bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B infection among Iraqi children: the impact of sanctions
Authors: Ali H. Y. M.
Published: September 2021

Effect of sanctions on hepatitis B vaccine availability and occurrence of viral hepatitis B among Iraqi children was studied. Between June 2000 and June 2001, families of patients attending the Public Health Laboratory, Mosul, for hepatitis B follow-up were screened. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test for HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBe. We diagnosed 74 children born 1994-1998 as HBsAg carriers. For 62 of 74 cases, parents had consulted vaccine centres promptly:41 were not vaccinated and 21 had only one vaccine dose. HBeAg marker was positive for 9 [14.5%] and anti-HBe for 50 [80.7%]. Parental reluctance was the reason for non-vaccination for 12. Vaccine shortages during the birth years of cases were documented, even after implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 986
Adolescents’ use of health services in Alexandria, Egypt: association with mental health problems
Authors: Afifi M.
Published: September 2021

The study assessed patterns of health service use by adolescents and the association with mental health problems in Alexandria, Egypt. A systematic stratified r and om sample of 1577 school students aged 14-19 years completed a self-report questionnaire about demographic and health status, use of health services in the previous year, and the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Adolescent Self-Report Aggression Scale. Overall, 97.1% of students reported using school health clinics once or more in the year before the study, 93.7% primary health centres, 16.8% mental health services and 13.6% other health services. A history of organic illness in the previous year [OR = 1.80], having depressive symptoms [OR = 2.93] and having aggressive symptoms [OR = 5.53] were significantly associated with frequent use of health services [
Opioid use in patients presenting with pain in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Movaghar V. Rahimi , Rakhshaei F. , Mohammadi M. , Movaghar A. Rahimi
Published: September 2021

To study the prevalence and factors associated with opioid use in pain, 480 consecutive patients with a chief complaint of pain were interviewed at 10 clinics in Zahedan. The data were analysed in relation to 18 possible associated factors. The prevalence of opioid use was 28.5% in patients presenting with pain. There was no significant relation between opioid use and chronic pain [>/= 6 months], but there was a relationship with the following 5 factors:previous opioid use by friends [72.9% versus 20.4% without friends using], occupation [58.5% private sector employees/self-employed versus 17.4% housewives], cigarette smoking [60.8% versus 21.8% not smoking], consultation for a psychological problem [38.3% versus 23.3% without], and death of a spouse [60.0% versus 26.1% without]
Detection of cotinine in neonate meconium as a marker for nicotine exposure in utero
Authors: Sherif N. A. , Kamel S. M. , Al Ashkar O. S. , Sharaki O. A. , Seif E. A. , Hegazy E. A.
Published: September 2021

Neonate meconium cotinine level was evaluated as a marker of prenatal exposure to nicotine from tobacco smoking by mothers. Mothers admitted to a maternity hospital in Alexandria, Egypt, were divided into 3 groups:10 active smokers, 10 passive smokers and 10 with no tobacco exposure during pregnancy. Urine and saliva samples were collected from mothers and first-day meconium samples from their neonates. Mean maternal urinary cotinine levels, measured using radioimmunoassay, differed significantly between the 3 groups, as did mean salivary cotinine and mean cotinine levels in meconium. There was a significant positive correlation between cotinine levels in meconium and both maternal urinary and salivary cotinine levels. Meconium is an ideal biological marker for testing direct fetal exposure to tobacco smoke in the neonatal period
Molecular evidence of mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum infections in northern Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Zakeri S. , Mamaghani S. , Mehrizi A. A. , Shahsavari Z. , Raeisi A. , Arshi S. , Djadid N. Dinparast
Published: September 2021

This study compared basic microscopy with molecular detection of Plasmodium species. According to thick-film microscopy, 100% of 142 malaria cases in Pars-Abad, Ardebil province, were infected with a single species, P vivax. However, nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] detected mixed species infections of both P. vivax and P. falciparum in 7.0%. In Maz and eran province, 2/20 blood films were diagnosed with only P. falciparum and 18/20 with only P. vivax. However, nested PCR detected 17/20, 2/20 and 1/20 with P. vivax only, P. falciparum only and mixed species respectively. The unexpected presence of P. falciparum urges prompt investigation and immediate treatment of malaria cases in this region
[Prevalence of infection by intestinal parasites in north Lebanon: 1997-2001]
Authors: Hamze M. , Dabboussi F. , Al Ali K. , Ourabi L.
Published: September 2021

Wedetermined the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the north of Lebanon between 1997 and 2001. We analysed the parasitology records of 17126 patients and evidence of parasitic infections was found in 5 713 [33.35%] cases. There was no significant difference in prevalence for males or females for any of the parasites. The most prevalent parasites were Entamoeba coli [38.45%], Ascaris lumbricoides [37.14%], Giardia lamblia [15.39%], Ent. histolytica [4.57%] and Taenia sp. [3.3%]. A comparison between our data and results of previous studies in Lebanon in 1937, 1939, 1956, 1967 and 1993 showed an increase in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides and G. lamblia in the period 1997-2001, with less marked changes in the prevalence of the other parasites
A retrospective hospital study of human cystic echinococcosis in Egypt
Authors: Kand eel A. , Ahmed E. S. , Helmy H. , El Setouhy M. , Craig P. S. , Ramzy R. M. R.
Published: September 2021

