bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El cambio climático y la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información Geográfica
Authors: Quirós Hernández Manuel
Published: June 2015

La muy diversa afectación mundial del cambio climático y el procesado de la cuantiosa cantidad de datos necesarios para su determinación hacen prácticamente imposible su estudio y análisis sin herramientas y métodos sofisticados que ayuden a globalizar resultados estadísticos que desde la escasa densidad de observatorios en muy extensas regiones del planeta son muy difíciles de interpolar, extrapolar y generalizar. Esto está llevando a una frustrante controversia entre distintas posturas científicas enfrentadas. Por eso, se hace cada vez más importante y necesaria la utilización de las TIG´s que faciliten, por un lado, una mayor densidad superficial de los datos meteorológicos con el fin de analizar los impactos paramétricos del cambio climático en ámbitos locales, cuya integración permitirá definir el carácter global del fenómeno con mayor claridad; y, por otra, el manejo y computación del creciente número de datos obtenidos. Dada la profusión actual de fuentes de información del problema, se hace muy necesaria para la orientación de investigadores y sus equipos la ordenación y puesta al día de las tecnologías y métodos disponibles actualmente que pueden facilitar sus objetivos científicos. La cartografía clásica y digital para informar de resultados de las investigaciones; las plataformas aéreas y espaciales que permiten captar radiaciones terrestres indicadoras de parámetros climáticos; y los programas informáticos que faciliten los análisis estadísticos, geoestadísticos y territoriales mediante capas de datos de los distintos lugares que se computen con álgebras matriciales y permitan definiciones impensables hace muy pocos años atrás. Este artículo pretende una aproximación a estas materias.
Transformación urbana, espacio público y su percepción social. El río Segura a su paso por Orihuela y Rojales
Authors: Martí Ciriquián Pablo , García Mayor Clara , Nolasco Cirugeda Almudena
Published: June 2015

El río Segura en su tramo final, la Vega Baja en la provincia de Alicante, atraviesa las ciudades de Orihuela y Rojales, que se caracterizan por ser las dos únicas de esta zona en las que el cauce recorre su casco urbano. Se parte de las obras de remodelación del cauce con el Plan de Defensa contra Avenidas en la Cuenca del Río Segura, concluido en 1994, en el que la solución adoptada para el encauzamiento en los tramos urbanos es similar en ambos municipios. Esta investigación expone en qué medida dichas actuaciones han tenido un refl ejo directo en la imagen de la ciudad, en las actividades en el espacio público urbano y en la manera que es percibido por los ciudadanos. Finalmente, se ponen en evidencia resultados coincidentes y divergentes, pese a la similitud del contexto de las actuaciones.
El paisaje vegetal en los páramos detríticos del Sureste leonés: montes de encinar-quejigal y sotos ribereños
Authors: García de Celis Alipio
Published: June 2015

En el área de páramos y valles del Sureste de la provincia de León subsisten algunos ejemplos de la antigua vegetación forestal natural: el bosque de encinas y quejigos. El ejemplo mejor conservado es el llamado Monte del Duque, en Valderas. Por otro lado, en un paisaje con predominio casi absoluto de tierras de labor destacan las hileras forestales formadas por los sotos ribereños. Se analiza la composición florística y la dinámica de estas formaciones.
Dinámica y evolución del paisaje vegetal en un valle de la Sierra de O Caurel (Lugo-León)
Authors: Guitián Rivera Luis
Published: June 2015

En el presente artículo se estudia la configuración del paisaje actual y sus orígenes en un valle de la comarca del Caurel (León-Lugo). Se destaca la antigüedad del poblamiento y la deforestación del valle, así como el papel jugado por las actividades humanas en la distribución de las comunidades vegetales y en su dinámica actual y pasada.
Cambios recientes en las relaciones entre agricultura y ganaderia extensiva: de la complementariedad a la dependencia de la ganadería
Authors: Lasanta Martínez Teodoro , Errea Abad M.P.
Published: June 2015

Se describen las relaciones tradicionales entre agricultura y ganadería extensiva y los cambios recientes que han experimentado tales relaciones. En el llamado sistema tradicional eran de complementariedad. La ganadería extensiva obtenía una parte de su alimentación del pastoreo en barbechos y rastrojeras, así como del reciclaje de subproductos agrícolas. A cambio fertilizaba la tierra, eliminaba "malas hierbas" y facilitaba el laboreo del suelo. Las relaciones actuales muestran, por el contrario, una elevada dependencia de la ganadería extensiva del espacio agrícola como fuente de alimentación, y la desvinculación de la agricultura de la ganadería por la incorporación de "inputs" en la actividad agrícola.
¿Incendiarismo o ecocidio en la Iberia Atlántica? La transformación del paisaje a causa del fuego: reflejo de los problemas socioeconómicos
Authors: O'Flanagan Partrick
Published: June 2015

