bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenomics discovery and implementation in genome‐wide association studies era
Authors: Ni Xiuqin , Zhang Wei , Huang R. Stephanie
Published: November 2012

Clinical response to therapeutic treatments often varies among individual patients, ranging from beneficial effect to even fatal adverse reaction. Pharmacogenomics holds the promise of personalized medicine through elucidating genetic determinants responsible for pharmacological outcomes (e.g., cytotoxicities to anticancer drugs) and therefore guide the prescription decision prior to drug treatment. Besides traditional candidate gene‐based approaches, technical advances have begun to allow application of whole‐genome approaches to pharmacogenomic discovery. In particular, comprehensive understanding of human genetic variation provides the basis for applying GWAS (genome‐wide association studies) in pharmacogenomic research to identify genomic loci associated with pharmacological phenotypes (e.g., individual dose requirement for warfarin). We therefore briefly reviewed the background for pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic research with statins and warfarin as examples for the GWAS discovery and their clinical implementation. In conclusion, with some challenges, whole‐genome approaches such as GWAS have allowed unprecedented progress in identifying genetic variants associated with pharmacological phenotypes, as well as provided foundation for the next wave of pharmacogenomic discovery utilizing sequencing‐based approaches. Furthermore, investigation of the complex interactions among genetic and epigenetic factors on the whole‐genome scale will become the post‐GWAS research focus for pharmacologic complex traits. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:1–9. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1199

This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Carbon Halide Bond Activation of Aroyl Halides using an NHC‐stabilized Nickel(0) Complex
Authors: Zell Thomas , Radius Udo
Published: November 2012

Aroyl complexes of the type trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(X)(C(O)Ar)] (X = Cl and Ar = Ph (2), 4‐tBu‐C6H4 (3) and C6F5 (4) and X = Br and Ar = Ph (5)) were prepared by oxidative addition reactions of carboxylic acid halides with the dinuclear nickel(0) complex [Ni2(iPr2Im)4(COD)] (1) (iPr2Im = 1, 3‐diisopropylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene; COD = 1, 5‐cyclooctadien). The reported compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, EI‐mass spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The benzoyl chloride complex trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(Cl)(C(O)Ph)] (2) as well as its bromide analogue trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(Br)(C(O)Ph)] (5) were additionally structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. NMR spectra of the crude products revealed the formation of minor amounts of the corresponding bis(halide) complexes trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(Cl)2] (6) and trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(Br)2] (7), depending on the aroyl halide used. Decarbonylation of the benzoyl complexes was observed upon irradiation of the complexes 2 and 5 with UV light. NMR analysis of the resulting mixtures of products revealed the formation of the phenyl halide complexes trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(Cl)(Ph)] (8) and [Ni(iPr2Im)2(Br)(Ph)] (9), as well as the formation of the bis(halide) complexes 6 and 7.
Ln‐Imidazolate Frameworks: The Coordinative Demand of Ln3+ Ions and its Consequences for the Compound Constitution of Different Lanthanides
Authors: Zurawski Alexander , Rybak Jens‐Christoph , Meyer Larissa V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: November 2012

By syntheses and characterization of the imidazolate frameworks 3∞[Sm3(Im)9(ImH)2]·2ImH, Im– = imidazolate anion, ImH = 1H‐imidazole 3∞[Gd2(Im)6(ImH)1.5]·0.5ImH and 3∞[Dy(Im)3] it is shown that the constitution of 3D‐linked lanthanide imidazolates is variable and refers to the lanthanide contraction and the course of the ionic radii of Ln3+ and thus the coordinative demand of the referring ions. The larger the trivalent ion the more neutral imidazole molecules are incorporated, both coordinating and non‐coordinating starting with no imidazole and homoleptic frameworks for Ln = Tb, Dy and ranging to a ratio Ln:ImH of 1:2 for praseodymium in 3∞[Pr(Im)3(ImH)]·ImH. Samarium and gadolinium mark steps in this course with ratios of 3:4 and 1:1. Although the constitution differs, the lanthanide ions show only a slight change in C.N. ranging from six to seven. Major differences are observed in the framework structures and topologies as well as density concerning available free space after imidazole release. Kagomé nets are a prominent topological feature of imidazole containing constitutions, whereas cubic 4, 6 nets are found for homoleptic imidazolates.
A fast track towards the ‘Higgs’ spin and parity
Authors: Ellis John , Hwang Dae Sung , Sanz Verónica , You Tevong
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS have discovered a new boson that resembles the long-sought Higgs boson: it cannot have spin one, and has couplings to other particles that increase with their masses, but the spin and parity remain to be determined. We show here that the ‘Higgs’ + gauge boson invariant-mass distribution in ‘Higgs’-strahlung events at the Tevatron or the LHC would be very different under the J

