bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Locus of Control, Work Knowledge, and Mentoring on Career Decision-Making Difficulties: Testing the Role of Race and Academic Institution
Authors: Lease Suzanne H.
Published: June 2004

Knowledge of the working world and career locus of control are associated with career decision making. Racial minorities may experience an external locus of career control and greater career decision-making concerns resulting from limited exposure to mentors or other sources of career information. Access to information may be facilitated by academic setting type, with smaller colleges facilitating career decision making. The present study explored racial and academic type group differences on career locus of control, career-related mentoring, and workrelated knowledge. African American students reported greater work knowledge but a more external locus of control than White students did. Race and type of academic institution did not moderate the relationships between locus of control, work knowledge, and career decision-making difficulties. An external career locus of control was associated with decision-making difficulties; however, White students reported greater career decision-making difficulty. Clinical implications for addressing career locus of control are presented.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Career Factors Inventory on a Community College Sample
Authors: Simon Merril A. , Tovar Esau
Published: June 2004

A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using AMOS 4.0 to validate the 21- item Career Factors Inventory on a community college student sample. The multidimensional inventory assesses types and levels of career indecision antecedents. The sample consisted of 512 ethnically diverse freshmen students; 46% were men and 54% were women. Participants ranged in age from 16 to 50 ( M= 19.3, SD= 3.43). Goodness-of-fit statistics revealed that a minor revision of the four-factor structure proposed by Chartrand and Robbins fit the data, whereas the original model did not. The revision entailed dropping one item while retaining the four factors. Item loadings ranged from .44 to .89; factor intercorrelations ranged from .20 to .80. The internal consistency for the subscales ranged from .77 to .86 and .87 for the total inventory.
A Function-Centered Model of Interest Assessment for Business Careers
Authors: Butler Timothy , Waldroop James
Published: June 2004

The authors argue that an effective way to describe the manifestation of interest patterns within a particular work domain is through a nuanced description of interests in terms of the essential functional activities common to that domain. Focusing on the domain of business work and studying a large sample of business professionals over a 15-year period, the authors derived an eight-factor business core function model representing the way interest patterns are manifested in actual business work. This model is the basis for a business interest assessment instrument, the Business Career Interest Inventory (BCII), which has been used by more than 75,000 business professionals and business students and has become the career interest assessment tool of choice at more than 200 of the leading business schools around the world. This article describes the rationale for the core function model and presents basic psychometric information on the BCII.
Structure of Vocational Interests for Korean College Students
Authors: Tak Jinkook
Published: June 2004

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the vocational structure for Korean college students based on Holland’s hexagon theory. The secondary purpose of this research was to provide validity data for using the Korean Strong Interest Inventory in Korea. With a sample of 829 Korean college students, using the Strong Interest Inventory 1994 version in Korean, the results showed that there was an overall significant difference between male and female students. There were good fits of Holland’s circular order model to the data for both male and female groups. Both male and female Korean students had similar fit indices in their size.
Dysfunctional Thinking and Difficulties in Career Decision Making
Authors: Kleiman Tali , Gati Itamar , Peterson Gary , Sampson James , Reardon Robert , Lenz Janet
Published: June 2004

The present study examined the relationships between two measures of career readiness and difficulties—the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) and the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ)—as well as the relations between these measures and the individual’s degree of decidedness regarding his or her career plans. A total of 192 university students enrolled in a career-planning class filled out both questionnaires. As hypothesized, the two measures overlapped significantly. There was a highly significant correlation (corrected for attenuation) between the total scores of the questionnaires ( r= .82), but the correlations between the questionnaires’ subscales varied between –.03 and .83. Both the CTI and the CDDQ distinguish among individuals at different stages of the career decision-making process. As hypothesized, participants with a higher degree of decidedness reported lower levels of difficulties. Implications of the unique features of each of the measures for career-related interventions and further research are discussed.
Predictors of Job Search Intensity among College Graduates
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Vered Efrat , Ophir Limor
Published: June 2004

This study examined the connection between personality traits (extraversion, conscientiousness, openness) and two strategies for job search: networking (family, friends, etc.) and general search (want ads, employment agencies), making use of Costa and McCrae’s five-factor model of personality dimensions. The relations between the two strategies and length of unemployment, age, and gender were also investigated. The sample consisted of 126 college graduates from the center of Israel who were applying for unemployment benefits. Results indicate a positive correlation between extraversion and conscientiousness on one hand and networking on the other. A positive correlation was also found between openness and the general search strategy. Two regression analyses were performed employing the three personality traits as independent variables, with the dependent variable of networking in the first and general search in the second. Neither yielded significant multiple correlations. A negative correlation was found between length of unemployment and job search intensity for both strategies. Gender and age produced no correlations with either strategy.
‘The Moment When it All Comes Together’
Authors: Aalten Anna
Published: June 2004