Los incencios han causado enormes daños en la Iberia Atlántica en los pasados veinte años. Este trabajo pretende detallar los precedentes de estos incendios, situando el discurso en el contexto de ecología política y economia política. En el centro del asunto se encuentra la larga relación existente entre comunidades, localidades y Estado. Aquí se establecen relaciones entre economía, política, incendiarismo y ecocidio. Además, la degradación es una consecuencia, pero esta noción de cambio también necesita ser reconsiderada.
Desarrollo local, industrialización y calidad territorial
Authors: Rodríguez Guitiérrez Fermín
Published: June 2015

En la actualidad, reindustrializar, es aprovechar y defender los medios endógenos de un determinado territorio sin necesidad de seguir la lógica de mercado, pero para eso se precisa una capacidad organizativa eficiente y medios de innovación, pues son la clave de la competencia entre territorios.
La gran empresa ya no es el símbolo de la creación de empleo, sino que hoy deja paso a la pequeña y mediana empresa, aunque el poder económico y los medios tecnológicos siguen estando en sus manos.
Para lograr al [m una calidad territorial, que es lo que se pretende con el desarrollo local, se tienen que poner de manifiesto una serie de premisas, indicadores y propuestas de actuación capaces de revolucionar la sociedad de los territorios.
La incidencia de las iniciativas comunitarias y de los fondos europeos en el desarrollo rural de la provincia de Salamanca
Authors: Hortelano Mínguez Luis Alfonso , Martín Jiménez María Isabel
Published: June 2015

Se analiza el desarrollo rurall de la provincia de Salamanca a través de la incidencia de las Iniciativas Comunitarias, nacionales y locales para lo cual se esrudian los diferentes programas instrumentalizados para las regiones calificadas Objetivo l
Luces y sombras del desarrollo rural en Galicia
Authors: Rodríguez González Román , Lois González Rubén Camilo
Published: June 2015

Se aborda el tema del desarrollo rural en Galicia a través de los cambios registrados en la organización espacial de las cuatro provincias gallegas desde 1960, los programas e instrumentos utilizados para corregir la situación que caracteriza a las áreas rurales de esta Comunidad Autónoma y el estudio de algunos ejemplos concretos de actuación que han obtenido resultados desiguales.
Los programas de desarrollo rural en la provincia de León
Authors: Sánchez Muñoz María Jesús
Published: June 2015

En la provincia de León, aparecen cinco iniciativas de desarrollo rural, dos auspiciadas por la Iniciativa Comunitaria LEADER ("Ancares-Seo" y "Montañas del Teleno") y otras tres sometidas a las directrices del Programa Operativo PRODER ("ADESCAS", "Cuatro Valles" y "Montaña de Riaño"), Todos ellos se apoyan en Grupos de Acción Local para sensibilizar, informar, formar y motivar a la población afectada para que ésta participe en su propio proceso de desarrollo, De esta manera, nos encontramos con proyectos en los que tienen más aceptación las iniciativas turísticas ("Montañas del Teleno", "Cuatro Valles" y "Montaña de Riaño"); otros que apoyan las PYMES y la valoración de la producción agraria ("ADESCAS" y "Montaña de Riaño") y otros que buscan consolidar la estrategia LEADER ("Ancares-Seo"),
La minería del carbón en España: reestructuración sectorial y alternativas de desarrollo
Authors: López Trigal Lorenzo , Benito del Pozo Paz
Published: June 2015

Este artículo se plantea como una aproximación a algunos de los aspectos sectoriales y territoriales de la minería del carbón en España, centrando el análisis en la producción, el empleo y las empresas con actividad en el periodo 1985-1998, con especial referencia al nuevo marco de ayudas defmido por el Plan 1998-2005 y a la situación de declive de las comarcas mineras y las alternativas de desarrollo.
La producción de azúcar en Castilla y León: balance de un siglo
Authors: Baraja Rodríguez Eugenio
Published: June 2015

En las últimas campañas remolachero-azucareras se ha asistido al cierre de alguna de las fábricas pioneras en la producción de azúcar en Castilla y León. Un hecho, que unido al progresivo descenso en las siembras, ha llevado a cuestionar el futuro del cultivo en la región. En el presente artículo se trata de demostrar que, al contrario, este proceso no es más que el último capítulo en la reestructuración de una de las ramas agroalimentarias más solventes del Duero y que, precisamente ahora, tras un siglo de andadura, está sentando las bases para su supervivencia en un contexto cada vez más abierto y competitivo.
Planificación de la actividad rural ganadera en la comarca de Laciana. Un proyecto de investigación y desarrollo rural
Authors: F. Revuelta José , De la Puente Telesforo , G. Eguren Vicente , Roa César
Published: June 2015

En el presente artículo se analizan los resultados de un proyecto de investigación planeado con el [m de realizar una planificación de la actividad rural ganadera en la Comarca de Laciana. Constituye una zona desfavorecida de montaña, con una problemática económica, social y ambiental, derivada de la crisis de la minería que constituyó su soporte económico.
En una primera fase se establece el enmarque conceptual del desanollo rural de la zona y, posteriormente, se presentan los datos obtenidos mediante una encuesta realizada con el objetivo de determinar la situación actual del sector ganadero, tanto desde la perspectiva de la valoración económica de las explotaciones, como las opiniones de los ganaderos sobre su situación y expectativas.
Por último se exponen las actividades realizadas en orden a la puesta en marcha un Plan de desarrollo endógeno de la zona.
Retos y respuestas en la gestión europea de las aguas: los sistemas de riego por aspersión en el Noroeste de España
Authors: Guillet David , Hobbs Anne Marie
Published: June 2015

