bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Stress Fracture Varies by Race/Ethnic Origin in a Cohort Study of 1.3 Million US Army Soldiers
Authors: Bulathsinhala Lakmini , Hughes Julie M , McKinnon Craig J , Kardouni Joseph R , Guerriere Katelyn I , Popp Kristin L , Matheny Ronald W , Bouxsein Mary L
Published: March 2017

Stress fractures (SF) are common and costly injuries in military personnel. Risk for SF has been shown to vary with race/ethnicity. Previous studies report increased SF risk in white and Hispanic Soldiers compared with black Soldiers. However, these studies did not account for the large ethnic diversity in the US military. We aimed to identify differences in SF risk among racial/ethnic groups within the US Army. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database from 2001 until 2011. SF diagnoses were identified from ICD-9 codes. We used Cox-proportional hazard models to calculate time to SF by racial/ethnic group after adjusting for age, education, and body mass index. We performed a sex-stratified analysis to determine whether the ethnic variation in SF risk depends on sex. We identified 21,549 SF cases in 1,299,332 Soldiers (more than 5,228,525 person-years of risk), revealing an overall incidence rate of 4.12 per 1000 person-years (7.47 and 2.05 per 1000 person-years in women and men, respectively). Using non-Hispanic blacks as the referent group, non-Hispanic white women had the highest risk of SF, with a 92% higher risk of SF than non-Hispanic black women (1.92 [1.81–2.03]), followed by American Indian/Native Alaskan women (1.72 [1.44–1.79]), Hispanic women (1.65 [1.53–1.79]), and Asian women (1.32 [1.16–1.49]). Similarly, non-Hispanic white men had the highest risk of SF, with a 59% higher risk of SF than non-Hispanic black men (1.59 [1.50–1.68]), followed by Hispanic men (1.19 [1.10–1.29]). When examining the total US Army population, we found substantial differences in the risk of stress fracture among racial/ethnic groups, with non-Hispanic white Soldiers at greatest risk and Hispanic, American Indian/Native Alaskan, and Asian Soldiers at an intermediate risk. Additional studies are needed to determine the factors underlying these race- and ethnic-related differences in stress fracture risk. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Predicting Dropout in Counseling Using Affect Coding of the Therapeutic Relationship: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Luedke Ashley J. , Peluso Paul R. , Diaz Patricia , Freund Robert , Baker Andrew
Published: March 2017

This study used an observational research method to examine affective counselor–client exchanges during the initial session of counseling for clients who dropped out of counseling and clients who remained in counseling. Results confirmed significant differences in the affect codes of clients and counselors between the 2 groups. Discriminant function analyses classified 77% of counselors and clients in the correct groups and correctly classified over 94% of clients who returned for 4 or more sessions.
Latina/o College Students' Perceptions of Career Barriers: Influence of Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Mejia‐Smith Brenda , Gushue George V.
Published: March 2017

Path analysis was used to explore the tenets of social cognitive career theory with a sample of 357 Latina/o college students. A modified path model revealed that career decision self‐efficacy (CDSE) mediated the influence of ethnic identity and acculturation level on the perception of career barriers. The findings point to the role of ethnic identity in augmenting Latina/o college students' CDSE and increasing awareness about career barriers. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Progressive iron accumulation across multiple sclerosis phenotypes revealed by sparse classification of deep gray matter
Authors: Elkady Ahmed M. , Cobzas Dana , Sun Hongfu , Blevins Gregg , Wilman Alan H.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To create an automated framework for localized analysis of deep gray matter (DGM) iron accumulation and demyelination using sparse classification by combining quantitative susceptibility (QS) and transverse relaxation rate (R2*) maps, for evaluation of DGM in multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotypes relative to healthy controls.

Materials and Methods

R2*/QS maps were computed using a 4.7T 10‐echo gradient echo acquisition from 16 clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 41 relapsing‐remitting (RR), 40 secondary‐progressive (SP), 13 primary‐progressive (PP) MS patients, and 75 controls. Sparse classification for R2*/QS maps of segmented caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (PU), thalamus (TH), and globus pallidus (GP) structures produced localized maps of iron/myelin in MS patients relative to controls. Paired t‐tests, with age as a covariate, were used to test for statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05).

Results

In addition to DGM structures found significantly different in patients compared to controls using whole region analysis, singular sparse analysis found significant results in RRMS PU R2* (P = 0.03), TH R2* (P = 0.04), CN QS (P = 0.04); in SPMS CN R2* (P = 0.04), GP R2* (P = 0.05); and in PPMS CN R2* (P = 0.04), TH QS (P = 0.04). All sparse regions were found to conform to an iron accumulation pattern of changes in R2*/QS, while none conformed to demyelination. Intersection of sparse R2*/QS regions also resulted in RRMS CN R2* becoming significant, while RRMS R2* TH and PPMS QS TH becoming insignificant. Common iron‐associated volumes in MS patients and their effect size progressively increased with advanced phenotypes.