This article is both an elaborated critique on the one-sided analysis of the misogynist nature of ballet as a cultural practice, and a contribution to a more embodied feminist theory. Based on empirical material, that was brought together by observing the body practices in ballet and listening to the life stories of dancers, the author explores the contradictions that the body in ballet provokes. In describing the embodied experiences ofprofessional ballet dancers she shows that ballet offers women the possibility to transcend the discontinuity of body, mind and emotions.
Making a Spectacle Out of Herself
Authors: Aston Elaine
Published: June 2004

Drawing on Mary Russo’s theorization of ‘female grotesques’, this article analyses Take a Peek! – a circus, fairground-styled ‘freak’ show by British performance artist, Bobby Baker. While making a display of or a spectacle out of herself can be argued for all of Baker’s work, Take a Peek!, the third show in her ‘Daily Life’ series, is especially concerned with ‘woman’ on display. The article argues that in Take a Peek! Baker turns herself into a ‘spectacular’ demonstration of ‘failed’ femininity in a way that constitutes a site/sight of feminist critical ‘work’. The analysis proceeds by detailing the various ways in which Baker realizes her performance through strategies that serve to grotesque the feminine and figure an archaic maternal, the sorceress and the hysteric. In conclusion, Baker’s invitation to laugh at the grotesquing of her own body is proposed as a means of empowering those who look, to look differently at the ideas and ‘ideals’ that shape the feminine in contemporary cultural and social systems, and to expose the symbolic feminine for what it truly is – a freak show.
The Performative Body of Marina Abramović
Authors: Demaria Cristina
Published: June 2004

Can a performance be analysed as a textual practice? Starting from this question, the article tries to describe the effets du sens (meaning effects) of some of the work of Marina Abramović, a Serbian performer and visual artist. From the 1970s, when the so-called body art emerged as a visual genre, offering the artist’s body as a naked site of inscription, up to the present, when performing has become a more playful and direct transmission of energy between the doer and the viewer, the work of Abramović represents an effective and powerful example of the body-as-a-text in which subjectivity can be re-expressed and reinvented through the transformations of the relation between time and space. In the strong relationship created between the performer and the audience, what is enacted is a translation–transduction of material and cognitive meanings that results in a redefinition of a subjective and, simultaneously, collective experience of identity.
Modelling Femininity
Authors: Soley-Beltran Patrícia
Published: June 2004

This article examines fashion models as gender myths and cultural iconsthrough a cultural history of modelling. It reveals the construction of models’ personas by the successive addition of meaningful signs:physique, manner, attitude, nationality, class, race, salary, chameleonism, slenderness and so on. On the basis of empirical material on models’ experiences gathered from interviews, secondary oral sources and autobiographical material, the author approaches models’ bodies, identities and public personas as artefacts performed through the reiteration of collectively defined gender standards and practices. This approach overcomes the contrast cast in fashion discourse between visibility/invisibility, private/public, real/unreal while disclosing the hegemonic beauty standards as fiction.
Seeing Through Spectacles
Authors: Kelly Katherine E.
Published: June 2004

Between 1906 and 1914, the Woman Suffrage Movement in London produced aseries of public spectacles designed to bring the suffrage cause to the attention of politicians and citizens. During this same period, daily newspapers designed for mass reading surpassed in sales the older, class-based newspapers. A survey of stories and photographs published in the mass pressreveals how the press and the movement collaborated in bringing to readersa new sense of urban life as restless, dynamic and forward moving. Catering to reader and spectator curiosity – a disinterested and ambiguous form of post-Enlightenment attention – the press and themovement strengthened each other’s intent to capture the eyes and minds of a city fascinated by its own image.
Ellen Terry: Shakespearean Actress and Critic
Authors: Marshall Gail
Published: June 2004

This article examines the role and reputation of Ellen Terry, the most eminent British Shakespearean actress of the late-Victorian period, and the extent to which she interrogated her function on the eminently spectacular stage of London’s Lyceum theatre. The article contends that in her writing – her autobiography, annotations of playscripts and lectures – Terry self-consciously and deliberately repositions herself as a Shakespeare commentator, and hence as one no longer subject to the temporal and visual limitations of the spectacular stage.
Portrait of Giacinta Pezzana, Actress of Emancipationism (1841–1919)
Authors: Mariani Laura
Published: June 2004

