bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement and analysis of AC loss of NdFeB sintered magnet
Authors: Kanazawa Shinichi , Takahashi Norio , Kubo Takeharu
Published: January 2006

NdFeB sintered magnets are widely used in rotating machines. As the conductivity of NdFeB sintered magnets is fairly high compared with that of ferrite magnets, the eddy current loss due to slot ripple, etc., cannot be neglected. If the eddy current loss of permanent magnets becomes large, the temperature of the permanent magnet becomes high and the thermal demagnetization becomes serious. Therefore, it is required to evaluate AC loss of the permanent magnet. But the measurement of AC loss of the permanent magnet under serious operating conditions has not yet been reported. In this paper, the AC loss of NdFeB sintered magnet was measured using a newly developed closed‐type measuring equipment. It is shown that the coaxial double coil is useful for accurate measurement of the magnetic field. The eddy current loss and hysteresis loss of the permanent magnet are obtained by the loss separation. It is illustrated that the hysteresis loss is larger than the eddy current loss in the range of less than several hundred hertz. The appropriateness of measurement is verified by the numerical analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 8–15, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20213
Research on evaluation methods of generated energy and lowering factors of photovoltaic generation system
Authors: Iga Atsushi , Kaneko Tomoyuki , Ishihara Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2006

Despite substantial progress of research efforts in the field of photovoltaic (PV) power generation, some serious problems remain to be solved, including a fairly low energy generated by PV systems in comparison to the expected output, and a broad spread of output values among individual PV systems. The expected level of generated energy is usually evaluated by means of such coefficients as “the performance ratio” which is obtained as the energy actually generated by a PV array over a period of 1 year divided by the calculated output over the same period. However, this method has some limitations, such as the necessity to continuously perform data measurements over a long time, difficulties in the examination of factors reducing the level of the generated energy or improving the system efficiency, and so on. In this study, the authors propose a new method of accurate evaluation of the generated energy. The authors also examined a method for classifying the losses caused by the rise of the PV cell temperature and presented a method of data measurements over a short time period. The proposed method can also be applied to the classification and analysis of losses occurring at the time of the MPPT operation of the system (Pmax operation). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 24–33, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20222
Study on voltage regulation methods for distribution systems with dispersed generators
Authors: Kondoh Junji , Aki Hirohisa , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Murata Akinobu , Ishii Itaru
Published: January 2006

Connection of a large number of the dispersed generators to distribution networks is not easy due to various technical considerations. Thus, we have been trying to devise a concept for future electrical distribution systems with many dispersed generators. In this work, it has been considered that each customer's load and each generator's active and reactive power should be controlled in order to stabilize and optimize the networks. Under this consideration, two control methods for future distribution systems are proposed, a cooperative control and an independent control. We have confirmed experimentally that the voltage regulation ability is higher with the cooperative control than with the independent control, especially in cases of an eccentric load profile in a feeder and a heavy load. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 16–23, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20246
Theoretical Studies on Metal–Metal Interaction and Intrinsic 1,3[σ*(d)σ(s/p)] Excited States of Dinuclear d10 Complexes with Bridging Phosphane Ligands
Authors: Pan Qing‐Jiang , Zhang Hong‐Xing , Fu Hong‐Gang , Yu Hai‐Tao
Published: January 2006

To explore the metal–metal interaction and spectroscopic properties, the ground‐ and excited‐state structures of [M2(dpm)2]2+ [M = Ag (2), Cu (3), dpm = bis(diphosphanyl)methane] and their solvated species [M2(dpm)2]2+·(MeCN)2 were optimized by the MP2 and CIS methods, respectively. In the ground states, the calculated M–M distances and their corresponding M–M stretching frequencies for 2 and 3 indicate the presence of metallophilic attraction; there is strong N→Cu/Ag coordination in acetonitrile, which is different from the case in previous studies of [Au2(dpm)2]2+ (1). CIS calculations show that 2 and 3 have 1,3[σ*(d)σ(s/p)] as their lowest‐energy excited state, as is also the case for 1, confirmed by unrestricted MP2 calculations. On the basis of the CIS‐optimized structures, the TD‐DFT (B3LYP) method was employed to calculate the emission spectra of such complexes. For 3, the phosphorescent emissions were calculated at 424 and 514 nm in the solid state and acetonitrile, which is comparable to the experimental data of 475 and 480 nm, respectively. The comparison between the gas‐phase and solution emissions for 1–3 reveals that the N→M coordination results in a large red‐shift of the emission wavelength. Taking previous studies into account , we found that the M–M distances are linearly correlated with the M–M stretching frequencies for the dinuclear d10 complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of New Tripodal Tri‐Functionalized Hydrotris(indazol‐1‐yl)borate Ligands and X‐ray Structures of Their Cyclopentadieneruthenium Complexes
Authors: Carella Alexandre , Vives Guillaume , Cox Tara , Jaud Joël , Rapenne Gwénaël , Launay Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2006

