bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential of fosfomycin for multi-drug resistant sepsis: an analysis of in vitro activity against invasive paediatric Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Williams Phoebe C. M. , Waichungo Joseph , Gordon N. Claire , Sharland Mike , Murunga Sheila , Kamau Alice , Berkley James A.
Published: April 2019

P
urpose
. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of increasing global concern, threatening to undermine recent progress in reducing child and neonatal mortality. Repurposing older antimicrobials is a prominent strategy to combat multidrug-resistant sepsis. A potential agent is fosfomycin, however, there is scarce data regarding its in vitro activity and pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population.

M
ethodology
. We analysed a contemporary, systematically collected archive of community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) paediatric Gram-negative bacteraemia isolates for their susceptibility to fosfomcyin. MICs were determined using agar serial dilution methods and validated by disk diffusion testing where breakpoints are available. Disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also conducted for current empirical therapies (ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone) and amikacin (proposed in the literature as a new combination empirical therapeutic option).

R
esults
. Fosfomycin was highly active against invasive Gram-negative isolates, including 90  % (202/224) of

Enterobacteriaceae

and 96  % (22/23) of

Pseudomonas

spp. Fosfomycin showed high sensitivity against both CA isolates (94 %, 142/151) and HA isolates (81 %, 78/96; P =0.0015). CA isolates were significantly more likely to be susceptible to fosfomycin than the current first-line empirical therapy (96  % vs 59  %, P <0.0001). Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production was detected in 34  % (85/247) of isolates with no significant difference in fosfomycin susceptibility between ESBL-positive or -negative isolates [73/85 (86  %) vs 147/162 (91  %) respectively, P =0.245]. All isolates were susceptible to a fosfomycin-amikacin combination.

C
onclusion
. Gram-negative paediatric bacteraemia isolates are highly susceptible to fosfomycin, which could be combined with aminoglycosides as a new, carbapenem-sparing regimen to achieve excellent coverage to treat antimicrobial-resistant neonatal and paediatric sepsis.
Music-listening regulates human microRNA transcriptome
Authors: Nair Preethy S. , Raijas Pirre , Ahvenainen Minna , Philips Anju K. , Ukkola-Vuoti Liisa , Järvelä Irma
Published: April 2019

Here, we used microRNA sequencing to study the effect of 20 minutes of classical music-listening on the peripheral blood microRNA transcriptome in subjects characterized for musical aptitude and music education and compared it to a control study without music for the same duration. In participants with high musical aptitude, we identified up-regulation of six microRNAs (hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-361-5p, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-23a-3p, hsa-miR-23b-3p, hsa-miR-25-3p) and down-regulation of two microRNAs (hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-16-2-3p) post music-listening. The up-regulated microRNAs were found to be regulators of neuron apoptosis and neurotoxicity, consistent with previously reported neuroprotective role of music. Some up-regulated microRNAs were reported to be responsive to neuronal activity (miR-132, miR-23a, miR-23b) and modulators of neuronal plasticity, CNS myelination and cognitive functions like long-term potentiation and memory. miR-132 and DICER, up-regulated after music-listening, protect dopaminergic neurons and is important for retaining striatal dopamine levels. miR-23 putatively activates pro-survival PI3K/AKT signaling cascade, which is coupled with dopaminergic signaling. Some of the transcriptional regulators (FOS, CREB1, JUN, EGR1 and BDNF) of the up-regulated microRNAs are sensory-motor stimuli induced immediate early genes and top candidates associated with musical traits. Amongst these, BDNF is co-expressed with SNCA, up-regulated in music-listening and music-performance, and both are activated by GATA2, which is associated with musical aptitude. Some of the candidate microRNAs and their putative regulatory interactions were previously identified to be associated with song-learning, singing and seasonal plasticity networks in songbirds and imply evolutionary conservation of the auditory perception process: miR-23a, miR-23b and miR-25 repress PTEN and indirectly activates the MAPK signaling pathway, a regulator of neuronal plasticity which is activated after song-listening. We did not detect any significant changes in microRNA expressions associated with music education or low musical aptitude. Our data thereby show the importance of inherent musical aptitude for music appreciation and for eliciting the human microRNA response to music-listening.
A complex view of GPCR signal transduction: Molecular dynamics of the histamine H3 membrane receptor
Authors: Herrera-Zúñiga L. D. , Moreno-Vargas L. M. , Ballaud L. , Correa-Basurto J. , Prada-Gracia D. , Pastré D. , Curmi P. A. , Arrang J. M. , Maroun R. C.
Published: April 2019

In this work, we study the mechanisms of classical activation and inactivation of signal transduction by the histamine H3 receptor, a 7-helix transmembrane bundle G-Protein Coupled Receptor through long-time-scale molecular dynamics simulations of the receptor embedded in a hydrated double layer of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, a zwitterionic poly-saturated ordered lipid. Three systems were prepared: the apo receptor, representing the constitutively active receptor; and two holo-receptors -the receptor coupled to the antagonist/inverse agonist ciproxifan and representing the inactive state of the receptor, and the receptor coupled to the endogenous agonist histamine and representing the active state of the receptor.

