately, but it may mean accepting that the needs of older people are likely to change over time. The question then is whether we can develop services and forms of provision which ensure that care moves to older people, rather than older people having to move to care.
Should a Question on ‘Religion’ be Asked in the 2001 British Census? A Public Policy Case in Favour
Authors: Aspinall Peter
Published: March 2003

For the first time since the voluntary census in 1851, a question on religion will be asked in the 2001 Census for England and Wales and for Scotland. The justification given in the White Paper is that the information will enhance output from the ethnicity question, especially for groups originating from the Indian subcontinent. The decision has attracted criticism on the grounds that religion is a private and sensitive matter not suitable for a census and that the information yielded by the question will be of limited or no value. This paper contends that a question on religion should be asked and presents the main arguments in favour. In addition to enabling ethnic minority subgroups to be identified, it will provide counts for groups like Muslims and Jews that are currently invisible in ethnicity classifications. Information on religions will meet government needs arising from the increasing involvement of faith communities as collaborators in urban regeneration and health improvement and statutory requirements relating to such matters as standing advisory councils on religious education and local authority obligations under the Children Act 1989. It will also provide an evidence base for facilitating the identification of discrimination on religious grounds. However, the utility of the category ‘Christian’ in the question for England and Wales—in contrast to the broad subdivisions of Christianity in the Scotland question—is questioned, given that for some ethnic groups ‘Catholic’ and ‘Protestant’ are important cultural markers of difference. These developments merit critical review by professionals and the wider society.
Carer Break or Carer‐blind? Policies for Informal Carers in the UK
Authors: Pickard Linda
Published: March 2003

This article examines three policy statements on informal carers published in the UK in 1999—the National Strategy for Carers, the report of the Royal Commission on Long Term Care and the note of dissent by two members of the Royal Commission. These three documents contain two rather different approaches to policy for carers. On the one hand, the National Strategy and note of dissent emphasize respite care or short‐term breaks for carers, and are concerned with sustaining the well‐being of carers as well as ensuring the continuation of caring itself. The Royal Commission, on the other hand, emphasizes support for the older or disabled person who is being cared for, as a means of supporting the carer, and advocates “carer‐blind” services. It is argued that this policy contains within it the potential to substitute for or replace the carer and that this represents a radical new departure for social policy for carers in the UK. The advantages and disadvantages of the two policy approaches are explored. It is argued that policies for carers should include both services specifically for carers, like breaks from caring, and services provided for the cared‐for person, like domestic and personal care services. Wider issues about the proper boundary between family and state care are explored.
Joined–up Food Policy? The Trials of Governance, Public Policy and the Food System
Authors: Barling David , Lang Tim , Caraher Martin
Published: March 2003

To address the policy malfunctions of the recent past and present, UK food policy needs to link policy areas that in the past have been dealt with in a disparate manner, and to draw on a new ecological public health approach. This will need a shift within the dominant trade liberalization–national economic competitiveness paradigm that currently informs UK food policy, and the international levels of the EU and the WTO trade rules, and grants the large corporate players in the food system a favoured place at the policy–making tables. The contradictions of the food system have wrought crises that have engendered widespread institutional change at all levels of governance. Recent institutional reforms to UK food policy, such as the FSA and DEFRA, reflect a bounded approach to policy integration. Initiatives seeking a more integrated approach to food policy problems, such as the Social Exclusion Unit’s access to shops report, and the Policy Commission on the Future of Food and Farming, can end up confined to a particular policy sector framed by particular interests—a process of “policy confinement”. However, the UK can learn from the experience of Norway and Finland who have found their own routes to a more joined–up approach to public health and a sustainable food supply by, for example, introducing a national food policy council to provide integrated policy advice. Also, at the local and community levels in the UK, policy alternatives are being advanced in an ad hoc fashion by local food initiatives. More structural–level interventions at the regional and local governance levels are also needed to address the social dimensions of a sustainable food supply
The Regulation of Grower‐Processor Relations: A Case Study from the Australian Wine Industry
Authors: Pritchard Bill
Published: March 2003

