bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of special social protection for military personnel and persons equated to them
Authors: Pylypenko P. D. , Burak V. Ya.
Published: September 2024

The article is dedicated to certain legislative features of special social protection, particularly special pension provisions for military personnel and persons equated to them. The study presents arguments from the scientific community regarding the necessity of maintaining special social protection programs. The authors support this need and emphasise its current relevance. It is noted that special social protection, as a separate state program for military personnel and equivalent individuals, is gaining importance both in the context of the objective need to realise the right to such protection for potential recipients and in the formation of the legal mechanism for ensuring national security of our country. The article analyses the justification for pension provisions for military personnel and individuals equated to them. It emphasises that the legislatively established social measures for military personnel and equivalent individuals are valid both during their service and after they are removed from the lists of a military unit or other armed formations. It argues that the types of special social protection available to military personnel constitute a comprehensive social protection package. The main legislative conditions that must be met to exercise the right to special pension provisions are clarified. The authors identify legal application issues that require resolution through the harmonisation of legislative norms. Based on a summary of the special pension legislation and an examination of certain aspects of special pension programs for military personnel and those equated to them, the article concludes that amendments to subordinate acts accompanying the implementation of the Law of Ukraine “On Pension Provision for Persons Discharged from Military Service and Equated Persons” are necessary. These amendments aim to address discrepancies, particularly regarding the establishment of causal links between the legal fact entitling pension benefits and the fulfilment of military service duties, the calculation of preferential service years, and other related issues.
Peculiarities of the legal status of athletes as subjects of labor law
Authors: Pushkarov Ye. K.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the legal status of athletes as subjects of labor law. It is noted that at the current stage of development, the role of physical culture and sports in Ukraine is growing significantly and is one of the priority directions of the state’s social policy, an important tool in the implementation of its tasks, the state is interested in the proper development of legal relations in the field of sports. At the same time, researching the issue of the legal status of an athlete as a subject of professional sports legal relations, analyzing the legislation that regulates activities in the field of physical culture and sports, it was concluded that very little attention is paid to it. Regarding the research of this issue by scientists, their points of view differ, in particular, some are convinced that the legal regulation of the legal status of a professional athlete should be carried out in accordance with civil legislation, others - according to labor legislation, some generally emphasize the dual nature of the peculiarities of the legal status of a professional athlete in Ukraine. The author of the article concluded that the regulation of the sports activities of professional athletes should be regulated by the norms of labor legislation, if they concluded an employment contract on receiving remuneration for systematic special sports and training preparation for participation in sports competitions, participation in them and the results shown, and accordingly are sub objects of labor law. That is, a professional athlete has the right to have his sporting activities take place within the framework of labor relations, therefore, prohibiting him from exercising this right means violating the provisions of the Basic Law of the country, since the right to choose the form of using one’s abilities is established in relation to any profession and type of activity. At the same time, the activities of not all sportsmen should be regulated by the norms of labor legislation, but only those with whom an employment contract is concluded, or relations with which, despite their official registration as civil law, have all the signs of employment.
Legislative grounds for recalculating pensions for individuals discharged from military service and individuals equated with them
Authors: Stetskiv M. B.
Published: September 2024

The article critically analyses the legal norms regarding the recalculation of pensions for individuals discharged from military service and individuals equated with them. It examines and characterizes the legislative grounds for such recalculation and their impact on the legal mechanism for exercising the right to pension provision by these categories of individuals. Problems in the practical implementation of the pension recalculation procedure are identified, focusing on contradictions and certain inconsistencies in the legislative norms. Examples are provided, and the content of discrepancies between the provisions of subordinate regulatory acts and the laws in terms of recalculating pensions based on updated certificates due to changes in the amount of financial support, or the individual’s request for a change in the type of pension provision, or the need for pension indexation, etc., is analysed. The article emphasizes that a significant issue in the legal mechanism for exercising the right to pension recalculation for recipients of special pension provision is the large number of involved entities. Attention is drawn to the absence of a legislative definition of pension recalculation and the lack of systematization in the normative grounds for such recalculation. Based on the analysis of legal norms, it is suggested that the need for pension indexation is a reason for recalculating pensions. It is concluded that there are three main legal grounds for recalculating pensions: the presence/submission of documents that were not considered at the time of the pension award to the recipient of special pension provision; the adoption by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of an act changing the amounts of financial support for military personnel, and the indexation of financial support. It is argued that, in addition to these, a court decision obliging the territorial offices of the Pension Fund of Ukraine to conduct a recalculation is also a ground for pension recalculation for a recipient of special pension provision. The article highlights that court appeals result from the Pension Fund of Ukraine’s incorrect application of newly adopted regulations over time and/or incorrect application of legislative provisions. Examples of court decisions are provided, indicating problematic issues in the mechanism of pension recalculation for recipients of special pension provision that required court intervention and were resolved in judicial proceedings. The corresponding conclusions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine are also analysed.
Application of self-defense in labor relations (on the example of the procedure for reinstatement of an employee)
Authors: Tykhoniuk O. V.
Published: September 2024

