bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immobilization: the promising technique to protect and increase the efficiency of microorganisms to remove contaminants
Authors: Najim Aya A. , Radeef Ahmed Y. , al‐Doori Ibrahim , Jabbar Zaid H.
Published: March 2024

Biodegradation of pollutants is one of the most economical methods for their removal and usually is accompanied by no production of toxic by‐products. In general, this approach is favored over others because it offers reduced expenses and the potential for complete mineralization. In order to enhance the viability and longevity of the bioremediation agents within polluted areas, it becomes necessary to immobilize the cells. Cell immobilization refers to the procedure of confining intact cells to specific areas within a device or material, without compromising their essential biological functions. A wide variety of carriers and approaches have been used for the restriction of various cells. Immobilization techniques, such as microencapsulation, have opened up new possibilities in biotechnology by facilitating the development of artificial organs, cell therapies and drug delivery systems. Researchers have found promising outcomes in various applications through the immobilization of microorganisms. This approach enhances stability, reusability and catalytic efficiency, making immobilization a valuable strategy for biocatalysis, bioremediation and other biotechnological processes. Notably, the use of immobilized microorganisms has led to significant improvements in the removal of pollutants, with some studies achieving 100% efficiency. When comparing the degradation of pollutants between free and immobilized microorganisms over the same time period, the results demonstrated that immobilized microorganisms achieved a removal efficiency >21% more than that of free microbial consortia. The primary objective of this review is to give an overview of the key scientific aspects related to bioremediation of various pollutants using immobilized cells, with a particular focus on the techniques used to entrap the cells. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
PD‐L1 on large extracellular vesicles is a predictive biomarker for therapy response in tissue PD‐L1‐low and ‐negative patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Schöne Nadja , Kemper Marcel , Menck Kerstin , Evers Georg , Krekeler Carolin , Schulze Arik Bernard , Lenz Georg , Wardelmann Eva , Binder Claudia , Bleckmann Annalen
Published: March 2024

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). High expression of tissue PD‐L1 (tPD‐L1) is currently the only approved biomarker for predicting treatment response. However, even tPD‐L1 low (1‐49%) and absent (<1%) patients might benefit from immunotherapy but, to date, there is no reliable biomarker, that can predict response in this particular patient subgroup. This study aimed to test whether tumour‐associated extracellular vesicles (EVs) could fill this gap. Using NSCLC cell lines, we identified a panel of tumour‐related antigens that were enriched on large EVs (lEVs) compared to smaller EVs. The levels of lEVs carrying these antigens were significantly elevated in plasma of NSCLC patients (n = 108) and discriminated them from controls (n = 77). Among the tested antigens, we focused on programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), which is a well‐known direct target for immunotherapy. In plasma lEVs, PD‐L1 was mainly found on a population of CD45−/CD62P+ lEVs and thus seemed to be associated with platelet‐derived vesicles. Patients with high baseline levels of PD‐L1+ lEVs in blood showed a significantly better response to immunotherapy and prolonged survival. This was particularly true in the subgroup of NSCLC patients with low or absent tPD‐L1 expression, thus identifying PD‐L1‐positive lEVs in plasma as a novel predictive and prognostic marker for immunotherapy.
Tri‐component hydrocolloid as egg white replacement in meringues: gellan gum with soy protein isolate and maltodextrin
Authors: Choi Hyun Woo , You Youngsang , Ham Seung Hwan , Choe Yaeji , Park Sangeun , Hahn Jungwoo
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

In the quest for sustainable food ingredients, the present study delves into the potential of a tri‐component hydrocolloid blend, comprising gellan gum (GG), soy protein isolate (SPI) and maltodextrin (MD), as a replacement for egg white in meringue production. The research aims to elucidate the intricate physical properties of meringue containing this tri‐component structure, focusing on foaming dynamics, rheological behavior and the textural properties of the resulting meringue cookies.

RESULTS

Experiments were conducted with various hydrocolloids (k‐carrageenan, GG, and locust bean gum) and GG was identified as optimal for improving foaming capacity and foaming stability. Rheological evaluations showed a positive correlation between increased GG concentration within the tri‐component matrix and an increase in both storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"), indicating improved structural integrity. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the texture profiles of cookies prepared with this blend highlighted the ability of higher GG concentrations to satisfactorily replicate the tactile and visual qualities of traditional egg white‐based meringues. This result was particularly evident compared to formulations utilizing solely SPI or the combined SPI–MD configuration.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, the results of the present study highlight the significant potential of the GG‐SPI‐MD tri‐component structure to closely mimic the critical properties of egg white, thus offering a promising plant‐based alternative for meringue production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Synthesis, thermal stability, and degradation kinetics of a novel boron‐containing novolac based on triphenyl borate
Authors: Huang Shijun , Zhai Suyu , Lai Wenzhong , Chen Kai , Xiao Wangchuan , Chen Jiwei , Bu Jida
Published: March 2024