Weperformed a retrospective study to determine annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis [CE] in 14 Egyptian hospitals between January 1997 and December 1999. From 492 353 records examined, 133 [0.027%] new human CE cases were recorded. Of these, 50 [37.6%] were from Alexandria and Matrouh hospitals, 33 [24.8%] from Giza Chest Hospital and 50 from other regions. Matrouh governorate had the highest annual clinical incidence [1.34-2.60 per 100 000] followed by Giza governorate [0.80-1.16 per 100 000]. About a third of those affected were aged
Primary health care services utilization and satisfaction among the elderly in Asir region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mahfouz A. A. , Al Sharif A. I. , El Gamal M. N. , Kisha A. H.
Published: September 2021

Use of primary health care [PHC] services and satisfaction among elderly people [60 + years] in Asir was studied in 26 PHC centers. They visited PHC centers significantly less often than younger adults but they were referred significantly more often to secondary and tertiary care and for more laboratory tests. A r and om sample of 253 elderly people attending the centers was interviewed about accessibility, continuity, humaneness, informativeness and thoroughness of care. Overall, 79.0% were satisfied with the services provided. The leading 3 items of dissatisfaction were:not enough audiovisual means for health education [65.1%], long time spent in the centre [46.4%], and not enough specialty clinics [42.5%]
Performance of health providers in primary health care services in Jordan
Authors: Khoury S. A. , Mawajdeh S.
Published: September 2021

The study analysed time utilization by a sample of 111 physicians, nurses and midwives in 62 primary health care facilities in Jordan. The providers’ activity over each shift was coded at 3-minute intervals using an activity sampling technique and patient-provider contact times were recorded. Overall, health providers spent the nearly half their time [48.7%] as down time’ [waiting, breaks and non-work related activities], with 29.1% as clinical activities and 22.1% as non-clinical work-related activities. Physicians had higher clinical and down times than nurses and midwives; waiting for patients accounted for half the down time. The mean physician-patient contact time was 3.08 minutes. An appointment system is recommended to reduce down times for health providers and increase consultation times
Reducing health care costs by rationalizing staffing in primary care settings
Authors: Mawajdeh S. , Khoury S. A. , Qtaishat M. , Yoder R.
Published: September 2021

Jordan spends around 9% of its GDP on health care services, a high figure compared with similar developing countries. This study assessed staffing patterns in relation to Ministry of Health expenditures in a nationally representative sample of 97 primary care facilities. The economic costs of primary care facilities amounted to Jordanian dinar [JD] 42.3 million. Personnel costs consumed 53.8% of recurrent costs and in monetary terms the amount of down time [time not being used effectively] amounted to JD 9.7 million [about US$ 13.7 million]. The Ministry should consider changing the functioning of its primary care facilities to obtain a more cost-effective use of staff time
Evaluation of availability, accessibility and prescribing pattern of medicines in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Cheraghali A. M. , Nikfar S. , Behmanesh Y. , Rahimi V. , Habibipour F. , Tirdad R. , Asadi A. , Bahrami A.
Published: September 2021

Prescribing, dispensing, availability and affordability of drugs were evaluated in 100 primary health care centres in 5 provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran using WHO indicators. On average, 92% of the 12 essential drugs monitored were available in the health centre pharmacies and 95% of the drugs prescribed by the physician were dispensed by the health centre pharmacy. The stock-out duration was less than 1 month on average. A complete treatment for pneumonia cost only 2% of the lowest weekly government salary. The national average number of drugs per prescription was 3.4. Prescription of antibiotics and injectable drugs was very high [58% and 41% respectively]. Although availability and affordability of essential drugs is good in this country, rational use of drugs needs to be emphasized
Prevalence of skin diseases among students with disabilities in Mansoura, Egypt
Authors: Fathy H. , El Mongy S. , Baker N. I. , Abdel Azim Z. , El Gilany A.
Published: September 2021

Children with disabilities may be particularly susceptible to skin disorders, therefore the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of skin disease among such children in Mansoura, Egypt. A total of 636 students with disabilities [76 blind, 446 deaf-mute and 114 mentally retarded] and 720 sex and age matched students [control] who did not have these disabilities were given a thorough dermatological examination. We found 89.5% of blind students, 99.3% of deaf students and 100% of mentally retarded students had 1 or more skin diseases [both infectious and non-infectious] in comparison to 24.2% of the control group. Strict hygienic measures, periodic skin examination and health education of persons caring for students with disabilities are recommended
[Causes of drinking-water contamination in rain-fed cisterns in three villages in Ramallah and Al-Bireh District, Palestine]
Authors: Al Khatib Issam A. , Orabi Moammar
Published: September 2021

Westudied the biological characteristics of drinking-water in three villages in Ramallah and al-Bireh district, by testing the total coliforms. Water samples were collected from rain-fed cisterns between October and November 2001. The results show that 87% of tested samples of drinking-water were highly contaminated and in need of coagulation, filtration and disinfection based on the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking-water, and 10.5% had low contamination and were in need of treatment by disinfection only. Only 2.5% of the tested samples were not contaminated and were suitable for drinking without treatment. The main cause of drinking-water contamination was the presence of cesspits, wastewater and solid waste dumping sites near the cisterns
Postage stamps as a health promotion tool in the Nepalese community
Authors: Pramanik T. , Pramanik S. , Chanda R.
Published: September 2021