Los sistemas eficientes de distribución de aguas están siendo cada vez más reconocidos por su potencial para incrementar la agricultura sostenible en regiones áridas y semiáridas al sur de Europa. En España, los sistemas de riego por aspersión han sido adoptados ampliamente desde la década de los sesenta. La cuenca del río Duero es una de las regiones donde su uso ha sido más acentuado. Al sur del Duero, en donde predominan las grandes propiedades de tierra, los sistemas de pivote central y movimiento lineal permanentes han sido las técnicas más utilizadas. Al norte del Duero, donde las propiedades son más reducidas, las familias de agricultores prefieren los sistemas de riego manuales o fijos.

Este artículo trata de la adopción y el uso de sistemas de riego por aspersión por los agricultores en el  norte del Duero, en el área del río Órbigo, en la provincia de León. Los datos recogidos provienen de una encuesta que se llevó a cabo en 1997 con 356 agricultores provenientes de dieciséis localidades. Se comprobó que las diferencias agroecológicas en cada lugar son el factor más determinante en la adopción del sistema de riego por aspersión. Distintas variables en cada hogar explican las diferencias individuales en el uso de éste. La sección que concluye este artículo evalúa el papel que juegan los sistemas de riego por aspersión de pequeña escala utilizados por las familias agricultores para la gestión sostenible de las aguas en el sur de Europa.
Zonificación turística de Acapulco, México, a finales del siglo XX
Authors: Sánchez Crispín Álvaro
Published: June 2015

Este estudio tiene por finalidad revelar la dinámica territorial de Acapulco impuesta por el proceso de desarrollo turístico nacional. Primero, se presentan los momentos que han tenido mayor impacto sobre el desarrollo de esa actividad económica en el puerto; más adelante, se examinan algunos de los rasgos esenciales de los flujos de visitantes hacia Acapulco y, finalmente, se revelan las diferencias territoriales intraurbanas derivadas del desarrollo turístico. Se llega a concluir que, aun cuando este puerto guerrerense ha perdido su lugar privilegiado como destino internacional, aún es elegido como un destino de sol y playa, en particular, por el turismo nacional.
Las cinco katas de Yagi Meitoku
Authors: Campbell Perry
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
La “sociedad del riesgo” y el entrenamiento de las artes marciales en Nueva Zelanda
Authors: Looser Diana
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
El estilo de entrenamiento olímpico de Juan Moreno para atletas de taekwondo
Authors: Saporta José
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
El Xingyiquan estilo Che en Taiwan según las enseñanzas del Dr. Wu Chaoxiang
Authors: Henning Stanley E.
Published: June 2015

No abstract available
Masaru Shintani: la creación de un maestro moderno de kárate canadiense
Authors: Toth Robert
Published: June 2015

This article looks at the life of Japanese/Canadian karate pioneer, Masaru Shintani, from his birth in Vancouver, British Columbia, until his death in Kapuskasing, Ontario. After more than thirty years of teaching, Shintani created one of the largest karate organizations in North America with over 27,000 members. Shintani also invented Shindo, a martial art facilitating the use of an ancient weapon, the short stick, with modern techniques. For this article, many of Shintani’s senior students helped to reconstruct his life and explain his complex personality with recollections of their teacher. From the beginning of his karate training in an internment camp, to the eventual achievement of 9th-degree black belt, Masaru Shintani epitomized the modern karate master.
Recordando a Remy Presas: Una perspectiva vital en las artes marciales
Authors: Hobart Peter
Published: June 2015

Professor Remy Presas was the founder of a style of martial arts called Modern Arnis. The Professor brought this knowledge and his own innovations to the U.S.A. and the rest of the world beginning in the mid-1970s, and was one of four headmasters who formed an alliance, sharing ideas and students throughout the decades that followed. Professor Presas died before being interviewed for this series, so this retrospective is comprised of the stories and memories of many of those who knew and loved him.
Kuatsu – El arte de resucitar
Authors: Nalda Albiac José Santos
Published: June 2015

No English abstract available
El kata como conocimiento - estudio antropológico y socio cultural. Sán-Jing/Zhán-Jing: las tres esencias
Authors: Pereda González Pablo
Published: June 2015

No English abstract available
El ascetismo y la búsqueda de la muerte por guerreros y monjes
Authors: Jeremiah Ken
Published: June 2015

There is a strong connection between martial arts and religious practices in Japan. Martial art practitioners, in an effort to utilize inner energy (ki) and to eliminate fear, often turn to ascetic discipline. Mountain ascetics called yamabushi are known for their extreme, life-threatening training methods. Some of them, after ten years of mental and physical preparation, buried themselves alive, aspiring to become living Buddhas. This is the relatively unknown practice of self-mummification: a tradition that originated with Kukai, the founder of Shingon Buddhism. Approximately twenty individuals in Japan have successfully mummified themselves by means of ascetic discipline and special diets. The frame of mind developed while preparing for their deaths is the same mind-set that warriors strive to attain. Single-minded determination, the complete absence of fear, and the nonexistence of self are demonstrated in the actions of these individuals. These are the same qualities that are found in any master of the martial arts.
La imponente belleza de las armas blancas persas elaboradas con acero de Damasco
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