An extensive analysis of the simulation shows that the three states of H3R present significant structural and dynamical differences, as well as a complex behavior given that the measured properties interact in multiple and inter-dependent ways. In addition, the simulations describe an unexpected escape of histamine from the orthosteric binding site, in agreement with the experimental modest affinities and rapid off-rates of agonists.
Improvement of bone regeneration using fibrin biopolymer combined with differentiated stem cells
Authors: Zorzella Creste Camila Fernanda , Orsi Patrícia Rodrigues , Landim-Alvarenga Fernanda Cruz , Justulin Luis Antônio , de Assis Golim Marjorie , Barraviera Benedito , Ferreira Rui Seabra
Published: April 2019

1.

Bone tissue repair remains a challenge on tissue engineering. New approaches are highly expected to regenerate fractures, bone infections, cancers and congenital skeletal abnormalities. Lately, osteoconductive biomaterials have been used with osteoprogenitor cellsas bone substitutes to accelerate bone formation. Fibrin scaffold serves as a provisional platform promoting cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, connective tissue formation and growth factors stimulation. When combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) maintain cell viability that exerts an immunomodulatory effect by modifying inflammatory environment through expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated a unique heterologous fibrin biopolymer as scaffold to MSCs on bone regeneration of rat femurs. A critical-size bone defect was made in the femur and treated with fibrin biopolymer(FBP); FBP + MSC; and FBP + MSC differentiated in bone lineage (MSC-D). Bone repair was analyzed 03, 21 and 42 days later by radiographic, histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The FBP+MSC-D association was the most effective treatment, since newly formed bone was more abundant and early matured in just 21 days. Our results demonstrate that FBP isolated was able to promote bone repair although cells play a crucial role on the type and quantity of bone tissue formed. We have not observed surgical site infection, inflammatory response, fractures or loss of function related with FBP. Thus, this approach can be safely expanded for clinical trials as an effort to overcome current method limitations and improve overall bone regeneration process.
Improvements in upper extremity function in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy after intensive training correlates with interhemispheric connectivity
Authors: Robert Maxime T. , Gutterman Jennifer , Ferre Claudio L. , Chin Karen , Brandao Marina B. , Gordon Andrew M. , Friel Kathleen
Published: April 2019

AIMS

The corpus callosum (CC) regulates signalling between the two hemispheres and plays an important role in upper limb functions. There is limited evidence on the relationships between the integrity of the CC and upper limb functions in children with USCP. Furthermore, the extent of how much the CC can be used as a biomarker to predict hand functions following intensive interventions remains unknown. We examined 1) the relationship between hand function and tractography of the CC, and 2) the associations between the integrity of the CC and changes in hand function following intensive intervention.

METHODS

Forty-four participants received 90 hours of intensive therapy and were randomly allocated in one of two training groups: Hand-arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy (HABIT) or Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT). Hand functions were assessed pre-and post-intervention by a blinded clinician using the Jebsen-Taylor of Hand Function (JTTHF), Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), and Box and Blocks test (BBT). Functional goals and daily functioning were measured using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Abilhand-Kids. CC tractography was reconstructed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Corpus callosum was segmented into three regions of interest (genu, midbody and splenium). Linear regression and pearson correlations were used to assess the relationships between bimanual outcomes and DTI parameters.

RESULTS

Both groups demonstrated improvement of hand function (p<0.05). JTTHF, AHA and BBT significant correlated with DTI variables for all ROIs (p<0.05). Bimanual and perceived manual ability of children changes following CIMT were negatively correlated with number of streamlines and number of voxel for the whole CC (r=-.442, p=0.05), midbody (r=-.458, p=0.042) and spelnium (r=-.512, p=0.021). No significant correlation was observed for the HABIT group.

INTERPRETATION

Tractography of the CC was found to be associated with unimanual and bimanual functions at baseline. Children with reduced integrity of the CC and with greater bimanual impairments improve more from CIMT. On the contrary, all children in the HABIT group had similar improvements independent of the CC integrity.
Macrophages employ quorum licensing to regulate collective activation
Authors: Muldoon Joseph J. , Chuang Yishan , Bagheri Neda , Leonard Joshua N.
Published: April 2019

