bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical relevance ofMycobacterium simiaein pulmonary samples
Authors: van Ingen J. , Boeree M. J. , Dekhuijzen P. N. R. , van Soolingen D.
Published: December 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical relevance ofMycobacterium simiaeisolation from clinical samples.

The medical files of patients in the Netherlands from whomM. simiaewas isolated between 1999 and 2006 were reviewed in order to assess frequency and clinical relevance. Clinical relevance was defined as fulfilment of the diagnostic criteria of the American Thoracic Society.

From the files, 28 patients were identified, of whom six (21%) met the American Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria. A slight (54%) female predominance was observed, which is uncommon for nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation. Fulfilment of the diagnostic criteria and initiation of treatment were not in agreement; treatment results were poor.

Only a minority of clinicalM. simiaeisolates are clinically relevant and, applying the American Thoracic Society diagnostic criteria, the number of true infections is overestimated. Physicians in the Netherlands do not always use these criteria in daily practice, resulting in both over- and underdiagnosis ofM. simiaeinfection. Further studies are required in order to improve diagnostic criteria and treatment regimens.
Mycoplasma pneumoniaeinduces airway epithelial cell expression of MUC5AC in asthma
Authors: Kraft M. , Adler K. B. , Ingram J. L. , Crews A. L. , Atkinson T. P. , Cairns C. B. , Krause D. C. , Chu H. W.
Published: December 2007

As excess mucin expression can contribute to the exacerbation of asthma, the present authors hypothesised thatMycoplasma pneumoniaesignificantly induces MUC5AC (the major airway mucin) expression in airway epithelial cells isolated directly from asthmatic subjects.

A total of 11 subjects with asthma and six normal controls underwent bronchoscopy with airway brushing. Epithelial cells were cultured at an air–liquid interface and incubated with and withoutM. pneumoniaefor 48 h, and in the presence and absence of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and a toll-like receptor (TLR)2 inhibitor. Quantitative PCR was performed for MUC5AC and TLR2 mRNA. MUC5AC protein and total protein were determined by ELISA.

M. pneumoniaeexposure significantly increased MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression after 48 h in epithelial cells isolated from asthmatic, but not from normal control subjects, at all concentrations as compared to unexposed cells. TLR2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in asthmatic epithelial cells at 4 h compared with unexposed cells. NF-κB and TLR2 inhibition reduced MUC5AC expression to the level of the unexposed control in both groups.

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeexposure significantly increased MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression preferentially in airway epithelial cells isolated from asthmatic subjects. The toll-like receptor 2 pathway may be involved in this process.
Enhancement of pulmonary vascular remodelling and inflammatory genes with VIP gene deletion: Table 1—
Authors: Hamidi S. A. , Prabhakar S. , Said S. I.
Published: December 2007

The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains poorly understood. The present authors recently reported that mice with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene disruption show a spontaneous phenotype of PAH, with pulmonary vascular remodelling and lung inflammation.

To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in this model, it was examined whether absence of the VIP gene might alter the expression of additional genes involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, as single-gene deletions, in the absence of hypoxia, rarely result in significant pulmonary vascular remodelling.

Lung tissue from mice with targeted disruption of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene (VIP-/-mice) and from control mice was subjected to whole-genome gene microarray analysis, and the results validated with quantitative, real-time PCR. Lungs from VIP-/-mice showed a wide range of significant gene expression alterations, including overexpression of genes that promote pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, underexpression of antiproliferative genes and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes.

In conclusion, vasoactive intestinal peptide is a pivotal modulator of genes controlling the pulmonary vasculature, its deficiency alone resulting in gene expression alterations that can readily explain both the vascular remodelling and associated inflammatory response in pulmonary arterial hypertension. The present findings shed more light on the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, and could lead to better understanding of the pathogenesis of human pulmonary arterial hypertension, and hence to improved therapy.
Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD
Authors: Fabbri L. M. , Luppi F. , Beghé B. , Rabe K. F.
Published: December 2007

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by fixed airflow limitation associated with an abnormal pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response of the lungs to cigarette smoke.

The systemic inflammation induced by smoking may also cause chronic heart failure, metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases, which may contribute to the clinical manifestations and natural history of COPD. Thus COPD can no longer be considered a disease only of the lungs, as it is often associated with a wide variety of systemic consequences.

A better understanding of the origin and consequences of systemic inflammation, and of potential therapies, will most likely lead to better care of patients with COPD. Medical textbooks and clinical guidelines still largely ignore the fact that COPD seldom occurs in isolation.

As the diagnosis and assessment of severity of COPD may be greatly affected by the presence of comorbid conditions, the current authors believe that lung function measurement, noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular and metabolic functions, and circulating inflammatory markers (e.g.C-reactive protein) might help to better characterise these patients. Similarly, preventive and therapeutic interventions should address the patient in their complexity.
Air pollution, oxidative stress and dietary supplementation: a review
Authors: Romieu I. , Castro-Giner F. , Kunzli N. , Sunyer J.
Published: December 2007

The aim of the present review was to provide an up-to-date overview of the biological and epidemiological evidence of the role of oxidative stress as a major underlying feature of the toxic effect of air pollutants, and the potential role of dietary supplementation in enhancing antioxidant defences.