This publication is devoted to covering the following issues, namely: what are the inherent features of an employment relationship; what should be understood as self-defense in an employment relationship with an employer; how does the current labor legislation of Ukraine interpret the concept of “reinstatement” and how is an employee reinstated in the presence (absence) of a court decision.
Attention is focused on the fact that in the absence of a clear understanding of what constitutes “labor relations”, “self-defense” and “reinstatement” in the current labor legislation of Ukraine, one should be guided by the recommendations of the International Labor Organization and domestic labor scholars, as well as by court practice in resolving labor disputes.
This leads to the following conclusions: 1) labor relations are the relations between an employee and an employer regarding the performance of certain work for remuneration in accordance with the specialty, qualification or position on the basis of working conditions determined by the employer, provided for by labor legislation, employment contract, collective agreement; 2) self-defense in labor relations is considered to be the refusal of an employee to perform his or her labor duties in order to restore the violated labor right; 3) the right to self-defense is exercised by an employee independently, independently of other employees, and consists of independent active actions to protect their labor rights, life and health without or together with an appeal to the bodies for consideration of individual labor disputes (Commission on Labor Disputes, court) or to the bodies for supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation; 4) reinstatement in the previous job takes place not from the date of the court decision on reinstatement, but from the date of dismissal of the employee, which is declared invalid in accordance with this decision (if the employer reinstates the employee in the previous position without a court decision, the reinstatement also takes place from the date of dismissal); 5) the execution of the court decision is deemed to be completed from the moment the employee is actually allowed to perform his/her previous duties on the basis of the relevant act of the body that made the illegal decision to dismiss the employee; 6) if the reinstated employee is already working in another institution at the time of reinstatement, he/she must terminate the employment contract or enter into a part-time employment contract (unless prohibited by law) with another institution, since the main place of work for him/her is the place of work where the employee was reinstated.
Development of legislation in the sphere of adaptation of agricultural production to climate change
Authors: Shovkun V. , Hafurova O.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to the study of legislation in the sphere of adaptation of agricultural production to climate change. It is noted that the implementation of this type of activity is not only related to environmental pollution, but also directly depends on favorable climatic conditions.
It is stated that the norms that regulate relations in the sphere of adaptation of agricultural production to climate change in Ukraine are contained in various legal acts, mostly of a strategic or conceptual in nature. Sometimes their norms are inconsistent and contradictory. There is no mechanism for the implementation of the measures established in these documents. So, their implementation becomes optional. In particular, the Recommendations on the adaptation of agriculture to climate change for the period up to 2030, which are provided by the Action Plan for the Implementation of the Realization Concept of State Policy in the Sphere of Climate Change for the Period up to 2030, approved by the Decree of the CMU of December 6, 2017 № 878-р, are unadopted.
It is claimed that for solving the problem of adaptation of agriculture to climate change, it is especially important to increase the role of organic production as an activity that contributes to sustainable development of rural areas and solving a number of social problems. Because organic production is one of the most common direction of climate smart agriculture, it is proposed to put Consept of this one on basis of the legislation about adaptation of Ukrainian agriculture to climate change.
Taking into account the significant negative impact of agricultural production to the environment, we propouse to provide agriculture among the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions (industry , energy and transport) into the Ukrainian Law of February 28, 2019 «About the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the Ukrainian State Environmental Policy for the Period up to 2030» (part I).
Constitutional principles of the institute of environmental rights in the Polish legal system
Authors: Kobetska N. R.
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the publication is to present the features of the normative consolidation of environmental rights in the Polish legal system based on the systematic interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, legislative acts and the practice of their application, taking into account the analysis of the results of scientific research by Polish environmental lawyers.
Based on a systematic analysis of the provisions of the Polish Constitution, the article singles out three groups of constitutional prescriptions that are directly or indirectly related to the establishment and provision of environmental rights.
The first group is those that directly establish separate environmental rights. This is Article 74 of Chapter II «Human and Citizen Freedoms, Rights and Duties» of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. At the same time, Poland belongs to those countries whose Constitutions do not enshrine the right to a safe environment. The Constitution of Poland highlights the right to environmental information and indirectly defines the right of the public to participate in environmental protection activities.
The second group concerns the regulation of the duties of state bodies in the field of environmental protection, ensuring its safe condition. Despite the repeated mentions in the Polish Constitution of the duty of state authorities to ensure a safe state of the environment, the theory and jurisprudence of the neighbouring state do not consider it possible to derive the right of a person to a safe environment from this duty.
The constituent norms of the first section of the Constitution can be attributed to the third group of constitutional prescriptions. These are, in particular, prescriptions that recognize the need to observe the principle of sustainable development, as well as the concept of «common good» introduced into the Polish Constitution, which found projection in the environmental legal mechanism and became the basis for the justification of the institution of «collective complaint» that can be submitted by public environmental organizations.
Judicial and practical characteristics of the method of protection of land rights of landowners and land users
Authors: Kolba D. B.
Published: September 2024

