bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nivel de actividad física habitual en escolares de 13 años de España e India. Un estudio transcultural
Authors: López Sánchez G.F. , Ahmed Md. D. , Díaz Suárez A.
Published: May 2018

El nivel de actividad física de las personas es muy importante a nivel internacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de actividad física habitual de escolares de India y España. Para lograr este objetivo, se utilizó el cuestionario PACE (Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise). Este cuestionario valora con dos preguntas cuántos días en la última semana (PACE 1) y en una semana habitual (PACE 2) el sujeto realiza al menos 60 minutos de actividad física. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 154 adolescentes de 13 años de edad. Del total de la muestra, 61 adolescentes (36 hombres, 59%, y 25 mujeres, 41%) eran de Nagaon, Assam (India), y 93 adolescentes (39 hombres, 42%, y 54 mujeres, 58%) eran de la Región de Murcia (España). Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes de 13 años de España e India no realizan suficiente actividad física, según las recomendaciones de la OMS. El 80.5% de los adolescentes españoles y el 76% de los adolescentes indios de la muestra fueron inactivos, según la clasificación del cuestionario PACE. Por tanto, se sugiere llevar a cabo programas de intervención para aumentar el nivel de actividad física en ambos países. 
O IMPACTO PSICOLÓGICO DO DIAGNÓSTICO POSITIVO DO TESTE DO PEZINHO NA RELAÇÃO MÃE–BEBÊ
Authors: Bonato Mariane L. , Raskin Salmo , Mariotto Rosa Maria Marini , Faucz Fabio R.
Published: May 2018

Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa investigativa com 15 mães cujos filhos submeteram-se a um rastreamento para confirmação de fibrose cística. Dessa amostra, apenas 1 caso confirmou o diagnóstico, porém, evidenciou-se que mesmo a suspeita da doença já produz interferências no estabelecimento do laço entre mãe e bebê.
O PROFESSOR UNIVERSITÁRIO COMO PESQUISADOR EM AÇÃO
Authors: Malucelli Vera Maria Brito
Published: May 2018

Este artigo aborda as questões que envolvem a formação do professor universitário como pesquisador em ação e a necessidade de se chegar à melhoria do ensino pela reformulação dos currículos. Neste contexto, é feita uma reflexão sobre a separação entre a pesquisa e a prática e a supervalorização do papel do pesquisador, o que tem se refletido nos currículos dos cursos que formam os profissionais da educação, especialmente os de Biologia. A intenção deste artigo é o de analisar criticamente a separação entre pesquisa e a prática e aprofundar a discussão de como transformar o professor universitário em pesquisador de sua prática.
Epífitos vasculares na bacia do alto Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil – Composição florística
Authors: Kersten Rodrigo de Andrade , Kunyioshi Yoshiko Saito
Published: May 2018

A partir de coletas em campo (14 estações), dados de herbário e de publicações, foram registradas para a região 348 espécies de epífitas vasculares distribuídas em 34 famílias e 97 gêneros. Duzentas e oito espécies foram observadas em campo, 123 em herbários (UPCB, MBM) e 17 retiradas de publicações. Destacam-se Orchidaceae (147 espécies), Bromeliaceae (39 espécies), Polypodiaceae (28 espécies), Piperaceae (24 espécies) e Hymenophyllaceae (15 espécies). A grande maioria das espécies foi classificada como holoepífita obrigatória. O menor número de epífitas obrigatórias foi observado entre as eudicotiledôneas. As magnoliides apresentaram o maior número de espécies facultativas e acidentais (46%). A região floristicamente mais semelhante à estudada foi a Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, indicando a similaridade climática entre estas regiões, maior do que com regiões tropicais. A riqueza observada, tanto em espécies, como em gêneros e famílias, deve-se possivelmente à diversidade ambiental, ao grande número de sítios de coleta e ao contato entre duas formações (Floresta Ombrófila Densa e Floresta Ombrófila Mista).
ASSESSMENT OF MINED SOILS IN EROSION-DEGRADED FARMLANDS IN SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Onweremadu Emmanuel Uzoma
Published: May 2018

This study assessed degradation status of erosion devastated soils as well as ameliorative measures on such soils. Field sampling was aided by morphological landscape changes. Surface samples (0-20 cm) depth were randomly collected from two erosion units and used in conducting a greenhouse experiment using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) and rates of ground periwinkle shells (GPS) and sewage sludge (SS) used as treatment. Treatments were replicated 9 times. Statistical tests of difference in soil properties were performed using t-statistic at p < 0.05. Status of soil degradation was evaluated using Land Degradation Index (LDI). Results showed low organic carbon content, and high bulk density and aggregate instability in eroded soils. The LDI values were high in most of physical parameters. The GPS and SS treatments significantly (p < 0.05) improved yield and soil properties except soil pH and aluminium saturation.
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE GENÓTIPOS DE ALGODÃO (Gossypium spp.), QUANTO À PRESENÇA DE INIBIDORES DE PROTEASE
Authors: Sousa Danielle Marie Macedo , Amorim Ticiana Maria Lúcio de , Sales Maurício Pereira de , Vidal Márcia Soares
Published: May 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença e o índice de inibição dos inibidores de proteases presentes nas sementes de alguns genótipos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma do algodão (Gossypium spp.). O extrato protéico bruto das sementes de algodão foi quantificado quanto à concentração de proteínas totais e, seguidamente, testado para avaliação da atividade inibitória das enzimas tripsina e papaína. Os resultados foram expressos em atividade residual de tripsina e papaína, determinada pela absorbância a 440 nm contra os controles apropriados para cada reação. Assim, foi possível identificar a presença significativa de inibidores das enzimas tripsina e papaína nos extratos protéicos das sementes, tendo, em alguns genótipos, um índice de inibição acima de 70%.
INFESTAÇÃO POR Leporacarus gibbus EM COELHOS DOMÉSTICOS NO BRASIL
Authors: Silva Aleksandro Schafer da , Tochetto Camila , Mahl Deise Luiza , Faccio Luciana , Dau Stéfano Leite , Zanette Régis Adriel , Monteiro Silvia Gonzalez
Published: May 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi reportar a infestação de Leporacarus gibbus em coelhos domésticos no Brasil. Foram avaliados 50 coelhos de um biotério no município de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Todos os animais apresentavam os ácaros aderidos ao pêlo, os quais foram coletados com auxílio de um pente fino, montados em lâmina de vidro e posteriormente identificados como L. gibbus. Os coelhos infestados foram tratados com ivermectina na dose única de 300 mg/kg, via subcutânea, não sendo mais encontrado os ácaros após sete dias do tratamento.
TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS CONTAMINATION IN FAUCETS AND FLUSH BOTTOMS IN PUBLIC WASHROOMS SITED IN SHOPPING MALLS OF CURITIBA, STATE OF PARANA, BRAZIL
Authors: Peixoto Janaína Capelli , Fontoura-da-Silva Sérgio Eduardo
Published: May 2018

