bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Funerary inscriptions, Christian
Authors: Johnson Gary J.
Published: December 2012

In the second half of the nineteenth century, scholars such as Theodor Mommsen and William Mitchell Ramsay transformed modern understanding of classical Roman and Greek history by collecting, studying, and publishing classical “inscriptions”, ancient texts of various sorts (in several languages) written upon nonperishable materials, most notably stone.
Irenaeus
Authors: Knust Jennifer Wright
Published: December 2012

Active in the late second century and leader of the churches of Lyons and Vienne, Irenaeus (before 140–ca. 202) was a central player in the development of orthodox Christianity.
James of Jerusalem
Authors: Painter John
Published: December 2012

James of Jerusalem lived about 2
bce
to 62
ce
.
Jesus
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2012

The historical reconstruction of Jesus of Nazareth, the so‐called “quest for the historical Jesus,” was a major endeavor of biblical scholars throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the quest shows no signs of waning in the twenty‐first century.
Jewish‐Christian Gospels
Authors: Foster Paul
Published: December 2012

“Jewish‐Christian gospels” is a term employed in modern scholarship to refer to a set of presumably gospel‐like writings that were written by, and primarily circulated among, believers in Jesus who were ethnically Jewish and at least to some extent continued Torah observance.
John, Gospel of
Authors: Smith D. Moody
Published: December 2012

The Gospel of John stands last in the four‐Gospel canon of the New Testament and is often called the Fourth Gospel.
Justin Martyr
Authors: Edwards Mark J.
Published: December 2012

Justin (ca. 100–ca. 165) was the first philosophic apologist for Christianity. By his own account, he came from Flavia Neapolis in Samaria (
1 Apol
. 1) but received a Greek education.
Lyons and Vienne, Letter of
Authors: Dehandschutter Boudewijn
Published: December 2012

In his
Church History
, Eusebius Of Caesarea starts the fifth book with a reference to the persecution of the Christians in Gaul “in the seventeenth year of the emperor Antoninus Verus (
sic
).”
Marcion and Marcionites
Authors: Roth Dieter T.
Published: December 2012

Marcion (ca. 100–160ce) was one of the most significant second‐century heretics (seeHeresy), whose importance is highlighted not only by the number of church fathers who wrote against him, but also by the length of the works written to refute him and the Marcionite movement.
Papias
Authors: Gregory Andrew
Published: December 2012

Papias of Hierapolis was quite possibly among the most influential Christian leaders of the first part of the second centuryCE. Yet we know little of his life or teaching.
Paul of Samosata
Authors: Williams Megan
Published: December 2012

Bishop of Antioch (259/60–268/69), successor of Demetrianus
(see
Antioch in Syria). He was condemned by councils meeting at Antioch in 264 and 268.
Penance
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: December 2012

In Roman Catholic theology penance is the sacrament of forgiveness for postbaptismal sin. The medieval theology and procedures were a development from early Christian beliefs and penitential practices. Some Hellenistic cults observed the confession of sins, and rabbinic Judaism developed disciplinary procedures differing according to the severity of the offense.
Philip, Acts of
Authors: Stoops Robert F.
Published: December 2012

TheActs of Philipnarrates the preaching, miracle working, and martyrdom of the apostle, who is not distinguished from Philip the evangelist.
Pontius Pilate
Authors: Bond Helen K.
Published: December 2012

The fifth Roman prefect of Judaea (26–early 37CE), Pilate gained notoriety for his part in the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth.
Quadratus
Authors: Kannaday Wayne C.
Published: December 2012

Quadratus (ca. early second century) is described by ancient sources as a disciple of the apostles and is generally regarded as the earliest Christian apologist (seeApologists).
Soul, Christian
Authors: Edwards Mark J.
Published: December 2012

The Greek nounpsychedenotes both soul and life, and is not univocally employed in the works of the earliest Christians, any more than in the sacred texts that they inherited from the Jews. Paul, on the authority of Genesis 2:7, calls the first man a living soul (1 Cor 15:45).
Thomas, Acts of
Authors: Stoops Robert F.
Published: December 2012

TheActs of Thomas, consisting of thirteen acts followed by a martyrdom, depicts Judas Thomas (or Didymos) as the twin brother of Jesus and apostle to Parthia and India.
Typology
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: December 2012

The hermeneutical principle of interpreting a character or fact of the Bible as a prefiguration (
typos
) of a future character or event is already internal to the Hebrew Bible, where the Exodus traditions are seen as types of Israel's final redemption (Isa 51–2).
Agrarian writers,agronomists
Authors: Goodman Penelope J.
Published: December 2012

Given the centrality of agricultural production to ancient life and the status accorded to the pursuit of farming, it is no surprise that ancient authors wrote extensively on the subject.
Annona
Authors: Stern Gaius
Published: December 2012

The term “annona” refers to the annual crop yield (like a GDP), which evolved to mean both the tax on land produce and the handout of food (the dole, a form of ancient welfare) in the city of Rome. Annona, a minor goddess of crop production, who personified the above‐mentioned dole, appears on many coins, often beside amodius(basket) carrying acornucopia(horn of plenty), sometimes with a ship in the background to represent the import of foreign grain with which to feed the city.
Auctions
Authors: García Morcillo Marta
Published: December 2012

An auction is basically a process by which something is sold after a competitive and open bidding, as suggested by the Latin termauctio, fromaugere(increase).
Study to Determine the Criterion Validity of the SenseWear Armband as a Measure of Physical Activity in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tierney Marie , Fraser Alexander , Purtill Helen , Kennedy Norelee
Published: December 2012

Objective

Measuring physical activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is of great importance in light of the increased mortality in this population due to cardiovascular disease. Validation of activity monitors in specific populations is recommended to ensure the accuracy of physical activity measurement. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the SenseWear Pro3 Armband (SWA) as a measure of physical activity during activities of daily living (ADL) in people with RA.