The objective of this article is to give a short overview of different types of a product called “Persian watered steel” and show its beauty through examples of edged weaponry. I use the terms “watered steel,” “Damascus steel,” and “crucible steel” interchangeably throughout this article, and those terms are also explained. Watered steel is produced from steel made in crucibles, and the resulting differences in properties occurring during the process will be explained. The resulting quality is vital in producing edged weapons that are of praiseworthy significance. Another section of this article deals with the production centers of crucible steel and gives a short overview of this topic, including a discussion on watered steel in historical accounts. Lastly, the classification of properties of watered steel in early modern times is discussed.
La Doncella de Yue: fuente de la teoría de las artes marciales chinas
Authors: Henning Stanley E.
Published: June 2015

The Maiden of Yue story is a short, legendary tale that describes the essence of Chinese martial arts theory. It is the earliest such description in Chinese history (written 25-220 C.E.) and has been quoted or paraphrased by other martial artists over the centuries, including Wu Yuxiang (1812-1880) (Xu, 1936: Part 3, 52), the first individual to compile and transmit what came to be known as Taijiquan theory. The story concisely describes both internal and external characteristics that combine mental and physical attributes and counter the fallacy of later artificial categorizations of the Chinese martial arts into Internal and External Schools. 
El bastón Niulang: una vara de pastor como arma
Authors: Cheung Donald W.
Published: June 2015

Yu Qi created the Niulang staff system about 300 years ago. He taught Xiao Side and the art was passed down within the Xiao family to the current grandmaster, Xiao Mingkui. The staff is about 1-meter long and incorporates techniques from both long and short weapons. The concept of yin and yang is central to Niulang staff practice, requiring a proper balance between defense and attack as well as softness and power. The staff always moves in a spiral motion and short explosive power is generated from the waist/kua of the body. Yi (intent) and shen (spirit) are central elements guiding the external movements. The Niulang staff art is designated in China as a major traditional wushu discipline for preservation and research.
La Primera Competición Internacional de Katas de Judo Kodokan & sus katas
Authors: Gatling Lance
Published: June 2015

In October 2007, the Kodokan hosted the first global Kodokan Judo forms (katas) competition in Tokyo. This article briefly outlines the background of the competition, the competitors, the motivations for this competition, the historical development of judo katas, and their importance to the correct study of judo. Sources include personal kata study, observation of the two-day competition, interviews, and English and Japanese texts. Judo katas are an often neglected aspect of judo training, but there is growing interest in this classical, important part of the study of judo. The katas preserve the oldest techniques of judo, including its classical jujutsu roots.
Panorámica sobre las artes marciales polacas
Authors: Cynarski Wojciech J.
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study is to explain the revival of Polish martial arts from the perspectives of cultural sociology, the sciences of physical culture, and the humanistic theory of martial arts. The Polish Martial Arts (Polskie Sztuki Walki) are a subject still requiring serious scientific examination, even in Poland. There are few works concerning the history of Polish weapons, and most only describe techniques for wielding specific types of edged weapons. Nevertheless, there is a large group of enthusiasts trying to restore and cultivate the old Polish tradition, a tradition with heavy emphasis on the art of fencing. The author knows many of the people and facts presented here, from personal observation and from direct participation in these arts. As a disciple of the late Master Yoshio Sugino (10th-dan Kobudo Katori Shinto-ryu), he fought against the Polish saber champion, and he has taken part in joint exhibitions of Polish and Japanese fencing.
Chenjiagou: la historia de la Aldea del Taiji
Authors: Gaffney David
Published: June 2015

This article explores how various political, social, and environmental factors helped to shape the face of taijiquan in the art's birthplace, Chenjiagou. By looking at the impact of the some of the major historical Chen taijiquan figures and examining the social context within which they operated, we can better understand the system's evolution. Research included a number of visits to Chenjiagou, where the author interviewed some of the leading Chen Style teachers, as well as an examination of published literature in the fields of both taijiquan and wider political and economic commentaries.  Literature included both historical records and up-to-date studies. In spite of outside intrusion, great social and economic hardship, and inevitably changing lifestyles, Chenjiagou has managed to hold onto its martial traditions and looks set for a bright future in the twenty-first century.  
El papel del Bushido en el auge del nacionalismo japonés previo a la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Authors: Patterson William R.
Published: June 2015

Though some attention has been given to the role that Bushido (the ethical system of the samurai) may have played in the development of nationalism in post-Meiji Japan, the martial arts themselves have largely been absolved of any complicity. I argue in this article that the martial arts did in fact play a role in the rise of Japanese nationalism and therefore share some of the blame for the events that took place leading up to and during the Second World War. The article demonstrates how the martial arts were used to popularize the precepts of Bushido and how these precepts in turn lead to the growth of expansionist nationalism. It also shows how the martial arts were used in the educational system and the military to inculcate the Bushido notions of honor and loyalty in the general public.
Visitando la ciudad de Tianshui. Una mirada a la cultura marcial de la Ruta de la Seda del Norte de China
Authors: Henning Stanley E.
Published: June 2015

