bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conflict as a `Tragedy'?
Authors: Roe Paul
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to pull together the main body of work on the security dilemma and that concerning the relatively recent move in international relations in reconceptualizing and operationalizing the concept away from its usual interstate setting. First, it will discuss some of the ways in which the security dilemma has been defined. Second, it will concentrate on the work of those writers who have conceived of `ethnic security dilemmas' and `insecurity dilemmas' occurring at the intrastate level. Third, it will suggest some possible answers to the problems that this body of writing has raised. Fourth, it will both introduce and further develop the concept of the `(inter-) societal security dilemma' as a possibly more productive way of explaining the outbreak of ethnic violence. Moreover, throughout the article the question as to if and when ethnic conflict can be seen as a `tragedy' in Herbert Butterfield's sense of the word will be addressed.
Gandhi, Deep Ecology, Peace Research And Buddhist Economics
Authors: Weber Thomas
Published: March 2007

The central importance of Gandhi to nonviolent activism is widely acknowledged. There are also other significant peace-related bodies of knowledge that have gained such popularity in the West in the relatively recent past that they have changed the directions of thought and have been important in encouraging social movements - yet they have not been analysed in terms of antecedents, especially Gandhian ones. The new environmentalism in the form of deep ecology, the discipline of peace research and what has become known as `Buddhist economics' very closely mirror Gandhi's philosophy. This article analyses the Mahatma's contribution to the intellectual development of three leading figures in these fields: Arne Naess, Johan Galtung and E. F. Schumacher and argues that those who want to make an informed study of deep ecology, peace research or Buddhist economics, and particularly those who are interested in the philosophy of Naess, Galtung or Schumacher, should go back to Gandhi for a fuller picture.
Age and Race Deference Reversals: Extending Turk on Police-Citizen Conflict
Authors: LANZA-KADUCE LONN , GREENLEAF RICHARD G.
Published: March 2007

Turk's theory of norm resistance describes how authority relations can be structured in ways that hold different probabilities of overt conflict between subjects and authorities. His theory is premised on social norms of deference. This article develops Turk's argument by advancing hypotheses about how deference by race and age reinforces or undermines the positional authority of police and affects the probability of conflict with citizens. Domestic disturbance cases in which police-citizen conflict occurred are contrasted with a systematic sample of domestic cases in which no conflict is recorded. The authors find that resistance is more likely when race and age deference norms counter the positional authority of officers. These reversals predict conflict even after controls are introduced into a multivariate model.
Student Anger and Aggressive Behavior in School: An Initial Test of Agnew's Macro-Level Strain Theory
Authors: BREZINA TIMOTHY , PIQUERO ALEX R. , MAZEROLLE PAUL
Published: March 2007

Variation in criminal/delinquent behavior across communities, schools, and other social units is usually explained in terms of social disorganization and subcultural values. Agnew's macro-level strain theory (MST), however, provides an additional explanation. MST contends that macro-level differences in crime and deviance can also be explained in terms of aggregate levels of anger and frustration. Following Agnew's recommendations, the authors conduct an initial school-level test of MST using data on aggressive student behavior from a national sample of public high schools. The results of the assessment lend partial support to the theory, showing that student-to-student conflict is partly a function of the level of anger in the student population. Other forms of aggressive student behavior, however, are not likewise affected. Nonetheless, the authors believe the findings are sufficiently promising to warrant further examination of MST, and they offer some suggestions in this regard.
The Effects of Substance Use on Specific Types of Criminal Offending in Young Men
Authors: WELTE JOHN W. , ZHANG LENING , WIECZOREK WILLIAM F.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the causal relationship between substance use and delinquency. Subjects were 596 males aged 16 to 19 from Buffalo, New York. Two interviews were conducted 18 months apart. Cross-lagged and synchronous structural equation panel models were fit for both early and late onset of delinquency groups with five types of delinquency: minor, general, serious, property, and violent offenses. The results showed a significant difference between early-onset and late-onset groups concerning the relationship between substance use and delinquency. Early-onset models showed no causal relationship between substance use and delinquency. The late-onset models showed that minor offenses have significant lagged and synchronous positive effects on drug use, drug use exhibited significant lagged and synchronous positive effects on general offenses, and drinking has significant lagged and synchronous negative effects on property offenses. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Prison Inmates' Reactions to Furlough
Authors: Toch Hans
Published: March 2007