A novel boron‐containing novolac (triphenyl borate‐formaldehyde resin, TPBF) was synthesized. The structure, thermoplasticity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of TPBF have been characterized with FT‐IR, melt viscosity, 13C NMR and GPC. The thermal stability of TPBF was investigated by TGA, indicating the thermal stability of TPBF was much better than that of normal novolac (phenol‐formaldehyde resin, PF). TPBFs with different molar ratios of formaldehyde to benzene ring in triphenyl borate (TPB) were also synthesized and compared for molecular size, polydispersity and thermal stability. Further, the thermal degradation kinetics of TPBFs and PF were studied by TGA using Madhusdanan‐Krishnan‐Ninan method and the activation energies were calculated at different degradation stages. It was found that the thermal degradations of TPBFs and PF are a multistage reaction and the degradation reactions in every stage follow the first order reaction mechanism. Finally, the activation energies of thermal degradations of novolac increase with the introduction of boron, the progress of degradation reaction as well as the increase of molar ratios.
Cationic surfactant modified iron nanoparticles for removal of orange II in batch mode: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanistic, and thermodynamic approach
Authors: Al‐Thubaiti Khloud Saeed , Khan Zaheer
Published: March 2024

The interaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with orange II has been studied spectrophotometrically. CTA‐Orange II complex was isolated from an aqueous solution with chloroform. The results indicate that the CTAB interacts in 1:1 stoichiometry with orange II. CTAB capped FeNPs were used as an adsorbent to the removal of CTA‐Orange II complex. Energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscope (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), surface scanning microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to determine the morphology of FeNPs. The effect of contact time, pH, and concentration of orange II were examined on the removal of dye and surfactant. The removal of orange II followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of CTAB‐FeNPs for orange II was 1288.9 mg/g at 30°C. CTA‐Orange II complex was adsorbed onto the adsorbent through several types of interaction (e.g., electrostatic attractions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding and n‐π stacking interactions). The sorption of orange G was also studied at different CTAB concentrations. The results implied that the maximum sorption amount was almost half of the orange II adsorption. The findings reveal the feasibility of CTAB capped FeNPs to be used as an excellent and low‐cost adsorbent for the removal of various water pollutants, more specifically anionic dyes.
Dynamic Thermosetting Resins with Synergistic Enhanced Strength and Toughness through Combination with Rigid and Soft Microdomains
Authors: Guo Yinzhou , Shu Tiantian , Wang Yihan , Cui Chenhui , Zhou Qinghao , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Yilong , Ge Zhishen , Chen Gang , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: March 2024

Preparation of materials that possess highly strong and tough properties simultaneously is a great challenge. Thermosetting resins as a type of widely used polymeric materials without synergistic strength and toughness limit their applications in some special fields. In this report, an effective strategy to prepare thermosetting resins with synergistic strength and toughness, is presented. In this method, the soft and rigid microspheres with dynamic hemiaminal bonds are fabricated first, followed by hot‐pressing to crosslink at the interfaces. Specifically, the rigid or soft microspheres are prepared via precipitation polymerization. After hot‐pressing, the resulting rigid‐soft blending materials exhibit superior strength and toughness, simultaneously. As compared with the precursor rigid or soft materials, the toughness of the rigid‐soft blending films (RSBFs) is improved to 240% and 2100%, respectively, while the strength is comparable to the rigid precursor. As compared with the traditional crushing, blending, and hot‐pressing of rigid or soft materials to get the nonuniform materials, the strength and toughness of the RSBFs are improved to 168% and 255%, respectively. This approach holds significant promise for the fabrication of polymer thermosets with a unique combination of strength and toughness.
Development of an evaluation indicator for highway climate change adaptation projects based on analytical hierarchy process in South Korea
Authors: Song Moon‐Soo , Yum Sang‐Guk , Yun Hong‐Sic , Park Sang‐Hoon , Bae Sang‐Won , Lee Jae‐Joon
Published: March 2024

Owing to climate change, abnormal climate phenomena occur frequently, damaging aging highway facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop adaptation projects for highway systems. Adaptation projects focus on mitigating the impact of climate change on highway facilities and enabling safe use. The present study aims to develop quantified evaluation indicators that are necessary for planning and selecting appropriate climate change adaptation projects. By analysing previous studies, the most important factors to be considered in the evaluation process of climate change adaptation projects were defined, and 20 preliminary evaluation indicators were divided into three layers. A feasibility study for each class was performed on the preliminary evaluation indicators by an expert panel; 16 evaluation indicators were selected through a feasibility study, and the weight of each indicator was calculated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. The priority of the evaluation indicators was service improvement through adaptation projects (weight 8.76), cost reduction and job creation (weight 8.46), and climate change impact reduction and vulnerability reduction (weight 8.31). These quantified evaluation indicators can help organizations that manage highways respond to climate change and establish adaptation projects.
Gut Microbiota Metabolite TMA May Mediate the Effects of TMAO on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Li Xiao‐Yue , Yu Zhu‐Lin , Zhao Ying‐Cai , Wang Dan‐Dan , Xue Chang‐Hu , Zhang Tian‐Tian , Wang Yu‐Ming
Published: March 2024

Scope

Gut microbiota can convert a variety of alkaloids and TMAO into TMA, which is then transported by the blood to the liver, and converted into TMAO. In recent years, TMAO has attracted wide attention as a metabolic risk factor in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other diseases. However, it is still unclear about the role of gut microbial metabolite TMA in the adverse health impacts of TMAO.

