bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population structure discovered in juveniles of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoidesWalbaum, 1792)
Authors: Gíslason Davíð , Estévez-Barcia Daniel , Sveinsson Sæmundur , Hansen Agneta , Roy Denis , Treble Margaret , Boje Jesper , Vihtakari Mikko , Elvarsson Bjarki Þór , Hedges Kevin , Hallfredsson Elvar H , Johansen Torild
Published: February 2023

Understanding the genetic differentiation among populations of most marine fish requires investigating the differences among spawning grounds. However, this can be challenging as spawning grounds for some species are not well known, or spawning fish are difficult to collect. An alternative is to collect juvenile fish in nursery habitats closely associated with potential spawning grounds. Greenland halibut is a deep-dwelling, commercially important species with at least two identified major offshore spawning grounds in the North Atlantic and weak genetic differentiation across the Atlantic. In this study, we sampled juveniles from three sites representing the Davis Strait spawning area in the northwest Atlantic and one site in the northeast Atlantic representing the primary spawning area along the western slope of the Barents Sea. We applied genotype by sequencing and discovered 90 genetic markers that could be used to assess genetic differentiation among the four sites. The northeast and northwest Atlantic showed major genetic differentiation, supporting the existence of the two primary spawning clusters. Additionally, we found genetic differentiation between the three northwest Atlantic samples implying the existence of more than one spawning area in the northwest.
Scattering resonances in unbounded transmission problems with sign-changing coefficient
Authors: Carvalho Camille , Moitier Zoïs
Published: February 2023

It is well known that classical optical cavities can exhibit localized phenomena associated with scattering resonances, leading to numerical instabilities in approximating the solution. This result can be established via the ‘quasimodes to resonances’ argument from the black box scattering framework. Those localized phenomena concentrate at the inner boundary of the cavity and are called whispering gallery modes. In this paper we investigate scattering resonances for unbounded transmission problems with sign-changing coefficient (corresponding to optical cavities with negative optical properties, e.g. made of metamaterials). Due to the change of sign of optical properties, previous results cannot be applied directly, and interface phenomena at the metamaterial-dielectric interface (such as the so-called surface plasmons) emerge. We establish the existence of scattering resonances for arbitrary two-dimensional smooth metamaterial cavities. The proof relies on an asymptotic characterization of the resonances, and shows that problems with sign-changing coefficient naturally fit the black box scattering framework. Our asymptotic analysis reveals that, depending on the metamaterial’s properties, scattering resonances situated close to the real axis are associated with surface plasmons. Examples for several metamaterial cavities are provided.
Electronic health record-based prediction models for in-hospital adverse drug event diagnosis or prognosis: a systematic review
Authors: Yasrebi-de Kom Izak A R , Dongelmans Dave A , de Keizer Nicolette F , Jager Kitty J , Schut Martijn C , Abu-Hanna Ameen , Klopotowska Joanna E
Published: February 2023

Objective

We conducted a systematic review to characterize and critically appraise developed prediction models based on structured electronic health record (EHR) data for adverse drug event (ADE) diagnosis and prognosis in adult hospitalized patients.

Materials and Methods

We searched the Embase and Medline databases (from January 1, 1999, to July 4, 2022) for articles utilizing structured EHR data to develop ADE prediction models for adult inpatients. For our systematic evidence synthesis and critical appraisal, we applied the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS).

Results

Twenty-five articles were included. Studies often did not report crucial information such as patient characteristics or the method for handling missing data. In addition, studies frequently applied inappropriate methods, such as univariable screening for predictor selection. Furthermore, the majority of the studies utilized ADE labels that only described an adverse symptom while not assessing causality or utilizing a causal model. None of the models were externally validated.

Conclusions

Several challenges should be addressed before the models can be widely implemented, including the adherence to reporting standards and the adoption of best practice methods for model development and validation. In addition, we propose a reorientation of the ADE prediction modeling domain to include causality as a fundamental challenge that needs to be addressed in future studies, either through acquiring ADE labels via formal causality assessments or the usage of adverse event labels in combination with causal prediction modeling.
Safety risks and workflow implications associated with nursing-related free-text communication orders
Authors: Staes Catherine , Yusuf Saldi , Hambly Medalit , Phengphoo Saifon , Guo Jia-Wen
Published: February 2023

Objective

We evaluated nursing-related free-text communication orders to identify potential safety hazards and describe patterns and scope of care domains addressed that may reveal preventable workarounds and potential gaps in electronic health record (EHR) functionality.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis of free-text EHR-based communication orders sent to or by nurses providing inpatient care at a major academic health system. Using built-in EHR tools and selection criteria, 13 193 orders were extracted, including 1373 unique orders. Using the Clinical Care Classification system standardized framework, we classified content by care domain and identified unique requests within each order. We reviewed each order for error-prone textual features based on standard patient safety guidance. We describe the distribution of domains, co-occurrence when 2 domains were present, and common patterns.

