bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on resistance degradation and reliability of pre-stressed concrete structures in freeze-thaw zone
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Jia Yanmin , Zhang Guanhua , Wang Jiawei
Published: June 2018

Purpose

In the freeze-thaw zone, the pre-stressed concrete of bridge structure will be damaged by freezing-thawing, the bearing capacity of structure will decrease and the safety will be affected. The purpose of this paper is to establish the time-dependent resistance degradation model of structure in the freeze-thaw zone, and analysis the structural reliability and remaining service life in different freeze-thaw zones.

Design/methodology/approach

First, according to the theory of structural design, a calculation model of the resistance of pre-stressed concrete structures in f freeze-thaw zone is established. Second, the time-dependent resistance model was verified by the test beam bending failure test results done by the research group, which has been in service for 20 years in freeze-thaw zone. Third, using JC algorithm in MATLAB to calculate the index on the reliability of pre-stressed concrete structure in frozen thawed zones, forecasting the s remaining service life of structure.

Findings

First, the calculation model of the resistance of pre-stressed concrete structures in freeze-thaw zone is accurate and it has excellent applicability. Second, the structural resistance deterioration time in Wet-Warm-Frozen Zone is the earliest. Third, once the pre-stressed reinforcement rusts, the structural reliability index will reach limit value quickly. Finally, the remaining service life of structure meets the designed expectation value only in a few of freeze-thaw zones in China.

Originality/value

The research will provide a reference for the design on the durability of a pre-stressed concrete structure in the freeze-thaw zone. In order to verify the security of pre-stressed concrete structures in the freeze-thaw zone, engineers can use the model presented in this paper for durability checking, it has an important significance.
Mesh sensitivity analysis on implicit and explicit method for rolling simulation
Authors: Gavalas Evangelos , Pressas Ioannis , Papaefthymiou Spyros
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of implicit and explicit integration schemes for simulating the metal rolling process using commercial software packages ANSYS™ and LS-DYNA™.

Design/methodology/approach

For the industrial application of finite element method, the time discretization is one of the most important factors that determine the stability and efficiency of the analysis. An iterative approach, which is unconditionally stable in linear analyses, is the obvious choice for a quasi-static problem such as metal rolling. However, this approach may be challenging in achieving convergence with non-linear material behavior and complicated contact conditions. Therefore, a non-iterative method is usually adopted, in order to achieve computational accuracy through very small time steps. Models using both methods were constructed and compared for computational efficiency.

Findings

The results indicate that the explicit method yields higher levels of efficiency compared to the implicit method as model complexity increases. Furthermore, the implicit method displayed instabilities and numerical difficulties in certain load conditions further disfavoring the solver’s performance.

Originality/value

Comparison of the implicit and explicit procedures for time stepping was applied in 3D finite element analysis of the plate rolling process in order to evaluate and quantify the computational efficiency.
Fracture properties of hybrid woven bamboo/woven e-glass fiber composites
Authors: Ali Aidy , Ng Wei Kuan , Arifin Faiz , Rassiah Kannan , Othman Faiz , Hazin Shauqi , Megat Ahmad Megat Hamdan
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fracture properties of hybrid woven bamboo (WB)/woven e-glass (EG) fiber composites with various layer arrangements. This paper utilized a specific type of bamboo species namedGigantochloa Scortechinii(Buluh Semantan).

Design/methodology/approach

In these experiments, unsaturated polyester, woven EG and WB fibers were prepared through the hand lay-up technique. The composite bamboo strips were prepared in 1.5 mm thickness. The strips are woven to make a single layer. The layer was then laminated into several thicknesses. The specimens were then characterized using compact tension fracture tests.

Findings

The fracture toughness of 12–14 MPa was obtained. These findings suggest that this hybrid bamboo composite provides superior fracture strength that is equivalent with steel alloy and is extremely a good alternative for reinforcing fibers to combat fracture failures of materials and structures.

Originality/value

In this paper, experimental determination of newly developed composite made of WB and woven EG is presented.
Culture, consent and confidentiality in workplace autoethnography
Authors: Lee Catherine
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the author’s experiences as a school teacher and a lesbian. It considers the culture and discourses of power in the school and the ethical implications of telling the author’s story. Utilizing autoethnography as a method of inquiry, it draws on a critical incident to explore the incompatibility of the author’s private and professional identities, and reflect on the impact of homophobic and heteronormative discursive practices in the workplace, on health, well-being and identity.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is grounded in an interpretivist philosophy. It utilizes writing about the self as a method of inquiry.

Findings

This research examines the incompatibility of the author’s private and professional identities and offers insight into the steps that those in positions of power will take to protect and perpetuate the heteronormative discourse of rural life.

Research limitations/implications

This research presents the perspective of only one lesbian teacher in a rural context. Consequently, generalizations are inappropriate and recommendations are difficult. Whilst the absence of clear ethical regulation presents an infinite number of possibilities for autoethnographers, the silence that surrounds the prescription of the ethics of autoethnography leaves those of us at the beginnings of our research careers without clear guidance.

