bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Maize Growth and Yield through Hydropriming in Buuri East Sub-County, Kenya
Authors: Kaburu Tabitha Wanja , Mushimiyimana David , Muchiri John
Published: February 2025

Maize crop is a source of staple diet in Kenya, providing nourishment for millions of humans as well as livestock. However, population growth has outpaced the output of maize, due to low crop yield which has been largely attributed to low water status in the plants, leading to poor nutrient uptake and utilization. This study aimed to explore the effects of hydropriming on plant germination, growth vigour and yields of maize in Buuri East Sub County, Meru County. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was deployed to lay down the experiments. The hydropriming treatments were set at 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours, and effects tested on two maize varieties; namely, H614 and Pioneer 38.  Sowing was done on the same day. Data was collected on stem height, leaf length, stem diameter, node length, cob weight, cob length, weight of 100 seeds, and total yields, summarized in Excel and analysed using SPSS version 21. ANOVA was performed to determine which treatments had statistically significant effects at alpha = 0.05. LSD was used to separate the means. Results showed that hydropriming for 24 hrs and 36 hrs had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on plant height, leaf length, stem diameter, node length, cob weight, cob length and weight of 100 maize grains which were parameters for growth vigour significantly affected by hydropriming with 36 hours of soaking performing better. The 36 hour priming yielded highest grain per hectare, producing 9,050kg/ha for H614 and 9,600kg/ha for Pioneer 38 respectively. This was 4-fold compared to the non-primed seeds in both varieties. The study concludes that hydropriming of maize would result in better and improved yields in this area. The study recommends that farmers consider hydropriming at 36-hour priming in order to optimize high seedling growth vigour and total maize yields.
Preparedness in Instructional Materials for the Implementation of the MTE Policy in Public Lower Primary School Education in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Magaju Jacinta Kagendo , Kubai James , Kanyi Charles
Published: February 2025

In 2019, the Kenya Basic Education Curriculum Framework (BECF) introduced indigenous languages as a subject in lower primary education. Consequently, a policy was developed regarding the use of vernacular as an instructional medium for lower primary education. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty regarding the readiness of teaching and learning resources to support its implementation. This study aims to examine the influence of instructional materials on implementation of the MTE policy in lower primary school education in Meru County, Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey design, and adopted a mixed-method approach. The target population comprised 773 grade three class teachers and 773 head teachers. From this population, a sample of 155 head teachers and 155 grade three class teachers was selected through simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires administered to grade three class teachers, and focus group discussions for the head teachers. A pilot study was conducted in Maara Sub-County in Tharaka-Nithi County. The reliability and validity of research instruments were ascertained; where the reliability of the data was ascertained by computing Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients which stood at 0.725. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS to derive descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings revealed shortage of textbooks, reference materials, and instructional materials for teaching indigenous languages. Additionally, learners struggle with existing orthographies, while teachers encounter difficulties in utilizing available materials in language skills development. A significant correlation between preparedness in instructional materials and mother tongue policy implementation were noted. Adequate native language textbooks and learning materials are essential and stakeholders need to pprioritize instructional materials for successful execution of mother tongue language policy in lower primary. The study recommends pprovision of adequate and relevant resources to support MTE policy implementation.
Knowledge and Perception of Women towards Cervical Cancer Screening in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Kandie G. , Mburugu R. , Onyambu F. , Kapigen M.
Published: February 2025

Globally, epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases is on increase with Cervical cancer associated with human papilloma virus being among leading causes of morbidity and mortality in women.Cervical cancer is preventable  but majority of Kenyan women have never been screened yet free services are available in most health facilities. Cervical cancer screening for all women aged 18 to 69 years in Kenya is reported to be 3.2%as compared to the National Cervical Cancer Prevention program target of 70%.Underutilization of screening services is cited to  result from lapses in service availability, negative perception among others.The study aimed at assessing knowledge and perception of women towards cervical cancer screening in Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected from 352 respondents (n=352) selected through purposive sampling technique using structured questionnaires. Data was cleaned, coded and entered using SPSS version 23,analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and presented using tables and charts.Results showed that 69% were aware of cervical cancer while 46.29% were not, 86.9% did not know the cause of cervical cancer.61.9% had heard about cervical cancer screening but 38.1% had not. 78.4% had never heard about human papilloma virus vaccine.The correlation between utilization of cancer screening services and knowledge of cervical cancer screening, was found to be statistically significant r= 0.294, p < 0.001, two tailed. An inverse relationship between screening and perceived pain, r= -0.117, p=0.029 and perceived embarrassment r= -0.109, p=0.041 was also established. This suggests that perception influences utilization of screening negatively.The results would help county managers in decision making and planning for cervical cancer screening as a priority for strengthening service delivery.This study recommends sustained public health education to create positive social change that will include increased awareness, change of perception to cervical cancer and improved screening practices.
Influence of Socio-Economic Factors in the Production of Sheep and Goats among Pastoralists’ in Wajir County
Authors: Muthuri M. , Egal O.
Published: February 2025

