bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐National Differences in Income Pooling among Married and Cohabiting Couples
Authors: Evans Ann , Gray Edith
Published: March 2021

Objective

To examine cross‐national differences in income pooling by relationship type.

Background

In most countries, there is a “cohabitation gap” with cohabiting couples less likely to pool their incomes and act as a single economic unit compared to married couples. There is very little cross‐national research comparing income management patterns of married and cohabiting couples. Despite large cross‐national variation in cohabitation prevalence, the limited research on income management finds surprisingly little variation in the “cohabitation gap.” Using a larger range of countries than used in previous studies, income management of married and cohabiting couples was compared to test whether the cohabitation gap can be explained by the cohabitation prevalence in a country, the degree to which cohabitation is related to economic disadvantage or to structural factors such as taxation.

Method

Multilevel multinomial regression is used to study income pooling across 32 countries from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme.

Results

The size of the cohabitation gap does vary across countries. In some countries, cohabiting and married couples act very similarly in terms of their income organization, whereas in others there is a large difference in the behavior of couples. There is little evidence that this is related to the prevalence of cohabitation; however, economic constraints, as well as taxation systems, are associated with the cross‐national variation in the cohabitation gap.

Conclusion

Differences in the cohabitation gap reflect the context and policies of the countries within which couples live rather than ideological expectations surrounding relationship choice.
Distance as Diversity: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Doh Jonathan P.
Published: March 2021

Distance is a fundamental construct in International Business/International Management (IB/IM) research. It also has practical implications for the conduct of business across borders. In this introduction to this Point‐Counter‐Point exchange, I comment on the two perspectives on the role of diversity as a complement or substitute for the distance construct. I argue that this discussion has ramifications for not just the distance construct, but broader assumptions and tenets in the IB/IM literature.
Advancing intergroup contact theory: Comments on the issue's articles
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: March 2021

Concerns about intergroup contact have a long and somewhat tortuous history. Shaped largely by Social Darwinism dogma, early theorizing anticipated negative effects. Following World War II, however, a more optimistic view took hold, and social psychological research began to study the phenomenon. Allport's (1954) influential book, the Nature of Prejudice, focused social psychological attention on intergroup contact and shaped research on it for the rest of the 20th century. Now the domain has developed into a complex and intricate theory, complete with multiple forms of contact and numerous moderating and mediating variables—as demonstrated in the articles throughout this JSI issue. Within this historical context of the theory's development, this article then comments on each of the previous articles and their further advances to the theory.
Rural adults’ perceived role of family members in prescription opioid misuse prevention: Implications for family‐based approaches
Authors: Robertson Mary Nelson , Downey Laura H. , Seitz Holli H. , Hardman Alisha M. , Buys David R.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study explored and documented rural adults’ perceptions of family roles in prescription opioid misuse prevention and the predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors that influence family members from taking those roles.

Methods

Nine focus groups with rural adults (n = 55) were conducted to evoke discussion about family roles in prescription opioid misuse prevention. Transcripts were coded based on common ideas that arose during the focus groups, previous literature, and the PRECEDE‐PROCEED program planning model.

Findings

Findings suggest that rural adults perceive the opioid epidemic as partially a family problem. Additionally, rural adults perceive themselves as having a critical role in preventing prescription opioid misuse among family members. Participants identified specific predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors that influence whether or not family members take responsibility in preventing prescription opioid misuse within their families. Rural adults also perceive that family‐based education is important in preventing prescription opioid misuse.

Conclusions

These results suggest that there is an interest in family‐based approaches that enable or foster the skills and resources necessary to engage in prescription opioid misuse prevention behaviors. Specifically, family‐based prevention programming should include efforts to shape knowledge and attitudes about prescription opioid misuse, increase resources to facilitate prevention behaviors, and build skills related to prevention.
A qualitative exploration of enablers for hepatitis B clinical management among ethnic Chinese in Australia
Authors: Xiao Yinzong , Wallace Jack , Thompson Alex , Hellard Margaret , van Gemert Caroline , Holmes Jacinta A , Croagh Catherine , Richmond Jacqui , Papaluca Tim , Hall Samuel , Hong Thai , Demediuk Barbara , Iser David , Ryan Marno , Desmond Paul , Visvanathan Kumar , Howell Jess
Published: March 2021