Conclusion

A localized technique for identifying sparse regions indicative of iron or myelin in the DGM was developed. Progressive iron accumulation with advanced MS phenotypes was demonstrated, as indicated by iron‐associated sparsity and effect size.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1464–1473.
B1 mapping for bias‐correction in quantitative T1 imaging of the brain at 3T using standard pulse sequences
Authors: Boudreau Mathieu , Tardif Christine L. , Stikov Nikola , Sled John G. , Lee Wayne , Pike G. Bruce
Published: March 2017

Purpose

B1 mapping is important for many quantitative imaging protocols, particularly those that include whole‐brain T1 mapping using the variable flip angle (VFA) technique. However, B1 mapping sequences are not typically available on many magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that B1 mapping implemented using standard scanner product pulse sequences can produce B1 (and VFA T1) maps comparable in quality and acquisition time to advanced techniques.

Materials and Methods

Six healthy subjects were scanned at 3.0T. An interleaved multislice spin‐echo echo planar imaging double‐angle (EPI‐DA) B1 mapping protocol, using a standard product pulse sequence, was compared to two alternative methods (actual flip angle imaging, AFI, and Bloch‐Siegert shift, BS). Single‐slice spin‐echo DA B1 maps were used as a reference for comparison (Ref. DA). VFA flip angles were scaled using each B1 map prior to fitting T1; the nominal flip angle case was also compared.

Results

The pooled‐subject voxelwise correlation (ρ) for B1 maps (BS/AFI/EPI‐DA) relative to the reference B1 scan (Ref. DA) were ρ = 0.92/0.95/0.98. VFA T1 correlations using these maps were ρ = 0.86/0.88/0.96, much better than without B1 correction (ρ = 0.53). The relative error for each B1 map (BS/AFI/EPI‐DA/Nominal) had 95th percentiles of 5/4/3/13%.

Conclusion

Our findings show that B1 mapping implemented using product pulse sequences can provide excellent quality B1 (and VFA T1) maps, comparable to other custom techniques. This fast whole‐brain measurement (∼2 min) can serve as an excellent alternative for researchers without access to advanced B1 pulse sequences.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1673–1682.
A Case of Pituitary Gigantism and Acromegaly in Anatolia (Tasmasor, Erzurum, Turkey)
Authors: Özdemir K. , Erdal Ö. D. , Erdal Y. S.
Published: March 2017

In 2003, a tall skeleton belonging to a young adult individual was recovered from a post‐medieval cemetery situated north‐east of the modern city of Erzurum, Turkey. The sex of the individual was not possible to determine. The predicted stature values range from 182 to 200 cm with the average 188.94 cm. The growth was proportional on almost all bones, except for the cranial and facial bones. The selected metric data were compared with the mean values of the male individuals from the same cemetery for differential diagnosis. The individual exhibits characteristics of both pituitary gigantism and acromegaly due to the tumour formation developed in the intrasellar area. Pathological features such as severe osteoarthritis, enthesis and new bone formation around and on the joint surface of the post‐cranial bones, kyphoscoliosis and ankylosis are in agreement with these diagnoses as well. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of self‐healing microcapsules containing bituminous rejuvenator with nano‐CaCO3/organic composite shell: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and compactability
Authors: Yang Peng , Han Shan , Su Jun‐Feng , Wang Ying‐Yuan , Zhang Xiao‐Long , Han Ning‐Xu , Li Wei
Published: March 2017

Microencapsulated rejuvenator powder has been used to repair microcracks and improve self‐healing ability of aged bitumen. These microcapsules must retain their integrity in bitumen matrix with necessary special characters such as excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and compactability. Herein, novel self‐healing microcapsules containing bituminous rejuvenator with nano‐CaCO3/organic composite shells were developed byin situpolymerization using methanol‐modified melamine‐formaldehyde as organic shell material. The effect of nano‐CaCO3particle contents on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and compactability of microcapsules were examined utilizing nanoindentation, thermogravimetric analysis, and visible spectrophotometer. Nano‐CaCO3particles had greatly enhanced the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the microcapsule because of the higher thermal resistance of nano‐inorganic/organic composite shells. These microcapsules could survive in melting bitumen without destruction. The release curves of microcapsules in ethyl alcohol, relationship between time and logarithmic residual weight of rejuvenator, showed that the nano‐CaCO3/organic composite shell structure led to a higher compactability of microcapsules. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1441–E1451, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synergistic enhancement of mechanical, crystalline and dielectric properties of polyarylene ether nitrile‐based nanocomposites by unidirectional hot stretching–quenching
Authors: You Yong , Du Xuanyi , Mao Hua , Tang Xiaohe , Wei Renbo , Liu Xiaobo
Published: March 2017