Methods

Fourteen subjects (8 men and 6 women) with a diagnosis of RA were recruited from rheumatology clinics at the Mid‐Western Regional Hospitals, Limerick, Ireland. Participants undertook a series of ADL of varying intensities. The SWA was compared to the criterion measures of the Oxycon Mobile indirect calorimetry system (energy expenditure in kJ) and of manual video observation (step count). Bland and Altman, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and correlation analyses were done using SPSS, version 19.0.

Results

The SWA showed substantial agreement (ICC 0.717, P < 0.001) and a strong relationship (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.852) compared with the criterion measure when estimating energy expenditure during ADL. However, it was found that the SWA overestimated energy expenditure, particularly at higher intensity levels. The ability of the SWA to estimate step counts during ADL was poor (ICC 0.304, P = 0.038).

Conclusion

The SWA can be considered a valid tool to estimate energy expenditure during ADL in the RA population; however, attention should be paid to its tendency to overestimate energy expenditure.
Novel Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides
Authors: Khazaei Mohammad , Arai Masao , Sasaki Taizo , Chung Chan‐Yeup , Venkataramanan Natarajan S. , Estili Mehdi , Sakka Yoshio , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2012

Layered MAX phases are exfoliated into 2D single layers and multilayers, so‐called MXenes. Using first‐principles calculations, the formation and electronic properties of various MXene systems, M2C (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Ta) and M2N (M = Ti, Cr, Zr) with surfaces chemically functionalized by F, OH, and O groups, are examined. Upon appropriate surface functionalization, Sc2C, Ti2C, Zr2C, and Hf2C MXenes are expected to become semiconductors. It is also derived theoretically that functionalized Cr2C and Cr2N MXenes are magnetic. Thermoelectric calculations based on the Boltzmann theory imply that semiconducting MXenes attain very large Seebeck coefficients at low temperatures.
Water‐Soluble Chiral Ruthenium(II) Phenyloxazoline Complex: Reusable and Highly Enantioselective Catalyst for Intramolecular Cyclopropanation Reactions
Authors: Abu‐Elfotoh Abdel‐Moneim , Nguyen Diem Phuong Thi , Chanthamath Soda , Phomkeona Kesiny , Shibatomi Kazutaka , Iwasa Seiji
Published: December 2012

The intramolecular cyclopropanation of various trans‐allylic diazoacetates and alkenyl diazoketones has been achieved with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee and in quantitative yields by using a water‐soluble ruthenium(II)/hydroxymethyl(phenyl)oxazoline catalyst in a water/ether biphasic medium. The catalyst could be reused at least five times.
Synthesis and Functionalization of Unsymmetrical Arylsulfonyl Bisindoles and Bisbenzazoles
Authors: Lancianesi Stefano , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino
Published: December 2012

A three‐component coupling of two different benzazole compounds with p‐toluenesulfinic acid allows the efficient preparation of unsymmetrical arylsulfonyl bisbenzazole derivatives. Substitution of the arylsulfonyl group from these adducts using sodium borohydride leads to the corresponding bisbenzazoles. Functional implementation of the bisbenzazole system can be achieved using Grignard and Reformatsky reagents.
Photo‐Induced Sonogashira CC Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Simple Copper(I) Chloride Salt at Room Temperature
Authors: Sagadevan Arunachalam , Hwang Kuo Chu
Published: December 2012

The conventional thermal Sonogashira CC coupling reaction requires the use of a palladium catalyst and a large amount of ligands. Although there were a few reports describing the use of inexpensive metal catalysts, such as, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni), for replacement of palladium (Pd) in the Sonogashira reactions, it was later questioned that the observed effects were due to ppb levels contamination of Pd present in the reagents used in the reactions. Herein, we report that simple copper(I) chloride (CuCl) salt, in the absence of Pd and ligands, can catalyze the Sonogashira reaction with high yields (80–99%) under blue LED light irradiation at room temperature. Control experiments show that no cross‐coupling product was formed, when palladium(II) chloride (PdCl2) was used to replace CuCl as a catalyst. A series of electron‐rich and electron‐poor substituted aryl halides (bromides and iodides) as well as aryl‐ and alkylacetylenes are examined and the reaction mechanism is discussed.
Intermolecular Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne Carboalkoxylation Reactions for the Multicomponent Assembly of β‐Alkoxy Ketones
Authors: Schultz Danielle M. , Babij Nicholas R. , Wolfe John P.
Published: December 2012

A new gold(I)‐catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of β‐alkoxy ketones from aldehydes, alcohols, and alkynes is described. This atom economical synthesis was achieved through the use of the gold complex (SPhos)AuNTf2 as a catalyst, and allows for the preparation of a diverse array of β‐alkoxy ketone products. Mechanistic studies illustrate that these reactions proceed via gold(I)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the alkyne to an aryl ketone, which then undergoes an aldol reaction with an oxocarbenium ion generated in situ from the aldehyde and alcohol components.
Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of peripherally tetra‐substituted Co(II) phthalocyanines for cyclohexene oxidation
Authors: Saka Ece Tugba , Biyiklioglu Zekeriya , Kantekin Halit , Kani İbrahim
Published: December 2012

New 3,3‐diphenylpropoxyphthalonitrile (5) was obtained from 3,3‐diphenylpropanol (3) and 4‐nitrophthalonitrile (4) with K2CO3 in DMF at 50 °C. The novel cobalt(II) phthalocyanine complexes, tetrakis‐[2‐(1,4‐dioxa‐8‐azaspiro[4.5]dec‐8‐yl)ethoxy] phthalocyaninato cobalt(II) (2) and tetrakis‐(3,3‐diphenylpropoxy)phthalocyaninato cobalt(II) (6) were prepared by the reaction of the phthalonitrile derivatives 1 and 5 with CoCl2 by microwave irradiation in 2‐(dimethylamino)ethanol for at 175 °C, 350 W for 7 and 10 min, respectively. These new cobalt(II)phthalocyanine complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, UV–visible and mass spectroscopy) as well as elemental analysis. Complexes 2 and 6 are employed as catalyst for the oxidation of cyclohexene using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m‐CPBA), aerobic oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant. It is observed that both complexes can selectively oxidize cyclohexene to give 2‐cyclohexene‐1‐ol as major product, and 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one and cyclohexene oxide as minor products. TBHP was found to be the best oxidant since minimal destruction of the catalyst, higher selectivity and conversion were observed in the products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of particulate resin‐luting agents with phosphate and carboxylic functional methacrylates as coupling agents
Authors: Habekost Luciano V. , Camacho Guilherme B. , Lima Giana S. , Ogliari Fabrício A. , Piva Evandro , Moraes Rafael R.
Published: December 2012

This study investigated properties of resin‐luting agents using silane [3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TSPM)], phosphoric acid methacrylate (PAM) [mono/bis(methacryloyloxyethyl (di)hydrogen phosphate)], or carboxylic acid methacrylate (CAM) [mono‐2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl maleate] as coupling agents between the inorganic and organic phases. Ba‐B‐Al‐Si microparticles (3 μm) and SiO2 nanoparticles (7 nm) were coated with TSPM, PAM, or CAM (control = no filler coating). A Bis‐GMA/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate comonomer was loaded with 60% mass of inorganic fillers. The properties evaluated were degree of CC conversion (DC), flexural strength (σ), and modulus (Ef), Knoop hardness number (KHN), and film thickness (FT). Dispersion/interaction of the particles with the resin phase was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No significant differences in DC were observed. For σ and Ef, TSPM > CAM > Control > PAM. For KHN, TSPM > CAM > PAM = Control. For FT, TSPM < Control < CAM < PAM. The SEM analysis revealed clustering of nanoparticles for all groups and better organic–inorganic phases interaction for TSPM and CAM. The use of TSPM generated agents with improved properties as compared with the acidic methacrylates, with CAM showing better performance than PAM. The use of PAM generated agents with properties usually poorer compared with the material with no coupling agent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of cerium‐doped titanium dioxide/ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene porous composites with excellent photocatalytic activity
Authors: Gong Lixiu , Zhou Zhufa , Wang Shumei , Wang Ben
Published: December 2012

Porous ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)‐based composites filled with surface‐modified Ce‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Ce–TiO2/UHMWPE) were prepared by template dissolution. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectra, and scanning electron microscopy); the photocatalytic activity was also evaluated by the decomposition of methyl orange under UV exposure. The results demonstrate that the severe aggregation of Ce–TiO2 nanoparticles could be reduced by surface modification via a silane coupling agent (KH570). The Ce–TiO2/UHMWPE porous composites exhibited a uniform pore size. Doping with Ce4+ effectively extended the spectral response from the UV to the visible region and enhanced the surface hydroxyl groups of the TiO2 attached to the matrix. With a degradation rate of 85.3%, the 1.5 vol % Ce–TiO2/UHMWPE sample showed the best photocatalytic activity. The excellent permeability of the porous composites is encouraging for their possible use in wastewater treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A new softening agent for melt spinning of softwood kraft lignin
Authors: Nordström Ylva , Norberg Ida , Sjöholm Elisabeth , Drougge Rickard
Published: December 2012

Kraft lignin obtained from the pulping of wood is an interesting new precursor material for carbon fiber production because of its high carbon content and ready availability. However, continuous spinning of softwood kraft lignin (SKL) has been impossible because of its insufficient softening characteristics and neat hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) has required extensive pretreatments to enable fiber formation. Softwood kraft lignin permeate (SKLP) and hardwood kraft lignin permeate (HKLP), fractionated by membrane filtration, were continuously melt spun into fibers. To improve the spinnability of SKL and HKL, HKLP was added as a softening agent. SKL‐ and HKL‐based fibers were obtained by adding 3–98 wt % HKLP. A suitable temperature range for spinning was 20–85°C above the Tg of the lignin samples, and this range gave a flawless appearance according to the SEM analysis. Smooth, homogeneous fibers of SKLP, HKLP, and SKL with HKLP were successfully processed into solid carbon fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Microstructure and shape memory effect of acidic carbon nanotubes reinforced polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites
Authors: Du Fei‐Peng , Ye En‐Zhou , Tang Chak‐Yin , Ng Sun‐Pui , Zhou Xing‐Ping , Xie Xiao‐Lin
Published: December 2012

Specimens of acidic multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (AMWNTs) reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposites (AMWNTs‐PVA) were prepared using different amounts of AMWNTs by the traditional solution casting, involving ultrasonic wave agitation. The microstructures and tensile properties of AMWNTs‐PVA were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and quasi‐static tensile testing. AMWNTs had good compatibility with PVA and dispersed evenly in the PVA matrix. The incorporation of AMWNTs improved the tensile modulus and strength of the PVA. The shape recovery testing revealed the shape recovery capacity of AMWNTs‐PVA. It was observed that the recovery ratio increased, and the shape recovery rate slightly decrease with the increase of AMWNTs content. The results showed that the AMWNTs had strong interaction with the segments of the PVA and hence affected the shape recovery behavior of PVA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Steep Increase in Myonuclear Domain Size During Infancy
Authors: Delhaas Tammo , Van der Meer Sander F.T. , Schaart Gert , Degens Hans , Drost Maarten R.
Published: December 2012

We investigated whether myonuclear number increases in proportion to the increase in fiber size during maturational growth of skeletal muscle. Thoraco‐abdominal muscle tissue was obtained from twenty 6‐day to 15‐year‐old boys and girls during cardiothoracic surgery. Cross‐sections were stained by anti‐laminin for the basal lamina and by DAPI to identify nuclei. Basal lamina was traced on digital images to measure the fiber cross‐sectional area (FCSA). Nuclei located within the basal lamina were considered myonuclei if pax7‐negative and satellite cell nuclei if pax7‐positive. Samples of two children were excluded from analysis because of clear signs of hypoxia as shown by positive carbonic anhydrase IX staining. Linear regression showed that FCSA increased with age by 187 μm2·per annum (R2 = 0.90; P < 0.001). Satellite cell density showed a dramatic decrease in the first months of life, but this was not accompanied by an increase in myonuclei per muscle fiber cross‐section. Till four years of age the number of myonuclei per muscle fiber cross‐section remained relatively constant but increased thereafter. Myonuclear domain size showed a steep increase during infancy and reached adult values in the young adolescent phase. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological Evaluation of Androstene Derivatives
Authors: Garrido Mariana , Bratoeff Eugene , García‐Lorenzana Mario , Heuze Yvonne , Soriano Juan , Valencia Norma , Cortes Francisco , Cabeza Marisa
Published: December 2012

The effect of several new dihydroepiandrosterone ester derivatives A2–A6 was demonstrated using female cycling mice, which were synchronized for estrus with luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) and injected with the steroids. The binding to the progesterone receptor (PR), was obtained from the cytosol of uteri from adult estrogen‐primed rabbits. A1 binds to the PR and inhibited the ovulation in cycling mice stimulated with LHRH. The activity of the endometrium and mammary glands in these mice was markedly reduced as compared to the control. A2, A4, and A5 were not active; nevertheless, A3 binds to the PR with high affinity. However, this steroid did not produce any effect as compared to that observed for the control in the endometrial and mammary glands. A6 binds to the PR with the highest affinity and induces a synergistic activity with progesterone in these tissues. Furthermore, A6 inhibited the ovulation in the same manner as A1. These results suggested that A1 and A6 are blocking the gonadotropin secretion. A1 inhibited the conversion of progesterone to 5α‐progesterone. As a result of this, a blockage of the ductal and alveolar epithelial cell proliferation in the mammary and endometrial glands, which depends on 5α‐progesterone, was also observed.
Validation of a method for measuring medical students' critical reflections on professionalism in gross anatomy
Authors: Wittich Christopher M. , Pawlina Wojciech , Drake Richard L. , Szostek Jason H. , Reed Darcy A. , Lachman Nirusha , McBride Jennifer M. , Mandrekar Jayawant N. , Beckman Thomas J.
Published: December 2012

Improving professional attitudes and behaviors requires critical self reflection. Research on reflection is necessary to understand professionalism among medical students. The aims of this prospective validation study at the Mayo Medical School and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine were: (1) to develop and validate a new instrument for measuring reflection on professionalism, and (2) determine whether learner variables are associated with reflection on the gross anatomy experience. An instrument for assessing reflections on gross anatomy, which was comprised of 12 items structured on five‐point scales, was developed. Factor analysis revealed a three‐dimensional model including low reflection (four items), moderate reflection (five items), and high reflection (three items). Item mean scores ranged from 3.05 to 4.50. The overall mean for all 12 items was 3.91 (SD = 0.52). Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α) was satisfactory for individual factors and overall (Factor 1 α = 0.78; Factor 2 α = 0.69; Factor 3 α = 0.70; Overall α = 0.75). Simple linear regression analysis indicated that reflection scores were negatively associated with teamwork peer scores (P = 0.018). The authors report the first validated measurement of medical student reflection on professionalism in gross anatomy. Critical reflection is a recognized component of professionalism and may be important for behavior change. This instrument may be used in future research on professionalism among medical students. Anat Sci Educ 6: 232–238. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Peer review in a changing world: An international study measuring the attitudes of researchers
Authors: Mulligan Adrian , Hall Louise , Raphael Ellen
Published: December 2012

This large‐scale international study measures the attitudes of more than 4,000 researchers toward peer review. In 2009, 40,000 authors of research papers from across the globe were invited to complete an online survey. Researchers were asked to rate a number of general statements about peer review, and then a subset of respondents, who had themselves peer reviewed, rated a series of statements concerning their experience of peer review. The study found that the peer review process is highly regarded by the vast majority of researchers and considered by most to be essential to the communication of scholarly research. Nine out of 10 authors believe that peer review improved the last paper they published. Double‐blind peer review is considered the most effective form of peer review. Nearly three quarters of researchers think that technological advances are making peer review more effective. Most researchers believe that although peer review should identify fraud, it is very difficult for it to do so. Reviewers are committed to conducting peer review in the future and believe that simple practical steps, such as training new reviewers would further improve peer review.
Heterocycle‐linked Phenylbenzyl Amides as Novel TRPV1 Antagonists and Their TRPV1 Binding Modes: Constraint‐Induced Enhancement of In Vitro and In Vivo Activities
Authors: Kim Nam‐Jung , Li Fu‐Nan , Lee Jin Hee , Park Seul‐gi , Kim Kyeojin , Lim Changjin , Han Young Taek , Yun Hwayoung , Jung Jong‐Wha , Park Hyeung‐geun , Kim Hee‐Doo , Woo Byoung Young , Shin Song Seok , Kim Sun‐Young , Choi Jin Kyu , Jeong Yeon‐Su , Park Yanghui , Park Young‐Ho , Kim Dae‐Duk , Choi Sun , Suh Young‐Ger
Published: December 2012

A series of heterocycle‐linked constrained phenylbenzyl amides were found to be TRPV1 antagonists with promising in vivo profiles. In particular, one of the analogues containing a furan linker exhibited excellent TRPV1 antagonistic activity and in vivo analgesic efficacy. In addition, the binding modes of dibenzyl thiourea, benzylphenethyl amide, and furan‐linked phenylbenzyl amide were examined by using the flexible docking study within the rTRPV1 homology model.
Sequence and domain arrangements influence mechanical properties of elastin‐like polymeric elastomers
Authors: Miao Ming , Sitarz Eva , Bellingham Catherine M. , Won Emily , Muiznieks Lisa D. , Keeley Fred W.
Published: December 2012

Elastin is the polymeric, extracellular matrix protein that provides properties of extensibility and elastic recoil to large arteries, lung parenchyma, and other tissues. Elastin assembles by crosslinking through lysine residues of its monomeric precursor, tropoelastin. Tropoelastin, as well as polypeptides based on tropoelastin sequences, undergo a process of self‐assembly that aligns lysine residues for crosslinking. As a result, both the full‐length monomer as well as elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs) can be made into biomaterials whose properties resemble those of native polymeric elastin. Using both full‐length human tropoelastin (hTE) as well as ELPs, we and others have previously reported on the influence of sequence and domain arrangements on self‐assembly properties. Here we investigate the role of domain sequence and organization on the tensile mechanical properties of crosslinked biomaterials fabricated from ELP variants. In general, substitutions in ELPs involving similiar domain types (hydrophobic or crosslinking) had little effect on mechanical properties. However, modifications altering either the structure or the characteristic sequence style of these domains had significant effects on such properties. In addition, using a series of deletion and replacement constructs for full‐length hTE, we provide new insights into the role of conserved domains of tropoelastin in determining mechanical properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 392–407, 2013.
Das Vermächtnis von Lonesome George
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: December 2012

“Lonesome George ist tot” – diese Nachricht ging um die Welt. Die hundertjährige Galapagos‐Riesenschildkröte war die letzte ihrer Art und damit aus menschlicher Sicht wohl das einsamste Tier auf der Erde. Lonesome George war und ist eine Symbolfigur für bedrohte Tierarten, nicht nur auf Galapagos. Der Verlust belebt die Diskussion darüber, wie man seltene Arten erhalten kann.
Auch Pflanzen drängeln
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: December 2012

Wie zwischen allen Lebewesen herrscht auch unter Pflanzen ein unerbittlicher Krieg um Ressourcen. Beim Kampf um das Licht geht es darum, nicht im Schatten zu stehen und sich im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes ins beste Licht zu setzen. Die erste Wahrnehmung eines vom Nachbarn herüber wachsenden Blattes geschieht über die direkte Berührung – lange bevor die Pflanze im Schatten steht.
Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies on Removal of Lead(II) onto Glutamic Acid/Sepiolite
Authors: Karaoğlu M. Hamdi , Kula İbrahim , Uğurlu Mehmet
Published: December 2012

In this study, a modified method was used to increase the adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions by using modified clay mineral on the laboratory scale. Adsorption experiments have been carried out on the use of both thermal activated sepiolite (TAS) and their glutamate/sepiolite modification (GS) as adsorbents. The experimental data was analyzed using adsorption kinetic models (pseudo first‐ and second‐order equations). The pseudo second‐order kinetic model fitted well to the kinetic data (R2 ≥ 0.99). Then, the Freundlich and Langmuir models were applied to describe the uptake of Pb(II) on GS and the Langmuir isotherm model agrees well with the equilibrium experimental data (R2 ≥ 0.97). The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 128.205 mg/g by GS according to the Langmuir equation. Desorption efficiency of the GS was studied by the batch method using EDTA, HCl, and HNO3 solutions. Desorption of 69.18, 74.55, and 80% of Pb(II) from GS was achieved with 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.1 M HNO3 solutions, respectively. FTIR analysis suggests the importance of functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl during Pb(II) removal. SEM observations demonstrated that an important interaction at the lead‐modified sepiolite interface occurred during the adsorption process. In addition, the thermodynamic constants was calculated that the values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*) of modification were 86.79 kJ/mol, −18.91 kJ/mol, and −354.70 J/mol/K, respectively. The negative value of ΔH* shows exothermic nature of adsorption.
Dendritic cell modification as a route to inhibiting corneal graft rejection by the indirect pathway of allorecognition
Authors: Khan Adnan , Fu Hongmei , Tan Lee Aun , Harper Jennifer E. , Beutelspacher Sven C. , Larkin Daniel F. P. , Lombardi Giovanna , McClure Myra O. , George Andrew J. T.
Published: December 2012

Dendritic cell (DC) modification is a potential strategy to induce clinical transplantation tolerance. We compared two DC modification strategies to inhibit allogeneic T‐cell proliferation. In the first strategy, murine DCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing CTLA4‐KDEL, a fusion protein that prevents surface CD80/86 expression by retaining the co‐stimulatory molecules within the ER. In the second approach, DCs were transduced to express the tryptophan‐catabolising enzyme IDO. CTLA4‐KDEL‐expressing DCs induced anergy in alloreactive T cells and generated both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− Treg cells (with direct and indirect donor allospecificity and capacity for linked suppression) both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, T‐cell unresponsiveness induced by IDO+ DCs lacked donor specificity. In the absence of any immunosuppressive treatment, i.v. administration of CTLA4‐KDEL‐expressing DCs resulted in long‐term survival of corneal allografts only when the DCs were capable of indirect presentation of alloantigen. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of CTLA4‐KDEL‐expressing DCs in tolerance induction.
Pseudohalide‐Controlled Assemblies of Copper–Schiff Base Complexes with an Encapsulated Sodium Ion: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Computational Studies
Authors: Maiti Monami , Sadhukhan Dipali , Thakurta Santarupa , Sen Shubhatam , Zangrando Ennio , Butcher Ray J. , Deka Ramesh C. , Mitra Samiran
Published: December 2012

Three new hetero‐bimetallic coordination complexes [Na(CuIIL1)2](ClO4)·0.5H2O (1), [Na(CuIIL2)2][CuI2(μ1,3‐NCS)3]n (2), and {[Na(CuIIL3)2](μ1,5‐dca)}n (3; dca = dicyanamide) have been synthesized by using different Schiff base ligands [e.g., L1H2 = N,N′‐bis(3‐methoxysalicylidenimino)‐1,3‐diaminopentane, L2H2 = N,N′‐bis(3‐ethoxysalicylidenimino)‐1,3‐diaminopropane, and L3H2 = N,N′‐bis(5‐bromo‐3‐methoxysalicylidenimino)‐1,3‐diaminopropane] in the presence of pseudohalide coligands N3–, SCN–, and N(CN)2– (dca), respectively. The ligands and the complexes have been characterized by microanalytical and spectroscopic techniques. The structures of the complexes, determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies, show that in all cases a trinuclear Na(CuIIL)2 unit is formed, but of different configurations. 1 does not include N3– anions. In contrast, in 2, SCN– extrudes partial in situ reduction of CuII to lead to the formation of an infinite [CuI2(μ1,3‐NCS)3]n anionic chain; and in 3, N(CN)2– bridges the metal–ligand assemblies to form a 1D polymeric chain. ESI‐MS, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were performed to investigate the solution‐state behavior of the complexes. Theoretical calculations of the optimized geometries of the complexes were carried out at the BLYP/DNP level to determine their relative stabilities from the HOMO–LUMO gap and chemical softness values.
Sulfite Anions as Structure‐Directing Templates for the Engineering of Modular Polyoxometalates
Authors: Miras Haralampos N. , Chilas George I. , Cronin Leroy , Kabanos Themistoklis A.
Published: December 2012

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are anionic metal oxides and encompass a diverse family of nanosized compounds with an unmatched range of architectures and physical properties. The use of the pyramidal sulfite anion, with its numerous coordination modes, has introduced structural diversity into the POM‐based chemical systems, giving rise to the formation of novel synthons for the construction of unprecedented architectures ranging from low‐nuclearity, isolable secondary building units to POM‐based molecular nanoparticles, open‐framework and 3D coordination materials, and the emergence of novel properties.
Synthesis of Ruthenium Half‐Sandwich Complexes by Naphthalene Replacement in [CpRu(C10H8)]+
Authors: Perekalin Dmitry S. , Karslyan Eduard E. , Trifonova Evgeniya A. , Konovalov Andrew I. , Loskutova Natalia L. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: December 2012

Replacement of the naphthalene ligand in ruthenium complex [CpRu(C10H8)]+ (1) by halide anions readily proceeds at room temperature to give insoluble oligomeric species [CpRuX]n (X = Cl, Br, I). Similar reactions in the presence of mono‐ or bidentate ligands afford complexes [CpRuL2X] where L = CO, P(OMe)3, tBuNC; L2 = dppm, dppe, dppp, bipy, phen, cod, nbd, or 1,4‐diphenylbutadiene. Useful catalysts [CpRu(cod)X] were obtained by this method in 70–90 % yields. The structure of [CpRu(cod)I] was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Reaction of 1 with Br– and allyl bromide afforded RuIV complex [CpRu(η3‐C3H5)]Br2. Cation 1 also was found to react with azide anion in the presence of bidentate phosphanes to afford [CpRuL2N3] (L2 = dppm, dppe). Reaction of 1 with neutral ligands in the absence of nucleophilic anions proceeded under visible‐light irradiation to give cationic complexes [CpRuL3]+ [L = CO, P(OMe)3, P(OEt)3, tBuNC] in 80–90 % yields. Complex 1 (2 mol‐%) catalyzed cyclotrimerization of dipropargyl Meldrum's acid with various alkynes RC≡CH [R = H, Bu, Hex, Ph, SiMe3, (CH2)4C≡CH, (CH2)3OH, (CH2)2Br, CH2OMe, CH2OAc, CH2NMeBoc] producing benzene derivatives in 50–85 % yields. According to DFT calculations, the attack of the first ligand (Cl– or L) is a rate‐determining step in the naphthalene replacement in 1. The activation barrier for attack of the Cl– anion is ca. 10 kcal mol–1 lower in energy than that of the neutral ligands L = CO, MeNC, MeCN, thus providing a rationale for the faster reaction in the presence of halide anions. The barriers for naphthalene replacement in 1 were also found to be ca. 10–15 kcal mol–1 lower in energy than those for the benzene replacement in [CpRu(C6H6)]+.
Synthesis and Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Star‐Shaped Chromophores Derived from Functionalized Fluorene Units
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chau , Liu Che‐Yu , Huang Bor‐Rong , Lin Ja‐Hon , Shen Yu‐Kai , Wu Cheng‐Yu
Published: December 2012

A set of small star‐shaped chromophores composed of three fluorene‐based congeners have been synthesized and shown experimentally to possess strong and widely dispersed two‐photon absorptivities in the visible to near‐IR region under the irradiation of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses. In addition, the number of electron‐donating fluorenyl units incorporated in the final structure was closely connected to the molecular two‐photon activities of these model compounds. Effective optical power attenuation and stabilization behaviors of these dye molecules in the nanosecond time domain were also investigated. The results indicate that such a structural motif could be useful in the molecular design of strong two‐photon absorbing material systems for quick‐responding and broadband optical suppressing‐related applications, particularly for laser pulses with long durations in the near‐IR region.
Consortium diversity of a sulfate‐reducing biofilm developed at acidic pH influent conditions in a down‐flow fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Montoya Lilia , Celis Lourdes B. , Gallegos‐García Marisol , Razo‐Flores Elías , Alpuche‐Solís Ángel G.
Published: December 2012

Sulfate reduction is an appropriate approach for the treatment of effluents with sulfate and dissolved metals. In sulfate‐reducing reactors, acetate may largely contribute to the residual organic matter, because not all sulfate reducers are able to couple the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of sulfate, limiting the treatment efficiency. In this study, we investigated the diversity of a bacterial community in the biofilm of a laboratory scale down‐flow fluidized bed reactor, which was developed under sulfidogenic conditions at an influent pH between 4 and 6. The sequence analysis of the microbial community showed that the 16S rRNA gene sequence of almost 50% of the clones had a high similarity with Anaerolineaceae. At second place, 33% of the 16S rRNA phylotypes were affiliated with the sulfate‐reducing bacteria Desulfobacca acetoxidans and Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans, suggesting that acetotrophic sulfate reduction was occurring in the system. The remaining bacterial phylotypes were related to fermenting bacteria found at the advanced stage of reactor operation. The results indicate that the acetotrophic sulfate‐reducing bacteria were able to remain within the biofilm, which is a significant result because few natural consortia harbor complete oxidizing sulfate‐reducers, improving the acetate removal via sulfate reduction in the reactor.
Mesh adaptation for simulation of unsteady flow with moving immersed boundaries
Authors: Zhou C.H. , Ai J.Q.
Published: December 2012

In this work, an approach for performing mesh adaptation in the numerical simulation of two‐dimensional unsteady flow with moving immersed boundaries is presented. In each adaptation period, the mesh is refined in the regions where the solution evolves or the moving bodies pass and is unrefined in the regions where the phenomena or the bodies deviate. The flow field and the fluid–solid interface are recomputed on the adapted mesh. The adaptation indicator is defined according to the magnitude of the vorticity in the flow field. There is no lag between the adapted mesh and the computed solution, and the adaptation frequency can be controlled to reduce the errors due to the solution transferring between the old mesh and the new one. The preservation of conservation property is mandatory in long‐time scale simulations, so a P1‐conservative interpolation is used in the solution transferring. A nonboundary‐conforming method is employed to solve the flow equations. Therefore, the moving‐boundary flows can be simulated on a fixed mesh, and there is no need to update the mesh at each time step to follow the motion or the deformation of the solid boundary. To validate the present mesh adaptation method, we have simulated several unsteady flows over a circular cylinder stationary or with forced oscillation, a single self‐propelled swimming fish, and two fish swimming in the same or different directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and application of a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR using a minor‐groove‐binding probe for the detection of a novel bunyavirus in clinical specimens
Authors: Li Zhifeng , Cui Lunbiao , Zhou Minghao , Qi Xian , Bao Changjun , Hu Jianli , Shan Jun , Wu Bin , Wang Shenjiao , Guo Xiling , Jiao Yongjun , Tang Fenyang , Wang Hua
Published: December 2012

A highly sensitive one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR method using a minor‐groove‐binding (MGB) probe was developed for detection and quantitation of severe febrile with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The assay could discriminate SFTSV infection from other related viral diseases in human with a minimum detection limit of 10 viral RNA copies/µl and was 1,000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. Strong linear correlations (r2 > 0.99) between the Ct values and viral RNA standards over a linear range were obtained. The coefficients of variation of intra‐ and inter‐assay reproducibility were both less than 2%. The RT‐PCR was also shown to be highly specific, as no positive signals were detected for other related viruses. Evaluation of this assay with serum samples from laboratory confirmed cases and healthy donors showed 100% clinical diagnostic sensitivity and over 99% specificity. Clinical application with samples from 287 patients admitted to the hospital with suspected SFTSV infection showed that 15% were infected by SFTSV. This assay was rapid, requiring just over 2 hr, including the nucleic acid extraction step. J. Med. Virol. 85:370–377, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wind speed trends over China: quantifying the magnitude and assessing causality
Authors: Chen L. , Li D. , Pryor S. C.
Published: December 2012

Temporal trends (1971–2007) in 10‐m wind speeds from homogeneous observational data sets from 540 weather stations and reanalysis data sets are quantified and compared. Also, possible physical cause of inconsistencies between the data sets and temporal trends and variability in wind speeds are investigated. Annual mean wind speeds from the observational data exhibit pronounced downward trends especially in the upper percentiles and during spring. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis reproduces the observed wind speeds, seasonality and temporal trends better than the ERA‐40 even though it shows larger interannual fluctuations. The warm and cold AO and ENSO phases have significant influence on probability distribution of wind speeds, thus internal climate variability is a major source of both interannual and long‐term variability.
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VI
Authors: Nafie Laurence A.
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for this review is derived from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations featuring Raman spectroscopy presented at the XXIII International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy in Bangalore, India, in August 2012 and at Scientific Exchange 2012 sponsored by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, October 2012. Papers published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy in 2011 are highlighted in this review and reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy, a field that is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of the harmonic scalpel in neck dissection: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Shin Yoo Seob , Koh Yoon Woo , Kim Se‐Heon , Choi Eun Chang
Published: December 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Recently, the Harmonic scalpel (HS) has been used in head and neck surgery as an alternative to conventional hand‐tied ligation for hemostasis. Limited data have been published on the evidence of its safety in neck dissection (ND), especially in radical ND. We intended to investigate the safety and efficacy of the HS in ND, while using conventional hand‐tied ligation to a minimum.

Method:

Fifty‐nine patients who underwent ND with primary head and neck cancer resection were enrolled in this study. The group using HS consisted of 29 patients, and the conventional hand‐tied ligation technique (CT) group comprised of 30 patients. The following variables were examined: operating time, intraoperative bleeding, incidence of perioperative complications, the number of lymph nodes, total amount of drainage, duration of drain placement, and days of hospital stay.

Result:

The use of the HS reduced the operating time of comprehensive ND by an average of 46.5 minutes (P < 0.001), and blood loss was significantly decreased in the HS group than the CT group (163.8 ± 33.8 cc vs. 203.8 ± 36.5 cc, P = 0.002). The number of lymph nodes was not significantly different between the two groups. No significant difference was observed in the total amount of drainage, duration of drain placement, days of hospital stay, and perioperative complications.

Conclusions:

The HS is a relatively safe and effective alternative method for hand‐tie ligation in ND. Moreover, the HS significantly reduced the operating time and amount of blood loss.