bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New potent and selective inhibitors of anandamide reuptake with antispastic activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ligresti Alessia , Cascio Maria Grazia , Pryce Gareth , Kulasegram Sanjitha , Beletskaya Irina , De Petrocellis Luciano , Saha Bijali , Mahadevan Anu , Visintin Cristina , Wiley Jenny L , Baker David , Martin Billy R , Razdan Raj K , Di Marzo Vincenzo
Published: November 2005

We previously reported that the compound O‐2093 is a selective inhibitor of the reuptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). We have now re‐examined the activity of O‐2093 in vivo and synthesized four structural analogs (O‐2247, O‐2248, O‐3246, and O‐3262), whose activity was assessed in: (a) binding assays carried out with membranes from cells overexpressing the human CB1 and CB2 receptors; (b) assays of transient receptor potential of the vanilloid type‐1 (TRPV1) channel functional activity (measurement of [Ca2+]i); (c) [14C]AEA cellular uptake and hydrolysis assays in rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL‐2H3) cells; (d) the mouse ‘tetrad’ tests (analgesia on a hot plate, immobility on a ‘ring’, rectal hypothermia and hypolocomotion in an open field); and (e) the limb spasticity test in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE) mice, a model of multiple sclerosis (MS).

O‐2093, either synthesized by us or commercially available, was inactive in the ‘tetrad’ up to a 20 mg kg−1 dose (i.v.). Like O‐2093, the other four compounds exhibited low affinity in CB1 (Ki from 1.3 to >10 μM) and CB2 binding assays (1.3<Ki< 8 μM), low potency and efficacy in a TRPV1 functional assay (EC50>10 μM), very low potency as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors (IC50>25 μM) and were inactive in the ‘tetrad’ up to a 30 mg kg−1 dose (i.v.).

While O‐2247 and O‐2248 were poor inhibitors of [14C]AEA cellular uptake (IC50>40 μM), O‐3246 and O‐3262 were quite potent in this assay. O‐3246, which exhibits only a very subtle structural difference with O‐2093, is the most potent inhibitor of AEA uptake reported in vitro under our experimental conditions (IC50=1.4 μM) and is 12‐fold more potent than O‐2093.

When injected intravenously O‐3246 and O‐3262, again like O‐2093 and unlike O‐2247 and O‐2248, significantly inhibited limb spasticity in mice with CREAE.

These data confirm the potential utility of selective AEA uptake inhibitors as anti‐spasticity drugs in MS and, given the very subtle chemical differences between potent and weak inhibitors of uptake, support further the existence of a specific mechanism for this process.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 83–91. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706418
Piracetam improves mitochondrial dysfunction following oxidative stress
Authors: Keil Uta , Scherping Isabel , Hauptmann Susanne , Schuessel Katin , Eckert Anne , Müller Walter E
Published: November 2005

Mitochondrial dysfunction including decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ATP production represents a common final pathway of many conditions associated with oxidative stress, for example, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and aging.

Since the cognition‐improving effects of the standard nootropic piracetam are usually more pronounced under such pathological conditions and young healthy animals usually benefit little by piracetam, the effect of piracetam on mitochondrial dysfunction following oxidative stress was investigated using PC12 cells and dissociated brain cells of animals treated with piracetam.

Piracetam treatment at concentrations between 100 and 1000 μM improved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production of PC12 cells following oxidative stress induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and serum deprivation. Under conditions of mild serum deprivation, piracetam (500 μM) induced a nearly complete recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. Piracetam also reduced caspase 9 activity after SNP treatment.

Piracetam treatment (100–500 mg kg−1 daily) of mice was also associated with improved mitochondrial function in dissociated brain cells. Significant improvement was mainly seen in aged animals and only less in young animals. Moreover, the same treatment reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) in aged mouse brain only, which are elevated as an adaptive response to the increased oxidative stress with aging.

In conclusion, therapeutically relevant in vitro and in vivo concentrations of piracetam are able to improve mitochondrial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress and/or aging. Mitochondrial stabilization and protection might be an important mechanism to explain many of piracetam's beneficial effects in elderly patients.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 199–208. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706459
Transcriptional activation of p21 by Tranilast is mediated via transforming growth factor beta signal pathway
Authors: Charng Min‐Ji , Wu Chieh‐Hsi
Published: November 2005

Tranilast, an antiallergic medication, is a very promising inhibitor of restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Tranilast can prevent the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells by activating the gene expression of p21, a strong cyclin/cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, and by arresting cell growth at the G0/G1 phase.

The signaling pathway of Tranilast in regulating p21 is to our best interest and is elucidated in the present study. The major emphasis was weighted on exploring the regulatory effects of Tranilast on promoter activity of p21.

By serial deletion analysis, the sequence between −74 and −83 bp of the p21 promoter, previously identified as the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐response element, was found sufficient, where as most of the promoter region 5′ to −111 bp was found unnecessary for the transcriptional activation of p21 by both TGF‐β1 and Tranilast.