Insights from the recent agro‐foods literature provide a basis for critical assessment of regulatory arrangementsa between wine grape growers and wineries in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of New South Wales, Australia. This paper argues that recent political debate over the role of statutory marketing within this production complex has been constructed about a simplistic model of ‘regulation.’ An alternative model is presented, defining the regulatory framework of the regional sector in terms of the intersections of two axes of social relations. The first of these relates to grower‐winery supply chain structures. Traditionally, MIA grapes have been sourced by wineries through ‘handshake’ deals constructed in the shadow of a ‘safety net’ for growers provided by the MIA Wine Grapes Marketing Board, a statutory authority with powers to set minimum prices and to vest the annual wine grapes crop. The second axis relates to the role of ‘quality.’ Global expansion of wine production has re‐positioned the MIA within global wine consumption space, providing opportunities for local producers to produce wine for premium markets. An implication of this shift has been to promote strengthened vertical coordination within the industry. This framework for understanding regulation establishes a basis for future critical intervention in debates about statutory marketing arrangements for this sector.
Women and Social Mobility in Rural Spain
Authors: Navarro Yáñez Clemente J.
Published: March 2003

One of the effects of the process of modernization is increased opportunity for individuation and, consequently, for social mobility, where meritocracy and acquisition are more relevant than ascription. This is clearly the case in Spain, although there have been few studies which relate it to gender and the differences that may exist between dwelling places. Using data froma a survey for the International Project on Structure, Biography and Class Consciousness, this paper shows that there are significant differences between the sexes and where they reside during the mobility cycle. Furthermore, contrary to expectation, meritocracy plays a prominent role among women who live in rural areas.
Review Essay: The Changing European Countryside
Authors: Kichorowska‐Kebalo Martha
Published: March 2003

Leo Granberg and Imre Kovach (eds), Actors on the changing European countryside
8. Comparing Networks across Space and Time, Size and Species
Authors: Faust Katherine , Skvoretz John
Published: March 2003

We describe and illustrate methodology for comparing networks from diverse settings. Our empirical base consists of 42 networks from four kinds of species (humans, nonhuman primates, nonprimate mammals, and birds) and covering distinct types of relations such as influence, grooming, and agonistic encounters. The general problem is to determine whether networks are similarly structured despite their surface differences. The methodology we propose is generally applicable to the characterization and comparison of network-level social structures across multiple settings, such as different organizations, communities, or social groups, and to the examination of sources of variability in network structure. We first fit a p* model (Wasserman and Pattison 1996) to each network to obtain estimates for effects of six structural properties on the probability of the graph. We then calculate predicted tie probabilities for each network, using both its own parameter estimates and the estimates from every other network in the collection. Comparison is based on the similarity between sets of predicted tie probabilities. We then use correspondence analysis to represent the similarities among all 42 networks and interpret the resulting configuration using information about the species and relations involved. Results show that similarities among the networks are due more to the kind of relation than to the kind of animal.
‘Sod off and Find Us a Boffin’: Journalists and the Social Science Conference
Authors: Fenton Natalie , Bryman Alan , Deacon David , Birmingham Peter
Published: March 2003

Social scientists perform a multi-functional role as researcher, teacher and expert. The academic conference provides an opportunity for all these roles to be engaged and as such is a political and social site where meaning is debated and new research born. The conference is also attractive to journalists as news fodder. This article considers the relationship between journalists and social scientific organizations in the context of a professional conference and seeks to explain the tensions that exist. It concludes that the two cultures of journalist and academic are in conflict where they converge.
Occupation, Biography and New Social Movements
Authors: Searle-Chatterjee Mary
Published: March 2003

Membership of ‘new social movements’ is generally associated with employment in the educated service class, particularly in the state sector. The nature of the employment experience is often said to be generative, in some way, of radical activism, even if only, in much modified versions of such theorising, through the reinforcement provided from the presence of networks of like-minded colleagues. On the basis of intensive biographical study of both environmentalist and feminist activists in a large industrial city, it is argued that though they are indeed located in the occupations referred to in the literature, their membership of NSMs cannot in general be attributed either to their experience of employment or of higher education. The propensity to radical activism is clearly established at an earlier date. It emerges from the intersection of socialisation within the family and personal life experience.
Placing Democratization within the Global Frame: Sociological Approaches to Universalism, and Democratic Contestation in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Rumford Chris
Published: March 2003