An estimated 18% of people living with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Australia were born in China. While guideline‐based care, including regular clinical monitoring and timely treatment, prevent CHB‐related cirrhosis, cancer and deaths, over three‐quarters of people with CHB do not receive guideline‐based care in Australia. This qualitative study aimed to identify enablers to engagement in CHB clinical management among ethnic Chinese people attending specialist care. Participants self‐identified as of Chinese ethnicity and who attended specialist care for CHB clinical management were interviewed in Melbourne in 2019 (n = 30). Semi‐structured interviews covered experiences of diagnosis and engagement in clinical management services, and advice for people living with CHB. Interviews were recorded with consent; data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Receiving clear information about the availability of treatment and/or the necessity of long‐term clinical management were the main enablers for participants to engage in CHB clinical management. Additional enablers identified to maintain regular clinical monitoring included understanding CHB increases risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer, using viral load indicators to visualize disease status in patient‐doctor communication; expectations from family, peer group and medical professionals; use of a patient recall system; availability of interpreters or multilingual doctors; and largely subsidized healthcare services. In conclusion, to support people attending clinical management for CHB, a holistic response from community, healthcare providers and the public health sector is required. There are needs for public health programmes directed to communicate (i) CHB‐related complications; (ii) availability of effective and cheap treatment; and that (iii) long‐term engagement with clinical management and its benefits.
Amino acids dominate diffusive nitrogen fluxes across soil depths in acidic tussock tundra
Authors: Homyak Peter M. , Slessarev Eric W. , Hagerty Shannon , Greene Aral C. , Marchus Kenneth , Dowdy Kelsey , Iverson Sadie , Schimel Joshua P.
Published: March 2021

Organic nitrogen (N) is abundant in soils, but early conceptual frameworks considered it nonessential for plant growth. It is now well recognised that plants have the potential to take up organic N. However, it is still unclear whether plants supplement their N requirements by taking up organic N in situ: at what rate is organic N diffusing towards roots and are plants taking it up?

We combined microdialysis with live‐root uptake experiments to measure amino acid speciation and diffusion rates towards roots of Eriophorum vaginatum.

Amino acid diffusion rates (321 ng N cm−2 h−1) were c. 3× higher than those for inorganic N. Positively charged amino acids made up 68% of the N diffusing through soils compared with neutral and negatively charged amino acids. Live‐root uptake experiments confirmed that amino acids are taken up by plants (up to 1 µg N g−1 min−1 potential net uptake).

Amino acids must be considered when forecasting plant‐available N, especially when they dominate the N supply, and when acidity favours proteolysis over net N mineralisation. Determining amino acid production pathways and supply rates will become increasingly important in projecting the extent and consequences of shrub expansion, especially considering the higher C : N ratio of plants relative to soil.
Risk of acute and chronic coronary syndrome in a population with periodontitis: A cohort study
Authors: Gwon Jun Gyo , Choi Jimi , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Kim Soo‐Ho , Ryu Jae‐Jun , Cho Dong‐Hyuk , Song In‐Seok
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate the role of periodontitis in the risk of acute and chronic coronary syndrome with compounding factors, including sociodemographic factors and medication use.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used nationwide, population‐based data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service‐Health Screening Cohort database (514,866 individuals, 40–79 years). Propensity score matching was used for analysis. Information of subjects for 12 years was included. Socioeconomic and clinical factors were recorded and analysed.

Results

The periodontitis group had a greater risk of overall acute coronary syndrome (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] =1.25 [1.15, 1.35], p < .001) and non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome (1.26 [1.16, 1.37], p < .001). The hazard ratio for chronic coronary syndrome was higher in patients with periodontitis (1.35 [1.25, 1.46], p < .001). The cumulative incidence of both acute and chronic coronary syndrome gradually increased, and the hazard ratios reached 1.25 and 1.35 at the 12‐year follow‐up, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that periodontitis had a significantly greater link with acute coronary syndrome incidence in males, younger adults, smokers and subjects without hypertension (p < .01) and with chronic coronary syndrome incidence in smokers, subjects without hypertension and subjects without dyslipidaemia (p < .05).

Conclusions

Periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of acute and chronic coronary syndrome.
Primary hyperhidrosis in children: A review of therapeutics
Authors: Remington Courtney , Ruth Jennifer , Hebert Adelaide A.
Published: March 2021

Primary hyperhidrosis, an idiopathic disease that commonly affects the palms, soles, axillae, or craniofacial region, is characterized by perspiration in excess of what is required for physiologic cooling. This disease begins in childhood or adolescence and negatively impacts emotional, physical, and psychologic well‐being. This review explores current therapeutic options for primary hyperhidrosis in the pediatric population, including topical therapies, oral therapies, non‐surgical and procedural interventions, and adjunctive therapies. In addition, this review identifies new and emerging treatments and highlights the need for further research and therapeutic options for this impactful disease.
The long and winding road to the etiology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children: Focusing on abnormalities in the gut microbiota
Authors: Tsuji Shoji , Kaneko Kazunari
Published: March 2021

