bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences in the ordering at short and long ranges in a NaNbO3 based Pb-free smart system: a key to functional properties
Authors: Kumar Harsh , Tripathi Saurabh
Published: May 2024

In this study, we have investigated the crystal structure of the solid solution of antiferroelectric NaNbO3(NN) with ferroelectric Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3(BCT), i.e. (1−x)NN- xBCT for

0
⩽
x
⩽
1.0

using High-resolution powder x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) data, dielectric measurements in conjunction with Raman spectroscopic studies. The investigation of long-range structural phase transitions as a function of composition(x) using x-ray diffraction is complemented by short-range structural insights from Raman spectroscopy. The incorporation of BCT disrupts the delicate antiferroelectric ordering of NN and stabilizes various ferroelectric phases with increasing BCT content(x). At x = 0.10, the simultaneous presence of two ferroelectric phases viz., Pmc21 and Amm2, results in a threefold rise in remanent polarization compared to off-boundary compositions. The composition with higher BCT content (i.e.

x
⩾
0.50

) has shown the anomalous existence of two long-range cubic structures, both of which are characterized by Pm

3
¯

m space group. In spite of having a two-phase long-range centrosymmetric structure, we have observed a slim Polarization vs. Electric field(P-E) hysteresis loop for

0.50
⩽
x
⩽
0.80

. This contrapositive behavior (i.e. hysteresis loop in a centrosymmetric structure) has been attributed to the correlations among local static polar distortions of rhombohedral type ascertained using Raman spectroscopy. The coexistence of two ferroelectric phases at room temperature(for x = 0.10) and a slim hysteresis loop (for

0.50
⩽
x
⩽
0.80

) make these compositions potential ingredients for applications in ferroelectric memory and energy storage devices.
Diquark break-up jet effects on particle production in central Ar+Sc and Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS energies
Authors: Abdel-Waged Khaled , Felemban Nuha
Published: May 2024

We investigate the rapidity spectra of protons in central Ar+Sc and Pb+Pb collisions at Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) super proton synchrotron (SPS) energies, utilizing the HIJING code integrated with the advanced popcorn (AP) mechanism from PYTHIA6.4. We find that the standard HIJING/AP model is inadequate for fully capturing the proton rapidity distributions observed in these collisions. To overcome this, we focus on the leading diquark (LD) break-up component, distinguishing between diquark preserving and diquark breaking (DB) behaviors. Our analysis reveals that the suppressed DB component is essential for accurately describing the proton and neutron x

F
spectra, particularly noting an excess of baryon number at lower x

F
values consistent with experimental observations. By integrating the suppressed LD break-up mechanism, informed by pp and Be+Be collision data, we successfully replicate the proton rapidity spectra and also effectively capture the rapidity spectra of negative pions and charged kaons for the studied reactions. These outcomes underscore the critical role of the suppressed LD break-up component in elucidating the mechanisms of baryon production and stopping in heavy-ion collisions at CERN SPS energies.
Combining simulation and experimental data via surrogate modelling of continuum dislocation dynamics simulations
Authors: Katzer Balduin , Betsche Daniel , von Hoegen Felix , Jochum Benjamin , Böhm Klemens , Schulz Katrin
Published: May 2024

Several computational models have been introduced in recent years to yield comprehensive insights into microstructural evolution analyses. However, the identification of the correct input parameters to a simulation that corresponds to a certain experimental result is a major challenge on this length scale. To complement simulation results with experimental data (and vice versa) is not trivial since, e.g. simulation model parameters might lack a physical understanding or uncertainties in the experimental data are neglected. Computational costs are another challenge mesoscale models always have to face, so comprehensive parameter studies can be costly. In this paper, we introduce a surrogate model to circumvent continuum dislocation dynamics simulation by a data-driven linkage between well-defined input parameters and output data and vice versa. We present meaningful results for a forward surrogate formulation that predicts simulation output based on the input parameter space, as well as for the inverse approach that derives the input parameter space based on simulation as well as experimental output quantities. This enables, e.g. a direct derivation of the input parameter space of a continuum dislocation dynamics simulation based on experimentally provided stress–strain data.
Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Budakian Raffi , Finkler Amit , Eichler Alexander , Poggio Martino , Degen Christian L , Tabatabaei Sahand , Lee Inhee , Hammel P Chris , Eugene S Polzik , Taminiau Tim H , Walsworth Ronald L , London Paz , Bleszynski Jayich Ania , Ajoy Ashok , Pillai Arjun , Wrachtrup Jörg , Jelezko Fedor , Bae Yujeong , Heinrich Andreas J , Ast Christian R , Bertet Patrice , Cappellaro Paola , Bonato Cristian , Altmann Yoann , Gauger Erik
Published: May 2024