A study was performed regarding the presence of fecal coliforms in faucets and flush bottoms in public restrooms in 10 shopping malls of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The presence of these bacteria shows fecal contamination. Escherichia coli is the prototype of fecal coliforms that was found in 13,1% of the samples, being more common on faucets (21.9%) than on flush bottoms (4.6%), this difference was significant. Other enterobacteria have been found: Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia alcafaciens, Providencia rettgeri and Serratia liquefaciens. These bacteria do not necessarily indicate fecal contamination. Nonfermentative gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) were found in 25 samples (43,9%), being more common over the flush bottoms (39,5%). The presence of fecal coliforms may indicate imperfection in the hygienic cleaning in these places, compromising the health of its users.
Estrutura populacional, hábitos alimentares e aspectos reprodutivos de Charax stenopterus (COPE, 1894) (Teleostei, Characidae): uma espécie introduzida no reservatório do Passaúna, Sul do Brasil
Authors: Abilhoa Vinícius , Lima Leticia Cristine de , Torres Maria Ângela Plahtyn , Valério Pâmela Regina Bastos
Published: May 2018

Neste trabalho foram investigados a estrutura populacional, os hábitos alimentares e a reprodução do lambari-transparente Charax stenopterus no Reservatório do Passaúna. Amostras mensais foram obtidas com redes de espera, entre julho de 2006 e maio de 2007. A estrutura populacional não apresentou variação nas médias de comprimento total e peso. Exemplares com gônadas maduras e em maturação ocorreram em todo período amostral, com maior freqüência de indivíduos maduros no verão, enquanto que gônadas imaturas e em descanso tiveram pouca representatividade. A análise da dieta, realizada através dos métodos de freqüência de ocorrência, pontos e índice de importância alimentar, revelou uma pequena variedade de itens: microcrustáceos, estágios imaturos aquáticos de insetos, fragmentos de insetos terrestres, peixes e restos de vegetais. Os itens que tiveram maior representatividade foram peixes e larvas e pupas de Diptera. Considerando-se o pequeno porte, a estratégia reprodutiva e o espectro alimentar, esta espécie pode ser caracterizada como oportunista. Esta constatação indica que medidas de manejo devem ser planejadas, visando o controle e monitoramento das populações introduzidas.
Atividade de pintura de um primata não humano (Pan troglodytes) e sua comparação com primatas humanos
Authors: Padulla Luiz Fernando Leal
Published: May 2018

Chimpanzés são primatas muito similares aos humanos, tanto no aspecto genético como comportamental. Tendo essas características como base e como parte do processo de enriquecimento ambiental dos grandes primatas não humanos no Santuário dos Grandes Primatas, em Sorocaba, SP, foi realizado um estudo comparativo em relação às atividades artísticas de desenho e pintura entre um chimpanzé e os relatos de literatura referentes às mesmas atividades desenvolvidas por crianças humanas. Notou-se que há grande similaridade dos traços e as noções de espaço entre um chimpanzé e crianças de 0 a 6 anos de idade.
Scrapie susceptibility in meat sheep of Paraná State – Brazil
Authors: Sotomaior Cristina Santos , Thomaz-Soccol Vanete
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the scrapie susceptibility of the main breeds of meat sheep raised in the state ofParaná, Brazil. Three hundred and twenty-five animals of meat breeds (including Suffolk, Hampshire Down, Texel, Ile deFrance, Dorper, Dorset, Santa Inês, and crossbreds) were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)and DNA sequencing for the prion protein gene. Using a classification for resistance and susceptibility from the BritishNational Scrapie Plan, the genotypes observed for each breed were analysed. Animals from the Santa Inês breed and crossbredanimals showed the highest genotypic variability. All breeds evaluated showed the presence of genotypes consideredsusceptible to scrapie. More than 56% of the animals tested fit into types 3, 4 or 5, the most susceptible groups. There islittle data on PRPN genotyping in Brazil. So it is necessary to expand the available data on these breeds to implement ascrapie control program.
NIETZSCHE: A BOA FORMA DE RETRIBUIR AO MESTRE
Authors: Paschoal Antonio Edmilson
Published: May 2018