This portrait proceeds from the hypothesis that an actress should be studied as a distinct subject and that, in this sense, Giacinta Pezzana is representative because of her artistic choices and feminism, resting on friendship among women. In this article the author proposes a theoretical biography in nuce, which identifies the contexts and the problematical issues of Pezzana’s history, in the interweaving of the public and personal spheres, favouring the use of epistolary sources. Her lifetime witnessed the coexistence of the Grande attore tradition, issues of Naturalism, Duse’s revolutionary art and industrial standardization. Pezzana stood out for her ethical sense and strong emphasis on expressivity, which disposed her to populist developments. Hence, her interest in popular and experimental theatre, renewable through linguistic and dramaturgic inventions. This brings about a double identity as writer and actress and an original twofold repertoire: the warhorses – such as Zola’s Teresa Raquin – and the ‘intellectual luxuries’, such as the Serate Dantesche, where she appears as a precursor of one-woman-shows.
Utopias of Change
Authors: Tagliacozzo Sara
Published: June 2004

The theatre of Werewere Liking, a writer and artist from Cameroon, is a very interesting case of synthesis between her theoretical reflections on gender in postcolonial Africa and the aesthetic and social experimentation of a Pan-African ideal by the artists’ community she founded in 1985 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. For almost 20 years Liking’s theatre has been a tool of cultural intervention on African societies, aimed to resist the hegemony of a masculine, nationalist colonial discourse.
Embodying the Patient: Records and Bodies in Early 20th-century US Medical Practice
Authors: Berg Marc , Harterink Paul
Published: June 2004

This article discusses the emergence of the modern body, as portrayed by Foucault, in early 20th-century medical practice. Specifically, this article argues how the coming of the patient-centered record in the United States was a pivotal event in this emergence. We argue how the shape and functions that the record acquired during this period was fundamentally intertwined with the new shape that both the patient’s body and medical institutions acquired. We zoom in on two specific examples: the re-historizing and subjectifying of the body, both afforded by new record-keeping practices. The topic addressed here is the embodying of the patient: the production of a patient with a body whose characteristics are the effect of the interrelation of the patient with a growing number of professionals and investigative instruments, and with a medical record which becomes more and more significant in these interrelations.
Embodied Action, Enacted Bodies: the Example of Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Mol Annemarie , Law John
Published: June 2004

We all know that we have and are our bodies. But might it be possible to leave this common place? In the present article we try to do this by attending to the way we do our bodies. The site where we look for such action is that of handling the hypoglycaemias that sometimes happen to people with diabetes. In this site it appears that the body, active in measuring, feeling and countering hypoglycaemias is not a bounded whole: its boundaries leak. Bits and pieces of the outside get incorporated within the active body; while the centre of some bodily activities is beyond the skin. The body thus enacted is not self-evidently coherent either. There are tensions between the body’s organs; between the control under which we put our bodies and the erratic character of their behaviour; and between the various needs and desires single bodies somehow try to combine. Thus to say that a body is a whole, or so we conclude, skips over a lot of work. One does not hang together as a matter of course: keeping oneself together is something the embodied person needs to do. The person who fails to do so dies.
Embodiment and Disembodiment in Childbirth Narratives
Authors: Akrich Madeleine , Pasveer Bernike
Published: June 2004

In this article, our concern is to describe how body(ies) and self are performed in women’s birth narratives through the mediation of a number of significant elements, including technical devices. We will show how, in these narratives, (1) action is distributed among a series of actants, including professionals and technology; (2) that dichotomies appear which cannot be reduced to one of body/mind, but are more adequately described in terms of ‘body-in-labour’/’embodied self’, each of them being locally performed through the mediation of medical practices, knowledge and technologies, the definition of these elements and of their relations being specific to each obstetrical configuration; (3) that part of professionals’ activities is devoted to the detailed management of the articulation between the body-in-labour and the embodied self, and to monitoring their joint transformations.
Surprised by Methadone: in Praise of Drug Substitution Treatment in a French Clinic
Authors: Gomart Emilie
Published: June 2004

Through a fieldwork study of the practice of methadone substitution at a French addiction clinic, the classic ‘theory of action’ is criticized and an alternative one proposed. A sketch of the debates among French drug specialists, drug users and legislators shows the pertinence for these practitioners of such a theoretical question; further, the ethnographic data suggest that they can be seen as actually trying out an alternative to this ‘theory of action’.
The Body We Care for: Figures of Anthropo-zoo-genesis
Authors: Despret Vinciane
Published: June 2004