Copper tetra‐amine phthalocyanine (NH2‐CuPc) was grafted onto barium titanate (BaTiO3) whose surface was modified by carboxylic polyarylene ether nitrile (CPEN) to afford a nano‐filler (CPEN‐f‐BaTiO3@NH2‐CuPc). Through a solution‐casting method combined with ultrasonic dispersion technology, the obtained CPEN‐f‐BaTiO3@NH2‐CuPc was successfully incorporated into biphenyl polyarylene ether nitrile (BP‐PEN) matrix to prepare nanocomposite films with various mass fractions of CPEN‐f‐BaTiO3@NH2‐CuPc (0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 wt%). After that, the nanocomposite films were unidirectionally stretched with various stretching ratios at 280 °C. All the nanocomposite films show excellent mechanical and thermal stability, which is provided by the BP‐PEN matrix. The crystallinity and mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties of the nanocomposite films are efficiently enhanced after the unidirectional hot‐stretching process. The results show that hot‐stretching is a useful method for improving the mechanical and crystallization behaviors as well as the thermal and dielectric properties of the nanocomposite films. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting Sense of Community and Participation by Applying Machine Learning to Open Government Data
Authors: Piscopo Alessandro , Siebes Ronald , Hardman Lynda
Published: March 2017

Community capacity is used to monitor socioeconomic development. It is composed of a number of dimensions that can be measured to understand issues possibly arising in the implementation of a policy or of a project targeting a community. Measuring these dimensions is thus highly valuable for policymakers and local administrator, though expensive and time consuming. To address this issue, we evaluated their estimation through a machine learning technique—Random Forests—applied to secondary open government data and determined the most important variables for prediction. We focused on two dimensions: sense of community and participation. The variables included in the data sets used to train the predictive models complied with two criteria: nationwide availability and sufficiently fine‐grained geographic breakdown, that is, neighborhood level. Our resultant models are more accurate than others based on traditional statistics found in the literature, showing the feasibility of the approach. The most determinant variables in our models were only partially in agreement with the most influential factors for sense of community and participation according to the social science literature consulted, providing a starting point for future investigation under a social science perspective. Moreover, due to the lack of geographic detail of the outcome measures available, further research is required to apply the predictive models to a neighborhood level.
Correspondence between the rigid amorphous fraction and nanoconfinement effects on glass formation
Authors: Lee Jonathan , Mangalara Jayachandra Hari , Simmons David S.
Published: March 2017

Semicrystalline polymers' properties are strongly influenced by the presence of a “rigid amorphous fraction” (RAF) of material with enhanced glass transition temperature and suppressed mobility. Here, we review striking similarities between this domain and near‐interface regions of altered dynamics in other nanostructured polymers, including thin films, nanocomposites, layered films, and ionomers. Building on these observations, we present results of molecular simulations of model nanolayered polymers in which one layer is crystalline. The results of these simulations, which bear close similarities to semicrystalline homopolymers while providing a well‐defined equilibrium crystal size, suggest that the RAF shares the same phenomenology and mechanism as dynamic interphases in these other polymeric systems. Specifically, the fraction of rigid amorphous material is driven by the scale of cooperative rearrangements characteristic of dynamics in polymers and other supercooled liquids. These results situate the RAF as a specific instance of a general tendency towards broad dynamic interphases in polymers and other glass‐forming materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 907–918
Projectile Impact Ignition and Reaction Violent Mechanism for HMX‐Based Polymer Bonded Explosives at High Temperature
Authors: Dai Xiaogan , Wen Yushi , Wen Miaoping , Huang Fenglei , Li Ming , Deng Chuan
Published: March 2017

Determining the mechanism of transition from projectile‐impact ignition to detonation is a complex and difficult task with strong practical applications. Ignition due to low‐velocity projectile impact cannot be properly explained by the available theories. We attempted to determine the mechanisms of initiation of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX)‐based polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs) in a range of high temperatures, which have rarely been investigated. Comparing the shock initiation results, we found that the low‐velocity projectile impact response mechanisms for a heated explosive are much more complex. Our results show that the impact ignition threshold velocity of the heated explosive does not always decrease with increasing temperature as commonly expected. A temperature dependent plastic power during impact controls the ignition in the range of 25 °C to 75 °C. At 190 °C and 200 °C, there was a sharp rise of reaction degree induced by β→δ phase transition for high HMX‐content PBX. Conversely, such phase transition effect becomes insignificant for low (<50 %) HMX‐content PBX. Our results show that three competing mechanisms affect the impact safety for a high HMX‐content PBX at high temperature, including plastic power, temperature sensitizing, and phase transition.
Direct Determination of Effective Spectral Emissivity of Hot Burnt Gas using Absolutely Calibrated Radiometric Spectrometer
Authors: Lee Wondong , Han Kiwook , Hahn Jae Won
Published: March 2017

