bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARQUITETURA E ESPAÇO ESCOLAR NA PRODUÇÃO DE SUBJETIVIDADES
Authors: Raimann Elizabeth Gottschalg , Raimann Cristiane
Published: June 2014

A discussão em torno da cidade contemporânea se torna instigante na medida em que considerada artefato cultural pode ser analisada pelas práticas da sociedade capitalista enquanto uma “arte das distribuições”. Nesse viés, esta sociedade é disciplinar e a sua arquitetura pode determinar e separar os espaços nos quais os indivíduos devem viver e trabalhar, produzindo discursos e práticas de subjetivação por meio de uma tecnologia especifica desenvolvida por estratégia de controle social. Objetiva-se problematizar a escola enquanto arquitetura e espaço que ocupa no tecido urbano na produção de discursos e práticas. A análise deu-se a partir da observação de uma escola municipal localizada no interior de Goiás. As descrições do espaço embasadas nas contribuições de Foucault buscam referências para estabelecer como se efetivam relações de poder-saber, como as arquiteturas das instituições da sociedade disciplinar viabilizam alguns dispositivos que objetivam a disciplinarização. Assim, além de conteúdos e práticas desenvolvidas no interior da escola, o aspecto da arquitetura escolar e o espaço ocupado na cidade contribuem na produção de sujeitos, subjetivando-os e adequando-os à sociedade capitalista.

Palavras-chave: arquitetura - espaço escolar- produção de subjetividades
IDADE MÉDIA POR UMA FÉ RACIOCINADA: UMA LEITURA EM SANTO AGOSTINHO E SÃO TOMÁS DE AQUINO
Authors: Sales Aline De Fátima
Published: June 2014

RESUMO: Este artigo discute a relação entre fé e razão na Idade Média. Injustamente acusada de obscurantismo no campo da intelectualidade, a Idade Média foi um tempo efervescência cultural e de profundas reflexões filosóficas. Os teóricos da igreja Católica, especialmente Santo Agostinho e São Tomás de Aquino, realizaram um importante trabalho de pesquisa no intuito de compreender as questões da fé sob o crivo da racionalidade. Fundamentados em Platão e Aristóteles respectivamente, ressignificaram e reconduziram os conceitos e idéias da filosofia platônica e aristotélica para entendimento das verdades divinas. Trabalho que marcou significativamente a história do cristianismo ocidental e a filosofia medieval. DOI: 10.5216/rir.v2i7.582
UMA NARRATIVA HISTÓRICA E DIALÓGICA NO ROMANCE MEMORIAL DO CONVENTO DE JOSÉ SARAMAGO
Authors: Fraga Rosidelma Pereira
Published: June 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo fulcral refletir sobre a problemática do tempo, do foco narrativo e do discurso no romance contemporâneo, Memorial do convento, do Nobel José Saramago. O artigo toma como fundamentação as teorias relevantes ao objeto da narrativa, a partir de Gérard Genette (s.d), Jean Pouillon (1974), Paul Ricouer (1994), Mikhail Bakhtin (1988), Walter Benjamim (1983), Maurice Blanchot (1987), dentre outros pressupostos que permitem discutir sobre o tempo, narrador e o discurso, adotando um método dialógico, a partir de uma interface com a História e a Ficção. DOI: 10.5216/rir.v2i7.913
NOVOS ESPAÇOS DE ELABORAÇÃO DE SIGNIFICADOS: A UTILIZAÇÃO DAS FERRAMENTAS CULTURAIS NA FORMAÇÃO INICIAL DE PROFESSORES DE QUÍMICA
Authors: Vilela-Ribeiro Eveline Borges , Benite Claudio Roberto Machado , Benite Anna Maria Canavarro , Almeida Sara De
Published: June 2014

O investimento nas políticas de formação de professores de ciências, assim como sua adaptação às novas realidades e tecnologias é primordial, já que é o professor, a priori, o elemento fundamental para a mudança de mentalidade e atitude de seus alunos. Assim, são propostas discussões conceituais entre professores em formação em um ambiente virtual na plataforma Moodle sobre temas previamente escolhidos pelo professor da disciplina de Didática. Percebeu-se que as novas mídias podem auxiliar na construção do conhecimento dos estudantes e motivá-los a expandir suas pesquisas e leituras científicas. Iniciativas como essa tendem a facilitar a comunicação e interação entre professores e alunos.
REVISITANDO A LITERATURA DO SUDOESTE GOIANO: INTERFACES ENTRE O ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA E A ESCRAVIDÃO
Authors: Silva Murilo Borges
Published: June 2014

Este trabalho surgiu a partir da confecção de outro texto, que no momento propunha a discussão sobre a escravidão na região de Jataí por meio da literatura. A partir de então entendemos que a literatura poderia nos servir como uma importante fonte histórica, principalmente em uma região onde há uma inevitável ausência de fontes documentais, o que acaba por gestar lacunas na história da região. Dessa forma, compreendemos que  a obra Pioneiros, de Basileu Toledo França, pode nos servir como um importante suporte didático no ensino de História. Esse estudo, portanto, propõe-se a discutir os limites e possibilidades do uso da literatura no ensino de história, utilizando como recorte a temática da escravidão.
Analysis of gene expression in rabbit muscle
Authors: Gálová Alena , Šoltýsová Andrea , Židek Radoslav , Rafay Ján , Nahácky Jozef
Published: June 2014