Macrophage-initiated inflammation is tightly regulated to eliminate threats such as infections while suppressing harmful immune activation. However, individual cells’ signaling responses to pro-inflammatory cues are heterogeneous; subpopulations emerge with high or low activation states, though why this occurs is unknown. To address this question, we used single-cell tracking and dynamical modeling to develop and validate a revised model for macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that invokes a mechanism we termquorum licensing. Bimodal phenotypic partitioning of macrophages is primed during the resting state, depends on cumulative history of cell density, is predicted by extrinsic noise in transcription factor expression, and is independent of canonical LPS-induced intercellular feedback in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) response. Our analysis shows how this density-dependent coupling produces a nonlinear effect on collective TNF production. We speculate that by linking macrophage density to activation, this mechanism could amplify local responses to threats and prevent false alarms.
Eimeria falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 and novel wild derived isolates from house mice: differences in parasite lifecycle, pathogenicity and host immune reactions
Authors: Al-khlifeh E. , Balard A. , Jarquín-Díaz V.H. , Weyrich A. , Wibbelt G. , Heitlinger E.
Published: April 2019

Species ofEimeria(Apicomplexa:Coccidia) differ in the timing of lifecycle progression and resulting infections vary in host immune reactions and pathology they induce.Eimeriainfections in house mice are used as models for basic immunology and the most commonly used isolates have been passaged in laboratory mice for over 50 years. We questioned in how far such isolates are still representative for infections in natural systems.

In the current study, we address this question by comparing the “laboratory isolate”E. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 with a novel, wild derived isolateE. falciformisBrandenburg88, and contrast this with another novel wild derived isolate,E. ferrisiBrandenburg64. We compare parasite lifecycle progression. We relate this to immune cell infiltration at the site of infection (in the caecum) and cytokine gene expression in the spleen as a measure of host immune response. We assess host weight loss as a measure of pathogenicity.

A species-specific slower parasite lifecyle progression and higher pathogenicity are observed forE. falciformis vs. E. ferrisi.Host cytokines, in contrast, are expressed at significantly higher level in the spleen of mice infected with theE. falciformislaboratory isolate than in both wild derived isolates, irrespective of the species. Differences in histopathology are observable between all three isolates: TheE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 laboratory isolate induces the strongest inflammation and cellular infiltration (with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophilic granulocytes) followed by the wild derivedE. falciformisBrandenburg88 isolate.E. ferrisiBrandenburg64 is inducing milder histological changes than bothE. falciformisisolates.

It can be speculated that the serial passaging ofE. falciformisBayerHaberkorn1970 has resulted in evolutionary divergence rendering this isolate more virulent in NMRI mice. Caution is needed when findings from experimental infection with laboratory strains should be integrated with observations in natural systems.

Highlights

E. ferrisihas a shorter pre-patency thanwild-derived and laboratory isolates ofE. falciformis.

E. ferrisiis less virulent than bothE. falciformisisolates and the timing of maximal oocyst shedding relative to host weight loss differs.

The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger cytokine expression in the spleen than both wild derived strains ofE. falciformisandE. ferrisi.

The laboratory strain ofE. falciformisinduces stronger tissue infiltration of immune cells than the wild-derived strain.E. ferrisiinfections are associated with the lowest infiltration.
Rapid evolution of piRNA-mediated silencing of an invading transposable element was driven by abundantde novomutations
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Kelleher Erin S.
Published: April 2019

The regulation of transposable element (TE) activity by small RNAs is a ubiquitous feature of germlines. However, despite the obvious benefits to the host in terms of ensuring the production of viable gametes and maintaining the integrity of the genomes they carry, it remains controversial whether TE regulation evolves adaptively. We examined the emergence and evolutionary dynamics of repressor alleles afterP-elements invaded theDrosophila melanogastergenome in the mid 20thcentury. In many animals includingDrosophila, repressor alleles are produced by transpositional insertions into piRNA clusters, genomic regions encoding the Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that regulate TEs. We discovered that ∼94% of recently collected isofemale lines in theDrosophilaGenetic Reference Panel (DGRP) contain at least oneP-element insertion in a piRNA cluster, indicating that repressor alleles are produced byde novoinsertion at an exceptional rate. Furthermore, in our sample of ∼200 genomes, we uncovered no fewer than 80 uniqueP-element insertion alleles in at least 15 different piRNA clusters. Finally, we observe no footprint of positive selection onP-element insertions in piRNA clusters, suggesting that the rapid evolution of piRNA-mediated repression inD. melanogasterwas driven primarily by mutation. Our results reveal for the first time how the unique genetic architecture of piRNA production, in which numerous piRNA clusters can encode regulatory small RNAs upon transpositional insertion, facilitates the non-adaptive rapid evolution of repression.
Modelling depolarization delay, sodium currents, and electrical potentials in cardiac transverse tubules
Authors: Vermij Sarah H. , Abriel Hugues , Kucera Jan P.
Published: April 2019

T-tubules are invaginations of the lateral membrane of striated muscle cells that provide a large surface for ion channels and signaling proteins, thereby supporting excitation-contraction coupling. T-tubules are often remodeled in heart failure. To better understand the electrical behavior of T-tubules of cardiac cells in health and disease, this study addresses two largely unanswered questions regarding their electrical properties: (1) the delay of T-tubular membrane depolarization and (2) the effects of T-tubular sodium current on T-tubular potentials.

