bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of regional COSMO‐CLM climate simulations over the Eastern Mediterranean for the period 1979–2011
Authors: Hochman Assaf , Bucchignani Edoardo , Gershtein Giora , Krichak Simon O. , Alpert Pinhas , Levi Yoav , Yosef Yizhak , Carmona Yizhak , Breitgand Joseph , Mercogliano Paola , Zollo Alessandra L.
Published: September 2017

The Regional Climate Model (RCM) COSMO‐CLM capability to reproduce the climate characteristics, including extreme values, over the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) was tested. Model configuration has been chosen based on a previously performed sensitivity analysis, aimed to ascertain the accuracy of model performances over Israel. Three simulations driven by ERA Interim reanalysis data for 1979–2011 have been performed using the 0.44°, 0.22° and 0.0715° horizontal resolutions equivalent to about 50, 25 and 8 km, respectively. The CORDEX‐MENA domain has been employed for the simulation at resolutions 0.44° and 0.22°. Nested in the 0.22° domain the highest resolution of 0.0715° is performed over Israel. The model response was analysed for daily precipitation, 2 m average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and a subset of climate indicators defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices for temperature and precipitation. Results were inter‐compared and evaluated against observations. The increased resolution was found to improve precipitation and temperature results. Extreme precipitation indices were well reproduced compared with observations, with a 13% averaged percentage bias. COSMO‐CLM was able to reproduce the EM precipitation gradients, with mostly overestimations in the coastal plains and underestimations in the mountains. Extreme temperature indices related to maximum temperatures were reproduced relatively well with an averaged percentage bias of 5.7%. The ability of the model to reproduce minimum temperature observational values was found to be highly dependent on station location with respect to topography. The results in this study are considered a substantial improvement from earlier RCM evaluation studies.
Heat waves in Finland: present and projected summertime extreme temperatures and their associated circulation patterns
Authors: Kim Sol , Sinclair Victoria A. , Räisänen Jouni , Ruuhela Reija
Published: September 2017

The number and intensity of individual hot days affecting Finland in the current and future climate is investigated together with the circulation patterns associated with the hot days. In addition, the number, length and intensity of heat waves lasting at least 3 days is also considered. ERA‐Interim reanalysis data and both direct model output and bias‐corrected data for historical and future climate [representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario] simulations from 17 global climate models are analysed. Three intensities of heat waves and hot days are defined based on daily mean temperature thresholds of 20, 24 and 28 °C. The percentage of summertime days which exceed these temperature thresholds is shown to increase in the future. In ERA‐Interim, 24% of summertime days in southern Finland exceed the lowest temperature threshold while none exceed the highest temperature threshold. Under the RCP4.5 scenario these values increase to 47 and 1%, respectively. Larger relative changes occur in northern Finland. Heat waves are also longer in the RCP4.5 simulations than in the historical simulations. In southern Finland, the mean length of a heat wave where the 20 °C daily mean temperature is exceeded is 6.1 days in the historical simulations but increases to 9.4 days in the RCP4.5 simulations. The hot days in both northern and southern Finland are associated with a statistically significant positive pressure anomaly over Finland and to the east to Finland and a statistically significant negative pressure anomaly over Russia between 90 and 120°E. These pressure anomalies were evident for all intensities of hot days in the current climate and the future climate. The magnitude of the pressure anomalies increases as the daily mean temperature threshold increases. However, for hot days which exceed the same daily mean temperature threshold, the pressure anomalies are weaker in the RCP4.5 simulations than in the historical or ERA‐Interim data.
Hourly station‐based precipitation characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Jian
Published: September 2017

Based on precipitation data collected from 100 surface stations on the Tibetan Plateau, the summer climatology of the hourly characteristics of precipitation events, including hourly frequency and intensity, frequency–intensity structure, diurnal circle, and duration, was comprehensively analysed. Both hourly frequency and intensity are high (low) over the southeastern (western and northern) plateau. In the Yurlung Zangbo River valley, which is located on the central southern plateau, the precipitation frequency is low and the intensity is high. The proportion of strong (weak) precipitation, in terms of frequency, is relatively large (small) in this valley, and similar features with respect to the frequency–intensity structure were also found for the northeastern plateau. In contrast, precipitation over the southern edge of the plateau is characterized by high frequency and low intensity, and the percentage of weak precipitation hours is higher than in other regions. Most stations over the plateau exhibit precipitation peaks either in late afternoon or around midnight. The late afternoon (midnight) peak is mainly contributed to by precipitation events that are short (long) in duration. These ‘short‐afternoon’ and long‐nighttime' types constitute the two major modes of precipitation over the plateau. Extreme events tend to begin in late afternoon, reach a maximum around midnight, and stop in the morning. The possible mechanisms are discussed. The quantity of available water vapour determines the geographical distribution of precipitation frequency through modulating the duration of precipitation events. High‐intensity events are related to well‐organized convective systems. The ratio of short‐afternoon and long‐nighttime precipitation is significantly influenced by local topography.
Molecular characterization of branched polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis by asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography
Authors: Wu Ding‐Tao , Deng Yong , Zhao Jing , Li Shao‐Ping
Published: September 2017