Childhood nephrotic syndrome is idiopathic in 90% of cases. Despite its relatively high prevalence (30–35 per 100 000 individuals under 15 years old), the etiology of the disease remains elusive. It has become clear that oxidants are elevated, and antioxidants are decreased, at onset of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). It was suggested that overexpression of podocyte CD80 induced by abnormalities of Tregs was involved in the pathogenesis of INS. Subsequently, it became clear that quantitative or qualitative reduction of Tregs has a profound impact on the development of INS. To address why Tregs are decreased at onset of INS, it was hypothesized that a decrease in Tregs may be associated with dysbiosis. Given the critical role of butyrate‐producing bacteria in the differentiation of Tregs, the gut microbiota was analyzed with a particular focus on the abundance of butyrate‐producing bacteria, and it was found that pediatric patients with INS had low levels of butyrate in their stool and a low percentage of butyrate‐producing bacteria. Interestingly, it was recently reported that gut dysbiosis increases oxidative stress in the intestinal tract. Taken together, we currently hypothesize that gut dysbiosis is associated with a predisposition to INS because of immunological abnormalities characterized by abnormal Tregs with increased oxidative stress.
Taurine Chloramine and Hydrogen Peroxide as a Potential Source of Singlet Oxygen for Topical Application
Authors: Ximenes Valdecir F. , Ximenes Thomaz P. , Morgon Nelson H. , de Souza Aguinaldo R.
Published: March 2021

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the “active principle” in photodynamic therapy. Taurine chloramine (Tau‐NHCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are well‐tolerated and widely used antiseptics. Due to its mild oxidizing features and stability, Tau‐NHCl can be directly used to treat skin diseases. We found that a diluted aqueous mixture of Tau‐NHCl and H2O2 acts as a slow and long‐lasting potential source of 1O2. The reactions were studied by luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescence. Evidence of the formation of 1O2 was obtained using deuterium oxide, sodium azide and 9,10‐Anthracenediyl‐bis(methylene)dimalonic acid, a chemical trap of 1O2. The reaction was optimized, and a mechanism was proposed, including theoretical calculations at B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,2p) level of theory, adding D3Bj empirical dispersion and SMD (Water) solvent effects. Chloramines produced by the reactions between HOCl and L‐alanine, 3‐amino‐1‐propanesulfonic acid and gamma‐aminobutyric acid were also prepared, and their reactivity and stability were compared with Tau‐NHCl. We found that Tau‐NHCl is more stable and adequate for the production of 1O2. In conclusion, we propose applying these drugs combination as a potential source of 1O2 with applications for skin diseases treatment.
Integrated transcriptomics and metabolites at different growth stages reveals the regulation mechanism of bolting and flowering of Angelicasinensis
Authors: Li J. , Li M.L. , Zhu T.T. , Zhang X.N. , Li M.F. , Wei J.H.
Published: March 2021

The root of Angelica sinensis is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines. In commercial planting, early bolting and flowering (EBF) of ca. 40% of 2‐year‐old plants reduces root yield and quality. Although changes in physiology in bolted plants have been investigated, the mechanism activating EBF has not been identified.

Here, transcriptomics profiles at four different growth stages (S1 to S4) were performed, gene expression was validated by qRT‐PCR and the accumulation of endogenous hormones quantified by HPLC.

A total of 60,282 unigenes were generated, with 2,282, 1,359 and 2,246 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) observed at S2 versus S1, S3 versus S2 and S4 versus S3, respectively; 558 genes that co‐exist in at least three stages from S1 to S4 were obtained. Functional annotation classified 38 DEGs linked to flowering pathways: photoperiodism, hormone signalling, carbohydrate metabolism and floral development. The levels of gene expression, hormones (GA1, GA4 and IAA) and soluble sugars were consistent with the EBF.

It can be concluded that the EBF of A. sinensis is controlled by multiple genes. This integrated analysis of transcriptomics, together with targeted hormones and soluble sugars, provides new insights into the regulation of EBF of A. sinensis.
Reply
Authors: Ko Fanny W.S. , Chan Ka Pang , Ngai Jenny , Ng So‐Shan , Yip Wing Ho , Chan Tat‐On , Hui David S.C.
Published: March 2021

See related letter
Taming the groundwater in rural Asia: The biopolitics of constructing groundwater‐scape
Authors: Wang Kuan‐Chi , Ho Chun‐Yi , Chen Chih‐Yuan
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we leverage on a case study about the governance of groundwater and the hazard of land subsidence in Yunlin, Taiwan, to address the state's political strategies of producing ‘hydro‐social territories’. Our goal is to examine how local agents and their knowledge of the socio‐technological system shape groundwater use, with particular attention on how that system has changed due to the governmentalized regulation of groundwater resources as a means to mitigate land subsidence. Drawing from the local agrarian development and its tube well irrigation networks that underlie the groundwater‐scape in this research, the paper demonstrates that the ‘hydro‐social territory’ itself is complicated, as local farmers who rely on groundwater are never fully controlled by the state, regardless of whether or not they use groundwater for agricultural cultivation or other purposes, yet at the same time, the intention of governmentalizing the local groundwater regime is concealed and has become more concrete with the introduction of new sciences and technologies.
Effects of antihypertensive medication and high‐intensity interval training in hypertensive metabolic syndrome individuals
Authors: Ramirez‐Jimenez Miguel , Morales‐Palomo Felix , Moreno‐Cabañas Alfonso , Alvarez‐Jimenez Laura , Ortega Juan F. , Mora‐Rodriguez Ricardo
Published: March 2021

Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological therapies are simultaneously prescribed when treating hypertensive individuals with elevated cardiovascular risk (ie, metabolic syndrome individuals). However, it is unknown if the interactions between antihypertensive medication (AHM) and lifestyle interventions (ie, exercise training) may result in a better ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) control. To test this hypothesis, 36 hypertensive individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) under long‐term prescription with AHM targeting the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) were recruited. Before and after 4 months of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT), participants completed two trials in a double‐blind, randomized order: (a) placebo trial consisting of AHM withdrawal for 3 days and (b) AHM trial where individuals held their habitual dose of AHM. In each trial, 24‐h mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored and considered the primary study outcome. Secondary outcomes included plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration to confirm withdrawal effects on RAAS, along with the analysis of urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) to assess kidney function. The results showed main effects from AHM and HIIT reducing 24‐h MAP (−5.7 mmHg, p < 0.001 and −2.3 mmHg, p = 0.007, respectively). However, there was not interaction between AHM and HIIT on 24‐h MAP (p = 0.240). There was a main effect of AHM increasing PRA (p < 0.001) but no effect on plasma aldosterone concentration (p = 0.368). HIIT did not significantly improve RAAS hormones or the UACR. In conclusion, AHM and HIIT have independent and additive effects in lowering ABP. These findings support the combination of habitual AHM with exercise training with the goal to reduce ABP in hypertensive MetS individuals.
A novel UV‐fluorescence approach to assess the long wear efficacy of foundations
Authors: Messaraa Cyril , Walsh Melissa , Hurley Sarah , Robertson Nicola , O'Connor Carla , Doyle Leah , Mansfield Anna , McNamee Deirdre
Published: March 2021

Background

The long wear properties of foundations are regarded as a must‐have in terms of claims. Here, we propose an instrumental approach based on UV‐fluorescence imaging as an alternative to clinical grading methods.

Methods

A method was developed, with UV‐fluorescence images captured with the Visia CR as a first step, followed by images analysis using Image‐Pro plus. Repeated‐measures correlation was used to assess the degree of association between the UV‐fluorescence method and a grading method when removing the foundation incrementally from the skin using wipes. Thresholds to ascertain whether a foundation pass or fail long‐wearing using the newly developed method were established using a mixed linear model and cross‐validated using two subsets of a panel of 20 women.

Results

The method could measure incremental removal of foundation using wipes, in a similar fashion to a grading method, as outlined with repeated measures correlation (r = −.86). Pass/fail thresholds established with the mixed linear model were tested versus the grading method when assessing a foundation under real conditions for a duration over 24 hours, with minimal discrepancies between the two methods.

Conclusion

By capitalising on foundation physical/chemical properties, the proposed method allows to assess their long wear properties, irrespective of basal skin tone or foundation shade. It offers the advantage of appealing visuals for efficacy and to be less resource intensive than a clinical grading approach.
“Nos convidamos solos en un cuento que no era nuestro”: encuentros con niños investigadores
Authors: Ruiz-Morales Maicol Mauricio
Published: March 2021