Clever Hans, the famous horse who was believed to be able to count, is generally cited as the paradigm of the influence of the observer. Psychologist Rosenthal has illustrated this phenomenon with his well-known experiment about ‘bright’ and ‘dull’ maze rats. Hans, however, achieved something much more interesting. Hecould not only read human minds through their bodies: he could also influence his questioners to produce gestures he could read as cues for finding the answer. Hans could make human bodies be moved and be affected, and move and affect other beings and perform things without their owners’ knowledge. The question of ‘influence’ when we read this case becomes therefore far more complicated and interesting. It involves the question of the way bodies can attune, affect and transformeach other. We may follow carefully how scientists of ethological practices create access to the creatures they study, how they are moved by their subjects of interest, and how they give them a chance to be interesting andto articulate other responses. Doing so, we notice that the signs that define subject and object, what talks and what is talked about, subjectivity and objectivity, are redistributed in a new manner. These practices offer a new and pragmatic definition of the body, close to James’s theory of emotions: to have a body is to learn how to feel.
Living Cadavers and the Calculation of Death
Authors: Lock Margaret
Published: June 2004

One result of routine use in intensive care units of the medical apparatus known as the artificial ventilator has been the creation of human entities whose brains are diagnosed as irreversibly damaged, but whose bodies are kept alive by means of technological support. Such brain-dead bodies have potential value as a supply of human organs for transplant. This article, drawing primarily on ethnographic data collected in intensive care units, examines why procurement of organs from brain-dead bodies has been fully institutionalized in North America for more than two decades, in contrast to Japan. It is argued that the basic medical discourse is essentially the same in both locations and that it is largely unexamined tacit knowledge formed from an amalgam of local values, discursive formations in law, medical guidelines, policy formulations and public commentary, that accountfor the difference. This situation, that has dramatically different effects on the transplant enterprise in the two locations, is not culturally determined and the respective dominant ideologies are widely disputed in both North America and Japan resulting in a situation of chronic flux.
‘Only Angels Can do without Skin’: on Reproductive Technology’s Hybrids and the Politics of Body Boundaries
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Irma
Published: June 2004

Medical reproductive technologies have generated two new types of patients: ‘couples’ in infertility treatment and ‘fetuses’ in prenatal medicine. Using concepts from science and technology studies, specifically Latour’s (1993) notions of hybridity, mediation and purification, this article argues that these new patients are constructed in the very process of technological intervention in women’s bodies, while at the same time their constitutive role is erased from the medico-scientific accounts of these practices. Focusing on two discursive patterns found in the scientific discourses on IVF as a treatment for male infertility, and fetal surgery for various congenital problems, the article shows how conceiving of couples and fetuses as patients allows many of the actual interventions on women to be ‘deleted’ from the accounts, while simultaneously presenting these interventions as being primarily about the treatment of men and children. The article exemplifies how a (feminist) constructivist analysis of the co-constitutive relation between technology and bodies (‘nature’) can avoid essentalism while retaining a critical perspective.
Bodily Differences and Collective Identities: the Politics of Gender and Race in Biomedical Research in the United States
Authors: Epstein Steven
Published: June 2004

As a consequence of recent changes, health research policies in the United States mandate the inclusion of women and members of racial and ethnic minority groups as experimental subjects in biomedical research. This article analyzes debates that underlie these policies and that concern the medical management of bodies, groups, identities and differences. Much of the uncertainty surrounding these new policies reflects the fact that researchers, physicians, policy makers and health advocates have adopted competing, and often murky, understandings of the nature of sex, gender, racial and ethnic differences, and of the relation of the biological to the social in the manifestation of bodily illness.
How to Talk About the Body? the Normative Dimension of Science Studies
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: June 2004

Science studies has often been against the normative dimension of epistemology, which made a naturalistic study of science impossible. But this is not to say that a new type of normativity cannot be detected at work inscience studies. This is especially true in the second wave of studies dealing with the body, which has aimed at criticizing the physicalization of the body without falling into the various traps of a phenomenology simply added to a physical substrate. This article explores the work of Isabelle Stengers and Vinciane Despret in that respect, and shows how it can be used to rethink the articulation between the various levels that make up a body.
Language and Higher Education
Authors: Brumfit Christopher
Published: June 2004

For higher education, two recent changes in world language practices are crucial: the emergence of English as the default language of international communication, and the technology of the Internet. The first appears to have contributed to problems of motivation for English-speaking learners of foreign languages. Information is provided about responses in England to a crisis in recruitment that is shared by other English-speaking countries, and suggestions are made about how higher education might respond. The second raises more general cultural issues, and this article briefly explores some concerns about the concept of plagiarism and the way universities react to it. Both these issues reflect the interplay between language use, cultural norms, power, and educational values.
The Challenge of the 21st-Century Agenda for Foreign LanguageLearning in England’s Universities
Authors: Brumfit Christopher
Published: June 2004