P
=0+
,0− and 2+ hypotheses. Ouranalysisisbasedonsimulationsoftheexperimental event selections and cuts using PYTHIA and Delphes, and incorporates statistical samples of ‘toy’ experiments. The observation of ‘Higgs’-strahlung at the Tevatron and the expected peaking of backgrounds at low invariant masses suggest that this process could provide a fast-track indicator of the ‘Higgs’ spin and parity.
Long‐term Outcome after Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Larger than 10 cm
Authors: Allemann Pierre , Demartines Nicolas , Bouzourene Hanifah , Tempia Adrien , Halkic Nermin
Published: November 2012

Background

The purpose of the present study was to analyze long‐term survival and disease‐free survival after liver resection for giant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≥ 10 cm compared to HCC < 10 cm in diameter. The surgical approach in the treatment of giant HCC may achieve long‐term survival and disease‐free survival comparable to treatment of smaller lesions.

Methods

This retrospective analysis was a monocentric study conducted in a tertiary university center. It included 101 patients from 114 consecutive liver resections for HCC, separated into two groups: those with tumors less than 10 cm in diameter (small HCC; n = 79) and those with tumors larger than 10 cm (giant HCC; n = 22). The main outcome measures were overall five‐year survival, five‐year disease‐free survival, recurrence rate, perioperative mortality at 30 days, surgical complication rate, and re‐intervention rate.

Results

The two groups were homogeneously distributed, apart from cirrhosis, which was found more frequently in the group with small HCC (77 vs. 41 %; p = 0.0013). Both median survival (24 vs. 27 months; p = 0.0085) and overall 5‐year survival (21 vs. 45; p = 0.04) were significantly poorer in the small HCC group compared to the giant HCC group. There were no differences en terms of recurrence rate, pattern, and timing.

Conclusions

Liver resection for HCC larger than 10 cm is a valuable option in selected patients, one that provides overall survival and disease‐free survival comparable to smaller lesions. Functional reserves of the liver, more than the size of the lesion, may be important in patient selection for surgical resection.
Is Preservation of the Remnant Stomach Safe During Distal Pancreatectomy in Patients Who Have Undergone Distal Gastrectomy?
Authors: Takahashi Hidenori , Nara Satoshi , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Gotoh Kunihto , Esaki Minoru , Yamada Terumasa , Shimada Kazuaki , Yano Masahiko , Kosuge Tomoo , Ishikawa Osamu
Published: November 2012

Background

Whether the remnant stomach can be safely preserved when performing distal pancreatectomy (DP) in patients with a prior distal gastrectomy (DG) remains unclear because the remnant stomach and pancreatic body/tail share an arterial blood supply via the splenic artery (SPA).

Methods

A total of 18 patients with prior DG who underwent DP were enrolled in this study. Clinicopathologic data were retrospectively analyzed with a focus on management of the remnant stomach and complications related to ischemia of the remnant stomach. Additionally, intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography was performed to visualize the blood flow and circulation in the remnant stomach.

Results

Ten patients underwent a standard DP (DP in conjunction with splenectomy and division of the SPA) with preservation of the remnant stomach. The entire stomach was preserved in seven patients, and three underwent concomitant partial resection of the remnant stomach. No patients in whom the entire remnant stomach was preserved developed postoperative complications associated with it, whereas two of the three patients who underwent partial resection of the remnant stomach developed severe ischemic complications. Intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography revealed a caudally directed circulation of blood from the esophagogastric junction through the intramural capillary network in the remnant stomach.

Conclusions

When performing DP in patients with a prior DG, preservation of the entire remnant stomach was a safe procedure because of the presence of an intramural network that supplies blood to the remnant stomach. In contrast, partial resection of the remnant stomach could be dangerous because of the potential for severe ischemic complications.
Liver Transplantation for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: A Single‐center Experience during Two Decades in Japan
Authors: Hori Tomohide , Egawa Hiroto , Kaido Toshimi , Ogawa Kohei , Uemoto Shinji
Published: November 2012

Background

Primary hyperoxaluria type‐1 (PH1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by impaired activity of hepatic peroxisomal alanine‐glyoxylate aminotransferase that leads to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). A definitive diagnosis is often delayed until ESRD appears. Based on the etiology, liver transplantation (LT) seems to be the definitive treatment.

Patients and Methods

Three PH1 patients underwent LT at our institution during two decades.

Results

Two of the patients had family histories of cryptogenic ESRD. All three showed disease onset in childhood, but the definitive diagnosis was delayed in two cases (17 and 37 years of age). These delayed cases resulted in ESRD, and hemodialysis (HD) had been introduced before LT. One patient received domino LT, and the other two underwent living‐donor LT (LDLT). One patient finally died of sepsis, and was unable to receive a kidney transplantation (KT) after the domino LT. One patient did not show ESRD, and did not have to undergo KT after LDLT, although extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was required for residual ureterolithiasis (8 years after LDLT). The third patient had an uneventful course after LDLT and received living‐donor KT from the same donor 8 months after LDLT. Subsequently, HD was successfully withdrawn.