A bibliographic search was conducted through PubMed. The keywords used in the search were “air pollutant”, “oxidative stress”, “inflammation”, “antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids” and “genetics”. In addition, the authors also searched for biomarkers of oxidative stress and nutrients.

The review presents the most recent data on: the biological and epidemiological evidence of the oxidative stress response to air pollutants; the role of dietary supplementation as a modulator of these effects; and factors of inter-individual variation in human response. The methodology for further epidemiological studies will be discussed in order to improve the current understanding on how nutritional factors may act.

There is substantial evidence that air pollution exposure results in increased oxidative stress and that dietary supplementation may play a modulating role on the acute effect of air pollutants. Further epidemiological studies should address the impact of supplementation strategies in the prevention of air-pollution-related long-term effects in areas where people are destined to be exposed for the distant future.
An update on interventions for conduct disorder
Authors: Scott Stephen
Published: December 2007

Childhood conduct disorder casts a long shadow over adulthood, often leading
to antisocial personality, drug misuse, increased rates of psychosis and
earlier death. This article reviews a range of effective treatments, and
shows what is ineffective. The common theme underlying interventions that
work is that they change the environment around the young person, with
parent training emerging as the most effective. Medication is largely
ineffective. The task now is to enable more of these interventions to be
available at a reasonably early age.
Individual placement and support: from research to practice
Authors: Rinaldi Miles , Perkins Rachel , Glynn Edmund , Montibeller Tatiana , Clenaghan Mark , Rutherford Joan
Published: December 2007

Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental health problems is poorly developed in the UK. Although there is a clear evidence base indicating the effectiveness of approaches to helping people with severe mental health problems gain and retain employment there is generally a lack of awareness of this evidence. As a result there has been a lack of implementation within routine clinical practice of the most effective approaches to improving employment outcomes for such individuals.
When the going gets tougher: the importance of long-term
supportive psychotherapy in psychosis
Authors: Meaden Alan , Van Marle Susie
Published: December 2007

There has been considerable progress in recent years in developing
psychosocial interventions for people who experience persistent psychotic
symptoms. However, it is sometimes difficult to generalise these findings
into routine clinical practice. Long-term, psychodynamically informed,
supportive psychotherapy is a valuable approach for working with individuals
for whom current psychosocial interventions are ineffective or where
unhelpful team reactions are obstacles to care. Its principles are used to
inform a multiaxial formulation, which is shared with the treatment team and
guides treatment, promoting good-quality comprehensive routine care. The
benefits of this approach can best be seen at the individual case level
using a subsequent multiaxial reformulation.
Personality disorder in older people: how common is it and what can be done?
Authors: Mordekar Aparna , Spence Sean A.
Published: December 2007

There has been little systematic study of personality disorders in older people (65 years of age and above). However, with an ageing population worldwide we should expect to find increased numbers of people with Axis II disorders surviving into old age. We undertook a qualitative review of the recent literature concerning personality changes and disorders in older people, their prevalence and possible amelioration.
Relicensing, recertification and regulation
Authors: Catto Graeme
Published: December 2007

Proposed changes to the regulation of healthcare professionals in the UK set
regulators a considerable challenge. Here I examine the nature of the
challenge and what the General Medical Council (GMC) and its partners are
doing to meet it. Relicensing and recertification are crucial. Revalidation
is the sum of their parts and the duty of any responsible regulator.
Effective revalidation will provide affirmation of doctors' entitlement to
practise, and give the public the assurance that the doctors who treat them
are up to date and fit to practise. The GMC's Good Medical Practice is
central to any new system, and I outline the GMC's long-term thinking and
immediate priorities, including the development of colleague and patient
questionnaires and plans to introduce licences to practise.
How CATIE brought us back to Kansas: a critical re-evaluation of
the concept of atypical antipsychotics and their place in the treatment of
schizophrenia
Authors: Owens David Cunningham
Published: December 2007

The subdivision of the class of antipsychotic drugs into two discrete groups
– ‘conventional’ (or first generation) and ‘atypical’ (or second generation)
– has been adopted as standard, with the latter generally accepted as
‘better’ and widely recommended as automatic first-line choices. However,
this perception has been thrown into confusion with the results of large
pragmatic trials that failed to identify advantages with the new, more
expensive drugs, while identifying worrying tolerability issues. This
article explores the origins of ‘atypicality’, its construction on the back
of a confusing and weak clinical validator (diminished liability to promote
parkinsonism) and how even in relation to the archetypical atypical,
clozapine, the uncertain boundaries of drug-induced extrapyramidal
dysfunction may be contributing to confusion about ‘efficacy’ and
‘tolerability’. It argues that abandoning atypicality would open up clinical
practice to all drugs of a single class of ‘antipsychotics’ and allow for
individualised risk/benefit appraisal as a basis for truly tailored
treatment recommendations.
Treating post-traumatic stress disorder in the ‘real world’: evaluation of a specialist trauma service and adaptations to standard treatment approaches
Authors: Lab Damon , Santos Ines , de Zulueta Felicity
Published: December 2007

Aims and Method

To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment at the Traumatic Stress Service (TSS) by comparing pre- and post-treatment scores on patient self-report measures. Through a questionnaire survey, to explore therapists' views of problems presenting in addition to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how, as a result, they adapted their approach to trauma work.

