bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel serum extracellular vesicle protein signature to monitor glioblastoma tumor progression
Authors: Tzaridis Theophilos , Weller Johannes , Bachurski Daniel , Shakeri Farhad , Schaub Christina , Hau Peter , Buness Andreas , Schlegel Uwe , Steinbach Joachim‐Peter , Seidel Clemens , Goldbrunner Roland , Schäfer Niklas , Wechsler‐Reya Robert J. , Hallek Michael , Scheffler Björn , Glas Martin , Haeberle Lothar , Herrlinger Ulrich , Coch Christoph , Reiners Katrin S. , Hartmann Gunther
Published: August 2022

Detection of tumor progression in patients with glioblastoma remains a major challenge. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential biomarkers and can be detected in the blood of patients with glioblastoma. In our study, we evaluated the potential of serum‐derived EVs from glioblastoma patients to serve as biomarker for tumor progression. EVs from serum of glioblastoma patients and healthy volunteers were separated by size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. EV markers were defined by using a proximity‐extension assay and bead‐based flow cytometry. Tumor progression was defined according to modified RANO criteria. EVs from the serum of glioblastoma patients (n = 67) showed an upregulation of CD29, CD44, CD81, CD146, C1QA and histone H3 as compared to serum EVs from healthy volunteers (P value range: <.0001 to .08). For two independent cohorts of glioblastoma patients, we noted upregulation of C1QA, CD44 and histone H3 upon tumor progression, but not in patients with stable disease. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, a combination of CD29, CD44, CD81, C1QA and histone H3 correlated with RANO‐defined tumor progression with an AUC of 0.76. Measurement of CD29, CD44, CD81, C1QA and histone H3 in serum‐derived EVs of glioblastoma patients, along with standard MRI assessment, has the potential to improve detection of true tumor progression and thus could be a useful biomarker for clinical decision making.
Depletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells but not the absence of CD19+IL‐10+ regulatory B cells hinders tumor growth in a para‐orthotopic neuroblastoma mouse model
Authors: Weißenborn Christine , von Lenthe Sophie , Hinz Nicole , Langwisch Stefanie , Busse Mandy , Schumacher Anne , Zenclussen Ana C. , Fest Stefan
Published: August 2022

Adaptive immune cells with regulatory function reportedly mediate immune escape in a variety of tumors. Little is known regarding the relevance of the most prominent regulatory cell populations, namely Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and CD19+IL‐10+ B regulatory cells (Bregs), for neuroblastoma (NB) survival. After establishing a novel immunocompetent syngeneic NB mouse model where orthotopic tumors can be generated after intrarenal injection of NB975A cells, we studied the importance of Tregs and Bregs in Foxp3‐DTR mice whose Tregs can be depleted by diphtheria toxin (DT) application as well as in CD19‐specific IL‐10 deficient mice that lack IL‐10+ Bregs (CD19cre+/− × IL‐10fl/fl mice). We observed Foxp3 Treg cells in tumors from wild type mice. On the contrary, Bregs or B cells were scarce. Specific depletion of Tregs in Foxp3‐DTR mice resulted in an 85% reduction of tumor volume and weight compared to DT‐treated wild type mice and untreated Foxp3‐DTR mice. In contrast, NB tumor growth was not affected in CD19‐specific IL‐10 deficient mice. Similarly, mice lacking mature B cells (μMT mice) and CD19 deficient mice (CD19cre mice) showed no change in growth pattern of NB tumors. In Treg‐depleted mice, reduced tumor growth was associated with an increased concentration of IFN‐gamma, TNF‐alpha, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐10 in isolated splenocytes. In summary, transient ablation of Tregs but not absence of Bregs hindered the growth of NB, strongly suggesting the therapeutic potential of targeting Tregs for this aggressive childhood tumor.
Dynamic variations of the gastric microbiota: Key therapeutic points in the reversal of Correa's cascade
Authors: Xi Jiahui , Li Yonghong , Zhang Hui , Bai Zhongtian
Published: August 2022

Correa's cascade is a dynamic process in the development of intestinal‐type gastric cancer (GC), and its pathological features, gastric microbiota and interactions between microorganisms and their hosts vary at different developmental stages. The characteristics of cells, tissues and gastric microbiota before or after key therapeutic points are critical for monitoring malignant transformation and early tumour reversal. This review summarises the pathological features of gastric mucosa, characteristics of gastric microbiota, specific microbial markers, microbe‐microbe interactions and microbe‐host interactions at different stages in Correa's cascade. The markers related to each Correa's cascade point were analysed in detail. We attempted to identify key therapeutic points for early cancer reversal and provide a novel approach to reduce the incidence of GC and improve precise treatment.
Quantitative proteomics identifies TUBB6 as a biomarker of muscle‐invasion and poor prognosis in bladder cancer
Authors: Kim Bohyun , Jung Minsun , Moon Kyung Chul , Han Dohyun , Kim Kwangsoo , Kim Hyeyoon , Yang Sunah , Lee Dongjoo , Jun Hyeji , Lee Kyung‐Min , Lee Cheng Hyun , Nikas Ilias P. , Yang Sohyeon , Lee Hyebin , Ryu Han Suk
Published: August 2022

Muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) of the bladder shows highly aggressive tumor behavior, which has prompted the quest for robust biomarkers predicting invasion. To discover such biomarkers, we first employed high‐throughput proteomic method and analyzed tissue biopsy cohorts from patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC), stratifying them according to their pT stage. Candidate biomarkers were selected through bioinformatic analysis, followed by validation. The latter comprised 2D and 3D invasion and migration assays, also a selection of external public datasets to evaluate mRNA expression and an in‐house patient‐derived tissue microarray (TMA) cohort to evaluate protein expression with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our multilayered platform‐based analysis identified tubulin beta 6 class V (TUBB6) as a promising prognostic biomarker predicting MIUC of the bladder. The in vitro 2D and 3D migration and invasion assays consistently showed that inhibition of TUBB6 mRNA significantly reduced cell migration and invasion ability in two BUC cell lines with aggressive phenotype (TUBB6 migration, P = .0509 and P < .0001; invasion, P = .0002 and P = .0044; TGFBI migration, P = .0214 and P = .0026; invasion, P < .0001 and P = .0001; T24 and J82, respectively). Validation through multiple public datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and selected GSE (Genomic Spatial Event) databases, confirmed TUBB6 as a potential biomarker predicting MIUC. Further protein‐based validation with our TMA cohort revealed concordant results, highlighting the clinical implication of TUBB6 expression in BUC patients (overall survival: P < .001). We propose TUBB6 as a novel IHC biomarker to predict invasion and poor prognosis, also select the optimal treatment in BUC patients.
Physical activity and the risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: A pooled analysis
Authors: Boyle Terry , Kleinstern Geffen , Bracci Paige M. , Cerhan James R. , Benavente Yolanda , Casabonne Delphine , Chiu Brian C.‐H. , Habermann Thomas M. , Holly Elizabeth A. , Liebow Mark , Norman Aaron , Paltiel Ora , Robinson Dennis , Rothman Nathaniel , Abu Seir Rania , Slager Susan L. , Villeneuve Paul J. , Wang Sophia S. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Spinelli John J.
Published: August 2022

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is composed of a heterogeneous collection of subtypes with considerable differences in genetics, biology and aetiology. Studies to date on physical activity and NHL risk have not had sufficient sample size to evaluate whether associations differ by subtype. We pooled data from nine case‐control studies to examine the association between moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and risk of NHL overall and by subtype (diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma and mature T‐cell lymphoma). A total of 5653 cases and 9115 controls were included in the pooled analysis. Physical activity was harmonised across nine studies and modelled as study‐specific tertiles. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between physical activity and NHL, adjusting for confounders. The overall odds of NHL was 13% lower among participants in the most active tertile of MVPA compared to the least active tertile (adjusted odds ratio = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80, 0.95). Similar decreases were observed across NHL subtypes. In summary, in this pooled analysis of case‐control studies, physical activity was associated with a modest risk reduction for each NHL subtype examined and with overall NHL.
Transabdominal cerclage during pregnancy: A retrospective single operator series over a quarter century
Authors: Hall David R. , van de Vyver Mari
Published: August 2022

Objective

To describe the pregnancy outcomes and complications observed in a series of cases of transabdominal cerclage (TAC), which is reserved for highly selected women with recurrent mid‐trimester pregnancy loss, due to cervical insufficiency.

Methods

A retrospective audit covering 25 years (January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2021) was performed at the Obstetric Special Care division, Tygerberg Academic Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. All 118 pregnancies from 94 procedures, operated and managed by the principal author were included for descriptive analysis.

Results

Eighty‐four (91.3%) of the 92 first pregnancies after first insertion had successful outcomes. All second and third pregnancies (24/24; 100%) were successful. Eight pregnancies did not achieve viability, two women (2/8) did however achieve a successful pregnancy after a subsequent repeat TAC procedure. For the viable pregnancies (110/118), the median gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks (range 28–39 weeks). The median intraoperative blood loss during cerclage insertion was 100 ml (range 25–750 ml).

Conclusion

In experienced hands, TAC during pregnancy is a safe and effective operation, when other less invasive procedures have failed.
Assessing peer effects and subsidy impacts in conservation technology adoption: Application to grazing management choices
Authors: Che Yuyuan , Feng Hongli , Hennessy David A.
Published: August 2022

Rotational grazing has the potential to provide environmental and economic benefits; however, the adoption rate is about 30% in the United States. We develop a model to examine peer networking and grazing practice decisions, and how subsidies affect decisions in the presence of peer effects. We apply a simultaneous‐equations model to address endogeneity issues with peer effects that are measured as either the number of adopters a rancher knows or the extent of adoption in a rancher's neighborhood. Empirical analysis provides evidence of significant peer effects on rotational grazing adoption. Incentive policies have multiplier effects on adoption through peer networking.
How to implement a pharmacogenetics service at your institution
Authors: Cicali Emily J. , Lemke Lauren , Al Alshaykh Hana , Nguyen Khoa , Cavallari Larisa H. , Wiisanen Kristin
Published: August 2022