Tranilast was also found to induce phosphorylation of Smad2 (a cytoplasmic signaling molecule essential for mediating TGF‐β signal transduction). Transfection of ΔkTβRII, a truncated form of TGF‐β type II receptor known to exert a dominant‐negative effect on TGF‐β signaling, was found to suppress the signaling of both Tranilast and TGF‐β1 to a similar extent.

These results suggested that induction of p21 by Tranilast might be closely related to TGF‐β signal transduction pathway.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 117–124. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706460
Secular motion around synchronously orbiting planetary satellites
Authors: Lara Martin , San-Juan Juan F. , Ferrer Sebastián
Published: November 2005

We investigate the secular motion of a spacecraft around the natural satellite of a planet. The satellite rotates synchronously with its mean motion around the planet. Our model takes into account the gravitational potential of the satellite up to the second order, and the third-body perturbation in Hill’s approximation. Close to the satellite, the ratio of rotation rate of the satellite to mean motion of the orbiter is small. When considering this ratio as a small parameter, the Coriolis effect is a first-order perturbation, while the third-body tidal attraction, the ellipticity effect, and the oblateness perturbation remain at higher orders. Then, we apply perturbation theory and find that a third-order approach is enough to show the influence of the satellite’s ellipticity in the pericenter dynamics. Finally, we discuss the averaged system in the three-dimensional parametric space, and provide a global description of the flow.
Propagation of discrete solitons in inhomogeneous networks
Authors: Burioni R. , Cassi D. , Sodano P. , Trombettoni A. , Vezzani A.
Published: November 2005

In many physical applications solitons propagate on supports whose topological properties may induce new and interesting effects. In this paper, we investigate the propagation of solitons on chains with a topological inhomogeneity generated by inserting a finite discrete network on a chain. For networks connected by a link to a single site of the chain, we derive a general criterion yielding the momenta for perfect reflection and transmission of traveling solitons and we discuss solitonic motion on chains with topological inhomogeneities.
Integrable equations on time scales
Authors: Gürses Metin , Guseinov Gusein Sh. , Silindir Burcu
Published: November 2005

Integrable systems are usually given in terms of functions of continuous variables (on R), in terms of functions of discrete variables (on Z), and recently in terms of functions of q-variables (on Kq). We formulate the Gel’fand-Dikii (GD) formalism on time scales by using the delta differentiation operator and find more general integrable nonlinear evolutionary equations. In particular they yield integrable equations over integers (difference equations) and over q-numbers (q-difference equations). We formulate the GD formalism also in terms of shift operators for all regular-discrete time scales. We give a method allowing to construct the recursion operators for integrable systems on time scales. Finally, we give a trace formula on time scales and then construct infinitely many conserved quantities (Casimirs) of the integrable systems on time scales.
Eigenfunctions of the curl in cylindrical geometry
Authors: Morse Edward C.
Published: November 2005

Eigenfunctions of the equation ∇⃗×B⃗=λB⃗ are found for finite cylindrical geometry with normal boundary condition B⃗∙n̂=0 and nonaxisymmetric modes ∼eimθ,m≠0. The vector field B⃗ can be represented by a scalar generating function of the Chandrasekhar-Kendall type with radial Bessel functions for the nondegenerate cases. A general set of solutions can also be generated by transformation of variables. A series solution in terms of radial Bessel functions is found which has excellent convergence properties (an∼1∕n4) and a robust method of locating eigenvalues is described.
Obtaining the structure and bond rotational potential of a substituted ethane by NMR spectroscopy of solutions in nematic liquid-crystalline solvents
Authors: Celebre G. , De Luca G. , Emsley J. W. , Longeri M. , Merlet D. , Pileio G. , Suryaprakash N.
Published: November 2005

Partially averaged dipolar couplings (also referred to as residual dipolar couplings) Dij can be obtained from the analysis of the NMR spectra of molecules dissolved in liquid-crystalline solvents. Their values for a nonrigid molecule depend upon the bond lengths and angles, the rotational potentials, and the orientational order of the molecules. The molecule studied, 1-chloro-2-bromoethane, is one of the simplest example of a substituted alkane in which the rotational potential has three minimum-energy positions, trans and gauche±conformations, and the present investigation explores the problems inherent in deriving the form of the potential and the molecular geometry from the set of partially averaged couplings between the protons, and between protons and C13 nuclei. The geometrical parameters and the rotational potential obtained are compared with the results from a density-functional theory method.
Multireference calculations of the electronic structure of VF2 and VCl2
Authors: Vogel M. , Wenzel W.
Published: November 2005