The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
Superposition solitons for the mixed 4-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Zhang LingLing , Ye XueWei
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the mixed 4-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with different nonlinear signs are studied to derive a new type of soliton solutions called the superposition soliton solutions. By using the Hirota method, we obtain the exact one-bright-three-superposition N-soliton solutions analytically. Notably, this kind of soliton solutions have not been researched in prior literature. Under certain conditions, the general mixed (bright-dark) soliton solutions can be obtained from our results such as all bright soliton solutions. In addition, the propagation characteristics, including elastic collision, time periodicity and soliton reaction, are displayed through graphic simulation. On this basis, the influence of various parameters on the phase, direction, and amplitude of soliton propogation is concluded. Finally, the asymptotic behaviors of 2, 3-soliton solutions are analyzed in detail.
High-precision two- and three- dimensional atom localization in a microwave and radio-frequency driven Δ∇ system
Authors: Thakur Himani , Dar Zubair Iqbal , Singh Mandeep , Arora Himani , Kaur Paramjit
Published: May 2024

We introduce a new approach for precise and high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) atom localization in a four-level Δ∇ atomic system driven by microwave (M) and radio frequency (R) fields. In the proposed work, additional microwave and radio-frequency fields are utilized for an efficient control of the localization precision. Due to the spatially varying atom-field interaction, the probe susceptibility become position dependent and therefore, one can directly ascertain the position probability distribution of an atom by analyzing the probe spectra. The phase-sensitive property of the atomic system plays a significant role in substantially reducing the uncertainty associated with atom position measurements. We have studied the system behavior through the analysis of dressed states, which forms the basis for its physical interpretation. The increase in precision for measuring the atom’s position is a result of interference between one-photon excitation and the phase-dependent three-photon excitation arising from the closed interacting contour within the laser-driven atomic system, as demonstrated through both numerical calculations and qualitative analyses. The findings indicate that precise sub-wavelength atom localization can be attained by appropriately adjusting the system parameters. Also, the optimal adjustment of these parameters can lead to 100% probability of locating the atom at a particular position within 2D and 3D subspaces.
Application of multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm to design terahertz metamaterials with fano resonances
Authors: Qin Binyi , Li Yun , Liao Qitao , Qiu Jie , Yang Ruizhao , Zheng Jincun , Zhong Hesen
Published: May 2024

In the prosperous development of terahertz (THz) metamaterials, Fano resonances have gained attention due to their potential applications in ultrasensitive systems. The performance of Fano resonance is directly influenced by the geometrical parameters of the element structure. However, the traditional design rules for Fano resonances in metamaterials rely on an empirical trial-and-error strategy, necessitating significant effort to achieve optimal results. To address this issue, we propose a design method in this study that utilizes the finite integration technique in time domain (FITD) along with a multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm for the intelligent design of metamaterial structures exhibiting the Fano resonance phenomenon. The FITD method is primarily used to calculate the Fano resonance with different metamaterial geometric structure parameters, while the genetic algorithm efficiently selects the optimal solution. Our method, characterized by high efficiency and complete independence from prior knowledge, could offer a new design technique for metamaterials with specific functions, thereby contributing to the development of THz applications.
Atomic level mechanism of disorder-order transformation kinetics at nanoscale in FePt based systems
Authors: Kumar Shubham , Tiwari Atul , Gupta Mukul , Sharma Gagan , Srihari V , Gupta Ajay , Reddy V R , Gome Anil , Sharma Kavita
Published: May 2024

L10 ordered FePt is one of the most promising materials for spintronic and recording media applications. In the present work, the mechanism of L10 phase transformation in FePt based films with varying initial structures is examined at the nanoscale to understand the ordering process using synchrotron based GIXRD, MOKE, VSM, and techniques with sub nanometer depth selectivity like XRR and SIMS. Precisely controlled compositions of the films are deposited using magnetron sputtering. Rapid thermal annealing is used for post-deposition processing. It is evaluated experimentally that for a shorter annealing time of 70 s at 400 °C, besides volume diffusion, short circuit diffusion paths along the intercrystallite region owing to the presence of nanostructured grains play a dominant role in alloying behavior. A study of the L10 ordering process reveals the crucial role of film structure in controlling the transformation kinetics, texturing of nanograins, and magnetic coercivity. Diffusion studies disclose that type B diffusion kinetics is activated for the annealing time during which L10 transformation occurs in the films.
Gravitational radiation from eccentric binary black hole system in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity
Authors: Li Zhao , Qiao Jin , Liu Tan , Niu Rui , Hou Shaoqi , Zhu Tao , Zhao Wen
Published: May 2024

Dynamical Chern-Simons (DCS) gravity, a typical parity-violating gravitational theory, modifies both the generation and propagation of gravitational waves from general relativity (GR). In this work, we derive the gravitational waveform radiated from a binary slowly-rotating black hole system with eccentric orbits under the spin-aligned assumption in the DCS theory. Compared with GR, DCS modification enters the second-order post-Newtonian (2PN) approximation, affecting the spin-spin coupling and monopole-quadrupole coupling of binary motion. This modification produces an extra precession rate of periastron. This effect modulates the scalar and gravitational waveform through a quite low frequency. Additionally, the dissipation of conserved quantities results in the secular evolution of the semimajor axis and the eccentricity of binary orbits. Finally, the frequency-domain waveform is given in the post-circular scheme, requiring the initial eccentricity to be ≲ 0.3. This ready-to-use template will benefit the signal searches and improve the future constraint on DCS theory.
A Minkowski functional analysis of the Cosmic Microwave Background weak lensing convergence
Authors: Hamann Jan , Kang Yuqi
Published: May 2024