In North Eastern part of Kenya,pastoralism is the main economic activity for most of the households with livestock kept as their main means of livelihood.As the inhabitants in these areas increase in population,the contribution to food security of large ruminants lessens and small ruminants that have less competition for arable land predominate.Lack of new-fangled and context-specific knowledge of the ménages on production and marketing of goats is many times a major limitation to productivity enhancement in small ruminants.The main objective of the study was to find out the influence of socio-economic factors on the production and marketing of goat and sheep in Wajir County.The study utilized descriptive survey research design specifically targeting the County since its population predominantly depends on pastoral nomadism for livelihood.The study’s target population consisted of 90,108 pastoral households.A sample size of 384 households’ was selected using systematic sampling.Stratified sampling ensured that all households had a chance of being included in the sample.An ordinary least squares regression model was used to determine the Socio-economic factors affecting productivity of sheep and goats.A significant regression equation was found (F6, 375) =130.325,p<0.05, with an R2 of 0.676.Infrastructure of the area,education of the household head, extension service provision and condition of the road were found to be significant.The study recommended that having seen the importance of long standing customary social networks, policies should address the need to revive such linkages, either through measures to help end the conflict with the neighboring tribes or through allowing a greater degree of movement of people and stock across borders.Substantial investment in key infrastructure such as roads,trekking routes and markets is also needed.Apart from diversifying the pastoral economy,policy-makers should pursue development policies to penetrate the rural areas in the County where the majority of pastoralists live and to also improve on the extension service delivery.
A Digital Storytelling Model for Increasing Information Security Awareness among Kenyan Smartphone Users
Authors: Lynet Kosgey , Mbogo Chao , Mwaniki Nyaga
Published: February 2025

The proliferation of smartphones in Kenya has resulted to smartphone users’ overdependence on their phones for everyday activities. This increased interaction with smartphones poses a threat to users’ privacy and security. The exposure to threats establishes a need to understand users’ security awareness and behavior when using their mobile phones. To investigate user behaviour while using their mobile phones and their understanding of cyber security risks, this study surveyed 393 Kenyan smartphone users on security features that they implement as well as their understanding of potential security threats. The results show that most Kenyan Smartphone users are aware of security threats facing them and are greatly concerned about related security risks. However, users still make poor behavioral choices related to the use of smartphones, making them vulnerable to cyber security attacks. This paper proposes a Digital Storytelling (DST) model that forms a basis of creating a digital storytelling media that can be used to increase cyber security awareness among Kenyan smartphone users.
Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Health Workers in Tanzania: A Case of Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Referral Hospital
Authors: Msanya Deogratius , Mwaura-Tenambergen Wanja , Oluoch Musa , Alloyce Julius Pius
Published: February 2025

Human resource for health is vital for effective and efficient delivery of health care. It’s of paramount importance to ensure that the available health workers are satisfied with their job for quality delivery of care. The purpose of this study was to ascertain factors which influence job satisfaction among human resource for health in Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Tanzania. The objectives were to assess the influence of demographic characteristics, institutional governance, the working environment and professional related factors on job satisfaction among health care workers. This was an institution-based cross-sectional study and the target population was all health workers in KCMC. Sampling procedure was stratified probability sampling and a total of 257 respondents were included in the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Logistic regression model was run to determine association between factor scores in the independent variables and the dependent variable at 95%CI whereas P<0.05 was regarded statistically significant. Results showed that job satisfaction rate of health workforce at KCMC was 49%. Nurses is the cadre with the highest job dissatisfaction rate of 60.2% followed by doctors at 51.6%. The highest job satisfaction rate was revealed among the carder of allied health professional at the rate of 66.7%. Factors found to have significant association to job satisfaction were marital status (P=0.006), decision making process (P=0.002), supervisory support (P=0.014), relationship with co-workers (P=0.001), pay (P=0.0001), nature of work (P=0.009) and career advancement (P=0.0001). On measuring the satisfaction levels, it was promotion and income that had the lowest satisfaction rates of 14.1% and 14.7% respectively. The hospital management needs to improve on the factors which were identified as major contributors to job satisfaction for the purpose of enhancing job satisfaction among health workers.
Nexus Between Citizen Participation and Performance of County Assemblies in Kenya
Authors: Kaberia Isaac Joseph , Senaji Thomas , Rintari Nancy
Published: February 2025