Two new tripodal ligands designed to anchor complexes onto surfaces have been synthesized. They integrate ester or thioether functions at the 6‐position of the indazoles. Potassium hydrotris[6‐(ethoxycarbonyl)indazolyl]borate and potassium hydrotris{6‐[(ethylsulfanyl)methyl]indazolyl}borate exhibit three pendant groups oriented to anchor complexes onto an oxide and a metallic surface, respectively. Their complexation with [RuCp(CH3CN)3]PF6 yielded two piano‐stool‐shaped complexes that were characterized by X‐ray diffraction. Comparison with the synthesized unfunctionalized analog showed that the three 6‐substituted functions do not interfere with the coordination site and are particularly well oriented for surface deposition.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterisation of Alkali Metal and Thallium Polyfluoroantimonates, ASbnF5n+1 (n = 2, 3)
Authors: Benkič Primož , Brooke Jenkins H. Donald , Ponikvar Maja , Mazej Zoran
Published: January 2006

Reactions of AF (A = K, Rb, Tl) with excess liquid SbF5 in anhydrous HF (or SO2) at room temperature give products having the composition ASb2F11. The reaction between CsF and a small excess of SbF5 in anhydrous HF (0.76 mmol of CsF + 4.19 mmol of SbF5 in 4 mL of aHF) yields CsSb2F11, whereas the reaction with a large excess of SbF5 (0.79 mmol of CsF + 23 mmol of SbF5 in 10 mLof aHF) yields the salt CsSb3F16. Efforts to prepare similar compounds using the monofluorides of Li and Na led only to the already known ASbF6 compounds. Reactions of AF (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) with liquid SbF5 at 85 °C in the absence of solvents yield the products NaSbF6, ASb2F11 (A = K, Rb) and CsSb3F16, respectively. A single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study on the salt KSb2F11 [orthorhombic, at 250 K, Pbca, with a = 1141.65(8), b = 1279.96(9), c = 3948.5(3) pm, V = 5.7699(7) nm3 and Z = 24] has shown it to be isostructural with AgSb2F11. CsSb2F11, on the other hand, is monoclinic at 250 K [P21/n, with a = 774.10(14), b = 1425.41(17)m, c = 951.30(15) pm, β = 113.226(6)°, V = 0.9646(3) nm3 and Z = 4]. RbSb2F11 and TlSb2F11 belong to yet a third structural type. Crystals of CsSb3F16 are orthorhombic at 200 K [Pca21, with a = 2207(3), b = 772.6(11), c = 1605(3) pm, V = 2.737(8) nm3 and Z = 8]. The vibrational spectra of Sb2F11– salts are consistent with the above crystallographic assignments, showing that Sb2F11– anions deviate strongly from D4h symmetry in having no symmetry at all (point group C1). The vibrational spectra of CsSb3F16 confirm the presence of Sb3F16– anions, which adopt a cis‐fluorine‐bridged geometry consistent with the crystal structure.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Design and Synthesis of New Immonium‐Type Coupling Reagents
Authors: El‐Faham Ayman , Khattab Sherine N. , Abdul‐Ghani Mohamed , Albericio Fernando
Published: January 2006

A new family of immonium‐type coupling reagents is described here. The differences in the carbocation skeletons of these reagents can be correlated with differences in stability and thus reactivity. The dihydroimidazole derivatives are highly unstable to air, whereas the salts derived from dimethylamine are the most stable and the pyrrolidino derivatives are of intermediate stability. These results should be taken into account mainly when coupling reagents are deposited in open vessels, such in some automatic synthesizers. As regards both coupling yield and retention of configuration, HOAt derivatives have been confirmed to be superior to those of HOBt in all cases. For peptides containing hindered residues, fluoroformamidinium salts are more convenient than the HOAt‐based reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Efficient Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions between Lithium Alkynyltrimethylborates and Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Hernández Torres Gloria , Choppin Sabine , Colobert Françoise
Published: January 2006

The Pd‐catalysed alkynylation of alkynylboronic esters (generated in situ) with various aryl chlorides in the presence of Pd2(dba)3, the sterically hindered dihydroimidazolium salt 4 as the precatalyst and CsF is reported. Under these conditions, electron‐poor and electron‐rich aryl chlorides undergo efficient cross‐coupling reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Calix[4]arene‐Based Chromogenic Chemosensor for the α‐Phenylglycine Anion: Synthesis and Chiral Recognition
Authors: Qing Guang‐Yan , He Yong‐Bing , Zhao Yang , Hu Chen‐Guang , Liu Shun‐Ying , Yang Xi
Published: January 2006