Abordaremos neste artigo certos aspectos do pensamento de Nietzsche, explicitados em alguns textos da época em que foi professor de Filologia Clássica na Universidade de Basel, com o objetivo de ressaltar a distância pontuada por ele em relação a seu mestre – Arthur Schopenhauer – já naquele período. Essa distância bem como uma discrepância de intenções entre ambos faz com que o jovem Nietzsche retribua bem ao seu mestre na medida em que não permanece “apenas discípulo”.
ES EL PSICOLOGISMO REFUTABLE SEGÚN FREGE?
Authors: González Porta Mario Ariel
Published: May 2018

Contrariamente a lo que sostiene una opinión ampliamente difundida,Frege considera que el psicologismo es refutable y ha ofrecido al menosdos argumentos en tal sentido. Con uno de ellos nos ocuparemos en elpresente artículo. El análisis del mismo habrá de evidenciar que en él secontiene un notorio paralelo con una de las líneas de argumentacióndesarrolladas por Husserl, de tal forma que no tiene sentido admitir unintento de refutación del psicologismo en Husserl y negarlo en Frege.
Discovery and characterization of a prevalent human gut bacterial enzyme sufficient for the inactivation of a family of plant toxins
Authors: Koppel Nitzan , Bisanz Jordan E , Pandelia Maria-Eirini , Turnbaugh Peter J , Balskus Emily P
Published: May 2018

Although the human gut microbiome plays a prominent role in xenobiotic transformation, most of the genes and enzymes responsible for this metabolism are unknown. Recently, we linked the two-gene ‘cardiac glycoside reductase’ (cgr) operon encoded by the gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta to inactivation of the cardiac medication and plant natural product digoxin. Here, we compared the genomes of 25 E. lenta strains and close relatives, revealing an expanded 8-gene cgr-associated gene cluster present in all digoxin metabolizers and absent in non-metabolizers. Using heterologous expression and in vitro biochemical characterization, we discovered that a single flavin- and [4Fe-4S] cluster-dependent reductase, Cgr2, is sufficient for digoxin inactivation. Unexpectedly, Cgr2 displayed strict specificity for digoxin and other cardenolides. Quantification of cgr2 in gut microbiomes revealed that this gene is widespread and conserved in the human population. Together, these results demonstrate that human-associated gut bacteria maintain specialized enzymes that protect against ingested plant toxins.
Ribozyme-catalysed RNA synthesis using triplet building blocks
Authors: Attwater James , Raguram Aditya , Morgunov Alexey S , Gianni Edoardo , Holliger Philipp
Published: May 2018

RNA-catalyzed RNA replication is widely believed to have supported a primordial biology. However, RNA catalysis is dependent upon RNA folding, and this yields structures that can block replication of such RNAs. To address this apparent paradox, we have re-examined the building blocks used for RNA replication. We report RNA-catalysed RNA synthesis on structured templates when using trinucleotide triphosphates (triplets) as substrates, catalysed by a general and accurate triplet polymerase ribozyme that emerged from in vitro evolution as a mutualistic RNA heterodimer. The triplets cooperatively invaded and unraveled even highly stable RNA secondary structures, and support non-canonical primer-free and bidirectional modes of RNA synthesis and replication. Triplet substrates thus resolve a central incongruity of RNA replication, and here allow the ribozyme to synthesise its own catalytic subunit ‘+’ and ‘–’ strands in segments and assemble them into a new active ribozyme.
Breast fibroblasts in both cancer and normal tissues induce phenotypic transformation of breast cancer stem cells: a preliminary study
Authors: Wang Bixiao , Xi Chunfang , Liu Mingwei , Sun Haichen , Liu Shuang , Song Lei , Kang Hua
Published: May 2018

Background

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are associated with the invasion of breast cancer. In recent years, studies have demonstrated different phenotypes among BCSCs. Furthermore, BCSCs of diverse phenotypes are present at different tumour sites and different histological stages. Fibroblasts are involved in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) participate in the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby promoting the acquisition of stem cell characteristics, but little is known about the role of normal fibroblasts (NFs) in the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs or about the effect of CAFs and NFs on BCSC phenotypes.

Methods

A total of six pairs of primary CAFs and NFs were isolated from surgical samples of breast cancer patients and subjected to morphological, immunohistochemical, cell invasion and proteomics analyses. After establishing a cell culture system with conditioned medium from CAFs and NFs, we used the mammosphere formation assay to explore the effect of CAFs and NFs on the self-renewal ability of BCSCs. The effect of CAFs and NFs on the phenotypic differentiation of BCSCs was further analysed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.

Results

The isolated CAFs and NFs did not show significant differences in cell morphology or alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, but cell invasion and proteomics analyses demonstrated heterogeneity among these fibroblasts. Both CAFs and NFs could promote the generation of BCSCs, but CAFs displayed a greater ability than NFs in promoting mammosphere formation. Conditioned medium from CAFs increased the proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 positive (ALDH1+) BCSCs, but conditioned medium from NFs was more likely to promote the generation of CD44+CD24− BCSCs from MCF-7 cells.

Discussion

This study validated the heterogeneity among CAFs and NFs and expanded on the conclusion that fibroblasts promote the generation of cancer stem cells. Our results particularly emphasized the effect of NFs on the phenotypic transformation of BCSCs. In addition, this study further highlighted the roles of CAFs and NFs in the induction of different phenotypes in BCSCs.
Three new species of Asparagales from the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Authors: Barrett Matthew David
Published: May 2018

Hypoxis cavernicola M.D.Barrett (Hypoxidaceae) and Lomandra acicularis M.D.Barrett (Asparagaceae) are described as new species endemic to the north west Kimberley region of Western Australia. The status of Borya species in north-western Australia is reviewed. Borya stenophylla M.D.Barrett (Boryaceae) is described as a new species restricted to the Synnot Range in the West Kimberley. Borya jabirabela Churchill is restricted to western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, while the circumscription of the Kimberley endemic Borya subulata C.A.Gardner is broadened to include Kimberley specimens previously assigned to B. jabirabela. All new species are illustrated and amendments to existing keys presented.
The Accidental Teacher—Direct-Care Physicians Increasingly Placed in Teaching Roles
Authors: Sweigart Joseph R. , Watson Rebecca , Burger Alfred
Published: November 2024