Originality/value

This research specifically addresses a dearth of research examining the experiences of the rural lesbian (or gay) teacher in the UK. Headteachers of rural schools must ensure that their schools are inclusive and welcoming environments for teachers, and their equalities policies are living documents that are not simply cast aside in the face of rural parent power. Young people in the countryside deserve access to the full pool of teaching talent and should have access to the diverse role models that their urban and suburban counterparts are beginning to enjoy.
Implementation and evaluation of online, synchronous research consultations for graduate students
Authors: Bezet Amanda , Duncan Taylor , Litvin Kira
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Librarians at Northcentral University (NCU) provide online synchronous research consultations for students to discuss resources and search strategies for class assignments, papers, presentations, theses and dissertations. The purpose of this paper is to document the implementation and assessment of this service and to seek to demonstrate that research consultations provided by NCU librarians contribute to students’ learning and success.

Design/methodology/approach

Research consultations are scheduled using Springshare LibCal and are conducted via Citrix GoToMeeting. Students report their satisfaction and skills learned via the Research Consultation Satisfaction Survey. Dissertation chairs and faculty instructors complete separate surveys, which assess the effect that research consultations had on their students’ work. All surveys were created using Qualtrics.

Findings

Assessment data reveal that students are satisfied with the research consultation service and can identify specific skills learned. Additionally, faculty and dissertation chairs report an improvement in students’ citations and ability to locate relevant sources. Future research may include examination of learning analytics or citation analysis for students who participated in research consultations.

Originality/value

Research consultations are rarely documented in the scholarly literature. An opportunity exists to make virtual research consultations more widely adopted as a distinct library reference service, and further, to measure the impact of this service. This project demonstrates how to successfully implement and assess online research consultations. Techniques discussed may be used in 100 per cent virtual environments, as well as within traditional, brick and mortar schools that may already offer face-to-face research consultations.
Portfolio construction and risk management: theory versus practice
Authors: Lee Stefan Colza , Eid Junior William
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to identify a possible mismatch between the theory found in academic research and the practices of investment managers in Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach

The chosen approach is a field survey. This paper considers 78 survey responses from 274 asset management companies. Data obtained are analyzed using independence tests between two variables and multiple regressions.

Findings

The results show that most Brazilian investment managers have not adopted current best practices recommended by the financial academic literature and that there is a significant gap between academic recommendations and asset management practices. The modern portfolio theory is still more widely used than the post-modern portfolio theory, and quantitative portfolio optimization is less often used than the simple rule of defining a maximum concentration limit for any single asset. Moreover, the results show that the normal distribution is used more than parametrical distributions with asymmetry and kurtosis to estimate value at risk, among other findings.

Originality/value

This study may be considered a pioneering work in portfolio construction, risk management and performance evaluation in Brazil. Although academia in Brazil and abroad has thoroughly researched portfolio construction, risk management and performance evaluation, little is known about the actual implementation and utilization of this research by Brazilian practitioners.
Administration of justice: an emerging research field
Authors: Guimaraes Tomas Aquino , Gomes Adalmir Oliveira , Guarido Filho Edson Ronaldo
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of Administration of Justice as a research field and set out an agenda for future studies that could promote the production of scientific knowledge in this area.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explores the idiosyncratic features, dimensions of analysis upon the Administration of Justice, states a research agenda and discusses the main challenges on this theme. This paper conceptualizes Administration of Justice as a research field and discusses related phenomena from institutional and economic perspectives on innovation, performance, governance and legitimacy.

Findings

As a research field, Administration of Justice is defined as a set of theoretical concepts, research methods and techniques, aiming to investigate the management processes associated with the use and articulation of resources, knowledge and institutions, at different levels of the justice system, and their influence on the provision of justice in a given social context. As social phenomena, four levels of analysis are proper to investigate the justice system: societal, inter-organizational, organizational and operational. Innovation, performance, governance and legitimacy are central themes of the Administration of Justice and present various gaps and research opportunities.

Research limitations/implications

The main implications is the proposal of an agenda for future studies on the Administration of Justice field, which is an important step in raising awareness of the issue.

Originality/value

Administration of Justice encompasses a growing interest among academics, justice practitioners and public managers regarding managerial and political practices carried out in the justice system. Although relevant, this subject has been scarcely studied by the management community. This paper invites community to adopt an organizational and institutional perspective to Administration of Justice, setting an agenda for future research.
Mother knows best: exploring the matrilineal influence in family tourism among Filipinos living in New Zealand
Authors: Capistrano Robert Charles , Bernardo Maria Aurora Correa
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the personal meanings of hosting experiences of first-generation immigrant families, particularly Filipino mothers in New Zealand, with their visiting relatives (VRs) from the Philippines by using the conceptual lens of hospitality.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a qualitative approach, a multi-sited fieldwork was carried out to examine kinship ties that bind immigrant-host families in New Zealand with their VRs from the Philippines. Results of in-depth interviews of immigrant-host mothers on their recollections of family visits were thematically analysed.