Long-term inmates in two Norwegian prisons were inter viewed as they returned from furlough. Major benefits ascribed to furloughs by inmates include restoration of human relation ships and the building of bonds with outsiders, the testing of community acceptance, relief from the strains and discomforts of imprisonment, improvement in mental health, tasting of routine civilian life, renewal of hope and future perspective, opportunity for making practical arrangements for return to the community, and an increase in self-confidence. The principal liabilities of the furlough experience as seen by the inmate relate to the return to prison and the problems of readjustment after return.
California's Community Treatment Program For Delinquent Adolescents
Authors: Palmer Ted B.
Published: March 2007

Since 1961, the Community Treatment Project (CTP) has handled seriously delinquent male and female offenders who have been committed from juvenile courts to the state correctional system from four California communities. Rather than being institution alized for several months, these youths, ages 13 to 19 at intake, are placed directly into a small caseload, intensive, community- located parole program: CTP. There, after being "matched" with a parole agent, they receive "differential" or relatively individual ized, as well as long-term, treatment. An "interpersonal maturity level" system is used to classify youths and as one important basis for establishing treatment objectives and techniques.

Comparative effectiveness of the experimental (CTP) and control (traditional) programs was evaluated in terms of six separable out come measures: suspensions, recidivism, discharge, psychological tests, etc. E-C comparisons indicate that the E program has been able to handle a large majority of eligible youths (89 percent) at least as effectively as has the traditional program, while ten percent do better within the traditional program. Close to 25 percent do rather poorly within both types of program. A major objective of CTP—Phase Three (1969-1974) is that of developing more effective techniques and settings for working with this latter, rather sizable, "unsuccessful" group. Another objective is that of determining whether the CTP approach can be applied successfully to a wider range of offenders than have been handled to date — e.g., those committed from adult courts and/or for seriously assaultive offenses. Five main factors are mentioned as having made a sub stantial contribution to the comparative effectiveness of CTP during 1961-1969.
The Effects of Normality Violations on the Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Hindelang Michael J.
Published: March 2007

A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to examine the effects of normality violations on the interpretation of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. The findings tentatively indicate that when conventional tests of significance are used even rather severe normality violations do not substantially distort the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that rho equals zero when this hypothesis is true.
Relationship of Time Served to Parole Outcome for Different Classifications of Burglars Based on Males Paroled in Fifty Jurisdictions in 1968 and 1969
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Koval Mary , Neithercutt M.G.
Published: March 2007

A key decision in the correctional process is determining when to release an offender to parole. Setting the optimum time to be served is difficult. One of the purposes of this study is to see if research based on past experience can provide some future guidelines for determining optimum time for different types of offenders.

The Uniform Parole Reports (UPR) program, sponsored by the National Probation and Parole Institutes, provides the research base for this study. The study groups consisted of males convicted of burglary offenses who were paroled and reported to UPR. These groups consisted of 7,200 parolees in 1968 and 7,600 parolees in 1969. The standard UPR definition of parole outcome for a one- year follow-up was used as the criterion variable. An experience table with different offender classifications was developed to achieve the maximum logical differentiation as to parole outcome. The parole outcome rates for the 1968 classifications ranged from 26 percent to 87 percent with a favorable adjustment at the end of one year. The classifications developed for 1968 parolees fairly accurately predicted the 1969 parolees' experience.

In the process of developing the offender classifications, sup portive evidence was found for the maturation concept. In 21 of 22 comparisons, the older parolees had more favorable outcome rates than the younger parolees. The number of months served showed no consistent relationship to parole outcome for any classification. This study does not assess imprisonment as a punish ment device or as a means of custody. It does suggest that the vast sums being spent on correctional institutions, as a crime reduction device, need further evaluation if we are to stem the growing crime rate.
Remedies for the Key Deficiency in Criminal Justice Evaluation Research
Authors: Glaser Daniel
Published: March 2007

More useful criminal justice evaluation research would differentiate offenses and offenders on the basis of causal theory and would interrelate several levels of abstraction. This is illus trated in correctional practice evaluation by a linkage of be havior modification, symbolic interactionist, and sociocultural diffusion theory, from which three propositions on the effective ness of specific treatment methods for particular types of offenders are derived. Research thus far supports the validity of these propositions. Boards of autonomous criminologists and public representatives supervising criminal justice statistics and research agencies would foster more grounding of inquiries in policy- relevant theory.
Untangling Minimum Security: Concepts, Realities and Implications for Correctional Systems
Authors: Steele Eric H. , Jacobs James B.
Published: March 2007