The vast majority of patients possess one or more pharmacogenetic variants that can influence optimal medication use. When pharmacogenetic data are used to guide drug choice and dosing, evidence points to improved disease outcomes, fewer adverse effects, and lower healthcare spending. Although its science is well established, clinical use of pharmacogenetic data to guide drug therapy is still in its infancy. Pharmacogenetics essentially involves the intersection of an individual's genetic data with their medications, which makes pharmacists uniquely qualified to provide clinical support and education in this field. In fact, most pharmacogenetics implementations, to date, have been led by pharmacists as leaders or members of a multidisciplinary team or as individual practitioners. A successful large‐scale pharmacogenetics implementation requires coordination and synergy among administrators, clinicians, informatics teams, laboratories, and patients. Because clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics is in its early stages, there is an urgent need for guidance and dissemination of shared experiences to provide a framework for clinicians. Many early adopters of pharmacogenetics have explored various strategies among diverse practice settings. This article relies on the experiences of early adopters to provide guidance for critical steps along the pathway to implementation, including strategies to engage stakeholders; evaluate pharmacogenetic evidence; coordinate laboratory testing, results interpretation and their integration into the electronic health record; identify reimbursement avenues; educate providers and patients; and maintain a successful program. Learning from early adopters' published experiences and strategies can allow clinicians leading a new pharmacogenetics implementation to avoid pitfalls and adapt and apply lessons learned by others to their own practice.
Vitexin alleviates inflammation and enhances apoptosis through the regulation of the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway in the arthritis rat model
Authors: Zhang Daojian , Ning Taiguo , Wang Hongbin
Published: August 2022

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder. RA is progressive and needs long‐term treatment. Vitexin is a naturally‐occurring flavonoid that is identified in various plant sources. Vitexin is demonstrated to produce antioxidant effects with numerous pharmacological activities. This experimental in vivo study assessed the antiarthritic and apoptotic role of a natural plant extract, vitexin, on RA. Collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) rat model Sprague Dawley males were grouped into five sets with six rats each: control, CIA, CIA + vitexin (10 mg/kg bw), CIA + Methotrexate (1 mg/kg bw), and vitexin (10 mg/kg bw) alone. The body weight, organ weight, biochemical assay, inflammatory enzymes, apoptosis, and cytokines levels were evaluated and compared among groups. Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)/suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) levels and histopathology of ankle joints were also studied and compared. Significance was considered at a p < 0.05. Vitexin (10 mg/kg bw) significantly reduced the inflammatory enzyme markers, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐4, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ, and iNOS levels in arthritis rats (p < 0.05). Vitexin significantly improved collagen‐induced arthritic histological changes (p < 0.05). Vitexin also reduced JAK/STAT expressions associated with inflammation and significantly increased elevated SOCS levels (p < 0.05). Aberration in apoptosis, inflammatory mediators, C‐reactive protein, and rheumatoid factor levels in the arthritic rats reverted to normal with vitexin. These results emphasize that vitexin possesses anti‐inflammatory and apoptotic activity via the regulation of JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling in CIA in a rat model. Hence, vitexin is a promising auxiliary drug for RA treatment.
Is pre‐heat necessary for the measurement of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanosine and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in urine samples
Authors: Zou Yutong , Ma Xiaoli , Yu Songlin , Qiu Ling
Published: August 2022

Background

It is currently unclear for the necessary of pre‐heating urine samples for the accurate determination of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanosine (8‐oxoG) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG). Thus, we conducted this study to evaluate the effect of pre‐heat (i.e., to 37°C) on the accurate measurement of 8‐oxoG and 8‐oxodG in frozen urine samples.

Methods

Random urine samples from six healthy volunteers, six patients with renal dysfunction, and six patients with systematic diseases such as diabetes were collected, split, and stored at −80°C for up to 1 month. The frozen samples were thawed at room temperature (RT) or 37°C for different time, 10‐fold diluted with ddH2O containing 1% formic acid, and determined by self‐established LC–MS/MS method coupled with an ACQUITY™ Primer HSS T3 column.

Results

Thawing the samples at RT for 30 or 120 min, or at 37°C for 15 or 90 min did not affect the determination of 8‐oxoG and 8‐oxodG in urine samples. Moreover, no significant difference between thawing the urine samples at RT and 37°C was found after storing at −80°C for 1–3 months.