Measurement of the radiative characteristics of a flame is important in the field of combustion diagnostics to better understand combustion processes, fuel performance, and combustion engine efficiency. Flame emissivity is one of the most important parameters for investigating such characteristics. This paper proposes a method to directly measure the effective spectral emissivity of a hot burnt gas in flame. We calibrate the radiometric measurement of a mid‐infrared (IR) emission spectrometer using a directly heated graphite blackbody in a national standards laboratory, and determine the flame temperature by fitting the spectrum detected with the emission spectrometer to the color ratio calculated with HITEMP using the species concentrations predicted by ICT thermodynamic calculation. For proof of concept, we determine the spectral effective emissivity of the flame of an IR countermeasure flare in the spectral range of 2–5 μm. We estimate the uncertainty in the measurement to be 11.48 %.
Building Hydrologic Foundations for Applications of ELOHA: How Long A Record Should You Have?
Authors: Williams J. G.
Published: March 2017

Abstracts

The Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration framework for making regional assessments of environmental flows requires a ‘hydrologic foundation’ of flow data for current and undeveloped conditions. This raises the question how long a record is needed for an adequate hydrologic foundation? The answer depends on the variance in the flow record and on how much uncertainty is tolerable in metrics developed from the flow data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation analysis of reinforced concrete ties: Representative geometry
Authors: Gribniak Viktor , Rimkus Arvydas , Torres Lluis , Jakstaite Ruta
Published: March 2017

Regardless of the simplicity of the test layout, interpretation of the tensile test results may be inadequate. Typically, a test of the reinforced concrete tie provides measurements of average deformations of the internal reinforcing bar and the concrete surface. The experimental evidence, however, often contradicts with the general assumption of the similarity of mean strains of the reinforcement and concrete. Analysis of the sources influencing the scatter of the experimental results motivated this investigation of the representativeness of the specimens. In this study, the representativeness is understood as a property of a tie to isolate the investigated parameters (e.g., the deformation components) from other uncontrolled effects typical of test with limited sample sizes. This study aims at determining the representative geometry of the test samples that would enable the reduction of the end effect. A consistent procedure is proposed for identifying the cracking parameters of the ties with different testing layouts.
Pseudodynamic tests with substructuring of a full‐scale precast box‐modularized structure made of reinforced concrete shear walls
Authors: Xu Guoshan , Wang Zhen , Wu Bin , Bursi Oreste S. , Tan Xiaojing , Yang Qingbo , Wen Long , Jiang Hongbin
Published: March 2017

A novel horizontal and vertical wall‐to‐wall and wall‐to‐floor connection methods for precast box‐modularized structure with reinforced concrete shear walls (PBSRCSWs) are proposed in this paper. The entailing behavior of the proposed connections and the seismic performance of one full‐scale six‐story PBSRCSWs were experimentally studied by means of pseudodynamic substructure tests. In order to improve the relevant experimental accuracy, we presented and validated one versatile testing platform Hytest, combined with external displacement feedback control (EDFC; Hytest with EDFC). In greater detail, it was shown from the pseudodynamic substructure test results that the proposed Hytest with EDFC can effectively impose the desired displacements on the specimens rather than on the actuators. Moreover, both the horizontal and vertical wall‐to‐wall connections proposed for the PBSRCSWs exhibited a favorable behavior whilst the PBSRCSWs subjected to earthquake records showed an excellent seismic performance.
Common data elements for clinical research in mitochondrial disease: a National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke project
Authors: Karaa Amel , Rahman Shamima , Lombès Anne , Yu‐Wai‐Man Patrick , Sheikh Muniza K. , Alai‐Hansen Sherita , Cohen Bruce H. , Dimmock David , Emrick Lisa , Falk Marni J. , McCormack Shana , Mirsky David , Moore Tony , Parikh Sumit , Shoffner John , Taivassalo Tanja , Tarnopolsky Mark , Tein Ingrid , Odenkirchen Joanne C. , Goldstein Amy ,   on behalf of the Mito Working Group Member Participants:
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The common data elements (CDE) project was developed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) to provide clinical researchers with tools to improve data quality and allow for harmonization of data collected in different research studies. CDEs have been created for several neurological diseases; the aim of this project was to develop CDEs specifically curated for mitochondrial disease (Mito) to enhance clinical research.

Methods

Nine working groups (WGs), composed of international mitochondrial disease experts, provided recommendations for Mito clinical research. They initially reviewed existing NINDS CDEs and instruments, and developed new data elements or instruments when needed. Recommendations were organized, internally reviewed by the Mito WGs, and posted online for external public comment for a period of eight weeks. The final version was again reviewed by all WGs and the NINDS CDE team prior to posting for public use.

Results

The NINDS Mito CDEs and supporting documents are publicly available on the NINDS CDE website (https://commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/), organized into domain categories such as Participant/Subject Characteristics, Assessments, and Examinations.