This Viewpoint discusses ways for health systems, professional societies, and academic physicians to develop and share effective teaching materials and strategies with community-based colleagues.
CAR T Cells and T-Cell Therapies for Cancer
Authors: Brudno Jennifer N. , Maus Marcela V. , Hinrichs Christian S.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are T lymphocytes that are genetically engineered to express a synthetic receptor that recognizes a tumor cell surface antigen and causes the T cell to kill the tumor cell. CAR T treatments improve overall survival for patients with large B-cell lymphoma and progression-free survival for patients with multiple myeloma.

Observations

Six CAR T-cell products are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 6 hematologic malignancies: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Compared with standard chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant, CAR T cells improved 4-year overall survival in patients with large B-cell lymphoma (54.6% vs 46.0%). Patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia achieved durable remission after CAR T-cell therapy. At 3-year follow-up, 48% of patients were alive and relapse free. In people with multiple myeloma treated previously with 1 to 4 types of non–CAR T-cell therapy, CAR T-cell therapy prolonged treatment-free remissions compared with standard treatments (in 1 trial, CAR T-cell therapy was associated with progression-free survival of 13.3 months compared with 4.4 months with standard therapy). CAR T-cell therapy is associated with reversible acute toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome in approximately 40% to 95% of patients, and neurologic disorders in approximately 15% to 65%. New CAR T-cell therapies in development aim to increase efficacy, decrease adverse effects, and treat other types of cancer. No CAR T-cell therapies are FDA approved for solid tumors, but recently, 2 other T lymphocyte–based treatments gained approvals: 1 for melanoma and 1 for synovial cell sarcoma. Additional cellular therapies have attained responses for certain solid tumors, including pediatric neuroblastoma, synovial cell sarcoma, melanoma, and human papillomavirus–associated cancers. A common adverse effect occurring with these T lymphocyte–based therapies is capillary leak syndrome, which is characterized by fluid retention, pulmonary edema, and kidney dysfunction.

Conclusions and Relevance

CAR T-cell therapy is an FDA-approved therapy that has improved progression-free survival for multiple myeloma, improved overall survival for large B-cell lymphoma, and attained high rates of cancer remission for other hematologic malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Recently approved T lymphocyte–based therapies demonstrated the potential for improved outcomes in solid tumor malignancies.
Pharmacy Closures and Anticonvulsant Medication Prescription Fills
Authors: Anderson Kelly E. , Sahu Maitreyi , DiStefano Michael J. , Asche Carl V. , Mattingly T. Joseph
Published: November 2024

This study examines the relationship between pharmacy closures and anticonvulsant prescription fills and number of days supplied.
US Cancer Mortality Trends Among Asian and Pacific Islander Populations
Authors: Zhu David T. , Pompa Isabella R. , Qi David , Goldberg Saveli I. , Lee Richard J. , Kamran Sophia C.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian American individuals and the second leading cause of death among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander people.

Objective

To evaluate longitudinal cancer mortality trends from 1999 to 2020 among Asian American and Pacific Islander populations in the US by demographic characteristics.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database to obtain age-adjusted cancer death rates among Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals of all ages between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed from January 12 to March 19, 2024.

Exposures

Age, sex, cancer type, and US census regions.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Trends and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) in age-adjusted cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates for non-Hispanic Asian American and Pacific Islander populations were estimated by cancer type, age, sex, and region using Joinpoint regression.

Results

Between 1999 and 2020, 305 386 Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals (median [IQR] age, 69.5 [58.5-79.2] years; 51.1% male) died of cancer in the US. Overall, the CSM rate decreased by 1.5% annually. Men experienced a greater CSM rate decrease (AAPC, −1.8%; 95% CI, −2.2% to −1.3%) compared with women (AAPC, −1.1%; 95% CI: −1.2% to −1.0%). For women, death rates decreased for most cancer types but increased for uterine (AAPC, 2.5%; 95% CI, 2.0%-3.0%) and brain and central nervous system (AAPC, 1.4%; 95% CI: 0.7%-2.1%) cancers. Colorectal cancer mortality rates increased among men aged 45 to 54 years (AAPC, 1.3%; 95% CI, 0.5%-2.1%). Liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer mortality increased for both men and women in all US census regions, uterine cancer mortality increased in all regions for women, and pancreatic cancer mortality increased in the Midwest for both men and women.

Conclusions and Relevance

Although these findings show an overall decrease in CSM among Asian American and Pacific Islander populations, specific cancer types exhibited increased mortality rates, with further disparities by sex and age. Targeted, culturally adapted clinical and public health interventions are needed to narrow disparities in cancer mortality.
Large Language Model Responses to Adolescent Patient and Proxy Messages
Authors: Tse Gabriel , Zahedivash Aydin , Anoshiravani Arash , Carlson Jennifer , Haberkorn William , Morse Keith E.
Published: November 2024

This cross-sectional study assesses a language model’s ability to discern between messages from adolescent patients and those from their parents/guardians and subsequently generate appropriate responses.
Virulence‐Free Reconstituted Synthetic Nanopathogen Empowered by Timely‐Activating TLR Agonist Promotes Heterologous Cancer Immunotherapy with Depletion of Tumor‐Specific Treg Cells
Authors: Lee Sang Nam , Park Sei Hyun , Choi Jin‐Ho , Heo Jang Hun , Lee Min‐Ho , Oh Sang‐Seok , Noh Young‐Woock , Lim Yong Taik
Published: November 2024