Conclusion

It is not always necessary to pre‐heat the frozen urine samples to release 8‐oxoG and 8‐oxodG from precipitates, which is associated with different pre‐treatment and determination methods.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Hemorrhagic Risk Analysis of Rivaroxaban in Elderly Chinese Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Zhang Dan , Chen Wenqian , Qin Wei , Du Wenwen , Wang Xiaoxing , Zuo Xianbo , Li Pengmei
Published: August 2022

Rivaroxaban is a popular direct factor Xa inhibitor used for anticoagulation therapy in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The aim of this study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for rivaroxaban in elderly Chinese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, evaluate precision dosing regimens, and analyze hemorrhagic risk after rivaroxaban treatment. A 1‐compartment population PK model with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total bilirubin (TBIL), and ABCB1 rs1045642 as major covariates for apparent clearance was developed using the nonlinear mixed‐effects model (NONMEM). A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate various dosing schemes and different levels of covariates for the target range of therapeutic drug‐monitoring concentrations (Cmax,ss and Cmin,ss). The exposure to rivaroxaban was simulated and assessed through hemorrhagic risk evaluation. The results showed that the average probability of target attainment (PTA) for optimal dosing regimens with different covariate levels for the targeted Cmax,ss and Cmin,ss were 29.35% to 31.3% and 64.91% to 65.8%, respectively. A dosage of 10 mg of rivaroxaban in elderly Chinese patients with normal renal and liver function was appropriate. The area under the concentration–time curve estimated over 24 hours with precision dosing at steady state (AUC24,ss) was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of bleeding events (OR 1.0006, 95%CI 1.0003 to 1.001, P < .0001), and the bleeding risk increased by 1.82‐fold for every 1000 μg*h/L increase in AUC24,ss. A lower dose is recommended for elderly patients with renal impairment to avoid overexposure and bleeding events. The PPK model could inform individualized dosing for elderly Chinese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation receiving rivaroxaban anticoagulation therapy.
Establishment and validation of an ultrasound‐based nomogram with risk stratification for short disease‐free survival in breast cancer
Authors: Guo Qiang , Dong Zhiwu , Jiang Lixin , Zhang Lei , Li Ziyao , Wang Dongmo
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This retrospective study aimed to develop and validate an Ultrasound (US)‐based nomogram to predict short disease‐free survival (short‐DFS, less than 120 months DFS) in breast cancer (BC).

Methods

Nomogram was established based on a training data of 311 BC patients by multivariable logistic regression, and were assessed by discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. Risk stratification was performed by X‐tile. An independent testing data of 200 patients with BC was used for external validation.

Results

Nine predictors including three US features and six clinical parameters were screened into the nomogram by Lasso (log λ = −3.594) in training data. Better performance was obtained in the training data (C‐index: 0.942) and testing data (C‐index: 0.914). Calibration analysis indicated optimal agreement between nomogram predictions and actual observations (p = 0.67). Decision curve analysis showed a great clinical benefit (Youden index: 0.634). Three risk levels are low‐risk (<184.0), moderate‐risk (184.0–345.3) and high‐risk (>345.3). Our nomograms had larger area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves compared with Magee Equation and Nottingham Prognostic models (0.942 vs. 0.824, 0.790).

Conclusion

The US‐based nomogram and the practical score system facilitate individualized prediction of short‐DFS to optimize clinical decisions and improve prognosis in patients with BC.
Clean Water Act at 50: Celebrating the golden anniversary of the blue policy
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: August 2022

Both the U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Journal of Environmental Quality (JEQ) trace back to 1972. The journal has a strong history of publishing science in support of the CWA, from basic science used to develop best management practices to address water quality problems to special sections on hot issues of the day and publishing long‐term data that provide evidence of success. The objective of this article is to provide a brief overview of how JEQ has provided a publication outlet for researchers involved in efforts focused on key CWA issues and to introduce a special section celebrating the golden anniversary of this blue policy. The special section includes papers that look back historically on biosolids research that began with the advent of the CWA as well as a forward‐looking paper encouraging readers to think about the implications of the ubiquitous use of lithium‐ion batteries and a call to action before tangible problems are realized.
RETRACTED: Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor‐binding domain‐based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine™) against COVID‐19 in adults: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, Phase 1 trial
Authors: Salimian Jafar , Ahmadi Ali , Amani Jafar , Olad Gholamreza , Halabian Raheleh , Saffaei Ali , Arabfard Masoud , Nasiri Mojtaba , Nazarian Shahram , Abolghasemi Hassan , Alishiri Gholamhossein
Published: August 2022

The development of a safe and effective vaccine is essential to protect populations against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). There are several vaccine candidates under investigation with different mechanisms of action. In the present study, we have evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant receptor‐binding domain (RBD)‐based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine) against COVID‐19 in adults. This Phase 1 trial is a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant RBD‐based protein subunit vaccine (Noora vaccine) against COVID‐19 in healthy adults volunteers. Eligible participants were included in this study after evaluating their health status and considering the exclusion criteria. They were then randomized into three groups and received three doses of vaccine (80 µg, 120 µg, and placebo) on Days 0, 21, and 35. Primary outcomes including solicited, unsolicited, and medically attended adverse events were recorded during this study. Secondary outcomes including the humoral and cellular immunity (including anti‐RBD IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody) were measured on Days 0, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 by using the ELISA kit and the Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) was performed on day 49. Totally 70 cases were included in this Phase 1 trial and 60 of them completed the study. Safety assessments showed no severe adverse events. Local pain at the vaccine injection site occurred in 80% of the vaccinated volunteers. Induration and redness at the injection site were the other adverse reactions of this vaccine. There was no significant difference between the studied groups regarding adverse reactions. Anti‐RBD IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody assessment showed significant seroconversion in comparison to the placebo group (80%, and 100% respectively, p < 0.001). The cellular immunity panel also showed mild to moderate induction of TH1 responses and the VNT showed 78% of seroprotection. The results of this Phase 1 trial showed acceptable safety without serious adverse events and significant seroconversions in the humoral and cellular immunity panel. The dose of 80 µg is an appropriate dose for injection in the next phases of the trial.
Disease severity and efficacy of homologous vaccination among patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta or Omicron VOCs, compared to unvaccinated using main biomarkers
Authors: Ali Ayad M. , Tofiq Ahmed M. , Rostam Hassan M. , Ali Kameran M. , Tawfeeq Hassan M.
Published: August 2022