Worldwide, public participation in decision making has been advocated as being essential for the effectiveness of public organizations. County assemblies in Kenya are legally required to implement laws guiding public participation in decision making. Though citizen participation in decision making is essential for implementation of the mandate of county assembles (oversight, representation, and legislation), the extent of its relationship with performance of county assemblies in Kenya is not clear. Whilst there is a strong impetus towards conducting public participation by county assemblies in Kenya, there is a gap between the provisions in the legal framework and actual practice on the ground leading to poor public participation which has an effect on the performance of county assemblies in Kenya. This study examined the nexus between citizen participation in decision making and performance of County assemblies in Kenya. Correlation analysis was used to assess the strength and direction of the relationship between citizen participation in decision making and effectiveness in performance of county assemblies in Kenya. The study found a strong correlation between citizen participation and county assembly efficiency (r = 0.448, p). This study filled the gap that existed mainly on involving citizens in decision making. To improve performance of county assemblies, there is need to involve the citizens, to foster collaboration among and within counties, and to network with stakeholders.
Effect of Routine Vitamin a Supplementation on Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-59 Months in Wajir County, Kenya
Authors: Abdi Nuria Ibrahim , Mapesa Job , Meme Joyce
Published: February 2025

Malnutrition remains an important public health problem in Wajir County with stunted growths in the county reported to be 26.4%, which is similar to the national average of 26.0% as per the Kenya Demographic Health Survey of 2014. The high burden of malnutrition in the county is not only a risk to achieving Vision 2030 but is also likely to obstruct our progress to realise Sustainable Development Goals. Vitamin A deficiency is a key public health issue that contributes to illness and death among young children universally. Vitamin A supplementation is essential for growth, development, and survival of children, especially in resource poor areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and the South East. In circumstances where the deficiency of vitamin A is a community health matter, supplementation is recommended in children under five years. The outcome of Vitamin A routine supplementation on nutrition status of young children aged between 6 to 59 months in Wajir County was investigated. The routine coverage for under-fives was found to be 51.2%. Study findings also revealed the prevalence of stunting to be high at 63.4% among children who did not receive vitamin A supplementation as compared to those who were supplemented (36.6%). Further analysis indicated that there was substantial (0.036) association between the supplement and nutritional status of the target group. Therefore, there is need for creation of awareness to the care givers on the benefits of routine supplementation and likewise improve access to the supplement to all children aged 6-59 months.
How Stock Sourcing affects Growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Imenti North Sub-County Meru, Kenya
Authors: Mutunga Winnie Kathure , Gichohi Paul Maku , Moguche Abel
Published: February 2025

Procurement optimization has become critical in fostering growth of businesses. Quality goods issued by suppliers generate revenue that translates to economic growth. However, growth of SMEs in Imenti North Sub-County has been low. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of stock sourcing on growth of small and medium-sized enterprises in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya. According to micro and small enterprises Act number 55 of 2012, and MSE bill, Sessional Paper No. 2 of 2005, SMEs comprises firms that have staff population of between 10-100 employees, and a turnover of Kshs500, 000 to 30,000,000. There are 31 SMEs specialized as supermarkets, hotels and restaurants, manufacturing firms, assembly firms, whole sale and retail outlets, and processing firms. The study was guided by resource-based view theory and used descriptive survey research design to collect data from a target population of 10 SMEs specializing in manufacturing in Imenti North Sub-County. Simple random sampling method was used to select 20 percent of a target population of 250 respondents. Hence, 50 Head of Departments in sales and marketing, operations, compliance, finance and procurement officers were selected and issued with closed-ended questionnaires. Data was analysed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, frequency, standard deviation were computed while hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The study found out that unitary, stock-sourcing predicted seventy five percent of growth of SMEs variable. The remaining percentage was due to other factors. The study concluded that stock sourcing had a positive significance on the growth of SMEs in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya. The study reccommends that procurement oversight authority in Kenya develops policies to ensure that various suppliers are vetted and the information availed to SMEs owners for making stock sourcing decisions.
Neo-Pentecostals’ Religious Practices and Alleviation of Domestic Water Scarcity in Tigania West Constituency, Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Kiambi James Thambura Ather , Gichohi Paul Maku , Njoroge John Ngige
Published: February 2025