The heterologous immunity of live pathogens leads to the emergence of this approach as a pivotal component in cancer immunotherapy. However, virulence, inflammatory‐related toxicity, and the induction of Treg cells after treatment hinder their clinical translation. Here, to exploit the heterologous immunity of live pathogens without risks, a virulence‐free reconstituted synthetic nanopathogen (RSnP) is developed by the cell wall skeleton of disrupted Mycobacterium bovis and the incorporation of timely‐activating Toll‐like receptor 7/8 agonists of which multifaceted activities can be promoted by endolysosomal enzymes. Immunization with RSnP, even without tumor‐specific antigens, exhibits potent antitumor efficacy against melanoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer by promoting antitumor effector cells (CD8+ T cells, NK cells, M1 macrophages, and Th17 cells) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐12p70, TNF‐α, and IL‐6) while simultaneously mitigating immunosuppressive myeloid cells (MDSCs and M2 macrophages) in the tumor microenvironment, surpassing the therapeutic efficacies of approved live‐BCG drug and mRNA vaccine. The increase in CCR8+Foxp3+ Treg cells induced to counteract RSnP treatment can be attenuated by anti‐CCR8 antibody, a depletion antibody for tumor‐specific Treg cells, to synergize therapeutic efficacy with relieved autoimmunity. RSnP can be a therapeutic nanomedicine platform across heterologous cancers and emerging infectious virus variants with minimized toxicity.
A Novel B2 Precipitate Gives High Strength and High Impact Toughness to Bcc‐Structured Cryogenic Steels
Authors: Chen Qiyuan , Tang Shuai , Zhang Weina , Yan Haile , Sha Gang , Cao Guangming , Chen Jun , Xie Zhanglong , Jin Shenbao , Wang Xiaonan , Li Linlin , Zhang Zhongwu , Huang Mingxin , van der Zwaag Sybrand , Liu Zhenyu
Published: November 2024

For decades, solid solution strengthening with up to 9 wt.% Ni has been the only successful strategy to obtain high strength and high impact toughness in bcc‐structured (ferritic or tempered martensitic) cryogenic steels. Until now coherent nano‐precipitates, an effective strengthening agent at room temperature, cannot be used to improve properties at cryogenic temperatures. Here, a new type of Mo‐rich nano‐B2 precipitates formed in a 6.5 wt.% Ni steel upon doping with 0.2 wt.% of Mo is reported. These precipitates are not only fully coherent with the matrix but are also shearable at 77 K. A high precipitate number density in excess of 2 × 1024 m−3 has been achieved by an industrially feasible process optimization, which brings both the cryogenic strength and impact toughness of the steel to the same levels as those of 9Ni steels. The Mo‐rich B2 precipitation strengthening, therefore, opens a new avenue for the design and development of low‐cost high‐performance cryogenic steels.
Multi‐Scenario Applications of Multi‐Dimensional Yarn‐Based Wearable Integrated Sensors
Authors: Ma Qiancheng , Zhang Zhaofa , Zhang Dongyang , Tian Wei
Published: November 2024

1D yarn sensors, crucial for smart textiles, face challenges in achieving diverse functionalities, multiple applications, and durability in harsh environments. Herein, a simple strategy is proposed to prepare reduced graphene oxide‐polyimide yarns (rGO‐PYs), constructing functional and multi‐dimensional sensors for multi‐scenario applications. rGO‐PYs can detect multiple mechanical stimuli, and exhibit a broad bending and pressure response range (0°–180° and 0.12–62.39 KPa), quick response and recovery time (both <100 ms), and excellent cyclic stability. It features real‐time monitoring of human activities, such as joint movements, speech, writing, respiratory, pulse, and heart rate. rGO‐PYs exhibit a remarkable resilience to harsh environments, whether in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C), high temperature (300 °C), acid, or base. Crucially, expanded into an integrated 2D fabric, rGO‐PYs maintain their exceptional multi‐dimensional sensing. The point contact pressure sensor (PCPS) and pressure sensing array showed remarkable sensing performance in identifying pressure and its distribution. This work establishes a comprehensive system from preparation to application, encompassing 1D yarns large‐scale fabrication, functional sensing validation, integration into multi‐dimensional sensors, and diverse cross‐scenario applications. The innovative system would transform traditional yarns into intelligent fabrics, further advancing functional yarns into multi‐dimensional sensors (1D to 2D and 3D), enabling their diverse multi‐scenario applications.
MBG/BSA Bone Grafts Immunomodulate Bone Regeneration by Releasing Bioactive Ions in Inflammatory Bone Defects
Authors: Yang Yijie , Gu Wen , Jiang Xue , Lv Xiaolei , Wei Jianxu , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zheng Kai , Lai Hongchang
Published: November 2024

Since the diseases that cause bone defects are mostly inflammatory diseases, the current bone grafts are unable to effectively regulate osteoimmune activity, leading to the impaired osteogenesis and unfavorable bone regeneration. In this study, inspired by bone composition, biomimetic mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticle (MBG)/bovine serum albumin (BSA) bone grafts are designed for inflammatory bone defects. Systematically, MBG/BSA bone grafts are evaluated for characterization, bioactivity, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant activity, and osteogenic activity. MBG/BSA bone grafts are proved to be biocompatible and can release bioactive ions including calcium and silicon in a sustained manner. Furthermore, MBG/BSA reprograms the macrophage phenotype toward anti‐inflammation that is beneficial for bone regeneration. The antioxidative activity is also validated under inflammation and the mechanism may be via the interleukin‐4 (IL‐4)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) pathway. The osteogenic differentiation and mineralization are also facilitated due to the improved immunoregulation of MBG/BSA. Overall, this work suggests that the MBG/BSA bone grafts with improved immunomodulatory properties are an ideal material for inflammatory bone regeneration application.
Incorporating Hydrogel (with Low Polymeric Content) into 3D‐Printed PLGA Scaffolds for Local and Sustained Release of BMP2 in Repairing Large Segmental Bone Defects
Authors: Dong Rongpeng , Kang Mingyang , Qu Yang , Hou Tingting , Zhao Jianwu , Cheng Xueliang
Published: November 2024