From March 2021, various countries including Iraq issued prompted recommendations for increased COVID‐19 vaccine protection in individuals especially those at risk of catching the virus (i.e., lifestyle, health sector workers, and chronic diseases). It is critically important to understand the impact of COVID‐19 vaccinations with the most commonly used vaccines (Pfizer and AstraZeneca) among populations either on the severity of the disease or the transmissibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOCs) and in sequential waves. This study was conducted to establish the clinical severity of COVID‐19 caused by Delta and Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variants among patients who either attended or were admitted to hospitals and to compare the effectiveness of Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccines (single or double doses) at least to prevent hospitalizations if not eradicating the pandemic. A case–control study was done of 570 hospitalized patients; including 328 COVID‐19 confirmed patients (166 males, 160 females) who received homologous vaccinations and 242 unvaccinated patients (128 males, 114 females) during the studied waves. The study showed that unvaccinated COVID‐19 patients in both waves had expressed significantly a higher number and longer periods of symptoms than vaccinated ones. Additionally, there was no significant effect of vaccine types, Pfizer and AstraZeneca or vaccine shot numbers on the PCR‐Ct in the last (Omicron) wave of the pandemic. However, in the previous (Delta) wave of the pandemic, fully vaccinated (double doses) COVID‐19 patients had higher PCR‐Ct values. Whether among vaccinated or unvaccinated patients, lower CRP levels recorded during the Omicron wave than that of the Delta wave, and regardless of the vaccine type or shot numbers, there were no significant differences between the two waves. Lower WBCs were observed in patients (vaccinated and unvaccinated) infected with the Delta variant in comparison to those infected with the Omicron variant and without any remarkable effect of the vaccine type or shot numbers. This is the first molecular and investigational study of the Delta variant and circulated Omicron in Iraq, regarding the severity of these two waves of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic and the efficacy of homologous vaccination, indicating the insufficiency of two doses and the demand for booster dose(s) as the most effective way of keeping on the safe‐side against SARS‐CoV‐2.
Estimating the undetected infections in the Monkeypox outbreak
Authors: Maruotti Antonello , Böhning Dankmar , Rocchetti Irene , Ciccozzi Massimo
Published: August 2022

While the number of detected Monkeypox infections are widely available, an understanding of the extent of undetected cases is urgently needed for an effective tackling of its spread. The aim of this study is to estimate the true number of Monkeypox (detected and undetected) infections in most affected countries. The question being asked is: How many cases have actually occurred? We propose a lower bound estimator for the true number of Monkeypox cases. The estimator is data‐driven and can be easily computed from the cumulative distributions of weekly cases. We focused on the ratio of the total estimated cases to the observed cases on July 31, 2022: The proportion of undetected cases was relevant in all countries, with countries whose estimated true number of infections could be more than three times the observed one. We provided a practical contribution to the understanding of the current Monkeypox wave and reliable estimates on how many undetected cases are going around in several countries, where the epidemic spreads differently.
Forecasting occurrence and quantity of monthly precipitation simultaneously while accounting for complex serial correlation
Authors: Duan Xingde , Ma Renjun , Zhang Xiaolei
Published: August 2022

Tweedie's compound Poisson regression models have been introduced in recent years to model and predict daily, monthly and seasonal precipitation data. Tweedie's compound Poisson regression analysis of precipitation data captures the relationship between the mean structure of precipitation and covariates while accounting for its right‐skewness and zero‐inflation appropriately, and thus extends trend analysis stage of classical time series techniques to handle right‐skewed time series data with possible zero‐inflation. A distinctive advantage of Tweedie's compound Poisson modelling of precipitation data is that the occurrence and quantity of precipitation can be simultaneously modelled using a single distribution; however, this approach ignores serial correlation between precipitation data observed over time. In this study, we propose to accommodate complex correlation structures of time series precipitation data using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models at the next stage as done in the classical time series analysis. Our analyses of monthly precipitation data in Australia demonstrated the usefulness of our two‐stage approach to prediction of precipitation.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in an immobilized knee model in rats prevents progression of joint contracture
Authors: Iwatsu Jun , Yabe Yutaka , Kanazawa Kenji , Itaya Nobuyuki , Sogi Yasuhito , Saijo Yoshifumi , Aizawa Toshimi , Hagiwara Yoshihiro
Published: August 2022