Results

Therapists reported that their patients present with a range of complex problems, and self-report measures show that patients suffer particularly high levels of psychopathology. Therapists identified a number of adaptations to trauma-focused work to deal with these additional problems. Of the 112 patients who completed therapy, 43% filled in pre- and post-treatment questionnaire measures. Analysis showed clinically and statistically significant improvements in levels of PTSD, depression and social functioning.

Clinical Implications

The typical presentation of trauma survivors is often not ‘simple’ PTSD, but PTSD resulting from chronic and multiple traumas and complicated by additional psychological and social difficulties. Adaptations to trauma-focused work can successfully treat such ‘complex’ PTSD.
Forensic psychiatry and general psychiatry: re-examining the relationship
Authors: Turner Trevor , Salter Mark
Published: December 2007

Something is going wrong with forensic psychiatry, as a concept and as a service. Beds in medium secure units are logjammed, and relations with general adult services increasingly fraught with disputes over resources and responsibilities. Despite a remarkable investment in buildings, and the 300% growth of the forensic specialty (Goldberg, 2006), offending behaviour by individuals with mental illness shows no sign of decline, either in terms of prison numbers (at record high levels in the UK) or the countless demands for risk assessment (Duggan, 1997; Moon, 2000).
Motivational interviewing and the older population in psychiatry
Authors: Bugelli Tania , Crowther Terrence R.
Published: December 2007

Motivational interviewing is a psychological intervention that could potentially give clinical staff working with older people a way of tackling ambivalence and/or resistance to change in therapy. Although it has been shown to be effective in various spheres of mental health, we are unaware of any publications on its use in the older population. In this paper we discuss the main principles of this intervention and some adaptations necessary to meet the needs of older people (i.e. those over 65 years old). Patients require the capacity to understand and retain new information in order to make use of this intervention, which hence limits its use to those who retain good cognitive functioning. We would like to encourage the practice of motivational interviewing both as an intervention in its own right but also in preparation for patients requiring more specific therapies such as cognitive – behavioural therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy.
Risk assessment of psychiatric in-patients: audit of completion of a risk assessment tool
Authors: Masson Neil , Liew Ashley , Taylor John , McGuigan Frank
Published: December 2007

Aims and Method

Two complete audit cycles were used to assess the completion of a bespoke risk assessment tool and whether an educational intervention, and subsequently the introduction of a standardised admission pack, led to improvements in completion rates.

Results

The total rate of completion of forms improved from 60% to 81% following a brief educational intervention in the form of a lecture and email about the audit. The subsequent introduction of a standardised admission pack containing the tool maintained completion rates.

Clinical Implications

Audit coupled with a simple educational intervention can improve the completion of risk assessment forms by medical and nursing staff.
Consent to ECT: patients' experiences in an Irish ECT clinic
Authors: Rush Gavin , McCarron Shane , Lucey James V.
Published: December 2007

Aims and Method

The aim of this study was to examine the subjective experience of the procedure for obtaining consent for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in an Irish setting. A total of 89 consecutively treated patients were sent a postal survey at an average of 17 weeks after ECT treatment.

Results

This survey revealed low rates of perceived coercion in relation to consenting to ECT. Overall, there were high rates of satisfaction with the consenting procedure in terms of information and staff support.

Clinical Implications

In an accredited clinic, the consenting procedure can be conducted in an environment free of coercion, resulting in higher levels of patient satisfaction than previously reported.
Involving service users and carers in psychiatric education: what do trainees think?
Authors: Babu Kavitha Suresh , Law-Min Richard , Adlam Tracy , Banks Vicky
Published: December 2007

In 2004 the Royal College of Psychiatrists made it clear that it was committed to increasing the involvement of service users and carers throughout psychiatric education. This has been mandatory since June 2005 and it has been a compulsory aspect of psychiatric training for schemes to demonstrate a meaningful involvement of users and carers in the training of psychiatrists.
New procedures to cut delays in transfer of mentally ill prisoners to hospital
Authors: McKenzie Nigel , Sales Becky
Published: December 2007

Aims and Method

We sought to determine whether new procedures recommended by the UK Department of Health in partnership with the Home Office reduced delays in transferring mentally ill prisoners to hospital. Our main outcome measure was time taken from identification of a prisoner's need for transfer to actual transfer to hospital. Waiting times for transfers that took place during 6-month periods before and after introduction of the new procedures were assessed. We also assessed adherence to medication while awaiting transfer.