Conclusion

We developed a comprehensive set of CDE recommendations, data definitions, case report forms (CRFs), and guidelines for use in Mito clinical research. The widespread use of CDEs is intended to enhance Mito clinical research endeavors, including natural history studies, clinical trial design, and data sharing. Ongoing international collaboration will facilitate regular review, updates and online publication of Mito CDEs, and support improved consistency of data collection and reporting.
Human mass balance study and metabolite profiling of 14C-niraparib, a novel poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: van Andel Lotte , Zhang Z. , Lu S. , Kansra V. , Agarwal S. , Hughes L. , Tibben M. M. , Gebretensae A. , Lucas L. , Hillebrand M. J. X. , Rosing H. , Schellens J. H. M. , Beijnen J. H.
Published: March 2017

Niraparib is an investigational oral, once daily, selective poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor. In the pivotal Phase 3 NOVA/ENGOT/OV16 study, niraparib met its primary endpoint of improving progression-free survival (PFS) for adult patients with recurrent, platinum sensitive, ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer in complete or partial response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Significant improvements in PFS were seen in all patient cohorts regardless of biomarker status. This study evaluates the absorption, metabolism and excretion (AME) of 14C–niraparib, administered to six patients as a single oral dose of 300 mg with a radioactivity of 100 μCi. Total radioactivity (TRA) in whole blood, plasma, urine and faeces was measured using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) to obtain the mass balance of niraparib. Moreover, metabolite profiling was performed on selected plasma, urine and faeces samples using liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled to off-line LSC. Mean TRA recovered over 504 h was 47.5% in urine and 38.8% in faeces, indicating that both renal and hepatic pathways are comparably involved in excretion of niraparib and its metabolites. The elimination of 14C–radioactivity was slow, with t1/2 in plasma on average 92.5 h. Oral absorption of 14C–niraparib was rapid, with niraparib concentrations peaking at 2.49 h, and reaching a mean maximum concentration of 540 ng/mL. Two major metabolites were found: the known metabolite M1 (amide hydrolysed niraparib) and the glucuronide of M1. Based on this study it was shown that niraparib undergoes hydrolytic, and conjugative metabolic conversions, with the oxidative pathway being minimal.
Should Genetic Testing be Offered for Children? The Perspectives of Adolescents and Emerging Adults in Families with Li‐Fraumeni Syndrome
Authors: Alderfer Melissa A. , Lindell Robert B. , Viadro Claire I. , Zelley Kristin , Valdez Jessica , Mandrell Belinda , Ford Carol A. , Nichols Kim E.
Published: March 2017

Whether children should be offered genetic testing for cancer risk is much debated but young voices are rarely heard in these conversations. The current study explored perspectives of genetic testing held by adolescents and emerging adults in families with Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Twelve 12‐ to 25‐year‐olds in families with LFS completed qualitative interviews for this study. All believed that testing should be offered for children but many qualified this statement saying parental approval would be needed and testing should be optional. Genetic testing was seen as way to learn of risk status, allow for disease prevention efforts, and reduce uncertainty and anxiety. Perceived disadvantages included negative emotions associated with the testing result. Participants generally felt that children should be involved in the testing decision, but that parents could unilaterally decide to have a child tested in certain circumstances (e.g., young age, high risk). All who were aware of having been tested and of their test result (n= 7; 4 positive) said testing had no negative impact on their outlook and they agreed with the decision to undergo testing. Implications of these findings for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Happiness after death? Demetrios Capetanakis on philosophy and Proust
Authors: Kantzia Emmanouela
Published: March 2017

Demetrios Capetanakis was one of the first writers to introduce Marcel Proust to the Greek public in the 1930s. His study of Proust's philosophy (hitherto known only in the English and Greek translations of a lecture he delivered in French) survives in manuscript form, both in French and in an earlier German version. An examination of these texts in the context of Proust's early reception allows us to follow Capetanakis’ intellectual trajectory, as well as to sketch his particular joint approach to literature and philosophy, which is largely indebted to the works of Plato and Kierkegaard. Capetanakis seeks Proust's philosophy not in the universal laws put forth in his novel, but in the writer's attempt to conceal behind them the real pain and agony that marked his own life. This leads him to a rather unusual philosophical reading of Proust's novel and, in the process, of Plato's Phaedrus.
BP: Time for a Change
Authors: Townsley Jesse R
Published: March 2017

This article proposes a solution to the problem of defining the “present” in the BP time scale as 1950. Discouraging the use of “Before Present,” as well as “Before Physics,” and promoting Radiocarbon’s official definition of “BP is understood as a symbol meaning precisely ‘conventional radiocarbon years before AD 1950’” is advised.
Accurate Radiocarbon Dating of Archaeological Ash Using Pyrogenic Aragonite
Authors: Toffolo Michael B , Regev Lior , Mintz Eugenia , Poduska Kristin M , Shahack-Gross Ruth , Berthold Christoph , Miller Christopher E , Boaretto Elisabetta
Published: March 2017