The article reveals the scientific and practical category of protection of the rights of landowners and land users through the prism of the system of land and legal science and methods of their protection. It also reveals the content of the ownership right to a land plot, which in modern conditions has a fundamental nature and for these reasons needs to be provided by the state with effective mechanisms for its protection and protection. The article examined the scope of the law regarding the ownership and use of land plots, taking into account the legal nature of the land plot as real property. The types of ways of protecting land rights in accordance with the current legislation are defined. The definition of an effective way of protecting land rights is analyzed, taking into account the legal model and material and legal actions necessary to achieve specific tasks facing the protection of the rights of landowners and land users. The article carries out a scientific and practical analysis of the practice of the Supreme Court of Ukraine in the field of methods of protecting the rights of landowners and land users in the essence of a land dispute. The author investigated the direct influence of the chosen method of protection on the form of court proceedings and the results of the court case. The scientific study emphasizes the importance of the correct terminological interpretation when resolving land disputes, referring to the judicial practice of the court of cassation. The emergence of certain land disputes is currently a fairly constant process, which cannot be said about the judicial practice of resolving disputes of this category. Therefore, this article proposes to consider the most relevant conclusions of the Supreme Court regarding the resolution of land disputes. The decisions of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court, which resolve procedural issues of civil proceedings regarding evidence and proof and determining the jurisdiction of disputes regarding the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in land relations in the civil proceedings of Ukraine, are analyzed. The conclusion was drawn that, by its legal nature, judicial protection of the rights of landowners and land users is a complex interdisciplinary category, and its implementation in civil proceedings requires the court to take into account the norms of civil, land legislation, etc.
Problems of legal support of measures for restoration of agricultural land
Authors: Leiba M. O.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to topical issues of ensuring measures for restoration of agricultural land. The article notes that in recent years there has been a further deterioration in the quality of agricultural land. It is emphasized that the aggravation of the crisis phenomena regarding the current state of land is largely due to the hostilities in the country.
The article analyses new types of soil degradation that have become widespread as a result of Russian military aggression.
The article focuses on the fact that agricultural land is subject to the greatest degradation compared to other categories of land.
It is established that there are preliminary and basic legal measures for land restoration. It is substantiated that preliminary land restoration measures include: application of mineral fertilisers, bio-fertilisers; washing of saline soils, their irrigation; planting of trees, sowing of herbaceous plants. Attention is paid to the introduction of crop rotation, which is an important measure for restoring agricultural land. The article also examines the responsibilities of land owners and users in the field of land restoration.
Based on the results of the analysis of legislation, it is proved that the main organisational and legal measures for the restoration of agricultural land are as follows: reclamation of disturbed lands, conservation of degraded, low-productive and technogenically polluted lands, and land reclamation of lands with disturbed water regime. It is stated that the implementation of the above measures has received proper legal support.
The author highlights the considerations that today land restoration measures are being implemented, which have not received proper legal support. The author examines the peculiarities of implementation of bioremediation (divided into two types: biostimulation and bioaugmentation), phytoremediation based on the use of properties of certain plant species, and detoxification of contaminated land.
The author makes proposals for improving land legislation by legislating such land restoration measures as bioremediation, phytoremediation, land detoxification and environmental requirements for their implementation.
National policy and legislation of the Republic of Vanuatu on combating climate change and natural disaster risks
Authors: Tomozov A. V.
Published: September 2024