Minimum security imprisonment is a prison reform widely advocated but little studied. A systematic examination of its origins, characteristics and purposes reveals considerable conceptual and practical confusion. This paper describes four ideal typical models of minimum security based on the different purposes it serves within a total prison system. Each model indicates different criteria for deciding which prisoners should be assigned to the highly desirable minimum security unit(s). Placement in minimum security may be as important to the prisoner as the sentencing decision itself and ought to be made on the basis of explicitly articulated standards rooted in a clear conceptual model. While this article presents a specific analysis of the case of minimum security, it raises general questions about equity and purpose common to all decisions about cor rectional disposition.
A Multidimensional Contingency Table Analysis of Parole Outcome
Authors: van Alstyne David J. , Gottfredson Michael R.
Published: March 2007

A major trend in the development of prediction in criminal justice has been toward increased statistical sophistication of methods. This study examines the utility of a new statistical method—log-linear analysis—as a means of predicting parole success relative to the Burgess method in both a construction and cross-validation sample. In addition, a replication study of the derived log- linear model was performed. The results suggest that the more sophisticated technique does not improve the ability to predict parole success beyond that achieved by the simpler method. Further, the hierarchical model emerging from the construction sample did not replicate in the validation sample. These results, when read in light of other studies, indicate that improvement in statistical technique may not be the best means of improving predictive effi ciency. The results also indicate that replication of hierarchical model fitting cannot be assumed, but rather must be studied empirically. The implications of these results are discussed for prediction research and theory testing.
Causes of Police Behavior: the Current State of Quantitative Research
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a first attempt to organize and codify the findings of quantitative research on four aspects of police behavior: detection, arrest, service, and violence. A framework of five explanatory approaches is used to organize the findings: individual characteristics of police officers; situational, organizational, and community characteristics; and legal variables. The findings generally show weak relationships between a wide range of the hypothesized causes and police behavior, the implica tions of which for building a substantive theory of policing are briefly considered.
Residential Burglary in the United States: Life-Style and Demographic Factors Associated With the Probability of Victimization
Authors: Cohen Lawrence E. , Cantor David
Published: March 2007

This study both ascertains the characteristics of individuals and their life styles that are differentially related to risk of residential burglary and tests a hypothesis that accounts for certain discrepant findings reported in previous studies of burglary victimization. Using Goodman's log-linear technique to analyze (1975-76) Na tional Crime Survey data, we find that 2,133 of 54,343 households in the sample were burglarized in a twelve-month reference period. The following types of persons headed households with greater than average odds of burglary victimization: (1) central city residents, (2) the young, (3) persons with incomes higher or lower than average, (4) nonwhites, and (5) persons whose homes are unoccupied relatively often. The types of persons heading households least likely to be burglarized were the following: (1) older citizens, (2) persons residing outside the central city, (3) citizens in middle-income categories, and (4) persons whose homes are occupied relatively often. In general, the data support Hindelang's hypothesis that differences in the findings of previous burglary studies on variations in the burglary rate for whites across income categories may be due to different sampling procedures.
Techniques of Neutralization: a Reconceptualization and Empirical Examination
Authors: Minor W. William
Published: March 2007

In their 1957 article, Sykes and Matza overstated the similarities between the value systems of delinquents and nondelinquents, and subsequent theorists have treated neutralization as a theoretical counterpoint to subcultural perspectives on delinquency. To overcome this artificial and unproductive dichotomization, a revision of neutralization theory is proposed that makes it compatible with subcultural interpretations of delinquency.