Increasing consumer knowledge of the link between diet and health has raised the demand for high quality food. Meat and meat products may be considered as irreplaceable in human nutrition. Breeding livestock to higher content of lean meat and the use of modern hybrids entails problems with the quality of meat. Analysing of livestock genomes could get us a great deal of important information, which may significantly affect the improvement process. Domestic animals are invaluable resources for study of the molecular architecture of complex traits. Although the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for economically important traits in domestic animals has achieved remarkable results in recent decades, not all of the genetic variation in the complex traits has been captured because of the low density of markers used in QTL mapping studies. The genome wide association study (GWAS), which utilizes high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. New technologies now allow producing microarrays containing thousands of hybridization probes on a single membrane or other solid support. We used microarray analysis to study gene expression in rabbit muscle during different developmental age stages. The outputs from GeneSpring GX sotware are presented in this work. After the evaluation of gene expression in rabbits, will be selected genes of interest in relation to meat quality parameters and will be further analyzed by the available methods of molecular biology and genetics.
Comparative analysis of acetic and citric acid on internal milieu of broiler chickens
Authors: Capcarova Marcela , Kalafova Anna , Hrncar Cyril , Kopecky Jan , Weis Jan
Published: June 2014

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of two organic acids (acetic and citric acid) inclusion on serum parameters and the level of antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Some organic acidifiers reduce the growth of many intestinal bacteria, reduce intestinal colonisation and reduce infectious processes, decrease inflammatory processes at the intestinal mucosa, increase villus height and function of secretion, digestion and absorption of nutrients. Broiler chickens hybrid Ross 308 (n=180) were divided into 3 groups: one control (C) and two experimental groups (E1, E2). Experimental animals received acetic and citric acid per os in water in single dose 0.25% for 42 days. After 42 days of feeding blood samples were collected (n=10 in each group). Significant decrease of serum triglycerides in citric acid group when compared with the control group was recorded. Acetic acid administration resulted in increased sodium level. Significant increase of albumin content in both experimental groups and increase of bilirubin content in citric group was recorded. Acids administration had no significant effect on other serum and antioxidant parameters. Acetic and citric acid had no harmful influenced on internal milieu of broiler chickens. The research on the field of organic acid will be worthy of further investigation.
Predicting the Need for Multiple Copies of Books
Authors: Grant Robert S.
Published: June 2014

An industrial inventory technique adapted to a university library's computer based circulation system as one aid in identifying heavily used books for multiple-copy purchase.
Automatic Processing of Personal Names for Filing
Authors: Palmer Foster M.
Published: June 2014

Describes a method for preparing personal names already in machine readable form for processing by any standard computer sort program, determining filing order insofar as possible from normally available information rather than from special formating. Prefix recognition is emphasized; multiword forename entries are a problem area. Provision is made for an edit list of problems requiring human decision. Possible extension of the method to titles is discussed.
An Algorithm for Compaction of Alphanumeric Data
Authors: Schieber William D. , Thomas George W.
Published: June 2014

Description of a technique for compressing data to be placed in computer auxiliary storage. The technique operates on the principle of taking two alphabetic characters frequently used in combination and replacing them with one unused special character code. Such une-for-two replacement has enabled the ILO to achieve a rate of compression of 43.5% on a data base of approximately 40,000 bibliographic records.
Name-Title Entry Retrieval From a MARC File
Authors: Long Philip L. , Kilgour Frederick G.
Published: June 2014

A test of validity of earlier findings on 3,3 search-ke y retrieval from an in-process file for retrieval from a MARC file. Probability of number of entries retrieved per reply is essentially the same for both files.
Could (Disseminated and Residual) Minimal Disease be a useful prognostic marker in non-Hodgkin paediatric Lymphomas?
Authors: Mussolin Lara , Pillon Marta , Basso Giuseppe
Published: June 2014

Minimal Disseminated Disease (MDD) represents the small number of tumour cells in the patients' bone marrow at the time of diagnosis, whereas Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) represents the small number of tumour cells remaining in the bone marrow during treatment. Generally, MDD and MRD are measured by polymerase chain reaction, a highly sensitive technique. For a long time, bone marrow involvement has been considered an uncommon event in solid tumours. However, in recent years, several studies demonstrated that MDD and MRD could be powerful tools in paediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma for stratifying patients in different prognostic groups. Risk stratification in future clinical trials on non-Hodgkin lymphoma based on these newly identified risk categories should be useful to improve therapies in order to increase survival for high-risk patients and decrease toxicity for low-risk patients.
Effect of caffeine ingestion on fluid balance during exercise in the heat and during recovery
Authors: Zhang Yang , Carter S J , Schumacker R E , Neggers Y H , Curtner-Smith, M D , Richardson M T , Green J M , Bishop P A
Published: June 2014