Obtaining accurate age determinations from minerals in archaeological ash is a major unsolved issue in radiocarbon (14C) dating. This is because the original14C content of calcite, the main component of ash, is altered by isotopic exchange. Pyrogenic aragonite, another mineral phase recently discovered in ash, might preserve its14C signature through time. Using a new method based on density separation and step combustion, we were able to isolate and date aragonitic ash from an archaeological destruction horizon of known age. Here we show that the14C age of aragonite matches the age of the destruction horizon. Our results demonstrate that pyrogenic aragonite is a short-lived material suitable for14C dating and directly related to human activities involving the use of fire, thus bearing major implications for the establishment of absolute chronologies for the past 50,000 yr.
Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson, The Cambridge History of Capitalism: Volume 1, The Rise of Capitalism: From Ancient Origins to 1848; Volume II, The Spread of Capitalism: From 1848 to the Present.
Authors: Burgin Angus
Published: March 2017

The Cambridge History of Capitalism, a formidable compendium of thirty-four essays spread over two volumes (each well over five hundred pages in length), was first conceived by the economic historians Larry Neal and Jeffrey Williamson in 2005. At that time, the “history of capitalism” was not yet a term of art in history departments; even in graduate workshops at Harvard, the locus classicus of the later movement, “political economy” was still the preferred phrase. By the time the book was published in 2014, much had changed: Harvard now offered a program on the “study of capitalism,” Cornell was convening a summer boot camp on the “history of capitalism,” Columbia had a book series on the history of “U.S. capitalism,” the Journal of American History had assembled a roundtable on the theme, and the front page of the New York Times had taken notice. Questions that long seemed the province of other disciplines had come to the forefront in history departments.
MENANDER, DYSCOLVS 750: A NOTE ON STAGING
Authors: Jacobson David J.
Published: March 2017

In a recent article, I discussed vocative uses of οὗτος in the works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes, showing that there are two types of vocatives: ‘calls’, which are utterance-initial and directed at one whose attention is turned elsewhere, and ‘addresses’, which are non-initial, employed by a speaker who is already conversing with a hearer, and typically indicate a speaker's annoyance at the hearer. Menander uses οὗτος as a vocative in the same ways as the other dramatic poets, but there is one instance in Dyscolus that has been routinely misconstrued and merits clarification.
A revised model for the crustal structure of the SW Grenville Province, Ontario, Canada
Authors: DICKIN ALAN , STRONG JACOB , ARCURI GABRIEL , VAN KESSEL ANNIKA , KRIVANKOVA-SMAL LUCIA
Published: March 2017

The Grenville Province forms the exhumed remnants of a 1.1 Ga collisional orogeny that telescoped an older continental margin. Terranes with distinct crustal formation ages can be mapped using Nd isotopes, revealing a ramp–flat thrust structure. The ramp is identified by the presence of retrogressed eclogites, and its trajectory is refined using Nd model ages. The main allochthon is locally overlain by the Parry Sound klippe, but is also underlain by a tectonic duplex. Northwest-directed nappes represent remnants of a corrugated thrust sheet, but a ring-shaped remnant was also preserved where the thrust sheet was down-buckled under the dense rocks of Parry Sound domain.
Well-posedness of two-dimensional hydroelastic waves
Authors: Ambrose David M. , Siegel Michael
Published: March 2017

A well-posedness theory for the initial-value problem for hydroelastic waves in two spatial dimensions is presented. This problem, which arises in numerous applications, describes the evolution of a thin elastic membrane in a two-dimensional (2D) potential flow. We use a model for the elastic sheet that accounts for bending stresses and membrane tension, but which neglects the mass of the membrane. The analysis is based on a vortex sheet formulation and, following earlier analyses and numerical computations in 2D interfacial flow with surface tension, we use an angle–arclength representation of the problem. We prove short-time well-posedness in Sobolev spaces. The proof is based on energy estimates, and the main challenge is to find a definition of the energy and estimates on high-order non-local terms so that an a priori bound can be obtained.
Lurasidone for major depressive disorder with mixed features and irritability: a post-hoc analysis
Authors: Swann Alan C. , Fava Maurizio , Tsai Joyce , Mao Yongcai , Pikalov Andrei , Loebel Antony
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this post-hoc analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of lurasidone in treating major depressive disorder (MDD) with mixed features including irritability.

Methods

The data in this analysis were derived from a study of patients meeting DSM–IV–TR criteria for unipolar MDD, with a Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score ≥26, presenting with two or three protocol-defined manic symptoms, and who were randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with either lurasidone 20–60 mg/d (n=109) or placebo (n=100). We defined “irritability” as a score ≥2 on both the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) irritability item (#5) and the disruptive-aggressive item (#9). Endpoint change in the MADRS and YMRS items 5 and 9 were analyzed using a mixed model for repeated measures for patients with and without irritability.

Results

Some 20.7% of patients met the criteria for irritability. Treatment with lurasidone was associated with a significant week 6 change vs. placebo in MADRS score in both patients with (–22.6 vs. –9.5,p<0.0001, effect size [ES]=1.4) and without (–19.9 vs. –13.8,p<0.0001,ES=0.7) irritability. In patients with irritable features, treatment with lurasidone was associated with significant week 6 changes vs. placebo in both the YMRS irritability item (–1.4 vs. –0.3,p=0.0012,ES=1.0) and the YMRS disruptive-aggressive item (–1.0 vs. –0.3,p=0.0002,ES=1.2).