Calix[4]arene‐based two‐armed chiral anion receptors 3a and 3b have been synthesized and examined for their chiral anion‐binding abilities by UV/Vis absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results of nonlinear curve fitting indicate that 3a and 3b form 1:1 stoichiometric complexes with the L‐ or D‐α‐phenylglycine anion by multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions and exhibit good enantioselective recognition for the enantiomers of the α‐phenylglycine anions (3a: Kass(L)/Kass(D) = 4.76; 3b: Kass(D)/Kass(L) = 2.84). The marked colour changes observed for the complexation of 3a with the chiral anions and the good enantioselective recognition reveal that receptor 3a could be used as a good chiral chromogenic chemosensor for the enantiomers of the α‐phenylglycine anion. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Titanocene‐Mediated Radical Cyclization: An Emergent Method Towards the Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Quílez del Moral José F. , Sánchez Elena M. , Arteaga Jesús F.
Published: January 2006

The reaction of the Cp2TiCl complex with oxiranes leads to homolytic opening of the heterocycle with high regioselectivity. Although the resulting β‐titanoxyl radical can evolve in different ways, when the epoxide reacting with Cp2TiCl possesses suitable unsaturated moieties such as olefins, triple bonds, carbonyls or nitriles in its structure, intramolecular addition of this β‐titanoxyl radical to these unsaturated groups can take place, leading to a cyclization process. Structures containing from three‐ to seven‐membered rings have been synthesized using either stoichiometric or catalytic quantities of titanocene. Although a number of applications for these titanium‐mediated cyclization reactions have been reported in the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds such as antibiotic γ‐lactones, lignans and β‐lactams, we consider that the strategy involving the opening and ensuing cyclization of the monoepoxides of polyprenes, which resulted in the preparation of C10, C15, C20 and C30 terpenoids, including mono‐, bi‐ and tricyclic natural products, deserves special mention. Attractive aspects of this reaction are good stereochemical control and the oxidative termination of the process, which leads regioselectively to exocyclic olefins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gender, status and the use of power strategies
Authors: Keshet Shira , Kark Ronit , Pomerantz‐Zorin Limor , Koslowsky Meni , Schwarzwald Joseph
Published: January 2006

The present study examined the effects of gender and status on the use of power strategies. The experiment consisted of a computer‐based problem‐solving task performed in pairs, where participants interacted with simulated long‐distance partners. Participants were 36 female and 38 male undergraduate students, who were assigned to be influencing agents and were required to convince their partners to accept their help in the problem‐solving process. Status was manipulated by the extent to which partners were dependent upon the participants' resources. Partners were either same sex or other sex. Results indicated an interactive effect of agent gender by status. Men used more frequently ‘masculine’‐typed and less frequently ‘feminine’‐typed strategies than did women in low status positions, whereas in high status positions no significant gender differences in power strategy choices were found. These findings suggest that gender differences and similarities vary according to social contexts. Implications of the findings for both theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional reactions to harmful intergroup behavior
Authors: Gordijn Ernestine H. , Yzerbyt Vincent , Wigboldus Daniël , Dumont Muriel
Published: January 2006

In this paper, we examined reactions to situations in which, although one is not personally involved, one could see oneself connected to either the perpetrators or the victims of unfair behavior. We manipulated participants' similarity and measured their identification to either one of two groups which participants later learned was the victim or the perpetrator of harmful behavior. As predicted, making salient similarities to the victims lead participants to: 1) appraise the perpetrator's behavior as more unfair; 2) experience more anger; and 3) be more likely to take action against it and less prone to show support for it as a function of their level of identification with their salient ingroup. In sharp contrast, focusing participants' attention on their similarities to the perpetrators reversed this pattern of findings: Compared to high identifiers, low identifiers appraised the behavior as more unfair than high identifiers, which made them feel angry (and guilty) and less likely to show support for the perpetrator's behavior. The data also provide strong support for a mediational model in which appraisal of the situation colors the emotional reaction which in turn orients action tendencies. We discuss the implications of our findings for the issue of group‐based emotions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of self‐monitoring on binge eating: treatment response or ‘binge drift’?
Authors: Hildebrandt Tom , Latner Janet
Published: January 2006

The current study aimed to determine if subjective bulimic episodes (SBEs) and objective bulimic episodes (OBEs) have different reactive effects to self‐monitoring. Fourteen women with bulimia nervosa (57%) or binge eating disorder (43%) were diagnosed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE; version 12.0). During the 7‐days post‐interview, participants filled out daily self‐monitoring records indicating the food consumed and any episodes of loss of control over eating. These records were reviewed and coded for OBEs and SBEs using the EDE coding scheme. Paired samples t‐tests indicated that participants' average number of daily OBEs significantly decreased from baseline to the period of self‐monitoring (t = 2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.90), whereas there was a significant increase from baseline to self‐monitoring in their average number of SBEs (t = −2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.86). Of the 12 participants who showed a decrease in OBEs, 75% showed a concurrent increase in SBEs. The data suggest that the reactivity of OBEs to minimal or brief interventions may in part be due to binge drift, or the reduction of OBEs at the expense of increasing SBEs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for adolescents with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Wilson G. Terence , Sysko Robyn
Published: January 2006