Background. The effect of ingestion of a common stimulant, caffeine, on fluid balance during exercise and recovery is not fully known. Objectives. To determine the effect of caffeine on fluid balance during exercise in the heat and during a 3-hour recovery period thereafter. Methods. In a randomised, controlled design, caffeine-naive participants (N=8) pedalled on a bike to achieve 2.5% baseline body mass loss in a hot environment in four separate conditions: with (C+) or without (C–) caffeine ingestion (6 mg/kg of body mass) prior to exercise, followed by (W+) or without (W–) 100% fluid replenishment (water) of the body mass loss during a 3-hour recovery period (yielding C+W+, C+W–, C–W+ and C–W–, respectively). Results. Mean (standard deviation) urine production was not different (p>0.05) regardless of rehydration status: 230 (162) mL (C+W–) v. 168 (77) mL (C–W–); and 713 (201) mL (C+W+) v. 634 (185) mL (C–W+). For the 3-hour recovery, caffeine ingestion caused higher hypohydration during rehydration conditions (p=0.02), but practically the mean difference in the loss of body mass was only 0.2 kg. Conclusion. In practical terms, there was no evidence that caffeine ingestion in moderation would impair fluid balance during prolonged exercise in the heat or during 3 hours of recovery.
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the forearm of a rower
Authors: Volcke P , Kirby J H , Viviers P L , Viljoen J T
Published: June 2014

This case report describes chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the forearm of a professional rower. We consider this to be a rare anatomical location for this type of syndrome. Morever, not much is known about its clinical presentation and the subsequent optimal medical management thereof.
Les coûts des soins de santé chez les aînés avec incapacités au Québec
Authors: Boissonneault Michaël , Légaré Jacques , Décarie Yann
Published: June 2014

Cet article s’intéresse aux déterminants individuels associés à la variation des coûts publics des soins de santé, chez les Québécois de 65 ans et plus vivant en ménage privé et avec incapacités. À l’aide de modèles de régression, la variation des coûts pour la consultation de professionnels de la santé (CCPS) et pour la consommation de produits pharmaceutiques (CCPP) a été analysée en fonction du nombre d’incapacités ainsi que de la nature de celles-ci. Les informations sur l’état de santé et la situation sociodémographique proviennent de l’Enquête québécoise sur les limitations d’activités (EQLA) de 1998 et celles sur les coûts proviennent du Fichier d’inscription des personnes assurées (FIPA) de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) pour la même année. On remarque que les deux types de coûts augmentent en fonction du nombre d’incapacités. D’autre part, des coûts plus élevés ont été observés chez les personnes présentant une incapacité liée à l’agilité (CCPS), à la mobilité (CCPP) et à la cognition (CCPS et CCPP). Ces observations soulignent l’intérêt de considérer la nature du problème de santé lorsque l’on étudie les déterminants individuels des coûts des soins de santé.
Vieillissement dans les espaces ruraux en France et « effets de milieu » : enjeux humains et territoriaux des mutations démographiques
Authors: Gucher Catherine
Published: June 2014

Le vieillissement dans les territoires ruraux engage une double problématique démographique et territoriale. Les modalités du vieillir dans ces espaces se distinguent nettement de ceux des aires urbaines. Qu’il s’agisse des pratiques sociales du quotidien, des formes d’expression des sociabilités ou des solidarités ou encore des manières d’être intégré et de participer à la vie locale, qu’il s’agisse du sens conféré aux différentes étapes et épreuves de l’avancée en âge, des régularités sont observables, qui ne sont que nuancées par les trajectoires sociales antérieures des individus. Les cadres territoriaux, fonctionnant comme systèmes de ressources et de contraintes, et le territoire, fonctionnant comme lieu anthropologique, contribuent à l’agencement des parcours du vieillir. Un système d’influences croisées entre les populations et les territoires se développe alors. Les modalités de l’action publique s’avèrent également empreintes de ces « effets de milieu » que nous nous proposons de définir.
L’utilisation de la variable sur la langue d’usage à la maison du Registre des décès du Québec
Authors: Trempe Normand , Boivin Marie-Claude , Lo Ernest , Barry Amadou Diogo
Published: June 2014

La mortalité est une des mesures de la santé globale de la population les plus utilisées et on peut y intégrer une composante linguistique et culturelle en utilisant la langue d’usage à la maison qui est inscrite au Registre des décès du Québec. Nous avons exploré les fichiers des décès du Québec de 1990 à 2007 afin de mesurer les proportions d’absence de réponse selon différentes variables comme la région sociosanitaire, l’établissement ou le type de déclarant. Nous concluons à la suite de cette étude exploratoire que l’information est suffisamment exacte pour donner un portrait réaliste de la mortalité par groupes linguistiques. Nous recommandons de faire une imputation pour les valeurs manquantes et nous proposons certaines améliorations à l’enregistrement de la variable linguistique au Registre des décès du Québec.
Une typologie des cantons-ou-villes en matière de précarité et de pauvreté
Authors: Zaepfel Christophe
Published: June 2014

La France métropolitaine constitue un espace vaste et hétérogène, autant d’un point de vue démographique que socioéconomique. Dès lors, il n’est guère étonnant que de nombreux travaux soulignent la variété des « visages » de la pauvreté rencontrés d’un bout à l’autre de l’hexagone. Nous nous proposons ici d’effectuer une typologie des cantons-ou-villes de France métropolitaine où la pauvreté monétaire est la plus fréquente, en nous appuyant sur des caractéristiques identifiées comme étant à l’origine de ces difficultés, afin de mieux cerner la diversité des contextes.
Active Ageing and Active Citizenship in Liguria: A Case Study
Authors: Palumbo Mauro
Published: June 2014

Liguria has the oldest age structure in Europe because of a low birth rate and long lifespans and therefore is a very interesting laboratory region in which to experiment with active ageing policies.