Findings

The main drivers that shape the hosting experiences of the research participants are modelling filial piety, fulfilling cultural expectations and strengthening family bonds. These main drivers enable sustaining intergenerational ties that unite the mother’s families in the Philippines and those in New Zealand.

Research limitations/implications

The study elucidates the complex dynamics of culturally connected and motivated domestic hospitality, where the mother is the main protagonist and orchestrator. This dominance is often subdued, and thus, marketing for family often misses the mark. While the study has a small sample size and therefore lacks representativeness, qualitative accounts have produced an enriched cognitive schema that would enable an interesting way of examining the phenomenon.

Practical implications

This study reveals that matrilineal influence on family tourism among migrant Filipinos in New Zealand is strong and culturally influenced. Further studies may be done with families from other cultures and families. From a practical perspective, the findings suggest the importance of marketing tourism or hospitality products that facilitate visiting friends and relatives’ travel through domestic hospitality.

Social implications

This research calls for reforms in the way family tourism is marketed. While commercial imperatives did not drive this research, findings indicate that certain cultures adhere to the wisdom of mothers on making the final decision on how hospitality has to be extended and manifested.

Originality/value

In the context of family tourism, inadequate research has been undertaken to examine the perspectives of women and their role as host in the travel of VFR. This study purports to fill in the gap in literature related to hosting experiences of women in the context of family tourism and VFR travel and to consider the voices of women in their new homeland.
A genome‐wide association study suggests several novel candidate genes for carcass traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle
Authors: Chang T. , Xia J. , Xu L. , Wang X. , Zhu B. , Zhang L. , Gao X. , Chen Y. , Li J. , Gao H.
Published: June 2018

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for two carcass traits in Chinese Simmental beef cattle. The experimental population consisted of 1301 individuals genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD SNP BeadChip (770K). After quality control, 671 990 SNPs and 1217 individuals were retained for the GWAS. The phenotypic traits included carcass weight and bone weight, which were measured after the cattle were slaughtered at 16 to 18 months of age. Three statistical models—a fixed polygene model, a random polygene model and a composite interval mapping polygene model—were used for the GWAS. The genome‐wide significance threshold after Bonferroni correction was 7.44E‐08 (= 0.05/671 990). In this study, we detected eight and seven SNPs significantly associated with carcass weight and bone weight respectively. In total, 11 candidate genes were identified within or close to these significant SNPs. Of these, we found several novel candidate genes, including PBX1, GCNT4, ALDH1A2, LCORL and WDFY3, to be associated with carcass weight and bone weight in Chinese Simmental beef cattle, and their functional roles need to be verified in further studies.
Race, Nature and History in Ensayo sobre las revoluciones políticas and El Español de Ambos Mundos
Authors: CADELO ANDREA
Published: June 2018

This article revisits the Ensayo sobre las revoluciones políticas published in Paris by Colombian intellectual José María Samper in 1861. It does so by positioning it in the context of the newspaper in which it was initially published in instalments: El Español de Ambos Mundos. Hitherto both this newspaper and its close conceptual connection to the Ensayo have been overlooked. The simultaneous reading of EAM and the Ensayo also serves to signal similarities and differences in racial thinking on both sides of the Atlantic, while contributing to the increasing interest among scholars in studying how miscegenation was endowed with different meanings according to the context in which it was considered.
Changing Narratives of Race and Environment in the Nineteenth‐Century and Early‐Twentieth‐Century Brazilian Amazon
Authors: ESPELT‐BOMBIN SILVIA , HARRIS MARK
Published: June 2018

The Amazon has been the object of numerous reflections upon the relationship between the natural environment and the categories of human society. This article analyses Brazilian writers who considered the relations between space and race over the course of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It focuses on João Henrique de Mattos, José Veríssimo and Euclides da Cunha, placing them in relation to each other and within local, national and international discourses on race, nature and development. Its aim is to examine how a racialised geographical understanding of the Amazon changed over the course of the nineteenth century and was tied to Brazilian nation‐building.
Impact of motivational interviewing on outcomes of an adolescent obesity treatment: results from the MI Values randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Bean M. K. , Ingersoll K. S. , Powell P. , Stern M. , Evans R. K. , Wickham E. P. , Mazzeo S. E.
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study is to examine outcomes from MI Values, a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention implemented adjunctive to obesity treatment. Adolescents (n = 99; 73% African American; 74% female; mean body mass index [BMI] percentile = 98.9 ± 1.2) were randomized to receive two MI sessions or education control. All adolescents participated in structured behavioural weight management treatment. Baseline, 3‐ and 6‐month assessments of anthropometrics, dietary intake and physical activity were obtained. Both groups had significant reductions in BMI z‐scores and energy intake and increased physical activity at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05). MI participants reported greater reductions in 3‐month energy intake compared with controls. Participation in MI is associated with reduction in energy intake, consistent with better adherence to dietitian visits previously reported from MI Values. MI might be an effective adjunct to adolescent obesity treatment; future research is needed to determine if motivational interviewing can enhance BMI outcomes, via greater adherence to behavioural intervention.
Association between hand grip strength with weaning and intensive care outcomes in COPD patients: A pilot study
Authors: Mohamed‐Hussein Aliae A. R. , Makhlouf Hoda A. , Selim Zahraa I. , Gamaleldin Saleh Waleed
Published: June 2018