Psychological and pharmacological treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) have been studied extensively in adults, but there are no published controlled treatment studies of adolescents with BN. One option for treating adolescents with BN is to adapt cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) for younger individuals. The rationale for developing CBT for adolescents with BN is three‐fold: the efficacy of CBT for adult patients with BN, the efficacy of CBT in treating adolescents with other clinical disorders, and the conceptual fit between CBT and adolescent eating disorders. CBT should be tailored to the treatment of adolescents, with particular focus on domains of development, including: motivation, cognitive processing, interpersonal functioning, and family involvement. A recently described new version of CBT for BN (Fairburn, Cooper, & Shafran, 2003) is well‐suited for adapting manual‐based CBT from adults to adolescents. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of adolescents with BN and related eating disorders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Understanding intimacy for women with anorexia nervosa: a phenomenological approach
Authors: Newton M. , Boblin S. , Brown B. , Ciliska D.
Published: January 2006

Intimacy is considered as an essential aspect of ‘ideal’ romantic relationships and Western culture, in particular, places a strong emphasis on its value. Despite this, intimacy has been largely unexamined for women with anorexia nervosa (AN). This phenomenological study sought to describe the subjective experiences of intimacy for this group of women; a purposive sample of 11 participated in in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. Whereas previous research has drawn little attention to the contextual factors that support intimate and non‐intimate experiences for women with AN, participants in this study were able to identify what intimacy meant to them, their experiences with intimacy and what they needed within their romantic relationships to be intimate. The women's meanings and experiences with intimacy were consistent with generalized conceptualizations of emotional and physical closeness, and companionship through parenting. These findings augment current research, and may better assist in tailoring specific interventions to foster intimacy and minimize impediments to intimacy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating and body image disturbances across cultures: a review
Authors: Soh Nerissa L. , Touyz Stephen W. , Surgenor Lois J.
Published: January 2006

Objective

To critically review the literature examining the impact of acculturation, socio‐economic status, family functioning and psychological control in relation to eating and body image disturbances across cultures.

Method

A review of the literature on eating disorders, eating and body image disturbances, psychological control, body composition, socio‐economic status and family functioning on different cultural groups.

Results

Of the empirical studies undertaken, few investigated a cultural group's eating pathology in both its country of origin and a Western country using the same methodology. To date, the research findings are mixed and it is still unclear if the presentation of an eating disorder differs across cultures. Acculturation has not been consistently taken into consideration and psychological control has not been examined in relation to eating disturbances in non‐Western groups.

Discussion

This review focuses on some of the methodological limitations of previous research and attempts to delineate the salient issues which warrant further scientific enquiry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Dysfunctional rearing in community and clinic based populations with eating problems: prevalence and mediating role of psychiatric morbidity
Authors: Rojo‐Moreno Luis , Livianos‐Aldana Lorenzo , Conesa‐Burguet Llanos , Cava Gloria
Published: January 2006

Objective

To assess the presence of dysfunctional rearing in adolescent females with ED and the role of psychiatric comorbidity as mediating variable of this relationship.

Method

Administration of a rearing‐attitude questionnaire (EMBU‐A) and a standardized psychiatric evaluation. Data from a two‐phase epidemiological study and from ED inpatients. Case diagnosis was performed using wide DSM‐IV criteria (n = 29). Controls were matched by age and school.

Results

Significant differences were found between EDs subjects and controls on the scales of emotional warmth, overprotection, and rejection. There were no rearing differences between community cases and hospitalized patients. Paternal rejection is the correlate most strongly associated with EDs in teenage women. Structural Equation Modeling shows that this association is mediated by psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatric comorbidity does not mediate the association between maternal rejection and EDs diagnosis.

Conclusions

Rearing is a correlate for ED. This association is partly mediated by psychiatric comorbidity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A need for speed: Emergency damage response
Authors: Conner Jason M. , Oberle Rita , Thomas‐Mobley Linda
Published: January 2006

As more hurricanes and more intense hurricanes, such as Katrina in August 2005 and Rita in September 2005, come ashore, it is imperative that damage be assessed and repairs begin as quickly as possible. Studying previous damage assessment efforts can help us plan for future efforts and provide lessons learned. Hurricane Ivan caused approximately $600 million in damage to Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola in September 2004. After the devastation of Hurricane Ivan, a damage assessment team was sent to the Naval Base in Pensacola, Florida, to survey the initial destruction to the base's infrastructure and facilities, particularly those of historic value. Of special interest was the disposition of the storm‐damaged historic facilities on the base. The team, which was sent under the umbrella of a Contingency Construction Capabilities (CONCAP) contract, determined that rapid response is critical to repairing damage and mitigating mold intrusion after a natural water disaster. The team provides an overview of the damage, as well as strategies for cleanup. Conflicts between military construction funding and historic preservation requirements concerning restoration of damaged facilities is also addressed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of imagery in environmental disaster preparedness and response
Authors: Hall Susan W. , Carolla Mark A. , Deason Jonathan P.
Published: January 2006