Results

There was a reduction in mean waiting time from 77 days to 53 days (24 days; 95% CI –2 to 50). Approximately 50% of patients offered medication while awaiting transfer were non-adherent.

Clinical Implications

Despite the new procedures, many individuals with acute mental illness remain untreated in prison for several months while awaiting transfer to hospital. We recommend that time limits should be specified for hospital transfers from prison comparable to norms under civil sections.
Why ReadReading Lolita? Teaching Critical Thinking in a Culture of Choice
Authors: Hay Simon
Published: December 2007

Both Azar Nafisi's and Mark Edmundson's recent books argue that the study of literature teaches a socially crucial set of critical thinking skills. But both take as dogma a liberal-capitalist framework and thus fail as models for how students can learn to think in genuinely critical ways.
Teach the University
Authors: Williams Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2007

In the face of bleak circumstances facing academe, Jeffrey J. Williams calls for us to “Teach the university!” It is particularly relevant to our students, who are its future constituents, and it is a fitting topic centering on the tradition of the humanities. He urges that we should teach not only academic fiction or well-known “ideas of the university,” but the combination of history, theory, fiction, and film, and other data on the university.
At the Interstices: Postcolonial Literary Studies Meets International Relations
Authors: Tremonte Colleen M. , Racioppi Linda
Published: December 2007

This article investigates the challenges of interdisciplinary teaching that crosses the fields of postcolonial literary studies and international relations. Interdisciplinary courses demand that teachers be able to comprehend, translate, and represent different disciplines' theories and epistemologies, and their interactions, in a flexible and syncretic manner.
“Russia Is Not in Rhode Island”: Wikitravel in the Digital Writing Classroom
Authors: Pennell Michael
Published: December 2007

This essay explores the potential for wikis in English classrooms and writing pedagogy through discussion of a class project involving Wikitravel. Topics include the influence that wikis have on collaboration, an example of networked writing, and the role of writing with technology in knowledge creation.
Critical Reception and Cultural Capital: Edith Wharton as a Short Story Writer
Authors: Totten Gary
Published: December 2007

Edith Wharton's lack of recognition as a short story writer depends on several factors, including conflicting theories about short story form and technique, her relationship to literary and cultural history, and her use in literature classrooms. Her problematic relationship to the short story form provides an important case study in critical reception and canon formation.
Confronting Terrorism: Teaching the History of Lynching Through Photography
Authors: Cooks Bridget R.
Published: December 2007

Cooks describes how she incorporates her personal experience viewing Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, a traveling exhibit from 2000 to 2005, in her art history and ethics studies classes. For the purpose of analysis alone, she divides the photographs into four categories: crowd, crowd with lynching victim(s), lynching victim(s) alone, and souvenirs. Students respond in speechless and somber disbelief when confronted with the shameless desire to document and openly celebrate the destruction of the human body. However, the lynching photographs (four of which are included in the essay) are a catalyst for a complex system of varied responses beyond the immediate paralyzing effect.

The history of lynching and the continued threat of racial violence are difficult subjects to teach, but the engagement with this history through lynching imagery and the exhibition history of Without Sanctuary has proven to be an important life experience for both Cooks and her students.
A Note from the Associate Editor
Authors: Long Mark C.
Published: December 2007

This collaboratively written essay offers an account of a group of graduate students preparing to teach a literature course at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The students, guided by their professor, Dale Bauer, immerse themselves in current debates about teaching by reading Patrick Allitt's I'm the Teacher, You're the Student, Shari Stenberg's Professing and Pedagogy, Paul Kameen's Writing/Teaching, Gerald Graff's Clueless in Academe, and one textbook, Mariolina Salvatori and Pat Donahue's The Elements (and Pleasures) of Difficulty. The essay references a range of additional writing on the college and university classroom—including works by bell hooks, Ira Shor, Jane Tompkins, and Elaine Showalter. The essay includes excerpts from teaching statements the students composed as they worked through the current debates in literature pedagogy.
Occult Racism: The Masking of Race in the Hmong Hunter Incident A Dialogue between Anthropologist Louisa Schein and Filmmaker/Activist Va-Megn Thoj
Authors: Schein Louisa , Thoj Va-Megn
Published: December 2007