Neo-Pentecostal Churches have had varied religious practices that have differently been informing their involvement of alleviation of societal problems.  This study focused on how these Neo-Pentecostal practices have informed Pentecostal Churches’ role in alleviating domestic water scarcity in Tigania west constituency of Meru County, Kenya. The participation of these churches in the alleviation of societal problems is not felt, contrary to the requirements of Exodus 17:1-7, Numbers 20:1-15, Isaiah 41:17-20, Matthew 25:35 and John 4: 5-15 that teaches that churches be involved such societal affairs. Scarcity of water affects 97 percent of the constituents. The study specifically analyzed the practices of neo-Pentecostal Churches under the theme ‘spiritual warfare’, ‘prosperity gospel’, ‘faith healing and deliverance’, and ‘prophecy’. It was guided by theological reflection and social capital theories. The study adopted interpretivist philosophy, qualitative approach and phenomenological research design. Twenty-two (22) pastors and 59 out of 594 members were sampled using cluster and simple random sampling technique. The pastors were interviewed, while Focus Group Discussion was conducted on 5 groups of Pentecostal churches members. The study further analyzed documents from participating churches. The instruments were validated and tested for reliability. Data collected was then analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The findings indicated that Neo-Pentecostal churches held their religious practices as adequate in alleviation of domestic water scarcity. This outcome necessitated recommendations on the need for Pastors to take measures for enhancing knowledge of ecclesiastical praxis. These measures include seeking advisory from their umbrella bodies. Consequently, the theological institutions ought to include social gospel in their training curricula. Further, Faith Based Organizations should organize conferences, seminars and workshops to train clergies and practicing pastors on the same. This would enable them to balance their epistemology on holistic aspects such as alleviating societal problems like water scarcity
Pengaruh PDRB dan Jumlah Penduduk Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2014-2018
Authors: Citrawan Mochamad Dika
Published: February 2025

Poverty remains one of the primary issues faced by many countries, including Indonesia. Despite economic advancements, poverty, particularly in densely populated urban areas like DKI Jakarta, continues to be a significant issue. As the capital city and economic hub, DKI Jakarta should ideally contribute to poverty alleviation. However, despite a high Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), significant economic disparities still result in persistent poverty, particularly in certain districts and municipalities. This study aims to analyze the impact of GRDP and population size on poverty levels in DKI Jakarta from 2014 to 2018. By using data on GRDP and population from various districts in DKI Jakarta, this research identifies the relationship between these variables and poverty. The findings are expected to provide policy recommendations for the provincial government to design more inclusive and sustainable development strategies, thus reducing socio-economic disparities and combating poverty in the region.
Phytochemical & Pharmacological Screening of Saponins from Allium sativum Linn for Antihyperlipidemic Activity
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Mishra Dr. Ashish , Mishra Dr. Shilpi
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of saponins isolated from Allium sativum (garlic) and their effects on lipid profiles. Through a series of chemical tests, acute toxicity studies, and pharmacological evaluations, the study aims to assess the potential antihyperlipidemic effects of these saponins. The results demonstrate the significant lipid-lowering effects of saponins, suggesting their potential therapeutic use in the management of hyperlipidemia.
The Urban Planning Development Control Tracking Model for Mvurwi Town, Zimbabwe: Case in E-Planning Via Geoinformatics
Authors: KADUNGURE WISEMAN , MASARIRA TARIRAI PINIAS , CHIGUDU ANDREW
Published: February 2025

The urban planning system in Zimbabwe, long modelled along the British system and its spatial planning concepts, principles, processes and legislation, influences in shaping the spatial mapping of towns and cities and the overall built-in environment in the country. The study focuses on critically assessing the feasibility of utilising e-development control processes in tracking urban plans with a view to developing an e- development control model. The study assumes the following objectives: identifying underlying frameworks for development plans in Mvurwi; evaluating current development control practices in Mvurwi; assessing current methodologies used for development control processes in Mvurwi; and developing an e-development control model for Mvurwi. This study uses a transformative research paradigm and mixed methodological approach, with a sample size of 302 respondents from five classes of Mvurwi property owners. An inductive approach to research is employed using documentary analysis, questionnaire administration and key informant interviews as the research techniques. The research established that the Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 Amendment (No 20) (Constitution) recognises devolution and decentralisation of state power and provides Mvurwi Town Council (MTC) constitutional protection. The Urban Councils Act regulates local authorities and urban settlements, and it addresses concerns relating to estate development and housing provision and construction. The study also found out that the current development control frameworks and planning services delivery positively correlate with each other (r =0.541, p of 0.000 significant at the 0.05 level). The research concludes on development of an e-development model which discovered the relationship between geoinformatics in e-planning and enhancement of the accurate information essential to development planning, monitoring and execution are part of the development control methods in Mvurwi. The study recommends that Zimbabwe local authorities should embrace the application of technology in all planning service for them to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in development control
Politics and Ethics in Professional Planning in Zimbabwe
Authors: MUVAVARIRWA VALERIA C. , CHIGUDU ANDREW , MPAHLO RUMBIDZAI
Published: February 2025