To accurately characterize branched polysaccharides with high molecular weights from medicinal and edible mushrooms and identify the limitations of size exclusion chromatography, molecular characteristics of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis were determined and compared by asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation coupled with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection, and size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection, respectively. Results showed that molecular weights of three batches of T. fuciformis polysaccharides were determined as 2.167 × 106 (TF1), 2.334 × 106 (TF2), and 2.435 × 106 Da (TF3) by size exclusion chromatography, and 3.432 × 106 (TF1), 3.739 × 106 (TF2), and 3.742 × 106 Da (TF3) by asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation, as well as 3.469 × 106 Da (TF1) by off‐line multiangle laser light scattering, respectively. Results suggested that size exclusion chromatography was unable to accurately characterize T. fuciformis polysaccharides, which may be due to its limitations such as shear degradation and abnormal coelution. Compared to size exclusion chromatography, asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation could be a better technique for the molecular characterization of branched polysaccharides with high molecular weights from medicinal and edible mushrooms, as well as from other natural resources.
Elucidation of salvage laryngectomy pathologic and clinical variables to guide further treatment intensification investigation
Authors: Scharpf Joseph , Ward Matthew , Adelstein David , Koyfman Shlomo , Li Mingsi
Published: September 2017

Objective/Hypothesis

There are limited treatment options beyond surgical salvage for patients who fail nonoperative treatment for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we examine the failure patterns after surgical salvage and the potential pathologic and clinical prognostic variables that might guide further postoperative intensification investigation.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis at a tertiary academic referral center.

Methods

From an institutional review board‐approved institutional head and neck cancer registry, a consecutive series of 147 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy for squamous cell cancer recurrence or persistence after radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy between May 1995 and May 2016 were identified. Variables potentially associated with oncologic outcome after surgical salvage were then collected and retrospectively evaluated.

Results

The projected 2‐year locoregional failure rate was 21.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.6%–29.0%]), and the overall survival 65% (95% CI, 57.5%–74.3%) for the entire cohort after salvage laryngectomy. On multivariable analysis, sarcomatoid/spindle cell pathology (hazard ratio [HR], 3.147; 95% CI, 1.181–8.386; P = 0.022), lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) (positive vs. negative; HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.21–4.42; P = 0.011), and advanced initial American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th Edition grouped stage (stages III–IVB vs. stages I–II; HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.04–2.6; P = 0.035) were found to be independently associated with inferior disease‐free survival. No other clinical or pathologic variables predicted failure.

Conclusion

Salvage laryngectomy after nonoperative treatment failure results in successful locoregional control rates and survival in the majority of patients failing initial therapy. This should temper enthusiasm for routine treatment intensification with postoperative re‐irradiation and/or other systemic treatments for the vast majority of patients. Sarcomatoid pathology, LVSI, and an advanced initial stage are associated with inferior disease‐free survival. The presence of these factors may warrant further investigational study of treatment intensification after salvage laryngectomy.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:823–830, 2018
Excised larynx evaluation of subthyroid cartilage approach to medialization thyroplasty
Authors: Thompson James D. , Hoffman Matthew R. , Scholp Austin , Devine Erin E. , Jiang Jack J. , McCulloch Timothy M.
Published: September 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe an alternative approach to medialization thyroplasty involving dissection underneath the thyroid cartilage with placement of a Gore‐Tex implant, and to evaluate its effect on a range of phonatory measures using an excised canine larynx model.

Study Design

Animal model.

Methods

On each of eight excised canine larynges, the conditions of normal, paralysis, medialization thyroplasty by standard transthyroid cartilage approach, and medialization thyroplasty by experimental subthyroid cartilage approach were performed. Aerodynamic, acoustic, and mucosal wave parameters were measured for each condition.

Results

Compared to the vocal fold paralysis state, both the transthyroid and subthyroid approaches for Gore‐Tex insertion resulted in significant decreases in phonation threshold pressure and phonation threshold flow. Both approaches also significantly decreased percent jitter, decreased percent shimmer, and improved signal‐to‐noise ratio. The mucosal wave was preserved after insertion of the Gore‐Tex implant for both approaches. For all the phonatory measures except phonation threshold flow, there were no significant differences between the transthyroid and subthyroid approaches.