Results

The 1373 unique orders included a single request (65.3%), 2 requests related to 1 or 2 domains (19%), or 3 or more requests (15.7%). No orders included terms on the Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list. However, 13.6% of unique orders, and 16.7% of those related to medications, included error-prone symbols or abbreviations according to Institute for Safe Medication Practices guidance. Order content spanned 20 different care components but physical regulation, fluid volume, nutritional, safety, and medication were most frequently identified as single or co-occurring topics. Patterns were heterogenous.

Discussion

Free-text communication orders reveal workarounds, responses to upstream workarounds, and design constraints that should be further investigated. Remediation strategies are needed to reduce safety hazards and workflow impediments.

Conclusions

Analysis of free-text communication orders revealed opportunities for improvement.
#Coronavirus on TikTok: user engagement with misinformation as a potential threat to public health behavior
Authors: Baghdadi Jonathan D , Coffey K C , Belcher Rachael , Frisbie James , Hassan Naeemul , Sim Danielle , Malik Rena D
Published: February 2023

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-related misinformation is prevalent online, including on social media. The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with user engagement with COVID-related misinformation on the social media platform, TikTok. A sample of TikTok videos associated with the hashtag #coronavirus was downloaded on September 20, 2020. Misinformation was evaluated on a scale (low, medium, and high) using a codebook developed by experts in infectious diseases. Multivariable modeling was used to evaluate factors associated with number of views and presence of user comments indicating intention to change behavior. One hundred and sixty-six TikTok videos were identified and reviewed. Moderate misinformation was present in 36 (22%) videos viewed a median of 6.8 million times (interquartile range [IQR] 3.6–16 million), and high-level misinformation was present in 11 (7%) videos viewed a median of 9.4 million times (IQR 5.1–18 million). After controlling for characteristics and content, videos containing moderate misinformation were less likely to generate a user response indicating intended behavior change. By contrast, videos containing high-level misinformation were less likely to be viewed but demonstrated a nonsignificant trend towards higher engagement among viewers. COVID-related misinformation is less frequently viewed on TikTok but more likely to engage viewers. Public health authorities can combat misinformation on social media by posting informative content of their own.
Regulation of theMyD88gene in chicken spleen inflammation induced by stress
Authors: Ding Mengxia , Yu Yange , Zhu Zhaoyan , Tian Huihui , Guo Yujie , Zan Ruilong , Tian Yadong , Jiang Ruirui , Li Kui , Sun Guirong , Han Ruili , Li Donghua , Kang Xiangtao , Yan Fengbin
Published: February 2023

In order to investigate the regulatory role of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) gene in the stress inflammatory response to chicken spleen, the chicken stress model and macrophage (HD11) inflammation model were constructed in this study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the effects of MyD88 on immune and inflammatory indicators. The results demonstrated that the levels of IgG, CD3+ and CD4+ in the serum of chickens in the beak trimming stress and heat stress groups decreased significantly compared to the control group without stress (P < 0.05), and the inflammation-related indices IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB increased significantly (P < 0.05). Stress up-regulated the expression levels of MyD88, IL-1β, NF-κB and TLR4 in the spleen, stimulated the release of inflammatory factors. Overexpression of MyD88 significantly up-regulated the expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, NF-κB and TLR4 in HD11 cells (P < 0.05). Co-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further promoted the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines in HD11 cells. Interference with the expression of MyD88 significantly reduced the expression level of inflammatory factors in HD11 cells (P < 0.05) and had an antagonistic effect with LPS to alleviate the inflammatory reaction. In conclusion, the MyD88 gene has a pro-inflammatory effect and is highly expressed in the beak trimming and heat stress models in chicks, regulating the inflammatory response in poultry. It was involved in regulating the expression of immune-related genes in HD11 cells and had a synergistic effect with LPS.
A Systematic Review of ADHD Knowledge Measures and Their Psychometric Support
Authors: Golson Megan E , Brunson McClain Maryellen , Ha Jennifer , Stigler Renae , Bera Jac’lyn , Kieffer Kaelah E B , Gibson Abigail
Published: February 2023

Objective

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) knowledge is associated with reduced stigma, earlier identification, and increased intervention access. Several ADHD knowledge measures have emerged. However, the psychometric quality of these measures varies wildly, and a review of the current psychometric support for ADHD knowledge measures is lacking.