We investigated the electronic structure of two members of the transition-metal dihalide family, VF2 and VCl2. Using the configuration-interaction method in large basis sets we calculated the lowest 17 states of these molecules in the vicinity of their ground-state geometry. We compute the ground-state bond lengths, vibrational frequencies, and dissociation energies. In contrast to predictions of ligand-field theory, we find Σg−4 ground states for both molecules.
Optical matrix element in InAs∕GaAs quantum dots: Dependence on quantum dot parameters
Authors: Andreev A. D. , O’Reilly E. P.
Published: November 2005

We present a theoretical analysis of the optical matrix element between the electron and hole ground states in InAs∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs) modeled with a truncated pyramidal shape. We use an eight-band k∙p Hamiltonian to calculate the QD electronic structure, including strain and piezoelectric effects. The ground state optical matrix element is very sensitive to variations in both the QD size and shape. For all shapes, the matrix element initially increases with increasing dot height, as the electron and hole wave functions become more localized in k space. Depending on the QD aspect ratio and on the degree of pyramidal truncation, the matrix element then reaches a maximum for some dot shapes at intermediate size beyond which it decreases abruptly in larger dots, where piezoelectric effects lead to a marked reduction in electron-hole overlap.
High-tunability and low-microwave-loss Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films grown on high-resistivity Si substrates using TiO2 buffer layers
Authors: Kim Hyun-Suk , Kim Ho-Gi , Kim Il-Doo , Kim Ki-Byoung , Lee Jong-Chul
Published: November 2005

In this Letter, we report on high-tunability and low-microwave-loss properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin films by use of atomic-layer-deposited TiO2 films as the microwave buffer layer between BST and high-resistivity Si substrate. The interdigital capacitor fabricated on BST films grown on TiO2∕high resistivity Si (2kΩcm) substrates showed the much enhanced tunability value of 33.2% while retaining an appropriate Q factor, as compared to the tunability values of BST (21%) films grown on MgO single-crystal substrates and BST (8.2%) films grown on TiO2∕normal Si (10Ωcm) substrates. The coplanar waveguide BST phase shifter fabricated on TiO2∕high resistivity Si exhibited a phase shift of 95° and insertion loss of 3.09 dB at 15 GHz and an applied voltage of 50 V. ALD-grown TiO2 buffer layers enable the successful integration of BST-based microwave tunable devices onto high-resistivity Si wafers.
Hole transport and carrier lifetime in InN epilayers
Authors: Chen Fei , Cartwright A. N. , Lu Hai , Schaff William J.
Published: November 2005

Time-resolved transient grating spectroscopy has been conducted to measure the ambipolar diffusion coefficient and to derive the hole mobility and carrier lifetime in an InN epilayer simultaneously. The ambipolar diffusion coefficient Da=2.0cm2∕s, hole mobility μh=39cm2∕Vs, and carrier lifetime τR=5.4ns at 300K near the InN surface were determined by monitoring the transient grating kinetics at various grating periods. In addition, we observed a decrease of hole mobility and carrier lifetime at the internal epilayer/buffer interface in comparison with those at the free surface, suggesting a faster carrier capture rate to the defect states and a more efficient defect and impurity scattering mechanism.
Vibrational spectroscopy of undoped and nitrogen-doped ZnO grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Nickel N. H. , Friedrich F. , Rommeluère J. F. , Galtier P.
Published: November 2005

Raman backscattering and Fourier transform infrared measurements were performed on undoped and nitrogen-doped ZnO. Two broad vibrational modes near 1414 and 1585cm−1 were found that are attributed to the presence of carbon sp2 clusters. In nitrogen-doped ZnO these modes are enhanced. In addition a broad vibrational mode near 2004cm−1 is believed to be due to Zn–H complexes. The incorporation of N results in the formation of cyano radicals NO and NNO complexes effectively lowering the N doping efficiency. Furthermore, infrared measurements revealed the presence of CO2 molecules.
Review article: the role of serotonergic agents in the treatment of patients with primary chronic constipation
Authors: CASH B. D. , CHEY W. D.
Published: November 2005

Chronic constipation is a highly prevalent disorder that is associated with significant direct and indirect costs and has substantial impact on patient quality of life. It is more common among women and non‐white populations and is evenly distributed across adult age groups. Constipation is a heterogeneous disorder associated with multiple symptoms and aetiologies.

Recent research has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder and the central role of the neurotransmitter serotonin in mediating gastrointestinal motility, secretion and sensation. Abnormal serotonin signalling and reuptake appear to play central roles in the symptoms of a subset of patients with chronic constipation. This observation provides a rationale for the use of targeted serotonergic agents for the treatment of chronic constipation. As the role of serotonin in gastrointestinal function is further elucidated and additional candidate drugs are developed, it is likely that serotonergic agents will afford additional treatment options for patients with chronic constipation.

This article provides a concise review of the evidence supporting a role for serotonin in the pathogenesis of chronic constipation and a summary of the currently available evidence supporting the use of serotonergic agents for this disorder.
Omega‐3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega‐6 fatty acids
Authors: NIELSEN A. A. , JØRGENSEN L. G. M. , NIELSEN J. N. , EIVINDSON M. , GRØNBÆK H. , VIND I. , HOUGAARD D. M. , SKOGSTRAND K. , JENSEN S. , MUNKHOLM P. , BRANDSLUND I. , HEY H.
Published: November 2005

Background : Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids given orally may reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and hereby downregulate the inflammatory process.