The process of democratization in Turkey is enhanced by both proximity to the European Union's enlargement process and universalistic discourses of personhood rights, and, at the same time, compromised by a nationalistic rejection of global human rights and democratic norms and state-led resistance to political pluralism. One key feature of the democratization process is the way in which contending parties – the Kemalist elite, religious and ethnic minorities, the European Union – attempt to legitimise their claims by appeals to universal principles. The paper examines three sociological/social theory approaches to universalism (Beck, Laclau, Robertson) and demonstrates their usefulness for an understanding of political contestation in contemporary Turkey. It is argued that the work of these theorists allows us to move beyond a simplistic polarisation of the universal and the particular, where the state represents the universal and minorities the particular. The conceptualisation of universalism advanced by Beck, Laclau and Robertson points to the need to understand the processes of democratization within a sociologically informed globalization framework.
Rethinking professional prerogative: managed mental health care providers
Authors: Scheid Teresa
Published: March 2003

Managed care represents a response to the wider institutional demand for technical rationality and efficiency. In the US, managed care exemplifies the commodification of health and is governed by a technocratic‐rationality that often conflicts with the professionally governed value rationality of providers. Providers must negotiate between contradictory institutional demands for cost containment and quality care in their everyday work practices, and consequently experience a series of ethical dilemmas. This paper examines the effect the commodification of health care has had upon the work of mental health care providers, their loss of professional prerogative, their concrete experience of the ethical dilemmas which result from the commodification of care, and evidence of countervailing power.
Sociological imperialism and the profession of medicine revisited: where are we now?
Authors: Williams Simon
Published: March 2003

This paper revisits Strong’s thesis of ‘sociological imperialism’ some 20 years on in order to assess its relevance to present day developments within and beyond the sociology of health and illness. The thesis, it is suggested, continues to raise a number of key sociological issues of more or less abiding importance, particularly in the light of recent Foucauldian and postmodern critiques of medicine, the body and disease. This in turn paves the way for a further series of critical reflections on the limits of constructionism in particular and the dilemmas of the sociological enterprise in general. Revisiting these issues from time to time, it is concluded, is indeed an instructive exercise: a reminder perhaps, welcome or otherwise, of the limits of our own disciplinary claims on the world and our place within it.
Colonising the future: temporal perceptions and health‐relevant behaviours across the adult lifecourse
Authors: Lawton Julia
Published: March 2003

Abstract Health promotion is premised upon a proactive approach to health and its management, one that requires a future‐orientated outlook, in which the threats of (future) ill‐health can be anticipated and thereby mitigated. Despite this, little is known about the extent to which concerns about morbidity and mortality actually feature in people's present and future perceptions of self, and whether such perceptions have any influence upon their present health‐relevant behaviours. By drawing upon interviews with 55 people aged 26–81, this article highlights the central role that embodiment plays in the mediation of health promotion messages. The embodied experience of ill‐health, it will be shown, is an important, underlying prerequisite for perceiving a future in which (further) ill‐health is anticipated. This pivotal finding will be used to illuminate the observation that, when lifestyles are changed to concur with professional recommendations, these changes tend to be reactive in nature.
Fast movement strategies for a step‐and‐scan wafer stepper
Authors: Kuijpers C. M. H. , Hurkens C. A. J. , Melissen J. B. M.
Published: March 2003

We describe algorithms for the determination of fast movement strategies for a step‐and‐scan wafer stepper, a device that is used for the photolithographic processing of integrated circuits. The proposed solution strategy consists of two parts. First, we determine the maximum number of congruent rectangular chips that can be packed on a wafer, subject to the restriction that the chips are placed in a rectangular grid. Second, we find fast movement strategies for scanning all chips of a given packing, given the mechanical restrictions of the wafer stepper. The corresponding combinatorial optimization problem is formulated as a generalized asymmetric traveling salesman problem. We show how feasible scan strategies are determined, and how these strategies are improved by local search techniques, such as iterative improvement based on 2‐ and 3‐exchanges, and simulated annealing based on 2‐exchanges.
The improper use of social security: an estimation problem
Authors: Van Den Brink W. P.
Published: March 2003

The misuse of social security is an important issue in Dutch society. A method is given to estimate the size of a special kind of misuse that is much discussed. This results in the conclusion that it is not surprising that more or less intuitive estimations of the misuse, as used in many of the discussions, widely diverge from acceptable to unacceptable.
Goodness of fit tests for “Chimeric” alternatives
Authors: Khmaladze E. V.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we discuss nonparametric goodness of fit theory for alternatives, which, in practical terms, manifest themselves not as a “smooth” and “small” deviation “everywhere”, but as still not big systematic “stains” or highly oscillating patterns as compared to the regular null hypothesis.
Estimators of distance distributions for spatial patterns
Authors: Chiu S. N. , Stoyan D.
Published: March 2003