Politics can either be democratic, monarchical, oligarchic or authoritarian. This depends on the rule of the country and its acceptance of the rule. How then do politics and ethics relate? The leaders’ role is to attain and maintain high standards in their private and work lives. This article explores and discusses the argument that politics in Zimbabwe has not only negatively affected planning, but has also had detrimental effects on professional planning ethics. The professional planner's virtues have been compromised in certain situations. It is against the background that politics and planning are interlinked; planning caters for the good of citizens and politics aims at delivering to the people. The article plugs the gap in the literature that professional planning ethics can be eroded or built upon by politics. Evidence points to a few issues: politics can be a hindrance to planning activities because of the differences between politicians and planners; professional planning ethics can be eroded by politics; and planners face a variety of ethical issues due to difference in cultures and values
The Smart City Concept in Africa: Case of Zimbabwe
Authors: MAGANDE TINASHE , CHIGUDU ANDREW , MABVUNDWI MIRACLE P , HICKONICKO BEATRICE
Published: February 2025

This article seeks to interrogate the Smart City concept and its relevance to African built environment planning and management. Like many buzzwords of times, the Smart City concept is a notion whose rooting in countries that still lag in terms of development, is an aspect of great concern and requires scrutiny before generalisation. In an ideal environment, free from many ordeals, a Smart City is one that operates like a human machine and in which artificial intelligence has become the motor-generator for urban processes. It is a robotised city, a system whose subsystems speak to each other, communicating for progress. In such a city, the sectors and subsectors are very much interconnected and can be made to modularise or assemble as defined by the purposes of what needs to happen. In such a city, land uses, population mobility, circulation and flows (energy, water, transport, etc) are both centrally and locally coordinated. Developing such a city is a function of deep study of the human and non-human needs over a period, or an artificial superimposition of a system or model learnt elsewhere.
How Dare You Take Us Out of the Land of Our Ancestry Perspectives on Human Rights and Novel Land Invasions and Evictions in Zimbabwe
Authors: Maringe Noah , Machaka Judith
Published: February 2025

This article examines the laws relating to access to communal land and their effectiveness in protecting the villagers from arbitrary evictions for development purposes. These laws are further discussed in the context of specific examples where evictions that resulted in the displacement of people from their ancestral lands took place. ARDA Transau where local inhabitants were displaced to make way for diamond mining in Chiadzwa, and Mutoko where two wards were abandoned as a result of blasting during extraction of black granite are used as good examples. A discussion of these examples shows that the villagers did not only lose their land but also their ancestral connections and historically formed family ties. The compensation and the required notices were insignificant and were not in line with relevant international and domestic laws that govern evictions and displacements in Zimbabwe. These include the Constitution of Zimbabwe that requires that in evictions of that nature, the acquiring authority must give adequate notices and compensation. Instead of benefiting from the resources that naturally accrues to them, the villagers slipped into extreme poverty. In addition, rural district councils did not benefit meaningfully from the extraction of such minerals. On the other hand, the mining companies became beneficiaries and were substantially enriched.
Private enforcement w Niemczech – przegląd orzecznictwa
Authors: Motyka-Mojkowski Mariusz
Published: February 2025

Niemcy są, oprócz m.in. Anglii i Holandii, jednym z niewielu krajów w Unii Europejskiej, w których praktyczne znaczenie private enforcement stale rośnie. Przejawem tej tendencji jest wzrastająca liczba postępowań sądowych w sprawach typu zarówno follow-on, jak i stand alone. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie najnowszego dorobku orzeczniczego sądów niemieckich w sprawach dotyczących prywatnoprawnego wdrażania reguł konkurencji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem alternatywnych modeli grupowego dochodzenia roszczeń. Omówione zostaną również zmiany wynikające z konieczności implementacji Dyrektywy 2014/104.
Nieantymonopolowa kontrola koncentracji na rynku audiowizualnym, nieruchomości i farmaceutycznym
Authors: Semeniuk Piotr
Published: February 2025

Autor przedstawia i analizuje przepisy ustawy o radiofonii i telewizji, ustawy o nabywaniu nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców oraz prawa farmaceutycznego przyznające kompetencje do kontroli koncentracji pomiędzy przedsiębiorcami odpowiednio: Przewodniczącemu Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji, ministrowi właściwemu do spraw wewnętrznych oraz wojewódzkim inspektorom farmaceutycznym.
W szczególności zwraca on uwagę na to, że przesłanki oceny legalności fuzji, a także cele kontroli koncentracji przez powyższe organy są odmienne niż przesłanki oceny i cele kontroli koncentracji przez Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów. Autor omawia problemy związane z interpretacją przepisów dotyczących „nieantymonopolowej” kontroli fuzji powstałe na skutek prób ich obchodzenia przez przedsiębiorców, którzy wykorzystują w tym celu wielopoziomowe struktury kapitałowe oraz postuluje taką ich wykładnię, która będzie zgodna z intencją ustawodawcy.
Prawa do transmisji z ważnych wydarzeń w świetle prawa Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Pęk Małgorzata
Published: February 2025