Methods

The current study is a systematic review of ADHD knowledge measures for the reported psychometric support and the populations in which they are validated. The databases PsycINFO, ERIC, and PubMed were searched using PRISMA guidelines for peer-reviewed publications using a direct ADHD knowledge measure for original data collection. An ancestral search and the inclusion of dissertations were used to reduce potential publication bias. Included articles were coded for psychometric support, population of interest, and validation sample characteristics.

Results

A total of 163 articles were identified, including a total of 96 ADHD knowledge measures. The majority of measures (71.8%) did not include adequate psychometric evidence to constitute an evidence-based measure. Within that, approximately a third of ADHD knowledge measures were not accompanied by any psychometric support. Many measures are designed for and validated in only one population. Most studies did not report racial and ethnic validation sample composition; among those that did, there is a lack of diversity.

Conclusions

The lack of psychometric evidence for ADHD knowledge measures calls into question the current literature regarding ADHD knowledge, particularly related to racially and ethnically minoritized respondents with whom few measures have been validated. Implications for researchers and clinicians selecting an ADHD knowledge measure are discussed.
Protective effect of Allium scorodoprasum L. ethanolic extract in cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity model in rats
Authors: Gungor Huseyin , Ekici Mehmet , Karatas Ozhan , Dik Burak
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic agent and immunosuppressant drug; however, it damages the liver. This study investigates the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Allium scorodoprasum (ASE) on cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury.

Methods

Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): healthy rats, cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) + ASE (100 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) + ASE (200 mg/kg). ASE was administered for 14 days, and the rats were euthanized 24 h after cyclophosphamide administration.

Key findings

Cyclophosphamide treatment leads to an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein, as well as an increase in the liver levels of malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, while high-density lipoprotein levels decrease. Treatment with cyclophosphamide caused liver necrosis and postnecrotic cell infiltration; however, pathological changes were prevented by ASE. 8-Hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine, anti-4-hydroxynenal antibody and anti-dityrosine levels increased in rats treated with cyclophosphamide and decreased in the groups treated with ASE. These changes were dose dependent in the ASE-treated groups.

Conclusions

Treatment with cyclophosphamide caused liver damage due to oxidative stress and inflammation. ASE regulated the damage at high doses because it has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients. In future studies, it may be beneficial to administer ASE in higher doses or for longer periods of time.
Handling Missing Values in Surveys With Complex Study Design: A Simulation Study
Authors: Kalpourtzi Natasa , Carpenter James R , Touloumi Giota
Published: February 2023

The inverse probability weighting (IPW) method is commonly used to deal with missing-at-random outcome (response) data collected by surveys with complex sampling designs. However, IPW methods generally assume that fully observed predictor variables are available for all sampled units, and it is unclear how to appropriately implement these methods when one or more independent variables are subject to missing values. Multiple imputation (MI) methods are well suited for a variety of missingness patterns but are not as easily adapted to complex sampling designs. In this case study, we consider the National Survey of Morbidity and Risk Factors (EMENO), a multistage probability sample survey. To understand the strengths and limitations of using either missing data treatment method for the EMENO, we present an extensive simulation study modeled on the EMENO health survey, with the target analysis being the estimation of population prevalence of hypertension as well as the association between hypertension and income. Both variables are subject to missingness. We test a variety of IPW and MI methods in simulation and on empirical data from the survey, assessing robustness by varying missingness mechanisms, proportions of missingness, and strengths of fitted response propensity models.
Musculoskeletal Injuries at the Chinese Peacekeeping Level II Hospital in Wau, South Sudan, 2018-2022
Authors: Sun Chao , Xiong Chengjie , Xu Feng
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) are common among U.N. military personnel and cause a substantial toll, but little is known about the actual risks and changes of MSIs. The Chinese level II hospital (CHN L2H) was the highest-level hospital in the Western Sector of the U.N. Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). This study reviewed and analyzed the MSIs managed by the CHN L2H in UNMISS.

Methods

Medical records of MSIs in CHN L2H from September 2018 to July 2022 were identified. We analyzed all the MSIs and treatment procedures.

Results

A total of 857 patients from more than 40 countries were included (86.8% men, average age of 37.83 years), consisting of 457 troop-contributing country, 231 U.N. local, and 169 U.N. international personnel. The most common injury was lumbar muscle strain (14.2%). Sports-related mechanism (29.2%) was the most frequent cause of MSIs. The most significant proportions of anatomical regions were the lumbar spine (22.52%), hand (13.77%), and foot (10.97%). No-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (43.99%), physical therapy (20.54%), and immobilization (11.32%) were the most used treatments.

Conclusions

MSIs are common diseases in the CHN L2H in the Western Sector of UNMISS. The universality and complexity of MSIs demonstrate the urgent need to improve prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
KDG 64: a large dwarf spheroidal or a small ultradiffuse satellite of Messier 81
Authors: Afanasiev Anton V , Chilingarian Igor V , Grishin Kirill A , Makarov Dmitry , Makarova Lidia , Fabricant Daniel , Caldwell Nelson , Moran Sean
Published: February 2023

Low-mass early-type galaxies, including dwarf spheroidals (dSph) and brighter dwarf ellipticals (dE), dominate the galaxy population in groups and clusters. Recently, an additional early-type population of more extended ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) has been identified, sparking a discussion on the potential morphological and evolutionary connections between the three classifications. Here, we present the first measurements of spatially resolved stellar kinematics from deep integrated-light spectra of KDG 64 (UGC 5442), a large dSph galaxy in the M 81 group. From these data, we infer stellar population properties and dark matter halo parameters using Jeans dynamical modelling. We find an old, metal-poor stellar population with no young stars and a dark matter mass fraction of ∼90 per cent within the half-light radius. These properties and the position of KDG 64 on the Fundamental Plane indicate that it is a local analogue of smaller UDGs in the Coma and Virgo clusters and is probably a transitional dSph-UDG object. Its evolutionary path cannot be uniquely established from the existing data, but we argue that supernovae feedback and tidal heating played key roles in shaping KDG 64.
Proteasomal pathway inhibition as a potential therapy for NF2-associated meningioma and schwannoma
Authors: Bhattacharyya Srirupa , Oblinger Janet L , Beauchamp Roberta L , Yin Zhenzhen , Erdin Serkan , Koundinya Priya , Ware Anna D , Ferrer Marc , Jordan Justin T , Plotkin Scott R , Xu Lei , Chang Long-Sheng , Ramesh Vijaya
Published: February 2023

Background

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is an inherited disorder caused by bi-allelic inactivation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. NF2-associated tumors, including schwannoma and meningioma, are resistant to chemotherapy, often recurring despite surgery and/or radiation, and have generally shown cytostatic response to signal transduction pathway inhibitors, highlighting the need for improved cytotoxic therapies.

Methods

Leveraging data from our previous high-throughput drug screening in NF2 preclinical models, we identified a class of compounds targeting the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP), and undertook studies using candidate UPP inhibitors, ixazomib/MLN9708, pevonedistat/MLN4924, and TAK-243/MLN7243. Employing human primary and immortalized meningioma (MN) cell lines, CRISPR-modified Schwann cells (SCs), and mouse Nf2−/− SCs, we performed dose response testing, flow cytometry-based Annexin V and cell cycle analyses, and RNA-sequencing to identify potential underlying mechanisms of apoptosis. In vivo efficacy was also assessed in orthotopic NF2-deficient meningioma and schwannoma tumor models.

Results

Testing of three UPP inhibitors demonstrated potent reduction in cell viability and induction of apoptosis for ixazomib or TAK-243, but not pevonedistat. In vitro analyses revealed that ixazomib or TAK-243 downregulates expression of c-KIT and PDGFRα, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 while upregulating genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In vivo treatment of mouse models revealed delayed tumor growth, suggesting a therapeutic potential.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the efficacy of proteasomal pathway inhibitors in meningioma and schwannoma preclinical models and lays the groundwork for use of these drugs as a promising novel treatment strategy for NF2 patients.
Roman Collegia
Authors: Liu Jinyu
Published: February 2023

The term collegium (singular)/collegia (plural) here encompasses diverse linguistic labels such as corpus, synodos, thiasos, and so on that denoted unofficial, non-state, or private associations. Although also called collegia, the sacerdotal colleges at Rome and the other official organizations are not the focus of collegia scholarship. A collegium would have formal features including a name, collegial by-laws, a common treasury, and often meeting places as well as benefactors and/or patrons. While the sizes, membership compositions, recruitment strategies, leadership structures, and financial conditions of collegia varied greatly, religious, convivial, and funerary activities were common across collegia whether they organized themselves around after an occupation, a cult, a geographic region, or something else. Collegia were usually local organizations, although some had translocal features. The history of associations in the Latin West differed from that in the Greek East, where associations had developed long before the advent of the Romans but experienced changes under Roman rule. While the earlier scholarship focused on the legalistic and formalistic aspects of collegia and their roles in sociability, a visible increase of scholarship since the late twentieth century has continuously shed light on the fluid taxonomy of the Roman collegia, their complex relationship with the authorities, active roles in civic and religious life, importance in social integration, as well as their roles in the ancient economy. The ongoing critical reassessment of these aspects has not only elaborated on the multifaceted nature of Roman collegia but also firmly established collegia as an integral element in understanding the dynamics and complexities of Roman civic life, the urban fabric, the social hierarchy, the process of Romanization, and the world of craftsmen and businessmen as well as the experiences of the lower classes or rather people of the “middling sort” (plebs media). Very few scholars nowadays follow the earlier opinion that connected the phenomenon of associations with civic decline. Nor are collegia seen as replacements for other social relations or networks such as family, ethnic groups, friendship, and so on. In recent years, two new trends can be clearly identified in scholarship: first, much scholarly energy has been invested in examining how and to what extent collegia might have served as mechanisms of reducing transaction costs through information sharing and trust building; second, scholars of religious studies have shown great interest in how we can better understand Jewish communities and Christian groups from a comparative perspective provided by the data of Roman collegia.
The Roman Agricultural Writers
Authors: Carlsen Jesper
Published: February 2023

The works of four Roman agricultural writers from between the middle of the second century bce to the fifth century ce have been preserved: Cato the Elder, Varro, Columella, and Palladius. All four have been translated into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other languages. Other agricultural writers are mentioned in the preserved literary sources, but most of them are only names to us, with very few fragments handed down. Pliny the Elder also treats agriculture in Books 16–19 of his Natural History, but he and Virgil’s Georgics and Eclogues are not normally included among the Roman agronomists. Cato was the first Latin agricultural writer, but handbooks on farming are known in Greek literature, and the work of Punic Mago was first translated into Greek, and after the destruction of Carthage in 146 bce, also into Latin after a decision in the Roman senate. The Roman agricultural writers vary much in length, scope, and style. Cato’s handbook comprises one book, while Varro has three books, Columella encompasses twelve books and Palladius ten, but they all contain detailed instructions on both cultivation and management. Their treatises intended for other members of the elite are based on personal experience as absentee landowners and earlier agronomists, but the value as sources to Roman agriculture and economic history is problematic, because it is difficult to distinguish between their normative and descriptive elements. There are differences in the importance that the different agricultural writers attach to various aspects of production and organization with some areas treated cursorily, while others are subjected to more lengthy treatment with criticism of opinions voiced by other agronomists.
The Bible in China
Authors: Yeo K.-K.
Published: February 2023

The “Bible” and “China” may appear to be incompatible. Yet a challenging and creative mutual impact of the Bible and the Chinese world is evident in the storied and torrid landscape interconnecting the Bible, world Christianity, and Chinese society in the last fourteen centuries. Since 635 ce, China’s Emperor Tang Taizong (唐太宗) commissioned Alouben (阿羅本), the Syrian monk, to translate the “true sutra” of the Church of the East for the Chinese Imperial Library. In the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties, Jews, synagogue, and stone and scroll inscriptions were already in Kaifeng. In the Yuan dynasty, John of Montecorvino (b. 1247–d. 1328), an Italian Franciscan, arrived in China in 1291 ce and began translating some of the New Testament and Psalms texts into Chinese and Mongolian. Other Catholic missionaries, Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans arrived in China in the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, including Michele Ruggieri (羅明堅, b. 1543–d. 1607) and Matteo Ricci (利瑪竇, b. 1552–d. 1610). Robert Morrison (馬禮遜, b. 1782–d. 1834) arrived in Macau in 1807, and the Chinese Protestant missions expanded biblical translation to publishing, education, and welfare services. The Russian Orthodox missionaries arrived in China at the end of the seventeenth century, and they translated the liturgical and catechesis texts into Chinese. Foreign missionaries and scholars together with national Chinese leaders and lay believers collaborated on the works of: (1) the Bible translations in various Chinese versions; (2) the Bible expressions in diverse Chinese literary and religious contexts; (3) the Bible interpretations in wide-ranging mediums of readings; and (4) the Bible receptions in China’s multiple cultural life, social institutions, and the arts. The four-fold paradigm of the relationship between the “Bible” and “China” ebbs and flows on the tides of historical flux and encounter, as it navigates through the ever-shifting cultural and linguistic changes, institutional metamorphoses, sociopolitical shifting contexts. The challenge of any researcher in this field is to interpret the data and explain the seemingly illogical characteristics of the Bible in China. Further research may show how the Bible is not a relic of the past but a culturally enlivened writing for the world, including China for centuries past, for the present, and even for its future prospects.
H. L. A. Hart
Authors: Kramer Matthew
Published: February 2023

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (b. 1907–d. 1992) was Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Oxford from 1952 to 1968. He made his most important contributions to several areas of legal philosophy, but he also contributed significantly to political philosophy and moral philosophy. In the area of general jurisprudential disputation over the nature of law, he was undoubtedly the foremost Anglophone philosopher of the twentieth century and was rivaled only by Hans Kelsen as the foremost philosopher in any language during that century. Especially among English-speaking philosophers, nearly all contemporary theorizing about the separability of law and morality proceeds either in support of Hart’s general legal-positivist outlook or in opposition to it. Hart was additionally a towering figure in the philosophy of criminal law, the philosophy of causation, and the philosophy of rights. He also played a major role in promoting knowledge of the work of his great legal-positivist forebear Jeremy Bentham. Though Hart’s influence has been particularly huge in the United Kingdom, Ireland, North America, and the Antipodes, it extends very widely in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America as well.
Latin and Vernacular Song in Medieval Italy
Authors: Gozzi Marco
Published: February 2023

A song is a composition for one or more voices, usually accompanied, and written in a fairly simple style, designed so as to enhance the poetic text it is set to. This bibliography concerns the Western secular and religious song in medieval Italy (ninth to fifteenth centuries). In the case of Latin religious songs (hymns, sequences, conductus, tropes, versus, prosulae, etc.), it is difficult to establish their Italian origin since many melodies and texts sung in the Italian peninsula circulated widely throughout Europe. Furthermore, there is not a clear definition of what territory could be called “Italy” in the Middle Ages. In medieval Italy there is a very strong presence of French and Franco-Flemish music, in langue d’oc (troubadours)—two thirds of surviving Provençal song books were originally written in the northern Italian region of Veneto during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries—and d’oil (trouvères), as well as French forms (chansons: rondeaux, virelai, ballade). This repertory was performed by Italian or French musicians; the extreme mobility of clergy, schoolmasters, and musicians throughout Europe, and thus of songs, is one of the main characteristics of medieval culture. The main song forms in medieval Italy are those of (1) liturgical chant in Latin: hymns and sequences; and (2) songs in the Italian vernacular: canzone, ballata (monodic and polyphonic), caccia, madrigal, lauda, cantare, as well as the performance of extended poems on stereotyped melodic formulas. A key role in the dissemination of religious songs (in Latin and the vernacular) was played by schools and lay confraternities, with a strong involvement of singers of all ages, thus including children. It is necessary to remember that our knowledge of Italian medieval music is based solely on the very few surviving written sources, while the melodies and texts of most Italian medieval songs, transmitted almost exclusively by oral tradition, are now lost. The second necessary remark concerns the relationship between the manuscript transmission of songs with notation and their performance practice. For example, in the performance of both sacred and secular monodic repertoire, it is evident that many songs were performed with the accompaniment of a second, improvised voice, i.e., extempore polyphony. This practice is described in many terms: secundare, succinere, organizare, biscantare, discantare and so on.
Slavery in the Cape Colony, South Africa
Authors: Worden Nigel
Published: February 2023

Slavery was a key feature of the Cape Colony in South Africa from the establishment of the colony by the Dutch East India Company (DEIC) in the 1650s, throughout the period of DEIC and Dutch Batavian rule in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and under British rule until the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in the 1830s. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1808, slaves were imported from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including India, Sri Lanka, maritime southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Children born to slave women in the Cape Colony were also slaves and this was the sole source after the abolition of the slave trade. Slaves played a major role in the economy and society of the Cape Colony and during the DEIC period there were as many, or more, slaves than settlers. Most lived in Cape Town or on the arable farms of the southwestern Cape, although slaves were also located in the pastoral northern and eastern districts of the colony. Only a few were manumitted before general emancipation in the 1830s. Slaves worked on settler farms alongside some of the Indigenous Khoesan inhabitants of the Cape. The slaves, Khoesan, and their descendants subsequently became the main laboring class of the colonial Cape region of South Africa and the legacy of their impoverishment remains to this day. Raiding for slaves also took place on the frontiers of the Dutch colony and examples of forced and captive labor existed in the interior regions of South Africa when these were occupied by settlers from the Cape in the 19th century.
Liverpool in the Atlantic World 1500-1833
Authors: Haggerty Sheryllynne
Published: February 2023