Methods and results

Male C57BL/6J is treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral TMAO for 8 weeks, the area under the OGTT curve of oral group is significantly increased by about 15% compared to the control and injection groups. Serum triglyceride levels in the oral group are significantly higher by 28.2% and 24.6% than those in the control and injection groups, respectively. Meanwhile, cholesterol content in serum is significantly elevated by 27.6% and 30.7%. Similarly, proinflammatory factors gene expressions are significantly increased with oral but not i.p. TMAO intervention. Furthermore, transformation in HepG2 cells shows that TMAO could not be converted into TMA by hepatocytes.

Conclusion

The adverse effects of TMAO on glucose and lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice may act through gut microbiota metabolite TMA.
Millimeter wave‐based patient setup verification and motion tracking during radiotherapy
Authors: Bressler Max , Zhu Jingxuan , Olick‐Gibson Joshua , Haefner Jonathan , Zhou Shuang , Chen Qinghao , Mazur Thomas , Hao Yao , Carter Paul , Zhang Tiezhi
Published: March 2024

Background

Position verification and motion monitoring are critical for safe and precise radiotherapy (RT). Existing approaches to these tasks based on visible light or x‐ray are suboptimal either because they cannot penetrate obstructions to the patient's skin or introduce additional radiation exposure. The low‐cost mmWave radar is an ideal solution for these tasks as it can monitor patient position and motion continuously throughout the treatment delivery.

Purpose

To develop and validate frequency‐modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mmWave radars for position verification and motion tracking during RT delivery.

Methods

A 77 GHz FMCW mmWave module was used in this study. Chirp Z Transform‐based (CZT) algorithm was developed to process the intermediate frequency (IF) signals. Absolute distances to flat Solid Water slabs and human shape phantoms were measured. The accuracy of absolute distance and relative displacement were evaluated.

Results

Without obstruction, mmWave based on the CZT algorithm was able to detect absolute distance within 1 mm for a Solid Water slab that simulated the reflectivity of the human body. Through obstructive materials, the mmWave device was able to detect absolute distance within 5 mm in the worst case and within 3.5 mm in most cases. The CZT algorithm significantly improved the accuracy of absolute distance measurement compared with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and was able to achieve submillimeter displacement accuracy with and without obstructions. The surface‐to‐skin distance (SSD) measurement accuracy was within 8 mm in the anterior of the phantom.

Conclusions

With the CZT signal processing algorithm, the mmWave radar is able to measure the absolute distance to a flat surface within 1 mm. But the absolute distance measurement to a human shape phantom is as large as 8 mm at some angles. Further improvement is necessary to improve the accuracy of SSD measurement to uneven surfaces by the mmWave radar.
Ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound of fascicles in the common fibular, superficial fibular, and sural nerves
Authors: Meiling James B. , Andrapalliyal Nirmal , McGhee Marisa Barclay , Penry Vanessa Baute , Cartwright Michael S. , Gandhi Mehta Rachana K.
Published: March 2024

Introduction/Aims

While ultrasound assessment of cross‐sectional area and echogenicity has gained popularity as a biomarker for various neuropathies, there is a scarcity of data regarding fascicle count and density in neuropathies or even healthy controls. The aim of this study was to determine whether fascicles within select lower limb nerves (common fibular, superficial fibular, and sural nerves) can be counted in healthy individuals using ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound (UHFUS).

Methods

Twenty healthy volunteers underwent sonographic examination of the common fibular, superficial fibular, and sural nerves on each lower limb using UHFUS with a 48 MHz linear transducer. Fascicle counts and density in each examined nerve were determined by a single rater.

Results

The mean fascicle number for each of the measured nerves included the following: common fibular nerve 9.85 (SD 2.29), superficial fibular nerve 5.35 (SD 1.59), and sural nerve 6.73 (SD 1.91). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between cross‐sectional area and fascicle count for all three nerves. In addition, there was a significant association seen in the common fibular nerve between fascicle density and height, weight, and body mass index. Age and sex did not predict fascicle count or density (all p > .13).

Discussion

UHFUS enabled the identification and counting of fascicles and fascicle density in the common fibular, superficial fibular, and sural nerves. Knowledge about normal values and normal peripheral nerve architecture is needed in order to further understand and identify pathological changes that may occur within each nerve in different disease states.
The effect of a distance education training program on nurse Interns' readiness for distance education and their perceptions of lifelong learning
Authors: El Demerdash Doaa , Abuelela Lucy Ahmed , Mekkawy Mimi Mohamed , Alabdullah Amany Anwar Saeed , Abdelaliem Sally Mohammed Farghaly
Published: March 2024

Aim

The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of a distance education training program on nurse interns' readiness for distance education and their perceptions of lifelong learning.