Prior neutralization research is flawed because it fails to (1) establish the correct causal order between excuse acceptance and delinquency and (2) con trol for youths' moral evaluations of delinquent behavior. This paper presents the results of a two-wave panel study designed to overcome these shortcomings. For several forms of minor deviance, excuse acceptance is found to be related to subsequent behavior in the manner predicted by the theory. Controlling for moral evaluations and prior behavior, these relationships hold primarily for youths who disapprove of the behavior in question (as expected) but who have previously engaged in that behavior (contrary to expectation). Theoretical im plications of these findings are explored.
NCCD Research Review : Any Truth You Want: the Use and Abuse of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics
Authors: Galvin Jim , Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Recent public policy statements assert that crime is on the increase and that this increase has led to overcrowded prisons. However, contradictory trends in crime and criminal justice activity appear in the published data. Is crime in creasing? remaining stable? or decreasing? A yes to each question is possible, depending on the indicator and time period selected or the criminology text consulted. Similar inconsistencies can be found in the data on prison popu lations. To help sort out these apparent contradictions, the authors present guidelines for number and type of indicators, trend analysis time periods, and data currency. They draw conclusions about recent trends in crime and pun ishment and comment on the limitations of their analysis.
Effects of Item Order on the Perceived Seriousness of Crime: A Reexamination
Authors: EVANS SANDRA S. , SCOTT JOSEPH E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of item order on the perceived seriousness of crime. Previous research that addressed this question rotated only one offense to three locations on a questionnaire and concluded that item order had no effect. This research rotates several offenses, including violent, property, white-collar, and morals offenses. The perceived seriousness of an item was hypothesized to shift toward the severity of the preceding offense. The results substantiate this effect. In fact, item order was found to explain approximately the same amount of variation in the perceived seriousness of an offense as did respondents' demographic characteristics.
Prison Violence: The Contribution of Crowding Versus Other Determinants of Prison Assault Rates
Authors: GAES GERALD G. , McGUIRE WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between prison assault rates and aggregate measures of crowding, age, and prisonization is examined using data collected from 19 Federal prisons over a 33-month period, resulting in 627 observations for each independent and dependent variable. In the context of a multivariate specification (estimated using the TOBIT procedure), crowding was by far the most influential variable in the predictor stock. Of the four assault types examined, three are positively related to a crowding index, and all crowding-assault relations are nonlinear. When controlling empirically for crowding level, institutional size, staff-inmate ratio, percentage of staff who are correctional officers, rehabilitative program participation rates and program type, inmate turnover rates, inmate demographics, criminal histories, and unique institutional influences, age was implicated in only one of the four types of assault rates. Measures assumed to be indicators of the deprivation and importation models of prisonization indicate that, at an aggregate level, both models are implicated but are clearly not as important in determining assault rates as is crowding. Applications of these results with regard to prison standards and prison capacities are discussed.
Traditional Contributions to Radical Criminology
Authors: GROVES W. BYRON , SAMPSON ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the causes of criminal behavior as portrayed in the three dominant models of traditional criminology—strain, cultural deviance, and social control—from the perspective of radical criminology. Specifically, we compare these traditional models to radical theory based on three derived criteria: (1) that social class plays an important role in the traditional theory in question, (2) that the theory employs a social-structural model of crime causation, and (3) that the theory offers a materialistic interpretation of the relationship between culture and social structure. Ranging from contributions that are fully compatible to those that provide fruitful possibilities for future research, we find that traditional theories—especially macro-level social control models—converge in crucial respects with radical criminology. We conclude that the ideological differences between radicals and traditionalists, in conjunction with the former's suspicion of positivism and the latter's narrow emphasis on individual-level explanations, have obfuscated the development of an integrated, structural model of crime causation.
Aboriginal and Nonaboriginal Recidivism in Western Australia: A Failure Rate Analysis
Authors: BROADHURST RODERICK G. , MALLER ROSS A. , MALLER MAXWELL G. , DUFFECY JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

Failure rate analysis (Stollmack and Harris, 1974; Maltz and McCleary, 1977) is used to study the recidivism of all prisoners released for the first time between July 1975 and June 1984 from Western Australian prisons (n = 11,262). Recidivism is defined as reincarceration and excludes convictions involving other penal sanctions. Prisoners serving sentences in police lock-ups, remanded in custody, or sentenced to imprisonment prior to July 1975 were also excluded. Estimates of the ultimate probability of recidivism for this population and various subgroups describe recidivism for race, sex, age, offense, and other variables, confirming a classic failure profile with strong distinctions by these factors, particularly race. Overall, the probability of recidivism for aboriginal male prisoners was 80% (SE 2%) and for nonaboriginal males was 48% (SE 2%) and the median times to fail for these groups were 11 months and 18 months, respectively. Female aboriginal recidivism was 75% (SE 6%) and female nonaboriginal recidivism was 29% (SE 7%) and the median times to fail were 16 months and 19 months, respectively. Higher recidivism was observed for male, and young prisoners. Other variables considered include major offense (at first receival), actual time served, sentence type, prison (at exit), and marital, educational, and employment status. Lower recidivism was observed for nonaboriginal prisoners incarcerated longer and for more serious offenses. Participation in work release and financial assistance on release was also associated with lower recidivism. The time to fail was consistently much shorter for aboriginals across all factors than for nonaboriginal prisoners. A general downward trend in recidivism was found between the years 1975 through 1976 and 1978 through 1979 although it was less marked for aboriginal prisoners and did not continue beyond the period 1980-1981. The contribution of aboriginal recidivism to high rates of imprisonment in Western Australia is discussed in relation to the utility of imprisonment. The limitations and merits of failure rate analysis in recidivism studies are considered.
Were Cloward and Ohlin Strain Theorists? Delinquency and Opportunity Revisited
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: March 2007