This article considers the political pressures for increased foreign language learningin England at the beginning of the 21st century, and the implications these havefor foreign language learning in higher education. I argue, from a Bourdieusianperspective, that restricted access to foreign language learning sustains socialhierarchies. By focusing on functional use, to the exclusion of symbolic value, andthanks to the serendipitous rise of English as the international lingua franca, theEnglish nation has been socialized into contentment with its monolingualism, oblivious to the ‘abusiveness’ of this situation. In the context of the EuropeanUnion, there is both a functional need for increasing the nation’s linguisticcompetence and a symbolic need to demonstrate England’s readiness tocommunicate with partner states in their own language(s). Tentative steps towards raisingthe status of foreign languages in England must overcome the internalized valuesof a hierarchical society, which has traditionally been able to stand apart from othernations. The article examines the recommendations of an independent inquiry, the issues that must be addressed if the nation is to embrace plurilingualism (herethe knowledge of two or more languages), and the role that the universities haveto play in achieving this goal.
The Rise and Fall of Modern Greek in Australia’s Universities
Authors: Hajek John , Nicholas Nick
Published: June 2004

In this article, we look at the state of Modern Greek in Australian universities, focusing on quantitative analysis of its rise and fall in the relatively short period of 35 years since it was first taught as a university subject in Australia. We consider the possible reasons behind this trajectory, in particular correlations with changing demography and a concomitant decline in the study of Greek in the secondary sector. We also ponder the future of Modern Greek in Australia’s tertiary system.
Handling Hard-to-Manage Behaviours in Pre-School Provision
Authors: Foot Hugh , Woolfson Lisa , Terras Melody , Norfolk Claire
Published: June 2004

The perceptions and experiences of hard-to-manage behaviours were explored among 32 staff working in a variety of local authority and private nurseries and playgroups. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to ascertain what behaviours in children staff find most challenging, how they were managed and concerns communicated to parents. Results showed that aggression, inability to share and refusal were perceived as the most prevalent and worrying. Exclusion, explanation and distraction were the most frequently used strategies for handling such behaviours. Staff who were prepared to raise with parents their concerns about problematic behaviours that endangered the child’s safety were out-of-character or persistent. A systems approach, based upon the ecological congruence model, was adopted to explain the links between staff perceptions and their tolerance for discrepancies from social norms. Staff-parent communication effectiveness was interpreted in terms of the home-pre-school relationship.
Developmental Dynamics of Phonemic Awareness and Reading Performance During the First Year of Primary School
Authors: Lerkkanen Marja-Kristiina , Rasku-Puttonen Helena , Aunola Kaisa , Nurmi Jari-Erik
Published: June 2004

This study investigates prospective relationships between phonemic awareness and reading performance during the first year of Finnish primary school. Pedagogical interest lay in finding out whether systematic use of phonics in reading instruction supported children’s reading performance even if children can already decode. A total of 85 children were examined three times on phonemic awareness and four times on reading performance during the first school year. At the beginning of the school year, they were also tested on initial reading skills. The results showed that the development of phonemic awareness and reading performance was reciprocal. Reading performance predicted phonemic awareness in the beginning of the first year while the development of phonemic awareness during the first year predicted reading performance at the end of the first school year. The results suggested further pedagogical tools are necessary that consider the support phonemic awareness still offers, even when children have become literate.
How Do they Manage?
Authors: Muijs Daniel , Aubrey Carol , Harris Alma , Briggs Mary
Published: June 2004

This article presents the findings from a review of literature on leadership in early childhood (EC). It identifies a paucity of research, despite a high potential for leadership activity in the early childhood field. It concludes that there is a clear need to identify what effective leadership practice is in terms of processes and outcomes within this field. It also concludes that theoretically based studies that allow different models and characteristics to be empirically tested are long overdue. The serious lack of leadership training is also highlighted by the literature review, which means that many early childhood managers could be significantly under-prepared for their role.
Starting School
Authors: Dockett Sue , Perry Bob
Published: June 2004

Starting school is an important time for young children, their families and educators. Data gathered from interviews and questionnaire responses from approximately 300 parents, 300 educators and 300 children have been used to describe the most important issues for children, parents and educators as children start school in New South Wales, Australia. Using grounded theory, a series of categories of responses was devised that reflected the issues raised by respondents. These categories related to: knowledge needed to start school; elements of social adjustment required in the transition to school; specific skills to be mastered; dispositions conducive to a successful start to school; the rules of school; physical aspects of starting school; family issues; and the nature of the educational environment. These categories and the relative value attributed to them by the different groups of respondents form the basis of this article.
Special Educational Needs and Inclusion
Authors: Clough Peter , Nutbrown Cathy
Published: June 2004