Tianshui city, located in China’s ancient cultural center in Gansu Province, includes a large rural area known as Qinzhou. This area houses pockets of traditional martial arts culture, which allow one to savor the past in the present, even in the face of China’s unprecedented economic development and social change in recent years. The picture described in this short article is based upon the author’s visits to Tianshui, most recently in 2007, on-site discussions with Professor Cai Zhizhong, who teaches martial arts in the physical education program of Tianshui Normal College, and Professor Cai’s writings on the subject. While the modernization taking place throughout China cannot help but have an inﬂuence on Tianshui’s traditional martial arts practices, one comes away hopeful that the strong historical awareness and sense of cultural pride exhibited by the area’s residents will insure a continuing role for Tianshui’s traditional martial arts.
Una introducción general a la teoría y aplicaciones del boxeo taiji de la familia Sun
Authors: Burroughs Jake
Published: June 2015

Though well known in China, Sun Family Taiji is one of the least known of Chinese martial arts here in the West. Created by one of China’s top martial artists, Sun Lutang, in what many consider the “Golden Years” of Chinese pugilism (turn of the 20th century), this style offers proper structure, full body power, and dynamic stepping. Training in Sun Taiji presents not only an extremely healthy exercise for all ages, but also an effective system of combat. This is a concise yet inclusive overview of Sun Family Taiji Boxing, including the historical background, real-world applications, and the theory involved in this often overlooked system of Taiji.
¿Fue Jesús un artista marcial?
Authors: Overill Richard E.
Published: June 2015

A number of statements in the gospels of the New Testament describe the behavior of Jesus-bar-Joseph of Nazareth in Galilee in a way that suggests that he may have been acquainted with certain martial arts techniques. We examine these statements in some detail and then proceed to consider what martial arts traditions may have been extant in south-western Asia, more specifically in Palestine, in the first century CE.
Una táctica marcial universal: la proyección de hombro y sus variantes
Authors: Pittman Allen
Published: June 2015

Development of the fighting arts begins with universal principles found in human anatomy. As a result, in every culture we find combative techniques that share common tactics and applications. Additionally, many techniques travel across cultures. To illustrate just one martial tactic and its worldwide presence among martial traditions, this article presents variations on the shoulder throw as found in Persia, Greece, Japan, China, England, and France. Two main methods are found in the shoulder throw where the defender moves either inside or outside the attacker’s leading arm. The technical variations seem endless, as the defender can not only throw an opponent, but also employ joint locks, breaks, and even weapons in the techniques. An academic understanding, and/or the practical learning, of trans-cultural techniques, brings greater understanding of martial arts in general and a practical component to those who learn the skills for practical application.
La estrangulación carotídea: dormir, ¿tal vez morir?
Authors: Wedlake Lee , Rowe Marc
Published: June 2015

This is an examination of the carotid choke, also known as the “sleeper hold.” We will be concerned with types of sleeper holds, what part of the neck is affected, and how. This is commonly referred to as a “blood choke.” There is differentiation between blood chokes and air chokes (strangulation). This article will cover application, effects, result over short and long terms, and ramifications of drug usage and mental state. We will not include the effects of a choke on the trachea, or pressure or strikes to the back of the neck. This article is presented from two perspectives; that of a martial arts practitioner/instructor and that of a physician.
La lanza: el arma principal en la tradición marcial iraní
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

In martial tradition, spears and lances have always played a very important role as main weapons on the battlefield, as exemplified through Iranian military history. Its reach and cheap production were important factors for establishing formations of soldiers equipped with spears and lances. Additionally, the combat techniques of spears and lances were relatively easy and one could learn the techniques of spearfighting and lancefighting much easier than other weapons, such as swords. The first part of the article describes some types of spears and lances that were used in the Islamic period of Iran. Then the method of carrying a spear/lance is analyzed and additionally some offensive techniques, feinting techniques, attacking techniques to the animal carrying the opponent, and defensive techniques using spears/lances are described as documented by Persian manuscripts.
Defensa integral penitenciaria
Authors: Rodríguez Román Francisco Javier
Published: June 2015

Penitentiary integral defense is a set of techniques designed to solve the breach of the peace that may appear in the penitentiary world. This paper studies the scope and legal framework of penitentiary self-defense. This kind of self-defense is defined by the particular characteristics of a confinement context and a very specific regulation aimed at preserving the integrity of prisoners and penitentiary staff as well as prison facilities. A technical section illustrating the main penitentiary integral defense’s fundamentals and methods is also included. The defense methods showed here are: frisking, confinement cell entry, prisoner transfer, active resistance, aggressions between prisoners, standard defense equipment, handcuffs use, and techniques against holds, non-armed attacks and attacks with an edged weapon.
Arthur Rosenfeld: artista marcial & narrador de historias
Authors: Bailey Thomas H.
Published: June 2015