In recent years, great advances have been made in the use of imagery and remote sensing for monitoring and protecting the environment, as well as in disaster preparedness and response. Environmental emergency preparedness planners now have a vast “constellation” of imagery and remote sensing resources available to observe and respond to environmental disasters. The groups that have benefited from this technology range from federal, state, and local emergency management agencies down to the first responders. These resources are used to prepare for hurricanes and floods as well as recover from their effects; observe wildfires and forest fires and work to contain them; and respond to other disasters, thus protecting lives, valuable property, and the The Use of Imagery in Environmental Disaster Preparedness and Response environment. These imagery resources and their associated systems, as useful as they are, are not necessarily integrated nor marshaled in any coherent web in support of those protecting lives, property, or the environment. With the new openness, declassification, and commercial availability of high‐resolution imagery, remote‐sensing capabilities now available to preparedness and response individuals range from satellite sensors to aircraft platforms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein structural classes: Approached with complexity measure factor
Authors: Xiao Xuan , Shao Shi‐Huang , Huang Zheng‐De , Chou Kuo‐Chen
Published: January 2006

The structural class is an important feature widely used to characterize the overall folding type of a protein. How to improve the prediction quality for protein structural classification by effectively incorporating the sequence‐order effects is an important and challenging problem. Based on the concept of the pseudo amino acid composition [Chou, K. C. Proteins Struct Funct Genet 2001, 43, 246; Erratum: Proteins Struct Funct Genet 2001, 44, 60], a novel approach for measuring the complexity of a protein sequence was introduced. The advantage by incorporating the complexity measure factor into the pseudo amino acid composition as one of its components is that it can catch the essence of the overall sequence pattern of a protein and hence more effectively reflect its sequence‐order effects. It was demonstrated thru the jackknife crossvalidation test that the overall success rate by the new approach was significantly higher than those by the others. It has not escaped our notice that the introduction of the complexity measure factor can also be used to improve the prediction quality for, among many other protein attributes, subcellular localization, enzyme family class, membrane protein type, and G‐protein couple receptor type. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 478–482, 2006
The case of the disappearing firms: empirical evidence and implications
Authors: Stubbart Charles I. , Knight Michael B.
Published: January 2006

Organizational survival represents a vital objective for firms, managers, and owners. Most organizational theories regard survival as the ‘correct’ outcome for firms whose managers successfully navigate across a hostile competitive landscape. On the other hand, when a firm ‘disappears,’ scholars, managers, and owners ask, What went wrong?' Failure, exit, bankruptcy, liquidation, hostile takeovers, are largely viewed as results of managerial ‘bungling.’ Many theories about performance, competitive advantage, legitimacy, and leadership rest upon a core assumption that firms, at least some of them, have long, perhaps limitless, life‐spans. Long‐term survival is not seen as merely a random outcome or an unattainable goal. This paper surveys a broad set of empirical findings about firms' life‐spans. It is consistently revealed in the empirical literature that the VAST majority of firms, even large firms, survive relatively short periods. Some themes and their implications are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“If you treat me right, I reciprocate”: examining the role of exchange in organizational survey response
Authors: Spitzmüller Christiane , Glenn Dana M. , Barr Christopher D. , Rogelberg Steven G. , Daniel Patrick
Published: January 2006

Survey nonresponse can pose a major threat to the generalizability of organizational survey findings. This paper examines whether organizational members' evaluations of their organizational experiences affect survey response to organizationally sponsored surveys. In particular, we hypothesized that perceived organizational support, social exchange, procedural justice and an individual's inclination to feel exploited in social relationships predicted organizational members' compliance with organizations' requests for survey completion. A longitudinal field experiment conducted in collaboration with the Office of Institutional Research at a large university (sample: n = 622 university students) supported the hypotheses. Organizational members who consciously decided to not participate in organizational surveys perceived their organization as less procedurally just and less supportive. They also reported negative perceptions of their social exchange relationship with their organization, and were more inclined to feel exploited in relationships. Hence, an exchange‐oriented theoretical framework grounded in organizational citizenship behavior theory seems appropriate for the study of survey nonresponse. Implications for survey practice include that survey‐based findings are unlikely to generalize to specific groups of nonrespondents, and that techniques commonly used to increase response rates may not be effective in reaching these groups of nonrespondents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure dating and glacial reconstruction at Mt. Field, Tasmania, Australia, identifies MIS 3 and MIS 2 glacial advances and climatic variability
Authors: Mackintosh A. N. , Barrows T. T. , Colhoun E. A. , Fifield L. K.
Published: January 2006