Joint immobilization, which ensures rest and accelerates tissue recovery in musculoskeletal disorders, often causes joint contracture, for which there is still no effective prevention. To address this, we investigated the effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in preventing joint contracture, in a unilaterally immobilized knee rat model. Under general anesthesia, ESWT (0.25 mJ/mm2, 3000 shot, 4 Hz, 3 days/week) was administered from 1 day after immobilization up to 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The immobilized control group received general anesthesia without ESWT. We evaluated joint angle, tissue elasticity, and gene and protein expression related to fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the joint capsule. Relative to the control, the ESWT group had greater joint angle at 4 and 6 weeks, and lower posterior‐capsule elasticity at 6 weeks. In the ESWT group, at 6 weeks, gene expression of collagen type I (col1α1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) was significantly downregulated, whereas interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) gene expression was upregulated, relative to that in the control. Compared with that in the control, at 4 and 6 weeks, the ratio of CTGF+ cells was significantly lower in the ESWT group; at 4 weeks, the ESWT group had significantly fewer CD68+ cells in the adhesion area, and at 6 weeks, significantly more blood vessels. Statement of Clinical Significance: In a rat model, ESWT counteracted fibrosis, suppressed macrophage infiltration, and promoted neovascularization, reducing elasticity, and increasing joint range‐ofmotion. ESWT offers a potential new strategy to prevent progression in joint contracture.
How is surgical antibiotic prophylaxis prescribed for open reduction internal fixation procedures by Australian orthopaedic surgeons?
Authors: Hassan Sarah , Chan Vincent , Stevens Julie E. , Stupans Ieva , Gentle Juliette
Published: August 2022

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) reduces the risk of surgical site infections following open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) procedures. Current guidelines recommend the use of single‐dose prophylaxis for ORIF procedures. It is known that adherence to SAP guidelines is suboptimal across multiple surgical disciplines, including orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this study was to identify how Australian orthopaedic surgeons self‐report prescribing of SAP for ORIF of closed fractures and whether practice adheres to recommendations in the Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic version 16. An online survey was distributed to Australian orthopaedic surgeons between August 2020 and February 2021. The survey consisted of 10 questions relating to SAP prescribing practice for ORIF of closed fractures, guideline awareness, and factors that influence prescribing. Twenty‐two surgeons participated in the survey. All 22 surgeons reported prescribing the guideline‐adherent agent cefazolin for ORIF procedures, with 68.2% (n = 15) prescribing the non‐adherent agent clindamycin for patients with a severe penicillin allergy. Almost two‐thirds of the surgeons (63.6%) prescribe postoperative antibiotics, with two postoperative doses the most common regimen (57.1%). Although 63.6% of surgeons were aware of guideline content, adherence to guidelines varied. Surgeons noted that multiple factors influence their prescribing practice, including knowledge gained from personal readings (77.3%), habits developed during training (68.2%), and discussion with colleagues (63.6%). Factors that influence SAP decision making for ORIF procedures are multifactorial, with variable levels of guideline adherence. This small cohort of surgeons commonly reported prescribing postoperative antibiotics. Further research is required to understand what influences SAP decision‐making.
Cold pressed pumpkin seed oil fatty acids, carotenoids, volatile compounds profiles and infrared fingerprints as affected by storage time and wax‐based oleogelation
Authors: Pușcaș Andreea , Mureșan Andruța , Socaci Sonia , Dulf Francisc , Muste Sevastița , Fetea Florinela , Semeniuc Cristina Anamaria , Bunea Andrea , Mureșan Vlad , Pintea Adela
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Pumpkin seed and sunflower oil are rich in bioactive compounds, but are prone to oxidation during storage. Their fatty acids, carotenoid and volatile compounds and their Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) profiles were studied during 8 months storage in order to assess the overall quality, but also to assess the impact of the oleogelation as conditioning process.

RESULTS

The fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The linoleic acid was the most abundant in the oils (604.6 g kg−1 in pumpkin and 690 g kg−1 in sunflower), but also in oleogels. Through high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), lutein and β‐carotene were determined as specific carotenoid compounds of the pumpkin seed oil and oleogel, in a total amount of 0.0072 g kg−1. The volatile compounds profile revealed the presence of alpha‐pinene for the pumpkin seed oil and oleogels and a tentative identification of limonene for the sunflower oil. Hexanal was also detected in the oleogels, indicating a thermal oxidation, which was further analyzed through infrared spectroscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

During 8 months storage, the decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acid total amount was 5.72% for the pumpkin seed oil and 3.55% for the oleogel, while in the sunflower oil samples of 2.93% and 3.28% for the oleogel. It was concluded that oleogelation might protect specific carotenoid compounds, since the oleogels displayed higher content of β‐carotene at each storage time. Hexanal and heptanal were detected during storage, regardless of the oil or oleogel type. FTIR analysis depicts the differences in the constituent fatty acids resulting due to thermal oxidation or due to storage. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cloning and expression of the catalase gene (KatA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the degradation of AFB1 by recombinant catalase
Authors: Yanhua Xu , Haiwei Lou , Renyong Zhao
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) poses a severe threat to human and animal health. Countries worldwide have invested considerable manpower and material resources in degrading aflatoxins. Enzyme degradation is the most efficient and environmentally friendly approach for modifying aflatoxin into less toxic molecules. Catalase is commonly used as a detoxification agent to decrease the contamination levels of aflatoxins in animal feeds. This study aimed to obtain recombinant catalase via gene engineering and determined whether a recombinant catalase could degrade AFB1.