Although Cloward and Ohlin are frequently seen as offering a variation of Merton's strain theory, I argue that their work is more accurately conceived as offering a fundamental critique of this paradigm—a critique rooted most firmly in the writings of the Chicago School. Cloward and Ohlin's central premise is that strain (or stress) theories are incomplete because they do not account for the content of the resulting adaptation. As a result, a second perspective—which they called “opportunity theory”—is needed to explain why persons choose one wayward path rather than another. I attempt to detail Cloward and Ohlin's reasoning, suggest reasons why the main point of their theorizing has often been missed, and discuss the significance of their perspective for formulating more adequate explanations of crime and deviance.
The Origins of Delinquent Events: An Examination of Offender Accounts
Authors: AGNEW ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents are used to examine the explanations delinquents offer for engaging in 14 different offenses. Property crimes are committed primarily for self-gratification/pleasure and utilitarian need. Violent crimes are committed primarily for retaliation/revenge. Drug offenses are committed primarily because of social pressure, with self-gratification/pleasure also an important reason. With isolated exceptions, these findings hold for less and more serious crimes and across a variety of subgroups. The findings are important because they shed light on the origins of specific delinquent acts or events. In particular, the results provide information on the relative utility of three theories of delinquent events: rational-choice theory and modified versions of strain and subcultural-deviance theory.
A Longitudinal Test of Social Control Theory and Delinquency
Authors: AGNEW ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Recent longitudinal research suggests that cross-sectional studies have exaggerated the importance of Hirschi's social control theory. This longitudinal research, however, suffers from one or more of the following problems: (a) measures of questionable validity and/or reliability; (b) misspecified causal models, including models that omit important variables and fail to examine the reciprocal and contemporaneous effects between variables; and (c) the failure to consider certain methodological problems peculiar to panel analysis, such as autocorrelation. Most of these problems reduce the likelihood of finding a causal effect from social control to delinquency, and so make the findings of the longitudinal studies suspect. This article uses data from the first two waves of the National Youth Survey to overcome these problems, and provide a more accurate estimate of the effect of social control on delinquency.
Interest Groups and Criminal Behavior
Authors: BRUNK GREGORY G. , WILSON LAURA ANN
Published: March 2007

The fundamental origins of legal codes are little understood. According to pluralists, laws are beneficial public goods that evolve from open political competition. An economic model sees laws as the product of selfish motivations and illegitimate lobbying pressures. These models make conflicting predictions about the role that interest groups play in promoting respect for law and the general level of criminal activity. When other obvious factors are controlled, we find that states with many interest groups have a higher level of personal crime, but a lower level of property crime. These findings suggest that the different political cultures which exist in the United States are related to how people act cooperatively and competitively in society. The findings also suggest that we should rethink our theories about the role that conflict and cooperation play in affecting popular support for legal systems.
An Experimental Comparison of Two Self-Report Methods for Measuring Lambda
Authors: HORNEY JULIE , MARSHALL INEKE HAEN
Published: March 2007

Criticisms of the RAND Second Inmate Survey have implied that missing and ambiguous responses and problems related to trying to measure self-reported crime rates over extended periods of time may have led to inflated estimates of λ. In the present study, the authors randomly assigned prison inmates to two groups, one to be interviewed using the RAND method for measuring crime rates, and one to be interviewed using the authors' modified month-by-month reporting method. The authors expected that their month-by-month method would produce lower estimates of λ. They found that the two distributions of λ did not differ significantly from each other, suggesting that the RAND results are very robust.
Crime, Punishment, and the American Dream: Toward a Marxist Integration
Authors: SIMS BARBARA A.
Published: March 2007

In their book Crime and the American Dream, Messner and Rosenfeld suggest that the American economy sets up a society conducive to conflict and crime. The authors argue throughout their work that social, educational, and political institutions take a backseat to the economy. When building the theoretical foundation for their argument, however, Messner and Rosenfeld fail to adequately address the contribution of Marxist criminology to their “sociological paradigm.” In the present article, the author attempts to supply that missing link by suggesting that Marxist criminology can explain how social and economic inequalities are a naturally occurring even in the American system of capitalism. Having done so, she then examines how the theoretical foundation constructed in the first part of the article could be applied to address the manner in which punishment is meted out in American society.
Street Youth and Criminal Violence
Authors: BARON STEPHEN W. , HARTNAGEL TIMOTHY F.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the roles of various subcultural, economic, and victimization factors in the violent behavior of 200 homeless male street youths. Findings reveal that factors associated with the street subculture, including long-term homelessness and criminal peers, increase the respondent's risk for violence on the street and provide rules concerning honor, protection, and retribution. However, the heavy use of drugs and alcohol on the street plays only a minor role in explaining violent behavior in this population, and the violence associated with these substances appears to be recreational. Findings also suggest that minimal economic resources and perceptions of a blocked opportunity structure also leave the youths at risk for various violent activities. Results also indicate that victimization on the street and a history of physical abuse in the home are related to the respondents' violent behavior. Results are discussed in terms of different types of violent behavior.
Social Structure, Interaction Opportunities, and the Direction of Violent Offenses
Authors: TREMBLAY MANON , TREMBLAY PIERRE
Published: March 2007