Background

In COPD, weight loss and muscle wasting contribute significantly to morbidity, disability, and handicap. Dominant‐handgrip strength for evaluation of muscle strength has not been tested as a parameter to predict outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV).

Objectives

To evaluate the association between handgrip strength and the duration and success of weaning and extubation outcome.

Materials and methods

This prospective study included 34 COPD patients requiring MV for at least 48 hours. Recovery from sedation and muscle relaxants was assessed before recruitment. Serial meseaurment of handgrip strength were assessed by trained personnel.

Results

There was a significant negative correlation between baseline hand grip and duration of MV (P = .047, r = −.343). The mean day 5 hand grip was significantly lower in person who died compared to survivors (5.7 ± 5.5 vs 18.2 ± 14.5, P = .044). The mean day 5 hand grip was significantly lower in patients who needed reintubation compared to those in patients who did not need reintubation (2.8 ± 2 vs 17.2 ± 13.9, P = .029). There was no significant difference in the mean baseline, day 2, day 3, day 4 and day 5 hand grip in weaning success compared to those in failure (P > .05).

Conclusion

Handgrip strength may be good predictor for duration of MV, extubation outcome, ICU mortality and prognosis.
Sex differences in coronary plaque composition evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: association with low‐grade inflammation
Authors: Mrgan M. , Gram J. , Hecht Olsen M. , Dey D. , Linde Nørgaard B. , Gram J. , Rønnow Sand N. P.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To determine differences in coronary plaque composition and inflammatory biomarkers between men and women with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes without known cardiovascular disease.

Methods

A total of 88 people with newly diagnosed (<1 year) Type 2 diabetes underwent contrast‐enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography. Advanced coronary plaque analysis was performed using semi‐automated software. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers were determined.

Results

There were no significant differences between men (n=60) and women (n=28) regarding age or cardiovascular risk factors (all P>0.05). The median (quartiles) serum levels of fibrinogen [10.9 (9.8–12.6) μmol/l vs 9.7 (8.8–10.9) μmol/l], fibrin d‐dimer [0.3 (0.2–0.4) mg/l vs 0.27 (0.2–0.4) mg/l] and C‐reactive protein [3.1 (1.1–5.2) mg/l vs (0.8–2.6) 1.6 mg/l] were significantly higher in women (all P<0.05). Overall, men more often had multi‐vessel involvement [28 men (47%) vs 4 women (14%)], and higher total plaque burden [median (quartiles) 11.6 (2.3–36.0)% vs 2.0 (0.4–5.4)%; both P<0.05]. The median (quartiles) total plaque volume [269.9 (62.6–641.9) mm3 vs 61.1 (7.6–239.9) mm3] and absolute calcified plaque volume [33.5 (8.3–148.3) mm3 vs 4.7 (0.9–17.3) mm3] were higher in men (both P<0.05). Women had a lower relative proportion of the calcified plaque component [median (quartiles) 7.8 (4.7–15.4)% vs 23.7 (8.4–31.1)%] and a higher relative proportion (median [quartiles]) of the non‐low‐density non‐calfied plaque component [77.6 (66.0–86.0)% vs 63.6 (54.0–72.9)%; both P<0.05].

Conclusions

In people with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, women had lower absolute coronary plaque volumes but a more unfavourable plaque composition and enhanced systemic inflammation compared with men.
Non‐adherence to basal insulin among patients with type 2 diabetes in a US managed care population: Results from a patient survey
Authors: Stephenson Judith J. , Raval Amit D. , Kern David M. , Bae Jay P.
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to assess insulin non‐adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to better understand relationships between adherence, basal insulin (BI) usage, and patient experiences. A cross‐sectional survey of patients with T2DM using BI was conducted. Adherence was measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8‐Items (MMAS‐8). Low adherence (LA) was defined as MMAS‐8 score < 6, high adherence (HA) as MMAS‐8 score = 8, and medium adherence as MMAS‐8 score = 6 to < 8. Patients with MMAS‐8 scores = 6 to < 8 were excluded from the analysis. Of 400 completed surveys, 395 patients (98.8%) completed all MMAS‐8 items, 112 with LA, 134 with HA. Compared with HA patients, greater proportions of LA patients followed more complex BI dosing patterns (57.1% vs. 39.5%, P = 0.014), had some difficulty calculating their correct BI dose (40.2% vs. 6.8%, P < 0.001), reported having missed ≥1 dose per month (79.3% vs. 12.6%, P < 0.001), and temporarily stopped BI in the past year (23.2% vs. 0.7%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, understanding patients' experiences with BI therapy can help formulate strategies to improve adherence.
Impact of Aura and Status Migrainosus on Readmissions for Vascular Events After Migraine Admission
Authors: Velickovic Ostojic Lili , Liang John W. , Sheikh Huma U. , Dhamoon Mandip S.
Published: June 2018

Objective

—To estimate readmission rates for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage after an index admission for migraine, using nationally representative data.