Interview with martial artist and writer Arthur Rosenfeld
Investigación social sobre las artes marciales extremo-orientales en Polonia
Authors: Cynarski Wojciech J.
Published: June 2015

The present study summarizes the achievements of the polish researchers about the socio-cultural phenomenon of martial arts, shown from the historical perspective of these practices in Poland and the long-time tradition of local martial practices, as well as from the author’s thirty-year of practice and research in martial arts field. The main directions of the multidisciplinary, sociological, historical and pedagogical research are considered, in addition to the institutionalization of scientific activities related to the martial arts such as the organization of periodic conferences and the publication of specific journals. Particularly, the achievements of the Rzeszów’s Research Center, which is becoming an international cornerstone in the scientific study of the martial arts, are detailed.
Aprendiendo el arte marcial indio del kalarippayattu: ecologías inciertas de género, clase, cultura y etnicidad
Authors: Schneider Sara K.
Published: June 2015

Rooted in the author’s field experience studying the traditional South Indian martial art kalarippayattu, this article examines the complexities of communication, including the use of touch as a teaching tool, in an intercultural teacher-student relationship, and surfaces how gender, culture, and class impacted learning in this embodied art form.
Las mujeres guerreras del teatro kabuki y el legado de las artes marciales femeninas de Japón
Authors: Klens-Bigman Deborah
Published: June 2015

The fighting woman character has been a staple of Japan’s kabuki theater almost since its inception. Audiences accepted these characters, especially fighting women of the samurai class, as part of the depiction of Edo period (1603–1868) life. This paper explores several of these characters and suggests that they help form the legacy of women’s practice of martial arts today.
Cómo incorpora el baguazhang la teoría del Libro de los cambios
Authors: Joern Travis
Published: June 2015

In this article, the author examines how a martial artist can apply the theoretical aspects of the Yijing to his or her training, and tries to determine why baguazhang practitioners chose this particular text as the core of their system. Through this, we can study some of the ways that baguazhang was linked to the culture in which it was developed.
La evolución de las técnicas de patada en taekwondo
Authors: Moenig Udo
Published: June 2015

The purpose of the study is to explain the evolution of kicking techniques of taekwondo and to provide a historical time frame for this process. This study analyzes early karate and taekwondo literature, including diverse and varied Korean sources. In addition, some interviews were conducted with relevant persons of the period researched. Taekwondo and karate training and techniques had been very similar until the 1960s. However, taekwondo diverged from karate techniques with the introduction of full-contact competitions during the 1960s.
Una taxonomía de los principios utilizados en las técnicas de proyección de judo
Authors: Yiannakis Linda
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a conceptual framework for examining principles of judo throwing techniques (nage-waza). The principles formulated in this study are classified as primarily structural, operational, or contextual in nature. Such an organization of properties allows a clearer examination of the operation of throwing techniques for the purpose of identification, teaching, and innovation. This framework was developed from the author’s personal observations and understanding of throwing principles. This way of thinking about throwing principles may be useful for examining techniques in other martial arts as well.
Efectos de la práctica del tai chi chuan sobre la calidad del sueño
Authors: Jiménez Pedro Jesús
Published: June 2015

Aim: This paper reviews international studies on the effects of Tai Chi Chuan (a.k.a. taichi, taiji or taijiquan) on sleep with the aim of clarifying the research framework, which are its causes and effects.

Method: The literature search was carried out on the basis of seven international databases on October 2011.
Results/Conclusions: The review works on the subject are scarce and address a small number of studies, while specific works confirm that tai chi chuan produces a significant improvement over the stability (sleep disruption) and quality (efficacy and duration) of nighttime sleep, and an overall improvement on daytime sleep, although to enjoy these benefits its required a minimum of practice. The physiological causes that lead to this improvement are still to be determined.
Characterization of kinesiological patterns of the frontal kick, mae-geri, in karate experts and non-karate practitioners
Authors: VencesBrito António M. , Branco Marco A. Colaço , Fernandes Renato M. Cordeiro , Ferreira Mário A. Rodrigues , Fernandes Orlando J. S. M. , Figueiredo Abel A. Abreu , Branco Gonçalo
Published: June 2015

Presently, coaches and researchers need to have a better comprehension of the kinesiological parameters that should be an important tool to support teaching methodologies and to improve skills performance in sports. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the kinematic and neuromuscular control patterns of the front kick (mae-geri) to a fixed target performed by 14 experienced karate practitioners, and (ii) compare it with the execution of 16 participants without any karate experience, allowing the use of those references in the analysis of the training and learning process. Results showed that the kinematic and neuromuscular activity during the kick performance occurs within 600 ms. Muscle activity and kinematic analysis demonstrated a sequence of activation bracing a proximal-to-distal direction, with the muscles presenting two distinct periods of activity (1, 2), where the karateka group has a greater intensity of activation – root mean square (RMS) and electromyography (EMG) peak – in the first period on Rectus Femoris (RF1) and  Vastus Lateralis (VL1) and a lower duration of co-contraction in both periods on Rectus Femoris-Biceps Femoris and Vastus Lateralis-Biceps Femoris (RF-BF; VL-BF). In the skill performance, the hip flexion, the knee extension and the ankle plantar flexion movements were executed with smaller difference in the range of action (ROA) in the karateka group, reflecting different positions of the segments. In conclusion, it was observed a general kinesiological pattern, which was similar in karateka and non-karateka practitioners. However, in the karateka group, the training induces a specialization in the muscle activity reflected in EMG and kinematic data, which leads to a better ballistic performance in the execution of the mae-geri kick, associated with a maximum speed of the distal segments, reached closer to the impact moment, possibly representing more power in the contact.
Persian Archery and Swordsmandship: Historical Martial Arts of Iran, by Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani
Authors: Dwyer Bede
Published: June 2015