Minkowski functionals are summary statistics that capture the geometric and morphological properties of fields. They are sensitive to all higher order correlations of the fields and can be used to complement more conventional statistics, such as the power spectrum of the field. We develop a Minkowski functional-based approach for a full likelihood analysis of mildly non-Gaussian sky maps with partial sky coverage. Applying this to the inference of cosmological parameters from the Planck mission's map of the Cosmic Microwave Background's lensing convergence, we find an excellent agreement with results from the power spectrum-based lensing likelihood. While the non-Gaussianity of current CMB lensing maps is dominated by reconstruction noise, a Minkowski functional-based analysis may be able to extract cosmological information from the non-Gaussianity of future lensing maps and thus go beyond what is accessible with a power spectrum-based analysis. We make the numerical code for the calculation of a map's Minkowski functionals, skewness and kurtosis parameters available for download from https://github.com/Kang-Yuqi/MF_lensing.
LiteBIRD and CMB-S4 sensitivities to reheating in plateau models of inflation
Authors: Drewes Marco , Ming Lei , Oldengott Isabel
Published: May 2024

We study the sensitivity of LiteBIRD and CMB-S4 to the reheating temperature and the inflaton coupling in three types of plateau-potential models of inflation, namely mutated hilltop inflation, radion gauge inflation, and α-attractor T models. We first find relations between model parameters and CMB observables in all models. We then perform Monte Carlo Markov Chain based forecasts to quantify the information gain on the reheating temperature, the inflaton coupling, and the scale of inflation that can be achieved with LiteBIRD and CMB-S4, assuming a fiducial tensor-to-scalar ratio r̅ ∼ 0.02 and neglecting foreground contamination of the B-mode polarization spectrum. We compare the results of the forecasts to those obtained from a recently proposed simple analytic method. We find that both LiteBIRD and CMB-S4 can simultaneously constrain the scale of inflation and the reheating temperature in all three types of models. They can for the first time obtain both an upper and lower bound on the latter, comprising the first ever measurement of the big bang temperature. In the mutated hilltop inflation and radion gauge inflation models this can be translated into a measurement of the inflaton coupling in parts of the parameter space. Constraining this microphysical parameter will help to understand how these models of inflation may be embedded into a more fundamental theory of particle physics.
Invisible and semi-invisible decays of bottom baryons*
Authors: Zheng 郑 Yong 勇 , Ding 丁 Jian-Nan 剑南 , Li 李 Dong-Hao 东浩 , Li 李 Lei-Yi 磊毅 , Lü 吕 Cai-Dian 才典 , Yu 于 Fu-Sheng 福升
Published: May 2024

The similar densities of dark matter and baryons in the universe imply that they may arise from the same ultraviolet model. B-Mesogenesis, which assumes dark matter is charged under the baryon number, attempts to simultaneously explain the origin of baryon asymmetry and dark matter in the universe. In particular, B-Mesogenesis may induce bottom-baryon decays into invisible or semi-invisible final states, which provide a distinctive signal for probing this scenario. In this work, we systematically study the invisible decays of bottom baryons into dark matter and the semi-invisible decays of bottom baryons into a meson or a photon together with a dark matter particle. In particular, the fully invisible decay can reveal the stable particles in B-Mesogenesis. Some QCD-based frameworks are used to calculate the hadronic matrix elements under the B-Mesogenesis model. We estimate the constraints on the Wilson coefficients or the product of some new physics couplings with the Wilson coefficients according to the semi-invisible and invisible decays of bottom baryons detectable at future colliders.
Density pedestal prediction model for tokamak plasmas
Authors: Saarelma S. , Connor J.W. , Bílková P. , Bohm P. , Bowman C. , Field A.R. , Frassinetti L. , Friedström R. , Henderson S. , Imada K. , Kirk A. , Kwon O.J. , Luda T. , Sarwar R. , Scannell R. , Smith S.F. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team,   MAST-U team,   STEP team,   JET Contributors,   the Eurofusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Published: May 2024

A model for the pedestal density prediction based on neutral penetration combined with pedestal transport is presented. The model is tested against a pedestal database of JET-ILW Type I ELMy H-modes showing good agreement over a wide range of parameters both in standalone modelling (using the experimental temperature profile) and in full Europed modelling that predicts both density and temperature pedestals simultaneously. The model is further tested for ASDEX Upgrade and MAST-U Type I ELMy H-modes and both are found to agree with the same model parameters as for JET-ILW. The JET-ILW experiment where the isotope of the main ion is varied in a D/T scan at constant gas rate and constant

β

N

is successfully modelled as long as the separatrix density (

n

e,sep

)

and pedestal transport coefficient ratio (

D

/

χ
)

are varied in accordance with the experimentally observed variation of

n

e,sep

and the isotope dependence of

D

/

χ

found in gyrokinetic simulations. The predictions are found to be sensitive to

n

e,sep

which is why the model is combined with an

n

e,sep

model to predict the pedestal for the STEP fusion reactor.
Soil management practices can contribute to net carbon neutrality in California
Authors: Di Vittorio Alan V , Simmonds Maegen B , Jones Andrew , Silver Whendee L , Houlton Benjamin , Torn Margaret , Almaraz Maya , Nico Peter
Published: May 2024