Design

A quasi‐experimental research approach with one‐group, pre/post‐test was used.

Methods

The study used a quasi‐experimental research approach and was carried out at Damanhour University's Faculty of Nursing. A study was carried out on 345 interns' students. All nursing interns enrolled in the 2020–2021 internship training year. The researchers employed a program that contained a distance education readiness assessment as well as a questionnaire about the perceived advantages of lifelong learning.

Results

The majority (99.7%) of nurse interns were highly ready for distance education, whereas only 0.3 percent were moderately ready following the training program implementation immediately. In comparison to pre‐training, the majority (91.9%) of them were somewhat ready for distance education, while just 7.2 percent were highly prepared. Furthermore, the majority (97.1%) of them had high total skills of distance education after implementation of the training program by 3 months, and 95.4 percent had high total skills of learning immediately after the training program, whereas 26.1% of nurse interns had high total skills before the training program, at p value 0.01.
Development of the nursing associate professional identity: A longitudinal qualitative study
Authors: King Rachel , Laker Sara , Taylor Bethany , Ryan Tony , Wood Emily , Tod Angela , Senek Michaela , Snowden Sally , Robertson Steve
Published: March 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to understand the factors that contribute to the development of the nursing associate professional identity.

Design

A 3‐year longitudinal qualitative study of trainee nursing associates.

Methods

Trainee nursing associates in England were interviewed remotely annually in February 2020, March 2021 and March 2022. They also provided diary entries. Data were anonymised, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Results

Nursing associate professional identity was developed through: increased knowledge, skills and responsibility; and self‐perceptions of identity alongside responses to the role by colleagues. Tensions arose when the scope of practice expected by organisations differed from that expected by the nursing associates. Frustrations occurred when nursing associates were perceived as substitutes for Registered Nurses in the context of nursing workforce shortages.

Conclusion

Nursing associates in this study clearly valued their new knowledge, skills and responsibility, enabling them to provide enhanced patient care. Increased clarity of role boundaries is necessary in enhancing the professional identity of nursing associates and reducing inter‐professional tensions arising from role ambiguity within health and social care organisations.

Implications for the Profession

National guidance and employers should provide clarity on the boundaries of the nursing associate role which will strengthen their professional identity and mitigate role ambiguity within health and social care organisations.

Reporting Method

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research has been used to guide reporting.

Patient of Public Contribution

A patient and public involvement group was consulted during the initial study design stage.

Impact

This study aimed to understand the factors which contribute to the development of a nursing associate professional identity.

Nursing associate professional identity is developed through increased knowledge, skills and responsibility, and the perceptions of identity by participants themselves and their colleagues.

The findings should inform the implementation of initiatives to clarify nursing associate role boundaries and the development of similar roles internationally.
Crisis management competencies needed in a hospital setting during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A qualitative study of nurse leaders
Authors: Jääski Tarja , Talvio Hanne , Kuha Suvi , Kanste Outi
Published: March 2024

Aim

To describe the crisis management competencies needed in a hospital setting during the COVID‐19 pandemic from the perspective of nurse leaders.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic generated many challenges for nurse leaders in hospitals, and management competencies are highlighted. However, there is little evidence available about nurse leaders' perceptions of the crisis management competencies needed in such situations.

Methods

A qualitative, descriptive, semi‐structured interview study of nurse leaders (n = 20) was conducted between June and October 2021 in one Finnish central hospital. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

The analysis yielded five main categories of crisis management competencies needed in a hospital setting during the pandemic: interactive communication competence, psychological resource management competence, systematic and proactive organising competence, active networking abilities and practices and change management approach in crisis management.

Conclusions

Nurse leaders need new and different crisis management competencies in hospital organisations. The COVID‐19 pandemic changed the working culture of nurse leaders, as they faced challenges that needed knowledge and skills beyond their previous management competence.

Implications for nursing management

Additional training for nurse leaders in crisis management is needed. This training should reflect the competencies identified as necessary in crisis situations so that nurse leaders will be able to manage crisis situations effectively in future.

Reporting method

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist was used in reporting the findings.

Patient or public contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Inverse associations of cord blood mitochondrial DNA copy number with childhood adiposity
Authors: Reddam Aalekhya , Bloomquist Tessa R. , Covell Lindsey T. , Hu Heng , Oberfield Sharon E. , Gallagher Dympna , Miller Rachel L. , Goldsmith Jeff , Rundle Andrew G. , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Herbstman Julie B. , Kupsco Allison
Published: March 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine associations between umbilical cord mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and adiposity across childhood.

Methods

In a prospective birth cohort of Dominican and African American children from New York City, New York (1998–2006), mtDNAcn was measured in cord blood. Children (N = 336) were evaluated for their height, weight, and bioimpedance at age 5, 7, 9, and 11 years. We used linear mixed‐effects models to assess associations of mtDNAcn tertiles in cord blood with child BMI, BMI z scores, fat mass index, and body fat percentage. Latent class growth models and interactions between mtDNAcn and child age or child age2 were used to assess associations between age and adiposity trajectories.

Results

BMI was, on average, 1.5 kg/m2 higher (95% CI: 0.58, 2.5) in individuals with mtDNAcn in the low‐ compared with the middle‐mtDNAcn tertile. Results were similar for BMI z score, fat mass index, and body fat percentage. Moreover, children in the low‐mtDNAcn group had increased odds of being in an “increasing” or “high‐stable” adiposity class.

Conclusions

Lower mtDNAcn at birth may predict greater childhood adiposity, highlighting the potential key role of perinatal mitochondrial function in adiposity during development.
Optimal power quality improvement in distribution system with UPQC using an improved strategy
Authors: Palanisamy Tamilarasu , Thangamuthu Guna Sekar
Published: March 2024

A hybrid technique is proposed to enhance the power quality (PQ) on the distribution sides of the utility grid (UG) by controlling a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) connected to hybrid sources (photovoltaic [PV] and wind turbine [WT]). The proposed hybrid method integrates the implementation of the pelican optimization algorithm and the Aquila optimizer; hence, it is called the improved aquila optimizer (IAO) technique. The objective of the proposed method is to lessen the total harmonic distortion (THD), voltage instability, and PQ issues during load fluctuation situations. The improved Aquila Optimizer technique optimizes the control parameters of the UPQC to achieve optimal PQ development. The series controller is attached to the grid‐side to enhance grid PQ, while the shunt hybrid active power filter (SAPF) and shunt active power filter (SHAPF) generate the best control pulses based on load and source conditions. The proposed solution addresses power loss, THD, and voltage instability problems during load fluctuation conditions. The series controller reduces voltage sag by 14% and voltage swell by 15%. The THD for the proposed technique is 0.8%. The PQ of the proposed technique is improved, and various characteristics are reduced. The efficiency of the proposed technique is examined by using MATLAB and is compared to existing approaches. The PQ characteristics are significantly improved, and the proposed technique is better than the existing techniques.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for a Japanese woman with olfactory reference disorder (ORD) comorbid with schizophrenia: A case study
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuki , Nonaka Mari , Arai Kaoru , Nakamura Masayuki
Published: March 2024

Background

Olfactory reference disorder (ORD) is a mental illness in which individuals overestimate their sense of smell and worry about the negative impact of odors. Little is known about its successful treatment. A new cognitive behavioral model was developed based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Using this model, this study reports a successful treatment process of a 53‐year‐old female with ORD.

Case Presentation

The patient's initial diagnosis was schizophrenia, and improvements were observed, such as the disappearance of persecutory delusions, through medication therapy. During this treatment process, it became clear that the patient's preoccupation with her own offensive body odor was not a hallucination or delusion caused by schizophrenia but rather a symptom of ORD. Within a limited 4‐week hospitalization period, high‐intensity CBT was provided by a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist. Multiple CBT techniques were employed, including case formulation to identify her beliefs, reviewing safety‐seeking behaviors, attention shift training, behavioral experiments, public opinion polls, mindfulness meditation, and exposure and response prevention.

Conclusion

Following a seven‐sessions intensive intervention over 3 weeks, her symptoms of ORD, anxiety, and depression reduced. High‐frequency CBT practices could be beneficial in treatment of patients with severe ORD, addressing severe ORD cases, facilitating rapid improvement in both ORD symptoms and functioning.
Metabolism of ADB‐FUBIATA in zebrafish and pooled human liver microsomes investigated by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Xinze , Tang Yiling , Xu Linhao , Liu Wei , Xiang Ping , Hang Taijun , Yan Hui
Published: March 2024

Rationale

ADB‐FUBIATA is one of the most recently identified new psychoactive substance (NPS) of synthetic cannabinoids. The co‐use of in vitro (human liver microsomes) and in vivo (zebrafish) models offers abundant metabolites and may give a deep insight into the metabolism of NPS.

Methods

In vivo and in vitro metabolic studies of new synthetic cannabinoid ADB‐FUBIATA were carried out using zebrafish and pooled human liver microsome models. Metabilites were structurally characterized by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry.

Results

In total, 18 metabolites were discovered and identified in the pooled human liver microsomes and zebrafish, including seventeen phase I metabolites and one phase II metabolite. The main metabolic pathways of ADB‐FUBIATA were hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, N‐dealkylation, amide hydrolysis, glucuronidation, and combination thereof.