When the fatal shooting of six hunters by a Hmong man in the woods of Wisconsin received sensationalized national coverage in 2004, Hmong Americans struggled with an intensification of the hostile typing that had haunted their arrival in the U.S. since 1975. Mainstream accounts asserted that the incident, whether from the point of view of the white hunters or that of the Hmong man, could not be interpreted as primarily racial, but more probably centered on misunderstandings of property. Chai Soua Vang was convicted by an all white jury of six counts of first-degree murder. Simultaneously, the Hmong people and their culture were - by many accounts of Hmong in Minnesota andWisconsin - likewise convicted through one sweeping judicial act. Meanwhile, in eerie anticipation of the gruesome incident, Hmong filmmaker Va-Megn Thoj had in 2001 penned a screenplay, Die By Night, that conjured a contrapuntal image regarding the air of racial danger in the northern woods. Written a full three years before the actual shooting incident, the dark script portrays the terror of a group of Hmong campers who are methodically maimed and murdered by what they think is a Hmong demon but turns out to be white hunters who have ruthlessly hunted the party over the course of the night. Working from the many actual hunting confrontations he already knew of, and evoking the racial tension that had long saturated the everyday lives of Hmong in the Midwest, the text is an intriguing amalgam of Hmong immigrant themes and slasher horror. In this dialogue piece, we explore the potential for the occult demon feared in Die by Night to illuminate the active and ongoing occulting of race in Hmong-white relations. Keeping artistic vision and social analysis tightly articulated, we intercut the logics of Die By Night, histories of racial dynamics in the Midwest, the proceedings of the trial, the politics of media representation, and notions of turf and property, in order to ask: What accounts for the masking of race in so much discourse on Hmong over the decades, those same decades in which racialized interactions have been so salient to Hmong resettlement in the U.S.? In the process, we explore the erasure of Asian race in the black-white logics of American race politics.
"L'Ouragan de Flammes" ("The Hurricane of Flames"): New Orleans and Transamerican Catastrophe, 1866/2005
Authors: Brickhouse Anna
Published: December 2007

This essay takes its cue from a nineteenth-century New Orleans poem, "Pour les Incendiés de Saint Domingue," which was dedicated to the victims of a great fire that burned Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1866. Reading both the poem and the disaster it memorialized as productive lenses upon the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the author seeks to understand the 1866 fire and the 2005 hurricane as instances of transamerican catastrophe: disasters that were insistently narrated in their respective moments as national tragedies, but which tell very different stories when examined within the wider and more complex geopolitical context of the American hemisphere, and particularly the Caribbean. 'Pour les Incendiés'first appeared in the earliest African American daily newspaper in the United States, La Tribune de la Nouvelle Orleans, a francophone journal that elaborated an alternative discourse of racial politics and historical understanding and helped to shape a transamerican public sphere. At the same time, the poem itself, and the varied modes of formal agency it exercises upon its poetic content and within its historical context, speaks powerfully to our current political moment. The poem provides a kind of mediating text between the two transamerican catastrophes, clarifying the historical and discursive trajectory from the nineteenth-century Haitian fire to the contemporary political and public discourse emerging from Katrina's aftermath.
Reading Nanook's Smile: Visual Sovereignty, Indigenous Revisions of Ethnography, and Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner)
Authors: Raheja Michelle
Published: December 2007

"Reading Nanook's Smile: Visual Sovereignty, Indigenous Revisions of Ethnography, and Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner)" puts ethnography and cinematic representations of Native Americans in crucial dialogue with the work of contemporary indigenous filmmakers. The author explores what it means for indigenous people "to laugh at the camera" as a tactic of what she calls "visual sovereignty," to confront the spectator with the often absurd assumptions that circulate around visual representations of Native Americans, while also flagging their involvement and, to some degree, complicity in these often disempowering structures of cinematic dominance and stereotype. She employs Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner) (2000), the first full-length feature film directed by an Inuit, Zacharias Kunuk, and produced by Igloolik Isuma Productions, Inc., a collaborative, majority Inuit production company, as her primary context for analysis to examine the ways this film is embedded within discourses about Arctic peoples that cannot be severed from the larger web of hegemonic discourses of ethnography. She does this first by discussing the pervasive images of Native Americans in ethnographic films and then by theorizing the ways that Atanarjuat intervenes into visual sovereignty as a film that successfully addresses a dual Inuit and non-Inuit audience for two different aims. More specifically, she interrogates how the Atanarjuat filmmakers strategically adjust and reframe the registers on which Inuit epistemes are considered with the twin, but not necessarily conflicting, aims of operating in the service of their home communities and forcing viewers to reconsider mass-mediated images of the Arctic.
"Come Let Us Build a New World Together": SNCC and Photography of the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Raiford Leigh
Published: December 2007

"Come Let Us Build a New World Together": SNCC and Photography of the Civil Rights Movement This essay considers the vital yet contentious role photography played in the mobilization, expansion, consumption, and memorialization of the modern civil rights movement through an examination of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Photo Agency in the years 1962-64. Placing special emphasis on SNCC posters, I argue that through their use of photography, SNCC created a formidable independent media structure that substantively influenced the course of the civil rights movement. Moreover, the images SNCC's photographer-activists produced provide cues and clues for contemporary viewers to better understand and incorporate the lessons and legacies of the 1960s freedom struggle.
Empathy, Primitive Reactions and the Modularity of Emotion
Authors: Jacobson Anne J.
Published: December 2007

Are emotion-producing processes modular? Jerry Fodor, in his classic introduction of the notion of modularity (Fodor 1983), holds that its most important feature is cognitive impenetrability or information encapsulation. If a process possesses this feature, then, as standardly understood (Currie and Sterelny 2000), “what we want or believe makes no difference to how [it] works” (147).