Stabilizing climate requires reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in land or ocean systems. Soil management practices can reduce GHG emissions or sequester atmospheric CO2 into inorganic and organic forms. However, whether soil carbon strategies represent a viable and impactful climate mitigation pathway is uncertain. A specific question concerns the role that land-management practices and soil amendments can play in realizing California’s ambition for carbon neutrality by 2045. Here we examine the carbon flux impacts of soil conservation (i.e., compost, reduced tillage, cover crop) and enhanced silicate rock weathering (EW) practices at different areal extents of implementation in cropland, grassland, and savanna in California under two climate change cases. We show that with implementation areas of 15% or 50% of private cultivated land, grassland, and savanna in California, soil conservation practices alone can contribute

1.4

0.7

2.1

% (

−

1.8

−
0.9

−
2.7

Mt CO2eq y−1) and

4.6

2.3

6.9

% (

−

6.0

−
3.0

−
8.9

Mt CO2eq y−1) of the additional emissions reduction needed (beyond previous targets) to meet the 2045 net neutrality goal (−129.3 Mt CO2eq y−1), respectively, on an average annual basis, including climate uncertainty. Including EW in these scenarios increases the total contributions of management practices to

4.1

2.5

5.6

% (

−

5.2

−
3.2

−
7.3

Mt CO2eq y−1) and

13.5

8.2

18.6

% (

−

17.5

−
10.7

−
24.2

Mt CO2eq y−1), respectively, of this reduction. This highlights that the extent of implementation area is a major factor in determining benefits and that EW has the potential to make a real contribution to net reduction targets. Results are similar across climate cases, indicating that contemporary field data can be used to make future projections. With EW there remains mechanistic uncertainties, however, such as rock dissolution rate and environmental controls on weathering products, which require additional field research to improve understanding of the technological efficacy of this approach for California’s 2045 carbon neutrality goal.
The impact of internal climate variability on OH trends between 2005 and 2014
Authors: Zhu Qindan , Fiore Arlene M , Correa Gus , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Worden Helen
Published: May 2024

The hydroxyl radical (OH) lies at the nexus of climate and air quality as the primary oxidant for both reactive greenhouse gases and many hazardous air pollutants. To better understand the role of climate variability on spatiotemporal patterns of OH, we utilize a 13-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 2-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (CESM2-WACCM6), a fully coupled chemistry-climate model, spanning the years 1950–2014. Ensemble members vary only in their initial conditions of the climate state in 1950. We focus on the final decade of the simulation, 2005–2014, when prior studies disagree on the signs of the global OH trends. The ensemble mean global airmass-weighted mean tropospheric column OH (

Ω

TOH

), which is an estimate of the forced signal, increases by 0.06%/year between 2005 and 2014 while regional

Ω

TOH

trends range from −0.56%/year over Southern Europe to +0.64%/year over South America. We show that ten-year

Ω

TOH

trends are strongly affected by internal climate variability, as the spread of

Ω

TOH

trends across the ensemble varies between 0.23%/year in Asia and 1.53%/year in South America. We train a fully connected neural network to emulate the

Ω

TOH

simulated by the CESM2-WACCM6 model and combine it with satellite observations to interpret the role of OH chemical proxies. While the OH chemical proxies are subject to internal variability, the impact of internal variability on

Ω

TOH

trends is primarily due to the meteorological parameters except for South America. Forced trends in global mean

Ω

TOH

do not unambiguously emerge from trends driven by internal variability over the 2005–2014 period. The observation-constrained

Ω

TOH

presents opposite trends due to climate variability, resulting in varying conclusions on the attribution of OH to CH4 trends.
Reducing the true cost of food-based safety nets: evidence from India’s subsidized food program
Authors: Puri Raghav , Pingali Prabhu
Published: May 2024

Public procurement of food plays a pivotal role in determining the production and consumption of various food items. This is particularly true for staple grains in countries such as India, where the government procures over 40% of rice and wheat. This grain is redistributed to approximately 60% of India’s population through the public distribution system (PDS), the national food-based safety net. Although the PDS plays a critical role in ensuring food security for millions of beneficiaries, there is scope for reducing the hidden costs associated with the production of PDS food grain. As costs such as unsustainable use of groundwater and subsidies for power and fertilizers are not accounted for in the ‘financial’ cost of the program, we use true cost accounting to identify, quantify, and monetize these hidden costs associated with the PDS. In 2021–22, the Indian government and PDS beneficiaries spent US$16.5 billion and US$0.9 billion, respectively, on the PDS. However, accounting for hidden costs associated with the production of PDS food grain reveals that the true cost of the PDS is more than twice its financial cost. Using true cost estimates of distributing rice, wheat, and millets through the PDS, we find that replacing one kg of rice with one kg of millets for a quarter of PDS beneficiaries every month has the potential to reduce the true cost of the PDS by US$1.37 billion annually.
Single-layer Compton camera based on a 1 mm thick pixelated CDTE detectors
Authors: Lombigit L , Maneuski D , Bergmann B
Published: May 2024