Conclusions

Gore‐Tex implantation via a subthyroid approach in an excised canine larynx model can produce effective medialization, preserve the mucosal wave, and significantly improve aerodynamic and acoustic parameters without meaningful difference compared to a traditional transthyroid approach. The subthyroid approach does not require creation of a thyroid cartilage window and could be a potentially valuable alternative method of performing medialization thyroplasty.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:675–681, 2018
Coupling Climate Conditions, Sediment Sources and Sediment Transport in an Alpine Basin
Authors: Rainato Riccardo , Picco Lorenzo , Cavalli Marco , Mao Luca , Neverman Andrew J. , Tarolli Paolo
Published: September 2017

In a fluvial system, mountain basins control sediment export to the lowland rivers. Hence, analysis of erosion processes and sediment delivery patterns in mountain basins is a key factor for many applications such as land‐use management, hazard assessment and infrastructure design. Several studies have investigated the alterations triggered by recent climatic change on the hydrological regime, while only a few works have explored the consequences on fluvial sediment dynamics. Here, we combined and analyzed the quasi‐unique dataset of climatic conditions, landform response and sediment export produced, since 1986 in the Rio Cordon basin (5 km2, Eastern Italian Alps) to examine the sediment delivery processes occurring in the last 3 decades. The temperature, precipitation and fluvial sediment fluxes in the basin were analyzed using continuous measurement executed by a permanent monitoring station, while the evolution of sediment source areas was investigated using three sediment source inventories. The results showed that during the period 1986–1993 the sediment fluxes (339 Mg yr−1) reflected the stable trend of the climatic conditions. The period between the first and second source inventory (i.e. 1994–2006) was characterized by climatic fluctuations and by the occurrence of high magnitude floods. Nevertheless, a limited increase in the extent of sediment source areas was detected, suggesting that the increased sediment export (759 Mg yr−1) was mainly driven by in‐channel sediment supply. Notwithstanding the marked climate warming and the increased precipitation, a weak source area evolution and a reduction in sediment export (237 Mg yr−1) were observed during the period 2007–2015. In particular, the higher rainfall did not result in an intensification of flood events, stressing the absence of hillslope‐channel connectivity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimates of oscillatory integrals with stationary phase and singular amplitude: Applications to propagation features for dispersive equations
Authors: Dewez Florent
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we study time‐asymptotic propagation phenomena for a class of dispersive equations on the line by exploiting precise estimates of oscillatory integrals. We propose first an extension of the van der Corput Lemma to the case of phases which may have a stationary point of real order and amplitudes allowed to have an integrable singular point. The resulting estimates provide optimal decay rates which show explicitly the influence of these two particular points. Then we apply these abstract results to solution formulas of a class of dispersive equations on the line defined by Fourier multipliers. Under the hypothesis that the Fourier transform of the initial data has a compact support or an integrable singular point, we derive uniform estimates of the solutions in space‐time cones, describing their motions when the time tends to infinity. The method permits also to show that symbols having a restricted growth at infinity may influence the dispersion of the solutions: we prove the existence of a cone, depending only on the symbol, in which the solution is time‐asymptotically localized. This corresponds to an asymptotic version of the notion of causality for initial data without compact support.
Molecular insights into the transcriptional regulatory role of thyroid hormones in ovarian cancer
Authors: Shinderman‐Maman Elena , Weingarten Chen , Moskovich Dotan , Werner Haim , Hercbergs Aleck , Davis Paul J. , Ellis Martin , Ashur‐Fabian Osnat
Published: September 2017

The regulation of cancer‐relevant genes by the thyroid hormones, 3, 5, 3′‐Triiodo‐L‐thyronine (T3) and L‐thyroxine (T4), was recently acknowledged. However, limited data exists on the hormonal effects on gene expression in ovarian cancer, a gynecological malignancy associated with a low cure rate. The expression of fifteen genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor suppression was evaluated in OVCAR‐3 and A2780 cell lines, using real‐time PCR following short incubation with T3 (1 nM) or T4 (100 nM). The thyroid hormones downregulated the expression of the majority of genes examined. Support for the involvement of the MAPK and PI3K in thyroid hormone‐mediated gene expression was shown for a set of genes. FAS expression was inhibited in A2780 cells, while an unexpected induction was demonstrated in OVCAR‐3 cells. An analogous effect on the protein levels of FAS receptor and its soluble form was demonstrated by Western blotting. We further established, using primer sets that discriminate between the different RNA isoforms, that the hormones increase the mRNA levels of both coding and non‐coding FAS mRNAs. The prevalence of these isoforms, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis, was significantly more abundant in 17 cancer types, including ovarian cancer, compared to normal tissues. Our results highlight the role of thyroid hormones in the expression of cancer‐relevant‐genes in ovarian cancer and provide an important insight into the pathways by which mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic effects are exerted.
Offering non‐invasive prenatal testing as part of routine clinical service. Can high levels of informed choice be maintained?
Authors: Lewis Celine , Hill Melissa , Chitty Lyn S.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To assess rates of informed choice among women offered non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy as part of routine clinical care.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted across 6 antenatal clinics in England. Women with a high risk (≥1/150) Down syndrome screening result were offered NIPT, invasive testing, or no further testing. Pretest counselling was delivered as part of routine care by the local maternity team. Women were given a questionnaire containing a measure of informed choice immediately after pretest counselling.