Vanuatu is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for its intense tectonic activity. The country is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, affecting about 12% of the population and causing an average loss of 42.8% of GDP. Internal displacement of population is one of the elements of the strategy to adapt to the consequences of climate change and natural disasters. This article, based on government documents and legislative acts, examines the national policy of the Republic of Vanuatu on climate change and natural disasters, analyzing it to highlight relevant aspects for Ukraine that, after critical reflection and thorough study, should be considered when developing appropriate legislation in Ukraine. It was found that the basis of this policy consists of the following documents: «National Sustainable Development Plan for 2016–2030», «Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy for 2016–2030», «National Adaptation Program of Action», «Disaster Risk Management Act No. 23 of 2019», «Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No. 25 of 2016», «Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced 1ST Nationally Determined Contribution», «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement».
From the perspective of legal support for the rights of displaced persons and the regulation of this process, the most important act is the «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement», which ensures the functioning of institutions involved in planning potential emergencies and combating their consequences, in cooperation with the government of Vanuatu to meet the needs of all affected displaced communities and host communities, including different types of displaced persons: controlled displaced, internal migrants, residents of informal settlements, as well as those threatened with displacement. It is noted that displacement occurs in accordance with international law, with mandatory adherence to fundamental human rights. Considering the limited possibilities for population displacement due to the geomorphological structure of the islands of the Republic of Vanuatu, the efforts of the government of the country are concentrated on disaster prevention and climate change control measures. This is the focus of other important foundational documents of national environmental policy, the analysis of which indicates the construction of a successful system of state management of processes, synergy between the public sector and non-governmental organizations involved, and innovative methods of economic reform. The reviewed documents address a wide range of problems caused by climate change, containing solutions that are undoubtedly useful for legislators, politicians, and executive authorities of many countries, including Ukraine.
On some aspects of resolving land disputes
Authors: Khlystik M.
Published: September 2024

The article examines the problematic issues of judicial methods for resolving land disputes. The author defines these disputes as legal relations arising from conflicts between subjects of land relations (citizens, legal entities, local government bodies, and state authorities) concerning the object of land legal relations (land within the territory of Ukraine, land plots, and rights to them, including land shares (paisa)).
The author agrees that judicial protection of land rights is a significant component of land rights guarantees, and the judicial resolution of land disputes is traditionally considered the most universal and qualified method for their resolution. However, there are certain problematic aspects of the judicial process in resolving this category of cases. In particular, the author focuses on the contentious issues of determining the subject matter jurisdiction of courts and the territorial jurisdiction of land disputes. The analysis includes the views of courts of different jurisdictions on the grounds for determining the jurisdiction of cases arising from land relations. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of administering justice under the necessary changes in the territorial jurisdiction of courts during martial law when their normal functioning is impossible. The modern practice of addressing these problematic issues is reviewed through specific court decisions.
Without diminishing the importance of judicial protection of land rights, the author believes that in the current conditions, non-judicial methods of resolving land disputes, particularly mediation, could become more effective and accessible. Mediation is an out-of-court procedure for preventing or resolving conflicts (disputes) with the participation of a specially trained specialist (mediator) who assists in organizing and conducting negotiations and facilitates the parties’ independent search for the most optimal solution.
The author notes that mediation, unlike judicial proceedings, does not require the parties to adhere to mandatory procedural formalities. As an out-of-court procedure, it has significant advantages, such as being much faster, confidential, allowing the parties to influence the outcome, maintaining or restoring friendly relations if needed, and enabling the parties to independently make a decision based on their true interests, which they are willing to voluntarily implement.
Analysis of the Supreme Court’s practice regarding the correlation between the amount of rent for land owned by the state or municipality and the normative monetary valuation of the land plot
Authors: Prydatko D. , Shvets O.
Published: September 2024