This article first offers an overview of policy contexts in the four countries of the UK. Second, it reviews recent research into perspectives on special educational needs and inclusion in the preschool years. Third, the rationale and research design of a study to investigate preschool educators’ perspectives on these issues are outlined. Five key themes are discussed: their personal experiences; their professional development; their views of childhood; their thoughts on inclusion and exclusion, and their beliefs and practices around the roles of parents. The article concludes with discussion of the importance of greater cross-system understanding of curriculum, pedagogy and educational ethos and identifies the need for further research.
Goa Trance and the Practice of Community in the Age of the Internet
Authors: Elliott Luther
Published: June 2004

This article considers the online dialogue of an electronic mailing list devoted to discussion of a genre of music called Goa or psychedelic trance. Attending in particular to the ways legitimate participation is policed in this online forum, this article argues that the debate over the social potential of computer-mediated communication demands an attention to actual discursive practices and contexts in and through which online claims to community are articulated. Community must appear not as an already objectified standard against which novel social forms can be judged but a discursive context for the production of social identities and relations. As such, it is to the connections between textual productions of self and community and the online contexts or genres in which those categories are given life that we must turn in addressing the enormous affective investments in internet talk evident today.
To Have and to Hold
Authors: Bjarkman Kim
Published: June 2004

Studies of VCR usage have tended to seize on the gender politics of nuclear family viewing contexts or, increasingly, the fascination with home entertainment systems that seek to transfer the aesthetic trappings and cultural legitimacy of cinema to the smaller screen. This article argues for consideration of VCR usage by the TV collector, for whom the pleasures and practices of video collecting are regularly decoupled from discourses of “home theatre” and articulated to a range of aesthetic and ideological preferences that challenge media scholars to think beyond the domestic viewer-consumer model of television fandom. In addition, as new media technologies usher in the “postvideo” age, TV collectors speak to the continuing cultural and symbolic power of video as an archiving tool, fetish object, and medium of exchange.
Visualizing Madness
Authors: Cross Simon
Published: June 2004

This article explores continuities between traditional iconographies of madness and images of mental illness mobilized by contemporary television program makers. In particular, it investigates how contrasting forms of British TV documentary visualize “dangerous” mental patients abroad in the community. In constructing the argument, particular attention is given to the role of documentary television in making visible the lives of schizophrenics vis-à-vis changing notions of psychiatric care in the community. By doing so, the article adopts an approach to public representations of madness/mental illness that takes account of documentary television as a cultural form with social responsibility. The article concludes by emphasizing television’s cultural importance as a visual medium capable of promoting or undermining mentally ill people’s symbolic presence within a community of citizens.
Battle of the Online Brands
Authors: Blevins Jeffrey Layne
Published: June 2004

The Walt Disney Company attempted to establish its Go Network as a viable brand name Internet portal that would serve as an integral vehicle to cross-promote its array of content and services online. The Go Network’s subsequent collapse occurred several months after Disney settled a vexing trademark lawsuit brought by the rival GoTo portal site, and more curiously, just days after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved America Online’s (AOL’s) acquisition of Time Warner. However, this analysis calls into question Disney’s cross-promotional strategies via the Go Network as well as its inability to establish a prominent brand name for the portal and posits that these factors contributed more appreciably to the Go Network’s failure.
Country Cookin’ and Cross-Dressin’
Authors: Smith Greg M. , Wilson Pamela
Published: June 2004

This article investigates Cookin’ Cheap, a regionally produced, nationally available cooking show that mixes Southern humor with overtly cheap recipe preparation. “Cheapness” (of food and cooking technique) is positioned as both nostalgia for simpler “country” values and as differentiation from slick television norms. By showing the hosts engaging in timeconsuming, often clumsy food preparation, the show pokes fun at the flawless professionalism of television cooks, reemphasizing the chaos of the domestic kitchen. Based on viewer letters, textual analysis, and ethnographic participant/observation, this article discusses the way Cookin’ Cheap makes a place for the viewer in the text, reappropriating strategies of earlier television. When the show’s hosts impersonate their aunts in unconvincing drag, they also emphasize the passing of tradition from matriarchal figures to an underexamined form of masculinity: the feminized Southern working-class man.
Case report: A ball valve blood clot in the airways – life-saving whole tube suction
Authors: Dongelmans Dave A , Jonkers Rene E , Schultz Marcus J
Published: June 2004

Respiratory tract obstruction due to a blood clot may result in life threatening ventilatory impairment. Ball valve blood clot obstructions of the airways are rare. A ball valve blood clot acts as a one-way valve, allowing (near) normal air entry into the airways, but (completely) blocking expiration. In a near fatal case of obstruction of the airways by a ball valve blood clot, we performed 'whole tube suction' to resolve the airway problem.
Atrial natriuretic factor in normothermic and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Brancaccio Gianluca , Michielon Guido , Di Donato Roberto M , Costa Dina , Falzea Fabio , Miraldi Fabio
Published: June 2004

Background: To evaluate the plasmatic changes of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in normothermia and hypothermia.