The generations that are now approaching retirement hold a high level of personal and professional resources; so the ‘new’ elderly people are reluctant to consider retirement as a definitive exit from active life, because this phase can be considered a transition to a different form of active life. The overlap of retirement and the end of activity exists only in societies based on paid work, in which a salary ‘certifies' the productivity of work (and the absence of income its unproductivity); on the contrary, in my opinion, it is the fruit of the work, not its payment, that determines its productivity, as Jean-Baptiste Say said two centuries ago.

Therefore, as the experience described in this article shows, if we emphasise the production of utility as a criterion for evaluating people's activity, we find that retirement can reveal itself to be an opportunity to start or to reinforce activities that are useful to society and interesting for elderly people.
Jack Mezirow's Conceptualisation of Adult Transformative Learning: A Review
Authors: Calleja Colin
Published: June 2014

This paper traces the evolution of Jack Mezirow's transformative learning theory and its conceptualisation. It discusses the three major influences, namely Thomas Khun's philosophical conception of paradigm, Freire's conception of conscientisation and consciousness growth, and Habermas' domains of learning and the discussion of language as communicative action. The paper concludes with a discussion of the main concepts underlying the theory of transformative learning – a theory grounded in robust theoretical traditions – and presents a process of transformation which leads the adult learner through a process that initiates in a moment of disorientation and ends in transformative self-reflection that results in the transformation of one's perspective.
Older People as a Developing Market for Cultural Heritage Sites
Authors: Hansen Anna , Zipsane Henrik
Published: June 2014

Is it morally acceptable for the heritage sector to see the growing population of senior citizens as a developing market? Jamtli is an open air museum in the north of Sweden. The main target group is families with children, but an increasing number of activities for older adults are being offered. The growing population of older people is a potential market for Jamtli's commercial role as a tourist attraction, if the right activities are offered. At the same time Jamtli has an important part to play in providing learning activities and working for social inclusion for various audiences. This paper takes as its starting point an acknowledgement that senior citizens as such are not a homogeneous group. Some are more active than others, and their willingness to get involved varies. Some want entertainment, others crave learning while social inclusion and access are important to some people. Four examples will illustrate why there might be a moral dilemma in being both a money-making tourist attraction and at the same time work with learning and inclusion, arguing that older adults are an important market for cultural heritage sites.
Widow cleansing and inheritance among the Luo in Kenya: the need for additional women‐centred HIV prevention options
Authors: Perry Brian , Oluoch Lennah , Agot Kawango , Taylor Jamilah , Onyango Jacob , Ouma Lilian , Otieno Caroline , Wong Christina , Corneli Amy
Published: June 2014

Introduction

The customs of widow cleansing and widow inheritance are practiced in several communities throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. In the Nyanza Province of Kenya, according to tradition, Luo widows are expected to engage in sexual intercourse with a “cleanser,” without the use of a condom, in order to remove the impurity ascribed to her after her husband's death. Luo couples, including widows, are also expected to engage in sex preceding specific agricultural activities, building homes, funerals, weddings, and other significant cultural and social events. Widows who are inherited for the purpose of fulfilling cultural obligation have a higher prevalence of HIV than those who remain un‐inherited or are inherited for the purpose of companionship.

Methods

As part of a larger descriptive qualitative study to inform study procedures for FEM‐PrEP, an HIV prevention pre‐exposure prophylaxis clinical trial, we conducted 15 semi‐structured interviews (SSIs) with widows, 15 SSIs with inheritors, and four focus group discussions with widows in the Bondo and Rarieda districts in Nyanza Province to explore the HIV risk context within widow cleansing and inheritance practices. Thematic qualitative analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results

The majority of widows reported in the demographic questionnaire being inherited, and most widows in the SSIs described participating in the cleansing ritual. We identified two main themes related to HIV prevention within the context of widow cleansing and inheritance: 1) widows must balance limiting their risk for HIV infection with meeting cultural expectations and ensuring that their livelihood needs are met, and 2) sexual abstinence undermines cultural expectations in widowhood while the use of condoms is deemed inappropriate in fulfilling culturally prescribed sexual rituals, and is often beyond the widow's ability to negotiate.