In this paper, we will start with the issue of the cognitive impenetrability of emotion-producing processes. It turns out that, while there is abundant evidence of emotion-producing processes that are not cognitively impenetrable, some nonetheless are. We will look at two sorts of case. The first concerns emotional reactions to observed faces, and the second involves what we can call “primitive emotions,” emotions that can be activated by non-doxastic input into regions of the brain we share with more primitive animals.

In seeing how some emotion-producing processes can be cognitively impenetrable while others are not, we need to use two commonsensical theses. First, a discussion of modularity must in general operate with a taxonomy that allows for sub-processes or stages of processes.
Shame and Other Cases of Modularity without Modules
Authors: Ogien Ruwen
Published: December 2007

On the surface, self-centred emotions like shame or pride are related to subtle understandings of one's own identity and relevant objects (Taylor 1985; Ben Ze'ev 2000). Changes of beliefs about these objects often result in changes in the related emotions.

If I am very proud that, on the first of April, I won the Jacques Chirac Prize for moral philosophy and then realize that it was just an April Fool's joke, my pride will probably vanish. I will probably be ashamed that I believed it. Cases like this support the idea that having beliefs is a necessary condition for feeling pride or shame.

If this is true and if we endorse Jerry Fodor's views about modularity, it follows that shame can't be modular because, according to these views, no beliefs or other central mental processes are supposed to be involved in the operation of modules (Fodor 1983). Further, contempt, derision, or avoidance are supposed to be typical causes of shame, but they may trigger other emotions as well: hatred, anger, self-pity, or sadness, etc.
Is Emotion a Form of Perception?
Authors: Prinz Jesse J.
Published: December 2007

Theories of emotions traditionally divide into two categories. According to some researchers, emotions are or essentially involve evaluative thoughts or judgments. These are calledcognitive theories.According to other researchers, an emotion can occur without any thought. These are callednon-cognitive theories.Some defenders of non-cognitive theories argue that emotions are action tendencies, others say they are feelings, and still others say they are affect programs, which encompass a range of internal and external events. One of the most celebrated non-cognitive theories owes, independently, to William James and Carl Lange. According to them, emotions are perceptions of patterned changes in the body. I think the perceptual theory of emotions is basically correct, but it needs to be updated. In this discussion, I will offer a summary and defence.

The question I am addressing bears on the question of modularity. Within cognitive science, there is a widespread view that perceptual systems are modular.
Emotions Are Not Modules1
Authors: Russell James A.
Published: December 2007

Jane is calmly strolling through the forest one lovely day. Suddenly, a large spider drops in front of her face. She immediately freezes; her heart races; her hands tremble; her face broadcasts “fear.” She screams and runs away. Both before and after, she concedes that spiders in this forest are harmless.

Jane's reaction to the spider contrasts greatly with the way she normally reacts to events. Normally, or so the story goes, Jane weighs her options thoughtfully, choosing a course of action consistent with her beliefs and with the greatest benefit. Indeed, her reaction to the spider contrasts so greatly with calm, rational, deliberate, belief-consistent action that traditional folk psychology supposed two different kinds of mechanism are at work: animal-like emotion (located in the heart and gut) versus human reason (located in the mind). Her emotion explains her reaction to the spider. Her emotion made her do it.
Assembling the Emotions
Authors: Bergeron Vincent , Matthen Mohan
Published: December 2007

Endogenous depression is highly correlated with low levels of serotonin in the central nervous system. Does this imply or suggest that this sort of depressionjust isthis neurochemical deficit? Scorning such an inference, Antonio Damasio writes:

If feeling happy or sad … corresponds in part to the cognitive modes under which your thoughts are operating, then the explanation also requires that the chemical acts on the circuits which generate and manipulate [such thoughts]. Which means that reducing depression to a statement about the availability of serotonin or norepinephrine in general- a popular statement in the days and age of Prozac- is unacceptably rude (1995, 161).

Damasio's thought is that depression isessentiallya modification of how we perceive the world, reason about it, and make decisions about how to act in it - in other words, that it is essentially cognitive. A reduced level of serotonin might cause the said modification, but no adequate account of depression would identify the malady with its cause. A proper account would minimally need to say how cognitive processing is affected by a reduced level of serotonin.
An Unexpected Pleasure
Authors: Schroeder Timothy
Published: December 2007

As topics in the philosophy of emotion, pleasure and displeasure get less than their fair share of attention. On the one hand, there is the fact that pleasure and displeasure are given no role at all in many theories of the emotions, and secondary roles in many others. On the other, there is the centrality of pleasure and displeasure to beingemotional.A woman who tears up because of a blustery wind, while an ill-advised burrito weighs heavily upon her digestive tract, feels an impressive number of the sensations felt by someone who is gut-wrenchingly sad. Yet, unless she feelsbad,the way she feels is only a pale echo of the feeling of sadness. If she feels good in spite of the burrito and the wind, then she does not feel at all the way she would if she were sad. Likewise, a man falling asleep can hardly fail to feel his muscles relax, his heart rate fall, and so on, but unless he feelsgoodhis state is only a shadow of feeling content.
Controlling Contested Places: John Chrysostom's Adversus Iudaeos Homilies and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy
Authors: Shepardson Christine C.
Published: December 2007