Here, we present an elementary computational model to determine the delay in depolarization of deep T-tubular membrane segments as the narrow T-tubular lumen provides resistance against the extracellular current. We compare healthy tubules to tubules with constrictions and diseased tubules from mouse and human, and conclude that constrictions greatly delay T-tubular depolarization, and diseased T-tubules depolarize faster than healthy ones due to tubule widening. We moreover model the effect of T-tubular sodium current on intraluminal T-tubular potentials. We observe that extracellular potentials become negative during the sodium current transient (up to −50 mV in constricted T-tubules), which feedbacks on sodium channel function (self-attenuation) in a manner resembling ephaptic effects that have been described for intercalated discs where opposing membranes are very close together.

These results show that (1) the excitation-contraction coupling defects seen in diseased cells cannot be explained by T-tubular remodeling alone; and (2) the sodium current may modulate intraluminal potentials. Such extracellular potentials might also affect excitation-contraction coupling.
Chitin perception in plasmodesmata identifies subcellular, context-specific immune signalling in plants
Authors: Cheval Cecilia , Johnston Matthew , Samwald Sebastian , Liu Xiaokun , Bellandi Annalisa , Breakspear Andrew , Kadota Yasuhiro , Zipfel Cyril , Faulkner Christine
Published: April 2019

The plasma membrane (PM) that lines plasmodesmata has a distinct protein and lipid composition, underpinning specific regulation of these connections between cells. The plasmodesmal PM can integrate extracellular signals differently from the cellular PM, but it is not known how this specificity is established or how a single stimulus can trigger independent signalling cascades in neighbouring membrane domains. Here we have used the fungal elicitor chitin to investigate signal integration and responses at the plasmodesmal PM. We found that the plasmodesmal PM employs a receptor complex composed of the LysM receptors LYM2 and LYK4 which respectively change their location and interactions in response to chitin. Downstream, signalling is transmitted via a specific phosphorylation signature of an NADPH oxidase and localised callose synthesis that causes plasmodesmata closure. This demonstrates the plasmodesmal PM deploys both plasmodesmata-specific components and differential activation of PM-common components to independently integrate an immune signal.
Comparative analysis of perennial and annualPhaseolusseed nutrient concentrations
Authors: Schier Heather E. , Eliot Kathrin A. , Herron Sterling A. , Landfried Lauren K. , Migicovsky Zoë , Rubin Matthew J. , Miller Allison J.
Published: April 2019

Malnutrition is a global public health concern and identifying mechanisms to elevate the nutrient output of crops may minimize nutrient deficiencies. Perennial grains within an agroforestry context offers one solution. The development and integration of perennial crops for food has critically influenced dialogue on the ecological intensification of agriculture and agroforestry. However, the nutrient compositions of wild, perennial, herbaceous species, such as those related to the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are not well known. In this study, seed amino acid and ion concentrations of perennial and annualPhaseolusspecies were quantified using ionomics and mass spectrometry. No statistical difference was observed for Zn, toxic ions (e.g. As) or essential amino acid concentrations (except threonine) between perennial and annualPhaseolusspecies. However, differences were observed for some nutritionally important ions among and within lifespan groups. Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and P concentrations were higher in annual species. Intraspecific variability in ion concentrations and amino acids was observed within species; further, ion concentrations and amino acids differ among annual species and among perennial species. Ion and amino acid concentration appear to be largely independent of each other. These results suggest variability in ion and amino acid concentrations exist in nature. As new crop candidates are considered for ecological services, nutritional quality should be optimized to maximize nutrient output of sustainable food crops.
Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes
Authors: Temoche-Diaz Morayma M. , Shurtleff Matthew J. , Nottingham Ryan M. , Yao Jun , Fadadu Raj P. , Lambowitz Alan M. , Schekman Randy
Published: April 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a variety of vesicles secreted into the extracellular space. EVs have been implicated in promoting tumor metastasis, but the molecular composition of tumor-derived EV sub-types and the mechanisms by which molecules are sorted into EVs remain mostly unknown. We report the separation of two EV sub-populations from a metastatic breast cancer cell line, with biochemical features consistent with different sub-cellular origins. These EV sub-types use different mechanisms of miRNA sorting (selective and non-selective), suggesting that sorting occurs via fundamentally distinct processes, possibly dependent on EV origin. Using biochemical and genetic tools, we identified the Lupus La protein as mediating sorting of some selectively packaged miRNAs. We found that two motifs embedded in miR-122 are responsible for high-affinity binding to Lupus La and sorting into vesicles formed in a cell-free reaction. Thus, tumor cells can simultaneously deploy multiple EV species using distinct sorting mechanisms that may enable diverse functions in normal and cancer biology.
Conformational Priming of RepA-WH1 for Functional Amyloid Conversion Detected by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Pantoja-Uceda David , Oroz Javier , Fernández Cristina , Alba Eva de , Giraldo Rafael , Laurents Douglas V.
Published: April 2019

How proteins with a stable globular fold acquire the amyloid state is still largely unknown. RepA is a versatile plasmidic DNA binding protein, functional either as a transcriptional repressor or as an initiator or inhibitor of DNA replication, the latter through the assembly of an amyloidogenic oligomer. Its N-terminal domain (WH1) is responsible for discrimination between these functional abilities by undergoing hitherto unknown structural changes. Furthermore, when expressed alone, RepA-WH1 behaves as a synthetic prion-like protein causing an amyloid proteinopathy in bacteria. RepA-WH1 is a stable dimer whose conformational dynamics had not been explored. Here we have studied it through NMR {1H}-15N relaxation and H/D exchange kinetics measurements. The N- and the C- terminal α-helices, which lock the WH1 fold in each subunit of the dimer, as well as an internal amyloidogenic loop, show reduced stability and are partially unfolded in solution. S4-indigo, a small molecule ligand known to interfere with the amyloid assembly of RepA-WH1, binds to and tethers the N-terminal α-helix and a β-hairpin that is involved in dimerization, thus providing evidence for a priming role of fraying ends and dimerization switches in the amyloidogenesis of folded proteins.
Physiotherapists perceptions on informed consent and role in the healthcare system, in Europe
Authors: Roman Nadinne , Caloian Silviu , Repanovici Angela , Miclaus Roxana , Sechel Gabriela , Rogozea Liliana
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Physiotherapy has developed over the last century, and the physiotherapists’ professional identity is growing. The heterogeneity of physiotherapy studies in Europe, local government, and health policies have influenced the responsibilities and ethical reasoning of physiotherapists. Our study aims to explore the perceptions and differences regarding informed consent (IC) and the role of physiotherapists in healthcare in an educational, legislative, and health policy context.

Material and Methods

A cross-sectional survey was distributed online to physiotherapist graduates in Europe. The survey contained two open questions regarding IC and assumed role in healthcare. The data was operated to and analyzed by using a theory-based approach (open and axial coding), providing a qualitative spectrum of categories for the two items linked on IC and the role in healthcare.

Results

Eight categories of issues related to IC and seven categories related to the role in healthcare were identified. The physiotherapist graduates from Romania, France, Belgium, Italy, and other countries from inside and outside European Union response rate was 81.85% (n = 248 from 303) for the item related to IC and 71.62% (n = 217) to the second item related to the role in healthcare. A percent of 24.20% (n=60) are still considering IC a simple patient information process, while 23.40% (58) have linked IC with ethically and legally issues, 21.67% (n=51) of physiotherapists are minimizing their role in healthcare at restoring physical independence, while 6.91% (n=27) are aware of their multidisciplinary role. The country comparison analysis revealed that physiotherapists from UK and Italy are more aware regarding IC and that physiotherapists from Belgium and France are better oriented regarding their role in healthcare.

Conclusions

The study shows that heterogeneity, legislation, and healthcare system differences influence physiotherapists professional development. Future research is needed to establish the reason for the reduced perception of physiotherapists regarding their role as health promoters.
The link between supplementary tannin level and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminants: A meta-analysis
Authors: Purba Rayudika Aprilia Patindra , Paengkoum Pramote , Paengkoum Siwaporn
Published: April 2019

This meta-analysis was conducted to predict and assert a way to discover conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products as problem solver of human health issues threated by plant-containing tannins. The objective was to expound, to compare, and to confirm the efficiency of tannins cultivating CLA formation whether using in vitro and/or in vivo study. A database was created using the ruminants with selectively 26 experiments comprising 683 dietary treatments as explained in vitro and in vivo methods that were applied as a statistical SAS 9.4 tool. Basically, increasing level of tannins leaded to an underlying decrease in CLA formation (p<0.001), initially at predicting coefficient determination R2=0.193, R2=0.929, and R2=0.549 for CLA in vitro, in vivo of CLA milk shift, and in vivo of CLA meat precipitation, respectively. In vitro may accurately predict to the in vivo observation. Unfortunately, there were no relationship in vitro towards in vivo observation (R2<0.1). It indicated to be difficult to predict CLA from in vitro to in vivo separately situations. According to all studies, the level of tannin’s utilization for inhibiting biohydrogenation was not exceedingly >50 g/kg DM recommended. Secondly, the in vivo method was more suitable for directly observation that concerned in fatty acid transformation.
Application of Different Types of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant on Ensiled Rice Straw; Effects on Silage Quality, Rumen Fermentation, Methane Production and Microbial Population
Authors: Oskoueian Ehsan , Jafari Saeid , Noura Reza , Jahromi Mohammad Faseleh , Meng Goh Yong , Ebrahimi Mahdi
Published: April 2019

Bacterial inoculants are known to improve quality of silage. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different types of lactic acid bacteria (LAB;L. plantarum,L. salivarius, L. reuteri, L. brevisandS. bovis) inoculation (106g−1DM) on rice straw silage quality and to examine these effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestibility and microbial populations in anin vitrocondition. Inoculated rice straw was ensiled for 15 and 30 days. Forin vitrostudy, rumen liquor was obtained from two rumen fistulated mature cows fed on mixed forage and concentrate at 60:40 ratio twice daily. Inoculation of LAB improved (P˂0.05) the rice straw silage quality such as increased dry matter and crude protein contents, decreased pH and butyric acid, and increased propionic acid and LAB contents especially after 30 days of ensiling. Results fromin vitrostudy revealed that addition of LAB to the rice straw silage improved fermentation characteristics such as increased total volatile fatty acids and dry matter digestibility (P˂0.05). LAB treatments also decreased methane production and methane/total gas ratio after 15 and 30 days of ensiling. From the rumen microbial population perspective, cellulolytic, and fungal zoospores were enhanced while protozoa and methanogens were decreased by the LAB treatments. Based on these results, it could be concluded that inoculating rice straw silage with LAB (especially forL. plantarumandS. bovis) improved silage quality, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial populationsin vitro. However,in vivostudies need to confirm those effects.
A novel DTC scheme for a sensorless five-phase IM drive under open-phase fault
Authors: Echeikh Hamdi , Kesraoui Hichem , Trabelsi Ramzi , Iqbal Atif , Mimouni Mohamed Faouzi
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to deal with direct torque controller when the five-phase induction motor drive in faulty operation. Precisely, open-phase fault condition is contemplated. Also, the DTC is combined with a speed-adaptive variable-structure observer based on sliding mode observer.

Design methodology/approach

Two novel features are presented. First, the concept of the virtual voltage vector is presented, which eliminates low-frequency harmonic currents and simplifies analysis. Second, speed information is introduced into the selection of the inverter states.

Findings

Direct torque control (DTC) is largely used in traditional three-phase drives as a backup to rotor-stator flux-oriented methods. The classic DTC strategy was primarily designed on the base of hysteresis controllers to control two independent variables (speed, torque and flux). Due to the additional degrees of freedom offered by multiphase machine, extensive works have been extended on the ensemble five-phase drives in healthy operation. In addition, the ability to continue the operation in faulty conditions is considering one of the main advantages of multiphase machines. One can find in the literature different approaches treating this subject. The applicability of DTC after the appearing of a fault has not been enclosed in the literature.

Originality/value

Theoretical development is presented in details followed by simulation results using Matlab/Simulink to analyze the performance of the drive, comparing with the behavior during healthy situation.
Adaptation algorithms for selecting personalised learning experience based on learning style and dyslexia type
Authors: Alsobhi Aisha Yaquob , Alyoubi Khaled Hamed
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Through harnessing the benefits of the internet, e-learning systems provide flexible learning opportunities that can be delivered at a fixed cost at a time and place to suit the user. As such, e-learning systems can allow students to learn at their own pace while also being suitable for both distance and classroom-based learning activities. Adaptive educational hypermedia systems are e-learning systems that employ artificial intelligence. They deliver personalised online learning interventions that extend electronic learning experiences beyond a mere computerised book through the use of intelligence that adapts the content presented to a user according to a range of factors including individual needs, learning styles and existing knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel adaptive e-learning system called dyslexia adaptive e-learning management system (DAELMS). For the purpose of this paper, the term DAELMS will be employed to describe the overall e-learning system that incorporates the required functionality to adapt to students’ learning styles and dyslexia type.

Design/methodology/approach

The DAELMS is a complex system that will require a significant amount of time and expertise in knowledge engineering and formatting (i.e. dyslexia type, learning styles, domain knowledge) to develop. One of the most effective methods of approaching this complex task is to formalise the development of a DAELMS that can be applied to different learning styles models and education domains. Four distinct phases of development are proposed for creating the DAELMS. In this paper, we will discuss Phase 3 which is the implementation and some adaption algorithms while in future papers will discuss the other phases.

Findings

An experimental study was conducted to validate the proposed generic methodology and the architecture of the DAELMS. The system has been evaluated by group of university students studying a Computer Science related majors. The evaluation results proves that when the system provide the user with learning materials matches their learning style or dyslexia type it enhances their learning outcomes.

Originality/value

The DAELMS correlates each given dyslexia type with its associated preferred learning style and subsequently adapts the learning material presented to the student. The DAELMS represents an adaptive e-learning system that incorporates several personalisation options including navigation, structure of curriculum, presentation, guidance and assistive technologies that are designed to ensure the learning experience is directly aligned with the user's dyslexia type and associated preferred learning style.
Exploration of flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching sheet by considering slip factor
Authors: Kumar K. Ganesh
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Here, the present paper characteristics flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching sheet. Energy expression is modeled subject to slip factor phenomenon. Consideration of chemical reaction characterizes the mass transfer mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

The use of transformation variables reduces the PDEs into non-linear ODEs. The obtained nonlinear complex problems are computed numerically through RKF-45 technique. The effects of the different physical parameters on the temperature and concentration distribution are analyzed.