Results

In total, 220 of 247 women completed the questionnaire. Seventy‐six percent were judged to have made an informed choice, a significant decline from our previous study (89.0% vs 75.6%; χ2(2) = 20.2, P < .001). Of those making an uninformed choice, 46% had insufficient knowledge, 19% had not deliberated, and 13% had made a value‐inconsistent decision. Multivariate analysis showed women who were highly educated (OR, 4.33; 95% CI, 1.08‐17.36) or had had screening in a previous pregnancy (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.90‐0.65) were significantly more likely to make an informed choice.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the challenges of ensuring informed choice in routine prenatal care where NIPT is not discussed at multiple points, less time is available for counselling, and written consent is not required.
Core–shell type multi‐arm azide polymers based on hyperbranched copolyether as potential energetic materials in solid propellants
Authors: Zhang Guangpu , Zhang Tianfu , Li Jinqing , Luo Yunjun
Published: September 2017

A series of novel multi‐arm azide copolymers (POGs) with the same hyperbranched poly[3‐ethyl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)oxetane] core (PEHO‐c) and different content of linear glycidyl azide polymer shell (GAP‐s) have been synthesized by sequential cationic ring‐opening polymerization and azidation. Detailed structural information of these copolyethers was deduced from Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and inverse gated decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopies, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography and elemental analysis. The molecular weight of POG having GAP‐s and PEHO‐c with a molar ratio 14.95:1 (Rs/c) was around 31 000 g mol−1, far above that of linear GAP (around 4000 g mol−1). The apparent viscosity and glass transition temperature (−51 to −23 °C) decreased first and then slightly increased with increasing molecular weight. Thermal analysis revealed that all the obtained POGs exhibited excellent resistance to thermal decomposition up to 220 °C. Moreover, the energetic properties, investigated using oxygen bomb calorimetric measurements, indicated that the enthalpy of formation of the POGs was higher than that of general linear GAP, but similar to that of branched GAP under reasonable Rs/c. The compatibilities of the POGs with common materials used in solid propellants were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and the results indicated that the POGs had good compatibility with these materials. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Guidelines for using Bsoft for high resolution reconstruction and validation of biomolecular structures from electron micrographs
Authors: Heymann J. Bernard
Published: September 2017

Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryoEM) is becoming popular as a tool to solve biomolecular structures with the recent availability of direct electron detectors allowing automated acquisition of high resolution data. The Bsoft software package, developed over 20 years for analyzing electron micrographs, offers a full workflow for validated single particle analysis with extensive functionality, enabling customization for specific cases. With the increasing use of cryoEM and its automation, proper validation of the results is a bigger concern. The three major validation approaches, independent data sets, resolution‐limited processing, and coherence testing, can be incorporated into any Bsoft workflow. Here, the main workflow is divided into four phases: (i) micrograph preprocessing, (ii) particle picking, (iii) particle alignment and reconstruction, and (iv) interpretation. Each of these phases represents a conceptual unit that can be automated, followed by a check point to assess the results. The aim in the first three phases is to reconstruct one or more validated maps at the best resolution possible. Map interpretation then involves identification of components, segmentation, quantification, and modeling. The algorithms in Bsoft are well established, with future plans focused on ease of use, automation and institutionalizing validation.
First Principle Studies of B and P Doped Si Nanocrystals
Authors: Marri Ivan , Degoli Elena , Ossicini Stefano
Published: September 2017

The properties of n‐ and p‐doped silicon nanocrystals obtained through ab initio calculations are reviewed here. The aim is the understanding of the effects induced by substitutional doping on the structural, electronic and optical properties of free‐standing and matrix‐embedded Si nanocrystals. The preferential positioning of the dopants and their effects on the structural properties with respect to the undoped case, as a function of the nanocrystals diameter and termination, are identified through total‐energy considerations. The localization of the acceptor and donor related levels in the band gap of the Si nanocrystals, together with the impurity activation energy, are discussed as a function of the nanocrystals size. The dopant induced differences in the optical properties with respect to the undoped case are presented. Finally, the case of B and P co‐doped nanocrystals is discussed showing that if carriers are perfectly compensated, the Si nanocrystals undergo a minor structural distortion around the impurities inducing a significant decrease of the impurities formation energies with respect to the single doped case. Due to co‐doping, additional peaks are introduced in the absorption spectra, giving rise to a size‐dependent red shift of the absorption spectra.
Modeling MIDREX Based Process Configurations for Energy and Emission Analysis
Authors: Sarkar Sidhartha , Bhattacharya Rahul , Roy Gour Gopal , Sen Prodip Kumar
Published: September 2017