This article analyzes the current position of the Supreme Court regarding disputes related to changes in rent payments due to changes in the normative monetary valuation of land. An analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Land Code of Ukraine, which regulate the general principles of lease agreements, including land lease agreements and the specifics of leasing communal or state-owned land, has been conducted. The features of such agreements, as defined by the Law of Ukraine “On Land Lease,” are considered. A conclusion is made about the civil-law, dispositive nature of the contract. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of determining the amount of rent, the procedure for paying rent under agreements for the lease of communal and state-owned land plots. The provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine regarding land payment in the form of rent for communal or state-owned land plots are examined in detail. The relationship between the normative monetary valuation of a land plot and the amount of rent under the agreement is investigated. The conditions for changing the normative monetary valuation of a land plot are listed. A conclusion is made about the presence of imperative elements when concluding the described category of agreements. The previous practice of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court regarding disputes that arose between the parties to the lease agreement of communal or state-owned land plots concerning changes in rent payments due to changes in the normative monetary valuation of the land plot is analyzed. The current practice of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court regarding this category of disputes is also studied. Based on the comparison of the positions of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court, conclusions are drawn regarding the peculiarities of changes in the legal position and possible preconditions for such changes. The advantages and disadvantages of the new practice of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court in the described category of cases are highlighted. Possible scenarios for the development of legal relations between lessors and lessees in light of new court decisions are considered. The prospects for further development of legislation in this area and possible directions for improving the regulatory framework, taking into account modern challenges.
On the question of the currency of payment for obligations in the sphere of foreign economic activities
Authors: Lohoyda V.
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to issues of the application of currency and civil/economic legislation of Ukraine in the consideration of economic disputes, in particular the possibility of satisfaction by the economic courts of Ukraine of non-resident claims regarding the collection of debts in Ukrainian hryvnias from resident debtors, if such debts are payable in foreign currency under the terms of foreign economic contracts.
Using the example of a specific court case, the author analyzes the provisions of national contract law, including the principles of freedom of contract, the binding nature of its terms, the stability and predictability of contractual relations, as well as banking legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the status of national and foreign currency. The author emphasizes that if the parties define a foreign currency as the currency of payment in the contract, the admissibility of its replacement in the performance of the obligation, in particular, in the case of forced collection of funds by the court, to the legal tender of the country of the court can take place only with the consent of the debtor, and not at the will of the creditor. This is due to the fact that the legal tender according to the relevant norms of the current legislation is mandatory for acceptance, and not for demand, which characterizes the obligations of the creditor and the rights of the debtor, and not vice versa. At the same time, it is noted that the court’s refusal to collect the debt due to the plaintiff’s incorrect indication of the currency of the collection does not prevent the further protection of the creditor’s rights, and therefore the principle of the obligation of the terms of the contract should be given priority over the question of the effectiveness of the court’s protection of the right (in terms of quick and final resolution of the legal dispute, with less attention to the parties’ formal objections).
As a result, the author concludes that the court’s agreement with the creditor’s position about the possibility of debt collection in a currency other than the one in which the debt was payable according to the contract cannot be considered sufficiently justified. At the same time, it was emphasized that the currency and civil legislation of Ukraine in this matter deserves to be clarified to avoid controversial situations between business entities.
Protection of Ukraine’s leading industries: national priorities
Authors: Petrunenko Ia. V. , Troinikov V. V.
Published: September 2024

The article emphasises that in the context of a full-scale war and economic crisis, protection of Ukraine’s leading industries becomes one of the state’s priority tasks. Not only the economic independence of the country, but also its defence capability depends on the preservation and development of these industries. The article identifies the leading industries of Ukraine that require priority protection. The main risks and threats to these industries are analysed. A set of priority measures to protect the leading industries has been developed, including financial support, tax and customs benefits, state guarantees, creation of a favourable investment climate, technology modernisation and innovation, and protection of intellectual property. The implementation of the proposed measures will definitely contribute to strengthening the country’s economic security and, accordingly, its defence capability.
It is emphasised that in the context of globalisation and competition in international markets, it is extremely important to ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of key production sectors, including energy, machine building, and heavy industry. National priorities in this area should include the development and implementation of effective protection strategies, modernisation of the technological base, improvement of product quality, creation of a favourable investment climate and energy security. The author suggests that analysis of innovation trends, study of international experience and introduction of advanced technologies are key aspects of development and protection of leading industries. An effective system of intellectual property protection, implementation of effective cybersecurity and information security measures, and support of state programmes for the development of production capacities contribute to strengthening the protection of important sectors of the economy.
The author concludes that studying and analysing the problems of protecting Ukraine’s leading industries and developing national priorities in this regard are important tasks for ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of the country’s economy in the current conditions of geopolitical and economic challenges, as well as for the post-war reconstruction of the state.
Difference of powers of the Board Chair, Chief Executive Officer and Company Secretary under the one-tier corporate governance structure in Ukraine
Authors: Sert O. V.
Published: September 2024