Findings

The nature of the reduced Nusselt number, reduced Sherwood number and skin friction coefficient also described as a function of different parameters arising in the problem. It is found that the rate of mass transfer enhances for enhancing values Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter.

Originality/value

The nature of the reduced Nusselt number, reduced Sherwood number and skin friction coefficient also described as a function of different parameters arising in the problem. It is found that, the rate of mass transfer enhances for enhancing values Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter.
Islamic venture capital – issues in practice
Authors: Anwer Zaheer , Asadov Alam , Kamil Nazrol K.M. , Musaev Mehroj , Refede Mohd
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the structure and underlying contracts of Islamic venture capital (IVC) and to evaluate its prospects. VC can be perceived as an investment vehicle possessing most of the desirable attributes of a Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle. There are certain issues involved in the formation, operations and exit strategies of these investments that are discussed in detail in this paper.

Design/methodology/approach

A detailed review of relevant literature is performed to identify how IVC investments can be made and how related issues may be resolved.

Findings

IVC investment has potential of incorporating Sharīʿah-compliant investment modes. Additionally, it may offer higher than average returns. These attributes can be desirable for Islamic finance industry that is currently in need of equity-based financing products. The major causes of lesser growth of IVC investments are lack of awareness among the investors and the absence of viable investment opportunities for small- and medium-scale investors. IVC may attract general public if established after extensive research aimed at introducing innovative products.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of a truly Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle, furnishes a synthesis of various suggestions made by industry and academia and suggests viable solutions for valuation, risk management and exit strategies.
Adomian decomposition method to magnetohydrodynamics natural convection heat generating/absorbing slip flow through a porous medium
Authors: Ajibade Abiodun O. , Gambo Jeremiah Jerry
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze magnetohydrodynamics fully developed natural convection heat-generating/absorbing slip flow through a porous medium. Adomian decomposition method was applied to find the solutions to the problem.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, Adomian decomposition method was used.

Findings

Results show that heat generation parameter enhanced the temperature and velocity of the fluid in the annulus. Moreover, slip effect parameter increases the velocity of the fluid.

Originality/value

Originality is in the application of Adomian decomposition method which allowed the slip at interface.
Effect of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Apheresis for Nephrotic Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy as Initial Induction Therapy
Authors: Koshi‐Ito Eri , Koike Kiyomi , Tanaka Akihito , Watanabe Yu , Kamegai Naoki , Shimogushi Hiroya , Shinjo Hibiki , Otsuka Yasuhiro , Inaguma Daijo , Takeda Asami
Published: April 2019

Low‐density lipoprotein apheresis (LDL‐A) has been used for nephrotic syndrome (NS) caused by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in Japan. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) can also cause treatment‐resistant NS. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LDL‐A during initial induction for it. This retrospective, observational, and single‐center study enrolled consecutive iMN patients who received steroids from March 2000 to May 2015. We compared data between 11 patients treated with LDL‐A (LDL‐A group) and 27 patients without (non‐LDL‐A group) at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks later. Reduction rate of proteinuria and increase rate of serum albumin in LDL‐A group were significantly higher than the other after 4 weeks (P = 0.036 and 0.030) and 8 weeks (P = 0.030 and <0.001), respectively. There was no adverse event caused by LDL‐A and immunosuppressant dose was not significantly different. In conclusion, LDL‐A may be an effective choice for initial induction of nephrotic iMN.
Postharvest Wounding Stress in Horticultural Crops as a Tool for Designing Novel Functional Foods and Beverages with Enhanced Nutraceutical Content: Carrot Juice as a Case Study
Authors: Santana‐Gálvez Jesús , Santacruz Arlette , Cisneros‐Zevallos Luis , Jacobo‐Velázquez Daniel A.
Published: April 2019

Phenolic compounds have potential to prevent and treat chronic degenerative diseases (CDDs). A phenolic‐rich carrot juice was produced by the application of wounding stress. The effects of wounding intensity, storage, peeling, blanching, filtration, and pasteurization over physicochemical, nutritional, nutraceutical, and sensory properties of carrot juice were evaluated. Juices from unpeeled carrots had 7% to 40% more minerals, 0.46 to 1.6 less °Brix, and 1.16× more titratable acidity. The carrot juice with the highest phenolic content was obtained by cutting unpeeled carrots into slices, storing them (48 hr, 15 °C), and blanching them thereafter (80 °C, 6 min; stressed unpeeled carrot juice, SUCJ). SUCJ had 3,600% more chlorogenic acid, 195% more total phenolics, and similar carotenoid content than conventional carrot juice. Sensory evaluation of SUCJ was acceptable and willingness to pay increased by providing information about health benefits. SUCJ has potential as a functional beverage that could aid in the prevention and treatment of CDDs.

Practical Application

Consumers are increasingly demanding foods and beverages that are healthier, natural, safe, and GMO‐free. Abiotic stresses can enhance greatly the nutraceutical content of crops without the need of genetic engineering or dangerous chemicals. These crops could be used as raw materials to produce foods and beverages of higher nutraceutical quality. An easy‐to‐control abiotic stress is wounding stress, which consists of mechanically damaging the plant tissue (for example, cutting). We applied wounding stress to carrot to produce a phenolic‐rich carrot juice. This juice could aid in the prevention or treatment of chronic degenerative diseases.
Rheological and Microstructural Characteristics of Canola Protein Isolate−Chitosan Complex Coacervates
Authors: Chang Peg Gee , Gupta Rahul , Timilsena Yakindra Prasad
Published: April 2019

Wastage of byproducts such as canola meal is a pressing environmental concern, and canola protein isolate (CPI)−chitosan (Ch) coacervates have a good potential to utilize and convert the wastes into a high value added product. Yet so far, there is very limited rheological and microstructural information to assist in proper utilization of CPI ‐Ch complex coacervates. The rheological and microstructural properties of the complex coacervates formed from CPI and chitosan Ch at various CPI‐to‐Ch mixing ratios (1:1, 16:1, 20:1, and 30:1) and pH values (5.0, 6.0, and 7.0) were therefore investigated. These CPI−Ch complex coacervate phases were found to exhibit elastic behavior as evidenced by significantly higher elastic modulus (Gʹ) compared to viscous modulus (G″) in all the tested ratios and pH ranges. They also exhibited shear‐thinning behavior during viscous flow. The complex coacervates formed at the optimum CPI‐to‐Ch ratio of 16:1 and pH of 6.0 demonstrated the highest Gʹ, G″, and shear viscosity, which correlated well with the high strength of electrostatic interaction and thick‐walled, sponge‐like, less‐porous microstructure at this condition. The higher shear viscosity of the coacervate at pH 6.0 was most likely induced by stronger attractive electrostatic interactions between CPI and Ch molecules, due to the formation of a rather densely packed complex coacervate structure. Hence, it can be concluded that the microstructural observations of denser structure correlated well with the rheological findings of stronger intermolecular bonds at the optimum CPI‐to‐Ch ratio of 16:1 and pH of 6.0. The complex coacervate phase formed at a CPI‐to‐Ch ratio of 16:1 and pH of 6.0 also showed glassy consistency at low temperatures and rubbery consistency above its glass‐transition temperature. This study identified the potential for the newly developed CPI–Ch complex coacervate to be used as an encapsulating material due to its favorable strength. This would drastically reduce the wastage of byproducts, provide a solution to tackle the pressing global issue of wastage of byproducts, and bring about a more environmentally friendly paradigm.
The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium: Translation and inter‐rater reliability in a Danish pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Simonsen Birgitte Yndgaard , Lisby Marianne , Traube Chani , Skovby Pernille
Published: April 2019

Background

Delirium is a serious medical problem and recognized as a common syndrome in critically ill children. Without routine screening, delirium diagnosis is often missed by the medical providers. Internationally, there are tools to assess pediatric delirium (PD), but none currently available in Danish. The aim of this project was to translate the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) into Danish and determine its feasibility and reliability in a Danish clinical setting.

Methods

Translation was done in accordance with WHO guidelines. Linguistic and cultural differences were reconciled with the original developers of the instrument. The Danish CAPD was then tested in a prospective cohort of children admitted to a single pediatric intensive care unit at a university hospital in Denmark. Inter‐rater reliability was determined using weighted Kappa statistics.

Results

Thirty children were enrolled, and 92 delirium assessments were completed. Inter‐rater reliability (n = 84) revealed that inter‐observer agreement among the nurses was high (κ 0.85). The Danish version of the CAPD was successfully administered in all children.

Conclusions

Standardized assessment tools are a pre‐requisite to identify PD. A Danish version of the CAPD now exists, and preliminary testing has demonstrated it as feasible and reliable for use in a Danish clinical setting. A multi‐institutional study is needed to determine the prevalence of PD in Denmark.
A View of the Occupational Structure in Imperial and Republican China (1640–1952)
Authors: Guo Yongqin , Zhang Zipeng , van Leeuwen Bas , Xu Yi
Published: April 2019

Despite being considered a prime indicator of economic change, the occupational structure does not figure prominently in the debate regarding the economic development of early modern China. One reason is the virtual absence of occupational data before the start of the twentieth century. In this paper, we make a first attempt to sketch the occupational structure between ca. 1640 and 1952 using a variety of unique and rather fragmented occupational sources. We find that the share of persons working in agriculture remained stable until the mid‐nineteenth century, with the share in industry showing some growth thereafter.