Fourth-century Antioch was the site of significant religious and political struggles to define and control civic space. By linking religious identity with attendance at particular places, John Chrysostom strove to shape not only his congregants' behavior, but the very definition and political success of Christian "orthodoxy." Spatial rhetoric such as Chrysostom deploys in his Adversus Iudaeos homilies constitutes a significant mechanism by which leaders constructed and wielded power in the fluid political contours of fourth-century Antioch. In a context of rich religious complexity, Chrysostom's spatial rhetoric demonizes "Jewish" and other non-"Christian" places in an effort to make Antioch correctly Christian—not only in beliefs and behavior, but in the very geographical landscape that its citizens inhabited.
Theodoret on the "School of Antioch": A Network Approach
Authors: Schor Adam M
Published: December 2007

The School of Antioch has more often been treated as a doctrinal abstraction than a social entity. This study reinterprets the Antiochene phenomenon as a socio-doctrinal network, a group of clerics bound by a call and response of doctrinal language. Conciliar documents and the letters of Theodoret of Cyrrhus showcase this network in operation in the 430s and 440s. For earlier, formative decades, the network must be approached indirectly through historical narrative. In his Church History Theodoret narrates how one bishop-claimant (Meletius of Antioch) and his partisan following (featuring Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia) combined preaching, teaching, and ascetic associations to claim and organize Syrian bishoprics.While sometimes tendentious, Theodoret's narrative presentation finds external confirmation. It suggests that Antiochene doctrines coalesced in a specific social context, a germinating mix of clerical friendships and enmities, and that they developed as part of an intertwined socio-doctrinal dynamic.
A Dickinson Reverie: The Worm, the Snake, Marvel, and Nineteenth-Century Dreaming
Authors: Finnerty Páraic
Published: December 2007

Emily Dickinson's "In Winter in my Room" has been interpreted by scholars as representing her dread of and contempt for male sexuality and sex, her penis envy, her repressed incestuous desire for her brother Austin, and her fear of domination and potential violation. This article shifts attention away from such biographical readings and their psychoanalytic perspective, and reads the poem in the context of ideas about dreams available to Dickinson in her own time. It examines pre-Freudian theories of dreaming available in the journals her family is known to have read and the literary representation of dreams in novels by Dickens and the Brontës and in Ik Marvel's Reveries of a Bachelor. This approach opens out possibilities of interpretation for the poem by placing it in its cultural-historical context.
Reading Emily Dickinson for Translation into German: A Dialogue
Authors: Habegger Alfred , Kübler Gunhild
Published: December 2007

Translation involves a struggle between two opposing operations: comprehending a work of literature in all its elements and changing it into something utterly different. This essay concentrates on the first operation, the act of reading, by reproducing a highly edited selection of e-mail exchanges between Gunhild Kübler and Alfred Habegger. As part of Kübler's preparation for her recently published volume of translations into German of Emily Dickinson, she asks Habegger to consider various problems in seven difficult poems: "Love is done when Love's begun" (Fr1526), "A pit - but Heaven over it" (Fr508), "I learned - at least what Home could be" (Fr891), "Precious to Me - She still shall be" (Fr751), "Bloom opon the Mountain stated" (Fr787), "At half past Three" (Fr1099), and "'Twas here my summer paused" (Fr1771). German translations follow, with reflections on the delirium of reading Dickinson's verse in order to translate it.
Intimate Strangers: Interracial Encounters in Romantic Narratives of Slavery
Authors: Prasad Pratima
Published: December 2007

This essay examines French Romanticism's narration of colonial intimacies, considering interracial encounters in the realms of domesticity, child-rearing, kinship, friendship, and sexuality. The works studied are set in French colonies in the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean, and are authored by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, George Sand, and Alphonse de Lamartine.
Colonial Memory, Narrative, and Sentimentalism in Desbordes-Valmore's Les Veillées des Antilles
Authors: Boutin Aimeé
Published: December 2007

Setting Desbordes-Valmore's Les Veillées des Antilles in the context of the nineteenth-century sentimental novella and exotic narrative, the article examines how generic hybridity in Sarah shapes colonial memory and amnesia. The poem in the novella produces discontinuities in the narrative that spur acts of remembrance and force identification with the slave.
Myth, History, and Witnessing in Marceline Desbordes-Valmore's Caribbean Poetics
Authors: Jenson Deborah
Published: December 2007

Marceline Desbordes-Valmore was a witness of the upheavals of the Revolutionary Caribbean in 1802. The colonial novella Sarah indirectly represents the Napoleonic reestablishment of slavery in Guadeloupe through a plot centered on confusion over who is or is not a slave, a confusion with profound historical and philosophical valences.
"Sarah" and Antislavery
Authors: Kadish Doris Y
Published: December 2007

This article treats Sarah as an antislavery work based on its historical context, its association with sentimental writing, its narrative and onomastic structures, and its critique of the patriarchical and paternalistic underpinnings of slavery. Similarities with "La Jambe de Damis" and changes made in the second edition are also considered.
Race, Gender, and Colonialism in Anaïs Ségalas's Récits des Antilles: Le Bois de la Soufrière
Authors: Cooper Barbara T.
Published: December 2007

This article examines race, gender, and colonialism in Anaïs Ségalas's Les Récits des Antilles: Le Bois de la Soufrière and accounts for the racism pervading that text by setting it in the context of mid- to late nineteenth-century fictions written for children and their families by such authors as the Comtesse de Ségur.
Authorized Autonomy: The Black Subject of La Famille noire
Authors: Monroe Cora
Published: December 2007

Sophie Doin's La Famille noire (1825) mirrors the complexity of abolitionism during the Restoration. Doin's anti-slavery, pro-black stance belies a fascinating colonialist narrative strategy that grapples with the irruption of the post-slavery, postcolonial black male subject into Western modernity by way of the Haitian Revolution.
Returns of Marceline Desbordes-Valmore's Repressed Colonial Memory: "Sarah" and Critical Belatedness
Authors: Paliyenko Adrianna M.
Published: December 2007

Marceline Desbordes-Valmore's semi-fictionalized encounter with colonial culture in "Sarah" has not received the critical attention it merits until recently. Belatedness, in fact, marks the composition, publication, and reception of the novella. Displaced, and even replaced, by the biographical fallacy governing Desbordes-Valmore's reception, "Sarah" authorizes a reflection on slavery that challenges metropole-centric imperial history.
Marie-Adelaïde Barthélémy-Hadot's Révolte de Boston : Gender, Race, and the American Revolution
Authors: Le Hir Marie-Pierre
Published: December 2007

Set in America during the War of Independence, Barthélémy-Hadot's 1820 novel La Révolte de Boston reflects the author's ethical commitment to justice and equality as it explores the theme of liberation from oppression in three parallel and complementary modes: as a revolt against slavery, against political oppression, and male domination.
HNF4α orchestrates a set of 14 genes to down-regulate cell proliferation in kidney cells
Authors: Grigo Karen , Wirsing Andrea , Lucas Belén , Klein-Hitpass Ludger , Ryffel Gerhart U.
Published: December 2007

Few genes are known to be involved in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression. The cell-specific transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is down-regulated in RCC and we have shown that HNF4α inhibits cell proliferation in the embryonic kidney cell line HEK293. To clarify the possible tumor suppressor activity of HNF4α we analyzed the whole human expression profile in HEK293 cells upon HNF4α induction. By comparing induced and uninduced cells, we identified 1411 differentially expressed genes. Using RNA interference, we screened 56 HNF4α-regulated genes for their possible role in mediating inhibition of cell proliferation triggered by HNF4α. We demonstrate that 14 of these regulated genes are able to contribute to the inhibitory effect of HNF4α on cell proliferation, including well-known cancer genes, such as CDKN1A (p21), TGFA, MME (NEP) and ADAMTS1. In addition, the genes SEPP1, THEM2, BPHL, DSC2, ANK3, ALDH6A1, EPHX2, NELL2, EFHD1 and PROS1 are also part of the network of HNF4α target genes that regulate proliferation in HEK293 cells. Therefore, we postulate that HNF4α orchestrates, at least, these 14 genes to regulate cell proliferation in HEK293 cells and that down-regulation of HNF4α could contribute to the progression of kidney cancer.
Secondary structures and functional requirements for thiM riboswitches from Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Erwinia carotovora and Rhodobacter spheroides
Authors: Rentmeister Andrea , Mayer Günter , Kuhn Nicole , Famulok Michael
Published: December 2007

Bacterial thiM riboswitches contain aptamer domains that bind the metabolite thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Binding of TPP to the aptamer domain induces structural rearrangements that are relayed to the expression domain, thereby interfering with gene expression. Here, we report identification of three putative thiM riboswitches from different bacteria and analysis of their secondary structures. Chemical probing revealed that the riboswitches share similar secondary structures in their aptamer domains that can communicate with the highly variant expression domains in a mechanism likely involving sequestration of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Remarkably, the aptamer domain of the thiM gene of Desulfovibrio vulgaris binds TPP with similar affinity and selectivity as that of Escherichia coli, although nucleotides previously shown to form direct contacts to the metabolite are mutated. We also designed small RNA hairpins for each riboswitch that bind the RNA only in the absence of the metabolite. Our study shows that aptamer domains in riboswitches with high similarity in their secondary structures can communicate with a broad variety of non-related expression domains by similar mechanisms.