Conclusions

Women‐controlled HIV prevention methods such as antiretroviral‐based oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis, vaginal gels, and vaginal rings are needed for HIV‐negative widows who engage in sexual rituals related to widowhood.
Rett-causing mutations reveal two domains critical for MeCP2 function and for toxicity in MECP2 duplication syndrome mice
Authors: Heckman Laura Dean , Chahrour Maria H , Zoghbi Huda Y
Published: June 2014

Loss of function of the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) causes the progressive neurological disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). Conversely, duplication or triplication of Xq28 causes an equally wide-ranging progressive neurological disorder, MECP2 duplication syndrome, whose features overlap somewhat with RTT. To understand which MeCP2 functions cause toxicity in the duplication syndrome, we generated mouse models expressing endogenous Mecp2 along with a RTT-causing mutation in either the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) or the transcriptional repression domain (TRD). We determined that both the MBD and TRD must function for doubling MeCP2 to be toxic. Mutating the MBD reproduces the null phenotype and expressing the TRD mutant produces milder RTT phenotypes, yet both mutations are harmless when expressed with endogenous Mecp2. Surprisingly, mutating the TRD is more detrimental than deleting the entire C-terminus, indicating a dominant-negative effect on MeCP2 function, likely due to the disruption of a basic cluster.
Signing Communities Dealing with Non-Knowledge: Some Cases from Nursing
Authors: Jensen Karen
Published: June 2014

This article takes signatures and practices of signing as a point of departure for exploring and understanding nurses’ work with non-knowledge as a new responsibility. In this context, non-knowledge does not relate to the absence of knowledge as such but to the practices by which nurses recognize knowledge challenges and implement strategies for specifying, explicating and further detailing what they know they do not know. Here, nurses’ work with procedures is used as a specific example of non-knowledge. Considering signatures as a community-forming device takes us directly into these new work situations. It provides fertile starting points for the analysis of engagement with non-knowledge, traces different ways in which the signature is achieved and points to significant changes in professional work.
Editors’ Introduction to Special Issue: New Accountabilities in Professional Work
Authors: Jensen Karen , Smeby Jens-Christian
Published: June 2014

The editors introduce the theme and articles of the special issue.
Atmospheric dispersion of natural carbon dioxide emissions on Vulcano Island, Italy
Authors: Granieri D. , Carapezza M. L. , Barberi F. , Ranaldi M. , Ricci T. , Tarchini L.
Published: June 2014

La Fossa quiescent volcano and its surrounding area on the Island of Vulcano (Italy) are characterized by intensive, persistent degassing through both fumaroles and diffuse soil emissions. Periodic degassing crises occur, with marked increase in temperature and steam and gas output (mostly CO2) from crater fumaroles and in CO2 soil diffuse emission from the crater area as well as from the volcano flanks and base. The gas hazard of the most inhabited part of the island, Vulcano Porto, was investigated by simulating the CO2 dispersion in the atmosphere under different wind conditions. The DISGAS (DISpersion of GAS) code, an Eulerian model based on advection‐diffusion equations, was used together with the mass‐consistent Diagnostic Wind Model. Numerical simulations were validated by measurements of air CO2 concentration inside the village and along the crater's rim by means of a Soil CO2 Automatic Station and a Tunable Diode Laser device. The results show that in the village of Vulcano Porto, the CO2 air concentration is mostly due to local soil degassing, while the contribution from the crater gas emission is negligible at the breathing height for humans and always remains well below the lowest indoor CO2 concentration threshold recommended by the health authorities (1000 ppm). Outdoor excess CO2 maxima up to 200 ppm above local background CO2 air concentration are estimated in the center of the village and up to 100 ppm in other zones. However, in some ground excavations or in basements the health code threshold can be exceeded. In the crater area, because of the combined effect of fumaroles and diffuse soil emissions, CO2 air concentrations can reach 5000–7000 ppm in low‐wind conditions and pose a health hazard for visitors.
Holocene dust records from the West African Sahel and their implications for changes in climate and land surface conditions
Authors: Cockerton Helen E. , Holmes Jonathan A. , Street‐Perrott F. Alayne , Ficken Katherine J.
Published: June 2014

We reconstructed aeolian dust accumulation during the Holocene from two radiocarbon‐dated lake‐sediment sequences from the Manga Grasslands in northeastern Nigeria in order to investigate long‐term changes in the Harmattan dust system over West Africa and evaluate their possible causes. Flux values were low in the early Holocene, decreasing further to a minimum at around 6.2 kyr B.P. after which time they increased, steadily until around 2 kyr B.P. and then more sharply after this time. The long‐term variations in dust flux agree broadly with changes in the exposed area of the Lake Chad Basin to the northeast of the study sites, which vary inversely with the volume of Paleolake Megachad. More proximal sources of dust, including the fine fraction of local dune sand and floodplains of nearby rivers, have also made a contribution to the total dust load during times of enhanced dune and fluvial activity. Sharp rises in dust flux over the past century may be related to human activity. Broad patterns of change in dust flux during the Holocene agree with other reconstructions over the same period. However, we see no evidence for a stepped rise during the middle Holocene, as seen at some sites from the northeastern tropical Atlantic, suggesting that controls on the Harmattan dust system have differed from those affecting dust deposition elsewhere across northern Africa.
Inundation of a barrier island (Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, USA) during a hurricane: Observed water‐level gradients and modeled seaward sand transport
Authors: Sherwood Christopher R. , Long Joseph W. , Dickhudt Patrick J. , Dalyander P. Soupy , Thompson David M. , Plant Nathaniel G.
Published: June 2014