Methods: Twenty-three patients (n=23) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group I (n=11), the patients underwent operation in normothermia; in Group II (n=12), the operation was performed in hypothermia (268C).

Results: Plasma ANF levels were determined after induction of anaesthesia, at the end of CPB and one hour postoperatively. There were no demographic differences between the two groups, diuresis (p=0.90) and natriuresis (p=0.95). Plasma levels of ANF were significantly elevated during and after CPB in both groups (p <0.01). The groups differed significantly for plasma levels of ANF during CPB and postoperatively ( p<0.05), but did not differ prebypass (p=0.08). There was no correlation in either group between ANF release and central venous pressure, natriuresis and diuresis. There was only a borderline relationship between ANF concentration and diuresis after CPB in Group I.

Conclusion: CPB triggers the production and release of ANF. The present study demonstrates a significantly enhanced ANF release during hypothermia and reperfusion after ischaemia. Thus, these data suggest the protective role of ANF on the hypoxic myocardium, and they confirm that ANF does not play a role in diuresis and natriuresis during and after hypothermic CPB.
Methylprednisolone prevents inflammatory reaction occurring during cardiopulmonary bypass: effects on TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10
Authors: Celik Jale Bengi , Gormus Niyazi , Okesli Selmin , Gormus Zulfikare Işik , Solak Hasan
Published: June 2004

Objective: This study examined the correlation between tumour necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, IL-10 and methylprednisolone pretreatment.

Methods: This is a prospective, randomized and double-blinded study. Sixty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomized to receive either intravenous methylprednisolone (n=30, Group M) or intravenous placebo (n=30, Group S). The patients received intravenously either 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone (Group M) or placebo (Group S) 10 min before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In an intensive care unit (ICU), four additional doses were given at 6-hourly intervals. Blood samples for the measurements of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were obtained before induction of anaesthesia (T0=control value), after induction (T1), before starting CPB (T2), after aortic declamping (T3), at the end of CPB (T4) and 6 hours (T5), 12 hours (T6) and 24 hours (T7) after skin closure. Creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) were evaluated at the following intervals: T0, T5, T6 and T7.

Results: When compared with the control value, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 significantly increased in Group S and Group M (p B-0.05), but these values were significantly greater in Group S than in Group M (p B-0.05). In comparison with the control value, IL-10 increased in both groups (p B-0.05), but was significantly greater in Group M than in Group S (p B-0.05). CK and CK-MB were increased in both groups in postoperative values compared to control values. In Group S, CK and CK-MB levels were significantly lower than in Group M (p B-0.05).

Conclusion: In this study, we have found that pre-operative administration of methylprednisolone has decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 release, and increased the perfusing IL-10 levels after CPB. Thus, methylpredniso-lone may decrease the inflammatory response during the CPB procedure.
Comparison of the effect of venovenous versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on renal blood flow in newborn lambs
Authors: Ingyinn Ma , Rais-Bahrami Khodayar , Evangelista Rebecca , Hogan Inger , Rivera Oswaldo , Mikesell Gerald T , Short Billie L
Published: June 2004

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) using double lumen catheters is an alternative to venoarterial (VA) ECMO and allows for total blood flow using the patient’s cardiac output in comparison to partial blood flow provided during VA ECMO.

Objective: To compare the effects of VV versus VA ECMO on renal blood flow.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Research laboratory in a hospital.

Subject: Newborn lambs 1-7 days of age (n=15).

Interventions: In anesthetized, ventilated lambs, fe-moral artery and vein were cannulated for monitoring and renal venous blood sampling. An ultrasonic flow probe was placed on the left renal artery for continuous renal blood flow measurements. Animals were randomly assigned to control (non-ECMO), VV ECMO and VA ECMO groups. After systemic heparinization, the animals were cannulated and studied at bypass flows of 120 mL-kg/min (partial bypass) for two hours in both ECMO groups and 200 mL/kg/min (full bypass) for an additional 30 min in the VA group. Changes in blood pressure and renal flow on ECMO and during ECMO bridge unclamping were recorded continuously. Plasma renin activity (PRA) levels were sequentially sampled.