RESULTS

The catalase gene (KatA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expression conditions of this recombinant catalase were optimized. The recombinant catalase was isolated and purified using Ni‐chelating affinity chromatography, and its ability to degrade AFB1 was evaluated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the expressed of catalase was approximately 55.6 kDa, which was subsequently purified using Ni‐chelating affinity chromatography. The degradation rate of AFB1 by recombinant catalase in the presence of syringaldehyde was 38.79%.

CONCLUSION

The degradation of AFB1 by a recombinant catalase has been reported for the first time. This study provides a new paradigm for the use of recombinant catalases in degrading AFB1 in food and feed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evaluating information loss in the National Cancer Database from cases lost to follow‐up
Authors: Cotler Joseph H. , Nogueira Leticia , McCabe Ryan , Nelson Heidi , Brajcich Brian C. , Boffa Daniel J. , Lum Sharon S. , Harris James B. , Hawhee Vicki , Mullett Timothy W. , Bilimoria Karl Y. , Palis Bryan E.
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives

Cancer registries must focus on data capture which returns value while reducing resource burden with minimal loss of data. Identifying the optimum length of follow‐up data collection for patients with cancer achieves this goal.

Methods

A two‐step analysis using entropy calculations to assess information gain for each follow‐up year, and second‐order differences to compare survival outcomes between the defined follow‐up periods and lifetime follow‐up. A total of 391 567 adult cases, deidentified in the National Cancer Database and diagnosed in 1989. Comparisons examined a subset of 61 908 lung cancer cases, 48 387 colon and rectal cancer cases, and 64 134 breast cancer cases in adults. A total of 4133 pediatric cases were diagnosed in 1989 examining 1065 leukemia cases and 494 lymphoma cases.

Results

Annual increases in information gain fell below 1% after 16 years of follow‐up for adult cases and 9 years for pediatric cases. Comparison of second‐order differences showed 62% of the comparisons were similar between 15 years and lifetime follow‐up when examining restricted mean survival time. In addition, 90% of the comparisons were statistically similar when comparing hazard ratios.

Conclusions

Survival analysis using 15 years postdiagnosis follow‐up showed minimal differences in information gain compared to lifetime follow‐up.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Surgically Resected Pancreatic Cysts: A Retrospective Analysis of 136 Patients
Authors: Gong Ting‐ting , Wang Wei
Published: August 2022

Objectives

To retrospectively analyze the characteristics of pancreatic cysts with respect to histopathological diagnosis and various diagnostic imaging tools.

Methods

The clinical features of 136 patients and characteristics of histopathologically diagnosed cysts were retrospectively assessed. The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for pancreatic cysts was compared. Risk factors for high‐grade dysplasia/invasive cancer in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) were also determined.

Results

The final analysis included 30 serous cystic neoplasms (SCNs) (21.6%), 13 mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) (9.4%), 65 IPMNs (46.8%), and 13 solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) (9.4%). The percentage of women with MCNs, SPNs, SCNs, and IPMNs was 100.0, 76.9, 73.3, and 47.7%, respectively (P < .001). The percentages of patients over 60 years of age with IPMNs, SCNs, MCNs, and SPNs were 73.9, 23.3, 0, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). The percentage of cysts located in the body and tail of the pancreas in MCNs, SCNs, SPNs, and IPMNs was 100, 70, 53.9, and 46.2%, respectively (P < .001). A unique honeycomb appearance was observed in 26.7% of SCNs. The overall diagnostic accuracy of EUS, CT, and MRI for pancreatic cysts was 82.6, 72.5, and 73.9%, respectively. Lesion size and presence of solid components were independent predictors of high‐risk IPMNs.

Conclusions

Patient characteristics and cyst features can help to differentiate pancreatic cyst types and identify high‐risk IPMNs. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS for pancreatic cysts is superior to that of CT and MRI.
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Peritonsillar Abscess
Authors: Mizuno Kayoko , Takeuchi Masato , Kishimoto Yo , Omori Koichi , Kawakami Koji
Published: August 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with peritonsillar abscess (PTA) recurrence in adult patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used a nationwide insurance claims database in Japan. Adult patients (aged ≥ 20 years) who received intravenous antibiotics or surgical therapy within 5 days of their first PTA diagnosis were included. Multivariable Cox proportional modeling was used to investigate the risk factors for PTA recurrence using the variables: age, sex, comorbidities, tobacco use, history of recurrent tonsillitis, duration of intravenous antibiotics, and surgical therapy for PTA.