Large geomorphic changes to barrier islands may occur during inundation, when storm surge exceeds island elevation. Inundation occurs episodically and under energetic conditions that make quantitative observations difficult. We measured water levels on both sides of a barrier island in the northern Chandeleur Islands during inundation by Hurricane Isaac. Wind patterns caused the water levels to slope from the bay side to the ocean side for much of the storm. Modeled geomorphic changes during the storm were very sensitive to the cross‐island slopes imposed by water‐level boundary conditions. Simulations with equal or landward sloping water levels produced the characteristic barrier island storm response of overwash deposits or displaced berms with smoother final topography. Simulations using the observed seaward sloping water levels produced cross‐barrier channels and deposits of sand on the ocean side, consistent with poststorm observations. This sensitivity indicates that accurate water‐level boundary conditions must be applied on both sides of a barrier to correctly represent the geomorphic response to inundation events. More broadly, the consequence of seaward transport is that it alters the relationship between storm intensity and volume of landward transport. Sand transported to the ocean side may move downdrift, or aid poststorm recovery by moving onto the beach face or closing recent breaches, but it does not contribute to island transgression or appear as an overwash deposit in the back‐barrier stratigraphic record. The high vulnerability of the Chandeleur Islands allowed us to observe processes that are infrequent but may be important at other barrier islands.
Electrical‐hydraulic relationships observed for unconsolidated sediments in the presence of a cobble framework
Authors: Slater Lee , Barrash Warren , Montrey Jeanette , Binley Andrew
Published: June 2014

Mechanistic models now exist to predict hydraulic conductivity (K) from the spectral‐induced polarization (SIP) response of granular media. We examined the predictions of such a model on unconsolidated coarse fluvial sediments and compared them to those obtained with a modified Kozeny‐Carman (KC) model. Samples were retrieved from the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS), located on a gravel bar adjacent to the Boise River, Idaho. A sample holder (0.102 m diameter and 0.12 m in length) was designed to include the cobble framework in reconstituted samples representing the primary stratigraphic units defined based on porosity variation at this site. SIP (0.001–1000 Hz) and K (from Darcy tests) measurements were recorded for 12 samples, with SIP measurements made as a function of pore fluid conductivity (3–300 mS/m), grain size distribution (GSD), and total porosity. K prediction with the KC model was improved after discounting of the cobble framework and multiplying by the tortuosity resulting from matrix “capillaries” around the cobbles, resulting in estimates within a factor of 5 of the measurements. K prediction with a mechanistic SIP model based on Stern layer polarization (SLP model) that requires an estimate of the GSD also required discounting for the cobble framework to obtain estimates within 0.5 orders of magnitude of the measurements. Similarly, the SLP model overpredicts the measured imaginary conductivity (
) unless the cobble framework is discounted, which then results in estimates of
within a factor of 2 of the measurements. This can be explained by the fact that the cobbles polarize at frequencies well below the minimum measurement frequency (0.001 Hz). The SLP model for K prediction parameterized in terms of the formation factor and imaginary conductivity performed well for the 10 samples with a cobble framework without modification as the imaginary conductivity directly senses the matrix grain size characteristics, whereas the formation factor captures the porosity reduction and tortuosity resulting from the presence of the cobble framework (capillary tortuosity). Our findings suggest that the estimation of contrasts in K in coarse sediments may be achievable through measurements of electrical properties after appropriate consideration of the cobble fraction.
Decameter thick remnant glacial ice deposits on Mars
Authors: Conway Susan J. , Balme Matthew R.
Published: June 2014

On Mars, a smooth, draping unit—the “latitude‐dependant mantle” (LDM), believed to comprise meter thick layers of dust and ice—extends from the midlatitudes to the poles, covering at least 23% of the surface. We show that the LDM can be 30 m deep on pole‐facing crater walls, and by measuring the erosional and depositional volumes of small gullies that incise these LDM deposits, we show that it must contain between 46% and 95% ice by volume. Extrapolating to a global scale, these deposits account for ~104 km3 of near‐surface ice, doubling previous LDM volume estimates. Thick LDM deposits can be emplaced during the many orbital variation‐driven climate excursions that occurred during the Amazonian period. We suggest that LDM deposits are similar to ice sheets composed of massive ice with a surface lag.
The impact of lithologic heterogeneity and focused fluid flow upon gas hydrate distribution in marine sediments
Authors: Chatterjee Sayantan , Bhatnagar Gaurav , Dugan Brandon , Dickens Gerald R. , Chapman Walter G. , Hirasaki George J.
Published: June 2014