Compton camera is a novel γ-camera paradigm that relies upon the kinematics of Compton scattering for image reconstruction. A Conventional Compton camera uses two layers of sensors - the Absorber and the Scatterer. This work reports the proof of concept of a single-layer Compton camera (SLCC) where simultaneous Compton pairs events are registered in a single High-Z semiconductor sensor. The Hybrid pixel detector (HPD) is 1 mm thick, 256 x 256 square pixels with 55 μm pixel pitch CdTe sensor bonded to a Timepix3 readout ASIC. The superior spectroscopic imaging and fast timing capabilities of the Timepix3 readout ASIC coupled with a microscopic and highly pixelated CdTe enable simultaneous event detection of multi-energies occurring at multiple positions. The concept was exemplified by measuring the 122 KeV γ-ray emitted from a 57Co radioisotope source at two positions. Data were captured in the Timepix3 data-driven mode with the KATHERINE readout system via Gigabyte Ethernet data transfer. A bespoke Compton kinematics criterion algorithm implemented in Python 3 IDE was used for data analysis and Compton’s image reconstruction. Numerous events (5.2 million) were captured for 30-minute acquisitions. However, due to the thin nature of CdTe, fewer events (≈ 0.01 %) met the Compton event selection criteria. Nevertheless, the algorithm accurately pinpointed the radioisotope’s location, demonstrating proof of concept of the SLCC system.
Preliminary results of the autonomous radiation mapping in Malaysian Nuclear Agency
Authors: Ramli Nabilah , Aira Abd Rahman Nur , Izzuan Mohd Ghazali Muhammad , Muhd Sarowi Suzilawati , Zahidee Taat Muhamad , Hasnulhadi Ahmad , Che Soh Syirrazie , Lombigit Lojius , Arymaswati Abdullah Nor , Aziz Noor Farhana Husna A , Shafiq Sazali Mohd , Ahmad Azimawati , Salleh Mohamed Sahari Khairul
Published: May 2024

Autonomous radiation mapping refers to the use of autonomous robots to perform radiation mapping to measure and analyse the levels of radiation intensity of a target area. The primary purpose of the radiation mapping is to uncover the dose distribution across the target area and identify the presence of any hotspots. In this paper, the findings of the autonomous radiation mapping experiments at selected sites in Malaysian Nuclear Agency were presented. The experiments were conducted with a radiation mapping robot namely Autonomous Mobile Robot for Accurate Radiation Detection and Mapping (AMoRA) developed in the previous research. The results consisting of radiation maps of the target areas were presented and discussed.
Characterisation of sealed radioactive source for nuclear forensic purposes
Authors: Laili Zalina , Husin Hishamudin , Hasnulhadi Che Kamaruddin Ahmad , Azfar Azman Muhamad , Sylvester Paulus Wilfred , Kamarudin Nadira
Published: May 2024

A study characterized sealed radioactive sources (60Co, 137Cs, and 241Am) for nuclear forensic analysis, focusing on their physical, macroscopic, and radiological properties. Results revealed specific features, such as stamped or engraved information, that served as valuable signatures for nuclear forensic investigation. Corrosion observations provide valuable insights into the condition of the source and historical context. Gamma-ray spectra analysis revealed clear distinctions, including a scattering peak in cylindrical 60Co and 137Cs disk sources (200-500 keV), which was absent in the cup-style 241Am source. Unusual peaks in the gamma spectra of 60Co, 137Cs, and 241Am sources suggested potential impurities or background radiation. This was indicated by non-Gaussian shapes and significant counts per second at specific energy levels. X-ray radiography effectively highlights nuclear material characteristics, emphasizing density, uniformity, and internal structure. This analysis contributed to the development of a National Nuclear Forensic Library (NNFL) and enhanced Malaysia’s capability in nuclear forensic investigations related to radioactive sources found outside regulatory control.
Evaluation of elemental pollution in soil samples from Klang industrial area
Authors: Suhaimi Elias Md , Azfar Azman Muhammad , Andy Dominic Daung Jeremy , Hashim Azian , Aminah Siti , Ashifa Abdullah Salim Nazaratul , Shukor Shakirah , Laili Zalina
Published: May 2024

Rapid development in industries will contribute to the pollution of the soil. Studies of elemental pollution in the soil in the Klang industrial area were conducted to determine the concentration level in that area. Analysis of the content of elemental pollution in soil samples has used neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques. The average concentration of major elements (Fe, Mg, Ti), heavy metals (As, Sb, Cr, Zn), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) in the soil of the Klang industrial area exceeded the average concentration in granitic igneous rocks. In comparison, the average concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil samples in the study area is lower than the reference value of granitic igneous rocks. The elements of As, Zn and Cr showed a high concentration in the SL 11 area, where business activities, vehicle workshops and residential were located. The REEs show a high concentration in the SL 14 area compared to other sites. The geo-accumulation (Igeo) index was applied to identify the pollution status. The Igeo index for the elements of Mg and U can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted. As and Sb can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted, and as extremely polluted in the areas of SL 11 and SL 14. The element of Th can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately and strongly polluted. The Igeo index of REEs can be categorised as unpolluted in the soil of the Klang Industrial area.
High mobility graphene field effect transistors on flexible EVA/PET foils
Authors: Khan Munis , Ji Jie , Zhou Binbin , U Jepsen Peter , Boggild Peter , Yurgens August
Published: May 2024

Monolayer graphene is a promising material for a wide range of applications, including sensors, optoelectronics, antennas, EMR shielding, flexible electronics, and conducting electrodes. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon atoms on a metal catalyst is the most scalable and cost-efficient method for synthesizing high-quality, large-area monolayer graphene. The usual method of transferring the CVD graphene from the catalyst to a target substrate involves a polymer carrier which is dissolved after the transfer process is completed. Due to often unavoidable damage to graphene, as well as contamination and residues, carrier mobilities are typically 1000–3000

cm
2

(
V
s

)

−
1

, unless complex and elaborate measures are taken. Here, we report on a simple scalable fabrication method for flexible graphene field-effect transistors that eliminates the polymer interim carrier, by laminating the graphene directly onto office lamination foils, removing the catalyst, and depositing Parylene N as a gate dielectric and encapsulation layer. The fabricated transistors show field- and Hall-effect mobilities of 7000–10 000

cm

2

(

V
s

)

−
1

with a residual charge-carrier density of

2
×

10

11

1 cm−2 at room temperature. We further validate the material quality by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and observation of the quantum Hall effect at low temperatures in a moderate magnetic field of

∼

5

T. The Parylene encapsulation provides long-term stability and protection against additional lithography steps, enabling vertical device integration in multilayer electronics on a flexible platform.
Micrometric patterning of a borogermanate glass containing terbium by thermal poling to manage luminescence and second order optical properties
Authors: Orives Juliane Resges , Marcondes Lia Mara , Karam Lara , Adamietz Frédéric , Cardinal Thierry , Dussauze Marc , Nalin Marcelo
Published: May 2024

Borogermanate glasses containing terbium ions are interesting materials due to their luminescent and magnetic properties. Terbium can present two different oxidation states and the thermal poling technique can be a pertinent way to modulate spatially the oxidation state of these ions. In this work, we demonstrate using a thermo-electrical imprinting process the transfer of micro scaled motifs on the surface of a borogermanate glass containing Tb3+ resulting in a micrometric structuring of the oxidation state of Tb3+/Tb4+ ions. A large change in absorption and luminescence optical properties is observed, arising from the distinct properties of trivalent and tetravalent terbium ions. Correlative micro luminescence, Raman and second harmonic generation measurements were carried out on the patterned poled glass surface. This has demonstrated an accurate concomitant modification of the glass structure accompanying large luminescence changes and the appearance of a second order optical response which could be attributed to a localized space charge implantation. These original results demonstrate how a simple electrical process allows managing multi optical properties but also paves the way to induce static electrical functionalities in a magnetic optical glassy system.
In-plane magnetization orientation driven topological phase transition in OsCl3 monolayer
Authors: Das Ritwik , Bandyopadhyay Subhadeep , Dasgupta Indra
Published: May 2024

The quantum anomalous Hall effect resulting from the in-plane magnetization in the OsCl3 monolayer is shown to exhibit different electronic topological phases determined by the crystal symmetries and magnetism. In this Chern insulator, the Os-atoms form a two dimensional planar honeycomb structure with an easy-plane ferromagnetic configuration and the required non-adiabatic paths to tune the topology of electronic structure exist for specific magnetic orientations based on mirror symmetries of the system. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, these tunable phases are identified by changing the orientation of the magnetic moments. We argue that in contrast to the buckled system, here the Cl-ligands bring non-trivial topology into the system by breaking the in-plane mirror symmetry. The interplay between the magnetic anisotropy and electronic band-topology changes the Chern number and hence the topological phases. Our DFT study is corroborated with comprehensive analysis of relevant symmetries as well as a detailed explanation of topological phase transitions using a generic tight binding model.
Simple Supercuspidal 𝐿-Packets of Quasi-Split Classical Groups
Authors: Oi Masao
Published: May 2024

In this memoir, for quasi-split classical groups over

p
p

-adic fields, we determine the

L
L

-packets consisting of simple supercuspidal representations and their corresponding

L
L

-parameters, under the assumption that

p
p

is not equal to

2
2

. The key is an explicit computation of characters of simple supercuspidal representations and the endoscopic character relation, which is a characterization of the local Langlands correspondence for quasi-split classical groups.
The utility of the dilute prothrombin time in the interpretation of antiphospholipid syndrome testing
Authors: Mehr Noah A , Storozuk Tanner E , Mikrut Krzysztof L , Wool Geoffrey D
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the utility of the dilute prothrombin time (DPT) in diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), alone and when paired with the dilute Russell viper venom time (DRVVT).

Methods

Dilute prothrombin time and DRVVT testing was performed on plasma samples spiked with apixaban or rivaroxaban, or depleted of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors. A retrospective analysis of all functional APS testing results over a 44-month period at the University of Chicago Medical Center was performed.