Methods

—The Nationwide Readmissions Database was designed to analyze readmissions for all payers and uninsured, with data on >14 million US admissions in 2013. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify index migraine admissions with and without aura or status migrainosus, and readmissions for cerebrovascular events. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for each outcome with aura and status migrainosus as main predictors, adjusting for age and vascular risk factors.

Results

—Out of 12,448 index admissions for migraine, 9972 (80.1%) were women, mean age was 45.5 ± 14.8 years, aura was present in 3038 (24.41%), and status migrainosus in 1798 (14.44%). The 30‐day readmission rate (per 100,000 index admissions) was 154 for ischemic stroke, 86 for TIA, 42 for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 17 for intracranial hemorrhage. In unadjusted models, aura was significantly associated with TIA (hazard ratio 2.43, 95% CI 1.39‐4.24), but not AIS (1.26, 0.73‐2.18), intracranial hemorrhage (1.86, 0.45‐7.79) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.85, 0.44‐7.75). When adjusting for age and vascular risk factors, aura remained significantly associated with TIA (2.13, 1.22‐3.74). Status, in adjusted models, was significantly associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage readmission (4.83, 1.09‐21.42).

Conclusions

—In this large, nationally representative retrospective cohort study, migraine admission with aura was independently associated with TIA readmission, and status migrainosus was independently associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Further research would clarify the role of misdiagnosis and causal relationships underlying these strong associations.
ESTIMATING THE GAINS FROM TRADE IN THE MARKET FOR PATENT RIGHTS
Authors: Serrano Carlos J.
Published: June 2018

The “market for patents”—the sale of patents—is an often discussed source of incentives to invest in R&D. This article presents and estimates a model of the transfer and renewal of patents that, under some assumptions, allows me to quantify the gains resulting from the transfer of patents. The gains from trade measure the private benefits of reallocating the ownership of a patent from the original patentee to a new owner for whom the patent has a higher value. In addition, I study the effect that lowering transaction costs has on the proportion of patents traded and the gains from trade.
The quality effect of intra‐firm bargaining with endogenous worker flows
Authors: Maury Tristan‐Pierre , Tripier Fabien
Published: June 2018

The performance of the labor market depends not only on the quantity of jobs in the economy, but also on the quality of jobs. This paper proposes a new theoretical explanation of the job quality issue in search and matching models. We develop a matching and intra‐firm bargaining model in which large firms hire workers and decide to destroy low‐productivity job–worker matches. The sources of inefficiency include the well‐known quantitative effect of intra‐firm bargaining, namely, the excessive size of the firms concerned; and a new quality effect, namely, the poor quality of the job–worker matches selected by firms.
Emotional eating is learned not inherited in children, regardless of obesity risk
Authors: Herle M. , Fildes A. , Llewellyn C. H.
Published: June 2018

Background

Emotional over‐eating (EOE) and emotional under‐eating (EUE) are common behaviours that develop in early childhood and are hypothesised to play a role in weight status. Data from a British twin cohort demonstrated that environmental, rather than genetic, factors shape individual differences in both behaviours in early childhood.

Objective

The aim of this current study was to replicate this finding in a subsample (n = 398) of 4‐year‐old twins selected for high or low risk of obesity from another population‐based cohort of British twins (the Twins Early Development Study).

Methods

Parental ratings of child EOE and EUE were analysed using genetic model fitting.

Results

Genetic influence was not significant, while shared environmental factors explained 71% (52–79%) of the variance in EOE and 77% (62–85%) in EUE. The two behaviours correlated positively (r = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.61), and about two‐thirds of the shared environmental factors influencing EOE and EUE were the same (rC = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.85).