Conclusion

Hydroxylated metabolites can be recommended as metabolic markers for ADB‐FUBIATA because of the structural characteristics and high intensity. These metabolism characteristics of ADB‐FUBIATA were useful for its further forensic or clinical related investigations.
ZIF‐8‐Encapsulated Pexidartinib Delivery via Targeted Peptide‐Modified M1 Macrophages Attenuates MDSC‐Mediated Immunosuppression in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Dong Jiabao , Chai Xupeng , Xue Yucheng , Shen Shiyun , Chen Zhuo , Wang Zetao , Yinwang Eloy , Wang Shengdong , Chen Liang , Wu Fengfeng , Li Hengyuan , Chen Zehao , Xu Jianbin , Ye Zhaoming , Li Xiongfeng , Lu Qian
Published: March 2024

Adoptive cellular therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of this therapy is limited by its intricate and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, a targeted therapeutic strategy for macrophage loading of drugs is presented to enhance anti‐tumor efficacy of macrophages. K7M2‐target peptide (KTP) is used to modify macrophages to enhance their affinity for tumors. Pexidartinib‐loaded ZIF‐8 nanoparticles (P@ZIF‐8) are loaded into macrophages to synergistically alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment synergistically. Thus, the M1 macrophages decorated with KTP carried P@ZIF‐8 and are named P@ZIF/M1‐KTP. The tumor volumes in the P@ZIF/M1‐KTP group are significantly smaller than those in the other groups, indicating that P@ZIF/M1‐KTP exhibited enhanced anti‐tumor efficacy. Mechanistically, an increased ratio of CD4+ T cells and a decreased ratio of MDSCs in the tumor tissues after treatment with P@ZIF/M1‐KTP indicated that it can alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. RNA‐seq further confirms the enhanced immune cell function. Consequently, P@ZIF/M1‐KTP has great potential as a novel adoptive cellular therapeutic strategy for tumors.
Development of Injectable Thermosensitive Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Ratiometric Drug Delivery to Treat Drug Resistant Chondrosarcoma In Vivo
Authors: Zhu Jiahui , Wei Ran , Hu Guang , Wang Hui , Wang Wenbin , Wang Haiqiang , Huang Jidan , Wang Yu , Li Yujing , Meng Huan
Published: March 2024

Chondrosarcoma(CS), a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor, frequently exhibits chemotherapy resistance attributed to upregulated anti‐apoptosis pathways such as the Bcl‐2 family. In this manuscript, a new strategy is presented to augment chemosensitivity and mitigate systemic toxicity by harnessing a nano‐enabled drug delivery hydrogel platform. The platform utilizes “PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA”, an amphiphilic triblock copolymer combining hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydrophobic polylactide glycolide (PLGA) blocks, renowned for its properties conducive to crafting a biodegradable, temperature‐sensitive hydrogel. This platform is tailored to encapsulate a ratiometrically designed dual‐loaded liposomes containing a first‐line chemo option for CS, Doxorubicin (Dox), plus a calculated amount of small molecule inhibitor for anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 pathway, ABT‐737. In vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrate successful Bcl‐2 suppression, resulting in the restoration of Dox sensitivity, evident through impeded tumor growth and amplified necrosis rates at the tumor site. This delivery system showcases remarkable thermal responsiveness, injectability, and biodegradability, all finely aligned with the clinical demands of CS treatment. Collectively, this study introduces a transformative avenue for tackling drug resistance in CS chemotherapy, offering significant clinical potential.
Nanoparticle‐Empowered Core–Shell Microcapsules: From Architecture Design to Fabrication and Functions
Authors: Jiang Bo , Mu Manrui , Zhou Yan , Zhang Jun , Li Wenle
Published: March 2024

Compartmentalization is a powerful concept to integrate multiscale components with diverse functionalities into miniature architectures. Inspired by evolution‐optimized cell compartments, synthetic core–shell capsules enable storage of actives and on‐demand delivery of programmed functions, driving scientific progress across various fields including adaptive materials, sustainable electronics, soft robotics, and precision medicine. To simultaneously maximize structural stability and environmental sensitivity, which are the two most critical characteristics dictating performance, diverse nanoparticles are incorporated into microcapsules with a dense shell and a liquid core. Recent studies have revealed that these nano‐additives not only enhance the intrinsic properties of capsules including mechanical robustness, optical behaviors, and thermal conductivity, but also empower dynamic features such as triggered release, deformable structures, and fueled mobility. In this review, the physicochemical principles that govern nanoparticle assembly during microencapsulation are examined in detail and the architecture‐controlled functionalities are outlined. Through the analysis of how each primary method implants nanoparticles into microcapsules, their distinct spatial organizations within the core–shell structures are highlighted. Following a detailed discussion of the specialized functions enabled by specific nanoparticles, the vision of the required fundamental insights and experimental studies for this class of microcarriers to fulfill its potential are sketched.
A Hot‐Stamped Medium‐Mn Steel with Superior Strength–Ductility–Bendability Combination and Thin Oxidation Layer
Authors: Wang Hesong , Yan Fengkai , Chang Zhiyuan
Published: March 2024

A hot‐stamped medium‐Mn steel containing 3.84 wt% Mn is designed for the manufacture of hot‐stamped automotive components. The effects of intercritical temperatures employed for hot forming on the microstructure, tensile properties, and three‐point bending behaviors are investigated. The result shows that the microstructure can be controlled by intercritical temperatures, leading to different phase fractions of martensite, retained austenite, and ferrite in the steels. Besides, the tensile strength increases with increasing intercritical temperature, while both the total elongation and the bending angle show reverse change trend, which are related to the various phase fractions and the different transformation‐induced plasticity effects during deformation. Importantly, the medium‐Mn steel subjected to heat treatment at 800 °C possesses tensile strength of 1535 MPa, total elongation of 13.8%, and bending angle of ≈56°. Therefore, its total elongation is significantly higher than hot‐stamped 22MnB5 steel under the same tensile strength grade, and the bending angle of the former is close to the latter. Moreover, the thickness of oxidation layer on the medium‐Mn steel is only ≈3.5 μm after heat treatment at 800 °C, much thinner than the ≈57 μm‐thick oxidation layer on the 22MnB5 steel after austenitizing at 930 °C.
Bacterial chemotaxis control process analysis with SysML
Authors: Johansen James D.
Published: March 2024

This paper looks at the bacteria chemotaxis control process utilizing the System Modeling Language (SysML) to leverage well‐defined and proven engineering tools for architecting, analyzing, and refining complex systems. It proposes a new methodology called reverse‐engineering object‐oriented systems engineering method (RE‐OOSEM) that converts descriptive biology research information into descriptive systems engineering information. It utilizes SysML and model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) to capture system architecture from biological system knowledge and inputs them into systems engineering tools. From an engineering point of view, this allows greater insight into how biological systems operate and suggests how much model detail is required to uncover a top‐down system understanding. RE‐OOSEM methodology guides the SysML chemotaxis control capture process. SysML syntax is used instead of biological syntax to facilitate biological chemotaxis control system analysis from an engineered system point of view. The model can act as a scaffolding to help uncover system function, the relationships of system components and processes, and bioinformatic phenotype and genotype correlation. An executable MathWorks Stateflow chemotaxis control process model based on the SysML architectural model is included. The results show the following engineering perspective observations. (1) Several control components are not dedicated but are available and utilized when needed. (2) Individual chemoreceptors act together as a sensor array. (3) Phosphate groups act as a signaling mechanism. (4) Methylation via CH3 groups of the chemoreceptor results in sensitivity adaptation. (5) Closed‐loop control collaboratively utilizes ligand bonding, phosphorylation, and methylation. (6) Timing relationships of the control subprocesses give insight into the system's architecture.
The impact of agricultural practices on groundwater depletion: A spatiotemporal analysis of India
Authors: Sahu Harish , Pradhan Kalandi Charan
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, intensive agricultural activities have adversely impacted the groundwater resources. The post‐green revolution era in India witnessed excessive irrigation practices that negatively impacted sustainable groundwater utilization. This study aims to analyze trends and patterns of groundwater depletion and identify potential factors to determine groundwater depletion across Indian states for the period 2004–2020. In doing so, percentage of safe blocks in terms of groundwater status is used as proxy for groundwater depletion. Employing the Mann–Kendal Method and Sen's slope, the study examines groundwater trends, while spatial analysis is conducted using Moran's I technique. Furthermore, a Fixed Effect‐Generalized Least Square (FE‐GLS) regression approach is employed to identify factors that influence groundwater status. Findings reveal the spatial autocorrelation of groundwater extraction among Indian states, which reflected by a Moran's I value of 0.62. Additionally, this study found that region of northern and southern India exhibits increasing trend groundwater depletion as compared to other regions. Based on the results of FE‐GLS regression and regression with Driscroll–Kraay standard error, our study indicates that crop intensity, gross irrigated land, gross sown area, and the area sown with water‐intensive crops have a negative and significant impacts on the percentage of safe blocks in terms of groundwater availability. Conversely, we found that annual rainfall has a positive and significant relationship with the percentage of safe blocks. From a policy perspective, the study suggests regulating the cultivation of water‐intensive crops and advocates for integrated policies to ensure sustainable water resource and food security – a balance often termed the food‐water‐energy nexus.
Traditional knowledge for climate resilience in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Nunn Patrick D. , Kumar Roselyn , Barrowman Hannah M. , Chambers Lynda , Fifita Laitia , Gegeo David , Gomese Chelcia , McGree Simon , Rarai Allan , Cheer Karen , Esau Dorothy , Fa'anunu 'Ofa , Fong Teddy , Fong‐Lomavatu Mereia , Geraghty Paul , Heorake Tony , Kekeubata Esau , Korovulavula Isoa , Kubunavanua Eferemo , Lui Siosinamele , MacLaren David , Malsale Philip , Nemani Sipiriano , Plotz Roan D. , Puairana Gaylyn , Rantes Jimmy , Singh‐Peterson Lila , Waiwai Mike
Published: March 2024

