bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial planning determinants of cohesion policy implementation in Polish regions
Authors: Komornicki Tomasz , Szejgiec-Kolenda Barbara , Degórska Bożena , Goch Katarzyna , Śleszyński Przemysław , Bednarek-Szczepańska Maria , Siłka Piotr
Published: June 2019

The main objective of the paper is to present directions of mutual interrelationships between the state of spatial planning (at different levels of public administration) and effective cohesion policy, conceived as operational programmes carried out in Poland in the years 2004-2016. In the research study, the following results were attained: defining the basic planning conditions of development policies implementation resulting from integration with EU, indicating the consequences of these conditions for territorial governance and for the implementation of cohesion policy, as well as identifying the solutions adopted by Poland lying at the intersection between spatial development and investments financed by the EU funds. The paper presents the most important challenges, adopted solutions and effects of their utilization in Poland within three thematic issues: a) polycentricity and suburbanisation, b) transport infrastructure and accessibility and c) natural and cultural heritage.
How governance counts? Comparative analysis of activity and funding patterns of Central European cross-border cooperation programmes
Authors: Pámer Zoltán
Published: June 2019

Cross-border cooperation – as objective 3 of cohesion policy since the 2007-2013 programming period – plays a key role in promoting Europeanisation, which is especially important in case of Central Europe that is dominated by small national states. Target areas of cross-border cooperation are the NUTS 3 units located along the state borders. As project generation, decision making and implementation is overwhelmingly done on regional level, territorial governance structures are decisive from cross-border cooperation point of view. The paper focuses on two programmes – the Slovenia-Austria and the Hungary-Croatia – whose target areas are lacking large urban centres, middle-size and small towns make up the backbone of the settlement network. The involved countries are very diverse in regional governance structures. Austria is a federal state with strong regional governments. Croatia and Hungary are unitary states with limited capacities on regional level. Slovenia is, again, a unitary state that lacks medium level of government, therefore the local level is the carrier of cross-border cooperation. Aim of the paper is to identify how different systems of territorial governance are reflected in the implementation of the programme and the allocation of funding. After presenting the premises of cross-border cooperation and a brief outline of the two programmes a quantified analysis will be presented based on primary ex-post programme data of the 2007-2013 Slovenia-Austria and Hungary-Croatia cross-border cooperation programmes. Analysis is conducted on LAU 2 level in order to show how different categories of the settlement structure contribute in terms of cooperation activity and absorption and how it is distributed between different types of beneficiary organisations.
The complete chloroplast genome of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and an adaptive evolutionary analysis of the ycf2 gene
Authors: Zhong Qiwen , Yang Shipeng , Sun Xuemei , Wang Lihui , Li Yi
Published: June 2019

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is widely cultivated in Northwest China which has become an emerging economic crop with rapid development. Because of its elevated inulin content and high resistance, it is widely used in functional food, inulin processing, feed, and ecological management. In this study, Illumina sequencing technology was utilized to assemble and annotate the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Jerusalem artichoke. The total length was 151,431 bp, including four conserved regions: A pair of reverse repeat regions (IRa 24,568 bp and IRb 24,603 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC, 83,981 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,279 bp). The genome had a total of 115 genes, with 19 present in the reverse direction in the IR region. 36 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the coding and non-coding regions, most of which were biased towards A/T bases. 32 SSRs were distributed in the non-coding regions. Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence of Jerusalem artichoke and other species of the composite family revealed the chloroplast genome sequences of plants of the composite family to be highly conserved. Differences were observed in 24 gene loci in the coding region, with the degree of differentiation of the ycf2 gene being the most obvious. Phylogenetic analysis showed Helianthus petiolaris subsp. fallax had the closest relationship with Jerusalem artichoke, both members of the Helianthus genus. Selective locus detection of the ycf2 gene in eight species of the composite family was performed to explore adaptive evolution traits of the ycf2 gene in Jerusalem artichoke. The results show that there are significant and extremely significant positive selection sites at the 1239N and 1518R loci, respectively, indicating that the ycf2 gene has been subject to adaptive evolution and has the potential to be used as a phylogenetic reconstruction locus in the composite family. Insights from our assessment of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Jerusalem artichoke will aid in the in-depth study of the evolutionary relationship of the composite family, and provide significant sequencing information for the genetic improvement of Jerusalem artichoke.
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex computes task-invariant relative subjective value for self and other
Authors: Piva Matthew , Velnoskey Kayla , Jia Ruonan , Nair Amrita , Levy Ifat , Chang Steve W C
Published: June 2019

Few studies have addressed the neural computations underlying decisions made for others despite the importance of this ubiquitous behavior. Using participant-specific behavioral modeling with univariate and multivariate fMRI approaches, we investigated the neural correlates of decision-making for self and other in two independent tasks, including intertemporal and risky choice. Modeling subjective valuation indicated that participants distinguished between themselves and others with dissimilar preferences. Activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was consistently modulated by relative subjective value. Multi-voxel pattern analysis indicated that activity in the dmPFC uniquely encoded relative subjective value and generalized across self and other and across both tasks. Furthermore, agent cross-decoding accuracy between self and other in the dmPFC was related to self-reported social attitudes. These findings indicate that the dmPFC emerges as a medial prefrontal node that utilizes a task-invariant mechanism for computing relative subjective value for self and other.
The GluTR-binding protein is the heme-binding factor for feedback control of glutamyl-tRNA reductase
Authors: Richter Andreas S , Banse Claudia , Grimm Bernhard
Published: June 2019

Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the rate-limiting step in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in land plants. In photosynthetic eukaryotes and many bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) is the most tightly controlled enzyme upstream of ALA. Higher plants possess two GluTR isoforms: GluTR1 is predominantly expressed in green tissue, and GluTR2 is constitutively expressed in all organs. Although proposed long time ago, the molecular mechanism of heme-dependent inhibition of GluTR in planta has remained elusive. Here, we report that accumulation of heme, induced by feeding with ALA, stimulates Clp-protease-dependent degradation of Arabidopsis GluTR1. We demonstrate that binding of heme to the GluTR-binding protein (GBP) inhibits interaction of GBP with the N-terminal regulatory domain of GluTR1, thus making it accessible to the Clp protease. The results presented uncover a functional link between heme content and the post-translational control of GluTR stability, which helps to ensure adequate availability of chlorophyll and heme.
The structure of the yeast Ctf3 complex
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen M , Dates Andrew N , Harrison Stephen C
Published: June 2019

Kinetochores are the chromosomal attachment points for spindle microtubules. They are also signaling hubs that control major cell cycle transitions and coordinate chromosome folding. Most well-studied eukaryotes rely on a conserved set of factors, which are divided among two loosely-defined groups, for these functions. Outer kinetochore proteins contact microtubules or regulate this contact directly. Inner kinetochore proteins designate the kinetochore assembly site by recognizing a specialized nucleosome containing the H3 variant Cse4/CENP-A. We previously determined the structure, resolved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), of the yeast Ctf19 complex (Ctf19c, homologous to the vertebrate CCAN), providing a high-resolution view of inner kinetochore architecture (Hinshaw and Harrison, 2019). We now extend these observations by reporting a near-atomic model of the Ctf3 complex, the outermost Ctf19c sub-assembly seen in our original cryo-EM density. The model is sufficiently well-determined by the new data to enable molecular interpretation of Ctf3 recruitment and function.
Catalog der in Norwegen bis Juni 1878 beobachteten Nordlichter
Authors: Tromholt Sophus
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Kira Moss. This work is free of known copyright restrictions.
Om polarljuset eller norrskenet
Authors: Lemström Selim
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Päivi Maria Pihlaja, pp. 11-15.
Neue Theorie des Nordlichtes
Authors: Hell Maximilianus , Jungnitz Longinus Antonius
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Per Pippin Aspaas, pp. 14-17.
Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis, vol. II
Authors: Tromholt Sophus
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Kira Moss, pp. 11-15.
Under Nordlysets Straaler
Authors: Tromholt Sophus
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Kira Moss, pp. 6-10.
Soil respiration and its Q10 response to various grazing systems of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Nie Cheng , Li Yue , Niu Lei , Liu Yinghui , Shao Rui , Xu Xia , Tian Yuqiang
Published: June 2019

Background

As one of the important management practices of grassland ecosystems, grazing has fundamental effects on soil properties, vegetation, and soil microbes. Grazing can thus alter soil respiration (Rs) and the soil carbon cycle, yet its impacts and mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

To explore the response of soil carbon flux and temperature sensitivity to different grazing systems, Rs, soil temperature (ST), and soil moisture (SM) were observed from December 2014 to September 2015 in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia under three grazing systems: year-long grazing, rest-rotation grazing, and grazing exclusion. In addition, plant aboveground and root biomass, soil microbial biomass and community composition, and soil nutrients were measured during the pilot period.

Results

Soil respiration was significantly different among the three grazing systems. The average Rs was highest under rest-rotation grazing (1.26 μmol·m−2·s−1), followed by grazing exclusion (0.98 μmol·m−2·s−1) and year-long grazing (0.94 μmol·m−2·s−1). Rs was closely associated with ST, SM, potential substrate and root, and soil microbe activity. The effects of grazing among two grazing systems had generality, but were different due to grazing intensity. The root biomass was stimulated by grazing, and the rest-rotation grazing system resulted in the highest Rs. Grazing led to decreases in aboveground and microbial biomass as well as the loss of soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus from the steppe ecosystem, which explained the negative effect of grazing on Rs in the year-long grazing system compared to the grazing exclusion system. The temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10) was higher in the rest-rotation and year-long grazing systems, likely due to the higher temperature sensitivity of rhizosphere respiration and higher “rhizosphere priming effect” in the promoted root biomass. The structural equation model analysis showed that while grazing inhibited Rs by reducing soil aeration porosity, ground biomass and SM, it increased Q10 but had a lower effect than other factors. A better understanding of the effects of grazing on soil respiration has important practical implications.
Effect of heat-killedStreptococcus thermophiluson type 2 diabetes rats
Authors: Gao Xiangyang , Wang Fei , Zhao Peng , Zhang Rong , Zeng Qiang
Published: June 2019

Background and Aims

The link between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been addressed by numerous studies.Streptococcus thermophilusfrom fermented milk products, has been used as a probiotic in previous research. However, whether heat-killedS. thermophiluscan improve the glycemic parameters of diabetic rats remains unanswered. In this study, we evaluated the effect of heat-killedS. thermophiluson T2D model rats and the potential mechanisms of the effect.