Baddeley and Gill (1994, 1996) have introduced an edge‐corrected Kaplan–Meier type estimator of the empty space function, which is very important in point process statistics. The present paper suggests a further estimator of this function, which is based on a method used by Hanisch (1984) for unbiased edge‐corrected estimation of the nearest neighbour distance distribution function. Moreover, it turns out that the Kaplan–Meier and the new estimator are closely related, since their densities are border method or minus‐sampling type estimators.
On a local uniform bootstrap validity
Authors: Bednarski T. , Florczak W.
Published: March 2003

Some relations between smoothness of statistical functionals and locally uniform validity of Efron's bootstrap for the estimators generated by the functionals are studied. It is shown that the Fréchet differentiability easily implies the locally uniform bootstrap validity. In an important example of empirical median it is indicated that indeed stronger regularity conditions are necessary to make the bootstrap a very reliable tool. It is also shown that a smoothing method based on Huber's M‐estimation applied to the median may lead to an improved simple bootstrap there.
Polyhedral techniques in combinatorial optimization II: applications and computations
Authors: Aardal K. , Van Hoesel C. P. M.
Published: March 2003

The polyhedral approach is one of the most powerful techniques available for solving hard combinatorial optimization problems. The main idea behind the technique is to consider the linear relaxation of the integer combinatorial optimization problem, and try to iteratively strengthen the linear formulation by adding violated strong valid inequalities, i.e., inequalities that are violated by the current fractional solution but satisfied by all feasible solutions, and that define high‐dimensional faces, preferably facets, of the convex hull of feasible solutions. If we have the complete description of the convex hull of feasible solutions at hand all extreme points of this formulation are integral, which means that we can solve the problem as a linear programming problem. Linear programming problems are known to be computationally easy. In Part 1 of this article we discuss theoretical aspects of polyhedral techniques. Here we will mainly concentrate on the computational aspects. In particular we discuss how polyhedral results are used in cutting plane algorithms. We also consider a few theoretical issues not treated in Part 1, such as techniques for proving that a certain inequality is facet defining, and that a certain linear formulation gives a complete description of the convex hull of feasible solutions. We conclude the article by briefly mentioning some alternative techniques for solving combinatorial optimization problems.
Statistical disclosure in general three‐dimensional tables
Authors: Dellaert N. P. , Luijten W. A.
Published: March 2003

Statistical offices are concerned with problems of protecting confidential information when publishing data in statistical tables. One method to avoid disclosure is the method of cell suppression, in which the values of the sensitive cells in the table are suppressed from publication. To prevent the values of the sensitive cells from being calculated from the tables totals, additional suppressions are necessary. The problem of minimizing the loss of information caused by the additional suppressions is a difficult optimization problem. We present and compare the performance of some heuristics for cell suppression for general three‐dimensional tables.
On the relationship between cost and service models for general inventory systems
Authors: Van Houtum G. J. , Zijm W. H. M.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we present a systematic overview of possible relations between cost and service models for fairly general single‐ and multi‐stage inventory systems. In particular, we relate various types of penalty costs in pure cost models to equivalent types of service measures in service models. We show how an optimal policy for a service model may be obtained from cost‐optimal policies in a related pure cost model. Pure cost models have been studied extensively in the literature. By our results it seems possible to transform many of the known optimal solutions for pure cost models to service models, which are more appropriate from a practical point of view. A number of examples are discussed to show the generality and the possibly far reaching consequences of the results.
Anaphors as Pronouns
Authors: Jayaseelan K.A.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we point out that in a wide variety of languages, reflexive anaphors seem sensitive to Principle B when they are morphologically simple. While this is now acknowledged by many linguists, we show that (further), when reflexive anaphors in these languages are morphologically complex, they still contain a pronominal element which obeys Principle B. We also provide evidence that many complex reflexive forms which are currently taken to be local (or ‘strict’) anaphors, are on closer examination seen to be only non‐local: i.e. they can take both local and long‐distance antecedents. We suggest a syntactic process of “reflexivization’ which enables anti‐local (pronominal) elements to take an antecedent in the minimal clause. We lastly show that truly local anaphors – like reciprocals and distributives – also contain a pronominal element which obeys Principle B.
Kambera intransitive argument linking
Authors: Klamer Marian
Published: March 2003