Gas hydrate and free gas accumulation in heterogeneous marine sediment is simulated using a two‐dimensional (2‐D) numerical model that accounts for mass transfer over geological timescales. The model extends a previously documented one‐dimensional (1‐D) model such that lateral variations in permeability (k) become important. Various simulations quantitatively demonstrate how focused fluid flow through high‐permeability zones affects local hydrate accumulation and saturation. Simulations that approximate a vertical fracture network isolated in a lower permeability shale (kfracture >> kshale) show that focused fluid flow through the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) produces higher saturations of gas hydrate (25–70%) and free gas (30–60%) within the fracture network compared to surrounding shale. Simulations with a dipping, high‐permeability sand layer also result in elevated saturations of gas hydrate (60%) and free gas (40%) within the sand because of focused fluid flow through the GHSZ. Increased fluid flux, a deep methane source, or both together increase the effect of flow focusing upon hydrate and free gas distribution and enhance hydrate and free gas concentrations along the high‐permeability zones. Permeability anisotropy, with a vertical to horizontal permeability ratio on the order of 10−2, enhances transport of methane‐charged fluid to high‐permeability conduits. As a result, gas hydrate concentrations are enhanced within these high‐permeability zones. The dip angle of these high‐permeability structures affects hydrate distribution because the vertical component of fluid flux dominates focusing effects. Hydrate and free gas saturations can be characterized by a local Peclet number (localized, vertical, focused, and advective flux relative to diffusion) relative to the methane solubility gradient, somewhat analogous to such characterization in 1‐D systems. Even in lithologically complex systems, local hydrate and free gas saturations might be characterized by basic parameters (local flux and diffusivity).
Tectonics from fluvial topography using formal linear inversion: Theory and applications to the Inyo Mountains, California
Authors: Goren L. , Fox Matthew , Willett Sean D.
Published: June 2014

Tectonic activity generates topography, and the variability of tectonic forcing is responsible for topographic patterns and variability of relief in fluvial landscapes. Despite this basic relation, the inverse problem, by which features of the topography are used for inferring tectonic uplift rates, has proven challenging. Here we develop formal linear inversion schemes to infer a record of the rate of relative uplift as a function of space and time from the long profiles of rivers. The relative uplift rate is the difference between the rates of rock uplift and of the base level change. The inversion schemes are based on a closed‐form analytic solution to the transient linear stream power model, and to increase model resolution they make use of the multiplicity of information made available by multiple rivers and their tributaries. The distribution of the fluvial response time to tectonic perturbations is a key component of the inversion scheme, as this determines which tectonic events are preserved in the topography. We develop two inversion parameterizations that differ in their assumptions about the tectonic forcing: space‐invariant and time‐space variability with an assumed spatial distribution. The inversion schemes are applied to the Inyo Mountains, an uplifted block along the western boundary of the Basin and Range Province in California. Inversion results indicate that the range has been experiencing an acceleration of the relative uplift in the past ∼2‐3 Ma. We use the inversion results to constrain the paleotopography and paleo‐erosion rate along the range and to recover the throw rate history along the fault that bounds the Inyo range.
Large‐scale character of an atmosphere in rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Bretherton Christopher S.
Published: June 2014

A rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium on a sphere is reached using a global atmospheric model with prescribed globally uniform sea surface temperature and no insolation. In such an equilibrium state, multiple tropical cyclone‐like vortices coexist in the extratropics, moving slowly poleward and westward. Many vortices have a lifetime longer than 2 months and travel from the tropics to the polar regions. The typical spacing of simulated tropical cyclone‐like vortices is comparable to the deformation radius, while the production of available potential energy is at a scale slightly smaller than those vortices. It is hypothesized that the growth of tropical cyclone‐like vortices is driven by the self‐aggregation of convection, while baroclinic instability destabilizes any vortices that grow significantly larger than the deformation radius. A weak Hadley circulation dominates in the deep tropics, and an eastward propagating wave number 1 Kelvin‐like mode having a period of 30–40 days develops at the equator. The weak Hadley circulation is found to emerge from an initially quiescent atmosphere due to poleward momentum transport by the vortices.
Gold‐Catalyzed Benzannulations
Authors: S. Takale Balaram , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: June 2014

Gold catalysts possess not only sigma‐Lewis acidic property but also pi‐electrophilic (i.e., soft and carbophilic) nature which in turn activates alkynes for nucleophilic addition. By the use of this characteristic property of gold catalysts, construction of polyaromatic framework, which is commonly present in natural products or optoelectronic materials, is easily accessed by benzannulation strategy. For example, benzannulation of ortho‐alkynylbenzaldehydes with alkynes occurs in the presence of gold catalysts to produce naphthyl ketones. The reaction proceeds through a benzopyrylium intermediate, which is formed via pi‐activation of the ortho‐alkynyl group by gold catalysts followed by attack of oxygen of the carbonyl group to the electron deficient alkyne, and subsequent [4+2] cycloaddition between the resulting intermediate and external alkynes. Not only the intermolecular benzannulation but also intramolecular benzannulation takes place easily. This chapter describes almost all recent results on benzannulation using gold and related catalysts along with our findings on this topic. Together with fundamental methodologies of benzannulation using gold catalysts, application of those methods to the synthesis of natural products and heterocycles is mentioned
Structural and Chemical Evolution of the Layered Li‐Excess LixMnO3 as a Function of Li Content from First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Lee Eunseok , Persson Kristin A.
Published: June 2014