Artykuł przedstawia analizę przyjętego w prawie unijnym modelu wykonywania prawa do transmisji
z ważnych wydarzeń, w świetle interpretacji Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE, wytycznych Komisji
Europejskiej i dobrych praktyk implementacyjnych. Artykuł zmierza do wykazania celowości
przyjęcia bardziej przejrzystych i jednolitych ram prawnych w tej dziedzinie. Przyjęte w prakty-
ce reguły powinny zostać określone na poziomie dyrektywy, dotyczy to między innymi kryteriów
kwalifikacji wydarzenia jako „wydarzenia o zasadniczym znaczeniu społecznym”, innych pojęć
niedookreślonych, uszczegółowienia kryteriów, jakimi kierować się powinna Komisja w procesie
oceny zgodności notyfikowanej listy ważnych wydarzeń z prawem unijnym, określenia czytelnej,
sprawnej procedury rozstrzygania sporów pomiędzy nadawcami kwalifikowanymi i niekwalifiko-
wanymi, w tym pomiędzy nadawcami pochodzącymi z różnych państw.
Regulacja audiowizualnych usług medialnych na żądanie. Nowe rozwiązania dla „nowych mediów”?
Authors:   Katedra Prawa Europejskiego Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UAM w Poznaniu, Klafkowska-Waśniowska Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

W artykule przedstawiono analizę przepisów ustawy o radiofonii i telewizji stanowiących implementację dyrektywy o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych, w zakresie, w jakim uregulowane są w niej usługi na żądanie. Trzy główne problemy poruszone w artykule to określenie zakresu audiowizualnych usług na żądanie podlegających regulacji oraz ochrona małoletnich i promocja audycji europejskich w ramach tych usług. Określenie zakresu pojęcia audiowizualnej usługi medialnej na żądanie w drodze implementacji dyrektywy AUM budzi wiele wątpliwości, z których szczególnie zaznaczono te, które dotyczą rozgraniczenia sektora mediów audiowizualnych i prasy elektronicznej. W tym kontekście szczególnie omówiono przesłankę „porównywalności” audycji w usługach na żądanie i w programach. Reguły dotyczące ochrony małoletnich i promocji audycji europejskich analizowane są szczególnie w zakresie, w jakim dyrektywa AUM daje podstawy do wprowadzenia nowych rozwiązań dla „nowych” usług medialnych oraz pod kątem pytania, w jakim stopniu przyjęte regulacje są podobne do regulacji dotyczących usług telewizyjnych. W konkluzji wskazano w tym kontekście na rozwiązania w zakresie samoregulacji i podstawy do wprowadzania takich rozwiązań w urt.
China’s Mediation of the Saudi-Iranian Rapprochement and its Implications on Regional Peace and Security
Authors:   University of the Philippines Diliman, Sevilla Henelito Jr A.
Published: February 2025

The Middle East’s geopolitical landscape during the Cold War was characterized by ideological and religious differences among regional powers and their conflicting allegiances to the United States and the Soviet Union. Iran and Saudi Arabia held vast energy reserves and shaped regional divisions along religious and geopolitical lines. These divisions carried over to the post-Cold War era, exposing the Middle East to decades-long crises and proxy warfares. Domestic and regional problems are intensified by the interference of external powers, further deteriorating the prospects of peace and security in the region. Small countries avoid entanglement in big-power rivalries and focus on diversifying economic options beyond oil to include the non-energy sectors of trade, sci-tech, IT, and tourism, among others. The gradual disengagement of the United States in regional affairs in recent years has opened an opportunity for regional actors to rethink their policies. Domestic reforms are complemented by increasing relations with China, which establishes itself as an alternative power and credible balancer in regional affairs. To explore the changing geopolitical landscape, this paper investigates China’s mediation of the recent Saudi-Iranian rapprochement, indicating China’s initial success as a balancer in the region and the two regional powers’ prioritization of diplomacy over confrontation.
GPRC6A as a novel kokumi receptor responsible for enhanced taste preferences by ornithine
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Ueji Kayoko , Mizuta Haruno , Inui-Yamamoto Chizuko , Kumamoto Natsuko , Shibata Yasuhiro , Ugawa Shinya
Published: February 2025