Public transportation—a primary routine activity setting—is shown in this article to cancel temporarily the effect of segregated social interactions (by bringing together individuals who usually do not meet) and to modify locally the basic demographic weight of social groups with unequal offending rates. As a result, the prevalence of interracial violent offenses is found to be higher in subway stations than elsewhere in the urban landscape. To the extent that routine activity arrangements alter the impact on crime levels of fundamental social structure parameters, such findings suggest that patterns in the circulation of people and property in social space be added to the limited list of basic or antecedent determinants of aggregate crime distributions.
Reducing Minority Overrepresentation in Juvenile Justice: Results of Community-Based Delinquency Prevention in Harrisburg
Authors: WELSH WAYNE N. , JENKINS PATRICIA H. , HARRIS PHILIP W.
Published: March 2007

To reduce minority overrepresentation in its juvenile justice system, Pennsylvania sponsored nine community-based delinquency prevention programs in Harrisburg and Philadelphia. The authors describe results of their evaluation of the Harrisburg programs over a three-year period (1992 to 1995), reporting two-year follow-up data for the 1992-93 cohort (N = 191). The major objective was to reduce rates of arrest and rearrest for clients; programs also attempted to reduce major risk factors such as educational failure, dropout, and truancy. Using quasi-experimental comparison groups based on program attendance (control, low, and high), program effects are examined using logistic regression and multivariate analysis of variance. Programs were successful in reducing recidivism: over one-year and two-year follow-up periods, 2 recidivism was lowest for the high-attendance group. Program effects on school outcomes, however, were generally weak. Implications for policy and program development are discussed.
Citizenship Education and Diversity
Authors: Banks James A.
Published: March 2007

In the first part of this article, the author argues that teachers should help students to develop a delicate balance of cultural, national, and global identifications because of the rich diversity in the United States and throughout the world. To help students become effective citizens, teachers need to acquire reflective cultural, national, and global identifications. In the second part of this article, the author describes how he tries to help the students in one of his teacher education courses to challenge and critically examine their cultural and national identifications.
The Paradoxes of Teaching a Multicultural Education Course Online
Authors: Merryfield Merry M.
Published: March 2007

The author shares her pedagogy in taking a conventional, campus-based graduate course, transforming it for asynchronous learning and teaching it over the World Wide Web. Some paradoxes resulted as the course changed from face-to-face to online interaction. First, the teachers were more open, frank, expansive, curious, even confessional in their willingness to share and discuss prickly issues such as White privilege, racism, educational inequities, injustice, and xenophobia than teachers have been in the campus version of the course. Second, the interaction patterns online were more equitable and cross-cultural than those in the campus version. However, many teachers questioned whether the course’s reliance on electronic technologies prevented them from “knowing the other.” Some perceived that they had to physically interact with people face to face to develop relationships across cultures—relationships that some teachers said were prerequisite to their rethinking how their own teaching could better support diversity and social justice.
Teacher Stories and Transactional Inquiry
Authors: Zeek Catherine , Foote Martha , Walker Carole
Published: March 2007

The authors trace their work with mentor teachers in a southwestern U.S. professional development school. These mentors met to tell, write, share, and analyze stories of their experiences as mentors to preservice teachers. As the authors worked with several groups of teachers, they began to analyze the processes involved in the sessions. An outcome of the authors’ discussions was the idea of transactional inquiry, a method grounded in narrative inquiry, transactional literacy theory, and literary analysis. Transactional inquiry provides a vehicle for teachers to reflect on their own and others’ professional development, identify lessons from their teaching, and connect with other teachers through the inquiry process. This article describes the evolution of transactional inquiry as well as the mentors’ stories and sharing.
Rethinking Field Experience
Authors: Bullough Robert V. , Young Janet , Erickson Lynnette , Birrell James R. , Clark D. Cecil , Egan M. Winston , Berrie Christy F. , Hales Valerie , Smith Georgene
Published: March 2007

Three types of data were gathered on a partnership and a single-placement model of early field experience. Data came from mentor and preservice teacher interviews, preservice teacher time logs, and transcripts of planning sessions. Although all mentors and preservice teachers found value in their experience, data indicate that those who participated in partnership placements had a very different experience. Preservice teachers in partner-placements felt better supported and were able to engage in greater instructional risks within the classroom. Children in classrooms where partners were placed were reportedly better served. Mentors in partnership placements were more flexible in planning with preservice teachers and appeared to be more trusting. The authors conclude that partnership placement holds promise for providing richer, more interesting, and more educative early field experience for elementary preservice teachers than traditional practice allows.
The Essence of Technology and the Education of Teachers
Authors: Harrington Helen L.
Published: March 2007

The essence of technology is by no means anything technological. Thus we shall never experience our relationship to the essence of technology so long as we merely conceive and push forward the technological, put up with it, or evade it. Every where, we remain unfree and chained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or deny it. But we are delivered over to it in the worst possible way when we regard it as something neutral; for this conception of it, to which today we particularly like to do homage, makes us utterly blind to the essence of technology (Heidegger, 1977, p.4).
Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Welfare State
Authors: GENSCHEL PHILIPP
Published: March 2007

Does globalization undermine the fiscal basis of the welfare state? Some observers are not convinced. They claim that aggregate data on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries show no drop in tax levels and conclude from this that tax competition is not a serious challenge for the welfare state. This conclusion is unwarranted. The article shows that tax competition systematically constrains national tax autonomy in a serious way. It prevents governments from raising taxes in response to rising spending requirements and from detaxing labor in response to growing unemployment.
Chinese Lecturers' Perceptions, Problems and Strategies in Lecturing in English To Chinese- Speaking Students
Authors: Flowerdew John , Miller Lindsay , Li David C S
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the third stage of a longitudinal study into lecturing in English to non-English speaking students conducted at a university in Hong Kong. The first stage of this project (Flowerdew and Miller, 1992) focussed on the perceptions, problems and strategies of non-native speaking students receiving lectures in English from native-speaking lecturers. In the second stage of the project (Flowerdew and Miller, 1996a) the lecture situation was considered from the other side of the lecture equation, that of the lecturers. In the third stage of the project, which is reported here, the ESL lecture is again investigated from the lecturer's point of view, but this time the focus is not on expatriate native-speaking lecturers, but on local Chinese lecturers who share the L1 of their students and for whom English is also therefore a second language. After presenting the findings of this third stage of the project, the results of the three studies are compared and contrasted. Finally, the implications of the three studies when viewed collectively are considered and recommendations made for each of the three groups of subjects: NNS students, NS lecturers and NNS lecturers.
A New Framework of Culture Teaching for Teaching English as a Global Language
Authors: Harumi Ito
Published: March 2007

The traditional premise of culture teaching that language and culture are not separable is now challenged by the global spread of English as a means of wider communication. Today's English is no longer an inviolable property of English-speaking people. It is becoming a common property of different peoples around the world. This state of affairs is rendering the revision of the traditional framework of culture teaching inevitable. This paper proposes a new framework of culture teaching that is in consonance with the current global state of English. In place of the traditional dichotomy of small c culture and large C culture, the paper proposes a new trichotomy of culture around language, culture in language, and culture through language. After specifying the contents of each type of culture and their interrelationships within a cultural syllabus, the paper describes strategies to realise a new set of goals of culture teaching, drawing illustrations from English language education in Japan, where English is taught not only as a foreign language but also as a global language.
Task-Based Language Teaching: the Case of En 10
Authors: Vilches Ma. Luz C.
Published: March 2007

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is one way of translating some principles of communicative language teaching (CLT) into practice. It offers practical ways of creating a balance in classroom instruction between devel oping 'knowing what' and 'knowing how'. This paper discusses how TBLT methodology is applied in EN 10—an English bridging course at the Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. First, it presents a background of EN 10. Then it describes the specific type of task-based approach—as influenced by ideas from the Philippines English Language Teaching (PELT) Project— that underlies EN 10. Thirdly, it describes the details of TBLT methodology application in the EN 10 course design, classroom practice and learner out put. Finally, this paper presents preliminary information on some of the impact of TBLT-oriented EN 10 on the learners.
Helping Learners To Develop an Effective L2 Inner Voice
Authors: Tomlinson Brian
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that learners of a second or foreign language are rarely helped by teachers or materials to develop an L2 inner voice and it makes the following claims:

• Their L 1 inner voice plays a vitally important role in helping people to understand and communicate with themselves and with their world outside.

• The structure, syntax and lexicon used by the L1 inner voice are distinctively different from those used by the L 1 outer voice.

• L2 learners do not typically develop an effective L2 inner voice.