Aim : To assess the effects of enteral fatty acids, in the form of Impact Powder (Novartis, Switzerland), as adjuvant therapy to corticosteroid treatment on the proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine profiles in patients with active Crohn's disease.

Methods : The proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma from 31 patients with active Crohn's disease. Patients were randomized for oral intake of omega‐3 fatty acid (3‐Impact Powder) or omega‐6 fatty acids (6‐Impact Powder). Clinical and biochemical markers of inflammation were studied at baseline and after 5 and 9 weeks.

Results : Within the 3‐Impact Powder group, no significant changes in concentrations of interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐10, whereas a significant differences in concentration of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐4 were observed during therapy. Within the 6‐Impact Powder group a significant changes in concentrations of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐10 were observed.

Conclusions : The 3‐Impact Powder showed immunomodulatory properties and might inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in contrast to the 6‐Impact Powder.
Molecular basis of fusB‐mediated resistance to fusidic acid in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: O'Neill Alexander John , Chopra Ian
Published: November 2005

The primary mechanism of fusidic acid resistance in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus involves acquisition of the fusB determinant. The genetic elements(s) responsible are incompletely defined, and the mechanism of resistance is unknown. Here we report the cloning, sequencing and overexpression of a single gene (fusB) from plasmid pUB101 capable of conferring resistance to fusidic acid in S. aureus. The fusB gene is located on a transposon‐like element and encodes a small (25 kDa), cytoplasmic protein for which homologues exist in a number of clinically important and environmental Gram‐positive bacterial species. Bioinformatic analysis of regions immediately upstream of fusB suggested that expression of resistance is regulated by translational attenuation, which was confirmed through use of reporter fusions. FusB was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a polyhistidine‐tagged fusion product, and the purified protein shown to protect an in vitro staphylococcal translation system from inhibition by fusidic acid in a specific and dose‐dependent fashion. Purified FusB bound staphylococcal EF‐G, the target of fusidic acid. The protein provided no protection from inhibition by fusidic acid when added to an in vitro E. coli translation system, consistent both with the observed failure of FusB to bind E. coli EF‐G, and its inability to confer resistance in E. coli.
Morphological Features of the Luminal Surface of the Magnum in the Sexually Immature Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Madekurozwa M.‐C.
Published: November 2005

Observations were made, using scanning electron microscopy, of the surface features of the magnum in the immature ostrich during periods of ovarian inactivity, activity and regression. In birds with inactive ovaries the luminal surface of the magnum was lined with non‐ciliated cells, which were densely covered by microvilli. In contrast, the magnum in birds with active ovaries was composed of ciliated and non‐ciliated cells. The distribution of ciliated cells was not uniform, with clumps of cilia occurring next to non‐ciliated areas. Samples collected from birds with regressing ovaries, during periods of decreasing daylength, revealed that the magnum was undergoing involution. The deciliation of ciliated cells and the presence of short microvilli on non‐ciliated cells characterized magnal regression. These results suggest that ovarian activity and changes in daylength have a profound effect on the surface features of the magnum in the immature ostrich.
Mabel Carney at Teachers College: From Home Missionary to White Ally
Authors: Weiler Kathleen
Published: November 2005

This article discusses the career of Mabel Carney, head of the Department of Rural Education at Teachers College from 1918 to 1941. Carney was deeply involved with African American and African education, traveling to Africa and the American South, teaching courses on “Negro education,” and working closely with both African and African American graduate students. When she retired from Teachers College in 1942, she was given an honorary doctorate from Howard University for her support of African American education. She died in 1968. Carney is barely mentioned in educational histories of the period. Her life and contributions to African American struggles for higher education reveal a little-known history. But her story also illuminates the instability of conceptions of race, the uneasy positioning of white women reformers, and the ways that progressive white educators’ understandings of race changed in the interwar years in response to broader political events and social movements.
Incidence of corneal pigmented arc and factors associated with its appearance in orthokeratology*
Authors: Cho Pauline , Cheung SW , Mountford John , Chui WS
Published: November 2005

Purpose:  To determine the incidence of the corneal pigmented arc in orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lens wearers over 12 months of lens wear and the factors associated with its appearance.

Method:  Thirty‐five ortho‐k subjects were recruited; refractive and corneal changes after lens wear (single‐lens protocol) were monitored over 12 months. The incidence of the pigmented arc after 3, 6 and 12 months of lens wear was determined.