The concept of kokumi, which refers to an enhanced and more delicious flavor of food, has recently generated considerable interest in food science. However, kokumi has not been well studied in gustatory physiology, and the underlying neuroscientific mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Our previous research demonstrated that ornithine (L-ornithine), which is abundant in shijimi clams, enhanced taste preferences in mice. The present study aimed to build on these findings and investigate the mechanisms responsible for kokumi in rats. In two-bottle preference tests, the addition of ornithine, at a low concentration that did not increase the favorability of this substance alone, enhanced the preferences of animals for umami, sweet, fatty, salty, and bitter solutions, with the intake of monosodium glutamate showing the most significant increase. Additionally, a mixture of umami and ornithine synergistically induced significant responses in the chorda tympani nerve, which transmits taste information to the brain from the anterior part of the tongue. The observed preference enhancement and increase in taste-nerve response were abolished by antagonists of the G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 subtype A (GPRC6A). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that GPRC6A was expressed in a subset of type II taste cells in rat fungiform papillae. These results provide new insights into flavor-enhancement mechanisms, confirming that ornithine is a kokumi substance and GPRC6A is a novel kokumi receptor.
Alzheimer-mutant γ-secretase complexes stall amyloid β-peptide production
Authors: Arafi Parnian , Devkota Sujan , Williams Emily , Maesako Masato , Wolfe Michael S
Published: February 2025

Missense mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) cause early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) and alter proteolytic production of secreted 38-to-43-residue amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) by the PSEN1-containing γ-secretase complex, ostensibly supporting the amyloid hypothesis of pathogenesis. However, proteolysis of APP substrate by γ-secretase is processive, involving initial endoproteolysis to produce long Aβ peptides of 48 or 49 residues followed by carboxypeptidase trimming in mostly tripeptide increments. We recently reported evidence that FAD mutations in APP and PSEN1 cause deficiencies in early steps in processive proteolysis of APP substrate C99 and that this results from stalled γ-secretase enzyme-substrate and/or enzyme-intermediate complexes. These stalled complexes triggered synaptic degeneration in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of FAD independently of Aβ production. Here, we conducted full quantitative analysis of all proteolytic events on APP substrate by γ-secretase with six additional PSEN1 FAD mutations and found that all six are deficient in multiple processing steps. However, only one of these (F386S) was deficient in certain trimming steps but not in endoproteolysis. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in intact cells revealed that all six PSEN1 FAD mutations lead to stalled γ-secretase enzyme-substrate/intermediate complexes. The F386S mutation, however, does so only in Aβ-rich regions of the cells, not in C99-rich regions, consistent with the deficiencies of this mutant enzyme only in trimming of Aβ intermediates. These findings provide further evidence that FAD mutations lead to stalled and stabilized γ-secretase enzyme-substrate and/or enzyme-intermediate complexes and are consistent with the stalled process rather than the products of γ-secretase proteolysis as the pathogenic trigger.
Identification of a sub-population of synovial mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced treatment efficacy in a rat model of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Al-Jezani Nedaa , Affan Asmaa , Leonard Catherine , Das Nabangshu , Almeida Luiz Gustavo , Young Daniel , Masson Anand O , Dufour Antoine , Salo Paul , Railton Pam , Powell James N , Krawetz Roman J
Published: February 2025

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and debilitating disease which has no cure and there are no treatments which can predictably stop/reverse its progression. Treating this disease is particularly difficult since the articular cartilage lacks intrinsic repair capacity even though mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in the joint environment and have robust chondrogenic potential. We have previously shown that there is heterogeneity of MSC sub-types within the human synovium, yet it remains unclear if any of these MSC types can regenerate cartilage and/or impact OA disease progression. Therefore, we have undertaken this study focusing on clonally derived MSC populations derived from the synovium of normal and OA patients to characterize if any MSC populations can positively impact OA disease trajectory in a rat model of OA.MSCs were clonally isolated by indexed flow cytometry, expanded in culture and then characterized for differentiation capacity and by quantitative proteomics. MSC clones were then transplanted into a xenograft rat OA model and treatment effect was determined by histology and immunofluorescence outcomes. We identified heterogeneity in putative MSCs derived from within and between patient groups (normal vs. OA) and the ability of these cells to effect repair in a rat OA model. However, these different sub-types of MSCs could not be distinguished by traditional cell surface markers showing the need for a better understanding of these populations at the single cell level. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, CD47 was identified a novel marker of human MSCs. Using the same rat model of OA, CD47
Hi
expressing cells were found to have robust treatment efficacy and directly contributed to the formation of new articular cartilage tissue. Characterizing MSCs is essential to understand which sub-types are appropriate for further clinical investigation. If OA patients still have functional MSCs in their synovium, then it is possible these cells can be exploited for cartilage regeneration / OA treatment strategies.
Effect of Ovirich® on Blood Chemistry in White Leghorn Layer
Authors: Rahal Vinod Garjola. Anshu , Kumar Ripusudan , Mondal B.C. , Mrigesh Meena
Published: February 2025