This review covers the book, Persian Archery and Swordsmanship: Historical Martial Arts of Iran by Dr Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani. He is the author of several books in this field (Arms and Armor from Iran The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, 2006; Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran: A Study of Symbols and Terminology, 2010) and many important articles. The review looks at the nature of the book, its structure and layout. It discusses the problems inherent in presenting a complex account such as of the martial arts traditions of a region as extensive as the Iranian culture area. The potential audience is explored. A large selection of illustrations relevant to the text is included in the text while an extensive full color catalog is included as section 10.
Positive interactions expand habitat use and the realized niches of sympatric species
Authors: Crotty Sinead M. , Bertness Mark D.
Published: June 2015

Niche theory, the oldest, most established community assembly model, predicts that in sympatry, the realized niche will contract due to negative interspecific interactions, but fails to recognize the effects of positive interactions on community assembly. The stress gradient hypothesis predicts that positive interactions expand realized niches in stressful habitats. We tested the predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis in a cobble beach model system across both physical and biological stress gradients. We transplanted seven common littoral species within, adjacent to, and below Spartina alterniflora cordgrass stands in control, cage control, predator exclusion cage, shade, and shaded predator exclusion cage treatments to test the hypothesis that cordgrass expands intertidal organism habitats. On cobble beaches, cordgrass ameliorates physical and predation stresses, expanding the distribution and realized niches of species to habitats in which they cannot live without facilitation, suggesting that niche theory and species distribution models should be amended to accommodate the role of positive interactions in community assembly.
Estimating demographic parameters using a combination of known‐fate and open N‐mixture models
Authors: Schmidt Joshua H. , Johnson Devin S. , Lindberg Mark S. , Adams Layne G.
Published: June 2015

Accurate estimates of demographic parameters are required to infer appropriate ecological relationships and inform management actions. Known‐fate data from marked individuals are commonly used to estimate survival rates, whereas N‐mixture models use count data from unmarked individuals to estimate multiple demographic parameters. However, a joint approach combining the strengths of both analytical tools has not been developed. Here we develop an integrated model combining known‐fate and open N‐mixture models, allowing the estimation of detection probability, recruitment, and the joint estimation of survival. We demonstrate our approach through both simulations and an applied example using four years of known‐fate and pack count data for wolves (Canis lupus). Simulation results indicated that the integrated model reliably recovered parameters with no evidence of bias, and survival estimates were more precise under the joint model. Results from the applied example indicated that the marked sample of wolves was biased toward individuals with higher apparent survival rates than the unmarked pack mates, suggesting that joint estimates may be more representative of the overall population. Our integrated model is a practical approach for reducing bias while increasing precision and the amount of information gained from mark–resight data sets. We provide implementations in both the BUGS language and an R package.
An Analysis of the Coal and Coalbed Methane Resources of the Piceance Basin, Colorado
Authors: McFall K. S. , Wicks D. E. , Kelson B. , Sedwick K. , Brandenburg C.
Published: June 2015

The Piceance Basin in northwestern Colorado contains the largest concentration of coalbed methane in the U.S. A detailed geologic analysis of the basin shows that the basin contains 84 Tcf of coalbed methane in-place. The east-central area of the basin contains the greatest volume of resource and is a potentially promising area for gas recovery due to its proximity to structural deformation and consequent permeability enhancement.

The geologic analysis compiled extensive well data to correlate and map the subsurface extent of the Cretaceous age coals thereby determining coal volumes. Newly derived correlations of coal rank/depth with gas content were used along with coal volume to estimate in-place gas.
Measurement and Modeling of Solubility and Saturated-Liquid Density and Viscosity for Methane/Athabasca-Bitumen Mixtures
Authors: Nourozieh Hossein , Kariznovi Mohammad , Abedi Jalal
Published: June 2015

In the steam-based recovery processes, the coinjected gas can dissolve and diffuse into bitumen or heavy oil for viscosity reduction. The equilibrium concentration and solubility of methane are governed by the complex interaction with the bitumen. Thus, it is necessary to know the quantitative effects of gas dissolution on bitumen viscosity, density, and phase behavior at elevated temperatures in which steam-based processes are applied.