Results:  The incidence of corneal pigmented arc was 17% (27%), 49% (49%) and 90% (93%) after 3, 6 and 12 months lens wear respectively in the left and right eyes. For subjects with arcs observed in the left eye within the first 6 months of lens wear, the mean ± S.D. period of lens wear before initial detection of the arc was 14 ± 7.4 weeks, and no correlation was found between this factor and the baseline spherical and cylindrical refractive errors (i.e. refractive sphere and cylinder, respectively), spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE), the target myopia reduction, the amount of refractive sphere (or SERE) reduction and changes in central and peripheral corneal curvatures after 6 months of lens wear. Baseline refractive sphere, baseline SERE, target, amount of myopia reduction, and change in central corneal curvature were significantly larger (p < 0.05) in those subjects with pigmented arcs after about 6 months of lens wear. The intensity of the observed pigmented arcs after about 6 months of lens wear was significantly related to the time when it was first observed (p = 0.003). Significant correlation was also found between the intensity of the arcs and the following parameters: baseline refractive sphere and SERE, target, change in central corneal curvature, and amount of myopia reduction (p < 0.006). After about 12 months of lens wear, the intensity of observed arcs was significantly related to the baseline refractive sphere, SERE and the target (p < 0.006).

Conclusion:  The incidence of ortho‐k‐associated pigmented arc increases from 17% after 3 months of lens wear to over 90% after 12 months of lens wear. The intensity of the arc is related to the time when the arc first appeared. Both the incidence and the intensity of the arc are related to the period of lens wear, baseline refractive sphere, SERE and the target.
Marine Ecological Research in New Zealand: Developing Predictive Models through the Study of No‐Take Marine Reserves
Authors: LANGLOIS TIMOTHY J. , BALLANTINE WILLIAM J.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  New Zealand established its first no‐take marine reserve more than 25 years ago. Twenty no‐take marine reserves have now been created, although few of these are considered comparable. We considered whether existing conceptual models of population and community structure based only on data from exploited systems lack the baseline information of natural states necessary to make accurate predictions for new reserves. Three of the oldest and best‐studied reserves are situated on the northeastern coast of New Zealand. These reserves are considered broadly comparable replicates, and research has shown the recovery of previously exploited predator populations and the reestablishment of trophic controls over community structure and productivity. None of the major changes was predicted when the reserves were created. All the observations from and experimental tests of hypotheses in these three ecologically comparable reserves have provided predictive models for future reserves. Recent surveys in newly created reserves, however, suggest that these models are bioregion and habitat specific. In these new reserves the recovery of previously exploited predators was predicted but did not always occur. Where trends were correctly predicted, the speed and amplitude of the changes were not accurately predicted. Research in New Zealand suggests that it is not yet possible to predict explicit outcomes for newly created reserves and less possible to predict detailed results for systems of reserves. Results from a representative system of reserves, including all major habitats within all bioregions and broadly comparable reserves, are needed. Such a system will enable the range and variety of natural ecosystem dynamics to be investigated and provide the controls necessary to measure the effects of exploitation.
Indirect Pathways Between Depressive Symptoms and Marital Distress: The Role of Conflict Communication, Attributions, and Attachment Style
Authors: Heene Els L.D. , Buysse Ann , Van Oost Paulette
Published: November 2005