Este artículo describe etnográficamente una experiencia de creación escolar rural desarrollada por el semillero de investigación Gallitos de Roca. El propósito es mostrar cómo dicha experiencia intenta realizar su valor  potencial, participando del Proceso de Apropiación Patrimonial del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero y generando sus propias maneras de entender el sentido y el valor de ser estudiante competente, en un contexto de crisis y revalorización de la caficultura de montaña colombiana.
Integration Infrastructure for a Simulation-Based Design Environment
Authors: Tsai Chung-Shin , Chang Kuang-Hua , Wang Jia-Yi
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the integration infrastructure for a simulation-based design (SBD) environment for mechanical system design developed at Center for Computer-Aided Design at the University of Iowa is presented. The SBD environment comprises the integration infrastructure and workspaces/tools that exploit Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and software engineering technologies in support of design of large scale mechanical systems. The principal functional components of the SBD environment are engineering workspaces and CAD/CAE tools that bring engineers, servicemen, and customers early in the product development process to assess design of the product concurrently. The infrastructure is based on the newly invented engineering views that allow engineers from various disciplines to view the product with their own perspectives. The infrastructure allows engineers to create CAD and simulation models of the mechanical system, access engineering workspaces and CAD/CAE tools to perform multidisciplinary engineering analyses, use planning tools to create and manage simulation processes, communicate and exchange engineering data, and conduct design trade-off analyses and make informed decisions to yield a robust optimum design. The presentation given in this paper assumes that simulation-based design activities are performed in the product detailed design stage. The environment is being extended to support concept design.
A Math-Data Environment to Improve Vehicle Creation
Authors: Bowler Lauren L. , Rohde Steve M.
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the hard work of many people at GM and their efforts in creating a math-data environment to support the vehicle creation process. It first channels these efforts in the context of a changing business environment. The importance of the linkage of technology and infrastructure to process are discussed together with the components of a “vehicle creation capability”. The changing requirements on contemporary information systems to support modern product development paradigms such as concurrent engineering are highlighted. Through a sequence of examples, the linkages of business and technical information and tools are illustrated. Finally, some issues related to the development and implementation of a common system in a large organization are described.
A Volume-Based Geometric Reasoning Approach for Diecastability Evaluation
Authors: Lu S. C. , Rebello A. B. , Miller R. A. , Kinzel G. L. , Yagel R.
Published: March 2021

Because of the nature of the die casting process, the part geometry severely restricts the die geometry and hence affects the quality of the part. However, as is often the case in other manufacturing processes, diecastings are currently designed purely based on their function. The manufacturability of the diecastings is not considered until the design has been nearly completed and detailed. This is due to the design support limitations of current CAE tools. In this paper, we present a new volume-based approach to support diecastability evaluation, especially in preliminary design. Our approach can be applied to arbitrarily shaped parts without pre-defined feature libraries. The focus is on the identification of geometric characteristics, e.g. heavy mass regions, that could be responsible for thermal-related part defects. A distance transform with city-block metric is used to extract this geometric property. Volume visualization techniques are also adopted to allow users to visualize the results in a clear and precise way.
Automatic Generation of Parting Surfaces and Mold Halves
Authors: Serrar Mouhsine , Gabriele Gary A.
Published: March 2021

The design of mold halves is crucial to the manufacturability of molded parts. Unfortunately, the modeling of mold halves in current CAD systems is a tedious task. For this reason, designers prefer to rely on their visualization capabilities rather than modeling the mold halves. Relying on visualization hinder designers creativity and is a source of mistakes. Our goal to automate the generation of mold halves in solid model-based CAD systems. The method we developed is based on the generation of a parting surface and the use of standard solid modeling tools. Beside resolving the visualization problem, generation of mold halves models will benefit downstream activities such as mold manufacturing, rapid-prototyping, and finite-element analysis. We believe that the automation of mold halves generation is an essential part of design for manufacturability.
H- Versus P-Version FEM for Shell Analysis
Authors: Fish Jacob , Guttal Ravi
Published: March 2021

Research efforts aimed at optimizing the computational efficiency of the p-method are described. These include (i) a novel quadrature scheme for hierarchical shell elements, (ii) a family of assumed strain hierarchical shell elements, (iii) selective polynomial order escalation for assumed strain elements, and (iv) accelerated multi-grid-like solution procedures. Numerical experiments indicate that with these enhancements it is possible to speed up the overall computational time of p-method for analysis of shells by a factor greater than three for relatively small problems (less than 10,000 degrees of freedom), while computational savings for larger problems are even more significant. It has been found that the performance of the enhanced variant of the p-method for shells is comparable to that of the h-method for low accuracy requirements, and better if higher accuracies are desired.
An Effective Adaptive Procedure in Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Almeida C. A.
Published: March 2021

A methodology initially proposed for authomatic mesh generation of triangular and quadrilateral finite element discretizations in linear two-dimension problems is now extended to material nonlinear analysis. The technique, which is based on a h-adaptive process, is capable of achieving a specified discretization density using a powerful mesh generator. The element solutions at the nodes are obtained through a general stress recovery procedure employing an a posteriori error estimator. The constitutive equation is approached in the formulation using a flow theory to describe the elasto-plastic material behavior. In this study the von Mises condition is employed for the state of multiaxial stress corresponding to the start of plastic flow, the normality condition furnishes a flow rule in the plastic strain increments subsequent to yielding and the kinematic hardening is assumed as hardening rule. The adaptive procedure is based on the complete mesh regeneration and specific mesh requirements (boundary conditions, geometry definitions and space node function), and aims for an optimality condition with the least number of elements that yields an uniform error distribution in all elements. In the stress recovery process the nodal values are assumed to belong to a polinomial expansion defined over patches of elements adjoining a particular assembly node considered. The nodal point parameters, at each element, are obtained using a least square fit of superconvergent sampling points existing in the patch. The material uniaxial elasto-plastic constitutive behavior is represented using overlays, defined over small strain increments, allowing for the representation of the material kinematic hardening behavior beyond the classical bilinear relation. The procedure error estimation is obtained from differences between the post-processed stress gradients and those from the finite element solutions. The energy error norm associated with stress field diferences and the finite element strain energy gives an effective error estimate, used for comparison with the process tolerance. Evaluation of the proposed technique is presented through two numerical sampling analyses that illustrate its applicability in the improvement of the solution accurance of general two-dimension finite element model solutions.
Adaptive Large Deformation Viscoplastic Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Tetambe Ravi P. , Saigal Sunil S.
Published: March 2021

The adaptive remeshing and rezoning procedures developed for large deformation finite element analysis using viscoplastic material model are presented in two dimensions. The adaptive procedure is driven by the posteriori error estimation technique. The nonlinear error estimators based on the energy rate norm error and the L2 norm error of incremental total strains are used for error computation. The remeshing algorithm creates new acceptable meshes in the course of the deformation process without any loss of geometric information. The remeshing of the current geometry is achieved using the boundary refinement technique. This technique is observed to be sufficiently accurate in problems where mesh refinement is largely required at the boundary or very close to the boundary of the structure. The rezoning procedure is then used to accurately interpolate the solution variables from the existing mesh to the new adaptively created mesh. The element subdivision approach is used during the rezoning process. The adaptive remeshing and rezoning procedures are developed for 6-node triangular element. These procedures are implemented in the general purpose finite element program, ANSYS [13], and are validated by solving two complex large strain examples. In both examples, these procedures are successful in achieving very high deformation levels in a structure.
Development of Retrieval System for Case Data of Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Nagasawa Shigeru , Nomura Masafumi , Miyata Yasunori , Sakuta Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with support system for finite element modeling and with a methodology for case base retrieving. An estimation model of case similarity is proposed based on the hamming function, defined with vectorized attribute codes. The pertinence of proposed similarity computation is verified experimentally through usage examples for a general purpose finite element program. And relevance of partial identification, or applicability of noise filter for similarity is recognized.

Moreover, as a proto-type case retrieval system have been developed with the hypertext markup language (HTML), a hybrid interactive representation composed of picture image retrieval and abstracted subject retrieval could be shown.
Free Vibration of Laminated Composite Beams and Plates Using ADINA Finite Element Code
Authors: Stolte James
Published: March 2021

Composite materials are being investigated in advanced technology test beds for use in future armored vehicles. We are particularly interested in the response to impulsive loading for which the knowledge of natural frequency behavior is important. In this paper, we investigate the natural frequency analysis capabilities of the multilayered shell element of the ADINA finite element code as applied to laminated composite beams and plates. Results are compared to those published in the literature or those derived from exact solutions. The ADINA shell element employs a first-order shear deformation theory, and the results are found to agree well with other first-order theories. Although ADINA does not allow for a direct method of incorporating a shear correction factor commonly used in first-order theories, it is demonstrated how this can be included by modifying the material properties.
Structural Fire Behavior
Authors: Lilley David G.
Published: March 2021

A computer-based fire model is a scientific mathematical representation of a fire. Computer simulations incorporate to some degree the many chemical and physical processes taking place. Structural fire behavior is considered with emphasis on fire development (burning rates, radiant ignition, flashover and backdraft), experimental studies and fire modeling (field and zone models).
Computational Removing of Electrical Resistance Measurement Error Caused by Thermic Effects
Authors: Damean Nicolae A.
Published: March 2021

Thermic behaviour of electrical resistor passed by a constant DC is analysed both theoretical and numerical. This problem, a ill-posed one is changed in a well-posed one solving a parameter identification problem. The last problem is the principal subject of this paper. Numerical simulations presented here correspond to resistance temperature detector Pt-100. They lead to improving of resistance measurement error (and of temperature certainly for this particular case) through computational removing of error caused by thermic effects.
PC-Based Monitoring and Inspection of Trigger Pull System of Handguns
Authors: Khosrowjerdi M. , Hindle Kurt , Quill Jim M.
Published: March 2021

In any handgun, the force of the trigger pull and the distance traveled by the hammer during the trigger pull, produce the energy required to ignite the primer on the cartridge. Reducing either of these characteristics can lead to insufficient firing pin energy, while increasing either of these can result in a punctured primer that will result in malfunctioning of the firearm. The reliability and dependability of a handgun are extremely important to a Law Enforcement Officer since his life may be on the line. To this end, the development of a computer driven device that is capable of measuring these characteristics is necessary for firearms manufacturers to control both the feel and lock work function of the firearm detection. Test results are archived for performing statistical process control and report preparation.

A PC-based monitoring system for evaluating the performance characteristics of the trigger-pull of pistols has been designed and developed. This system uses an in-house developed load cell along with external clock pulses derived from a shaft encoder to collect approximately 27000 equally spaced load data points. The acquired data points which are 0.0002 inches apart are plotted for visual inspection and analyzed on real time to detect any possible fault associated with the trigger pull mechanism. Digital signal processing is extensively used for filtering, integration and triggerroughness.

Visual Basic for Windows® Programming environment has been employed to create the user interface and perform data acquisition, servomotor control, Statistical Process Control, data base management and report preparation.
Using STEP to Integrate Design Features With Manufacturing Features
Authors: Brooks Steven L. , Greenway R. Bryan
Published: March 2021

There are several parametric or variational feature-based solid modeling design tools that aid the user in productively creating a product design. However, most of these systems do not address mapping from the design feature to the manufacturing feature. We present a representation for manufacturing features that integrate with design features using the ISO 10303 STEP product definition standard. We extend the STEP AP203 entities with feature definitions in a way similar to AP224, the working draft of STEP Features. The manufacturing features presented here provide a means to link design changes to manufacturing feature and/or process changes.

Currently, most systems depend on humans to detect and propagate design and process changes to manufacturing features and plans. Toward solving this problem, we are working on a manufacturing feature representation that can detect a design or process change and correct some, or at a minimum, flag the manufacturing engineer where the change affects manufacturing operations. We define manufacturing features as a collection of faces and edges. It is important that these faces and edges can be uniquely identified in the design feature representation. The STEP entity Shape_Aspect is used to permanently name the face or edge. Our features are built from expressions that reference the design feature’s faces and edges that can be reevaluated to propagate a design change. In this paper we present this new approach for representing manufacturing features and discuss its current and planned implementation.
Optimal Operation Grouping and Sequencing Technique for Multistage Machining Systems
Authors: Kim In-Tae , Suh Hyo-won , Kim Ho-Ryoung
Published: March 2021

In this study, the problem of determining the optimal group and sequence of operations for multistage machining system is investigated. A method incorporating a combination of the expert system and mathematical programming is proposed to produce optimal operation sequence minimizing the noncutting time. Also precedence, tolerance and alternatives of operations are taken into consideration as constraints. The mathematical method performs grouping and sequencing simultaneously and the expert system preprocesses the procedure by eliminating infeasible solution sets and clustering the operations according to the tool commonalities. A prototype CAPP system is also developed using object-oriented expert system shell. The system not only performs local process planning for each machining feature of the part but also analyzes the relationships among operations to generate global process plan. The advantage and effectiveness of the proposed approach are verified through an example of an actual manufacturing product.
A Systematic Approach to Support Design for Manufacturability in Injection Molding and Die Casting
Authors: Yueh Yuh-Shan , Miller R. Allen
Published: March 2021

In designing a part to be produced by injection molding or die casting, designers need to consider manufacturing characteristics of the part such as filling and ejectability from the dies as well as functional issues. The typical design cycle is iterative, laborious and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a procedure for defining parting information (locations where the mold/die come together), and recognizing the links between part design and die/mold construction. Many decisions and design details, such as draft on surfaces parallel to the draw (die opening) direction, gate and runner locations, vent locations, etc., depend on the parting locations and characteristics. Parting information is normally not part of the geometric model of the part design. Parting design, including draw direction and parting location, is addressed through a custom user interface which contains several options related to different levels of geometric modeling data. The resulting specification is stored in a segment structure which provides a flexible parting description and fits within the B-rep hierarchy. The reasoning about the linking of related surfaces is accomplished by splitting and traversing the extracted geometric entities based on parting definition. The entities covered by the same die/mold component are aggregated as a face group which is a set of complete or partial surfaces with the parting definition as the boundary information and with the draw direction as the moving information. In this approach, manufacturing information can be strongly coupled with geometric data to form a complete part model which supports manufacturability assessment and facilitates any necessary shape transformations to achieve a manufacturable part in a straightforward manner so that design iterations can be controlled and development cost can be reduced.
Virtual Assembly Production Analysis of Composite Aircraft Structures
Authors: Lee David E. , Hahn H. Thomas
Published: March 2021