Pacific Islands, many relatively remote and small, have been occupied by people for more than 3000 years during which time they experienced climate‐driven environmental changes (both slow and rapid onset) that challenged human survival and led to the evolution of place‐based coping strategies expressed through traditional knowledge (TK). In today's globalized Pacific Islands region, into which western worldviews and global adaptation strategies have made significant inroads, most plans for coping with climate‐changed futures are founded in science‐based understandings of the world that undervalue and sideline TK. Many such plans have proved difficult to implement as a consequence. This paper reviews the nature of extant Pacific TK for coping with climate change, something that includes TK for anticipating climate change (including climate variability and climate extremes) as well as ancillary TK associated with food and water security, traditional ecological knowledge, environmental conservation, and settlement and house construction that represent coping strategies. Much of this TK can be demonstrated as being effective with precedents in other (traditional) contexts and a compelling plausible scientific basis. This study demonstrates that Pacific Islands TK for coping with climate change has value and, especially because of its place‐based nature, should be central to future climate‐change adaptation strategies to enhance their uptake, effectiveness and sustainability. To this end, this paper proposes specific ways forward to optimize the utility of TK and ensure it has a realistic role in sustaining Pacific Island communities into the future.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Observed Impacts of Climate Change
Recent advances in multifunctional dendrimer‐based complexes for cancer treatment
Authors: Shcharbin Dzmitry , Zhogla Viktoria , Abashkin Viktar , Gao Yue , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Mignani Serge , Shen Mingwu , Bryszewska Maria , Shi Xiangyang
Published: March 2024

The application of nanotechnology in biological and medical fields have resulted in the creation of new devices, supramolecular systems, structures, complexes, and composites. Dendrimers are relatively new nanotechnological polymers with unique features; they are globular in shape, with a topological structure formed by monomeric subunit branches diverging to the sides from the central nucleus. This review analyzes the main features of dendrimers and their applications in biology and medicine regarding cancer treatment. Dendrimers have applications that include drug and gene carriers, antioxidant agents, imaging agents, and adjuvants, but importantly, dendrimers can create complex nanosized constructions that combine features such as drug/gene carriers and imaging agents. Dendrimer‐based nanosystems include different metals that enhance oxidative stress, polyethylene glycol to provide biosafety, an imaging agent (a fluorescent, radioactive, magnetic resonance imaging probe), a drug or/and nucleic acid that provides a single or dual action on cells or tissues. One of major benefit of dendrimers is their easy release from the body (in contrast to metal nanoparticles, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes), allowing the creation of biosafe constructions. Some dendrimers are already clinically approved and are being used as drugs, but many nanocomplexes are currently being studied for clinical practice. In summary, dendrimers are very useful tool in the creation of complex nanoconstructions for personalized nanomedicine.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
The protein‐only RNase Ps, endonucleases that cleave pre‐tRNA: Biological relevance, molecular architectures, substrate recognition and specificity, and protein interactomes
Authors: Wilhelm Catherine A. , Kaitany Kipchumba , Kelly Abigail , Yacoub Matthew , Koutmos Markos
Published: March 2024

Protein‐only RNase P (PRORP) is an essential enzyme responsible for the 5′ maturation of precursor tRNAs (pre‐tRNAs). PRORPs are classified into three categories with unique molecular architectures, although all three classes of PRORPs share a mechanism and have similar active sites. Single subunit PRORPs, like those found in plants, have multiple isoforms with different localizations, substrate specificities, and temperature sensitivities. Most recently, Arabidopsis thaliana PRORP2 was shown to interact with TRM1A and B, highlighting a new potential role between these enzymes. Work with At PRORPs led to the development of a ribonuclease that is being used to protect against plant viruses. The mitochondrial RNase P complex, found in metazoans, consists of PRORP, TRMT10C, and SDR5C1, and has also been shown to have substrate specificity, although the cause is unknown. Mutations in mitochondrial tRNA and mitochondrial RNase P have been linked to human disease, highlighting the need to continue understanding this complex. The last class of PRORPs, homologs of Aquifex RNase P (HARPs), is found in thermophilic archaea and bacteria. This most recently discovered type of PRORP forms a large homo‐oligomer complex. Although numerous structures of HARPs have been published, it is still unclear how HARPs bind pre‐tRNAs and in what ratio. There is also little investigation into the substrate specificity and ideal conditions for HARPs. Moving forward, further work is required to fully characterize each of the three classes of PRORP, the pre‐tRNA binding recognition mechanism, the rules of substrate specificity, and how these three distinct classes of PRORP evolved.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics and Chemistry

RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems
Compassionate noticing and stopping the action: Bringing intentionally emergent teaching into leadership education
Authors: Widner Tara , Werner Linnette
Published: March 2024

Emergent‐based practices of leadership development (such as intentional emergence (IE), case‐in‐point, or group relations) rely a great deal on stopping the action in order to publicly notice group behaviors and patterns and connect what is happening authentically to conscious actions and ideas (such as course content, readings, theories, etc.). However, when a facilitator or participant practices stopping the action and calling out these behaviors, there is a danger that they will go beyond productive tension into a level that causes casualties. This article explores the foundational need for compassion and purpose when using the common tools of heat and noticing in intentionally emergent spaces.