Previous studies have focused on concomitants of depression and marital distress in order to help explain the relationship between the two, suggesting that several variables, such as conflict communication, attributions, and attachment style, are associated with depression, marital distress, or both. Our contention is that the selected variables may be important mediators (hypothesis 1) or moderators (hypothesis 2) of the concomitance between depression and marital adjustment, exploring the direct and indirect ways in which depressive symptoms and marital adjustment are related. In total, 415 heterosexual couples were recruited, and a series of regression analyses was conducted to test our hypotheses separately for men and women. Results indicated that demand‐withdrawal, avoidance, causal attributions, and secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment mediated the relation between depressive symptoms and marital adjustment in the female sample, whereas constructive communication and causal and responsible attributions were significant mediators of men's levels of depressive symptoms and marital adjustment. In addition, avoidance and secure attachment moderated the association between depressive symptoms and marital adjustment in the female sample, and causal attributions were significant moderators of the association between depressive symptoms and marital adjustment for men. Several conclusions and implications for theory and future research are discussed.
The Particle Inflow Gun can be used to Co‐transform Paramecium using Tungsten Particles
Authors: FRAGA DEAN , KEENAN ERICA , HENDEL EMILY , NAIR ANJALI , SCHOFIELD WHIT
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT. A particle inflow gun (PIG) was constructed and tested for its utility to transform Paramecium using tungsten or gold as the DNA carrier particle. In the first set of experiments we transformed Paramecium with a plasmid containing the neomycin‐resistance gene, obtaining a transformation efficiency of 0.31±0.14% (mean±SD) for tungsten particles and 1.30±0.29% for gold particles. Plasmid DNA precipitated upon tungsten was shown to be stable for transformation purposes for up to 1 h prior to use and had no detectable effects on transformation efficiency. In addition, we demonstrated that at high frequency (71±20%) a Paramecium mutant strain could be phenotypically rescued by co‐transformation with a second plasmid containing the selectable neomycin‐resistance gene. The PIG coupled with tungsten particles as the carrier offers a low‐cost alternative for biolistic transformation of Paramecium.
Phospholipids of the Differentiating Species of Tetrahymena
Authors: BURDETTE ALEXANDER J. , MAKI ALYSSA B. , SANSTEAD JAMES K. , RIGGS BRIDGET M. , RYALS PHILLIP E.
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT. The whole‐cell phospholipid composition of the six known polymorphic species of Tetrahymena has been examined by [3H]acetate and [3H]myristic acid radiolabeling, and by gas–liquid chromatography of total phospholipid‐bound fatty acids. Five of the polymorphic species contained similar phospholipid profiles following radiolabeling in that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was the predominant phospholipid; however, in cells of Tetrahymena patula LFF, aminoethylphosphonolipid was present in amounts nearly equal to PE. Tetrahymena patula LFF contained an unusually large percentage of sphingolipid (16.2% by [3H]acetate radiolabeling). Substantial differences were found in the fatty acid profiles of the polymorphic species, which included the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and relative weight percentages of odd‐chain fatty acids. Tetrahymena vorax contained a low ratio of unsaturated C18 fatty acids to saturated C18 fatty acids as compared with all other species examined. The differentiating species generally contained a lesser percentage of monoenoic fatty acids and a lower ratio of unsaturated C16 fatty acids to saturated C16 fatty acids as compared with the two monomorphic species examined.
Characterization of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from Euglena gracilis
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐ZAVALA JOSE S. , ORTIZ‐CRUZ MARCO A. , MORENO‐SANCHEZ RAFAEL
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT. The free‐living protist Euglena gracilis showed an enhanced growth when cultured in the dark with high concentrations of ethanol as carbon source. In a medium containing glutamate/malate plus 1% ethanol, E. gracilis reached a density of 3 × 107 cells/ml after 100 h of culture, which was 5 times higher than that attained with glutamate/malate or ethanol separately. This observation suggested the involvement of a highly active aldehyde dehydrogenase in the metabolism of ethanol. Purification of the E. gracilis aldehyde dehydrogenase from the mitochondrial fraction by affinity chromatography yielded an enrichment of 34 times and recovery of 33% of the total mitochondrial activity. SDS‐PAGE and molecular exclusion chromatography revealed a native tetrameric protein of 160 kDa. Kinetic analysis showed Km values of 5 and 50 μM for propionaldehyde and NAD+, respectively, and a Vm value of 1,300 nmol (min × mg protein)−1. NAD+ and NADH stimulated the esterase activity of the purified aldehyde dehydrogenase. The present data indicated that the E. gracilis aldehyde dehydrogenase has kinetic and structural properties similar to those of human aldehyde dehydrogenases class 1 and 2.
No association between the −399 C>T polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder in a Danish population
Authors: Lindberg C. , Koefoed P. , Hansen E. S. , Bolwig T. G. , Rehfeld J. F. , Mellerup E. , Jørgensen O. S. , Kessing L. V. , Werge T. , Haugbøl S. , Wang A. G. , Woldbye D. P. D.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  A polymorphism in the promoter region of the NPY gene at position −399 C>T was recently reported to be associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and with treatment refractory unipolar depression in a Swedish population. The objective of this study was to investigate potential associations between the polymorphism and three psychiatric disorders in a Danish population.

Method:  We investigated the occurrence of the polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia (n = 291), unipolar depression (n = 256) and panic disorder (n = 142) compared with controls (n = 716).

Results:  We detected the polymorphism −399 C>T at a frequency of 48% in controls. No significant differences were found between genotype or allele frequencies in controls vs. the patient groups.

Conclusion:  The lack of association between the −399 C>T polymorphism and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder, respectively, suggests that the polymorphism is not involved in the etiology of these disorders in the Danish population.
A new index for rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues – the Implant Crown Aesthetic Index
Authors: Meijer Henny J. A. , Stellingsma Kees , Meijndert Leo , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: The important item of aesthetics is rarely included in evaluation studies. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an index for rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues.

Material and methods: Nine items were selected, which have an influence on the aesthetic result. The items are based on the anatomic form, colour and surface characteristics of the crown and on the anatomic form, colour and surface characteristics of the peri‐implant soft tissues. Two oral‐maxillofacial surgeons and two prosthodontists rated 24 implant‐supported single‐tooth restorations and adjacent soft tissues on a form with the nine items of the rating index. The rating was carried out twice by each of the examiners. Weighted Cohen's κ was calculated to express the intra‐ and interobserver agreement.

Results: Intraobserver results indicated that the agreement between the first and second rating of both the prosthodontists was good (both 0.7) and that the agreement of the oral‐maxillofacial surgeons was moderate (0.49 and 0.56). The best interobserver agreement was found between the two prosthodontists (0.61, good agreement).