Treating large bone defects remains a considerable challenge for clinicians: bone repair requires scaffolds with mechanical properties and bioactivities. Herein, based on crosslinking o‐phthalaldehyde (OPA) with amine groups, 4‐arm polyethylene glycol (4armPEG)‐OPA/Gelatin hydrogel loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is prepared and a three dimensional (3D)‐printed poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous scaffold is filled with the hydrogel solution. The composite scaffold, with a compression modulus of 0.68 ± 0.097 GPa similar to the cancellous bone, has a porosity of 56.67 ± 4.72% and a pore size of about 380 µm, promoting bone growth. The hydrogel forms a porous network at low concentrations, aiding protein release and cell migration. The hydrogel degrades in approximately three weeks, and the scaffold takes five months, matching bone repair timelines. BMP2 release experiment shows a sustained BMP2 release with a 72.4 ± 0.53% release ratio. The ALP activity test and alizarin red staining shows effective osteogenic promotion, while RT‐PCR confirms BMP2@Gel enhanced COL‐1 and OPN expression. Animal experiments further validate the composite scaffold's bone repair efficacy. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the hydrogel in releasing BMP2 and the mechanical support of the 3D‐printed PLGA porous scaffold, providing a new treatment for bone defects.
Oxygen Vacancy‐Electron Polarons Featured InSnRuO2 Oxides: Orderly and Concerted In‐Ov‐Ru‐O‐Sn Substructures for Acidic Water Oxidation
Authors: Sun Yanhui , Xiao Mingyue , Liu Feng , Gan Jun , Gao Shixin , Liu Jingjun
Published: November 2024

Polymetallic oxides with extraordinary electrons/geometry structure ensembles, trimmed electron bands, and way‐out coordination environments, built by an isomorphic substitution strategy, may create unique contributing to concertedly catalyze water oxidation, which is of great significance for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein, well‐defined rutile InSnRuO2 oxides with density‐controllable oxygen vacancy (Ov)‐free electron polarons are firstly fabricated by in situ isomorphic substitution, using trivalent In species as Ov generators and the adjacent metal ions as electron donors to form orderly and concerted In‐Ov‐Ru‐O‐Sn substructures in the tetravalent oxides. For acidic water oxidation, the obtained InSnRuO2 displays an ultralow overpotential of 183 mV (versus RHE) and a mass activity (MA) of 103.02 A mgRu−1, respectively. For a long‐term stability test of PEMWE, it can run at a low and unchangeable cell potential (1.56 V) for 200 h at 50 mA cm−2, far exceeding current IrO2||Pt/C assembly in 0.5 m H2SO4. Accelerated degradation testing results of PEMWE with pure water as the electrolyte show no significant increase in voltage even when the voltage is gradually increased from 1 to 5 A cm−2. The remarkably improved performance is associated with the concerted In‐Ov‐Ru‐O‐Sn substructures stabilized by the dense Ov‐electron polarons, which synergistically activates band structure of oxygen species and adjacent Ru sites and then boosting the oxygen evolution kinetics. More importantly, the self‐trapped Ov‐electron polaron induces a decrease in the entropy and enthalpy, and efficiently hinder Ru atoms leaching by increasing the lattice atom diffusion energy barrier, achieves long‐term stability of the oxide. This work may open a door to design next‐generation Ru‐based catalysts with polarons to create orderly and asymmetric substructures as active sites for efficient electrocatalysis in PEMWE application.
Direct Access to α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Lactams via Palladium‐Catalysed Carbonylation of Propargylic Ureas.
Authors: Schiroli Debora , Voronov Aleksandr , Pancrazzi Francesco , Iraci Nunzio , Vincenzo Giofrè Salvatore , Macchi Beatrice , Stefanizzi Valeria , Mancuso Raffaella , Gabriele Bartolo , Pio Mazzeo Paolo , Capaldo Luca , Della Ca' Nicola
Published: November 2024

Additive carbonylations typically necessitate strong nucleophiles, such as alcohols or amines. In this study, we carbonylated a poorly nucleophilic urea, under oxidant‐free conditions. Our straightforward carbonylative strategy enables access to versatile α,β‐unsaturated γ‐lactams featuring an aminocarbonyl fragment, utilizing readily available propargylic ureas as starting materials. The employment of the PdI2/KI catalytic system allowed complete regioselectivity (5‐endo‐dig), high functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope as well as operational simplicity (oxidant‐free, organic ligand‐free and base‐free protocol). The synthetic utility of these γ‐lactams is showcased through late‐stage functionalizations, such as Giese reactions and peptide couplings.
N‐Oxide‐Catalyzed Six‐Membered Ring Bromo‐Etherification of ϵ‐Alkenyl Alcohols
Authors: Hoshino Yuki , Kasahara Honoka , Marushima Ryusei , Moriyama Katsuhiko
Published: November 2024