Over the last 15 years the government of Nepal has issued postage stamps as a way of raising awareness of health issues in the general population and especially in remote communities. The topics covered by 8 different stamps are good child health care practices, combating drug abuse, hazards of smoking, prevention of AIDS, prevention of blindness due to cataract, fighting cancer and rehabilitation of disabled people
Two decades of nutrition assessment in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: scope, methodologies and dissemination
Authors: Moussa W. A.
Published: September 2021

Different nutritional disorders prevail at different stages in the life cycle, e. g. growth retardation in the fetus, protein energy deficiency in children, noncommunicable conditions in adults. The scope of nutrition assessment has changed over the past 2 decades. The focus shifted from pregnant and lactating mothers and children, through functional consequences of malnutrition to deficiency disorders. Now the focus is on obesity. Clinical methods of assessment [usually indicators of late-stage malnutrition] have become less important recently although clinical indicators of iodine deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are still useful. The key method now is anthropomorphic measurement, such as weight-for-age or body mass index. All the countries of the Region have nutrition education programmes for dissemination of information and most have drawn up national dietary guidelines applying the strategies that were developed after the 1992 International Conference on Nutrition
Dietetic practice: the past, present and future
Authors: Hwalla N. , Koleilat M.
Published: September 2021

The history of dietetics can be traced as far back as the writings of Homer, Plato and Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Although diet and nutrition continued to be judged important for health, dietetics did not progress much till the 19th century with the advances in chemistry. Early research focused focuses on vitamin deficiency diseases while later workers proposed daily requirements for protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietetics as a profession was given a boost during the Second World War when its importance was recognized by the military. Today, professional dietetic associations can be found on every continent, and registered dietitians are involved in health promotion and treatment, and work alongside physicians. The growing need for dietetics professionals is driven by a growing public interest in nutrition and the potential of functional foods to prevent a variety of diet-related conditions
Regional overview of maternal and child malnutrition: trends, interventions and outcomes
Authors: Djazayery A.
Published: September 2021

The proportions of underweight, wasted, and stunted children, as well as the infant and under-5 mortality rates, have all exhibited downward trends in the Region over the past 2 decades. This is in part attributable to maternal and child nutrition intervention programmes, especially those in which women were actively involved. Programmes which support and promote breastfeeding, such as the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, have also contributed to this trend, although the number of baby friendly hospitals varies considerably between countries. Available information also shows that anemia is quite common among women, many of whom also have a low weight and stature and seem to suffer from osteoporosis. In several countries of the Region a number of micronutrient deficiency control programmes are in progress, such as iron supplementation for pregnant women, fortification of flour and iodization of salt. Iodine deficiency disorders are under control in 2 countries of the Region and legislation for salt iodization is in place in 17 countries. Prevalence of severe malnutrition in children is much lower than that of milder levels, thus, promotion of the nutrition status of mildly to moderately malnourished children could lead to a sizeable reduction in child mortality
Managing nutritional programmes in developing countries
Authors: Sheikholeslam R. , Abdollahi Z. , Haghighi F. N.
Published: September 2021

Improving community nutrition in developing countries requires a detailed epidemiological picture of the prevalent nutritional problems in different regions and age groups. This makes it possible to identify priorities, sensitize policy-makers, establish political commitment and design appropriate community programmes for income generation and education for the best use of food resources. Experiences acquired from community-based nutritional programmes show that ownership of a programme by the community and using a tailor-made approach are essential factors in the successful implementation of programmes. A multifaceted approach is needed, involving a range of sectors-agriculture, commerce, education and health– and commitment at all levels from government to communities and individuals
Nutrition in humanitarian crises
Authors: Bagchi K. , Musani A. , Tomeh L. , Taha A.
Published: September 2021

Itis anticipated that humanitarian crisis situations will continue to occur in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region affecting large segments of vulnerable populations. Subsequently the magnitude and effectiveness of the humanitarian response, particularly for food and nutrition, must be based on best practices and sound information of affected populations. To bridge the burgeoning gap between the food and nutrition needs of affected populations and the available resources, four key areas need to be addressed by the humanitarian agencies:adequate knowledge and skills in public health nutrition; effective coordination between humanitarian organizations when conducting nutritional assessments and interventions; efficient and appropriate delivery of services; communication, awareness and advocacy. This paper discusses approaches to how these may be improved
Iron deficiency anaemia-an old enemy
Authors: Bagchi K.
Published: September 2021

Anaemia has remained a widespread public health problem in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Prevalence figures vary from a low of 17% to a high of over 70% among preschool children; from 14% to 42% among adolescents and from 11% to over 40% among women of childbearing age. Although the prevalence of anaemia has often been used as a proxy indicator for iron deficiency anaemia, this approach is not valid in settings where the etiology of anaemia is complex or unknown or where other micronutrient deficiencies of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A can co-exist. An integrated, multifactorial and multisectoral approach has to be adopted comprising targeted interventions to provide iron supplements to especially vulnerable segments of the population, in particular pregnant women; food-based approaches to increase iron intake through food fortification and dietary diversification; and other measures combined with iron interventions where other causes of anaemia are prevalent
Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care
Authors: Khatib O.
Published: September 2021

Noncommunicable diseases [NCDs] are a major disease burden in the Region. Many of the risk factors are related to lifestyle and can be controlled. Physical inactivity, low fruit and vegetable intake, high fast food consumption and high cholesterol are predominant causes of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Overweight and obesity can lead to metabolic changes and raise the risk of NCDs, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Three main strategies are proposed to deal with the problem:estimate need and advocate for action; develop national policies, strategies and plans for prevention and care; promote and implement community participation in prevention and care. NCDs are preventable using available knowledge; solutions are effective and highly cost-effective
Food safety: current situation, unaddressed issues and the emerging priorities
Authors: Elmi M.
Published: September 2021

This paper reviews the topic of food safety with reference to the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The differing views of food safety and the current situation with regard to ensuring food safety are presented. Also discussed are some of the unaddressed issues and challenges related to food safety. The new conditions that have arisen in the modern world which have facilitated the emergence of pathogens are presented, such as changes in animal husb and ry, changes in international trade and travel, lifestyle and consumer changes. The urgent need for action in order to reduce the risk of microbiological and chemical foodborne diseases is emphasized. The food chain starts from farm and ends at fork; controlling this complex process requires an integrated approach and a responsible authority to oversee it in order to protect and promote food safety
Nutritional assessment of lactating women in Shiraz in relation to recommended dietary allowances
Authors: Ayatollahi S. M. T.
Published: September 2021

Tables of food frequency and nutrient intake were created for a r and om sample of 266 lactating women from different areas of Shiraz city, Islamic Republic of Iran. Women were interviewed at home in 1998 and nutrient intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. On average, daily consumption was 2 servings of dairy foods, 4 of bread/rice, 2 of vegetables and 3 of fruits; weekly consumption was 5 servings of meat and 3 of legumes. Estimated average daily energy intake was 2250 kcal. Protein and vitamin C intake were significantly higher than United States recommended dietary allowances [RDA], while iron and calcium intake were significantly lower. Protein intake was insufficient among 9.0% of women, calcium in 35.7%, iron in 18.8% and vitamin C in 15.0%
An intervention programme for improving the nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years in Alexandria
Authors: Ghoneim E. H. , Hassan M. H. A. , Amine E. K.
Published: September 2021

Weassessed the effect of a selected intervention on the nutritional status of 2-5-year-old children in day care centres. Using a longitudinal prospective pretest/post-test intervention design, 974 children from 3 day care centres in Alexandria were followed for 1 year. Anthropometric measurements and 3-day 24-hour recall data were gathered at base line and dietary intake was calculated and compared with recommended daily allowances. An intervention programme was implemented through the establishment of kitchens in the 3 centres, provision of 2 meals/day, nutrition education for parents and training of supervisors. Baseline data revealed deficient intake of most nutrients especially calcium, calories, vitamin C and iron. Post-intervention test revealed improvement in mothers’ nutrition knowledge and the percentage of anaemic children decreased from 47.3% to 14.2%. A decrease in the percentage of underweight, stunted and wasted was also observed. The cost of the programme per child per year was US$ 20.5
Multidisciplinary intervention for reducing malnutrition among children in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Sheikholeslam R. , Kimiagar M. , Siasi F. , Abdollahi Z. , Jazayeri A. , Keyghobadi K. , Ghaffarpoor M. , Noroozi F. , Kalantari N. , Minaei M. , Eslami F. , Hormozdyari H.
Published: September 2021

A multidisciplinary intervention to reduce protein-energy malnutrition among children in rural areas was piloted in 3 provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on an initial situation analysis, a range of interventions were implemented through local nongovernmental organizations, including nutrition, health and literacy education for mothers, improved growth monitoring and fostering rural cooperatives and income generation schemes. Malnutrition before and after the intervention [in 1996 and 1999] was assessed using anthropometric measurements of r and om samples of children aged 6-35 months in control and intervention areas. Three years into the intervention, all indicators of malnutrition had consistently decreased in all intervention areas and the prevalence of underweight and stunting was significantly lower. Control areas showed a mixed pattern of small increases and decreases in malnutrition indicators
Survey of dietary habits of in-school adolescents in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Authors: Bashour H. N.
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to describe dietary habits of Syrian adolescents attending secondary schools in Damascus and the surrounding areas. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 3507 students in 2001. A stratified, 2-stage r and om cluster sample was used to sample the students. The consumption pattern of food items during the previous week was described. More than 50% of the students said that they had not consumed green vegetables and more than 35% had not consumed meat. More than 35% said that they consumed cheese and milk at least once a day. Only 11.8% consumed fruit 3 times or more daily. Potential determinants of the pattern of food consumption were analyzed. Weight control practices and other eating habits were also described
Dietary fat and breast cancer in Saudi Arabia: a case-control study
Authors: Al Othaimeen A. , Ezzat A. , Mohamed G. , Muammar T. , Al Madouj A.
Published: September 2021

A case-control study investigated the association between dietary fat and breast cancer in Saudi Arabian women attending a specialist hospital in Riyadh. Women with breast carcinoma [n= 499] newly diagnosed between 1996-2002, and control women [n = 498] randomly selected from patients’ attendants and relatives, completed a food frequency questionnaire. Serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured. A significant positive association was found between risk of breast cancer and intake of fats, protein and calories. Adjusted odds ratios for the highest quartile of intake versus the lowest were 2.43 for saturated fat, 2.25 for animal protein, 2.12 for polyunsaturated fat, 1.88 for cholesterol and 2.69 for total energy from dietary intake. For serum triglycerides the adjusted odds ratio was 2.16 for the highest quartile
Anaemia among schoolchildren in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt
Authors: Barduagni P. , Ahmed A. S. , Curtale F. , Raafat M. , Mansour E.
Published: September 2021