In the article there is an analysis of the difference of powers of the Board Chair, Chief Executive Officer and Company Secretary under the one-tier corporate governance structure in Ukraine, also the legal nature of the formalization of their duties. The article objective is to establish and articulate the differences of their powers, which is achieved through the study and analysis of legislative acts and relevant scientific researches. It has been determined that the election of the Board Chair and the Chief Executive Officer must take place at the first meeting of the newly elected Board of Directors, while the appointment of the Corporate Secretary occurs upon the appearance of this position. It has been established that the Board Chair and the Chief Executive Officer are elected by the Board of Directors, while the Corporate Secretary is appointed by the Board. The author examines the role of the Board Chair in corporate governance and concludes that the Chair convenes the Board, presides over its meetings, and signs the meeting minutes. It is also noted that, during such meetings, the Board Chair may have the right to a casting vote in the event of a tie among the Board members, as specified in the corporate charter document. The author examines the role of the Chief Executive Officer in corporate governance and concludes that the CEO represents the interests of the corporation, performs legally significant actions on its behalf without the need for a power of attorney, including transactions, and issues orders and directives that are mandatory for all employees of the corporation. It is also noted that the use of the term «ordinary daily activities of the corporation» in paragraph 3 of part two of Article 65 of Law № 2465-IX, the literal interpretation of which could unpredictably limit the powers of the Chief Executive Officer, does not meet the «quality of law» criterion. The article suggests to harmonize the terminology used in Laws № 2465-IX and № 2275-VIII. The author examines the role of the Corporate Secretary in corporate governance and concludes that the Corporate Secretary facilitates the coordination of the Board of Directors and its committees, and the exchange of information between the Board, shareholders, and other stakeholders of the corporation. It is also noted that the Corporate Secretary cannot be a member of the Board of Directors. The article specifies that the Board Chair, the Chief Executive Officer, and the Corporate Secretary are all officials.
In Vivo Study: Acute Toxicity and Hypnotic-Sedative Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Polypodium feei
Authors: Suwandi Deden Winda , Mariyam Imas Siti , Akbar Muhammad , Auliasari Nurul , Hamdani Siva
Published: September 2024

Tanaman pakis tangkur (Polypodium feei., METT) merupakan tanaman yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat akar pakis tangkur memiliki aktivitas analgetik kuat pada dosis 200 mg/kgbb. Obat yang aktif sebagai analgetika kuat biasanya memiliki efek lain seperti efek menenangkan dan menimbulkan rasa kantuk. Pada pengujian toksisitas akut dilaporkan bahwa ekstrak akar pakis tangkur bersifat depresan dengan menurunkan aktivitas motorik dan jumlah jengukan hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis yang aman serta menentukan dosis efektif dari fraksi akar pakis tangkur sebagai hipnotik-sedatif pada hewan percobaan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengujian toksisitas akut dari fraksi etil asetat akar pakis tangkur melalui pengamatan perilaku hewan, penentuan bobot badan, indeks organ dan pengamatan makroskopik organ, serta penetuan nilai LD50. Sehingga diperoleh dosis yang aman untuk penggunaan pada hewan percobaan. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian aktivitas hipnotik sedatif berdasarkan parameter jumlah jatuh, onset dan durasi tidur hewan. Induksi tidur dilakukan dengan pemberian fenobarbital secara interaperitoneal. Hasil pengujian toksisitas akut fraksi etil asetat akar pakis tangkur dosis 300, 1.000, 2.000, dan 5.000 mg/kgbb bersifat depresan dengan menurunkan aktivitas motorik dan jumlah jengukan hewan, dosis tertinggi menimbulkan perlemakan pada organ hati. Penggunaan dosis yang lebih kecil dari 1.000 mg/kgbb relatif tidak menimbulkan penyimpangan/gangguan pada hewan percobaan. Pada pengujian aktivitas hipnotik-sedatif diperoleh dosis 100 mg/kgbb sebagai dosis efektif. Peningkatan dosis yaitu 50, 100, dam 200 mg/kgbb dapat meningkatkan aktivitas hipnotik-sedatif yang ditunjukkan oleh peningkatan jumlah jatuh pada alat rotaroad, penurunan onset tidur, serta peningkatan durasi tidur hewan yang berbeda bermakna apabila dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (P<0,05). Berdasarkan pengujian tersebut penggunaan yang aman dalam sekali pemberian dari fraksi etil asetat akar pakis tangkur adalah maksimal 1.000 mg/kgbb. Fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas hipnotik-sedatif dengan dosis efektif 100 mg/kgbb.
Studi In Silico Potensi Antidiabetes Senyawa pada Black Garlic sebagai Inhibitor Enzim DPP-4
Authors: Sudirman Virgiana Keisha Rajabi Johni , Priana Diva Dhaifina Mazaya , Puspitasari Citra Dewi , Hutapea Ezra Calista , Muntashir Ilham Mohammad , Pribadi Alya Puteri Agustina , Parameswari Natashya , Aulifa Diah Lia
Published: September 2024

Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit kronis yang berkaitan dengan gangguan metabolisme glukosa darah. Black Garlic memiliki potensi sebagai antidiabetes karena mengandung berbagai senyawa yang dapat mengontrol kadar gula darah seperti asam fenolik, senyawa flavonoid dan S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC). DPP-4 merupakan enzim yang berperan penting sebagai target terapeutik dari gliptin dalam pengobatan diabetes mellitus mellitus tipe II. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan membuktikan potensi senyawa pada Black Garlic sebagai inhibitor enzim DPP-4 secara in silico melalui metode penambatan molekuler. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, SAC memiliki nilai energi ikatan sebesar -5,36 kkal/mol dan nilai konstanta inhibisi sebesar 118,08 μM. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ikatan antara senyawa SAC dengan enzim DPP-4 bersifat stabil dan terbukti berpotensi sebagai inhibitor enzim DPP-4 dibandingkan keempat senyawa uji lainnya. Namun, senyawa SAC tidak lebih baik dari ligan alaminya karena memiliki nilai energi ikatan dan konstanta inhibisi yang lebih kecil. Oleh karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa SAC pada Black Garlic tidak lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan ligan alaminya yaitu Vildagliptin tetapi tetap dapat berpotensi sebagai inhibitor enzim DPP-4.
relación entre las orientaciones arquitectónicas y la cosmovisión en Mesoamérica
Authors: Martz de la Vega Hans , Pérez Negrete Miguel
Published: September 2024

En Mesoamérica existió un ciclo ideal de 364 días vinculado al ciclo ritual agrícola, cuyos fundamentos radicaban en la cosmovisión. La evidencia se encuentra en documentos de procedencia del periodo prehispánico y colonial. J. Eric S. Thompson lo llamó año computado, sobre todo, porque transcurre de forma paralela con el año de 365 días. Se trata de una conceptualización del tiempo que consiste en una división cuatripartita. La presencia del ciclo también existe en la configuración de las trazas de los asentamientos y la disposición de sus estructuras arquitectónicas. Esto es, en la construcción de su paisaje. Son especialmente las orientaciones las que muestran este fenómeno cultural.
A partir de nuestro trabajo de campo, proponemos que el modelo calendárico del año computado de 364 días tiene como base fundamental los números siete y trece, ya que funciona como una división en cuatro cuartos de 91 días cada uno (91×4=364). La base se constituye 7×13=91. Lo práctico de esta asociación es que la serie de siete (séptimas) y de trece (trecenas) coinciden en los solsticios y en los días de cuarto de año (días que utiliza ron para completar). Utilizaremos orientaciones solares de Tehuacalco, un sitio con una ocupación entre los años 650 y 1100/1200 d.C. Específicamente, nos enfocaremos en los ejes de orientación de las escalinatas de dos estructuras arquitectónicas. En otras palabras, Tehuacalco es un caso emblemático, ya que, además de las series de intervalos significativos, están presentes los días fundamentales: los días de cuarto de año y el solsticio. El templo principal está dedicado específicamente a los intervalos de siete días. Éste era el número que representaba la abundancia del alimento y en especial del maíz. Por lo que el culto debió de ser propiciatorio de una agricultura exitosa. El Palacio tiene una combinación de los números siete y nueve. Este último, se asociaba al inframundo y a los ancestros. Con ello, se deduce una relación entre la clase gobernante y sacerdotal. En cuanto al paisaje se refiere, las posiciones del Sol al oriente tienen lugar en el cerro principal del sitio. Se trata del Cerro la Compuerta y está clasificado como montaña sagrada, sobre todo por sus múltiples depósitos rituales detectados a lo largo de la periodización de Mesoamérica. Además, la identificamos a través de documentos gráficos con el dios Xipe Tótec, una deidad relacionada al maíz y a la renovación de la cobertura vegetal entre marzo y abril, periodo en el que suceden los días de cuarto de año (c. 22-23 de marzo).
Missing data
Authors: Ruggles Clive , Chadburn Amanda
Published: September 2024

This short paper focuses on monuments in the Stonehenge landscape, including Stone­henge itself, with the aim of presenting a “modern” picture of these monuments and their astronomy that is consistent with the latest archaeological evidence. While the connection of Stonehenge and other nearby monuments to astronomy is recognized by UNESCO as part of the Outstanding Universal Value of the Stonehenge World Heritage site, the only specific manifestation of this that has achieved broad consensus among archaeologists is the solstitial sightlines, indicated by the main axes of the stone settings at Stonehenge and the multiple timber circles at Woodhenge and Durrington Walls Southern Circle. These sightlines —precise enough to pinpoint the solstice in space although not in time— seem to represent a specific development in this area around the mid-3rd millennium BC.
We proceed to critique some recent papers by well-respected archaeologists proposing (i) that Stonehenge encapsulated key elements of a 365¼-day solar calendar in the numer­ology of its key features; (ii) that a “mega-circle” of huge pits, over 2km in diameter, was built around the same time as the stone circle at Stonehenge, centred on Durrington Walls Henge; and (iii) that two large pits were placed in the Stonehenge Cursus positioned on the summer solstice sunrise and sunset alignments as viewed from the Heel Stone. We present new evidence to counter (ii) and argue that all these ideas extrapolate well beyond the available evidence and fall foul of basic methodological considerations (e.g., regarding data selection) that have been well known to cultural astronomers since the 1980s.
We finish with a discussion of some open questions. The first is whether Stonehenge and some nearby contemporary monuments might have been placed at locations already per­ceived as significant because of the approximately solstitial alignment of natural features. Another is how long the solstitial sightlines remained “operational” in the sense of being usable for actual observations, and what this implies for their interpretation —particularly for ideas of solstitial observances involving processions between the different monuments. Third is the possibility that the solstitial orientations evident at and around Stonehenge in the mid-3rd millennium BC might have derived from practices developed centuries earlier in southwest Wales, from which the Stonehenge bluestones were brought. A final question that remains largely unresolved is whether the lunar alignment of the Station Stone rect­angle at Stonehenge was indeed intentional and, if so, what was its purpose and meaning. Recent investigations have succeeded in casting some new light on the subject.
Observatorios subterráneos, cámaras obscuras y telescopios solares
Authors: Morante López Rubén
Published: September 2024