Results: Systemic blood pressure was not different in VV or VA ECMO at partial bypass flow. However, systemic blood pressure increased significantly at maximal bypass flow in the VA ECMO group. There was no change in renal flow in either VV or VA ECMO groups. PRA levels did not correlate with bypass flow change. During unclamping of the ECMO bridge, blood pressure and renal flow drop significantly in the VA group, but not in the VV group.

Conclusion: VV and VA ECMO at partial bypass flows had comparable effect on blood pressure, renal blood flow and PRA level in this short-term study. However, unclamping of the ECMO bridges did differentially affect blood pressure and renal blood flow between VV and VA groups. We speculate that this repeated acute change in long-run VA ECMO support may play a role in the persistent hypertension seen in some patients.
Comparison of a Duraflo II-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and a trillium-coated oxygenator during open-heart surgery
Authors: Hoel Tom N , Videm Vibeke , Baksaas Svein T , Mollnes Tom E , Brosstad Frank , Svennevig Jan L
Published: June 2004

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) evokes a systemic inflammatory response. In attempting to improve the biocompatibility of the equipment, various methods to coat the inner surfaces of the CPB systems have been developed. The present study compares a Trillium Biopassive surface-coated Affinity oxygenator with a Duraflo II totally heparin-coated CPB system.

Methods: Low-risk patients admitted for primary coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement were randomized to operation using the Trillium- or the Duraflo II-coated setups. Heparin concentration, complement activation (C3bc activation products and terminal complement complex (TCC)), platelet activation (platelet numbers and beta-thromboglobulin (BTG)), leukocyte activation (leukocyte numbers and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), coagulation (thrombin/antithrombin complexes (TAT)) and fibrinolytic activity (plasmin/a2-antiplasmin complexes (PAP)) were measured during CPB and two hours postoperatively.

Results: Platelet counts decreased during CPB, without significant intergroup differences. The median BTG concentration increased moderately in both groups and were slightly higher in the Trillium group during CPB (p B-0.05), but not postoperatively. Complement activation products (C3bc and TCC), leukocyte counts, MPO, TAT and PAP activity showed no differences between the two groups.

Conclusions: There were small differences in the inflammatory response between the two extracorporeal circulation devices compared in this study.
Cerebral saturations trend with mixed venous saturations in patients undergoing extracorporeal life support
Authors: Cua Clifford L , Hoffman Timothy M , Taeed Rozbeh , Weinstein Samuel , Gomez Daniel , Olshove Vincent F , Craenen Josepha M
Published: June 2004

Cerebral saturation (SCO2) monitors are noninvasive tools that continuously measure saturations in the cerebral cortex, a predominately venous bed. The purpose of this study was to see if a trend existed between measurements of SCO2 and mixed venous saturation values (SVO2) for patients on extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Six patients required ECLS for cardiac failure after congenital cardiac surgery, and one patient required ECLS for pulmonary failure. Patients were divided into two groups, those without systemic/pulmonary venous mixing (n=3, Group I) and those with mixing due to an intraatrial shunt or left ventricular vent (n=4, Group II). The age of patients was 0.49-0.5 years (mean9-SD), weight was 5.29-2.3 kg, and time on ECLS was 8.39-4.8 days. No significant abnormalities were seen on head imaging. A total of 786 paired data points were collected. Mean values were different; however, there was a significant trend between SCO2 and SVO2 for the entire sample (R2=0.66, p B-0.001). Cerebral saturation trends follow mixed venous trends and, therefore, may be helpful in combination with other physical and laboratory findings in the care of the critically ill child.
Improved hydrodynamics of a new aortic cannula with a novel tip design
Authors: Scharfschwerdt Michael , Richter Axel , Boehmer Kurt , Repenning Detlef , Sievers Hans-H.
Published: June 2004

Background: Reduction of atheroembolic complications during cardiopulmonary bypass remains a major challenge in cardiac surgery. New cannula tip designs may help to attenuate this problem by improved hydrodynamics.

Methods: Pressure gradients and back pressures of a new aortic cannula tip design were measured and compared with the Medos X-Flow, Sarns Soft-Flow and Argyle THI cannulae at various flow rates in a mock circulation followed by flow visualization.

Results: Pressure gradients were the lowest for the new cannula. Back pressures of the new cannula were up to 84% lower than for the Argyle cannula. The back pressure profile and flow visualization of the new cannula showed broad centric flow dispersion with a transcannula increase of flow area from 38 mm2 to 139 mm2.

Conclusions: The new design of an aortic cannula tip provides improved hydrodynamics, with low pressure gradients, low back pressures and a uniform central dispersion of flow, reducing the sandblasting effect.