This paper contains a descriptive analysis of the various ways in which the sole arguments of intransitive predicates are linked to (morpho)syntax in Kambera, a little‐known Austronesian language spoken in Eastern Indonesia. The single argument of Kambera intransitives can be marked by five different pronominal clitic combinations, each of the constructions expressing a different contextual property. One of the constructions is the absolutive construction, in which an intransitive subject is either obligatorily or optionally treated like a transitive object (‘fluid‐S marking’, Dixon 1979, 1994). An analysis of the possible origin, structure and contextual properties of Kambera fluid‐S marking will be given and it will be proposed that in general the morphosyntactic expression of intransitive arguments is not lexically determined nor based on syntactic information coded in the lexical entry but rather depends on the context in which the verb is used. The Kambera facts will be related to the question of which information the lexical entry of an intransitive is universally supposed to contain, in particular, whether or not that information should be syntactically relevant.
The structure of deictic day‐name systems
Authors: Tent Jan
Published: March 2003

This paper is a cross‐linguistic study examining the structure of deictic day‐name systems of 157 of the world’s languages. Most of these systems reveal a recurring structural symmetry in the number of diurnal units identified either side of ‘today’. As well as this type of numerical symmetry, most languages exhibit a morphological symmetry, and several a lexical symmetry. A small number of languages have numerically and/or morphologically asymmetrical systems. The nature of these symmetries and asymmetries is briefly explored.
Positively Polar
Authors: Wyngaerd Guido vanden
Published: March 2003

Positive Polarity Items cannot appear in the scope of a clausemate negation. This statement stands in need of a double qualification. For one thing, not all negative environments are alike, and some PPIs can occur in one type of negative environment but not the other. I argue that indefinite NPs with a are PPIs of the weakest type, and therefore only incompatible with the weakest of negative contexts, basically those instantiated by the negative adverb not. Second, indefinites with a can be found to occur in the syntactic scope of not. This happens under either of two conditions: on the one hand, not may signal metalinguistic negation, which differs substantially from ordinary negation. On the other hand, the indefinite may (in a language like English at least) take semantic scope over not. The latter strategy is unavailable in a scrambling language like Dutch, where the indefinite can move overtly to a syntactic position having scope over the negative adverb.
Vector Solitons and Their Internal Oscilliations in Birefringent Nonlinear Optical Fibers
Authors: Yang Jianke
Published: March 2003

In this article, the vector solitons in birefringent nonlinear optical fibers are studied first. Special attention is given to the single‐hump vector solitons due to evidences that only they are stable. Questions such as the existence, uniqueness, and total number of these solitons are addressed. It is found that the total number of them is continuously infinite and their polarizations can be arbitrary. Next, the internal oscillations of these vector solitons are investigated by the linearization method. Discrete eigenmodes of the linearized equations are identified. Such modes cause to the vector solitons a kind of permanent internal oscillations, which visually appear to be a combination of translational and width oscillations in the A and B pulses. The numerically observed radiation shelf at the tails of interacting pulses is also explained. Finally, the asymptotic states of the perturbed vector solitons are studied within both the linear and nonlinear theory. It is found that the state of internal oscillations of a vector soliton is always unstable. It invariably emits energy radiation and eventually evolves into a single‐hump vector soliton state.
Asymptotic Estimates of Elementary Probability Distributions
Authors: Hwang Hsien‐Kuei
Published: March 2003

Several new asymptotic estimates (with precise error bounds) are derived for Poisson and binomial distributions as the parameters tend to infinity. The analytic methods used are also applicable to other discrete distribution functions.
Modulation of Gravity Waves with Shear in Water
Authors: Baumstein Anatoly I.
Published: March 2003

The effect of water shear on the stability of infinitesimal perturbations (in the form of side bands) to a finite‐amplitude gravity wave is investigated both numerically and analytically. The shear is modeled by a piecewise‐linear velocity profile. Nonlinear cubic Schrödinger equation for the wave envelope of a slowly varying wave train is derived. It is shown that depending on the direction of propagation (along or against the shear) of the finite‐amplitude waves, the effect of shear on the stability is substantially different. In most cases, however, the shear strength increase first enhances, but later suppresses, the instability.
Dissipative Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Chaos
Authors: Hsieh D. Y. , Tang S. Q. , Wang X. P. , Wu L. X.
Published: March 2003