Tasmania is important for understanding Quaternary climatic change because it is one of only three areas that experienced extensive mid‐latitude Southern Hemisphere glaciation and it lies in a dominantly oceanic environment at a great distance from Northern Hemisphere ice sheet feedbacks. We applied exposure dating using36Cl to an extensive sequence of moraines from the last glacial at Mt. Field, Tasmania. Glaciers advanced at 41–44 ka during Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and at 18 ka during MIS 2. Both advances occurred in response to an ELA lowering greater than 1100 m below the present‐day mean summer freezing level, and a possible temperature reduction of 7–8°C. Deglaciation was rapid and complete by ca. 16 ka. The overall story emerging from studies of former Tasmanian glaciers is that the MIS 2 glaciation was of limited extent and that some glaciers were more extensive during earlier parts of the last glacial cycle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site Raman analysis of the earliest known Meissen porcelain and stoneware
Authors: Colomban Philippe , Milande Véronique
Published: January 2006

On‐site Raman analyses were performed at the Musée national de Céramique, Sèvres, France, on select rare items of the earliest known European hard‐paste porcelains and stonewares, produced from ca 1710 to 1750 in the Meissen workshop (Saxony) founded by J. F. Böttger and E. W. von Tschirnhaus. Characteristic on‐site Raman signatures have been obtained for white Sake bottles from ca 1715, a green bowl depicting a purple landscape dated 27th August 1726 and a figurine and coffee cups produced in the middle of the eighteenth century. In addition, some artefacts (a red polished stoneware cup from ca 1710 to 1715, a white ewer stopper from ca 1725, a blue underglaze decorated flat stopper believed to have been manufactured after 1719 and decorated coffee cups) were analysed at the laboratory. Raman spectra identified different types of mullite‐rich bodies, including calcium‐rich and quartz‐containing pastes. Different types of glazes and pigments (haematite, Naples yellow, cassiterite, lapis lazuli, etc.) have also been identified. The results are discussed in the light of previous chemical analyses and historical records. We propose characteristic parameters to discriminate between the different production technologies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocompatibility of Nanofilm‐Encapsulated Silicone and Silicone‐Hydrogel Contact Lenses
Authors: Yasuda Hirotsugu
Published: January 2006

Summary: A material placed in or in contact with a biological system, that causes the minimum perturbation that can be tolerated by the host biological system, can be considered to be biocompatible. The major effects caused by a contact lens can be considered to be 1) the blocking of the natural supply of oxygen to the epithelium cells of the cornea, 2) interference with the normal evaporation of water from the tear fluid layer, and 3) hindrance of the normal functions of blinking for replenishing oxygen‐saturated tear fluid and removing dead epithelium cells, which result from apoptosis. The encapsulation of a highly oxygen‐permeable contact lens by a nanofilm with an imperturbable surface state minimizes all these terms. The encapsulated contact lens can be worn safely in extended wear.

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Novel Water‐Soluble Quaternary Piperazine Derivatives of Chitosan: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Holappa Jukka , Nevalainen Tapio , Safin Rustam , Soininen Pasi , Asplund Tomas , Luttikhedde Tiina , Másson Már , Järvinen Tomi
Published: January 2006

Summary: Novel synthesis methods for the preparation of quaternary piperazine derivatives of chitosan were developed. Quaternary ammonium moiety can be selectively inserted into either one or both of the piperazine nitrogens, yielding structurally uniform chitosan derivative structures. Water‐soluble end products were thoroughly characterized with FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D 1H‐13C HSQC NMR. The molecular weights of the end products were determined by GPC with triple detection.

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Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Polyamide‐66 Nanocomposites Prepared by Electrospinning
Authors: Ristolainen Noora , Heikkilä Pirjo , Harlin Ali , Seppälä Jukka
Published: January 2006

Summary: PVA and PA‐66 nanocomposite fibers with montmorillonite were prepared by electrospinning. Mixing of the components was conducted in two ways: polymer and montmorillonite were mixed with solvent, or monomer was polymerized in the presence of montmorillonite and was then dissolved in a solvent. Polymer/montmorillonite solutions were then electrospun on a non‐woven substrate. To the unaided eye, the coated area was either continuous coating or well‐defined spots. Characterization of the fiber structure and the particle size and distribution by SEM and elemental analysis showed the nanosized filler to be dispersed through the fiber network of the polymer/nanocomposite regardless of the preparation method. However, the clay particles within the fibers were smaller with the polymerization method than mixing in solvent. Only the PA‐66‐based nanocomposites exhibited large enough coating area on the substrate for measurements of contact angles and the time required for water penetration. Contact angles and the time required for water penetration were increased for most of the PA/nanoclay composites relative to the uncoated substrate.

SEM image of a typical fiber structure of a PVA/nanocomposite obtained by electrospinning under alkaline conditions.