A natural gas (NG) based MIDREX shaft model has been developed and validated for emission and energy estimation for crude steel production. The model is extended to hydrogen rich alternative fuels namely Coke Oven Gas (COG) and Syngas from coal gasification to predict emissions and energy for producing crude steel. On comparison with emissions and energy requirement of crude steel produced by BF‐BOF route, NG based MIDREX‐EAF exhibits the lowest emissions with comparable net energy requirement. Emission and energy for processes using alternative fuel inputs in MIDREX are higher. Processing of parallel streams of NG‐MIDREX‐EAF and BF‐BOF for crude steel production appears to have a potential to reduce emissions at identical net energy consumption.
Regional PV installed capacity forecasting considering generation costs and time lag of influential factors
Authors: Zhao Teng , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2017

The forecasting results of regional photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity can provide important references for electric utilities, photovoltaic agents, and energy authorities. This paper proposes a three‐step forecasting methodology of regional PV installed capacity considering generation costs and time lag of influential factors. As the generation costs play a key role in PV installation, in the first step, cost indicators of PV projects are analyzed and a modified formula of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is proposed, for the aim of PV generation costs assessment and forecasting. Subsidy coefficient, which is mainly dependent on local government's energy policies and load curves, is introduced into the formula of LCOE. Apart from generation costs, the second step is to study the relationship between regional PV installed capacity and a series of outside‐ and inside‐region factors using co‐integration analysis and Granger causality test, attempting to comb through that data for other influential factors of PV installed capacity. Time lags of influential factors are determined during this step. In the last step, cross‐correlation analysis and principal components regression are carried out to eliminate collinearity of independent variables, quantify the influence of different factors, and construct the forecast model of regional PV installed capacity. In this paper, the example of Shanghai is given to illustrate the proposed methodology. The LCOE of PV systems and PV installed capacity of Shanghai from 2015 to 2030 were forecasted under several scenarios distinguished by subsidy coefficient. The results of Granger test and cross‐correlation analysis show that factors such as generation costs, environmental protection investment by local government and technical progress are closely related to regional PV installed capacity, nevertheless, sunshine duration and average temperature are not the Granger reasons for it. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sachet water: regulation and implications for access and equity in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Morinville Cynthia
Published: September 2017

This study explores everyday lived experiences of sachet water consumption in Accra, Ghana with a particular attention to underserved areas. The aim of this focus article is twofold: to contribute to the emerging literature on sachet water by providing an account of its consumption in a city where the commodity is most ubiquitous, and to consider key research questions as the conversation around sachet water grapples with issues of regulation. The study examines the profound impact of sachet water on the municipal waterscape of Accra and focuses on the twined notions of access and equity. This study highlights how regulating the sachet water industry remains fraught with difficulties and argues that regulating the industry must begin with a commitment to universal access and must consider water needs beyond a narrow focus on drinking water.WIREs Water2017, 4:e1244. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1244

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Rights to Water

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Identification of a novel interspecific hybrid yeast from a metagenomic spontaneously inoculated beer sample using Hi‐C
Authors: Smukowski Heil Caiti , Burton Joshua N. , Liachko Ivan , Friedrich Anne , Hanson Noah A. , Morris Cody L. , Schacherer Joseph , Shendure Jay , Thomas James H. , Dunham Maitreya J.
Published: September 2017

Interspecific hybridization is a common mechanism enabling genetic diversification and adaptation; however, the detection of hybrid species has been quite difficult. The identification of microbial hybrids is made even more complicated, as most environmental microbes are resistant to culturing and must be studied in their native mixed communities. We have previously adapted the chromosome conformation capture method Hi‐C to the assembly of genomes from mixed populations. Here, we show the method's application in assembling genomes directly from an uncultured, mixed population from a spontaneously inoculated beer sample. Our assembly method has enabled us to de‐convolute four bacterial and four yeast genomes from this sample, including a putative yeast hybrid. Downstream isolation and analysis of this hybrid confirmed its genome to consist of Pichia membranifaciens and that of another related, but undescribed, yeast. Our work shows that Hi‐C‐based metagenomic methods can overcome the limitation of traditional sequencing methods in studying complex mixtures of genomes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative Mortality Following Oesophagectomy and Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Australia
Authors: Davis Sean S. , Babidge Wendy J. , Kiermeier Andreas , Aitken R. James , Maddern Guy J.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Oesophagectomy (OG) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remain associated with significant perioperative mortality rates (POMR). Improved outcomes in high‐volume centres have led to these procedures being centralised in some countries. This retrospective, population‐based cohort study was conducted to determine the Australian national, and state and territory based POMR associated with OG and PD, and assess trends over time.

Methods

Logistic regression analysis was performed using de‐identified procedural data between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2013 from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Codes relating to OG and PD contained in the Australian Classification of Health Interventions were used to extract patient data. Mortality rates were risk adjusted for age, gender and urgency of admission. Temporal trends and differences between states/territories were investigated.

Results

The average Australian POMR throughout the study period was 3.5 and 3.0% for OG and PD, respectively. OG POMR showed no significant change over time (P = 0.30) or variation between states (P = 0.079). The annual POMR associated with PD, however, showed a significant decrease during the study period (P = 0.01) with variation in PD POMR outcomes evident amongst different regions (P = 0.0004).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a comparable Australian PD and OG POMR when correlated with international studies. National PD POMR improved throughout the study with consistent improvement across the states and territories. This study does, however, show variation in PD POMR between states and territories. Potential intra‐state variation merits further investigation.
Autism spectrum disorder: an early and frequent feature in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Authors: Stelten Bianca M. L. , Bonnot Olivier , Huidekoper Hidde H. , van Spronsen Francjan J. , van Hasselt Peter M. , Kluijtmans Leo A. J. , Wevers Ron A. , Verrips Aad
Published: September 2017

Background

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessively inherited inborn error of metabolism (IEM) due to mutations in the CYP27A1 gene. The clinical picture ranges from being nearly asymptomatic in early childhood, up to severe disability at adult age. Infantile‐onset diarrhea and juvenile‐onset cataract are the earliest symptoms in childhood. In the current study, we evaluated the presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a large cohort of CTX patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective patient file study in 77 genetically confirmed Dutch CTX patients to determine the frequency of ASD. In addition, we compared plasma cholestanol levels in CTX patients with and without a diagnosis of ASD and tried to establish a relation between CYP27A1 genotype and ASD.

Results

In our CTX cohort, 10 patients (13%; nine pediatric and one adult) with ASD were identified. At the time of diagnosis of ASD, most patients only exhibited symptoms of diarrhea and/or intellectual disability without signs of cataract or neurological symptoms. No correlation was found between the presence of ASD and the level of cholestanol or CYP27A1 genotype. The behavioral problems stabilized or improved after treatment initiation with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in all pediatric patients.

Conclusions

We conclude that ASD is an early and probably underestimated frequent feature in CTX. Metabolic screening for CTX should be performed in patients with ASD when accompanied by diarrhea, intellectual disability, juvenile cataract, and/or neurological involvement. Early recognition allows for earlier initiation of specific treatment and will improve clinical outcome. Our results add CTX to the list of treatable IEMs associated with ASD.
Classical Literature on Screen
Authors: Winkler Martin M.
Published: September 2017

Martin M. Winkler argues for a new approach to various creative affinities between ancient verbal and modern visual narratives. He examines screen adaptations of classical epic, tragedy, comedy, myth, and history, exploring, for example, how ancient rhetorical principles regarding the emotions apply to moving images and how Aristotle's perspective on thrilling plot-turns can recur on screen. He also interprets several popular films, such as 300 and Nero, and analyzes works by international directors, among them Pier Paolo Pasolini (Oedipus Rex, Medea), Jean Cocteau (The Testament of Orpheus), Mai Zetterling (The Girls), Lars von Trier (Medea), Arturo Ripstein (Such Is Life), John Ford (westerns), Alfred Hitchcock (Psycho), and Spike Lee (Chi-Raq). The book demonstrates the undiminished vitality of classical myth and literature in our visual media, as with screen portrayals of Helen of Troy. It is important for all classicists and scholars and students of film, literature, and history.
The Layout and Internal Development of Celtic Fields: Structural and Relative Chronological Analyses of Three Danish Field Systems
Authors: Nielsen Nina Helt , Holst Mads Kähler , Gadd Ann Catherine , Holst Klaus Kähler
Published: September 2017

The layout and development of field systems may reflect significant aspects of prehistoric societies such as agricultural strategies, use rights and inheritance practices. This article presents a method for analysing the developments of field systems in their entirety, based on a hierarchical sorting of field boundaries whose intersections have been used to define relations of equivalence and subordination. The formalized relational expression of the field system is analysed using a stochastic optimization algorithm. The method was successfully applied to three Danish Celtic fields from the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age, making it possible to identify five principles behind the layout: primary boundaries (probably established at community level), major parcels (administered at a household level), structured subdivisions (presumably related to inheritance), irregular subdivisions, and small-scale expansions of the field systems. The initial degree of regularity of the field systems seems to have influenced later modifications.
Development and cross-cultural testing of the International Depression Symptom Scale (IDSS): a measurement instrument designed to represent global presentations of depression
Authors: Haroz E. E. , Bass J. , Lee C. , Oo S. S. , Lin K. , Kohrt B. , Michalopolous L. , Nguyen A. J. , Bolton P.
Published: September 2017

Background

Self-report measurement instruments are commonly used to screen for mental health disorders in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). The Western origins of most depression instruments may constitute a bias when used globally. Western measures based on the DSM, do not fully capture the expression of depression globally. We developed a self-report scale design to address this limitation, the International Depression Symptom Scale-General version (IDSS-G), based on empirical evidence of the signs and symptoms of depression reported across cultures. This paper describes the rationale and process of its development and the results of an initial test among a non-Western population.

Methods

We evaluated internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the IDSS-G in a sample N = 147 male and female attendees of primary health clinics in Yangon, Myanmar. For criterion validity, IDSS-G scores were compared with diagnosis by local psychiatrists using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). Construct validity was evaluated by investigating associations between the IDSS-G and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), impaired function, and suicidal ideation.

Results

The IDSS-G showed high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.92), test–retest reliability (r = 0.87), and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.90). Strong correlations between the IDSS-G and PHQ-9, functioning, and suicidal ideation supported construct validity. Criterion validity was supported for use of the IDSS-G to identify people with a SCID diagnosed depressive disorder (major depression/dysthymia). The IDSS-G also demonstrated incremental validity by predicting functional impairment beyond that predicted by the PHQ-9. Results suggest that the IDSS-G accurately assesses depression in this population. Future testing in other populations will follow.
Co-infection with a wheat rhabdovirus causes a reduction inMal de Río Cuarto virustiter in its planthopper vector
Authors: Dumón A.D. , Argüello Caro E.B. , Mattio M.F. , Alemandri V. , del Vas M. , Truol G.
Published: September 2017

Mal de Río Cuarto virus(MRCV,Fijivirus,Reoviridae) causes one of the most important diseases in maize (Zea maysL.) in Argentina and has been detected in mixed infections with a rhabdovirus closely related to Maize yellow striate virus. In nature both viruses are able to infect maize and several grasses including wheat, and are transmitted in a persistent propagative manner byDelphacodes kuscheliFennah (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). This work describes the interactions between MRCV and rhabdovirus within their natural vector and the consequences of such co-infection regarding virus transmission and symptom expression. First- and third-instarD. kuschelinymphs were fed on MRCV-infected wheat plants or MRCV-rhabdovirus-infected oat plants, and two latency periods were considered. Transmission efficiency and viral load of MRCV-transmitting and non-transmitting planthoppers were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis (RTqPCR). Vector transmission efficiency was related to treatments (life stages at acquisition and latency periods). Nevertheless, no correlation between transmission efficiency and type of inoculum used to infect insects with MRCV was found. Treatment by third-instar nymphs 17 days after Acquisition Access Period was the most efficient for MRCV transmission, regardless of the type of inoculum. Plants co-infected with MRCV and rhabdovirus showed the typical MRCV symptoms earlier than plants singly infected with MRCV. The transmitting planthoppers showed significantly higher MRCV titers than non-transmitting insects fed on single or mixed inocula, confirming that successful MRCV transmission is positively associated with viral accumulation in the insect. Furthermore, MRCV viral titers were higher in transmitting planthoppers that acquired this virus from a single inoculum than in those that acquired the virus from a mixed inoculum, indicating that the presence of the rhabdovirus somehow impaired MRCV replication and/or acquisition. This is the first study about interactions between MRCV and a rhabdovirus closely related to Maize yellow striate virus in this insect vector (D. kuscheli), and contributes to a better understanding of planthopper–virus interactions and their epidemiological implications.
Madison, Hamilton, and Jefferson: Reinterpreting America's Founding Fathers
Authors: Coclanis Peter A.
Published: September 2017

These are “interesting times” for the Founding Fathers—“interesting” in the ironical sense in which the word is employed popularly, but also in the apocryphal Chinese curse. For example, for several decades now, writers such as Gary Wills, Joseph Ellis, Ron Chernow, and Richard Brookhiser have been tapping into large general audiences with best-selling studies on the Founding Fathers. At the same time, numerous dyspeptic faculty members—including, alas, some influential College Board consultants—have decried the “overattention” being paid to “dead white males,” however distinguished, and in so doing, often succeeded in easing the Founding Fathers off of both the historical stage and the scantron sheets of the SAT.
The diet ofLeptomeryxsp. from the Late Eocene Yolomécatl Formation, NW Oaxaca, Sierra Madre del Sur Morphotectonic Province, SE México and its palaeoecological significance
Authors: FERRUSQUÍA-VILLAFRANCA ISMAEL , PÉREZ-CRESPO VÍCTOR ADRIÁN , RUIZ-GONZÁLEZ JOSÉ E. , MARTÍNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ ENRIQUE , MORALES-PUENTE PEDRO
Published: September 2017

The diet and habitat ofLeptomeryxsp. from the Late Uintan Yolomécatl Formation of NW Oaxaca, SE Mexico were inferred using dental enamel carbon and oxygen isotopic relationships, and compared with those of congeneric species from temperate North America. Results show thatLeptomeryxsp. fed on C3 plants and lived in open forest or forest/savanna ecotone. The palynoflora and co-occurrence of perissodactyls and artiodactyls that live in an environment like that ofLeptomeryxsupport this interpretation. Further, both records disclose that in NW Oaxaca (southern North America) tropical conditions prevailed at that time, unlike that of temperate North America.
Metabolic and inflammatory markers: associations with individual depressive symptoms
Authors: Lamers F. , Milaneschi Y. , de Jonge P. , Giltay E. J. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: September 2017

Background

Literature has shown that obesity, metabolic syndrome and inflammation are associated with depression, however, evidence suggests that these associations are specific to atypical depression. Which of the atypical symptoms are driving associations with obesity-related outcomes and inflammation is unknown. We evaluated associations between individual symptoms of depression (both atypical and non-atypical) and body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome components and inflammatory markers.

Methods

We included 808 persons with a current diagnosis of depression participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (67% female, mean age 41.6 years). Depressive symptoms were derived from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses adjusting for sex, age, educational level, depression severity, current smoking, physical activity, anti-inflammatory medication use, and statin use were performed.

Results

Increased appetite was positively associated with BMI, number of metabolic syndrome components, waist circumference, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α. Decreased appetite was negatively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Psychomotor retardation was positively associated with BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and insomnia with number of metabolic syndrome components.

Conclusion

Increased appetite – in the context of a depressive episode – was the only symptom that was associated with both metabolic as well as inflammatory markers, and could be a key feature of an immuno-metabolic form of depression. This immuno-metabolic depression should be considered in clinical trials evaluating effectiveness of compounds targeting metabolic and inflammatory pathways or lifestyle interventions.
Advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a review of established and emerging interventions
Authors: Brockmeyer T. , Friederich H.-C. , Schmidt U.
Published: September 2017

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, deadly and costly mental disorder. Until recently, treatment recommendations were based on expert opinion and limited evidence. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesise recent evidence on established and emerging AN treatments and to forecast trends for future developments.

Methods

We systematically review trials of established treatments and associated process outcome studies from the last 5 years, published since a previous review in this journal. ‘Established’ treatments were those that are widely used in AN, recommended by guidelines and/or have been tested in at least one large randomised controlled trial. Secondly, we summarise emerging treatments for AN, i.e. those that have only been (or are currently being) tested in proof-of concept, feasibility or pilot trials.

Results

We identified 19 published trials of established treatments (15 of high or moderate quality), mostly assessing psychological therapies (n = 17). We also found 11 published trials of emerging treatments, and a total of 34 registered, as yet unpublished trials. Promising emerging treatments include cognitive remediation therapy, exposure therapy and non-invasive neuromodulation.

Conclusions

Evidence generation on the treatment of AN has dramatically accelerated, with our understanding of the role of family-based approaches for adolescents more nuanced and a range of psychological approaches available for the treatment of adults. Evidence on emerging treatments and from forthcoming trials suggests that there is a shift towards more targeted brain-based interventions. Future studies need to focus on elucidating mechanisms of action of treatments and what works best for whom.
Relating ASD symptoms to well-being: moving across different construct levels
Authors: Deserno M. K. , Borsboom D. , Begeer S. , Geurts H. M.
Published: September 2017

Background

Little is known about the specific factors that contribute to the well-being (WB) of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A plausible hypothesis is that ASD symptomatology has a direct negative effect on WB. In the current study, the emerging tools of network analysis allow to explore the functional interdependencies between specific symptoms of ASD and domains of WB in a multivariate framework. We illustrate how studying both higher-order (total score) and lower-order (subscale) representations of ASD symptomatology can clarify the interrelations of factors relevant for domains of WB.

Methods

We estimated network structures on three different construct levels for ASD symptomatology, as assessed with the Adult Social Behavior Questionnaire (item, subscale, total score), relating them to daily functioning (DF) and subjective WB in 323 adult individuals with clinically identified ASD (aged 17–70 years). For these networks, we assessed the importance of specific factors in the network structure.

Results

When focusing on the highest representation level of ASD symptomatology (i.e. a total score), we found a negative connection between ASD symptom severity and domains of WB. However, zooming in on lower representation levels of ASD symptomatology revealed that this connection was mainly funnelled by ASD symptoms related to insistence on sameness and experiencing reduced contact and that those symptom scales, in turn, impact different domains of WB.

Conclusions

Zooming in across construct levels of ASD symptom severity into subscales of ASD symptoms can provide us with important insights into how specific domains of ASD symptoms relate to specific domains of DF and WB.