In this article we have studied the nonlinear interaction between ellipticity and dissipation in a set of model equations (1.1) and established the relation between this interaction and chaos. In addition to theoretical investigations, extensive numerical simulations with these equations have been made, and different routes to chaos have been found. The numerical studies have revealed the chaotic nature of the solutions.
Shallow Water Wave Systems
Authors: Clarkson Peter A. , Priestley Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

In this article we study various systems that represent the shallow water wave equation

vxxt+αvvt−βvx∂x‐1(vt) −vt−vx = 0,

where (∂x−1f)(x)=∫x∞f(y) dy, and α and β are arbitrary, nonzero, constants. The classical method of Lie, the nonclassical method of Bluman and Cole [J. Math. Mech. 18:1025 (1969)], and the direct method of Clarkson and Kruskal [J. Math. Phys. 30:2201 (1989)] are each applied to these systems to obtain their symmetry reductions. It is shown that for both the nonclassical and direct methods unusual phenomena can occur, which leads us to question the relationship between these methods for systems of equations. In particular an example is exhibited in which the direct method obtains a reduction that the nonclassical method does not.
Steady Nonsymmetrical Gravity Waves with Shear in Water
Authors: Baumstein Anatoly I.
Published: March 2003

A new type of steady two‐dimensional inviscid gravity wave with shear is computed numerically. These waves appear at relatively low amplitudes and lack symmetry with respect to any crest or trough. A boundary integral formulation is used to obtain a one‐parameter family of nonsymmetrical solutions through a symmetry‐breaking bifurcation.
Nonlinear Evolution of Singular Disturbances to the Bickley Jet
Authors: Mallier R. , Davis A. M. J.
Published: March 2003

We consider the nonlinear evolution of a disturbance to the Bickley jet, and the critical layer for the disturbance is located very close to the nose of the jet rather than at the inflection points. Using a nonlinear critical layer analysis, equations governing the evolution of the disturbance are derived and discussed. When the critical layer is located exactly at the nose of the jet, we find that the disturbance cannot exist on a linear basis, even with weak viscosity present, but that nonlinear effects inside the critical layer do permit the disturbance to exist if both modes are present. However, when the phase velocity of the disturbance is perturbed sufficiently away from unity, so that we have a pair of critical layers slightly above and below the nose rather than a single critical layer, we find that the waves can exist on a linear basis, and again we derive equations governing the nonlinear evolution of the disturbance.
Probabilistic Remarks in the Theory of Scattering by Soft Obstacles
Authors: Gzyl Henryk
Published: March 2003

Considering the Laplace transform in time of the solution to the acoustic wave equation, we make the problem of scattering by a soft obstacle amenable to probabilistic analysis. A uniqueness result is obtained, and a possible probabilistic interpretation of scattering amplitudes is presented.
Nonlinear Feedback Shift Registers via Nonlinear Evolution
Authors: Ablowitz M. J.
Published: March 2003

Methods for the forward and exact inverse computation of digital data are developed using reversible fully discrete nonlinear evolution equations. Some elementary examples are presented. A special case of the evolution equation presented here reduces to well‐known linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). LFSRs and various nonlinear versions (NLFSRs) have been studied and used in a variety of applications.
On Disturbances to a Stratified Mixing Layer
Authors: Mallier Roland
Published: March 2003

Using a nonlinear critical layer analysis, we examine the behavior of disturbances to the Holmboe model of a stratified shear layer for Richardson numbers 0<J≤1/4, regarding J as an ϑ (1) quantity rather than a small quantity. By examining the structure of the solution inside the critical layer, we demonstrate that, for this particular flow, disturbances with a phase change of the form predicted by linear stability theory cannot exist on a purely linear basis, and because of this, an instability wave will have no phase change across the critical layer, and that instead we should regard the Richardson number J as a small quantity within the framework of a nonlinear analysis. We argue further that when nonlinear effects are included, disturbances with a phase change can exist, but this leads to such a slow time scale that the flow in question is unlikely to arise, except possibly as a secondary instability.
The Existence and Stability of Asymmetric Spike Patterns for the Schnakenberg Model
Authors: Ward Michael J. , Wei Juncheng
Published: March 2003