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SEM image of a typical fiber structure of a PVA/nanocomposite obtained by electrospinning under alkaline conditions.
Compatibilizing Effect of SEBS for Electrical Properties of LDPE/PS Blends
Authors: Lee Tae Hee , Kim Tae Young , Kim Dong Myung , Kim Won Jung , Lee Je Hyuk , Suh Kwang S.
Published: January 2006

Summary: In the previous study, we observed compatibilizing effects of low density polyethylene (LDPE)/polystyrene (PS) with polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene (SEBS), a triblock copolymer. Blends consisting of 70 wt.‐% LDPE and 30 wt.‐% PS were prepared with a SEBS concentration of up to 10 wt.‐%. This study examined the electrical properties such as the electrical breakdown, water tree length, permittivity and tan δ in the blends. The possibility of using these blends as insulating material substitutes for LDPE was investigated. The electrical breakdown strength reached a maximum of 66.67 kV/mm, which is superior to 50.27 kV/mm of the LDPE used as electrical insulators for cables. In addition, the water tree length decreased with increasing SEBS concentration. The water tree lengths of the blends containing SEBS were shorter than that of the LDPE. The permittivity of the blends was 2.28–2.48 F/m, and decreased with increasing SEBS concentration with the exception of S‐0. Tan δ of the blends increased smoothly with increasing SEBS content.

Breakdown strength , water tree length, permittivity and tan δ of the LDPE/PS/SEBS blends and raw materials.

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Breakdown strength , water tree length, permittivity and tan δ of the LDPE/PS/SEBS blends and raw materials.
Polyion Complex Nanofibrous Structure Formed by Self‐Assembly of Chitosan and Poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Chen Ching‐Yi , Wang Jian‐Wen , Hon Ming‐Hsiun
Published: January 2006

Summary: An ideal scaffold design has a nanofibrous structure that can replace the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) until host cells can repopulate and resynthesize a new natural matrix. In this study, chitosan (CS)‐poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) nanofibers with diameters that range from 50 to 150 nm are synthesized successfully by a modified dropping method. Exactly how various carboxylic acid solvents affect the formation of CS‐PAA nanofibrous complex is also discussed. The results show that using adipic acid as a solvent to dissolve CS, adjusting the final pH value of the CS solution to 3, and then dropping the CS solution into the PAA solution at a ratio of 3:1, cause a significant reaction of CS with PAA and the nanofibers are dispersed uniformly. After freeze‐drying, a 3‐D interconnected CS‐PAA nanofibrous scaffold with a fiber diameter that ranges from 50 to 200 nm can be obtained. The CS‐PAA nanofibrous matrix is of particular interest in tissue engineering for controlled drug release and tissue remodeling.

Nanofibrous structure via polyion complex formation between chitosan and poly(acrylic acid).

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Nanofibrous structure via polyion complex formation between chitosan and poly(acrylic acid).
Effect of Ionomeric Compatibilizer on Clay Dispersion in Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Sánchez‐Valdes Saúl , López‐Quintanilla Maria L. , Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo , Medellín‐Rodríguez Francisco J. , Gutierrez‐Rodriguez Juan M.
Published: January 2006

Summary: Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/clay nanocomposites are obtained and studied by using a zinc‐neutralized carboxylate ionomer as a compatibilizer. LLDPE‐g‐MA is used as a reference compatibilizer. Two different clays, natural montmorillonite (Closite Na+) and a chemically modified clay Closite 20A have been used. Nanocomposites are prepared by melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder using two mixing methods: two‐step mixing and one‐step mixing. The relative influence of each compatibilizer is determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction structural analysis and mechanical properties. The results are analyzed in terms of the effect of the compatibilizing agent and incorporation method in the clay dispersion, and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Experimental results confirm that the film samples with ionomer show a good mechanical performance only slightly below that of the samples with maleic anhydride (MA). The two‐step mixing conditions result in better dispersion and intercalation for the nanofillers than one‐step mixing. The exfoliation of clay platelets leads to an improved thermal stability of the composite. The oxygen permeability of the clay nanocomposites, using ionomer as a compatibilizer, is decreased by the addition of the clay.

TEM image of a PE/4 wt.‐% Closite 20A nanocomposite formed using ionomer.

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TEM image of a PE/4 wt.‐% Closite 20A nanocomposite formed using ionomer.
Electrostatic Forces Induce Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐Protected Copper Nanoparticles to Form Copper/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocables via Electrospinning
Authors: Li Zhenyu , Huang Huimin , Wang Ce
Published: January 2006

Summary: Copper/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocables have been successfully obtained by electrospinning a PVA‐protected copper nanoparticle solution. The molar ratio of copper ions to PVA (in terms of VA repeating units) plays an important role in the formation of copper/PVA nanocables. The average diameter of the copper cores and PVA shells is about 100 and 400 nm, respectively. The structures of the copper/PVA nanocables are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their formation is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

TEM image of a copper/PVA nanocable.