A study was carried out during January/February 2001 in Deshna and Armant Districts of Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt, to establish the prevalence of anaemia among schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years and define appropriate control interventions in the area. Haemoglobin levels were measured directly in schools using a portable spectrophotometer. The mean [SD] level of haemoglobin in 1844 schoolchildren in 37 schools was 12.79 [1.15] g/dL. Only 12% of children were below the WHO cut-off for anaemia for this age group [< 11.5 g/dL] and no cases of severe anaemia [< 7.0 g/dL] were detected. The low prevalence of mild to moderate anaemia indicates that mass iron supplementation is not justifiable, but routine monitoring of haemoglobin levels should be part of the public health activities in the schools
PENINGKATAN KEAKTIFAN DAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DENGAN WHATSAPP GROUP (WAG) PADA PEMBELAJARAN DARING MATER BANGUN DATAR DI SD KEMBANGARUM 3 SEMARANG KELAS 3 TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021
Authors: Suryati Suryati
Published: September 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitiaan tindakan kelas di SD Kembangarum 3 Semarang pada mater bangun datar kelas 3  semester 2 tahun ajaran 2020/2021. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar dan keaktifan siswa dengan media WhatsApps Group pada pembelajaran daring. Sampel dalam penelitian yaitu kelas 3  dengan jumlah 27 siswa. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan berdasarkan rendahnya keaktifan siswa dan hasil belajar yang kurang optimal.  Hal ini dipertegas dengan nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh siswa yang sangat jauh dari kriteria  nilai yang sudah ditetapkan (KKM). Berdasarkan analisis nilai ulangan harian reratanya hanya 49 sedangkan ketuntasan belajar secara klasikal hanya mencapai 18,5%.            Penelitian ini menemukan 3 temuan yaitu pertama, pembelajaran daring  dengan media WAG (WhatsApps Group) dalam dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan aktivitas peserta didik selama dua siklus penelitian. Kedua, peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik yaitu pada siklus I sebesar dengan rata-rata 63.7 menjadi 80.37. Sedangkan kentuntasan klasikalnya naik dari 37.03% menjadi 92.59%. Ketiga, peningkatan keaktifan siswa dari siklus 1 ke siklus II antara 18.6%-25.97%. Pembejaran daring menggunakan WhatsApps Group pada pandemi ini bisa digunakan sebagai media alternatif dalam pelajaran matematika. Hal ini juga bisa diterapkan pada mata pelajaran lainnya juga. Hanya perlu dukungan orang tua, sekolah, dan regulasi pemerintah agar pembelajaran daring ini berhasil.
PENGARUH PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP KECEMASAN MAHASISWA TINGKAT AKHIR PGSD DI UNIVERSITAS PGRI SEMARANG
Authors: Setianingsih Eka Sari , Sukamto Sukamto , Purnamasari Veryliana , Ardiyanto, S.Pd., M.Or Asep
Published: September 2021

Mahasiswa merupakan generasi muda yang menuntut ilmu di perguruan tinggi. Mahasiswa merupakan anggota dari masyarakat yang merupakan “elit” intelektual. Identitas melekat dari diri mahasiswa tersebut, mahasiswa memiliki tanggung jawab sosial dan tanggung jawab moral yang harus dijalankan salah satunya adalah penyelesaian tugas akhir. Tantangan yang dihadapi yaitu komunikasi dengan dosen pembimbing tidak lancar, sulit difahami melalui online menimbulkan multi tafsir hingga kesulitan dalam pengumpulan data serta sulitnya mendapatkan literatur. Kondisi yang dirasakan mahasiswa UPGRIS yang diwawancarai menyatakan dimasa pandemi covid 19 mahasiswa mengalami banyak kendala mulai dari pengumpulan data, nara sumber maupun literatur. Padahal buku sebagai penunjang utama skripsi. Jaringan internet yang kurang kuat menjadi kendala mahasiswa saat mengerjakan skripsi jarak jauh, saat pandemi virus corona. Ada pula mahasiswa yang berjuang menyelesaikan skripsinya dibawah ancaman Drop Out (DO) jika tidak bisa menyelesaikan skripsinya yang membuat mahasiswa semakin tertekan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat diketahui bahwa 35% termasuk mahasiswa dengan tingkat kecemasan kategori Sangat Baik, 38% mahasiswa dengan tingkat kecemasan kategori Baik dan 18% mahasiswa tingkat kecemasan kategori Sedang. Mahasiswa  tingkat kecemasan kategori Baik merupakan responden dengan prosentase terbesar, yaitu 38%. Berarti gambaran untuk tingkat kecemasan mahasiswa memiliki kecemasan  yang  baik pula artinya tingkat kecemasan mahasiswa masih dalam batas kewajaran.
Efektivitas Dua Tipe Sikat Gigi terhadap Penurunan Indeks Plak pada Pasien Ortodonti Cekat dengan Teknik Penyikatan Horizontal, Vertikal, dan Roll
Authors: Hidayat Marlianti , Dahliana Lia
Published: September 2021