Nuestras investigaciones de campo, realizadas por más de tres décadas en una veintena de observatorios subterráneos ubicados en cuevas y en el interior de edificios prehispánicos en Mesoamérica, nos han llevado a la pregunta acerca de si, las ideas que llevaron a Paollo del Pozzo Toscanelli, en el siglo XV, y a Galileo Galilei a inicios del siglo XVII, a inventar modernos instrumentos para la investigación científica, pudieron surgir en Mesoamérica varios siglos antes. Los dos más antiguos observatorios subterráneos de Mesoamérica se encontraron entre 1980 y 1995 en Teotihuacán y han sido fechados para el siglo IV d.C., seguidos por el hallado al interior del Edificio P de Monte Albán, Oaxaca. No obstante ha­ber sido construido años más tarde (siglos VII-VIII d.C.) el Observatorio de Xochicalco ha demostrado ser el más preciso y mejor preservado de cuantos hemos estudiado en estas tres décadas. En recientes estudios de campo y gabinete, hemos retomado tal investigación a la luz de nuevos descubrimientos arqueológicos de objetos de cerámica altamente sig­nificativos, a los cuales hemos llamado “discos astronómicos”. Ellos nos llevaron a tomar como referente, para este tipo de instrumentos tempranos de observación astronómica, al Observatorio de Xochicalco, en el entendido de que específicamente se usaba en relación con los movimientos aparentes del Sol al momento de su paso por el meridiano de un sitio. Este escrito propone que dos culturas separadas por el tiempo y el espacio, en América y Europa, llegaron de manera independiente al invento de un instrumento que daba solucio­nes similares a un problema de índole más científica que cotidiana. A pesar de la distinta forma en que se aplicaron e interpretaron los conocimientos en cada momento y lugar, los instrumentos creados tienen una enorme similitud, al grado que en Mesoamérica po­demos proponer que, hacia el siglo VIII d.C., si no es que antes, se usó un complejo instru­mento de observación solar que permitió registrar posiciones de este cuerpo celeste que tenían una precisión considerable. Las características de los observatorios subterráneos mesoamericanos, formuladas aquí con base en evidencias arqueológicas y empíricas, nos permiten proponer que fueron instrumentos de medición y experimentación científica, cuyas características nos llevan a compararlos con cámaras obscuras y telescopios solares inventados en otras latitudes siglos después.
FAKES IN RUSSIAN MEDIA DURING THE SPREAD OF THE CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 (on Primorsky region agenda)
Authors: Бутырин Д.А. , Захаркин Р.А. , Самойленко П.Ю.
Published: September 2024

В статье рассматривается явление фейков в практике современных медиа в условиях пандемии коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 на примере информационного поля Приморского края. Жертвами пандемии стали тысячи человек в мире. Пандемия COVID-19 оказалось самым глобальным явлением 2020 г. Она продолжает оказывать своё влияние на все сферы жизни общества во всех странах мира: политику, экономику, образование, науку, здравоохранение, культуру. Малоизученный на сегодняшний день вирус вселяет в людей страх и становится главной причиной принятия на веру различных слухов и разнообразных фейков о происхождении, свойствах и методах профилактики вируса, а также о его распространении в обществе. Фейковые новости и слухи начинают активно проявлять себя в медиасреде в условиях социальных и экономических кризисов, катастроф. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 стала причиной появления не только вышеперечисленных явлений в регионах Российской Федерации, но и информационных манипуляторов, намеренно распространявших лживую информацию о вирусе.