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TEM image of a copper/PVA nanocable.
A case of metastatic carcinoma from 18th century London
Authors: Melikian M.
Published: January 2006

In 1999 the AOC Archaeology Group excavated the cemetery of All Hallows by the Tower, London, UK, prior to redevelopment. The majority of the burials are post‐medieval, dating from circa 1776 to 1835. Skeleton (4105) was buried with a lead coffin plate. The data on the coffin plate revealed that the skeleton was that of Ann Sumpter, who died aged 31 years on the 25 May 1794. The skeleton displays pathology that is indicative of a metastatic carcinoma. A precise diagnosis is not possible, but given the individual is female it is statistically most likely the secondaries have originated from a breast or lung tumour. Breast tumours are thought to have been more common than lung tumours in the past, and therefore the most probable diagnosis is a breast carcinoma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of molecular weight on the crystallization kinetics and equilibrium melting temperature of poly(tetramethylene ether glycol)
Authors: Jenkins M. J. , Cao Y. , Kukureka S. N.
Published: January 2006

Isothermal crystallization of poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) (PTMEG) with relatively low molecular weight (Mn = 991, 2004 and 2864, respectively) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, and the equilibrium melting temperature (T) determined using the Hoffman–Weeks analysis. The crystallization kinetics of PTMEG were characterized using an Avrami analysis. Mechanistic n values ranged from 2.2 to 2.9 for the primary crystallization process for three molecular weight grades, indicating heterogeneous nucleation of spherulites. Polarized light microscopy confirmed that PTMEG crystallized by the growth of spherulites from heterogeneous nuclei. The half–life for crystallization (t1/2) and the composite rate constant were found to be dependent on the degree of supercooling (ΔT) and the molecular weight. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of monofunctional reactants on the physical properties of dimer acid‐based polyamides
Authors: Çavuş Selva , Gürkaynak M. Ali
Published: January 2006

Dimer acid‐based polyamides were synthesized by condensation polymerization in the absence and presence of monofunctional reactants. Acetic acid, oleic acid and propyl amine were used as monofunctional reactants. The influences of the equivalent percentage (E%) and type of monofunctional reactant on the physical properties of dimer acid‐based polyamides such as glass transition temperature (Tg), melting point (Tm), heat of fusion (ΔH), degree of polymerization (DP), number average molecular weight (Mn), and kinematic viscosity were investigated. The molecular weight and viscosity of dimer acid‐based polyamides decreased with the increase in equivalent percentage of monofunctional reactant. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that acetic acid and propyl amine had higher effect on the thermal properties of polyamides than that of oleic acid. In the case of polyamides prepared in the presence of acetic acid, the values of Tg, Tm, and ΔH of the polyamides increased remarkably with the increase in acetic acid content. On the contrary, propyl amine had a decreasing effect on the values of Tg, Tm, and ΔH of the polyamides. Incorporation of oleic acid into the polymer structure had no significant effect on the values of Tg and Tm of the dimer acid‐based polyamides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a Bayesian Approach to the Tomographic Analysis of Hopper Flow
Authors: Grudzien Krzysztof , Romanowski Andrzej , Williams Richard A.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of data on powder flow from electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) using probability modelling and Bayesian statistics. The methodology is illustrated for powder flow in a hopper. The purpose, and special features, of this approach is that ‘high‐level’ statistical Bayesian modelling combined with a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithm allows direct estimation of control parameters of industrial processes in contrast to usually applied ‘low‐level’, pixel‐based methods of data analysis. This enables reliable recognition of key process features in a quantitative manner. The main difficulty when investigating hopper flow with ECT is due to the need to measure small differences in particle packing density. The MCMC protocol enables more robust identification of the responses of such complex systems. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the approach for a simple case of particulate material flow during discharging of a hopper. It is concluded that these approaches can offer significant advantages for the analysis and control of some industrial powder and other multi‐phase flow processes.
Applicability of interrupter resistance measurements for evaluation of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in children
Authors: Song Dae Jin , Woo Chul Hee , Kang Hee , Kim Hyung Jin , Choung Ji Tae
Published: January 2006

The interrupter technique is a noninvasive method for measuring air‐flow resistance during tidal breathing. This method requires minimal cooperation, and is therefore promising for use in uncooperative children. The aim of this study was to evaluate applicability interrupter resistance (Rint) measurements in the assessment of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Fifty children aged 5–12 years with mild to moderate asthma were tested by exercise challenge, consisting of free outdoor running for 6 min at 80–90% of maximal predicted heart rate for age. Rint, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured before and 10 min after exercise. EIB was defined as a fall of 10% or more in FEV1 after exercise. The repeatability of Rint was assessed, and its response to exercise challenge was compared with current standardized methods. The mean intermeasurement coefficient of variation was 4.6% (SD, ± 3.0%), and the repeatability coefficient was 0.056 kPa/l/sec. Eighteen (36%) of the 50 children had EIB after exercise challenge test. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.953 (95% confidence interval, 0.853–0.992; P < 0.001), and the optimal Rint cutoff value was 15.2%, producing a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 96.9%. The positive and negative predictive values were 94.1% and 93.9%, respectively. The kappa value between FEV1 and Rint was 0.83. The repeatability of Rint measurements was good, and the results of exercise challenge tests using Rint measurements have excellent agreement with the current standardized methods to detect EIB. Considering that only minimal comprehension and coordination are needed without forced breathing technique, the Rint measurement can provide a useful alternative for assessment of EIB in children unable to perform reliable spirometry. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.