Pasien yang menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat harus dapat menjaga kebersihan rongga mulutnya untuk menghindari timbulnya karies dan gingivitis marginalis. Sikat gigi merupakan salah satu alat untuk membersihkan plak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dua tipe sikat gigi terhadap penurunan Indeks Plak (IP) dengan teknik penyikatan horizontal, vertikal, dan roll. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental pre dan post test. Sebanyak 65 orang subjek penelitian memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subjek penelitian dibagi dua kelompok yang dipilih secara acak, kelompok pertama berjumlah 30 orang diberi sikat gigi ortodonti dan kelompok kedua berjumlah 35 orang diberi sikat gigi konvensional. Penilaian IP dilakukan dua kali sebelum dan sesudah sikat gigi. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 22 dengan uji Independent T-Test. Rerata penurunan IP dengan sikat gigi khusus ortodontik 0,5110 (±0,39896) sedangkan sikat gigi konvensional mencapai 0,7774 (±0,39391), p=0,09 (p>0,05) menandakan perbedaan penurunan IP pada kedua kelompok tidak signifikan. Simpulan, penggunaan sikat gigi konvensional dengan tipe bulu sikat rata, halus, dan tapered memiliki efektivitas yang sama dengan sikat gigi khusus ortodontik dalam penurunan IP, dengan menggunakan teknik horizontal, vertikal, dan roll.

Kata kunci: sikat gigi khusus ortodontik, sikat gigi konvensional, indeks plak.
Uji Klinik Perbandingan Pengobatan Skabies antara Permethrin 5% dan Kombinasi Permethrin 5% dengan Asam Usnat 1%
Authors: Hamzah Amir , Sujatno Muchtan , Jasaputra Diana K , Wardhani Savitri R , Anggraeni Renny
Published: September 2021

Penyakit skabies adalah penyakit kulit menular yang disebabkan oleh parasit Sarcoptes scabiei. Prevalensi penyakit skabies di Indonesia 4,60-12,95% dan menduduki urutan ke tiga dari 12 penyakit kulit tersering. Saat ini pengembangan obat antiskabies masih terus dilakukan antara lain dengan menggunakan obat Permethrin 5% dan Permethrin 5% dengan kombinasi Asam Usnat 1%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas antara Permethrin 5% dan kombinasi Permethrin 5%-Asam Usnat 1% pada penderita skabies. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain uji klinik fase III acak tersamar ganda, yang dilakukan pada penderita skabies di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Iman Cibaduyut Bandung yang dinilai berdasarkan efektivitasnya terhadap gejala klinis (tanda cardinal) dan hasil uji mikroskop pada kulit penderita untuk parasit Sarcoptes scabiei. Peneliti maupun subjek penelitian tidak mengetahui obat yang diberikan. Enam puluh sampel uji diberi Label obat antiskabies A dan antiskabies B. Hasil yang didapat adalah pada pemberian terapi krim B yang mengandung kombinasi Permethrin 5% dan Asam Usnat 1% lebih cepat menunjukkan kesembuhan (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan pemberian terapi krim A yang mengandung Permethrin 5% pada penderita skabies, dinilai dengan menghilangnya gatal dan lesi pada penderita. Simpulan, pemberian kombinasi Permethrin 5% dan Asam Usnat 1% lebih efektif dibandingkan Permethrin 5% saja.Kata Kunci: Skabies, Sarcoptes Scabei, Permethrin, Asam Usnat
Potensi Dimer A3-APO untuk Mengontrol Populasi Escherichia coli Resisten Obat: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka
Authors: Ivan Ignatius , Sudharta Harvey , Tandarto Kevin , Budiman Fanny , Stella Maureen M
Published: September 2021

Peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak terkontrol saat ini dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik di dunia meningkat hingga 36% dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun. Pada sektor peternakan penggunaan antibiotik saat ini mencapai level yang mengkhawatirkan, dimana 80% pada peternakan unggas, 75% pada peternakan babi, 60% pada peternakan sapi potong, dan 75% pada peternakan sapi perah. Kajian ini membahas berbagai metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli resisten antibiotik. Tujuan dilakukan kajian ini adalah untuk mencari metode yang paling baik dalam upaya mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli. Metode penelitian adalah tinjauan pustaka terhadap literatur yang bersumber dari Google Scholar dan ProQuest. Sebanyak 352 artikel ditemukan dengan search engine Google Scholar dan ProQuest pada tahap skrining abstrak. Setelah artikel full-text dilakukan skrining berdasarkan inklusi dan eksklusi maka didapat 10 artikel yang relevan untuk dibahas pada studi ini. Sebagai simpulan, metode yang paling baik dilakukan dalam upaya mengontrol populasi bakteri Escherichia coli resisten adalah dengan mengganggu dan merusak aktivitas protein folding bakteri dengan dimer A3-APO yang merupakan suatu peptida antimikroba dengan hasil efektivitas sebesar 99%-100%.Kata kunci: dimer A3-APO; obat; bakteri; mikrobiologi, antibiotik
Common Change of Complete Blood Count Parameters in COVID-19: a Literature Review
Authors: Dhinata Kevin S
Published: September 2021

The rising number of COVID-19 all around the world caused a drastic increase in theoccupancy rate of healthcare facilities, triggering overload in some places. This situationrequires healthcare workers to evaluate patients’ conditions and conduct risk stratificationefficiently, especially in a triage situation. Complete blood count is a widely available,economically affordable, and time-efficient testing method which may be significant in assistingthose processes. This review article analyzes changes in complete blood count parameters inCOVID-19 with the aim to identify the common changes in the parameters in COVID-19 patientsand their relation to the disease progression and severity. COVID-19 patients commonlyexperienced anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, decreased white blood cellcount, significant changes in white blood cell differential count, and thrombocytopenia. It isunderstood that changes in complete blood count parameters and their extent may providevaluable information about the disease severity and prognosis. In conclusion, COVID-19 patientsshare a common pattern of complete blood count parameters alterations which is related to thedisease progression, severity and prognosis. It is expected that complete blood count examinationmay play a major role in COVID-19 management, given the valuable information provided bythe examination.Keywords: complete blood count; COVID-19; erythrocyte; leukocyte; platelet
Analisis Laporan Kejadian Jatuh pada Pasien Lansia Saat Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit Immanuel Bandung Periode 2014-2016
Authors: Vera Vera
Published: September 2021