A six‐membered ring bromo‐etherification of ϵ‐alkenyl alcohols using an N‐oxide catalyst was developed to furnish 2‐bromomethyl‐6‐substituted tetrahydropyrans with cis‐selectivity and 3‐bromomethyl isochromans in high yields. DFT calculations indicate that the NMO catalyst enhances the electrophilicity of the bromine atom on NBS via two hydrogen‐bonding interactions after the formation of the NMO‐NBS complex.
Landscape of the Peripheral Immune Response Induced by Intraoperative Radiotherapy Combined with Surgery in Early Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Dai Danian , Li Xuerui , Zhuang Hongkai , Ling Yun , Chen Lezi , Long Cheng , Zhang Jinhui , Wang Yunjie , Li Yuehua , Tang Hailin , Chen Bo
Published: November 2024

A comprehensive analysis of the immune response triggered by intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) remains incomplete. In this study, single‐cell RNA sequencing and single‐cell T cell receptor sequencing are conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patient with early‐stage breast cancer before and after IORT. Following IORT combined with surgery (defined as IORT+Surgery), PBMC counts remained stable, with increased proportions of T cells, mononuclear phagocytes, and plasma cells, and a reduction in neutrophil proportions. The cytotoxic score of CD8Teff_GZMK cells increased significantly post‐IORT. Communication between CD8Teff_GZMK cells and other immune cells via MIF_CD74 and MIF_TNFRSF14 is decreased after IORT. cDCs showed an upregulation of the MCH II signaling pathway, while memory B cells exhibited enhanced activation of the B cell pathway. T cell clones expanded significantly after treatment. IORT+Surgery demonstrated the ability to partially suppress the anti‐tumor effects of neutrophils. Flow cytometry analysis and co‐culture experiments are utilized to delve deeper into the functional alterations in T cells. IORT+Surgery significantly enhanced T cell cytotoxic activity. Blockade of PD‐1 of post‐IORT PBMCs shows higher T‐cell activity than that of pre‐IORT PBMCs. This research highlights IORT's impact on immune cells, offering insights for targeting immune responses in breast cancer.
Alphabet Handwriting Recognition: From Wood‐Framed Hydrogel Arrays Design to Machine Learning Decoding
Authors: Yan Guihua , Hu Xichen , Miao Ziyue , Liu Yongde , Zeng Xianhai , Lin Lu , Ikkala Olli , Peng Bo
Published: November 2024

Handwriting recognition is a highly integrated system, demanding hardware to collect handwriting signals and software to deal with input data. Nonetheless, the design of such a system from scratch with sustainable materials and an easily accessible computing network presents significant challenges. In pursuit of this goal, a flexible, and electrically conductive wood‐derived hydrogel array is developed as a handwriting input panel, enabling recognizing alphabet handwriting assisted by machine learning technique. For this, lignin extraction‐refill, polypyrrole coating, and polyacrylic acid filling, endowing flexibility, and electrical conduction to wood are sequentially implemented. Subsequently, these woods are manufactured into a 5 × 5 array, creating a matrix of signals upon handwriting. Efficient handwritten recognition is then achieved through appropriate manual feature extraction and algorithms with low complexity within a computing network, as demonstrated in this work, the strategic choice of expertise‐based feature engineering and simplified algorithms effectively boost the overall model performance on handwriting recognition. With potential adaptability, further applications in customized wearable devices and hands‐on healthcare appliances are envisioned.
Super‐Enhancer Reprograming Driven by SOX9 and TCF7L2 Represents Transcription‐Targeted Therapeutic Vulnerability for Treating Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Yan Siyuan , Liu Zhaonan , Wang Teng , Sui Yi , Wu Xiangsong , Shen Jiayi , Pu Peng , Yang Yang , Wu Sizhong , Qiu Shimei , Wang Ziyi , Jiang Xiaoqing , Feng Feiling , Li Guoqiang , Liu FaTao , Zhao Chaoxian , Liu Ke , Feng Jiayi , Li Maolan , Man Kwan , Wang Chaochen , Tang Yujie , Liu Yingbin
Published: November 2024

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy lacking clinically available targeted therapeutic agents. Super‐enhancers (SEs) are crucial epigenetic cis‐regulatory elements whose extensive reprogramming drives aberrant transcription in cancers. To study SE in GBC, the genomic distribution of H3K27ac is profiled in multiple GBC tissue and cell line samples to establish the SE landscape and its associated core regulatory circuitry (CRC). The biliary lineage factor SOX9 and Wnt pathway effector TCF7L2, two master transcription factor (TF) candidates identified by CRC analysis, are verified to co‐occupy each other's SE region, forming a mutually autoregulatory loop to drive oncogenic SE reprogramming in a subset of GBC. The SOX9/TCF7L2 double‐high GBC cells are highly dependent on the two TFs and enriched of SE‐associated gene signatures related to stemness, ErbB and Wnt pathways. Patients with more such GBC cells exhibited significantly worse prognosis. Furthermore, SOX9/TCF7L2 double‐high GBC preclinical models are found to be susceptible to SE‐targeted CDK7 inhibition therapy in vitro and in vivo. Together, this study provides novel insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the oncogenesis of a subset of GBCs with poorer prognosis and illustrates promising prognostic stratification and therapeutic strategies for treating those GBC patients in future clinical trials.
Bacteria‐Mediated Tumor‐Targeting Delivery of Multienzyme‐Mimicking Covalent Organic Frameworks Promoting Pyroptosis for Combinatorial Sono‐Catalytic Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Xiang Lihua , Li Yitong , Zhang Shen , Zhang Ying , Shi Hui , Liu Hui , Du Dou , Zhou Bangguo , Ye Beibei , Li Shaoyue , Yin Haohao , Xu Huixiong , Zhang Yifeng
Published: November 2024