Conclusions

Emotional eating in childhood is shaped by the home family environment; parents are therefore promising intervention targets.
Out of sync: monitoring the time of sea entry of wild and hatchery salmon Salmo salar smolt using floating passive‐integrated transponder antennae
Authors: Barlaup Bjørn T. , Rund Hans , Normann Eirik S. , Stranzl Sebastian , Mahlum Shad , Vollset Knut W.
Published: June 2018

Floating passive‐integrated transponder (PIT) antennae and smolt traps were used to study the time of sea entry and relative recapture of wild and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt released below and above a lake formed in the Vosso River. In total, 8.4 and 4.1% of the tagged wild and hatchery fish, respectively, were detected leaving the river (i.e. sea entry). Wild smolts released below the lake were detected leaving the river 16 days before smolts released above the lake, which also showed a 52% lower probability of detection during out‐migration. Hatchery smolts were out of sync with the wild smolts and were detected approximately 2 months later than the wild smolts from both release locations, with an 84% lower likelihood of detection than wild fish. Size selection was evident for wild fish released above the lake, but not below the lake, with an overall likelihood of detection increasing by 2.6% per cm total length (LT). Wild fish caught in the tributaries and transported to the main river had a 64% lower likelihood of detection than fish caught and released in the main river. This study demonstrates that floating PIT antennae out‐performed the traditional rotary screw trap in the ability to detect tagged smolts and that it is an efficient tool for evaluating the time of sea entry of S. salar smolts in a large river system.
The physiology of saltwater acclimation in large juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Brown Morgan S. , Jones Paul L. , Tromp Jared J. , van Rijn Christian A. , Collins Robert A. , Afonso Luis O. B.
Published: June 2018

The present study investigated the effects of transferring freshwater (FW) acclimated S. salar (678 g) that had been maintained under a constant photoperiod and thermal regime, into FW (salinity 0) and salt water (SW; salinity 35) on growth and physiological responses over a 28 day period. There were no mortalities observed throughout the study and no significant differences in mass or fork length between FW and SW groups after 28 days. Compared with fish transferred to FW, plasma osmolality and plasma chloride levels increased significantly in fish in SW by day 1. In the SW group, plasma chloride and osmolality had decreased significantly at day 14 when compared with day 1. Na+–K+‐ATPase activity was significantly higher in SW compared with the FW group from day 7 and thereafter, but continued to increase until day 22. No differences in plasma cortisol and thyroxine were observed between FW and SW groups throughout the study. Plasma glucose significantly increased from day 1 to day 2 in SW but not in the FW group and levels were significantly reduced in SW compared with the FW group at day 28. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in FW at day 22 and day 14 to day 22, respectively, when compared with the SW group. In the SW group, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change significantly throughout the study. The findings of this study suggest that large S. salar retained in FW maintain a high level of SW tolerance in the absence of photoperiod and thermal regimes necessary for smoltification, as demonstrated by 100% survival, unaffected growth performance, increased Na+–K+‐ATPase activity and a capacity to regulate plasma chloride and osmolality for 28 days in the SW group.
RNA sequencing, de novo assembly and differential analysis of the gill transcriptome of freshwater climbing perch Anabas testudineus after 6 days of seawater exposure
Authors: Chen Xiu L. , Lui Eei Y. , Ip Yuen K. , Lam Siew H.
Published: June 2018

To obtain transcriptomic insights into branchial responses to salinity challenge in Anabas testudineus, this study employed RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) to analyse the gill transcriptome of A. testudineus exposed to seawater (SW) for 6 days compared with the freshwater (FW) control group. A combined FW and SW gill transcriptome was de novo assembled from 169.9 million 101 bp paired‐end reads. In silico validation employing 17 A. testudineus Sanger full‐length coding sequences showed that 15/17 of them had greater than 80% of their sequences aligned to the de novo assembled contigs where 5/17 had their full‐length (100%) aligned and 9/17 had greater than 90% of their sequences aligned. The combined FW and SW gill transcriptome was mapped to 13,780 unique human identifiers at E‐value ≤1.0E‐20 while 952 and 886 identifiers were determined as up and down‐regulated by 1.5 fold, respectively, in the gills of A. testudineus in SW when compared with FW. These genes were found to be associated with at least 23 biological processes. A larger proportion of genes encoding enzymes and transporters associated with molecular transport, energy production, metabolisms were up‐regulated, while a larger proportion of genes encoding transmembrane receptors, G‐protein coupled receptors, kinases and transcription regulators associated with cell cycle, growth, development, signalling, morphology and gene expression were relatively lower in the gills of A. testudineus in SW when compared with FW. High correlation (R = 0.99) was observed between RNA‐Seq data and real‐time quantitative PCR validation for 13 selected genes. The transcriptomic sequence information will facilitate development of molecular resources and tools while the findings will provide insights for future studies into branchial iono‐osmoregulation and related cellular processes in A. testudineus.
IMPACT OF NEW DEBT OFFERINGS ON EXISTING CORPORATE BONDHOLDERS
Authors: Chen Fan , Stock Duane R.
Published: June 2018

Corporate bondholders may be concerned about the value of their bonds when the firm issues more bonds. Using bond data from the Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) from 2005 to 2017, we study the impact of new bond issues and relative maturity on the price of existing bonds. We find negative and significant average abnormal returns for existing bonds over a three‐day event window. Consistent with the adverse consequences of relative maturity of the new issuance, existing bond market returns are more strongly negative when the newly issued bonds mature before existing bonds. A funded debt covenant attenuates the negative return.
Qualifying Change: A Method for Defining Clinically Meaningful Outcomes of Change Score Computation
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Jin Shelia , Patterson Marian , Schneider Lon S. , Gamst Anthony , Thomas Ronald G. , Thal Leon J.
Published: June 2018

OBJECTIVES

To identify clinically meaningful change in longitudinal assessment.