Liverpool’s Atlantic history has been both marked and marred by its role as Britain’s leading slave trade port at the height of the British transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans between 1750 and 1807. For many years the slave trade was written out of Liverpool’s history in some form of purposeful forgetting. In the late 20th century, however, and especially with the rise of quantitative economic history, the trade in enslaved Africans has been written back into port city’s past. In the 21st century, the memorialization of the slave trade, including Liverpool’s International Slavery Museum has taken center stage. This element of Liverpool’s inconvenient past has meant that in popular history at least, Liverpool’s important role as a leading outport, especially in Atlantic trade, has often been obscured. During the 18th century alone Liverpool’s imports grew from 14,600 tons in 1709 to 450,000 tons in 1800. It population increased concomitantly over the same period, from 6,500 to 77,653. Liverpool’s trade with Ireland had long been significant, and it was an important jumping off point for the military expeditions to Ireland, but it also traded with the Mediterranean, all along the West African coast, Canada, the American colonies/states, and the British Caribbean islands. It also traded both legally and illegally with foreign powers in the Atlantic, including the French and Spanish colonies. Just about every type of commodity from all around Great Britain was exported through Liverpool around the Atlantic: manufactured and other goods, textiles, earthenware, barrels of flour and oats, Lancashire cheeses, candles, shoes, butter, fish, beef, and ironware, as well as coal and salt. In terms of imports, fish, flour, timber, tobacco, sugar, pimento, coffee, cocoa, dyewood, rum, pimento, and of course cotton among other items came through Liverpool’s docks – (in fact Liverpool was the first international cotton market). The city was also a significant financial center with good links to London and had several important banks (Arthur Heywood and Sons was later subsumed into Barclays and Leyland & Bullins eventually became part of HSBC). Liverpool also had a thriving finance and insurance market. Moreover, Liverpool was an important hub of privateering in wartime, a leader in the trade to South America in the early 19th century, retained important trade links with Western Africa after the abolition of the trade in enslaved Africans, and eventually became a leading port for emigration to the United States. Therefore while Liverpool was important for the slave trade, that slave trade was only one part of Liverpool’s important commercial activity in the Atlantic world.
Disability
Authors: Antebi Susan
Published: February 2023

The role of disability in Latin American contexts has attracted increased attention in recent decades, thanks in part to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006 and subsequently ratified by all Latin American and Caribbean countries, as well as most other nations throughout the world. This robust and detailed international legislation forms part of a broader tendency toward an expanded view of personhood and human rights, transcending nationally specific juridical contexts. The UN Convention has undoubtedly offered a much-needed framework for approaching injustices experienced by disabled people, particularly in contexts in which access to resources such as food, water, shelter, and education are limited by poverty, inequality, war, and natural disasters, as is the case for significant population sectors in Latin America. However, these injustices and inequalities remain in large part unresolved, particularly in the Global South, often due to discrepancies between legislation and lived reality, or the exigencies of global capital and its localized manifestations. Beyond the visibility of the UN Convention, and prior to its enactment, Latin American disability communities, disabled individuals, and advocacy organizations have played significant roles in promoting disability rights and opportunities in education, labor, the arts, social justice movements, and other sectors. In addition, Latin American scholarship in the interdisciplinary field of disability studies has grown in importance in recent decades, as evidenced by university programs and scholarly production in disability education, arts, human rights, mad studies, and disability history, among other areas. Many Latin American disability studies scholars note the British origins of the social model of disability, beginning in the 1970s, and in which, in contrast to the medical model, disability is located primarily in the social and physical environment, and not in the individual body of the disabled person. This shift toward the social model has undoubtedly impacted disability studies in Latin America, at times in dialogue with scholarship from Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries. Yet a fuller picture of disability in the region must necessarily account for complex disability histories and the shifting, locally specific meanings of disability as shaped in part by coloniality and resistance, diverse indigenous practices and traditions, and locally lived experiences of gendered, racialized, and socioeconomic inequality. Latin American disability studies scholars continue to shape the field through detailed attention to nationally specific legislation, localized statistical studies, points of contact between disability studies and Latin American critical thought, and arts-based research and activism.
The 1916 Easter Rising
Authors: McGarry Fearghal
Published: February 2023

On Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, over one thousand Irish rebels occupied prominent buildings across Dublin, triggering a battle for control of what was then a major UK city. Confronted by over twenty thousand British soldiers, many of Irish nationality, the rebels had little chance of military success. The insurrection collapsed within six days, resulting in some five hundred fatalities and destroying much of the commercial heart of the city. Over the next days and weeks, the British authorities executed fifteen ringleaders and arrested over three thousand suspects. Organized by the Irish Republican Brotherhood and carried out by members of the Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, and Cumann na mBan, the insurrection was a minor military episode in the context of the First World War. But as a symbolic act of armed propaganda, centered on the proclamation of an Irish republic, Easter 1916 transformed Ireland. Although the uprising was initially unpopular with many nationalists, it undermined the Irish Parliamentary Party and derailed its moderate goal of Home Rule (political devolution within the UK state). The success of Sinn Féin in the 1918 UK general election and Britain’s refusal to concede its demand for an Irish republic led to the War of Independence (1919–1921) and Irish Civil War (1922–1923). For sources on the latter, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Irish Civil War. After independence, popular accounts of the Easter Rising presented its organizers as heroic patriots who embraced martyrdom to secure Irish independence. From the early 1960s, nationalist interpretations were challenged by more scholarly revisionist accounts, which questioned the justification, rationale, and effectiveness of the rebellion. The outbreak of the Northern Irish Troubles in 1969 ensured that historiographical reevaluations of the Easter Rising and broader Irish Revolution became the subject of public controversy. For the literature on the wider Irish Revolution, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article The Irish Revolution, 1911–1923. In recent years, the success of the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement has taken the heat out of these debates, with post-revisionist historiography shifting the focus from the morality of republican violence to overlooked aspects of the rebellion, such as the role played by women and the experiences of people from ordinary backgrounds. Despite the decline of Catholicism and nationalism as markers of Irish identity in recent decades, social memory of the independence struggle continues to inform ideas of Irish statehood. The centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016 saw its commemoration take on renewed significance, albeit with post-nationalist pluralist interpretations, which emphasized progressive emancipatory impulses, overlapping with more traditional narratives of the fight for Irish freedom.
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: February 2023