Jatuh merupakan salah satu masalah yang dominan terjadi pada lansia. Jatuh didefinisikan sebagai suatu kejadian yang mendadak, tidak diharapkan, dan tidak disengaja yang menyebabkan pasien berada di tanah atau level yang lebih rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, menggunakan data laporan kasus jatuh yang masuk ke komite patient safety, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik klinis dari pasien lansia yang jatuh saat dirawat inap di Rumah Sakit Immanuel Bandung. Selama periode 2014-2016, didapatkan 12 laporan kejadian pasien lansia jatuh saat dirawat inap di Rumah Sakit Immanuel, komorbiditas yang paling banyak adalah diabetes melitus. Simpulan yang didapat, kejadian jatuh pada pasien lansia yang dirawat inap di RS Immanuel lebih banyak terjadi pada wanita dengan usia > 60 tahun, terjadi malam hari, di sekitar tempat tidur, dan saat tidak didampingi. Konsumsi lebih dari satu obat oleh pasien lansia sebaiknya dihindari karena berpotensi meningkatkan risiko jatuh dan menyebabkan hasil perawatan kurang baik.Kata kunci: jatuh, lansia, rawat inap
Intradialytic Exercise: Flexibility terhadap Skor Fatigue pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronis yang Menjalani Hemodialisis
Authors: Muliani Rizki , Muslim Asri R , Abidin Imam
Published: September 2021

Penyakit Ginjal Kronis (PGK) mengalami peningkatan dalam 5 tahun terakhir ini. Salah satu terapi pengganti ginjal adalah hemodialisis, di mana fatigue merupakan gejala yang paling umum dirasakan oleh pasien yang mengganggu aktivitas sehari-hari dan kualitas hidupnya. Pengelolaan dengan intradialytic exercise: flexibility perlu dilakukan karena tidak menggangu proses terapi dan ini jarang dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh intradialytic exercise: flexibility terhadap skor fatigue pada pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis. Penelitian ini adalah pre-eksperimen dengan pendekatan one group pre-test post-test design. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 20 orang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner functional assessment chronic illness therapy (FACIT) dan prosedur intradialytic exercise: flexibility. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengukur skor fatique sebelum dan setelah diberikan perlakuan. Perlakuan berupa latihan fisik dengan durasi 15 menit setiap sesi latihan selama 8 kali dalam 4 minggu. Analisis data menggunakan t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai rerata pre-test 25,70 dan post-test 30,75 yang menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan skor fatigue dan nilai p < 0,001 yang artinya terdapat pengaruh intradialytic exercise: flexibility terhadap skor fatigue. Simpulan, terdapat pengaruh intradialytic exercise: flexibility yang baik terhadap skor fatigue pada pasien PGK yang menjalani hemodialisis.Kata kunci : Flexibility; Hemodialisis; Intradialytic Exercise; Penyakit Ginjal Kronis
Statin Mencegah Penurunan Kadar Hemoglobin dan Parameter Hematologi Lainnya pada Model Tikus Gagal Ginjal Eksperimental
Authors: Barinda Agian J , Arozal Wawaimuli , Wahyuni Ulfa T
Published: September 2021

Penyakit Ginjal Kronis (PGK) telah menjadi perhatian serius di dunia. Anemia adalah kondisi yang umum terjadi pada PGK dan menjadi faktor risiko penting dalam terjadinya Penyakit Kardiovaskular (PKV) di PGK. Statin adalah salah satu obat dislipidemia yang sering digunakan untuk mencegah faktor risiko PKV namun penggunaannya menjadi hal yang kontroversial pada kasus PGK berat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat efek statin (simvastatin) terhadap parameter hematologi dalam model 5/6 Nefrektomi (5/6Nx) sebagai representasi model gagal ginjal berat pada tikus. Pemberian statin secara oral dengan dosis10mg/kgBB diberikan setiap hari selama 30 hari pada kelompok 5/6Nx, kemudian dianalisis parameter hematologi dan dibandingkan dengan kelompok sham (kelompok yang tidak dilakukan nefrektomi dan tidak diberikan obat) dan kelompok 5/6Nx tanpa statin. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan adanya penurunan kadar Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematokrit (Ht), dan eritrosit secara signifikan pada kelompok 5/6Nx dibandingkan dengan kelompok Sham sedangkan leukosit cenderung menurun pada kelompok 5/6Nx. Statin mencegah penurunan kadar Hb, Ht, dan leukosit pada kelompok 5/6Nx+statin dibanding kelompok 5/6Nx. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan efek pleiotropik baru dari statin dalam mencegah penurunan kadar Hb pada PGK. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah statin mampu mencegah penurunan kadar Hb yang terjadi pada model tikus 5/6 Nefrektomi (5/6Nx) sebagai representasi model gagal ginjal berat.Kata kunci: anemia; gagal ginjal; inflamasi; statin
Perkembangan morfologi kawasan Kota Lama Kupang
Authors: Lamahoda Rudini A. R. B. , Setiadi Amos , Lake Reginaldo Christophori , Samara Ricky
Published: September 2021