Conclusions

Establishment of a definitive diagnosis of PH1 is essential. If a methodology for early diagnosis and an intensive care strategy for neonates and infants during the waiting time become well‐established, a timely and preemptive LT alone can provide a good chance of cure for PH1 patients.
The effect of Dega acetabuloplasty and Salter innominate osteotomy on acetabular remodeling monitored by the acetabular index in walking DDH patients between 2 and 6 years of age: Short- to middle-term follow-up
Authors: El-Sayed Mohamed , Ahmed Tarek , Fathy Sameh , Zyton Hosam
Published: November 2012

Introduction

The surgical management of neglected developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in walking children has always been a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- to middle-term clinical and radiographic results of the management of DDH.

Patients and methods

Patients less than 6 years old using two of the most commonly used osteotomies, namely, Salter innominate osteotomy and the Dega acetabuloplasty. Special attention was paid to acetabular remodeling after concentric reduction, which was monitored by the acetabular index, that, in turn, was measured preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, every 6 months, and at the final follow-up examination.

Results

The final overall clinical end results were favorable (excellent or good) in 93 hips (85.3 %). There was a marked improvement of the acetabular coverage during the follow-up period, which proved the good remodeling potential of the acetabulum for this particular age group after concentric reduction was achieved and maintained.

Conclusion

Both osteotomy types were found to be adequate for the management of neglected walking DDH patients under the age of 6 years.
Racial Diversity, Religion, and Morality: Examining the Moral Views of Multiracial Church Attendees
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: November 2012

Previous research has identified an important link between participation in a racially diverse faith community and more progressive views on racial, political, and social issues, but researchers have yet to examine whether multiracial church attendees differ from racially-homogeneous church attendees in terms of their moral views. This research note utilizes national data (2005 Baylor Religion Survey) to examine the relationship between involvement in a multiracial congregation and views toward activities that are understood to be morally contentious. I estimate logistic regression models to isolate the relationship between multiracial church attendance and support for nine morally contentious activities related to sexuality, families, substance use, and suicide. Analyses reveal that, net of other factors, persons who attend multiracial congregations are more likely to express support for extramarital sex, premarital cohabitation, planned unwed pregnancy, marijuana use, and euthanasia, compared to persons who attend homogeneous congregations where they are the majority race. Multiracial church attendees thus appear to hold more permissive moral views on certain issues relative to attendees of racially homogeneous congregations. Significant interactions are also found between multiracial church attendance, race, and religious tradition. Alternative explanatory accounts (social contact vs. self-selection) are considered.
The Soviet Collapse: Contradictions and Neo-Modernisation
Authors: Sakwa Richard
Published: November 2012

Over two decades have passed since the dissolution of the communist system and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 yet there is still no consensus over the causes and consequences of these epochal (and distinct) events. As for the causes, it is easy to assume that the fall was ‘over-determined’, with an endless array of factors. It behoves the scholar to try to establish a hierarchy of causality, which is itself a methodological exercise in heuristics. However, the arbitrary prioritisation of one factor over another is equally a hermeneutic trap that needs to be avoided. Following an examination of the various ‘why’ factors, we focus on ‘what’ exactly happened at the end of the Soviet period. We examine the issue through the prism of reformulated theories of modernisation. The Soviet system was a sui generis approach to modernisation, but the great paradox was that the system did not apply this ideology to itself. By attempting to stand outside the processes which it unleashed, both society and system entered a cycle of stagnation. The idea of neo-modernisation, above all the idea that societies are challenged to come to terms with the ‘civilisation of modernity’, each in their own way, provides a key to developments. In the end the Soviet approach to this challenge failed, and the reasons for this need to be examined, but the challenge overall remains for post-communist Russia.
Economic Modernisation and Diversification in Russia. Constraints and Challenges
Authors: Malle Silvana
Published: November 2012

This paper examines the plans for modernisation of the Russian economy in the light of the challenges posed by both the global crisis to Russia in 2008–09 and the possible resurfacing of the crisis in 2012–13. Both developments help to understand the weaknesses of a process of change that after twenty years seems still to be incapable of supporting a sustainable and competitive market economy. Will liberal forces make their way through to finally challenge the obstacle to competition with accession to WTO? This paper addresses this question taking into account the possible impact of the reform-minded components of the new government formed in May 2012, but also that of forces hostile to change. The third mandate (2012–2018) of President Putin and his personal approach focused on the accelerated developments of some branches and far eastern regions send contrasting signals with regard to the balance between state and market policies in the pursuit of medium to long term goals. Whether new programmes are feasible under increasing competition from abroad after the 2012 entry into WTO and the controversial corporatist political system are also questions discussed by this paper.
A Randomized Comparative Study of Manually Assisted Versus Robotic‐Assisted Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training in Persons With a Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Esquenazi Alberto , Lee Stella , Packel Andrew T. , Braitman Leonard
Published: November 2012

Objectives

(1) To compare the effects of robotic‐assisted treadmill training (RATT) and manually assisted treadmill training (MATT) in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and (2) to determine the potential impact on the symmetry of temporal walking parameters, 6‐minute walk test, and the mobility domain of the Stroke Impact Scale, version 3.0 (SIS).