Results

This study included 12,012 patients (8784 men, 73.1%). Of them, 1358 (11.3%) experienced PTA recurrence. An age ≥40 years and treatment with intravenous antibiotics for 3 days or more were associated with a lower risk of PTA recurrence (aged ≥ 40 years: adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62–0.78, treated with intravenous antibiotics for 3 days or more: adjusted HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76–0.96). Patients with a history of recurrent tonsillitis were associated with a higher risk of recurrence (adjusted HR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.47–2.19).

Conclusion

A median age of 20–39 years, a history of recurrent tonsillitis, and less than 3 days of intravenous antibiotic therapy may be risk factors for PTA recurrence among adult patients. Further studies exploring more detailed clinical data are necessary to confirm the risk factors for PTA recurrence.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 133:1846–1852, 2023
Nutritional response of a coccolithophore to changing pH and temperature
Authors: Johnson Roberta , Langer Gerald , Rossi Sergio , Probert Ian , Mammone Marta , Ziveri Patrizia
Published: August 2022

Coccolithophores are a calcifying unicellular phytoplankton group that are at the base of the marine food web, and their lipid content provides a source of energy to consumers. Coccolithophores are vulnerable to ocean acidification and warming, therefore it is critical to establish the effects of climate change on these significant marine primary producers, and determine potential consequences that these changes can have on their consumers. Here, we quantified the impact of changes in pH and temperature on the nutritional condition (lipid content, particulate organic carbon/nitrogen), growth rate, and morphology of the most abundant living coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi. We used a regression type approach with nine pH levels (ranging from 7.66 to 8.44) and two temperatures (15°C and 20°C). Lipid production was greater under reduced pH, and growth rates were distinctly lower at 15°C than at 20°C. The production potential of lipids, which estimates the availability of lipids to consumers, increased under 20°C, but decreased under low pH. The results indicate that, while consumers will benefit energetically under ocean warming, this benefit will be mitigated by ocean acidification. The carbon to nitrogen ratio was higher at 20°C and low pH, indicating that the nutritional quality of coccolithophores for consumers will decline under climate change. The impact of low pH on the structural integrity of the coccosphere may also mean that coccolithophores are easier to digest for consumers. Many responses suggest cellular stress, indicating that increases in temperature and reductions in pH may have a negative impact on the ecophysiology of coccolithophores.
Ultra‐Broadband Green‐Emitting Phosphors without Cyan Gap Based on Double‐Heterovalent Substitution Strategy for Full‐Spectrum WLED Lighting
Authors: Huang Shuai , Shang Mengmeng , Yan Yu , Wang Yining , Dang Peipei , Lin Jun
Published: August 2022

Phosphor‐converted white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) are extensively spread to every part of our daily life and trigger urgent needs for discovery of phosphors without cyan gap (spectral missing in the 480–520 nm range) in pursuit of “human‐centric” sunlight‐like full‐spectrum lighting. Here, a new ultra‐broadband green‐emitting K3La(PO4)2:Eu2+phosphor is reported to meet this challenge. An efficient and positive double‐heterovalent substitution strategy is proved in K3La(Ca/Sr/Ba)(PO4)2:Eu2+by the evidence of enhanced quantum yield, improved thermal stability, and the tunable luminescence color. The luminescence mechanisms are revealed in this paper. Fabricating a dichromatic 370 nm‐UV chip pumped WLED using K3La(Ca)(PO4)2:Eu2+along with a commercially available red phosphor shows a continuity spectrum comparable to the solar spectrum with excellent CIE color coordinates of (0.350, 0.347), low color‐correlated temperature of 4853 K, and high color rendering index (Ra) of 96. It is shown that the double‐heterovalent substitution contributes to designing and optimizing phosphors for full‐spectrum WLEDs.
Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Phosphonate and Cyclocarbonate Units for Safer Full Solid State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Notredame Benoît , Gauthy Fernand , Finsy Vincent , Gohy Jean‐François
Published: August 2022

Solid‐state polymer electrolytes are key components for future batteries with higher energy density as well as increased safety and processability. In this context, a solid polymer electrolyte is developed from statistical copolymers containing flame‐retardant phosphonate units and ion‐conductive cyclocarbonate moieties mixed with lithium salts. Ionic conductivity measured at room temperature for those copolymers (≈10−5 S cm−1) are in the same range as typical solid polymeric electrolytes not based on poly(ethylene oxide). Moreover, those copolymers electrolytes are stable in a wide electrochemical window (0.5 – 4.5 V vs Li+/Li) and at high temperature (>120 °C) and they lead to a better ionic conductivity than the corresponding homopolymer blends of a similar composition, which is explained by a better lithium salt solubility and better‐defined ion‐conduction pathways in case of the copolymer. Finally, it has demonstrated the possibility to have fire‐retardant properties afforded by phosphonate groups in copolymers without impacting the ionic conductivity.