• L2 learners would benefit considerably from developing an effective L2 inner voice as soon as possible in the learning process.

• L2 learners can be helped to develop an effective L2 inner voice by their teachers and by their learning materials
In Search of Appropriateness in EF(S)L Teaching Materials
Authors: Tickoo Makhan L.
Published: March 2007

Appropriateness is now thought to be a principal characteristic as much of good textual materials as it is of good classroom discourse. This sociolinguistic concept however raises several issues of interpretation and translation especially when it is applied to materials for use in EFL/ESL situations. In this paper I attempt to explore a few of these issues with a view to understanding some possible implications for course construction and classroom use.
A Study of the Concept of ESL Proficiency in Selected Malaysian Contexts and Its Implications for Assessment
Authors: Ambrose-Yeoh Audrey
Published: March 2007

The article looks at the ESL situation in Malaysia in tne 1980s. The medium of instruction at tertiary level is Bahasa Malaysia and English is taught as a language for special purposes. The article focuses on a group of a hundred and fourteen final and pre-final year students of professional courses in the University of Malaya during the 1987/88 session. A question naire was administered to them and the results were analysed. The results indicate what the students think of their own English language proficiency and to what extent they use English in social and academic situations. The article goes on to discuss some of the implications of their views for the assessment of language proficiency in the Malaysian tertiary context.
Expressing Causation in Written English
Authors: Fang Xuelan  , Kennedy Graeme
Published: March 2007

This article reports a study of the ways in which the notion of causation is expressed in written British English. The focus of the study was on how causation is marked or expressed explicitly in the computerised one million word LOB corpus. A total of 130 different devices for expressing causation was collected from a number of sources, and the frequency of these devices in the LOB corpus was established. The use of causative conjunctions was found to be the most frequent of eight major ways of marking causation, closely followed by causative adverbs. There was a tendency for language in use to focus on the cause or reason rather than effect in a causal rela tionship. Causation is also sometimes implied rather than marked explicitly in texts. Because implicit causation is much more difficult to identify, it is suggested that more attention needs to be paid to im plied causation in English language teaching. Comprehension of cau sation is important in language use, affecting both the analysis of in formation in texts and skills such as notetaking involving accurate in formation transfer. The findings of the study provide an empirical basis for the development of course design and teaching materials, especially for courses in English for academic purposes.
Problem solving brought to task
Authors: Sheen Ronald
Published: March 2007

The field of second and foreign language teaching has now matured to the point where a shift in approach or methodology no longer automati cally entails the rejection of all that went before. The field still, however, manifests a marked tendency to propose and accept the implementation of new approaches without the necessary support of trialling and empirical evidence. A shift presently being mooted is related to consciousness raising. Although its advocates, Rutherford & Sharwood Smith (1988), have advised caution before the implementation of the principles thereof, Ellis (1991) has proposed that consciousness raising in the form of prob lem-solving should be used in the Japanese school system without offer ing any empirical support for the efficacy thereof. The study reported herein attempts to evaluate the efficacy of problem-solving as compared to an orthodox deductive approach. The results indicate that although both approaches enable the students to understand the grammatical rules, the time-consuming problem-solving procedure results in little time being available for practice and a consequent lack in oral proficiency. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The English Language Needs of Thai Computing Professionals
Authors: Pholsward Ruja
Published: March 2007

The study surveyed the English language skills most needed by the computing professional in the Thai context. The purpose was to obtain empirical information to validate the type of language use and skills emphasized in the existing commercial ESP materials in the area of computer science as well as to generate implications for language pedagogy in this specialized discipline with regard to course/syllabus design, materials development, and teacher training. Structured interviews with the use of a questionnaire constructed for the study, were conducted with 25 subjects from 22 firms . Data obtained from the interviews showed consistency in the subjects' answers on the most needed skills: speaking skills were of great importance in almost all positions, followed by reading and writing respectively. Practical suggestions about the direction of language pedagogy for students in computer science were also given by the subjects.
The Context of English Language Education the Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Evans Stephen
Published: March 2007

This article examines post-war developments in English language education in Hong Kong and, in particular, the 'communicative' English language syllabus, a major government-sponsored innovation in language education in the past 15 years. The article begins with a historical perspective on the issue of 'declining' English standards in Hong Kong, before going on to examine the aims and implementation of a learner-centred, process-oriented teaching approach in English language classrooms in Hong Kong. These contextual factors are analysed at the following levels: Hong Kong society (the politcal, economic, social and cultural context), the Hong Kong educational system, Hong Kong secodnary schools, and the English language classroom (which includes learning activities and materials, teacher and learner roles, and classroom interaction).