bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel Algorithms and Computing for Large‐Scale Electromagnetic Simulation
Authors: Lam King Wai , Chan Ka Fai , Chan Chi Hou
Published: November 2024

The rapid growth of technology in computing architecture and networking has resulted in fundamental changes in the way we perform computational analysis in science and engineering. Some problems that are intractable because they are computation‐intensive in memory and/or CPU time can now be solved in an effective manner with the help of parallel computing. The aim of this article is to introduce to readers some examples of parallel computing algorithms that were developed for the computational electromagnetics community but are also applicable to other fields in science and engineering. In this article, the construction components of parallel computing platforms are introduced. A Beowulf cluster, which is a system with distributed memory multiprocessor architecture, will be briefly discussed. Some of the most popular simulation techniques in computational electromagnetics such as the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method and the method of moments (MoM) are discussed. Several methods of solving a full matrix either directly or iteratively will also be discussed. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the use of these algorithms and their implementations on the parallel computing platform for solving large‐scale electromagnetic problems.
Terahertz Science, Engineering and Systems—from Space to Earth Applications
Authors: De Maagt Peter , Bolivar Peter Haring , Mann Chris
Published: November 2024

The terahertz (THz) part of the electromagnetic spectrum falls between the lower frequency millimetre wave region and, at higher frequencies, the far‐infrared region. As the THz region separates the more established domains of microwaves and optics, a typical THz technique will incorporate aspects of both realms, and may even draw on the best of both. The two bounding parts of the spectrum also yield distinct sets of methods of generating and detecting THz waves. As a result of breakthroughs in technology, the THz region is finally finding applications outside its traditional heartlands of remote sensing and radio astronomy. Extensive research has identified many attractive uses and has paved the technological path towards flexible and accessible THz systems. This paper discusses the range of THz applications (both space and terrestrial) and will present the components and systems that are utilised for the region, both from a sort of historic perspective and from the point of view of recent developments. A split has been made in microwave THz and optical THz technology according to the underlying basic technologies. Future trends are also discussed.
Frequency Standards, Characterization
Authors: Ferre-Pikal Eva S. , Walls Fred L.
Published: November 2024

We describe the characterization of frequency standards following the general definitions accepted by the IEEE, the International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunications (ITU‐R), and the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR). We describe what is meant by accuracy and frequency stability of a frequency standard. The variations in frequency (which define the frequency stability) can be classified into two basic types: random and systematic. To characterize random variations in frequency, the systematic effects must be removed from the data. Special statistical techniques other than the standard variance must then be used to quantify random variations in frequency because some of the noise processes are not stationary. As part of the statistical treatment, we describe how to determine confidence intervals for the estimates of the various types of random frequency noise.
Who Said What? The Effects of Cognitive Load on Source Monitoring and Memory for Multiple witnesses' Accounts
Authors: Hanway Pamela , Akehurst Lucy , Vernham Zarah , Hope Lorraine
Published: November 2024

Investigative interviewers are often required to accurately remember information that has been provided by different people. This can be at the scene of an event or during follow‐up investigations in interview rooms. Interviewers must accurately monitor the source of information to differentiate between witnesses' accounts and to assess what information is novel and what has been corroborated by others or by physical evidence. The current research examined the effects of cognitive load on memory and source monitoring accuracy for information provided by multiple witnesses. Participants, under conditions of high cognitive load (HCL) where load was induced via interviewer‐relevant tasks (e.g., formulating questions) or no cognitive load (NCL), watched five mock‐witnesses' accounts of the same crime. Each witness provided several details of the crime that were unique to their individual account. When asked about account details, and which witness had provided each detail, mock‐interviewers' memory accuracy was lower in the HCL condition than the NCL condition. There was no difference between cognitive load conditions for source monitoring accuracy, which was poor regardless of condition.
Flame Retardant Strategies and Applications of Organic Phase Change Materials: A Review
Authors: Liu Mingyong , Qiao Jiaxin , Zhang Xiaoguang , Guo Zijiao , Liu Xianjie , Lin Fankai , Yang Mengyao , Fan Jiahang , Wu Xiaowen , Huang Zhaohui
Published: November 2024

Due to their good chemical and thermal stability, high heat of melting, and suitability within the desired temperature range, organic phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for cooling electronic devices, new energy utilization, solar thermal power generation, industrial waste heat recovery processes, and greenhouse construction. However, the flammability of organic PCMs has limited their commercial viability. In recent years, researchers have been striving to improve the flame retardancy of organic PCMs through various strategies, raising the question of which modification strategy best enhances the flame retardancy for different types of composite PCMs. Therefore, a comprehensive and timely review is needed to gain insight into the mechanism of action for flame retardant properties enhancement. This article firstly introduces the types of flame retardants and flame retardant mechanism, and briefly introduces the test methods commonly used in the laboratory for the analysis of flame retardant mechanism. Secondly, the strategies for improving the flame retardancy of organic PCMs are systematically summarized, and some scenarios for the application of organic flame‐retardant PCMs are introduced. Eventually, the challenges and future perspectives of the evolution of organic flame retardant PCMs are presented. This review is expected to provide new insights for the rational design of high flame‐retardant organic PCMs.
Room Temperature Evolution of Laser‐Induced Ultrafast Spin and Phonon Dynamics in 2D van der Waals Magnets FexGeTe2 (x = 3, 4, 5)
Authors: Adhikari Arundhati , Mahato Bipul Kumar , Sahoo Sourav , Mukhopadhyay Suchetana , Palit Mainak , Bera Satyabrata , Datta Subhadeep , Mondal Mintu , Barman Anjan
Published: November 2024

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets are the incentive for a new era of spintronics research with unprecedented opportunities. Hitherto, maximum research on vdW magnets is restricted by cryogenic temperature due to the inability to retain long‐range magnetic order at room temperature. The present study demonstrates the emergence of spin dynamics in association with phonon dynamics at room temperature in chemically exfoliated FexGeTe2 (x = 3,4,5) flakes employing a time‐resolved magneto‐optical Kerr effect microscope. The highly intense femtosecond laser pulse is supposed to establish magnetic ordering. This photoinduced magnetization is realized and modulated in the ultrafast demagnetization and GHz frequency precessional dynamics. Furthermore, coherent phonon excitation at optical regime is observed which subsequently triggers THz frequency magnon modes via direct spin‐phonon coupling. This study unfolds an all‐optical route to control optomagnetic properties and the future perspectives of 2D vdW magnets for multidisciplinary applications.
Wide Detection Range Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on 3D Interlocking Structure TPU/ZnO NWs
Authors: He Jiang , Wang Siyuan , Han Renhou , Liu Yue , Gao Wenchao , Bao Rongrong , Pan Caofeng
Published: November 2024

The high sensitivity and wide linear sensing range are two crucial performance parameters for pressure sensors. This paper presents a flexible pressure sensor based on a 3D interlocking structure resembling the biomimetic dog‐tail grass. The 3D interlocking structure of TPU/ZnO nanowires (NWs) uniformly increases with the applied pressure, resulting in a proportional increase in the contact area. Simultaneously, ZnO NWs form an upper sparse and lower dense structure on the TPU skeleton, enabling it to withstand exceptionally high pressures. Leveraging these advantages, the flexible pressure sensor exhibits elevated sensitivity (29.7 kPa−1) and an ultra‐wide linear sensing range (up to 2250 kPa), representing a significant improvement compared to prior research. The sensor demonstrates outstanding performance in terms of repeatability and stability. Furthermore, applications in wearable electronic devices and pixel analysis in pressure array configurations are demonstrated, showcasing high performance achieved through straightforward and cost‐effective fabrication methods, thereby offering a promising strategy for future developments in flexible electronic devices.
Click‐Beetles‐Inspired Light‐Driven Continuous Jumping Robots Based on Janus Azobenzene Polymer Films
Authors: Kuang Zhenxin , Liu Junchao , Meng Weihao , Ikeda Tomiki , Wang Jingxia , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2024

Azobenzene‐mesogen photo‐actuator is frequently utilized in diverse bionic motions due to their unparalleled advantages of wireless and reversible actuation. The realm of jumping behavior remains unexplored for azobenzene‐based actuators. Inspired by the Click‐beetles, here a Janus light‐driven jumping robot is achieved through the integration effect of an azobenzene molecule (with a short thermal relaxation time) and a splay alignment. The prepared Azobenzene liquid crystal films exhibit remarkable light‐driven continuous jumping capabilities, with jumping heights of 35 body lengths (BL) and takeoff speeds of 0.67 m s−1 (670 BL s−1), these data currently surpass the performance of small‐mass jumping robots. This research will be helpful for the design of novel actuators and broaden of the application scenarios of azobenzene actuators.
Thioether‐Functionalized Cellulose for the Fabrication of Oxidation‐Responsive Biomaterial Coatings and Films
Authors: DuBois Eric M. , Herrema Kate E. , Simkulet Matthew G. , Hassan Laboni F. , O'Connor Payton R. , Sen Riya , O'Shea Timothy M.
Published: November 2024

Biomaterial coatings and films can prevent premature failure and enhance the performance of chronically implanted medical devices. However, current hydrophilic polymer coatings and films have significant drawbacks, including swelling and delamination. To address these issues, hydroxyethyl cellulose is modified with thioether groups to generate an oxidation‐responsive polymer, HECMTP. HECMTP readily dissolves in green solvents and can be fabricated as coatings or films with tunable thicknesses. HECMTP coatings effectively scavenge hydrogen peroxide, resulting in the conversion of thioether groups to sulfoxide groups on the polymer chain. Oxidation‐driven, hydrophobic‐to‐hydrophilic transitions that are isolated to the surface of HECMTP coatings under physiologically relevant conditions increase wettability, decrease stiffness, and reduce protein adsorption to generate a non‐fouling interface with minimal coating delamination or swelling. HECMTP can be used in diverse optical applications and permits oxidation‐responsive, controlled drug release. HECMTP films are non‐resorbable in vivo and evoke minimal foreign body responses. These results highlight the versatility of HECMTP and support its incorporation into chronically implanted medical devices.
Layer Number Controllable Molybdenum Disulfide Film Growth and Its Applications in Vertical and Planar Photodetectors
Authors: Huang Yu‐Han , Chen Zhi‐Wei , Wu Chao‐Hsin , Lee Po‐Tsung , Lin Shih‐Yen
Published: November 2024

Wafer‐scale and layered MoS2 films are grown by sulfurizing amorphous MoS2 films deposited on sapphire substrates by using a radio‐frequency sputtering system. To verify the layer numbers of the multi‐layer MoS2 films, atomic layer etchings are adopted. Wafer‐scale MoS2 film growth with good layer number uniformity up to 30 is observed. A vertical device with 20‐layer MoS2 embedded in between Al (bottom) and Au (top) electrodes is fabricated. With different work functions of the metal electrodes, photo‐excited electrons and holes in the MoS2 layer can be separated and form photovoltaic responses. With the insertion of 5 nm MoO3 carrier transport layer between the MoS2 layer and the top Au electrode, enhanced photovoltaic responses are observed for the device. By using graphene as the carrier transport layer and MoS2 as the light absorption layer, avalanche photocurrents are observed for planar MoS2/graphene photoconductive devices. With the assist of the higher electron density in multi‐layer MoS2, an easier compensation in the loss of photo‐excited electrons and therefore, charge neutrality in the MoS2 layer can be maintained. Significant reduction in the rise/fall times from >100 ms. to <10 ms. is also observed for the planar photodetector with 10‐layer MoS2 absorption layer.
Using QCM‐D for Real‐Time Analysis of Cell Adhesion Dynamics at Biointerfaces
Authors: Rogala Agnes , Tiainen Hanna , Zaytseva‐Zotova Daria
Published: November 2024

Efficient cell adhesion is crucial for host tissue attachment and improving implant integration. This study aims at investigating adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts to functionalized biomaterial surfaces using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and analyzing the dynamics of focal adhesion (FA) formation during this process. The QCM‐D responses are correlated with changes in cell morphology and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the absence or presence of serum proteins. As model surfaces, this work uses polystyrene oxidized by UV/ozone treatment (PSox) and tannic acid nanocoating formed on polystyrene (TA60). Compared to PSox, reduced cell adhesion on TA60 with fibroblast establishing fewer FAs is observed in this work. The addition of serum promotes more stable cell adhesion, although the adsorbed protein corona slows initial cell spreading and FAK activation. Further, this work examines whether there is a relationship between QCM‐D responses and FAK activation. The data shows a positive correlation between the energy dissipation and temporal changes in phosphorylated FAK (pY397FAK), although the absolute value of pY397FAK cannot be derived from the QCM‐D response. Thus, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the QCM‐D as a technique for quantitative non‐invasive analysis of cell adhesion to functionalized surfaces.
Intelligent Pyroptosis Inducer for Precise and Augmented Tumor Therapy Through Specific Activation Pyroptosis in Tumor
Authors: Huo Linlin , Zhu Shiqi , Li Muyao , Tan Mingya , Fan Mengke , Zhao Jiayi , Zeng Jie , Liu Meiling , Liu Kunyan , Tong Chao , Zhao Zhenghuan
Published: November 2024

Pyroptosis inducer, a powerful anti‐tumor agent that causes obvious programmed cell death and immune stimulation, has been challenged to trigger specific pyroptotic tumor cell death while keeping pyroptosis silence in normal cells. Here, an intelligent inducer is reported that acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in normal cells to keep pyroptosis silence, while serving as ROS generator to induce obvious pyroptotic tumor cells death dependent on high hydrogen peroxide levels and near‐infrared laser irradiation. This switchable activity ensures this inducer to precisely kill the tumor cells with augmented immunogenicity while causing minimal damage to normal cells. Moreover, the catalase‐like activity endows this inducer to overcome limitation of tumor hypoxia on ROS generation and show significant pyroptosis activation, further initiating the immune response to inhibit the tumor metastases in vivo. This study provides valuable insights into design new pyroptosis inducer with controllable pyroptosis activity to specifically induce programmed tumor cell pyroptosis for precise and augmented tumor therapy with minimal side effects.
Emodin Enhanced Microwave‐Responsive Heterojunction with Powerful Bactericidal Capacity and Immunoregulation for Curing Bacteria‐Infected Osteomyelitis
Authors: Xu Tao , Cheng Hao , Pei Hailiang , Wang Jiameng , Shi Yiwei , Zhang Xiangyu , Huang Di
Published: November 2024

Eradication of osteomyelitis caused by bacterial infections is still a major challenge. Microwave therapy has the inherent advantage of deep penetration in curing deep tissue infections. However, the antibacterial efficiency of sensitizers is limited by the weak energy of microwaves. Here, a hybrid heterojunction system (Fe3O4/CuS/Emo) is designed for curing bacterially infected osteomyelitis. As an enhanced microwave sensitizer, it shows supernormal microwave response ability. Specifically, Fe3O4 acts as a matrix to mediate magnetic loss. After CuS loading, the heterogeneous interface forms induce significant interfacial polarization, which increasing dielectric loss. On the basis of the heterojunction formed by the two semiconductors, emodin is innovatively introduced to modify it. This integration not only accelerates the movement of charge carriers but also enhances polarization loss due to the numerous functional groups present on the surface. This further optimizes the microwave thermal and catalytic response. In addition, the unique anti‐inflammatory properties of emodin confer the ability of hybrid heterojunction to regulate the immune microenvironment. In vivo studies reveal that heterojunction modified by emodin programmed elimination of bacteria and regulation of the immune microenvironment. It offers a revolutionary approach to the treatment of bacterial osteomyelitis.
Integrating Prior Knowledge Using Transformer for Gene Regulatory Network Inference
Authors: Weng Guangzheng , Martin Patrick , Kim Hyobin , Won Kyoung Jae
Published: November 2024

Gene regulatory network (GRN) inference, a process of reconstructing gene regulatory rules from experimental data, has the potential to discover new regulatory rules. However, existing methods often struggle to generalize across diverse cell types and account for unseen regulators. Here, this work presents GRNPT, a novel Transformer‐based framework that integrates large language model (LLM) embeddings from publicly accessible biological data and a temporal convolutional network (TCN) autoencoder to capture regulatory patterns from single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) trajectories. GRNPT significantly outperforms both supervised and unsupervised methods in inferring GRNs, particularly when training data is limited. Notably, GRNPT exhibits exceptional generalizability, accurately predicting regulatory relationships in previously unseen cell types and even regulators. By combining LLMs ability to distillate biological knowledge from text and deep learning methodologies capturing complex patterns in gene expression data, GRNPT overcomes the limitations of traditional GRN inference methods and enables more accurate and comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory dynamics.
Trap Assisted Dynamic Mechanoluminescence Toward Self‐Referencing and Visualized Strain Sensing
Authors: Wang Tianli , Zhang Pengfei , Xiao Jianqiang , Guo Ziyi , Xie Xiongwu , Huang Jiahao , Zheng Jiaojiao , Xu Xuhui , Zhao Lei
Published: November 2024

Strain sensors utilizing mechanoluminescent (ML) materials have garnered significant attention and application due to their advantages, such as self‐powering, non‐contact operation, and real‐time response. However, ML‐based strain sensing techniques typically rely on the establishing of a mathematical relationship between ML intensity and mechanical parameters. The absolute ML intensity is vulnerable to environmental factors, which can result in measurement errors. Herein, an color‐resolved visualized dynamic ML and self‐referencing strain sensing is investigated in Ca9Al(PO4)7: Tb3+, Mn2+. By analyzing the ML performance under various mechanical stimulations and adjustable strain parameters, a relationship between strain and the ML intensity ratio of Tb3+/Mn2+ is aimed to bed established. This will enable the development of a self‐referencing and visualized strain sensing technology. Through a comparison of luminescence characteristics under continuous mechanical stimulation (stretching) and continuous X‐ray irradiation, it is discovered that the ratiometric dynamic ML is primarily driven by the dynamic filling and continuous release of carriers form traps, which compensates for the ML of Mn2+. Leveraging the self‐referencing and color‐resolved (from green to red) visualized ML characteristics, an application scenario for monitoring human joint movement is developed. This approach offers new insights into the use of dynamic ML materials in strain sensing and human‐machine interaction.
Large‐Area Bright Emission of Plasmon‐Coupled Dark Excitons at Room Temperature
Authors: Jeong Hyun , Suh Hyeong Chan , Cho Ga Hyun , Joo Huitae , Koo Yeonjeong , Ko Hayoung , Kim Ki Kang , Kim Youngbum , Kim Jeongyong , Park Kyoung‐Duck , Jeong Mun Seok
Published: November 2024

Brightening dark excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers (MLs) can provide large‐area ultrathin devices for applications in quantum information science and optoelectronics. For practical applications of dark excitons, a robust and bright emission over a wide area at room temperature is desirable; however, no reliable approach has been demonstrated thus far. In this study, an efficient approach is presented for brightening dark excitons at room temperature over a large area of a WSe2 ML via coupling between plasmons and dark excitons. When a WSe2 ML is placed on gold micropillars (Au MPs), dark excitons are efficiently coupled to strongly localized surface plasmons at the edges of the Au MPs, along with a strong photoluminescence (PL) emission. Room‐temperature dark exciton emission is confirmed via energy‐, angle‐, and time‐resolved spectroscopy experiments, as well as confocal PL mapping. This study provides a generalizable method for the practical application of dark exciton.
Synergistic Effect of Single Atomic Ce Sites and CeO2 Nanoparticles for Boosting Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhou Han , Liu Heng , Sun Yanyan , Jiang Luozhen , Xiao Jiamin , Zhang Handong , Xie Haijiao , Li Lina , Wang Shuangyin , Han Lei
Published: November 2024

Fe‐based single‐atomic catalysts (SACs) are considered the most promising non‐precious oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts, whereas further development is largely hindered due to the unavoidable Fenton reaction during the ORR process. Herein rare‐metal Ce‐based SACs consisting of single‐atomic Ce sites and CeO2 nanoparticles are constructed by a facile gas‐phase migration strategy. Theoretical calculation results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of the introduction of CeO2 and the coordination structure change of single‐atomic sites is beneficial for the decreased energy barrier of the hydrogenation step of *OH over the single‐atomic Ce sites, which contributes to the enhanced ORR performance with positive half‐wave potential of 0.88 V in 0.1 m KOH. Moreover, the assembled zinc‐air battery can deliver a high power density of 107 mW cm−2 and remarkable long‐term stability of 400 cycles at the current density of 5 mA cm−2. This work provides a new insight for the design and construction of rare‐earth‐metal‐based SACs for the ORR.
Gonadal Maturation and Reproductive Timing in Batch Spawning Tropical Cypriniform Fishes Lobocheilos ovalis, Rasbora argyrotaenia and Tor tambra
Authors: Kahar Rafhiah , Ahmad Norhayati , Arai Takaomi
Published: November 2024

This study is the first to investigate the reproductive traits of Lobocheilos ovalis (n = 621), Rasbora argyrotaenia (n = 507) and Tor tambra (n = 138) through detailed gonad histology. We collected L. ovalis and R. argyrotaenia specimens from September 2017 to August 2019 and T. tambra from July 2018 to August 2019 from tropical rainforest streams in Ulu Temburong National Park Brunei Darussalam. In all three species, females were larger and attained sexual maturation at larger sizes than males. Gonad histology categorized five reproductive phases in the ovarian and testicular maturation cycle comprising the immature, developing, spawning capable, regressing and regenerating phases. Ovarian histological markers of the reproductive phases included increasing oocyte diameters and gradual changes in cytoplasmic and nuclear features. In testes, decreasing nuclear diameters, darkening nuclear stains and germinal epithelium continuity were significant histological markers. Monthly frequencies of reproductive phases showed that L. ovalis and R. argyrotaenia were reproductively active throughout the year, whereas T. tambra exhibited protracted spawning over several months. Gonad histology also revealed asynchronous ovarian development and batch spawning, facilitating these species’ year‐round and protracted spawning. This reproductive strategy may be an adaptation for these species to increase the survival of offspring in hillstream habitats where flash floods are common. The present study significantly fills existing knowledge gaps in Southeast Asian cypriniform fishes, providing a reference point for gonad histology to elucidate the reproductive traits and ecology, particularly for the Lobocheilos, Rasbora and Tor genera. Importantly, it provides practical insights for the conservation and management of the wild populations of these species.
Increased Liver Size and Dysfunction, Ionoregulatory Disturbance and Opportunistic Infections in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Low Temperatures: A Case Study
Authors: Vadboncoeur Émile , Nelson Charlotte , Ignatz Eric H. , Clow Kathy A. , Sandrelli Rebeccah M. , Brauner Colin J. , Swanson Andrew K. , Gamperl Anthony Kurt
Published: November 2024

In recent lab‐based experiments, some post‐smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held at 3°C for 5 weeks exhibited a range of clinical signs. They became lethargic and swam at the water's surface, developed ulcers to the head and jaw (clinical signs similar to tenacibaculosis in Norwegian salmon aquaculture) and had fin erosion, and this was associated with significant mortalities. In addition, when fish with ‘early’ and ‘advanced’ stages of these different clinical signs were further examined, their livers were found to be large, pale and friable. Fish with this aetiology also had elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels (indicative of liver damage), elevated plasma [Na+], [Cl−] and osmolality (indicating osmoregulatory impairment), low glucose levels (likely limiting metabolic responses to maintain homeostasis) and high circulating cortisol levels (∼100 ng/mL). This suite of physiological disturbances is very similar to that observed in a condition referred to as ‘Winter Syndrome’ or ‘Winter Disease’ (WS/WD) in cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and other fish species. Thus, it appears that WS/WD described here for the first time in Atlantic salmon, alone or in combination with opportunistic infections, results in lipid deposition in the liver, compromising liver function and osmoregulatory capacity, and metabolic collapse that ultimately results in significant losses.
An overview of the Ohio Corn Performance Test: Trends over 50 years
Authors: Medeiros Jhonata Cantuaria , Zavala Jean , Shahrokhi Mohsen , Minyo Richard , Geyer Allen , Lindsey Alexander , Thomison Peter , Ortez Osler
Published: November 2024

The Ohio Corn Performance Test (OCPT) aims to provide farmers, educators, agronomists, and seed companies with information to help growers make decisions regarding hybrid selection and increase overall crop productivity. For more than 50 years, the OCPT has evaluated the agronomic performance of commercially available corn hybrids across the state. The objective of this study was to highlight overall trends as they relate to crop management, agronomic performance, and grain yields. The program has been planted annually at about 10 distinct sites grouped in three regions: Southwest/West Central Region, Northwest Region, and North Central/Northeast Region. Data collection and measurements include crop emergence percentages, lodging ratings, grain moisture, volumetric grain weight, and grain yields. Over the last 50 years, more than 53,000 hybrid combinations (i.e., hybrids × environments × years) were tested in the OCPT. From 1972 to 2021, seeding rates increased from 68,259 to 89,239 seeds ha−1, seedling emergence increased from 86.2% to 94.9%, and final plant stands increased from 58,559 to 84,649 plants ha−1. From these trends, the number of days from planting to harvest decreased by 11.5 days (slightly later planting dates, variable harvest dates), grain moisture at harvest decreased by 48 g kg−1, and average volumetric grain weight increased by 83 kg m−3. The same period had a grain yield gain of 0.135 Mg ha−1 year−1, with 9.09 Mg ha−1 in 1972 and 16.97 Mg ha−1 in 2021 (an 87% increase). Overall, the annual OCPT results show agronomic and yield improvements that have contributed to the selection of hybrids in the state of Ohio.
Combined impact of aerification, postemergence herbicides, and post‐herbicide irrigation on goosegrass control in bermudagrass putting greens
Authors: Petelewicz Pawel , Joseph Mikerly M. , Sierra Augustinus I. Alejandra , Arevalo Alvarenga A. Fernanda , McLoughlin Patrick H. , Gallo Sergio A. , MacDonald Gregory E. , Schiavon Marco
Published: November 2024

Goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] is a difficult‐to‐control grassy weed occurring in compacted soils or heavy‐traffic areas including golf greens. In Florida, goosegrass survives as a short‐lived perennial, and eradication becomes more challenging as the plant matures. Currently, only foramsulfuron (FOR) is registered for postemergence goosegrass control in hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] putting surfaces. A 2‐year study evaluated the impact of three aerification treatments (none vs. once year−1 or twice year−1) followed by herbicide applications (FOR at 0.029 kg ha−1, simazine at 0.525 kg ha−1, metribuzin at 0.210 kg ha−1, topramezone [TOP] at 0.006 kg ha−1, and mesotrione [MES] at 0.175 kg ha−1) to control mature goosegrass in a TifEagle hybrid bermudagrass putting green in Davie, FL. The impact of immediate post‐herbicide irrigation on turf safety was also investigated. Aerification treatments were initiated in June, and herbicides were applied approximately 1 week after each aerification event. FOR did not effectively control goosegrass, while tank‐mixes of mesotrione + topramezone tank‐mix and simazine + mesotrione tank‐mix provided effective control but produced unacceptable phytotoxicity. Post application irrigation reduced turf injury with TOP and MES alone in 2021, and weed control in both years. Aerification did not influence goosegrass control or turf safety.
Single‐Electron Oxidation Triggered by Visible‐Light‐Excited Enzymes for Asymmetric Biocatalysis
Authors: Yu Jinhai , Chen Bin , Huang Xiaoqiang
Published: November 2024

By integrating enzymatic catalysis with photocatalysis, photoenzymatic catalysis emerges as a powerful strategy to enhance enzyme catalytic capabilities and provide superior stereocontrol in reactions involving reactive intermediates. Repurposing naturally occurring enzymes using visible light is among the most active directions of photoenzymatic catalysis. This Minireview focuses on a cutting‐edge strategy in this direction, namely single‐electron‐oxidation‐triggered non‐natural biotransformations catalyzed by photoexcited enzymes. These straightforward transformations feature a unique radical mechanism initiated by single‐electron oxidation, achieving redox‐neutral non‐natural C−C, C−O, and C−S bond formation, and expanding the chemical toolbox of enzymes. By highlighting recent advances in this field and emphasizing their catalytic mechanisms and synthetic potential, innovative approaches for photobiomanufacturing are anticipated.
Dynamic Passivation of Perovskite Films via Gradual Additive Release for Enhanced Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Zhang Jing , Su Hang , Wang Peijun , She Yutong , Zheng Xinxin , Liu Xin , Wu Jiarong , Wang Runkang , Wang Ying , Li Deng , Liu Shengzhong Frank
Published: November 2024

Modifying perovskites with functional additives has proven effective in refining the crystallization process and passivating the defects of perovskite films, thereby ensuring high photovoltaic efficiencies. However, conventional methods that involve pre‐mixing additives into the precursor solution often face challenges due to discrepancies in the spatial distribution of slow‐diffused additives relative to dynamically formed defect sites, resulting in limited passivation effectiveness. To address this issue, this study innovatively proposes a dynamic passivation strategy that utilizes a pre‐passivator to gradually release active additives during the thermal crystallization process of perovskite films. By leveraging the principle of energy minimization, these timely‐released additives can interact precisely and selectively with the high‐energy defect sites generated during crystallization, thus facilitating efficient additive utilization and in situ real‐time defect passivation. Through analysis of crystallization kinetics and carrier dynamic, it is demonstrated that this dynamic passivation approach significantly improves film quality and prolongs carrier lifetime, outperforming traditional pre‐mixing tactics. Consequently, the final perovskite solar cell achieves an impressive solar conversion efficiency of 25.33 %, along with exceptional stability. This work provides strong support of tailored additive strategies aimed at further enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and their subsequent commercial applications.
Specialist reunification foster care: A care team approach around trauma, attachment and supporting children to return home
Authors: Boyle Jennifer , Remedios Alicia , Davill Nicole , Cua Danielle , Ritacco Guillermina
Published: November 2024

Foster care is a key element of Australia's child protection system. If a child's safety is threatened, they are removed from their families and placed under the guardianship of the chief executive in a care setting (guardianship order). In South Australia, the rate of children and young people entering the ‘In Care’ system has been increasing. As of 31 May 2024, the South Australian Department for Child Protection (DCP) reported that 4874 (0.4% increase from 2023) children and young people were on guardianship orders. In addition to the increase, there continues to be an overrepresentation of Aboriginal children and young people in care (37.4%) due to the ongoing impacts of intergenerational trauma because of colonisation and the Stolen Generation. The increase in children in care has placed immense pressure on the child protection system. Research indicates the best place for children to be is with their families. Centacare Foster Care, while supporting all care types, has a specialist reunification model (SRM). This model, the topic of this paper, incorporates a care team approach, informed by Centacare's stabilising trauma in everyday practice (STEP) framework. The SRM which starts from recruitment has been key in ensuring children and young people maintain positive connection with their family and return home safely, resulting in the successful reunifications. This model has seen a 67% success rate in reunifications, well above the 48% success rate nationally. Importantly, this model has seen a 65.5% success rate in reunifications of Aboriginal children between the years 2022 and 2024, which is well above the national reunification rate of 7.6%. This paper, written by Centacare's specialist reunification foster care team, outlines some of the key features of the model and broader program, from recruitment to reunification.
Microwave dielectric characterization of P(VDF‐TrFE)‐CuO nanocomposite free‐standing flexible films
Authors: Mohan P. Nikhil , Thirmal C. , Suresh G. , Arun B. , Joseph Andrews , Vishwam T. , James Raju K. C.
Published: November 2024

Free‐standing and flexible Polyvinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene (P(VDF‐TrFE))—Copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanocomposite films were synthesized using the solution casting method. CuO nanoparticle weight percentage varied as 0%, 10% and 20% in the P(VDF‐TrFE) matrix. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed for phase confirmation. The morphological changes with the content of CuO nanofiller in the P(VDF‐TrFE) matrix was examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The thermal stability of the free‐standing films were tested by the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of the films were measured at 10.156 GHz using a Split Post Dielectric Resonator (SPDR) method. The results were verified with the Cavity perturbation technique at 9.174 GHz and showed a decrease in the dielectric properties with a rise in the weight percentage of CuO up to 20%. The present study demonstrates the comparison of the two techniques and the dielectric tunability in microwave frequencies.
Anatomy of the Dynamics of the Nucleation of Skyrmions in Nanodots via the Voltage‐Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Olleros‐Rodríguez Pablo , Gudín Adrián , Camarero Julio , Chubykalo‐Fesenko Oksana , Perna Paolo
Published: November 2024

Electric fields can be employed to efficiently manipulate spin textures in low‐dimensional magnetic systems. In this work, the field‐free formation of magnetic skyrmions in ferromagnetic‐based patterned nanodots with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction via the voltage‐controlled magnetic anisotropy is studied. By micromagnetic simulations it is demonstrated that by reducing the magnetic anisotropy via an electric voltage pulse with adequate intensity and raise and decay times, it is possible to achieve 100% skyrmion nucleation probability through an intermediate magnetic vortex. The nucleation path is investigated in a Graphene/Co/Pt nanodot varying Co thickness, temperature, and applied field. A complete nucleation/annihilation process via bipolar voltage pulses is also possible enabling the realization of a writing/deleting logic device. The results reveal the relevance of following a quasi‐equilibrium magnetization dynamical path and elucidates the relevance of the absolute stability of the magnetic skyrmion state against other possible magnetic configurations.
Role of STING Deficiency in Amelioration of Mouse Models of Lupus and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Liu Yudong , Carmona‐Rivera Carmelo , Seto Nickie L. , Oliveira Christopher B. , Patino‐Martinez Eduardo , Baumer Yvonne , Powell‐Wiley Tiffany M. , Mehta Nehal , Hasni Sarfaraz , Zhang Xuan , Kaplan Mariana J.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune syndrome characterized by autoreactive responses to nucleic acids, dysregulation of the type I interferon (IFN‐I) pathway, and accelerated atherosclerosis. The stimulator of IFN genes (STING), a cytosolic DNA sensor, has pathogenic implications in various inflammatory diseases. However, its specific role in SLE pathogenesis, particularly in tissue damage, remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of STING in murine models of Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7)–driven lupus and atherosclerosis.

Methods

A TLR7‐driven lupus model was induced using imiquimod (IMQ) in wild‐type (WT) and STING knockout (Sting1−/−) mice on a B6 background. Mice were assessed for organ involvement, serum autoantibodies, and innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, Sting1−/− mice were backcrossed to apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe−/−) mice, and both Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Sting1−/− mice were fed a high‐fat chow diet to induce atherosclerosis. Phenotypic assessments were conducted.

Results

Compared with IMQ‐treated WT mice, Sting1−/− mice exhibited reduced disease severity in the lupus‐like phenotype, characterized by decreased splenomegaly, lower renal immune complex deposition and renal damage, diminished expansion of myeloid cells, and reduced activation of T and B lymphocytes. IMQ‐induced DNA release associated with IFN‐β production and subsequent IFN‐induced responses were attenuated in Sting1−/− mice. DNase I treatment mitigated IMQ‐induced proinflammatory responses in WT mice but had no effect in Sting1−/− mice. Furthermore, STING deficiency conferred protection against vascular damage and reduced atherosclerosis burden, accompanied by decreased IFN‐I production. Human monocyte–derived macrophages treated with IFN‐I significantly internalized more acetylated low‐density lipoprotein when compared with untreated cells, whereas an association between oxidized nucleic acids and disease activity and vascular damage was found in human SLE.

Conclusion

These findings highlight a pathogenic role of STING and downstream IFN responses in TLR7‐driven autoimmunity, vascular damage and atherosclerosis, supporting a therapeutic potential for STING inhibition in SLE treatment. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying STING's involvement in these processes and to explore the feasibility of targeting STING as a therapeutic strategy in SLE and related autoimmune disorders.

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Bi‐Enhanced BixTi(4‐x)O7 Heterojunctions for Improved Photocatalytic Activity in Tetracycline Removal
Authors: Duan Jixiang , Shen Kaixiang , Ye Zhihong , He Qinyu , Qahramon Zarifzoda Afzalshoh , Chen Fuming
Published: November 2024

The photocatalytic proficiency of Bi2Ti2O7 is hindered by its inadequate solar energy harnessing capability and swift electron‐hole recombination dynamics. In the investigation, the study innovated Bi metal oxide heterostructures by embedding Bi nanoparticle‐modified BixTi(4‐x)O7 composites, systematically synthesizing a suite of Bi/BT materials through meticulous tuning of the Bi and Ti precursor ratios. Notably, the Bi/BT‐2 series was examined for its photocatalytic performance in tetracycline (TC) degradation. The findings revealed that Bi/BT‐2 exhibited remarkable TC degradation efficiency, achieving a removal rate of 99.6 %, which surpasses BT‐2 by a factor of 3.25 and TiO2 by 1.67 times. Mechanistic probing unveiled that the incorporation of nanostructured Bi onto the BixTi(4‐x)O7 surface introduced fresh active sites, dramatically bolstering the photocatalytic activity by augmenting the light absorption spectrum and refining charge separation processes. Moreover, an exhaustive examination of the TC degradation mechanism facilitated by Bi/BT‐2 demonstrated sustained efficiency exceeding 80 % across a pH range spanning from 3 to 9, emphasizing its promising potential for practical applications. This study contributes invaluable perspectives for the design of cutting‐edge metal‐oxide photocatalysts tailored for environmental remediation purposes. Synopsis: The low degradation efficiency of tetracycline has posed a major challenge in bismuth titanate research. To address this, a novel approach was implemented by developing a BixTi(4‐x)O7 composite catalyst modified with Bi nanoparticles. This modification forms a metal‐oxide heterojunction, which significantly enhances the degradation efficiency.
τ$\tau$‐Inflated Beta Regression Model for Estimating τ$\tau$‐Restricted Means and Event‐Free Probabilities for Censored Time‐to‐Event Data
Authors: Wang Yizhuo , Murray Susan
Published: November 2024

In this research, we propose analysis of ‐restricted censored time‐to‐event data via a ‐inflated beta regression (‐IBR) model. The outcome of interest is , where and are the time‐to‐event and follow‐up duration, respectively. Our analysis goals include estimation and inference related to ‐restricted mean survival time (‐RMST) values and event‐free probabilities at that address the censored nature of the data. In this setting, it is common to observe many individuals with , a point mass that is typically overlooked in ‐restricted event‐time analyses. Our proposed ‐IBR model is based on a decomposition of into . We model the mean of this latter expression using joint logistic and beta regression models that are fit using an expectation‐maximization algorithm. An alternative multiple imputation (MI) algorithm for fitting the ‐IBR model has the additional advantage of producing uncensored datasets for analysis. Simulations indicate excellent performance of the ‐IBR model(s), and corresponding ‐RMST estimates, in independent and dependent censoring settings. We apply our method to the Azithromycin for Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbations Trial. In addition to ‐IBR model results providing a nuanced understanding of the treatment effect, visually appealing heatmaps of the ‐restricted event times based on our MI datasets are given, a visualization not typically available for censored time‐to‐event data.
A Matched Design for Causal Inference With Survey Data: Evaluation of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Kentucky and Tennessee
Authors: Benedetti Marco H. , Lu Bo , Zhu Motao
Published: November 2024

A concern surrounding marijuana legalization is that driving after marijuana use may become more prevalent. Survey data are valuable for estimating policy effects, however their observational nature and unequal sampling probabilities create challenges for causal inference. To estimate population‐level effects using survey data, we propose a matched design and implement sensitivity analyses to quantify how robust conclusions are to unmeasured confounding. Both theoretical justification and simulation studies are presented. We found no support that marijuana legalization increased tolerant behaviors and attitudes toward driving after marijuana use, and these conclusions seem moderately robust to unmeasured confounding.