DESIGN

A novel approach that qualifies item‐level change over time by the degree to which it is clinically meaningful.

SETTING

The classification method was tested by applying it to changes over 12 months in the frequency ratings of the items of a behavioral assessment instrument that is used commonly in clinical trials with Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

PARTICIPANTS

Responses from a cohort of 235 well characterized, community‐dwelling subjects with AD were analyzed by this method.

MEASUREMENTS

The approach allowed us to describe the proportions of items that emerged, ceased, worsened, and improved between the baseline and 12‐month visits.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

One‐year change in the behavioral symptoms of persons with AD was used to exemplify the methodology. This approach can he used in other populations and with other measurements and was designed for analyses of clinical trial data. This method uses item‐level changes to generate global impressions of clinically meaningful change; it also facilitates the definition of change that can be used in the clinical setting.
Historicising nationalism in Africa
Authors: Larmer Miles , Lecocq Baz
Published: June 2018

This paper proposes rethinking nationalism as a political ideology and force in Africa outside the boundaries of the postcolonial African state. It argues against national histories and for histories of the construction of African nationalisms. In analysing the anti‐colonial basis of nationalism globally, it argues that the basis for African nationalism is similar to and not distinct from dominant nationalist processes elsewhere. The paper analyses the problematic historiography of African nationalism, arguing that the focus on political outcomes – the independent nation‐state – has distorted and distracted from a necessary historical focus on process, best understood as involving competing and contested nationalisms before and after national independence. Having identified a wave of recent literature that analyses such competing nationalisms across the continent, the paper sets out a research agenda for systematic historical analysis of African nationalism.
A better world is in our power to create
Authors: McNeill Kirsty
Published: June 2018

We need to take pride in our progress, but be more determined than ever to transform the world for the better over the coming decade
The ATP‐binding protein FgArb1 is essential for penetration, infectious and normal growth of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Yin Yanni , Wang Zhihui , Cheng Danni , Chen Xiang , Chen Yun , Ma Zhonghua
Published: June 2018

ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters act mainly to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are important for diverse biological processes. However, their roles in pathogenesis have not been well‐characterized in Fusarium graminearum.

Sixty F. graminearum ABC protein genes were functionally characterized. Among them, FgArb1 regulates normal growth and importantly is essential for pathogenicity. Thus, the regulatory mechanisms of FgArb1 in pathogenicity were analyzed in this study.

FgArb1 interacts with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) FgSte7, and partially modulates plant penetration by regulating the phosphorylation of FgGpmk1 (the downstream kinase of FgSte7). The FgArb1 mutant exhibited dramatically reduced infective growth within wounded host tissues, likely resulting from its increased sensitivity to oxidative stresses, defective cell wall integrity and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) production. FgArb1 also is important for the production of sexual and asexual spores that are important propagules for plant infection. In addition, FgArb1 is involved in the regulation of protein biosynthesis through impeding nuclear export of small ribosomal subunit. Finally, acetylation modification at sites K28, K65, K341 and K525 in FgArb1 is required for its biological functions.

Taken together, results of this study provide a novel insight into functions of the ABC transporter in fungal pathogenesis.
Juliana v United States: The next frontier in US climate mitigation?
Authors: Powers Melissa
Published: June 2018

In the ground‐breaking lawsuit, Juliana v United States, more than 20 children and young adults are suing agencies of the United States for contributing to climate change by promoting, supporting and permitting fossil fuel extraction, transportation and use. The case reached an important threshold in November 2016 when, one day after a minority of voters elected Donald Trump President, a district court ruled that the case could move forward. Specifically, the district court ruled that the plaintiffs had raised viable legal claims when they alleged the US government had violated plaintiffs’ fundamental constitutional rights to a liveable planet and that the government had failed to adequately protect public trust resources from harm caused by climate change. This preliminary ruling has paved the way for a trial in which plaintiffs will be able to present scientific and factual evidence regarding climate change and the government's actions supporting activities that contribute to climate change. If the plaintiffs ultimately succeed in the case, the Juliana litigation could ultimately serve as a tool to compel the US government to develop a strategy for decarbonizing the US energy system and economy.
Basin‐scale predictive models of alluvial architecture: Constraints from the Palaeocene–Eocene, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Owen Amanda , Hartley Adrian J. , Ebinghaus Alena , Weissmann Gary S. , Santos Maurício G. M.
Published: June 2018