Conclusions

In our post-hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial, treatment with lurasidone significantly improved depressive symptoms in MDD patients with mixed features including irritability. In addition, irritability symptoms significantly improved in patients treated with lurasidone.
Changes in social engagement and depression predict incident loneliness among seriously ill home care clients
Authors: Fernandes Samantha , Davidson Jacob G.S. , Guthrie Dawn M.
Published: March 2017

Objective:

This study identified the predictors of incident loneliness in a group of seriously ill older adults (aged 65+) receiving home care.

Method:

Existing data collected with the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care (RAI–HC) were utilized. A cohort of clients (N = 2,499) with two RAI–HC assessments and no self-reported loneliness at time 1 were included. Self-reported loneliness, upon reassessment, was the outcome of interest. Clients with a prognosis of less than six months or severe health instability were included.

Results:

The average length of time between assessments was 5.9 months (standard deviation = 4.10). During that time, 7.8% (n = 181) of the sample developed loneliness. In a multivariate regression model, worsening symptoms of depression, a decline in social activities, and not living with a primary caregiver all increased the risk of loneliness.

Significance of results:

These results highlight how changes in psychosocial factors over time can contribute to loneliness, which can inform clinicians as they seek to identify those who may be at risk for loneliness.
Patienten mit psychisch bedingten Arbeitsproblemen: Besonderheiten und Handlungsmöglichkeiten
Authors: Baer Niklas
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Psychisch bedingte Arbeitsunfähigkeiten und Invalidisierungen haben stark zugenommen und sind heute ein vordringliches gesundheits- und sozialpolitisches wie auch volkswirtschaftliches Problem. Hausärzte sind häufig mit Patienten mit Arbeitsproblemen konfrontiert. Der Artikel zeigt wesentliche krankheits-, personen- und umweltbezogene Risikofaktoren auf und gibt Hinweise, was Hausärzte tun können, um diese Patienten noch gezielter zu unterstützen.
Water Infrastructure Needs Get Bipartisan Nod at House Hearing
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2017

A letter released at the event calls on President Donald Trump to ensure that money from a national harbor maintenance fund is used solely to improve ports and harbors.
Brain–Gut Interactions and Maintenance Factors in Pediatric Gastroenterological Disorders: Recommendations for Clinical Care
Authors: Reed-Knight Bonney , Maddux Michele H. , Deacy Amanda D. , Lamparyk Katherine , Stone Amanda L. , Mackner Laura
Published: March 2017

Pediatric gastroenterological disorders are frequently encountered by the practicing pediatric psychologist and can be challenging to treat due to the range of presenting symptoms and potentially high impact on patient’s functioning. In this article, the authors aim to (a) describe the brain–gut axis as a means to increase understanding among pediatric psychologists of the biological mechanisms implicated in pediatric GI disorders and how their interactions with psychological and contextual factors maintain GI symptoms and (b) provide practical ways for pediatric psychologists to incorporate the discussion of biological mechanisms and the brain–gut axis into patient education and psychological interventions. Biological mechanisms of the brain–gut axis including alterations in pain processing, the stress response system, and gut microbiome activity will be reviewed. Psychosocial factors that contribute to or maintain disturbances in the brain–gut axis are discussed with implications for clinical assessment and intervention. The authors assert that a mutual understanding by patients, families, and providers alike of the relevant brain–gut interactions and the biopsychosocial model, in general, will serve as a foundation for successful delivery of and adherence to psychological intervention.
Fertility Counseling for Transgender AYAs
Authors: Hudson Janella , Nahata Leena , Dietz Elizabeth , Quinn Gwendolyn P.
Published: March 2017

Transgender adolescents and young adults may wish to use cross-sex hormones as a means to achieve identity goals. However, these hormones may impair future reproductive functioning. This case explores the complexities related to clinical decision making concerning fertility and the use of cross-sex hormones in adolescent and young adult transgender populations.
The Rise of Special Interest Groups and Their Role in Division 54, the Society of Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Davis Ann M. , Ward Wendy L. , Armstrong Bridget , Devine Katie A. , Schurman Jennifer Verrill
Published: March 2017

The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) is a growing, vibrant organization that works to meet the needs of pediatric psychologists around the country and the world. Because the field of pediatric psychology encompasses diverse patient populations, there have always been scholarly and clinical groups that form within the SPP around more specific areas. The current article describes the years leading up to and including the formation of special interest groups (SIGs) within the SPP. Current procedures, ongoing work, and future challenges to the health and productivity of SIGs, as well as discussion on how SIGs are beneficial to students and to early career psychologists, are covered.
Evidence-based Assessment Strategies for Working With Ethnic Minority Youth
Authors: Valenzuela Jessica M. , Pulgaron Elizabeth R. , Salamon Katherine S. , Patiño-Fernandez Anna Maria
Published: March 2017

Conducting comprehensive and culturally appropriate assessment in pediatric medical settings can be challenging. Previous systematic reviews of assessment measures have sought to develop criteria for considering a measure to be “evidence-based” (e.g., Cohen et al., 2008 ). These reviews have not, however, addressed the growing need for providers to integrate evidence-based assessment and cultural competency specifically when working with ethnic minority children and families. The present paper has the following aims: (a) to present a framework for conducting assessment with families from diverse cultural backgrounds, (b) to provide recommendations for the clinician who is selecting measures for use with cultural minority patients and families, and (c) to discuss the limitations of the existing literature in helping clinicians make these determinations and provide future directions for researchers and clinicians. Case examples are used to illustrate some of the challenges that clinicians face in this area.
How the Interaction Between Parent and Child Can Lead to Nonadherence: A Case Study of Self-Catheterization
Authors: Bruni Teryn P. , Lancaster Blake M. , Kullgren Kristin A.
Published: March 2017

The following case study depicts an outpatient pediatric psychology patient with spina bifida–myelomeningocele who resisted self-catheterization. The patient’s case was initially conceptualized as anxiety toward the catheterization process and behavior was later reconceptualized as oppositional and attention seeking. Parent reluctance to follow through with recommendations that involved placing demands on the patient resulted in slow progress and movement away from self-catheterization. As supported in the literature, the primary barrier to progress toward self-catheterization in this case appeared related to lack of follow-through and overinvolvement on the part of parents, leading to decreased child autonomy and independence.
Narrative Exposure Therapy With Parents Who Have Been Traumatized in Pediatric Settings: A Case Series
Authors: Colville Gillian A.
Published: March 2017

There is increasing evidence that a significant number of parents are affected by symptoms of posttraumatic stress and anxiety for many months after their children’s serious illnesses or accidents. It is important, therefore, that psychological treatments for use with this population are tried and evaluated for effectiveness with this population. The application of a new brief treatment, narrative exposure therapy (NET), is described here in relation to a case series of 4 parents who met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder following their children’s intensive care treatment. This approach, which has shown promise with other samples of people who have suffered repeated traumas, was associated with significant symptom relief (Cohen’s ds = 1.01–2.37). The main themes that emerged in therapy are discussed, along with other treatment considerations.
Smad7 knockdown activates protein kinase RNA-associated eIF2α pathway leading to colon cancer cell death
Authors: De Simone Veronica , Bevivino Gerolamo , Sedda Silvia , Izzo Roberta , Laudisi Federica , Dinallo Vincenzo , Franzè Eleonora , Colantoni Alfredo , Ortenzi Angela , Salvatori Silvia , Rossi Piero , Sica Giuseppe S , Fantini Massimo C , Stolfi Carmine , Monteleone Giovanni
Published: March 2017

Upregulation of Smad7, an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), occurs in sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and knockdown of Smad7 inhibits CRC cell growth, a phenomenon that associates with decreased expression of cell division cycle 25 homolog A and arrest of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. These findings occur in CRC cells unresponsive to TGF-β1, thus suggesting the existence of a Smad7-mediated TGF-β1-independent mechanism that controls CRC cell behavior. Here we show that Smad7 inhibition with a specific Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide upregulates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of cell cycle arrest and induction of cell death, and induces activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homology protein (CHOP), two downstream targets of eIF2α. Among the upstream kinases that control eIF2α phosphorylation, the serine–threonine protein kinase RNA (PKR), but not general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is activated by Smad7 knockdown. PKR silencing abolishes Smad7 antisense-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4/CHOP induction, thereby preventing Smad7 antisense-driven cell death. Smad7 inhibition diminishes interaction of PKR with protein kinase inhibitor p58 (p58IPK), a cellular inhibitor of PKR, but does not change the expression and/or activity of other factors involved in the control of PKR activation. These findings delineate a novel mechanism by which Smad7 knockdown promotes CRC cell death.
Cysteine-linked dimerization of BST-2 confers anoikis resistance to breast cancer cells by negating proapoptotic activities to promote tumor cell survival and growth
Authors: Mahauad-Fernandez Wadie D , Okeoma Chioma M
Published: March 2017

Almost all breast tumors express the antiviral protein BST-2 with 67%, 25% and 8.2% containing high, medium or low levels of BST-2, respectively. Breast tumor cells and tissues that contain elevated levels of BST-2 are highly aggressive. Suppression of BST-2 expression reprograms tumorigenic properties of cancer cells and diminishes cancer cell aggressiveness. Using structure/function studies, we report that dimerization of BST-2 through cysteine residues located in the BST-2 extracellular domain (ECD), leads to anoikis resistance and cell survival through proteasome-mediated degradation of BIM—a key proapoptotic factor. Importantly, BST-2 dimerization promotes tumor growth in preclinical breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that restoration of the ECD cysteine residues is sufficient to rescue cell survival and tumor growth via a previously unreported pathway—BST-2/GRB2/ERK/BIM/Cas3. These findings suggest that disruption of BST-2 dimerization offers a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer.