bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Ultrasonic Assisted Dye Removal: Modeling and Optimization
Authors: Pourabadeh Amirasad , Mehdizadeh Bentolhoda , Shojaei Siroos , Davoodabadi Farahani Meysam , Shojaei Saeed
Published: February 2022

The article's abstract is not available.
The relationship between upper extremity pain and ultrasound use in the perinatologist
Authors: YENİGÜL Ali Erkan , ERCAN Fedi
Published: February 2022

Objectives: To examine the relationship between upper extremity problems and the performance of abdominal sonography to provide an understanding of the prevalence of upper extremity pain among perinatologist.
Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective trial between June-August 2020. The online questionnaire prepared by the researchers was completed by volunteer perinatologists. It included topics such as age, gender, years of perinatology specialist experience, average number of patients per week, minutes each patient’s examination lasted and other demographic data is performed. Perinatologists with upper extremity pain were assigned to group 1. Group 2 comprised those who had no upper extremity pain. Patients in group 1 were divided into two subgroups according to pain intensity. All data were compared between groups.
Results: Overall, 115 perinatologists participated in this research. Of all participants, 82 (71.3%) had upper extremity pain, and 33 (28.7%) had no upper extremity pain. No significant relationship was observed for age, gender, average number of ultrasound examinations per day, or time allotted for each patient's examination between group 1 and 2. Providers performed perinatology services for 5 years (range: 1-23 years) in subgroup 1A and for 7 years (range: 1-23 years) in subgroup 1B (p = 0.02).
Conclusions: Upper extremity pain caused by intensive ultrasound use is common in perinatologists; as the years in the profession increase, the frequency and severity of these pains may increase.
Solidarność zawodowa jako wynik socjalizacji wtórnej. Na przykładzie zawodu lekarza
Authors: Byczkowska Dominika
Published: February 2022

Artykuł ten prezentuje wnioski z badań przeprowadzonych w oparciu o metodologię teorii ugruntowanej z wykorzystaniem jakościowych technik badawczych. W artykule zaprezentowane zostały elementy i mechanizmy budowania i podtrzymywania solidarności zawodowej lekarzy, stosowane w trakcie edukacji na uczelni medycznej. Są nimi: przekazywane w procesie nauczania techniki neutralizacyjne, stechnicyzowany język, wiedza merytoryczna i tzw. niby-wiedza, monopolizacja czasu, wyznawane przez środowisko wartości, samokontrola, wspieranie członków swojego środowiska oraz występujące tu rytuały inicjacyjne i integracyjne.
Badacz i jego poszukiwania w świetle „Analizy Sytuacyjnej” Adele E. Clarke
Authors: Kacperczyk Anna
Published: February 2022

Artykuł prezentuje nowe podejście w analizie danych jakościowych rozwijane przez Adele E. Clarke (2003, 2005) i nazywane przez nią „analizą sytuacyjną”. Projekt Clarke ma na celu propagować i ożywić metodologię teorii ugruntowanej po postmodernistycznym zwrocie i skierować ją w stronę konstruktywistycznych epistemologii. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane główne tezy podejścia Clarke: krytyka tradycyjnej teorii ugruntowanej, projekt ugruntowanego teoretyzowania przy użyciu map sytuacyjnych, map społecznych światów i aren oraz map pozycyjnych, warunki stosowania tego rodzaju metod kartograficznych i diagramów. Autorka artykułu podejmuje dyskusję z prezentowanym podejściem, rozważając epistemologiczny status kluczowego w koncepcji Clarke pojęcia „sytuacji”, efekt przesunięcia ogniska uwagi z działań społecznych na ich kontekst, epistemologiczny status wprowadzanych przez Clarke do analizy nonhuman actants oraz problem prekonceptualizacji podejścia Clarke.
Meandry dialogu. Polacy i Żydzi w dyskursie prasowym międzywojennego Białegostoku
Authors: Sztop-Rutkowska Katarzyna
Published: February 2022

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia próbę zastosowania pojęcia dyskursu w badaniu zjawiska etniczności. Głównymi inspiracjami teoretycznymi były prace związane z dwoma nurtami krytycznej analizy dyskursu: szkołą wiedeńską (R. Wodak) oraz kognitywną analizą dyskursu (T. van Dijk). Zbadano jeden z historycznych przejawów publicznego dyskursu etnicznego dotyczącego stosunków polsko-żydowskich prezentowanych w międzywojennej lokalnej prasie w Białymstoku.
The Utility of Participatory Action Research in the Nursing Field: A Scoping Review
Authors: Effendy Christantie , Margaret Sumarti Endah Purnamaningsih Maria , Probandari Ari
Published: February 2022

Participatory action research (PAR) is a method of inquiry that promotes a collaborative approach to knowledge creation. This article examined areas of research interest that included PAR methods, highlighting the areas of improvement that such approaches might offer to researchers and scientists in the nursing field. Among the 20 included studies, participatory concepts are more likely used to direct research design than to select participants. About two-thirds of the studies reviewed used PAR principles in designing projects. Although only a few research collaborative efforts involved partners in selecting participants, 70% involved participants in data gathering. Participatory approaches to data processing and interpretation were found in over 60% of articles assessed across all content categories. Approximately half of the studies included suggestions for participatory implementation approaches; a quarter discussed participatory ways to disseminate results. The findings demonstrate how researchers are incorporating PAR principles into a variety of areas of nursing research. Promises to fully include participants and promises of reciprocal benefit are essential in order to pursue meaningful PAR.
Using the Profile of Caring: Measuring Nurses ‘Caring for Self and Caring by Their Unit Manager
Authors: Nelson John W.
Published: February 2022

The Caring Factor Survey – Caring for Self and the Caring Factor Survey – Caring of the Manager are 10-item instruments used to assess nurses ‘self-report of caring for self and nurses ‘perception of caring as demonstrated by their unit or department manager, respectively. Each 10-item survey assesses the 10 processes of caring described within Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring. Structural equation modeling was used to assess for item mis-specification (for items that did not belong among the 10 items) among the responses from 1,650 nursing staff from six countries. Three types of invariance testing were then used to assess whether the same items were equally relevant across all participating countries. Results revealed that each survey had six items specified to measure that type of caring relationship (i.e., caring for self and caring by the manager), including five items that were the same in both surveys and one unique item in each. Final items were found to be equally relevant across all participating countries. In a global model, both caring relationships were found to relate to nurses ‘clarity about their role and about the system in which they work, as well as their job satisfaction. Implications for a global study of caring and for impacts on work environments are discussed.
The Profile of Caring
Authors: Nelson John W. , Milutinović Dragana , Kasimovskaya Nataliya , Çelik Asli Sis , Kiliç Dilek , Gözüm Sebahat , Vrbnjak Dominika
Published: February 2022

The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses, and subsequent increases in turnover, have been extensively documented. This article examines a profile of nurses which included (1) the degree to which direct-care nurses are caring for themselves, (2) the degree to which their manager acts in a caring way, (3) the degree to which nurses have clarity about their professional role and about how the system works, and (4) the degree to which nurses are satisfied with essential social and technical dimensions of their jobs, to help understand how some of the critical internal states and working relationships of nurses fit together as a model. To test the model, authors used structural equation modeling with a 35-item measurement tool in three countries (Russia, Serbia, and Turkey; n = 984), replicating a recent 8-country study. Results revealed a good model fit, similar to the original study, despite statistically significant differences in mean scores between the countries studied. Good model fit with a second group of countries, despite differences in mean scores, suggests that results from both studies can be used for a global conversation about how caring, clarity, and job satisfaction in nursing relate to one another. These results provide evidence that health facilities should study variables such as caring for self, caring by the unit or department manager, clarity of role and system, and job satisfaction to learn about, recover, and monitor nurses’ health and experience of work as they emerge from the pandemic.
Using Margaret Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness to Explore Pediatric Nurses’ Pattern Recognition Process
Authors: Wilson Neal Kathleen
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

This study explored pattern recognition practices of experienced pediatric nurses caring for children with chronic, complex healthcare needs and their families. Nurses worked in the inpatient settings of two different freestanding pediatric hospitals.

Methods

Margaret Newman’s theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness (1999) was used to explore the pediatric nurses' experiences. During interviews, participants (n = 8) related their stories in caring for these children and their families. Individual interview data were blended to examine themes.

Results

Participants described people and events in practice that allowed them to use pattern recognition in the care of children with chronic, complex healthcare needs. Pattern recognition developed in acknowledgement of their past experiences in nursing, as well as with each individual patient and family.

Implications for Practice

Participants had the opportunity to reflect on relationships between their day-to-day practice and their experiences building knowledge and understanding in practice. They considered their abilities to move from skills and tasks to appreciating what each patient and family has taught them about their practice of pattern recognition.
Atz’am k’ik’ atz’am: The Story of Xuwan and a Grammatical Sketch of Chuj
Authors:   McGill University, Canada, Royer Justin , Pedro Pedro Mateo ,   University of Toronto, Canada, Carolan Elizabeth ,   McGill University, Canada, Coon Jessica ,   McGill University, Canada, Torres Matal ,   McGill University, Canada
Published: February 2022

This article and text provide a new take on the San Mateo Ixtatán saltwater sources from the perspective of Xuwan, a San Mateo resident who for her entire life has been working in the extraction, production, and merchandising of atz’am k’ik’ atz’am ‘the black salt’, a culturally-valued good which forms a quintessential aspect of Chuj life and culture. In addition to recounting her experiences with black salt, Xuwan comments on several other aspects of Chuj life, both in the past and in the present. The article is introduced with a short grammar sketch of Chuj, which highlights the prominent grammatical features found in the text.
The Effect of Integrating DARTs on Learners Academic Performance in Rates of Chemical Reacxtions
Authors: Magawa Peter , Kennedy Kalebaila Kabaso
Published: February 2022

This research examined the effect of integrating DARTs (Directed Activities Related to Texts) on learners’ academic performance in rates of chemical reactions at Raphael Kombe Secondary School in Kabwe, Zambia. A total of 105 participants (N=105) was assigned randomly into control and experimental groups. The control group was taught using collaborative method and the experimental group was taught using DARTs strategy. DARTs strategy is a teaching method which demands a learner centered activity in order to explain the terms and concepts in any science topic hence helps to break the science language barrier. Quantitative data was collected from both groups on three different times using Pre-test, Post-test and Counterbalance test. Quantitative data was tested for normality using Shapiro-Wilk test and normally distributed data was later tested using the Independent samples t-test to compare the achievement mean scores of the two groups.
Delayed Presentation of Sciatic Nerve Injury with Gap
Authors: Acharya Ashwath M , Bhat Anil K , Jyothish Gayathri , Mukadam Aditya
Published: February 2022

Case:

A 35-year-old farmer presented with a foot ulcer on his left flail foot because of a sciatic nerve injury of 1-year duration. A gap of 11 cm was observed in the sciatic nerve for which he underwent 2-staged pedicled peroneal nerve grafting and posterior bone block procedure for the ankle. He had S3 grade sensation at 5-year follow-up without any recurrence of ulcer and a stable foot without external support for walking.

Conclusion:

Staged pedicled peroneal nerve grafting with a posterior bone block procedure is a viable solution for very large sciatic nerve defect with predictable results.
A Displaced Double-Layered Meniscus in a Caucasian Patient
Authors: Fraticelli Nicole C. , Prough Haley A. , Wilcox C. Luke
Published: February 2022

Case:

Double-layered menisci are a rare anatomical variant, with cases identified predominantly in Asian populations. We present a case of Caucasian woman with a double-layered lateral meniscus, in which the accessory lateral meniscus had displaced into the intercondylar notch causing feelings of instability within the right knee. The accessory lateral meniscus was removed through arthroscopic surgery, and the patient had complete resolution of her symptoms postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Double-layered menisci can present similar to bucket-handled meniscus tears if the accessory meniscus displaces into the intercondylar notch. Arthroscopic debridement can be effective at improving clinical symptoms for these patients.
Pendampingan Pengelolaan Sampah Di Bank Sampah Eltari, Cemorokandang, Kecamatan Kedungkandang, Kota Malang
Authors: Kgs Ahmadi , Tantalu Lorine , Supartini Nonok , Indawan Edyson , Sholiqah Imroatus
Published: February 2022

The Eltari Waste Bank is one of the Malang Waste Banks under the guidance of the Malang City Environment Service. Located at Jalan Palmerah RT 02 RW 06, Cemorokandang, Kedungkandang District, Malang City, it provides a place for the process of collecting waste that has been sorted based on conditions and types of waste, both organic and non-organic. Not all residents have understood the importance of sorting waste by type, coupled with the not yet optimal use of non-organic or plastic waste to become goods needed by the community. Through the waste management assistance process by the service team in the form of the introduction of efforts to recycle plastic packaging waste into mats and bags, it is able to increase the productivity of the Eltari Waste Bank. The introduction activity succeeded in attracting the interest of residents around the Waste Bank because in addition to being able to increase the livelihoods of local residents, it can also increase family income up to 25%.
Gerakan Literasi Sains melalui Pengenalan STEAM pada Anak di Komunitas “Panggon Moco” Gresik
Authors: Sumarno Wahyu Kyestiati , Shodikin Ali , Rahmawati Adinda Aulia , Shafira Putri Dian , Solikha Imro’atus
Published: February 2022

Scientific literacy is one of the important literacies that children need to have. However, there are many findings that show the low level of scientific literacy in Indonesian children. "Panggon Moco" is one of the reading park communities (TBM) which was formed due to the community’s concern for the success of the literacy program. Until now, the literacy developed by this community is still limited to reading literacy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop other literacy such as scientific literacy. To answer this challenge, it is necessary to carry out a scientific literacy activities for children in the Panggon Moco community. A learning approach that has been proven to improve scientific literacy in children is STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics). The method of implementing this program includes several activities, namely (1) discussion and equalization of perceptions; (2) making Fun STEAM Lab books; (3) the STEAM experiment; and (4) STEAM literacy assistance. This activity is carried out offline and online. The results obtained from this program are increasing children's understanding of STEAM and increasing students' interest and motivation in learning.
Pendampingan Penerbitan dan Penyiapan Akreditasi Nasional bagi Pengelola Jurnal Bidang Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Semarang
Authors: Parmin  , Pamelasari Stephani Diah , Rahayu Endah Fitriani , Saputra Aji
Published: February 2022

Activities with service journal managers as research targets aim to increase managers' knowledge about management and journal articles' substance quality. Manager's knowledge which is the focus of activities, refers to the accreditation assessment of national journals. The main target of community service activities is the manager of the university service journal in Semarang. The method of mentoring activities is carried out online, divided into two forms: for management and article substance. Evaluation of activities was carried out through analysis of the value of pre-test and post-test questions on journal management and article substance and questionnaire analysis of participants' feedback. The average pre-test score is 65, and the post-test is 84, indicating an increase in knowledge on the target activities. From the mentoring in publishing service journals that have been carried out, the journal manager (the target of the activity) has had broader knowledge about the management and substance of the article. The accreditation simulation in the mentoring process has provided an authentic experience for managers to be more prepared to propose accreditation and reaccreditation of service journals.
Studi Bibliometrik Artikel Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian Periode 2013–2017
Authors: Rahayu Rochani Nani , Tupan Tupan
Published: February 2022

Kajian bibliometrik terhadap artikel Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian periode 2013-2017 dilakukan untuk mengetahui distribusi artikel berdasarkan tahun, nomor terbitan, pola dan tingkat kolaborasi, panjang artikel, rata-rata penulis per artikel, geografi referensi, dan institusi tempat penulis bekerja. Artikel jurnal tersebut diunduh dari http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jpp. Data diolah menggunakan Microsoft Exel 2010 kemudian hasilnya disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa artikel Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian 2013- 2017 berjumlah 50 judul dengan jumlah artikel konstan setiap tahun yakni 10 judul. Penulis tunggal lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan penulis berkolaborasi, yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai tingkat kolaborasi sebesar 0,46. Artikel terbanyak ditulis dengan panjang 7 dan 8 halaman, yaitu masing–masing 13 judul (26%). Rata-rata penulis per artikel setiap tahun sebesar1,60. Referensi dari dalam negeri lebih banyak digunakan dibandingkan dengan referensi dari luar negeri. Kementerian Pertanian merupakan institusi yang paling banyak menyumbang artikel, yakni 25 judul (50%).
Experimental Study of Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition During Immiscible CO2 - EOR Process
Authors: Espinoza Mejia Julia Emilia , Li Xiaoli , Zheng Ruyi
Published: February 2022

The Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) assisted with CO2 injections has been widely addressed. However, limited experimental work has been done for studying the asphaltene precipitation arising during the immiscible CO2 injection processes. This investigation presents experimental phase behavior analyses of asphaltenes instability, determination of asphaltene onset pressures (AOP), characterization, and description of asphaltene precipitation and deposition particles under different reservoir conditions. An advanced fully visual Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) instrument and a Solid Detection System (SDS) are utilized to perform all the measurements in this work. Saturation pressures are measured for the gas and crude oil mixtures with different compositions under different reservoir temperatures in the PVT cell. Changes in pressure, temperature, and volume at each equilibrium state are recorded. The same mixture composition is charged into the SDS. The AOP is then determined by reducing the pressure in the SDS. The upper asphaltene onset pressure (UAOP) is found to increase with the CO2 concentration in the system from 25 to 35 mol% CO2. For 45 mol% CO2, the UAOP is found to be lower than UAOP at 25 mol% CO2. In contrast, the lower asphaltene onset pressure (LAOP) is found to increase with CO2 concentration in all cases. The reversible process of asphaltene precipitation during the de-pressurization process at constant temperature is corroborated with the experiment at 60, 90, and 120 °C for the composition of 25 mol% of CO2 and at 90 and 120 °C for the composition of 35 mol% of CO2. The rest of the cases presented asphaltene deposition, which is considered an irreversible process because the asphaltene particles cannot be re-peptized into the liquid phase by the effect of pressure. By contrast, the complete re-peptization of asphaltenes during the re-pressurization is more effective at lower gas injection fractions (25, 35 mol% CO2) and higher temperatures (90, 120 °C). The maximum quantity and size of asphaltene particles are found near the bubble point pressure for all cases. The asphaltenes particles do not have a specific shape, and their colors vary from brown to black. The amount of asphaltene precipitation increase with the gas fraction by the effect of the micro-aggregates-clusters formation being able to reach the stage of aging or irreversible asphaltene deposition. Conversely, lower asphaltene precipitation is shown with the increment of temperature for 25 mol% CO2. This experimental work attempts to analyze the asphaltene precipitation phase behavior and particles observation relationship when CO2 is injected at different gas proportions and under different reservoir temperatures. The results from this effort provide significant support to the areas of asphaltene phase behavior characterization and formation damage control.
A Novel Single-Stage Sandstone Acidizing Fluid
Authors: Zhao Haiyan , Ziauddin Murtaza , Abivin Patrice , Yusuf Temiloluwa , Karazincir Oya , Williams Wade , Comeaux Bruce
Published: February 2022

Sandstone acidizing operations usually include solvent and acid preflush, main acid treatment, and post-flush stages. However, the acid preflush stage needs good design and execution to prevent formation damage. Moreover, multiple-stage operations require large-volume fluids and pumping time. Therefore, it is challenging to stimulate sandstone formations, especially those with high clay and carbonate content. A novel single-stage acid has been developed to overcome these challenges and improve the stimulation success rate in a cost-effective manner.

The application of the new acid system has been studied in laboratory testing. Core flow tests were performed to evaluate the stimulation performance with Berea Gray and Bandera Gray from 160° to 300°F. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) instrument was used to analyze the ions in the spent acid effluent. The performance was compared with mud acid and organic mud acid. The acid-rock reactions were studied by batch reactor tests. Compatibility with crude oil and mutual solvent was also tested.

The results of core flow tests have shown that the new acid was used to treat the sandstone cores effectively at temperatures from 160° to 300°F. The regained permeability range varies from 115% to 400% under different conditions. The new acid provided similar or better performance compared with the combination of acid preflush and mud acid or organic mud acid. High concentrations of Al and Si were observed in the spent acid effluents by ICP analysis, indicating the high dissolution capacity of clays by the new acid. The new acid is highly compatible with carbonate, which was supported by the high concentrations of Ca and Mg in the spent acid. Both core flow tests and batch reactor tests have shown that the new acid stabilizes the problematic ions (Al, Ca, Mg and Fe) in the spent acid. The new acid is compatible with mutual solvent from the core flow tests; therefore, the mutual solvent preflush can be eliminated. The new acid also has good corrosion control due to the relatively high pH compared with mud acid.

Overall, the new single stage acid has been used to stimulate the sandstone cores successfully without acid preflush and solvent preflush. A differentiating characteristic of the fluid is that it greatly reduces the risk of treatment failure by reducing primary, secondary, and tertiary precipitation, while maintaining high dissolving power for clays. It uses a different, more cost-effective chemical pathway to stabilize problematic ions compared to traditional single-step sandstone acidizing systems. The new fluid simplifies operation by reducing the total treatment fluid volume, the total number of fluid stages, and the number of fluid types needed at the wellsite.
Performant Non-Emulsifiers for High-Brine and Acidizing Applications
Authors: Stanciu Cornell , Fernandez Jorge M. , Sokhanvarian Khatere
Published: February 2022

Oil production is accompanied by water production in various ratios. This poses additional challenges to the industry as oftentimes the typically immiscible liquids form stable emulsions that need to be broken further and the two phases separated, incurring supplemental production costs. In stimulation operations such as hydraulic fracturing or acidizing, emulsions can form due to the presence of aromatic and naphthenic compounds in the crude oil along with surfactants present in the pumped fluid. Additional complications arise in the acidizing treatments since the acids used can further stabilize the emulsion with crude oil, making the phase separation even more difficult. This paper discusses simple 3- and 4-component formulations based on non-ionic surfactants and solvent/co-solvent that were successfully used as demulsifiers (DE), non-emulsifiers (NE) and weakly emulsifiers (WE) over a range of medium and heavy crude oils.

A range of 3 medium and heavy crude oils were emulsified in a 1:1 ratio with either synthetic seawater or with 15-20% HCl. A composition analysis was run on the selected crude oils to determine the likelihood of the best formulation candidates to maintain their effectiveness in other crude oils. A comprehensive solvent/surfactant screening was performed aiming to find the best formulation that would work in each case. The best performers from the screening were further optimized and tested against commercial demulsifiers and their performance evaluated and discussed.

The study resulted in the design of a few successful formulations that showed great performance over the range of crude oils utilized. The top candidates consisted of a 4-component formulation for the high brine and a 3-component formulation for the acidizing application and they worked well both as NE and as DE. Other formulations showed good performance as WE. The NE/DE compositions met the general performance criteria of providing complete phase separation within 5 minutes and with no emulsification. The WE formulations provided similar performance with the only difference that some emulsification occurred, as evidenced by the water layer taking up a slight color.

The formulations discussed in this paper provide the operator with a series of benefits, among which: on par or better performance with similar commercial products, do not involve use of polymers that can have adverse effects on the downhole formation or pose supplemental challenges during downstream processing and have a better environmental profile, as they are not based on phenol, amine or sulfonate derivatives.
Stimulation Treatment Design Compatible with Glass Reinforced Epoxy Lining
Authors: Bird Anastasia , Espinoza-Perez Judith , Mahadev Karthik , Sixt John
Published: February 2022

Glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) lining is a polymer composite material, the main components of which are a thermosetting resin and a fiberglass reinforcement. The combined properties of its components result in a material with excellent chemical, thermal and mechanical performance. GRE lining is typically used as a coating on production tubulars in oil wells to protect metallurgy of tubulars from corrosive environments, thereby extending the life of tubulars and realizing cost savings. GRE lining is chemically compatible with many acids used in well stimulation to restore productivity. Typical acids such as hydrochloric, formic, acetic etc. involve carbonate removal followed using hydrofluoric (HF) based acids for removal of small formation particles. However, the use of HF is typically not recommended in GRE lined tubulars due to potential interactions with HF. Yet, in most sandstone reservoirs, HF fluids contribute greatly to restoring well productivity due to formation damage removal related to fines and clays. While GRE lining is a well-known technology, its chemical compatibility with acids is challenging to predict due to its heterogenous nature and requires specific testing to understand potential for mechanical degradation.

Prior studies at BP focused on evaluation of GRE performance with 9% HCl: 1% HF under ambient boundary conditions of 77°F for 24 hours. These tests caused unacceptable levels of mechanical degradation to GRE and plans to execute stimulation treatments in GRE lined wells were abandoned. However, an increasing number of GRE lined underperforming water injector well stock necessitated a less aggressive acid design involving 0.5% HF. Therefore, 0.5% HF was assessed for GRE lining compatibility, mechanical and physical property changes under specific well boundary conditions at elevated temperatures of 120°F and 140°F and extended times of up to 72 hours. Core flow tests were also carried out to evaluate the effect of GRE exposed acid to any potential for formation damage.

This study demonstrated that exposure of GRE lining to 0.5% HF resulted in acceptable retention of mechanical properties and did not show any formation damage impacts. These results were also reflected in field performance where a significant injectivity index improvement of >4 was achieved, thereby opening the door to a significant increase in number of GRE lined wells to be treated across multiple regions.
Deepwater Gas Injector Wells: Overcoming the Challenge of Achieving Matrix Injectivity
Authors: Manzoleloua Cedric , Nguyen Chau , Okhrimenko Albert , Traboulay Vaughn , Gamargo Mauro , Li David
Published: February 2022

As fields mature, they start depleting and require assistance to help extend production and enhance hydrocarbon recovery. The introduction of injector wells in producing fields is a commonly used pressure maintenance method which consists of injecting water or gas to maintain reservoir pressure and/or sweep hydrocarbons toward producer wells. Injector wells, requiring matrix injectivity, are typically drilled using reservoir drill-in fluids (RDIF) as they minimize near wellbore damage while drilling and lay down a high-quality acid-soluble filtercake (Dick et al. 2003). The slow and uniform dissolution of the filtercake is achieved by spotting a delayed breaker solution to allow time for pulling out the lower completion running string and closing the formation isolation valve (FIV) without causing losses.

For two deepwater gas injector wells recently drilled in the Guyana Surinam Basin, a 11.9 lbm/gal RDIF was necessary and presented a design challenge of meeting both the deepwater reservoir drill-in and post-completion matrix injectivity requirements.

A reversible non-aqueous RDIF system using a calcium bromide brine as the internal phase and formulated at 50/50 oil-water ratio (OWR) was selected to meet the drilling challenges. Such challenges included maintaining wellbore stability while drilling interbedded shale and controlling equivalent circulating density (ECD) below the fracture gradient at the desired rate of penetration (ROP). They also included depositing a thin, ultra-low permeability and acid-soluble filtercake. A newly developed breaker was customized to provide a 4-hour delay at bottom-hole temperature (250°F) permitting a safe pull out of the inner string above the FIV and then slowly dissolve the filtercake to restore near wellbore permeability and enable matrix injectivity.

Both the recommended RDIF and delayed breaker formulations were d used in the field during reservoir drill-in and lower completion operations of the two deepwater gas injector wells. Post-completion well tests confirmed that the two wells have achieved maximum gas injectivity below fracture gradient, meeting customer expectations.

This paper discusses the results of extensive laboratory tests that were necessary for the selection and the customization of both the RDIF and the delayed breaker and the field performance of the two fluids.
Formation Damage by Fines Breakage and Migration
Authors: Hashemi Abolfazl , Borazjani Sara , Dang-Le Bryant , Yin Loi Grace , Nguyen Cao Cuong , Badalyan Alex , Bedrikovetsky Pavel
Published: February 2022

Fines migration is one of the most drastic causes for formation damage - the detached clays migrate and impairs well productivity. Two types of damaging clays are encountered in petroleum reservoirs: authigenic clays that grew on the grain surfaces during geological times, and detrital clays that have been broken off the grains by local stresses. Detailed laboratory and mathematical modelling have been carried out for detrital-clay formation damage. The theory for formation damage by authigenic clays is not available. The aim of this work is the development of a laboratory procedure to estimate formation damage by authigenic clays and the derivation of a mathematical model for core scale. We performed two test of corefloods using Castlegate core samples. In the first test, injection rate increased in a stepwise manner up to 100 mL/min and in the second one up to a 200mL/min to make sure both detrital and authigenic particles are detached. The pressure drop across the overall core and the concentration of the fine in the produced fluid have been measured. We have derived equations for authigenic-fines detachment using the beam theory and the von Mises failure criteria to obtain analytical solutions for linear system of equations. Matching the laboratory data by the analytical model allows determining the percentage of authigenic and detrital clays in the cores. The laboratory data exhibit a good match with the mathematical model for the two coreflood tests. The non-monotonic change of the concentration of the detached fine, with the initial and final risings, determines the type curve that evidence the mobilization of both, authigenic and detrital clays. The treatment of the measured data in test#2 shows that 82% of the initial attached particles are authigenic. The model parameters in order of decrease of their sensitivity are contact-bond radius, pore radius, particle size, lever-arm ratio, tensile strength and aspect ratio. A novel experimental procedure to determine fines-migration formation damage by authigenic and detrital clays was developed. A newly derived mathematical model allows determining the model coefficients from the laboratory tests and predict future detachment rate of authigenic and detrital particles.
A Case Study: Improvement in Asphaltene Remediation by Focusing on Zonal Coverage and Flowback Efficiency
Authors: Houchin Lanne R. , Granizo Dorian , Conine Joseph
Published: February 2022

As fields in the Deepwater and Ultra Deepwater areas in the Gulf of Mexico have matured, the frequency of asphaltene deposition within the reservoir has increased significantly. Operators reported that solvent treatments show initial production response but diminishing results and shorter treatment life with subsequent treatments. A field case study was undertaken to examine current best practices and identify opportunities for improvement. Areas needing improvement included targeting the less soluble age hardened asphaltene deposits, zonal coverage, and extending treatment life. This case study showed that measurable improvements were achieved on high asphaltene produing wells by utilizing new novel chemistry, better placement to facilitate longer soak times, effective diverting, and optimizing mechanical techniques.
Novel Approach in Deploying Filter Cake Breaker Post Open Hole Gravel Pack with Non-Aqueous Gravel Pack Carrier Fluid in Reservoir with Reactive Shales
Authors: Aung Tint Htoo , Djenani Romain , Byrd Aaron , Beavers Matt , Manzoleloua Cedric , Green Sarah , Gadiyar Balkrishna
Published: February 2022

Non-aqueous gravel pack carrier fluids (GPCF) have been introduced into the industry to eliminate the risks associated with the water-based carrier fluids in the presence of reactive shale interbeds in the reservoir. However, non-aqueous GPCF pose a significant barrier to the effective deployment of post-gravel pack filter cake breaker (FCB) application because all FCB systems are water-based. Therefore, a novel approach was developed for FCB application in non-aqueous GPCF environment to improve the efficiency of the FCB and the overall well performance.

The non-aqueous GPCF was redesigned from ground up to promote the better diffusion of the FCB. This was accomplished by introducing a reversible emulsifier package into the non-aqueous GPCF design which allows the gravel to change wettability from an oil-wet state to a water-wet state when a low pH solution i.e., breaker is spotted inside the sand screens after the open hoel gravel pack (OHGP). To complement this, the FCB design was deconstructed, and the in-situ breaker component was blended with the gravel. The concept was to incorporate the in-situ breaker component into the gravel pore space which would promote better diffusion of FCB through the reversible non-aqueous GPCP. The in-situ breaker component is inert to the carrier fluid until it is activated by the temperature and water posing no threat to the stability of the carrier fluid while pumping.

The innovative approach was tested in the laboratory setting using ceramic disks and return to flow method to prove the concept before conducting an elaborate return permeability testing with the reservoir core plugs for the final validation. Return to flow method indicated that the novel approach could improve the results by at least 10% compared to the baseline test with no breaker application. In the return permeability tests with reservoir core plugs, the novel approach resulted in 76% of the initial permeability whereas the baseline test was only 50%. Both the tests with ceramic disks and full-sequence formation damage tests with actual reservoir cores highlighted the benefits of the novel approach for gravel packing with non-aqueous GPCF and post-gravel pack FCB scenario.

Non-aqueous GPCFs are relatively new to the industry and no record of the filter cake breaker application in such environment exists. This novel approach makes the filter cake breaker application possible in non-aqueous environment and pushes the existing boundaries of filter cake breaker chemistries.
Real-Time Performance Optimization to Prevent Productivity Decline in Deep Offshore Producers
Authors: Izgec Bulent , Kalfayan Leonard
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a continuous well performance analysis technique that identifies formation damage and/or productivity loss real-time. It also provides insights into expected damage mechanisms enabling successful and efficient stimulation treatments.

The analytical technique recognizes damage patterns at inception. The diagnostics to drive operational decisions are then presented as simple cartesian plots that grant easy access to users of all levels of experience. During initial well ramp-ups, the diagnostic plots can be automated with high frequency data. After reaching target drawdowns, low frequency data provides optimum surveillance.

Case studies from several deepwater Gulf of Mexico wells demonstrate how the technique has been successfully operationalized to eliminate productivity loss, gain early insight into damage mechanisms, and investigate the impact of well interventions. Comparisons with pressure transient analysis and numerical history matching studies with all completion details corroborate the robustness of the method.

Shutting in the wells is not required for the analysis, therefore lost production and additional stress cycles on the completion are eliminated. The analysis also identifies the maximum drawdown limit, thereby helping the operator optimize well performance real-time.
High Viscosity Friction Reducer that Minimizes Damage to Conductivity
Authors: Vazquez Zoraida , Smith Clayton S , Emery Nathan , Babey Andrew , Kakadjian Sarkis , Trego Keith
Published: February 2022

Friction reducers (FRs) are commonly used in Slickwater fracturing operations to enhance oil and gas production. They are essential in reducing the frictional forces that develop along the pipe wall while pumping at high flow rates while placing proppant into fractures created in reservoirs. Standard friction reducers were historically designed for potable water and to carry proppant into the reservoir by pumping fluids at a high flow rate. They were designed to utilize turbulence for transport, however their proppant carrying capacity is limited. To maximize proppant loading into these unconventional wells, High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFRs) have been successfully introduced. They have the ability to reduce water consumption, minimizing chemical usage and require less operating equipment on location. Most importantly, they have better proppant transport capability which keeps the fractures in the rock open for long term production. However, some concerns remain of potential conductivity damage that might occur when using these high molecular weight polyacrylamide-based fluids, that constitute a HVFR, at higher concentrations. All current friction reducers are polymers with C-C backbones, which have historically been difficult to degrade on their own. Test show that these polymers can cause conductivity damage even in the presence of oxidizer breakers if not properly selected for the reservoir conditions.

A novel HVFR design was developed to minimize formation damage when fracturing designs call for the use of HVFRs. The chemistry was engineered to be self-breaking at low concentrations, causing the bonds in the polymer to hydrolyze with elevated temperature and exposure over time. This approach results in a reduction of the residue left in the proppant pack upon flowback for a better clean-up process. This HVFR was used in a Permian field, where the operator saw an increase of 150% over the expected production that continued through the writing of this paper 90+ days. This paper will discuss the laboratory work done to evaluate the reduction of conductivity damage to the proppant pack as well highlight how this new engineered design translated into improved estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) on field trials in the Permian basin.
Completion Standardization Utilizing Conformable Sand Screen Technology in Multilayered Ultrafine Sand Reservoir
Authors: Simancas Ricardo Gomez , de Sa Carlos , Timoteo Yuri , Gomez-Nava Sandra , Weirich John B. , Forsyth Robert E. , Garza Ramon R. , Gomes Guenji Jose , Gandomkar Arjang
Published: February 2022

The development activities of CABGOC Block 0 pose various challenges to completion design. Multiple types of reservoirs are encountered, while it is also critical ensuring field development remains economic. Completion standardization has been an important tool to maximize operational efficiency and reduce costs of installation. Nonetheless, given the variety of reservoir types found in the area of operation, few completion types are required to solve most of the cases. Despite of having successfully implemented completion standards in several types of reservoirs, there was a gap on the type of completion to efficiently drain multilayered fine particle reservoirs with sanding tendencies. These field characteristics make standard completion techniques difficult to deploy, therefore a novel conformable sand screen solution was selected for a field trial.

This paper describes the plan, preparation, execution, and the results of the conformable sand screen deployment in CABGOC's N'Singa field. Furthermore, it demonstrates how effective the conformable sand control technology can be established for a multi zone open hole type of reservoir. Integral zonal isolation and flow control of various zones provided flexibility in production management for a four well campaign. The Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) conformable sand screen technology was key to produce sand free from the fine particle sands in this marginal field in Cabinda Province offshore Angola.

Unlike the conventional sand control technique, the conformable sand management system selected for this field trial leverages a unique SMP material that expands downhole in the presence of an activation fluid and conforms to the borehole wall. Compatibility and expansion tests were conducted in the planning stage to validate screen conformance with selected completion fluids. Tests were also used to define deployment procedures and optimal fluids management practices for the completion operation.

Installation was successful on all four wells as per plan. All equipment and fluids were managed and operated efficiently with flawless execution. The wells were brought to production and the results confirmed the effectiveness of the technology in terms of sand retention, and completion efficiency during production. The project was concluded with significant reduction in rig time, personnel requirement, fluid management, and pumping operations. This allowed for selective production of reservoir that would not have been possible with standard techniques. Additionally, the obtained results facilitated the decision to implement conformable sand screens as standard completion design for other fields in the reservoir with similar challenges as those observed in N'Singa.