Conclusions: The Implant Crown Aesthetic Index is an objective tool in rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues. The rating is best be carried out by one prosthodontist to have the highest reliability.
A novel method of removing artifacts because of metallic dental restorations in 3‐D CT images of jaw bone
Authors: Sohmura Taiji , Hojoh Hirokazu , Kusumoto Naoki , Nishida Masahiko , Wakabayashi Kazumichi , Takahashi Junzo
Published: November 2005

Abstract: CT images, especially in a three‐dimensional (3‐D) mode, give valuable information for oral implant surgery. However, image quality is often severely compromised by artifacts originating from metallic dental restorations, and an effective solution for artifacts is being sought. This study attempts to substitute the damaged areas of the jaw bone images with dental cast model images obtained by CT. The position of the dental cast images was registered to that of the jaw bone images using a devised interface that is composed of an occlusal bite made of self‐curing acrylic resin and a marker plate made of gypsum. The patient adapted this interface, and CT images of the stomatognathic system were filmed. On the other hand, this interface was placed between the upper and lower cast models and filmed by CT together with the cast models. The position of the marker plate imaged with the dental casts was registered to those adapted by the patient. The error of registration was examined to be 0.25 mm, which was satisfactory for clinical application. The damaged region in the cranial bone images as an obstacle for implant surgery was removed and substituted with the trimmed images of the dental cast. In the method developed here, the images around the metallic compounds severely damaged by artifacts were successfully reconstructed, and the stomatognathic system images became clear, and this is useful for implant surgery.
Bi‐directional distraction osteogenesis of the alveolar bone using an extraosseous device
Authors: Iizuka Tateyuki , Hallermann Wock , Seto Ichiro , Smolka Wenko , Smolka Koord , Bosshardt Dieter D.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: In alveolar distraction, the bone segment tends to incline palatally or lingually, making rigid control of the segments difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed bi‐directional extraosseous alveolar distractor (Medartis V2‐Alveolar distractor) for pre‐ and perioperative vector management.

Material and methods: Seven patients with segmental alveolar atrophy following traumatic tooth loss were treated using the distraction device. The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically. Preoperatively, the initial vector for distraction was determined using CT by measuring the cross‐section of the bone. The morphology of the alveolar bone was also analyzed in relation to the planned implant position. Postoperatively, the rate of osteogenesis was monitored with plane radiographs and CT scan.

Results: All cases had bone deficit at the anterior surface of the alveolar ridge, showing a typical inclination of the long axis of the bone. Using the distractor, vertical distraction and positioning of the segments with labial orientation was possible. After a consolidation period of 12 weeks on average, sufficient bone formation for implant installation was radiologically observable. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of one bone biopsy showed very dense mineralized bone (area fraction=78%) with a multidirectional, complex architecture. Implant‐supported prosthetic oral rehabilitation was successfully performed in all cases.

Conclusion: All complications observed in this study were related to the bone deficiency at the anterior surface of the alveolar process. If the technique can be improved, this type of bi‐directional distraction is a promising method for alveolar bone repair.
Early loading of non‐submerged titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface
Authors: Bornstein Michael M. , Schmid Bruno , Belser Urs C. , Lussi Adrian , Buser Daniel
Published: November 2005

Objectives: The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the success rate of titanium screw‐type implants with the sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) surface loaded early, after 6 weeks of healing.

Material and methods: A total of 104 implants were inserted into posterior sites of 51 partially edentulous patients exhibiting bone densities of class I–III. After a healing period of 6 weeks, all implants were functionally loaded with cemented crowns or fixed partial dentures. The patients were recalled at 3, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months for clinical and radiographic examination.

Results: One implant failed to integrate during healing, and three implants were lost to follow‐up and were considered drop‐outs. The remaining 100 implants showed favorable clinical and radiographic findings at the 5‐year examination. The peri‐implant soft tissues were stable over time; the mean probing depths and mean attachment levels did not change during the follow‐up period. None of the radiographs exhibited signs of continuous peri‐implant radiolucency, which confirmed ankylotic stability for all 100 implants. The measurement of the bone crest levels (DIB values) indicated stability as well. Based on strict success criteria, all 100 implants were considered successfully integrated, resulting in a 5‐year success rate of 99%.

Conclusion: This prospective study using an early loading protocol with 6 weeks of healing demonstrated that titanium implants with the SLA surface can achieve and maintain successful tissue integration with high predictability for at least 5 years of follow‐up in selected patients and sites.
Muscle connective tissue content of endurance‐trained and inactive individuals
Authors: Mackey A. L. , Donnelly A. E. , Roper H. P.
Published: November 2005

Although it is known that exercise exerts a positive regulatory effect on collagen synthesis, the effects of endurance training on muscle endomysial connective tissue in man are not so well documented. To investigate this, a single muscle biopsy was collected from two groups of volunteers – endurance‐trained sports participants and age‐matched healthy untrained individuals. Endomysial staining intensity of types I, III and IV collagen was quantified by immunohistochemical staining and image analysis methods. Gelatinase activity in the endomysium was also quantified histochemically. Mean cycling V̇O2peak values of 53±6 (SD) and 32±8 mL/kg/min (P<0.01) were recorded for the trained and untrained groups, respectively. The staining intensity of types I, III and IV collagen and gelatinase activity in the trained group were not significantly different from the untrained group. However, when the data for all 11 volunteers were pooled, significant negative correlations were found for type III collagen staining intensity and capillary/fiber ratio; and for the relationship between type IV collagen staining intensity and V̇O2peak. These results suggest a negative association between aerobic capacity and the intensity of staining for types III and IV collagen in muscle endomysium.
Strength at the extracellular matrix–muscle interface
Authors: Grounds M. D. , Sorokin L. , White J.
Published: November 2005

Mechanical force is generated within skeletal muscle cells by contraction of specialized myofibrillar proteins. This paper explores how the contractile force generated at the sarcomeres within an individual muscle fiber is transferred through the connective tissue to move the bones. The initial key point for transfer of the contractile force is the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma) where force is transferred laterally to the basement membrane (specialized extracellular matrix rich in laminins) to be integrated within the connective tissue (rich in collagens) before transmission to the tendons. Connections between (1) key molecules outside the myofiber in the basement membrane to (2) molecules within the sarcolemma of the myofiber and (3) the internal cytoplasmic structures of the cytoskeleton and sarcomeres are evaluated. Disturbances to many components of this complex interactive system adversely affect skeletal muscle strength and integrity, and can result in severe muscle diseases. The mechanical aspects of these crucial linkages are discussed, with particular reference to defects in laminin‐α2 and integrin‐α7. Novel interventions to potentially increase muscle strength and reduce myofiber damage are mentioned, and these are also highly relevant to muscle diseases and aging muscle.
Knowledge-based debugging
Authors: Linton Mark A. , Balzer Robert , Cunningham R. J. , Green Cordell , Sedlmeyer Robert , Solloway Elliott , Swartout William , Zave Pamela
Published: November 2005

Robert Balzer
began the session by presenting an overview of where debugging fits into knowledge-based programming systems. He distinguished between differences in paradigm (the traditional software engineering approach in which the source code is the first formal representation vs. the operational specification approach in which the specification is both formal and executable and from which the implementation is formally derived) and differences in technology (traditional debuggers vs. knowledge-based tools), pointing out that it is possible to use traditional debugging techniques with the operational specification paradigm as well as use knowledge-based tools with the traditional software engineering paradigm.

Balzer presented the operational specification paradigm for software development. The basic idea is that an implementation is derived from a specification through transformations chosen by the programmer and applied by the system. Assuming each transformation is correct, the resulting implementation will accurately reflect the intentions of the specification.
Knowledge-based fault localization in debugging
Authors: Sedlmeyer Robert L. , Thompson William B. , Johnson Paul E.
Published: November 2005

Fault localization in program debugging is the process of identifying program statements which cause anomalous behaviour. We have developed a prototype, knowledge-based model of the fault localization process. Novel features of the model include multiple localization tactics and a recognition-based mechanism for program abstraction. An explicit division of knowledge from the applications, programming and language domains facilitate model tuning within as well as across applications domains. We describe model structure and performance for a class of faults associated with master file update programs. We foresee applications of the model as an initial cognitive theory of expertise in fault localization and as a partially automated debugging tool.
Generalized path expressions
Authors: Bruegge Bernd , Hibbard Peter
Published: November 2005

This paper introduces a modified version of path expressions called
Path Rules
which can be used as a debugging mechanism to monitor the dynamic behaviour of a computation. Path rules have been implemented in a remote symbolic debugger running on the Three Rivers Computer Corporation PERQ computer under the Accent operating system.
Integrated environments
Authors: Lee Insup
Published: November 2005

The session on debugging in integrated environments started with Fairley's characterization of integrated environments as follows: (1) versatile collection of analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance tools; (2) consistent user interface among the tools; (3) common representation of information (e.g., Stoneman's database model, Unix pipe); (4) history/version control/configuration management capability; and (5) encouragement of good practice. He then asked the audience the following questions: (1) what is your view of environments? (2) what possibilities exist for debugging in integrated environments that do not exist in a mere collection of tools? (3) what is the difference between high--level debugging and low--level debugging with high--level tools?
An experimental debugger in a limited programming environment
Authors: Kishimoto Zen
Published: November 2005

This paper describes a debugger feature of a system that supports a limited programming environment for program validation, revalidation and debugging. The debugger in this system is tightly coupled with other tools through a database which is used as a central repository. The execution by this system is based on the hardware independent intermediate codes and, thus, the system has the potential to be multilingual. The debugger supports backward execution, provides both normal and symbolic execution results, and allows source-level debugging.