Results

In spiking studies, the screening clotting time in the DPT (DPTS) is more sensitive to deficiency of vitamin K–dependent factors than is the screening clotting time in the DRVVT (DRVVTS). The converse is true for factor Xa direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)–spiked plasma. In a 44-month retrospective analysis, only 2.6% of clinical APS panels showed isolated positivity in the DPT-based system. Comparing the DPT-based system with the DRVVT-based system showed utility in identifying false-positive DRVVT results due to anticoagulation. A DRVVTS/DPTS ratio of 0.785 or lower predicted an international normalized ratio of 1.5 or higher (sensitivity, 86.3%; specificity, 60.4%; likelihood ratio, 2.18). Conversely, a DRVVTS/DPTS ratio of 1.165 or higher was the optimal cutoff for predicting the identification of factor Xa DOAC (sensitivity, 61.8%; specificity, 77.8%; likelihood ratio, 2.78). Within the data set that had full DRVVT and DPT results, parameters were identified that could further improve identification of samples with anticoagulation interference.

Conclusions

Dilute prothrombin time lupus anticoagulant assay is rarely the sole laboratory functional evidence for APS, but when combined with the DRVVT, the DPT can serve as an effective screen for common anticoagulant interference.
Pyridostigmine to Reduce the duration of postoperative Ileus after Colorectal surgery (PyRICo-RCT): randomized clinical trial
Authors: Traeger Luke , Bedrikovetski Sergei , Fitzsimmons Tracy , Nguyen Thuy-My , Moore James W , Lewis Mark , Sammour Tarik
Published: May 2024

Background

Postoperative ileus, driven by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, is the most common complication in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, pyridostigmine can potentially modulate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and accelerate gastrointestinal recovery. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of pyridostigmine in improving gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery.

Methods

This double-blinded RCT enrolled adult patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery at two hospitals in South Australia. Patients were randomized to 60 mg oral pyridostigmine or placebo twice daily starting 6 h after surgery until the first passage of stool. The primary outcome was GI-2, a validated composite measure of time to first stool and tolerance of oral diet. Secondary outcomes included incidence of postoperative ileus (defined as GI-2 greater than 4 days), duration of hospital stay, and 30-day complications, evaluated by intention-to-treat univariate analysis.

Results

Of 130 patients recruited (mean(s.d.) age 58.4(16.4) years; 73 men, 56%), 65 were allocated to each arm. The median GI-2 was 1 day shorter with pyridostigmine compared with placebo (2 (i.q.r. 1–3) versus 3 (2–4) days; P = 0.015). However, there were no significant differences in postoperative ileus (17.2 versus 21.5%; P = 0.532) or duration of hospital stay (median 5 (i.q.r. 4–8.75) versus 5 (4–7.5) days; P = 0.921). Similarly, there were no significant differences in overall complications, anastomotic leak, cardiac complications, or patient-reported side effects.

Conclusion

Pyridostigmine resulted in a quicker return of GI-2 and was well tolerated. Larger multicentre studies are required to determine the optimal dosing and evaluate the impact of pyridostigmine in different surgical settings. Registration number: ACTRN12621000530820 (https://anzctr.org.au).
PMP22 duplication dysregulates lipid homeostasis and plasma membrane organization in developing human Schwann cells
Authors: Prior Robert , Silva Alessio , Vangansewinkel Tim , Idkowiak Jakub , Tharkeshwar Arun Kumar , Hellings Tom P , Michailidou Iliana , Vreijling Jeroen , Loos Maarten , Koopmans Bastijn , Vlek Nina , Agaser Cedrick , Kuipers Thomas B , Michiels Christine , Rossaert Elisabeth , Verschoren Stijn , Vermeire Wendy , de Laat Vincent , Dehairs Jonas , Eggermont Kristel , van den Biggelaar Diede , Bademosi Adekunle T , Meunier Frederic A , vandeVen Martin , Van Damme Philip , Mei Hailiang , Swinnen Johannes V , Lambrichts Ivo , Baas Frank , Fluiter Kees , Wolfs Esther , Van Den Bosch Ludo
Published: May 2024

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy caused by a 1.5 Mb tandem duplication of chromosome 17 harbouring the PMP22 gene. This dose-dependent overexpression of PMP22 results in disrupted Schwann cell myelination of peripheral nerves. To obtain better insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in CMT1A, we investigated the role of PMP22 duplication in cellular homeostasis in CMT1A mouse models and in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into Schwann cell precursors (iPSC-SCPs).

We performed lipidomic profiling and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on sciatic nerves of two developing CMT1A mouse models and on CMT1A patient-derived iPSC-SCPs. For the sciatic nerves of the CMT1A mice, cholesterol and lipid metabolism was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner throughout development. For the CMT1A iPSC-SCPs, transcriptional analysis unveiled a strong suppression of genes related to autophagy and lipid metabolism. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified disturbances in pathways related to plasma membrane components and cell receptor signalling. Lipidomic analysis confirmed the severe dysregulation in plasma membrane lipids, particularly sphingolipids, in CMT1A iPSC-SCPs. Furthermore, we identified reduced lipid raft dynamics, disturbed plasma membrane fluidity and impaired cholesterol incorporation and storage, all of which could result from altered lipid storage homeostasis in the patient-derived CMT1A iPSC-SCPs. Importantly, this phenotype could be rescued by stimulating autophagy and lipolysis.