Asymmetric spike patterns are constructed for the two‐component Schnakenburg reaction–diffusion system in the singularly perturbed limit of a small diffusivity of one of the components. For a pattern with k spikes, the construction yields k1 spikes that have a common small amplitude and k2=k−k1 spikes that have a common large amplitude. A k‐spike asymmetric equilibrium solution is obtained from an arbitrary ordering of the small and large spikes on the domain. Explicit conditions for the existence and linear stability of these asymmetric spike patterns are determined using a combination of asymptotic techniques and spectral properties associated with a certain nonlocal eigenvalue problem. These asymmetric solutions are found to bifurcate from symmetric spike patterns at certain critical values of the parameters. Two interesting conclusions are that asymmetric patterns can exist for a reaction–diffusion system with spatially homogeneous coefficients under Neumann boundary conditions and that these solutions can be linearly stable on an O(1) time scale.
Simple Diffraction Processes for Nagumo‐ and Fisher‐type Diffusion Fronts
Authors: García‐reimbert C. , Minzoni A. A. , Ondarza R. , Herrera J. J. E.
Published: March 2003

The diffraction of a diffusion front by concave and convex wedges is studied for Nagumo and Fisher's equations on the limit of fast reaction and small diffusion, using both the asymptotic theory and full numerical solutions. For the case of a convex corner, the full numerical solution confirms that the front evolves according to the asymptotic theories. On the other hand, for the concave corner, it is shown numerically that the diffraction produces at the corner a region of low values of the solution for both the Nagumo and Fisher's equations. Moreover, in both cases, the front eventually evolves, leaving behind a cavity. In the case of the Nagumo equation, it is shown that the long‐term behavior of the diffraction front is just a traveling front, bent at the sloping wall. The bent region maintains its size as the front travels. This behavior is predicted by an exact traveling wave solution of the asymptotic equation for the front propagation. Good agreement is found between the numerical and the asymptotic solutions. On the other hand, behavior of the diffracted front for Fisher's equation is different. In this case, the front is bent at the sloping wall, but, as time passes, the bend becomes smaller and moves toward the sloping wall. This behavior is, again, predicted by the asymptotic solution. The numerics strongly suggest that the final state for the concave corner is a steady cavity‐like solution with low values at the corner and high values away from it. This solution has an angular dependence that varies with the angle of the sloping wall.
Links Between Television and Behaviour: Students’ Perceptions of TV’s Impact in St Helena, South Alantic
Authors: Charlton Tony , O’Bey Susan
Published: March 2003

TV is often blamed for violent and other antisocial behaviour, although the evidence is sketchy. Unlike many studies, the St Helena project is not showing adverse effects of TV viewing; moreover, there are signs of improved behaviour. This article considers students’ perceptions of TV’s impact in one of the world’s most isolated communities. In the light of their recent findings, Tony Charlton and Susan O’Bey suggest it is society’s failings which have fostered antisocial behaviour elsewhere in the world, not TV.
An Examination of the Practical Problems Associated with the Implementation of Inclusive Education Policies
Authors: Florian Lani
Published: March 2003

The debate about inclusive education is a topic of educational interest throughout the world. In the UK, the concept of inclusion is a central theme in the new Labour government's education policies. Although the concept is part of a broad human rights agenda, many educators have serious reservations about supporting the widespread placement of pupils with SEN in mainstream schools. This paper reviews the arguments for and against inclusive education with particular reference to the government's policy documents, Excellence in Schools and Excellence for All Children.
Schools’ Responses to Pupils with Epilepsy
Authors: Johnson Mike , Thomas Lisabeth
Published: March 2003

Schools will be familiar with epilepsy, a condition nowadays that is largely containable. Mike Johnson and Lisabeth Thomas, funded by the British Epilepsy Association, have investigated the effect of the Code of Practice on pupils with an epileptic condition. The survey provides an interesting insight into parents’ relationship with schools and the corresponding response. The authors provide a variety of suggestions for improving communication and partnerships.
The impact of the Special Educational Needs Tribunal on Local Education Authorities’ Policy and Planning for Special Educational Needs
Authors: Evans Jennifer
Published: March 2003