Methods

Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used to generate a diabetic rat model induced by feeding a high-fat diet. Heat-killedS. thermophiluswere orally administered to normal and diabetic rats for 12 weeks. Intestinal microbiota analysis, histology analysis, oral glucose tolerance test and measurement of inflammatory factors were performed.

Results

We found that heat-killedS. thermophilustreatment reduced fasting blood glucose levels and alleviated glucose intolerance and total cholesterol in diabetic ZDF rats. Additionally, heat-killedS. thermophilusincreased the interleukin 10 while reducing the levels of lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in diabetic ZDF rats. The heat-killedS. thermophilustreatment can normalize the structure of the intestinal and colon mucosal layer of diabetic rats. The characteristics of the gut microbiota in heat-killedS. thermophilus-treated and control rats were similar. At the genus level, the abundances of beneficial bacteria, including Ruminococcaceae, Veillonella, Coprococcus, and Bamesiella, were all significantly elevated by heat-killedS. thermophilustreatment in ZDF diabetic rats.

Conclusion

Our study supports the hypothesis that treatment with heat-killedS. thermophiluscould effectively improve glycemic parameters in T2D model rats. In addition, the potential mechanisms underlying the protection maybe include changing the composition of gut microbiota, reinforcing the intestinal epithelial barrier and the immunity of the intestinal mucosa, decreasing the level of inflammation, and then reducing the insulin resistance.
Dynamics of soil properties and fungal community structure in continuous-cropped alfalfa fields in Northeast China
Authors: Yao Qin , Xu Yanxia , Liu Xuefeng , Liu Junjie , Huang Xinyu , Yang Weiguang , Yang Zhao , Lan Lan , Zhou Jingming , Wang Guanghua
Published: June 2019

To compensate for the seasonal imbalance between livestock and forage yield in the cold region of Northeast China, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) continuous cropping has been widely employed in animal husbandry. However, the effects of continuous cropping of alfalfa on soil properties, including physical, chemical and biological properties, are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the soil properties and fungal community composition of alfalfa fields under continuous cropping for different time periods (i.e., 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 13 and 35 years). The results showed that soil moisture, total C, total N, NO3−-N and available K content decreased at less than 10 years of continuous cropping and then increased at more than 10 years of continuous cropping, but soil total P and available P content showed the opposite tendency. The soil fungal community composition determined using Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that continuous cropping increased the fungal alpha diversity and changed the fungal community structure. The relative abundances of Guehomyces and Chaetomium decreased, but the relative abundances of Phaeomycocentrospora and Paecilomyces increased with continuous cropping time. In addition, continuous cropping of alfalfa increased the relative abundances of some plant pathogens, such as Haematonectria haematococca and Cyphellophora sp. Soil total P and available P content were important soil factors affecting the soil fungal community diversity, fungal community structure and the relative abundances of specific fungi in this alfalfa continuous cropping system.
Extraction of polysaccharides from Amaranthus hybridus L. by hot water and analysis of their antioxidant activity
Authors: Tang Yujia , Xiao Yirong , Tang Zizhong , Jin Weiqiong , Wang Yinsheng , Chen Hui , Yao Huipeng , Shan Zhi , Bu Tongliang , Wang Xiaoli
Published: June 2019

Background

Amaranthus hybridus L. is an annual herb that belongs to the Amaranthceae family, a type of multi-purpose grain, vegetable and feed crop that has received considerable attention due to its great economic value. However, the composition of polysaccharides from A. hybridus has rarely been previously reported.

Methods

In this study, the aboveground part of A. hybridus was used as material and polysaccharides were isolated by the hot water extraction method. Two acidic polysaccharides were isolated and purified by the Sevage method and diethylaminoethyl cellulose-32 column chromatography.

Results

Two acidic polysaccharides were obtained from A. hybridus: AHP-H-1 and AHP-H-2. There were significant differences between the monosaccharide content from each sample according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. AHP-H-2 had higher antioxidant activity in vitro than AHP-H-1. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging rate of two mg/mL AHP-H-2 was 80%, its hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was approximately 48.5%, its superoxide anion radical scavenging rate was 85.3% and its reduction ability of Fe3+ was approximately 0.92. The total antioxidant capacity of each milligram of AHP-H-2 was 6.5, which was higher than ascorbic acid.

Conclusion

The results of the study promote the effective use of A. hybridus and provide a theoretical basis for its development.
Presbyopia and Vision-related Quality of Life in Calabar South, Nigeria
Authors: Eni Egbula N. , Oku Afiong , Duke Roseline E.
Published: June 2019

Aim: To determine the magnitude of presbyopia and the effect of uncorrected presbyopia on vision-related quality of life in Calabar South, Nigeria.

Study Design: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Calabar South Local Government Area, Nigeria, between November 2016 and February 2017.

Methods: We included 422 adults (198 men, 224 women) aged 35 years and above, selected by cluster random sampling. Subjective distance refraction was done on all participants with distant visual acuity less than 6/6. Near visual acuity was assessed at 40 centimetres with a Times Roman near vision (British N system) chart, with distant correction in place if required. Presbyopia was defined as inability to read N8 at 40 centimetres unaided or with habitually worn distance refractive correction, with improvement of near vision by at least one line on a Times Roman near vision chart with use of a plus lens. An adapted and validated quality of life questionnaires were administered to the participants.

Results: A total of 422 participants were examined and interviewed. The prevalence of presbyopia was 55.5%. There was no significant association between gender and prevalence of presbyopia. The presbyopia correction coverage in the study population was 38.0% with a strong positive correlation between age and the required near vision spectacle lens power (r = 0.88, p < .001). Another key finding was a significant association between uncorrected presbyopia and reduced quality of life.

Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the burden of presbyopia in the study population is enormous in spite of the fact that it has a cost effective intervention. The key findings in this study underscore the need to scale up presbyopic correction services in the study area.
Thin‐Layer Chromatography
Authors: Tuzimski Tomasz , Sherma Joseph
Published: June 2019

Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the important chromatographic techniques. Its main advantages are low cost and the possibility of analyzing a large number of samples simultaneously. TLC is a very useful, rapid, and inexpensive chromatographic method. It is especially suitable for screening tests, in which pretreatment of the analytes can be avoided, even with dirty samples. The thin‐layer format provides a better arrangement for high sample throughput, flexible detection strategies, and a greater tolerance of samples with a high‐matrix burden. Currently, more and more popular application of computer‐controlled scanning instruments, automated sample application, and the large number of available image analysis software packages allow high accuracy and precision in TLC quantification. Modern planar chromatographic techniques can achieve high separating power by use of two‐dimensional (2‐D) techniques, chromatographic plates with different properties, a variety of mobile phase combinations, a variety of forced‐flow techniques, and multiple development modes.
Tip‐Enhanced
R
aman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gibson Kirsty F. , Kazarian Sergei G. , Kharintsev Sergey S.
Published: June 2019

Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful analytical technique for chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Three different scanning probe microscopy tip‐enhanced Raman (SPM‐TERS) modes allow the analysis of a wide range of samples. TERS has been shown to be of great use in materials‐based applications, particularly for nanostructured materials and in the analysis of biologically relevant systems. In this article, the fundamentals and theoretical aspects of TERS, the instrumentation required to perform a TERS experiment and examples of a range of practical applications are discussed.
Hyphenated Methods for Speciation Analysis
Authors: Michalski Rajmund
Published: June 2019

Speciation analysis, understood as research into various element forms, is gaining importance in environment protection; biogeochemical cycles of chemical compounds; determination of toxicity and ecotoxicity of selected elements; quality control of food, medicines, and pharmaceutical products; examination of occupational exposure and clinical analysis. The hyphenated methods, in which separation method is coupled with multidimensional detectors, have become very useful in such analyses. The main advantages of those methods consist in extremely low detection and quantification limits, insignificant interference influence as well as high precision and repeatability of the determinations. The following article describes the role and importance of hyphenated methods in speciation analyses of selected elements.
New Developments of Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research
Authors: Schinkovitz Andreas , Séraphin Denis , Richomme Pascal
Published: June 2019

Mass spectrometry (MS) represents an indispensable tool for the structural identification of natural products (NPs) and is one of the major focus areas of analytical chemistry research. The technique has long been used to obtain molecular weights and further molecular formulae. In the past, former ionization sources such as electronic impact (EI) limited MS analysis to predominately volatile, polar, and thermostable compounds. However, the development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and laser desorption/ionization (LDI) have gradually extended the scope of MS analysis to a much wider range of chemical entities. Moreover, the hyphenation of liquid and gas chromatography with MS (LC‐MS, GC‐MS) has provided a most powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures and NPs. In fact, LC‐MS is often considered as a method of first choice particularly when studying complex mixtures of small molecules. On the other hand, recent developments in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and LDI may provide useful supplements and potential alternatives to this approach. Both methods share similar, though slightly different ionization mechanisms. While MALDI uses small molecules comprising strong UV chromophores (matrices) to transfer laser energy to the sample material, LDI targets compounds that can be directly ionized by laser irradiation without any matrix support. Moreover, certain compounds showing LDI properties may also work as MALDI matrices. With regard to NPs research, MALDI and LDI may help overcoming certain limitations encountered in LC‐MS such as the indispensable use of buffer solutions when analyzing alkaloids. Moreover, as (MA)LDI hardly requires any sample conditioning, analysis time can be significantly shortened.

With all this in mind, the subsequent article will highlight some interesting MALDI and LDI applications, which focus on the detection of NPs in complex mixtures. This includes the use of specifically adapted matrices for the selective detection of alkaloids (i), the study of the inherent LDI and matrix properties of phenolic compounds (ii) as well of evaluation on the reproducibility of LDI signal patterns (iii). Eventually, a statistical approach toward LDI profiling, which may provide a future tool for quality control of large sample batches will be presented (iv).
Triplet vinylnitrenes
Authors: Banerjee Upasana , Thenna‐Hewa Kosala , Gudmundsdottir Anna D.
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes how intramolecular sensitization has been used to successfully form triplet vinylnitrene intermediates from vinyl azide, isoxazole, and azirine compounds. Triplet vinylnitrenes have been thoroughly characterized in cryogenic matrices using UV/vis absorption, infrared, and electron spin resonance spectroscopies. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy shows that vinylnitrenes have a significant 1,3‐biradical character, which is further supported by density functional theory calculations. Laser flash photolysis, which has allowed the direct detection of triplet vinylnitrenes in solution, reveals that they are short‐lived intermediates with lifetimes on the order of a few microseconds. Vinylnitrenes decay efficiently by intersystem crossing to form products because their 1,3‐biradical character renders their vinylic CC bond flexible, which enhances intersystem crossing. At cryogenic temperatures, flexible triplet vinylnitrenes are not stable and intersystem cross to form products. Nevertheless, triplet vinylnitrenes can be stabilized by limiting the flexibility of the vinylic CC bond, which renders them stabile in cryogenic matrices. Thus, they are promising building blocks for high‐spin assemblies. Furthermore, as stabilized vinylnitrenes can also be employed in bimolecular reactions, they have potential for use in various synthetical applications.
Teaching English Prosodic Features
Authors: Gregersen Tammy
Published: June 2019

All of the elements of sound that function over verbal utterances longer than a discrete vowel or consonant and express meaning collectively are referred to as prosody or suprasegmentals. The importance of prosody in language learning lies in the fact that vocal cues convert meanings that cannot be picked up from context and influence how the individual sounds—that is, segmentals—are produced and understood. Among the sound attributes that give vocal behavior its unique characteristics are speech rate, reduced forms and linking, pauses, intonation, stress, rhythm, and voice quality. Two categories of prosody are distinguished: Lingusitic prosody refers to the intonation of sentences, including the specification of focus within sentences and stress within polysyllabic words whereas affective prosody refers to the expression of emotion in speech. These two processes are united by their use of vocal pitch modulation, but they are functionally distinct. This entry examines the various functions of prosody, the specific vocal characteristics that comprise prosody, and provides several classroom activities to enhance language learners' production and reception of the suprasegmental features of language.
IELTS
Vocabulary: Ensuring Prepared Students
Authors: Smith Sara A.
Published: June 2019

Vocabulary knowledge is an essential component of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). It is needed to comprehend the reading and listening test sections and is an explicit scoring criterion in the writing and speaking sections. Instructors preparing IELTS candidates can use the existing body of research that evaluates the language and discourse produced by IELTS candidates at various bands to inform teaching, in conjunction with effective vocabulary teaching techniques, such as embedding words or phrases in communicative activities and presenting items in context. Specific recommendations include monitoring the ratio of high and low‐frequency words, explicit instruction of formulaic sequences, and the strategic use of prompt material.
Task Development: Creative Writing
Authors: Thomas Priscilla
Published: June 2019

Despite claims that creative writing does not meet the rigor required in academic English classes, writing fiction, narrative, and memoir encompasses key literacy skills that, when developed, enable students to meaningfully express themselves. Emergent bilingual students deserve access to these skills, and teachers can support their development of effective writing ability, their emotional well‐being, and their English language acquisition by teaching creative writing in English/Language Arts classrooms. This entry provides examples of creative writing instruction as a linguistically empowering study for emergent bilingual and ESL/EFL students. Creative writing does not generally take priority in the instruction of ESL/EFL students, and it is often considered antithetical to the study of academic English. However, creative writing supports language acquisition and the study of literature by inviting students to connect deeply with content and literary structure. Examples of student work from an 11th grade US classroom of EB students illustrate the power creative writing instruction holds for language‐minoritized students.
Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) Mesoporous Coatings for Enhanced Strontium Delivery and Osseointegration on Bone Implants
Authors: Escobar Ane , Muzzio Nicolás , Angelomé Paula C. , Bordoni Andrea V. , Martínez Angel , Bindini Elisa , Coy Emerson , Andreozzi Patrizia , Grzelczak Marek , Moya Sergio E.
Published: June 2019

The incorporation of strontium (Sr) in titania enhances surface bioactivity and has a positive effect on pre‐osteoblastic cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Strontium titanate mesoporous films (SrTiMFs) with 30% pore volume and a 20% Sr molar content have been prepared by the evaporation induced self‐assembly method. SrTiMFs display a large internal surface area available for exchange of Sr, which is released in cell media up to 44% within the first 8 h. SrTiMFs improve attachment of MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblastic cells, which show larger filopodia and more elongated features than cells attached to plain mesoporous titania films (MTFs). SrTiMFs also display improved cell proliferation and differentiation rates indicating that overall Sr incorporation into mesoporous titania coatings can lead to enhanced osseointegration during the early stages of bone tissue formation.
Surface Remelting‐Mediated Improvement in Oxidation Resistance of Cr2Nb‐Containing Nb‐Si‐Based Alloys at High Temperatures
Authors: Guo Yueling , Jia Lina , Su Haijun , Zhang Fengxiang , Peng Hui , Zhang Hu
Published: June 2019

The poor oxidation resistance of Nb‐Si‐based alloys generally limits their high‐temperature application. A surface remelting strategy for the formation of protective oxide scales and the improvement of oxidation resistance is reported. Electron beam surface melting (EBSM) is performed on arc‐melted Nb‐14Si‐18Ti‐12Cr‐7Al‐0.2Y (at.%) alloys. The microstructure is significantly refined, without altering the phase regime that consists of an Nb solid solution, βNb5Si3 and Cr2Nb. After oxidation at 1200 °C, the EBSM‐remelted layer forms a flatter and more compact oxide scale without significant cracking or spalling than that on the arc‐melted alloy. A continuous SiO2 oxide layer is formed within the oxide scale on the EBSM‐remelted layer. A reduction of ≈47% in the oxide scale thickness, indicative of improved oxidation resistance, is achieved by the EBSM treatment. The present work provides a promising engineering approach toward the design and fabrication of Nb‐Si‐based alloys with balanced properties.
In Situ Observation of Crystallization Dynamics and Grain Orientation in Sequential Deposition of Metal Halide Perovskites
Authors: Meng Ke , Wang Xiao , Xu Qiaofei , Li Zhimin , Liu Zhou , Wu Longlong , Hu Youdi , Liu Ning , Chen Gang
Published: June 2019

Metal halide perovskites have revolutionized the development of highly efficient, solution‐processable solar cells. Further advancements rely on improving perovskite film qualities through a better understanding of the underlying growth mechanism. Here, a systematic in situ grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction investigation is performed, facilitated by other techniques, on the sequential deposition of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)‐based perovskite films. The active chemical reaction, composition distribution, phase transition, and crystal grain orientation are all visualized following the entire perovskite formation process. Furthermore, the influences of additive ions on the crystallization speed, grain orientation, and morphology of FAPbI3‐based films, along with their photovoltaic performances, are fully evaluated and optimized, which leads to highly reproducible and efficient perovskite solar cells. The findings provide key insights into the perovskite growth mechanism and suggest the fabrication of high‐quality perovskite films for widespread optoelectronic applications.
Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensor: Ligand‐Treated Ag Nanocrystal Thin Films on PDMS with Thermal Expansion Strategy
Authors: Bang Junsung , Lee Woo Seok , Park Byeonghak , Joh Hyungmok , Woo Ho Kun , Jeon Sanghyun , Ahn Junhyuk , Jeong Chanho , Kim Tae‐il , Oh Soong Ju
Published: June 2019

Highly sensitive temperature sensors are designed by exploiting the interparticle distance–dependent transport mechanism in nanocrystal (NC) thin films based on a thermal expansion strategy. The effect of ligands on the electronic, thermal, mechanical, and charge transport properties of silver (Ag) NC thin films on thermal expandable substrates of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is investigated. While inorganic ligand‐treated Ag NC thin films exhibit a low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), organic ligand‐treated films exhibit extremely high TCR up to 0.5 K−1, which is the highest TCR exhibited among nanomaterial‐based temperature sensors to the best of the authors' knowledge. Structural and electronic characterizations, as well as finite element method simulation and transport modeling are conducted to determine the origin of this behavior. Finally, an all‐solution based fabrication process is established to build Ag NC‐based sensors and electrodes on PDMS to demonstrate their suitability as low‐cost, high‐performance attachable temperature sensors.
Light‐Induced Swelling‐Responsive Conductive, Adhesive, and Stretchable Wireless Film Hydrogel as Electronic Artificial Skin
Authors: Ryplida Benny , Lee Kang Dae , In Insik , Park Sung Young
Published: June 2019

Light‐induced wireless soft electronic skin hydrogels with excellent mechanical and electronic properties are important for several applications, such as soft robotics and intelligent wearable devices. Precise control of reversible stretchability and capacitive properties depending on intermolecular interaction and surface characteristics remains a challenge. Here, a thin‐film hydrogel is designed based on titanium oxide (TiO2) polydopamine–perfluorosilica carbon dot‐conjugated chitosan–polyvinyl alcohol‐loaded tannic acid with controllable hydrophobic–hydrophilic transition in the presence of UV–vis light irradiation. The shifting of surface wettability from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by irradiation affects thin‐film water permeability and swelling ratio. This allows the penetration of water into the matrix to change its mechanical strength, electronic properties, and adhesive behavior. Specifically, the hydrogel displays mechanical strain as high as 278% in response to light stimuli and demonstrates the ability to regain its initial state determining the elasticity of the fabricated material. Moreover, the thin‐film hydrogel shows an increase in conductivity to 1.096 × 10−3 and 1.026 × 10−3 S cm−1 when irradiated with UV and visible light, respectively. The hydrogel exhibits capacitive reversibility that follows finger motion which can be identified directly or remotely using wireless connection, indicative of its possible applications as an artificial electronic skin.
A Textile Platform Using Continuous Aligned and Textured Composite Microfibers to Engineer Tendon‐to‐Bone Interface Gradient Scaffolds
Authors: Calejo Isabel , Costa‐Almeida Raquel , Reis Rui L. , Gomes Manuela E.
Published: June 2019

Tendon‐to‐bone interfaces exhibit a hierarchical multitissue transition. To replicate the progression from mineralized to nonmineralized tissue, a novel 3D fibrous scaffold is fabricated with spatial control over mineral distribution and cellular alignment. For this purpose, wet‐spun continuous microfibers are produced using polycaprolactone (PCL)/ gelatin and PCL/gelatin/hydroxyapatite nano‐to‐microparticles (HAp). Higher extrusion rates result in aligned PCL/gelatin microfibers while, in the case of PCL/gelatin/HAp, the presence of minerals leads to a less organized structure. Biological performance using human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) demonstrates that topography of PCL/gelatin microfibers can induce cytoskeleton elongation, resembling native tenogenic organization. Matrix mineralization on PCL/gelatin/HAp wet‐spun composite microfibers suggest the production of an osteogenic‐like matrix, without external addition of osteogenic medium supplementation. As proof of concept, a 3D gradient structure is produced by assembling PCL/gelatin and PCL/gelatin/HAp microfibers, resulting in a fibrous scaffold with a continuous topographical and compositional gradient. Overall, the feasibility of wet‐spinning for the generation of continuously aligned and textured microfibers is demonsrated, which can be further assembled into more complex 3D gradient structures to mimic characteristic features of tendon‐to‐bone interfaces.
Activating C‐Coordinated Iron of Iron Hexacyanoferrate for Zn Hybrid‐Ion Batteries with 10 000‐Cycle Lifespan and Superior Rate Capability
Authors: Yang Qi , Mo Funian , Liu Zhuoxin , Ma Longtao , Li Xinliang , Fang Daliang , Chen Shimou , Zhang Suojiang , Zhi Chunyi
Published: June 2019

Prussian blue analogue (PBA)‐type metal hexacyanoferrates are considered as significant cathodes for zinc batteries (ZBs). However, these PBA‐type cathodes, such as cyanogroup iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF), suffer from ephemeral lifespan (≤1000 cycles), and inferior rate capability (1 A g−1). This is because the redox active sites of multivalent iron (Fe(III/II)) can only be very limited activated and thus utilized. This is attributed to the spatial resistance caused by the compact cooperation interaction between Fe and the surrounded cyanogroup, and the inferior conductivity. Here, it is found that high‐voltage scanning can effectively activate the C‐coordinated Fe in FeHCF cathode in ZBs. Thanks to this activation, the Zn–FeHCF hybrid‐ion battery achieves a record‐breaking cycling performance of 5000 (82% capacity retention) and 10 000 cycles (73% capacity retention), respectively, together with a superior rate capability of maintaining 53.2% capacity at superhigh current density of 8 A g−1 (≈97 C). The reversible distortion and recovery of the crystalline structure caused by the (de)insertion of zinc and lithium ions is revealed. It is believed that this work represents a substantial advance on PBA electrode materials and may essentially promote application of PBA materials.
Thermal Metamaterials with Site‐Specific Thermal Properties Fabricated by 3D Magnetic Printing
Authors: Ren Luquan , Zhou Xueli , Xue Jingze , Song Zhengyi , Li Bingqian , Liu Qingping , Zhao Che
Published: June 2019

Recently, composites with global anisotropic thermal properties, including thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, have drawn increasing attention as promising thermal‐management materials for highly integrated electrical devices. However, fabricating thermal metamaterials with site‐specific thermal properties remains a great challenge. A 3D magnetic printing process to fabricate fiber‐reinforced composites with site‐specific thermal properties by controlling the orientation of the fibers is presented. In proof‐of‐concept experiments, nickel‐coated carbon fibers (NiCFs) dispersed in resin are site‐specifically aligned according to predesigned patterns through design of the magnet trajectory plan. Composites with aligned fibers are fabricated resulting in site‐specific thermal conductivity that can be locally modulated by a factor of up to 1.39, which is mainly attributable to the aligned NiCFs that can form thermal conductive pathways for phonon transport along the direction of the aligned fibers. These results demonstrate that the thermal properties of composites can be controlled by adjusting the orientation of the fibers. Finally, the present method is applied to fabricate a site‐specific thermal metamaterial as a proof‐of‐concept thermal control. The proposed strategy takes full advantage of 3D‐printing technology, opening a new avenue for manufacturing composites with programmable thermal conductivity, which is thus far inaccessible by traditional manufacturing technologies.
Thin Hydrogel–Elastomer Multilayer Encapsulation for Soft Electronics
Authors: Macron Jennifer , Gerratt Aaron P. , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: June 2019

In the exciting race to design and engineer biointegrated and body‐like electronic systems, many efforts concentrate on the integration of hydrogels in electronic assemblies. The versatility of hydrogels chemistry combined with their tissue‐mimicking properties inspires numerous demonstrations of hydrogel‐based touch panels, robots, and sensors over the years. However, their long‐term integration in a thin and functional electronic assembly remains a challenge: their sensitivity to both air‐drying and water swelling leads to important volume change of the network that is incompatible with the cohesion of a multilayer system, and has irreversible impact on the electronic properties of the assembly. To tackle this issue, proposed is a method to fabricate a hydrogel–elastomer micrometric bilayer with a stable interface, using of a low‐swelling type of hydrogel, i.e., poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and silicone rubber. The bilayer can sustain multiple hydration/dehydration cycles without delamination and can be kept for several months in its dry configuration. Combined with soft metallization technology, the bilayer can be readily integrated into a soft electronic circuit thereby opening a technological route for microfabricated, on‐demand morphing systems.
Switching between Copper‐Catalysis and Photocatalysis for Tunable Halofluoroalkylation and Hydrofluoroalkylation of 1,6‐Enynes toward 1‐Indenones
Authors: Shen Zheng‐Jia , Wang Shi‐Chao , Hao Wen‐Juan , Yang Shi‐Zhao , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo
Published: June 2019

Tunable halofluoroalkylation and hydrofluoroalkylation of 1,6‐enynes were first reported by switching between copper‐catalysis and photocatalysis, leading to the atom‐economic and highly stereoselective protocols toward functionalized 1‐indenones with moderate to good yields. Copper‐catalysis enabled the concomitant incorporation of two important fluoroalkyl and halo functionalities into 1‐indenone skeleton, in which fluoroalkyl bromides were transformed into (E)‐1‐indenones as a major stereoisomer while fluoroalkyl iodides oriented complete Z‐selectivity to access (Z)‐1‐indenones. Specifically, photocatalysis allowed hydrofluoroalkylation of 1,6‐enynes to access fluoroalkylated (Z)‐1‐indenones under mild conditions, in which THF behaved as a hydrogen source. These two approaches feature remarkable compatibility with a wide variety of 1,6‐enynes and fluoroalkyl halides and excellent atomic utilization.

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Nanoengineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Surface Modification for Efficient Cancer Therapy
Authors: Layek Buddhadev , Sehgal Drishti , Argenta Peter A. , Panyam Jayanth , Prabha Swayam
Published: June 2019

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used for tumor‐specific delivery of small molecular weight anticancer drugs by using nanoparticle‐encapsulated forms of the drugs. Current approaches to incorporate nanoparticles in MSCs rely on nonspecific endocytosis of nanoparticles or their conjugation to the cell surface via endogenous amines and thiols. These methods result in sub‐optimal drug loading, which hinders the widespread application of MSCs as drug carriers. An advanced nanoengineering strategy is reported here that involves generation of MSCs expressing azide functional groups on their surface and conjugation of dibenzyl cyclooctyne‐functionalized nanoparticles to the azide groups using copper‐free click chemistry. This novel strategy significantly improves the payload capacity of MSCs (≈48 pg of paclitaxel (PTX) per cell) relative to that reported previously (<1–20 pg per cell), without affecting their native phenotype. In vivo, the nanoengineered MSCs significantly inhibit tumor growth (p < 0.05) and improve survival (p < 0.0001) compared to free or nanoparticle encapsulated PTX and Abraxane in an orthotopic ovarian tumor model. In summary, the nanoengineering strategy reported here allows for improved delivery and anticancer efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents using MSCs as drug carriers.
Social mobility of the father influences child growth: A three‐generation study
Authors: Koziel Slawomir , Zaręba Monika , Bielicki Tadeusz , Scheffler Christiane , Hermanussen Michael
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The association between body height and social status is known. We were interested in the effect of intergeneration changes in social status on height.

Methods

Body height was measured in 2008 paternal grandfather‐father‐son and 1803 paternal grandfather‐father‐daughter triplets. The sample consisted of four child cohorts born in 1988, 1985, 1983, and 1980, and was measured annually from 6 to 11, 9 to 14, 11 to 16, and 14 to 18 years of age. Triplets were dichotomized according to grandfathers' occupation, into one “lower” and one “upper” grandparental class; and according to paternal education, into one “lower” and “upper” paternal class, resulting in four “family histories”: two nonmobile (grandfathers and fathers stayed in the same social class), and two mobile histories (social class of fathers and grandfathers differed).

Results

“Upper” class fathers are taller than “lower” class fathers. This class effect on height persists into the third generation. Upward social mobility (“lower” class fathers receive secondary or university education) results in taller stature both in the fathers and in the children. The opposite applies for downward social mobility. “Upper” class fathers with only basic or vocational education lose the social advantage and remain shorter. So do their children.

Conclusions

The class effect on height tends to persist into the next generation, but depends on education. Upward social mobility measured as a “better” education, results in taller stature, up to the third generation. The study highlights the importance of education as a major regulator of body height.