Pyroptosis, an inflammatory cell death, has attracted great attention for potentiating a strong immune response against tumor cells. However, developing powerful pyroptosis inducers and then activating specific pyroptosis still remains challenging. Herein, a PEG‐CuP‐COF@∆St nanosystem is rationally designed, consisting of PEG‐CuP‐COF nanozyme pyroptosis inducers and tumor‐targeting bacteria of the Salmonella Typhimurium strain VNP20009 (ΔSt), with an affinity for the tumor hypoxic microenvironment. The PEG‐CuP‐COF nanozymes possessed excellent sonodynamic performance and multienzyme‐mimicking activities to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and then induce potent pyroptosis. The superoxide dismutase‐ and peroxidase‐mimicking activities of PEG‐CuP‐COF catalytically produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) which have important value in triggering acute inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. Moreover, PEG‐CuP‐COF showed outstanding glutathione peroxidase‐mimicking activities, impairing the antioxidant defense in tumor cells and enhancing sonodynamic efficiency by making them more vulnerable to ROS‐induced damage. During in vivo studies, PEG‐CuP‐COF@∆St nanosystem with its self‐driven property exhibited impressive tumor‐targeting capability and activated Caspase‐3/gasdermin E‐dependent pyroptosis to inhibit tumor growth. More importantly, it induced a powerful immune memory effect to prevent bone metastasis. In summary, this study introduces an innovative approach for combinatorial sono‐catalytic immunotherapy using bacteria‐mediated tumor‐targeting delivery of nanozymes as specific pyroptosis inducers.
Engineering a Mesoporous Silicon Nanoparticle Cage to Enhance Performance of a Phosphotriesterase Enzyme for Degradation of VX Nerve Agent
Authors: Lu Yi‐Sheng , Moreno Eduardo Reynoso , Huang Yubin , Fan Ruhan , Tucker Ashley T. , Wright Linnzi K. , Evans Ronald A. , Ahern Brooke M. , Owens Donald E. , Chappell Stephen A. , Christensen Dale J. , Dresios John , Sailor Michael J.
Published: November 2024

The organophosphate (OP)‐hydrolyzing enzyme phosphotriesterase (PTE, variant L7ep‐3a) immobilized within a partially oxidized mesoporous silicon nanoparticle cage is synthesized and the catalytic performance of the enzyme@nanoparticle construct for hydrolysis of a simulant, dimethyl p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP), and the live nerve agent VX is benchmarked against the free enzyme. In a neutral aqueous buffer, the optimized construct shows a ≈2‐fold increase in the rate of DMNP turnover relative to the free enzyme. Enzyme@nanoparticles with more hydrophobic surface chemistry in the interior of the pores show lower catalytic activity, suggesting the importance of hydration of the pore interior on performance. The enzyme@nanoparticle construct is readily separated from the neutralized agent; the nanoparticle is found to retain DMNP hydrolysis activity through seven decontamination/recovery cycles. The nanoparticle cage stabilizes the enzyme against thermal denaturing and enzymatic (trypsin) degradation conditions relative to free enzyme. When incorporated into a topical gel formulation, the PTE‐loaded nanoparticles show high activity toward the nerve agent VX in an ex vivo rabbit skin model. In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays in human blood show that the enzyme@nanoparticle construct decontaminates VX, preserving the biological function of AChE when exposed to an otherwise incapacitating dose.
MnO2 Nanowires with Sub‐10 nm Thick Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Synergistic Triboelectric Materials
Authors: Jung Hanbyeol , Lee Dong‐Min , Park Jina , Kim Taeho , Kim Sang‐Woo , Son Seung Uk
Published: November 2024

MnO2 nanowires coated with conjugated microporous polymers (CMP) are applied as triboelectric energy harvesting materials. The tribopositive performance of the CMP shells is enhanced with the assistance of MnO2 nanowires (MnO2 NW), likely due to cationic charge transfer from the tribopositive CMP layers to the surface Mn2+ and Mn3+ species of MnO2 NW. This is supported by model studies. The MnO2@CMP‐2 with sub‐10 nm thick CMP layers shows promising triboelectric output voltages up to 576 V and a maximum power density of 1.31 mW cm−2. Spring‐assisted triboelectric nanogenerators fabricated with MnO2@CMP‐2/PVP‐3 films are used as power supplies to operate electronic devices.
Investigations of Mechanisms Leading to Capacity Differences in Li/Na/K‐Ion Batteries with Conversion‐Type Transition‐Metal Sulfides Anodes
Authors: Zheng Kunxiong , Mu Yongbiao , Han Meisheng , Liu Jie , Zou Zhiyu , Hu Hengyuan , Chu Youqi , Yu Fenghua , Li Wenjia , Wei Lei , Zeng Lin , Zhao Tianshou
Published: November 2024

Conversion‐type transition‐metal sulfides (CT‐TMSs) have been extensively studied as the anode of Li/Na/K‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. An issue with the use of the material in the battery is that a large capacity difference is commonly observed. However, the underlying mechanism leading to the problem is still unknown. Here, the large capacity difference mechanisms of CT‐TMSs anodes in the Li/Na/K‐ion storage are elucidated, which arises from the difference in conversion degree and size of conversion products. Specifically, the increase in ionic radius will cause the increase in insertion‐reaction ion diffuse energy barrier and conversion‐reaction Gibbs free energies of phase transformation to decrease reaction kinetics, which causes a decrease in conversion degree and an increase in size of conversion products, thus leading to reduction in capacity. The increase in size and the decrease in the amount of conversion products inevitably reduce the amount of spin‐polarized electrons injection into Fe and corresponding ions storage amount into sulfides during the ion‐electron decoupling storage, thus reducing the capacity. The research clarifies the capacity difference mechanisms of CT‐TMSs anodes in Li/Na/K storage, providing valuable insights for designing Li/Na/K storage high‐capacity anodes.