The Special Educational Needs Tribunal is now a permanent feature in the processing of appeals of parents against local authority decisions about their child. The National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) was commissioned to look into the operation of such tribunals. Here Jennifer Evans describes the outcomes of that investigation, examining both the positive and negative aspects of decisions. The full report, Getting It Right: LEAs and the Special Educational Needs Tribunals, can be obtained from the Dissemination Unit, NFER, The Mere, Upton Park, Slough SL1 2DQ, price £6.00.
Troubling Targets and SchoolNeeds: Assessing Behaviour in the Classroom Context
Authors: Margerison Andy , Rayner Steve
Published: March 2003

Andy Margerison and Steve Rayner argue that assessing pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) must now form an essential part of school improvement. They affirm that there is no basic difference between the processes required to assess the nature and treatment of EBD and that of literacy and numeracy difficulties. They conclude that teacher judgements alone cannot be relied on in this area and propose a ‘pyramid of action’.
Designing for special educational needs in mainstream schools
Authors: Bishop Robin
Published: March 2003

Following from the previous article describing the process of writing a Building Bulletin, Robin Bishop provides an overview of the recent history, current situation and key issues affecting accommodation in mainstream schools. His four case studies give an idea of how school buildings can be developed to promote the process of inclusion.
Autonomy and identity: the need for new dialogues in education and welfare
Authors: Robertson Christopher
Published: March 2003

In this discussion of the relationship between autonomy and disability, Christopher Robertson encourages the reader to re‐examine the too readily accepted idea that autonomy should be the goal of life. Importantly, he reminds us that we are all more dependent on others, and on interdependence, than we are willing to acknowledge. Robertson provides useful examples from other cultures and from feminist writing to demonstrate that individualism need not drive society.
TWO (OR MORE) SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES VS. MULTIPLE OCCURRENCES OF ONE
Authors: Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper advances Epstein et al.'s (1998) derivational approach with a new proposal that an NP gets interpreted upon the checking of its Case feature in the course of a derivation. As a consequence of this proposal, an inclusiveness‐violating aspect of Chomsky's (1995) system is shown to be eliminable.
FEATURE COPYING AND BINDING: EVIDENCE FROM COMPEMENTIZER AGREEMENT AND SWITCH REFERENCE
Authors: Watanabe Akira
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper claims (a) that the formal features of the goal are copied onto the probe in the Agree operation, contra Chomsky 2000 and more in line with Chomsky 1998, and (b) that formal features copied onto the probe during the Agree operation participate in binding in a selective way, contra Lasnik 1999. These claims are supported by a modification of Zwart's (1993, 1997) analysis of complementizer agreement and a minimalist reworking of Finer's (1984, 1985) theory of switch reference. It will also be shown that formal features deleted during Agree will not be carried anymore when the category containing them undergoes further movement. This assumption plays a key role in providing an account of complementizer agreement more constrained than Zwart's.
Multiple Agreement and Case Deletion: Against φ‐incompleteness
Authors: Carstens Vicki
Published: March 2003

I argue against Chomsky’s (1999, 2000) proposal that Case deletion correlates with the φ‐completeness of probes, based on (i) the omission of gender in subject agreement in, for example, Romance languages; and (ii) the inclusion of full φ‐features in subject agreement in Bantu, repeated on all verbal heads within a clause. I propose instead a return to the traditional view that certain categories are Case “assigners,” such that Agree deletes the goal’s Case only if the probe has an intrinsic structural Case value. Finally, I show that Agree so modified accounts for concord in noun phrases, including concord on ‘of’ in African languages, reflecting φ‐features of head nouns. Crucial to this account is a structural analysis in which ‘of’ is merged with a nominal constituent that includes the head noun but excludes the surface ‘of’ object, be it possessor, agent, or theme.
Dewey's 1906 Definition of Art
Authors: Jackson Philip W.
Published: March 2003

This paper contains an appreciative exegesis of a single sentence extracted from a speech that John Dewey delivered to an audience of teachers in 1906. The sentence was selected for analysis because of the extraordinarily concise manner in which it tacitly connects to a wide variety of Deweyan doctrines, particularly those having to do with Dewey's vision of human flourishing. The overall goal of the analysis is simply to bring the sentence to the attention of a wider audience. By displaying the hidden richness of this small string of words, delivered almost nonchalantly, one suspects, and on such a relatively inauspicious occasion, my hope is to prevent a tiny gem from remaining lost and forgotten within the vastness of Dewey's published works.