Basin‐scale models are required to interpret ancient continental sedimentary successions, and reduce uncertainty in assessing geological resources in basins. Recently, modern studies show distributive fluvial systems to comprise a substantial proportion of modern sedimentary basins, but their role in ancient basin fills has yet to be quantitatively documented at the basin scale. This study analysed key fluvial characteristics to construct a detailed basin‐wide model of the Palaeogene Fort Union and Willwood formations (Bighorn Basin, Wyoming), using observations from modern studies, and ancient system scale studies of distributive fluvial systems, to guide interpretations. Mapping showed these formations to be highly heterogeneous with channel‐body proportion (from 12 to 81%) and geometry types (large amalgamated bodies to isolated channels), grain size (silt to conglomerate), average channel‐body thickness (4 to 20 m) and average storey thickness (3 to 10 m) varying significantly across the basin. Distributive fluvial systems in the form of alluvial and fluvial fans in transverse configurations were recognized as well as a wide axial system, with heterogeneity in the formations being closely aligned to these interpretations. Furthermore, numerous individual depositional systems were identified within the formations (Beartooth Absaroka, Washakie, Owl Creek and axial). Predicted downstream distributive fluvial system trends (i.e. downstream decrease in channel proportion, size and grain size) were identified in the Beartooth, Absaroka and Owl Creek systems. However, predicted trends were not identified in the Washakie system where intrabasinal thrusting disturbed the sequence. Importantly, a wide axial fluvial system was identified, where reverse downstream distributive fluvial system trends were present, interpreted to be the result of the input of transverse systems of variable size. This study provides a new level of detail in the application of basin‐scale models, demonstrating their usefulness in trying to understand and predict alluvial architecture distribution and heterogeneity, with important implications for economic resources and palaeogeographic reconstructions.
Disagreement and Conceptual Understanding
Authors: Rattan Gurpreet
Published: June 2018

Does the epistemology of disagreement have significant consequences for theories of conceptual understanding? I argue that it does. I argue that the epistemology of disagreement manifests the existence of a special kind of concept,perspectival modes of metarepresentation, a kind of concept instances of which figure in the thinking about thoughts that occurs indeep disagreement. These perspectival modes of metarepresentation arede remodes of presentation of thoughts themselves – hencede remodes ofmetarepresentation– in which one and the same thought is presented to higher‐order thinking about thoughts in different ways. These modes or ways arede reand perspectival because they are individuated by facts about whether the thought being thought about is thegraspedorunderstoodpropositional object ofone's ownoranother'sthinking. I outline a broadly Fregean framework for theorizing conceptual understanding and draw out three significant consequences of the existence of perspectival modes of metarepresentation for theories of conceptual understanding: they (1) constitute a new philosophical motivation for a restricted fragment of what Terence Parsons calls a “libertine” hierarchy of Fregean sense; (2) provide, against David Chalmers, examples ofa prioriequivalences that are nevertheless cognitively significant; and (3) constitute a novel and pervasive example of Kripkean ‘Paderewski’‐type designators.
Postpartum contraception
Authors: Cooper Michelle , Cameron Sharon
Published: June 2018

Key content

Sexual activity and fertility can resume shortly after childbirth, and therefore there is a risk of pregnancy unless contraception is initiated.

Unintended pregnancy and short inter‐pregnancy intervals (of less than 1 year) can increase the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications.

The antenatal and postpartum periods present a unique opportunity to discuss contraceptive options, many of which can be safely initiated immediately after childbirth.

Training maternity staff in the provision of long‐acting reversible contraceptive insertion (implant and intrauterine devices) can overcome some of the barriers women experience in accessing these highly effective methods after leaving the birth unit.

Learning objectives

To understand the risks of unintended pregnancy and short inter‐pregnancy intervals.

To understand the UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for the use of contraceptive methods in the postpartum period.

To be up to date on the most common contraceptive methods and their use in the postpartum period.

To be familiar with the technique of postpartum intrauterine contraception insertion.

To appreciate the increasing role of maternity services in the discussion and provision of contraception after childbirth.
BSGE/ESGE guideline on management of fluid distension media in operative hysteroscopy
Authors: Umranikar Sameer , Saridogan Ertan , Clark T Justin , Miligkos Dimitrios , Arambage Kirana , Torbe Emma
Published: June 2018

Key content

Hysteroscopy is a common surgical procedure in gynaecology. Fluid distension media is needed to undertake the procedure.

The common fluid distension media available are discussed, along with their properties and role in undertaking operative hysteroscopic procedures.

Some inherent complications can occur when there is excessive fluid absorption during hysteroscopic procedures.

The monitoring of the fluid distension medium used and how to avoid complications is discussed.

Learning objectives

To gain a better understanding of the fluid media are available for hysteroscopic surgery.

To understand the risks associated with the use of different distension fluid media.

To understand the difference between the various fluid distension media and their effect when excessive absorption occurs.

To recognise, manage and prevent complications associated with excessive fluid absorption.

To understand the different monitoring systems available during surgery.