Li2MnO3 is a critical component in the family of “Li‐excess” materials, which are attracting attention as advanced cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries. Here, first‐principle calculations are presented to investigate the electrochemical activity and structural stability of stoichiometric LixMnO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) as a function of Li content. The Li2MnO3 structure is electrochemically activated above 4.5 V on delithiation and charge neutrality in the bulk of the material is mainly maintained by the oxidization of a portion of the oxygen ions from O2− to O1−. While oxygen vacancy formation is found to be thermodynamically favorable for x < 1, the activation barriers for O2− and O1− migration remain high throughout the Li com­position range, impeding oxygen release from the bulk of the compound. Defect layered structures become thermodynamically favorable at lower Li content (x < 1), indicating a tendency towards the spinel‐like structure transformation. A critical phase transformation path for forming nuclei of spinel‐like domains within the matrix of the original layered structure is proposed. Formation of defect layered structures during the first charge is shown to manifest in a depression of the voltage profile on the first discharge, providing one possible explanation for the observed voltage fade of the Li‐excess materials.
A Solution‐Processed Small‐Molecule Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dimer for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Niu Zhixiao , Wang Xue , Huang Jianhua , Tang Ailing , Sun Yuxi , Zhan Chuanlang
Published: June 2014

An easily‐accessible, solution‐processed diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dimer, namely BDT(TDPP)2, with benzodithiophene (BDT)‐thiophene (T) as the conjugated bridge unit was synthesized. The UV/vis absorption spectrum of the DPP dimer is broad and covers 350–740 nm, and the HOMO and LUMO energies are estimated to be −5.21 eV and −3.54 eV, respectively, by electrochemistry tests, which match well with the energy levels of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). Solution‐processed, small‐molecule solar cells were prepared with BDT(TDPP)2 as the donor material and PC71BM as the acceptor material. With chloroform used as the processing solvent, the high boiling‐point solvent 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) was used as the co‐solvent. Through screening the donor/acceptor ratios (1:1) and the DIO content (0.2 % (v/v)), the best device afforded a power conversion efficiency of 3.90 %, with a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.85 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.71 V, and an fill factor of 0.57.
Leukocyte deformability is a novel biomarker to reflect sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Morikawa Miki , Inoue Yoshiaki , Sumi Yuka , Kuroda Yoko , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: June 2014

Aim

Sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is associated with a high mortality rate. The function and deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes change in patients with sepsis. The goal of this study was to characterize the changes in polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability in patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and to evaluate the relationship between the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and the deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy at our department were enrolled in this study. These patients were diagnosed with severe sepsis and an acute disseminated intravascular coagulopathy score ≥ 4. Blood samples were obtained from these patients on days 1, 3, and 7. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability was measured with a microchannel flow analyzer, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity, represented as CD11b, was measured by flow cytometry. In contrast, 14 patients who fulfilled with sepsis criteria but without complicated disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were also entered in this study.

Results

In patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, there was a significant correlation between their Japanese Association for Acute Medicine disseminated intravascular coagulopathy score and polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability, and CD11b expression. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes became more stiffened and CD11b expression was higher in patients with sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy compared to patients without the condition.

Conclusion

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte deformability correlated with the severity of sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and the response to treatment.
A 71‐year‐old female with giant goiter associated with tracheomalacia
Authors: Azuma Kazunari , Oda Jun , Oda Kaori , Homma Hiroshi , Azuma Hikohiro , Uchida Kotaro , Matsuoka Yuji , Kobayashi Tomoko , Yukioka Tetsuo
Published: June 2014

Case

A 71‐year‐old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department with severe dyspnea followed by unconsciousness. She had a history of hyperthyroidism and her anterior neck was markedly swollen. After ventilation was started, she soon became conscious with the improvement of oxygenation. Computed tomography findings indicated giant goiter surrounding the trachea. Later, we carried out a thyroidectomy for the giant goiter (800 g), and tracheostomy. Bronchoscopy carried out at the end of surgery showed a deformed tracheal wall on breathing. During inspiration, the collapsed wall of the trachea occluded the airway, although the tracheal wall recovered to normal during expiration. We diagnosed this case as acquired tracheomalacia and a tracheal stent graft made of silicon was inserted immediately after bronchoscopy.

Outcome

After stent graft insertion, the patient was transferred to another hospital.

Conclusion

Emergency physicians should be aware of the causes of tracheomalacia in order to safely carry out treatment, particularly in the case of patients with giant goiter.
Size‐tailored synthesis and luminescent properties of three‐dimensional BaMoO4, BaMoO4:Eu3+ micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers via sonochemical route
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Li Linlin , Zi Wenwen , Zou Lianchun , Gan Shucai , Ji Guijuan
Published: June 2014

Almost monodisperse three‐dimensional (3D) BaMoO4, BaMoO4:Eu3+ micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers were successfully prepared via a large‐scale and facile sonochemical route without using any catalysts or templates. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersion X‐ray (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were employed to characterize the as‐obtained products. It was found that size modulation could be easily realized by changing the concentrations of reactants and the pH value of precursors. The formation mechanism for micron‐octahedrons and micron‐flowers was proposed on the basis of time‐dependent experiments. Using excitation wavelengths of 396 or 466 nm for BaMoO4:Eu3+ phosphors, an intense emission line at 614 nm was observed. These phosphors might be promising components with possible application in the fields of near UV‐ and blue‐excited white light‐emitting diodes. Simultaneously, this novel and efficient pathway could open new opportunities for further investigating the properties of molybdate materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.