Ovirich® is a phytogenic molecules-yeast-mineral formulation used in poultry but still its effect on haematobiochemical parameters is unknown. Present experiment was conducted to discern the effect of Ovirich® in White Leghorn birds (90 in numbers; 22 weeks age) which were divided into three treatment groups using completely randomized design (CRD). The control group (T1) received the basal diet without any supplementation, while in treatment groups T2 and T3; the basal diet was supplemented with 0.75 kg and 1.0 kg of supplement per ton of basal feed, respectively. Blood chemistry was assessed at the end of feeding trial at 34 week age of birds. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, SGPT, SGOT, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, serum calcium and phosphorus in supplemented groups. It was concluded that Ovirich® in the basal diet can affect blood biochemistry in White Leghorn layers.
Impact of Levodopa and Black Pepper Essential Oil in a Zebrafish Model of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson Disease
Authors: Silva Renatta Priscilla Ferreira , Andrade André Lucas Correa de , Silva Aline Amanda da , Silva Maria Letícia Santos Carnaúba da , Gomes Samara da Silva , Albuquerque Yuri Mateus Lima de , Cadena Pabyton Gonçalves
Published: February 2025

Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affects approximately 2 to 3% of individuals over the age of 65. It is characterized by the irreversible degeneration of cells in the central nervous system, compromising motor, physiological, and cognitive functions. The standard treatment is levodopa, a precursor of dopamine, whose prolonged use can cause motor complications, such as dyskinesia. Therefore, it is essential to develop alternative therapies that allow the dose of levodopa to be reduced without losing its efficacy, minimizing side effects. The present study evaluated the protective effect and toxicity of L-dopamine and Piper nigrum essential oil and their mixture in zebrafish embryos and larvae exposed to rotenone as an experimental model for Parkinson's-like disease. Parameters such as survival, hatching rate, teratogenicity, morphometry and behavioral tests (thigmotaxis, touch sensitivity, and optomotor response) were evaluated to investigate whether L-dopamine and Piper nigrum essential oil cause toxicity or can act as protective agents against the effects induced by rotenone, a highly toxic pesticide that causes behavioral alterations similar to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Exposure to L-dopamine also resulted in defects in embryonic-larval development and behavioral alterations, showing a limited protective effect against toxicity induced by rotenone. On the other hand, Piper nigrum affected embryonic-larval development but showed no significant impact on zebrafish behavior. Furthermore, Piper nigrum showed no protective effect against defects induced by rotenone. It was concluded that rotenone is a chemical that induces phenotypes similar to Parkinson's disease in the zebrafish model. However, L-dopamine and Piper nigrum proved to be ineffective therapeutic alternatives to treat these symptoms in this model, presenting some toxic and synergistic effects. Thus, we emphasize the need to continue research in search of therapeutic approaches that can mitigate the effects of the disease induced by toxic agents such as rotenone in animal models.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris on Liver Biomarkers and Lipid Profile on Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Isah Zainab , Abubakar Kotos Abdurrahman , Ali Ja’afaru , Pantami Hamza A. , H. Kiman Suwaiba, , Mohammed Kabiru
Published: February 2025

Clarias gariepinus is an important commercial fish species in Nigeria and is widely cultivated by many farmers. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on liver biomarkers and lipid profiles in Clarias gariepinus over 12 weeks. Five groups of fish were used in the study; one group served as the control, while the other four groups were fed different concentrations of the algae at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were anesthetized using clove oil, and blood samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated that the supplementation of C. vulgaris in the diets of C. gariepinus led to higher protein percentages (ranging from 43.0% to 47.3%) and lower levels of AST (230.0) and ALT (54.0) in the algae-fed groups compared to the control group, which had a protein percentage of 39.67, AST levels of 497.3, and ALT levels of 180.7. Additionally, the lipid profiles showed that the treated groups had better outcomes than the control group. The findings revealed significant variations in the fish's serum biochemical parameters and lipid profiles across the different treatments. Therefore, this study highlights the positive impact of microalgae as a physiological booster in C. gariepinus.
Comprehensive Approach to Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Y D Yashwanth Gowda , Moger Geeta , Kumar Praveen , A Rohith
Published: February 2025

Aim: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system that often presents with progressive limb weakness and sensory disturbances. Globally, the incidence rate of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is approximately 0.001% to 0.002% of the population annually, or 1-2 cases per 100,000 people.
Presentation of Case: A 61-year-old male presented with severe lower back pain, progressing to limb weakness and tingling. Diagnosed with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) with motor axonal neuropathy and albumin-cytological dissociation via nerve conduction studies, CSF analysis, and imaging, he was treated with plasmapheresis, IVIG, antibiotics for a suspected UTI, neuroprotective medications, and physiotherapy. The patient showed significant motor improvement and stable vitals post-treatment.
Discussion and Conclusion: We discuss the treatment included plasmapheresis, IVIG, antibiotics, physiotherapy, and neuroprotective medications. The patient showed significant improvement, with enhanced limb strength and stable vitals, and is now focusing on rehabilitation and long-term care.