We conclude that PMP22 duplication disturbs intracellular lipid storage and leads to a more disordered plasma membrane owing to an alteration in the lipid composition, which might ultimately lead to impaired axo-glial interactions. Moreover, targeting lipid handling and metabolism could hold promise for the treatment of patients with CMT1A.
A new protocol for the one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates using hydroxyapatite-supported palladium as a solid and reusable catalyst
Authors: Kale Sandip R , Kalalawe Virbhadra G , Kondre Jeevan M , Kahandal Sandeep S , Disale Shamrao T
Published: May 2024

The rational design of a new method has been reported for the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates from alcohols, amines, and phosphonates using palladium-supported hydroxyapatite (Pd-HAP) as a catalyst. This synthetic protocol involves alcohol oxidation to aldehyde over Pd-HAP followed by condensation with amine and phosphonates to form α-aminophosphonates in one pot. The catalyst demonstrated excellent catalytic activity for up to four cycles without any appreciable activity loss. This strategy provides advantages such as heterogeneous catalyst, mild reaction conditions, simple experimental and work-up procedure, high yield, low cost, alcohol use instead of unstable aldehyde, and environmental friendliness.
Elevated serum levels of soluble B-cell maturation antigen as a prognostic biomarker for multiple myeloma
Authors: Guo Pei , Wang Yun , He Haiyan , Chen Dongjian , Liu Jin , Qiang Wanting , Lu Jing , Liang Yang , Du Juan
Published: May 2024

Serum B-cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) levels can serve as a sensitive biomarker in multiple myeloma (MM). In the research setting, sBCMA levels can be accurately detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but the approach has not been approved for clinical use. Here, we used a novel chemiluminescence method to assess sBCMA levels in 759 serum samples from 17 healthy donors and 443 patients with plasma cell (PC) diseases including AL amyloidosis, POEMS syndrome, and MM. Serum BCMA levels were elevated 16.1-fold in patients with newly diagnosed MM compared to healthy donors and rare PC diseases patients. Specifically, the sBCMA levels in patients with progressive disease were 64.6-fold higher than those who showed partial response or above to treatment. The sBCMA level also correlated negatively with the response depth of MM patients. In newly diagnosed and relapsed MM patients, survival was significantly longer among those subjects whose sBCMA levels are below the median levels compared with those above the median value. We optimized the accuracy of the survival prediction further by integrating sBCMA level into the Second Revised International Staging System (R2-ISS). Our findings provide evidence that the novel chemiluminescence method is sensitive and practical for measuring sBCMA levels in clinical samples and confirm that sBCMA might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for MM.
Quantifying the Time to Administer Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy: A Missed Opportunity to Compensate for the Value of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Schranz Asher J , Swartwood Michael , Ponder Madison , Boerneke Renae , Oosterwyk Teresa , Perhac Angela , Farel Claire E , Kinlaw Alan C
Published: May 2024

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) relies on substantial uncompensated provider time. In this study of a large academic OPAT program, the median amount of unbilled OPAT management time was 27 minutes per week, per OPAT course. These data should inform benchmarks in pursuing novel payment approaches for OPAT.
Comparing the Effects of Anti-TNF Agent and Ustekinumab on Small Bowel Inflammation in Crohn’s Disease: Inverse Probability Weighting With Stabilized Weights of Propensity Scores
Authors: Hirata Yuki , Nishioka Daisuke , Nishida Koji , Shimizu Hikaru , Mizuta Noboru , Numa Keijiro , Nakazawa Kei , Kakimoto Kazuki , Miyazaki Takako , Nakamura Shiro , Nishikawa Hiroki
Published: May 2024

Background

Endoscopic mucosal healing serves as a critical predictor for achieving long-term remission in Crohn’s disease treatment. Recent data indicate that the effectiveness of healing varies based on the location of gastrointestinal inflammation. Additionally, reports suggest that antitumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) agents exhibit reduced efficacy in treating small intestinal inflammation compared to colorectal inflammation. Conversely, limited research exists regarding the impact of the anti-IL12/23 agent ustekinumab (UST) on small intestinal inflammation. This study aimed to compare the effects of anti-TNF-α agents and UST on small intestinal inflammation using propensity score analysis.

Methods

This retrospective observational study involved 70 patients with Crohn’s disease who had inflammation in the small intestine and had initiated treatment with either anti-TNF agents or UST between March 2015 and August 2021. Endoscopic findings were evaluated before treatment commencement and at 1–2 years post-treatment initiation. The propensity score was employed to compare the efficacy of TNF agents and UST on small bowel inflammation.

Results

Ustekinumab exhibited greater improvement in the small intestinal endoscopy score than anti-TNF-α antibodies according to the propensity score analysis (inverse probability weighting; P = .0448). However, no significant disparity was observed in the overall improvement of endoscopic scores between UST and anti-TNF-α antibodies (P = .5938).

Conclusions

This study suggests that UST might be more effective than anti-TNF-α agents in treating small intestinal inflammation in Crohn’s disease.