The literature on ethnic cleansing, genocide in general, and the Holocaust in particular can be studied along conceptual, historiographical, and theoretical dimensions. The theoretical literature can further be divided into arguments that focus on the causes of ethnic cleansing and genocide, theories that relate to temporal or spatial variation during these events, and theories that are interested in the long or short-term consequences of these phenomena. The first section below provides the literature on the conceptual definition of ethnic cleansing and genocide, how these concepts relate to and differ from each other, and how they compare to similar or neighboring concepts such as mass violence, civilian victimization, and forceful displacement. The second section familiarizes the reader with the historical process and the historiographical debates that pertain to the Holocaust as well as other cases of genocide and ethnic cleansing. The third section is devoted to the causal and descriptive analysis of ethnic cleansing and genocide, including works by historians that focus on specific cases and works by political scientists and sociologists that offer more generalizable arguments. The fourth section explores the theories on within-case variation during episodes of genocide and ethnic cleansing. This literature deals with questions on the location of victims and participants as well as the responses of these actors to violence and repression. The fifth section turns its attention to the consequences of genocide and ethnic cleansing, including official and unofficial responses by governments following these events, refugee returns, and long-term political, social, and economic consequences of ethnic cleansing and genocide. The final section provides an overview of works that study cases of genocide and ethnic cleansing outside 20th-century Europe, which has received comparatively more attention in the literature. Taken together these five dimensions of literature cover the fundamental conceptual, theoretical, and informational landscape that students of these topics should begin with.
Publication Bias in Psychology
Authors: Kühberger Anton
Published: February 2023

Science is communicative, based on the publication of scientific papers. It is the scientists’ main task to disseminate their findings as far as possible. However, not every piece of scientific work will be published. Rather, many attempts at publication fail. They fail on different reasons: lack of substance, lack of methodological rigor, and lack of statistical significance. Research that has fatal methodological flaws, often identified in peer review, of course should not be published. With selective publication due to statistical reasons, often called reporting bias, the case is different. This is especially true for publication bias, a specific variety of reporting bias. Publication bias means failure to publish a scientific finding because the result falls short of the traditional significance value of p <.05. The current article begins with an overview of selectivity in publication processes. Then it discusses the nature and size of publication bias, in terms of prevalence, detection, and correction. It closes with an evaluation of corrective and prevention attempts.
Psychological Perspectives on Food and Eating
Authors: Logue Alexandra W.
Published: February 2023

Other than breathing, eating occupies a greater percentage of our time than any other activity. As omnivores, humans need to not only consume the correct amount of food, but a combination of foods containing all essential nutrients in proper proportion. At the same time, the food consumed must be lacking in poisons and other harmful substances. For these reasons, a good deal of human behavior is devoted to finding and consuming an appropriate diet. Consequently, there has been an enormous amount of research conducted concerning humans and eating. When that research has involved the behaviors involved in how we eat and what is eaten, such research falls within the discipline of psychology. Understanding how and why we eat as we do is an interdisciplinary endeavor, involving many research specialties within the overall discipline of psychology, in addition to research conducted as part of other disciplines. The present bibliography provides an overview and a sampling of the psychological research on food and eating. This bibliography includes sections concerned with the basic processes involved in how much is eaten (hunger and satiety), as well as with the basic processes involved in choosing what to eat (taste, smell, and food preferences and aversions). Two additional sections consider some of the formal models regarding how foods are chosen, and how food can affect behavior. Two further sections concern eating disorders—situations in which, even though appropriate food is available, humans consume food in ways that are harmful to their health. A final section concerns psychological perspectives on cuisine and influences on our eating by the food industry.