Thus, this study aims at providing necessary experimental data for methane/Athabasca bitumen over a wide range of temperatures and pressures (up to 190°C and 10 MPa); that is, conditions that approach the temperatures at in-situ steam processes. Our previously designed phase-behavior experimental apparatus was used to measure the solubility of methane in Athabasca bitumen and its corresponding saturated-phase properties. Then, the measured solubility and density data were modeled with the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) (Robinson and Peng 1978).

The results indicate that the effect of temperature on the solubility profile of the methane/Athabasca-bitumen mixture is negligible at high temperatures and there is a distinct difference in the solubility data at 50°C compared with other isotherms (100, 150, and 190°C). Therefore, a reduction in viscosity at higher temperatures is much lower compared with a similar reduction at low temperature (50°C). There is a linear relationship between the methane-saturated viscosity and pressure for all temperatures in a semilog plot. The EOS modeling results also show that temperature-dependent binary-interaction parameters and volume-translation values should be considered to match density and solubility data.
Precipitation trends in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Rahmat Siti Nazahiyah , Jayasuriya Niranjali , Bhuiyan Muhammed A.
Published: June 2015

Annual rainfall series trends were investigated for more than 100 years of data using two non-parametric trend tests Mann–Kendall (MK) and Sen's slope (Q) for five selected meteorological stations in Victoria, Australia. The annual rainfall time series showed no significant trends for any of the five stations. To assess the sensitivity of trends to the length of the time periods considered, the annual rainfall analysis was repeated using recent data from approximately half the data set between 1949 and 2011. Contrasting results from the original full data set analysis were revealed. All five stations showed decreasing trends with two stations showing significant trends suggesting that this recent time period has added more low precipitation data to the time series. The year of abrupt changes for all the five stations identified using the sequential MK test varied. Conclusions drawn from this paper, point to the importance of selecting the time series data length in identifying trends and abrupt changes. Due to the climate variability, trend testing results might be biased and strongly dependent on the data period selected. Therefore, use of the full data set available would be required in order to improve understanding of change or to undertake any further studies.
Hydrological projections based on the coupled hydrological–hydraulic modeling in the complex river network region: a case study in the Taihu basin, China
Authors: Liu Liu , Xu Zongxue
Published: June 2015

Water resources in the Taihu basin, China, are not only facing the effects of a changing climate but also consequences of an intensive urbanization process with the abandonment of rural activities and the resulting changes in land use/land-cover. In the present work, the impact of climate change and urbanization on hydrological processes was assessed using an integrated modeling system, coupling the distributed hydrological model variable infiltration capacity and the hydraulic model ISIS, while future climate scenarios were projected using the regional climate model providing regional climate for impact studies. Results show a significant increasing trend of impervious surface area, while other types of land cover exhibit decreasing trends in 2021–2050. Furthermore, mean annual runoff under different future climate scenarios will increase, especially during flood seasons, consistent with the changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration for both spatial and temporal distribution. Maximum and mean flood water levels under two future scenarios will be higher than levels under the baseline scenario (1961–1990), and the return periods of storms resulting in the same flood water level will decrease significantly in comparison to the baseline scenario, implying more frequent occurrence of extreme floods in future. These results are significant to future flood control efforts and waterlog drainage planning in the Taihu basin.
HRT for the Diagnosis and Detection of Glaucoma Progression
Authors: Maslin Jessica S , Mansouri Kaweh , Dorairaj Syril K
Published: June 2015

Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy through the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) provides a rapid, safe, noncontact, and noninvasive imaging of the optic disc in three-dimensions, and provides precise detailed information about the optic disc beyond that which the clinical exam can measure. The HRT I was developed for research purposes only and was not used clinically. The HRT II was developed to be user-friendly, more rapid, and was used as an adjunct to clinical examination in the detection and progression of glaucoma. One of the main pitfalls of the HRT II was that it was operator-dependent. The HRT III was developed to be operator-independent. Initially the Moorsfield Regression Analysis provided the analysis of the stereometric optic disc parameters. The Glaucoma Probability Score, given its ease of use, operator-independence, and rapidity of use, soon gained popularity. Numerous studies have compared these two methods of analysis, with the conclusion that the Glaucoma Probability Score provides a higher sensitivity and a lower specificity than the Moorsfield Regression Analysis, which may indicate that it has potential as a screening test for glaucoma. However, there is no consensus on the use of the Glaucoma Probability Score as a screening test for glaucoma. While HRT data may be useful as a clinical adjunct in the screening and diagnosis of glaucoma, it should ultimately only be used to support clinical examination.
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Glaucoma Diagnosis
Authors: Gracitelli Carolina P.B , Abe Ricardo Y , Medeiros Felipe A
Published: June 2015

Identification of structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is an essential component of diagnosis and management of glaucoma. The introduction of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) has allowed objective quantification of damage to these structures with unprecedented resolution. In addition, recent attention has been directed towards imaging the macular area for quantifying loss of neural tissue caused by the disease. Many studies have evaluated and compared the diagnostic accuracies of a variety of parameters that can be obtained from imaging these areas of the ocular fundus. In this article, we critically review the existing literature evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of SD-OCT in glaucoma and we discuss issues related to how SD-OCT results should be incorporated into clinical practice.