Concurrent with the use of tailored materials for specific applications has been the understanding that a product’s design has a significant and measurable effect on manufacturing process cycle times and unit production costs. In order to reliably manufacture and assemble aircraft structures fabricated from composite materials on a cost-effective basis, an environment for virtual assembly production analysis is being developed. Within this environment, members of an aircraft’s integrated product development team can rapidly assess the impact of design decisions on individual assembly operations and overall aircraft assembly in a virtual manufacturing context. Effects related to joint design and component matings are measured based on force and process conditions as well as the types of tooling required for final assembly. By evaluating assembly production impacts early during product design, the costly design-manufacture-redesign cycle is redefined and recast based on the realities of manufacturing process constraints.
Dynamic Collision Detection in Virtual Worlds Using HV Partition
Authors: Fang J. J. , Clark D. E. R. , Simmons J. E. L.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a simulated three-dimensional virtual world is created with a virtual 3D space ball for virtual object control. We propose a new technique called HV Partition to detect accurate collision on the assembly of two polyhedral solids in virtual simulation. This is a solid-based detection methodology achieved by automatically partitioning the object into smaller solid boxes. Mechanical components, represented by non-convex polyhedra, traversing any degree of freedom, are applied in tins environment. Using this HV Partition method, the accurate interference between two polyhedral objects can be found. The HV Partition methodology is applied following initial approximate collision detection using traditional bounding box and bounding sphere methods. The smaller the number of smaller boxes, the quicker is the performance of the collision algorithm. An automatic partition method is also given to reduce the number of smaller boxes in an object.
COVIRDS: A Conceptual Virtual Design System
Authors: Dani Tushar H. , Gadh Rajit
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the development of a computer system architecture for mechanical conceptual shape design within a virtual environment — COVIRDS1 (COnceptual VIRtual Design System).
Pre-Simulation of Transports for TQM
Authors: Petersen Harry C. , Stapleton Ann M.
Published: March 2021

This paper demonstrates how low-level spreadsheet pre-simulations, using simple but distribution-based performance data and forecasting methods, can help determine the appropriate level of transportation model detail; sometimes the simplified pre-simulation will adequately fulfill analysis needs. While detailed simulations using performance data are recommended in many situations, overly complex models can be unnecessarily time-consuming and expensive. As part of a Transport Probability Analysis study to improve JIT time-based quality, a company performed pre-simulation of Work-in-Process shipments. Results showed the apparent problems resided in procedures and possibly production, not transportation performance. Thus the decision was made to first look at correcting these procedures and scheduling, and to use this simplified probability-based program to monitor performance, rather than to develop a detailed transportation model. This procedure is being expanded to monitor other JIT transportation performance.
A Neural Network Approach to Localization of Parts With Complex Surfaces for Precision Inspection
Authors: Balasubramanian Sivaram , Gu Peihua
Published: March 2021

Dimensional inspection of 3D objects with complex sculptured surfaces is an important issue, due to the increase in precision manufacturing of dies, patterns, moulds, turbine blades, forged parts, and aerospace structural components. In order to determine the error on a machined surface, the measured points must be located in the design coordinate system of the part. This is called localization. This paper presents an approach which formulates the problem as least squares minimization of distances, with the solution being achieved through self learning neural network. The shortest distance between the measured points and their counterparts on the parametric design surface are determined by solving simultaneous non-linear equations. The neural network is then used to learn the homogeneous transformation matrix. Results obtained from computer simulations performed for both scattered and dense data are presented. The results indicate that the proposed method using neural network is both computationally efficient and robust.
Combination of Management Methods and Information Technologies for Product Development Processes
Authors: v. Esebeck Götz , Tegel Oliver , Miller Jeffrey L. , Grote Karl-Heinrich
Published: March 2021

As companies become aware that they have to restructure their product development processes to survive global competition in the market, it is important that they evaluate which management methods and techniques are suitable to improve the performance of the process and which design methods can be integrated and be used efficiently. A combination of management methods like Total Quality Management (TQM), Simultaneous or Concurrent Engineering, and Lean Development can be adapted to meet the requirements of a company more than a single strategy. Interdisciplinary teamwork, cross-hierarchical communication, and delegation of work in addition to employee motivation changes the common attitude towards the work process in the company and integrates the staff more tightly into the process. Nowadays, there is tight cooperation between companies and their sub-contractors, as sub-contractors not only have to manufacture the part or sub-assembly, but often have to design it. Therefore, the product development process has to be defined in a way that the sub-contractors can be tightly integrated into the product development process. Additionally, it is important to break the product down into functionally separate modules during the conceptual phase of the process. If the interfaces between these functions are defined as specifications, these modules can easily be given to suppliers or to other teams inside the company for further development.

The use of methods such as Design for Manufacture (DFM) or Design for Assembly (DFA) early during the development process, which utilize the knowledge of experts from manufacturing and assembly, results in a decreasing number of iterative loops during the design process and therefore reduces time-to-market. This cross-functional cooperation leads to improved quality of both processes and products. In this paper, different management methods to achieve the best improvement from the product development process are discussed. In addition, suitable design methods for achieving cost reduction, quality improvement, and reduction of time-to-market are presented. Finally, proposals for industry on methods to reorganize the Integrated Product Development (IPD) process based on actual findings are presented.