Kota Kupang adalah Ibu Kota Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, terletak di pesisir Teluk Kupang, bagian Barat Laut Pulau Timor. Perkembangan kawasan Kota Lama Kupang dimulai pada periode abad ke-15, diawali sebagai kota bandar yang dikuasi oleh Raja Helong hingga adanya intervensi pemerintahan Belanda, Portugis, dan Cina, sehingga memiliki morfologi kawasan kota yang unik untuk diteliti. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi perkembangan kawasan Kota Lama Kupang selama beberapa periode dan menganalisis perubahan serta perbandingan apa saja terkait morfologi kawasan Kota Lama Kupang. Penelitian deskriptif eksploratif dengan metode analisis sinkronik (tissue analysis) digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk membaca sejarah yang terjadi pada kawasan Kota Lama Kupang dari periode awal terbentuk kawasan yakni abad ke-15 sampai pada abad ke-21. Selanjutnya, metode analisis diakronik (historical reading) digunakan untuk menemukan perubahan serta perbandingan morfologi kawasan Kota Lama Kupang periode abad ke-15 sampai abad ke-21 dan memaparkan bagaimana ruang-ruang Kota Lama Kupang mulai bertumbuh serta berkembang. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa kawasan Kota Lama Kupang mulai berkembang karena memiliki generator utama yaitu masuknya kekuasaan Raja Helong untuk menjadikan Kota Lama Kupang sebagai kota bandar yang ada di Pulau Timor. Temuan perubahan dan perbandingan perkembangan morfologi kawasan Kota Lama Kupang ialah saat masuknya bangsa Belanda, Portugis, dan etnis Cina serta terjadi perubahan setelah Indonesia merdeka yakni perubahan status kawasan Kota Lama Kupang berdasakan aspek politik yang berkembang
Manole Brihuneț, Cimitirele ortodoxe din Republica Moldova. Istorie – Arhitectură – Sculptură (secolul al XVIII-lea - prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea (Cartdidact: Chișinău, 2019)
Authors: Olea Sidonia-Petronela
Published: September 2021

Review
The Agrarian Reform and the City: The Great Expansion of Sibiu during the Interwar Years
Authors: Mihnea Diana
Published: September 2021

During the 1920s, the city of Sibiu expanded by approximately 250 hectares, with an area that was three times larger than its historical core. This great expansion was the result of the application of the agrarian reform, whose laws allowed and encouraged the creation of new building plots in the cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș. Although this was the largest territorial growth of the city up until that time, it was not controlled by the municipality and its Technical Office. In fact, the city authorities were excluded from most stages of the decision-making process. All the decisions were taken by the central and local institutions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains that were in charge with the application of the agrarian reform. The territorial expansion was not based on any large-scale studies regarding the needs of the city or the impact on its future development. In fact, the proportions and the directions of the city’s expansion were dictated mostly by the number of accepted requests for building plots and by the position of the areas that could be expropriated and that were suitable to be parcelled. The creation of the large new allotments was simultaneous with the efforts of the municipality to draft a systematisation plan that was now urgently necessary, given the rapidly changing situation of the city, and it was imposed by the new administrative legislation of Romania. So, shortly after the parceling plans were issued and the new building plots were distributed to those entitled, a preliminary systematization plan – drafted between 1926 and 1928 – proposed the revision of the new allotments and the modification of the procedure for assigning the building plots according to a system that would allow a gradual territorial growth of the city. Hence, during the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s there were ample negotiations over the new urban territory, involving not only the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains, but also the Ministry of Interior and the Superior Technical Council. In the end, after almost a decade of negotiations, only minor adjustments were made to the allotments and the provisions of the systematisation plan were only partly applied.
Benő Karácsony (1888-1944) and Alba Iulia
Authors: Gudor Kund Botond
Published: September 2021

The relation of Benő Karácsony with Alba Iulia was not just a relation between childhood and youth, but one that influenced the entire life of the writer. The spiritus loci of Downtown animated the writer’s adulthood work. Living in the area, at the time inhabited especially by Hungarians and Jews, the writer fully relives the dichotomy of the military and, at the same time, administrative town, over which the Citadel rose with its distinct life. The inward tragedy of the writer cannot be understood without relation to his native town. Benő Karácsony (Bernát Klärmann) grew up in the spirituality of Jewish cultural assimilation with a Hungarian cultural identity. Talking about himself, he allows us to recognize a hybrid identity: he considers himself Hungarian, and of the Jewish religion. He spent his childhood under the romanticism bestowed on him by the livelihood of the small bourgeoisie from the town on Mureș. The memories of his childhood and youth further prevailed during the adulthood period spent in Cluj. Karácsony uniquely grasped the spirit of the town, whose two elements, the Citadel and the Downtown, seemed to have been dueling for centuries. His writings are pierced by the lightness of the spiritual and administrative connection between the two differently organized urban entities, the conflicts of this connection, towns inside a town, which seemed to live schizoidly and simultaneously under the great transformations of history. However, the humor, often critical and bitter, allows the reader to grasp urbanization and modernization in Alba Iulia in the early twentieth century. The Hungarian Jew, Benő Karácsony, one of the most notable characters of the Transylvanian literature of the twentieth century, died, exterminated as a Jew in Oświęcim (Auschwitz) in 1944, despondent of the falseness of the society in which he lived.