Design

Randomized prospective study.

Subjects

A total of 16 participants with TBI and a baseline over ground walking self‐selected velocity (SSV) of ≥0.2 m/s to 0.6 m/s randomly assigned to either the RATT or MATT group.

Intervention

Gait training for 45 minutes, 3 times a week with either RATT or MATT for a total of 18 training sessions.

Outcome Measures

Primary: Overground walking SSV, maximal velocity. Secondary: Spatiotemporal symmetry, 6‐minute walk test, and SIS.

Results

Between‐group differences were not statistically significant for any measure. However, from pretraining to post‐training, the average SSV increased by 49.8% for the RATT group (P = .01) and by 31% for MATT group (P = .06). The average maximal velocity increased by 14.9% for the RATT group (P = .06) and by 30.8% for the MATT group (P = .01). Less staffing and effort was needed for RATT in this study. Step‐length asymmetry ratio improved during SSV by 33.1% for the RATT group (P = .01) and by 9.1% for the MATT group (P = .73). The distance walked increased by 11.7% for the robotic group (P = .21) and by 19.3% for manual group (P = .03). A statistically significant improvement in the mobility domain of the SIS was found for both groups (P ≤ .03).

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate greater improvement in symmetry of gait (step length) for RATT and no significant differences between RATT and MATT with regard to improvement in gait velocity, endurance, and SIS. Our study provides evidence that participants with a chronic TBI can experience improvements in gait parameters with gait training with either MATT or RATT.
Pregnancy Outcomes of Women With Physical Disabilities: A Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Morton Christina , Le Joan T. , Shahbandar Lena , Hammond Cassing , Murphy Eileen A. , Kirschner Kristi L.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To document pregnancy outcomes of women with moderate‐to‐severe physical disabilities and to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes compared with those of nondisabled 1:1 matched controls within the same hospital system.

Design

A retrospective matched cohort.

Setting

A multidisciplinary outpatient reproductive health care clinic for women with physical disabilities, situated in an urban rehabilitation hospital and affiliated with a large tertiary medical care center.

Population

Women with physical disabilities.

Methods

A chart review of 755 women with physical disabilities who were seen at a multidisciplinary specialty reproductive health care clinic, in which 48 total pregnancies of 34 women with physical disabilities were found. Thirty‐four of these pregnancies were carried to delivery in 25 of these women with physical disabilities.

Main Outcome Measures

Obstetric and disability‐related pregnancy and delivery complications.

Results

Twenty‐nine of the 34 pregnancies (85%) occurred in women with moderate‐to‐severe neurologic disabilities who were wheelchair users, with 33 resultant infants (1 twin pregnancy), and 2 instances of intrauterine fetal demise. Forty percent of the women delivered prematurely, although only 3 of 34 delivered before 32 weeks (9%). Thirty‐four percent of the infants (12) were of low birthweight, all of whom were preterm. Although there was a higher rate of pregnancy‐related complications (P = .003) in the disabled cohort, there were no maternal deaths, and few of the complications were severe or life threatening. Rates of urinary tract infections and other maternal infections were significantly higher in the disabled cohort and were correlated with both increased preterm delivery and lower birthweight infants (P = .009 and 0.023, respectively). Thirty‐eight percent of the infants were delivered by cesarean section. The disabled cohort had lower rates of augmentation of labor (P = .03) and breastfeeding (P = .02) compared with nondisabled controls. Although bladder and functional status changes were noted during the pregnancies of women with physical disabilities, these women reverted to their prepregnancy functional status by 6 weeks postpartum.

Conclusion

Our study describes a cohort of women who had moderate‐to‐severe physical disabilities who historically have been discouraged from pregnancy. Women with physical disabilities experienced higher rates of preterm deliveries, low birthweight infants, and pregnancy complications. The pregnancy complications in most cases were not severe and were readily managed. Although it was common to experience functional changes during pregnancy, these changes had largely resolved by 6 weeks postpartum. Larger observational studies are needed to better understand the etiology and prevention of preterm labor and low‐birthweight infants in this population, and, in particular, the role of maternal infections.
Developing a Smoking Cessation Intervention within a Community-Based Participatory Research Framework
Authors: Dietz Noella A. , Hooper Monica Webb , Byrne Margaret M. , Messiah Antoine , Baker Elizabeth A. , Parker Dorothy , Stevens Marsha , Fernandez Cristina , Ocasio Manuel , McClure Laura A. , Lee David J. , Kobetz Erin
Published: November 2012

Background: While smoking rates in the United States have decreased, some population subgroups have smoking rates that exceed national and state averages. These higher rates often are associated with higher incidence rates of tobacco-associated cancers. Over time, a decrease in smoking rates leads to lower cancer incidence.Methods: Using spatial modelling techniques, we identified an underserved geographic locale in South Florida with higher than expected incidence rates of tobacco-associated cancers. We then used a community-based participatory research (CBPR) design to conduct focus groups in 2011 to elicit information about the acceptability of a smoking cessation intervention delivered by trained former smokers from within peer networks.Results: A variety of smoking cessation strategies was presented and discussed in separate, gender-stratified focus groups comprised of former and current smokers (n = 39). Focus group findings consistently indicated that support groups were the preferred cessation mechanism in this community. Based on this finding, we changed our initially proposed cessation approach to one which employed support groups as a quit method.Conclusions: Currently, we are collecting pilot data to test this intervention and to reach smokers who might not otherwise be directly targeted with cessation messaging from larger tobacco control initiatives. If successful, this strategy can be adapted to effect other important changes in health behaviours in at-risk populations.
Glycogenesis andde novolipid synthesis from dietary starch in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) quantified with stable isotopes
Authors: Ekmann Kim S. , Dalsgaard Johanne , Holm Jørgen , Campbell Patrick J. , Skov Peter V.
Published: November 2012

The effects of replacing a digestible energy source from fat (fish oil) with carbohydrate (wheat starch) on performance, glycogenesis andde novolipogenesis was examined in triplicate groups of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), fed four extruded experimental diets. In order to trace the metabolic fate of dietary starch, 0·7 % wheat starch was replaced with isotope-labelled starch (>98 %13C). Fish were fed the experimental diets for three consecutive 10 d periods, and isotope ratio MS was applied to quantify13C enrichment of liver and whole-body glycogen and lipid pools over the three feeding periods. Glycogenesis originating from dietary starch accounted for up to 68·8 and 38·8 % of the liver and whole-body glycogen pools, respectively, while up to 16·7 % of the liver lipid could be attributed to dietary starch. Between 5 and 8 % of dietary starch carbon was recovered in whole-body lipid, and estimated deposition rates ofde novosynthesised lipid originating from starch ranged from 18·7 to 123·7 mg/kg biomass per d. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect growth, feed performance or body composition of the fish, while the hepatosomatic index and glycogen content of whole fish and livers correlated directly with dietary starch inclusion level. The study suggests that gilthead sea bream efficiently synthesises glycogen from both dietary starch and endogenous sources. In contrast, lipogenesis from carbon derived from starch seems to play a minor role in overall lipid synthesis and deposition under the specified experimental conditions.
Longitudinal analysis of protein glycosylation and β-casein phosphorylation in term and preterm human milk during the first 2 months of lactation
Authors: Molinari Claire E. , Casadio Ylenia S. , Hartmann Ben T. , Arthur Peter G. , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: November 2012

Human milk proteins provide term and preterm infants with both nutrition and protection. The objective of the present study was to examine longitudinal changes in the protein composition of term and preterm milk during the first 2 months of lactation, focusing on protein phosphorylation and glycosylation. Using gel electrophoresis, the relative concentration and glycosylation status of lactoferrin, secretory Ig A, β-casein, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, bile salt-stimulated lipase, xanthine oxidoreductase, tenascin and macrophage mannose receptor 1 were measured in milk collected on days 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 28 and 60 postpartum from preterm mothers (28–32 weeks gestation,n17). The phosphorylation status of β-casein was also investigated. To determine if these variables differ in term and preterm milk, samples from term mothers (38–41 weeks gestation,n8) collected on days 7, 14 and 30 of lactation were also analysed. The concentration of the abundant milk proteins decreased during lactation in term and preterm milk (P <0·05). No difference in protein glycosylation was observed, except for the glycoproteins serum albumin and tenascin. The phosphorylation of β-casein varied significantly between term and preterm milk. Further investigation is required to determine whether these modifications affect protein function and are clinically important to preterm infants.
Improving the growth performance and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soyabean meal-based diets using dietary cholesterol supplementation
Authors: Deng Junming , Bi Baoliang , Kang Bin , Kong Lingfu , Wang Qiuju , Zhang Xi
Published: November 2012

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation at different levels (0, 0·3, 0·6, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·5 %) on growth and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soyabean meal (SBM)-based diets. Daily growth coefficient (DGC) steadily increased when the supplemental cholesterol was increased by up to 1·2 %, but declined upon further addition. The total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in plasma generally increased when the supplemental cholesterol was increased by up to 1·2 %. Thereafter, the TC level reached a plateau, the LDL-C level showed a marked decline, whereas the HDL-C level continued to increase. Dietary cholesterol supplementation generally increased the total lipid and cholesterol levels in liver; the total lipid and TAG levels in muscle; the TC, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester and total bile acid levels in intestinal contents; and the triiodothyronine and Ca levels in plasma. However, significant differences were mainly observed with high levels of supplemental cholesterol (0·9–1·5 %). Low levels of supplemental cholesterol (0·3–0·9 %) decreased hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities, but high levels of supplemental cholesterol (1·5 %) increased hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities. These results suggest that rainbow trout fed SBM-based diets have a certain ‘cholesterol-buffering capacity’, which in turn suggests the possibility of the inhibition of exogenous cholesterol absorption and/or inadequate endogenous production of cholesterol in trout fed SBM-based diets. DGC increased steadily with increasing supplemental cholesterol level up to 1·2 %, and the growth-promoting effects might be related to the alleviation of the negative effects caused by a soyabean diet and/or make up for the deficiency of endogenous cholesterol in rainbow trout.
Vitamin D nutritional status in preterm infants and response to supplementation
Authors: McCarthy Roberta A. , McKenna Malachi J. , Oyefeso Oyinkansola , Uduma Ogenna , Murray Barbara F. , Brady Jennifer J. , Kilbane Mark T. , Murphy John F. , Twomey Anne , O' Donnell Colm P. , Murphy Nuala P. , Molloy Eleanor J.
Published: November 2012

Little is known about vitamin D status in preterm infants and their response to supplementation. To investigate this, we assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels using RIA in a consecutive sample of stable preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (born ≤ 32 weeks gestation or birth weight ≤ 1·5 kg), and we explored associated factors. Serum 25OHD level was first assessed once infants were tolerating feeds (n 274). If this first 25OHD level was below 50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml), which is the level associated with covering requirements in terms of skeletal health in the majority, then we recommended prolonged augmented vitamin D intake ( ≥ 10 μg (400 IU) daily) from a combination of fortified feeds and vitamin supplements and follow-up re-assessment at approximately 6 weeks corrected age (n 148). The first assessment, conducted at a median for chronological age of 18 (interquartile range (IQR) 11–28) d, found that 78 % had serum 25OHD levels below 50 nmol/l. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the determinants of serum 25OHD levels were duration of vitamin D supplementation and gestational age at birth (r2 0·215; P< 0·001). At follow-up, after a median of 104 (IQR 78–127) d, 87 % achieved levels ≥ 50 nmol/l and 8 % had levels >125 nmol/l, a level associated with potential risk of harm. We conclude that low 25OHD levels are an issue for preterm VLBW infants, warranting early nutritional intervention. In infants with serum 25OHD levels < 50 nmol/l, a vitamin D intake of ≥ 10 μg (400 IU) daily achieves target levels in the majority; however, further work is needed to determine the exact dose to safely meet target levels without overcorrection.
Evaluation of Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children: comparing reported fruit, juice and vegetable intakes with plasma carotenoid concentration and school lunch observations
Authors: Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Bysted Anette , Trolle Ellen , Christensen Tue , Knuthsen Pia , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Andersen Lene F. , Brockhoff Per , Tetens Inge
Published: November 2012

Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children (WebDASC) was developed to estimate dietary intake in a school meal intervention study among 8- to 11-year-old Danish children. The present study validates self-reported fruit, juice and vegetable (FJV) intakes in 8- to 11-year-old children by comparing intake with plasma carotenoid concentration, and by comparing the reported FJV intake to actually eaten FJV, as observed by a photographic method. A total of eighty-one children, assisted by parents, reported their diet for seven consecutive days. For the same five schooldays as they reported their diet, the children's school lunch was photographed and weighed before and after eating. In the week after the diet reporting, fasting blood samples were taken. Self-reported intake of FJV and estimated intake of carotenoids were compared with plasma carotenoid concentration. Accuracy of self-reported food and FJV consumption at school lunch was measured in terms of matches, intrusion, omission and faults, when compared with images and weights of lunch intake. Self-reported intake of FJV was significantly correlated with the total carotenoid concentration (0·58) (P< 0·01). Fruit and juice consumption showed higher correlations than vegetables with plasma carotenoid concentration (0·38 and 0·42 v. 0·33) (P< 0·01). A total of 82 % of the participants fell into the same or adjacent quartiles when cross-classified by FJV intake and carotenoids biomarkers. WebDASC attained 82 % reporting matches overall and a higher percentage match for reporting fruits compared with beverages. The present study indicated that WebDASC can be used to rank 8- to 11-year-old Danish children according to their intake of FJV overall and at school meals.
Increasing the number of masticatory cycles is associated with reduced appetite and altered postprandial plasma concentrations of gut hormones, insulin and glucose
Authors: Zhu Yong , Hsu Walter H. , Hollis James H.
Published: November 2012

To determine the influence of masticatory efficiency on postprandial satiety and glycaemic response, twenty-one healthy males were recruited for this randomised cross-over trial. The participants consumed a fixed amount of pizza provided in equal-sized portions by chewing each portion either fifteen or forty times before swallowing. Subjective appetite was measured by appetite questionnaires at regular intervals for 3 h after the meal and plasma samples were collected for the measurement of selected satiety-related hormones, glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations. An ad libitum meal was provided shortly after the last blood sample was drawn and the amount eaten recorded. Compared with fifteen chews, chewing forty times per portion resulted in lower hunger (P= 0·009), preoccupation with food (P= 0·005) and desire to eat (P= 0·002). Meanwhile, plasma concentrations of glucose (P= 0·024), insulin (P< 0·001) and GIP (P< 0·001) were higher following the forty-chews meal. Chewing forty times before swallowing also resulted in a higher plasma cholecystokinin concentration (P= 0·045) and a trend towards a lower ghrelin concentration (P= 0·051). However, food intake at the subsequent test meal did not differ (P= 0·851). The results suggest that a higher number of masticatory cycles before swallowing may provide beneficial effects on satiety and facilitate glucose absorption.
FREE MOVEMENT, FEDERALISM AND INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE: A CANADA-EU COMPARISON
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia
Published: November 2012

Although very different in many respects, the EU and Canada nevertheless confront common problems in certain areas. One such common problem is how to manage inter-state regulatory diversity within a federal (or federal-like), multinational system. This paper compares the different ways in which the EU and Canada have chosen to address the problem of national barriers to trade within their internal markets, and the consequences of these choices. It is somewhat counterintuitive for EU lawyers that a full-fledged state may have an internal market that is less integrated than that of the EU; and yet that is the case in Canada. The comparison is illuminating as to the different possible approaches of federal polities to the problem of state regulatory choices and barriers to trade, the paramount importance of institutional choice, and the significance of historical and political circumstances.
THE GOOD CONSTITUTION
Authors: Laws John
Published: November 2012

The “good Constitution” in a democratic country seeks to balance the morality of law and the morality of government. The good Constitution can be considered at the levels of abstraction of the relationship to human rights or of the progression from parliamentary to constitutional supremacy. But this article suggests that the level of the balance between the two moralities is more fruitful. The morality of law focuses on individual rights, the morality of government on the public interest. The constant task of the Constitution is to achieve an accommodation by restraint on the part of both the judges and the executive.
BRIBES AND SECRET COMMISSIONS AGAIN
Authors: Millett Peter
Published: November 2012

Where a fiduciary receives a bribe or a secret commission in breach of fiduciary duty it remains controversial whether the bribe or secret commission will be held on constructive trust for the principal. The Court of Appeal has held that in most cases there will only be a personal liability to account. That is incorrect. The duty of the fiduciary is to serve the interest of the principal to the exclusion of his own interest. A fiduciary who keeps a profit for himself abuses the trust and confidence placed in him by the principal. He is bound to hand it over to his principal the moment he receives it. Equity's response to a breach of this duty is to enforce the duty by means of the constructive trust.
MAPPING LEGAL RESEARCH
Authors: Siems Mathias M. , Mac Síthigh Daithí
Published: November 2012

This article aims to map the position of academic legal research, using a distinction between “law as a practical discipline”, “law as humanities” and “law as social sciences” as a conceptual framework. Having explained this framework, we address both the “macro” and “micro” level of legal research in the UK. For this purpose, we have collected information on the position of all law schools within the structure of their respective universities. We also introduce “ternary plots” as a new way of explaining individual research preferences. Our general result is that all three categories play a role within the context of UK legal academia, though the relationship between the “macro” and the “micro” level is not always straight-forward. We also provide comparisons with the US and Germany and show that in all three countries law as an academic tradition has been constantly evolving, raising questions such as whether the UK could or should move further to a social science model already dominant in the US.
Panoramic Vision, Telegraphic Language: Selling the American West, 1869–1884
Authors: RAAB JENNIFER
Published: November 2012

Along with Appleton and Rand McNally, George A. Crofutt helped to establish and popularize the genre of the general traveller's guidebook in the United States. From 1869 to 1884, Crofutt would sell millions of his guides to the American West, which he distinguished from the competition by including copious illustrations. Although the guidebooks claim to arrange and order the West for easy, and almost passive, consumption – to “tell you what is worth seeing” – this article argues that there are two different yet also complimentary modes of representation operating in these popular works. While the images express a “panoramic” mode of vision, evoking the mythology of the endless frontier and a divinely inspired manifest destiny, the text exemplifies a “telegraphic” language based on instantaneity, fragmentation, and velocity – the thrilling, and disorienting, compression of time and space made possible by the railroad and the telegraph. Crofutt's railroad guidebooks mark a double transition: a historical shift in the concept of the West as a limitless, undefined frontier to a region of commerce and culture, and a corresponding aesthetic shift from a mode of representation based upon mythic expansiveness to one that mimics discrete aspects of modernity.
Lactobacillus plantarumisolated from kefir protects vero cells from cytotoxicity by type-II shiga toxin fromEscherichia coliO157:H7
Authors: Kakisu Emiliano , Abraham Analía G. , Tironi Farinati Carla , Ibarra Cristina , De Antoni Graciela L.
Published: November 2012

Kefir is a fermented-milk beverage originating and widely consumed in the Caucasus as well as in Eastern Europe and is a source of bacteria with potential probiotic properties. EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliproducing Shiga toxin is commonly associated with food-transmitted diseases; the most prevalent serotype causing epidemics isEsch. coliO157:H7. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antagonism ofLactobacillus plantarumisolated from kefir against the action on Vero cells of supernatants of theEsch. coliO157:H7 strain 69160 expressing the type-II Shiga toxin (Stx2) and to study the role of theLactobacilluscell wall in that inhibition. Spent culture supernatants ofEsch. coliO157:H7 strain 69160 led to cytotoxic effects on cultured eukaryotic cells as evidenced by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide–cleavage assay or by lactate-dehyrogenase release.Lb. plantarumCIDCA 83114 reduced the cytotoxic activity of Stx present in strain-69160 supernatants, and this protection was markedly higher than those ofLactobacillus kefirCIDCA 83113 and 8348 andLb. delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusCIDCA 333. This antagonism of cytotoxicity was mimicked byLb. plantarumcell walls but was reduced after heating or protease treatments, thus indicating a protein or peptide as being involved in the protection mechanism. The cell surface of the lactobacilli bound the subunit B of Stx thereby decreasing the cytotoxicity. These interactions could constitute the first step in preventing the damage induced byEsch. coliO157:H7 supernatants, thus representing a valuable means of potentially mitigating the noxious effects of this food pathogen.
Robustness of near-infrared calibration models for the prediction of milk constituents during the milking process
Authors: Melfsen Andreas , Hartung Eberhard , Haeussermann Angelika
Published: November 2012

The robustness of in-line raw milk analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was tested with respect to the prediction of the raw milk contents fat, protein and lactose. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of raw milk (n = 3119) were acquired on three different farms during the milking process of 354 milkings over a period of six months. Calibration models were calculated for: a random data set of each farm (fully random internal calibration); first two thirds of the visits per farm (internal calibration); whole datasets of two of the three farms (external calibration), and combinations of external and internal datasets. Validation was done either on the remaining data set per farm (internal validation) or on data of the remaining farms (external validation). Excellent calibration results were obtained when fully randomised internal calibration sets were used for milk analysis. In this case, RPD values of around ten, five and three for the prediction of fat, protein and lactose content, respectively, were achieved. Farm internal calibrations achieved much poorer prediction results especially for the prediction of protein and lactose with RPD values of around two and one respectively. The prediction accuracy improved when validation was done on spectra of an external farm, mainly due to the higher sample variation in external calibration sets in terms of feeding diets and individual cow effects. The results showed that further improvements were achieved when additional farm information was added to the calibration set. One of the main requirements towards a robust calibration model is the ability to predict milk constituents in unknown future milk samples. The robustness and quality of prediction increases with increasing variation of, e.g., feeding and cow individual milk composition in the calibration model.
Gastrointestinal helminth communities of the blackspot seabreamPagellus bogaraveo(Teleostei: Sparidae) from Portuguese north-east Atlantic waters
Authors: Hermida M. , Cruz C. , Saraiva A.
Published: November 2012

A study was carried out on the gastrointestinal helminth communities of blackspot seabream,Pagellus bogaraveo, from the Portuguese mainland and island waters. Fifteen helminth parasite species were detected, including the following new records in this host: the digeneansAccacladocoelium petasiporum,Brachyenteron helicoleni,Glomericirrus macrouri,Lecithocladium excisum,Lepocreadium albumandPachycreadium carnosum; the nematodeCamallanussp. and the acanthocephalanRhadinorhynchus pristis. Infection levels were generally low. Samples from mainland waters had a significantly higher prevalence of digeneans than those from the islands, probably due to the greater availability of invertebrate intermediate hosts on the continental slope. The helminth community ofP. bogaraveofrom Azores was diverse but mostly composed of species that infected no more than a single host, whereas in Madeira the helminth community was very depauperate. Most helminth species exhibited niche preferences within the gastrointestinal tract of the host. Higher functional richness and evenness were obtained in helminth communities ofP. bogaraveofrom mainland waters, indicating a balanced use of available resources, which is suggestive of more stable gastrointestinal helminth communities in these waters.
The production of mammalian trematode infective stages by the snail Galba truncatula
Authors: Rondelaud D. , Mouzet R. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G. , Cabaret J.
Published: November 2012

Several experiments on the breeding of trematode-infected Galba truncatula for obtaining and packaging Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi metacercariae were carried out to determine the more convenient methods to use for commercial production of these infective stages. Compared to the breeding of infected snails in aquaterraria, the use of 14-cm Petri dishes allowed a greater prevalence of snail infection and a higher number of metacercariae. The production of these larvae was still 2.3–3.4 times greater if infected snails were dissected during the patent period. The aspiration of these metacercariae at the extremity of a Pasteur pipette significantly shortens the time necessary for their transfer from Petri dishes to Eppendorf tubes. Using 14-cm Petri dishes, snail dissection and metacercarial aspiration for their transfer strongly reduce the cost price for metacercarial production of the trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi.